query: The terrain of Kazakhstan includes taiga.

pos: Kazakhstan Kazakhstan ( -LSB- USkæzækˈstæn , _ ˌkɑːzɑːkˈstɑːn -RSB- , -LSB- ˌkæzəkˈstɑːn , _ - ˈstæn -RSB- Қазақстан , tr . Qazaqstan , -LSB- qɑzɑqˈstɑn -RSB- ; Казахстан , tr . Kazakhstan ) , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan ( Қазақстан Республикасы , tr . Qazaqstan Respwblïkası ; Республика Казахстан , tr . Respublika Kazakhstan ) , is a transcontinental country in northern Central Asia and Eastern Europe . Kazakhstan is the world 's largest landlocked country , and the ninth largest in the world , with an area of 2,724,900 km ² . Kazakhstan is the dominant nation of Central Asia economically , generating 60 % of the region 's GDP , primarily through its oil/gas industry . It also has vast mineral resources .   Kazakhstan is officially a democratic , secular , unitary , constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage . Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia , China , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan , and Turkmenistan , and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea . The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands , steppe , taiga , rock canyons , hills , deltas , snow-capped mountains , and deserts . Kazakhstan has an estimated 18 million people , Given its large land area , its population density is among the lowest , at less than 6 people per square kilometre ( 15 people per sq. mi . ) . The capital is Astana , where it was moved in 1997 from Almaty , the country 's largest city .   The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic tribes . This changed in the 13th century , when Genghis Khan occupied the country as part of the Mongolian Empire . Following internal struggles among the conquerors , power eventually reverted to the nomads . By the 16th century , the Kazakh emerged as a distinct group , divided into three jüz ( ancestor branches occupying specific territories ) . The Russians began advancing into the Kazakh steppe in the 18th century , and by the mid-19th century , they nominally ruled all of Kazakhstan as part of the Russian Empire . Following the 1917 Russian Revolution , and subsequent civil war , the territory of Kazakhstan was reorganised several times . In 1936 , it was made the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic , part of the Soviet Union .   Kazakhstan was the last of the Soviet republics to declare independence during the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The current President , Nursultan Nazarbayev , has been leader of the country since then , and is characterised as authoritarian , with a government history of human rights abuses and suppression of political opposition . Kazakhstan has worked to develop its economy , especially its dominant hydrocarbon industry . Human Rights Watch says that `` Kazakhstan heavily restricts freedom of assembly , speech , and religion , '' and other human rights organisations regularly describe Kazakhstan 's human rights situation as poor .   Kazakhstan 's 131 ethnicities include Kazakhs ( 63 % of the population ) , Russians , Uzbeks , Ukrainians , Germans , Tatars , and Uyghurs . Islam is the religion of about 70 % of the population , with Christianity practised by 26 % ; Kazakhstan officially allows freedom of religion , but religious leaders who oppose the government are suppressed . The Kazakh language is the state language , and Russian has equal official status for all levels of administrative and institutional purposes .

neg: Zay River The Zay ( Зай -LSB- Зәй , Zäy -RSB- , -LSB- zæɪ -RSB- ) is a river in Tatarstan , Russian Federation , a left-bank tributary of the Kama River . It is 270 km long , and its drainage basin covers 5020 km2 . It begins near Mikhaylovka , Leninogorsky District , Tatarstan and falls to the Kama River 7 km south-west of Nizhnekamsk .   At its headwaters the river is named the Steppe Zay ( Степной Зай , Stepnoy Zay , -LSB- Дала Зәе , Dala Zäye -RSB- ) . The lower reach of the river after the confluence with Forest Zay River , 55 km , is named simply Zay . Also , one of headstream Steppe Zay 's tributaries is also named Zay . Other major tributaries are the Moshkara , Zay-Karatay , Ursala , Aktashka , and Shumyshka rivers .   The mineralization varies from 2000-3000 to 5000 -- 8000 mg/l . Average sediment deposition at the river mouth per year is 130 mm . Drainage is regulated . There are two reservoirs , Zainsk and Karabash Reservoirs constructed in Zay valley . Since 1978 it is protected as a natural monument of Tatarstan . Zainsk , Almetyevsk and Karabash , Tatarstan are along the river .

neg: Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic Tajikistan ( -LSB- tɑːˈdʒiːkᵻstɑːn -RSB- , -LSB- təˈdʒiːkᵻstæn -RSB- , or -LSB- tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn -RSB- Тоҷикистон , Таджикистан , -LSB- tɔd͡ʒikɪsˈtɔn -RSB- ) ; officially the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic ( Tajik SSR ; Республикаи Советии Социалистии Тоҷикистон , Respublikaji Sovetiji Sotsialistiji Toçikiston ; Таджикская Советская Социалистическая Республика , Tadzhikskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika ) and the Republic of Tajikistan ( Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон , Çumhuriji Toçikiston ; Республика Таджикистан , Respublika Tadzhikistan ) , also commonly known as Soviet Tajikistan was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union existed from 1929 to 1991 located in Central Asia as an landlocked state .   The Tajik Republic was created on 5 December 1929 as a national entity for the Tajik people within the Soviet Union . It succeeded the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ( Tajik ASSR ) , which had been created on 14 October 1924 as a part of the predominantly Turkic Uzbek SSR in the process of national delimitation in Soviet Central Asia . On 24 August 1990 , the Tajik SSR declared sovereignty in its borders . The republic was renamed to the Republic of Tajikistan on 31 August 1991 and declared its independence from the Soviet Union on 9 September 1991 .   Geographically , at 143100 km2 , it was bordered by Afghanistan to the south , Uzbekistan to the west , Kirghizia to the north , and China to the east . Pakistan was to the south , separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor .

neg: Lebap Region Lebap Region ( Lebap welaýaty from the Persian لب آب Lab-i āb ) is one of the regions of Turkmenistan . It is in the northeast of the country , bordering Afghanistan , Uzbekistan along the Amu Darya . Its capital is Türkmenabat ( formerly named Çärjew ) . It has an area of 93,730 square kilometers , and a population of 1,334,500 people ( 2005 est. ) .   The name Lebap is Turkmenized form of the Persian Lab-i āb which means `` riverside '' and has long been used to designate the middle reaches of the Amu Darya river .   It contains the Repetek Nature Reserve and the Köýtendag Nature Reserve , which has Turkmenistan 's highest mountain , Aýrybaba ( 3137 meters ) .   Region is located alongside of Amuderya river , Gyzylgum desert is located east side of river and Garagum desert is located west side of river . Thanks to sunny whether and abundance of water resources state produced one of the highest quality cotton and wheat in the world .   Region is also rich for its natural resources such as natural gas and other mines . China-Turkmenistan gas-pipeline started from this region . Lebap Regions Bagtiyarlik natural gas field is main supplier of Chinese natural gas .

neg: Tigireksky Nature Reserve Tigirekskiy Nature Reserve ( also Tigireksky ) is a Russian ` zapovednik ' ( strict nature reserve ) in the northwest mid-level mountains of the Altai-Sayan region . The reserve was established for the protection and study of the relic pre-glacial dark taiga of the higher elevations , and the mountain-steppe of the river valleys and lower regions . The site features extensive karst landscape and caves . The reserve is situated in the Zmeinogorsky , Tretyakovsky and Krasnoshchyokovsky districts of Altai Krai . It was formally established in 1999 , and covers a total area of 40693 ha .

neg: Great Pamir The Great Pamir or Big Pamir ( Wakhi : Past Pamir ; Kyrgyz : Chang Pamir ; Pāmīr-e Bozorg or Pāmīr-e Kalan ) is a broad U-shaped grassy valley or pamir in the eastern part of the Wakhan in north-eastern Afghanistan and the adjacent part of Tajikistan , in the Pamir Mountains . The valley is 60 km long , and is bounded to the north by the Southern Alichur Range and to the south by the Nicholas Range and the Wakhan Range .   Zorkol lake lies at the northern edge of the Great Pamir .   The Great Pamir is used by Wakhi and Kyrgyz herders for summer pasture . Side valleys support populations of Marco Polo sheep , snow leopard , ibex , and brown bear .

neg: Satbayev Kazakh National Technical University Kazakh National Research Technical University ( Қазақ Ұлттық Техникалық Зерттеу Университет , Qazaq Ulttıq Texnïkalıq Zertteu Wnïversïtet , Казахский Национальный Технический Исследовательский Университет , Kazakhskiy Natsional ` nîy Tekhnicheskiy Issledovatel ` skiy Universitet ) named after Kanysh Satpayev is a leading technical university in Almaty , Kazakhstan .

neg: Uyghurs in Kazakhstan Uyghurs in Kazakhstan form the country 's 7th-largest ethnic group , according to the 1999 census .

neg: East European Plain The East European Plain ( also called the Russian Plain , predominantly by Russian scientists , or historically the Sarmatic Plain ) is a vast interior plain extending east of the North/Central European Plain , and comprising several plateaus stretching roughly from 25 degrees longitude eastward . It includes the westernmost Volhynian-Podolian Upland , than the Central Russian Upland , and on the eastern border , encompassing the Volga Upland . The plain includes also a series of major river basins such as the Dnepr Basin , the Oka-Don Lowland , and the Volga Basin . Along the southernmost point of the East European Plain are the Caucasus and Crimean mountain ranges . Together with the North European Plain covering much of north-eastern Poland , Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , it constitutes the European Plain , the mountain-free part of the European landscape .   The East European Plain covers all or most of the Baltic states , Belarus , Ukraine , Moldova , Romania , and the European portion of Russia . The plain spans approximately 4000000 km2 and averages about 170 m in elevation . The highest point of the plain , located in the Valdai Hills is 346.9 m.

neg: Khabarovsk Krai Khabarovsk Krai ( -LSB- Хаба́ровский край , r = Khabarovsky kray , p = xɐˈbarəfskʲɪj kraj -RSB- ) is a federal subject of Russia ( a krai ) , located in the Russian Far East . It lies mostly in the basin of the lower Amur River , but also occupies a vast mountainous area along the coastline of the Sea of Okhotsk , an arm of the Pacific Ocean . The administrative center of the krai is the city of Khabarovsk . Population : 1,343,869 ( 2010 Census ) .   The indigenous people of the area are various Tungusic peoples ( Evenks , Negidals , Ulchs , Nanai , Oroch , Udege ) and Amur Nivkhs .

neg: Taiga Taiga ( -LSB- ˈtaɪɡə -RSB- -LSB- тайга́ , p = tɐjˈɡa -RSB- from Turkic ) also known as boreal forest or snow forest , is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines , spruces and larches .   The taiga is the world 's largest biome apart from the oceans . In North America it covers most of inland Canada and Alaska as well as parts of the extreme northern continental United States ( northern Minnesota through the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to Upstate New York and northern New England ) , where it is known as the Northwoods or `` North woods '' . In Eurasia , it covers most of Sweden , Finland , much of Norway , some of the Scottish Highlands , some lowland/coastal areas of Iceland , much of Russia from Karelia in the west to the Pacific Ocean ( including much of Siberia ) , and areas of northern Kazakhstan , northern Mongolia , and northern Japan ( on the island of Hokkaidō ) . However , the main tree species , the length of the growing season and summer temperatures vary . For example , the taiga of North America mostly consists of spruces ; Scandinavian and Finnish taiga consists of a mix of spruce , pines and birch ; Russian taiga has spruces , pines and larches depending on the region , while the Eastern Siberian taiga is a vast larch forest .   A different use of the term taiga is often encountered in the English language , with `` boreal forest '' used in the United States and Canada to refer to only the more southerly part of the biome , while `` taiga '' is used to describe the more barren areas of the northernmost part of the biome approaching the tree line and the tundra biome . Hoffman ( 1958 ) discusses the origin of this differential use in North America and why it is an inappropriate differentiation of the Russian term . Although at high elevations taiga grades into alpine tundra through Krummholz , it is not exclusively an alpine biome ; and unlike subalpine forest , much of taiga is lowlands .

neg: Kyzylarai Kyzylarai is a massif , a part of the Kazakh Melkosopochnik ( Kazakh Uplands ) , situated in Karaganda Region in Central Kazakhstan . The place is extremely rich in natural and historical sights . Begazy burial grounds ( Begazy-Dandybai culture of the Bronze Age ) are one of them . The highest point of Central Kazakhstan , Aksoran Mountain ( 1565 m ) is located in Kyzylarai . The world 's largest mountain sheep , the Argali , can be seen in the area .   Kyzylarai is located in the southern part of the Kazakh Uplands , north of Lake Balkhash .

neg: Miss Kazakhstan Miss Kazakhstan is a national beauty pageant in Kazakhstan .

neg: Media of Kazakhstan The media of Kazakhstan ( Қазақстанның республикасы бұқаралық ақпарат құралдары , Qazaqstannıñ respuwblïkası buqaralıq aqparat quraldarı ) refers to mass media outlets based in The Republic of Kazakhstan . Media of Kazakhstan are a set of public information transfer agencies in the Republic of Kazakhstan . The Constitution of Kazakhstan guarantees freedom of press , but privately owned and opposition media have been subject of censorship . In 2004 the International Federation of Journalists identified a `` growing pattern '' of intimidation of the media , and in 2012 several opposition media outlets were ordered to be shut down on charges of promoting `` extremism '' .   All media must register with the Ministry of Culture , Information and Sports , with the exception of websites .

neg: Terskey Alatau The Teskey Ala-Too or Terskey Ala-Too ( Тескей Ала-Тоосу , -LSB- teskéj ɑlɑtoːsú -RSB- ) is a mountain range in the Tian Shan mountains in Kyrgyzstan . It stretches south and southeast of Lake Issyk Kul , from the river Joon Aryk near Kochkor in the west to the far northeastern part of Kyrgyzstan . The length of the range is 354 km and the highest peak is Karakol Peak ( 5,216 m ) . Another high peak is Boris Yeltsin Peak ( 5,168 m ) .

neg: Desert A desert is a barren area of land where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life . The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to the processes of denudation . About one third of the land surface of the world is arid or semi-arid . This includes much of the polar regions where little precipitation occurs and which are sometimes called polar deserts or `` cold deserts '' . Deserts can be classified by the amount of precipitation that falls , by the temperature that prevails , by the causes of desertification or by their geographical location .   Deserts are formed by weathering processes as large variations in temperature between day and night put strains on the rocks which consequently break in pieces . Although rain seldom occurs in deserts , there are occasional downpours that can result in flash floods . Rain falling on hot rocks can cause them to shatter and the resulting fragments and rubble strewn over the desert floor is further eroded by the wind . This picks up particles of sand and dust and wafts them aloft in sand or dust storms . Wind-blown sand grains striking any solid object in their path can abrade the surface . Rocks are smoothed down , and the wind sorts sand into uniform deposits . The grains end up as level sheets of sand or are piled high in billowing sand dunes . Other deserts are flat , stony plains where all the fine material has been blown away and the surface consists of a mosaic of smooth stones . These areas are known as desert pavements and little further erosion takes place . Other desert features include rock outcrops , exposed bedrock and clays once deposited by flowing water . Temporary lakes may form and salt pans may be left when waters evaporate . There may be underground sources of water in the form of springs and seepages from aquifers . Where these are found , oases can occur .   Plants and animals living in the desert need special adaptations to survive in the harsh environment . Plants tend to be tough and wiry with small or no leaves , water-resistant cuticles and often spines to deter herbivory . Some annual plants germinate , bloom and die in the course of a few weeks after rainfall while other long-lived plants survive for years and have deep root systems able to tap underground moisture . Animals need to keep cool and find enough food and water to survive . Many are nocturnal and stay in the shade or underground during the heat of the day . They tend to be efficient at conserving water , extracting most of their needs from their food and concentrating their urine . Some animals remain in a state of dormancy for long periods , ready to become active again when the rare rains fall . They then reproduce rapidly while conditions are favorable before returning to dormancy .   People have struggled to live in deserts and the surrounding semi-arid lands for millennia . Nomads have moved their flocks and herds to wherever grazing is available and oases have provided opportunities for a more settled way of life . The cultivation of semi-arid regions encourages erosion of soil and is one of the causes of increased desertification . Desert farming is possible with the aid of irrigation and the Imperial Valley in California provides an example of how previously barren land can be made productive by the import of water from an outside source . Many trade routes have been forged across deserts , especially across the Sahara Desert , and traditionally were used by caravans of camels carrying salt , gold , ivory and other goods . Large numbers of slaves were also taken northwards across the Sahara . Some mineral extraction also takes place in deserts and the uninterrupted sunlight gives potential for the capture of large quantities of solar energy .

neg: Geology of the Himalaya The geology of the Himalaya is a record of the most dramatic and visible creations of modern plate tectonic forces . The Himalayas , which stretch over 2400 km between the Namche Barwa syntaxis in Tibet and the Nanga Parbat syntaxis in India , are the result of an ongoing orogeny -- the result of a collision between two continental tectonic plates . This immense mountain range was formed by tectonic forces and sculpted by weathering and erosion . The Himalaya-Tibet region supplies fresh water for more than one-fifth of the world population , and accounts for a quarter of the global sedimentary budget . Topographically , the belt has many superlatives : the highest rate of uplift ( nearly 10 mm/year at Nanga Parbat ) , the highest relief ( 8848 m at Mt. Everest Chomolangma ) , among the highest erosion rates at 2 -- 12 mm/yr , the source of some of the greatest rivers and the highest concentration of glaciers outside of the polar regions . This last feature earned the Himalaya its name , originating from the Sanskrit for `` the abode of the snow '' .

neg: Tyuratam Tyuratam ( Төретам , Töretam Тюратам ) is a station on the main Moscow to Tashkent railway , located in Kazakhstan . The name is a word in the Kazakh language and means `` Töre 's grave '' ; Töre , or more formally , Töre-Baba , was a noble , a descendant of Genghis Khan . Tyuratam is near the Baikonur Cosmodrome , a Russian - formerly Soviet - spaceport , and near the city of Baikonur ( formerly Leninsk ) , which was constructed to service the cosmodrome .   At a press conference for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project , Jules Bergman of ABC News asked : `` Baykonur , if you 'll look on the coordinates , is 135 miles -LSB- 217 km -RSB- away or something . Tyuratam may only be a railhead , but it is the Tyuratam Launch Complex . They call it Baykonur , I know ... . I 'm going to call it Tyuratam . ABC is going to call it Tyuratam . SAC Strategic Air Command calls it Tyuratam . Can we once and for all straighten that out and arrive at a ... name for it , Tom ? ''   In the mid 1950s , the Soviet Union announced that space activities were being conducted from the Baykonur Cosmodrome , which was assumed to be near the city of Baykonur , in the Kazakh SSR . In reality , the launch facilities were located 400 km to the southwest at Tyuratam to obfuscate the west as to its true location .   It was this launch site that the CIA was trying to locate by systematically tracking over the major rail networks of the Soviet Union in Central Asia with U-2 spy planes . The site was discovered and photographed in 1957 . Francis Gary Powers was scheduled to overfly it on his ill-fated mission in 1960 , but either due to detecting the guidance radar of the defending SA-2 missile battery or cloud cover which prevented him from photographing the site , he avoided Tyuratam and was later shot down over the Ural mountains .

neg: Aktay River The Aktay or Aqtay ( -LSB- Актай , Aqtay -RSB- ) is a river in Tatarstan , Russian Federation , a left-bank tributary of the Volga River , falling into the Kuybyshev Reservoir near Izmeri . It is 89 km long , and its drainage basin covers 1016 km2 .   The major tributaries are Chelninka , Salmanka , and Romodanka . The maximal mineralization is 500 to 700 mg/l . The average sediment deposition at the river mouth each year is 71 mm . Drainage is regulated . In the upper stream use to dry . Bazarnye Mataki is along the river .

neg: Transport in Kazakhstan The vast territory of Kazakhstan spans across 2,700,000 km2 . The population density is low in Kazakhstan , and the centers of industry and agriculture are spread out and remote from world markets . Therefore , the need for efficient transportation in Kazakhstan is great .   Kazakhstan is committed to regional infrastructure development . According to the Kazakhstan Ambassador to the U.S. , Kairat Umarov , Kazakhstan invested $ 18 billion in construction of airports , highways , and railroads in 2014 .

neg: Habitat A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal , plant , or other type of organism . The term typically refers to the zone in which the organism lives and where it can find food , shelter , protection and mates for reproduction . It is the natural environment in which an organism lives , or the physical environment that surrounds a species population .   A habitat is made up of physical factors such as soil , moisture , range of temperature , and light intensity as well as biotic factors such as the availability of food and the presence or absence of predators . Every organism has certain habitat needs for the conditions in which it will thrive , but some are tolerant of wide variations while others are very specific in their requirements . A habitat is not necessarily a geographical area , it can be the interior of a stem , a rotten log , a rock or a clump of moss , and for a parasitic organism it is the body of its host , part of the host 's body such as the digestive tract , or a single cell within the host 's body .   Habitat types include polar , temperate , subtropical and tropical . The terrestrial vegetation type may be forest , steppe , grassland , semi-arid or desert . Fresh water habitats include marshes , streams , rivers , lakes , ponds and estuaries , and marine habitats include salt marshes , the coast , the intertidal zone , reefs , bays , the open sea , the sea bed , deep water and submarine vents .   Habitats change over time . This may be due to a violent event such as the eruption of a volcano , an earthquake , a tsunami , a wildfire or a change in oceanic currents ; or the change may be more gradual over millennia with alterations in the climate , as ice sheets and glaciers advance and retreat , and as different weather patterns bring changes of precipitation and solar radiation . Other changes come as a direct result of human activities ; deforestation , the ploughing of ancient grasslands , the diversion and damming of rivers , the draining of marshland and the dredging of the seabed . The introduction of alien species can have a devastating effect on native wildlife , through increased predation , through competition for resources or through the introduction of pests and diseases to which the native species have no immunity .


query: José María Chacón surrendered the island of Trinidad in 1797, one year before his death.

pos: José María Chacón Don José María Chacón ( 1 January 1749 -- 1 January 1833 ) was the last Spanish Governor of Trinidad . He was responsible for signing the Cedula of Population in 1783 ( which led to extensive French immigration to Trinidad ) , founded the city of San Fernando in 1784 and surrendered the island of Trinidad to a British fleet under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby in 1797 . The King of Spain set up a `` Council of War '' to look into the surrender . By Royal Decree , Chacon and Rear Admiral Sebastián Ruiz de Apodaca ( who had scuttled his small fleet ) were banished for life from the `` Royal Domain . '' Apodaca 's case was reconsidered and he was reinstated in 1809 , but Chacón died in exile .

neg: Carlos Martínez de Irujo, 1st Marquis of Casa Irujo Don Carlos Martínez de Irujo y Tacón ( Cartagena 1763 -- Madrid 1824 ) , from 1803 known as Marqués de Casa Irujo , was a Spanish diplomat , Knight of the Order of Carlos III and public official .   His father was Manuel Martinez de Irujo y de Erice and his mother Narcisa Tacón y Gamiz ( born Beriain , Navarre , 1740 ) . He had two siblings , Narcisa Martínez de Irujo y Tacón and María Rafaela Martínez de Irujo y Tacón .   Casa Irujo ( often spelled Yrujo ) was the Spanish minister to the United States from 1796 to 1807 . Casa Irujo changed positions and became minister at Rio de Janeiro and then Paris .   He was secretary of state of Spain ( ministro de estado ) three times , first in 1812 , then in an interim capacity from 1818 to 1819 , and finally for a few weeks from December 1823 until his death in January 1824 .   In 1794 while an attaché at the Spanish embassy in London he had an illegitimate daughter named Lavinia de Irujo . Lavinia herself later gave birth to two daughters Fredericka and Frances out of wedlock , the father being Major Charles Jones ( father of Ernest Jones , a poet , dramatist and novelist . ) There are several drawings of Lavinia by the artist Henry Fuseli ( 1741-1825 ) .   In 1798 Don Carlos married Sarah McKean , the daughter of Pennsylvania governor Thomas McKean . The couple have been described as '' intriguers of the highest order . '' Their son Carlos Martínez de Irujo y McKean ( 1802-1855 ) , Duque of Sotomayor , became prime minister of Spain for a short period in 1847 .

neg: Siege of Santo Domingo (1655) The Siege of Santo Domingo of 1655 , was fought between April 23 , 1655 to April 30 , 1655 at the Spanish Colony of Santo Domingo . A force of 2,400 Spanish troops led by Governor Don Bernardino Meneses y Bracamonte , Count of Peñalba , successfully resisted a force of 13,120 troops and 34 ships of the English Commonwealth Navy led by Admiral Sir William Penn. .   The English force landed at the mouth of the Nizao River , some thirty miles from their objective , the city of Santo Domingo . After a march of four days through heavy rough country with little water , the column was routed in an ambush by a few hundred lanceros ( cavalry lancers ) . The English fleet ineffectually tried to bombard the city into submission and the army re-embarked its survivors .   The British naval historian , N.A.M. Rodger , notes that , `` In one afternoon the invincible reputation of the New Model Army had been thrown away '' . The English left the island of Santo Domingo and went on and conquered Jamaica in the Invasion of Jamaica of 1655 .   Due to the valor of Don Bernardino de Meneses y Bracamonte , the site of the victory was named in his honor ; Puerta del Conde .

neg: José María Jesús Carbajal José María Jesús Carbajal ( 1809 -- 1874 ) ( also spelled Carvajal , Caravajal , Carabajal and Carbahal ) was a Mexican freedom fighter , who opposed the Centralist government installed by Antonio López de Santa Anna . Carbajal was a direct descendant of Canary Islands settlers who immigrated to San Antonio , Texas in the 18th Century . As a teenager in San Antonio , he was mentored by Stephen F. Austin , and came under the spiritual guidance of Alexander Campbell while attending school in Virginia . He was a surveyor by trade , and a politician as a result of historical events . Carbajal married into the influential De Leon family of Victoria , Texas . He called himself `` a true Mexican '' whose allegiance lay with the people of Mexico . He turned his back on the Republic of Texas and moved to Mexico , where he conducted guerrilla warfare against its military forces . Carbajal was active in the establishment of the Republic of the Rio Grande , and made an unsuccessful attempt at establishing the break-away Republic of Sierra Madre . Indicted twice in the United States for his activities , Carbajal was never convicted in a court of law . He was an early supporter of Benito Juárez , and was appointed military governor of Tamaulipas .

neg: William Aylmer William Aylmer ( 1778-1820 ) from Painstown , County Kildare , Ireland was a leader of the United Irishmen in the 1798 Rebellion against the British government . At the Battle of Ovidstown on 19 June 1798 he led a battle against British forces in which 200 insurgents died . Aylmer retreated into the inaccessible Bog of Allen and set up a defensive camp for over a month . Eventually he surrendered in return for a safe conduct abroad ; effectively a form of exile .   Released from prison in 1802 , he went into exile to Austria , where he served as an officer and noted swordsman in the Austrian Army , from which he was at one point detached to tutor British Dragoons in the art of swordsmanship .   After almost twenty years in Austria he returned to Ireland , and in 1819 sailed from Dublin to Venezuela with 200 officers and men to assist Simon Bolivar 's independence struggle as commander of the Tenth Lancers and second in command of the Irish Legion under lieutenant-colonel Francisco Burdett O'Connor . He arrived in September 1819 on the island of Margarita off the coast of Venezuela , where lack of preparations caused severe hardships . Many of the volunteers died or returned to Ireland . He was wounded at the Battle of Rio Hacha on 25 May 1820 and died in Jamaica on 20 June 1820 .

neg: José Manuel de Goyeneche, 1st Count of Guaqui José Manuel de Goyeneche y Barreda ( Arequipa , Viceroyalty of Peru , June 12 , 1776 - Madrid , October 10 , 1846 ) was a Spanish soldier and diplomat .

neg: Vicente Emparán Vicente Emparán ( -LSB- biˈθente empaˈɾan -RSB- , or sometimes Emparan -LSB- -LSB- emˈpaɾan -RSB- -RSB- ; 1747 -- 3 October 1842 ) was a Spanish Basque Captain General .   Emparán was born in Azpeitia , Guipúzcoa , Basque Country , in 1747 as the son of José Joaquín de Emparan . He was governor of Cumaná Province in the Captaincy General of Venezuela between 1792 and 1804 , where he had gained a favorable reputation among Venezuelans .   By 1808 , Emparán had returned to Spain during the Peninsular War . There Joseph I 's recently installed government named him Captain General of Venezuela , but after this appointment Emparán crossed over to the territory controlled by the Supreme Central Junta . He swore allegiance to the Junta and to Ferdinand VII , the king who was being held captive by the French invaders . In January 1809 the Central Junta ratified his appointment to replace the former captain general , Manuel de Guevara y Vasconcelos , who had died two years earlier .   Emparán arrived in Venezuela in May 1809 . During the following year he successfully avoided several attempts by the elites to establish a junta in Venezuela ( among them the famous Conspiración de Los Mantuanos ) , often by personally talking with proponents of the movements . Although a well-liked governor , on 19 April 1810 , various members of the municipal council ( cabildo ) of Caracas and other important residents took advantage of the large crowds gathered for Maundy Thursday services to orchestrate popular agitation for the establishment of a junta . The crowd prevented him from arriving at the Cathedral for the day 's services and he was directed to the cabildo building ( today site of the Casa Amarilla ) just across the main square from the Cathedral . There he met with an expanded council ( cabildo abierto ) . Emparán spoke directly to the crowd from the balcony of the building and seeing the amount of support for a junta , he voluntarily stepped down . The cabildo transformed itself into the Supreme Junta of Caracas , and began to manage the affairs of the province . Following his ouster , he left for Philadelphia , United States , from where he reported to the Spanish government on the events of 19 April , before returning to Spain . There , it seems , he was tried for his failure to stop the establishment of a junta , but was acquitted . He died in El Puerto de Santa María , Cádiz , Spain on 3 October 1842 .

neg: James Towers English James Towers English ( 22 February 1782 -- 26 September 1819 ) was an Anglo-Irish commander of British Legions forces in the Spanish American wars of independence .   James Towers English was the son of a well-to-do Dublin merchant . He went into business supplying horses to the British Army until his company went bankrupt , then took a job with the army Commissariat as a clerk . In May 1817 he met Luis López Méndez , the representative of Simon Bolívar in London . Claiming to have been a cavalry lieutenant , he was made a captain in the ' 1st Venezuelan Hussars ' and sailed for South America in December 1817 . He fought with distinction at the battle of Ortiz on 26 March 1818 , and was promoted to full colonel and appointed second-in-command of the British Guard of Honor led by James Rooke .   In May 1818 , he signed a contract with the Patriot government to recruit and equip a British force of 1,000 men , in return for which he was promised # 50 per head and a General 's commission . By painting a rosy picture of pay and conditions in South America , he succeeded in recruiting between 1,000 and 2,000 mercenaries , who sailed during the following months . English returned to Venezuela and landed on Margarita Island in mid-April , 1819 where he was confirmed in the rank of Brigadier General and was given command of all the foreign mercenaries , as subordinate to Venezuelan General Rafael Urdaneta .   In July 1819 he participated in storming the fortress of El Morro , which guarded the city Barcelona . His troops looted the city , drank all the alcohol they could find and devastated their section of the town . On August 7 1819 Urdaneta 's army attempted to storm Maturín but failed after grievous losses in their assault against Fort Agua Santa , while General English remained in the rear pleading sickness . With his authority destroyed , English was replaced as leader of the British Legion by Colonel John Blossett . English retired to Margarita Island where he died of illness on 26 September 1819 and is buried in a cemetery overlooking Juan Griego Bay . His wife , Mary , remained in Colombia and married the English trader William Greenup .

neg: José Pascual de Zayas y Chacón José Pascual de Zayas y Chacón ( 1772 -- 1827 ) was a Spanish divisional commander of great skill and daring and a leading Spanish Army figure in the Peninsular War . He is renowned for his initiative at the Battle of Albuera .

neg: Manuel Aguilar Chacón Manuel Aguilar Chacón ( 12 August 1797 , San José , Costa Rica -- 7 July 1846 ) was head of state of Costa Rica from April 1837 to March 1838 .

neg: María Josefa Lastiri María Josefa Lastiri Lozano ( October 20 , 1792 -- 1846 ) was the wife of General Francisco Morazán and the First Lady of the Federal Republic of Central America , Honduras , El Salvador , and Costa Rica . She was born on October 20 , 1792 to her parents Juan Miguel Lastiri and Margarita Lozano y Borjas in Tegucigalpa . Honduras . She first married landowner Esteban Travieso in 1818 , with whom she had 4 children but he later died in 1825 . Upon his death , she inherited a fortune . On December 30 , 1825 she married Francisco Morazán in Comayagua , with whom she only had one daughter , Adela Morazán Lastiri .   She was First Lady of Honduras from 1827 to 1830 , of the Federal Republic of Central America from 1830 to 1834 and from 1835 to 1839 , and of the State of El Salvador from 1839 to 1840 . She backed General Morazán 's political and military activities , in which she lost the large capital her first husband inherited her at death . Due to the constant fighting and turmoil in El Salvador at the time , she left the country and sought asylum in Costa Rica . The Costa Rican government said it would grant the request if she and her family agreed to settle in the city of Esparza . Lastiri rejected the offer and instead went to Chiriquí , where she later met her husband . When Morazán took power in Costa Rica he immediately sent a boat to Chiriquí to pick up Lastiri and her family .   After Morazán 's fall from power and execution in September 1842 , Lastiri and her family left the country and returned to El Salvador . She died in San Salvador in 1846 .

neg: Trinity Cross The Trinity Cross ( abbreviated T.C. ) was the highest of the National Awards of Trinidad and Tobago , between the years 1969 -- 2008 . It was awarded for : `` distinguished and outstanding service to Trinidad and Tobago . It was awarded for gallantry in the face of the enemy , or for gallant conduct . '' Either nationals or non-nationals can be awarded the honour , but no more than five may be awarded in any year . The President was awarded the Trinity Cross in an ex officio capacity . The award was first presented in 1969 and was subsequently replaced by The Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago ( abbreviated O.R.T.T. ) in the year 2008 .

neg: Jan Lichthart Jan Cornelisz Lichthart ( died 30 November 1646 ) , also known as Johan or Johannes Lichthart , was a Dutch admiral in the service of the Dutch West India Company . He distinguished himself as a buccaneer , attacking Spanish and Portuguese fleets and forts in the Caribbean and South America , particularly along the coast of present-day Brazil .   Lichthart , who had lived in Lisbon and spoke Portuguese , played a major part in the Dutch struggle against the Portuguese for possession of Brazil from 1630 onwards ( see further Dutch Brazil ) . For instance , a squadron under his command conquered São Luis do Maranhão from the Portuguese in 1641 . And at Tamandaré on September 9 , 1645 , a squadron under his command destroyed a Portuguese squadron under the command of Jerônimo Serrão de Paiva .   In 1630 , he defeated a squadron of three Dunkirker ships following a pitched eight-hour battle .   He died on 30 November 1646 in Brazil , near the São Francisco River , after `` drinking cold water when he was much heated . ''

neg: José de Villamil José de Villamil or José Villamil ( 1789 -- 1866 ) was born in New Orleans , when Louisiana was a colony of Spain . He was one of the fathers of the independence of Ecuador , founder of its navy , `` conqueror '' and first Governor of the Galápagos Islands and Minister of Foreign Relations . The city of General Villamil Playas is named in honor of him . José de Villamil was the younger brother of Felipe Martin de Villamil ( 1783 -- 1843 ) .   In 1803 , Louisiana was sold to the United States by France . In 1804 seated place as Cadet of `` Company of Rifles volunteers Louisiana '' and then he was promoted to Sergeant . In 1810 he traveled to Spain recommended by his older brothers Felipe Martin and Pedro Villamil , was received paternally by General Ignacio Alava , Governor of Cadiz , who invited numerous `` soire '' . The Governor 's wife wanted to learn some dance steps and especially one called `` L'Oiseleur '' and Villamil taught it to her influence to obtain the release of several French officers who posed as luisianeses is not . The gentle lady Alava nicknamed him `` Choctaw '' Villamil symbolic name that kept the rest of his life . Cadiz also frequented distinguished American and entered the Masonic Lodge `` Lautaro '' in the company of Mexican Lorenzo de Velasco . The argentinian Manuel de Sarratea asked : Are you able to consecrate to the American cause ? ` We hugged and made the oath , he wrote years later to the king .   He immediately traveled to Maracaibo ( Venezuela ) where his brothers lived in good social and economic position . He wrote revolutionary letters intercepted by the Governor of Maracaibo and only thanks to influences escaped death by firing squad .   In 1811 he was in Guayaquil dedicated to trade and achieved huge profits . In 1813 he traveled to the United States and bought the schooner `` Scope '' that brought loaded guns to sell to Viceroy Pezuela . It came with his widowed mother . That year he married Ana Garaycoa Llaguno .   In 1815 , on a business trip to Port au Prince ( Haiti ) he met the Liberator Simon Bolivar , who invited him to collaborate with the revolutionary actions against the Crown of Spain .

neg: Juan Cerón Juan Cerón was a Spanish Conquistador and the second and fourth governor ( 1509-1513 ) of Puerto Rico when the island was still called San Juan . He was born in Écija , Spain .

neg: Santiago Rodríguez Masagó Santiago Rodríguez Masagó ( c. 1809 -- 27 May 1879 ) , also known as Santiago Rodríguez , nicknamed `` Chago '' was a Dominican military leader . Little is known of his birth but sources suggest that he was either born in Cap-Haïtien or the area of Fort-Liberté ( in a part where it is present day Dajabón ) . He is known for having opposed the annexation of the Dominican Republic to Spain and then having fought the Spanish Crown ; and for being one of the rebels of the famous El Grito de Capotillo that began the Dominican Restoration War with General Gregorio Luperón .

neg: Council of the Indies The Council of the Indies ; officially , the Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies '' ' ( Real y Supremo Consejo de Indias , -LSB- reˈal i suˈpɾemo konˈsexo ðe ˈindjas -RSB- ) , was the most important administrative organ of the Spanish Empire for the Americas and the Philippines . The crown held absolute power over the Indies and the Council of the Indies was the administrative and advisory body for those overseas realms . It was established in 1524 by Charles V of Spain to administer `` the Indies , '' Spain 's name for its territories . Such an administrative entity , on the conciliar model of the Council of Castile , was created following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire in 1521 , which demonstrated the importance of the Americas . It start as a section under the jurisdiction of the Council of Castile , but was then established as an autonomous body with legislative , executive and judicial functions . The Council of the Indies was abolished in 1812 by the Cádiz Cortes , briefly restored in 1814 by Ferdinand VII of Spain , and definitively abolished in 1834 by the regency , acting on behalf of the four-year-old Isabella II of Spain .

neg: Richard Beresford Richard Beresford ( June 3 , 1755 -- February 6 , 1803 ) was an American planter and lawyer from Berkeley County , South Carolina . He was a delegate for South Carolina in the Confederation Congress in 1783 and 1784 .   Beresford was born near Charleston , South Carolina and was baptized June 3 , 1755 . He was educated in South Carolina and in England , studying law at the Middle Temple in London . He became a lawyer in private practice and also engaged in planting , with extensive estates in Berkeley County and Colleton County in South Carolina as well as in England .   He took an active part in the American Revolutionary War , serving as an officer in the 1st South Carolina Regiment under General Isaac Huger in the Georgia campaign in 1778 . He was captured at the fall of Charleston in 1780 and imprisoned at St. Augustine until 1781 , when he was exchanged . He was member of the South Carolina state house of representatives , 1781 and was elected by the South Carolina state general assembly as a member of the privy council in 1782 . He was elected the ninth Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina in January 1783 , but resigned shortly afterward , having been elected to the Continental Congress . He was a member of the Confederation Congress in 1783 and 1784 , after which he resumed planting . He later engaged in literary pursuits and published the Vigil in Charleston in 1798 . He died in Charleston .   The Confederation Congress had scheduled to meet at the Maryland State House in November , 1783 , to ratify the Treaty of Paris ending the American Revolutionary War . However , by mid-January only seven of the thirteen states had sent delegates , which was not enough to ratify the treaty . On January 13 , 1784 , Beresford , who was ill , was the last delegate to arrive . Soon after his arrival , the vote was taken and on January 14 , the Congress ratified the treaty .

neg: Matthew Quintal Matthew Quintal ( 1766 in Padstow ( baptised 3 March 1766 as Mathew Quintril ) , Cornwall -- 1799 , Pitcairn Island ) was a Cornish able seaman and mutineer aboard HMS Bounty . His surname was , in all probability , the result of misspelling the Cornish surname `` Quintrell '' . He was the last of the mutineers to be murdered on Pitcairn Island . He was murdered by Ned Young and John Adams , leaving them the last two men alive on the island .   Following the mutiny led by Fletcher Christian , the Bounty was taken to Tahiti for a few days before being compelled to set sail . Quintal joined Christian and seven other mutineers . They took with them eleven Tahitian women and six men . After months at sea , the mutineers discovered the uninhabited Pitcairn Island and settled there in January 1790 . It was Quintal who burned the Bounty in order to prevent any return , and as a safety precaution , to avoid having the ship give away their location to the British Navy . After three years , a conflict broke out between the Tahitian men and the mutineers , resulting in the deaths of all the Tahitian men and five of the Englishmen ( including Fletcher Christian ) . Quintal was one of the survivors .   One of the other survivors , William McCoy , discovered a means of distilling alcohol from one of the island 's fruits . He and Quintal quickly descended into alcoholism , often bullying the surviving women . McCoy committed suicide by jumping off a cliff in a drunken frenzy . After McCoy 's suicide , Quintal threatened to kill the rest of the community . The other two surviving men , Ned Young and John Adams , subsequently killed him with an axe during one of his drunken stupors .   Quintal 's descendents reside on Norfolk Island to this day . A descendant , Malcolm Champion , was an Olympic swimmer .

neg: Julien Fédon Julien Fédon ( ? - 1796 ? ) , also called Julien Fedon , Foedonn , Feydn , and Fidon , was the leader of the Fédon Rebellion , a slave revolt that took place in Grenada between March 2 , 1795 , and June 19 , 1796 .   The Fédon Rebellion broke out in the same year as several other rebellions in the Caribbean , including in Cuba , Jamaica , and Coro , Venezuela . During the 19th and 20th centuries , Fédon was considered a folk hero in Grenada and influenced the nationalist leaders and revolutionaries of the island .

neg: Supreme Junta The Supreme Junta ( or Junta Suprema de Caracas ) was the institution that governed the Captaincy General of Venezuela following the forced resignation of the Captain General Vicente Emparan on April 19 , 1810 , marking the beginning of the Venezuelan War of Independence . It lasted until March 2 , 1811 , when the first constituent congress of the First Republic of Venezuela was established .   Following the events of the Revolution of April 19 , 1810 , the commanding General and other colonial officials designated by Joseph Bonaparte to oversee the Captaincy General of Venezuela , were deposed by an expanded municipal government in Caracas that called itself : the Supreme Junta to Preserve the Rights of Ferdinand VII ( La Suprema Junta Conservadora de los Derechos de Fernando VII ) .   One of the first measures of revolutionaries after securing the support of six provinces was to send diplomatic missions abroad to seek support for the revolution and the recognition of the Supreme Junta of Caracas as the legitimate councilor of Venezuela in the absence of the King . To London were sent Simon Bolivar and Luis Lopez Mendez with Andres Bello as secretary , which left La Guaira in early June 1810 . At the United States were Juan Vicente Bolívar Palacios , brother of the Liberator , Jose Rafael Revenga and Telesforo Orea who obtained some success in interesting the government of that country to support the Supreme Junta .  Category : Venezuelan War of Independence  Category : Independence of Venezuela  Category : History of Venezuela


query: Liverpool F.C. was valued at $1.55 billion at one point.

pos: Liverpool F.C. Liverpool Football Club ( -LSB- ˈlɪvərpuːl -RSB- ) is a professional association football club based in Liverpool , Merseyside , England . They compete in the Premier League , the top tier of English football . The club has won 5 European Cups , 3 UEFA Cups , 3 UEFA Super Cups , 18 League titles , 7 FA Cups , a record 8 League Cups , and 15 FA Community Shields .   The club was founded in 1892 and joined the Football League the following year . The club has played at Anfield since its formation . Liverpool established itself as a major force in both English and European football during the 1970s and 1980s when Bill Shankly and Bob Paisley led the club to 11 League titles and seven European trophies . Under the management of Rafa Benítez and captained by Steven Gerrard Liverpool became European champion for the fifth time , winning the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final against Milan in spite of being 3 -- 0 down at half time .   Liverpool was the ninth highest-earning football club in the world for 2014 -- 15 , with an annual revenue of $ 391 million , and the world 's eighth most valuable football club in 2016 , valued at $ 1.55 billion . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably the North West Derby against Manchester United and the Merseyside derby with Everton .   The club 's supporters have been involved in two major tragedies . The first was the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985 , where escaping fans were pressed against a collapsing wall in the Heysel Stadium , with 39 people -- mostly Italians and Juventus fans -- dying , after which English clubs were given a five-year ban from European competition . The second was the Hillsborough disaster in 1989 , where 96 Liverpool supporters died in a crush against perimeter fencing . The team changed from red shirts and white shorts to an all-red home strip in 1964 which has been used ever since . The club 's anthem is `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' .

neg: 1977–78 Birmingham City F.C. season The 1977 -- 78 Football League season was Birmingham City Football Club 's 75th in the Football League and their 44th in the First Division . They finished in 11th position in the 22-team division . They entered the 1977 -- 78 FA Cup at the third round proper and lost to Derby County in the fourth , and lost to Notts County in their opening second-round match in the League Cup . They entered the Anglo-Scottish Cup but failed to progress past the group stage .   Twenty-two players made at least one appearance in nationally organised first-team competition , and there were ten different goalscorers . Forward pairing Keith Bertschin and Trevor Francis played in all 48 first-team matches of the season -- midfielder Terry Hibbitt missed only one -- and Francis was the club 's top scorer with 29 goals , of which 25 were scored in the league . Both Francis and Hibbitt had been ever-present in the previous season .   After defeats in the first four league matches of the season , Willie Bell was sacked in September and succeeded by former England national manager Sir Alf Ramsey , a member of the club 's board of directors . Ramsey lasted only six months , leaving the club ostensibly for health reasons , but his biography suggests he was `` locked in an increasingly bitter three-way dispute with his star player , Trevor Francis , and the board '' . After initially accepting a transfer request from Francis , the board changed their minds , reluctant to `` incur the wrath of already disgruntled fans '' , so Ramsey handed in his notice . The Times reported that `` Sir Alf said he told the board -LSB- in February -RSB- that he intended to quit and sever his links with the club . ... He said at a board meeting on February 20 he recommended both Francis and the defender , Joe Gallagher , should be transfer listed . The board agreed but three days later changed their minds about Francis . Sir Alf said he then decided to opt out because of the board 's policy . '' Blackburn Rovers manager Jim Smith took over , having decided , according to the Rovers ' website , that `` Birmingham City offered better career prospects '' .

neg: 1986–87 Manchester United F.C. season The 1986 -- 87 season was Manchester United 's 85th season in the Football League , and their 12th consecutive season in the top division of English football .   The pressure on manager Ron Atkinson after last season 's failed title challenge remained strong after United lost their opening three games of the season , and despite some decent results in the following few weeks , United bowed out of the League Cup in a fourth round replay defeat at Southampton , prompting the dismissal of Atkinson on 6 November 1986 after more than five years in charge .   Alex Ferguson was confirmed as Atkinson 's successor within hours , recruited from Scottish side Aberdeen , where he had enjoyed considerable success in the previous seven years . United recovered well in the league after his appointment and finished 11th , managing to scratch up some impressive results including winning both of their league clashes with Liverpool ( results which helped deprive Kenny Dalglish 's side of the league title ) , a 4 -- 1 home win over Newcastle United on New Year 's Day 1987 , a 2 -- 0 home win over a resurgent Arsenal and a 2 -- 0 win at Old Trafford in the Manchester derby which helped push City towards relegation . Their win at Liverpool also made them the only team to win at Liverpool in the league all season .   However , United were prevented from finishing even higher in the league by a few disappointing results after Ferguson 's arrival , beginning with a 2 -- 0 defeat in their first game under Ferguson at Oxford United , losing both of their clashes with newly promoted Wimbledon , being beaten at Old Trafford by Norwich City just after Christmas and suffering a 4 -- 0 defeat at Tottenham near the end of the season , although by the time of the Tottenham game it was mathematically impossible for United to either win the title or suffer relegation ( there was no prospect of European qualification due to the ongoing ban on English clubs in Europe following the Heysel disaster two years earlier ) . United also failed to win any another away games in the league apart from the visit to Liverpool on Boxing Day .   United 's improvement under Ferguson during the season was achieved without making any major signings , although it was widely expected that he would spend heavily on new players during the 1987 close season . He went on to pay Celtic # 850,000 for high-scoring striker Brian McClair . He strengthened the defence by paying Arsenal # 250,000 for experienced full-back Viv Anderson . Unsuccessful bids were also made for several other players : Ferguson expressed an interest in bringing striker Mark Hateley back to England from Milan , but the player opted to remain overseas and signed for AS Monaco instead . He also made a bid to bring Peter Beardsley back to the club from Newcastle United , but the England international forward instead joined Liverpool for a British record fee . Ferguson was offered the chance to sign Watford winger John Barnes , but declined to make an approach for the player due to his faith in Jesper Olsen in the same position .

neg: Graeme Le Saux Graeme Pierre Le Saux ( -LSB- ləˈsoʊ -RSB- ; born 17 October 1968 ) is a retired Jèrriais and English professional footballer of French ancestry . He played from 1989 to 2005 starting as a left winger ( often wearing the number 7 shirt - right winger Dennis Wise would wear number 11 ) during his first spell at Chelsea , eventually becoming a left back for Chelsea , Blackburn Rovers and Southampton , and for the England national football team . He came out of retirement in 2012 by signing with Wembley in order to appear in the club 's FA Cup fixtures .   After beginning playing in Jersey , he moved to England and debuted for Chelsea in 1989 . He left Chelsea in 1993 to join the Blackburn side being built by wealthy benefactor , Jack Walker , and was part of their 1994 -- 95 Premier League winning team . In 1997 , he returned to Chelsea , staying there for six seasons until moving to Southampton in 2003 . He announced his retirement from football upon Southampton 's relegation from the Premier League in 2005 .   In his club playing career , he scored 20 goals from 403 club appearances . He was twice named in the Professional Footballers ' Association Team of the Year , in 1995 with Blackburn and in 1998 with Chelsea . His return to Chelsea in 1997 in a # 5 million transfer made him the most expensive defender in English football . As an England international , he made 36 senior appearances from 1994 until 2000 , including starting all four England games at the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France , and scoring one international goal , against Brazil .

neg: Bank of England club The Bank of England club is a nickname in English association football for a football club which has a strong financial backing . It was used to refer to Arsenal F.C. in the 1930s as well as in recent times for being the last of the Premier League 's Big Four clubs to be owned primarily by English investors .

neg: 1946–47 Liverpool F.C. season The 1946 -- 47 season was the 55th season in Liverpool F.C. 's existence , and ended their season as Champions , winning the title by one point from Manchester United and Wolverhampton Wanderers .   The chances of them doing the double was over by being beaten in the FA Cup Semi-Finals by 2nd Division Burnley .

neg: James Milner James Philip Milner ( born 4 January 1986 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for Premier League club Liverpool . A versatile player , he has been utilised in many different positions such as on the wing , in midfield and most recently at left-back .   Milner 's talent in football , cricket , and long-distance running was recognised at a very young age . He represented his school in these sports and played football for amateur teams from Rawdon and Horsforth . He supported Leeds United from a young age and was a season ticket holder at the club . In 1996 , he joined the Leeds United youth academy . He made his debut for the first team in 2002 aged only 16 and gained prominence as the youngest player to score in the Premier League .   While at Leeds United , he spent time on loan at Swindon Town to gain experience as a first-team player . Following his move to Newcastle United , he was loaned to Aston Villa for a season . He went on to make over 100 appearances for Newcastle , before returning to Aston Villa on a permanent transfer in 2008 . After playing an influential role in Aston Villa 's run to the 2010 League Cup Final and being named 2009 -- 10 PFA Young Player of the Year , Milner joined Manchester City for a reported # 26m transfer fee in 2010 , going on to win the 2011 -- 12 and 2013 -- 14 Premier League titles , 2010 -- 11 FA Cup and 2013 -- 14 League Cup . After five seasons with Manchester City , Milner signed for Liverpool on a free transfer in 2015 .   Milner made a record 46 appearances for the England national under-21 football team , playing at the 2007 and 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Championships . He also played 61 appearances for the full English national team , scoring once against Moldova . He was selected for the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cup squads , as well as the 2012 and UEFA Euro 2016 UEFA Euro Championships . Milner retired from international football in 2016 .

neg: 1994–95 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season The 1994 -- 95 season was Blackburn Rovers F.C. 's third season in the Premier League , and their third consecutive season in the top division of English football .   The season was marked by the club winning the Premier League title , ending their 81-year run without an English league title . They ended up winning the title by a one-point margin over Manchester United . Rovers led the way for most of the season , but a 2 -- 1 defeat at Kenny Dalglish 's old club Liverpool on the final day of the season briefly appeared to threaten their title hopes . Manchester United however could only draw ( 1 -- 1 ) at West Ham so the league title was back at Blackburn for the first time since 1914 . Jack Walker 's dream had come true : within five years of buying the club , he had taken them from strugglers in the old Second Division to champions of England .   Early exits from the League Cup , FA Cup and UEFA Cup to Liverpool , Newcastle and Trelleborg respectively were frustrating for Rovers in 1994 -- 95 , but turned out for the best as they could concentrate on the league challenge .   Kenny Dalglish won the Premier League Manager of the Year award for leading Blackburn to success , Alan Shearer won both the Golden Boot for contributing 34 of Blackburn 's 80 league goals and also the PFA Players ' Player of the Year award as nominated by his fellow professionals . Graeme Le Saux , Colin Hendry , Tim Sherwood and Shearer all made it into the PFA Team of the Year .

neg: Bank of England Building, Liverpool The Bank of England Building is a Grade I listed building located in Liverpool , England . It was designed by Charles Robert Cockerell and built in a Neoclassical style between 1845 -- 1848 . The building was constructed as one of three branch banks for the Bank of England in the mid-19th century .   The building combines several neoclassical architectural styles , notably Greek , Roman and Renaissance . The most evident of these is Greek , with four Doric style columns ` tying ' the ground and first floors together . The building itself is raised up from ground level , sitting atop a rough granite plinth .   Despite only being three bays wide and seven bays deep , the building 's design was seen to give it an `` overwhelmingly massive and powerful '' appearance . The building is regarded as one of Cockerell 's most impressive and was described by Nikolaus Pevsner as a `` masterpiece of Victorian architecture '' .

neg: 1983 FA Charity Shield The 1983 FA Charity Shield was the 61st FA Charity Shield , an annual football match played between the winners of the previous season 's First Division and FA Cup competitions . The match was played on 20 August 1983 at Wembley Stadium and contested by Liverpool , who had won the 1982 -- 83 First Division , and Manchester United , who had won the 1982 -- 83 FA Cup . Manchester United won 2 -- 0 with a brace from captain Bryan Robson . It was Liverpool 's first competitive game under the management of Joe Fagan , who had been promoted from the coaching staff to replace the retiring Bob Paisley .

neg: Gary Lineker Gary Winston Lineker , OBE ( -LSB- ˈlɪnᵻkər -RSB- born 30 November 1960 ) is an English retired footballer and current sports broadcaster . He holds England 's record for goals in FIFA World Cup finals , with 10 scored . Lineker 's media career began with the BBC , where he has presented the flagship programme Match of the Day since the late 1990s . He has also worked for Al Jazeera Sports , Eredivisie Live , NBC Sports Network and currently hosts BT Sport 's coverage of the UEFA Champions League .   Lineker began his football career at Leicester City . and finished as the First Division 's joint top goalscorer in 1984 -- 85 . He then moved to League Champions Everton where he developed as a clinical finisher , scoring 30 goals in 41 games . His first team honours came at Barcelona , where he won the Copa del Rey in 1988 and the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1989 . He returned to England in 1989 , joining Tottenham Hotspur , and over three seasons he scored 67 goals in 105 games and won the FA Cup . Lineker 's final club was Nagoya Grampus Eight and he retired in 1994 after two seasons at the Japanese side .   Lineker made his England debut in 1984 , earning 80 caps and scoring forty-eight goals over an eight-year international career , finishing as England 's second highest scorer behind Bobby Charlton , before he was overtaken by Wayne Rooney . His international goals-to-games ratio remains one of the best for the country and he is regarded as one of the all-time best English strikers . He was top scorer in the 1986 World Cup and received the Golden Boot , the only time an Englishman has achieved this feat . He is also the only player to have won the English golden boot with three different clubs ( Leicester City , Everton and Tottenham Hotspur ) .   Even though he enjoyed a long career , Lineker was never cautioned by a referee for foul play and never received a yellow or red card . As a result of this accomplishment he was honoured in 1990 with the FIFA Fair Play Award . In a senior career which spanned 16 years and 567 competitive games , Lineker scored a total of 282 goals at club level . Added to the 48 goals he scored in internationals , he managed a total of 330 goals . After his retirement from football he was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame . He later led a consortium that invested in his old club Leicester , saving it from bankruptcy , and was appointed honorary vice-president .  He is a keen supporter of Leicester City FC .

neg: Blackburn Rovers F.C. Blackburn Rovers Football Club -LSB- ˈblækbɜrn_ˈroʊvərz -RSB- is a professional association football club based in Ewood , Blackburn in the county of Lancashire , England . It competes in League One following its relegation from the Championship at the conclusion of the 2016 -- 17 season .   The club was established in 1875 , becoming a founding member of The Football League in 1888 . It is one of only three clubs to have been both a founder member of the Football League and the Premier League ( the others being Aston Villa and Everton ) . In 1890 , Rovers moved to Ewood Park . Blackburn Rovers have been English champions three times , and have won six FA Cups and one Football League Cup . Blackburn are the only extant club to have won three consecutive FA Cups . The club has spent the majority of its existence in the top flight of English football ( 72 years ) .   In 1992 , Rovers gained promotion to the new Premier League a year after being taken over by local entrepreneur Jack Walker , who installed Kenny Dalglish as manager . In 1995 , Rovers became Premier League champions . In the 1998 -- 99 season , the club was relegated . It was promoted back to the Premier League two years later , in the 2000 -- 01 season . It has qualified for the UEFA Cup four times : once as League Cup winners , twice as the Premier League 's sixth-placed team and once via the Intertoto Cup . The 2011 -- 12 season marked the club 's 72nd , non-consecutive , year in the top flight . Rovers are currently one of only six clubs to have won the Premier League , along with Arsenal , Chelsea , Manchester United , Manchester City and Leicester City .   The club 's motto is `` Arte et Labore '' , `` By Skill and Hard Work '' in Latin .

neg: 2013–14 Everton F.C. season The 2013 -- 14 season was Everton 's 22nd season in the Premier League and 60th consecutive season in the top division of English football . It was also Everton 's 115th season of league football and 117th season in all competitions . It was the first season without David Moyes as manager since 2002 , with Moyes leaving Everton to succeed Alex Ferguson as manager of Manchester United . In addition , the club crest was redesigned ahead of this season for the first time since 2000 . On 5 June 2013 , Roberto Martínez was announced as the new Everton manager , having left his post at relegated FA Cup holders Wigan Athletic . Everton finished in sixth position in the domestic league in the previous season , missing out on qualification for the UEFA Europa League , meaning it failed to qualify for any European competitions for the fourth season running .   Everton 's Premier League campaign began in August 2013 with Martínez changing their style of play to a possession based , attractive brand of football which initially led to three successive draws to start the season . A first victory came in the next match 1 -- 0 against Chelsea and by Christmas Everton had only suffered one defeat , a run which included a win over Moyes ' Manchester United , the first time the club had tasted success at Old Trafford in 21 years . The team almost went an entire year unbeaten at home but lost 1 -- 0 against Sunderland on Boxing Day . Everton 's progress stalled somewhat in the early part of 2014 with three losses in four games against Liverpool , Tottenham Hotspur and Chelsea , before winning seven league games in a row for the first time since 1987 . The spell contained perhaps Everton 's best performance of the season when they defeated Arsenal 3 -- 0 . The streak was ended with a 3 -- 2 home defeat by Crystal Palace , but Everton returned to do the double over Manchester United for the first time since 1969 . Moyes was sacked as their manager a day later . Two defeats in a row after this ended Everton 's Champions League hopes but a finish of 5th in the league table is their highest in five years with Everton qualifying for next season 's Europa League . Martínez utilised the loan market during the season , with Romelu Lukaku ( on loan from Chelsea ) being Everton 's top scorer with 16 goals in all competitions . The emergence of young players such as Ross Barkley , John Stones and summer signing James McCarthy was also a feature of his debut season in charge , with Barkley going on to be selected for England 's World Cup squad . Right back Séamus Coleman was named Everton 's player of the year .   In the cup competitions Everton lost in the sixth round of the FA Cup ( entered at round three ) and the third round of the League Cup ( entered at round two ) .

neg: Liverpool Old Boys' Amateur Football League The Liverpool Old Boys ' Amateur Football League is an association football competition based in Liverpool , England . Founded in 1923 , it currently hosts 44 teams across four divisions . Whilst no formal arrangements exist , its highest level frequently serves as a supplier of clubs to the Liverpool County Premier League . As such , the competition can be said to occupy placings at levels 14 to 17 of the English football league system .

neg: Firoz Kassam Firoz Kassam ( born 1955 ) is a British businessman . Born and brought up in Tanzania , of Indian descent , he came to Britain at the age of 19 . He owned Oxford United F.C. from 1999 to 2006 , and was named the 309th wealthiest person in the UK in the Sunday Times Rich List 2009 with an estimated fortune of # 180 million .   Starting out with a fish and chip shop , Kassam made his fortune as a slum hotelier and in the 1980s was labelled a `` merchant of misery '' . He bought run-down London hostels and hotels and was paid by local councils to fill them with homeless people and asylum seekers , until the inmates rebelled over the conditions in which they were being housed .   In 1999 , Kassam bought Oxford United F.C. for # 1 , also taking over its debts , estimated to be in the region of # 13m . In 2000 , he resumed building a 12,500-capacity stadium at Minchery Farm on the edge of Oxford , which he called the Kassam Stadium . Construction of this stadium had actually been in progress since 1997 , but was suspended in the early stages due to the club 's financial problems . The fourth side of the stadium was left empty due to Oxford 's decline in the league , as they had dropped down two divisions while the stadium was being built . The development includes a hotel , cinema , bowling alley , gym , health centre and restaurants . Oxford United played its first game there on 18 August 2001 , in Division Three of the Football League . Kassam sold the football club in 2006 , but retained ownership of the stadium through his company Firoka with Oxford United ( and later also London Welsh RFC ) as tenants . Oxford United 's old home , the Manor Ground in Headington , was sold by Kassam , first to his own holding company for # 6 million , and then to developers for # 12 million in 1999 . The ground has since been demolished and developed into the Manor Hospital , which opened in October 2004 .   Kassam also owns the historic mansion and grounds of Heythrop Park which he purchased in 1999 for # 15m . The site recently underwent a # 50 million rebuilding programme and has been developed into a luxury hotel and spa with an 18-hole championship golf course and restored landscape gardens . In August 2005 , he purchased Studley Castle in Warwickshire , a hotel and conference centre formerly owned by Phoenix Venture Holdings , the consortium who owned carmaker MG Rover from 2000 until 2005 .   In February 2006 , Kassam 's Firoka company was announced as the preferred bidder for the redevelopment of Alexandra Palace in London . The whole Palace would be given to Firoka on a 125-year lease for commercial uses . As it is held on a charitable trust , and Firoka is a private company , this proposal was very controversial . It was subject to agreement of the charity commission , which received 350 objections to the lease to develop a multi-use exhibition , leisure and entertainment complex . On 5 October 2007 in the High Court , Mr Justice Sullivan granted an application by a member of the conservationist Save Ally Pally group to quash the Charity Commission 's Order authorizing the lease .

neg: List of Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. records and statistics Wolverhampton Wanderers Football Club is an English football club based in Wolverhampton . The club was founded as St Luke 's in 1877 , soon becoming Wolverhampton Wanderers , before being a founder member of the Football League in 1888 . Since that time , the club has played in all four professional divisions of the English football pyramid , and been champions of all these levels . They have also been involved in European football , having been one of the first English clubs to enter the European Cup , as well as reaching the final of the first staging of the UEFA Cup .   This list encompasses all honours won by Wolverhampton Wanderers and records set by the club , their managers and their players . The player records section includes details of the club 's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first-team competitions , as well as transfer fee records paid and received by the club . A list of streaks recording all elements of the game ( wins , losses , clean sheets , etc. ) is also presented .

neg: Thames Valley Royals proposal Shortly before the end of the 1982 -- 83 Football League season , Robert Maxwell , the then-owner and chairman of Oxford United Football Club , announced that he had made a deal with the owners of nearby Reading to amalgamate the two teams to create a new club he proposed to name `` Thames Valley Royals '' . This appellation combined a loose term for the geographical region , `` Thames Valley '' , with the Reading team 's nickname , `` the Royals '' . With each team having financial problems , Maxwell claimed that both were on the verge of going out of business and that uniting them was necessary for the region to retain a Football League club .   Maxwell envisioned Thames Valley Royals ' future home as an unspecified location somewhere between Oxford and Reading where a new stadium would be built , perhaps Didcot ; home matches would alternate between Oxford and Reading in the meantime . Both sets of supporters promptly embarked on mass demonstrations against the merger , including protest marches and a 2,000-man sit-in on the pitch at Oxford before a match on 23 April . Maxwell pressed on with his plan regardless , insisting that `` nothing short of the end of the Earth '' would prevent its fruition .   The proposed amalgamation was stopped by the actions of one of Reading 's board directors , Roy Tranter , and Roger Smee , a businessman and former Reading player . Smee disputed the legitimacy of the controlling interest in Reading held by the faction of three Reading board members that backed the merger plan , including the chairman Frank Waller , and Tranter launched a legal challenge to the sale of certain shares on 22 April 1983 . Waller and his boardroom allies resigned under pressure from the rest of the Reading board on 12 May 1983 , and at an extraordinary shareholders ' meeting in July , Smee took over the club , ending the amalgamation plans .

neg: 1973 UEFA Cup Final The 1973 UEFA Cup Final was an association football match played over two-legs between Liverpool of England and Borussia Mönchengladbach of West Germany . The first leg was played at Anfield , Liverpool on 10 May 1973 and the second leg was played on 23 May 1973 at the Bökelbergstadion , Mönchengladbach . It was the final of the 1972 -- 73 season of Europe 's secondary cup competition , the UEFA Cup . Liverpool and Mönchengladbach were both appearing in their first final , although Liverpool had previously reached the final of the European Cup Winners ' Cup losing 2 -- 1 to Borussia Dortmund .   Each club needed to progress through four rounds to reach the final . Matches were contested over two legs , with a match at each team 's home ground . The majority of Liverpool 's ties were won by at least two goals , the exception was the semi-final against Tottenham Hotspur , which Liverpool won on the away goals rule . Borussia Mönchengladbach 's ties were predominantly one-sided . The West German team won by at least four goals in all four of their ties , a 9 -- 2 aggregate victory over Kaiserslautern represented their biggest margin of victory .   Watched by a crowd of 41,169 at Anfield , Liverpool took the lead in the first leg when Kevin Keegan scored in the 21st minute . Another goal by Keegan in the first half , extended Liverpool 's lead and a further goal by Larry Lloyd meant Liverpool won the first leg 3 -- 0 . Therefore , in the second leg at the Bökelbergstadion , Liverpool had to avoid losing by three clear goals to win the competition . A crowd of 34,905 watched Borussia take the lead in the 29th minute courtesy of a Jupp Heynckes goal , he scored again 11 minutes later to double Borussia 's lead . Borussia were unable to find the third goal they needed to take the match into extra-time and won the second leg 2 -- 0 . Thus , Liverpool won the final 3 -- 2 on aggregate to win their first European trophy .

neg: Stanley Park Stadium Stanley Park was a proposed football stadium in Stanley Park , Liverpool that if built , would have become home to Liverpool Football Club , replacing their current home ground Anfield . The stadium had a planned capacity of 60,000 ( potentially expandable to 73,000 ) all-seated .   There were two designs that were given planning permission . One was designed by architects AFL with a capacity of 60,000 , the second was a more expensive futuristic design by Dallas-based architects HKS , which would originally seat 60,000 with capacity for further expansion to 73,000 .   As of January 2012 only small site preparation work had been completed . A change in owners resulted in the plans for Stanley Park Stadium being reexamined . In October 2012 new owners Fenway Sports Group announced their decision to redevelop and expand the current club stadium Anfield ( in a similar way that they redeveloped Fenway Park for the Boston Red Sox ) rather than proceed with the planned new stadium .

neg: Kenny Dalglish Kenneth Mathieson Dalglish , MBE ( born 4 March 1951 ) is a Scottish former footballer and manager . In a career spanning 22 years , he played for Celtic and Liverpool , winning numerous honours with both . He is Scotland 's most capped player of all time with 102 appearances , and also Scotland 's joint-leading goal scorer , with 30 goals . Dalglish won the Ballon d'Or Silver Award in 1983 , the PFA Player of the Year in 1983 , and the FWA Footballer of the Year in 1979 and 1983 . In 2009 FourFourTwo named Dalglish as the greatest striker in post-war British football , and in 2006 he topped a Liverpool fans ' poll of `` 100 Players Who Shook the Kop '' . He has been inducted into both the Scottish and English Football Halls of Fame .   Dalglish began his career with Celtic in 1971 , going on to win four Scottish First Divisions , four Scottish Cups and one Scottish League Cup with the club . In 1977 , Liverpool manager Bob Paisley paid a British transfer record of # 440,000 ( # today ) to bring Dalglish to Liverpool . His years at Liverpool were among the club 's most successful periods , as he won six Football League First Divisions , two FA Cups , four League Cups , seven FA Charity Shields , three European Cups and one UEFA Super Cup . For these achievements and his style of play he was given the name King Kenny by Liverpool supporters . Dalglish became player-manager of Liverpool in 1985 after the resignation of Joe Fagan , winning a further three First Divisions , two FA Cups and four FA Charity Shields , before resigning from Liverpool in 1991 .   Eight months later Dalglish made a return to football management with Blackburn Rovers , whom he led from the Second Division to win the Premier League in 1995 . Soon afterwards he stepped down as Blackburn manager to become Director of Football at the club , before leaving altogether in 1996 . In January 1997 Dalglish took over as manager at Newcastle United . Newcastle finished runners-up in both the Premier League and FA Cup during his first season , but they could only finish 13th in 1997 -- 98 , which led to his dismissal the following season . Dalglish went on to be appointed Director of Football at Celtic in 1999 , and later manager , where he won the Scottish League Cup before an acrimonious departure the following year .   Between 2000 and 2010 Dalglish focused on charitable concerns , founding The Marina Dalglish Appeal with his wife to raise money for cancer care . In January 2011 Dalglish was appointed Liverpool 's caretaker manager after the dismissal of Roy Hodgson , becoming the permanent manager in May 2011 . Despite winning the League Cup which earned them a place in the Europa League and reaching the FA Cup Final , Liverpool could only finish 8th in the Premier League , and Dalglish was dismissed in May 2012 . In October 2013 , Dalglish returned to Anfield as a non-executive director . On 3 May 2017 , it was announced that in recognition of Dalglish 's contribution to the club and community , the stadium 's Centenary Stand was to be renamed the Kenny Dalglish Stand .

neg: Fenway Sports Group Fenway Sports Group , LLC ( FSG ) , is an American sports investment company . It is the parent company of Major League Baseball 's Boston Red Sox and Premier League soccer club Liverpool F.C.   FSG was founded in 2001 as New England Sports Ventures ( NESV ) when John W. Henry joined forces with Tom Werner , Les Otten , The New York Times Company , and other investors to successfully bid for the Red Sox . NESV formally announced its name change to Fenway Sports Group in March 2011 .   In addition to owning the Red Sox and Liverpool F.C. , the Boston-based limited liability company also owns the home stadiums for both teams ( Fenway Park and Anfield ) and Fenway Sports Management ( which in turn owns the Salem Red Sox of the Class A Carolina League , a minor league baseball franchise ) , plus 80 % of the New England Sports Network ( NESN ) and 50 % of Roush Fenway Racing , with cars entered ( current as of 2015 season ) in the NASCAR Sprint Cup , NASCAR Xfinity and IMSA Sports Car racing competitions .   In an April 2014 article in Forbes , senior editor Kurt Badenhausen called FSG `` the most sophisticated , synergistic player in the coming age of international sports conglomerates '' .