query: Paul Bettany has played Vision in at least two works.

pos: Paul Bettany Paul Bettany ( born 27 May 1971 ) is an English actor . He is known for his voice role as J.A.R.V.I.S. in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , specifically the films Iron Man ( 2008 ) , Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , The Avengers ( 2012 ) , Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) , and Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , in which he also portrayed the Vision , in the Marvel Cinematic Universe for which he garnered praise . He reprised his role as the Vision in Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) . He first came to the attention of mainstream audiences when he appeared in the British film Gangster No. 1 ( 2000 ) , and director Brian Helgeland 's film A Knight 's Tale ( 2001 ) . He has gone on to appear in a wide variety of films , including A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) , Master and Commander : The Far Side of the World ( 2003 ) , Dogville ( 2003 ) , Wimbledon ( 2004 ) , and the adaptation of the novel The Da Vinci Code ( 2006 ) .   He has been nominated for various awards , including BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture . Bettany is married to American actress Jennifer Connelly , with whom he has two children . His most commercially successful films have been The Avengers , which grossed over US$ 1.5 billion , its sequel Avengers : Age of Ultron , which grossed over $ 1.4 billion , Iron Man 3 , which grossed over US$ 1.2 billion , Captain America : Civil War , which grossed over US$ 1.1 billion , and The Da Vinci Code , which grossed US$ 758 million .

neg: Nobilissima Visione Nobilissima visione ( The Noblest Vision ) is a 50-minute ballet ( or , more precisely , a `` dance legend '' ) in six scenes by Paul Hindemith , originally choreographed by Léonide Massine for the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo . The libretto by Hindemith and Massine depicts episodes from the life of Saint Francis of Assisi . The work was completed in February 1938 and premiered at Theatre Royal , Drury Lane in London on 21 July 1938 , with sets and costumes by Pavel Tchelitchew and under the baton of the composer . He led one performance of the new ballet at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York ( for which the title was temporarily altered to Saint Francis ) on 14 October of the same year .   After the ballet premiere , Hindemith extracted a 20-minute orchestral suite ( retaining the Nobilissima visione name ) in three movements , using five of the original eleven movements :   Introduction and Rondo  March and Pastorale  Passacaglia   The suite was first performed at Teatro La Fenice in Venice on 13 September 1938 and has become a regularly programmed orchestral work . Though the ballet was originally scored for a small orchestra , the suite was for a full symphony orchestra from the outset . The suite does not attempt to follow the action of the ballet , instead Hindemith extracted only those portions of the score which he felt would be most effective in the concert hall .

neg: Live Action Set Live Action Set is a physical theater performance company based in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Its artistic mission is to create visually poetic , wildly imaginative , and accessible performance experiences that harness the indefinable power of the human spirit . It does so primarily by focusing on ensemble-created new work and draws from the worlds of dance , drama , music , mime , clowning and visual theater . The company is committed to creating original , ensemble-driven performances that dissolve boundaries between artistic disciplines .   Founded in 2003 , Live Action Set has earned great critical praise and become one of the most influential experimental theatre companies in the Twin Cities . The company 's productions have been widely hailed as `` courageous '' , `` beautiful '' and `` daring . '' Their first standout production , Please Do n't Blow Up Mr. Boban , was the top-selling show at the 2005 Minnesota Fringe Festival . In 2011 , their original production about myths re-envisioned in the Old West , The 7-Shot Symphony , received an Ivey Award for Overall Excellence .

neg: Take Hart Take Hart is a British children 's television show about art , presented by Tony Hart . It took over from Vision On , and ran from 1977 until 1983 . The show featured Hart and the animated Plasticine character Morph , and other characters created by David Sproxton like ` Smoulder the Moulder ' , which was a lump of mould which would create props by ` spraying ' them out of a spray can . The only other human to appear on a regular basis was Mr Bennett , the caretaker , played by Colin Bennett . The programme won a BAFTA award for Hart in 1984 .   As well as demonstrating small-scale projects ( the type that viewers might be able to do ) , Hart also created large-scale artworks on the TV studio floor , and even used beaches and other open spaces as ` canvases ' ( to be viewed from a camera-crane ) . This idea was later adopted by Art Attack , which began in 1990 .   A regular feature of the show was ` The Gallery ' , which displayed artworks sent in by young viewers . The easy-listening vibraphone music accompanying this feature - `` Left Bank Two '' , composed by Wayne Hill - has passed into British TV musical lore . In later series , `` Left Bank Two '' alternated with John Williams ' recording of `` Cavatina '' , which is also well-remembered by many viewers .   By the end of the eighth series in December 1983 , Hart felt that the format of the show , which essentially continued with much of the format of its predecessor Vision On , had become somewhat outdated and routine . Despite the award of a BAFTA in early 1984 , viewing figures for Take Hart by 1983 had gradually fallen since the series ' heyday in the late 1970s . In an attempt to update the image of the series , Take Hart was dropped in December 1983 , and replaced by the relatively more popular series Hartbeat .   Some 2 inch Quadruplex videotape master copies of Take Hart episodes were irretrievably junked by Adam Lee of the BBC archives in 1993 on the assumption that they were ` no use ' and that examples of some other episodes were sufficient . A few months later , access to the material was requested by the head of Children 's BBC 's light entertainment department for a documentary on Tony Hart .

neg: David Hill (arts director) David Hill is a theatre and arts director and producer , founder of the leading UK cultural events and arts agency ArtReach which initiates , develops and produces extraordinary creative arts projects and programmes . Hill has created and produced the innovative Night of Festivals project , produced the world 's largest interactive video artwork ( Under Scan by Rafael Lozano-Hemmer ) in Trafalgar Square , London and in public spaces across the UK East Midlands and created/delivered a range of high-profile new arts events such Three Cities Create and Connect , The Lyric Lounge and Dance in the Park . He has also delivered projects in Barcelona , India and the West Indies .   Born in Birmingham , and following a degree in Drama and English at Hull University , Hill started his career as a theatre practitioner with renowned theatre companies such as Welfare State International , IOU Theatre and the Pip Simmons Theatre Group .  Appointed as the first Marketing Director at the 2,000 seat Birmingham Hippodrome , he established the marketing and publicity department for the venue during two major capital refurbishments of the Hippodrome in the 1980s . During this period the theatre was established as a premier touring venue and as a home to Welsh National Opera and Sadler 's Wells Royal Ballet ( now Birmingham Royal Ballet ) .   Returning to a role as theatre director , writer and actor , Hill established the pioneering Theatre Station Blyth in Northumberland , leading a team of theatre professionals in developing original community theatre with 100 unemployed adults , winning a National Training Award , and being shortlisted with the RSC and Jiving Lindy Hoppers for the prestigious , national Sainsbury Arts in Education Awards . During this time Hill created and directed shows , including The Tale of the Corn Woman , The TV Addict , Stitch-Up , Seven and War Bonds . In 1995 Theatre Station was reinvented and re-launched by Fran Castle and Alison Walton-Robson as the award-winning Headway Theatre .   As an associate director at the Everyman Theatre in Cheltenham in the early 1990s , Hill had particular responsibility for new theatre writing , working with playwrights such as Jude Alderson , Barrie Keeffe , Peter McGarry and David Calcutt . Shows directed included All Change , A Caucasian Chalk Circle , The Way of the World , The Mystery Plays , Belonging , Family Affairs , Romeo and Juliet , A Midsummer Night 's Dream , Julius Caesar and The Terrible Fate of Humpty Dumpty , with co-directing work on Macbeth and Jane Eyre .   In 1994 , following the playwright 's death , he produced and directed The Official Tribute to Dennis Potter persuading Michael Grade ( Channel 4 TV ) and Alan Yentob ( BBC 1 ) to jointly support and participate in the project . For this high-profile event Hill directed contributions from , amongst others , Alan Bates , Gemma Craven , Imelda Staunton , George Baker , Frank Finlay , Douglas Henshall , Kika Markham and Corin Redgrave , and also engaged and produced participation from writers and broadcasters Lynda La Plante , Alan Plater , Sheena MacDonald , Piers Haggard , Kennith Trodd and Melvyn Bragg .   As director of the Arts Management Centre ( a business unit of The Management Centre ) in 1994/5 , Hill implemented and delivered national arts training programmes and designed and delivered the first national conference on the arts lottery . From 1996 he project directed all aspects of the design and building of Maidenhead 's # 10 million new arts centre , Norden Farm Centre for the Arts . He opened the Centre by producing two special galas with contributors including Michael Parkinson , Lesley Garrett , Timothy West , Prunella Scales , Jimmy Tarbuck , Laurie Holloway , Marion Montgomery , Ronnie Corbett and Rolf Harris .   Over fifteen years since 1996 , Hill has developed ArtReach working with partners such as Arts Council England , Museums Libraries and Archives Council ( MLA ) , Renaissance , Sport England , the Crafts Council , many Local Authorities , Regional Development Agencies , arts organisations and venues ( international , national , regional and local ) and individual artists . In 2005/6 ArtReach commissioned international artist Rafael Lozano-Hemmer to create Under Scan , which subsequently was taken to Venice Biennale in 2007 and produced by Hill in Trafalgar Square in 2008 . Hill co-wrote the book Under Scan with Lozano-Hemmer , published in 2006 .   Hill has been an adviser to West Midlands Arts , Northern Arts and South West Arts in the UK and is a Trustee ( Vice Chair ) of Curve ( theatre ) ( major new performing arts centre in Leicester , UK ) . He has previously been a board member/adviser for Triangle Arts Centre , Playtrain , Midlands Arts Centre and Worcester Swan Theatre . He has been an assessor for the UK Regional Arts Lottery Programme and has been an assessor to Arts Council England for both Capital and Arts for Everyone programmes .

neg: Terry Pratchett's The Colour of Magic Terry Pratchett 's The Colour of Magic is a two-part television adaptation of the bestselling novels The Colour of Magic and The Light Fantastic by Terry Pratchett . The fantasy film was produced for Sky1 by The Mob , a small British studio , starring David Jason , Sean Astin , Tim Curry and Christopher Lee as the voice of Death . Vadim Jean both adapted the screenplay from Pratchett 's original novels , and served as director .   Terry Pratchett 's The Colour of Magic was broadcast on Sky One , and in high definition on Sky 1 HD , on Easter Sunday ( 23 March ) and 24 March 2008 . The first part drew audiences of 1.5 million , with the second part attracting up to 1.1 million viewers . The film was well received by fans , but drew mixed reviews from critics , who generally praised the acting talent of the all-star cast , but criticised the film 's script and direction .   The production is the second adaptation of Pratchett 's novels as a live-action film , following the successful release of Hogfather on Sky 1 over Christmas 2006 . A third adaptation , Going Postal , followed in 2010 with more planned for the future .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: Substitution splice The substitution splice is a cinematic special effect in which film makers achieve an appearance , disappearance , or transformation using a cut . It is sometimes also called the stop trick or the stop motion substitution , although the effect is achieved through film editing rather than by literally stopping the camera .   The pioneering French filmmaker Georges Méliès claimed to have accidentally developed substitution splicing while filming street traffic at the Place de l'Opéra in Paris . According to his story , his camera jammed and stopped ; by the time he had solved the difficulty , the traffic had moved on . When the film was screened , a man appeared to change into a woman , and an omnibus seemed to turn into a hearse . No evidence has emerged to support this story , which was probably entirely invented by Méliès . According to the film scholar Jacques Deslandes , it is more likely that Méliès discovered the substitution splice by carefully examining a print of the Edison Manufacturing Company 's 1895 film The Execution of Mary Queen of Scots , in which a primitive version of the trick appears . In any case , the substitution splice was both the first special effect Méliès perfected , and the most important in his body of work .   For some time , film theorists mistakenly believed that the camera was actually stopped for the effect , and then restarted ( hence the occasionally used term `` stop trick '' ) . However , later film historians such as Richard Abel and Elizabeth Ezra established that the effect was the result of Méliès 's careful frame matching during the editing process , creating a seamless match cut out of two separately staged shots . Indeed , Méliès often used substitution splicing not as an obvious special effect , but as an inconspicuous editing technique , matching and combining short takes into one apparently seamless longer shot . Substitution splicing could become even more seamless when the film was colored by hand , as many of Méliès 's films were ; the addition of painted color acts as a sleight of hand technique allowing the cuts to pass by unnoticed .   The substitution splice was the most popular cinematic special effect in early film fantasies , especially those that evolved from the stage tradition of the féerie . Segundo de Chomón is among the other filmmakers who used substitution splicing to create elaborate fantasy effects . D.W. Griffith 's 1909 film The Curtain Pole , starring Mack Sennett , used substitution splices for comedic effect . The transformations made possible by the substitution splice were so central to early fantasy films that , in France , such films were often described simply as scènes à transformation .   This technique is different from the stop motion technique , in which the entire shot is created frame by frame .

neg: Camera obscura Camera obscura ( from Latin `` camera '' : ( vaulted ) chamber or room , and `` obscura '' : darkened , plural : camerae obscurae ) , also referred to as pinhole image , is the natural optical phenomenon that occurs when an image of a scene at the other side of a screen ( or for instance a wall ) is projected through a small hole in that screen as a reversed and inverted image ( left to right and upside down ) on a surface opposite to the opening . The surroundings of the projected image have to be relatively dark for the image to be clear , so many historical camera obscura experiments were performed in dark rooms .   The term `` camera obscura '' also refers to constructions or devices that make use of the principle within a box , tent or room . Camerae obscurae with a lens in the opening have been used since the second half of the 16th century and became popular as an aid for drawing and painting . The camera obscura box was developed further into the photographic camera in the first half of the 19th century when camera obscura boxes were used to expose light-sensitive materials to the projected image .   Before the term `` camera obscura '' was first used in 1604 , many other expressions were used including `` cubiculum obscurum '' , `` cubiculum tenebricosum '' , `` conclave obscurum '' and `` locus obscurus '' .   A camera obscura device without a lens but with a very small hole is sometimes referred to as a `` pinhole camera '' , although this more often refers to simple ( home-made ) lens-less cameras in which photographic film or photographic paper is used .

neg: Paddy Chayefsky Sidney Aaron `` Paddy '' Chayefsky ( January 29 , 1923 -- August 1 , 1981 ) was an American playwright , screenwriter and novelist . He is the only person to have won three solo Academy Awards for Best Screenplay ( the other three-time winners , Francis Ford Coppola , Charles Brackett , Woody Allen and Billy Wilder , have all shared their awards with co-writers ) .   He was considered one of the most renowned dramatists of the so-called Golden Age of Television . His intimate , realistic scripts provided a naturalistic style of television drama for the 1950s , and he was regarded as the central figure in the `` kitchen sink realism '' movement of American television . Martin Gottfried wrote in All His Jazz that Chayefsky `` was a successful writer , the most successful graduate of television 's slice of life school of naturalism . ''   Following his critically acclaimed teleplays , Chayefsky continued to succeed as a playwright and novelist . As a screenwriter , he received three Academy Awards for Marty ( 1955 ) , The Hospital ( 1971 ) and Network ( 1976 ) . The movie Marty was based on his own television drama about two lonely people finding love . Network was his scathing satire of the television industry and The Hospital was also satiric . Film historian David Thomson called The Hospital `` years ahead of its time . -LSB- ... -RSB- Few films capture the disaster of America 's self-destructive idealism so well . '' His screenplay for Network is often regarded as his masterpiece , and has been hailed as `` the kind of literate , darkly funny and breathtakingly prescient material that prompts many to claim it as the greatest screenplay of the 20th century . ''   Chayefsky 's early stories were frequently influenced by the author 's childhood in The Bronx . Chayefsky was part of the inaugural class of inductees into the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ' Television Hall of Fame . He received this honor three years after his death , in 1984 .

neg: ITV Sunday Night Theatre ITV Sunday Night Theatre , originally titled ITV Saturday Night Theatre , is a UK television anthology series screened on ITV , and produced by London Weekend Television ( LWT ) . Some episodes were produced with Kestrel Productions .   Around 200 episodes aired on ITV from 1969-1974 , including productions of the plays Long Day 's Journey into Night by Eugene O'Neill , A Doll 's House by Henrik Ibsen , and Arms and the Man by George Bernard Shaw . Other episodes included adaptions of the works of William Shakespeare , James Joyce , Wilkie Collins , Simon Gray , Sam Shepard , Israel Horovitz , Arthur Miller , August Strindberg , J.B. Priestley , Lanford Wilson , and John Mortimer .   Among its directors were Michael Lindsay-Hogg , Anthony Page , Mike Newell , Fielder Cook , Ted Kotcheff , Peter Wood , and Vivian Matalon .   The actors involved included Helen Mirren , Laurence Olivier , Sean Connery , Anthony Hopkins , Michael Caine , Paul Scofield , George C. Scott , Laurence Harvey , Ralph Richardson , Diana Rigg , Trevor Howard , Glenda Jackson , Diane Cilento , Alec Guinness , Jane Asher , Martin Sheen , Colleen Dewhurst , Jean Marsh , Shelley Winters , Ian Holm , Richard Chamberlain , Edith Evans , John Gielgud , Shirley Knight , Ian McKellen , George Sanders and Margaret Whiting .

neg: King Priam King Priam is an opera by Michael Tippett , to his own libretto . The story is based on Homer 's Iliad , except the birth and childhood of Paris , which are taken from the Fabulae of Hyginus .   The premiere was on 29 May 1962 , at Coventry . The opera was composed for an arts festival held in conjunction with the reconsecration of the rebuilt Coventry Cathedral , for which Benjamin Britten also wrote his War Requiem , which was first performed in the Cathedral the day after the premiere of King Priam .   The first Covent Garden performance was on 5 June , conducted by John Pritchard . It was premiered in Germany at the Badisches Staatstheater in 1963 , in Greece at the 1985 Athens Festival , in France at the Opéra de Nancy et de Lorraine in 1988 , in Italy at Batignano in 1990 , and in the United States San Francisco Opera Center Showcase in 1994 . In 2014 the work was revived by English Touring Opera , with a reduced orchestration by Iain Farrington , the first performance of this version being given at the Linbury Studio Theatre at the Royal Opera House on 13 February 2014 .   As epigraph to the score Tippett placed the German words `` Es möge uns das Schicksal gönnen , dass wir das innere Ohr von dem Munde der Seele nicht abwenden , '' or , `` May Fate grant that we never turn our inner ear away from our soul 's lips . '' These words conclude a 1912 essay on the paintings of Arnold Schoenberg by Wassily Kandinsky .

neg: The Unexplained (magazine) The Unexplained : Mysteries of Mind , Space , & Time was a popular partwork magazine published by Orbis Publishing in the United Kingdom , between 1980 and 1983 . It ran to 156 issues , with issue 157 being an index to the collection , and dealt with the paranormal and mysteries such as UFOs , the Bermuda Triangle , ghosts , spontaneous human combustion , the Cottingley Fairies , ancient knowledge , sea monsters , the Yeti , weird coincidences , stone circles , contact with the dead , and notable historical characters linked to the occult . The magazine was published as a journal , with page numbering continuing from one edition to the next . When the magazine ceased publication , a refund was offered if the consumer returned the covers .   The magazine was edited by Peter Brookesmith , and consultants included Dr. J. Allen Hynek and Professor A. J. Ellison . The editorial director was Brian Innes , who had previously worked on Man , Myth & Magic : An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Supernatural .   A complementary version was published in France , entitled L'Inexpliqué , which contained differently written articles . This series was published in 8 to 26 volumes , depending on whether the edition were British or French .   The partwork , which debuted on newsstands the same year the British TV series Arthur C. Clarke 's Mysterious World ( 1980 ) was first broadcast , was hugely popular . Articles from the magazine were later published in book form during the late 1980s by various publishers , including Black Cat , Caxton , and St. Michael 's books . Titles included : When the Impossible Happens ( 1984 ) and Out of this World : Mysteries of Mind , Space , & Time ( 1989 ) .

neg: Moving statues The moving statues phenomenon occurred during the summer of 1985 in Ireland , where , in several different parts of the country , statues of the Virgin Mary were reported to move spontaneously .   In Ballinspittle , County Cork in July 1985 , an observer claimed to have seen a roadside statue of the Virgin Mary move spontaneously . Similar occurrences were reported shortly afterward in Mount Melleray , County Waterford and at around 30 other locations around the country . They were not all Marian apparitions . Some involved other divine figures and/or saints who appeared in stains on church walls etc. . Thousands gathered at many of the sites out of curiosity or to gaze in wonder and to pray . Up to 100,000 were said to have visited the Ballinspittle site alone . The Catholic Church remained reticent or highly skeptical and a bishop declared the whole phenomenon ` an illusion ' . The Ballinspittle statue was damaged by a gang of hammer-wielding Pentecostalist protesters against idolatry ( or mariolatry ) , but it was repaired . In 2002 the BBC planned a documentary on the phenomenon .   Though the moving statue phenomenon quickly faded a few small ` cults ' persisted for some years after the peak activity of 1985 and one set off by road to convert Russia .   Author John D. Vose set out to see for himself in his book ` The Statues That Moved a Nation ' . He interviewed witnesses who told him the most amazing stories of miraculous happenings .   A team of psychologists based in University College Cork recorded 31 apparition sites and explained the visions as being optical illusions caused by staring at objects in the evening twilight . Others have argued that the Moving Statues and other extraordinary , international phenomenon like the `` flying-saucer '' religions and many other new religious and occult movements are best explained as responses to an existential angst that was exacerbated by the Cold War and other sources of social stress but with ultimate origins in cultural or religious norms , family dynamics , and personal psychology .   One site is about one kilometre along the Ballinspittle to Kinsale road . In a ravine the life-sized blue-and white painted plaster statue of a woman stands about 4 metres above the road , fronted by a balustrade of large blue concrete letters reading `` I am The Immaculate Conception '' . The head of the statue is surrounded by small electric bulbs in the form of a halo . Across the ravine is an unfenced grassy slope with some benches . In front is a blue boilerplate box for donations , secured by two large padlocks .   A printed notice beside the grotto states that its continual upkeep is designed to keep the people of Ballinspittle focused on their veneration of the Virgin Mary , and also to inspire faith in `` mere passers by '' .   Anthropologist Peter Mulholland argues that the continuing role of Marian apparitions in Irish popular culture is a reflection of psychological insecurity stemming largely from adverse childhood experiences and a concatenation of historical , cultural , political , religious and sociological factors .   Moving statues have also been reported in Poland , another devout Catholic country .

neg: Stereoscope A stereoscope is a device for viewing a stereoscopic pair of separate images , depicting left-eye and right-eye views of the same scene , as a single three-dimensional image .   A typical stereoscope provides each eye with a lens that makes the image seen through it appear larger and more distant and usually also shifts its apparent horizontal position , so that for a person with normal binocular depth perception the edges of the two images seemingly fuse into one `` stereo window '' . In current practice , the images are prepared so that the scene appears to be beyond this virtual window , through which objects are sometimes allowed to protrude , but this was not always the custom . A divider or other view-limiting feature is usually provided to prevent each eye from being distracted by also seeing the image intended for the other eye .   Most people can , with practice and some effort , view stereoscopic image pairs in 3D without the aid of a stereoscope , but the physiological depth cues resulting from the unnatural combination of eye convergence and focus required will be unlike those experienced when actually viewing the scene in reality , making an accurate simulation of the natural viewing experience impossible and tending to cause eye strain and fatigue .   Although more recent devices such as Realist-format 3D slide viewers and the View-Master are also stereoscopes , the word is now most commonly associated with viewers designed for the standard-format stereo cards that enjoyed several waves of popularity from the 1850s to the 1930s as a home entertainment medium .   Devices such as polarized , anaglyph and shutter glasses which are used to view two actually superimposed or intermingled images , rather than two physically separate images , are not categorized as stereoscopes .

neg: Twelfth Night (1988 film) Twelfth Night , or , What You Will is a videotaped 1988 television adaptation of Kenneth Branagh 's stage production for the Renaissance Theatre Company of William Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night first broadcast in the UK by ITV on 30 December 1988 . Made by Thames Television , in collaboration with Renaissance , it stars Frances Barber as Viola and Richard Briers as Malvolio . The recording was shot on a single set with the appearance of a wintry garden . The costumes are Victorian , and the time of year is Christmas .   Michael Brooke , in his piece for the BFI 's screenonline website , particularly commends Briers performance . His `` Malvolio is a delight , segueing seamlessly from self-righteous pomposity at inappropriate revelry to truly grotesque self-delusion as he proffers love to his mistress while clad in yellow stockings '' .

neg: Depth perception Depth perception is the visual ability to perceive the world in three dimensions ( 3D ) and the distance of an object . Depth sensation is the corresponding term for animals , since although it is known that animals can sense the distance of an object ( because of their ability to move accurately , or to respond consistently , according to that distance ) , it is not known whether they `` perceive '' it in the same subjective way that humans do .   Depth perception arises from a variety of depth cues . These are typically classified into binocular cues that are based on the receipt of sensory information in three dimensions from both eyes and monocular cues that can be represented in just two dimensions and observed with just one eye . Binocular cues include stereopsis , eye convergence , disparity , and yielding depth from binocular vision through exploitation of parallax . Monocular cues include size : distant objects subtend smaller visual angles than near objects , grain , size , and motion parallax .

neg: Paul Drane Paul Drane is an Australian television producer-director . He was initially known as studio director of the Australian TV pop show Countdown from 1975 to 1977 . During this period , he directed several music videos ( promotional film clips ) made especially for Countdown , including the original clips for the AC/DC hits `` It 's a Long Way to the Top '' and `` Jailbreak '' .   His innovative and award-winning Countdown video for Supernaut 's `` I Like It Both Ways '' gave viewers an early taste of visual effects in music videos . These were achieved without the benefit of ( yet to be invented ) high end CGI , but improvised with clever use of video feed-back by pointing the cameras at monitors to create wildly looping , distortion effects . With its blend of live action and 2D visual imagery , the award-winning video was an early glimpse of the rapid advances that lay ahead .   In addition to the Countdown live performances , Drane independently produced and directed many Australian music videos during the 70s ( Skyhooks , John Paul Young , Cold Chisel , Little River Band , Marcia Hines ) and full concerts from local and international artists .   In 1978 he produced and directed the independent music documentary , ` Australian Music to the World ' , based on the original radio series by Vince Lovegrove . Filmed worldwide , the program featured interviews and performances by artists including AC/DC ( live in Atlanta ) , Peter Allen , Helen Reddy and Little River Band .   The following year Drane produced and directed the documentary special ` The Prophecies of Nostradamus ' for Australian television network Seven . Hosted by actor , John Waters , the program set a ratings record , with unprecedented reaction the following day , prompting the network to schedule a repeat run two weeks later .   This program was sold to Warner Bros in the United States in 1980 . Repackaged for worldwide release , it was hosted by Orson Welles and titled ` The Man Who Saw Tomorrow ' .   Throughout his lengthy career Paul Drane has maintained his passion for music , and in particular live music on television . This has given rise to classic televised concerts from artists including Split Enz , INXS , and Paul Kelly , and iconic musical moments such as Stevie Wright 's ` Evie ' at the Sydney Opera House .   Since 2005 Drane has directed RocKwiz for SBS One and continues to make music videos and television content .

neg: Ponzo illusion The Ponzo illusion is a geometrical-optical illusion that was first demonstrated by the Italian psychologist Mario Ponzo ( 1882 -- 1960 ) in 1911 . He suggested that the human mind judges an object 's size based on its background . He showed this by drawing two identical lines across a pair of converging lines , similar to railway tracks . The upper line looks longer because we interpret the converging sides according to linear perspective as parallel lines receding into the distance . In this context , we interpret the upper line as though it were farther away , so we see it as longer -- a farther object would have to be longer than a nearer one for both to produce retinal images of the same size .   One of the explanations for the Ponzo illusion is the `` perspective hypothesis '' , which states that the perspective feature in the figure is obviously produced by the converging lines ordinarily associated with distance , that is , the two oblique lines appear to converge toward the horizon or a vanishing point . Another is the `` framing-effects hypothesis '' , which says that the difference in the separation or gap of the horizontal lines from the framing converging lines may determine , or at least contribute to the magnitude of the distortion .   The Ponzo illusion is one possible explanation of the Moon illusion , with objects appearing `` far away '' ( because they are `` on '' the horizon ) appearing bigger than objects `` overhead '' .   This typical visual illusion also occurs in touch and with an auditory-to-visual sensory-substitution device . However , prior visual experience seems mandatory to perceive it as demonstrated by the fact that congenitally blind subjects are not sensitive to it .   The Ponzo illusion has also been used to demonstrate a dissociation between vision-for-perception and vision-for-action ( see Two-streams hypothesis ) . Thus , the scaling of grasping movements directed towards objects embedded within a Ponzo illusion is not subject to the size illusion . In other words , the opening between the index finger and thumb is scaled to the real not the apparent size of the target object as the grasping hand approaches the object .   Cross-cultural differences in susceptibility to the Ponzo illusion have been noted , with non-Western and rural people showing less susceptibility . Other recent research suggests that an individual 's receptivity to this illusion , as well as the Ebbinghaus illusion , may be inversely correlated with the size of that individual 's primary visual cortex .

neg: Georges Méliès filmography Georges Méliès ( 1861 -- 1938 ) was a French filmmaker and magician generally regarded as the first person to recognize the potential of narrative film . He made about 520 films between 1896 and 1912 , covering a range of genres including trick films , fantasies , comedies , advertisements , satires , costume dramas , literary adaptations , erotic films , melodramas , and imaginary voyages . His works are often considered as important precursors to further developments in modern narrative cinema , though some recent academicians have argued that Méliès 's films are better understood as spectacular theatrical creations rooted in the 19th-century féerie tradition .   After attending the first demonstration of the Lumière Brothers ' Kinetoscope in December 1895 , he bought a film projector from the British film experimenter Robert W. Paul and began using it to project short films at his theater of illusions , the Théâtre Robert-Houdin , in Paris . Having studied the principles on which Paul 's projector ran , Méliès was able to modify the machine so that it could be used as a makeshift camera . He began making his own short films with it in May 1896 , founded the Star Film Company in the same year , and built his own studio in Montreuil , Seine-Saint-Denis in 1897 . His films A Trip to the Moon ( 1902 ) , The Kingdom of the Fairies ( 1903 ) , and The Impossible Voyage ( 1904 ) were among the most popular films of the first few years of the twentieth century , and Méliès built a second studio , complete with artificial light fittings , in 1907 . However , various factors ( American film piracy , price standardizations prescribed in 1908 by the Motion Picture Patents Company , and the waning popularity of fanciful magic films chief among them ) led eventually to Méliès 's financial ruin and the closing of his studio . His last films were made under the supervision of the rival filmmaker Charles Pathé , and in 1922 -- 23 Méliès sold his studios , closed the Théâtre Robert-Houdin , and discarded his own collection of his negative and positive prints . In 1925 he began selling toys and candy from a stand in the Gare Montparnasse in Paris . Thanks to the efforts of film history devotées , especially René Clair , Jean George Auriol , and Paul Gilson , Méliès and his work were rediscovered in the late 1920s , and he was awarded the Legion of Honor in 1931 .   In the list below , Méliès 's films are numbered according to their order in the catalogues of the Star Film Company . In Méliès 's numbering system , films were listed and numbered according to their order of production , and each catalogue number denotes about 20 meters of film ( thus , for example , A Trip to the Moon , at about 260 meters long , is listed as # 399 -- 411 ) . The original French release titles , as well as the original titles used in the US and UK versions of the Star Film catalogues , are listed in the body of the filmography ; notable variant titles are provided in smaller text . The parenthetical descriptive subtitles used in the catalogues ( e.g. scène comique ) are also provided whenever possible . Films directed by Méliès but not originally released by the Star Film Company ( such as The Coronation of Edward VII , released by Charles Urban , or The Conquest of the Pole , released by Pathé Frères ) are also included . Where available , the list also includes information on whether each film survives , survives in fragmentary form , or is presumed lost . Unless otherwise referenced , the information presented here is derived from the 2008 filmography prepared by Jacques Malthête , augmented by filmographies prepared in the 1970s by Paul Hammond and John Frazer .

neg: Providence: The Story of a Fifty-Year Vision Quest Providence : The Story of a Fifty-Year Vision Quest is a book by Daniel Quinn , published in 1994 , and written largely as an autobiography blended with additional philosophical reflections . It details how Quinn arrived at the ideas behind his 1992 novel Ishmael and articulates upon some of these ideas .   Although primarily nonfiction in content , Providence is written with a fictional backdrop , in which the reader is presented as someone who has read Ishmael and sneaked into Daniel Quinn 's house at night to ask Quinn for further information regarding his inspirations for the novel and its philosophical ideas . Quinn , though tired , welcomes the reader into his house and opens himself up to the reader 's questions . Throughout the story , Quinn narrates as though replying to questions asked by ( the character of ) the reader , which Quinn `` restates '' in his answers and explanations ; the voice of the reader is never directly heard .


query: Scotland's Hebrides is widespread and diverse with many islands.

pos: Scotland Scotland ( -LSB- ˈskɒt.lənd -RSB- Scots : -LSB- - scoˈskɔt.lənd -RSB- Alba -LSB- ˈal̪ˠapə -RSB- ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain . It shares a border with England to the south , and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the south-west . In addition to the mainland , the country is made up of more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides .   The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became King of England and King of Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain itself entered into a political union with the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland .   Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England .   In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . Scotland is represented in the United Kingdom Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs . Scotland is also a member of the British -- Irish Council , and sends five elected representatives to the British -- Irish Parliamentary Assembly .

pos: Hebrides The Hebrides ( -LSB- ˈhɛbrᵻdiːz -RSB- Scottish Gaelic : Innse Gall ( -LSB- ĩːʃə gau̯l̪ˠ -RSB- ) ; Old Norse : Suðreyjar ) comprise a widespread and diverse archipelago off the west coast of mainland Scotland . There are two main groups : the Inner and Outer Hebrides . These islands have a long history of occupation dating back to the Mesolithic , and the culture of the residents has been affected by the successive influences of Celtic , Norse , and English-speaking peoples . This diversity is reflected in the names given to the islands , which are derived from the languages that have been spoken there in historic and perhaps prehistoric times .   The Hebrides are the source of much of Scottish Gaelic literature and Gaelic music . Today the economy of the islands is dependent on crofting , fishing , tourism , the oil industry , and renewable energy . The Hebrides have lower biodiversity than mainland Britain , but there is a significant presence of seals and seabirds .

neg: Islay (disambiguation) Islay is an island in the Inner Hebrides , Scotland .   Islay may also refer to

neg: Crown dependencies The Crown dependencies are the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea , and the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel . They are independently administered jurisdictions , and do not form part of either the United Kingdom or the British Overseas Territories . They are self-governing possessions of the Crown ( defined uniquely in each jurisdiction ) . Internationally , the dependencies are considered `` territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible '' , rather than sovereign states . As a result , they are not member states of the Commonwealth of Nations . However , they do have relationships with the Commonwealth , the European Union , and other international organisations , and are members of the British -- Irish Council . They have their own teams in the Commonwealth Games . They are not part of the European Union ( EU ) , although they are within the EU 's customs area .   As the Crown dependencies are not sovereign states , the power to pass legislation affecting the islands ultimately rests with the government of the United Kingdom . However they each have their own legislative assemblies , with the power to legislate on many local matters with the assent of the Crown ( Privy Council , or in the case of the Isle of Man in certain circumstances the Lieutenant-Governor ) . In each case , the head of government is referred to as the Chief Minister .

neg: Wheelhouse (archaeology) In archaeology , a wheelhouse is a prehistoric structure from the Iron Age found in Scotland . The term was first coined after the discovery of a ruined mound in 1855 . The distinctive architectural form related to the complex roundhouses constitute the main settlement type in the Western Isles in the closing centuries BC . A total of 62 sites have now been identified in the Northern and Western Isles , and on the north coast of Caithness and Sutherland .   Amateur enthusiasts did some excavation in the 19th century , but professional examination of the sites did not begin until the 1930s , when digs were undertaken at Jarlshof and Gurness . No work of a modern standard was done in the Hebrides until 1946 at Clettreval on North Uist .   Sometimes referred to as `` aisled roundhouses '' their characteristic features include an outer wall within which a circle of stone piers ( bearing a resemblance to the spokes of a wheel ) form the basis for lintel arches supporting corbelled roofing with a hearth at the hub . About a third are double-walled . They range in diameter from 4 metres to 11.5 metres . Those sites that have been dated tend to fall within the period 25 BC to 380 AD . In the Northern Isles , 72 % are found in association with broch sites , and they are of a later date than these towered structures in all cases . No sites in the west have such an association , an as yet unresolved enigma . The majority are dug into the landscape and only their thatched roofs would have been visible above the ground -- although these would have been 6 metres or more in height . Other examples were built above ground , such as Clettraval and Bagh nam Feadag ( on Grimsay ) .   Many sites incorporate animal burials beneath the floor , the most common bones being those of young lambs . Other bone deposits include the heads of a human and a great auk at Cnip on Lewis , and sixty bone burials including cattle , sheep and pig at Sollas in North Uist . Five sites include menhirs and fifteen a red and black mortar . These features tends to support the hypothesis that the primary purpose of these buildings was ritualistic . Confusingly therefore , `` wheelhouses '' are neither wheels , nor perhaps houses .   The highly restricted nature of their geographical locations suggests that they may have been contained within a political or cultural frontier of some kind . The co-incidence of their arrival and departure being associated with the period of Roman influence in Scotland is a matter of ongoing debate .

neg: Tarbert, Argyll and Bute Tarbert ( An Tairbeart , -LSB- ənˠ̪ t̪aɾʲab̊ərˠʃd̪̊ -RSB- or Tairbeart Loch Fìne to distinguish it from other places of the same name ) is a village in the West of Scotland in the Argyll and Bute council area . It is built around East Loch Tarbert , an inlet of Loch Fyne , and extends over the isthmus which links the peninsula of Kintyre to Knapdale and West Loch Tarbert . Tarbert had a recorded population of 1,338 in the 2001 Census .   Tarbert has a long history both as a harbour and as a strategic point guarding access to Kintyre and the Inner Hebrides . The name Tarbert is the anglicised form of the Gaelic word tairbeart . It is composed of tar `` across '' and a form of the verb beir `` carry '' and literally translates as `` across-carrying '' . This refers to the narrowest strip of land between two bodies of water over which goods or entire boats can be carried ( portage ) . In past times cargoes were discharged from vessels berthed in one loch , hauled over the isthmus to the other loch , loaded onto vessels berthed there and shipped onward , allowing seafarers to avoid the sail around the Mull of Kintyre .   Tarbert was anciently part of the Gaelic overkingdom of Dál Riata and protected by three castles -- in the village centre , at the head of the West Loch , and on the south side of the East Loch . The ruin of the last of these castles -- Tarbert Castle -- still exists , and dominates Tarbert 's skyline . Around the year 1098 Magnus Barefoot , King of Norway , had his longship carried across the isthmus at Tarbert to signify his possession of the Western Isles .   Despite its distinction as a strategic stronghold during the Middle Ages , Tarbert 's socioeconomic prosperity came during the Early Modern period , as the port developed into a fishing town . At its height , the Loch Fyne herring fishery attracted hundreds of vessels to Tarbert .

neg: Northern North Sea basin The North Sea is part of the Atlantic Ocean in northern Europe . It is located between Norway and Denmark in the east , Scotland and England in the west , Germany , the Netherlands , Belgium and France in the south .   The geology of the North Sea describes the geological features such as channels , trenches , and ridges today and the geological history , plate tectonics , geological events that created them .   A geological basin is a large low-lying area or depression . It is often below sea level . Depressions are typically formed by tectonic processes acting on the lithosphere , providing `` accommodation space '' for sediment to be preserved . Basins are formed in a variety of tectonic settings : extensional , compressional , strike-slip and intraplate .   Geological basins are one of the most common places which collect sediment . The type of rocks which form there tell about the palaeoclimate of the continent . The geology is of interest to oil prospectors , hydrologists and palaeontologists . Exploration in the North Sea was initiated in May 1964 when the first well was spudded and the area has now become one of the most prolific hydrocarbon provinces in the world . Total recoverable reserves found to date , including adjacent land areas , amount to over 100 billion barrels of oil and natural gas .   Geologically speaking , the North Sea is divided into four main basins : Northern , Moray Firth , Central , and Southern . Each has a long and complex geologic history with unique structural and stratigraphic developments driven by tectonic events over the last 400 Million years . The northern North Sea Paleorift system , including the Viking and Sogn graben , is an approximately 150-200 km wide zone of extended upper crust with preserved strata from pre-Triassic to Tertiary . It is bounded by the Shetland Platform to the west and the Norwegian mainland to the east .

neg: South Rona Rona ( Rònaigh , -LSB- ˈrˠɔːnaj -RSB- ) , sometimes called South Rona to distinguish it from North Rona , is a small island in the Scottish Inner Hebrides . It lies between the Sound of Raasay and the Inner Sound just north of the neighbouring island of Raasay and east of the Trotternish peninsula of Skye . It has a total area of 930 ha .

neg: Scottish Lowlands The Lowlands ( the Lallans or the Lawlands ; a ' Ghalldachd , `` the place of the foreigner '' ) are a cultural and historic region of Scotland .   The Lowlands is not an official geographical or administrative area of the country . There are two main topographic regions : the Midland Valley ( or Central Lowlands ) and the Southern Uplands . The term `` Lowlands '' mainly refers to the Midland Valley . However , in normal usage it refers to those parts of Scotland not in the Highlands ( or Gàidhealtachd ) . The boundary is usually considered to be a line between Stonehaven and Helensburgh ( on the Firth of Clyde ) . The Lowlands lie south and east of the line . Note that some parts of the Lowlands ( such as the Southern Uplands ) are not physically `` low , '' Merrick for example reaching 2,766 feet , while some areas indisputably in the Highlands ( such as Islay ) are low-lying .   In geological terms , the dividing line between Lowlands and Highlands is the Highland Boundary Fault . There was also a legally defined Highland Line in the post-Culloden years , part of the measures taken to suppress Gaelic culture .   For other purposes , the boundary varies ; but if the Boundary Fault is used , then the traditional Scottish counties entirely in the Lowlands are : Ayrshire , Berwickshire , Clackmannanshire , Dumfriesshire , East Lothian , Fife , Kinross-shire , Kirkcudbrightshire , Lanarkshire , Mid-Lothian , Peeblesshire , Renfrewshire , Roxburghshire , Selkirkshire , West Lothian and Wigtownshire .   Traditional Scottish counties which straddle the Boundary fault include Angus , Dunbartonshire , Stirlingshire , Perthshire , Kincardineshire , Aberdeenshire , Banffshire and Moray .   Geographically , Scotland is divided into three distinct areas : the Highlands , the Central plain ( Central Belt ) , and the Southern Uplands . The Lowlands cover roughly the latter two . The northeast plain is also `` low-land , '' both geographically and culturally , but in some contexts may be grouped together with the Highlands .   The term Lowlands is sometimes used in a more restricted sense to refer specifically to the Midland Valley . Much of this area , which has a characteristic structure of sedimentary rocks with coal deposits , lies within the basins of the Rivers Forth and Clyde . Historically , this valley has been the most agriculturally productive region of Scotland . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , coal deposits promoted concentrated industrial activity and urbanization in the Midland Valley , where 80 percent of the population of Scotland now live . While coal mining and heavy industry have declined in the region , it remains at the centre of the Scottish economy , with electronics and computer manufacture and service sectors such as telecommunications , computer software , and finance .   The southernmost counties of Scotland , nearest the border with England , are also known as the Borders . They are sometimes considered separately from the rest of the Lowlands . Many ancestors of the Scotch-Irish , as they are known in the United States , or Ulster-Scots , originated from the lowlands and borders region before migrating to the Ulster Plantation in the 17th century and later the American frontier , many prior to the American Revolution .   The term Scottish Lowlands is used with reference to the Scots language in contrast to the Scottish Gaelic spoken in the Highlands , Scottish history and the Scottish clan system , as well as in family history and genealogy .

neg: House of Dunkeld The House of Dunkeld , in Scottish Gaelic Dùn Chailleann ( meaning Fort of the Caledonii or of the Caledonians ) , is a historiographical and genealogical construct to illustrate the clear succession of Scottish kings from 1034 to 1040 and from 1058 to 1290 . The line is also variously referred to by historians as `` The Canmores '' , and `` MacMalcolm '' .   It is dynastically sort of a continuation to Cenél nGabráin of Dál Riata , `` race of Fergus '' , as `` house '' an originally Celtic concept to express one of the two rivalling leader clans of early medieval Scotland , whose founding father is king Fergus Mor of Dalriada . This Ferguside royal clan had rivalled the crown ( of Dalriada , then that of Alba ) against the Cenél Loairn , the later House of Moray for the preceding four or more centuries . The Cenél nGabráin were represented by the so-called House of Alpin before Dunkeld .   Sir Iain Moncreiffe made the case that Crínán of Dunkeld actually belonged to a Scottish sept of Irish Cenél Conaill royal dynasty , a branch of the Uí Néill . This of course would not exclude his descendants from also being a ( female line ) continuation of the Cenél nGabráin through Bethóc .   Genealogically the Dunkeld dynasty is based on Duncan I of Scotland being of a different agnatic clan to his predecessor and maternal grandfather Malcolm II of Scotland . However , sociohistorically , the reign of Duncan 's son Malcolm III of Scotland , which happens to coincide with the start of the centuries-long period of strong influence from the southern neighbour , the Kingdom of England , has been seen as a more important place to start .

neg: Isle of Arran Arran or the Isle of Arran ( -LSB- ˈærən -RSB- Eilean Arainn -LSB- elan ˈarɪɲ -RSB- ) , at 432 km2 , is the largest island in the Firth of Clyde and the seventh largest Scottish island . It is in the unitary council area of North Ayrshire . In the 2011 census it had a resident population of 4,629 . Though culturally and physically similar to the Hebrides , it is separated from them by the Kintyre peninsula . It is divided into highland and lowland areas by the Highland Boundary Fault and has been described as a `` geologist 's paradise '' .   Arran has been continuously inhabited since the early Neolithic period , and numerous prehistoric remains have been found . From the 6th century onwards , Goidelic-speaking peoples from Ireland colonised it and it became a centre of religious activity . During the troubled Viking Age , Arran became the property of the Norwegian crown , until formally absorbed by the kingdom of Scotland in the 13th century . The 19th century `` clearances '' led to significant depopulation and the end of the Gaelic language and way of life . The economy and population have recovered in recent years , the main industry being tourism . There is a diversity of wildlife , including three species of tree endemic to the area .

neg: List of sounds of Scotland This is a list of the Sounds of Scotland . These straits vary in size from substantial sea channels to the tiny Clachan Sound , which is only 21.3 m wide and spanned by the Clachan Bridge . There are numerous other stretches of open water around the Scottish coasts that could be classified as straits , but which are called by names other than `` Sound '' .

neg: Ross and Cromarty Ross and Cromarty ( Ros agus Cromba ) is a variously defined area in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland . There is a registration county and a lieutenancy area in current use , the latter of which is 8,019 square kilometres ( 3,096 square miles ) in extent . Historically there has been a constituency of the Parliament of the United Kingdom ( 1832 to 1983 ) , a local government county , also known as Ross-shire ( 1890 to 1975 ) , a district of the Highland local government region ( 1975 to 1996 ) and a management area of the Highland Council ( 1996 to 2007 ) . The local government county is now divided between two local government areas : the Highland area and Na h-Eileanan Siar ( the Western Isles ) .   The region has some of the most spectacular landscapes and some of the oldest rock formations in Europe . The rocks are of Cambrian and Precambrian age . The population is engaged mainly in fishing and tourism . The population as of 2001 was 49,967 . Crofting is widespread .

neg: Strathearn Strathearn or Strath Earn ( -LSB- stræθˈɜːn -RSB- , from Srath Èireann ) is the strath of the River Earn , in Scotland . It extends from Loch Earn in Perth and Kinross to the River Tay .   `` Strathearn '' or `` Strathern '' is also a surname in the United States and Northern Ireland , predominantly in the Bellaghy area of County Londonderry .   Royal dukedoms of Cumberland and Strathearn , of Kent and Strathearn and of Connaught and Strathearn have been awarded to members of the British Royal Family . Prince William was created Earl of Strathearn , as a subsidiary title to Duke of Cambridge , on 29 April 2011 , the day of his wedding to Catherine Middleton .

neg: Novel in Scotland The novel in Scotland includes all long prose fiction published in Scotland and by Scottish authors since the development of the literary format in the eighteenth century . The novel was soon a major element of Scottish literary and critical life . Tobias Smollett 's picaresque novels , such as The Adventures of Roderick Random and The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle mean that he is often seen as Scotland 's first novelist . Other Scots who contributed to the development of the novel in the eighteenth century include Henry Mackenzie and John Moore .   There was a tradition of moral and domestic fiction in the early nineteenth century that included the work of Elizabeth Hamilton , Mary Brunton and Christian Johnstone . The outstanding literary figure of the early nineteenth century was Walter Scott , whose Waverley is often called the first historical novel . He had a major worldwide influence . His success led to a publishing boom in Scotland . Major figures that benefited included James Hogg , John Galt , John Gibson Lockhart , John Wilson and Susan Ferrier . In the mid-nineteenth century major literary figures that contributed to the development of the novel included David Macbeth Moir , John Stuart Blackie , William Edmondstoune Aytoun and Margaret Oliphant . In the late nineteenth century , a number of Scottish-born authors achieved international reputations , including Robert Louis Stevenson and Arthur Conan Doyle , whose Sherlock Holmes stories helped found the tradition of detective fiction . In the last two decades of the century the `` kailyard school '' ( cabbage patch ) depicted Scotland in a rural and nostalgic fashion , often seen as a `` failure of nerve '' in dealing with the rapid changes that had swept across Scotland in the industrial revolution . Figures associated with the movement include Ian Maclaren , S. R. Crockett and J. M. Barrie , best known for his creation of Peter Pan , which helped develop the genre of fantasy , as did the work of George MacDonald .   Among the most important novels of the early twentieth century was The House with the Green Shutters by George Douglas Brown , which broke with the Kailyard tradition . John Buchan played a major role in the creation of the modern thriller with The Thirty-Nine Steps and Greenmantle . The Scottish literary Renaissance attempted to introduce modernism into art and create of a distinctive national literature . It increasingly focused on the novel . Major figures included Neil Gunn , George Blake , A. J. Cronin , Eric Linklater and Lewis Grassic Gibbon . There were also a large number of female authors associated with the movement , who included Catherine Carswell , Willa Muir , Nan Shepherd and Naomi Mitchison . Many major Scottish post-war novelists , such as Robin Jenkins , Jessie Kesson , Muriel Spark , Alexander Trocchi and James Kennaway spent most of their lives outside Scotland , but often dealt with Scottish themes . Successful mass-market works included the action novels of Alistair MacLean and the historical fiction of Dorothy Dunnett . A younger generation of novelists that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s included Allan Massie , Shena Mackay and Alan Spence . Working class identity continued to be explored by Archie Hind , Alan Sharp , George Friel and William McIlvanney .   From the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major revival , with figures including Alasdair Gray , James Kelman , Irvine Welsh , Alan Warner , Janice Galloway , A. L. Kennedy , Iain Banks , Candia McWilliam , Frank Kuppner and Andrew O'Hagan . In genre fiction Iain Banks , writing as Iain M. Banks , produced ground-breaking science fiction and Scottish crime fiction has been a major area of growth with the success of novelists including Frederic Lindsay , Quintin Jardine , Val McDermid , Denise Mina , Christopher Brookmyre , and particularly Ian Rankin and his Inspector Rebus novels . The most successful author of Scottish origins in recent years has been J. K. Rowling , author of the Harry Potter series .

neg: Fergus I (mythological king) King Fergus I ( said to have flourished c. 330 B.C. ) , is generally identified as the son of Ferchard , Prince of Scots in Ireland .   The `` first king of Scotland '' , according to the fictitious chronologies of Boece and Buchanan , is said to have come to Scotland from Ireland about 330 B.C. to assist the Scots already settled in Scotland against the joint attack of the Picts and Britons . After succeeding in this he is further said to have gone back to Ireland to quell disturbances which had arisen in his absence , and to have been drowned in the passage off the port which got the name of Carrickfergus from him . According to Fordoun , Wyntoun , and most of the earlier genealogical lists of Scottish kings , the same account is given of the settlement of the Scots from Ireland by a King Fergus , son of Ferchard . According to others of the lists , Ferchard or Feardach , the father of Fergus , was the first and Fergus the second king . There follows a series of thirty-nine or forty-five kings between Fergus I and Fergus II , son of Earc . The critical insight of Father Innes demolished these fabulous lists of kings , and put the chronology of Scottish history on a sound foundation , by his proof that Fergus II , son of Earc , who came to Scotland about the end of the fifth century A.D. , was in reality the first Dál Riata king in Scotland . Innes 's results have been adopted by subsequent historians .   The invention and persistent acceptance during so many centuries , from the twelfth to the eighteenth , of a fabulous series of kings is , though not unparalleled , a singular specimen of the genealogical myth which flatters the vanity of nations as of families . It is supposed to have been due to the desire to establish a higher antiquity for the Scottish race , royal line , and church , than could be claimed for the Irish or English . It is of course not inconsistent with the rectified chronology of Innes that even prior to 503 A.D. there may have been Celts of the Scottish race settled in Scotland . Scots had aided the Picts in opposing the Romans in the fourth century , and Bede evidently inclines to an earlier date for the Scottish settlement . All that can be safely said is that there is no proof of any Dál Riata kingdom till the commencement of the sixth century , and that the account given by Boece and Buchanan of Fergus , the son of Ferchard , and his successors , is as devoid of historical foundation as the statement that `` his coming into Albion was at the time when Alexander the Great took Babylon , about 330 years before the birth of Christ '' .   Buchanan , from whom this sentence is quoted , attempts to save his own credit by prefixing the words `` historians say that '' , but by adopting it he became himself one of these historians , and gave the fabulous narrative a prolonged existence . Father Innes presses somewhat hardly on Boece , for the origin of this narrative dates back at least as early as the twelfth century , but the special blame undoubtedly attaches to Boece and still more to Buchanan that they clothed the dry list of names with characters , and invented events or incidents which gave the narrative more of the semblance of history .

neg: Ross Ross ( Ros in Scottish Gaelic ) is a region of Scotland and a former earldom and county . The name Ross allegedly derives from a Gaelic word meaning `` headland '' , perhaps a reference to the Black Isle . Another possible origin is the West Norse word for Orkney -- Hrossey -- meaning horse island ; the area once belonged to the Norwegian ( West Norse ) earldom of Orkney . Ross is a historical comital region , perhaps predating the Mormaerdom of Ross .

neg: Iceland Iceland ( -LSB- ˈaɪslənd -RSB- -LSB- ˈistlant -RSB- ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean . It has a population of and an area of 103000 km2 , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe . The capital and largest city is Reykjavík . Reykjavík and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population . Iceland is volcanically and geologically active . The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields , mountains and glaciers , while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands . Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate , despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle . Its high latitude and marine influence still keeps summers chilly , with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate .   According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók , the settlement of Iceland began in the year 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island . In the following centuries , Norwegians , and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians , emigrated to Iceland , bringing with them thralls of Gaelic origin . The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing , one of the world 's oldest functioning legislative assemblies . Following a period of civil strife , Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century . The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway , Denmark and Sweden . Iceland thus followed Norway 's integration to that Union and came under Danish rule after Sweden 's secession from that union in 1523 . Although the Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism forcefully in 1550 , Iceland remained a distant semi-colonial territory in which Danish institutions and infrastructures were conspicuous by their absence . In the wake of the French revolution and the Napoleonic wars , Iceland 's struggle for independence took form and culminated in independence in 1918 and the founding of a republic in 1944 . Until the 20th century , Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture , and was among the poorest in Europe . Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity , and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world . In 1994 , it became a part of the European Economic Area , which further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance , biotechnology , and manufacturing .   Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries . It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens . Iceland ranks high in economic , political and social stability and equality . In 2013 , it was ranked as the 13th most-developed country in the world by the United Nations ' Human Development Index . Iceland runs almost completely on renewable energy . Affected by the ongoing worldwide financial crisis , the nation 's entire banking system systemically failed in October 2008 , leading to a severe depression , substantial political unrest , the Icesave dispute , and the institution of capital controls . Some bankers were jailed . Since then , the economy has made a significant recovery , in large part due to a surge in tourism .   Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation 's Scandinavian heritage . Most Icelanders are descendants of Germanic and Gaelic settlers . Icelandic , a North Germanic language , is descended from Old Norse and is closely related to Faroese and West Norwegian dialects . The country 's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine , Icelandic literature and medieval sagas . Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army , its lightly armed coast guard being in charge of defence .

neg: Iona (disambiguation) Iona is an island of the Inner Hebrides , Scotland , with particular significance in the history of Christianity in Scotland .

neg: Isleño Isleño ( -LSB- izˈleɲo -RSB- , pl . isleños ) is the Spanish word meaning `` islander . '' The term was applied to the Canary Islanders to distinguish them from Spanish mainlanders known as `` peninsulars '' ( links = no ) . The Isleños are the inhabitants of the Canary Islands , and by extension the descendants of Canarian settlers and emigrants to present-day Louisiana , Texas , Cuba , the Dominican Republic , Venezuela , Puerto Rico , and other parts of the Americas . In these places , the name , which formerly referred to a general category of people , now refers to the specific cultural identity of Canary Islanders or their descendants throughout Latin America and in Louisiana , where they are still called isleños . Another name for Canary Islander in English is `` Canarian . '' In Spanish , an alternative is canario or isleño canario .   The term isleño is still used in Latin America , at least in those countries which had large Canarian populations , to distinguish a Canary Islander from a peninsular ( continental Spaniard ) . By the early 19th century there were more people of Canarian extraction in the Americas than in the Canary Islands themselves , and the number of descendants of those first immigrants is exponentially larger than the number who originally migrated . The Americas were the destination of most Canarian immigrants , from their discovery by Europeans in the 15th century until the 20th century , when substantial numbers went to the Spanish colonies of Ifni , Western Sahara and Equatorial Guinea in Africa during the first half of the century . Beginning in the 1970s , they began to emigrate to other European countries , although emigration to the Americas did not end until the early 1980s .   The cultures of Cuba , the Dominican Republic , Puerto Rico , Venezuela , and Uruguay partially have all been influenced by Canarian culture , as have the dialects of Spanish spoken in all but Uruguay . Although almost all descendants of Canary Islanders who emigrated to the Americas from the 16th to the 20th century are incorporated socially and culturally within the larger populations , there remain a few communities that have preserved at least some their ancestors ' Canarian culture , as in Louisiana , San Antonio in Texas , Hatillo , Puerto Rico San Carlos de Tenerife ( now a neighborhood of Santo Domingo ) in the Dominican Republic and San Borondón in Peru .

neg: Achill Island Achill Island ( -LSB- ˈækəl -RSB- Acaill , Oileán Acla ) in County Mayo is the largest island off the coast of Ireland , and is situated off the west coast . It has a population of 2,700 . Its area is 148 km2 . Achill is attached to the mainland by Michael Davitt Bridge , between the villages of Gob an Choire ( Achill Sound ) and Poll Raithní ( Polranny ) . A bridge was first completed here in 1887 , replaced by another structure in 1949 , and subsequently replaced with the current bridge which was completed in 2008 . Other centres of population include the villages of Keel , Dooagh , Dumha Éige ( Dooega ) , Dún Ibhir ( Dooniver ) , The Valley and Dugort . The parish 's main Gaelic football pitch and secondary school are on the mainland at Poll Raithní . Early human settlements are believed to have been established on Achill around 3000 BC . A paddle dating from this period was found at the crannóg near Dookinella .  The island is 87 % peat bog . The parish of Achill also includes the Curraun peninsula . Some of the people of Curraun consider themselves Achill people , and most natives of Achill refer to this area as being `` in Achill '' . There are between 500-600 native Irish speakers in Achill parish . In the summer of 1996 , the RNLI decided to station a lifeboat at Kildownet .

neg: Fishing industry in Scotland The fishing industry in Scotland comprises a significant proportion of the United Kingdom fishing industry . A recent inquiry by the Royal Society of Edinburgh found fishing to be of much greater social , economic and cultural importance to Scotland than it is relative to the rest of the UK . Scotland has just 8.4 % of the UK population but lands at its ports over 60 % of the total catch in the UK .   Many of these are ports in relatively remote communities such as Fraserburgh , Kinlochbervie or Lerwick , which are scattered along an extensive coastline and which , for centuries , have looked to fishing as the main source of employment . Restrictions imposed under the Common Fisheries Policy ( CFP ) affect all European fishing fleets , but they have proved particularly severe in recent years for the demersal or whitefish sector ( boats mainly fishing for cod , haddock and whiting ) of the Scottish fishing industry .