query: Novak Djokovic got a medal at the Summer Olympics in 2008.

pos: Novak Djokovic Novak Djokovic ( Новак Ђоковић , Novak Đoković , -LSB- nôʋaːk d͡ʑôːkoʋit͡ɕ -RSB- ; born 22 May 1987 ) , often referred to by the hypocorism Nole , is a Serbian professional tennis player who is currently ranked world No. 2 in men 's singles tennis by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) . He is considered one of the greatest tennis players of all time . Djokovic holds the highest match winning rate ( 82.8 % ) in the Open Era , as of May 2017 .   Djokovic has won 12 Grand Slam singles titles , the fourth most in history , and held the No. 1 spot in the ATP rankings for a total of 223 weeks . In majors , Djokovic has won six Australian Open titles , three Wimbledon titles , two US Open titles and one French Open title . In 2016 , he became the eighth player in history to achieve the Career Grand Slam ; by winning the 2016 French Open , Djokovic became the third man to hold all four major titles at once , the first since Rod Laver in 1969 , and the first ever to do so on three different surfaces .   Djokovic has won an all-time record of 30 Masters 1000 series titles , tied with Rafael Nadal . Djokovic 's records include breaking the single-season record with six masters titles in 2015 , winning 31 consecutive ATP World Tour Masters 1000 series matches , playing in the finals at all nine ATP Masters 1000 tournaments ( shared with Roger Federer and Nadal , and being the only player to win eight of the nine events ( and at least twice ) . Among other titles , he has won the ATP World Tour Finals five times and was on the Serbian team which won the 2010 Davis Cup . He also won the Bronze medal in men 's singles at the 2008 Summer Olympics .   Djokovic is the first Serbian player to be ranked No. 1 by the ATP and the first male player representing Serbia to win a Grand Slam singles title . Djokovic has won numerous awards , including the 2012 , 2015 , and 2016 Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year , 2011 BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year , five-time ITF World Champion , and four-time ATP year-end number 1 . He is a recipient of the Order of St. Sava , the Order of Karađorđe 's Star and the Order of the Republika Srpska .

neg: 2008 PBZ Zagreb Indoors The 2008 PBZ Zagreb Indoors was a tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts . It was the 3rd edition of the PBZ Zagreb Indoors , and was part of the International Series of the 2008 ATP Tour . It took place at Dom Sportova in Zagreb , Croatia , from 23 February through 1 March 2008 .   The singles field was headlined by Doha semifinalist and recent South African Airways Open Challenger titlist Ivan Ljubičić , Rotterdam semifinalist Ivo Karlović , and Marseille quarterfinalist and Rotterdam semifinalist Gilles Simon . Also present in the field were Sydney semifinalist Fabrice Santoro , Chennai semifinalist Mario Ančić , Nicolas Mahut , Andreas Seppi and Janko Tipsarević .   Unseeded Sergiy Stakhovsky win the singles title .

neg: Parade of the Athletes Parade of the Athletes is a retrospective mix by Dutch DJ Tiësto of his live set performed during the opening ceremony of the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens , Greece on 13 August 2004 ( see 2004 in music ) . This was the first time that a DJ was asked to perform for a ceremony at the Olympics . Recognizing one of their own , the Dutch team came up to the booth while Tiësto was performing this set . All of the songs on this track are original songs composed by Tiësto except for `` Adagio for Strings '' , which is his own remix of Samuel Barber 's piece by the same name ( the remix was also influenced by William Orbit 's original electronic remix of the song in 1999 ) , and `` Athena '' , which is also a remix of Albinoni 's Adagio in G minor .   The album contains 8 new tracks composed exclusively for the Olympic Games Athens 2004 Opening Ceremony , and 4 other well-known tracks ( `` Traffic '' , `` Lethal Industry '' , `` Adagio for Strings '' and `` Forever Today '' ) . An unmixed version was also released .

neg: Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Qualification Qualification for tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil is determined not by any form of qualifying tournament , but by the rankings maintained by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) and the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) .

neg: Switzerland at the 2012 Summer Olympics Switzerland competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , from 27 July to 12 August 2012 . Swiss athletes competed at every Summer Olympic Games in the modern era , except when they boycotted the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne as a protest to the Soviet invasion of Hungary . The Swiss Olympic Association sent a total of 103 athletes to the Games , 72 men and 31 women , to compete in 18 sports .   Switzerland left London with a total of four Olympic medals ( two gold and two silver ) , their lowest in Summer Olympic history since 1992 . This was in stark contrast with the zero medal tally of the neighbouring Austria , a nation of roughly comparable size . Most of these medals were awarded to the athletes in cycling , tennis , equestrian , and triathlon .   Among the nation 's medalists were mountain biker Nino Schurter , who collected a total of two Olympic medals after winning the silver in men 's cross-country race . Equestrian rider Steve Guerdat won Switzerland 's first ever gold medal in the individual show jumping after 84 years . Meanwhile , Nicola Spirig became the second Swiss athlete to claim an Olympic title in women 's triathlon since its official debut as a full-medal sport in 2000 . World number-one male tennis player Roger Federer won the coveted silver medal in the men 's singles , after he was defeated by Great Britain 's Andy Murray . Several Swiss athletes missed out of the medal standings . Defending Olympic champion Fabian Cancellara finished seventh in the men 's individual time trial , following his collarbone injury from the road race .

neg: Olympic Committee of Serbia Olympic Committee of Serbia ( Олимпијски комитет Србије / Olimpijski komitet Srbije ) is the National Olympic Committee representing Serbia . It organizes the country 's representatives at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games as well as at smaller events such as the Mediterranean Games .

neg: Kyrgyzstan at the 2008 Summer Olympics Kyrgyzstan competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics , held in Beijing , People 's Republic of China from August 8 to August 24 , 2008 .

neg: Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's singles The Men 's Singles tennis competition at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing was held from August 10 to August 17 at the Olympic Green Tennis Centre . The DecoTurf surface rendered the event a hardcourt competition . Matches were in best-of-3 sets , except for the final which was in best-of-5 sets . No tiebreak was played in the final set .   Nicolás Massú was the reigning gold medalist won in 2004 Olympics in Athens . He lost to David Nalbandian in the second round . Rafael Nadal of Spain defeated Fernando González of Chile 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 ( 7 -- 2 ) , 6 -- 3 in the final . As a result , Gonzalez became the first male tennis player to win a medal in the event in consecutive Olympiads since the reintroduction of the sport in 1988 . The last Olympian to accomplish the feat was Charles Winslow , although his medals were 8 years apart , due to the cancellation of the 1916 Summer Olympics . Nadal entered World No. 1 in the ATP rankings for the first time ending Roger Federer 's 237 week streak .

neg: 2014 Stan Wawrinka tennis season The 2014 Stan Wawrinka tennis season began at the Chennai Open , where he won the title for the second time in his career . This was followed by victory at the Australian Open , where he defeated defending champion Novak Djokovic in the quarterfinals , followed by victory over world no. 1 Rafael Nadal in the final , to win his first ever Grand Slam title , launching him to a career-high no. 3 in the world , and the Swiss no. 1 ( ahead of Roger Federer ) for the first time in his career . Additionally , he won his first Masters 1000 title , defeating compatriot Federer in the final after coming back from a set down . During the first half of the season , Wawrinka went a perfect 6 -- 0 against top-10 opponents , including wins against three of the `` Big Four '' ( Djokovic , Nadal , and Federer ) . He also reached the semifinals of the ATP World Tour Finals for the second time in a row and finished the year helping Switzerland win their first Davis Cup .   He was defending champion in Oeiras , but withdrew before the tournament began .

neg: 2014 ATP World Tour Finals The 2014 ATP World Tour Finals ( also known as the 2014 Barclays ATP World Tour Finals for sponsorship reasons ) was a men 's tennis tournament played at the O2 Arena in London , United Kingdom , between 9 and 16 November 2014 . It was the season-ending event for the best singles players and doubles teams on the 2014 ATP World Tour . The Bryan Brothers won the title at the doubles tournament , while Novak Djokovic successfully defended his single title for the second time after Roger Federer withdrew from the final , the first walkover in a final in the tournament 's 45-year history .

neg: 2009 Serbia Open The 2009 Serbia Open ( also known as Serbia Open powered by Telekom Srbija for sponsorship reasons ) was a men 's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts . It was the first edition of the event known that year as the Serbia Open , and was a part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the 2009 ATP World Tour . It took place at the Milan Gale Muškatirović complex in Belgrade , Serbia , from May 2 through May 10 , 2009 .   The singles draw was headlined by the tournament 's host , Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) No. 3 , 2008 Tennis Masters Cup , Dubai winner and recent Miami , Monte Carlo and Rome runner-up Novak Djokovic from Serbia . Other featured stars included reigning Nottingham champion Ivo Karlović , and Gstaad and Umag finalist Igor Andreev . Other seeds included Andreas Seppi from Italy , Belgrade Challenger winner Viktor Troicki , Ivan Ljubičić , Arnaud Clément and Christophe Rochus .   The doubles draw was headlined by 2008 year-end World No. 1 doubles team , 2008 Tennis Masters Cup , Rotterdam , Monte Carlo , Barcelona and Rome champions Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić , both born in Belgrade ( although Nestor grew up from early childhood in Canada and represents that country ) . Also competing were Acapulco runners-up Łukasz Kubot and Oliver Marach , Stephen Huss and Ross Hutchins , and Simon Aspelin and Paul Hanley .

neg: Saint Kitts and Nevis at the 2008 Summer Olympics The Saint Kitts and Nevis National Olympic Committee sent four athletes to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China . All four participated in the track and field competitions across four different events . Three women ( Tiandra Ponteen , Virgil Hodge , and Meritzer Williams ) and one man ( Kim Collins ) comprised the Kittitian delegation . Williams and Ponteen did not advance past Qualifications in their events ; Hodge reached quarterfinals in both the 100m and 200m sprints ; and Collins , who participated in two events , reached the Semifinal round in the 100m sprint , and ranked sixth in the finals in the 200m sprint . Saint Kitts and Nevis did not win any medals during the Beijing Olympics . The flag bearer for the team at the opening ceremony was first-time Olympian Virgil Hodge .

neg: Czech Republic at the 2008 Summer Olympics The Czech Republic participated in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China . The Czech delegation consisted of around 130 athletes .

neg: Netherlands at the 2008 Summer Olympics The Netherlands competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , People 's Republic of China . This was announced in an official statement on the NOC * NSF website . In the statement they named the Olympic Games and the Paralympic Games as a highlight in sports to which a lot of sportspeople , coaches and the Dutch sports fans would look forward . The Netherlands aimed for a top 10 nations ranking in the Olympics as well as a top 25 ranking in the Paralympics ; they ended up ranking 12th at the Games .   Further in the statement they announced that they were aware of the political discussions about human rights and other issues in the People 's Republic of China and that they encouraged these discussions , but that they would only participate in sports related discussions . They say individual sportspeople , coaches and managers might have their own opinions about the issues but these would always be conveyed as personal opinions deriving from their own social views . They believe sports activities do have the opportunity to positively influence the situation in the People 's Republic of China when it comes to implementing the sports rules correctly as well as in situations improving the levels of respect , solidarity and fair play in sports .   There were 243 athletes representing the Netherlands . 15 in athletics , 24 in baseball , 2 in canoeing , 27 in cycling , 8 in equestrian , 2 in fencing , 32 in field hockey , 18 in football , 2 in gymnastics , 10 in judo , 30 in rowing , 12 in sailing , 15 in softball , 21 in swimming , 3 in table tennis , 1 in taekwondo , 2 in triathlon , 6 in volleyball and 13 in water polo . 61 different athletes won a medal , which is 25.10 % of all athletes . With a gold and a silver medal Anky van Grunsven was the only multiple medalist . The athletes that qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics are listed below .

neg: 2008 Summer Paralympics The 2008 Summer Paralympic Games ( Chinese : 第十三屆残疾人奥林匹克运动会 ) , the thirteenth Paralympics , took place in Beijing , China from September 6 to 17 , 2008 . As with the 2008 Summer Olympics , equestrian events were held in Hong Kong and sailing events in Qingdao .   3,951 athletes from 146 countries took part . This was the largest ever number of nations at the Paralympics ( ten more than in Athens ) , and five countries competed for the first time . China fielded more athletes than any other country . The slogan for the 2008 Paralympics was the same as the 2008 Summer Olympics , `` One World , One Dream '' ( Pinyin Tóng yīge shìjìe tóng yīge mèngxiǎng , lit . `` One World , One Dream '' ) . China dominated the medal count finishing with 89 gold medals and 211 total medals , more than double the next-ranked NPC in both cases .   339 Paralympic records and 279 world records were broken .   International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) President Philip Craven declared the Games `` the greatest Paralympic Games ever . ''

neg: 2008 Pilot Pen Tennis The 2008 Pilot Pen Tennis was a combined men 's and women 's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts . It was the 40th edition of the Pilot Pen Tennis , and was part of the International Series of the 2008 ATP Tour , and of the Tier II Series of the 2008 WTA Tour . It took place at the Cullman-Heyman Tennis Center in New Haven , United States , from August 15 through August 23 , 2008 .   The men 's field was headlined by ATP No. 13 , Nottingham runner-up and Umag champion Fernando Verdasco , Cincinnati Masters semifinalist and Nottingham titlist Ivo Karlović , and winner of back-to-back titles in Stuttgart , Kitzbühel , Los Angeles and Washington Juan Martín del Potro . Other top seeds are Gstaad and Umag finalist Igor Andreev , Viña del Mar and Pörtschach runner-up Juan Mónaco , Marin Čilić , Andreas Seppi and Mardy Fish .   The women 's draw was led by WTA No. 10 , Rome Tier I semifinalist and Paris champion Anna Chakvetadze , Australian Open semifinalist and Indian Wells Tier I quarterfinalist Daniela Hantuchová , and Paris , Eastbourne and Montreal semifinalist , Standford finalist Marion Bartoli . Also competing are Paris finalist Ágnes Szávay , Bangalore runner-up Patty Schnyder , Flavia Pennetta , Alizé Cornet and Dominika Cibulková .

neg: Roland Rudolf Roland Rudolf ( born August 6 , 1985 ) is a Hungarian swimmer , who specialized in backstroke events . He is an eight-time All-American swimmer , a multiple-time Hungarian titleholder in the age groups ( 1997 -- 2004 ) , and a two-time finalist at the 2002 European Junior Swimming Championships in Linz , Austria . Rudolf is also a member of the swimming team for the Florida Gators , and an economics graduate at the University of Florida in Gainesville , Florida .   Rudolf competed for Hungary in a backstroke double at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . Leading up to the Games , he posted a lifetime tech-suit best of 1:59.00 ( 200 m backstroke ) to eclipse the FINA A-standard ( 1:59.72 ) by 0.72 of a second at the USA Swimming Grand Prix in Columbus , Ohio . On the second night of the Games , Rudolf obtained a fifth spot and thirty-fifth overall in heat 2 of the 100 m backstroke by one tenth of a second ( 0.10 ) behind Iceland 's Örn Arnarson in 56.25 . In his second event , 200 m backstroke , Rudolf rounded out the field of eight swimmers to last place in heat six with 1:59.44 , just four tenths of a second ( 0.4 ) outside his entry standard and more than three seconds behind college teammate and eventual Olympic champion Ryan Lochte of the United States . Rudolf missed out the semifinals by a half-second deficit ( 0.50 ) , as he shared a nineteenth-place tie with Austria 's Sebastian Stoss in the prelims .

neg: 2009 Wimbledon Championships The 2009 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , from Monday 22 June through to Sunday 5 July 2009 . It was the 123rd staging of the Wimbledon Championships , and the third Grand Slam tennis event of the year .   Rafael Nadal did not defend his title after withdrawing from the tournament due to knee tendinitis . Roger Federer won his 6th Wimbledon title defeating rival Andy Roddick in the final in five sets . Federer 's victory marked his fifteenth Grand Slam title which broke the men 's all-time record . Venus Williams was unsuccessful in her title defence , being defeated in the final by her sister Serena , who won her first Wimbledon in 2002 .

neg: Rowing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's single sculls Women 's single sculls competition at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing was held between August 9 and 16 , at the Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park .   This rowing event is a single scull event , meaning that each boat is propelled by a single rower . The `` scull '' portion means that the rower uses two oars , one on each side of the boat ; this contrasts with sweep rowing in which each rower has one oar and rows on only one side ( not feasible for singles events ! ) . The competition consists of multiple rounds . Finals were held to determine the placing of each boat ; these finals were given letters with those nearer to the beginning of the alphabet meaning a better ranking . Semifinals were named based on which finals they fed , with each semifinal having two possible finals .   During the first round six heats were held . The top three boats in each heat advance to the quarterfinals , together with the 6 fastest of the remaining scullers , while all others are relegated to the E/F semifinals .   The quarterfinals were the second round for rowers still competing for medals . Placing in the quarterfinal heats determined which semifinal the boat would race in . The top three boats in each quarterfinal moved on to the A/B semifinals , with the bottom three boats going to the C/D semifinals .   Six semifinals were held , two each of A/B semifinals , C/D semifinals , and E/F semifinals . For each semifinal race , the top three boats moved on to the better of the two finals , while the bottom three boats went to the lesser of the two finals possible . For example , a second-place finish in an A/B semifinal would result in advancement to the A final .   The fourth and final round was the Finals . Each final determined a set of rankings . The A final determined the medals , along with the rest of the places through 6th . The B final gave rankings from 7th to 12th , the C from 13th to 18th , and so on . Thus , to win a medal rowers had to finish in the top four of their heat , top three of their quarterfinal , and top three of their A/B semifinal to reach the A final .

neg: 2008 Allianz Suisse Open Gstaad The 2008 Allianz Suisse Open Gstaad was a men 's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts . It was the 41st edition of the Allianz Suisse Open Gstaad , and was part of the International Series of the 2008 ATP Tour . It took place at the Roy Emerson Arena in Gstaad , Switzerland , from 7 July through 13 July 2008 .   The singles draw featured ATP No. 10 , Rome Masters and Doha runner-up Stanislas Wawrinka , Marseille and Munich semifinalist , and Gstaad defending champion Paul-Henri Mathieu , and Australian Open quarterfinalist and Chennai titlist Mikhail Youzhny . Other seeded players were two-time Nottingham champion Ivo Karlović , Bergamo Challenger winner and 2007 Gstaad finalist Andreas Seppi , Nicolas Kiefer , Igor Andreev and Guillermo Cañas .

neg: Naoki Tsukahara is a Japanese sprinter who specialises in the 100 metres .   He was seventh in 100 m at the 58th National Sports Festival of Japan in 2003 . After coming sixth over 200 m at the 2004 Japan Student Athletics Championships , he returned two years later to place runner-up in both short sprints . The 2006 Japan Championships in Athletics saw him with the 100 m title and take third in the 200 m.   Tsukahara represented Japan at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing where he competed at the 100 metre sprint and placed second in his first heat after Churandy Martina in a time of 10.39 seconds . He qualified for the second round in which he improved his time to 10.23 seconds , finishing third behind Martina and Michael Frater . In the 100 m semi-finals Tsukahara achieved a time of 10.16 seconds , his best of the season , but finished in seventh place , failing to qualify for the final .   Together with Shingo Suetsugu , Shinji Takahira and Nobuharu Asahara , Tsukahara also competed in the 4x100 metres relay final at the 2008 Summer Olympics . In their qualification heat , the team placed second behind Trinidad and Tobago , ahead of the teams from the Netherlands and Brazil . Their time of 38.52 s was the third fastest out of sixteen participating nations in the first round and they qualified for the final . There they sprinted to a time of 38.15 seconds , placing third after the Jamaican and Trinidad teams , winning the bronze medal . However , in January 2017 , Jamaica 's gold medal was revoked after one of their athletes was found to have been doping , meaning that the Japanese team received silver . The achievement was a historic one in terms of Japanese olympians ; it is the first track medal won by Japanese athletes in 80 years , as well as being the first medal won by male Japanese athletes .   Tsukahara had a strong start to the 2009 season , improving his 200 m best in early May to 20.61 s . He also set a new 100 m personal best at the 2009 Osaka Grand Prix . He easily won with a time of 10.13 seconds but still felt that he was capable of running faster .


query: Toyota is one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles in the world as of 2017.

pos: Toyota is a Japanese multinational , and as of 2017 the world 's largest , automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In March 2014 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 338,875 employees worldwide and , , was the ninth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as # 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue .   Toyota is the world 's market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide .   The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu . It also holds a 16.66 % stake in Subaru Corporation , a 5.9 % stake in Isuzu , as well as joint-ventures with two in China ( GAC Toyota and Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor ) , one in India ( Toyota Kirloskar ) , one in the Czech Republic ( TPCA ) , along with several `` nonautomotive '' companies . TMC is part of the Toyota Group , one of the largest conglomerates in the world .

neg: Mercedes-Benz G-Class The Mercedes-Benz G-Class , sometimes called G-Wagen ( short for Geländewagen , `` cross country vehicle '' ) , is a mid-size four-wheel drive luxury SUV manufactured by Magna Steyr ( formerly Steyr-Daimler-Puch ) in Austria and sold by Mercedes-Benz . In certain markets , it has been sold under the Puch name as Puch G . The G-wagen is characterized by its boxy styling and body-on-frame construction . It uses three fully locking differentials , one of the few vehicles to have such a feature . Despite the introduction of an intended replacement , the unibody SUV Mercedes-Benz GL-Class in 2006 , the G-Class is still in production and is one of the longest produced Mercedes-Benz in Daimler 's history , with a span of 35 years . Only the Unimog surpasses it .   The G-class was developed as a military vehicle from a suggestion by the Shah of Iran ( at the time a significant Mercedes shareholder ) to Mercedes and offered as a civilian version in 1979 . In this role it is sometimes referred to as the `` Wolf '' and LAPV Enok . The Peugeot P4 is a variant made under license , with a Peugeot engine and different parts .   It was not available from Mercedes-Benz in the United States until 2002 , although this was preceded by a grey-market where even basic models commanded six-figure prices in the 1990s . It was launched in 2002 as the Mercedes-Benz G500 with a V-8 gas engine and achieved 3114 sales that year . This eventually tapered down to some sub-1000 sales years , however , in the 2010s sales began to increase again surpassing 3000 in 2014 and in 2015 it sold more than in its launch year , with 3616 sold that year . In 2016 this increased to 3950 in the United States . Canada saw a similar increase , which , although is a smaller market saw sales increase from 127 in 2012 to over 400 in 2016 .

neg: List of sport utility vehicles This page lists sports utility vehicles currently in production ( as of 2013 ) as well as past models . The list includes crossover SUVs , Mini SUVs , Compact SUVs and other similar vehicles . Also includes hybrid , luxury , sport or tuned , military , electric and fuel cell versions . Due to confusion , Sport Utility Trucks are also in this list .   Note : Many of the vehicles ( both current and past ) are related to other vehicles in the list . A vehicle listed as a ` past model ' may still be in production in an updated form under a different name , it may be listed under that name in the ` currently in production ' section . Also , some vehicles are sold under different marques in different geographical locations , therefore some vehicles may be listed more than once but usually link to the same page . Different states may also classify vehicles differently . What may be considered an SUV in one state , may not in another state . Example ; The Chevrolet Nafees is known as the Chevrolet Zeeyan in Russia and Brazil , and in Australia and New Zealand , it is marketed by GM Holden ( Holden Trax ) . Some images provided below may be pictures of outdated models .

neg: 1950s American automobile culture 1950s American automobile culture has had an enduring influence on the culture of the United States , as reflected in popular music , major trends from the 1950s and mainstream acceptance of the `` hot rod '' culture . The American manufacturing economy switched from producing war-related items to consumer goods at the end of World War II , and by the end of the 1950s , one in six working Americans were employed either directly or indirectly in the automotive industry . The United States became the world 's largest manufacturer of automobiles , and Henry Ford 's goal of 30 years earlier -- that any man with a good job should be able to afford an automobile -- was achieved . A new generation of service businesses focusing on customers with their automobiles sprang up during the decade , including drive-through or drive-in restaurants and more drive-in theaters ( cinemas ) .   The decade began with 25 million registered automobiles on the road , most of which predated World War II and were in poor condition ; no automobiles or parts were produced during the war owing to rationing and restrictions . By 1950 , most factories had made the transition to a consumer-based economy , and more than 8 million cars were produced that year alone . By 1958 , there were more than 67 million cars registered in the United States , more than twice the number at the start of the decade .   As part of the U.S. national defenses , to support military transport , the National Highway System was expanded with Interstate highways , beginning in 1955 , across many parts of the United States . The wider , multi-lane highways allowed traffic to move at faster speeds , with few or no stoplights on the way . The wide-open spaces along the highways became a basis for numerous billboards showing advertisements .   The dawning of the Space Age and Space Race were reflected in contemporary American automotive styling . Large tailfins , flowing designs reminiscent of rockets , and radio antennas that imitated Sputnik 1 were common , owing to the efforts of design pioneers such as Harley Earl .

neg: Toyota Corona The Toyota Corona was an automobile manufactured by the Japanese automaker Toyota between 1957 and 2003 . Traditionally , the competitor from Nissan was the Nissan Bluebird . The word `` corona '' is Latin for `` crown '' , a reference to an earlier vehicle Toyota offered called the Toyota Crown . It was exclusive to Toyopet Store dealership channels in Japan , while the larger Crown was available only at Toyota Store locations .   In many countries , the Corona was one of Toyota 's first international exports , and was shortly joined by the smaller Toyota Corolla , providing buyers with a choice of a larger car , with similar operating expenses to the smaller Corolla . The Corona was Toyota 's second sedan in their hierarchy of products , just below the Crown , until 1968 when the Corona name was used on a larger , all new platform called the Toyota Corona Mark II , which gave buyers more interior space while still offering dependable , affordable performance .   The Corona became successful in export markets and was marketed under a number of different nameplates worldwide -- including those branded in much of Asia as Coronas marketed in European markets as Carinas .   __ TOC __

neg: New Mobility Agenda The New Mobility Agenda is an international institution which , although a virtual and open collaborative project today , was originally set up by an international working group meeting at the Abbey de Royaumont near Paris in 1974 with the support of the Parisian OECD to challenge old ideas and practices in the field of urban transport through a long term collaborative program of information exchange , education and peer support . The Agenda today draws together the experience , expertise and support of more than four thousand individuals and groups worldwide in an open collaborative peer network . One of the original proponents of this approach , Professor Mikoto Usui then director of the OECD Development Centre , referred to it in the founding meeting at the `` Abbé de Royaumont as an `` invisible college '' . Drawing together the experience and expertise of more than four thousand individuals and groups worldwide , who are networked via a combination of websites , discussion groups and fora , and collaborative projects , the Agenda takes an approach to transportation planning , policy and practice that has gained considerable force over the last two decades -- provides a leading-edge alternative to earlier ( 20th century ) methods of looking at and providing mobility for people and goods in cities . The Agenda has received prestigious awards for its contributions , including the Stockholm Environment Challenge Prize ( 2000 ) and the World Technology Environment Award ( 2002 ) .   Like the sustainable transportation movement , to which it is closely related , it differs from previous methods ( which in fact still dominate planning , policy , investment and operations in most parts of the world ) in that it takes a global or broad systemic approach to the challenges of how to get around in cities , and is especially sensitive not only to pure transport efficiency ( which traditionally is interpreted in pure engineering terms as speed and volume of vehicle throughput ) but equally to matters of sustainable development , pollution and environmental impacts -- including matters relating to climate change , the reduction of Greenhouse gases , resource efficiency , energy conservation , public health , both personal and public economics , overall time savings , public spaces , and quality of life in communities , including relations between people in public spaces -- with particular attention to social justice and the unmet needs of women , children , and others with mobility or economic or health disadvantages which are not being properly served in our present mainly car-based systems and thinking , in which other forms of transport , including public transport , play only residual roles .

neg: Chevrolet Volt The Chevrolet Volt is a plug-in hybrid car manufactured by General Motors , also marketed in rebadged variants as the Holden Volt in Australia and New Zealand , and with a different fascia as the Vauxhall Ampera in the United Kingdom and as the Opel Ampera in the remainder of Europe .   Sales of the 2011 Volt began in the United States in mid-December 2010 , followed by various European countries and other international markets in 2011 . Global combined Volt/Ampera family sales totaled about 134,500 units by the end of December 2016 . The U.S. is the leading market , with 113,489 Volts delivered , followed by Canada with 8,884 Volts sold through November 2016 . Just over 10,000 Opel/Vauxhall Ampera cars had been sold in Europe , with the Netherlands leading the European region , with almost 5,000 Amperas and over 1,000 Volts registered . The Volt/Ampera family of vehicles is the world 's all-time best-selling plug-in hybrid vehicle .   The Volt operates as a pure battery electric vehicle until its battery capacity drops to a predetermined threshold from full charge . From there its internal combustion engine powers an electric generator to extend the vehicle 's range as needed . When the engine is running it may be periodically mechanically linked ( by a clutch ) to a planetary gear set , and hence the output drive axle , to improve energy efficiency . The Volt 's regenerative braking also contributes to the on-board electricity generation . Under the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) cycle , the 2013/15 model year Volt all-electric range is 38 mi , with a combined electric mode/gasoline-only rating of 62 mpgus equivalent ( MPG-equivalent ) .   The second generation Volt 's improved battery system and drivetrain increased the all-electric range to 53 mi , its EPA rated fuel economy in charge-sustaining mode to 42 mpgUS , and the combined city/highway fuel economy in all-electric mode to 106 MPG-e , up from 98 MPG-e . Deliveries to retail customers in the U.S. and Canada began in October 2015 as a 2016 model year .   The Volt has won several awards , including the 2009 Green Car Vision Award , 2011 Green Car of the Year , 2011 North American Car of the Year , 2011 World Green Car , 2012 European Car of the Year , and 2016 Green Car of the Year . Controversies regarding the Volt include the extent to which the U.S. federal government may have participated in the Volt 's development , which continued through General Motors ' 2009 government-led bankruptcy , and concerns about the battery pack fire risk following a crash test that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) performed on a Volt in 2011 . At the completion of its investigation NHTSA concluded that no discernible defect trend exists .

neg: Private enterprise in Japan The engine of Japanese economic growth has been private initiative and enterprise , together with strong support and guidance from the government and from labor . The most numerous enterprises were single proprietorships , of which there were more than 4 million in the late 1980s . The dominant form of organization ; however , is the Corporation . In 1988 some 2 million corporations employed more than 30 million workers , or nearly half of the total labor force of 60.1 million people . Corporations range from large to small , but the favored type of organization is the joint-stock company , with directors , auditors , and yearly stockholders ' meetings .

neg: Brake-by-wire In the automotive industry , brake-by-wire technology is the ability to control brakes through electrical means . It can be designed to supplement ordinary service brakes or it can be a standalone brake system .   This technology is widely used on all hybrid and battery electric vehicles , including the Toyota Prius . Brake-by-wire is also common in the form of the electric park brake which is now widely used on mainstream vehicles .   The technology replaces traditional components such as the pumps , hoses , fluids , belts and vacuum servos and master cylinders with electronic sensors and actuators . Drive-by-wire technology in automotive industry replaces the traditional mechanical and hydraulic control systems with electronic control systems using electromechanical actuators and human-machine interfaces such as pedal and steering feel emulators .   Some x-by-wire technologies have been already installed on commercial vehicles such as steer-by-wire , and throttle-by-wire . Brake-by-wire technology has been widely commercialized with the introduction of Battery Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Vehicles . The most widely used application by Toyota in the high volume Prius was preceded by the GM EV1 , the Rav4 EV , and other EVs where the technology is required for regenerative braking . Ford , General Motors , and most other manufacturers use the same general design , with the exception of Honda , who designed a notably different design .

neg: Uber (company) Infobox company  | name = Uber Technologies Inc. .  | logo = Uber logo.svg  | type = Privately held company  | founders =  | hq_location = San Francisco , California  | area_served = Worldwide , 570 cities  | key_people =   Uber Technologies Inc. is a transportation network company headquartered in San Francisco , California , United States , operating in 570 cities worldwide . It develops , markets and operates the Uber car transportation and food delivery mobile apps . Uber drivers use their own cars , although drivers can rent a car to drive with Uber .   The name `` Uber '' is a reference to the common ( and somewhat slangy ) word `` uber '' , meaning `` topmost '' or `` super '' , and having its origins in the German word über , meaning `` above '' .   Uber has been a pioneer in the sharing economy and the changes in industries as a result of the sharing economy have been referred to as `` Uberification '' or `` Uberisation '' . Uber has also been the subject of protests and legal actions .

neg: Hydrogen fuel enhancement Hydrogen fuel enhancement is the process of using a mixture of hydrogen and conventional hydrocarbon fuel in an internal combustion engine , typically in a car or truck , in an attempt to improve fuel economy , power output , emissions , or a combination thereof . Methods include hydrogen produced through an electrolysis , storing hydrogen on the vehicle as a second fuel , or reforming conventional fuel into hydrogen with a catalyst .   There has been a great deal of research into fuel mixtures , such as gasoline and nitrous oxide injection . Mixtures of hydrogen and hydrocarbons are no exception . These sources say that contamination from exhaust gases has been reduced in all cases , and they suggest that a small efficiency increase is sometimes possible .   Many of these sources also suggest that modifications to the engine 's air-fuel ratio , ignition timing , emissions control systems , electronic control systems and possibly other design elements , might be required in order to obtain any significant results . A modified vehicle in this way may not pass mandatory anti-smog controls . Due to the inherent complexity of these subsystems , a necessity of modern engine design and emissions standards , such claims made by proponents of hydrogen fuel enhancement are difficult to substantiate and always disputed .   To date , hydrogen fuel enhancement products have not been specifically addressed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency , as no research devices or commercial products have reports available as per the `` Motor Vehicle Aftermarket Retrofit Device Evaluation Program . '' They do , however , point out that installation of such devices often involves illegally tampering with an automobile 's emissions control system , which could result in significant fines .  Environment Canada does have a research paper on the subject . In tests done in their laboratory in 2004 they found no improvement in engine efficiency or fuel economy .

neg: Aurica Motors Aurica Motors , LLC is a start-up based out of Santa Clara , California that develops a proprietary electronic power train called the Aurica Recurve for electric cars . The company has stated its intention to partner with other investors to manufacture electric cars that utilize its electronic power train system . Aurica Motors is an offshoot of Aurica Labs , a research and development company started and funded by physicist Greg Bender .   On March 10 , 2010 , Aurica Motors was thrust into the public spotlight with the announcement of its intentions to save the New United Motor Manufacturing , Inc. ( NUMMI ) automotive plant in Fremont , California from completely shutting down .   The NUMMI plant , a joint venture between Toyota and General Motors , opened in 1984 as an experiment to determine if unionized Americans could adapt Japanese production management practices . The plant rolled out its last vehicle on April 1 , 2010 , forcing 4,700 factory workers out and likely affecting thousands of part suppliers .   In the same March announcement , Aurica also stated its intention to work with the NUMMI workforce to retrain it for electric car development and find financial backing to retool the plant .   On May 20 , 2010 , both Tesla Motors and Toyota announced a joint effort to manufacture Tesla 's electric vehicles at the former NUMMI plant . Under the agreement , Toyota bought $ 50 million of common stock from Tesla Motors . Tesla then purchased a portion of the NUMMI property including the plant , with the goal of retrofitting the plant for its future `` smaller third-generation car , '' seemingly putting an end to Aurica 's bid for the NUMMI plant .

neg: Toyota Brevis The Toyota Brevis is a former mid-sized luxury sedan introduced in May 2001 , that was sold only in Japan .   Sales started in June , 2001 . The Brevis was produced for seven years before being discontinued in 2007 , with no replacement . The Brevis was exclusive to Toyota Japan dealerships Toyota Store , while its twin the Toyota Progrès was exclusive to Toyopet Store locations .   The word `` brevis '' is Latin for `` brief , a short amount of time or duration '' .

neg: List of hybrid vehicles This is a list of hybrid vehicles , including both regular hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids in chronological order of first production :

neg: Solar power Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity , either directly using photovoltaics ( PV ) , or indirectly using concentrated solar power . Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam . Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic effect .   Photovoltaics were initially solely used as a source of electricity for small and medium-sized applications , from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to remote homes powered by an off-grid rooftop PV system . Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s . The 392 MW Ivanpah installation is the largest concentrating solar power plant in the world , located in the Mojave Desert of California .   As the cost of solar electricity has fallen , the number of grid-connected solar PV systems has grown into the millions and utility-scale solar power stations with hundreds of megawatts are being built . Solar PV is rapidly becoming an inexpensive , low-carbon technology to harness renewable energy from the Sun . The current largest photovoltaic power station in the world is the 850 MW Longyangxia Dam Solar Park , in Qinghai , China .   The International Energy Agency projected in 2014 that under its `` high renewables '' scenario , by 2050 , solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power would contribute about 16 and 11 percent , respectively , of the worldwide electricity consumption , and solar would be the world 's largest source of electricity . Most solar installations would be in China and India . Currently , as of 2016 , solar power provides just 1 % of total worldwide electricity production but growing 33 % per annum .

neg: Vehicular automation Vehicular automation involves the use of mechatronics , artificial intelligence , and multi-agent system to assist a vehicle 's operator . These features and the vehicles employing them may be labeled as intelligent or smart . A vehicle using automation for difficult tasks , especially navigation , may be referred to as semi-autonomous . A vehicle relying solely on automation is consequently referred to as robotic or autonomous . After the invention of the integrated circuit , the sophistication of automation technology increased . Manufacturers and researchers subsequently added a variety of automated functions to automobiles and other vehicles .

neg: ITS America The Intelligent Transportation Society of America ( ITS America ) is the leading advocacy group for the development and deployment of Intelligent Transportation Systems ( ITS ) in the United States . ITS America was established in 1991 as a not-for-profit organization to foster the use of advanced technologies in surface transportation systems . Regina Hopper is the President and CEO .   ITS America seeks to grow our economy and improve the quality of life through innovative technologies that enhance mobility , safety , security , privacy , sustainability and accessibility of our transportation system , as well as promote research , development and deployment of advanced vehicle technology , connectivity , integrated mobility and smart communities .   ITS America membership is unique in that it is composed of state and city public agencies , private companies , research institutions and academia , and includes automakers , telecommunications , traditional IT and emerging technology , consumer apps and industrial electronics , road , transit and other transportation infrastructure operators and the research community focused on bringing new technology from the laboratory to our roads , cars , buses and trucks .   ITS America is one of the participants of the World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems held from October 29 to November 2 , 2017 in Montreal , Canada .

neg: History of autonomous cars Experiments have been conducted on automating cars since at least the 1920s ; promising trials took place in the 1950s and work has proceeded since then . The first self-sufficient and truly autonomous cars appeared in the 1980s , with Carnegie Mellon University 's Navlab and ALV projects in 1984 and Mercedes-Benz and Bundeswehr University Munich 's Eureka Prometheus Project in 1987 . Since then , numerous major companies and research organizations have developed working prototype autonomous vehicles including Mercedes-Benz , General Motors , Continental Automotive Systems , Autoliv Inc. , Bosch , Nissan , Toyota , Audi , Volvo , Vislab from University of Parma , Oxford University and Google . In July 2013 , Vislab demonstrated BRAiVE , a vehicle that moved autonomously on a mixed traffic route open to public traffic .   As of 2013 , four U.S. states have passed laws permitting autonomous cars : Nevada , Florida , California , and Michigan . In Europe , cities in Belgium , France , Italy and the UK are planning to operate transport systems for driverless cars , and Germany , the Netherlands , and Spain have allowed testing robotic cars in traffic .

neg: Toyota Raum The Toyota Raum is a small , 5-seat compact MPV that first appeared in May 1997 . The second generation was released in May 2003 . It was sold only in Japan at Toyota Netz retail sales channels .   The vehicle 's name is German for chamber , berth , room , space , expanse , scope , area , or sphere and attempts to emphasize the vast amount of space it contains relative to its size . This is because the front doors on both the driver and passenger sides open conventionally , but the rear doors slide open rearward and attach to the top and bottom of the door openings and interlock to the front doors . The Raum uses a similar door approach also used on the first-generation Mitsubishi RVR/Space Runner .   There is no doorjamb between the front and rear doors that the doors attach to on the passenger side , and the passenger front seat folds flat upon itself and then can be folded forward while still being attached to the floor at the front bottom of the seat . The rear seats can be folded flat with a 60:40 split or can also be folded forward individually for a rear flat cargo floor .   The automatic transmission gear selector is dashboard mounted , thereby freeing up the flat floor space between the front seats , allowing movement to the back seat from inside the vehicle .   __ TOC __

neg: Tianjin FAW Tianjin FAW ( officially Tianjin FAW Xiali Automobile Co. , Ltd. ) is an automobile company based in Tianjin , China and a subsidiary of FAW Group . Its principal activity is the design , development , manufacture and distribution of automobiiles sold under the Xiali and Vita marques . It is listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange .   Tianjin FAW was founded in 1965 and was originally considered one of the `` three smalls '' of the Chinese automotive industry , together with Guangzhou Honda and Beijing . Tianjin FAW moved into third place in the Chinese market in 1997 . By 2000 they were in second place , in spite of the low quality of their products . Tianjin FAW has since lost market share to several new Chinese automobile manufacturers .   Tianjin FAW operates a joint venture with Toyota , Tianjin FAW Toyota Motor Co. , Ltd. , which produces Toyota passenger cars for the Chinese market including the Corolla , Crown , Reiz and Vios .

neg: Carsharing Carsharing or car sharing ( US ) or car clubs ( UK ) is a model of car rental where people rent cars for short periods of time , often by the hour . They are attractive to customers who make only occasional use of a vehicle , as well as others who would like occasional access to a vehicle of a different type than they use day-to-day . The organization renting the cars may be a commercial business or the users may be organized as a company , public agency , cooperative , or ad hoc grouping .   Carsharing services are available in over 1,000 cities in several countries .   , there were an estimated 1.7 million car-sharing members in 27 countries , including so-called peer-to-peer services , according to the Transportation Sustainability Research Center at U.C. Berkeley . Of these , 800,000 were car-sharing members in the United States . , the world 's largest carsharing networks across North America and Europe are Zipcar with 767,000 members and 11,000 vehicles , DriveNow with over 875,000 customers and over 6,000 cars , , and Car2Go with over 900,000 members and 12,000 cars .   According to Navigant Consulting , global carsharing services revenue will approach billion in 2013 and grow to billion by 2020 , with over 12 million members worldwide . The main factors driving the growth of carsharing are the rising levels of congestion faced by city dwellers ; shifting generational mindsets about car ownership ; the increasing costs of personal vehicle ownership ; and a convergence of business models . Carsharing contributes to sustainable transport because it is a less car intensive means of urban transport , and according to The Economist , carsharing can reduce car ownership at an estimated rate of one rental car replacing 15 owned vehicles .


query: The title of 544th richest person in the world once belonged to Donald Trump.

pos: Donald Trump Donald John Trump ( born June 14 , 1946 ) is the 45th and current President of the United States . Before entering politics , he was a businessman and television personality .   Trump was born and raised in Queens , New York City , and earned an economics degree from the Wharton School . He then took charge of The Trump Organization , the real estate and construction firm founded by his paternal grandmother , which he ran for 45 years until 2016 . During his real estate career , Trump built , renovated , and managed numerous office towers , hotels , casinos , and golf courses . Besides real estate , he started several side ventures and has licensed the use of his name for the branding of various products and properties , including Trump Entertainment Resorts , Trump Steaks , and Trump Vodka . He was the founder of Trump University . He owned the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants from 1996 to 2015 , and he produced and hosted The Apprentice , a reality television series on NBC , from 2004 to 2015 . His net worth was estimated to be $ 3.5 billion , making him the 544th richest person in the world .   Trump first publicly expressed interest in running for political office in 1987 . He won two Reform Party presidential primaries in 2000 , but withdrew his candidacy early on . In June 2015 , he launched his campaign for the 2016 presidential election and quickly emerged as the front-runner among seventeen candidates in the Republican primaries . His remaining opponents all suspended their campaigns by the end of May 2016 , and in July he was formally nominated at the Republican National Convention along with Indiana governor Mike Pence as his running mate . Many of his campaign statements were controversial or false , generating much free media coverage .   Trump won the general election on November 8 , 2016 , in a surprise victory against Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton and commenced his presidency on January 20 , 2017 . He became the oldest and wealthiest person ever to assume the presidency , the first without prior military or government service , and the fifth to have won the election while losing the popular vote . His political positions have been described by scholars and commentators as populist , protectionist , and nationalist .

neg: Daniel K. Ludwig Daniel Keith Ludwig ( June 24 , 1897 -- August 27 , 1992 ) was a United States shipping magnate , businessman with numerous companies , and billionaire . He pioneered the construction of super tankers in Japan , founded Exportadora de Sal , SA in Mexico and developed it as the largest salt company in the world , built a model community in association with his huge Jari project on the Amazon River in Brazil to produce pulp paper , and had numerous hotels around the world .   Even though he was one of the wealthiest men of his day , with operations spanning 23 countries , his name was little known . Throughout his business life , he maintained a low profile ; he stopped speaking to the press in the 1950s . Ludwig was # 1 on the first Forbes 400 `` Richest Americans '' list , published in 1982 .

neg: Strauss–Howe generational theory The Strauss -- Howe generational theory , created by authors William Strauss and Neil Howe , describes a theorized recurring generation cycle in American history . Strauss and Howe laid the groundwork for their theory in their 1991 book Generations , which discusses the history of the United States as a series of generational biographies going back to 1584 . In their 1997 book The Fourth Turning , the authors expanded the theory to focus on a fourfold cycle of generational types and recurring mood eras in American history . They have since expanded on the concept in a variety of publications .   The theory was developed to describe the history of the United States , including the 13 colonies and their British antecedents , and this is where the most detailed research has been done . However , the authors have also examined generational trends elsewhere in the world and described similar cycles in several developed countries .   Eric Hoover ( 2009 ) has called the authors pioneers in a burgeoning industry of consultants , speakers and researchers focused on generations . Steve Bannon , adviser to President Donald Trump , is a prominent proponent of Strauss -- Howe generational theory .   Academic response to the theory has been mixed -- some applauding Strauss and Howe for their `` bold and imaginative thesis '' , and others criticizing the theory . Criticism has focused on the lack of rigorous empirical evidence for their claims , and a perception that aspects of the argument gloss over real differences within the population .

neg: Clemmie Spangler Clemmie Dixon Spangler , Jr. ( born April 5 , 1932 ) , usually known as C. D. Spangler or Dick Spangler , is an American billionaire who served as the President of the University of North Carolina from 1986 to 1997 . He heads National Gypsum . On the Forbes 2016 list of the world 's billionaires , he was ranked # 722 with a net worth of US$ 2.4 billion .

neg: Simon Trumper Simon Trumper ( born 31 May 1963 ) is an English professional poker player from South Kensington , London , England . He is chiefly noted as the winner of Late Night Poker series 2 and runner-up of series 4 . Trumper also commentated on the Late Night Poker Ace spin-off series alongside Jesse May .   As a child , Trumper was expelled from secondary school for playing poker dice after finishing a mathematics exam . He started playing in 1995 when he entered a # 10 tournament in Reading with a friend on a night out . He was also bullied a lot due to his surname ` Trumper ' .   At the World Series of Poker he has had a 4th-place finish in the 2001 $ 3,000 No Limit Hold-Em event , which also featured Johnny Chan and Kathy Liebert , and a 5th-place finish in the 2005 $ 10,000 Pot Limit Omaha event , which also featured Todd Brunson , Barry Greenstein ( who lost a critical pot to Simon and then complained about it in his blog ) , Erik Seidel , and Julian `` The Kid '' Gardner . He has not yet featured in the World Poker Tour .   In May 2005 , he reached the fourth round of the $ 2,000 World Heads-Up Championship , earning $ 3,250 .   Trumper owns a pair of gold and diamond aces to cap his cards as a good luck charm . He admires Dave `` The Devilfish '' Ulliott , T. J. Cloutier and Erik Seidel above all other poker players .   Outside of poker , Trumper owns a drainage company . He is a non-smoker , and would like to see smoking banned from all poker games . Trumper suffers from the hair loss condition , Alopecia .   As of 2008 , his total live tournament winnings exceed $ 1,000,000 . He has a daughter called Kylie Scobie-Trumper .   In 2014 , he became the live poker director at the popular poker venue Dusk Till Dawn in Nottingham , England and has withdrawn from playing as much live poker .

neg: Sergey Brin Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin ( Серге́й Миха́йлович Брин born August 21 , 1973 ) is a Russian American computer scientist , internet entrepreneur , and philanthropist . Together with Larry Page , he co-founded Google . Brin is the President of Google 's parent company Alphabet Inc. .   , Brin is the 13th richest person in the world , with an estimated net worth of US$ 39.8 billion .   Brin immigrated to the United States with his family from the Soviet Union at the age of 6 . He earned his bachelor 's degree at the University of Maryland , following in his father 's and grandfather 's footsteps by studying mathematics , as well as computer science . After graduation , he moved to Stanford University to acquire a PhD in computer science . There he met Page , with whom he later became friends . They crammed their dormitory room with inexpensive computers and applied Brin 's data mining system to build a web search engine . The program became popular at Stanford , and they suspended their PhD studies to start up Google in a rented garage .   The Economist referred to Brin as an `` Enlightenment Man '' , and as someone who believes that `` knowledge is always good , and certainly always better than ignorance '' , a philosophy that is summed up by Google 's mission statement , `` Organize the world 's information and make it universally accessible and useful , '' and unofficial yet sometimes controversial motto , `` Do n't be evil '' .

neg: Peter Thiel Peter Andreas Thiel ( -LSB- ` tiːl -RSB- born October 11 , 1967 ) is an American entrepreneur , venture capitalist , philanthropist , political activist , and author . He was ranked No. 4 on the Forbes Midas List of 2014 , with a net worth of $ 2.2 billion , and No. 246 on the Forbes 400 in 2016 , with a net worth of $ 2.7 billion .   Thiel was born in Frankfurt , and holds German citizenship . He moved with his family to the United States as an infant , and spent a portion of his upbringing in Africa before returning to the U.S. . He studied philosophy at Stanford University , graduating with a B.A. in 1989 . He then went on to the Stanford Law School , and received his J.D. in 1992 . After graduation , he worked as a judicial clerk for Judge James Larry Edmondson , a securities lawyer for Sullivan & Cromwell , a speechwriter for former-U.S. Secretary of Education William Bennett and as a derivatives trader at Credit Suisse prior to founding Thiel Capital in 1996 . He then co-founded PayPal in 1999 , and served as chief executive officer until its sale to eBay in 2002 for $ 1.5 billion .   After the sale of PayPal , he founded Clarium Capital , a global macro hedge fund . He launched Palantir Technologies , an analytical software company , in 2004 and continues to serve as its chairman as of 2016 . His Founders Fund , a venture capital firm , was launched in 2005 along with PayPal partners Ken Howery and Luke Nosek . Earlier , Thiel became Facebook 's first outside investor when he acquired a 10.2 % stake for $ 500,000 in August 2004 . He sold the majority of his shares in Facebook for over $ 1 billion in 2012 , but remains on the board of directors . He also co-founded Valar Ventures in 2010 and operates as its chairman , co-founded Mithril Capital , of which he is investment committee chair , in 2012 , and has served as a partner at Y Combinator since 2015 .   Thiel is involved with a variety of philanthropic and political pursuits . Through the Thiel Foundation , he governs the grant-making bodies Breakout Labs and Thiel Fellowship , and supports life extension , seasteading and other speculative research . A founder of The Stanford Review , he is a conservative libertarian who is critical of excessive government spending , high debt levels , and foreign wars . He has donated to numerous political figures , and provided financial support to Hulk Hogan in Bollea v. Gawker .

neg: United States presidential election, 2016 The United States presidential election of 2016 was the 58th quadrennial American presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 8 , 2016 . The Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana Governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and U.S. Senator from Virginia Tim Kaine . Trump took office as the 45th President , and Pence as the 48th Vice President , on January 20 , 2017 . Concurrent with the presidential election , Senate , House , and many gubernatorial and state and local elections were also held on November 8 .   Voters selected members of the Electoral College in each state , in most cases by `` winner-takes-all '' plurality ; those state electors in turn voted for a new president and vice president on December 19 , 2016 . While Clinton received about million more votes nationwide , a margin of % , Trump won 30 states worth a total of 306 electors , or 57 % of the 538 available . He won the perennial swing states of Florida , North Carolina , Ohio , and Iowa , as well as Clinton 's `` blue wall '' states of Michigan , Pennsylvania and Wisconsin , which had been Democratic strongholds in presidential elections for decades . Leading up to the election , a Trump victory was considered unlikely by almost all media forecasts .   In the Electoral College vote on December 19 , seven electors voted against their pledged candidates : two against Trump and five against Clinton . A further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again . Ultimately , Trump received 304 electoral votes and Clinton garnered 227 , while Colin Powell won three , and John Kasich , Ron Paul , Bernie Sanders , and Faith Spotted Eagle each received one .   Trump is the fifth person in U.S. history to become president while losing the nationwide popular vote . He is the first president without any prior experience in public service or the military , as well as the wealthiest and the oldest at inauguration , while Clinton was the first woman to be the presidential nominee of a major party and the first woman to win the popular vote .   This was the first time since the 1984 re-election of Ronald Reagan that Wisconsin voted for a Republican , and the first time since 1988 that the Republican nominee won the states of Pennsylvania and Michigan , as well as Maine 's second congressional district . It was also the first time since the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson that an electoral vote split occurred in Maine .   On January 6 , 2017 , the United States government 's intelligence agencies concluded that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 United States elections . A joint U.S. intelligence review stated with high confidence that `` Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election . Russia 's goals were to undermine public faith in the US democratic process , denigrate Secretary Clinton , and harm her electability and potential presidency . '' Investigations about potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials were started by the FBI , the Senate Intelligence Committee and the House Intelligence Committee . Donald Trump has criticized these conclusions by citing a lack of evidence , calling it a `` hoax '' and `` fake news , '' stating in a tweet : `` The Russia-Trump collusion story is a total hoax , when will this taxpayer funded charade end ? ''

neg: Trump Home Trump Home is a brand of furniture and home items marketed by American businessman and now President of the United States Donald Trump and owned by Trump 's company , The Trump Organization .   Trump Home was launched in July 2007 , with two furniture lines manufactured by Lexington Home Brands . A third furniture line was made available in 2008 , at which point the brand was available in more than 18 international territories . A year later , the company partnered with Serta to produce mattresses under the Trump Home name . A line of Trump-branded tabletop crystal , manufactured by a Slovenian company , was launched in 2010 . Trump Home has also sold light fixtures , rugs , bath and bedding collections , and a candle and fragrance diffuser collection .   In 2011 , Lexington chose not to renew its licensing agreement with Trump Home . Two years later , Trump Home entered a partnership with furniture company Dorya International to manufacture Trump-branded furniture . Serta ended its affiliation with Trump Home after Donald Trump described Mexican immigrants as `` rapists '' while announcing his 2016 presidential campaign . Lifestyle , a Dubai-based retailer of Trump Home products , also ended their affiliation with the company in 2015 , after Trump announced his plan to ban all Muslims from entering the United States . Other retailers have discontinued sales of Trump Home products since Trump was elected in November 2016 .

neg: The Visionary The Visionary ( or The Entrepreneur ) is a 1989 painting of the American businessman and politician Donald Trump by the American artist Ralph Wolfe Cowan . It hangs in Trump 's Palm Beach , Florida , residence of Mar-a-Lago .

neg: Donald Regan Donald Thomas `` Don '' Regan ( December 21 , 1918 -- June 10 , 2003 ) was the 66th United States Secretary of the Treasury , from 1981 to 1985 , and White House Chief of Staff from 1985 to 1987 in the Ronald Reagan Administration , where he advocated `` Reaganomics '' and tax cuts to create jobs and stimulate production . Before serving in the Reagan administration , Regan served as Chairman and CEO of Merrill Lynch from 1971 to 1980 . He had worked at Merrill Lynch since 1946 and before this he had studied at Harvard University and served in the United States Marine Corps , achieving the rank of lieutenant colonel .

neg: Residences of Donald Trump U.S. President Donald Trump currently has seven residences .   During his time at the New York Military Academy , he lived on campus ; he later rented row houses in college . In 1971 , Trump moved to a studio on 75th Street in Manhattan . Since the completion of Trump Tower in 1983 , Trump has lived in a three-level penthouse on the top floors . He purchased the Seven Springs mansion in Bedford , New York in 1995 . Upon Trump 's election to the US presidency , he moved into the White House in Washington , D.C. while First Lady Melania and their son will stay at Trump Tower in Manhattan until the end of the school year before moving to the White House as well .

neg: One57 One57 , formerly known as Carnegie 57 and nicknamed `` The Billionaire Building '' , is a 75-story ( marketed as 90-story ) supertall skyscraper at 157 West 57th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues in the Midtown neighborhood of Manhattan , New York City . Upon completion in 2014 , it stood at 1,005 ft tall , making it the tallest residential building in the city for a few months until the completion of 432 Park Avenue . The building has 92 condominium units on top of a new Park Hyatt Hotel with 210 rooms , which is set to become the flagship Hyatt property .   The building 's developer is Extell Development Company , and the contractor was Lend Lease Project Management & Construction , As of January 2015 , it is home to the most expensive residence ever sold in New York City .

neg: John Doerr L. John Doerr ( born June 29 , 1951 ) is an American venture capitalist at Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers in Menlo Park , California , in Silicon Valley . In February 2009 , Doerr was appointed a member of the President 's Economic Recovery Advisory Board to provide the President and his administration with advice and counsel in trying to fix America 's economic downturn . , Forbes ranked Doerr as the 135th richest person in the world , with a net worth of US $ 4.1 billion .

neg: James C. Kennedy James Cox Kennedy ( born 1948 ) is an American media executive and the current chair of Cox Enterprises , the media conglomerate founded by his grandfather , James M. Cox . According to the Forbes 400 list in 2008 , he is the 49th richest person in the United States , through his $ 6.5 billion stake in the company . He was featured in a Forbes article entitled `` This Billionaire Knows The Secret To Saving A Family Business '' .

neg: American upper class The American upper class is a social group consisting of the people who have the highest social rank and who are usually rich . People of this social class are socioeconomically distinguishable from other classes by its greater influence , power , and wealth . The American upper class is composed of members born into this class , called members of Old money ; as well as those who have acquired their wealth and influence within their own generation , called the Nouveau riche . In a CNBC Millionaire Survey it can be observed that a majority of millionaires polled , representing the wealthiest 10 percent of Americans , described themselves as middle class ( 44 % ) or upper middle class ( 40 % ) .   `` The study of attitudes is reasonably easy -LSB- ... -RSB- it 's concluded that for roughly 70 % of the population -- the lower 70 % on the wealth/income scale -- they have no influence on policy whatsoever . They 're effectively disenfranchised . As you move up the wealth/income ladder , you get a little bit more influence on policy . When you get to the top , which is maybe a tenth of one percent , people essentially get what they want , i.e. they determine the policy . So the proper term for that is not democracy ; it 's plutocracy . '' -- Noam Chomsky .   Many Politicians , heirs to fortunes , top business executives , CEOs , successful venture capitalists , those born into high society , and some celebrities may be considered members of this class . Some prominent and high-rung professionals may also be included if they attain great influence and wealth . The main distinguishing feature of this class , which is estimated to constitute roughly 1 % of the population , is the source of income . While the vast majority of people and households derive their income from wages or salaries , those in the upper class derive their income from investments and capital gains . Estimates for the size of this group commonly vary from 1 % to 2 % , while some surveys have indicated that as many as 6 % of Americans identify as `` upper class . '' Sociologist Leonard Beeghley sees wealth as the only significant distinguishing feature of this class and , therefore , refers to this group simply as `` the rich . ''   Sociologists such as W. Lloyd Warner , William Thompson and Joseph Hickey recognize prestige differences between members of the upper class . Established families , prominent professionals and politicians may be deemed to have more prestige than some entertainment celebrities who in turn may have more prestige than the members of local elites . Yet , contemporary sociologists argue that all members of the upper class share such great wealth , influence and assets as their main source of income as to be recognized as members of the same social class . As great financial fortune is the main distinguishing feature of this class , sociologist Leonard Beeghley at the University of Florida identifies all `` rich '' households , those with incomes in the top 1 % or so , as upper class .   In 1998 , Bob Herbert of The New York Times referred to modern American plutocrats as `` The Donor Class '' ( list of top donors ) and defined the class , for the first time , as `` a tiny group -- just one-quarter of 1 percent of the population -- and it is not representative of the rest of the nation . But its money buys plenty of access . ''

neg: Not My Presidents Day `` Not My Presidents Day '' ( sometimes `` Not My President 's Day '' , or `` Not My Presidents ' Day '' ) was a series of rallies against the President of the United States , Donald Trump , held on Washington 's Birthday ( an American federal holiday also known as Presidents ' Day ) , February 20 , 2017 . Protests were held in dozens of cities throughout the United States . Demonstrations were also held outside London 's Houses of Parliament , and in Orkney .   The marches were mostly coordinated through Facebook . Organizers of the protest stated that although Trump was the president , they wanted to show that he did not represent their values . Los Angeles was the first city to plan a `` Not My Presidents Day '' rally , which was attended by more than a thousand protesters . New York City saw the largest demonstration , with an estimated 10,000 to 13,000 people attending a rally outside Trump International Hotel and Tower . The events were mostly peaceful , although thirteen people were arrested in Portland , Oregon .

neg: Trump Ocean Club International Hotel and Tower The Trump International Hotel & Tower Panama ( formerly Trump Ocean Club or Trump Ocean Club International Hotel and Tower ) is a 70-story , 2500000 sqft , mixed-use waterfront condominium tower development in Panama City , Panama .   The project was designed by Colombian architects Arias - Serna - Saravia S.A. . The building is situated on a beachfront lot with views of the Pacific Ocean and Panama Bay , in the area of Punta Pacifica . The building was developed by real estate tycoon Donald Trump of the Trump Organization and Roger Khafif , President of the K Group , a Panama resort developer . The project includes 369 hotel condominium units , 700 condominium units , 1500 parking spaces , retail shops , casino , use of a private beach club on Viveros Island , yacht club and pier , wellness spa , gym , pool deck , meeting and event spaces , and a business center .   The hotel opened on July 6 , 2011 . On September 21 , 2011 , it was indicated by Bloomberg.com that Fitch Ratings downgraded $ 220 million in bonds that Newland International Properties , Corp. is using to finance construction of the Trump International Hotel & Tower in Panama . The downgrade to CCsf from B-sf , resulted from `` continued uncertainty over the willingness and ability '' of buyers to take possession of apartment units , according to Fitch documents .   In November 2012 , Sun International announced plans to open a 75000 sqft casino at the property with 600 slot machines and 32 table games . The company paid $ 45.5 million for the rights to the space , and planned to spend another $ 60 million to develop it for an opening in mid-2014 .   Its similar style to the Burj Al Arab , a hotel in Dubai , United Arab Emirates , has been noticed , and court proceedings over the similarities took place .

neg: Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt The presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt began on March 4 , 1933 , when he was inaugurated as the 32nd President of the United States , and ended upon his death on April 12 , 1945 , a span of ( 4422 days ) . Roosevelt assumed the presidency in the midst of the Great Depression . Starting with his landslide victory over Republican President Herbert Hoover in the 1932 election . He won a record four presidential terms , and became a central figure in world affairs during World War II . His program for relief , recovery and reform , known as the New Deal , involved a great expansion of the role of the federal government in the economy . Under his steady leadership , the Democratic Party built a `` New Deal Coalition '' of labor unions , big city machines , white ethnics , African Americans , and rural white Southerners , that would significantly realign American politics for the next several decades in the Fifth Party System and also define modern American liberalism .   During his first hundred days in office , Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented major legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal -- a variety of programs designed to produce relief ( government jobs for the unemployed ) , recovery ( economic growth ) , and reform ( through regulation of Wall Street , banks and transportation ) . He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers , and to encourage labor union growth while more closely regulating business and high finance . The repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity , helping him win re-election by a landslide in 1936 . The economy improved rapidly from 1933 to 1937 , but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937 -- 38 . The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his attempted packing of the Supreme Court , and blocked most of his legislative proposals , aside from the Fair Labor Standards Act . When the war began and unemployment largely became a non-issue , conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs , the WPA and CCC , but kept most of the regulations on business . Along with several smaller programs , major surviving programs from the New Deal include the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Wagner Act , the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , and Social Security .   A potential worldwide war loomed after 1937 , with the Japanese invasion of China and the aggression of Nazi Germany , which invaded Poland in September 1939 . Roosevelt remained officially neutral but gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China , the United Kingdom , Free France , and the Soviet Union via initiatives such as the Lend-Lease programs . Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , Roosevelt sought and obtained a declaration of war upon Japan . A few days later , he sought and obtained a declaration of war upon the other major Axis powers , Germany and Italy . Assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins , and with very strong national support , he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies during World War II . He supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort , and the war saw the end of the massive unemployment that characterized the Great Depression . Roosevelt sought to desegregate the federal workforce with the Fair Employment Practice Committee , but he also controversially ordered the internment of 100,000 Japanese American civilians . As an active military leader , Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and the development of the world 's first nuclear bomb . Though he died months before the end of the war , his work on the post-war order shaped the new United Nations and the Bretton Woods international financial system . Roosevelt 's health seriously declined during the war years , and he died three months into his fourth term . He was succeeded by Vice President Harry S. Truman . It was on Roosevelt 's watch that the Democratic Party was returned to dominance , prosperity returned , and two great military enemies were destroyed .   Scholars , historians and the public typically rank Roosevelt alongside Abraham Lincoln and George Washington as one of the three greatest U.S. Presidents .

neg: Dana White Dana Frederick White , Jr. ( born July 28 , 1969 ) is an American businessman . He is the President of the mixed martial arts organization Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) . Under White 's leadership the UFC has grown into a globally popular multi-billion dollar enterprise .

neg: Hillary Clinton email controversy In March 2015 , it became publicly known that Hillary Clinton , during her tenure as United States Secretary of State , had used her family 's private email server for official communications , rather than official State Department email accounts maintained on federal servers . Those official communications included thousands of emails that would retroactively be marked classified by the State Department .   The controversy unfolded against the backdrop of Clinton 's 2016 presidential election campaign and hearings held by the United States House Select Committee on Benghazi . Some experts , officials , and members of Congress have contended that her use of private messaging system software and a private server violated State Department protocols and procedures , as well as federal laws and regulations governing recordkeeping . In response , Clinton has said that her use of personal email was in compliance with federal laws and State Department regulations , and that former secretaries of state had also maintained personal email accounts , though not their own private email servers .   After allegations were raised that some of the emails in question contained classified information , the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) initiated an investigation regarding the origin and handling of classified emails on Clinton 's server . The FBI Report found that some of the emails originated in five other intelligence agencies . The FBI found that all classified emails on Clinton 's server were stored and sent from `` unclassified systems '' , violating the same policies as those on Clinton 's personal server .   FBI Director James Comey identified 110 emails as containing information that was classified at the time it was sent , including 65 emails deemed `` Secret '' and 22 deemed `` Top Secret '' . None of these had classification markings . However , as noted in Clinton 's non-disclosure agreement , unmarked classified information should be treated the same as marked classified information . An additional three email chains contained `` portion markings '' , simply a '' ( C ) '' indicating `` Confidential '' in front of one or more paragraphs . These were not included in Comey 's list of 110 because the State Department failed to confirm they were classified at the time they were sent . Clinton told the FBI she did not know the meaning of '' ( C ) '' . Nearly 2,100 emails on the server were retroactively marked as classified by the State Department .   In May 2016 , the State Department 's Office of the Inspector General released an 83-page report about the State Department 's email practices , including Clinton 's . On July 5 , 2016 , Comey announced that the FBI 's investigation had concluded that Clinton was `` extremely careless '' in handling her email system but recommended that no charges be filed against her . On July 6 , 2016 , Attorney General Loretta Lynch announced that no charges would be filed .   On July 7 , the State Department reopened its probe into the email controversy . On October 28 , 2016 , Comey notified Congress that the FBI had started looking into newly discovered emails that may be pertinent to the case . Law enforcement officials stated the emails were found on a laptop belonging to Clinton aide Huma Abedin 's husband , Anthony Weiner , during an investigation of his sexting scandals . On November 6 , Comey notified Congress that the FBI had not changed its conclusion , reached in July , regarding Clinton 's emails .