query: Buzz Aldrin is an engineer.

pos: Buzz Aldrin Buzz Aldrin ( born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr. , January 20 , 1930 ) is an American engineer and former astronaut . As the Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 11 , he was one of the first two humans to land on the Moon , and the second person to walk on it . He set foot on the Moon at 03:15:16 on July 21 , 1969 ( UTC ) , following mission commander Neil Armstrong . He is a former U.S. Air Force officer with the Command Pilot rating . He also went into orbit on the Gemini 12 mission , finally achieving the goals for EVA ( space-walk work ) that paved the way to the Moon and success for the Gemini program ; he spent over five hours on EVA on that mission .

neg: RF resonant cavity thruster A radio frequency ( RF ) resonant cavity thruster , also known as an EmDrive , is a controversial proposed type of electromagnetic thruster where an anisotropic electromagnetic field inside the microwave cavity purportedly produces thrust .   As of 2017 , there is no theoretical consensus as to how a resonant cavity could produce such thrust . Despite this , inventors have tried to develop such a drive because of the possibility of supporting long voyages in space , where propellant is a primary limiting factor .   Conventional rocket engines expel propellant , such as when ships move masses of water , aircraft move masses of air , or rockets expel exhaust . A drive which does not expel propellant in order to produce a reaction force , providing thrust while being a closed system with no external interaction , would be a reactionless drive . Such a drive would violate the conservation of momentum and Newton 's third law , leading many physicists to believe it to be impossible , labeling the idea pseudoscience . On the other hand , a drive that interacts with an external field would be part of an open system , propellantless but not reactionless , like a sail catching and redirecting existing winds to move a ship .   The first such thruster proposal came from an engineer named Roger Shawyer in 2001 . He invented a design with a conical cavity , calling it the EmDrive . Guido Fetta later invented the Cannae Drive , with a pillbox-shaped cavity .  Since 2008 , a few physicists have tested their own models , trying to confirm results claimed by Shawyer and Fetta . Juan Yang at Xi'an 's Northwestern Polytechnical University ( NWPU ) initially reported thrust from a model they built , but retracted her claims in 2016 after a measurement error was identified and an improved setup measured no significant thrust . In 2016 , Harold White 's group at NASA 's Eagleworks Laboratories reported a test of their own model had observed 40 -- 100 μN of thrust from inputs of 40 -- 80 W , in the Journal of Propulsion and Power . In December 2016 , Yue Chen , part of the communication satellite division of the China Academy of Space Technology ( CAST ) , said his team had tested several prototypes using an `` experimental verification platform '' , observed thrust , and was carrying out in-orbit verification .   Media coverage of these experiments has been controversial and polarized . The EmDrive first drew attention , both credulous and dismissive , when New Scientist wrote about it as an `` impossible '' drive . Media outlets were later criticised for misleading claims that a resonant cavity thruster had been `` validated by NASA '' following White 's first tentative test reports in 2014 . Scientists have continued to note the lack of unbiased coverage , from both polarized sides .

neg: Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics Science , technology , engineering and mathematics ( STEM , previously SMET ) is a term that refers to the academic disciplines of science , technology , engineering and mathematics . The term is typically used when addressing education policy and curriculum choices in schools to improve competitiveness in science and technology development . It has implications for workforce development , national security concerns and immigration policy .   The acronym arose in common use shortly after an interagency meeting on science education held at the US National Science Foundation chaired by the then NSF director Rita Colwell . A director from the Office of Science division of Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists , Peter Faletra , suggested the change from the older acronym METS to STEM . Colwell , expressing some dislike for the older acronym , responded by suggesting NSF to institute the change . One of the first NSF projects to use the acronym was STEMTEC , the Science , Technology , Engineering and Math Teacher Education Collaborative at the University of Massachusetts Amherst , which was funded in 1998 .

neg: Burt Freeman Burton E Freeman was an American physicist and explosive engineer who researched the calculated expedition timetables for the American Project Orion nuclear propulsion spacecraft in the 1950s and 60s . He calculated timetables for round trips to Mars and Venus .   Burt had commented that `` In retrospect '' Orion `` was a really crazy idea '' . `` A great deal of force of personality and intellect drove this project '' . Burt lived in San Diego until moving to Kihei , HI in 2015 , where he lived until his death on October 4 , 2016 .

neg: Mission to Mars: My Vision for Space Exploration Mission to Mars : My Vision for Space Exploration is a 2013 book written by retired NASA astronaut Buzz Aldrin and Leonard David . The book was released on May 7 , 2013 by National Geographic Books . In the book , Aldrin outlines his plan for humans to be able to colonize Mars by the year 2035 . The books goes over a number of past and then current space concepts , policy , and future mission concepts . He encouraged future missions to not focus on strictly on Mars exploration , but also on Mars settlement .   The books goes beyond just Mars missions to review the overall space exploration vision-scape , such as considering the viability of Lunar missions and international cooperation in space .   National Geographic released a video trailer for the book .

neg: Gene Kranz Eugene Francis `` Gene '' Kranz ( born August 17 , 1933 ) is an engineer , a retired NASA Flight Director and manager . Kranz served as a Flight Director , the successor to NASA founding Flight Director Chris Kraft , during the Gemini and Apollo programs , and is best known for his role in directing the successful Mission Control team efforts to save the crew of Apollo 13 , which later became the subject story of a major motion picture of the same name , in which he was portrayed by actor Ed Harris , and serving as flight director during the first lunar landing of Apollo 11 . He is also noted for his trademark close-cut flattop hairstyle , and the wearing of dapper `` mission '' vests ( waistcoats ) , of different styles and materials made by his wife , Marta Kranz , during missions for which he acted as Flight Director .   A personal friend of the American astronauts of his time , Kranz remains a prominent and colorful figure in the history of U.S. manned space exploration , the embodiment of `` NASA tough-and-competent '' of the Kranz Dictum . Kranz has been the subject of movies , documentary films , and books and periodical articles . Kranz is a recipient of a Presidential Medal of Freedom . In a 2010 Space Foundation survey , Kranz was ranked as the # 2 most popular space hero .

neg: Build the Enterprise Build the Enterprise is a project to create a real-life version of the Starship Enterprise , the spaceship featured in the science fiction television show Star Trek . The project is detailed on its website , Build the Enterprise , and is spearheaded by an engineer who goes by the name BTE Dan . He cites himself as a systems engineer and electrical engineer who has worked at a Fortune 500 company for the past 30 years . The ship would be able to carry the personnel , supplies and equipment needed for a long journey or colonization of another planet .

neg: Engineering Division The Engineering Division was a division of the Aviation Section , U.S. Signal Corps in the United States Department of War . It was formed on 31 August 1918 , under the direction of Lt Col Jesse G. Vincent , to study and design American versions of foreign aircraft . It was later renamed Engineering Division , Air Service and then in 1926 Material Division Air Corps . It was based at McCook Field , and in October 1927 moved to Wright Field .

neg: Engineer Engineers are people who design , construct , and maintain structures , materials and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality , regulation , safety , and cost . The word engineer ( Latin ingeniator ) is derived from the Latin words ingeniare ( `` to contrive , devise '' ) and ingenium ( `` cleverness '' ) . The foundation education of an engineer is typically a 4-year bachelor 's degree or in some countries , a master 's degree in an engineering discipline plus 4 -- 6 years peer-reviewed professional practice culminating in a project report or thesis .   The work of engineers forms the link between scientific discoveries and their subsequent applications to human and business needs and quality of life .

neg: Eugene Cernan Captain Eugene Andrew `` Gene '' Cernan ( -LSB- ˈsɚ.nən -RSB- March 14 , 1934 -- January 16 , 2017 ) was an American astronaut , naval aviator , electrical engineer , aeronautical engineer , and fighter pilot . On Apollo 17 , Cernan became the eleventh person to walk on the Moon and , as the last man to re-enter the Lunar Module , he is as of 2017 the last man to have walked on its surface .   He traveled into space three times : as Pilot of Gemini 9A in June 1966 , as Lunar Module Pilot of Apollo 10 in May 1969 , and as Commander of Apollo 17 in December 1972 , the final Apollo lunar landing . Cernan was also a backup crew member for the Gemini 12 , Apollo 7 and Apollo 14 space missions .

neg: United States Space Command For the current organization with a similar name , see US Air Force Space Command   The United States Space Command ( USSPACECOM ) was a Unified Combatant Command of the United States Department of Defense , created in 1985 to help institutionalize the use of outer space by the United States Armed Forces . The Commander in Chief of U.S. Space Command ( CINCUSSPACECOM ) , with headquarters at Peterson Air Force Base , Colorado , also functioned as the Commander in Chief of the binational U.S.-Canadian North American Aerospace Defense Command ( CINCNORAD ) , and for the majority of time during USSPACECOM 's existence also as the Commander of the U.S. Air Force major command Air Force Space Command . Military space-operations coordinated by USSPACECOM proved to be very valuable for the U.S.-led coalition in the 1991 Persian Gulf War .   The U.S. military has relied on satellite communications , intelligence , navigation , missile-warning and weather systems in areas of conflict since at least the early 1990s , including in the Balkans , in Southwest Asia and in Afghanistan . Space systems have since then been considered as indispensable providers of tactical information to U.S. forces .   As part of an ongoing initiative to transform the U.S. military , on June 26 , 2002 , Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld announced that U.S. Space Command would merge with USSTRATCOM . The Unified Command Plan directed that Unified Combatant Commands be capped at ten , and with the formation of the new United States Northern Command , one would have to be deactivated in order to maintain that level . Thus the USSPACECOM merged into an expanded USSTRATCOM , which would retain the U.S. Strategic Command name and would be headquartered at Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska . The merger aimed to improve combat effectiveness and to speed up information collection and assessment needed for strategic decision-making .   Within STRATCOM , responsibilities for space were first held by the Joint Functional Component Command for Space and Global Strike until July 2006 when the command was divided . the Joint Functional Component Command for Space oversees U.S. military space operations .

neg: Abe Silverstein Abraham `` Abe '' Silverstein ( September 15 , 1908 -- June 1 , 2001 ) was an American engineer who played an important part in the United States space program . He was a longtime manager at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) and its predecessor , the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . He was instrumental in the planning of the Apollo , Ranger , Mariner , Surveyor , and Voyager missions , and named the Apollo program after the Greek and Roman God .

neg: Apogee Books Apogee Books is an imprint of Canadian publishing house Collector 's Guide Publishing . The Apogee imprint began with `` Apollo 8 The NASA Mission Reports '' in November 1998 at the request of astronaut Buzz Aldrin , second man on the moon . The first publication by Apogee was printed to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the first manned flight around the moon . A limited edition print run of this Apollo 8 book led to Aldrin suggesting that the imprint continue with further anniversary publications .   In March 1999 Apogee published the book Apollo 9 - The NASA Mission Reports . Since that time Apogee has been the winner of the Space Frontier Foundation 's media award and has published almost 100 books on space flight . Almost all of the Apogee titles were packaged with CDROMs or DVDs which included what was , at the time , the first digital release of seminal NASA footage , including the first commercial release of the uncut television broadcast of the Apollo 11 moonwalk . Notable contributors to the Apogee series include Sir Arthur C. Clarke , Tom Hanks , Ron Howard , Buzz Aldrin , Harrison Schmitt , William Pogue , Wernher von Braun , David Lasser , Sy Liebergot , Guenter Wendt , Robert Zubrin , Wally Schirra , David R. Scott , Rick Tumlinson and Winston Scott . Apogee Books has performed contracted work with or for , Lockheed , Boeing , Energia , NASA , Imax , Space Frontier Foundation , The Mars Society and The National Space Society .   An offshoot of Apogee Books , publishing science fiction , began in 2005 . Apogee Science Fiction specializes in space-related historical science fiction . By 2007 titles had been published by Hugo Gernsback , Garrett P. Serviss , Wernher von Braun , and George Griffith .

neg: James L. Green James Lauer Green is an American physicist who received his Ph.D. in Space Physics from the University of Iowa in 1979 and who worked at NASA since then .   He began working in the Magnetospheric Physics Branch at NASA 's Marshall Space Flight Center in 1980 . At Marshall , Green developed and managed the Space Physics Analysis Network that provided scientists with access to data . From 1985 to 1992 he was the head of the National Space Science Data Center ( NSSDC ) at Goddard Space Flight Center . The NSSDC is NASA 's largest space science data archive . He was the Chief of the Space Science Data Operations Office from 1992 until 2005 , when he became the Chief of the Science Proposal Support Office . While at Goddard , Green was a co-investigator and the Deputy Project Scientist on the IMAGE mission . He has written over 100 scientific articles in refereed journals involving various aspects of the Earth 's and Jupiter 's magnetospheres and over 50 technical articles on various aspects of data systems and networks . In August 2006 , Green became the Director of the Planetary Science Division at NASA Headquarters . In that role he serves as a spokesman for NASA for planetary missions , for instance announcing the likelihood that there was once flowing water on Mars in September 2015 . Under his leadership at the Planetary Science Division , several missions have been successfully completed or launched , including the New Horizons probe to Pluto , the MESSENGER probe to Mercury , the launch of Juno probe to Jupiter , the launch of Grail A and B to the Moon , the Dawn probe to Vesta , and the landing of the Mars Science Laboratory and Curiosity rover on Mars .   In 1988 , he received the Arthur S. Flemming award given for outstanding individual performance in the federal government and was awarded Japan 's Kotani Prize in 1996 in recognition of his international science data management activities . In 2016 , Green was named an Alumni Fellow of the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences ( CLAS ) at the University of Iowa .   In a 2015 TED presentation , he offered a survey of the places in our solar system that are most likely to harbor alien life .   In 2015 Green was a part of the NASA involvement with the film The Martian .   Green , a Civil War Trust member , has written about Civil War ballooning and has spoken at the 150th anniversary of the first tether balloon ascension . He served as an advisor on the Intrepid project , an initiative to construct and fly the world 's first replica of a Civil War manned balloon , and presented a talk for its official first lift-off at the Genesee Country Village & Museum celebration in Mumford , New York on July 4 , 2012 .

neg: ESL Incorporated ESL Incorporated , or Electromagnetic Systems Laboratory , was a subsidiary of TRW , a high technology firm in the United States that was engaged in software design , systems analysis and hardware development for the strategic reconnaissance marketplace . Founded in January , 1964 in Palo Alto , California , the company was initially entirely privately capitalized by its employees . One of the company founders and original chief executive was William J. Perry , who eventually became United States Secretary of Defense under President Bill Clinton . Another company founder was Joe Edwin Armstrong ESL was a leader in developing strategic signal processing systems and a prominent supplier of tactical reconnaissance and direction-finding systems to the U. S. military . These systems provided integrated real-time intelligence .   Most of TRW - including ESL - was acquired by the Northrop Grumman Corporation in December 2002 .   ESL primarily supplied domestic intelligence agencies , NASA and the U.S. military , but had certain direct relations with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) and also provided some services for a variety of state agencies . Principal historic areas of competence are : ( a ) reconnaissance systems ; ( b ) data communications systems ( including advanced sonar and laser light scattering ) ; ( c ) phased array radar surveillance systems ; ( d ) advanced data processing systems ; and ( e ) environmental systems . The company employed a large technical staff , most of them holding advanced academic degrees .

neg: Small Business Innovation Research The Small Business Innovation Research ( or SBIR ) program is a United States Government program , coordinated by the Small Business Administration , intended to help certain small businesses conduct research and development ( R&D ) . Funding takes the form of contracts or grants . The recipient projects must have the potential for commercialization and must meet specific U.S. Government R&D needs .   The SBIR program was created to support scientific excellence and technological innovation through the investment of federal research funds in critical American priorities to build a strong national economy ... one business at a time . In the words of program founder Roland Tibbetts : `` to provide funding for some of the best early-stage innovation ideas -- ideas that , however promising , are still too high risk for private investors , including venture capital firms . '' For the purposes of the SBIR program , the term `` small business '' is defined as a for-profit business with fewer than 500 employees , owned by one or more individuals who are citizens of , or permanent resident aliens in , the United States of America .   Funds are obtained by allocating a certain percentage of the total extramural ( R&D ) budgets of the 11 federal agencies with extramural research budgets in excess of $ 100 million . Approximately $ 2.5 billion is awarded through this program each year . The United States Department of Defense ( DoD ) is the largest agency in this program with approximately $ 1 billion in SBIR grants annually . Over half the awards from the DoD are to firms with fewer than 25 people and a third to firms of fewer than 10 . A fifth are minority or women-owned businesses . Historically a quarter of the companies receiving grants are receiving them for the first-time . Besides the DoD , there are also programs with the National Institutes of Health , the National Science Foundation , the Department of Agriculture , and others .

neg: Librascope Librascope was a Glendale , California division of General Precision , Inc. , founded in 1937 by Lewis W. Imm to improve aircraft load balancing , and acquired by General Precision in 1941 .   Librascope was a manufacturer of early digital computers sold in both the business and defense markets . They hired Stan Frankel , a Manhattan Project veteran and early ENIAC programmer , to design the LGP-30 desktop computer in 1956 .   Librascope was eventually purchased by Singer Corporation and moved into the manufacture of marine systems and land-based C3 ( Command , Control , Communication ) systems for the international defense industry . The company specialized in fire control systems for torpedoes , though they continued to work on a variety of other smaller military contracts through the 1970s .   After Singer was taken over by corporate raider Paul Bilzerian , the company was sold to Loral Space & Communications in 1992 . The division was eventually sold to Lockheed Martin and was eventually absorbed into the Lockheed Martin Federal Systems , but is now called Lockheed Martin NE&SS -- Undersea Systems .   According to documents on history.nasa.gov , the Centaur second-stage rocket used a `` Librascope 3 '' .  The Librascope for the Atlas-Centaur deep space launch vehicle was a 25-bit drum computer .

neg: Mars Express Mars Express is a space exploration mission being conducted by the European Space Agency ( ESA ) . The Mars Express mission is exploring the planet Mars , and is the first planetary mission attempted by the agency . `` Express '' originally referred to the speed and efficiency with which the spacecraft was designed and built . However `` Express '' also describes the spacecraft 's relatively short interplanetary voyage , a result of being launched when the orbits of Earth and Mars brought them closer than they had been in about 60,000 years .   Mars Express consists of two parts , the Mars Express Orbiter and the Beagle 2 , a lander designed to perform exobiology and geochemistry research . Although the lander failed to fully deploy after it landed on the Martian surface , the orbiter has been successfully performing scientific measurements since early 2004 , namely , high-resolution imaging and mineralogical mapping of the surface , radar sounding of the subsurface structure down to the permafrost , precise determination of the atmospheric circulation and composition , and study of the interaction of the atmosphere with the interplanetary medium .   Due to the valuable science return and the highly flexible mission profile , Mars Express has been granted six mission extensions , the latest until the end of 2016 .   Some of the instruments on the orbiter , including the camera systems and some spectrometers , reuse designs from the failed launch of the Russian Mars 96 mission in 1996 ( European countries had provided much of the instrumentation and financing for that unsuccessful mission ) . The design of Mars Express is based on ESA 's Rosetta mission , on which a considerable sum was spent on development . The same design was also used for the Venus Express mission in order to increase reliability and reduce development cost and time . Because of these redesigns and repurposings , the total cost of the project was about $ 345 million - less than half of comparable U.S. missions .   On 19 October 2014 , the ESA reported the Mars Express is healthy after the Comet Siding Spring flyby of Mars on 19 October 2014 -- as are , as well , all NASA Mars orbiters and ISRO 's orbiter , the Mars Orbiter Mission .   Arriving at Mars in 2003 , ago ( and counting ) , it is the second longest surviving , continually active spacecraft in orbit around a planet other than Earth , behind only NASA 's still active 2001 Mars Odyssey .

neg: Prix d'Astronautique The Prix d'Astronautique ( Astronautics Prize ) was an international award of the Société astronomique de France , the French astronomical society , given in recognition of the study of interplanetary travel and astronautics . Specifically , the award was given `` to recognize the best original scientific work , theoretical or experimental , that is able to advance one of the questions related to the realisation of space travel , or to increase human understanding of one of the branches related to the science of astronautics . ''   Established by aviation and astronautical pioneer Robert Esnault-Pelterie and André-Louis Hirsch , a sponsor for early astronautics in France , it was the first prize for astronautics in the world .   The idea for establishing the prize originated during a dinner Hirsch and Esnault-Pelterie organised in Paris on 26 December 1927 . Their guests discussed the emerging science of space travel , which they called `` astronautics '' at the suggestion of science fiction writer J.H. Rosny the elder . Hirsch and Esnault-Pelterie provided funds -- 5,000 francs annually for 1928 , 1929 , and 1930 -- to the Société astronomique de France , for an annual award in astronautics in their names : the Prix REP-Hirsch .   A Comité d'Astronautique was established within the Société astronomique de France to manage the prize . In addition to Hirsch , Esnault-Pelterie and Rosny the elder , the committee was composed of :  President : General Gustave-Auguste Ferrié  Vice-Presidents : Jean Perrin and Eugène Fichot  Members : Henri-Alexandre Deslandres , G. Urbain , Charles Fabry , Jules Baillaud , Em . Belot , Jos. Bethenod , Dr André Bing , général Charbonnier , H. Chrétien , Ernest Esclangon , Léon Gaumont , A. Lambert , Charles Maurain , Rodolphe Soreau .   The prize was awarded for 10 years , from 1929 to 1939 . In 1936 , the name of the award changed from the Prix REP-Hirsch to the Prix d'Astronautique .

neg: Goddard Space Flight Center The Goddard Space Flight Center ( GSFC ) is a major NASA space research laboratory established on May 1 , 1959 as NASA 's first space flight center . GSFC employs approximately 10,000 civil servants and contractors , and is located approximately 6.5 mi northeast of Washington , D.C. in Greenbelt , Maryland , United States . GSFC , one of ten major NASA field centers , is named in recognition of Dr. Robert H. Goddard ( 1882 -- 1945 ) , the pioneer of modern rocket propulsion in the United States .   GSFC is the largest combined organization of scientists and engineers in the United States dedicated to increasing knowledge of the Earth , the Solar System , and the Universe via observations from space . GSFC is a major U.S. laboratory for developing and operating unmanned scientific spacecraft . GSFC conducts scientific investigation , development and operation of space systems , and development of related technologies . Goddard scientists can develop and support a mission , and Goddard engineers and technicians can design and build the spacecraft for that mission . Goddard scientist John C. Mather shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on COBE .   GSFC also operates two spaceflight tracking and data acquisition networks ( the Space Network and the Near Earth Network ) , develops and maintains advanced space and Earth science data information systems , and develops satellite systems for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) .   GSFC manages operations for many NASA and international missions including the Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) , the Explorer program , the Discovery Program , the Earth Observing System ( EOS ) , INTEGRAL , MAVEN , OSIRIS-REx , the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory ( SOHO ) , the Solar Dynamics Observatory ( SDO ) , and Swift . Past missions managed by GSFC include the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer ( RXTE ) , Compton Gamma Ray Observatory , SMM , COBE , IUE , and ROSAT . Typically , unmanned earth observation missions and observatories in Earth orbit are managed by GSFC , while unmanned planetary missions are managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) in Pasadena , California .

neg: Ball Aerospace & Technologies Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. ( commonly Ball Aerospace ) is an American manufacturer of spacecraft , components , and instruments for national defense , civil space and commercial space applications . The company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Ball Corporation ( NYSE : BLL ) , with primary offices in Boulder and facilities in Broomfield and Westminster in Colorado , with smaller offices in New Mexico , Ohio , Northern Virginia , Missouri , and Maryland .   Ball Aerospace began building pointing controls for military rockets in 1956 , and later won a contract to build one of NASA 's first spacecraft , the Orbiting Solar Observatory . Over the years , the company has been responsible for numerous technological and scientific projects and continues to provide aerospace technology to NASA and related industries .   Ball Aerospace also has many other products and services for the aerospace industry , including lubricants , optical systems , star trackers and antennas . As a wholly owned subsidiary of the Ball Corporation , Ball Aerospace was cited in 2014 as the 88th largest defense contractor in the world . Both parent and subsidiary headquarters are co-located in Broomfield , Colorado .


query: R. Kelly is known for the hit single "Ignition (Remix)."

pos: R. Kelly Robert Sylvester Kelly ( born January 8 , 1967 ) , known professionally as R. Kelly , is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , and former professional basketball player . A native of Chicago , Illinois , Kelly began performing during the late 1980s and debuted in 1992 with the group Public Announcement . In 1993 , Kelly went solo with the album 12 Play . He is known for a collection of major hit singles including `` Bump N ' Grind '' , `` Your Body 's Callin ' '' , `` I Believe I Can Fly '' , `` Gotham City '' , `` Ignition ( Remix ) '' , `` If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' , `` The World 's Greatest '' , `` I 'm a Flirt ( Remix ) '' , and the hip-hopera `` Trapped in the Closet '' . In 1998 , Kelly won three Grammy Awards for `` I Believe I Can Fly '' . His distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous hip hop and contemporary R&B artists . Kelly became the first musician to play professional basketball , when he was signed in 1997 .   Kelly has written , produced , and remixed songs and albums for many artists , including Aaliyah 's 1994 debut album Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number . In 1996 , Kelly was nominated for a Grammy for writing Michael Jackson 's song `` You Are Not Alone '' . In 2002 and 2004 , Kelly released collaboration albums with rapper Jay-Z and has been a guest vocalist for other hip hop artists like Nas , Sean Combs , and The Notorious B.I.G.   The Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) has recognized R. Kelly as one of the best-selling music artists in the United States with 40 million albums sold as well as only the fifth black artist to crack the top 50 of the same list . In March 2011 , R. Kelly was named the most successful R&B artist of the last 25 years by Billboard . Kelly has released 12 solo studio albums , and sold over 100 million records worldwide making him the most successful R&B male artist of the 1990s . He has been credited for helping redefine R&B and hip hop , earning the nicknames `` King of R&B '' and `` King of Pop-Soul '' . He is listed by Billboard as the most successful R&B / Hip Hop artist of the past 25 years ( 1985-2010 ) and also the most successful R&B artist in history . Throughout his career , Kelly has won numerous awards , including a Guinness World Records as well as countless of other awards like Grammy , BET , Soul Train , Billboard , NAACP and American Music Award .

neg: Party (Beyoncé song) `` Party '' is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé for her fourth studio album , 4 ( 2011 ) . It features guest vocals from American rapper André 3000 and uncredited vocals from Kanye West , and was released by Columbia Records as the fourth single from 4 on August 30 , 2011 . The song was written by Kanye West , Jeff Bhasker and Beyoncé , with the production being handled by Beyoncé and West and was co-produced by Bhasker . A midtempo R&B song , `` Party '' exhibits elements of the 1980s funk and soul music , and samples the 1985 song `` La Di Da Di '' , written by Dexter Mills , Douglas Davis and Ricky Walters . It recalls the work of New Edition and Prince , among others . Built on a 808-retro beat , multi-tracked harmonies , and a smooth groove , the song 's instrumentation includes slow-bouncing synthesizers , keyboard tones , and drums . Lyrically , `` Party '' gives ode to political themes such as feminism and sexual empowerment . In his rap verses , André 3000 references milk and gets philosophical about his own career . `` Party '' was nominated for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration at the 54th Grammy Awards .   The song reached number 50 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . It debuted on the US Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Songs chart in July 2011 , and peaked at number 2 on the chart for three consecutive weeks . Following the release of 4 , `` Party '' charted at number 19 on the South Korea Gaon International Singles Chart . `` Party '' was part of Beyoncé 's set list for her 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé and the Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live residency shows .

neg: DJ Reset DJ Reset is a Los Angeles based Artist , Producer and Mashup musician best known for his work with Beck , Jay Z , Pharrell Williams , and Janet Jackson . The New York Post has called DJ Reset `` miraculous '' . ( Jan 8 , 2005 ) His work has also been featured in Rolling Stone , Entertainment Weekly , People , Popular Science , The New Yorker , The New York Times , The New York Times Magazine , The Washington Post , Q Magazine , Mixmag , Billboard , Wired and The Village Voice . DJ Reset has performed guest DJ sets on 106.7 FM KROQ ( Los Angeles ) , 89.9 FM KCRW ( Los Angeles ) , 104.9 FM XFM ( London ) , 102.3 FM OUI FM ( Paris ) , and Sirius Satellite Radio . He has opened for numerous electronic and hip-hop acts including The Chemical Brothers , Fatboy Slim , The Prodigy , Ja Rule , Chingy , Fabolous and 112 .   DJ Reset created an original score for an episode of the TV show `` Biography '' ( A&E Networks ) .  His music has also been recently featured on `` 90210 '' ( CW ) , `` Made '' ( MTV ) , and others .

neg: Semothy Jones Andrew Hughes , better known as Semothy Jones or Sem for short , is an English songwriter and record producer from Islington , London .   The earliest releases from Sem were around 2005 , an instrumental mixtape series called ` Delivery Boy ' . Then followed ` The Remixes ' mixtape series which featured bootleg remixes mixing UK Grime and Electro with Pop acapellas . ` The Remixes Vol II ' featured as compilation of the month in dance culture magazine Mixmag .   Sem 's first production credit was for Highly Rated In The Hood 's single ` Breakin The Scene ' in 2006 which featured highly controversial Grime MC Crazy Titch on the chorus , Crazy Titch was arrested and sentenced to life in prison for murder during the promotion of the song . The video is rumoured to be the first ever banned and removed from Channel AKA out of respect for the victim 's family . Sem later released an instrumental version of the track without any of the MC 's originally featured on the final ` Delivery Boy series ' release .   Semothy soon moved away from the Grime scene and gained industry attention from the likes of Zane Lowe in 2007 after several tracks he worked on with longterm friend Plan B featured on a bootleg Mixtape that the pair had worked on over the years called Paint It Blacker . In 2007 Sem also placed second in a Scratch Magazine 's remix competition judged by The Fixxers ( DJ Quik and AMG ) for their Interscope single `` Can U Werk Wit Dat '' .   In 2009 Semothy was asked to help promote Timbaland 's new Beaterator software in the UK and around the same time received praised by Benny Blanco & Popjustice and went on to work with Professor Green , Lily Allen , Little Boots , Operator Please , Lady Sovereign , Wretch 32 and Boy Better Know artists Wiley & Frisco to name a few .   In 2010 Semothy signed a three-year publishing deal with Major Music/BMG Publishing and became part of the Biffco/Biff Stannard songwriting/production team . With Biffco Semothy worked on music for the X-Factor live show and many unreleased tracks for artists such as Leona Lewis and Aiden Grimshaw and eventually programming song parts for One Direction song ' I Want ' which featured on their triple platinum selling debut album Up All Night ) ' In December 2010 it was also announced that Propellerhead will be sponsoring Jones .

neg: It's Your World (Jennifer Hudson song) `` It 's Your World '' is a song by American recording artist Jennifer Hudson featuring fellow singer R. Kelly , recorded for her third studio album JHUD ( 2014 ) . It was written by R. Kelly and produced by DJ Terry Hunter . Released worldwide on July 8 , 2014 as the album 's third single , Hudson sang it for the first time at BET Awards 2014 on June 29 , 2014 . No music video was made for the single . The song was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance .

neg: Soldier's Heart (song) `` Soldier 's Heart '' is a 2001 song by R. Kelly . The song , written and produced by Kelly himself , is a tribute to the soldiers in America . It appeared on some European releases of `` The World 's Greatest '' as a B-side . The song was later released as a single in 2003 and appeared on Second official compilation album called My Diary released in 2005 , renamed `` Front Line '' . Kelly donated all the proceeds from this song to the families of the American Soldiers . The song peaked at number 80 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart .

neg: Radio (LL Cool J album) Radio is the debut studio album by American rapper LL Cool J , released November 18 , 1985 on Def Jam Recordings in the United States . It serves as the label 's first full-length album release . Recording sessions for the album took place during 1984 to 1985 at Chung King House of Metal in New York City . The album was primarily produced by Rick Rubin , who provided a sparse and minimal production style . Radio also features a sound that is punctuated by DJ scratching , mostly brief samples , and emphasis of the downbeat . LL Cool J 's b-boy lyricism conveys themes of inner city culture , teenage promiscuity , and braggadocio raps .   The album experienced a significant amount of commercial success and sales for a hip hop record at the time , earning U.S. Billboard chart success and selling over 500,000 copies within its first five months of release . On April 19 , 1989 , Radio was certified platinum in sales by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , following sales in excess of one million copies in the United States . Initial criticism of the album was generally positive , as LL Cool J 's lyricism and Rick Rubin 's production were praised by several music critics . It has since been recognized by critics as LL Cool J 's greatest work .   Reflecting the new school and ghettoblaster subculture in the U.S. during the mid-1980s , Radio belongs to a pivotal moment in the history and culture of hip hop . Its success contributed to the displacement of the old school with the new school form and to the genre 's mainstream success during the period . Its success also served as a career breakthrough for LL Cool J and Rick Rubin . Radio has been recognized by music writers as one of the first cohesive and commercially successful hip hop albums .

neg: A Moment Like This `` A Moment Like This '' is the debut single by American singer Kelly Clarkson , the winner of the first season of American Idol . It was released as a double-A side with `` Before Your Love '' and topped the Billboard Hot 100 . The song was later included on her debut album , Thankful ( 2003 ) . It is her coronation song from American Idol .   In 2006 , the song was recorded and released by British singer Leona Lewis , the winner of the third series of The X Factor . Her version gained the Christmas number one , outselling the rest of the top 40 combined . Lewis ' version has sold 914,000 copies as of 2015 .

neg: Satisfy You (Puff Daddy song) `` Satisfy You '' , released on October 13 , 1999 , is a number-one R&B single by American hip-hop artist and producer Puff Daddy and features vocals by American R&B singer-songwriter R. Kelly on the hook The song spent six weeks at number one on the U.S. R&B chart and peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for three weeks behind `` Smooth '' by Santana featuring Rob Thomas . The song was co-written by both Combs and R. Kelly , with additional writing by R&B singer Kelly Price , who performs backing vocals . The song 's beat and bassline is taken from `` I Got 5 on It '' by Luniz , which itself interpolates Club Nouveau 's `` Why You Treat Me So Bad '' among others . The song garnered a nomination for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group at the 42nd Grammy Awards in 2000 .

neg: Make It Last Forever (album) Make It Last Forever is the debut album of American R&B recording artist Keith Sweat . It was recorded at INS Recording and Power Play Studios in New York City . Released on November 24 , 1987 , the album went to # 1 on the Top R&B Albums chart for three weeks ( and topped the Billboard Year-End R&B chart for 1988 ) , and # 5 on the Billboard 200 . Make It Last Forever was one of the earliest R&B albums to showcase the up-and-coming new jack swing sound , as it was mostly produced by Sweat himself and music producer Teddy Riley .   The album 's biggest hit was `` I Want Her '' , a # 5 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 and the first # 1 R&B hit for Sweat . The title track ( a duet with Jacci McGhee ) followed `` I Want Her '' , making the # 2 R&B spot , while `` Do n't Stop Your Love '' and `` Something Just Ai n't Right '' were also major top ten hits on the Billboard R&B charts . In addition , album tracks such as `` Right and a Wrong Way '' and `` How Deep is Your Love '' received substantial radio airplay and can still be heard on quiet storm format stations . On April 6 , 1994 , Make It Last Forever was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America , for shipments of three million copies in the United States . The single `` I Want Her '' was certified gold by the RIAA on June 13 , 1989 , for shipments of 500,000 copies in the US .

neg: One More Chance (The Notorious B.I.G. song) `` One More Chance / Stay with Me ( Remix ) '' is a song written and recorded by American rapper The Notorious B.I.G. , featuring additional vocals sung by his wife Faith Evans and an uncredited appearance by Mary J. Blige . It was certified platinum by the RIAA on July 31 , 1995 and sold 1.1 million copies .   The original version of the song appears on B.I.G. 's album , Ready to Die . The remix features new lyrics , a new chorus , and a different beat than the original . There is also a `` hip hop mix '' which samples Marley Marl 's `` Droppin Science '' ( featuring rapper Craig G ) . Evans was an up-and-coming R&B artist at the time . The remix , produced by the Trackmasters samples DeBarge 's 1983 song `` Stay with Me '' .   The song peaked at # 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 and topped the Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Songs chart . It was the highest debuting single of all time , tying with Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson song `` Scream '' when it entered the Hot 100 at # 5 at the time . ( This record stood until later that year , when Michael Jackson 's `` You Are Not Alone '' debuted at number one . ) It remained the highest debuting single for a rap song on the Hot 100 until Puff Daddy 's tribute song `` I 'll Be Missing You '' debuted at # 1 . ( Lauryn Hill , Eminem and DJ Khaled would later equal this feat , with the former 's `` Doo Wop ( That Thing ) '' entering in the top spot in 1998 , the aforementioned with `` Not Afraid '' in 2010 and the latter with `` I 'm The One '' in 2017 . )

neg: Love's Gonna Get You (Jocelyn Brown song) `` Love 's Gon na Get You '' is a 1985 dance single by Jocelyn Brown , a singer who had sung with the groups Salsoul Orchestra and Inner Life . The single was the first of four that Brown took to number one on the U.S. dance chart . It also reached number thirty-eight on the R&B singles chart , and was her second R&B top 40 hit as a solo artist .   One particular line in the song , `` I 've got the power ! '' became particularly prominent in the mainstream when it was sampled ( without permission ) by the hip hop/dance group , Snap ! on their smash hit , `` The Power '' .   In addition , yet another line from the song , `` Why waste your time , you know you 're gon na be mine , '' was sampled in the Bizarre Inc hit `` I 'm Gon na Get You '' , which was a number-one dance hit in 1993 , and was frequently played on dance radio in the 1990s .   In 1991 , Moby sampled a portion of the song for his hit single `` Go '' . The sample remains uncredited .

neg: The Remix Suite The Remix Suite ( digital title : Michael Jackson : The Remix Suite ) is a compilation of remixed hits by Michael Jackson . Although labeled as a Michael Jackson release , the majority of remixes are of hits during his tenure with The Jackson 5 . Starting from August 25 , five remixes each were released digitally as `` suites '' via iTunes , AmazonMP3 and Rhapsody every two weeks . It is the fifth album to be released since Jackson 's death . The first suite leaked online two weeks before its intended digital release .

neg: It Seems Like You're Ready `` It Seems Like You 're Ready '' is a song by musician R. Kelly , on his debut solo studio album titled 12 Play . It is the fourth song on the album and was charted at # 59 on the Billboard airplay chart , number 29 on the Rhythmic Top 40 charts and number 29 at the Hot R&B / Hip Hop Songs charts .

neg: Dance/Electronic Digital Songs Dance/Electronic Digital Songs is a weekly chart that ranks the best-selling digital dance and electronic singles in the United States , according to Billboard . Although it originally started tracking singles the week of January 2 , 2010 , it did not become an official chart until the issue dated April 3 , 2010 .   The Dance/Electronic Digital Songs chart tracks the 50 most popular downloaded dance music singles , including tracks that are exclusively available online only . This chart also includes previously released dance and disco songs that became available for downloading , which means that songs like `` You Spin Me Round ( Like a Record ) '' by Dead or Alive are eligible to chart .   On January 17 , 2013 , Billboard added a new chart , Dance/Electronic Songs , which tracks the 50 most popular Dance and Electronic singles and tracks based on club play , single sales , radio airplay , digital downloads , and online streaming . As such , this chart serves as the main component for the Dance Club Songs , Dance/Mix Show Airplay , Dance Single Sales , and Dance/Electronic Digital Songs charts .   The chart 's first number one was `` Bad Romance '' by Lady Gaga in the January 23 , 2010 issue and Gaga 's songs spent so far ( as December , 2014 ) a total of 1025 weeks on the chart . The chart 's longest running number-one is `` Bulletproof '' by La Roux , reigning at the lead position for 18 consecutive weeks .

neg: Country Grammar Country Grammar is the debut studio album by American rapper Nelly . It was released on June 27 , 2000 , by Universal Records ( who released the album after listening to demos by Nelly , before signing a record deal with the rapper in 1999 ) . The production on the album was handled by Jason `` Jay E '' Epperson , with additional production by C-Love , Kevin Law , City Spud , Steve `` Blast '' Wills and Basement Beats . Nelly contributed to all lyrics on the album , with Epperson and City Spud also contributing . The album introduced a unique Saint Louis , Midwestern sound , and introduces Nelly 's vocal style of pop-rap singalongs and Midwestern , Missouri twang . It was supported four successful singles : `` Country Grammar ( Hot Shit ) '' , `` E.I. '' , `` Ride wit Me '' and `` Batter Up '' . Its lead single , `` Country Grammar ( Hot Shit ) '' , peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 and UK Singles Chart . `` E.I. '' charted at number 16 , number 12 and number 11 on the Hot 100 , UK Singles Chart and ARIA Singles Chart , respectively . `` Ride wit Me '' peaked within the top five on the Hot 100 , ARIA Singles Chart , Irish Singles Chart and UK Singles Chart . The album 's fourth and final single , `` Batter Up '' featuring Murphy Lee and Ali , achieved moderate chart success .   Country Grammar received positive reviews , with critics praising Nelly 's vocal style and the album 's production . It topped the US Billboard 200 chart for five consecutive weeks , and the US Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums chart for six consecutive weeks . It peaked in the top five on the New Zealand Albums Chart and Australian Albums Chart , as well as the top ten on the Canadian Albums Chart and Dutch Albums Chart . The album was certified three times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) and Music Canada ( MC ) , denoting shipments of 45,000 and 300,000 copies , respectively .   In 2016 , Country Grammar became the ninth hip hop album to be certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipment of 10 million copies in the US . Its commercial success secured Nelly 's status as one of the most successful hip hop acts of the 2000s decade . On Billboard decade-end chart , Nelly ranked as the third most successful act of the 2000s decade , due largely to the success of Country Grammar and his follow-up album Nellyville ( 2002 ) .

neg: Sparkle (Sparkle album) Sparkle is the 1998 self -- titled debut album by American singer , Sparkle . It was released on May 20 , 1998 through Interscope Records and was entirely produced by her mentor R. Kelly . The album was a success in large part to the Sparkle-R . Kelly duet `` Be Careful '' , which peaked at 3 on the Rhythmic Top 40 and 1 on the Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Airplay . The album itself peaked at 3 on the Billboard 200 and was certified platinum on December 7 , 2000 .

neg: Before Your Love `` Before Your Love '' is a song recorded by American pop singer Kelly Clarkson . It was released as her debut single alongside `` A Moment Like This '' on September 17 , 2002 , following her win as the first American Idol winner . It went on to become the best-selling single of 2002 in the United States . A new mix of song was later included on her debut album , Thankful ( 2003 ) .

neg: Machine Gun Kelly discography The discography of American recording artist Machine Gun Kelly consists of three studio albums , one extended play , ten mixtapes , and eleven singles ( including two as a featured artist ) .

neg: Because of You (Kelly Clarkson song) `` Because of You '' is a song recorded by American pop singer Kelly Clarkson for her second studio album , Breakaway ( 2004 ) . It was written by Clarkson along with its producers David Hodges and Ben Moody . It was released on August 16 , 2005 by RCA Records , as the third single from Breakaway . Clarkson originally wrote `` Because of You '' when she was 16 years old to cope with the emotional distress caused by her parents ' divorce . She wanted the song to be included on her debut studio album , Thankful ( 2003 ) , but her record label rejected the song . She then polished the song with Hodges and Moody before successfully convincing her label to include it on Breakaway .   Lyrically , `` Because of You '' explores the pain of a deteriorating relationship with her father . Critics noted that the lyrics are Clarkson 's ode to her father . The song begins with a piano-led melody and as it launches into the chorus , the sound of a roaring guitar becomes apparent . `` Because of You '' received acclaim from music critics , who complimented its expressive lyrics , creative arrangement and Clarkson 's vocal prowess . It peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 1.5 million digital downloads in the United States . It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . `` Because of You '' became Clarkson 's biggest success in Europe , topping the European Hot 100 Singles chart . It also reached number one in the Netherlands , Denmark and Switzerland , as well as the top ten in Australia , Austria , Canada , Germany , Belgium , Hungary , Ireland , and the United Kingdom .   The song 's accompanying music video was directed by Vadim Perelman . Clarkson wrote the treatment for the video herself in order to reflect the pain that she felt due to her parents ' divorce . The video 's plot centers on Clarkson engaging in a heated argument with her husband in front of her child before realizing that she was repeating her parents ' mistake . It won in the category for Best Female Video at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards . `` Because of You '' was performed live at numerous venues , including the My December Tour ( 2007 ) as well as the All I Ever Wanted Tour ( 2009 ) . It was covered by several artists including Ronan Parke , who was a runner-up in the fifth series of Britain 's Got Talent , and added to the international soundtrack of Brazilian soap opera Belíssima . In 2007 , the song was recorded by Reba McEntire as a duet with Clarkson , which was released as a lead single for McEntire 's twenty-fourth studio album Reba : Duets . `` Piece by Piece '' , the title track from Clarkson 's seventh studio album , serves as the canonical sequel to `` Because of You '' .

neg: Gimmie Dat `` Gimmie Dat '' is a song by American singer-songwriter Ciara . The song was written by Ciara , along with its two producers Christopher `` Tricky '' Stewart and Kenneth `` Soundz '' Coby for her fourth studio album , Basic Instinct ( 2010 ) . `` Gimmie Dat '' is an uptempo dance song , featuring speedy , kinetic beats and a sensual-breathy tone . The song has been compared to her previous hip hop-flavored dance songs , `` Goodies '' , and `` Work '' , and has also been compared to Missy Elliott 's `` Work It '' . `` Gimmie Dat '' was released as the third single from Basic Instinct on October 15 , 2010 . In some countries , the song was released alongside `` Speechless '' , as a dual single .   `` Gimmie Dat '' was well received by music critics , who compliment its uptempo beat . Although the song was well received by critics , it only managed to peak at the lower half of US and UK charts . An official remix of the song , dubbed the `` Slow Bass Remix '' was released in the United States on December 21 , 2010 . It was later confirmed that Ciara had paid for the music video , radio play and promotion of the single herself because the label refused to do so . According to Ciara , her record label even told radio stations to stop playing the song . `` Gimmie Dat '' was Ciara 's final single released under LaFace Records , which she had her contract released from due to Basic Instinct 's underperforming sales .


query: John Cena worked with a wrestling company.

pos: Ultimate Pro Wrestling Ultimate Pro Wrestling ( UPW ) was a California-based independent pro wrestling company owned and operated by Rick Bassman , that operated from 1999 to 2007 .   The company had working relationships with Pro Wrestling Zero1 and World Wrestling Entertainment . It served as a developmental company for WWE , where they would scout wrestlers and send others for training , from 2006 to 2007 . Some of the major names to go on to stardom are , John Cena , Samoa Joe , The Miz and Christopher Daniels . The promotion was featured on a Discovery Channel special called Inside Pro Wrestling School .

pos: John Cena John Felix Anthony Cena Jr. ( -LSB- ˈsiːnə -RSB- born April 23 , 1977 ) is an American professional wrestler , rapper , actor , and reality television show host . He is signed to WWE , where he performs on the SmackDown brand . Cena started his professional wrestling career in 1999 with Ultimate Pro Wrestling ( UPW ) and won the UPW Heavyweight Championship the following year . Cena signed a developmental contract with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , later renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment , or simply WWE ) in 2001 , debuting on the WWE main roster in 2002 .   From a generic character in 2002 , Cena morphed into a rapper for the time period of 2002 -- 2004 , which earned him fame within the audience on SmackDown ! . Cena later transitioned to his current character , which he describes as a `` goody-two shoes Superman '' . However , Cena has been labeled as the `` most polarizing professional wrestler ever '' as his character has many supporters and many detractors , according to Jim Ross of Fox Sports , who also noted that Cena has been WWE 's franchise player for a long-time . In 2012 , IGN described Cena as WWE 's franchise player since 2005 and WWE credited Cena as being the `` face of WWE '' in 2015 since 2004 . Industry veterans John Layfield , Paul Heyman , and Kurt Angle have called Cena the greatest WWE star of all time .   Throughout his WWE career , Cena has won 25 championships , with 16 reigns as a world champion ( 13 times as WWE Champion and three times as WWE 's World Heavyweight Champion ) , an accomplishment only previously achieved by WWE Hall of Famer Ric Flair . He is also a five-time United States Champion , and four-time world tag team champion ( two World Tag Team and two WWE Tag Team ) . Furthermore , he is a Money in the Bank ladder match winner ( 2012 ) , a two-time Royal Rumble winner ( 2008 , 2013 ) , and a three-time Superstar of the Year Slammy Award winner ( 2009 , 2010 , 2012 ) . Cena has the fourth-highest number of combined days as WWE Champion , behind Bruno Sammartino , Bob Backlund , and Hulk Hogan . He has also headlined WWE 's flagship event , WrestleMania , on five different occasions ( WrestleManias 22 , 23 , XXVII , XXVIII , and 29 ) over the course of his career , as well as many others pay-per-view events . As of 2016 , John Cena is WWE 's highest-paid wrestler .   Outside of wrestling , Cena has released the rap album You Ca n't See Me , which debuted at No. 15 on the US Billboard 200 chart , and starred in the feature films The Marine ( 2006 ) , 12 Rounds ( 2009 ) , Legendary ( 2010 ) , The Reunion ( 2011 ) , Trainwreck ( 2015 ) , and Sisters ( 2015 ) . Cena has also made appearances on television shows including Manhunt , Deal or No Deal , MADtv , Saturday Night Live , Punk 'd , Psych , and Parks and Recreation . He was also a contestant on Fast Cars and Superstars : The Gillette Young Guns Celebrity Race , where he made it to the final round before being eliminated , placing third in the overall competition . Cena is also the host of American Grit on Fox . Cena is involved in numerous philanthropic causes ; most notably with the Make-A-Wish Foundation . He has granted the most wishes in Make-A-Wish history .

neg: Phoenix Championship Wrestling Phoenix Championship Wrestling was a short-lived American independent professional wrestling promotion based in Toms River , New Jersey . It was founded by twin brothers Don and Mike Bucci in 2001 and promoted by Don Bucci until its close two years later . The promotion enjoyed a high degree of success during its existence and was home to many independent wrestlers in the Jersey Shore and Mid-Atlantic region later signed to both Total Non-Stop Action and World Wrestling Entertainment .   Stars from both promotions made appearances for PCW such as TNA 's Alexis Laree , Frankie Kazarian , Amazing Red and The S.A.T. ( Jose and Joel Maximo ) . The Wall and the Harris Brothers were also signed to TNA while competing for the promotion . From the World Wrestling Federation included former and then current superstars such as Jimmy Snuka , Gillberg , Gangrel , Eddie Guerrero and Three Minute Warning ( Rosey and Jamal ) . A number of WWE developmental wrestlers from Ohio Valley Wrestling spent time in the promotion including Kara Drew , Charlie Haas , Mike Kruel , Tank Toland and The Basham Brothers ( Doug and Danny Basham ) .   Mike Bucci , a mainstay of Extreme Championship Wrestling , was also able to bring in many of its stars prior to and following the promotion 's close in 2001 . Among these included Prodigy , Chris Chetti , Little Guido , Jerry Lynn , Crowbar , Steve Corino , Julio Dinero , Chris Hamrick , Tommy Dreamer , Raven , Joey Matthews & Christian York and the `` heel '' stable Triple Threat ( `` Franchise '' Shane Douglas , Chris Candido and Bam Bam Bigelow ) . Both Bucci and Prodigy would win titles in the promotion , Prodigy being the first PCW Television Champion .   Despite the fierce competitive environment among independent Mid-Atlantic promotions , the smaller PCW had working relationships with several of its rivals allowing appearances by Nicky Benz and Ric Blade from Combat Zone Wrestling , and Michael Shane , `` Fallen Angel '' Christopher Daniels and Samoa Joe from Ring of Honor . PCW also featured many established independent wrestlers , not only in the Jersey Shore and Mid-Atlantic region , but from throughout the United States and Canada . The mix of wrestlers would occasionally result in unofficial interpromotional matches that would not normally be seen in mainstream companies . The promotion also had a weekly Public-access television cable TV series , Fire Bird TV , and many of its supercards and televised events were later released on VHS/DVD by Smart Mark Video and RF Video .

neg: NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship The NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship was a professional wrestling championship contested for in Jim Crockett Promotions ( JCP ) , a territory-promotion governed by the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) . The title was only contestable by male individual wrestlers . Since 1974 , JCP was also known as `` Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling '' ( MACW ) , which is why all of its championships included `` Mid-Atlantic '' in their names . Being a professional wrestling championship , it was not won legitimately ; it was instead won via a scripted ending to a match or awarded to a wrestler because of a storyline . In 1970 , the championship was introduced as the NWA Eastern Heavyweight Championship during a taping of Championship WrestlingChampionship Wrestling was a television program for JCP that began airing on local WGHP television markets in 1964 . on October 13 , 1970 . It was announced that the Missouri Mauler had defeated the defending champion Pat O'Connor in New York City to win the title ; this title change was fictitious and a storyline to introduce the championship to the promotion ; nevertheless , O'Connor 's reign is denoted as the first official reign . Because it was fictitious , further information regarding O'Connor 's reign is unavailable .   On the September 6 , 1973 taping of Championship Wrestling , JCP owner Jim Crockett , Jr. announced the retirement of the NWA Eastern Heavyweight Championship and the establishment of the NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship ; this coincided with the rebranding of JCP as MACW . At the time of this change , Jerry Brisco was in his fourth reign as the NWA Eastern Heavyweight Champion , and as a result of never losing the title , he was recognized as the first NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Champion . Because Brisco 's fourth reign did not end , being awarded the NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Title is not counted as a new reign overall in the title 's history . On December 26 , 1986 , Ron Garvin , after winning JCP 's version of the NWA United States Tag Team Championship with Barry Windham , vacated the NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Title and handed the belt to Crockett , Jr. on a taping of World Championship Wrestling.World Championship Wrestling was a television program for JCP that began airing on WTBS television markets in 1981 . Crockett , Jr. deactivated the championship for unknown reasons , and eventually , JCP was sold to Ted Turner in 1988 . As a result , Garvin was the final wrestler to hold the NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Title . In the late 1990s , a group of promoters was given permission by the NWA to establish a territory called `` Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling ( MACW ) '' ; however , this territory has not claimed any connection to the original JCP/MACW . As a result , their prime championship , called the MACW Heavyweight Championship , has no connection to this original JCP/MACW championship .   Overall , there were 60 reigns shared between 29 wrestlers . Fifteen of those reigns occurred while the title was called the `` NWA Eastern Heavyweight Championship '' , while 46 occurred under the `` NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship '' name . The title had only one official Vacant , which occurred in July 1985 . Jack Brisco and Wahoo McDaniel had the most reigns as champion , with six ; Jerry Brisco and Rip Hawk had the second-most , with four . Ken Patera 's second reign was the longest in the title 's history , at 334 days ; the Missouri Mauler had the second-longest , at 275 days . Johnny Valentine ranks first in combined reigns by length , at 504 days with 2 reigns ; Patera ranks second , at 495 days with 4 reigns . All title changes occurred at JCP -- promoted events : live events , pay-per-view events , and on televised events that aired on broadcast delay .

neg: Night of Champions (2009) Night of Champions ( 2009 ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) , which took place on July 26 , 2009 , at the Wachovia Center in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . It was the second annual event to be promoted solely under the Night of Champions name and the ninth annual event under the Vengeance/Night of Champions chronology . Similar to the previous two events , the concept of the show was that every championship in the company would be defended . It featured talent from the Raw , SmackDown , and ECW brands . Eight matches were contested on the card .   This show was considered a supercard , which featured more than one main event match . The main event matches featured were : Jeff Hardy defeating CM Punk for the World Heavyweight Championship , Randy Orton retaining the WWE Championship against Triple H and John Cena , Mickie James winning the WWE Divas Championship against Maryse , and WWE Intercontinental Champion Rey Mysterio retain his title against Dolph Ziggler . The undercard , featured Chris Jericho and The Big Show defending the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship against The Legacy , Christian defeating Tommy Dreamer for the ECW Championship , Kofi Kingston defending the WWE United States Championship in a Six-Pack Challenge against Montel Vontavious Porter , The Miz , Carlito , Primo , and Jack Swagger , and Michelle McCool defending the WWE Women 's Championship against Melina . The event had 267,000 buys , down on the 2008 's Night of Champions figure of 273,000 buys .

neg: TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs (2010) TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs ( 2010 ) was the second annual TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It was presented by THQ 's WWE SmackDown vs Raw 2011 and took place on December 19 , 2010 , at the Toyota Center in Houston , Texas . Seven matches were contested at the event . In the main event , John Cena defeated Wade Barrett in a Chairs match .

neg: List of WWE United States Champions The WWE United States Championship is a professional wrestling championship contested in the American promotion WWE on the SmackDown brand . It was originally known as the NWA United States Heavyweight Championship and began as a regional championship created by and defended in Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling , run by Jim Crockett , Jr. . Harley Race became the inaugural champion on the title 's introduction on January 1 , 1975 . Turner Broadcasting bought the company in November 1988 and renamed it World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) after its primary television program .   In March 2001 , the then-WWF bought selected assets of WCW . This resulted in the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship becoming a championship for the WWF , who referred to it as the WCW United States Championship . At Survivor Series in November 2001 , the WCW United States and WWF Intercontental Championships were unified , resulting in the United States Championship being deactivated . In July 2003 , the title was reactivated as the WWE United States Championship . As a result of the 2017 WWE Superstar Shake-up , it is exclusively contested on the SmackDown brand .   The championship is contested in professional wrestling matches , in which participants execute scripted finishes rather than contend in direct competition . Some reigns were held by champions using a ring name , while others used their real name . As of , , the current champion is Kevin Owens , who is in his second reign .   Overall , there have been 83 different champions . Ric Flair holds the record for having the most reigns at six , while John Cena holds the record for most reigns under the WWE banner at five . Lex Luger holds the record for longest reign , with his third reign lasting a total of 523 days , while Dean Ambrose holds the longest reign under the WWE banner , at 351 days ( overall the third longest in the title 's history ) . Only two men , Lex Luger and Rick Rude , have held the championship for a continuous reign of one year ( 365 days ) or more .

neg: The Great American Bash (2005) The Great American Bash ( 2005 ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It was the second annual event and took place on July 24 , 2005 , at the HSBC Arena in Buffalo , New York . The event featured wrestlers and other talent that performed on the SmackDown ! program .   The main event was Batista defending the World Heavyweight Championship against John `` Bradshaw '' Layfield ( JBL ) . JBL won the match after Batista was disqualified , but did not win the title because a championship can only be won via pinfall or submission . One of the featured matches on the undercard was Rey Mysterio versus Eddie Guerrero , which Mysterio won by pinfall . The other was Orlando Jordan versus Chris Benoit for the WWE United States Championship , which Jordan won , also by pinfall .   The event grossed over US$ 375,000 in ticket sales from an attendance of 8,000 , and received about 233,000 pay-per-view buys , the same amount as the following year 's event . This enabled WWE 's pay-per-view revenue to increase by $ 4.7 million from the previous year . When the 2005 event was released on DVD , it reached a peak position of second on Billboard 's DVD Sales Chart . The event was also available free of charge for Armed Forces members and their families .

neg: Samoa Joe Nuufolau Joel `` Joe '' Seanoa ( born March 17 , 1979 ) , better known by his ring name Samoa Joe , is an American professional wrestler currently signed to WWE and performing on the Raw brand . He was previously best known for his time with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) and Ring of Honor ( ROH ) .   Joe established himself in ROH from the promotion 's beginning in 2002 , holding the ROH World Championship for a record 21 months from May 2003 to December 2004 . Upon joining TNA in June 2005 , he embarked on an 19-month-long undefeated streak , and went on to hold the TNA World Heavyweight Championship once , the TNA X Division Championship five times , the TNA World Tag Team Championship twice , and the TNA Television Championship once ; completing the TNA Triple Crown and the TNA Grand Slam .   He also wrestled internationally and on the independent circuit for various promotions , winning several titles , including the GHC Tag Team Championship with Magnus in Pro Wrestling Noah , and he was an inaugural NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Champion with Keiji Sakoda in Pro Wrestling Zero1 . He left TNA in February 2015 , briefly competing again in ROH and the independent circuit .   Joe officially debuted in WWE 's developmental territory NXT in May 2015 , and signed a full-time contract with the company in June ; he went on to become the first ever two-time NXT Champion .

neg: No Way Out (2008) No Way Out ( 2008 ) was the tenth annual No Way Out professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It took place on February 17 , 2008 , at the Thomas & Mack Center in Las Vegas , Nevada . It starred wrestlers from the Raw , SmackDown , and ECW brands .   The main match on the Raw brand was an Elimination Chamber match to determine the number one contender for the WWE Championship at WrestleMania XXIV . Triple H won the match after last eliminating Jeff Hardy . The predominant match on the SmackDown brand was Edge versus Rey Mysterio for the World Heavyweight Championship , in which Edge won after spearing Mysterio in mid-air . The primary match on the ECW brand was Chavo Guerrero versus CM Punk for the ECW Championship . Guerrero won the match and retained the title after pinning Punk following a frog splash . The predominant match on the Raw brand was Randy Orton versus John Cena for the WWE Championship , which Cena won after Orton disqualified himself . The featured match on the undercard was an Elimination Chamber match to determine the number one contender to the World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania XXIV .   Presented by THQ 's Frontlines : Fuel of War , the event had 329,000 buys , up on the No Way Out 2007 figure of 218,000 buys .

neg: USA Wrestling USA Wrestling ( formerly known as the United States Wrestling Federation and as the United States Wrestling Association ) is the organization that currently governs freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling in the United States . USA Wrestling is also the official representative to the United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) and to United World Wrestling ( UWW ) and is considered the national governing body of the sport at the amateur level . Their mission statement is , `` USA Wrestling , guided by the Olympic Spirit , provides quality opportunities for its members to achieve their full human and athletic potential . ''

neg: Wrestle Kingdom (video game) is a licensed professional wrestling video game by Yuke 's , released in Japan for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 2 . The game combines the top stars of New Japan Pro Wrestling , All Japan Pro Wrestling , Pro Wrestling Noah , and freelancers .   The Xbox 360 version of the game was temporarily recalled in Japan due to it not saving properly to the system 's hard drive . A release event planned for the following two days after its release was cancelled .

neg: Royal Rumble (2014) Royal Rumble ( 2014 ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by WWE and presented by Jackson Hewitt which took place on January 26 , 2014 at the Consol Energy Center in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . It was the twenty-seventh annual Royal Rumble , the first to be held in the city of Pittsburgh and the first WWE pay-per-view in 2014 .   The event featured four professional wrestling matches and one pre-show match , two of which were for championships . The main event was the Royal Rumble match , a battle royal in which wrestlers enter the ring at regular intervals . Batista won by last eliminating Roman Reigns to become a two-time Royal Rumble winner . Elsewhere on the event 's card , Randy Orton successfully defended the WWE World Heavyweight Championship against John Cena , Bray Wyatt defeated Daniel Bryan , and Brock Lesnar defeated Big Show . On the event 's pre-show , The New Age Outlaws defeated Goldust and Cody Rhodes to become the new WWE Tag Team Champions .   The event is known for the overwhelmingly negative crowd response during the Orton-Cena title match , as well as towards the end of ( and after ) the Royal Rumble match , when the fans booed the Rumble winner Batista and repeatedly chanted for Daniel Bryan ( who had competed earlier in the night and was not involved in the main event ) . Fans worldwide ( including retired wrestler Mick Foley ) voiced their displeasure over social media , and the event was covered by many major news outlets as one of the worst Royal Rumble pay-per-views . However , the bout between Daniel Bryan and Bray Wyatt was highly praised by fans and critics . The event also marked the final wrestling appearance of CM Punk , who walked out on WWE the next day despite still being under contract and subsequently signed a contract to compete in the UFC .   The event received 467,000 buys , down 8.8 % from the 512,000 buys for the previous year 's event .

neg: Brian Kendrick Brian David Kendrick ( born May 29 , 1979 ) is an American professional wrestler and promoter , currently signed to WWE , performing on the Raw brand , in the Cruiserweight division under the ring name The Brian Kendrick .   Kendrick is also known for his appearances with New Japan Pro Wrestling and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling under his real name , as well as his appearances with Pro Wrestling Zero1 as Leonardo Spanky and on the independent circuit as Spanky . Championships held by Kendrick over the course of his career include the NWA/UPW/Zero-One International Junior Heavyweight Championship , NWA International Lightweight Tag Team Championship , TNA X Division Championship , World Tag Team Championship , WWE Tag Team Championship , WWE Cruiserweight Championship , ICW Tag Team Championship and Zero-One United States Openweight Championship .   Kendrick currently owns and operates his own promotion , called Brian Kendrick 's Wrestling Pro Wrestling .

neg: ECW One Night Stand (2006) ECW One Night Stand ( 2006 ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It was held on June 11 , 2006 , at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York , New York .   The main event was John Cena versus Rob Van Dam for the WWE Championship , which Van Dam won by pinfall after performing a Five Star Frog Splash following interference from Edge . The predominant match on the undercard was Rey Mysterio versus Sabu for the World Heavyweight Championship , which ended in a no contest after Sabu executed a Triple Jump DDT on Mysterio through a table on to the floor rendering both men kayfabe unable to wrestle , as a result , Mysterio retained the title . Another match on the undercard was Edge , Mick Foley , and Lita versus Terry Funk , Tommy Dreamer and Beulah McGillicutty in a Hardcore Intergender match .

neg: All Star Wrestling All Star Wrestling is a British Professional wrestling promotion also known as All Star Promotions , Superslam Wrestling and Big Time Wrestling and originally known as Wrestling Enterprises ( of Birkenhead ) , run by Brian Dixon and based in Liverpool , England . Dixon 's promotion tours theatres , leisure centres , town halls and similar venues , many of them old venues for televised wrestling in the UK in the 1950-1980s , as well as holiday camps . It is the oldest active wrestling promotion in the UK , and furthermore the longest-running UK wrestling promotion ever - a record it has held since September 2013 , when it eclipsed the 42 years and 11 months lifespan of Joint Promotions/Ring Wrestling Stars ( March 1952 -- February 1995 ) .   All Star contributed to the final two years of ITV 's regular televised wrestling programme in the UK in 1987-1988 and some of their matches were included on VHS and DVD compilations and repeated as part of the World of Sport programming on The Fight Network , formerly The Wrestling Channel , until it stopped transmission in 2008 . These matches are currently being repeated on the Men & Movies channel .

neg: Pro Wrestling International The Pro Wrestling International ( PWI ) is a professional wrestling governing body in the United States .

neg: Ring of Honor Ring of Honor ( ROH ) is an American professional wrestling promotion , founded in 2002 by RF Video owner Rob Feinstein . From 2004 to 2011 , the promotion was under the ownership of Cary Silkin before being sold to the Sinclair Broadcast Group ( SBG ) , an American telecommunications company that operates the largest number of local television stations in the United States .   ROH holds TV tapings , pay-per-view events , live events , and Internet pay-per-view events throughout the United States and Canada . It has also held shows in the United Kingdom and Japan . Annual shows include the Anniversary Show , Supercard of Honor ( held annually during WrestleMania weekend ) , Best in the World , Global Wars , Death Before Dishonor , Glory By Honor , and Final Battle ( the last show of the calendar year and ROH 's marquee event ) .   ROH records all of its shows and sells them on DVD through mail order via its online store , and the DVDs have developed a fanbase for the promotion in the United States and beyond . In 2009 , ROH signed a television deal with HDNet , which aired shows every week until 2011 . As of September 2011 , ROH 's flagship broadcast Ring of Honor Wrestling has been syndicated by parent company Sinclair Broadcasting , and airs on Sinclair owned stations across the country . ROH is also broadcast on Samurai TV in Japan , and is the third-largest professional wrestling promotion in the United States , behind WWE and after Impact Wrestling .   On June 22 , 2014 , ROH had its first live pay-per-view broadcast , Best in the World , from Nashville , Tennessee . It was followed-up on December 7 with their biggest show of the year Final Battle , from Terminal 5 in New York City . Their next pay-per-view aired March 1 , 2015 , which was their 13th Anniversary Show , from Las Vegas , Nevada .

neg: Backlash (2003) Backlash ( 2003 ) was the fifth annual Backlash professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It was presented by Castrol GTX , and took place on April 27 , 2003 , at the Worcester Centrum in Worcester , Massachusetts and starred talent from the promotion 's Raw and SmackDown ! brands .   The main event and featured match of the Raw brand was the encounter of Goldberg and The Rock , where Goldberg , in his first WWE Pay-Per-View , defeated Rock by pinfall , following a spear and a Jackhammer . The featured match on the undercard was a WWE Championship match from the SmackDown ! brand , between John Cena and the reigning champion , Brock Lesnar , where Lesnar defeated Cena by pinfall after an F-5 . The other predominant match on the undercard was a six-man tag team match from the Raw brand , between the team of Triple H , Ric Flair , and Chris Jericho facing Shawn Michaels , Kevin Nash , and Booker T. Triple H , Flair , and Jericho won the match by pinfall , after Triple H hit Nash with a sledgehammer . The predominant undercard match from the SmackDown ! brand was the encounter of The Big Show and Rey Mysterio , where Big Show pinned Mysterio after a chokeslam .   The event grossed $ 450,000 with 10,000 ticket sales and had a 0.67 buyrate . Following the event , Goldberg began a feud with Chris Jericho . At Bad Blood , Goldberg defeated Jericho via pinfall after a Jackhammer . Brock Lesnar began a storyline with The Big Show over the WWE Championship . At Judgment Day , Lesnar defeated The Big Show in a Stretcher match to retain the WWE Championship . Triple H engaged in a storyline with Kevin Nash over the World Heavyweight Championship . At Judgment Day , Nash defeated Triple H via disqualification ; due to WWE regulations , Triple H retained the championship .

neg: Stone Cold Steve Austin Steve Austin ( born Steven James Anderson on December 18 , 1964 , later Steven James Williams ) , better known by the ring name `` Stone Cold '' Steve Austin , is an American actor , media personality , producer , and retired professional wrestler who is signed to a Legends contract with WWE . Veteran pro wrestling journalist Wade Keller remarked that Austin is `` in every conversation for the greatest wrestling act of all time '' , as well as for `` the most profitable and the most influential '' .   He enjoyed a successful mid card career as `` Stunning '' Steve Austin in World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) and a stint as a main event performer in Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) during the early and mid 1990s , before signing with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) in 1995 as The Ringmaster . Rebranded `` Stone Cold '' Steve Austin the following year , he gained significant mainstream popularity as a disrespectful , beer-drinking antihero who routinely defied the establishment and his boss , company chairman Vince McMahon . This persona of Austin 's became the `` poster boy '' of the Attitude Era , a boom period in WWF business in the latter 1990s and early 2000s . He also devised the long-standing `` What ? '' chant in pro wrestling . Several prominent industry figures , including McMahon , have declared Austin to be the biggest star in WWF/E history , while stressing that he surpassed the popularity of Hulk Hogan .   Austin held 19 championships throughout his wrestling career ; he is a six-time WWF Champion , a two-time WWF Intercontinental Champion , and a four-time WWF Tag Team Champion , thus making him the fifth Triple Crown Champion in WWE history , while also being a two-time WCW United States Heavyweight Champion , a two-time WCW World Television Champion , a one-time WCW World Tag Team Champion , and a one-time NWA World Tag Team Champion in WCW . He was also the winner of the 1996 King of the Ring tournament , as well as the 1997 , 1998 , and 2001 Royal Rumbles , making him the only three-time winner of the event . Furthermore , he was awarded the unsanctioned Million Dollar Championship by Ted DiBiase .   Austin has headlined multiple pay-per-view events for the WWF , including three WrestleManias ( XIV , XV , and X-Seven ) . He was forced to retire from in-ring competition in 2003 due to a series of knee injuries and a serious neck injury . Throughout the rest of 2003 and 2004 , he was featured as the Co-General Manager and `` Sheriff '' of Raw . Since 2005 , he has continued to make occasional appearances , and was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2009 by Vince McMahon . In 2011 , Austin returned to WWE to host the reboot of the reality series Tough Enough .

neg: Cena (disambiguation) Cena is an ancient Roman meal .   Cena may also refer to :   John Cena , an American professional wrestler  Cena River , a river in Latvia  Cena , Ozolnieki municipality , a village in Latvia  The Spanish and Italian word for dinner

neg: Elimination Chamber (2014) Elimination Chamber ( 2014 ) ( known as No Escape ( 2014 ) in GermanyFor Germany , it was feared that the name `` Elimination Chamber '' may remind people of the gas chambers used during the Holocaust . ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by WWE . The fifth Elimination Chamber event took place on February 23 , 2014 , at the Target Center in Minneapolis .   Eight matches , including the pre-show , took place at the event . In the Elimination Chamber match main event for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship , Randy Orton retained his title against John Cena , Daniel Bryan , Christian , Cesaro and Sheamus .   The event had 183,000 buys , down from previous year 's 213,000 buys .