query: There are Western Romance Languages.

pos: Western Romance languages Western Romance languages are one of the two subdivisions of a proposed subdivision of the Romance languages based on the La Spezia -- Rimini line . They include the Gallo-Romance and Iberian-Romance branches as well as northern Italian . The subdivision is based solely on the use of the `` s '' for pluralization and the weakening of some consonants , but that makes the categorization highly problematic because there is much higher lexical similarity between all dialects of Italian and French than between French and Spanish . There is also much higher morphological similarity between Spanish and Italian dialects than between Italian and French .   Based on mutual intelligibility , Dalby counts a dozen languages : Portuguese , Spanish , Asturian-Leonese , Aragonese , Catalan , Gascon , Provençal , Gallo-Wallon , French , Franco-Provençal , Romansh , and Ladin . This classification criterion is however problematic , due to the much higher levels of mutual intelligibility between Italic and Iberian languages than between either of these with Gallo-Romance languages .   Some classifications include Italo-Dalmatian ; the resulting clade is generally called Italo-Western Romance . Other classifications place Italo-Dalmatian with Eastern Romance .   Sardinian does not fit into either Western or Eastern Romance , and may have split off before either .   Today the four most-widely spoken standardized Western Romance languages are Spanish ( c. 410 million native ) , Portuguese ( c. 220 million native , another 45 million or so second-language speakers , mainly in Lusophone Africa ) , French ( c. 75 million native speakers , another 70 million or so second-language speakers , mostly in Francophone Africa ) , and Catalan ( c. 7.2 million native ) . Many of these languages have large numbers of non-native speakers ; this is especially the case for French , in widespread use throughout West Africa as a lingua franca .

neg: Luxembourgish Luxembourgish , Luxemburgish ( -LSB- ˈlʌksəmˌbɜːrɡᵻʃ -RSB- ) or Letzeburgesch ( -LSB- ˌlɛtsəbɜːrˈɡɛʃ , _ ˌlɛtsbɜːr - -RSB- or -LSB- ˈlɛtsəˌbɜːrɡᵻʃ , _ ˈlɛtsˌbɜːr - -RSB- ) ( Luxembourgish : Lëtzebuergesch ) is a West Germanic language that is spoken mainly in Luxembourg . Worldwide , about 390,000 people speak Luxembourgish . .   While it could be considered a standardized variety ( i.e. , a dialect with a written form ) of German , its official use in the state of Luxembourg and the existence of a separate regulatory body has removed Luxembourgish , at least in part , from the domain of the Dachsprache Standard German . Despite the lack of a sharp boundary between Luxembourgish and the neighboring German dialects , this has led several linguists ( from Luxembourg as well as Germany ) to regard it as a separate , yet closely related language .

neg: Portuñol Portuñol ( Spanish spelling ) or Portunhol ( Portuguese spelling ) is the name often given to any unsystematic mixture of Portuguese with Spanish . The word is a portmanteau of the words Portugués / Português ( `` Portuguese '' ) and Español / Espanhol ( `` Spanish '' ) .   Portuñol , or Portunhol , is a lingua franca , or simplified mixture of the two languages , that allows speakers of either Spanish or Portuguese who are not proficient in the other language to communicate with one another . When speakers of one of the languages attempt to speak the other language , there is often interference from the native language , which causes the phenomenon of code-switching to occur . It is possible to conduct a moderately fluent conversation in this way because Portuguese and Spanish are closely related Romance languages . They have almost identical syntactic structures , as well as overlapping lexicons due to cognates , which means that a single macro-grammar is produced when the two mix . The phrase en el hueco de la noite longa e langue illustrates a code-switch between the Spanish article la and the Portuguese noun noite . This example reveals the grammatical possibilities of code-switching between the two languages .   Language contact between Spanish and Portuguese is the result of sustained contact between the two languages in border communities and multilingual trade environments . Such regions include the border regions between Portugal and Spain in the Iberian Peninsula , as well as the ones between Brazil , whose official language is Portuguese , and most of its neighboring countries , such as Uruguay and Paraguay , whose official languages are Spanish . Because Portuñol is a spontaneous register resulting from the occasional mixing of Spanish and Portuguese , it is highly diverse ; there is no one dialect or standard of Portuñol . There does , however , tend to be a stronger presence of Spanish in Portuñol .   In recent years , Portuñol has begun to appear in realms other than everyday speech . It has become a literary medium , especially in Uruguay and Brazil . María Jesus Fernández García describes it as a linguistic recreation of the actual language . However , she goes on to say that the literature only occasionally provides a true representation of Portuñol , and that authors often choose to select only some of the features that are characteristic of Portuñol . One important literary work written in Portuñol is Mar paraguayo by Brazilian author Wilson Bueno . The following passage shows the mixing of Spanish and Portuguese in his novel .   The appearance of Portuñol has prompted two opposing opinions or attitudes towards its existence . On the one hand , it is viewed as the product of laziness among speakers unwilling to learn a different language . On the other hand , it is seen as the logical product of globalization . As far as the future of Portuñol is concerned , according to Francisco A. Marcos-Marín , it is too difficult to evaluate possible repercussions that Portuñol could have on future linguistic maps because it is not easy to separate linguistic tendencies that are merely in style and those that are permanent .

neg: Gender neutrality in Spanish and Portuguese Spanish ( Sp . ) has gendered nouns of masculine or feminine gender - with some neuter gender . In Spanish , feminine nouns often end in - a while masculine nouns often end in - o . As in other Romance languages , masculine form of nouns and pronouns are generally used to refer to a group of both males and females , or to someone of unknown gender . Advocates of gender-neutral language modification consider this to be sexist and favor new ways of writing and speaking . Activists against sexism in language are also concerned about words where the feminine form has a different ( usually less prestigious ) meaning .

neg: Castilians Castilians ( Spanish : castellanos ) are certain inhabitants in regions of central Spain including at least the eastern part of Castile and León , the northern and eastern parts of Castile-La Mancha , and the Madrid community , who are the source of the Spanish language ( Castilian ) among other aspects of cultural identity . However , not all people in the regions of the medieval Kingdom of Castile think of themselves as Castilian . For this reason , the exact limits of what Castile is today are disputed . As an ethnicity , they are most commonly associated with the sparsely populated inner plateau of the Iberian peninsula , which is split in two by the Sistema Central mountain range and Northern or `` Old Castile '' from southern or `` New Castile '' , the latter being somewhat closer in terms of culture and dialect to southern regions of Spain such as Andalusia , Extremadura and Murcia .   Through the Reconquista and other conquests in the Middle Ages , the Kingdom of Castile ( later Crown of Castile ) spread over a large part of the Iberian Peninsula , especially towards the southern Spanish regions . After this , since the 15th century , through the Spanish colonization of the Americas , the Castilians also spread over the New World , bringing with them not only their language , but also elements of their culture and traditions .

neg: False friend False friends are words in two languages ( or letters in two alphabets ) that look or sound similar , but differ significantly in meaning . An example is the English embarrassed and the Spanish embarazada ( which means pregnant ) , or the word sensible , which means reasonable in English , but sensitive in French and Spanish . Another example is the root L-H-M in Semitic languages ; while `` Lekhem '' in Hebrew and `` Laham '' in Syriac mean `` bread '' , `` Lahem '' in Arabic is `` meat '' .   The term is a shortened version of the expression `` false friend of a translator '' , the French version of which ( faux amis du traducteur ) was introduced by linguists Maxime Kœssler and Jules Derocquigny in 1928 , in the book Les Faux Amis ou les trahisons du vocabulaire anglais ( False Friends , or the Pitfalls of the English Vocabulary , with a sequel , Autres Mots anglais perfides ) .   There is often a partial overlap in meanings , which creates additional complications .   Similar words may also fail to catch all the nuance of each word in both languages . For instance , the French demande simply means a ` request ' , which is similar to but also very different from a demand in English and demandar in Spanish ( `` to sue '' ) .   The two `` false friends '' may actually be related , having the same origin . One example is in the instance of English `` cunt '' and Dutch `` kont '' ( buttocks ) , of which apart from the difference in meaning the former is highly vulgar while the latter is not . This is unlike `` false cognates '' , which are similar words in different languages that appear to have a common historical linguistic origin ( whatever their current meaning ) but actually do not .   As well as producing completely false friends , the use of loanwords often results in the use of a word in a restricted context , which may then develop new meanings not found in the original language . For example , angst means `` fear '' in a general sense ( as well as `` anxiety '' ) in German , but when it was borrowed into English in the context of psychology , its meaning was restricted to a particular type of fear described as `` a neurotic feeling of anxiety and depression '' . Also , gymnasium meant both ' a place of education ' and ' a place for exercise ' in Latin , but its meaning was restricted to the former in German and to the latter in English , making the expressions into false friends in those languages as well as in Greek , where it started out as ' a place for naked exercise ' .

neg: Sprachbund A sprachbund ( -LSB- ˈsprɑːkbʊnd -RSB- -LSB- ˈʃpʁaːxbʊnt -RSB- , `` federation of languages '' ) -- also known as a linguistic area , area of linguistic convergence , diffusion area or language crossroads -- is a group of languages that have common features resulting from geographical proximity and language contact . They may be genetically unrelated , or only distantly related . Where genetic affiliations are unclear , the sprachbund characteristics might give a false appearance of relatedness . Areal features are common features of a group of languages in a sprachbund .

neg: Sicilian vowel system The Sicilian vowel system is characteristic of the dialects of Sicily , Southern Calabria , and Salento . It may alternatively be referred to as the Sicilian vocalic scheme or the Calabro-Sicilian vowel system .   The Sicilian vowel system differs greatly from the `` normal '' evolution of the Classical Latin vowel system into the Vulgar Latin vowel system found in the greater part of the Romance area . In this system , there was a lowering ( laxing ) of short -LSB- -LSB- i -RSB- -RSB- , -LSB- -LSB- e -RSB- -RSB- , -LSB- -LSB- o -RSB- -RSB- , and -LSB- -LSB- u -RSB- -RSB- into a seven-vowel system . In the development of the Sicilian vowel system from that of Classical Latin , long -LSB- -LSB- e -RSB- -RSB- was raised to -LSB- -LSB- i -RSB- -RSB- and fused with both quantities of -LSB- -LSB- i -RSB- -RSB- ; short -LSB- -LSB- e -RSB- -RSB- was lowered to -LSB- -LSB- ɛ -RSB- -RSB- with an analogous development with the round vowels ; i.e. long -LSB- -LSB- o -RSB- -RSB- was raised to -LSB- -LSB- u -RSB- -RSB- and fused with both quantities of -LSB- -LSB- u -RSB- -RSB- ; short -LSB- -LSB- o -RSB- -RSB- was lowered to -LSB- -LSB- ɔ -RSB- -RSB- . This resulted in a five-vowel system .

neg: History of the Latin alphabet The Latin alphabet is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world . It is the standard script of the English language and is often referred to simply as `` the alphabet '' in English . It is a true alphabet which originated in the 7th century BC in Italy and has changed continually over the last 2500 years . It has roots in the Semitic alphabet and its offshoot alphabets , the Phoenician , Greek , and Etruscan . The phonetic values of some letters changed , some letters were lost and gained , and several writing styles ( `` hands '' ) developed . Two such styles , the minuscule and majuscule hands , were combined into one script with alternate forms for the lower and upper case letters . Due to classicism , modern uppercase letters differ only slightly from their classical counterparts . There are few regional variants .

neg: Vowel chart vowels   In phonetics , a vowel is a sound in spoken language , with two competing definitions . In the more common phonetic definition , a vowel is a sound pronounced with an open vocal tract , so that the tongue does not touch the lips , teeth , or roof of the mouth , such as the English `` ah '' ɑː or `` oh '' oʊ . There is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis . This contrasts with consonants , such as the English `` sh '' -LSB- -LSB- ʃː -RSB- -RSB- , which have a constriction or closure at some point along the vocal tract . In the other , phonological definition , a vowel is defined as syllabic , the sound that forms the peak of a syllable . A phonetically equivalent but non-syllabic sound is a semivowel .   In oral languages , phonetic vowels normally form the peak ( nucleus ) of many to all syllables , whereas consonants form the onset and ( in languages that have them ) coda . Some languages allow other sounds to form the nucleus of a syllable , such as the syllabic ( i.e. , vocalic ) l in the English word table -LSB- -LSB- ˈtʰeɪb.l̩ -RSB- -RSB- ( when not considered to have a weak vowel sound : -LSB- -LSB- ˈtʰeɪb.əl -RSB- -RSB- ) or the syllabic r in the Serbo-Croatian word vrt -LSB- -LSB- vr̩t -RSB- -RSB- `` garden '' .   The word vowel comes from the Latin word vocalis , meaning `` vocal '' ( `` relating to voice '' ) . In English , the word vowel is commonly used to mean both vowel sounds and the written symbols that represent them .   These letters are vowels in English : A , E , I , O , U , and sometimes Y and W in two words .

neg: Southwestern Lombard Southwestern Lombard is a group of dialects of Western Lombard language spoken in the provinces of Pavia , Lodi , Novara , Cremona , in the south of the historic Insubria , and comprises Pavese dialect , Lodigiano dialect , Nuaresat dialect , Cremunéez dialect and others .

neg: List of adjectivals and demonyms for subcontinental regions The following is a list of adjectival forms of subcontinental regions in English and their demonymic equivalents , which denote the people or the inhabitants of these subcontinental regions .   Note : Demonyms are given in plural forms . Singular forms simply remove the final 's ' or , in the case of - ese endings , are the same as the plural forms .  The ending - men has feminine equivalent - women ( e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman ) . The French terminations - ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine ; adding ` e ' ( - oise / aise ) makes them singular feminine ; ` es ' ( - oises / aises ) makes them plural feminine . The Spanish termination '' - o '' usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by dropping the '' - o '' and adding '' - a '' . The plural forms are usually '' - os '' and '' - as '' respectively .   Adjectives ending - ish can be used as collective demonyms ( e.g. the English , the Cornish ) . So can those ending in - ch / - tch ( e.g. the French , the Dutch ) provided they are pronounced with a ` ch ' sound ( e.g. the adjective Czech does not qualify ) .   Where an adjective is a link , the link is to the language or dialect of the same name . ( Reference : Ethnologue , Languages of the World )   Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms refer also to various other things , sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words . ( Sometimes , the use of one or more additional words is optional . ) Notable examples are cheeses , cat breeds , dog breeds , and horse breeds . ( See List of words derived from toponyms . )   Where an adjective is a link , the link is to the language or dialect of the same name .

neg: English in computing The English language is sometimes described as the lingua franca of computing . In comparison to other sciences , where Latin and Greek are the principal sources of vocabulary , computer science borrows more extensively from English . Due to the technical limitations of early computers , and the lack of international standards on the Internet , computer users were limited to using English and the Latin alphabet . However , this historical limitation is less present today . Most software products are localized in numerous languages and the use of the Unicode character encoding has resolved problems with non-Latin alphabets . Some limitations have only been changed recently , such as with domain names , which previously allowed only ASCII characters .

neg: Rhaetian language Rhaetian -LSB- ˈriːʃən -RSB- or Rhaetic ( Raetic ) -LSB- ˈriːtᵻk -RSB- was a language spoken in the ancient region of Rhaetia in the Eastern Alps in pre-Roman and Roman times . It is documented by a limited number of short inscriptions ( found through Northern Italy , Southern Germany , Eastern Switzerland , Slovenia and Western Austria ) in two variants of the Etruscan alphabet . Its linguistic categorization is not clearly established , and it presents a confusing mixture of what appear to be Etruscan , Indo-European and uncertain other elements .   The ancient Rhaetic language is not the same as one of the modern Romance languages of the same Alpine region , known as Rhaeto-Romance , but both are sometimes referred to as `` Rhaetian '' .

neg: List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations The following is a list of adjectival forms of countries and nations in English and their demonymic equivalents . A country adjective describes something as being from that country , for example , `` Italian cuisine '' is `` cuisine of Italy '' . A country demonym denotes the people or the inhabitants of or from there , for example , `` Germans '' are people of or from Germany .  Note : Demonyms are given in plural forms . Singular forms simply remove the final 's ' or , in the case of - ese endings , are the same as the plural forms .  The ending - men has feminine equivalent - women ( e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman ) . The French terminations - ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine ; adding ` e ' ( - oise / aise ) makes them singular feminine ; ` es ' ( - oises / aises ) makes them plural feminine . The Spanish and Portuguese terminations '' - o '' usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by dropping the '' - o '' and adding '' - a '' . The plural forms are usually '' - os '' and '' - as '' respectively .   Adjectives ending in - ish can be used as collective demonyms ( e.g. the English , the Cornish ) . So can those ending in - ch / - tch ( e.g. the French , the Dutch ) provided they are pronounced with a ` ch ' sound ( e.g. the adjective Czech does not qualify ) .   Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms refer also to various other things , sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words . ( Sometimes , the use of one or more additional words is optional . ) Notable examples are cuisines , cheeses , cat breeds , dog breeds , and horse breeds . ( See List of words derived from toponyms . )   Note - in cases where two or more adjectival forms are given , there is often a subtle difference in usage between the two . This is particularly the case with Central Asian countries where one form tends to relate to the nation and the other often relates to the predominant ethnic group ( e.g. , Uzbek is primarily an ethnicity , Uzbekistani relates to citizens of Uzbekistan ) .   In addition , several countries have a large number of sub-names for their citizens in the form of nicknames for people of certain different areas ; these are usually related to something typical of the area . In Puerto Rico for example , people who come from the town of Bayamon are referred to as `` Cowboy ( s ) '' or `` Cowgirl ( s ) '' ; those from Caguas are referred to as `` Criollo ( s ) '' or `` Criolla ( s ) '' . Except in cases such as Spain , in which sub-names have been used interchangeably by others , sub-names belonging to some areas in a country are not listed here .

neg: Greek language Greek ( Modern Greek : ελληνικά -LSB- eliniˈka -RSB- , elliniká , `` Greek '' , ελληνική γλώσσα -LSB- eliniˈci ˈɣlosa -RSB- , ellinikí glóssa , `` Greek language '' ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages , native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean . It has the longest documented history of any living language , spanning 34 centuries of written records . Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history ; other systems , such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary , were used previously . The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin , Cyrillic , Armenian , Coptic , Gothic and many other writing systems .   The Greek language holds an important place in the history of the Western world and Christianity ; the canon of ancient Greek literature includes seminal works in the Western canon such as the epic poems Iliad and Odyssey . Greek is also the language in which many of the foundational texts in science , especially astronomy , mathematics and logic , and Western philosophy , such as the Platonic dialogues and the works of Aristotle , are composed ; the New Testament of the Christian Bible was written in Koiné Greek . Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world , the study of the Greek texts and society of antiquity constitutes the discipline of Classics .   During antiquity , Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world and many places beyond . It would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire and develop into Medieval Greek . In its modern form , the Greek language is the official language in two countries , Greece and Cyprus , a recognised minority language in seven other countries , and is one of the 24 official languages of the European Union . The language is spoken by at least 13.2 million people today in Greece , Cyprus , Italy , Albania , Turkey , and the Greek diaspora .   Greek roots are often used to coin new words for other languages ; Greek and Latin are the predominant sources of international scientific vocabulary .

neg: Romanian language Romanian ( obsolete spellings Rumanian , Roumanian ; autonym : limba română , or лимба ромынэ in Moldovan Cyrillic , -LSB- ˈlimba roˈmɨnə -RSB- , `` the Romanian language '' , or românește , lit . `` in Romanian '' ) is a Romance language spoken by around 24 million people as a native language , primarily in Romania and Moldova , and by another 4 million people as a second language . It has official status in Romania and the Republic of Moldova . It is one of the official languages of the European Union and the Latin Union .   Romanian is a part of the Balkan-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin separated from the Western Romance during the 5th -- 8th centuries . To distinguish it within that group in comparative linguistics it is called Daco-Romanian as opposed to its closest relatives , Aromanian , Megleno-Romanian , and Istro-Romanian .   During Soviet times -- and to some extent even today -- Romanian was called Moldovan in the Republic of Moldova , although the Constitutional Court ruled in 2013 that `` the official language of the republic is Romanian '' .   Romanian speakers are scattered across many other countries , notably Australia , Italy , Spain , Ukraine , Bulgaria , the United States , Canada , Brazil , Mexico , Argentina , Greece , Turkey , Russia , Portugal , the United Kingdom , Cyprus , France and Germany .

neg: Spanish language Spanish ( castellano ) -- is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain , with hundreds of millions of native speakers around the world . It is usually considered the world 's second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese . It is one of the few languages to use inverted question and exclamation marks ( ¿ and ¡ , respectively ) .   Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages , which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century . The oldest Latin texts which show traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century , and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , then capital of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century . Beginning in the early 16th century , Spanish was taken to the colonies of the Spanish Empire , most notably to the Americas , as well as territories in Africa , Oceania and the Philippines .   Around 75 % of modern Spanish is derived from Latin . Greek has also contributed substantially to Spanish vocabulary , especially through Latin , on which it had a great impact .   Spanish vocabulary has been in contact from an early date with Arabic , having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula . With around 8 % of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin , this language is the second most important influence after Latin . It has also been influenced by Basque as well as by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages . It also adopted words from non-Iberian languages such as Gothic language from the Visigoths in which many Spanish names and surnames have a Visigothic origin . It has absorbed vocabulary from other languages , particularly the Romance languages French , Italian , Occitan , and Sardinian , as well as from Nahuatl , Quechua , and other indigenous languages of the Americas .   Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations . It is also used as an official language by the European Union , the Organization of American States , the Union of South American Nations , the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States and by many other international organizations .

neg: Law French Law French is an archaic language originally based on Old Norman and Anglo-Norman , but increasingly influenced by Parisian French and , later , English . It was used in the law courts of England , beginning with the Norman Conquest by William the Conqueror . Its use continued for several centuries in the courts of England and Ireland . Although Law French as a narrative legal language is obsolete , many individual Law French terms continue to be used by lawyers and judges in common law jurisdictions ( see the section `` Survivals in modern legal terminology '' , below ) .

neg: Language Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication , particularly the human ability to do so , and a language is any specific example of such a system . The scientific study of language is called linguistics . Questions concerning the philosophy of language , such as whether words can represent experience , have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece . Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought . 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language . Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky .   Estimates of the number of languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000 . However , any precise estimate depends on a partly arbitrary distinction between languages and dialects . Natural languages are spoken or signed , but any language can be encoded into secondary media using auditory , visual , or tactile stimuli -- for example , in whistling , signed , or braille . This is because human language is modality-independent . Depending on philosophical perspectives regarding the definition of language and meaning , when used as a general concept , `` language '' may refer to the cognitive ability to learn and use systems of complex communication , or to describe the set of rules that makes up these systems , or the set of utterances that can be produced from those rules . All languages rely on the process of semiosis to relate signs to particular meanings . Oral , manual and tactile languages contain a phonological system that governs how symbols are used to form sequences known as words or morphemes , and a syntactic system that governs how words and morphemes are combined to form phrases and utterances .   Human language has the properties of productivity and displacement , and relies entirely on social convention and learning . Its complex structure affords a much wider range of expressions than any known system of animal communication . Language is thought to have originated when early hominins started gradually changing their primate communication systems , acquiring the ability to form a theory of other minds and a shared intentionality . This development is sometimes thought to have coincided with an increase in brain volume , and many linguists see the structures of language as having evolved to serve specific communicative and social functions . Language is processed in many different locations in the human brain , but especially in Broca 's and Wernicke 's areas . Humans acquire language through social interaction in early childhood , and children generally speak fluently when they are approximately three years old . The use of language is deeply entrenched in human culture . Therefore , in addition to its strictly communicative uses , language also has many social and cultural uses , such as signifying group identity , social stratification , as well as social grooming and entertainment .   Languages evolve and diversify over time , and the history of their evolution can be reconstructed by comparing modern languages to determine which traits their ancestral languages must have had in order for the later developmental stages to occur . A group of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family . The Indo-European family is the most widely spoken and includes languages as diverse as English , Russian and Hindi ; the Sino-Tibetan family , which includes Mandarin , Bodo and the other Chinese languages , and Tibetan ; the Afro-Asiatic family , which includes Arabic , Somali , and Hebrew ; the Bantu languages , which include Swahili , and Zulu , and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout Africa ; and the Malayo-Polynesian languages , which include Indonesian , Malay , Tagalog , and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout the Pacific . The languages of the Dravidian family that are spoken mostly in Southern India include Tamil and Telugu . Academic consensus holds that between 50 % and 90 % of languages spoken at the beginning of the 21st century will probably have become extinct by the year 2100 .

neg: Chivalric romance As a literary genre of high culture , romance or chivalric romance is a type of prose and verse narrative that was popular in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe . They were fantastic stories about marvel-filled adventures , often of a knight-errant portrayed as having heroic qualities , who goes on a quest , yet it is `` the emphasis on love and courtly manners distinguishes it from the chanson de geste and other kinds of epic , in which masculine military heroism predominates . '' Popular literature also drew on themes of romance , but with ironic , satiric or burlesque intent . Romances reworked legends , fairy tales , and history to suit the readers ' and hearers ' tastes , but by c. 1600 they were out of fashion , and Miguel de Cervantes famously burlesqued them in his novel Don Quixote . Still , the modern image of `` medieval '' is more influenced by the romance than by any other medieval genre , and the word medieval evokes knights , distressed damsels , dragons , and other romantic tropes .   Originally , romance literature was written in Old French , Anglo-Norman , Occitan , and Provençal , and later in Portuguese , in Castilian , in English , in Italian ( particularly with the Sicilian poetry ) and German . During the early 13th century , romances were increasingly written as prose . In later romances , particularly those of French origin , there is a marked tendency to emphasize themes of courtly love , such as faithfulness in adversity .


query: J.Lo (album) was recorded by American singer Jennifer Lopez.

pos: J.Lo (album) J.Lo is the second studio album and most successful album to date by American entertainer Jennifer Lopez . It was released on January 23 , 2001 , by Epic Records . Preceding the release for the follow-up of her commercially successful debut album On the 6 ( 1999 ) . On this album , Lopez had more creative control over J.Lo . Its title refers to the nickname her fans gave her , and she described it as a homage to her supporters . Lopez began recording the album under the working title ` The Passionate Journey '' ' , writing lyrics that focused on her own personal experiences . For the album , she hired producers such as Cory Rooney , Troy Oliver , Dan Shea and Sean Combs , ( her boyfriend at the time ) , all of whom contributed to her first album . Musically , J.Lo is a pop album , which also encompasses genres such as R&B , Latin pop , retro and dance-pop . It was considered more daring than On the 6 , including more explicit language and provocative lyrics about sex ; it also deals with themes of empowerment and relationships .   Upon its release , the album received mixed reviews from music critics , who criticized its manufactured sound , although some praised its Spanish songs and dance material . Commercially , J.Lo became Lopez 's most successful album . The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 , on the same week as her film The Wedding Planner '' , opened at the top of the domestic box office , making her the first entertainer to have both a number one film and album simultaneously . The album was certified quadruple platinum in the United States , and became the sixth best-selling album of the year worldwide .   `` Love Do n't Cost a Thing '' was released as the album 's lead single on December 2 , 2000 , which reached the top five in the United States and number one in United Kingdom . The album 's second single , `` Play '' ( released on March 27 , 2001 ) , reached the top twenty in most countries and top five in United Kingdom . The Latin pop song , titled `` Ai n't It Funny '' was released as the album 's third single on June 20 , 2001 . `` I 'm Real '' was serviced to radio as the album 's fourth and final single on September 4 , 2001 . To further its success , record executives at Epic recruited Ja Rule of Murder Inc Records , who is popular in the Urban market , to create a remix of the song , `` I 'm Real ( Murder Remix ) '' . The remix , which featured Ja Rule , shifted Lopez 's personal style from pop to a more hip-hop and urban-oriented sound . It was the number one song in the United States at the time of the September 11 attacks for 5 non-consecutive weeks .

pos: Jennifer Lopez Jennifer Lynn Lopez ( born July 24 , 1969 ) , also known as JLo , is an American singer , actress , dancer , fashion designer , author , and producer . Lopez gained her first high-profile job as a Fly Girl dancer on In Living Color in 1991 , where she remained a regular until she decided to pursue an acting career in 1993 . She received her first leading role in the Selena biopic of the same name in 1997 , a portrayal that earned her a Golden Globe nomination . For her role in Out of Sight the following year , Lopez became the first Latina actress to earn over for a film . She ventured into the music industry in 1999 with her debut studio album On the 6 , preceded by the number-one single `` If You Had My Love '' .   With the simultaneous release of her second studio album J.Lo and her film The Wedding Planner in 2001 , Lopez became the first woman to have a number one album and film in the same week . Her 2002 remix album , J to tha L -- O ! The Remixes , became the first in history to debut at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 . Following her second divorce , Lopez had a high-profile relationship with Ben Affleck , which strongly influenced her third studio album , This Is Me ... Then ( 2002 ) , while also overshadowing the release of Gigli ( 2003 ) , a critical and commercial failure . She subsequently married longtime friend Marc Anthony , and rebounded with the box office successes Shall We Dance ? ( 2004 ) and Monster-in-Law ( 2005 ) . Her fifth studio album , Como Ama una Mujer ( 2007 ) , received the highest first-week sales for a debut Spanish album in the United States . Lopez gave birth to twins in 2008 , and after a relatively unsuccessful period , returned to prominence in 2011 with her appearance as a judge on American Idol and most commercially successful single to date , `` On the Floor '' , which is one of the best-selling singles of all time . In 2016 , she began starring as Harlee Santos in the crime drama series Shades of Blue .   With a cumulative film gross of over and global record sales exceeding 80 million , she is regarded as the most influential Hispanic performer in the United States , as well as its highest paid Latin entertainer . Time listed her as one of the 25 most influential Hispanic Americans , and in 2012 , Forbes ranked her as the most powerful celebrity in the world , as well as the 38th most powerful woman in the world . For her contributions to the arts , Lopez has received a landmark star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and the Billboard Icon Award , among other honors . Beyond entertainment , she enjoys a successful business career consisting of various clothing lines , accessories , fragrances , a production company , and a charitable foundation , among other ventures .

neg: Epic Records Epic Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment , a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America , Inc. . Epic was founded predominantly as a jazz and classical music label in 1953 . It later expanded its scope to include a more diverse range of musical genres , including pop , R&B , rock and hip hop . Historically , the label has housed popular acts such as Michael Jackson , Cheap Trick , Shakira , Celine Dion , ABBA , Anastacia , Boston , Dave Clark Five , Gloria Estefan , Pearl Jam and Sly & the Family Stone .   Along with Columbia and RCA Records , Epic is one of Sony Music Entertainment 's three main record labels . Artists currently signed to Epic as of 2017 include Fiona Apple , Sara Bareilles , Mariah Carey , Keyshia Cole , Future , Fifth Harmony , Jennifer Hudson , Zara Larsson , Jennifer Lopez , Outkast , Ozzy Osbourne , Judas Priest , Busta Rhymes , Rick Ross , Sade , 21 Savage , Travis Scott and Meghan Trainor .

neg: Do It Well `` Do It Well '' is a song recorded by American singer Jennifer Lopez for her sixth studio album , Brave ( 2007 ) . It was written by Ryan Tedder , Leonard Caston , Anita Poree , and Frank Wilson . The song was produced by Tedder , with additional vocal production from Cory Rooney . `` Do It Well '' features influences by disco and hip hop music .

neg: Merry Christmas II You Merry Christmas II You is the second Christmas album and thirteenth studio album by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey . It was released by Island Records on November 2 , 2010 . Recording began in April 2010 and continued while Carey became pregnant . She was the executive producer of Merry Christmas II You and worked with various record producers , including Bryan-Michael Cox , Jermaine Dupri , Randy Jackson , James Poyser , Marc Shaiman , James `` Big Jim '' Wright and Johnny `` Sev '' Severin of RedOne . The album features Carey 's mother Patricia Carey as a guest vocalist on `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' / `` Hallelujah Chorus '' . The album is composed of original songs and covers , ballads and uptempo tracks . It incorporates R&B , soul and house music in its composition .   The album received mixed reviews from music critics , who complimented its relaxed yet lively and contemporary feel , while others felt it was predictable and too overproduced in places . It debuted at number four on the United States Billboard 200 album chart , and reached number one on both the Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums and Holiday Albums chart . It was later certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments exceeding 500,000 copies . Elsewhere , however , the album failed to make an impact , reaching the top thirty in Australia and Hungary , and the top fifty in Austria and Italy . It missed out on the top one-hundred in the United Kingdom by one position , peaking at one-hundred and one on the albums chart .   The album produced four singles , including the US Adult Contemporary record-breaking song `` Oh Santa ! '' . It reached number-one in its second week , the quickest ascent in the history of the chart and the only song to do so . Other singles included `` Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) '' , a single release version of `` When Christmas Comes '' in 2011 with John Legend and `` Christmas Time Is in the Air Again '' in 2012 . To support the album , Carey made promotional appearances on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and Lopez Tonight , and hosted her own television special called Mariah Carey : Merry Christmas to You .

neg: Loca (Shakira song) `` Loca '' ( `` Crazy '' ) is a song by Colombian singer-songwriter Shakira , taken from her seventh studio album , Sale el Sol ( 2010 ) . It was released by Epic Records as the lead single from the album . The Spanish-language version features Dominican rapper El Cata , and was released on 10 September 2010 , while the English-language version features British rapper Dizzee Rascal , and was released on 13 September 2010 . It was written and produced by Shakira , with additional songwriting from Edward Bello , Armando Pérez , and Dylan Mills . The song is a Latin pop and merengue track that lyrically describes Shakira 's eccentric infatuation with a man . In August 2014 , a senior US district judge found `` Loca '' to have been indirectly plagiarised from `` Loca con su Tiguere '' , a mid-1990s song composed by Dominican songwriter Ramon `` Arias '' Vasquez . The case was dismissed in August 2015 after it was found that Vasquez had fabricated the evidence he had presented in court .   Upon its release , `` Loca '' received generally favourable reviews from music critics , who complimented the inclusion of merengue music on the recording . The English version of the song became a worldwide commercial success and peaked inside the top five of the record charts of countries including Austria , Belgium , France , Hungary and Italy . The Spanish version peaked atop the charts of Spain and Switzerland , and became a hit on the Latin record charts in the United States , topping the Billboard Hot Latin Songs , Latin Pop Airplay , and Tropical Songs charts . `` Loca '' received record certifications in various countries around the world , including a diamond certification in Colombia and multi-platinum certifications in Italy , Mexico , and Spain .   Its accompanying music video was filmed in Barcelona , Spain in August 2010 , and was released the following month . It features Shakira interacting with a beach crowd , and dancing in front of the sea wearing a golden bikini . It generated a favourable response from critics , many of whom praised its concept for matching the vibe of the song . For additional promotion , Shakira performed `` Loca '' on several television shows and on her The Sun Comes Out World Tour .

neg: LP (singer) Laura Pergolizzi ( born March 18 , 1981 ) is an American pop singer and songwriter , originally from Long Island , New York , who performs under the stage name LP . She moved to Los Angeles in 2010 . She has released three albums and one EP . As a songwriter , she has written for Cher , Rihanna , the Backstreet Boys and Christina Aguilera , among others .

neg: Curtis Richa Curtis Richa ( born Curtis Richardson ; November 6 , 1972 ) is an American songwriter , producer and A&R . He is the CEO of his own company Richamusikk and is also signed to Metronumm Musikk Publishing . He is one of the founding members of the production team The Conglomerate ( aka The Conglomm ) .   In total , Curtis Richa is responsible for having written and/or produced albums that have sold in the excess of 28 million records worldwide . He has worked with Jennifer Lopez , Rihanna , Joss Stone , LL Cool J , Deborah Cox , Craig David and Jo Dee Messina . Richa has also worked with foreign superstars such as Kumi Koda , Tohoshinki , Agnes Carlsson , Naime Amuro , Christopher , Rainie Yang , Fady Malouf and Darin .

neg: Jennifer Love Hewitt (album) Jennifer Love Hewitt is the self-titled third studio album by actress and recording artist Jennifer Love Hewitt . It was released on September 3 , 1996 by Atlantic Records .

neg: Jonas L.A. (soundtrack) Jonas L.A. is the third soundtrack by the American pop rock group Jonas Brothers and their only soundtrack for Jonas L.A. '' . It was released on July 20 , 2010 to positive reviews and debuted at # 7 on the Billboard 200 . It has sold 132,000 copies in the United States .

neg: Denise Lopez Denise Lopez may refer to :   Denise Lopez ( American singer ) , American singer and A&M Records artist in late 1980s/early 1990s  Denise Lopez ( Swedish singer ) , Swedish singer and DJ

neg: Jennifer Paige Jennifer Paige ( born September 3 , 1973 ) is an American singer and songwriter . She is best known for the 1998 pop hit `` Crush '' .

neg: J. Cole discography American hip hop recording artist J. Cole has released four studio albums , one live album , one compilation album , two extended plays , three mixtapes , sixteen singles ( including nine as a featured artist ) , two promotional singles and twenty music videos . J. Cole first took up rapping in his teens , collaborating with the local Fayetteville hip hop duo Bomm Sheltuh . The Come Up , his debut mixtape , was released on May 4 , 2007 to positive reception . Following the release of The Come Up , J. Cole was contacted by American rapper Jay Z and subsequently signed to his record label Roc Nation . Cole released his second mixtape The Warm Up on June 15 , 2009 . `` Lights Please '' , the first single from The Warm Up , peaked at number nine on the United States Billboard Bubbling Under R&B / Hip-Hop Singles chart and became Cole 's first entry on a national record chart . He was later featured on `` All I Want Is You '' , a 2010 single by American R&B singer Miguel -- it peaked at number 58 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . J. Cole 's third mixtape Friday Night Lights was released on November 12 , 2010 .   J. Cole released his debut studio album Cole World : The Sideline Story on September 27 , 2011 . It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 , with first-week sales of 218,000 copies . The album 's lead single `` Work Out '' peaked at number thirteen on the Billboard Hot 100 and became a top ten hit on the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Songs and Hot Rap Songs charts . Cole World : The Sideline Story was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , while `` Work Out '' was certified two times platinum . Two more singles were released from the album : `` Ca n't Get Enough '' and `` Nobody 's Perfect '' , which peaked at numbers 52 and 61 respectively on the Hot 100 . J. Cole 's second studio album Born Sinner was released on June 18 , 2013 . Its lead single , `` Power Trip '' , peaked at number 19 on the Hot 100 and received a platinum certification from the RIAA . On December 9 , 2014 , he released his third studio album 2014 Forest Hills Drive . The album was supported by four singles : `` Apparently '' , `` Wet Dreamz '' , `` No Role Modelz '' and `` Love Yourz '' . The album also went on to sell 353,000 copies in its first week , and became the first rap album in 25 years to be certified platinum in the US with no guest appearances . The songs `` No Role Modelz '' and `` Wet Dreamz '' later received a platinum certification from the RIAA . In addition to his fourth album , Cole released three singles in 2016 : `` Love Yourz '' , `` Everybody Dies '' , and `` False Prophets '' . His album 4 Your Eyez Only was released on the second anniversary of 2014 Forest Hill Drive . 4 Your Eyez Only was certified gold before it debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , despite having no singles upon release . `` Deja Vu '' was later given a single release after peaking at number 7 on the Hot 100 .

neg: No Me Ames `` No Me Ames '' ( English : `` Do n't Love Me '' ) is a Latin pop duet recorded by American singers Jennifer Lopez and Marc Anthony for Lopez 's debut studio album , On the 6 ( 1999 ) . It is a Spanish cover version of the Italian song `` Non Amarmi '' , written by Giancarlo Bigazzi , Marco Falagiani and Aleandro Baldi and recorded by Baldi and Francesca Alotta for Baldi 's album Il Sole ( 1993 ) . The song was translated into Spanish by Ignacio Ballesteros at Anthony 's request . Two versions of the song were produced for On the 6 ; one as a ballad and the other as a salsa . The ballad version was produced by Dan Shea , while the salsa version was arranged and produced by Juan Vicente Zambrano . The music video was directed by Kevin Bray and received a Latin Grammy nomination for Best Short Form Music Video . It served as the encore during the couple 's co-headlining tour in 2007 .   `` No Me Ames '' speaks of a complicated relationship between two lovers . It was first released by Work Records on May 11 , 1999 , as a B-side to `` If You Had My Love '' ( 1999 ) . The work received generally positive reviews from critics . The song peaked at number one in the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart . It received a Latin Grammy nomination for `` Best Pop Performance by a Duo/Group with Vocals '' . At the Billboard Latin Music Awards of 2000 , the song received an award for Hot Latin Track of the Year by a Vocal Duo and two nominations for Tropical/Salsa Track of the Year and Hot Latin Track of the Year . It also received an award for Salsa Song of the Year at the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers Awards of 2000 .

neg: List of awards and nominations received by Jennifer Lopez Jennifer Lopez is an American singer , actress , dancer , fashion designer and producer . She began her career as an actress for a minor role in the film My Little Girl . Lopez gained her first regular high-profile job as a Fly Girl dancer on In Living Color in 1991 , where she remained for two seasons and remained a regular until she decided to pursue an acting career in 1993 . She received her first leading role in the Selena biopic of the same name in 1997 which made $ 35.5 million at box office . She ventured into the music industry in 1999 , with her debut studio album , On the 6 , preceded by the number-one single `` If You Had My Love '' . In 2001 , she released her second studio album J.Lo which sold over 12 million copies worldwide . she has released eight studio albums overall , as of today . Lopez has sold over 80 million records worldwide . She has won 133 awards from 324 nominations including 3 American Music Awards , 1 BET Awards , 1 Billboard Music Award , 10 Billboard Latin Music Awards , and 2 World Music Awards . In 2014 , she received the prestigious Billboard Icon Award for her contribution in music .

neg: The Power of Jennifer Rush The Power of Jennifer Rush is a compilation album released by American singer Jennifer Rush .   This was the first official collection released by Rush . As well as featuring her past hits , a new single was released from the collection , `` Ave Maria '' ( originally from her earlier album Movin ' ) .   Released in late 1991 , the album only reached No. 40 in Germany , but sustained a lengthy run on the charts and re-entered in 1995 . The collection also peaked within the top 40 in Switzerland and Austria .   A repackaged version of the album , entitled The Platinum Edition was released in 2001 to mark its 10th anniversary .

neg: E=MC² (Mariah Carey album) E = MC ² is the eleventh studio album by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey . It was released in the United States on April 15 , 2008 by Island Records . The singer began recording the album in 2007 in Anguilla , after writing and composing most of its material during and after her 2006 Adventures of Mimi Tour . Carey worked with several notable songwriters and producers during the course of the project , including Jermaine Dupri , Bryan-Michael Cox , Stargate , The-Dream , Tricky Stewart , Scott Storch and Danja .   The album revealed a more personal side of the singer , illustrated in its declarative theme of emancipation from her previous marriage , and from her personal and professional setbacks . Although it shared similar vocal production as well as an inclination to her signature pop and R&B ballads , the album also encompassed a variety of dance-oriented and uptempo styles . It was meant to be a continuation , or a second part of her tenth studio album , The Emancipation of Mimi ( 2005 ) . Carey collaborated with a number of artists on the album , including T-Pain , Damian Marley and Young Jeezy . Though considered by critics very similar to the formula its predecessor had been built on , E = MC ² included other genres she had never explored , such as reggae , and her continued recording of gospel-influenced hymns .   E = MC ² was generally well received by music critics , with many complimenting the record 's broad genre influences , and musical and production styles . Some critics , however , felt that the album was too similar to The Emancipation of Mimi , and did n't offer anything new from the formula . The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with opening week sales of 463,000 copies ; the highest first-week sales of Carey 's career . It opened inside the top-five on the albums chart in Australia , Canada , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . The album achieved worldwide sales of over 2.5 million copies .   Four singles were commission in promotion of the album . The album 's lead single , `` Touch My Body '' , became Carey 's eighteenth chart topper on the Billboard Hot 100 , making her the solo artist with the most number one singles in United States history , surpassing the record held by Elvis Presley . Additionally , it gave Carey her 79th week atop the chart , tying Presley for most weeks at number one . It achieved strong worldwide charting , peaking within the top five of the singles charts in Italy , Japan , New Zealand , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . `` Bye Bye '' served as the album 's second release . Although hailed by critics , and expected to have achieved large commercial success , the song stalled at number nineteen on the Hot 100 , and managed to chart weakly internationally . Both the third and fourth singles , `` I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time '' and `` I Stay in Love '' failed to garner success in any prominent music market .

neg: Me Haces Falta `` Me Haces Falta '' ( English : I Need You ) is a song recorded by American singer Jennifer Lopez for her fifth studio album , Como Ama una Mujer ( 2007 ) . It was written and produced by Marc Anthony and Estéfano . The song was released on March 23 , 2007 by Epic Records as the second and final single from the album . `` Me Haces Falta '' is a latin pop song about self-loathing . Its instrumentation consists of drums , cello , bass and guitar .   Music critics were complimentary to the song 's lyrics and to Lopez 's vocals , but dismissed its production . An accompanying music video for the song was directed by Sanji . The video portrays Lopez as an undercover FBI agent who surrenders her lover to the police and has regrets afterwards . `` Me Haces Falta '' was included in the set list of Lopez 's co-headling tour with Anthony in 2007 .

neg: John Benitez John Benitez ( born November 7 , 1957 ) , also known as Jellybean , is an American drummer , guitarist , songwriter , DJ , remixer and music producer of Puerto Rican descent . He has produced and remixed artists such as Madonna , Whitney Houston , Michael Jackson and the Pointer Sisters . In December 2016 , Billboard magazine ranked him as the 99th most successful dance artist of all-time .

neg: Lo Nuestro Award for Tropical New Artist of the Year The Lo Nuestro Award for Tropical/Salsa New Artist of the Year is an honor presented annually by American network Univision . It was first awarded in 1989 and has been given annually since to recognize the most talented performers of Latin music . The nominees and winners were originally selected by a voting poll conducted among program directors of Spanish-language radio stations in the United States and also based on chart performance on Billboard Latin music charts , with the results being tabulated and certified by the accounting firm Deloitte . At the present time , the winners are selected by the audience through an online survey . The trophy awarded is shaped in the form of a treble clef .   The award was first presented to Nicaraguan singer Luis Enrique . Puerto-Rican American performer Olga Tañón was a nominee in 1993 and eventually became the most awarded performer in Lo Nuestro Awards history , with 22 accolades . American singer Marc Anthony won the following year and also received the Grammy Award for Best Tropical Latin Performance for the album Contra la Corriente in 1998 . Puerto-Rican American artist Elvis Crespo earned the award in 1999 , the same year that his songs `` Suavemente '' and `` Tu Sonrisa '' peaked at number-one at the Billboard Latin Songs chart . At the 12th Lo Nuestro Awards , Son by Four was named Tropical New Artist of the Year aided by the massive success of their single `` A Puro Dolor '' , which later ranked 1st at the Hot Latin Songs 25th Anniversary chart . Colombian singer-songwriter Fonseca won in 2007 and also earned the Latin Grammy Award for Best Tropical Song . In 2013 , the Pop , Regional Mexican and Tropical/Salsa New Artist of the Year categories were merged on a Lo Nuestro Award for Best New Artist category in the General Field ; however , the following year , the Lo Nuestro Award for Tropical New Artist of the Year was reincorporated .

neg: Dance Again... the Hits Dance Again ... the Hits is the first greatest hits album of American entertainer Jennifer Lopez . It was released on July 20 , 2012 , by Epic Records , to coincide with the launch of her first world tour , the Dance Again World Tour . Lopez previously conceived plans for a greatest hits album in 2009 , but instead opted to use the material recorded for her seventh studio album , Love ? , which was released by Island Records in May 2011 after her departure from Epic Records in 2010 . As Lopez owed the label one last album to fulfill her contract , she began work on a new greatest hits album in November 2011 . She later became unsure whether she wanted to go along with plans to release a greatest hits album or a new studio album , eventually deciding on the former .   Dance Again ... the Hits comprises eleven previously released tracks , and two new recordings : `` Dance Again '' and `` Goin ' In '' . A deluxe edition of the album was also released , featuring three additional previously released tracks , and a DVD featuring a selection of eleven music videos . The album received generally positive reviews from music critics , who praised it as a reflection of Lopez 's success . Some critics expressed their disappointment in the absence of several successful singles , but deemed this as impressive , noting that this may have been due to the large volume of hit singles she has released over the years . Dance Again ... The Hits was a moderate commercial success , peaking within the top ten in fourteen national charts , and the top twenty in ten national charts .

neg: Born to Die Born to Die is the second studio album by American singer and songwriter Lana Del Rey . Her major label debut , it was released on January 27 , 2012 by Interscope Records , Polydor Records and Stranger Records . Del Rey collaborated with producers including Patrik Berger , Jeff Bhasker , Chris Braide , Emile Haynie , Justin Parker , Rick Nowels , Robopop and Al Shux to achieve her desired sound . Their efforts resulted in a primarily baroque pop record , which sees additional influences from alternative hip hop , indie pop and trip hop music .   Contemporary music critics gave Born to Die mixed reviews ; some commended its distinctive production , while its repetitiveness and melodramatic tendencies were a recurring complaint . The album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 77,000 copies ; it was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) after moving one million units . Born to Die reached the peak positions on eleven international record charts .   After attaining online success after its initial premiere on June 29 , 2011 , `` Video Games '' was released as the lead single from Born to Die on October 17 , 2011 ; it peaked at number ninety-one on the US Billboard Hot 100 . Its follow-up singles `` Born to Die '' , `` Off to the Races '' , `` Blue Jeans '' , `` Summertime Sadness '' , `` National Anthem '' , and `` Dark Paradise '' performed sporadically across Billboard component charts and international record charts . The Cedric Gervais remix of `` Summertime Sadness '' was released on July 11 , 2013 and became Del Rey 's highest-charting single in the United States , reaching number six on the Billboard Hot 100 . Del Rey additionally promoted Born to Die with several televised performances , including a widely criticized appearance on Saturday Night Live . It was reissued on November 9 , 2012 as an expanded version subtitled The Paradise Edition , which was packaged with her third extended play Paradise ( 2012 ) .   Born to Die has sold 7,000,000 copies worldwide as of June 2014 .