query: VHS received development in the 70s.

pos: VHS The Video Home System ( VHS ) is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes . Developed by Victor Company of Japan ( JVC ) in the early 1970s , it was released in Japan in late 1976 and in the USA in early 1977 .   From the 1950s , magnetic tape video recording became a major contributor to the television industry , via the first commercialized video tape recorders ( VTRs ) . At that time , the devices were used only in expensive professional environments such as television studios and medical imaging ( fluoroscopy ) . In the 1970s , videotape entered home use , creating the home video industry and changing the economics of the television and movie businesses . The television industry viewed videocassette recorders ( VCRs ) as having the power to disrupt their business , while television users viewed the VCR as the means to take control of their hobby .   In the 1980s and 1990s , at the peak of VHS 's popularity , there were videotape format wars in the home video industry . Two of the formats , VHS and Betamax , received the most media exposure . VHS eventually won the war , dominating 60 percent of the North American market by 1980 and emerging as the dominant home video format throughout the tape media period .   Optical disc formats later began to offer better quality than analog consumer video tape such as standard and super-VHS . The earliest of these formats , LaserDisc , was not widely adopted . However , after the introduction of the DVD format in 1997 , VHS 's market share began to decline . By 2008 , DVD had replaced VHS as the preferred low-end method of distribution .

neg: DSM CC Digital storage media command and control ( DSM-CC ) is a toolkit for developing control channels associated with MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 streams . It is defined in part 6 of the MPEG-2 standard ( Extensions for DSM-CC ) and uses a client/server model connected via an underlying network ( carried via the MPEG-2 multiplex or independently if needed ) .   DSM-CC may be used for controlling the video reception , providing features normally found on Video Cassette Recorders ( VCR ) ( fast-forward , rewind , pause , etc. ) . It may also be used for a wide variety of other purposes including packet data transport . It is defined by a series of weighty standards , principally MPEG-2 ISO/IEC 13818-6 ( part 6 of the MPEG-2 standard ) .   DSM-CC may work in conjunction with next generation packet networks , working alongside such internet protocols as RSVP , RTSP , RTP and SCP . Although DSM-CC is usually associated with video delivery ( via satellite or terrestrially ) and with interactive content , it is also used among audio servers and clients . The architecture describes three main parts of the system : the client , the server , and the session resource manager ( SRM ) . The server provides content and other services to the client , and both are `` clients '' of the SRM . The SRM allocates and manages network resources ( such as channels , bandwidth , and network addresses . ) By combining server and client components together onto the same platforms , peer-to-peer content access and delivery systems can be constructed .   These specifications include numerous implementation options . For example , MPEG-2 video can be encoded in different ways , and a DSM-CC system can be constructed to include or exclude certain features and interfaces . Normally , an outside specification will define a profile of specific options , allowing systems built using common profiles to interoperate .   DSM-CC defines or extends five distinct protocols :   User-User Allows remote access by the client to objects on the server . The User-User specification goes beyond the definition of specific server object classes to define classes local to the client , as well as some of the interaction with other parts of the system . The distributed object model is based on CORBA . Objects are accessed using the internet inter-ORB protocol ( IIOP ) , with some optional extensions . Two subsets , `` core '' and `` extended '' , are defined . In the model , some clients may also load content onto the server .   User-Network There are two parts to this protocol : Session and Resource . This protocol is used between the client and SRM , and between the server and SRM . The U-N Session protocol is used to establish sessions with the network , associated with resources which are allocated and released using the U-N Resource protocol .   MPEG transport profiles The specification provides profiles to the standard MPEG transport protocol ( defined by ISO/IEC 13818-1 ) to allow transmission of event , synchronization , download , and other information in the MPEG transport stream .   Download Several variations of this protocol allow transfer of content from server to client , either within the MPEG transport stream or on a separate ( presumably high-speed ) channel . Flow-controlled download allows the download operations to be negotiated and controlled by the client . A variation of download is an autonomous `` data carousel '' on the server which repeatedly downloads information ; the download carousel client waits for the information without initiating the transfer . An extension to the data carousel is the `` object carousel '' , which presents downloaded information as objects compatible with the objects defined by the User-User API . ( The choice of download or IIOP protocols is embedded in the object 's IOR , so the means of access is transparent to the client application . )   Switched Digital Broadcast-Channel Change Protocol ( SDB/CCP ) Enables a client to remotely switch from channel to channel in a broadcast environment . Used to attach a client to a continuous-feed session ( CFS ) or other broadcast feed . Sometimes used in pay-per-view .   An implementation does not always need all of these protocols . Almost all implementations in the real world use a subset .

neg: Comparison of high definition optical disc formats This article compares the technical specifications of multiple high definition formats , including HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc ; two mutually incompatible , high definition optical disc formats that , beginning in 2006 , attempted to improve upon and eventually replace the DVD standard . The two formats remained in a format war until February 19 , 2008 when Toshiba , HD DVD 's creator , announced plans to cease development , manufacturing and marketing of HD DVD players and recorders .   Other high-definition optical disc formats were attempted , including the multi-layered red-laser Versatile Multilayer Disc and a Chinese made format called EVD . Both appear to have been abandoned by their respective developers .

neg: Virtual product development Virtual product development ( VPD ) is the practice of developing and prototyping products in a completely digital 2D/3D environment . VPD has four main components :  virtual product design ( 3D shape , 2D graphics/copy )  virtual product simulation ( drop test , crush test , etc. . )  virtual product staging ( retail space planning , consumer research and behavior analysis )  digital manufacturing ( process planning , assembly/filling virtualization , plant design ) .   VPD typically takes place in a collaborative , web-based environment that brings together designers , customers/consumers , and value chain partners around a single source of real-time product `` truth '' . VPD enables practitioners to arrive at the right idea more quickly , and to accurately predict its performance in both manufacturing and retail settings , ultimately minimizing time to value , market failure potential , and product development costs .   Virtual process planning is a relatively new concept for manufacturing companies , although the concept has been in use for the construction industry for several years . BIM ( building information modeling ) is the system used by many construction , architectural and contracting firms . The detail and scheduling aspects are some of the more valuable aspects of the system . By utilizing virtual process planning , the entire production process can be designed to both maximize efficiency and avoid the trial and error method employed by most manufacturers .   Various software exists with differing levels of information . The placement of work stations , inventory , personnel and equipment can be valuable for space planning . The interaction of the previously mentioned can also be investigated , allowing the user to identify potential issues from safety , quality and ergonomic standpoints .   Virtual Product Development , VPD , is a result of constant efforts in a direction to overcome the limitations of conventional testing procedures . VPD allows a designer to take important design decisions at early stages based on test results , giving control over cost . ` Virtual product development ' is a strategy for coordinating technology , processes and people to enhance the established product development process . It is a gradual process that efficiently builds up a product virtually . Thus any changes to be made in its design can be reflected into its physical properties , supply chain , distribution channel and ultimately into the customer view ; without physically manufacturing the product .   VPD encompasses a wide variety of software tools to cover a product from the conception to the final design and even manufacturing . This path consists of various processes to be carried out at manufacturing level , testing procedures and the final design which is modified automatically based on the test results . One of the major advantages of VPD is its computer brain capability , which can simulate various complex load conditions at a time . Non-linear load conditions are not always possible to create at the testing centre where the prototypes are being tested in conventional testing methods . These complex conditions , if accommodated in the testing , can yield more reliable product form .

neg: Analog television Analog television or analogue television is the original television technology that uses analog signals to transmit video and audio . In an analog television broadcast , the brightness , colors and sound are represented by rapid variations of either the amplitude , frequency or phase of the signal .   Analog signals vary over a continuous range of possible values which means that electronic noise and interference becomes reproduced by the receiver . So with analog , a moderately weak signal becomes snowy and subject to interference . In contrast , a moderately weak digital signal and a very strong digital signal transmit equal picture quality . Analog television may be wireless or can be distributed over a cable network using cable converters .   All broadcast television systems preceding digital transmission of digital television ( DTV ) used analog signals .   Analog television around the world has been in the process of shutting down since the late 2000s .

neg: D-TV D-TV is a series of music videos created by Walt Disney Productions in 1984 . Disney combined hit songs from the past with footage of vintage Disney animation , created in the style of MTV music videos , which inspired the name of this series . The videos were shown as filler material on the Disney Channel ( as the network did not air commercials at this time ) , as well as being the focus of television specials . Home video collections were also released on the VHS , Beta , CED Videodisc , and Laserdisc formats . After the first run of D-TV , in 1989 a second series was produced known as DTV ² . The show 's main title theme song is `` RPM '' from Larry Owens for the Network Music Library .   D-TV ceased airing in 1999 .

neg: DVD authoring DVD authoring is the process of creating a DVD video capable of playing on a DVD player . DVD authoring software must conform to the specifications set by the DVD Forum .   DVD authoring is the second step in the process of producing finished DVDs . The first step is the creation of the movie ( or programme ) and the second , the authoring , is the creation of artwork , user menus , insertion of chapter points , overdubs/commentaries , setting autoplay and/or repeat options , etc. . The final step is the manufacturing ( replication ) process to mass-produce finished DVDs .   Strictly speaking , DVD authoring differs from the process of MPEG encoding , but most DVD authoring software has a built-in encoder , although separate encoders are still used when better quality or finer control over compression settings are required .   Most DVD-authoring applications focus exclusively on video DVDs and do not support the authoring of DVD-Audio discs .   Stand-alone DVD recorder units generally have basic authoring functions , though the creator of the DVD has little or no control over the layout of the DVD menus , which generally differ between models and brands .

neg: Proprietary DVR DVRs , or Digital Video Recorders , are devices which record video to a hard drive . The term Proprietary DVR refers to exclusive methodologies used to maintain commercial control over the DVR format and prevent third-party copying of a particular file . CCTV systems are used for the detection and recording of crime , but the analysts and law enforcement personnel who are required to obtain and process video recorded with proprietary DVRs may face problems using the proprietary format .  Most established manufacturers will provide tools for law enforcement agencies to play and copy footage from such systems .   The opposite of proprietary DVR is standard or PC-based DVR . ( Although , in fact , many proprietary DVR 's are PC-based devices . )   Currently there is no standard output for the security industry to follow . Because of this , analysts are forced to obtain a compatible `` player '' in order to view the video . Some proprietary DVRs are delivered to the end-user in an executable player which allows for navigation . Some require the installation of the player . Others simply require a codec to be available on the system that is playing , then it will become viewable in a common player such as Windows Media Player .   Some proprietary DVR systems offer more than one output format , such as the native format as well as a standard format such as AVI . Some also offer a composite video output PAL or NTSC . Some security companies are reluctant to offer anything other than their proprietary format . Reasons cited for maintaining control over the file by impeding conversion vary , but most companies will make `` tamper resistance '' a sellable feature , while disregarding the work required of an analyst or court in order to present the video .   Another selling point of proprietary DVR systems is compression . Video compression removes information in exchange for a smaller file size . Increasing compression leads to the ability to store longer periods on a disk , at the expense of sacrificing some of the detail in the images . This trade-off must be considered when attempting to balance image quality and recording time in a DVR . As storage drives become cheaper and larger , compression sacrifices are improving .   A problem inherent in proprietary DVR output is accuracy . There is a good chance that the video image as viewed has an incorrect aspect ratio and/or color information . Color may be off simply due to the calibration of the monitor being used , but often color information is not recorded accurately . It is not very common to white balance security cameras unless it is done at set up . Aspect ratios may also be recorded improperly and could actually be quite distorted . Aspect ratios on some players are sometimes user-adjustable by dragging the viewer in one direction or the other .   Contrary to attempts made by proprietary DVR developers , it is possible to change virtually any DVR image into another format , but it can not be done through digital conversion , such as changing an MPEG-2 to AVI . Instead it is done by intercepting the pixels sent by the proprietary DVR to the users monitor . There are a number of software available that will capture an area of a screen and generate an uncompressed file in a common format .   Gradually technology is improving and DVR systems are capable of having features that analog video could never provide . One feature is the ability to store metadata , such as point of sale information . Another feature may be for an event ( movement , panic button , door/drawer opening ) to trigger a system to record at a higher resolution . Perhaps the greatest feature is the ability to navigate directly to an area of interest .

neg: IBM 729 The IBM 729 Magnetic Tape Unit was IBM 's iconic tape mass storage system from the late 1950s through the mid-1960s . Part of the IBM 7 track family of tape units , it was used on late 700 , most 7000 and many 1400 series computers . Like its predecessor , the IBM 727 and many successors , the 729 used 1/2 inch ( 12.7 mm ) magnetic tape up to 2400 feet ( 730 m ) long wound on reels up to 10 1/2 inch ( 267 mm ) diameter . To allow rapid tape acceleration ( and thus reduced seek/access times ) , long vacuum columns were placed between the tape reels and the read/write heads to absorb sudden increases in tape tension which would otherwise break the tape . Write protection was provided by a removable plastic ring in the back of the tape reel .

neg: Canadian Home Video Rating System The Canadian Home Video Rating System ( CHVRS ) is a voluntary rating classification system applied to home video products such as VHS and DVDs . It is administered by the Motion Picture Classification Corporation of Canada , a subsidiary of the Motion Picture Association -- Canada ( MPA -- C ) . Ratings are `` averaged '' from those assigned by participating provincial film boards : Alberta , British Columbia , Manitoba , Maritimes ( New Brunswick , Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island ) , Ontario and Saskatchewan ( whose ratings are determined by British Columbia ) and applied by the distributor to home video packaging .

neg: Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( SMPTE ( -LSB- ˈsɪmptiː -RSB- , rarely -LSB- ˈsʌmptiː -RSB- ) , founded in 1916 as the Society of Motion Picture Engineers or SMPE , is an international professional association , based in the United States of America , of engineers working in the motion imaging industries . An internationally recognized standards organizations , SMPTE has more than 600 Standards , Recommended Practices , and Engineering Guidelines for television production , filmmaking , digital cinema , audio recording , information technology , and medical imaging . In addition to development and publication of technical standard documents , SMPTE publishes the SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal , provides networking opportunities for its members , produces academic conferences and exhibitions , and performs other industry-related functions .   SMPTE Membership is open to any individual or organization with interest in the subject matter .   SMPTE standards documents are copyrighted and may be purchased from the SMPTE website , or other distributors of technical standards . Standard documents may be purchased by the general public . Significant standards promulgated by SMPTE include :   All film and television transmission formats and media , including digital .  Physical interfaces for transmission of television signals and related data ( such as SMPTE time code and the Serial Digital Interface ) ( SDI )  SMPTE color bars  Test card patterns and other diagnostic tools  The Material eXchange Format , or MXF   SMPTE 's educational and professional development activities include technical presentations at regular meetings of its local Sections , annual and biennial conferences in the US and Australia and the SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal . The society sponsors many awards , the oldest of which are the SMPTE Progress Medal , the Samuel Warner Memorial Medal , and the David Sarnoff Medal . SMPTE also has a number of student Chapters and sponsors scholarships for college students in the motion imaging disciplines .   Related organizations include  National Television System Committee ( NTSC )  Moving Picture Experts Group ( MPEG )  ITU Radiocommunication Sector ( formerly known as the CCIR )  ITU Telecommunication Sector ( formerly known as the CCITT )  Digital Video Broadcasting  BBC Research Department  European Broadcasting Union ( EBU )

neg: Media Foundation Media Foundation ( MF ) is a COM-based multimedia framework pipeline and infrastructure platform for digital media in Windows Vista , Windows 7 , Windows 8 , Windows 8.1 and Windows 10 . It is the intended replacement for Microsoft DirectShow , Windows Media SDK , DirectX Media Objects ( DMOs ) and all other so-called `` legacy '' multimedia APIs such as Audio Compression Manager ( ACM ) and Video for Windows ( VfW ) . The existing DirectShow technology is intended to be replaced by Media Foundation step-by-step , starting with a few features . For some time there will be a co-existence of Media Foundation and DirectShow . Media Foundation will not be available for previous Windows versions , including Windows XP .   The first release , present in Windows Vista , focuses on audio and video playback quality , high-definition content ( i.e. HDTV ) , content protection and a more unified approach for digital data access control for digital rights management ( DRM ) and its interoperability . It integrates DXVA 2.0 for offloading more of the video processing pipeline to hardware , for better performance . Videos are processed in the colorspace they were encoded in , and are handed off to the hardware , which composes the image in its native colorspace . This prevents intermediate colorspace conversions to improve performance . MF includes a new video renderer , called Enhanced Video Renderer ( EVR ) , which is the next iteration of VMR 7 and 9 . EVR has better support for playback timing and synchronization . It uses the Multimedia Class Scheduler Service ( MMCSS ) , a new service that prioritizes real time multimedia processing , to reserve the resources required for the playback , without any tearing or glitches .   The second release included in Windows 7 introduces expanded media format support and DXVA HD for acceleration of HD content if WDDM 1.1 drivers are used .

neg: VX (videocassette format) VX was a short-lived and unsuccessful consumer analog recording videocassette format developed by Matsushita and launched in 1975 in Japan . In the US it was sold using the Quasar brand and marketed under the name `` The Great Time Machine '' to exhibit its time-shifting capabilities , since VX machines had a companion electro-mechanical clock timer for timed recording of television programs . In Japan , the VX-100 model was launched in 1975 , with the VX-2000 following in 1976 . The first and only model sold in North America was the Quasar VR-1000 ( based on the Panasonic VX-2000 ) , with the VT-100 timer .

neg: Digital movie camera Digital movie cameras for digital cinematography are digital video cameras that capture digitally rather than the historically used movie camera , which shoots on film stock . Different digital movie cameras output a variety of different acquisition formats . Cameras designed for domestic use have also been used for some low-budget independent productions .   Since the beginning of the 2010s , digital movie cameras have become the dominant type of camera in the motion picture industry .

neg: Intermediate film system The intermediate film system was a television process in which motion picture film was processed almost immediately after it was exposed in a camera , then scanned by a television scanner , and transmitted over the air . This system was used principally in Britain and Germany where television cameras were not sensitive enough to use reflected light , but could transmit a suitable image when a bright light was shown through motion picture film directly into the camera lens . John Logie Baird began developing the process in 1932 , borrowing the idea of Georg Oskar Schubert from his licensees in Germany , where it was demonstrated by Fernseh AG in 1932 and used for broadcasting in 1934 . The BBC used Baird 's version of the process during the first three months of its then - `` high-definition '' television service from November 1936 through January 1937 , and German television used it during broadcasts of the 1936 Summer Olympics . In both cases , intermediate film cameras alternated with newly introduced direct television cameras .   The exposed film , either 35mm or 17.5 mm ( 35mm split in half , to save expense ) , travelled in a continuous band from the camera , usually atop a remote broadcast vehicle , into a machine that developed and fixed the image . The film was then run through a flying spot scanner ( so called because it moved a focused beam of light back and forth across the image ) , and electronically converted from a negative to a positive image . Depending on the equipment , the time from camera to scanner could be a minute or less . An optical soundtrack was recorded onto the film , between the perforations and the edge of the film , at the same time the image was taken to keep the sound and image in synchronization .   The intermediate film system , with its expensive film usage and relatively immobile cameras , did have the advantage that it left a filmed record of the programme which could be rerun at a different time , with a better image quality than the later kinescope films , which were shot from a video monitor .   Television tubes developed by Farnsworth and Zworykin in the United States , and by EMI in England , with much higher sensitivity to light , made the intermediate film system obsolete by 1937 . Film continued to be used for time-shifting and as a long-term storage until electronic video recorders were invented .

neg: DVD-VR The DVD-VR standard defines a logical format for video recording on DVD-R , DVD-RW , and DVD-RAM style media , including the dual layer versions of these media . As opposed to media recorded with the DVD+VR recording standard , the resulting media are not DVD-Video compliant , and do not play back in some DVD-Video players . Most DVD video recorders in the market that support DVD-R , DVD-RW , or DVD-RAM media record to these media in DVD-VR mode , as well as in a DVD-Video compliant mode . It is possible to use the DVD-VR format with DVD+R and DVD+RW media , but no examples are known other than some PC based recording utilities .   The standard was introduced in 1999 by the DVD Forum , and licensing is managed by the DVD Format/Logo Licensing Corporation . For each of the supported media , the full recording standard consists of three parts being : Physical Specifications ( Part 1 ) , File System Specifications ( Part 2 ) , and the Video Recording Specifications ( Part 3 ) .

neg: VideoNow The VideoNow is a portable video player produced by Hasbro and released by their subsidiary Tiger Electronics in 2003 . The systems use discs called PVDs ( which stands for Personal Video Disc ) , which can store about 30 minutes ( half an hour ) of video , the length of an average TV show with commercials ( a typical TV episode is about 20 -- 23 minutes without them ) , so each PVD contains only one episode , with trailers at the end to use the leftover time on most PVDs , including Nickelodeon PVDs . Video data is stored on the left audio channel with audio on the right channel , thus making it impossible to achieve stereo sound on the system , which only plays mono . The video plays at about 15 frames per second . Most of the shows were from Nickelodeon , such as SpongeBob SquarePants and The Fairly OddParents . A small handful of movies were also released on the system , but they had to be split into three PVDs , due to the limited space on each PVD .   Hasbro also produced editing software for creating custom VideoNow Color PVDs called the VideoNow Media Wizard in 2005 , which came with blank PVD media .  A number of unofficial solutions are available for creating the oddly-formatted VideoNow files , including a plug-in for the popular video processing program Virtual Dub . The files can then be burned to a CD-R using standard CD burning software , and the disc cut down to the required size .   As the VideoNow Color does not accept standard 8 cm mini-CDs , some creative users have resorted to cutting down standard 12 cm CD-R discs , though not without problems . Hasbro made recordable PVDs available without the Media Wizard from their online store .  However , at least one video has been posted on YouTube showing how VideoNow Color players can be easily modified to accept standard-sized CDs with a bit of cutting and gluing . Full-sized CDs can hold roughly 42 minutes of total video , and play with no difference in the modified player .   It should also be noted that as VideoNow uses video discs , and that it has very little skip protection , it is more prone to skipping if the PVD is touched .

neg: Combo television unit A Combo television unit , or a TV/VCR combo , sometimes known as a televideo , is a television with either a VCR or a DVD player built into a single unit . These converged devices have the advantages ( compared to a separate TV and VCR ) of saving space and increasing portability . Such units entered the market during the mid-to-late 1980s when VCRs had become ubiquitous household devices . By this time , the VHS format had become standard ; thus the vast majority of TV/VCR combos are VHS-based .   Most combo units have RCA connecters on the front and/or back to connect a home video game console or a camcorder . Some units also have a headphone jack to watch media without disturbing others .   Though nearly all TV/VCR combination sets have monaural ( mono ) sound though with stereo soundtrack compatibility , there are a large number of TV/VCR combos with a stereo TV tuner , but a mono VCR ( some may even include a mono sound input alongside a composite video input . Some models from Panasonic also included an FM tuner . A major exception to this convention is TV/DVD combos , which can have a stereo VCR included in the unit ( i.e. a TV/VCR/DVD combo ) . One of the major drawbacks of a TV/DVD/VCR combo is that the integrated VCR can sometimes activate the CSS programming on the DVD player portion , making it impossible to watch DVDs on the unit .   Modern televisions tend to be mostly solid state machines , while VCRs require mechanical manipulation of VHS tape and require occasional servicing . For this reason , it is not uncommon for the VCR component to cease functioning or to become unreliable years before a similar fate befalls the television component . This leaves users with only `` half '' of the set in operation and a more expensive repair or replacement .   As late as 2006 , flat-panel TVs with integrated DVD players appeared on the market , and integrated TV/DVD sets started overtaking the TV/VCR market . This is due to both the low price and overwhelming availability of DVDs and more compact form factor , as opposed to the increasingly rare video cassettes and near-extinction of cathode ray tube displays in the consumer market .

neg: B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity .   In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics .   Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie .   From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .

neg: CEPT Recommendation T/CD 06-01 CEPT Recommendation T/CD 06-01 was a standard set in 1981 by the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations ( CEPT ) for the display of Videotex ; specifically , for the Videotex Presentation Layer Data Syntax . It was revised a number of times in the 1980s , and also later redesignated as recommendation T/TE 06-01 .   The standard aimed to bring a degree of harmonisation between Europe 's emerging videotex systems , which had been diverging along national lines . It recognised four baseline profiles ( with conformance criteria set out in Annex C ) based on existing videotex services :   CEPT1 : BTX ( Germany )  CEPT2 : Teletel ( France )  CEPT3 : Prestel ( UK )  CEPT4 : Prestel Plus ( Sweden )   and defined criteria for a `` harmonised enhanced '' service .   National videotex services were encouraged to either follow one of the existing four basic profiles ; or if they extended them , to do so in ways compatible with the harmonised enhanced specification .   Responsibility for the standard was passed to the new European Telecommunications Standards Institute ( ETSI ) in 1988 . The ETSI version of the standard is designated ETS 300 072 .

neg: Peep search Peep Search ( or BetaSkipScan ) is feature available on many videocassette recorders and most camcorders , whereby the unit can show you what is on the tape during rewind and fast forward operations . For this feature to work seamlessly , the tape must be fully laced up ( wrapped around the video heads ) during rewind and fast-forward operation , which is not usually supported on VHS decks and therefore makes VHS almost the only video tape format where peep search is not usually available .   To make a distinction between peep search and normal picture search , consider the following operations :   Picture Search ( or cue and review ) :  During tape playback , the Fast Forward or Rewind button is pressed . Depending on the model of machine , this button press may be momentary or have to be held . The picture can be viewed at high speed . When the button is released , or when Play is pressed again ( depending on model ) , the video tape will again play at normal speed .   Peep Search :  During tape fast forward or rewind , the same function is selected again with the Fast Forward or Rewind button . Now the machine instantly displays a high speed image from the tape . Upon releasing the button , the machine reverts to the fast forward or rewind function .   On some models of equipment , the peep search is carried out at the full rewind or fast forward speed , but most slow the tape down to the picture search speed and actually perform a picture search operation .   Peep Search is available with all of the following video tape formats :  Video8/Hi8  Digital8  Betamax , though not implemented by Sanyo decks , most of which returned the tape to the cassette for high speed winding . Sony called their mode `` BetaSkipScan '' .  miniDV , almost all miniDV equipment supports this feature , the notable exception being some JVC camcorders .  micromv   The following formats generally or always unlace during rewind and fast-forward operations and so are unable to carry out this function :  VHS/SVHS though a few models attempt to emulate the functionality , mostly Sony  V2000  The following formats remain laced during rewind and fast-forward operations but the mechanisms did not allow for this feature :  N1500/N1700   The peep search function may go under differing names , or no name at all , with some manufacturers . Curiously , many manufacturers ' instruction manuals make no mention of this feature , even when it is installed . The name was first used by Canon .   Category : Video storage


query: Grace VanderWaal is an American singer-songwriter from New York.

pos: Grace VanderWaal Grace Avery VanderWaal ( born January 15 , 2004 ) is an American singer-songwriter from Suffern , New York . In September 2016 , at age 12 , she won the eleventh season of the NBC TV competition show America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) . She soon signed a record deal with Columbia Records and released her first EP , Perfectly Imperfect , in December 2016 . VanderWaal also creates videos of her original songs and covers for YouTube and continues to perform . She won the 2017 Radio Disney Music Award for Best New Artist and is working on a full-length album to be released later in 2017 .

neg: LP (singer) Laura Pergolizzi ( born March 18 , 1981 ) is an American pop singer and songwriter , originally from Long Island , New York , who performs under the stage name LP . She moved to Los Angeles in 2010 . She has released three albums and one EP . As a songwriter , she has written for Cher , Rihanna , the Backstreet Boys and Christina Aguilera , among others .

neg: State of Grace (Annie Crummer song) `` State Of Grace '' is a single by New Zealand singer , Annie Crummer released in 1996 . It reached number eight in New Zealand .

neg: Grace and Gratitude Tour The Grace and Gratitude Tour is the fourteenth concert tour by English-born Australian pop singer Olivia Newton-John . The tour , which became the United States and Canada , gave support to her twenty-second studio album , Grace and Gratitude .

neg: The Grace (song) The Grace is a song written by Canadian recording artist and producer Daniel Victor in August 2005 and appears on the Neverending White Lights ' debut album , Act 1 : Goodbye Friends of the Heavenly Bodies .

neg: Streets of New York (album) Streets of New York ( 2006 ) is the sixth studio album by New York City based singer/songwriter Willie Nile . This is Nile 's tribute to the city that gave him international exposure to the music world through the critical eyes and ears of the New York Times . The album is a tour book of City images ; The tourists , the subway , the West Side , Rivington Street , a circus at Washington Square where one meets Bo Diddley , a Broadway night out with Annie , where we encounter a saddened aging actress whose best years are far behind her . A protest and a chilling reminder of the modern dangers we all face in today 's world . The album is a portrait of the maze of iron , stone , and people that makes New York so unique , while mocking its opulence ; still Nile always finds his way back home to the `` Streets of New York '' .   Luke Torn of Uncut magazine wrote : `` Streets of New York is the New-Normal , post-9 / 11 album no-one else dared write - epic and prophetic . ''

neg: Nightclubbing (Grace Jones album) Nightclubbing is the fifth studio album by Jamaican singer Grace Jones , released on 11 May 1981 by Island Records . Recorded at Compass Point Studios with producers Alex Sadkin and Island Records ' president Chris Blackwell , as well as a team of session musicians rooted by rhythm section Sly & Robbie , the album marked her second foray into a new wave style that blends a variety of genres , including reggae , art pop , dub , synthpop and funk . The album comprises a mixture of cover versions from artists including Bill Withers , Iggy Pop and Ástor Piazzolla , and original songs , three of which were co-written by Jones .   The album received positive reviews upon its release and continues to be praised by critics , with reviewers commending the singer 's unique sound and organic fusion of genres . The album entered in the top 10 in five countries , and became Jones ' highest-ranking record on the US Billboard mainstream albums and R&B charts . Six singles were released from the album , including the hits `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' and `` I 've Seen That Face Before ( Libertango ) '' .   Critics and scholars have noted the album 's influence on popular music , especially how its unique sound has been emulated by both pop and alternative acts , and how the persona Jones adopted - deeply influenced by art and fashion - has had an enduring influence in modern female pop singers . Around the time of the album 's release , she adopted her characteristic androgynous look which would become popular in fashion . Nightclubbing is now widely considered Jones ' best studio album and the record that cemented her pop icon status .

neg: Grace Kennedy Grace Kennedy may refer to :  Grace Kennedy Jamaican conglomerate originally part of W. R. Grace  Grace Kennedy ( writer ) ( 1782 -- 1825 ) , Scottish writer  Grace Kennedy ( singer ) , British singer and television presenter  Poto and Cabengo ( Grace and Virginia Kennedy ) , American identical twins

neg: Joni Paladin Joni Paladin is an American singer and songwriter .

neg: Jamie Grace Jamie Grace Harper ( born November 25 , 1991 ) is an American contemporary Christian musician , singer , rapper , and songwriter from Atlanta , Georgia . In 2010 , TobyMac found her songs on YouTube and signed her to his label Gotee Records for two albums . She released the song `` Hold Me '' in 2011 which landed her a nomination at the 2012 Grammys and won the 2012 Dove Award for New Artist of the Year .

neg: Oh Land Nanna Øland Fabricius ( born 2 May 1985 ) , better known by her stage name Oh Land , is a Danish singer-songwriter and record producer . She resides in Brooklyn , New York City .

neg: The Graces (band) The Graces were a US band in the late 1980s and early 1990s featuring Charlotte Caffey , Meredith Brooks , and Gia Ciambotti . Formed in 1988 , they released their debut album Perfect View on A&M Records in 1989 . Their first single `` Lay Down Your Arms '' hit No. 56 on the Billboard Hot 100 but the album and subsequent singles flopped . In 1991 they were dropped by the record label and Brooks left the band . She was replaced by Chrissy Shefts and the group continued to play live . They were about to be re-signed when Ciambotti was offered a gig in the Bruce Springsteen band , so the group disbanded in 1992 without recording a second album . Belinda Carlisle later covered `` Lay Down Your Arms '' on her 1993 album Real .

neg: Ellis (singer-songwriter) Ellis Delaney ( aka Ellis Bergeron , Mary Grace Bergeron , born Mary Grace Ellis circa 1976 ) is an American singer-songwriter based in Minneapolis , Minnesota . She performs under the name Ellis , having found early on that her last name is frequently mispronounced . Her music is generally described as folk/indie acoustic .  She tours often around the US generally playing small venues and folk festivals , and was a featured performer on the radio variety show Prairie Home Companion on June 1 , 2013 and December 26 , 2015 .

neg: Grace (Mandy Capristo album) Grace is the debut studio album by German singer Mandy Capristo . The album was released on April 27 , 2012 under the recordings of EMI , Capitol Records and Starwatch Entertainment . The project is Capristo 's first solo release following the disbandment with her band Monrose whom after four years have enjoyed four successful albums and seven consecutive top-ten singles .   Recorded in Hamburg , Cologne and Berlin , Germany , Capristo had mainly collaborated with David Jost , Twin , Lamb , Julie Frost and Will Simms , among others for the album . Upon the release of the album , the album charted debuted at number-eight on the German Albums Chart in the first week . She became the first German television talent show contestant in history to reach a top ten album .

neg: PT Walkley P.T. Walkley is a New York City-based singer/songwriter and composer for film and television . He and his live band have opened for Weezer ( at Hammerstein Ballroom ) and Coldplay ( at Madison Square Garden ) , and have played top-tier music festivals like All Points West . He released his first LP as a solo artist , Mr. Macy Wakes Alone , in January 2009 , and includes contributions from acclaimed artists such as Larry Campbell , David Campbell , and Sean Lennon . Walkley has since released two EPs , What 's What and The Ghost of Chivalry . Walkley is also part of the musical projects The Blue Jackets and PT Walkley and the Adventures of Track Rabbit . His most recent album `` Shoulders '' received critical acclaim , and can be streamed on his website , along with the rest of his music .   Currently composing the original score for Wilde Wedding , starring Glenn Close , John Malkovich , Patrick Stewart and Minnie Driver . Walkley has also scored and written songs for several major motion pictures , including the Edward Burns films Looking for Kitty , The Groomsmen , Purple Violets , and Nice Guy Johnny , as well as the 2005 film Southern Belles , which starred Anna Faris and Judah Friedlander . Walkley has also composed and licensed music for numerous national advertising campaigns , for clients such as MasterCard , General Electric , Mercedes-Benz , Starbucks , and Macy 's . He composed all the original music for Ed Burns / Steven Spielberg TV Series `` Public Morals '' and for the Nickelodeon children 's television show , Team Umizoomi . In 2017 , he has done a music video for Sesame Workshop 's Sesame Studios YouTube channel , featuring digital puppet characters called `` the Ziggles '' that do a disco remix while counting to ten .

neg: Carrie Underwood discography American singer and songwriter Carrie Underwood has released five studio albums and 29 singles . Underwood rose to fame after winning the fourth season of American Idol in 2005 . Her debut album , Some Hearts , was released in 2005 and is the fastest-selling debut country album in Nielsen SoundScan history . It also became the best-selling solo female country debut in Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) history , as well as the top-selling debut album of any American Idol contestant in the United States .   Her second album , Carnival Ride , was released in 2007 and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 charts . During the first week , it sold 527,000 copies , which at the time was the best sales week by a female solo country artist since Shania Twain 's Greatest Hits sold 530,000 copies in its first week back in 2004 . The album has since been certified 4x Platinum .   Underwood released her third studio album , Play On , on November 3 , 2009 . It debuted at number one on the Top Country Albums chart and the all-genre Billboard 200 . It features the number one singles `` Cowboy Casanova '' , `` Temporary Home '' , and `` Undo It '' , as well as the number two single , `` Mama 's Song '' . The album has since been certified 3x Platinum in the US , Platinum in Canada , and Gold in Australia . On June 2011 , the album re-entered the Australian Albums Charts for both the ARIA National Top 50 and the Country Top 20 albums at number 14 and number one , respectively , giving Underwood her first number one album in Australia . The album was eventually certified Gold in Australia .   On May 1 , 2012 , Underwood released her fourth album , Blown Away . In the United States , it sold 267,000 albums in its first week and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and the Top Country Albums charts . It debuted at number one in Canada 's Top 200 all-genre albums chart and Top 100 Country albums chart , being immediately certified Gold . The album also debuted at number one on Australia 's Top 20 Country Albums and number four on the all-genre Top 50 Albums . The album has been certified 2x Platinum in the United States and Canada .   On December 9 , 2014 , Underwood released her first greatest hits album , Greatest Hits : Decade # 1 . The compilation debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 and at number one on the Top Country Albums charts , and set several records upon release , including having the biggest sales debut for a hits collection in any genre of music in more than six years and the biggest first-week sales for a female hits album in any genre in over nine years . The album was certified Platinum by the RIAA on January 16 , 2015 .   Underwood 's fifth studio album , Storyteller was released on October 23 , 2015 . The album debuted at number 2 on the Billboard 200 . This made Underwood the only country artist to have his or her first five studio albums debut at number one or number two on the Billboard 200 chart . It also debuted atop the Top Country Albums chart , earning Underwood another record as the only artist to score six consecutive number one albums on that chart . The album was certified Platinum by the RIAA on October 24 , 2016 .   Underwood has sold in excess of 65 million records globally . In the United States , she has sold 16.3 million albums and over 34.8 million digital singles , making her the best-selling American Idol contestant of all-time . She is the top country artist and the fifth highest-certified female artist on the RIAA Top Artists ( Digital Singles ) Ranking . She is also the fourth biggest album seller among artists who have debuted the past 13 years . Underwood has accumulated 85 Billboard number-ones . She has had 15 singles top the Billboard Country Airplay , and 14 singles top the Hot Country Songs , respectively . Notably , Underwood garnered twenty-six consecutive top 10 singles on the Hot Country Songs chart , the longest streak of top ten singles for a country artist .

neg: Jane Van Etten Jane Van Etten , sometimes credited under her married name , Jane Van Etten Andrews ( born 1871 ) was an American composer and singer , one of the first female composers in the United States to have an opera produced by a regular opera company . This was Guido Ferranti , a one-act opera to a libretto by Elsie M. Wilbor based on the play The Duchess of Padua by Oscar Wilde . It was premiered on December 29 , 1914 , in Chicago by the Century Opera Company at the Auditorium Theater . Hazel Eden was Beatrice and Worthe Faulkner Guido Ferranti ; the work was conducted by Agide Jacchia . The piece received the Bispham Memorial Medal Award . It was said that Van Etten had not studied orchestration , harmony or counterpoint prior to the creation of the opera . The opera won great critical acclaim , but appears not to have been performed again after its premiere . Its music has been described as `` tuneful in the Puccini mode '' .   Van Etten was a native of St. Paul , Minnesota ; the daughter of Isaac Van Etten , a prominent local lawyer and politician , she was descended from the Van Etten family of New York . She studied music in New York City , Paris , and London ; her debut came as Siébel in Faust at the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane in 1895 . Among her teachers was Mathilde Marchesi . Upon her marriage in 1901 she gave up singing to concentrate on composition , though she later worked as a teacher of voice in Chicago ; she and her husband , Alfred Burritt Andrews , lived in Evanston , Illinois . Besides the opera , her compositions include songs . Her teachers of composition included Alexander von Fielitz and Bernhard Ziehn .   Van Etten 's date of death is unknown . Two of her songs have been recorded .

neg: York Theatre York Theatre is an Off-Broadway theatre company base in East Midtown Manhattan , New York City . In its 48th year , York Theatre is dedicated to the production of new musicals and concert productions of forgotten musicals from the past . Each season consists of three or four mainstage productions , six or more concert presentations and dozens of developmental readings . It has had several transfers of its work to larger off-Broadway theatres and to Broadway . The company was awarded a special Drama Desk Award in 1996 to its artistic director Janet Hayes Walker and in 2006 for its `` vital contributions to theater by developing and presenting new musicals '' .   Since 1993 the company has performed in an intimate theatre that is part of St. Peter 's Church , in the Citigroup Center Complex at 619 Lexington Avenue at the corner of East 54th Street .   The Oscar Hammerstein Award  is named in honor of the legendary lyricist and librettist who helped shape American musical theatre through his collaborations with a number of different composers and writers . The award was created in 1988 by Janet Hayes Walker , the Founding Artistic Director of The York Theatre Company , and is presented with the endorsement of the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization and the Hammerstein family . The Oscar Hammerstein Award Gala is the major annual fundraising event of The York , a mainstay of the Off-Broadway scene for more than 45 years .   Past recipients include Stephen Sondheim , Betty Comden & Adolph Green , Harold Prince , Cy Coleman , Charles Strouse , Arthur Laurents , Jerry Herman , Stephen Schwartz , Peter Stone , David Merrick , John Kander & Fred Ebb , Terrence McNally , Sir Cameron Mackintosh , Carol Channing , Tony Walton , Joseph Stein , Thomas Meehan , Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick , Barbara Cook , Paul Gemignani , Lynn Ahrens & Stephen Flaherty . In November , 2015 , the 24th Oscar Hammerstein Award was presented to Angela Lansbury in a star-studded tribute evening .

neg: Grammy Award for Best New Artist The Grammy Award for Best New Artist has been awarded since 1959 . Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were handed out , for records released in the previous year . The award was not presented in 1967 . The official guidelines are as follows : `` For a new artist who releases , during the Eligibility Year , the first recording which establishes the public identity of that artist . '' Note that this is not necessarily the first album released by an artist .   It is sometimes asserted , with varying degrees of sincerity , that winning the award is a curse , as several award winners ( particularly from the late 1970s and early 1980s ) were never able to duplicate the success they experienced in their debut year . This viewpoint was expressed by former Starland Vocal Band member Taffy Danoff in a 2002 interview for VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders : `` We got two of the five Grammys -- one was Best New Artist . So that was basically the kiss of death and I feel sorry for everyone who 's gotten it since . ''   The category is also notable for being the only one of its kind in which a Grammy Award was vacated . This occurred in 1990 after it was revealed winners Milli Vanilli did not contribute their own vocals on their debut album . The award was revoked , but was not handed out to another artist .   Of the 54 awards presented in the category since its inception , the honor has been presented to 25 solo female artists , 18 duos or groups , and 11 solo male artists . Between 1997 and 2003 , all the winners were solo female artists . Also , from 1993 to 2005 , no winner was a solo male artist . In 2006 , John Legend broke this trend , which started with Marc Cohn in 1992 . Only four artists have won both Best New Artist and Album of the Year in the same year : Bob Newhart in 1961 , Christopher Cross in 1981 , Lauryn Hill in 1999 and Norah Jones in 2003 .   Of all the winners , only three have been country artists . In 1997 , LeAnn Rimes became the first country artist to win the award . She was followed by Carrie Underwood in 2007 and Zac Brown Band in 2010 . Additionally , 2017 marked the first time that two country artists were nominated in this category in the same year .   1984 marked the first time that all of the nominees were from outside of the United States ( Winner Culture Club , Eurythmics , and Musical Youth were from England , Big Country was from Scotland , and Men Without Hats were from Canada ) .

neg: Grace Inez Crawford Grace Inez Crawford , also known as Grace Lovat Fraser ( 1889 -- 1977 ) was an American singer , actress , costume designer , translator of plays , and author of several books .

neg: Leslie Grace Leslie Grace Martínez ( born January 7 , 1995 ) , known professionally as Leslie Grace , is an American Dominican singer .


query: The National Council for Peace and Order was formed in May.

pos: National Council for Peace and Order The National Council for Peace and Order ( NCPO ; คณะรักษาความสงบแห่งชาติ ; abbreviated คสช ) is the junta that has ruled Thailand since their 2014 Thai coup d'état on 22 May 2014 . On 20 May 2014 , the military had declared martial law nationwide in an attempt to stop the country 's escalating political crisis , and to force the democratically elected government out . On 22 May , the military ousted the Yingluck Shinawatra government and formed the NCPO to take control of the country . The junta censored the broadcasting system in Thailand , suspended the constitution , and detained members of the Thai cabinet .

neg: Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization The Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization or Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization ) is the leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization Executive Committee ( PLO EC ) , the executive body of the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) , which was established in 1964 . The Chairman represents the PLO and the Palestinian people before the international community , such as the United Nations . The Chairman is chosen by the members of the PLO EC .   The Palestinian Liberation Organization represents the People of the State of Palestine with UN Charter , Chapter XII. , Article 85 , UN Organ Administrator passing an Article 84 Resolution of November 22nd , 1974 UNGA 3236 .   The United Nations General Assembly acting under Chapter IV. , Article 10 `` scope and powers '' passed November 22nd , 1974 , UNGA 3237 Resolution granting the Palestinian Liberation Organization Observer Status at the United Nations .   The United Nations General Assembly acting , once again , under Chapter IV. , Article 10 `` scope and powers '' passed December 4th , 2012 , A convention of the PNC was announced for 15 September .   Many Palestinians of the political scene saw the move as just an attempt to replace some members in the Executive Committee , or to force a meeting of the PNC and remain in their jobs until the PNC decides whether to accept or to reject their resignations .   Met with fierce criticism by many Palestinian factions , the National Council 's first session in nearly 20 years had been postponed indefinitely . The Executive Committee members who announced their resignation were to continue to hold their positions until the PNC meets .

neg: Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia The Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia ( PGNUNSC ) was an Internationally unrecognized and ostensibly provisional government set up by the Khmer Rouge on July 11 , 1994 in opposition to the established Kingdom of Cambodia . Its Prime Minister was Khieu Samphan ( who was also head of the armed forces ) and its Deputy Prime Minister ( in charge also of foreign affairs ) was Son Sen. It was staffed by members of the Cambodian National Unity Party . Areas it controlled included Pailin ( the capital of the provisional government ) and Preah Vihear ( where it was based . ) The Khmer Rouge radio station was also known as the `` Radio of the Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia . '' Other ministers included Chan Youran , Mak Ben , In Sopheap , Kor Bun Heng , Pich Cheang and Chuon Choeun .   In August 1996 senior Khmer Rouge official Ieng Sary defected from the KR with two armed divisions and the formation of his own party , the Democratic National Union Movement , which in turn encouraged more defections from the KR as Pol Pot ordered the assassinations of Son Sen ( which was successful ) and Ta Mok ( which was not . ) In mid-June 1997 Khieu Samphan ( who had by now founded the Khmer National Solidarity Party ) denounced Pol Pot and began discussing demobilization and a return to civilian life .   With Pol Pot 's death in April 1998 and widespread sentiment within the Khmer Rouge for an end to an almost 20-year conflict , Khieu Samphan and Ta Mok dissolved the provisional government on June 22 , 1998 .

neg: National Police Cadet Corps The National Police Cadet Corps ( NPCC ) is the second largest uniformed group for youths in Singapore in terms of membership behind the National Cadet Corps ( NCC ) . As of 31 March 2004 , the organisation has 596 teacher officers and 20,146 student members in 155 secondary schools , two polytechnics open units and two University Open Units .  With the support from two ministries , namely the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Home Affairs , the latter of which the Singapore Police Force is part of , the organisation has grown from being a relative new-comer compared to other uniformed groups , to being one of the more well-established in terms of reputation , standards , and acceptability amongst the youths of Singapore and their parents .   The current Commandant of NPCC is SUPT Hoo Poh Heng . The Chairperson of the 15th NPCC Council is A/Prof Stephen Phua Lye Huat from the Law Faculty of the National University of Singapore .

neg: Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation The Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation ( RCCNS-Sudan ) was the governing body of Sudan following the June 1989 coup . It grew out of the collaboration between the Sudanese military and the National Islamic Front . It was the authority by which the military government of Sudan under Lt. Gen. Omar al-Bashir exercised power .   Al-Bashir was the Chair of the Council , as well as Prime Minister , Defense Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces . The rest of the council consisted of fourteen military officers , all of whom were involved in and associated with the coup . Therefore , no regulations about the selection and tenure of its members were declared to the public .   The RCCNS exercised legislative as well as some executive authority . It appointed committees to draft various legal decrees . The RCCNS did not publish any rules of procedures over its deliberations .   It banned political activity , arrested opposition members and closed down newspapers .   The RCCNS dissolved itself in October 1993 , and its powers devolved to the President and the National Legislature of Sudan . This resulted in a majority of the power remaining with President al-Bashir .

neg: American Security Council Foundation The American Security Council Foundation ( ASCF ) is a non-profit organization founded by John M. Fisher that seeks to influence United States foreign policy by `` Promoting Peace Through Strength '' . ASCF 's current president is Dr. Henry A. Fischer . The ASCF was formed in 1958 , and was originally known as the Institute for American Strategy . For over 50 years the Foundation has focused on a wide range of educational programs which address critical challenges to U.S. foreign policy , national security , economic security and moral leadership of the United States of America . The ASCF headquarters is at 1250 24th Street NW , Suite 300 .   On June 4 , 1997 the American Security Council , a separate organization initiated in September 1954 by Robert E. Wood , retired chairman of Sears Roebuck and Company , was merged into the American Security Council Foundation .

neg: National Service League The National Service League was a British pressure group founded in February 1902 to alert the country to the inadequacy of the British Army to fight a major war and to propose the solution of national service .   The League argued for four years of compulsory military training for home defence for men aged between eighteen and thirty . Compulsory military service , conscription , was not popular and `` aroused the long-standing antipathy toward standing armies and smacked of continental-style militarism '' . By October 1904 , it had only 1,725 members and 2,000 in 1905 but membership grew to 21,500 in December 1908 and it claimed a further 30,000 `` adherents '' . The circulation of the League 's journal , The Nation in Arms , grew to 17,500 . By 1910 the League had 60,000 members . The NSL Annual Report of 1913 stated that the ` total of subscribers ' , which included members and associates , was 96,526 and the ` number of adherents ' was 163,746 . The Annual Reports of 1908 and 1913 commented that the number of local NSL branches in the country were 33 and 45 respectively .  Fear of Germany and a possible German invasion of Britain , coupled with the belief that the Army and not the Navy could stop an invasion underlaid many of the League 's proposals .   Although Churchill and Lloyd George ( both Liberal Cabinet Ministers ) sometimes expressed private support for conscription , the movement to introduce it was largely a right-wing one . It was thought that it would encourage national regeneration in spite of the election of Labour MPs from 1906 , industrial unrest , agitation for women 's suffrage , and the Liberal Government 's removal of the Lords ' veto of legislation .   Its first president was Lord Raglan ; in 1905 , he offered the presidency to Lord Roberts , who accepted .

neg: Renewal Party The Renewal Party ( in Spanish : Partido Renovador , PREN ) was a Panamanian right liberal political party .   The Renewal Party was founded in 1947 by one of the Liberal Unification factions .   In 1946 five liberal parties have allied within the Liberal Unification . Its five original parties were the Liberal Doctrinaire Party ( led by Domingo Díaz Arosemena ) , Liberal Democratic Party ( under Enrique Adolfo Jiménez ) , Liberal Renewal Party ( under Francisco Arias Paredes ) , Chiarista Liberal Party ( under Roberto Francisco Chiari Remón ) and United Liberal Party ( founded by died ex-President Belisario Porras Barahona ) .   After the 1947 Liberal Unification nominating convention , one of the Liberal Renovador factions withdrew from the Liberal Unification when their candidate failed to get the nomination and became the Renewal Party .   For the 1948 elections , the PREN presented its presidential candidate , José Joaquin Vallarino . At the beginning of 1948 José Joaquin Vallarino withdrew from the presidential race and the PREN and National Revolutionary Party ( PNR ) formed a coalition to back José lsaac Fábrega of the PNR .   José lsaac Fábrega polled 41,296 votes ( 20.82 % ) and came third .   The PREN won 7 legislative seats .   In 1952 the PREN joined the Liberal Party `` del Matadero '' , National Revolutionary Party , Authentic Revolutionary Party and Popular Union Party to form the National Patriotic Coalition ( CPN ) to support the presidential aspirations of Colonel José Antonio Remón Cantera , head of the National Police .   Ricardo Arias , a leader of the PREN and son of Francisco Arias Paredes became Second Vice-President to José Antonio Remón Cantera and taking over the presidency following Remon 's assassination .   In 1953 the National Patriotic Coalition was reorganized as a single party .   Remon conceived of the CPN as a system whereby political power was wielded by one faction of the official party and then another .   Following Remon 's assassination in 1955 , the former PREN faction under Ricardo Arias guided the CPN , but when Ernesto de la Guardia was elected president in 1956 , he lured the Liberal Democrat faction away from the National Liberal Party ( PLN ) and gave it dominance in the CPN .   De la Guardia abetted friction among the parties in the official coalition .   In 1959 the former PREN faction left the CPN and registered as separate political party , Renewal Party .   In 1960 PREN allied with the Popular Alliance ( AP ) and its candidate Víctor Florencio Goytía of National Liberal Party ( PLN ) . PREN polled 8,004 votes ( 03.31 % ) and won 1 legislative seat .   In 1964 PREN allied with the National Opposition Alliance ( ANO ) and its candidate Juan de Arco Galindo of National Patriotic Coalition ( CPN ) . PREN polled only 4,218 votes ( 01.33 % ) and won 1 legislative seat .   The PREN was abolished by the Electoral Tribunal in 1964 .

neg: 2014 interim constitution of Thailand The Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand ( Interim ) 2014 was a constitution of Thailand in force between 2014 -- 17 .   Drafted by law lecturers from Chulalongkorn University ( CU ) , the constitution was enacted by the National Council for Peace and Order ( NCPO ) , a military junta led by General Prayut Chan-o-cha which staged a coup d'état against the caretaker government on 22 May 2014 . Without public consultation , King Bhumibol Adulyadej assented to and signed the constitution on 22 July 2014 . The constitution came into force on that day and replaced the 2007 constitution .   The interim constitution paves the way for the establishment of a national legislature to exercise the legislative power , a provisional cabinet to take charge of public administration , a reform council to execute extensive national reforms and approve a draft new constitution , and a constituent committee to draft the new constitution . The constitution does specify fixed dates for the completion of these works .   Although the constitution recognises Thailand as a democratic state and the Thai people as sovereign , the constitution grants amnesty to those involved for all past and future military actions concerning the coup and invests the NCPO with vast powers , including the power by which the NCPO leader can issue any order at will for the sake of the reforms or security . All orders so issued are considered lawful and final .   Public discussions about the interim constitution are prohibited by the NCPO .

neg: National Security Commission of the Communist Party of China The Central National Security Commission ( abbreviated CNSC ; ) of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) was established at the 3rd Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee in November 2013 , and was considered a `` major regrouping of the top CCP power structure . ''   The factors driving the establishment of the CNSC were security challenges faced by the Chinese Party-State , and the deficiencies of the current system   The CNSC aims to consolidate political leadership of all components of the security apparatus controlled by the Communist Party , including those headed formerly by former Politburo Standing Committee member Zhou Yongkang . These components would be combined into a single entity under the direct command of the CPC General Secretary . According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesman Qin Gang , the NSC aims to combat terrorism , separatism , and religious extremism . It will also deal with national security strategy , crisis management , and links with foreign national security agencies .   Analysts regarded the establishment of the NSC one of the most `` concrete '' and `` eye-catching '' outcomes of the Plenary Session , set to end the debate , which took place over a decade , on whether China should have a national security council .

neg: National security National Security is a concept that a government , along with its parliaments , should protect the state and its citizens against all kind of `` national '' crises through a variety of power projections , such as political power , diplomacy , economic power , military might , and so on .   The concept developed all in the United States after World War II . Initially focusing on military might , it now encompasses a broad range of facets , all of which impinge on the non-military or economic security of the nation and the values espoused by the national society . Accordingly , in order to possess national security , a nation needs to possess economic security , energy security , environmental security , etc. . Security threats involve not only conventional foes such as other nation-states but also non-state actors such as violent non-state actors , narcotic cartels , multinational corporations and non-governmental organisations ; some authorities include natural disasters and events causing severe environmental damage in this category .   Measures taken to ensure national security include :  using diplomacy to rally allies and isolate threats  marshalling economic power to facilitate or compel cooperation  maintaining effective armed forces  implementing civil defense and emergency preparedness measures ( including anti-terrorism legislation )  ensuring the resilience and redundancy of critical infrastructure  using intelligence services to detect and defeat or avoid threats and espionage , and to protect classified information  using counterintelligence services or secret police to protect the nation from internal threats   There is no single universally accepted definition of national security . The variety of definitions provide an overview of the many usages of this concept . The concept still remains ambiguous , having originated from simpler definitions which initially emphasised the freedom from military threat and political coercion to later increase in sophistication and include other forms of non-military security as suited the circumstances of the time .   A typical dictionary definition , in this case from the Macmillan Dictionary ( online version ) , defines the term as `` the protection or the safety of a country 's secrets and its citizens '' emphasising the overall security of a nation and a nation state . Walter Lippmann , in 1943 , defined it in terms of war saying that `` a nation has security when it does not have to sacrifice its legitimate ínterests to avoid war , and is able , if challenged , to maintain them by war '' . A later definition by Harold Lasswell , a political scientist , in 1950 , looks at national security from almost the same aspect , that of external coercion : `` The distinctive meaning of national security means freedom from foreign dictation . ''   In 1960 , Arnold Wolfers , while recognising the need to segregate the subjectivity of the conceptual idea from the objectivity , talks of threats to acquired values : `` An ambiguous symbol meaning different things to different people . National security objectively means the absence of threats to acquired values and subjectively , the absence of fear that such values will be attacked . '' The 1996 definition propagated by the National Defence College of India accretes the elements of national power : `` National security is an appropriate and aggressive blend of political resilience and maturity , human resources , economic structure and capacity , technological competence , industrial base and availability of natural resources and finally the military might . ''   Harold Brown , U.S. Secretary of Defense from 1977 to 1981 in the Carter administration , enlarged the definition of national security by including elements such as economic and environmental security : National security then is the ability to preserve the nation 's physical integrity and territory ; to maintain its economic relations with the rest of the world on reasonable terms ; to preserve its nature , institution , and governance from disruption from outside ; and to control its borders.In 1990 , Harvard University history professor Charles Maier defined national security through the lens of national power : `` National security ... is best described as a capacity to control those domestic and foreign conditions that the public opinion of a given community believes necessary to enjoy its own self-determination or autonomy , prosperity and wellbeing . '' According to Prabhakaran Paleri , author of National Security , Imperatives and Challenges , national security may be defined as : The measurable state of the capability of a nation to overcome the multi-dimensional threats to the apparent well-being of its people and its survival as a nation-state at any given time , by balancing all instruments of state policy through governance , that can be indexed by computation , empirically or otherwise , and is extendable to global security by variables external to it .  A concise working definition by Premaratne that paraphrases the aspects of the definitions of Brown , Romm and Paleri defines national security as  Safeguarding the sovereignty , territorial integrity , citizenry and socioeconomic functionality of a nation from an aggressor intent on undermining a particular valued aspect of a nation through violent or unjust means

neg: National Military Organization Narodowa Organizacja Wojskowa ( National Military Organization , NOW ) was one of the Polish resistance movements in World War II . Created in October 1939 , it did not merge with the Service for Poland 's Victory ( SZP ) / Union of Armed Struggle ( ZWZ ) ; later Home Army ( AK ) . Nevertheless , it recognized the Polish government in exile , which was located in London . The National Military Organization was politically related to the National Party ( SN ) . In 1942/1943 it split into two parts ; one merged with the Home Army , while another formed the National Armed Forces ( NSZ ) . After the Warsaw Uprising , most of NOW members formed the National Military Union ( NZW ) .

neg: National Security Council (India) The National Security Council ( NSC ) of India is an executive government agency tasked with advising the Prime Minister 's office on matters of national security and strategic interest . It was established by the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government on 19 November 1998 , with Brajesh Mishra as the first National Security Adviser . Prior to the formation of the NSC , these activities were overseen by the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister .

neg: National Security Council (Sri Lanka) The National Security Council of Sri Lanka is the executive body of the Sri Lankan government that is charged with the maintenance of national security with authority to direct the Sri Lankan military and Police . It was established in 1999 .

neg: National Security Council (Philippines) National Security Council ( NSC ) is the Philippine President 's principal forum for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and cabinet officials .

neg: National People's Congress The National People 's Congress ( usually abbreviated NPC ) is the national legislature of the People 's Republic of China . With 2,987 members in 2013 , it is the largest parliamentary body in the world . Under China 's current Constitution , the NPC is structured as a unicameral legislature , with the power to legislate , the power to oversee the operations of the government , and the power to elect the major officers of state . The NPC and the National Committee of the People 's Political Consultative Conference ( CPPCC ) , a consultative body whose members represent various social groups , are the main deliberative bodies of China , and are often referred to as the Lianghui ( Two Assemblies ) .   The NPC is elected for a term of five years . It holds annual sessions every spring , usually lasting from 10 to 14 days , in the Great Hall of the People on the west side of Tiananmen Square in Beijing . The NPC 's sessions are usually timed to occur with the meetings of the CPPCC , and these annual meetings provide an opportunity for the officers of state to review past policies and present future plans to the nation . The fourth session of the 12th NPC was held from March 5 to March 16 , 2016 .   In theory , the NPC is the highest organ of state power in China , and all four PRC constitutions have vested it with great lawmaking powers . However , in practice it usually acts as a rubber stamp for decisions already made by the state 's executive organs and the Communist Party of China . One of its members , Hu Xiaoyan , told the BBC in 2009 that she has no power to help her constituents . She was quoted as saying , `` As a parliamentary representative , I do n't have any real power . '' In 2014 , the participating party pledged to `` unswervingly adhere to the leadership of Chinese Communist Party . '' Since the 1990s , the NPC has become a forum for mediating policy differences between different parts of the Party , the government , and groups of society .

neg: Politics of France The politics of France take place with the framework of a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French Fifth Republic . The nation declares itself to be an `` indivisible , secular , democratic , and social Republic '' . The constitution provides for a separation of powers and proclaims France 's `` attachment to the Rights of Man and the principles of national sovereignty as defined by the Declaration of 1789 . ''   The political system of France consists of an executive branch , a legislative branch , and a judicial branch . Executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government . The Government consists of the Prime Minister and ministers . The Prime Minister is appointed by the President , and is responsible to Parliament . The government , including the Prime Minister , can be revoked by the National Assembly , the lower house of Parliament , through a `` censure motion '' ; this ensures that the Prime Minister is always supported by a majority of the lower house ( which , on most topics , has prominence over the upper house ) .   Parliament comprises the National Assembly and the Senate . It passes statutes and votes on the budget ; it controls the action of the executive through formal questioning on the floor of the houses of Parliament and by establishing commissions of inquiry . The constitutionality of the statutes is checked by the Constitutional Council , members of which are appointed by the President of the Republic , the President of the National Assembly , and the President of the Senate . Former presidents of the Republic also are members of the Council .   The independent judiciary is based upon civil law system which evolved from the Napoleonic codes . It is divided into the judicial branch ( dealing with civil law and criminal law ) and the administrative branch ( dealing with appeals against executive decisions ) , each with their own independent supreme court of appeal : the Court of Cassation for the judicial courts and the Conseil d'Etat for the administrative courts . The French government includes various bodies that check abuses of power and independent agencies .   France is a unitary state . However , its administrative subdivisions -- regions , departments and communes -- have various legal functions , and the national government is prohibited from intruding into their normal operations .   France was a founding member of the European Coal and Steel Community , later the European Union . As such , France has transferred part of its sovereignty to European institutions , as provided by its constitution . The French government therefore has to abide by European treaties , directives and regulations .

neg: Brotherhood and unity Brotherhood and unity was a popular slogan of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia that was coined during the Yugoslav People 's Liberation War ( 1941 -- 45 ) , and which evolved into a guiding principle of Yugoslavia 's post-war inter-ethnic policy . In Slovenia , the slogan `` Brotherhood and Peace '' ( bratstvo i mir ) was used in the beginning .   After the invasion of Yugoslavia by Axis forces in April 1941 , the occupying powers and their helpers sought to systematically incite hatred among the many national , ethnic and religious groups of Yugoslavia . The Yugoslav Communist Party successfully publicized the brotherhood and unity of Yugoslavia 's nations ( narodi ) and national minorities ( nacionalne manjine , later renamed to narodnosti ) in their struggle against the fascist enemy and domestic collaborators . The decision of the second session of AVNOJ on the federalization of Yugoslavia in 1943 was regarded as the recognition of this Brotherhood and Unity principle .   After the war , the slogan designated the official policy of inter-ethnic relations in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , as embodied in its federal constitutions of 1963 and of 1974 . The policy prescribed that Yugoslavia 's nations ( Serbs , Macedonians , Croats , Slovenes , Montenegrins , Muslims ) and national minorities ( Albanians , Hungarians , Romanians , Bulgarians , Jews , Italians , and others ) are equal groups that coexist peacefully in the federation , promoting their similarities and interdependence in order to overcome national conflicts and hatred . Every individual was entitled to the expression of their own culture , while the ethnic groups had an oath to one another to maintain peaceful relations . Citizens were also encouraged and allowed to declare their nationality as Yugoslav , which usually polled at 10 % . The policy also led to the adoption of national quota systems in all public institutions , including economic organizations , in which national groups were represented by their republic 's or province 's national composition .   Throughout Yugoslavia many factories , schools , public venues , folklore ensembles and sporting teams used to be named `` Brotherhood and unity '' , as well as the Ljubljana-Zagreb-Beograd-Skopje highway ( Highway `` Brotherhood and Unity '' ) . The country had a decoration called the Order of the Brotherhood and Unity .   Several prominent persons from former Yugoslavia were convicted for activities deemed to threaten the brotherhood and unity , such as acts of chauvinist propaganda , separatism and irredentism . Among the convicts were the former presidents of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Alija Izetbegović ) and Croatia ( Franjo Tuđman and Stjepan Mesić ) , Croatian army general of Albanian descent Rahim Ademi and many others . One Kosovo Albanian , Adem Demaçi , was imprisoned for almost 30 years for allegations of espionage and irredentism .

neg: International Gendarmerie The International Gendarmerie was the first law enforcement agency of the Principality of Albania . It was established by the decision of the ambassadors of the six Great Powers that participated in the London Peace Conference . This decision was made on the basis of the London Treaty signed on May 30 , 1913 . Since most of the members were from the Netherlands , this force was also known as the Dutch Military Mission .   The first gendarmerie members arrived in Albania on November 10 , 1913 . They were soon faced with a peasant revolt . One International Gendarmerie officer was killed and many were imprisoned after the revolt erupted in June 1914 . Dutch officers were gradually replaced by officers from Austria-Hungary and Germany , who arrived in Durrës on July 4 . Soon , World War I broke out and by August 4 , most of the Dutch officers had returned to the Netherlands . By September 19 , 1914 , the last two imprisoned officers were released .

neg: Council for Maintaining the Occupations The Council for Maintaining the Occupations ( Conseil pour le Maintien des Occupations ) , or CMDO , was a revolutionary committee formed during the May 1968 events in France originating in the Sorbonne . The council favored the continuation of wildcat general strikes and factory occupations across France , maintaining them through directly democratic workers ' councils . Within the revolutionary movement , it opposed the influence of major trade unions and the French Communist Party who intended to contain the revolt and compromise with General Charles de Gaulle .   The council implemented a policy of equal representation for its participants . It was described by Situationist René Viénet as `` essentially an uninterrupted general assembly , deliberating day and night . No faction or private meetings ever existed outside the common debate . '' It was formed on the evening of May 17 , by supporters of the Sorbonne Occupation Committee .

neg: Peace Implementation Council The Peace Implementation Council ( PIC ) is an international body charged with implementing the Dayton Peace Agreement for Bosnia and Herzegovina . The Council was established at an implementation conference held in London , United Kingdom on December 8 and 9 , 1995 , subsequent to the completion of the negotiations of the accord the preceding month . The Council is , in effect , the realization , through the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina , of the international community 's governance of Bosnia and Herzegovina after signature of the Dayton Agreement . This international control over Bosnia and Herzegovina is to last until the country is deemed politically and democratically stable and self-sustainable .   The PIC comprises 55 countries and agencies that support the peace process in many different ways - by assisting it financially , providing troops for SFOR , or directly running operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina . There is also a fluctuating number of observers .   Since the London conference , the PIC has come together at the ministerial level another six times to review progress and define the goals of peace implementation for the coming period : in June 1996 in Florence , Italy ; in December 1996 for a second time in London ; in December 1997 in Bonn , Germany ; in December 1998 in Madrid , Spain , in May 2000 and February 2007 in Brussels , Belgium .   The PIC clarifies the responsibilities of the High Representative as the main implementing body of the civilian part of the Dayton Agreement , as set out in Annex 10 the Dayton Agreement . For example , the 1997 Bonn session provided the Office of the High Representative with the so-called `` Bonn authority '' to dismiss elected and non-elected officials who obstruct the implementation of the Dayton Agreement . The High Representative from 2006-2007 , Christian Schwarz-Schilling , used this power sparingly , to promote confidence in elected domestic government . This strategy was reversed by the new appointee to that post , Miroslav Lajčák , who imposed several decisions on his first day at work .