query: Bill Gates was a chairman of Microsoft.

pos: Bill Gates William Henry Gates III ( born October 28 , 1955 ) is the co-founder of Microsoft and is an American business magnate , investor , author and philanthropist .   In 1975 , Gates and Paul Allen co-founded Microsoft , which became the world 's largest PC software company . During his career at Microsoft , Gates held the positions of chairman , CEO and chief software architect , while also being the largest individual shareholder until May 2014 . Gates stepped down as chief executive officer of Microsoft in January 2000 , but he remained as chairman and created the position of chief software architect for himself . In June 2006 , Gates announced that he would be transitioning from full-time work at Microsoft to part-time work and full-time work at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation . He gradually transferred his duties to Ray Ozzie and Craig Mundie . He stepped down as chairman of Microsoft in February 2014 , taking on a new post as technology adviser to support the then newly appointed CEO Satya Nadella .   Gates is one of the best-known entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution . He has been criticized for his business tactics , which have been considered anti-competitive , an opinion that has in some cases been upheld by numerous court rulings . Later in his career , Gates pursued a number of philanthropic endeavors , donating large amounts of money to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , established in 2000 .   Since 1987 , Gates has been included in the Forbes list of the world 's wealthiest people . Gates is the richest person in the world , with an estimated net worth of US$ 88.5 billion . In 2009 , Gates and Warren Buffett founded The Giving Pledge , whereby they and other billionaires pledge to give at least half of their wealth to philanthropy .

neg: Scott Oki Scott D. Oki ( born October 5 , 1948 in Seattle , Washington ) is a former senior vice-president of sales and marketing for Microsoft who conceived and built Microsoft 's international operations . Oki also played a crucial role in Microsoft 's rapid domestic growth during the 1980s .   Born to a Japanese-American family , Oki attended the University of Washington , but left after 18 months to join the Air Force . While in the service he took courses at the University of Colorado . After he left the service in 1974 , he went on to receive a BA in accounting and information systems and earned an MBA the following year . After holding several computer-related jobs , Oki went to work for Microsoft in 1982 .   Oki built Microsoft 's international operations , and within two years it was more profitable than Microsoft 's domestic operation . Bill Gates then made him Vice President of Domestic Operation , and within five years , the company 's sales rose from $ 100 million to $ 1 billion . One of Oki 's major contributions to Microsoft 's success during that time was convincing Bill Gates and the board of directors to center product development and marketing efforts on Windows instead of OS/2 . By the time he retired Oki was overseeing 3,000 employees .   When Oki retired in 1992 , he reportedly cashed in stock options estimated at $ 100 million . He now runs the non-profit Oki Foundation , owns several golf courses , and serves on dozens of advisory boards and boards of directors for both for-profit and non-profit companies . Oki is the Co-Chair of the United Way of King County Campaign Board and Co-Chair of the Million Dollar Roundtable , Founder and Chairman of the Japanese American Chamber of Commerce , Founder and Co-President of the Chief Seattle Council Boy Scout Foundation , Co-Founder of Sounders For Kids , Co-Founder of America 's Foundation for Chess , Co-Founder of SeeYourImpact.org and Co-Founder of Social Venture Partners . He is a past-President of the Board of Regents for the University of Washington and a past Chair of Seattle Children 's Hospital Foundation . Scott also serves on the national boards for United Way of America , Boys & Girls Clubs of America , Japanese American National Museum , and the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Team Foundation . Scott Oki is a member of the National Executive Board of the Boy Scouts of America , the organization 's governing body .   Oki Golf   In 1994 , Scott Oki purchased The Golf Club at Echo Falls in Snohomish , Washington . This initial acquisition was the preliminary step toward building what eventually became a unique portfolio of golf properties known collectively as Oki Golf . This collection has grown to include nine properties comprising eleven championship golf courses , both public and private , spread throughout the Puget Sound . In addition to The Golf Club at Echo Falls , the Oki Golf portfolio also includes Indian Summer Golf & Country Club in Olympia , Washington ( private ) , The Plateau Club in Sammamish , Washington ( private ) , and The Woodlands and The Links courses ( formerly Meriwood and Vicwood -- both public ) at The Golf Club at Hawks Prairie in Lacey , Washington . The flagship courses in Oki Golf 's celebrated collection are located at The Golf Club at Newcastle in Newcastle , WA . Two additional golf properties were added to the group in December 2005 . Washington National Golf Club ( public ) in Auburn , WA , and Trophy Lake Golf & Casting ( public ) in Port Orchard , WA . ( source : okigolf.com ) In the winter of 2007 , Oki Golf added Harbour Pointe ( public ) in Mukilteo , Washington . An additional property - Trilogy Golf Course ( public ) - was purchased in 2008 and has since been renamed to The Golf Club at Redmond Ridge .   During October , 2016 , Oki sold eight of his golf courses for $ 137 million dollars to Chinese based HNA Holdings . Ownership of commercial real property by foreign businesses is prohibited in China .

neg: Risto Siilasmaa Risto Kalevi Siilasmaa ( born 17 April 1966 in Finland ) is the Chairman , founder and former CEO of F-Secure Corporation ( formerly Data Fellows ) , an anti-virus and computer security software company based in Helsinki , Finland . He is also the biggest shareholder of F-Secure , owning around 40 % of the company . A member of Nokia 's Board of Directors since 2008 , he has been its Chairman from 2012 onwards , as well as Nokia 's interim CEO from 3 September 2013 to 29 April 2014 .   After being appointed chairman of Nokia in mid-2012 , he has led the company in one of the most successful corporate transformations ever . Through three transactions that he negotiated - the purchase of complete ownership of NSN , the sale of the handset business to Microsoft and the recently announced acquisition of Alcatel-Lucent - Nokia has transformed from a bankruptcy candidate to a successful global technology leader . This is reflected in Nokia 's value which has gone up fivefold over roughly two years . Even more revealingly , the enterprise value has grown from a low of only less than 1.5 billion euros soon after Siilasmaa started as chairman to well over 20 billion euros in early 2015 .   The transformation of Nokia has also included Siilasmaa renewing the board and the management . Actually , only the company CFO Timo Ihamuotila is left from the previous phase of the company . Siilasmaa has often stated that all the atoms in Nokia have been changed but the spirit of the 150-year-old company live on .   Siilasmaa is also well known as a business angel , investing in several technology startups such as Frosmo , Enevo and Wolt , and serving in their boards of directors . In his investing , he has stated that he is sometimes `` motivated by soft values , not maximum returns . ''

neg: Richard Nixon Foundation The Richard Nixon Foundation is a not-for-profit organization based at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in Yorba Linda , California . It was founded in the late 1980s by Richard Nixon , 37th President of the United States , and served as the governing body of the Nixon Library for nearly twenty years . Today it operates the Nixon Library in conjunction with the National Archives and Records Administration , which is an entity of the federal government of the United States , in addition to undertaking charitable and education-based activities .   The Nixon Foundation founded , controlled and operated the Nixon Library from the library 's dedication on July 19 , 1990 until July 11 , 2007 , at which the Foundation invited the National Archives to take control . The two entities signed a joint operating agreement which allowed the library to become officially known as the Richard Nixon Presidential Library , welcoming it into the national system of presidential libraries . This move allowed President Nixon 's White House documents to be moved to his library in Yorba Linda .   The Nixon Foundation is governed by a Board of Directors , led by former Nixon White House Director of Presidential Advance Ronald H. Walker . The board includes President Nixon 's daughters Tricia Nixon Cox and Julie Nixon Eisenhower , his brother Edward Nixon , former Ambassador George Argyros former California Governor Pete Wilson , and longest-serving Vietnam War POW Everett Alvarez , Jr. . The Foundation 's President and CEO is William Baribault .   The Foundation has hosted United States presidents , first ladies and several vice presidents . Also hosted have been public affairs commentators such as Bill O'Reilly , academics such as Doris Kearns Goodwin , and Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer .   The library includes `` Meet the Presidents , '' in which presidential impersonators speak to several hundred school-aged children . To commemorate the 10th anniversary of the September 11 , 2001 attacks , the Nixon Foundation brought 16 tons of warped steel from the World Trade Center and a damaged , first-responder FDNY firetruck to the Nixon Library for viewing .   Before the National Archives took over its management , the Nixon Library had been accused by several media outlets of glossing over Nixon 's 1974 resignation with `` whitewashed '' exhibits . In 2007 , the National Archives removed the 17 year old Watergate exhibit and , after three years , the new exhibit was scheduled to open in July 2010 . The Nixon Foundation objected to the proposed exhibit , because the Nixon Foundation was not consulted in the way that other presidential foundations had been consulted with similar situations . The Foundation filed a 158 page memorandum to the Assistant Archivist for Presidential Libraries expressing their dissatisfaction and NARA stated a committee would review the objection but gave no timeline for when that process would be concluded . The exhibit opened on March 31 , 2011 .

neg: Global Health Innovative Technology Fund (GHIT) The Global Health Innovative Technology Fund ( GHIT Fund ) , headquartered in Japan , is an international public-private partnership between the Government of Japan ( Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Health , Labour and Welfare ) , 16 pharmaceutical and diagnostics companies ( Astellas , Chugai , Eisai , Daiichi Sankyo , Fujifilm , GlaxoSmithKline , Johnson & Johnson , Kyowa Hakko Kirin , Merck Group , Mistubishi Tanabe , Nipro , Otsuka , Shionogi , Sumitomo Dainippon , Sysmex and Takeda ) , the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , the Wellcome Trust and United Nations Development Programme . It funds scientific research and development for anti-infectives and diagnostics for diseases that primarily affect the developing world . Bill Gates has noted that `` GHIT draws on the immense innovation capacity of Japan 's pharmaceutical companies , universities and research institutions to accelerate the creation of new vaccines , drugs and diagnostic tools for global health . '' Margaret Chan , Director-General of the World Health Organization , said : `` The GHIT Fund has stepped in to provide that incentive in a pioneering model of partnership that brings Japanese innovation , investment and leadership to the global fight against infectious disease . ''   The GHIT Fund is the first public-private partnership fund to involve a national government , a UN agency , a consortium of pharmaceutical and diagnostics companies , and international philanthropic foundations .   The public-private partnership model , the inclusion of a whole pharmaceutical sector and the structure of individual research projects across sectors and national boundaries are all aimed at reducing the R&D risk to any one entity and to ensure that findings are open to all . Another key opportunity the GHIT Fund has created has been to help open the doors of Japan 's public and private drug compound libraries to product development partnerships , which makes possible the screening of tens of thousands of drug candidates for potential new treatments .   The participating companies view their investments into neglected diseases through the Fund as a long-term investment into the future , rather than charity . They see the Fund as a necessary catalyst for having allowed them to pursue this line of research .

neg: Mark Lucovsky Mark Lucovsky is an American software developer who worked for Microsoft and who is now employed by VMware as Vice President of Engineering in charge of Cloud Foundry . He is noted for being a part of the team that designed and built the Windows NT operating system , which after Windows XP became the basis of all current Windows releases .   Lucovsky received his bachelor 's degree in computer science in 1983 from California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo . He worked at Digital Equipment Corporation , where he came to the attention of Dave Cutler and Lou Perazzoli . When Cutler and Perazzoli moved to Microsoft to work on their next generation operating system , they asked him to join them .   Among his contributions to Windows NT was an eighty-page manual that he wrote with Steve R. Wood defining the Windows application programming interfaces for software developers working on the Windows NT platform . He also managed check-ins to the Windows NT source code , tracking each check-in and discussing it with the developer before allowing it to be committed . Lucovsky was instrumental in moving the Windows team from the homegrown SLM revision control system to a custom version of Perforce ( SourceDepot ) .   Mark Lucovsky has stated that Steve Ballmer , on being informed that Lucovsky was about to leave Microsoft for Google , picked up a chair and threw it across the room , hitting a table in his office . Lucovsky also described Ballmer as saying : `` Fucking Eric Schmidt is a fucking pussy . I 'm going to fucking bury that guy , I have done it before , and I will do it again . I 'm going to fucking kill Google , '' then resumed trying to persuade Lucovsky to stay at Microsoft . Ballmer has described this as a `` gross exaggeration of what actually took place . ''   Lucovsky worked on the Microsoft . NET My Services product ( codenamed Hailstorm ) prior to moving to Google . At Google , he served as a Technical Director for the Ajax Search API . He joined VMware in July 2009 .

neg: Core International Core International , Inc. commonly known as Core , was a multinational computer and technology corporation headquartered in Boca Raton , Florida , United States .   The company is now part of Sony and no longer exists as stand-alone identity . The company was founded in 1979 by Hal Prewitt as a technology firm to develop , market and support computer related products and services . They were best known for supporting IBM 's first business microcomputers such as the 5100 , 5110 and 5120 . With the introduction of the IBM PC and PC AT , the company provided an extensive line of disk drives , backup and personal computer products . Core became very well known as a leading industry developer of disk array and computer data storage .   Many of Core 's products were the first of their kind , had no direct competition and were widely regarded for their superior performance and reliability . Users and the computer press raved about Core 's products . Infoworld described Core 's ATplus `` is built like a Sherman tank , offering exceptional performance and reliability . '' PC Magazine called them `` Workhorses of Performance Computing '' and `` High-quality construction . . breaks the speed barrier for access times '' and asked `` Will other manufactures follow suit ? ''   Core was known for their advertising and perhaps produced a few of the PC Industry 's greatest promotions . The 1985 and 1986 rebate and recall Ad for IBM PC AT hard disk drives . So successful and controversial , there was a rumor it was a topic at an IBM board of directors meeting . And the time where they gave away a free IBM PC AT when purchasing one of Core 's ATplus 72 MB drives .   Core remained a private company solely owned by Prewitt until 1993 when purchased by Aiwa , which was a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony .

neg: Utility computing Utility computing , or The Computer Utility , is a service provisioning model in which a service provider makes computing resources and infrastructure management available to the customer as needed , and charges them for specific usage rather than a flat rate . Like other types of on-demand computing ( such as grid computing ) , the utility model seeks to maximize the efficient use of resources and/or minimize associated costs . Utility is the packaging of computing resources , such as computation , storage and services , as a metered service . This model has the advantage of a low or no initial cost to acquire computer resources ; instead , computational resources are essentially rented .   This repackaging of computing services became the foundation of the shift to `` on demand '' computing , software as a service and cloud computing models that further propagated the idea of computing , application and network as a service .   There was some initial skepticism about such a significant shift . However , the new model of computing caught on and eventually became mainstream .   IBM , HP and Microsoft were early leaders in the new field of utility computing , with their business units and researchers working on the architecture , payment and development challenges of the new computing model . Google , Amazon and others started to take the lead in 2008 , as they established their own utility services for computing , storage and applications .   Utility computing can support grid computing which has the characteristic of very large computations or sudden peaks in demand which are supported via a large number of computers .   `` Utility computing '' has usually envisioned some form of virtualization so that the amount of storage or computing power available is considerably larger than that of a single time-sharing computer . Multiple servers are used on the `` back end '' to make this possible . These might be a dedicated computer cluster specifically built for the purpose of being rented out , or even an under-utilized supercomputer . The technique of running a single calculation on multiple computers is known as distributed computing .   The term `` grid computing '' is often used to describe a particular form of distributed computing , where the supporting nodes are geographically distributed or cross administrative domains . To provide utility computing services , a company can `` bundle '' the resources of members of the public for sale , who might be paid with a portion of the revenue from clients .   One model , common among volunteer computing applications , is for a central server to dispense tasks to participating nodes , on the behest of approved end-users ( in the commercial case , the paying customers ) . Another model , sometimes called the Virtual Organization ( VO ) , is more decentralized , with organizations buying and selling computing resources as needed or as they go idle .   The definition of `` utility computing '' is sometimes extended to specialized tasks , such as web services .

neg: Doug Lowenstein Douglas Lowenstein is the founder and former President of the Entertainment Software Association ( ESA ) . He resigned on February 12 , 2007 to head up the newly formed Private Equity Council .   Doug started his career as a reporter for The Buffalo Courier Express from 1973-74 . He was awarded the Buffalo newspaper Guild 's Rookie of the Year award in 1974 . He moved to Washington , DC in 1974 to take a position as a reporter for the Capitol Hill News Service . In 1976 , he joined the Cox Newspapers Washington Bureau . After six years at Cox , Lowenstein joined the Senate staff of U.S. Sen. Howard M. Metzenbaum , Democrat of Ohio . He served the last two years of his five-year stint on the Hill as Metzenbaum 's Legislative Director .   Doug became the first president of the ESA , then called the Interactive Digital Software Association ( IDSA ) , in June 1994 . Creator and owner of the E3 Tradeshow , the Entertainment Software Rating Board ( ESRB ) , and the Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences , the ESA is the only association exclusively dedicated to serving the business and public affairs needs of companies that publish video and computer games , for video game consoles , personal computers , and the Internet . As president , Lowenstein was responsible for the association 's operations and for sector-wide initiatives that affect the nation 's fastest growing entertainment industry .   Doug worked cooperatively with parallel industry trade associations including the Video Software Dealers Association ( VSDA ) and Interactive Entertainment Merchants Association ( IEMA ) to defeat hundreds of anti-games legislation across the United States . He was the industry 's go-to person in Washington , D.C. on all legislative matters ranging from piracy to censorship and was frequently called upon as the trade 's spokesperson , representing the software publisher 's perspective .   Lowenstein was a very public figure in his service of the games business - along with Patricia Vance , ESRB head and Hal Halpin , IEMA boss - and as such had both his supporters and detractors in the industry and media . Critics were vocal about his passivity with regard to anti-games advocates , most notably Jack Thompson , who repeatedly attacked Lowenstein personally and professionally , even going so far as to liken him to `` Hitler '' . Doug did however , deliver a very pointed speech in his final days in the job which drew the ire of many in the interactive entertainment business .   Prior to joining the staff of the ESA , Lowenstein was an Executive Vice President in the Washington , D.C. and New York strategic communications firm Robinson Lake Sawyer Miller , Inc. . From 1986 to 1991 , Lowenstein was a principal in National Strategies , Inc. , a Washington , D.C. public policy consulting firm . In 1982 , he began a five year-stint in the office of U.S. Sen. Howard Metzenbaum ( D-Ohio ) , including two as Legislative Director . From 1976 to 1982 , Lowenstein was a Washington , D.C. correspondent in the Cox Newspapers Washington bureau . Lowenstein is also the author of `` Lowenstein : Acts of Courage and Belief '' about his late uncle , political and civil rights activist and former Congressman Allard Lowenstein .

neg: Media Foundation Media Foundation ( MF ) is a COM-based multimedia framework pipeline and infrastructure platform for digital media in Windows Vista , Windows 7 , Windows 8 , Windows 8.1 and Windows 10 . It is the intended replacement for Microsoft DirectShow , Windows Media SDK , DirectX Media Objects ( DMOs ) and all other so-called `` legacy '' multimedia APIs such as Audio Compression Manager ( ACM ) and Video for Windows ( VfW ) . The existing DirectShow technology is intended to be replaced by Media Foundation step-by-step , starting with a few features . For some time there will be a co-existence of Media Foundation and DirectShow . Media Foundation will not be available for previous Windows versions , including Windows XP .   The first release , present in Windows Vista , focuses on audio and video playback quality , high-definition content ( i.e. HDTV ) , content protection and a more unified approach for digital data access control for digital rights management ( DRM ) and its interoperability . It integrates DXVA 2.0 for offloading more of the video processing pipeline to hardware , for better performance . Videos are processed in the colorspace they were encoded in , and are handed off to the hardware , which composes the image in its native colorspace . This prevents intermediate colorspace conversions to improve performance . MF includes a new video renderer , called Enhanced Video Renderer ( EVR ) , which is the next iteration of VMR 7 and 9 . EVR has better support for playback timing and synchronization . It uses the Multimedia Class Scheduler Service ( MMCSS ) , a new service that prioritizes real time multimedia processing , to reserve the resources required for the playback , without any tearing or glitches .   The second release included in Windows 7 introduces expanded media format support and DXVA HD for acceleration of HD content if WDDM 1.1 drivers are used .

neg: Michael Larson (businessman) Michael Larson ( born October 1959 ) is an American money manager . He is the chief investment officer for The Gates Foundation and Bill Gates ' fortune , through the Cascade Investment fund . He assumed the role in 1994 .

neg: Mojave Experiment The Mojave Experiment is an advertising campaign by Microsoft for the Windows Vista . The campaign was part of Microsoft 's efforts to change what it felt was an unfair negative consumer perception of the operating system . Mojave spanned a series of advertisements that consisted of individuals being shown a demonstration of Windows Vista by Microsoft ; however , the operating system was rebranded in disguise as a new version of Windows codenamed `` Mojave '' ; a fact not revealed during the demonstration .   Prior to the demonstration , participants generally gave a negative assessment of Windows Vista . In contrast , reviews for `` Mojave '' were positive , with participants stating that they intended to use or purchase the operating system for themselves ; the same participants were astonished when they were told that `` Mojave '' was Windows Vista . The campaign implied that negative consumer perception was largely the result of preconceived notions about the operating system .

neg: Division (business) A division of a business , sometimes called a business sector , is one of the parts into which a business , organization or company is divided . The divisions are distinct parts of that business . If these divisions are all part of the same company , then that company is legally responsible for all of the obligations and debts of the divisions . However , in a large organization , various parts of the business may be run by different subsidiaries , and a business division may include one or many subsidiaries . Each subsidiary is a separate legal entity owned by the primary business or by another subsidiary in the hierarchy . Often a division operates under a separate name and is the equivalent of a corporation or limited liability company obtaining a fictitious name or `` doing business as '' certificate and operating a business under that fictitious name . Companies often set up business units to operate in divisions prior to the legal formation of subsidiaries .   Generally , only an `` entity '' , e.g. a corporation , public limited company ( plc ) or limited liability company , etc. would have a `` division '' ; an individual operating in this manner would simply be `` operating under a fictitious name '' .   An example of this would be to look at Hewlett Packard ( HP ) , the computer and printer company . HP has several divisions , with the printer division , that makes laser and inkjet printers , being the largest and most profitable division . The divisions of HP , like the Printing & Multifunction division , the Handheld Devices ( includes the old calculator ) division , the Servers division ( mini and mainframe computers ) , etc. , all use the HP brand name . But , Compaq ( a part of HP since 2002 ) , operates as a subsidiary , using the Compaq brand name .   Mack Trucks continues to run itself separately , but is a wholly owned subsidiary of AB Volvo . Volvo Trucks also sells trucks under the Volvo name . Within Mack , there is a division named Mack de Venezuela C.A. that does final assembly and sells trucks in South America .   Another less obvious example is that Google Video is a division of Google , and is part of the same corporate entity . But the YouTube video service is a subsidiary of Google because it remains operated as YouTube , LLC , a separate business entity even though it is owned by Google .

neg: MSX MSX is the name of a standardized home computer architecture , first announced by Microsoft on June 16 , 1983 , and marketed by Kazuhiko Nishi , then Vice-president at Microsoft Japan and Director at ASCII Corporation . Microsoft conceived the project as an attempt to create unified standards among various hardware makers of the period .   They were popular mostly in Japan , and several other countries . It is difficult to estimate how many MSX computers were sold worldwide , but eventually 5 million MSX-based units were sold in Japan alone . Despite Microsoft 's involvement , the MSX-based machines were seldom released in the United States ,   Before the appearance and great success of Nintendo 's Family Computer , MSX was the platform for which major Japanese game studios , such as Konami and Hudson Soft , produced video game titles . The Metal Gear series , for example , was originally written for MSX hardware .

neg: Microsoft PowerPoint Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program currently developed by Microsoft , for use on both Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh operating systems . PowerPoint , initially named `` Presenter '' , was created by Forethought Inc. . Microsoft 's version of PowerPoint was officially launched on May 22 , 1990 , as a part of the Microsoft Office suite . PowerPoint is useful for helping develop the slide-based presentation format and is currently one of the most commonly used slide-based presentation programs available . Microsoft has also released the PowerPoint mobile application for use on Apple and Android mobile operating systems .

neg: Gordon Letwin James Gordon Letwin ( born July 2 , 1952 ) is an American software developer and one of the eleven early Microsoft who posed for an iconic staff portrait taken in Albuquerque in 1978 .   Prior to joining Microsoft , he worked for Heathkit , porting Colossal Cave Adventure to the computer and working on HDOS and Benton Harbor Basic .   While at Microsoft , Letwin worked on a number of projects . His first project at Microsoft was writing a BASIC compiler . He is most noted for being the lead architect of the OS/2 operating system on the Microsoft side , with Ed Iacobucci being the lead architect from IBM 's side . Letwin contributed much of the design and code for several core components , including the HPFS file system .   Letwin left Microsoft in 1993 to `` kick back '' with his wife . While at Microsoft he had become a millionaire , with a 2000 TIME article estimating his worth at around $ 20 million . Since leaving Microsoft , Letwin has donated substantial amounts of money to environmental causes via the Wilburforce Foundation , a charitable foundation created by him and his wife , Rose .

neg: Sergey Brin Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin ( Серге́й Миха́йлович Брин born August 21 , 1973 ) is a Russian American computer scientist , internet entrepreneur , and philanthropist . Together with Larry Page , he co-founded Google . Brin is the President of Google 's parent company Alphabet Inc. .   , Brin is the 13th richest person in the world , with an estimated net worth of US$ 39.8 billion .   Brin immigrated to the United States with his family from the Soviet Union at the age of 6 . He earned his bachelor 's degree at the University of Maryland , following in his father 's and grandfather 's footsteps by studying mathematics , as well as computer science . After graduation , he moved to Stanford University to acquire a PhD in computer science . There he met Page , with whom he later became friends . They crammed their dormitory room with inexpensive computers and applied Brin 's data mining system to build a web search engine . The program became popular at Stanford , and they suspended their PhD studies to start up Google in a rented garage .   The Economist referred to Brin as an `` Enlightenment Man '' , and as someone who believes that `` knowledge is always good , and certainly always better than ignorance '' , a philosophy that is summed up by Google 's mission statement , `` Organize the world 's information and make it universally accessible and useful , '' and unofficial yet sometimes controversial motto , `` Do n't be evil '' .

neg: William States Lee III William States Lee III , popularly known as Bill Lee , was born in Charlotte , North Carolina in 1929 . He attended Woodberry Forest School and was a Magna Cum Laude and Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Princeton University in Civil Engineering . After serving in the United States Navy 's SeaBees , Lee joined Duke Power 's engineering department in 1955 as a junior engineer . He was promoted to engineering vice president in 1965 , engineering and construction senior vice president in 1971 , and executive vice president in 1976 . He became president and chief operating officer of Duke Power Company in 1978 and chairman and Chief Executive Officer in 1982 .   Lee helped to form the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations after the Three Mile Island accident . He was also an initiator of the World Association of Nuclear Operators , in the wake of the Chernobyl disaster , becoming its first president . In 1989 , he was named `` CEO of the decade '' by Financial World magazine .   Lee retired from Duke Power in 1994 . He died of cardiac arrest in New York City July 10 , 1996 . A popular man and supporter of education , the College of Engineering at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte was named in his honor in 1994 , as was the `` Bill Lee Freeway '' , a stretch of Interstate Highway 77 north from Charlotte , and Duke Energy 's William States Lee III Nuclear Generating Station in South Carolina . Lee was awarded the North Carolina Award for Public Service in 1988 .

neg: Working Group on Financial Markets The Working Group on Financial Markets ( also , President 's Working Group on Financial Markets , the Working Group , and colloquially the Plunge Protection Team ) was created by Executive Order 12631 , signed on March 18 , 1988 , by United States President Ronald Reagan .   As established by the executive order , the Working Group has three purposes and functions :   '' ( a ) Recognizing the goals of enhancing the integrity , efficiency , orderliness , and competitiveness of our Nation 's financial markets and maintaining investor confidence , the Working Group shall identify and consider :  ( 1 ) the major issues raised by the numerous studies on the events in the financial markets surrounding October 19 , 1987 , and any of those recommendations that have the potential to achieve the goals noted above ; and  ( 2 ) the actions , including governmental actions under existing laws and regulations ( such as policy coordination and contingency planning ) , that are appropriate to carry out these recommendations .  ( b ) The Working Group shall consult , as appropriate , with representatives of the various exchanges , clearinghouses , self-regulatory bodies , and with major market participants to determine private sector solutions wherever possible .  ( c ) The Working Group shall report to the President initially within 60 days ( and periodically thereafter ) on its progress and , if appropriate , its views on any recommended legislative changes . ''   The Working Group consists of :  The Secretary of the Treasury , or his or her designee ( as Chairperson of the Working Group ) ;  The Chairperson of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , or his or her designee ;  The Chairperson of the Securities and Exchange Commission , or his or her designee ; and  The Chairperson of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission , or his or her designee .

neg: Microsoft Office Live Meeting Microsoft Office Live Meeting is a discontinued commercial subscription-based web conferencing service operated by Microsoft . Live Meeting included software installed on client PCs and used a central server for all clients to connect to . Microsoft now produces Skype for Business which is an enterprise Unified Communications product , that can be rolled out either on-premises or in the cloud .

neg: Evolution of Management Systems ' A management system is the framework of processes and procedures used to ensure that an organization can fulfill all tasks required to achieve its objectives .   After World War II , the reigning paradigm of product-oriented mass production had reached its peak . Examples of management systems at that time are linear assembly lines , organizational hierarchies of command , product quality control and mass consumption .   Soon afterwards , the Deming-Juran process-quality teachings spearheaded a new quality orientation ( later referred to as Total quality management ) and propelled Japan directly to the post-war process focus ( process quality control , just-in-time , continuous improvement ) . The US responded by a painful and prolonged product-to-process transformation , ultimately leveling the playing field again by the mid 1980s .   At the end of the 1980s , business process reengineering focused on the radical redesign of the production process through the reintegration of task , labor and knowledge . As a result , lean , flexible and streamlined production processes were created , capable of fast response and internet-based integration necessary for the upcoming phase of supply chains - business-to-business ( B2B ) -- as well as demand chains -- business-to-customer ( B2C ) .   In the above three stages of Evolution of Management Systems '' ' , the competitive advantage was derived almost exclusively from the internal resources of the firm . At the end of the 1980s , a radical fourth shift has occurred : the competitive advantage became increasingly derived from the external resources of the firm -- through the extended networks of suppliers and customers .   Figure 1 refers to the basic scheme of production and service delivery process . It represents the traditional linear input-process-output management system . This system has been fixed and unchanging for centuries . The only change has been in terms of changing focus on individual components of the system , emphasizing different parts of this basic scheme .   Although the scheme itself ( inputs → process → outputs ) remains mostly unchallenged , there are some indications that this business model will undergo major restructurings in the future ( in the emerging stages of Evolution of Management Systems ) . It will become disaggregated and distributed , subjected to non-linear modularity and bringing forth new ways of making things and delivering services . Then it will become reintegrated again , tying together globally distributed components into a unified recycling whole .


query: Keanu Reeves played bass guitar for the band Becky in 2001.

pos: Keanu Reeves Keanu Charles Reeves ( -LSB- kiːˈɑːnuː -RSB- ; born September 2 , 1964 ) is a Canadian actor , director , producer , and musician .   Reeves is best known for his acting career , beginning in 1985 and spanning more than three decades . He gained fame for his starring role performances in several blockbuster films including comedies from the Bill and Ted franchise ( 1989 -- 1991 ) ; action thrillers Point Break ( 1991 ) , Speed ( 1994 ) , and the John Wick franchise ; psychological thriller The Devil 's Advocate ( 1997 ) ; supernatural thriller Constantine ( 2005 ) ; and science fiction/action series The Matrix ( 1999 -- 2003 ) . He has also appeared in dramatic films such as Dangerous Liaisons ( 1988 ) , My Own Private Idaho ( 1991 ) , and Little Buddha ( 1993 ) , as well as the romantic horror Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) .   Since becoming active in the film industry , Reeves has earned critical acclaim . One New York Times critic praised Reeves ' versatility , saying that he `` displays considerable discipline and range ... he moves easily between the buttoned-down demeanor that suits a police procedural story and the loose-jointed manner of his comic roles '' . However , Reeves has spent much of his later career being typecast . A recurring character arc in many roles he has portrayed is one of saving the world , as can be seen in the characters of Ted Logan , Buddha , Neo , Johnny Mnemonic , John Constantine , and Klaatu . His acting has garnered several awards , including a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame .   During his film career , Reeves has engaged in several forms of artistic expression . Active as a musician for over a decade , he played bass guitar for the bands Dogstar and Becky . Acting onstage , he performed as Prince Hamlet for the Manitoba Theatre Centre 's production of Hamlet . He wrote the text for a picture book , Ode to Happiness , illustrated by Alexandra Grant . He has also produced a documentary , Side by Side , and directed the martial arts film Man of Tai Chi .

neg: Patience for the Waiting Patience For The Waiting ( Special Edition Acoustic EP ) '' ' is an EP by American singer-songwriter and musician Jason Reeves .

neg: 37 Everywhere 37 Everywhere is Punchline 's second full-length album on Fueled by Ramen Records . It reached a peak of # 37 on the Billboard Heatseekers albums chart on April 29 , 2006 . It was produced by Shep Goodman and Kenny Gioia and continues to bring the brand of energetic pop punk that fans had come to expect from Punchline , yet often takes a turn towards alternative rock or unexpected styles . There is a much heavier use of falsetto on the album , by both Steve Soboslai ( guitar ) and Greg Wood ( guitar ) , and somewhat less of Punchline 's unconventional use of harmony , though the `` way they twist their voices mid-word , and adopt a unique sound '' remains at large .   Subject matter tends to be less obviously positive than their previous album , following the departure of Paul Menotiades , but self-assured lyrics in songs such as `` Green Light '' , `` They Are Strong Hands '' and `` Exactly '' are the antithesis to the dark and often violent lyrics of some of Punchline 's peers .   The album contains a number of references to Menotiades , although the band insists that the third track , `` The Getaway '' , is not one of these .   As lead vocalist and lyricist , Soboslai shares vocals with both Wood and Chris Fafalios ( bass guitar ) on 37 Everywhere . The name of the album comes from Soboslai and Fafalios 's growing fascination with the number 37 , and the liner notes advise that `` The number 37 is everywhere . It is in your daily routine and it will surprise you . Look for it and it will look for you . ''   The album is dedicated to the life and times of John ` Beatz ' Holohan ( 1974 -- 2005 ) of the New York band Bayside , and the song `` They Are Strong Hands '' contains a shout out to the late drummer , `` Ai n't nobody gon na bring me down , 'cause my boy John Beatz got my back . '' The title of the song is a reference to the track `` They Looked Like Strong Hands '' on Bayside 's 2005 album Bayside , which features guest vocals from Punchline 's Steve Soboslai .   37 Everywhere has guest vocals from Anthony Raneri , the lead vocalist of Bayside on `` Flashlight '' , vocals from John Johansen of the defunct Stryder on `` Caller 10 '' , Ryan Mendez of Yellowcard and Staring Back playing guitar on the track `` Do n't Try This at Home '' , and Josh Bonner of the defunct Unsung Zeroes on `` Wars Will Always Happen '' .   Punchline headlined the `` 37 Everywhere Tour '' in spring 2006 to promote the album , with label mates Cute Is What We Aim For and the bands Valencia , New Atlantic and The Audition as opening acts .   The band made a video with the director Jonathan London ( Houston Calls , Reggie and the Full Effect ) for the song `` Do n't Try This At Home '' .   The album art was designed by the artist Jason Sho Green and is commonly noted for its similarities to The Shins ' album art for Chutes Too Narrow .

neg: Superman Tonight `` Superman Tonight '' is a song by American rock band Bon Jovi . It is the second single release from the band 's eleventh studio album The Circle . The single was released on January 25 , 2010 . On December 12 , 2009 , Bon Jovi performed the song on Saturday Night Live .

neg: Loudness (band) is a Japanese heavy metal band formed in 1981 by guitarist Akira Takasaki and drummer Munetaka Higuchi . They were the first Japanese metal act signed to a major label in the United States , releasing twenty-six studio albums ( five in America ) and nine live albums by 2014 and reaching the Billboard Top 100 in their moment of maximum international popularity , as well as charting on Oricon dozens of times . Despite numerous changes in their roster , the band continued their activities throughout the 1990s , finally reuniting the original line-up in 2001 . This line-up released a further seven albums until November 30 , 2008 , when original drummer Munetaka Higuchi died from liver cancer at a hospital in Osaka at age 49 . He was replaced with Masayuki Suzuki .

neg: Kobukuro , a Japanese band , formed in 1998 and made its major label debut in 2001 . The name is a portmanteau of the two family names , Kentarō Kobuchi and Shunsuke Kuroda .

neg: 2001 Radio Disney Music Awards The 2001 Radio Disney Music Awards were held on December 23 , 2001 , at the Radio Disney , studios . It was the first edition of the award .

neg: Warning (Green Day album) Warning ( stylized as WARNING :) is the sixth studio album by American punk rock band Green Day , released on October 3 , 2000 by Reprise Records . Building upon its predecessor , Nimrod ( 1997 ) , the album eschewed the band 's trademark punk rock sound and incorporated acoustic elements and pop and folk styles . Lyrically , the record contains more optimistic and inspirational themes in comparison with the band 's earlier releases . Warning was also Green Day 's first album since Kerplunk ( 1992 ) that was not produced by Rob Cavallo , although he did have a hand in its production and was credited as executive producer .   Despite mixed criticism towards the band 's stylistic change , the album received mostly positive reviews from music critics , who praised vocalist/guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong 's songwriting . Although it peaked at number four on the US Billboard 200 chart , Warning represented the lowest commercial slump in Green Day 's career , being the band 's first album since signing to a major record label not to achieve multi-platinum status . The album has nonetheless been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America and , as of December 2012 , has sold 1.2 million copies . Warning was reissued on vinyl on July 14 , 2009 .

neg: Loud Guitars, Big Suspicions Loud Guitars , Big Suspicions is the debut album by American blues-rock artist Shannon Curfman , released in 1999 , for Arista Records when she was 14 years old . The title comes from a line in the Sheryl Crow song `` Hard to Make a Stand '' , which Curfman covers on this album . The record was produced by Shannon Curfman herself , along with Kevin Bowe , and Tom Tucker .   Two singles were taken from it : `` True Friends '' and `` Playing with Fire , '' both of which charted in the U.S. Mainstream Rock Tracks chart , the former peaking at # 27 , in 1999 , and the latter only reaching # 37 , in 2000 . As for the album , instead , it got to # 3 in the Billboard Top Blues Albums chart , in 1999 , also later reaching a lower # 39 on the Heatseekers chart , in North America , in 2000 .

neg: 2001 MTV Movie Awards The 2001 MTV Movie Awards were held on June 2 , 2001 , and were hosted by Jimmy Fallon and Kirsten Dunst . The program featured performances from Christina Aguilera , Lil ' Kim , Mýa and Pink ( Moulin Rouge ! ) , Dave Matthews Band and Weezer . Sofia Coppola was presented with an award for Best New Filmmaker . This was Aaliyah 's last appearance at the Movie Awards before her death two months later in a plane crash in the Bahamas .

neg: Fender Bass V The original Fender Bass V was a model of electric bass guitar model produced by Fender between 1965 and 1971 . It was the world 's first five-string bass guitar , a popular concept today .   The Bass V is unusual in its dimensions : although it is three inches longer than a Precision Bass , the Bass V has only 15 frets . Although most modern five-string basses feature a low B string , the Bass V featured a high C string , to allow reading bass players to reach high notes on the instrument more easily . The top note on the instrument is E-flat , the same as a standard 20-fret 4 string Jazz or Precision Bass .   The Bass V originally came with chrome bridge and pickup covers .   Players did not accept the Fender Bass V , partly due to its size and shape . Players also had problems with the small amount of space between strings . Only about 200 Fender Bass V models were produced , before being discontinued in 1971 . Surplus bodies were then used in the construction of the Fender Swinger .   In 2016 , Squier released the Gary Jarman Signature Bass , the body shape of which was influenced by the Bass V.

neg: Brainerd (band) Brainerd is an American hard rock band formed in Madison , Wisconsin in 2002 by lead singer and bass player Daniel Dieterich . Current members include Shawn Blackler ( guitar ) , Chad Ovshak ( drums ) , and Jon Chvojicek ( guitar ) .

neg: Live, Loud and Loose Live , Loud and Loose ( 1982 -- 1986 ) is an album released by the rock band Loverboy in 2001 . After the death of their original bassist Scott Smith , the band decided to release a live album . This album contains refurbished recorded live tracks from the band 's intense touring from 1982 to 1986 . It became quite popular with fans , but failed to break into the mainstream .   The compilation was produced by Matt Frenette , with the overall album being produced by Paul Dean .

neg: The Turtles Present the Battle of the Bands The Turtles Present the Battle of the Bands is the fourth studio album released by the American rock band the Turtles . Produced by Chip Douglas , it was released in November 1968 by White Whale Records . It includes John Barbata 's final recorded performances with the band ; he left shortly after its release to join Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young . Barbata 's eventual replacement , former Spanky and Our Gang drummer John Seiter , also contributed to the album . Some issues of the album were retitled Elenore .   This was a concept album , with the band pretending to be a series of different groups , playing in varying styles from psychedelic ( `` The Last Thing I Remember '' ) to hard rock ( `` Buzzsaw '' ) to surf music ( `` Surfer Dan '' ) to bluegrass ( `` Chicken Little Was Right '' ) . The outer cover showed the Turtles in evening dress , playing hosts of the `` show '' , while the inside gatefold showed them in different costumes for each song . The entire album was filled with puns and hidden jokes . ( According to liner notes on various Turtles CDs , White Whale Records was in reality , a one-artist label and they were consistently pressuring The Turtles to come up with another `` Happy Together , '' which resulted in `` Elenore , '' a humorous reworking of the classic `` happy pop '' single . )   `` Kamanawanalea '' was a made-up Hawaiian idol ( `` the god of lust and perversion '' ) , and a rude pun . The lyrics of `` Food '' included a recipe for brownies , with a special ingredient . `` Surfer Dan '' was billed as being by The Cross Fires ; this was an in-joke , as the Turtles had previously been a surf-music band known as The Crossfires before it had signed with White Whale Records . `` You Showed Me '' was written by Roger McGuinn and Gene Clark of The Byrds , and became the last major Turtles hit . The final song , `` Earth Anthem , '' was notably recorded at 3:00 A.M. by candlelight , to capture the exact mood the Turtles wanted .

neg: The Producers (Smash) `` The Producers '' is the twenty eighth episode of the American television series Smash . It was written by Becky Mode and directed by Tricia Brock . The episode premiered on NBC on April 27 , 2013 , the thirteenth episode of Season 2 . An off-the-rail Jimmy threatens Hit Lists future , as Karen , Derek , Ana and Kyle join forces to try help him before things take a turn for the worse . Tom and Julia 's partnership is at breaking point just as Ivy , Eileen , and the entire Bombshell team are running themselves ragged to outshine their competitors .

neg: A Long Ride from Hell A Long Ride from Hell , in the original Italian known as Vivo per la tua morte ( literally `` I Live For Your Death ! '' ) , is a 1968 film directed by Camillo Bazzoni . It was based on the novel Judas Gun by Gordon D. Shirreffs . The film was bodybuilder Steve Reeves ' final film prior to his retirement . Reeves financed the film himself upon seeing the successful box office returns of the Clint Eastwood spaghetti westerns at the time , but the film did poorly and Reeves retired from filmmaking that year .  Reeves portrays cowboy Mike Sturges , who , along with his younger brother , Roy , are sentenced to Yuma Penitentiary on a trumped-up train robbery charge . Both endure cruel treatment before Mike escapes to exact revenge on their enemies .

neg: Perkins Coie Band The Perkins Coie Band ( also known as PCBs ) is the in-house band for the Seattle , Washington based international law firm Perkins Coie . The band formed in 1999 to play the law firm 's holiday party and continues to play charity and firm-related events .   Throughout the 2000s , the Perkins Coie Band performed in ( and won ) several Lawyerpalooza concerts ( a Battle of the Bands benefit held annually from 2004 to 2008 in Seattle ) . In May 2008 the band was selected as regional semi-finalists in Fortune magazine 's Fortune Battle of the Corporate Bands in Los Angeles , California .   Most of the band 's members work at Perkins Coie ( most notably , partners Harry Schneider and Al Smith ) . Other band members include Arunas Bura ( paralegal ) , Garth Brandenburg ( legal messenger ) , and former employee Tor Midstkog . In addition , there are two `` ringers '' that are not employed by the company , Steve Harrold and Dan Cunneen .   The band primarily performs a mix of 1960s American rock and roll , British Invasion and garage ( or Frat Rock ) .

neg: Backing vocalist Backing vocalists are singers who provide vocal harmony with the lead vocalist or other backing vocalists . In some cases , a backing singer may sing alone as a lead-in to the main vocalist 's entry or to sing a counter-melody . Backing vocalists are used in a broad range of popular music , traditional music and world music styles .   Solo artists may employ professional backing vocalists in studio recording sessions as well as during concerts . In many rock and metal bands ( e.g. , the power trio ) , the musicians doing backup vocals also play instruments , such as guitar , electric bass , drums , or keyboards . In Latin or Afro-Cuban groups , backup singers may play percussion instruments or shakers while singing . In some pop and hip-hop groups and in musical theater , the backup singers may be required to perform elaborately choreographed dance routines while they sing through headset microphones .   The style of singing used by backup singers varies according to the type of song and the genre of music the band plays . In pop and country songs , backup vocalists may perform vocal harmony parts to support the lead vocalist . In hardcore punk or rockabilly , other band members who play instruments may sing or shout backup vocals during the chorus ( refrain ) section of the songs .

neg: Music Bank: The Videos Music Bank : The Videos is a video release by rock band Alice in Chains containing all of the band 's music videos ( at the time ) . It was originally released on VHS in 1999 and was re-released in 2001 on DVD . The video has been certified gold by the RIAA with access sales of 50,000 copies .

neg: Alabama 3 Alabama 3 are a British band mixing rock , electronic , blues , country , gospel , and spoken word styles , founded in Brixton , London in 1995 . In the United States , the band is known as A3 , allegedly to avoid any possible legal conflict with the country music band Alabama . The group achieved success when the producers of hit TV series The Sopranos chose the track `` Woke Up This Morning '' for the show 's opening credits .   The band is notable for their fusion of styles , ironic lyrics , intentionally humorous personae , and outrageous live performances . Every member of the group has an alias , the band 's founding members adopting the personas Larry Love ( Rob Spragg ) and The Very Reverend Dr. D. Wayne Love ( Jake Black ) .

neg: The Better Beatles The Better Beatles were a short-lived post-punk band formed in Omaha , Nebraska in 1981 . The group consisted of Kurt Magnuson on bass , Dave Nordin on synthesizer , Jean pSmith on vocals , and Jay Rosen on drums and vocals . Their repertoire consisted entirely of cold , minimalist covers of the songs of The Beatles in an irreverent manner comparable to covers performed by The Residents .   Nordin has stated that he considered the Beatles `` an oppressive influence , '' and pSmith has said their goal was to `` -LSB- strip -RSB- the songs of their sacred status . '' After a handful of shows , they recorded an album 's worth of material in late 1981 . They broke up shortly before their debut single `` Penny Lane '' / `` I 'm Down '' was released on Woodgrain Records , leaving the bulk of their music unreleased .   The single received some play from John Peel in the UK and the band was mentioned in The Village Voice by critic Robert Christgau as a candidate for the Best Name Award in the annual Pazz & Jop Critics Poll . There was some interest from labels , but the members had already moved on , with pSmith and Magnuson having relocated to Seattle . Attention died down and the band was largely forgotten for over two decades . Rosen went on to perform as a guitarist with the Altamont Boys , the backing band for The Legendary Stardust Cowboy . Due to a growing cult interest online , pSmith tracked down Rosen and the two of them compiled the `` Penny Lane '' single and the remaining recorded material into an album , Mercy Beat , which was released in 2007 . The cultural organization Hear Nebraska has described the album as `` some of the definitive Nebraska recordings of the punk-rock era . ''


query: Gone with the Wind is a long-length fiction work.

pos: Novel A novel is any relatively long piece of written narrative fiction , normally in prose , and typically published as a book .   The genre has also been described as possessing , `` a continuous and comprehensive history of about two thousand years '' . This view sees the novel 's origins in Classical Greece and Rome , medieval , early modern romance , and the tradition of the novella . The latter , an Italian word used to describe short stories , supplied the present generic English term in the 18th century . Ian Watt , however , in The Rise of the Novel ( 1957 ) suggests that the novel first came into being in the early 18th century ,   Miguel de Cervantes , author of Don Quixote , is frequently cited as the first significant European novelist of the modern era ; the first part of Don Quixote was published in 1605 .   The romance is a closely related long prose narrative . Walter Scott defined it as `` a fictitious narrative in prose or verse ; the interest of which turns upon marvellous and uncommon incidents '' , whereas in the novel `` the events are accommodated to the ordinary train of human events and the modern state of society '' . However , many romances , including the historical romances of Scott , Emily Brontë 's Wuthering Heights and Herman Melville 's Moby-Dick , are also frequently called novels , and Scott describes romance as a `` kindred term '' . Romance , as defined here , should not be confused with the genre fiction love romance or romance novel . Other European languages do not distinguish between romance and novel : `` a novel is le roman , der Roman , il romanzo . ''

pos: Gone with the Wind (novel) Gone with the Wind is a novel by American writer Margaret Mitchell , first published in 1936 . The story is set in Clayton County and Atlanta , both in Georgia , during the American Civil War and Reconstruction Era . It depicts the struggles of young Scarlett O'Hara , the spoiled daughter of a well-to-do plantation owner , who must use every means at her disposal to claw her way out of poverty following Sherman 's destructive `` March to the Sea '' . This historical novel features a Bildungsroman or coming-of-age story , with the title taken from a poem written by Ernest Dowson .   Gone with the Wind was popular with American readers from the outset and was the top American fiction bestseller in the year it was published and in 1937 . As of 2014 , a Harris poll found it to be the second favorite book of American readers , just behind the Bible . More than 30 million copies have been printed worldwide .   Written from the perspective of the slaveholder , Gone with the Wind is Southern plantation fiction . Its portrayal of slavery and African Americans has been considered controversial , especially by succeeding generations , as well as its use of a racial epithet and ethnic slurs common to the period . However , the novel has become a reference point for subsequent writers about the South , both black and white . Scholars at American universities refer to it in their writings , interpret and study it . The novel has been absorbed into American popular culture .   Mitchell received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for the book in 1937 . It was adapted into a 1939 American film . Gone with the Wind is the only novel by Mitchell published during her lifetime .   Mitchell used color symbolism , especially the colors red and green , which frequently are associated with Scarlett O'Hara . Mitchell identified the primary theme as survival . She left the ending speculative for the reader , however . She was often asked what became of her lovers , Rhett and Scarlett . She replied , `` For all I know , Rhett may have found someone else who was less difficult . '' Two sequels authorized by Mitchell 's estate were published more than a half century later . A parody was also produced .

neg: The Wind (1928 film) The Wind is a 1928 American silent romantic drama film directed by Victor Sjöström . The movie was adapted by Frances Marion from the novel of the same name written by Dorothy Scarborough . It features Lillian Gish , Lars Hanson and Montagu Love . It was one of the last silent films released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , and is considered one of the greatest silent films .

neg: The New World (newspaper) The New World was a weekly newspaper in New York City , New York , in the United States.The New World was published from October 1839 to 1845 by J. Winchester . The paper was founded and edited by Park Benjamin Sr. . It billed itself as an apolitical `` family newspaper '' , featuring British and American literature and religious discourses . The paper 's masthead reads : `` No pent-up Utica contracts our powers ; The whole unbounded Continent is ours ! , '' a quote originally attributed to Jonathan M. Sewall from his epilogue to Cato , a Tragedy in 1778 .   Notable contributions include :  Charles Dickens ' Barnaby Rudge , reprinted in 1841 in weekly installments after its original appearance in Master Humphrey 's Clock .  Thomas Carlyle 's six-part lecture series On Heroes , Hero-Worship , and The Heroic in History , printed in 1841 .  Thomas Moore 's `` Fifteen Songs , '' a collection of unpublished songs published in 1841 , which were later released in The Poetical Works of Thomas Moore .  Anna Cora Mowatt 's complete play , Gulzara or The Persian Slave : 1 drama in Five Acts , in 1841 .  E.P. Hurlbut 's `` The Rights of Woman , '' later published in his work , Essays on Human Rights and their Political Gauranties in 1845 . Hurlbut knew Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Declaration of Sentiments from the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 follows many of the examples set forth in `` The Rights of Woman . ''  G.P.R. James ' complete novels , The Jacquerie and Morley Ernstein ; or , The Tenants of the Heart , both published in extra editions in 1842 .  Sarah Stickney Ellis ' complete novel , Summer and Winter in the Pyrenees .

neg: Waverley Novels The Waverley Novels is a long series of novels by Sir Walter Scott ( 1771 -- 1832 ) . For nearly a century , they were among the most popular and widely read novels in all of Europe .   Because Scott did not publicly acknowledge authorship until 1827 , the series takes its name from Waverley , the first novel of the series released in 1814 . The later books bore the words `` by the author of Waverley '' on their title pages .   The Tales of my Landlord sub-series was not advertised as `` by the author of Waverley '' and thus is not always included as part of the Waverley Novels series .

neg: A Wizard of Earthsea A Wizard of Earthsea is a young adult fantasy novel written by the American author Ursula K. Le Guin , first published by the small press Parnassus in 1968 . The novel received highly positive reviews , initially as a work for children , and later among a general audience as well .   Set in the fictional archipelago of Earthsea , the story centers around a young mage named Ged , born in a village on the island Gont . Displaying great power while still a boy , he joins the school of wizardry , where his prickly nature drives him into conflict with one of his fellows . During a magical duel , Ged 's spell goes awry and releases a shadow creature that attacks him . The novel follows his journey as he seeks to be free of the creature .   The book has often been described as a Bildungsroman or coming of age story , as it explores Ged 's process of learning to cope with power and come to terms with death . The novel also carries Taoist themes about a fundamental balance in the universe of Earthsea , which wizards are supposed to maintain , closely tied to the idea that language and names have power to affect the material world and alter this balance . Although the structure of the story is similar to that of a traditional epic , critics also described it as subverting this genre in many ways , such as by making the protagonist dark-skinned , in comparison to more typical white-skinned heroes .   A Wizard of Earthsea is widely regarded as a classic of fantasy and young-adult literature and was one of the final recipients of the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award . The book was widely influential within the genre of fantasy ; Margaret Atwood , for instance , called A Wizard of Earthsea one of the `` wellsprings '' of fantasy literature . Le Guin would later write five subsequent books that , together with A Wizard of Earthsea , are referred to as the Earthsea Cycle : The Tombs of Atuan ( 1971 ) , The Farthest Shore ( 1972 ) , Tehanu ( 1990 ) , The Other Wind ( 2001 ) , and Tales from Earthsea ( 2001 ) . George Slusser has described the series as a `` work of high style and imagination '' .

neg: William Goyen Charles William Goyen ( April 24 , 1915 -- August 30 , 1983 ) was an American novelist , short story writer , playwright , poet , editor , and teacher . Born in a small town in East Texas , these roots would influence his work for his entire life .   In World War II he served as an officer aboard an aircraft carrier in the South Pacific , where he began work on one of his most important and critically acclaimed books , The House of Breath . After the war and through the 1950s he published short stories , collections of stories , other novels , and plays . He never achieved commercial success in America , but his translated work was highly regarded in Europe . During his life he could not completely support himself through his writing , so at various times he took work as an editor and teacher at several prominent universities . At one point he did not write fiction for several years , calling it a `` relief '' to not have to worry about his writing .   Major themes in his work include home and family , place , time , sexuality , isolation , and memory . His style of writing is not easily categorized , and he eschewed labels of genre placed on his works .   In 1963 , he married Doris Roberts , the actress perhaps best known for her work in Everybody Loves Raymond ; they remained together until his death in 1983 .

neg: The Wind (Warren Zevon album) The Wind is the twelfth and final studio album by American singer/songwriter Warren Zevon . The album was released on August 26 , 2003 , by Artemis Records . Zevon began recording the album shortly after he was diagnosed with inoperable pleural mesothelioma ( a cancer of the lining of the lung ) , and it was released just two weeks before his death on September 7 , 2003 . The album was awarded the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album . `` Disorder in the House '' , performed by Zevon and Bruce Springsteen , won Best Rock Vocal Performance ( Group or Duo ) . Songs from the album were nominated for an additional three Grammys .

neg: The New York Times Fiction Best Sellers of 1963 This is a list of adult fiction books that topped The New York Times Fiction Best Seller list in 1963 . The list is notable for being blank for part of the winter as the New York Times , like many other newspapers in the city , worked its way through a major newspaper strike . When the strike ended in March , the political thriller Seven Days in May led the list , having also been at the top at the start of the strike in December 1962 . It lasted there only one week before being overtaken by J.D. Salinger 's second No. 1 bestseller in 18 months , the anthologized novellas , `` Raise High the Roof Beam , Carpenters '' and `` Seymour : An Introduction '' .   Salinger 's book led the list for 14 weeks through the spring of 1963 . Daphne du Maurier 's The Glass-Blowers then spent six weeks on the list , followed by Morris West 's novel about the Vatican , The Shoes of the Fisherman ( 14 weeks ) . On October 6 , Shoes gave way to Mary McCarthy 's semi-autobiographical novel The Group , which would spend the next 20 weeks at the top , closing out the year .

neg: Earth, Wind & Fire Earth , Wind & Fire ( EWF ) is an American band that has spanned the musical genres of R&B , soul , funk , jazz , disco , pop , rock , Latin and African . They are one of the most successful bands of all time . Rolling Stone Magazine described them as `` innovative , precise yet sensual , calculated yet galvanizing '' and declared that the band `` changed the sound of black pop '' .   The band was founded in Chicago by Maurice White in 1970 , having grown out of a previous band known as The Salty Peppers . Other members have included Philip Bailey , Verdine White , Ralph Johnson , Larry Dunn , Al McKay and Andrew Woolfolk . The band has received 20 Grammy nominations ; they won six as a group and two of its members , Maurice White and Bailey , won separate individual awards . Earth , Wind & Fire have 12 American Music Awards nominations and four awards . They have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame , received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , and have sold over 100 million records , making them one of the world 's best-selling bands of all time . Five members of Earth , Wind & Fire were also inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame : Maurice White , Philip Bailey , Verdine White , Larry Dunn and Al McKay . The music industry and fans have bestowed Lifetime Achievement honors from the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( Rhythm & Soul Heritage Award -- 2002 ) , NAACP ( Hall of Fame -- 1994 ) and the BET Awards ( Lifetime Achievement Award -- 2002 ) .   Earth , Wind & Fire is known for the dynamic sound of their horn section , their energetic and elaborate stage shows , and the interplay between the contrasting vocals of Philip Bailey 's falsetto and Maurice White 's tenor . The kalimba ( African thumb piano ) is played on all of the band 's albums . In the 1970s and early 1980s , the band had many hits , including `` Shining Star '' , `` That 's the Way of the World '' , `` Devotion '' , `` Reasons '' , `` Sing a Song '' , `` Ca n't Hide Love '' , `` Getaway '' , `` Fantasy '' , `` Love 's Holiday '' , `` September '' , `` Boogie Wonderland '' , `` After the Love Has Gone '' , and `` Let 's Groove '' . Two Earth , Wind & Fire classic songs have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame : `` That 's the Way of the World '' ( 2004 ) and `` Shining Star '' ( 2007 ) .   The band is also known as having been the first African-American act to sell out Madison Square Garden and to receive the MSG Gold Ticket Award . President Barack Obama invited Earth , Wind & Fire to perform at the White House for the first social event of the new administration .

neg: Novel in Scotland The novel in Scotland includes all long prose fiction published in Scotland and by Scottish authors since the development of the literary format in the eighteenth century . The novel was soon a major element of Scottish literary and critical life . Tobias Smollett 's picaresque novels , such as The Adventures of Roderick Random and The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle mean that he is often seen as Scotland 's first novelist . Other Scots who contributed to the development of the novel in the eighteenth century include Henry Mackenzie and John Moore .   There was a tradition of moral and domestic fiction in the early nineteenth century that included the work of Elizabeth Hamilton , Mary Brunton and Christian Johnstone . The outstanding literary figure of the early nineteenth century was Walter Scott , whose Waverley is often called the first historical novel . He had a major worldwide influence . His success led to a publishing boom in Scotland . Major figures that benefited included James Hogg , John Galt , John Gibson Lockhart , John Wilson and Susan Ferrier . In the mid-nineteenth century major literary figures that contributed to the development of the novel included David Macbeth Moir , John Stuart Blackie , William Edmondstoune Aytoun and Margaret Oliphant . In the late nineteenth century , a number of Scottish-born authors achieved international reputations , including Robert Louis Stevenson and Arthur Conan Doyle , whose Sherlock Holmes stories helped found the tradition of detective fiction . In the last two decades of the century the `` kailyard school '' ( cabbage patch ) depicted Scotland in a rural and nostalgic fashion , often seen as a `` failure of nerve '' in dealing with the rapid changes that had swept across Scotland in the industrial revolution . Figures associated with the movement include Ian Maclaren , S. R. Crockett and J. M. Barrie , best known for his creation of Peter Pan , which helped develop the genre of fantasy , as did the work of George MacDonald .   Among the most important novels of the early twentieth century was The House with the Green Shutters by George Douglas Brown , which broke with the Kailyard tradition . John Buchan played a major role in the creation of the modern thriller with The Thirty-Nine Steps and Greenmantle . The Scottish literary Renaissance attempted to introduce modernism into art and create of a distinctive national literature . It increasingly focused on the novel . Major figures included Neil Gunn , George Blake , A. J. Cronin , Eric Linklater and Lewis Grassic Gibbon . There were also a large number of female authors associated with the movement , who included Catherine Carswell , Willa Muir , Nan Shepherd and Naomi Mitchison . Many major Scottish post-war novelists , such as Robin Jenkins , Jessie Kesson , Muriel Spark , Alexander Trocchi and James Kennaway spent most of their lives outside Scotland , but often dealt with Scottish themes . Successful mass-market works included the action novels of Alistair MacLean and the historical fiction of Dorothy Dunnett . A younger generation of novelists that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s included Allan Massie , Shena Mackay and Alan Spence . Working class identity continued to be explored by Archie Hind , Alan Sharp , George Friel and William McIlvanney .   From the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major revival , with figures including Alasdair Gray , James Kelman , Irvine Welsh , Alan Warner , Janice Galloway , A. L. Kennedy , Iain Banks , Candia McWilliam , Frank Kuppner and Andrew O'Hagan . In genre fiction Iain Banks , writing as Iain M. Banks , produced ground-breaking science fiction and Scottish crime fiction has been a major area of growth with the success of novelists including Frederic Lindsay , Quintin Jardine , Val McDermid , Denise Mina , Christopher Brookmyre , and particularly Ian Rankin and his Inspector Rebus novels . The most successful author of Scottish origins in recent years has been J. K. Rowling , author of the Harry Potter series .

neg: Lists of The New York Times Fiction Best Sellers This is a list of lists by year of The New York Times Fiction Best Sellers .   The New York Times Best Seller list was first published without fanfare on 12 October 1931 . It consisted of five fiction and four non-fiction for the New York City region only . The following month the list was expanded to eight cities , with a separate list for each city .   By the early 1940s , fourteen cities were included . A national list was created 9 April 1942 , in The New York Times Book Review ( Sundays ) as a supplement to the regular paper 's city lists ( Monday edition ) . The national list ranked by weighting how many times the book appeared in each city list .   A few years later , the city lists were eliminated leaving only the national rankings , which was compiled according to `` reports from leading booksellers in 22 cities , '' a system which remains , although the specifics have changed .

neg: Southern Ontario Gothic Southern Ontario Gothic is a subgenre of the Gothic novel genre and a feature of Canadian literature that comes from Southern Ontario . This region includes Toronto , Southern Ontario 's major industrial cities ( Windsor , London , Hamilton , St. Thomas , Oshawa , St. Catharines ) , and the surrounding countryside . While the genre may also feature other areas of Ontario , Canada , and the world as narrative locales , this region provides the core settings .   The term was first used in Graeme Gibson 's Eleven Canadian Novelists ( 1972 ) to recognize an existing tendency to apply aspects of the Gothic novel to writing based in and around Southern Ontario . In an interview with Timothy Findley , Gibson commented that Findley 's novel The Last of the Crazy People shared similarities with the American Southern Gothic genre , to which Findley replied , '' ... sure , it 's Southern Gothic : Southern Ontario Gothic . ''   Notable writers of this subgenre include Alice Munro , Margaret Atwood , Robertson Davies , Jane Urquhart , Marian Engel , James Reaney and Barbara Gowdy .   Like the Southern Gothic of American writers such as William Faulkner , Flannery O'Connor and Eudora Welty , Southern Ontario Gothic analyzes and critiques social conditions such as race , gender , religion and politics , but in a Southern Ontario context . Southern Ontario Gothic is generally characterized by a stern realism set against the dour small-town Protestant morality stereotypical of the region , and often has underlying themes of moral hypocrisy . Actions and people that act against humanity , logic , and morality all are portrayed unfavourably , and one or more characters may be suffering from some form of mental illness . In a review of Alice Munro 's Dear Life for Quill & Quire , literary critic James Grainger writes that `` Violence , illness , and reputations ruined by a single indiscretion are accepted in Munro 's secretive , repressed communities as a kind of levelling mechanism , rough justice for those who dare to strive for something finer . ''   The Gothic novel has traditionally examined the role of evil in the human soul , and has incorporated dark or horrific imagery to create the desired setting . Some ( but not all ) writers of Southern Ontario Gothic use supernatural or magic realist elements ; a few deviate from realism entirely , in the manner of the fantastical gothic novel . Virtually all dwell to a certain extent upon the grotesque .   Notable works of the genre include Davies ' Deptford Trilogy , Findley 's Headhunter , Atwood 's Alias Grace and The Blind Assassin , and Munro 's Selected Stories .   The genre has been criticised as having `` little or nothing to distinguish it from everyday , garden-variety type realism . ''

neg: Longarm (book series) The Longarm books are a series of western novels featuring the character of Custis Long , who is nicknamed Longarm , a U.S. Deputy Marshal based in Denver , Colorado in the 1880s . The series is written by `` Tabor Evans '' , a house pseudonym used by a number of authors at Jove Books . Lou Cameron helped create the character and wrote a number of the early books in the series . The first book was published in 1978 and new ones are still being added at a rate of approximately one a month , totalling over 400 books in the series . In addition to the regular series , there is a series of `` giant editions '' which are longer novels .   The Longarm series is a mainstay of the `` adult western '' genre which arose in the 1970s . These books are distinguished from classical westerns by the inclusion of more explicit sex and violence . In addition to Cameron , other authors known to have written books in the series include Melvin Marshall , Will C. Knott , Frank Roderus , Chet Cunningham , J. Lee Butts , Gary McCarthy , James Reasoner , Jeffrey M. Wallmann , Peter Brandvold and Harry Whittington .

neg: L. Sprague de Camp Lyon Sprague de Camp ( -LSB- ˌspreɪɡdəˈkæmp -RSB- 27 November 1907 -- 6 November 2000 ) , better known as L. Sprague de Camp , was an American writer of science fiction , fantasy , non-fiction and biography . In a career spanning 60 years , he wrote over 100 books , including novels and works of non-fiction , such as biographies of other fantasy authors . He was a major figure in science fiction in the 1930s and 1940s .

neg: We Were There The We Were There books are a series of historical novels written for children . The series consists of 36 titles , first released between 1955 and 1963 by Grosset & Dunlap . Each book in the series is a fictional retelling of an historical event , featuring one or more children as primary characters . The books were written by a number of different authors , each writing from one to seven of the books ; the authors included Benjamin Appel , Jim Kjelgaard , Earl Schenck Miers , William O. Steele , and others . Each book 's byline also lists a separate `` historical consultant , '' who was a specialist in the historic topic covered by that particular book . The historical consultants were typically college professors or , in the case of war-related stories , retired military officers ; among the more noteworthy consultants for the series were the historians Bruce Catton , Walter Prescott Webb and A. B. Guthrie , Jr. . The books are illustrated with black-and-white line art , with color drawings on the dust jacket .   The dust jackets of the original printings of the books describe the series as follows :   We Were There books are easy to read and provide exciting , entertaining stories , based upon true historic events . Each story is checked for factual accuracy by an outstanding authority on this particular phase of our history . Though written simply enough for young readers , they make interesting reading for boys and girls well into their teens .  The original hardbound editions of the books were followed by several other printings , including editions for book clubs and libraries . The books were later reissued with hardbound picture covers ( using the original dust jacket artwork ) , and softcover editions of some books became available in the 1970s . Three of the books are available from Lamppost Publishers and American Home School Publishers . Most of the original books are available in varying used conditions from various sellers through Amazon , although selection will naturally vary at any given time .

neg: William J. Long William Joseph Long ( 1866 -- 1952 ) was an American writer , naturalist and minister . He lived and worked in Stamford , Connecticut as a minister of the First Congregationalist Church .   As a naturalist , he would leave Stamford every March , often with his son , Brian , and two daughters , Lois and Cesca , to travel to `` the wilderness '' of Maine . There they would stay until the first snows of October , although sometimes he would stay all winter . In the 1920s , he began spending his summers in Nova Scotia , claiming `` the wilderness is getting too crowded '' .   He wrote of these wilderness experiences in the books Ways of Wood Folk , Wilderness Ways , Wood-folk Comedies , Northern Trails , Wood Folk at School , and many others . His earlier books were illustrated by Charles Copeland ; two later ones were illustrated by Charles Livingston Bull . Long believed that the best way to experience the wild was to plant yourself and sit for hours on end to let the wild `` come to you ; and they will ! ''

neg: The Great Abraham Lincoln Pocket Watch Conspiracy The Great Abraham Lincoln Pocket Watch Conspiracy is a historical fiction novel written by Jacopo della Quercia . The plot follows President William Howard Taft , scientist and son of a former president Robert Todd Lincoln , Secret Service Chief John Wilkie , Captain ( later Major ) Archibald Butt and others as they slowly unravel a worldwide conspiracy over a decade in the making .   The book , which was della Quercia 's debut novel , was published in 2014 by St. Martin 's Griffin , an imprint of publishing company St. Martin 's Press . The author described the book 's genre not as singular distinct genre , but as an `` equal parts cocktail '' of adventure , historical fiction , science fiction , thriller and comedy . In 2015 , della Quercia released a spiritual sequel , License to Quill , of a similar nature that concerns the lives of Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare in Reformation-era Europe .   The book has many references to actual events ; some , such as the sinking of the RMS Titanic , are important plot points , while others , such as the destruction of the zeppelin Erbslöh , are passively mentioned as news or memories . The author also includes excerpts from real newspaper articles , which were used to provide exposition in the storyline . Similarly , all of the main characters in the book were real , relevant figures in the 20th century . The characters profiles were fictionalized to fit in with the book 's plot and atmosphere , but their names , positions , occupations and personalities are kept largely intact .

neg: Went with the Wind! `` Went with the Wind ! '' is a comedy sketch featured on the eighth episode of the tenth season of The Carol Burnett Show . It originally aired in the United States on CBS on November 13 , 1976 and is a parody of the 1939 American historical drama film Gone with the Wind . The sketch was written by two young writers , Rick Hawkins and Liz Sage . In 2009 , TV Guide ranked the sketch # 53 on its list of `` Top 100 Episodes of All Time '' .

neg: Louis L'Amour Louis Dearborn L'Amour ( -LSB- ˈluːi_ləˈmʊr -RSB- 22 March 1908 -- 10 June 1988 ) was an American novelist and short story writer . His books consisted primarily of Western novels ( though he called his work ` frontier stories ' ) ; however , he also wrote historical fiction ( The Walking Drum ) , science fiction ( The Haunted Mesa ) , non-fiction ( Frontier ) , as well as poetry and short-story collections . Many of his stories were made into films and John Wayne once made the dubious assertion that L'Amour was the most interesting man in the world . L'Amour 's books remain popular and most have gone through multiple printings . At the time of his death almost all of his 105 existing works ( 89 novels , 14 short-story collections , and two full-length works of nonfiction ) were still in print , and he was considered `` one of the world 's most popular writers '' .

neg: Fantasy Amateur Press Association The Fantasy Amateur Press Association or FAPA ( `` FAP-uh '' ) is science fiction fandom 's longest-established amateur press association ( `` apa '' ) . It was founded in 1937 by Donald A. Wollheim and John B. Michel . They were inspired to create FAPA by their memberships in some of the non-science fiction amateur press associations , which they learned about from H. P. Lovecraft . ( It is also fandom 's longest-running organization of any kind , preceding the founding of the runner-up , the National Fantasy Fan Federation , by nearly four years . )   Like other APAs , FAPA is primarily an agency for distributing to its members publications published by its members at their own expense . FAPA has `` mailings '' every three months . Members are required to be active in some way -- writing or publishing -- and produce at least eight pages of activity a year . When needed , there are elections ( in August ) of a secretary-treasurer and official editor . Other officials have included Official Critics , a Laureate Committee , President , Vice-President , and ballot counters . The first two positions were abandoned by the mid-1940s , and in 2009 the positions of President and Vice-President were also eliminated . The President Emeritus is the author Robert Silverberg , who was the last serving President and who has been an active member of FAPA longer than any other current member . When necessary , a teller for the annual officer elections is appointed by the secretary-treasurer .   FAPA 's original constitutional limit was 50 members to accommodate publishers using hectographs . There were 21 members listed on the roster of the first mailing in August 1937 ; it took until the November 1938 mailing to fill the 50-member roster . The membership limit was raised to 65 in 1943 and has remained at that level ever since .   The early years of FAPA were stormy with party politics and sociological feuds ( as recounted in the late Jack Speer 's pioneering fan history , Up to Now ) . In 1947 , Speer reformed the constitution , and the Insurgents quashed the last inactive OE , Elmer Perdue . Since then official troubles have mostly not disturbed FAPA , and red tape has been held to a minimum . The constitution was again revised in 1958 ( also by Speer ) to incorporate amendments , bylaws , and practices adopted since 1947 . Another major revision occurred in 2001 under the oversight of Robert Lichtman ( Secretary-Treasurer since 1986 and still holding that office ) , clarifying and conforming constitutional requirements with actual practice .   During the 1950s and 1960s FAPA was so popular and membership so sought after that the waiting list grew to monumental proportions , for a period of time exceeding the number of membership slots on the FAPA roster . A waiting list fee was instituted to cover the cost of sending the Fantasy Amateur to so many fans awaiting membership , and a requirement that waiting listers periodically acknowledge receipt of the Fantasy Amateur was begun in order to weed out those who lost interest during the long wait . By the '70s the waiting list became much smaller , and in recent years ( since the mid 1990s ) has disappeared altogether . Additionally , the number of members has also shrunk as existing members died or otherwise dropped off the roster . As of May 2016 , there were 23 active participants ( including one joint membership ) .

neg: Erewhon Revisited Erewhon Revisited Twenty Years Later , Both by the Original Discoverer of the Country and by His Son ( 1901 ) is a satirical novel by Samuel Butler , forming a belated sequel to his Erewhon ( 1872 ) . The Cambridge History of English and American Literature judges that it `` has less of the free imaginative play of its predecessor ... but , in sharp brilliance of wit and criticism , in intellectual unity and coherence , it surpasses Erewhon '' .   Erewhon , set in a thinly disguised New Zealand , ended with the escape of its unnamed protagonist from the native Erewhonians by balloon . In the sequel , narrated by his son John , we are told that our hero 's name is Higgs . Higgs returns to Erewhon and meets his former lover Yram , who is now the mother of his son George . He discovers that he is now worshipped as `` the Sunchild '' , his escape having been interpreted as an ascension into heaven , and that a church of Sunchildism has sprung up . He finds himself in danger from the villainous Professors Hanky and Panky , who are determined to protect Sunchildism from him . With George 's help Higgs escapes from their clutches and returns to England .   The Swiftian device of setting his satire in a fictional culture enabled Butler , as the critic Elinor Shaffer has written , `` to analyse the phenomena of religion from their point of genesis , while disclaiming all responsibility for their uncanny parallels to certain known religions . '' It did not however make the road to publication any easier . When Butler submitted the manuscript to the respectable and long-established house of Longman , who had in recent years become his regular publishers , they rejected it for fear of offending their High Church clientele , even when Butler offered to pay the costs himself . On March 24 , 1901 he wrote to George Bernard Shaw , conceding that the book was `` far more wicked than Erewhon '' , and asking for his advice . Shaw replied recommending his own publisher , Grant Richards , and lost no time introducing Butler to him . The book duly came out under the Grant Richards imprint .