query: Ronda Rousey won an Olympic medal in judo during the 2008 Summer Olympics.

pos: Ronda Rousey Ronda Jean Rousey ( -LSB- ˈraʊzi -RSB- born February 1 , 1987 ) is an American mixed martial artist , judoka , and actress .   Rousey was the first American woman to earn an Olympic medal in judo ( bronze ) , which she won at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . She is the former UFC Women 's Bantamweight Champion , as well as the last Strikeforce Women 's Bantamweight Champion . She won 12 consecutive MMA fights , six in the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) , before suffering her first loss to Holly Holm in November 2015 ; she won 11 of those fights in the first round , nine of them by armbar submission . Rousey trains under Gokor Chivichyan of the Hayastan MMA Academy , and Edmond Tarverdyan of the Glendale Fighting Club .   In May 2015 , two magazines ranked Rousey as the most `` dominant '' active athlete . In September 2015 , voters in an online ESPN poll selected Rousey as the Best Female Athlete Ever . Later that month , she claimed to be the UFC 's highest paid fighter , male or female . In 2015 , she was the third most searched person on Google . As of January 2017 , Rousey is ranked the # 4 female bantamweight fighter in the world according to the UFC , and # 9 by Sherdog .   Rousey 's first feature film role was the 2014 film The Expendables 3 . In 2015 , she had roles in the films Furious 7 and Entourage .

neg: Judo at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls' 63 kg The Girls ' 63 kg tournament in Judo at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held on August 22 at the International Convention Centre .   This event was the second heaviest of the girl 's judo weight classes , limiting competitors to a maximum of 63 kilograms of body mass . The tournament bracket consisted of a single-elimination contest culminating in a gold medal match . There was also a repechage to determine the winners of the two bronze medals . Each judoka who had lost before the finals competed in the repechage with the two finalists getting bronze medals .

neg: Rudy Hachache Rudy Hachache ( رودي حشاش born September 27 , 1979 ) is a Lebanese judoka who competed in the super heavyweight division ( +100 kg ) and open class . Hachache qualified for the men 's +100 kg at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , after winning the bronze medal at the Asian Judo Championships in Jeju City , South Korea . He was eliminated in the first preliminary round , after being defeated by Cuba 's Óscar Brayson , who eventually won the bronze medal . However , Hachache was given a second chance of a bronze medal triumph by participating in the repechage bouts . He first defeated Peru 's Carlos Zegarra in the first round , but lost to Brazil 's João Schlittler , who scored an ippon to end the four-minute period , in the second round .   Rudy is now more into rugby union and rugby league .

neg: Varvara Akritidou Varvara Akritidou ( Βαρβάρα Ακριτίδου born July 15 , 1981 in Thessaloniki ) is a Greek judoka , who competed in the women 's half-heavyweight category . She held two Greek senior titles in her own division , picked up a total of six medals in her career , and represented her home nation Greece at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens .   Akritidou qualified for the Greek squad in the women 's half-heavyweight class ( 78 kg ) at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , by filling up an entry by the International Judo Federation and the Hellenic Olympic Committee , as Greece received an automatic berth for being the host nation . She lost her opening match to an experienced Ukrainian judoka Anastasiia Matrosova , who successfully scored an ippon and dropped her to the tatami with a sukui nage ( double leg takedown ) assault at two minutes . In the repechage , Akritidou raised her hopes of claiming an Olympic bronze medal for the host nation , but slipped them away in a defeat to South Korea 's Lee So-yeon by an ippon and a kami shiho gatame one minute and sixteen seconds into their first playoff of the draft .

neg: Gévrise Émane Gévrise Émane ( born 27 July 1982 ) is a French judoka . She is the current European champion in the women 's 63 kg weight class .   Emane first gained attention at the 2005 World Judo Championships in Cairo , Egypt where she won the silver medal in the women 's 70 kg class . Next year , Emane won her first European title at the 2006 European Judo Championships in Tampere after an ippon in the final , against the German Heide Wollert .   Emane became the world champion for the first time at the 2007 World Judo Championships in Rio de Janeiro by defeating Ronda Rousey of United States by points in the final match . After moving down in weight to the 63 kg class in 2009 , Emane claimed her second World Championship title at the 2011 World Judo Championships in Paris , where she beat two-time world champion Yoshie Ueno of Japan by unanimous decision in the final .   At the 2012 Summer Olympics , she won the bronze medal .

neg: Amin El Hady Amin Mohamed El-Hady ( also Amin El-Hady , أمين محمد الهادي born April 13 , 1983 in Al Sharqiyah ) is an Egyptian judoka , who played for the half-lightweight category . He is a two-time Olympian and a five-time medalist ( three gold and two silver ) at the African Judo Championships . He also captured a silver medal for his division at the 2007 All-Africa Games in Algiers , Algeria , losing out to the host nation 's Mounir Benamadi .   El-Hady made his official debut for the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , where he lost the first preliminary round match of men 's half-lightweight class ( 66 kg ) , by an ippon and a sumi gaeshi , to Algeria 's Amar Meridja .   At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , El-Hady competed for the second time in the men 's half-lightweight class ( 66 kg ) . He first defeated Armenia 's Armen Nazaryan in the first preliminary round , before losing out his next match by a single koka and an ōuchi gari to Cuba 's Yordanis Arencibia . Because his opponent advanced further into the semi-finals , El-Hady offered another shot for the bronze medal by defeating Andorra 's Daniel García González and United States ' Taylor Takata in the repechage rounds . He finished only in seventh place , after losing out the final repechage bout to Uzbekistan 's Mirali Sharipov , who successfully scored a waza-ari ( half-point ) and a tomoe nage ( circle throw ) , at the end of the five-minute period .

neg: Ghana at the 2008 Summer Olympics Ghana competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing , People 's Republic of China from August 8 to August 24 , 2008 .

neg: Roman Hontyuk Roman Volodymyrovych Hontyuk , also spelled Roman Gontyuk , ( born 2 February 1984 ) is a male judoka from Ukraine . He won a silver medal in the half-middleweight ( 81 kg ) division at the 2004 Summer Olympics and bronze medal in the half-middleweight ( 81 kg ) division at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . Hontyuk is the Merited Master of Sports of Ukraine .

neg: Saint Kitts and Nevis at the 2008 Summer Olympics The Saint Kitts and Nevis National Olympic Committee sent four athletes to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China . All four participated in the track and field competitions across four different events . Three women ( Tiandra Ponteen , Virgil Hodge , and Meritzer Williams ) and one man ( Kim Collins ) comprised the Kittitian delegation . Williams and Ponteen did not advance past Qualifications in their events ; Hodge reached quarterfinals in both the 100m and 200m sprints ; and Collins , who participated in two events , reached the Semifinal round in the 100m sprint , and ranked sixth in the finals in the 200m sprint . Saint Kitts and Nevis did not win any medals during the Beijing Olympics . The flag bearer for the team at the opening ceremony was first-time Olympian Virgil Hodge .

neg: Algeria at the 2012 Summer Olympics Algeria competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom , from 27 July to 12 August 2012 . This was the nation 's twelfth consecutive appearance at the Summer Olympics , except for the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal because of the African boycott .   The Algerian Olympic Committee sent a total of 39 athletes to the Games , 21 men and 18 women , to compete in 12 sports . Women 's volleyball was the only team event in which Algeria had its representation in these Olympic Games . There was only a single competitor in road cycling , rowing , sailing , shooting , swimming , and weightlifting . Boxing was the largest team by an individual-based sport , with a total of eight competitors .   The Algerian team included judoka Soraya Haddad , who previously won the bronze medal in Beijing , and sabre fencer Lea Moutoussamy , who set the nation 's record as the youngest athlete , at age 14 , in its Olympic history . Light heavyweight boxer and 2011 World Series champion Abdelhafid Benchabla was the nation 's flag bearer at the opening ceremony .   Algeria left London with its first Olympic gold medal since 2000 from middle-distance runner Taoufik Makhloufi .

neg: Netherlands at the 2008 Summer Olympics The Netherlands competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , People 's Republic of China . This was announced in an official statement on the NOC * NSF website . In the statement they named the Olympic Games and the Paralympic Games as a highlight in sports to which a lot of sportspeople , coaches and the Dutch sports fans would look forward . The Netherlands aimed for a top 10 nations ranking in the Olympics as well as a top 25 ranking in the Paralympics ; they ended up ranking 12th at the Games .   Further in the statement they announced that they were aware of the political discussions about human rights and other issues in the People 's Republic of China and that they encouraged these discussions , but that they would only participate in sports related discussions . They say individual sportspeople , coaches and managers might have their own opinions about the issues but these would always be conveyed as personal opinions deriving from their own social views . They believe sports activities do have the opportunity to positively influence the situation in the People 's Republic of China when it comes to implementing the sports rules correctly as well as in situations improving the levels of respect , solidarity and fair play in sports .   There were 243 athletes representing the Netherlands . 15 in athletics , 24 in baseball , 2 in canoeing , 27 in cycling , 8 in equestrian , 2 in fencing , 32 in field hockey , 18 in football , 2 in gymnastics , 10 in judo , 30 in rowing , 12 in sailing , 15 in softball , 21 in swimming , 3 in table tennis , 1 in taekwondo , 2 in triathlon , 6 in volleyball and 13 in water polo . 61 different athletes won a medal , which is 25.10 % of all athletes . With a gold and a silver medal Anky van Grunsven was the only multiple medalist . The athletes that qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics are listed below .

neg: Judo at the 2008 Summer Paralympics – Women's 52 kg The women 's 52 kg judo competition at the 2008 Summer Paralympics was held on September 7 at the Beijing Workers ' Gymnasium . Preliminary rounds started at 12:00 pm CST . Repechage finals , semifinals , bouts for bronze medals , and the final were held at 5:00 pm CST .   This event was the second-lightest of the women 's judo weight classes , limiting competitors to a maximum of 52 kilograms of body mass . Like all other judo events , bouts lasted five minutes . If the bout was still tied at the end , it was extended for another five-minute , sudden-death period ; if neither judoka scored during that period , the match is decided by the judges . The tournament bracket consisted of a single-elimination contest culminating in a gold medal match . There was also a repechage to determine the winners of the two bronze medals . Each judoka who had lost to a semifinalist competed in the repechage . The two judokas who lost in the semifinals faced the winner of the opposite half of the bracket 's repechage in bronze medal bouts .

neg: Judo at the 2004 Summer Paralympics – Women's 57 kg The Women 's up to 57 kg judo competition at the 2004 Summer Paralympics was held on 19 September at the Ano Liossia Olympic Hall .   The tournament bracket consisted of a single-elimination contest culminating in a gold medal match . There was also a repechage to determine the winners of the two bronze medals . As there were only 6 contestants in total the repechage consisted of just the two bronze medal bouts .   The event was won by Ramona Brussig , representing .

neg: Judo at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's +78 kg The women 's +78 kg category in judo at the 2012 Olympic Games in London took place at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre between 28 July and 3 August .   The gold and silver medals were determined by a single-elimination tournament , with the winner of the final taking gold and the loser receiving silver . Judo events awarded two bronze medals . Quarter-final losers competed in a repechage match for the right to face a semi-final loser for a bronze medal ( that is , the judokas defeated in quarter-finals ` A ' and ` B ' competed against each other , with the winner of that match facing the semi-final loser from the other half of the bracket ) .   Idalys Ortiz from Cuba won the gold medal , defeating Mika Sugimoto from Japan in the final . Bronze medals were awarded to both Karina Bryant from Great Britain and Tong Wen from China .

neg: Martin Kelly (judoka) Martin James Kelly ( born February 20 , 1973 in Warburton , Victoria ) is an Australian judoka , who competed in the men 's half-heavyweight category . He held six Australian titles in his own division , picked up a total of nineteen medals in his career , including a bronze from the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester , England , and represented his nation Australia at the 2004 Summer Olympics . Throughout his sporting career , Kelly trained full-time for the senior team at Kido-Mingarra Judo Academy in Tuggerah , New South Wales , under head coach and sensei Pete Acciari .   Kelly reached the pinnacle of his sporting career in an international level at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester , England , where he shared bronze medals with Mauritian judoka and 1996 Olympian Antonio Félicité in the men 's 100-kg division .   At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Kelly qualified for the Australian squad in the men 's half-heavyweight class ( 100 kg ) , by topping the field of judoka and receiving a berth from the Oceania Championships in Noumea , New Caledonia . Kelly opened his match with a brilliant ippon victory and an uki waza ( floating drop ) over Barbados ' Barry Kirk Jackman , before he was easily beaten by his next opponent and reigning Olympic champion Kosei Inoue of Japan , who threw him down the tatami with uchi mata ( inner thigh throw ) at one minute and twenty-four seconds .

neg: Olympic Sports Center Gymnasium (Beijing) The Olympic Sports Center Gymnasium is an indoor arena next to the Olympic Sports Centre Stadium at the southern part of the Olympic Green in Beijing , China .   It was reformed for the 2008 Summer Olympics where it hosted the handball tournaments up to and including the quarter-finals , after which they will move to the larger Beijing National Indoor Stadium . It also hosted the Wushu Tournament Beijing 2008 , a separate wushu competition hosted by the Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games and the International Wushu Federation , which runs parallel to the Olympic Games .   It has a seating capacity of 7,000 expanded from the original 6,000 and a floor space of 47,410 square metres from the current 43,000 . Three handball training courts were put to use in 2008 . The renovation was complete in August 2007 .

neg: Renata Ribeiro Renata Ribeiro ( born December 7 , 1981 ) is a Brazilian female beach volleyball player .   Ribeiro and team mate Talita Antunes represented Brazil at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China .   She is married to former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Maurício Rua .

neg: Taekwondo at the 2008 Summer Olympics Taekwondo competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing were held from August 20 to August 23 at the Beijing Science and Technology University Gymnasium . 128 Taekwondo practitioners , 64 men and 64 women , competed in 8 events . For the first time ever two bronze medals were awarded per event .

neg: Rowing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's single sculls Women 's single sculls competition at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing was held between August 9 and 16 , at the Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park .   This rowing event is a single scull event , meaning that each boat is propelled by a single rower . The `` scull '' portion means that the rower uses two oars , one on each side of the boat ; this contrasts with sweep rowing in which each rower has one oar and rows on only one side ( not feasible for singles events ! ) . The competition consists of multiple rounds . Finals were held to determine the placing of each boat ; these finals were given letters with those nearer to the beginning of the alphabet meaning a better ranking . Semifinals were named based on which finals they fed , with each semifinal having two possible finals .   During the first round six heats were held . The top three boats in each heat advance to the quarterfinals , together with the 6 fastest of the remaining scullers , while all others are relegated to the E/F semifinals .   The quarterfinals were the second round for rowers still competing for medals . Placing in the quarterfinal heats determined which semifinal the boat would race in . The top three boats in each quarterfinal moved on to the A/B semifinals , with the bottom three boats going to the C/D semifinals .   Six semifinals were held , two each of A/B semifinals , C/D semifinals , and E/F semifinals . For each semifinal race , the top three boats moved on to the better of the two finals , while the bottom three boats went to the lesser of the two finals possible . For example , a second-place finish in an A/B semifinal would result in advancement to the A final .   The fourth and final round was the Finals . Each final determined a set of rankings . The A final determined the medals , along with the rest of the places through 6th . The B final gave rankings from 7th to 12th , the C from 13th to 18th , and so on . Thus , to win a medal rowers had to finish in the top four of their heat , top three of their quarterfinal , and top three of their A/B semifinal to reach the A final .

neg: Turkmenistan at the 2008 Summer Olympics Turkmenistan competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing , People 's Republic of China from August 8 to August 24 , 2008 . The country 's flagbearer at the Games ' opening ceremony was judoka Guwanç Nurmuhammedow .

neg: Anis Chedly Anis Chedly ( انيس الشاذلي born February 19 , 1981 ) is a Tunisian judoka who competed in the super heavyweight division ( +100 kg ) and open class . He is also a six-time African , and two-time World Cup champion in the same category , and won the gold medal at the 2007 All-Africa Games in Algiers , Algeria . At the 2008 Summer Olympics , Chedly was eliminated in the first preliminary round of the men 's +100 kg , after being defeated by France 's Teddy Riner , who eventually won the bronze medal . He was also the nation 's flag bearer at the opening ceremony .


query: Ted Kaczynski did not send a letter to the New York Times.

pos: Ted Kaczynski Theodore John Kaczynski ( -LSB- kəˈzɪnski -RSB- born May 22 , 1942 ) , also known as the `` Unabomber '' , is an American serial killer , domestic terrorist , and self-professed anarchist . A mathematical prodigy , he abandoned a promising academic career in 1969 , then between 1978 and 1995 killed three people , and injured 23 others , in a nationwide bombing campaign targeting people involved with modern technology . In conjunction with this campaign he issued a wide-ranging social critique opposing industrialization and modern technology , and advancing a nature-centered form of anarchism .   Kaczynski was born and raised in Evergreen Park , Illinois . While growing up in Evergreen Park he was a child prodigy , excelling academically from an early age . Kaczynski was accepted into Harvard University at the age of 16 , where he earned an undergraduate degree . He subsequently earned a PhD in mathematics from the University of Michigan . He became an assistant professor at the University of California , Berkeley in 1967 at age 25 . He resigned two years later .   As a Harvard undergraduate , Kaczynski was among twenty-two students who were research subjects in ethically questionable experiments conducted by psychology professor Henry Murray from late 1959 to early 1962 .   In 1971 , he moved to a remote cabin without electricity or running water in Lincoln , Montana , where he lived as a recluse while learning survival skills in an attempt to become self-sufficient . Seventeen years after beginning his mail bomb campaign , Kaczynski sent a letter to The New York Times on April 24 , 1995 and promised `` to desist from terrorism '' if the Times or The Washington Post published his manifesto , Industrial Society and Its Future ( the `` Unabomber Manifesto '' ) , in which he argued that his bombings were extreme but necessary to attract attention to the erosion of human freedom necessitated by modern technologies requiring large-scale organization .   The Unabomber was the target of one of the Federal Bureau of Investigation 's costliest investigations . Before Kaczynski 's identity was known , the FBI used the title `` UNABOM '' ( UNiversity & Airline BOMber ) to refer to his case , which resulted in the media calling him the Unabomber . The FBI ( as well as Attorney General Janet Reno ) pushed for the publication of Kaczynski 's `` Manifesto '' , which led to his sister-in-law , and then his brother , recognizing Kaczynski 's style of writing and beliefs from the manifesto , and tipping off the FBI . Kaczynski tried unsuccessfully to dismiss his court-appointed lawyers because they wanted to plead insanity in order to avoid the death penalty , as Kaczynski did not believe he was insane . When it became clear that his pending trial would entail national television exposure for Kaczynski , the court entered a plea agreement , under which he pleaded guilty and was sentenced to life in prison with no possibility of parole . He has been designated a `` domestic terrorist '' by the FBI . Some anarcho-primitivist authors , such as John Zerzan and John Moore , have come to his defense , while also holding some reservations about his actions and ideas .

neg: Ted Alexandro Edward `` Ted '' Alexandro ( born January 26 , 1969 ) is a stand-up comedian from New York City . He has appeared on most late night talk shows and has had his own half-hour specials on Comedy Central .

neg: Poet Laureate of New Jersey The Poet Laureate of New Jersey ( statutorily known as New Jersey William Carlos Williams Citation of Merit ) was an honor presented biennially by the Governor of New Jersey to a distinguished New Jersey poet . Created in 1999 , this position existed for less than four years and was abolished by the legislature effective July 2 , 2003 . When the New Jersey State Legislature created the laureate position , the bill provided specifically for the creation of an award named in honor of twentieth-century poet and physician William Carlos Williams ( 1883 -- 1963 ) who resided in Rutherford , New Jersey . However , the legislature recognized that the award 's recipient would `` be considered the poet laureate of the State of New Jersey for a period of two years . Before the position was abolished , only two poets , Gerald Stern and Amiri Baraka , had been appointed as the state 's poet laureate .   The legislature 's bill was signed into law by Governor Christine Todd Whitman . It was expected that the award 's recipient -- the poet laureate -- would `` engage in activities to promote and encourage poetry within the State and shall give no fewer than two public readings within the State each year . '' In this respect , New Jersey 's poet laureate was similar to the position of Poet laureate in other American states and in several other countries . However , a public reading in September 2002 by the state 's second laureate , Newark-based poet Amiri Baraka of his poem `` Somebody Blew Up America '' was met with harsh criticism by the public and news media . The poem which explores terrorist attacks on September 11 , 2001 was considered to be violent , incendiary and anti-Semitic , and the ensuing controversy ignited a political firestorm . Because of Baraka 's defiant refusals to apologize or resign as poet laureate and that there was no mechanism within the law to remove him , the position was abolished by the legislature and Governor James E. McGreevey in 2003 .

neg: Ted Solotaroff Theodore `` Ted '' Solotaroff ( October 9 , 1928 -- August 8 , 2008 ) was an American writer , editor and literary critic .

neg: The Night Letter The Night Letter is a 1978 book by Paul Spike , with a double-layered structure : an anti-Nazi spy thriller on the background of the early part of the Second World War , and an exposure of cynical and machiavellian maneuverings in the American corridors of power .   The book belongs to the subgenre of secret history -- i.e. with a plot in which real historical figures play a substantial part , doing things which are the author 's invention but which supposedly ( for reasons given in the plot ) remained secret and did not come to the knowledge of the public .   In the book , a British doctor meets in 1936 with President Franklin D. Roosevelt , who is unaware that the doctor is a Nazi sympathizer . The visitor manages to secretly photograph the President in a compromising position with his secretary , Missy LeHand ( whom historians widely assume to have been indeed Roosevelt 's mistress ) .   By 1940 , senior Nazi leader Reinhard Heydrich possesses the picture and intends to use the photo for blackmail and prevent Roosevelt from running for a third term -- in the hope that whoever gets elected instead would be more likely to keep the US out of the Second World War .   The President must recover the photo before the Democratic Party Convention which is about to nominate him . What makes the situation more difficult is that Roosevelt also needs to bypass the FBI -- for apprehension that should the photo fall into the hands of J. Edgar Hoover , the FBI Director might use it for his own brand of blackmail . Instead , Roosevelt employs former FBI Agent Jackson , who had left the Bureau under a cloud and incurred Hoover 's personal enmity , and who is completely loyal to the President .   The bulk of the book follows Jackson 's chase after the photo , starting from Paris at the very eve of its fall to the Wehrmacht and concluding with a cataclysmic confrontation at a secret Michigan base of the `` Silver Shirts '' -- a murderous , power-mad American Fascist militia ( which truly existed , though not necessarily doing all that the book describes it as doing ) . The chase ends with a mixed result -- the Nazi agents have been killed or captured , but the negative did fall into the hands of the FBI who caught the scent of what was going on .   The book ends on a cynical note : Hoover meets the President at the White House , claims to have destroyed the negatives ( which is manifestly untrue ) and proceeds to imperiously demand the sacking of Jackson -- obviously he is under the impression that he now holds Roosevelt 's fate in his hand . Upon being shown this , the President presents a photo of his own , showing Hoover in a compromising position with a handsome young FBI agent . Roosevelt and Hoover would henceforth be tied to each other , `` like convicts in chain gang '' , each able to destroy the other but only at the cost of his own destruction .   Category :1978 books  Category : Corruption  Category : Secret histories  Category : Thriller novels

neg: Lists of The New York Times Fiction Best Sellers This is a list of lists by year of The New York Times Fiction Best Sellers .   The New York Times Best Seller list was first published without fanfare on 12 October 1931 . It consisted of five fiction and four non-fiction for the New York City region only . The following month the list was expanded to eight cities , with a separate list for each city .   By the early 1940s , fourteen cities were included . A national list was created 9 April 1942 , in The New York Times Book Review ( Sundays ) as a supplement to the regular paper 's city lists ( Monday edition ) . The national list ranked by weighting how many times the book appeared in each city list .   A few years later , the city lists were eliminated leaving only the national rankings , which was compiled according to `` reports from leading booksellers in 22 cities , '' a system which remains , although the specifics have changed .

neg: Raczynski Raczyński or Raczynski may refer to :   Aleksander Raczyński ( 1822-1889 ) , Polish portrait painter  Bogdan Raczynski , Canada-based braindance artist  Edward Aleksander Raczyński ( 1847 -- 1926 ) , Polish nobleman , patron of arts  Edward Bernard Raczyński ( 1891 -- 1993 ) , Polish aristocrat , diplomat , writer , politician and President of Poland in exile ( 1979 -- 1986 )  Edward Raczyński ( 1786 -- 1845 ) ( 1786 -- 1845 ) , Polish conservative politician , protector of arts , founder of the Raczyński Library in Poznań  Nicole Raczynski ( born 1980 ) , American professional wrestler  Raczyński Library in Poznań , founded by Edward Raczyński ( 1786 -- 1845 ) , in Poznań

neg: The Refusal `` The Refusal '' ( German : `` Die Abweisung '' ) is a short story by Franz Kafka . Written in the autumn of 1920 , it was not published in Kafka 's lifetime .   The story involves the narration of a young boy living in a small town that is fairly distanced from its capital . The boy reflects on how the town 's inhabitants humbly submit to orders issued by the capital and are led by the tax-collector , a man with the rank of colonel . The boy goes into great detail describing the soldiers that uphold the tax-collector 's law , and how they appear inhuman to the public and seem unable to speak their language . In times of crisis , the town always appeals to the colonel for government aid , and if it is anything serious , it is always refused . The final paragraph describes the narrator 's observation that it is due to this situation that ' ... young people roughly between seventeen and twenty . ' begin to feel discontent and find revolutionary ideas because they are incapable of foreseeing the consequences .

neg: 2011 Pulitzer Prize The 2011 Pulitzer Prizes were announced on Monday , April 18 , 2011 . The Los Angeles Times won two prizes , including the highest honor for Public Service . The New York Times also won two awards . No prize was handed out in the Breaking News category . The Wall Street Journal won an award for the first time since 2007 . Jennifer Egan 's A Visit From the Goon Squad picked up the Fiction prize after already winning the 2010 National Book Critics Circle Award . Photographer Carol Guzy of The Washington Post became the first journalist to win four Pulitzer Prizes .   In December 2010 , three rules changes were revealed for the 2011 Awards . The first allows print and online outlets that publish at least weekly to use a number of media to report the news `` including text reporting , videos , databases , multimedia or interactive presentations or any combination of those formats '' . The second rule change allows up to five people to be named in an award citation ; the previous limit was three . The final rule change allows for digital submission of images to the judges in the two photography categories .   Below , the winner ( s ) in each category are listed .

neg: House of Tyszkiewicz The Tyszkiewicz family ( Tyszkiewiczowie , singular : Tyszkiewicz , Тышкевічы , singular : Тышкевіч , Tiškevičiai , singular : Tiškevičius , Тишкевичі , singular : Тишкевич , Тышкевичи , singular : Тышкевич ) was a wealthy and influential Polish-Lithuanian magnate family of Ruthenian origin , with roots traced to the times of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . They held the Polish coat of arms Leliwa . Their nobility was reaffirmed in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Russian Empire .   The family traces its roots to a 15th-century Ruthenian boyar Kalenyk Mishkovych and derives from the name of his son , Tysha with the addition of the patronymic , resulting in Tyszkiewicz-Kalenicki . A branch of the family germanised the name to Tischkowitz and a few members of this branch are still to be found in Germany and the UK .   Places named Tyszkiewicz Palace , `` former Tyszkiewicz Palace '' , Tiškevičiai Palace , and other historical properties of the family are located in Warsaw , Kraków and Vilnius , as well as in numerous towns of modern Poland , Belarus , Lithuania and Ukraine ( in Palanga , Kretinga , Lahojsk , Raudondvaris , Berdychiv , Biržai , Kavarskas , Deltuva , Trakai , Lentvaris , Seredžius , etc. . )

neg: Warren Kozak Warren Kozak ( born 1951 ) is an American journalist and author . His writing appears frequently on the OpEd pages of the Wall Street Journal , the New York Sun and other newspapers and magazines . He was an on-air reporter at National Public Radio and wrote for television network anchors including Ted Koppel , Charles Gibson , Diane Sawyer and Aaron Brown .

neg: Ken Kurson Kenneth `` Ken '' Kurson ( born October 23 , 1968 ) is an American political consultant , journalist , and author who currently serves as Chief Editor of The New York Observer . He previously served as executive vice president of Jamestown Associates , a political consulting firm based in Princeton , New Jersey and Washington , DC . PolitickerNJ ranked him as the 71st most influential individual in New Jersey politics on their 2009 Power List .

neg: Syracuse New Times Syracuse New Times is a weekly alternative newspaper published in Syracuse , New York , by William Brod and distributed throughout the Central New York region . It is owned by All Times Publishing LLC . The publication is released every Wednesday , printing 46,000 copies and distributed to approximately 1150 locations in Central New York .

neg: Unabomber: The True Story Unabomber : The True Story is a 1996 American television film starring Tobin Bell as Ted Kaczynski , who is also known as the Unabomber .

neg: Free Society of Teutonia The Free Society of Teutonia was one of the earliest National Socialist organizations to appear in America . It was a German American organization that was associated with a strong support for Nazism .   The Society was formed in 1924 by four German immigrants , including Nazi Party members Fritz and Peter Gissibl and their brother Andrew . The organization was originally led by German immigrant and non-citizen Fritz Gissibl , who made his headquarters in Chicago and from there it set about recruiting ethnic Germans who supported German nationalist aims .  The Teutonia Society initially functioned as a club , but soon raised a group of militants based on the SA and , with membership increasing , became vocal critics of Jews , communism and the Treaty of Versailles . Alongside this however it retained a social function , with Teutonia Society meetings frequently ending up in heavy beer drinking sessions .   The group changed its name to the Nationalistic Society of Teutonia in 1926 , at which point Peter Gissibil was advising members to also seek Nazi Party membership . The group gained a strong , if fairly small following , and was able to establish units in Milwaukee , St. Louis , Missouri , Detroit , New York City , Cincinnati and Newark , New Jersey The group 's treasurer was Fritz Gissibil , who was also the main Nazi Party representative in the United States and who regularly collected money for the Nazis through the Society . A `` thank you '' letter from Adolf Hitler to the Society would cause a stir during the Second World War when the Gissibil brothers were brought to trial following an FBI investigation .   The group accepted Hitler as its titular leader and members adopted the Nazi salute , the Society changed its name again in October 1932 to become the Friends of the Hitler Movement .   Under orders of German immigrant and German Nazi Party member Heinz Spanknöbel , the Society was dissolved in March 1933 . In May 1933 , Nazi Deputy Führer Rudolf Hess gave Heinz Spanknöbel authority to form an American Nazi organization . Shortly thereafter , with help from the German consul in New York City , Spanknöbel created the Friends of New Germany by merging two older organizations in the United States , Gau-USA and the Free Society of Teutonia , which were both small groups with only a few hundred members each . The Friends of New Germany in turn formed the basis of the German American Bund in 1936 , the latter name being chosen to emphasise the group 's American credentials after press criticism that the Society was unpatriotic .   One of the leaders of the Teutonia Society was Walter Kappe . Kappe ( b. 1904 ) arrived in the United States in 1925 and worked in a farm implement factory in Kankakee , Illinois . Later he moved to Chicago and began to write for German language newspapers . Kappe was fluent in English and later became the press secretary for the German American Bund . He founded their paper Deutscher Weckruf und Beobachter and its predecessor Deutsche Zeitung . In 1936 , when the German American Bund was established , Kappe organized the AV Publishing Company and five other Bund corporations . Fritz Kuhn ousted Kappe from his position in the Bund seeing him as a dangerous rival . In 1937 , Kappe returned to Germany , where he was attached to Abwehr II ( the sabotage branch of German intelligence ) where he obtained a Naval commission with the rank of lieutenant . He was designated by Adolf Hitler to launch a sabotage operation against America shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor . Known as Operation Pastorius , Kappe recruited men for the mission by reviewing records from the Ausland Institute ( German Foreign Institute ) of those who were paid to return to Germany from America . He established a sabotage school on the outskirts of Berlin to train the new recruits . Once the sabotage network was established and transferred to America , Kappe planned to slip into the US with a new identity and direct operations . On June 13 , 1942 , Richard Quirin , George John Dasch , Heinrich Harm Heinck and Ernst Peter Burger landed on a beach near Amagansett , Long Island , New York on a U-boat . A similar group landed on Ponte Vedra Beach , near Jacksonville , Florida on June 17 , 1942 .

neg: Polish presidential election, 2015 Presidential elections were held in Poland on 10 and 24 May 2015 . In the first round of voting , opposition Law and Justice ( PiS ) candidate Andrzej Duda received the greatest number of votes with a share of 34.76 % , followed by incumbent president Bronisław Komorowski ( with 33.77 % ) , who ran as an independent with the endorsement of the Civic Platform ( PO ) , which he had renounced his membership in after winning the 2010 elections . Independent candidate Paweł Kukiz came third with 20.80 % of the votes . As no candidate had received more than 50 % of the votes cast , a second round was held on 24 May between the two highest-placed candidates , Duda and Komorowski . This round was won by Duda with 51.5 % of the votes , to Komorowski 's 48.5 % . This was the closest presidential election in Polish history .   The victory of Duda 's Law and Justice party was one of the latest in a series of electoral victories for eurosceptic centre-right and right-wing parties in Europe . His party received strong support in the eastern half of the country closest to Ukraine and had campaigned on a platform of tax cuts , continued privatization , continued social welfare spending , anti-corruption , constitutional reform , increased military spending and closer ties to NATO , limited support of EU integration , and restrictions on abortion , euthanasia , legal recognition of same-sex couples and media portrayals of sex and violence .

neg: Black Balloon Publishing Black Balloon Publishing is an independent book publisher headquartered in New York City . The company was founded in 2010 by Elizabeth Koch , co-founder of Literary Death Match , and Leigh Newman , deputy editor of Oprah.com . Black Balloon publishes literary fiction , nonfiction and memoir , and its titles have been featured in The New Yorker , New York , TIME , Bon Appetit , Esquire and NPR . Published authors include Paul Kwiatkowski , Robert Perišić , Bill Peters and Louise Krug . Black Balloon also publishes The Airship , a blog about art , culture and literature .

neg: Theodore S. Weiss Theodore S. `` Ted '' Weiss ( September 17 , 1927 -- September 14 , 1992 ) was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from New York serving from 1977 until his death from heart failure in New York City in 1992 .   Weiss was born in Gáva , Hungary and emigrated to the United States in 1938 as his family fled the Nazi invasion of Hungary . He grew up in Perth Amboy , New Jersey . Weiss served in the United States Army from 1946 until 1947 . He graduated from Syracuse University in 1951 , earning a law degree from Syracuse University College of Law in 1952 . In 1953 , Weiss became a naturalized citizen of the United States . Between 1955 and 1959 , he served as assistant New York County , New York ( Manhattan ) district attorney , before leaving the position to return to private practice .   From 1962 until 1976 , Weiss was a member of the New York City Council . He was a delegate to the 1972 Democratic National Convention . Weiss was elected to Congress in 1976 , representing most of Manhattan 's West Side , and served from January 3 , 1977 , until his death . Weiss was known for his avid support of liberal causes , including civil rights , open government , and the arts . He served on the House Committee on Banking , Finance , and Urban Affairs , the House Committee on Government Operations , and the House Committee on Foreign Affairs . In 1985 Weiss headed a committee that found 90 percent of the twenty to thirty thousand new drugs used on farm animals had not been approved by the FDA in violation of the Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act . They also found that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) failed to remove several drugs already known to be carcinogens .   Weiss died three days before the state 's Democratic primary election . Due to the Congressman 's ailing health , five Democrats appeared on the ballot to challenge him . Nonetheless , Weiss posthumously won the primary by a huge margin . State Assemblyman Jerry Nadler was named to replace Weiss on the ballot and was handily elected in November ; Nadler still holds the seat .   The Ted Weiss Federal Building in Lower Manhattan , adjacent to the African Burial Ground National Monument , has been named in Weiss ' honor .

neg: The New Ledger The New Ledger commonly referred to as `` Pete '' , is an American web publication which pairs aggregated and ranked news stories with right of center opinion articles by free-market minded moderates , libertarians and conservatives . The site 's slogan is `` Welcome to the Know . ''   Launched in February 2009 , the New Ledger 's contributors and editors include Pejman Yousefzadeh , Francis Cianfrocca , Christopher Badeaux , Brad Jackson , Benjamin Kerstein , Ted Bromund , Sean Noble , and Amanda Carpenter , some of whom have individual blogs hosted on the site . It is edited by Ben Domenech , who co-founded the conservative activism site Redstate .   TNL , as site commenters call it , is not a political activism site , and occasionally publishes articles by conservative Democrats . According to its mission statement : `` Our goal is to sift through the noise to bring your attention to the news you need and want , in order to better understand the times we live in . '' The Transom section aggregates newswire content , while the `` sorted and ranked for you '' Daily Reads on the site , usually news and blog stories on business and politics , are assigned one to five stars on readability .   Articles are typically strongly opposed to President Barack Obama 's domestic and economic policies , particularly criticizing the government takeovers of Chrysler and GM . However , TNL has also published articles supporting Obama 's policies on detainees and the environment , as well as the Supreme Court nomination of Judge Sonia Sotomayor .   The New Ledger is frequently featured by the RealClearPolitics network of sites and by the website of CBS News , both of which have republished several of their stories . They are linked regularly by US News and World Report , National Public Radio , National Journal , The Hill , Instapundit , The Root , and throughout the conservative blogosphere .   In July 2009 , TNL launched a daily podcast called Coffee & Markets , a roughly 15 minute morning podcast Francis Cianfrocca 's thoughts on Wall Street , economic policy , and other political subjects . The podcast was cross promoted at The Washington Times for some time , and after gaining some popularity , became sponsored by Andrew Breitbart 's BigGovernment blog .

neg: POETICS list The University of Buffalo POETICS listserv ( informally and variously known as UBPOETICS or the POETICS list ) is one of the oldest and most widely known mailing lists devoted to the discussion of contemporary North American poetry and poetics . It began on 8 December 1993 , although the most easily accessible archive only contains messages from after the middle of 1994 . A number of influential poets and critics associated with various movements in contemporary poetry , including Marjorie Perloff and Charles Bernstein , are list subscribers . Estimates of list membership numbers vary , but are around 1800 readers .   It is run on servers owned by University at Buffalo , and is associated with that school 's graduate program in poetics . It is a closed list with submitted postings selected by the administrator and editor Amy King . The list has undergone numerous controversies over the years ; in 1999 , Bernstein briefly shut down the list allegedly in response to a large number of postings by one subscriber , Henry Gould , who denies his postings as the cause . The list later reopened . Currently the list provides for a mild amount of moderation by the list owners , with most messages `` pre-approved '' ; the new list rules also state that :   `` We generally do not accept postings of creative work not directed toward a discussion of poetics issues on the list . The Poetics List is not a venue for the posting of free-standing , personal poems or journal entries . However , the Poetics List editor may occasionally solicit or approve poems for posting on the list . ''   In the early days of the list , membership , list discussions and even the existence of the list itself were kept private , and members were required not to discuss the contents of list postings or the list itself with `` outsiders . '' People who wished to join the list were asked to provide a short `` personal statement '' before being approved . `` Real names '' were also required . These requirements have been relaxed in recent years , although some remain technically in force .   In 2001 the list served as the main forum for a protest against the appointment of Billy Collins as Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress . Members of the list participated in the election of an anti-laureate run by Robert Archambeau . Anselm Hollo was elected to this honorary position

neg: Deadline (science fiction story) `` Deadline '' is a 1944 science fiction short story by American writer Cleve Cartmill , first published in Astounding Science Fiction . The story described the then-secret atomic bomb in some detail . At that time the bomb was still under development and top secret , which prompted a visit by the FBI .   In 1943 , Cartmill suggested to John W. Campbell , the then-editor of Astounding , that he could write a story about a futuristic super-bomb . Campbell liked the idea and supplied Cartmill with considerable background information gleaned from unclassified scientific journals , on the use of Uranium-235 to make a nuclear fission device . The resulting story appeared in the issue of Astounding dated March 1944 , which actually appeared early in February of that year .   By March 8 it had come to the attention of the Counterintelligence Corps , who saw many similarities between the technical details in the story and the research currently being undertaken in great secrecy at Los Alamos . Gregory Benford describes the incident as told him by Edward Teller in his autobiographical essay `` Old Legends '' :   Coming three years later in the same magazine , Cleve Cartmill 's `` Deadline '' provoked astonishment in the lunch table discussions at Los Alamos . It really did describe isotope separation and the bomb itself in detail , and raised as its principal plot pivot the issue the physicists were then debating among themselves : should the Allies use it ? To the physicists from many countries clustered in the high mountain strangeness of New Mexico , cut off from their familiar sources of humanist learning , it must have seemed particularly striking that Cartmill described an allied effort , a joint responsibility laid upon many nations .  Discussion of Cartmill 's `` Deadline '' was significant . The story 's detail was remarkable , its sentiments even more so . Did this rather obscure story hint at what the American public really thought about such a superweapon , or would think if they only knew ?  Talk attracts attention , Teller recalled a security officer who took a decided interest , making notes , saying little . In retrospect , it was easy to see what a wartime intelligence monitor would make of the physicists ' conversations . Who was this guy Cartmill , anyway ? Where did he get these details ? Who tipped him to the isotope separation problem ? `` and that is why Mr. Campbell received his visitors . ''   Fearing a security breach , the FBI began an investigation into Cartmill , Campbell , and some of their acquaintances ( including Isaac Asimov and Robert A. Heinlein ) . It appears that the authorities eventually accepted the explanation that the story 's material had been gleaned from unclassified sources , but as a precautionary measure they requested that Campbell should not publish any further stories about nuclear technology for the remainder of the war .   Campbell , in the meantime , had guessed from the number of Astounding subscribers who had suddenly moved to the Los Alamos area , that the US government probably had some sort of technical or scientific project ongoing there . He declined to volunteer this information to the FBI .


query: All the Pretty Horses is an American film.

pos: All the Pretty Horses (film) All the Pretty Horses is a 2000 American romance western film produced and directed by Billy Bob Thornton , and based on Cormac McCarthy 's novel of the same name . Starring Matt Damon and Penélope Cruz , the film was released on Christmas Day 2000 to mostly negative reviews . It grossed $ 18 million worldwide , against a $ 57 million budget .

neg: Cinema Handicap The Cinema Handicap is an American Thoroughbred horse race held annually at Hollywood Park Racetrack in Inglewood , California . Raced on turf over a distance of one and one-eighth miles ( 9 furlongs ) during the third week of June , the Grade III event is open to three-year-old horses .   The race was run in two divisions in 1961 and 1963 . It was not run in 1974 .

neg: The Country Girl (1954 film) The Country Girl is a 1954 American drama film directed by George Seaton and starring Bing Crosby , Grace Kelly , and William Holden . Adapted by George Seaton from Clifford Odets ' 1950 play of the same name , the film is about an alcoholic has-been actor struggling with the one last chance he 's been given to resurrect his career . Seaton won the Academy Award for Best Writing , Adapted Screenplay . It was entered in the 1955 Cannes Film Festival .   Kelly won the Oscar for Best Actress for the role , which previously had earned Uta Hagen her first Tony Award in the play 's original Broadway production . The role , a non-glamorous departure for Kelly , was as the alcoholic actor 's long-suffering wife .   The win was a huge surprise , as most critics and people in the press felt that Judy Garland would win for A Star Is Born . NBC even sent a camera crew to Garland 's hospital room , where she was recuperating from the birth of her son , in order to conduct a live interview with her if she won . The win by Kelly instead famously prompted Groucho Marx to send Garland a telegram stating it was `` the biggest robbery since Brinks . ''   Given the period of its production , the film is notable for its realistic , frank dialogue and honest treatments of the surreptitious side of alcoholism and post-divorce misogyny .

neg: Election (1999 film) Election is a 1999 American black comedy-drama film directed and written by Alexander Payne and adapted by him and Jim Taylor from Tom Perrotta 's 1998 novel of the same title . The plot revolves around a high school election and satirizes both suburban high school life and politics . The film stars Matthew Broderick as Jim McAllister , a popular high school social studies teacher in suburban Omaha , Nebraska , and Reese Witherspoon as Tracy Flick , around the time of the school 's student body election . When Tracy qualifies to run for class president , McAllister believes she does not deserve the title and tries his best to stop her from winning .   Although a box office bomb , Election received critical acclaim . The film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay , a Golden Globe nomination for Witherspoon in the Best Actress category , and the Independent Spirit Award for Best Film in 1999 .

neg: Pretty (advertisement) Pretty ( or I Feel Pretty ) is a television advertisement launched in 2006 by Nike , Inc. to promote its Nike Women brand of sportswear . The 60-second spot was handled by advertising agency Wieden + Kennedy in Portland , Oregon . The advert stars Russian tennis player Maria Sharapova in her first appearance as a spokesperson for the brand . Pretty debuted on U.S. television on August 20 , 2006 , with later appearances in cinemas and in print advertisements . It was directed by Czech director Ivan Zacharias , with post-production and VFX work by The Mill .   The piece was a critical and popular success . It garnered several prestigious awards from the advertising and television industries , including two Cannes Gold Lions and a Gold Effie Award .

neg: War Horse (novel) War Horse is a children 's novel by English author Michael Morpurgo . It was first published in Great Britain by Kaye & Ward in 1982 . The story recounts the experiences of Joey , a horse purchased by the Army for service in World War I France and the attempts of young Albert , his previous owner , to bring him safely home . It formed the basis of both an award winning play ( 2007 ) and an acclaimed film adaptation ( 2011 ) by Steven Spielberg .

neg: National Thoroughbred Racing Association The National Thoroughbred Racing Association ( NTRA ) is a broad-based coalition of American horse racing interests consisting of leading thoroughbred racetracks , owners , breeders , trainers and affiliated horse racing associations , charged with increasing the popularity of horse racing and improving economic conditions for industry participants . The NTRA has offices in Lexington , Kentucky , and Rye Brook , New York .   Historically , it is the marketing departments of the individual tracks , not the national marketing campaigns , which have attracted a fan base . In 2012 , the radio campaign by advertising agency , DeVito/Verdi , led to an increase in a younger , more affluent fan base , and won the Mercury awards for the best radio campaign .

neg: Stock horse A stock horse is a horse of a type that is well suited for working with livestock , particularly cattle . The related cow pony or cow horse is a historic phrase , still used colloquially today , referring to a particularly small agile cattle-herding horse ; the term dates to 1874 . The word `` pony '' in this context has little to do with the animal 's size . though the traditional cow pony could be as small as 700 to and less than high .   Such horses are characterized by agility , quickness , and powerful hindquarters . They are usually noted for intelligence and `` cow sense , '' having an instinctive understanding of how to respond to the movement of cattle so as to move livestock in a desired manner with minimal or no guidance from their rider . Such horses are used both as working animals on livestock ranches or stations , and are also seen in competition where horses are evaluated on their ability to work cattle .   The term may refer to any of the following :  A horse used for ranch work or for competition based on the movements of a working ranch horse , including :  campdrafting  cutting ( sport )  ranch sorting  reining  rodeo , particularly calf roping and team roping  team penning  working cow horse  An outdated term for reining or working cow horse competition .  Any breed used for ranch or cattle work in the United States , or work on cattle stations in Australia , including :  Australian Stock Horse  American Quarter Horse  American Paint Horse  Appaloosa  Banker horse  Carolina Marsh Tacky  Florida Cracker Horse  Any other breed of horse used for western riding , ranch work or for stock horse types of competition .  Any breed or type of light riding horse of a phenotype that includes a powerful build with heavily muscled hindquarters that appears suitable for work as a stock horse . This includes some representatives of a variety of breeds and crossbreeds . Among breeds with stock horse-type representatives include :  Arabian horse  Morab  Morgan horse  Mustang  Pony of the Americas  Quarab

neg: All the Pretty Horses All the Pretty Horses may refer to :   All the Pretty Horses ( novel ) , a 1992 novel by Cormac McCarthy  All the Pretty Horses ( film ) , a 2000 film based on the novel  `` All the Pretty Little Horses '' ( also known as `` Hush-a-bye '' ) , a traditional lullaby from the Southern United States

neg: Flat racing Flat racing is a form of horse racing which is run on a level racecourse . It is run over a predetermined distance from 2 furlong up to 3 mi and is either test of speed , stamina or both , whilst the skills of the jockey is determined by his ability to restrain the horse or impel it . Flat racing does not require horses to jump over any obstacles such as is required for hurdling or Steeplechase . It differs from harness racing where horses are pulling a sulky and wear a harness . While in many countries flat racing is the most common form of horse racing , in Britain and Ireland it is used to describe the racing season that comes after the Jumps racing which is traditionally held over the winter period .   Many different horse breeds are used in flat racing worldwide , but the Thoroughbred is the most dominant . The races take place on track surfaces suitable for horses . Worldwide , the most common is a natural grass surface , called `` turf '' . In North America , the most common surface is a harrowed `` dirt '' surface , often based primarily on a mixture of sand and local soil . Most winter flat races in Britain and other parts of the world are run on a synthetic or all-weather surface , generally a blend of sand with synthetic fiber and/or rubber , often coated with wax or a similar substance .

neg: Goats (film) Goats is a 2012 comedy-drama film directed by Christopher Neil and written by Mark Poirier based on his 2000 novel Goats . The film stars David Duchovny , Vera Farmiga , Graham Phillips , Keri Russell , Justin Kirk , and Ty Burrell . The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 24 , 2012 , and was given a limited release in the United States on August 10 , 2012 by Image Entertainment .

neg: Nez Perce Horse The Nez Perce Horse is a spotted horse breed of the Nez Perce tribe of Idaho . The Nez Perce Horse Registry ( NPHR ) program began in 1995 in Lapwai , Idaho and is based on cross-breeding the old-line Appaloosa horses ( the Wallowa herd ) with an ancient Central Asian breed called Akhal-Teke .   This program seeks to re-establish the horse culture of the Nez Perce , a tradition of selective breeding of Appaloosa horses and horsemanship that was destroyed in the 19th century . The breeding program was financed by the United States Department of Health and Human Services , the Nez Perce tribe and a nonprofit group called the First Nations Development Institute , which promotes such businesses .   The Nez Perce Horse is `` fit to carry the Nez Perce name , '' according to Rudy Shebala , director of the Tribe 's Horse Registry and the Nez Perce Young Horsemen program .   The Akhal-Teke is an ancient breed that originated in Turkmenistan ( near Afghanistan ) . They are known for their superb endurance and `` metallic '' coats . The Akhal-Teke coat colors commonly include palominos , buckskins , and dark bays . A typical Nez Perce Horse is a buckskin or palomino with Appaloosa characteristics -- mottled skin with a spotted coat or a blanket .   The Nez Perce Horse 's conformation is longer and leaner than the Quarter Horses or other stock horses of the Western U.S. , with narrower shoulders and hindquarters , a longer back , and a lean runner 's appearance . They are good at long rides and compete well in endurance races ; they are also good jumpers . The Nez Perce Horses are often gaited , with a fast and smooth running walk .   The Nez Perce say that the horse has attitude . The Nez Perce people are historically known for their selective horse breeding practices , according to NPHR breeders Jon and Rosa Yearout . `` We strive to follow the lead of our ancestors and carry on their legacy and traditions . ''

neg: Hollywood & Wine Hollywood & Wine is a 2010 American comedy film .

neg: Racehorse injuries Racehorse injuries and fatalities are a side effect of training and competition . The problem with equine injuries is that they so often result in death . A 2005 study by the United States Department of Agriculture found that injuries are the second leading cause of death in horses , second only to old age . Nureyev 's recovery from a broken leg while retired at stud in 1987 typifies the struggle horses have after being injured .   Two years after Secretariat 's recordbreaking US Triple Crown took the sport in the United States to a new level of popularity , the breakdown and death of Ruffian brought on a new era of safety concerns . Racehorses had been breaking down for centuries , but never before in an event so widely seen as the great match race between Ruffian and Foolish Pleasure at Belmont Park with 18 million viewers . The horse racing industry has been trying to adapt to the increased safety concerns ever since . `` I personally think that in a very real way , we 're almost held to a higher standard because of the horses -- they do n't make the decision to do this . And I think that 's fair , '' said Nick Nicholson , the president and chief executive of Keeneland .

neg: List of American films of 1999 A list of American films released in 1999 .   American Beauty won the Academy Award for Best Picture .

neg: Animal Farm (1999 film) Animal Farm is a made-for-TV film released in 1999 by Hallmark Films and broadcast on the American cable channel TNT . It is an adaptation of the 1945 George Orwell novel of the same name . The film tells the story of farm animals successfully revolting against their human owner , only to slide into a more brutal tyranny among themselves . The film received mixed reviews when it was broadcast , with much criticism directed at its ending .

neg: 25th Academy Awards The 25th Academy Awards ceremony was held on March 19 , 1953 . It took place at the RKO Pantages Theatre in Hollywood , California , and the NBC International Theatre in New York City .   It was the first Academy Awards ceremony to be televised , and the first ceremony to be held in Hollywood and New York City simultaneously . It was also the only year that the New York ceremonies were to be held in the NBC International Theatre on Columbus Circle , which was shortly thereafter demolished and replaced by the New York Coliseum convention center .   A major upset occurred in the category of Best Picture . The heavily favored High Noon lost to Cecil B. DeMille 's The Greatest Show on Earth , eventually considered among the worst films to have won the Academy Award for Best Picture . The American film magazine Premiere placed the movie on its list of the 10 worst Oscar winners and the British film magazine Empire rated it # 3 on their list of the 10 worst Oscar winners . It has the lowest spot on Rotten Tomatoes ' list of the 81 films to win Best Picture . Of all the films nominated for the Oscar this year , only High Noon and Singin ' in the Rain would show up 46 years later on the American Film Institute list of the greatest American films of the 20th Century . For a film that only received two nominations , Singin ' in the Rain went on to be named as the greatest American musical film of all time and in the 2007 American Film Institute updated list as the fifth greatest American film of all time , while High Noon was ranked twenty-seventh on the same 2007 list , as well .   The Bad and the Beautiful won five awards , the most wins ever for a film not nominated for Best Picture . It was also the second Academy Awards in which a film not nominated for Best Picture received the most awards of the evening , excluding years where there were ties for the most wins . The only other film to do this was The Thief of Bagdad at the 13th Academy Awards ; as of the 87th Academy Awards , it has not happened since .   Until Spotlight won only Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay at the 88th Academy Awards , this was the last year in which the Best Picture winner won just two Oscars . It was also the second of three years to date in which two films not nominated for Best Picture received more nominations than the winner ( The Bad and the Beautiful and Hans Christian Andersen , both with six ) . This occurred again at the 79th Academy Awards .   Shirley Booth also became the last person to win an Oscar in a Leading Role to be born in the 19th century . She also holds the distinction of being the first woman in her 50s to win the award , at the age of 54 ( the second woman in her 50s to win , Julianne Moore , was 54 when awarded at the 87th Academy Awards ) .   John Ford 's fourth win for Best Director set a record for the most wins in this category that remains unmatched to this day .   For the first time since the introduction of Supporting Actor and Actress awards in 1936 , Best Picture , Best Director , and all four acting Oscars went to six different films . This has happened only three times since , at the 29th Academy Awards for 1956 , the 78th for 2005 , and the 85th for 2012 .

neg: Westward Ho the Wagons! Westward Ho , The Wagons ! is a 1956 live-action Disney western film , aimed at family audiences . Based on Mary Jane Carr 's novel Children of the Covered Wagon , the film was produced by Bill Walsh , directed by William Beaudine , and released to theatres on December 20 , 1956 by Buena Vista Distribution Company .   Fess Parker starred in the film , which also featured the final big-screen appearance of George Reeves . It was released on videotape March 18 , 1997 . The film was shot in Janss Conejo Ranch , California .

neg: The Black Stallion Returns The Black Stallion Returns is a 1983 film adaptation of the book of the same name by Walter Farley , and is a sequel to The Black Stallion . It is directed by Robert Dalva and produced by Francis Ford Coppola for MGM/UA Entertainment Company . The movie stars Kelly Reno , Vincent Spano and Teri Garr . The portrayal of The Black was shared between Cass Ole , the horse from The Black Stallion , and El Mokhtar .

neg: Horse Soldiers (film) Horse Soldiers is an upcoming 2018 American war drama film directed by Nicolai Fuglsig and written by Peter Craig and Ted Tally , based on Doug Stanton 's non-fiction book of same name , about the CIA agents and U.S. Special Forces sent to Afghanistan right after the September 11 attacks . The film stars Chris Hemsworth , Michael Shannon , Michael Peña , Austin Stowell , Trevante Rhodes , and Rob Riggle .

neg: Derby Day (1952 film) Derby Day is a 1952 British drama film directed by Herbert Wilcox and starring Anna Neagle , Michael Wilding , Googie Withers , John McCallum and Alfie Bass . An ensemble piece , it portrays several characters on their way to the Derby Day races at Epsom Downs Racecourse . It was an attempt to revive the success that Neagle and Wilding had previously had opposite each other , but it failed in this regard . In an effort to promote the film Wilcox arranged for Neagle to launch the film at the 1952 Epsom Derby . In the United States it was released as Four against Fate .   While making the film Wilding began dating Elizabeth Taylor , who was in London filming Ivanhoe , and later became her second husband .


query: Aruba has plants.

pos: Aruba Aruba ( -LSB- əˈruːbə -RSB- ; -LSB- aːˈrubaː -RSB- ) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the southern Caribbean Sea , located about 1600 km west of the main part of the Lesser Antilles and 29 km north of the coast of Venezuela . It measures 32 km long from its northwestern to its southeastern end and 10 km across at its widest point . Together with Bonaire and Curaçao , Aruba forms a group referred to as the ABC islands . Collectively , Aruba and the other Dutch islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean .   Aruba is one of the four countries that form the Kingdom of the Netherlands , along with the Netherlands , Curaçao and Sint Maarten . The citizens of these countries all share a single nationality : Dutch . Aruba has no administrative subdivisions , but , for census purposes , is divided into eight regions . Its capital is Oranjestad .   Unlike much of the Caribbean region , Aruba has a dry climate and an arid , cactus-strewn landscape . This climate has helped tourism as visitors to the island can reliably expect warm , sunny weather . It has a land area of 179 km2 and is densely populated , with a total of 102,484 inhabitants at the 2010 Census . It lies outside Hurricane Alley .

pos: Cactus A cactus ( plural : cacti , cactuses , or cactus ) is a member of the plant family Cactaceae , Although the spellings of botanical families have been largely standardized , there is little agreement among botanists as to how these names are to be pronounced . The - aceae ending can be pronounced ( -LSB- ˈeɪsiiː -RSB- , ) or -LSB- ˈeɪsieɪ -RSB- , , or -LSB- ˈeɪsi -RSB- , . a family comprising about 127 genera with some 1750 known species of the order Caryophyllales . The word `` cactus '' derives , through Latin , from the Ancient Greek κάκτος , kaktos , a name originally used by Theophrastus for a spiny plant whose identity is not certain . Cacti occur in a wide range of shapes and sizes . Most cacti live in habitats subject to at least some drought . Many live in extremely dry environments , even being found in the Atacama Desert , one of the driest places on earth . Cacti show many adaptations to conserve water . Almost all cacti are succulents , meaning they have thickened , fleshy parts adapted to store water . Unlike many other succulents , the stem is the only part of most cacti where this vital process takes place . Most species of cacti have lost true leaves , retaining only spines , which are highly modified leaves . As well as defending against herbivores , spines help prevent water loss by reducing air flow close to the cactus and providing some shade . In the absence of leaves , enlarged stems carry out photosynthesis . Cacti are native to the Americas , ranging from Patagonia in the south to parts of western Canada in the north -- except for Rhipsalis baccifera , which also grows in Africa and Sri Lanka .   Cactus spines are produced from specialized structures called areoles , a kind of highly reduced branch . Areoles are an identifying feature of cacti . As well as spines , areoles give rise to flowers , which are usually tubular and multipetaled . Many cacti have short growing seasons and long dormancies , and are able to react quickly to any rainfall , helped by an extensive but relatively shallow root system that quickly absorbs any water reaching the ground surface . Cactus stems are often ribbed or fluted , which allows them to expand and contract easily for quick water absorption after rain , followed by long drought periods . Like other succulent plants , most cacti employ a special mechanism called `` crassulacean acid metabolism '' ( CAM ) as part of photosynthesis . Transpiration , during which carbon dioxide enters the plant and water escapes , does not take place during the day at the same time as photosynthesis , but instead occurs at night . The plant stores the carbon dioxide it takes in as malic acid , retaining it until daylight returns , and only then using it in photosynthesis . Because transpiration takes place during the cooler , more humid night hours , water loss is significantly reduced .   Many smaller cacti have globe-shaped stems , combining the highest possible volume for water storage , with the lowest possible surface area for water loss from transpiration . The tallestThe tallest living cactus is a specimen of Pachycereus pringlei . The tallest cactus ever measured was an armless saguaro cactus which blew over in a windstorm in July 1986 ; it was 78 feet tall . free-standing cactus is Pachycereus pringlei , with a maximum recorded height of 19.2 m , and the smallest is Blossfeldia liliputiana , only about 1 cm in diameter at maturity . A fully grown saguaro ( Carnegiea gigantea ) is said to be able to absorb as much as 200 USgal of water during a rainstorm . A few species differ significantly in appearance from most of the family . At least superficially , plants of the genus Pereskia resemble other trees and shrubs growing around them . They have persistent leaves , and when older , bark-covered stems . Their areoles identify them as cacti , and in spite of their appearance , they , too , have many adaptations for water conservation . Pereskia is considered close to the ancestral species from which all cacti evolved . In tropical regions , other cacti grow as forest climbers and epiphytes ( plants that grow on trees ) . Their stems are typically flattened , almost leaf-like in appearance , with fewer or even no spines , such as the well-known Christmas cactus or Thanksgiving cactus ( in the genus Schlumbergera ) .   Cacti have a variety of uses : many species are used as ornamental plants , others are grown for fodder or forage , and others for food ( particularly their fruit ) . Cochineal is the product of an insect that lives on some cacti .   Many succulent plants in both the Old and New World , such as some Euphorbiaceae ( euphorbias ) , bear a striking resemblance to cacti , and may incorrectly be called `` cactus '' in common usage .

neg: Parthenocarpy In botany and horticulture , parthenocarpy ( literally meaning virgin fruit ) is the natural or artificially induced production of fruit without fertilization of ovules . The fruit is therefore seedless . Stenospermocarpy may also produce apparently seedless fruit , but the seeds are actually aborted while still small . Parthenocarpy ( or stenospermocarpy ) occasionally occurs as a mutation in nature ; if it affects every flower the plant can no longer sexually reproduce but might be able to propagate by apomixis or by vegetative means .   However , parthenocarpy of some fruits on a plant may be of value . Up to 20 % of the fruits of wild parsnip are parthenocarpic . The seedless wild parsnip fruit are preferred by certain herbivores , and thus serve as a `` decoy defense '' against seed predation . Utah juniper has a similar defense against bird feeding . The ability to produce seedless fruit when pollination is unsuccessful may be an advantage to a plant because it provides food for the plant 's seed dispersers . Without a fruit crop , the seed dispersing animals may starve or migrate .   In some plants , pollination or other stimulation is required for parthenocarpy . This is termed stimulative parthenocarpy . Plants that do not require pollination or other stimulation to produce parthenocarpic fruit have vegetative parthenocarpy . Seedless cucumbers are an example of vegetative parthenocarpy , seedfull watermelon is an example of stenospermocarpy .   Plants moved from one area of the world to another may not always be accompanied by their pollinating partner and the lack of pollinators has spurred human cultivation of parthenocarpic varieties . Some parthenocarpic varieties have been developed as genetically modified organisms .

neg: Gastropoda The Gastropoda or gastropods , more commonly known as snails and slugs , are a large taxonomic class within the phylum Mollusca . The class Gastropoda includes snails and slugs of all kinds and all sizes from microscopic to large . There are many thousands of species of sea snails and sea slugs , as well as freshwater snails , freshwater limpets , land snails and land slugs .   The class Gastropoda contains a vast total of named species , second only to the insects in overall number . The fossil history of this class goes back to the Late Cambrian . There are 611 families of gastropods known , of which 202 are extinct and appear only in the fossil record .   Gastropoda ( previously known as univalves and sometimes spelled `` Gasteropoda '' ) are a major part of the phylum Mollusca , and are the most highly diversified class in the phylum , with 65,000 to 80,000 living snail and slug species . The anatomy , behavior , feeding , and reproductive adaptations of gastropods vary significantly from one clade or group to another . Therefore , it is difficult to state many generalities for all gastropods .   The class Gastropoda has an extraordinary diversification of habitats . Representatives live in gardens , woodland , deserts , and on mountains ; in small ditches , great rivers and lakes ; in estuaries , mudflats , the rocky intertidal , the sandy subtidal , in the abyssal depths of the oceans including the hydrothermal vents , and numerous other ecological niches , including parasitic ones .   Although the name `` snail '' can be , and often is , applied to all the members of this class , commonly this word means only those species with an external shell big enough that the soft parts can withdraw completely into it . Those gastropods without a shell , and those with only a very reduced or internal shell , are usually known as slugs ; those with a shell into which they can not withdraw are termed limpets .   The marine shelled species of gastropod include edible species such as abalone , conches , periwinkles , whelks , and numerous other sea snails that produce seashells that are coiled in the adult stage -- though in some , the coiling may not be very visible , for example in cowries . In a number of families of species , such as all the various limpets , the shell is coiled only in the larval stage , and is a simple conical structure after that .

neg: Protected cultivation In the present scenario of perpetual demand for better quality vegetables and continuously shrinking land holdings , protected cultivation is the best choice for quality produce and efficient use of land and other resources . Protected cultivation means some level of control over plant microclimate to alleviate one or more of abiotic stresses for optimum plant growth which can be achieved in naturally ventilated poly-house or net - / polynet-house . Crop yields can be several times higher than those under open field conditions , quality of produce is superior , higher input use efficiencies are achieved and vegetable export can be enhanced . Extreme weather conditions , in some countries , under the open field conditions are the major limiting factors for achieving higher yield and better quality of vegetables . Under such circumstances , protected cultivation is best option . Keeping these points in view , net-house and naturally ventilated poly-house technology has been recommended for the cultivation of different vegetables .

neg: Plant breeding Plant breeding is the art and science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics . Plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation , to methods that make use of knowledge of genetics and chromosomes , to more complex molecular techniques ( see cultigen and cultivar ) .   Plant breeding has been practiced for thousands of years , since near the beginning of human civilization . It is practiced worldwide by individuals such as gardeners and farmers , or by professional plant breeders employed by organizations such as government institutions , universities , crop-specific industry associations or research centers .   International development nation agencies believe that breeding new crops is important for ensuring food security by developing new varieties that are higher-yielding , disease resistant , drought-resistant or regionally adapted to different environments and growing conditions .

neg: History of Aruba Aruba 's first inhabitants were the Caquetio Indians from the Arawak tribe , who migrated there from Venezuela to escape attacks by the Caribs . Fragments of the earliest known Indian settlements date back to about 1000 . Due to Aruba 's mostly distant location from other Caribbean islands and strong currents in the sea which made canoe travel to the other islands difficult , the Caquetios remained more tied to South America than the Caribbean .   In 1636 , Aruba was acquired by the Netherlands and remained under their control for nearly two centuries .   In 1796 , the town that was later named Oranjestad , was founded and became the island 's capital .   During the Napoleonic wars , the British Empire took control over the island , between 1799 and 1802 , and between 1804 and 1816 , before handing it back to the Dutch .   A 19th-century gold rush was followed by prosperity brought on by first the opening of a crude oil transshipment facility in 1924 and then in 1928 with the opening of an oil refinery . This was the Lago Oil and Transport Company a 100 % owned subsidiary of Standard Oil of New Jersey . The Lago refinery was located on the east end of the island and on the west end Royal Dutch Shell had a small refinery , the Eagle Refinery which closed soon after World War II . The last decades of the 20th century saw a boom in the tourism industry , which became Aruba 's primary industry when the refinery closed in 1985 .   In 1986 , Aruba seceded from the Netherlands Antilles and became a separate , autonomous member of the Kingdom of the Netherlands , under the Dutch crown . Movement toward full independence was halted at Aruba 's prerogative in 1990 . Aruba has a mixture of people from South America , Europe , the Far East , and other islands of the Caribbean .   After a break in the coalition between the ruling Arubaanse Volkspartij ( AVP ) and the Organisashon Liberal Arubano ( OLA ) , the election of July 1998 was pushed forward to December 1997 . The results were unclear , with votes equally divided between the People 's Electoral Movement Party ( MEP ) , the AVP , and the OLA . After negotiations failed to unite the MEP and AVP , a new coalition between the AVP and OLA formed , which forced the MEP to be the opposition .

neg: Aroideae Aroideae is a subfamily of flowering plants in the Araceae family . It is the largest subfamily in Araceae and consists of about 72 different genera , and 2,300 species . Plants in Aroideae are characteristic of having spiny pollen without a sporopollenin outer exine layer and an aperature .

neg: San Nicolaas San Nicolaas ( Sint Nicolaas ) is 19 km southeast of Oranjestad , and is Aruba 's second largest city . it has a population of 18,126 , most of whom originate from the British Caribbean and rest of the Caribbean . It is also home to Aruba 's only race track .

neg: Aruba Networks Aruba , a Hewlett Packard Enterprise company is a leading vendor of data networking solutions for enterprises and businesses worldwide . Aruba Networks was founded in 2002 focused on bringing Wi-Fi wireless LAN mobility solutions to enterprise networks . With its acquisition by Hewlett-Packard ( now Hewlett Packard Enterprise ) in 2015 , Aruba Networks has become the entity of Hewlett Packard Enterprise bringing to market all campus and small business data networking offerings of HPE . Its core products are wireless Access Points ( APs ) , wired switches , mobility controllers , and network management software . The company has over 1,800 employees and is headquartered in Santa Clara , California .

neg: List of systems of plant taxonomy This list of systems of plant taxonomy presents `` taxonomic systems '' used in plant classification .   A taxonomic system is a coherent whole of taxonomic judgments on circumscription and placement of the considered taxa . It is only a `` system '' if it is applied to a large group of such taxa ( for example , all the flowering plants ) .   There are two main criteria for this list . A system must be taxonomic , that is deal with a large number of plants , by their botanical names . Secondly it must be a system , i.e. deal with the relationships of plants . Although thinking about relationships of plants had started much earlier ( see history of plant systematics ) , such systems really only came into being in the 19th century , as a result of an ever increasing influx from all over the world of newly discovered plant species . The 18th century saw some early systems , which are perhaps precursors rather than full taxonomic systems .   A milestone event was the publication of Species Plantarum by Linnaeus which serves as the starting point of binomial nomenclature for plants . By its size this would qualify to be on this list , but it does not deal with relationships , beyond assigning plants into genera .   Note that a system is not necessarily monolithic and often goes through several stages of development , resulting in several versions of the same system . When a system is widely adopted , many authors will adopt their own particular version of the system . The Cronquist system is well known for existing in many versions .

neg: Catholic Church in Aruba The Roman Catholic Church in Aruba is part of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church , under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome .  The predominant religion of Aruba is Catholicism , but there is no territorial jurisdiction in Aruba , which is covered by the Diocese of Willemstad in Curaçao .

neg: Hybrid seed In agriculture and gardening , hybrid seed is seed produced by cross-pollinated plants . Hybrid seed production is predominant in agriculture and home gardening . It is one of the main contributors to the dramatic rise in agricultural output during the last half of the 20th century . The alternatives to hybridization are open pollination and clonal propagation .   All of the hybrid seeds planted by the farmer will produce similar plants , while the seeds of the next generation from those hybrids will not consistently have the desired characteristics . Controlled hybrids provide very uniform characteristics because they are produced by crossing two inbred strains . Elite inbred strains are used that express well-documented and consistent phenotypes ( such as high crop yield ) that are relatively good for inbred plants .   Hybrids are chosen to improve the characteristics of the resulting plants , such as better yield , greater uniformity , improved color , disease resistance .  An important factor is the heterosis or combining ability of the parent plants . Crossing any particular pair of inbred strains may or may not result in superior offspring . The parent strains used are therefore carefully chosen so as to achieve the uniformity that comes from the uniformity of the parents , and the superior performance that comes from heterosis .

neg: Energy crop An energy crop is a plant grown as a low-cost and low-maintenance harvest used to make biofuels , such as bioethanol , or combusted for its energy content to generate electricity or heat . Energy crops are generally categorized as woody or herbaceous plants ; many of the latter are grasses of the family Graminaceae .   Commercial energy crops are typically densely planted , high-yielding crop species which are processed to bio-fuel and burnt to generate power . Woody crops such as willow or poplar are widely utilised , as well as temperate grasses such as Miscanthus and Pennisetum purpureum ( both known as elephant grass ) . If carbohydrate content is desired for the production of biogas , whole-crops such as maize , Sudan grass , millet , white sweet clover and many others , can be made into silage and then converted into biogas .   Through genetic modification and application of biotechnology plants can be manipulated to create greater yields , reduce associated costs and require less water . High energy yield can also be realized with existing cultivars .  __ TOC __

neg: Arum (disambiguation) Arum is a plant genus .   Arum may also refer to :   Araceae , a family of plants called the `` arum family ''

neg: Aruban Americans Aruban Americans are Americans of Aruban descent .

neg: A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony `` A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony '' , also known by its standard botanical abbreviation Sketch Veg . Swan R. , is an 1839 article by John Lindley on the flora of the Swan River Colony . Nearly 300 new species were published in it , many of which are still current .   It appeared as Part Three of Appendix to the first twenty three volumes of Edward 's Botanical Register , the first two parts being indices of previous volumes of Edwards 's Botanical Register , of which Lindley was editor . It contained 58 pages , issued in three parts . Pages 1 to 16 were issued on 1 November 1839 ; pages 17 to 32 on 1 December 1839 ; and the remaining 26 pages on 1 January 1840 . It also contained four woodcuts based on sketches by Lindley , and nine hand-coloured lithographic plates , the artist and lithographer of which are unacknowledged and are now unknown . According to Helen Hewson , the woodcuts are of high quality , but the plates `` do not measure up to the standard of contemporary illustration '' .   `` A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony '' represents only the second attempt to provide a flora for the colony , the first being Stephan Endlicher 's 1837 Enumeratio plantarum , a Latin work of which only one installment was published . Thus there were at the time a great many undescribed species awaiting publication -- speaking of the ( now defunct ) order Stylidaceae , Lindley remarks `` In Brown 's prodromus forty-six species only are named for all New Holland ... but I possess from Swan River alone at least forty well marked species , and there are some of Baron Hugel 's with which I am unacquainted '' . Working primarily from the collections of James Drummond , Lindley was able to publish around 280 new taxa , many of which remain current .

neg: Viviparity Viviparity literally means `` giving live birth '' , from the Latin vivus ( `` living '' ) and parere ( `` to beget '' ) . The term is in use both in zoology and in botany as a term for certain classes of modes of reproduction , though it has different meanings in the two contexts .  The adjective viviparous is derived from `` viviparity '' and describes both the various modes of reproduction and the organisms that reproduce in any such mode .   In zoology viviparity refers to development of the embryo inside the body of the parent , eventually leading to live birth , as opposed to reproduction by laying eggs that complete their incubation outside the parental body . There are several forms of reproductive processes that answer to that description however , and they differ so radically , both in their nature and evolutionary origin , that no definitive and exclusive terminology is universally accepted , and the usage of the term is largely a matter of convenience and preference .   In botany vivipary is a common alternative form of the term , and botanical definitions also vary . One usage refers to reproduction via embryos , such as shoots or bulbils , as opposed to germinating externally from a dropped , dormant seed , as is usual in plants ; however , vivipary also may refer to plants arising from buds or seedlings that have formed or germinated while still on the parent plant , and are dropped when ready to establish themselves in the substrate . In botany too , the usage of the term is largely a matter of convenience and preference .

neg: Aralia Aralia -LSB- əˈreɪliə -RSB- , or spikenard , is a genus of the family Araliaceae , consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees , shrubs , and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials . The genus is native to Asia and the Americas , with most species occurring in mountain woodlands . Aralia plants vary in size , with some herbaceous species only reaching 50 cm tall , while some are trees growing to 20 m tall .   Aralia plants have large bipinnate ( doubly compound ) leaves clustered at the ends of their stems or branches ; in some species the leaves are covered with bristles . The stems of some woody species are quite prickly , as in Aralia spinosa . The flowers are whitish or greenish occurring in terminal panicles , and the spherical dark purple berry-like fruits are popular with birds .   Aralia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species , including the common emerald ( Hemithea aestivaria ) . There are many colours of aralia flowers . The main flower is whitish aralia .   Some species , notably Aralia cordata , are edible and are cultivated for human consumption .

neg: Fabaceae The Fabaceae , Leguminosae or Papilionaceae , commonly known as the legume , pea , or bean family , are a large and economically important family of flowering plants . It includes trees , shrubs , and perennial or annual herbaceous plants , which are easily recognized by their fruit ( legume ) and their compound , stipulated leaves . Many legumes have characteristics of flowers and fruits.The family is widely distributed , and is the third-largest land plant family in terms of number of species , behind only the Orchidaceae and Asteraceae , with about 751 genera and some 19,000 known species  . The five largest of the genera are Astragalus ( over 3,000 species ) , Acacia ( over 1000 species ) , Indigofera ( around 700 species ) , Crotalaria ( around 700 species ) and Mimosa ( around 500 species ) , which constitute about a quarter of all legume species . The ca. 19,000 known legume species amount to about 7 % of flowering plant species . Fabaceae is the most common family found in tropical rainforests and in dry forests in the Americas and Africa .   Recent molecular and morphological evidence supports the fact that the Fabaceae is a single monophyletic family . This point of view has been supported not only by the degree of interrelation shown by different groups within the family compared with that found among the Leguminosae and their closest relations , but also by all the recent phylogenetic studies based on DNA sequences . These studies confirm that the Fabaceae are a monophyletic group that is closely related to the Polygalaceae , Surianaceae and Quillajaceae families and that they belong to the order Fabales .   Along with the cereals , some fruits and tropical roots a number of Leguminosae have been a staple human food for millennia and their use is closely related to human evolution .   A number are important agricultural and food plants , including Glycine max ( soybean ) , Phaseolus ( beans ) , Pisum sativum ( pea ) , Cicer arietinum ( chickpeas ) , Medicago sativa ( alfalfa ) , Arachis hypogaea ( peanut ) , Lathyrus odoratus ( sweet pea ) , Ceratonia siliqua ( carob ) , and Glycyrrhiza glabra ( liquorice ) . A number of species are also weedy pests in different parts of the world , including : Cytisus scoparius ( broom ) , Robinia pseudoacacia ( black locust ) , Ulex europaeus ( gorse ) , Pueraria lobata ( kudzu ) , and a number of Lupinus species .

neg: Barren vegetation Barren vegetation describes an area of land where plant growth may be sparse , stunted , and/or contain limited biodiversity . Environmental conditions such as toxic or infertile soil , high winds , coastal salt-spray and climatic conditions are often key factors in poor plant growth and development . Barren vegetation can be categorized depending on the climate , geology and the geographic location of a specific area .  Pine Barrens , coastal barrens and serpentine barrens are some of the more distinct ecoregions for barren vegetation and are the most commonly researched by scientists . Often referred to as `` heathlands '' , barrens can be excellent environments for unique biological diversity and taxonomic compositions .

neg: Babiana Babiana Ker Gawler -LSB- ˌbæbiˈænə -RSB- is a genus of flowering plants in the family Iridaceae composed of about 80 recognized species . The majority of these species are endemic to the Cape Provinces of South Africa , especially Namaqualand , as well Namibia , Botswana , Zambia and Zimbabwe .   The genus name is derived from the Dutch word baviaan , referring to the Chacma baboon , Papio ursinus , that consumes the corms of plants in the genus .   One species , Babiana stricta , is widely cultivated as an ornamental .