query: The Land Before Time tells the story of an orphaned sauropod.

pos: Brontosaurus Brontosaurus ( -LSB- ˌbrɒntəˈsɔːrəs -RSB- ) , meaning `` thunder lizard '' ( from Greek βροντή , brontē = thunder + σαῦρος , sauros = lizard ) , is a genus of gigantic quadruped sauropod dinosaurs . Although the type species , B. excelsus , had long been considered a species of the closely related Apatosaurus , more recent research has proposed that Brontosaurus is a genus separate from Apatosaurus that contains three species : B. excelsus , B. yahnahpin , and B. parvus .   Brontosaurus had long , thin necks and small heads , adapted for a herbivorous lifestyle ; a bulky , heavy torso ; and long , whip-like tails . The various species lived during the Late Jurassic epoch in the Morrison Formation of North America , going extinct by the end of the Jurassic . Adult individuals of Brontosaurus are estimated to weigh up to 15 t and measure up to 22 m long ; this places Brontosaurus among the largest land animals along with other diplodocids .   As the archetypal sauropod , Brontosaurus is one of the best-known dinosaurs , and has been featured in film , advertising , and postal stamps , as well as many other types of media .

pos: The Land Before Time The Land Before Time is a 1988 American-Irish animated adventure drama film directed and produced by Don Bluth and executive produced by Steven Spielberg , George Lucas , Kathleen Kennedy , and Frank Marshall .   Produced by Sullivan Bluth Studios , Amblin Partners ' Amblin Entertainment and Lucasfilm ( despite not receiving an official credit nor the film 's marketing bearing the studio 's logo ) , it features dinosaurs living in the prehistoric times . The plot concerns a young Brontosaurus named Littlefoot who is orphaned when his mother is killed by a Tyrannosaurus . Littlefoot flees famine and upheaval to search for the Great Valley , an area spared from devastation . On his journey , he meets four young companions : Cera , Ducky , Petrie , and Spike , a Spike-tail .   The film explores issues of prejudice between the different species and the hardships they endure in their journey as they are guided by the spirit of Littlefoot 's mother and also forced to deal with the murderous T-Rex that killed her . This is the only Don Bluth film of the 1980s in which Dom DeLuise did not participate ( instead , he starred in Disney 's Oliver & Company that same year ) , and the only film in The Land Before Time series that is not a musical , as well as the only one to be released theatrically worldwide .   Released by Universal Pictures on November 18 , 1988 , the film was a critical and financial success , and spawned a multimillion-dollar franchise with thirteen direct-to-video sequels and a television series ( without involvement from Bluth , Spielberg , or Lucas ) as well as merchandise ( toys , video games , etc. ) and a television series .

neg: Song of the Gargoyle The Song of the Gargoyle is a 1991 book for young readers by Zilpha Keatley Snyder . Set in the middle ages , it tells the story of a young boy named Tymmon who lives with his father Komus , the court jester of Austerneve . When Komus is abducted by an anonymous man with a Black Helmet , thirteen-year-old Tymmon is able to escape Black Helmet and leaves the castle grounds to seek refuge in the Sombrous Forest , a forbidden place occupied by wolves and magical beings . Most wonderfully , Tymmon is adopted by a gargoyle named Troff -- a creature with the loyalty of a dog and the fearsome powers of an enchanted being .   After a season surviving in the forest , Tymmon longs to rescue his father and to find a way to avenge him , as a knight would . But Tymmon is a commoner , and he burns with anger at his father , who threw away a noble heritage to become a lowly jester . Tymmon had to watch his childhood playmate turn away from him to become a squire and train for the knighthood Tymmon can never know .   When Tymmon realizes that Troff can pose as a dog , he and Troff leave the forest together . As they travel , Tymmon sees the poverty and suffering of peasants ravaged by feudalistic greed . In the city he discovers that with his talent for music and joking , inherited from his father , he and Troff can make people happy . Beyond that , performing enables him to communicate with people from all walks of life .   Of Song of the Gargolye , Zilpha Keatley Snyder says , `` High among the periods that inspired my childhood dreamscapes were the middle ages . Not a very specific or historic middle ages , actually , so much as a fantasy world peopled by beautiful princesses and -- most especially -- by noble knights . I especially liked the knights . No doubt due , at least in part , to the fact that they rode horses . ( I was also enamored of cowboys . ) However , when I grew older and less romantic , I began to look at my hardware-clad heroes from a more critical point of view . Knights , I discovered , were often a pretty cruel and bloodthirsty bunch , not to mention ignorant and superstitious ... So when I got around to setting a story in their time , I cast about for a hero or two with a better odor . And the result was Tymmon and his father , Komus . And Troff ? Just another tribute to the memory of various more-or-less miraculous four-legged friends . ''   Category : American children 's novels  Category :1991 American novels

neg: Journey to the Beginning of Time Journey to the Beginning of Time ( Cesta do pravěku , literally `` Journey into prehistory '' ) is a 1955 Czechoslovak children 's science fiction feature film directed by Karel Zeman . Produced using a combination of 2-D and 3-D models , it was the first of Zeman 's productions to include actors in conjunction with stop-motion and special effects , and won awards at the International Film Festivals of Venice and Mannheim . The documentary-type nature of the film showing extinct animal species behaving naturally in their own environments was most unusual for its era and foreshadowed many later TV productions that would depict prehistoric life for educational rather than purely entertainment purposes . Cesta do pravěku should not be confused with a dubbed and partly re-filmed US version of the film that was released in 1966 under the title Journey to the Beginning of Time .   Journey to the Beginning of Time is according to server Kinobox the best Czech science fiction film of all time .

neg: Many Waters Many Waters is a 1986 novel by Madeleine L'Engle , part of the author 's Time Quartet ( also known as the Time Quintet ) . The title is taken from the Song of Solomon 8:7 : `` Many waters can not quench love , neither can the floods drown it . If a man were to give all his wealth for love , it would be utterly scorned . ''   The principal characters of the story are Sandy and Dennys Murry , twin brothers who are , ironically , somewhat out of place ( they are `` normal '' ) in the context of the multifarious and eccentric Murry family from A Wrinkle in Time . The action of the story follows that of A Wind in the Door but precedes the climactic , apocalyptic event in A Swiftly Tilting Planet .

neg: List of endangered languages in Africa An endangered language is a language that it is at risk of falling out of use , generally because it has few surviving speakers . If it loses all of its native speakers , it becomes an extinct language . UNESCO defines four levels of language endangerment between `` safe '' ( not endangered ) and `` extinct '' :  Vulnerable  Definitely endangered  Severely endangered  Critically endangered   Africa is the world 's second-largest and second most-populous continent . At about 30.2 million km ² ( 11.7 million sq mi ) including adjacent islands , it covers 6 % of the Earth 's total surface area and 20.4 % of the total land area . With about 922 million people ( as of 2005 ) in 61 territories , it accounts for about 14.2 % of the world 's human population . The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north , the Suez Canal and the Red Sea to the northeast , the Indian Ocean to the southeast , and the Atlantic Ocean to the west . There are 53 countries , including Madagascar and all the island groups .

neg: Water opossum The water opossum ( Chironectes minimus ) , also locally known as the yapok -LSB- ` yaepQk -RSB- , is a marsupial of the family Didelphidae . It is the only living member of its genus , Chironectes . This semiaquatic creature is found in and near the freshwater streams and lakes in Mexico , Central and South America to Argentina , and is the most aquatic living marsupial ( the lutrine opossum also has aquatic habits ) . It is also the only living marsupial in which both sexes have a pouch . The thylacine , commonly referred to as the Tasmanian tiger , also exhibited this trait , but is now believed to be extinct .   The animal lives in bankside burrows , emerging after dusk to swim and search for fish , crustaceans and other aquatic animals , which it eats on the bank .

neg: Ceratopsia Ceratopsia or Ceratopia ' ( -LSB- ˌsɛrəˈtɒpsiə -RSB- or -LSB- ˌsɛrəˈtoʊpiə -RSB- Greek : `` horned faces '' ) is a group of herbivorous , beaked dinosaurs that thrived in what are now North America , Europe , and Asia , during the Cretaceous Period , although ancestral forms lived earlier , in the Jurassic . The earliest known ceratopsian , Yinlong downsi , lived between 161.2 and 155.7 million years ago . The last ceratopsian species , Triceratops prorsus , became extinct during the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event , .   Early members of the ceratopsian group , such as Psittacosaurus , were small bipedal animals . Later members , including ceratopsids like Centrosaurus and Triceratops , became very large quadrupeds and developed elaborate facial horns and frills extending over the neck . While these frills might have served to protect the vulnerable neck from predators , they may also have been used for display , thermoregulation , the attachment of large neck and chewing muscles or some combination of the above . Ceratopsians ranged in size from 1 meter ( 3 ft ) and 23 kilograms ( 50 lb ) to over 9 meters ( 30 ft ) and 9,100 kg ( 20,100 lb ) . Triceratops is by far the best-known ceratopsian to the general public . It is traditional for ceratopsian genus names to end in '' - ceratops '' , although this is not always the case . One of the first named genera was Ceratops itself , which lent its name to the group , although it is considered a nomen dubium '' today as its fossil remains have no distinguishing characteristics that are not also found in other ceratopsians .

neg: The Land That Time Forgot (2009 film) The Land That Time Forgot ( promotionally titled Edgar Rice Burrough 's The Land That Time Forgot , release in other countries as Dinosaur Island ) is a 2009 science fiction film by independent American film studio The Asylum . The film is an adaptation of the 1918 Edgar Rice Burroughs novel of the same name , and a re-make of the 1975 film starring Doug McClure .

neg: The Voyage of the Beagle The Voyage of the Beagle is the title most commonly given to the book written by Charles Darwin and published in 1839 as his Journal and Remarks , bringing him considerable fame and respect . This was the third volume of The Narrative of the Voyages of H.M. Ships Adventure and Beagle , the other volumes of which were written or edited by the commanders of the ships . Journal and Remarks covers Darwin 's part in the second survey expedition of the ship HMS Beagle . Due to the popularity of Darwin 's account , the publisher reissued it later in 1839 as Darwin 's Journal of Researches , and the revised second edition published in 1845 used this title . A republication of the book in 1905 introduced the title The Voyage of the `` Beagle '' , by which it is now best known .   The Beagle sailed from Plymouth Sound on 27 December 1831 under the command of Captain Robert FitzRoy . While the expedition was originally planned to last two years , it lasted almost five -- the Beagle did not return until 2 October 1836 . Darwin spent most of this time exploring on land ( three years and three months on land ; 18 months at sea ) . The book is a vivid and exciting travel memoir as well as a detailed scientific field journal covering biology , geology , and anthropology that demonstrates Darwin 's keen powers of observation , written at a time when Western Europeans were exploring and charting the whole world . Although Darwin revisited some areas during the expedition , for clarity the chapters of the book are ordered by reference to places and locations rather than by date .   Darwin 's notes made during the voyage include comments hinting at his changing views on the fixity of species . On his return , he wrote the book based on these notes , at a time when he was first developing his theories of evolution through common descent and natural selection . The book includes some suggestions of his ideas , particularly in the second edition of 1845 .

neg: Aristopia Aristopia : A Romance-History of the New World is an 1895 utopian novel by Castello Holford , considered the first novel-length alternate history in English ( and among the earliest alternate histories in general ) .   Though part of the major wave utopian and dystopian literature that distinguished the final decades of the nineteenth century , Holford 's book reverses the normal stance of utopian projection : instead of imagining a better society at a future time or in a far-off place , he supposes that the founding of the United States occurred under different conditions and follows its development forward to a superior society in his own day .   In Aristopia ( Greek for `` the best place '' ) , Ralph Morton , an early settler in Virginia , discovers a reef made of solid gold . He cannily uses his wealth to build a planned society , based on the Utopia of Sir Thomas More , with innovations and adaptations of his own . In Aristopia , all the land is owned by the government , and only leased to businesses and private citizens . Large-scale trade is also monoplized by the state , and inherited wealth is limited . Morton welcomes productive refugees from European conflicts -- Huguenots , Irish fugitives from Cromwell 's wars , and northern Italian and Swiss artisans .   The colony prospers , buys more land from the Indians , and spreads westward . Morton dies at the age of 100 ; his descendants and successors carry his policies forward .   The Aristopians support the American Revolution , and on their own initiative conquer Canada . Aristopia comes to dominate the new nation , eventually ruling all of North America north of Mexico .   Holford loads his description of Aristopia with satirical remedies for what he saw as contemporary problems and circumstances . In Aristopian jurisprudence , for example , the Court for Assessing the Value of Abstract Words and Phrases polices the language to prevent abuses ; it is the largest and busiest function in the Palace of Justice .   The English playwright Henry Arthur Jones was taken with the idea of Aristopia , and used it in his own polemical writings , as in his `` The Tax-Wise Men of Aristopia '' and his My Dear Wells .   Holford was not the first writer in English to employ the term `` Aristopia . '' The eighteenth-century freethinker John Fransham ( 1730 -- 1810 ) left a posthumous manuscript titled Memorablilia Classica , which contains a piece called `` The Code of Aristopia , or Scheme for a Perfect Government . ''

neg: Palaeognathae Palaeognathae , or paleognaths , is one of the two living clades of birds -- the other being Neognathae . Together , these two clades form the clade Neornithes . Palaeognathae contains five extant branches of flightless lineages ( plus two extinct clades ) , termed ratites , and one flying lineage , the Neotropic tinamous . There are 47 species of tinamous , 5 of kiwis ( Apteryx ) , 3 of cassowaries ( Casuarius ) , 1 of emus ( Dromaius ) ( another became extinct in historic times ) , 2 of rheas and 2 of ostrich . Recent research has indicated that paleognaths are monophyletic but the traditional taxonomic split between flightless and flighted forms is incorrect ; tinamous are within the ratite radiation , meaning flightlessness arose independently multiple times via parallel evolution .   There are three extinct groups , the Lithornithiformes , the Dinornithiformes ( moas ) and the Aepyornithiformes ( elephant birds ) , that are undisputed members of Palaeognathae . There are other extinct birds which have been allied with the Palaeognathae by at least one author , but their affinities are a matter of dispute .   The word Paleognath is derived from the ancient Greek for `` old jaws '' in reference to the skeletal anatomy of the palate , which is described as more primitive and reptilian than that in other birds . Paleognathous birds retain some basal morphological characters but are by no means living fossils as their genomes continued to evolve at the DNA level under selective pressure at rates comparable to the Neognathae branch of living birds , though there is some controversy about the precise relationship between them and the other birds . There are also several other scientific controversies about their evolution ( see below ) .

neg: Paraspace The term ` paraspace ' comes from Samuel R. Delany , a ` space ' existing parallel to normal or ordinary space . According to Delany , the para-space is an alternate space that ` exists parallel to the normal space of the diegesis -- a rhetorically heightened  `` other realm ''' ( Bukatman 1993 : 157 ) . Bukatman ( 1993 : 157 ) says `` Cyberspace is clearly a '' paraspace ' . '   `` Delany connects cyberpunk to the mysterious lunar artifact of Algis Budrys ' Rogue Moon and early evocations of outer space , all of which use inflated rhetoric to differentiate `` paraspace '' from mundane dimensions '' Samuel Review Essay .   Paraspace is defined by Barry Malzberg as `` the condition of hyperspace -LSB- that -RSB- is itself insane '' ( as cited by Bukatman , 1993 : 157 ) .   Michael Fisch ( 2004 : 371 , citing Murakami , 2002 : 157 ) comments `` While the para-space is often inaugurated through cognition it is always a ` materially manifested ' and ` linguistically intensified ' space in which ` conflicts that begin in ordinary space are resolved ' ''  ( Murakami 2002 : 157 ) .   Implications   Walter Benjamin ( 1936/1968 ) declare the end of storytelling because of its incapacity to relate traumatic experiences , such as warfare , shell shock in World War I . As work lost its spaces to practice not just storytelling , but storylistening , the skills of interpretation of experience atrophied .   Paraspace is the hyperspace gone insane ( Malzberg , The worker flesh-body is displaced by the corporate ad-inventions , set on the global stage of `` technoorganic reconstructions of the flesh '' ( Bukatman , 1993 : 19 ) .   Walter Benjamin ( 1936 ) declared that the art of storytelling is coming to an end . We can no longer tell a tale of trauma properly . We can no longer exchange our experiences of trauma of war ( PTSD ) , economic collapse sending millions into homelessness , including veterans of the recent wars , the ubiquitousness of sweatshops , and so on . Of relevance to paraspace , the lost art of storytelling has an accumulated effect ( Fisch , 2004 : p. 365 ) ; it gets worth with cyber-real . / When the ` real ' pokes through the cyberspace , it gets quickly displaced by obfuscation . Our ` real ' in hyperspace is not closer to Lacanian Real ( FIsch , p. 372 ) .   Paraspace is invisible , yet has material consequences ( Bukatman , 1992 ) .   Benjamin , W. ( 1936/1968 ) Illuminations , New York : Harcourt Brace & World .   Bukatman , S. ( 1992 ) . Amidst These Fields of Data : Allegory , Rhetoric , and the Paraspace . Critique : Studies in Contemporary Fiction , 33 ( 3 ) , 199-219 .   Bukatman , S. ( 1993 ) Terminal Identity : The Virtual Subject in Postmodern Science Fiction , Durham ,  NC : Duke University Press .   Delany , Samuel R. ( 1988 ) . Some real mothers : An interview with Samuel R. Delany by Takayuki Tatsumi . '' Science Fiction Eye , 1 , # 3 : 5-11 .   Fisch , M. ( 2004 , October ) . In search of the real : technology , shock and language in Murakami Haruki 's Sputnik Sweetheart . In Japan Forum ( Vol . 16 , No. 3 , pp. 361 -- 383 ) . Taylor & Francis .   Murakami , H. ( 2002 ) Sputnik Sweetheart , trans . P. Gabriel , New York : Vintage International .

neg: Dryosaurus Dryosaurus ( -LSB- ˌdraɪoʊ-ˈsɔːrəs -RSB- ; meaning ` tree lizard ' , Greek δρυς / drys meaning ` tree , oak ' and σαυρος / sauros meaning ` lizard ' ; the name reflects the forested habitat , not a vague oak-leaf shape of its cheek teeth as is sometimes assumed ) is a genus of an ornithopod dinosaur that lived in the Late Jurassic period . It was an iguanodont ( formerly classified as a hypsilophodont ) . Fossils have been found in the western United States ( and supposedly the Marnes de Bleville locality in Europe ) , and were first discovered in the late 19th century . Valdosaurus canaliculatus and Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki were both formerly considered to represent species of Dryosaurus .

neg: Evolution of reptiles Reptiles arose about 310 -- 320 million years ago during the Carboniferous period . Reptiles , in the traditional sense of the term , are defined as animals that have scales or scutes , lay land-based hard-shelled eggs , and possess ectothermic metabolisms . So defined , the group is paraphyletic , excluding endothermic animals like birds and mammals that are descended from early reptiles . A definition in accordance with phylogenetic nomenclature , which rejects paraphyletic groups , includes birds while excluding mammals and their synapsid ancestors . So defined , Reptilia is identical to Sauropsida .   Though few reptiles today are apex predators , many examples of apex reptiles have existed in the past . Reptiles have an extremely diverse evolutionary history that has led to biological successes , such as dinosaurs , pterosaurs , plesiosaurs , mosasaurs , and ichthyosaurs .

neg: Saurosphargidae Saurosphargidae is an extinct family of marine reptiles known from the early Middle Triassic ( Anisian stage ) of Europe and China .   The type species of the family is Saurosphargis volzi , named by Friedrich von Huene in 1936 based on a single specimen collected from the lower Anisian Lower Muschelkalk of Gogolin , Poland - a section of 12 incomplete back vertebrae with ribs . The generic name of Saurosphargis is derived from Greek sauros , `` lizard '' , and sphargis , the old genus name for the leatherback turtle , in reference to the dorsal osteoderm `` body armor '' and broadened ribs forming a closed chest rib basket , traits that are seemingly transitional between turtles and other reptiles . However , due to the only known specimen ' destruction during World War II , many authors considered Saurosphargis to be a nomen dubium . Nevertheless , even based on surviving descriptions alone , many differences were noted even from its closest known relative at the time , Eusaurosphargis dalsassoi from the Anisian-Ladinian boundary of the southern Alps . Various hypotheses existed for the affinities of these species , and together with Helveticosaurus , they were originally thought to be placodonts , but later studies suggested relatedness to other sauropterygians and / or ichthyopterygians .   It was n't until nearly a century after the discovery of Saurosphargis , that other specimens closely related to it were found in China . In 2011 , Li et al. described and named three of these specimens , Sinosaurosphargis yunguiensis , referring to this species being the Chinese version of Saurosphargis . The specimens of Sinosaurosphargis were collected from Member II of the Guanling Formation , dating to the Pelsonian ( mid-late Anisian ) . Based on very detailed descriptions and figures of Saurosphargis in Huene ( 1936 ) , and based on comparisons with the well-preserved Sinosauropshargis , Li et al. ( 2011 ) resurrected Saurosphargis volzi as a valid species , and erected the family Saurosphargidae to contain the two . Furthermore , they reported the discovery of material referable to Saurosphargis from the Lower Muschelkalk of Winterswijk , Netherlands , that is under preparation . Saurosphargis and Sinosaurosphargis were included in a phylogenetic analysis , and were recovered in a monophyletic Saurosphargidae which was found to be the sister taxon of Thalattosauriformes . Sauropterygia was recovered as the sister taxon of their combined group , with a clade formed by Eusaurosphargis and Helveticosaurus in a position basal to it .   In 2014 , Li et al. described a second species of Largocephalosaurus , that was initially interpreted as an eosauropterygian due to the limited preparation of the holotype of its type species L. polycarpon . The second species L. qianensis , known from three specimens , and the newly prepared portions of L. polycarpon postcranial skeleton , revealed the same osteoderm `` body armor '' and broadened rib basket that are unique to saurosphargids . Thus , Largocephalosaurus was reinterpreted as a saurosphargid and a phylogenetic analysis recovered both species , forming a monophyletic Largocephalosaurus , as basal to the clade formed by Saurosphargis and Sinosaurosphargis . All four known specimens of Largocephalosaurus came from the Luoping Biota , from Member II of the Guanling Formation , that yielded Sinosaurosphargis , alongside various invertebrates , fish , basal ichthyosaurs , Atopodentatus , and several species of eosauropterygian , including both pachypleurosaurs and nothosaurids .

neg: Sand Monkeys Sand Monkeys is a young adult novel by the Australian writer Joanne Horniman , who is known for novels centering on realistic depictions of people in unusual relationships . It was published in 1992 by Omnibus Books . The author 's work on the novel was assisted by a writer 's grant from the Australia Council . It received a Notable Book designation by the Children 's Book Council of Australia .   Sand Monkeys follows a period in the life a sixteen-year-old boy named Max , upon moving into a new household in Petersham , an inner suburb of Sydney Australia . The narrative is framed by a series of letters which Max writes to his friend Socrates , in which Max describes his feelings about the events in the story .   Like Joanne Horniman 's other works , The Serpentine Belt ( 1994 ) and Loving Athena ( 1997 ) , Sand Monkeys features the theme of the search for a lost parent , as well as the forging of strong bonds between characters who are not related by blood .   In common with Joanne Horniman 's other books , Sand Monkeys concerns people 's interaction with the natural world - in this case , with the trees that Max raises and plants . She writes that this is '' ... not in the usual adventurous sense but in a more spiritual way . We are all connected with forces that we are only aware of some of the time ... ''   Author Joanne Horniman is involved with preserving the native Australian flora of her region in New South Wales , collecting and planting native plant seeds .  In the novel , the main character Max reflects this concern in his project of raising native plants from seed , and planting them around his neighbourhood .

neg: Logic of Empire `` Logic of Empire '' is a science fiction novella by American writer Robert A. Heinlein . Part of his Future History series , it originally appeared in Astounding Science Fiction ( March 1941 ) , and was collected in The Green Hills of Earth ( and subsequently The Past Through Tomorrow ) .   Ostensibly a tale about a man in the wrong place at the wrong time , and his struggle to free himself from the oppressive circumstances in which he is plunged , this story also serves to explain how slavery develops in a new colony . Even in the future , the technology available to a new colony is always initially low . If a machine to do a necessary job is too expensive to import ( say a wheat harvester , a water pump , or even a washing machine ) , a human must do it instead . If too many jobs must be done by hand and there is a shortage of labor compared with independent resources that free labor could take up ( `` land '' , although this condition is not clear in the story ) , a market for slavery develops . Decades later , while there is still an abundance of land , this market remains because the colony itself has quotas to meet and debts to repay - they can not spare the resources to develop local industries to make the machines themselves and free labor does not have to bid its price down enough to out compete slave labor .   Throughout the story , Heinlein takes the view of the objective narrator when describing Venusian society . `` Logic of Empire '' places different rationales on the people who participate in slavery . There are no real villains ; everybody 's just doing their job , trying to maximize income in a capitalist system . Even the plantation owner who owns the hero is portrayed as a struggling -- and failing -- small businessman , whose main motivation is to secure a livelihood for his daughter .

neg: Before (short story) `` Before '' is a short story by Gael Baudino written deliberately in a style similar to William Faulkner 's : the foreword to the story says , `` the sometimes strange syntax and editorial elisions are intentional in this homage to Faulkner . '' It concerns Greta Harlow , a young woman living in a Lee 's Corners , a small town in fictional Oktibushubee County . She is raped and impregnated by Jimmy White , son of a prominent and wealthy businessman . An elderly wealthy woman , Mrs. Gavin , counsels her on how to abort the baby . The story ends with Greta debating whether to follow through with the abortion or not .   Lee 's Corners , Sophonsiba Gavin , and Greta 's child , Magic , all play key parts in Baudino 's most recent book , `` The Borders of Life '' ( written as Gael Kathryns ) .   Category :1996 short stories  Category : American short stories  Category : Fantasy short stories  Category : Rape in fiction

neg: South American land mammal age The South American land mammal ages ( SALMA ) establish a geologic timescale for prehistoric South American fauna beginning 64.5 Ma during the Paleogene and continuing through to the Middle Pleistocene ( 0.33 Ma ) . These periods are referred to as ages , stages , or intervals and were established using geographic place names where fossil materials where obtained .   The basic unit of measure is the first/last boundary statement . This shows that the first appearance event of one taxon is known to predate the last appearance event of another . If two taxa are found in the same fossil quarry or at the same stratigraphic horizon , then their age-range zones overlap .

neg: Chromogisaurus Chromogisaurus is a sauropodomorph which existed in Argentina during the late Triassic period . It was a herbivore about 2 m in length , and was optionally quadrupedal .   Chromogisaurus was first named by Martín Daniel Ezcurra in 2010 , and the type species is Chromogisaurus novasi . The generic name is derived from Greek chroma , `` colour '' , and gè , `` earth '' , a reference to the Valle Pintado , the `` Painted Valley '' . The specific name honours Fernando Emilio Novas . The holotype , PVSJ 846 , was found in a layer of the Ischigualasto Formation dating from the Carnian . This makes Chromogisaurus one of the oldest known dinosaurs . The specimen consists of a partial skeleton lacking the skull , with elements of the front and hind limbs , as well as the pelvis and two caudal vertebrae .   A cladistic analysis by Ezcurra indicated that Chromogisaurus was a member of a clade basal sauropodomorphs , the Guaibasauridae , together with Guaibasaurus , the disputed Agnosphitys , Panphagia and Saturnalia . Within Guaibasauridae , it forms a smaller clade with its sister taxon Saturnalia , the Saturnaliinae .

neg: The Land Ironclads `` The Land Ironclads '' is a short story by H.G. Wells that originally appeared in the December 1903 issue of the Strand Magazine . It features `` land ironclads , '' 100 ft armoured fighting vehicles that carry riflemen , engineers , and a captain , and are armed with remote-controlled , semi-automatic rifles . ( The term `` ironclad '' was coined in the mid-19th century for steam-propelled warships protected by iron or steel armour plates . ) The land ironclads are described as `` essentially long , narrow , and very strong steel frameworks carrying the engines , and borne on eight pairs of big pedrail wheels , each about ten feet in diameter , each a driving wheel and set upon long axles free to swivel around a common axis ... . the captain ... had look-out points at small ports all round the upper edge of the adjustable skirt of twelve-inch ironplating which protected the whole affair , and ... could also raise or depress a conning-tower set above the port-holes through the center of the iron top cover . '' Riflemen are installed in cabins `` slung along the sides of and behind and before the great main framework , '' and operate mechanically targeting , semi-automatic rifles .   The story contributed to Wells 's reputation as a `` prophet of the future '' when tanks first appeared on the battlefield in 1916 . For contemporaries , Wells 's rather sketchy battle between countrymen `` defenders '' ( who rely on cavalry and entrenched infantry ) and attacking townsmen carried echoes of the Boer War , as well as of his 1898 novel The War of the Worlds , which also featured a struggle between technologically uneven protagonists .


query: Marlon Brando was a supporter of Native American movements.

pos: Marlon Brando Marlon Brando , Jr. ( April 3 , 1924 -- July 1 , 2004 ) was an American actor , film director and political activist . He is credited with bringing realism to film acting . He helped to popularize the Stanislavski system of acting , studying with Stella Adler in the 1940s . Brando is widely known for his Academy Award-winning performances as Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) and Vito Corleone in The Godfather ( 1972 ) , as well as his performances in A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1951 ) , Viva Zapata ! ( 1952 ) , Julius Caesar ( 1953 ) , The Wild One ( 1953 ) , Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) , Sayonara ( 1957 ) , Reflections in a Golden Eye ( 1967 ) , Last Tango in Paris ( 1972 ) , and Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) . Brando was also an activist for many causes , notably the Civil Rights Movement and various Native American movements .   He initially gained acclaim and an Academy Award nomination for reprising the role of Stanley Kowalski in the 1951 film adaptation of Tennessee Williams ' play A Streetcar Named Desire , a role that he had originated successfully on Broadway . He received further praise for his performance as Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront , and his portrayal of the rebel motorcycle gang leader Johnny Strabler in The Wild One proved to be a lasting image in popular culture . Brando received Academy Award nominations for playing Emiliano Zapata in Viva Zapata ! ; Mark Antony in Joseph L. Mankiewicz 's 1953 film adaptation of Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar ; and Air Force Major Lloyd Gruver in Sayonara ( 1957 ) , an adaption of James Michener 's 1954 novel . Brando was included in a list of Top Ten Money Making Stars three times in the 1950s , coming in at number 10 in 1954 , number 6 in 1955 , and number 4 in 1958 .   The 1960s proved to be a fallow decade for Brando . He directed and starred in the cult western film One-Eyed Jacks , a critical and commercial flop , after which he delivered a series of box-office failures , beginning with the 1962 film adaptation of the novel Mutiny on the Bounty . After 10 years , during which he did not appear in a successful film , he won his second Academy Award for playing Vito Corleone in Francis Ford Coppola 's The Godfather , a role critics consider among his greatest . The Godfather was then one of the most commercially successful films of all time . With that and his Oscar-nominated performance in Last Tango in Paris , Brando re-established himself in the ranks of top box-office stars , placing sixth and tenth in the Money Making Stars poll in 1972 and 1973 , respectively . Brando took a four-year hiatus before appearing in The Missouri Breaks ( 1976 ) . After this , he was content with being a highly paid character actor in cameo roles , such as in Superman ( 1978 ) and The Formula ( 1980 ) , before taking a nine-year break from motion pictures . According to the Guinness Book of World Records , Brando was paid a record $ 3.7 million ( $ million in inflation-adjusted dollars ) and 11.75 % of the gross profits for 13 days ' work on Superman . He finished out the 1970s with his controversial performance as Colonel Kurtz in another Coppola film , Apocalypse Now , a box-office hit for which he was highly paid and which helped finance his career layoff during the 1980s .   Brando was ranked by the American Film Institute as the fourth-greatest movie star among male movie stars whose screen debuts occurred in or before 1950 . He was one of only three professional actors , along with Charlie Chaplin and Marilyn Monroe , named in 1999 by Time magazine as one of its 100 Most Important People of the Century . He died of respiratory failure on July 1 , 2004 , at age 80 .

neg: Pan-Indianism Pan-Indianism is a philosophy and movement promoting unity among different American Indian groups in the Americas regardless of tribal or local affiliations . Some academics use the term pan-Amerindianism as a form of disambiguation from other territories called Indian . The movement is largely associated with Native Americans in the Continental United States , but has spread to other indigenous groups as well . A parallel growth of the concept has occurred in Alaska and Canada . There , however , other indigenous peoples , such as the Inuit and the Métis are often included in a wider rubric , sometimes called pan-Aboriginal or some variation thereof .   Pan-Indian organizations seek to pool the resources of indigenous groups in order to protect the interests of native peoples across the world .

neg: Hispanismo Hispanismo or Hispanicism is an ideology , school of thought and historiographic current centered on Spanish heritage . In Hispanic America it is similar but opposite to indigenismo . The view of hispanismo holds that `` countries '' should not deny their cultural roots because in doing so they are denying themselves . In the case of Hispanic America these cultural roots are Spanish and indigenous . An important detail is that in hispanismo the Spanish roots are implicitly more important than the indigenous roots . Hispanismo consist of Hispanic American countries building upon their `` own heritage '' which would be the same as Spanish heritage .

neg: Lannan Literary Awards The Lannan Literary Awards are a series of awards and literary fellowships given out in various fields by the Lannan Foundation . Established in 1989 , the awards are meant `` to honor both established and emerging writers whose work is of exceptional quality '' , according to the foundation . The foundation 's awards are lucrative relative to most awards in literature : the 2006 awards for poetry , fiction and nonfiction each came with $ 150,000 , making them among the richest literary prizes in the world .   The awards reflect the philosophy governing the Lannan Foundation , a family foundation established by J. Patrick Lannan , Sr. in 1960 . It describes itself as `` dedicated to cultural freedom , diversity and creativity through projects which support exceptional contemporary artists and writers , as well as inspired Native activists in rural indigenous communities . ''   Awards have been made to acclaimed and varied literary figures such as David Foster Wallace , William Gaddis , Lydia Davis , William H. Gass , Steve Erickson and W.S. Merwin . The foundation has also recognized people known as much for their public intellectual activities as for their literary talents , such as Barbara Ehrenreich and Edward Said .   The foundation also gives a `` Cultural Freedom Prize '' for the stated purpose of recognizing `` people whose extraordinary and courageous work celebrates the human right to freedom of imagination , inquiry , and expression . '' Prize winners include Elouise P. Cobell , Robert Fisk , Eduardo Galeano , , Mahmoud Darwish , Arundhati Roy , Helen Caldicott and Cornel West .   The foundation does not accept applications for awards or fellowships . Candidates are suggested anonymously `` by a network of writers , literary scholars , publishers , and editors , '' with the foundation 's literary committee making the final determination .   The foundation also `` provides financial assistance to tribes and nonprofits that serve Native American communities ... '' For instance , it gave more than $ 7 million in grants to the Blackfeet Reservation Development Fund from 1998 to 2009 , to support litigation on behalf of Native Americans with interests in trust lands . This nonprofit was created by Elouise P. Cobell and her legal team to bring claims against the United States for mismanaging lands held in trust for Native Americans . The Cobell v. Salazar case was filed in 1996 and settled in 2009 .

neg: Bindibu expedition The Bindibu expedition was a series of three field trips mounted by anthropologist Donald Thomson to meet with and learn from Pintupi Indigenous Australians between 1957 and 1965 .   Thomson travelled to the Great Sandy Desert and Gibson Desert -- the Western Desert -- one of the most inhospitable parts of the country , to meet with these people still living as they had done for many thousands of years .   The Pintupi ( Bindibu ) were the last Aboriginal group to make contact with Europeans over the period 1956 to 1984 . Many Pintupi people still remember this experience . For many , Thomson was the first white man they had ever seen .   In this research he concentrated on the Aborigines ' hunting and gathering practices . He provided a collection of Pintupi material including photographs , notes and films , which now form part of invaluable museum collections .   Just before he left the people , they gave him an invaluable lesson on desert water , including an important `` map '' to assist its location . White people had long been puzzled as to how Aborigines could possibly find water in this harsh environment . Many desert explorers had captured Aborigines and used force and brutality to gain this vital knowledge -- see for example , the history of the Canning Stock Route . Thomson writes :   Just before we left , the old men recited to me the names of more than fifty waters -- wells , rockholes and claypans ... this , in an area that the early explorers believed to be almost waterless , and where all but a few were , in 1957 , still unknown to the white man . And on the eve of our going , Tjappanongo ( Tjapanangka ) produced spear-throwers , on the backs of which were designs deeply incised , more or less geometric in form . Sometimes with a stick , or with his finger , he would point to each well or rock hole in turn and recite its name , waiting for me to repeat it after him . Each time , the group of old men listened intently and grunted in approval -- `` Eh ! '' -- or repeated the name again and listened once more . This process continued with the name of each water until they were satisfied with my pronunciation , when they would pass on to the next.I realized that here was the most important discovery of the expedition -- that what Tjappanongo and the old men had shown me was really a map , highly conventionalized , like the works on a `` message '' or `` letter '' stick of the Aborigines , of the waters of the vast terrain over which the Bindibu hunted.As well as writing in scholarly , anthropological journals , Thomson often filed articles back to many mainstream publications , such as The Australian Women 's Weekly , about his findings in the Outback with the world 's oldest surviving culture . He was often criticised for this for being low-brow . However , he defended his actions , realising the appeal and fascination of the ordinary Australian with the first Australians and their apparently simple , yet necessarily sophisticated , survival skills   Thomson said of the Bindibu : -LSB- They -RSB- have adapted themselves to that bitter environment so that they laugh deeply and grow the fattest babies in the world . ''

neg: Anti-Mexican sentiment Anti-Mexican sentiment is a negative attitude to people of Mexican descent , Mexican culture and/or accents of Mexican Spanish most commonly found in the United States .   In general it is closely associated with Mexican and United States Independence wars , and the struggle over Southwestern territories that once belonged to Spain through the establishment of building Catholic Missions . This eventually would lead to war between the two nations and the defeat of Mexico which came with a great loss of territory . In the 20th century , anti-Mexican sentiment continued to grow after the Zimmermann Telegram incident between the Mexican government during the Mexican Revolution and the German Empire during World War I , . Most of all , anti-Mexican sentiment in the USA stemmed from perception that blame Mexicans for illegal immigration .

neg: American way The American way of life or simply the American way is the unique lifestyle of the people of the United States of America . It refers to a nationalist ethos that adheres to the principle of life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness . At the center of the American way is the American Dream that upward mobility is achievable by any American through hard work . This concept is intertwined with the concept of American exceptionalism , the belief in the unique culture of the nation .   Author William Herberg offers the following definition :   One commentator notes , `` The first half of Herberg 's statement still holds true nearly half a century after he first formulated it '' , even though `` Herberg 's latter claims have been severely if not completely undermined ... materialism no longer needs to be justified in high-sounding terms '' .   In the National Archives and Records Administration 's 1999 Annual Report , National Archivist John W. Carlin writes , `` We are different because our government and our way of life are not based on the divine right of kings , the hereditary privileges of elites , or the enforcement of deference to dictators . They are based on pieces of paper , the Charters of Freedom - the Declaration that asserted our independence , the Constitution that created our government , and the Bill of Rights that established our liberties . ''

neg: Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72 Fear and Loathing : On the Campaign Trail '72 is a collection of articles covering the 1972 presidential campaign written by Hunter S. Thompson and illustrated by Ralph Steadman . The articles were first serialized in Rolling Stone magazine throughout 1972 and later released as a book in early 1973 ( San Francisco , CA : Straight Arrow Books , 1973 ; London : Allison & Busby , 1973 ) .   The book focuses almost exclusively on the Democratic Party 's primaries and the breakdown of the party as it splits between the different candidates . Of particular focus is the manic maneuvering of the George McGovern campaign during the Miami convention as they sought to ensure the Democratic nomination despite attempts by the Hubert Humphrey campaign and other candidates to block McGovern .   Thompson began his coverage of the campaign in December 1971 , just as the race toward the primaries was beginning , from a rented apartment in Washington , DC ( a situation he compared to `` living in an armed camp , a condition of constant fear '' ) . Over the next 12 months , in voluminous detail , he covered every aspect of the campaign , from the smallest rally to the raucous conventions .   Because of the freewheeling nature of the campaign , a first-generation fax machine was procured at great expense by the magazine for Thompson . Dubbing it `` the mojo wire '' , Thompson used the new technology to extend the writing process precariously close to printing deadlines , often haphazardly sending in notes mere hours before the magazine went to press . Fellow writers and editors would have to assemble the finished product with Thompson over the phone .   Like his earlier novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas , Thompson employed a number of unique literary styles in On the Campaign Trail , including the use of vulgarity and the humorous exaggeration of events . Despite the unconventional style , the book is still considered a hallmark of campaign journalism and helped to launch Thompson 's role as a popular political observer .

neg: Virgin Islands Americans Virgin Islands Americans are Americans from the U.S. Virgin Islands or British Virgin Islands who reside in the continental United States , or continental Americans of Virgin Islands heritage .   Persons born in the U.S. Virgin Islands are United States citizens , and as a result do not go through the legal immigration procedures a typical West Indies immigrant would . They are also , due to cultural affinities with the Anglophone Caribbean , U.S. Virgin Islanders in the U.S. are considered part of the Caribbean American immigrant community .   It is difficult to determine how many Virgin Islanders reside in the United States . According to the 2000 U.S. Census , there are 15,014 of U.S. Virgin Islands ancestry residing in the continental United States . However , a count of American residents with `` U.S. Virgin Islands ancestry '' excludes most U.S. Virgin Islands-born immigrants in the United States . Because of a high incidence of inter-Caribbean migration throughout the 1960s and 1970s , most native-born U.S. Virgin Islanders today are one or two generations removed from other Caribbean islands and would not necessarily define themselves as having `` U.S. Virgin Islands ancestry . '' For example , Tim Duncan is a St. Croix native with Anguillian ancestry .   The population of immigrants of British Virgin Islands origin in the United States is also difficult to determine , as they are not specifically counted in the U.S. Census , but grouped with other Caribbean British Overseas Territories as `` British West Indies . ''

neg: Dakota people The Dakota people are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government in North America . They compose two of the three main subcultures of the Sioux -LSB- ˈsuː -RSB- people , and are typically divided into the Eastern Dakota and the Western Dakota .   The Eastern Dakota are the Santee ( Isáŋyathi or Isáŋ-athi ; `` knife '' + `` encampment '' , ″ dwells at the place of knife flint ″ ) , who reside in the eastern Dakotas , central Minnesota and northern Iowa . They have federally recognized tribes established in several places .   The Western Dakota are the Yankton , and the Yanktonai ( Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ and Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna ; `` Village-at-the-end '' and `` Little village-at-the-end '' ) , who reside in the Missouri River area . The Yankton-Yanktonai are collectively also referred to by the endonym Wičhíyena ( ″ Those Who Speak Like Men ″ ) . They also have distinct federally recognized tribes .   In the past the Western Dakota have been erroneously classified as Nakota , a branch of the Sioux who moved further west . The latter are now located in Montana and across the border in Canada , where they are known as Stoney .

neg: Kiowa Costonie Prophet Kiowa Costonie was born in 1903 on an Indian reservation in Salt Lake City , Utah . Abandoned by his parents as an infant , Costonie spent his adolescent years living from one foster home to another . After four name changes and several adoptions later , he settled with the name Kiowa Costonie , which he believed was his original name given by his birth mother . The prophet spent a great deal of his life traveling from state to state , investing in business ventures and uplifting those in the black community .   During the 1930s , Kiowa Costonie was noted as being one of the most active voices against racial inequality in Baltimore , Maryland . In 1933 , he left his home in Harlem , New York City to pilot several dozen boycotts against local store owners who would not employ African Americans . Costonie massive boycott included : The A&P , ASCO , Tommy Tucker 's five and dime store , Max Meyers ' shoe store , and Howard Cleaners and Dryers . His famous `` Buy Where You Can Work '' campaign led to the successful hiring of nearly one hundred blacks in Northwest Baltimore .   Prophet Costonie also considered himself to be a `` faith healer '' . He led thousands to believe that he had the ability to cure ailments with the touch of his hands and prayer . Costonie practiced his faith healing in Baltimore at several local churches before founding a number of religious institutions in many cities . He also published two books , `` How To Win and Hold a Husband '' and `` Costonie 's Book of Dreams '' . Kiowa Costonie led an adventurous , busy life helping those in need until his death in 1971 .

neg: James Young Deer James Young Deer ( April 1 , 1876 -- April 6 , 1946 ) , also known as J. Younger Johnson or Jim Young Deer , was actually born James Young Johnson in Washington , D.C. Although he was identified in the early Hollywood trade paper Moving Picture World as of the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska , his ancestry is of the Nanticoke people of Delaware . He became an early film actor , director , writer , and producer . He is believed to be the first Native American filmmaker/producer in Hollywood . Together with his wife and partner Lillian St. Cyr , Winnebago , the couple were labeled an `` influential force '' in the production of one-reel Westerns during the first part of the silent film era . Their films , along with several others of the silent era , were notable for portraying Native Americans in a positive light .   Questions were raised about Young Deer 's Winnebago background when film historians were unable to verify much about his origins , and he was not listed on the Winnebago tribal rolls in the early 20th century .

neg: Land of the Blind Land of the Blind is a 2006 British-American black comedy drama film starring Ralph Fiennes , Donald Sutherland , Tom Hollander and Lara Flynn Boyle .   Land of the Blind is a dark political satire , based on several incidents throughout history in which tyrannical rulers were overthrown by new leaders who proved to be just as bad , if not worse , and subtle references are made to several such cases . The title is taken from the saying , `` In the land of the blind , the one-eyed man is king . ''   Land of the Blind had its world premiere in competition at the International Film Festival Rotterdam , and was the Opening Night Gala film at the 2006 Human Rights Watch Film Festival in London . Its U.S. premiere was in competition at the 2006 Tribeca Film Festival . The film sparked intense reaction during its festival run , attacked by both left and right , each of which saw the film as a critique of its position .   Historical references in the film include Jean-Paul Marat ( from the French Revolution ) , Kim Jong-Il , Joseph Stalin , Benito Mussolini , Augusto Pinochet , Anastasio Somoza Debayle , François Duvalier , Rudolph Hess , Jean-Claude Duvalier , Lyndon B. Johnson , Julius Caesar ( from William Shakespeare 's play ) , Robert Mugabe , Ngo Dinh Diem , Idi Amin , the PIRA Maze prison protests , U.S. POWs in Vietnam , the Weathermen terrorist group , the Khmer Rouge , the 1979 Revolution in Iran , and the subsequent Cultural Revolution in that country .

neg: American Indian boarding schools Native American boarding schools were established in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to educate and assimilate Native American children and youths according to Euro-American standards . These boarding schools were first established by Christian missionaries of various denominations , who often started schools on reservations and founded boarding schools to provide opportunities for children who did not have colonial schools nearby , especially in the lightly populated areas of the West . The government paid religious orders to provide education to Native American children on reservations . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the Bureau of Indian Affairs ( BIA ) founded additional boarding schools based on the assimilation model of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School off-reservation .   Children were typically immersed in European-American culture through appearance changes with haircuts , were forbidden to speak their native languages , and traditional names were replaced by new European-American names ( to both `` civilize '' and `` Christianize '' ) . The experience of the schools was often harsh , especially for the younger children who were forcibly separated from their families . In numerous ways , they were encouraged or forced to abandon their Native American identities and cultures . Investigations of the later twentieth century have revealed many documented cases of sexual , manual , physical and mental abuse occurring at these schools .   Since those years , tribal nations have increasingly insisted on community-based schools and have also founded numerous tribal colleges and universities . Community schools have also been supported by the federal government through the BIA and legislation . The largest boarding schools have closed . By 2007 , most of the schools had been closed down and the number of Native American children in boarding schools had declined to 9,500 . In this same period , more Native Americans live in urban environments and having to accommodate to majority culture .

neg: Suzan Shown Harjo Suzan Shown Harjo ( born June 2 , 1945 ) ( Cheyenne and Hodulgee Muscogee ) is an advocate for American Indian rights . She is a poet , writer , lecturer , curator , and policy advocate , who has helped Native peoples recover more than one million acres ( 4,000 km ² ) of tribal lands . After co-producing the first Indian news show in the nation for WBAI radio while living in New York City , and producing other shows and theater , in 1974 she moved to Washington , DC , to work on national policy issues . She served as Congressional liaison for Indian affairs in the President Jimmy Carter administration and later as president of the National Council of American Indians .   Harjo is President of the Morning Star Institute , a national Native American rights organization . Since the 1960s , she has worked on getting sports teams to drop names that promote negative stereotypes of Native Americans . In June 2014 , the Patent and Trademark Office revoked the Washington Redskins trademark ; the owner said he would appeal . By 2013 two-thirds of teams with American Indian mascots had changed them due to these public campaigns .   On November 24 , 2014 , Harjo received the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the United States ' highest civilian honor .

neg: Cultural assimilation of Native Americans The cultural assimilation of Native Americans was an assimilation effort by the United States to transform Native American culture to European -- American culture between the years of 1790 -- 1920 . George Washington and Henry Knox were first to propose , in an American context , the cultural transformation of Native Americans . They formulated a policy to encourage the `` civilizing '' process . With increased waves of immigration from Europe , there was growing public support for education to encourage a standard set of cultural values and practices to be held in common by the majority of citizens . Education was viewed as the primary method in the acculturation process for minorities .   Americanization policies were based on the idea that when indigenous people learned United States ( American ) customs and values , they would be able to merge tribal traditions with American culture and peacefully join the majority of the society . After the end of the Indian Wars , in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the government outlawed the practice of traditional religious ceremonies . It established Native American boarding schools which children were required to attend . In these schools they were forced to speak English , study standard subjects , attend church , and leave tribal traditions behind .   The Dawes Act of 1887 , which allotted tribal lands in severalty to individuals , was seen as a way to create individual homesteads for Native Americans . Land allotments were made in exchange for Native Americans ' becoming US citizens and giving up some forms of tribal self-government and institutions . It resulted in the transfer of an estimated total of 93 e6acre from Native American control . Most was sold to individuals or given out free through the Homestead law , or given directly to Indians as individuals . The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 was also part of Americanization policy ; it gave full citizenship to all Indians living on reservations . The leading opponent of forced assimilation was John Collier , who directed the federal Office of Indian Affairs from 1933 to 1945 , and tried to reverse many of the established policies .

neg: Mexican Kickapoo The Mexican Kickapoo ( Tribu Kikapú ) are a bi-national indigenous people , some of whom live both in Mexico and in the United States . In Mexico , they were granted land at Hacienda del Nacimiento near the town of Múzquiz in the state of Coahuila in 1850 . A few small groups of Kickapoo also live in the states of Sonora and Durango . The Mexican Kickapoo often work as migrants in Texas and move throughout the midwest and the western United States , returning in winter to Mexico . They are affiliated with the federally recognized tribes of the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas , Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma , and Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas .   In 1979 the Mexican Kickapoo who were dual residents requested clarification of their status , as they had no clear legal status in either the United States or Mexico . An Act was passed in 1983 by the United States Congress , which recognized them as a distinct subgroup of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma . It also granted federal recognition to the Texas Kickapoo . A 1985 law gave the Texas band the option of selecting Mexican or U.S. citizenship . Some 145 of the tribe members chose to become U.S. citizens and the remaining 500 or so chose to obtain Mexican citizenship .

neg: Romantic racism Romantic racism is a form of racism in which members of a dominant group project their fantasies onto members of oppressed groups . Feminist scholars have accused Norman Mailer , Jack Kerouac , and other Beatnik authors of the 1950s of romantic racism . They maintain that the dominant mainstream culture of the 1950s in the United States stressed conformity and held up middle-class suburban families as the cultural ideal , and that it was indifferent to art and literature , upheld racial segregation , and despised or ignored black achievements , such as jazz . Those , like the novelist Norman Mailer , who felt limited by or alienated from mainstream culture , sought out influences from other cultures as form of rebellion . Mailer , a great fan of jazz music , created his concept of what it meant to be `` hip , '' or a member of the white urban counterculture , largely on his perception of the culture of urban African-Americans ( with whom the expression `` hip '' , meaning `` in the know '' , originated ) and articulated his vision in his essay `` The White Negro . '' Mailer , who considered himself an opponent of Victorian sexual repression and regimentation , idealized what he saw as the sexual and other freedoms of minority and other counter-cultural groups , overlooking the fact that in these groups sexual exploitation of women sometimes occurred.These critics consider his depictions of what he imagines African-American life to be like as an instance of what they call `` romantic racism '' , contending that he implies that in urban ghettoes -- filled with sex , drugs , and violence -- life is somehow enriched , rather than hurt , by poverty and crime . Mailer 's essay has also been criticized for spreading the stereotype of African-American men as hypermasculine and hypersexual .

neg: Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation The Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation are descendants of the historic Saponi and other Siouan-speaking Indians who occupied the Piedmont of North Carolina and Virginia . The community is located primarily in Pleasant Grove Township , Alamance County , North Carolina . The tribe maintains an office in Mebane , where it carries out programs to benefit the roughly 701 enrolled tribal members .   Limited documentation exists linking members of the tribe to the historical Occaneechi and Saponi tribes . After warfare in the Southeast in the 18th century , most of the remaining Saponi tribe members went north in 1740 for protection with the Iroquois . After the American Revolution , they relocated with the Iroquois in Canada , as they had been allies of the British .   After the war and migration , the Saponi disappeared from the historical record in the Southeast , in part because of racial discrimination that often included them in records only as free blacks or free people of color , when the states and federal government had no category in censuses for American Indian . In addition , because slavery became essentially a racial caste , southern society tended to classify people with any African ancestry as black , rather than recognizing mixed ancestry . This was especially true in the late 19th and early 20th century , after white Democrats regained control of state legislatures across the South and imposed a binary system of racial segregation .   Remnant Saponi who stayed in North Carolina were mostly acculturated . The community was traditionally located at the old `` Little Texas '' community of Pleasant Grove Township , where the tribe owns 25 acre of land . In the twentieth century , the tribe worked to revive its cultural traditions . It is developing a tribal center facility . This will include a reconstructed 1700 Occaneechi village , museum , log farm from the 1880s , community meeting space , and classroom areas .

neg: State recognized tribes in the United States State recognized tribes are Native American Indian Tribes , Nations , and Heritage Groups that have been recognized by a process established under assorted state laws for varying purposes . With increasing activism by tribal nations since the mid-20th century to obtain federal recognition of their tribal sovereignty , many states have passed legislation to recognize some tribes and acknowledge the self-determination and continuity of historic ethnic groups . The majority of these groups are located in the Eastern US , as is the case with the three largest state-recognized tribes : viz . the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina and the United Houma Nation of Louisiana .   In many cases , they have recognized tribes that were landless ; that is , did not have an Indian reservation or communal land holdings . In addition , such states have often established commissions or other administrative bodies to deal with Native American affairs within the state . It has resulted from the process of increasing self-determination and preservation of cultural identity within some Native American communities , including descendants who remained in states east of the Mississippi River when many tribes were removed during the 19th century .   State recognition confers limited benefits under federal law . It is not the same as federal recognition , which is the federal government 's acknowledgment of a tribe as a dependent sovereign nation . Some states have provided laws related to state recognition that provide some protection of autonomy for tribes not recognized by the federal government . For example , in Connecticut , state law recognizing certain tribes also protects reservations and limited self-government rights for state-recognized tribes .   Such state recognition has at times been opposed by federally recognized tribes . For instance , the Cherokee Nation opposes state-recognized tribes claiming Cherokee identity , as well as many non-recognized groups that also claim to be Cherokee .   Numerous other groups assert that they are Indian tribes . Many are listed in List of unrecognized tribes in the United States .

neg: Cherokee removal Cherokee removal , part of the Trail of Tears , refers to the forced relocation between 1836 and 1839 of the Cherokee Nation from their lands in Georgia , South Carolina , North Carolina , Tennessee , Texas , and Alabama to the Indian Territory ( present day Oklahoma ) in the then Western United States , and the resultant deaths along the way and at the end of the movement of an estimated 4000 Cherokee .   The Cherokee have come to call the event Nu na da ul tsun yi ( vvvhe place where they cried ) ; another term is Tlo va sa ( our removal ) -- both phrases not used at the time , and seems to be of Choctaw origin . Removal actions ( voluntary , reluctantly or forcibly ) occurred to other American Indian groups in the American South , North , Midwest , Southwest , and the Plains regions . The Chickasaw , Choctaw , Creek and ( Muskogee ) were removed reluctantly . The Seminole in Florida responded to removal by the United States Army for decades ( 1817 -- 1850 ) with guerrilla warfare , part of the intermittent Native American Wars that lasted from 1540 to 1924 . Some Seminole remained in their Florida home country , while others were transported to Indian Territory in shackles .   The phrase `` Trail of Tears '' is used to refer to similar events endured by other Indian groups , especially among the `` Five Civilized Tribes '' . The phrase originated as a description of the voluntary removal of the Choctaw nation in 1831 .


query: A film that stars Sharon Tate was directed by her husband.

pos: Sharon Tate Sharon Marie Tate Polanski ( January 24 , 1943 -- August 9 , 1969 ) was an American actress and model . During the 1960s , she played small television roles before appearing in films and was regularly featured in fashion magazines as a model and cover girl . After receiving positive reviews for her comedic and dramatic acting performances , Tate was hailed as one of Hollywood 's most promising newcomers .   She made her film debut in 1966 with the occult-themed Eye of the Devil . Her most remembered performance was as Jennifer North in the 1967 cult classic film , Valley of the Dolls , earning her a Golden Globe Award nomination . Tate 's last completed film , 12 +1 was released posthumously in 1969 , with the actress receiving top billing .   In January 20 , 1968 , Tate married Roman Polanski , her director and co-star in 1967 's The Fearless Vampire Killers . On August 9 , 1969 , Tate , along with four others , was murdered by members of the Manson Family in the home she shared with Polanski . At the time of her death , she was eight-and-a-half months pregnant with the couple 's son .   A decade after Tate 's murder , the actress ' mother , Doris Tate , in response to the growing cult status of the killers and the possibility of them being granted parole , organized a public campaign that resulted in amendments to the California criminal law . Tate 's mother went on to say that the law would `` help transform Sharon 's legacy from murder victim to a symbol of victims ' rights '' . A book by Tate 's sister , Debra Tate , titled Sharon Tate : Recollection , was released in 2014 .

neg: Sweet Hearts Dance Sweet Hearts Dance is a 1988 American comedy drama film directed by Robert Greenwald . The screenplay by Ernest Thompson centers on two small town couples , one married for several years and the other at the beginning of their relationship .   The film was shot on location in Hyde Park , Vermont at Brendan Mullins ' house . Mayor of Burlington , future Vermont Senator and 2016 presidential candidate Bernie Sanders makes a cameo appearance in the film .

neg: Married and in Love Married and in Love is a 1940 film directed by John Farrow .

neg: Sharon Corder Sharon Corder is an American writer , producer , and educator based in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . With her husband Jack Blum , she has written and produced more than fifty hours of television drama for both Canadian and American broadcasters . In 2005 , Blum and Corder began Reel Canada , their non-profit organization dedicated to celebrating Canadian film .

neg: Sacrifice (2016 film) Sacrifice is a 2016 American thriller film that was written and directed by Peter A. Dowling , and starred Radha Mitchell and Rupert Graves . It was filmed in Ireland , Shetland , Scotland , and New York City . The film is based on the book Sacrifice by Sharon Bolton .

neg: Love Story (1970 film) Love Story is a 1970 American romantic drama film written by Erich Segal , who was also the author of the best-selling novel of the same name . It was produced by Howard G. Minskyand directed by Arthur Hiller and starred Ali MacGraw and Ryan O'Neal , alongside John Marley , Ray Milland , and Tommy Lee Jones in his film debut in a minor role .   A tragedy , the film is considered one of the most romantic by the American Film Institute ( # 9 on the list ) and is # 37 in the list of highest-grossing films in Canada and the United States . It was followed by a sequel , Oliver 's Story ( 1978 ) , starring O'Neal with Candice Bergen .

neg: In the Flesh (1998 film) In the Flesh is a 1998 independent gay-themed murder mystery film , produced , written , and directed by Ben Taylor . It is set in Atlanta , Georgia where it was filmed on a very low budget , according to the writer-director . It tells how two gay men on both sides of the law are brought together as intimate friends amid the dark events and circumstances that surround them .

neg: The Husband The Husband is a novel by the best-selling author Dean Koontz , released in 2006 . Focus Features , in conjunction with Random House Films , has announced that a film adaptation has been greenlit .

neg: Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo is a 1944 American war film released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . It is based on the true story of the Doolittle Raid , America 's first retaliatory air strike against Japan four months after the December 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor .   Mervyn LeRoy directed Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo and Sam Zimbalist produced the film . The screenplay by Dalton Trumbo was based on the 1943 book of the same name , written by Captain Ted W. Lawson , a pilot who participated in the raid . In both the book and the film , Lawson gives an eyewitness account of the training , the mission , and the aftermath as experienced by his crew and others who flew the mission on April 18 , 1942 . Lawson piloted `` The Ruptured Duck '' , the seventh of 16 B-25s to take off from the aircraft carrier USS Hornet aka , `` Shangri-La . ''   Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo stars Van Johnson as Lawson , Phyllis Thaxter as his wife Ellen , Robert Walker as Corporal David Thatcher , Robert Mitchum as Lieutenant Bob Gray and Spencer Tracy as Lieutenant Colonel Jimmy Doolittle , the man who planned and led the raid . The film is noted for its accurate depiction of the historical details of the raid , as well as its use of actual wartime footage of the bombers in some flying scenes .

neg: The Astronaut's Wife The Astronaut 's Wife is a 1999 American science fiction thriller film directed and written by Rand Ravich . It stars Johnny Depp and Charlize Theron .

neg: Housewives from Another World Housewives from Another World is a 2010 American made for cable erotic film directed by Fred Olen Ray ( under the pseudonym name Nicholas Juan Medina ) .

neg: Dirty Deeds (2005 film) Dirty Deeds is a 2005 American comedy film directed by David Kendall , produced by Bill Civitella and Dan Kaplow ; written by Jon Land and Jonathan Thies . It was released on August 25 , 2005 in the United States and filmed in Los Angeles , California .   The film was given a rating of PG-13 for `` crude humor , sexual content , language , teen partying/sexual references , and some violence '' .

neg: Jack the Dog Jack the Dog is a 2001 American comedy-drama film , written and directed by Bobby Roth and starring Nestor Carbonell , Barbara Williams , Barry Newman , and Anthony LaPaglia . The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22 , 2001 , and was released on DVD in the United States by Rivercoast Films on August 12 , 2008 . A sequel , Manhood , was released in 2003 .

neg: Trust (2010 film) Trust is a 2010 American drama thriller film directed by David Schwimmer and based on a screenplay by Andy Bellin and Robert Festinger , and an uncredited story by Schwimmer . It stars Viola Davis , Clive Owen , Catherine Keener , Jason Clarke , and Liana Liberato .   The film is about a teenage girl who becomes a victim of sexual abuse when she befriends a man on the Internet .

neg: Lyle (film) Lyle is a 2014 American drama film written and directed by Stewart Thorndike . The film tells the dramatic story of a mother grieving over the death of her toddler . The film stars actress Gaby Hoffman in the lead role .

neg: She's All That She 's All That is a 1999 American teen romantic comedy film directed by Robert Iscove and starring Freddie Prinze , Jr. , Rachael Leigh Cook , Paul Walker and Matthew Lillard . It is a modern adaptation of George Bernard Shaw 's play Pygmalion and George Cukor 's 1964 film My Fair Lady . It was one of the most popular teen films of the 1990s and reached No. 1 at the box office in its first week of release . In April 2015 , it was announced that the film will be remade by The Weinstein Company .

neg: Tate Donovan Tate Buckley Donovan ( born September 25 , 1963 ) is an American actor and director , known for portraying Tom Shayes in Damages , Jimmy Cooper in The O.C. , and the voice of the title character in the 1997 Disney animated film Hercules , the animated television series of the same name and in a few Kingdom Hearts video games .   He also had supporting roles in films , such as Good Night , and Good Luck and Argo . Donovan also played Brian Sanders in Hostages and White House Chief of Staff Mark Boudreau in 24 : Live Another Day . He has been a guest star in a number of television series .

neg: Harriet the Spy (film) Harriet the Spy is a 1996 American family comedy film based on the 1964 novel of the same name by Louise Fitzhugh . The film stars Michelle Trachtenberg in her film debut , and is the directorial debut of Bronwen Hughes . Produced by Paramount Pictures , Nickelodeon Movies and Rastar , it was the first film produced under the Nickelodeon Movies banner and the first of two film adaptations of the Harriet the Spy books . In theaters , the remade pilot episode of Hey Arnold ! was shown before the film .

neg: Raising Helen Raising Helen is a 2004 American comedy-drama film directed by Garry Marshall and written by Jack Amiel and Michael Begler . It stars Kate Hudson , John Corbett , Joan Cusack , Hayden Panettiere , siblings Spencer and Abigail Breslin , and Helen Mirren . It grossed $ 37,486,138 at the U.S. box office .

neg: Her Husband's Friend Her Husband 's Friend is a 1920 American silent drama film directed by Fred Niblo starring Enid Bennett . A copy of the film is preserved at the Library of Congress .

neg: Garden State (film) Garden State is a 2004 American romantic comedy-drama film , written and directed by Zach Braff and starring Braff , Natalie Portman , Peter Sarsgaard , and Ian Holm . The film centers on Andrew Largeman ( Braff ) , a 26-year-old actor/waiter who returns to his hometown in New Jersey after his mother dies . Braff based the film on his real life experiences . It was filmed in April and May 2003 and released on July 28 , 2004 . New Jersey was the main setting and primary shooting location . Garden State received positive reviews upon its release and has garnered a cult following . It was an official selection of the Sundance Film Festival . The film also spawned a soundtrack for which Braff , who picked the music himself , won a Grammy Award .