query: The American Southwest is where Doc Holliday moved to.

pos: Doc Holliday John Henry `` Doc '' Holliday ( August 14 , 1851 -- November 8 , 1887 ) was an American gambler , gunfighter , and dentist , and a good friend of Wyatt Earp . He is most well known for his role as a temporary deputy marshal in the events leading up to and following the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral .   At age 21 Holliday earned a degree in dentistry from the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery . He set up practice in Atlanta , Georgia , but he was soon diagnosed with tuberculosis , the same disease that had claimed his mother when he was 15 , having acquired it while tending to her needs while she was still in the contagious phase of the illness . Hoping the climate in the American Southwest would ease his symptoms , he moved to that region and became a gambler , a reputable profession in Arizona in that day . Over the next few years , he reportedly had several confrontations . While in Texas , he saved Wyatt Earp 's life and they became friends . In 1880 , he joined Earp in Las Vegas , New Mexico and then rode with him to Prescott , Arizona , and then Tombstone . In Tombstone , local outlaw cowboys repeatedly threatened him and spread rumors that he had robbed a stage . On October 26 , 1881 , Holliday was deputized by Tombstone city marshal Virgil Earp . The lawmen attempted to disarm five cowboys , which resulted in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral .   Following the Tombstone shootout , Virgil Earp was maimed by hidden assailants and Morgan Earp was murdered . Unable to obtain justice in the courts , Wyatt Earp took matters into his own hands . As the recently appointed deputy U.S. marshal , Earp formally deputized Holliday , among others . As a federal posse , they pursued the outlaw cowboys they believed were responsible . They found Frank Stilwell lying in wait as Virgil boarded a train for California and killed him . The local sheriff issued a warrant for the arrest of five members of the posse , including Holliday . The federal posse killed three others during late March and early April , 1882 , before they rode to the New Mexico Territory . Wyatt Earp learned of an extradition request for Holliday and arranged for Colorado Governor Frederick Walker Pitkin to deny Holliday 's extradition . Holliday spent the few remaining years of his life in Colorado , and died of tuberculosis in his bed at the Glenwood Springs Hotel at age 36 .   Holliday 's colorful life and character have been depicted in many books and portrayed by well-known actors in numerous movies and television series . Since his death , researchers have concluded that , contrary to popular myth-making , Holliday killed only one or two men .

neg: High Desert (Oregon) The Oregon high desert is a region of the U.S. state of Oregon , located east of the Cascade Range and south of the Blue Mountains , in the central and eastern parts of the state . Divided into a southern region and a northern region , the desert covers most of five Oregon counties and averages 4000 ft above sea level . The southwest region is part of the Great Basin and the southeast is the lower Owyhee River watershed . The northern region is part of the Columbia Plateau , where somewhat more rainfall allows the largest industry on private land to be the cultivation of alfalfa and hay . Public land within the region is owned primarily by the Bureau of Land Management ( BLM ) , which manages more than 30000 mi2 , including five rivers designated as Wild and Scenic .   While the high desert is somewhat dry , it is only arid relative to Western Oregon . The region averages 15 in of annual rainfall ; the Alvord Desert , however , gets only 7 in of rain each year . Contrary to its name , most of the high desert is not dry enough to truly qualify as desert , and biologically , most of the region is classified as scrubland or steppe .   At 9733 ft above sea level , the summit of Steens Mountain is the highest point in the high desert . The broad fault-block mountain is characteristic of the basin and range plate tectonics of the high desert . About 16 million years ago , during the early Miocene epoch , lava flows from volcanic eruptions covered about half the surface area of Oregon . The Earth 's crust then began stretching , giving way to further volcanic activity from 15 million to 2 million years ago . Several ice ages over this time formed the large lakes in the high desert .   The climate of the high desert provides habitat for mammals such as pronghorn , coyote , mule deer , black-tailed jackrabbit , and cougar . Birds common in the region include sage grouse , California quail , and prairie falcon . The western juniper is the most common tree in the region , and big sagebrush and common woolly sunflower are the region 's most widespread plants .

neg: Northern Arizona Northern Arizona is an unofficial , colloquially-defined region of the U.S. state of Arizona . Generally consisting of Coconino County , Yavapai County , Navajo County , and Apache County , it is geographically dominated by the Colorado Plateau , the southern border of which in Arizona is called the Mogollon Rim . Mohave County , located in the northwest of the state , may or may not be considered part of Northern Arizona , depending on local opinions .

neg: Vance T. Holliday Vance T. Holliday ( born 1950 ) currently serves as a professor in the School of Anthropology and the department of Geosciences as well as an adjunct professor in the department of Geography at the University of Arizona in Tucson . His professional research interests include geoarchaeology , Paleoindian archaeology , soil-geomorphology as well as Quaternary landscape evolution and paleoenvironment with a current emphasis on the southwestern United States and northwest Mexico . Prior research areas have included the Great Plains as well as Paleolithic sites in southwestern Russia . Holliday currently serves as the Executive Director of the Argonaut Archaeological Research Fund ( AARF ) based in the School of Anthropology at the University of Arizona . His most recent research , outlined in a 2011 Journal of Field Archaeology article , has focused on understanding the Paleoindian occupation around large paleo-lakes in the Southern landscape at the end of the Pleistocene .

neg: Fort Whipple, Arizona Fort Whipple was a U.S. Army post which served as Arizona Territory 's capital prior to the founding of Prescott , Arizona . It was named after Amiel Weeks Whipple , a Civil War Union General . The post was founded by Edward Banker Willis in December 1863 in Del Rio Springs , but was moved in May 1864 to a miner 's tent settlement called Granite City ( also Granite Dells , Gimletville ) , which was on higher ground , had better access to lumber , and the military could better protect miners . The capital was placed 2 miles south in the new city of Prescott founded in 1864 .   By 1895 the place was dilapidated , and in 1897 scheduled for deactivation , but in 1898 the US declared war on Spain , and 200 troops were recruited and sent east to the Spanish-American War . The Fort was inactive until 1905 when new building were constructed and 4 companies ( about 500 soldiers ) moved in , which were not needed after Arizona became a state in 1912 , and the place was deserted except for a maintenance crew . In 1918 during World War I , the Army reactivated Fort Whipple as a hospital for respiratory illnesses , many with tuberculosis ( TB ) and soldiers injured by nerve gas . It had 22 buildings and 900 sick beds . The property was transferred to the US Public Health Service , and in 1931 to the Veterans Administration , renamed Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Prescott . In 2004 it was renamed the Bob Stump Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , after Congressman Stump , Chairman of the House Armed Services Committee .   Along with being a hospital , the fort still has buildings on the hills nearby , which once served as the officers quarters . Now , the buildings are homes to nurses and doctors of the hospital .

neg: The Old Chisholm Trail `` The Old Chisholm Trail '' is a cowboy song first published in 1910 by John Lomax in his book Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier Ballads .   The song dates back to the 1870s , when it was among the most popular songs sung by cowboys during that era . Based on an English lyrical song that dates back to 1640 , `` The Old Chisholm Trail '' was modified by the cowboy idiom . It has been recorded by the world 's most popular Western singers , including Harry McClintock , Gene Autry , Roy Rogers , Bing Crosby , Randy Travis , and Michael Martin Murphey . Yodeling Slim Clark recorded a yodeling version in 1957 for his album Cowboy Songs . The song was partially covered in the now-defunct Disneyland attraction `` America Sings '' .   Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time .   In 2001 , author Rosalyn Shanzer wrote a children 's book based on the song . It follows the adventures of some cowboys and their cattle as they travel the Old Chisholm Trail from Texas to Kansas .

neg: Geography of Oklahoma The Geography of Oklahoma encompasses terrain and ecosystems ranging from arid plains to subtropical forests and mountains . Oklahoma contains 10 distinct ecological regions , more per square mile than in any other state by a wide margin . One of six states on the Frontier Strip , it is situated in the Great Plains and U.S. Interior Highlands region near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states . Usually considered part of the South Central United States , Oklahoma is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri , on the north by Kansas , on the northwest by Colorado , on the far west by New Mexico , and on the south and near-west by Texas .   The state has four primary mountain ranges : the Arbuckle Mountains , the Wichita Mountains , the Ozark Mountains and the Ouachita Mountains . Part of the U.S. Interior Highlands region , the Ozarks and Ouachitas form the only major highland region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians .   A portion of the Flint Hills stretches into north-central Oklahoma , and in the state 's southeastern corner , Cavanal Hill is officially regarded as the world 's tallest hill ; at 1,999 feet ( 609 m ) , it fails the definition of a mountain by one foot . More than 500 named creeks and rivers make up Oklahoma 's waterways , and with 200 lakes created by dams , it holds the highest number of reservoirs in the nation .  Oklahoma covers an area of 69,898 sqmi , with 68,667 sqmi of land and 1,231 sqmi of water , making it the 20th-largest state in the United States . Generally , it is divided into seven geographical regions : Green Country , or Northeast Oklahoma , Southeastern Oklahoma , Central Oklahoma , South Central Oklahoma , Southwest Oklahoma , Northwest Oklahoma , and the Oklahoma Panhandle .

neg: Fort Elliott Fort Elliott was a United States Army post in the Texas Panhandle , operational between 1875 and 1890 and named for Major Joel H. Elliott , a casualty of the Battle of Washita River in 1868 .   The decision to establish Fort Elliott in what was to become Wheeler County , Texas , was made in December 1874 by Colonel Nelson A. Miles as an advance supply post during the campaign to clear the Texas Panhandle of American Indians after the Second Battle of Adobe Walls in 1874 . Major James Biddle established a temporary post on 3 February 1875 with four troops of the 6th US Cavalry and four companies of the 5th Infantry and the permanent location of the fort on 5 June 1875 , twenty-seven miles west of Indian Territory near the headwaters of Sweetwater Creek . African-American troops , familiarly called `` Buffalo soldiers , '' served in this area . In subsequent years , the fort was garrisoned to protect the borders of the Panhandle with Indian Territory , and the cattle drives from Texas to Kansas . The town of Mobeetie in Wheeler County , where Timothy Dwight Hobart and Temple Lea Houston were early settlers , grew beside it .   Among the troops serving there were Lieutenant Henry O. Flipper , the first black graduate of West Point Military Academy , Captain Emerson H. Liscum and Lieutenant Frederick Dent Grant .   Fort Elliott had a dual purpose : ( 1 ) It quieted the Indians on the reservation while the slaughter of the bison continued , ( 2 ) It encouraged Anglo-Americans to settle beyond the 100th meridian . As soon as the fort was established , the cattle industry expanded throughout northwest Texas . Ranches were established on the open range between 1876 , with the JA Ranch , and 1886 , with the fencing of the XIT Ranch . Fort Elliott was situated on a high elevation of Sweetwater Creek , with the front of the shoe facing the southwest .

neg: Timeline of Arizona The following is a timeline of the history of the area which today comprises the U.S. state of Arizona . Situated in the desert southwest , for millennia the area was home to a series of Pre-Columbian peoples . By 1 AD , the dominant groups in the area were the Hohokam , the Mogollon , and the Ancestral Puebloans ( also known as the Anasazi ) . The Hohokam dominated the center of the area which is now Arizona , the Mogollon the southeast , and the Puebloans the north and northeast . As these cultures disappeared between 1000 -- 1400 AD , other Indian groups settled in Arizona . These tribes included the Navajo , Apache , Southern Paiute , Hopi , Yavapai , Akimel O'odham , and the Tohono O'odham .   The first European presence in the state were the Spanish . In 1539 Marcos de Niza explored the area , followed by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado the following year . Spanish missionaries began to settle in the southern portion of the state , near present-day Tucson , around 1700 , but did not move further north . With the construction of the Presidio San Augustin del Tucson , on August 20 , 1775 , Tucson became the first European city in what would become Arizona . In 1822 , Arizona became part of the state of Sonora , Mexico , but most of current Arizona was transferred to the United States as a result of the Mexican -- American War , with the rest transferring with the completion of the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 . During the American Civil War , both sides laid claim to Arizona , although the North and South split the New Mexico/Arizona area differently : the South split the territory into north and south divisions , creating Confederate Arizona , while the northern section remained part of the United States as the New Mexico Territory ; while the North in 1863 , after driving Confederate forces from the Tucson area , created the Arizona Territory from the New Mexico Territory by splitting off the western section . Prescott became the territory 's first capital , which would transfer to Tucson in 1867 , then back to Prescott in 1877 , before settling finally in Phoenix in 1889 .   Arizona achieved statehood in 1912 , becoming the 48th state , with Phoenix remaining the capital of the new state . In the 1900s , the state , particularly the Phoenix Metropolitan area , has seen tremendous population growth . Phoenix currently ranks as the 6th most populous city in the nation .

neg: Hot Springs National Park Hot Springs National Park is a United States National Park in central Garland County , Arkansas , adjacent to the city of Hot Springs , the county seat . Hot Springs Reservation was initially created by an act of the United States Congress on April 20 , 1832 to be preserved for future recreation . Established before the concept of a national park existed , it was the first time that a piece of land had been set aside by the federal government to preserve its use as an area for recreation .   The hot spring water has been popularly believed for centuries to possess medicinal properties , and was a subject of legend among several Native American tribes . Following federal protection in 1832 , the city developed into a successful spa town . Incorporated January 10 , 1851 , the city has been home to Major League Baseball spring training , illegal gambling , speakeasies and gangsters such as Al Capone , horse racing at Oaklawn Park , the Army and Navy Hospital , and 42nd President Bill Clinton . The area was made a national park on March 4 , 1921 . It is the smallest national park by area in the United States and could fit into the largest National Park in the United States , Wrangell-St . Elias National Park , almost 2,400 times . Since Hot Springs National Park is the oldest park maintained by the National Park Service , it was the first to receive its own US quarter in April 2010 as part of the America the Beautiful Quarters coin series .   The hot springs flow from the western slope of Hot Springs Mountain , part of the Ouachita Mountain range . In the park , the hot springs have not been preserved in their unaltered state as natural surface phenomena . They have instead been managed to conserve the production of uncontaminated hot water for public use . The mountains within the park are also managed within this conservation philosophy in order to preserve the hydrological system that feeds the springs .   Following 8,000 years of use by Indigenous peoples , European Americans discovered and appropriated the springs . They have used the hot spring water in therapeutic baths for more than 200 years to treat rheumatism and other ailments . While this was a reservation , the area developed into a well-known resort nicknamed The American Spa ; it attracted not only the wealthy but indigent health seekers from around the world .   The park includes portions of downtown Hot Springs , making it one of the most accessible national parks . There are numerous hiking trails and camping areas . Bathing in spring water is available in approved facilities at extra cost . The entire Bathhouse Row area is designated as a National Historic Landmark District that contains the grandest collection of bathhouses of its kind in North America , including many outstanding examples of Gilded Age architecture . The row 's Fordyce Bathhouse serves as the park 's visitor center ; the Buckstaff and Quapaw are the only facilities in 2015 still operating as bathhouses . Other buildings of the row are being restored or are used for other purposes .

neg: Herb Ringer Herb Ringer ( July 15 , 1913 -- December 11 , 1998 ) was an amateur photographer who chronicled the rural and wilderness areas of the Western United States and Canada .   Ringer was born in Brooklyn , New York . Not long after , the Ringer family moved to the Mt. Auburn section of Cincinnati .   Ringer moved to Reno , Nevada in 1939 , and began his lifelong practice of traveling to explore the west , making journal entries about his travels while taking what are now estimated to be almost 10,000 photographs . Ringer from the start used 35 mm cameras but later bought a camera taking 120 film ; he was an early and consistent user of Kodachrome color film .   When in 1989 Jim Stiles began publishing the Canyon Country Zephyr ( motto : `` Clinging Hopelessly to the Past Since 1989 '' ) in Moab , Utah , among the regular features were Ringer 's photos and his recollections of the west in the earlier twentieth century . Although Ringer died on December 11 , 1998 , his photos and memories continue to be a regular feature of the Zephyr and its website .   A section of the documentary Brave New West from High Plains Films includes footage of Ringer shot in the late 80s and early 90s . In the film , Stiles sums up the uniqueness of Ringer 's photography : `` While a tourist might take a picture of Grand Arch , Herb would take a photo of the tourist taking the photo of Grand Arch . He was a true archivist of the changing West . ''

neg: Buffalo Bill Center of the West The Buffalo Bill Center of the West , formerly known as the Buffalo Bill Historical Center , is a complex of five museums and a research library featuring art and artifacts of the American West located in Cody , Wyoming . The five museums include the Buffalo Bill Museum , the Plains Indians Museum , the Whitney Western Art Museum , the Draper Natural History Museum , and the Cody Firearms Museum . Founded in 1917 to preserve the legacy and vision of Col. William F. `` Buffalo Bill '' Cody , the Buffalo Bill Center of the West is the oldest and most comprehensive museum complex of the West . It has been described by The New York Times as `` among the nation 's most remarkable museums . '' , , hi

neg: Champ d'Asile Champ d'Asile ( `` Field of Asylum '' ) was a short-lived settlement founded in Texas in January 1818 by 20 French Bonapartist veterans of the Napoleonic Wars from the Vine and Olive Colony . The party was led by General Charles Lallemand . Land was offered to French settlers on March 3 , 1817 , after a vote by the United States Congress . Champ d'Asile was situated along the Trinity River and was abandoned in July of the same year .   Lallemand , a Bonapartist General , was accompanied by his brother , Baron Charles François Antoine Lallemand . The colony was to bring some military men for protection , and concentrate on agricultural work , cultivating grapes and olives . 100 officers joined Lallemand , and around a quarter to a third of these were foreigners of the Grande Armée ; the rest were French . Lallemand financed the project through land speculation . On December 17 , 1817 150 of the would-be-settlers sailed from Philadelphia for Galveston , Texas , where they arrived on January 14 . Lallemand and the other colonists convened in New Orleans , and on March 10 left for Galveston with 120 volunteers . They sailed up the Trinity River to Atascosito where they built two small forts . Mexican governor Antonio María Martínez , having heard about this expedition , sent his own troops to San Marcos , wary of an attack . The colony was abandoned shortly afterwards .   Some of the colonists , including pirate Jean Laffite and other mercenaries , had caused concern to settlers of New Spain . The Champ d'Asile was founded at a time when disputes over territory were increasing , and the Adams -- Onís Treaty , which settled a border dispute between the United States and Spain , was signed in 1819 . Furthermore , the Bourbon Restoration in France made the existence of a Bonapartist colony doubtful , as the Spanish Bourbons held the Spanish crown . Despite Lallemand 's assurances , rumours had circulated about his motives , and there was little evidence of agricultural work on the site , while construction of a fortress and manufacturing munitions had begun .

neg: Rio Grande National Forest Rio Grande National Forest is a 1.86 million-acre ( 7,530 km ² ) U.S. National Forest located in southwestern Colorado . The forest encompasses the San Luis Valley , which is the world 's largest agricultural alpine valley , as well as one of the world 's largest high deserts located around mountains . The Rio Grande river rises in the forest , and the Continental Divide runs along most of its western border . The forest lies in parts of nine counties . In descending order of land area within the forest they are Saguache , Mineral , Conejos , Rio Grande , Hinsdale , San Juan , Alamosa , Archuleta , and Custer counties . Forest headquarters are located in Monte Vista , Colorado . There are local ranger district offices in Del Norte , La Jara , and Saguache .

neg: Frank L. Houx Frank Lee Houx ( December 12 , 1854 -- April 3 , 1941 ) was an American politician , who served as the tenth Governor of Wyoming .   Houx was born near Lexington , Missouri , the second of five children of George W. Houx and Fannie ( Price ) Houx . The elder Houx served in the Confederate States Army under General Sterling ( `` Old Pap '' ) Price , a distant cousin , and uncle of his wife . The future Governor grew up on his father 's farm .   Houx married Augusta Camp in 1875 , and sired two daughters and a son . ( The birth year of Frank Houx is variously listed as 1854 , 1859 , and 1860 ; given his 1875 marriage , 1854 is accepted . )   He took up the study of law , reading in the office of John S. Blackwell , of Lexington , Missouri . Houx did not complete his course , however , turning his attention to commercial interests . He graduated from Shaw 's Business College in Kansas City , Missouri in 1884 . The next year , he moved to Montana and went into the cattle business . In 1895 , he took up residence in Cody , Wyoming , where he went into politics .   On April 10 , 1898 , he was widowed . The next year , he remarried Ida Mason Christy , with whom he had one son and three daughters .   For a time , Houx was associated with Colonel William F. Cody ( `` Buffalo Bill '' ) , in the construction of the Cody canal and other projects .   In 1901 when the town of Cody was incorporated , he first sought office , becoming the town 's first Mayor . During his first term as Mayor , he also served as police judge from 1902 to 1903 . He was re-elected to a second mayoral term in 1905 . During the next four years , the town built a residence for him ; this two-story A-frame building still stands , and now serves as a bed and breakfast known as the `` Mayor 's Inn . ''   In 1910 , he became the first Democrat to be elected Secretary of State of Wyoming , an office to which he was re-elected in 1914 . When Governor John B. Kendrick resigned his office on February 26 , 1917 after being elected to the United States Senate , Houx became Acting Governor , and he served until the expiration of Kendrick 's term , leaving office on January 6 , 1919 .   During his service as governor during World War I , Houx mobilized the National Guard of Wyoming for federal service , appointed the Wyoming Council for National Defense , and nominated persons to administer the Selective Service draft . He was an advocate of prison reform and a proponent of Prohibition .   He sought election as governor in his own right in 1918 , but was defeated by Republican candidate Robert D. Carey . Houx then went into the oil refining business in Texas , but returned to Cody in 1935 . He died in the famous Irma Hotel in Cody in 1941 at the age of 86 , and was interred in Cody Cemetery . The autobiography he wrote in 1939 was published in serial form by the Cody Enterprise ( newspaper ) in the months following his death .

neg: Las Vegas Springs The Las Vegas Springs or Big Springs is the site of a natural oasis , known traditionally as a cienega . For more than 15,000 years , springs broke through the desert floor , creating grassy meadows ( called las vegas by Mexican explorers ) . The bubbling springs were a source of water for Native Americans living here at least 5,000 years ago . Known as The Birthplace of Las Vegas it sustained travelers of the Old Spanish Trail and Mormons who came to settle the West . The springs ' source is the Las Vegas Aquifer .   The springs are now a part of the Las Vegas Springs Preserve .  Las Vegas Springs was once the site of three springs , running into two large pools of water . It is a site historically known for a gathering of pioneers and Native Americans and early settlers in the Las Vegas Valley . In 1905 , it provided water source to the budding town and railroad . Once pipe lines were laid and wells were drilled , the surface water receded , making it the way it is today . The site is currently undergoing rehabilitation to protect what remains architecturally and archaeologically .   Now , it is 180 acres of historic land located just west of Downtown Las Vegas . It is open to the public and more information can be found here : http://www.springspreserve.org/

neg: Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation The Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation , formerly the Fort McDowell Mohave-Apache Community of the Fort McDowell Indian Reservation ) , is a federally recognized tribe and Indian reservation in Maricopa County , Arizona about 23 mi northeast of Phoenix .   The reservation was officially created on September 15 , 1903 by executive order , on a small parcel carved from the ancestral lands of the Yavapai people , encompassing 24680 acre . The acreage had been part of the Fort McDowell Military Reserve , which had been an important outpost during the Apache Wars . The original inhabitants of the reservation were members of the kwevikopaya , or Southeastern Yavapai , who lived in the nearby Mazatzal-Four Peak and Superstition Mountains area . In the 1970s , there was a proposal to build a dam at the confluence of the Verde and Salt Rivers . Due to the negative effects such a dam would have had on the reservation , the community voted not to sell the land for the dam to the federal government . What would have been called the `` Orme Dam '' was never built . The reservation celebrates this victory with a rodeo and pow wow each November .   After the passage of the 1988 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act , a casino was built on the reservation . In 1992 , agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation attempted to seize the gaming devices of the casino . This raid took place in conjunction with raids at four other Indian reservations throughout the country . While the raids at the other four reservations went unopposed , members of the Yavapai tribe organized a protest . Using cars , trucks , and large mobile earth moving equipment , they blocked the egress from the property , preventing the trucks from carting off the machines . An agreement was reached between the tribe and Governor Fife Symington allowing the casino to remain in operation .   The outside communities of Fountain Hills and Rio Verde lie adjacent to the reservation . In addition to Rio Verde and Fountain Hills , the reservation 's economy is also closely tied to the nearby cities of Mesa , Scottsdale and Phoenix . Also in the area is the Salt River Indian Reservation of the Pima and Maricopa peoples . The tribe operates its own gas station , a large sand and gravel operation , a farm , and the Fort McDowell Casino . Other operations on the reservation include the Wekopa Resort and Conference Center , the Poco Diablo hotel , the Wekopa Golf Course , and Fort McDowell Adventures .   The area now occupied by the reservation was the birthplace of the Native American activist , Carlos Montezuma , who founded the Society of American Indians .

neg: Arizona Mountains forests The Arizona Mountains forests are a temperate coniferous forests ecoregion of the southwest United States with a rich variety of woodland habitats and wildlife .

neg: South Alabama South Alabama is the various parts of southern Alabama . Although it is not a strictly defined geographic region , it generally includes all Alabama counties south of the Black Belt . However , residents of the largest population center , Mobile , often make the argument that the phrase refers only to the extreme southernmost parts of Alabama . In that view , South Alabama consists of just the two counties that border the Gulf of Mexico and Mobile Bay : Baldwin County and Mobile County . That area is characterized by extensive wetlands , but also by long , sandy beaches which are very conducive to tourism . Many deluxe golf courses have been developed in the area in recent decades .   Because Mobile and Baldwin Counties tend to use `` South Alabama '' with such exclusivity , other parts of southern Alabama , particularly the Florida-border counties from Escambia County over to Houston County often humorously prefer to be called Lower Alabama if a regional name must be given . Traditionally the south central and southeastern parts of the state have less in common with the Mobile area than they have in common with southwest Georgia and the Black Belt region . Alternative names include South Central Alabama , Southeast Alabama , and the Wiregrass .

neg: Willow Creek, California Willow Creek ( formerly , China Flat ) is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Humboldt County , California , United States . The population was 1,710 at the 2010 census , down from 1,743 at the 2000 census . Residents of this small mountain town are commonly referred to as `` Willow Creekers . '' The town is located around 25 mi inland from county seat and harbor city Eureka , with the two places vastly differing in climate .   Willow Creek sits along the Trinity River . Willow Creek is described as a `` rugged mountain community nestled in the heart of the Six Rivers National Forest . '' This area of California is located in the Trinity/Shasta/Cascade Region , near the Oregon border , and is easily reached via State Routes 96 ( the `` Bigfoot Scenic Byway '' ) and 299 .   The town , which is at the intersection of those Routes , is the Bigfoot capital of the world , and holds an annual `` Bigfoot Daze '' festival in September in honor of the creature , followed by various festivities in a local park . The roadhead of the Bluff Creek / Fish Lake Road , near which many alleged Bigfoot sightings and footprint finds occurred , is about 46 miles northeast , along Route 96 . A non-commercial `` Willow Creek Bigfoot Landmarks : A Brief Touring Guide , plus BF Odds and Ends '' can be viewed online .   The region is the location of the Willow Creek American Viticultural Area . Organic gardens and vineries abound and welcome travelers to try their wares . The upper Trinity River offers a classic Class III river rafting run with moderate rapids , followed by the Burnt Ranch Gorge , which is one of the toughest runs in the entire state .   An Amazon reviewer of the 2013 found-footage horror film , Willow Creek , says , `` The endearing quirkiness of the town is captured very well in the iconography , the interviews ( particularly with Steven S. , the bookstore owner ) , and the food . '' The Wikipedia review says , `` The two stop off first in Willow Creek ... where various locals talk to Jim 's camera , warning them to keep out of the woods , singing ballads about Bigfoot , and generally enjoying their 15 minutes in the spotlight while Jim and Kelly have a blast ... ''   Willow Creek was served for many decades by the weekly Klamity Kourier newspaper , which closed in 2006 and was quickly replaced by the Bigfoot Valley News also based in Willow Creek . The Bigfoot Valley News has since closed , but the regional newspaper , Two Rivers Tribune ( www.tworiverstribune.com ) , opened in 1994 and is still going strong . Its news coverage area is from Burnt Ranch all the way to Happy Camp , 97.5 miles ( by Routes 299 and 96 ) to the north .

neg: Paraje Paraje , a Spanish term in use among English speakers in the southwestern United States , refers to a camping place along a long distance trail where travelers customarily stopped for the night . A paraje can be a town , a village or pueblo , a caravanserai , or simply a good location for stopping . Parajes typically are spaced 10 to 15 miles apart and feature abundant water and fodder for the travelers ' animals ( cattle , sheep , and horses ) .   A route between two parajes , that is difficult but must be traversed in one day because there is no water along the way , is known as a jornada .   In New Mexico , one notable paraje on El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro is El Rancho de las Golondrinas in La Cienega , New Mexico , located between the Rio Grande and Santa Fe , New Mexico .


query: Berlin has a population of 4 million people.

pos: Berlin Berlin ( -LSB- bəɹˈlɪn -RSB- , -LSB- bɛɐ̯ˈliːn -RSB- ) is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its 16 constituent states . With a population of approximately 3.7 million , Berlin is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union . Located in northeastern Germany on the banks of the rivers Spree and Havel , it is the centre of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region , which has roughly 6 million residents from more than 180 nations . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . Around one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes .   First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 14171701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701 -- 1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871 -- 1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919 -- 1933 ) and the Third Reich ( 1933 -- 1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world . After World War II and its subsequent occupation by the victorious countries , the city was divided ; East Berlin was declared capital of East Germany , while West Berlin became a de facto West German exclave , surrounded by the Berlin Wall ( 1961 -- 1989 ) and East German territory . Following German reunification in 1990 , Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany .   Berlin is a world city of culture , politics , media and science . Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the service sector , encompassing a diverse range of creative industries , research facilities , media corporations and convention venues . Berlin serves as a continental hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network . The metropolis is a popular tourist destination . Significant industries also include IT , pharmaceuticals , biomedical engineering , clean tech , biotechnology , construction and electronics .   Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities , orchestras , museums , entertainment venues and is host to many sporting events . Its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions . The city is well known for its festivals , diverse architecture , nightlife , contemporary arts and a high quality of living . Since the 2000s Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene .

neg: Districts of Prussia Prussian districts ( Kreise , literally `` circles '' ) were administrative units in the former Kingdom of Prussia , part of the German Empire from 1871 to 1918 , and its successor state , the Free State of Prussia , similar to a county or a shire . They were established in the course of the Stein-Hardenberg Reforms from 1815 to 1818 at an intermediate level , between the higher provinces and the government districts ( Regierungsbezirke ) , and the lower municipal governments ( Gemeinden ) . Then part of a modern and highly effective public administration structure , they served as a model for the present-day districts of Germany   In the aftermath of World War I , the Prussian districts of Eupen and Malmedy ( Belgium ) were annexed by Belgium in 1925 , thereby causing the presence of a German-speaking minority .

neg: Tränenpalast The Tränenpalast ( `` Palace of Tears '' ) is the Berlin colloquialism for the former border crossing at Berlin Friedrichstraße station , where East Germans said goodbye to visitors going back to West Germany . From 1962 to 1989 it was the border crossing for travellers by S-bahn , U-bahn and train between East and West Germany . It was used only for westbound border crossings , with separate checkpoints for West Berliners , West Germans , foreigners , diplomats , transit travellers and East Germans .   The term Tränenpalast derives from the tearful goodbyes that took place in front of the building , where western visitors had to say farewell to East Germans that were not permitted to travel to West Berlin .

neg: Berlin School of Economics and Law The Berlin School of Economics and Law ( BSEL , German : Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Recht , HWR ) is a leading German business school founded on 1 April 2009 through the merger of the Berlin School of Economics ( BSE ) and the FHVR Berlin . The BSEL portfolio provides a wide range of professional qualifications . BSEL is specialised in business and administration for the public and private sector , as well as public security , the law and engineering . The majority of programmes lead to a bachelor 's or master 's degree . Degrees have been quality controlled and are accredited by the German state . BSEL has an international approach with close working relationship with over 90 partner universities all over the world and has a very strict and selective admission policy .   The school offers a 5-year dual degree with France 's ESCE Business School ( Paris ) , enabling selected bilingual students to have the `` Master in Management '' from ESCE and the Master of Arts from HWR Berlin . This program is supported by The Franco-German University ( FGU ) .

neg: Hamm Hamm ( -LSB- ˈham -RSB- , Latin : Hammona ) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany . It is located in the northeastern part of the Ruhr area . As of December 2003 its population was 180,849 . The city is situated between the A1 motorway and A2 motorway . Hamm railway station is an important hub for rail transport and renowned for its distinctive station building .

neg: Berlin-Bonn Act The Berlin/Bonn Act ( Berlin/Bonn-Gesetz ) regulated the move of the German Bundestag and parts of the government from Bonn to Berlin . It also regulated the move of certain Federal agencies and other federal facilities to Bonn . The act was a consequence of the Hauptstadtbeschluss ( Enactment regarding the capital ) of 20 June 1991 which made Berlin the seat of government . Berlin had already been the capital of the united Germany since the Unification Treaty of 3 October 1990 . The Berlin/Bonn Act was enacted on 26 April 1994 . The act 's full official title is Act for the implementation of the enactment of the German Bundestag of 20 June 1991 for the completion of the German unity ( Gesetz zur Umsetzung des Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages vom 20 . Juni 1991 zur Vollendung der Einheit Deutschlands ) .   The Berlin/Bonn act determined which federal ministries moved to the capital and gave the city certain commitments regarding the preservation of Bonn as a location of politics . In addition , it awarded the city the title of a Federal City .   The act was implemented incrementally . The most important year was 1999 when the Bundestag moved to the Reichstag building in Berlin . At the same time , the Federal Court of Auditors and the Federal Cartel Office moved from Berlin and the Rhine-Main area to Bonn .

neg: Vienna Vienna ( -LSB- viˈɛnə -RSB- Wien , -LSB- viːn -RSB- ) is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria . Vienna is Austria 's primary city , with a population of about 1.8 million ( 2.6 million within the metropolitan area , nearly one third of Austria 's population ) , and its cultural , economic , and political centre . It is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union . Until the beginning of the 20th century , it was the largest German-speaking city in the world , and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I , the city had 2 million inhabitants . Today , it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin . Vienna is host to many major international organizations , including the United Nations and OPEC . The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic , Slovakia , and Hungary . These regions work together in a European Centrope border region . Along with nearby Bratislava , Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants . In 2001 , the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site .   Apart from being regarded as the City of Music because of its musical legacy , Vienna is also said to be `` The City of Dreams '' because it was home to the world 's first psycho-analyst -- Sigmund Freud . The city 's roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city , and then the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire . It is well known for having played an essential role as a leading European music centre , from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century . The historic centre of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles , including Baroque castles and gardens , and the late-19th-century Ringstraße lined with grand buildings , monuments and parks .   Vienna is known for its high quality of life . In a 2005 study of 127 world cities , the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first ( in a tie with Vancouver , Canada and San Francisco , USA ) for the world 's most liveable cities . Between 2011 and 2015 , Vienna was ranked second , behind Melbourne , Australia .  For eight consecutive years ( 2009 -- 2016 ) , the human-resource-consulting firm Mercer ranked Vienna first in its annual `` Quality of Living '' survey of hundreds of cities around the world , a title the city still held in 2016 . Monocle 's 2015 `` Quality of Life Survey '' ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world `` to make a base within . ''   The UN-Habitat has classified Vienna as being the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013 .  The city was ranked 1st globally for its culture of innovation in 2007 and 2008 , and sixth globally ( out of 256 cities ) in the 2014 Innovation Cities Index , which analyzed 162 indicators in covering three areas : culture , infrastructure , and markets . Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is often used as a case study by urban planners .   Between 2005 and 2010 , Vienna was the world 's number-one destination for international congresses and conventions . It attracts over 6.8 million tourists a year .

neg: Alt-Hohenschönhausen Alt-Hohenschönhausen ( Old Hohenschönhausen ) is a district ( Ortsteil ) in the borough ( Bezirk ) of Lichtenberg , Berlin . Known also as Hohenschönhausen it was , until 2001 , the main and the eponymous locality of the former Hohenschönhausen borough . In 2008 the population was in excess of 41,000 .

neg: Hamburg Metropolitan Region The Metropolregion Hamburg ( German for Hamburg Metropolitan Region ) is the compilation of eight districts in the German federal state of Lower Saxony , six districts in Schleswig-Holstein , two districts in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and the city-state of Hamburg in northern Germany . It covers an area of ca 26,000 km2 , and is home to more than 5.1 million inhabitants .

neg: Berlin Alexanderplatz Berlin Alexanderplatz ( -LSB- bɛɐˈliːn ˌalɛˈksandɐplats -RSB- ) is a 1929 novel by Alfred Döblin . It is considered one of the most important and innovative works of the Weimar Republic . In a 2002 poll of 100 noted writers the book was named among the top 100 books of all time .

neg: Wedding (Berlin) Wedding ( der Wedding -LSB- ˈvɛdɪŋ -RSB- ) is a locality in the borough of Mitte , Berlin , Germany and was a separate borough in the north-western inner city until it was fused with Tiergarten and Mitte in Berlin 's 2001 administrative reform . At the same time the eastern half of the former borough of Wedding -- on the other side of Reinickendorfer Straße -- was separated as the new locality of Gesundbrunnen .

neg: Berlin Marathon The Berlin Marathon ( branded BMW Berlin Marathon for sponsorship reasons ) is a major running and sporting event held annually in Berlin , Germany . The official marathon distance of 42.195 kilometers ( 26 miles 385 yards ) is set up as a citywide road race where professional athletes and amateur runners jointly participate . First initiated in 1974 , the event traditionally takes place on the last weekend in September .   The Berlin marathon is one of the largest and most popular road races in the world . In 2016 , the race had 46,950 entrants ( 41,283 runners , 5,445 inline skaters , 185 hand bikers , 37 wheel-chairers ) from 122 countries , and more than one million spectators . Along with seven other races , it forms the World Marathon Majors , a series offering a $ 1 million prize purse to be split equally between the top male and female marathoners .   The most marathon world records for men and women have been set at the Berlin course , which is known for its flat profile , even surface , cheering spectators , and its frequently mild autumn temperatures . For a record six consecutive years 2011-2016 Berlin has been the site of the world leading men 's time for the year ( Boston 2011 with strong tailwind excluded ) .   The event is split over 2 days . About 8,000 additional inline skaters compete at the marathon course the Saturday before the running event . Power walkers , handbikers , wheelchair riders , and a children 's marathon ( 4.2195 km ) are also part of the marathon weekend , which is organised by SCC EVENTS and currently sponsored by BMW .

neg: Hans Refior Hans Refior was an officer in the German Army during World War II . Refior was on the staff of the last two German commanders of the `` Berlin Defense Area '' during the final assault by Soviet forces on the city of Berlin .   On 18 March 1945 , Colonel Refior became the Chief of Staff for Lieutenant General ( Generalleutnant ) Helmuth Reymann during the Battle for Berlin . Reymann was named the commander of the Berlin Defense Area on 6 March . From the beginning , it was clear to Refior that Reymann 's predecessor , General Bruno Ritter von Hauenschild , had left them nothing .   By early April , Refior and Reymann confirmed to themselves that Berlin had no chance of holding out with the forces at their disposal . They recommended to Joseph Goebbels , the Minister of Propaganda , that civilians be allowed to leave . Refior and Reyman indicated that this was especially important for the women and children . Goebbels ' feeble response made it clear to Refior and Reymann that he had never considered nor had he any idea of the logistics required for such a mass evacuation .   To determine how many soldiers and weapons could be counted on , Refior and Reymann attempted to make an accounting of what was available to them in the `` Berlin Defense Area '' . They soon discovered that the title `` Berlin Defense Area '' carried no significance . `` Berlin Defense Area '' was just another phrase , like `` Fortress '' ( Festung ) , coined by German dictator Adolf Hitler . Attempts by Refior to coordinate the defences with the field commanders of the surrounding areas of Berlin were not successful .   On 23 April , Hitler replaced Reymann with General der Artillerie Helmuth Weidling as the commander of the Berlin Defense Area . Weidling kept Refior and made him his `` civil '' Chief-of-Staff .   Early on the morning of 26 April , Refior was awoken from a brief sleep in Weidling 's headquarters , the Bendlerblock . What woke him was a rapid sequence of ranging artillery shells ( what the Soviets called `` framing '' ) . Refior noted that these were `` old frontline hares '' . He knew from experience that these were the `` greeting '' before a salvo of katyusha rockets .   Weidling remained in command of Berlin 's defences to the end . On 2 May General Weidling , Theodor von Dufving , Weidling 's `` military '' Chief-of-Staff , and other members of Weidling 's staff which included Refior , ultimately surrendered the city to Soviet General Vasily Chuikov .

neg: Munich Munich ( -LSB- ˈmjuːnɪk -RSB- München , -LSB- ˈmʏnçn̩ -RSB- , Minga -LSB- -LSB- ˈmɪŋ ɐ -RSB- -RSB- ) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Bavaria , on the banks of River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps . Munich is the third largest city in Germany , after Berlin and Hamburg , and the 12th biggest city of the European Union , with a population of around 1.5 million . The Munich Metropolitan Region is home to 6 million people .   The city is a major centre of art , advanced technologies , finance , publishing , culture , innovation , education , business , and tourism in Germany and Europe and enjoys a very high standard and quality of living , reaching # 1 in Germany and # 4 worldwide according to the 2015 Mercer survey . According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute Munich is considered an alpha-world city , .   The name of the city is derived from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen , meaning `` by the monks '' , which in turn is derived from Mönch ( which in the end derives from ancient Greek μοναχός ) . It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order , who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich ; hence the monk depicted on the city 's coat of arms . Munich was first mentioned in 1158 . From 1255 the city was seat of the Bavarian Dukes . Black and gold - the colours of the Holy Roman Empire - have been the city 's official colours since the time of Ludwig the Bavarian , when it was an imperial residence . Following a final reunification of the Wittelsbachian Duchy of Bavaria , previously divided and sub-divided for more than 200 years , the town became the country 's sole capital in 1506 .   Catholic Munich was a cultural stronghold of the Counter-Reformation and a political point of divergence during the resulting Thirty Years ' War , but remained physically untouched despite an occupation by the Protestant Swedes ; as the townsfolk would rather open the gates of their town than risk siege and almost inevitable destruction . Like wide parts of the Holy Roman Empire , the area recovered slowly economically .   Having evolved from a duchy 's capital into that of an electorate ( 1623 ) , and later a sovereign kingdom ( 1806 ) , Munich has been a major European centre of arts , architecture , culture and science since the early 19th century , heavily sponsored by the Bavarian monarchs . In 1918 , during the German Revolution , the ruling house of Wittelsbach , which governed Bavaria since 1180 , was forced to abdicate in Munich and a short-living socialist republic was declared .   In the 1920s , Munich became home to several political factions , among them the NSDAP , which was founded in the city in 1920 . Though the first attempt of the Nazi movement to overtake the German government in 1923 with the Beer Hall Putsch , which was stopped by the Bavarian police in Munich with gunfire , the Nazis declared the city after their rise to power to be Hauptstadt der Bewegung ( lit. : `` Capital of the movement '' ) . During World War II , Munich was heavily bombed and more than 50 % of the entire city and up to 90 % of the historic centre were destroyed .   The postwar period was characterised by American occupation until 1949 and a strong increase of population and economic power during the years of the Wirtschaftswunder ( lit. : economic miracle ) after 1949 . Unlike many other German cities which were heavily bombed and destroyed during World War II , Munich rebuilt most of its traditional cityscape and added a modern face to the city with the Olympic Stadium , while hosting the 1972 Summer Olympics . In addition the Allianz Arena was inaugurated in 2005 . The stadium is owned by FC Bayern Munich - the most successful German football club both in terms of domestic and international success . Especially since the 1980s , Munich and the entire surrounding region was characterised by a strong economic growth , the location of high-tech industries and scientific institutions , very low unemployment rates and a strong influx of people . The city is home to major corporations like BMW , Siemens , MAN , Linde , Allianz and MunichRE as well as many small and medium-sized companies .   Munich is home to many national and international authorities , major universities , major museums and theatres . Its numerous architectural attractions , international sports events , exhibitions and conferences and its annual Oktoberfest attract considerable tourism . Munich is one of the most prosperous and fastest growing cities in Germany . It is a top-ranked destination for migration and expatriate location , despite being the municipality with the highest density of population ( 4,500 inh . per km ² ) in Germany . Munich nowadays hosts more than 530,000 people of foreign background , making up 37.7 % of the entire population .

neg: Zwickau Zwickau ( -LSB- ˈtsvɪkaʊ -RSB- ; Sorbian ( hist . ) : Šwikawa , Czech Cvikov , is a town in Saxony , Germany , it is the capital of the district of Zwickau . Zwickau is situated in a valley at the foot of the Erzgebirge mountains and is within the Saxon triangle , an area including Leipzig-Halle , Dresden and Chemnitz . The town has approximately 100,000 inhabitants , but has a regional catchment area of over 480,000 people . From 1834 until 1952 Zwickau was the seat of the government of the south-western region of Saxony .   Zwickau , known as the city of automobiles , is the centre of the Saxon automotive industry , with a tradition over one hundred years old . Well known beyond Germany 's borders are car makers such as Horch , Audi , Auto Union ( silver arrows Type A , B , C , D ) , Trabant and Volkswagen . Since 2000 its history has been presented in the August-Horch Museum , inside the former Audi Works . The University of Applied Sciences Zwickau ( Westsächsische Hochschule Zwickau ) trains automotive engineers .   The valley of the 166 km long Zwickauer Mulde river stretches from the Vogtland to Colditz Castle at the other end . The Silver Road , Saxony 's longest tourist route , connects Dresden with Zwickau . The ADAC City Guide 2005 wrote : `` The town of Zwickau has transformed itself over the years from a traditional mining town into an elegant Art Nouveau town , which is well worth discovering . ''   Zwickau can be reached by car via the nearby Autobahns A4 and A72 , the main railway station ( Zwickau Hauptbahnhof ) and is also reachable via a public airfield which takes light aircraft .

neg: Moscow International Business Center The Moscow International Business Center ( MIBC ) , also known as `` Moscow City '' , ( Московский международный деловой центр `` Москва-Сити '' , Moskovskiy mezhdunarodnıy delovoy tsentr `` Moskva-Citi '' ) is a commercial district in central Moscow , Russia . Located east of the Third Ring Road in the Presnensky District of Central Administrative Okrug , the Moscow City area is currently under development . Construction of the MIBC takes place on the Presnenskaya embankment of the Moscow River , approximately 4 km west of Red Square , and just east of the Third Ring Road . The project occupies an area of 60 hectares , with the territory chosen being the only area in central Moscow that can accommodate such a project .   The MIBC is expected to become the first zone in Russia to combine business activity , living space and entertainment in one single development . The Moscow government first conceived the project in 1992 . An estimated 250,000 -- 300,000 people will be working in , living in , or visiting the complex at any given time . MIBC includes 6 skyscrapers with maximum height of 300 meters or more ( Shanghai has 5 , Hong Kong has 6 , Chicago has 6 , New York has 8 ) . Europe 's tallest building , the Federation Tower , is in the MIBC . The complex also includes the second-tallest , third-tallest , fifth-tallest , sixth-tallest , and seventh-tallest buildings in Europe . By 2016 twelve of twenty-three planned facilities of MIBC were already built , seven buildings are in construction and four are in the design stage .   __ TOC __

neg: Altes Stadthaus, Dortmund Altes Stadthaus in Dortmund , North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany , is an office block which was built in 1899 , and was designed by `` master builder '' Friedrich Kullrich ( a German architect , urban planner and construction officer from Berlin ) . It was built in the Renaissance Revival architecture ( Neo-Renaissance ) style . After the office block was severely damaged in World War II , it was rebuilt in a simplified form .   At the top of the gable is an eagle emblem , representing the city of Dortmund . The façades are made of Old or New Red Sandstone and the lateral parts have plastered surfaces . Kullrich said that the Stadthaus was in the shape of -LSB- Altes Rathaus , Dortmund , Altes Rathaus -RSB- . The Stadthaus is a short distance from -LSB- Alter Markt ( Dortmund ) , Alter Markt -RSB- , which houses the Rathaus on the south . The Rathaus was restored shortly after the Stadthaus was built , under the direction of the Commissioner of City Planning , for the City of Imperial visit to Dortmund in 1899 . A new hall was built in 2002 ( the Berswordt Hall ) , at Peace Square in Dortmund . Directly opposite of Peace Square is the -LSB- Rathaus ( Dortmund ) , Rathaus -RSB- ( town hall ) . The Berswordt Hall includes citizen services , a café and a shop , and was named after the Berswordt , one of the oldest families in Dortmund , who were first mentioned in 1249 . The Stadthaus is mainly used by the Dortmund city administration , and has been since it was built . The office block is listed on the Denkmalliste der Stadt Dortmund ( Monument list of Dortmund ) , which contains 1,015 monuments , many of them being listed buildings .

neg: Schwerbelastungskörper The Schwerbelastungskörper ( German : `` heavy load-bearing body '' ) ( a.k.a. Großbelastungskörper - GBK ) is a hefty concrete cylinder in Berlin , Germany located at the intersection of Dudenstraße , General-Pape-Straße , and Loewenhardtdamm in the northwestern part of the borough of Tempelhof . It was erected in 1941-1942 by Hitler 's chief architect Albert Speer to determine the feasibility of constructing large buildings on the area 's marshy , sandy ground , specifically a massive triumphal arch on a nearby plot . The arch , which would be in the style of the Nazi architectural movement , was to be about three times as large as the Arc de Triomphe in Paris and was one component of a plan to redesign the center of Berlin as an imposing , monumental capital reflecting the spirit of the Third Reich as envisioned by Hitler .   Built by Dyckerhoff & Widmann AG in 1941 at a cost of 400,000 Reichsmark , the Schwerbelastungskörper consists of a foundation with a diameter of 11 m ( 36 ft ) that reaches 18.2 m ( 59 ft ) into the ground and contains rooms which once housed instruments to measure ground subsidence caused by the weight of the cylinder , which was estimated as equivalent to the load calculated for one pillar of the intended arch . On this foundation a cylinder 14 m ( 46 ft ) high and 21 m ( 69 ft ) in diameter weighing 12,650 tonnes was erected at street level . The entire construction puts a weight of 12.65 kg per cm ² on an area of 100 m ² . If it were to sink less than 6 cm ( 2.5 in ) the soil would be deemed sound enough for further construction without additional stabilization . The cylinder itself was to be subsequently buried under an artificial hill upon which the triumphal arch was to be erected , enabling a panoramic view down a new wide north-south axis to a huge assembly hall to be constructed near , and dwarfing , the Brandenburg Gate .   Work on the new capital was soon discontinued because of World War II and measurements at the cylinder ceased in June 1944 . An analysis of the meticulous measurements only took place in 1948 , revealing that the cylinder had sunk some 19 cm ( ca. 7 inches ) after two and a half years . The arch as conceived by Speer could only have been built after considerable prior stabilization of the ground .   Removal of the cylinder was considered after the war to create new building sites , but because of its mass as well as nearby train tracks and apartment buildings the structure could not be safely demolished with explosives . Measurements of the subsidence were resumed and continued until 1977 under the auspices of the Technical University of Berlin as part of a project to compile data about the city 's geologic foundation . Since 1995 the monumental cylinder has been protected as a historic monument . It is open to the public for viewing and guided tours .

neg: Operation Clausewitz Operation Clausewitz was the codeword initiation of the defence of Berlin plan by Nazi Germany during the final stage of the European conflict of World War II , the Battle of Berlin . Clausewitz was established in the 9 March 1945 document , Basic Order for the Preparations for the Defense of the Reich Capital ( Grundsätzlicher Befehl für die Vorbereitungen zur Verteidigung der Reichshauptstadt ) , a 33 page document containing 24 separate points . The second point of the document , in full ( translated ) is : `` The Reich capital will be defended to the last man and to the last bullet . '' It has been referred to as the Nazis ' last stand against the Soviets .   The document divided the city of Berlin into 9 operational defense zones ( A through H , as slices of the outer city of Berlin and Z , its center , corresponding to the government district ) . It further divided the region into four concentric rings : an outer exclusion zone , extending well past Berlin 's city limits ; an outer defense zone extending roughly to the city limits ; an inner defense zone extending out to the Berlin Ringbahn ; and the Citadel ( Zitadelle ) , again , zone Z . In addition to the establishment of defense zones , this document also described the overall mechanism by which Berlin would be converted to a front line city . This included :  The evacuation of all Wehrmacht and SS offices in Berlin  Evacuation of the central command post of the capital from General Command on Hohenzollerndamm to L-Tower of the Zoo bunker no more than six hours after the issuance of Clausewitz  The imposition of martial law for the civilian populace , and offenses under which the death penalty was authorized  Hitler ordered the execution of Fall Clausewitz on 20 April 1945 . This set into motion preparedness according to the Basic Order plan , and would have been followed later by the codeword Kolberg meaning full preparedness should be completed and the battle has started .

neg: Neukölln Neukölln is the eighth borough of Berlin , located in the southeastern part of the city and was part of the former American sector under the Four-Power occupation of the city . It features many Gründerzeit buildings and is characterized by having one of the highest percentage of immigrants in Berlin .

neg: Berlin Conference (disambiguation) The Berlin Conference may refer to :  Congress of Berlin ( 1878 ) , concerning the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War and the political future of the Balkans  Berlin Conference ( 1884 -- 85 ) , concerning the Scramble for Africa  Berlin Conference ( 1945 ) , an older alternative name for the Potsdam Conference  Berlin Conference ( 1954 ) , concerning the Cold War


query: Hilary Swank is a person who produces.

pos: Hilary Swank Hilary Swank ( born July 30 , 1974 ) is an American actress and producer . She has won two Academy Awards for Best Actress and received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2007 .   Swank made her film debut in a minor role for Buffy the Vampire Slayer , before she made her breakout lead role in the fourth installment of the The Karate Kid franchise , The Next Karate Kid in 1994 . On television , she was cast as part of the main cast in the eighth season of the drama series Beverly Hills 90210 as single mother Carly Reynolds from 1997 to 1998 . Swank garnered critical acclaim for her portrayal of Brandon Teena in the 1999 biographical independent film Boys Do n't Cry , which earned her the Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama . She starred in Clint Eastwood 's 2004 sports drama film Million Dollar Baby as struggling-waitress-turned-boxer Maggie Fitzgerald , which won her a second Oscar and Golden Globe for Best Actress .   She starred in other films , such as The Gift ( 2000 ) , Insomnia ( 2002 ) , Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 ) , Red Dust ( 2004 ) The Reaping ( 2007 ) , P.S. I Love You ( 2007 ) , Freedom Writers ( 2007 ) and The Homesman ( 2014 ) .

neg: Diederick Santer Diederick Santer ( born 3 July 1969 ) is a British television producer and is best known for his work on the popular BBC television soap opera EastEnders , a post which he assumed on 23 October 2006 and left on 1 March 2010 . He is managing director of drama production company Lovely Day .   He is the son of the retired Anglican Bishop Mark Santer .

neg: Every Woman Every Woman is a syndicated television series produced by Entertainment Studios and created by Byron Allen . The series has aired since 2000 . Heidi Klum made a guest appearance on the show in 2011 .

neg: Guy Eckstine Guy Eckstine is an A&R , artist manager , record producer , and new media executive who has produced and executive produced over 40 records . Four albums that Eckstine has produced or executive produced have won Grammy Awards , including The New Standard by Herbie Hancock .

neg: Stephanie Bennett (producer) Stephanie Bennett ( born Margaret Stephanie Bennett ) is an English film producer known for her works Hail ! Hail ! Rock 'n' Roll and Endless Harmony .

neg: Hilary Weeks Hilary Weeks ( née , Novakovich ; born March 7 , 1970 ) is an American Christian musician and Mormon singer , who primarily plays a worship and gospel music version of Christian country and Christian pop . She has released ten musical works , with eight of those being studio albums , He Hears Me ( 1996 ) , Lead Me Home ( 1998 ) and I Will Not Forget ( 2000 ) , Day of Praise ( 2004 ) , If I Only Had Today ( 2008 ) , Every Step ( 2011 ) , Say Love ( 2013 ) , Say Love ( 2013 ) , and , Love Your Life ( 2016 ) , while she released two holiday albums , Christmastime ( 2006 ) and Christmas Once Again ( 2009 ) . Her last four musical works charted on various Billboard magazine charts .

neg: La Cenicienta (TV show) La Cenicienta is one of Telemundo 's highest rated telenovelas . It is Telemundo 's early entries in reality television . La Cenicienta ( Cinderella ) creator and executive producer is Nely Galán former President of Telemundo .

neg: Copper Coast Wines Copper Coast Wines is a South Australian brewer founded in 2005 to supply beer for the biennial Kernewek Lowender Festival held in the Copper Coast region of South Australia .   Copper Coast Wines have produced a beer named Swanky for every biennial Kernewek Lowender Festival since 2005 - thus continuing the tradition of brewing Swanky for this Cornish Festival since 1973 .

neg: Swan River Press Swan River Press is an Irish publishing company dedicated to Gothic , Supernatural and Fantastic literature . It was founded in Dublin in 2003 , by Brian J. Showers . It remains an independent small press book publisher . It has an emphasis on past and present by Irish and Ireland related contributions to the genre .

neg: Swanlights Swanlights is the fourth studio album by Antony and the Johnsons , released on 12 October 2010 worldwide through Secretly Canadian , and 11 October 2010 in the United Kingdom through Rough Trade . To accompany the album release , the band has produced a 144-page art book also titled Swanlights , which includes paintings , collages , photography and writing by Antony .  The album was preceded by lead single/EP Thank You for Your Love , released on 30 August 2010 in the UK and 1 September in the US .

neg: Gloria Film Gloria Film was a West German film production and distribution company .  It was established in 1949 by Ilse Kubaschewski . An earlier , unconnected company of the same name had existed during the silent era in Germany . During the 1930s an Austrian production company also called itself Gloria .   The company was set-up by Kubaschewski , a cinema-owner , who had noted that re-releases of Nazi-era films , particularly those made by UFA were easily outgrossing foreign film imports and post-war realist rubble films . Initially her company specialised in acquiring the rights to classic German films , but gradually she began co-funding new films with production companies . In 1953 she set up Divina Film , her own production company .   Her initial films re-used many of the stars of Nazi-era cinema such as Zarah Leander , Marika Rokk and Kristina Söderbaum but newer stars such as Ruth Leuwerik , Maria Schell and Sonja Ziemann also appeared . Many of the company 's films were Heimatfilm and melodramas that were aimed at a primarily female audience . Kubaschewski felt she understood the tastes of the average German housewife , and during the 1950s and early 1960s her judgement proved to be astute .   Later Gloria lost its prominence in the mid-1960s as audiences began to change , with the rise of new genres such as the series of Edgar Wallace thrillers and Karl May westerns that attracted a younger , male audience that other companies such as Rialto and Constantin catered for . The company experimented with sex comedies such as Angelique .

neg: Little Britain Productions Little Britain Productions is a television production company founded in 2006 . Little Britain Productions mainly produces comedies and documentaries about comedy .

neg: Kristin Hahn Kristin Hahn ( born 1969 ) is an American film producer , writer and director .

neg: Margaret Fink Margaret Fink ( born Margaret Elliott on 3 March 1933 ) is an Australian film producer , noted for her important role in the revival of Australian cinema in the 1970s .   She was educated at Sydney Girls High School , East Sydney Technical College , Sydney Teachers College and the Sydney Conservatorium . She worked as an art teacher at various high schools in Sydney from 1956 to 1961 .   Her productions include The Removalists ( 1975 ) , My Brilliant Career ( 1979 ) , For Love Alone ( 1986 ) , Edens Lost ( 1988 ) ( for TV ) , and Candy ( 2006 ) .   She was a member of the Sydney Push , a Sydney bohemian group of the 1950s and 1960s that boasted among its membership Lillian Roxon , Germaine Greer , Clive James , and Frank Moorhouse . While still known as Margaret Elliott , she published Harry Hooton 's last book , It Is Great To Be Alive . Her former husband , Leon Fink , is a prominent Sydney businessman and property developer . They married in 1961 and had three children together : Hannah , John and Ben . After their divorce in 1978 , they remained living in the same house for a number of years . She has also had relationships with Barry Humphries , Jim McNeil , Bill Harding and Richard Neville .   Her daughter , Hannah Fink , is an arts writer . John Fink is a restaurateur and filmmaker . Ben Fink was a member of the band The Whitlams .

neg: Balaji Motion Pictures Balaji Motion Pictures is an Indian film production and distribution company established by Jeetendra . Based in Mumbai , it mainly produces and distributes Hindi films . Key people involved are Jeetendra wife Shobha Kapoor and daughter Ekta Kapoor .

neg: Seefood TV Seefood TV is a Norwegian production company for television and film . They produce for the Norwegian broadcasters TV2 , TVNorge og NRK and they also produce commercial film . The company was founded in 2001 by Kristian Ødegård og Espen Eckbo and their first production was the reality parody Santas In A Barn . The company has produced several award winning and critically acclaimed comedy series for television .

neg: Conviction (2010 film) Conviction is a 2010 legal drama film directed by Tony Goldwyn , written by Pamela Gray , and starring Hilary Swank and Sam Rockwell . The film premiered on September 11 , 2010 , at the Toronto International Film Festival and was released in the US on October 15 , 2010 .

neg: Social Capital Entertainment Social Capital Entertainment is an American film production company involved in film , music and interactive entertainment . The company was founded in 2004 by producer and real estate investor Martin Shore together with Jonathan Platt and Jonathan Miller .   Social Capital produced and financed the psychological thriller , Tell Tale , together with Ridley and Tony Scott . Tell Tale starred Josh Lucas , Lena Heady and Brian Cox , and was directed by Michael Cuesta ( L.I.E. , Dexter ) . They are soon to release 2001 Maniacs : Field of Screams , the sequel to 2001 Maniacs , the 2005 Social Capital horror film .   Other previous films include the period drama The Countess ( Julie Delpy 's follow-up to 2 Days in Paris ) and Snoop Dogg 's Hood of Horror ( Lionsgate ) . The company has also produced soundtracks for such films as Saw ( Lionsgate ) , Saw II ( Lionsgate ) , Rize ( Lionsgate ) and Rock School ( Newmarket ) , as well as for television series including Summerland .

neg: Nellee Hooper Nellee Hooper ( born 15 March 1963 ) is a British producer/remixer/composer known for his work with many major recording artists beginning in the late 1980s . He also debuted as a motion picture music composer with famed Scottish composer Craig Armstrong and Marius De Vries for the soundtrack for Baz Luhrmann 's Romeo + Juliet in 1996 .   Hooper has produced six Grammy Award-winning albums for artists including Smashing Pumpkins , U2 ( best song and album ) , Soul II Soul , and Sinead O'Connor . He has also been awarded Q Magazine 's Best Producer award and twice been Music Week Producer of the Year .

neg: Hilary Rosen Hilary Rosen ( b. 1958 ) is an American communications and political consultant and pundit , and former head of the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . She was a columnist for The Washington Post , became the first Washington editor-at-large and political director of The Huffington Post , and has provided political commentary for CNN , CNBC , and MSNBC .   She worked for the RIAA for 16 years , including as chief executive officer from 1998 to 2003 . Since 2010 , she has been a partner and managing director at the public relations firm SKDKnickerbocker . She has been a registered lobbyist during her career , both at the RIAA and for the Human Rights Campaign ( HRC ) . Rosen has been an advocate for LGBT rights since the early 1980s .

neg: Phoenix Productions Phoenix Productions is a New York based creative studio that produces advertising , television , film and video production company . The company was formed in 2005 by Chris Phoenix to create the show open and graphics package for Bravo 's Battle of the Network Reality Stars . It has since expanded into marketing , advertising and other programming , most notably the Comedy Central series Important Things With Demetri Martin and Jon Stewart 's `` Night of Too Many Stars '' .  The company bills itself as a combination creative agency , production company and post-production house .


query: In Too Deep is a 1999 American crime thriller movie.

pos: In Too Deep (1999 film) In Too Deep is a 1999 American crime thriller film directed by Michael Rymer from a screenplay written by Michael Henry Brown and Paul Aaron . The film stars Omar Epps , LL Cool J , Stanley Tucci with Pam Grier and Nia Long .

neg: How Deep Is Your Love (Dru Hill song) `` How Deep Is Your Love '' is an R&B single by group Dru Hill and features rapper Redman . It is the first single from the group 's second album , Enter the Dru . The song was released on September 22 , 1998 , the hit song spent three weeks at number-one on the US R&B chart , and peaked at number-three on the US Pop chart . The song was also used in the end credits and is featured on the soundtrack to the 1998 film Rush Hour . The music video directed by Brett Ratner was shot on top of Hopewell Centre in Wan Chai , Hong Kong and features clips from Rush Hour . Redman 's verse is cut from both the group 's album and the video version as he does not appear in the video.This song was also one of the hottest songs for club mix music that originated out of their hometown on Baltimore .

neg: Inside Straight (film) Inside Straight is a 1951 dramatic film . Though set in the Western United States in the late 19th century , it does not have the typical characteristics of a `` Western '' movie . It is about business people , involved in activities both honest and shady .

neg: Lust Connection Lust Connection is a 2005 American thriller film directed by Jim Wynorski .

neg: Bringing Out the Dead Bringing Out the Dead is a 1999 American drama film directed by Martin Scorsese , written by Paul Schrader , based on the novel by Joe Connelly and starring Nicolas Cage , Patricia Arquette , John Goodman , Ving Rhames , and Tom Sizemore .   Though a flop at the box office , the film received very positive reviews from critics and was also the last North American title to be released on LaserDisc .

neg: Siren (Millennium) '' ` Siren '' is the seventeenth episode of the second season of the American crime-thriller television series Millennium . It premiered on the Fox network on March 20 , 1998 . Millennium concerns offender profiler Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) as he investigates crimes for the Millennium Group . The episode was written by Glen Morgan and James Wong , and directed Allen Coulter . `` Siren '' featured guest appearances by Vivian Wu , Tzi Ma and Kristen Cloke .   When offender profiler Black investigates several deaths on a cargo ship , he encounters a mysterious woman who shows him visions of a life in which he had never joined the Millennium Group . Upon recovering , his experience leads him to doubt his role in the organisation . `` Siren '' was viewed by approximately 5.68 million households during its original broadcast . The episode received positive critical reviews , with one reviewer drawing comparisons with the film It 's a Wonderful Life .

neg: Diving In Diving In is a 1990 American film directed by Strathford Hamilton and starring Matt Adler .

neg: Façade (film) Façade ( also known as Death Valley ) is a 1999 thriller film starring Eric Roberts .

neg: Crime of the century Crime of the century may refer to :   Crime of the century ( idiom ) , a popular idiom to describe sensational criminal cases  Crime of the Century ( album ) , a 1974 album by Supertramp  The Crime of the Century ( 1933 film ) , directed by William Beaudine  Crime of the Century ( 1946 film ) , directed by Philip Ford  Guyana : Crime of the Century , a 1979 exploitation film loosely based on the Jonestown massacre  Crime of the Century ( 1996 film ) , a 1996 made-for-TV movie about the Lindbergh kidnapping  The Crime of the Century ( TV series ) , 1956 British television drama  Crime of the Century ( Doctor Who audio ) , 2011 audio drama  `` The Crime of the Century '' , a song from the musical Ragtime  Crime of the Century ( soccer ) , an incident in Major League Soccer  Crime of the Century , a phrase referring to the Lindbergh kidnapping

neg: Deep in the Wood Deep in the Wood ( In fondo al bosco -LSB- iɱ ˈfondo al ˈbosko -RSB- ) is a 2015 thriller-drama film written and directed by Stefano Lodovichi and starring Filippo Nigro and Camilla Filippi .

neg: Darkness Falls (1999 film) Darkness Falls is a 1999 drama film by John Howlett , very loosely adapted from N. J. Crisp 's psychological thriller Dangerous Obsession and directed by Gerry Lively .   N. J. Crisp 's name does not appear on the films credits .   The film was shot in late 1997 on the Isle of Man .

neg: The Astronaut's Wife The Astronaut 's Wife is a 1999 American science fiction thriller film directed and written by Rand Ravich . It stars Johnny Depp and Charlize Theron .

neg: Dunked in the Deep Dunked in the Deep is the 119th short film released by Columbia Pictures in 1949 starring American slapstick comedy team The Three Stooges ( Moe Howard , Larry Fine and Shemp Howard ) . The comedians released 190 short films for the studio between 1934 and 1959 .

neg: Donnie Brasco (film) Donnie Brasco is a 1997 American crime drama film directed by Mike Newell , and starring Al Pacino and Johnny Depp . Michael Madsen , Bruno Kirby , James Russo , and Anne Heche appeared in supporting roles .   The film is based on the true story of Joseph D. Pistone ( Depp ) , an FBI undercover agent who infiltrated the Mafia Bonanno crime family in New York City during the 1970s , under the alias Donnie Brasco , a.k.a. `` The Jewel Man '' . Brasco maneuvers his way into the confidence of an aging hit-man , Lefty Ruggiero ( Pacino ) , who vouches for him . As Donnie moves deeper into the Mafia , he realizes that not only is he crossing the line between federal agent and criminal , but also leading his friend Lefty to an almost certain death .   It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . The adaptation of the book by Joseph D. Pistone and Richard Woodley was by screenwriter Paul Attanasio . The film was a box office success , earning $ 124.9 million against a $ 35 million budget , and receiving critical acclaim .

neg: The Criminal (1999 film) The Criminal is a 1999 British thriller film directed by Julian Simpson and starring Steven Mackintosh , Eddie Izzard and Natasha Little . After meeting a beautiful woman in a bar , a man 's life is plunged into chaos .

neg: Enough (film) Enough is a 2002 American thriller film directed by Michael Apted . The movie is based on the 1998 novel Black and Blue , by Anna Quindlen , which was a New York Times bestseller . It stars Jennifer Lopez as Slim , an abused wife who learns to fight back . Enough garnered generally negative reviews from film critics , although several aspects of the film including the actors ' performances were praised .

neg: Scarfies Scarfies ( or Crime 101 in the US release ) is a low-budget 1999 New Zealand film set in the southern university city of Dunedin . The film 's original title comes from the local nickname for university students , scarfie , so called because of the traditional blue and gold scarves worn by students during the city 's cool winters in support of the Otago Rugby Football Union .   Scarfies starts off as a light comedy centred on a group of five students who get together after moving into a flat that is seemingly abandoned , but still has the power on , making for free if filthy accommodation .   The film twists into something darker part way through , with elements of both black comedy and thriller . The discovery of a large crop of marijuana being grown in the basement leads firstly to euphoria , then paranoia and arguments amongst the flatmates about what will happen when the real owners come back to collect it . When Kevin , the crop 's owner appears , the students , fearing for their lives , lock him in the basement . Events unfold against a backdrop of the city 's biggest sporting event for years , the final of New Zealand 's national rugby championship .   Despite the deliberate use of shots focusing on the city 's dowdier and darker elements , much of the film 's photography and soundtrack is an homage to the city , including the use of several Dunedin Sound songs in the soundtrack ( top local band The Clean even make a cameo appearance during the film ) .   The film was well-received , described as '' ... the most outlandishly entertaining New Zealand film for years ... '' , and did well at the box-office .

neg: Payback (1999 film) Payback is a 1999 American neo-noir crime film written and directed by Brian Helgeland in his directorial debut , and starring Mel Gibson , Gregg Henry , Maria Bello and David Paymer . It was based on the novel The Hunter by Donald E. Westlake using the pseudonym Richard Stark , which had earlier been adapted into the 1967 film noir classic Point Blank , directed by John Boorman and starring Lee Marvin . In 2006 Helgeland issued a director 's cut that differs substantially from the version released by the studio .

neg: Skin Deep (1989 film) Skin Deep is a 1989 romantic comedy film written and directed by Blake Edwards , and starring John Ritter .

neg: The Big Tease The Big Tease is a 1999 comedy film starring Craig Ferguson , directed by Kevin Allen , and written by Ferguson and Sacha Gervasi .

neg: Tootsie Tootsie is a 1982 American comedy film directed by Sydney Pollack and starring Dustin Hoffman , with a supporting cast that includes Bill Murray , Jessica Lange , Teri Garr , Dabney Coleman , Charles Durning , Geena Davis ( in her acting debut ) , and Doris Belack . The film tells the story of a talented but volatile actor whose reputation for being difficult forces him to adopt a new identity as a woman in order to land a job . The film was adapted by Larry Gelbart , Barry Levinson ( uncredited ) , Elaine May ( uncredited ) and Murray Schisgal from the story by Gelbart and Don McGuire .   In 1998 , the Library of Congress deemed the film `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry . The theme song to the film , `` It Might Be You , '' which was sung by singer-songwriter Stephen Bishop , whose music was composed by Dave Grusin , and whose lyrics were written by Alan and Marilyn Bergman , was a Top 40 hit in the U.S. , and also hit 1 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart .