query: Christine Daaé is a character by Gaston Leroux.

pos: Christine Daaé Christine Daaé is a fictional character and the female protagonist of Gaston Leroux 's 1910 novel The Phantom of the Opera and of the various adaptations of the work . Erik , the Phantom of the Opera falls in love with her .

neg: Oedipus (Voltaire play) Oedipus ( Œdipe ) is a tragedy by the French dramatist and philosopher Voltaire that was first performed in 1718 . It was his first play and the first literary work for which he used the pen-name Voltaire ( his real name was François-Marie Arouet ) . In adapting Sophocles ' Athenian tragedy Oedipus Rex , Voltaire attempted to rationalise the plot and motivation of its characters . In a letter of 1719 he indicated that he found it improbable that the murder of Laius had not been investigated earlier and that Oedipus should take so long to understand the oracle 's clear pronouncement . Voltaire adds a subplot concerning the love of Philoctète for Jocaste . He also reduces the prominence of the theme of incest .   Voltaire completed it in 1717 during his 11-month imprisonment . It premièred on 18 November 1718 at the Comédie-Française , during his first period of exile at Châtenay-Malabry . Quinault-Dufresne played Oedipus , and Charlotte Desmares , Jocaste . The Régent was present at the première and congratulated Voltaire for his success . The Regent was long rumored to have an incestuous relation with his elder daughter , Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans , Duchess of Berry . Voltaire had been arrested and sent to the Bastille in May 1717 after telling to a police informer that the Duchess was pregnant and secluding herself in her castle of La Muette pending her delivery . Rumors of Philippe 's incestuous relationship with his daughter had made Arouet 's play controversial long before it was performed . Ironically the première was also attended by the Duchess of Berry who entered in royal style escorted by the ladies of her court and her own guards . Rumored to be in the family way again , the Regent 's daughter could no longer conceal her state and her very visible pregnancy inspired the satirists ' malicious comments that spectators would not only see Oedipus ( the Regent ) and Jocaste ( Berry ) but maybe witness also the birth of Eteocles . The presence of the ill-reputed princess thus contributed to the public success of the play The production ran for 45 performances and received great critical acclaim that marked the start of Voltaire 's success in his theatrical career . It constituted `` the greatest dramatic success of eighteenth century France '' . It was revived on 7 May 1723 with Le Couvreur and Quinault-Dufresne and remained in the répertoire of Comédie-Française until 1852 .   In a letter of 1731 Voltaire wrote that when he wrote the play he was `` full of my readings of the ancient authors -LSB- ... -RSB- I knew very little of the theater in Paris . ''

neg: Dindrane Dindrane ( or Dandrane , Danbrann , Dandrenor , Dindraine , etc. ) is a character in the Old French Grail romance Perlesvaus , an anonymous prose adaptation of ( and sequel to ) Chrétien de Troyes ' great unfinished work Percival , or The Story of the Grail . A sister of King Arthur 's knight Percival , who rescues her from an evil kidnapper , Dandrane lives out her days as a maiden in the Grail Castle , together with her mother ( Yglais , herself a sister of King Pelles and widow of Alain `` the Large '' , lord of the valley and castle of Kamaalot ) and brother ( Perlesvaus/Percival ) .

neg: Récit Récit is a term for a subgenre of the French novel , describing a work in which the narrative calls attention to itself . Literary critic Roger Shattuck explains , `` During a récit , we are conscious of being at one remove from the action ; the very act of narration interferes and calls attention to itself . '' Examples of the récit include works by Benjamin Constant and Eugene Fromentin , Andre Gide , Maurice Blanchot , and Michel Leiris . According to Shattuck , The discomfort of the narrator in confronting his own effort of composition ( by now it should be apparent that narrator and author become indistinguishable ) has been inherited as one of the principal features of the recit .  Critic Geoffrey Hartman describes the récit as `` a confessional narrative , a kind of dramatic monologue in prose ... ''   Daniel Just writes of an ambiguity in the nature of the récit :   For literary critics , the récit as a category became ... elusive -- at once too broad and too specific . Meaning a `` narrative '' in general , récit has been used as an indefinite notion embracing many prose genres , to the point when it ceases to be clear if it does not coincide with narrative literature as such . At the same time , it has also served to identify a stylistic specificity found in the select works of only a few writers . This latter use finds perhaps its most exemplary illustrations in André Gide 's L'Immoraliste and Albert Camus 's La Chute . Gide , in particular , was quite meticulous in differentiating between his novels and their complex view of life , and his récits that portray life from a single perspective . Blanchot 's insistence on the difference between the novel and the récit is equally scrupulous , but for other reasons . His emphasis on a strong generic meaning of the term récit -- which is evident in spite of the semantic overload this notion sometimes undergoes in his theoretical texts -- has nothing to do with the number of points of view represented in the story . For Blanchot , the récit is a distinct literary form whose uniqueness resides in its not merely stylistic but `` essential '' difference from the genre of the novel .   Maurice Blanchot describes the récit as follows :   If we regard the récit as the true telling of an exceptional event which has taken place and which someone is trying to report , then we have not even come close to sensing the true nature of the récit . The récit is not the narration of an event , but the event itself , the approach to that event , the place where that event is made to happen-an event which is yet to come and through whose power of attraction the récit can come into being , too .

neg: Mademoiselle Charlotte Mademoiselle Charlotte is a loa who manifests with the commonly perceived personality traits of a white woman in Haitian Vodou . Appearances in Voodoo ceremonies are rare , possibly as a result of her non-African origin . According to tradition , both Mademoiselle Charlotte and Dinclinsin came to Haiti with the colonists , and only began appearing in ceremonies at that time .   Mademoiselle Charlotte prefers the strict observance of all the niceties of ritual protocol . She generally speaks French , and will grant the ability to speak that language to a `` horse '' with no knowledge of it during the time in which she manifests . Mademoiselle Charlotte is served in a manner similar to that of Erzulie . She enjoys sweet rose - , blue - , white - or cream-colored beverages , water sweetened with syrup , any type of non-alcoholic liqueurs , clairin , and acassan ( a drink consisting of boiled cornmeal sweetened with highly refined cane juice ) . She prefers the tender meat of young chickens as her ritual food offering . Her colour is rose . Her services are difficult to obtain , as she only works for people to whom she takes a fancy . \

neg: Duke of Aquitaine The Duke of Aquitaine ( Duc d'Aquitània , Duc d'Aquitaine , -LSB- dyk dakitɛn -RSB- ) was the ruler of the ancient region of Aquitaine ( not to be confused with modern-day Aquitaine ) under the supremacy of Frankish , English , and later French kings .   As successor states of the Visigothic Kingdom ( 418 -- 721 ) , Aquitania ( Aquitaine ) and Languedoc ( Toulouse ) inherited both Visigothic laws and Roman Law , which together allowed women more rights than their contemporaries would enjoy until the 20th century . Particularly under the Liber Judiciorum as codified 642/643 and expanded by the Code of Recceswinth in 653 , women could inherit land and title and manage it independently from their husbands or male relations , dispose of their property in legal wills if they had no heirs , represent themselves and bear witness in court from the age of 14 , and arrange for their own marriages after the age of 20 . As a consequence , male-preference primogeniture was the practiced succession law for the nobility .

neg: Christine (Christine and the Queens song) `` Christine '' , also released under the titles `` Cripple '' and `` Tilted '' , is a song written and produced by Héloïse Letissier who records under the name Christine and the Queens . `` Christine '' , which is recorded in French , was released for download on 13 October 2014 through Because Music as the third single from her debut studio album Chaleur humaine ( 2014 ) . It was , however , originally titled `` Cripple '' in 2012 , and a later English version was released as `` Tilted '' in 2015 . It was named one of the ten best songs of 2015 by Time magazine . `` Christine '' was a number one hit on both of Belgium 's Ultratop charts and peaked at number 3 in France , while `` Tilted '' became a top 20 hit in Ireland and the United Kingdom . `` Tilted '' remixes were released digitally on 8 April 2016 .

neg: Quebec comics Quebec comics ( bande dessinée québécoise -LSB- bɑ̃d dɛ.si.ne ke.be.kwaz -RSB- or BDQ ) are French language comics produced primarily in the Canadian province of Quebec , and read both within and outside of Canada , particularly in French-speaking Europe .   In contrast to English language comics in Canada , which largely follow the American model , Quebec comics are mostly influenced by the trends in Franco-Belgian comics . There is little crossover between the French and English comics worlds in Canada .

neg: Alain Dorémieux Alain Dorémieux is a writer and translator of French science-fiction , born August 15 , 1933 at Paris and died on July 26 , 1998 in Paris , France .   He is best known as editor of Fiction , the leading journal of science fiction and fantasy in France until 1990 , which he edited for over twenty years .   He has published under various pseudonyms : Atlante Gilbert , Luke Vigan ( with Gerard Klein and Andre Ruellan ) , Monique Dorian ( a pseudonym shared with his wife Monique ) and anagrammatic pseudonyms Meauroix Daniel and Alex Dieumorain for his translations . His critical work has often been published under the pseudonym of Serge-André Bertrand .   A literary prize for the first publication of young writers of science fiction was established in 2000 that bears his name .

neg: Michel Deville Michel Deville ( born 13 April 1931 ) is a French film director and screenwriter .   Deville started his filmmaking career in the late 1950s , paralleling the emergence of the French New Wave directors . He never achieved the level of critical and international recognition of some of his contemporaries such as François Truffaut , Jean-Luc Godard and Claude Chabrol , possibly because of his more conventional filmmaking style . Nevertheless , his films , especially his comedies from the 1970s and 1980s , were popular in his native France .   One of Deville 's comedies , La Lectrice ( The Reader ) was probably his biggest success with international audiences . La Lectrice is about a woman ( played by Miou-Miou ) , who finds work reading novels for the blind but gradually finds herself unwittingly attracting a clientele of fetishists who enjoyed being read to . At one time his films were difficult to find in North America but presently ( 2007 ) seven of his films are available in DVD in the U.S.   His 1980 film Le Voyage en douce was entered into the 30th Berlin International Film Festival . Five years later , his film Death in a French Garden was entered into the 35th Berlin International Film Festival .

neg: A Wizard of Earthsea A Wizard of Earthsea is a young adult fantasy novel written by the American author Ursula K. Le Guin , first published by the small press Parnassus in 1968 . The novel received highly positive reviews , initially as a work for children , and later among a general audience as well .   Set in the fictional archipelago of Earthsea , the story centers around a young mage named Ged , born in a village on the island Gont . Displaying great power while still a boy , he joins the school of wizardry , where his prickly nature drives him into conflict with one of his fellows . During a magical duel , Ged 's spell goes awry and releases a shadow creature that attacks him . The novel follows his journey as he seeks to be free of the creature .   The book has often been described as a Bildungsroman or coming of age story , as it explores Ged 's process of learning to cope with power and come to terms with death . The novel also carries Taoist themes about a fundamental balance in the universe of Earthsea , which wizards are supposed to maintain , closely tied to the idea that language and names have power to affect the material world and alter this balance . Although the structure of the story is similar to that of a traditional epic , critics also described it as subverting this genre in many ways , such as by making the protagonist dark-skinned , in comparison to more typical white-skinned heroes .   A Wizard of Earthsea is widely regarded as a classic of fantasy and young-adult literature and was one of the final recipients of the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award . The book was widely influential within the genre of fantasy ; Margaret Atwood , for instance , called A Wizard of Earthsea one of the `` wellsprings '' of fantasy literature . Le Guin would later write five subsequent books that , together with A Wizard of Earthsea , are referred to as the Earthsea Cycle : The Tombs of Atuan ( 1971 ) , The Farthest Shore ( 1972 ) , Tehanu ( 1990 ) , The Other Wind ( 2001 ) , and Tales from Earthsea ( 2001 ) . George Slusser has described the series as a `` work of high style and imagination '' .

neg: Dandy A dandy historically , is a man who places particular importance upon physical appearance , refined language , and leisurely hobbies , pursued with the appearance of nonchalance in a cult of self . A dandy could be a self-made man who strove to imitate an aristocratic lifestyle despite coming from a middle-class background , especially in late 18th - and early 19th-century Britain .   Previous manifestations of the petit-maître ( French for small master ) and the Muscadin have been noted by John C. Prevost , but the modern practice of dandyism first appeared in the revolutionary 1790s , both in London and in Paris . The dandy cultivated cynical reserve , yet to such extremes that novelist George Meredith , himself no dandy , once defined cynicism as `` intellectual dandyism . '' Some took a more benign view ; Thomas Carlyle wrote in Sartor Resartus that a dandy was no more than `` a clothes-wearing man '' . Honoré de Balzac introduced the perfectly worldly and unmoved Henri de Marsay in La fille aux yeux d'or ( 1835 ) , a part of La Comédie Humaine , who fulfils at first the model of a perfect dandy , until an obsessive love-pursuit unravels him in passionate and murderous jealousy .   Charles Baudelaire defined the dandy , in the later `` metaphysical '' phase of dandyism , as one who elevates æsthetics to a living religion , that the dandy 's mere existence reproaches the responsible citizen of the middle class : `` Dandyism in certain respects comes close to spirituality and to stoicism '' and `` These beings have no other status , but that of cultivating the idea of beauty in their own persons , of satisfying their passions , of feeling and thinking ... . Dandyism is a form of Romanticism . Contrary to what many thoughtless people seem to believe , dandyism is not even an excessive delight in clothes and material elegance . For the perfect dandy , these things are no more than the symbol of the aristocratic superiority of mind . ''   The linkage of clothing with political protest had become a particularly English characteristic during the 18th century . Given these connotations , dandyism can be seen as a political protest against the levelling of egalitarian principles , often including nostalgic adherence to feudal or pre-industrial values , such as the ideals of `` the perfect gentleman '' or `` the autonomous aristocrat '' . Paradoxically , the dandy required an audience , as Susann Schmid observed in examining the `` successfully marketed lives '' of Oscar Wilde and Lord Byron , who exemplify the dandy 's roles in the public sphere , both as writers and as personae providing sources of gossip and scandal . Nigel Rodgers in The Dandy : Peacock or Enigma ? questions Wilde 's status as a genuine dandy , seeing him as someone who only assumed a dandified stance in passing , not a man dedicated to the exacting ideals of dandyism .

neg: Cinderella Cinderella , or The Little Glass Slipper , ( Cenerentola , Cendrillon , ou La petite Pantoufle de Verre , Aschenputtel ) is a folk tale embodying a myth-element of unjust oppression/triumphant reward . Thousands of variants are known throughout the world . The title character is a young woman living in unfortunate circumstances , that are suddenly changed to remarkable fortune . The story of Rhodopis , recounted by the Greek geographer Strabo in around 7 BC , about a Greek slave girl who marries the king of Egypt , is considered the earliest known variant of the `` Cinderella '' story . The most popular version was first published by Charles Perrault in Histoires ou contes du temps passé in 1697 , and later by the Brothers Grimm in their folk tale collection Grimms ' Fairy Tales .   Although the story 's title and main character 's name change in different languages , in English-language folklore `` Cinderella '' is the archetypal name . The word `` Cinderella '' has , by analogy , come to mean one whose attributes were unrecognized , or one who unexpectedly achieves recognition or success after a period of obscurity and neglect . The still-popular story of `` Cinderella '' continues to influence popular culture internationally , lending plot elements , allusions , and tropes to a wide variety of media . The Aarne -- Thompson system classifies Cinderella as `` the persecuted heroine '' .

neg: Christine Campbell (character) Christine `` Old Christine '' Campbell ( née Kimble ) is the title character of The New Adventures of Old Christine , portrayed by Julia Louis-Dreyfus in her Primetime Emmy Award winning role . The series surrounds her as she starts to live a more complicated daily life when her ex-husband dates a younger woman , also named Christine . Julia Louis-Dreyfus received critical acclaim for her performance as Christine , winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2006 .

neg: Character (arts) A character ( sometimes known as a fictional character ) is a person or other being in a narrative work of art ( such as a novel , play , television series , or film ) . The character may be entirely fictional or based on a real-life person , in which case the distinction of a `` fictional '' versus `` real '' character may be made . Derived from the ancient Greek word χαρακτήρ , the English word dates from the Restoration , although it became widely used after its appearance in Tom Jones in 1749 . From this , the sense of `` a part played by an actor '' developed . Character , particularly when enacted by an actor in the theatre or cinema , involves `` the illusion of being a human person . '' In literature , characters guide readers through their stories , helping them to understand plots and ponder themes . Since the end of the 18th century , the phrase `` in character '' has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor . Since the 19th century , the art of creating characters , as practiced by actors or writers , has been called characterisation .   A character who stands as a representative of a particular class or group of people is known as a type . Types include both stock characters and those that are more fully individualised . The characters in Henrik Ibsen 's Hedda Gabler ( 1891 ) and August Strindberg 's Miss Julie ( 1888 ) , for example , are representative of specific positions in the social relations of class and gender , such that the conflicts between the characters reveal ideological conflicts .   The study of a character requires an analysis of its relations with all of the other characters in the work . The individual status of a character is defined through the network of oppositions ( proairetic , pragmatic , linguistic , proxemic ) that it forms with the other characters . The relation between characters and the action of the story shifts historically , often miming shifts in society and its ideas about human individuality , self-determination , and the social order .

neg: Gil Blas (periodical) Gil Blas ( or Le Gil Blas ) was a Parisian literary periodical named for Alain-René Lesage 's novel Gil Blas . It was founded by the sculptor Augustin-Alexandre Dumont in November 1879 .   Gil Blas serialized famous novels such as Émile Zola 's Germinal ( 1884 ) and L'Œuvre ( 1885 ) before they appeared in book form . Guy de Maupassant regularly published short stories in Gil Blas . The journal was also known for its opinionated arts and theatre criticism . Contributors included René Blum , Alexandru Bogdan-Pitești , and Abel Hermant . Théophile Steinlen and Albert Guillaume provided illustrations .   Gil Blas was published regularly until 1914 , when it went on a short hiatus due to the outbreak of World War I. Afterwards , it was published intermittently until 1938 .   In addition to Germinal , Gil Blas serialized the Zola novels L'Argent , Au Bonheur des Dames , and La Joie de vivre . Guy de Maupassant stories which debuted in Gil Blas include '' À vendre , '' `` Imprudence , '' `` L'Inconnue , '' `` La Bête à Maît ' Belhomme , '' `` La Confidence , '' `` La Baptême , '' `` Tribunaux Rustiques '' and perhaps most famously `` Le Horla '' .   Gil Blas critic Louis Vauxcelles 's phrase `` Donatello chez les fauves ! '' ( `` Donatello among the wild beasts '' ) brought notoriety and attention to the works of Henri Matisse and Les Fauves exhibited at the Salon d'Automne of 1905 . Vauxcelles ' comment was printed on 17 October 1905 and passed into popular usage .

neg: Christine Barbe Christine Barbe ( -LSB- kʁistin baʁb -RSB- ) is a French winemaker . Sauvignon blanc is her specialty .

neg: Aude (character) Aude , or Alda , Alde , was the sister of Oliver and betrothed of Roland in The Song of Roland and other chansons de geste . The story of her engagement to Roland is told in Girart de Vienne .   In The Song of Roland Aude is first mentioned by her brother Oliver when he tells Roland that the two will never be married , when the two counts are arguing before the battle ; they are later reconciled , but both die fighting the Saracens . When Charlemagne returns to Aix and informs Aude that Roland has died , she collapses at the Emperor 's feet and dies of grief .   `` The Lovely Alda '' is part of Edward MacDowell 's 1891 orchestral composition , Two Fragments after the Song of Roland .   Category : Characters in The Song of Roland  Category : Literary characters

neg: Clairette Oddera Clairette , ( April 3 , 1919 -- October 28 , 2008 ) was a Quebec-based French actress and singer . After her own career slowed down she became the proprietor of Montreal 's `` Chez Clairette '' nightclub . In later life she received official honors for her cultural influence in giving a career break to many up-and-coming entertainers who later became famous .   She was born Claire Françoise Oddera in 1919 to Charles Oddera and Rose Fanucci in Marseille ( however her birthname is given as Claire Oderra in many sources ) . At the age of 20 she became a waitress in the canteen of a local French film studio , owned by writer and filmmaker Marcel Pagnol , who provided her with her first film role in La fille du puisatier ( 1939 ) . She adopted the stage name Clairette at the suggestion of Fernandel . She was later working in radio , where she was also known as a singer . During the Second World War , she made three other movies but mostly toured France on stage and in variety shows .   In 1949 , she made her first visit to Quebec . She married at the age of 21 with the marriage lasting four years . In 1956 , she emigrated to Quebec . She opened the eponymous `` Chez Clairette '' where , every Monday afternoon , she held auditions to scout out artists . Robert Charlebois , Claude Dubois , Diane Dufresne and France Castel , Christine Charbonneau were some of those artists whose careers she helped launch . It was also at `` Chez Clairette '' that lyricist Luc Plamondon met his future collaborator , pianist-composer André Gagnon . After the first `` Chez Clairette '' closed a second opened later in a different area of Montreal . It stayed in business for a decade .   She continued to perform while operating `` Chez Clairette '' , appearing occasionally on the television series , Au pied de la pente douce . She opened an academy for singers at the home of her younger sister , singer Danielle Oddera . As the years progressed , Clairette continued to perform regularly . Her final public performance in June 2008 was at the Théâtre Denise-Pelletier on Sainte-Catherine Street .   She was made a Member of the Order of Canada in 2003 and a Knight of the National Order of Quebec in 2002 .   She died in Montreal on October 28 , 2008 , aged 89 . She had suffered from osteoarthritis and osteoporosis . She had no children and was survived by her sister .

neg: Pierre et Jean Pierre et Jean is a naturalist or psycho-realist work written by Guy de Maupassant in Étretat in his native Normandy between June and September 1887 . This was Maupassant 's shortest novel . It appeared in three instalments in the Nouvelle Revue and then in volume form in 1888 , together with the essay `` Le Roman '' -LSB- `` The Novel '' -RSB- . Pierre et Jean is a realist work , notably so by the subjects on which it treats , including knowledge of one 's heredity ( whether one is a legitimate son or a bastard ) , the bourgeoisie , and the problems stemming from money .

neg: Aesopian language Aesopian language is communications that convey an innocent meaning to outsiders but hold a concealed meaning to informed members of a conspiracy or underground movement . For instance , if Person X is known for exposing secrets in an organization , the organization leaders announce that `` any members who have dirty talking habits will be dealt with '' to warn Person X . It refers to the ancient Greek fabulist Aesop .   The term `` Aesopian language '' was first used by the nineteenth-century Russian writer Mikhail Saltykov-Schedrin to describe the writing technique he began using late in his career , which he compared to Aesop 's Fables . His purpose was to satirize the social ills of the time but evade the harsh censorship of late Tsarist Russia of which he was a particular target .   The Soviet-era writer Lev Loseff noted that the use of Aesopian language remained a favorite technique of writers ( including himself ) under Soviet censorship . Maliheh Tyrell defines the term in the Soviet context and observes that the use of Aesopian language extended to other national literatures under Soviet rule :  `` In short , this form of literature , like Aesop 's animal fables , veils itself in allegorical suggestions , hints , and euphemisms so as to elude political censorship . ` Aesopian language ' or literature is a technical term used by Sovietologists to define allegorical language used by Russian or nationality -LSB- that is : non-Russian -RSB- nonconformist publicists to conceal antiregime sentiments . Under Soviet rule , this ` Aesopian ' literature intended to confuse the Soviet authorities , yet illuminate the truth for native readers . ''  According to one critic , `` Censorship ... had a positive , formative impact upon the Aesopian writers ' style by obliging them to sharpen their thoughts . ''   The German-American philosopher Herbert Marcuse uses the term in his book One-Dimensional Man somewhat interchangeably with Orwellian language . In that context , `` Aesopian Language '' refers to the idea that certain usages of language work to ` suppress certain concepts or keep them out of the general discourse within society ' . An example of such a technique is the use of abbreviations to possibly prevent undesirable questions from arising : `` AFL-CIO entombs the radical political differences which once separated the two organizations . ''   Within the context of politics , a term with a very similar meaning is called dog-whistle politics , which describes the use of coded language to address voters ' interests . Certain sections of the electorate will react strongly to controversial content if spoken of overtly but may not be so attuned that they notice statements that appear neutral to outsiders .


query: Jaime Lannister is not a knight.

pos: Jaime Lannister Jaime Lannister is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin , and its television adaptation Game of Thrones . He becomes a prominent point of view character in the novels beginning in A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) .   Introduced in A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) , Jaime is a knight of the Kingsguard and a member of House Lannister , one of the wealthiest and most powerful families in the fictional kingdom of Westeros . Although he first appears to be unscrupulous and amoral , he later proves to be far more complex , honorable and sympathetic .   Jaime is portrayed by Nikolaj Coster-Waldau on the HBO series Game of Thrones . He was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television , a Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series and a People Choice Awards Favorite TV Anti-Hero for his performance in the show 's third season . He and the rest of the cast were nominated for Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 and 2017 .

neg: Game of Thrones (2014 video game) Game of Thrones is an episodic graphic adventure fantasy drama video game based on Game of Thrones , the TV adaptation of George R. R. Martin A Song of Ice and Fire fantasy series , released in December 2014 for Android , iOS , Microsoft Windows , OS X , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , and Xbox One .   The game was developed by Telltale Games and follows the episodic format found in other Telltale titles , such as The Walking Dead , The Wolf Among Us , and Tales from the Borderlands , where player choices and actions influence later events across the 6-episode arc . The story revolves around the northern House Forrester , rulers of Ironrath , whose members , including the five playable characters , attempt to save their family and themselves after ending up on the losing side of the War of the Five Kings . The game includes settings , characters and voice actors from the novels and TV series .   The game was generally well received , and Telltale is currently working on a second season of the game .

neg: Theatrical jousting Coined in the late 20th century by American stunt performer Kent Shelton , the term theatrical jousting refers to a form of live entertainment in which a medieval jousting tournament is recreated in conjunction with a scripted performance .  Alternative terms are `` jousting reenactment '' or `` choreographed jousting '' .   The Hanlon-Lees Action Theater is credited with developing the theatrical joust format in 1979 ; its first appearance was at the New York Renaissance Faire in Tuxedo , New York .  This type of performance has become very popular at various renaissance fairs by the early 2000s .   Typically a three-act affair , the theatrical joust consists of  a display of skill ;  a mock battle which results in a verbal challenge ;  an armed joust on horseback , often `` to the death . ''   A variety of colorful characters , either villainous or heroic , give the audience ( which is usually divided into sectors based upon the number of `` knights '' ) a particular person to root for or against .   As the show must be repeated on a daily or weekly basis , all fights are carefully choreographed and rehearsed .  Horses must be trained to withstand such peculiarities as the clatter of steel weaponry , the occurrence of a rider being knocked from the saddle , and the roar of large crowds . Special makeup and/or property effects are often incorporated into the performance to provide the illusion of violent death or shattering equipment .

neg: Lanval Lanval is one of the Lais of Marie de France . Written in Anglo-Norman , it tells the story of Lanval , a knight at King Arthur 's court , who is overlooked by the king , wooed by a fairy lady , given all manner of gifts by her , and subsequently refuses the advances of Queen Guinevere . The plot is complicated by Lanval 's promise not to reveal the identity of his mistress , which he breaks when Guinevere accuses him of having `` no desire for women '' . Before Arthur , Guinevere accuses Lanval of shaming her , and Arthur , in an extended judicial scene , demands that he reveal his mistress . Despite the broken promise , the fairy lover eventually appears to justify Lanval , and to take him with her to Avalon . The tale was popular , and was adapted into English as Sir Landevale , Sir Launfal , and Sir Lambewell .

neg: Ralph fitzStephen Ralph fitzStephen ( sometimes Ralf fitzStephen ; died either 25 July 1202 or c. 1204 ) was an English nobleman and royal official .   Ralph had brothers named William fitzStephen , and Eustace . They were probably the sons of Stephen the chamberlain , who is mentioned as a royal chamberlain in the pipe roll for 1156 -- 57 .   Ralph was a royal chamberlain for King Henry II of England and King Richard I of England , serving in that office until at least 1191 . His work would have involved not just household duties , but the financial aspects of the office , both accepting monies owed to the royal household and paying salaries and other expenses of the king 's chamber . In 1170 he was appointed as one of the `` tutors '' to the eldest living son of the king , Henry . Ralph was a frequent witness on royal charters , and during the last years of Henry 's reign was also responsible for the maintenance of Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine , who was incarcerated in house arrest by the king .   Ralph was Sheriff of Gloucestershire , from 1171 to 1175 , succeeded by his brother William . Ralph served as a royal justice for the southwest in 1176 and continued as a justice in other counties until 1190 . He assessed the tallage , a tax , from 1176 to 1190 also . In 1184 , Henry II summoned Ralph as a Serjeant-at-law , one of the first identifiable members of that order in the historical record .   King Henry gave Ralph the manors of Wapley and Winterbourne in Gloucestershire . In the feudal inquest of 1166 , Ralph listed him as holding half a knight 's fee at the honour of Totnes , one fee from the bishop of Exeter , and two fees at Crich in Derbyshire that were part of Hubert fitzRalph 's honour there . At some point , he held a fee at Blackwell , Derbyshire from Robert fitzRandulf , as he gave that fee as a marriage portion to his niece Idonea when she married William fitzRandulf . Sometime between 1186 and 1190 , Ralph granted a third of a knight 's fee at Potterspury in Northamptonshire to Geoffrey fitzPeter , another royal official .   Ralph married Maud or Matilda , the daughter of Robert de Calz . According to the historian Katharine Keats-Rohan , the marriage took place sometime before 1177 , as on that date he was given the forestership of Sherwood Forest which had been held by Robert de Calz . But Julia Boorman in Ralph 's entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography says the marriage occurred around 1184 or 1185 . Ralph controlled Sherwood Forest until 1197 , as well as Chippenham Forest in Wiltshire from 1176 to 1190 . Ralph may be the same as the Ralph fitzStephen who was given custody of Guildford Castle in Surrey in 1192 and 1193 .   According to Keats-Rohan , Ralph died around 1204 and had no issue from his marriage . Boorman , however , states he died on 25 July 1202 . According to Keats-Rohan , Maud/Matilda married Adam fitzPeter of Birkin after Ralph 's death , but Boorman says that Maud/Matilda was the widow of fitzPeter when she married Ralph . Ralph gave gifts to Haverholme Priory , Darley Abbey , Gloucester Abbey , and Stanley Abbey . In 1225 the king recognized Richard of Gloucester as Ralph 's nearest heir and confirmed his custody of Winterbourne . Boorman speculates that Richard might have been Ralph 's son by a previous marriage before Maud/Matilda .

neg: Game of Thrones (season 6) The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 24 , 2016 , and concluded on June 26 , 2016 . It consists of ten episodes , each of approximately 50 -- 60 minutes , largely of original content not found in George R. R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series . Some material is adapted from the upcoming sixth novel The Winds of Winter and the fourth and fifth novels , A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss . HBO ordered the season on April 8 , 2014 , together with the fifth season , which began filming in July 2015 primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia , Iceland and Canada . Each episode cost over $ 10 million .   The season follows the continuing struggle between the Starks and other noble families of Westeros for the Iron Throne . The Starks defeat the Bolton forces in battle , and Jon Snow is proclaimed the King in the North . Tyrion attempts to rule Meereen while Daenerys is held captive by a Dothraki tribe . At King 's Landing , the Tyrell army attempts to liberate Margaery and Loras , but Margaery capitulates to the High Sparrow , who becomes more powerful by influencing King Tommen . At her trial , Cersei burns the Great Sept , killing her rivals , while Tommen kills himself . Unopposed , Cersei is crowned Queen of Westeros . Ellaria Sand and three of Oberyn Martell 's daughters kill Doran and Trystane Martell and seize control of Dorne , and Olenna discusses an alliance with Ellaria . In Essos , Daenerys Targaryen is captured by Khal Moro who takes her before the khals ; she burns them alive and takes command of the Dothraki .   Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster-Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke and Kit Harington . The season introduced new cast members , including Max von Sydow , Pilou Asbæk and James Faulkner .   Critics praised its production values , writing , plot development , and cast . Game of Thrones received most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards , with 23 nominations , and won twelve , including that for Outstanding Drama Series for the second year in a row . U.S. viewership rose compared to the previous season , and by approximately 13 % over its course , from 7.9 million to 8.9 million by the finale .

neg: Magi in fantasy fiction and games A `` Mage '' is a character archetype commonly found in fantasy settings that entail the use of magic . Mage , rather than magus , is the spelling generally used to describe magic-wielding characters in role-playing games and fiction . In the English language , the term `` mage '' is used as a gender-neutral word for a character who can cast magic spells .

neg: Song of the Gargoyle The Song of the Gargoyle is a 1991 book for young readers by Zilpha Keatley Snyder . Set in the middle ages , it tells the story of a young boy named Tymmon who lives with his father Komus , the court jester of Austerneve . When Komus is abducted by an anonymous man with a Black Helmet , thirteen-year-old Tymmon is able to escape Black Helmet and leaves the castle grounds to seek refuge in the Sombrous Forest , a forbidden place occupied by wolves and magical beings . Most wonderfully , Tymmon is adopted by a gargoyle named Troff -- a creature with the loyalty of a dog and the fearsome powers of an enchanted being .   After a season surviving in the forest , Tymmon longs to rescue his father and to find a way to avenge him , as a knight would . But Tymmon is a commoner , and he burns with anger at his father , who threw away a noble heritage to become a lowly jester . Tymmon had to watch his childhood playmate turn away from him to become a squire and train for the knighthood Tymmon can never know .   When Tymmon realizes that Troff can pose as a dog , he and Troff leave the forest together . As they travel , Tymmon sees the poverty and suffering of peasants ravaged by feudalistic greed . In the city he discovers that with his talent for music and joking , inherited from his father , he and Troff can make people happy . Beyond that , performing enables him to communicate with people from all walks of life .   Of Song of the Gargolye , Zilpha Keatley Snyder says , `` High among the periods that inspired my childhood dreamscapes were the middle ages . Not a very specific or historic middle ages , actually , so much as a fantasy world peopled by beautiful princesses and -- most especially -- by noble knights . I especially liked the knights . No doubt due , at least in part , to the fact that they rode horses . ( I was also enamored of cowboys . ) However , when I grew older and less romantic , I began to look at my hardware-clad heroes from a more critical point of view . Knights , I discovered , were often a pretty cruel and bloodthirsty bunch , not to mention ignorant and superstitious ... So when I got around to setting a story in their time , I cast about for a hero or two with a better odor . And the result was Tymmon and his father , Komus . And Troff ? Just another tribute to the memory of various more-or-less miraculous four-legged friends . ''   Category : American children 's novels  Category :1991 American novels

neg: Knight A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a monarch or other political leader for service to the monarch or country , especially in a military capacity . Historically , in Europe , knighthood was conferred upon mounted warriors . During the High Middle Ages , knighthood was considered a class of lower nobility . By the Late Middle Ages , the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry , a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior . Often , a knight was a vassal who served as a fighter for a lord , with payment in the form of land holdings . The lords trusted the knights , who were skilled in battle on horseback . Since the early modern period , the title of knight is purely honorific , usually bestowed by a monarch , as in the British honours system , often for non-military service to the country . The modern female equivalent in the United Kingdom is Dame .   Historically , the ideals of chivalry were popularized in medieval literature , especially the Matter of Britain and Matter of France , the former based on Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Historia Regum Britanniae ( History of the Kings of Britain ) which introduced the legend of King Arthur , written in the 1130s . Sir Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur ( The Death of Arthur ) , written in 1485 , was important in defining the ideal of chivalry , which is essential to the modern concept of the knight , as an elite warrior sworn to uphold the values of faith , loyalty , courage , and honour . Furthermore , Geoffroi de Charny 's `` Book of Chivalry '' expounded upon the importance of Christian faith in every area of a knight 's life . During the Renaissance , the genre of chivalric romance became popular in literature , growing ever more idealistic and eventually giving rise to a new form of realism in literature popularised by Miguel de Cervantes ' Don Quixote . This novel explored the ideals of knighthood and their incongruity with the reality of Cervantes ' world . In the late medieval period , new methods of warfare began to render classical knights in armour obsolete , but the titles remained in many nations .   Some orders of knighthood , such as the Knights Templar , have become the subject of legend ; others have disappeared into obscurity . Today , a number of orders of knighthood continue to exist in several countries , such as the English Order of the Garter , the Swedish Royal Order of the Seraphim , and the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav . Each of these orders has its own criteria for eligibility , but knighthood is generally granted by a head of state or monarch to selected persons to recognise some meritorious achievement .   Knighthood in the Middle Ages was closely linked with horsemanship ( and especially the joust ) from its origins in the 12th century until its final flowering as a fashion among the high nobility in the Duchy of Burgundy in the 15th century . This linkage is reflected in the etymology of chivalry , cavalier and related terms ( see Etymology section below ) . The special prestige accorded to mounted warriors finds a parallel in the furusiyya in the Muslim world , and the Greek hippeus and Roman eques of classical antiquity .

neg: Sheriff's March The Sheriff 's March was an annual procession at Gateshead Fell , County Durham .   Medieval Britain operated under a strict feudal system . Society was rigidly structured in a pyramidal form with the King ( or Queen ) at the apex as the highest authority in the land , ordinary citizens at the bottom with a variety of Lords , Bishops , Judges and other noblemen and landowners ranking variously in between . Allegiance and subservience to the Crown was required by all men and women at all times and on most occasions was demonstrated by the swearing of oaths . One such occasion occurred twice a year , when the Sheriff of Northumberland met with the Crown Judges who came to Newcastle upon Tyne and sat on the Assizes to hear any legal matters which required their attention . To further emphasise the importance and solemnity of these visitations , a procession was to be held prior to the official meeting of the parties .   At an inquisition at Tynemouth in 1278 , it was duly declared that the King of Scotland , the Archbishop of York , the Prior of Tynemouth , the Bishop of Durham and Gilbert de Umfraville , Earl of Angus should arrange to meet with the justices prior to their entry into Newcastle , provided that they came through the county of Yorkshire first .   On the appointed day , usually a Saturday , the procession of these learned men would take place , starting in Newcastle upon Tyne before crossing the River Tyne and passing into Gateshead . After a short refreshment break , - at Sheriff Mount , the procession then made its way slowly up the old ( and remarkably steep ) turnpike road until all concerned parties came to the designated meeting place . This was initially established at Chile Well , but latterly the procession came to `` light and go into the house '' .   The house in question was Ye Olde Cannon , located on the turnpike road at the crest of Gateshead Fell . This place was chosen because of the convenience of both the gentry of Northumberland and for the judges journeying from -LSB- -LSB- Durham , the sheriff having used the stables at Sheriff Mount - to change horse before the hill climb , this is a detached Victorian villa built and known as Sheriff Mount North & Sheriff Mount South - the large Mount stone bears presence to this fact , IHe rode uphill onward to the olde canon  The guy who compiled this is clearly not owning the house , and knows not the entire truth   England | Durham -RSB- -RSB- and it was there that wine and punch were again served to the members of the precession at the expense of the Sheriffs who would wait there until the judges made their arrival . Once they had done so , all would return to Newcastle upon Tyne .   It is not known for certain whether or not Chile Well was situated on the old turnpike road , but it is certainly possible that the two meeting points were one and the same place . A well was for many years situated across the road from the Cannon and this certainly lends credence to the possibility that the sites were , in fact , the same . Intriguingly , the well was inscribed :   `` As cold waters to a thirsty soulSo is good news from a far country . ''   This procession took place for over five hundred years , even continuing after the English Civil War in the seventeenth century had effectively destroyed the feudal system as the principal means of rule in Britain . Indeed , the procession was held until 1825 when , upon the completion of the far less steep turnpike road through Low Fell , the procession was rerouted and the meeting place became The New Cannon situated at the junction between the turnpike road and the Low Fell Road ( now Beaconsfield Road and Belle Vue Bank ) .   In 1832 , miners at the Sheriff Hill Colliery went on strike in protest of pay and the dangerous conditions at the colliery . When the Sheriff 's March reached the area of Gateshead Fell , they were confronted by angry workers carrying a banner depicting a rat taking cheese from the working men Shortly after , a Commons bill in 1838 abolished such processions and so the tradition was halted and the travelling dignitaries had to be accommodated at the expense of their hosts . An attempt to revive the procession in 1845 by the High Sheriff , Ralph Carr Elison , was largely abortive and no further attempt was made .   It is as a direct result of the `` Sheriff 's March '' that the area around Ye Olde Cannon and the old turnpike road became known as Sheriff Hill .

neg: Rodeleros Rodeleros ( `` shield bearers '' ) , also called espadachines ( `` swordsmen '' ) and colloquially known as `` Sword and Buckler Men '' , were Spanish troops in the early 16th ( and again briefly in the 17th ) century , equipped with steel shields or bucklers known as rodela and swords ( usually of the side-sword type ) .  Originally conceived as an Italian attempt to revive the legionary swordsman , they were adopted by the Spanish and used with great efficiency in the Italian Wars during the 1510s and 1520s , but discontinued in the 1530s .   The majority of Hernán Cortés 's troops during his campaigns in the New World were rodeleros : in 1520 , over 1000 of his 1300 men were so equipped , and in 1521 he had 700 rodeleros , but only 118 arquebusiers and crossbowmen .  Bernal Díaz , the author of an account of Cortés ' conquest of the Aztecs , served as a rodelero under Cortés .   When the Spanish adopted the colunella ( the first of the mixed pike and shot formations ) , they used small groups of sword and buckler men to break the deadlock of the push of pike , as the Swiss and Germans used halberdiers , comparable to the role of the German Doppelsöldner during the same period .  At the Battle of Ravenna in 1512 , they proved to very effective with this tactic ; however , when facing a fresh , well ordered pike square , they were vulnerable , as at the Battle of Seminara . They were also very vulnerable to attack by cavalry .  As battlefield tactics evolved during the early 16th century , the Spanish ultimately concluded that the vulnerability of the rodeleros on the battlefield outweighed their strengths , and they were dropped as a troop type when the Spanish infantry were reorganized into tercios in the 1530s .   Occasional attempts were made to revive them , such as by Maurice of Nassau , who armed his guard troops with a sword and buckler in addition to a pike . Later during the Thirty Years War , some military theorists proposed deploying swordsmen equipped with large iron shields in front of the pikemen to protect them from being shot by enemy musketeers , but it is doubtful whether this fanciful tactic was either successful or much employed in practice .

neg: Körmendy Körmendy in the Hungarian language , due to its form and implied meaning , is understood to be a family name . Literally it means : a person or family of or originating or associated with the place called Körmend , now one of the smaller townships in Western Hungary , near the Austrian border .   It is evident in some public records that the same family name may have been spelled `` Körmendi '' as compared to `` Körmendy '' . It is generally understood in the Hungarian tradition that the use of the form `` Körmendy '' is an entitlement of some sort due to the formerly official title of nobility , received as granted in a traditional European meaning and process . The `` Körmendi '' name , form or usage , may mean in some cases , simply a spelling variation due to whatever reasons , but in some other cases `` Körmendi '' may be just an adopted name , not entitled to the `` Körmendy '' form of spelling .   There seem to exist many people in the world with these family names , however to this writer at this point it may be highly speculative to guess how many of these may be related at any distance , or whether there are one or more greater families covered by all these names . On the other hand , as an example , this writer has information of a document and public record granting the nobility title to a `` Körmendy Márton '' and his descendants ( and the same to a companion by a different name ) by `` King Ferdinánd I '' of Hungary , in the year 1549 . This above cited record also refers to an official transcript of another record of the same subject , originating in `` Szentmarja '' of Bács Vármegye , formerly part of the Hungarian Kingdom , ( now called Szabadka in Hungarian , and is now part of modern Serbia ) . This later transcript was sent to the Hungarian National Museum and is deposited under `` Aldányi Antal , LXI 1549 január 5 . ''   The above cited granting of nobility to said `` Körmendy Márton '' and his descendants is due to , according to the contents of the cited document ( s ) , a certain incident of his heroic behavior during the Hungarian defensive wars against the Turkish invaders . The said heroic act occurred in a battle at the Hungarian town Győr , rescuing some Christians from the Turks . Along with the title of nobility this `` Körmendy Márton '' and his descendants were granted the right to use a certain coat of arms , described in detail within the above said letter of grant of nobility ( nemeslevél in Hungarian ) .   These records at least provide a glimpse into the background and history connected with the name ( s ) Körmendy .

neg: Chivalric romance As a literary genre of high culture , romance or chivalric romance is a type of prose and verse narrative that was popular in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe . They were fantastic stories about marvel-filled adventures , often of a knight-errant portrayed as having heroic qualities , who goes on a quest , yet it is `` the emphasis on love and courtly manners distinguishes it from the chanson de geste and other kinds of epic , in which masculine military heroism predominates . '' Popular literature also drew on themes of romance , but with ironic , satiric or burlesque intent . Romances reworked legends , fairy tales , and history to suit the readers ' and hearers ' tastes , but by c. 1600 they were out of fashion , and Miguel de Cervantes famously burlesqued them in his novel Don Quixote . Still , the modern image of `` medieval '' is more influenced by the romance than by any other medieval genre , and the word medieval evokes knights , distressed damsels , dragons , and other romantic tropes .   Originally , romance literature was written in Old French , Anglo-Norman , Occitan , and Provençal , and later in Portuguese , in Castilian , in English , in Italian ( particularly with the Sicilian poetry ) and German . During the early 13th century , romances were increasingly written as prose . In later romances , particularly those of French origin , there is a marked tendency to emphasize themes of courtly love , such as faithfulness in adversity .

neg: Edelfrei The term edelfrei or hochfrei ( `` free noble '' or `` free knight '' ) was originally used to describe those German noblemen who were distinguished from other free knights by the payment of three times their weregild .  Such knights were known as Edelfreie or Edelinge . In the Holy Roman Empire , the higher nobility ( Hohe Adel ) emerged from the Edelfreie during the course of the 12th century , in contrast to the so-called ministeriales , most of whom were originally unfree knights or Dienstadel .   In the Middle Ages edelfrei or hochfrei meant , in simple terms , that someone was a member of an ancient , dynastic aristocratic line . Free noble families were independent of legal obligations of a secondary nature , and they were not subordinated to any other families or dynasties , apart from the king or emperor . The modern concept of aristocracy ( Uradel ) must not be confused with the term edelfrei , since the former term 's scope is much broader : all families that can prove they belonged to the knightly aristocracy by no later than around 1400 ( whether originally edelfrei or ministeriales ) are counted today as Uradel , i.e. , the aristocracy .   Many edelfrei families submitted themselves during the course of the Middle Ages to more powerful feudal lords ; these families are commonly referred to in the literature as `` originally edelfrei '' . This submission did not always happen under duress . Many vassals attained high positions in the courts of their lords , and vassal service was often very lucrative . Especially at the time of territorial expansion and the emergence of a monetary economy , many Edelfreie were dependent on the protection and support of a powerful secular or ecclesiastical lord . And vice versa : a dependent relationship existed , in that larger territories could only be secured and managed with the aid of loyal vassals .   The number of edelfreie families was limited . A new social order , the ministeriales now arose rapidly . These officials , who were mostly unfree in their origins , managed within a century to elevate themselves to the lesser nobility . The differences between ministeriales and the old aristocratic families began increasingly to blur . For many aristocratic families that were originally edelfrei there is therefore no reliable evidence of their dynastic origins .

neg: List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters George R. R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire novels feature a massive cast of characters . The series follows three interwoven plotlines : a dynastic war for control of Westeros by several families ; the rising threat of the superhuman Others beyond Westeros 's northern border ; and the ambition of Daenerys Targaryen , the exiled heir of the previous ruling dynasty .   Each chapter is narrated in the third person limited point of view through the eyes of a single character . Beginning with nine POV characters in A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) , the number grows to thirty-one by A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) .

neg: Cavalieri Addobbati The Cavalieri Addobbati , also known as Cavalieri di Corredo , were the elite among Italian knights in the Middle Ages . The two names are derived from addobbo , the old name for decoration , and corredo , meaning equipment . These were knights who could afford elaborate clothes , armor and equipment for themselves , their charger and their palfrey .   The term `` cavaliere '' , or knight , applied to anyone who fought on horseback , from nobles to peasants .  According to Franco Sacchetti ( c. 1335 -- c. 1400 ) , there were three other types of Italian knight in his day . The cavalieri bagnati , or knights of the bath , were invested with elaborate ceremonies in which they were washed of all impurities . The cavalieri di scudo , or knights of the shield , were men who had been made knights by princes or states . The cavalieri d'arme , or knights of arms , were soldiers who were created knights before or after a battle .  These distinctions do not seem to have been particularly rigid . However , the cavalieri addobbati were the elite , roughly corresponding to the nobility .   In Italy in the fourteenth century , the cost of a knight 's full equipment would have cost as much as a laborer could earn in several years ,  and in addition the knight would have to dress their squire and servants . The son of a noble family might gain some rudimentary education in the trivium of grammar , rhetoric and dialectic , and then the quadrivium of arithmetic , music , geometry and astronomy . However , many never learned to read or write . Much more important was learning to ride , to handle the bow , shield , sword and javelin and to fence . By the age of fifteen , the young man would be ready to be knighted in an elaborate ceremony that began in church and ended at the banquet table .   The title of `` dominus '' was usually reserved for priests and Cavalieri Addobbati .  In 1182 we hear that the feudal investiture of Bishop Gaimaro of Ivrea was undertaken in the presence and with the consent of ten vassals , five of whom were cavalieri addobbati from the leading families of Ivria , Vercelli and Canavese .

neg: Teyrnon In Welsh tradition , Teyrnon Twryf Lliant is the lord of the Kingdom of Gwent and the foster father of the divine son , Pryderi . He appears most prominently in Pwyll Pendefig Dyfed , the first of the Four Branches of the Mabinogi , but also features briefly in the early tale on the Matter of Britain , Culhwch and Olwen , as a knight of King Arthur . The name Teyrnon is widely acknowledged as deriving from the Common Brittonic * tigernonos , `` great lord '' .

neg: Cadency labels of the British royal family Heraldic labels are used to differentiate the personal coats of arms of members of the royal family of the United Kingdom from that of the monarch and from each other . In the Gallo-British heraldic tradition , cadency marks have been available to `` difference '' the arms of a son from those of his father , and the arms of brothers from each other , and traditionally this was often done when it was considered important for each man to have a distinctive individual coat of arms and/or to differentiate the arms of the head of a house from junior members of the family . This was especially important in the case of arms of sovereignty : to use the undifferenced arms of a kingdom is to assert a claim to the throne . Therefore , in the English royal family , cadency marks were used from the time of Henry III , typically a label or bordure alluding to the arms of the bearer 's mother or wife . After about 1340 , when Edward III made a claim to the throne of France , a blue label did not contrast sufficiently with the blue field of the French quarter of the royal arms ; accordingly most royal cadets used labels argent : that of the heir apparent was plain , and all others were charged . Bordures of various tinctures continued to be used into the 15th century .

neg: Rhys ap Robert Rhys ap Robert ( died 1377 ) was a Welsh nobleman . A descendant of the progenitor of the Tudor dynasty , Ednyfed Fychan ( d. 1246 ) , he attained several positions in the administration of north Wales , including co-Constable of Flint Castle in north Wales by 1349 , escheator of Caernarfonshire from 1347 to 1350 , and rhaglaw ( bailiff ) of the commote of Dinmael in 1360-61 .   Rhys ' career was not without controversy . In 1354 he was fined for taking bribes , and in 1358 the men of Englefield in north-east Wales complained to the Black Prince about Rhys ' oppressive measures . He lived at Kinmel near Abergele , and was a patron of the poet Iolo Goch .   Rhys ' most important role in Welsh society was as a supporter of Owain Lawgoch , a mercenary in French pay and a claimant to the title of Prince of Wales , who attempted to invade Wales with French support in 1369 and again in 1372 . During the latter year , Rhys ' son Ieuan Wyn - who also served as a mercenary in France - was identified along with Owain as having received over 500 marks from Rhys to aid their fight against the English there . The allegations seem not to have harmed Rhys ' career , as he was appointed chief serjeant of the lordship of Denbigh in 1374 . He died in 1377 .

neg: A Wizard of Earthsea A Wizard of Earthsea is a young adult fantasy novel written by the American author Ursula K. Le Guin , first published by the small press Parnassus in 1968 . The novel received highly positive reviews , initially as a work for children , and later among a general audience as well .   Set in the fictional archipelago of Earthsea , the story centers around a young mage named Ged , born in a village on the island Gont . Displaying great power while still a boy , he joins the school of wizardry , where his prickly nature drives him into conflict with one of his fellows . During a magical duel , Ged 's spell goes awry and releases a shadow creature that attacks him . The novel follows his journey as he seeks to be free of the creature .   The book has often been described as a Bildungsroman or coming of age story , as it explores Ged 's process of learning to cope with power and come to terms with death . The novel also carries Taoist themes about a fundamental balance in the universe of Earthsea , which wizards are supposed to maintain , closely tied to the idea that language and names have power to affect the material world and alter this balance . Although the structure of the story is similar to that of a traditional epic , critics also described it as subverting this genre in many ways , such as by making the protagonist dark-skinned , in comparison to more typical white-skinned heroes .   A Wizard of Earthsea is widely regarded as a classic of fantasy and young-adult literature and was one of the final recipients of the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award . The book was widely influential within the genre of fantasy ; Margaret Atwood , for instance , called A Wizard of Earthsea one of the `` wellsprings '' of fantasy literature . Le Guin would later write five subsequent books that , together with A Wizard of Earthsea , are referred to as the Earthsea Cycle : The Tombs of Atuan ( 1971 ) , The Farthest Shore ( 1972 ) , Tehanu ( 1990 ) , The Other Wind ( 2001 ) , and Tales from Earthsea ( 2001 ) . George Slusser has described the series as a `` work of high style and imagination '' .

neg: The Climb (Game of Thrones) `` The Climb '' is the sixth episode of the third season of HBO 's fantasy television series Game of Thrones , and the 26th episode of the series . Directed by Alik Sakharov and written by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss , it aired on May 5 , 2013 .   The episode 's title comes from climbing of the wall by Jon Snow and Ygritte , and also the references from dialogue between Lord Petyr Baelish and Lord Varys .


query: The capital and largest city of Western Australia is Perth.

pos: Perth Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia . It is the fourth-most populous city in Australia , with an estimated population of 2.06 million living in Greater Perth . Perth is part of the South West Land Division of Western Australia , with the majority of the metropolitan area located on the Swan Coastal Plain , a narrow strip between the Indian Ocean and the Darling Scarp . The first areas settled were on the Swan River , with the city 's central business district and port ( Fremantle ) both located on its shores .   Perth was founded by Captain James Stirling in 1829 as the administrative centre of the Swan River Colony . It gained city status ( currently vested in the smaller City of Perth ) in 1856 , and was promoted to the status of a Lord Mayorality in 1929 . The city is named after Perth , Scotland , due to the influence of Sir George Murray , Member of Parliament for Perthshire and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies . The city 's population increased substantially as a result of the Western Australian gold rushes in the late 19th century . During Australia 's involvement in World War II , Fremantle served as a base for submarines operating in the Pacific Theatre , and a US Navy Catalina flying boat fleet was based at Matilda Bay . An influx of immigrants after the war , predominantly from Britain , Greece , Italy and Yugoslavia , led to rapid population growth . This was followed by a surge in economic activity flowing from several mining booms in the late 20th and early 21st centuries that saw Perth become the regional headquarters for a number of large mining operations located around the state .   As part of Perth 's role as the capital of Western Australia , the state 's Parliament and Supreme Court are located within the city , as is Government House , the residence of the Governor of Western Australia . Perth came seventh in the Economist Intelligence Unit 's August 2016 list of the world 's most liveable cities , and was classified by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network in 2010 as a world city .   Perth is divided into 30 local government areas and 250 suburbs , stretching from Two Rocks in the north to Singleton in the south , and east inland to The Lake . Outside of the main CBD , important urban centres within Perth include Armadale , Fremantle , Joondalup , Midland , and Rockingham . Most of those were originally established as separate settlements , and retained a distinct identity after being subsumed into the wider metropolitan area . Mandurah , Western Australia 's second-largest city , has in recent years formed a conurbation with Perth along the coast , though for most purposes it is still considered a separate city .

neg: Geelong Geelong ( -LSB- dʒᵻˈlɒŋ -RSB- ) is a port city located on Corio Bay and the Barwon River , in the state of Victoria , Australia , 75 km south-west of the state capital , Melbourne . It is the second largest Victorian city , with an estimated urban population of 191,440 as at June 2016 , having grown 2.1 percent since June 2015 .   Geelong runs from the plains of Lara in the north to the rolling hills of Waurn Ponds to the south , with Corio Bay to the east and hills to the west . Geelong is the administrative centre for the City of Greater Geelong municipality , which covers urban , rural and coastal areas surrounding the city , including the Bellarine Peninsula .   Geelong City is also known as the ` Gateway City ' due to its central location to surrounding Victorian regional centres like Ballarat in the north west , Torquay , Great Ocean Road and Warrnambool in the southwest , Hamilton , Colac and Winchelsea to the west , and the state capital of Melbourne in the north east .   Geelong was named in 1827 , with the name derived from the local Wathaurong Aboriginal name for the region , Djillong , thought to mean `` land '' or `` cliffs '' . The area was first surveyed in 1838 , three weeks after Melbourne . The post office was open by June 1840 ( the second to open in the Port Phillip District ) .  The first woolstore was erected in this period and it became the port for the wool industry of the Western District . During the gold rush , Geelong experienced a brief boom as the main port to the rich goldfields of the Ballarat district . The city then diversified into manufacturing , and during the 1860s , it became one of the largest manufacturing centres in Australia with its wool mills , ropeworks , and paper mills .   It was proclaimed a city in 1910 , with industrial growth from this time until the 1960s establishing the city as a manufacturing centre for the state , and the population grew to over 100,000 by the mid-1960s . During the city 's early years , an inhabitant of Geelong was often known as a Geelongite , or a Pivotonian , derived from the city 's nickname of `` The Pivot '' , referencing the city 's role as a shipping and rail hub for the area . Population increases over the last decade were due to growth in service industries , as the manufacturing sector has declined . Redevelopment of the inner city has occurred since the 1990s , as well as gentrification of inner suburbs , and currently has a population growth rate higher than the national average .   It is known for being home to the Geelong Football Club , the second oldest club in the Australian Football League .   Today , Geelong stands as an emerging health , education and advanced manufacturing hub . The city 's economy is shifting quickly and despite experiencing the drawbacks of losing much of its heavy manufacturing , it is seeing much growth in other sectors , positioning itself as one of the leading non-capital Australian cities .

neg: Shire of Denmark The Shire of Denmark is a local government area in the Great Southern region of Western Australia , about 55 km west of Albany and about 420 km south-southeast of the state capital , Perth . The Shire of Denmark covers an area of 1860 km2 , and its seat of government is located in the townsite and locality of Denmark .

neg: Hobart Hobart ( -LSB- ˈhoʊbɑːrtaudio = En-au-Hobart . oga -RSB- ) is the capital and most populous city of the Australian island state of Tasmania . With a population of approximately 221,000 , it is Australia 's least populated state capital . Founded in 1803 as a penal colony , Hobart is Australia 's second oldest capital city after Sydney , New South Wales . The modern history of Hobart ( formerly ` Hobart Town ' , or ` Hobarton ' ) dates to its foundation as a British colony in 1803 . Prior to British settlement , the area had been occupied for possibly as long as 35,000 years , by the semi-nomadic Mouheneener tribe , a sub-group of the Nuennone , or South-East tribe . The descendants of the indigenous Tasmanians now refer to themselves as ` Palawa ' .   Since its foundation as a colonial outpost , the city has grown from the mouth of Sullivans Cove to stretch in a generally north-south direction along both banks of the Derwent River , from 22 km inland from the estuary at Storm Bay to the point where the river reverts to fresh water at Bridgewater . Hobart has experienced both booms and busts over its history . The early 20th century saw a period of growth on the back of mining , agriculture and other primary industries , and the loss of men who served in world wars was counteracted by an influx of immigration after World War II . In the later years of the 20th century , migrants increasingly arrived to settle in Hobart from Asia . Despite the rise in migration from parts of the world other than the United Kingdom and Ireland , the population of Hobart remains predominantly ethnically Anglo-Celtic and has the highest percentage per capita of Australian born residents among the Australian capital cities .   In June 2015 , the city had a greater area population of approximately 221,000 . The city is located in the state 's south-east on the estuary of the Derwent River , making it the most southern of Australia 's capital cities . Its harbour forms the second-deepest natural port in the world . Its skyline is dominated by the 1271 m kunanyi/Mount Wellington , and much of the city 's waterfront consists of reclaimed land . It is the financial and administrative heart of Tasmania , serving as the home port for both Australian and French Antarctic operations and acting as a major tourist hub , with over 1.192 million visitors in 2011/2012 . The metropolitan area is often referred to as Greater Hobart , to differentiate it from the City of Hobart , one of the five local government areas that cover the city .

neg: Forrest Highway Forrest Highway is a 95 km highway in Western Australia 's Peel and South West regions , extending Perth 's Kwinana Freeway from east of Mandurah down to Bunbury . Old Coast Road was the original Mandurah -- Bunbury route , dating back to the 1840s . Part of that road , and the Australind Bypass around Australind and Eaton , were subsumed by Forrest Highway . The highway begins at Kwinana Freeway 's southern terminus in Ravenswood , continues around the Peel Inlet to Lake Clifton , and heads south to finish at Bunbury 's Eelup Roundabout . There are a number of at-grade intersections with minor roads in the shires of Murray , Waroona , and Harvey including Greenlands Road and Old Bunbury Road , both of which connect to South Western Highway near Pinjarra .   The settlement of Australind by the Western Australian Land Company in 1840 -- 41 prompted the first real need for a good quality road to Perth . A coastal Australind -- Mandurah route was completed by 2 November 1842 . Though the road was rebuilt by convicts in the 1850s , its importance was already declining . With a new road via Pinjarra at the foothills of the Darling Scarp completed in 1876 , and the opening of the Perth − Bunbury railway in 1893 , few people travelled up the old coastal road . In the late 1930s there was a proposal to re-establish the road as a tourist route , which could also reduce traffic on the main road along the foothills , but it was put on hold due to World War II . Improvements to Old Coast Road started in the early 1950s , but with little progress made until 1954 when the Main Roads Department approved # 1000 worth of works . The name `` Old Coast Road '' was formally adopted on 27 January 1959 , and a sealed road was completed in September 1969 .   Since the 1980s , the state government has been upgrading the main Perth to Bunbury route , by extending Kwinana Freeway south from Perth , and constructing a dual carriageway on Old Coast Road north of Bunbury , including bypasses around Australind and Dawesville . A bypass was also planned around Mandurah , which underwent detailed environmental reviews and assessments in the 1990s and early 2000s . Construction of the New Perth Bunbury Highway project , which became Forrest Highway and the final Kwinana Freeway extension , began in December 2006 , and the new highway was opened on 20 September 2009 . Within one year of opening , the number of road accidents in the area had decreased significantly , but tourism and businesses in the towns on bypassed routes were also affected . There are few services alongside the highway , although a pair of roadhouses are planned near Greenlands Road . In June 2014 , Forrest Highway was extended south to Bunbury by renaming much of Old Coast Road as well as Australind Bypass as part of the highway .

neg: West Swan, Western Australia West Swan is a suburb of Perth , Western Australia , located in the City of Swan local government area . It lies west of the Swan River , and east of the former Caversham Motor Racing Circuit . The suburb is traversed by the West Swan Road , one of the main routes in the Swan Valley winery area . At the 2011 Australian Census the suburb had a population of 1,212 .   Bandyup Women 's Prison is located on the northern side of Roe Highway , and on the southern side of the Swan River in West Swan .

neg: Great Southern (Western Australia) __ NOTOC __   The Great Southern Region is one of the nine regions of Western Australia , as defined by the Regional Development Commissions Act 1993 , for the purposes of economic development . It is a section of the larger South Coast of Western Australia and neighbouring agricultural regions .   The region officially comprises the local government areas of Albany , Broomehill-Tambellup , Cranbrook , Denmark , Gnowangerup , Jerramungup , Katanning , Kent , Kojonup , Plantagenet and Woodanilling .   The Great Southern Region has an area of 39007 km2 and a population of about 54,000 . Its administrative centre is the historic port of Albany . It has a Mediterranean climate , with hot , dry summers and cool , wet winters .   The economy of the Great Southern Region is dominated by livestock farming and crop-growing . It has some of the most productive cereal grain and pastoral land in the state , and is a major producer of wool and lamb . Albany is a major fishing centre .   The coast of the Great Southern Region has milder summer weather than areas on the west coast proper and is also a popular destination for holidaymakers , tourists , anglers and surfers . Albany is home to the Kalgan River which is associated with riverboats , from 1918 to 1935 with the Silver Star which lowered its funnel to get under a bridge , and today with the Kalgan Queen which lowers its roof to pass beneath the same bridge .   Noongar people have inhabited the region for tens of thousands of years . European settlement began with the establishment of a temporary British military base , commanded by Major Edmund Lockyer , at King George Sound ( Albany ) on Christmas Day , 1826 . Albany is consequently regarded as the oldest European settlement in Western Australia .

neg: Joondalup (suburb) Joondalup is a suburb of Perth , Western Australia , which includes the central business district of the regional city of Joondalup , as well as the council chambers for the City of Joondalup local authority .

neg: Western Desert cultural bloc The Western Desert cultural bloc or just Western Desert is a cultural region in central Australia covering about 600,000 square kilometres , including the Gibson Desert , the Great Victoria Desert , the Great Sandy and Little Sandy Deserts in the Northern Territory , South Australia and Western Australia . The Western Desert cultural bloc can be said to stretch from the Nullarbor in the south to the Kimberley in the north , and from the Percival Lakes in the west through to the Pintupi lands in the Northern Territory .   The term is often used by anthropologists and linguists when discussing the 40 or so Aboriginal groups that live there , who speak dialects of one language , often called the Western Desert language .   Apart from the Canning Stock Route and the Rabbit-proof fence , white contact with this part of Australia was very rare , until the 1960s :   No one had been out there . The desert , as far as the Department -LSB- WA Dept of Suppy -RSB- was concerned ... was an unknown , as it was to the whole of Western Australia . The Warburton Ranges -LSB- were -RSB- as far as anybody got . People in those days knew absolutely nothing about Aborigines . ''

neg: Western Australian state election, 1943 Elections were held in the state of Western Australia on 20 November 1943 to elect all 50 members to the Legislative Assembly . The Labor Party , led by Premier John Willcock , won a fourth term in office against the Country and Nationalist parties , led by Opposition Leader Arthur Watts and Robert Ross McDonald respectively .   The election took place in the midst of World War II , and as such , turnout was considerably down on the previous election . The election was delayed from its intended date of February 1942 by the Legislative Assembly Duration and General Election Postponement Acts ( No 51 of 1941 , assented 16 January 1942 , and No 18 of 1942 , assented 9 December 1942 ) due to the war .   In the previous term , two changes of membership occurred at by-elections . George Lambert , the Labor member for Yilgarn-Coolgardie , died on 30 June 1941 and was replaced by former Labor branch secretary Lionel Kelly , running under the `` Independent Country '' banner . He ultimately joined the Labor Party and became a minister in the Bert Hawke government in the 1950s . In 1943 , long-serving and colourful independent Thomas Hughes resigned his seat of East Perth to contest the federal seat of Perth . It was picked up by Labor 's Herb Graham . Prior to the election , former Independent Nationalist Arthur Abbott joined the Nationalist Party .

neg: Bunbury, Western Australia Bunbury is a coastal city in Western Australia , situated approximately 175 km south of the state capital , Perth . It is the state 's third-largest city , with a population just behind that of Mandurah .   Located at the south of the Leschenault Estuary , Bunbury was established in 1836 on the orders of Governor James Stirling , and named in honour of its founder , Lieutenant Henry Bunbury . A port was constructed on the existing natural harbour soon after , and eventually became the main port for the wider South West region . Further economic growth was fuelled by completion of the South Western Railway in 1893 , which linked Bunbury with Perth .   Greater Bunbury includes four local government areas ( the City of Bunbury and the shires of Capel , Dardanup , and Harvey ) , and extends between Yarloop in the north , Boyanup to the south and Capel to the southwest .

neg: Peron, Western Australia Peron is an outer southern suburb of Perth , the capital city of Western Australia , and is located within the City of Rockingham .   The suburb was gazetted in 1974 . It is named for its location at Cape Peron although that land feature and the immediate locality are often called `` Point Peron '' , both locally and in written references , and this has influenced the naming of roads and features in the locality . There is a small promontory on the South West of the Cape , though not its most Westerly point , that is named `` Point Peron '' .

neg: City of Albany The City of Albany is a local government area in the Great Southern region of Western Australia , about 410 km south-southeast of Perth , the capital of Western Australia . It covers an area of 4312.3 km2 , including the Greater Albany metropolitan area and the Port of Albany , as well as the surrounding agricultural district and some national parks . The City of Albany had a population of 33,650 at the 2011 census .

neg: Carlisle, Western Australia Carlisle is a suburb of Perth , Western Australia . Its local government area is the town of Victoria Park .

neg: Karawara, Western Australia Karawara is a suburb of Perth , Western Australia .

neg: Innaloo, Western Australia Innaloo is a suburb of Perth , the capital city of Western Australia 9 km from Perth 's central business district in the local government area is the City of Stirling .   Innaloo is a more established residential suburb that is also home to the Westfield Innaloo and Westfield Innaloo Megacentre shopping centres , and is adjacent to Perth 's largest cinema complex , the 18-cinema Greater Union Megaplex Innaloo .

neg: Government House, Perth Government House is the official residence of the Governor of Western Australia , situated in the central business district of Perth , the state capital . It was built between 1859 and 1864 , in the Jacobean Revival style .   Government House is located on St Georges Terrace ( Perth 's main thoroughfare ) , sitting on the same block as Council House and the Supreme Court buildings . The site has been used by governors since the establishment of the Swan River Colony in 1829 , with the current structure built to replace an existing wooden building . The buildings and gardens of Government House are of exceptional heritage significance , being listed on the Western Australian Register of Heritage Places and classified by the National Trust . They are regularly opened for public viewing .

neg: Pilbara The Pilbara ( -LSB- ˈpɪlbərʌ -RSB- or -LSB- ˈpɪlbrʌ -RSB- ) is a large , dry , thinly populated region in the north of Western Australia . It is known for its Aboriginal peoples ; its ancient landscapes ; the red earth ; its vast mineral deposits , in particular iron ore ; and as a global biodiversity hotspot for subterranean fauna . It is one of nine regions of the Regional Development Commissions Act 1993 , and is also a bioregion under the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia ( IBRA ) .   The region has an estimated population of 48,610 . The Pilbara covers an area of 502,000 km2 , which includes some of Earth 's oldest rock formations . It includes landscapes of coastal plains and mountain ranges with cliffs and gorges . The major settlements of the region are Port Hedland , Karratha and Newman . The three main ports in this region are Port Hedland , Dampier and Port Walcott .   The area is known for its petroleum , natural gas and iron ore deposits , which contribute significantly to Australia 's economy . Other than mining , pastoral activities as well as fishing and tourism are the main industries .

neg: Shire of Perenjori The Shire of Perenjori is a local government area in the Mid West region of Western Australia , about 360 km north of the state capital , Perth . The Shire covers an area of 8313 km2 , and its seat of government is the town of Perenjori .

neg: Western Australian state election, 1911 Elections were held in the state of Western Australia on 3 October 1911 to elect 50 members to the Western Australian Legislative Assembly . The Labor Party , led by Opposition Leader John Scaddan , defeated the conservative Ministerialist government led by Premier Frank Wilson . In doing so , Scaddan achieved both Labor 's first absolute majority on the floor of the Assembly with 68 % of the seats ( 34 of 50 ) won , and its largest to date . The result came as something of a surprise to many commentators and particularly to the Ministerialists , as they went to an election for the first time as a single grouping backed by John Forrest 's Western Australian Liberal League , under a new system of compulsory preferential voting and new electoral boundaries both of which had been passed by Parliament earlier in the year despite ardent Labor opposition .   The 1911 election is considered by political historians such as Brian de Garis and David Black to mark the end of the first phase of the development of party politics in Western Australia , which had begun with the granting of responsible government to the then British colony in 1890 . Labor held onto government with a one-seat majority in the following 1914 election but lost power in 1916 after losing a by-election and after another member left the Labor Party to sit as an Independent .   The Scaddan government was characterised by its involvement in a number of State-owned manufacturing and service businesses on the back of a relatively sluggish economy . The Government Trading Concerns Act 1912 saw it establishing and running the State Brickworks , the State Saw Mills , the State Implement Works , the State Shipping Service , the State Hotels , the State Quarry at Boya as well as meatworks , ferries and tramways .

neg: Forrest Chase Forrest Chase is a major shopping centre in Forrest Place located in Perth , Western Australia .