query: Star Wars' soundtrack was recorded in England.

pos: Star Wars (film) Star Wars ( later retitled Star Wars : Episode IV -- A New Hope ) is a 1977 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas . The first installment in the Star Wars film series , it stars Mark Hamill , Harrison Ford , Carrie Fisher , Peter Cushing , and Alec Guinness . David Prowse , James Earl Jones , Anthony Daniels , Kenny Baker , and Peter Mayhew co-star in supporting roles . The film 's plot focuses on the Rebel Alliance , led by Princess Leia ( Fisher ) , and its attempt to destroy the Galactic Empire 's space station , the Death Star . This conflict disrupts the isolated life of farmhand Luke Skywalker ( Hamill ) , who inadvertently acquires a pair of droids that possess stolen architectural plans for the Death Star . When the Empire begins a destructive search for the missing droids , Skywalker accompanies Jedi Master Obi-Wan Kenobi ( Guinness ) on a mission to return the plans to the Rebel Alliance and rescue Leia from her imprisonment by the Empire .   Star Wars was released theatrically in the United States on May 25 , 1977 . It earned $ 461 million in the U.S. and $ 314 million overseas , totaling $ 775 million . It surpassed Jaws ( 1975 ) to become the highest-grossing film of all time until the release of E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) . When adjusted for inflation , Star Wars is the second-highest-grossing film in North America , and the third-highest-grossing film in the world . It received ten Academy Award nominations ( including Best Picture ) , winning seven . It was among the first films to be selected as part of the U.S. Library of Congress ' National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . At the time , it was the most recent film on the registry and the only one chosen from the 1970s . Its soundtrack was added to the U.S. National Recording Registry in 2004 . Today , it is often regarded as one of the best films of all time , as well as one of the most important films in the history of motion pictures . It launched an industry of tie-in products , including TV series spinoffs , novels , comic books , and video games , and merchandise including toys , games and clothing .   The film 's success led to two critically and commercially successful sequels , The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) . Star Wars was reissued multiple times at Lucas ' behest , incorporating many changes including modified computer-generated effects , altered dialogue , re-edited shots , remixed soundtracks , and added scenes . A prequel trilogy was released from 1999 to 2005 , followed by a sequel trilogy beginning in 2015 . In 2016 , Rogue One was released as a direct prequel to the original Star Wars film .

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture .   British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital .   The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine .   The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .

neg: Liverpool Sound City Liverpool Sound City is an annual music festival and industry conference in Liverpool , England . Founded in 2008 , Sound City was located in Liverpool City Centre venues such as The Kazimier , The Zanzibar and the Liverpool Cathedral , until 2015 when it was relocated to Bramley-Moore Dock in Liverpool 's historic docklands .   In 2015 , the festival took place on Friday 22 May - Sunday 24 May , with headliners The Vaccines , The Flaming Lips and Belle and Sebastian and an array of artists including , Everything Everything , Peace ( band ) and The Cribs . Previous artists include Florence and the Machine , The Maccabees , The xx , The Kooks and Ed Sheeran .   The Sound City conference is a two-day digital industry conference featuring keynotes , in conversations and workshop sessions from key digital industry figures . In 2015 , the conference took place on Thursday 21 May - Friday 22 May in the Titanic Hotel at Stanley Dock . Speakers included Wayne Coyne of The Flaming Lips , legendary Ramones manager Danny Fields and Mark E. Smith of The Fall .

neg: James Tomalin James Tomalin is a British composer and music producer . He studied music at Cambridge University and at Goldsmiths College , and has written music for BBC TV , Channel 4 , ITV and numerous films and albums . He currently runs the independent production company Oxford Digital Media .

neg: John Peel John Robert Parker Ravenscroft , OBE ( 30 August 1939 -- 25 October 2004 ) , known professionally as John Peel , was an English disc jockey , radio presenter , record producer and journalist . He was the longest serving of the original BBC Radio 1 DJs , broadcasting regularly from 1967 until his death in 2004 .   He was one of the first broadcasters to play psychedelic rock and progressive rock records on British radio , and he is widely acknowledged for promoting artists working in various genres , including pop , reggae , indie pop , indie rock , alternative rock , punk , hardcore punk , breakcore , grindcore , death metal , British hip hop , electronic music , jungle and dance music . Fellow DJ Paul Gambaccini described Peel as `` the most important man in music for about a dozen years '' . In 2012 he was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork -- the Beatles ' Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover .   Peel 's Radio 1 shows were notable for the regular `` Peel sessions '' , which usually consisted of four songs recorded by an artist live in the BBC 's studios , and which often provided the first major national coverage to bands that would later achieve great fame . Another popular feature of his shows was the annual Festive Fifty countdown of his listeners ' favourite records of the year .   Peel appeared occasionally on British television as one of the presenters of Top of the Pops in the 1980s , and he provided voice-over commentary for a number of BBC programmes . He became popular with the audience of BBC Radio 4 for his Home Truths programme , which ran from the 1990s , featuring unusual stories from listeners ' domestic lives .

neg: Real World Studios Real World Studios is a residential recording studio situated founded by Peter Gabriel and situated in the village of Box , Wiltshire , England , near to the city of Bath . It is closely associated with the Real World Records record label and WOMAD music festival .

neg: The People vs. George Lucas The People vs. George Lucas is a 2010 documentary comedy film directed by Swiss director Alexandre O. Philippe . It explores the issues of filmmaking and fanaticism pertaining to the Star Wars franchise and its creator , George Lucas . The film combines filmmaker and celebrity interviews with fan films , mainly taken from the 2010 online video Star Wars Uncut , which were submitted via the film 's site .   Interviewees include a variety of figures such as Neil Gaiman , MC Frontalot and Gary Kurtz . Lucas himself appears frequently in archival footage , but is never interviewed directly . The film discusses the extent to which the Star Wars franchise is an artistic creation of Lucas and subject to his vision versus a social phenomenon that belongs to the general public of fans and their participatory/remix culture . The film is dedicated to interviewee Jason Nicholl , a blogger at nukethefridge.com who died before the film 's release . The film was released on DVD on October 25 , 2011 .   In June 2014 , it was reported that a sequel , titled The People vs. George Lucas -- Episode II , is in development .

neg: Johnny English Reborn (soundtrack) Johnny English Reborn is a motion picture soundtrack to the 2011 film of the same name written by the English film composer Ilan Eshkeri . The song `` I Believe in You '' by Rumer , that is heard in the end credits of the film , is not included in the soundtrack .

neg: Star City (entertainment complex) Star City is a family leisure and entertainment complex in Aston , Birmingham , England . It is located in the north east of the city very close to Junction 6 of the M6 motorway ( Spaghetti Junction ) , and Aston railway station .

neg: Doctor Who: Series 8 (soundtrack) The soundtrack for series 8 of Doctor Who was released on 18 May 2015 . Across three discs , it includes incidental music from all twelve episodes of the series , as well as the 2014 Christmas special , `` Last Christmas '' . The first 5000 copies , as well as all pre-orders , included an extra 16-page booklet and a slipcover .

neg: Noise Fusion Founded in 2004 by producer Ben Neidle , Noise Fusion is an audio production company based in London , UK , that creates audio branding for radio and television .

neg: Star Wars Action News Star Wars Action News is a podcast that describes itself as `` the first and only podcast dedicated to Star Wars collecting . '' The show is hosted by Arnie and Marjorie Carvalho , a married couple from Illinois , who were described by Lucasfilm as `` some of the biggest Star Wars collectors in the world '' .   Regular segments include reports of the latest Star Wars merchandise available in stores and online , reviews of Star Wars comics and novels , and an Ebay item of the Week focusing on weird Star Wars items , such as a chicken nugget shaped like Jabba the Hutt . One of the most popular segments is the weekly destruction of a classic `` Star Wars '' collectible . The show also reviews high-end collectibles , such as Master Replicas and Gentle Giant items . The show regularly has ongoing series including `` Collecting 101 '' series which provides a basic overview of being a Star Wars collector including what to buy and how to care for a collection , and `` 30 years of Collecting '' which reviewed an item released each year from 1977 through 2007 .   There have also been interviews on the show with many Star Wars personalities such as Samuel L. Jackson and Steve Sansweet , Robot Chicken creators Seth Green and Matthew Senreich , and various Star Wars authors including Alan Dean Foster , Donald F. Glut , James Kahn , L. Neil Smith , Troy Denning , Aaron Allston , Karen Traviss , James Luceno , and Timothy Zahn . Musician Richard Cheese was also interviewed discussing his rendition of the Imperial March .   The show has covered New York Toy Fair from 2007 through 2010 , San Diego Comic Con from 2006 to 2010 as well as Star Wars Celebration IV in 2007 , Star Wars Celebration Europe in 2007 , Star Wars Celebration Japan in 2008 , and Star Wars Celebration 5 in 2010 . The hosts performed a live show in 2009 at San Diego Comic Con on the Kotobukiya Stage where they interviewed Steve Sansweet , Robot Chicken writers Dan Milano , Doug Goldstein , and Mike Fasolo , authors Gus Lopez and Duncan Jenkins , as well as several representatives from Star Wars collectible manufacturers .   In addition , the hosts have performed several panels at various conventions across the United States including Pittsburgh ComicCon , Star Wars Celebration 4 , and Star Wars Celebration 5 .   Star Wars Action News also has several spin-off podcasts , including Republic Forces Radio Network where a panel of hosts review each episode of the Clone Wars animated series , and The Star Wars Action News Book Club reviewing all the Star Wars novels released .   This podcast was featured on G4 's Attack of the Show segment Blog Watch on June 11 , 2007 as well as in the film documentary The Force Among Us . The show had a featured article in the book Star Wars Super Collector 's Wish Book : Identification & Values by Geoffrey T. Carlton .

neg: The Lost World: Jurassic Park (film score) Like its predecessor , The Lost World : Jurassic Park was scored by famed composer John Williams ( a longtime collaborator with director Steven Spielberg ) , orchestrated by Conrad Pope and John Neufeld , and recorded in Los Angeles . Notably , Williams did not write a stereotypical sequel score , but instead developed a wildly different style for the different location , cast , and darker tone of the second Jurassic Park film .   The original soundtrack album -- released by MCA Records on April 30 , 1997 -- features over seventy minutes of the film 's music , including some material that was unused in the film 's final cut ( e.g. `` The Hunt '' ) . The single disc is packaged in a paper case that opens to reveal dioramas of jungle scenery and dinosaurs from the film . A John Williams collection edition , joint with the soundtrack to the first movie , was released by La-La Land Records on November 29 , 2016 , remastered and featuring additional unreleased music .

neg: Elstree 1976 Elstree 1976 is a 2015 documentary film about the making of the original Star Wars film and the legacy that it left behind .

neg: Star Wars Holiday Special The Star Wars Holiday Special is a 1978 American musical science fiction television film set in the Star Wars galaxy . It stars the series ' first film 's main cast while introducing the character Boba Fett , who would appear in later films . It is one of the first official Star Wars spin-offs and was directed by Steve Binder .   In the storyline that ties the special together , Chewbacca and Han Solo visit Kashyyyk , Chewbacca 's home world , to celebrate Life Day . They are pursued by agents of the Galactic Empire , who are searching for members of the Rebel Alliance on the planet . The special introduces three members of Chewbacca 's family : his father Itchy , his wife Malla , and his son Lumpy , though these names were later explained to have been nicknames , their full names being Attichitcuk , Mallatobuck , and Lumpawarrump , respectively .   The program also features many other Star Wars characters , including Luke Skywalker , C-3PO , R2-D2 , Darth Vader and Princess Leia ( who sings the film 's `` theme song '' , set to the music of John Williams ' Star Wars theme , near the end ) , all of them portrayed by the original actors . The program includes stock footage from Star Wars , and also features a cartoon produced by Toronto-based Nelvana that officially introduces the bounty hunter Boba Fett . Scenes also take place in outer space and in spacecraft including the Millennium Falcon and an Imperial Star Destroyer . The variety-show segments and cartoon also take place in a few other locales , such as a Mos Eisley cantina on the desert planet of Tatooine and a newly introduced red ocean planet known as Panna .   The special is notorious for its extremely negative reception and has never been rebroadcast or officially released on home video . It has therefore become something of a cultural legend , because of the `` underground '' quality of its existence . It has been viewed and distributed in off-air recordings made from its original telecast by fans , which were later adapted to content-sharing websites via the Internet and bootleg copies .

neg: Robert Watts Robert Watts ( born 23 May 1938 ) is a British film producer who is best known for his involvement with the Star Wars and Indiana Jones film series .

neg: Star Wars and Other Galactic Funk Star Wars and Other Galactic Funk is a disco album by Meco released in 1977 . The album uses various musical themes from the Star Wars soundtrack arranged as instrumental disco music . A single from the album , `` Star Wars Theme/Cantina Band '' , reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on October 1 , 1977 , holding to that position for two weeks . The album was released on compact disc with two additional versions of the single .

neg: Sounds of the 20th Century Sounds of the 20th Century is a BBC Radio 2 documentary series originally broadcast in the UK between April 2011 and April 2012 . Each 60-minute programme is dedicated to one year from 1951 to 2000 and features a montage of audio relating to that year . Featuring nothing that was n't heard , seen or read at the time , other than brief introduction to each episode by Jeremy Vine , the series does not feature any explanations , reminiscenses or reflections upon the clips . Instead , the series ' website provided a list and description of the audio items , which was also supplied in real time by the show 's Twitter feed .   It is described as an ` audio journey through five decades of triumph , tragedy and trivia . '   The first part of the series was first broadcast at 10pm on Thursday 7 April . Focussing upon 1951 , it featured the real King 's Speech ( as he opens the Festival of Britain ) , a General Election victory for the Conservatives and their Liberal allies , the first hit single with multi-tracking ( Les Paul 's `` How High The Moon '' ) , the first rock 'n' roll record ( Jackie Brentson 's `` Rocket 88 '' ) , screen heroes from Marlon Brando to The Lone Ranger .   The series was produced by Trevor Dann 's Company , and there is a series blog available at sottc.wordpress.com .   The critical reception was generally positive . Comparing the show to BBC One 's The Rock 'n' Roll Years , The Independents Chris Maume asked if `` commissioning Sounds of the 20th Century -LSB- was -RSB- the first thing the 6 Music/Radio 2 controller Bob Shennan has got right in his short but deeply unsatisfactory tenure ? '' . More critically , The Guardians Elisabeth Mahoney identified parallels between the archive clips and the contemporary world , but was frustrated at the lack of a narrative , arguing that `` the jaunty mix is frustratingly hard-going . ''

neg: The Family Way (soundtrack) The Family Way is a soundtrack recording composed by Paul McCartney , released in January 1967 . The album is the soundtrack to the 1966 film of the same name , directed by Roy Boulting and starring Hayley Mills . Produced and arranged by George Martin , the album was credited to `` The George Martin Orchestra '' and issued under the full title The Family Way ( Original Soundtrack Album ) . A 45rpm single , again credited to the George Martin Orchestra , was issued on 23 December 1966 , comprising `` Love in the Open Air '' backed with `` Theme From ` The Family Way ' '' , as United Artists UP1165 .   The Family Way won an Ivor Novello Award in 1967 . It was remastered and released on CD in 1996 with new musical compositions not on the original 1967 soundtrack album .   The recording took place over November and December 1966 , before the Beatles began work on their album Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . McCartney 's involvement in the project was minimal , according to biographer Howard Sounes , who quotes Martin 's recollection that he had to `` pester Paul for the briefest scrap of a tune '' with which to start writing the score . After McCartney had provided `` a sweet little fragment of a waltz tune '' , Martin continued , `` I was able to complete the score . ''   Although The Family Way was released in January 1967 , most commentators consider George Harrison 's Wonderwall Music ( 1968 ) , also a film soundtrack , to be the first solo album by a member of the Beatles . Unlike with McCartney 's film score , Harrison directed and produced the recordings for Wonderwall Music , in addition to playing on some of the album .   Following a 2003 CD reissue in mono , in 2011 a new remastered version of the soundtrack was released by Varese Vintage that featured the original 1967 score by Paul McCartney in the original sequence , remastered from the original first generation stereo master tapes , and included the unreleased stereo mix of `` A Theme From The Family Way '' as a bonus track , which had appeared originally as the B-side of the 1966 UK/US 7-inch single by the Tudor Minstrels .

neg: Martin France Martin France ( born 1964 in Rainham -- then in Kent ) is an English drummer based in London . He has been the rhythmic backbone on more than 100 albums working with some of the world 's finest musicians . `` Combining fluid groove playing with powerhouse virtuosity , Martin has been the driving rhythmic force behind Loose Tubes , Kenny Wheeler Big Band , Delightful Precipice and most recently his own band Spin Marvel . In-demand as a Jazz and Session player , Martin is also a notable exponent of electronic drums . ''   Throughout a career spanning over thirty five years Martin France has performed and recorded with some of the world 's finest and creative musicians . He has performed in all five continents including concerts and tours in over forty countries worldwide . He is currently Professor of Jazz -- Drums/Percussion at the Royal Academy of Music in London .   Martin began performing at the age of twelve backing singers in Working Men 's clubs with Organ trios in and around Manchester in the North of England . He studied under Geoff Riley , Richard Smith -- Principal Percussionist with the Halle Orchestra and Kenny Clare in London . After moving to London in 1983 he began his recording career performing on several records for Manfred Eicher 's ECM label . He has since gone on to record over one hundred CD 's for a variety of different artists since his ECM debut .   He has been invited to perform with many orchestras such as the London Symphony Orchestra , Britten Sinfonia , London Sinfonietta , BBC Concert Orchestra , National Symphony Orchestra of Wales , Liverpool Philharmonic , City of London Sinfonia , Royal Scottish National Orchestra , BBC Radio Big Band , BBC Philharmonic , Orchestre Philharmonique du Luxembourg , ASKO Ensemble -- Amsterdam , Danish Radio Big Band -- Copenhagen , Bergen Radio Big Band -- Norway , HR Big Band -- Frankfurt , WDR Symphony Orchestra -- Cologne , MDR Sinfonieorchester Leipzig , Duisburg Philharmonic Orchestra , The European Jazz Orchestra -- Portugal . He is also a regular performer with NDR Big Band in Hamburg .   He has been active for many years as a studio musician in London performing on numerous recording sessions with many of the world 's leading composers , conductors and arrangers for both European and American Film and TV productions . He is also involved in composing music for KPM/EMI Music in London , the music from which has been used extensively for worldwide TV and commercial broadcast .   Along the way Martin has performed and recorded with some of the world 's most diverse and finest musicians including Elvis Costello , Evan Parker , David Gilmour , John Taylor , Kenny Wheeler , Ralph Towner , John Dankworth , Lee Konitz , Dave Holland , Arild Anderson , Marc Johnson , Steve Swallow , Bob Mintzer and The Yellowjackets , Norma Winstone , Nils-Petter Molvaer , Bugge Wesseltoft , Arve Henriksen , Mike Gibbs , Maria Schneider , Gwilym Simcock , Sidsel Endresen , John Paul Jones , Stephen Warbeck , Anders Jormin , Victor Bailey , Eivind Aarset , J. Peter Schwalm , Charles Hazelwood , Palle Danielsson , June Tabor , Claire Martin , Dave McKean , David Binney , Adam Rogers , Django Bates , Jason Rebello , Joanna MacGregor , Liane Carroll , Charlie Mariano , Charles Hazlewood , Paul Englishby , John Surman , Joe Lovano and Mark Feldman to name but a few .   His pioneering use of electronic and sequenced Drums/Percussion has resulted in performances and recording sessions for many contrasting musical projects for a variety of artists . He has also released two critically acclaimed CD 's with his own band -- Spin Marvel . They recently performed a `` return '' performance at Cheltenham Jazz Festival in the UK with the line up featuring amongst others Nils-Petter Molvaer ( tpt ) and John Paul Jones ( bass ) of Led Zeppelin fame .

neg: List of accolades received by Star Wars: The Force Awakens Star Wars : The Force Awakens is a 2015 epic space opera film directed , co-produced , and co-written by J. J. Abrams . The seventh installment in the main Star Wars film series , and first of three in Star Wars sequel trilogy , it stars Harrison Ford , Mark Hamill , Carrie Fisher , Adam Driver , Daisy Ridley , John Boyega , Oscar Isaac , Lupita Nyong ` o , Andy Serkis , Domhnall Gleeson , Anthony Daniels , and Max von Sydow . The Force Awakens is set 30 years after Return of the Jedi ; it follows Rey , Finn , and Poe Dameron 's search for Luke Skywalker and their fight alongside the Resistance , led by veterans of the Rebel Alliance , against Kylo Ren and the First Order , a successor group to the Galactic Empire .   The Force Awakens was premiered by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures in Los Angeles on December 14 , and was released in United States and Canada on December 18 , 2015 . The Force Awakens opened across 14,300 theaters , breaking numerous box-office records and became the first film to earn more than $ 100 million worldwide in a single day . The film grossed a worldwide total of over $ 2 billion on a production budget of $ 306 million becoming the highest-grossing release of 2015 , and the fastest film to earn $ 1 billion worldwide , doing so in twelve-days . The Force Awakens became the third film in history to surpass $ 2 billion worldwide ( after Avatar ( 2009 ) and Titanic ( 1997 ) ) , doing so on its 53rd day of release .   Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , surveyed 360 reviews and judged 92 percent to be positive . The Force Awakens garnered many awards and nominations in a variety of categories with particular praise for Abrams ' direction , its action sequences , visual effects , editing and Ridley 's and Boyega 's performances . Several awards held their nominations before the December release of The Force Awakens , making the film ineligible for the 73rd Golden Globe Awards and some other awards ceremonies . However , the film was added to the 21st Critics ' Choice Awards 's slate of best picture nominees after a special vote by the board of directors , and the announcement of the 2015 American Film Institute Awards was delayed until after the release of film , where it was named one of Top Ten Films of the year .   The Force Awakens received five nominations at the 88th Academy Awards as Best Original Score , Best Sound Editing , Best Sound Mixing , Best Film Editing and Best Visual Effects . The film garnered four nominations at 69th British Academy Film Awards , and won for Best Special Visual Effects and a special BAFTA Rising Star Award for John Boyega . At the 21st Empire Awards , the film received nine nominations and won five including Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy Film , and Best Director for J.J. Abrams . The Force Awakens became the most nominated film in Saturn Awards history with total of thirteen nominations at 42nd Saturn Awards and won eight including Best Science Fiction Film , Best Director and Best Special Effects . The film received seven nominations from the Visual Effects Society , winning four including Outstanding Visual Effects in an Effects Driven Feature Motion Picture . Star Wars : The Force Awakens received eleven nominations at MTV Movie Awards , the most for the ceremony and won three including Movie of the Year .


query: The cast of The Playboy Club includes Leah Renee.

pos: The Playboy Club The Playboy Club is an American historical crime drama television series that aired on NBC from September 19 to October 3 , 2011 . Set in 1961 , the series centers on the employees ( known as Bunnies ) of the original Playboy Club operating in Chicago . The Playboy Club stars Eddie Cibrian , Laura Benanti , Amber Heard , Jenna Dewan Tatum , Naturi Naughton , Leah Renee , Wes Ramsey , Jenifer Lewis , and David Krumholtz .   The Playboy Club was canceled on October 4 , 2011 , after three episodes aired , due to its low ratings . It was the first cancellation of the 2011 -- 12 television season . NBC continued to film the series until October 10 , 2011 , hoping to sell the series to another network . Both Playboy magnate Hugh Hefner and show creator Chad Hodge have expressed hope that the series will be picked up by Bravo .   When production wrapped on October 10 , 2011 , Hodge and Laura Benanti both confirmed that they had finished seven episodes , including the pilot . Benanti further stated that the seventh episode has two endings , one of which is more final to the series .

neg: Playboy Club The Playboy Club was initially a chain of nightclubs and resorts owned and operated by Playboy Enterprises . The first club opened at 116 E. Walton Street in downtown Chicago , Illinois , United States , on February 29 , 1960 . Each club generally featured a Living Room , a Playmate Bar , a Dining Room , and a Club Room . Members and their guests were served food and drinks by Playboy Bunnies , some of whom were featured in Playboy magazine . The clubs offered name entertainers and comedians in the Club Rooms , and local musicians and the occasional close-up magician in the Living Rooms . Starting with the London and Jamaica club locations , the Playboy Club became international in scope . In 1991 , the club chain became defunct . On October 6 , 2006 a new club was opened in Las Vegas , and in 2010 new clubs were opened as well in Macao and Cancun . In time the Las Vegas club closed on June 4 , 2012 , the Macao club closed in 2013 and the Cancun club closed in 2014 . In May 2014 the Commerce Casino in Los Angeles opened a Playboy themed lounge consisting of gaming tables and Playboy Bunny cocktail waitresses .

neg: Yvonne Perry Yvonne Perry ( born October 23 , 1966 in Voorheesville , New York , U.S. ) is an American actress . After years doing commercials , and nearly a year as part of the improv team tricking people for Candid Camera , her big break came in 1992 when she landed the role of Rosanna Cabot on the CBS soap opera As the World Turns . In 1993 , she won the Soap Opera Digest award for Outstanding Female Newcomer which was the show 's first win in that category . She and on-screen love interest Shawn Christian ( ex-Mike ) were voted Hottest Soap Opera Couple by People Magazine in 1995 . In 1996 , she left the program but returned in 1998 and 1999 .   After leaving As the World Turns , Yvonne studied in London with the Royal National Theatre , lived in LA for several years , and now resides in upstate NY with her husband , Mark , whom she married in 1993 , and their two daughters . She remains very good friends with former co-stars , Martha Byrne ( Lily , ex-Rose ) and Kelley Menighan Hensley ( Emily ) . She has been a Visiting Guest Artist at Union College in Schenectady , New York and currently teaches at Siena College , Skidmore College , and the State University of New York at Albany .   Yvonne still enjoys an active career as a freelance actress . She does regional theatre , commercials , voice-overs , books-on-tape , industrial films , and occasional independents .   She played a divorced mother of a young boy in a half-hour comedy pilot called `` Dads '' in 1997 .

neg: Renée Fladen-Kamm Renée A. Fladen ( born 3 August 1948 , New York City ) -- known as Renée Fladen-Kamm -- is an American singer and vocal coach . Among her recordings are those of medieval music as vocal director of the San Francisco based Sherwood Consort . She also worked on musical direction of theatrical works directed by Mary Devlin , another member of the Sherwood Consort .   Fladen is recorded as the inspiration of the Left Banke songs `` Walk Away Renée '' ( 1966 ) , `` Pretty Ballerina '' ( 1966 ) and `` She May Call You Up Tonight '' ( 1967 ) .   Fladen married Howard I. Kamm ( born 1946 ) in 1967 ; the couple divorced in San Francisco in 1974 .

neg: Erika Eleniak Erika Eleniak ( born September 29 , 1969 ) is an American Playboy Playmate , former model and actress best known for her role in Baywatch as Shauni McClain . Her film debut was a small part in E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) . She later starred in the films The Blob , Under Siege and The Beverly Hillbillies .

neg: Glamourcon Glamourcon is a fan convention that takes place twice a year , once in Chicago and once in Los Angeles , that centers upon glamour models and glamour photography , with its guests typically being Playboy Playmates , Penthouse Pets , Hustler Honeys , Perfect 10 Models , soft core Pornographic Actresses and other pin-up models . A portmanteau of the phrase `` Glamour Convention '' , it was founded by entrepreneur Robert Schulz .

neg: King of Clubs (TV series) King of Clubs was an adult reality series aired on Playboy TV that ended in May 2009 . It revolved around the Gentile family and their operation of Las Vegas ' historic Palomino Strip Club .

neg: Brandon & Leah Brandon & Leah is an American-based indie pop group made up of husband and wife team Brandon and Leah Jenner .   Brandon and Leah have known each other since they were in middle school and began playing music together in high school . They were married on May 31 , 2012 in Hawaii outside the St. Regis Princeville Resort .   Their sound has been described as indie pop , hip-hop based reggae , and electro-pop-soul . They are influenced by soul , reggae , pop , and hip-hop .   The group met popularity when their single , `` Showstopper '' was used as the theme song for Kourtney and Kim Take Miami on E! Entertainment . Initially Brandon and Leah were signed to Warner Bros. . Records , but they soon opted to release their music on their own .   Along with Tony Berg , they produced their debut EP , Cronies , which was released on April 9 , 2013 . It has reached # 82 on the Billboard 200 , # 16 on the Billboard Independent Albums Chart , and # 24 on the Billboard Digital Albums chart . They released their second EP , Together , on October 14 , 2014 .   They previously performed together in a band called Big Dume .

neg: Star Stowe Star Stowe ( born Ellen Louise Stowe ; March 19 , 1956 , Little Rock , Arkansas -- March 16 , 1997 , Coral Springs , Florida ) was an American model . She was Playboy magazine 's Playmate of the Month for its February 1977 issue . Her centerfold was photographed by Pompeo Posar .   Stowe at one time dated Gene Simmons . She later married and divorced Peter Maligo , with whom she had a son , Michael . Stowe moved to Fort Lauderdale in 1986 to find work as an exotic dancer , and eventually fell into prostitution , alcoholism , and drug abuse .   Her body was found strangled and partially clothed , 3 days before her 41st birthday . Since several other prostitutes in the area had been strangled and dumped in a similar manner , Stowe 's murder is believed to be the work of a possible serial killer in southeast Florida . Her murder remains unsolved .

neg: The Third Girl from the Left The Third Girl From the Left is a 1973 made-for-TV movie starring Kim Novak . She plays Gloria Joyce , a chorus girl who has an affair with a delivery boy ( Michael Brandon ) when she realizes that her long-time affair with a nightclub comedian ( Tony Curtis ) is not going anywhere . This was the TV-movie debut for both Kim Novak and Tony Curtis . Also in the cast are Michael Conrad , George Furth and Barbi Benton . This was originally shown on October 16 , 1973 . Hugh Hefner was the Executive Producer for this film , which was made by Playboy Films . It was written by Dory Previn and directed by Peter Medak .

neg: Club (magazine) Club is a monthly American pornographic magazine which is a spin-off publication of the United Kingdom 's Club International . Club features sexually oriented articles , video reviews , and pictorials that include hardcore pornography , masturbation , dildo usage , and lesbianism .

neg: List of accolades received by Dallas Buyers Club Dallas Buyers Club is a 2013 American biographical drama film directed by Jean-Marc Vallée based on a screenplay written by Craig Borten and Melisa Wallack . Matthew McConaughey stars as Ron Woodroof , an AIDS patient who smuggles unapproved AIDS drug treatments into Texas and establishes the titular club where he distributes them amongst other AIDS sufferers whilst opposed by the Food and Drug Administration . Jared Leto and Jennifer Garner feature in supporting roles .   Dallas Buyers Club premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 7 , 2013 . Focus Features initially gave the film a limited release at nine theaters on November 1 before expanding it on November 22 to over 600 theaters in the United States and Canada . The film grossed a worldwide total of over $ 55 million on a production budget of $ 5 million . Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , surveyed 234 reviews and judged 94 % to be positive .   Dallas Buyers Club garnered awards and nominations in a variety of categories with particular praise for the performances of actors , McConaughey and Leto . At the 86th Academy Awards , the film received six nominations , including Best Picture , Best Original Screenplay , Best Actor for McConaughey , and Best Supporting Actor for Leto . McConaughey and Leto went on to win their respective categories -- only the fifth film in Oscars history to win both awards . Hairstylist Adruitha Lee , and makeup artist Robin Mathews won for Best Makeup and Hairstyling . Mathews ' makeup budget for the film was only $ 250 . At the 71st Golden Globe Awards , McConaughey won for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , and Leto won for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture .   At the Screen Actors Guild Awards the film had three nominations ; winning Best Actor for McConaughey and Best Supporting Actor for Leto . Borten and Wallack 's screenplay was also nominated for Best Original Screenplay at the Writers Guild of America Awards . The National Board of Review named Dallas Buyers Club one of the top ten independent films of 2013 .

neg: Andrea Lowell Andrea Lowell ( born 1983 ) is an American actress and model most recognizable from her Playboy magazine nude pictorials and on air work for a variety of Playboy TV programs .

neg: Cara Zavaleta Cara Zavaleta ( born June 15 , 1980 in Bowling Green , Ohio ) is an American model and actress , known for her appearances on the MTV reality series Road Rules : South Pacific , and as the November 2004 Playboy Playmate .

neg: Playboy After Dark Playboy After Dark is an American television show hosted by Hugh Hefner . It aired in syndication through Screen Gems from 1969 to 1970 and was taped at CBS Television City in Los Angeles .

neg: Renée Houston Renée Houston ( 24 July 1902 -- 9 February 1980 ) was a Scottish comedy actress and revue artist who appeared in television and film roles .   Born in Johnstone , Renfrewshire , as Katherina Houston Gribbin she toured music halls and revues with her sister Billie Houston as the `` Houston Sisters '' .   In 1926 , the sisters made a short musical film , the script of which Renee had written . It was produced by Lee De Forest , whose process , Phonofilm , enabled a soundtrack to be played alongside the film ( a year before The Jazz Singer ) .   Houston married three times , the second was to the actor Patrick Aherne , the brother of Brian Aherne . Her third husband was the actor Donald Stewart .   In her later years , she specialised in `` battleaxe '' roles , notably as shop steward Vic Spanner 's ( Kenneth Cope ) formidable mother in Carry On at Your Convenience ( 1971 ) . She published her autobiography in 1974 which was entitled Do n't Fence Me In .   Houston was also in the early episodes of radio 's The Clitheroe Kid and a regular guest on radio panel show The Petticoat Line chaired by Anona Winn .   She died in London at the age of 77 on 9 February 1980 .

neg: Shari Belafonte Shari Lynn Belafonte ( born September 22 , 1954 ) is an American actress , model , writer and singer . The raspy-voiced daughter of singer Harry Belafonte , she is known for her role as Julie Gilette on the 1980s television series Hotel and as a spokesperson for the diet supplement Slim-Fast during the 1990s .

neg: Stacy Sanches Stacy Elizabeth Sanches , also known as Stacy Sanchez ( born September 4 , 1973 ) , is an American model and actress . She was Playboy 's Playmate of the Month for March 1995 and Playboy 's Playmate of the Year for 1996 . In June 1996 , she was chosen Playmate of the Month for the German edition of Playboy .

neg: Joey Gibson Joey Gibson ( born August 11 , 1945 in Santa Monica , California ) is an American model who was Playboy magazine 's Playmate of the Month for its June 1967 issue . Her centerfold ( shot on a beach while building a sandcastle in the nude ) was photographed by Peter Gowland .   In the aftermath of Gibson 's centerfold appearance it was revealed that she had been convicted on prostitution charges in Santa Monica , California . Esquire magazine presented her with one of its Dubious Distinction Achievement Awards . The accompanying caption read for Joey Gibson 1967 was a year of both promise and travail .

neg: CordeValle Golf Club CordeValle , A Rosewood Resort is a private golf course and spa resort near San Martin , California , southeast of San Jose . Operated by Rosewood Hotels & Resorts , it is located in the Santa Clara Valley , near the eastern edge of the Santa Cruz Mountains .   The club 's 1996 permit required that 60 % of the golf rounds played be reserved for the general public , but the Club defines `` general public '' as including guests of members . In the resulting dispute with the county planning commission , the club agreed to create a Youth Golf Foundation , to pay for underprivileged youths to learn the game of golf at CordeValle or elsewhere . In exchange , the planning commission agreed to waive the requirement for 60 % public play .   Nancy Pelosi , the minority leader of the U.S. House , owns approximately $ 1,000,000 worth of the club .

neg: Kira Kener Kira Nicole Kener ( formerly known as Stephanie Knain born on August 11 , 1974 ) is an American former pornographic actress .


query: The Portuguese Empire was an empire in world history.

pos: Portuguese Empire The Portuguese Empire ( Império Português ) , also known as the Portuguese Overseas ( Ultramar Português ) , was one of the largest and longest-lived empires in world history and the first colonial empire of the Renaissance . It existed for almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the grant of sovereignty to East Timor in 2002 .   The first era of the Portuguese empire originated at the beginning of the Age of Discovery . Initiated by the Kingdom of Portugal , it would eventually expand across the globe . Portuguese sailors began exploring the coast of Africa and the Atlantic archipelagos in 1418 -- 19 , using recent developments in navigation , cartography and maritime technology such as the caravel , in order that they might find a sea route to the source of the lucrative spice trade . In 1488 , Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope , and in 1498 , Vasco da Gama reached India . In 1500 , either by an accidental landfall or by the crown 's secret design , Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil on the South American coast .   Over the following decades , Portuguese sailors continued to explore the coasts and islands of East Asia , establishing forts and factories as they went . By 1571 , a string of naval outposts connected Lisbon to Nagasaki along the coasts of Africa , the Middle East , India and South Asia . This commercial network and the colonial trade had a substantial positive impact on Portuguese economic growth ( 1500-1800 ) , when it accounted for about a fifth of Portugal 's per capita income .   When Philip II of Spain , I of Portugal , inherited the Portuguese crown in 1580 , this began a 60-year union between Spain and Portugal that has since been given the historiographic term of the Iberian Union . Though the realms continued to be administered separately , the Council of Portugal ruled the country and its empire from Madrid . As the King of Spain was also King of Portugal , Portuguese colonies became the subject of attacks by three rival European powers hostile to Spain : the Dutch Republic , England , and France . With its smaller population , Portugal was unable to effectively defend its overstretched network of trading posts , and the empire began a long and gradual decline . Eventually , Brazil became the most valuable colony of the second era until , as part of the wave of independence movements that swept the Americas during the early 19th century , it broke away in 1822 .   The third era represents the final stage of Portuguese colonialism after the decolonization of the Americas of the 1820s . The colonial possessions had been reduced to the African coastline ( expanded inland during the Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century ) , Portuguese Timor , and enclaves in India ( Goa ) and China ( Macau ) . The disastrous 1890 British Ultimatum led to the contraction of Portuguese ambitions in Africa .   Under António Salazar , the Second Portuguese Republic made some ill-fated attempts to hold on to its last remaining colonies and overseas provinces after the 1961 Indian annexation of Goa , embarking on the Portuguese Colonial War in Africa which lasted until the final overthrow of the regime in the Carnation Revolution of 1974 . Macau was returned to China in 1999 .

neg: Treaty of Zaragoza The Treaty of Zaragoza , or Treaty of Saragossa , also referred to as the Capitulation of Zaragoza , was a peace treaty between the Spanish Crown and Portugal , signed on 22 April 1529 by King John III and the Emperor Charles V , in the Aragonese city of Zaragoza . The treaty defined the areas of Castilian ( Spanish ) and Portuguese influence in Asia , in order to resolve the `` Moluccas issue '' , which had arisen because both kingdoms claimed the Moluccas islands for themselves , asserting that it was within their area of influence established by the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 . The conflict began in 1520 , when expeditions of both kingdoms reached the Pacific Ocean , because no agreed meridian of longitude had been established in the orient .

neg: Paulistas Paulistas are the inhabitants of the state of São Paulo , Brazil , and of its antecessor the Capitaincy of São Vicente , whose capital early shifted from the village of São Vicente to the one of São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga .   The early population of São Paulo consisted mainly of indigenous Amerindian with few Portuguese settlers . The Portuguese settlements were small .   As the Bandeirantes gained power and the vice-kingdom of Brazil developed , the Portuguese element predominated in the population , the Indians being either absorbed or killed . But the province of São Paulo , enlarged by the Bandeiras to include Mato Grosso , Goiás , Paraná and Santa Catarina , remained undeveloped , having neither the gold of Minas Gerais nor the sugar cane of Pernambuco . As a consequence , it did not receive the same influx of black slaves during the 16th and 17th centuries as the more prosperous provinces of Brazil . Nevertheless , the number of black slaves increased substantially in São Paulo during the Brazilian Empire , as the slave traffic reached its peak during the first half of the 19th century . After the abolition of the international slave trade in 1850 , many more slaves were transferred from declining regions of Brazil ( such as the Northeast ) to work in coffee plantations .   The economic development of São Paulo only really took off with the founding of coffee plantations in the nineteenth century . Those coffee plantations were manned , from the beginning , by slaves , and remained so during most of the 19th century . Not even the abolition of the transatlantic trade changed this , with the coffee barons resorting to the import of slaves from the Northeastern and Southern regions . Both the coffee planters and the Brazilian government , however , were aware that the abolition of slavery could be postponed but not avoided at all ; as a result , a few experiments in immigration were tried during this period , and some ideas were discussed , including the immigration of Chinese workers . Only in the 1880s , however , did immigration start in earnest .   From then on , immigration was the solution adopted to what was seen as a labour shortage , and Italian and Spanish immigrants made the bulk of the workers brought to coffee plantations ; the reasons why ex-slaves were not employed , or were only marginally employed , are unclear and subject to debate . Much is made of a supposed `` whitening '' ideology , or even `` program '' , but the cold fact is that , when faced with the impossibility of obtaining European manpower , the coffee barons had no qualms about resorting to Japanese immigrants . A curious fact from this period was the immigration of US Southerners moving from a country where slavery had been abolished to one where it still existed . Of course , those were not manual workers and did n't come to work in coffee plantations .   The wealth produced by coffee culture eventually sparked urbanisation and industrialisation ; the growing urban environment attracted even more immigrants , especially Armenians and other Europeans , Syrians and Lebanese . Later , as the foreign immigration declined , a strong chain of internal migration from the Brazilian Northeast developed .

neg: Portuguese inventions The Portuguese inventions are the inventions created by people born in Portugal ( continent or overseas ) or whose nationality is Portuguese . These inventions were created mainly during the age of Portuguese Discoveries , but as well , during modernity .   Relying on trade secret explains , in part , the difficulty often experienced by researchers in documenting Portuguese inventions , as many are not described in patent documents , or other technical documents . On the other hand , there are cases , like some types of swords , where the inventions themselves or the underlying documents were lost , having been destroyed , for example , during the French invasions . There are as well documentation and objects of Portuguese origin in private collections or museums outside of Portugal .

neg: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish Portuguese and Spanish , although closely related sister languages , differ in many details of their phonology , grammar , and lexicon . Both are part of a broader group known as West Iberian Romance , which also includes several other languages or dialects with fewer speakers , all of which are mutually intelligible to some degree .   The most obvious differences are in pronunciation . Mutual intelligibility is generally greater for the written languages than for their spoken forms . Compare , for example , the following sentences :  Al buen entendedor pocas palabras bastan ( Spanish : -LSB- -LSB- al ˈβwen entendeˈðor ˈpokas paˈlaβɾaz ˈβastan -RSB- -RSB- )  Ao bom entendedor poucas palavras bastam ( European Portuguese : -LSB- -LSB- ɐw ˈβõ ẽtẽdɨˈðoɾ ˈpo ( w ) kɐʃ pɐˈlavɾɐʒ ˈβaʃtɐ̃w -RSB- -RSB- , Brazilian Portuguese : -LSB- -LSB- aw ˈbõw ĩtẽdeˈdoʁ ˈpo ( w ) kas paˈlavɾaz ˈbastɐ̃w -RSB- -RSB- )  -- roughly equivalent to the English proverb `` A word to the wise is sufficient , '' or , a more literal translation , `` To a good listener , a few words are enough . ''   There are also some significant differences between Brazilian Portuguese and European Portuguese as there are between British and American English or Peninsular and Latin American Spanish . This article notes these differences below only where :  both Brazilian and European Portuguese differ not only from each other , but from Spanish as well ;  both Peninsular ( i.e. European ) and Latin American Spanish differ not only from each other , but also from Portuguese ; or  either Brazilian or European Portuguese differs from Spanish with syntax not possible in Spanish ( while the other dialect does not ) .  notice

neg: Mozambique Mozambique ( -LSB- moʊzæmˈbiːk -RSB- or -LSB- mɔːzæmˈbiːk -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Mozambique ( Moçambique or República de Moçambique , -LSB- rɛˈpublikɐ dɨ musɐ̃ˈbikɨ -RSB- ) is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east , Tanzania to the north , Malawi and Zambia to the northwest , Zimbabwe to the west , and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest . It is separated from Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east . The capital and largest city is Maputo ( known as `` Lourenço Marques '' before independence ) .   Between the 1st and 5th centuries AD , Bantu-speaking peoples migrated from farther north and west . Swahili ( and later Arab ) commercial ports existed along the coasts until the arrival of Europeans . The area was explored by Vasco da Gama in 1498 and colonised by Portugal from 1505 . The country was an important place where Somali merchants enslaved the local population , starting what is now known as the Somali slave trade . After over four centuries of Portuguese rule , Mozambique gained independence in 1975 , becoming the People 's Republic of Mozambique shortly thereafter . After only two years of independence , the country descended into an intense and protracted civil war lasting from 1977 to 1992 . In 1994 , Mozambique held its first multiparty elections and has remained a relatively stable presidential republic . However , since 2013 , following more than 20 years of peace , a renewed insurgency by RENAMO has been occurring .   Mozambique is one of the poorest and most underdeveloped countries in the world . Mozambique is endowed with rich and extensive natural resources . The country 's economy is based largely on agriculture , but industry is growing , mainly food and beverages , chemical manufacturing , and aluminium and petroleum production . The country 's tourism sector is also growing . South Africa is Mozambique 's main trading partner and source of foreign direct investment . Belgium , Brazil , Portugal , and Spain are also among the country 's most important economic partners . Since 2001 , Mozambique 's annual average GDP growth has been among the world 's highest . However , the country ranks among the lowest in GDP per capita , human development , measures of inequality , and average life expectancy .   The only official language of Mozambique is Portuguese , which is spoken mostly as a second language by about half of the population . Common native languages include Makhuwa , Sena , and Swahili . The country 's population of around 24 million is composed overwhelmingly of Bantu people . The largest religion in Mozambique is Christianity , with significant minorities following Islam and African traditional religions . Mozambique is a member of the African Union , the Commonwealth of Nations , the Community of Portuguese Language Countries , the Latin Union , the Non-Aligned Movement , and the Southern African Development Community , and is an observer at La Francophonie .

neg: Rise of the Ottoman Empire The foundation and rise of the Ottoman Empire is a period of history that started with the emergence of the Ottoman principality in , and ended with the conquest of Constantinople on May 29 , 1453 . This period witnessed the foundation of a political entity ruled by the Ottoman Dynasty in the northwestern Anatolian region of Bithynia , and its transformation from a small principality on the Byzantine frontier into an empire spanning the Balkans and Anatolia . For this reason , this period in the empire 's history has been described as the Proto-Imperial Era . Throughout most of this period , the Ottomans were merely one of many competing states in the region , and relied upon the support of local warlords and vassals to maintain control over their realm . By the middle of the fifteenth century the Ottoman sultans were able to accumulate enough personal power and authority to establish a centralized imperial state , a process which was brought to fruition by Sultan Mehmed II ( r. 1451-1481 ) .   The cause of Ottoman success can not be attributed to any single factor , and they varied throughout the period as the Ottomans continually adapted to changing circumstances .   The earlier part of this period , the fourteenth century , is particularly difficult for historians to study due to the scarcity of sources . Not a single written document survives from the reign of Osman I , and very little survives from the rest of the century . The Ottomans , furthermore , did not begin to record their own history until the fifteenth century , more than a hundred years after many of the events they describe . It is thus a great challenge for historians to differentiate between fact and myth in analyzing the stories contained in these later chronicles , so much so that one historian has even declared it impossible , describing the earliest period of Ottoman history as a `` black hole . ''

neg: Early modern period The early modern period of modern history follows the late Middle Ages of the post-classical era . Although the chronological limits of the period are open to debate , the timeframe spans the period after the late portion of the post-classical age ( c. 1500 ) , known as the Middle Ages , through the beginning of the Age of Revolutions ( c. 1800 ) and is variously demarcated by historians as beginning with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , with the Renaissance period , and with the Age of Discovery ( especially with the voyages of Christopher Columbus beginning in 1492 , but also with Vasco da Gama 's discovery of the sea route to the East in 1498 ) , and ending around the French Revolution in 1789 .   Historians in recent decades have argued that from a worldwide standpoint , the most important feature of the early modern period was its globalizing character . The period witnessed the exploration and colonization of the Americas and the rise of sustained contacts between previously isolated parts of the globe . The historical powers became involved in global trade , as the exchange of goods , plants , animals , and food crops extended to the Old World and the New World . The Columbian Exchange greatly affected the human environment .   New economies and institutions emerged , becoming more sophisticated and globally articulated over the course of the early modern period . This process began in the medieval North Italian city-states , particularly Genoa , Venice , and Milan . The early modern period also included the rise of the dominance of the economic theory of mercantilism . The European colonization of the Americas , Asia , and Africa occurred during the 15th to 19th centuries , and spread Christianity around the world .   The early modern trends in various regions of the world represented a shift away from medieval modes of organization , politically and economically . Feudalism declined in Europe , while the period also included the Protestant Reformation , the disastrous Thirty Years ' War , the Commercial Revolution , the European colonization of the Americas , and the Golden Age of Piracy .   By the 16th century the economy under the Ming Dynasty was stimulated by trade with the Portuguese , the Spanish , and the Dutch , while Japan engaged in the Nanban trade after the arrival of the first European Portuguese during the Azuchi-Momoyama period .   Other notable trends of the early modern period include the development of experimental science , accelerated travel due to improvements in mapping and ship design , increasingly rapid technological progress , secularized civic politics , and the emergence of nation states . Historians typically date the end of the early modern period when the French Revolution of the 1790s began the `` modern '' period .

neg: History of the Byzantine Empire This history of the Byzantine Empire covers the history of the Eastern Roman Empire from late antiquity until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD . Several events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the transitional period during which the Roman Empire 's east and west divided . In 285 , the emperor Diocletian ( r. 284 -- 305 ) partitioned the Roman Empire 's administration into eastern and western halves . Between 324 and 330 , Constantine I ( r. 306 -- 337 ) transferred the main capital from Rome to Byzantium , later known as Constantinople ( `` City of Constantine '' ) and Nova Roma ( `` New Rome '' ) . Under Theodosius I ( r. 379 -- 395 ) , Christianity became the Empire 's official state religion and others such as Roman polytheism were proscribed . And finally , under the reign of Heraclius ( r. 610 -- 641 ) , the Empire 's military and administration were restructured and adopted Greek for official use instead of Latin . Thus , although it continued the Roman state and maintained Roman state traditions , modern historians distinguish Byzantium from ancient Rome insofar as it was oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture , and characterised by Orthodox Christianity rather than Roman polytheism .   The borders of the Empire evolved significantly over its existence , as it went through several cycles of decline and recovery . During the reign of Justinian I ( r. 527 -- 565 ) , the Empire reached its greatest extent after reconquering much of the historically Roman western Mediterranean coast , including north Africa , Italy , and Rome itself , which it held for two more centuries . During the reign of Maurice ( r. 582 -- 602 ) , the Empire 's eastern frontier was expanded and the north stabilised . However , his assassination caused a two-decade-long war with Sassanid Persia which exhausted the Empire 's resources and contributed to major territorial losses during the Muslim conquests of the 7th century . In a matter of years the Empire lost its richest provinces , Egypt and Syria , to the Arabs .   During the Macedonian dynasty ( 10th -- 11th centuries ) , the Empire again expanded and experienced a two-century long renaissance , which came to an end with the loss of much of Asia Minor to the Seljuk Turks after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 . This battle opened the way for the Turks to settle in Anatolia as a homeland .   The final centuries of the Empire exhibited a general trend of decline . It struggled to recover during the 12th century , but was delivered a mortal blow during the Fourth Crusade , when Constantinople was sacked and the Empire dissolved and divided into competing Byzantine Greek and Latin realms . Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople and re-establishment of the Empire in 1261 , Byzantium remained only one of several small rival states in the area for the final two centuries of its existence . Its remaining territories were progressively annexed by the Ottomans over the 15th century . The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 finally ended the Roman Empire .

neg: Anglo-Portuguese Alliance The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance ( or Aliança Luso-Britânica ) , ratified at the Treaty of Windsor in 1386 , between England ( succeeded by the United Kingdom ) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world that is still in force -- with the earliest treaty dating back to the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373 .   This alliance , which goes back to the Middle Ages , has served both countries . It was very important throughout history , influencing the participation of the United Kingdom in the Iberian Peninsular War , the UK 's major land contribution to the Napoleonic Wars and the establishment of an Anglo-American base in Portugal . Portugal aided England ( and later the UK ) in times of need , for example , in the First World War .

neg: House of Sousa The House of Sousa ( Casa de Sousa ) is a noble family of Portugal , descendants of the marriage of Martim Afonso Chichorro and Inês Lourenço de Sousa .   The House of Souza is one of the eldest and nobler houses of Portugal . Its origin starts with the Visigoth Kings and the name was first used in the 11th century , by Lord Egas Gomes de Sousa , heir to the house and to several royal lineages . There are three main lineages of this noble house , but we shall only focus on the one represented to left ( Sousa of Arronches ) .   The field of the shield is divided in four quarters ( quarterly or party per cross ) with the Royal Arms of Portugal in the first and fourth quarters , and the Ancient Arms of Sousa , a quartet of silver crescents ( Argent ) over a field of red ( Gules ) , in the second and third quarters . This grouping known as the Sousa of Arronches ( because of the title of Lords of Arronches ) , is still borne by many of the noble houses of Portugal , like the Dukes of Palmela .   The Head of the House of Sousa today is the Duke of Lafões . Some say that there is n't a single noble man ( or woman ) in Portugal that does not have the blood of the Sousas.The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of Garcia Homem de Sousa , which was dated 1420 , christened at Funchal , Portugal , during the reign of King John I of Portugal . Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation . In England this was known as Poll Tax . Throughout the centuries , surnames in every country have continued to `` develop '' often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling . The House of Sousa played a significant role in the creation of the Portuguese Empire . Martim Afonso de Sousa was the first Governor of Brazil , Pedro Lopes de Sousa was the 1st Governor of Portuguese Ceylon and Thome de Sousa Arronches was a Captain of the Portuguese Navy in the Portuguese India Armadas .   The family motto ( Better to break than to bend ) .   Lords of the House of Sousa   D. Egas Gomes de Sousa ( 1035 - ? )  D. Mem Viegas de Sousa ( 1070 - 1130 )  D. Gonçalo Mendes de Sousa , `` the good '' ( 1120 -- 1190 )  D. Mendo de Sousa , `` the sousão '' ( 1140 - ? )  D. Constança Mendes de Sousa ( 1245 - Santarém , 1298 )  D. Martim Afonso Chichorro ( 1250-1313 )  D. Martim Afonso Chichorro II or Martin Afonso de Sousa Chichorro ( 1280 - ? )  D. Maria Pais Ribeira , 15ª Lady of House of Sousa * c. 1285  D. Vasco Martins de Sousa Chichorro ( 1320 - 1387 )  D. Lopo Dias de Sousa , Lord of Mafra , Ericeira and Enxara dos Cavaleiros * 1350  D. Afonso Vasques de Sousa ( 1370 )  Diogo Lopes de Sousa , 18º Lord of House of Sousa * c. 1380  D.Afonso Vasques de Sousa II ( 1400 ) ,  Álvaro de Sousa , Lord of Miranda e mayor of Arronches * c. 1410  D. Luis de Sousa Chichorro ( 1440 )  Diogo Lopes de Sousa * c. 1440  André de Sousa * c. 1465  D. Henrique de Sousa ( 1480 )  Manuel de Sousa , mayor of Arronches * c. 1495  André de Sousa , 23º Lord of House of Sousa * c. 1515  D. António de Sousa Chichorro ( 1520 )  Manuel de Sousa  D. Matias de Sousa ( 1550 )  Diogo Lopes de Sousa , 2nd Count of Miranda * c. 1595  D. Pedro de Sousa Chichorro  Henrique de Sousa Tavares , first Marquis of Arronches * 1626  D. Maria de Sousa e Mesquita  D. António Sousa Chíchorro balio `` ad honorem '' .  Mariana Luísa Francisca de Sousa Tavares Mascarenhas e Silva , 2nd Marquess of Arronches * 1672  Luísa Casimira de Sousa Nassau and Ligne , duchess of Lafões * 1694

neg: Manuel de Faria e Sousa Manuel de Faria e Sousa ( -LSB- mɐnuˈɛɫ dɨ fɐˈɾiɐ i ˈsozɐ -RSB- ; Faria y Sousa 18 March 1590 -- 3 June 1649 ) was a Portuguese historian and poet , frequently writing in Spanish .   He was born of an ancient Portuguese family , probably at Pombeiro , studied in Braga for some years , and when about fourteen entered the service of the Bishop of Porto . With the exception of about four years , from 1631 to 1634 , during which he was a member of the Portuguese embassy in Rome , the greater part of his later life was spent at Madrid , and there he died in June 1649 .   He was married to Catarina Machado , the `` Albania '' of his poems , enabled him to lead a studious domestic life , dividing his cares and affections between his children and his books . His first important work , an Epitome de las historias Portuguezas ( Madrid , 1628 ) , was favorably received ; but some passages in his enormous commentary upon Portuguese epic Os Lusíadas , the poem of Luís de Camões , excited the suspicion of the inquisitors , caused his temporary incarceration , and led to the permanent loss of his official salary . In spite of the enthusiasm which is said to have prescribed to him the daily task of twelve folio pages , death overtook him before he had completed his greatest enterprise , a history of the Portuguese in all parts of the world .   Several portions of the work appeared at Lisbon after his death , under the editorship of Captain Faria e Sousa : Europa Portugueza ( 1667 , 3 vols . ) ; Ásia Portugueza ( 1666 -- 1675 , 3 vols . ) ; África Portugueza ( 1681 ) . As a poet Faria e Sousa was nearly as prolific ; but his poems are vitiated by the prevailing Gongorism of his time . They were for the most part collected in the Noches claras ( Madrid , 1624 -- 1626 ) , and the Fuente de Aganipe , of which four volumes were published at Madrid in 1644-1646 . He also wrote , from information supplied by P. A. Semmedo , Imperio de China i cultura evangelica en ~ l ( Madrid , 1642 ) ; and translated and completed the Nobiliário of the Count of Barcelos .   There are English translations by J. Stevens of the History of Portugal ( London , 1698 ) , and of Portuguese Asia ( London , 1695 ) .

neg: Continental Europe Continental Europe , also referred to as mainland Europe , or , by Europeans , simply the Continent , is the continuous continent of Europe , excluding surrounding islands .   The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands , encompassing the Greek Islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , the Balearic Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands , Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago , as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard .   The Scandinavian peninsula is sometimes also excluded , as even though it is technically part of `` mainland Europe '' , the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea ( rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland , and then south through north-east Europe ) .   The notion of Europe as a geopolitical or cultural term is centred on core Europe ( Kerneuropa ) , the continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire and the core of Latin Christendom , corresponding to modern France , Italy , Germany ( or German-speaking Europe ) and the Benelux states ( historical Austrasia ) . This historical core of `` Carolingian Europe '' was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration ( see also Multi-speed Europe ) .

neg: French colonial empire The French colonial empire constituted the overseas colonies , protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward . A distinction is generally made between the `` first colonial empire '' , that existed until 1814 , by which time most of it had been lost , and the `` second colonial empire '' , which began with the conquest of Algiers in 1830 . The second empire came to an end after the loss of bitter wars in Vietnam ( 1955 ) and Algeria ( 1962 ) , and peaceful decolonization elsewhere after 1960 .   Competing with Spain , Portugal , the United Provinces , and later Britain , France began to establish colonies in North America , the Caribbean , and India in the 17th century . A series of wars with Great Britain and other European major powers during the 18th century and early 19th century resulted in France losing nearly all of its conquests . France rebuilt a new empire mostly after 1850 , concentrating chiefly in Africa , as well as Indochina and the South Pacific . Republicans , at first hostile to empire , only became supportive when Germany started to build her own colonial empire . As it developed the new empire took on roles of trade with France , especially supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items , as well as lending prestige to the motherland and spreading French civilization and language , and the Catholic religion . It also provided manpower in the World Wars .   It became a moral mission to lift the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture . In 1884 the leading proponent of colonialism , Jules Ferry declared ; `` The higher races have a right over the lower races , they have a duty to civilize the inferior races . '' Full citizenship rights -- assimilation -- were offered , although in reality `` assimilation was always receding -LSB- and -RSB- the colonial populations treated like subjects not citizens . '' France sent small numbers of settlers to its empire , contrary to Great Britain , and previously Spain and Portugal , with the only notable exception of Algeria , where the French settlers nonetheless always remained a small minority .   At its apex , it was one of the largest empires in history . Including metropolitan France , the total amount of land under French sovereignty reached 11500000 km2 in 1920 , with a population of 110 million people in 1939 . In World War II , Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France . Historian Tony Chafer argues : `` In an effort to restore its world-power status after the humiliation of defeat and occupation , France was eager to maintain its overseas empire at the end of the Second World War . '' However , after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge European authority . The French constitution of October 27 , 1946 ( Fourth Republic ) , established the French Union which endured until 1958 . Newer remnants of the colonial empire were integrated into France as overseas departments and territories within the French Republic . These now total altogether 119,394 km ² ( 46,098 sq. miles ) , which amounts to only 1 % of the pre-1939 French colonial empire 's area , with 2.7 million people living in them in 2013 . By the 1970s , says Robert Aldrich , the last `` vestiges of empire held little interest for the French . '' He argues , `` Except for the traumatic decolonization of Algeria , however , what is remarkable is how few long-lasting effects on France the giving up of empire entailed . ''

neg: Padrão A padrão ( -LSB- pɐˈðɾɐ̃w̃ -RSB- , standard ; plural : padrões ) was a large stone cross inscribed with the coat of arms of Portugal that was placed as part of a land claim by numerous Portuguese explorers during the Portuguese Age of Discovery . Notable explorers known to have erected padrões were Diogo Cão , Bartolomeu Dias , Vasco da Gama , and Jorge Álvares .   The Lisbon Geographic Society managed to restore in the 20th century three padrões erected by Diogo Cão and one by Bartolomeu Dias .   At the Dias Cross Memorial on the coast of South Africa 's Eastern Cape province , there is a padrão replica on a spectacular outcrop ( False Island -- Kwaaihoek in Afrikaans , meaning `` Nasty corner '' ) ; it marks the site of Dias ' most easterly landfall , after becoming the first European navigator to round the Cape of Good Hope . The original padrão was discovered by Arthur Axelson in the 1930s -- it had fallen , or was pushed , off the top of Kwaaihoek , and was in pieces in the gullies below . Axelson recovered these pieces and was able to reconstruct the padrão the reconstructed original now stands in the William Cullen Library of the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg .   Indonesia National Museum hosts the Luso Sundanese padrão erected by Henrique Leme in 1522 in Sunda Kalapa port ( present day Tugu , sub-district of Jakarta , Indonesia ) .

neg: List of governors of Portuguese India The government of Portuguese India started in 1505 , six years after the discovery of the sea route to India by Vasco da Gama , with the nomination of the first Viceroy Francisco de Almeida , then settled at Kochi . Until 1752 , the name `` India '' included all Portuguese possessions in the Indian Ocean , from southern Africa to Southeast Asia , governed - either by a Viceroy or Governor - from its headquarters , established in Goa since 1510 . In 1752 Portuguese Mozambique got its own government and in 1844 the Portuguese Government of India stopped administering the territory of Portuguese Macau , Solor and Portuguese Timor , seeing itself thus confined to a reduced territorial entity in Malabar : Goa , Daman , Diu , Dadra and Nagar Haveli . Portuguese control ceased in the last two enclaves in 1954 , and finally ceased in the remaining three pockets in 1961 , when they were occupied by the Republic of India ( although Portugal only recognized the occupation after the Carnation Revolution in 1974 ) . This ended four and a half centuries of Portuguese rule in parts -- thought tiny -- of India .   It may be noted that during the term of the monarchy , the title of the head of the Portuguese government in India ranged from `` Governor '' to `` Viceroy '' . The title of viceroy would only be assigned to members of the nobility ; It was formally terminated in 1774 , although it has later been given sporadically to be decisively ended after 1835 ) , as shown below .

neg: Name of Brazil The name Brazil is a shortened from of Terra do Brasil , land of Brazil , a reference to brazilwood , given in the early 16th century to the territories leased to the merchant consortium led by Fernão de Loronha for commercial exploitation of brazilwood for the production of wood dyes for the European textile industry .   The term for the brazilwood tree in Portuguese , pau-brasil , is derived from brasa ( ember ) , a reference to the colour , formed from medieval Latin brasa , from Old French brese , `` ember , glowing charcoal '' , in turn from a West Germanic * brasa ) .

neg: A. J. R. Russell-Wood Anthony John R. Russell-Wood ( 1940 - August 13 , 2010 ) was a leading historian of colonial Brazil , the Portuguese Empire , and the broader Luso-Brazilian world .   Russell-Wood was born in Wales . He was educated at Rossall School and Oxford University and became a member of the faculty of the Department of History at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore , Maryland , in 1971 ; at the time of his death , he was the Herbert Baxter Adams Professor of History .   His first book , Fidalgos and Philanthropists : The Santa Casa da Misericórdia of Bahia , 1550-1755 ( 1968 ) , was an ambitious study covering two centuries of the operation and impact of a key , royally chartered and privately financed social-welfare institution of the Portuguese Empire . It was awarded the 1969 Herbert Eugene Bolton Prize ( now the Bolton-Johnson Prize ) by the Congress of Latin American Historians . His second book was a path-breaking work on the Afro-Brazilian experience , The Black Man in Slavery and Freedom in Colonial Brazil ( 1982 ) ; it paid particular attention to regional particularities within Brazil and the importance of brotherhood societies in Afro-Brazilian history . World on the Move : The Portuguese in Africa , Asia , and America , 1415-1808 ( 1992 ) explored the Portuguese Empire as the world 's first truly global empire , though one often overshadowed in the public imagination by the Spanish Empire ; Russell-Wood was intrigued by how the Portuguese made sense of their exposure to the once unimaginable vastness of the world , its people , languages , culture , flora , and fauna . He died , aged 70 , in Baltimore , Maryland .

neg: Patuleia The Patuleia , Guerra da Patuleia , or Little Civil War was a civil war in Portugal , so called to distinguish it from the ` great ' civil war between Dom Pedro and Dom Miguel that ended in 1834 . The Patuleia occurred after the Revolution of Maria da Fonte , and was closely associated with her . It was caused by the nomination , as a result of the palace coup of 6 October 1846 , known as the `` Emboscada '' , to set up a clearly Cartista government presided over by marshal João Oliveira e Daun , Duque de Saldanha .   The war lasted 8 months , pitting the Cartistas ( with the support of queen Maria II ) against an unnatural coalition of Septembrists and Miguelists . The focus of resistance to the new government was the Septembrist ` Junta of Porto ' , whose military leader , the First Count of Bonfim , was defeated by Marshal Saldanha at the siege of Torres Vedras on 22 -- 23 December 1846 , and sent into exile in Angola . The war ended in a clear Cartista victory , as shown in the signing of the resulting Convention of Gramido on 30 June 1847 , but only just , after the intervention of foreign military forces of the Quadruple Alliance .   Category :1846 in Portugal  Category : Wars involving Portugal  Category : Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe  Category : Civil wars of the Industrial era  Category : Revolution-based civil wars  Category : Conflicts in 1846  Category :1847 in Portugal

neg: Portugal (surname) Portugal is a surname derived from the country of the same name . People with the name include :  Alfonso Portugal ( 1934 -- 2016 ) , Mexican football player  Anne Portugal ( b. 1949 ) , French poet  Francisco de Portugal , 3rd Count of Vimioso ( 1550 -- 1582 ) , Portuguese nobleman , Constable of António , Prior of Crato , during the War of the Portuguese Succession ( 1580 -- 1583 ) .  Eliezer Zusia Portugal ( 1898 -- 1982 ) , Rabbi ( first Skulener Rebbe )  Hugo Sánchez Portugal ( 1984 -- 2014 ) , Mexican football commentator  Marcelo Portugal Gouvêa ( 1938 -- 2008 ) , Brazilian football manager  Marcos Portugal ( 1762 -- 1830 ) , Portuguese opera composer  Mark Portugal ( b. 1962 ) , United States baseball player  Yisroel Avrohom Portugal ( b. 1925 ) , Rabbi ( second Skulener Rebbe )

neg: Pax Britannica Pax Britannica ( Latin for `` British Peace '' , modelled after Pax Romana ) was the period of relative peace in Europe ( 1815 -- 1914 ) during which the British Empire became the global hegemonic power and adopted the role of a global police force .   Between 1815 and 1914 , a period referred to as Britain 's `` imperial century , '' around 10,000,000 sqmi of territory and roughly 400 million people were added to the British Empire . Victory over Napoleonic France left the British without any serious international rival , other than perhaps Russia in central Asia . When Russia tried expanding its influence in the Balkans , the British and French defeated it in the Crimean War ( 1854 -- 56 ) , thereby protecting the by-then feeble Ottoman Empire .   Britain 's Royal Navy controlled most of the key maritime trade routes and enjoyed unchallenged sea power . Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies , Britain 's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled access to many regions , such as Asia and Latin America . British merchants , shippers and bankers had such an overwhelming advantage over everyone else that in addition to its colonies it had an `` informal empire '' .