query: Black Panther did not come before Luke Cage.

pos: Black Panther (comics) The Black Panther ( T'Challa ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by writer-editor Stan Lee and penciller and co-plotter Jack Kirby , he first appeared in Fantastic Four # 52 ( July 1966 ) . He is the first black superhero in mainstream American comics , debuting years before such early African-American superheroes as Marvel Comics ' the Falcon ( 1969 ) and Luke Cage ( 1972 ) , and DC Comics ' Green Lantern John Stewart ( 1971 ) and Black Lightning ( 1977 ) . The character is usually depicted as the king and protector of Wakanda , a fictional African nation . Chadwick Boseman portrays the Black Panther in Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) and is set to return in Black Panther ( 2018 ) , both set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe .

neg: Doctor Strange Stephen Vincent Strange , M.D. is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by artist Steve Ditko and writer Stan Lee , the character first appeared in Strange Tales # 110 ( cover-dated July 1963 ) . Doctor Strange serves as the Sorcerer Supreme , the primary protector of Earth against magical and mystical threats . Inspired by stories of black magic and Chandu the Magician , Strange was created during the Silver Age of Comics to bring a different kind of character and themes of mysticism to Marvel Comics .   The character 's origin story relates that he was once a brilliant but egotistical surgeon . After a car accident severely damages his hands and hinders his ability to perform surgery , he searches the globe for a way to repair them and encounters the Ancient One . After becoming one of the old Sorcerer Supreme 's students , he becomes a practitioner of both the mystical arts as well as martial arts . Along with knowing many powerful spells , he has a costume with two mystical objects -- the Cloak of Levitation and Eye of Agamotto -- which give him added powers . Strange is aided along the way by his friend and valet , Wong , and a large assortment of mystical objects . He takes up residence in a mansion called the Sanctum Sanctorum , located in New York City . Later , Strange takes the title of Sorcerer Supreme .   In 2008 , Doctor Strange was ranked 83rd in Wizards `` 200 Greatest Comic Book Characters of All Time '' list , and in 2012 was ranked 33rd in IGN 's list of `` The Top 50 Avengers '' . He was also ranked 38th on IGN 's list of `` Top 100 Comic Book Heroes '' . The character was first portrayed in live-action by Peter Hooten in the 1978 television film Dr. Strange . Benedict Cumberbatch stars as the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , first appearing in the role in the 2016 film Doctor Strange .

neg: Hellfire Club (comics) The Hellfire Club is a fictional society appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The Hellfire Club often comes into confrontation with the mutant superhero team , the X-Men . Although the Club appears to merely be an international social club for wealthy elites , its clandestine Inner Circle seeks to influence world events , in accordance with their own agenda .   Created by the Uncanny X-Men writer/artist duo of Chris Claremont and John Byrne , they were heavily influenced by a 1966 episode of the British television series The Avengers ( `` A Touch of Brimstone '' ) . The name `` Hellfire Club '' in fact has a historical precedent , having been a popular name for gentlemen 's clubs in the 18th century . Additionally , the hierarchy of the Inner Circle is modeled on the pieces of a chess set , with Black and White sets of Kings , Queens , Bishops and Rooks .   The Hellfire Club and its Inner Circle were introduced in `` The Dark Phoenix Saga '' , attempting to subvert the X-Men 's Jean Grey . This incarnation , composed most notably of Black King Sebastian Shaw and White Queen Emma Frost , would remain prominent for many years . After their initial confrontations , the Hellfire Club and the X-Men settled into an uneasy alliance . This eventually changed as endless power struggles perpetuated a series of upheavals within the Inner Circle . The club has appeared in two X-Men animated series ( X-Men : The Animated Series and Wolverine and the X-Men ) , both times being renamed as simply The Inner Circle , due to the hesitations to use the word Hellfire in animated children series . Members of the Hellfire Club appeared in 2011 's X-Men : First Class as the main villains , led by Sebastian Shaw and Emma Frost .

neg: Shadowland (comics) `` Shadowland '' is a 2010 Marvel Comics storyline centering on Daredevil and other `` street-level '' superheroes in the Marvel Universe . The storyline started in the Daredevil comic and was expanded upon in the Shadowland five-issue mini series as well as four tie-in mini series , four one-shots , and two issues of Thunderbolts . The storyline was collected into seven individual hard cover and soft cover Trade paperbacks in 2011 .   The story chronicles Daredevils ' return to Hell 's Kitchen after he becomes the leader of the Hand Ninja clan . He builds a temple/prison in Hell 's Kitchen , the eponymous Shadowland . His methods get more extreme as he kills long-time adversary Bullseye . The change in attitude brings him and his ally White Tiger in conflict with a number of street level super-heroes such as Spider-Man , Luke Cage , Iron Fist , Moon Knight and more . The storyline also introduces a new Power Man to the Marvel Universe .   The heroes later realize that Daredevil has become possessed by the Beast of the Hand , which explains why Daredevil 's actions have become more and more extreme and erratic . The heroes are helped out by the Kingpin and Lady Bullseye as they try to preserve the Kingpin 's criminal empire . In the final moments of the story Iron Fist uses his mystical chi to heal Daredevil , releasing the demon inside him . In an act of sacrifice Daredevil kills himself before the Beast can take control of him again , breaking the spell the Beast had on Hell 's Kitchen . Afterwards his corpse disappears , apparently to be revived by Elektra at the conclusion of the event .

neg: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell) Captain Marvel ( Mar-Vell ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character was created by writer-editor Stan Lee and designed by artist Gene Colan and first appeared in Marvel Super-Heroes # 12 ( December 1967 ) .   The character debuted during the Silver Age of comic books and has made many appearances since then , including a self-titled series and the second volume of the Marvel Spotlight series . Captain Marvel was ranked 24th in IGN 's list of `` The Top 50 Avengers '' and has appeared in television series and video games .

neg: Ultimate Nick Fury General Nicholas Joseph `` Nick '' Fury is a fictional character appearing in comic books published by Marvel Comics ' Ultimate Marvel section as a different version of Nick Fury . He has a substantial presence in all the Ultimate Marvel comics , appearing first in Ultimate Marvel Team-Up and Ultimate X-Men and later reappearing regularly in Ultimate Spider-Man and finally securing a regular , recurring role as the general of S.H.I.E.L.D. and the leader of the Ultimates , a re-imagining of the Avengers . His character was redesigned to look like Samuel L. Jackson , the actor who later went on to portray Nick Fury in several Marvel movies and television shows set in the established Marvel Cinematic Universe .

neg: The New Avengers (comics) The New Avengers is a fictional team of superheroes appearing in comic books published by Marvel Comics . The title has been used for four American comic book series . The first two were written by Brian Michael Bendis and depicted a version of Marvel 's premiere superhero team , the Avengers . The third was written by Jonathan Hickman and depicted a group of characters called the Illuminati ( formerly introduced in New Avengers Vol . 1 # 7 -LSB- July 2005 -RSB- ) . The fourth is written by Al Ewing and depicts the former scientific terrorist group A.I.M. , reformed as `` Avengers Idea Mechanics '' , whose field team has appropriated the name `` New Avengers '' for itself .

neg: Blackheart Blackheart is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character is usually depicted as an adversary to the superhero Ghost Rider . Created by writer Ann Nocenti and artist John Romita , Jr. , Blackheart first appeared in Daredevil # 270 ( September 1989 ) . The character has also appeared in other media , such as the 2000 video game Marvel vs Capcom 2 , and in the 2007 film Ghost Rider , in which he was portrayed by actor Wes Bentley .

neg: Black dwarf A black dwarf is a theoretical stellar remnant , specifically a white dwarf that has cooled sufficiently that it no longer emits significant heat or light . Because the time required for a white dwarf to reach this state is calculated to be longer than the current age of the universe ( 13.8 billion years ) , no black dwarfs are expected to exist in the universe yet , and the temperature of the coolest white dwarfs is one observational limit on the age of the universe .   The name `` black dwarf '' has also been applied to substellar objects that do not have sufficient mass , less than approximately 0.08 , to maintain hydrogen-burning nuclear fusion . These objects are now generally called brown dwarfs , a term coined in the 1970s . Black dwarfs should not be confused with black holes , black stars , or neutron stars .

neg: Pink Panther jewel The Pink Panther is a fictional diamond with a distinctive flaw which resembles a leaping panther . The diamond was a major plot device in a series of films which are collectively known as the Pink Panther movies . In addition , the Pink Panther is an animated character who appeared in the title sequences for these films and eventually appeared in his own cartoon series .

neg: Galactus Galactus is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Formerly a mortal man , Galactus is a cosmic entity who originally consumed planets to sustain his life force , and serves a functional role in the upkeep of the primary Marvel continuity . Galactus was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby and first appeared in the comic book Fantastic Four # 48 , published in March 1966 .   Lee and Kirby had desired to introduce a character that broke away from the archetype of the standard villain , culminating in the creation of Galactus . In the character 's first appearance Galactus was depicted as a god-like figure who feeds by draining living planets of their energy , and operates without regard to the morality and judgements of mortal beings . Galactus ' initial origin was that of a space explorer named Galan who gained cosmic abilities by passing near a star , but writer Mark Gruenwald further developed the origin of the character , revealing that Galan lived during the previous universe . As Galan 's universe came to an end , Galan merged with the `` Sentience of the Universe '' to become Galactus , an entity that wielded such cosmic power as to require devouring entire planets to sustain his existence . Additional material written by John Byrne , Jim Starlin , and Louise Simonson explored Galactus ' role and purpose in the Marvel Universe , and examined the actions of the character through themes of genocide , manifest destiny , ethics , and natural/necessary existence . Frequently accompanied by a herald ( such as the Silver Surfer ) , the character has appeared as both antagonist and protagonist in central and supporting roles . Since debuting in the Silver Age of Comic Books , Galactus has played a role in over five decades of Marvel continuity .   The character has been featured in other Marvel media , such as arcade games , video games , animated television series , and the 2007 film Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer .   In 2009 , Galactus ranked 5th on IGN 's list of `` Top 100 Comic Book Villains '' , citing the character 's `` larger than life presence '' as making him one of the more important villains ever created . IGN also noted `` Galactus is one of the few villains on our list to really defy the definition of an evil-doer '' as the character is compelled to destroy worlds because of his hunger .

neg: Liberators (comics) The Liberators are a group of fictional supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . These characters appear in comics set in the Ultimate Marvel universe . Created by Mark Millar and Bryan Hitch , they appear in the miniseries The Ultimates 2 . They are effectively the Ultimate universe 's equivalents of the Masters of Evil .   The Liberators are a superhuman task force who appear at the climax of the plot arc . They spearhead an invasion of the United States and are from a coalition of nations opposed to the United States ' foreign policy . This international collective is made up of China , Syria , North Korea , Iran , and rogue elements of the French and Russian governments . The Liberators and their overseers are an opposing counterpart to the Ultimates and S.H.I.E.L.D. , respectively .   `` We told you to stop making super people , America . We told you not to interfere with cultures you can never understand . This is what happens when your ambitions outstrip your capabilities . The empire takes a fall . Congratulations , ladies and gentlemen ... The Great Satan has just been liberated . ''  - The Colonel

neg: Man-Ape Man-Ape ( M'Baku ) is a fictional character , a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character is depicted as a frequent enemy of the Black Panther .

neg: Black Power movement The Black Power movement was a political movement to achieve a form of Black Power and the many philosophies it contains . The movement saw various forms of activism some violent and some peaceful , all hoping to achieve black empowerment . The Black Power movement also represented socialist movements , all with the general motivation of improving the standing of black people in society . Originated during the Civil Rights Movement , some doubted the philosophy of the movement begging for more radical action , taking influences from Malcolm X . The cornerstone of the movement was the Black Panther Party , a Black Power organization dedicated to socialism and the use of violence to achieve it . The Black Power movement developed in the criticisms of the Civil Rights Movement in the early 1960s , and over time and into the 1970s , the movement grew and became more violent . After years of violence , many left the movement and the police began arresting violent actors in the movement . The Black Power movement also spilled out into the Caribbean creating the Black Power Revolution .   Motivated by principles of community control , Black Power activists founded scores of institutions and services , including black-owned bookstores , food cooperatives , farms , media , printing presses , schools , clinics , and ambulance services .

neg: Hollywood blacklist The Hollywood blacklist -- as the broader entertainment industry blacklist is generally known -- was the practice of denying employment to screenwriters , actors , directors , musicians , and other American entertainment professionals during the mid-20th century because they were accused of having Communist ties or sympathies . Artists were barred from work on the basis of their alleged membership in or sympathy with the Communist Party USA or refusal to assist investigations into the party 's activities . Even during the period of its strictest enforcement , the late 1940s through the late 1950s , the blacklist was rarely made explicit or verifiable , but it directly damaged the careers of scores of individuals working in the film industry .   The first systematic Hollywood blacklist was instituted on November 25 , 1947 , the day after ten writers and directors were cited for contempt of Congress for refusing to testify to the House Un-American Activities Committee . A group of studio executives , acting under the aegis of the Association of Motion Picture Producers , fired the artists -- the so-called Hollywood Ten -- and made what has become known as the Waldorf Statement .   On June 22 , 1950 , a pamphlet entitled Red Channels was published . Focused on the field of broadcasting , it identified 151 entertainment industry professionals in the context of `` Red Fascists and their sympathizers . '' Soon , most of those named , along with a host of other artists , were barred from employment in most of the entertainment field .   The blacklist lasted until 1960 , when Dalton Trumbo , a Communist Party member from 1943 to 1948  and member of the Hollywood Ten , was credited as the screenwriter of the highly successful film Exodus , and later publicly acknowledged by actor Kirk Douglas for writing the screenplay for the movie Spartacus . A number of those blacklisted , however , were still barred from work in their professions for years afterward .

neg: Black Panther (video game) Black Panther is a beat 'em up run and gun arcade game released by Konami in 1987 . You play a cybernetic black panther cat who has to save the Earth by clawing , jumping or shooting balls at enemies to kill them . You collect power-ups and defeat bosses to advance levels .   Category :1987 video games  Category : Arcade games  Category : Arcade-only games  Category : Platform games  Category : Konami games  Category : Beat 'em ups  Category : Run and gun games

neg: W'Kabi W'Kabi is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . W'Kabi will appear in the upcoming film Black Panther , portrayed by Daniel Kaluuya .

neg: Cottonmouth (Cornell Cottonmouth) Cottonmouth is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by writer Len Wein and artist George Tuska , the character first appeared in Power Man # 18 ( June 1974 ) .   The character is portrayed by Mahershala Ali in Netflix 's Luke Cage , which is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe .

neg: Captain Marvel (DC Comics) Captain Marvel , also known as Shazam , is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Artist C. C. Beck and writer Bill Parker created the character in 1939 . Captain Marvel first appeared in Whiz Comics # 2 ( cover-dated Feb. 1940 ) , published by Fawcett Comics . He is the alter ego of Billy Batson , a boy who , by speaking the magic word `` SHAZAM '' ( acronym of 6 Greek `` immortal elders '' - Solomon , Hercules , Atlas , Zeus , Achilles , and Mercury ) , can transform himself into a costumed adult with the powers of superhuman strength , speed , flight , and other abilities .   Based on book sales , the character was the most popular superhero of the 1940s , outselling even Superman . Fawcett expanded the franchise to include other `` Marvels '' , primarily Marvel Family associates Mary Marvel and Captain Marvel Jr. , who can harness Billy 's powers as well . Captain Marvel was also the first comic book superhero to be adapted into film , in a 1941 Republic Pictures serial titled Adventures of Captain Marvel .   Fawcett ceased publishing Captain Marvel-related comics in 1953 , partly because of a copyright infringement suit from DC Comics , alleging that Captain Marvel was a copy of Superman . In 1972 , DC licensed the Marvel Family characters from Fawcett , and returned them to publication . By 1991 , DC had acquired all rights to the characters . DC has since integrated Captain Marvel and the Marvel Family into their DC Universe and has attempted to revive the property several times , with mixed success . Due to trademark conflicts over another character named `` Captain Marvel '' owned by Marvel Comics since 1967 , DC chose to publish the character 's adventures in a comic book titled Shazam ! for many years , leading many to assume that this was the character 's name . DC later officially renamed the character `` Shazam '' when relaunching its comic book properties in 2011 .   In addition , since 1972 , the character has been featured in two television series adaptations , one live action and one animated , by Filmation , and an upcoming Warner Bros. . Shazam ! feature film scheduled for release in 2019 as part of the DC Extended Universe . Captain Marvel was ranked as the 55th greatest comic book character of all time by Wizard magazine . IGN also ranked Captain Marvel as the 50th greatest comic book hero of all time , stating that the character will always be an enduring reminder of a simpler time . UGO Networks ranked him as one of the top heroes of entertainment , saying , `` At his best , Shazam has always been Superman with a sense of crazy , goofy fun '' .

neg: Batwing (DC Comics) Batwing is a fictional comic book superhero appearing in publications by DC Comics . Within DC Comics internal continuity , Batwing is one of several superheroes patterned after the famous superhero Batman . Batwing , in particular , was conceived by Batman as his crime-fighting counterpart overseas , ` the Batman of Africa ' .   The first Batwing is David Zavimbe , a Congolese police officer , created by writer Grant Morrison within the pages of Batman Incorporated prior to receiving his own eponymous series . Following later events within Batman Incorporated and Batwing , Zavimbe is replaced in the role by Luke Fox , an American mixed martial artist who had been Batman 's first choice in the role , who is also the son of Batman 's close associate Lucius Fox .   Batwing faces a roster of adversaries ranging from international super villains to the Democratic Republic of Congo 's corrupt police force . Batwing expands the DC Universe by taking place in Africa , making David Zavimbe both the first ( in continuity ) black Batman and one of the few characters headlining a series outside the United States . Fox is also black , and becomes the first in-continuity African American Batman .

neg: Zamasu , is a fictional character and the first original antagonist in the Dragon Ball Super series created by Akira Toriyama . He is first introduced in the forty-seventh episode of Dragon Ball Super anime which first aired on June 12 , 2016 and in chapter # 14 from the manga . He is one of the main antagonists in the Future Trunks Saga .   Goku Black is an entity that resembles Son Goku , and referred to himself as such before being given the name `` Goku Black '' by Bulma . He wears a single Potara earring and a Time Ring , the latter of which allows him to travel between different timelines at will . He wreaks havoc in Future Trunks ' timeline , bringing humanity to the brink of extinction . As he explains to Future Trunks , he has come to believe that only the decimation of humanity , which he views as corrupt and violent , can make Earth a utopia .   It is later revealed that Goku Black is the original version of ( spelled Zamas in the manga ) , an apprentice from Universe 10 . In the anime 's original , unaltered timeline , Zamasu hijacked Goku 's body using the Super Dragon Balls as part of his plan to attain supreme power and wipe out all mortals . Although Beerus manages to go back in time and kills Zamasu , Goku Black 's Time Ring prevents him from being erased from existence . To complete his plan , he joins forces with the Zamasu of Future Trunks ' timeline , who uses the Super Dragon Balls to become immortal .


query: Heather Watson is not from the United Kingdom.

pos: Heather Watson Heather Miriam Watson ( born 19 May 1992 ) is a British tennis player and a Wimbledon Mixed Doubles Champion . She is a former British No. 1 and current British No. 2 behind Johanna Konta .   She holds the Mixed Doubles title at the 2016 Wimbledon Championships with Henri Kontinen .   On 14 October 2012 , Watson won her first WTA singles title with a win over Chang Kai-chen of Taiwan in the final of the Japan Open , becoming the first British female to win a WTA singles title since Sara Gomer in 1988 .   In her junior career , Watson won the US Open and gold at the 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games . She had been as high as No. 3 in the world on the ITF Junior Circuit .

neg: Angraecum leonis Angraecum leonis is a species of orchid propagated around 1922 by Ms. Edith Watson ( 18 November 1895 -- 1 May 1967 ) of Home Farm , Woburn , England .   It was named in honor of Sir Herbert Leon , her father James Telford Watson 's employer at Bletchley Park , Buckinghamshire , where he was Estate Manager at the time .   Sir Herbert gave Edith Watson a book entitled `` Orchids , their culture and management '' by Watson and Chapman , on June 26 , 1918 , when she was 23 years of age . She won a Cultural Bronze Medal and F.C. Botanical Certificate at the Manchester and A.M.London show of 1922 . She also propagated another orchid which she named Odonto . Crispum var . Colin , in honour of her eldest son Colin Barrow ( b 1919 ) .   Her daughter was Jean Barrow , later to work at Bletchley Park during World War II .   Edith Watson is buried at Olney Cemetery .

neg: Heather Rose Heather Marcelle Dalmas Rose ( born 10 August 1964 ) is an Australian author . Her novels are White Heart , The Butterfly Man , The River Wife , The Museum of Modern Love , and for children Finding Serendipity , A Week Without Tuesday and Blueberry Pancakes Forever . Her career has spanned advertising , business , the arts and writing . She is one of Tasmania 's best known authors and businesswomen .

neg: Heather Baker Heather Baker ( born October 9 , 1984 ) is a female American songwriter , guitarist , producer and founder of the Electronica band Antiwave . Heather is known for being a session and touring guitar player for the likes of Bonnie Mckee ( Pulse Music Publishing ) , Krewella ( Columbia Records ) , Kerli ( Island Records ) , The Iron Maidens ( Powerslave Records ) and currently plays with the band Fake Figures ( members of Atreyu , Eyelid and Scars of Tomorrow ) and NoMBe ( TH3RD BRAIN )

neg: Eugenia watsoniana Eugenia watsoniana is a species of plant in the Myrtaceae family . It is a tree endemic to Peninsular Malaysia . It is threatened by habitat loss .

neg: Mark Watson Mark Andrew Watson ( born 13 February 1980 ) is an English comedian and novelist .

neg: Ryan Watson Ryan Watson is the name of :  Ryan Watson ( cricketer ) ( born 1976 ) , cricketer who plays for Scotland  Ryan Watson ( ice hockey ) ( born 1981 ) , Italian-Canadian professional ice hockey player  Ryan Watson ( politician ) , leader of the Green Party of Nova Scotia , 2008 -- 2009  Ryan Watson ( footballer ) ( born 1993 ) , English professional football player  Ryan Watson ( actor ) ( born 1993 ) , English actor and voice actor

neg: Heather Knight (cricketer) Heather Clare Knight ( born 26 December 1990 ) is an English cricketer who is captain of the England women 's cricket team . She is a right-handed batsman and right arm off break bowler .

neg: Mary Gordon-Watson Mary Gordon-Watson ( born 3 April 1948 ) is a British equestrian . She was born in Blandford . She won a team gold medal in eventing at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich , and finished fourth in individual eventing . She became European champion in 1969 in individual eventing , and in 1971 she was European champion in team eventing . In 1970 she became World champion in both individual and team eventing .

neg: David Watson (dancer) David Watson ( born 1968 ) is a Swedish professional dancer that came into the spotlight in 2006 when he danced with singer Anna Book in the first season of Let 's Dance . He returned to the seventh season of Let 's Dance in 2012 and was partnered with singer Helena Paparizou .

neg: Heather Formation The Heather Formation is a geologic formation occurring in Norway and the United Kingdom . It preserves fossils from the Bathonian to Early Kimmeridgian stages of the Middle to Late Jurassic period and was deposited in a marine , aerobic palaeoenvironment .

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture .   British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital .   The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine .   The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .

neg: Moray Watson Moray Watson ( 25 June 1928 -- 2 May 2017 ) was an English actor from Sunningdale , Berkshire .

neg: 2015 J&T Banka Prague Open – Singles Heather Watson was the defending champion , but lost to Polona Hercog in the first round .   Karolína Plíšková won the title , defeating Lucie Hradecká in the final , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 .

neg: Christopher Watson (musician) Christopher Watson is an American musician and designer .

neg: Heather Croall Heather Croall is an international festival director and documentary producer , best known for leading Sheffield Doc/Fest and Adelaide Fringe Festival , and her work on films including The Big Melt and From the Sea to the Land Beyond .   In 2015 she received Sheffield Doc/Fest 's Inspiration Award . The Alliance of Women Film Journalists named Croall 2013 's Ambassador of Women 's Films for her work `` to boost documentary film and open opportunities for women filmmakers '' , and in 2011 Croall was named one of Realscreen '' 's annual trailblazers .  She has appeared on BBC Two 's The Review Show and BBC Radio 4 's The Media Show '' .

neg: North York Moors The North York Moors is a national park in North Yorkshire , England , containing one of the largest expanses of heather moorland in the United Kingdom . It covers an area of 554 sqmi , and has a population of 23,380 . The North York Moors became a National Park in 1952 , through the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act of 1949 .

neg: Alex Watson (footballer) Alexander Francis `` Alex '' Watson ( born 5 April 1968 ) is an English former professional footballer who made more than 400 appearances in the Football League playing for Liverpool , Derby County , A.F.C. Bournemouth , Gillingham , Torquay United and Exeter City . He is the younger brother of the former Everton player Dave Watson , and like his brother , played as a central defender .   Watson was born in Liverpool , and began his career as an apprentice with Liverpool . He turned professional in 1985 , and made his debut against Queens Park Rangers in March 1988 . He made nine appearances in total for the club , of which four were in the league , and he was in the starting line-up for the 1988 Charity Shield .   In August 1990 he joined Derby County for a brief loan spell , and the following January he made a permanent move to A.F.C. Bournemouth for a fee of # 150,000 . He spent almost five years there , making 182 appearances and scoring 6 league goals , moving to Gillingham on loan in September 1995 before joining Torquay United in November 1995 for a fee of # 50,000 .   He quickly became a crowd favourite at Torquay , becoming club captain in 1997 and assistant manager in 1999 under Wes Saunders . In July 2001 he made the short journey to join Exeter City on a free transfer . In his first season there he was a first-team regular , but a change of management saw him play only three games in the 2002 -- 03 season . He was released in the summer of 2003 and signed for non-league club Taunton Town . He played 20 games without scoring in the first part of the 2004 -- 05 season , before joining Clevedon Town in November 2004 , playing 23 times without scoring in the remainder of the season .   He was an England youth international and is a FA qualified coach .

neg: Emma Greenwell Emma Greenwell ( born January 14 , 1989 ) is an American actress who was born in the United States but was raised in London from a very young age .

neg: Chester Watson Chester Donald Watson ( born 1 July 1938 ) is a former Jamaican cricketer . Watson played seven Tests for the West Indies in the late 1950s and early 1960s .   A fast bowler , Watson opened the bowling with Wes Hall and the two were accused by the English of intimidatory bowling during the England tour of the West Indies in 1959-60 . English batsman Ken Barrington was hit on the elbow by a Watson bouncer during the series and others had near misses but West Indies champion allrounder Garry Sobers later claimed this was more due to the English batsmen being unaccustomed to West Indian pitches than intimidatory bowling .

neg: Harold Watson (athlete) Harold `` Harry '' Watson ( 1883 -- February 15 , 1963 ) was a British athlete who competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London .   He died in Sutton , London .   In the 100 metres , Watson took third place in his first round heat and did not advance to the semifinals .


query: Specific art forms were banned in Nazi Germany.

pos: Nazi Germany Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945 , when Germany was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) . Under Hitler 's rule , Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over nearly all aspects of life . The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich from 1933 to 1943 and Großdeutsches Reich ( `` Greater German Reich '' ) from 1943 to 1945 . The period is also known under the names the Third Reich ( Drittes Reich ) and the National Socialist Period ( Zeit des Nationalsozialismus , abbreviated as NS-Zeit ) . The Nazi regime came to an end after the Allied Powers defeated Germany in May 1945 , ending World War II in Europe .   Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933 . The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all political opposition and consolidate its power . Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934 , and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the powers and offices of the Chancellery and Presidency . A national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer ( leader ) of Germany . All power was centralised in Hitler 's person , and his word became above all laws . The government was not a coordinated , co-operating body , but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitler 's favour . In the midst of the Great Depression , the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy . Extensive public works were undertaken , including the construction of Autobahnen ( motorways ) . The return to economic stability boosted the regime 's popularity .   Racism , especially antisemitism , was a central feature of the regime . The Germanic peoples ( the Nordic race ) were considered by the Nazis to be the purest branch of the Aryan race , and were therefore viewed as the master race . Millions of Jews and other peoples deemed undesirable by the state were murdered in the Holocaust . Opposition to Hitler 's rule was ruthlessly suppressed . Members of the liberal , socialist , and communist opposition were killed , imprisoned , or exiled . Christian churches were also oppressed , with many leaders imprisoned . Education focused on racial biology , population policy , and fitness for military service . Career and educational opportunities for women were curtailed . Recreation and tourism were organised via the Strength Through Joy program , and the 1936 Summer Olympics showcased the Third Reich on the international stage . Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels made effective use of film , mass rallies , and Hitler 's hypnotic oratory to control public opinion . The government controlled artistic expression , promoting specific art forms and banning or discouraging others .   Beginning in the late 1930s , Nazi Germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands , threatening war if they were not met . It seized Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939 . Hitler made a non-aggression pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September 1939 , launching World War II in Europe . In alliance with Italy and smaller Axis powers , Germany conquered most of Europe by 1940 and threatened Great Britain . Reichskommissariats took control of conquered areas , and a German administration was established in what was left of Poland . Jews and others deemed undesirable were imprisoned , murdered in Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps , or shot .   Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 , the tide gradually turned against the Nazis , who suffered major military defeats in 1943 . Large-scale aerial bombing of Germany escalated in 1944 , and the Axis powers were pushed back in Eastern and Southern Europe . Following the Allied invasion of France , Germany was conquered by the Soviet Union from the east and the other Allied powers from the west and capitulated within a year . Hitler 's refusal to admit defeat led to massive destruction of German infrastructure and additional war-related deaths in the closing months of the war . The victorious Allies initiated a policy of denazification and put many of the surviving Nazi leadership on trial for war crimes at the Nuremberg trials .

neg: Aryan certificate In Nazi Germany , the Aryan certificate ( ` Ariernachweis ' ) was a document which certified that a person was a member of the Aryan race . Beginning in April 1933 it was required from all employees and officials in the public sector , including education , according to the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service . It was also a primary requirement to become a Reich citizen , mainly for those who were not present in Germany at the time of the National Socialist regime 's uprising .   There were two main types .  Kleiner Ariernachweis '' ( `` Lesser Aryan certificate '' ) was one of :  Seven birth or baptism certificates ( or a combination of both ) ( the person , his parents and grandparents ) and three marriage certificates ( parents and grandparents ) or certified proofs thereof .  Ahnenpass ( literally ancestor 's passport )  Certified genealogy table ( `` Ahnentafel '' )  `` Großer Ariernachweis '' ( `` Greater Aryan certificate '' ) was required for compliance with the requirements of `` Reichserbhofgesetz '' ( land heritage law ) and membership in the Nazi party . This certificate had to trace the family pedigree down to 1800 ( and to 1750 for SS officers ) . According to the especially strict regulation of this law which included the goal of `` Preserving the Purity of German Blood '' only those were eligible who could prove ( reaching back to January 1 , 1800 ) that `` none of their paternal nor their maternal ancestors had Jewish or colored blood '' .

neg: Republikflucht `` Republikflucht '' ( `` desertion from the republic '' ) and `` Republikflüchtling ( e ) '' ( `` deserters from the republic '' ) were the terms used by authorities in the German Democratic Republic ( GDR -- East Germany ) to describe the process of and the person ( s ) leaving the GDR for a life in West Germany or any other Western ( non-Warsaw Pact ) country ( Eastern Bloc emigration and defection ) .   The term applies both to the mass desertion of millions who could leave the GDR rather easily before the Berlin Wall was erected on 13 August 1961 , as well as those few thousands who made a dangerous attempt to cross over the Iron Curtain ( e.g. the Berlin Wall , the Inner German border , or the western border of another country of the Eastern Bloc ) , or who managed to obtain temporary exit visas and subsequently did not return , from 1961 to 1989 .   Some estimates put the number of those who left the Soviet sector of Berlin , the Soviet occupation zone , and the GDR between 1945 and 1961 between 3 and 3.5 million . Close to one million of those who left were refugees and expellees from World War II and the post-war era initially stranded in the Soviet zone or East Berlin .   The numbers leaving the GDR following the construction of the Wall dropped sharply to several hundred a year as an attempt to flee the GDR via its fortified borders involved considerable personal risk of injury or death ( see : List of deaths at the Berlin Wall ) . Several hundred Republikflüchtlinge were shot ; about 75,000 were caught and imprisoned .   A propaganda booklet published by the Socialist Unity Party of Germany ( SED ) in 1955 for the use of party agitators outlined the seriousness of ` flight from the republic ' :   Article 213 of the GDR Penal Code of 1979 also made it quite clear that crossing the border without first obtaining government authorization would not be taken lightly :   The former East German party leader Erich Honecker was charged in 1993 for ordering soldiers to kill people trying to escape . The trial was postponed due to his bad health , and he died in 1994 . Former Stasi chief Erich Mielke was also put on trial for the same charge . In November 1994 , however , the presiding judge closed the proceedings , ruling that the defendant was not mentally fit to stand trial .   Refugees from the Soviet sector of Berlin , the Soviet zone , or East Germany could apply to be accepted as Vertriebene ( expellees ) of the sub-group of Soviet Zone Refugees ( Sowjetzonenflüchtlinge ) under the Federal Expellee Law ( BVFG § 3 ) , and thus receive support from the West German government . They must have fled before 1 July 1990 in order to rescue themselves from an emergency created by the political conditions imposed by the regime there , especially a danger for one 's health , life , personal freedom , or freedom of conscience ( BVFG § 3 ) . The law did not apply for former supporters of the eastern political system of considerable influence , perpetrators against legality and humanity during the Nazi rule or afterwards within East Berlin or East Germany , and finally not for those who had fought against the democracy in West Germany or West Berlin ( BVFG § 3 ( 2 ) ) .

neg: New Objectivity (film) New Objectivity ( a translation of the German Neue Sachlichkeit , alternatively translated as `` New Sobriety '' or `` New matter-of-factness '' ) was an art movement that emerged in Germany in the early 1920s as a counter to expressionism . The term applies to a number of artistic forms , including film .   In film , New Objectivity reached its high point around 1929 . It translated into realistic cinematic settings , straightforward camerawork and editing , a tendency to examine inanimate objects as a way to interpret characters and events , a lack of overt emotionalism , and social themes .   The director most associated with the movement is Georg Wilhelm Pabst . Pabst 's films of the 1920s concentrate on subjects such as abortion , prostitution , labor disputes , homosexuality , and addiction . His cool and critical 1925 Joyless Street is a landmark of the objective style . Pabst 's 1930 pacifist sound film Westfront 1918 views the World War I experience in a bleak , matter-of-fact way . With its clear denunciation of war , it was soon banned as unsuitable for public viewing .   Other directors in the style included Ernő Metzner , Berthold Viertel , and Gerhard Lamprecht . The movement ended essentially in 1933 with the fall of the Weimar Republic .

neg: Aryan Games The Aryan Games ( Arische Spiele ) were a proposed replacement for the Olympic Games in the Third Reich . Proposed by Nazi sports organizer Carl Diem and subsequently adopted by Adolf Hitler , these multi-sport games were supposed to be housed permanently in Nuremberg at the planned `` German Stadium '' , that had been designed by Nazi architect Albert Speer , but was never built .   The idea was originally entertained in 1939 by Carl Diem , chief organizer of the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin , who ahead of the 1936 Olympics was already noted for claiming that `` Germanics may only be defeated by other Germanics , '' which obviously turned out not to be the case . The idea was subsequently adopted by Hitler , who told Albert Speer that once the German Stadium was built , there would be no more Olympic Games , only the Aryan Games .

neg: List of Olympic medalists in art competitions There were 146 medalists in the art competitions that were part of the Olympic Games from 1912 until 1948 . These art competitions were considered an integral part of the movement by International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) founder Pierre de Coubertin and necessary to recapture the complete essence of the Ancient Olympic Games . Their absence before the 1912 Summer Olympics , according to journalism professor Richard Stanton , stems from Coubertin `` not wanting to fragment the focus of his new and fragile movement '' . Art competitions were originally planned for inclusion in the 1908 Summer Olympics but were delayed after that edition 's change in venue from Rome to London following the 1906 eruption of Mount Vesuvius . By the 1924 Summer Olympics they had grown to be considered internationally relevant and potentially `` a milestone in advancing public awareness of art as a whole '' .   During their first three appearances , the art competitions were grouped into five broad categories : architecture , literature , music , painting , and sculpture . The Dutch Organizing Committee for the 1928 Summer Olympics split these into subcategories in the hopes of increasing participation . Although it was a successful strategy , the 1932 Summer Olympics eliminated several of these subcategories , which led to fewer entries in the broader categories . For the 1936 Summer Olympics , the German government proposed the addition of a film contest to the program , which was rejected .   Following a final appearance at the 1948 Summer Olympics , art competitions were removed from the Olympic program . Planners of the 1952 Summer Olympics opposed their inclusion on logistical grounds , claiming that the lack of an international association for the event meant that the entire onus of facilitation was placed on the local organizing committee . Concerns were also raised about the professionalism of the event , since only amateurs were allowed to participate in the sporting tournaments , and the growing commercialization of the competitions , as artists had been permitted to sell their submissions during the course of the Games since 1928 . In 1952 an art festival and exhibition was held concurrent with the Games , a tradition that has been maintained in all subsequent Summer Olympics .   The IOC does not track medalists in Olympic art competitions in its database and thus the prize winners are only officially recorded in the original Olympic reports . Judges were not required to distribute first , second , and third place awards for every category , and thus certain events lack medalists in these placements . Since participants were allowed multiple submissions , it was also possible for artists to win more than one in a single event , as Alex Diggelmann of Switzerland did in the graphic arts category of the 1948 edition . Diggelmann is tied with Denmark 's Josef Petersen , who won second prize three times in literature , for the amount of medals captured in the art competitions . Luxembourg 's Jean Jacoby is the only individual to win two gold medals , doing so in painting in 1924 and 1928 . Of the 146 medalists , 11 were women and only Finnish author Aale Tynni was awarded gold . Germany was the most successful nation , with eight gold , seven silver , and nine bronze medals , although one was won by Coubertin himself , a Frenchman . He submitted his poem Ode to Sport under the pseudonyms Georges Hohrod and Martin Eschbach , as if it were a joint-entry , and won first prize in the 1912 literature category . The original report credits this medal to Germany . Two individuals , Walter W. Winans and Alfréd Hajós , won medals in both athletic and art competitions .

neg: Hans Grundig Hans Grundig ( February 19 , 1901 -- September 11 , 1958 ) was a German painter and graphic artist associated with the New Objectivity movement .   He was born in Dresden and , after an apprenticeship as an interior decorator , studied in 1920 -- 1921 at the Dresden School of Arts and Crafts . He then studied at the Dresden Academy from 1922 -- 1923 . During the 1920s his paintings , primarily portraits of working-class subjects , were influenced by the work of Otto Dix . Like his friend Gert Heinrich Wollheim , he often depicted himself in a theatrical manner , as in his Self-Portrait during the Carnival Season ( 1930 ) .   He had his first solo exhibition in 1930 at the Dresden gallery of Józef Sandel . He made his first etchings in 1933 .   Politically anti-fascist , he joined the German Communist Party in 1926 , and was a founding member of the arts organization Assoziation revolutionärer bildender Künstler in Dresden in 1929 .   Following the fall of the Weimar Republic , Grundig was declared a degenerate artist by the Nazis , who included his works in the defamatory Degenerate Art exhibition in Munich in 1937 . He expressed his antagonism toward the regime in paintings such as The Thousand Year Reich ( 1936 ) . Forbidden to practice his profession , he was arrested twice -- briefly in 1936 , and again in 1938 , after which he was interned in Sachsenhausen concentration camp from 1940 -- 1944 .   In 1945 he went to Moscow , where he attended an anti-fascist school . Returning to Berlin in 1946 , he became a professor of painting at the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts . In 1957 he published his autobiography , Zwischen Karneval und Aschermittwoch ( `` Between Shrovetide carnival and Ash Wednesday '' ) . He was awarded the Heinrich Mann Prize in 1958 , the year of his death in Berlin .

neg: Lebensraum The German concept of Lebensraum ( -LSB- ˈleːbənsˌʁaʊm -RSB- , `` living space '' ) refers to policies and practices of settler colonialism which proliferated in Germany from the 1890s to the 1940s . First popularized around 1901 , Lebensraum became a geopolitical goal of Imperial Germany in World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) originally , as the core element of the Septemberprogramm of territorial expansion . The most extreme form of this ideology was supported by the Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) and Nazi Germany until the end of World War II .   Following Adolf Hitler 's rise to power Lebensraum became an ideological principle of Nazism , and provided justification for the German territorial expansion into East-Central Europe . The Nazi Generalplan Ost policy ( the Master Plan for the East ) was based on its tenets . It stipulated that most of the indigenous populations of Eastern Europe would have to be removed permanently ( either through mass deportation to Siberia , death , or enslavement ) including Polish , Ukrainian , Russian , and other Slavic nations considered racially inferior and non-Aryan . The Nazi government aimed at repopulating these lands with Germanic colonists in the name of Lebensraum during World War II and thereafter . The entire populations were to be decimated by starvation , allowing for their own agricultural surplus to feed Germany .   Hitler 's strategic program for world domination was based on the belief in the power of Lebensraum , pursued by a racially superior society . People deemed to be part of inferior races , within the territory of Lebensraum expansion , were subjected to expulsion or destruction . The eugenics of Lebensraum assumed the right of the German Aryan master race ( Herrenvolk ) to remove indigenous people they considered to be of inferior racial stock ( Untermenschen ) in the name of their own living space . Nazi Germany also supported other ` Aryan ' nations ' pursuing their own Lebensraum , including Fascist Italy 's Spazio vitale .

neg: Socialist realism in Poland Socialist realism in Poland ( socrealizm ) was a social , political , and esthetic doctrine enforced by the pro-Soviet communist government in the process of Stalinization of the postwar People 's Republic of Poland . The official policy was introduced in 1949 by a decree of the Polish United Workers ' Party minister ( later , Minister of Culture and Art ) Włodzimierz Sokorski . As in all Soviet-dominated Eastern Bloc countries , Socialist realism became the main instrument of political control in the building of totalitarianism in Poland . However , the trend has never become truly dominant . Following Stalin 's death on March 5 , 1953 , and the subsequent De-Stalinization of all People 's Republics , Polish artists , writers and architects started abandoning it around 1955 . De-Stalinization process peaked during the Polish October .

neg: Fear and Misery of the Third Reich Fear and Misery of the Third Reich ( Furcht und Elend des Dritten Reiches ) , also known as The Private Life of the Master Race , is one of Bertolt Brecht 's most famous plays and the first of his openly anti-Nazi works . It premiered on May 21 , 1938 in Paris . This production was directed by Slatan Dudow and starred Helene Weigel . The production employed Brecht 's epic theatre techniques to defamiliarize the behaviour of the characters and to make explicit the play 's underlying message .   The play consists of a series of playlets , portraying National Socialist Germany of the 1930s as a land of poverty , violence , fear and pretence . Nazi antisemitism is depicted in several of the sketches , including `` the Physicist '' , `` Judicial Process '' , and `` the Jewish Wife '' .   It was followed by many more plays that were openly anti-Nazi ( Arturo Ui , etc. ) and attempted a Marxist analysis . They were written while Brecht was in exile in Denmark and were inspired by a visit to Moscow , where he experienced the growing significance of the anti-Nazi movement there .   In 1974 , the postmodern East German dramatist Heiner Müller wrote an ` answer ' to Brecht 's play , entitled The Battle : Scenes from Germany ( revised from a text first written in the early 1950s ; first theatrical production opened on 10 October 1975 at the Volksbühne ) . Tony Kushner 's 1985 play A Bright Room Called Day was also based on this play .

neg: Frankfurt Documents thumb | right | 200px | Members of the Frankfurt conference  Frankfurt Documents were a series of documents which were an important step on the way to the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany .   On July 1 , 1948 the representatives of the Western allied occupation forces handed over a number of documents to the prime ministers and two ruling mayors from the western zones of occupation , in which the recommendations were made , including establishing a West German state . The main problem of these recommendations was that they did not provide all-German solution , but only a West German state . The Frankfurt documents formed a working basis for the work on the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany . They were created at the London 6-Power Conference in early 1948 .   The handover took place in the IG Farben Building in Frankfurt am Main , and the documents took the name of this town . The military governors Lucius D. Clay ( United States ) , Marie-Pierre Koenig ( France ) and Sir Brian Robertson ( UK ) issued an order establishing a western German state . Present were Peter Altmeier ( Rhineland-Palatinate ) , Karl Arnold ( North Rhine-Westphalia ) , Lawrence Bock ( Württemberg-Hohenzollern ) , Max Brauer ( Hamburg ) , Hans Ehard ( Bavaria ) , Wilhelm Kaisen ( Bremen ) , Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf ( Lower Saxony ) , Hermann Lüdemann ( Schleswig-Holstein ) , Reinhold Maier ( Württemberg-Baden ) , Christian Stock ( Hessen ) and Leo Wohleb ( Baden ) .   A West German state was to be established under the following conditions :   There should be a constitutional convention ( German : Verfassunggebende Versammlung , literally , `` Constituent Assembly '' ) before September 1 , 1948 , to draft a constitution shaping a federal form of government , while maintaining the rights of people and the participating states .  This constitution should first be approved by the military governments , then a referendum in the countries to ratify the Constitution .  The respective simple majority in two thirds of eleven West German states should be sufficient for ratification . Constitutional amendments must be approved by the military governors .  The German foreign policy should continue to be controlled by the military governors in a minimum , as Ruhr questions , repairs , industrial and rights of the Allied forces .  The boundaries of each state should be reviewed and it should , if necessary , taking into account of traditional forms of new countries are created , none compared to the other should be too large or too small .   The Frankfurt Documents prompted the Prime Minister to hold Rittersturz Conference in Koblenz , on the resolutions that were passed .   Category : Political history of Germany  Category : Political conferences

neg: Final Solution The Final Solution ( Endlösung ) or the Final Solution to the Jewish Question ( die Endlösung der Judenfrage , -LSB- diː ˈɛntˌløːzʊŋ deːɐ̯ ˈjuːdn̩ˌfʁaːɡə -RSB- ) was a Nazi plan for the extermination of the Jews during World War II . The `` Final Solution of the Jewish Question '' was the Nazi code name for the plan to murder all Jews within reach , and was not limited to the European continent . This policy of deliberate and systematic genocide started across German-occupied Europe was formulated in procedural and geo-political terms by Nazi leadership in January 1942 at the Wannsee Conference near Berlin , and culminated in the Holocaust which saw the killing of 90 percent of Jewish Poles , and two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe .   The nature and timing of the decisions that led to the Final Solution is an intensely studied and debated aspect of the Holocaust . The program evolved during the first 25 months of war leading to the attempt at `` murdering every last Jew in the German grasp . '' Most historians agree , wrote Christopher Browning , that the Final Solution can not be attributed to a single decision made at one particular point in time . `` It is generally accepted the decision-making process was prolonged and incremental . '' In 1940 , following the Fall of France , the Madagascar Plan was devised by Adolf Eichmann in order to relocate Europe 's Jewish population to the French colony ; but the plan was abandoned for logistical reasons mainly due to a naval blockade . There were also preliminary plans to deport Jews to Palestine and Siberia . In 1941 , wrote Raul Hilberg , in the first phase of the mass murder of Jews , the mobile killing units began to pursue their victims across occupied eastern territories ; in the second phase , stretching across all of German-occupied Europe , the Jewish victims were sent on death trains to centralized extermination camps built for the purpose of systematic implementation of the Final Solution .

neg: Ideology of the SS The ideology espoused by the Schutzstaffel ( `` Protection Squadron '' ; SS ) , a paramilitary force and instrument of terror of the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany , emphasized a racist vision of `` racial purity '' , antisemitism , and loyalty to Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany .   SS men were indoctrinated with the belief they were members of a `` master race '' . The ideology of the SS was , even more so than in Nazism in general , built on the belief in a superior `` Aryan race '' . This led to the SS playing the main role in political violence and crimes against humanity , including the Holocaust and `` mercy killing '' of those with congenital illnesses . After the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II , the SS and Nazi Party were found to be criminal organizations at the Nuremberg Trials .

neg: Munich Central Collecting Point The Munich Central Collecting Point was a depot used by the Monuments , Fine Arts , and Archives program after the end of the Second World War to process , photograph and redistribute artwork and cultural artefacts that had been confiscated by the Nazis and hidden throughout Germany and Austria . Other Central Collecting Points were located at Marburg , Wiesbaden and Offenbach , with the overall aim of restituting the artefacts to their countries of origin .   Lieutenant Craig Hugh Smyth was responsible for establishing the Munich Central Collecting Point in July 1945 , converting former Nazi Party offices into a depot complete with photography studios and conservation labs . The depot 's activities were directed by Herbert S. Leonard .   The Munich Central Collecting Point mainly processed artwork from European museums and private collections , including Hitler 's collection found at Altaussee . This included paintings , sculptures , metalwork and other objects . These restitution activities at Munich ceased in 1951 .   Archives of materials relating to the Munich Central Collecting Point are located in two repositories in the USA . Original inventory records and photographs of works of art are held by the National Archives and Records Administration . There is a further archive of photographs , and microfilm copies of the inventory cards , in the Photographic Archives at the National Gallery of Art in Washington , DC .

neg: Nazi Anti-Flag Desecration Law The Nazi Anti-Flag Desecration Law was not a Nazi law , but an amendment to the Second Reich Strafgesetzbuch signed into law as a Notverordnung in the Weimarer Republik on 19 December 1932 by Reichspräsident Paul von Hindenburg and the cabinet of Reichskanzler Kurt von Schleicher , making it illegal to desecrate the flag by `` insulting or maliciously and with intent belittling '' the Reich , the Länder , their constitution , colors , or flags , or the Wehrmacht .   Initially , § 134a StGB protected only the flag of the democratic Germany .  Later legislation , on 12 March 1933 , and the Reichsflaggengesetz of 15 September 1935 , extended the protection to the Hakenkreuzfahne .

neg: Operation Clausewitz Operation Clausewitz was the codeword initiation of the defence of Berlin plan by Nazi Germany during the final stage of the European conflict of World War II , the Battle of Berlin . Clausewitz was established in the 9 March 1945 document , Basic Order for the Preparations for the Defense of the Reich Capital ( Grundsätzlicher Befehl für die Vorbereitungen zur Verteidigung der Reichshauptstadt ) , a 33 page document containing 24 separate points . The second point of the document , in full ( translated ) is : `` The Reich capital will be defended to the last man and to the last bullet . '' It has been referred to as the Nazis ' last stand against the Soviets .   The document divided the city of Berlin into 9 operational defense zones ( A through H , as slices of the outer city of Berlin and Z , its center , corresponding to the government district ) . It further divided the region into four concentric rings : an outer exclusion zone , extending well past Berlin 's city limits ; an outer defense zone extending roughly to the city limits ; an inner defense zone extending out to the Berlin Ringbahn ; and the Citadel ( Zitadelle ) , again , zone Z . In addition to the establishment of defense zones , this document also described the overall mechanism by which Berlin would be converted to a front line city . This included :  The evacuation of all Wehrmacht and SS offices in Berlin  Evacuation of the central command post of the capital from General Command on Hohenzollerndamm to L-Tower of the Zoo bunker no more than six hours after the issuance of Clausewitz  The imposition of martial law for the civilian populace , and offenses under which the death penalty was authorized  Hitler ordered the execution of Fall Clausewitz on 20 April 1945 . This set into motion preparedness according to the Basic Order plan , and would have been followed later by the codeword Kolberg meaning full preparedness should be completed and the battle has started .

neg: German–Soviet Axis talks In October and November 1940 , German -- Soviet Axis talks occurred concerning the Soviet Union 's potential entry as a fourth Axis Power in World War II . The negotiations , which occurred during the era of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact and the German-Soviet Commercial Agreement , included a two-day Berlin conference between Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov , Adolf Hitler and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop , followed by both countries trading written proposed agreements . After two days of negotiations from 12 to 14 November 1940 , Germany presented the Soviets with a draft written Axis pact agreement defining the world spheres of influence of the four proposed Axis powers ( Japan , Germany , Soviet Union , Italy ) . Hitler , Ribbentrop and Molotov tried to set German and Soviet spheres of influence ; Hitler encouraged Molotov to look south to Iran and eventually India while preserving German access to Finland 's resources , and to remove Soviet influence in the Balkans . Molotov remained firm , seeking to remove German troops from Finland and gain a warm water port in the Balkans . Soviet foreign policy calculations were predicated by the idea that the war would be a long - term struggle and therefore German claims that Britain would be defeated swiftly were treated with scepticism . In addition Stalin sought to remain influential in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia . These factors resulted in Molotov taking a firm line . According to a Columbia University academical source , on 25 November 1940 , the Soviets presented a Stalin-drafted written counterproposal where they would accept the four power pact , but it included Soviet rights to Bulgaria and a world sphere of influence centered on the area around modern Iraq and Iran . Germany did not respond , leaving the negotiations unresolved . Regarding the counterproposal , Hitler remarked to his top military chiefs that Stalin `` demands more and more '' , `` he 's a cold-blooded blackmailer '' and that `` a German victory has become unbearable for Russia '' so that `` she must be brought to her knees as soon as possible . '' Germany ended the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in June 1941 by invading the Soviet Union .

neg: German federal election, 1928 Federal elections were held in Germany on 20 May 1928 . The Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) remained the largest party in the Reichstag after winning 153 of the 491 seats . Voter turnout was 75.6 % .   The only two parties to gain significantly were the SPD , who polled almost a third of votes , and the Communist Party of Germany ( KPD ) , completing a thorough victory of the left wing . However , although the SPD now had 153 seats , it still failed to gain a clear majority , resulting in another coalition government led by Hermann Müller . Following his appointment , Müller , who had already been Germany 's Chancellor for 4 months in 1920 , created a grand coalition of members of the SPD , the German Democratic Party , the Centre Party and the German People 's Party . The coalition was plagued by internal divisions right from the beginning , with each party more concerned with their self-interest than the interest of the government and eventually Müller asked President Paul von Hindenburg for emergency powers . When Hindenburg refused , Müller resigned , marking the end of the ` last genuinely democratic government of the Weimar Republic ' on 27 March 1930 .   The recently-reformed Nazi Party contested the elections after the ban on the party was lifted in 1925 . However , the party received less than 3 % of the vote and won just 12 seats in the Reichstag . Adolf Hitler , who had been incarcerated in Landsberg prison for his involvement in the Beer Hall Putsch until Christmas 1924 , had concentrated on re-establishing himself as the leader of the Nazi Party following his release rather than on the party 's electability .

neg: 6th SS-Standarte The 6th SS-Standarte was a regimental command of the Allgemeine-SS situated in the city of Berlin . As the command was located in the capital of Germany , the 6th Standarte was considered one of the more important SS units in Nazi Germany . The members of the Standarte themselves , however , were non-paid mustering troops of the `` General-SS '' as was the practice for most Allgemeine-SS regiments .   The Standarte was first formed in October 1931 and was part of the so-called `` Northern SS '' under the control of Kurt Daluege . At the time , there was a divisional disunity in the SS , with SS units in southern Germany controlled by Heinrich Himmler and the northern units answering to Daluege . It was not until 1934 , after most of the SS headquarters offices had relocated to Berlin , that this division was eventually done away with .   During Reichstag elections of 1931 , the 6th SS Standarte played a significant role in campaigning for the Nazi Party and repeated the effort again when Adolf Hitler ran for the office of President of Germany in 1932 . One early member of the Standarte , who would later become the Reichsführer-SS was Karl Hanke .   After Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933 , the 6th SS-Standarte adopted the honor title of `` Charlottenburg '' and often participated in several major Nazi Party rallies held in the German capitol . A year later , during the Night of the Long Knives , the Standarte played a major role in rounding up the Sturmabteilung leadership in Berlin , although most SA executions were carried out by SD troops and Gestapo agents .   One of the most notorious actions that the 6th SS-Standarte engaged in was `` Kristallnacht '' where Berlin SS men sought out and destroyed numerous Jewish synagogues and businesses . Shortly afterwards , the Standarte was granted a second honor title as `` 6 SS-Standarte Eduard Felsen '' .   When World War II began in 1939 , the Berlin SS regiment slowly began losing its members to regular military service , since mustering Allgemeine-SS personnel were not exempt from conscription . The Standarte was still participating in ceremonial functions as late as 1944 , however , and in the last year of the war many of the remaining members became involved with the Volksturm and participated in the Battle of Berlin .

neg: German Metal Workers' Union The German Metal Workers ' Union ( Deutscher Metallarbeiter-Verband , abbreviated DMV ) was a German industrial union for metalworkers formed in 1891 and dissolved after the Nazis ' accession to power in 1933 .   German metalworkers started to organize in labor unions in 1868 . In 1891 , at a congress in Frankfurt from June 1 to June 6 , a number of separate unions joined forces to form a single federation with 23,200 members . The DMV was the first industrial union in the country . It was headquartered in Stuttgart . It took over publication of the already extant newspaper Deutsche Metall-Arbeiter-Zeitung . At first , it faced opposition from the established craft unions . Its membership reached 50,000 by 1896 , 100,000 in 1901 , and over 500,000 by 1913 . Its growth was slowed by its failure to gain recognition by employers in large plants in heavy industry until World War I.   During World War I , the DMV , like the rest of the socialist labor movement , did not oppose the country 's war efforts and maintained labor peace , a policy known as the Burgfrieden . As the war effort unraveled and revolutionary struggles broke out , metalworkers rebelled as well . They were a major part of the January Strikes , though the union itself helped re-establish order . After government control collapsed in November 1918 , most leaders had to leave their posts as a result of having supported the war . Once order was restored , the DMV , which was part of the Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund ( ADGB ) , a confederation of socialist unions , attained recognition from employers and its membership spiked to 1.6 million in 1919 , briefly making it the single largest union in the world . It was , however , unable to attract younger workers throughout the Weimar years and its membership sank to under a million by 1928 . During the 1920s , communists from the Communist Party of Germany ( KPD ) had considerable influence in the DMV .   After the Nazis gained power in 1933 , the DMV was banned on May 2 . Many of its leaders were imprisoned and taken to concentration camps and the union 's assets and property were seized . Some of its organizational structures were integrated into the German Labor Front ( DAF ) , the Nazi Party 's labor organization . Although the DMV opposed the Nazis , it was unable to put up meaningful resistance against their rule .   After World War II , in 1949 , IG Metall was established as the new German federation for metalworkers . It continued the DMV 's tradition , but strove to maintain political neutrality , feeling that political discord in the German labor movement had contributed to the Nazis ' victory in 1933 .

neg: Memorial to Polish Soldiers and German Anti-Fascists The Memorial to Polish Soldiers and German Anti-Fascists ( Denkmal des polnischen Soldaten und deutschen Antifaschisten Pomnik żołnierza polskiego i niemieckiego antyfaszysty ) is a war memorial in Berlin , dedicated in 1972 . Built by the German Democratic Republic during the division of Germany , it is today the principal German monument to the Polish soldiers who died in World War II , as well as an important monument to the German resistance .   The monument is located in Volkspark Friedrichshain , in the borough of Friedrichshain in former East Berlin . It was conceived at a time of improving relations between East Germany and Poland as a monument to the cooperation between the communist Polish People 's Army and German communists in the struggle against fascism . The monument of gray Silesian granite was designed by the Polish sculptors Zofia Wolska and Tadeusz Łodzian and the Germans Arnd Wittig and Günther Merkel . Its centerpiece is a pair of parallel 15-meter stone columns ( which are actually a single structure ) united by a bronze flag . The monument area is in the foot of a hill , and is set off with a wall bearing the motto of Tadeusz Kościuszko , `` For your freedom and ours , '' in Polish ( Za waszą i naszą wolność ) and German ( Für eure und unsere Freiheit ) , and a relief showing figures of a Polish and Red Army soldier together with a German resistance fighter . Below the columns is the dedicatory plaque , in Polish , German , and Russian , where wreath-laying ceremonies take place .   The monument was rededicated in 1995 following German reunification to include non-communist Polish soldiers and victims of the Nazis , as well as all German resistance movements , and plaques in Polish and German were added explaining this . The monument was left otherwise unchanged , and the columns still bear the communist-era coat of arms of the People 's Republic of Poland and the coat of arms of East Germany .   In recent years , concern mounted as to the amount of vandalism and graffiti inflicted on the monument . In 2004 , a German company agreed to sponsor the maintenance of the monument . In 2005 , the memorial was defaced with neo-Nazi slogans .   The monument is frequently used for skateboarding .


query: Junun is a 2012 documentary.

pos: Junun Junun is a 2015 documentary film directed by Paul Thomas Anderson . It documents the making of the album of the same name in Mehrangarh Fort in Rajasthan , India , by the Israeli composer Shye Ben Tzur , English composer and Radiohead guitarist Jonny Greenwood , Indian ensemble the Rajasthan Express , and Radiohead producer Nigel Godrich . Greenwood previously composed soundtracks for several Anderson films .   Junun premièred at the 2015 New York Film Festival and was released on the MUBI film streaming service on October 9 and on iTunes on November 20 , 2015 . It received generally favorable reviews .

neg: Confession of Murder Confession of Murder ( ; lit . `` I am the Murderer '' ) is a 2012 South Korean action thriller film directed by Jung Byung-gil , starring Jung Jae-young and Park Si-hoo . It is about a police officer who is haunted for failing to capture a serial killer 15 years back , and returns to the case after a novelist publishes the book `` I am the Murderer '' , claiming responsibility for the crimes .   This is director Jung Byung-gil 's first mainstream feature ; he first drew notice for his 2008 documentary film about Korean stunt men , Action Boys . Produced by Dasepo Club co. Ltd , and distributed by Showbox , it was released on November 8 , 2012 and ran for 119 minutes .

neg: Koukan Kourcia Koukan Kourcia is a 2010 documentary film .

neg: On the Road: A Document is a Japanese documentary from 1964 directed by Noriaki Tsuchimoto .

neg: Truth Be Told (2012 film) Truth Be Told is a 2012 documentary about growing up in the Jehovah 's Witnesses religion . The title refers to the Jehovah 's Witnesses ' perception that their beliefs are ` the truth . '

neg: Hotaru no Hikari (manga) is a Japanese josei manga series by Satoru Hiura . It has been adapted into 2 television drama series and a live action film that was released on 7 July 2012 .

neg: Haunting Love Haunting Love is a 2012 Chinese horror film directed by Ting Liang .

neg: Nanban Nanban may refer to :  Nanban ( film ) , 2012 Tamil comedy film directed by Shankar  Nanban art , Japanese art of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries influenced by contact with the Namban  Nanban trade , trade between Japan and Western countries from 1543 to 1614

neg: SPEC: Ten is a 2012 Japanese film directed by Yukihiko Tsutsumi . It was released on 7 April 2012 . This is a sequel to the TBS drama SPEC series .

neg: Cowboy del Amor Cowboy del Amor is a 2005 documentary film directed by Michèle Ohayon .

neg: All's Well, Ends Well 2012 All 's Well , Ends Well 2012 is a 2012 Hong Kong romantic comedy film directed by Chan Hing-ka and Janet Chun . It is the seventh installment in the All 's Well , Ends Well film series .

neg: Aluna Aluna is a 2012 feature-length documentary film sequel to the 1990 BBC documentary The Heart of The World : Elder Brother 's Warning . The first documentary showed an ancient Kogi tribe civilisation ( the Elder Brother ) who emerge to offer their concern for people of the modern world ( Younger Brother ) . Younger Brother is urged to change or suffer environmental disaster . After offering the warning the Kogi retreat back to civilisation hidden in a mountain in Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta , Colombia .   The Kogis have re-emerged . Long-ago realising that the importance of their warning had not been grasped . As well as warning Younger Brother they have decided to share their secret sciences in the belief that sharing these new sciences will share their burden of changing the world for the better .

neg: Jeonju International Film Festival Launched in 2000 , Jeonju International Film Festival ( JIFF , Korean : 전주국제영화제 , Hanja : 全州國際映畵祭 ) is one of the Asian film festivals .   In the first edition of JIFF , debut films of Darren ARONOFSKY , Fernando MEIRELLES , and Alejandro González IÑÁRRITU were introduced to South Korea . For the first time in Asia , Jiff highlighted early works of Béla TARR , Ulrich SEIDL , Laurent CANTET as well . The winners of Jeonju IFF 's International Competition Section include Matias PIÑEIRO , YING Liang , Denis CÔTÉ , Apichatpong WEERASETHAKUL , SUWA Nobuhiro , John AKOMFRAH and MIIKE Takashi .   Another point of Jeonju is that it produces movies as well . Directors that once invited to Jeonju IFF , were later invited again to Jeonju Digital Project ( JDP ) which is a set of three digital shorts . JDP granted financial support to masters for their short films and world-premiered those pieces in Jeonju . The former directors ran JDP include ZHANG Yuan , JIA Zhang Ke , TSAI Ming Liang , SUWA Nobuhiro , Shinji AOYAMA , BONG Joon-Ho , Apichatpong WEERASETHAKUL , Shinya TSUKAMOTO , Darezhan OMIRVAEV , Pedro COSTA , Mahamat-saleh HAROUN , HONG Sang-soo , Lav DIAZ , Denis CÔTÉ , Jean-Marie STRAUB , Claire DENIS , José Luis GUERIN , YING Liang , Edwin , ZHANG Lu , KOBAYASHI Masahiro .   Celebrating its 15th edition , JDP has boosted scale up to Feature-length with GYÖRGY Pálfi ( Hungary ) , PARK Jung bum/SHIN Yeon-shick ( Republic of Korea . )   One of the other characteristics of JIFF is its experimental section called Expanded Cinema ( formerly called Stranger than Cinema . ) Expanded Cinema is possibly the best experimental film section in Asia that world-premieres new project of directors such as Peter KUBELKA , Peter TSCHERKASSKY , Harun FAROCKI , Artavazd PELESHIAN , James BENNING , Alexander KLUGE , Pere PORTABEELA , Raya MARTIN , Romuald KARMAKAR , and Jon JOST .

neg: Arirang (2011 film) Arirang is a 2011 South Korean documentary film by Kim Ki-duk . The film addresses a personal crisis Kim went through , sparked by an incident during the filming of his previous film , Dream , where the lead actress nearly died by hanging , and by the departure of a couple of close colleagues , including the director Jang Hoon . The title comes from a Korean folk song with the same title . In a heavily line-broken text released about the film , Kim writes that `` Through Arirang I understand human beings , thank the nature , and accept my life as it is now . '' Kim produced the film entirely on his own . It premiered in the Un Certain Regard section of the 2011 Cannes Film Festival , and won the top award for best film .

neg: Re-encounter Re-encounter ( ; lit . `` Hye-hwa , Child '' ) is a 2011 South Korean indie film written and directed by Min Yong-keun . Starring Yoo Da-in and Yoo Yeon-seok , it is a coming of age story about two young people who fall in love but lose contact when the girl becomes pregnant and the boy leaves her to go to Canada ; they meet again after five years to look for their child , who they believe has been adopted .   It premiered at the 15th Busan International Film Festival in 2010 , and was released in theaters on February 17 , 2011 .

neg: Umbrella (film) Umbrella or San is a Chinese documentary film directed by Du Haibin and released in 2007 . The film documents the experiences of modern rural China , particularly five social groups : students , soldiers , tradespeople , and peasants . Du 's stated goal with the film was to highlight the growing disparity between China 's prosperous cities and its stagnating countryside .

neg: Winners (film) Winners is a 2011 documentary film .

neg: Interesting Times: The Secret of My Success Interesting Times : The Secret of My Success is a 2002 Chinese documentary film by director Duan Jinchuan about China 's contemporary politics of democracy and the realities of the one child policy . The director shows how this policy is being implemented in Fanshen , a rural village in Northeast China .   This film is part of the 2002 series ` Interesting Times ' showing different aspects of modern life in China :  The secret of my success - shows how Chinese politics are implemented in the countryside .  The war of love Directors : Duan Jinchuan & Jiang Yue - is a portrait of a marriage broker .  Xiao 's long march Director : Wu Gong - about the People 's Liberation Army .  This happy life Director : Jiang Yue - aims to define the concept of political education in China .

neg: Like Stone Lions at the Gateway into Night Like Stone Lions at the Gateway into Night ( Comme des lions de pierre à l'entrée de la nuit ) is a 2012 documentary film by Olivier Zuchuat .

neg: Songun Songun is the `` military first '' policy of North Korea , prioritizing the Korean People 's Army in the affairs of state and allocation of resources . `` Military first '' as a principle guides political and economic life in North Korea , with `` military-first politics '' dominating the political system ; `` a line of military-first economic construction '' acting as an economic system ; and `` military-first ideology '' serving as the guiding ideology .   Songun elevates the Korean People 's Army within North Korea as an organization and as a state function , granting it the primary position in the North Korean government and society . It guides domestic policy and international interactions . It is the framework for the government , designating the military as the `` supreme repository of power '' . The North Korean government grants the Korean People 's Army the highest economic and resource-allocation priority and positions it as the model for society to emulate . Songun is also the ideological concept behind a shift in policies since 1994 which emphasize the people 's military over all other aspects of state and society .

neg: Konna no Idol Janain!? is a 2012 Japanese television comedy series .