query: Iris Murdoch was a novelist.

pos: Iris Murdoch Dame Jean Iris Murdoch ( -LSB- ˈmɜrdɒk -RSB- 15 July 1919 -- 8 February 1999 ) was an Anglo-Irish novelist and philosopher , best known for her novels about good and evil , sexual relationships , morality , and the power of the unconscious . Her first published novel , Under the Net , was selected in 1998 as one of Modern Library 's 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century . In 1987 , she was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire . Her books include The Bell ( 1958 ) , A Severed Head ( 1961 ) , The Red and the Green ( 1965 ) , The Nice and the Good ( 1968 ) , The Black Prince ( 1973 ) , Henry and Cato ( 1976 ) , The Sea , the Sea ( 1978 , Booker Prize ) , The Philosopher 's Pupil ( 1983 ) , The Good Apprentice ( 1985 ) , The Book and the Brotherhood ( 1987 ) , The Message to the Planet ( 1989 ) , and The Green Knight ( 1993 ) . In 2008 , The Times ranked Murdoch twelfth on a list of `` The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 '' .

neg: Mary Stewart (novelist) Mary , Lady Stewart , née Mary Florence Elinor Rainbow ( 17 September 1916 -- 9 May 2014 ) , was a British novelist who developed the romantic mystery genre , featuring smart , adventurous heroines who could hold their own in dangerous situations . She also wrote children 's books and poetry , but may be best known for her Merlin series , which straddles the boundary between the historical novel and fantasy .

neg: The Tale of Chloe The Tale of Chloe , subtitled An Episode in the History of Beau Beamish , is a novel by English novelist George Meredith , first published in 1879 , and as a novel in 1890 .

neg: Libertarian science fiction Libertarian science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction that focuses on the politics and social order implied by libertarian philosophies with an emphasis on individualism and private ownership of the means of production -- and in some cases , no state whatsoever .   As a category , libertarian fiction is unusual because the vast majority of its authors are self-identified as science fiction authors . This contrasts with the authors of much other social criticism who are largely academic or mainstream novelists who tend to dismiss any genre classification . The identification between libertarianism and science fiction is so strong that the U.S. Libertarian Party often has representatives at science fiction conventions and one of the highest profile authors currently in the subgenre of libertarian science fiction , L. Neil Smith , was the Arizona Libertarian Party 's 2000 candidate for the President of the United States .   As a genre , it can be seen as growing out of the 1930s and 1940s when the science-fiction pulp magazines were reaching their peak at the same time as fascism and communism . While this environment gave rise to dystopian novels such as George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty-Four , in the pulps , this influence more often give rise to speculations about societies ( or sub-groups ) arising in direct opposition to `` totalitarianism . ''   Ayn Rand 's novel Atlas Shrugged is a strong ( perhaps the strongest ) influence with an anti-socialist attitude and an individualist ethic that echoes throughout the genre .  Of more direct relevance to the science fiction end of this genre is Robert A. Heinlein 's The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress , which is highly regarded even by non-libertarian science fiction readers . An award for libertarian science fiction , the Prometheus Award , is given out every year . Some winners of the award identify as libertarians ( e.g. , L. Neil Smith , Victor Koman , Brad Linaweaver ) , while others do not ( Terry Pratchett , Charles Stross ) .   Some other prominent libertarian science fiction authors include S. Andrew Swann and Michael Z. Williamson .

neg: Iris Origo Dame Iris Margaret Origo , Marchesa of Val d'Orcia , DBE ( 15 August 1902 -- 28 June 1988 ) , née Cutting , was an English-born biographer and writer . She lived in Italy and devoted much of her life to improving the Tuscan estate at La Foce , near Montepulciano , which she bought with her husband in the 1920s . During the Second World War , she consistently sheltered refugee children and assisted many escaped Allied prisoners of war and partisans , in defiance of Italy 's fascist regime and Nazi occupation forces .

neg: George Moore (novelist) George Augustus Moore ( 24 February 1852 -- 21 January 1933 ) was an Irish novelist , short-story writer , poet , art critic , memoirist and dramatist . Moore came from a Roman Catholic landed family who lived at Moore Hall in Carra , County Mayo . He originally wanted to be a painter , and studied art in Paris during the 1870s . There , he befriended many of the leading French artists and writers of the day .   As a naturalistic writer , he was amongst the first English-language authors to absorb the lessons of the French realists , and was particularly influenced by the works of Émile Zola . His writings influenced James Joyce , according to the literary critic and biographer Richard Ellmann , and , although Moore 's work is sometimes seen as outside the mainstream of both Irish and British literature , he is as often regarded as the first great modern Irish novelist .

neg: Aurealis Award for best young adult novel The Aurealis Awards are presented annually by the Australia-based Chimaera Publications and WASFF to published works to `` recognise the achievements of Australian science fiction , fantasy , horror writers '' . To qualify , a work must have been first published by an Australian citizen or permanent resident between 1 January and 31 December of the corresponding year ; the presentation ceremony is held the following year . It has grown from a small function of around 20 people to a two-day event attended by over 200 people .   Since their creation in 1995 , awards have been given in various categories of speculative fiction . Categories currently include science fiction , fantasy , horror , speculative young adult fiction -- with separate awards for novels and short fiction -- collections , anthologies , illustrative works or graphic novels , children 's books , and an award for excellence in speculative fiction . The awards have attracted the attention of publishers by setting down a benchmark in science fiction and fantasy . The continued sponsorship by publishers such as HarperCollins and Orbit has added weight to the honour of the award .   The results are decided by a panel of judges from a list of submitted nominees ; the long-list of nominees is reduced to a short-list of finalists . Ties can occur if the panel decides that both entries show equal merit , however they are encouraged to choose a single winner . The judges are selected from a public application process by the Award 's management team .   This article lists all the short-list nominees and winners in the best young-adult novel category , as well as novels that have been highly commended . Three people have won the award twice -- Isobelle Carmody , Garth Nix and Scott Westerfeld . Westerfeld holds the record for most nominations with eight , and Rory Barnes has the most nominations without winning , having been a losing finalist five times .

neg: Robert Drewe Robert Duncan Drewe is an Australian novelist , non-fiction and short story writer .

neg: Life imitating art Anti-mimesis is a philosophical position that holds the direct opposite of Aristotelian mimesis . Its most notable proponent is Oscar Wilde , who opined in his 1889 essay The Decay of Lying that , `` Life imitates Art far more than Art imitates Life '' . In the essay , written as a Platonic dialogue , Wilde holds that anti-mimesis `` results not merely from Life 's imitative instinct , but from the fact that the self-conscious aim of Life is to find expression , and that Art offers it certain beautiful forms through which it may realise that energy . '' .   What is found in life and nature is not what is really there , but is that which artists have taught people to find there , through art . As in an example posited by Wilde , although there has been fog in London for centuries , one notices the beauty and wonder of the fog because `` poets and painters have taught the loveliness of such effects ... They did not exist till Art had invented them . '' .   McGrath places the antimimetic philosophy in a tradition of Irish writing , including Wilde and writers such as Synge and Joyce in a group that `` elevate blarney ( in the form of linguistic idealism ) to aesthetic and philosophical distinction '' , noting that Terry Eagleton observes an even longer tradition that stretches `` as far back in Irish thought as the ninth-century theology of John Scottus Eriugena '' and `` the fantastic hyperbole of the ancient sagas '' . Wilde 's antimimetic idealism , specifically , McGrath describes to be part of the late nineteenth century debate between Romanticism and Realism . Wilde 's antimimetic philosophy has also had influence on later Irish writers , including Brian Friel .   Halliwell asserts that the idea that life imitates art derives from classical notions that can be traced as far back as the writings of Aristophanes of Byzantium , and does not negate mimesis but rather `` displace -LSB- s -RSB- its purpose onto the artlike fashioning of life itself '' . Halliwell draws a parallel between Wilde 's philosophy and Aristophanes ' famous question about the comedies written by Menander : `` O Menander and Life ! Which of you took the other as your model ? '' , noting , however , that Aristophanes was a precursor to Wilde , and not necessarily espousing the positions that Wilde was later to propound .   In George Bernard Shaw 's preface to Three Plays he wrote , `` I have noticed that when a certain type of feature appears in painting and is admired as beautiful , it presently becomes common in nature ; so that the Beatrices and Francescas in the picture galleries of one generation come to life as the parlor-maids and waitresses of the next . '' He stated that he created the aristocratic characters in Cashel Byron 's Profession as unrealistically priggish even without his later understanding that `` the real world does not exist ... men and women are made by their own fancies in the image of the imaginary creatures in my youthful fictions , only much stupider . '' Shaw , however , disagreed with Wilde on some points . He considered most attempts by life to imitate art to be reprehensible , in part because the art that people generally chose to imitate was idealistic and romanticized .   An example of life imitating art is that of singer/actress Miley Cyrus , whose role as the famous fictional popstar Hannah Montana in the Disney Channel sitcom of the same name gave rise to her own singing career . Hannah 's fictional popularity translated into a real-life fan-base for Cyrus as several singles credited to the character charted on the Billboard Hot 100 ( including `` The Best of Both Worlds '' , `` Life 's What You Make It '' , `` He Could Be the One '' , etc , though all of the songs were performed by Cyrus ) and when she embarked on her sold-out Best of Both Worlds Tour in 2007 , where she performed the first set of songs as Hannah Montana and the second set as herself . Cyrus ' song `` The Climb '' was the first song , credited to herself instead of the character , from an official Hannah Montana soundtrack album to become a hit single ( peaking at # 4 on the Billboard charts , making it her `` crossover song '' into mainstream pop , while Hoedown Throwdown ( off the same soundtrack album ) was her first Top 10 . Cyrus also performed several duets on the show while in-character as Hannah with real-life singers such as Sheryl Crow , David Archuleta , The Jonas Brothers , Iyaz and her real-life father Billy Ray Cyrus , as well as an unofficial duet with her real-life godmother country singer Dolly Parton .

neg: Stephen James Joyce Stephen James Joyce ( born 15 February 1932 ) is the grandson of James Joyce and the controversial executor of Joyce 's estate . He was born in France , the son of James Joyce 's son , Giorgio , and Helen Joyce , née Kastor . Stephen attended Harvard University , graduating in 1958 . At Harvard , he once roomed with Paul Matisse , grandson of French impressionist painter Henri Matisse , and with Sadruddin Aga Khan . Thereafter , he worked for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development on African development . He retired from the OECD in 1991 to focus on managing his grandfather 's estate . He and his wife , Solange Raythchine Joyce , live in the Île de Ré in France . They have no children ; Stephen is James Joyce 's sole living descendant .   Stephen Joyce and Seán Sweeney are the joint trustees of the Estate of James Joyce . He has taken an active role in all legal matters relating to Joyce 's works . He has brought numerous lawsuits or threats of legal action against scholars , biographers , and artists attempting to quote from Joyce 's literary work or personal correspondence .   In 2004 , Joyce threatened legal action against the Irish government when the Rejoyce Dublin 2004 festival proposed public reading of excerpts of Ulysses on Bloomsday . In 1988 Stephen Joyce destroyed a collection of letters written by Lucia Joyce , his aunt . In 1989 he forced Brenda Maddox to delete a postscript concerning Lucia from her biography Nora : The Real Life of Molly Bloom . After 1995 Stephen announced no permissions would be granted to quote from his grandfather 's work . Libraries holding letters by Joyce were unable to show them without permission . Versions of his work online were disallowed . Stephen claimed to be protecting his grandfather 's and his family 's reputation , but would sometimes grant permission to use material in exchange for fees that were often `` extortionate '' .   On 13 January 2011 , on the 70th anniversary of Joyce 's death , all of his works entered the public domain in much of the world . In the US however , some of Joyce 's work remains protected by copyright . Prior to this , in 2007 , Joyce 's hold on the estate had already been delimited by a fair use suit brought by Carol Loeb Schloss and the Stanford Law School Center for Internet and Society 's Fair Use Project .   When the Central Bank of Ireland issued a ten euro James Joyce commemorative coin on 10 April 2013 , Stephen Joyce described the coin and the circumstances of its issue as `` one of the greatest insults to the Joyce family that has ever been perpetrated in Ireland '' . He complained of a lack of consultation over the coin ; he objected to an error in a Joycean quotation inscribed on the coin ; he was upset by the design of the portrait of the writer on the coin , calling it `` the most unlikely likeness of Joyce ever produced '' ; and he described as highly insensitive and offensive the decision to issue the coin on the anniversary of the death of his grandmother , Nora Joyce , who died in 1951 .

neg: Iris and the Lieutenant Iris and the Lieutenant ( Iris och löjtnantshjärta ) is a 1946 Swedish drama film directed by Alf Sjöberg and starring Mai Zetterling , Alf Kjellin and Åke Claesson . It won the Grand Prix at the 1946 Cannes Film Festival . The film boosted Zetterling 's international profile . Shortly afterwards she moved to Britain to make Frieda ( 1947 ) .   The film is adapted from a 1934 novel by the same title , written by Olle Hedberg .

neg: Novel in Scotland The novel in Scotland includes all long prose fiction published in Scotland and by Scottish authors since the development of the literary format in the eighteenth century . The novel was soon a major element of Scottish literary and critical life . Tobias Smollett 's picaresque novels , such as The Adventures of Roderick Random and The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle mean that he is often seen as Scotland 's first novelist . Other Scots who contributed to the development of the novel in the eighteenth century include Henry Mackenzie and John Moore .   There was a tradition of moral and domestic fiction in the early nineteenth century that included the work of Elizabeth Hamilton , Mary Brunton and Christian Johnstone . The outstanding literary figure of the early nineteenth century was Walter Scott , whose Waverley is often called the first historical novel . He had a major worldwide influence . His success led to a publishing boom in Scotland . Major figures that benefited included James Hogg , John Galt , John Gibson Lockhart , John Wilson and Susan Ferrier . In the mid-nineteenth century major literary figures that contributed to the development of the novel included David Macbeth Moir , John Stuart Blackie , William Edmondstoune Aytoun and Margaret Oliphant . In the late nineteenth century , a number of Scottish-born authors achieved international reputations , including Robert Louis Stevenson and Arthur Conan Doyle , whose Sherlock Holmes stories helped found the tradition of detective fiction . In the last two decades of the century the `` kailyard school '' ( cabbage patch ) depicted Scotland in a rural and nostalgic fashion , often seen as a `` failure of nerve '' in dealing with the rapid changes that had swept across Scotland in the industrial revolution . Figures associated with the movement include Ian Maclaren , S. R. Crockett and J. M. Barrie , best known for his creation of Peter Pan , which helped develop the genre of fantasy , as did the work of George MacDonald .   Among the most important novels of the early twentieth century was The House with the Green Shutters by George Douglas Brown , which broke with the Kailyard tradition . John Buchan played a major role in the creation of the modern thriller with The Thirty-Nine Steps and Greenmantle . The Scottish literary Renaissance attempted to introduce modernism into art and create of a distinctive national literature . It increasingly focused on the novel . Major figures included Neil Gunn , George Blake , A. J. Cronin , Eric Linklater and Lewis Grassic Gibbon . There were also a large number of female authors associated with the movement , who included Catherine Carswell , Willa Muir , Nan Shepherd and Naomi Mitchison . Many major Scottish post-war novelists , such as Robin Jenkins , Jessie Kesson , Muriel Spark , Alexander Trocchi and James Kennaway spent most of their lives outside Scotland , but often dealt with Scottish themes . Successful mass-market works included the action novels of Alistair MacLean and the historical fiction of Dorothy Dunnett . A younger generation of novelists that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s included Allan Massie , Shena Mackay and Alan Spence . Working class identity continued to be explored by Archie Hind , Alan Sharp , George Friel and William McIlvanney .   From the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major revival , with figures including Alasdair Gray , James Kelman , Irvine Welsh , Alan Warner , Janice Galloway , A. L. Kennedy , Iain Banks , Candia McWilliam , Frank Kuppner and Andrew O'Hagan . In genre fiction Iain Banks , writing as Iain M. Banks , produced ground-breaking science fiction and Scottish crime fiction has been a major area of growth with the success of novelists including Frederic Lindsay , Quintin Jardine , Val McDermid , Denise Mina , Christopher Brookmyre , and particularly Ian Rankin and his Inspector Rebus novels . The most successful author of Scottish origins in recent years has been J. K. Rowling , author of the Harry Potter series .

neg: Waverley Novels The Waverley Novels is a long series of novels by Sir Walter Scott ( 1771 -- 1832 ) . For nearly a century , they were among the most popular and widely read novels in all of Europe .   Because Scott did not publicly acknowledge authorship until 1827 , the series takes its name from Waverley , the first novel of the series released in 1814 . The later books bore the words `` by the author of Waverley '' on their title pages .   The Tales of my Landlord sub-series was not advertised as `` by the author of Waverley '' and thus is not always included as part of the Waverley Novels series .

neg: Niamh O'Connor Niamh O'Connor is a best selling crime novelist , true crime writer and journalist for over 20 years .

neg: E. M. Forster Edward Morgan Forster ( 1 January 18797 June 1970 ) , known as E. M. Forster , was an English novelist , short story writer , essayist and librettist . Many of his novels examined class difference and hypocrisy in early 20th-century British society , notably A Room with a View ( 1908 ) , Howards End ( 1910 ) , and A Passage to India ( 1924 ) , which brought him his greatest success . He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 16 different years .

neg: Time's List of the 100 Best Novels Time 's List of the 100 Best Novels '' ' is an unranked list of the 100 best novels -- and ten best graphic novels -- published in the English language between 1923 and 2005 . The list was compiled by Time Magazine critics Lev Grossman and Richard Lacayo .   The list only includes works between 1923 ( when Time was first published ) and 2005 ( when the list was compiled ) . As a result , notable books such as Ulysses by James Joyce -- published before 1923 -- were ineligible for inclusion.Watchmen '' ( 1986 ) by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons appears on both the 100 Best Novels and 10 Best Graphic Novels lists , giving the combined lists 109 entries .

neg: Ian Rankin Ian James Rankin , OBE , DL , FRSE , FRSL ( born 28 April 1960 ) is a Scottish crime writer , best known for his Inspector Rebus novels .

neg: Len Deighton Leonard Cyril Deighton ( -LSB- ˈdiːtən -RSB- born 18 February 1929 ) , known as Len Deighton , is a British author . Deighton is considered one of the top three spy novelists of his time ( along with Ian Fleming and John le Carré ) . In addition he is a highly acclaimed military historian , cookery writer , and graphic artist . The IPCRESS File ( 1962 ) , his first novel , was an instant bestseller and broke the mould of thriller writing . The Sunday Times dubbed him `` the poet of the spy story '' . Deighton 's first protagonist -- a nameless spy christened Harry Palmer in the films -- was made famous worldwide in the iconic 1960s films starring Michael Caine .

neg: Angela Thirkell Angela Margaret Thirkell ( -LSB- ˈθɜːkəl -RSB- née Mackail , 30 January 1890 -- 29 January 1961 ) , was an English and Australian novelist . She also published one novel , Trooper to Southern Cross , under the pseudonym Leslie Parker .

neg: Erewhon Revisited Erewhon Revisited Twenty Years Later , Both by the Original Discoverer of the Country and by His Son ( 1901 ) is a satirical novel by Samuel Butler , forming a belated sequel to his Erewhon ( 1872 ) . The Cambridge History of English and American Literature judges that it `` has less of the free imaginative play of its predecessor ... but , in sharp brilliance of wit and criticism , in intellectual unity and coherence , it surpasses Erewhon '' .   Erewhon , set in a thinly disguised New Zealand , ended with the escape of its unnamed protagonist from the native Erewhonians by balloon . In the sequel , narrated by his son John , we are told that our hero 's name is Higgs . Higgs returns to Erewhon and meets his former lover Yram , who is now the mother of his son George . He discovers that he is now worshipped as `` the Sunchild '' , his escape having been interpreted as an ascension into heaven , and that a church of Sunchildism has sprung up . He finds himself in danger from the villainous Professors Hanky and Panky , who are determined to protect Sunchildism from him . With George 's help Higgs escapes from their clutches and returns to England .   The Swiftian device of setting his satire in a fictional culture enabled Butler , as the critic Elinor Shaffer has written , `` to analyse the phenomena of religion from their point of genesis , while disclaiming all responsibility for their uncanny parallels to certain known religions . '' It did not however make the road to publication any easier . When Butler submitted the manuscript to the respectable and long-established house of Longman , who had in recent years become his regular publishers , they rejected it for fear of offending their High Church clientele , even when Butler offered to pay the costs himself . On March 24 , 1901 he wrote to George Bernard Shaw , conceding that the book was `` far more wicked than Erewhon '' , and asking for his advice . Shaw replied recommending his own publisher , Grant Richards , and lost no time introducing Butler to him . The book duly came out under the Grant Richards imprint .

neg: Lindsay Ashford Lindsay Ashford is a British crime novelist and journalist . Her style of writing has been compared to that of Vivien Armstrong , Linda Fairstein and Frances Fyfield . Many of her books follow the character of Megan Rhys , an investigative psychologist .   Raised in Wolverhampton , Ashford became the first woman to graduate from Queens ' College , Cambridge in its 550-year history . She gained a degree in criminology . Ashford was then employed as a reporter for the BBC before becoming a freelance journalist , writing for a number of national magazines and newspapers . In 1996 , she took a crime writing course run by the Arvon Foundation . Her first book , Frozen , was published by Honno in 2003 .   Strange Blood was shortlisted for the 2006 Theakston 's Old Peculier Crime Novel of the Year Award . She wrote The Rubber Woman for the Quick Reads series in 2007 .   Her historical mystery , The Mysterious Death of Miss Austen , was adapted for radio by Andrew Davies and Eileen Horne . It was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 's Woman 's Hour in February 2014 .   Her novel , With Love and Crocodiles , was published independently on 4 November 2013 , and was then revised and re-published in April 2015 , under the title , `` The Color of Secrets . ''   Her latest book , published in 2016 , `` The Woman on the Orient Express , '' is a novel with a fictional version Agatha Christie as its heroine .   Ashford currently lives on the Welsh coast near Aberystwyth .


query: Brittany Murphy was an actress.

pos: Brittany Murphy Brittany Murphy-Monjack ( born Brittany Anne Bertolotti ; November 10 , 1977 -- December 20 , 2009 ) , known professionally as Brittany Murphy , was an American film and stage actress , singer , and voice artist . A native of Atlanta , Murphy moved to Los Angeles as a teenager and pursued a career in acting . Her breakthrough role was as Tai Frasier in Clueless ( 1995 ) , followed by supporting roles in independent films such as Freeway ( 1996 ) and Bongwater ( 1998 ) . She made her stage debut in a Broadway production of Arthur Miller 's A View from the Bridge in 1997 , before appearing as Daisy Randone in Girl , Interrupted ( 1999 ) and as Lisa Swenson in Drop Dead Gorgeous ( 1999 ) .   The 2000s saw Murphy with roles in Do n't Say a Word ( 2001 ) alongside Michael Douglas , and alongside Eminem in 8 Mile ( 2002 ) , for which she gained critical recognition . Her later roles included Riding in Cars with Boys ( 2001 ) , Spun ( 2002 ) , Uptown Girls ( 2003 ) , Sin City ( 2005 ) , and Happy Feet ( 2006 ) . Murphy also voiced Luanne Platter on the animated television series King of the Hill ( 1997 -- 2009 ) . Her final film , Something Wicked , was released in April 2014 .   In December 2009 , Murphy died of pneumonia at the age of 32 . When her widower Simon Monjack died from the same illness six months later , the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services considered toxic mold in their home as a possible cause for their deaths , but this was dismissed by the Coroner 's Office . In 2011 , Murphy 's mother Sharon filed a lawsuit against the attorneys who represented her in an earlier suit against the builders of the home where her daughter and son-in-law died .

neg: Davida Williams Davida Brittany Williams ( born September 5 , 1986 ) is an American actress and producer of African-American and Italian decent . Her father , David Williams , was Michael Jackson 's rhythm guitarist for over 30 years . She is best known for her role as Claire Miller in `` Lizzie McGuire '' .

neg: Brittany (disambiguation) Brittany is a historical province of France . It may also refer to the following affiliation :  Duchy of Brittany , an historical administrative unit  Brittany ( administrative region ) , the present-day administrative region of Brittany , in France , which is smaller than the historical province of Brittany   Brittany may also refer to :  Brittany ( dog ) , a breed of dog  Brittany , Louisiana , a community in the United States  French Brittany ( dog ) , a breed of dog  Brittany ( name ) , a feminine name ( variants include Britnee , Britney , Brittney ) .  , one of a number of ships  Brittany Apartment Building , Cincinnati , Ohio  `` Britney/Brittany '' , an episode of Glee

neg: Glee Live! In Concert! Glee Live ! In Concert ! is a concert tour performed in character by members of the cast of the popular television series , Glee . The tour , created by series creator Ryan Murphy was designed due to the overwhelming response to the series . The show reached North America , the United Kingdom and Ireland . Murphy states the series ' soundtrack and concerts were an additional revenue stream for the series . The tour received great responses from both music critics and fans of the series . The first North American leg of the tour in 2010 was seen by over 70,000 spectators , generating over five million dollars in ticket sales and ranking ninth on the Billboard Hot Tours list . The 2011 tour was seen by an audience of over 485,000 and placed sixteenth on Billboard annual Top 25 Tours list , earning over $ 40 million from 40 shows .

neg: John Murphy (composer) John Murphy ( born 4 March 1965 ) is a British film composer . He is a self-taught multi-instrumental musician who began his career in the 1980s , working notably with The Lotus Eaters , Thomas Lang , Gary Wall and Claudia Brücken . Since the beginning of his career , he has collaborated numerous times with several directors , mainly Vadim Jean and Danny Boyle . He has received praise through the years and some of his awards include the Silver Award ( 1st Prize ) at the Cannes Film Festival , a British D&AD Award , and a BMI Award .   Murphy gained recognition in the film industry while working with Guy Ritchie on his film Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels , Michael Mann 's Miami Vice , Matthew Vaughn 's Kick-Ass and scoring various films by Danny Boyle . His instrumental tracks `` In the House -- In a Heartbeat '' from 28 Days Later and `` Adagio in D Minor '' from Sunshine have been featured in a variety of TV shows , commercials and film trailers .

neg: Geoff Murphy Geoffrey Peter Murphy ( born 13 October 1938 ) is a New Zealand filmmaker , as a producer , director and screenwriter best known for his work during the renaissance of New Zealand cinema that began in the last half of the 1970s . His second feature Goodbye Pork Pie ( 1981 ) was the first New Zealand movie to win major commercial success on its own soil .   Murphy directed a string of Hollywood features during the 1990s , before returning to New Zealand as second-unit director on The Lord of the Rings film trilogy . The versatile Murphy has also been a scriptwriter , special effects technician , schoolteacher and trumpet player .

neg: Kerry Film Festival The Kerry Film Festival is an annual music film festival in County Kerry , Republic of Ireland , taking place in October .   The Kerry Film Festival is funded by Kerry County Council , Fáilte Ireland , the Ireland Funds as well as having corporate sponsorship .   Kerry Film Festival was established in 2000 but remained a small regional festival throughout its first years , with a mere 1,700 attendees at the 2006 festival . Then , in 2007 , the festival exploded becoming the fastest growing festival in all of Ireland , with audiences increasing by nearly 600 % from 2006 to 2011 when its audience topped 10,000 for the first time .   The main feature of the festival is a short film competition which focuses on young filmmakers . Past adjudicators of the Kerry Film Festival Short Film Competition have included Jeremy Irons , Liam Neeson , Michael Fassbender and Gabriel Byrne . The festival also screens feature films .   In 2008 Kerry Film Festival instigated the Maureen O'Hara Award for women that have excelled in film and Brenda Fricker was the inaugural recipient . The award was presented to her by Jim Sheridan , who directed her in the Oscar-winning My Left Foot ( 1989 ) . In 2009 the award was presented to Rebecca Miller who was in Kerry to pick up the award with her husband , Daniel Day-Lewis at a ceremony with Dave Fanning as MC .   In 2010 Maureen O'Hara attended the festival and presented the award in person to Juliette Binoche Fionnula Flanagan picked up the award in 2011 while Saoirse Ronan won the award in 2012 .   KFF has previously featured successful short films such as the Oscar short-listed animation Head over Heels in 2012 , the 2014 Oscar winner Mr. Hublot and in 2015 the highly acclaimed Academy Award winner S t u t t e r e r by Ben Cleary .

neg: Brittany Shane Brittany Shane is an American singer-songwriter and musician based in Austin , Texas . The Wisconsin-born and raised songstress blends rock and pop with poetry . She got her start performing at The Fillmore in San Francisco , California in 2000 , playing acoustic in the Poster Room before acts such as The Wallflowers , Aimee Mann , Chris Isaak and Liz Phair graced the mainstage . After the release of her album , Have Heart Live Young ( 2010 ) , she opened for Heart , Foreigner and Peter Frampton as well as headlining her own local shows around the Bay Area .   Her first San Francisco released CD , Decked Out ( 2005 ) , was selected by Aidin Vaziri , of the San Francisco Chronicle , as one of his top local CDs of 2005 .   Her first two recordings , Out of the Everywhere ( 1999 ) and Moravian Star ( 2000 ) were released under her maiden name Brittany Safranek ( Shane is her middle name ) while attending the University of Wisconsin -- Madison .   Shane released her new CD Have Heart Live Young on her own ` Painted Lady Records ' in September 2010 .   Shane has worked with top-notch music makers , including Grammy-nominated mix engineer , Joe Chiccarelli and producer Zack Smith ( who founded the 1980s band Scandal ) . Her music suggests Brit cult group The Sundays , The Bangles , Beth Orton or Mazzy Star .   Several of the songs on Decked Out and Have Heart Live Young provide much of the score to the multi-award winning indie film , The Village Barbershop , starring John Ratzenberger ( Cliff Clavin from Cheers ) and Shelly Cole . The film , called `` warm , humorous and ingratiating '' by Variety , was released nationally in cinemas in March 2009 by -LSB- Monterey Media -RSB- .   Shane 's songs TV placements include : A national Hyundai commercial ( 2008 ) , Bad Girls Club ( Oxygen Channel ) ( 2008 ) , Living Lohan ( Oxygen Channel ) ( 2008 ) and Parking Wars ( A&E ) ( 2009 ) , Daytripper ( PBS ) ( 2013 ) , After Happily Ever After ( PBS ) ( 2013 ) , Rizzoli & Isles ( TNT ) ( 2014 ) .   She was a KFOG Radio Spotlight Artist in the fall of 2008 and the San Francisco Chronicle '' 's Fresh Artist in May 2008 .   Shane promoted her album Have Heart Live Young on her first US Tour from November 2009-August 2010 with 80 dates across the U.S. Aidin Vaziri featured her tour as a main music article in the Pink Pages of the San Francisco Chronicle .   She released her fifth album , Loud Nights On A Short String '' ( 2012 ) which was produced by Austin music greats Scrappy Jud Newcomb and George Reiff , who also played guitar and bass on the CD , along with Dony Wynn playing drums and Johnny Goudie on keyboards . Her new album is currently in rotation on radio KOOP .

neg: Kevin Carroll (actor) Kevin Carroll is an American actor , best known for his role as John Murphy in the HBO television series The Leftovers .

neg: Britney/Brittany `` Britney/Brittany '' is the second episode of the second season of the American television series Glee , and the twenty-fourth episode overall . Written and directed by series creator Ryan Murphy , it premiered on the Fox network on September 28 , 2010 , and pays tribute to Britney Spears . Glee club member Brittany S. Pierce ( Heather Morris ) experiences an anesthesia-induced hallucination in which she recreates iconic Spears moments , and comes to self-realization , and several club members follow suit . Co-captains Rachel ( Lea Michele ) and Finn ( Cory Monteith ) experience difficulties in their relationship , and club director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) becomes jealous of guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury 's ( Jayma Mays ) new boyfriend , Dr. Carl Howell ( John Stamos ) .   Following the first season episode `` The Power of Madonna '' , which served as an homage to Madonna , Murphy planned two tribute episodes for Glee second season , of which `` Britney/Brittany '' is the first . He was approached by Spears about using her songs , and deemed her one of the most important female musicians of the decade , having inspired many of the show 's young cast to pursue musical careers . Spears makes several cameos in the episode , appearing in the students ' dream sequences . `` Britney/Brittany '' was also intended as a showcase for Morris , whose character was originally a background character on the show , but was promoted to a series regular after her character proved to be a fan favorite .   The episode features seven musical performances , six of which were released as singles . It was watched by 13.51 million American viewers , Glee third largest audience ever , and attracted mixed reviews from critics . ToddVanDerWerff of The A.V. Club criticized its slightness of plot and incongruous musical numbers ; however , James Poniewozik of Time praised the episode for embracing its fantasy nature . Entertainment Weekly Tim Stack was dismayed by the close recreations of Spears videos , preferring Glee more original interpretations of its cover versions , yet MTV 's Aly Semigran felt that the performance of `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' was one of the best sequences in the show 's history . Michele 's rendition of '' ... Baby One More Time '' attracted negative reviews , though her performance of Paramore 's `` The Only Exception '' was generally well received . Spears ' cameo received mixed reviews , with even those critics who received it favorably expressing relief that she did not appear for longer . Morris ' performance attracted critical praise , particularly for her dancing skills .

neg: Abandoned (2010 film) Abandoned is a thriller film directed by Michael Feifer and starring Brittany Murphy , Dean Cain , Mimi Rogers and Jay Pickett .

neg: List of awards and nominations received by Murphy Brown Murphy Brown is an American television sitcom created by Diane English and produced by Shukovsky English Entertainment and Warner Bros. . Television . The series revolves around the titualar character ( Candice Bergen ) , a famous investigative journalist and news anchor for FYI , a fictional CBS television news series . Murphy Brown aired on CBS from November 14 , 1988 to May 18 , 1998 , broadcasting 247 episodes over ten seasons during its initial run .   During the series ' run , Murphy Brown received nominations for a variety of industry awards , including 62 Emmy awards ( with 18 wins ) , 15 Golden Globe awards ( with three wins ) , three Screen Actors Guild awards , 4 TCA awards ( with two wins ) , 5 Directors Guild of America awards ( with two wins ) and 4 Writers Guild of America awards ( with two wins ) .   Candice Bergen , for her portrayal of Murphy Brown , received the most individual awards and nominations , winning 5 Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe award . Several other actors and crew members in the series received many awards and nominations , including Faith Ford , Grant Shaud , Jay Thomas , Barnet Kellman and Tucker Wiard .

neg: Brittany Spears Brittany or Britney Spears may refer to :   Britney Spears ( born 1981 ) , an American singer and actress  Brittany Spears ( basketball ) ( born 1988 ) , American basketball player  Brittany Spears : Unbreakable by The Pleasers

neg: 9th Primetime Emmy Awards The 9th Emmy Awards , later referred to as the 9th Primetime Emmy Awards , were held on March 16 , 1957 to honor the best in television of the year . The ceremony was held at the NBC Studios in Burbank , California . Desi Arnaz hosted the event . All nominations are listed , with winners in bold and series ' networks are in parentheses . Categories were sorted based on running time , instead of by genre .   The top shows of the night were Caesar 's Hour and Playhouse 90 . Each show won a then-record five major awards , ( however , two of Playhouse 90 's wins came in now defunct categories ) .   Caesar 's Hour became the first show to be nominated in all four major acting categories . Caesar 's Hour also made history when it swept the four acting categories . After over fifty years , it remains the only comedy or drama series to win every major acting award . In 2004 , the miniseries Angels in America became the second show , and first miniseries/television movie , to sweep the acting field .

neg: Blairstown Theater Festival The Blairstown Theater Festival operated from December 2006 through November 2007 at historic Roy 's Hall ( also known as Roy 's Theatre ) , a former silent movie theater built in 1913 at 30 Main Street in Blairstown , New Jersey .   On July 13 , 2007 , the company attracted considerable media attention when they presented three screenings of the classic horror film , Friday the 13th , which was shot in and around Blairstown in the fall of 1979 . Roy 's Hall appears in the film shortly after the opening credits .   The company 's January 2007 production of Letters from the Inside was selected by The Star-Ledger as one of the top five new plays of the 2006 -- 2007 New Jersey theater season and actress Kelli Ambrose , who played Mandy in Letters from the Inside , was selected as one of the top five Best Leading Actresses in a Play .   Among the other concerts and productions presented by the Blairstown Theater Festival were Nancy Anderson singing early Broadway songs backed by the Baroque Orchestra of North Jersey ( Baroque to Broadway ) , the Still River Band in Concert , Malachy McCourt and Jarlath Conroy in A Couple of Blaguards , Betsy Palmer and Will Hutchins in A.R. Gurney 's Love Letters , the New Jersey premiere of I Am Anne Frank , and concerts by cabaret performers KT Sullivan ( Vienna to Weimar ) , John O'Neil ( ` So Kaye ) , the Western Wind Vocal Ensemble ( Holiday Light ) , Cris Groenendaal ( Music of the Night ) , Jana Robbins ( One Hell of a Ride ! The Songs of Cy Coleman ) and jazz pianist Bill Mays and his Inventions Trio .   The company also presented several film festivals with such classic titles as Gone with the Wind , Casablanca , Seven Samurai , Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein , A Night at the Opera , The Court Jester , -LSB- -LSB- Beauty and the Beast ( 1946 film ) | La Belle et la Bête -RSB- -RSB- , Black Orpheus , Mon Oncle , The Wages of Fear and La Strada .   The Blairstown Theater Festival was not able to continue past its first season for several reasons . Most significantly , Blairstown Township suddenly increased the real estate taxes on the building by more than 680 % ( from $ 1,031.55 to $ 7,032.30 ) and the landlord decided to sell the theatre .   A CD featuring highlights from the Blairstown Theater Festival 's season was released in February 2008 .

neg: Murphy Cove, Nova Scotia Murphy Cove is a community of the Halifax Regional Municipality in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia .

neg: Marion Marshall (actress) Marion Marshall ( born Marion Tanner ; June 8 , 1929 ) is an American actress .

neg: The List (2012 film) The List is a 2012 documentary film produced and directed by Beth Murphy . The List premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 21 , 2012 .

neg: So Happy So Happy is the second musical studio album by comedian/singer , Eddie Murphy . The album was released on March 29 , 1989 , on Columbia Records and was produced by Murphy , Nile Rodgers and Larry Blackmon . It was not a critical or commercial success , but still managed to reach # 70 on the Billboard 200 and # 22 on the Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums . Two singles were released : `` Put Your Mouth on Me '' , which made it to # 2 on the Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks , and `` Till the Money 's Gone '' , which only made it to # 75 on the Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Singles and Tracks .

neg: Debby Ryan Deborah Ann Ryan ( born May 13 , 1993 ) is an American actress and singer . Ryan started acting in professional theatres at the age of seven ; in 2007 she appeared in the Barney & Friends straight-to-DVD film Barney : Let 's Go to the Firehouse and then was discovered in a nationwide search by Disney . She is also known for appearing in the 2008 feature film The Longshots as Edith . In 2009 , she guest starred in an episode of Wizards of Waverly Place in `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' as Bailey Pickett along with her other cast mates from The Suite Life on Deck . Then , in 2010 , she starred in the film 16 Wishes , which was the most watched cable program on the day of its premiere on the Disney Channel . 16 Wishes introduced Ryan to new audiences ; the movie received high viewership in the adults demographic ( 18 -- 34 ) . Soon after that , Ryan starred in the independent theatrical film , What If ... , which premiered on August 20 , 2010 .   Ryan also starred in the 2012 Disney Channel Original Movie Radio Rebel , where she portrays Tara Adams , a shy 17-year-old girl who adopts the radio personality Radio Rebel . Ryan directed an episode of her TV show , Jessie , that aired on May 15 , 2015 . In 2013 , she formed the band The Never Ending . Beginning in July 2015 , Ryan will perform with The Never Ending as an opening act on Fifth Harmony 's Reflection Tour .

neg: Liz Sheridan Elizabeth Ann Sheridan ( born April 10 , 1929 ) is an American actress .


query: Jesus is also referred to as Jesus Christ.

pos: Jesus Jesus ( -LSB- ˈdʒiːzəs -RSB- ; c. 4 BC -- c. AD 30/33 ) , also referred to as Jesus of Nazareth or Jesus Christ , was a Jewish preacher and religious leader who became the central figure of Christianity . Christians believe him to be the Son of God and the awaited Messiah ( Christ ) prophesied in the Old Testament .   Virtually all modern scholars of antiquity agree that Jesus existed historically , although the quest for the historical Jesus has produced little agreement on the historical reliability of the Gospels and on how closely the biblical Jesus reflects the historical Jesus . Jesus was a Galilean Jew who was baptized by John the Baptist and subsequently began his own ministry , preaching his message orally and often being referred to as `` rabbi '' . He was arrested and tried by the Jewish authorities , and was crucified by the order of Pontius Pilate , the Roman prefect . Jesus debated fellow Jews on how to best follow God , performed healings , taught in parables and gathered followers . After his death , his followers believed he rose from the dead , and the community they formed eventually became the Christian Church .   His birth is celebrated annually on December 25 ( or various dates in January for some eastern churches ) as a holiday known as Christmas , his crucifixion is honored on Good Friday , and his resurrection is celebrated on Easter . The widely used calendar era `` AD '' , from the Latin anno Domini ( `` in the year of the Lord '' ) , and the alternative `` CE '' , are based on the approximate birth date of Jesus .   Christian doctrines include the beliefs that Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit , was born of a virgin named Mary , performed miracles , founded the Church , died by crucifixion as a sacrifice to achieve atonement , rose from the dead , and ascended into Heaven , whence he will return . Most Christians believe Jesus enables humans to be reconciled to God . The Nicene Creed asserts that Jesus will judge the living and the dead either before or after their bodily resurrection , an event tied to the Second Coming of Jesus in Christian eschatology . The great majority of Christians worship Jesus as the incarnation of God the Son , the second of three persons of a Divine Trinity . A minority of Christian denominations reject Trinitarianism , wholly or partly , as non-scriptural .   In Islam , Jesus ( commonly transliterated as ) is considered one of God 's important prophets and the Messiah . Muslims believe Jesus was a bringer of scripture and was born of a virgin but was not the Son of God . The Quran states that Jesus himself never claimed divinity . To most Muslims , Jesus was not crucified but was physically raised into Heaven by God .   Judaism rejects the belief that Jesus was the awaited Messiah , arguing that he did not fulfill Messianic prophecies and asserting that his resurrection is a Christian legend .

neg: Matthew 2:4 Matthew 2:4 is the fourth verse of the second chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament . The magi have informed King Herod that they had seen portents showing the birth of the King of the Jews . In this verse he calls together leading figures of Jerusalem to find out where Jesus was to be born .   In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads :  And when he had gathered all the chief priests and scribes of the  people together , he demanded of them where Christ should be born .   The World English Bible translates the passage as :  Gathering together all the chief priests and scribes of  the people , he asked them where the Christ would be born .   Most scholars take the reference to `` all the chief priests and scribes '' as referring to the Sanhedrin , the council of leading religious figures that played an important role in governing . Some have argued that the phrase `` all the chief priests '' is incorrect as there was only one chief priest at the time . Brown notes that this phrase occurs in other contemporary documents and refers to the leading priests and also the former chief priests .   A more important difficulty with this passage is its historical implausibility . Records from that period show that Herod and the Sanhedrin were sharply divided and their relations acrimonious . Schweizer states that Herod calling and consulting with the council is `` historically almost inconceivable . '' Schweizer believes that the introduction of the Jewish leaders is simply a device so that there will be someone to quote the Old Testament passage that appears in Matthew 2:6 . As with the wording of the previous verse many scholars also see this linking of the Jewish leaders and Herod as an example of Christian anti-Semitism . Gundry agrees that the verse is politically motivated and a deliberate foreshadowing of the persecution of Jesus and his church by the leaders of Jerusalem . He notes that at the time the priest were largely Sadducees while the scribes were mostly Pharisees . Thus the specific mentioning of the two groups might be a deliberate attempt to tar both leading Jewish factions .   Also notable about this verse is that King Herod , who has only heard that the King of the Jews had been born , asks about the Christ , or the messiah .   That the magi , who first noted the star , do not know and are not even asked about where the messiah might be born is a sign that they are ignorant of Jewish scripture . This is evidence to Brown that they are Gentiles , which is also supported by verse 12 's suggestion that they were foreigners : `` And being warned of God in a dream that they should not return to Herod , they departed into their own country another way . '' John Chrysostom believed that they were from Persia .

neg: Matthew 4:7 Matthew 4:7 is the seventh verse of the fourth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament . Satan has transported Jesus to the pinnacle of the Temple of Jerusalem and told Jesus that he should throw himself down as God in Psalm 91 promised that no harm would befall him . In this verse Jesus quotes scripture to rebuff the devil .   In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads :  Jesus said unto him , It is written again ,  Thou shalt not tempt the Lord thy God .   The World English Bible translates the passage as :  Jesus said to him , `` Again , it is written ,  ` You shall not test the Lord , your God . ' ''   For a collection of other versions see BibRef Matthew 4:7   As in his response to the first temptation in Matthew 4:4 Jesus again responds by quoting scripture . This quotation comes from Deuteronomy 6:16 a verse that comes two chapters before that quoted in 4:4 . As with the earlier quotation it uses the exact translation found in the Septuagint . In this section of Deuteronomy Moses is instructing the Israelites on proper behaviour . In full Deut 6:16 reads `` Do not test the Lord your God as you did at Massah . '' This is a reference to the events of Exodus 17:5 where the Israelites wandering in the desert doubted God was with them . This passage is thus seen as the clearest evidence for the theory that the temptation narrative shows how Jesus avoided making the same errors as the Israelites . The quoting of Moses ' dictate is also seen as a rejection of Antinomianism . Satan had originally quoted from Psalms , but Fortna notes that Jesus replies with a more fundamental verse by quotting from the Torah .   In the Gospel of Luke this temptation is the final one , and that is the ordering most commonly used by Christians . By tradition after Jesus rebuffs Satan it is Satan who plummets from the top of the temple , something frequently depicted in art and recounted in some detail in Paradise Regained .

neg: Apostolic Age The Apostolic Age of the history of Christianity is traditionally regarded as the period of the Twelve Apostles , dating from the Great Commission of the Apostles by the risen Jesus in Jerusalem around 33 AD until the death of the last Apostle , believed to be John the Apostle in Anatolia c. 100 . Traditionally , the Apostles are believed to have dispersed from Jerusalem , founding the Apostolic Sees . It holds special significance in Christian tradition as the age of the direct apostles of Jesus Christ . One major primary source for the `` Apostolic Age '' is the Acts of the Apostles , but its historical accuracy is questioned by some and its coverage is partial , focusing especially from onwards on the ministry of Paul ( an apostle to the Gentiles , but not one of the original twelve apostles - Rom . 1:1 ; 11:13 ) and his companions , and ending around 62 AD with Paul preaching in Rome under house arrest .   According to most scholars , the followers of Jesus were composed principally from apocalyptic Jewish sects during the late Second Temple period of the 1st century . Some Early Christian groups were strictly Jewish , such as the Ebionites and the early-church leaders in Jerusalem , collectively called Jewish Christians . During this period , they were led by James the Just . According to , they described themselves as ` disciples of the Lord ' and -LSB- followers -RSB- ` of the Way ' , and according to a settled community of disciples at Antioch were the first to be called ` Christians ' .   Saul of Tarsus , commonly known as Paul the Apostle , persecuted the early Jewish Christians , such as Saint Stephen , then converted and adopted the title of `` Apostle to the Gentiles '' and started proselytizing among the Gentiles . He persuaded the leaders of the Jerusalem Church to allow Gentile converts exemption from most Jewish commandments at the Council of Jerusalem .   According to the Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church , Paul 's influence on Christian thinking is more significant than any other New Testament author , however the relationship of Paul the Apostle and Judaism is still disputed today ( see the link for details ) . After the Destruction of the Second Temple in AD 70 during the First Jewish-Roman War , or at the latest following the Bar Kokhba revolt of 132 , Jerusalem ceased to be the center of the Christian church , its bishops became `` suffragans '' ( subordinates ) of the Metropolitan bishop of Caesarea . In the 2nd century , Christianity established itself as a predominantly Gentile religion that spanned the Roman Empire and beyond .

neg: Imitation of Christ In Christian theology , the Imitation of Christ is the practice of following the example of Jesus . In Eastern Christianity the term Life in Christ is sometimes used for the same concept .   The ideal of the Imitation of Christ has been an important element of both Christian ethics and spirituality . References to this concept and its practice are found in the earliest Christian documents , e.g. the Pauline Epistles .   Saint Augustine viewed the imitation of Christ as the fundamental purpose of Christian life , and as a remedy for the imitation of the sins of Adam . Saint Francis of Assisi believed in the physical as well as the spiritual imitation of Christ , and advocated a path of poverty and preaching like Jesus who was poor at birth in the manger and died naked on the cross . Thomas à Kempis , on the other hand , presented a path to The Imitation of Christ based on a focus on the interior life and withdrawal from the world .   The theme of imitation of Christ existed in all phases of Byzantine theology , and in the 14th century book Life in Christ Nicholas Cabasilas viewed `` living one 's own personal life '' in Christ as the fundamental Christian virtue .

neg: General judgment General judgment is the Christian theological concept of a judgment of the dead by nation and as a whole . It is related closely to Judgment Day and often is just another phrase for the Last Judgment or Final Judgement , but is not necessarily part of any eschatology . It is generally contrasted with a particular judgment right after death .   The position is hinted at in several places in the Old Testament and in the New , and the Catholic Encyclopedia says ( here referring to the Last Judgment ) `` Few truths are more often or more clearly proclaimed in Scripture than that of the general judgment '' . When the individual dies , general judgment holds that the person 's final dispensation will await the general judgment of the dead at the end of the world , rather than be judged immediately . Additionally , `` general judgment '' may refer not only to the judging of each person , but also to the judgment of nations and peoples .   The concept of Last Judgment is similar but unique . Various Last Judgment scenarios represent different forms of a general judgment , such as a global last judgment or a national last judgment . It is more concerned with the depictions and descriptions of particular versions .   Jesus provided examples and illustrations of judgments against cities and generations . Jesus warned his contemporaries that the men of Nineveh , who repented at the preaching of Jonah , and the Queen of the South would testify against them in the judgment . In the context of dispatching emissaries , Jesus asked them to shake off the dust of cities that would not receive them . In the same speech , Jesus declared woes upon the cities of Chorazin and Bethsaida declaring that the cities of Sodom , Tyre , and Sidon would have a more tolerable outcome in the judgement .

neg: Afterfeast An Afterfeast is a period of celebration attached to one of the Great Feasts celebrated by the Orthodox Christian and Eastern Catholic Churches ( somewhat analogous to what in the West would be called an Octave ) .   The celebration of the Great Feasts of the church year are extended for a number of days , depending upon the particular Feast . Each day of an Afterfeast will have particular hymns assigned to it , continuing the theme of the Feast being celebrated . At each of the divine services during an Afterfeast , the ( Gk . ) troparion and ( Gk . ) kontakion of the feast are read or chanted . The ( Gk . ) canon of the feast will usually be chanted on every day of the Afterfeast ( if two canons were chanted on the day of the feast , they will be alternated on the days of the afterfeast ) . Some of the Great Feasts of the Lord will have a special canon composed of only three odes , called a ( Gk . ) Triode , which will be chanted at Compline on each day of the Afterfeast .   Most of these Great Feasts also have a day or more of preparation called a Forefeast ( those Feasts that are on the moveable Paschal Cycle do not have Forefeasts ) . Forefeasts and Afterfeasts will affect the structure of the services during the Canonical Hours .   The last day of an Afterfeast is called the Apodosis ( Gk . `` leave-taking '' , lit . `` giving-back '' ) of the Feast . On the Apodosis , most of the hymns that were chanted on the first day of the Feast are repeated . On the Apodosis of Feasts of the Theotokos , the Epistle and Gospel from the day of the Feast are repeated again at the Divine Liturgy .   The Forefeasts and Afterfeasts break down as follows :   Four of these Afterfeasts have a special commemoration on the day following the Feast , called a ( Gk . ) Synaxis . In this context , a Synaxis commemorates a saint who is intimately bound up with the Feast being celebrated . The four Synaxes are :  Synaxis of Ss . Joachim and Anna ( 9 September -- the day after the Nativity of the Theotokos )  Synaxis of the Theotokos ( 26 December -- the day after the Nativity of our Lord )  Synaxis of the Forerunner ( 7 January -- the day after the Theophany of our Lord )  Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel ( 26 March -- the day after the Annunciation ) If the Annunciation falls during Holy Week the Synaxis is omitted .   Other Great Feasts that have Afterfeasts ( although no Forefeasts ) are :  The Nativity of the Forerunner ( June 24 )  The Beheading of the Forerunner ( August 29 )  The Feast of the Holy Apostles , ( Gk . ) Peter and Paul ( June 29 ) .  Each of these three has only 1 day of Afterfeast , and no Apodosis . These are not counted among the Twelve Great Feasts ( i.e. , Great Feasts of the Lord or Theotokos ) .   Even though the Patronal Feast of a parish church or monastery is treated as a Great Feast , it has no Forefeast or Afterfeast .   The Feast of the Procession of the Cross ( August 1 ) , though it is not counted as a Great Feast , has one day of Forefeast , and no Afterfeast .

neg: Josephus on Jesus The extant manuscripts of the writings of the 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian Flavius Josephus include references to Jesus and the origins of Christianity . Josephus ' Antiquities of the Jews , written around 93 -- 94 AD , includes two references to the biblical Jesus Christ in Books 18 and 20 and a reference to John the Baptist in Book 18 .   Scholarly opinion varies on the total or partial authenticity of the reference in Book 18 , Chapter 3 , 3 of the Antiquities , a passage that states that Jesus the Messiah was a wise teacher who was crucified by Pilate , usually called the Testimonium Flavianum . The general scholarly view is that while the Testimonium Flavianum is most likely not authentic in its entirety , it is broadly agreed upon that it originally consisted of an authentic nucleus , which was then subject to Christian expansion/alteration . Although the exact nature and extent of the Christian redaction remains unclear , there is broad consensus as to what the original text of the Testimonium by Josephus would have looked like .   Modern scholarship has largely acknowledged the authenticity of the reference in Book 20 , Chapter 9 , 1 of the Antiquities to `` the brother of Jesus , who was called Christ , whose name was James '' and considers it as having the highest level of authenticity among the references of Josephus to Christianity .   Almost all modern scholars consider the reference in Book 18 , Chapter 5 , 2 of the Antiquities to the imprisonment and death of John the Baptist also to be authentic and not a Christian interpolation .   The references found in Antiquities have no parallel texts in the other work by Josephus such as the Jewish War , written 20 years earlier , but some scholars have provided explanations for their absence . A number of variations exist between the statements by Josephus regarding the deaths of James and John the Baptist and the New Testament accounts . Scholars generally view these variations as indications that the Josephus passages are not interpolations , for a Christian interpolator would have made them correspond to the New Testament accounts , not differ from them .

neg: Persecution of Christians in the New Testament The persecution of Christians in the New Testament is an important part of the Early Christian narrative which depicts the early Church as being persecuted for their heterodox beliefs by a Jewish establishment in what was then Roman occupied Iudaea province .   The New Testament , especially the Gospel of John ( c. 90 -- 100 AD ) , has traditionally been interpreted as relating Christian accounts of the Pharisee rejection of Jesus and accusations of the Pharisee responsibility for his crucifixion . The Acts of the Apostles depicts instances of early Christian persecution by the Sanhedrin , the Jewish religious court at the time . However , the historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles is disputed .   Walter Laqueur argues that hostility between Christians and Jews grew over the generations . By the 4th century , John Chrysostom was arguing that the Pharisees alone , not the Romans , were responsible for the murder of Christ . However , according to Laqueur : `` Absolving Pilate from guilt may have been connected with the missionary activities of early Christianity in Rome and the desire not to antagonize those they want to convert . ''

neg: Great Gospel of John The Great Gospel of John ( in the original German published as Das große Evangelium Johannis or Großes Evangelium Johannes ) is a neo-revelationist text by Jakob Lorber , extending to about 5,500 pages in print , published in ten volumes . It is the major work of Lorber 's `` New Revelation '' based on interior locution . It was written in Austria , in the town Graz , from August 1851 until July 1864 .   Leopold Engel in 1891 wrote an addendum in an `` 11th volume '' , purportedly also based on interior locution . Supporters of the authenticity of Lorber 's revelation are divided as to the authenticity of Engel 's .   The Great Gospel is a detailed first-person narrative of Jesus ' last three years of ministry on Earth . It is a day by day account of his miracles , healings , and conversations . It is built on the same structure of the original Gospel of John . Love and works of love are emphasised .   Whereas some of the chapters in the biblical book of John are not covered at all , other sections are added and in much detail . Pharisees are for example revealed to be extremely dangerous , continually plotting against Jesus even though he often forgave them ; at one point , a Pharisaical plot to steal from the Romans is revealed , and at their trial Jesus , whose reputation for keen wisdom is known to the Romans by this time , is consulted . The Roman centurion is willing to execute the Pharisees because of their attempt to bribe him , yet Jesus says to let them go , after dividing their plunder : one third to Rome , one-third to the centurion 's local needs , and one-third to the poor people of the nearby communities , some of whose children had been kidnapped by the Pharisees , to be sold as slaves .

neg: Synagogue Church Synagogue Church is a small Christian church in the heart of Nazareth known by this name because above its doorway is an embedded sign : `` the synagogue '' . The structure is currently controlled by the Melkite Greek Catholic Church . Its floor is sunken about 1.5 meters underground , possibly built atop a Crusader church dating from the 12th century . The church was under the control of the Franciscans until the 18th century , when the ruler Zahir al-Umar passed it to the Greek Catholics .  According to Christian tradition , the church is built on the ruins of the ancient Nazareth synagogue where Jesus studied and prayed . In addition , it is where one Sabbath day Jesus went to preach . In two Gospels ( Matthew 13:54 -58 , Mark 6:1 -6 ) , his fellow townspeople got angry with him . Because he was one of them , they did n't trust him to have the authority to preach in that way and to perform miracles . He was amazed at their lack of faith and concluded that a prophet is not honoured in his own home town . In Luke 4:14 -30 , the story differs a bit : There he reads from Isaiah 61:1,2 and the worshippers are pleased . But he tells them that prophets are called to do their work in foreign places rather than at home , because they are not accepted in their own home town . In doing this , he also implicitly declares himself as the Messiah . This sermon infuriates the listeners , who drag him to a cliff to throw him over , but he simply walks through the crowd and leaves .   Little is known of the years Jesus spent in Nazareth , leading scholars to describe this time as `` the hidden life '' or `` the silent years '' . It is thus all the more significant for Christian visitors to find a lone place where such silence is broken -- the Synagogue Church . In 570 , an Italian visitor described the synagogue , and reported that the original Bible was still there , including the bench where Jesus used to sit .

neg: Johannine Christianity Johannine Christianity refers to an ancient Christian community of uncertain existence , which placed great emphasis on the teachings of Jesus , particularly as revealed through the Gospel of John .   Starting as a community of early followers of Jesus who `` defined themselves rather starkly against the Jewish milieu in which they arose , these believers cultivated an intense devotion to Jesus as the definitive revelation of God 's salvific will . They understood themselves to be in intimate contact with him and with one another , under the guidance of the Spirit-Paraclete . They were conscious of their relationship to other believers with whom they hoped to be in eventual union . Their piety found distinctive expression in a reflective literary corpus that explored new ways of expressing faith in Jesus . '' ( Attridge 2006 )   `` Their common life included ritual actions known to other followers of Jesus , but they insisted on the unique spiritual value of those rites . Disputes eventually divided the community . By the middle of the second century some representatives of the Johannine tradition achieved a respected role in the emerging ` great church ' , the interconnected web of believers throughout the Mediterranean that provided mutual support and maintained fellowship under the leadership of emerging episcopal authorities . The Johannine community of the first century bequeathed to the universal church its distinctive literary corpus and estimation of Jesus , which came to dominate the development of later Christian orthodoxy . Other representatives of Johannine Christianity , nurturing alternative strands of tradition , influenced various second-century movements , characterized by their opponents and much modern scholarship as ` Gnostic ' . '' ( Attridge 2006 )

neg: Names of God in Judaism The name of God used most often in the Hebrew Bible is the Tetragrammaton YHWH . It is frequently anglicized as Jehovah and Yahweh and written in most English editions of the Bible as `` the '' owing to the Jewish tradition of reading it as Adonai ( `` My Lords '' ) out of respect .   Rabbinic Judaism describes seven names which are so holy that , once written , should not be erased : The Tetragrammaton ( whether written YHWH or Adonai ) , El ( `` God '' ) , Eloah ( `` God '' ) , Elohim ( `` Gods '' ) , Shaddai ( `` God Almighty '' ) , Ehyeh , and Tzevaot ( '' -LSB- of -RSB- Hosts '' ) . Other names are considered mere epithets or titles reflecting different aspects of God , but chumrah sometimes dictates special care such as the writing of `` G-d '' instead of `` God '' in English or saying Ṭēt-Vav ( -LSB- , `` 9-6 '' ) instead of Yōd-Hē ( -LSB- , `` 10-5 '' but also `` Jah '' ) for the number fifteen in Hebrew .   The documentary hypothesis proposes that the Torah was compiled from various original sources , two of which ( the Jahwist and the Elohist ) are named for their usual names for God ( YHWH and Elohim respectively ) .  In early versions of the King James Bible the book of Psalms 68:4 clearly states that the name is Yah and not God . In later versions they began to add the letter j in place of the letter y to make it more `` English friendly '' .  The same King James Bible Psalms 82:6 -7 states that the gods will be judged :  I have said , Ye are gods ; and all of you are the children of the most High .  But ye shall die like men and fall like one of the princes . ''  Yah in Hebrew according to the tetragrammaton would be shown as יָהּ ( Yah ) which means `` self existing one '' .  God , or El was used to describe the fallen angels that caused themselves to be worshipped as deities before the flood in Noah 's time . ( See Genesis 6:2 . Best to read in its entirety . )  As in the reference to who `` the sons of god '' are read Job 1:6 -7 and Job 38:7 .

neg: Origins of Christianity Early Christianity and Early Rabbinical Judaism were significantly influenced by Hellenistic religion and Hellenistic philosophy . Christianity in particular inherited many features of Greco-Roman paganism in its structure , its terminology , its cult and its theology . Titles such as Pontifex Maximus and Sol Invictus were taken directly from Roman religion . The influence of Neoplatonism on Christian theology is significant , visible for example in Augustine of Hippo 's identification of God as summum bonum and of evil as privatio boni . Striking parallels between the New Testament account of Jesus and classical gods or demigods such as Bacchus , Bellerophon or Perseus were recognized by the Church Fathers and termed `` demonic imitation '' by Justin Martyr in the 2nd century .

neg: Servant of God Servant of God ( Servus Dei ) is a term used for individuals by various religions , and in general it is a person believed to be pious in his or her faith tradition . In the Catholic Church , it designates an individual who is being investigated by the Church for possible canonization as a saint . In the Eastern Orthodox Church , this term is used to refer to any Eastern Orthodox Christian .   The Arabic name Abdullah ( عبد الله , ` Abd Allah `` servant of god '' ) ; the Hebrew name Obadiah ; the German name Gottschalk and the Sanskrit name Devdas mean `` servant of God '' .

neg: Singular term A singular term is a paradigmatic referring device in a language . Singular terms are of philosophical importance for philosophers of language , because they refer to things in the world , and the ability of words to refer calls for scrutiny .   Singular terms are defined as expressions that purport to denote or designate particular individual people , places , or other objects . They contrast with general terms ( such as `` car '' or `` chair '' ) which can apply to more than one thing .   There are various kinds of singular terms : Proper names ( eg . `` Matthew '' ) , definite descriptions ( eg . `` the second fisherman in the boat '' ) , singular personal pronouns ( eg . `` she '' ) , demonstrative pronouns ( eg . `` this '' ) , etc. .   Historically , various definitions for singular term have been offered :   A term that tells us which individual is being talked about . ( John Stuart Mill , Arthur Prior , P. F. Strawson )  A term that is grammatically singular , i.e. a proper name ( proprium nomen ) , a demonstrative pronoun ( pronomen demonstrativum ) or a demonstrative pronoun with a common name ( cum termino communi ) . ( William of Ockham )  A term that is inherently about the object to which it applies or refers . ( Gottlob Frege )  A term that is true `` in the same sense '' of only one object . ( Peter of Spain )

neg: Matthew 2:22 Matthew 2:22 is the twenty-second verse of the second chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament . The young Jesus and the Holy Family have just left Egypt after hearing of the death of King Herod .   In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads :  But when he heard that Archelaus  did reign in Judaea in the room  of his father Herod , he was afraid  to go thither : notwithstanding ,  being warned of God in a dream , he  turned aside into the parts of Galilee :   The World English Bible translates the passage as :  But when he heard that Archelaus  was reigning over Judea in the  place of his father , Herod , he  was afraid to go there . Being  warned in a dream , he withdrew  into the region of Galilee   For a collection of other versions see BibRef Matthew 2:22   Upon Herod 's death his kingdom was divided in three . Judea went to his son Archelaus , who was as great a tyrant as his father . Most notably he killed some 3000 rebels soon after ascending the throne . His cruelty aroused such popular anger that in 6 AD Archelaus was deposed by the Romans in response to complaints from his subjects . As a result the Romans began directly appointing a governor for the area , with Pontius Pilate being a notable example . The concern Joseph expresses in this verse thus fits with what is known from the history of the period . The decision to go to Galilee was also a reasonable one . That region was ruled by Herod 's far more even-tempered son Herod Antipas and there is evidence that the region had become a refuge to others fleeing the rule of Archelaus or the Romans .   One incongruity is that the word translated as reign , more precisely means `` reign as a king . '' This is incorrect , unlike his father Archelaus was only an ethnarch , not a king . Most scholars , even evangelical ones , are content to accept this as the author of Matthew simply being imprecise . There have also been several attempts to explain the discrepancy . Jones notes that Augustus ' decision that Archelaus would only be granted the title of ethnarch occurred six months into his reign . Jones thus thinks it possible that during these first months Archelaus did call himself king , and it would have been during this period that Joseph returned from Egypt .   Joseph is again given important information in a dream . However , this time the author of Matthew does not report on its origin . The vocabulary of the passage and the previous instances make most scholars accept this to be another message from God .   The Gospel of Luke mentions none of this . Most scholars believe this is because Luke sees Nazareth as Joseph 's original home , and thus sees no reason to explain why he returns there . Much time is spent explaining why the family was in Bethlehem at the time of Jesus ' birth . Matthew has the opposite view seeing Bethlehem as the family 's original home , as demonstrated by them having a house in Matthew 2:11 . It thus needs to go into some detail explaining why they eventually move to Nazareth . The important word is that translated as `` withdrew '' in the WEB . Gundry notes that the author of Matthew would have used return if Nazareth was Joseph 's original home and `` withdrawing '' implies leaving for a new location . Schweizer sees this as unambiguous proof that Matthew has Joseph originally from Bethlehem . Evangelicals , of course , reject this view . France states that the author of Matthew does not discuss Joseph 's origin in Nazareth because of his `` typical avoidance of unnecessary detail . ''

neg: Matthew 7:29 Matthew 7:29 is the twenty-ninth , and final , verse of the seventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament . It ends a two verse conclusion following the Sermon on the Mount .   In the Westcott-Hort edition of the original Greek , this verse reads :  ην γαρ διδασκων αυτους ως εξουσιαν  εχων και ουχ ως οι γραμματεις αυτων   In the King James Version of the Bible , the text reads :  For he taught them as one having  authority , and not as the scribes .   The English Standard Version translates the passage as :  for he was teaching them as one who  had authority , and not as their scribes .   In the previous verse , the crowd of onlookers were described as astonished at Jesus ' sayings ( τους λογους τουτους , tous logous toutous ) which complete Matthew 's narrative known as the `` Sermon on the Mount '' , and this verse explains why . The final phrase is a verbatim copy of , set in a very different context . Mark 's Gospel simply asserts Jesus ' authority ; Matthew uses it as a concluding argument after presenting the Sermon on the Mount as evidence .   In some translations this verse refers to their scribes . Ulrich Luz suggests that this is a clear indicator that Jesus ' followers saw themselves as separate from the mainstream Jewish community at the time this gospel was written . Scribes refers to the trained rabbis who would quote scribal authorities , and makes clear that Jesus is greater than the most important rabbi . A sermon by the rabbis would have been replete with references to scripture to validate each teaching . The contrast presented by Matthew is that Jesus speaks based on his own authority , not that of past figures .   A few authorities add '' ... and the Pharisees '' ( e.g. Wycliffe 's Bible , the Vulgate Latin , the Syriac , the Persic versions , and the Hebrew edition of Matthew by Munster ) . The Pulpit Commentary suggests that this `` may either be derived from or be an independent gloss due to the fact that the Pharisees were looked upon as the typical Jewish teachers '' .

neg: God-man (Christianity) God-man ( Theanthropos Deus homo ) refers to the Incarnation of God the Logos as described in orthodox Christian theology and mysticism .

neg: Roman Catholic devotions to Jesus Christ The Roman Catholic tradition includes a number of devotions to Jesus Christ . Like all Catholic devotions , these prayer forms are not part of the official public liturgy of the Church but are based on the popular spiritual practices of Roman Catholics . Many are officially approved by the Holy See as suitable for spiritual growth but not necessary for salvation .   Some devotions arise from private revelations , or personal religious experiences of saints . The Church has a tradition of thorough investigation of such private revelations and the lives of candidates for sainthood to assure that no natural or scientific explanation can , at the time of investigation , account for any miracles involved . Often an approved devotion of the Church relates to a particular prayer form , or an image .

neg: Jesus bloodline The Jesus bloodline is a hypothetical sequence of lineal descendants of the historical Jesus , often by Mary Magdalene , usually portrayed as his wife . Differing and contradictory versions of a Jesus bloodline hypothesis have been proposed in numerous books by authors such as Louis Martin ( 1886 ) , Donovan Joyce ( 1973 ) , Andreas Faber-Kaiser ( 1977 ) , Barbara Thiering ( 1992 ) , Margaret Starbird ( 1993 ) , and various websites . Dan Brown 's novel The Da Vinci Code used the premise for its plot line . The 2007 documentary The Lost Tomb of Jesus proposed that evidence existed to show that Jesus was married to Mary Magdalene and that their son was named Judah , based upon inscriptions found on ossuaries discovered in Jerusalem in 1980 . Biblical scholar and author James Tabor has recently affirmed his belief in a married Jesus , while Karen King announced the discovery of text in a Coptic papyrus fragment , alleged to be a translation of a lost 2nd century Gospel , in which Jesus is made to refer to `` my wife '' . That fragment is now considered by most experts to be a fake .   Hypothetical Jesus bloodlines should not be confused with the biblical genealogy of Jesus or the historical relatives of Jesus and their descendants , who are known as the Desposyni .