query: In Azerbaijan most citizens do practice religion.

pos: Azerbaijan Azerbaijan ( -LSB- æzərbaɪˈʒɑːn -RSB- ; Azərbaycan ) , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan ( Azərbaycan Respublikası ) , is a country in the South Caucasus region , situated at the crossroads of Southwest Asia and Southeastern Europe . It is bound by the Caspian Sea to the east , Russia to the north , Georgia to the northwest , Armenia to the west and Iran to the south . The exclave of Nakhchivan is bound by Armenia to the north and east , Iran to the south and west , while having an 11 km border with Turkey in the north west .   The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence in 1918 and became the first democratic state in the Muslim orient world . The country was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920 as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic . The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991 , prior to the official dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 . In September 1991 , the Armenian majority of the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region seceded to form the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic . The region and seven adjacent districts outside it became de facto independent with the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994 . These regions are internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan pending a solution to the status of the Nagorno-Karabakh , found through negotiations facilitated by the OSCE .   Azerbaijan is a unitary semi-presidential republic . The country is a member state of the Council of Europe , the OSCE and the NATO Partnership for Peace ( PfP ) program . It is one of six independent Turkic states , an active member of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community . Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations . It is one of the founding members of GUAM , the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons . A member of the United Nations since 1992 after its independence , Azerbaijan was elected to membership in the newly established Human Rights Council by the United Nations General Assembly on 9 May 2006 . Its term of office began on 19 June 2006 . Azerbaijan is also a member state of the Non-Aligned Movement , holds observer status in World Trade Organization and is a correspondent at the International Telecommunication Union .   The Constitution of Azerbaijan does not declare an official religion and all major political forces in the country are secularist . However , the majority of the population are of a Shiite Muslim background . Most Azerbaijanis however , do not actively practice any religion , and the country has been seen to be one of the most irreligious countries in the Muslim world , with 53 % stating religion has little to no importance in their lives , according to Pew Research Center and Gallup polls . Azerbaijan has a high level of human development which ranks on par with most Eastern European countries . It has a high rate of economic development and literacy , as well as a low rate of unemployment . According to the Davos World Economic Forum , Azerbaijan 's economy has scored 37th place within 138 countries in 2016 . Global Competitiveness Index 2015 indicates that Azerbaijan scores highest in its region .   ASAN services , established with Presidential Decree , are countrywide known for eliminating bribery and corruption in the provision of public services . ASAN Service has been awarded with United Nations ' Public Service Award 2015 , which is the most prestigious award in the world in the field of public service delivery .   The ruling party , the New Azerbaijan Party , has been accused of authoritarianism and human rights abuses .

neg: Emblem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic The national emblem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic was adopted in 1937 by the government of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic . The device is based on the emblem of the Soviet Union .   The emblem features a drilling rig representing Baku 's wealthy oil reservoirs and , behind it , a sunrise , standing for the future of the Azeri nation . The hammer and sickle are prominently featured above it while the red star ( symbolizing `` socialism on all five continents '' ) sits at the top of the emblem , for the victory of Communism and the `` world-wide socialist community of states '' . The outer rim features symbols of agriculture -- wheat and cotton .   The slogan on the banner bears the Soviet Union state motto ( `` Workers of the world , unite ! '' ) in both the Russian and Azerbaijani languages . In Azerbaijani , it is '' Бүтүн өлкəлəрин пролетарлары , бирлəшин ! '' ( in the current Azerbaijani Latin script : `` Bütün ölkələrin proletarları , birləşin ! '' ) .   The full name of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic is spelled out in both in the Russian and Azeri languages .   The emblem was changed in 1992 to the present emblem which retains some parts of the Soviet one .

neg: Religion in Pakistan The state religion in Pakistan is Islam , which is practiced by about 95 -- 98 % of the 195,343,000 people of the nation . The remaining 2 -- 5 % practice Christianity , Hinduism and other religions . Muslims are divided into the following sects : the majority of them practice Sunni Islam , while 5 -- 20 % are Shias and 0.22 % -2.2 % are Ahmadi . Nearly all Pakistani Sunni Muslims belong to the Hanafi Fiqh Islamic law school . The majority of Pakistani Shia Muslims belong to the Ithnā ` Ashariyyah Islamic law school , with significant minority groups who practice Ismailism , which is composed of Nizari ( Aga Khanis ) , Mustaali , Dawoodi Bohra , Sulaymani , and others .

neg: Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union Throughout the history of the Soviet Union ( 1922 -- 1991 ) , there were periods where Soviet authorities suppressed and persecuted various forms of Christianity to different extents depending on State interests . Soviet Marxist-Leninism policy consistently advocated the control , suppression , and ultimately , the elimination of religious beliefs , and actively encouraged atheism in the Soviet Union . Most religions were never outlawed .   The state advocated the destruction of religion , and it officially pronounced religious beliefs to be superstitious and backward . The Communist Party destroyed churches , mosques and temples , ridiculed , harassed , incarcerated and executed religious leaders , flooded the schools and media with anti-religious teachings , and it introduced a belief system called `` scientific atheism , '' with its own rituals , promises and proselytizers . In 1925 the government founded the League of Militant Atheists to intensify the persecution . The total number of Christian victims under the Soviet regime has been estimated to range between 12-20 million .   Religious beliefs and practices persisted among the majority of the population , in the domestic and private spheres but also in the scattered public spaces allowed by a state that recognized its failure to eradicate religion and the political dangers of an unrelenting culture war .

neg: Alcohol in Iran Alcohol in Iran is prohibited for the majority of its citizens , due to laws against consumption of alcohol by Iranian Muslims who make up the great majority of the country . Following the Iranian Revolution of 1979 , strict laws against alcohol were enacted , and alcohol consumption is regulated under the Islamic legal term of hudud , `` crimes against God '' . Despite complete prohibition for Muslim citizens , there is still widespread alcohol use across Iran . Alcohol is the second most popular drug in Iran , after opiates .   Non-Muslim citizens are granted a limited permission to produce alcohol for consumption within their community . This exemption , however , also leads to a attitude towards them ( especially Armenians ) as alcohol dealers , and a segment of black market alcohol in Iran comes through the minority community .

neg: Freedom of religion in Kuwait '' The following is sourced in the main from the 2014 International Religious Freedom Report for Kuwait , compiled by the United States Department of State .   The Constitution provides for religious freedom . The constitution of Kuwait provides for absolute freedom of belief and for freedom of religious practice . The constitution stated that Islam is the state religion and that Sharia is a source of legislation . In general , citizens were open and tolerant of other religious groups . Regional events contributed to increased sectarian tensions between Sunnis and Shia .

neg: Islam in Iran The Islamic conquest of Persia ( 637 -- 651 ) led to the end of the Sasanian Empire and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia . However , the achievements of the previous Persian civilizations were not lost , but were to a great extent absorbed by the new Islamic polity . Islam has been the official religion of Iran since then , except for a short duration after the Mongol raids and establishment of Ilkhanate . Iran became an Islamic republic after the Islamic Revolution of 1979 .   Before the Islamic conquest , the Persians had been mainly Zoroastrian , however , there were also large and thriving Christian and Jewish communities , especially in the territories of at that time northwestern , western , and southern Iran , mainly Caucasian Albania , Asōristān , Persian Armenia , and Caucasian Iberia . Eastern Sassanian Iran , what is now solely composed of Afghanistan and Central Asia , was predominantly Buddhist . There was a slow but steady movement of the population toward Islam . When Islam was introduced to Iranians , the nobility and city-dwellers were the first to convert , Islam spread more slowly among the peasantry and the dehqans , or landed gentry . By the late 11th century , the majority of Persians had become Muslim , at least nominally .   Islam is the religion of 99.4 % of Iranians . 90-95 % of Iranians are Shi'a and 5-10 % are Sunni . Most Sunnis in Iran are Kurds , Larestani people ( from Larestan ) , Turkomen , and Baluchs , living in the northwest , northeast , south , and southeast . Almost all of Iranian Shi'as are Twelvers .   Though Iran is known today as a stronghold of the Shi'a Muslim faith , it did not become so until much later , around the 15th century . The Safavid dynasty made Shi'a Islam the official state religion in the early sixteenth century and aggressively proselytized on its behalf . It is also believed that by the mid-seventeenth century most people in Iran and the territory of the contemporary neighboring Republic of Azerbaijan had become Shi'as , an affiliation that has continued . Over the following centuries , with the state-fostered rise of a Persian-based Shi'ite clergy , a synthesis was formed between Persian culture and Shi'ite Islam that marked each indelibly with the tincture of the other .

neg: Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan ( Qazaxıstan azərbaycanlıları ) are part of the Azerbaijani diaspora . They are Kazakh citizens and permanent residents of ethnic Azerbaijani background . According to the 2009 census , there were 85,292 ethnic Azerbaijanis living in Kazakhstan ; Azerbaijanis comprised 0.5 % of Kazakhstan 's population and were the country 's tenth-largest ethnic minority . Most Azerbaijani-Kazakhs have immigrated to Kazakhstan from the Republic of Azerbaijan ; a small group of Iranian Azerbaijanis trapped by the Bolshevik taking of power in 1918 were also forced into Kazakhstan in 1938 .

neg: Mahalla (Uzbeks) A mahalla is an urban division in Uzbek communities which today exist in Uzbekistan , Kyrgyzstan , and Tajikistan . Historically , mahallas were autonomous social institutions built around familial ties and Islamic rituals . Before the establishment of the Soviet rule in Uzbekistan , Mahallas fulfilled local self-government functions connecting private sphere with public sphere . Religious rituals , life-cycle crisis ceremonies , resource management , conflict resolution , and many other community activities were performed at mahalla , or ( neighbourhood ) level . An informal council of elders ( oqsoqol , or aksakal ) provided leadership .   After the establishment of the Soviet Union , informal mahalla organizations were placed under the state control and served as local extensions of the Soviet government . Mahallas were thought to be `` eyes '' and `` ears '' of the Soviet government ; mahalla became a control mechanism of the state and the mahalla leaders were appointed by the government . However , mahalla level state-society relationships were more complex as mahalla leaders could serve as henchmen while also acting as buffers between the local community and the state . Due to intimate , face-to face relationships dominant at mahalla , mahalla organizations could shield the community from the incursions of the state .   Since 1993 , Uzbek government reorganized mahalla councils as bearers of `` Uzbek nationhood '' and `` morality , '' effectively reproducing Soviet style state domination over the society . Thus , they are formal structures run by committees ( headed by chairs called `` oqsoqols '' ) and regulated by the government . Human rights groups have accused Islam Karimov 's government of using mahallas to control the population , repress dissent , force resettlement , and persecute religious minorities .   Mahalla is a common unit not only in Uzbekistan , but in Tajikistani cities like Khujand and Kyrgyzstani cities like Osh .

neg: Religion in Northern Ireland Christianity is the largest religion in Northern Ireland . According to a 2007 Tearfund survey , Northern Ireland was the most religious part of the UK , with 45 % regularly attending church .   Because of recent immigration , the Roman Catholic Church has seen a small growth in adherents , while the other Christian groups have seen a decrease .   There are also small Hindu , Sikh , Muslim , Buddhist and Jewish communities . Belfast has a synagogue , a gurdwara , a mosque and two Hindu temples . There is another gurdwara in Derry .

neg: Etiquette in the Middle East Many matters of etiquette in the Middle East are connected to Islam as it is written in the Qur ` an and how it has been traditionally understood and practiced throughout the centuries . Prescribed Islamic etiquette is referred to as Adab , and described as `` refinement , good manners , morals , ethics , decorum , decency , humaneness and righteousness '' .   As such , many points discussed in this article are applicable in other regions of the Islamic world . This holds especially true in Muslim majority countries outside Middle East .   The Middle East is home to many people who follow faiths besides Islam . Most notable among them are the churches of Eastern Orthodox Christianity , Copts and other adherents of Oriental Orthodoxy , Maronites , Melkites other Catholics of the Eastern Rites as well as the Roman Rite , Zoroastrians , Bahá ' ís , and various Jewish denominations .   In many cases , however , Muslims and non-Muslims in the Middle East will share characteristics , whether it is the prohibition against pork ordained by both Islamic and Jewish dietary restrictions , a preference for the beverage widely known elsewhere as `` Turkish coffee '' , or knowledge of how to conduct business in a crowded souk without being cheated . It is a place where people with different beliefs often share the same traditions .

neg: Iraqis The Iraqis leads here . For The Iraqis political party , refer to The Iraqis ( party )   The Iraqi people ( Arabic : العراقيون ʿIrāqīyūn , Kurdish : گه لی عیراق Îraqîyan , ܥܡܐ ܥܝܪܩܝܐ ʿIrāqāyā , Iraklılar ) are the citizens of the modern country of Iraq .   Arabs have had a large presence in Mesopotamia since the Sasanian Empire ( 224-637 ) . Arabic was spoken by the majority in the Kingdom of Araba in the first and second centuries , and by Arabs in al-Hirah from the third century . Arabs were common in Mesopotamia at the time of the Seleucid Empire ( 3rd century BC ) . The first Arab kingdom outside of Arabia was established in Iraq 's Al-Hirah in the third century . Arabic was a minority language in northern Iraq in the eighth century BC , from the eighth century following the Muslim conquest of Persia it became the dominant language of Iraqi Muslims because Arabic was the language of the Quran and of the Abbasid Caliphate .   Kurds who are Iraqi citizens live in the Zagros Mountains of northeast Iraq to the east of the upper Tigris . Arabic and Kurdish are Iraq 's national languages .

neg: Genetic studies on Turkish people In population genetics , research has been made to study the genetic origins of the modern Turkish people in Turkey . These studies sought to determine whether the modern Turks have a stronger genetical affinity with the Turkic peoples of Central Asia from where the Seljuk Turks began migrating to Anatolia following the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 , which led to the establishment of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate in the late 11th century ; or if they instead largely descended from the indigenous peoples of Anatolia who were culturally assimilated during the Seljuk and Ottoman periods , with assimilation policies such as the devshirme system and the jizya tax .   Autosomal studies with recent methodology estimate the Central Asian contribution in Turkish people at 13-15 % noting that results may indicate previous population movements ( e.g. migration , admixture ) or genetic drift , given the fact that Europe and South Asia have some genetic relatedness .   The largest autosomal study on Turkish genetics predicted that the weight of Central Asian migration legacy of the Turkish people is estimated at 21.7 % . The authors conclude on the basis of previous studies that `` South Asian contribution to Turkey 's population was significantly higher than East/Central Asian contributions , suggesting that the genetic variation of medieval Central Asian populations may be more closely related to South Asian populations , or that there was continued low level migration from South Asia into Anatolia . '' They note that these weights are not direct estimates of the migration rates as the original donor populations are not known , and the exact kinship between current East Asians and the medieval Oghuz Turks is uncertain . For instance , genetic pools of Central Asian Turkic peoples is particularly diverse and modern Oghuz Turkmens living in Central Asia are with slightly higher West Eurasian genetic component than East Eurasian .   Several studies have concluded that the genetic haplogroups indigenous to Western Asia have the largest share in the gene pool of the present-day Turkish population . An admixture analysis determined that the Anatolian Turks share most of their genetic ancestry with non-Turkic populations in the region and the 12th century is set as an admixture date . However , isolates with dominant Central Asian genetic makeup were found in an Afshar village near Ankara .

neg: Religion in Ukraine Religion in Ukraine is diverse , with a majority of the population adhering to Christianity . A 2016 survey conducted by the Razumkov Centre found that 70 % of the population declared themselves believers . About 65.4 % of the population declared to be adherents of various types of Orthodoxy ( 25 % Orthodoxy of the Kievan Patriarchate , 21.2 % just Orthodox , 15 % Orthodoxy of the Moscovian Patriarchate , 1.8 % Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church , and 2 % other types of Orthodoxy ) , 7.1 % just Christians , 6.5 % Greek Rite Catholics , 1.9 % Protestants , 1.1 % Muslims and 1.0 % Latin Rite Catholics . Judaism and Hinduism were the religions of 0.2 % of the population each . A further 16.3 % declared to be non-religious or did not identify in those religions listed hitherto . According to the surveys conducted by Razumkov in the 2000s and early 2010s , such proportions have remained relatively constant throughout the last decade , while the proportion of believers overall has decreased from 76 % in 2014 to 70 % in 2016 . ( p. 22 ) .   As of 2016 , Christianity is particularly strong in westernmost Ukrainian regions , where most Greek Catholics live besides the Orthodox population . In central , southern and eastern regions , Christians constitute a smaller proportion of the total population , particularly low in the easternmost region of Donbass . Another religion that is present in Ukraine besides Christianity is Rodnovery ( Slavic native faith ) , which is significantly influent in the country and comprises Ukrainian - and Russian-language communities ( some Rodnover organizations call the religion Православ ' я Pravoslavya , `` Right-piety '' / `` Orthodoxy '' , thus functioning in homonymy with Christian Orthodox churches ) . Hinduism has been spread after the collapse of the Soviet Union by Indian and International Society for Krishna Consciousness ' missionaries and is particularly present in the Donbass region . Crimean Tatars professing Islam represent a significant part of the population in Crimea , which prior 2014 was a subject of Ukraine , but has been since that year a subject of Russia . As of 2016 , without Crimea , where Muslims formed 15 % of the population in 2013 , only Donbass maintains a larger community of Muslims compared to other Ukrainian regions ( 6 % ) .   A 2006 survey of the same Razumkov Center found that : 62.5 % of all respondents were unaware of their religious affiliation , not religious or not affiliated to any religious body , 33.6 % were Christians ( 26.8 % Orthodox , 5.9 % Catholics , and 0.9 % Protestants ) , 0.1 % were Jewish , and 3.8 % were members of other religions .   Since before the outbreak of the War in Donbass in 2014 , but even more violently so from that year onwards , there has been unrest between pro-Ukrainian and pro-Russian religious groups in the country .

neg: Ashavan Avestan ashavan ( ašavan ) is a Zoroastrian theological term . It literally means `` possessing aša '' , hence `` possessing truth '' or `` possessing righteousness '' , but has further implications :   It is an epithet of Ahura Mazda ( Yasht 1.12 ) . The term may then be applied to anything within the domain of Ahura Mazda and/or Aša ( i.e. all of Creation ) , and excludes only that which is not drəgvant `` possessing lie '' ( YAv : drvant ) .  With respect to mortals and in an eschatological and sotereological context , ašavan is also a quality that can be acquired in life . Then , having acquired the qualities of an ašavan , one becomes an ašavan ( through `` blessed union with aša '' ) after death . ( See also : aša : in eschatology and sotereology ) . This sotereological meaning of ašavan is also evident in Xerxes ' daiva inscription , an Old Persian text ( XPh , early 5th century BCE ) . This next-world meaning of ašavan is preserved in Middle Iranian languages as Pahlavi ahlav .  Ašavan may be used to denote any follower of the `` Good Religion . '' This is the most common use of ašavan , applicable to any who walk the `` path of truth '' ( Yasna 68.12 and 68.13 ) . In this context , Ašavan is frequently translated as `` righteous person '' or `` blessed person . '' This general meaning of ašavan is preserved in Middle Iranian languages as Pahlavi ardav .   The linguistic cognate of Avestan ašavan is Vedic ŗtáavan , which , however , has some functional differences vis-à-vis the Zoroastrian term :  The dichotomy of the ašavan and the drəgvant is not attested in the Vedas .  In Zoroastrianism any mortal may strive to possess aša , but in the Vedas , ŗtá is hidden from ordinary mortals and only initiated seers are allowed to possess it ( become ŗtáavans ) .  That the souls of the dead dwell in the radiant quarters of Truth ( Yasna 16.7 ) has a Vedic parallel in which the seat of truth is located in the other world .

neg: Islam in Canada According to Canada 's 2011 National Household Survey , there were 1,053,945 Muslims in Canada or about 3.2 % of the population , making them the second largest religion after Christianity . In the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , 7.7 % of the population is Muslim , and in Greater Montreal , Muslims are 6 % of the total population . A majority of the Muslim population in Canada follows Sunni Islam , while a significant minority adhere to the Shia and Ahmadiyya branches .

neg: Hui people The Hui people ( , Xiao'erjing : خُوِذُو Dungan : Хуэйзў , Xuejzw ) are a Chinese ethnic group which is composed predominantly of adherents of the Muslim faith and found throughout China , though they are concentrated mainly in the Northwestern provinces of the country and the Zhongyuan . According to a 2011 census , China is home to approximately 10.5 million Hui people , the majority of whom are Chinese-speaking practitioners of Islam , though some may practice other religions .   Hui people are ethnically and linguistically similar to Han Chinese with the exception that most of them practice Islam , engendering distinctive cultural characteristics . For example , as Muslims , they follow Islamic dietary laws and reject the consumption of pork , the most common meat consumed in China , and have given rise to their variation of Chinese cuisine . Traditional Hui clothing differs from that of other Chinese groups as it incorporates elements primarily found in other Islamic cultures . However , since the rapid industrialization and modernization of China , younger generations have slowly been shifting towards Western dress code .   The Hui people are one of 56 ethnic groups recognized by China . The government defines the Hui people to include all historically Muslim communities not included in China 's other ethnic groups . The Hui predominantly speak Chinese , while maintaining some Persian and Arabic phrases . In fact , the Hui ethnic group is unique among Chinese ethnic minorities in that it associates with non-Sinitic languages .   The Hui people are more concentrated in Northwestern China ( Ningxia , Gansu , Qinghai , Xinjiang ) , but communities exist across the country , e.g. Beijing , Inner Mongolia , Hebei , Hainan , and Yunnan .

neg: LGBT rights in Armenia Lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender ( LGBT ) rights in Armenia are not legislated in both the legal and social spheres .   Homosexuality has been legal in Armenia since 2003 . However , even though it has been decriminalized , the situation of local lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender ( LGBT ) citizens has not changed substantially . Many LGBT Armenians fear being socially outcast by their friends and families , causing them to keep their sexual orientation or gender identity private . Recently , the LGBT community in Armenia has become better connected due to social media , although a sense of fear and a desire for anonymity remains due to the nation 's conservative culture .   Homosexuality remains a taboo topic in many parts of Armenian society . In a 2012 study , 55 % of correspondents in Armenian stated that they would cease their relationship with a friend or relative if they were to come out as gay . Furthermore , this study found that 70 % of Armenians find LGBT people to be `` strange . '' There is , moreover , no legal protection for LGBT persons whose human rights are violated regularly . Armenia has been ranked 47th out of 49 European countries for LGBT rights , with Russia and neighboring Azerbaijan taking the 48th and 49th positions , respectively . The younger generation of Armenians still remain very unknowledgeable about many LGBT issues , likely attributed to the family culture where young people live at home until they reach the primary goal for many Armenians , heterosexual marriage .   Many LGBT claim to fear violence in their workplace or from their family , and therefore , are said to not file complaints of claimed human rights violations or of criminal offences .

neg: Islam in Asia Islam began in Asia in the 7th century during the lifetime of Muhammad . A number of adherents of Islam have lived in Asia & specially West Asia and South Asia since the beginning of Islamic history . Islam is said to have arrived in Manipur ( Northeast India ) in 615 AD via Chittagong which is part of present-day Bangladesh 's coast in the age of silk route ( both onland and by sea ) trades when Sa ` d ibn Abi Waqqas ( b.594-d .674 AD ) and others namely Uwais al-Qarni ( 594-657 ) , Khunais ibn Hudhaifa , Saeed ibn Zaid , Wahb Abu Kabcha , Jahsh and Jafar ibn Abu Talib preached there .  The Barmakid family was an early supporter of the Abbasid Revolution against the Umayyads and of As-Saffah . This gave Khalid ibn Barmak considerable influence , and his son Yaḥyā ibn Khālid ( d. 806 ) was the vizier of the caliph al-Mahdi ( ruled 775 -- 785 ) and tutor of Hārūn ar-Rashīd ( ruled 786-809 ) . Yaḥyā 's sons al-Faḍl and Ja ` far ( 767-803 ) both occupied high offices under Harun .   Many Barmakids were patrons of the sciences , which greatly helped the propagation of Indian science and scholarship from the neighbouring Academy of Gundishapur into the Arabic world . They patronized scholars such as Gebir and Jabril ibn Bukhtishu . They are also credited with the establishment of the first paper mill in Baghdad . The power of the Barmakids in those times is reflected in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights ; the vizier Ja ` far appears in several stories , as well as a tale that gave rise to the expression `` Barmecide feast '' .   Many of the early governors of the Caliphate were Barmakids . Khalid ibn Barmak built Mansura , Sindh and later Baghdad . His son was the governor of what is now Azerbaijan .

neg: Islam in Georgia (country) Islam in Georgia was introduced in 654 when an army sent by the Third Caliph of Islam , Uthman , conquered Eastern Georgia and established Muslim rule in Tbilisi . Currently , Muslims constitute approximately 9.9 % of the Georgian population . According to other sources , Muslims constitute 10-13 % of Georgia 's population .   In July 2011 , Parliament of Georgia passed new law allowing religious minority groups with `` historic ties to Georgia '' to register . The draft of the law specifically mentions Islam and four other religious communities .   Mosques in Georgia operate under the supervision of the Georgian Muslim Department , established in May 2011 . Until then the affairs of Georgia 's Muslims had been governed from abroad by the Baku-based Caucasus Muslims Department .   In 2010 , Turkey and Georgia signed an agreement by which Turkey will provide funding and expertise to rehabilitate three mosques and to rebuild a fourth one in Georgia . While Georgia will rehabilitate four Georgian monasteries in Turkey . The Georgia-Turkey agreement will allow the reconstruction of the historical Azize mosque in Batumi , Ajaria demolished in the middle of the last century . Turkey will rehabilitate the mosques at Samtskhe-Javakheti and Akhaltsikhe regions , Kobuleti District , build the Azize mosque burned down in 1940 and restore the Turkish bathhouse in Batumi .

neg: Religion in Dominica According to the 2001 population and housing census , approximately 61 percent of Dominica 's population is Roman Catholic . Followers of evangelical churches represent 18 percent of the population , Seventh-day Adventists 6 percent , and Methodists 3.7 percent . Minority religious groups and denominations , whose members range from 1.6 percent to 0.2 percent of the population , include Rastafarians , Jehovah 's Witnesses , Anglicans , and Muslims . According to the census , 1.4 percent of the population belongs to `` other '' religious groups , including Baptist , Nazarene , Church of Christ , Brethren Christian , the Baha'i Faith and Buddhist ; 6 percent of the population claims no religious affiliation .   The Constitution provides for freedom of religion , and other laws and policies contributes to the generally free practice of religion . The law at all levels protects this right in full against abuse , either by governmental or private actors . The Government generally respects religious freedom in practice . In 2008 , the U.S. government received no reports of societal abuses or discrimination based on religious affiliation , belief , or practice .


query: Jack Reacher is a movie.

pos: Jack Reacher (film) th : Jack Reacher ยอดคนสืบระห่ำ   Jack Reacher ( formerly called One Shot , or alternatively known as Jack Reacher : One Shot ) is a 2012 American action thriller film written and directed by Christopher McQuarrie , based on Lee Child 's 2005 novel One Shot . The film stars Tom Cruise as the title character , with Rosamund Pike , David Oyelowo , Richard Jenkins , Jai Courtney , Werner Herzog and Robert Duvall also starring . The film entered production in October 2011 , and concluded in January 2012 . It was filmed entirely on location in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . It received generally positive reviews and performed well at the box office .   The film was released in North America on December 21 . The musical score was composed by Joe Kraemer , performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony and recorded at the Sony Scoring Stage in Culver City , California . Cruise performed all of his own driving stunts during the film 's signature car chase sequence . Cruise reprised his role in the sequel , Jack Reacher : Never Go Back , based on the 2013 novel Never Go Back , which was released in October 2016 .

neg: BAFTA Award for Best Film The BAFTA Award for Best Film is given annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and presented at the British Academy Film Awards . It has been given since the 1st BAFTA Awards , representing the best films of 1947 , but until 1969 it was called the BAFTA Award for Best Film From Any Source . It is possible for films from any country to be nominated , although British films are also recognised in the category BAFTA Award for Best British Film and ( since 1983 ) foreign-language films in BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language . As such , there have been multiple occasions of a film being nominated in two of these categories .   There has been one tie for the Best Film award when , in 1962 , Ballad of a Soldier tied with The Hustler for Best Film from any Source . Until 1981 , the award was given to the director , except in 1976 and 1977 , when it was given to the producers . From 1981 to 1985 , it was given solely to the producers , and then in 1986 , it was shared between the Director and Producer . In 1998 , it was once again given to only the producers .   In the following lists , the titles and names in bold with a dark grey background are the winners and recipients respectively ; those not in bold are the nominees . The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released , not the year of the ceremony , which always takes place the following year .

neg: The Verdict The Verdict is a 1982 American courtroom drama film starring Paul Newman , Charlotte Rampling , Jack Warden , James Mason , Milo O'Shea and Lindsay Crouse . The film , which was directed by Sidney Lumet , was adapted by David Mamet from the novel by Barry Reed . It is about a down-on-his-luck alcoholic lawyer who takes a medical malpractice case to improve his own situation , but discovers along the way that he is doing the right thing .   The Verdict garnered critical acclaim and box office success . The film was nominated for five Academy Awards , including Best Actor in a Leading Role ( Paul Newman ) , Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( James Mason ) , Best Director ( Sidney Lumet ) , Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay ( David Mamet ) .

neg: Die Hard with a Vengeance Die Hard with a Vengeance is a 1995 American action film and the third in the Die Hard film series . It was co-produced and directed by John McTiernan ( who directed Die Hard ) , written by Jonathan Hensleigh , and stars Bruce Willis as New York City Police Department Lieutenant John McClane , Samuel L. Jackson as McClane 's reluctant partner Zeus Carver , and Jeremy Irons as Simon Peter Gruber . It was released on May 19 , 1995 , five years after Die Hard 2 , becoming the highest-grossing film at the worldwide box-office that year , but received mixed reviews . It was followed by Live Free or Die Hard and A Good Day to Die Hard in 2007 and 2013 , respectively .

neg: Blonde Cobra Blonde Cobra is a 1963 short film directed by experimental filmmaker Ken Jacobs . Footage for the unique and at the time controversial film was shot by Bob Flieshner . Marc Siegel in the book 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die states that the 33 minute film is `` generally considered to be one of the masterpieces of the New York underground film scene , and that it is a `` fascinating audio-visual testament to the tragicomic performance of the inimitable Jack Smith '' , who was a photographer and filmmaker and `` queer muse '' in New York avant-garde art in the 1960s and 1970s .   The film captures Smith wearing dresses and makeup , playing with dolls , and smoking marijuana . Paul Arthur writes that the film contains `` dizzying quasi-autobiographical rants '' which spin on sadism , and that like Jacobs ' Little Stabs At Happiness , it contains `` languid improvisations studded with the bare bones of narrative incident or , more accurately , its collapse '' . The film contains Smith droning and singing and wildly cooing and cackling in parts of the film . The `` lonely little boy '' episode about a little boy living in a large house with 10 rooms has been cited as being `` potentially repugnant to many viewers '' because of its exploration of sadism against children and childhood sexuality . In this episode the narrator confesses to have `` blown up the penis '' of a 7-year-old boy with a match . The film contains numerous other elements which were shocking at the time of release such as references to necrophilia , the use of the word `` cunt '' , the confession of a nun ( impersonated in a posh high-pitched voice by Smith ) to lesbianism , the holding of a giant would-be dildo , and a portrayal of tranvestites . The film features quotes such as `` Why shave when I ca n't think of a reason for living '' and `` life is a sad business '' , quoting Greta Garbo . `` Let 's Call the Whole Thing Off '' is then played , described as a `` burlesque rendering '' of Robert Siodmak 's 1944 film Cobra Woman . The last scene captures Smith stabbing a man in the chest . Hilary Radner and Moya Luckett consider the film to be a camp portrayal of Rose Hobart .

neg: Jack Tier Jack Tier , or the Florida Reef is a novel by James Fenimore Cooper first published in 1848 by New York publisher Hurd and Houghton . Set during the Mexican-American war , the novel relates a twenty-year homosocial relationship verging on the homoerotic between a sailor and the captain of the boat . But by the end of the novel the sailor is the captain 's wife , transforming the story into one of heterosexual love and passion .   The novel was first published serially in a magazine under the title Rose Budd in 1846 . When commenting on the novel in the context of other novels about the Mexican-American War , critic Jaime Javier Rodríguez describes the novel as `` an obscure work not always found in library stacks -LSB- thus it -RSB- remains largely unread but it too deserves attention . ''   Garden Key Light on Garden Key in the Dry Tortugas was used as the setting for the novel .

neg: Silver Linings Playbook Silver Linings Playbook is a 2012 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by David O. Russell . It was adapted from the novel The Silver Linings Playbook , by Matthew Quick . The film stars Bradley Cooper and Jennifer Lawrence , with Robert De Niro , Jacki Weaver , Chris Tucker , Anupam Kher , and Julia Stiles in supporting roles .   Cooper plays Patrick `` Pat '' Solitano , Jr. , a man with bipolar disorder who is released from a psychiatric hospital and moves back in with his parents , played by Robert De Niro and Jacki Weaver . Determined to win back his estranged wife , Pat meets recently widowed Tiffany Maxwell , portrayed by Jennifer Lawrence , who offers to help him get his wife back if he enters a dance competition with her . The two become closer as they train and Pat , his father , and Tiffany examine their relationships with each other as they cope with their problems .   Silver Linings Playbook premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8 , 2012 , and was released in the United States on November 16 , 2012 . The film opened to major critical success and earned numerous accolades . It received eight Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay . It became the first film since 1981 's Reds to be Oscar-nominated for the four acting categories and the first since 2004 's Million Dollar Baby to be nominated for the Big Five Oscars , with Lawrence winning the Academy Award for Best Actress . It also achieved four Golden Globe Award nominations , with Lawrence winning Best Actress ; three BAFTA nominations , with Russell winning for Best Adapted Screenplay ; four Screen Actors Guild nominations ; and five Independent Spirit Award nominations , winning in four categories , including Best Film . The film was a success at the box office , grossing over $ 236 million worldwide , more than eleven times its budget .

neg: Stealth (film) Stealth is a 2005 science fiction action film starring Josh Lucas , Jessica Biel , Jamie Foxx , Sam Shepard , Joe Morton and Richard Roxburgh . The film , an international co-production between the United States , Australia , and New Zealand , was directed by Rob Cohen , director of The Fast and the Furious and xXx . The film follows three top fighter pilots as they join a project to develop an automated robotic stealth aircraft .   Released on July 29 , 2005 by Columbia Pictures , the film cost $ 135 million to make , but was panned by critics , and was a box office bomb making only $ 76 million worldwide , one of the worst losses in cinematic history .

neg: Operation Chromite (film) Operation Chromite is a 2016 South Korean war drama film directed by John H. Lee and based on the real-life events of the Battle of Inchon , although it presents a fictionalised version of the historical CIA/US military intelligence operation `` Trudy Jackson '' , conducted before the actual landing operation . It was released on 27 July 2016 in South Korea .

neg: Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson Unforgivable Blackness : The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson is a documentary by filmmaker Ken Burns based on the nonfiction book of the same name by Geoffrey C. Ward ( 2004 ) . In Burns ' signature style the 220-minute film serves as a biography of Jack Johnson , the first African-American Heavyweight Boxing Champion of the World , as well as a documentary of racism and social inequality during the Jim Crow era against which Jack Johnson lived in defiant opposition .   The documentary was first broadcast on PBS in two parts on January 17 and January 18 , 2005 . The film is narrated by Keith David and features a soundtrack by Wynton Marsalis and Samuel L. Jackson as the voice of Jack Johnson . Alan Rickman also contributed his voice to the documentary . Stanley Crouch appears offering commentary , including a quote from Johnson responding a question from a white woman about black people , `` We eat cold eels and think distant thoughts . ''   In 2005 , the film earned Burns an Emmy Award for Directing for Non-Fiction Programming . David won an Emmy for Best Voice Over Performance .   The film was produced by David Schaye , Paul Barnes and Ken Burns ( Executive Producer ) for Florentine Films .

neg: B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity .   In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics .   Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie .   From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .

neg: Jackass Number Two: Music from the Motion Picture Jackass Number Two : Music from the Motion Picture is the soundtrack from the movie Jackass Number Two .

neg: Film à clef A film à clef or film à clé ( -LSB- film ‿ a kle -RSB- , French for `` film with a key '' ) , is a film describing real life , behind a façade of fiction . `` Key '' in this context means a table one can use to swap out the names .  It is the film equivalent of the literary roman à clef .

neg: Indestructible Man Indestructible Man is a 1956 American crime horror science fiction film , an original screenplay by Vy Russell and Sue Dwiggins for producer-director Jack Pollexfen and starring Lon Chaney , Jr. , Ross Elliott and Robert Shayne .   The picture was produced independently by C.G.K. Productions , and distributed in the United States by Allied Artists Pictures Corporation . The film was distributed theatrically in 1956 on a double bill with World Without End '' .

neg: The Professionals (1966 film) The Professionals is a 1966 American western written , produced , and directed by Richard Brooks . It starred Burt Lancaster , Lee Marvin , Robert Ryan , and Claudia Cardinale , with Jack Palance , Ralph Bellamy , and Woody Strode in supporting roles . The script was adapted from the novel A Mule for the Marquesa by Frank O'Rourke .   The film received three Academy Award nominations and an enthusiastic critical reception .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: Attack (1956 film) Attack , also known as Attack ! , is a 1956 American war film . It was directed by Robert Aldrich and starred Jack Palance , Eddie Albert , Lee Marvin , William Smithers , Robert Strauss , Richard Jaeckel , Buddy Ebsen and Peter van Eyck . The cinematographer was Joseph Biroc .   `` A cynical and grim account of war '' , the film is set in the latter stages of World War II and tells the story of a front-line combat unit led by a cowardly captain clearly out of his depth , as well as a tougher subordinate and an executive officer who both threaten to do away with him . As the official trailer put it : `` Not every gun is pointed at the enemy ! ''   The film won the 1956 Italian Film Critics Award .

neg: Monte Walsh (1970 film) Monte Walsh is a 1970 film directed by cinematographer William A. Fraker . His directorial debut , it stars Lee Marvin , Jeanne Moreau and Jack Palance . The name `` Monte Walsh '' is taken from the title of a 1963 western novel by Jack Schaefer , but the film has little to do with the plot of Schaefer 's book . The film was set in Harmony , Arizona . A made-for-TV remake was set in Wyoming and directed by Simon Wincer , with Tom Selleck and Isabella Rossellini playing the parts of Monte and Martine . The story has elements of a tragedy . The song played over the opening credits is `` The Good Times Are Comin ' '' by Mama Cass , with music and lyrics by John Barry and Hal David .

neg: Gideon's Day (film) Gideon 's Day ( originally released in the United States as Gideon of Scotland Yard ) is a 1958 police procedural crime film starring Jack Hawkins , Dianne Foster and Cyril Cusack . The film , which was directed by John Ford , was adapted from John Creasey 's novel of the same name .  It was released in the United States as Gideon of Scotland Yard .   Although this is the first film to feature the named character of George Gideon , Jack Hawkins had already played a very similar role in the British film The Long Arm two years earlier .

neg: Little Boy (film) Little Boy is a 2015 World War II war fantasy-drama film directed by Alejandro Gómez Monteverde . The screenplay is by Monteverde and Pepe Portillo , and the film was produced by Eduardo Verástegui and Leo Severino , edited by Joan Sobel and Fernando Villena . The film stars Jakob Salvati , Emily Watson , Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa , Michael Rapaport , David Henrie , Ben Chaplin , Eduardo Verástegui , Ted Levine , Abraham Benrubi , Tom Wilkinson . The title is a reference to Little Boy , the code name for the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima as well as a reference to Pepper , the main character 's height . The film was co-produced by Metanoia Films and Santa Fé Films and was released on April 24 , 2015 , by Open Road Films . It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 18 , 2015 by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment . The film received negative reviews from mainstream critics and it earned $ 17 million on a $ 20 million budget . The story of the movie is being used in the 2017 Bollywood movie Tubelight starring Salman Khan in the lead role .

neg: Film series A film series ( also referred to as a film franchise ) is a collection of related films in succession that share the same fictional universe , or are marketed as a series .   Sometimes the work is conceived from the beginning as a multiple-film work , for example the Three Colours series , but in most cases the success of the original film inspires further films to be made . Individual sequels are relatively common , but are not always successful enough to spawn further installments .   The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the highest grossing film series in unadjusted US Dollar figures surpassing the Harry Potter , Star Wars , James Bond , and Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings series . However , `` Star Wars '' has the highest when adjusted for inflation .


query: 50 Cent released Animal Ambition after 2012.

pos: 50 Cent Curtis James Jackson III ( born July 6 , 1975 ) , known professionally as 50 Cent , is an American rapper , actor , businessman , and investor . Born in the South Jamaica neighborhood of the borough of Queens , Jackson began selling drugs at age twelve during the 1980s crack epidemic . Although he left drug-dealing to pursue a musical career , in 2000 he was shot nine times . After Jackson released the compilation album Guess Who 's Back ? in 2002 , he was discovered by Eminem and signed by Shady Records , Aftermath Entertainment and Interscope Records .   With the aid of Eminem and Dr. Dre ( who produced his first major-label album , Get Rich or Die Tryin ' ) , Jackson became one of the world 's best selling rappers and rose to prominence with East Coast hip hop group G-Unit ( which he leads de facto ) . In 2003 , he founded G-Unit Records , signing his G-Unit associates Young Buck , Lloyd Banks and Tony Yayo . Jackson had similar commercial and critical success with his second album , The Massacre , which was released in 2005 . He released his fifth studio album , Animal Ambition , in 2014 and is working on his sixth studio album , Street King Immortal . He executive produces the show Power , which airs on Starz .   During his career Jackson has sold over 30 million albums worldwide and won several awards , including a Grammy Award , thirteen Billboard Music Awards , six World Music Awards , three American Music Awards and four BET Awards . He has pursued an acting career , appearing in the semi-autobiographical film Get Rich or Die Tryin ' ( 2005 ) , the Iraq War film Home of the Brave ( 2006 ) and Righteous Kill ( 2008 ) . 50 Cent was ranked the sixth-best artist of the 2000s and the third-best rapper ( behind Eminem and Nelly ) by Billboard . Rolling Stone consider Get Rich or Die Tryin ' and `` In Da Club '' to be in their lists of `` 100 Best albums of the 2000s '' and `` 100 Best songs of the 2000s '' at numbers 37 and 13 .

neg: Unchained (Johnny Cash album) Unchained , also known as American II : Unchained , is the second album in Johnny Cash 's American Recordings series ( and his 82nd overall ) . Like all Cash 's albums for American , Unchained was produced by Rick Rubin . In contrast to the first American Recordings album , on which Cash played alone , on the follow-up he is backed by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers , with guest appearances by Flea , bassist from Red Hot Chili Peppers , on `` Spiritual '' , and Lindsey Buckingham and Mick Fleetwood , both of Fleetwood Mac , on `` Sea of Heartbreak '' .   Unchained focuses more on covers and less on original material than the first album in the series . In addition to three of Cash 's own compositions , Unchained contained songs by Tom Petty ( `` Southern Accents '' ) , Soundgarden ( `` Rusty Cage '' ) and Beck ( `` Rowboat '' ) , The album also included a cover of the classic 1962 Hank Snow song , `` I 've Been Everywhere '' , written by Geoff Mack , and remakes of two songs Cash recorded early in his career for Sun Records : `` Country Boy '' and `` Mean Eyed Cat '' . In comparison with the country folk sound of Cash 's other American Recordings ' albums this one has more of a hard , true country rock sound . The album was recorded over a six-month period with engineer Sylvia Massy at Sound City Studios , Ocean Way Studios , Rick Rubin 's home studio and The Cowboy Arms And Recording Spa in Nashville , Tennessee and mastered at Oasis Mastering , Studio City , California .   Unchained received a Grammy for Best Country Album and Cash was nominated for Best Male Country Vocal Performance for his version of Rusty Cage .

neg: The Killa Chronicles The Killa Chronicles is rapper Cam ` Ron 's sixth major release under Asylum Records/Diplomat Records . It was originally titled Shade of Black and was set for release by December 2006 . However , the album has been continuously pushed back for undisclosed reasons . On April 4 , 2007 , Cam ` Ron stated that he will be renaming his sixth studio album `` Courtesy Curtis '' because of the beef between himself and fellow New York City rapper , 50 Cent . However , due to the inactivity of the feud between the two , Cam ` Ron , as of July 26 , 2007 , has officially announced on his myspace page that the name of his upcoming album is The Killa Chronicles .

neg: Across 110th Street (song) Across 110th Street is a single by Bobby Womack , from the soundtrack and film of the same name that starred Anthony Quinn and Yaphet Kotto .   50 Cent told NME that the song was the first with which he fell in love : `` Because of how the situation was for black people in America at that time , there were a lot of struggle songs around . It seemed to be something that really moved the people around me . I felt the power of music to raise people up ; to make them angry or proud . ''

neg: Ratchet (slang) Ratchet is a slang term in hip hop that in the strictest sense refers to an uncouth female , and is a Louisianan regiolect of `` wretched '' . The term has devolved to multiple meanings and connotations and is not bound by race or gender . The term gained popularity in 2012 through music artists and celebrities . It has been used similarly as the word `` ghetto '' . `` Ratchet '' can be used as an adjective , noun , or verb . The word has evolved to have many different meanings , and it can have either a positive or negative connotation . Some African-American women have reappropriated the word and embrace the meaning , whereas others point to how the term reinforces the negative portrayal of African-American women in the media .   Numerous music artists have referred to the term `` ratchet '' in their songs . In November 2012 , LL Cool J released a single called `` Ratchet '' . In December 2012 , Beyoncé posted a picture of her wearing earrings that contained the word `` ratchet '' in it . Juicy J , Lil Debbie , Cam ` ron , Future , and Lil ' Boosie are some other artists who have also used the term in their music . Miley Cyrus had been criticized by some as appropriating ratchet culture .   The word ratchet first appeared in publication in 1999 , with the song `` Do the Ratchet '' by Anthony Mandigo from Shreveport , Louisiana . Mandigo reportedly learned the term from his grandmother . In 2004 , a new version of the song was recorded . The producer of the song named Earl Williams , also known as Phunk Dawg , wrote the definition in the CD liner notes : `` n. , pron. , v , adv. , 1 . To be ghetto , real , gutter , nasty . 2 . It 's whatever , bout it , etc. . ''

neg: Danny Brown Daniel Dewan Sewell ( born March 16 , 1981 ) , better known by his stage name Danny Brown , is an American rapper from Detroit , Michigan . He is best known for his individuality , being described by MTV as `` one of rap 's most unique figures in recent memory '' . In 2010 , after amassing several mixtapes , Brown released his debut studio album , The Hybrid . Brown began to gain major recognition after the release of his second studio album , XXX , which received critical acclaim and earned him such accolades as Spin , as well as Metro Times `` Artist of the Year '' . In 2013 , he entered a US Billboard chart , with the release of his third studio album , Old , which reached number 18 on the US Billboard 200 chart and spawned three singles , `` Dip '' , `` 25 Bucks '' and `` Smokin & Drinkin '' . His latest studio album , Atrocity Exhibition , was released on September 27 , 2016 .

neg: Country Grammar Country Grammar is the debut studio album by American rapper Nelly . It was released on June 27 , 2000 , by Universal Records ( who released the album after listening to demos by Nelly , before signing a record deal with the rapper in 1999 ) . The production on the album was handled by Jason `` Jay E '' Epperson , with additional production by C-Love , Kevin Law , City Spud , Steve `` Blast '' Wills and Basement Beats . Nelly contributed to all lyrics on the album , with Epperson and City Spud also contributing . The album introduced a unique Saint Louis , Midwestern sound , and introduces Nelly 's vocal style of pop-rap singalongs and Midwestern , Missouri twang . It was supported four successful singles : `` Country Grammar ( Hot Shit ) '' , `` E.I. '' , `` Ride wit Me '' and `` Batter Up '' . Its lead single , `` Country Grammar ( Hot Shit ) '' , peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 and UK Singles Chart . `` E.I. '' charted at number 16 , number 12 and number 11 on the Hot 100 , UK Singles Chart and ARIA Singles Chart , respectively . `` Ride wit Me '' peaked within the top five on the Hot 100 , ARIA Singles Chart , Irish Singles Chart and UK Singles Chart . The album 's fourth and final single , `` Batter Up '' featuring Murphy Lee and Ali , achieved moderate chart success .   Country Grammar received positive reviews , with critics praising Nelly 's vocal style and the album 's production . It topped the US Billboard 200 chart for five consecutive weeks , and the US Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums chart for six consecutive weeks . It peaked in the top five on the New Zealand Albums Chart and Australian Albums Chart , as well as the top ten on the Canadian Albums Chart and Dutch Albums Chart . The album was certified three times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) and Music Canada ( MC ) , denoting shipments of 45,000 and 300,000 copies , respectively .   In 2016 , Country Grammar became the ninth hip hop album to be certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipment of 10 million copies in the US . Its commercial success secured Nelly 's status as one of the most successful hip hop acts of the 2000s decade . On Billboard decade-end chart , Nelly ranked as the third most successful act of the 2000s decade , due largely to the success of Country Grammar and his follow-up album Nellyville ( 2002 ) .

neg: Female Preacher Female Preacher is the debut , and to date the only album recorded by Tonya Davis , a US rapper better known as Overweight Pooch , which was released in 1991 on A&M Records . Although the record indicated that Pooch had some potential , her album did n't go far commercially .   Three songs were issued on single including a promo release , `` Hip House Party '' , initially also promoted on Jam Harder : The A&M Underground Dance Compilation in 1990 . The compilation scored at number sixty-three on the U.S. R&B / Hip-Hop Albums chart and at number one-hundred-thirty-one on the Top 200 Billboard Albums . `` Ace Is a Spade '' , originally titled as `` Ace a Spade '' , contained samples of `` New Day '' and the James Brown 's hit `` Soul Power '' The final single from the set `` I Like It '' , it featured background vocals by CeCe Peniston who also contributed to the set with additioanal two tracks that she also co-wrote ; `` Kickin ' Da Blues '' and `` Female Preacher '' . The single itself reached number sixteen in the U.S. Billboard Hot Dance/Music Club Play chart , and peaked at number fifty-eight on the UK Singles Chart in January 1992 .

neg: S.D.E. (album) S.D.E. ( Sports , Drugs & Entertainment ) is the second studio album by Harlem rapper Cam ` ron . The album was originally titled `` The Rough , Rough , Rough Album '' and was set for a 1999 release , however the project was pushed back to 2000 and many new songs were recorded . The album was finally released on September 19 , 2000 , by Epic Records . It features guest appearances from Destiny 's Child , Noreaga , Dutch & Spade from the rap group Major Figgas , Ol' Dirty Bastard , Prodigy ( of Mobb Deep ) , and his Diplomats group members Freekey Zekey , Juelz Santana , and Jim Jones .

neg: 400 Degreez 400 Degreez is the 3rd studio album by Magnolia Projects , New Orleans , Louisiana-based rapper Juvenile . The album was released on November 3 , 1998 , on Cash Money Records . It remains Juvenile 's best-selling album of his solo career and currently the best-selling album ever released on Cash Money Records along with Drake 's Views ( album ) . The album was certified 4x Platinum by the RIAA , on December 19 , 1999 .   Two singles , `` Ha '' and `` Back That Azz Up '' became hip hop hits in the United States . `` Back That Azz Up '' peaked at # 19 on the Billboard Hot 100 music chart along with `` Ha '' which peaked at # 68 on the hot 100 music chart . The album peaked at # 2 on Billboard 's Top R&B / Hip Hop Albums music chart and at # 9 on the Billboard 200 music chart in 1999 . It also went to claim the # 1 position on the Top R&B / Hip Hop Albums chart on the Billboard Year-End chart for 1999 . As a single , `` Back That Azz Up '' was released , credited , and charted as the more censored `` Back That Thang Up '' . Also the album features a bonus remix of the single `` Ha '' with New York rapper Jay-Z , the only guest appearance outside of Cash Money and the 1st time Ca $ h Money collaborated with an east coast rapper on a song . As of 2013 , 400 Degreez has sold well over 5 million copies worldwide . The album won R&B Album Of The Year at the 1999 Billboard Music Awards .

neg: Get Rich or Die Tryin' (soundtrack) Get Rich or Die Tryin ' : Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture is the soundtrack to the 2005 film of the same name , released on November 8 , 2005 on G-Unit and Interscope Records . It features artists on the G-Unit label such as 50 Cent , Lloyd Banks , Young Buck , Tony Yayo , Olivia , and Mobb Deep . The album sold 320,000 copies in the first week , debuting behind country singer Kenny Chesney 's The Road and the Radio . In December 2005 , the RIAA certified the album Platinum . To date , the album has sold over three million copies worldwide .

neg: J. Cole discography American hip hop recording artist J. Cole has released four studio albums , one live album , one compilation album , two extended plays , three mixtapes , sixteen singles ( including nine as a featured artist ) , two promotional singles and twenty music videos . J. Cole first took up rapping in his teens , collaborating with the local Fayetteville hip hop duo Bomm Sheltuh . The Come Up , his debut mixtape , was released on May 4 , 2007 to positive reception . Following the release of The Come Up , J. Cole was contacted by American rapper Jay Z and subsequently signed to his record label Roc Nation . Cole released his second mixtape The Warm Up on June 15 , 2009 . `` Lights Please '' , the first single from The Warm Up , peaked at number nine on the United States Billboard Bubbling Under R&B / Hip-Hop Singles chart and became Cole 's first entry on a national record chart . He was later featured on `` All I Want Is You '' , a 2010 single by American R&B singer Miguel -- it peaked at number 58 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . J. Cole 's third mixtape Friday Night Lights was released on November 12 , 2010 .   J. Cole released his debut studio album Cole World : The Sideline Story on September 27 , 2011 . It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 , with first-week sales of 218,000 copies . The album 's lead single `` Work Out '' peaked at number thirteen on the Billboard Hot 100 and became a top ten hit on the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Songs and Hot Rap Songs charts . Cole World : The Sideline Story was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , while `` Work Out '' was certified two times platinum . Two more singles were released from the album : `` Ca n't Get Enough '' and `` Nobody 's Perfect '' , which peaked at numbers 52 and 61 respectively on the Hot 100 . J. Cole 's second studio album Born Sinner was released on June 18 , 2013 . Its lead single , `` Power Trip '' , peaked at number 19 on the Hot 100 and received a platinum certification from the RIAA . On December 9 , 2014 , he released his third studio album 2014 Forest Hills Drive . The album was supported by four singles : `` Apparently '' , `` Wet Dreamz '' , `` No Role Modelz '' and `` Love Yourz '' . The album also went on to sell 353,000 copies in its first week , and became the first rap album in 25 years to be certified platinum in the US with no guest appearances . The songs `` No Role Modelz '' and `` Wet Dreamz '' later received a platinum certification from the RIAA . In addition to his fourth album , Cole released three singles in 2016 : `` Love Yourz '' , `` Everybody Dies '' , and `` False Prophets '' . His album 4 Your Eyez Only was released on the second anniversary of 2014 Forest Hill Drive . 4 Your Eyez Only was certified gold before it debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , despite having no singles upon release . `` Deja Vu '' was later given a single release after peaking at number 7 on the Hot 100 .

neg: 50 Cent discography American rapper 50 Cent has released five studio albums , ten mixtapes , two video albums , four compilation albums , one soundtrack album , 76 singles ( including 26 as a featured artist ) , and 88 music videos . As of July 2014 , he is the sixth best-selling hip-hop artist of the Nielsen SoundScan era with 16,786,000 albums sold in the US . 50 Cent signed to Shady Records in 2002 and released his debut studio album , Get Rich or Die Tryin ' , on February 6 , 2003 . The album peaked at number one in the US Billboard 200 and performed well in international markets . It features the number-one singles `` In da Club '' and `` 21 Questions '' and also includes the singles `` P.I.M.P. '' and `` If I Ca n't '' . 50 Cent collaborated with American rapper Lil ' Kim on `` Magic Stick '' , which peaked at number two in the US .   In 2005 , he released his second studio album , The Massacre . The album charted at number one in the US , as well as reaching the top ten on many album charts worldwide , and sold 4.83 million copies in the United States in 2005 , the second highest sales count by any album that year . The Massacre includes the US top-three hits `` Disco Inferno '' and `` Just a Lil Bit '' , and the US number-one hit `` Candy Shop '' , which peaked in the top ten of many charts worldwide . A reissue of The Massacre produced the single `` Outta Control '' , which peaked at number six in the US . In November 2005 , 50 Cent starred in the movie Get Rich or Die Tryin ' , and recorded four singles for the film 's soundtrack : the international hits `` Hustler 's Ambition '' and `` Window Shopper '' , and also `` Best Friend '' and `` I 'll Whip Ya Head Boy '' .   In 2007 , 50 Cent 's third studio album , Curtis , debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 , behind Kanye West 's album Graduation , after a much-hyped sales competition between the albums . Five singles were released from the album , including international hit `` Ayo Technology '' and Billboard hits `` Straight to the Bank '' , `` Amusement Park '' , `` I Get Money '' and `` I 'll Still Kill '' . In 2009 , he released his fourth studio album , Before I Self Destruct . Music critics described the album as a return to the darker , more intense style of music that 50 Cent exhibited on many of his early mixtapes . The album charted at number five on the Billboard 200 and peaked in the top twenty of several album charts worldwide . The album features two singles : the international hit `` Baby by Me '' , which peaked at number twenty-eight in the US , and `` Do You Think About Me '' .   In June 2014 , 50 Cent released his fifth studio album , Animal Ambition . All of the songs on the standard edition of the album were released as singles prior to the album being delivered to the public . His upcoming sixth studio album , titled Street King Immortal , was preceded by the release of the non-album song `` Outlaw '' , which peaked at number eighty-seven in both the US and Canada , and a free download album -- 5 ( Murder by Numbers ) -- on July 6 , 2012 . Four singles were released in promotion for Street King Immortal : `` New Day '' , `` My Life '' , which reached number two on the UK Singles Chart , `` Major Distribution '' , and `` We Up '' , but the songs were scrapped and the album is now set to be released in 2016 .

neg: Olivia (singer) Olivia Theresa Longott ( born February 15 , 1981 in Brooklyn , New York , U.S. ) , professionally known as Olivia , is an American singer , songwriter , rapper and actress . She is best known for contributing vocals to 50 Cent 's hit single `` Candy Shop '' and her debut album Olivia . She was also known as a regular cast member in the first three seasons ( 2011 -- 13 ) of the VH1 reality television series Love & Hip Hop : New York .

neg: Relapse (Eminem album) Relapse is the sixth studio album by American rapper Eminem . The album was released on May 19 , 2009 , under Aftermath Entertainment , Shady Records , and Interscope Records . It was his first album of original material since Encore ( 2004 ) , following a four-year hiatus from recording due to his writer 's block and an addiction to prescription sleeping medication . Recording sessions for the album took place during 2005 to 2009 at several recording studios , and Dr. Dre , Mark Batson , and Eminem handled production . Conceptually , Relapse concerns the ending of his drug rehabilitation , rapping after a non-fictional relapse , and the return of his Slim Shady alter-ego .   One of the most anticipated album releases of 2009 , Relapse debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart , selling 608,000 copies in its first week . It produced three singles that attained chart success and has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . The album received mixed reviews from most music critics , who were divided in their responses towards Eminem 's lyrics . It has sold more than 2.3 million copies in the United States and more than 17 million copies worldwide .

neg: Major Distribution `` Major Distribution '' is a song by American hip hop recording artist 50 Cent , released as a single in promotion for his upcoming fifth studio album Street King Immortal . The song premiered on December 20 , 2012 , on New York City radio station Hot 97 with DJ Enuff . The song , produced by Soul Professa , features fellow American rappers Snoop Dogg and Young Jeezy . It was made available for purchase on February 5 , 2013 .

neg: DJ Drama Tyree Cinque Simmons ( born April 22 , 1978 ) , professionally known as DJ Drama , is an American disc jockey ( DJ ) and record executive from Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . He initially gained recognition as the official DJ for Atlanta-based rapper T.I. . He is perhaps best known for hosting several mixtapes , most notably his successful Gangsta Grillz series . He is also known for doing the Dedication series with New Orleans-bred rapper Lil Wayne , with the New York Times calling Dedication 2 , one of the `` 10 best recordings of 2006 '' .   DJ Drama along with DJ Sense , founded Aphilliates Music Group , in 2003 . The Aphilliates Music Group signed a joint venture deal with Asylum Records in 2006 . As of January 2011 , The Aphilliates now operates as its own entity , due to DJ Drama recently cutting ties with La the Darkman and Embassy Entertainment . In December 2007 , Drama released his first studio album , Gangsta Grillz : The Album , under Atlantic Records , as well as T.I. 's label , Grand Hustle Records . His second album was the sequel Gangsta Grillz : The Album ( Vol . 2 ) , which was released in May 2009 , under Atlantic and Grand Hustle . After leaving Grand Hustle and Atlantic to focus on Aphilliates Music Group , Drama released his third album Third Power , under E1 Music and Aphilliates .   In October 2012 , Drama released his fourth album Quality Street Music , under E1 and Aphilliates . In January 2014 , it was announced that DJ Drama was the new A&R for Atlantic Records . On July 22 , 2016 , he released his fifth album Quality Street Music 2 .

neg: Money Jaws Money Jaws is the second studio album by American hip hop band Honey Claws . The album was released on July 15 , 2012 . After worldwide success of their track Digital Animal the band members , re-joined in Austin , TX for a month to record this album . The album has a slightly different sound , that their previous work Honey Claws because some band members ( Ben Senior and Traey Hatch ) could n't join .

neg: Double Barrel (album) Double Barrel is an album made in collaboration between American rapper Torae and Canadian hip hop producer Marco Polo . The album was released on June 2 , 2009 by Duck Down Music Inc. . It was preceded by Marco Polo 's critically well-received debut album Port Authority ( 2007 ) , and Torae 's inaugural release Daily Conversation ( 2008 ) on which Polo has produced three tracks .   The album was executive produced by both artists , along with DJ Linx , Shylow of First Division , and Theo Bark . Associate producers include Duck Down founders Drew `` Dru-Ha '' Friedman and Kenyatta `` Buckshot '' Blake . The album features guest appearances from DJ Premier , Lil Fame of M.O.P. , Rock of Heltah Skeltah , Guilty Simpson , Masta Ace , Sean Price , S-Roc of BrassMunk , and Saukrates . Scratches are provided by DJ Revolution , DJ Linx , and Shylow . The album was recorded by Marco Polo at The Krib , and was mixed and mastered by Ricardo Gutierrez at Stadium Red in New York City .   The album was preceded by the 12-inch single `` Double Barrel '' featuring DJ Revolution , with B-side `` Hold Up '' featuring Masta Ace and Sean Price , and `` Combat Drills '' . The track `` Danger '' is featured on the soundtrack of the 2013 superhero action comedy film Kick-Ass 2 as well as a backdrop music for the 1st Mission of Call of Duty Modern Warfare 2 .

neg: I Just Wanna `` I Just Wan na '' is a song by American hip hop recording artist 50 Cent , released on March 26 , 2012 , as the second single from his tenth mixtape The Big 10 , released on December 9 , 2011 . The song features vocals from 50 Cent 's fellow G-Unit member Tony Yayo and was produced by D.R.U.G.S Beats .

neg: 05 Fuck Em 05 Fuck Em is a mixtape by American rapper Lil B . It was independently released on December 24 , 2013 , through Lil B 's own record label , BasedWorld Records . Intended to be spread across six discs , the mixtape is one of the longest mixtape releases by Lil B after the 676-track Free Music : The Complete MySpace Collection ( 2011 ) and 855 Song Based Freestyle Mixtape ( 2012 ) , verging on nearly six hours with 101 tracks .


query: Gong Yoo is best known by his pseudonym Gong Yoo.

pos: Stage name A stage name , also called a screen name , is a pseudonym used by performers and entertainers such as actors , comedians , and musicians .

pos: Gong Yoo Gong Ji-chul ( ; born July 10 , 1979 ) , better known by his stage name Gong Yoo , is a South Korean actor . He is best known for his roles in television dramas The 1st Shop of Coffee Prince ( 2007 ) and Guardian : The Lonely and Great God ( 2016-2017 ) , and the films Silenced ( 2011 ) , The Age of Shadows ( 2016 ) , and Train to Busan ( 2016 ) .

neg: Jae-ho Jae-ho is a Korean masculine given name . Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name . There are 20 hanja with the reading `` jae '' and 49 hanja with the reading `` ho '' on the South Korean government 's official list of hanja which may be used in given names .   People with this name include :  Song Jae-ho ( born 1937 ) , South Korean actor  Kim Jae-ho ( born 1963 ) , South Korean judge  Jeon Jae-ho ( born 1979 ) , South Korean footballer  Choiza ( born Choi Jae-ho , 1980 ) , South Korean rapper  Kim Jae-ho ( baseball ) ( born 1985 ) , South Korean baseball player  Jang Jae-ho ( born 1986 ) , South Korean professional computer games player

neg: Yu Geun-Hyeong Yu Geun-Hyeong ( April 5 , 1894-January 20 , 1993 ) was a Korean ceramist who specialised in celadon Goryeo ware . HIs name is also written Yu Geun-Hyeong or Yu Kun-hyong or Yoo Geun-hyung .

neg: Seojun Seojun ( also spelled Seo-jun , Suh-joon , etc. ) is a Korean masculine given name . The meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name . There are 38 hanja with the reading `` seo '' and 34 hanja with the reading `` jun '' on the South Korean government 's official list of hanja which may be used in given names . It was the second-most popular name for newborn boys in South Korea in 2015 , with 3,422 being given the name .   People with this name include :  Park Seo-joon ( born 1988 ) , South Korean actor  Kim Seo-jun ( born 1989 ) , South Korean footballer

neg: Min-jung (name) Min-jung , also spelled Min-jeong , is a Korean feminine given name . The meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name . There are 27 hanja with the reading `` min '' and 75 hanja with the reading `` jung '' on the South Korean government 's official list of hanja which may be used in given names .   People with this name include :   Entertainers  Yeo Min-jeong ( voice actress ) ( fl . 2000s ) , South Korean voice actress  Seo Min-jung ( born 1979 ) , South Korean actress  Lee Min-jung ( born 1982 ) , South Korean actress  Kim Min-jung ( actress ) ( born 1982 ) , South Korean actress  Han Yeo-reum ( born 1983 ) , stage name Seo Min-jeong , South Korean actress   Sportspeople  Ku Min-jung ( born 1973 ) , South Korean volleyball player  Kim Min-jung ( speed skater ) ( born 1985 ) , South Korean speed skater  Kim Min-jung ( badminton ) ( born 1986 ) , South Korean badminton player  Kwak Min-jeong ( born 1994 ) , South Korean figure skater  Kim Min-jung ( sport shooter ) ( born 1997 ) , South Korean sport shooter  Choi Min-jeong ( born 1998 ) , South Korean short track speed skater   Other  Michael Yang ( born Yang Min-jeong , 1962 ) , South Korean-born American entrepreneur  Mina Cheon ( born Cheon Min-jeong , 1973 ) , South Korean-born American new media artist

neg: Yun Heunggil Yun Heunggil ( born 14 December 1942 ) is a South Korean novelist known for his treatment of conflicts between the individual and society . He received his degree in Korean literature from Wonkwang University in 1973 . In 1977 he won the Korean Literature Writers Award .

neg: Taichi Yamada is a Japanese screenwriter and novelist . His real name is .

neg: Yi script The Yi script ( Yi : ꆈꌠꁱꂷ nuosu bburma -LSB- nɔ̄sū bū̠mā -RSB- ) is an umbrella term for two scripts used to write the Yi language ; Classical Yi ( an ideogram script ) , and the later Yi Syllabary . The script is also historically known in Chinese as Cuan Wen or Wei Shu and various other names , among them `` tadpole writing '' .   This is to be distinguished from romanized Yi ( 彝文羅馬拼音 Yíwén Luómǎ pīnyīn ) which was a system ( or systems ) invented by missionaries and intermittently used afterwards by some government institutions . There was also a Yi abugida or alphasyllabary devised by Sam Pollard , the Pollard script for the Miao language , which he adapted into `` Nasu '' as well . Present day traditional Yi writing can be sub-divided into five main varieties ( Huáng Jiànmíng 1993 ) ; Nuosu ( the prestige form of the Yi language centred on the Liangshan area ) , Nasu ( including the Wusa ) , Nisu ( Southern Yi ) , Sani and Azhe .

neg: Gu (surname) Gu can refer to several different Chinese or Korean family names . Some places , such as Hong Kong or South Korea , usually romanize this family name into `` Koo '' or `` Ku '' .

neg: Kim Jeong-hui Kim Jeong-hui ( 김정희 , 金正喜 , -LSB- kimdʑʌŋhi -RSB- born on the 3rd day of the 6th lunar month 1786 , died on the 10th day of the 10th lunar month 1856 ) was one of the most celebrated practitioners of calligraphy , epigraphists , and scholars of Korea 's later Joseon period . He was a member of the Gyeongju Kim clan . He used various Ho ( pen-names ) : Wandang , Chusa , Yedang , Siam , Gwapa , Nogwa etc. ( some 200 in all ) . He is especially celebrated for having transformed Korean epigraphy and for having created the `` Chusa-che '' ( 秋史體 Chusa writing style ) inspired by his study of ancient Korean and Chinese epitaphs . His ink paintings , especially of orchids , are equally admired .   As a scholar , he belonged to the Silhak ( Practical Learning ) school also known as the Bukhak ( 北學 , `` Northern Learning '' ) . He was related to Queen Jeongsun , the second wife of King Yeongjo , and by his adoptive mother , Nam Yang-hong , he was a cousin to Namyeon-gun Yi Gu , who was destined to be the grandfather of King Gojong ( 高宗 , later titled 光武帝 Gwangmu Emperor . 1852 -- 1919 ) . Hongseon Daewon-gun ( 興宣大院君 , 1820 -- 1898 ) , King Gojong 's father , who served as his regent and was also a noted calligrapher , was one of Kim 's pupils for a while .

neg: Martian language Martian language is the nickname of unconventional representation of Chinese characters online . `` Martian '' describes that which seems strange to local culture . The term was popularised by a line from the 2001 Hong Kong comedy Shaolin Soccer , in which Sing ( Stephen Chow ) tells Mui ( Zhao Wei ) : `` Go back to Mars , the Earth is so dangerous . ''   In the 2006 General Scholastic Ability Test of Taiwan , students were asked to interpret symbols and phrases written in `` Martian language '' , and the controversies which followed forced the testing center to abandon the practice in future exams .   In 2007 , Martian language began to catch on in mainland China . The first adopters of Martian language mainly consisted of Post-90s netizens . They use it in their nicknames , short messages , and chat rooms in order to demonstrate personality differences . Later , they found that their teachers and parents could hardly figure out their new language , which quickly became their secret code to communicate with each other .   The Martian language became so popular in cyberspace that even some pieces of software were created to translate between Chinese and Martian language .   Chinese online bloggers followed up the trend to use Martian language , because they found that their blog posts written in the new language can easily pass Internet censorship engines , which are currently based on text-matching techniques .

neg: Kwang-hyok Kwang-hyok , also spelled Gwang-hyeok , is a Korean masculine given name . Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name . There are 13 hanja with the reading `` kwang '' and nine hanja with the reading `` hyok '' on the South Korean government 's official list of hanja which may be registered for use in given names .   People with this name include :  Kim Kwang-hyok ( born 1985 ) , North Korean football player  Ri Kwang-hyok ( born 1987 ) , North Korean football player  Kim Kwang-hyok ( athlete ) ( born 1988 ) , North Korean long distance runner  Lee Gwang-hyeok ( born 1995 ) , South Korean football midfielder ( K-League )

neg: China International Publishing Group The China International Publishing Group ( CIPG ) ,  also known as the China Foreign Languages Publishing Administration ,  is the largest foreign-language publishing organisation in China .  Established in October 1949 , it has developed into a global media corporation , providing up-to-date information about China to readers worldwide through books , magazines and the Internet .   CIPG owns seven subordinate publishing houses , i.e. Foreign Languages Press , New World Press , Morning Glory Publishers , Sinolingua , China Pictorial Publishing House , Dolphin Books and New Star Publishers .  The organisation annually publishes over 3,000 titles of books and around 50 journals in more than 10 languages .  Notable periodicals include Beijing Review , China Today , China Pictorial , People 's China and China Report .  Its subsidiary , the China International Book Trading Corporation is in charge of the distribution .   It also runs 20 overseas branches in countries and regions , including the United States , Britain , Germany , Japan , Belgium , Egypt , Mexico and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , with about 3,000 staff members including around 100 foreign workers .   In addition to publishing , CIPG operates a number of websites , including china.org.cn and chinagate.com.cn ,  releasing news in nine languages , including Chinese ( both in simplified and traditional characters ) , English , French , German , Japanese , Spanish , Arabic , Russian , Korean and Esperanto .  It is also responsible for the implementation and management of the national translation test and appraisal for the Chinese Ministry of Personnel .   Prominent people who have worked in the CIPG include Nobel Literature Prize-winning novelist and playwright Gao Xingjian , Nobel Prize-nominated poet Bei Dao , actor and politician Ying Ruocheng , known for his role in Oscar-winning The Last Emperor , translators Yang Xianyi and Ye Junjian , author Xiao Qian , non-fiction novel writer Xu Chi , cartoonist Ding Cong , former Chinese Foreign Minister Qiao Guanhua and former UN Undersecretary of State ( 1972-1979 ) Tang Mingzhao . Several foreign employees have also gained notoriety , including the pseudonymous author `` Alex Hill , '' whose account of working as a foreign editor for the organization was widely read in 2015 . In his account , the author writes of feckless bureaucracy , political correctness , and a general feeling of malaise among the many foreigners working in the compound .

neg: Mingxin baojian The Mingxin baojian is an ancient Chinese book containing `` a collection of aphorisms and quotations form the Chinese classics and other works '' The author and date of authorship are not reliably known , although later references suggest that it was compiled in 1393 by Fan Liben . The quotations and aphorisms in the book appear to be from scholarly writings of Confucianism , Buddhism , and Taoism , with `` a great many of the quotations ... taken from Taoist writings '' , suggesting that the author was a follower of Taoism .   The Mingxin baojian was the first book translated from Chinese into a Western language . `` The Ming-hsin pao-chien seems to have widely circulated among the people in Fukien in the late Ming period . It was brought by the Chinese to the Philippines '' . It was translated into Spanish by a Dominican friar named Juan Cobo who arrived in the Philippines in 1588 . In 1595 , the Dominicans presented this translation , along with a copy of the original , to Philip III of Spain , then Crown Prince . Prior to its acquisition by westerners , the work had already been translated and circulated in other Asian countries . It is known as the Myeongsim Bogam in Korean , and the Minh tâm bửu giám Vietnamese . It was included in The Chinese Repository , translated by William Milne .

neg: Jae-woo Jae-woo is a Korean masculine given name . The meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name . There are 20 hanja with the reading `` jae '' and 42 hanja with the reading `` woo '' on the South Korean government 's official list of hanja which may be registered for use in given names .   People with this name include :  Gwak Jae-u ( 1552 -- 1617 ) , Joseon Dynasty general  Lee Jae-woo ( born 1979 ) , South Korean handball player  Lee Jae-woo ( born 1980 ) , South Korean baseball player  Choi Jae-woo ( born 1994 ) , South Korean freestyle skier

neg: Haedong Goseungjeon The Haedong Goseungjeon ( translated most commonly as the `` Lives of Eminent Korean Monks '' ) was a compilation of mostly Korean Buddhist hagiographies , notably of famous monks from the Three Kingdoms period of Korean history .   It was compiled by the monk Gakhun ( dates unknown ) by order of the Goryeo king Gojong in 1215 . Though Gakhun was working in the tradition of Chinese Buddhist historiography ( which had a long tradition of compiling lives of eminent monks ) , as was the case with the compilation of the Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa , the composing of the Haedong Goseungjeon was meant to promote native exemplars , in this case of Buddhist piety . It also served to bring prominence and merit to the court that ordered its compilation .   The work , along with the Samguk Sagi and the Samguk Yusa , comprises one of the most important sources for the Three Kingdoms period . The monk Iryeon consulted the work some half a century later when compiling his Samguk Yusa .   It was long thought that the work was lost , until portions of it were rediscovered at a Buddhist temple in Seongju in the early twentieth century . Only two of probably more than ten volumes survive . The extant volumes include biographies of eighteen famous and not -- so -- famous Buddhist monks from Goguryeo and Silla , as well as India and China . Unfortunately , some of the most famous of Three Kingdoms period Buddhist figures are not included ( namely Wonhyo ) , though they were presumably included in the missing volumes .   Not much is known of the work ` s chief compiler , except that he served as the chief abbot of Yeongtongsa , i.e. the Yeong Tong Temple in the city of Kaesŏng , North Korea , which was then the capital city of Goryeo . His deeds go unrecorded in the Goryeosa ( History of Goryeo ) .   The work was translated into English by Peter H. Lee in 1969 .

neg: Kim Aeran Kim Ae-ran ( The romanization preferred by the author according to LTI Korea ) ( ; born 1980 ) is a South Korean writer .

neg: Kun-woo Kun-woo , also spelled Keon-woo or Gun-woo , is a Korean masculine given name . It was the sixth-most popular name for baby boys born in South Korea in 2008 , with 1,722 being given the name . The meaning differs based on the hanja used to write the name . There are 15 hanja with the reading `` kun '' and 42 hanja with the reading `` woo '' on the South Korean government 's official list of hanja which may be used in given names .   People with this name include :  Kun-Woo Paik ( born 1946 ) , South Korean pianist  Kim Kun-woo ( born 1980 ) , South Korean track and field athlete  Park Gun-woo ( born 1981 ) , South Korean Olympic sailing team member  Cho Gun-woo ( born 1988 ) , South Korean badminton player  Lee Gun-woo ( born 1989 ) , member of South Korean band My Name  Park Keon-woo ( born 1991 ) , South Korean track cyclist   Fictional characters with this name include :  Kang Gun-woo , in 2008 South Korean television series Beethoven Virus  Min Gun-woo , in 2008 South Korean television series Temptation of Wife

neg: Ping Shan Leng Yan Ping Shan Leng Yan is a classic novel of the caizi jiaren genre written in 1658 in early Qing Dynasty China . The title of the book is derived from the surnames of the two couples featured in the book . The novel is sometimes attributed to Di An Shanren , but the authorship is uncertain . It is often attributed to Tianhua Zang Zhuren , a pseudonym meaning `` Master of the Heavenly Flower Sutra '' . Yu jiao li and Ping Shan Leng Yan were both written by the same Tianhua Zang Zhuren according to a style analysis by caizi jiaren scholar Qing Ping Wang . Classical Chinese scholar and Yale professor Chloë Starr lists Ping Shan Leng Yan along with Yu jiao li and Haoqiu zhuan as one of the three best-known examples of the caizi jiaren genre .

neg: Jang Jin Jang Jin ( born February 24 , 1971 ) is a South Korean film director , theatre director , playwright , screenwriter , film producer , actor and TV personality .   Considered one of the most distinctive voices to emerge from the 1990s Korean cinema renaissance , Jang 's unique filmmaking style mixes unconventional storylines , quirky characters , dry and subversive humor , comic twists , sharp puns , stagy presentation , a keen observation of society , and humanism . Jang 's films do not sell millions of tickets but he has nurtured a faithful fan base that appreciates his `` Jang Jin-ish '' style .

neg: Pseudonym A pseudonym ( -LSB- pronˈsjuːdənɪm -RSB- and -LSB- pronˈsuːdənɪm -RSB- ) or alias is a name that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose , which can differ from their original or true name ( orthonym ) . Pseudonyms include stage names and user names ( both called screen names ) , ring names , pen names , nicknames , aliases , superhero or villain identities and code names , gamer identifications , and regnal names of emperors , popes , and other monarchs . Historically , they have often taken the form of anagrams , Graecisms , and Latinisations , although there are many other methods of choosing a pseudonym .   Pseudonyms should not be confused with new names that replace old ones and become the individual 's full-time name . Pseudonyms are `` part-time '' names , used only in certain contexts - usually adopted to hide an individual 's real identity , as with writers ' pen names , graffiti artists ' tags , resistance fighters ' or terrorists ' noms de guerre , and computer hackers ' handles . Actors , musicians , and other performers sometimes use stage names , for example , to mask their ethnic backgrounds .   In some cases , pseudonyms are adopted because they are part of a cultural or organisational tradition : for example devotional names used by members of some religious institutes , and `` cadre names '' used by Communist party leaders such as Trotsky and Lenin .   A pseudonym may also be used for personal reasons : for example , an individual may prefer to be called or known by a name that differs from their given or legal name , but is not ready to take the numerous steps to get their name legally changed ; or an individual may simply feel that the context and content of an exchange offer no reason , legal or otherwise , to provide their given or legal name .   A collective name or collective pseudonym is one shared by two or more persons , for example the co-authors of a work , such as Ellery Queen , or Nicolas Bourbaki .