query: Matt Kuchar is a professional golf player.

pos: Matt Kuchar Matthew Gregory Kuchar ( born June 21 , 1978 ) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour and formerly the Nationwide Tour . He has won seven times on the PGA Tour , with these wins spanning over 12 years . He is renowned as one of the most consistent players on the tour , having earned over $ 30 million in prize money and recorded over 80 top-10 finishes .   Kuchar briefly enjoyed success in the early 2000s before suffering a slump where he struggled to maintain his playing status on the PGA Tour . He rejuvenated himself and built a new , one-plane swing from 2008 onward leading to improved results . Kuchar was the PGA Tour 's leading money winner in 2010 .   Kuchar won The Players Championship in 2012 , the flagship event of the PGA Tour , his biggest tournament victory to date . As a result , he moved to a career high number five in the world rankings and has spent over 40 weeks ranked inside its top-10 . In February 2013 , Kuchar won his first World Golf Championship event , defeating Hunter Mahan in the final of the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship .   At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , Kuchar won the first Olympic bronze medal awarded for golf since the 1904 Summer Olympics .   With Sergio García winning the 2017 Masters Tournament and Steve Stricker playing part-time on the PGA Tour Champions , Kuchar is the highest-earning active full-time PGA Tour player without a major championship win , with career earnings of over $ 38 million .

neg: Len Mattiace Leonard Earl `` Len '' Mattiace ( born October 15 , 1967 ) is an American professional golfer on the PGA Tour .   Mattiace was born in Mineola , New York . He attended Nease High School in Ponte Vedra , Florida . He graduated from Wake Forest University in 1990 with a degree in Sociology . While at Wake Forest , he played on the team that won the NCAA Division I Golf Championship in 1986 . He turned pro later in 1990 .   Mattiace first gained notoriety when he surged into contention in the final round of the 1998 Players Championship . Trailing by one shot going into the par-3 17th hole , he hit his tee shot into the water , his third shot into a bunker , and his fourth shot into the water . He ended up with a quintuple-bogey 8 on the hole and finished in a tie for fifth , four strokes behind the eventual winner Justin Leonard .   Mattiace 's career year was 2002 , when he earned wins at the Nissan Open and the FedEx St. Jude Classic . In 2003 , he contended for the The Masters Trophy by shooting a 65 in the final round which put him into a playoff with Mike Weir . On that first playoff hole , Mattiace found himself stymied by trees when his approach drifted offline . Weir needed only a bogey to secure the victory and Mattiace finished second , earning $ 648,000 in prize money . Shortly after the 2003 season , Mattiace 's career was threatened by a skiing accident and torn ACLs in both knees .   Mattiace has been ranked in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Rankings , but has not been fully exempt on the PGA Tour since 2005 . Mattiace splits his time between the PGA Tour ( where he relies on past champion status for entries ) and Web.com Tour . He currently resides in Jacksonville , Florida . Mattiace is naturally left-handed but plays right-handed .

neg: Golf instruction Golf instruction is the art of equipping and training golfers to play better golf through improved awareness of swing cause and effects as a result of the actions by their body , the club , and their effect on the golf ball . Most great golfers have a few common elements that make them great including : proper intentionality , swing repeatability to produce an action that fits the golfers intentionality , and a strong level of automaticity for long lasting enjoyment of the game golf . Golf instruction is unique as golf consists of five primary skills : shots from a tee ( most notable : driving that uses a driver ) , full shots from the ground ( mostly known as `` iron shots '' , pitching ( or 3/4 shots designed for distance control , chipping ( short shots around the green the require less than a full swing ) , putting ( 1 club preferably `` the putter '' ) and course strategy or gamesmanship .   Proficiency in teaching golf instruction requires not only technical and physical ability , but also knowledge of the rules and etiquette of the game . Golf instruction offered on many platforms in the United States including : the PGA of America , GolfTEC , and independent golfers who `` may '' or `` may not '' have credentials that are recognized by credible teachers certified sources such as the PGA of America . Although there are many great golf instructors in the United States , who are PGA Class A Professionals , not all great instructors carry this status nor find it a major determiner of golf instruction proficiency .   Golf Instruction can be wide ranging , but many great modern day instructors are able to diagnose and prescribe swing frustrations accurately and present a clear fix that encourages the golfer in the discovery of lasting repeatability from the specific ailment that `` plagued '' them from a sound repeatable swing to play a golf course successfully ( varying terms of success as a golfer ) Many modern instructors include the following in their diagnosis  1 . visual feedback through video and bio motion analysis  2 . personalized golf club fitting for individual body and swing types  3 . on-course play under real conditions  4 . mental performance development  5 . golf specific body conditioning for optimal golf bio-mechanics   Beginning players can start lesson in several ways , but most do so in either a group or individual setting , covering the five primary skills of golf as noted above golf swing . Golf is an asymmetrical exercise that can break body balances , requiring also adequate exercises to keep the balance in muscles . Experienced recreational players often return for instruction , either to fix a specific problem they are encountering or to improve their game . Reconstruction of a golf swing to reach a high level of play often involves series of lessons over an extended period of time . Junior golfers often begin receiving instruction by age 10 or younger , and often retain private teachers even when coached on a high school golf team .   Some top instructors who work with professional golfers have become quite well known in their own right over the years , including Harvey Penick , Jack Grout , Dick Harmon , David Leadbetter , Butch Harmon , Hank Haney , Chip Thomson , Sean Foley , and Mike Bennett and Andy Plummer . Some of the teachers maintain teaching facilities or schools where they or their disciples use their methods or systems . A few instructors focus solely on a particular aspect of the sport , such as Dave Pelz with the short game . Some famous golfers have been tightly bound with their instructor , such as Jack Nicklaus with Jack Grout , while in other cases golfers have made high-profile switches from one instructor to another , such as Tiger Woods moving from Butch Harmon to various other instructors .   Recreational golfers are constantly seeking tips on how to improve , and the major golf publications such as Golf Magazine and Golf Digest devote substantial portions of their pages to instructional material of various kinds , often written by top-level instructors . Even television broadcasts of professional golf tournaments often contain short instructional segments , delivered by commentators who are also instructors such as Peter Kostis .   Golf instruction may be augmented by training aids such as specially weighting or jointed clubs , putting cups for practice on the den room carpet , mini practice tees with feedback for use in garages , et cetera . Some training aids are sold via television infomercials and the more peculiar varieties were satirized in the 1996 film Tin Cup .   Golf instruction is no guarantee of success or improved play in the game . Bad mechanics can be deeply ingrained in a subject 's swing , and psychological factors can also hinder progress . The 2009 Golf Channel program The Haney Project : Charles Barkley showcased some of these issues , as Hank Haney attempted to fix former NBA great Charles Barkley 's infamously bad swing .

neg: KemperSports KemperSports is a privately held golf course and hospitality management company founded in 1978 by Steven H. Lesnik and James S. Kemper , Jr. , president and chairman of the board of Kemper Insurance . The company began with the management of Kemper Lakes Golf Club in Kildeer , Illinois ( United States ) , an upscale public golf course in the Chicago area .   Based in Northbrook , Ill. , KemperSports builds , owns and manages golf courses , resorts , athletic clubs , lodging venues and restaurants , and has more than 5,500 employees . Its clients include owners and developers of golf courses and hospitality venues , financial institutions and municipalities . Today , the company 's management portfolio includes Bandon Dunes Golf Resort , titled the No. 1 Golf Resort in North America by Golf Digest and GOLF magazine ; The Glen Club ; Desert Willow Golf Resort ; Harbor Shores , site of the 2012 and 2014 Senior PGA Championship presented by KitchenAid ; and Chambers Bay , host of the 2010 U.S. Amateur and the 2015 U.S. Open .   In 2012 , the company launched a private club division called KemperCollection . KemperSports was named the Club Management Company of the Year in 2012 by BoardRoom magazine . The company is led by CEO Steven K. Skinner and President Josh W. Lesnik , son of chairman and co-founder Steven H. Lesnik .

neg: New Haven Country Club New Haven Country Club is a private country club located in Hamden , Connecticut . Founded in 1898 NHCC is one of the oldest golf courses in America . The club was founded in downtown New Haven and then moved to newly purchased farmland along Lake Whitney in Hamden a year later . Notable early members include President William Taft , Walter Camp , Eli Whitney III , Henry Sargent , Frank Bigelow , Winthrop Bushnell , and Henry Hotchkiss . The club 's PGA Head Golf Professional is William Wallis .   The original golf course was completely redesigned in 1921 by two-time Open Champion Willie Park Jr. , incorporating the natural elevation changes of the 110 acre plot . In recent years thousands of trees have been cut down to restore the original vistas of Lake Whitney . New Haven Country Club 's distinctively fast and large greens are a defining feature of the course . Del Kinney , the former Executive Director of the Connecticut State Golf Association remarked , `` New Haven -LSB- Country Club -RSB- is very demanding and sneaky tough , but a very fair test . In fact , it 's the best in the state from the perspective of being both fun to play and challenging . ''

neg: Farmersgolf Farmersgolf ( Boerengolf in Dutch ) is a farm land game modelled after the sport of golf . It originated from a cheese farm run by Peter Weenink in Lievelde , a small village in the Achterhoek region of the Netherlands .   It was invented out of frustration with costly golf course fees in the Netherlands , and with a test called the GVB ( Golfvaardigheidsbewijs ) which most Dutch courses require players to pass before being allowed to play .   The first game was played in 1999 , and since then games have also been played in Germany , Belgium , Sweden , France and Finland . There are currently about 70 farmers golf locations in the Netherlands , and over 110 Europe-wide . In 2005 , over 10,000 people played the game on Weenink 's course alone .   Farmersgolf is played with a special wooden golf club , with a club head in the shape of a wooden shoe , or clog ( in Dutch : klomp ) . A farmers golf ball is , with its 20 centimeter diameter , much larger than a traditional golf ball .   A golf hole is made by placing a bucket in the ground and a flagpole beside it . The 8 to 10 holes have , on average , more than 200 meters distance between them .   The defining feature of Farmersgolf is that the game is played on an otherwise unaltered farm . Obstacles and `` hazards '' include anything one might find on the farm , including live cows , ditches and barbed wire .   The Farmersgolf name is trademarked in several countries and Weenink hopes to establish an international association that will raise the game to the level of serious sport .

neg: North Carolina Open The North Carolina Open is the North Carolina state open golf tournament , open to both amateurs and PGA professionals . It is organized by the Carolinas section of the PGA of America , and both state opens run by the Carolinas section , the North Carolina Open and the South Carolina Open , are the only ones in the United States that prohibit non-PGA professionals from competing . It has been played annually since 1965 at a variety of courses around the state .

neg: Golf course A golf course is the grounds where the game of golf is played . It comprises a series of holes , each consisting of a teeing ground , a fairway , the rough and other hazards , and a green with a flagstick ( `` pin '' ) and hole ( `` cup '' ) . A standard round of golf consists of 18 holes . Most courses contain 18 holes ; some share fairways or greens , and a subset has nine holes , played twice per round . Par-3 courses consist of nine or 18 holes all of which have a par of three strokes .   Many older courses are links , often coastal . Courses are private , public , and municipally owned , and typically feature a pro shop . Many private courses are found at country clubs .

neg: Denis Watson Denis Leslie Watson ( born 18 October 1955 ) is a professional golfer from Zimbabwe .   Born in Salisbury , Rhodesia ( now Harare , Zimbabwe ) Watson was educated at Oriel Boys High School , Chisipite . He was Rhodesian Sportsman of the Year in 1975 , but went on to represent South Africa in the World Series of Golf in 1980 and 1982 -- sporting connections between Rhodesia and Apartheid South Africa were blurred at the time , for example the Rhodesian cricket team was once part of the South African domestic set-up .   Watson turned professional in 1976 and played on the European Tour from 1978 to 1980 . After moving to the United States , where he joined the PGA Tour , he had his career year in 1984 when he won the Buick Open , NEC World Series of Golf , and Panasonic Las Vegas Invitational to tie for the most wins on the PGA Tour that season .   Watson finished second in the 1985 U.S. Open , missing out on forcing a playoff by one shot , having incurred a two-stroke penalty earlier in the tournament . The penalty was assessed on the eighth hole in the first round , after he had waited longer than the allowed ten seconds for a putt that had hung on the lip of the hole to drop in . The ball did fall into the hole , but the birdie was disallowed and the penalty strokes added . The USGA and R&A , the sports governing bodies , have since amended the penalty for this rules infraction to just a single stroke . Andy North was eventually the only player to beat him , by one shot despite himself bogeying the last hole .   Watson 's career came to a sudden halt when he was injured while playing in the 1985 Goodyear Classic in South Africa . While hitting his ball out of the rough with a 9-iron , he struck a tree stump that had been hidden from view causing damage to his wrist , elbow and neck . He went on to win the tournament , but his problems had just begun . He required surgery on his wrist and neck , and was initially told that he would never play again . He did , but was unable to consistently reach the high standard that he had previously attained and after several more operations he retired towards the end of the 1990s .   After turning fifty , Watson joined the Champions Tour , and began to rediscover competitive form . He won the 2007 Senior PGA Championship at Kiawah Island , a senior major , by two strokes over Argentina 's Eduardo Romero , his first win in 23 years . In one of the most remarkable comebacks ever seen in professional golf , Watson has become one of the Champions Tour 's most competitive stars . He was voted the 2007 Champions Tour Rookie of the Year .

neg: 2013 Masters Tournament The 2013 Masters Tournament was the 77th edition of the Masters Tournament and the first of golf 's four major championships to be held in 2013 . It was held from April 11 -- 14 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta , Georgia . Adam Scott won the tournament on the second hole of a sudden death playoff against Ángel Cabrera . It was Scott 's first major championship and the first time an Australian won the Masters .

neg: Scott Langley Scott Langley ( born April 28 , 1989 ) is an American professional golfer . Langley is notable for making the cut at the 2010 U.S. Open as an amateur . Langley is the first alumnus of The First Tee to make it on the PGA Tour . He turned professional in 2011 . He earned his PGA Tour card for 2013 at qualifying school .

neg: Roger Maltbie Roger Lin Maltbie ( born June 30 , 1951 ) is an American professional golfer and on-course analyst for NBC Sports .   Maltbie was born in Modesto , California and grew up in San Jose . He attended James Lick High School where he was a teammate of former PGA Tour player Forrest Fezler . Maltbie attended San Jose City College ( 1970 -- 1971 ) , and then went on to San Jose State University ; he was a member of the golf team at both institutions .   Maltbie turned professional in 1973 , joined the PGA Tour in 1974 , and played on the Tour full-time from 1975 to 1996 . He won five official tour events between 1975 and 1985 , including back-to-back wins in his first full year . After his win at the 1975 Pleasant Valley Classic , Maltbie left his $ 40,000 winner 's check behind in a bar .   In his second year on tour , Maltbie won the inaugural Memorial Tournament by defeating Hale Irwin on the fourth hole of a sudden death playoff . On the playoff 's third hole , an errant shot by Maltbie seemed headed for the gallery when it hit a stake causing the ball to bounce onto the green instead .   Maltbie had 55 top-10 finishes on the PGA Tour . In 1985 , he won two tournaments , earned $ 360,554 , and finished 8th on the money list . His best finish in a major was T4 at the 1987 Masters Tournament . Maltbie calls losing that tournament the biggest disappointment of his career .   Maltbie began play on the Senior PGA Tour after turning 50 in June 2001 . His best finish at this level is a 20th at the 2003 Bayer Advantage Celebrity Pro-Am .   Since 1991 , Maltbie has worked as an on-course reporter and analyst for NBC Sports . In this role , he has become well known as a jovial good-natured figure . His signature element is a `` golf whisper '' , necessitated by the fact that Maltbie generally stands much closer to the green than other on-course reporters . During the 2002 and 2009 U.S. Opens , both contested at Bethpage State Park on Long Island , NBC ran features in which Maltbie spent a night camping out with several golfers while waiting in the infamous line to play Bethpage 's Black Course , the first municipal course to host the U.S. Open .   Maltbie is a San Francisco 49ers fan and owns several Super Bowl rings given to him by former owner Edward J. DeBartolo , Jr. . He and wife , Donna have two sons , Spencer and Parker .

neg: Adam Scott (golfer) Adam Derek Scott ( born 16 July 1980 ) is an Australian professional golfer who plays mainly on the PGA Tour . He was the World No. 1 ranked golfer , from mid-May to August 2014 . He has won 29 professional tournaments around the world ( 3 being unofficial money events ) , on many of golf 's major tours . His biggest win to date was the 2013 Masters Tournament , his first major championship and the first Masters won by an Australian in its history . Other significant wins include the 2004 Players Championship , the 2011 WGC-Bridgestone Invitational and the 2016 WGC-Cadillac Championship . He was the runner-up in the 2012 Open Championship , leading by four strokes with four holes to play before bogeying all of them to lose the title by a stroke to Ernie Els .

neg: Junior golf ' refers to the game of golf being played by boys and girls who have not finished secondary school or reached the age of 19 , whichever comes first .   More specifically , any person falling under the above definition who has played at least one round of golf in a given year is a junior golfer . Competitive junior golfers play in high level competitions . These competitions are found on junior tours such as the American Junior Golf Association , Future Stars Golf Series , International Junior Golf Tour ( IJGT ) , Tarheel Junior Golf , Texas Legends Junior Tour , . Competitions are ranked by national services to identify the best players of a country .  In the UK there are a number of junior golf tours with the largest being run by the Independent Schools Golf Association ( ISGA ) , and the British Schools Golf Association ,   The number 1 aged 12 golfer is Aarian Matharu and he has won hundreds of trophies   Among the most prominent national junior tournaments are the U.S. Junior Amateur , U.S. Girls ' Junior , the Western Junior the Northern Junior , SDJGA IMG Junior World Championships and The Press Thornton Future Masters .   The First Tee is an international youth development organization introducing the game of golf and its inherent values to young people . Their focus is to positively impact the lives of kids and teens from all walks of life by reinforcing values like integrity , respect and perseverance through the game of golf .

neg: Golf in the Philippines History of Golf in the Philippines is the history of golf in the Philippines as a pastime play , as an amateur game , and as a professional sport . Golf was introduced to the Philippines more than a hundred years ago . From then onwards , the Philippines has produced its own notable `` corps of golf masters '' and players .

neg: PGA Assistant Championship The PGA Assistant Championship is a golf tournament for golf club assistant professionals . It has been held by the PGA of America since 1977 . Rules for 2007 have the field made up of the assistant champions from each PGA section , section qualifiers , the defending champion and a representative from the PGA of Australia , The Professional Golfers ' Association and the Canadian PGA . The 2015 Champion was Andy Mickelson .

neg: BMW PGA Championship The BMW PGA Championship , as it is currently known for sponsorship reasons , is an annual men 's professional golf tournament on the European Tour . It was founded in 1955 by the Professional Golfers ' Association , and as such was originally called the British PGA Championship . Since then it has had several sponsored names , but the phrase `` PGA Championship '' has usually been included in the name .   The BMW PGA Championship is played each May over the West Course at the Wentworth Club in Surrey , England . The PGA European Tour has its headquarters at the club and as the tour 's home tournament , the BMW PGA Championship is often regarded as the flagship event on the European Tour .   It has usually had the highest prize money of any event which the tour organises , but this changed in 2009 with the introduction of the Race to Dubai , and the $ 10 million Dubai World Championship at the end of the season . There are other more lucrative events than the BMW PGA Championship which are part of the European Tour schedule , such as the majors and the World Golf Championship events , but these are organised by other bodies . It is also the European Tour 's designated `` Premier event '' for the purposes of the Official World Golf Rankings , with a minimum of 64 ranking points available to the winner .   The winner of the tournament is given an exemption into that season 's U.S. Open and the next three Open Championships .   In 2000 , Colin Montgomerie became the only player to win three years in a row .

neg: 2001 Players Championship The 2001 Players Championship was a golf tournament in Florida on the PGA Tour , held at TPC Sawgrass in Ponte Vedra Beach , southeast of Jacksonville . It was the 28th Players Championship .   Tiger Woods won the first of his two Players Championships , one stroke ahead of runner-up Vijay Singh . Because of bad weather , the tournament was completed on Monday , March 26 . In the final pairing with 54-hole leader Jerry Kelly , Woods played the final nine holes on Monday .   Woods had won the previous three majors in 2000 ; he won the Masters Tournament two weeks later to hold all four major titles at once , the Tiger Slam , as well as this Players , an unofficial `` fifth major . '' He won his second Players a dozen years later in 2013 .   Through 2016 , Woods is the only winner of the Players and Masters in the same calendar year ( 2001 ) , and he was the third Players champion to win a major in the same calendar year , joining Jack Nicklaus ( 1978 ) and Hal Sutton ( 1983 ) ; it expanded to four with Martin Kaymer in 2014 .   Defending champion Sutton finished seven strokes back , in a tie for fifth place .

neg: Official World Golf Ranking The Official World Golf Ranking is a system for rating the performance level of male professional golfers ( although there is no rule prohibiting women from being ranked ) . It was introduced in 1986 and is endorsed by the four major championships and six major professional tours , five of which are charter members of the International Federation of PGA Tours :  PGA Tour  European Tour  Asian Tour ( not a charter member of the Federation )  PGA Tour of Australasia  Japan Golf Tour  Sunshine Tour   Points are also awarded for high finishes on other tours :  Web.com Tour , the official developmental tour for the PGA Tour  Challenge Tour , the official developmental tour for the European Tour  PGA Tour Canada , which became a full member of the Federation in 2009 under its former name of the Canadian Professional Golf Tour  OneAsia Tour , not a member of the Federation , but a joint venture between two charter members and two other tours that became full members in 2009  Korean Tour , from 2011  PGA Tour Latinoamérica , from 2012  Asian Development Tour , the official developmental tour for the Asian Tour , from 2013  PGA Tour China , from 2014  Alps Tour , from July 2015  Nordic Golf League , from July 2015  PGA EuroPro Tour , from July 2015  ProGolf Tour , from July 2015  MENA Golf Tour , from April 2016

neg: Junior Ryder Cup The Junior Ryder Cup is a team golf competition between Europe and the United States . It is based on the men 's Ryder Cup and is run by the same organisations , the PGA of America and Ryder Cup Europe ( a subsidiary of the PGA European Tour , with minority stakes held by the PGA of Great Britain & Ireland and the PGA of Europe ) . The 2016 event took place at the Interlachen Country Club , Edina , Minnesota on September 26 and 27 . The United States won 15 1/2 -- 8 1/2 , their fifth successive victory in the event . On recent occasions there has been an informal `` friendship match '' played on the Ryder Cup course after the Junior Ryder Cup but before the Ryder Cup .   The teams consist of six boys and six girls . The tournament is played over two days of foursomes , fourball and singles matches . There are three boys ' matches and three girls ' foursomes matches and six mixed fourball matches on the first day . There are 12 singles matches on the second day , added in 2008 .   In 1995 an informal match was played between European junior golfers and Central New York PGA Section and area juniors . The European team included 15-year-old Sergio García .   The official event began as part of the lead up to the 1997 Ryder Cup in Spain . In 2002 , the event gained marketing support from the Ryder Cup itself .   Several of the juniors who played in the competition have gone on to professional careers . Hunter Mahan and Suzann Pettersen played for the United States and European teams in 1999 . Rory McIlroy was part of the 2004 European team , along with Oliver Fisher . Matteo Manassero played on the 2008 European team . Isabelle Lendl played for the United States in 2006 , and Emma Talley played for the United States in 2008 .

neg: Washington Open (golf) The Washington Open is the Washington state open golf tournament , open to both amateur and professional golfers . It is organized by the Pacific Northwest section of the PGA of America . It has been played annually since 1922 at a variety of courses around the state .


query: Burundi is only populated by Tutsis.

pos: Burundi Burundi ( -LSB- bəˈrʊndi -RSB- or -LSB- bəˈrʌndi -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Burundi ( Republika y' Uburundi , -LSB- buˈɾundi -RSB- République du Burundi , -LSB- buʁundi -RSB- or -LSB- byʁyndi -RSB- ) , is a landlocked country in the African Great Lakes region of East Africa , bordered by Rwanda to the north , Tanzania to the east and south , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west . It is also considered part of Central Africa . Burundi 's capital is Bujumbura . The southwestern border is adjacent to Lake Tanganyika .   The Twa , Hutu and Tutsi peoples have lived in Burundi for at least 500 years . For more than 200 of those years , Burundi was an independent kingdom , until the beginning of the 20th century , when Germany colonised the region . After the First World War and Germany 's defeat , it ceded the territory to Belgium . Both Germans and Belgians ruled Burundi and Rwanda as a European colony known as Ruanda-Urundi . Despite common misconceptions , Burundi and Rwanda had never been under common rule until the time of European colonisation .   Burundi gained independence in 1962 and initially had a monarchy , but a series of assassinations , coups and a general climate of regional instability culminated in the establishment of a republic and one-party state in 1966 . Bouts of ethnic cleansing and ultimately two civil wars and genocides during the 1970s and again in the 1990s left the country undeveloped and its population as one of the world 's poorest . 2015 witnessed large-scale political strife as President Pierre Nkurunziza opted to run for a third term in office , a coup attempt failed and the country 's parliamentary and presidential elections were broadly criticised by members of the international community .   Burundi 's political system is that of a presidential representative democratic republic based upon a multi-party state . The President of Burundi is the head of state and head of government . There are currently 21 registered parties in Burundi . On 13 March 1992 , Tutsi coup leader Pierre Buyoya established a constitution , which provided for a multi-party political process and reflected multi-party competition . Six years later , on 6 June 1998 , the constitution was changed , broadening National Assembly 's seats and making provisions for two vice-presidents . Because of the Arusha Accord , Burundi enacted a transitional government in 2000 . In October 2016 , Burundi informed the UN of its intention to withdraw from the International Criminal Court .   Burundi remains an overwhelmingly rural society , with just 13 % of the population living in urban areas in 2013 . The population density of around 315 people per square kilometre ( 753 per sq mi ) is the second highest in Sub-Saharan Africa . Roughly 85 % of the population are of Hutu ethnic origin , 15 % are Tutsi , and fewer than 1 % are indigenous Twa ( or Pygmies ) . The official languages of Burundi are French and Kirundi , although Swahili can be found spoken along the Tanzanian border .   One of the smallest countries in Africa , Burundi has an equatorial climate . Burundi is a part of the Albertine Rift , the western extension of the East African Rift . The country lies on a rolling plateau in the centre of Africa . The highest peak , Mount Heha at 8810 ft , lies to the southeast of the capital , Bujumbura . The source of the River Nile is in Bururi province , and is linked from Lake Victoria to its headwaters via the Ruvyironza River Another major lake is Lake Tanganyika , located in much of Burundi 's southwestern corner . There are two national parks , Kibira National Park to the northwest ( a small region of rain forest , adjacent to Nyungwe Forest National Park in Rwanda ) , Ruvubu National Park to the northeast ( along the Rurubu River , also known as Ruvubu or Ruvuvu ) . Both were established in 1982 to conserve wildlife populations . Burundi 's lands are mostly agricultural or pasture .   Settlement by rural populations has led to deforestation , soil erosion and habitat loss . Deforestation of the entire country is almost completely due to overpopulation , with a mere 230 mi2 remaining and an ongoing loss of about 9 % per annum . In addition to poverty , Burundians often have to deal with corruption , weak infrastructure , poor access to health and education services , and hunger . Burundi is densely populated and has had substantial emigration as young people seek opportunities elsewhere . The World Happiness Report 2017 ranked Burundi as the world 's second least happy nation with a rank of 154 .

neg: Mambwe people The Mambwe are an ethnic and linguistic group from Rukwa Region , Tanzania and northeastern Zambia . In 1987 the Mambwe population in Tanzania was estimated to number 63,000 . The number of Mambwe in Zambia has not been independently estimated , though the combined number of Mambwe and Lungu in Zambia was estimated to be 262,800 in 1993 . The mambwe people of Zambia are known to be great businessmen . They also distinguish the last names for males and females , like the Namwanga people , by applying prefixes `` Si '' and `` Na '' to be the first two letters of the last name e.g. Sinyangwe ( Male ) & Nanyangwe ( Female ) , Sikasula ( Male ) & Nakasula ( Female ) , Sinkamba ( Male ) & Nankamba ( Female ) , Simusokwe ( Male ) & Namusokwe ( Female ) , Sikasote ( Male ) & Nakasote ( Female ) , Simfukwe ( Male ) & Namfukwe ( Female ) , Sinkala ( Male ) & Nankala ( Nankala ) , Simbela ( Male ) & Nambela ( Female ) sichilima ( male ) nachilima ( female ) etc. .  A meal of beans ( `` choli '' ) and okra ( `` kumbi '' ) are a mambwe staple and delicacy .   The Mambwe language and Cilungu , the Lungu language , are distinguished by minor dialect differences . The Mambwe people are known to be polygamous ( impali ) , although this trend is slowly changing with religious affiliations , and advancements in modern schooling and trends . Like other African people , marriage is very important , although girls are known to marry earlier , often with pressure coming from parents and other relatives .   Category : Ethnic groups in Tanzania  Category : Ethnic groups in Zambia  Category : Indigenous peoples of East Africa

neg: Muyange Muyange is a city in northwest Burundi .

neg: List of companies of Tanzania Tanzania is a large country in Eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region . Parts of the country are in Southern Africa . It is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north ; Rwanda , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west ; Zambia , Malawi , and Mozambique to the south ; and by the Indian Ocean to the east . Kilimanjaro , Africa 's highest mountain , is in northeastern Tanzania .   The country has the second largest economy in the East African Community and the twelfth largest in Africa . It is largely dependent on agriculture for employment , accounting for about half of the employed workforce . An estimated 34 percent of Tanzanians currently live in poverty . The economy has been transitioning from a command economy to a market economy since 1985 . Although total GDP has increased since these reforms began , GDP per capita dropped sharply at first , and only exceeded the pre-transition figure in around 2007 .

neg: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1375 United Nations Security Council resolution 1375 , adopted unanimously on 29 October 2001 , after reaffirming all resolutions and statements by the President of the Security Council on the civil war in Burundi , endorsed efforts by South Africa and other states to implement the Arusha Agreement and supported the establishment of an interim multinational security presence in Burundi .   The Security Council reaffirmed that the Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement remained as a basis for a settlement of the conflict in Burundi and welcomed mediation efforts by the former South African President Nelson Mandela and the United Nations . There was concern at the ongoing violence in the country and its consequences on the situation in Burundi and regional instability .   The resolution , initiated by Jamaica and Mauritius , supported the future installation of a transitional government on 1 November 2001 . Armed groups , including the Forces pour la Défense de la Démocratie ( FDD ) and Forces Nationales de Libération ( FNL ) were urged to end hostilities and attacks against the civilian population and enter into negotiations as part of the peace process .   The Council supported the establishment of a temporary multinational security presence in the country to protect returning political leaders and train a Burundian protection force , asking the Burundian government to keep the Council informed in this regard . The peacekeeping mission would be the first time South Africa had participated in such an operation . It expressed willingness to consider further contributions to the peace process and urged the international community to provide assistance .

neg: Law enforcement in Burundi The principle law enforcement agency in Burundi is the National Police of Burundi ( Police Nationale du Burundi , PNB ) . The police falls within the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Community Development and Regional Administration . The PNB was founded in 2004 , following the end of the Burundian Civil War and the Arusha Accords . Its stated objectives are the maintenance of public order , the protection of the population , and the fight against organised crime . Burundi has been a member of INTERPOL since 1970 . Burundian police have been deployed abroad as part of United Nations ( UN ) operations in Africa .   The PNB is divided into missions , dealing with separate areas as well as five regional commissariats . The different services include :  Internal Security Police ( Police de sécurité intérieure )  Judicial Police ( Police judiciaire )  Air Police ( Police de l'Air )  Border and Aliens Police ( Police des frontières et des étrangers )  Prison Police ( Police pénitentiaire )   According to Transparency International , in 2014 over 80 percent of Burundians believed that there was corruption within the police service . The Burundian government has tried to resolve the corruption problem with the aid of foreign assistance from countries including the Netherlands . Although little effective citizen oversight exists , there is theoretically a police ombudsman and attorney general , both tasked with dealing with complaints against police .   During the popular unrest in Burundi since 2015 , the police have frequently been used to suppress anti-government protests . Police violence against protestors , both in the form of beatings and shootings , was particularly criticised by Human Rights Watch . As a response , in 2016 , the UN decided to repatriate 280 Burundian police from the MINUSCA mission in the Central African Republic because of the police had been accused of brutality in Burundi before their departure . Burundi also refused an offer by the UN Security Council to deploy 288 UN police officers to Burundi in August 2016 .

neg: Arusha Arusha is a city in northern Tanzania and the capital of the Arusha Region , with a population of 416,442 plus 323,198 in the surrounding Arusha District ( 2012 census ) . Located below Mount Meru on the eastern edge of the eastern branch of the Great Rift Valley , Arusha has a temperate climate . The city is close to the Serengeti National Park , the Ngorongoro Conservation Area , Lake Manyara National Park , Olduvai Gorge , Tarangire National Park , Mount Kilimanjaro , and Arusha National Park on Mount Meru .   Arusha is a major international diplomatic hub . The city hosts the East African Community . From 1994 to 2015 , the city also hosted the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda , but that entity has ceased operations . It is a multicultural city with a majority Tanzanian population of mixed backgrounds : indigenous African , Arab-Tanzanian and Indian-Tanzanian population , plus a small White European and a white American minority population . Religions of the Arushan population include Christianity , Islam , and Hinduism .

neg: Zimbabwe Zimbabwe ( -LSB- zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Zimbabwe , is a landlocked country located in southern Africa , between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers . It is bordered by South Africa to the south , Botswana to the west and southwest , Zambia to the northwest , and Mozambique to the east and northeast . Although it does not border Namibia , less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates it from that country . The capital and largest city is Harare . A country of roughly 13 million people , Zimbabwe has 16 official languages , with English , Shona , and Ndebele the most commonly used .   Since the 11th century , present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a major route for migration and trade . The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s ; it became the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923 . In 1965 , the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia . The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces ; this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and de jure sovereignty in April 1980 . Zimbabwe then rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations -- which it withdrew from in 2003 . It is a member of the United Nations , the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) , the African Union ( AU ) , and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) .   Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980 , when his ZANU-PF party won the elections following the end of white minority rule ; he has been the president of Zimbabwe since 1987 . Under Mugabe 's authoritarian regime , the state security apparatus has dominated the country and been responsible for widespread human rights violations . Mugabe has maintained the revolutionary socialist rhetoric from the Cold War era , blaming Zimbabwe 's economic woes on conspiring Western capitalist countries , while still executing conservative policies . Burnished by his anti-imperialist credentials , contemporary African political leaders have been reluctant to criticise Mugabe , though Archbishop Desmond Tutu has called him `` a cartoon figure of an archetypal African dictator '' .

neg: Burundi national basketball team The Burundi national basketball team represents Burundi in international competitions . It is administrated by the Fédération de Basketball du Burundi .   Burundi joined FIBA in 1994 and is one of its youngest members . Unlike its neighbors DR Congo , Rwanda and Tanzania , the team has not yet succeeded to qualify for the FIBA Africa Championship .

neg: Banyamulenge Banyamulenge , sometimes called `` Tutsi Congolese '' , is a term historically referring to the ethnic Tutsi concentrated on the High Plateau of South Kivu , in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , close to the Burundi-Congo-Rwanda border .   The Banyamulenge form a minority of the South Kivu population . Rival ethnic groups in the late 1990s claimed the Banyamulenge numbered no more than 35,000 , while the Banyamulenge sympathizers claim up to ten times that number . The population of Banyamulenge in the early 21st century is estimated at between 50,000 and 70,000 by René Lemarchand or by Gérard Prunier at around 60,000 -- 80,000 , a figure about 3 -- 4 percent of the total provincial population .   Lemarchand notes that the group represents `` a rather unique case of ethnogenesis . '' The Banyamulenge of South Kivu are culturally and socially distinct from the Tutsis of North Kivu and the Tutsis who fled to South Kivu in the 1959 -- 1962 Rwandan revolution . Most Banyamulenge speak Kinyarwanda , and those that do speak it with a dialect different from other Tutsi groups . The ambiguous political and social position of the Banyamulenge has been a point of contention in the province , leading to the Banyamulenge playing a key role in the run-up to the First Congo War in 1996 -- 7 and Second Congo War of 1998 -- 2003 .

neg: BAMUTA Baraza la Muziki la Taifa ( BAMUTA ; Swahili for `` National Music Council '' ) was a national council created in 1974 by the government of the newly independent Tanzania . Its purpose was to regulate the music business in the country , in the context of a wider programme intended to create a solidified national identity . This , in turn , was a crucial element in Ujamaa , President Julius Nyerere 's version of african socialism . Similar institutions were founded to rule over other aspects of the nation 's culture , including the nationwide adoption of Swahili language ( promoted by Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa ) and the development of Tanzanian art ( Baraza la Sanaa la Taifa ) ( BASATA ) . The overall idea was to build a new popular culture for the workers and peasants of the country , free from the heritage of colonialism and bourgeoisie culture .   BAMUTA was responsible for the establishment of national music policies , which sought to control musical imports and issued disco and club licenses . BAMUTA called for strict government planning as well as control over the popular music in Tanzania . For example , import of foreign music was generally banned with the exception of music from Zaire .   Under such restriction , and due to government promotion of musical creativity , many bands formed and new African music styles emerged , most notably in the muziki wa dansi ( dance music ) business .   In 1984 , BAMUTA was merged into BASATA .

neg: Rwandan genocide The Rwandan genocide , also known as the genocide against the Tutsi , was a genocidal mass slaughter of Tutsi in Rwanda by members of the Hutu majority government . An estimated 500,000 -- 1,000,000 Rwandans were killed during the 100-day period from April 7 to mid-July 1994 , constituting as many as 70 % of the Tutsi population . Additionally , 30 % of the Pygmy Batwa were killed . The genocide and widespread slaughter of Rwandans ended when the Tutsi-backed and heavily armed Rwandan Patriotic Front ( RPF ) led by Paul Kagame took control of the country . An estimated 2,000,000 Rwandans , mostly Hutus , were displaced and became refugees .   The genocide was planned by members of the core political elite , many of whom occupied positions at top levels of the national government . Perpetrators came from the ranks of the Rwandan army , the Gendarmerie , government-backed militias including the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi .   The genocide took place in the context of the Rwandan Civil War , an ongoing conflict beginning in 1990 between the Hutu-led government and the Rwandan Patriotic Front ( RPF ) , which largely consisted of Tutsi refugees whose families had fled to Uganda after the 1959 Hutu revolt against colonial rule . Waves of Hutu violence against the RPF and Tutsi followed Rwandan independence in 1962 . International pressure on the Hutu government of Juvénal Habyarimana resulted in a ceasefire in 1993 , with a road-map to implement the Arusha Accords , which would create a power-sharing government with the RPF . This agreement was not acceptable to a number of conservative Hutu , including members of the Akazu , who viewed it as conceding to enemy demands . The RPF military campaign intensified support for the so-called `` Hutu Power '' ideology , which portrayed the RPF as an alien force who were non-Christian , intent on reinstating the Tutsi monarchy and enslaving Hutus . Many Hutus reacted to this prospect with extreme opposition . In the lead-up to the genocide the number of machetes imported into Rwanda increased .   On April 6 , 1994 , an airplane carrying Habyarimana and Burundian President Cyprien Ntaryamira was shot down on its descent into Kigali . At the time , the plane was in the airspace above Habyarimana 's house . One person survived but died soon after en route to the hospital . The assassination of Habyarimana ended the peace accords .   Genocidal killings began the following day . Soldiers , police , and militia quickly executed key Tutsi and moderate Hutu military and political leaders who could have assumed control in the ensuing power vacuum . Checkpoints and barricades were erected to screen all holders of the national ID card of Rwanda ( which contained ethnic classification information introduced by the Belgian colonial government in 1933 ) in order to systematically identify and kill Tutsi . These forces recruited and pressured Hutu civilians to arm themselves with machetes , clubs , blunt objects , and other weapons to rape , maim , and kill their Tutsi neighbors and to destroy or steal their property . The breakdown of the peace accords led the RPF to restart its offensive and rapidly seize control of the northern part of the country before capturing Kigali in mid-July , bringing an end to the genocide . During these events and in the aftermath , the United Nations ( UN ) and countries including the United States , the United Kingdom , and Belgium were criticized for their inaction and failure to strengthen the force and mandate of the UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda ( UNAMIR ) peacekeepers . Other observers criticized the government of France for alleged support of the Hutu government after the genocide had begun .   The genocide had a lasting and profound impact on Rwanda and its neighboring countries . The pervasive use of rape as a weapon of war caused a spike in HIV infection , including babies born of rape to newly infected mothers ; many households were headed by orphaned children or widows . The destruction of infrastructure and the severe depopulation of the country crippled the economy , challenging the nascent government to achieve rapid economic growth and stabilization . The RPF military victory and installation of an RPF-dominated government prompted many Hutus to flee to neighboring countries , particularly in the eastern portion of Zaire ( now the Democratic Republic of Congo ) , where the Hutu genocidaires began to regroup in refugee camps along the border with Rwanda . Declaring a need to avert further genocide , the RPF-led government led military incursions into Zaire , including the First ( 1996 -- 97 ) and Second ( 1998 -- 2003 ) Congo Wars . Armed struggles between the Rwandan government and their opponents in DRC have continued to play out through proxy militias in the Goma region , including the M23 rebellion ( 2012 -- 2013 ) . Large Rwandan Hutu and Tutsi populations continue to live as refugees throughout the region .   Today , Rwanda has two public holidays mourning the genocide . The national mourning period begins with Kwibuka , the national commemoration , on April 7 and concludes with Liberation Day on July 4 . The week following April 7 is an official week of mourning , known as Icyunamo . The genocide served as an impetus for creating the International Criminal Court to eliminate the need for ad hoc tribunals to prosecute genocide , crimes against humanity , and war crimes .

neg: Melchior Ndadaye Melchior Ndadaye ( March 28 , 1953 -- October 21 , 1993 ) was a Burundian intellectual and politician . He was the first democratically elected and first Hutu president of Burundi after winning the landmark 1993 election . Though he moved to attempt to smooth the country 's bitter ethnic divide , his reforms antagonised soldiers in the Tutsi-dominated army , and he was assassinated amidst a failed military coup in October 1993 , after only three months in office . His assassination sparked an array of brutal tit-for-tat massacres between the Tutsi and Hutu ethnic groups , and ultimately sparked the decade-long Burundi Civil War .

neg: Burundian legislative election, 1982 Parliamentary elections were held in Burundi on 22 October 1982 , the first since 1965 . Following a constitutional referendum the year before , the country had become a one-party state with the Union for National Progress ( UPRONA ) as the sole legal party . The party nominated 104 candidates to contest the 52 seats in the enlarged National Assembly . Following the election , in which turnout was reported to be 95 % , President Jean-Baptiste Bagaza appointed a further 13 members .

neg: Rwandan Civil War The Rwandan Civil War was a conflict in the African republic of Rwanda , between the Rwandan Armed Forces ( FAR ) and the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front ( RPF ) . The war was fought in two phases . The first phase began on 1 October 1990 , with an RPF invasion of the north east of the country from Uganda . This phase ended on 4 August 1993 , with the signing of the Arusha Accords . The second phase took place following the assassination of President Juvénal Habyarimana on 6 April 1994 , and the outbreak of the Rwandan genocide . The RPF resumed fighting on 7 April , and the civil war ended with an RPF victory on 18 July 1994 .   The war had its origins in the long-running dispute between the Hutu and Tutsi groups within the Rwandan population . The ancient Kingdom of Rwanda , ruled by Tutsi kings , began implementing increasingly anti-Hutu policies in the 19th century , a trend continued by European colonial authorities from 1895 . Both Germany and Belgium ruled through the kings and favoured the Tutsi . The Hutu population revolted in 1959 , with the support of Belgium , which had effected a sudden reversal of allegiance . Hutu activists burned Tutsi homes , killed those who fought back , and ultimately established an independent , Hutu-dominated state in 1962 . The revolution forced more than 100,000 Tutsi to seek refuge in neighbouring countries . These refugees lived in exile for several decades , agitating for a return to Rwanda , but were not capable of mounting a serious attack . Some refugees , including future RPF leaders Fred Rwigyema and Paul Kagame , fought in the Ugandan Bush War with Yoweri Museveni , becoming senior army officers in 1986 under Museveni 's presidency . Relations between the refugees and the Ugandans soured in the late 1980s with Rwigyema and Kagame demoted , but Hutu president Habyarimana refused to allow the return of refugees . This created a strong desire among refugees to return by force , so Rwigyema and Kagame used their military expertise to turn the RPF into an battle-ready army .   The October 1990 invasion started well for the RPF , but suffered a reversal when Fred Rwigyema was killed in action on the second day . The FAR , assisted by troops sent from France , gained the upper hand and the RPF were largely defeated by the end of October . Paul Kagame took command of the demoralised RPF troops , withdrawing to the Virunga mountains for several months before restarting the war . The RPF began a classic hit-and-run style guerrilla war , which continued until mid-1992 with neither side able to gain the upper hand . The war led to a resurgence of violence against Tutsi in Rwanda , as well as the token introduction of multi-party politics . A series of escalating protests in mid-1992 forced Habyarimana to begin peace negotiations . This was a complex process involving his government , the RPF , the official opposition , and a group of Hutu hardliners . These hardliners opposed the peace process and disrupted the negotiations . They then initiated a massive wave of killings in early 1993 , prompting Paul Kagame to launch a fresh offensive and bring the RPF to the verge of taking the capital , Kigali . Kagame decided not to storm the capital , however , and the two sides returned to the negotiating table with the RPF enjoying a strengthened hand .   An uneasy peace followed the signing of the Arusha Accords in August 1993 . RPF troops were deployed in Kigali and a peacekeeping force , the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda ( UNAMIR ) , was sent to the country . However , the hardliners were steadily gaining influence , and began planning the `` final solution '' to exterminate all Tutsi . The assassination of Habyarimana , whose plane was shot down as he returned from a regional summit in Tanzania , was the catalyst which began the genocide . Over the course of approximately 100 days , between 500,000 and 1,000,000 were killed , on the orders of the interim government led by Théoneste Bagosora . The RPF resumed the civil war once more , capturing territory slowly and methodically , encircling cities and cutting off supply routes . UNAMIR tried repeatedly to stop the fighting , but Kagame refused to negotiate unless the killings stopped . By mid-June , the RPF had surrounded Kigali and began fighting for the city itself , which they captured on 4 July . They then advanced northwest , forcing the interim government into Zaire and ending the genocide and the war .   The victorious RPF assumed control of the country , with Paul Kagame as de facto leader . Kagame served as vice president from 1994 and as president from 2000 , winning presidential elections in 2003 and 2010 . The RPF began a programme of rebuilding the infrastructure and economy of the country , bringing genocide perpetrators to trial , and promoting reconciliation between Hutu and Tutsi . In 1996 , the RPF-led Rwandan government launched an offensive against refugee camps in Zaire , home to exiled leaders of the FAR and millions of Hutu refugees . This action started the First Congo War , which removed long-time dictator President Mobutu Sese Seko from power . As of 2017 , Kagame and the RPF remain the dominant political force in Rwanda .

neg: Burundian presidential election, 2005 Indirect presidential elections were held in Burundi on 19 August 2005 . Members of the National Assembly and Senate chose the new president of the republic for a five-year term . The sole candidate , Pierre Nkurunziza of the CNDD -- FDD , was elected by a vote of 151 -- 9 . Nkurunziza was sworn in on 26 August 2005 .

neg: Union for Peace and Democracy The Union for Peace and Democracy ( , UPD ) , also known as the Union for Peace and Development or Union for Peace and Democracy -- Zigamibanga ( UPD -- Zigamibanga ) , is a small political party in Burundi which was founded in 2002 but which only became active after 2007 . The UPD is one of the parties in opposition to the ruling National Council for the Defense of Democracy -- Forces for the Defense of Democracy ( CNDD -- FDD ) party . It is seen as the party of Burundi 's Muslim community .

neg: Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira The assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira on the evening of 6 April 1994 was the catalyst for the Rwandan Genocide . The airplane carrying Rwandan president Juvénal Habyarimana and Burundian president Cyprien Ntaryamira was shot down as it prepared to land in Kigali , Rwanda . The assassination set in motion some of the bloodiest events of the late 20th century , the Rwandan Genocide and the First Congo War . Responsibility for the attack is disputed , with most theories proposing as suspects either the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front ( RPF ) or government-aligned Hutu Power extremists opposed to negotiation with the RPF . Regardless of the cause of the assassination , it unquestionably resulted in the immediate national mobilization of anti-Tutsi militias , the Interahamwe , who proceeded to set up roadblocks across Rwanda and slaughter every Tutsi or moderate Hutu until driven away by rebel RPF troops .

neg: Commune of Mutumba The commune of Mutumba is a commune of Karuzi Province in central Burundi . The capital lies at Mutumba .

neg: Living Museum of Bujumbura The Living Museum of Bujumbura ( Musée Vivant de Bujumbura ) is a zoo and museum in Burundi . The museum is located in the capital Bujumbura and is one of the country 's public museums . It is dedicated to the wildlife and art of Burundi .   The museum was founded in 1977 and occupies a 3 ha park on the rue du 13 Octobre in downtown Bujumbura . In December 2016 , the zoo 's collection included six crocodiles , one monkey , one leopard , two chimpanzees , three guinea fowls , a tortoise , an antelope , and a number of snakes and fish . A number of Burundian craftsmen also have workshops on the museum 's premises . Several different types of trees stand in the park , alongside a reconstruction of a traditional Burundian house ( rugo ) .   The number of visitors to the museum fell sharply in the aftermath of the 2015 Burundian unrest , following a wider decline in the number of tourists to the country .

neg: Prime Minister of Burundi This article contains a list of Prime Ministers of Burundi since the formation of the post of Prime Minister of Burundi in 1961 , to its abolition in 1998 .   A total of fourteen people have served as Prime Minister of Burundi ( not counting one Acting Prime Minister ) . Additionally , two persons , Pierre Ngendandumwe and Albin Nyamoya , have served on two non-consecutive occasions .


query: Foo Fighters was created by a name reported by aircraft pilots.

pos: Foo Fighters Foo Fighters is an American rock band , formed in Seattle , Washington in 1994 . It was founded by Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl as a one-man project following the dissolution of Nirvana after the death of Kurt Cobain . The group got its name from the UFOs and various aerial phenomena that were reported by Allied aircraft pilots in World War II , which were known collectively as `` foo fighters '' .   Prior to the release of Foo Fighters ' 1995 debut album Foo Fighters , which featured Grohl as the only official member , Grohl recruited bassist Nate Mendel and drummer William Goldsmith , both formerly of Sunny Day Real Estate , as well as Nirvana touring guitarist Pat Smear to complete the lineup . The band began with performances in Portland , Oregon . Goldsmith quit during the recording of the group 's second album , The Colour and the Shape ( 1997 ) , when most of the drum parts were re-recorded by Grohl himself . Smear 's departure followed soon afterward , though he would rejoin them in 2006 .   They were replaced by Taylor Hawkins and Franz Stahl , respectively , although Stahl was fired before the recording of the group 's third album , There Is Nothing Left to Lose ( 1999 ) . The band briefly continued as a trio until Chris Shiflett joined as the band 's lead guitarist after the completion of There Is Nothing Left to Lose . The band released its fourth album , One by One , in 2002 . The group followed that release with the two-disc In Your Honor ( 2005 ) , which was split between acoustic songs and heavier material . Foo Fighters released its sixth album , Echoes , Silence , Patience & Grace , in 2007 . The band 's seventh studio album , Wasting Light , produced by Butch Vig was released in 2011 , in which Smear returned as a full member . In November 2014 , the band 's eighth studio album , Sonic Highways , was released as an accompanying soundtrack to the Grohl-directed 2014 miniseries of the same name .   Over the course of the band 's career , four of its albums have won Grammy Awards for Best Rock Album . As of 2015 , the band 's eight albums have sold 12 million copies in the U.S. , and 30 million worldwide .

neg: American Volunteer Group The American Volunteer Groups were volunteer air units organized by the United States government to aid the Nationalist government of China against Japan in the Second Sino-Japanese War . The only unit to actually see combat was the 1st AVG , popularly known as the Flying Tigers .   In an effort to aid the Nationalist government of China and to put pressure on Japan , President Franklin Roosevelt in April 1941 authorized the creation of a clandestine `` Special Air Unit '' consisting of three combat groups equipped with American aircraft and staffed by aviators and technicians to be recruited from the U.S. Army , Navy and Marine Corps for service in China . The program was fleshed out in the winter of 1940 -- 1941 by Claire Lee Chennault , then an air advisor to the Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek , and Lauchlin Currie , a young economist in the Roosevelt White House . They envisioned a small air corps of 500 combat aircraft , although in the end , the number was reduced to 200 fighters and 66 light bombers .

neg: Fédération Française Aéronautique The Fédération française aéronautique ( FFA ) , ( Fédération nationale aéronautique , FNA , before 2004 ) founded in 1929 and being recognized as a public service in 1933 , is a French association which represents the majority of aeroclubs .   Its mission is :  Assist and defend aeroclubs  Preserve the number and quality of French aerodromes  Develop and ease recognition of aeronautics  Ease the formation of pilots in aeroclubs  Help the youngest and evangelise aeronautics activities  Contribute , as interlocutor of the Direction Générale de l'Aviation Civile , to enact the regulations and defend interests of private pilots  Organise activities and aeronautics tests in France and abroad ( attribution of regional or national titles , selection of French representatives at internationals competitions or exhibitions )   As of 2007 , the FFA includes about 600 aeroclubs over 450 aerodromes , 42,000 pilots , 2,200 instructors and 2,200 aircraft .

neg: Kawasaki Ki-61 The Kawasaki Ki-61 Hien ( 飛燕 , `` flying swallow '' ) is a Japanese World War II fighter aircraft used by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service . The Japanese Army designation was `` Army Type 3 Fighter '' . Allied pilots initially believed Ki-61s were Messerschmitt Bf 109s and later an Italian aircraft , which led to the Allied reporting name of `` Tony '' , assigned by the United States War Department . It was the only mass-produced Japanese fighter of the war to use a liquid-cooled inline V engine . Over 3,000 Ki-61s were produced . Initial prototypes saw action over Yokohama during the Doolittle Raid on 18 April 1942 , and continued to fly combat missions throughout the war .

neg: Arsenal VB 10 __ NOTOC __   The Arsenal VB 10 was a French fighter aircraft developed during and shortly after World War II . It was a low-wing monoplane with retractable tailwheel undercarriage and of largely orthodox configuration . The ultimate product of a design that began with the Arsenal VG 10 prior to the war , the VB 10 added a second engine behind the cockpit which drove a second propeller , coaxial with and contra-rotating to the propeller driven by the engine in the nose .   In January 1937 Arsenal were given a contract to develop a twin-engined heavy interceptor built from wood , powered by two 590 hp Hispano-Suiza 12X engines mounted in tandem inside the fuselage , driving co-axial propellers in the nose . Work on the VG 10 was abandoned in June 1937 in favour of the VG 20 , which was essentially similar but powered by two 900 hp Hispano-Suiza 12Y engines . The VG 20 was abandoned in turn in January 1938 , but the design work and studies were used for the design of the all-metal VB 10 . For research in the development of the VG 10 and VG 20 , Arsenal designed and built the VG 30 powered by a single 690 hp Hispano-Suiza 12X engine , which in turn led to the high-performance fighter prototypes of the VG 30 series .   Although the aircraft was first designed ( and indeed ordered ) in 1940 , little progress was made during France 's occupation , and the prototype did not fly until after VE day . By then , it was already apparent that the future of the fighter lay with jet power , but development of the VB 10 continued as a safety net for France 's nascent jet fighter programmes . In December 1945 , a contract for 200 machines was placed by the French government , the first of which flew on 3 November 1947 . By the time the fourth had been delivered in September 1948 , the entire order was cancelled , with the French Air Force relying on surplus British and American fighters to tide it over until domestically produced jet fighters appeared shortly thereafter .

neg: RAF Regiment The Royal Air Force Regiment ( RAF Regt ) is part of the Royal Air Force and functions as a specialist airfield defence corps founded by Royal Warrant in 1942 .   The RAF Regiment is trained in CBRN ( chemical , biological , radiological and nuclear ) defence , and equipped with advanced vehicles and detection measures . RAF Regiment instructors are responsible for training all Royal Air Force personnel in basic force protection such as first aid , weapon handling and CBRN skills .   The regiment and its members are known within the RAF as `` The Regiment '' , `` Rock Apes '' or `` Rocks '' . After a 32-week trainee gunner course , its members are trained and equipped to prevent a successful enemy attack in the first instance ; minimise the damage caused by a successful attack ; and ensure that air operations can continue without delay in the aftermath of an attack . RAF Regiment squadrons use aggressive defence tactics whereby they actively seek out infiltrators in a large area surrounding airfields .

neg: Complex airplane A complex airplane is defined by the United States , Federal Aviation Administration as an aircraft that has all of the following :   A retractable landing gear ( land aircraft only ; a seaplane is not required to have this )  A controllable-pitch propeller ( which includes constant-speed propellers )  Movable or adjustable flaps .   In the U.S. , students generally train for their first pilot certificate in an aircraft with fixed landing gear and a fixed-pitch propeller . It may or may not be equipped with flaps .   Before or after earning the private pilot certificate ( PPL ) ( usually after ) , a pilot can be trained in complex aircraft operation by a flight instructor . When the pilot has demonstrated proficiency in complex aircraft , the flight instructor endorses the pilot 's logbook and the pilot is said to have a `` complex endorsement '' .   The FAA requires a pilot to have experience in , and take at least part of the practical test in , a complex airplane in order to earn the commercial pilot certificate ( CPL ) and the flight instructor certificate ( CFI ) .

neg: Airmanship Airmanship is skill and knowledge applied to aerial navigation , similar to seamanship in maritime navigation . Airmanship covers a broad range of desirable behaviors and abilities in an aviator . It is not simply a measure of skill or technique , but also a measure of a pilot 's awareness of the aircraft , the environment in which it operates , and of his own capabilities .   Airmanship can be defined as :  A sound acquaintance with the principles of flight ,  The ability to operate an airplane with competence and precision both on the ground and in the air , and  The exercise of sound judgment that results in optimal operational safety and efficiency .   The three fundamental principles of expert airmanship are skill , proficiency , and the discipline to apply them in a safe and efficient manner .  Discipline is the foundation of airmanship .  The complexity of the aviation environment demands a foundation of solid airmanship , and a healthy , positive approach to combating pilot error .   The actions of Captain Alfred C. Haynes and the crew of United Airlines Flight 232 are often cited as an exemplar of good airmanship . They were able to maintain control of their crippled McDonnell Douglas DC-10 , bringing it to a survivable `` controlled crash '' in Sioux City , Iowa , after a complete loss of all flight controls following an engine failure in July 1989 . They did this by improvising a control scheme on the spot using differential thrust on the two working engines . Captain Haynes credited his Crew Resource Management training as one of the key factors that saved his own life , and many others .   The U.S. National Transportation Safety Board occasionally cites poor airmanship as a contributing factor in its determination of probable cause in aviation accidents , although it is implicit in many of the pilot error causes it often uses . For example , in its report on the December 1 , 1993 fatal crash of Northwest Airlink Flight 5719 , the Board determined the `` failure of the company management to adequately address the previously identified deficiencies in airmanship '' was a contributing factor .  More recently , in the February 2 , 2005 business jet accident at Teterboro Airport , NTSB investigator Steve Demko , speaking about the probable cause , said determining an aircraft 's weight and balance before takeoff is `` basic airmanship , '' a `` Flying 101 type of thing . ''  And in the 2006 New York City plane crash that killed New York Yankees pitcher Cory Lidle , the NTSB cited `` inadequate judgement , planning and airmanship '' in its probable cause determination .   A `` failure of airmanship '' was also cited by U.S. Military Authorities in the Tarnak Farm incident in Afghanistan , where the pilot of a U.S. F-16 Fighting Falcon mistakenly targeted a 250-kilogram laser-guided bomb on Canadian troops in April 2003 , killing four of them . Airmanship covers operation of the aircraft and all its systems , so in military usage , this includes the weapons systems of combat aircraft .

neg: Airpower Airpower or air power comprises the application of military strategy and strategic theory to the realm of aerial warfare . Airpower began with the advent of powered flight early in the 20th century . Airpower represents a `` complex operating environment that has been subjected to considerable debate '' . British doctrine defines airpower as `` the ability to project power from the air and space to influence the behaviour of people or the course of events . ''   Airpower is a function of air supremacy and numbers . Roughly speaking , a combatant side that has 100 % or near 100 % control of the skies has air supremacy ; an advantage of some 70 -- 90 % would indicate air superiority . A 50/50 split is air parity ; lower than this , one side may be said to be air denied or air incapable . Because aeroplanes generally take off from designed airfields on missions typically involving some hours of cruising , the precise state of air superiority is fluid and less defined vis-a-vis land or sea warfare . For example , a contested airspace directly above a battlespace bristling with anti-aircraft weapons may be denied to the air forces of both sides . Further , the completely different situations of a technologically advanced airforce with one flight of high-tech planes ( air supremacy but low capacity ) or a low-tech force of massive numbers of low-tech planes ( e.g. , An-2 ) resulting in high capacity but low long-term survivability demonstrate that ` air power ' is multi-faceted and complex .   Significant contributors to theorizing about air power have been Giulio Douhet , Billy Mitchell , John Boyd and John A. Warden III .   At the start of World War I , opinions differed on the national air forces and the value of airships .  Some early strategists/visionaries after World War I imagined that airpower alone would suffice to bring nations to their knees . The Bombing of Guernica was an early trial that revealed both capabilities and limitations . But yet another maxim , `` no war was ever won solely by airpower '' was challenged by the NATO victory in Kosovo . Airpower has been used to conduct lightning strategic strikes , to complement land offensives , to instill fear and lower morale similarly to a fleet in being , and to create broad-based destruction behind enemy lines . With airpower , supplies can be transported by cargo planes , providing a decisive edge in mobility .   Military and civilian aircraft interact in a number of complex ways , including shootdowns of civilian planes , whether mistaken or not ; military escorts of civilian planes ; civilian planes being used for military transport , espionage , or other purposes ; and/or no-fly zones being enforced to punish or sanction a target nation . Airpower also relates to space power , although militarization of space remains regulated by international treaty .   Developed nations have enjoyed a consistent advantage in airpower since the beginning of mechanized flight . Airpower has been wielded mostly decisively in the last hundred years by Nazi Germany , the United Kingdom , the United States , the Soviet Union , Japan , Italy , and France , with many client nations using aircraft developed by one or more of these nations . A mass technological base is considered necessary for the development of airpower .

neg: Tracer ammunition Tracer ammunition ( tracers ) are bullets or cannon caliber projectiles that are built with a small pyrotechnic charge in their base . Ignited by the burning powder , the pyrotechnic composition burns very brightly , making the projectile trajectory visible to the naked eye during daylight , and very bright during nighttime firing . This enables the shooter to make aiming corrections without observing the impact of the rounds fired and without using the sights of the weapon . Tracer fire can also be used to signal to other shooters where to concentrate their fire during battle .   When used , tracers are usually loaded as every fifth round in machine gun belts , referred to as four-to-one tracer . Platoon and squad leaders will load some tracer rounds in their magazine or even use solely tracers to mark targets for their soldiers to fire on . Tracers are also sometimes placed two or three rounds from the bottom of magazines to alert the shooter that his weapon is almost empty . During World War II , aircraft with fixed machine guns or cannons mounted would sometimes have a series of tracer rounds added near the end of the ammunition belts , to alert the pilot that he was almost out of ammunition . Unfortunately , this practice would similarly alert an astute enemy that his foe was nearly out of ammunition . More often , however , the entire magazine was loaded four-to-one , on both fixed offensive and flexible defensive guns , to help mitigate the difficulties of aerial gunnery . Tracers were very common on most WWII aircraft , with the exception of night fighters , which needed to be able to attack and shoot down the enemy before they realized they were under attack , and without betraying its own location to the enemy defensive gunners . The United States relied heavily on tracer ammunition for the defensive Browning M2 .50 caliber machine guns on its heavy bombers such as the B-24 Liberator , but they found that during deflection shooting , gunners who tried to aim using the tracers rather than the sights ended up not `` leading '' the enemy aircraft enough and missing , because of an optical illusion that made it appear that the tracers were striking the aircraft , when in reality they were passing significantly behind it . This proved true of fixed forward firing guns as well . In some cases , gunners were ordered not to use tracer ammunition at all , but in the end , with greater emphasis during training on using the sights and not trusting the tracers , the problem was solved to a large degree .   Tracer rounds can also have a mild incendiary effect , and can ignite flammable substances on contact , provided the tracer compound has started burning and is still burning on impact .

neg: Small Airplane Revitalization Act of 2013 The Small Airplane Revitalization Act of 2013 is a bill related to airplane regulations in the United States of America that was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress . The bill would require the Federal Aviation Authority to adopt the recommendations of the `` Part 23 Reorganization Aviation Rulemaking Committee '' about ways to modernize regulations on small aircraft .   According to a fact sheet provided by the United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure , the general aviation industry `` includes nearly 600,000 pilots , employs roughly 1.3 million people , and contributes approximately $ 150 billion annually to the U.S. economy . '' The industry has been undergoing some recent decline , some of which is blamed on outdated and inappropriate regulations that stifle innovation and unnecessarily increase costs . The Federal Aviation Administration began to deal with this situation in August 2011 by chartering the `` Part 23 Reorganization Aviation Rulemaking Committee . '' The Committee was `` charged with creating a progressive , tier-based system so that small recreational airplanes wo n't have to be designed and certificated under the same regulatory requirements as heavier , more complex and higher performance aircraft . '' The Federal Aviation Regulations ( FAR ) are divided into different Parts , with Part 23 comprising the section of rules related to small planes . In June 2013 , this Committee finished writing its recommendation for changes to make to FAR Part 23 `` to remove barriers to bringing new , safer airplane designs to market . '' The Committee 's recommendations included '' ( 1 ) removing prescriptive methods of compliance , ( 2 ) ensuring safety objectives address future technologies , ( 3 ) utilizing FAA-accepted consensus standards , ( 4 ) developing globally acceptable regulations , and ( 5 ) implementing these recommendations as soon as possible . '' There is also the possibility that these new regulations will be adopted by other countries , helping to set international standards .

neg: Quick access recorder A quick access recorder ( QAR ) is an airborne flight data recorder designed to provide quick and easy access to raw flight data , through means such as USB or cellular network connections and/or the use of standard flash memory cards . QARs are typically used by airlines to improve flight safety and operational efficiency , usually in the scope of their flight operational quality assurance plans . Like the aircraft 's flight data recorder ( FDR ) , a QAR receives its inputs from the Flight Data Acquisition Unit ( FDAU ) , recording over 2000 flight parameters . The QAR is also able to sample data at much higher rates than the FDR and , in some cases , for longer periods of time . Unlike the FDR , the QAR usually is not required by a national Civil Aviation Authority on commercial flights and is not designed to survive an accident . Despite this , some QARs have survived accidents and provided valuable information beyond what was recorded by the FDR .   The quick access recorder was pioneered by British European Airways ( BEA ) on its Hawker Siddeley Trident aircraft in the 1960 's as a requirement to prove the safety of the aircraft 's autoland system for certification of the autoland system by the CAA . Quick access recorders are carried by all BEA 's successor airline , British Airways ( BA ) , aircraft . Data from the Penny & Giles quick access recorder of a BA Boeing 747-400 London-Bankok flight in which the aircraft suffered un-commanded elevator movement and momentary elevator reversal caused Boeing to implement a change in the elevator servo valve design , a modification that was applied to all Boeing 747 's in service , and suspicion of a similar original valve design arising from this BA data was subsequently used by the NTSB in the determining of the causes of the crashes of United Airlines Flight 585 and USAir Flight 427 .   Earlier , data from a Trident 's quick access recorder had provided the AAIB with useful supplemental data over-and-above that of the aircraft 's flight data recorder that helped the diagnosing of the cause of the 1972 British European Airways Flight 548 , the `` Staines air disaster '' where the Trident 's leading edge high lift devices ( `` droops '' ) had been retracted too early and at too low an airspeed .

neg: Biplane A biplane is a fixed-wing aircraft with two main wings stacked one above the other . The first powered , controlled aeroplane to fly , the Wright Flyer , used a biplane wing arrangement , as did many aircraft in the early years of aviation . While a biplane wing structure has a structural advantage over a monoplane , it produces more drag than a similar unbraced or cantilever monoplane wing . Improved structural techniques , better materials and the quest for greater speed made the biplane configuration obsolete for most purposes by the late 1930s .   Biplanes offer several advantages over conventional cantilever monoplane designs : they permit lighter wing structures , low wing loading and smaller span for a given wing area . However , interference between the airflow over each wing increases drag substantially , and biplanes generally need extensive bracing , which causes additional drag .   Biplanes are distinguished from tandem wing arrangements , where the wings are placed forward and aft , instead of above and below .   The term is also occasionally used in biology , to describe the wings of some flying animals .

neg: Wings (BBC TV series) Wings is a drama series about the Royal Flying Corps that ran on BBC television from 1977 to 1978 . It stars Tim Woodward as Alan Farmer , a young blacksmith turned fighter pilot in World War I.   Nicholas Jones played his teacher and mentor , Captain Triggers , and Michael Cochrane played his upper-class friend , Charles Gaylion , who began a relationship with Farmer 's girlfriend while Farmer was believed dead , shot down over France .   The series reveals that the British pilots are struggling with aeroplanes which are both unreliable and inferior to the German machines , and with an Establishment that classes voicing an opinion to that effect as being tantamount to cowardice . The airmen must also face the resentment of British soldiers who see them having an ` easy ' life . The rigidity of the British class structure is highlighted when Farmer becomes an officer in the second series - he faces resentment both from some COs because of his class and NCOs because of his new rank . The series takes great care with historical accuracy , covering the early days of the parachute , the fitting of weaponry to British biplanes ( lacking the Germans ' interruptor gear , they had to be fired at an angle rather than through the propellers ) and the horrors of trench warfare . Wings depicts a Britain that is , in some areas , struggling to adapt in the face of change , at a period that was a turning point for many people 's way of life .   The series was created by Barry Thomas . Twenty-five episodes were made in all .

neg: Free French Flight Free French Flight refers to three specific fledgling units in the Free French Air Force ( FAFL ) which were created in the Middle East on 8 July 1940 .   Free French Flight N ° 1 - its designation later changed to Escadrille N ° 2 de Bombardement . Subsequently it became the Nancy squadron of GB Lorraine . It was formed around two Martin 167A-3 Maryland bombers which flew to Gibraltar on 19 July 1940 .  Free French Flight N ° 2 - its designation later changed to Première Escadrille de Chasse ( E.F.C. 1 ) , and was commanded by Lieutenant Denis . It was hierarchically a part of 33 Sqn RAF , and the unit later had a dual designation of C Flight , 73 Sqn RAF . Subsequently it became Groupe de Chasse Alsace .  Free French Communication Flight N ° 3 - its designation later changed to French Transport Flight . It consisted of five different French-built aircraft , it was hierarchically a part of 267 Sqn RAF .   Free French Flight N ° 2 was stationed at Haifa and initially consisted of one Potez 63.11 ( a second and third arriving on 14 October and 3 November 1940 respectively ) and two MS 406 ( a third appearing on 14 February 1941 ) . In addition to these aircraft , a Miles Magister was used as a hack , and was superseded by a Loire 130 on 12 March 1941 . The unit diary refers to the arrival of a Potez 29 and a Bloch MB .81 ( with a Salmson 9 powerplant ) from Heliopolis on 28 September 1940 , but neither aircraft appears in the subsequent daily unit statistics forms ( RAF Form 765a ) . A memo dated 4 April 1941 from the RAF 's Free French liaison officer to General Spears advises ` in practically every case the aircraft were unserviceable chiefly owing to lack of spares ' .   The port of Haifa was bombed on 6 September 1940 by the Regia Aeronautica . The four bombers were intercepted by Flying Officer Peronne in a Potez 63.11 and Warrant Officer Ballatore in a MS 406 . Due to the deteriorating serviceability of the aircraft , flying hours decreased , and the unit diary itself only covers September 1940 .   In addition to these units , there were some units formed in the UK :   Topic - six Blenheims . Along with `` Jam '' , there was a redeployment to Fort Lamy . Both units were merged into the `` Groupe réservé de bombardement n ° 1 '' ( GRB1 ) , with an official inception date of 30 March 1941 , which subsequently became the Metz squadron of GB Lorraine .  Jam - Official designation `` Groupe de combat n ° 1 '' ( GC1 ) . It consisted of four squadrons .  French Fighter Group - this unit 's small complement of Dewoitine D. 520 fighters became part of E.F.C. 1 ( see above ) , and its Blenheims became part of GRB1 .   Independent of the hierarchy of the RAF , there were aviation detachments in Chad , Cameroon , and Equatorial Africa .

neg: Flight dynamics (fixed-wing aircraft) Flight dynamics is the science of air vehicle orientation and control in three dimensions . The three critical flight dynamics parameters are the angles of rotation in three dimensions about the vehicle 's center of mass , known as pitch , roll and yaw .   Aerospace engineers develop control systems for a vehicle 's orientation ( attitude ) about its center of mass . The control systems include actuators , which exert forces in various directions , and generate rotational forces or moments about the aerodynamic center of the aircraft , and thus rotate the aircraft in pitch , roll , or yaw . For example , a pitching moment is a vertical force applied at a distance forward or aft from the aerodynamic center of the aircraft , causing the aircraft to pitch up or down .   Roll , pitch and yaw refer to rotations about the respective axes starting from a defined steady flight equilibrium state . The equilibrium roll angle is known as wings level or zero bank angle , equivalent to a level heeling angle on a ship . Yaw is known as `` heading '' . The equilibrium pitch angle in submarine and airship parlance is known as `` trim '' , but in aircraft , `` trim '' usually refers to the equilibrium angle of attack , rather than orientation . However , common usage ignores this distinction between equilibrium and dynamic cases .   The most common aeronautical convention defines the roll as acting about the longitudinal axis , positive with the starboard ( right ) wing down . The yaw is about the vertical body axis , positive with the nose to starboard . Pitch is about an axis perpendicular to the longitudinal plane of symmetry , positive nose up .   A fixed-wing aircraft increases or decreases the lift generated by the wings when it pitches nose up or down by increasing or decreasing the angle of attack ( AOA ) . The roll angle is also known as bank angle on a fixed-wing aircraft , which usually `` banks '' to change the horizontal direction of flight . An aircraft is usually streamlined from nose to tail to reduce drag making it typically advantageous to keep the sideslip angle near zero , though there are instances when an aircraft may be deliberately `` sideslipped '' for example a slip in a fixed-wing aircraft .

neg: Akira Yamamoto was an officer and ace fighter pilot in the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific theater of World War II . In aerial combat over China , the Pacific , and Japan , he was officially credited with destroying 13 enemy aircraft .   Flying an A6M2 Zero fighter from the aircraft carrier Kaga during the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 , Yamamoto claimed to have destroyed a civilian sight-seeing aircraft over Oahu which had happened into the path of the Japanese first strike wave . In June 1942 , during the Battle of Midway , Kaga was fatally damaged by enemy action while Yamamoto was participating in the fleet 's combat air patrol . Yamamoto landed his fighter on Hiryū and subsequently joined that carrier 's successful retaliatory strike on the United States Navy carrier . Yamamoto claimed to have destroyed four of Yorktown 's fighter aircraft in the attack .   In October 1942 , Yamamoto participated in the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands as a member of Zuihō 's fighter group . He was subsequently transferred to the home islands and participated in aerial battles over Iwo Jima , during which he was wounded in June 1944 . After recovering from his injuries , Yamamoto took part in the interception of a B-29 bombing mission over Japan on 24 November 1944 . Defensive fire from the B-29s crippled Yamamoto 's aircraft and he bailed out over Yachimata , Chiba . His parachute failed to open and Yamamoto plunged to his death .

neg: Jagdwaffe Jagdwaffe ( Fighter Force ) , was the German Luftwaffe 's fighter force during World War II .

neg: Fokker Eindecker fighters The Fokker Eindecker fighters were a series of German World War I monoplane single-seat fighter aircraft designed by Dutch engineer Anthony Fokker . Developed in April 1915 , the first Eindecker ( `` Monoplane '' ) was the first purpose-built German fighter aircraft and the first aircraft to be fitted with a synchronization gear , enabling the pilot to fire a machine gun through the arc of the propeller without striking the blades . The Eindecker gave the German Air Service a degree of air superiority from July 1915 until early 1916 . This period , during which Allied aviators regarded their poorly armed aircraft as `` Fokker Fodder '' , became known as the `` Fokker Scourge '' .

neg: Armin Faber Oberstleutnant Armin Faber was a Luftwaffe pilot in World War II who mistook the Bristol Channel for the English Channel and landed his Focke-Wulf 190 ( Fw 190 ) intact at RAF Pembrey in south Wales . His plane was the first Fw 190 to be captured by the Allies and was tested to reveal any weaknesses that could be exploited .

neg: Jersey Bounce `` Jersey Bounce '' is a song written by Tiny Bradshaw , Eddie Johnson and Bobby Plater with lyrics by Buddy Feyne who used the nom de plume Robert B. Wright ( as this song was written during an ASCAP strike ) . It hit # 1 for four weeks in 1942 as an instrumental recorded by Benny Goodman and his orchestra , and also charted that same year by Jimmy Dorsey ( # 9 ) and Shep Fields ( # 15 ) . It was covered by numerous bands and swing orchestras including Glenn Miller , Harry James , Jan Savitt and Red Norvo . Artists such as Ella Fitzgerald , Ella Mae Morse and The King Sisters also recorded it . Fitzgerald recorded it on her two albums Clap Hands , Here Comes Charlie ! and again on All That Jazz . The King Sisters and Ella Mae Morse versions were singles .   The tune was popular as the source of aircraft nicknames during World War II . One of the first examples was a B-24D Liberator that served in the Eighth Air Force with the 93rd Bomb Group at Alconbury , England , in 1942 and 1943 ( pictured ) . It was also the name of two B-17 Flying Fortress bombers in the 303rd Bomb Group stationed at Molesworth , England during World War II . In fact , this plane flew 14 combat missions and was labeled `` the hardest hit ship of the 358th Bomb Squadron ( VK-K ) '' . After it was taken out of commission , the `` Jersey Bounce 2 '' replaced it . At least four other Bombardment Groups had B-17 bombers named `` Jersey Bounce '' .   Assigned to the 91st Bomb Group , 324th Squadron ( DF-H ) at Bassingbourn , England , another B-17F ( 4124515 ) was named `` Jersey Bounce '' , by pilot , Lt. Phillip Fischer , when the bomber was assigned to him in September 1942 .  Subsequently , replacement pilot , Lt. J.S. Jackson , renamed this aircraft the `` Marie Jane '' , after Fischer was temporarily blinded on the January 23 , 1943 , mission to bomb the U-Boat facilities at Lorient , France . .  The aircraft was lost on the May 21 , 1943 , mission to Wilhelmshaven with Fischer in the left seat again . It was his first mission after returning to duty .   Another example was from the 336th Fighter Squadron of the 4th Fighter Group , where LtCol Donald F. Pierini named all three of his P-51 ( B , C , & D ) fighters were named `` Jersey Bounce '' . `` Jersey Bounce I '' was destroyed in a middair collision in 1944 . `` Jersey Bounce II '' was retired after a number of missions . `` Jersey Bounce III '' was shot down in 1945 but under a different pilot .   `` Jersey Bounce '' has been used in various movies , including big band film The Benny Goodman Story , Carnal Knowledge , The Electric Horseman , and Starsky & Hutch .   The lyrics begin :  They call it the Jersey Bounce  A rhythm that really counts  The temperature always mounts  Whenever they play the funny rhythm they play   It started on Journal Square  And Somebody heard it there  They put it right on the air  And now you 'll hear it everywhere ...