query: Penny Dreadful has the religious figure Abraham Van Helsing.

pos: Penny Dreadful (TV series) Penny Dreadful is a British-American horror drama television series created for Showtime and Sky by John Logan , who also acts as executive producer alongside Sam Mendes . The show was originally pitched to several US and UK channels , and eventually landed with Showtime , with Sky Atlantic as co-producer . It premiered at the South by Southwest film festival on March 9 and began airing on television on April 28 , 2014 , on Showtime on Demand . The series premiered on Showtime on May 11 , 2014 , the first in an eight-episode season . After the third-season finale on June 19 , 2016 , series creator John Logan announced that Penny Dreadful had ended as the main story had reached its conclusion .   The title refers to the penny dreadfuls , a type of 19th-century British fiction publication with lurid and sensational subject matter . The series draws upon many public domain characters from 19th-century British and Irish fiction , including Dorian Gray from Oscar Wilde 's The Picture of Dorian Gray ; Mina Harker , Abraham Van Helsing , Dr. Seward , Renfield , and Count Dracula from Bram Stoker 's Dracula ; Victor Frankenstein and his monster from Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein ; and Dr. Henry Jekyll from Robert Louis Stevenson 's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde .

pos: Abraham Van Helsing Professor Abraham Van Helsing is a fictional character and the main protagonist from the 1897 Gothic horror novel Dracula . Van Helsing is an aged Dutch doctor with a wide range of interests and accomplishments , partly attested by the string of letters that follows his name : `` MD , D.Ph. , D.Litt. , etc , etc , '' indicating a wealth of experience , education and expertise . The character is best known throughout his many adaptations as a vampire hunter and the archenemy of Count Dracula .

neg: Faust Faust is the protagonist of a classic German legend . He is a scholar who is highly successful yet dissatisfied with his life , which leads him to make a pact with the Devil , exchanging his soul for unlimited knowledge and worldly pleasures . The Faust legend has been the basis for many literary , artistic , cinematic , and musical works that have reinterpreted it through the ages . `` Faust '' and the adjective  `` Faustian '' imply a situation in which an ambitious person surrenders moral integrity in order to achieve power and success for a delimited term .   The Faust of early books -- as well as the ballads , dramas , movies , and puppet-plays which grew out of them -- is irrevocably damned because he prefers human to divine knowledge ; `` he laid the Holy Scriptures behind the door and under the bench , refused to be called doctor of Theology , but preferred to be styled doctor of Medicine '' . Plays and comic puppet theatre loosely based on this legend were popular throughout Germany in the 16th century , often reducing Faust and Mephistopheles to figures of vulgar fun . The story was popularised in England by Christopher Marlowe , who gave it a classic treatment in his play , The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus ( of which the date for publication is debated , but was likely around 1587 ) . In Goethe 's reworking of the story two hundred years later , Faust becomes a dissatisfied intellectual who yearns for `` more than earthly meat and drink '' in his life .

neg: The Fable of the Bees The Fable of The Bees : or , Private Vices , Public Benefits is a book by Bernard Mandeville , consisting of the poem The Grumbling Hive : or , Knaves turn 'd Honest , along with prose discussion of the poem . The poem was published in 1705 , and the book first appeared in 1714 . The poem suggests many key principles of economic thought , including division of labor and the `` invisible hand '' , seventy years before these concepts were more thoroughly elucidated by Adam Smith . Two centuries later , the noted economist John Maynard Keynes cited Mandeville to show that it was `` no new thing ... to ascribe the evils of unemployment to ... the insufficiency of the propensity to consume '' , a condition also known as the paradox of thrift , which was central to his own theory of effective demand .   At the time , however , it was considered scandalous . Keynes noted that it was `` convicted as a nuisance by the grand jury of Middlesex in 1723 , which stands out in the history of the moral sciences for its scandalous reputation . Only one man is recorded as having spoken a good word for it , namely Dr. Johnson , who declared that it did not puzzle him , but ` opened his eyes into real life very much ' . ''   It was also reported that :  Mandeville gave great offense by this book , in which a cynical system of morality was made attractive by ingenious paradoxes . ... His doctrine that prosperity was increased by expenditure rather than by saving fell in with many current economic fallacies not yet extinct . Assuming with the ascetics that human desires were essentially evil and therefore produced `` private vices '' and assuming with the common view that wealth was a `` public benefit '' , he easily showed that all civilization implied the development of vicious propensities ...  -- Leslie Stephen , in Dictionary of National Biography , quoted by , pp. 359 -- 560 .

neg: The Penny Dreadfuls The Penny Dreadfuls are a British sketch-comedy troupe consisting of comedians Humphrey Ker , David Reed and Thom Tuck . The sketch team perform regularly on the London comedy circuit .

neg: Letters to a Philosophical Unbeliever Letters to a Philosophical Unbeliever ( 1780 ) is a multi-volume series of books on metaphysics by eighteenth-century British polymath Joseph Priestley .   Priestley wrote a series of important metaphysics works during the years he spent serving as Lord Shelburne 's assistant and companion . In a set of five works written during this time he argued for a materialist philosophy , even though such a position `` entailed denial of free will and the soul . ''   As Shelburne 's companion , Priestley had accompanied him on a tour of Europe in 1774 ; they spent quite a bit of time in Paris and the unsettling conversations Priestley had with the French philosophes there prompted him to write Letters to a Philosophical Unbeliever , the last of his series of major metaphysical works . Priestley recalled the trip in his Memoirs :  As I chose on all occasions to appear as a Christian , I was told by some of them -LSB- philosophes -RSB- , that I was the only person they had ever met with , of whose understanding they had any opinion , who professed to believe Christianity . But on interrogating them on the subject , I soon found that they had given no proper attention to it , and did not really know what Christianity was ... Having conversed so much with unbelievers at home and abroad , I thought I should be able to combat their prejudices with some advantage , and with this view I wrote ... the first part of my ` Letters to a Philosophical Unbeliever ' , in proof of the doctrines of a God and a providence , and ... a second part , in defence of the evidences -LSB- sic -RSB- of Christianity .  In Letters , he continued to defend his thesis , begun in Disquisitions relating to Matter and Spirit and The Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity Illustrated , that materialism and determinism can be reconciled with a belief in God . The text addresses those whose faith is shaped by books and fashion ; Priestley draws an analogy between the skepticism of educated men and the credulity of the masses . He again argues for the existence of God using what Schofield calls `` the classic argument from design ... leading from the necessary existence of a creator-designer to his self-comprehension , eternal existence , infinite power , omnipresence , and boundless benevolence . ''   In the three volumes , Priestley discusses , among many other works , Baron d'Holbach 's Systeme de la Nature . He claimed that d'Holbach 's `` energy of nature , '' though it lacked intelligence or purpose , was really a description of God . Priestley believed that David Hume 's style in the Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion ( 1779 ) was just as dangerous as its ideas ; he feared the open-endedness of the Humean dialogue

neg: Idealism (Christian eschatology) Idealism ( also called the spiritual approach , the allegorical approach , the nonliteral approach , and many other names ) in Christian eschatology is an interpretation of the Book of Revelation that sees all of the imagery of the book as symbols .   Jacob Taubes writes that idealist eschatology came about as Renaissance thinkers began to doubt that the Kingdom of Heaven had been established on earth , or would be established , but still believed in its establishment . Rather than the Kingdom of Heaven being present in society , it is established subjectively for the individual .   F. D. Maurice interpreted the Kingdom of Heaven idealistically as a symbol representing society 's general improvement , instead of a physical and political kingdom . Karl Barth interprets eschatology as representing existential truths that bring the individual hope , rather than history or future-history . Barth 's ideas provided fuel for the Social Gospel philosophy in America , which saw social change not as performing `` required '' good works , but because the individuals involved felt that Christians could not simply ignore society 's problems with future dreams .   Different authors have suggested that the Beast represents various social injustices , such as exploitation of workers , wealth , the elite , commerce , materialism , and imperialism . Various Christian anarchists , such as Jacques Ellul , have identified the State and political power as the Beast .   It is distinct from Preterism , Futurism and Historicism in that it does not see any of the prophecies ( except in some cases the Second Coming , and Final Judgment ) as being fulfilled in a literal , physical , earthly sense either in the past , present or future , and that to interpret the eschatological portions of the Bible in a historical or future-historical fashion is an erroneous understanding .

neg: The Mysteries of London The Mysteries of London is a penny dreadful or city mysteries novel begun by George W. M. Reynolds in 1844 . Reynolds wrote the first two series of this long-running narrative of life in the seedy underbelly of mid-nineteenth-century London . Thomas Miller wrote the third series and Edward L. Blanchard wrote the fourth series of this immensely popular title .   Michael Angelo in Penny Dreadfuls and Other Victorian Horrors writes :   Reynolds had read Eugène Sue while in Paris and was particularly impressed by his novel Les Mystères de Paris ( The Mysteries of Paris ) . It inspired Reynolds to write and publish a penny part serial , The Mysteries of London ( 1845 ) , in which he paralleled Sue 's tale of vice , depravity , and squalor in the Parisian slums with a sociological story contrasting the vice and degradation of London working-class life with the luxury and debaucheries of the hedonistic upper crust . An early socialist and a Chartist sympathizer , Reynolds had a genuine social conscience , and he contrived to stitch into the pages of his books diatribes against social evils and class inequities . ( 79 )   Instalments were published weekly and contained a single illustration and eight pages of text printed in double columns . The weekly numbers were later bound in cloth covers with a fresh title page and table of contents and offered as complete works of fiction .   Later Victorian editions of The Mysteries of London carried the subtitle : Stories of Life in the Modern Babylon .   After Reynolds quit The Mysteries of London , he began a new title : The Mysteries of the Court of London , which ran from 1848 until 1856 .

neg: Gothic film The Gothic film is a film that is based on Gothic fiction or contains Gothic elements . Since various definite film genres -- including science fiction , film noir , thriller , and comedy -- have used Gothic elements , the Gothic film is challenging to define clearly as a genre . Gothic elements have also infused the horror film genre , contributing supernatural and nightmarish elements . To create a Gothic atmosphere , filmmakers have sought to create new camera tricks that challenge audiences ' perceptions . Gothic films also reflected contemporary issues . A New Companion to The Gothics Heidi Kaye said `` strong visuals , a focus on sexuality and an emphasis on audience response '' characterize Gothic films like they did the literary works . The Encyclopedia of the Gothic said the foundation of Gothic film was the combination of Gothic literature , stage melodrama , and German expressionism .   In The Cambridge Companion to Gothic Fiction , Misha Kavka says Gothic film is not an established genre , rather contributing Gothic images , plots , characters , and styles to films . These elements are often found in `` the broader category of horror '' . Kavka quotes William Patrick Day 's definition of the Gothic , '' -LSB- it -RSB- tantalizes us with fear , both as its subject and its effect ; its does so , however , not primarily through characters or plots or even language , but through spectacle '' . Cinema suits the Gothic definition in creating images that establish the spectacle .

neg: Southern Ontario Gothic Southern Ontario Gothic is a subgenre of the Gothic novel genre and a feature of Canadian literature that comes from Southern Ontario . This region includes Toronto , Southern Ontario 's major industrial cities ( Windsor , London , Hamilton , St. Thomas , Oshawa , St. Catharines ) , and the surrounding countryside . While the genre may also feature other areas of Ontario , Canada , and the world as narrative locales , this region provides the core settings .   The term was first used in Graeme Gibson 's Eleven Canadian Novelists ( 1972 ) to recognize an existing tendency to apply aspects of the Gothic novel to writing based in and around Southern Ontario . In an interview with Timothy Findley , Gibson commented that Findley 's novel The Last of the Crazy People shared similarities with the American Southern Gothic genre , to which Findley replied , '' ... sure , it 's Southern Gothic : Southern Ontario Gothic . ''   Notable writers of this subgenre include Alice Munro , Margaret Atwood , Robertson Davies , Jane Urquhart , Marian Engel , James Reaney and Barbara Gowdy .   Like the Southern Gothic of American writers such as William Faulkner , Flannery O'Connor and Eudora Welty , Southern Ontario Gothic analyzes and critiques social conditions such as race , gender , religion and politics , but in a Southern Ontario context . Southern Ontario Gothic is generally characterized by a stern realism set against the dour small-town Protestant morality stereotypical of the region , and often has underlying themes of moral hypocrisy . Actions and people that act against humanity , logic , and morality all are portrayed unfavourably , and one or more characters may be suffering from some form of mental illness . In a review of Alice Munro 's Dear Life for Quill & Quire , literary critic James Grainger writes that `` Violence , illness , and reputations ruined by a single indiscretion are accepted in Munro 's secretive , repressed communities as a kind of levelling mechanism , rough justice for those who dare to strive for something finer . ''   The Gothic novel has traditionally examined the role of evil in the human soul , and has incorporated dark or horrific imagery to create the desired setting . Some ( but not all ) writers of Southern Ontario Gothic use supernatural or magic realist elements ; a few deviate from realism entirely , in the manner of the fantastical gothic novel . Virtually all dwell to a certain extent upon the grotesque .   Notable works of the genre include Davies ' Deptford Trilogy , Findley 's Headhunter , Atwood 's Alias Grace and The Blind Assassin , and Munro 's Selected Stories .   The genre has been criticised as having `` little or nothing to distinguish it from everyday , garden-variety type realism . ''

neg: Quakers Quakers ( or Friends ) are members of a historically Christian group of religious movements generally known as the Religious Society of Friends . The Evangelical Friends Church International uses the phrase Friends Church . Members of the various Quaker movements are all generally united in a belief in the ability of each human being to experientially access `` that of God in every person , '' and therefore they profess the priesthood of all believers , a doctrine derived from the First Epistle of Peter . They include those with evangelical , holiness , liberal , and traditional Quaker understandings of Christianity . To differing extents , the different movements that make up the Religious Society of Friends/Friends Church avoid creeds and hierarchical structures . In 2007 , there were about 359,000 adult Quakers . In 2012 , there were 377,055 adult Quakers .   Around 79 % of Quakers worldwide belong to the `` evangelical '' and `` programmed '' branches of Quakerism -- these Quakers worship in services with singing and a prepared message from the Bible , coordinated by a pastor . Around 11 % of Friends practice waiting worship , or unprogrammed worship ( more commonly known today as Meeting for Worship ) , where the order of service is not planned in advance , is predominantly silent , and may include unprepared vocal ministry from those present . Some meetings of both types have Recorded Ministers in their meetings -- Friends recognised for their gift of vocal ministry .   The first Quakers lived in mid-17th century England . The movement arose from the Legatine-Arians and other dissenting Protestant groups , breaking away from the established Church of England . The Quakers , especially the ones known as the Valiant Sixty , attempted to convert others to their understanding of Christianity , travelling both throughout Great Britain and overseas , preaching the gospel of Jesus Christ . Some of these early Quaker ministers were women . They based their message on the religious belief that `` Christ has come to teach his people himself '' , stressing the importance of a direct relationship with God through Jesus Christ , and a direct religious belief in the universal priesthood of all believers . They emphasized a personal and direct religious experience of Christ , acquired through both direct religious experience and the reading and studying of the Bible . Quakers focused their private life on developing behaviour and speech reflecting emotional purity and the light of God .   In the past , Quakers were known for their use of thee as an ordinary pronoun , refusal to participate in war , plain dress , refusal to swear oaths , opposition to slavery , and teetotalism . Described as `` natural capitalists '' by the BBC journalist Peter Jackson , some Quakers founded banks and financial institutions , including Barclays , Lloyds , and Friends Provident ; manufacturing companies , including shoe retailer C. & J. Clark and the big three British confectionery makers Cadbury , Rowntree and Fry 's ; and philanthropic efforts , including abolition of slavery , prison reform , and social justice projects .

neg: The Fudge Family in England The Fudge Family in England is an 1835 epistolary verse novel by the Irish-born writer Thomas Moore . It was a sequel to his 1818 work The Fudge Family in Paris , which had depicted the visit of the fictional British Fudge Family to Paris where the daughter Biddy had fallen in love with a young man who she had taken to be the King of Prussia but was in fact a draper . The original work was extremely popular , and Moore had received requests to write a follow-up . He began working on The Fudge Family In Italy , but abandoned it and it was n't until seventeen years after the original that the sequel was released .   The sequel is set some years later , in a spa town likely to be Bath where the grown-up Biddy has travelled . Biddy has since become an evangelical Protestant , and because of the large inheritance she is expected to receive she is a target for fortune-hunting Irish suitors . One of these is a `` Mick on the make '' , Patrick Magan who secretly prefers Biddy 's niece Fanny . Magan 's attempts to woo Biddy are undermined by a rival , Mortimer O'Mulligan . O'Mulligan , who had converted from Catholicism to Protestantism in the hope of enriching himself . He marries Biddy while Magan elopes with Fanny . The story concludes with Biddy 's rich uncle leaving his money to Fanny rather than Biddy which leaves O'Mulligan without a penny .   The work was less successful than Moore 's earlier work and was not widely reviewed , probably due to a decline in Moore 's popularity , although its critical reception was good . The Times wrote that Moore 's observations were `` as keen , and his satire as pungent , as ever '' . The work was the beginning of the end of Moore 's writing career , and most of the rest of his work was on his unsuccessful four-volume History of Ireland .   It is likely that the character of Mortimer O'Mulligan was based on the real-life Mortimer O'Sullivan who had been a fierce critic of Moore .

neg: The Evil Clergyman `` The Evil Clergyman '' is an excerpt from a letter written by American horror fiction writer H. P. Lovecraft in 1933 . After his death , it was published in the April 1939 issue of Weird Tales as a short story .   The letter , to his friend Bernard Austin Dwyer , recounted a dream that Lovecraft had had . Although Lovecraft frequently based stories on his dreams , An H. P. Lovecraft Encyclopedia notes that '' -LSB- i -RSB- t is difficult to say how HPL would have developed this conventional supernatural scenario . ''   The story was later adapted into the unreleased 1987 anthology film Pulse Pounders .

neg: Bosom of Abraham Trinity The Bosom of Abraham Trinity , also known as the Trinity with souls , is a rare iconography apparently unique to English medieval alabaster sculpture , of which only twelve examples are known to have survived , although there were undoubtedly many more made . They adapt an earlier convention where a figure of Abraham himself held tiny figures of souls in a cloth between his hands representing the Bosom of Abraham .   In a composition showing the `` Throne of Mercy '' type of the Trinity , a group of tiny figures are seen in a cloth or `` napkin '' held or supported between the hands of God the Father . These represent the souls of the saved . There are five examples of free-standing statues known , in the Burrell Collection Museum in Glasgow , the Museum of Fine Arts , Boston and elsewhere , and seven high relief panels . The Burrel statue is 89 cm tall , and the Boston one 95 cm . The panels are presumably the usual size for such works , typically 40 x 25 cm , perhaps larger if they are the central panel in an altarpiece group . Both terms for the subject are the invention of modern art historians .   In the Boston figure , dated 1420 -- 50 , nine `` souls '' are seen , in two rows , with a king and bishop in the centre of the top row , distinguishable by their crown and mitre . The napkin is not held by God , whose two hands are raised in a blessing gesture ; it seems tied around the souls and to rest on God 's lap . Male and female donor figures with banderoles kneel beside God 's feet ; they are at an intermediate scale between God and the souls . The Burrell figure , dated as 14th century , also has nine `` souls '' but the figures themselves are apparently restored ; God holds an end of the napkin in either hand .   There were earlier images , common in the great French Gothic cathedrals of the 13th century , illustrating Abraham himself with small souls represented as children in his cloak , or held in a napkin in the same way as in the alabasters . By `` about the early fourteenth century '' such images ceased to be `` theologically acceptable '' , though it seems this news had not reached Cornwall by the early 16th century , when a stained glass Abraham with a napkin of souls was installed in the parish church at St Neot , Cornwall ( picture below ) .    In a detached miniature of about 1150 , from a work of Hildegard of Bingen , a figure usually described as `` Synagogue '' , of youngish appearance with closed eyes , holds a group , with Moses carrying the Tablets above the others , held in the large figure 's folded arms .   In addition , the theme combines elements of the Western Virgin of Mercy and the Russian Pokrov icons , though these are not necessarily direct influences . It was probably associated with the feast of All Saints , and used on altars with this dedication . In the Virgin of Mercy , a standing Mary spreads her cloak wide , sheltering a crowd of figures , representing the living . In the Pokrov icons , she holds a small `` veil '' in her hands in a similar gesture to the Burrell figure , but this represents the vision of a Byzantine saint , where she spread her veil over the world as a protection .   Although no examples of the Bosom of Abraham Trinity have survived in other media , they probably once existed . English alabasters were exported across Europe and have survived in relatively large numbers on the Continent , especially France , while other publicly displayed artistic media from the period have mostly been destroyed since the Protestant Reformation . The English alabaster industry is a rather unlikely place for such a bold iconographic innovation in contemporary terms , since it concentrated on turning out large numbers of standard figures and sets of panels that closely followed more high-status forms of art in their iconography .   The type was first published in 1933 by the art historian Walter Leo Hildburgh , the leading authority on , and collector of , English alabasters .

neg: Bible The Bible ( from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία , tà biblía , `` the books '' ) is a collection of sacred texts or scriptures that Jews and Christians consider to be a product of divine inspiration and a record of the relationship between God and humans .   Many different authors contributed to the Bible . What is regarded as canonical text differs depending on traditions and groups ; a number of Bible canons have evolved , with overlapping and diverging contents . The Christian Old Testament overlaps with the Hebrew Bible and the Greek Septuagint ; the Hebrew Bible is known in Judaism as the Tanakh . The New Testament is a collection of writings by early Christians , believed to be mostly Jewish disciples of Christ , written in first-century Koine Greek . These early Christian Greek writings consist of narratives , letters , and apocalyptic writings . Among Christian denominations there is some disagreement about the contents of the canon , primarily the Apocrypha , a list of works that are regarded with varying levels of respect .   Attitudes towards the Bible also differ amongst Christian groups . Roman Catholics , Anglicans and Eastern Orthodox Christians stress the harmony and importance of the Bible and sacred tradition , while Protestant churches focus on the idea of sola scriptura , or scripture alone . This concept arose during the Protestant Reformation , and many denominations today support the use of the Bible as the only source of Christian teaching .   With estimated total sales of over 5 billion copies , the Bible is widely considered to be the best-selling book of all time . It has estimated annual sales of 100 million copies , and has been a major influence on literature and history , especially in the West , where the Gutenberg Bible was the first book printed using movable type .

neg: William Knight Keeling William Knight Keeling ( 1807 -- 1886 ) was a British ( Victorian ) artist , an illustrator of Walter Scott 's novels and Shakespeare 's plays , a founder member and the third President of the Manchester Academy of Fine Arts .    Keeling was born in Manchester . He was apprenticed to a wood-engraver , and in the 1830s went to London and became an assistant of William Bradley ( 1801-1857 ) , a Manchester-born artist who moved to London in 1822 and established himself as a portrait painter .  Keeling returned to Manchester in 1835 , and worked as a portrait and figurative painter in oils and watercolour , and a drawing-master .  From the 1830s he actively exhibited in Manchester , Liverpool and elsewhere . In 1833 his painting ` The Bird 's Nest ' was awarded the silver medal from the Royal Manchester Institution .  In 1841 he was elected a member of the New Society of Painters in Watercolours , where he exhibited about 60 works .   In 1859 Keeling became a founder member of the Manchester Academy of Fine Arts , and its third president from 1865 to 1877 . He was a member of the Manchester Literary Club and the Brasenose Club .    In the 1850s , following the notion of the day , he travelled to Spain . This journey gave him new ideas , subjects , and motifs . Delicate details and a clear and bright palette , inspired by the hot colours of the South , are distinctive features of his paintings and watercolours . In 1873 a Manchester newspaper praised one of his watercolours as `` an exquisite work , perfectly Spanish '' .  He also was influenced by works by the Spanish artist Bartolomé Estéban Murillo ( 1617 -- 1682 ) . Murillo 's street children can be easily recognised in Keeling 's depictions of poor children , both British and Spanish . His ` Spanish Boy ' exhibited in Manchester in 1876 , was described as `` a very good example of the careful and accurate method pursued by the artist . He is thoroughly conscientious in all his professional work . ''   Keeling married Mary Ann Dettmer ( b. 1822 ) at St Pancras 25 January 1851 . They had four children : Edith ( b. 1852 ) , Dalton Harper ( b. 1853 ) , Sidney Charles ( b. 1859 ) , and Gertrude Ann ( b. 1862 ) . Keeling died on 21 February 1886 in his house at Barton-upon-Irwell , Manchester .  Keeling did not strive for fame and glory , and remained in the background of the artistic life of his time , although many connoisseurs appreciated his works . Several of his works are in the collection of the Victoria & Albert Museum , London . In the 1870s , Wolverhampton industrialist and collector Sidney Cartwright purchased from a Manchester exhibition a large number of Keeling 's works . In 1887 they were given to Wolverhampton Art Gallery , which possesses today possibly the largest collection of Keeling 's paintings and watercolours in the United Kingdom .

neg: With Lee in Virginia, A Story of the American Civil War With Lee in Virginia , A Story of the American Civil War ( 1890 ) is a book by British author G.A. Henty . It was published by Blackie and Son Ltd , London . Henty 's character , Vincent Wingfield , fights for the Confederate States of America , even though he is against slavery . As suggested by the title , he is primarily with the Army of Northern Virginia . Henty 's novel has been cited by some  literary historians as an example of British right-wingers ' sympathy for the Confederate cause ; discussing With Lee in Virginia ,  Jeffrey Richards cites the book as `` significantly pro-Southern '' . Henty defends slavery throughout the  novel , stating although slavery was capable of `` abominable '' cruelty under brutal masters ,  '' . . taken all in all , the negroes on a well-ordered estate , under kind masters , were probably a happier class of people than the laborers upon any estate in Europe . '' At the novel 's end , Henty has the Wingfield family 's  former slaves return and continue working for their former owners :  The negroes , however , for the most part remained steadily working on the estate . A few wandered away , but their places were easily filled ; for the majority of the freed slaves very soon discovered that their lot was a far harder one than it had been before , and that freedom so suddenly given was a curse rather than a blessing to them .  Richards cites the novel as an example of Henty 's belief in the `` incapacity '' of blacks and notes that  With Lee In Virginia argues that `` a system of slavery is acceptable so long as the slave owners treat their slaves decently and humanely '' . Nathaniel Cadle claims With Lee in Virginia 's plot works  to `` romanticize and oversimplify the relationship between white Confederate slave owners and their black chattel . ''   The book has been lauded by the right-wing , Neo-Confederate magazine  Southern Partisan , who described With Lee in Virginia as `` the sort of book Southern Partisan readers ought to pass on to their own sons . The politics of sectional conflict are n't oversimplified , but the bias is one Southern Partisan readers are likely to applaud '' .

neg: Cult image In the practice of religion , a cult image is a human-made object that is venerated or worshipped for the deity , spirit or daemon that it embodies or represents . Cultus , the outward religious formulas of `` cult '' ( meaning religious practice , as opposed to the pejorative term for a potentially dangerous `` new religion '' ) , often centers upon the treatment of cult images , which may be dressed , fed or paraded , etc. . Religious images cover a wider range of all types of images made with a religious purpose , subject , or connection . In many contexts `` cult image '' specifically means the most important image in a temple , kept in an inner space , as opposed to what may be many other images decorating the temple .   The term idol is often synonymous with cult image , but may be used especially of a cult image believed not just to depict or represent a deity or spirit , but in some sense to be one itself . Sometimes the image is believed to have its own powers , to grant wishes or otherwise affect the world . In cultures where idolatry is not viewed negatively , the word idol is not generally seen as pejorative , such as in Indian English .   Cult of images is the practice of worshipping or venerating religious or cult images representing divine figures . Common in a number of ancient religions , the practice continues most prominently today in Hinduism . The Abrahamic religions all specifically ban idols and idolatry ; all have had internal divisions and disputes as to what constitutes the proper or improper use of images in religion , and many Abrahamic religious sects use or venerate images with varying degrees of fervor .   In general the belief that an image itself is the object of worship , and itself has or embodies a spirit with inherent powers , tends to be hard to verify when a religious context is examined closely , or to be held at a popular level but denied by the clergy of a religion . Assertions by others outside the religious group concerned that such beliefs are held by the group are however common .

neg: Theatre of Cruelty (Discworld) `` Theatre of Cruelty '' is a short Discworld story by Terry Pratchett written in 1993 . The name derives from a concept of Antonin Artaud ( Theatre of Cruelty ) .   It was originally written for W. H. Smith Bookcase magazine and was then slightly modified and extended , being published again in the programme of the OryCon 15 convention , and then again in The Wizards of Odd , a compilation of fantasy short stories .   It has since been made available on the Internet along with dozens of translations by fans , with Pratchett having stated , `` I do n't want to see it distributed in print anywhere but do n't mind people downloading it for their own enjoyment . ''   The story involves both the Ankh-Morpork City Watch and a parallel of Punch and Judy .   A murder has been committed : a street entertainer , found apparently battered to death with a very small blunt object , on him bite marks from a very small crocodile . Investigating the incident in his typically direct manner , Carrot Ironfoundersson discovers the death was an accident , the man having choked on a swazzle . It emerges that the entertainer had invented a parallel , live-action version of Punch and Judy , using -- and abusing -- a troupe of gnomes as the live cast . Carrot asserts that such brutal theatre could never find favour in Ankh-Morpork : `` That 's not the way to do it '' .

neg: Christ figure A Christ figure , also known as a Christ-Image is a literary technique that the author uses to draw allusions between their characters and the biblical Jesus . More loosely , the Christ Figure is a spiritual or prophetic character who parallels Jesus , or other spiritual or prophetic figures .   In general , a character should display more than one correspondence with the story of Jesus Christ as depicted in the Bible . For instance , the character might display one or more of the following traits : performance of miracles , manifestation of divine qualities , healing others , displaying kindness and forgiveness , fighting for justice , being guided by the spirit of the character 's father , and the character 's own death and resurrection . Christ figures are often martyrs , sacrificing themselves for causes larger than themselves .   In postmodern literature , the resurrection theme is often abandoned , leaving us with the image of a martyr sacrificing himself for a greater good . It is common to see Christ figures displayed in a manner suggestive of crucifixion as well .

neg: Theodicy and the Bible Theodicy , in its most common form , is the attempt to answer the question of why a good God permits the manifestation of evil . Theodicy attempts to resolve the evidential problem of evil by reconciling the traditional divine characteristics of omnibenevolence and omnipotence , in either their absolute or relative form , with the occurrence of evil or suffering in the world . `` Writings and discourses on theodicy by Jews , Greeks , Christians , and Eastern religions have graced our planet for thousands of years , '' and `` debates about theodicy continue among believers and unbelievers alike '' .   Theodicy is an `` intensely urgent '' and `` constant concern '' of `` the entire Bible '' . Relating theodicy and the Bible is crucial to understanding Abrahamic theodicy because the Bible `` has been , both in theory and in fact , the dominant influence upon ideas about God and evil in the Western world '' . The Bible raises the issue of theodicy by its portrayals of God as inflicting evil and by its accounts of people who question God 's goodness by their angry indictments . However , the Bible `` contains no comprehensive theodicy '' .   `` The most common theodicy is the free will theodicy . '' It lays the blame for all moral evil and some natural evil on humanity 's misuse of its free will . This article shows that the free will theodicy interacts with the Bible at its core : what Jesus and Paul say about the freedom of the will and with what kind of freedom of the will God endowed humanity at the Creation .

neg: Marcus Morris (publisher) The Reverend John Marcus Harston Morris OBE ( 25 April 1915 -- 16 March 1989 ) was an English Anglican priest who founded the Eagle comic in 1950 and was deputy chairman of the National Magazine Company .   Born in Preston , Lancashire , the son of a clergyman , Morris grew up in Southport . He attended Dean Close School in Cheltenham , before reading Classics at Brasenose College , Oxford University on an ecclesiastical scholarship , then theology at Wycliffe Hall . He was ordained deacon in Liverpool in 1939 , and priest in 1940 . Having been briefly engaged to model Rita Foyle , he married actress Jessica Dunning in 1941 , and they had four children , while Morris pursued `` an energetic and exotic love life on the side . ''   After a chaplaincy in the RAF and postings in Great Yarmouth , Norfolk and Weeley , Essex , he became vicar of St James ' Church , Birkdale , in 1945 , where he published a magazine , The Anvil , which contained illustrations and design by Frank Hampson , articles by C. S. Lewis , Harold MacMillan , Dorothy L. Sayers and Chad Varah , and short stories for children by Geoffrey Trease , and circulated far beyond his parish , although it did not sell well and put Morris in considerable debt .   In 1948 Morris and Chad Varah were part of a group of diocesan editors who formed the Society of Christian Publicity , which took over publishing The Anvil . At its inaugural meeting Morris spoke about the kinds of periodical the Church should be publishing , including a `` strip-cartoon magazine for children '' . In February 1949 He wrote an article for the Sunday Dispatch entitled `` Comics that bring Horror into the Nursery '' , in which he decried the violence and sensationalism of American crime and horror comics and their effects on British children , after which he and Hampson set out to produce a more wholesome , uplifting alternative . They devised a proposed strip for the Sunday Empire News called Lex Christian , about the adventures of a brave inner-city parson , but it fell through after the paper 's editor died . They turned their attention to creating a new weekly comic , entitled the Eagle . Hampson and fellow artist Harold Johns put together a series of dummies , and Morris , a gifted salesman , presented them to various publishers , of whom Hulton Press agreed to publish it . The first issue proper went on sale on 14 April 1950 . Morris and his family moved to Epsom , Surrey , in 1950 , and Hampson set up a studio on their house . In November 1951 Morris launched Girl , a girls ' counterpart to the Eagle , followed by Robin ( 1953 ) , for younger children , and Swift ( 1954 ) , for an audience younger than Eagle and Girl but older than Robin .   From 1954 to 1959 he was managing editor of Hultons ' Housewife magazine , and he was also appointed a member of the Hulton Press management committee . He left Hultons in 1959 when they were taken over by Odhams Press , joining the National Magazine Company , a subsidiary of the Hearst Corporation , as editorial director . However , he continued to write serials for the Eagle in the early 1960s , mostly on historical or religious subjects and often in collaboration with Guy Daniel , including `` The Golden Man '' , a biography of Sir Walter Raleigh drawn by Robert Ayton , and `` The Road of Courage '' , a retelling of the life of Christ illustrated by Hampson and Joan Porter .   He became managing director and editor-in-chief of the National Magazine Company in 1964 . He was responsible for launching the British edition of Cosmopolitan , created the distributor Comag in association with Condé Nast , and increased the circulation of his magazines at a time when the market was declining . He became deputy chairman in 1979 , received the OBE in 1983 , and retired in 1984 . In his later years he lived in Midford , Somerset , and died on 16 March 1989 at the King Edward VII Hospital for Officers , London . A memorial service was held at St. Bride 's , Fleet Street , where he had been honorary chaplain from 1952 to 1983 .


query: A boycott is noncompulsory.

pos: Boycott A boycott is an act of voluntary and intentional abstention from using , buying , or dealing with a person , organization , or country as an expression of protest , usually for social , political , or environmental reasons . The purpose of a boycott is to inflict some economic loss on the target , or to indicate a moral outrage , to try to compel the target to alter an objectionable behavior .   Sometimes , a boycott can be a form of consumer activism , sometimes called moral purchasing . When a similar practice is legislated by a national government , it is known as a sanction .

neg: Antifrustrationism Antifrustrationism is an axiological position proposed by German philosopher Christoph Fehige , which states that `` we do n't do any good by creating satisfied extra preferences . What matters about preferences is not that they have a satisfied existence , but that they do n't have a frustrated existence . '' According to Fehige , `` maximizers of preference satisfaction should instead call themselves minimizers of preference frustration . ''   What makes the world better is `` not its amount of preference satisfaction , but the avoided preference frustration . '' In the words of Fehige , `` we have obligations to make preferrers satisfied , but no obligations to make satisfied preferrers . '' The position stands in contrast to classical utilitarianism , among other ethical theories , which holds that creating `` satisfied preferrers '' is , or can be , a good in itself . Antifrustrationism has similarities with , although it is different from , negative utilitarianism , the teachings of Buddha , Stoicism , philosophical pessimism , and Schopenhauer 's philosophy . In particular , negative preference utilitarianism states that we should act in such a way that the number of frustrated preference is minimized and is therefore directly based on antifrustrationism . The difference is that antifrustrationism is an axiology , whereas negative preference utilitarianism is an ethical theory .   The moral philosopher Peter Singer has , in the past , endorsed a position similar to antifrustrationism ( negative preference utilitarianism ) , writing :

neg: Tyranny of the majority Tyranny of the majority ( or tyranny of the masses ) refers to an inherent weakness of direct democracy and majority rule in which the majority of an electorate can place its own interests above , and at the expense of , those in the minority . This results in oppression of minority groups comparable to that of a tyrant or despot .   Potentially , through tyranny of the majority , a disliked or unfavored ethnic , religious , political , or racial group may be deliberately targeted for oppression by the majority element acting through the democratic process .   American founding father Alexander Hamilton writing to Jefferson from the Constitutional Convention argued the same fears regarding the use of pure direct democracy by the majority to elect a demagogue who , rather than work for the benefit of all citizens , set out to either harm those in the minority or work only for those of the upper echelon . The Electoral College mechanism present in the indirect United States presidential election system , and the phenomenon of faithless electors allowed for within it , was , in part , deliberately created as a safety measure not only to prevent such a scenario , but also to prevent the use of democracy to overthrow democracy for an authoritarian , dictatorial or other system of oppressive government . As articulated by Hamilton , one reason the Electoral College was created was so `` that the office of President will never fall to the lot of any man who is not in an eminent degree endowed with the requisite qualifications '' .   The scenarios in which tyranny perception occurs are very specific , involving a sort of distortion of democracy preconditions :   Centralisation excess : when the centralised power of a federation make a decision that should be local , breaking with the commitment to the subsidiarity principle . Typical solutions , in this condition , are concurrent majority and supermajority rules .  Abandonment of rationality : when , as Tocqueville remembered , a decision `` which bases its claim to rule upon numbers , not upon rightness or excellence '' . The use of public consultation , technical consulting bodies , and other similar mechanisms help to improve rationality of decisions before voting on them . Judicial review ( e.g. declaration of nullity of the decision ) is the typical way after the vote .   In both cases , in a context of a nation , constitutional limits on the powers of a legislative body , and the introduction of a Bill of Rights have been used to counter the problem . A separation of powers ( for example a legislative and executive majority actions subject to review by the judiciary ) may also be implemented to prevent the problem from happening internally in a government .

neg: Psychology of disenfranchisement The Psychology of Disenfranchisement is a theory developed by Rex Briggs while studying minority groups at social research firm Yankelovich Partners . Originally published by Yankelovich Partners , Grant Lukenbill 's book , Untold Millions , applied the theory to help explain marketing opportunities to gays and lesbians . In Brigg 's original research , he observed higher levels of stress , skepticism and self-protection needs among minority groups .   The psychology of disenfranchisement theory suggests that there are three components that drive the psychology of disenfranchisement : alienation , cynicism and perceived victimization . These components interact and intensify each other . Alienation , Briggs argues , may be due to negative perceptions , stereotypes and discrimination condoned and practiced by the dominant culture . The perception of separation from the mainstream culture can create severe stress and can be considered the impetus for the psychology of disenfranchisement . Cynicism is one of the inevitable offshoots of alienation , resulting in the conviction that things will go wrong , that harm is to be expected . It involves a sense that the institutions of society ( from which one is alienated ) are not only remote , but inimical . Victimization is the feeling the develops out of the perception of intentional or unintentional undeserved mistreatment by other individuals , organizations , or institutions . Victimization is a logical outgrowth of feelings of cynicism and alienation from the dominant culture . The perceived victimization legitimizes and justifies the cynicism , and over time this cycle can become entrenched , thereby increasing the feelings of alienation .   The resulting needs include : self-understanding ( recognition of and respect for one 's individuality ) , association ( a sharing of occasions with `` people like me '' ) , security ( emotional , social and psychical ) , independence , stress relief ( self-indulgence , escapism ) .   All the Rage : The Story of Gay Visibility in America cites Briggs ' psychology of disenfranchisement theory as a launching point to discuss how advertising can offer inclusion in its messaging , so as to resonate better .   In 2006 , Steven Andrew Culpepper summarized Dubois 1903 book , Sols of Black Folk as capturing the essence of a double-consciousness , a paradoxical experience of deep psychic atrocity tracing from slavery , `` while the American experience resonates with a hopeful ethos characterized by universality of equality and justice for all . '' Culpepper applies this same psychology of disenfranchisement to women , `` that were severely excluded from its rights and privileges in society that touts equality and justice . ''   A more literal use of the concept , `` psychology of disenfranchisement '' has been applied by Keven Lanning where he examines the consequences to both the person and the community when individuals do not have equal access , or equal voices , at the polls .

neg: Durban III Durban III is an informal name for a high-level United Nations General Assembly meeting marking the 10th anniversary of the adoption of The Durban Declaration and Programme of Action that was held in New York City on 22 September 2011 . It was mandated in 2009 by United Nations General Assembly ( GA ) resolution 64/148 to commemorate the World Conference against Racism 2001 ( also known as Durban I ) , and given additional form and visibility by a GA Third Committee draft resolution adopted on 24 November 2010 . It followed the Durban Review Conference , the official name of the 2009 United Nations World Conference Against Racism ( WCAR ) , also known as Durban II .   The theme of the conference was `` Victims of racism , racial discrimination , xenophobia and related intolerance : recognition , justice and development '' , and most of the member states of the UN attended . Consisting of a plenary session and a series of round table discussions at the level of Heads of State and Government , its stated goal was to build upon the agenda outlined in The Durban Declaration and Programme of Action , or DDPA , described by the UN as `` the international community 's blueprint for action to fight racism . ''   The Durban conferences had previously been criticized by Western governments for allegedly promoting rather than combating racism . Australia , Austria , Bulgaria , Canada , the Czech Republic , France , Germany , Israel , Italy , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Poland , the United Kingdom and the United States all boycotted Durban III . They charged that the Durban process has been used to promote racism , intolerance , antisemitism and Holocaust denial , and to erode freedom of speech and Israel 's right to exist . The same countries , excluding Austria , Bulgaria , France and the United Kingdom , also previously boycotted the Durban Review Conference in 2009 .   A coalition of 25 non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) critical of the conference , led by UN Watch , organized a parallel human rights summit with the stated aim of drawing attention to flaws in the UN system and promoting reform . A similar counter-conference organized by Nobel Peace Prize laureate Elie Wiesel and human rights scholar Anne Bayefsky featured scholars and public figures . Conversely , the Durban +10 Coalition , a group of NGOs which included the US Human Rights Network , National Lawyers Guild and the International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network , expressed its unequivocal support for the DDPA and criticized countries boycotting the conference .

neg: Abstention Abstention is a term in election procedure for when a participant in a vote either does not go to vote ( on election day ) or , in parliamentary procedure , is present during the vote , but does not cast a ballot . Abstention must be contrasted with `` blank vote '' , in which a voter casts a ballot willfully made invalid by marking it wrongly or by not marking anything at all . A `` blank ( or white ) voter '' has voted , although their vote may be considered a spoilt vote , depending on each legislation , while an abstaining voter has n't voted . Both forms ( abstention and blank vote ) may or may not , depending on the circumstances , be considered to be a protest vote ( also known as a `` blank vote '' or `` white vote '' ) .   An abstention may be used to indicate the voting individual 's ambivalence about the measure , or mild disapproval that does not rise to the level of active opposition . Abstention can also be used when someone has a certain position about an issue , but since the popular sentiment supports the opposite , it might not be politically expedient to vote according to his or her conscience . A person may also abstain when they do not feel adequately informed about the issue at hand , or has not participated in relevant discussion . In parliamentary procedure , a member may be required to abstain in the case of a real or perceived conflict of interest .   Abstentions do not count in tallying the vote negatively or positively ; when members abstain , they are in effect attending only to contribute to a quorum . White votes , however , may be counted in the total of votes , depending on the legislation .

neg: Removal jurisdiction In the United States , removal jurisdiction refers to the right of a defendant to move a lawsuit filed in state court to the federal district court for the federal judicial district in which the state court sits . This is a general exception to the usual American rule giving the plaintiff the right to make the decision on the proper forum . Removal occurs when a defendant files a `` notice of removal '' in the state court where the lawsuit is filed and the federal court to which the defendant would like to remove the case .   Removal is governed by statute , et seq. . With rare exceptions , a case may be removed only if , at the time of the initial filing , the case could have been filed in federal court . Removal requires an independent ground for subject-matter jurisdiction such as diversity jurisdiction or federal question jurisdiction . A case must be removed to the federal district court that encompasses the state court where the action was initiated .   Once removed , the case can be transferred to , or consolidated in , another federal court , despite the plaintiff 's original intended venue .   Ordinarily , defendants face no difficulty removing claims based on federal law if every defendant desires removal ( the unanimity rule ) . Removal of claims under state law , even when a federal court indisputably has diversity jurisdiction , is more restricted . Except in certain class actions governed by the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 ( CAFA ) , a plaintiff can successfully object to removal in diversity actions if any defendant is a citizen of the forum state where the suit is taking place .

neg: Nonacquiescence In law , nonacquiescence is the intentional failure by one branch of the government to comply with the decision of another to some degree . It tends to arise only in governments that feature a strong separation of powers , such as in the United States , and is much rarer in governments where such powers are partly or wholly fused . In the context of lawsuits , executive nonacquiescence in judicial decisions can lead to bizarre Kafkaesque situations where parties discover to their chagrin that their legal victory over the government is an empty one . Nonacquiescence can also possibly lead to a constitutional crisis , given certain critical situations and decisions .   In the United States , certain federal agencies are notorious for practicing nonacquiescence ( essentially , ignoring court decisions that go against them and refusing to accept their validity as binding precedent ) . The Social Security Administration and the Internal Revenue Service are particularly well known for such conduct . Although executive nonacquiescence has been heavily criticized by the federal courts , as well as the American Bar Association , the U.S. Congress has not yet been able to pass a bill formally prohibiting or punishing such behavior .   The U.S. Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) uses the term nonacquiescence in its actions on decision to indicate that the IRS disagrees with a court ruling and will not follow its precedent nationwide . This does not necessarily mean that the IRS will refuse to follow the ruling of the court on that particular case ; rather it means that the IRS will not apply the ruling to other cases . In some cases of nonacquiesence , the IRS may follow the decision 's precedent within the jurisdiction of the case in question , but not apply it in other jurisdictions .

neg: Voter-verified paper audit trail Voter-verifiable paper audit trail ( VVPAT ) or verifiable paper record ( VPR ) is a method of providing feedback to voters using a ballotless voting system . A VVPAT is intended as an independent verification system for voting machines designed to allow voters to verify that their vote was cast correctly , to detect possible election fraud or malfunction , and to provide a means to audit the stored electronic results.It contains name of the candidate ( for whom vote has been casted ) and symbol of the party / individual candidate .   The VVPAT offers some fundamental differences as a paper , rather than electronic recording medium when storing votes . A paper VVPAT is readable by the human eye and voters can directly interpret their vote . Computer memory requires a device and software which potentially is proprietary . Insecure voting machine records could potentially be changed quickly without detection by the voting machine itself . It would be more difficult for voting machines to corrupt records without human intervention . Corrupt or malfunctioning voting machines might store votes other than as intended by the voter unnoticed . A VVPAT allows voters the possibility to verify that their votes are cast as intended and can serve as an additional barrier to changing or destroying votes .   The VVPAT includes a direct recording electronic voting system ( DRE ) , to assure voters that their votes have been recorded as intended . It is intended , and some argue necessary , as a means by which to detect fraud and equipment malfunction . Depending on election laws the paper audit trail may constitute a legal ballot and therefore provide a means by which a manual vote count can be conducted if a recount is necessary . The solution was first demonstrated ( New York City , March 2001 ) and used ( Sacramento , CA 2002 ) by AVANTE International Technology , Inc. . .   In non-document ballot voting systems -- both mechanical voting machines and DRE voting machines -- the voter does not have an option to review a tangible ballot to confirm the voting system accurately recorded his or her intent . In addition , an election official is unable to manually recount ballots in the event of a dispute . Because of this , critics claim there is an increased chance for electoral fraud or malfunction and security experts , such as Bruce Schneier , have demanded voter-verifiable paper audit trails . Non-document ballot voting systems allow only a recount of the `` stored votes . '' These `` stored votes '' might not represent the correct voter intent if the machine has been corrupted or suffered malfunction .   A fundamental hurdle in the implementation of paper audit trails is the performance and authority of the audit . Paper audit systems increase the cost of electronic voting systems , can be difficult to implement , often require specialized external hardware , and can be difficult to use . In the United States , 27 states require a paper audit trail by statute or regulation for all direct recording electronic voting machines used in public elections .  Another 18 states do not require them but use them either statewide or in local jurisdictions . Five US states basically have no paper trail .   In India , Voter-verified paper audit trail ( VVPAT ) system was introduced in 8 of 543 parliamentary constituencies as a pilot project in Indian general election , 2014 . VVPAT is implemented in Lucknow , Gandhinagar , Bangalore South , Chennai Central , Jadavpur , Raipur , Patna Sahib and Mizoram constituencies . Voter-verified paper audit trail was first used in an election in India in September 2013 in Noksen ( Assembly Constituency ) in Nagaland . VVPAT - fitted EVMs was used in entire Goa state in the 2017 assembly elections , which was the first time that an entire state in India saw the implementation of VVPAT .

neg: Eco-sufficiency Eco-sufficiency requires a reduction of the level of production/consumption in those parts of the world with the highest standards of living beyond reducing the use of natural resources as well as waste and emissions per unit of production/consumption ( = decoupling/delinking ) . Given a very loose relation in rich countries between material wealth , GDP and human well-being , this might be possible even without reducing the latter , while , for example , increasing leisure and non-material activities for well-being .   There are potentials to reduce substantially the use of natural resources without compromising human wealth . However , many studies show that economic growth `` eats up '' these gains at least partially : if the economy grows by 2 % per annum we need an increasing resource productivity by 4 % in order to achieve a 2 % reduction of the absolute resource use . While eco-efficiency aims to improve the effectiveness of material , energy , and land use , eco-sufficiency aims at reducing negative environmental consequences through a reduction of the demand for consumer goods .   Eco-sufficiency is closely related to issues of quality of life and work-life balance . It can to some extent be achieved on the individual level , e.g. through energy savings , reduction of transport and change in diets ( less meat ) . However , it also requires a change in social frameworks , provided on the national or European level , including measures such as environmental taxes , environmental planning and new concepts of labour .   Eco-sufficiency is largely associated with the idea of altruism -- the sober lifestyle adopted by its advocates is a manifestation of their concern for the well-being of future generations -- and thus to date is endorsed by only a small minority of members of industrialised societies . A wide spread of eco-sufficiency will only occur , if people find the new lifestyles sufficiently attractive . It needs to be shown that less material wealth can bring increased well-being or happiness to individuals and societies . For example , it has been shown that downsizing or relocating consumers can be motivated by purely selfish reasons such as improving one 's health , avoiding stress , the nostalgia for a `` good old time '' and so on .   An important aspect here is related to the so-called work-and-spend cycle . If leisure and forms of work other than employment ( incl . self-employment ) , such as caring , do it yourself and community work gain relevance , income - and therefore consumption - would be reduced .

neg: Non-Aligned Movement The Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) is a group of states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc . , the movement has 120 members .   The purpose of the organization has been enumerated as to ensure `` the national independence , sovereignty , territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries '' in their `` struggle against imperialism , colonialism , neo-colonialism , racism , and all forms of foreign aggression , occupation , domination , interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics , '' by Fidel Castro in the Havana Declaration of 1979 . The countries of the Non-Aligned Movement represent nearly two-thirds of the United Nations ' members and contain 55 % of the world population . Membership is particularly concentrated in countries considered to be developing or part of the Third World .   Although many of the Non-Aligned Movement 's members were actually quite closely aligned with one or another of the superpowers , the movement still maintained cohesion throughout the Cold War , even despite several conflicts between members which also threatened the movement . In the years since the Cold War 's end , it has focused on developing multilateral ties and connections as well as unity among the developing nations of the world , especially those within the Global South .

neg: Price controls Price controls are governmental restrictions on the prices that can be charged for goods and services in a market . The intent behind implementing such controls can stem from the desire to maintain affordability of goods , to prevent during shortages , and to slow inflation , or , alternatively , to ensure a minimum income for providers of certain goods or a minimum wage . There are two primary forms of price control , a price ceiling , the maximum price that can be charged , and a price floor , the minimum price that can be charged .   Historically , price controls have often been imposed as part of a larger incomes policy package also employing wage controls and other regulatory elements .   Although price controls are sometimes used by governments , economists usually agree that price controls do n't accomplish what they are intended to do and are generally to be avoided . For example , nearly three-quarters of economists surveyed disagreed with the statement , `` Wage-price controls are a useful policy option in the control of inflation . ''

neg: Sine qua non Sine qua non ( -LSB- ˌsaɪni_kweɪ_ˈnɒn -RSB- -LSB- ˈsine kwaː ˈnoːn -RSB- ) or conditio sine qua non ( plural : conditiones sine quibus non ) is an indispensable and essential action , condition , or ingredient . It was originally a Latin legal term for '' -LSB- a condition -RSB- without which it could not be '' , or `` but for ... '' or `` without which -LSB- there is -RSB- nothing '' . `` Sine qua non '' causation is the formal terminology for `` but-for '' causation .

neg: UNC Food Worker Strike The UNC Food Workers Strike was a labor strike at the University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill that began on February 23 and lasted until December 9 , 1969 . Through the leadership of Mary Smith and Elizabeth Brooks and with the support of student groups and civil rights activists , the strike was organized around a list of demands to improve the working conditions of black food workers . The protesting employees of Lenoir Hall presented this list to University Chancellor J. Carlyle Sitterson , who responded by asserting his commitment `` to be -LSB- ing -RSB- responsive to the educational needs of ... all races , colors , and creeds '' but also his inability to treat any group with preference and to make significant changes on their behalf . He directed a police response to campus disruptions with North Carolina Governor Robert W. Scott , further instigating the protesters and drawing widespread attention to the issue . The subsequent formation of the UNC Non-Academic Employees Union prompted Governor Scott to negotiate with and ultimately accept the terms of the protesters on March 21 , 1969 . UNC facility employees experienced an increase in wage and working conditions , and this lasted until food management transferred from internal to contractual service provided by SAGA Food Service less than a month later . The change in employers sparked workers , many of whom participated in the first strike , to voice their discontent once again . Employees and students responded immediately , with the strike resuming , among other forms of protest , until its conclusion on December 9 , 1969 , when black supporters threatened to descend on the campus to elevate the issue if union negotiations did not begin .   Instigated by perceived oppressive employment conditions and fueled by the spirit of the ongoing Civil Rights Movement , the Food Workers Strike brought attention to many issues in Chapel Hill and the American South as well as on college campuses throughout the country . These included the stalling status of desegregation , the assimilation of the fight for civil equality into part of the 1960 's Counterculture Movement and the New Left , the shift towards more confrontational forms of protest for civil demonstrations and the rights of public employees to unionize and protest perceived injustice . The Strike serves as a model for a successful , largely nonviolent protest against institutionalized injustice and is remembered today as a significant milestone for workers ' rights and racial equality in University and North Carolina history .

neg: Repeal A repeal is the removal or reversal of a law . There are two basic types of repeal , a repeal with a re-enactment ( or replacement ) of the repealed law , or a repeal without any replacement .   Removal of secondary legislation is normally referred to as revocation rather than repeal in the United Kingdom and Ireland . Under the common law of England and Wales , the effect of repealing a statute was `` to obliterate it completely from the records of Parliament as though it had never been passed . '' This , however , is now subject to savings provisions within the Interpretation Act 1978 .   In parliamentary procedure , the motion to rescind , repeal , or annul is used to cancel or countermand an action or order previously adopted by the assembly .

neg: Picketing Picketing is a form of protest in which people ( called picketers ) congregate outside a place of work or location where an event is taking place . Often , this is done in an attempt to dissuade others from going in ( `` crossing the picket line '' ) , but it can also be done to draw public attention to a cause . Picketers normally endeavor to be non-violent . It can have a number of aims , but is generally to put pressure on the party targeted to meet particular demands and/or cease operations . This pressure is achieved by harming the business through loss of customers and negative publicity , or by discouraging or preventing workers and/or customers from entering the site and thereby preventing the business from operating normally .   Picketing is a common tactic used by trade unions during strikes , who will try to prevent dissident members of the union , members of other unions and non-unionised workers from working . Those who cross the picket line and work despite the strike are known pejoratively as scabs .

neg: Un-American Un-American is a pejorative term of U.S. political discourse which is applied to ideas , people or institutions in the United States seen as deviating from what are widely perceived to be fundamental American cultural and political values .   The most famous use is in the title of the House Un-American Activities Committee which was started to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens , public employees , and those organizations suspected of having Communist ties . By 1959 , former President Harry S. Truman had denounced the Committee as the `` most un-American thing in the country today '' . The Committee lost considerable prestige as the 1960s progressed , and it was abolished by the House of Representatives in 1975 .   The use and meaning of the term is by no means uniform in the US . Due in part to these historical associations with political abuses and jingoism , the attitudes of Americans toward the pejorative use of `` Un-American '' are often critical or suspicious . Moreover , Americans may vary widely in what they believe to be un-American .

neg: Group boycott In competition law , a group boycott is a type of secondary boycott in which two or more competitors in a relevant market refuse to conduct business with a firm unless the firm agrees to cease doing business with an actual or potential competitor of the firms conducting the boycott . It is a form of refusal to deal , and can be a method of shutting a competitor out of a market , or preventing entry of a new firm into a market .   In the United States , such conduct can be held to violate the Sherman Antitrust Act . Depending upon the nature of the boycott , the courts may either apply the rule of reason , or hold that the boycott is illegal per se . It may also be considered a form of civil conspiracy .

neg: Protected concerted activity Protected Concerted Activity is a legal term used in labor policy to define employee protection against employer retaliation in the United States . It is a legal principle under the subject of the freedom of association . It defines the activities workers may partake in without fear of employer retaliation . In countries where there is relatively robust employee dismissal protection , the protection of protected concerted activity is less of a distinct legal issue . In liberal market societies like the United States , where it is comparatively easy for an employer to fire an employee , the issue of protected concerted activity has become an important employment protection .   The National Labor Relations Act , the main labor policy governing labor relations in the United States , defines concerted activity in Section 7 .   Section 7 - Employees shall have the right to self-organization , to form , join , or assist labor organizations , to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing , and to engage in other concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection ...   Generally speaking , there is protected concerted activity when two or more employees act together to improve their terms and conditions of employment , although it is ( on rare occasions ) possible for conduct to be so egregious that it becomes unprotected . Employees have a right to advocate in this manner even where there is no union involved .   At times , protected concerted activity has extended to individual employees , like for example when an employee speaks individually to his or her employer on behalf of him or herself and one or more co-workers about improving workplace conditions . An individual employee who seeks to enforce a collective bargaining agreement will generally be deemed to be engaged in concerted activity . On the other hand , an employee who acts as a `` whistleblower '' may or may not be engaging in concerted activity ; if the complaint is entirely individual and the employee has not discussed it with co-workers , it is unlikely to be protected by the National Labor Relations Act ( though it may well be protected under some other public policy ) .   The Act does not limit the manner , time , or place in which employees can engage in concerted activity . Consequently , in recent years , the General Counsel of the National Labor Relations Board has often taken the position that employee conversations about common workplace issues which make use of social media such as Facebook and Twitter are protected against retaliation .

neg: Walkout In labor disputes , a walkout is a labor strike , the act of employees collectively leaving the workplace as an act of protest .   A walkout can also mean the act of leaving a place of work , school , a meeting , a company , or an organization , especially if meant as an expression of protest or disapproval .   A walkout can be seen as different from a strike in that a walkout can occur spontaneously , and need not necessarily involve all the workers present , whereas a strike is often voted on beforehand by the workers , giving notification both to all of the workers and to the company affected .   Walkouts have often been staged against the presence of a speaker or the content of an in-progress speech at a meeting . The protest , which is often a silent , non-violent means of expressing disapproval , is often interpreted as an exercise of the freedom of association while allowing the speaker to exercise the freedom of speech , albeit with a reduced audience in attendance .

neg: Journalism ethics and standards Journalism ethics and standards comprise principles of ethics and of good practice as applicable to the specific challenges faced by journalists . Historically and currently , this subset of media ethics is widely known to journalists as their professional `` code of ethics '' or the `` canons of journalism '' . The basic codes and canons commonly appear in statements drafted by both professional journalism associations and individual print , broadcast , and online news organizations .   While various existing codes have some differences , most share common elements including the principles of -- truthfulness , accuracy , objectivity , impartiality , fairness and public accountability -- as these apply to the acquisition of newsworthy information and its subsequent dissemination to the public .   Like many broader ethical systems , journalism ethics include the principle of `` limitation of harm . '' This often involves the withholding of certain details from reports such as the names of minor children , crime victims ' names or information not materially related to particular news reports release of which might , for example , harm someone 's reputation .   Some journalistic codes of ethics , notably the European ones , also include a concern with discriminatory references in news based on race , religion , sexual orientation , and physical or mental disabilities . The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe approved in 1993 Resolution 1003 on the Ethics of Journalism which recommends journalists to respect the presumption of innocence , in particular in cases that are still sub judice .