query: Large numbers of civilians were not executed during the French Revolution.

pos: French Revolution The French Revolution ( Révolution française -LSB- ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz -RSB- ) was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799 , and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire . The Revolution overthrew the monarchy , established a republic , experienced violent periods of political turmoil , and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond . Inspired by liberal and radical ideas , the Revolution profoundly altered the course of modern history , triggering the global decline of absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics and liberal democracies . Through the Revolutionary Wars , it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the Middle East . Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history .   The causes of the French Revolution are complex and are still debated among historians . Following the Seven Years ' War and the American Revolutionary War , the French government was deeply in debt and attempted to restore its financial status through unpopular taxation schemes . Years of bad harvests leading up to the Revolution also inflamed popular resentment of the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and the aristocracy . Demands for change were formulated in terms of Enlightenment ideals and contributed to the convocation of the Estates-General in May 1789 . The first year of the Revolution saw members of the Third Estate taking control , the assault on the Bastille in July , the passage of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in August , and a women 's march on Versailles that forced the royal court back to Paris in October . A central event of the first stage , in August 1789 , was the abolition of feudalism and the old rules and privileges left over from the Ancien Régime . The next few years featured political struggles between various liberal assemblies and right-wing supporters of the monarchy intent on thwarting major reforms . The Republic was proclaimed in September 1792 after the French victory at Valmy . In a momentous event that led to international condemnation , Louis XVI was executed in January 1793 .   External threats closely shaped the course of the Revolution . The Revolutionary Wars beginning in 1792 ultimately featured French victories that facilitated the conquest of the Italian Peninsula , the Low Countries and most territories west of the Rhine -- achievements that had eluded previous French governments for centuries . Internally , popular agitation radicalised the Revolution significantly , culminating in the rise of Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins . The dictatorship imposed by the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror , from 1793 until 1794 , established price controls on food and other items , abolished slavery in French colonies abroad , dechristianised society through the creation of a new calendar and the expulsion of religious figures , and secured the borders of the new republic from its enemies . Large numbers of civilians were executed by revolutionary tribunals during the Terror , with estimates ranging from 16,000 to 40,000 . After the Thermidorian Reaction , an executive council known as the Directory assumed control of the French state in 1795 . The rule of the Directory was characterised by suspended elections , debt repudiations , financial instability , persecutions against the Catholic clergy , and significant military conquests abroad . Dogged by charges of corruption , the Directory collapsed in a coup led by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799 . Napoleon , who became the hero of the Revolution through his popular military campaigns , went on to establish the Consulate and later the First Empire , setting the stage for a wider array of global conflicts in the Napoleonic Wars .   The modern era has unfolded in the shadow of the French Revolution . Almost all future revolutionary movements looked back to the Revolution as their predecessor . Its central phrases and cultural symbols , such as La Marseillaise and Liberté , égalité , fraternité , became the clarion call for other major upheavals in modern history , including the Russian Revolution over a century later .   The values and institutions of the Revolution dominate French politics to this day . The Revolution resulted in the suppression of the feudal system , the emancipation of the individual , the greater division of landed property , the abolition of the privileges of noble birth and the establishment of equality . The French Revolution differed from other revolutions in being not merely national , for it aimed at benefiting all humanity .   Globally , the Revolution accelerated the rise of republics and democracies . It became the focal point for the development of all modern political ideologies , leading to the spread of liberalism , radicalism , nationalism , socialism , feminism , and secularism , among many others . The Revolution also witnessed the birth of total war by organising the resources of France and the lives of its citizens towards the objective of military conquest . Some of its central documents , like the Declaration of the Rights of Man , expanded the arena of human rights to include women and slaves , leading to movements for abolitionism and universal suffrage in the next century .

neg: Judicial system of post-Napoleonic France The judicial system of post-Napoleonic France was an intricate system of relations between the government and the police/judicial force . Together they helped to minimize crime while successfully fulfilling the guarantees made in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen written in 1789 . The basis for the declaration comes from Nicolas Bergasse in the `` Report on the Organization of Judicial Power '' proposed on 17 August 1789 , Adrien Duport in the `` Fundamental Principles of Policing and Justice , Submitted on Behalf of the Committee on the Constitution '' written 22 December 1789 , and Jacques Guillaume Thouret in the `` Address on the Reorganization of the Judicial Power '' written 24 March 1790 . Many others have speculated that ideals such as innocence until proven guilty , equality between all classes and genders when dealing with law , punishment for opposition to the government , and religious freedom come from the Bill of Rights written in 1789 . Also , similar to the Magna Carta , the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen restrict the power of the government when dealing with taxes but also require higher taxes from poorer subjects . This attributed to the growing proletariat class that would eventually rise up and revolt again leading into the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution .

neg: French colonial empire The French colonial empire constituted the overseas colonies , protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward . A distinction is generally made between the `` first colonial empire '' , that existed until 1814 , by which time most of it had been lost , and the `` second colonial empire '' , which began with the conquest of Algiers in 1830 . The second empire came to an end after the loss of bitter wars in Vietnam ( 1955 ) and Algeria ( 1962 ) , and peaceful decolonization elsewhere after 1960 .   Competing with Spain , Portugal , the United Provinces , and later Britain , France began to establish colonies in North America , the Caribbean , and India in the 17th century . A series of wars with Great Britain and other European major powers during the 18th century and early 19th century resulted in France losing nearly all of its conquests . France rebuilt a new empire mostly after 1850 , concentrating chiefly in Africa , as well as Indochina and the South Pacific . Republicans , at first hostile to empire , only became supportive when Germany started to build her own colonial empire . As it developed the new empire took on roles of trade with France , especially supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items , as well as lending prestige to the motherland and spreading French civilization and language , and the Catholic religion . It also provided manpower in the World Wars .   It became a moral mission to lift the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture . In 1884 the leading proponent of colonialism , Jules Ferry declared ; `` The higher races have a right over the lower races , they have a duty to civilize the inferior races . '' Full citizenship rights -- assimilation -- were offered , although in reality `` assimilation was always receding -LSB- and -RSB- the colonial populations treated like subjects not citizens . '' France sent small numbers of settlers to its empire , contrary to Great Britain , and previously Spain and Portugal , with the only notable exception of Algeria , where the French settlers nonetheless always remained a small minority .   At its apex , it was one of the largest empires in history . Including metropolitan France , the total amount of land under French sovereignty reached 11500000 km2 in 1920 , with a population of 110 million people in 1939 . In World War II , Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France . Historian Tony Chafer argues : `` In an effort to restore its world-power status after the humiliation of defeat and occupation , France was eager to maintain its overseas empire at the end of the Second World War . '' However , after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge European authority . The French constitution of October 27 , 1946 ( Fourth Republic ) , established the French Union which endured until 1958 . Newer remnants of the colonial empire were integrated into France as overseas departments and territories within the French Republic . These now total altogether 119,394 km ² ( 46,098 sq. miles ) , which amounts to only 1 % of the pre-1939 French colonial empire 's area , with 2.7 million people living in them in 2013 . By the 1970s , says Robert Aldrich , the last `` vestiges of empire held little interest for the French . '' He argues , `` Except for the traumatic decolonization of Algeria , however , what is remarkable is how few long-lasting effects on France the giving up of empire entailed . ''

neg: Echoes of the Marseillaise Echoes of the Marseillaise : Two Centuries Look Back on the French Revolution is a book by Eric Hobsbawm , first published in 1990 by Verso Books . It was written just after the bicentenary of the French Revolution which was accompanied by a large outpouring of work and theories on it ( a fact that was accentuated by the spread of anti-Communist revolutions across Eastern Europe in 1989 , which polarised commentators between those who saw it as a culmination or embodiment of French Revolutionary ideas and those who saw it as their emphatic repudiation ) .   Hobsbawm analyses the Revolution , primarily from the perspective of how it has been subsequently interpreted over the course of the two centuries since it occurred , and examines the way that it has been re-written based on contemporary ideologies . In particular , Hobsbawm writes polemically in opposition to what he sees as the dominant trajectory in writing about the Revolution during his era : that of a revisionism which downplayed the successes of the Revolution and stressed instead its violence , rapacity and destructiveness . He argues , for instance , that the bicentenary was `` largely dominated by those who , to put it simply , do not like the French Revolution and its heritage '' .   Hobsbawm 's view is that for many in the nineteenth century , the Revolution was seen as a bourgeois precursor of potential future proletarian revolutions . He argues further that many Marxists , chiefly from 1917 to the 1960s used it as an example of a much longer-term reading of political change but that in the 1970s and 1980s ( after the first major work of revisionism by Alfred Cobban written in the Cold War milieu of the 1950s ) many historians began to argue that the Revolution achieved only limited results which were outweighed by extravagant costs . In his eyes , this shift of interpretation was a false one , and his work concludes that the Revolution was a crucial event not only for what it achieved in itself , but in terms of its longer-term patrimony to history . He concludes that `` Liberty , equality and fraternity , and the values of Reason and the Enlightenment - the values on which modern civilisation has been built , since the American Revolution - are more needed than ever '' and , finally , that the Revolution improved the world , and did so on a permanent basis .

neg: 18th century The 18th century lasted from January 1 , 1701 to December 31 , 1800 in the Gregorian calendar . During the 18th century , the Enlightenment culminated in the French and American revolutions . Philosophy and science increased in prominence . Philosophers dreamed of a brighter age . This dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789 - , though later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror ( 1793-1794 ) under Maximilien Robespierre . At first , many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals , but with the French Revolution they feared losing their power and formed broad coalitions for the counter-revolution . The Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion , taking part in no European wars from 1740 to 1768 . As a consequence the empire did not share in Europe 's military improvements during the Seven Years ' War ( 1756-1763 ) , causing its military to fall behind and suffer defeats against Russia in the second half of the century .   The 18th century also marked the end of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth as an independent state . The once-powerful and vast kingdom , which had once conquered Moscow and defeated great Ottoman armies , collapsed under numerous invasions . Its semi-democratic government system was not robust enough to rival the neighboring monarchies of the Kingdom of Prussia , the Russian Empire and the Archduchy of Austria which divided the Commonwealth territories between themselves , changing the landscape of Central European politics for the next hundred years .   European colonization of the Americas and other parts of the world intensified and associated mass migrations of people grew in size as the Age of Sail continued . Great Britain became a major power worldwide with the defeat of France in North America in the 1760s and the conquest of large parts of India . However , Britain lost many of its North American colonies after the American Revolution , which resulted in the formation of the newly independent United States of America . The Industrial Revolution started in Britain in the 1770s with the production of the improved steam engine . Despite its modest beginnings in the 18th century , steam-powered machinery would radically change human society and the environment .   Western historians have occasionally defined the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work . For example , the `` short '' 18th century may be defined as 1715 -- 1789 , denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution , with an emphasis on directly interconnected events . To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements , the `` long '' 18th century may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 or even later .

neg: Politics of France The politics of France take place with the framework of a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French Fifth Republic . The nation declares itself to be an `` indivisible , secular , democratic , and social Republic '' . The constitution provides for a separation of powers and proclaims France 's `` attachment to the Rights of Man and the principles of national sovereignty as defined by the Declaration of 1789 . ''   The political system of France consists of an executive branch , a legislative branch , and a judicial branch . Executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government . The Government consists of the Prime Minister and ministers . The Prime Minister is appointed by the President , and is responsible to Parliament . The government , including the Prime Minister , can be revoked by the National Assembly , the lower house of Parliament , through a `` censure motion '' ; this ensures that the Prime Minister is always supported by a majority of the lower house ( which , on most topics , has prominence over the upper house ) .   Parliament comprises the National Assembly and the Senate . It passes statutes and votes on the budget ; it controls the action of the executive through formal questioning on the floor of the houses of Parliament and by establishing commissions of inquiry . The constitutionality of the statutes is checked by the Constitutional Council , members of which are appointed by the President of the Republic , the President of the National Assembly , and the President of the Senate . Former presidents of the Republic also are members of the Council .   The independent judiciary is based upon civil law system which evolved from the Napoleonic codes . It is divided into the judicial branch ( dealing with civil law and criminal law ) and the administrative branch ( dealing with appeals against executive decisions ) , each with their own independent supreme court of appeal : the Court of Cassation for the judicial courts and the Conseil d'Etat for the administrative courts . The French government includes various bodies that check abuses of power and independent agencies .   France is a unitary state . However , its administrative subdivisions -- regions , departments and communes -- have various legal functions , and the national government is prohibited from intruding into their normal operations .   France was a founding member of the European Coal and Steel Community , later the European Union . As such , France has transferred part of its sovereignty to European institutions , as provided by its constitution . The French government therefore has to abide by European treaties , directives and regulations .

neg: German resistance to Nazism German resistance to Nazism ( German : Widerstand ) was the opposition by individuals and groups in Germany to the National Socialist regime between 1933 and 1945 . Some of these engaged in active plans to remove Adolf Hitler from power and overthrow his regime .   The term German resistance should not be understood as meaning that there was a united resistance movement in Germany at any time during the Nazi period , analogous to the more coordinated Polish Underground State , Greek Resistance , Yugoslav Partisans , French Resistance , Dutch Resistance , Norwegian resistance movement and Italian Resistance . The German resistance consisted of small and usually isolated groups . They were unable to mobilize political opposition . Save for individual attacks on Nazis ( including Hitler ) or sabotage acts , the only real strategy was to persuade leaders of the Wehrmacht to stage a coup against the regime : the 1944 assassination attempt against Hitler was intended to trigger such a coup .   Approximately 77,000 German citizens were killed for one or another form of resistance by Special Courts , courts-martial , People 's Court and the civil justice system . Many of these Germans had served in government , the military , or in civil positions , which enabled them to engage in subversion and conspiracy ; in addition the Canadian historian Peter Hoffman counts unspecified `` tens of thousands '' in concentration camps who were either suspected or actually engaged in opposition . By contrast , the German historian Hans Mommsen wrote that resistance in Germany was `` resistance without the people '' and that the number of those Germans engaged in resistance to the Nazi regime was very small . The resistance in Germany included German citizens of non-German ethnicity , such as members of the Polish minority who formed resistance groups like Olimp .

neg: Acadians The Acadians ( Acadiens , -LSB- akadjɛ̃ -RSB- ) are the descendants of French colonists who settled in Acadia during the 17th and 18th centuries , some of whom are also Métis . The colony was located in what is now Eastern Canada 's Maritime provinces ( Nova Scotia , New Brunswick , and Prince Edward Island ) , as well as part of Quebec , and present-day Maine to the Kennebec River . Although today most of the Acadians and Québécois are French-speaking ( francophone ) Canadians , Acadia was a distinctly separate colony of New France . It was geographically and administratively separate from the French colony of Canada ( modern-day Quebec ) . As a result , the Acadians and Québécois developed two distinct histories and cultures . They also developed a slightly different French language . France has one official language and to accomplish this they have an administration in charge of the language . Since the Acadians were separated from this council , their French language evolved independently , and Acadians retain several elements of 17th-century French that have been lost in France . The settlers whose descendants became Acadians came from many areas in France , but especially regions such as Île-de-France , Normandy , Brittany , Poitou and Aquitaine . Acadian family names have come from many areas in France . For example , the Maillets are from Paris ; the LeBlancs of Normandy ; the surname Melanson is from Brittany , and those with the surnames Bastarache and Basque came from Aquitaine .   The Acadians lived for almost 80 years in Acadia , prior to the British Conquest of Acadia in 1710 . After the conquest , they refused to sign an unconditional oath for the next forty-five years . During the French and Indian War ( the North American theatre of the Seven Years ' War ) , British colonial officers suspected and later confirmed their allegiance after finding Acadians fighting alongside French troops after conquering Fort Beausejour . The British , together with New England legislators and militia , carried out the Great Expulsion of 1755 -- 1764 during and after the war years . They deported approximately 11,500 Acadians from the maritime region . Approximately one-third perished from disease and drowning . Although one historian compared this event to contemporary ethnic cleansing , other historians suggested that the event is comparable with other deportations in history .   Many Acadians migrated to present day Louisiana state ( known then as Spanish colonial Luisiana ) , where they developed what became known as Cajun culture . Others were transported to France . Some of those were settled secondarily to Louisiana by Henri Peyroux de la Coudreniere . Later on , many Acadians returned to the Maritime provinces of Canada , most specifically New Brunswick . Most who returned ended up in New Brunswick because they were barred by the British from resettling their lands and villages in the land that became Nova Scotia . Before the US Revolutionary War , the Crown settled New England Planters in former Acadian communities and farmland as well as , after the war , Loyalists ( including nearly 3,000 Black Loyalists , who were freed slaves ) . British policy was to assimilate Acadians with the local populations where they resettled .   Acadians speak a dialect of French called Acadian French . Many of those in the Moncton area speak Chiac and English . The Louisiana Cajun descendants speak a dialect of American English called Cajun English , with several also speaking Cajun French , a close relative of the original dialect from Canada influenced by Spanish and West African languages .

neg: Sibylle Riqueti de Mirabeau Sibylle Aimée Marie-Antoinette Gabrielle de Riquetti de Mirabeau , Comtesse de Martel de Janville ( 16 August 1849 -- 28 June 1932 ) was a French writer who wrote under the pseudonym Gyp .   She was born at the château de Coëtsal near Plumergat , in the département of the Morbihan , in Brittany , her father , Joseph-Arundel de Riquetti , comte de Mirabeau , 1820 -- 1860 , being the great-grandson of Victor de Riquetti , marquis de Mirabeau ( Mirabeau Père ) , noted 18th-century economist , and grandnephew of Honoré Mirabeau the celebrated revolutionary orator . In view of her later opinions , it is interesting to remember that Sibylle was actually descended from Octave Mirabeau 's royalist younger brother , André-Boniface-Louis de Riquetti , vicomte de Mirabeau , ( 1754 -- 1792 ) known as Mirabeau-Tonneau because of his notorious embonpoint , who famously broke his sword in front of France 's Revolutionary Assembly ( where he represented the nobility of the Limousin ) while bitterly crying out : `` now that The King is giving up his kingdom , a nobleman no longer needs a sword to fight for him ! ''   Although , in her memoires , `` Gyp '' stated that she had been born on August 15 , which happens to have been Napoleon Bonaparte 's birthday , her birth certificate reads `` morning of August 16 , 1849 '' , according to her biographer , W. Z. Silvermann . At her father 's request , the name on her birth certificate was revised to read `` Sibylle Aimée Marie Antoinette Gabrielle '' .   Sibylle 's mother , the comtesse de Mirabeau , née de Gonneville ( 1827 -- 1903 ) was also a writer , who contributed to Le Figaro . In 1869 , Sibylle married count Roger de Martel de Janville , by whom she had three children .   Gyp wrote humorous sketches and novels which brazenly denounced her own fashionable society as well as the French republic 's political class . She hated republicanism , populist democracy , and party shenanigans ; supported Boulanger ; and was a fanatical anti-Semite & anti-Dreyfusard ; in fact , while testifying at a court case in 1899 she gave her profession as `` anti-Semite '' rather than `` writer '' . She began with some articles in La Vie parisienne in February 1877 , then in La Revue des Deux Mondes . Starting in 1880 , she began to publish in book form , under the pseudonym of Gyp , a total of more than 120 works , many highly successful : Petit Bob , ( 1882 ) , Les Chasseurs , Un trio turbulent , Autour du mariage ( 1883 ) , Ce que femme veut ( 1883 ) , Sans voiles ( 1885 ) , Autour du divorce ( 1886 ) , Dans le train ( 1886 ) , Mademoiselle Loulou ( 1888 ) , Bob au salon ( 1889 ) , L'éducation d'un prince ( 1890 ) , Passionette ( 1891 ) , Oh ! la grande vie ( 1891 ) , Une Election à Tigre-sur-mer ( 1890 ) , based on Gyp 's experience supporting a boulangiste candidate , Marriage civil ( 1892 ) , Ces bons docteurs ( 1892 ) De haut en bas ( 1893 ) , Le Mariage de Chiffon ( 1894 ) , Leurs âmes ( 1895 ) , Le Cœur d'Ariane ( 1895 ) , Le Bonheur de Ginette ( 1896 ) , Totote ( 1897 ) , Lune de miel ( 1898 ) , Israel ( 1898 ) , L'Entrevue ( 1899 ) , Le Pays des champs ( 1900 ) , Trop de chic ( 1900 ) , Le Friquet ( 1901 ) , La Fée ( 1902 ) , Un Mariage chic ( 1903 ) , Un Ménage dernier cri ( 1903 ) , Maman ( 1904 ) , Le Cœur de Pierrette ( 1905 ) , Les Flanchards ( 1917 ) , Souvenirs d'une petite fille ( 1927 -- 1928 ) , etc. .   Her best-known work is probably Le Mariage de Chiffon , filmed in 1942 by Claude Autant-Lara .   Because of her unpopular opinions , the comtesse was the victim of several attempts on her life as well as of a sensational kidnapping .   Gyp , self-styled `` last of the Mirabeaus '' , died at Neuilly-sur-Seine on 28 June 1932 .

neg: French Civil Service The French Civil Service ( fonction publique française ) is the set of civil servants ( fonctionnaires ) working for the French government .   Not all employees of the state and public institutions or corporations are civil servants ; however , the media often incorrectly equate `` government employee '' or `` employee of a public corporation '' with fonctionnaire . For instance , most employees of RATP and SNCF ( road and rail transport authorities ) are not civil servants . The Civil Service is also sometimes incorrectly referred to as the administration , but , properly speaking , the administration is the compound of public administrations and public administrative establishments , not their employees .   About half of the civil servants are employed in the French public education system .   Most employment positions in the French civil service are open to citizens of the European Union . Others , especially in police and justice , are specifically reserved for nationals , while a minority are open regardless of citizenship .

neg: Council of Notables A Council of Notables is a political body comprising persons of note in a community who are chosen by the governing authority in the region for their special knowledge , experience , skills , status or accomplishments . Such councils have existed in many regions and countries throughout the world . `` Whether in village , province , or capital , there is , a conclave of local authorities of whose opinion the ruler -- be it conqueror , governor , or sovereign -- is bound to take account , though he is not bound to obey their decisions . ''   A Council of Notables was one of many political bodies established by the French in colonial Cameroun between the First and Second World Wars . Each of the colony 's nine administrative areas had its own Council . These local government institutions comprised the people whom the French deemed to be the elite of the region . The colonial commissioner chose the members of each council from lists supplied by local officials .   By establishing these bodies , the colonial regime hoped to reign in some of Cameroun 's nationalist and pro-independence sentiment . The Councils were expected to uphold and support French policies . Other duties included acting as liaisons between the administration and local populations and alerting the regime as to the status of local projects such as tax collection and the construction of road and rail . In return , the Council members received a cut of taxes collected , exemption from some obligations , and a stipend for supervising road construction .

neg: Conseil du Roi The Conseil du Roi ( -LSB- kɔ̃sɛj dy ʁwa -RSB- ; French for `` The King 's Council '' ) , also known as the is a general term for the administrative and governmental apparatus around the king of France during the Ancien Régime designed to prepare his decisions and give him advice . It should not be confused with the role and title of a `` Conseil du Roi '' , a type of public prosecutor in the French legal system at the same period .   One of the established principles of the French monarchy was that the king could not act without the advice of his council . Under Charles V , it was put forward that the king made decisions only after `` good and careful deliberation '' ( bonne et mûre délibération ) , and this principle was maintained by his successors ; the closing formula of royal acts `` le roi en son conseil '' expressed this deliberative aspect . Even during the period of French absolutism , the expression `` car tel est notre bon plaisir '' ( `` because such is our pleasure '' ) applied to royal decisions made with consultation .   The administration of the French state in the early modern period went through a long evolution , as a truly administrative apparatus -- relying on old nobility , newer chancellor nobility ( `` noblesse de robe '' ) and administrative professionals -- substituted the feudal clientel system . The exact divisions and names of these councils varied over time .

neg: Schrecklichkeit Schrecklichkeit ( German `` terror '' or `` frightfulness '' ) is a word used by English speakers to describe an assumed military policy of the German Army towards civilians in World War I.  It was the basis of German actions during their march through Belgium in 1914 . Similar policies were followed later in France , the Russian-held area of Poland , and in Russia .   Under the traditional `` laws of war '' in Europe , military activity was to be confined to the regular , uniformed armies of each side . Civilians were to take no part in fighting , neither attacking or being attacked . Thus , when the uniformed army troops in a nation or region were all defeated , resistance was supposed to end . In practice , informal resistance by `` partisans '' , `` guerrillas '' , or `` francs-tireurs '' often continued after the `` regular '' troops had given up or withdrawn . These fighters , never officially enrolled in an army , and not wearing uniforms to identify them as combatants , attacked occupying troops by ambushes , surprises , and sniping . Conducting such operations out of uniform was considered perfidy , and those involved could be executed .   Occupying armies sometimes responded to such attacks by reprisals against the local population : execution of local inhabitants , whether known to be guerrillas or not , or destruction ( usually by burning ) of homes and other structures .   German army doctrine in force at the time called for such reprisals to be performed immediately and severely in any case of civilian resistance . It was argued that such schrecklichkeit would end resistance quickly with relatively little bloodshed , whereas restraint would encourage resistance , leading to greater destruction and death .   When Germany invaded Belgium in 1914 , the German high command expected to sweep through the country with negligible opposition . The German army was many times larger and stronger than the Belgian army , and the Germans therefore thought that any resistance by Belgium would be futile . German leaders had even suggested to the Belgian government that in the event of war , the Belgians should just line up along the roads and watch the Germans march through . Belgium 's refusal to accept these German presumptions and its resistance to the German advance came as a surprise , and disrupted the German timetable for advancing into France .   This frustration was communicated to the German troops in Belgium . Anything which delayed the German advance was to be crushed mercilessly . The Belgians were viewed as irrational and even treacherous for their opposition .   This led to exaggerated suspicions among German commanders of Belgian civilian resistance . It is possible that some Belgian civilians engaged in resistance , though none is documented . It is certain that on several occasions , German commanders declared ( probably in unconscious error ) that such acts had occurred when they had not .   The Germans responded to these perceived acts of resistance with harsh measures . In several villages and towns , hundreds of civilians were executed . Many buildings were put to the torch . Priests thought guilty of encouraging the resistance were killed . Violence by German soldiers against Belgians , such as rape , was ignored or not seriously punished . The Belgian city of Leuven was largely destroyed . One German officer later wrote about the town , `` We shall wipe it out ... Not one stone will stand upon another . We will teach them to respect Germany . For generations people will come here and see what we have done '' .   These actions , taken in a period of near-panic as the German forces desperately tried to carry out their flanking march before Allied forces could respond , proved to be a propaganda disaster for Germany . The reports of them caused a wave of indignation which aided the Allied cause .

neg: Right-wing politics Right-wing politics hold that certain social orders and hierarchies are inevitable , natural , normal , or desirable , typically supporting this position on the basis of natural law , economics or tradition . Hierarchy and inequality may be viewed as natural results of traditional social differences or the competition in market economies . The term right-wing can generally refer to `` the conservative or reactionary section of a political party or system . ''   The political terms Right and Left were first used during the French Revolution ( 1789 -- 99 ) , and referred to seating arrangements in the French parliament ; those who sat to the right of the chair of the parliamentary president were broadly supportive of the institutions of the monarchist Ancien Régime . The original Right in France was formed as a reaction against the Left , and comprised those politicians supporting hierarchy , tradition , and clericalism . The use of the expression la droite ( the right ) became prominent in France after the restoration of the monarchy in 1815 , when it was applied to the Ultra-royalists . The people of English-speaking countries did not apply the terms `` right '' and `` left '' to their own politics until the 20th century .   Although the right-wing originated with traditional conservatives , monarchists and reactionaries , the term extreme right-wing has also been applied to movements including fascists , Nazis , and racial supremacists . From the 1830s to the 1880s , there was a shift in the Western world of social class structure and the economy , moving away from nobility and aristocracy towards capitalism . This general economic shift toward capitalism affected centre right movements such as the British Conservative Party , which responded by becoming supportive of capitalism . In the United States , the Right includes both economic and social conservatives . In Europe , economic conservatives are usually considered liberal , and the Right includes nationalists , nativist opposition to immigration , religious conservatives , and historically a significant presence of right-wing movements with anti-capitalist sentiments including conservatives and fascists who opposed what they saw as the selfishness and excessive materialism inherent in contemporary capitalism .

neg: Demographics of France The demography of France is monitored by the Institut national d'études démographiques ( INED ) and the Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques ( INSEE ) . As of the 1 January 2017 , almost 67 million people lived in the French Republic ( 66,991,000 ) , including all the five overseas departments ( 2,132,000 ) , but excluding the overseas collectivities and territories ( 604,000 ) . 64,859,000 of these lived in Metropolitan France , the part of France located in Europe .   In March 2017 the population of France officially reached the 67 million mark . The 66 million mark was reached in the beginning of 2014 .   Between the years 2010 and 2017 the population of France grew from 64,613 million to 66,991 million or with about 2,4 million people for a span of 7 years , making France one of the fastest growing countries in Europe . The population of France is growing with 1 million people every 3 years . For an average annual growth of 340,000 people , or a grow rate of +0,6 % .   France was historically Europe 's most populous nation . During the Middle Ages , more than one quarter of Europe 's total population was French ; by the 17th century , this had decreased slightly to one fifth . By the beginning of the 20th century , other European nations , such as Germany and Russia , had caught up with and overtaken it . However , the country 's population sharply increased with the baby boom following World War II .   According to INSEE , since 2004 , 200,000 immigrants entered annually into the country . One out of two was born in Europe and one in three in Africa . Between 2009 and 2012 , the number of Europeans entering France increased sharply ( + 12 % per year on average ) .   The national birth rate , after dropping for a time , began to rebound in the 1990s and currently the country 's fertility rate is close to the replacement level . According to a 2006 INSEE study , `` The natural increase is close to 300,000 people , a level that has not been reached in more than thirty years . ''   Among the 802,000 newborns in metropolitan France in 2010 , 80.1 % had two French parents , 13.3 % had one French parent , and 6.6 % had two non-French parents . For the same year , 27.3 % of newborns in metropolitan France had at least one foreign-born parent and 23.9 % had at least one parent born outside of Europe ( parents born in overseas territories are considered as born in France ) . Between 2006 and 2008 , about 40 % of newborns in France had one foreign-born grandparent ( 11 % born in another European country , 16 % born in the Maghreb and 12 % born in another region of the world ) .   Racial and ethnic censuses have been banned by the French government since 1978 , since the term `` race '' in France invokes associations with Nazi Germany .

neg: Liberation of Strasbourg The Liberation of Strasbourg constituted the dramatically symbolic high point for the rehabilitation of the honor of French armed forces as the Allies advanced across France toward Germany in 1944 . Alsace , of which Strasbourg is the capital , had been the focus of French-German enmity since the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 , and General Charles de Gaulle insisted that only French forces should retake it . After the victory of Kufra , General Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque and his troops swore an oath to fight until `` our flag flies over the Cathedral of Strasbourg '' . The oath was fulfilled on 23 November 1944 , when the 2nd French Armoured Division under Leclerc 's command liberated Strasbourg .   On November 22 , 1944 , the hard-fighting French 2nd Armored Division , along with the French First Army , had been assigned the capture of Strasbourg by Allied Supreme Command . That same day , the 2nd Armored moved up to the vital pass at Saverne , which had been taken by the Americans , about 40 km northwest of Strasbourg . This Saverne `` gap '' is the historic gateway through the barrier of the Vosges Mountains , opening a line of advance on Strasbourg .   On November 23 , 1944 , units of the French 2nd Armored Division entered the city and raised the Free French tricolore over Strasbourg cathedral at 2:30 pm .   The German collective memory of the battle is rather more bleak . In Ardennes : 1944 , Antony Beevor states that the Battle for Strasbourg was one of the more `` inglorious episodes '' in German military history with a collapse of the Wehrmacht defense that was both premature and ignominious . It was hastened by a panic of senior Nazi leadership as many officials fled prior to the Allied push . This led to a general demoralization of Heer , Waffen-SS , and Luftwaffe ground forces as well as a breakdown in discipline . He states : ″ `` The SS had looted Strasbourg before withdrawing . According to one general defending the town , soldiers ordered to ` fight to the last round ' tended to throw away most of their ammunition before the battle , so they could claim that they ran out and then surrender . Generalmajor Vaterrodt , the ( Heer ) commander , was scornful about the behaviour of senior officers and Nazi Party officials . ` I 'm surprised that Himmler did not have anyone hanged in Strasbourg , ' he told fellow officers after he had been captured . ` Everyone ran away , Kreisleiter , Ortsgruppenleiter , the municipal authorities , the mayor and the deputy mayor , they all took to their heels , government officials - all fled ... ' '' . The Alsatian-born Chief Magistrate also fled towards Germany on foot with a backpack - as he had signed many death warrants and collaborated within the German occupation system and was a marked man .   Result   The rapid Liberation of Strasbourg by General LeClerc 's 2nd Armored Division produced a torrent of joy in the newly liberated French nation and was a hugely symbolic victory for the French people and the Western Allies in general . LeClerc was well respected and liked by his American contemporaries , unlike some other French commanders . The Liberation and Tricolore raised over the Cathedral was considered to be the last major objective in the Liberation of France . Unfortunately the Allies were unable to quickly seize on the German collapse . While fuel shortages and the increasing difficulty of supporting armies with lengthening supply lines played a role , General Dwight D. Eisenhower 's lack-of-interest in his southern flank largely doomed any further exploitation around Strasbourg . The commander of the American 6th Army Group , General Jacob L. Devers , believed he could cross the Rhine quickly at Rastatt thereby seizing a bridgehead . But Devers ' ambitious nature and aggressive personality somewhat alienated other commanders such as Eisenhower , and he failed to convince The Supreme Commander of his plan .   A potential bridgehead at Rastatt , had it been quickly seized , would more than likely have secured the southern flank and would have severally disrupted the coming German offensive in the Ardennes . But Eisenhower never seriously considered the opportunity as he seemed fixated on a more direct route to Berlin . As a result , Strasbourg would become threatened during the German Wacht am Rhein offensive known as The Battle of the Bulge in the West . In early January 1945 , the German counteroffensive into France known as Operation Nordwind was quickly contained , but not before both Eisenhower and Devers considered a general withdrawal from Alsace , which would have left Strasbourg undefended . The French Provisional Government considered this an anathema as it was , in General de Gaulle 's words , ( potentially ) `` a national disaster '' . In addition to this , hundreds-of-thousands of Alsatians would be subjected to German reprisals . The talk of a strategic withdrawal was also a blow to morale of the American VI Corps that had fought hard and suffered many casualties securing the area . In response General Charles de Gaulle threatened to pull his forces out of the overall SHAEF Command creating a serious row with Eisenhower . With the support of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , de Gaulle won over Ike after a contentious argument . Strasbourg was not to be abandoned as the order to withdraw to the east of the Vosges Mountains was rescinded - boosting VI Corps ' morale . The German advance was halted in desperate fighting about 40 kilometers west of Strasbourg and Operation Norwind became another disaster for the German Heer and Waffen-SS with precious divisions reduced .

neg: Tyranny of the majority Tyranny of the majority ( or tyranny of the masses ) refers to an inherent weakness of direct democracy and majority rule in which the majority of an electorate can place its own interests above , and at the expense of , those in the minority . This results in oppression of minority groups comparable to that of a tyrant or despot .   Potentially , through tyranny of the majority , a disliked or unfavored ethnic , religious , political , or racial group may be deliberately targeted for oppression by the majority element acting through the democratic process .   American founding father Alexander Hamilton writing to Jefferson from the Constitutional Convention argued the same fears regarding the use of pure direct democracy by the majority to elect a demagogue who , rather than work for the benefit of all citizens , set out to either harm those in the minority or work only for those of the upper echelon . The Electoral College mechanism present in the indirect United States presidential election system , and the phenomenon of faithless electors allowed for within it , was , in part , deliberately created as a safety measure not only to prevent such a scenario , but also to prevent the use of democracy to overthrow democracy for an authoritarian , dictatorial or other system of oppressive government . As articulated by Hamilton , one reason the Electoral College was created was so `` that the office of President will never fall to the lot of any man who is not in an eminent degree endowed with the requisite qualifications '' .   The scenarios in which tyranny perception occurs are very specific , involving a sort of distortion of democracy preconditions :   Centralisation excess : when the centralised power of a federation make a decision that should be local , breaking with the commitment to the subsidiarity principle . Typical solutions , in this condition , are concurrent majority and supermajority rules .  Abandonment of rationality : when , as Tocqueville remembered , a decision `` which bases its claim to rule upon numbers , not upon rightness or excellence '' . The use of public consultation , technical consulting bodies , and other similar mechanisms help to improve rationality of decisions before voting on them . Judicial review ( e.g. declaration of nullity of the decision ) is the typical way after the vote .   In both cases , in a context of a nation , constitutional limits on the powers of a legislative body , and the introduction of a Bill of Rights have been used to counter the problem . A separation of powers ( for example a legislative and executive majority actions subject to review by the judiciary ) may also be implemented to prevent the problem from happening internally in a government .

neg: Paris Commune (French Revolution) The Paris Commune during the French Revolution was the government of Paris from 1792 until 1795 . Established in the Hôtel de Ville just after the storming of the Bastille , it consisted of 144 delegates elected by the 48 divisions of the city . The Paris Commune became insurrectionary in the summer of 1792 , essentially refusing to take orders from the central French government . It took charge of routine civic functions but is best known for mobilizing extreme views and actions among the people and for its campaign to dechristianize the churches and the people . It lost much power in 1794 and was replaced in 1795 .   The first mayor was Jean Sylvain Bailly ; he was succeeded on November 1791 by Pétion de Villeneuve after Bailly 's unpopular use of the National Guard to disperse a riotous assembly in the Champ de Mars ( 17 July 1791 ) .   In 1792 , the Commune was dominated by those Jacobins who were not in the Legislative Assembly due to the Self-Denying Ordinance .   On the night of 9 August 1792 a new revolutionary Commune , led by Georges Danton , Camille Desmoulins and Jacques Hébert took possession of the Hôtel de Ville ; the next day insurgents assailed the Tuileries , where the royal family resided . During the ensuing constitutional crisis , the collapsing Legislative Assembly of France was heavily dependent on the Commune for the effective power that allowed it to continue to function as a legislature . The all-powerful Commune demanded custody of the royal family , imprisoning them in the Temple fortress . A list of `` opponents of the Revolution '' was drawn up , the gates to the city were sealed , and on 28 August the citizens were subjected to domiciliary visits , ostensibly in a search for muskets .   It was not until 1792 that the government had a formal cabinet in place , with the appointment of the Ministers of the French National Convention and the decision of the Commissioners of the Committee of Public Safety in 1794 to take charge of administrative departments .   The government of the republic was succeeded by the French Directory in November 1795 .

neg: Salle du Manège The indoor riding academy called the Salle du Manège ( -LSB- sal dy manɛʒ -RSB- ) was the seat of deliberations during most of the French Revolution , from 1789 to 1798 .   Before the revolution , the Salle du Manège ( `` Riding Hall '' ) , situated along the north end of the Tuileries Gardens to the west of the Tuileries Palace in Paris , was home to the royal equestrian academy . Built during the minority of Louis XV , when it lay conveniently close to the Regent 's Palais Royal , it was allowed to pass afterwards from hand to hand as the site of privately conducted riding schools , though it was never formally sold .   On 9 November 1789 the National Constituent Assembly , formerly the Estates-General of 1789 , moved its deliberations from Versailles to the Tuileries in pursuit of Louis XVI of France and installed itself in the Salle du Manège on the palace grounds . Having nationalised the goods of the Church , the Assemblée nationale , requiring more space than the Manège alone could provide , extended its occupation to two adjacent convents , those of the Capuchins , which soon housed the Revolutionary printing presses in its former refectory , and of the Feuillants , whose handsome library received the archives of the Assemblée .   The proportions of the Salle du Manège , ten times as long as it was wide , offered poor acoustics for the debates that went on continually under its high vaults . Six tiers of banquettes permitted space for the deputies , ranged on either side of the central tribune , initially planned for the orators ' podium . Seated together for solidarity , the deputies seated themselves according to their political opinions , to right and to left of the president 's desk , The Mountain and the Girondins , with The Plain seated in the lowest rank of banquettes , from which they were wont to cross to the opposite side , as their opinions dictated . The public found places to witness the spectacle at either end of the hall and in the loge seats above .   In 1792 the Salle du Manège became the venue for the National Convention . In 1795 under the French Directory , the Council of 500 sat in the structure until the body moved to the Palais-Bourbon in 1798 . In 1799 , the Jacobin Club du Manège had its headquarters there .   It would seem that 19th century references to the art of `` manège , '' to describe a style of equestrian riding , derive from here . A March 1847 edition of The Illustrated London News described a performance of Pablo Fanque , the 19th century equestrian and circus performer thus : `` This extraordinary feat of the manège has proved very attractive , as we anticipated in our Journal of last week ; and we have judged the success worthy of graphic commemoration ... '' Further , the paper said , `` Mr. Pablo has trained his black mare to do the most extraordinary feats of the manege , an art hitherto considered to belong only to the French and German professors of equitation , and her style certainly far exceeds anything that has ever yet been brought from the Continent . ''

neg: France France ( -LSB- fʁɑ̃s -RSB- ) , officially the French Republic ( -LSB- ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz -RSB- ) , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . France spans 643801 km2 and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux .   During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome , which held Gaul until 486 , when the Germanic Franks conquered the region and formed the Kingdom of France . France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , with its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 to 1453 ) strengthening state-building and political centralisation . During the Renaissance , French culture flourished and a global colonial empire was established , which by the 20th century would be the second largest in the world . The 16th century was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots ) . France became Europe 's dominant cultural , political , and military power under Louis XIV . In the late 18th century , the French Revolution overthrew the absolute monarchy , established one of modern history 's earliest republics , and saw the drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , which expresses the nation 's ideals to this day .   In the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire , whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe . Following the collapse of the Empire , France endured a tumultuous succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870 . France was a major participant in the First World War , from which it emerged victorious , and was one of the Allied Powers in the Second World War , but came under occupation by the Axis Powers in 1940 . Following liberation in 1944 , a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War . The Fifth Republic , led by Charles de Gaulle , was formed in 1958 and remains to this day . Algeria and nearly all the other colonies became independent in the 1960s and typically retained close economic and military connections with France .   France has long been a global centre of art , science , and philosophy . It hosts Europe 's fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually , the most of any country in the world . France is a developed country with the world 's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity . In terms of aggregate household wealth , it ranks fourth in the world . France performs well in international rankings of education , health care , life expectancy , and human development . France remains a great power in the world , being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state . It is a leading member state of the European Union and the Eurozone . It is also a member of the Group of 7 , North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and La Francophonie .

neg: Adrien Duquesnoy Adrien Dusquenoy ( 26 November 1759 -- 3 March 1808 ) was a leading figure in the French Revolution .   Dusquenoy was born in Briey . He was elected as a deputy for Nancy , where he had been Mayor , for the third estate in the Estates General of 1789 . He took part in the Storming of the Bastille , where he remarked famously , `` Yes , truly we shall be free ! Our hands will never wear shackles again . ''   He subsequently joined the National Convention , where he was regarded as a moderate . He came under the suspicion of the Committee of Public Safety late in the ` Reign of Terror ' , but was saved from the guillotine by the Thermidorian Reaction .   Under Napoleon , he worked at the Ministry of the Interior .


query: Emma Thompson acted.

pos: Emma Thompson Emma Thompson ( born 15 April 1959 ) is a British actress , activist , author , comedienne and screenwriter . Born in London to English actor Eric Thompson and Scottish actress Phyllida Law , Thompson was educated at Newnham College , University of Cambridge , where she became a member of the Footlights troupe . After appearing in several comedy programmes , she first came to prominence in 1987 in two BBC TV series , Tutti Frutti and Fortunes of War , winning the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for her work in both series . Her first film role was in the 1989 romantic comedy The Tall Guy , and in the early 1990s she frequently collaborated with her then husband , actor and director Kenneth Branagh . The pair became popular in the British media and co-starred in several films , including Dead Again ( 1991 ) and Much Ado About Nothing ( 1993 ) .   In 1992 , Thompson won an Academy Award and a BAFTA Award for Best Actress for the period drama Howards End . In 1993 , she garnered dual Academy Award nominations for her roles in The Remains of the Day as the housekeeper of a grand household and In the Name of the Father as a lawyer . Thompson scripted and starred in Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) , which earned her ( among other awards ) an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay , and a BAFTA Award for Best Actress . Other notable film and television credits include : the Harry Potter film series , Wit ( 2001 ) , Love Actually ( 2003 ) , Angels in America ( 2003 ) , Nanny McPhee ( 2005 ) , Stranger than Fiction ( 2006 ) , Last Chance Harvey ( 2008 ) , Men in Black 3 ( 2012 ) , Brave ( 2012 ) and Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) . In 2013 , she received acclaim and several award nominations for her portrayal of P. L. Travers in Saving Mr. Banks .   Thompson is married to actor Greg Wise , with whom she lives in London . They have one daughter and an adopted son . She is an activist in the areas of human rights and environmentalism and has received criticism for her outspokenness . She has written two books adapted from The Tale of Peter Rabbit .

neg: The Last Days of Emma Blank The Last Days of Emma Blank ( De laatste dagen van Emma Blank ) is a 2009 Dutch comedy film directed by Alex van Warmerdam .

neg: Emma Nyra Emma Chukwugoziam Obi ( born July 18 , 1988 ) , professionally known by her stage name Emma Nyra , is an American-born Nigerian singer-songerwriter , actress and model .

neg: Eric Porter Eric Richard Porter ( 8 April 192815 May 1995 ) was an English actor of stage , film and television .

neg: Fortunes of War (TV series) Fortunes of War is a 1987 BBC television adaptation of Olivia Manning 's cycle of novels Fortunes of War . It stars Kenneth Branagh as Guy Pringle , lecturer in English Literature in Bucharest during the early part of the Second World War , and Emma Thompson as his wife Harriet . Kenneth Branagh and Emma Thompson met filming the TV series and married in real life . Other cast members included Ronald Pickup , Robert Stephens , Alan Bennett , Philip Madoc and Rupert Graves . The series stays relatively faithful to the original novels , with no notable departures from their plot .

neg: Emma E. Hickox Emma E. Hickox A.C.E ( neè Burford ; born 11 April 1964 ) is a successful British film editor based in LA and London .   A member of American Cinema Editors , Hickox has worked as a features and TV editor since the early 1990s . She has a varied and versatile resume from comedies , drama 's and musicals , including large Hollywood films such as Bad Moms featuring Mila Kunis , Rock of Ages featuring Tom Cruise , and smaller independent films such as Becoming Jane with Anne Hathaway and ` The Boat That Rocked ' from Richard Curtis with Philip Seymour Hoffman .   She is a founding member of the British Independent Film Awards with the Debut Directors award given in her fathers name , ` The Douglas Hickox Award ' . Hickox is the daughter of Academy Award winning film editor Anne V. Coates , and Douglas Hickox ( died 1988 ) , a cult British film director . John Coates , her uncle , was a film and TV producer for ( Yellow Submarine & The Snowman ) .   She is married with two daughter and has two brothers , and a sister .   Emma is represented by Wayne Fitterman at WME in Los Angeles , and Lynda Mamy of United Agents in London

neg: Emma Lahana Emma Kate Lahana ( born 27 June 1984 ) is a New Zealand actress and singer . She is best known for her role as Jennifer Mason on Haven , and as Kira Ford , one of the Yellow Rangers of the Power Rangers franchise , in Power Rangers Dino Thunder .

neg: The Secret Garden (1993 film) The Secret Garden is a 1993 British drama fantasy film directed by Agnieszka Holland and starring Kate Maberly , Heydon Prowse , Andrew Knott , John Lynch and Maggie Smith . It was written by Caroline Thompson and based on the novel of the same name by Frances Hodgson Burnett . There are two previous film adaptations : a 1949 US drama film ; and the screen adaptation as a silent version filmed in 1919 , which starred Lila Lee and Spottiswoode Aitken .

neg: Theatre of Australia Theatre of Australia refers to the history of the performing arts in Australia , or produced by Australians . There are theatrical and dramatic aspects to a number of Indigenous Australian ceremonies such as the corroboree . During its colonial period , Australian theatrical arts were generally linked to the broader traditions of English literature and to British and Irish theatre . Australian literature and theatrical artists ( including Aboriginal as well as Anglo-Celtic and multicultural migrant Australians ) have over the last two centuries introduced the culture of Australia and the character of a new continent to the world stage .   Individuals who have contributed to theatre in Australia and internationally include Sir Robert Helpmann , Dame Joan Sutherland , Barry Humphries , David Williamson , Cate Blanchett , Geoffrey Rush , Judy Davis , Jim Sharman , Tim Minchin and Baz Luhrmann . Notable theatrical institutions include the Sydney Opera House , and the National Institute of Dramatic Art in Sydney .

neg: Oliver Twist (1912 film) Oliver Twist is a 1912 British silent drama film directed by Thomas Bentley and starring Ivy Millais , Alma Taylor and Harry Royston . It is an adaptation of the 1838 novel Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens . It was the directorial debut of Bentley who went on to become a leading British director . It was the first in a series of Dickens adaptations by Bentley .

neg: Anna Thompson Anna Thompson may refer to :   Anna Thompson ( athlete ) ( born 1976 ) , Australian runner  Anna Thompson ( netball player ) ( born 1986 ) , New Zealand netball player  Anna Levine ( born 1953 ) , American actress , also credited as Anna Levine Thompson

neg: The Murder of Princess Diana The Murder of Princess Diana is a 2007 Lifetime Television movie , directed by John Strickland and starring Jennifer Morrison . The film was based on a novel by Noel Botham . Reg Gadney and Emma Reeves wrote the teleplay .

neg: Wuthering Heights (2011 film) Wuthering Heights is a 2011 British romantic gothic , period drama film directed by Andrea Arnold and starring Kaya Scodelario as Catherine and James Howson as Heathcliff . The screenplay , written by Andrea Arnold and Olivia Hetreed , is based on Emily Brontë 's 1847 Wuthering Heights .

neg: Emma Parker Emma Parker ( fl 1809 -- 1817 ) , was a novelist residing in Wales and writing in English , of whom very little is known . Her epistolary novel Self-Deception explores the cultural and religious differences between the English and the French .

neg: Emma Barton Emma Louise Barton ( born 26 July 1977 in Portsmouth , England ) is an English actress . She played Honey Mitchell in EastEnders from November 2005 to September 2008 , and on a temporary basis during 2014 . Barton returned full-time in late 2015 .   Before her role in EastEnders , Barton appeared in Spooks and on stage in plays including Grease , Loveshack and Thoroughly Modern Millie .

neg: Imagining Argentina (film) Imagining Argentina is a 2003 drama historical film written and directed by Christopher Hampton and starring Antonio Banderas , Emma Thompson , Leticia Dolera and Rubén Blades . It is based on the award-winning homonymous novel by Lawrence Thornton . It was nominated for the Golden Lion at the 2003 Venice Film Festival .   The film , centered on a couple living through the ominous last military dictatorship in Argentina ( 1976-1983 ) , depicts graphic images of suffering , such as rape and torture . The closing caption states that around 30,000 Argentines disappeared during the beginning and end of the regime .

neg: Burke & Wills Burke & Wills is a 1985 Australian adventure film directed by Graeme Clifford , starring Jack Thompson and Nigel Havers . The film is based on the ill-fated Burke and Wills expedition across Australia .   The film follows Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills in their crossing of Australia 's interior in 1860-1 . The film 's account of the story changes the expedition 's ending by having the explorers actually reach the northern coast . This upbeat idea was vehemently criticised by Australian reviewers . The story was also filmed the same year as a comedy , Wills & Burke .

neg: Murphy's Law (film) Murphy 's Law is an American 1986 thriller film directed by J. Lee Thompson from a screenplay by Gail Morgan Hickman . It was released by Cannon Films to the United States on April 18 , 1986 . The film stars Charles Bronson and Kathleen Wilhoite in lead roles with a supporting cast that includes Carrie Snodgress , Robert F. Lyons , and Richard Romanus .   The movie marks the sixth collaboration between Bronson and director J. Lee Thompson ( following 1976 's St. Ives , 1977 's The White Buffalo , 1980 's Caboblanco , 1983 's 10 to Midnight , and 1984 's The Evil That Men Do ) .

neg: Emma Greenwell Emma Greenwell ( born January 14 , 1989 ) is an American actress who was born in the United States but was raised in London from a very young age .

neg: Salmon Fishing in the Yemen Salmon Fishing in the Yemen is a 2011 British romantic comedy-drama film directed by Lasse Hallström and starring Ewan McGregor , Emily Blunt , Kristin Scott Thomas and Amr Waked . Based on the 2007 novel of the same name by Paul Torday , and a screenplay by Simon Beaufoy , the film is about a fisheries expert who is recruited by a consultant to help realize a sheikh 's vision of bringing the sport of fly fishing to the Yemen desert , initiating an upstream journey of faith to make the impossible possible . The film was shot on location in London , Scotland , and Morocco from August to October 2010 . The film premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival . The film received generally positive reviews upon its release , and earned $ 34,564,651 in revenue worldwide .

neg: Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is a 2007 British-American fantasy film directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. . Pictures . It is based on the novel of the same name by J. K. Rowling . The film , which is the fifth instalment in the Harry Potter film series , was written by Michael Goldenberg ( making this the only film in the series not to be scripted by Steve Kloves ) and produced by David Heyman and David Barron . The story follows Harry Potter 's fifth year at Hogwarts as the Ministry of Magic is in denial of Lord Voldemort 's return .   The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry 's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and is followed by Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince .   Live-action filming took place in England and Scotland for exterior locations and Leavesden Film Studios in Watford for interior locations from February to November 2006 , with a one-month break in June . Post-production on the film continued for several months afterwards to add in visual effects . The film 's budget was reportedly between # 75 and 100 million ( $ 150 -- 200 million ) . Warner Bros. released the film in the United Kingdom on 12 July 2007 and in North America on 11 July , both in conventional and IMAX theatres ; it is the first Potter film to be released in IMAX 3D .   As of April 2017 , Order of the Phoenix is the 39th-highest-grossing film of all time , and a critical and commercial success . The film opened to a worldwide 5-day opening of $ 333 million , fourteenth all-time , and grossed nearly $ 940 million total , second to Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End for the greatest total of 2007 . The film was nominated for two BAFTA Film Awards in 2008 .


query: Reuters only sends out news in English.

pos: Reuters Reuters -LSB- ˈrɔɪtərz -RSB- is an international news agency headquartered in London , England . It is a division of Thomson Reuters .   Until 2008 , the Reuters news agency formed part of an independent company , Reuters Group plc , which was also a provider of financial market data . Since the acquisition of Reuters Group by the Thomson Corporation in 2008 , the Reuters news agency has been a part of Thomson Reuters , making up the media division . Reuters transmits news in English , French , Arabic , Spanish , German , Italian , Portuguese , Russian , Japanese , Korean , Urdu , and Chinese . It was established in 1851 .

neg: El País El País ( ; literally The Country ) is the highest-circulation daily newspaper in Spain and one of three Madrid dailies considered to be national newspapers of record for Spain ( along with El Mundo and ABC ) . El País , based in Madrid , is owned by the Spanish media conglomerate PRISA .   Its headquarters and central editorial staff are located in Madrid , although there are regional offices in the principal Spanish cities ( Barcelona , Seville , Valencia , Bilbao , Santiago de Compostela ) where regional editions are produced . El País also produces a world edition in Madrid that is available online in Brazil ( in Brazilian Portuguese ) and Hispanic America ( in European Spanish ) .   An English edition began as a print edition in 2001 , available as a supplement in what was then the International Herald Tribune , later The Global New York Times . Since 2014 , it has been a 100 % digital project ,

neg: Metropolis Daily Metropolis Daily is the Hong Kong edition of Metro ( Metro International ) , which publishes free newspapers around the world with 25 editions in 16 countries in 14 languages . It is the first free newspaper in Hong Kong .   The Hong Kong version was first launched on April 15 , 2002 ; it is distributed for free in the racks located in 49 Mass Transit Railway ( MTR ) stations except the Airport Station .   According to the Hong Kong Audit Bureau of Circulations in September 2002 , the daily circulation of the newspaper was 302,197 copies , making it the third largest daily newspaper in Hong Kong . The paper is distributed from Monday to Friday ( except for public holidays ) , by hand or from the newspaper stands in 49 MTR stations and 11 other key central locations , such as big shopping malls owned by MTR Corporation Limited like Paradise Mall , Telford Plaza , and Luk Yeung Galleria ( 綠楊坊 Pinyin : lǜ yáng fāng ) . Since it is free of charge and easily accessible , many people like to get one on their way to school or work . The paper attracts a younger generation of readers with a great purchasing power likewise , therefore many advertisers are interested in promoting their products on Metropolis Daily . The operating costs of the paper are mainly covered by the classified advertisements in the newspaper .   However , the influence of the paper is not yet significant . Though around one tenth size of other newspapers printing local first-hand news reported by fresh journalists , its main news sources are actually the television , radio news , press releases and wired news . As one Metropolis '' ' reporter said , `` Nobody seems to know that we made an exclusive story . ''   The paper is in Chinese in most parts , together with an English international section . According to Metropolis , the paper can be read in a `` 19-minute commute '' as the articles inside are usually short and laconic ; readers can scan through the paper so quickly that they can grab a brief understanding of the news within minutes . Although the paper is a tabloid , i.e. a minute-sized newspaper giving the stories in a condensed form , it includes many sections , which make the paper very rich in contents .  These sections include :  local news ( including one page written in Simplified Chinese ) ;  Chinese news ;  international news ;  finance ;  sports ;  entertainment ;  side stories ;  English news digest ;  editorial column ;  television program schedule ; and  film section .   Readers can read the on-line edition of Metropolis all over the world by simply registering as users at its official site , and it is totally free . Besides , there is also a club called `` Club Metro '' '' offering discounts in films , sports and travel to its members . Readers can enjoy these benefits once they have joined the club . There are 700,000 worldwide members in this club .

neg: Daily News Egypt Daily News Egypt ( DNE ) is an English-language daily Egyptian newspaper established in 2005 and relaunched in June 2012 . Under former owner Egyptian Media Services , it was distributed with the International Herald Tribune as a supplement . According to its website , the paper carries `` business , political and cultural news and analysis '' . The newspaper has claimed to be independent and not subject to government censorship .

neg: International Editor of the Year Award International Editor of the Year Award is a prize awarded yearly to journalists and press editors outside the United states by World Press Review ( Worldpress.org ) magazine .   The award has been presented by World Press Review Since 1975 to an editor or editors outside the United States whose work , according to the magazine `` best exemplifies the principles of journalism . ''   According to Worldpress.org editorial , the award is granted to journalists `` in recognition of enterprise , courage and leadership in advancing the freedom and responsibility of the press , enhancing human rights and fostering excellence in journalism . ''

neg: Khabar Agency The Khabar Agency is a major media outlet in Kazakhstan . It was established in 1995 , known originally as the National Television News Agency . It is currently one of the largest networks in the country , and broadcasts daily in Russian and Kazakh . Additionally , Khabar runs the satellite channel Kazakh TV , which is potentially available across Europe and Asia . It features programming in Russian , Kazakh , and English .   Khabar annually hosts the Eurasian Media Forum , which attempts to bring together journalists and political figures to `` facilitate the professional development of the Eurasian media and promote international public understanding of Eurasian issues '' .   Since 1 January 2016 Khabar has been an associate member of the EBU .

neg: Embassy of Ecuador, London The Embassy of Ecuador in London is the diplomatic mission of Ecuador in the United Kingdom . It is headed by the ambassador of Ecuador to the United Kingdom . It is located in the Knightsbridge district in a building it shares with the Embassy of Colombia , near Harrods , Hyde Park , and Hans Place , precisely at 3 Hans Crescent at the intersection of Basil Street , and it is served by the Knightsbridge station .   The Ecuadorian embassy is the temporary home of the Australian editor , activist , publisher and journalist Julian Assange , who initially entered it on 19 June 2012 claiming diplomatic asylum , which was granted by the Ecuadorian government on 16 August 2012 .   The embassy is charged with representing the interests of the president and government of Ecuador , improving diplomatic relations between Ecuador and the accredited countries , promoting and improving the image and standing of Ecuador in the accredited nations , promoting the culture of Ecuador , encouraging and facilitating tourism to and from Ecuador , and ensuring the safety of Ecuadorians abroad .   The structure that houses the embassy is a white stucco-fronted red-brick building on Hans Crescent in the Knightsbridge area of London . The embassy is a suite of rooms occupying part of the ground floor of the building , which has been described as an `` apartment block '' .   Ecuador also maintains a consulate at 144-146 Kings Cross Road , London WC1X 9DU and an Office of the Naval Assistant and Permanent Representative to the International Maritime Organization at 61 Wimbledon Hill Road , Wimbledon , London .

neg: List of BBC newsreaders and reporters BBC News employs many presenters and correspondents who appear across television , radio and contribute to BBC Online . BBC News provides television journalism to BBC One bulletins and the rolling news channels BBC World News and the BBC News Channel in the United Kingdom . In addition BBC News runs rolling news network BBC Radio 5 Live and the international BBC World Service . They also contribute to strands across BBC Radio 4 and bulletins on all radio networks . The BBC has over 200 correspondents based both in the United Kingdom and abroad .

neg: Business Bhutan Business Bhutan is Bhutan 's only financial newspaper . A weekly paper , written mainly in English with a Dzongkha language section , focuses on business , finance , and politics in Bhutan .

neg: Reuters Insider Reuters Insider is a website provided by Thomson Reuters that offers financial videos for viewing online , and launched on May 11 , 2010 . Visitors can view videos free-of-charge during the current promotional period , after which the website will only be accessible to Reuters subscribers , who typically pay about US$ 2,000 per month . The website has been described as `` YouTube for traders '' . Video from the website is created by Thomson Reuters ' own reporters , as well as the company 's roughly 150 partners .   Thomson Reuters spent about $ 100 million to develop the website . Reuters Insider is targeted towards financial experts , while Thomson Reuter 's primary competitor , Bloomberg L.P. , has begun to focus more on targeting the average consumer by purchasing business magazine BusinessWeek . The website is part of an overall $ 1 billion plan by the company to update its technology to make financial information accessible to more users .

neg: Middle East Eye The Middle East Eye ( MEE ) is an online news portal covering events in the Middle East and which has been cited by major media publications . The MEE website describes the organization as an `` independently-funded online news organization '' founded in February 2014 which `` aims to be the primary portal of Middle East news . '' The MEE '' 's editor is David Hearst , the former chief foreign leader writer for the British newspaper The Guardian . The MEE is wholly owned by M.E.E. Ltd , a UK company that employs about 20 full-time staff in its London offices and also has a network of freelance journalists . The sole director of M.E.E. Ltd is Jamal Bassasso , who was a former director of planning and human resources at Al Jazeera . David Hearst has said that his staff came from varied backgrounds while noting that `` some were activists , but this does n't effect their professional journalism '' . Hearst claimed that MEE is not linked to any government or movement .   The Middle East Eye has been used as a reference by several well-known Western news outlets such as the BBC News , The Huffington Post , The Guardian , and The New York Times '' .   The Middle East Eye is currently blocked in the United Arab Emirates by the country 's internet censorship authorities .

neg: Net Press Net Press is Macedonian independent internet news agency . Net Press 's primary task is providing news , information and analyses only in Macedonian language .   Net Press is founded in January 2007 in Skopje , Republic of Macedonia .   Net Press use only the Internet like free media .

neg: Peter Thal Larsen Peter Thal Larsen is a Dutch journalist .   Thal Larsen graduated from Bristol University before going on to the London School of Economics . He began working for the Financial Times in 1999 and moved to the paper 's New York City office the following year , first as a financial correspondent and then U.S. communications editor . He returned to London in 2004 to become banking editor , leading the paper 's coverage of the financial crisis and the 2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package . In 2009 , he departed to become Reuters ' European comment editor , reporting to Jonathan Ford . Following Reuters ' acquisition of Breakingviews later that year he became assistant editor of Reuters Breakingviews . In 2012 , he moved to Hong Kong to take up a new position within Reuters as the Asia editor for Breakingviews .   Thal Larsen was one of a number of senior financial journalists who reported on the effects of the financial crisis on The Royal Bank of Scotland , and was interviewed by Ian Fraser for a 2011 BBC Two documentary on the topic .

neg: Loesje Loesje -LSB- ` luʃə -RSB- is an international free speech organisation started in Arnhem ( Netherlands ) in 1983 and went international in 1989 . Its charter is to spread creativity , positive criticism , ideas , philosophical ponderings and thoughts on current events by way of short slogans on posters . The posters are signed by Loesje , which is a Dutch female name , representing `` a world wide collective of people who want to make the world a more positive creative place '' .   Loesje is currently to some extent active in over 30 countries , including Argentina , Armenia , Bosnia , Belgium , Spain , Denmark , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Hungary , Iceland , Italy , Latvia , Lithuania , Macedonia , Mexico , the Netherlands , Nigeria , Poland , Portugal , Romania , Russia , Serbia , Slovenia , Sweden , Switzerland , the United States of America , and Palestine . In one country it is possible to have several more or less active writing groups .   It is not clear how many active writers there are and also the number of people who decide to spread the posters that can be downloaded from the poster archive . The organisation can not hold track of who spreads posters and where , partly because it is impossible to see how often a poster is downloaded ( or printed at home ) from the website , and partly because Loesje is not responsible for any misdeeds of individuals who paste posters on places where it is illegal .   Between 2005 and 2013 , Loesje 's international headquarters were located in Berlin , but since then Loesje International has moved back to Arnhem . From there Loesje implements and coordinates many diverse international projects around the world . Loesje gives creative writing workshops , for team building for example and joins conferences about issues that connect to her values , such as this environmental conference called Caretakers of the environment international in 2012 in Maastricht in the Netherlands . Loesje is especially active on World press freedom day .

neg: Tehran Bureau Tehran Bureau is an online news magazine covering politics , foreign affairs , culture and society in Iran and the Iranian Diaspora . It was founded by Iranian-born journalist Kelly Golnoush Niknejad in February 2008 , initially as a blog . In May 2009 , it was launched as a virtual news bureau , featuring a growing list of regular contributors and journalists knowledgeable about Iran and Iranian affairs . Tehran Bureau combines aspects of traditional journalism and new media , using trusted online social networks to complement conventional coverage . Starting out as an independent news organization , Tehran Bureau had no affiliation with and received no funding or support from any government , religious , or interest group . However in September 2009 it began a collaboration with the Public Broadcasting Service television series `` Frontline '' which will provide it with financing , host its Web site and provide editorial support . In return Tehran Bureau will help shape a coming `` Frontline '' program about Iran .   The British news website The Guardian hosted Tehran Bureau for a while . In an article revealing the new arrangement , The Guardian assured that the magazine would `` retain its independence under Niknejad ''   Its mission statement states , `` Tehran Bureau is a virtual bureau connecting journalists , Iran experts and readers all over the world . Our stories are written by Iranians in Iran and the Middle East , foreigners viewing or interacting with our culture for the first time , and hyphenated Iranians best suited to bridge the cultures . ''   Among its contributing journalists Muhammad Sahimi , Jason Rezaian , Gareth Smyth and many others writing without a byline since the crackdown on journalists after the June 12 presidential election of 2009 .

neg: The Romanian Times The Romanian Times is an Internet-only Romanian English-language newspaper . Running since 2008 , the paper 's main target is English-speakers or learners in Romania . The most recent article was published in January 2015 . The website has been offline since September 2015 .   The newspaper covers politics , business , sports , culture , travel , and general Romania-related news and weather from offices in Cluj Napoca and Bucharest .   It is run by AN News and Pictures , operating out of Kent , Great Britain .

neg: Morocco World News Morocco World News is an Arabic , French and English language e-newspaper with its headquarters in New York City . It was founded in 2011 by Samir Bennis and Adnane Bennis . It operates from Rabat in Morocco . ''

neg: Lion Express Lion Express ( Hindi : लायन एक्सप्रेस ) is an Indian Hindi-language daily newspaper . It has been declared by the India Association of Newspapers ( WAN ) as one of the most read newspapers in the India . It was named the most credible newspaper source in India in a survey commissioned by BBC-Reuters .

neg: The Bangladesh Today The Bangladesh Today is a national daily newspaper in Bangladesh , published from Dhaka in the English language . It started on 26 January 2002 .

neg: Scot J. Paltrow Scot J. Paltrow is an American journalist . A financial journalist , Paltrow currently works for Reuters .   Paltrow is from New York . He received his bachelor 's degree from the Cornell University College of Arts and Sciences and a master 's degree from the London School of Economics .   Paltrow 's journalism career began in 1977 when he joined the Memphis Commercial Appeal as a reporter . The following year , he joined the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner , where his investigative series on corruption in Industry , California , `` The City of Insiders , '' resulted in federal and state criminal probes and several convictions .   In 1981 , Paltrow moved to the Washington Star , where he covered federal courts . After the Star shut down the same year , Paltrow moved to the Wall Street Journal , where he was a reporter in the Los Angeles bureau . In 1985 , Paltrow became a European correspondent for the Journal based in Brussels . In April 1988 , Paltrow returned to the United States as New York financial bureau chief for the Los Angeles Times . During this period he did numerous investigative stories on Wall Street investment banks , markets and the insurance industry . '' While at the Times , Paltrow won a 1993 George Polk Award for Financial Reporting . Paltrow returned to the Wall Street Journal in May 1997 and served as senior special writer based in New York and writes for the paper 's Washington bureau .   In 2007 , following Rupert Murdoch 's purchase of Dow Jones & Company ( which owns the Wall Street Journal ) , Paltrow left the paper and joined Condé Nast 's Portfolio.com as a contributing editor , starting September 1 , 2007 , following another longtime Journal journalist who moved to Portfolio.com , Peter Waldman .   In September 2010 , Paltrow moved to Reuters , where he and fellow financial journalist Mark Hosenball were brought on as `` key hires '' in an effort to expand Reuters ' `` coverage of business , Wall Street and Washington . '' Paltrow joined Reuters to cover `` financial crimes , specifically covering criminal and civil investigations related to the financial crisis , as well as the effort to more closely regulate and police the financial world . '' In 2012 , Paltrow won a Society of American Business Editors and Writers Best in Business Awards in the Explanatory/News Agency category for his investigation into banks ' use of robo-signing .   Paltrow has written a report , The Case for a Stronger Federal Role in Insurance Regulation : Weak State Regulation Highlights the Need for Federal Oversight of Health Premiums , for the Center for American Progress Action Fund .   Paltrow has received a Gerald Loeb Award . Paltrow won 1992 and 1993 John Hancock Awards for Excellence in Business & Financial Journalism , the 1994 Los Angeles Times Editorial Award , the Unity Award in Media , and a 2001 Deadline Club Award from New York City Chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists .

neg: Bhutan News Service Bhutan News Service , abbreviated as BNS , is the first news agency of Bhutan . It is run as an independent news agency by Bhutanese refugee journalists since 2004 from Kathmandu , the capital city of Nepal . This is , probably , first of its kind considering a very few refugee media or journalism in exile . The agency is solely operated by refugees who are mostly born or brought up in refugee camps and without previous media experiences .   When over 100,000 of Bhutanese refugees started taking shelter in UN-administered refugee camps of Jhapa and Morang districts in eastern part of Nepal , there was a need of a vocal media in the refugee community . Several attempts were made by persons of various backgrounds to keep the journalism works going . However , survival of those media was not easy due to lack of funding , and they died one after the other .   The Bhutan News Service was founded in 2004 by a small group of Bhutanese refugee youths , who during the time believed that journalism was a noble means to keep community informed and continue advocating the refugee issue . Most of the exiled publications were shut down , in particular following crunch financial assistance and or due to lack of human resources to continue volunteering without anything in return . Therefore , the news service emerged in as an alternative means to replace most of those publications , if not all . Initially , the works were limited to simply blogging . From 2006 , BNS went online through its own news portal .   ″ APFA initiated a joint effort for press freedom and called on two other media organizations working for press freedom in Bhutan and operating in exile . Thus a conference was held in eastern Nepal making a historic declaration vowing to expedite fight for press freedom . The first media conference adopted `` Declaration Dé Exile '' . The declaration also accepted the APFA proposal to accept Bhutan News Service as the common and first news agency of Bhutan , but operating from exile . ″   Currently , around two dozens of reporters and over half a dozen of editors from various countries contribute for the news service on voluntary basis . The news agency has not been legally registered since Nepalese laws do not entertain registration of any entity owned and run by foreign nationals in Nepalese soil .   ″ Unfortunately , we are not a registered entity yet . While most of our members were based in the capital city of Nepal for years , we made several attempts to get it registered in Nepal , but to no avail . We are , however , in the course of getting it registered preferably in USA since most of our members are based there and a vast majority of the Bhutanese have gotten resettled in the same place . ″