query: Annie Parisse was selected for the nominated Daytime Emmy Award.

pos: Annie Parisse Anne Marie Cancelmi ( born July 31 , 1975 ) , known professionally as Annie Parisse , is an American actress . She portrayed Alexandra Borgia on the drama series Law & Order . Parisse has also starred as Julia Snyder on the soap opera As the World Turns , for which she was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award , and as FBI specialist Debra Parker on the thriller series The Following .

neg: Annie Ilonzeh Annette Ngosi `` Annie '' Ilonzeh ( born August 23 , 1983 ) is an American actress . She is known for her roles as Maya Ward on General Hospital and Kate Prince in the short-lived ABC reboot of Charlie 's Angels .

neg: Analysis of Cork-Based Networking `` Analysis of Cork-Based Networking '' is the sixth episode of the fifth season of Community , and the 90th episode overall in the series . It originally aired on January 30 , 2014 on NBC ; and is written by Monica Padrick and directed by Tristram Shapeero . It is also the last episode of the season to air before going on hiatus during the 2014 Winter Olympics . The season resumed on February 27 , 2014 .   The episode also featured the return of Brie Larson as Rachel , who last appeared in the fourth season episode `` Herstory of Dance . ''   In this episode , Annie Edison ( Alison Brie ) and Professor Buzz Hickey ( Jonathan Banks ) confront numerous Greendale heads -- including the head custodian Bob Waite ( Nathan Fillion ) -- while others prepare the cafeteria for the midterm dance .   The episode received generally positive reviews , with many praising the show 's use of guest stars ; however , some noted Troy Barnes 's ( Donald Glover ) absence negatively . Upon airing , the episode attained 3.01 million viewers and an 18-49 rating of 1.1 , placing third in its timeslot and tenth for the night in primetime television .

neg: New York Emmy Awards The New York Emmy Awards are a division of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences honoring those in television and advanced media in the tri-state New York-New Jersey-Connecticut and New York State . The division was founded in 1955 and in addition to granting the New York Emmy Awards , the chapter also recognizes awards scholarships , honors industry veterans at the Silver Circle Celebration , has a free research and a nationwide job bank . The chapter also participates in judging Emmy entries at the regional and national levels .

neg: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Picture Editing for a Nonfiction Program The Primetime Emmy Award for Picture Editing for a Nonfiction Program is awarded to one television documentary or nonfiction series each year .   Prior to 2006 , nonfiction and reality programs competed together until the Outstanding Picture Editing for Reality Programming category was created .   In the following list , the first titles listed in gold are the winners ; those not in gold are nominees , which are listed in alphabetical order . The years given are those in which the ceremonies took place .   __ TOC __

neg: Designerspirene Designerspirene was a Norwegian reality television series that focused on fashion design . The show is aired on TV3 and is based on the American format , Project Runway hosted by Heidi Klum . Project Runway has been Emmy-nominated for `` Outstanding reality-competition program '' in 2005 and 2006 . The show has only had one season in 2007 with no plans for a renewal .   Spirene follows similarly to the American format . Each week contestants are given a task and money to create the best outfit under a restricted amount of time . The outfit is shown off at the runway and judged at the end of the show . The judges then deliberate who will be sent home for elimination .   Designerspirene is hosted by supermodel Vendela Kirsebom Thommessen . The regular judges are Vendela Kirsebom Thommessen , fashion designer Peter Løchstøer , and Petra Middelthon fashion director of Norwegian ELLE magazine , with the fourth judge as a new guest judge . Tim Gunn 's mentor role in the American format is done by William Jensen , Norway 's first fashion designer .   The season one awards included a collection showing at Oslo Fashion Week , a trip to Olympus Fashion Week in New York , a fashion spread in ELLE magazine , sewing equipment worth $ 6,500 from Janome , and $ 25,000 in cash .   The title derives from designer which is a borrowed cognate in Norwegian from English and spirene which literally means sprout or bud but here takes on the figurative meaning of a designer budding or growing into a better one .   The show lasted only one season before being canceled .

neg: Annie Othen Annie Othen is a journalist and broadcaster . She began working in commercial radio in 1983 , later joining the BBC in 1993 where she has presented both national and local radio shows . Annie has presented the mid-morning show on BBC Coventry and Warwickshire . In 2011 she was nominated for a Gillard radio award and again in 2013 .

neg: 36th Daytime Emmy Awards The 36th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards were held on Sunday , August 30 , 2009 , and were televised live on The CW for the very first time . The nominees were announced on May 14 in the Orpheum Theatre , Los Angeles , California Vanessa L. Williams hosted the event . The event was directed by Jeff Margolis and Debbie Palacio .

neg: 44th Primetime Emmy Awards The 44th Primetime Emmy Awards were held on Sunday , August 30 , 1992 . The ceremony was broadcast on Fox from the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena , California . It was hosted by Tim Allen , Kirstie Alley and Dennis Miller , and directed by Walter C. Miller . Presenters included Roseanne Barr , Tom Arnold , Scott Bakula , Candice Bergen , Corbin Bernsen , Beau Bridges , Lloyd Bridges , and Cindy Crawford . The program was written by Buddy Sheffield and Bruce Vilanch . Over 300 million people watched the ceremony in 30 countries . A rule change , instituted for this year only , stated that regular and guest performers would compete in the same category . There could be lead guest or supporting guest .   On the comedy side , Murphy Brown won Outstanding Comedy Series for the second time , winning three major awards on the night , the most for a comedy series . On the drama side , L.A. Laws strangle hold on Outstanding Drama Series came to an end , as Northern Exposure took home the award . Northern Exposure also won three major awards and received nine major nominations , which tied for the most in each category . For the first time in its run , The Golden Girls , then in its seventh and final season , was not nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series .   After being on the air for thirty years , The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson finally heard its name called when its final season won for Outstanding Variety , Music , or Comedy Program . The show was first nominated for the category in 1964 and was 0/13 before this ceremony .

neg: 32nd Annie Awards The 32nd Annual Annie Awards were held on January 30 , 2005 , at the Alex Theatre in Glendale , California . They were hosted by Tom Kenny .

neg: Andrea McArdle Andrea McArdle ( born November 5 , 1963 ) is an American singer and actress best known for originating the role of Annie in the Broadway musical Annie .

neg: The Diahann Carroll Show The Diahann Carroll Show is a series of four musical variety television specials , starring Diahann Carroll , that aired on CBS in 1976 . The show was a summer replacement for The Carol Burnett Show .   The series ' four episodes were taped over a period of five days . Guests on the premiere episode included Telly Savalas and Sammy Davis , Jr ( with whom Carroll sang a medley of songs from Porgy and Bess ) . Other guests during the brief season included composer Marvin Hamlisch , Betty White , Phyllis Diller and Johnny Mathis . Carroll 's costumes were designed by Bob Mackie .   Reviews were generally positive where Carroll 's performance was concerned , but the limited production values ( due to the show 's small budget ) and scripting were less well received .   At the time , Carroll told Jet magazine that `` Considering the facts that we filmed four one-hour shows in only five days , I must say that I am very proud of what we have ... . It was hard work , but I would n't have missed the experience for the world and I hope that television audiences will feel as good about the shows as we do . ''

neg: Kathleen Noone Kathleen Noone ( born Kathleen O'Meara , January 8 , 1945 ) is an American actress . She began her career as a singer in nightclubs and performed in musicals in off-Broadway stage , before making her television debut in the CBS daytime soap opera , As the World Turns ( 1975 -- 76 ) .   From 1977 to 1989 , Noone played Ellen Shepherd Dalton on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children . For this role , she won Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 1987 . In 1990 , Noone moved to prime time , starring as villainous Claudia Whittaker in the CBS series , Knots Landing ( 1990 -- 1993 ) . She returned to daytime television as Bette Katzenkazrahi on NBC 's Sunset Beach ( 1997 -- 1999 ) , for which she received another Daytime Emmy Award nomination . She also has had the recurring roles on L.A. Law , Party of Five , According to Jim , and Dexter .

neg: 9th Primetime Emmy Awards The 9th Emmy Awards , later referred to as the 9th Primetime Emmy Awards , were held on March 16 , 1957 to honor the best in television of the year . The ceremony was held at the NBC Studios in Burbank , California . Desi Arnaz hosted the event . All nominations are listed , with winners in bold and series ' networks are in parentheses . Categories were sorted based on running time , instead of by genre .   The top shows of the night were Caesar 's Hour and Playhouse 90 . Each show won a then-record five major awards , ( however , two of Playhouse 90 's wins came in now defunct categories ) .   Caesar 's Hour became the first show to be nominated in all four major acting categories . Caesar 's Hour also made history when it swept the four acting categories . After over fifty years , it remains the only comedy or drama series to win every major acting award . In 2004 , the miniseries Angels in America became the second show , and first miniseries/television movie , to sweep the acting field .

neg: Morning Star (TV series) Morning Star is a daytime soap opera which aired on NBC from September 27 , 1965 to July 1 , 1966 . The show was created by Ted Corday who would later create the long-running daytime serial Days of Our Lives .   The show aired at 11:00 AM ; it was paired with Paradise Bay which aired after it and also was created by Ted Corday . Morning Star was one of the first soap operas to air in color .   The show followed Katy Elliot who was a fashion designer from Connecticut ; she moved to New York City to begin work in her chosen field . It followed her trials and tribulations along with those of her roommates Joan Mitchell and Joan 's daughter Liz . Katy had left her hometown of Springdale after the death of Greg Ross , her fiance , who had been killed in a traffic accident before they were to have been married . In New York , Katy met and fell in love with Bill Riley , She also had contact with her aunt Millie Elliot ; her uncle , Ed Elliot , who was a judge in Springdale ; and her sixteen-year-old sister , Jan. .   As did Days of our Lives , the show opened with an epigraph , as was customary for soap operas of the time , `` No matter how dark the night , there is always a new dawn to come . The sun is but a morning star . ''

neg: 2011 Emmy Awards 2011 Emmy Awards may refer to :   63rd Primetime Emmy Awards , the 2011 Emmy Awards ceremony that honored primetime programming during June 2010 -- May 2011  38th Daytime Emmy Awards , the 2011 Emmy Awards ceremony that honored daytime programming during 2010  32nd Sports Emmy Awards , the 2011 Emmy Awards ceremony that honored sports programming during 2010

neg: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series This is a list of winners and nominees of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series . In early Primetime Emmy Award ceremonies , the supporting categories were not always genre , or even gender , specific . Beginning with the 22nd Primetime Emmy Awards , supporting actors in comedy have competed alone . However , these comedic performances often included actors from miniseries , telefilms , and guest performers competing against main cast competitors . Such instances are marked below :   # -- Indicates a performance in a Miniseries or Television film , prior to the category 's creation .  § -- Indicates a performance as a guest performer , prior to the category 's creation .

neg: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Variety Series This is a list of winners and nominees of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Variety Series . The category was initiated in 2016 alongside Outstanding Short Form Comedy or Drama Series and Outstanding Short Form Nonfiction or Reality Series . The awards replaced the now-retired category for Outstanding Short-Format Live-Action Entertainment Program . These awards are not presented at the Primetime Emmy Awards show , but at the Creative Arts Emmy Award show .

neg: 30th Primetime Emmy Awards The 30th Primetime Emmy Awards were held on September 17 , 1978 . The ceremony was broadcast on CBS , from the Pasadena Civic Auditorium , Pasadena , California .   The top shows of the night were All in the Family which won its then record fourth Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series , and The Rockford Files . CBS continued its streak of dominance by winning its eighth straight Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series , this record still stands . Actor Will Geer received three posthumous acting nominations for three different performances , but lost in each category .   For the first time in Emmy history , two shows won six major awards , All in the Family became the first show to win six major awards twice , and the miniseries Holocaust tied the record for most wins by a miniseries set the previous year by Roots .   This ceremony was interrupted for thirty minutes by a nationally televised address by then-President Jimmy Carter , joined by then-Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin and then-Egyptian president Anwar Sadat in which President Carter announced the signing of the Camp David Accords .   Rita Moreno 's win made her the third person to become an EGOT .

neg: Sandra Masone Sandra Masone is a boom operator .   She was nominated for a Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Achievement in Live and Direct to Tape Sound Mixing for a Drama Series for her work as a boom operator on General Hospital .

neg: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Direction The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Direction is awarded to one television series or special each year .   In the following list , the first titles listed in gold are the winners ; those not in gold are nominees , which are listed in alphabetical order . The years given are those in which the ceremonies took place .   __ TOC __


query: Lightning rods can be made from copper.

pos: Lightning rod A lightning rod ( US , AUS ) or lightning conductor ( UK ) is a metal rod mounted on a structure and intended to protect the structure from a lightning strike . If lightning hits the structure , it will preferentially strike the rod and be conducted to ground through a wire , instead of passing through the structure , where it could start a fire or cause electrocution . Lightning rods are also called finials , air terminals or strike termination devices .   In a lightning protection system , a lightning rod is a single component of the system . The lightning rod requires a connection to earth to perform its protective function . Lightning rods come in many different forms , including hollow , solid , pointed , rounded , flat strips or even bristle brush-like . The main attribute common to all lightning rods is that they are all made of conductive materials , such as copper and aluminum . Copper and its alloys are the most common materials used in lightning protection .

neg: Copper-clad steel Copper-clad steel ( CCS ) , also known as copper-covered steel or the trademarked name Copperweld is a bi-metallic product , mainly used in the wire industry that combines the high mechanical resistance of steel with the conductivity and resistance to corrosion of copper .   It is mainly used for grounding purposes , line tracing to locate underground utilities , drop wire of telephone cables , and inner conductor of coaxial cables , including thin hookup cables like RG174 , and CATV cable .

neg: Percussion cap The percussion cap , introduced circa 1820 , was the crucial invention that enabled muzzleloading firearms to fire reliably in any weather . This gave rise to the caplock or percussionlock system .   Before this development , firearms used flintlock ignition systems that produced flint-on-steel sparks to ignite a pan of priming powder and thereby fire the gun 's main powder charge ( the flintlock mechanism replaced older ignition systems such as the matchlock and wheellock ) . Flintlocks were prone to misfire in wet weather , and many flintlock firearms were later converted to the more reliable percussion system .   The percussion cap is a small cylinder of copper or brass with one closed end . Inside the closed end is a small amount of a shock-sensitive explosive material such as fulminate of mercury . The percussion cap is placed over a hollow metal `` nipple '' at the rear end of the gun barrel . Pulling the trigger releases a hammer that strikes the percussion cap and ignites the explosive primer . The flame travels through the hollow nipple to ignite the main powder charge . Percussion caps were , and still are , made in small sizes for pistols and larger sizes for rifles and muskets .   While the metal percussion cap was the most popular and widely used type of primer , their small size made them difficult to handle under the stress of combat or while riding a horse . Accordingly , several manufacturers developed alternative , `` auto-priming '' systems . The `` Maynard tape primer '' , for example , used a roll of paper `` caps '' much like today 's toy cap gun . The Maynard tape primer was fitted to some firearms used in the mid-nineteenth century and a few saw brief use in the American Civil War . Other disc or pellet-type primers held a supply of tiny fulminate detonator discs in a small magazine . Cocking the hammer automatically advanced a disc into position . However , these automatic feed systems were difficult to make with the manufacturing systems in the early and mid-nineteenth century and generated more problems than they solved . They were quickly shelved in favor of a single percussion cap that , while awkward to handle in some conditions , could be carried in sufficient quantities to make up for occasionally dropping one while a jammed tape primer system reduced the rifle to an awkward club .   The first practical solution for the problem of handling percussion caps in battle was the Prussian 1841 ( Dreyse needle gun ) , which used a long needle to penetrate a paper cartridge filled with black powder and strike the percussion cap that was fastened to the base of the bullet . While it had a number of problems , it was widely used by the Prussians and other German states in the mid-nineteenth century and was a major factor in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War .   In the 1850s , the percussion cap was first integrated into a metallic cartridge , which contained the bullet , powder charge and primer . By the late 1860s , breech-loading metallic cartridges had made the percussion cap system obsolete . Today , reproduction percussion firearms are popular for recreational shooters and percussion caps are still available ( though some modern muzzleloaders use shotshell primers instead of caps ) . Most percussion caps now use non-corrosive compounds such as lead styphnate .

neg: Optoelectric nuclear battery An opto-electric nuclear battery is a device that converts nuclear energy into light , which it then uses to generate electrical energy . A beta-emitter such as technetium-99 or strontium-90 is suspended in a gas or liquid containing luminescent gas molecules of the excimer type , constituting a `` dust plasma . '' This permits a nearly lossless emission of beta electrons from the emitting dust particles . The electrons then excite the gases whose excimer line is selected for the conversion of the radioactivity into a surrounding photovoltaic layer such that a lightweight , low-pressure , high-efficiency battery can be realised . These nuclides are relatively low-cost radioactive waste from nuclear power reactors . The diameter of the dust particles is so small ( a few micrometers ) that the electrons from the beta decay leave the dust particles nearly without loss . The surrounding weakly ionized plasma consists of gases or gas mixtures ( such as krypton , argon , and xenon ) with excimer lines such that a considerable amount of the energy of the beta electrons is converted into this light . The surrounding walls contain photovoltaic layers with wide forbidden zones as e.g. diamond which convert the optical energy generated from the radiation into electrical energy .   The technology was developed by researchers of the Kurchatov Institute in Moscow .

neg: Spot welding Resistance spot welding ( RSW ) is a process in which contacting metal surfaces are joined by the heat obtained from resistance to electric current .   Work-pieces are held together under pressure exerted by electrodes . Typically the sheets are in the 0.5 to thickness range . The process uses two shaped copper alloy electrodes to concentrate welding current into a small `` spot '' and to simultaneously clamp the sheets together . Forcing a large current through the spot will melt the metal and form the weld . The attractive feature of spot welding is that a lot of energy can be delivered to the spot in a very short time ( approximately 10 -- 100 milliseconds ) . That permits the welding to occur without excessive heating of the remainder of the sheet .   The amount of heat ( energy ) delivered to the spot is determined by the resistance between the electrodes and the magnitude and duration of the current . The amount of energy is chosen to match the sheet 's material properties , its thickness , and type of electrodes . Applying too little energy will not melt the metal or will make a poor weld . Applying too much energy will melt too much metal , eject molten material , and make a hole rather than a weld . Another feature of spot welding is that the energy delivered to the spot can be controlled to produce reliable welds .   is a modification of spot welding . In this process , the weld is localized by means of raised sections , or projections , on one or both of the workpieces to be joined . Heat is concentrated at the projections , which permits the welding of heavier sections or the closer spacing of welds . The projections can also serve as a means of positioning the workpieces . Projection welding is often used to weld studs , nuts , and other screw machine parts to metal plate . It is also frequently used to join crossed wires and bars . This is another high-production process , and multiple projection welds can be arranged by suitable designing and jigging .

neg: Widom-Larsen theory The Widom-Larsen theory is a theory developed in 2005 by Dr. Allan Widom and Lewis Larsen which describes the production of ultra low momentum neutrons and subsequent catalysis of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions ( LENR ) . Neutrons are hypothesized to be produced during weak interactions when protons capture `` heavy '' electrons in certain special conditions , such as metallic hydride surfaces . The theory has been criticized as being `` based on a number of fallacies and an obscuring way of handling the equations . ''   The theory was expanded by Dr. Yogendra Srivastava in 2014 , and additionally theorized as a possible explanation for neutrons observed in exploding wire experiments , solar corona and flares , as well as to explain neutron production in thunderstorms . However , unreal concentrations of free electrons would be needed for the theory 's prediction of neutron yield to be a significant component of thunderstorm neutrons , discounting the theory as an explanation . The theory has also been suggested as describing the source of neutrons produced in the fracture of piezoelectric and iron containing rocks .

neg: Copper alloys in aquaculture Copper alloys are important netting materials in aquaculture ( the farming of aquatic organisms including fish farming ) . Various other materials including nylon , polyester , polypropylene , polyethylene , plastic-coated welded wire , rubber , patented twine products ( Spectra , Dyneema ) , and galvanized steel are also used for netting in aquaculture fish enclosures around the world . All of these materials are selected for a variety of reasons , including design feasibility , material strength , cost , and corrosion resistance .   What sets copper alloys apart from the other materials used in fish farming is that copper alloys are antimicrobial , that is , they destroy bacteria , viruses , fungi , algae , and other microbes . ( For information about the antimicrobial properties of copper and its alloys , see Antimicrobial properties of copper and Antimicrobial copper alloy touch surfaces ) .   In the marine environment , the antimicrobial/algaecidal properties of copper alloys prevent biofouling , which can briefly be described as the undesirable accumulation , adhesion , and growth of microorganisms , plants , algae , tube worms , barnacles , mollusks , and other organisms on man-made marine structures . By inhibiting microbial growth , copper alloy aquaculture pens avoid the need for costly net changes that are necessary with other materials . The resistance of organism growth on copper alloy nets also provides a cleaner and healthier environment for farmed fish to grow and thrive .   In addition to their antifouling benefits , copper alloys have strong structural and corrosion-resistant properties in marine environments .   It is the combination of all of these properties -- antifouling , high strength , and corrosion resistance -- that has made copper alloys a desirable material for such marine applications as condenser tubing , water intake screens , ship hulls , offshore structure , and sheathing . In the past 25 years or so , the benefits of copper alloys have caught the attention of the marine aquaculture industry . The industry is now actively deploying copper alloy netting and structural materials in commercial large-scale fish farming operations around the world .

neg: Copper carbonate Copper carbonate generally means a compound containing copper and carbonate ions . It may be any of several substances :   basic copper carbonate ( the `` copper carbonate '' of commerce ) , actually a copper carbonate hydroxide ; which may be either   2 : the green mineral malachite , and the pigment `` verditer '' or `` mountain green ''  2 2 : the blue mineral azurite , and the pigment `` blue verditer '' or `` mountain blue ''   or a mixture of the two .   copper ( II ) carbonate proper , ( neutral copper carbonate ) : a rarely seen moisture-sensitive compound .

neg: Plasma globe A plasma globe or plasma lamp ( also called plasma ball , dome , sphere , tube or orb , depending on shape ) is ( usually ) a clear glass sphere filled with a mixture of various noble gases with a high-voltage electrode in the center of the sphere .   Plasma filaments extend from the inner electrode to the outer glass insulator , giving the appearance of multiple constant beams of colored light ( see corona discharge and electric glow discharge ) . Plasma globes were most popular as novelty items in the 1980s .   The plasma lamp was invented by Nikola Tesla , during his experimentation with high-frequency currents in an evacuated glass tube for the purpose of studying high voltage phenomena . Tesla called his invention an `` inert gas discharge tube '' . The modern plasma lamp design was subsequently developed by Bill Parker , a student at MIT .

neg: Rainmaking Rainmaking , also known as artificial precipitation , artificial rainfall and pluviculture , is the act of attempting to artificially induce or increase precipitation , usually to stave off drought . According to the clouds ' different physical properties , this can be done using airplanes or rockets to sow to the clouds with catalysts such as dry ice , silver iodide and salt powder , to make clouds rain or increase precipitation , to remove or mitigate farmland drought , to increase reservoir irrigation water or water supply capacity , or to increase water levels for power generation .   In the United States , rainmaking was attempted by traveling showmen . It was practiced in the old west , but may have reached a peak during the dust bowl drought of the American West and Midwest in the 1930s . The practice was depicted in the 1956 film The Rainmaker . Attempts to bring rain directly have waned with development of the science of meteorology , the advent of laws against fraud and increased communication technology , with some exceptions such as cloud seeding and forms of prayer including rain dances , which are still practiced today . Prayer for more rain is also a cross cultural practice in Christians and Muslims in areas where people keep `` traditional '' non-scriptural religions . In the Christian areas the Defteras ( learned clerics of the Orthodox Christian Church ) believed to have the wisdom to arrest the rain , to bring hail to farms of individuals who refuse to comply with religious rules as well as to bring more rains when the rainy season fell short of giving the usual amount of rain needed for growing cereals .   The term is also used metaphorically to describe the process of bringing new clients into a professional practice , such as law , architecture , consulting , advertising , or investment banking -- in general , processes that bring money into a company .   It is also used to describe a confidence trick where the scammer takes money from the victim to influence a system over which they have no real control , but a random chance of the outcome happening anyway .

neg: Copper interconnect Copper-based chips are semiconductor integrated circuits which use copper for interconnections in the metalization layer , the BEOL . Since copper is a better conductor than aluminium , chips using this technology can have smaller metal components , and use less energy to pass electricity through them . Together , these effects lead to higher-performance processors . They were first introduced by IBM , with assistance from Motorola , in 1997 .   The transition from aluminium to copper required significant developments in fabrication techniques , including radically different methods for patterning the metal as well as the introduction of barrier metal layers to isolate the silicon from potentially damaging copper atoms .

neg: Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural) Penetrants , or penetrating items , are the mechanical , electrical or structural items that pass through an opening in a wall or floor , such as pipes , electrical conduits , ducting , cables and cable trays , or structural steel beams and columns . When these items pierce a wall or floor assembly , they create a space between the penetrant and the surrounding structure , which can become an avenue for the spread of fire between rooms or floors . Modern building codes generally require a service penetration firestop to seal the openings around penetrants ( or `` services '' ) , in order to restore the fire-resistance rating of the parent assembly .   Sizing of all openings has significant impact upon the adherence to the certification listing requirements . Therefore , communication between all affected trades is of great importance before any openings are made , to ensure proper sizing of the openings for cost control and conformance with listing and approval use and compliance .   Penetrants are typically accommodated by plumbers and electricians , who prepare for them by installing sleeves in concrete walls and floors , before they are poured . In the case of masonry walls , electricians and plumbers tend to be there first and hang sleeves around their piping , ductwork and conduit , where they know from their drawings that block walls will be erected , in order to avoid the time and expense of having to cut openings in existing walls and floors .   In the case of drywall assemblies , the opening size is determined by the drywall contractor , unless the mechanical and electrical trades are contractually obliged to provide sleeving here as well , with proper fastening methods that are in conformance with the certification listing . It is not uncommon for these trades to attempt to absolve themselves of the requirement to firestop their openings in the drywall assemblies by claiming that they were there first , meaning that others should take care of the rest . Since drywall contractors are not ordinarily required to do mechanical and electrical firestopping , the drywall openings can become an item of dispute or neglect , particularly in North American construction . This common issue can be minimised by designating a separate firestopping sub-contract , whereby a separate speciality sub-contractor firestops all openings on site , mechanical , electrical and structural , as well as the building joints .   Timber floor openings are simply cut by means of a chainsaw . In this case , the width of the blade will determine sizes .   Category : Passive fire protection  Category : Building engineering  Category : Firestops

neg: Hot-dip galvanization Hot-dip galvanization is a form of galvanization . It is the process of coating iron and steel with zinc , which alloys with the surface of the base metal when immersing the metal in a bath of molten zinc at a temperature of around 840 F . When exposed to the atmosphere , the pure zinc ( Zn ) reacts with oxygen ( O2 ) to form zinc oxide ( ZnO ) , which further reacts with carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) to form zinc carbonate ( ZnCO3 ) , a usually dull grey , fairly strong material that protects the steel underneath from further corrosion in many circumstances . Galvanized steel is widely used in applications where corrosion resistance is needed without the cost of stainless steel , and is considered superior in terms of cost and life-cycle . It can be identified by the crystallization patterning on the surface ( often called a `` spangle '' ) .   Galvanized steel can be welded ; however , one must exercise caution around the resulting toxic zinc fumes . Galvanized steel is suitable for high-temperature applications of up to 392 F  . The use of galvanized steel at temperatures above this will result in peeling of the zinc at the inter metallic layer  . Electrogalvanized sheet steel is often used in automotive manufacturing to enhance the corrosion performance of exterior body panels ; this is , however , a completely different process which tends to achieve lower coating thicknesses of zinc .   Like other corrosion protection systems , galvanizing protects steel by acting as a barrier between steel and the atmosphere . However , zinc is a more electropositive ( active ) metal in comparison to steel . This is a unique characteristic for galvanizing , which means that when a galvanized coating is damaged and steel is exposed to the atmosphere , zinc can continue to protect steel through galvanic corrosion ( often within an annulus of 5 mm , above which electron transfer rate decreases ) .

neg: Lightning (comics) Lightning , in comics , may refer to :   Lightning ( DC Comics ) , a DC Comics character  Lightning , one of the duo Thunder and Lightning  Lightning , a member of the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents   It may also refer to :   Well-Spoken Sonic Lightning Flash , a DC Comics character , one of the new Forever People

neg: Volcanic bomb A volcanic bomb is a mass of molten rock ( tephra ) larger than 64 mm ( 2.5 inches ) in diameter , formed when a volcano ejects viscous fragments of lava during an eruption . They cool into solid fragments before they reach the ground . Because volcanic bombs cool after they leave the volcano , they are extrusive igneous rocks . Volcanic bombs can be thrown many kilometres from an erupting vent , and often acquire aerodynamic shapes during their flight . Bombs can be extremely large ; the 1935 eruption of Mount Asama in Japan expelled bombs measuring 5 -- 6 m in diameter up to 600 m from the vent . Volcanic bombs are a significant volcanic hazard , and can cause severe injuries and death to people in an eruption zone . One such incident occurred at Galeras volcano in Colombia in 1993 ; six people near the summit were killed and several seriously injured by lava bombs when the volcano erupted unexpectedly .   Volcanic bombs are known to occasionally explode from internal gas pressure as they cool , but in most cases , most of the damage they cause is from impact , or subsequent fire damage . Bomb explosions are most often observed in `` bread-crust '' type bombs .

neg: Blacklight A blacklight ( or often black light ) , also referred to as a UV-A light , Wood 's lamp , or simply ultraviolet light , is a lamp that emits long-wave ( UV-A ) ultraviolet light and not much visible light .   One type of lamp has a violet filter material , either on the bulb or in a separate glass filter in the lamp housing , which blocks most visible light and allows through UV , so the lamp has a dim violet glow when operating . Blacklight lamps which have this filter have a lighting industry designation that includes the letters `` BLB '' . This stands for `` blacklight blue '' , which is a contradiction in that they are the type that does not look blue .   A second type of lamp produces ultraviolet but does not have the filter material , so it produces more visible light and has a blue color when operating . These tubes are made for use in `` bug zapper '' insect traps , and are identified by the industry designation `` BL '' .   Blacklight sources may be specially designed fluorescent lamps , mercury-vapor lamps , light-emitting diodes ( LEDs ) , lasers , or incandescent lamps ; although incandescents produce almost no blacklight ( except slightly more for halogen types ) , and so are not considered true blacklight sources . In medicine , forensics , and some other scientific fields , such a light source is referred to as a Wood 's lamp , named after Robert Williams Wood who invented the original Wood 's glass UV filters .   Although many other types of lamp emit ultraviolet light with visible light , black lights are essential when UV-A light without visible light is needed , particularly in observing fluorescence , the colored glow that many substances emit when exposed to UV . Black lights are employed for decorative and artistic lighting effects , diagnostic and therapeutic uses in medicine , the detection of substances tagged with fluorescent dyes , rock-hunting , the detection of counterfeit money , the curing of plastic resins , and attracting insects . Strong sources of long-wave ultraviolet light are used in tanning beds . Although the low-power UV-A emitted by black lights is not a hazard to skin or eyes and can be viewed without protection , powerful ultraviolet sources present dangers and require personal protective equipment such as goggles and gloves .

neg: Vacuum arc A vacuum arc can arise when the surfaces of metal electrodes in contact with a good vacuum begin to emit electrons either through heating ( thermionic emission ) or via an electric field that is sufficient to cause field electron emission . Once initiated , a vacuum arc can persist since the freed particles gain kinetic energy from the electric field , heating the metal surfaces through high speed particle collisions . This process can create an incandescent cathode spot which frees more particles , thereby sustaining the arc . At sufficiently high currents an incandescent anode spot may also be formed .   Electrical discharge in vacuum is important for certain types of vacuum tubes and for high voltage vacuum switches .   The thermionic vacuum arc ( TVA ) is a new type of plasma source , which generates a plasma containing ions with a directed energy . TVA discharges can be ignited in high vacuum conditions between a heated cathode ( electron gun ) and an anode ( tungsten crucible ) containing the material . The accelerated electron beam , incident on the anode , heats the crucible , together with its contents , to a high temperature . After establishing a steady-state density of the evaporating anode material atoms , and when the voltage applied is high enough , a bright discharge is ignited between the electrodes .

neg: Lightning (dog) Lightning was a German shepherd from a line of canine silent film stars . A grandson of Strongheart , Lightning was billed as `` The Wonder Dog '' and `` The Marvel Dog '' . He began life as a runt but grew to be larger than average for the breed , and he was very intelligent . Lightning appeared in numerous movies .

neg: Paasselkä devils Paasselkä devils ( Paasselän pirut ) are light phenomena sometimes appearing at Lake Paasselkä , Finland and swampy and forested areas nearby the lake .   Paasselkä is a lake formed in an impact crater . There is a magnetic anomaly in the centre of the lake .   The Paasselkä Devil is usually said to be a ball of light visible in the air above Paasselkä or areas nearby . It is said to move at varying speeds on some occasions and to remain stationary at others . Sometimes there are several balls . The `` ball of fire '' has been said by some locals to act as if it were conscious . It can follow fishermen 's boats or escape the light of torch . Sometimes the light moves at incredible speeds .   The light has been visible for a long time ; it is a part of local folklore and was given the name `` devil '' . Locals in earlier times may have believed that the ball of light was actually an evil creature . In earlier times local people were used to seeing these lights and did not consider them to be something extraordinary . The lights are still observed occasionally , and have been caught on film and photographed . This light phenomenon became more widely known through a 2006 book by Sulo Strömberg containing stories about the phenomenon .

neg: Wire A wire is a single , usually cylindrical , flexible strand or rod of metal . Wires are used to bear mechanical loads or electricity and telecommunications signals . Wire is commonly formed by drawing the metal through a hole in a die or draw plate . Wire gauges come in various standard sizes , as expressed in terms of a gauge number . The term wire is also used more loosely to refer to a bundle of such strands , as in `` multistranded wire '' , which is more correctly termed a wire rope in mechanics , or a cable in electricity .   Wire comes in solid core , stranded , or braided forms . Although usually circular in cross-section , wire can be made in square , hexagonal , flattened rectangular , or other cross-sections , either for decorative purposes , or for technical purposes such as high-efficiency voice coils in loudspeakers . Edge-wound coil springs , such as the Slinky toy , are made of special flattened wire .

neg: Surge arrester A surge arrester is a device to protect electrical equipment from over-voltage transients caused by external ( lightning ) or internal ( switching ) events . Also called a surge protection device ( SPD ) or transient voltage surge suppressor ( TVSS ) , this class of device is used to protect equipment in power transmission and distribution systems . ( For consumer equipment protection , different products called surge protectors are used . ) The energy criterion for various insulation material can be compared by impulse ratio , the surge arrester should have a low impulse ratio , so that a surge incident on the surge arrester may be bypassed to the ground instead of passing through the apparatus .   To protect a unit of equipment from transients occurring on an attached conductor , a surge arrester is connected to the conductor just before it enters the equipment . The surge arrester is also connected to ground and functions by routing energy from an over-voltage transient to ground if one occurs , while isolating the conductor from ground at normal operating voltages . This is usually achieved through use of a varistor , which has substantially different resistances at different voltages .   Surge arresters are not generally designed to protect against a direct lightning strike to a conductor , but rather against electrical transients resulting from lightning strikes occurring in the vicinity of the conductor .  Lightning which strikes the earth results in ground currents which can pass over buried conductors and induce a transient that propagates outward towards the ends of the conductor . The same kind of induction happens in overhead and above ground conductors which experience the passing energy of an atmospheric EMP caused by the lightning flash . Surge arresters only protect against induced transients characteristic of a lightning discharge 's rapid rise-time and will not protect against electrification caused by a direct strike to the conductor . Transients similar to lightning-induced , such as from a high voltage system 's fault switching , may also be safely diverted to ground ; however , continuous overcurrents are not protected against by these devices . The energy in a handled transient is substantially less than that of a lightning discharge ; however it is still of sufficient quantity to cause equipment damage and often requires protection .   Without very thick insulation , which is generally cost prohibitive , most conductors running more than a minimal distance , say greater than about 50 feet , will experience lightning-induced transients at some time during use . Because the transient is usually initiated at some point between the two ends of the conductor , most applications install a surge arrester just before the conductor lands in each piece of equipment to be protected . Each conductor must be protected , as each will have its own transient induced , and each SPD must provide a pathway to earth to safely divert the transient away from the protected component . The one notable exception where they are not installed at both ends is in high voltage distribution systems . In general , the induced voltage is not sufficient to do damage at the electric generation end of the lines ; however , installation at the service entrance to a building is key to protecting downstream products that are not as robust .


query: Jessica Chastain was in a movie.

pos: Jessica Chastain Jessica Michelle Chastain ( born March 24 , 1977 ) is an American actress and film producer . Born in Carmichael , California , and raised in Sacramento , Chastain developed an interest in acting from a young age . In 1998 , she made her professional stage debut as Shakespeare 's Juliet . After studying acting at the Juilliard School , she was signed to a talent holding deal with the television producer John Wells . She was a recurring guest star in several television shows , including Law & Order : Trial by Jury . She also took on roles in the stage productions of Anton Chekhov 's play The Cherry Orchard in 2004 and Oscar Wilde 's tragedy Salome in 2006 .   Chastain made her film debut in the drama Jolene ( 2008 ) , and gained wide recognition in 2011 for starring roles in half a dozen films , including the dramas Take Shelter and The Tree of Life . Her performance as an aspiring socialite in The Help earned her an Academy Award nomination . In 2012 , she won a Golden Globe Award and received a second Oscar nomination for playing a CIA agent in the thriller Zero Dark Thirty . Chastain made her Broadway debut in a revival of The Heiress in the same year . Her highest-grossing releases came with the science fiction films Interstellar ( 2014 ) and The Martian ( 2015 ) , as she continued to draw praise for her performances in the dramas The Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby ( 2013 ) , A Most Violent Year ( 2014 ) , and Miss Sloane ( 2016 ) .   Chastain 's accolades include two Academy Award and British Academy Film Award nominations . She is known to prepare extensively for her roles . Chastain is the founder of the production company Freckle Films , which was created to promote diversity in film . She is vocal about social issues such as gender and racial equality , and mental health . Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2012 .

pos: Miss Sloane Miss Sloane is a 2016 political thriller film directed by John Madden and written by Jonathan Perera . The film stars Jessica Chastain , Mark Strong , Gugu Mbatha-Raw , Michael Stuhlbarg , Alison Pill , Jake Lacy , John Lithgow and Sam Waterston .   The film had its world premiere on November 11 , 2016 at the AFI Fest and was released in the United States on November 25 , 2016 by EuropaCorp on a limited release before opening wide on December 9 , 2016 , and was released in France on March 8 , 2017 . It received generally positive reviews and Chastain 's performance was acclaimed by critics . Chastain also received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Drama .

pos: Jolene (film) Jolene is a 2008 American drama film directed by Dan Ireland . It stars Jessica Chastain as the title character and is based on the short story `` Jolene : A Life '' by E. L. Doctorow , itself inspired by Dolly Parton 's song , `` Jolene '' . It premiered on 13 June 2008 at the Seattle International Film Festival where Chastain won the Best Actress award . It was later released in the United States on 29 October 2010 .

pos: Interstellar (film) Use mdy dates | date = May 2016 -RCB-   Interstellar is a 2014 British-American epic science fiction film directed , co-written , and co-produced by Christopher Nolan . The film stars Matthew McConaughey , Anne Hathaway , Jessica Chastain , Bill Irwin , Casey Affleck , Ellen Burstyn , John Lithgow , and Michael Caine . Set in a dystopian future where humanity is struggling to survive , it follows a group of astronauts who travel through a wormhole in search of a new home for humanity .   Brothers Christopher and Jonathan Nolan wrote the screenplay , which has its origins in a script Jonathan developed in 2007 . Nolan produced the film with his wife Emma Thomas through their production company Syncopy and with Lynda Obst through Lynda Obst Productions . Caltech theoretical physicist Kip Thorne , whose work inspired the film , was an executive producer and acted as scientific consultant . Later , he also wrote a tie-in book , The Science of Interstellar . Paramount Pictures , Warner Bros. , and Legendary Pictures co-financed the film . Cinematographer Hoyte van Hoytema shot the film on 35 mm in anamorphic format and IMAX 70 mm . Principal photography commenced in late 2013 in Alberta , Iceland and Los Angeles . The film utilized extensive practical and miniature effects , while the company Double Negative created additional digital effects .   Interstellar premiered on October 26 , 2014 in Los Angeles . In the United States , it was first released on film stock , expanding to venues using digital projectors . The film was successful at the box office , with a worldwide gross of over $ 675 million , and received positive reviews , particularly in regards to its science fiction themes , visual effects , musical score , and the cast 's performances . It received several awards and nominations ; at the 87th Academy Awards , the film won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects , and was nominated for Best Original Score , Best Sound Mixing , Best Sound Editing , and Best Production Design .

pos: The Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby The Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby is the collective title of three films written and directed by Ned Benson . The films star Jessica Chastain and James McAvoy , and are Benson 's first feature film project .   The Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby is broken into three films , Him , Her , and Them . Him and Her were screened at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival as a `` work in progress '' . Them premiered in the Un Certain Regard section of the 2014 Cannes Film Festival . Them premiered in the United States on September 12 , 2014 , while Him and Her were released together as a double feature on October 10 , 2014 in select art house cinemas .

pos: The Martian (film) The Martian is a 2015 American science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott , based on Andy Weir 's 2011 novel The Martian . Matt Damon stars as an astronaut who is mistakenly presumed dead and left behind on Mars . The film depicts his struggle to survive and others ' efforts to rescue him . The film 's ensemble cast also features Jessica Chastain , Kristen Wiig , Jeff Daniels , Michael Peña , Kate Mara , Sean Bean , Sebastian Stan , Donald Glover , Aksel Hennie and Chiwetel Ejiofor .   Producer Simon Kinberg began developing the film after 20th Century Fox optioned the novel in March 2013 , which Drew Goddard adapted into a screenplay and was initially attached to direct , but the film did not move forward . Scott replaced Goddard , and with Damon in place as the main character , production was approved . Filming began in November 2014 and lasted approximately seventy days . Twenty sets were built on a sound stage in Budapest , Hungary , one of the largest in the world . Wadi Rum in Jordan was also used as a backdrop for filming .   The film premiered at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival on September 11 , 2015 , followed by the United States ' theatrical release on October 2 , 2015 , by 20th Century Fox . The film was released in 2D , 3D , IMAX 3D and 4DX . It received critical acclaim and has grossed over $ 630 million worldwide , becoming Scott 's highest-grossing film to date , as well as the tenth-highest-grossing film of 2015 . It received several accolades , including the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , seven Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay for Goddard , and the 2016 long form Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . Damon won the Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy and was nominated for several awards including the Academy Award for Best Actor , the BAFTA for Best Actor , and the Critic 's Choice Award for Best Actor .

neg: Youth in Oregon Youth in Oregon is a 2016 American comedy-drama film directed by Joel David Moore . The film stars Frank Langella , Billy Crudup , Christina Applegate , Nicola Peltz , Mary Kay Place , and Josh Lucas .   The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 16 , 2016 . The film was released in theaters on February 3 , 2017 , by Orion Pictures and Samuel Goldwyn Films .

neg: Yasmin (2004 film) Yasmin is a 2004 drama directed by Kenneth Glenaan , written by Simon Beaufoy and starring Archie Panjabi and Renu Setna . It is set amongst a British Pakistani community in parts of Keighley ( in West Yorkshire , England ) before and after the events of the 11 September 2001 attacks .

neg: The Hours (film) The Hours is a 2002 British-American drama film directed by Stephen Daldry , and starring Meryl Streep , Julianne Moore and Nicole Kidman . Supporting roles are played by Ed Harris , John C. Reilly , Stephen Dillane , Jeff Daniels , Miranda Richardson , Allison Janney , Toni Collette and Claire Danes . The screenplay by David Hare is based on Michael Cunningham 's 1999 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same title .   The plot focuses on three women of different generations whose lives are interconnected by the novel Mrs Dalloway by Virginia Woolf . These are Clarissa Vaughan ( Streep ) , a New Yorker preparing an award party for her AIDS-stricken long-time friend and poet , Richard ( Harris ) in 2001 ; Laura Brown ( Moore ) , a pregnant 1950s California housewife with a young boy and an unhappy marriage ; and Virginia Woolf ( Kidman ) herself in 1920s England , who is struggling with depression and mental illness while trying to write her novel .   The film was released in Los Angeles and New York City on Christmas Day 2002 , and was given a limited release in the United States and Canada two days later on December 27 , 2002 . It did not receive a wide release in North America until January 2003 , and was then released in British cinemas on Valentine 's Day that year . Critical reaction to the film was mostly positive , with nine Academy Award nominations for The Hours including Best Picture , and a win for Nicole Kidman as Best Actress .

neg: 28 Days (film) 28 Days is a 2000 American comedy-drama film directed by Betty Thomas . Sandra Bullock plays Gwen Cummings , a newspaper columnist obliged to enter rehabilitation for alcoholism . The film costars Viggo Mortensen , Dominic West , Elizabeth Perkins , Steve Buscemi , and Diane Ladd .

neg: Saints and Sinners (1994 film) Saints and Sinners is a 1994 crime and drama film starring Damian Chapa , Jennifer Rubin , and Scott Plank . It was written , directed and produced by Paul Mones . The film 's production company was MDP Worldwide .

neg: Super Troopers Super Troopers is a 2001 American crime-comedy film directed by Jay Chandrasekhar , written by and starring the Broken Lizard comedy group ( Jay Chandrasekhar , Kevin Heffernan , Steve Lem me , Paul Soter and Erik Stolhanske ) . Marisa Coughlan , Daniel von Bargen and Brian Cox co-star while Lynda Carter has a cameo appearance . In total , Fox Searchlight paid $ 3.25 million for distribution rights of the film and grossed $ 23.1 million at the box office .   A sequel , Super Troopers 2 , is currently filming and is expected to be released in 2017 .

neg: Mary and Martha (film) Mary and Martha is a 2013 British-American television film starring Hilary Swank and Brenda Blethyn , and directed by Phillip Noyce . Based on a screenplay by Richard Curtis , it was produced by Working Title Television , in association with the BBC and NBCUniversal . The film had its UK premiere on March 1 , 2013 on the BBC and premiered in the US on HBO on April 20 , 2013 . based on a true story .

neg: The Ugly Truth The Ugly Truth is a 2009 American romantic comedy film starring Katherine Heigl and Gerard Butler . The film was released in North America on July 24 , 2009 by Columbia Pictures .

neg: Valentine (film) Valentine is a 2001 American slasher film directed by Jamie Blanks , and starring Denise Richards , David Boreanaz , Marley Shelton , Jessica Capshaw , and Katherine Heigl . Loosely based on the novel of the same name by Tom Savage , the film follows a group of women in San Francisco who are stalked by a man whom they tormented during their childhood .   Release theatrically in February 2001 , the film received mixed reviews from critics , with some praising its performances and cinematography , and others criticizing its conclusion and deeming it too redolent of 1980s horror films . In spite of the mixed critical response , the film was a box office success , earning a total of USD$ 36.7 million .

neg: The Hotel New Hampshire (film) The Hotel New Hampshire is a 1984 British-Canadian-American comedy-drama film written and directed by Tony Richardson based on John Irving 's 1981 novel of the same name . The film stars Jodie Foster , Beau Bridges , Rob Lowe , and Nastassja Kinski , and also features Wilford Brimley , Amanda Plummer , Matthew Modine , and a young Seth Green in a supporting role . The film is a co-production from the United Kingdom , Canada , and the United States .   In an introductory foreword that he wrote for a later edition of the novel , author Irving stated that he was thrilled when Richardson informed him that he wanted to adapt the book to the screen . Irving wrote that he was very happy with the adaptation , complaining only that he felt Richardson tried to make the film too faithful to the book , noting the manner in which Richardson would often speed up the action in an attempt to include more material onscreen .

neg: Mother! Mother ! ( stylized as mother ! ) is an upcoming American black comedy psychological thriller film , written and directed by Darren Aronofsky . It stars Jennifer Lawrence , Javier Bardem , Michelle Pfeiffer , Domhnall Gleeson , Ed Harris and Kristen Wiig . Paramount Pictures plans to release the film on October 13 , 2017 .

neg: The Rules of Attraction (film) The Rules of Attraction is a 2002 black comedy film written and directed by Roger Avary , based on the novel of the same name by Bret Easton Ellis . It stars James van der Beek , Shannyn Sossamon , Ian Somerhalder , Jessica Biel , Kate Bosworth , and Kip Pardue .

neg: The Tuxedo The Tuxedo is a 2002 American comedy -- action film directed by Kevin Donovan and starring Jackie Chan , Jennifer Love Hewitt and Jason Isaacs . It is a spy spoof that involves a special tuxedo that grants its wearer special abilities and a corporate terrorist threatening to poison the United States ' fresh water supply with bacteria that spills electrolytes into the blood and totally dehydrates the host .

neg: Priceless (2016 film) Priceless ( known also as Priceless : She 's Worth Fighting For ) is a 2016 American romantic drama film about human trafficking , inspired by true events . It is directed by Ben Smallbone and produced by Steve Barnett with a screenplay by Chris Dowling and Tyler Poelle . Starring singer Joel Smallbone , Bianca Santos , Amber Midthunder , Jim Parrack , and David Koechner , it tells the story of a man who has his life changed when meets two girls , which falls in love with one and starts to protect them from evil forces in the country with bad purposes .   The film is being distributed by Roadside Attractions and it was released on October 14 , 2016 to generally positive reviews from critics and audience .

neg: Better Off Dead (film) Better Off Dead is a 1985 American teen romantic comedy film starring John Cusack and written and directed by Savage Steve Holland . It tells the story of high school student Lane Myer who is suicidal after his girlfriend breaks up with him shortly before Christmas .

neg: Phantoms (film) Phantoms is a 1998 American science fiction horror film adapted from Dean Koontz 's 1983 novel of the same name . Directed by Joe Chappelle with a screenplay by Koontz , the film stars Peter O'Toole , Rose McGowan , Joanna Going , Liev Schreiber , Ben Affleck , Nicky Katt , and Clifton Powell . The film takes place in the peaceful town of Snowfield , Colorado , where something evil has wiped out the community . It is up to a group of people to stop it or at least get out of Snowfield alive .

neg: Inconceivable (2008 film) Inconceivable is a 2008 satirical drama about the test-tube baby industry . The film was written and directed by Mary McGuckian .

neg: Winter's Bone Winter 's Bone is a 2010 American independent drama film , an adaptation of Daniel Woodrell 's 2006 novel of the same name . Written and directed by Debra Granik , the film stars Jennifer Lawrence as a teenaged girl in the rural Ozarks of the central United States who , to protect her family from eviction , must locate her missing father . The film explores the interrelated themes of close and distant family ties , the power and speed of gossip , self-sufficiency , and poverty as they are changed by the pervasive underworld of illegal methamphetamine labs .   Winter 's Bone won several awards , including the Grand Jury Prize : Dramatic Film at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival . It also received four 2011 Academy Award nominations : Best Picture , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Actress and Best Supporting Actor .

neg: Jessica Schwarz Jessica Schwarz ( born 5 May 1977 ) is a German film and TV actress .

neg: Red-Headed Woman Red-Headed Woman is a 1932 American pre-Code romantic comedy film , produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , based on a novel of the same name by Katherine Brush , and with a screenplay by Anita Loos . It was directed by Jack Conway , and stars Jean Harlow as a woman who uses sex to advance her social position . During the course of the film , Harlow breaks up a marriage , has multiple affairs and pre-marital sex , and attempts to kill a man .


query: Iceland has a diverse economy.

pos: Iceland Iceland ( -LSB- ˈaɪslənd -RSB- -LSB- ˈistlant -RSB- ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean . It has a population of and an area of 103000 km2 , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe . The capital and largest city is Reykjavík . Reykjavík and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population . Iceland is volcanically and geologically active . The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields , mountains and glaciers , while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands . Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate , despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle . Its high latitude and marine influence still keeps summers chilly , with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate .   According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók , the settlement of Iceland began in the year 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island . In the following centuries , Norwegians , and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians , emigrated to Iceland , bringing with them thralls of Gaelic origin . The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing , one of the world 's oldest functioning legislative assemblies . Following a period of civil strife , Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century . The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway , Denmark and Sweden . Iceland thus followed Norway 's integration to that Union and came under Danish rule after Sweden 's secession from that union in 1523 . Although the Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism forcefully in 1550 , Iceland remained a distant semi-colonial territory in which Danish institutions and infrastructures were conspicuous by their absence . In the wake of the French revolution and the Napoleonic wars , Iceland 's struggle for independence took form and culminated in independence in 1918 and the founding of a republic in 1944 . Until the 20th century , Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture , and was among the poorest in Europe . Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity , and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world . In 1994 , it became a part of the European Economic Area , which further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance , biotechnology , and manufacturing .   Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries . It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens . Iceland ranks high in economic , political and social stability and equality . In 2013 , it was ranked as the 13th most-developed country in the world by the United Nations ' Human Development Index . Iceland runs almost completely on renewable energy . Affected by the ongoing worldwide financial crisis , the nation 's entire banking system systemically failed in October 2008 , leading to a severe depression , substantial political unrest , the Icesave dispute , and the institution of capital controls . Some bankers were jailed . Since then , the economy has made a significant recovery , in large part due to a surge in tourism .   Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation 's Scandinavian heritage . Most Icelanders are descendants of Germanic and Gaelic settlers . Icelandic , a North Germanic language , is descended from Old Norse and is closely related to Faroese and West Norwegian dialects . The country 's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine , Icelandic literature and medieval sagas . Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army , its lightly armed coast guard being in charge of defence .

neg: Steingrímur J. Sigfússon Steingrímur Jóhann Sigfússon ( born 4 August 1955 ) is an Icelandic politician . He has been a member of the Althing ( Icelandic parliament ) since 1983 and is the founding chairman of the Left-Green Movement ( Vinstri hreyfingin -- grænt framboð ) . He was the Minister for Agriculture and Communications from 1988 -- 1991 . He became Minister of Finance in 2009 . In 2011 he took on the roles of Minister of Fisheries and Agriculture and Minister of Economic Affairs .   Steingrímur was born in Gunnarsstaðir , a large sheep farm between Garður and Þórshöfn in the Þistilfjörður region of northeast Iceland ( Svalbarðshreppur municipality ) . In his younger days he was an avid sportsman , both track and field and also a volleyball player . On 16 January 2006 , Steingrímur was injured in a car accident not far from Blönduós , Iceland but he later recovered .   He supported the end of the US military presence in Iceland , but believed Iceland itself should have taken the initiative in ending this presence . Since September 2006 , when US forces left Naval Air Station Keflavik , he has strongly opposed any possible development of an Icelandic army seeing the country 's need for armed forces as practically non-existent . He believes that civilian institutions such as the police and the coast guard should be organized in order to provide the needed protection in the unlikely event of a major disturbance .   In November 2006 , he published the book Við öll -- Íslenskt velferðarsamfélag á tímamótum ( `` All of Us -- Icelandic Welfare Society at Crossroads '' ) , laying out his political ideology .

neg: Ministry of Industry, Energy and Tourism (Iceland) The Icelandic Ministry of Industry , Energy and Tourism ( Icelandic : Iðnaðarráðuneytið ) is one of the cabinet-level government ministries responsible for Iceland 's economy . It shares that responsibility with the Ministry of Business Affairs ( responsible for banking and trade ) and the Ministry of Fisheries ( fishing making up some 40 % of Iceland 's exports ) . Since 2009 , the responsible minister is Katrín Júlíusdóttir of the Social Democratic Alliance .

neg: New international division of labour In economics , the new international division of labor ( NIDL ) is an outcome of globalization . The term was coined by theorists seeking to explain the spatial shift of manufacturing industries from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries -- an ongoing geographic reorganization of production , which finds its origins in ideas about a global division of labor . It is a spatial division of labor which occurs when the process of production is no longer confined to national economies . Under the `` old '' international division of labor , until around 1970 , underdeveloped areas were incorporated into the world economy principally as suppliers of minerals and agricultural commodities . However , as developing economies are merged into the world economy , more production takes place in these economies .   This has led to a trend of transference , or what is also known as the `` global industrial shift '' , in which production processes are relocated from developed countries ( such as the US , European countries , and Japan ) to developing countries in Asia ( such as China , Vietnam , and India ) and Latin America . This is because companies search for the cheapest locations to manufacture and assemble components , so low-cost labor-intensive parts of the manufacturing process are shifted to the developing world where costs are substantially lower . Companies do so by taking advantage of transportation and communications technology , as well as fragmentation and locational flexibility of production . From 1953 to the late 1990s , the industrialized economies ' share of world manufacturing output declined from 95 % to 77 % , and the developing economies ' share more than quadrupled from 5 % to 23 % .   The resultant division of labor across continents closely follows the North -- South socio-economic and political divide , wherein the North -- with one quarter of the world population -- controls four fifths of the world income , while the South -- with three quarters of the world population -- has access to one fifth of the world income .

neg: President of Iceland The President of Iceland ( Forseti Íslands ) is Iceland 's elected head of state . The incumbent is Guðni Thorlacius Jóhannesson , who is now in his first term as president , elected in 2016 .   The president is elected to a four-year term by popular vote , is not term-limited , and has limited powers . The presidential residence is situated in Bessastaðir in Garðabær , near the capital city Reykjavík .

neg: Economy of Finland Finland has a highly industrialised , mixed economy with a per capita output equal to that of other western economies such as France , Germany , Sweden or the United Kingdom . The largest sector of the economy is services at 72.7 percent , followed by manufacturing and refining at 31.4 percent . Primary production is 2.9 percent .   With respect to foreign trade , the key economic sector is manufacturing . The largest industries are electronics ( 21.6 percent ) , machinery , vehicles and other engineered metal products ( 21.1 percent ) , forest industry ( 13.1 percent ) , and chemicals ( 10.9 percent ) . Finland has timber and several mineral and freshwater resources . Forestry , paper factories , and the agricultural sector ( on which taxpayers spend around 2 billion euro annually ) are politically sensitive to rural residents . The Greater Helsinki area generates around a third of GDP .   In a 2004 OECD comparison , high-technology manufacturing in Finland ranked second largest after Ireland . Knowledge-intensive services have also ranked the smallest and slow-growth sectors -- especially agriculture and low-technology manufacturing -- second largest after Ireland . Investment was below expected . Overall short-term outlook was good and GDP growth has been above many EU peers . Finland has the 4th largest knowledge economy in Europe , behind Sweden , Denmark and the UK . The economy of Finland tops the ranking of Global Information Technology 2014 report by the World Economic Forum for concerted output between business sector , scholarly production and the governmental assistance on Information and communications technology .   Finland is highly integrated in the global economy , and international trade is a third of GDP . The European Union makes 60 percent of the total trade . The largest trade flows are with Germany , Russia , Sweden , the United Kingdom , the United States , Netherlands and China . Trade policy is managed by the European Union , where Finland has traditionally been among the free trade supporters , except for agriculture . Finland is the only Nordic country to have joined the Eurozone ; Denmark and Sweden have retained their traditional currencies , whereas Iceland and Norway are not members of the EU at all .

neg: Renewable energy in Iceland About 85 % of total primary energy supply in Iceland is derived from domestically produced renewable energy sources . This is the world 's highest share of renewable energy in any national total energy budget .   In 2016 , geothermal energy provided about 65 % of primary energy , the share of hydropower was 20 % , and the share of fossil fuels ( mainly oil products for the transport sector ) was 15 % . In 2013 , Iceland also became a producer of wind energy .  The main use of geothermal energy is for space heating , with the heat being distributed to buildings through extensive district-heating systems . About 85 % of all houses in Iceland are heated with geothermal energy .   In 2015 , the total electricity consumption in Iceland was 18,798 GWh . Renewable energy provided almost 100 % of electricity production , with about 73 % coming from hydropower and 27 % from geothermal power . Most of the hydropower plants are owned by Landsvirkjun ( the National Power Company ) which is the main supplier of electricity in Iceland .  Iceland is the world 's largest green energy producer per capita and largest electricity producer per capita , with approximately 55,000 kWh per person per year . In comparison , the EU average is less than 6,000 kWh .

neg: Snæfellsnes The Snæfellsnes ( -LSB- ˈstn̥aiːfɛlsˌnɛːs -RSB- ) is a peninsula situated to the west of Borgarfjörður , in western Iceland .   It has been named Iceland in Miniature , because many national sights can be found in the area , including the Snæfellsjökull volcano , regarded as one of the symbols of Iceland . With its height of 1446 m , it is the highest mountain on the peninsula and has a glacier at its peak ( jökull means `` glacier '' in Icelandic ) . The volcano can be seen on clear days from Reykjavík , a distance of about 120 km . The mountain is also known as the setting of the novel Journey to the Center of the Earth by the French author Jules Verne . The area surrounding Snæfellsjökull has been designated one of the four National Parks by the government of Iceland .   The peninsula is one of the main settings in the Laxdœla saga and it was , according to this saga , the birthplace of the first West Norse member of the Varangian Guard , Bolli Bollasson . Other historical people who lived in the area according to the saga include Guðrún Ósvífursdóttir , Bolli Þorleiksson and Snorri the Goði .   Local fishing villages and small towns on the northern shore of Snæfellsnes include Arnarstapi , Hellnar , Rif , Ólafsvík , Grundarfjörður , Stykkishólmur and Búðardalur .   Near Hellissandur is the tallest structure in western Europe , the Longwave Radio Mast at Hellissandur .   In June 2008 , the people of Snaefellsnes reached certification status as an EarthCheck community , becoming the first EarthCheck-certified area in Iceland and in Europe , and only the fourth in the world . Snaefellsnes has been committed to the EarthCheck programme since 2003 and has been successfully benchmarked for the past five consecutive years .

neg: Economy of Alaska The 2007 gross state product was $ 44.9 billion , 45th in the nation . Its per capita personal income for 2007 was $ 40,042 , ranking 15th in the nation . The state 's economy has been described by University of Alaska Anchorage economist Scott Goldsmith as a `` three-legged stool '' - with one leg being the petroleum and gas industry , the second leg being the federal government and the third leg being all other industries and services . Between 2004 and 2006 , the federal government was responsible for 135,000 Alaska jobs , the petroleum sector provided 110,000 jobs and all other industries and services combined for 122,000 jobs .   Alaska 's main export product after oil and natural gas is seafood , primarily salmon , cod , Pollock and crab .   Agriculture represents only a fraction of the Alaskan economy . Agricultural production is primarily for consumption within the state and includes nursery stock , dairy products , vegetables , and livestock . Manufacturing is limited , with most foodstuffs and general goods imported from elsewhere .   Employment is primarily in government and industries such as natural resource extraction , shipping , and transportation . Military bases are a significant component of the economy in both Fairbanks and Anchorage . Federal subsidies are also an important part of the economy , allowing the state to keep taxes low . Its industrial outputs are crude petroleum , natural gas , coal , gold , precious metals , zinc and other mining , seafood processing , timber and wood products . There is also a growing service and tourism sector . Tourists have contributed to the economy by supporting local lodging .

neg: Menntaskólinn við Hamrahlíð Menntaskólinn við Hamrahlíð ( Hamrahlíð College ) , usually referred to as MH , is a public gymnasium ( menntaskóli ) , located in Hlíðahverfi , Reykjavík , Iceland . The school was founded in 1966 by the Icelandic Ministry of Education ; with the first graduation occurring in 1970 . The school 's first rector was Guðmundur Arnlaugsson .   The school 's objective is to prepare students for rigorous tertiary studies both locally and in an international environment . It offers four Icelandic-taught programmes leading to the Stúdentspróf qualification : languages , natural sciences , social sciences and performance dance ; and one English-taught programme leading to the IB Diploma . The newest addition is an `` independent programme '' which allows slightly more room for mixing the other ones together . The school also offers evening classes for older students and coordinates annual language tests for foreign students who wish to apply to local schools .   Since foundation , the school was meant to be a pioneer project , and has therefore received relative freedom in advancing its education policy . It was the first in the country to adopt a university-style credit system , which was soon replicated by several other schools and eventually became the basis for all government-regulated upper secondary curricula .   MH is one of the most selective upper secondary schools in the country . It prides itself for its services to students with disabilities and students whose mother tongue is not Icelandic , who also enjoy priority in the selection process .   Some famous Icelanders that once attended MH include Björk , Paul Oscar and Jón Gnarr , the former mayor of Reykjavík .

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture .   British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital .   The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine .   The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .

neg: Miðborg Miðborg ( Icelandic : City Centre ; -LSB- ˈmɪːðˌpɔrk -RSB- ) , also known as Miðbær or Austurbær , is a sub-municipal administrational district that covers much of the central part Reykjavík , the capital of Iceland . The district includes six neighbourhoods : Kvos , Grjótaþorp , Skólavörðuholt , Þingholt , Skuggahverfi and Vatnsmýri .

neg: Corruption in Iceland Corruption in Iceland describes the prevention and occurrence of corruption in Iceland .

neg: Icelandic outvasion The Icelandic `` outvasion '' ( Icelandic : útrás ) was the period in the economic history of Iceland between 2000 and the onset of its financial crisis in October 2008 . With the privatisation of the Icelandic banks being advantageous for investors , there was a large supply of cheap loan capital on the international market . A clause in the agreement with the European Economic Area stipulated the free flow of capital to and from Iceland .   The so-called outvasion led to the purchase of many foreign businesses , particularly in the retail sector . The British retailers Debenhams , Woolworths , Hamleys , and others came into full or part-Icelandic possession , in addition to the Danish companies Magasin du Nord and Royal Unibrew . Novator Partners acquired telecoms and other assets around Europe , including České Radiokomunikace , Elisa , Saunalahti , Bulgarian Telecommunications Company , P4 Spółka z o.o. , Netia , and Forthnet .   The term `` outvasion '' was coined by the Icelandic media , who described the bankers as Vikings , and compared the rapid acquisition of many foreign businesses to a Viking invasion or raid , in both the possessions of the target being aggressively taken over .

neg: Economic history of Iceland The economy history of Iceland covers the development of its economy from the Settlement of Iceland in the late 9th century until the present .

neg: Svein Harald Øygard Svein Harald Øygard ( born 29 June 1960 ) is a Norwegian economist . He was head of the Central Bank of Iceland in 2009 , succeeded Davíð Oddsson and was in office from February to August 2009 .   Before this he was a director in McKinsey . From 1990 to 1994 , under the third cabinet Brundtland , he was a State Secretary in the Norwegian Ministry of Finance . He was reelected as Director in McKinsey & Company September 2009 , a role he had to September 2016 .

neg: Scandinavian Peninsula The Scandinavian Peninsula ( Skandinaviska halvön Den skandinaviske halvøy Skandinavian niemimaa ? Скандинавский полуостров , Skandinavsky poluostrov ) is a peninsula in Northern Europe , which generally comprises the mainland of Sweden , the mainland of Norway ( with the exception of a small coastal area bordering Russia ) , the northwestern area of Finland , as well as a narrow area in the west of the Pechengsky District of Russia .   The name of the peninsula is derived from the term Scandinavia , the cultural region of Denmark , Norway and Sweden . That cultural name is in turn derived from the name of Scania , the region at the southern extremity of the peninsula which has during periods been part of Denmark , which is the ancestral home of the Danes , and which is now part of Sweden . The derived term `` Scandinavian '' also refers to the Germanic peoples who speak North Germanic languages , considered to be a dialect continuum derived from Old Norse . These modern North Germanic languages found in Scandinavia are Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish ; additionally Faroese and Icelandic belong to the same language group , but they are not part of the modern Scandinavian dialect continuum and are not intelligible with the other languages .   The Scandinavian Peninsula is the largest peninsula of Europe , larger than the Balkan , the Iberian and the Italian peninsulas . During the Ice Ages , the sea level of the Atlantic Ocean dropped so much that the Baltic Sea , the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland disappeared , and the countries now surrounding them , including Germany , Poland , the other Baltic countries and Scandinavia , were directly joined by land .

neg: DataMarket DataMarket is a privately held Icelandic company that specialises in providing access to and visually displaying data from public and , to a lesser extent , private institutions and companies . DataMarket was established in Reykjavík , the capital of Iceland in 2008 . The Guardian Technology blog labeled DataMarket as being `` Impressive , and interesting '' .   One of DataMarkets contracts was to graphically visualize the 2011 budget for Reykjavík municipality . DataMarket has gotten wide media coverage in Iceland .   Initially DataMarket focused on the Icelandic market by incorporating data from various public institutions such as Statistics Iceland , the Central Bank of Iceland , the Icelandic Directorate of Labour , the Icelandic Marine Research Institute , National Energy Authority of Iceland , Registers Iceland , the Report of the Althingi Special Investigation Commission and the private Icelandic consultancy firm Capacent to name a few .   Recently it has branched out and DataMarket now provides access to international data from Eurostat , United Nations Statistics Division , The World Bank and the Gapminder Foundation .   DataMarket won two awards at the annual 2011 Icelandic Web Awards , awarded by the non-profit Iceland web industry association , one for the most interesting web and one for the best service and information web .   In 2014 , DataMarket was acquired by Qlik .

neg: Economy of Svalbard The economy of Svalbard is dominated by coal mining , tourism and research . In 2007 , there were 484 people working in the mining sector , 211 people working in the tourism sector and 111 people working in the education sector . The same year , mining gave a revenue of , tourism NOK 317 million and research 142 million . In 2006 , the average income for economically active people was NOK 494,700 , or 23 % higher than on the mainland . Almost all housing is owned by the various employers and institutions and rented to their employees ; there are only a few privately owned houses , most of which are recreational cabins . Because of this , it is nearly impossible to live on Svalbard without working for an established institution . The Spitsbergen Treaty and Svalbard Act established Svalbard as an economic free zone and demilitarized zone in 1925 .

neg: Gunnar Thoroddsen Gunnar Thoroddsen ( pronounced -LSB- ˈɡʏnːar ˈtʰoːurɔtˌsɛn -RSB- ) ( December 29 , 1910 -- September 25 , 1983 ) was the Prime Minister of Iceland from 8 February 1980 to 26 May 1983 . Gunnar was the youngest man ever elected to the Althing , Iceland 's Parliament . He was 23 years old when he was elected as MP in 1934 . He served as an Ambassador of Iceland in Denmark from 1965 to 1969 when he ran for the presidency of Iceland in 1968 . He wished to succeed his father in law , Ásgeir Ásgeirsson , who served as president from 1952 to 1968 . Gunnar had been mayor of Reykjavík from 1947 to 1959 and minister of finance from 1959 to 1965 . He was minister of industry and a social welfare minister in the cabinet of Geir Hallgrímsson August 28 , 1974 to June 27 , 1978 .   Gunnar and Geir were not in agreement and the disagreement led to Gunnar breaking away from the will of the Independence Party with a few members of parliament and forming a cabinet with the Progressive Party and the People 's Alliance , that replaced a minority government of Benedikt Sigurðsson Gröndal . By forming his government Gunnar became the oldest Prime Minister in Iceland 's history at the age of 69 . Gunnar did not run in the 1983 elections for parliament , due to his illness , and ended his involvement in politics when his cabinet was succeeded by Steingrímur Hermannsson 's cabinet .   Gunnar Thoroddsen died in September 1983 .   | -   Category :1910 births  Category :1983 deaths  Category : Ambassadors of Iceland to Denmark  Category : Independence Party ( Iceland ) politicians  Category : Mayors of Reykjavík  Category : Prime Ministers of Iceland

neg: Þjórsá Þjórsá ( -LSB- ˈθjoursau -RSB- ) is Iceland 's longest river at 230 kilometers ( about 143 miles ) . It is in the south of the island .   Þjórsá is a glacier river and has its source on the glacier Hofsjökull . It flows out through narrow gorges in the highlands of Iceland . Further downstream , another river , the Tungnaá , flows into it ( see also Háifoss ) , before it enters the lowlands . There it passes the valley of Þjórsárdalur ( Thjorsardalur ) where the historical farm of Stöng is located at . In the lowlands it flows along the eastern border of the Great Þjórsá Lava .   In the middle of the now rather wide river , there is a big island called Árnes , where there used to be a Þing . The administrative unit of Árnessýsla was named after it .   The hringvegur ( Road No. 1 ) traverses the river via a bridge between Selfoss and Hella . Some kilometers to the southwest the river flows into the Atlantic Ocean .