query: Francois de Belleforest wrote on anything except history.

pos: François de Belleforest François de Belleforest ( 1530 -- 1 January 1583 ) was a prolific French author , poet and translator of the Renaissance .   He was born in Comminges , into a poor family , and his father ( a soldier ) was killed when he was seven . He spent some time in the court of Marguerite of Navarre , traveled to Toulouse and Bordeaux ( where he met George Buchanan ) , and then to Paris where he came into contact with members of the young literary generation , including Pierre de Ronsard , Jean Antoine de Baïf , Jean Dorat , Remy Belleau , Antoine Du Verdier and Odet de Turnèbe . In 1568 he became historiographer to the king . He died in Paris .   Belleforest wrote on cosmography , morals , literature and history , and he translated the works of Matteo Bandello , Boccaccio , Antonio de Guevara , Lodovico Guicciardini , Polydore Vergil , Saint Cyprian , Sebastian Münster , Achilles Tatius , Cicero and Demosthenes into French . He is also the author of the first French pastoral novel , La Pyrénée ( or La Pastorale amoureuse ) ( 1571 ) modeled on the Diana of Jorge de Montemayor . His Grandes Annales are a polemic tract against François Hotman . His total output comprises more than 50 volumes .   His most successful work was most likely his translation and adaptation of the `` histoires tragiques '' by the Italian Matteo Bandello , which built on the work of Pierre Boaistuau and eventually amounted to seven volumes ( 1564-1582 ) . One of these tales might be the source for Shakespeare 's Hamlet .

neg: Dictionnaire universel The Dictionnaire universel , contenant generalement tous les mots françois ( originally Dictionaire universel ) was a dictionary and encyclopedia compiled by Antoine Furetière and published posthumously in 1690 . Unlike the rival dictionary of the Académie française , finally published in 1694 , Furetière 's Dictionnaire included specialized technical and scientific vocabulary . It was also an encyclopedia of sorts in dealing with things as well as words . Despite having been banned in France , it was a commercial success and exerted an enormous influence on eighteenth-century French dictionaries and encyclopedias .

neg: Jean-François de Bastide Jean-François de Bastide ( 15 July 1724 , Marseille -- 4 July 1798 , Milan aged 73 ) was an 18th-century French writer and playwright .   The son of a magistrate from Provence , Bastide was a polygraph : he wrote novels ( Histoire d'une religieuse par elle-même , `` Bibliothèque universelle des romans '' , May 1786 , 24 p. in-16 ) , theatre plays , critics , and was also a journalist and a compilator . As a journalist , he published Le Nouveau spectateur ( 1758 -- 60 ) , Le Monde tel qu'il est ( 1760 -- 61 ) , Journal de Bruxelles ou le Penseur ( 1766 -- 67 ) , etc. . He also directed the `` Bibliothèque universelle des romans '' from 1779 to 1789 .   As a playwright , he composed :  1749 : Le Désenchantement inespéré  1762 : L'Épreuve de la probité  1763 : Les Caractères de la musique  1763 : Les Deux talents , opéra comique presented at Comédie Italienne 11 August ( music by chevalier d'Herbain )  1764 : Le Jeune homme , comedy presented in Bordeaux  1766 : Les Amants opposés , comedy presented in The Hague 11 March  La Majorité , comedy presented the same day in the same theatre  1766 : Le Soldat par amour , opéra comique presented in Brussel , at Théâtre de la Monnaie , 4 November ( music by Pierre Van Maldere and Ignaz Vitzthumb )  Gésoncourt et Clémentine , tragedy presented the same day in the same theatre .  La Petite-Maison , published in Contes de M. de Bastide , Paris , L. Cellot , 1763 , II , 1 , p. 47-88

neg: Père Goriot Le Père Goriot ( -LSB- lə pɛʁ ɡɔʁjo -RSB- , Old Goriot or Father Goriot ) is an 1835 novel by French novelist and playwright Honoré de Balzac ( 1799 -- 1850 ) , included in the Scènes de la vie privée section of his novel sequence La Comédie humaine . Set in Paris in 1819 , it follows the intertwined lives of three characters : the elderly doting Goriot ; a mysterious criminal-in-hiding named Vautrin ; and a naive law student named Eugène de Rastignac .   Originally published in serial form during the winter of 1834/35 , Le Père Goriot is widely considered Balzac 's most important novel . It marks the first serious use by the author of characters who had appeared in other books , a technique that distinguishes Balzac 's fiction . The novel is also noted as an example of his realist style , using minute details to create character and subtext .   The novel takes place during the Bourbon Restoration , which brought profound changes to French society ; the struggle by individuals to secure a higher social status is a major theme in the book . The city of Paris also impresses itself on the characters -- especially young Rastignac , who grew up in the provinces of southern France . Balzac analyzes , through Goriot and others , the nature of family and marriage , providing a pessimistic view of these institutions .   The novel was released to mixed reviews . Some critics praised the author for his complex characters and attention to detail ; others condemned him for his many depictions of corruption and greed . A favorite of Balzac 's , the book quickly won widespread popularity and has often been adapted for film and the stage . It gave rise to the French expression `` Rastignac '' , a social climber willing to use any means to better his situation .

neg: French colonial empire The French colonial empire constituted the overseas colonies , protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward . A distinction is generally made between the `` first colonial empire '' , that existed until 1814 , by which time most of it had been lost , and the `` second colonial empire '' , which began with the conquest of Algiers in 1830 . The second empire came to an end after the loss of bitter wars in Vietnam ( 1955 ) and Algeria ( 1962 ) , and peaceful decolonization elsewhere after 1960 .   Competing with Spain , Portugal , the United Provinces , and later Britain , France began to establish colonies in North America , the Caribbean , and India in the 17th century . A series of wars with Great Britain and other European major powers during the 18th century and early 19th century resulted in France losing nearly all of its conquests . France rebuilt a new empire mostly after 1850 , concentrating chiefly in Africa , as well as Indochina and the South Pacific . Republicans , at first hostile to empire , only became supportive when Germany started to build her own colonial empire . As it developed the new empire took on roles of trade with France , especially supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items , as well as lending prestige to the motherland and spreading French civilization and language , and the Catholic religion . It also provided manpower in the World Wars .   It became a moral mission to lift the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture . In 1884 the leading proponent of colonialism , Jules Ferry declared ; `` The higher races have a right over the lower races , they have a duty to civilize the inferior races . '' Full citizenship rights -- assimilation -- were offered , although in reality `` assimilation was always receding -LSB- and -RSB- the colonial populations treated like subjects not citizens . '' France sent small numbers of settlers to its empire , contrary to Great Britain , and previously Spain and Portugal , with the only notable exception of Algeria , where the French settlers nonetheless always remained a small minority .   At its apex , it was one of the largest empires in history . Including metropolitan France , the total amount of land under French sovereignty reached 11500000 km2 in 1920 , with a population of 110 million people in 1939 . In World War II , Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France . Historian Tony Chafer argues : `` In an effort to restore its world-power status after the humiliation of defeat and occupation , France was eager to maintain its overseas empire at the end of the Second World War . '' However , after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge European authority . The French constitution of October 27 , 1946 ( Fourth Republic ) , established the French Union which endured until 1958 . Newer remnants of the colonial empire were integrated into France as overseas departments and territories within the French Republic . These now total altogether 119,394 km ² ( 46,098 sq. miles ) , which amounts to only 1 % of the pre-1939 French colonial empire 's area , with 2.7 million people living in them in 2013 . By the 1970s , says Robert Aldrich , the last `` vestiges of empire held little interest for the French . '' He argues , `` Except for the traumatic decolonization of Algeria , however , what is remarkable is how few long-lasting effects on France the giving up of empire entailed . ''

neg: Chivalric romance As a literary genre of high culture , romance or chivalric romance is a type of prose and verse narrative that was popular in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe . They were fantastic stories about marvel-filled adventures , often of a knight-errant portrayed as having heroic qualities , who goes on a quest , yet it is `` the emphasis on love and courtly manners distinguishes it from the chanson de geste and other kinds of epic , in which masculine military heroism predominates . '' Popular literature also drew on themes of romance , but with ironic , satiric or burlesque intent . Romances reworked legends , fairy tales , and history to suit the readers ' and hearers ' tastes , but by c. 1600 they were out of fashion , and Miguel de Cervantes famously burlesqued them in his novel Don Quixote . Still , the modern image of `` medieval '' is more influenced by the romance than by any other medieval genre , and the word medieval evokes knights , distressed damsels , dragons , and other romantic tropes .   Originally , romance literature was written in Old French , Anglo-Norman , Occitan , and Provençal , and later in Portuguese , in Castilian , in English , in Italian ( particularly with the Sicilian poetry ) and German . During the early 13th century , romances were increasingly written as prose . In later romances , particularly those of French origin , there is a marked tendency to emphasize themes of courtly love , such as faithfulness in adversity .

neg: Écoles Sans Frontières Écoles Sans Frontières ( `` Schools Without Borders '' ) is a French non-governmental organisation ( NGO ) with volunteers and offices throughout the world who endeavour to :   `` defend the basic right to education in the respect of human dignity . To develop education and human resources for the underprivileged populations and to contribute to the safeguard of their culture of origin . To facilitate , by teaching , the search for durable solutions for the refugees '' .   The motto of the organisation is L'instruction , c'est l'espoir ( `` Education is hope '' ) .  ESF volunteers work tirelessly to help underprivileged people around the world in refugee camps throughout South East Asia , Haiti and Guatemala .

neg: François de La Rochefoucauld François de La Rochefoucauld may refer to :   François de La Rochefoucauld ( writer ) ( 1613 -- 1680 ) , French author  François de La Rochefoucauld ( cardinal ) ( 1558 -- 1645 ) , French cardinal of the Catholic Church  François de La Rochefoucauld , marquis de Montendre ( 1672 -- 1739 ) , Field Marshal of the British Army  François Alexandre Frédéric de La Rochefoucauld , Duke of La Rochefoucauld ( 1747 -- 1827 ) , French social reformer  François , duc de La Rochefoucauld ( 1765 -- 1848 )

neg: Ahistoricism Ahistoricism refers to a lack of concern for history , historical development , or tradition .   Charges of ahistoricism are frequently critical , implying that the subject is historically inaccurate or ignorant ( for example , an ahistorical attitude ) . It can also describe a person 's failure to frame an argument or issue in a historical context or to disregard historical fact or implication . An example of this would be films including dinosaurs and prehistoric human beings living side by side , even though they were in reality millions of years apart .   It also can be descriptive of a view that history has no relevance or importance in the decision making of modern life .   In some academic contexts , ahistoricism is the accepted norm . For example , the history of science is generally considered a quite separate discipline from , and not directly important to , research science . In philosophy , some criticism has arisen because `` the dominant school of philosophy in the English speaking world , analytic philosophy -LSB- ... -RSB- has been trenchantly ahistorical , and indeed anti-historical '' , but that this is a problem remains a minority view .   A more abstract definition of ahistoricism is simply independence from time , i.e. removed from history .  For example , the idea that some concepts are n't governed by what is learned or has happened in the past , but come from an ahistoric power , independent of what has gone before .

neg: Science book A science book is a work of nonfiction , usually written by a scientist , researcher , or professor like Stephen Hawking ( A Brief History of Time ) , or sometimes by a non-scientist such as Bill Bryson ( A Short History of Nearly Everything ) . Usually these books are written for a wide audience presumed to have a general education rather than a specifically scientific training , as opposed to the very narrow audience that a scientific paper would have , and are therefore referred to as popular science . As such , they require considerable talent on the part of the author to sufficiently explain difficult topics to  people who are totally new to the subject , and a good blend of storytelling and technical writing . In the UK , the Royal Society Prizes for Science Books are considered to be the most prestigious awards for science writing . In the US , the National Book Awards briefly had a category for science writing in the 1960s , but now they just have the broad categories of fiction and nonfiction .   There are many disciplines that are well explained to lay people through science books . A few examples include Carl Sagan on astronomy , Jared Diamond on geography , Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Dawkins on evolutionary biology , David Eagleman on neuroscience , Donald Norman on usability and cognitive psychology , Steven Pinker , Noam Chomsky , and Robert Ornstein on linguistics and cognitive science , Donald Johanson and Robert Ardrey on paleoanthropology , and Desmond Morris on zoology and anthropology , and Fulvio Melia on black holes .

neg: Essay of Dramatick Poesie Essay of Dramatic Poesy by John Dryden was published in 1668 . It was probably written during the plague year of 1666 . Dryden takes up the subject that Philip Sidney had set forth in his Defence of Poesie ( 1580 ) and attempts to justify drama as a legitimate form of `` poetry '' comparable to the epic , as well as defend English drama against that of the ancients and the French .   The treatise is a dialogue between four speakers : Eugenius , Crites , Lisideius , and Neander . The four speakers represented , respectively Charles Sackville ( Lord Buchhurst and later sixth Earl of Dorset ) , Sir Robert Howard -LSB- playwright and Dryden 's brother-in-law -RSB- , Sir Charles Sedley ( Edward Malone identified him as Lisideius ) and Dryden himself ( neander means `` new man '' and implies that Dryden , as a respected member of the gentry class , is entitled to join in this dialogue on an equal footing with the three older men who are his social superiors ) . On the day that the English fleet encounters the Dutch at sea near the mouth of the Thames , the four friends take a barge downriver towards the noise from the battle . Rightly concluding , as the noise subsides , that the English have triumphed , they order the bargeman to row them back upriver as they begin a dialogue on the advances made by modern civilization . They agree to measure progress by comparing ancient arts with modern , focusing specifically on the art of drama ( or `` dramatic poesy '' ) . The four men debate a series of three topics : ( 1 ) the relative merit of classical drama ( upheld by Crites ) vs. modern drama ( championed by Eugenius ) ; ( 2 ) whether French drama , as Lisideius maintains , is better than English drama ( supported by Neander , who famously calls Shakespeare `` the greatest soul , ancient or modern '' ) ; and ( 3 ) whether plays in rhyme are an improvement upon blank verse drama -- a proposition that Neander , despite having defended the Elizabethans , now advances against the skeptical Crites ( who also switches from his original position and defends the blank verse tradition of Elizabethan drama ) . Invoking the so-called unities from Aristotle 's Poetics ( as interpreted by Italian and refined by French scholars over the last century ) , the four speakers discuss what makes a play `` a just and lively imitation '' of human nature in action . This definition of a play , supplied by Lisideius/Orrery ( whose rhymed plays had dazzled the court and were a model for the new drama ) , gives the debaters a versatile and richly ambiguous touchstone . To Crites ' argument that the plots of classical drama are more `` just , '' Eugenius can retort that modern plots are more `` lively '' thanks to their variety . Lisideius shows that the French plots carefully preserve Aristotle 's unities of action , place , and time ; Neander replies that English dramatists like Ben Jonson also kept the unities when they wanted to , but that they preferred to develop character and motive . Even Neander 's final argument with Crites over whether rhyme is suitable in drama depends on Aristotle 's Poetics : Neander says that Aristotle demands a verbally artful ( `` lively '' ) imitation of nature , while Crites thinks that dramatic imitation ceases to be `` just '' when it departs from ordinary speech -- i.e. prose or blank verse . A year later , the two brothers-in-law quarreled publicly over this third topic . See Dryden 's `` Defense of An Essay of Dramatic Poesy '' ( 1669 ) , where Dryden tries to persuade the rather literal-minded Howard that audiences expect a play to be an imitation of nature , not a surrogate for nature itself .

neg: The Genius of Christianity The Genius of Christianity ( French : Génie du christianisme ) is a work by the French author François-René de Chateaubriand , written during his exile in England in the 1790s as a defense of the Catholic faith , then under attack during the French Revolution . It was first published in France in 1802 , after Chateaubriand had taken advantage of the amnesty Napoleon issued to émigrés , which had allowed him to return to his home country in 1800 . Napoleon , who had just signed the Concordat with the pope , initially made use of Chateaubriand 's book as propaganda to win support among French Catholics . Within five years , he had quarrelled with the author and sent him into internal exile .   In The Genius of Christianity , Chateaubriand defends the wisdom and beauty of Christianity against the attacks on it by French Enlightenment philosophers and revolutionary politicians . The book had an immense influence on nineteenth century culture and not just on religious life . In fact , it might be said its greatest impact was on art and literature : it was a major inspiration for the Romantic movement .

neg: An Universal History of Arts and Sciences An Universal History of Arts and Sciences was a two-volume encyclopedia compiled in English by the French expatriate Dennis ( or Denis ) de Coetlogon . It was published in 209 weekly installments from 1741 to 1745 . In his preface , Coetlogon criticized Ephraim Chambers ' Cyclopaedia and other extant dictionaries of the arts and sciences for conveying superficial information and not supporting true education . To remedy the problem , Coetlogon chose to base his encyclopedia on `` treatises '' rather than articles . In the end , the Universal History comprised 169 treatises averaging around fifteen pages in length but varying widely from a mere fourteen lines ( `` Cosmography '' ) to 113 pages ( `` Geography '' ) . It is likely that the example of the Universal History played a role in the adoption of treatises in the first edition ( 1771 ) of the Encyclopaedia Britannica a few decades later .

neg: Bastiat Prize The Bastiat Prize is a journalism award given annually by the Reason Foundation . In 2011 and before it was given by the International Policy Network . The Bastiat Prize recognizes journalists whose published works `` explain , promote and defend the principles of the free society . '' The award comes with US$ 15,000 .   Instituted in 2002 , the Prize has been inspired by the 19th-century French philosopher Frédéric Bastiat and his defense of liberty . Bastiat 's use of satire and allegory enabled him to relate complex economic issues to a general audience . In keeping with his legacy , Bastiat Prize entries are judged on intellectual content , the persuasiveness of the language used , and the type of publication in which they appear .   Judges have included Margaret Thatcher , James Buchanan , and Milton Friedman .

neg: Paul Guth Paul Guth ( 5 March 1910 -- 1997 ) was a French humorist , journalist and writer , and the President of the Académie des provinces françaises .   A novelist , essayist , columnist , memoirist , historian , pamphleteer , he distinguished himself in every genre with a combination of sensitivity and savagery . He wrote about fifty works on various subjects , ranging from straight history to personal anecdotes , never holding back in criticism of contemporary failings .

neg: Prix Napoleon The Prix Napoleon is a prestigious academic award granted annually to the best non-Francophone historical work on the First Napoleonic Empire . It is awarded by HIH the Princess Napoléon and the Prince d'Essling ( the incumbent President of the Fondation Napoléon ) and the prize usually includes around 10,000 Euros , a commemorative plaque , a case of champagne and six glasses .   The Prix Napoleon constitutes part of the Fondation Napoléon 's Grand Prix - a series of history prizes and research grants for academics in the Napoleonic field . According to the Fondation Napoléon 's website , the prizes are intended to encourage `` the study of and interest in the history of the First and Second Empires and the preservation of Napoleonic heritage . ''

neg: Pierre Nothomb Pierre , Baron Nothomb ( 28 March 1887 - 29 December 1966 ) was a Belgian writer and right-wing politician . He was well known for his varied and voluminous output of prose and poetry . His works included poetry , essays , novels , biographies marked by their passionate tone , imagination , religious sentiment and attention to the detail .   In the period between the two world wars , Nothomb also came to prominence as the co-founder of several reactionary and near-fascist nationalist movements . In the post-war era Nothomb continued to be active in politics , albeit as an advocate of an ever closer Europe .

neg: History of a Six Weeks' Tour History of a Six Weeks ' Tour through a part of France , Switzerland , Germany , and Holland ; with Letters Descriptive of a Sail Round the Lake of Geneva and of the Glaciers of Chamouni is a travel narrative by the English Romantic authors Mary Shelley and Percy Bysshe Shelley . Published in 1817 , it describes two trips taken by Mary , Percy , and Mary 's stepsister , Claire Clairmont : one across Europe in 1814 , and one to Lake Geneva in 1816 . Divided into three sections , the text consists of a journal , four letters , and Percy Shelley 's poem `` Mont Blanc '' . Apart from the poem , the text was primarily written and organised by Mary Shelley . In 1840 she revised the journal and the letters , republishing them in a collection of Percy Shelley 's writings .   Part of the new genre of the Romantic travel narrative , History of a Six Weeks ' Tour exudes spontaneity and enthusiasm ; the authors demonstrate their desire to develop a sense of taste and distinguish themselves from those around them . The romantic elements of the work would have hinted at the text 's radical politics to nineteenth-century readers . However , the text 's frank discussion of politics , including positive references to the French Revolution and praise of Enlightenment philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau , was unusual for a travel narrative at the time , particularly one authored primarily by a woman .   Although it sold poorly , History of a Six Weeks ' Tour received favourable reviews . In proposing another travel narrative to her publisher in 1843 , Mary Shelley claimed `` my 6 weeks tour brought me many compliments '' .

neg: Histoire de Belgique (book series) The Histoire de Belgique ( `` History of Belgium '' ) is a seven-volume survey of the history of Belgium by the historian Henri Pirenne , written in French language and published between 1900 and 1932 . The series , which traces the emergence of the Belgian nation-state from the Roman era until the start of World War I , is a classic of nationalist historiography and one of Pirenne 's major works . Although Pirenne is today best known as a historian of Medieval Europe , the Histoire de Belgique series was his most respected work during his lifetime and the foundation of his reputation as Belgium 's leading national historian .   Unlike much nationalist historiography , Pirenne 's history did not trace the emergence of a Belgian `` Volksgeist '' ( national spirit ) but argued that Belgium had naturally developed as a cosmopolitan society to serve as a mediator between Latin and Germanic Europe . Pirenne did , however , believe in the existence of a distinctly Belgian civilisation ( civilisation belge ) reflecting a unique combination of external influences and which had changed over time without losing its distinctiveness .   Publication began in 1900 and ended in 1932 after being disrupted for several years during the German occupation of Belgium ( 1914 -- 18 ) in which Pirenne had been held as a political prisoner . The seventh volume was awarded the Francqui Prize in 1933 . According to modern historians , Pirenne 's 1928 publication La Belgique et la Guerre Mondiale ( Belgium and the World War ) could be considered a chronological sequel , covering the period after the end of volume seven .

neg: Jean-François Gautier Jean-François Gautier ( born 1950 , Paris ) is a French writer .   His book L'Univers existe-t-il ? ( Does the Universe exist ? ) points out the impossibility of creating a descriptive geometry of The Universe when there is no other frame ( i.e. , a frame or tableau beyond , or outside of , The Universe as so-posited ) , within which to describe it . How can the description of The Universe begin when one can not get ` outside ' The Universe as posited ? If we posit The Universe , we presume ourselves within it . Problems occur here : with the idea that the descriptor of The Universe can in some way `` step beyond '' the model he/she has projected .

neg: Genre Genre ( -LSB- ˈʒɒ̃rə -RSB- , -LSB- ˈʒɒnrə -RSB- or -LSB- ˈdʒɒnrə -RSB- from French genre -LSB- ʒɑ̃ʁ -RSB- , `` kind '' or `` sort '' , from Latin genus ( stem gener - ) , Greek γένος , génos ) is any form or type of communication in any mode ( written , spoken , digital , artistic , etc. ) with socially-agreed upon conventions developed over time . Genre is most popularly known as a category of literature , music , or other forms of art or entertainment , whether written or spoken , audio or visual , based on some set of stylistic criteria , yet genres can be aesthetic , rhetorical , communicative , or functional . Genres form by conventions that change over time as new genres are invented and the use of old ones is discontinued . Often , works fit into multiple genres by way of borrowing and recombining these conventions . Stand alone texts , works , or pieces of communication may have individual styles , but genres are amalgams of these texts based on agreed upon or socially inferred conventions . Some genres may be rigid with strictly adhered to guidelines while others may be very flexible .   Genre began as an absolute classification system for ancient Greek literature . Poetry , prose , and performance each had a specific and calculated style that related to the theme of the story . Speech patterns for comedy would not be appropriate for tragedy , and even actors were restricted to their genre under the assumption that a type of person could tell one type of story best .  In later periods genres proliferated and developed in response to changes in audiences and creators . Genre became a dynamic tool to help the public make sense out of unpredictable art . Because art is often a response to a social state , in that people write/paint/sing / dance about what they know about , the use of genre as a tool must be able to adapt to changing meanings .   Genre suffers from the same ills of any classification system . Genre is to be reassessed and scrutinized and to weigh works on their unique merit . It has been suggested that genres resonate with people because of the familiarity , the shorthand communication , as well as the tendency of genres to shift with public mores and to reflect the zeitgeist . While the genre of storytelling has been relegated as lesser form of art because of the heavily borrowed nature of the conventions , admiration has grown . Proponents argue that the genius of an effective genre piece is in the variation , recombination , and evolution of the codes .


query: Newcastle United F.C.'s most successful period ended in May of 1910.

pos: Newcastle United F.C. Newcastle United Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Newcastle upon Tyne , that will play in the Premier League , the top tier of English football , after winning the Championship title in 2017 . Newcastle United was founded in 1892 by the merger of Newcastle East End and Newcastle West End , and has played at its current home ground , St James ' Park , ever since . The ground was developed into an all-seater stadium in the mid-1990s and now has a capacity of 52,354 . The club has been a member of the Premier League for all but three years of the competition 's history , spending 85 seasons in the top tier as of May 2016 , and has never dropped below English football 's second tier since joining the Football League in 1893 .   They have won four League Championship titles , six FA Cups and a Charity Shield , as well as the 1969 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and the 2006 UEFA Intertoto Cup . Newcastle United has the ninth highest total of trophies won by an English club . The club 's most successful period was between 1904 and 1910 , when they won an FA Cup and three of their First Division titles . The club were highly successful in the Premier League in the 1990s and early 2000s without winning any trophies , but have been mostly struggling since the 2006 -- 07 season , and were relegated in 2009 and 2016 .   Newcastle has a fierce local rivalry with Sunderland , and the two clubs have engaged in the Tyne -- Wear derby since 1898 . The club 's traditional kit colours are black and white striped shirts , black shorts and black socks . Their traditional crest takes elements of the city coat of arms , which features two grey seahorses .   The club has been owned by Mike Ashley since 2007 , succeeding long term chairman and owner Sir John Hall . The club is the seventeenth highest revenue producing club in the world in terms of annual revenue , generating $ 169.3 m in 2015 . Historically , Newcastle 's highest placing was in 1999 when they were the fifth highest revenue producing football club in the world , and second in England only behind Manchester United .

neg: 2011–12 Leeds United F.C. season The 2011 -- 12 season was Leeds United A.F.C. 's second season back in the second tier of English football which initially saw the club challenging for the play-offs positions but dismal form in spring resulted in a 14th position finish . In other competitions , the squad only saw one round of the FA Cup with defeat at the hands of Arsenal for the second year in a row and reached the 3rd round of the League Cup , losing to rivals Manchester United .   A turbulent February saw Reserve Team Manager Neil Redfearn in charge of the team for four games with Manager Simon Grayson relieved of his duties and replaced by veteran promotion specialist Neil Warnock . Ross McCormack drastically improved his performance from the 2010-11 season by scoring 19 goals - the most in the squad . He narrowly lost out on Player of the Year to Robert Snodgrass who was made Club Captain by Warnock following the sale of influential local skipper Jonny Howson in January . Young Player of the Year went to Tom Lees who led an injection of the youth into the side with Aidan White establishing himself in the starting line-up and debuts being handed to youngsters Zac Thompson , Charlie Taylor and keeper Alex Cairns .   Off the field , the club 's directors reported a healthy profit of # 3.5 m , but found themselves at war with some supporters following the controversial # 7m summer renovation of the Elland Road stadium - a summer which saw a contrasting # 0.7 m spent on players ' transfers and # 5.2 m received in player sales . Chairman Ken Bates also came under scrutiny from fans following the departures of fans ' favourite Howson and 2010-11 Player of the Year Max Gradel .

neg: 1957–58 Manchester United F.C. season The 1957 -- 58 season was Manchester United 's 56th season in the Football League , and their 13th consecutive season in the top division of English football .   The season marked the biggest tragedy in the club 's history as eight players , three club officials and ten other passengers died as a result of their injuries in the Munich air disaster on 6 February 1958 on their way back from a European Cup quarter-final away to Red Star Belgrade . Centre-half Mark Jones , captain Roger Byrne , full-back Geoff Bent , winger David Pegg , right-half Eddie Colman , inside-right Bill Whelan and centre-forward Tommy Taylor were all killed instantly . Left-half Duncan Edwards was in hospital for two weeks before he too died on 21 February .   Winger Johnny Berry and centre-half Jackie Blanchflower were both injured to such an extent that they never played again , while several of the surviving players were unavailable for a considerable amount of time as they recovered from their injuries .   Manager Matt Busby was badly injured , and his assistant Jimmy Murphy ( who was not on that fateful flight ) took charge of the first team until the end of the season as Busby recovered from his injuries . Club secretary Walter Crickmer and coaches Tom Curry and Bert Whalley were all killed in the crash , which claimed a total of 23 lives .   Despite the decimation of their squad , a makeshift United side still managed to reach the FA Cup final that season , where they lost to Bolton Wanderers . They also reached the semi-finals of the European Cup . However , their league form suffered after the crash and their title challenge faded as they finished ninth in the final table .   With the United squad decimated by death and injuries in the aftermath of the Munich tragedy , a number of younger players broke through into the first team . These included winger Shay Brennan and forward Mark Pearson . Another notable new member of the side was goalkeeper Harry Gregg , signed in December 1957 a few weeks before the Munich crash , and who was hailed a hero for his rescue efforts in the crash .   United 's top scorer for the season was Dennis Viollet , who found the net 23 times in all competitions and 16 times in the league despite being out of action for some two months as he recovered from injuries sustained in the Munich crash .

neg: 1968–69 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup The eleventh Inter-Cities Fairs Cup was played over the 1968 -- 1969 season . The competition was won by Newcastle United over two legs in the final against Újpest FC . It was the second consecutive time that a Hungarian side finished runners-up in the competition , and the first time Newcastle United had competed in a European competition . It is also Newcastle United 's most recent trophy to date .

neg: Joe Richardson Joseph Richardson ( 24 August 1908 -- 1977 ) was an English professional footballer who played as a right back .   Richardson joined Blyth Spartans from local side New Delaval Villa . His form with Spartans was impressive enough to earn a # 250 move to Newcastle United in 1929 . He went on to play over 200 league games for the Magpies , and after ending his playing career in 1938 joined the coaching staff where he remained until 1977 , serving the club for 48 years . Richardson died in 1977 .   England Player in an Unofficial Match Appearing for Another National Side   Finally , we turn to the case of the Scot who played for England against Scotland . At least one player who appeared for England in an unofficial match also appeared for another national side in official matches . Thomas ( Tommy ) Usher Pearson , who was born in Edinburgh and who played at outside left for England in the 2-1 victory against Scotland in the 1939 unofficial wartime international , also played at outside left for Scotland in two official 1947 matches , including the 1-1 draw against England . Eric Brook and Sam Barkas , both of Manchester City , were the original selections at outside left and right back for England in the 1939 wartime international , which was played at St. James ' Park in Newcastle , but they were injured in a car accident on the way to the match and were replaced by a pair of Newcastle United players , Pearson and Joseph ( Joe ) Richardson .

neg: Stan Pearson Stanley Clare Pearson ( 11 January 1919 -- 20 February 1997 ) was an English football player . He was born in Salford , Lancashire .   Pearson was signed by Manchester United as an amateur in December 1935 and turned professional in May 1937 . His first senior game came against Chesterfield in 1937 . When his career was interrupted by the Second World War , he served with the 2nd/4th Lancashires . He helped United win the 1948 FA Cup ( scoring in the final ) and 1952 league championship . He retired in 1953 with 148 career goals ( good for 9th in team history ) in 343 appearances , with just two goals behind Ruud van Nistelrooy . During his time at Manchester United , he scored five hat-tricks ; four in the league and one in the FA Cup . His first came in the 5 -- 0 victory over Liverpool in 1946 , and in the 1948 FA Cup semi-final he scored all the goals when United won 3 -- 1 against Derby County at Hillsborough in Sheffield . His hat-trick against Liverpool in September 1946 occurred at Maine Road ( due to bomb damage to Old Trafford ) , and would be the last hat-trick by a Manchester United player against the Anfield club until September 2010 , when Bulgarian Dimitar Berbatov scored all three of United 's goals in a 3-2 league win at Old Trafford .   Pearson went on to average more than one goal every two games in three years at Bury before his playing career ended with two years at Chester from 1957 to 1959 . At 40 years , 101 days , Pearson remains the oldest player to make a Football League appearance for the club when he played his final match against Crewe Alexandra on 22 April 1959 .   Upon his retirement , Pearson was a popular appointment as Chester manager after John Harris moved to Sheffield United . Despite making signings such as his former Manchester United colleague Frank Clempson , Chester struggled during Pearson 's reign in charge . After finishing 20th and 24th in successive Division Four seasons , Pearson left the club following a 1 -- 0 home defeat to non-league Morecambe in November 1961 in the FA Cup .   After retiring from football Pearson became sub-postmaster of Prestbury Post Office in Cheshire . He died at Alderley Edge , Cheshire , in February 1997 . He was 78 years old .

neg: 1979–80 Manchester United F.C. season The 1979 -- 80 season was Manchester United 's 78th season in the Football League , and their fifth consecutive season in the top division of English football . They finished the season second in the league , just two points behind champions Liverpool , and qualified for the 1980 -- 81 UEFA Cup . It was the first season at the club for new midfielder Ray Wilkins , signed in the 1979 close season for a club record fee of # 750,000 . However , United had gained a reputation for playing generally dull football under Sexton , and by the end of his third season as manager they had still yet to win a major trophy , as Liverpool ruled supreme in the English league .

neg: 1928–29 Nelson F.C. season During the 1928 -- 29 season , Nelson Football Club played as a professional team in the Football League for the eighth time . After playing without a team manager during the previous season , Jack English was appointed to the post in the summer of 1928 following the club 's successful re-election application . A record of 17 wins , 5 draws and 20 defeats , giving a total of 39 points , helped Nelson to a 15th-placed finish in the Third Division North , above Rotherham United on goal average . The team was inconsistent throughout the season , as they had been in the previous campaign , although significant improvements in the defense meant that 46 fewer goals were conceded . Nelson 's attack was also improved , and the team scored at least once in 36 of their 42 league matches .   Nelson did not compete in the 1928 -- 29 FA Cup , as they did not submit their application by the deadline . The club used a total of 26 different players during the season , but only six of these had been retained from the previous campaign . Yorkshire-born forward Bernard Radford was the top goalscorer for the second consecutive season , with a tally of 24 in 35 matches . With 11 goals , Gerry Kelly , a new signing from Sunderland , was the only other player to reach double figures . Half-back Jim Metcalfe made the most appearances for Nelson , missing only the final game of the season , the 4 -- 4 draw away at Accrington Stanley . The highest attendance at Nelson 's Seedhill ground was a record 14,979 for the visit of Bradford City on 27 April 1929 , which stood until the stadium was demolished in 1980 . Conversely , the lowest gate of the season was 2,749 for the victory against Stockport County on 22 January 1929 .

neg: 1994–95 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season The 1994 -- 95 season was Blackburn Rovers F.C. 's third season in the Premier League , and their third consecutive season in the top division of English football .   The season was marked by the club winning the Premier League title , ending their 81-year run without an English league title . They ended up winning the title by a one-point margin over Manchester United . Rovers led the way for most of the season , but a 2 -- 1 defeat at Kenny Dalglish 's old club Liverpool on the final day of the season briefly appeared to threaten their title hopes . Manchester United however could only draw ( 1 -- 1 ) at West Ham so the league title was back at Blackburn for the first time since 1914 . Jack Walker 's dream had come true : within five years of buying the club , he had taken them from strugglers in the old Second Division to champions of England .   Early exits from the League Cup , FA Cup and UEFA Cup to Liverpool , Newcastle and Trelleborg respectively were frustrating for Rovers in 1994 -- 95 , but turned out for the best as they could concentrate on the league challenge .   Kenny Dalglish won the Premier League Manager of the Year award for leading Blackburn to success , Alan Shearer won both the Golden Boot for contributing 34 of Blackburn 's 80 league goals and also the PFA Players ' Player of the Year award as nominated by his fellow professionals . Graeme Le Saux , Colin Hendry , Tim Sherwood and Shearer all made it into the PFA Team of the Year .

neg: 1950–51 FA Cup The 1950 -- 51 FA Cup was the 70th season of the world 's oldest football cup competition , the Football Association Challenge Cup , commonly known as the FA Cup . Newcastle United won the competition for the fourth time , beating Blackpool 2 -- 0 in the final at Wembley , London .   Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round , which was always a Saturday . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played , a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week . If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay , a 30-minute period of extra time would be played .

neg: Tyne–Wear derby The Tyne-Wear derby , also known as the North East derby and the Wear-Tyne derby is a local derby between the association football clubs Sunderland and Newcastle United . The derby is an inter-city rivalry in North East England with the two cities of Sunderland and Newcastle just twelve miles apart . Sunderland play their home matches at the Stadium of Light whilst Newcastle play their home matches at St. James ' Park . The first meeting of the two sides took place in 1883 , with the first competitive fixture being an 1888 FA Cup tie , which Sunderland won 2 -- 1 . To date , both teams have won the fixture 53 times , whilst sharing 49 draws -- one of which Sunderland went on to win via a penalty shootout . Sunderland have dominated the Tyne -- Wear derby in recent seasons . They are currently undefeated in the last nine matches between the local rivals , including six consecutive victories from 14 April 2013 to 25 October 2015 . The most recent meeting of the two sides , on the 20th March 2016 , was a Premier League match at the St James ' Park and ended in a 1 -- 1 draw , with Jermain Defoe opening the scoring for Sunderland before Aleksandar Mitrovic equalised for Newcastle . Yann M'Vila , who has played in both games , describes it as bigger than the Milan derby .

neg: 2009–10 Derby County F.C. season The 2009 -- 10 season was Derby County 's 111th season in the Football League . It is their 42nd season in the second division of English football and their second consecutive season in the second tier following an 18th-placed finish in the previous campaign . Derby struggled against relegation for much of the season , but a run of just two defeats in the final 10 fixtures saw the club finish in 14th , their third highest finish in their respective division in the previous ten years . The Derby Evening Telegraph described the campaign as `` Good in patches , poor in others , and ultimately frustrating . ''   The season was Nigel Clough 's first full season in the job following his appointment in January 2009 . The club started the season with odds of 21/1 for the title , though the media prediction was that they would improve greatly on the previous campaign 's struggles and push for a playoff place . This proved overly optimistic , however , as the club battled relegation from the Championship for the fifth time in eight seasons . Although the club never fell into the bottom three during the campaign ( the lowest position was 20th ) it spent just six fixtures in the top half of the table , only one of which was achieved after August . A lack of consistency was one reason ; not only in results ( the club never recording more than two consecutive victories ) but also in the club 's inability to field a consistent team selection . A club record 40 players represented the club , with only 6 players making 30 or more league starts , and an over-reliance on loanees ( 14 players signing temporary deals over the season ) also played a part , as did injuries ; one match , away to Ipswich Town in October , came at the height of the club 's injury problems and saw them unable to even name a full complement of substitutes such was the lack of players available . A purple patch of form in February saw the club end local rivals Nottingham Forest 's 19 match unbeaten run , inflict eventual-Champions Newcastle United 's biggest defeat of the season ( 3 -- 0 ) and hit five in a match for the first time in three years when they edged out Preston North End 5 -- 3 at Pride Park , but a run of just three wins in twelve through the end of February until the end of April , ensured that safety was not achieved until the 44th fixture of the season after a 1 -- 1 draw at home to relegation rivals Crystal Palace . One bright point to the campaign came with the reserves successful The Central League Division One Central Section campaign , which saw them finish top and become the first Derby reserves team to win the title since Arthur Cox 's reserves claimed it in the 1985 -- 86 season . It was also the first time a Derby County reserves side had won its respective division since the club successfully captured the Premier Reserve League in 2000 -- 01 .   The club sold 21,406 season tickets for the 2009 -- 10 season and had an average home attendance of 29,207 ( down from 29,440 the previous season ) , second only to Champions Newcastle United 's 43,388 and over 4,000 ahead of third placed Sheffield United . The ground operated at 86.9 % capacity , putting it third behind Cardiff City and Blackpool . These averages made Derby the 12th best supported club in the country for the third consecutive season .

neg: 2008–09 Manchester United F.C. season The 2008 -- 09 season was Manchester United 's 17th season in the Premier League , and their 34th consecutive season in the top division of English football . After winning a third consecutive Premier League title for the second time to equal Liverpool 's record of 18 league titles , the team aimed to become the first team to retain the European Cup since Milan in 1990 . However , they were beaten 2 -- 0 by Barcelona in the final at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome on 27 May 2009 .   United started their season in August 2008 by winning the Community Shield . In December 2008 , the club became the first English side to win the FIFA Club World Cup when they beat LDU Quito 1 -- 0 in the final . Two months later , on 1 March 2009 , the club added the 2008 -- 09 League Cup to their trophy cabinet with a 4 -- 1 penalty shootout win over Tottenham Hotspur after a goalless 120 minutes in the final .   United secured a third consecutive Premier League with a goalless draw at home to Arsenal on 16 May 2009 . This made them the first team ever to win three consecutive English top flight titles on two separate occasions , having previously done so between 1999 and 2001 .

neg: Enoch West Enoch James `` Knocker '' West ( 31 March 1886 -- September 1965 ) was an English footballer .   Born in Hucknall Torkard , Nottinghamshire , West started his career for Sheffield United . He was not a success at Bramall Lane , and in 1905 a fee of # 5 was enough to convince the Blades to sell him to Nottingham Forest . In 1910 , he transferred to Manchester United . He helped the club win the 1911 league medal . He scored 80 goals in his Manchester United career , his most successful season being the 1911-12 season when he scored a total of 23 goals ; 17 in the league and six in the FA Cup , although United failed to win either of these competitions .   In 1915 , he was banned for life by the Football Association , along with three other United players and four Liverpool players after being found guilty of match fixing . West protested his innocence , but his ban was not lifted until 1945 . His suspension , which lasted 30 years , was the longest in Football League history . As he was 59 by the time his ban was lifted , he was never involved in football again .   West died in 1965 , at the age of 79 .   Free The Manchester United One , written by Graham Sharpe , was a book written about Enoch West 's attempts to clear his name in connection with the match-fixing scandal , many years after his death .

neg: 1910 in sports 1910 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport .

neg: List of Scunthorpe United F.C. seasons Scunthorpe United Football Club , an English association football club based in Scunthorpe , Lincolnshire , was founded in 1899 as the result of a merger between Brumby Hall F.C. and another club . The team first entered the national cup competition , the FA Cup , in 1909 -- 10 ; they beat Withernsea 8 -- 0 in the preliminary round before losing 4 -- 0 to York City in the first qualifying round . In 1910 , after amalgamating with North Lindsey United , the club took the name Scunthorpe & Lindsey United , and two years later , it became a member of the Midland League . The first team finished that initial season in the lower reaches of the table , but when competitive football resumed after the First World War , they enjoyed consecutive top-seven finishes , culminating in their first Midland League title in 1926 -- 27 , a success fuelled by 52 goals from former England international Ernie Simms . They again won the title in 1938 -- 39 , and it seemed for much of the season as if Harry Johnson was sure to overtake Simms ' total , but he missed several matches in the later part of the season and had to settle for 49 .   Scunthorpe made their first application to join the Football League ahead of the formation of the Northern Section of the Third Division in 1921 ; they were not elected , and their bids for election continued to fail until the League 's next expansion , in 1950 . The voting was tight , but Scunthorpe became one of two Midland League teams to join the Northern Section when each regional third-tier division grew from 22 to 24 . They finished the 1950 -- 51 Football League season in mid-table , and seven years later won the Third Division North titlethe last season of that league before the regional divisions were amalgamated into national Third and Fourth Divisionsby a seven-point margin . They also reached the fifth round ( last 16 ) of the FA Cup for the first time , defeating First Division club Newcastle United and holding Liverpool for 75 minutes before conceding the only goal of the match .   Ahead of their Second Division debut , the club dropped the Lindsey from its name , becoming plain Scunthorpe United . They spent six seasons at that level , and finished a club record fourth in 1961 -- 62 , five points behind the second promotion place . After four seasons in the Third Division , they dropped to the Fourth , in which they remained for the next 36 years , apart from three single-season ventures into the higher level ; the last of those , in 1999 -- 2000 , came courtesy of their fifth attempt at promotion via the play-offs . The Football League rebranded their divisions ahead of the 2004 -- 05 season , so that the fourth tier became Football League Two , and the change of name coincided with a change of fortune for Scunthorpe . Gaining promotion to League One as runners-up , ahead of Swansea City on goal difference , this time they not only stayed up but went on to win the League One title in 2006 -- 07 . Relegated in their first season in the Championship , they came straight back via the play-offs to spend another two seasons in the second tier . In 2008 -- 09 , they lost to Luton Town in the final of the Football League Trophy , a cup competition open to teams from the third and fourth tiers of the English football league system , and the following season , they reached the last 16 of the League Cup for the first time .   As of the end of the 2015 -- 16 season , the team have spent 35 seasons in the fourth tier of the English football league system , 22 in the third , and 9 in the second . The table details the team 's achievements in senior first-team competitions and the top league goalscorer , where known , from their debut season in the FA Cup in 1909 -- 10 to the end of the most recently completed season .

neg: List of Newcastle United F.C. records and statistics This article contains the records of Newcastle United Football Club .

neg: 1889–90 Sheffield United F.C. season The 1889 -- 90 season was the first in existence for Sheffield United . Having not been elected to any organised league at that point they predominantly played friendly fixtures but did enter the FA Cup for the first time as well as locally arranged cup competitions The Sheffield Challenge Cup and the Wharncliffe Charity Cup . The club did not employ a manager in this period ; tactics and team selection were decided by The Football Committee and the players were coached by a trainer . J.B. Wostinholm held the position of club secretary , dealing with player transfers and contracts , arranging matches and dealing with the FA . The first season was deemed a reasonable success with steady attendances to home games and progress in the FA Cup although the fluctuating nature of the team meant that consistency was never really achieved .   As the season progressed it became obvious that a better standard of player would be required to succeed in League Football and the club began to recruit new players in the spring , notably signing Rab Howell , Mick Whitham and Arthur Watson from nearby Rotherham Swifts who were in financial difficulties . United eventually reached the second round proper of the FA Cup where they were comprehensively beaten by the more experienced Bolton Wanderers and finished the season having been accepted to play in the newly formed Midland Counties League the following term .

neg: 2010–11 Aston Villa F.C. season The 2010 -- 11 Aston Villa F.C. season was Aston Villa 's 136th professional season ; their 100th season in the top-flight ; and their 23rd consecutive season in the top flight of English football , the Premier League . It was also the first ( and only ) season under French manager Gérard Houllier , who was appointed after previous boss Martin O'Neill resigned on 9 August 2010 . Despite a generally disappointing season in both the league and cup competitions , a late surge allowed the club to finish in 9th position in the Premier League ( 3 places lower than their 6th-place finish the previous season ) .   Aston Villa once again competed in the UEFA Europa League , marking their 2nd consecutive season in the tournament and 3rd consecutive season in European competition overall . However , after drawing the away fixture , Aston Villa were eliminated for the second consecutive year in the play-off round , and again at the hands of Rapid Vienna .   This season marked the first time that four West Midlands county clubs performed in the Premier League . Aston Villa once again contested the Second City derby with Birmingham City , who remain in the league , alongside Wolverhampton Wanderers , who also avoided relegation . West Bromwich Albion also join them in the league , meaning that Villa will contest a total of six local derbies throughout the duration of the Premier League season . An additional derby game at Birmingham City took place on 1 December 2010 in the Football League Cup .

neg: List of Leeds United F.C. managers The following is a list of managers of Leeds United Association Football Club and their major honours from the beginning of the club 's official managerial records in 1919 to the present day . Each manager 's entry includes the dates of his tenure and the club 's overall competitive record ( in terms of matches won , drawn and lost ) and honours won while under his care . As of 2nd June 2016 , Leeds United have had 34 full-time managers . There have also been 9 caretaker managers , 3 of whom had previously occupied the role on a full-time basis , and one of whom has occupied the role three times .   The most successful person to manage Leeds United is Don Revie , who won two League Championships , two Inter-Cities Fairs Cups , one Division Two Championship , one FA Cup , one League Cup and one Charity Shield in his 13-year reign as manager . He is also the club 's longest-serving manager , presiding over a total of 740 games from 1961 to 1974 .


query: Brave is a city.

pos: Brave (2012 film) Brave is a 2012 American 3D computer-animated fantasy comedy-drama film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . It was directed by Mark Andrews and Brenda Chapman and co-directed by Steve Purcell . The story is by Chapman , with the screenplay by Andrews , Purcell , Chapman and Irene Mecchi . The film was produced by Katherine Sarafian , with John Lasseter , Andrew Stanton , and Pete Docter as executive producers . The film 's voice cast features Kelly Macdonald , Billy Connolly , Emma Thompson , Julie Walters , Robbie Coltrane , Kevin McKidd , and Craig Ferguson . Set in the Scottish Highlands , the film tells the story of a princess named Merida who defies an age-old custom , causing chaos in the kingdom by expressing the desire not to be betrothed .   Chapman drew inspiration for the film 's story from her relationship with her own daughter . Co-directing with Mark Andrews , Chapman became Pixar 's first female director of a feature-length film . To create the most complex visuals possible , Pixar completely rewrote their animation system for the first time in 25 years . Brave is the first film to use the Dolby Atmos sound format .   Brave premiered on June 10 , 2012 , at the Seattle International Film Festival , and was released in North America on June 22 , 2012 , to both positive reviews and box office success . The film won the Academy Award , the Golden Globe , and the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Feature Film . Preceding the feature theatrically was a short film entitled La Luna , directed by Enrico Casarosa .

neg: Bravehearted Bravehearted is an album by Nas 's protégés , the Queensbridge rap duo Bravehearts . The duo includes Nas 's brother Jungle and fellow friend Wiz . The album , however , did n't do well in sales due to little promotion , it only came in at number 75 in the Billboard 200 Charts and 20 in the Hip Hop/R & B Charts . Besides Nas releasing an album off his Ill Will Records , Bravehearts were the only other label members to release a record off this label .

neg: Brave (Sara Bareilles song) `` Brave '' is a song by American singer-songwriter Sara Bareilles , taken from her fourth studio album , The Blessed Unrest ( 2013 ) . The song was written by Bareilles and Jack Antonoff from the band fun. , as the singer was inspired from the struggles that a close friend dealt with in regard to coming out as gay . Bareilles requested Mark Endert to produce it with the explicit goal of radio airplay . `` Brave '' was released worldwide through digital download on April 23 , 2013 as the lead single from the album , through Epic Records .   `` Brave '' received positive reviews from music critics , with one writing that Bareilles channels singers like Fiona Apple and Florence Welch . Some critics also compared pop singer Katy Perry 's single `` Roar '' to the song . `` Brave '' became Bareilles ' third top 40 hit in the United States , peaking at # 23 , while reaching the top 3 in Australia ( # 3 ) , her highest charting single in the country to date , and also reaching the top five in New Zealand ( # 4 ) , # 26 in South Korea , # 58 in Canada and # 88 in Japan . The song was covered by Lea Michele and Naya Rivera on the 97th episode of the musical series Glee , which aired on February 25 , 2014 . It was featured in a commercial for the Nokia Lumia 1020 and has continued to be used in adverts for Lumia devices .   The accompanying music video was directed by actress Rashida Jones , and features Bareilles singing intertwined with clips of people dancing in various public places such as a shopping mall , a gym , a library and a bus stop . The singer also performed `` Brave '' during several live appearances , including at The Today Show and at The Voice . This song was also nominated for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards . Despite its international success , in the United Kingdom `` Brave '' was released in March 2014 , nearly a year after it was first exposed .

neg: Brave (Jamie O'Neal album) Brave is the second studio album from Australian country singer Jamie O'Neal . It was her first release on the Capitol Records label , being issued on 1 March 2005 ( see 2005 in country music ) . It followed an unreleased second album for Mercury Records , titled On My Way to You , the title track of which carried over to Brave . The album reached a peak of number 6 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart and number 40 on the Billboard 200 .

neg: Superhero (band) Superhero is a British Christian rock band . They come from Glasgow in Scotland ( United Kingdom ) . The band tour extensively throughout the UK , Europe and the United States . Superhero have toured with bands like : Delirious ? , Skillet , DecembeRadio and have supported the likes of Switchfoot , Third Day , Newsboys , Rebecca St James and others as well as mainstream acts like Futureheads and Bell X1 . More recently the band have started to Headline their own `` tours '' and festivals in the UK as well as in the US and Europe , such as Flevo , Big Boss , Festival de Paque , Slot and others . Superhero toured the USA from 2007 - 2010 and are now concentrating on the UK and Eastern Europe with particular attention to Estonia and Latvia . 2014 will see Superhero embark upon their first tour in Russia .   The band were signed to Delirious record label in 2004 , securing a marketing and distribution deal with Fierce . The band released 2 albums through Fierce .   The band released their 5th studio album entitled : ` Things we need for the Journey ' in 2013 . The new record has been picked up by record labels both here in the UK and also distrobution in the USA .   In August 2010 , Superhero announced plans for a 3 year 194 date tour . The tour , which began on 7 October in California has been titled the `` Battle for your Soul '' Tour and continues into the UK through 2011 / 2012 / 2013 with dates in the UK , USA , and throughout Europe . The band will be partnering with other artists , evangelists and local churches and Christian groups around the UK , USA and Europe . The main focus of the tour is reaching people with the Gospel and the aim is to see in excess of 5000 young people responding to the message over the course of the tour .

neg: Neighborhoods of Accra The city of Accra is officially divided into four geographical regions - North , West , East , Central - and eleven sub-metropolitan areas : Osu Klottey , Ablekuma North , Ablekuma South , Ayawaso Central , Ayawaso East , Ayawaso North , Ayawaso West , La , Okaikoi North , Okaikoi South , Abossey Okai , and Ashiedu Keteke . The word `` neighborhood '' can take on various official and unofficial meanings . There are , however , 50 official neighborhoods ( i.e. planned and unplanned anchor neighborhoods ) within the city limits of Accra .   `` Neighborhoods '' exist on both large and small scales . Osu , Jamestown and Usshertown , established during the colonial era have well-defined boundaries by virtue of their siting around the respective forts of Christiansborg , James Fort , and Ussher Fort . The unplanned nature of the city has resulted in the development of slums and much smaller communities within officially recognized neighborhoods with a well-defined center but poorly identified extremities .

neg: Gay City News Gay City News is a free weekly newspaper based in New York City that focuses on local and national issues relating to the lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender ( LGBT ) community . It was founded in 1994 as Lesbian Gay New York , later LGNY , and was sold to Community Media LLC , owner of The Villager , in 2002 , which renamed the publication . It is the largest LGBT newspaper in the United States , with a circulation of 47,000 .   Gay City News came into existence after several incarnations . The newspaper began to form in the late 1980s after the collapse of the LGBT newsmagazine OUTWEEK ( which came into existence in 1989 to compete against the then-dominant New York Native -- which itself folded in 1997 ) . OUTWEEK was famous for firebrand activist style journalism and provided groundbreaking coverage of a then nascent gay civil rights movement . It was one of the first publications to undertake scientific reporting on the growing AIDS crisis .   After an investor squabble that closed the magazine , Troy Masters , then an advertising director at OUTWEEK , led the formation of a group to create a new publication ; that publication became known as QW ( or `` QueerWeek '' ) , the first glossy gay magazine , and was funded by William F. Chafin . Mr. Chafin died before the publication could make a profit , and the magazine was closed upon his death .   Two years later , Masters sought to establish a newspaper and founded LGNY ( Which stood for `` Lesbian-Gay New York '' ) . LGNY published for eight years and was relaunched in 2002 as Gay City News .   Its current editor-in-chief is Paul Schindler , and the associate editor is Duncan Osborne .

neg: Habitat International Coalition Habitat International Coalition ( HIC ) is an independent , nonprofit alliance with hundreds of organizations and individuals , which has been working in housing and human settlements for more than 30 years . The Coalition comprises social movements , community-based organizations , support groups and academics . The strength of the Coalition is based on its worldwide membership ( it has members in 117 nations in five continents ) and on the fact that it brings together a range of civil society groups . Dedicated to advocacy and support for the poor , solidarity networking , popular mobilization , debate and analysis , HIC works to unite civil society in a shared commitment to ensuring sustainable habitat and a livable planet for all . Its work focuses on defending and implementing the human rights linked to housing and habitat ; i.e. , land , housing , clean water , sanitation , a healthy environment , access to public goods and services ( e.g. , health , education , transport and recreation ; access to livelihood and social protection , pluralism and the preservation of social , natural , historic and cultural patrimony .   Since the ’80 HIC has been developing special capacities seeking gender equality , in a balanced articulation between reflection and action on different issues : the rights ' approach , the right to the city , the social production of habitat , women and habitat and the sustainable habitat .   HIC specific work on the right to the city seeks to deepen the analysis and the actions on the proposal of building more just cities worldwide . HIC has been committed since decades in the creation of a theoretical and practical framework for the right to the city . The Coalition articulates and accompanies social movements and organizations in their struggle to achieve the realization of all human rights to ensure the collective well-being of inhabitants ; the democratic management and the social function of the city . HIC is also aware of the global challenges facing worldwide on climate change and food sovereignty and the obvious impacts on the cities : the Coalition works on broaden exchanges between urban and rural movements .   HIC 'S work on social production of habitat seeks to derive practical lessons from the compilation , exchange and analysis of `` people 's processes '' in initiating , designing , building and maintaining local environments . These experiences , which build upon local social resources and demonstrate local social reliance and ingenuity , generate and promote methods and strategies that then can be shared and replicated across regions . Each region has given rise to diverse and specific examples of struggles and efforts that emphasize distinct circumstances and priorities to construct people-centred livelihoods . In order to strengthen people 's process for access and provision of land and shelter , lessons learned to date show a need to :  understand what sustains the people 's process on land , housing and habitat/settlements development , in urban and rural areas ,  understand what are the forces , both external and internal , that strengthen or weaken peoples ' processes , including political and economic forces that have a bearing on people 's processes , and in particular the dynamics of the informal and formal land markets ;  envision alternative ways to develop cities and other human settlements , evolving a bottom-up perspective on human settlement development without destroying livelihoods , assets and material achievements of the poor , while , quite to the contrary , supporting and nurturing livelihoods , assets and settlements of the poor , and their integration into the city ;  articulate and support the people 's processes through policies and actions for both government and nongovernmental organizations ;  develop more flexible design-based , knowledge-based and service-based housing policies and outputs with the objective of realizing the human right to adequate housing and equitable land use .

neg: List of city nicknames in California This partial list of city nicknames in California compiles the aliases , sobriquets , mottos and slogans that cities in California are known by ( or have been known by historically ) , officially and unofficially , to locals , outsiders or their tourism boards or chambers of commerce . City nicknames can help in establishing a civic identity , helping outsiders recognize a community or attracting people to a community because of its nickname ; promote civic pride ; and build community unity . Nicknames and slogans that successfully create a new community `` ideology or myth '' are also believed to have economic value . Their economic value is difficult to measure , but there are anecdotal reports of cities that have achieved substantial economic benefits by `` branding '' themselves by adopting new slogans .   Some unofficial nicknames are positive , while others are derisive . The unofficial nicknames listed here have been in use for a long time or have gained wide currency .

neg: Conscious city A conscious city is a large built environment that is aware of the needs and activities of its inhabitants and responds to them . Research in conscious cities explores how architecture and urban design can better consider and respond to human needs through data analysis , artificial intelligence , and the application of cognitive sciences in design .   While a smart city focuses on improving efficiency of services , a conscious city applies new technology and behavioral insight into improving an experience and its mental and physiological effects . It is believed that conscious cities could alleviate ailments such as stress , anxiety and boredom by being sensitive to the pervading moods and personalities of people in different parts of the city .   The term was coined by architect Itai Palti and neuroscientist Moshe Bar in their Manifesto for Conscious Cities , published in The Guardian in 2015 . Palti went on to establish the conscious cities movement , stating , `` The challenge is twofold and symbiotic : to empower and facilitate designers to use -LSB- conscious design -RSB- , and to convince policy-makers , and through them , also market-players that a new set of priorities is essential . '' The movement launched the Conscious Cities journal in November 2016 .   The first conscious cities conference , called `` Conscious Cities - Architecture and Neuroscience '' , was held in 2016 .

neg: Liberation BC Liberation BC is a non-profit animal rights organization based in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , founded in 2004 . It is run entirely by volunteers , including the board of directors , and has an e-mail network of nearly 4000 supporters . The stated mission of Liberation BC is `` to expose animal exploitation through outreach and education , to promote a vegan lifestyle as the most effective and attainable way to protect animals , and to build and provide support for a strong community of effective animal advocates . ''   Liberation BC has been involved in several major campaigns since its beginning ; from 2004 until 2007 , it staged weekly demonstrations at local KFCs in conjunction with PETA 's `` Kentucky Fried Cruelty '' campaign . This campaign ended when KFC Canada announced that it would improve its animal welfare standards .   During the winter of 2006-2007 , its focus was on clothing chain Bebe for selling fur . In late 2007 , Bebe announced that it would no longer sell fur products as of the winter of 2008 . Liberation BC has also been involved in protests against the Cloverdale Rodeo , which in May 2007 dropped four of its major events after years of cruelty accusations from local animal rights groups . In May 2007 , Liberation BC activists entered the rodeo ring with banners in an attempt to interrupt the rodeo , and were carried out by security guards and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) . This action was repeated in August 2008 at the Abbotsford Rodeo .   Throughout 2008 and into 2009 , Liberation BC focused on gathering support for a ban on foie gras in Vancouver , as well as general animal rights outreach at various community festivals and events . In March 2009 , the group issued a letter requesting that Vancouver 's `` Greenest City Action Team '' acknowledge the impact that meat consumption has upon the environment , and asked that they recommend that citizens reduce their consumption of animal products . The letter was also signed by the Vancouver Humane Society , Humane Society International Canada , Earthsave Canada , and the Lifeforce Foundation .   In 2009 , the group shifted its focus to public outreach and to building a stronger animal rights community in Vancouver . It began the annual Cow Ribbon Campaign for Mother 's Day . The public is encouraged to purchase Holstein-patterned ribbons from the website and wear them to start conversations about the conditions of mother cows and calves in the dairy industry . Online , individuals in the animal rights community place an image of the ribbon on their Twitter or Facebook profiles with a link to CowRibbon.com .   In 2010 , Liberation BC began holding community dialogue events , using the `` Unconference '' and `` World Cafe '' models to do so . Every year since then , the group has organized the Vancouver Animal Advocacy Camp , a two-day event which typically brings about 100 attendees from the Pacific Northwest . In the past , the AAC has hosted speakers such as cookbook author Sarah Kramer , Lesley Fox of Fur Bearer Defenders , documentary filmmaker Liz Marshall , and Twyla Francois of Mercy for Animals Canada .   The group has also run a free film screening project since 2010 . Titled `` Eyes Wide Open '' , the project shows free animal rights films at the Vancouver Public Library and other public venues several times a year . Past films have included Forks Over Knives , Earthlings , Peaceable Kingdom , and Vegucated , among others . Volunteers are also involved in public outreach on a regular basis , holding information tables at many events in the Vancouver area , including farmers markets , environmental fairs , and local celebrations , as well as leafleting with the groups ' own materials or with Vegan Outreach pamphlets . Volunteer nights are held monthly , allowing activists in the community to come together to write letters , prepare campaign materials , plan future events , and socialize .   From 2007 to 2013 , Liberation BC hosted the annual Vancouver Walk for Farm Animals , which raises money for Farm Sanctuary . The group has also participated in the Worldwide Vegan Bake Sale annually since 2010 , raising money for various animal advocacy groups , mostly local .   Liberation BC appeared in the December 2011 issue of VegNews as one of `` 10 Nonprofits You Need to Know '' .   In April 2013 , the organization began holding weekly `` Chicken Vigils '' outside a Vancouver slaughterhouse in solidarity with the Toronto Pig Save and Cow Save projects , and has continued to do so into 2015 .

neg: Courage (disambiguation) Courage is the ability to confront fear in the face of pain , danger , uncertainty or intimidation .   Courage may also refer to :

neg: Underground city An underground city is a series of linked subterranean spaces that may provide a defensive refuge ; a place for living , working or shopping ; a transit system ; mausolea ; wine or storage cellars ; cisterns or drainage channels ; or several of these .   The term may also refer to a network of tunnels that connects buildings beneath street level that may house office blocks , shopping malls , metro stations , theatres , and other attractions . These passages can usually be accessed through the public space of any of the buildings connecting to them , and sometimes have separate entries as well . This latter definition encompasses many modern structures , whereas the former more generally covers tunnel systems from ancient times to the present day .   Underground cities are especially functional in cities with very cold or hot climates , because they permit activities to be comfortably accessible year round without regard to the weather . Underground cities are similar in nature to skyway systems and may include some buildings linked by skyways or above-ground corridors rather than underground .

neg: List of municipalities in Saskatchewan Saskatchewan is the sixth-most populous province in Canada with 1,098,352 residents as of 2016 and is the fifth-largest in land area at 588244 km2 . In 2011 , Saskatchewan 's 786 municipalities covered of the province 's land mass and were home to of its population . On December 31 , 2013 , this total was reduced to 782 when Antler , Gladmar , Ruthilda and Shackleton all dissolved from village status . It was further reduced to 779 after the dissolutions of Elstow ( effective December 16 , 2014 ) , Rabbit Lake ( effective October 30 , 2015 ) and Primate ( effective December 31 , 2015 ) . These 779 municipalities are local government `` creatures of provincial jurisdiction '' with natural persons power . One of the key purposes of Saskatchewan 's municipalities are `` to provide services , facilities and other things that , in the opinion of council , are necessary or desirable for all or a part of the municipality '' . Other purposes are to : `` provide good government '' ; `` develop and maintain a safe and viable community '' ; `` foster economic , social and environmental well-being '' and `` provide wise stewardship of public assets . ''   The Government of Saskatchewan 's Ministry of Municipal Relations recognizes three general types of municipalities and seven sub-types -- urban municipalities ( cities , towns , villages and resort villages ) , rural municipalities and northern municipalities ( northern towns , northern villages and northern hamlets ) . Cities are formed under the provincial authority of The Cities Act , which was enacted in 2002 . Towns , villages , resort villages and rural municipalities are formed under the authority of The Municipalities Act , enacted in 2005 . The three sub-types of northern municipalities are formed under the authority of The Northern Municipalities Act , enacted in 2010 . As provincial laws , these three acts were passed by the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan with royal assent granted by the Lieutenant Governor .   Of Saskatchewan 's 779 municipalities , 459 of them are urban municipalities ( 16 cities , 147 towns , 256 villages and 40 resort villages ) , 296 are rural municipalities and 24 are northern municipalities ( 2 northern towns , 11 northern villages and 11 northern hamlets ) . The Cities Act , The Municipalities Act and The Northern Municipalities Act stipulate governance of these municipalities . Saskatchewan 's Ministry of Municipal Relations is responsible for providing provincial programs and services to municipalities .   In 2011 , just over of Saskatchewan 's population resided in its two largest cities . Saskatoon , the largest city , is home to of the province 's population ( 222,189 residents ) , while Regina , Saskatchewan 's capital city , is home to ( 193,100 residents ) . The villages of Dafoe , Keeler , Krydor and Valparaiso are all tied as Saskatchewan 's smallest municipalities by population with 15 people each . The largest municipality by land area is the Rural Municipality of Hudson Bay No. 394 at 12463 km2 , while the smallest by land area are the resort villages of Etters Beach and Pelican Pointe at 0.12 km2 each .

neg: Downtown Oklahoma City Downtown Oklahoma City is located at the geographic center of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area and contains the principal , central business district of the region . The CBD has over 51,000 workers and over 12000000 sqft of leasable office space to-date . Downtown Oklahoma City is the legal , financial , economic , nightlife , and entertainment center of the region .   Downtown Oklahoma City consists of several urban districts that ring the Central Business District ; including the retail oriented A-Alley , the Arts District , the Bricktown Entertainment District , the Deep Deuce residential neighborhood , and the Flatiron District . Unofficial/new areas of downtown OKC include `` Lower Bricktown '' , MidTown urban neighborhood , SOSA ( South of Saint Anthony ` hospital ' ) , WestTown , Film Row urban district , Farmer 's Market , and the new Downtown South `` Core-2-Shore '' neighborhoods .

neg: Sara Bareilles discography American singer-songwriter Sara Bareilles has released five studio albums , two demo albums , three live albums , five extended plays , eleven singles and nine music videos . After graduating from University of California , Los Angeles , Bareilles independently released her debut album Careful Confessions in January 2004 . In 2005 , music executive Charlie Walk signed her to a record deal with Epic Records . A year after , she began to work with Eric Rosse on her second studio album , Little Voice , which featured re-recorded songs that were originally on Careful Confessions . Little Voice was released on July 2007 and entered the Billboard 200 chart in the United States at number 45 , which marked as her chart debut . The album became a commercial success , it peaked on the chart at number 7 and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipments of one million copies in the United States , subsequently becoming her most successful studio album to date . Its lead single , `` Love Song '' , became a worldwide hit , charting at the top-ten in many regions . Epic released two additional singles , `` Bottle It Up '' and `` Gravity '' , from Little Voice .   After experiencing a writer 's block , she began to work for her third studio album with Neal Avron in 2009 . The album , Kaleidoscope Heart , was released on September 2010 and debuted at the top of the Billboard 200 chart . Its lead single , `` King of Anything '' , became a top-forty hit on the Billboard Hot 100 , and was succeeded by `` Uncharted '' and `` Gon na Get Over You '' as the album 's subsequent single releases . In 2013 , Bareilles began to work for her fourth studio album , The Blessed Unrest , after moving to New York City . The album was released on July 2013 and entered the Billboard 200 chart at number 2 . Two singles , `` Brave '' and `` I Choose You '' , were released from The Blessed Unrest , with `` Brave '' surpassing `` Love Song '' as her longest-staying song on the Billboard Hot 100 . According to Epic Records , Bareilles has sold over 1.75 million albums and 9 million singles in the United States .

neg: Quartier des spectacles Quartier des Spectacles is an arts and entertainment district located in the eastern section of Downtown Montreal , designed as a centre for Montreal 's cultural events and festivals . The Quartier des spectacles is a member of the Global Cultural Districts Network .   With a total area of almost one square kilometre , the Quartier is bounded by City Councillors Street to the West , Berri Street to the East , Sherbrooke Street to the North and René Lévesque Boulevard to the South , encompassing all of the district known as Montreal 's Latin Quarter .   First proposed in 2002 , the area is intended to house 30 performance halls totalling almost 28,000 seats ( including the Place des Arts cultural complex ) , international festivals , art galleries and various cultural exhibition and broadcast facilities . The Quartier des spectacles hosts nearly 8,500 jobs linked to cultural activities , from education and creation to production , exhibition and broadcasting .   The area is now home to many of Montreal 's major festivals , including the Montreal International Jazz Festival , the Francofolies and the Just for Laughs comedy fest . Urban design features of the district include concert spaces , tiered green space and stonework , illuminated fountains , various forms of street lighting , mist machines , bike paths and illuminated walkways .   The central public space for the Quartier is the , a new urban square located on the `` Balmoral Block '' on Jeanne-Mance Street , facing Place des Arts . The latter has become a focal point for outdoor events . Features of the square include a water fountain with 235 in-ground jets , four light towers , two glass-encased restaurants , a grassy slope and granite walkways .

neg: List of cities in Saskatchewan A city is a type of incorporated urban municipality in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan . A city is created from a town by the Minister of Municipal Affairs by ministerial order via section 39 of The Cities Act if the town has a population of 5,000 or more and the change in status is requested by the town council . In the early history of the province , the threshold for city status was much lower , with both Saskatoon and Regina achieving city status with populations in the 3,000 range . One city , Melville , currently has a population well below the 5,000 mark , but retains its city status as of 2015 .   Saskatchewan has 16 cities including Lloydminster , which traverses the provincial border with Alberta , but not including Flin Flon , which traverses the provincial border with Manitoba . Not including Flin Flon , Saskatchewan 's cities had a cumulative population of 595,707 and an average population of 37,232 in the 2011 Census . Saskatchewan 's largest and smallest cities are Saskatoon and Melville with populations of 222,189 and 4,546 respectively . __ FORCETOC __

neg: Coeur d'Alene, Idaho Coeur d'Alene ( -LSB- kɔər_dəˈleɪn -RSB- ) is the largest city and county seat of Kootenai County , Idaho , United States . It is the principal city of the Coeur d'Alene Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the population of Coeur d'Alene was 44,137 . The city is a satellite city of Spokane , which is located about 30 mi to the west , in the state of Washington . The two cities are the key components of the Spokane-Coeur d'Alene Combined Statistical Area , of which Coeur d'Alene is the third largest city ( after Spokane and its largest suburb , Spokane Valley ) . Coeur d'Alene is the largest city in northern Idaho Panhandle . The city is situated on the north shore of Lake Coeur d'Alene , 25 mi in length . Locally , Coeur d'Alene is known as the `` Lake City , '' or simply called by its initials : `` CDA '' .   The city of Coeur d'Alene has grown significantly in recent years , in part because of a substantial increase in tourism , encouraged by several resorts in the area . Broadcaster and media figure Barbara Walters called the city `` a little slice of Heaven '' and included it in her list of most fascinating places to visit . On November 28 , 2007 , Good Morning America broadcast the city 's Christmas lighting ceremony because its display is among the largest in the United States . The Coeur d'Alene Resort takes up a prominent portion of the city 's downtown . It is also near two major ski resorts : Silver Mountain Resort to the east in Kellogg , and Schweitzer Mountain Ski Resort to the north in Sandpoint .   The city is named after the Coeur d'Alene People , a federally recognized tribe of Native Americans who lived along the rivers and lakes of the region , in a territory of 5,500 sqmi extending into Washington and Montana . They were first encountered by French fur traders in the late 18th and early 19th century , who referred to them as Cœur d'Alène , meaning `` heart of an awl , '' reflecting their experience of the tribal traders as tough businessmen , `` sharp-hearted '' or `` shrewd '' .

neg: Brave (The Shires album) Brave is the debut studio album by British country music duo The Shires , released in 2015 . The album peaked at number ten on the UK Albums Chart , making the Shires the first ever homegrown British country act to have a top ten album in Britain .

neg: Final Fantasy: Brave Exvius is a free-to-play role-playing game developed by A-lim and published by Square Enix for iOS and Android devices .   A spinoff of the Final Fantasy series , the game marks as the first collaborative effort between Square-Enix and both A-lim and Gumi . It was released in Japan in October 2015 , and worldwide in June 2016 . By the end of 2016 , the app had been downloaded over five million times worldwide .