query: The United States was not once 13 British colonies.

pos: United States The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. ) or America , is a constitutional federal republic composed of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions .  Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico . The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America , bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west . The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean . The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea . Nine time zones are covered . The geography , climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse .   At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) and with over 324 million people , the United States is the world 's third - or fourth-largest country by total area , third-largest by land area , and the third-most populous . It is one of the world 's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations , and is home to the world 's largest immigrant population . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the largest city is New York City ; nine other major metropolitan areas -- each with at least 4.5 million inhabitants and the largest having more than 13 million people -- are Los Angeles , Chicago , Dallas , Houston , Philadelphia , Miami , Atlanta , Boston , and San Francisco .   Paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the Seven Years ' War led to the American Revolution , which began in 1775 . On July 4 , 1776 , during the course of the American Revolutionary War , the colonies unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence . The war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain , representing the first successful war of independence against a European power . The current constitution was adopted in 1788 , after the Articles of Confederation , adopted in 1781 , were felt to have provided inadequate federal powers . The first ten amendments , collectively named the Bill of Rights , were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties .   The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century , displacing Native American tribes , acquiring new territories , and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848 . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the end of legal slavery in the country . By the end of that century , the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean , and its economy , driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution , began to soar . The Spanish -- American War and confirmed the country 's status as a global military power . The United States emerged from as a global superpower , the first country to develop nuclear weapons , the only country to use them in warfare , and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council . The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world 's sole superpower . The U.S. is a founding member of the United Nations , World Bank , International Monetary Fund , Organization of American States ( OAS ) , and other international organizations .   The United States is a highly developed country , with the world 's largest economy by nominal GDP and second-largest economy by PPP . Though its population is only 4.3 % of the world total , Americans hold nearly 40 % of the total wealth in the world . The United States ranks among the highest in several measures of socioeconomic performance , including average wage , human development , per capita GDP , and productivity per person . While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial , characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy , the manufacturing sector remains the second-largest in the world . Accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP and a third of global military spending , the United States is the world 's foremost economic and military power . The United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally , and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations .

neg: American poetry american ' poetry '' ' , the poetry of the United States , arose first as efforts by colonists to add their voices to English poetry in the 17th century , well before the constitutional unification of the thirteen colonies ( although before this unification , a strong oral tradition often likened to poetry existed among Native American societies ) . Unsurprisingly , most of the early colonists ' work relied on contemporary British models of poetic form , diction , and theme . However , in the 19th century , a distinctive American idiom began to emerge . By the later part of that century , when Walt Whitman was winning an enthusiastic audience abroad , poets from the United States had begun to take their place at the forefront of the English-language avant-garde '' .   The history of American poetry is not easy to know . Much of the American poetry published between 1910 and 1945 remains lost in the pages of small circulation political periodicals , particularly the ones on the far left , destroyed by librarians during the 1950s McCarthy era . The received narrative of Modernism proposes that Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot were perhaps the most influential modernist English-language poets in the period during World War I . But this narrative leaves out African American and women poets who were published and read widely in the first half of the twentieth century . By the 1960s , the young poets of the British Poetry Revival looked to their American contemporaries and predecessors as models for the kind of poetry they wanted to write . Toward the end of the millennium , consideration of American poetry had diversified , as scholars placed an increased emphasis on poetry by women , African Americans , Hispanics , Chicanos and other cultural groupings .

neg: United States Congress The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers : the Senate and the House of Representatives . The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington , D.C. Both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election , though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment . Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party , and only rarely to a third party or as independents . Congress has 535 voting members : 435 Representatives and 100 Senators . The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members . These members can , however , sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation . These members represent Washington , D.C. , Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands and the U.S. Virgin Islands .   The members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency , known as a `` district '' . Congressional districts are apportioned to states by population using the United States Census results , provided that each state has at least one congressional representative . Each state , regardless of population or size , has two senators . Currently , there are 100 senators representing the 50 states . Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a six-year term , with terms staggered , so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election .

neg: A Summary View of the Rights of British America A Summary View of the Rights of British America was a tract written by Thomas Jefferson in 1774 , before the U.S. Declaration of Independence , in which he laid out for delegates to the First Continental Congress a set of grievances against King George III , especially against the King 's and Parliament 's response to the Boston Tea Party . Jefferson declares that the British Parliament did not have the right to govern the Thirteen Colonies . He argues that since the individual colonies were founded they were independent of British rule . Jefferson , in this work , held that allodial title , not feudal title , was held to American lands , and thus the people did not owe fees and rents for that land to the British crown .   The work was presented to , and debated by , the First Continental Congress . When this took place , Jefferson did not attend . Despite his attempts , Congress agreed to a more moderate decision than Jefferson 's proposed concept . Despite not being able to completely convince Congress , friends of Jefferson printed the Summary in a pamphlet form . It was distributed throughout London , New York and Philadelphia . Research states that the document `` helped establish Jefferson 's reputation as a skillful , if radical , political writer . ''

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture .   British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital .   The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine .   The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .

neg: Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890) A timeline of United States inventions ( before 1890 ) encompasses the ingenuity and innovative advancements of the United States within a historical context , dating from the Colonial Period to the Gilded Age , which have been achieved by inventors who are either native-born or naturalized citizens of the United States . Copyright protection secures a person 's right to his or her first-to-invent claim of the original invention in question , highlighted in Article I , Section 8 , Clause 8 of the United States Constitution , which gives the following enumerated power to the United States Congress :   In 1641 , the first patent in North America was issued to Samuel Winslow by the General Court of Massachusetts for a new method of making salt . On April 10 , 1790 , President George Washington signed the Patent Act of 1790 ( 1 Stat . 109 ) into law proclaiming that patents were to be authorized for `` any useful art , manufacture , engine , machine , or device , or any improvement therein not before known or used '' . On July 31 , 1790 , Samuel Hopkins of Pittsford , Vermont became the first person in the United States to file and to be granted a patent for an improved method of `` Making Pot and Pearl Ashes '' . The Patent Act of 1836 ( Ch . 357 , 5 Stat . 117 ) further clarified United States patent law to the extent of establishing a patent office where patent applications are filed , processed , and granted , contingent upon the language and scope of the claimant 's invention , for a patent term of 14 years with an extension of up to an additional 7 years . However , the Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994 ( URAA ) changed the patent term in the United States to a total of 20 years , effective for patent applications filed on or after June 8 , 1995 , thus bringing United States patent law further into conformity with international patent law . The modern-day provisions of the law applied to inventions are laid out in Title 35 of the United States Code ( Ch . 950 , sec . 1 , 66 Stat . 792 ) .   From 1836 to 2011 , the United States Patent and Trademark Office ( USPTO ) has granted a total of 7,861,317 patents relating to several well-known inventions appearing throughout the timeline below .

neg: Freedom suit Freedom suits were lawsuits in the Thirteen Colonies and the United States filed by enslaved people against slaveholders to assert claims to freedom , often based on descent from a free maternal ancestor , or time held as a resident in a free state or territory .   The right to petition for freedom descended from English common law and allowed people to challenge their enslavement or indenture . Petitioners challenged slavery both directly and indirectly , even if slaveholders generally viewed such petitions as a means to uphold rather than undermine slavery . Beginning with the colonies in North America , legislatures enacted slave laws that created a legal basis for `` just subjection ; '' these were adopted or updated by the state and territorial legislatures that superseded them after the United States gained independence . These codes also enabled enslaved persons to sue for freedom based on wrongful enslavement .   While some cases were tried during the colonial period , the majority of petitions for freedom were heard during the antebellum period in the border or the Southern United States . After the American Revolution , most northern states abolished slavery and were considered `` free . '' The United States Congress prohibited slavery in some newly established territories , and some new states were admitted to the union as free states . The rise in travel and migration of masters with slaves between free and slave states resulted in conditions that gave rise to slaves suing for freedom . Many free states had residency limits for masters who brought slaves into their territory ; after that time , the slave would be considered free . Some slaves sued for wrongful enslavement after being held in a free state .   Other grounds for suit were that the person was freeborn and illegally held in slavery , or that the person was illegally held because of being descended from a freeborn woman in the maternal line . The principle of partus sequitur ventrem , first incorporated into English colonial slavery law by a 1662 statute in Virginia , established that children 's status was that of the mother . It was adopted into law by other English colonies , and the states of the United States .   In Saint Louis , Missouri records of nearly 300 petition cases have been found that were filed between 1807 and 1860 , and in Washington , D.C. nearly 500 petition cases were filed in the same period . A large portion of cases , as much as one-third , either never went to trial or were settled out of court . In the early nineteenth century in St. Louis and in Washington , D.C. , nearly half of the attorneys at the bar may have acted as counsel for slave petitions . In Missouri , the courts assigned an attorney to the petitioner if it accepted a freedom suit for hearing ; some of the top attorneys in St. Louis defended slaves . After the 1830s , the number of petition cases gradually declined . But from 1800 to 1830 , most of the bar in these cities tried a petition case .   Before the end of the eighteenth century , some southern states began to make petitioning for freedom more difficult . Maryland , for example , in 1796 required that county courts serve as the court of original jurisdiction , rather than the General Court of the Western Shore , an appellate court . The county courts clearly would be more favorable to the interests and views of the local planters against whom these suits were often filed . The legislature also banned those with antislavery sympathies from serving on juries in freedom suits . Virginia passed a similar law on jury composition in 1798 .   But , for a few decades , courts in slave states such as Louisiana , Mississippi , and Missouri often respected the precedent of `` once free , always free '' established by free states . Until the late 1850s , they ruled that slaves who had been held in free states maintained their freedom even if brought back into slave states . Until the Civil War brought an end to slavery , thousands of freedom suits were tried in state courts across the country , with some slaves petitioning as high as the Supreme Court .

neg: Judiciary Act of 1802 The United States Judiciary Act of 1802 ( 2 Stat . 156 ) was a Federal statute , enacted on April 29 , 1802 , to reorganize the federal court system . It restored some elements of the Judiciary Act of 1801 , which had been adopted by the Federalist majority in the previous Congress , but was repealed by the Democratic-Republican majority earlier in 1802 .   The Act restructured the circuit courts into six circuits , and assigned one Supreme Court justice to each circuit . Unlike the 1801 Act , no new circuit judgeships were created , so the justices were faced with having to return to the practice of `` riding circuit '' to hold court in each district within their circuit , along with the local district judge , during the majority of the year . No circuit courts were created for the judicial districts of Kentucky , Tennessee , Maine , or the territories , although the 1801 Act would have done so .   Since the circuit courts were now to consist of only two judges , the Act permitted them to certify to the Supreme Court any question of law on which the two could not agree . Also , the district judge was not permitted to hear appeals of his own decisions , so appeals from the district courts were decided by the circuit justice alone . But the most important part of the Act was the provision that a quorum of only one judge was needed to convene a circuit court . As a result , Supreme Court justices could often rely on district court judges to convene circuit courts . With circuit riding largely optional , Supreme Court justices were no longer saddled with what they had previously felt was a tremendous burden . The Act 's flexibility proved crucial to the demise of circuit riding , which essentially disappeared by 1840 .   The Act also created additional district courts by dividing the District of North Carolina into the districts of Albemarle , Cape Fear , and Pamptico , and by dividing the District of Tennessee into the Eastern and Western Districts of Tennessee . No new judgeships were created for these courts ; however , the district judges in North Carolina and Tennessee had to hold court in each district within their state , and the North Carolina judge also had to sit on the circuit court ( which , however , continued to sit for the state as a whole , not in the separate district court districts ) .   The Act established a United States District Court for the District of Columbia , although this court is not the direct predecessor of today 's court bearing the same name .

neg: Origins of the War of 1812 The War of 1812 , a war between the United States , Great Britain , and Britain 's Indian allies , lasted from 1812 to 1815 . The U.S. declared war and historians have long debated the multiple factors behind that decision .   There were several immediate stated causes for the U.S. declaration of war : First , a series of trade restrictions introduced by Britain to impede American trade with France , a country with which Britain was at war ( the U.S. contested these restrictions as illegal under international law ) ; second , the impressment ( forced recruitment ) of U.S. seamen into the Royal Navy ; third , the British military support for American Indians who were offering armed resistance to the expansion of the American frontier to the Northwest ; fourth , a possible desire on the part of the United States to annex Canada . An implicit but powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honor in the face of what they considered to be British insults ( such as the Chesapeake affair ) .   American expansion into the Northwest ( Ohio , Indiana , Michigan , Illinois and Wisconsin ) was impeded by Indian raids . Some Canadian historians in the early 20th century maintained that Americans had wanted to seize parts of Canada , a view that many Canadians still share , while others argue that inducing the fear of such a seizure had merely been a U.S. tactic designed to obtain a bargaining chip . Some members of the British Parliament at the time and dissident American politicians such as John Randolph of Roanoke claimed that land hunger rather than maritime disputes was the main motivation for the American declaration . However , some historians , both Canadian and American , retain the view that desire to annex all or part of Canada was an American goal . Although the British made some concessions before the war on neutral trade , they insisted on the right to reclaim their deserting sailors . The British also had the long-standing goal of creating a large `` neutral '' Indian state that would cover much of Ohio , Indiana and Michigan . They made the demand as late as 1814 at the peace conference , but lost battles that would have validated their claims .   The war was fought in four theatres : on the oceans , where the warships and privateers of both sides preyed on each other 's merchant shipping ; along the Atlantic coast of the U.S. , which was blockaded with increasing severity by the British , who also mounted large-scale raids in the later stages of the war ; on the long frontier , running along the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River , which separated the U.S. from Upper and Lower Canada ( Ontario and Quebec ) ; and finally along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico . During the course of the war , both the Americans and British launched invasions of each other 's territory , all of which were unsuccessful or gained only temporary success . At the end of the war , the British held parts of Maine and some outposts in the sparsely populated West while the Americans held Canadian territory near Detroit , but these occupied territories were restored at the end of the war .   In the United States , battles such as New Orleans and the earlier successful defence of Baltimore ( which inspired the lyrics of the U.S. national anthem , The Star-Spangled Banner ) produced a sense of euphoria over a `` second war of independence '' against Britain . It ushered in an `` Era of Good Feelings , '' in which the partisan animosity that had once verged on treason practically vanished . Canada also emerged from the war with a heightened sense of national feeling and solidarity . Britain , which had regarded the war as a sideshow to the Napoleonic Wars raging in Europe , was less affected by the fighting ; its government and people subsequently welcomed an era of peaceful relations with the United States .

neg: Kingdom of Great Britain The United Kingdom of Great Britain , officially Great Britain , was a sovereign state in western Europe from 1 May 1707 to 31 December 1800 . The state came into being following the Treaty of Union in 1706 , ratified by the Acts of Union 1707 , which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands . It did not include Ireland , which remained a separate realm . The unitary state was governed by a single parliament and government that was based in Westminster . The former kingdoms had been in personal union since James VI , King of Scots , became King of England and King of Ireland in 1603 following the death of Queen Elizabeth I , bringing about a `` Union of the Crowns '' . Also after the accession of George I to the throne of Great Britain in 1714 , the kingdom was in a personal union with the Electorate of Hanover .   The early years of the unified kingdom were marked by Jacobite risings which ended in defeat for the Stuart cause at Culloden in 1746 . Later on in 1763 , victory in the Seven Years ' War led to the dominance of the British Empire , which was to become the foremost global power for over a century and later grew to become the largest empire in history .   On 1 January 1801 , the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland were merged to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . In 1922 , five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom and the state was renamed the `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' -- a title it has retained to date .

neg: Colonization Colonization ( or colonisation ) is a process by which a central system of power dominates the surrounding land and its components .   The term is derived from the Latin word colere , which means `` to inhabit '' . Also , colonization refers strictly to migration , for example , to settler colonies in America or Australia , trading posts , and plantations , while colonialism deals with this , along with ruling the existing indigenous peoples of styled `` new territories '' .   Colonization was linked to the spread of tens of millions from Western European states all over the world . In many settled colonies , Western European settlers formed a large majority of the population . Examples include the Americas , Australia and New Zealand . These colonies were occasionally called ` neo-Europes ' . In other places , Western European settlers formed minority groups , who were often dominant in their places of settlement .   When Britain started to settle Australia , New Zealand and various other smaller islands , they often regarded the landmasses as terra nullius . Terra nullius meaning 'em pty land ' in Latin . Due to the absence of European farming techniques , the land was deemed unaltered by man and therefore treated as uninhabited , despite the presence of indigenous populations .  In the 19th century , laws and ideas such as Mexico 's General Colonization Law and the United States ' Manifest destiny encouraged further colonization of the Americas .

neg: Annapolis Convention (1786) The Annapolis Convention , formally titled as a Meeting of Commissioners to Remedy Defects of the Federal Government was a national political convention held September 11 -- 14 , 1786 at Mann 's Tavern in Annapolis , Maryland , in which twelve delegates from five states -- New Jersey , New York , Pennsylvania , Delaware , and Virginia -- gathered to discuss and develop a consensus about reversing the protectionist trade barriers that each state had erected . At the time , under the Articles of Confederation , each state was largely independent from the others and the national government had no authority to regulate trade between and among the states . Additionally , New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , and North Carolina had appointed commissioners who failed to arrive in Annapolis in time to attend the meeting , while Connecticut , Maryland , South Carolina , and Georgia had taken no action at all .   The final report of the convention , adopted unanimously , was sent to the Congress and to the states . It sought support for a broader constitutional convention to be held the following May in Philadelphia . It expressed the hope that more states would be represented and that their delegates or deputies would be authorized to examine areas broader than simply commercial trade .   Because of the few representatives in attendance , their authority was limited . It is unclear how much weight the convention 's call carried , but the urgency of the need for constitutional reform was highlighted by a number of rebellions that took place all over the country . While most of them were easily suppressed , Shays ' Rebellion lasted from August 1786 until February 1787 . The rebellion called attention to both popular discontent and government weakness .   The direct result of the Annapolis Convention report and the ensuing events was the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 , during which the United States Constitution was drafted .

neg: Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation , formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution . Its drafting by a committee appointed by the Second Continental Congress began on July 12 , 1776 , and an approved version was sent to the states for ratification on November 15 , 1777 . The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1 , 1781 , after being ratified by all 13 states . A guiding principle of the Articles was to preserve the independence and sovereignty of the states . The federal government received only those powers which the colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament .   The Articles formed a war-time confederation of states , with an extremely limited central government . Even unratified , the document was used by the Congress to conduct business , direct the American Revolutionary War , conduct diplomacy with foreign nations , and deal with territorial issues and Native American relations . Actually the adoption of the Articles made no perceptible change in the federal government , because it did little more than legalize what the Continental Congress had been doing . That body was now taken over as the Congress of the Confederation ; but Americans continued to call it the Continental Congress , since its organization remained the same .   As the Confederation Congress attempted to govern the continually growing American states , delegates discovered that the limitations placed upon the central government rendered it ineffective at doing so . As the government 's weaknesses became apparent , especially after Shays ' Rebellion , individuals began asking for changes to the Articles . Their hope was to create a stronger national government . Initially , some states met to deal with their trade and economic problems . However , as more states became interested in meeting to change the Articles , a meeting was set in Philadelphia on May 25 , 1787 . This became the Constitutional Convention . It was quickly realized that changes would not work , and instead the entire Articles needed to be replaced . On March 4 , 1789 , the general government under the Articles was replaced with the federal government under the Constitution . The new Constitution provided for a much stronger federal government by establishing a chief executive ( the President ) , courts , and taxing powers .

neg: Newspapers in the United States Newspapers in the United States have been published since the 18th century and are an integral part of the culture of the United States . Although a few newspapers including the New York Times , USA Today , and the Wall Street Journal are sold throughout the United States , most U.S. newspapers are published for city or regional markets . The New York Times is often referred to as the United States ' `` newspaper of record '' .

neg: Flag of New England There is no official Flag of New England . Consequently , `` the Flag of New England '' can refer to any number of historical and modern banners used to represent Massachusetts , the New England Colonies , or the six states in the New England region of the northeastern United States . There are some variations , but common designs include a plain colored field ( usually red ) with a pine tree in the canton . Pinus strobus , the eastern white pine , is the most common symbol of New England and most often represents that tree 's former importance in shipbuilding and New England maritime culture .

neg: The Federal Union The Federal Union : A History of the United States to 1877 ( originally published as The Federal Union : A History of the United States to 1865 ) is history of the United States written by John D. Hicks , George E. Mowry and Robert E. Burke . First published in 1937 , it covered the period from the discovery of the Americas in 1492 to the end of the Civil War in 1865 . Four revised editions followed that also covered the Reconstruction Era up to 1877 , and accordingly were published with an updated subtitle . The fifth and final edition appeared in 1970 .   The Federal Union was primarily written as a university-level textbook , and was published with accompanying manuals for instructors and for students . It was the first of a two-volume set . The second volume was entitled The American Nation : 1865 to the Present . An abridged one-volume edition first appeared in 1946 as A Short History of American Democracy .   The book was aimed at undergraduate students , other readers appreciated its qualities . For example , historian George Fort Milton admired Hicks 's `` capacity for extraordinary compression without at the same time either getting the style too bare-bones for pleasurable reading ; or the facts too black-and-white for the necessary implications of gradations of gray . ''

neg: Virgin Islands Americans Virgin Islands Americans are Americans from the U.S. Virgin Islands or British Virgin Islands who reside in the continental United States , or continental Americans of Virgin Islands heritage .   Persons born in the U.S. Virgin Islands are United States citizens , and as a result do not go through the legal immigration procedures a typical West Indies immigrant would . They are also , due to cultural affinities with the Anglophone Caribbean , U.S. Virgin Islanders in the U.S. are considered part of the Caribbean American immigrant community .   It is difficult to determine how many Virgin Islanders reside in the United States . According to the 2000 U.S. Census , there are 15,014 of U.S. Virgin Islands ancestry residing in the continental United States . However , a count of American residents with `` U.S. Virgin Islands ancestry '' excludes most U.S. Virgin Islands-born immigrants in the United States . Because of a high incidence of inter-Caribbean migration throughout the 1960s and 1970s , most native-born U.S. Virgin Islanders today are one or two generations removed from other Caribbean islands and would not necessarily define themselves as having `` U.S. Virgin Islands ancestry . '' For example , Tim Duncan is a St. Croix native with Anguillian ancestry .   The population of immigrants of British Virgin Islands origin in the United States is also difficult to determine , as they are not specifically counted in the U.S. Census , but grouped with other Caribbean British Overseas Territories as `` British West Indies . ''

neg: Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States Opposition to the War of 1812 was widespread in the United States , especially in New England . Many New Englanders opposed the conflict on political , economic , and religious grounds .   When embargo failed to remedy the situation and Great Britain refused to rescind the Orders in Council ( 1807 ) and France continued its decrees , certain Democratic-Republicans known as war hawks felt compelled to go to war . Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun pushed a declaration of war through Congress , stressing a short war had the added benefit of permitting the United States to grab valuable farmlands in the British colony of Canada . Vehement protests erupted in those parts of the country where the opposition Federalist political party held sway , especially in Connecticut and Massachusetts . The governors of these two states as well as Rhode Island refused to place their state militias under federal control for duty outside of their respective states . In the elections that followed in a few months , some members of Congress who voted for war , paid the price . Eight New England congressmen were rejected by the voters , and several others saw the writing on the wall and declined to seek reelection . There was a complete turnover of the New Hampshire delegation .

neg: Illinois Illinois ( -LSB- ɪlᵻˈnɔɪ -RSB- ) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States , achieving statehood in 1818 . It is the 6th-most populous state and 25th-largest state in terms of land area , and is noted as a microcosm of the entire country . The word `` Illinois '' comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word . With Chicago in the northeast , small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois , and natural resources like coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base and is a major transportation hub . The Port of Chicago connects the state to other global ports from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean , as well as the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway . For decades , O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics .   Although today the state 's largest population center is around Chicago in the northern part of the state , the state 's European population grew first in the west , with French Canadian colonists who settled along the Mississippi River in the 17th and 18th century , and gave the area the name , `` Pays des Illinois '' or Illinois Country a region that was known as part of New France . After the American Revolutionary War established the United States , American settlers began arriving crossing the Appalachians barrier range in the 1810s via the gaps of the Allegheny to boat building centers in Pittsburgh , from Cumberland , Maryland via the Cumberland Narrows pass to outfit in Brownsville , Pennsylvania , from North Carolina and Virginia via the Cumberland Gap to Kentucky and Tennessee , all on the Ohio River .   With the War of 1812 , the growth of Illinois slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier . After the war 's end , the federal government re-established forts such as Fort Dearborn ( in 1816 -- now the site is within Chicago ) and army patrols west of the Mississippi diminished the threat from Amerindian raids , so settlers were able to move into all of Illinois from the eastern and southern emigrant trails .   Mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration -- by the 1810s , the Eastern U.S. had exhausted most timber stands close to the established cities creating a hard felt first energy crisis by the late-1790s , and after 1818 , the industrial revolution was being fueled by new canals such as the Lehigh Canal feeding the furnaces of the rapidly industrializing east coast . Also in 1818 , Illinois achieved statehood and its growth , as yet untroubled by the speed of as yet unrefined railway technology , would be fueled by the new religion of industrialized forward thinking .   After construction of the Erie Canal with increasing traffic and trade through the Great Lakes , Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River , at one of the few natural harbors on southern Lake Michigan . John Deere 's invention of the self-scouring steel plow turned Illinois ' rich prairie into some of the world 's most productive and valuable farmlands , attracting new immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden . Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s , and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois , as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets . Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other mid-western states from the tyranny of water transport ; no longer was a location near a river or canal a need to ship bulk goods .   By 1900 , the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants , from Eastern and Southern Europe . Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars . The Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago , who created the city 's famous jazz and blues cultures .   Three U.S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois : Abraham Lincoln , Ulysses S. Grant , and most recently Barack Obama . Additionally , Ronald Reagan , whose political career was based in California , was the only U.S. president born and raised in Illinois . Today , Illinois honors Lincoln with its official state nickname `` The Land of Lincoln , '' which has been displayed on its license plates since 1954 . The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the state capital of Springfield , and the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be completed in Chicago by 2020 .

neg: Non-Hispanic whites Non-Hispanic whites or whites not of Hispanic or Latino origin or `` Anglo '' '' ' , '' are people in the United States who , as defined by the Census Bureau , are considered racially white and are not of Hispanic or Latino origin/ethnicity . Non-Hispanic whites are a subcategory of white Americans , the other being white Hispanic and Latino Americans .   Although generally all nations in Europe have contributed to the white population through emigration to Northern America in the last few centuries , the majority of non-Hispanic whites trace their origins to Northwestern Europe while other major sources originate in Southern and Eastern Europe ; German , Irish , and English ancestries are the most common .   In the United States , this population was first derived from English ( and , to a lesser degree , French ) settlement of the Americas , as well as settlement by other Europeans such as the Germans and Dutch that began in the 17th century ( see History of the United States ) . Continued growth since the early 19th century is attributed to sustained very high birth rates alongside relatively low death rates among settlers and natives alike as well as periodically massive immigration from European countries , especially Germany , Ireland , England , Spain , Greece , Sweden and Norway , as well as Poland , Russia , and many more countries . In 2011 , for the first time in U.S. history , non-Hispanic whites accounted for under half of the births in the country , with 49.6 % of total births . At 197.2 million in 2012 , non-Hispanic whites comprise 62.8 % of the total U.S. population .

neg: Cultural assimilation of Native Americans The cultural assimilation of Native Americans was an assimilation effort by the United States to transform Native American culture to European -- American culture between the years of 1790 -- 1920 . George Washington and Henry Knox were first to propose , in an American context , the cultural transformation of Native Americans . They formulated a policy to encourage the `` civilizing '' process . With increased waves of immigration from Europe , there was growing public support for education to encourage a standard set of cultural values and practices to be held in common by the majority of citizens . Education was viewed as the primary method in the acculturation process for minorities .   Americanization policies were based on the idea that when indigenous people learned United States ( American ) customs and values , they would be able to merge tribal traditions with American culture and peacefully join the majority of the society . After the end of the Indian Wars , in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the government outlawed the practice of traditional religious ceremonies . It established Native American boarding schools which children were required to attend . In these schools they were forced to speak English , study standard subjects , attend church , and leave tribal traditions behind .   The Dawes Act of 1887 , which allotted tribal lands in severalty to individuals , was seen as a way to create individual homesteads for Native Americans . Land allotments were made in exchange for Native Americans ' becoming US citizens and giving up some forms of tribal self-government and institutions . It resulted in the transfer of an estimated total of 93 e6acre from Native American control . Most was sold to individuals or given out free through the Homestead law , or given directly to Indians as individuals . The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 was also part of Americanization policy ; it gave full citizenship to all Indians living on reservations . The leading opponent of forced assimilation was John Collier , who directed the federal Office of Indian Affairs from 1933 to 1945 , and tried to reverse many of the established policies .


query: Nelson Mandela was a revolutionary who was against apartheid.

pos: Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela ( -LSB- mænˈdɛlə -RSB- 18 July 1918 -- 5 December 2013 ) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary , politician , and philanthropist , who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999 . He was the country 's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election . His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalised racism and fostering racial reconciliation . Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist , he served as President of the African National Congress ( ANC ) party from 1991 to 1997 .   A Xhosa , Mandela was born in Mvezo to the Thembu royal family . He studied law at the University of Fort Hare and the University of the Witwatersrand before working as a lawyer in Johannesburg . There he became involved in anti-colonial and African nationalist politics , joining the ANC in 1943 and co-founding its Youth League in 1944 . After the National Party 's white-only government established apartheid -- a system of racial segregation that privileged whites -- he and the ANC committed themselves to its overthrow . Mandela was appointed President of the ANC 's Transvaal branch , rising to prominence for his involvement in the 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People . He was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the 1956 Treason Trial . Influenced by Marxism , he secretly joined the banned South African Communist Party ( SACP ) . Although initially committed to non-violent protest , in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe in 1961 and led a sabotage campaign against the government . In 1962 , he was arrested for conspiring to overthrow the state and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial .   Mandela served 27 years in prison , initially on Robben Island , and later in Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison . Amid growing domestic and international pressure , and with fears of a racial civil war , President F. W. de Klerk released him in 1990 . Mandela and de Klerk negotiated an end to apartheid and organised the 1994 multiracial general election in which Mandela led the ANC to victory and became President . Leading a broad coalition government which promulgated a new constitution , Mandela emphasised reconciliation between the country 's racial groups and created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses . Economically , Mandela 's administration retained its predecessor 's liberal framework despite his own socialist beliefs , also introducing measures to encourage land reform , combat poverty , and expand healthcare services . Internationally , he acted as mediator in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial and served as Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999 . He declined a second presidential term and in 1999 was succeeded by his deputy , Thabo Mbeki . Mandela became an elder statesman and focused on combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the charitable Nelson Mandela Foundation .   Mandela was a controversial figure for much of his life . Although critics on the right denounced him as a communist terrorist and those on the radical left deemed him too eager to negotiate and reconcile with apartheid 's supporters , he gained international acclaim for his activism . Widely regarded as an icon of democracy and social justice , he received more than 250 honours -- including the Nobel Peace Prize -- and became the subject of a cult of personality . He is held in deep respect within South Africa , where he is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name , Madiba , and described as the `` Father of the Nation '' .

neg: International Defence and Aid Fund The International Defence and Aid Fund or IDAF ( also the Defence Aid Fund for Southern Africa ) was a fund created by John Collins during the 1956 Treason Trial in South Africa . After learning of those accused of treason for protesting against apartheid , including Nelson Mandela , Collins created the fund in order to pay all legal expenses and look after the families of those on trial . The group was non-partisan .   This was one of the first examples of foreign intervention against apartheid in South Africa and proved very successful with over # 75,000 being raised towards defending those accused . Ultimately all were acquitted   In 1981 , the Defence Aid Fund for Southern Africa founded Canon Collins Trust , now known as Canon Collins Educational & Legal Assistance Trust .

neg: South African resistance to war South African resistance to war has a long tradition , and a history that includes conscientious objectors , pacifists , deserters and draft dodgers , as well as those whose objections are based upon the notion of `` just war '' as opposed to unjust or illegal war .

neg: Mineral Revolution The Mineral Revolution is a term used by historians to refer to the rapid industrialisation and economic changes which occurred in South Africa from the 1870s onwards . The Mineral Revolution was largely driven by the need to create a permanent workforce to work in the mining industry , and saw South Africa transformed from a patchwork of agrarian states to a unified , industrial nation . In political terms , the Mineral Revolution had a significant impact on diplomacy and military affairs . Finally , the policies and events of the Mineral Revolution had an increasingly negative impact on race relations in South Africa , and formed the basis of the apartheid system , which dominated South African society for a century .

neg: Twelve Disciples of Nelson Mandela Twelve Disciples of Nelson Mandela is a 2005 documentary film about a generation of men , considered terrorists by the U.S. government , who left South Africa to form the African National Congress and spread their message across the world . Filmmaker Thomas Allen Harris focuses on his stepfather Benjamin Pule Leinaeng , who was among the first ANC members to leave South Africa in 1960 .   Twelve Disciples of Nelson Mandela was met with critical acclaim , winning an Independent Spirit Award nomination for its Stranger Than Fiction category and was aired on PBS as part of its Point of View series in 2006 .

neg: Nelson Mandela Children's Fund The Nelson Mandela Children 's Fund ( NMCF ) is a charitable organisation founded by Nelson Mandela , based in South Africa . Its mission is to help individuals from birth to age 22 , particularly orphans of the AIDS crisis .

neg: Township (South Africa) In South Africa , the terms township and location usually refer to the often underdeveloped urban living areas that , from the late 19th century until the end of apartheid , were reserved for non-white residents , namely Indians and black people ( Africans and `` Coloureds '' ) . Townships were usually built on the periphery of towns and cities . The term township also has a distinct legal meaning in South Africa 's system of land title , which carries no racial connotations .

neg: Tokyo Sexwale Mosima Gabriel `` Tokyo '' Sexwale ( Venda ; English approx . -LSB- sɛxwɑːleɪ -RSB- born 5 March 1953 ) is a South African businessman , politician , anti-apartheid activist , and former political prisoner . Sexwale was imprisoned on Robben Island for his anti-apartheid activities , alongside figures such as Nelson Mandela . After the 1994 general election -- the first fully democratic election in South Africa -- Sexwale became the Premier of Gauteng Province . He served in the government of South Africa as Minister of Human Settlements from 2009 to 2013 .

neg: Asian South Africans The majority of Asian South Africans are of Indian origin , most of whom are descended from indentured workers transported to work in the 19th century on the sugar plantations of the eastern coastal area , then known as Natal . They are largely English speaking , although many also retain the languages of their ancestors . There is also a significant group of Chinese South Africans ( approximately 300,000 individuals ) , of whom the great majority are recent immigrants of the last two decades .   In total the 1.2 million Asians in South Africa represent about two percent of the nation 's population . Most are of Indian or South Asian origin , although there is also a rapidly increasing number of people of Chinese , who were sometimes classified as Coloured ( mixed race ) , `` Other '' , or at least partially as `` White '' under Apartheid ) . Traditionally , the group does not include the `` Cape Malays '' , who were descended ( at least in part ) from South East Asians , who were classified as `` Coloured '' under apartheid .   The term Indian is far more commonly used than Asian in South Africa , although examples of both usages can be found .

neg: Speech at the Opening of the Parliament of South Africa, 1990 On 2 February 1990 , the State President F. W. de Klerk delivered a speech at the opening of the 1990 session of the Parliament of South Africa in which he announced sweeping reforms that marked the beginning of the negotiated transition from apartheid to constitutional democracy . The reforms promised in the speech included the unbanning of the African National Congress ( ANC ) and other anti-apartheid organisations , the release of political prisoners including Nelson Mandela , the end of the state of emergency , and a moratorium on the death penalty .

neg: Neville Alexander Neville Edward Alexander ( 22 October 1936 -- 27 August 2012 ) was a proponent of a multilingual South Africa and a former revolutionary who spent ten years on Robben Island as a fellow-prisoner of Nelson Mandela .

neg: Statue of Nelson Mandela, Union Buildings The statue of Nelson Mandela in the Union Buildings grounds , Pretoria , is a bronze sculpture of former President of South Africa and anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela . The statue was unveiled on the Day of Reconciliation ( 16 December 2013 ) , bringing the official mourning period of ten days to a close , after Mandela had died on 5 December .

neg: Nelson Mandela: A Biography (1999) Nelson Mandela : A Biography is a biography written by Martin Meredith on Nelson Mandela . The book details Mandela 's early life and major influences on him , his moving to Johannesburg , joining the African National Congress , his imprisonment on Robben Island , and eventually , his Presidency . Also chronicled are the rise and fall of apartheid , the scandals involving Winnie Mandela ( Nelson 's wife ) , and Thabo Mbeki 's term as President . Martina Meredith is known for authoring many books and articles on Africa and the key people within it .

neg: Mandla Mandela Zwelivelile `` Mandla '' Mandela ( born 1974 ) is the chief of the Mvezo Traditional Council and the grandson of Nelson Mandela . He graduated from Rhodes University with a degree in Politics in 2007 .   His father , Makgatho Mandela , died in 2005 , which paved his way to the head of the tribe . As the tribe did not discuss electing a member from the Mandela family until 2007 , he was chosen as successor . Nelson Mandela had given up the right of Xhosa leader nearly 70 years ago to fight white rule in South Africa . As the tribe looked to Nelson Mandela to reclaim his clan , he suggested his grandson assume the role . When the younger Mandela became chief in 2007 , he was only 32 years old and most of his duties were said to involve tribal ceremonies , settling disputes among tribe members , and representing the tribe on political issues .   Mandela has been a member of parliament for the African National Congress since the 2009 election .   Mandela attended Waterford Kamhlaba a United World College in Swaziland until 1995 .

neg: National Union of South African Students The National Union of South African Students ( NUSAS ) was an important force for liberalism and later radicalism in South African student anti-apartheid politics . Its mottos included non-racialism and non-sexism .

neg: Revolutionary Workers Headquarters Revolutionary Workers Headquarters ( RWH ) was a U.S. Marxist-Leninist organization that formed out of a split from the Revolutionary Communist Party ( RCP ) in 1977 . After Mao Zedong , leader of the Communist Party of China , died in 1976 , the majority of the RCP 's leadership criticized the post-Mao Chinese leadership as `` revisionist '' and `` capitalist-roaders '' , saying that China was no longer a socialist country .   A sizable minority of the RCP believed China was still a socialist country , and continued to support the post-Mao Chinese Communist Party under new leader Hua Guofeng . They left the RCP to form the RWH . Aside from differences on how to assess the changes in China , the RWH also criticized the RCP for ultra-leftism , or left-idealism in their approach to political work in the U.S. . After leaving the RCP , the RWH also did an extensive critique of the RCP 's line on the national question , criticizing the RCP for being `` white chauvinist '' .   The RWH published this critique in a lengthy pamphlet titled Build the Black Liberation Movement , which itself was subsequently criticized by Amiri Baraka of the League of Revolutionary Struggle in a pamphlet titled RWH on the BLM : Wrong Again ! as having white chauvinist errors . The RWH made efforts to unite in the early 1980s with the Communist Party ( Marxist-Leninist ) , but then the CP ( M-L ) dissolved . In 1985 , the RWH merged with the Proletarian Unity League and the Organization for Revolutionary Unity to form the Freedom Road Socialist Organization .   During its brief existence , RWH cadre were active in various movements , including the labor movement , struggles of oppressed nationalities , the women 's movement , the student movement , the struggle for divestiture from companies doing business in then-apartheid dominated South Africa , and others . Through its cadres who worked in the Revolutionary Student Brigade , the RWH was directly involved with the founding of the Progressive Student Network .   Initially , RWH activity was almost exclusively found in urban areas of the Midwest and the East ; it expanded to the West Coast when it absorbed the Bay Area Communist Union in 1979 .   While the RWH was structured according to the principles of democratic centralism , it did not consider itself a communist party per se , but rather a `` pre-party organization . ''

neg: Nelson Mandela: An International Tribute for a Free South Africa Nelson Mandela : An International Tribute for a Free South Africa was a music concert that took place on 16 April 1990 at Wembley Stadium , Wembley Park , London , United Kingdom ( UK ) and was broadcast to more than 60 countries . It was held two months after the release of Nelson Mandela from a South African apartheid prison and was regarded by Mandela as an official international reception .

neg: Zimbabwe Zimbabwe ( -LSB- zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Zimbabwe , is a landlocked country located in southern Africa , between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers . It is bordered by South Africa to the south , Botswana to the west and southwest , Zambia to the northwest , and Mozambique to the east and northeast . Although it does not border Namibia , less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates it from that country . The capital and largest city is Harare . A country of roughly 13 million people , Zimbabwe has 16 official languages , with English , Shona , and Ndebele the most commonly used .   Since the 11th century , present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a major route for migration and trade . The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s ; it became the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923 . In 1965 , the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia . The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces ; this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and de jure sovereignty in April 1980 . Zimbabwe then rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations -- which it withdrew from in 2003 . It is a member of the United Nations , the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) , the African Union ( AU ) , and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) .   Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980 , when his ZANU-PF party won the elections following the end of white minority rule ; he has been the president of Zimbabwe since 1987 . Under Mugabe 's authoritarian regime , the state security apparatus has dominated the country and been responsible for widespread human rights violations . Mugabe has maintained the revolutionary socialist rhetoric from the Cold War era , blaming Zimbabwe 's economic woes on conspiring Western capitalist countries , while still executing conservative policies . Burnished by his anti-imperialist credentials , contemporary African political leaders have been reluctant to criticise Mugabe , though Archbishop Desmond Tutu has called him `` a cartoon figure of an archetypal African dictator '' .

neg: Non-Aligned Movement The Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) is a group of states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc . , the movement has 120 members .   The purpose of the organization has been enumerated as to ensure `` the national independence , sovereignty , territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries '' in their `` struggle against imperialism , colonialism , neo-colonialism , racism , and all forms of foreign aggression , occupation , domination , interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics , '' by Fidel Castro in the Havana Declaration of 1979 . The countries of the Non-Aligned Movement represent nearly two-thirds of the United Nations ' members and contain 55 % of the world population . Membership is particularly concentrated in countries considered to be developing or part of the Third World .   Although many of the Non-Aligned Movement 's members were actually quite closely aligned with one or another of the superpowers , the movement still maintained cohesion throughout the Cold War , even despite several conflicts between members which also threatened the movement . In the years since the Cold War 's end , it has focused on developing multilateral ties and connections as well as unity among the developing nations of the world , especially those within the Global South .

neg: Meadowlands (song) `` Meadowlands '' was an anti-apartheid song composed in 1956 by Strike Vilakezi . It was written in reaction to the forced relocation of black South Africans from Sophiatown , to the new township of Meadowlands . The song was popularised by a number of musicians , including Dorothy Masuka and Miriam Makeba , and became an anthem of the movement against apartheid .

neg: National People's Party (South Africa, 1981) The National People 's Party was a South African political party founded in 1981 by Amichand Rajbansi . It participated in political structures established for Indian South Africans during the apartheid era : first the South African Indian Council , and then the House of Delegates in the Tricameral Parliament .   The NPP controlled the South African Indian Council after its election in 1981 . When the House of Delegates was created at the election of 1984 , the NPP won 18 of 40 elected seats . In the election of 1989 it won only 8 seats , coming second to the Solidarity Party .   After the end of apartheid in 1994 the party reformed as the Minority Front .


query: Arcade Fire toured with Sarah Neufeld.

pos: Arcade Fire Arcade Fire is a Canadian indie rock band based in Montreal , Quebec , consisting of husband and wife Win Butler and Régine Chassagne , along with Win 's younger brother William Butler , Richard Reed Parry , Tim Kingsbury and Jeremy Gara . The band 's current touring line-up also includes former core member Sarah Neufeld , frequent collaborator Owen Pallett , two additional percussionists , Diol Edmond and Tiwill Duprate , and saxophonists Matt Bauder and Stuart Bogie .   Founded in 2001 by friends and classmates Win Butler and Josh Deu , the band came to prominence in 2004 with the release of their critically acclaimed debut album Funeral . Their second studio album , Neon Bible , won them the 2008 Meteor Music Award for Best International Album and the 2008 Juno Award for Alternative Album of the Year . Their third studio album , The Suburbs , was released in 2010 to critical acclaim and commercial success . It received many accolades , including the 2011 Grammy for Album of the Year , the 2011 Juno Award for Album of the Year , and the 2011 Brit Award for Best International Album . In 2013 , Arcade Fire released their fourth album , Reflektor , and scored the feature film Her , for which band members William Butler and Owen Pallett were nominated in the Best Original Score category at the 86th Academy Awards . All four of their studio albums have received nominations for the Best Alternative Music Album Grammy ; the band 's work has also been named three times as a shortlist nominee for the Polaris Music Prize : in 2007 for Neon Bible , in 2011 for The Suburbs and in 2014 for Reflektor , winning the award for The Suburbs .   The band plays guitar , drums , bass guitar , piano , violin , viola , cello , double bass , xylophone , glockenspiel , keyboard , synthesizer , French horn , accordion , harp , mandolin , and hurdy-gurdy , and takes most of these instruments on tour ; the multi-instrumentalist band members switch duties throughout shows .

neg: A Minor Forest A Minor Forest was a San Francisco-based math rock band in the 1990s . The band formed after Andee Connors left his home in San Diego to start a career in music in the San Francisco Bay Area . In 1992 he met bassist John Trevor Benson and guitarist Erik Hoversten , forming the band . They were musically related to the Louisville scene of post rock groups like Slint and had personal connections to the San Diego scene of Three Mile Pilot and related bands . Their songs had pop music , progressive rock , and punk rock influences and featured changing time signatures , sudden dynamic changes , silent pauses , unintelligible screaming , catchy , repeating melodic passages and absurd , in-joke titles . Their slogan was `` A Minor Forest Supports the Destruction of Mankind . '' They formed in San Francisco in 1992 and , in addition to other smaller releases , put out three albums : Flemish Altruism ( 1996 ) and Inindependence ( 1998 ) on Chicago label Thrill Jockey Records , and So , Were They in Some Sort of Fight ? ( 1999 ) , a career-spanning compilation on My Pal God records . On November 9 , 2013 they played for the first time in 15 years at Bottom of the Hill in San Francisco . Until that show , their previous show was held on November 1 , 1998 at Great American Music Hall in San Francisco .

neg: A Night to Remember: Pop Meets Classic Sarah Connor Live in Concert -- A Night to Remember : Pop Meets Classic is the first live DVD released by German pop star Sarah Connor . It was recorded live on January 24 , 2003 at Altes Kesselhaus in Düsseldorf , Germany .   There are three sets . The first set starts with 5 of Sarah 's songs all performed in a bit of a classical way . The second set involves 4 of Sarah 's more pop like tracks and more dancing . The third and final set involves covering some pop standards such as `` I Say a Little Prayer '' and `` Summertime '' . The concert finishes with her signature song `` From Sarah with Love '' and her then current single `` One Nite Stand ( of Wolves and Sheep ) '' . All the songs performed were from Sarah 's first two albums , Green Eyed Soul and Unbelievable , as well as the four covers .   The DVD features a bonus track ( a cover of The Beatles ' `` Yesterday '' ) , a making of featurette , gallery , special web link , an interview with Connor about the songs , a discography with song snippets , and performances of two songs with multiple angles . The DVD also offers English subtitles ( the songs were in English , but she spoke in German ) .

neg: The Greatest Hits Tour (Girls Aloud) The Greatest Hits Tour was the third concert tour by Irish and British girl group Girls Aloud , in support of their first greatest hits album The Sound of Girls Aloud : The Greatest Hits . Girls Aloud returned to Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland , having not performed there on 2006 's Chemistry Tour . The band performed sixteen dates in various arenas across the United Kingdom and Ireland , making it their second arena tour . The Sound of Girls Aloud : The Greatest Hits Tour kicked off in Cheryl Cole 's hometown of Newcastle on 14 May 2007 and concluding in near Nadine Coyle 's home in Belfast on 2 June 2007 .   The show was divided into five unique sections with distinct costumes , including the encore . Girls Aloud descended onto the stage from the ceiling as they performed `` Something Kinda Ooooh '' . They performed fourteen of the fifteen singles they had released at the time , as well as a couple of album tracks and a Dirty Dancing medley . A number of songs were also remixed or reworked .   Girls Aloud received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics , who praised Girls Aloud 's original songs but criticized the number of cover versions and the show 's lack of budget . Critics also noted Girls Aloud 's provocative attire . Much like the greatest hits album , The Sound of Girls Aloud : The Greatest Hits Tour was a commercial success . Girls Aloud released another studio album and announced an accompanying tour for the following year . The Sound of Girls Aloud : The Greatest Hits Tour remains Girls Aloud 's only tour not to receive a video release .

neg: The Singles Tour The Singles Tour was a 1998 concert tour by English electronic band Depeche Mode in support of the act 's singles compilation album , The Singles 86 > 98 , which was released in September 1998 .   The tour , which was officially announced in Cologne , Germany in April 1998 , was the group 's first since the Exotic Tour/Summer Tour in 1994 . A year prior , the group opted not to tour in order to promote Ultra , their ninth studio album , after issues surrounding the band following the lengthy tours in support of Songs of Faith and Devotion . This was the first tour without keyboardist Alan Wilder since he joined the group in 1982 ; Wilder left the band indefinitely in 1995 citing an `` imbalance in the distribution of the workload '' .   The tour began with a European leg , kicking off in Tartu , Estonia in early September and culminating in San Sebastián , Spain in mid-October . Later in the month , the band commenced a tour of North America , beginning in Worcester , Massachusetts . The eight-week jaunt included an appearance at the KROQ Almost Acoustic Christmas concert in Los Angeles . Billy Corgan , lead singer of The Smashing Pumpkins , performed the song `` Never Let Me Down Again '' with Depeche Mode at this concert . The tour eventually wrapped up in Anaheim , California in late December .   The tour marked the debut of two of the group 's backing musicians : keyboardist Peter Gordeno , who replaced Wilder , and drummer Christian Eigner , who previously performed with the band in 1997 for two Ultra Parties concerts .

neg: World Magnetic Tour World Magnetic Tour was a 2008 -- 2010 concert tour by American thrash metal band Metallica in support of the band 's ninth studio album , Death Magnetic '' , which was released on September 12 , 2008 .   The tour officially kicked off in October 2008 in Glendale , Arizona , United States , following three European promotional dates in September and two U.S. rehearsal shows . By September 2009 , the tour had reached North America , Europe , South America , Asia and Oceania .   The tour culminated with three dates in Melbourne , Australia in late November 2010 . The tour ended up being the most successful by Metallica , grossing roughly $ 217.2 million ( the 18th highest grossing tour of all time ) , with the top grossing location , Acer Arena in Sydney , Australia , taking more than $ 14 million over 4 shows .

neg: Music from Angel Fire Music from Angel Fire , ( MFAF ) is the first chamber music festival in New Mexico designed to serve the artistic needs of rural northern New Mexico communities . This touring summer chamber music festival currently produces 15 outstanding concerts in Angel Fire , Taos , Raton , and Las Vegas , NM mid-August through the day before Labor Day .  The Festival 's mission is to bring to these communities the highest standard of artistic excellence in the classical chamber music repertoire presented by world class artists with emerging and established careers . Music from Angel Fire concerts are broadcast by American Public Media , Performance Today , throughout the United States .   The Artistic Director Ida Kavafian , renowned international violinist , has set programs of varied repertoire from the Baroque to the Contemporary . The Festival also produces two professional family/youth concerts for the young people of Taos and Colfax counties .

neg: List of Kylie Minogue concert tours This is a list of concert tours by Australian pop music singer , Kylie Minogue . Since 1989 , Kylie has embarked on ten worldwide concert tours including performances in Australia , Europe , Asia , Africa , South America and North America . Minogue 's first live concert performance was in 1988 at Canton , a nightclub in Hong Kong . The following year she embarked on her first tour , performing in front of 38,000 at the Tokyo Dome in Japan .   Minogue 's stage shows include elaborate costumes and sets that were inspired by Broadway musicals , science fiction films and electronic music groups such as Kraftwerk . In 2003 , Minogue was named `` Live Performer of the Year '' at the Australian Mo Awards .

neg: The New Classic Tour The New Classic Tour is the debut concert tour by Australian recording artist , Iggy Azalea . The tour promoted her debut studio album , The New Classic . Beginning April 2014 , the tour played 15 concerts in North America , with plans to perform at various music festivals in Europe during the summer .

neg: The Dresden Dolls (EP) The Dresden Dolls is the self-titled debut EP by American dark cabaret band The Dresden Dolls , released in 2001 . It is a completely separate release from the band 's 2003 debut studio album , also titled The Dresden Dolls .   The CD was recorded and engineered at Sonics Studios and at Emerson College in Boston , MA by Owen Curtin in 2001 and mastered by Noah-Blumenson Cook , with guest Brian Knoth playing a guitar solo on `` Good Day '' .   The album was first sold at the band 's first appearance at The Middle East in Cambridge , MA . The band made 50 copies , all of which were sold at the show . The covers are slightly different from copies sold later .   The EP was sold by the band at shows until late 2003 , via mail order until early 2004 , and from drummer Brian Viglione while he was working at Toscanini 's , an ice cream parlor in Cambridge . The EP is now completely out of print , although `` Girl Anachronism '' has been made available for download from the band 's official web site .   It is unknown exactly how many copies exist , although singer Amanda Palmer has estimated that `` a few thousand copies '' exist .

neg: Enuff Z'nuff (album) Enuff Z'Nuff is the self-titled studio album by American hard rock band Enuff Z'Nuff , released in 1989 on Atco Records . This debut album continues to be the best selling album in the band 's catalog . The album 's first single , the rock song `` New Thing , '' received steady radio and MTV airplay , peaking at # 67 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Their follow-up single , a ballad called `` Fly High Michelle , '' would prove to be the band 's biggest hit , peaking at # 47 on the same chart . Promotional CDs were created for another song , a ballad called `` For Now , '' but this single was apparently cancelled while the band focused on their follow-up record , 1991 's Strength album .   Additional exposure for the album occurred with the album tracks `` Hot Little Summer Girl '' and `` I Could Never Be Without You '' being featured on the popular TV shows Beverly Hills , 90210 and Northern Exposure . A few years later , the band 's glam appearance in their video for `` Fly High Michelle '' would be parodied on MTV 's Beavis & Butt-head .

neg: Sarah Blasko Sarah Blasko ( born Sarah Elizabeth Blaskow , 23 September 1976 ) is an Australian singer-songwriter , musician and producer . From April 2002 Blasko developed her solo career after fronting Sydney-based band , Acquiesce , between the mid-1990s and 2001 . She had performed under her then-married name , Sarah Semmens , and , after leaving Acquiesce , as Sorija in a briefly existing duo of that name . As a solo artist Blasko has released five studio albums , The Overture & the Underscore ( 11 October 2004 ) , What the Sea Wants , the Sea Will Have ( 21 October 2006 ) -- which peaked at No. 7 on the ARIA Albums Chart , As Day Follows Night ( 10 July 2009 ) -- which reached No. 5 , I Awake ( 26 October 2012 ) -- which made No. 9 , and Eternal Return ( 6 November 2015 ) .   At the ARIA Music Awards of 2007 , Blasko won Best Pop Release for her second album . Her third album won the Best Female Artist in 2009 and her fourth album was nominated for the same category in 2013 . In October 2010 As Day Follows Night was listed at No. 19 in the book , 100 Best Australian Albums ; the authors noted that it `` turned on emotional subtlety and instrumental clarity . It sounded like little else in 2009 , or most any other year '' .

neg: Wake Up (Arcade Fire song) `` Wake Up '' is an indie rock song by Canadian rock band Arcade Fire . It was the fifth and final single released from the band 's debut album , Funeral . The single was released as a one-sided 7 '' vinyl record on November 14 , 2005 .

neg: Cake (band) Cake ( stylized CAKE ) is an American alternative rock band from Sacramento , California . Consisting of singer John McCrea , trumpeter Vince DiFiore , guitarist Xan McCurdy , bassist Gabe Nelson and drummer Paulo Baldi , the band has been noted for McCrea 's sarcastic lyrics and monotone vocals , DiFiore 's trumpet parts , and their wide-ranging musical influences , including country music , Mariachi , rock , funk , Iranian folk music and hip hop .   Cake was formed in 1991 by McCrea , DiFiore , Greg Brown , Frank French and Shon Meckfessel , who soon left and was replaced by Nelson . Following the self-release of its debut album , Motorcade of Generosity , the band was signed to Capricorn Records in 1995 and released its first single , `` Rock 'n' Roll Lifestyle '' , which hit number 35 on the Modern Rock Tracks music chart and was featured on MTV 's 120 Minutes ; French and Nelson then left the band , and were replaced by Todd Roper and Victor Damiani . Cake 's second album , 1996 's Fashion Nugget , went platinum on the strength of its lead single , `` The Distance '' . Following a tour of Europe and the United States , both Brown and Damiani announced they were leaving Cake , which led to speculation about the band 's future ; McCrea eventually recruited Xan McCurdy to take over on guitar , and persuaded Nelson to return .   Prolonging the Magic , the band 's third album , was released in 1998 and went platinum , having shipped over one million units ; this was followed three years later by Comfort Eagle , the band 's first album on Columbia Records , featuring the single `` Short Skirt/Long Jacket '' which hit number 7 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart . Following a series of tours , including several versions of the Unlimited Sunshine Tour , the band released Pressure Chief in 2004 , its second and last album on Columbia . After creating its own label , Upbeat Records , the band released Showroom of Compassion in 2011 , which became its first album to debut at the top of the Billboard charts , selling 44,000 copies in the first week after release .

neg: The Arcade (producers) The Arcade ( Kurtis Mckenzie and Jon Mills ) are a Grammy-nominated songwriting and music production duo , based in London . They co-produced and co-composed Iggy Azalea 's hit single `` Fancy '' , ( featuring Charli XCX ) , which has sold 7 million copies worldwide to date . The duo produced ` Beg For It ' the lead single of Reclassified the reissue of her debut studio album , with the song selling over 1,000,000 copies and certified Platinum in the United States .   The producers have worked with Iggy Azalea , Rita Ora , Conor Maynard , Taio Cruz , Tinie Tempah , Katy B , Maino , Nicola Roberts , and Khalid .

neg: Mirrorball (Sarah McLachlan album) Mirrorball is a 1999 live album by Sarah McLachlan , compiled from performances during the Surfacing tour in 1997 -- 98 . Most of the 14 songs are from McLachlan 's two most recent albums at the time , Fumbling Towards Ecstasy and Surfacing .   The live LP was a commercial success , entering top 3 on both Billboard 200 and Canadian Albums Chart . The live performance of `` I Will Remember You '' was re-released as a single ( having previously released in 1995 and 1996 ) and was a commercial success , entering top 15 on both Billboard Hot 100 and Canadian Hot 100 charts .   The live performance of `` I Will Remember You '' won the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance .

neg: Blame Sally Blame Sally is a collaboration of four solo female singer-songwriters from San Francisco who have recorded and performed together frequently over the past decade . The members of the group include Pam Delgado ( percussion and vocals ) , Renee Harcourt ( guitar and vocals ) , Rob Strom ( bass guitar ) , Jeri Jones ( guitar , bass and vocals ) , and Monica Pasqual ( piano , accordion , and vocals ) .   The group was formed in 2000 , and in 2001 , KFOG `` began playing the band 's music on the popular ` Acoustic Sunrise ' show , leading to more gigs and bigger venues '' ; the band `` got national attention through XM Radio '' and `` by the end of 2006 , the band was playing more than 50 shows a year . ''   Allmusic praises their 2007 album , Severland as `` the first on which they sound more like a proper band than four solo artists working collectively , '' and gives it a rating of 4.5 stars . As of 2009 , the band was signed for a three-album , five-year contract worth a half-million dollars . In 2010 , Blame Sally released Live at Stern Grove Festival , recorded at San Francisco 's Stern Grove Festival in 2009 on a date that was headlined by the legendary Joan Baez .   Also in 2010 , Germany saw its first taste of Blame Sally with a 15 date tour across the country . The band played in myriad venues from inns to The House of Blues . In summer 2012 , Blame Sally toured Germany for the second time , also visiting neighboring countries such as Italy and Switzerland with support from their record label Ninth Street Opus . The band played in venues from cafes to clubs such as TECnet during the month-long tour .   In October 2012 , Blame Sally made its first appearance across the United Kingdom during their two-week tour . The group also participated in an interview with the Sally Naden Show in BBC Radio Lancashire .

neg: Dreamchaser in Concert Sarah Brightman : Dreamchaser in Concert is a live concert recording by Sarah Brightman following her 2012 release , Dreamchaser . It was recorded in June 2013 at the Elstree Studios near London , United Kingdom .   Dreamchaser In Concert has been released as a DVD for all the PBS Pledgers ( United States ) and it is available in different packages and Prices .   It has been released as a DVD and a Blu-ray disc only in Japan .

neg: Happiness Tour The Happiness Tour is the first concert tour by British band Hurts in support of their debut album Happiness . At the end of February 2010 Hurts played four concerts in the UK and Germany , and in April and May they joined the NME Radar tour , then they resumed their recitals and played at the festivals in Europe and Asia , including a debut performance at the festival in Japan . Since October , a variety of solo artists and groups increasingly began to play as the opening acts at Hurts ' gigs , and by the end of 2010 Hurts themselves supported Scissor Sisters in their UK arena tour . In April 2011 , Hurts held their debut performance in the USA at the festival Coachella , and in May 2011 Hurts made an Asian tour , which was followed by a series of European summer festivals . 4 November 2011 was the final performance of a two-year Happiness Tour , in London Kylie Minogue joined the group to perform a duet of two songs . In 2012 , the band played at a few summer music festivals .

neg: Sarah Neufeld Sarah Neufeld ( born August 27 , 1979 ) is a Canadian violinist is known for her work with indie rock band Arcade Fire , with whom she was a former core member and is currently a touring member . She has worked with other artists and released a number of solo works .

neg: Sarah Lassez Sarah Lassez is a French-American-Canadian actress and author . She was born in Canada to French parents and raised in Australia . At the age of 14 , she moved to New York City and currently lives in Los Angeles .   Sarah Lassez is best known for her work in Gregg Araki 's Nowhere , Abel Ferrara 's The Blackout and the underground cult hit Mad Cowgirl .   Her memoir , Psychic Junkie , was published by Simon & Schuster in the summer of 2006 . It was featured on the cover of The New York Times Sunday Styles section , Entertainment Weekly , People Magazine and The Today Show . She has the lead role in the horror musical The Dead Inside , directed by Travis Betz .


query: A Wrinkle in Time is a book that was made into a 2003 film.

pos: A Wrinkle in Time A Wrinkle in Time is a science fantasy novel written by American writer Madeleine L'Engle , first published in 1963 , and in 1979 with illustrations by Leo and Diane Dillon . The book won a Newbery Medal , Sequoyah Book Award , and Lewis Carroll Shelf Award , and was runner-up for the Hans Christian Andersen Award . It is the first book in L'Engle 's Time Quintet , which follows the Murry and O'Keefe families . The book was made into a film , A Wrinkle in Time , in 2003 , and another film , also called A Wrinkle in Time , is in production with a scheduled release of April 2018 . It has also been made into an opera , a graphic novel , and several plays .

neg: American Film Institute Awards 2003 The American Film Institute ( AFI ) Awards 2003 honored the Top 10 Films and Top 10 Television Programs of the year .

neg: The Fugitive (2003 film) The Fugitive ( Il fuggiasco ) is a 2003 Italian crime-drama film written and directed by Andrea Manni . It is based on an autobiographical novel by Massimo Carlotto , about his period in hiding in France and Mexico following a miscarriage of justice .   For this film Andrea Manni was nominated for David di Donatello for Best New Director .

neg: Portrait in Death Portrait in Death ( 2003 ) is a novel by J. D. Robb . It is the sixteenth novel in the In Death series .

neg: Kohtalon kirja Kohtalon kirja ( The Book of Fate , though the website also uses The Booke of Fate ) is a Finnish film released in 2003 . The movie was a DVD release , though it premiered in a theater .   The movie is a multi-genre episode movie . It 's frequently described as a `` Horror/Western/War / Action/Sci-fi '' movie , as it covers all of those genres in different episodes . The frequent themes are horror and fantasy , too .   The movie was conceived and directed by Tommi Lepola and Tero Molin . Many of the makers , including Lepola and the producer Ilkka Niemi , jointly made the movie as their graduation work from Tampereen ammattikorkeakoulu . The lead roles were given to freshly graduated acting students . As a graduation work , it is vastly larger than most such projects .   In addition to these , many well-known Finnish actors , such as Vesa Vierikko , Santeri Kinnunen and Åke Lindman came to make an appearance in the movie . Many of them found it interesting to work on a movie like this , because such movies are not typically made in Finland .

neg: Fallen Angel (2003 film) Fallen Angel is a 2003 Hallmark Hall of Fame television film starring Gary Sinese and Joely Richardson . It would be rerun in December 2004 and shown since on the Feeln on-demand movie service which shows many Hallmark Hall of Fame productions . It is based on the novel of the same name by Don Snyder , who also wrote the teleplay .

neg: The Child in Time The Child in Time ( 1987 ) is a novel by Ian McEwan . It won the Whitbread Novel Award for that year . The story concerns Stephen , an author of children 's books , and his wife , two years after the kidnapping of their three-year-old daughter Kate . Author Christopher Hitchens viewed the novel as McEwan 's masterpiece .

neg: Imagining Argentina (film) Imagining Argentina is a 2003 drama historical film written and directed by Christopher Hampton and starring Antonio Banderas , Emma Thompson , Leticia Dolera and Rubén Blades . It is based on the award-winning homonymous novel by Lawrence Thornton . It was nominated for the Golden Lion at the 2003 Venice Film Festival .   The film , centered on a couple living through the ominous last military dictatorship in Argentina ( 1976-1983 ) , depicts graphic images of suffering , such as rape and torture . The closing caption states that around 30,000 Argentines disappeared during the beginning and end of the regime .

neg: The Animatrix is a 2003 American-Japanese anthology anime film based on The Matrix trilogy produced by The Wachowskis , who wrote and directed the trilogy . The film is a compilation of nine animated short films , including four written by the Wachowskis . It details the backstory of the Matrix universe , including the original war between man and machines which led to the creation of the Matrix .

neg: The Cooler The Cooler is a 2003 American romantic drama film directed by Wayne Kramer . The original screenplay was written by Kramer and Frank Hannah . In old-school gambling parlance , a casino `` cooler '' is an unlucky individual , usually a casino employee , whose mere presence at the gambling tables usually results in a streak of bad luck for the other players .

neg: Artworks (film) Artworks is a 2003 crime film .

neg: A Rebel in Time A Rebel in Time ( also published as Rebel in Time ) is a 1983 science fiction novel by Harry Harrison .

neg: 53rd Berlin International Film Festival The 54th annual Berlin International Film Festival was held from February 6 -- 16 , 2003 . The festival opened with musical film Chicago by Rob Marshall and closed with Martin Scorsese 's Gangs of New York , both films played out of competition at the festival . The Golden Bear was awarded to British film In This World directed by Michael Winterbottom .   The retrospective dedicated to German film director F. W. Murnau was shown at the festival .

neg: A Brief History of Time (film) A Brief History of Time is a 1991 biographical documentary film about the physicist Stephen Hawking , directed by Errol Morris . The title derives from Hawking 's bestselling book A Brief History of Time , but whereas the book is an explanation of cosmology , the film is a biography of Hawking 's life , featuring interviews with family members , colleagues , and even his childhood nanny . The music is by frequent Morris collaborator , Philip Glass .   The film project originated with executive producer Gordon Freedman who brought the project to Anglia Television as a co-producer . After acquiring the property , Freedman met with director Steven Spielberg for advice on how to make the project into an important documentary film . Spielberg suggested Errol Morris as director . Freedman 's production company partnered with Anglia Television and Tokyo Broadcasting . David Hickman , of Anglia , became the film 's producer .

neg: A Wrinkle in Time (disambiguation) A Wrinkle in Time is a 1963 science fantasy novel by Madeleine L'Engle .   A Wrinkle in Time may also refer to :   A Wrinkle in Time ( 2003 film ) , a 2003 ABC television film based on the novel of the same name  A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film ) , an upcoming American theatrical film based on the novel of the same name

neg: The Hours (film) The Hours is a 2002 British-American drama film directed by Stephen Daldry , and starring Meryl Streep , Julianne Moore and Nicole Kidman . Supporting roles are played by Ed Harris , John C. Reilly , Stephen Dillane , Jeff Daniels , Miranda Richardson , Allison Janney , Toni Collette and Claire Danes . The screenplay by David Hare is based on Michael Cunningham 's 1999 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same title .   The plot focuses on three women of different generations whose lives are interconnected by the novel Mrs Dalloway by Virginia Woolf . These are Clarissa Vaughan ( Streep ) , a New Yorker preparing an award party for her AIDS-stricken long-time friend and poet , Richard ( Harris ) in 2001 ; Laura Brown ( Moore ) , a pregnant 1950s California housewife with a young boy and an unhappy marriage ; and Virginia Woolf ( Kidman ) herself in 1920s England , who is struggling with depression and mental illness while trying to write her novel .   The film was released in Los Angeles and New York City on Christmas Day 2002 , and was given a limited release in the United States and Canada two days later on December 27 , 2002 . It did not receive a wide release in North America until January 2003 , and was then released in British cinemas on Valentine 's Day that year . Critical reaction to the film was mostly positive , with nine Academy Award nominations for The Hours including Best Picture , and a win for Nicole Kidman as Best Actress .

neg: As Time Goes By: The Great American Songbook, Volume II As Time Goes By : the Great American Songbook , Volume II is Rod Stewart 's second album of pop standards . It was released on 14 October 2003 by J Records .

neg: Many Waters Many Waters is a 1986 novel by Madeleine L'Engle , part of the author 's Time Quartet ( also known as the Time Quintet ) . The title is taken from the Song of Solomon 8:7 : `` Many waters can not quench love , neither can the floods drown it . If a man were to give all his wealth for love , it would be utterly scorned . ''   The principal characters of the story are Sandy and Dennys Murry , twin brothers who are , ironically , somewhat out of place ( they are `` normal '' ) in the context of the multifarious and eccentric Murry family from A Wrinkle in Time . The action of the story follows that of A Wind in the Door but precedes the climactic , apocalyptic event in A Swiftly Tilting Planet .

neg: Johnny English Johnny English is a 2003 British spy comedy film parodying the James Bond secret agent genre infused with comedy similar to Atkinson 's Mr. Bean character . The film stars Rowan Atkinson , Natalie Imbruglia , Ben Miller and John Malkovich . The screenplay was written by Bond writers Neal Purvis and Robert Wade , with William Davies , and the film was directed by Peter Howitt .   The film grossed a total of $ 160 million worldwide . The film was followed by a sequel , 2011 's Johnny English Reborn . The film was released in the United Kingdom on April 11 , 2003 , and topped the country 's box office for the next three weekends , before being overtaken by X2 . A second sequel is in pre-production and will release in October 2018 .

neg: 2003 Bergen International Film Festival The 2003 Bergen International Film Festival was arranged in Bergen , Norway 16 -- 21 October 2003 , and was the fourth edition of the festival .

neg: Bad Boys (2003 film) Bad Boys ( Pahat pojat ) is a 2003 Finnish crime drama film directed by Aleksi Mäkelä , based on the story of a notorious real-life family of criminals . It was the second most successful film in Finnish theatres after The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King in 2003 , taking in $ 4,778,324 . This makes the film one of the most successful Finnish films at the national box office of all time .