query: Pablo Escobar was killed at 47.

pos: Pablo Escobar Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria ( -LSB- ˈpaβ̞lo eˈmiljo eskoˈβ̞aɾ ɣ̞aˈβ̞iɾja -RSB- ; 1 December 19492 December 1993 ) was a Colombian drug lord and narco-terrorist . His cartel supplied an estimated 80 % of the cocaine smuggled into the United States at the height of his career , turning over US $ 21.9 billion a year in personal income . He was often called `` The King of Cocaine '' and was the wealthiest criminal in history , with an estimated known net worth of US $ 30 billion by the early 1990s ( equivalent to about $ billion as of ) , making him one of the richest men in the world at his prime .   Escobar was born in Rionegro , Colombia and grew up in nearby Medellín . He studied briefly at Universidad Autónoma Latinoamericana of Medellin but left without a degree ; he began to engage in criminal activity that involved selling contraband cigarettes and fake lottery tickets , and he participated in motor vehicle theft . In the 1970s , he began to work for various contraband smugglers , often kidnapping and holding people for ransom before beginning to distribute powder cocaine himself , as well as establishing the first smuggling routes into the United States in 1975 . His infiltration to the drug market of the U.S. expanded exponentially due to the rising demand for cocaine and , by the 1980s , it was estimated that 70 to 80 tons of cocaine were being shipped from Colombia to the U.S. on a monthly basis . His drug network was commonly known as the Medellín Cartel , which often competed with rival cartels domestically and abroad , resulting in massacres and the murders of police officers , judges , locals , and prominent politicians .   In 1982 , Escobar was elected as an alternate member of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia as part of the Liberal Alternative movement . Through this , he was responsible for the construction of houses and football fields in western Colombia , which gained him notable popularity among the locals of the towns that he frequented . However , Colombia became the murder capital of the world , and Escobar was vilified by the Colombian and American governments . In 1993 , Escobar was shot and killed in his hometown by Colombian National Police , one day after his 44th birthday .

neg: Martín Zurbano Martín Zurbano Baras ( February 29 , 1788 -- January 21 , 1845 ) was a Spanish military figure . A guerrilla leader , he is considered a `` martyr to Spanish liberty '' .   Born in Varea , La Rioja , the youngest of four siblings , he fought in the War of Spanish Independence as a guerrilla . With future generals like Francisco Espoz y Mina , he defended the Constitution of 1812 , and helped create the province of Logroño .   He then fought in First Carlist War on the Liberal ( Isabeline ) side and rose to the rank of field marshal . A British article written in 1840 describes his role in this war : `` In time of peace a contrabandista , or smuggler , he soon after the commencement of the war sought and obtained permission to raise a body of men to act in conjunction with the queen 's troops against the Carlists . His standard , once displayed , was resorted to by smugglers , robbers , and outcasts of all descriptions , attracted by the prospect of plunder and adventure . These were increased by deserters ... ''   Zurbano commanded the force known as the Compañía de Tiradores de Alava ( founded 1833 ) , which had been joined with the Partida de Contra aduaneros ( Anti-aduanero Party ) , and was known as the Partida de la Muerte ( Party of Death ) . By 1836 , the force was known as Batallón de Voluntarios de la Rioja Alavesa and was disbanded in 1840 .   He was an ardent follower of Baldomero Espartero , who named him military governor of Girona and commander general of Biscay in 1840 . Zurbano participated in the bombardment of Barcelona in 1843 .   Zurbano suppressed the moderado faction in Biscay in 1841 , and fought against Juan Prim in Catalonia ( 1843 ) .   He fled to Portugal after the fall of Espartero , but Isabel II granted him a pardon . In 1844 , he led a revolt with 80 men who advocated the adoption of the Constitution of 1837 ( Grito de Nájera ) and the return of Espartero . It included the support of key generals , including Juan Prim . Zurbano was imprisoned by Ramón María Narváez .   He was arrested and executed by firing squad , along with his sons Benito and Feliciano , by order of Narváez .

neg: Escobar Escobar is a Spanish surname . Notable people with the surname include :   Abelardo Escobar Prieto , Mexican politician  Aida Luz Santos de Escobar , ambassador of El Salvador to Cyprus  Anasol Escobar , Colombian singer  Alcides Escobar , Venezuelan baseball player  Alex Escobar , Venezuelan baseball player  Alexander Escobar ( born 1984 ) , Salvadoran footballer  Alexander Escobar Gañán ( born 1965 ) , Colombian footballer  Alexandra Escobar ( born 1980 ) , Ecuadorian weightlifter  Ana Vilma de Escobar ( born 1954 ) , Salvadoran politician  Andrea Escobar ( born 1992 ) , Colombian actress  Andrés Escobar ( 1967 -- 1994 ) , Colombian footballer  Andrés Ramiro Escobar ( born 1991 ) , Colombian footballer  Ángel Escobar , Venezuelan baseball player  Antonio Escobar Núñez ( born 1976 ) , Spanish musician  Antonio Escobar y Mendoza , 17th-century Spanish ethicist  Arturo Escobar ( anthropologist ) ( born 1952 ) , Colombian-American anthropologist and development scholar  Arturo Escobar y Vega , Mexican politician  Brandon Escobar ( born 1990 ) , Honduran sport wrestler  Carlos Escobar Casarin ( born 1990 ) , Chilean footballer  Carlos Escobar Ortíz ( born 1989 ) , Chilean footballer  César Antonio Díaz Escobar , Chilean footballer  Daniel Escobar ( 1964 -- 2013 ) , American actor  Daniela Escobar ( born 1969 ) , Brazilian actress and television presenter  Darío Escobar ( born 1971 ) , Guatemalan artist  Eduardo Escobar ( born 1989 ) , Venezuelan baseball player  Elizam Escobar ( born 1948 ) , Puerto Rican painter  Enzo Escobar ( born 1951 ) , Chilean footballer  Eusebio Escobar ( born 1936 ) , Colombian footballer  Fabio Escobar ( born 1982 ) , Paruguayan footballer  Francisco Escobar ( born 1991 ) , Colombian beauty pageant winner  Gavin Escobar ( born 1991 ) , American football player  Henry Escobar ( born 1990 ) , Salvadoran footballer  Isabella Escobar ( born 1992 ) , Guatemalan tennis player  Jesús Escobar , American historian  José Escobar ( baseball ) ( born in 1960 ) , Venezuelan baseball player  José Escobar Saliente ( 1908-1994 ) , Spanish comic writer and artist  Juan Carlos Escobar ( born 1982 ) , Colombian footballer  Juan Carlos Ortiz Escobar ( Cuchilla ) , Colombian drug dealer  Juan Francisco Escobar ( born 1949 ) , Paraguayan football referee  José Luis Escobar Alas ( born 1959 ) , Salvadoran bishop  Juan M. Escobar , American judge  Katherine Escobar , Colombian model and actress  Kelvim Escobar ( born 1976 ) , Venezuelan baseball player  Luis Escobar ( footballer ) ( born 1984 ) , Colombian footballer  Luis Escobar ( polo ) ( born 1971 ) , American polo player  Luis Escobar ( swimmer ) ( born 1984 ) , Mexican swimmer  Luis Escobar Kirkpatrick ( 1908-1991 ) , Spanish actor  Luis Antonio Escobar ( composer )  Luis Antonio Escobar ( footballer )  Manolo Escobar ( 1931 -- 2013 ) , Spanish singer  Marisol Escobar ( 1930 -- 2016 ) , Venezuelan-born sculptor  Matías Escobar ( born 1982 ) , Argentine footballer  Pablo Escobar ( 1949 -- 1993 ) , Colombian drug lord  Pablo Andrés Escobar ( born 1987 ) , Colombian footballer  Pablo Daniel Escobar ( born 1978 ) , Paraguayan-born Bolivian footballer  Pánfilo Escobar ( born 1974 ) , Paraguayan footballer  Patricio Escobar ( 1843 -- 1912 ) , President of Paraguay  Pedro de Escobar , 16th-century Portuguese composer  Pepe Escobar ( born 1954 ) , Brazilian investigative journalist  Pêro Escobar , 15th-century Portuguese explorer  Reynaldo Escobar Pérez , Mexican politician  Rolando Escobar ( born 1981 ) , Panamanian footballer  Sergi Escobar ( born 1974 ) , Spanish cyclist  Sílvio Escobar ( born 1986 ) , Paraguayan footballer  Sixto Escobar , Puerto Rican boxer  Susana Escobar ( born 1987 ) , Mexican swimmer  Ticio Escobar ( born 1947 ) , Paraguayan minister of culture  Vicente Escobar ( 1757 -- 1834 ) , Cuban painter  Walter Escobar ( born 1968 ) , Colombian footballer  Yasmani Copello Escobar ( born 1987 ) , Cuban-Turkish hurdler  Yunel Escobar ( born 1982 ) , Cuban-American baseball player  Sebastián Marroquín , born Juan Pablo Escobar

neg: 14 September 2004 Baghdad bombing The 14 September 2004 Baghdad bombing was a suicide car bomb attack on a market , near a police headquarters , in Baghdad , the capital city of Iraq , on 14 September 2004 , killing 47 people and wounding 114 .

neg: Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza ( December 31 , 1890 -- September 6 , 1971 ) was a Mexican statesman . Born in Coyuca de Catalán , Guerrero , he served in the Senate , as Attorney General in 1928 , as Secretary of Education from 1928 to 1930 , as ambassador to Hungary from 1930 to 1932 , and as Secretary of Foreign Affairs from 1940 to 1945 .   His appointment to the Secretariat of Foreign Affairs by President Manuel Ávila Camacho marked an end to the Post-Revolutionary domination of politicians from the North of the country . With his co-cabinet member Miguel Alemán Valdés ( Secretary of the Interior ) , he `` gave Mexico the most progressive foreign policy and the most orderly internal government in the nation 's history . '' By 1941 , he had successfully settled all foreign claims against the government stemming from the Cárdenas-era expropriations . He negotioated a favorable economic treaty , fixed the peso to the United States dollar , and secured loans for industrial development from the Export-Import Bank of the United States .   During World War II , he was a strong proponent of inter-American unity and led conferences of the foreign ministers of countries of the Americas to this end . He was criticized by some for being too pro-American .   He emerged alongside Alemán as a prime contender for the presidency in 1946 . He was better-known abroad than his rival , and was considered to have stronger tendencies toward democracy . However , his association with the United States made him unpopular in the left wing of the Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) , and Alemán won the party 's nomination . He ran as an independent candidate for the presidency in 1946 , receiving 443,537 votes . Though Alemán received over three times the number of votes , Padilla 's total was respectable , considering the PRI 's hegemony at the time . Also , the fact that he was not exiled after the campaign is considered something of a victory for Mexican democracy , which had been intolerant of opposition parties and candidates since solidification of the PRI .

neg: Carlos Ahumada Carlos Agustín Ahumada Kurtz ( born 1964 ) is an entrepreneur of dual Argentine-Mexican nationality . His main areas of business are mining , construction and football . He founded the El Independiente newspaper in Mexico and was a partner and founding member of Colegio de Imagen Pública A.C.   He gained public notoriety in 2004 , when he denounced corruption of top officials in the government of Mexico City , going public with videos showing him being extorted by public officials . This episode became known as the `` video scandal '' .   He was apprehended in Havana by Cuban authorities , acting on an extradition request by Mexico , and later deported .  On May 8 , 2007 , he was released from prison , cleared of all charges .  Several analysts and columnists considered Ahumada a `` political prisoner '' .   On December 28 , 2007 , the Federal District Human Rights Commission ( Comisión de Derechos Humanos del Distrito Federal CDHDF ) issued its recommendation 19/2007 , addressed to the Government Secretariat of the Federal District ( Secretaría de Gobierno del Distrito Federal ) and the General Justice Department of the Federal District ( Procuraduría General de Justicia del Distrito Federal ) , requesting them to offer public apologies to Carlos Ahumada and his family . Ahumada was the subject of an article by Fidel Castro , entitled `` El Gigante de las Siete Leguas , Parte II '' .   In May 2009 , Ahumada published his first book : Derecho de réplica .   Currently , Carlos Ahumada is President of Club Sportivo Estudiantes in the province of San Luis , Argentina , a football team competing on the Torneo Argentino `` A '' of the Asociación del Fútbol Argentino ( AFA ) .

neg: Bombing of Guernica The bombing of Guernica ( 26 April 1937 ) was an aerial bombing of the Basque town of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War . It was carried out at the behest of Francisco Franco 's nationalist government by its allies , the Nazi German Luftwaffe 's Condor Legion and the Fascist Italian Aviazione Legionaria , under the code name Operation Rügen . The town was being used as a communications center behind the frontline .   The attack gained infamy because it involved the bombing of civilians by a military air force . The number of victims is still disputed ; the Basque government reported 1,654 people killed at the time , while local historians identified 126 victims ( later revised by the authors of the study to 153 ) . An English source used by the Air War College claims 400 civilians died . Russian archives claim 800 deaths on 1 May 1937 , but this number may not include victims who later died of their injuries in hospitals or whose bodies were discovered buried in the rubble .   The bombing is the subject of a famous anti-war painting by Pablo Picasso , commissioned by the Spanish Republic . It was also depicted in a woodcut by the German artist Heinz Kiwitz , who was later killed fighting in the International Brigades . The bombing shocked and inspired many other artists , including a sculpture by René Iché , one of the first electroacoustic music pieces by Patrick Ascione , a musical composition by René-Louis Baron and poems by Paul Eluard ( Victory of Guernica ) , and Uys Krige ( Nag van die Fascistiese Bomwerpers ) ( English translation from the Afrikaans : Night of the Fascist Bombers ) . There is also a short film from 1950 by Alain Resnais entitled Guernica .

neg: Raymond Lee Harvey Raymond Lee Harvey was an Ohio-born unemployed American drifter . He was arrested by the Secret Service after being found carrying a starter pistol with blank rounds , ten minutes before President Jimmy Carter was to give a speech at the Civic Center Mall in Los Angeles on May 5 , 1979 .   Although he had a history of mental illness , police investigated his claims that he was part of a four-man operation to assassinate the president . He claimed that he had been approached by three Latino men staying at the Alan Hotel who gave him the starter pistol , and asked him to shoot it into the ground to create a diversion , so they could then shoot the president from their hotel room during the distraction . According to Harvey , he fired seven blank rounds from the starter pistol on the hotel roof on the night of May 4 , to test how much noise it would make . He then spent the night in a room taken by one of the men , whom he knew as `` Julio '' , but who was later identified as a 21-year-old illegal Mexican alien who gave the name Osvaldo Espinoza Ortiz . At the time of his arrest , Harvey had eight spent rounds in his pocket , as well as 70 unspent blank rounds for the gun .   The names `` Lee Harvey '' and `` Osvaldo '' ( Osvaldo is the Spanish equivalent to `` Oswald '' ) drew comparisons to Lee Harvey Oswald , who assassinated President John F. Kennedy . This led conspiracy theorists to claim that the incident was set up to scare Carter into submission . Although originally dismissed as `` a tale spun by an intoxicated man , '' police investigating the claims found a room in the Alan Hotel rented under the name `` Umberto Camacho , '' the name of an alleged conspirator given by Ortiz , containing a shotgun case and three unspent rounds of ammunition . The occupant had checked out of the hotel room the day of the alleged assassination attempt .   Harvey was jailed on a $ 50,000 bond , given his transient status , and Ortiz was alternately reported as being held on a $ 100,000 bond as a material witness or held on a $ 50,000 bond being charged with burglary from a car . Charges against the pair were ultimately dismissed for a lack of evidence .   His age at the time of the event has been alternately given as 34 or 35 .

neg: War of the Vicuñas and Basques The War of the Vicuñas and Basques ( Guerra de Vicuñas y Vascongados ) , or sometimes just Vicuña War , was an armed conflict in Alto Perú , present-day Bolivia , that lasted between June 1622 and March 1625 , fought between Basques and `` Vicuñas '' ( an informal term for non-Basque Spaniards in Alto Perú , a name obtained through the habit of wearing hats made of vicuña skins ) .   Competition over the control of the silver mines in Potosí , Lípez and Chichas surged in the early 17th century , pitting Basques and Vicuñas against each other . The Vicuñas had initially employed legal and political measures attempting to block the Basque attempts to monopolize control over the Cabildo ( municipal government ) of Potosí and the silver mining sector . However , these efforts did not yield results . Violent incidents began in 1615 , and escalated in 1622 following the assassination of a Basque of a street in Potosí .   The Vicuñas were led by Antonio Xeldres . The creole , Mestizo and indigenous populations largely sided with the Vicuñas . The Vicuñas themselves were not always unified , though , as they suffered from internal feuds between Andalusians on one hand and New Castillians and Extremadurans on the other ( the former group eventually withdrew from the rebellion ) .   The war pitted different sectors of the viceregal administration against each other , as some supported the Basque claims for hegemony whilst others had a conciliatory approach to the Vicuña rebels . Personalities involved in the conflict included the president and oidores of the Royal Audiencia of Charcas , treasury officials and the corregidor of Potosí and the visitador ( sent to the area in order to audit fiscal accounts ) .   The Vicuña rebels had killed 64 men by March 1624 . However , the Basque control over the city and the mines had not been broken . Basque leaders pleaded to the King of Spain , Philip IV , to intervene . The King in return ordered the Viceroy of Peru to act decisively against the Vicuñas . Between 1624 and 1625 , the viceregal authorities managed to capture several key Vicuña leaders , executing forty of them .   The war would last for three years . The war did not end in any decisive victory for any side , but rather as a result of mutual exhaustion . An agreement to end hostilities was reached . The marriage between the children of two of the leaders of the opposing camps , the son of the Basque leader Francisco Oyanume and the daughter of the Vicuña general Castillo , was part of the settlement of the conflict . In April 1625 , a royal decree was issued , pardoning all Vicuñas fighters except those having committed blood crimes . Some Vicuñas continued acts of banditry in the following years , but without the ethnic or political overtones as during the war with the Basques . Basque-Vicuña rivalry did , however , continue for a century .   On March 15 , 1626 , the ingenios of Potosí were destroyed by massive flooding . This event was interpreted as a divine punishment for the past violences .   Later histiography has sought to emphasize the socio-economic contradictions as catalysts for the war , framing it as class warfare .

neg: Pablo Tac Pablo Tac ( 1822 -- 1841 ) was a Luiseño ( Quechnajuichom also spelt `` Qéchngawichum '' ) Indian and indigenous scholar who provided a rare contemporary Native American perspective on the institutions and early history of Alta California . He created the first writing system for Luiseño , and his work is the `` only primary source of Luiseño language written by a Luiseño until the twentieth century . ''   Tac was born of Luiseño parents at Mission San Luis Rey de Francia and attended the Mission school . A promising student , he ( along with another boy ) was singled out by the Franciscan missionary , Father Antonio Peyrí , to accompany Peyrí when he left California in 1832 . `` On January 15 , 1834 , Father Peyrí , Pablo , and Agapito left San Fernando College -LSB- Mexico City -RSB- and in February boarded a ship for Europe . They travelled via New York and France , arriving in Barcelona , Spain , on June 21 . The ` New ' World was coming to meet the ` Old ' World . '' Tac arrived in Rome in September 1834 and was enrolled in the College of the Propaganda , studying Latin grammar . He went on to study rhetoric , humanities , and philosophy in preparation for missionary work , but he died in 1841 .   As a student , Tac wrote a Luiseño grammar and dictionary for the linguist Giuseppi Mezzofanti , and notably included a history as part of his manuscript . He created a way of writing Luiseño that drew on Latin and Spanish , which is different from the modern , decolonized way of writing Luiseño .   Tac also wrote an essay on the `` Conversion of the San Luiseños of Alta California . '' The latter includes information on aboriginal lifeways ( including dances and games ) and the history and organization of the Mission , along with two drawings by Tac . Tac authored an early account of life at Mission San Luis Rey entitled Indian Life and Customs at Mission San Luis Rey : A Record of California Mission Life by Pablo Tac , An Indian Neophyte ( written circa 1835 , edited and translated by Minna Hewes and Gordon Hewes in 1958 ) . In the book , Tac lamented the rapid decline of his people :   In Quechla not long ago there were 5,000 souls , with all their neighboring lands . Through a sickness that came to California 2,000 souls died , and 3,000 were left . ''   Tac went on to describe the preferential treatment the padres received :   In the mission of San Luis Rey de Francia the Fernandino -LSB- sic -RSB- father is like a king . He has his pages , alcaldes , majordomos , musicians , soldiers , gardens , ranchos , livestock ... ''   Tac also noted that his people initially attempted to bar the Spaniards from their southern California homelands . When the foreigners invaders approached ,  '' ... the chief stood up ... and met them , '' demanding , '' ... what are you looking for ? Leave our country ! ''   For the 2005 Venice Biennale , Luiseño artist James Luna created an artwork dedicated to the memory of Pablo Tac . The piece , titled Emendatio , included three installations , Spinning Woman , Apparitions : Past and Present , and The Chapel for Pablo Tac , as well a personal performance in Venice , Renewal . It was sponsored by the National Museum of the American Indian .

neg: Miguel Iglesias Miguel Iglesias Pino de Arce ( June 11 , 1830 , Cajamarca , Peru -- November 7 , 1909 , Lima , Peru ) was a Peruvian soldier , general , and politician who served as the 35th President of Peru ( Regenerator President of the Republic ) from 1882 to 1885 .   The original name of the family was de la Iglesia . Their ancestor was Captain Álvaro de la Iglesia who fought against the Moors in Spain in the 8th century . Lorenzo Iglesias Espinach left his home town of Solivella in Catalonia in the early 19th century to join three uncles on his mother 's side who had founded the Chota silver mine , near the town of Cajamarca , in the county of the same name , in north Peru , in 1780 . Lorenzo Iglesias Espinach became both the heir of his uncles and sub-Prefect of Cajamarca ; was a friend of Simón Bolívar who stayed with him in Cajamarca ; and was one of the group of dissident Spanish colonists who supported independence from Spain . In 1820 Lorenzo Iglesias married Rosa Pino and their son , Miguel , was born ten years later .   Miguel Iglesias Pino , later General and President , and known to posterity as `` El Pacificador '' inherited a 250000 acre estate from his forebears , as well as lucrative silver mines . His power in the town of Cajamarca and the surrounding area was that of a feudal magnate and he had been recruiting troops with his own money - effectively a private army - since the 1866 war with Spain . He had been one of the senior army officers present at the Peruvian victory on the `` Dos de mayo '' , was given the rank of Colonel , and named as Prefect of Cajamarca . In 1874 , Iglesias initiated a revolution against the government of President Manuel Pardo and proclaimed himself political and military Chief of the North . Even though Iglesias 's rebellion was a failure , he was not brought to account because no-one in Lima dared to confront the power of Iglesias in Cajamarca . Thus , Iglesias was able to consolidate his position in his northern Peruvian fiefdom . When war broke out in 1879 , between a coalition of Peru allied with Bolivia , ranged against Chile , Iglesias commenced to raise a new private militia .   The war , now known as the War of the Pacific , quickly began to go wrong for Peru . In the campaign of November 1879 the Peruvian Navy lost their two most important warships , the iron clad Independencia was sunk by a corvette called Covadonga and the iron clad Huascar was captured by the iron clad Cochrane and Blanco Encalada , which had been supplied to Chile and Peru by British shipyards ; the southern department of Tarapacá was overrun ; and the professional Peruvian army was broken . Subsequently , Iglesias 's friend , Nicolás de Piérola , launched a successful coup d'état , declaring himself Supreme Commander in Chief , and on December 23 , 1879 he replaced President Prado who was considered to have mismanaged the conduct of the war thus far . One of the battalions lending their armed support to Pierola was Iglesias 's `` Vencedores de Cajamarca '' and Pierola appointed Iglesias as Secretary of War in his new government .   Iglesias was no armchair politician , but was a courageous fighting soldier . Iglesias personally took charge of organising the defense of the Peruvian capital city against the advancing Chileans in January 1881 . Iglesias 's principal defensive lines were at the Morro Solar , a hill just south of Lima . He had 5000 men , mostly recruited from Cajamarca , who had been trained and armed by him at his own expense to defend Lima . After the Peruvian Second Division had been forced to retreat from San Juan , the battle for Lima became concentrated on the Morro Solar . The first Chilean assault on the hill was repulsed but Chilean reinforcements and artillery were then brought up . Iglesias found himself surrounded , and outnumbered , by 9000 Chilean troops and came under a withering barrage . Because the professional Peruvian army had previously been decimated in the south , losing much of its most modern equipment in the process , Iglesias had only primitive , Peruvian manufactured , rifles which were without adequate sights and were inferior to the Chilean Krupps . Of the men who defended the Morro Solar only 280 were taken prisoner . Among those killed was General Iglesias 's son Alejandro , aged 22 . Miguel Iglesias was taken prisoner along with Carlos de Pierola , the brother of the President , and Guillermo Billinghurst , Secretary of State . These three men , along with other important Peruvian notables , were about to be shot by a firing squad on the orders of a Chilean sergeant who did not believe in keeping prisoners alive . Just in time , Billinghurst stepped forward out of the execution line and managed to persuade the sergeant that he would do better to take them as prisoners to the Chilean commander , General Baquedano . Billinghurst and Iglesias were later Presidents of Peru , instead of corpses - such is Providence .   After the defeat on the Morro Solar , Chile did not recognize Pierola as President and replaced him with a puppet in Lima 's presidential palace . Having escaped back to Cajamarca , Iglesias continued the war against Chile in the north of Peru , whilst General Andrés Avelino Cáceres fought on against the Chileans in the Andes . On the Morro Solar , Iglesias had declared `` I will not give in ; I will fight while I can '' and now saw his mission as `` to search out and defeat the enemy wherever we meet him '' . He achieved a victory over the Chileans at San Pablo , Cajamarca , on 13 July 1882 but soon afterwards a fresh Chilean force reoccupied the region and carried out brutal reprisals . Following this , Iglesias became convinced that the war had to be brought to an end if Peru was not to be completely devastated .   Iglesias has been severely judged by Peruvian historians because he represented blunt reality as he saw the fundamental question was whether Peru was going to exist as a nation , or not . Iglesias saw that a few more years of prolonged occupation of Peru by Chile would render Peru into a colony of Chile , rather than a sovereign nation . Because he saw this clearly , he decided to convene a congress of the northern departments of Peru to proclaim him president of the whole country and him empower him with authority to negotiate with the Chileans . This claim to the Presidency recognised by Chile , Iglesias proceeded to the small seaside resort of Ancón , a short distance from Lima , to fulfill his grim mission of statesmanship . On 23 October 1883 Igleasias signed the Treaty of Ancón on behalf of Peru thereby ending the hostilities . The Treaty had fourteen clauses . Peru paid with Tarapacá as war reparations while the southern department of Arica and Tacna was to decide in a referendum , to be held ten years hence , whether it wanted to join Chile or remain part of Peru .   When he signed the Treaty of Ancón , Miguel Iglesias expected that his efforts to spare Peru further suffering , in a lost cause , would be rewarded with popular gratitude . It took him almost two years to understand that most Peruvians could not admire the man who had made himself the symbol of their resounding defeat . Iglesias initiated the restoration of the national library which had been sacked by the Chileans , but he did not discover a formula for rebuilding Peru 's political institutions . Unable to win allies through the judicious use of money because of the depleted state of the national treasury , Iglesias turned to increasingly repressive measures to silence the opposition , and his opponents fought back . On 27 August 1884 , guerrilla fighters launched an armed assault against Lima and almost managed to fight their way into the presidential palace . The tenacious defense of Iglesias threw back the attackers at the last barricade but they returned to the outskirts of Lima just over a year later . This time large numbers of the ordinary citizens of Lima decided to throw in their lot with the guerrillas , and Iglesias realised the full degree to which he lacked popular support . Deciding to avoid further bloodshed , Iglesias renounced the presidency in December 1885 , took refuge on an Italian ship , and eventually reached his estate of Udima in Cajamarca .   Iglesias had decided to retire from political life , and dedicate himself to farming , but the new Peruvian Government wanted to see him out of the country and , thereby , severed from the Cajamarca power base from which Iglesias had been able repeatedly to relaunch himself in the past . It was insinuated that Iglesias should leave Peru , and in 1886 he and his wife Maria ( daughter of Manuel Alonso de Posadas ) went into exile in Europe . They took a retinue of servants and socialised for two years in Madrid and Paris . In 1888 the ban against Iglesias was lifted , and he and his wife were able to return to Peru . President Caceres reinstated Iglesias as a General with full pay and sent the news to him by special messenger . However , in overall terms , Peru remained impoverished by its defeat in war and could only afford to give Iglesias a small engraved wooden box from the Peruvian nation by way of thanks for all the troops that he had paid for in the War of the Pacific .   A few years later , in 1895 , the people of Cajamarca voted Iglesias in as their Senator in an uncontested election . Iglesias and his wife had eleven children and 1895 was also the year the General 's youngest daughter , Gaudencia , married a Scot named Edgar Fraser Luckie who had made a fortune from gold mining in British Guiana and then bought the Andahuasi sugar farming estate near Sayan , north of Lima .

neg: Guadalajara train disaster The Guadalajara train disaster occurred around January 22 , 1915 , in Mexico and killed over 600 people .   The Mexican Revolution was in full swing by 1915 . After the assassination of Francisco Madero two years earlier , the presidency of the country was assumed by Victoriano Huerta , but revolutionary forces led by Venustiano Carranza and Pancho Villa overthrew him and Carranza became president in 1914 . Villa however wanted to continue the revolution and an armed struggle ensued . On January 18 , 1915 Carranza 's troops captured Guadalajara in southwestern Mexico . He immediately ordered that the families of his troops be transported by train from Colima on the Pacific coast to his newly captured stronghold .   Around January 22 , 1915 , a special train of twenty cars left Colima . It was packed , with people even clinging to the roofs and undercarriages . Somewhere between Colima and Guadalajara the engineer lost control on a long steep descent . As the train gathered speed many people were thrown off as the train negotiated curves . Eventually the entire train plunged off the tracks and into a deep canyon , with fewer than 300 of the 900 on board surviving the disaster . Some of Carranza 's troops , Yaqui Indians committed suicide when hearing of the death of their families . Others swore vengeance on the train crew ; but they had also been killed in the disaster .

neg: Omayra Sánchez Omayra Sánchez Garzón ( August 28 , 1972November 16 , 1985 ) was a Colombian girl killed in Armero , department of Tolima , by the 1985 eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano when she was 13 years old . Volcanic debris mixed with ice to form massive lahars ( volcanically induced mudslides , landslides , and debris flows ) that rushed into the river valleys below the mountain , killing nearly 23,000 people and destroying Armero and 13 other villages .   After a lahar demolished her home , Sánchez became pinned beneath the debris of her house , where she remained trapped in water for three days . Her plight was documented as she descended from calmness into agony . Her courage and dignity touched journalists and relief workers , who put great efforts into comforting her . After 60 hours of struggling , she died , likely as a result of either gangrene or hypothermia . Her death highlighted the failure of officials to respond correctly to the threat of the volcano , contrasted with the efforts of volunteer rescue workers to reach and treat trapped victims , despite inadequate supplies and equipment .   A photograph of Sánchez taken by the photojournalist Frank Fournier shortly before she died was published in news outlets around the world . It was later designated the World Press Photo of the Year for 1986 . Sánchez has remained a lasting figure in popular culture , remembered through music , literature , and commemorative articles .

neg: Triston Jay Amero Triston Jay Amero born in 1982 ( died April 1 , 2008 ) , a.k.a. Claudio Lestad , a.k.a. Lestat Claudius de Orleans y Montevideo ( the names Lestat and Claudius coming from two different characters in Anne Rice 's novels ) and John Scheda , from New Orleans , Louisiana , United States , was arrested for the hotel bombings that killed two people and wounded seven others in Bolivia on Wednesday , March 22 , 2006 . The bombings damaged two low rent hotels . The attack killed two people and injured seven . A third bombing was stopped . He was eventually found guilty of murder .   Amero had reportedly been hospitalized for psychiatric treatment and had been in juvenile prison several times , beginning at the age of seven . He had wandered around Latin America for some years before settling in the Bolivian city of Potosí in 2004 . In posts from Colombia to his blog he repeatedly described himself as a loner , a `` political refugee '' and `` the Superman of Loosers '' -LSB- sic -RSB- whose strongest desire was to distance himself from the United States .   Although the Bolivian police were unsure of the motive for the bombings that led to Amero 's arrest , President Evo Morales declared : `` This American was putting bombs in hotels . '' `` The U.S. government fights terrorism , and they send us terrorists , '' he said . Morales denounced the bombings as an attack on Bolivia 's democracy . He called it `` typical of terrorist crime . '' This caused a brief cooling of U.S.-Bolivian relations .   Deputy Interior Minister Rafael Puente told Radio Fides : `` The possible motives behind these attacks are incomprehensible . There do n't seem to be any concrete objectives other than causing deaths . ''   Amero and an accomplice , Alda Ribiero Acosta of Uruguay , were arrested by police in a hotel in the slum of El Alto , formally charged with murder , and were held in a maximum security prison near La Paz . While there , Amero attempted to stab his lawyer and had gasoline hidden in his cell , with plans to set fire to a prison official and a U.S. diplomat . Amero was sentenced to 30 years in prison on January 23 , 2008 .   At the age of 26 , Amero died in a hospital on April 1 , 2008 , after complaining of stomach pains while in prison .

neg: Homicide in Spain Homicide , according to the Spanish Criminal Code 1995 is a crime which contravenes the legal right to `` independent human life '' . It is found in article 138 which states : `` He who kills another will be punished , as a defendant of homicide , with a prison sentence of ten to fifteen years '' .   The main legal concept in article 138 is bad faith . It may be present in any form , whether direct or indirect . The active subject ( he who kills ) as well as the passive subject ( he who is killed ) are universal , meaning that either can be any person , regardless of the circumstances .   Homicide committed by grave recklessness is covered in article 142 , which includes both reckless homicide by weapons or motor vehicles and homicide caused by professional recklessness . It states :   `` 1 . He who by grave recklessness causes the death of another will be punished , as a defendant of reckless homicide , with a prison sentence of one to four years .   2 . When the reckless homicide is committed using a motor vehicle , a motorcycle or a firearm , the defendant will also be deprived of his right to drive motor vehicles or motorcycles or the right to possess and carry arms for one to six years .   3 . When the homicide is committed by professional recklessness , the defendant will also be prohibited from exercising his profession or office for a period of three to six years . ''   Homicide by minor recklessness is covered in article 621.2 of the Criminal Code :  `` 2 . Those who by minor recklessness cause the death of another person will be punished with a fine of one to two months '' .   It is necessary to indicate that in Spanish law , involuntary homicide is not regulated ; in the majority of cases the law that will be applied will be somewhere between homicide and the criminal concept which is involved .   Other specific concepts , such as parricide and uxoricide also do not exist , since in Spanish criminal law the punishment is founded in the violation of the legal right and not the fact of killing one particular person or another . For these cases , the circumstances of kinship , found in article 23 , could be used as aggravating .

neg: Cayetano Redondo Aceña Cayetano Redondo Aceña ( 1885 , Segovia -- 21 May 1940 , Madrid ) , Spanish politician , journalist , and mayor of Madrid during the Spanish Civil War - from November 1936 to May 1937 ) . He was also a leading proponent of Esperanto in Spain .   In 1918 , Redondo was leader of the National Federation of Juventudes Socialistas , the youth wing of the Spanish Socialist Workers ' Party ( PSOE ) , He worked for several political papers , including El Socialista .   In 1931 , he was elected to the City Council of Madrid during the elections that led to the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic . In the next year , Redondo was elected on a PSOE platform as deputy to the Constituent Cortes .   After acting Mayor Pedro Rico López fled for Valencia during constant attacks on Madrid carried by the troops of Francisco Franco , Redondo was elected his replacement . After the end of his mandate , he occupied other positions ( notably , he served as delegate to the Regional legislative body ) .   After the Republican side lost the war and the Franco dictatorship began , Redondo was captured and ultimately executed by a firing squad in the Cementerio de la Almudena . Buried in a mass grave , his remains were later moved and buried with José Gómez Osorio , the last Republican civil governor of Madrid , shot months earlier , thanks to the concern of the family of the latter . His grave is near the place chosen in memory of `` The Thirteen Roses . ''   Category :1885 births  Category :1940 deaths  Category : People from Segovia  Category : Spanish Socialist Workers ' Party politicians  Category : Members of the Congress of Deputies of the Second Spanish Republic  category : Castilian-Leonese politicians  Category : Mayors of Madrid  Category : Spanish Esperantists  Category : Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War ( Republican faction )  Category : Executed politicians  Category : People executed by Spain by firing squad  Category : Executed Spanish people  Category : People executed by Francoist Spain

neg: Juan Guzmán Cruchaga Juan Guzmán Cruchaga ( March 27 , 1895 -- July 21 , 1979 ) was a Chilean poet and diplomat . He won the Chilean National Prize for Literature in 1962 . Guzman Cruchaga was of Basque descent .  He was the son of Juan José Guzmán Guzmán and Amelia Cruchaga Aspillaga .  He attended the colegio de San Ignacio from 1905 , finishing his humanities subjects in 1912 . In 1913 he enrolled into the Faculty of Law of Universidad de Chile , quitting during his third year there .   He was hired as an employee at the Court of Accounts , job which he fulfilled until 1917 . He collaborated with the Zig-Zag magazine , becoming a poet in his own right , later publishing his first book : `` Juan al Brasero '' .   He began travelling in 1917 , briefly returning to Chile from time to time . He then was named consul at Tampico , México , which would only be the first diplomatic post he acquired .   He continued writing , becoming famous , culminating in being the recipient of the Chilean National Literary Prize in 1962 .   Juan Guzmán Cruchaga died in Viña del Mar on 21 July 1979 . He was married to Raquel Tapia Caballero . He is the father of former judge Juan Guzmán Tapia .

neg: Guatemalan Revolution The Guatemalan Revolution ( Revolución de Guatemala ) was the period in Guatemalan history between the popular uprising that overthrew dictator Jorge Ubico in 1944 and the United States-orchestrated coup d'état in 1954 that unseated President Jacobo Árbenz . It is also known as the Ten Years of Spring , highlighting the only years of representative democracy in Guatemala from 1930 until the end of the civil war in 1996 , and included a program of agrarian reform that was enormously influential across Latin America .   From the late 19th century until 1944 Guatemala was governed by a series of authoritarian rulers who sought to strengthen the economy by supporting the export of coffee . Between 1898 and 1920 , Manuel Estrada Cabrera granted significant concessions to the United Fruit Company , an American corporation that traded in tropical fruit , and dispossessed many indigenous people of their communal lands . Under Jorge Ubico , who ruled as a dictator between 1931 and 1944 , this process was intensified , with the institution of harsh labor regulations and a police state .   In June 1944 , a popular pro-democracy movement led by university students and labor organizations forced Ubico to resign . He appointed a three-person military junta to take his place , led by Federico Ponce Vaides . This junta continued Ubico 's oppressive policies , until it was toppled in a military coup led by Jacobo Árbenz in October 1944 , an event also known as the `` October Revolution '' . The coup leaders formed a junta which swiftly called for open elections . These elections were won in a landslide by Juan José Arévalo , a progressive professor of philosophy who had become the face of the popular movement . He implemented a moderate program of social reform , including a widely successful literacy campaign and a largely free election process , although illiterate women were not given the vote and communist parties were banned .   Following the end of Arévalo 's presidency in 1951 , Jacobo Árbenz was elected to the presidency in a landslide . The progressive military leader of 1944 continued Arévalo 's reforms , and began an ambitious land-reform program , known as Decree 900 . Under it , the uncultivated portions of large land-holdings were expropriated in return for compensation , and redistributed to poverty-stricken agricultural laborers . Approximately 500,000 people benefited from the decree . The majority of them were indigenous people , whose forebears had been dispossessed after the Spanish invasion . Árbenz ' policies ran afoul of the United Fruit Company , which lost some of its uncultivated land . The company lobbied the US government for Árbenz ' overthrow , and the State Department responded by engineering a coup under the pretext that Árbenz was a communist . Carlos Castillo Armas took power at the head of a military junta , provoking the Guatemalan Civil War . The war lasted from 1960 to 1996 , and saw the US-backed military commit genocide against the indigenous Maya peoples , and widespread human rights violations against civilians .

neg: Juan Francisco Murillo Díaz Juan Francisco Murillo Díaz , also known as `` El Güero Jaibo '' ( Mexican Spanish slang : `` Tampico Whitey '' ) , was a member of the Tijuana Cartel ( Arellano Félix Organization ) , believed to be one of the masterminds and shooters behind the assassination of Cardinal Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo in Guadalajara , Jalisco , in May 1993 . Although he was never arrested , Murillo was identified as the actual shooter , along with Édgar Nicolás Villegas , AKA `` El Negro '' ( The Negro ) .   Murillo was killed in a shootout with judicial police in Sinaloa de Leyva , Sinaloa , in August 1993 .

neg: La Década Perdida `` La Década Perdida '' ( `` The Lost Decade '' ) is a designation to the financial period of crisis in Latin America during the 1980s ( and for some well into the subsequent decade ) . Sometimes the term is used in exclusive reference to Mexico .   After the petroleum boom previous to the government of Mexican president José López Portillo ( from 1976 to 1982 ) , the Mexican government began to rely heavily on export barrels to support the financial needs in the country . These exports were mainly directed towards the United States , mainly due to the petroleum crisis of 1973 , taking advantage of the high prices these barrels garnered .   When the market finally settled , thus reducing the high prices per barrel , the financial stability of the country was endangered . Diversification of income would have prevented the problem , but due to the inability of other production sectors to make up for the reduced profit , Mexico had to inflate the currency to by then historic levels . The Mexican peso would then be devaluated by almost 500 % . Given these circumstances , López Portillo nationalized all financial institutions in 1982 , during his last public address to the nation by saying : `` Defenderé el peso como un perro '' ( `` I 'll defend the peso like a dog '' ) .   During the next period , president Miguel de la Madrid tried to bring back foreign investment and new trade agreements , culminating with Mexico 's admission to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) on January 1986 and also his proposed `` Economic Solidarity Pact '' in 1987 , which finally put inflation under control , which averaged 100 % until that time .


query: The iPhone 5C has only ever been designed by Microsoft.

pos: IPhone 5C The iPhone 5C ( marketed with a stylized lowercase ` c ' as iPhone 5c ) is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. . The device was part of the iPhone series and was unveiled on September 10 , 2013 , and released on September 20 , 2013 , along with its higher-end counterpart , the iPhone 5S .   The iPhone 5C is a variant of the iPhone 5 , with similar hardware specifications but a hard-coated polycarbonate shell instead of the aluminium of the original iPhone 5 . The iPhone 5C was available in several color options , and shipped with iOS 7 . The iPhone 5C was sold at a discounted price point in comparison to the 5S : unlike Apple 's prior practice of lowering the price of the previous model upon release of a new version , the iPhone 5 was explicitly discontinued and replaced by the 5C . On September 9 , 2014 , the 16 and 32 GB iPhone 5C models were replaced by the 8 GB model with the announcement of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus . On September 9 , 2015 , the 8 GB version was discontinued upon the announcement of the iPhone 6S .

neg: Apple A5X The Apple A5X is a 32-bit system-on-a-chip ( SoC ) designed by Apple Inc. , introduced at the launch of the third generation iPad on March 7 , 2012 . It is a high performance variant of the Apple A5 ; Apple claims it has twice the graphics performance of the A5 . It was superseded in the iPhone 5 and 5C by the A6 chip and the fourth generation iPad by the A6X chip .

neg: P535 The Asus P535 is a high performance Pocket PC ( PPC ) that was designed for business managers . It was launched by ASUSTeK Computer Inc. in November , 2006 . At first , the Asus P535 ran with Microsoft ( R ) Window Mobile 5.0 . However , it is upgradable to Microsoft ( R ) Windows mobile 6.5 .

neg: Portable Media Center Portable Media Center ( PMC ) is a defunct hard drive-based portable media player ( PMP ) platform developed by Microsoft . Announced at the 2003 Consumer Electronics Show ( CES ) , and released in early 2004 , it was originally positioned as a competitor to Apple 's iPod .   The platform was conceived in line with Microsoft 's Windows Media Center strategy , where the idea was to have a single media management interface that would be used on both PCs and in consumer devices , including televisions and handhelds . The strategy was developed by Microsoft 's Windows Embedded group in partnership with the eHome Division , which formed in February 2001 and started partnerships with companies like Samsung with the goal to `` develop new technologies so consumers can enjoy whole-home entertainment , communications and control experiences where , when and however they want them '' and `` develop an entire ecosystem of PCs , digital devices , intelligent home appliances and services that will easily and cost-effectively transform average households into next-generation digital homes . '' The Windows Media Center name was created with the release of a Windows XP product edition , Windows XP Media Center Edition , geared towards this ecosystem .   Codenamed Media2Go , it was later rebranded as Windows Mobile software for Portable Media Centers , before being named Portable Media Center . Its operating system was a specialized version of Windows CE , . In 2007 , Microsoft discontinued licensing the platform .   The first Portable Media Center product released was the Creative 's Zen Portable Media Center . All PMCs are able to play audio files in MP3 and display images in JPEG . Also , they support Microsoft 's proprietary formats : Windows Media Audio ( WMA ) and Windows Media Video ( WMV ) . Other video formats will either be supported by each individual PMC , or transcoded though Windows Media Player . Media Transfer Protocol ( MTP ) is used for transferring data .   All players use a graphical user interface ( GUI ) modeled after Media Center , a software portal bundled with Windows XP Media Center Edition .   Manufacturers include Creative , Philips , iriver , Samsung , and Toshiba .   The Portable Media Center was succeeded by Zune , and served as the basis for its software . Zune had similar aims to provide a unifying media platform across PCs , devices , and televisions ( 3-screen strategy ) .

neg: Samsung Galaxy S5 The Samsung Galaxy S5 is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics . Unveiled on 24 February 2014 at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona , Spain , it was released on 11 April 2014 in 150 countries as the immediate successor to the Galaxy S4 . As with the S4 , the S5 is an evolution of the prior year 's model , placing a particular emphasis on an improved build with a textured rear cover and IP67 certification for dust and water resistance , a more refined user experience , new security features such as a fingerprint reader and private mode , expanded health features ( such as a built-in heart rate monitor ) , and an updated camera .   The Galaxy S5 received mostly positive reviews ; The phone was praised for its display , hardware , camera and battery life but it was criticized for its plastic design , bloated software and the inconsistent fingerprint scanner featured on the phone .   In August 2015 , following the release of its latest flagship , the Galaxy S6 , Samsung released an updated version called the `` Galaxy S5 Neo '' which has a Exynos 7 Octa ( 7580 ) processor clocked at 1.6 GHz . It has 2 GB of RAM , 16 GB of internal storage and comes with Android 5.1.1 `` Lollipop '' or Android 4.3 `` Jelly Bean '' depending on carrier .

neg: Virtual Audio Cable Virtual Audio Cable is a WDM multimedia driver that allows a user to transfer audio streams from one application to another . Any application is able to send an audio stream to the input side of a `` virtual cable '' while a corresponding application can receive this stream from the output side . Since all transfers are made digitally , there is no loss in sound quality . VAC is the audio equivalent of a MIDI loopback device such as MultiMid or Hubi . The latest package , VAC 4 , includes 32-bit and 64-bit Windows Vista-compatible versions along with the previous Windows 2000/XP/2003 .   VAC is written entirely in object-oriented C++ and has no external dependencies . Windows 98/ME/2000 / XP versions consist of user-mode and kernel-mode components which are compiled from a single source file set .   If more than one application is sending audio through an output virtual cable , VAC is able to mix all of the streams together or create separate corresponding virtual input cables . Similarly , more than one application is able to receive audio from an input cable , whether it 's sharing the same audio data with another target or receiving its own personal audio stream . VAC is useful for recording an application 's audio output in almost real time or transferring a sound stream to another application so it may process it . A person could use two or more software audio generators , synthesizers or sequencers to produce audio streams and send them to a VAC output cable and record the mixed stream from the VAC input cable using any type of recording software .   Because VAC routes audio streams in almost real time , it is able to be utilized in various manners . A person is capable of using VAC to record an output audio stream from an application that normally does not allow saving the audio to files . A user could also manipulate VAC into recording conversations through Voice Over IP ( VoIP ) or Internet telephony applications such as Skype .

neg: Microsoft Azure Microsoft Azure -LSB- ˈæʒər -RSB- is a cloud computing service created by Microsoft for building , deploying , and managing applications and services through a global network of Microsoft-managed data centers . It provides software as a service , platform as a service and infrastructure as a service and supports many different programming languages , tools and frameworks , including both Microsoft-specific and third-party software and systems .   Azure was announced in October 2008 and released on February 1 , 2010 as Windows Azure , before being renamed to Microsoft Azure on March 25 , 2014 .

neg: Nokia Lumia 928 Nokia Lumia 928 is a high-end smartphone developed by Nokia that runs Microsoft 's Windows Phone 8 operating system . It was announced on May 10 , 2013 , as a Verizon-exclusive variant of the Nokia Lumia 920 . It became available on May 16 , 2013 , on a two-year contract for $ 99.99 in the United States . It is exclusive to the U.S. and Canadian markets .

neg: Simca 5 The Simca 5 is a small Franco-Italian passenger car designed , by Fiat engineers at Turin . It was produced and sold in France by Simca . It was virtually identical to the Fiat 500 Topolino on which it was based , but was first presented , at the company 's new Nanterre plant , three months ahead of the Fiat equivalent on 10 March 1936 . Production was delayed , however , by a wave of strikes , that accompanied the June 1936 electoral victory of Léon Blum 's Popular Front government . The manufacturer boasted at the time of its launch of being ahead of the `` plans across the Rhine '' : this was a reference to the already rumoured launch of the Volkswagen Beetle which would appear only in 1938 .   Advanced features included independent front suspension , a four speed gear box , hydraulically controlled drum brakes on all four wheels and a twelve volt electrical system . The Simca 5 also offered exceptional fuel economy ( in a test it managed to travel 110 kilometers on just 5 litres of fuel ) .   The car was originally intended for sale on the domestic market for less than 10,000 French Francs , an aspiration soon overtaken by a decline in the currency 's value that gathered pace in the second half of the 1930s . By the time of the 32nd Paris Motor Show in October 1938 , the manufacturer 's listed price even for the base `` standard '' bodied car , was 13,980 francs . With an engine size that corresponded with the 3CV car tax band the Simca 5 , along with its Fiat sibling , could be presented as the `` smallest volume production car in the world '' .   Production of the Simca 5 was slowed down ( but did not ever cease entirely ) by the war and the period of German occupation in the early 1940s , but resumed in 1946 . 46,472 of the cars had been produced by the time the car was delisted by Simca in 1949 . By now it had been replaced on the company 's production lines by the similar but partially reskinned and slightly more powerful Simca 6 .   This entry is based on a translation of the French Wikipedia corresponding entry

neg: Xbox One Controller Xbox One Wireless Controller is the primary controller for the Microsoft Xbox One console . The controller maintains the overall layout found in the Xbox 360 controller , but with various tweaks to its design , such as a revised shape , redesigned analog sticks , shoulder buttons , and triggers , along with new vibrators within the triggers to allow for directional haptic feedback .   It has had three revisions with several changes to the controller 's design and functionality . Microsoft also markets the Elite Wireless Controller , a premium version geared towards professional gamers , including interchangeable parts and programmability features . In turn , each of the aforementioned variations has been offered in various color schemes , some featuring special designs tying into specific games .   Per a partnership between Microsoft and Oculus VR , Xbox One controllers are bundled with the Oculus Rift virtual reality headset .

neg: IPod Touch The iPod Touch ( stylized and marketed as iPod touch ) is an iOS-based all-purpose handheld PC designed and marketed by Apple Inc. with a user interface that is touchscreen-based . It can be used as a music and video player , digital camera , handheld game device , and personal digital assistant ( PDA ) . It connects to the Internet only through Wi-Fi base stations , does not use cellular network data , and is therefore not a smartphone , though it has a similar design to the iPhone and is often referred to as the `` iPhone without a phone '' . Furthermore , it does not fit in Apple 's iPhone accessories such as their leather cases . As of May 2013 , 100 million iPod Touch units had been sold . It is also the most popular iPod model .   iPod touch models are sold by storage space and color , with all models of the same generation typically offering otherwise identical features , processors , and performance , in addition to available operating system upgrades ; an exception was the fifth generation , as the low-end ( 16 GB ) model was initially sold without a rear-facing camera . The current iPod touch is the sixth-generation model , released on July 15 , 2015 .

neg: Nokia Lumia 735 The Nokia Lumia 735 is a Windows Phone 8.1 smartphone developed by Nokia . Unveiled on 4 September 2014 at IFA Berlin , the device is a smartphone with a particular emphasis on `` selfies '' -- aided by a 5-megapixel , wide-angle front-facing camera . The phone will be released in certain markets in a 3G-only dual SIM version , branded as the Lumia 730 .

neg: Corporate design A corporate design ( CD ) is the official graphical design of the logo and name of a company or institution used on letterheads , envelopes , forms , folders , brochures , etc. . The house style is created in such a way that all the elements are arranged in a distinctive design and pattern .   This includes dictating what ink pantones should be used in the coloring , and what typefaces .   Governments may have corporate designs as well . On June 2 , 1999 , the German federal cabinet introduced a corporate design for the flag of Germany .   The term ` corporate design ' is not the name of a specific design profession .   Corporations do have special design needs based on their behaviors . They communicate their mission , objectives , needs , and product information -- with users , clients , or members ; with suppliers , distributors , service providers ; with the surrounding community and the media ; with financial institutions and other corporations , and with the state . They create , acquire , modify , organize and distribute large amounts of information and raw data , as well as goods and services . ( Sometimes the goods or services are themselves information . For example , The Yellow Pages , or The New York Times . )   A designer whose client is a corporation will include the logo and other elements of the corporate brand as a way to standardize and unify all communication between company and audience , whether in print or online . Scenarios that includes human-computer interactions take place through software and hardware user interfaces that are also branded and designed with the corporate culture in mind . ( Examples of user scenarios : update the Web site , transfer funds , document procedures , control security , operate machinery , plan projects , conduct virtual meetings , check inventory , fill an order , or ship a product . )   These interactions are increasingly taking place through Web sites , through mobile devices and at dedicated terminals , and may include sound , video , animation and user feedback mechanisms . A savvy designer will create designs that can be adapted to all of these applications .

neg: Australian International Design Awards The Australian International Design Awards is an industry body established by the Industrial Design Council of Australia ( IDCA ) , founded in 1958 . The awards are Australia 's only national design awards for industrial design . Since 1991 , the Australian International Design Awards has been a division of Standards Australia .   In 2007 the Australian Design Awards expanded its entry criteria to include all professionally designed products on the Australian market , including products designed in Australia . From 2007 , the Australian Design Awards became known as the Australian International Design Awards to reflect the global nature of the awards .   The Australian International Design Awards has been recognised by the Commonwealth Government and the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design as a promotional body for the Australian design industry .

neg: App Installer The App Installer is a software component of Windows 10 , introduced in the 2016 Anniversary Update , used for the installation and maintenance of applications packaged in . appx or . appxbundle installation packages , loosely relational databases with an XML app manifest . The . appx and . appxbundle files contain either a Win32 or a Universal Windows Platform `` EXE file '' , icons for the Start menu and taskbar , a virtualized version of any registry keys needed , and any other assets needed for the installed app to function .   It is possible to install . appx and . appxbundle files on Windows 10 without either the installer or the Windows Store by using a command line . However , this requires Developer Mode to be turned on and most users were unaware of this capability . The app installer provides a more user-friendly interface that is opened by clicking on the installation package .   The design for the App Installer is similar to the one for the classic Windows Installer , which installs stand-alone MSI and EXE files . It shows the user the app name , the developer , the app 's Start menu tile , and a set of capabilities enabled by the app manifest . If the user clicks the Install button at the bottom right corner , the App Installer checks the app 's signature . Unlike the standalone installer , the App Installer will refuse to install an app without a valid signature . If the signature is valid , the app displays a blue installation progress bar and shows the user a button to launch the app once it is fully installed .   The App Installer is physically more flexible than Windows Installer . It can be resized and viewed in full-screen mode and the background changes based on the system-wide light or dark mode . Apps installed with the App Installer can be updated through the Windows Store . It is also possible to update a pre-installed app or app installed through the Windows , so long as version being installed with the App Installer has a higher version number than the one installed on the user 's computer . Since APPX installations are sandboxed , unlike traditional installs , it is possible to run multiple installations at once .   It is currently unknown whether themes in an . appx package can be installed with the installer ; currently , all available . appx packages with themes are distributed by Microsoft through the Windows Store .

neg: Sigma Designs Sigma Designs is an American public corporation that designs and builds high-performance system-on-a-chip semiconductor technologies for Internet-based set-top boxes , DVD players/recorders , high-definition televisions , media processors , digital media adapters , portable media players and home connectivity products . In addition to platform processing and home network hardware , Sigma Designs also offers engineering support services and customized integrated circuit development .   The company develops products for the following connected media platforms : IPTV ( video over IP ) set-top boxes , TV media players ( such as Blu-ray ) , HDTVs , multimedia players , digital media adapters , portable media players , and home networking products , such as HomePlug AV , HomePNA and G.hn . Sigma Designs owns the intellectual property and is one of two chip makers for the Z-Wave home control technology . Sigma has alliances with other technology companies , including Microsoft , and their products are found in stand-alone full HD multimedia players .

neg: FonePlus FonePlus is a smartphone device that connects to a TV for basic productivity and Internet operations . It was demonstrated on 18 July 2006 by Hugh Teegan , a Mobile Devices architect at Microsoft focusing on emerging markets , and at Microsoft 's Financial Analyst Meeting on 27 July 2006 , by Chief Research and Strategy Officer Craig Mundie .

neg: Scott Oki Scott D. Oki ( born October 5 , 1948 in Seattle , Washington ) is a former senior vice-president of sales and marketing for Microsoft who conceived and built Microsoft 's international operations . Oki also played a crucial role in Microsoft 's rapid domestic growth during the 1980s .   Born to a Japanese-American family , Oki attended the University of Washington , but left after 18 months to join the Air Force . While in the service he took courses at the University of Colorado . After he left the service in 1974 , he went on to receive a BA in accounting and information systems and earned an MBA the following year . After holding several computer-related jobs , Oki went to work for Microsoft in 1982 .   Oki built Microsoft 's international operations , and within two years it was more profitable than Microsoft 's domestic operation . Bill Gates then made him Vice President of Domestic Operation , and within five years , the company 's sales rose from $ 100 million to $ 1 billion . One of Oki 's major contributions to Microsoft 's success during that time was convincing Bill Gates and the board of directors to center product development and marketing efforts on Windows instead of OS/2 . By the time he retired Oki was overseeing 3,000 employees .   When Oki retired in 1992 , he reportedly cashed in stock options estimated at $ 100 million . He now runs the non-profit Oki Foundation , owns several golf courses , and serves on dozens of advisory boards and boards of directors for both for-profit and non-profit companies . Oki is the Co-Chair of the United Way of King County Campaign Board and Co-Chair of the Million Dollar Roundtable , Founder and Chairman of the Japanese American Chamber of Commerce , Founder and Co-President of the Chief Seattle Council Boy Scout Foundation , Co-Founder of Sounders For Kids , Co-Founder of America 's Foundation for Chess , Co-Founder of SeeYourImpact.org and Co-Founder of Social Venture Partners . He is a past-President of the Board of Regents for the University of Washington and a past Chair of Seattle Children 's Hospital Foundation . Scott also serves on the national boards for United Way of America , Boys & Girls Clubs of America , Japanese American National Museum , and the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Team Foundation . Scott Oki is a member of the National Executive Board of the Boy Scouts of America , the organization 's governing body .   Oki Golf   In 1994 , Scott Oki purchased The Golf Club at Echo Falls in Snohomish , Washington . This initial acquisition was the preliminary step toward building what eventually became a unique portfolio of golf properties known collectively as Oki Golf . This collection has grown to include nine properties comprising eleven championship golf courses , both public and private , spread throughout the Puget Sound . In addition to The Golf Club at Echo Falls , the Oki Golf portfolio also includes Indian Summer Golf & Country Club in Olympia , Washington ( private ) , The Plateau Club in Sammamish , Washington ( private ) , and The Woodlands and The Links courses ( formerly Meriwood and Vicwood -- both public ) at The Golf Club at Hawks Prairie in Lacey , Washington . The flagship courses in Oki Golf 's celebrated collection are located at The Golf Club at Newcastle in Newcastle , WA . Two additional golf properties were added to the group in December 2005 . Washington National Golf Club ( public ) in Auburn , WA , and Trophy Lake Golf & Casting ( public ) in Port Orchard , WA . ( source : okigolf.com ) In the winter of 2007 , Oki Golf added Harbour Pointe ( public ) in Mukilteo , Washington . An additional property - Trilogy Golf Course ( public ) - was purchased in 2008 and has since been renamed to The Golf Club at Redmond Ridge .   During October , 2016 , Oki sold eight of his golf courses for $ 137 million dollars to Chinese based HNA Holdings . Ownership of commercial real property by foreign businesses is prohibited in China .

neg: Western Digital Western Digital Corporation ( commonly referred to as Western Digital and often abbreviated as WDC or WD ) is an American computer data storage company and one of the largest computer hard disk drive manufacturers in the world , along with Seagate Technology .   Western Digital Corporation has a long history in the electronics industry as an integrated circuit maker and a storage products company . Western Digital was founded on April 23 , 1970 , by Alvin B. Phillips , a Motorola employee , as General Digital , initially ( and briefly ) a manufacturer of MOS test equipment . It rapidly became a speciality semiconductor maker , with start-up capital provided by several individual investors and industrial giant Emerson Electric . Around July 1971 , it adopted its current name and soon introduced its first product , the WD1402A UART .

neg: Innovative Communications Alliance The Innovative Communications Alliance ( ICA ) is a telecommunications alliance between Microsoft and Nortel , created in July 2006 , to co-develop , integrate , market , sell , and support unified communications products . The goal of the alliance is to make integrated hardware and software solutions that join together voice , video , and data communications without requiring gateways or middleware . Microsoft and Nortel share developing technologies and patents for unified communications products .

neg: High5Collective The High5Collective , often abbreviated H5C , is a group of independent visual artists based in Los Angeles , California . As a production team , they began releasing videos in May 2011 . The collective gained exposure mainly through the Indy blogosphere , but also received some support from larger websites such as Pitchfork , Rolling Stone , and The Huffington Post . In November 2011 they got signed to Partizan , an award-winning production company . H5C 's website provides the following information : `` We make art for artists that inspire us . New videos every couple weeks . Enjoy the art , bitches . ''


query: Dwayne Johnson is also known by his ring name.

pos: Dwayne Johnson Dwayne Douglas Johnson ( born May 2 , 1972 ) , also known by his ring name , The Rock , is an American actor , producer , and professional wrestler . He holds both American and Canadian citizenships .   Born in California and raised in New Zealand and the U.S. states of Hawaii and Pennsylvania , Johnson was a college football player for the University of Miami , where he won a national championship on the 1991 Miami Hurricanes football team . He later played for the Calgary Stampeders in the Canadian Football League and was cut two months into the 1995 season . This led him to become a professional wrestler like his grandfather , Peter Maivia , and his father , Rocky Johnson , from whom he also inherited his Canadian citizenship .   Currently signed to WWE on a part-time contract , Johnson gained mainstream fame in the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) from 1996 to 2004 as a major figure in the company 's Attitude Era , and was the first third-generation wrestler in the company 's history . He returned to wrestling part-time for WWE from 2011 to 2013 and continues to make sporadic non-wrestling appearances for the company . Johnson has 17 championship reigns in WWE , including 10 as a world champion , winning the WWF/WWE Championship eight times ( seventh reign was as WWE Undisputed Champion ) and the WCW/World Championship twice . He won the WWF Intercontinental Championship twice and the WWF Tag Team Championship five times . Johnson is the sixth Triple Crown Champion in WWE history and won the 2000 Royal Rumble . He is widely regarded as one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time .   Johnson 's autobiography The Rock Says ... , co-written with Joe Layden , was published in 2000 . It debuted at No. 1 on The New York Times Best Seller list , spent 20 weeks on The New York Times bestseller list , and sold 720,000 copies in hardcover alone .   Johnson 's first leading film role was in The Scorpion King in 2002 . For this role , he was paid US$ 5.5 million , a world record for an actor in his first starring role . He has since appeared in various films , and become known for his ability to reinvigorate film franchises . One of his more prominent roles is Luke Hobbs in The Fast and the Furious franchise ; its most recent film , The Fate of the Furious , was released in 2017 and has grossed over $ 1.1 billion worldwide , making it the second highest-grossing film of 2017 and the twelfth highest-grossing film of all time . He hosted and produced The Hero , a reality competition series ; and has since continued to produce TV series and films through his production company Seven Bucks Productions , each of which he also stars in . Forbes listed Johnson No. 25 in the Top 100 Most Powerful Celebrities in 2013 . He was the world 's highest-paid actor of 2016 . Time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2016 .  In 2015 , Muscle & Fitness named Johnson their `` Man of the Century '' .

neg: Spring Stampede (2000) Spring Stampede ( 2000 ) was the fifth and final Spring Stampede pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) . The event took place on April 16 , 2000 from the United Center in Chicago .   The event was notable due the creation of a new WCW after Eric Bischoff and Vince Russo rebooted the company by vacating all the championships and refreshed the WCW roster . Many tournaments occurred during the event for the vacated championships . The main event was the tournament final for the vacated WCW World Heavyweight Championship between Diamond Dallas Page and Jeff Jarrett . During the match , Page 's wife Kimberly Page turned on her husband , allowing Jarrett to win the title .   The undercard featured tournaments to crown the new World Tag Team and United States Heavyweight Champions . Shane Douglas and Buff Bagwell defeated Ric Flair and The Total Package to win the vacated World Tag Team Championship and Scott Steiner defeated Sting to win the vacated United States Heavyweight Championship . Chris Candido won a Six-Way match for the vacant Cruiserweight Championship and Terry Funk defeated Norman Smiley in a Hardcore match for the vacant Hardcore Championship .   The events of this event would lead to the beginning of an angle , in which the WCW roster was divided into two factions : New Blood and Millionaire 's Club . New Blood was the villainous group of young wrestlers and Millionaire 's Club was the heroic group of veterans of the industry .

neg: 1993 Dallas Cowboys season The 1993 Dallas Cowboys season marked their 34th in the NFL and a quest for back-to-back Super Bowl titles . The season saw the franchise become the first team to start 0 -- 2 and still reach ( and subsequently win ) the Super Bowl . The following off-season was marked by the sudden resignation of head coach Jimmy Johnson , though he would return to coach the Miami Dolphins in 1996 .

neg: Eddie Kingston Edward Moore ( born December 12 , 1981 ) is an American professional wrestler , better known by his ring name Eddie Kingston . He is currently signed with Impact Wrestling under the ring name Kingston , where he is a member of the Death Crew Council . He is best known for his work in Chikara , All American Wrestling , Combat Zone Wrestling , Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South , Pro Wrestling Guerrilla , and Ring of Honor .

neg: Backlash (2003) Backlash ( 2003 ) was the fifth annual Backlash professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It was presented by Castrol GTX , and took place on April 27 , 2003 , at the Worcester Centrum in Worcester , Massachusetts and starred talent from the promotion 's Raw and SmackDown ! brands .   The main event and featured match of the Raw brand was the encounter of Goldberg and The Rock , where Goldberg , in his first WWE Pay-Per-View , defeated Rock by pinfall , following a spear and a Jackhammer . The featured match on the undercard was a WWE Championship match from the SmackDown ! brand , between John Cena and the reigning champion , Brock Lesnar , where Lesnar defeated Cena by pinfall after an F-5 . The other predominant match on the undercard was a six-man tag team match from the Raw brand , between the team of Triple H , Ric Flair , and Chris Jericho facing Shawn Michaels , Kevin Nash , and Booker T. Triple H , Flair , and Jericho won the match by pinfall , after Triple H hit Nash with a sledgehammer . The predominant undercard match from the SmackDown ! brand was the encounter of The Big Show and Rey Mysterio , where Big Show pinned Mysterio after a chokeslam .   The event grossed $ 450,000 with 10,000 ticket sales and had a 0.67 buyrate . Following the event , Goldberg began a feud with Chris Jericho . At Bad Blood , Goldberg defeated Jericho via pinfall after a Jackhammer . Brock Lesnar began a storyline with The Big Show over the WWE Championship . At Judgment Day , Lesnar defeated The Big Show in a Stretcher match to retain the WWE Championship . Triple H engaged in a storyline with Kevin Nash over the World Heavyweight Championship . At Judgment Day , Nash defeated Triple H via disqualification ; due to WWE regulations , Triple H retained the championship .

neg: Sports Action Team Sports Action Team was a half-hour comedy television series that ran for two seasons in 2006-2007 . It was aired by some affiliates of the NBC network and the high definition channel HDNet . It was a semi-improvisational mockumentary depicting the production of a fictional sports news show of the same name . Originally intended as a sport-related program to fill air time after Sunday football games on the west coast , the first season eventually expanded to most major NBC markets around the country ( including all NBC Owned and Operated stations ) . The show 's second season is shot in high definition , and is distributed by MGM . It is produced by Chicago-based Towers Productions , Inc. .   The regular cast was Al Samuels , Kevin Fleming , Steven Fleming , Antoine McKay , Katie Nahnsen , and Niki Lindgren , who have a background in Chicago area improvisational theater and play characters with the same first names . It also regularly features appearances by professional athletes . Athletes that made appearances on the show include Dwyane Wade of the Miami Heat , Rudi Johnson of the Cincinnati Bengals , former Chicago Bears coach Mike Ditka , Randy Moss of the New England Patriots , Patrick Willis of the San Francisco 49ers , and IndyCar racer Danica Patrick . Several non-athletes have made appearances , such as The Tonight Show host Conan O'Brien and former Access Hollywood host Nancy O'Dell . Each show includes several appearances by athletes who are included in the shows plot lines .

neg: Dwayne Harper Dwayne Harper ( born March 29 , 1966 ) is a former professional American football cornerback who played 12 seasons in the National Football League . He started in Super Bowl XXIX for the San Diego Chargers .

neg: Daryl Johnson Daryl E. Johnson ( born August 11 , 1946 ) is a former American football defensive back who played in the American Football League , the National Football League , and the World Football League .

neg: Leon Lett Leon Lett , Jr. ( born October 12 , 1968 ) , nicknamed The Big Cat , is a former American football defensive tackle and coach who currently serves as the assistant defensive line coach for the Dallas Cowboys in the National Football League ( NFL ) . Lett played in the NFL for 11 seasons and spent the majority of his career with the Cowboys , who drafted him in 1991 . In his final season in 2001 , he played for the Denver Broncos .   A two-time Pro Bowler , Lett was a member of the Cowboys teams that won three Super Bowls during the 1990s . He is also remembered for his involvement in two botched plays ; a fumble just before scoring a touchdown in Super Bowl XXVII and a failed ball recovery after a blocked field goal in a Thanksgiving game . Neither play proved to be detrimental to the Cowboys , however , who won the Super Bowl in both seasons the plays occurred in . After retiring , Lett began a career in coaching , and rejoined the Cowboys as a coach in 2011 .

neg: Jack Johnson (defensive back) John Connell Johnson ( December 11 , 1933 -- October 18 , 2015 ) was an American football player who played with the Dallas Texans , Buffalo Bills and Chicago Cardinals . He played college football at the University of Miami .

neg: Lia Maivia Ofelia `` Lia '' Maivia ( 1927 -- 19 October 2008 ) , also known as Leah Maivia , was a Samoan-American professional wrestling promoter . She is credited as one of the first female professional wrestling promoters . Maivia was the wife of Samoan professional wrestler Peter Maivia and the grandmother of actor and wrestler , Dwayne Johnson , also known as The Rock .

neg: T. J. Johnson (American football) Anthony Eugene Johnson ( born July 17 , 1990 ) is an American football center for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was drafted by the Bengals in the seventh round of the 2013 NFL Draft . He played college football at the University of South Carolina and attended Aynor High School in Aynor , South Carolina .

neg: Club fighter A club fighter ( or clubfighter ) is a professional boxer who usually fights locally and has a mediocre record . Club fighters generally are not nationally recognized and have not won any fights that show the ability to win a championship . The term is often used as a pejorative for over-hyped fighters or for older boxers when they begin to decline . For example , Floyd Mayweather Jr. called Arturo Gatti `` a blown-up club fighter '' , even though Gatti was the WBC super lightweight champion at the time .   A club fighter is less respected than a contender , who defeats journeymen and club fighters in order to establish himself as a challenger for a world title . A journeyman is slightly more respected than a club fighter -- often by way of having a superficially good record .   Category : Boxing terminology  Category : Pejorative terms for people

neg: Arthur Johnson (boxer) Arthur Anthony Johnson ( born February 16 , 1966 in East St. Louis , Illinois ) is a former professional boxer from the United States , nicknamed `` Flash '' .

neg: Johnson Box A Johnson Box is a box commonly found at the top of direct mail letters , containing the key message of the letter . The purpose of it is to draw the reader 's attention to this key message first , and hopefully grab their attention , enticing them to read the rest of the letter .   A Johnson Box is very effective , but it lends a `` salesy '' air to a letter , and so is considered inappropriate for letters that are intended to be formal or personal .   It has also been adapted to the email format , having the additional benefit of allowing the most important message in the email to be visible in the preview pane of an email reader .   The Johnson Box is named after direct marketer Frank Johnson , who is credited with using the Johnson Box to improve response to his offers for American Heritage magazine . He does not claim credit for creating the device , claiming to have only popularized it .   The Johnson Box has since `` evolved '' by use . It is often used at the middle of the page , particularly to highlight a testimony or an important sentence from the writing . It is now even used to surround an order form at the bottom right of the page which re-iterates the benefit and offer .

neg: Charles Johnson (wide receiver, born 1972) Charles Everett Johnson ( born January 3 , 1972 ) is a former professional American football player who was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the first round ( 17th overall ) of the 1994 NFL Draft . A 6 ' 0 '' , 202-lb . wide receiver from the University of Colorado , Johnson played nine seasons in the National Football League from 1994 to 2002 for the Steelers , the Philadelphia Eagles , the New England Patriots , and the Buffalo Bills . He was a part of the Patriots team that won Super Bowl XXXVI .   Charles S. Johnson ( a different player ) was the second-string quarterback for the 1990 Colorado Buffaloes football team . He scored the winning touchdown in the controversial Fifth Down Game , and went on to quarterback the Buffs to a co-National Championship .

neg: Ring of Honor Ring of Honor ( ROH ) is an American professional wrestling promotion , founded in 2002 by RF Video owner Rob Feinstein . From 2004 to 2011 , the promotion was under the ownership of Cary Silkin before being sold to the Sinclair Broadcast Group ( SBG ) , an American telecommunications company that operates the largest number of local television stations in the United States .   ROH holds TV tapings , pay-per-view events , live events , and Internet pay-per-view events throughout the United States and Canada . It has also held shows in the United Kingdom and Japan . Annual shows include the Anniversary Show , Supercard of Honor ( held annually during WrestleMania weekend ) , Best in the World , Global Wars , Death Before Dishonor , Glory By Honor , and Final Battle ( the last show of the calendar year and ROH 's marquee event ) .   ROH records all of its shows and sells them on DVD through mail order via its online store , and the DVDs have developed a fanbase for the promotion in the United States and beyond . In 2009 , ROH signed a television deal with HDNet , which aired shows every week until 2011 . As of September 2011 , ROH 's flagship broadcast Ring of Honor Wrestling has been syndicated by parent company Sinclair Broadcasting , and airs on Sinclair owned stations across the country . ROH is also broadcast on Samurai TV in Japan , and is the third-largest professional wrestling promotion in the United States , behind WWE and after Impact Wrestling .   On June 22 , 2014 , ROH had its first live pay-per-view broadcast , Best in the World , from Nashville , Tennessee . It was followed-up on December 7 with their biggest show of the year Final Battle , from Terminal 5 in New York City . Their next pay-per-view aired March 1 , 2015 , which was their 13th Anniversary Show , from Las Vegas , Nevada .

neg: Dennis Johnson (linebacker) Dennis Craig Johnson ( born June 19 , 1958 ) is a former professional American football linebacker in the National Football League . He played six seasons for the Minnesota Vikings ( 1980 -- 1985 ) and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1985 ) .

neg: Anoaʻi family The Anoaʻi family , originating from American Samoa , is a family of professional wrestlers . Family members have comprised several tag teams and stables within a variety of promotions . Famous members of the family include Rikishi , Yokozuna , Roman Reigns , The Usos , and Dwayne Johnson   In addition , Reverend Amituana'i Anoa'i and Peter Maivia were `` blood brothers '' , a connection that continued with Afa and Sika , who regard Peter as their uncle . Peter married Ofelia `` Lia '' Fuataga , who already had a daughter named Feagaimaleata ( Ata ) , whom he adopted and raised as his own . Ata married wrestler Rocky Johnson , and the couple became the parents of Dwayne Johnson , who wrestled under the names Rocky Maivia and The Rock , before establishing himself as an actor .

neg: Ron Simmons Ronald Simmons ( born May 15 , 1958 ) is an American retired professional wrestler and football player . He performed for World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) and Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) under his real name , and in the World Wrestling Federation / World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWF/E ) under both his real name and the ring names Faarooq Asaad ( sometimes spelled Asad ) and Faarooq ( sometimes spelled Farooq ) . He is signed with WWE , working in their Legends program .   In WCW , Simmons was a one-time WCW World Heavyweight Champion ; as the first African American to win the title , he is recognized by WWE as the first black world heavyweight champion in professional wrestling history . He was also a one-time WCW World Tag Team Champion with Butch Reed and a one-time WCW United States Tag Team Champion with Big Josh . In ECW , Simmons headlined the 1994 edition of the company 's premier annual pay-per-view event , November to Remember , in a match for the ECW World Heavyweight Championship . In the WWF , he was a three-time WWF Tag Team Champion with Bradshaw as one half of the Acolytes Protection Agency . Former leader of stable The Nation of Domination , Simmons also competed for the company 's singles championships on pay-per-view and television , headlining the 1997 King of the Ring event against The Undertaker for the WWF Championship . He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2012 .   Prior to becoming a professional wrestler , Simmons was an American college and pro football player who was a defensive tackle in the National Football League ( NFL ) , Canadian Football League ( CFL ) and United States Football League ( USFL ) for four seasons during the 1980s . He played college football for Florida State University , and was recognized as an All-American . He played professionally for the NFL 's Cleveland Browns , the CFL 's Ottawa Rough Riders and the USFL 's Tampa Bay Bandits .

neg: John Johnson (linebacker) John Vernard Johnson ( born May 8 , 1968 ) is a former American football linebacker who played five seasons in the National Football League with the San Francisco 49ers , Cincinnati Bengals and New Orleans Saints . He was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the second round of the 1991 NFL Draft . He played college football at Clemson University and attended LaGrange High School in LaGrange , Georgia .