query: Miles Teller was born in 1857.

pos: Miles Teller Miles Alexander Teller ( born February 20 , 1987 ) is an American actor . Born in Downingtown , Pennsylvania and an alumnus of NYU 's Tisch School of Arts , he appeared in several short films and television movies before making his feature film debut in Rabbit Hole ( 2010 ) . He had supporting roles in Footloose ( 2011 ) and Project X ( 2012 ) , before garnering critical acclaim for his leading performance as Sutter Keely in The Spectacular Now ( 2013 ) , for which he was awarded the Sundance Film Festival Special Jury Prize for Dramatic Acting and his role as Andrew Neiman in Whiplash , for which he was nominated for the Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Actor , the Satellite Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture , and the BAFTA Rising Star Award .

neg: Miles Martindale Miles Martindale ( 1756 -- 1824 ) was an English Wesleyan minister .

neg: The Scout (Buffalo Bill statue) The Scout , a bronze statue of a mounted rider outside the Buffalo Bill Historical Center in Cody , Wyoming , was placed in 1924 to commemorate the town 's most famous resident and de facto founder , Buffalo Bill Cody . Originally in open land on the western outskirts of Cody , the statue today stands at the end of Sheridan Avenue , the town 's main thoroughfare , as the town has grown to the west . The project was initiated by Cody 's niece , Mary Jester Allen , who had established the basis of what would become the Buffalo Bill Historical Center . A New Yorker , she persuaded heiress and artist Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney to sculpt the piece .   Despite the offer of two existing sites in Cody , Vanderbilt selected and bought the final Cody site . Her first efforts attracted criticism for the type of horse , its pose , and its tack , all of which were regarded as too `` eastern . '' She then arranged for a horse named `` Smokey '' from Cody 's TE Ranch to be shipped to New York , along with a cowboy from Cody to pose in the saddle . The statue was dedicated on July 4 , 1924 in the presence of an unusual number of dignitaries for such a remote location . It stands on a large stone base , meant to represent nearby Cedar Mountain , which Cody chose as his gravesite . The base is a consciously ironic statement , since Cody was buried , against his wishes , at Lookout Mountain in Colorado .   In time , Sheridan Avenue was extended to the statue and loops around the site . The Buffalo Bill Historical Center is located nearby .   Vanderbilt funded most of the estimated $ 50,000 cost for the memorial out of her own pocket . She would go on to establish the Whitney Museum of American Art in 1931 . Her son , Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney would fund the establishment of the Whitney Museum of Western Art at the Buffalo Bill Historical Center .   The statue 's full title is Buffalo Bill - The Scout . The statue was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 .

neg: Arthur Anderson (actor) Arthur John Miles Anderson ( August 29 , 1922 -- April 9 , 2016 ) was an American actor of radio , film , television , and stage .

neg: George Armstrong Custer Equestrian Monument The George Armstrong Custer Equestrian Monument , also known as Sighting the Enemy , is an equestrian statue of General George Armstrong Custer by Edward Clark Potter , located in Monroe , Michigan . The statue was unveiled on June 4 , 1910 by President William Howard Taft and the widowed Elizabeth Custer . It was designated as a Michigan Historic Site on June 15 , 1992 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 9 , 1994 .   While Custer was not born in Monroe , he lived much of his early childhood there with relatives and attended the schools in Monroe . During his youth , he met his future wife Elizabeth Bacon , whom he returned to marry in 1864 . Custer left Monroe to attend the United States Military Academy and fight in the Civil War . Because of his hard work and success during the war -- as well as the Union 's need for officers -- he was promoted to the rank of Major General and became a very well-known military figure . After the Civil War , he fought in the Indian Wars in the West . His previous accomplishments in the Civil War , however , were overshadowed by his catastrophic defeat and death at the Battle of the Little Big Horn on June 25 , 1876 .   To honor him , a $ 24,000 , 14-foot ( 4.27 m ) bronze equestrian statue , sculpted by Edward Clark Potter , was unveiled in Monroe in 1910 by President William Howard Taft and the widowed Elizabeth Bacon Custer . The statue commemorates his successful actions during the Civil War and not his more well-known defeat in 1876 .

neg: Miles Bronson Miles Bronson ( 1812 -- 1883 ) , was one of the first American Baptist missionaries who worked in the state of Assam in northeastern India .

neg: Little Missouri River (North Dakota) The Little Missouri River is a tributary of the Missouri River , 560 miles ( 901 km ) long , in the northern Great Plains of the United States . Rising in northeastern Wyoming , in western Crook County about 15 miles ( 24 km ) west of Devils Tower , it flows northeastward , across a corner of southeastern Montana , and into South Dakota . In South Dakota , it flows northward through the Badlands into North Dakota , crossing the Little Missouri National Grassland and both units of Theodore Roosevelt National Park . In the north unit of the park , it turns eastward and flows into the Missouri in Dunn County at Lake Sakakawea , where it forms an arm of the reservoir 30 miles ( 48 km ) long called Little Missouri Bay and joins the main channel of the Missouri about 25 miles ( 40 km ) northeast of Killdeer .   The highly seasonal runoff from badlands and other treeless landscapes along the Little Missouri carries heavy loads of eroded sediment downstream . The sedimentary layers , which extend from the headwaters in Wyoming all the way to the mouth in North Dakota , vary in age , but most of the beds along the river belong to the Bullion Creek and Sentinel Butte formations , both deposited during the Paleocene ( about 66 to 56 million years ago ) . The deposits include siltstone , claystone , sandstone , and lignite coal laid down in a coastal plain during the Laramide orogeny .

neg: His Chance in Life `` His Chance in Life '' is a short story by Rudyard Kipling . It was first published in the first Indian edition of Plain Tales from the Hills ( 1888 ) , and in subsequent editions of that collection . The story is illuminating about Kipling 's attitudes to race , which are less cut-and-dried than is often thought . Kipling is interesting , if not very detailed , on people of mixed race and the snobberies involved . ( For some detail , see the Kipling Society notes . )   The epigraph includes the line '' ` Love hath made this thing a Man ' '' , which adumbrates one of Kipling 's themes in this story , as in others . The ` love ' in ` His Chance in Life ' is that between Michele d'Cruze , who `` looked down on natives as only a man with seven-eighths native blood in his veins can '' and Miss Vezzis , similarly `` from across the Borderline '' `` where the last drop of White blood ends and the full tide of black sets in '' . D'Cruze works as a telegrapher , and Miss Vezzis ' Mamma wo n't let them marry till he earns at least 50 rupees per month : he has 35 rupees a month at the start of the story .   The story concerns his new posting to the telegraph station at Tibasu , a remote sub-station whose real function is only to relay messages . One day in the Muslim period of Mohurrum , the locals start a riot , with Hindus and Muslims joining in : `` It was a nasty little riot , but not worth putting in the papers . '' An angry crowd approaches Michele 's office with the intention of wrecking it . ( `` Never forget that unless the outward and visible signs of Our Authority are always before a native he is as incapable as a child of understanding what authority means , or where is the danger of disobeying it '' - a second theme of Kipling 's is that of the difference between the British and the Indian , in terms of ` fitness to rule ' . ) The Native Police Inspector panics , but obeys `` the old race-instinct which recognises a drop of White blood as far as it can be diluted '' , asks `` the Sahib '' for orders . `` The Sahib decided Michele . '' He leads the native police and fires on the crowd , killing a man , whereupon the others flee `` curs to a man '' . A deputation of the locals claim he has acted unconstitutionality , citing the ( presumably native ) Sub-Judge . Michele replies that he is the effective Government , and the deputation `` bowed their heads '' .   The next day , Michele greets the Sub-Collector . '' -LSB- I -RSB- n the presence of this young Englishman '' , Michele loses the effect of whiteness and weeps , to his shame . `` But the Englishman understood '' , reports Michele 's conduct favourably , through the Proper Channels , and he is transferred back ` up-country ' on a salary of 66 rupees per month . So he marries Miss Vezzis . `` Which proves that , when a man does good work out of all proportion to his pay , in seven cases out of nine there is a woman at the back of the virtue . ''   All quotations in this article have been taken from the Uniform Edition of Plain Tales from the Hills published by Macmillan & Co. , Limited in London in 1899 . The text is that of the third edition ( 1890 ) , and the author of the article has used his own copy of the 1923 reprint . Further comment , including page-by-page notes , can be found on the Kipling Society 's website .   Category :1888 short stories  Category : Short stories by Rudyard Kipling  Category : Rudyard Kipling stories about India

neg: Israel Jefferson Israel Jefferson ( c. 1800 -- after 1873 ) , known as Israel Gillette before 1844 , was born a slave at Monticello , the plantation estate of Thomas Jefferson , third President of the United States . He worked as a domestic servant close to Jefferson for years , and also rode with his brothers as a postilion for the landau carriage .   After 1826 , Gillette was sold to Thomas Walker Gilmer as part of the sale of 130 slaves from Monticello following Jefferson 's death , when many families were broken up . He purchased his freedom from Gilmer in 1844 and took the surname of Jefferson . According to his memoir , this was at the suggestion of a clerk when he registered as a free man .   Jefferson and his freeborn wife Elizabeth moved to the free state of Ohio , where he worked on a steamboat . In 1873 , he was interviewed and his memoir was published in the Pike County Republican , the same year as a memoir by Madison Hemings , also a former slave at Monticello . Jefferson 's memoir provided detailed information on life at Monticello . In it , he also attested to Thomas Jefferson 's fathering the children of Sally Hemings , affirming Madison 's account . In 1998 , a DNA study helped to confirm his account , as it showed a match between the Jefferson male line and a descendant of Eston Hemings , the youngest son .

neg: Miles of Fire Miles of Fire/The Burning Miles ( Огненные вёрсты , translit . Ognennye versty ) is an early Red Western filmed by Samson Samsonov in 1957 . Often considered the earliest of the ` Red Westerns ' ( or ` Osterns ' ) , it was made before the term was coined . The film is a Russian civil war drama , focusing on the conflict between the Reds and the Whites .   One-time Mosfilm actor Samsonov had a versatile directorial career prior to The Burning Miles , fresh from an adaptation of Chekhov 's The Grasshopper that won two prizes at the Venice Film Festival . He was later awarded the title of ` People 's Artist of the USSR ' .

neg: Leopold Teller Leopold Teller ( April 3 , 1844 , Budapest - 1908 ) was a Hungarian actor .   For a time he studied medicine at the University of Vienna , but in 1862 he went to Ljubljana , where he joined a theatrical company . During the following ten years he played at small theaters in Jihlava , Klagenfurt , Opava , Budapest , Leipzig , and Liebenstein ; from 1874 to 1890 he was a member of the `` Meininger '' , and appeared in such roles as Shylock , Iago , Gessler , Franz Moor , and Marinelli . On leaving the `` Meininger '' he secured an engagement at the Stadttheater in Hamburg , where his principal roles were Graf Trast , Doctor Crusius , and Graf Menges . In 1899 he retired from the stage , and settled as teacher of elocution in Hamburg . He has written a play entitled `` Wintersonnenwende '' , which had considerable success .

neg: John George Alexander Leishman John George Alexander Leishman ( March 28 , 1857 -- March 27 , 1924 ) was an American businessman and diplomat . He worked in various executive positions at Carnegie Steel Company and later served as an ambassador for the United States .

neg: Richard Miles (diplomat) Richard Monroe Miles ( born 1937 ) is an American diplomat .

neg: Hanoch Teller Hanoch Teller ( born 1956 ) is an Orthodox Jewish rabbi , author , lecturer , and producer who popularized the Jewish literary genre of true , contemporary stories to convey inspirational and ethical themes . Author of 28 books , Teller is also a tour guide in Jerusalem , Israel .

neg: Miles Anderson Miles Anderson ( born 23 October 1947 ) is a Zimbabwean stage and television actor , who has appeared in television serials both in the United Kingdom , and North America . He recently appeared as Martin Millar , in the BBC soap opera Doctors .   Born in 1947 in Rhodesia , now Zimbabwe , Anderson was educated at Prince Edward School . His father commanded the Rhodesian Army and his mother Daphne , wrote a memoir of her difficult childhood in Rhodesia . He has appeared in the US television series , Criminal Minds , as well as the ongoing show Ultimate Force as Colonel Aiden Dempsey . He had previously played Lt. Col. Dan Fortune in ITV 's Soldier Soldier ( series 1 and 2 only , 1991 -- 92 ) . He was awarded the 1982 London Critics ' Circle Drama Theatre Award for Best Supporting Actor of 1981 for his performances in The Twin Rivals and The Witch of Edmonton . His numerous performances for television include Fall of Eagles , Z-Cars , The Sweeney . Campion , House of Cards , Oliver 's Travels , Every Woman Knows a Secret and Holby City . Anderson has also appeared in two episodes of Midsomer Murders entitled `` Death In Disguise '' and `` Last Year 's Model '' , and was the voice of Poseidon in the 1997 TV adaptation of The Odyssey . Most recently he was seen as Major Marchbanks in the BBC adaptation of Philip Pullman 's The Ruby in the Smoke and he appeared in 2007 in the sixth series of the crime-drama Waking the Dead . In 2008 , he made a brief appearance as Edward Tunstall in the BBC 's EastEnders . He narrated the Sky1 version of the New Zealand documentary The Lion Man and appeared in an episode of A Touch of Frost . In 2010 , Anderson appeared as the title character in The Madness of George III mounted by director Adrian Noble at San Diego 's Old Globe Theatre . He won the San Diego 's Critics ' Circle award for Best Actor . In 2011 , he played Prospero in The Tempest and Salieri in Amadeus , both directed by Noble . In 2013 he again won the San Diego Critic 's Circle Award for his Shylock in Adrian Noble 's production of Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice . In 2015 he appeared as Renard in the BBC TV series The Musketeers episode 2.5 `` The Return '' . His film credits include roles in The Thirty Nine Steps ( 1978 ) , The Shillingbury Blowers ( 1980 ) , Sky Bandits ( 1986 ) and Cry Freedom ( 1987 ) , among others .   He is an associate member of RADA and the father of actor Joe Anderson and Max Anderson the 2006 and 2011 World Streetboard Champion .

neg: The £1,000,000 Bank Note and Other New Stories The # 1,000,000 Bank Note and Other New Stories is an 1893 collection of short stories by American writer Mark Twain .

neg: Keith Miles Keith Miles ( born 1940 ) is a writer of historical fiction and mystery novels . He has also written children 's books , radio and television dramas and stage plays . He is best known under the pseudonym Edward Marston , and has also written as Martin Inigo and Conrad Allen .

neg: The Fortune Teller (de La Tour) The Fortune Teller is an oil painting of circa 1630 by the French artist Georges de La Tour . The work was uncovered in about 1960 and purchased that year by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York . François Georges Pariset described the painting in The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin , attributing it to La Tour -- a likely choice given the calligraphic signature at top right : `` G. de La Tour Fecit Luneuilla Lothar '' ( `` G -LSB- eorges -RSB- de La Tour made this , Lunéville , Lorraine '' ) . Its authenticity has been questioned in the intervening years , notably by the English art historian Christopher Wright , but The Fortune Teller is generally accepted as La Tour 's work . The artist is better known for his chiaroscuro religious compositions , in which the figures are illuminated by a single light source and lack the elaborate costume detail of the The Fortune Teller 's characters .   The painting catches a moment in which a young man of some wealth is having his fortune told by the old woman at right ; she takes the coin from his hand , not only in payment , but as part of the ritual in which she will cross his hand with it . Most or all of the women portrayed are gypsies , and , furthering the stereotype of the time , they are depicted as thieves . As the young man is engrossed in the fortune-telling -- an act which , if discovered , would have repercussions for both him and the gypsies -- the leftmost woman is stealing the coin purse from his pocket , while her companion in profile has a hand ready to receive the loot . The pale-faced girl on the boy 's left is less clearly a gypsy , but is also in on the act as she cuts a medal worn by the boy from its chain . The figures in the painting are close together , as if in a play , and the composition may have been influenced by a theatrical scene .   The modern discovery of the painting is said to be traced to a French prisoner of war who viewed La Tour 's works in a monograph and found a likeness with a painting hung in a relative 's castle . A knowledgeable priest identified it as a La Tour work and informed the Louvre , which entered negotiations to buy the painting . The art dealer Georges Wildenstein outbid the museum , however , purchasing the painting in 1949 for 7.5 million francs . For a decade it remained with the dealer , until in 1960 the Metropolitan Museum of Art paid an undisclosed but `` very high sum of money '' for The Fortune Teller . How the painting had been able to leave France became a matter of controversy in the French press , and the writer André Malraux , then French Minister of Culture , attempted to explain to the National Assembly why the work did not end up in the Louvre . It later emerged that the export licence was signed by the art historian Germain Bazin , who was head of old master paintings at the Louvre ; Wright speculates that he had sufficient doubt about the work not to want it for the Louvre .

neg: The $30,000 Bequest and Other Stories The $ 30,000 Bequest and Other Stories ( 1906 ) is a collection of thirty comic short stories by the iconic American humorist and writer Mark Twain . The stories contained span the course of his career , from `` Advice to Young Girls '' in 1865 to the titular tale in 1904 . Although Twain had ample time to refine his short stories between their original publication date and this collection , there is little evidence to suggest he took an active interest in doing so . `` A Burlesque Biography '' contains only a few minor technical revisions which make it different from the 1871 version found in Mark Twain 's '' ( Burlesque ) Autobiography and First Romance '' . `` Advice to Little Girls '' shows slight revision from its earlier publication in The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County .

neg: Reid Miles Reid Miles ( 4 July 1927 -- 2 February 1993 ) was an American graphic designer and photographer best known for his iconic work for Blue Note Records in the 1950s and 1960s .

neg: William Lang (athlete) William Lang ( born about 1838 ) was a professional British runner , who set world records in numerous running events in the 1860s , including a mile record which stood for 16 years .   In the 1850s and 1860s , with the advent of accurate timing devices and precisely measured running courses , the sport of running , called `` pedestrianism , '' became extremely popular , especially in Britain .   On 19 August 1865 , the greatest field of milers ever assembled to that time raced at the Royal Oak Grounds in Manchester for the Mile Championship Cup , ₤ 30 , and title of `` Champion Miler of the World . '' Included in the field of nine professionals were Siah Albison , who had set a mile record at the same location in 1860 at 4:22 1/4 , Lang who had broken Albison 's record in 1863 , and Edward Mills , the current record holder in the event at 4:20 , set on 25 June 1864 also at Manchester .   Lang was nicknamed the `` Crowcatcher '' and had set records in the two mile and six mile events in 1863 . He had also run the mile in 4:21 3/4 that year and was eager to win this race .   A crowd of 15,000 watched the race , which also included Scot Robert McInstray , world-record holder in the 880-yard race , 4:21 1/2 miler James Sanderson , the Welsh mile champion William Richards and half-miler rabbit James Nuttall . As bets were being placed , word came through that Mills was limping and would not be able to compete , meaning that Lang was now the clear favourite .   Nuttall led the field around the 651-yard track and hit the quarter-mile mark in 60 seconds , an unsustainable pace . The crowd cheered , and excitement built as Nuttall hit the half in 2:05 1/2 . Nuttall started to fade , and Lang took over the lead and at the 3/4 mile point with a time of 3:14 , which the crowd realized was fast enough to make this the first-ever mile run under 4:20 .   As Lang headed into the backstretch , he tried to pull away , but McInstray kept pace as did the previously unheralded Richards . Albion had faded badly and was no longer a factor . As the three came onto the homestretch , the crowd roared , and McInstray lost ground . Richards , on the other hand , gained on Lang . At the finish , Richards pulled even and he and Lang crossed the line together . Though Lang 's supporters howled with rage , the judges ruled the race a tie .   Their time was 4:17 1/4 , a time not surpassed until William Cummings ran 4:16 16 years later .   Because the public was not satisfied with a tie , a run-off was held a week later , and Lang beat Richards in 4:22 .


query: Buddhism practices include taking refuge in the Buddha.

pos: Buddhism Buddhism ( -LSB- pronˈbʊdɪzəm -RSB- or -LSB- ˈbuːdɪzəm -RSB- ) is an Indian religion and dharma that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to the Buddha . Buddhism originated in Ancient India sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE , from where it spread through much of Asia , whereafter it declined in India during the middle ages . Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars : Theravada ( Pali : `` The School of the Elders '' ) and Mahayana ( Sanskrit : `` The Great Vehicle '' ) . Buddhism is the world 's fourth-largest religion , with over 500 million followers or 7 % of the global population , known as Buddhists .   Buddhist schools vary on the exact nature of the path to liberation , the importance and canonicity of various teachings and scriptures , and especially their respective practices . Practices of Buddhism include taking refuge in the Buddha , the Dharma and the Sangha , study of scriptures , observance of moral precepts , renunciation of craving and attachment , the practice of meditation ( including calm and insight ) , the cultivation of wisdom , loving-kindness and compassion , the Mahayana practice of bodhicitta and the Vajrayana practices of generation stage and completion stage .   In Theravada the ultimate goal is the cessation of the kleshas and the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana , achieved by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path ( also known as the Middle Way ) , thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth . Theravada has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia .   Mahayana , which includes the traditions of Pure Land , Zen , Nichiren Buddhism , Shingon and Tiantai ( Tendai ) , is found throughout East Asia . Rather than Nirvana , Mahayana instead aspires to Buddhahood via the bodhisattva path , a state wherein one remains in the cycle of rebirth to help other beings reach awakening .   Vajrayana , a body of teachings attributed to Indian siddhas , may be viewed as a third branch or merely a part of Mahayana . Tibetan Buddhism , which preserves the Vajrayana teachings of eighth century India , is practiced in regions surrounding the Himalayas , Mongolia and Kalmykia . Tibetan Buddhism aspires to Buddhahood or rainbow body .

neg: Four Noble Truths The Four Noble Truths refer to and express the basic orientation of Buddhism in a short expression : we crave and cling to impermanent states and things , which are dukkha , `` incapable of satisfying '' and painful . This craving keeps us caught in samsara , the endless cycle of repeated rebirth and dying again , and the dukkha that comes with it . There is , however , a way to end this cycle , namely by attaining nirvana , cessation of craving , whereafter rebirth and associated dukkha will no longer arise again . This can be accomplished by following the eightfold path , restraining oneself , cultivating discipline , and practicing mindfulness and meditation .   In short form , the four truths are dukkha , samudaya ( `` arising , '' `` coming together '' ) , nirodha ( `` cessation , '' `` confinement '' ) , and magga , the path leading to cessation . As the `` Four Noble Truths '' ( Sanskrit : catvāri āryasatyāni ; Pali : cattāri ariyasaccāni ) , they are `` the truths of the Noble Ones , '' the truths or realities which are understood by the `` worthy ones `` Encyclopædia Britannica , Arhat ( Buddhism ) who have attained nirvana .   In the sutras , Buddhist religious texts , the four truths have both a symbolic and a propositional function . They represent the awakening and liberation of the Buddha , but also the possibility of liberation for all sentient beings , describing how release from craving is to be reached . In the Pali canon scriptures , the four truths appear in a `` network of teachings , '' as part of `` the entire dhamma matrix , '' which have to be taken together . They provide a conceptual framework for introducing and explaining Buddhist thought , which has to be personally understood or `` experienced '' .   The function of the four truths , and their importance , developed over time , when prajna , or `` liberating insight , '' came to be regarded as liberating in itself , instead of or in addition to the practice of dhyana , meditation . This `` liberating insight '' gained a prominent place in the sutras , and the four truths came to represent this liberating insight , as part of the enlightenment story of the Buddha .   The four truths became of central importance in the Theravada tradition of Buddhism , which holds to the idea that insight into the four truths is liberating in itself . They are less prominent in the Mahayana tradition , which sees the higher aims of insight into sunyata , emptiness , and following the Bodhisattva path as central elements in their teachings and practice . The Mahayana tradition reinterpreted the four truths to explain how a liberated being can still be `` pervasively operative in this world . '' Beginning with the exploration of Buddhism by western colonialists in the 19th century and the development of Buddhist modernism , they came to be often presented in the west as the central teaching of Buddhism .

neg: Samavasarana In Jainism , Samavasarana or Samosharana `` Refuge to All '' is a term for the divine preaching hall of the Tirthankara . The word samavasarana is derived from two words , sama meaning general and avasara meaning opportunity . A place where all have a common opportunity of acquiring the wisdom . The divine pavilion is built by heavenly beings ( devas ) after the tirthankara attain omniscience ( Kevala Jnana ) . The theme of Samavasaranas has been popular in Jain art .

neg: Śrāvakayāna Śrāvakayāna is one of the three yānas known to Indian Buddhism . It translates literally as the `` vehicle of listeners -LSB- i.e. disciples -RSB- '' . Historically it was the most common term used by Mahāyāna Buddhist texts to describe one hypothetical path to enlightenment . Śrāvakayāna is the path that meets the goals of an Arhat -- an individual who achieves liberation as a result of listening to the teachings ( or lineage ) of a Samyaksaṃbuddha .

neg: Naraka (Buddhism) Naraka ( नरक निरय Niraya ) is a term in Buddhist cosmology usually referred to in English as `` hell '' ( or `` hell realm '' ) or `` purgatory '' . The Narakas of Buddhism are closely related to diyu , the hell in Chinese mythology . A Naraka differs from the hell of Christianity in two respects : firstly , beings are not sent to Naraka as the result of a divine judgment or punishment ; and secondly , the length of a being 's stay in a Naraka is not eternal , though it is usually extremely long , as measured in many millions or billions of years .   A being is born into a Naraka as a direct result of his or her accumulated actions ( karma ) and resides there for a finite period of time until that karma has achieved its full result . After his or her karma is used up , he or she will be reborn in one of the higher worlds as the result of karma that had not yet ripened .   In the Devaduta Sutta , the 130th discourse of Majjhima Nikaya , the Buddha teaches about hell in vivid detail .   Physically , Narakas are thought of as a series of cavernous layers which extend below Jambudvīpa ( the ordinary human world ) into the earth . There are several schemes for enumerating these Narakas and describing their torments . The Abhidharma-kosa ( Treasure House of Higher Knowledge ) is the root text that describes the most common scheme , as the Eight Cold Narakas and Eight Hot Narakas .

neg: Three Vajras The Three Vajras , namely `` body , speech and mind '' , are a formulation within Vajrayana Buddhism and Bon that hold the full experience of the śūnyatā `` emptiness '' of Buddha-nature , void of all qualities and marks and establish a sound experiential key upon the continuum of the path to enlightenment . The Three Vajras correspond to the trikaya and therefore also have correspondences to the Three Roots and other refuge formulas of Tibetan Buddhism . The Three Vajras are viewed in twilight language as a form of the Three Jewels , which imply purity of action , speech and thought .   The Three Vajras are often mentioned in Vajrayana discourse , particularly in relation to samaya , the vows undertaken between a practitioner and their guru during empowerment . The term is also used during Anuttarayoga Tantra practice .   In Tendai and Shingon Buddhism of Japan , they are known as the .

neg: Desire realm The desire realm ( Sanskrit : kāmadhātu ) is one of the trailokya or three realms ( Sanskrit : dhātu , Tibetan : khams ) in Buddhist cosmology into which a being wandering in may be reborn . The other two are the form realm , ( Sanskrit rūpadhātu ) and the formless realm ( S. ārūpadhātu ) .   Within the desire realm are either five or six domains ( Sanskrit : gati , also sometimes translated as `` realm '' ) . In Tibetan Buddhism , there are six domains and in Theravada Buddhism there are only five , because the domain of the asuras is not regarded as separate from that of the nagas . Taoism also features the five realms .   The Śūraṅgama Sūtra in Mahayana Buddhism regarded the 10 kinds of xian as a separate Immortal realm between the deva and human realms .   The thirty-one realms are also known as the `` thirty-one paths of rebirth '' , the `` six paths of suffering '' , the `` six planes '' , and the `` six lower realms '' . They stand in contrast to the higher attainments of the Ten spiritual realms .   Previous actions and thoughts determine which of the six domains a sentient being is reborn into .   The 8th century Buddhist monument Borobudur in Central Java incorporated the trailokya into the architectural design with the plan of mandala that took the form of a stepped stone pyramid crowned with stupas .

neg: Bhava The Sanskrit word `` bhāva '' means `` emotion , sentiment , state of body or mind , disposition '' , while `` bhava '' means `` being , worldly existence , becoming , birth , be , production , origin '' . The former term is rooted in latter , and in some context also means `` becoming , being , existing , occurring , appearance '' while connoting the condition thereof .   In Buddhism , bhava denotes the continuity of becoming ( reincarnating ) in one of the realms of existence , in the samsaric context of rebirth , life and the maturation arising therefrom . It is the tenth of the Twelve Nidanas , in its Pratītyasamutpāda doctrine .

neg: Buddhist ethics Buddhist ethics are traditionally based on what Buddhists view as the enlightened perspective of the Buddha , or other enlightened beings such as Bodhisattvas . The Indian term for ethics or morality used in Buddhism is Śīla or sīla ( Pāli ) . Śīla in Buddhism is one of three sections of the Noble Eightfold Path , and is a code of conduct that embraces a commitment to harmony and self-restraint with the principal motivation being non-violence , or freedom from causing harm . It has been variously described as virtue , right conduct , morality , moral discipline and precept .   Sīla is an internal , aware , and intentional ethical behavior , according to one 's commitment to the path of liberation . It is an ethical compass within self and relationships , rather than what is associated with the English word `` morality '' ( i.e. , obedience , a sense of obligation , and external constraint ) .   Sīla is one of the three practices foundational to Buddhism and the non-sectarian Vipassana movement -- sīla , samādhi , and paññā as well as the Theravadin foundations of sīla , Dāna , and Bhavana . It is also the second pāramitā . Sīla is also wholehearted commitment to what is wholesome . Two aspects of sīla are essential to the training : right `` performance '' ( caritta ) , and right `` avoidance '' ( varitta ) . Honoring the precepts of sīla is considered a `` great gift '' ( mahadana ) to others , because it creates an atmosphere of trust , respect , and security . It means the practitioner poses no threat to another person 's life , property , family , rights , or well-being .   Moral instructions are included in Buddhist scriptures or handed down through tradition . Most scholars of Buddhist ethics thus rely on the examination of Buddhist scriptures , and the use of anthropological evidence from traditional Buddhist societies , to justify claims about the nature of Buddhist ethics .

neg: Universal Compassion Universal Compassion : Inspiring Solutions for Difficult Times , Tharpa Publications ( 4th . ed. , 2002 ) ISBN 978-0-948006-72-2 is a commentary to Geshe Chekhawa 's Training the Mind in Seven Points by Geshe Kelsang Gyatso , a Buddhist teacher and author in the West .   Training the Mind in Seven Points is an explanation of Buddha 's instructions on training the mind or Lojong in Tibetan , which explain how to transform adverse conditions into the path to enlightenment , principally , by developing one 's own compassion and wisdom . Geshe Chekhawa or Chekawa Yeshe Dorje ( 1102-1176AD ) was a famous Kadampa Buddhist meditation master . Universal Compassion is a word by word commentary to Training the Mind in Seven Points , described as `` an admirable accomplishment in presenting the profound teachings of present-day Mahayana Buddhism '' and `` An inspiring book for all who aspire to practise the Buddhist path '' . The commentary also contains a clear translation of the root text .   Buddha 's teachings emphasize unconditional love and compassion , and in this commentary to the popular Buddhist poem Training the Mind in Seven Points , the author explains powerful Buddhist methods for developing these altruistic states . The practice of Lojong also explains how one can transform day-to-day living -- including even demanding and difficult conditions -- into opportunities for spiritual development .   The Lojong teachings in Universal Compassion have been used by caregivers , healers and hospice workers in the UK and US both to help them cope and to find effective techniques to manage the suffering of the ill and the dying . For example , hospice psychologist Kathleen Dowling Singh ( author of Grace in Dying ) explains : The Lojong teachings ... are particularly applicable for those caregivers who see the ultimate unworkability of viewing the needs of self and other in opposition and who seek to find a way to give care and benefit to both self and other simultaneously . These Dharma teachings bridge the gap from ordinary mind to enlightened mind , illuminating the process whereby , with effort , we are able to exchange the object of our cherishing from self to other . ''   Taking and giving is a profound practice that takes some getting used to . The author says : `` At first we may find it difficult to take on others ' sufferings ... but this will become easier as our compassion increases . '' ( page 37 ) Joan Borysenko PhD , who calls Universal Compassion `` a marvelous book on the practice of tonglen '' , supports this observation : People sometimes fear that tonglen ( taking and giving ) will harm them when they imagine breathing in pain , ignorance or illness . The Tibetan lamas say that the only thing we can harm with tonglen is our ego and its self-grasping , which will dissolve in the intention of compassion .   In fact the object of meditation for taking and giving is great joy : `` We develop the conviction that we have destroyed our self-cherishing mind and purified our negative karma , and then generate joy . We meditate on this feeling of joy for as long as possible . ''   The teachings in Universal Compassion give a step-by-step explanation of developing the minds of love , compassion and wisdom and in this way progressing along the spiritual path to enlightenment . Kathleen Dowling Singh explains : Step by step , the Lojong practices , when practiced with sincere effort , strong faith , and deep intention , move us through the stages of the Mahayana path . We develop `` equalizing self and others '' , the capacity and willingness to cherish all living beings to the same degree that we cherish ourself . We work to develop the capacity for wishing love , that is to say , the wish that all living beings be happy . The Lojong practices then offer skillful means to develop our compassion , the wish that all living beings without exception be free from suffering and its causes . We make the precious practice of taking and giving second nature . This practice enhances and completes our exchanging the object of our cherishing from self to other . From this attainment , we can develop the mind of enlightenment , bodhichitta .   Universal Compassion is part of the Kadam tradition of Mahayana Buddhism . Training the Mind And Cultivating Loving Kindness by Chogyam Trungpa explains that the Kadam lineage , founded by Atisha , places great emphasis on monastic discipline , the cultivation or bodhichitta and compassion , and mind training . This emphasis was carried into the Kagyu lineage by Gampopa . The origin and history of the Lojong teachings , which come from the Kadam lineage , are explained in Universal Compassion .   These practices are not restricted only to Buddhists , and Universal Compassion `` could be read with profit by anyone whose religion demands the exercise of compassion . '' These teachings explain how all living beings are equally important and help create a world that does not discriminate based on people 's background , faith , sexual orientation and so on .   Universal Compassion is used as an integral part of the New Kadampa Tradition 's Foundation Program with tens of thousands of students worldwide , described by Steven Heine in Buddhism in the Modern World : Adaptations of an Ancient Tradition :   The Foundation Program is meant for serious students who want a guided study at a deeper level than they can get through the series of Lamrim talks , usually all pitched to a beginner 's capacity , that normally constitute the fare of Western Dharma centers .   It is also an integral part of the New Kadampa Tradition 's Teacher Training Program , a rigorous `` multilayered educational '' study program of Buddha 's teachings of Sutra and Tantra presented in accordance with the tradition of the Tibetan master Je Tsongkhapa ( AD 1357-1419 ) , designed for those training as Buddhist teachers .

neg: Phajoding Monastery Phajoding Monastery is a Buddhist monastery in Bhutan .  Phajoding Monastery is a 3-hour hike from the nearest road and is located above Bhutan 's capital , Thimphu . It was once one of the richest and most decorated monasteries in the country however due to years of neglect and the encroachment of development , it was watch listed in 2010 by the World Monuments Fund as one of five endangered cultural monuments that need most help in the world .   The Phajoding monastery site was founded in the 13 th Century by Phajo Drugom Zhigpo ( 1184-1251 ) , the Tibetan lama who spread the Drukpa Kagyu teachings of Buddhism in Bhutan and known as the ` current of compassion ' . It is one of the most sacred meditational sites in Bhutan .  Most of the buildings at Phajoding however were constructed in 1748 by Gyelwa Shakya Rinchen ( 1710-1759 ) , the 9th Je Khenpo ( rje mkhan po ) who is considered to be the reincarnation of Rechungpa , the heart disciple of Milarepa . His reincarnation is currently studying at the Nalanda Buddhist Institute in Punakha in central Bhutan .   The Phajoding monastery has a devoted community of over 80 young , impoverished monks who faithfully carry on the spiritual traditions set down by the founder of this sacred site , Phajo Drugom Zhigpo . It also serves as a refuge for disadvantaged boys .   Over a half of these young monks do not receive the minimal Government stipend and coupled with the many more young boys from poor rural families wishing to join the Phajoding Monastic community , the monastery is unable to provide for their basic needs . Due to the limits on Government funding , it is impossible to increase Phajoding 's capacity to care for more disadvantaged young boys without external sponsorship .   Raising awareness of this sacred meditational site   The monks at this monastery have moved into the 21st Century and have embraced social media in a positive way to raise awareness of the financial needs at this monastery . Their project is known as `` The Phajoding Monastery Project '' . More information can be found on their website : www.phajodingmonastery.com   OR on the following social media links which they run :   Twitter : https://twitter.com/Phajoding   Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/PhajodingMonastery   Flickr : https://www.flickr.com/photos/phajodingproject/   PInterest : http://pinterest.com/phajoding/phajoding-monastery-project   The goals of their project are to :   provide compassionate care and education for orphaned and disadvantaged boys within a holistic curriculum .  provide for the basic needs of these boys ( including a sense of family and belonging )  model the importance of the values and actions of compassion , gifting , sharing and trust .   The project has gained a lot of support from within and outside Bhutan .   Category : Buddhist monasteries in Bhutan  Category : Tibetan Buddhist monasteries  Category : Tibetan Buddhism in Bhutan

neg: Upali Upali ( Sanskrit उपालि upāli ) was a monk , one of the ten chief disciples of the Buddha . Before joining the order , he was part of the Royal barber caste and worked as a barber . When he cut the Buddha 's hair , the Buddha told Upali that he was breathing too fast . So , he learned how to control his mind by controlling his breathing .  Later , he asked the Buddha if a person of `` low birth '' such as he could join the order . The Buddha ordained him before the princes and asked the princes to pay homage to Upali , who had by then become an Arhant and was an elder compared to the seven princes . He became the chief disciple in knowing the rules of the order and the foremost disciple in keeping precepts , later developing the Vinaya .

neg: Dhamma Practitioner A Dhamma Practitioner is a name that is used to describe those who practice the teachings of the Buddha . It is used as an alternative to the widely used but vaguely defined term Buddhist . Dhamma practitioner is seen by many as a more accurate description for those who practice the Buddha 's teachings , and more fitting with classification schemes given in the Pali Canon . In contrast , the terms Buddhist and Buddhism are relatively recent inventions that some see as a Westernized framing of the teachings of the Buddha in terms fitting for religions such as Christianity , and not words that have an equivalent in the teachings of the Buddha . In the earliest sources , the Buddha himself referred to his teaching as the `` Dhamma and Discipline proclaimed by the Tathagata '' . Due to these reasons and the fact that the Buddha 's teachings are strongly rooted in practical application , the term Dhamma Practitioner has been used by many teachers as a description of those on the Buddha 's path .

neg: Ratana Sutta The Ratana Sutta is a Buddhist discourse ( Sanskrit sutra Pali , sutta ) found in the Pali Canon 's Sutta Nipata ( Snp 2.1 ) and Khuddakapatha ( Khp 7 ) ; with a parallel in the Mahavastu . In the Pali it is seventeen verses in length , and in the Sanskrit version nineteen . The Ratana Sutta extols the characteristics of the three ratana ( Pali for `` gem '' or `` jewel '' or `` treasure '' ) in Buddhism : the Enlightened One ( Buddha ) , the Teaching ( Dhamma ) and the noble community of disciples ( ariya Sangha ) .

neg: Lineage (Buddhism) A lineage in Buddhism is a line of transmission of the Buddhist teaching that is `` theoretically traced back to the Buddha himself . '' The acknowledgement of the transmission can be oral , or certified in documents . Several branches of Buddhism , including Chan ( including Zen and Seon ) and Tibetan Buddhism maintain records of their historical teachers . These records serve as a validation for the living exponents of the tradition .   The historical authenticity of Buddhist lineage is questionable . Stephen Batchelor has claimed , speaking about specifically Japanese Zen lineage , `` the historicity of this `` lineage '' simply does not withstand critical scrutiny . '' Erik Storlie has noted that transmission `` is simply false on historical grounds . '' Edward Conze said `` much of the traditions about the early history of Chan are the inventions of a later age . ''

neg: Mahayana sutras The Mahayana sutras are a broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that various traditions of Mahayana Buddhism accept as canon . They are largely preserved in the Chinese Buddhist canon , the Tibetan Buddhist canon , and in extant Sanskrit manuscripts . Around one hundred Mahayana sutras survive in Sanskrit , or in Chinese and Tibetan translations .   Mahayana sutras are passed down as the legacy of Gautama Buddha : early versions were not written documents but orally preserved teachings said to be verses that were committed to memory and recited by his disciples , in particular Ananda , which were viewed as a substitute for the actual speech of the Buddha following his parinirvana ( death ) .

neg: Nekkhamma Nekkhamma ( Sanskrit : नैष्काम्य ) is a Pali word generally translated as `` renunciation '' or `` the pleasure of renunciation '' while also conveying more specifically `` giving up the world and leading a holy life '' or `` freedom from lust , craving and desires . '' In Buddhism 's Noble Eightfold Path , nekkhamma is the first practice associated with `` Right Intention . '' In the Theravada list of ten perfections , nekkhamma is the third practice of `` perfection . '' It involves non-attachment ( detachment ) .

neg: Dhyāna in Buddhism Dhyāna ( Sanskrit ) or Jhāna ( Pali ) , commonly translated as meditation , is a state of no mind . It is used in Buddhism , Hinduism and Jainism . In Buddhism , it is a series of cultivated states of mind , which lead to `` state of perfect equanimity and awareness ( upekkhii-sati-piirisuddhl ) . ''   Dhyana may have been the core practice of pre-sectarian Buddhism , but became appended with other forms of meditation throughout its development .

neg: King Kalābu King Kalābu is a mythical figure met in the Buddhist Jātaka literature . His name is extant both in the Southern Buddhism and Northern Buddhism . Chinese Buddhists call him as `` Ke-Li-Wang '' （ 歌利王 . He appears in the Jātaka story named `` Kșhāntivāda jataka '' . In Pali ` khanti ' and in Sanskrit `` kșhānti '' mean ` tolerance ' , and ` vāda ' means ` teaching or view ' . The name `` Kșhāntivāda '' is given to the ascetic who excelled at ` tolerance ' in face of the brutal atrocities inflicted by the king Kalābu . He is contrasted with the hermit Kșhāntivāda . In the Buddhist literature , Kalabu is related to the Devadatta , the enemy of the Buddha , and the Kșhāntivāda was the Buddha himself in that life .   The story runs as follows :   King Kalabu was ruling kingdom of Varanasi ( Benares in modern India ) . One day he set off for sport and recreation with the harem . After the play , the king felt asleep on the lap of a harem concubine . Then , the other members of the harem went to enjoy the scenery of the garden . While they were roaming , they came to notice an ascetic under a tree with meditation posture . They reached him and initiated a talk . He preached the dhamma ( what is good and bad ) for them and the audience was immersed in his talk , forgetting the king . Meanwhile the king woke up and asked the woman where the other women-folk were . She said they were listening to an ascetic . He flew into a rage and went out looking for the ascetic . When he saw the scene in which all women were like under spell in the talk of the ascetic , he could not bear up his anger . Then , he questioned the ascetic :   `` What are you teaching ? ''   The ascetic replied , `` I am teaching tolerance . ''   `` What is tolerance ? ''   `` The ability to stay unmoved in face of atrocities either physical or verbal by others inflicted on oneself . ''   `` Then prove it . ''   The king ordered his executioner to whip the ascetic . The ascetic was whipped terribly but he did not get angry .   Seeing this , the king asked , `` Are you still tolerant ? ''   The ascetic calmly replied , `` Yes , your Majesty . ''   Then the king continuously ordered his executioner to cut off his various bodily parts . The ascetic was bleeding all over his body .   The king finally asked , `` Do you still have tolerance ? ''   The ascetic calmly responded , `` Your Majesty , tolerance is not in my bodily parts but it is in my heart . Though you can harm my body , my mind is immovable . ''   The king had no bound to his anger . He himself trod on the chest of the ascetic and the blood gushed out of the mouth of the ascetic . Yet , the ascetic was not moved . A general of the king , who had invited the ascetic to come to the city , came to know this pathetic situation and ran to the scene . Seeing the ascetic , he applied some ointment and begged him not to curse the kingdom .   The ascetic said that he had no ill-will towards the king , instead he wished that the king live long .   This is the past story narrated by the Buddha . At the end the Buddha declared that this was his perfection of tolerance .

neg: Sīvali Sīvali ( Sīvali ရ င သ ဝလ -LSB- ʃɪ̀ɴ θìwəlḭ -RSB- ; พระสีวลี ) is an arhat widely venerated among Theravada Buddhists . He is the patron saint of travel and is believed to ward off misfortunes at home such as fire or theft . His veneration predates the introduction of Theravada Buddhism into Burma .   Sīvali is typically depicted standing upright and carrying a walking staff , an alms bowl and Buddhist prayer beads . Born to Queen Suppavasa , Sīvali is believed to have remained in his mother 's womb for seven years because of past karma . After a week in labor , Sīvali 's mother gave birth to a precocious boy who could immediately speak . Thereafter , Gautama Buddha 's chief disciple , Sariputta , admitted Sīvali into the Sangha . The Burmese believe that he is still living , that he can be invoked to come by a special incantation and that his mere invisible presence will bring them prosperity and good fortune .

neg: Buddhist Paths to liberation The Buddhist tradition gives a wide variety of descriptions of the Buddhist Path ( magga ) to liberation . The classical description is the Noble Eightfold Path , described in the Sutta Pitaka . This description is preceded by even older descriptions in the Sutta Pitaka , and elaborated in the various Buddhist traditions . A number of other paths have been developed and described within the various traditions .


query: Katharine Hepburn is a Classic Hollywood actress.

pos: Katharine Hepburn Katharine Houghton Hepburn ( May 12 , 1907 -- June 29 , 2003 ) was an American actress . Known for her fierce independence and spirited personality , Hepburn was a leading lady in Hollywood for more than 60 years . She appeared in a range of genres , from screwball comedy to literary drama , and she received four Academy Awards for Best Actress -- a record for any performer . In 1999 , Hepburn was named by the American Film Institute as the greatest female star of Classic Hollywood Cinema .   Raised in Connecticut by wealthy , progressive parents , Hepburn began to act while studying at Bryn Mawr College . After four years in the theatre , favorable reviews of her work on Broadway brought her to the attention of Hollywood . Her early years in the film industry were marked with success , including an Academy Award for her third picture , Morning Glory ( 1933 ) , but this was followed by a series of commercial failures that led her to be labeled `` box office poison '' in 1938 . Hepburn masterminded her own comeback , buying out her contract with RKO Radio Pictures and acquiring the film rights to The Philadelphia Story , which she sold on the condition that she be the star . In the 1940s , she was contracted to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , where her career focused on an alliance with Spencer Tracy . The screen-partnership spanned 25 years and produced nine movies .   Hepburn challenged herself in the latter half of her life , as she regularly appeared in Shakespearean stage productions and tackled a range of literary roles . She found a niche playing middle-aged spinsters , such as in The African Queen ( 1951 ) , a persona the public embraced . Three more Oscars came for her work in Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner ( 1967 ) , The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) , and On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) . In the 1970s , she began appearing in television films , which became the focus of her career in later life . She remained active into old age , making her final screen appearance in 1994 at the age of 87 . After a period of inactivity and ill health , Hepburn died in 2003 at the age of 96 .   Hepburn famously shunned the Hollywood publicity machine and refused to conform to society 's expectations of women . She was outspoken , assertive , athletic , and wore trousers before it was fashionable for women to do so . She married once , as a young woman , but thereafter lived independently . A 26-year affair with her co-star Spencer Tracy was hidden from the public . With her unconventional lifestyle and the independent characters she brought to the screen , Hepburn epitomized the `` modern woman '' in the 20th-century United States and is remembered as an important cultural figure .

neg: Judgment at Nuremberg Judgment at Nuremberg is a 1961 American courtroom drama film directed by Stanley Kramer , written by Abby Mann and starring Spencer Tracy , Burt Lancaster , Richard Widmark , Maximilian Schell , Werner Klemperer , Marlene Dietrich , Judy Garland , William Shatner , and Montgomery Clift . Set in Nuremberg in 1948 , the film depicts a fictionalized version of the Judges ' Trial of 1947 , one of the twelve U.S. military tribunals during the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials .   The film centers on a military tribunal led by Chief Trial Judge Dan Haywood ( Tracy ) , before which four German judges and prosecutors ( as compared to 16 defendants in the actual Judges ' Trial ) stand accused of crimes against humanity for their involvement in atrocities committed under the Nazi regime . The film deals with non-combatant war crimes against a civilian population , the Holocaust , and examines the post-World War II geopolitical complexity of the actual Nuremberg Trials . An earlier version of the story was broadcast as a television episode of Playhouse 90 . Schell and Klemperer played the same roles in both productions .   In 2013 , Judgment at Nuremberg was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' .

neg: Marilyn Monroe in popular culture Marilyn Monroe 's life and persona have been used in film , television , music , the arts , and by other celebrities .

neg: My Fair Lady (film) My Fair Lady is a 1964 American musical film adapted from the Lerner and Loewe eponymous stage musical based on the 1913 stage play Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw . With a screenplay by Alan Jay Lerner and directed by George Cukor , the film depicts a poor Cockney flower seller named Eliza Doolittle who overhears an arrogant phonetics professor , Henry Higgins , as he casually wagers that he could teach her to speak `` proper '' English , thereby making her presentable in the high society of Edwardian London .   The film stars Audrey Hepburn and Rex Harrison as Eliza Doolittle and Henry Higgins respectively , with Stanley Holloway , Gladys Cooper and Wilfrid Hyde-White in supporting roles . A critical and commercial success , it won eight Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Actor , and Best Director . In 1998 , the American Film Institute named it the 91st greatest American film of all time .

neg: Portrayal of women in film noir Film noir is accustomed to fulfilling specific constructions of gender roles in this aesthetically driven cinema style , creating very specific false archetypes for women within the ongoing history of film noir . According to Andrew Spicer in `` Film Noir , '' the articulation of the patriarchy in film noir is understood as one of the style 's most consistent features , no matter the decade of the film .

neg: Vivien Leigh Vivien Leigh ( born Vivian Mary Hartley , and also known as Lady Olivier after 1947 ; 5 November 19138 July 1967 ) was a British stage and film actress . She won two Academy Awards for Best Actress for her performances as Scarlett O'Hara in Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) and Blanche DuBois in the film version of A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1951 ) , a role she had also played on stage in London 's West End in 1949 . She also won a Tony Award for her work in the Broadway musical version of Tovarich ( 1963 ) .   After her drama school education , Leigh appeared in small roles in four films in 1935 and progressed to the role of heroine in Fire Over England ( 1937 ) . Lauded for her beauty , Leigh felt that her physical attributes sometimes prevented her from being taken seriously as an actress . Despite her fame as a screen actress , Leigh was primarily a stage performer . During her 30-year career , she played roles ranging from the heroines of Noël Coward and George Bernard Shaw comedies to classic Shakespearean characters such as Ophelia , Cleopatra , Juliet , and Lady Macbeth . Later in life , she performed as a character actress in a few films .   At the time , the public strongly identified Leigh with her second husband Laurence Olivier , who was her spouse from 1940 to 1960 . Leigh and Olivier starred together in many stage productions , with Olivier often directing , and in three films . She earned a reputation for being difficult to work with , and for much of her adult life she suffered from bipolar disorder as well as recurrent bouts of chronic tuberculosis , which was first diagnosed in the mid-1940s and ultimately claimed her life at the age of 53 . Although her career had periods of inactivity , in 1999 the American Film Institute ranked Leigh as the 16th greatest female movie star of classic Hollywood cinema .

neg: Without Love (film) Without Love is a 1942 play by Philip Barry , later made into a 1945 romantic comedy film starring Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn . The film was directed by Harold S. Bucquet from a screenplay by Donald Ogden Stewart based on the Barry play . Lucille Ball also stars in the film .

neg: Fred Aldrich Fred Aldrich ( December 23 , 1904 - January 25 , 1979 ) was an American character actor of both film and television . He would break into the film industry in 1939 , appearing in two films that year in small roles : My Son Is Guilty , and the notable , Confessions of a Nazi Spy , which starred Edward G. Robinson and George Sanders . In the course of his thirty-year career he would appear in over 170 films , in small and bit roles . With the advent of television , Aldrich would work in that medium as well , making his first small screen appearance on I Love Lucy , on which he would appear multiple times over the life of the series .   Over the course of his film career he would appear in such notable films as : Kitty Foyle ( 1940 ) , starring Ginger Rogers and Dennis Morgan ; 1945 's The Picture of Dorian Gray , starring George Sanders ; Tycoon ( 1947 ) , starring John Wayne and Laraine Day ; A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court , with Bing Crosby and Rhonda Fleming ; Young Man with a Horn , starring Kirk Douglas , Lauren Bacall , and Doris Day ; the Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn vehicle , Pat and Mike ( 1952 ) ; again with Paul Newman in 1956 's Somebody Up There Likes Me ; The Last Angry Man , starring Paul Muni ; with Rock Hudson and Doris Day in Lover Come Back ( 1961 ) ; the spy spoof , Our Man Flint ( 1966 ) , starring James Coburn ; and 1967 's A Big Hand for the Little Lady , starring Henry Fonda , Joanne Woodward , and Jason Robards .   His television credits include appearances on such shows as The Rifleman , Have Gun - Will Travel , Bat Masterson , The Untouchables , Gunsmoke , Rawhide , and Perry Mason . Aldrich died on January 25 , 1979 .

neg: Film Booking Offices of America Film Booking Offices of America ( FBO ) , also known as FBO Pictures Corporation , was an American film studio of the silent era , a producer and distributor of mostly low-budget films . The business began in 1918 as Robertson-Cole ( U.S. ) , the American division of a British import -- export company and Robertson-Cole was formed by the English-born Harry F. Robertson and the American Rufus Sidman Cole . Robertson-Cole bought the Hallmark Exchanges ( formerly the Mutual Exchanges that became known as Exhibitors-Mutual Exchanges ) from Frank J. Hall in 1920 . Exhibitors-Mutual/Hallmark had distributed Robertson-Cole product , and acquiring the exchanges gave them the right to distribute their own films plus Hall 's product , with the exception of Charlie Chaplin reissues he had the rights to .   Robertson-Cole initiated movie production in the United States in 1920 . That year , it incorporated Robertson-Cole Studios , Inc. and bought 460 acres in Santa Monica , California to establish a studio . The property , which became known as the `` R.C. Ranch '' , enabled Robertson-Cole to centralize movie production , which previously had been scattered . The movie company had relied on equipment rentals to produce motion pictures . Two years later , a corporate reorganization led to the company 's new name , with FBO becoming the official name of the distributing operation and Robertson-Cole Pictures Corp. the name of the production operation . In 1923 , the studio contracted with Western actor Fred Thomson , who would soon emerge as one of Hollywood 's most popular stars . Thomson was just one of numerous screen cowboys with whom FBO became identified .   The studio , whose core market was America 's small towns , also put out many romantic melodramas , non-Western action pictures , and comedic shorts . In 1926 , financier Joseph P. Kennedy led a group that acquired the company . In June 1928 , using RCA Photophone technology , FBO became only the second Hollywood studio to release a feature-length `` talkie . '' A few months later , Kennedy and RCA chief David Sarnoff arranged the merger that created RKO , one of the major studios of Hollywood 's Golden Age .

neg: 25th Academy Awards The 25th Academy Awards ceremony was held on March 19 , 1953 . It took place at the RKO Pantages Theatre in Hollywood , California , and the NBC International Theatre in New York City .   It was the first Academy Awards ceremony to be televised , and the first ceremony to be held in Hollywood and New York City simultaneously . It was also the only year that the New York ceremonies were to be held in the NBC International Theatre on Columbus Circle , which was shortly thereafter demolished and replaced by the New York Coliseum convention center .   A major upset occurred in the category of Best Picture . The heavily favored High Noon lost to Cecil B. DeMille 's The Greatest Show on Earth , eventually considered among the worst films to have won the Academy Award for Best Picture . The American film magazine Premiere placed the movie on its list of the 10 worst Oscar winners and the British film magazine Empire rated it # 3 on their list of the 10 worst Oscar winners . It has the lowest spot on Rotten Tomatoes ' list of the 81 films to win Best Picture . Of all the films nominated for the Oscar this year , only High Noon and Singin ' in the Rain would show up 46 years later on the American Film Institute list of the greatest American films of the 20th Century . For a film that only received two nominations , Singin ' in the Rain went on to be named as the greatest American musical film of all time and in the 2007 American Film Institute updated list as the fifth greatest American film of all time , while High Noon was ranked twenty-seventh on the same 2007 list , as well .   The Bad and the Beautiful won five awards , the most wins ever for a film not nominated for Best Picture . It was also the second Academy Awards in which a film not nominated for Best Picture received the most awards of the evening , excluding years where there were ties for the most wins . The only other film to do this was The Thief of Bagdad at the 13th Academy Awards ; as of the 87th Academy Awards , it has not happened since .   Until Spotlight won only Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay at the 88th Academy Awards , this was the last year in which the Best Picture winner won just two Oscars . It was also the second of three years to date in which two films not nominated for Best Picture received more nominations than the winner ( The Bad and the Beautiful and Hans Christian Andersen , both with six ) . This occurred again at the 79th Academy Awards .   Shirley Booth also became the last person to win an Oscar in a Leading Role to be born in the 19th century . She also holds the distinction of being the first woman in her 50s to win the award , at the age of 54 ( the second woman in her 50s to win , Julianne Moore , was 54 when awarded at the 87th Academy Awards ) .   John Ford 's fourth win for Best Director set a record for the most wins in this category that remains unmatched to this day .   For the first time since the introduction of Supporting Actor and Actress awards in 1936 , Best Picture , Best Director , and all four acting Oscars went to six different films . This has happened only three times since , at the 29th Academy Awards for 1956 , the 78th for 2005 , and the 85th for 2012 .

neg: Movietone Records Movietone Records was a budget records subsidiary of 20th Century Fox 's record division , which issued 29 albums starting in 1965 and ending in 1967 . Most or all of these were reissues of albums that had appeared earlier on the 20th Century Fox label . Artists featured on these albums included Shirley Temple , Al Martino , Lena Horne , Art Tatum , Marilyn Monroe , and Sylvia Sims .   The name `` Movietone '' had been used by Fox Film Corporation since 1926 , when it was coined by William Fox to name the process he had bought for putting sound on film for `` talkies '' . By the time the 1965 incarnation of the record label came along , Fox had issued some 78s on the Fox Movietone label decades earlier , but these were not commercial issues , as far as is known . `` Movietone '' was also the name Fox gave to its TV and newsreel coverage .

neg: Red-Headed Woman Red-Headed Woman is a 1932 American pre-Code romantic comedy film , produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , based on a novel of the same name by Katherine Brush , and with a screenplay by Anita Loos . It was directed by Jack Conway , and stars Jean Harlow as a woman who uses sex to advance her social position . During the course of the film , Harlow breaks up a marriage , has multiple affairs and pre-marital sex , and attempts to kill a man .

neg: Stanley Theater (Utica, New York) The Stanley Theatre is a historic Baroque movie palace in Utica , New York . Over the years , it has gone through several changes of ownership , but has always been affiliated with Warner Brothers Pictures .   Originally owned by the Stanley-Mark Strand Corporation chain , the Stanley Theatre ( and entire movie theatre chain ) was purchased three days before opening by Warner Brothers . The company was eager to showcase its products on as many screens as possible . The theatre opened on September 10 , 1928 , with the silent movie Ramona starring Dolores del Río .   Thomas W. Lamb , a prolific theatre architect , designed the 2,963 seat cinema for the Mastbaum chain of theatres . The theatre was named for Stanley , one of the Mastbaum brothers . While Lamb and his firm designed over 300 theatres worldwide , he is considered to be somewhat of a local , having owned a camp in the Adirondacks . ( His great grandson lives in the Albany area today . )   The Stanley was built in less than 13 months on the expanding southern edge of downtown , some four blocks away from Utica 's theatre district . Unfortunately , all the theatres located there were razed during the Urban Renewal era of the 1960s and 70s . The Stanley remained open through all of this , though it suffered many years of benign neglect . In 1974 , when the threat of destruction became very real , the Central New York Community Arts Council ( renamed Stanley Center for the Arts in 2008 ) spearheaded a campaign to acquire the property , which it did for $ 135,000 .   The design motif of the Stanley Theatre is dubbed `` Mexican Baroque '' because of its unique blend of styles . The terra cotta and tiled mosaic exterior shows the Mexican influence , while Habsburg lions , Indian faces , and a multitude of angels and cherubs grace the lavish gold leaf Baroque theatre interior . Moorish influence is also evident in the star-splashed ceiling and twisted columns flanking the stage . Legend has it that the grand entry staircase was designed to resemble the main staircase on the Titanic ocean liner .   While the Stanley Theatre continued to be primarily a movie house , it introduced live events early in its history . Today it is host to the Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute Great Artists Series ( over 75 years ) ; Broadway Theatre League ( 50 years ) ; Utica Symphony ( over 60 years ) ; and the Mohawk Valley Ballet ( over 25 years ) .   Notable early performers included legendary singers Marian Anderson , Ezio Pinza , Lily Pons , Jeanette MacDonald , and Gene Autry . Later illustrious entertainers included Chuck Mangione , Conway Twitty , Third Eye Blind , Diana Ross , Barry Manilow , and Harry Connick Jr. . The Stanley was also host to multiple appearances by Jerry Seinfeld , Wynton Marsalis , George Carlin , Itzhak Perlman , Bob Weir & RatDog ! , and B.B. King . More recent performances include Aretha Franklin and legendary songwriter Burt Bacharach . The Broadway Theatre League brought in National Touring productions of Cats ( musical ) , Annie , Evita , Sweeney Todd , and Barnum .   The theater was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 . It is significant for its relationship to the early movie industry and its distinctive architecture .

neg: Katharine the Great Katharine the Great : Katharine Graham and The Washington Post is an unauthorized biography of Katharine Graham , the newspaper owner , authored by Deborah Davis , and initially released in 1979 .   The book was first published by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich ( HBJ ) , but they withdrew the book from circulation after a few weeks and returned the rights to Davis after citing that `` certain facts and circumstances have arisen since publication . '' Davis sued HBJ for $ 6 million in 1982 for breach of contract , alleging the recall came after a letter from the Washington Post 's executive editor , Benjamin C. Bradlee to the publisher ; Bradlee called the publication of the book `` completely irresponsible '' and then listed 39 errors where his name appeared . The suit was settled out of court for $ 100,000 .

neg: Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn is a 1990s documentary television series filmed on location in some of the world 's most beautiful , noteworthy gardens , hosted by Audrey Hepburn , who also co-narrates the series with Michael York .  Her Emmy for Outstanding Individual Achievement − Informational Programming was awarded posthumously .   A one-hour introductory special premiered on PBS in March , 1991 ; the premiere of six half-hour episodes began on January 24 , 1993 . Two further episodes along with a re-release of the six-part series by Home & Garden Television premiered in January , 1996 . The series was shown internationally in more than 30 countries . A DVD of all 8 programs was released in 1999 ; in September 2006 , an extended DVD edition was released .   Audrey Hepburn 's principal photography was filmed in the spring and summer of 1990 in exemplary public and private gardens in England , France , Italy , Japan , Netherlands , Dominican Republic & U.S.A. From her home in Tolochenaz , Switzerland that summer Hepburn wrote her foreword to the companion book for the series . She loved nature and gardens and saw a rare opportunity to bring forth their beauty in a poetic , meaningful way . Her life partner Robert Wolders was with Hepburn throughout the production : `` It became an intensely personal and creative process for her . She immersed herself in not only the beauty of the gardens , but also in their origins and evolution . ''   In January 1991 , Hepburn recorded her voice over narration in Los Angeles and graced the cover of House & Garden  magazine , U.S. edition . In New York on March 6 , 1991 , Cartier honored Audrey Hepburn and Gardens of the World with a High Tea reception at their Fifth Avenue Mansion ; the following day , Ralph Lauren at 72nd Street hosted the occasion of her book signing .

neg: Hollywood blacklist The Hollywood blacklist -- as the broader entertainment industry blacklist is generally known -- was the practice of denying employment to screenwriters , actors , directors , musicians , and other American entertainment professionals during the mid-20th century because they were accused of having Communist ties or sympathies . Artists were barred from work on the basis of their alleged membership in or sympathy with the Communist Party USA or refusal to assist investigations into the party 's activities . Even during the period of its strictest enforcement , the late 1940s through the late 1950s , the blacklist was rarely made explicit or verifiable , but it directly damaged the careers of scores of individuals working in the film industry .   The first systematic Hollywood blacklist was instituted on November 25 , 1947 , the day after ten writers and directors were cited for contempt of Congress for refusing to testify to the House Un-American Activities Committee . A group of studio executives , acting under the aegis of the Association of Motion Picture Producers , fired the artists -- the so-called Hollywood Ten -- and made what has become known as the Waldorf Statement .   On June 22 , 1950 , a pamphlet entitled Red Channels was published . Focused on the field of broadcasting , it identified 151 entertainment industry professionals in the context of `` Red Fascists and their sympathizers . '' Soon , most of those named , along with a host of other artists , were barred from employment in most of the entertainment field .   The blacklist lasted until 1960 , when Dalton Trumbo , a Communist Party member from 1943 to 1948  and member of the Hollywood Ten , was credited as the screenwriter of the highly successful film Exodus , and later publicly acknowledged by actor Kirk Douglas for writing the screenplay for the movie Spartacus . A number of those blacklisted , however , were still barred from work in their professions for years afterward .

neg: Major film studio A major film studio is a production and film distributor that releases a substantial number of films annually and consistently commands a significant share of box office revenue in a given market . In the North American , Western , and global markets , the major film studios , often simply known as the majors , are commonly regarded as the six diversified media conglomerates whose various film production and distribution subsidiaries collectively command approximately 80 to 85 percent of U.S. and Canadian box office revenue . The term may also be applied more specifically to the primary motion picture business subsidiary of each respective conglomerate .   The `` Big Six '' majors , whose operations are based in or around the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood , are all centered in film studios active during Hollywood 's Golden Age of the 1930s and 1940s . In three cases -- 20th Century Fox , Warner Bros. , and Paramount -- the studios were one of the `` Big Five '' majors during that era as well . In two cases -- Columbia and Universal -- the studios were also considered majors , but in the next tier down , part of the `` Little Three '' . In the sixth case , Walt Disney Studios was an independent production company during the Golden Age ; it was an important Hollywood entity , but not a major . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , United Artists , and RKO were majors .   Today , Disney is the only member of the Big Six whose parent entity is still located near Los Angeles ( actually , on Disney 's studio lot and in the same building ) . The five others report to conglomerates headquartered in New York City , Philadelphia , and Tokyo . Of the Big Six , Paramount is the only one still based in Hollywood , and Paramount and Fox are the only ones still located within the Los Angeles city limits , while Disney and Warner Bros. are located in Burbank , Columbia in Culver City , and Universal in the unincorporated area of Universal City .   Most of today 's Big Six control subsidiaries with their own distribution networks that concentrate on arthouse pictures ( e.g. Fox Searchlight Pictures ) or genre films ( e.g. Sony 's Screen Gems ) ; several of these specialty units were shut down or sold off between 2008 and 2010 . The six major studios are contrasted with smaller production and/or distribution companies , which are known as independents or `` indies '' . The leading independent producer/distributors -- Lionsgate Films , The Weinstein Company , and former major studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -- are sometimes referred to as `` mini-majors '' . From 1998 through 2005 , DreamWorks SKG commanded a large enough market share to arguably qualify it as a seventh major , despite its relatively small output . In 2006 , DreamWorks was acquired by Viacom , Paramount 's corporate parent . In late 2008 , DreamWorks once again became an independent production company ; its films were distributed by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures until 2016 , at which point distribution switched to Universal .   The Big Six major studios are today primarily backers and distributors of films whose actual production is largely handled by independent companies -- either long-running entities or ones created for and dedicated to the making of a specific film . The specialty divisions often simply acquire distribution rights to pictures in which the studio has had no prior involvement . While the majors still do a modicum of true production , their activities are focused more in the areas of development , financing , marketing , and merchandising . Those business functions are still usually performed in or near Los Angeles , even though the runaway production phenomenon means that most films are now mostly or completely shot on location at places outside Los Angeles .   Since the dawn of filmmaking , the U.S. major film studios have dominated both American cinema and the global film industry . U.S. studios have benefited from a strong first-mover advantage in that they were the first to industrialize filmmaking and master the art of mass-producing and distributing high-quality films with broad cross-cultural appeal . Today , the Big Six majors routinely distribute hundreds of films every year into all significant international markets ( that is , where discretionary income is high enough for consumers to afford to watch films ) . It is very rare , if not impossible , for a film to reach a broad international audience on multiple continents and in multiple languages without first being picked up by one of the majors for distribution .

neg: Classical Hollywood cinema Classical Hollywood cinema , classical Hollywood narrative , and classical continuity are terms used in film criticism which designate both a narrative and visual style of film-making which developed in and characterized US American cinema between 1917 and the early 1960s and eventually became the most powerful and pervasive style of film-making worldwide .

neg: B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity .   In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics .   Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie .   From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .

neg: Child actor The term child actor or child actress is generally applied to a child acting on stage or in motion pictures or television , but also to an adult who began his or her acting career as a child ; to avoid confusion , the latter is also called a former child actor . Closely associated is teenage actor or teen actor , an actor who reached popularity as a teenager .   Many child actors find themselves struggling to adapt as they become adults . Lindsay Lohan and Macaulay Culkin are two particular famous child actors who eventually experienced much difficulty with the fame they acquired at a young age ; Lohan 's career resumed after an interruption of several years . Many child actors also become successful adult actors as well , an example being Mickey Rooney 's career that included both the popular 1935 film A Midsummer Night 's Dream and the popular 2011 film The Muppets .

neg: Betty Garde Katharine Elizabeth `` Betty '' Garde ( September 19 , 1905 -- December 25 , 1989 ) was an American stage , radio , film and television actress .