query: Norwegians settled Iceland.

pos: Iceland Iceland ( -LSB- ˈaɪslənd -RSB- -LSB- ˈistlant -RSB- ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean . It has a population of and an area of 103000 km2 , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe . The capital and largest city is Reykjavík . Reykjavík and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population . Iceland is volcanically and geologically active . The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields , mountains and glaciers , while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands . Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate , despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle . Its high latitude and marine influence still keeps summers chilly , with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate .   According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók , the settlement of Iceland began in the year 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island . In the following centuries , Norwegians , and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians , emigrated to Iceland , bringing with them thralls of Gaelic origin . The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing , one of the world 's oldest functioning legislative assemblies . Following a period of civil strife , Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century . The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway , Denmark and Sweden . Iceland thus followed Norway 's integration to that Union and came under Danish rule after Sweden 's secession from that union in 1523 . Although the Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism forcefully in 1550 , Iceland remained a distant semi-colonial territory in which Danish institutions and infrastructures were conspicuous by their absence . In the wake of the French revolution and the Napoleonic wars , Iceland 's struggle for independence took form and culminated in independence in 1918 and the founding of a republic in 1944 . Until the 20th century , Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture , and was among the poorest in Europe . Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity , and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world . In 1994 , it became a part of the European Economic Area , which further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance , biotechnology , and manufacturing .   Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries . It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens . Iceland ranks high in economic , political and social stability and equality . In 2013 , it was ranked as the 13th most-developed country in the world by the United Nations ' Human Development Index . Iceland runs almost completely on renewable energy . Affected by the ongoing worldwide financial crisis , the nation 's entire banking system systemically failed in October 2008 , leading to a severe depression , substantial political unrest , the Icesave dispute , and the institution of capital controls . Some bankers were jailed . Since then , the economy has made a significant recovery , in large part due to a surge in tourism .   Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation 's Scandinavian heritage . Most Icelanders are descendants of Germanic and Gaelic settlers . Icelandic , a North Germanic language , is descended from Old Norse and is closely related to Faroese and West Norwegian dialects . The country 's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine , Icelandic literature and medieval sagas . Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army , its lightly armed coast guard being in charge of defence .

neg: Icelandic Elf School The Icelandic Elf School , known as Álfaskólinn in Icelandic , is a school in Iceland that teaches students and visitors about Icelandic folklore .   The school teaches about the hidden people and the 13 different kinds of elves that the school believes inhabit the country of Iceland . According to the school 's headmaster , hidden people `` are just the same size and look exactly like human beings , the only difference is that they are invisible to most of us . Elves , on the other hand , are n't entirely human , they 're humanoid , starting at around eight centimetres . '' He also claims there are gay and lesbian elves . The school is located in Reykjavík , the country 's largest city .   The school is headed by Magnús Skarphéðinsson . Magnús has a full curriculum , and certificate programs for visitors that can be earned in as little as half a day . However , the school also publishes texts on hidden people , partly for its own use in the classroom . There is also ongoing research on the elves and hidden people of Iceland . He also collects stories about trolls , fairies , dwarves , and gnomes , but says that `` nearly 70 percent of our stories are about hidden people , because they are most seen here . '' These stories have been collected for the purpose of preservation . Magnús organizes five hour long educational excursions for visitors , and finishes the tour with coffee and pancakes at the school . Despite never advertising his school , Magnus typically gets 5-10 people per excursion . Since opening in 1991 , over 9,000 people , most of them foreigners , have attended the school . The Álfaskólinn also provides `` aura readings '' and `` past-life explorations '' .   The question of the `` level of belief in elves '' in Iceland is somewhat of a cultural topos , with survey results published in 1975 , 1995 , 1998 , 2006 . Interpretations of the survey results vary .  Based on the 2006 figures , Magnús claims that while only 26 % of Icelanders believe in elves ( summing the responses ` certain ' and ` probable ' ) , 80 % `` do take notice '' ( including the replies ` possible ' and ` unlikely ' ) .

neg: Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir ( Icelandic : Guðríður víðförla Þorbjarnardóttir ) was a Norse explorer , born around the year 980 at Laugarbrekka in Snæfellsnes , Iceland .   She appears in the Saga of Erik the Red and the Saga of the Greenlanders , known collectively as the Vinland sagas . She and her husband Þorfinnur Karlsefni , led an expedition to Vinland where they begat their son Snorri Þorfinnsson , the first European born in the Americas outside of Greenland .   In Iceland , Gudrid is known by her byname víðförla ( lit . wide-fared or far-travelled ) .

neg: Danish Realm The term Danish Realm ( Det Danske Rige ) refers to the relationship between Denmark proper , the Faroe Islands and Greenland -- three countries constituting the Kingdom of Denmark .   The legal nature of the Kingdom of Denmark is fundamentally one of a unitary sovereign state . The Faroe Islands and Greenland have been part of the Crown of Denmark since 1397 ( de jure ) when the Kalmar Union was ratified , and part of the Kingdom of Denmark since 1814 ( de facto ) . However , due to their separate historical and cultural identities , these parts of the Realm now have an extensive type of self-government and have assumed legislative and administrative responsibility in a substantial number of fields .   Legal matters in The Danish Realm are subject to the Danish Constitution . Beginning in 1953 , state law issues within The Danish Realm has been governed by The Unity of the Realm ( Rigsenheden ) . A less formal name for The Unity of the Realm is `` the commonwealth of the Realm '' . In 1978 , The Unity of The Realm was for the first time unofficially referred to as rigsfællesskabet . The name caught on and since the 1990s , both The Unity of The Realm and The Danish Realm itself has increasingly been referred to as simply rigsfællesskabet ( ríkisfelagsskapurin naalagaaffeqatigiit ) in daily parlance .   The Danish Constitution stipulates that the foreign and security interests for all parts of the Danish Realm are the responsibility of the Danish government . The Faroes received home rule in 1948 and Greenland did so in 1979 . In 2005 , the Faroes received a self-government arrangement , and in 2009 Greenland received `` self rule '' , thus leaving the Danish government with virtually no influence over Greenlandic internal affairs .

neg: National Archives of Iceland The National Archives of Iceland is the national archive of Iceland , located in Reykjavík .  Founded in April 1882 by the Danish appointed governor ( landshøvding ) of Iceland , Hilmar Finsen . The National Archives of Iceland ( NAI ) drew its material mainly from governmental archives . At first , it was located in the attic of the Reykjavík Cathedral . The National Library of Iceland and the National Museum of Iceland had been moved from the loft of the Cathedral to the new Parliament Building ( Alþingishús ) , and the governor took this opportunity to use the Cathedral loft for the new archives , so bringing together the archive materials that had accumulated in various government departments and providing them with better facilities for preservation . The archives have moved to new premises three times since : first to the Alþingishús in 1900 , then to the new Archives and Library building on Hverfisgata ( Safnahúsið ) in 1908 and finally to their present location at Laugavegur 162 in 1987-98 .   Over the past 130 years both the size and the facilities of the archives have increased immensely . Initially there was no special staff , the various departments was simply in charge of their own materials on the Cathedral loft without any coordination . The first national archivist was Jón Þorkelsson , who was appointed in 1900 . The present staff numbers over 25 people , and the materials , comprising sources on Icelandic history from the era of the sagas in the 12th century to the present day , now occupy more than 40,000 metres of shelf space . These materials play a key role in historical research , as records of the rights and duties of individuals and society throughout the history of Iceland .

neg: Kverkfjöll The mountain range Kverkfjöll ( 1,764 m ) is situated on the north-eastern border of the glacier Vatnajökull in Iceland . With their glacier Kverkjökull , they are to be found between the Vatnajökull and the Dyngjufjöll ( s. Askja ) . The mountains are still active volcanoes . Especially around 1720 , they were often erupting and causing glacier runs .   Under the mountains , there is a very large , very hot magma chamber which leads to the originating of glacier caves . Currently , they can not be visited because of the risk of collapse . There is a warning sign at the `` parking place '' near the caves .   In a certain distance , there are the hot springs of Hveradalir .   The oasis Hvannalindir lies between the Kverkfjöll and Askja .   The Holuhraun lava field is approximately 10 km to the north-west of Kverkfjöll . The main volume of the Jökulsá á Fjöllum river flows from the Kverkfjöll area .

neg: Economic history of Iceland The economy history of Iceland covers the development of its economy from the Settlement of Iceland in the late 9th century until the present .

neg: Sturlungar family clan The Sturlungs ( Icelandic : Sturlungar ) were a powerful family clan in medieval mid-13th century Iceland , in the time of the Icelandic Commonwealth . Their story is partly told in Sturlunga saga , and members of the clan were significant participants in the civil war of the Age of the Sturlungs .   The Sturlungs were a wealthy and influential clan . They controlled Western Iceland , the Westfjords and North Eastern Iceland .   The patriarch of the Sturlungs was Sturla Þórðarson , whom scholars believe was born around 1115 . He inherited his Goðorð ( domain , realm or area of influence ) from his father Þórður Gilsson . Sturla quarrelled extensively with Einar Þorgilsson of Staðarhóll and many other chieftains . Jón Loftsson , a well-respected man , mediated in one of these disputes . Following this , he was entrusted with the upbringing of Sturla 's son Snorri Sturluson , who later became the most influential of the Sturlungs , and the most famous due to his literary endeavours . Snorri had two brothers , Þórður Sturluson and Sighvatur Sturluson .   The descendants of Sturla played an important role in the Age of the Sturlungs civil war , most notably his sons Snorri and Sighvatur , and Sighvatur 's son Þórður kakali Sighvatsson . Another notable Sturlung was Sturla Þórðarson , son of Þórður Sturluson , who fought with Þórður kakali . He wrote Íslendinga saga , the longest part of Sturlunga saga , and Hákonar saga gamla , the story of Haakon IV of Norway . Some scholars also attribute to him the authorship of Kristni saga and a transcript of Landnáma .   The writing of the Icelandic sagas began with the Sturlungs , and many of those written before 1280 were their work , or were written at their behest .

neg: Gunnlaugr Ormstunga Gunnlaugr Ormstunga ( i.e. `` Serpent-Tongue '' ) was an Icelandic poet . His life is described in Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu , where several of his poems are preserved .   Gunnlaugr was born ca. 983 . From an early age he proved himself impetuous , audacious , brave , and tough . He was also a skilled author of mostly derogatory poems , which earned him the cognomen ormstunga , `` serpent 's tongue '' . After a quarrel with his father , Illugi , Gunnlaugr left his home at the age of twelve to stay for some time at Borg with Þorsteinn Egilsson , the son of Egill Skallagrímsson . There , he became acquainted with Þorsteinn 's daughter , Helga the fair , reputedly the most beautiful woman in Iceland . Her hair was so ample that she could hide herself in it .   When Gunnlaugr was eighteen , he went abroad . At that time , Helga became his fiancée , on the condition that she would wait no more than three years for Gunnlaugr . He visited the courts of Norway , Ireland , Orkney and Sweden and England . In Sweden , he visited the court of King Óláfr Skötkonung where he met his rival , the Icelandic champion and skald , Hrafn Önundarson .   Gunnlaugr 's stay in the service of King Æthelred of England delayed his return to Iceland and Helga . He did not return until four years had passed ( ca. 1005 ) . Since Gunnlaugr had been gone longer than his allotted three years , Helga was forced into an unhappy marriage to Gunnlaugr 's rival , Hrafn Önundarson . Gunnlaugr and Hrafn met at the Althing and Gunnlaugr challenged Hrafn to a duel of honour , a holmgang ( hólmganga ) . The duel ended in a draw and was the last one allowed in Iceland . From that time hólmganga were forbidden by Icelandic law .   In order to settle their dispute in blood , the two champions met in Norway in the spring of 1008 . There , Gunnlaugr defeated Hrafn , but was fatally wounded . After a short time he died . He was 25 . Helga later remarried , but never recovered from Gunnlaugr 's death . Her greatest pleasure was to rest her eyes on a sumptuous coat that Gunnlaugr had given her . One evening , she rested her head on her husband 's shoulder , spread the coat in front of her , and watched it for a while . Thereafter , she fell back into her husband 's embrace and was dead .

neg: Thorstein Eiriksson Thorstein Eiriksson ( Þórsteinn Eiríksson ) was the third and youngest son of Erik the Red .   Almost nothing is known about Thorstein 's life . According to the Vinland Sagas , Erik the Red settled in Greenland around 986 with his wife and three grown sons , Leif , Thorvald and Thorstein .   After Leif had sailed west from Greenland and discovered Vinland , Thorvald organized and led a second expedition to this new country . The natives , called Skraelings by the Norse , attacked Thorvald and his men . Thorvald received a fatal wound and was buried in Vinland . His crew returned to Greenland .   Thorstein subsequently set sail for Vinland to retrieve his brother 's body , along with his wife Gudrid . The ship was beset by bad weather and never reached Vinland . By the first week of winter they had returned to Greenland and landed at Lysufiord in the Western Settlement where they sought shelter with the families living there .   That winter an epidemic swept the settlement killing Thorstein and several others .

neg: Komsa culture The Komsa culture ( Komsakulturen ) was a Mesolithic culture of hunter-gatherers that existed from around 10,000 BC in Northern Norway .   The culture is named after the Komsa Mountain in the community of Alta , Finnmark , where the remains of the culture were first discovered . The term was first used by Norwegian archaeologist Anders Nummedal ( 1867-1944 ) after the discoveries he made on Komsa Mountain during 1925 . The distinction between a `` Komsa '' type of stone-tool culture north of the Arctic Circle and a `` Fosna '' type from Trøndelag to Oslo Fjord was rendered obsolete in the 1970s . Nowadays both phenomena are ascribed to different types of tools of the same culture .   Recent archeological finds from Finnish Lapland were originally thought to represent an inland aspect of the Komsa culture equally old as the earliest finds from the Norwegian coast . However , this material is now considered to be affiliated with the contemporary Post-Swiderian culture of North Central Russia and the eastern Baltic and thus represents a separate early incursion into northernmost Scandinavia   The commonly held view today is that the earliest settlement of the North Norwegian coast originated on the western and southwestern coast of Norway and ultimately in the final Palaeolithic Ahrensburg culture of northwestern Europe . The Komsa are thought to have followed the Norwegian coastline when receding glaciation at the end of the last ice age ( between 11,000 and 8000 BC ) opened up new areas for settlement . It was formerly believed that some elements may have moved into modern-day Finnmark from the northeast , possibly coming from ice-free coasts of the Kola Peninsula . However , recent research indicates that a number of the coastal sites in the Varangerfjord area previously attributed to the second phase of the `` Komsa '' continuum actually represent an early incursion from the southeast ( northwestern Russia ) and are related to the early Post-Swiderian influx discovered in northernmost Finnish Lapland .   Archaeological evidence indicates that the Komsa culture was almost exclusively sea-oriented , living mainly off seal hunting and being able boatbuilders and fishermen . In comparison to the southern Norway 's contemporary Fosna variety of this same culture , stone tools and other implements appear relatively crude . This has been explained with a paucity of flintstone in the region .

neg: Einarr Skúlason Einarr Skúlason ( ca. 1100 -- after 1159 ) was an Icelandic priest and skald . He was the most prominent Norse poet of the 12th century . Einarr 's poetry is primarily preserved in Heimskringla , Flateyjarbók , Morkinskinna , Fagrskinna and Skáldskaparmál .   He was descended from the family of Egill Skallagrímsson , the so-called Mýramenn . For most of his life he lived in Norway , during the reign of kings Sigurd Magnusson , Harald Gille and the sons of the latter , especially Eysteinn Haraldsson , whose marshall he became . After Eysteinn 's death in 1157 , he composed the poem Elfarvísur for the nobleman Gregorius Dagsson ( died 1161 ) , referring to his victory over King Hákon Herdebrei at Göta älv in Götaland .   The best known of Einarr 's drápur is Geisli ( `` Ray of Light '' ) , about St. Olaf Haraldsson . This drápa was recited in the Church of Christ in Nidaros in the presence of the three Norwegian kings of the time , Eysteinn , Sigurd and Inge , along with Jon Birgersson , Archbishop of Nidaros . The poem is composed in the dróttkvætt metre and it is the earliest completely preserved drápa with Christian content .

neg: Nynorsk Nynorsk , literally New Norwegian or New Norse , is one of the two written standards of the Norwegian language , the other being Bokmål . From 1885 , when the parliament declared them official and equal , until new voting in 1929 , their names were Landsmål and Riksmål . The Landsmål language standard was constructed by the Norwegian linguist Ivar Aasen during the mid-19th century , to provide a Norwegian-based alternative to Danish , which was commonly written , and to some extent spoken , in Norway at the time . The official standard of Nynorsk has since been significantly altered . A minor purist fraction of the Nynorsk populace has stayed firm with the Aasen norm , which is known as Høgnorsk ( High Norwegian , analogous to High German ) .   In local communities , one-fourth of Norwegian municipalities have declared Nynorsk as their official language form , and these municipalities account for about 12 % of the Norwegian populace . Of the remaining municipalities , half are neutral and half have adopted Bokmål as their official language form . Four of Norway 's nineteen counties , Rogaland , Hordaland , Sogn og Fjordane and Møre og Romsdal , have Nynorsk as their official language form . These four together comprise the region of Western Norway .

neg: Culture of Norway The culture of Norway is closely linked to the country 's history and geography . The unique Norwegian farm culture , sustained to this day , has resulted not only from scarce resources and a harsh climate but also from ancient property laws . In the 14th century , it brought about a strong romantic nationalistic movement , which is still visible in the Norwegian language and media . In the 19th century , Norwegian culture blossomed as efforts continued to achieve an independent identity in the areas of literature , art and music . This continues today in the performing arts and as a result of government support for exhibitions , cultural projects and artwork .

neg: Steingrímur J. Sigfússon Steingrímur Jóhann Sigfússon ( born 4 August 1955 ) is an Icelandic politician . He has been a member of the Althing ( Icelandic parliament ) since 1983 and is the founding chairman of the Left-Green Movement ( Vinstri hreyfingin -- grænt framboð ) . He was the Minister for Agriculture and Communications from 1988 -- 1991 . He became Minister of Finance in 2009 . In 2011 he took on the roles of Minister of Fisheries and Agriculture and Minister of Economic Affairs .   Steingrímur was born in Gunnarsstaðir , a large sheep farm between Garður and Þórshöfn in the Þistilfjörður region of northeast Iceland ( Svalbarðshreppur municipality ) . In his younger days he was an avid sportsman , both track and field and also a volleyball player . On 16 January 2006 , Steingrímur was injured in a car accident not far from Blönduós , Iceland but he later recovered .   He supported the end of the US military presence in Iceland , but believed Iceland itself should have taken the initiative in ending this presence . Since September 2006 , when US forces left Naval Air Station Keflavik , he has strongly opposed any possible development of an Icelandic army seeing the country 's need for armed forces as practically non-existent . He believes that civilian institutions such as the police and the coast guard should be organized in order to provide the needed protection in the unlikely event of a major disturbance .   In November 2006 , he published the book Við öll -- Íslenskt velferðarsamfélag á tímamótum ( `` All of Us -- Icelandic Welfare Society at Crossroads '' ) , laying out his political ideology .

neg: Snæfellsnes The Snæfellsnes ( -LSB- ˈstn̥aiːfɛlsˌnɛːs -RSB- ) is a peninsula situated to the west of Borgarfjörður , in western Iceland .   It has been named Iceland in Miniature , because many national sights can be found in the area , including the Snæfellsjökull volcano , regarded as one of the symbols of Iceland . With its height of 1446 m , it is the highest mountain on the peninsula and has a glacier at its peak ( jökull means `` glacier '' in Icelandic ) . The volcano can be seen on clear days from Reykjavík , a distance of about 120 km . The mountain is also known as the setting of the novel Journey to the Center of the Earth by the French author Jules Verne . The area surrounding Snæfellsjökull has been designated one of the four National Parks by the government of Iceland .   The peninsula is one of the main settings in the Laxdœla saga and it was , according to this saga , the birthplace of the first West Norse member of the Varangian Guard , Bolli Bollasson . Other historical people who lived in the area according to the saga include Guðrún Ósvífursdóttir , Bolli Þorleiksson and Snorri the Goði .   Local fishing villages and small towns on the northern shore of Snæfellsnes include Arnarstapi , Hellnar , Rif , Ólafsvík , Grundarfjörður , Stykkishólmur and Búðardalur .   Near Hellissandur is the tallest structure in western Europe , the Longwave Radio Mast at Hellissandur .   In June 2008 , the people of Snaefellsnes reached certification status as an EarthCheck community , becoming the first EarthCheck-certified area in Iceland and in Europe , and only the fourth in the world . Snaefellsnes has been committed to the EarthCheck programme since 2003 and has been successfully benchmarked for the past five consecutive years .

neg: Miðborg Miðborg ( Icelandic : City Centre ; -LSB- ˈmɪːðˌpɔrk -RSB- ) , also known as Miðbær or Austurbær , is a sub-municipal administrational district that covers much of the central part Reykjavík , the capital of Iceland . The district includes six neighbourhoods : Kvos , Grjótaþorp , Skólavörðuholt , Þingholt , Skuggahverfi and Vatnsmýri .

neg: Uí Ímair The Uí ( h ) Ímair -LSB- iː ˈiːvˠaɾʲ -RSB- , or Dynasty of Ivar , were a royal Norse dynasty members of which ruled much of the Irish Sea region , the Kingdom of Dublin , the western coast of Scotland , including the Hebrides and some part of Northern England , from the mid 9th century .   The dynasty lost control of York in the mid 10th century , but reigned over the other domains at variously disputed times , depending on which rulers may be counted among their descendants . This has proved a difficult question for scholars to determine , because reliable pedigrees do not survive . Additionally , for between three and four decades , the Uí Ímair were probably overkings of the Kingdom of Scotland itself , distinct from the Kingdom of Strathclyde , of which they may also have been overkings , and later briefly the Irish province of Munster , dominated from Waterford , and later still , briefly the English kingdom of Mercia . In the west of Ireland , the Uí Ímair also supplied at least two kings of Limerick , from which they may have attempted to conquer Munster again .   On the female side , two members are styled Queens of Ireland in the Irish annals ( they were also Queen of Mide and Queen of Munster , respectively ) , while another was Queen of Leinster ( and Osraige ) . In the Norse sources , another was Queen consort of Norway . Finally , another may have been Queen of Brega . The name Uí Ímair in Old Irish means `` grandchildren '' or descendants of Ivar , but the dynasty includes its progenitor and his sons . The Irish annals describe Ivar as the brother of Amlaíb Conung and of Auisle , and the Annals of Ulster record his obituary under the year 873 , reading : Imhar , rex Nordmannorum totius Hibernie & Brittanie , uitam finiuit -LSB- `` Ivar , king of all the Norse of Ireland and Britain , ended his life '' -RSB- . Probably the senior leader of the Great Heathen Army , Ivar may thus have become the inspiration for the legendary Ivar the Boneless ( fl . 865-860 ) , son of Ragnar Lodbrok . In any event , Uí Ímair dynasts may also have exercised power as overkings of East Anglia during their career in Britain .   Alex Woolf points out it would be a mistake to view the lordship as a `` unitary empire '' ; it was , rather , a collection of lordships ruled by the same kindred , with only varying degrees of unity depending on the political circumstances of the moment and the charisma of individual leaders . Especially in the early period , a great portion of the dynasty 's wealth , probably the majority , came from the international slave trade , both as slavers themselves and from the taxation of it , for which they were infamous in their time . In this role they star as the principal antagonists in the early 12th-century Irish epic political tract The War of the Irish with the Foreigners , although the account is exaggerated .   One of the greatest dynasties of the Viking Age , the Uí Ímair were at their height the most fearsome and wide-reaching power in the British Isles and perhaps beyond . However , unlike the contemporary Rurikids in the East they ultimately failed to make any long-lasting territorial gains of significance and are considered a strategic failure , despite their considerable economic and political influence .

neg: Nord-Trøndelag Nord-Trøndelag -LSB- ˈnuːɽ ˈtrœndəˈlɑːɡ -RSB- ( `` North Trøndelag '' ) is a county constituting the northern part of Trøndelag in Norway . As of January 1 , 2014 , the county had 135,142 inhabitants , making it the country 's fourth-least populated county . The largest municipalities are Stjørdal , Steinkjer -- the county seat , Levanger , Namsos and Verdal , all with between 21,000 and 12,000 inhabitants . The economy is primarily centered on services , although there are significant industries in agriculture , fisheries , hydroelectricity and forestry . It has the lowest gross domestic product per capita of any county in the country .   Nord-Trøndelag covers 22412 km2 , making it the sixth-largest county , and consists of 23 municipalities . The district of Innherred runs along the east side of the Trondheimsfjord , and is the most populated area , with much farming . To the south lies the district of Stjørdalen , while in the north , the larger district of Namdalen stretches from the Norwegian Sea to the mountains bordering Sweden . West of the Trondheimsfjord lays Fosen . Nord-Trøndelag borders Sør-Trøndelag to the south and Nordland to the north . The western part of the county has several large valleys and consists largely of unpopulated wilderness , including four national parks . Snåsavatnet is the largest lake , while major rivers include Namsen , Verdalselva and Stjørdalselva .   Innherred was an important area during the Viking Age and featured the Battle of Stiklestad . The county was created in 1804 and was known as `` Nordre Trondhjems amt '' until 1919 . Since the 1950s , the county has experienced a population growth below national levels . The axis north -- south through the country past Grong and along the west side of Trondheim Fjord is a main transport artery , including the European Route E6 and the Nordland Line .   The regions was divided into two administrative counties in 1804 . In 2016 , the two county councils voted to merge into a single county in 2018 .

neg: Trondheim Fjord Trondheim Fjord ( Trondheimsfjorden , -LSB- ² trɔnːhæi̯msˌfjuːɳ -RSB- ) , an inlet of the Norwegian Sea , is Norway 's third-longest fjord at 130 km long . It is located in the west-central part of the country , and it stretches from Ørland in the west to Steinkjer in the north , passing the city of Trondheim on its way . Its maximum depth is 617 m , just inside of Agdenes .   The largest islands in the fjord are Ytterøy and Tautra ; the small island of Munkholmen is located near the harbor of Trondheim ; and there are several islands at the entrance of the fjord . The narrow Skarnsundet is crossed by the Skarnsund Bridge . The part of the fjord to the north of the strait is referred to as Beitstadfjorden . The main part of Trondheim Fjord is ice-free all year ; only Verrasundet , a long and narrow fjord branch in the northern part of the fjord , might be ice covered in winter . The Beitstadfjorden might also freeze over in winter , but only for a few weeks .   The towns of Stjørdal , Levanger , and Steinkjer are found on the eastern and northeastern shore of the fjord . Aker Verdal in Verdal produces large offshore installations for the petroleum sector . A yard in Rissa completed the luxurious apartment ship MS The World . Fiborgtangen is a peninsula along the eastern shore of the fjord where a large paper mill owned by Norske Skog is located .   Trondheim Fjord has rich marine life , with both southern and northern species ; at least 90 species of fish have been observed , and the fjord has the largest biological production among Norway 's fjords . In recent years , deep water corals ( Lophelia pertusa ) were discovered in the fjord , not far from the city of Trondheim . Several of the best salmon rivers in Norway empty into Trondheim Fjord . Among these are the Gaula ( in Melhus just south of Trondheim ) , the Orklaelva ( in Orkdal ) , Stjørdalselva ( in Stjørdal ) , and the Verdalselva ( in Verdal ) .   The lowland east and south of the fjord represents one of Norway 's best agricultural areas . The more rugged and mountainous Fosen peninsula lies to the west and northwest , giving some shelter from the wind common to coastal areas .   Trondheim Fjord was an important waterway in the Viking Age , as it is still today . In 1888 , an undersea mudslide caused a tsunami that killed one person in Trondheim and ruptured three railway lines .   Four giant squid have been found in the fjord , which is among the highest concentrations in the world .

neg: Capital Region (Iceland) Greater Reykjavík ( Höfuðborgarsvæðið , meaning `` The Capital Region '' ) is a name used collectively for Reykjavík and six municipalities around it . The area is by far the largest urban area in Iceland . Each municipality has its own elected council . Greater Reykjavík 's population of 216 940 is over 60 % of the population of Iceland , in an area that is only just over 1 % of the total size of the country . The size of the greater Reykjavík area is calculated from the area of its constituent municipalities , including large areas of hinterland , not the much smaller urban core of about 200 km2 Municipal governments cooperate extensively in various fields : for example waste policy , shared public transport and a joint fire brigade .


query: There was a magazine publisher named John F. Kennedy Jr..

pos: John F. Kennedy Jr. John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. ( November 25 , 1960 -- July 16 , 1999 ) , often referred to as JFK Jr. or John John , was an American lawyer , journalist , and magazine publisher . He was the only surviving son of former President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy , and younger brother of former U.S. Ambassador to Japan Caroline Kennedy . His father was assassinated three days before his third birthday .   From his early childhood onwards , Kennedy was the subject of great media scrutiny , and he became a popular social figure of Manhattan . Trained as a lawyer , he worked as a New York City Assistant District Attorney for four years . In 1995 , he launched George magazine , using his political and celebrity status to publicize it .   Kennedy died along with his wife Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy and her elder sister Lauren in the crash of a small plane he was piloting . Kennedy had intended to drop off Lauren at Martha 's Vineyard before continuing to the wedding of his cousin Rory Kennedy in Hyannis Port .

neg: Prospect (magazine) Prospect is a monthly British general interest magazine , specialising in politics , economics and current affairs . Topics include British , European , and US politics , social issues , art , literature , cinema , science , the media , history , philosophy , and psychology . It features a mixture of lengthy analytic articles , first-person reportage , one-page columns , and shorter , quirky items .   Notable features of the magazine include head-to-head debates between two writers with opposing views on a subject ; roundtable discussions , in which a series of experts with varying views on a given topic meet for a discussion , an edited transcript of which is published in the magazine ; and interviews with major political and cultural figures ( recent examples include Orhan Pamuk , Paul Wolfowitz , and Hilary Mantel ) .   The magazine prizes independence over ideology and its articles and authors span the political spectrum . In recent years the magazine 's founding editor , David Goodhart , has stirred controversy with a series of articles arguing that the increasing diversity of the United Kingdom may weaken the bonds of solidarity on which the welfare state depends . The debate fed into the broader discussions of `` Britishness '' that have become increasingly common in the public sphere .   Contributors include Lionel Shriver , A. C. Grayling , Gordon Brown , Mohamed ElBaradei , Michael Lind , Michael Ignatieff , Geoff Dyer , Francis Fukuyama , Roger Scruton , Andrew Marr , John Kay , and J. M. Coetzee .   Prospect received worldwide attention in October 2005 when it published its list of the world 's top 100 public intellectuals , which included Noam Chomsky , Umberto Eco , Richard Dawkins , Steven Pinker and Christopher Hitchens . The magazine asked readers to vote for their top intellectual from the longlist ; Chomsky was the eventual winner . Subsequent lists have continued to attract attention . Dawkins claimed the top spot in 2013 .   In August 2009 in a roundtable interview in Prospect , Adair Turner supported the idea of new global taxes on financial transactions , warning that a `` swollen '' financial sector paying excessive salaries has grown too big for society . Lord Turner 's suggestion that a `` Tobin tax '' - named after the economist James Tobin -- should be considered for financial transactions reverberated around the world .   Prospect has also attempted to revitalise the art of the short story in Britain , by publishing the winning story of the Royal Society of Literature 's V.S. Pritchett Memorial Prize since 2009 .

neg: Times Publishing Company Times Publishing Company is a newspaper and magazine publisher . Its flagship publication is the Tampa Bay Times ( formerly the St. Petersburg Times ) , a daily newspaper serving the Tampa Bay area . It also publishes the business magazine Florida Trend and the daily newspaper tbt * .   Times Publishing Company is based in St. Petersburg , Florida , and is owned by the Poynter Institute , a nonprofit journalism school in St. Petersburg . The current chairman and CEO of Times Publishing Company is Paul Tash , who also serves as editor of the Tampa Bay Times .   On January 1 , 2012 , the St. Petersburg Times was renamed the Tampa Bay Times , with tbt * ( which was an acronym for `` Tampa Bay Times '' ) only referred to by that name .

neg: John Kennedy College John Kennedy College is a boys school in Beau-Bassin , Mauritius . It is one of the largest secondary schools in Mauritius . It was founded in 1963 and inaugurated by the then Governor General Sir John Shaw Rennie .  The school is named after American president John F. Kennedy . Its students are known as `` Kennedians '' . The school 's emblem is the American bald eagle .   The main areas of focus of John Kennedy College are the sciences , technology and economics . Initially the school was more technically oriented but has since diversified .

neg: John H. Johnson For the Minor League Baseball exexutive , see John H. Johnson ( baseball ) .   John Harold Johnson ( January 19 , 1918 -- August 8 , 2005 ) was an American businessman and publisher . He was the founder of the Johnson Publishing Company . In 1982 , he became the first African American to appear on the Forbes 400 . Johnson 's Ebony and Jet magazines were among the most influential African-American businesses in media in the second half of the twentieth century .

neg: JFK in Ireland JFK in Ireland : Four Days That Changed a President is the title of the first book written by Irish broadcaster Ryan Tubridy . Released in the UK in 2010 , and by Lyons Press in the US in 2011 , it is a profile of President of the United States John F. Kennedy 's 1963 visit to Ireland .   A spokesperson for Eason & Son was reported to have called it `` one of the most highly anticipated literary events of the year '' . Tubridy was exempted from paying income tax on his work , leading to criticism from politicians and the media . The broadcaster said he would send copies of the book to both the Kennedy family and the White House . The book contains photographs of Kennedy 's visit .   A documentary , JFK : A Homecoming , by Ryan Tubridy was broadcast on RTÉ One prior to the book 's release . Bernice Harrison , reviewing the week 's television in The Irish Times , commented : `` The timing of this history documentary -- not the usual bank-holiday viewing , not an anniversary of the visit , no new revelations -- was peculiar until you noted that RTÉ 's star presenter has a book coming out this week about the JFK visit . Nice publicity if you can get it '' .

neg: Kiss (Irish magazine) Kiss ( stylised as KISS ) was an Irish magazine aimed at a teenage market containing knowledge about adolescent matters such as fashion advice , confessions , features on teenage cultural icons , relationship advice and problem pages with solutions especially designed for teenage readers . It is part of the VIP publishing franchise of Michael O'Doherty . Kiss was launched on 31 October 2002 as the first of O'Doherty 's solo business ventures . He had previously engaged in a number of co-ordinated business ventures in Ireland with his former business partner John Ryan ; Kiss succeeded the co-owned establishments of Magill in 1997 and VIP in 1999 and preceded later titles such as the glossy monthly targeted at women in the age group of eighteen to thirty-four Stellar and the failed New York Dog venture in New York City . Kiss is published at 2-4 Ely Place in Dublin 2 . Kiss '' 's rivals are the United Kingdom 's Bliss and Sugar .   Upon its launch Kiss was lauded in the Irish media for its attempts to contribute to a more liberal and sexualised Ireland , one where the influence of the Roman Catholic Church had declined dramatically in the preceding decade . Only three decades previously , such teenage-oriented magazines were much more reserved in their content and approach and even the titles , i.e. Jackie and Blue Jeans , were not as outspoken as the word `` kiss '' in capitalised letters . Kiss was launched by O'Doherty 's publishing company as a response to the increasing popularity of similar , albeit British-based , publications such as Bliss and Sugar . It launched on 31 October 2002 , at the original ( much-deflated by current standards ) price of $ 2.50 and aimed at female readers between the ages of fourteen and seventeen . The first issue featured heavily its mantra of dealing with teenage problems , including articles on school bullying and the difficulties of blushing , written in a `` chatty and informative '' manner so as not to `` patronise '' the target audience . However O'Doherty is adamant that his magazine will not encourage young children to `` sleep with their boyfriends by providing How-To-Pleasure-Your-Fella features '' . To supplement its tone Kiss employs experts on what teenagers consider fashionable , with its so-called `` agony aunt '' being Sarah Scully , a child psychologist in Saint James 's Hospital , Dublin . Upon its launch the magazine was edited by Susan Vasquez , now editor of O'Doherty 's Stellar '' . The magazine is currently edited by Nathalie Màrquez Courtney .   Kiss published its last issue in September 2014 .

neg: National Review National Review ( NR ) is an American semi-monthly magazine focusing on news and commentary pieces on political , social , and cultural affairs . The magazine was founded by the author William F. Buckley Jr. in 1955 . It is currently edited by Rich Lowry .   Since its founding , the magazine has played a significant role in the development of conservatism in the United States , helping to define its boundaries and promoting fusionism while establishing itself as a leading voice on the American right .   The online version , National Review Online , is edited by Charles C. W. Cooke and includes free content and articles separate from the print edition .

neg: John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald `` Jack '' Kennedy ( May 29 , 1917 -- November 22 , 1963 ) , commonly referred to by his initials JFK , was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963 . Kennedy served at the height of the Cold War , and much of his presidency focused on managing relations with the Soviet Union . He was a member of the Democratic Party who represented Massachusetts in the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate prior to becoming president .   Kennedy was born in Brookline , Massachusetts to Joseph P. Kennedy , Sr. and Rose Kennedy . A scion of the Kennedy family , he graduated from Harvard University in 1940 before joining the United States Naval Reserve the following year . During World War II , Kennedy commanded a series of PT boats in the Pacific theater and earned the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for his service . After the war , Kennedy represented Massachusetts 's 11th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1947 until 1953 . He was subsequently elected to the U.S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960 . While serving in the Senate , he published Profiles in Courage , which won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography . In the 1960 presidential election , Kennedy narrowly defeated Republican opponent Richard Nixon , who was the incumbent Vice President .   Kennedy 's time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states in the Cold War . He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower . In April 1961 , he authorized a failed joint-CIA attempt to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro in the Bay of Pigs Invasion . He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain public approval for a war against Cuba . In October 1962 , U.S. spy planes discovered that Soviet missile bases had been deployed in Cuba ; the resulting period of tensions , termed the Cuban Missile Crisis , nearly resulted in the breakout of a global thermonuclear conflict . Domestically , Kennedy presided over the establishment of the Peace Corps and supported the Civil Rights Movement , but he was largely unsuccessful in passing his New Frontier domestic policies . Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians ' polls of U.S. presidents and with the general public . His average approval rating of 70 % is the highest of any president in Gallup 's history of systematically measuring job approval .   On November 22 , 1963 , Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas , Texas . Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested for the crime , but he was never prosecuted due to his murder by Jack Ruby two days later . Pursuant to the Presidential Succession Act , Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as president later that day . The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin , but various groups believed that Kennedy was the victim of a conspiracy . After Kennedy 's death , many of his proposals were enacted , including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Revenue Act of 1964 .

neg: The Spectator The Spectator is a weekly British conservative magazine on politics , culture , and current affairs . It was first published on 6 July 1828 . It is currently owned by David and Frederick Barclay who also own The Daily Telegraph newspaper , via Press Holdings . Its principal subject areas are politics and culture . Its editorial outlook is generally supportive of the Conservative Party , although regular contributors include some outside that fold , such as Frank Field , Rod Liddle and Martin Bright . The magazine also contains arts pages on books , music , opera , and film and TV reviews . In late 2008 , Spectator Australia was launched . This offers 12 pages of `` Unique Australian Content '' ( including a separate editorial page ) in addition to the full UK contents .   Editorship of The Spectator has often been a step on the ladder to high office in the Conservative Party in the UK -- past editors include Boris Johnson ( 1999-2005 ) , the incumbent Foreign Secretary , and former cabinet members Iain Macleod , Ian Gilmour , and Nigel Lawson .

neg: John D. Stewart (journalist) John D. Stewart ( October 16 , 1915 -- July 1 , 1998 ) was one of the founders of BNA ( Bureau of National Affairs , Inc. ) , a consummate journalist , an expert in labor relations , and a champion of employee ownership .   Stewart was among the five top editors to whom noted publisher David Lawrence ( publisher ) sold his U.S. News Publishing Company 's offshoot , Bureau of National Affairs , in 1946 . The five editors opened up ownership to all BNA employees , incorporating BNA as a wholly employee-owned company in 1947 . Today , the 1700-employee international corporation remains an independent , privately owned publisher of specialized news and information for professionals in business and government .   Stewart was elected to BNA 's first board of directors in 1947 and served on that board every year until he stepped down in 1994 ( the last 26 years as chairman ) . He was BNA president from 1964 to 1980 , growing the company to a successful publishing venture prepared to enter the electronic information age . After his retirement , he also served as trustee of the stock plan . In 1997 , Stewart wrote `` Making Employee Ownership Work '' about the founders ' crafting of BNA 's unique form of 100 percent employee ownership .   Stewart was born in Indiana , Pa. , and attended Princeton and Harvard universities before joining BNA in 1939 . He died in 1998 . He was a first cousin to film legend James Stewart .   Category :1915 births  Category :1998 deaths  Category : American male journalists  Category : Princeton University alumni  Category : Harvard University alumni  Category :20 th-century American writers

neg: The Selling of the President 1968 The Selling of the President 1968 is a non-fiction book written by American author Joe McGinniss and published by Trident Press in October , 1969 .   The book describes the marketing of Richard Nixon during the 1968 presidential campaign . It has been described as `` a classic of political journalism '' and a `` classic of campaign reporting that first introduced many readers to the stage-managed world of political theater . '' It was reprinted in 1988 under the title The Selling of the President .   McGinniss became an overnight success when the book , his first , landed on The New York Times bestseller list . He was 26 years old , making him the youngest living writer with that achievement . The book was on the New York Times non-fiction bestseller list for 31 weeks from October 1969 to May 1970 .   The idea for the book came to McGinniss almost serendipitously :   -LSB- He -RSB- stumbled across his book 's topic while taking a train to New York . A fellow commuter had just landed the Hubert Humphrey account and was boasting that ` in six weeks we 'll have him looking better than Abraham Lincoln . ' McGinniss tried to get access to Humphrey 's campaign first , but they turned him down . So he called up Nixon 's , and they said yes . '' .   The book was very well received by both critics and the public . It `` spent more than six months on best-sellers lists , and McGinniss sold a lot of those books through television , appearing on the titular shows of Merv Griffin , David Frost and Dick Cavett , among others . '' Conservative writer William F. Buckley `` assumed McGinniss had relied on ` an elaborate deception which has brought joy and hope to the Nixon-haters . ' But even Buckley liked the book . ''   In 1972 , the book was adapted into a short-lived Broadway musical .

neg: Joseph Pulitzer Joseph Pulitzer ( -LSB- ˈpʊlɪtsər -RSB- -LSB- ˈpulit͡sɛr -RSB- ; born József Pulitzer ; April 10 , 1847 -- October 29 , 1911 ) was a Hungarian-American newspaper publisher of the St. Louis Post Dispatch and the New York World . Pulitzer introduced the techniques of yellow journalism to the newspapers he acquired in the 1880s . He became a leading national figure in the Democratic Party and was elected congressman from New York . He crusaded against big business and corruption , and helped keep the Statue of Liberty in New York .   In the 1890s the fierce competition between his World and William Randolph Hearst 's New York Journal caused both to use yellow journalism for wider appeal ; it opened the way to mass-circulation newspapers that depended on advertising revenue and appealed to readers with multiple forms of news , entertainment and advertising .   Today , he is best known for the Pulitzer Prizes , which were established in 1917 by money he bequeathed to Columbia University to recognize artistic and journalistic achievements in the United States . The prizes are given annually to award achievements in American journalism and photography , as well as literature and history , poetry , music and drama . Pulitzer founded the Columbia School of Journalism by his philanthropic bequest ; it opened in 1912 .

neg: Steve Forbes Malcolm Stevenson `` Steve '' Forbes , Jr. ( -LSB- fɔrbz -RSB- born July 18 , 1947 ) is an American publishing executive , who was twice a candidate for the nomination of the Republican Party for President . Forbes is the Editor-in-Chief of Forbes , a business magazine . Forbes was a Republican candidate in the 1996 and 2000 Presidential primaries . Forbes is the son of longtime Forbes publisher Malcolm Forbes , and the grandson of that publication 's founder , B.C. Forbes .

neg: Sojourners Sojourners magazine is a progressive monthly publication of the Christian social justice organization Sojourners , which arose out of the Sojourners Community . It was first published in 1971 under the original title of The Post-American . The magazine publishes editorials and articles on Christianity and politics , the church and social issues , social justice , and Christian living . Articles frequently feature coverage of fair trade , interfaith dialogue , peacemaking , and work to alleviate poverty . The offices of the magazine are in Washington , D.C.   The founding editor-in-chief is Jim Wallis , author of God 's Politics ; the editor is Jim Rice .   Sojourners has consistently won awards from both the Associated Church Press and the Evangelical Press Association . In 2008 and 2009 , `` Sojourners '' won the first place `` best in class '' award from both religious press associations .

neg: James C. Kennedy James Cox Kennedy ( born 1948 ) is an American media executive and the current chair of Cox Enterprises , the media conglomerate founded by his grandfather , James M. Cox . According to the Forbes 400 list in 2008 , he is the 49th richest person in the United States , through his $ 6.5 billion stake in the company . He was featured in a Forbes article entitled `` This Billionaire Knows The Secret To Saving A Family Business '' .

neg: John A. Hill John Alexander Hill ( February 22 , 1858 -- January 24 , 1916 ) was a co-founder of the McGraw-Hill Book Company , the predecessor corporation of today 's McGraw Hill Financial and McGraw-Hill Education . He was born in Sandgate , Vermont on Feb. 22 , 1858 .   In the 1880s , prior to entering the publishing business , he 'd owned and operated machine shops and been a railroad engineer . Beginning in 1888 , Hill worked as an editor at Locomotive Engineer . Over the next few years he would produce several technical and trade publications . In 1896 he became president of the American Machinist Press .   He formed his own company , The Hill Publishing Company , in 1902 . From 1900 to 1902 he served as mechanical engineer for the General Manifold Company , custom-designing machinery . As head of Hill Publishing he printed five weekly magazines : American Machinist , Power , Engineering News , The Engineering and Mining Journal , and Coal Age .   Hill had known James H. McGraw , who had established The McGraw Publishing Company in 1899 , for some time and the two men shared similar interests . In 1909 they agreed upon an alliance and combined the book departments of their publishing companies into The McGraw-Hill Book Company . Hill served as president of this combined company from 1909 to 1916 , the year he died unexpectedly of a heart condition .   The following year the remaining parts of Hill 's company merged with McGraw 's to form The McGraw-Hill Publishing Company , which became The McGraw-Hill Companies .

neg: Michael Kennedy (climber) Michael Kennedy is an American rock climber , alpinist , photographer , writer and editor .   From 1974 to 1998 he was the editor of Climbing magazine , an American climbing magazine . In March 2009 , he took the position of Editor-in-Chief of Alpinist magazine .

neg: Magazine A magazine is a publication , usually a periodical publication , which is printed or electronically published ( sometimes referred to as an online magazine ) . Magazines are generally published on a regular schedule and contain a variety of content . They are generally financed by advertising , by a purchase price , by prepaid subscriptions , or a combination of the three . At its root , the word `` magazine '' refers to a collection or storage location . In the case of written publication , it is a collection of written articles . This explains why magazine publications share the word root with gunpowder magazines , artillery magazines , firearms magazines , and , in French , retail stores such as department stores .

neg: A Thousand Days A Thousand Days : John F. Kennedy in the White House is a nonfiction book by special assistant to the president , American historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. about the United States Presidency of John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 1963 ) . In that capacity , he was able to bear witness to the people and events which shaped the administration of President Kennedy . The book features the policies , politics , and personalities during Kennedy 's time in office . His cabinet is a focused aspect , as well .   It was first published by Houghton Mifflin in 1965 and won both the National Book Award in History and Biography and the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography in 1966 .

neg: JFK and the Unspeakable JFK and the Unspeakable : Why He Died and Why It Matters is a book by theologian and Catholic Worker James W. Douglass ( Orbis Books , 2008 ; Touchstone Books , an imprint of Simon & Schuster , 2010 ) that analyzes the presidency of John F. Kennedy as well as the events surrounding the assassination of John F. Kennedy . The book is drawn from many sources , including the Warren Report . The book 's central thesis is that Kennedy was a cold warrior who turned to peace-making , and that as a result he was killed by his own security apparatus .   Published by the Maryknoll Fathers and Brothers , it received an award from the Catholic Press Association and coverage in the religious press ; sales shot up after Oliver Stone recommended the book , with it featuring in Amazon.com 's Top 100 for a week . The 2013 edition of the book was endorsed by Kennedy 's nephew Robert F. Kennedy , Jr. , who said it had moved him to visit Dealey Plaza for the first time .


query: KFC expanded internationally.

pos: KFC Kentucky Fried Chicken , more commonly known by its initials KFC , is an American fast food restaurant chain that specializes in fried chicken . Headquartered in Louisville , Kentucky , it is the world 's second-largest restaurant chain ( as measured by sales ) after McDonald 's , with almost 20,000 locations globally in 123 countries and territories . The chain is a subsidiary of Yum ! Brands , a restaurant company that also owns the Pizza Hut and Taco Bell chains .   KFC was founded by Colonel Harland Sanders , an entrepreneur who began selling fried chicken from his roadside restaurant in Corbin , Kentucky during the Great Depression . Sanders identified the potential of the restaurant franchising concept , and the first `` Kentucky Fried Chicken '' franchise opened in Utah in 1952 . KFC popularized chicken in the fast food industry , diversifying the market by challenging the established dominance of the hamburger . By branding himself as `` Colonel Sanders '' , Harland became a prominent figure of American cultural history , and his image remains widely used in KFC advertising . However , the company 's rapid expansion overwhelmed the aging Sanders and he sold it to a group of investors led by John Y. Brown Jr. and Jack C. Massey in 1964 .   KFC was one of the first American fast food chains to expand internationally , opening outlets in Canada , the United Kingdom , Mexico , and Jamaica by the mid-1960s . Throughout the 1970s and 1980s , it experienced mixed fortunes domestically , as it went through a series of changes in corporate ownership with little or no experience in the restaurant business . In the early-1970s , KFC was sold to the spirits distributor Heublein , which was taken over by the R.J. Reynolds food and tobacco conglomerate ; that company sold the chain to PepsiCo . The chain continued to expand overseas , however , and in 1987 , it became the first Western restaurant chain to open in China . It has since expanded rapidly in China , which is now the company 's single largest market . PepsiCo spun off its restaurants division as Tricon Global Restaurants , which later changed its name to Yum ! Brands .   KFC 's original product is pressure fried chicken pieces , seasoned with Sanders ' recipe of 11 herbs and spices . The constituents of the recipe represent a notable trade secret . Larger portions of fried chicken are served in a cardboard `` bucket '' , which has become a well known feature of the chain since it was first introduced by franchisee Pete Harman in 1957 . Since the early 1990s , KFC has expanded its menu to offer other chicken products such as chicken fillet burgers and wraps , as well as salads and side dishes , such as French fries and coleslaw , desserts , and soft drinks , the latter often supplied by PepsiCo . KFC is known for its slogans `` Finger Lickin ' Good '' , `` Nobody does chicken like KFC '' and `` So good '' .

neg: Kemin Industries Kemin Industries is a privately held , family-owned and operated global nutritional ingredient company headquartered in Des Moines , Iowa , USA . Dr. Chris Nelson is the President and CEO . Kemin uses applied science to provide products and services that help improve the quality , safety and efficacy of food , feed and health-related products .   As a global company , Kemin strives to improve the quality of life by touching half of the people of the world each day with its products and services . Kemin maintains top-of-the-line manufacturing facilities where over 500 specialty ingredients are made for humans and animals in the global feed and food industries , as well as the health , nutrition and beauty markets . The company provides product solutions and options to customers in more than 120 countries . Kemin has more than 2,000 global employees and operates in 90 countries including manufacturing facilities in Belgium , Brazil , China , India , Italy , Russia , Singapore , South Africa and the United States .

neg: World championship A world championship is generally an international sports competition open to elite competitors from across the world , representing their nations , and winning such an event will be considered the highest or near highest achievement in the sport or contest .   The title is usually awarded through a combination of specific contests or , less commonly , ranking systems ( e.g. the ICC Test Championship ) , or a combination of the two ( e.g. World Triathlon Championships in Triathlon ) . This determines a ` world champion ' , who or which is commonly considered the best nation , team , individual ( or other entity ) in the world in a particular field , although the vagaries of sport ensure that the competitor recognised at the best in an event is not always the ` world champion ' ( see Underdog ) .   Certain sports do not have a world championship . Instead , they may organise a world cup competition , or they may organize both , for example cycling ( UCI World Championships and UCI World Cups ) ) . Often , the use of the term cup or championship in this sense is just a choice of words . Some sports have multiple champions because of multiple organizations , such as boxing , mixed martial arts and wrestling .   Certain sports do not have a world championship or a world cup as such , but may have one or several world champions . Professional boxing , for example , has several world champions at different weights , but each one of them is decided by a `` title fight '' , not a tournament .   A certain number of sports hold world championships or world cups which are overshadowed , in terms of prestige , by the same events in the Olympic Games , the most prestigious multi-sports event .   Still other sports may or may not have a true world championship but may designate the winners of a domestic competition to be `` world champions . '' This is especially true of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada ; world cups and championships exist in all of the major sports , but the domestic U.S. and Canadian leagues are generally recognized as the world professional championships or the equivalent of a world club championship . ( In American football , although an IFAF World Championship exists , the United States is so far above and beyond the other nations it faces that the winner of the U.S.-based Super Bowl , a competition limited to the 32 teams in the National Football League , is commonly recognized as the world champion . )   Finally , certain professional sports do not have a world championship or world cup , but rather hold a series of events recognised as the elite level in their field ( e.g. tennis has a series of four Grand Slam events recognised as the pinnacle of the game , in addition to key team events , world tour finals and the Olympic Games , but no world championship or world cup ) .

neg: Prachai Leophai-ratana Prachai Leophairatana is a former Senator and a Thai businessman who founded Thai Petrochemical Industry ( TPI ) .   Prachai founded Thai Petrochemical Industry in 1978 , based on companies his grandfather founded during World War II . Thai Petrochemical Industry ( TPI ) group begun in rice milling , and had extended to gunnysacks , textiles , and insurance in the second generation . In 1979 , the group consisted of nineteen firms still based mainly in agriculture-related sectors . The patriarch of this second generation , Pornchai Leophairatana , sent his sons to the USA to study accounting , economics , and engineering . Returning to Thailand in the era when the economy was shifting decisively towards industry using newly found supplies of natural gas , Prachai Leophairatana and his five siblings launched the firm into cement and petrochemicals .   In the 1990s , Prachai expanded TPI with massive offshore loans to take advantage of the then vast interest rate gap between the Thai baht and US dollar . Unfortunately , most of the loans were not hedged because , as Prachai put it , `` the Thai government had pledged the baht peg would be defended '' . The peg was around 25 baht to the US dollar . By the mid-1990s , the number of firms had expanded to forty-four , total revenues had multiplied twenty-five times . TPl had risen rapidly to second rank in the cement market , behind the venerable Siam Cement . It had also become a major player in the booming petrochemicals industry . By 1994 , it had become Southeast Asia 's first fully integrated petrochemical company . TPI invested in a wharf and handling facilities on Thailand 's eastern seaboard , built a 100-megawatt power plant , and even owned a cement company and opened its own gas stations .   TPI has capability if unconstrained by lenders and their appointed planners to produce an overall gross margin that ranks in the top third to one half versus the major petrochemical complexes in the world , including , e.g. , ExxonMobil Singapore , ExxonMobil Baytown , BP Grangemouth , Dow Terneuzen , Shell Mordijk , Samsung , Hanwha and Hyundai Korea , Dow Petronas Optimal Kertih , The Petrochemical Corporation of Singapore PCS ) and downstream complex , Shell CNOOC Nanhai ( Huizhou , Guangzhou ) and so on . The facility is integrated from crude oil / condensate to plastic resin , has multiple power and cogeneration units and uses adequate if not leading edge technologies for refinery , lube base oil , olefins , polyolefins , ABS , styrene , and polystyrene ; it is one of the largest single site polypropylene producers in Asia and the world .   The baht , however , proved vulnerable . Under significant speculative attacks , its defences crumbled . The Thai currency was floated on July 2 1997 . By January 1998 , the baht exchange rate had shot up to 56 to the US dollar . With TPI 's total loans reaching US$ 3.8 billion , its creditors - led by Bangkok Bank - decided to get tough . In early 2000 , Thailand 's bankruptcy court approved the creditors ' debt restructuring plan and appointed Australia-based Effective Planners as the plan administrator . The plan called for a debt-to-equity swap of US$ 756 million and the sale of non-core assets to raise US$ 200 million.Many thought that would spell the end of Prachai , who had effectively turned one of the region 's largest petrochemical complexes into Thailand 's biggest corporate debtor . But it did n't . Prachai refused to budge . He stayed on as TPI 's chief executive and , for a while , even reported for work every morning . He also besieged the court by filing more than 35 different legal challenges against the plan and Effective Planners . The latter had to spend millions of dollars to fend off litigation . Although most of the lawsuits were dismissed , Prachai has always maintained he was not fighting for himself but for TPI and its workers . Many observers , though , feel the workout plan , which slashed the Leophairatana family 's stake in the company to 15 % from 60 % , left the 58-year-old entrepreneur feeling embittered .   Prachai 's persistence , however , seems to have paid off . On April 21 2003 , he scored an important victory in the bankruptcy court . On that fateful day , to the shock of the Thai and foreign legal communities , the court ordered the removal of Effective Planners as TPI 's plan administrator and appointed Prachai as a temporary replacement instead . In response , the creditors suspended US$ 80 million in working capital facilities vital to TPI . Just a few days prior to the April 21 judgment , the creditors had declared support for Effective Planners , even though , as Prachai pointed out later , it had failed to meet most of the targets outlined in the debt rehabilitation plan .   Effective Planners was expected to incur expenses not exceeding 640 million baht in the 2001-02 fiscal year ( April 1 2001 to March 31 2002 ) , but as Prachai told the court , the sum was closer to 1.57 billion baht . Also , under the plan the company 's oil refining capacity was targeted to hit 125,000 barrels per day by the end of the fiscal year . But by the start of April 2002 , the TPI refinery was only churning out 82,000 barrels per day . The court rejected Effective Planners ' defence that the operating environment for TPI had worsened considerably following the September 11 2001 terrorist attacks in the US . Instead , in a highly unusual move , it recommended that the debtor side be adequately represented on a new steering committee .   The Thai government stepped in by saying it would help mediate in the matter and proposed the appointment of a chairperson acceptable to both sides to lead the new steering committee consisting of seven representatives each from the creditors and the debtor side . `` The Thai bankruptcy law is very clear . On the control of reorganization , creditors have final say ... . The debtor has to be cooperative , and really has a minimal role to play , '' says Kowit Somwaiya , partner at Herbert Smith in Thailand . But Kowit says it was within the discretion of the court to recommend a joint panel consisting of representatives of both sides . `` Someone is needed who can bring both sides half way , someone Khun Prachai can trust . ''   Creditors had conceded to allow one Prachai representative and one government representative to sit on the new steering panel , which would otherwise consist only of the members of Thai Administrators Ltd ( TAL )  The June 13 judgment appointing the Finance Ministry as TPI 's debt administrator is seen as limiting creditors ' future course of action . TAL was seen as the best hope for creditors as it consists of formidable members of Thailand 's business and legal community .   Proposed by creditors as the debt plan administrator , TAL was rejected outright by Prachai . And in its June 13 ruling , the court said TAL 's plan appeared to be inadequate for creating the cash flow needed to service TPI 's huge debt . The company is obliged to make interest payments of around US$ 8.5 million every month .   The court , it seems , has transferred the burden of responsibility onto the shoulders of the state . `` We had proposed to mediate in setting up a joint panel which would appoint financial advisors to conduct due diligence so that a -LSB- new -RSB- debt restructuring plan could be proposed , '' said Kitti Limsakul , an advisor to Thailand 's finance minister , before the June 13 ruling . `` But we respect the right of the creditors . '' Kitti said the government would not act unless directed by the court .   In what would be a clear sign of things to come , the court had already signalled its approval of a government role in the crisis . Judge Kamol Teeravetponkul of the Central Bankruptcy Court on May 21 2003 said that the businesses run by TPI were too big to be nursed back to health by the private sector . `` The appointment of a tripartite debt administration team as suggested by the government is good solution , '' Reuters News Agency quoted Kamol as saying . Two weeks earlier , Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra himself proposed that a third party be appointed to mediate in the matter . It was Kamol who delivered the June 13 ruling .   By and large financial experts have given a thumbs down to what they see as intervention by the state . `` It seems the prime minister is getting involved in a micro level . This is a step backward , '' said a Hong Kong-based credit analyst at a European Bank . The analyst , like his many of colleagues in the industry based outside Bangkok , see the resolution of the TPI case as a litmus test for the restructuring of billions of dollars worth of Thai corporate debt and crucial to Thailand 's ability to attract and retain foreign investment .   Observers , based in the Thai capital , however , are more tempered . `` The TPI case is very unique , '' Kowit explains . `` First the amount involved , US$ 3.8 billion , is huge . Second , the company 's labour union -LSB- who have mostly supported Prachai -RSB- is very strong . And lastly , the creditor side involves some of the largest domestic and foreign institutions . '' Kowit also says many in Thailand were surprised that the rehabilitation plan did not permit any haircuts and that the creditors could take 75 % equity in the company through conversion of accrued interest of US$ 756 million in only three years.Prachai has repeatedly accused the lenders of not paying enough attention to the long-term viability of the company and focusing primarily on maximizing short-term returns .   Speaking after the June 13 judgment , Kitti Limsakul , the advisor to Thailand 's finance minister , told Dow Jones Newswires that an earlier proposal to set up for a 15-member tripartite debt administration team consisting of seven members each from the creditor and debtor side , headed by a mediator from the government had been modified . Now , the Finance Ministry is willing to permit unequal representation of the two sides , depending on who is suitable . With the 2005 ruling , Prachai was forced to sell his and his family 's stock at 70 % below the market price at 3.30 baht per share to the recently privatized petroleum corporation PTT . Subsequently Prachai and his siblings were ejected from the board , and was replaced by the board assigned by PTT public company limited of whom were close allies of Thaksin Shinawatra .   Prachai Leophairatana and his family were able to retain a small portion of their wealth , and now are the board members of the TPI Polene Public company limited , which recently was just released from rehabilitation plan on Tuesday , 11 April 2006 .

neg: Kenco Kenco is a brand of instant coffee , and roast and ground coffee , distributed by Jacobs Douwe Egberts in the United Kingdom and Ireland . Originally known as the Kenya Coffee Company , they started distributing coffee to Britain in 1923 . Shortly after , they opened a coffee shop in Sloane Square and then changed their name to Kenco in 1962 .   In 2008 the brand was relaunched with 75 % of the beans for its instant range being sourced from Rainforest Alliance certified farms . The company sources their coffee beans from Brazil , Costa Rica , Colombia , Peru , Ethiopia , Vietnam and Indonesia .

neg: McCain Foods McCain Foods Limited is a Canadian multi-national privately owned company that was established in 1957 in Florenceville , New Brunswick , Canada . It is one of the world 's largest manufacturer of frozen French fries and other potato specialties . It is also held as one of Canada 's best managed companies with a platinum status recognizing their business performance and efforts throughout their organization .

neg: Burger King sliders Burger King sliders , comprising several varieties of mini-sandwiches , are a series of sandwiches that have been sold by international fast-food restaurant chain Burger King since the 1980s . Burger Bundles was the first iteration , a set of three small hamburgers or cheeseburgers . These sandwiches were eventually replaced with a reformulated product called Burger Buddies that was sold in pairs . After a change in management in 2004 , Burger Buddies were re-released as BK Burger Shots . The company has also sold several chicken and breakfast sandwich versions of these products .   During the periods these products were sold , they were often the center of product advertising for the company . Additionally , as a major products in the company 's portfolio , Burger King had registered many global trademarks to protect its investment in the products , most of which have since lapsed .

neg: SuperValu (United States) SuperValu , Inc. is an American retailing company . The corporation , headquartered in the Minneapolis suburb of Eden Prairie , Minnesota , has been in business for nearly a century . It is the fifth-largest food retailing company in the United States ( after Kroger and Albertsons ) , and ranks in the top 100 on the 2015 Fortune 500 list . Supermarket News ranked SuperValu # 1 in the 2008 `` Top Wholesalers for 2008 '' .   On June 2 , 2006 , Boise , Idaho-based Albertsons , Inc. and 1,124 of its stores were sold to SuperValu . The sale was approved by the shareholders of both SuperValu and Albertsons on May 30 , 2006 . In January 2013 , the company announced it was selling the Acme Markets , Shaw 's , and Jewel-Osco chains and their remaining Albertsons stores to Cerberus Capital Management for $ 100 million in cash with Cerberus assuming $ 3.2 billion in existing debt . SuperValu would keep its Cub , Farm Fresh , Shoppers Food & Pharmacy , Shop ` n Save and Hornbacher 's brands as well as its wholesale supply operation while the Acme , Shaw 's , Star Market , and Jewel-Osco stores were reunited with Albertsons . The deal closed March 21 , 2013 .

neg: KP Snacks KP Snacks is a British producer of branded and own-label maize - , potato - , and nut-based snacks , `` Choc Dips '' and nuts . The KP originally stood for Kenyon Produce . The company is based in Slough , Berkshire , England .   The company was founded in 1853 as Kenyon & Son as a producer of confectionery , jam and pickles . By 1891 the company had become Kenyon & Son and Craven Limited . The company switched to producing roasted and salted hazelnuts in 1948 , expanding to peanuts later . These were originally produced for sale in cinemas . In 1952 the company introduced Hercules Nuts and in 1953 the No. 1 KP Nuts peanut brand .   The company became part of United Biscuits ( UB ) in 1968 . The KP Snacks subsidiary produces a range of packet snack brands including Hula Hoops , Skips , McCoy 's , Frisps , Brannigan 's , Royster 's , Space Raiders , Discos , and Phileas Fogg . The snacks part is based on Teesside and in Rotherham , near the UB distribution warehouse .   The Ashby-de-la-Zouch site won a `` Best Factory Award '' in 2004 .   UB sold the company to the German company Intersnack in December 2012 for # 500 million .

neg: Korean Wave The Korean Wave ( , , a neologism literally meaning `` flow of Korea '' ) is the increase in global popularity of South Korean culture since the 1990s . First driven by the spread of K-dramas and K-pop across East , South and Southeast Asia during its initial stages , the Korean Wave evolved from a regional development into a global phenomenon , carried by the Internet and social media and the proliferation of K-pop music videos on YouTube .   Since the turn of the 21st century , South Korea has emerged as a major exporter of popular culture and tourism , aspects which have become a significant part of its burgeoning economy . The growing popularity of Korean pop culture in many parts of the world has prompted the South Korean government to support its creative industries through subsidies and funding for start-ups , as a form of soft power and in its aim of becoming one of the world 's leading exporters of culture along with Japanese and British culture , a niche that the United States has dominated for nearly a century . During this time the Korean society began to be recognized as a developed country similar to that of the Western world .   Part of the success of the Korean Wave owes in part to the development of social networking services and online video sharing platforms such as YouTube , which have allowed the Korean entertainment industry to reach a sizable overseas audience . Use of these media in facilitating promotion , distribution and consumption of various forms of Korean entertainment ( and K-pop in particular ) has contributed to their surge in worldwide popularity since the mid-2000s .

neg: Brigade de cuisine Brigade de cuisine ( -LSB- bʁiɡad də kɥizin -RSB- , kitchen brigade ) is a system of hierarchy found in restaurants and hotels employing extensive staff , commonly referred to as `` kitchen staff '' in English-speaking countries .   The concept was developed by Georges Auguste Escoffier . This structured team system delegates responsibilities to different individuals who specialize in certain tasks in the kitchen .

neg: Hardee's Hardee 's Food Systems , Inc. , is an American-based fast-food restaurant chain operated by CKE Restaurants Holdings , Inc. ( `` CKE '' ) with locations primarily in the Southern and Midwestern United States . The company has evolved through several corporate ownerships since its establishment in 1960 in North Carolina .   In April 1997 , CKE Restaurants Holdings , Inc. , the parent company of Carl 's Jr. , paid $ 327 million to Montreal-based Imasco Limited for Hardee 's . The merger created a chain of 3,828 restaurants - 3,152 Hardee 's outlets in 40 states and 10 foreign countries and 676 Carl 's Jr. outlets , primarily in California .

neg: Powdered eggs Powdered eggs are fully dehydrated eggs . They are made using spray drying in the same way that powdered milk is made . The major advantages of powdered eggs over fresh eggs are the price , reduced weight per volume of whole egg equivalent , and the shelf life . Other advantages include smaller usage of storage space , and lack of need for refrigeration . Powdered eggs can be used without rehydration when baking , and can be rehydrated to make dishes such as scrambled eggs and omelettes .   Powdered eggs appear in literature as a staple of camp cooking at least as early as 1912 .   Powdered eggs were used in the United Kingdom during World War II for rationing . Powdered eggs are also known as dried eggs , and colloquially during the period of rationing in the UK , as Ersatz eggs .   The modern method of manufacturing powdered eggs was developed in the 1930s by Albert Grant and Co. of the Mile End Road , London . This cake manufacturer was importing liquid egg from China and one of his staff realised that this was 75 % water . An experimental freeze-drying plant was built and tried . Then a factory was set up in Singapore to process Chinese egg . As war approached , Grant transferred his dried egg facility to Argentina . The British Government lifted the patent during the war and many other suppliers came into the market notably in the United States . Early importers to the United States included Vic Henningsen Sr. and others in the United Kingdom .   Powdered eggs have a storage life of 5 to 10 years when stored without oxygen in a cool storage environment .   The process of drying eggs so as to make powdered eggs oxidizes the cholesterol , which has been shown to be dangerous in animal trials .

neg: Superstate A superstate is defined as `` a large and powerful State formed when several smaller countries unite '' , `` A large and powerful state formed from a federation or union of nations '' .  This is distinct from the concept of superpower , although these are frequently seen together . It is also distinct from the concept of empire , where one nation dominates other nations through military , political , and economic power , although an empire may also be a superstate .   In the early 20th century , `` superstate '' had a similar definition as today 's supranational organisations . In a 1927 article by Edward A. Harriman on the League of Nations , a superstate was defined as merely `` an organisation , of which a state is a member , which is superior to the member themselves '' , in that '' -LSB- a -RSB- complete superstate has legislative , executive and judicial organs to make , to execute and to interpret its laws '' . According to this definition , Harriman saw the League of Nations as a `` rudimentary superstate '' , and the United States as `` an example of a complete and perfect superstate '' .   In World Order of Bahá ` u 'll áh , first published in 1938 , Shoghi Effendi , the Guardian of the Bahá ' í Faith , described the anticipated world government of that religion as the `` world 's future super-state '' with the Bahá ' í Faith as the `` State Religion of an independent and Sovereign Power . ''   In the 1970s , academic literature used the term `` superstate '' to indicate a particularly rich and powerful state , in a similar fashion to the term superpower .   In contemporary political debate , especially the one centred on the European Union , the term `` superstate '' is used to indicate a ( usually deemed unwelcome ) development in which the Union takes over the character of a State ( including the monopoly on violence ) thus abolishing the sovereignty and independence of its member states .  For instance , Glyn Morgan opposes the perspective of a `` European superstate '' to the ones of `` a Europe of nation-states '' and of `` a post-sovereign European polity '' . In her definition , a `` European superstate is nothing more than a sovereign state - a tried and tested type of polity that predominates in the modern world - operating on a European wide scale '' , i.e. , `` a unitary European state ''   The term was famously used by Margaret Thatcher in her 1988 Bruges speech , when she decried the perspective of `` a European super-state exercising a new dominance from Brussels '' , and has since entered the eurosceptic lexicon .  Tony Blair argued in 2000 that he welcomed an EU as a `` superpower , not a superstate ''

neg: Big Mac The Big Mac is a hamburger sold by international fast food restaurant chain McDonald 's . It was introduced in the Greater Pittsburgh area , United States , in 1967 and nationwide in 1968 . It is one of the company 's signature products .

neg: Yonghe King Yonghe King is a Chinese fast-food restaurant that specializes in noodles . The headquarters are on the fourth floor of Building B of the Rainbow Hongqiao Centre in Minhang District , Shanghai .   Yonghe Dawang opened its first restaurant in Shanghai on December 12 , 1995 . Today Yonghe has branches throughout China , with over 70 restaurants in major Chinese cities including Shanghai , Beijing , Shenzhen , Hangzhou , Jinan , and Suzhou . In 2004 , Yonghe King merged with one of the largest fast-food chain in the Philippines , Jollibee , which is owned by Chinese Filipino Mr. Tony Tan Caktiong .   The original logo of the chain was that of a smiling face against a red background , which was strikingly similar to the Colonel Sanders logo used by KFC . The Associated Press stated that the former logo was `` a smiling , grandfatherly Chinese man '' . In 2005 the chain changed its logo to that of a steaming bowl of soup .   Other Chinese restaurant chains also use the word `` Yonghe '' in their titles , including Yonghe Dou-jiang ( Chinese word for Soy milk ) , a famous breakfast orientated Soy Milk chain from Taiwan .

neg: Koreatown Immigrant Workers Alliance The Koreatown Immigrant Workers Alliance 한인타운 노동연대 ( KIWA , pronounced kee-wah ) , also known under its past name Korean Immigrant Workers Advocates 남가주 한인 노동 상담소 , is a multi-ethnic immigrant worker civil rights membership organization based in the Los Angeles Koreatown area .   KIWA was founded in 1992 by progressive minded Korean activists who saw class as the basic contradiction of the immigrant communities in Koreatown . It has since been involved in the aftermath of the 1992 Los Angeles Civil Unrest , campaigns to improve working conditions and immigrant worker empowerment in various Korean ethnic industries , the living wages campaign , and Koreatown 's multi-ethnic community developments .   KIWA is perhaps best known recently for its long campaign against Assi Market , the largest ethnic Korean-owned supermarket of the United States , located in Koreatown . Started in the late 1990s , KIWA demands that Assi management rehire dozens of fired Latino and Korean workers who were fired for trying to organize a trade union .   Although initially staffed mostly by ethnic Koreans , KIWA grew to encompass Asian-Pacific American and Latino organizers and members . The Spanish language `` Alianza de trabajadores inmigrantes del Barrio Coreano '' had been in common use since the early 2000s ; however the English language name was officially changed in March 2006 from Korean Immigrant Workers Advocates to Koreatown Immigrant Workers Alliance . The Korean language '' 한인노동상담소 '' ( Korean Worker 's Center ) has been changed to 한인타운 노동연대 to signify its geographical focus rather than on an ethnic group .   KIWA is a member organization of MIWON ( Multi-Ethnic Immigrant Workers Alliance ) , an alliance of four ( formerly five ) immigrant workers ' centers in the Los Angeles area , and ENLACE , a U.S.-Mexico network of workers ' centers .

neg: CKE Restaurants CKE Restaurants Holdings , Inc. , is the parent company of the Carl 's Jr. , Hardee 's , Green Burrito , and Red Burrito quick-service restaurant ( `` QSR '' ) brands . The company 's headquarters are located in Carpinteria , California . On March 4 , 2016 , CKE Restaurants Holdings , Inc. announced that they would be consolidating their corporate offices in St. Louis , Missouri and Carpinteria , California and moving them to the Nashville , Tennessee area at the Franklin Park office complex . CKE 's Anaheim , Calif.-based office will remain open .   As of March 2016 , CKE has a total of 3,664 franchised or company-operated restaurants in 44 states and 38 foreign countries and U.S. territories . It is a privately-held company .

neg: IKEA IKEA ( -LSB- aɪˈkiːə -RSB- or -LSB- ɪˈkiːə -RSB- Swedish ) , is a multinational group , headquartered in the Netherlands , that designs and sells , kitchen appliances and home accessories . It has been the world 's largest furniture retailer since at least 2008 . Founded in Sweden in 1943 by then-17-year-old Ingvar Kamprad , who was listed by Forbes Magazine ( in its 2 November , 2015 issue ) as one of the ten richest people in the world and the owner of a more than 40 billion dollar fortune , the company 's name is an acronym that consists of the initials of Ingvar Kamprad ( name of founder ) , Elmtaryd ( the farm where he grew up ) , and Agunnaryd ( his hometown in Småland , southern Sweden ) . The company is known for its modernist designs for various types of appliances and furniture , and its interior design work is often associated with an eco-friendly simplicity . In addition , the firm is known for its attention to cost control , operational details , and continuous product development , corporate attributes that allowed IKEA to lower its prices by an average of two to three percent over the decade to 2010 during a period of global expansion . The IKEA group has a complex corporate structure , which the European Union has alleged was designed to avoid over 1 billion Euros in tax payments over the 2009-2014 period . It is controlled by several foundations based in the Netherlands , Luxembourg and Liechtenstein .   As of December 2016 , IKEA owns and operates 392 stores in 48 countries . In fiscal year 2016 , $ 36.4 billion worth of goods were sold , a total that represented a 7.6 percent increase over 2015 . The IKEA website contains about 12,000 products and is the closest representation of the entire IKEA range . There were over 2.1 billion visitors to IKEA 's websites in the year from September 2015 to August 2016 . The company is responsible for approximately 1 % of world commercial-product wood consumption , making it one of the largest users of wood in the retail sector .

neg: DineEquity DineEquity , Inc. , formerly known as IHOP Corporation , is an American company that franchises and operates IHOP and Applebee 's restaurants . The company is headquartered in Glendale , California , and was founded in 1976 as IHOP until after it acquired Applebee 's when it changed its corporate identity . IHOP Corporation announced on July 16 , 2007 that it intended to acquire the bar-and-grill chain Applebee 's International , Inc. in an all-cash transaction that was valued at approximately US$ 2.1 billion . Under the deal , IHOP paid would pay $ 25.50 per share for Applebee 's . IHOP stated it would franchise most of Applebee 's 500 company-owned stores . In 2015 , Applebee 's had 2,033 restaurants overall worldwide , all operated by franchisees .   Julia Stewart , who originally worked as a waitress at IHOP and worked her way up through the restaurant industry , became Chief Executive Officer of IHOP Corporation . She had previously been President of Applebee 's , but left after being overlooked for that company 's CEO position . She became CEO of IHOP in 2001 , and returned to manage her old company due to the acquisition . She later stepped down as the CEO in March 2017 .   With a larger than 70 % vote , Applebee 's stockholders approved the takeover , which closed on November 29 , 2007 . The deal beat 26 other offers to purchase the economically slumping Applebee 's . A number of executives from Applebee 's voted against the offer . The chain 's largest individual shareholder , Applebee 's director Burton `` Skip '' Sack , believed the purchasing price was unfair to the shareholders and planned to take IHOP to court . As part of the purchase , a brand re-marketing scheme and revitalization of the Applebee 's image was undertaken .