query: The World Science Festival is banned in New York City.

pos: World Science Festival The World Science Festival is an annual science festival produced by the World Science Foundation , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit organization headquartered in New York City .   The foundation 's mission is to cultivate a general public informed by science , inspired by its wonder , convinced of its value , and prepared to engage with its implications for the future .

neg: Festival of Britain The Festival of Britain was a national exhibition and fair that reached millions of visitors throughout the United Kingdom in the summer of 1951 . Historian Kenneth O. Morgan says the Festival was a `` triumphant success '' as people :  flocked to the South Bank site , to wander around the Dome of Discovery , gaze at the Skylon , and generally enjoy a festival of national celebration . Up and down the land , lesser festivals enlisted much civic and voluntary enthusiasm . A people curbed by years of total war and half-crushed by austerity and gloom , showed that it had not lost the capacity for enjoying itself ... Above all , the Festival made a spectacular setting as a showpiece for the inventiveness and genius of British scientists and technologists .   Labour cabinet member Herbert Morrison was the prime mover ; in 1947 he started with the original plan to celebrate the centennial of the Great Exhibition of 1851 . However it was not to be another World Fair , for international themes were absent , as was the British Commonwealth . Instead the 1951 festival focused entirely on Britain and its achievements ; it was funded chiefly by the government , with a budget of # 12 million . The Labour government was losing support and so the implicit goal of the festival was to give the people a feeling of successful recovery from the war 's devastation , as well as promoting British science , technology , industrial design , architecture and the arts .   The Festival 's centrepiece was in London on the South Bank of the Thames . There were events in Poplar ( Architecture ) , Battersea ( The Festival Pleasure Gardens ) , South Kensington ( Science ) and Glasgow ( Industrial Power ) . Festival celebrations took place in Cardiff , Stratford-upon-Avon , Bath , Perth , Bournemouth , York , Aldeburgh , Inverness , Cheltenham , Oxford , Norwich , Canterbury and elsewhere and there were touring exhibitions by land and sea .   The Festival became a `` beacon for change '' that proved immensely popular with thousands of elite visitors and millions of popular ones . It helped reshape British arts , crafts , designs and sports for a generation . Journalist Harry Hopkins highlights the widespread impact of the `` Festival style '' . They called it `` Contemporary '' . It was :  clean , bright and new ... . It caught hold quickly and spread first across London and then across England ... In an island hitherto largely given up to gravy browns and dull greens , `` Contemporary '' boldly espoused strong primary colors .

neg: The Gene Bomb The Gene Bomb is a 1996 book by David E. Comings , self-published by Hope Press , that puts forth the theory that higher education and advanced technology may unintentionally favor the selection of genes that increase the likelihood of ADHD , autism , drug addiction , learning disorders , and behavior problems . Comings claims that the prevalence of these disorders is rising and I.Q. is decreasing ; others argue that other factors may be responsible , including increased detection of these disorders . He claims that society is inadvertently creating delays for the highly educated that reduce their reproductivity and causes them to have children later in life , thus raising the odds of certain disorders like autism . On the other hand , he claims that those having learning disorders tend to drop out of school earlier and have more children , thus passing on learning disorders at a higher rate . Environmental and societal factors are usually accepted as the cause , but Comings argues the opposite .   According to a review of the book in the British Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology journal , `` The arguments are developed in this book with an alarming lack of scientific accuracy and satisfactory supporting evidence . '' The review concludes that the book `` is an apocalyptic , irrational , and emotional treatise which opens up scientifically unsound issues that have already been formally buried '' . A book review in the Journal of Medical Genetics said , `` This is the sort of book which gets geneticists a bad name '' , adding that some facts `` are simply wrong '' , while vital facts `` are simply missing '' . Comings replied , in a Letter to the Editor , that the review `` missed the  whole point of the book and presented to the readers of this journal a distorted view of the issues I attempted to raise '' .   Other Tourette syndrome ( TS ) researchers say of Comings ' Tourette 's research that his `` assertions fall outside of the mainstream of the very extensive TS literature that has developed over the past 2 decades '' .

neg: Electric Zoo Electric Zoo is an annual electronic music festival held over Labor Day weekend in New York City on Randall 's Island . The festival represents all genres of electronic music , bringing top international DJs and live acts from multiple countries to four stages .   In its 2009 inaugural year , 26,000 people attended to see artists Armin van Buuren , Deadmau5 , David Guetta and Ferry Corsten . In 2011 , Electric Zoo expanded to a 3-day festival and with 85,000 attendees . Electric Zoo received International Dance Music Awards nominations in 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 for `` Best Music Event '' .

neg: Ciudad de las Ideas (conference) La Ciudad de las Ideas ( CDI ) is a conference created by Andrés Roemer , to empower citizens and present innovative ideas in science , technology , art , design , politics , education , culture , business , entertainment and other areas of knowledge . CDI created a 21-minute format to encourage debate . Daniel Dennett called it the '' brain Olympics . ''   CDI speakers have included Nobel Prize winners Jerome Isaac Friedman , Mario J. Molina , Jody Williams , Daniel Kahneman and Paul Krugman ; researchers Robert Sapolsky , Steven Pinker , Eduard Punset , Clotaire Rapaille , Tim Berners-Lee , David Buss , Richard Dawkins , Michael Shermer , Craig Venter and Randi Zuckerberg ; and Oscar nominees Adame Pesapane ( PES ) and Oliver Stone .   Since 2008 , up to 3,600 attendees have gathered every November in the center of Puebla .   The head and curator of CDI is Andrés Roemer , partner of the NGO Poder Civico A.C. , together with Ricardo Salinas Pliego , President and CEO of Grupo Salinas . The thematic approach of the curator of the speakers is as follows : `` Scholars/Policy and Makers '' ( leading academics and public policy makers ) , `` Mex-I-Can '' ( talented Mexicans ) , `` W-Under18 '' ( children and young people ) , Debates , Art , Emotional , Technology , Artistic Interventions , and Entertainment .   The festival has been promoted in Azteca Trece and Proyecto 40 and on the event 's website , social media , and through a science bookstore located at the festival site .   Since June 9 , 2008 , over 231 festival speakers have had their presentations published online . Fifty percent of the audience are between 16 and 25 years old .

neg: Lists of The New York Times Fiction Best Sellers This is a list of lists by year of The New York Times Fiction Best Sellers .   The New York Times Best Seller list was first published without fanfare on 12 October 1931 . It consisted of five fiction and four non-fiction for the New York City region only . The following month the list was expanded to eight cities , with a separate list for each city .   By the early 1940s , fourteen cities were included . A national list was created 9 April 1942 , in The New York Times Book Review ( Sundays ) as a supplement to the regular paper 's city lists ( Monday edition ) . The national list ranked by weighting how many times the book appeared in each city list .   A few years later , the city lists were eliminated leaving only the national rankings , which was compiled according to `` reports from leading booksellers in 22 cities , '' a system which remains , although the specifics have changed .

neg: Bill Nye William Sanford Nye ( born November 27 , 1955 ) , popularly known as Bill Nye the Science Guy , is an American science communicator , television presenter , and mechanical engineer . He is best known as the host of the PBS children 's science show Bill Nye the Science Guy ( 1993 -- 1998 ) , and for his many subsequent appearances in popular media as a science educator .   Nye began his career as a mechanical engineer for Boeing Corporation in Seattle , where he invented a hydraulic resonance suppressor tube used on 747 airplanes . In 1986 , Nye left Boeing to pursue comedy , writing and performing jokes and bits for the local sketch television show Almost Live ! , where he would regularly conduct wacky science experiments . Nye aspired to become the next Mr. Wizard and with the help of several producers successfully pitched the children 's television program Bill Nye the Science Guy to KCTS-TV , channel 9 , Seattle 's public television station . The show -- which proudly proclaimed in its theme song that `` science rules ! '' -- ran from 1994 to 1999 in national TV syndication . Known for its `` high-energy presentation and MTV-paced segments , '' the program became a hit for both kids and adults . The show was critically acclaimed and was nominated for 23 Emmy Awards , winning nineteen .   Following the success of his show , Nye continued to advocate for science , becoming the CEO of The Planetary Society and helping develop sundials for the Mars Exploration Rover missions . Nye has written multiple best-selling books on science , including Undeniable : Evolution and the Science of Creation in 2014 and Unstoppable : Harnessing Science to Change the World in 2015 . Nye has made frequent media appearances , including on Dancing with the Stars , The Big Bang Theory and Inside Amy Schumer . Nye starred in a documentary about his life and science advocacy titled Bill Nye : Science Guy , which premiered at the South by Southwest Film Festival in March 2017 . In 2017 , he debuted a Netflix series , entitled Bill Nye Saves the World .

neg: New York International Children's Film Festival New York International Children 's Film Festival ( NYICFF ) is an annual Oscar-qualifying film festival `` founded in 1997 to support the creation and dissemination of thoughtful , provocative , and intelligent film for children and teens ages 3-18 . '' The Festival experience cultivates an appreciation for the arts , encourages active , discerning viewing , and stimulates lively discussion among peers , families , and the film community . In addition to the annual four-weekend event in March , the Festival presents year-round programming and filmmaking camps in New York City , satellite festivals in Miami , FL and Westchester , NY , and a touring program at independent theaters and cultural institutions nationwide .

neg: Paraspace The term ` paraspace ' comes from Samuel R. Delany , a ` space ' existing parallel to normal or ordinary space . According to Delany , the para-space is an alternate space that ` exists parallel to the normal space of the diegesis -- a rhetorically heightened  `` other realm ''' ( Bukatman 1993 : 157 ) . Bukatman ( 1993 : 157 ) says `` Cyberspace is clearly a '' paraspace ' . '   `` Delany connects cyberpunk to the mysterious lunar artifact of Algis Budrys ' Rogue Moon and early evocations of outer space , all of which use inflated rhetoric to differentiate `` paraspace '' from mundane dimensions '' Samuel Review Essay .   Paraspace is defined by Barry Malzberg as `` the condition of hyperspace -LSB- that -RSB- is itself insane '' ( as cited by Bukatman , 1993 : 157 ) .   Michael Fisch ( 2004 : 371 , citing Murakami , 2002 : 157 ) comments `` While the para-space is often inaugurated through cognition it is always a ` materially manifested ' and ` linguistically intensified ' space in which ` conflicts that begin in ordinary space are resolved ' ''  ( Murakami 2002 : 157 ) .   Implications   Walter Benjamin ( 1936/1968 ) declare the end of storytelling because of its incapacity to relate traumatic experiences , such as warfare , shell shock in World War I . As work lost its spaces to practice not just storytelling , but storylistening , the skills of interpretation of experience atrophied .   Paraspace is the hyperspace gone insane ( Malzberg , The worker flesh-body is displaced by the corporate ad-inventions , set on the global stage of `` technoorganic reconstructions of the flesh '' ( Bukatman , 1993 : 19 ) .   Walter Benjamin ( 1936 ) declared that the art of storytelling is coming to an end . We can no longer tell a tale of trauma properly . We can no longer exchange our experiences of trauma of war ( PTSD ) , economic collapse sending millions into homelessness , including veterans of the recent wars , the ubiquitousness of sweatshops , and so on . Of relevance to paraspace , the lost art of storytelling has an accumulated effect ( Fisch , 2004 : p. 365 ) ; it gets worth with cyber-real . / When the ` real ' pokes through the cyberspace , it gets quickly displaced by obfuscation . Our ` real ' in hyperspace is not closer to Lacanian Real ( FIsch , p. 372 ) .   Paraspace is invisible , yet has material consequences ( Bukatman , 1992 ) .   Benjamin , W. ( 1936/1968 ) Illuminations , New York : Harcourt Brace & World .   Bukatman , S. ( 1992 ) . Amidst These Fields of Data : Allegory , Rhetoric , and the Paraspace . Critique : Studies in Contemporary Fiction , 33 ( 3 ) , 199-219 .   Bukatman , S. ( 1993 ) Terminal Identity : The Virtual Subject in Postmodern Science Fiction , Durham ,  NC : Duke University Press .   Delany , Samuel R. ( 1988 ) . Some real mothers : An interview with Samuel R. Delany by Takayuki Tatsumi . '' Science Fiction Eye , 1 , # 3 : 5-11 .   Fisch , M. ( 2004 , October ) . In search of the real : technology , shock and language in Murakami Haruki 's Sputnik Sweetheart . In Japan Forum ( Vol . 16 , No. 3 , pp. 361 -- 383 ) . Taylor & Francis .   Murakami , H. ( 2002 ) Sputnik Sweetheart , trans . P. Gabriel , New York : Vintage International .

neg: Stem cell laws Stem cell laws are the law rules , and policy governance concerning the sources , research , and uses in treatment of stem cells in humans . These laws have been the source of much controversy and vary significantly by country . In the European Union , stem cell research using the human embryo is permitted in Sweden , Spain , Finland , Belgium , Greece , Britain , Denmark and the Netherlands ; however , it is illegal in Germany , Austria , Ireland , Italy , and Portugal . The issue has similarly divided the United States , with several states enforcing a complete ban and others giving financial support . Elsewhere , Japan , India , Iran , Israel , South Korea , China , and Australia are supportive . However , New Zealand , most of Africa ( except South Africa ) , and most of South America ( except Brazil ) are restrictive .

neg: The Hoax of the Twentieth Century The Hoax of the Twentieth Century : The Case Against the Presumed Extermination of European Jewry is a book by Northwestern University electrical engineering professor Arthur Butz . First published in 1976 by Historical Review Press , it attempts to refute the idea of the Holocaust that Nazi Germany tried to exterminate millions of Jews using homicidal gas chambers during World War 2 , and is influential in the Holocaust denial movement . The book has been banned in Canada and is X-rated in Germany where it can not be displayed or advertised . It has been described as anti-semitic with Alan Davies calling it an `` antisemitic classic '' .   After carrying it for almost 20 years , Amazon.com on March 7 , 2017 struck the listing of this book on its website , and those of Createspace and Kindle Direct Publishing . In this process , it also removed listings of all used copies for sale by others . The message to its publisher advised that this action was taken because of `` violation of content guidelines . ''

neg: Heidelberg Appeal The Heidelberg Appeal , authored by Michel Salomon and signed by a large number of scientists , is a statement decrying `` an irrational ideology which is opposed to scientific and industrial progress , and impedes economic and social development . '' Issued to coincide with the opening of the United Nations-sponsored Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 , the Appeal stated that its signers :   `` share the objectives of the ` Earth Summit ' '' but advised `` the authorities in charge of our planet 's destiny against decisions which are supported by pseudo-scientific arguments or false and non-relevant data . ... The greatest evils which stalk our Earth are ignorance and oppression , and not Science , Technology and Industry . ''   It was carefully worded to be directed generally at underfunded and poorly conducted science , rather than specifically at climate change . This allowed it to be promoted and exploited by a number of different industries by using this in the context of their own pollution defenses . In fact , the Appeal was created and promoted by a group of industry associations with polluting problems ( including chemical , energy , and mining concerns ) : the tobacco industry was involved , but in this case it was not the primary driving force . At that time the tobacco industry was focussed on trying to change the scientific standards for Good Epidemiology Practice ( GEP )   A version of the Heidelberg Appeal was published in the June 1 , 1992 , Wall Street Journal over the signatures of 46 prominent scientists and other intellectuals . It has subsequently been endorsed by some 4,000 scientists , including 72 Nobel Prize winners . The Appeal was for an anthropocentric assessment of the world 's resources and a utilitarian as opposed to abolitionist approach to hazardous substances used or created by technology . It targeted as irrational , by implication , if not explicitly , both a vision of a `` Natural State '' with intrinsic rights to impede the activities of man , and hysterical fears of environmental poisons , disproportionate to the threat and dismissive of their associated benefits .   The Heidelberg Appeal has been enthusiastically embraced by critics of the environmental movement such as S. Fred Singer of the Science and Environmental Policy Project . Conservative think tanks frequently cite the Heidelberg Appeal as proof that scientists reject the theory of global warming as well as a host of other environmental health risks associated with modern science and industry . Its name has subsequently been adopted by the Heidelberg Appeal Nederland Foundation , which was founded in 1993 and disputes health risks related to nitrates in foods and antibiotic-resistant bacteria . The Heidelberg Appeal was promoted in 1993 by the International Center for a Scientific Ecology , a group set up by Michael Salomon `` that was considered important in Philip Morris ' plans to create a group in Europe similar to The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition ( TASSC ) '' .   Parts of the Heidelberg Appeal endorse environmental concerns , such as a sentence that states , `` We fully subscribe to the objectives of a scientific ecology for a universe whose resources must be taken stock of , monitored and preserved . '' Its 72 Nobel laureates include 49 who also signed the `` World Scientists ' Warning to Humanity '' , which was circulated that same year by the Union of Concerned Scientists ( UCS ) and attracted the majority of the world 's living Nobel laureates in science along with some 1,700 other leading scientists . In contrast with the vagueness of the Heidelberg Appeal , the `` World Scientists ' Warning '' is a very explicit environmental manifesto , stating that `` human beings and the natural world are on a collision course '' and citing ozone depletion , global climate change , air pollution , groundwater depletion , deforestation , overfishing , and species extinction among the trends that threaten to `` so alter the living world that it will be unable to sustain life in the manner that we know . ''   Moreover the Heidelberg Appeal has been , if not specifically misrepresented , at least broadly interpreted out of context , for example , by The National Center for Public Policy which asserts `` The appeal warns industrialized nations that no compelling scientific consensus exists to justify mandatory greenhouse gas emissions cuts . '' Although the Heidelberg Appeal may be open to such an interpretation , it is not what the document said , as the text below shows .   1994 Jun 16 Matt Winokur then sends to a list of PM organisers a note saying :   APCo ( the old spelling of APCO Worldwide ) is completing its evaluation of a Symposium for Europe in the fall . They have forwarded the draft Guiding Scientific Principles ( or GEP ) which would constitute the outcome of such a meeting .   They are on the right track but the language is too vague . ( Tom ) Borelli and ( Richard ) Carchman will review and tighten . Obviously , any output from the symposium must be supportive of GEP . So the bottom line for both the GEP resolution and GEP Symposium must be in synch . Burson ( Marsteller ) has begun its feasibility review based on a more explicit understanding that GEP is what we are interested in promoting .   I gather from Jim -LSB- Lindheim of B-M -RSB- that there may have been a misunderstanding as to whether or not Burson was to have proceeded with the review prior to the presentation of a `` joint '' proposal -LSB- APCO and B-M -RSB- . I was aware that Burson began and take responsibility for allowing them to proceed . If you do n't want to pay for it then I will . But the intelligence obtained from their interviews with potential coalition sponsors as well as information about analogous efforts by existing groups , e.g. , Heidelberg , will be critical to the development of a comprehensive Burson/APCo proposal .  -LSB- Note : after a territory battle , Philip Morris had suggested that rivals APCO and B-M present this as a joint proposal -RSB-   The Burson research is necessary now in order to tell us whether it is possible or efficient to try to develop an enduring -LSB- ` Sound Science ' -RSB- coalition following on from the symposium . Possible , in that there may prove to be an insufficient amount of interest in the corporate sector for such a movement . Efficient , in that there may already exist analogous groups which we could use without going to the effort of starting one from scratch .   And we need to be careful not to step on unseen toes . For example , Bruce Ames is part of TASSC and Heidelberg . Do we need/want him on a third group in Europe ?   Thus the benefit in having Burson complete the study now , is that what they learn will be factored into both the content of the symposium AND inform us as to what options are available after the symposium concludes . If we only want a one off event , that 's our decision . But I would think we 'd at least want a mechanism to be able to tap the participants to later on endorse the GEP resolution in the appropriate EU institutions .   The Burson research will also turn up corporate interest in GEP in general which may help us identify allies regardless of whether we do either a symposium or create a coalition . The presentation therefore at the next TF mtg. will be a single proposal for PM prepared jointly by Burson and APCo . And I 've asked Margery -LSB- Krause of APCO -RSB- and Jim -LSB- Lindheim of B-M -RSB- to come themselves , as well as any other support staff they may wish to have accompany them .

neg: Drug prohibition law Drug prohibition law is prohibition-based law by which governments prohibit , except under licence , the production , supply , and possession of many , but not all , substances which are recognized as drugs , and which corresponds to international treaty commitments in the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961 , the Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971 , and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1988 .   When produced , supplied or possessed under licence , otherwise prohibited drugs are known as controlled drugs . The aforementioned legislation is the cultural institution and social fact that de facto divides world drug trade as illegal vs legal , according to geopolitical issues . The United Nations has its own drug control programme , as part of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ( UNODC ) , which was formerly called the United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention ( ODCCP ) , and the Commission on Narcotic Drugs is the central drug policy-making body within the United Nations system .   The International Narcotics Control Board ( INCB ) is an independent and quasi-judicial control organ for the implementation of the United Nations drug control conventions . It is important to note that there are several different sets of `` schedules '' , or lists , of controlled drugs . One is the INCB schedules ( four schedules numbered I-IV ) , while another is the United States ' Controlled Substances Act schedules of controlled substances ( five schedules , numbered I-V ) . Other countries also have different classifications and numbers of lists , such as those of the United Kingdom and Canada .

neg: Technopolis Technopolis or variants may refer to :   Technopolis or Technology Park are synonyms for science park .  Technopolis ( Belgium ) , a Flemish science center and activity museum in Mechelen , Belgium .  Technopolis ( comics ) , a comic book series created and illustrated by Adrien Van Viersen .  Technopolis ( Gazi ) , a City of Athens enterprise to protect the Gazi Industrial Park in Greece .  Technopolis Innovation Park Delft , a science park in Delft , the Netherlands .  Technopolis ( Kolkata ) , a science and technology park in Kolkata , India  Technopolis ( Lithuania ) , a science and technology park in Kaunas , Lithuania .  Technopolis Oyj , a corporation listed on the Helsinki Stock Exchange that operates science parks in several cities of Finland .  Technopolis ( retail chain ) , a consumer electronics retail chain .  `` Technopolis '' , a song by Yellow Magic Orchestra .  Tecnópolis , an Argentine science and technology park in Villa Martelli , Buenos Aires Province .

neg: Forest Festival The Forest Festival or Festival of the Forests ( Festival des Forêts ) is a music festival created by Bruno Ory-Lavollée in 1992 held every year in June and July in Compiegne , northern France .   The Forest Festival offers classical music in the natural scenery of the and the Forest of Compiègne .   Four world premieres have been presented at the Festival e.g. Winter 's Night by Nicolas Bacri , who was composer in residence at the Forest Festival 2010-2012 .   In 2014 , South Korean businessman Yoo Byung-eun had committed to a sponsorship of the gala concert at Théâtre Impérial de Compiègne on 4 July 2014 , where his photographs were to be projected during the world premiere in its entirety of Nicolas Bacri 's Les Quatre Saisons opus 80 . Following an open letter on 12 June from Korean expatriates in France to , among others , French Minister of Culture Aurélie Filippetti and the president of the Forest Festival , and subsequent talks between the festival and the Ministry of Culture , French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius on 30 June gave written notice to the festival suggesting the projection should be renounced `` out of sensitivity and respect for the Korean people mourning -LSB- following the sinking of Sewol -RSB- , in particular the families of the young victims , and in the interest of the Festival and of France '' ; the projection and the sponsorship was cancelled on 2 July .

neg: Society for Literature, Science, and the Arts The Society for Literature , Science , and the Arts ( SLSA ) is a United States-based academic organization whose members `` share an interest in problems of science and representation , and in the cultural and social dimensions of science , technology , and medicine . ''   The SLSA publishes the journal Configurations , published by Johns Hopkins University Press , and a members ' newsletter Decodings . It holds an annual conference that `` attracts hundreds of participants from many different disciplines , including the history , sociology , anthropology , rhetoric , and philosophy of science , technology and medicine ; literary history and criticism ; art history and media studies ; the cognitive sciences ; and all areas of science , technology , engineering , and medicine '' ( the 30th being in 2016 ) .   The European Society for Literature , Science and the Arts ( SLSAeu ) is a sister body .   The Society 's own webpage is inconsistent as to whether there is a comma after `` Science '' in its name .

neg: Trade restriction A trade restriction is an artificial restriction on the trade of goods and/or services between two countries . It is the byproduct of protectionism . However , the term is controversial because what one part may see as a trade restriction another may see as a way to protect consumers from inferior , harmful or dangerous products . For instance Germany required the production of beer to adhere to its purity law . The law , originally implemented in Bavaria in 1516 and eventually becoming law for newly unified Germany in 1871 , made many foreign beers unable to be sold in Germany as `` beer '' . This law was struck down in 1987 by the European Court of Justice , but is still voluntarily followed by many German breweries .

neg: Climate change denial Climate change denial , or global warming denial , is part of the global warming controversy . It involves denial , dismissal , unwarranted doubt or contrarian views which strongly depart from the scientific opinion on climate change , including the extent to which it is caused by humans , its impacts on nature and human society , or the potential of adaptation to global warming by human actions . Some deniers do endorse the term , but others often prefer the term climate change skepticism , although this is a misnomer for those who deny anthropogenic global warming . In effect , the two terms form a continuous , overlapping range of views , and generally have the same characteristics : both reject , to a greater or lesser extent , mainstream scientific opinion on climate change . Climate change denial can also be implicit , when individuals or social groups accept the science but fail to come to terms with it or to translate their acceptance into action . Several social science studies have analyzed these positions as forms of denialism .   Campaigning to undermine public trust in climate science has been described as a `` denial machine '' of industrial , political and ideological interests , supported by conservative media and skeptical bloggers in manufacturing uncertainty about global warming . In the public debate , phrases such as climate skepticism have frequently been used with the same meaning as climate denialism . The labels are contested : those actively challenging climate science commonly describe themselves as `` skeptics '' , but many do not comply with common standards of scientific skepticism and , regardless of evidence , persistently deny the validity of human caused global warming .   Although scientific opinion on climate change is that human activity is extremely likely to be the primary driver of climate change , the politics of global warming have been affected by climate change denial , hindering efforts to prevent climate change and adapt to the warming climate . Those promoting denial commonly use rhetorical tactics to give the appearance of a scientific controversy where there is none .   Of the world 's countries , the climate change denial industry is most powerful in the United States . Since January 2015 , the United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works has been chaired by oil lobbyist and climate change denier Jim Inhofe . Inhofe is notorious for having called climate change `` the greatest hoax ever perpetrated against the American people '' and for having claimed to have debunked the alleged hoax in February 2015 when he brought a snowball with him in the Senate chamber and tossed it across the floor . Organised campaigning to undermine public trust in climate science is associated with conservative economic policies and backed by industrial interests opposed to the regulation of emissions . Climate change denial has been associated with the fossil fuels lobby , the Koch brothers , industry advocates and libertarian think tanks , often in the United States . More than 90 % of papers sceptical on climate change originate from right-wing think tanks .  The total annual income of these climate change counter-movement-organizations is roughly $ 900 million . Between 2002 and 2010 , nearly $ 120 million ( # 77 million ) was anonymously donated via the Donors Trust and Donors Capital Fund to more than 100 organisations seeking to undermine the public perception of the science on climate change . In 2013 the Center for Media and Democracy reported that the State Policy Network ( SPN ) , an umbrella group of 64 U.S. think tanks , had been lobbying on behalf of major corporations and conservative donors to oppose climate change regulation .   Since the late 1970s , oil companies have published research broadly in line with the standard views on global warming . Despite this , oil companies organized a climate change denial campaign to disseminate public disinformation for several decades , a strategy that has been compared to the organized denial of the hazards of tobacco smoking by tobacco companies .

neg: Anti-nuclear groups in the United States More than eighty anti-nuclear groups are operating , or have operated , in the United States . These include : Abalone Alliance , Clamshell Alliance , Greenpeace USA , Institute for Energy and Environmental Research , Musicians United for Safe Energy , Nevada Desert Experience , Nuclear Control Institute , Nuclear Information and Resource Service , Public Citizen Energy Program , Shad Alliance , and the Sierra Club . These are direct action , environmental , health , and public interest organizations who oppose nuclear weapons and/or nuclear power . In 1992 , the chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission said that `` his agency had been pushed in the right direction on safety issues because of the pleas and protests of nuclear watchdog groups '' .   Some of the most influential groups in the anti-nuclear movement have had members who included Nobel Laureates ( e.g. , Linus Pauling and Hermann Joseph Muller ) . These scientists have belonged primarily to two groups : the Federation of American Scientists , and the Committee for Nuclear Responsibility .

neg: Big Apple Comic Con The Big Apple Comic Con is a New York City comic book convention , the longest-running comic book/science fiction/fantasy/horror / pop culture convention in New York City . It was started by retailer Michael `` Mike Carbo '' Carbonaro in March 1996 in the basement of the Church of St. Paul the Apostle . During its heyday from 2001 -- 2008 , the Big Apple Comic Con often featured multiple shows per year , with a large three-day `` national '' convention held in November , usually held at the Penn Plaza Pavilion . The show was owned by Wizard Entertainment from 2009 to 2013 , but is now back in the hands of Carbonaro .   Over the course of its history , the convention has been known as the Big Apple Convention , the Big Apple Comic Book Art , and Toy Show , and the Big Apple Comic Book , Art , Toy & Sci-Fi Expo ; with the November shows known as the National Comic Book , Art , Toy , and Sci-Fi Expo , the National Comic Book , Art , and Sci-Fi Expo , and the National Comic Book , Comic Art , and Fantasy Convention . After the show 's acquisition by Wizard Entertainment , the convention was known as the Wizard World Big Apple Comic Con , and as the Wizard World New York City Experience . In 2014 , the name `` Big Apple Convention '' was revived by Carbonaro for a show scheduled for March 7 , 2015 .   Though it primarily focuses on comic books , the convention features a large range of pop culture elements , such as professional wrestling , science fiction/fantasy , film/television , animation , anime , manga , toys , horror , collectible card games , video games , webcomics , and fantasy novels . Along with panels , seminars , and workshops with comic book professionals , the Big Apple Comic Con often features previews of upcoming films , and such evening events as the costume contest overseen by `` Captain Zorikh '' Zorikh Lequidre . The convention features a large floorspace for exhibitors , including comic book dealers and collectibles merchants . The show includes an autograph area , as well as the Artists ' Alley where comics artists can sign autographs and sell or do free sketches . ( Despite the name , Artists ' Alley can include writers and even glamour models . )   In 2009 , Michael Carbonaro established his own independent one-day convention known as the New York Comic Book Marketplace which ran annually through 2014 .

neg: Kansas evolution hearings The Kansas evolution hearings were a series of hearings held in Topeka , Kansas , United States from May 5 to May 12 , 2005 by the Kansas State Board of Education and its State Board Science Hearing Committee to change how evolution and the origin of life would be taught in the state 's public high school science classes . The hearings were arranged by the Board of Education with the intent of introducing intelligent design into science classes via the Teach the Controversy method .   The hearings raised the issues of creation and evolution in public education and were attended by all the major participants in the intelligent design movement but were ultimately boycotted by the scientific community over concern of lending credibility to the claim , made by proponents of intelligent design , that evolution is purportedly the subject of wide dispute within the scientific and science education communities .   The Discovery Institute , hub of the intelligent design movement , played a central role in starting the hearings by promoting its Critical Analysis of Evolution lesson plan which the Kansas State Board of Education eventually adopted over objections of the State Board Science Hearing Committee , and campaigning on behalf of conservative Republican candidates for the Board .   Local science advocacy group Kansas Citizens for Science organized a boycott of the hearings by mainstream scientists , who accused it of being a kangaroo court and argued that their participation would lend an undeserved air of legitimacy to the hearings .   Kansas Board of Education member Kathy Martin declared at the beginning of the hearings , `` Evolution has been proven false . ID ( Intelligent Design ) is science-based and strong in facts . '' At their conclusion she proclaimed that evolution is `` an unproven , often disproven '' theory . `` ID has theological implications . ID is not strictly Christian , but it is theistic , '' asserted Martin .   The scientific community rejects teaching intelligent design as science ; a leading example being the United States National Academy of Sciences , which issued a policy statement saying `` Creationism , intelligent design , and other claims of supernatural intervention in the origin of life or of species are not science because they are not testable by the methods of science . '' ( See also List of scientific societies explicitly rejecting intelligent design )   On February 13 , 2007 , the Board voted 6 to 4 to reject the amended science standards enacted in 2005 .


query: There are people in Ontario.

pos: Ontario Ontario ( -LSB- ɒnˈtɛərioʊ -RSB- -LSB- ɔ̃taʁjo -RSB- ) , one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada , is located in east-central Canada . It is Canada 's most populous province by a large margin , accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto .   Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2700 km border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the west at Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These are the Rainy River , the Pigeon River , Lake Superior , the St. Marys River , Lake Huron , the St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , the Detroit River , Lake Erie , the Niagara River , Lake Ontario and along the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km of land border made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border .   Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is located in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested .

neg: Dundas, Ontario For the county in eastern Ontario see Dundas County , Ontario . For the upper tier county , see United Counties of Stormont , Dundas and Glengarry .   Dundas -LSB- ˈdʌnˌdæs -RSB- is a formerly independent town and now constituent community in the city of Hamilton , Ontario , Canada . It is nicknamed the Valley Town because of its topographical location at the bottom of the Niagara Escarpment on the Western edge of Lake Ontario . The population has been stable for decades at about twenty thousand , largely because it has not annexed rural land from the protected Dundas Valley Conservation Area .   Notable events are the Buskerfest in early June , and the Dundas Cactus Festival in August .

neg: Rainy River (Minnesota–Ontario) The Rainy River ( French : Rivière à la Pluie ; Ojibwe : Gojiji-ziibi ) is a river , approximately 137 km long , which forms part of the Canada -- United States border separating northern Minnesota and Northwestern Ontario .   The river issues from the west side of Rainy Lake ( French : lac à la Pluie ; Ojibwe : Gojiji-zaaga ` igan ) and flows generally west-northwest , between International Falls , Minnesota , and Fort Frances , Ontario , and between Baudette , Minnesota , and Rainy River , Ontario . It enters the southern end of Lake of the Woods approximately 19 km northwest of Baudette and Rainy River . It is used for hydroelectricity at International Falls . The river shares its name with the town of Rainy River , Ontario , and Rainy Lake . In addition , it shares its Ojibwe name with the Couchiching First Nation and Koochiching County , Minnesota . The drainage basin of the river stretches east to the height of land about 100 km west of Lake Superior , where it was the southeast corner of the huge tract of land granted to the Hudson 's Bay Company in 1670 . It ultimately drains through the Winnipeg River , Lake Winnipeg and the Nelson River into Hudson Bay .   The Baudette-Rainy River International Bridge and the Fort Frances-International Falls International Bridge both cross the Rainy River .   The Ontario and Rainy River Railway , opened in 1901 and now part of Canadian National , follows the river on the Canadian side .   The river was the site of the short story `` On the Rainy River '' in Tim O'Brien 's novel The Things They Carried .

neg: Holland Marsh The Holland Marsh is a wetland and agricultural area in Ontario , Canada , about 50 km north of Toronto . It lies entirely within the valley of the Holland River , stretching from the northern edge of the Oak Ridges Moraine near Schomberg to the river mouth at Cook 's Bay , Lake Simcoe . In its entirety it comprises about 21,000 acres ( 8,500 hectares ) , with two distinct divisions . Historically it has simply been referred to as `` the marsh '' .   The first area to be drained and reclaimed for farming is a 7,200-acre ( 2,915-hectare ) municipally drained polder south-west of the town of Bradford proper , of which 40 % lies in King Township ( York Region ) and 60 % in the town of Bradford West Gwillimbury ( Simcoe County ) .   The other 13,800 acres ( 5,585 hectares ) lie north and east of Bradford , fringing Cook 's Bay in the townships of Innisfil and East Gwillimbury . Portions of this area have been privately reclaimed for farming , such as the Ravenshoe Road and Bradford Marsh areas , and portions are recreational or undisturbed wetland . In some cases , recreational boating , wetland and agricultural areas intersect .

neg: Toronto Normal School The Toronto Normal School was a teachers college in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Opened in 1847 , the Normal School was located at Church and Gould streets in central Toronto , and was a predecessor to the current Ontario Institute for Studies in Education . The Royal Ontario Museum , the Ontario College of Art & Design and the Ontario Agricultural College all originated at the Normal School 's campus , officially named St. James Square , such that the school became known as `` the cradle of Ontario 's education system '' . The school 's landmark Gothic-Romanesque building was designed by architects Thomas Ridout and Frederick William Cumberland in 1852 . The landmark building was demolished in 1963 , but architectural elements of the structure remain on the campus of Ryerson University .

neg: Politics of Ontario The Province of Ontario is governed by a unicameral legislature , the Legislative Assembly of Ontario , which operates in the Westminster system of government . The political party that wins the largest number of seats in the legislature normally forms the government , and the party 's leader becomes premier of the province , i.e. , the head of the government .  Ontario 's primary political parties are the centre-left Ontario Liberal Party , the centre-right Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario ( PC ) , and the social democratic Ontario New Democratic Party ( NDP ) . The Green Party of Ontario has seen its support grow over the years - to 8.1 % of the vote in 2007 - but has yet to win a seat in the Legislature .

neg: Timeline of Ontario history Ontario came into being as a province of Canada in 1867 but historians use the term to cover its entire history . This article also covers the history of the territory Ontario now occupies .   For a complete list of the premiers of Ontario , see List of Ontario premiers .

neg: Erie people The Erie people ( also Erieehronon , Eriechronon , Riquéronon , Erielhonan , Eriez , Nation du Chat ) were a Native American people historically living on the south shore of Lake Erie . An Iroquoian group , they lived in what is now western New York , northwestern Pennsylvania , and northern Ohio before 1658 . They were destroyed in the mid-17th century by five years of prolonged warfare with the neighboring Iroquois , especially the Seneca , for helping the Huron in the Beaver Wars for control of the fur trade . ''   Their villages were burned as a lesson to those who dare oppose the Iroquois , adding to their loss of life and likely forcing emigration . The Iroquoian confederacies were known for adopting others into their tribes , and true to form , the remaining defeated Erie are believed to have been absorbed by other Iroquoian tribes , particularly the Seneca , and possibly their kindred Susquehannocks with whom they shared the hunting grounds of the Allegheny Plateau and the Amerindian paths through the gaps of the Allegheny . Whatever their individual fates , the remnant tribes living among the Iroquois , gradually lost their independent identity .   The names Erie and Eriez are shortened forms of Erielhonan , meaning `` long tail . '' The Erielhonan were also called the Chat ( `` Cat '' in French ) or `` Raccoon '' people , referring to that characteristic . It appears that the cat reference may be to depict a connection to the sacred Underwater Panther , who was believed to have lived in the Great Lakes . Like all the Iroquoian stock , they lived in multi-family long houses in villages enclosed in palisades , which often enclosed crops . They cultivated the `` Three Sisters '' : varieties of corn , beans , and squash , during the warm season . In winter , tribal members lived off the stored crops and animals taken in hunts .

neg: List of municipalities in Saskatchewan Saskatchewan is the sixth-most populous province in Canada with 1,098,352 residents as of 2016 and is the fifth-largest in land area at 588244 km2 . In 2011 , Saskatchewan 's 786 municipalities covered of the province 's land mass and were home to of its population . On December 31 , 2013 , this total was reduced to 782 when Antler , Gladmar , Ruthilda and Shackleton all dissolved from village status . It was further reduced to 779 after the dissolutions of Elstow ( effective December 16 , 2014 ) , Rabbit Lake ( effective October 30 , 2015 ) and Primate ( effective December 31 , 2015 ) . These 779 municipalities are local government `` creatures of provincial jurisdiction '' with natural persons power . One of the key purposes of Saskatchewan 's municipalities are `` to provide services , facilities and other things that , in the opinion of council , are necessary or desirable for all or a part of the municipality '' . Other purposes are to : `` provide good government '' ; `` develop and maintain a safe and viable community '' ; `` foster economic , social and environmental well-being '' and `` provide wise stewardship of public assets . ''   The Government of Saskatchewan 's Ministry of Municipal Relations recognizes three general types of municipalities and seven sub-types -- urban municipalities ( cities , towns , villages and resort villages ) , rural municipalities and northern municipalities ( northern towns , northern villages and northern hamlets ) . Cities are formed under the provincial authority of The Cities Act , which was enacted in 2002 . Towns , villages , resort villages and rural municipalities are formed under the authority of The Municipalities Act , enacted in 2005 . The three sub-types of northern municipalities are formed under the authority of The Northern Municipalities Act , enacted in 2010 . As provincial laws , these three acts were passed by the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan with royal assent granted by the Lieutenant Governor .   Of Saskatchewan 's 779 municipalities , 459 of them are urban municipalities ( 16 cities , 147 towns , 256 villages and 40 resort villages ) , 296 are rural municipalities and 24 are northern municipalities ( 2 northern towns , 11 northern villages and 11 northern hamlets ) . The Cities Act , The Municipalities Act and The Northern Municipalities Act stipulate governance of these municipalities . Saskatchewan 's Ministry of Municipal Relations is responsible for providing provincial programs and services to municipalities .   In 2011 , just over of Saskatchewan 's population resided in its two largest cities . Saskatoon , the largest city , is home to of the province 's population ( 222,189 residents ) , while Regina , Saskatchewan 's capital city , is home to ( 193,100 residents ) . The villages of Dafoe , Keeler , Krydor and Valparaiso are all tied as Saskatchewan 's smallest municipalities by population with 15 people each . The largest municipality by land area is the Rural Municipality of Hudson Bay No. 394 at 12463 km2 , while the smallest by land area are the resort villages of Etters Beach and Pelican Pointe at 0.12 km2 each .

neg: Queen's Park (Toronto) Queen 's Park is an urban park in Downtown Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Opened in 1860 by Edward , Prince of Wales , it was named in honour of Queen Victoria . The park is the site of the Ontario Legislative Building , which houses the Legislative Assembly of Ontario , and the phrase `` Queen 's Park '' is regularly used as a metonym for the Government of Ontario .   The park is nearly an enclave of the University of Toronto , which occupies most of the surrounding lands . In 1854 , the land was leased by the University of Toronto to the City of Toronto for a 999-year term . In 1880 , a `` portion of the Queen 's Park -LSB- was -RSB- selected -LSB- and given to -RSB- the Government of Ontario , as a site for the erection of new Legislative and Departmental buildings '' . The land that is occupied by Legislative Assembly of Ontario is owned by the Government of Ontario . The north park is owned by the University of Toronto and leased to the city . Ministry buildings of the Ontario government occupy other properties to the east of the park , in an area between Wellesley Street and Grosvenor Street . While not adjacent to the park , the Royal Ontario Museum and the Gardiner Museum are located nearby .

neg: Ontario, New York Ontario is a town in the northwest corner of Wayne County , New York , United States . The population was 9,778 at the 2000 census , and 10,136 at the 2010 census . The town is named after the Great Lake on its northern border .   The town has a hamlet ( and census-designated place ) , also called Ontario . Government offices for the town are located there .

neg: Battle of Fort Erie (1866) The Battle of Fort Erie was a bloody skirmish in the afternoon immediately following the Battle of Ridgeway on June 2 , 1866 in Canada West . The Fenian force , withdrawing from Ridgeway towards the United States , met and defeated a small force of Canadian militia at Fort Erie , then known as the village of Waterloo .   In response to the Fenian occupation of the township of Fort Erie , Ontario on the night of June 1 , 1866 , militia units throughout the Niagara Peninsula had been mobilized or put on alert . At Port Colborne , a detachment of 51 gunners and N.C.O.s , British Royal Artillery bombardier Sergeant James McCracken and 3 officers ( Captain Richard S. King M.D. , Lieutenants A.K. Schofield and Charles Nimmo -LSB- Nemmo -RSB- ) taken under command by Lieutenant-Colonel John Dennis , boarded a tugboat , the W.T. Robb carrying the Dunnville Naval Brigade , consisting of 19 men and 3 officers ( Captain Lachlan McCallum , Lieutenant Walter T. Robb , Second Lieutenant Angus Macdonald ) ( a total of 71 men and 8 officers ) and steamed east to the Niagara River , then scouted downriver as far as Black Creek . The Welland Field Battery did not have its four Armstrong guns with it , and only half were armed with Enfield muzzle-loading rifles , with the other half armed with obsolete smooth-bore `` Victoria '' carbines that had a limited range of approximately 300 yards at best .   The Fenians apparently gone , Dennis turned back upriver to secure the village of Fort Erie and deny them an easy escape route . Dennis and a company of the Welland Field Battery , landed without difficulty , rounding up a number of stragglers . But when John O'Neill returned with the bulk of his force from his victory at Ridgeway , the volunteers -- expecting to encounter only scattered bands of defeated Fenians under close pursuit -- were unable to resist them . A fierce firefight followed , in which the militia soldiers and sailors were swept off the shores by the better-armed Fenians and most of the Canadians who had landed were captured .   While his men were making their stand , Dennis ran away on foot and hid in a house , shedding his uniform and shaving off his luxurious sideburn whiskers . He would later be court-martialled for deserting his men but he was acquitted by two of the three officers serving on the tribunal . ( George T. Denison , commanding officer of the Governor General 's Horse Guard voted to convict on some of the counts . ) Except for the verdict , the conduct of the Dennis Inquiry ( unlike the one into the conduct of Colonel Booker at Ridgeway ) was kept secret . The contents were not released even a year later to members of Canadian Parliament who were demanding to see the transcripts of the testimony . While the original transcripts are available to researchers today in the Canada Archives in Ottawa , their contents have never been published in print anywhere .   The remaining Canadians on the gunboat steamed back to Port Colborne , leaving O'Neill and the Fenians in possession of Fort Erie once more . However , with an estimated 5,000 British regulars and Canadian militia converging on his position , and a U.S. naval detachment blocking any attempts at reinforcement , that night O'Neill hastily planned his retreat back to New York State . Some Fenians chose to desert , crossing the river on a variety of stolen or improvised craft . The remainder , 850 in number , crossed in a body and surrendered to a U.S. naval party from the near Buffalo , putting an end to Fenian incursions along the Niagara Peninsula .

neg: Ontario (computer virus) This article contains all the viruses of Ontario family .   Ontario .512 is a computer virus , discovered in July 1990 . It is named after its point of isolation , the Canadian province of Ontario . This family of Computer virus consists of Ontario .1024 , Ontario .512 and Ontario .2048 . Because Ontario .1024 was also discovered in Ontario , it is likely that both viruses originate from within the province . By the Ontario .2048 variant , the author had adopted `` Ontario '' as the family 's name and even included the name `` Ontario-3 '' in the virus code .

neg: Hydro One Hydro One Limited is an electricity transmission and distribution utility serving the Canadian province of Ontario . Hydro One traces its history to the early 20th century and the establishment of the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario ( renamed `` Ontario Hydro '' in 1974 ) . In October 1998 , the provincial government of Premier Mike Harris passed the Energy Competition Act which restructured Ontario Hydro into separate entities responsible for electrical generation , transmission/delivery , and price management with a final goal of total privatization .   Hydro One was established at this time as a corporation under the Business Corporations Act '' with the Government of Ontario as sole shareholder , making it a Crown corporation . Following its initial public offering on the Toronto Stock Exchange in 2015 , the Government of Ontario began selling shares to the public with a final goal of 60 % of the company being held by private investors . A report released on 2 December 2015 by the Auditor General of Ontario raised concern with the sale , indicating that power outages are increasing and that Hydro One 's equipment is aging and `` at very high risk of failing '' . The estimated cost of necessary repairs was $ 4.472 billion .

neg: Provinces and territories of Canada Canada 's geography is divided into administrative divisions known as provinces and territories that are responsible for delivery of sub-national governance . When Canada was formed in 1867 , three provinces of British North America -- New Brunswick , Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada ( which , on the formation of Canada , was divided into Ontario and Quebec ) -- were united to form a federated colony , which eventually became a sovereign nation in the next century . Over its history , Canada 's international borders have changed several times , and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories . The ten provinces are Alberta , British Columbia , Manitoba , New Brunswick , Newfoundland and Labrador , Nova Scotia , Ontario , Prince Edward Island , Quebec , and Saskatchewan . Several of the provinces were former British colonies , and Quebec was originally a French colony , while others were added as Canada grew . The three territories are Northwest Territories , Nunavut , and Yukon , which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America . Together , the provinces and territories make up the world 's second-largest country by area .   The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that provinces receive their power and authority from the Constitution Act , 1867 ( formerly called the British North America Act , 1867 ) , whereas territorial governments have powers delegated to them by the Parliament of Canada . The powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the federal government and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively . A change to the division of powers between the federal government and the provinces requires a constitutional amendment , whereas a similar change affecting the territories can be performed unilaterally by the Parliament of Canada or government .   In modern Canadian constitutional theory , the provinces are considered to be co-sovereign divisions and each province has its own `` Crown '' represented by the lieutenant governor . The territories are not sovereign , but simply part of the federal realm , and have a commissioner who represents the federal government .   __ TOC __

neg: Central Ojibwa language Central Ojibwa ( also known as Central Ojibwe , Ojibway , Ojibwe ) is an Algonquian language spoken in Ontario , Canada from Lake Nipigon in the west to Lake Nipissing in the east .

neg: The Toronto Song `` The Toronto Song '' is a comedy song by Canadian comedy group Three Dead Trolls in a Baggie . It is one of many songs ( including `` The White House Burned ( The War of 1812 ) '' ) the Trolls recorded that are often mistakenly attributed to The Arrogant Worms . Originally on the Con Troupo Comedius cassette tape , `` The Toronto Song '' also appears on the CD Skit Happens , a greatest hits collection of Three Dead Trolls skits . Before the tape , the song had spread across Canada but most listeners did n't know the song 's name . It was ( and still is ) often believed to be called `` Toronto Sucks '' , `` The Ontario Song '' , or `` Ontario Sucks '' .   The song starts with the Trolls ( who are from Edmonton , Alberta ) saying how much they hate the city of Toronto , its people , shanty towns , and landmarks . They then realize they hate all of Ontario , and finally all of Canada ( minus Alberta , but including Calgary ) . The criticisms of other parts of Canada range from practical ( `` Prince Edward Island is too small '' ) to absurd ( `` Manitoba 's population density is 1.9 people per square kilometre . Is n't that stupid ? '' ) .   The song is primarily poking fun at the popular Canadian activity of insulting Toronto and to a lesser extent Albertan pride and the Edmonton-Calgary rivalry .   The song was recorded with only a couple guitars . Later , a remake of the song , entitled `` The Toronto Song 2001 '' , had a full band performing the music and included a guitar solo and different banter . It was featured in the mockumentary film Let 's All Hate Toronto .   One minor error in the song is a mention of `` the Ontario Zoo '' , which does not exist . Toronto does have a zoo , but it is called the Toronto Zoo . This is corrected in the 2001 remake where the lyric is changed to `` Metro Zoo '' ( the zoo was originally called the `` Metropolitan Toronto Zoo '' ) .

neg: Niagara Parkway The Niagara Parkway , formerly known as Niagara Boulevard and historically as the Niagara Road , is a scenic road in the province of Ontario that travels on the Canadian side of the Niagara River from the town of Fort Erie to Niagara-on-the-Lake . The portion north of Table Rock in Niagara Falls is designated as an Ontario Scenic Highway . The Niagara Boulevard was originally the section only from Fort Erie to Chippawa and the northern portion was referred to as the Niagara Parkway .   The Niagara Parkway begins at Fort Erie in the south . It passes through several villages along the river before passing through the tourist district of Niagara Falls . North of the city it provides access to several attractions , including the Whirlpool Rapids , Butterfly Conservatory , and Brock 's Monument at Queenston Heights . The route ends at Fort George , southeast of the urban centre of Niagara-on-the-Lake .   Construction on the modern Niagara Parkway began in 1908 ; it was completed from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario in 1931 as a scenic road with gardens and manicured lawns throughout its length . The parkway was referred to by Sir Winston Churchill , having been driven down it , as `` the prettiest Sunday afternoon drive in the world . ''

neg: List of elections in the Province of Canada The Province of Canada was the union of Canada West ( formerly Upper Canada and later Ontario ) and Canada East ( formerly Lower Canada and later Quebec ) .   The Province of Canada held 8 unique elections from 1841 to 1863 before Confederation . While party lines were somewhat blurred , there were political parties .   There are many examples of groups of MPs going against the party line , or splitting a party into two . A good example of this is when a number of Liberal MPs supported John A. Macdonald , a Conservative , and his idea for Canadian Confederation , many other Liberal Party members were opposed to Confederation .   After the establishment of the double majority principle , any bill , in order to be passed , needed a majority of MPs from both Canada West and Canada East . This sometimes led to coalitions between Ontario Liberals and Quebec Tories , or vice versa . The elections listed below are divided into `` Left '' or `` Reformer '' camps , and `` Right '' or `` Conservative '' camps .

neg: List of villages in Ontario A village is a sub-type of municipalities in the Canadian province of Ontario . A village can have the municipal status of either a single-tier or lower-tier municipality .   Ontario has 11 villages that had a cumulative population of 13,558 and an average population of 1,233 in the 2011 Census . Ontario 's largest and smallest villages are Casselman and Thornloe with populations of 3,626 and 123 respectively .

neg: County of Brant For the provincial electoral district known as `` Brant County '' , see Brant ( provincial electoral district ) .   The County of Brant ( 2016 population 36,707 ) is a single-tier municipality in the Canadian province of Ontario . Despite its name , it is no longer a county by definition , as all municipal services are handled by a single level of government . The county has service offices in Burford , Paris and St. George .   It is a predominantly rural municipality in Southern Ontario . The largest population centre ( 2016 population , 12,310 ) is Paris . The County is bordered by the Region of Waterloo , the City of Hamilton , Haldimand County , Norfolk County , and Oxford County . The County abuts the provincially-mandated Greenbelt ( Golden Horseshoe ) .   Although the city of Brantford appears geographically to be located in the County , it is a fully independent city with its own municipal government . The Brant census division , which includes Brantford and the Six Nations and New Credit reserves , along with the County of Brant , had a population of 134,808 in the 2016 census .