query: Mike Myers was in a film with Brad Pitt.

pos: Inglourious Basterds Inglourious Basterds is a 2009 uchronic war film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino starring Brad Pitt , Christoph Waltz , Michael Fassbender , Eli Roth , Diane Kruger , Til Schweiger , and Mélanie Laurent . The film tells the fictional alternate history story of two plots to assassinate Nazi Germany 's political leadership , one planned by Shosanna Dreyfus ( Laurent ) , a young French Jewish cinema proprietor , and the other by a team of Jewish American soldiers led by First Lieutenant Aldo Raine ( Pitt ) . Christoph Waltz co-stars as Hans Landa , an SS colonel tracking down Raine 's group and who has a connection to Shosanna 's past . The film 's title was inspired by Italian director Enzo G. Castellari 's macaroni combat film , The Inglorious Bastards ( 1978 ) .   Tarantino wrote the script in 1998 but struggled with the ending and chose to hold off filming and instead direct the two-part film Kill Bill . After directing Death Proof in 2007 ( as part of the double feature Grindhouse ) , Tarantino returned to work on Inglourious Basterds . A co-production of the United States and Germany , the film began principal photography in October 2008 and was filmed in Germany and France with a $ 70 million production budget . Inglourious Basterds premiered on May 20 , 2009 , at the 62nd Cannes Film Festival . It was widely released in theaters in the United States and Europe in August 2009 by The Weinstein Company and Universal Pictures .   The film was commercially successful , grossing over $ 321 million in theaters worldwide , making it Tarantino 's highest-grossing film at that point , and second-highest to date , after Django Unchained ( 2012 ) . It received multiple awards and nominations , among them eight Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture , Best Director and Best Original Screenplay . For his role as Landa , Waltz won the Cannes Film Festival 's Best Actor Award , as well as the BAFTA , Screen Actors Guild , Golden Globe , and Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor .

pos: Mike Myers Michael John `` Mike '' Myers ( born May 25 , 1963 ) is a Canadian-born actor , comedian , screenwriter , and film producer , who also holds UK and US citizenship . He is known for his run as a featured performer on Saturday Night Live from 1989 to 1995 , and for playing the title roles in the Wayne 's World , Austin Powers , and Shrek films . He also directed the documentary film Supermensch : The Legend of Shep Gordon , and had a small role in Quentin Tarantino 's Inglourious Basterds in 2009 .

neg: Paycheck (film) Paycheck is a 2003 American science fiction thriller film based on the short story of the same name by science fiction writer Philip K. Dick . The film was directed by John Woo and stars Ben Affleck , Uma Thurman and Aaron Eckhart . Paul Giamatti , Michael C. Hall , Joe Morton and Colm Feore also appear .

neg: Mike Costanza Mike Costanza is an award-winning filmmaker and writer/director . Mike began his career in the Art Department on feature films . He then went on to direct short films . Mike 's short Mama Said screened at Sundance and in the prestigious Official Selection of films in Competition at The Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for the Palme d'Or award . Stylized with disorienting authenticity , Mama Said is a critique of Race relations and pop culture of 60 's America . Mama Said also screened on The Sundance Channel .   The Collingswood Story is Mike 's innovative horror film . Made years before Skype and Video conferencing were mainstream , TCS explores the lives of a young couple attempting a long distance relationship via webcams . His film screened at numerous festivals including Frightfest in London , won the Best Indie Film and Best Cast Award and received worldwide praise with quotes including : `` A Low Budget Triumph '' , `` Inventive and Frightening '' , and `` The Best Low Budget Horror Movie Since The Blair Witch Project '' .   Michael 's additional credits include Creator/Producer of the television series Dante 's Cove .   Venturing into New media , Michael created the popular genre portal eerieTube.com . EerieTube showcases original content , stylized news and reviews , geared towards the Science fiction and Horror genre .   In addition , Michael directed Music videos and EPKs for various labels including Capitol Records , Verve , and Sony Music Entertainment .   in 2013 the filmmaker sued the producers of Paranormal Activity and Paramount for copyright infringement as a result `` the matter has been resolved amicably '' .

neg: Tusk (2014 film) Tusk is a 2014 American comedy horror film written and directed by Kevin Smith , based on a story from his SModcast podcast . The film stars Michael Parks , Justin Long , Haley Joel Osment , Génesis Rodríguez , and Johnny Depp . The film is intended to be the first in Smith 's planned True North trilogy .   Tusk had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival , before it was released on September 19 , 2014 , by A24 . The film was Smith 's first major wide release since Cop Out , and performed poorly at the box office after receiving mixed reviews .

neg: Allied (film) Allied is a 2016 romantic thriller film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Steven Knight . It stars Brad Pitt as a Canadian intelligence officer and Marion Cotillard as a French Resistance fighter and collaborator , who fall in love during a mission in Casablanca . Jared Harris , Simon McBurney and Lizzy Caplan also star .   Principal photography began in February 2016 in London . The film was released in the United States on November 23 , 2016 by Paramount Pictures , receiving mixed reviews from critics , although Pitt and particularly Cotillard 's performances were praised , and grossed $ 119 million worldwide . It received an Academy Award nomination for Best Costume Design .

neg: Murder by Numbers Murder by Numbers is a 2002 American psychological thriller film produced and directed by Barbet Schroeder starring Sandra Bullock , Ben Chaplin , Ryan Gosling and Michael Pitt . It is loosely based on the Leopold and Loeb case . The film was screened at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival , but was not entered in competition .

neg: Funny Games (1997 film) Funny Games is a 1997 Austrian psychological thriller film written and directed by Michael Haneke . The plot of the film involves two young men who hold a family hostage and torture them with sadistic games . The film was entered into the 1997 Cannes Film Festival . In 2007 it was remade in America by Haneke , this time with a different cast and a mostly American crew .

neg: Sleeper (1973 film) Sleeper is a 1973 American futuristic science fiction comedy film , directed by Woody Allen and written by Allen and Marshall Brickman . The plot involves the adventures of the owner of a health food store who is cryogenically frozen in 1973 and defrosted 200 years later in an ineptly led police state . The film contains many elements which parody notable works of science fiction and was made as a tribute to comedians Groucho Marx and Bob Hope .

neg: A Long Ride from Hell A Long Ride from Hell , in the original Italian known as Vivo per la tua morte ( literally `` I Live For Your Death ! '' ) , is a 1968 film directed by Camillo Bazzoni . It was based on the novel Judas Gun by Gordon D. Shirreffs . The film was bodybuilder Steve Reeves ' final film prior to his retirement . Reeves financed the film himself upon seeing the successful box office returns of the Clint Eastwood spaghetti westerns at the time , but the film did poorly and Reeves retired from filmmaking that year .  Reeves portrays cowboy Mike Sturges , who , along with his younger brother , Roy , are sentenced to Yuma Penitentiary on a trumped-up train robbery charge . Both endure cruel treatment before Mike escapes to exact revenge on their enemies .

neg: Freeze Frame (2004 film) Freeze Frame is a British-American psychological thriller-mystery film written and directed by John Simpson , and starring comedian Lee Evans in the lead role . The film follows the story of Sean Veil played by Evans who eventually becomes paranoid after being accused of triple murder and films his every moment of life to provide an alibi . The film was rated R by the Motion Picture Association of America .

neg: Tom Myers (sound engineer) Tom Myers is an American sound engineer . He has been nominated for three Academy Awards ; one for Best Sound and two for Best Sound Editing . He has worked on more than 100 films since 1990 .

neg: Max Myers Max Myers is an American film director , screenwriter and novelist who has been active in Los Angeles since the mid-1990s .   His first feature film , Do n't Let Go , won the Outstanding Directorial Achievement award at the 2002 Stony Brook Film Festival in New York , the Best Picture Award at the Westchester Film Festival ( NY ) and a Prism Award in Los Angeles .   He was the writer of the feature film Irish Jam starring comedian Eddie Griffin and Anna Friel and has written a handful of violent crime novels including , Boysie Blake .   The son of a German woman and an English Army officer , Myers was born in Iserlohn , Germany and lived in a large number of postings during his youth including South Australia and Gibraltar and eventually ended up in East London where he was an amateur boxer and musician thru his teens , then began working as a tour manager and sound mixer for European projects such as Manfred Mann , Mungo Jerry , Berlin Rock Ensemble , Moonraker and Wings ( band ) .

neg: Ax 'Em Ax 'Em ( originally titled The Weekend It Lives ) is a 1992 American horror film directed by Michael Mfume , the son of Kweisi Mfume . The film follows a group of teenagers on a weekend retreat at a remote cabin in the woods who become the targets of a crazed killer .

neg: Mutant (film) Mutant is a 1984 horror film . It was initially released to theaters as Night Shadows , but it premiered on video with the Mutant title , which it has retained for all subsequent VHS and DVD releases .

neg: Halloween (The Office) `` Halloween '' is the fifth episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's eleventh episode overall . It was written by executive producer and showrunner Greg Daniels and was directed by Paul Feig . The episode first aired on NBC in the United States on October 18 , 2005 . Guest stars in this episode included Devon Abner , Hugh Dane , George Gaus , Annabelle Kopack , Ava Nisbet and Alec Zbornak .   The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , the employees at Dunder Mifflin celebrate Halloween at the office . Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) struggles with making the decision of whom to fire . Meanwhile , Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) and Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) post Dwight Schrute 's ( Rainn Wilson ) resume on the internet .   Due to the Halloween concept of the episode , the cast members of The Office were allowed to wear costumes rather than their `` usual , realistically plain suits '' . B. J. Novak , writer for the series as well as actor , called the experience `` fun '' . The episode features the last on-screen appearance of the background character Devon until the series finale . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 4.1 in the 18 -- 49 demographic and was viewed by 8 million viewers .

neg: B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity .   In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics .   Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie .   From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .

neg: The Beacon (film) The Beacon is a 2009 American horror/thriller film . It is the second film made by Sabbatical Pictures . It was later officially renamed Haunting at the Beacon . The film was shot in The Rogers Hotel in Waxahachie , Texas . The film 's theatrical debut is in seven cities in October 2009 . The film debuted at the 2009 Paranoia Film Festival where it won for Best Picture and Best Actress ( Teri Polo ) . It has been selected to be one of the films for the 2009 LA Femme Film Festival . The film was directed and written by Michael Stokes .

neg: Hold'em (film) Hold 'em is a 2014 American thriller film directed by Clay DuMaw . The film 's plot combines Texas hold 'em with elements from horror and thriller films such as Battle Royale and Saw .

neg: Payback (1999 film) Payback is a 1999 American neo-noir crime film written and directed by Brian Helgeland in his directorial debut , and starring Mel Gibson , Gregg Henry , Maria Bello and David Paymer . It was based on the novel The Hunter by Donald E. Westlake using the pseudonym Richard Stark , which had earlier been adapted into the 1967 film noir classic Point Blank , directed by John Boorman and starring Lee Marvin . In 2006 Helgeland issued a director 's cut that differs substantially from the version released by the studio .

neg: Hall of Mirrors (2001 film) Hall of Mirrors is a 2001 independent film written and directed by Brad Osborne .

neg: Slash (film) Slash is an American comedy film directed and written by Clay Liford . The film stars Michael Johnston , Hannah Marks , Michael Ian Black , Missi Pyle , Sarah Ramos , Peter Vack , Jessie Ennis , and Matt Peters .


query: Colombia is in a continent.

pos: Colombia Colombia ( k ) , is a sovereign state largely situated in the northwest of South America , with territories in Central America . Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama , to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru . It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica , Nicaragua , Honduras , Jamaica , Haiti and the Dominican Republic . It is a unitary , constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments . The territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples , with as most advanced the Muisca , Quimbaya and the Tairona .   The Spanish set foot on Colombian soil for the first time in 1499 and in the first half of the 16th century initiated a period of conquest and colonization , ultimately creating the New Kingdom of Granada , with as capital Santafé de Bogotá . Independence from Spain was acquired in 1819 , but by 1830 the `` Gran Colombia '' Federation was dissolved . What is now Colombia and Panama emerged as the Republic of New Granada . The new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 . Since the 1960s , the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict , which escalated in the 1990s but then decreased from 2005 onward . Colombia is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse countries in the world , and thereby possesses a rich cultural heritage . The urban centres are mostly located in the highlands of the Andes mountains .   Colombian territory also encompasses Amazon rainforest , tropical grassland and both Caribbean and Pacific coastlines . Ecologically , it is one of the world 's 17 megadiverse countries , and the most densely biodiverse of these per square kilometer . Colombia is a middle power and a regional actor with the fourth-largest economy in Latin America , is part of the CIVETS group of six leading emerging markets and is a member of the UN , the WTO , the OAS , the Pacific Alliance , and other international organizations . Colombia has a diversified economy with macroeconomic stability and favorable growth prospects in the long run .

neg: Senate of Colombia The Senate of the Republic of Colombia ( Senado de la República de Colombia ) is the upper house of the Congress of Colombia , with the lower house being the House of Representatives . The Senate has 102 members elected for concurrent ( non-rotating ) four-year terms .

neg: List of companies of Colombia Colombia is a transcontinental country largely situated in the northwest of South America , with territories in Central America . Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama , to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru . It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica , Nicaragua , Honduras , Jamaica , the Dominican Republic and Haiti . It is a unitary , constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments .   Colombia is the third most populous country in Latin America . Its major industries include textiles , food processing , petroleum , clothing and footwear , consumer appliances , beverages , chemicals , cement , automobiles , gold , coal , and emeralds   For further information on the types of business entities in this country and their abbreviations , see `` Business entities in Colombia '' .

neg: Community of Latin American and Caribbean States The Community of Latin American and Caribbean States ( Comunidad de Estados Latinoamericanos y Caribeños , CELAC Comunidade de Estados Latino-Americanos e Caribenhos Communauté des États Latino-Américains et Caribéens Gemeenschap van Latijns-Amerikaanse en Caraïbische Staten ) is a regional bloc of Latin American and Caribbean states thought out on February 23 , 2010 , at the Rio Group -- Caribbean Community Unity Summit , and created on December 3 , 2011 , in Caracas , Venezuela , with the signature of The Declaration of Caracas . It consists of 33 sovereign countries in the Americas representing roughly 600 million people . Due to the focus of the organization on Latin American and Caribbean countries , other countries and territories in the Americas , Canada and the United States , as well as the overseas territories in the Americas of France ( Overseas departments and territories of France ) , the Netherlands ( Dutch Caribbean ) , Denmark ( Greenland ) and the United Kingdom ( British Overseas Territories ) are not included .   CELAC is an example of a decade-long push for deeper integration within Latin America . CELAC was created to deepen Latin American integration and by some to reduce the significant influence of the United States on the politics and economics of Latin America . It is seen as an alternative to the Organization of American States ( OAS ) , the regional body that was founded by United States and 21 other Latin American nations originally as a countermeasure to potential Soviet influence in the region .   CELAC is the successor of the Rio Group and the Latin American and Caribbean Summit on Integration and Development ( CALC ) . In July 2010 , CELAC selected President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez and President of Chile Sebastián Piñera , as co-chairs of the forum to draft statutes for the organization .

neg: Boyacá State Boyacá State was one of the states of Colombia .

neg: Cordillera Occidental Cordillera Occidental is Spanish for `` Western mountain '' . It may refer to :   Cordillera Occidental ( Colombia )  Cordillera Occidental ( Ecuador )  Cordillera Occidental ( Peru )  Cordillera Occidental ( Bolivia )

neg: Boyacá Department Boyacá ( -LSB- boʝaˈka -RSB- ) is one of the thirty-two departments of Colombia , and the remnant of Boyacá State , one of the original nine states of the `` United States of Colombia '' .   Boyacá is centrally located within Colombia , almost entirely within the mountains of the Eastern Cordillera to the border with Venezuela , although the western end of the department extends to the Magdalena River at the town of Puerto Boyacá . Boyacá borders to the north with the Department of Santander , to the northeast with the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Norte de Santander , to the east with the departments of Arauca and Casanare . To the south , Boyacá borders the department of Cundinamarca and to the west with the Department of Antioquia covering a total area of 23189 sqkm . The capital of Boyacá is the city of Tunja .   Boyacá is known as `` The Land of Freedom '' because this region was the scene of a series of battles which led to Colombia 's independence from Spain . The first one took place on 25 July 1819 in the Pantano de Vargas and the final and decisive battle known as the Battle of Boyacá was fought on 7 August 1819 at Puente de Boyacá .   Boyacá is home to three universities : the Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia ( UPTC ) , the Universidad de Boyacá ( UNIBOYACA ) , and the Saint Thomas Aquinas University .

neg: Colombian Rugby Federation The Colombian Rugby Federation ( Federacion Colombiana de Rugby or FCR in Spanish ) is the governing body for rugby union in Colombia . The FCR is a member of the International Rugby Board , the governing body for rugby globally , and a member of CONSUR , the governing body for rugby in South America .   The FCR also oversees the Colombia national rugby union team , which participates in the annual South American Rugby Championship . The national team has been ranked as high as 54 in 2010 and as low as 85 in 2006 .

neg: Itagüí Itagüí ( -LSB- itaˈɣwi -RSB- ) is a city of Colombia , located in the south of the Aburrá Valley in the Antioquia Department . It is part of The Metropolitan Area of the Aburrá Valley .

neg: List of companies of Guatemala Guatemala is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west , the Pacific Ocean to the southwest , Belize to the northeast , the Caribbean to the east , Honduras to the east and El Salvador to the southeast . With an estimated population of around 15.8 million , it is the most populated state in Central America . A representative democracy , Guatemala 's capital and largest city is Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción , also known as Guatemala City .   Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) in purchasing power parity ( PPP ) in 2010 was estimated at $ 70.15 billion USD . The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 63 % , followed by the industry sector at 23.8 % and the agriculture sector at 13.2 % ( 2010 est. ) . Mines produce gold , silver , zinc , cobalt and nickel . The agricultural sector accounts for about two-fifths of exports , and half of the labor force . Organic coffee , sugar , textiles , fresh vegetables , and bananas are the country 's main exports . Inflation was 3.9 % in 2010 .

neg: Continental Europe Continental Europe , also referred to as mainland Europe , or , by Europeans , simply the Continent , is the continuous continent of Europe , excluding surrounding islands .   The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands , encompassing the Greek Islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , the Balearic Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands , Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago , as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard .   The Scandinavian peninsula is sometimes also excluded , as even though it is technically part of `` mainland Europe '' , the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea ( rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland , and then south through north-east Europe ) .   The notion of Europe as a geopolitical or cultural term is centred on core Europe ( Kerneuropa ) , the continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire and the core of Latin Christendom , corresponding to modern France , Italy , Germany ( or German-speaking Europe ) and the Benelux states ( historical Austrasia ) . This historical core of `` Carolingian Europe '' was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration ( see also Multi-speed Europe ) .

neg: Atlántico Department Atlántico ( -LSB- aˈtlantiko -RSB- , Atlantic ) is a department of Colombia , located in northern Colombia with the Caribbean sea to its north , the Bolívar Department to its west and south separated by the Canal del Dique , and the Magdalena Department to its east separated by the Magdalena River . It is the third smallest of the country 's departments but its population of 2,272,170 makes it one of the most densely populated .   Its capital is Barranquilla . Other important cities include Soledad and Malambo .

neg: Balloon effect The balloon effect is an often-cited criticism of United States drug policy . The name draws an analogy between efforts to eradicate the production of illegal drugs in South American countries and the phenomenon of the same name when a latex balloon is squeezed : The air is moved , but does not disappear , instead moving into another area of less resistance .   Examples of this displacement in drug traffic include :  Fumigation of marijuana in Mexico caused production to migrate to Colombia .  Marijuana crackdowns in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta moved activity to Cauca .  In the late 1990s , coca was largely eradicated in Peru and Bolivia , only to be replaced by new crops in Colombia .  Recently , with the intense spraying in the Colombian Putumayo Department , coca has been planted in other departments including Arauca , Cauca , Caquetá , Guaviare , Huila , Meta , Nariño , and Santander .   As described in The Economist :   Brazil and the Southern Cone ( Chile , Uruguay , Paraguay , Argentina ) neglected their respective drug trafficking issues and due to the concentration on the Andean region , these were neglected by the United States as well . These nations ignored the problem primarily due to its slow introduction and penetration into their society , the insistence from the U.S. that the sources of the drugs was the only problem and because the governments at the time were more concerned with foreign debt , inflation , economic growth , civil-military relations and political survival . The United States continued to increase their anti-drug operations in the Andean region resulting in displacement . This means that the U.S. tactics forced the drug traffickers to search for safer areas with less government pressure to eliminate the flow of narcotics . The drug traffickers took advantage of the neglected Southern Cone and began shifting their routes , locations for cocaine laboratories and money laundering centres . These shifts have also created growing drug consumption issues among the Southern Cone countries . While the role of the Southern Cone had been that of a transhipment point for cocaine produced in the Andean region , further evidence appeared to indicate that in fact since 1984 the region had been used extensively by Colombian and Bolivian drug traffickers . Cocaine labs were found in Northern and Western Brazil and in Argentina . It was also found that Uruguay and Chile had become major financial centres for money laundering after the invasion of Panama . Uruguay was particularly attractive as it has one of the most open banking systems in the Western hemisphere and the government has always put great emphasis on having tight bank secrecy laws .

neg: Government entities of Colombia The Government entities of Colombia ( Entidades Gubernamentales de Colombia ) are entities of the government of Colombia . The government entities is made up by commissions , control agencies , administrative departments , directorates , funds , superintendencies , among other . Some of these agencies are under the supervision of the President of Colombia with special autonomy .

neg: Borders of Brazil Brazil is the largest country in South America and borders every country in South America with the exceptions of Chile and Ecuador . The borders of Brazil are the international borders that Brazil shares with neighbouring countries . Brazil has borders with ten different countries , totalling 16885 km , making it the country with the third longest land border behind only China and Russia .   The lengths of the borders Brazil shares with different countries , running counter-clockwise around Brazil from French Guiana to Uruguay , are listed below :

neg: Constitutional history of Colombia The constitutional history of Colombia is the process of formation and evolution of the different constitutions that Colombia has had since its formation .

neg: Continental Divide of the Americas The Continental Divide of the Americas ( also known as the Great Divide , the Continental Gulf of Division , or merely the Continental Divide ) is the principal , and largely mountainous , hydrological divide of the Americas . The Continental Divide extends from the Bering Strait to the Strait of Magellan , and separates the watersheds that drain into the Pacific Ocean from ( 1 ) those river systems that drain into the Atlantic Ocean ( including those that drain into the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea ) , and ( 2 ) along the northernmost reaches of the Divide , those river systems that drain into the Arctic Ocean .   Though there are many other hydrological divides in the Americas , the Great Divide is by far the most prominent of these because it tends to follow a line of high peaks along the main ranges of the Rocky Mountains and Andes , at a generally much higher elevation than the other hydrological divisions .  __ TOC __

neg: Human trafficking in Colombia The country of Colombia is a major source country for women and girls subjected to trafficking in persons , specifically forced prostitution in Latin America , the Caribbean , Western Europe , Asia , and North America , including the United States . Within Colombia , some men are found in conditions of forced labor , but the forced prostitution of women and children from rural areas in urban areas remains a larger problem . Individual cases of forced marriage -- a risk factor for trafficking -- involuntary domestic servitude , and forced begging have been reported . Some children are subjected to forced labor in mines and quarries , in the agricultural sector or as domestic servants . Groups at high risk for internal trafficking include displaced persons , poor women in rural areas , and relatives of members of criminal organizations . Continued armed violence in Colombia has displaced many communities , making them vulnerable to human trafficking . Guerillas and new illegal armed groups forcibly recruit children to join their ranks ; the government estimates thousands of children are exploited under such conditions . Members of gangs and organized criminal networks force their relatives and acquaintances , and displaced persons -- typically women and children -- into conditions of forced prostitution and forced labor , including forced work in the illegal drug trade . Colombia also is a destination for foreign child sex tourists , particularly coastal cities such as Cartagena and Barranquilla . Migrants from South America , Africa , and China transit Colombia en route to the United States and Europe ; some may fall victim to traffickers .   The Government of Colombia fully complies with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking in persons . During the reporting period , the government increased law enforcement actions against trafficking offenders , enhanced prevention efforts , and continued to offer victim services through an interagency trafficking operations center and through partnerships with NGOs and international organizations . The significant number of Colombians trafficked abroad , however , reflects the need for increased prevention efforts and victim services .

neg: Currency of Spanish America This article provides an outline of the currency of Spanish America ( las Indias , the Indies ) from Spanish colonization in the 15th century until Spanish American independencies in the 19th . This great realm was divided into the Viceroyalty of New Spain ( capital : Mexico City ) , which came to include all Spanish territory north of Panama , the West Indies , Venezuela , and the Philippines , and the Viceroyalty of Peru ( capital : Lima ) , which included Panama and all Spanish territory in South America except Venezuela . The monetary system of Spanish America , originally identical to that of Spain , soon diverged and took on a distinctive character of its own , which it passed on to the independent nations that followed after .

neg: Neotropical realm The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting the Earth 's land surface . Physically , it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone .

neg: Isthmo-Colombian Area The Isthmo-Colombian Area is defined as a cultural area encompassing those territories occupied predominantly by speakers of the Chibchan languages at the time of European contact . It includes portions of the Central American isthmus like eastern El Salvador , eastern Honduras , Caribbean Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , and northern Colombia .


query: Iceland is part of the European Economic Area.

pos: Iceland Iceland ( -LSB- ˈaɪslənd -RSB- -LSB- ˈistlant -RSB- ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean . It has a population of and an area of 103000 km2 , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe . The capital and largest city is Reykjavík . Reykjavík and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population . Iceland is volcanically and geologically active . The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields , mountains and glaciers , while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands . Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate , despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle . Its high latitude and marine influence still keeps summers chilly , with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate .   According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók , the settlement of Iceland began in the year 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island . In the following centuries , Norwegians , and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians , emigrated to Iceland , bringing with them thralls of Gaelic origin . The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing , one of the world 's oldest functioning legislative assemblies . Following a period of civil strife , Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century . The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway , Denmark and Sweden . Iceland thus followed Norway 's integration to that Union and came under Danish rule after Sweden 's secession from that union in 1523 . Although the Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism forcefully in 1550 , Iceland remained a distant semi-colonial territory in which Danish institutions and infrastructures were conspicuous by their absence . In the wake of the French revolution and the Napoleonic wars , Iceland 's struggle for independence took form and culminated in independence in 1918 and the founding of a republic in 1944 . Until the 20th century , Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture , and was among the poorest in Europe . Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity , and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world . In 1994 , it became a part of the European Economic Area , which further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance , biotechnology , and manufacturing .   Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries . It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens . Iceland ranks high in economic , political and social stability and equality . In 2013 , it was ranked as the 13th most-developed country in the world by the United Nations ' Human Development Index . Iceland runs almost completely on renewable energy . Affected by the ongoing worldwide financial crisis , the nation 's entire banking system systemically failed in October 2008 , leading to a severe depression , substantial political unrest , the Icesave dispute , and the institution of capital controls . Some bankers were jailed . Since then , the economy has made a significant recovery , in large part due to a surge in tourism .   Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation 's Scandinavian heritage . Most Icelanders are descendants of Germanic and Gaelic settlers . Icelandic , a North Germanic language , is descended from Old Norse and is closely related to Faroese and West Norwegian dialects . The country 's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine , Icelandic literature and medieval sagas . Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army , its lightly armed coast guard being in charge of defence .

neg: Ministry of European Integration The Ministry for European Integration is an official governmental body in various countries seeking accession to the European Union . It is responsible for integration of Georgia in Europe . It is in Georgia and Albania   Category : Politics of Georgia ( country )  Category : Politics of Albania

neg: Icelandic outvasion The Icelandic `` outvasion '' ( Icelandic : útrás ) was the period in the economic history of Iceland between 2000 and the onset of its financial crisis in October 2008 . With the privatisation of the Icelandic banks being advantageous for investors , there was a large supply of cheap loan capital on the international market . A clause in the agreement with the European Economic Area stipulated the free flow of capital to and from Iceland .   The so-called outvasion led to the purchase of many foreign businesses , particularly in the retail sector . The British retailers Debenhams , Woolworths , Hamleys , and others came into full or part-Icelandic possession , in addition to the Danish companies Magasin du Nord and Royal Unibrew . Novator Partners acquired telecoms and other assets around Europe , including České Radiokomunikace , Elisa , Saunalahti , Bulgarian Telecommunications Company , P4 Spółka z o.o. , Netia , and Forthnet .   The term `` outvasion '' was coined by the Icelandic media , who described the bankers as Vikings , and compared the rapid acquisition of many foreign businesses to a Viking invasion or raid , in both the possessions of the target being aggressively taken over .

neg: Danish Realm The term Danish Realm ( Det Danske Rige ) refers to the relationship between Denmark proper , the Faroe Islands and Greenland -- three countries constituting the Kingdom of Denmark .   The legal nature of the Kingdom of Denmark is fundamentally one of a unitary sovereign state . The Faroe Islands and Greenland have been part of the Crown of Denmark since 1397 ( de jure ) when the Kalmar Union was ratified , and part of the Kingdom of Denmark since 1814 ( de facto ) . However , due to their separate historical and cultural identities , these parts of the Realm now have an extensive type of self-government and have assumed legislative and administrative responsibility in a substantial number of fields .   Legal matters in The Danish Realm are subject to the Danish Constitution . Beginning in 1953 , state law issues within The Danish Realm has been governed by The Unity of the Realm ( Rigsenheden ) . A less formal name for The Unity of the Realm is `` the commonwealth of the Realm '' . In 1978 , The Unity of The Realm was for the first time unofficially referred to as rigsfællesskabet . The name caught on and since the 1990s , both The Unity of The Realm and The Danish Realm itself has increasingly been referred to as simply rigsfællesskabet ( ríkisfelagsskapurin naalagaaffeqatigiit ) in daily parlance .   The Danish Constitution stipulates that the foreign and security interests for all parts of the Danish Realm are the responsibility of the Danish government . The Faroes received home rule in 1948 and Greenland did so in 1979 . In 2005 , the Faroes received a self-government arrangement , and in 2009 Greenland received `` self rule '' , thus leaving the Danish government with virtually no influence over Greenlandic internal affairs .

neg: Nordic Council The Nordic Council is a geo-political inter-parliamentary forum for co-operation between the Nordic countries . It was formed after the Second World War in 1952 to promote co-operation between the five Nordic countries . Its first concrete result was the introduction in 1952 of a common labour market and free movement across borders without passports for the countries ' citizens .   The Council consists of 87 representatives from Denmark , Finland , Iceland , Norway and Sweden as well as the autonomous areas of the Faroe Islands , Greenland and the Åland Islands . The representatives are members of parliament in their respective country/area and are elected by those parliaments . The Council holds ordinary sessions each year in October/November and usually one extra session per year with a specific theme . Since 1991 Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania participate with observer status , as well as the German state of Schleswig-Holstein since 2016 .   In 1971 , the Nordic Council of Ministers , an intergovernmental forum , was established to complement the Council .

neg: Member states of the Council of Europe The Council of Europe has 47 member states . It was founded on 5 May 1949 by ten Western and Northern European states , with Greece and Turkey joining three months later , and Iceland and West Germany following suit the next year . It now has 47 member states , with Montenegro being the latest to join .   Article 4 of the Council of Europe Statute specifies that membership is open to any European country , provided they meet specific democratic and human rights standards . Nearly all European states have acceded to the Council of Europe , with the exception of Belarus , the Vatican City , predominantly Central Asian Kazakhstan , as well as some of the states with limited recognition .   __ TOC __

neg: European social model The European social model is a common vision many European states have for a society that combines economic growth with high living standards and good working conditions . Historian Tony Judt has argued that the European social model `` binds Europe together '' in contrast to the ` American way of life ' .   European states do not all use a single social model , but welfare states in Europe do share several broad characteristics . These generally include a commitment to full employment , social protections for all citizens , social inclusion , and democracy . Examples common among European countries include universal health care , free higher education , strong labor protections and regulations , and generous welfare programs in areas such as unemployment insurance , retirement pensions , and public housing . The Treaty of the European Community set out several social objectives : promotion of employment , improved living and working conditions ... proper social protection , dialogue between management and labour , the development of human resources with a view to lasting high employment and the combating of exclusion . Because different European states focus on different aspects of the model , it has been argued that there are four distinct social models in Europe -- the Nordic , British , Mediterranean and the Continental .   The general outlines of a European social model emerged during the post-war boom . Tony Judt lists a number of causes : the abandonment of protectionism , the baby boom , cheap energy , and a desire to catch up with living standards enjoyed in the United States . The European social model also enjoyed a low degree of external competition as the Soviet bloc , China and India were not yet integrated into the global economy . In recent years , it has become common to question whether the European social model is sustainable in the face of low birthrates , globalisation , Europeanisation and an ageing population .

neg: Steingrímur J. Sigfússon Steingrímur Jóhann Sigfússon ( born 4 August 1955 ) is an Icelandic politician . He has been a member of the Althing ( Icelandic parliament ) since 1983 and is the founding chairman of the Left-Green Movement ( Vinstri hreyfingin -- grænt framboð ) . He was the Minister for Agriculture and Communications from 1988 -- 1991 . He became Minister of Finance in 2009 . In 2011 he took on the roles of Minister of Fisheries and Agriculture and Minister of Economic Affairs .   Steingrímur was born in Gunnarsstaðir , a large sheep farm between Garður and Þórshöfn in the Þistilfjörður region of northeast Iceland ( Svalbarðshreppur municipality ) . In his younger days he was an avid sportsman , both track and field and also a volleyball player . On 16 January 2006 , Steingrímur was injured in a car accident not far from Blönduós , Iceland but he later recovered .   He supported the end of the US military presence in Iceland , but believed Iceland itself should have taken the initiative in ending this presence . Since September 2006 , when US forces left Naval Air Station Keflavik , he has strongly opposed any possible development of an Icelandic army seeing the country 's need for armed forces as practically non-existent . He believes that civilian institutions such as the police and the coast guard should be organized in order to provide the needed protection in the unlikely event of a major disturbance .   In November 2006 , he published the book Við öll -- Íslenskt velferðarsamfélag á tímamótum ( `` All of Us -- Icelandic Welfare Society at Crossroads '' ) , laying out his political ideology .

neg: Denmark–Lithuania relations Denmark -- Lithuania relations are foreign relations between Denmark and Lithuania . Lithuania has an embassy in Copenhagen , and Denmark has an embassy in Vilnius . Both countries are members of EU and NATO . Bilateral relations were re-established on 24 August 1991 .   Denmark has since Lithuania 's independence provided a political and economic moral to Lithuania . Denmark also supported Lithuania in the European Union and NATO . From 1990 to 2003 , Denmark contributed $ 1 billion .   In 2006 , Danish exports to Lithuania amounted 442 million euro . Imports from Lithuania amounted 469 million euro . Many Danish companies have established subsidiaries in Lithuania .   Since 1991 , Denmark and Lithuania has cooperated in the field of military defence . Lithuania has a defense cooperation with Denmark . The Lithuanian and Danish military works together , in Kosovo , Iraq and Afghanistan .   On 2 May 2003 , Lithuanian President Rolandas Paksas visited Denmark . On 2 May 2005 , and again on 9 April 2008 , Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen visited Lithuania .

neg: Ministry of Industry, Energy and Tourism (Iceland) The Icelandic Ministry of Industry , Energy and Tourism ( Icelandic : Iðnaðarráðuneytið ) is one of the cabinet-level government ministries responsible for Iceland 's economy . It shares that responsibility with the Ministry of Business Affairs ( responsible for banking and trade ) and the Ministry of Fisheries ( fishing making up some 40 % of Iceland 's exports ) . Since 2009 , the responsible minister is Katrín Júlíusdóttir of the Social Democratic Alliance .

neg: Capital Region (Iceland) Greater Reykjavík ( Höfuðborgarsvæðið , meaning `` The Capital Region '' ) is a name used collectively for Reykjavík and six municipalities around it . The area is by far the largest urban area in Iceland . Each municipality has its own elected council . Greater Reykjavík 's population of 216 940 is over 60 % of the population of Iceland , in an area that is only just over 1 % of the total size of the country . The size of the greater Reykjavík area is calculated from the area of its constituent municipalities , including large areas of hinterland , not the much smaller urban core of about 200 km2 Municipal governments cooperate extensively in various fields : for example waste policy , shared public transport and a joint fire brigade .

neg: EURADA The European Association of Development Agencies ( EURADA ) has a membership of about 100 regional development agencies from across the European Union . Agencies from almost all the Member States of the EU are EURADA members .   EURADA runs conferences and seminars and has an extensive publications programme . It keeps its members up to date with EU policy developments and provides briefing on critical issues such as state aid rules . It alerts members to funding and contract opportunities and helps with forming and running partnerships . EURADA explores new ways to doing economic development and to managing RDAs .   EURADA lobbies and briefs the European Commission on behalf of members and maintains a highly effective communications network there . Through round tables and reflection groups individual EURADA members can play a direct role in the development of policy at the Commission , and form their own links with officials .   EURADA brings together and disseminates good practice in economic development for the benefit of its members .   EURADA has strong international links , particularly through the International Economic Development Council ( IEDC ) in the United States , but also with economic development networks in China , Japan , Australia and New Zealand . There is a good record of members using these links to pursue their own local objectives .   Category : International organisations of Europe

neg: Economy of Iceland The economy of Iceland is small and subject to high volatility . In 2011 , gross domestic product was US$ 12.3 bn . With a population of 321,000 , this is $ 38,000 per capita , based on purchasing power parity ( PPP ) estimates . The financial crisis of 2007 -- 2010 produced a decline in GDP and employment , although the magnitude of this decline remains to be determined .   Iceland has a mixed economy with high levels of free trade and government intervention . However , government consumption is less than other Nordic countries . Geothermal power is the primary source of home and industrial energy in Iceland .   In the 1990s Iceland undertook extensive free market reforms , which initially produced strong economic growth . As a result , Iceland was rated as having one of the world 's highest levels of economic freedom as well as civil freedoms . In 2007 , Iceland topped the list of nations ranked by Human Development Index and was one of the most egalitarian , according to the calculation provided by the Gini coefficient .   From 2006 onwards , the economy faced problems of growing inflation and current account deficits . Partly in response , and partly as a result of earlier reforms , the financial system expanded rapidly before collapsing entirely in a sweeping financial crisis . Iceland had to obtain emergency funding from the International Monetary Fund and a range of European countries in November 2008 .

neg: Eurosystem The Eurosystem is the monetary authority of the eurozone , the collective of European Union member states that have adopted the euro as their sole official currency . The ECB has , under Article 16 of its Statute , the exclusive right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes . Member states can issue euro coins , but the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand .   The Eurosystem consists of the European Central Bank and the national central banks ( NCB ) of the 19 member states that are part of the eurozone . The national central banks apply the monetary policy of the ECB . The primary objective of the Eurosystem is price stability . Secondary objectives are financial stability and financial integration . The mission statement of the Eurosystem says that the ECB and the national central banks jointly contribute to achieving the objectives .   The Eurosystem is independent . When performing Eurosystem-related tasks , neither the ECB , nor an NCB , nor any member of their decision-making bodies may seek or take instructions from any external body . The Community institutions and bodies and the governments of the member states may not seek to influence the members of the decision-making bodies of the ECB or of the NCBs in the performance of their tasks .   The Eurosystem is distinct from the European System of Central Banks ( ESCB ) , which comprises the ECB and the central banks of all European Union member states , including those that are not part of the eurozone .

neg: Iceland–Palestine relations Iceland -- Palestine relations refers to the relations between Iceland and Palestine . Iceland was the first Western European country to recognise the independence of Palestine . Full diplomatic relations exist between the two sides . Iceland 's representative to Palestine is a non-resident based at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík , while Palestine 's ambassador to Iceland is also a non-resident based in Oslo , Norway .

neg: Continental Europe Continental Europe , also referred to as mainland Europe , or , by Europeans , simply the Continent , is the continuous continent of Europe , excluding surrounding islands .   The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands , encompassing the Greek Islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , the Balearic Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands , Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago , as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard .   The Scandinavian peninsula is sometimes also excluded , as even though it is technically part of `` mainland Europe '' , the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea ( rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland , and then south through north-east Europe ) .   The notion of Europe as a geopolitical or cultural term is centred on core Europe ( Kerneuropa ) , the continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire and the core of Latin Christendom , corresponding to modern France , Italy , Germany ( or German-speaking Europe ) and the Benelux states ( historical Austrasia ) . This historical core of `` Carolingian Europe '' was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration ( see also Multi-speed Europe ) .

neg: Montenegro and the euro Montenegro has no currency of its own . From 1996 the Deutsche Mark was the de facto currency in all private and banking transactions and it was formally adopted as Montenegro 's currency in November 1999 . The mark was replaced by the euro in 2002 without any objections from the European Central Bank ( ECB ) .   The European Commission and the ECB have since voiced their discontent over Montenegro 's unilateral use of the euro on several occasions , with Amelia Torres , a spokesperson for the European Commission , saying `` The conditions for the adoption of the euro are clear . That means , first and foremost , to be a member of the EU . '' A statement attached to their Stabilisation and Association Agreement with the EU read : `` unilateral introduction of the euro was not compatible with the Treaty . ''   The EU insists on the strict adherence to convergence criteria ( such as spending at least 2 years in the ERMII system ) which are not negotiable before euro adoption , but have not intervened to stop the unilateral use of the euro by Montenegro . The EU has raised concerns of Montenegro 's state debt , which had risen to 57 percent of GDP by 2011 .   Officials from the Central Bank of Montenegro have indicated on several occasions that the European institutions do expect them to strictly follow ERM rules , particularly because of their EU accession process . Nikola Fabris , chief economist of the Central Bank of Montenegro , has said that the situation was different when they adopted the euro , and that other states which were considering unilaterally adopting the euro , such as Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina , would face sanctions from the EU and have their accession process suspended if they went ahead .   On 17 December 2010 Montenegro was granted candidate status to join the European Union . The issue is expected to be resolved through the negotiations process . The ECB has stated that the implications of unilateral euro adoption `` would be spelled out at the latest in the event of possible negotiations on EU accession . '' Diplomats have suggested that it is unlikely Montenegro will be forced to withdraw the euro from circulation in their country . Radoje Žugić , Montenegro 's Minister of Finance , has stated that `` it would be extremely economically irrational to return to our own currency and then later to again go back to the euro . '' Instead , he hopes that Montenegro will be permitted to keep the euro and has promised `` the government of Montenegro will adopt some certain elements which should fulfil the conditions for further use of the euro , such as adopting fiscal rules . ''   Unlike official members of the eurozone , Montenegro does not mint coins and therefore has no distinctive national design .

neg: Family policy in Iceland The Icelandic family model can be compared to that of the Anglo-Saxon model in regards to its benefits and the Scandinavian model in regards services . Iceland was seen as a lagging country compared to other European countries in terms of family policy . Family policy in Iceland had been long ignored by its policy makers . Not until 1994 when the United Nations celebrated the Year of Family . After the recognition of the importance of family by the United Nations , Iceland 's parliament sought to establish a resolution to the concept of family policy that was gaining greater political attention in Iceland .

neg: Telecommunications in the European Union Telecommunications in the European Union may refer to telecommunications in the 28 Member States of the European Union :   Telecommunications in Austria  Telecommunications in Belgium  Telecommunications in Bulgaria  Telecommunications in Croatia  Telecommunications in Cyprus  Telecommunications in the Czech Republic  Telecommunications in Denmark  Telecommunications in Estonia  Telecommunications in Finland  Telecommunications in France  Telecommunications in Germany  Telecommunications in Greece  Telecommunications in Hungary  Telecommunications in the Republic of Ireland  Telecommunications in Italy  Telecommunications in Latvia  Telecommunications in Lithuania  Telecommunications in Luxembourg  Telecommunications in Malta  Telecommunications in the Netherlands  Telecommunications in Poland  Telecommunications in Portugal  Telecommunications in Romania  Telecommunications in Slovakia  Telecommunications in Slovenia  Telecommunications in Spain  Telecommunications in Sweden  Telecommunications in the United Kingdom

neg: Scandinavian Peninsula The Scandinavian Peninsula ( Skandinaviska halvön Den skandinaviske halvøy Skandinavian niemimaa ? Скандинавский полуостров , Skandinavsky poluostrov ) is a peninsula in Northern Europe , which generally comprises the mainland of Sweden , the mainland of Norway ( with the exception of a small coastal area bordering Russia ) , the northwestern area of Finland , as well as a narrow area in the west of the Pechengsky District of Russia .   The name of the peninsula is derived from the term Scandinavia , the cultural region of Denmark , Norway and Sweden . That cultural name is in turn derived from the name of Scania , the region at the southern extremity of the peninsula which has during periods been part of Denmark , which is the ancestral home of the Danes , and which is now part of Sweden . The derived term `` Scandinavian '' also refers to the Germanic peoples who speak North Germanic languages , considered to be a dialect continuum derived from Old Norse . These modern North Germanic languages found in Scandinavia are Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish ; additionally Faroese and Icelandic belong to the same language group , but they are not part of the modern Scandinavian dialect continuum and are not intelligible with the other languages .   The Scandinavian Peninsula is the largest peninsula of Europe , larger than the Balkan , the Iberian and the Italian peninsulas . During the Ice Ages , the sea level of the Atlantic Ocean dropped so much that the Baltic Sea , the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland disappeared , and the countries now surrounding them , including Germany , Poland , the other Baltic countries and Scandinavia , were directly joined by land .


query: John Lennon was in a band that formed in Liverpool.

pos: John Lennon John Winston Ono Lennon , ( born John Winston Lennon ; 9 October 19408 December 1980 ) was an English guitarist , singer , and songwriter who co-founded the Beatles , the most commercially successful and musically influential band in the history of popular music . He and fellow member Paul McCartney formed a much-celebrated songwriting partnership .   Born and raised in Liverpool , Lennon became involved in the skiffle craze as a teenager ; his first band , the Quarrymen , first became the Silver Beatles , and finally , evolved into the Beatles in 1960 . When the group disbanded in 1970 , Lennon embarked on a sporadic solo career that produced albums including John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band and Imagine , and songs such as `` Give Peace a Chance '' , `` Working Class Hero '' , and `` Imagine '' . After his marriage to Yoko Ono in 1969 , he added `` Ono '' as one of his middle names . Lennon disengaged himself from the music business in 1975 to raise his infant son Sean , but re-emerged with Ono in 1980 with the new album Double Fantasy . He was murdered three weeks after its release .   Lennon revealed a rebellious nature and acerbic wit in his music , writing , drawings , on film and in interviews . Controversial through his political and peace activism , he moved to Manhattan in 1971 , where his criticism of the Vietnam War resulted in a lengthy attempt by Richard Nixon 's administration to deport him , while some of his songs were adopted as anthems by the anti-war movement and the larger counterculture .   By 2012 , Lennon 's solo album sales in the United States exceeded 14 million and , as writer , co-writer , or performer , he is responsible for 25 number-one singles on the US Hot 100 chart . In 2002 , a BBC poll on the 100 Greatest Britons voted him eighth and , in 2008 , Rolling Stone ranked him the fifth-greatest singer of all time . He was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1987 , and into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice , in 1988 as a member of the Beatles and in 1994 as a solo artist .

pos: The Beatles The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960 . With members John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr , they became widely regarded as the foremost and most influential act of the rock era . Rooted in skiffle , beat and 1950s rock and roll , the Beatles later experimented with several musical styles , ranging from pop ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock , often incorporating classical elements and unconventional recording techniques in innovative ways . In 1963 their enormous popularity first emerged as `` Beatlemania '' , and as the group 's music grew in sophistication in subsequent years , led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney , they came to be perceived as an embodiment of the ideals shared by the counterculture of the 1960s .   The Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960 , with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player . The core of Lennon , McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers , including Pete Best , before asking Starr to join them in 1962 . Manager Brian Epstein moulded them into a professional act , and producer George Martin guided and developed their recordings , greatly expanding their popularity in the United Kingdom after their first hit , `` Love Me Do '' , in late 1962 . They acquired the nickname `` the Fab Four '' as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year , and by early 1964 became international stars , leading the `` British Invasion '' of the United States pop market . From 1965 onwards , the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings , including the albums Rubber Soul ( 1965 ) , Revolver ( 1966 ) , Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( 1967 ) , The Beatles ( commonly known as the White Album , 1968 ) and Abbey Road ( 1969 ) . After their break-up in 1970 , they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths . McCartney and Starr , the surviving members , remain musically active . Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980 , and Harrison died of lung cancer in November 2001 .   The Beatles are the best-selling band in history , with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide . They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act . According to the RIAA , the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States , with 178 million certified units . In 2008 , the group topped Billboard magazine 's list of the all-time most successful `` Hot 100 '' artists ; , they hold the record for most number-one hits on the Hot 100 chart with twenty . They have received ten Grammy Awards , an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards . The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 , and all four were inducted individually from 1994 to 2015 . They were also collectively included in Time magazine 's compilation of the twentieth century 's 100 most influential people .

neg: The Beat Ballad Show Tour The Beat Ballad Show Tour was a 1960 tour of Scotland by singer Johnny Gentle , backed by the Beatles ( billed as Johnny Gentle and His Group ) . It was the first-ever concert tour by the Beatles .

neg: I'm Happy Just to Dance with You `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' is a song written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney and recorded by the Beatles for the film soundtrack to A Hard Day 's Night . Lead vocals are by George Harrison , whose performance in the film marked the first mass media depiction of Harrison singing lead .

neg: Stuart Sutcliffe Stuart Fergusson Victor Sutcliffe ( 23 June 1940 -- 10 April 1962 ) was a British painter and musician best known as the original bass guitarist for the Beatles . Sutcliffe left the band to pursue his career as a painter , having previously attended the Liverpool College of Art . Sutcliffe and John Lennon are credited with inventing the name , `` Beetles '' , as they both liked Buddy Holly 's band , the Crickets . The band used this name for a while until Lennon decided to change the name to `` the Beatles '' , from the word beat . As a member of the group when it was a five-piece band , Sutcliffe is one of several people sometimes referred to as the `` Fifth Beatle '' .   When he performed with the Beatles in Hamburg , he met photographer Astrid Kirchherr , to whom he was later engaged . After leaving the Beatles , he enrolled in the Hamburg College of Art , studying under future pop artist Eduardo Paolozzi , who later wrote a report stating that Sutcliffe was one of his best students . Sutcliffe earned other praise for his paintings , which mostly explored a style related to abstract expressionism .   While studying in Germany , Sutcliffe began experiencing severe headaches and acute sensitivity to light . In April 1962 , he collapsed in the middle of an art class after complaining of head pains . German doctors performed various checks , but were unable to determine the exact cause of his headaches . On 10 April 1962 , he was taken to the hospital , but died in the ambulance on the way . The cause of death was later revealed to have been an aneurysm in his brain 's right hemisphere .

neg: Yoko Ono Yoko Ono ( born February 18 , 1933 ) is a Japanese multimedia artist , singer , songwriter , and peace activist who is also known for her work in performance art and filmmaking . She performs in both English and Japanese . She is the second wife and widow of singer-songwriter John Lennon of the Beatles .   Ono grew up in Tokyo and studied at Gakushuin . She withdrew from her course after two years and rejoined her family in New York in 1953 . She spent some time at Sarah Lawrence College , and then became involved in New York City 's downtown artists scene , including the Fluxus group . She first met Lennon in 1966 at her own art exhibition in London , and they became a couple in 1968 . With their performance Bed-Ins for Peace in Amsterdam and Montreal in 1969 , Ono and Lennon famously used their honeymoon at the Hilton Amsterdam as a stage for public protests against the Vietnam War . She brought feminism to the forefront in her music , influencing artists as diverse as the B-52s and Meredith Monk . Ono achieved commercial and critical acclaim in 1980 with the chart-topping album Double Fantasy , a collaboration with Lennon that was released three weeks before his death .   Public appreciation of Ono 's work has shifted over time , helped by a retrospective at a Whitney Museum branch in 1989 and the 1992 release of the six-disc box set Onobox . Retrospectives of her artwork have also been presented at the Japan Society in New York City in 2001 , in Bielefeld , Germany , and the UK in 2008 , Frankfurt , and Bilbao , Spain , in 2013 and MOMA in New York City in 2015 . She received a Golden Lion Award for lifetime achievement from the Venice Biennale in 2009 and the 2012 Oskar Kokoschka Prize , Austria 's highest award for applied contemporary art .   As Lennon 's widow , Ono works to preserve his legacy . She funded Strawberry Fields in Manhattan 's Central Park , the Imagine Peace Tower in Iceland , and the John Lennon Museum in Saitama , Japan ( which closed in 2010 ) . She has made significant philanthropic contributions to the arts , peace , Philippine and Japan disaster relief , and other causes . In 2012 Yoko Ono received the Dr. Rainer Hildebrandt Human Rights Award endowed by Alexandra Hildebrandt . The award is given annually in recognition of extraordinary , non-violent commitment to human rights . Ono continues her social activism , inaugurating a biennial $ 50,000 LennonOno Grant for Peace in 2002 and co-founding the group Artists Against Fracking in 2012 . She has a daughter , Kyoko Chan Cox , from her marriage to Anthony Cox and a son , Sean Taro Ono Lennon , from her marriage to Lennon . She collaborates musically with Sean Lennon .

neg: Rollercoaster Tour The Rollercoaster Tour was a 1992 co-headlining concert tour by the English Britpop band Blur , the American indie rock band Dinosaur Jr. , the Irish alternative rock band My Bloody Valentine and the Scottish noise pop band the Jesus and Mary Chain . A one-leg 11-date tour of the United Kingdom , the tour was in support of all four bands ' current releases : Blur 's debut album Leisure ( 1991 ) , Dinosaur Jr. s fourth album Green Mind ( 1991 ) , My Bloody Valentine 's second album Loveless ( 1991 ) and The Jesus and Mary Chain 's fourth album Honey 's Dead ( 1992 ) .   The tour was curated by the Jesus and Mary Chain 's vocalist Jim Reid , who `` wanted to break the routine '' of performing in small , frequently played venues -- such as Nottinghams Rock City -- and `` cater to all strands of independent rock music '' . Reid was inspired by , and considered the Rollercoaster Tour a British equivalent to , the North American festival Lollapalooza , which the Jesus and Mary Chain performed at in 1991 and which he considered `` fairly disastrous '' . Each band performed a 45-minute set with no encore and the line-up changed each night of the tour , although the Jesus and Mary Chain performed as the final act on all 11 dates .   My Bloody Valentine ceased live performances in the UK after the tour and did not play again until their 2008 reunion tour . The band 's set , which ended with a noise section of their song `` You Made Me Realise '' referred to as the `` holocaust section '' , reportedly caused attendees ' pint glasses to fall out of their hands due to excessive sound pressure levels . Reflecting on the tour , Jim Reid referred to it as `` a lot -LSB- like a -RSB- competition -- who could be the loudest ? Whose was the best film show ? And then there was , who could be most off their tits and still play a show ? '' The Rollercoaster EP , containing material from Blur , My Bloody Valentine , Dinosaur Jr. and the Jesus and Mary Chain , was issued in Melody Maker in March 1992 to promote the tour .

neg: The Beatles' Christmas records The Beatles ' Christmas records were spoken and musical messages from English rock group The Beatles that were posted out on flexi disc at Christmas time to members of their official fan-clubs in the United Kingdom and the United States . One such record was issued each year from 1963 to 1969 and an LP compilation of all seven in 1970 .   Conceived as a means to appease fan-club members whose letters , due to their sheer volume , were not always being answered in a timely manner , the records included the Beatles ' messages of thanks to `` loyal Beatle people '' , along with skits , Christmas carols , and original compositions .   None of the original recordings has ever been subject to general release , though a version of `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' , an original composition which appeared in edited form on the 1967 record , eventually gained an official release in 1995 , as part of The Beatles Anthology project .

neg: John Peel John Robert Parker Ravenscroft , OBE ( 30 August 1939 -- 25 October 2004 ) , known professionally as John Peel , was an English disc jockey , radio presenter , record producer and journalist . He was the longest serving of the original BBC Radio 1 DJs , broadcasting regularly from 1967 until his death in 2004 .   He was one of the first broadcasters to play psychedelic rock and progressive rock records on British radio , and he is widely acknowledged for promoting artists working in various genres , including pop , reggae , indie pop , indie rock , alternative rock , punk , hardcore punk , breakcore , grindcore , death metal , British hip hop , electronic music , jungle and dance music . Fellow DJ Paul Gambaccini described Peel as `` the most important man in music for about a dozen years '' . In 2012 he was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork -- the Beatles ' Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover .   Peel 's Radio 1 shows were notable for the regular `` Peel sessions '' , which usually consisted of four songs recorded by an artist live in the BBC 's studios , and which often provided the first major national coverage to bands that would later achieve great fame . Another popular feature of his shows was the annual Festive Fifty countdown of his listeners ' favourite records of the year .   Peel appeared occasionally on British television as one of the presenters of Top of the Pops in the 1980s , and he provided voice-over commentary for a number of BBC programmes . He became popular with the audience of BBC Radio 4 for his Home Truths programme , which ran from the 1990s , featuring unusual stories from listeners ' domestic lives .

neg: The London Rock and Roll Show The London Rock and Roll Show was a concert held at Wembley Stadium in Wembley Park , London , England , on 5 August 1972 . It is often said to have been the first ever concert held at the stadium , but in fact the band Yes had performed in the Stadium on 13 July 1969 .   From the late 1960s to the early 1970s , many rock and roll performers from the 1950s experienced major career revivals due to a temporary upswing of interest in their form of music . The Revival was marked by a series of major concerts in the United States , and also spread to Europe where events such as the Wembley concert attracted thousands of fans who came out to see the performers behind the music .   The concert included performances by major stars including Bo Diddley , Jerry Lee Lewis , Little Richard , and Bill Haley and His Comets . The concert ended with an extended performance by Chuck Berry , who at the time was enjoying major chart success in Britain and the US with his `` My Ding-a-Ling '' .   Originally billed rock and roll era acts The Platters , The Drifters and The Coasters were unable to perform due to work permit issues . The show was opened instead with sets from British rock and rollers The Houseshakers , Joe Brown , Emile Ford & the Checkmates , Screaming Lord Sutch , Heinz ( with Wilko Johnson on guitar ) and Billy Fury ; as well as songs from Jerry Lee Lewis 's sister Linda Gail Lewis .   Roy Wood 's new band Wizzard , only formed a few weeks previously , also made their live debut at the show .   Garage rockers MC5 were not over-popular with the crowd . Little Richard also got booed when he stopped singing rock and roll and jumped on top of his piano . As did a very new Gary Glitter , with The Glitter Band .   Mick Jagger attended the concert , but did not perform . Future Sex Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren can be seen selling T-shirts from a stall in the film .   The concert was filmed and released in 1973 as The London Rock and Roll Show , directed by Peter Clifton . Although no soundtrack release occurred at the time the film was made , one was finally issued in the early 2000s ( decade ) , followed by several different releases with different combinations of performances .

neg: Kingsize Taylor and the Dominoes Kingsize Taylor and the Dominoes were a British rock and roll band , formed in Liverpool in the late 1950s . One of the first beat groups in the Merseyside area , they were a locally popular and influential group who were contemporaries and rivals of The Beatles , and featured Cilla Black as a guest singer before her solo career , but had little commercial success except in Germany .

neg: All for the Beatles `` All for the Beatles '' is a song written and released in 1964 by Harry Nilsson and John Marascalco . It was released as a single with the alternative title `` Stand Up and Holler '' under Nilsson 's pseudonym Foto-Fi Four and was packaged with a synchronized standard 8 mm film of The Beatles first arriving in the United States in 1964 .   The rhythm of `` All for the Beatles '' is similar to that of `` Not Fade Away '' , a Buddy Holly cover by The Rolling Stones , which was also based on Bo Diddley 's song `` Bo Diddley '' . The song , which preempted the later friendship and collaboration of Nilsson with The Beatles , was not a commercial success , but the single became a sought-after collectible . A cover version was later released as `` All for the Beatles ( Stand Up and Holler ) '' by The Originals .

neg: Nowhere Man: The Final Days of John Lennon Nowhere Man : The Final Days of John Lennon , first published in 2000 and written by New York journalist Robert Rosen , who in 1981 had access to John Lennon 's diaries , is a controversial account of the ex-Beatle 's last five years . The book disputes the official view of Lennon as a contented househusband raising his son Sean and baking bread while Yoko ran the family business . Instead , Nowhere Man portrays Lennon 's daily life at the Dakota as that of a `` tormented superstar , a prisoner of his fame , locked in his bedroom raving about Jesus Christ , while a retinue of servants tended to his every need . ''   Rosen says that he used his memory of Lennon 's diaries as `` a roadmap to the truth . ''   The final part of the book , The Coda , focuses on the mental disintegration of Lennon 's assassin , Mark David Chapman , and includes Chapter 27 , the so-called missing chapter of J.D. Salinger 's classic novel of disaffected youth , The Catcher in the Rye , that `` inspired '' Chapman to murder Lennon . It was Chapman 's goal , according to Rosen , to write Chapter 27 `` in Lennon 's blood . ''   Originally written in 1982 , the manuscript remained unpublished for 18 years . Soft Skull Press acquired the rights to the book in 1999 and brought out the hardcover edition the following year . Quick American Archives then picked up the rights and published the paperback edition in 2002 .   Nowhere Man was a bestseller in the United States ( Los Angeles Times , September 3 , 2000 ) , England ( Mojo , October 2000 ) , and Japan ( Amazon.co.jp , October 2000 ) . In 2003 , Random House Mondadori brought out a Spanish-language edition in Latin America . The book received extensive coverage and was excerpted in such publications as Proceso , La Jornada , El Universal , Reforma , Semana , Gatopardo , Soho , El Heraldo , El Mercurio , La Tercera , Las Últimas Noticias , and The Clinic . Nowhere Man appeared on bestseller lists in Mexico and Colombia .   The other foreign editions were published by DHC ( Japan , 2000 ) , Fusion Press ( UK , 2000 ) , Hannibal ( Germany , 2001 ) . and Coniglio ( Italy 2011 ) .   The title of the book refers to The Beatles ' song `` Nowhere Man '' ( which was written and sung primarily by Lennon ) .

neg: A Hard Day's Night (film) A Hard Day 's Night is a 1964 British musical comedy film directed by Richard Lester and starring the Beatles -- John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison , and Ringo Starr -- during the height of Beatlemania . It was written by Alun Owen and originally released by United Artists . The film portrays several days in the lives of the group .   The film was a financial and critical success . Time magazine rated it as one of the all-time great 100 films . British critic Leslie Halliwell described it as a `` comic fantasia with music ; an enormous commercial success with the director trying every cinematic gag in the book '' and awarded it a full four stars . The film is credited as being one of the most influential of all musical films , inspiring numerous spy films , the Monkees ' television show and pop music videos .

neg: The Better Beatles The Better Beatles were a short-lived post-punk band formed in Omaha , Nebraska in 1981 . The group consisted of Kurt Magnuson on bass , Dave Nordin on synthesizer , Jean pSmith on vocals , and Jay Rosen on drums and vocals . Their repertoire consisted entirely of cold , minimalist covers of the songs of The Beatles in an irreverent manner comparable to covers performed by The Residents .   Nordin has stated that he considered the Beatles `` an oppressive influence , '' and pSmith has said their goal was to `` -LSB- strip -RSB- the songs of their sacred status . '' After a handful of shows , they recorded an album 's worth of material in late 1981 . They broke up shortly before their debut single `` Penny Lane '' / `` I 'm Down '' was released on Woodgrain Records , leaving the bulk of their music unreleased .   The single received some play from John Peel in the UK and the band was mentioned in The Village Voice by critic Robert Christgau as a candidate for the Best Name Award in the annual Pazz & Jop Critics Poll . There was some interest from labels , but the members had already moved on , with pSmith and Magnuson having relocated to Seattle . Attention died down and the band was largely forgotten for over two decades . Rosen went on to perform as a guitarist with the Altamont Boys , the backing band for The Legendary Stardust Cowboy . Due to a growing cult interest online , pSmith tracked down Rosen and the two of them compiled the `` Penny Lane '' single and the remaining recorded material into an album , Mercy Beat , which was released in 2007 . The cultural organization Hear Nebraska has described the album as `` some of the definitive Nebraska recordings of the punk-rock era . ''

neg: The Beatles' 1965 UK tour The Beatles ' 1965 tour of the United Kingdom was a concert tour that took place between 3 and 12 December 1965 , comprising 18 shows at nine venues across England , Scotland and Wales . It coincided with the release of the Beatles ' studio album Rubber Soul and their double A-side single `` Day Tripper '' / `` We Can Work It Out '' , and was the final UK tour undertaken by the band . Weary of Beatlemania , the group conceded to do the tour but refused to also perform a season of Christmas concerts as they had done over the 1963 -- 64 and 1964 -- 65 holiday seasons .

neg: Grade II listed buildings in Liverpool-L7 Liverpool is a city and port in Merseyside , England , which contains many listed buildings . A listed building is a structure designated by English Heritage of being of architectural and/or of historical importance and , as such , is included in the National Heritage List for England . There are three grades of listing , according to the degree of importance of the structure . Grade I includes those buildings that are of `` exceptional interest , sometimes considered to be internationally important '' ; the buildings in Grade II * are `` particularly important buildings of more than special interest '' ; and those in Grade II are `` nationally important and of special interest '' . Very few buildings are included in Grade I -- only 2.5 % of the total . Grade II * buildings represent 5.5 % of the total , while the great majority , 92 % , are included in Grade II .   Liverpool contains more than 1,550 listed buildings , of which 28 are in Grade I , 109 in Grade II * , and the rest in Grade II . This list contains the Grade II listed buildings in the L7 postal district of Liverpool . The district stretches from buildings used by the University of Liverpool in the area around Abercromby Square in the west of the district , to the suburbs of Edge Hill and Kensington in the east . It is mainly residential , and a high proportion of the buildings in the list are houses . Residential development started in 1819 -- 20 in Abercromby Square , and many of the houses here and elsewhere date from the 1820s , 1830s , and 1840s . To the east , the district includes Edge Hill railway station , the world 's first railway station , and there are three Grade II listed buildings relating to it . Also in the district is Wavertree Botanic Gardens , which contains two Grade II listed buildings , the lodge and a fountain . In addition to these , this list contains three churches and a chapel ( some of which have been converted into other uses ) , a library , a bank , a public house , a former hospital , the entrance to a cemetery , a students ' union , a war memorial , and a pillar box .   Grade II listed buildings from other areas in the city can be found through the template on the right , along with the lists of the Grade I and Grade II * buildings in the city .

neg: Hey Jude `` Hey Jude '' is a song by the English rock band the Beatles , written by Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon -- McCartney . The ballad evolved from `` Hey Jules '' , a song McCartney wrote to comfort John Lennon 's son , Julian , during his parents ' divorce . `` Hey Jude '' begins with a verse-bridge structure incorporating McCartney 's vocal performance and piano accompaniment ; further instrumentation is added as the song progresses . After the fourth verse , the song shifts to a fade-out coda that lasts for more than four minutes .   `` Hey Jude '' was released in August 1968 as the first single from the Beatles ' record label Apple Records . More than seven minutes in length , it was at the time the longest single ever to top the British charts . It also spent nine weeks at number one in the United States , the longest for any Beatles single . `` Hey Jude '' tied the `` all-time '' record , at the time , for the longest run at the top of the US charts . The single has sold approximately eight million copies and is frequently included on professional critics ' lists of the greatest songs of all time . In 2013 , Billboard named it the 10th biggest song of all time .

neg: Unfinished Music No. 1: Two Virgins Unfinished Music No. 1 : Two Virgins is the first of three experimental albums released by John Lennon and Yoko Ono on Apple Records . It was the result of an all-night session of musical experimentation with Yoko in John 's home studio at Kenwood , while his wife , Cynthia Lennon , was on holiday in Greece . Their debut recording is known not only for its avant-garde content , but also for its cover which features the couple naked : This made the album controversial to both the public and the parent record company EMI , which refused to distribute it . In an attempt to avoid controversy , the LP record was sold in a brown paper bag , and distributed by Track and Tetragrammaton in the United Kingdom and the United States respectively . Two Virgins , while failing to chart in the UK , reached number 124 in the US . The album was followed six months later by Unfinished Music No. 2 : Life with the Lions .

neg: We Can Work It Out `` We Can Work It Out '' is a song by the English rock band the Beatles , written by Paul McCartney and John Lennon . It was first issued as a double A-side single with `` Day Tripper '' in December 1965 . The release marked the first time that both tracks on a Beatles single were designated as joint A-sides . The song was recorded during the sessions for the band 's Rubber Soul album .   `` We Can Work It Out '' is a comparatively rare example of a Lennon -- McCartney collaboration from this period in the Beatles ' career , in that it recalls the level of collaboration the two songwriters had shared when writing the group 's hit singles of 1963 . This song , `` A Day in the Life '' , `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' and `` I 've Got a Feeling '' , are among the notable exceptions .

neg: Buster (band) Buster were an English rock band , formed in the Wirral , near Liverpool , in 1972 .