query: Marlon Brando is an actor who was in Mutiny on the Bounty.

pos: Marlon Brando Marlon Brando , Jr. ( April 3 , 1924 -- July 1 , 2004 ) was an American actor , film director and political activist . He is credited with bringing realism to film acting . He helped to popularize the Stanislavski system of acting , studying with Stella Adler in the 1940s . Brando is widely known for his Academy Award-winning performances as Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) and Vito Corleone in The Godfather ( 1972 ) , as well as his performances in A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1951 ) , Viva Zapata ! ( 1952 ) , Julius Caesar ( 1953 ) , The Wild One ( 1953 ) , Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) , Sayonara ( 1957 ) , Reflections in a Golden Eye ( 1967 ) , Last Tango in Paris ( 1972 ) , and Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) . Brando was also an activist for many causes , notably the Civil Rights Movement and various Native American movements .   He initially gained acclaim and an Academy Award nomination for reprising the role of Stanley Kowalski in the 1951 film adaptation of Tennessee Williams ' play A Streetcar Named Desire , a role that he had originated successfully on Broadway . He received further praise for his performance as Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront , and his portrayal of the rebel motorcycle gang leader Johnny Strabler in The Wild One proved to be a lasting image in popular culture . Brando received Academy Award nominations for playing Emiliano Zapata in Viva Zapata ! ; Mark Antony in Joseph L. Mankiewicz 's 1953 film adaptation of Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar ; and Air Force Major Lloyd Gruver in Sayonara ( 1957 ) , an adaption of James Michener 's 1954 novel . Brando was included in a list of Top Ten Money Making Stars three times in the 1950s , coming in at number 10 in 1954 , number 6 in 1955 , and number 4 in 1958 .   The 1960s proved to be a fallow decade for Brando . He directed and starred in the cult western film One-Eyed Jacks , a critical and commercial flop , after which he delivered a series of box-office failures , beginning with the 1962 film adaptation of the novel Mutiny on the Bounty . After 10 years , during which he did not appear in a successful film , he won his second Academy Award for playing Vito Corleone in Francis Ford Coppola 's The Godfather , a role critics consider among his greatest . The Godfather was then one of the most commercially successful films of all time . With that and his Oscar-nominated performance in Last Tango in Paris , Brando re-established himself in the ranks of top box-office stars , placing sixth and tenth in the Money Making Stars poll in 1972 and 1973 , respectively . Brando took a four-year hiatus before appearing in The Missouri Breaks ( 1976 ) . After this , he was content with being a highly paid character actor in cameo roles , such as in Superman ( 1978 ) and The Formula ( 1980 ) , before taking a nine-year break from motion pictures . According to the Guinness Book of World Records , Brando was paid a record $ 3.7 million ( $ million in inflation-adjusted dollars ) and 11.75 % of the gross profits for 13 days ' work on Superman . He finished out the 1970s with his controversial performance as Colonel Kurtz in another Coppola film , Apocalypse Now , a box-office hit for which he was highly paid and which helped finance his career layoff during the 1980s .   Brando was ranked by the American Film Institute as the fourth-greatest movie star among male movie stars whose screen debuts occurred in or before 1950 . He was one of only three professional actors , along with Charlie Chaplin and Marilyn Monroe , named in 1999 by Time magazine as one of its 100 Most Important People of the Century . He died of respiratory failure on July 1 , 2004 , at age 80 .

neg: Tobacco Road (film) Tobacco Road is a 1941 film directed by John Ford starring Charley Grapewin , Marjorie Rambeau , Gene Tierney , William Tracy Dana Andrews and Ward Bond . It was based on the novel of the same name by Erskine Caldwell , but the plot was rewritten for the film .

neg: The Wild Geese The Wild Geese is a 1978 British adventure film directed by Andrew V. McLaglen about a group of mercenaries in Africa . It stars Richard Burton , Roger Moore , Richard Harris , and Hardy Krüger . The film was the result of a long-held ambition of its producer Euan Lloyd to make an all-star adventure film similar to The Guns of Navarone or Where Eagles Dare . The same producer and director were later responsible for The Sea Wolves .   The screenplay by Reginald Rose was based on an unpublished novel titled The Thin White Line by Daniel Carney . The film was named The Wild Geese after the Wild Goose flag and shoulder patch used by Michael `` Mad Mike '' Hoare 's Five Commando , ANC , which in turn was inspired by a 17th-century Irish mercenary army ( see Flight of the Wild Geese ) . Carney 's novel was subsequently published by Corgi Books under the same title as the film .   The novel was based upon rumours and speculation following the 1968 landing of a mysterious aeroplane in Rhodesia , which was said to have been loaded with mercenaries and `` an African president '' believed to have been a dying Moïse Tshombe .

neg: Matthew Quintal Matthew Quintal ( 1766 in Padstow ( baptised 3 March 1766 as Mathew Quintril ) , Cornwall -- 1799 , Pitcairn Island ) was a Cornish able seaman and mutineer aboard HMS Bounty . His surname was , in all probability , the result of misspelling the Cornish surname `` Quintrell '' . He was the last of the mutineers to be murdered on Pitcairn Island . He was murdered by Ned Young and John Adams , leaving them the last two men alive on the island .   Following the mutiny led by Fletcher Christian , the Bounty was taken to Tahiti for a few days before being compelled to set sail . Quintal joined Christian and seven other mutineers . They took with them eleven Tahitian women and six men . After months at sea , the mutineers discovered the uninhabited Pitcairn Island and settled there in January 1790 . It was Quintal who burned the Bounty in order to prevent any return , and as a safety precaution , to avoid having the ship give away their location to the British Navy . After three years , a conflict broke out between the Tahitian men and the mutineers , resulting in the deaths of all the Tahitian men and five of the Englishmen ( including Fletcher Christian ) . Quintal was one of the survivors .   One of the other survivors , William McCoy , discovered a means of distilling alcohol from one of the island 's fruits . He and Quintal quickly descended into alcoholism , often bullying the surviving women . McCoy committed suicide by jumping off a cliff in a drunken frenzy . After McCoy 's suicide , Quintal threatened to kill the rest of the community . The other two surviving men , Ned Young and John Adams , subsequently killed him with an axe during one of his drunken stupors .   Quintal 's descendents reside on Norfolk Island to this day . A descendant , Malcolm Champion , was an Olympic swimmer .

neg: The Red Rover The Red Rover is a novel by American writer James Fenimore Cooper . It was originally published in Paris on November 27 , 1827 , before being published in London three days later on November 30 . It was not published in the United States until January 9 , 1828 , in Philadelphia . Soon after its publication it was adapted for theater both in the United States and in England .   The novel follows the activities of the sailor Dick Fid , free black sailor Scipio Africanus and Royal Navy officer James Wilder as they encounter the famous pirate , `` The Red Rover '' . A contemporary reviewer in the North American Review noted how Cooper was particularly good at writing sea novels such as The Red Rover , the sea being his more natural element than what the author calls wilderness novels which focused on an Indian introducing a white man to the wilderness , like The Last of the Mohicans . In addition , The Red Rover presents some of the first serious depictions of characters of African lineage in American literature .

neg: AUDELCO AUDELCO , the Audience Development Committee , Inc. , was established in 1973 by the late Vivian Robinson to honor excellence in New York City African American Theatre through presentation of Vivan Robinson/AUDELCO Recognition Awards ( a.k.a. Viv awards ) . The awards were created to promote `` recognition , understanding and awareness of the arts in the African-American community '' .   The AUDELCO Viv awards recognize the following , whether Broadway or off-Broadway :  Productions by Black companies  Shows written or directed by Blacks  Black actors in shows   AUDELCO has an office in Central Harlem , New York City The President is Grace Jones and the board of directors consistsof : A.Curtis Farrow ; Ralph Carter , Toni Peterson , Jacqueline Feffries ; Linda Armstrong ; Honorable Donna M. Mills ; Fred R.Powell ; Mary Seymour ; Dale Richardo Shields ; Terrence Spivey ; Ronald Stone Esq and Mary B. Davis Chair Emeritus . The organization has thousands of members , a newsletter , and a black theater collection of books , photos , slides and scripts as well as an extensive clipping file on black theater companies and productions .   The AUDELCO awards are limited to productions mounted by professional , not-for-profit theater organizations which have been in existence for at least two years and have had a minimum of 500 hours of rehearsal , performance , or training . Additionally , productions have to have been performed over 12 times between September 1 of one year and August 31 of the next . Workshop productions and works-in-progress are not eligible .   The AUDELCO Viv awards allow celebrities and everyday people to get to share their love of theater and their appreciation for the incredible performances , scripts , direction , costumes and sets that have been presented during the last theater season .   Michael O'Hare was the first white actor to win this award presented by the black theater community of New York for his performance in the play `` Shades of Brown '' which examined the effects of apartheid in South Africa .   ( Former AUDELOC awardees included , Kerry Washington ( AUDELCO 's first Rising star ) ; Samuel L. Jackson ; Phylicia Rashad ; Debbie Allen ; Denzel Washington , Barbara Montgomery , Sanaa Lathan and others ) .

neg: Banana Dance The Banana Dance has several different meanings and performances .   Part of Chris Elliott 's Marlon Brando impersonation skit on the David Letterman show . It consisted of `` Marlon '' ( Chris Elliot ) dumping bananas out of a sack on the floor and Elliot dancing slowly around them to the song `` The Alley Cat '' .  The Danse sauvage , an exotic dance performed by Josephine Baker in live shows and her Siren of the Tropics movie .  The Dancing Banana is a popular emoticon .

neg: Gary Cooper filmography The filmography of Gary Cooper chronicles the film appearances of American actor Gary Cooper . After starting his career in 1925 as a film extra and stuntman , Cooper made his official cinematic debut in 1926 in the Samuel Goldwyn production The Winning of Barbara Worth . He went on to become a contract player with Paramount Pictures where he established himself as a popular leading man prior to the end of the silent film era .   Cooper 's future in the sound era was assured with the release of The Virginian ( 1929 ) , his first all-talkie film . For the next 32 years , he would be one of cinema 's top money-making stars . From 1936 to 1957 , Cooper ranked 18 times among the top ten box office attractions -- a record when he died in 1961 , and later surpassed only by John Wayne , who ranked among the top ten 25 times , Clint Eastwood ( 21 times ) and Tom Cruise ( 20 times ) .   Cooper was nominated for the Best Actor Academy Award five times and won twice , for Sergeant York ( 1942 ) and High Noon ( 1952 ) . The latter film boosted his popularity , resulting in him being the number one box office attraction in 1953 . Cooper received a third Academy Award -- an honorary one -- just prior to his death in 1961 . His final film , The Naked Edge , was released shortly after his death .   As of February 2008 , more than half of Gary Cooper 's feature films are available on DVD , while others not yet on home video are available for television broadcast . Unfortunately , at least two of his silent films -- Beau Sabreur ( 1928 ) and The Legion of the Condemned ( 1928 ) -- are now considered lost films . Another of his silent films , Wolf Song ( 1929 ) , was originally released as a part talkie , but survives only as a silent film . One of Cooper 's earliest talkies , Paramount on Parade ( 1930 ) , survives incomplete . The prints that are available for television are missing all but one of the film 's Technicolor scenes -- a partial restoration of these scenes was done by the UCLA Film Archives .   This filmography contains sections for Cooper 's work as an extra in the earliest part of his film career , his feature film appearances , his occasional appearances in short films , and a section for a compilation film . Due to its length ( 92 films ) , the listing of his feature films is divided in four sections . Cooper 's film roles are listed , as well as the names of each film 's director and co-stars . Cooper 's awards and nominations are also listed . Except where noted , all of his films were shot in 35mm black and white . All films released prior to Lilac Time ( 1928 ) are silent films and all from The Virginian ( 1929 ) onward are sound films . The films made during the silent-to-sound transition are noted as being either silent or sound films . As an addendum , Cooper 's handful of television appearances are also listed .

neg: Bligh Water In 1789 the English Royal Navy Cutter the Bounty commanded by Lieutenant William Bligh was overtaken by 18 crew led by Master 's Mate Fletcher Christian in what has been named the `` Mutiny on the Bounty . '' The area known as the Bligh Water is the body of water ( approximately 9500 km ² in extent ) in the western Fiji islands through which Bligh sailed his 7 m ( 23 ft ) launch during his 3,618 mile journey from Tofua to the Dutch port of Timor . At the time some of the local Fijian tribes were considered hostile and many were cannibalistic so Bligh did not wish to jeopardize his safety or the safety of his crew elected not stop his journey in the area .

neg: Pitcairn (play) Pitcairn is a 2014 play by the English playwright Richard Bean , based on the Mutiny on the Bounty and the colonisation of the Pitcairn Islands . It is a co-production between the Chichester Festival Theatre ( at whose Minerva auditorium it will premiere from 22 August to 20 September 2014 ) , Shakespeare 's Globe ( where it will transfer from 22 September to 11 October 2014 ) and Out of Joint .   After its Chichester and London runs , it went on a regional tour to the Plymouth Theatre Royal , the Warwick Arts Centre , the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre , Devonshire Park Theatre , the Oxford Playhouse and Malvern Theatres between 14 October and 22 November 2014 .

neg: Charles Hart (actor) Charles Hart ( c. 1625 -- 18 August 1683 ) was a prominent British Restoration actor .   A Charles Hart was christened on 11 December 1625 , in the parish of St. Giles Cripplegate , in London . It is not absolutely certain that this was the actor , though the name was not common at the time . . Hart began his career as a boy player with the King 's Men ; he was an apprentice of Richard Robinson , longtime member of that company . Hart established his reputation by playing the role of the Duchess in The Cardinal , the tragedy by James Shirley , in 1641 . He served as a soldier in the English Civil War , and was an officer in Prince Rupert 's regiment of cavalry , along with fellow actors Nicholas Burt and Robert Shatterell . Hart and the others most likely saw combat at the battles of Marston Moor and Nasby , and perhaps at Edgehill as well .   Hart then returned to acting ; evidence suggests he was with other displaced English actors in Europe in 1646 . In 1648 , Hart , Walter Clun and eight other actors , were involved in an attempt to restart the King 's Men company during the Puritan Commonwealth , which , perhaps unsurprisingly , did not succeed . On 5 February 1648 , at the Cockpit Theatre , Hart and other King 's Men were arrested for violating the ban against theatrical performance ; they were caught in the midst of a performance of Rollo Duke of Normandy ( in which Hart played the character Otto ) . Hart and the others were imprisoned for a short time , then released .   Just before the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , acting resumed on a larger scale , and Hart seems to have been then a member of a company performing at the Cockpit playhouse , led by Michael Mohun . As soon as the King 's Company was formed in 1660 , Hart became one of its leading men ; he specialized in playing the male half of witty , bantering couples . This type of dialogue in Restoration comedy was largely influenced by the talents and personalities of Hart and Nell Gwyn , in plays like James Howard 's The Mad Couple ; Gwyn was his mistress before she became Charles II 's . Hart 's natural dignity in playing royal roles was also often commented on by contemporaries , and in the heroic play he `` was celebrated for superman roles , notably the arrogant , bloodthirsty Almanzor in John Dryden 's Conquest of Granada . ''   When Hart played in Euterpe Restored in 1672 , Richard Flecknoe composed the following lines :   Beauty to the eye , and music to the ear ,  Such even the nicest critics must allow  Burbage was once and such Charles Hart is now .   Throughout his Restoration career , Hart filled a range of noteworthy parts . He was Cassio in early stagings of Shakespear 's Othello ; after 1669 he played the title role . He played roles in revivals of plays by Shakespeare , Ben Jonson , and John Fletcher --   Hotspur in Henry IV , Part 1  Brutus in Julius Caesar  Mosca in Volpone  Demetrius in The Humorous Lieutenant  Michael Perez in Rule a Wife and Have a Wife  Arbaces in A King and No King  Amintor in The Maid 's Tragedy  Rollo in Rollo Duke of Normandy  Welford in The Scornful Lady  Don John in The Chances   -- and in contemporary dramas , by John Dryden --   Marc Antony in All for Love  Porphyrius in Tyrannick Love  Aurange Zebe in Aurang-zebe  Celadon in The Maiden Queen  Wildblood in An Evening 's Love  Cortez in The Indian Emperour  Aurelian in The Assignation   -- and by other dramatists --   Horner in Wycherly 's The Country Wife  Manly in Wycherly 's The Plain Dealer  Phraartes in Crowne 's The Destruction of Jerusalem  Massinissa in Lee 's Sophonisba , or Hannibal 's Overthrow  Alexander the Great in Lee 's The Rival Queens  Ziphares in Lee 's Mythridates , King of Pontus  Lord Delaware in Boyle 's The Black Prince .   In 1682 , when the King 's Company joined with the Duke 's Company to form the United Company , Hart retired due to poor health , with a pension of 40 shillings per week . The well-known story that Hart was the illegitimate grandson of Shakespeare 's sister Joan is largely discredited .

neg: John Julian John Julian ( c. 1701 -- 26 March 1733 , aged 32 ) was the first recorded black pirate to operate in the New World , as the pilot of the ship Whydah .   Julian was a half-blood Miskito Indian who joined Samuel Bellamy early in his brief career . He eventually piloted the Whydah , which was the leading ship of Bellamy 's fleet , when he was only 16 years old . Julian was one of 30 to 50 people of African descent in the pirate crew -- all were treated as equals .   Julian 's life became more difficult after he survived the Whydah wreck in 1717 . He was jailed in Boston but apparently never indicted . He was likely sold into slavery , the `` Julian the Indian '' bought by John Quincy -- whose great grandson , President John Quincy Adams , became a staunch abolitionist .   A purported `` unruly slave '' , Julian the Indian was sold to another owner and tried often to escape . During one attempt , he killed a bounty hunter who was trying to catch him . He was executed on March 22 , 1733 .

neg: Batavia's Graveyard Batavia 's Graveyard : The True Story of the Mad Heretic Who Led History 's Bloodiest Mutiny ( 2002 ) is a book by Welsh author Mike Dash about the Dutch ship Batavia , shipwrecked in 1629 on a small island in the Houtman Abrolhos atoll off the western shore of Australia .   The book retells the story of one of the largest mutinies in history , led by one of the ship 's officers Jeronimus Cornelisz , who eventually oversaw the murder of at least 110 people . The book explores the background of the period in history , and many of the people involved in Holland , such as John of Leiden who influenced the mutiny and the revolutionary and violent messianism of its Anabaptist leaders . It retells the tortuous trip from Europe to the East Indies , and a detailed account of the events which transpired on the islands after the captain and some of the crew left for Java in an open boat , before they returned several months later . It also has information on what happened to the survivors and the rediscovery of the wreck in the 20th century .

neg: Land of the Blind Land of the Blind is a 2006 British-American black comedy drama film starring Ralph Fiennes , Donald Sutherland , Tom Hollander and Lara Flynn Boyle .   Land of the Blind is a dark political satire , based on several incidents throughout history in which tyrannical rulers were overthrown by new leaders who proved to be just as bad , if not worse , and subtle references are made to several such cases . The title is taken from the saying , `` In the land of the blind , the one-eyed man is king . ''   Land of the Blind had its world premiere in competition at the International Film Festival Rotterdam , and was the Opening Night Gala film at the 2006 Human Rights Watch Film Festival in London . Its U.S. premiere was in competition at the 2006 Tribeca Film Festival . The film sparked intense reaction during its festival run , attacked by both left and right , each of which saw the film as a critique of its position .   Historical references in the film include Jean-Paul Marat ( from the French Revolution ) , Kim Jong-Il , Joseph Stalin , Benito Mussolini , Augusto Pinochet , Anastasio Somoza Debayle , François Duvalier , Rudolph Hess , Jean-Claude Duvalier , Lyndon B. Johnson , Julius Caesar ( from William Shakespeare 's play ) , Robert Mugabe , Ngo Dinh Diem , Idi Amin , the PIRA Maze prison protests , U.S. POWs in Vietnam , the Weathermen terrorist group , the Khmer Rouge , the 1979 Revolution in Iran , and the subsequent Cultural Revolution in that country .

neg: Henry Stephenson Henry Stephenson ( 16 April 1871 -- 24 April 1956 ) was a British stage and film actor . He portrayed friendly and wise gentlemen in many films of the 1930s and 1940s . Among his roles were Sir Joseph Banks in Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) and Mr. Brownlow in Oliver Twist ( 1948 ) .

neg: The Americano (1916 film) The Americano is a 1916 American silent adventure/romantic comedy film directed by John Emerson and stars Douglas Fairbanks in his last production for Triangle Film Corporation . Based on the novel Blaze Derringer , by Eugene P. Lyle , Jr. , the scenario was written by John Emerson and Anita Loos who also wrote the film 's intertitles . The film was re-released by S.A. Lynch Enterprises on August 21 , 1923 . Three 16mm prints and one 8mm print of the film still exists . Set in a fictional South American country of Paragonia , it has been described as one of a group of films that supported United States imperialism by providing support to the idea of manifest destiny .

neg: Lieutenant Starbuck Lieutenant Starbuck of the Colonial Service , played by Dirk Benedict , is a fictional character in the 1978 science fiction television series Battlestar Galactica . Starbuck is a Viper starfighter pilot , gambler , womanizer and smoker of `` fumerellos , '' or cigars . He is involved with Lieutenant Athena and socialator Cassiopeia , and best friend of Captain Apollo .

neg: Mutiny on the Bounty (band) Mutiny on the Bounty ( abbreviated MOTB ) is a Luxembourgish alternative rock band from Esch-sur-Alzette .

neg: B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity .   In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics .   Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie .   From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .

neg: Stanley Theater (Utica, New York) The Stanley Theatre is a historic Baroque movie palace in Utica , New York . Over the years , it has gone through several changes of ownership , but has always been affiliated with Warner Brothers Pictures .   Originally owned by the Stanley-Mark Strand Corporation chain , the Stanley Theatre ( and entire movie theatre chain ) was purchased three days before opening by Warner Brothers . The company was eager to showcase its products on as many screens as possible . The theatre opened on September 10 , 1928 , with the silent movie Ramona starring Dolores del Río .   Thomas W. Lamb , a prolific theatre architect , designed the 2,963 seat cinema for the Mastbaum chain of theatres . The theatre was named for Stanley , one of the Mastbaum brothers . While Lamb and his firm designed over 300 theatres worldwide , he is considered to be somewhat of a local , having owned a camp in the Adirondacks . ( His great grandson lives in the Albany area today . )   The Stanley was built in less than 13 months on the expanding southern edge of downtown , some four blocks away from Utica 's theatre district . Unfortunately , all the theatres located there were razed during the Urban Renewal era of the 1960s and 70s . The Stanley remained open through all of this , though it suffered many years of benign neglect . In 1974 , when the threat of destruction became very real , the Central New York Community Arts Council ( renamed Stanley Center for the Arts in 2008 ) spearheaded a campaign to acquire the property , which it did for $ 135,000 .   The design motif of the Stanley Theatre is dubbed `` Mexican Baroque '' because of its unique blend of styles . The terra cotta and tiled mosaic exterior shows the Mexican influence , while Habsburg lions , Indian faces , and a multitude of angels and cherubs grace the lavish gold leaf Baroque theatre interior . Moorish influence is also evident in the star-splashed ceiling and twisted columns flanking the stage . Legend has it that the grand entry staircase was designed to resemble the main staircase on the Titanic ocean liner .   While the Stanley Theatre continued to be primarily a movie house , it introduced live events early in its history . Today it is host to the Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute Great Artists Series ( over 75 years ) ; Broadway Theatre League ( 50 years ) ; Utica Symphony ( over 60 years ) ; and the Mohawk Valley Ballet ( over 25 years ) .   Notable early performers included legendary singers Marian Anderson , Ezio Pinza , Lily Pons , Jeanette MacDonald , and Gene Autry . Later illustrious entertainers included Chuck Mangione , Conway Twitty , Third Eye Blind , Diana Ross , Barry Manilow , and Harry Connick Jr. . The Stanley was also host to multiple appearances by Jerry Seinfeld , Wynton Marsalis , George Carlin , Itzhak Perlman , Bob Weir & RatDog ! , and B.B. King . More recent performances include Aretha Franklin and legendary songwriter Burt Bacharach . The Broadway Theatre League brought in National Touring productions of Cats ( musical ) , Annie , Evita , Sweeney Todd , and Barnum .   The theater was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 . It is significant for its relationship to the early movie industry and its distinctive architecture .

neg: Basiana Basiana ( early 1880s -- June 19 , 1928 ) was a native leader of the Kwaio group on Malaita in the Solomon Islands . He was a powerful and feared ramo ( bounty hunter ) , and came from a line of prominent leaders , feastgivers , and warriors of the Gounaile clan . He is known in the West as the killer of William R. Bell , the colonial District Officer , for which he and his co-conspirators were hanged .   He was the only son and the eldest of his first cousins , so he was groomed for this position from an early age . Unlike many members of his clan , he did not go to Queensland or Fiji to work . As an adult , he became one of the most feared ramo of the time , and was remembered as able to kill with ruthlessness and fearlessness that intimidated those around him . He is also remembered for his obsession with honour and strict enforcement of Kwaio norms . Basiana 's success gave great quantities of wealth to his clan from his collection of blood money , which in turn contributed to the prestige of the clan as they offered feasts .   In the 1920s , Basiana and the other strongmen saw their power slipping under the new colonial regime , which was making inroads into Malaita led by the Malaita District Officer Bell . They saw the threat of the Protectorate justice , as some Kwaio had been hanged in Tulagi for the sort of killing that they did . Furthermore , they resented the imposition of a head tax on all Malaitans , and the efforts of the colonial authorities to confiscate their rifles . Finally , they resented the increased power of the newly commissioned constables , who were given power by the colonial authorities .   In 1927 Basiana and two other ramo planned an attack on Bell as he made his annual tax collection rounds . Others , aware of the strength of the British from their experience abroad or afraid from premonitions in a dream , tried to discourage the attack , but Basiana dismissed their concerns and was able to coerce others into following him . On October 4 , Basiana paid his tax , withdrew , and then reappeared at the front of the queue and plunged his rifle into Bell 's head with such strength his head virtually exploded . Other members of the party attacked , and most of the tax collection party were killed .   In retaliation for this killing , the colonial authorities launched a punitive expedition to root out the plotters of the attack and bring them to justice . Basiana , as the most wanted man , kept on the move and was able to evade the search parties . But later he surrendered , as he received news about the extent of the damage of the punitive expedition . Along with 200 other detainees , he was held in facilities in Tulagi for several months , awaiting trial . Along with five others he was convicted of murder and sentenced to be hanged . He was hanged publicly on June 19 , with his two sons watching .   Basiana 's eldest son Anifelo , raised to be a ramo as well , went on to become a police drummer , evangelist , and anticolonial political leader . He had one other son and one daughter .


query: None of lung cancer's symptoms is chest pains.

pos: Lung cancer Lung cancer , also known as lung carcinoma , is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung . This growth can spread beyond the lung by the process of metastasis into nearby tissue or other parts of the body . Most cancers that start in the lung , known as primary lung cancers , are carcinomas . The two main types are small-cell lung carcinoma ( SCLC ) and non-small-cell lung carcinoma ( NSCLC ) . The most common symptoms are coughing ( including coughing up blood ) , weight loss , shortness of breath , and chest pains .   The vast majority ( 85 % ) of cases of lung cancer are due to long-term tobacco smoking . About 10 -- 15 % of cases occur in people who have never smoked . These cases are often caused by a combination of genetic factors and exposure to radon gas , asbestos , second-hand smoke , or other forms of air pollution . Lung cancer may be seen on chest radiographs and computed tomography ( CT ) scans . The diagnosis is confirmed by biopsy which is usually performed by bronchoscopy or CT-guidance .   Avoidance of risk factors , including smoking and air pollution , is the primary method of prevention . Treatment and long-term outcomes depend on the type of cancer , the stage ( degree of spread ) , and the person 's overall health . Most cases are not curable . Common treatments include surgery , chemotherapy , and radiotherapy . NSCLC is sometimes treated with surgery , whereas SCLC usually responds better to chemotherapy and radiotherapy .   Worldwide in 2012 , lung cancer occurred in 1.8 million people and resulted in 1.6 million deaths . This makes it the most common cause of cancer-related death in men and second most common in women after breast cancer . The most common age at diagnosis is 70 years . Overall , 17.4 % of people in the United States diagnosed with lung cancer survive five years after the diagnosis , while outcomes on average are worse in the developing world .

neg: Tar (tobacco residue) Tar is the common name for the resinous , partially combusted particulate matter produced by the burning of tobacco and other plant material in the act of smoking . Tar is toxic and damages the smoker 's lungs over time through various biochemical and mechanical processes . Tar also damages the mouth by rotting and blackening teeth , damaging gums , and desensitizing taste buds . Tar includes the majority of mutagenic and carcinogenic agents in tobacco smoke . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAH ) , for example , are genotoxic via epoxidation .   There is a common misconception that the tar in cigarettes is equivalent to the tar used on roads . As a result of this , cigarette companies in the United States , when prompted to give tar/nicotine ratings for cigarettes , usually use `` tar , '' in quotation marks , to indicate that it is not the road surface component . Tar is occasionally referred to as an acronym for total aerosol residue ,  a backronym coined in the mid-1960s .   Tar , when in the lungs , coats the cilia causing them to stop working and eventually die , causing such conditions as lung cancer as the toxic particles in tobacco smoke are no longer trapped by the cilia but enter the alveoli directly . Thus , the alveoli can not come through with the process that is called ` gas exchange ' which is the cause of rough breathing .   The tar from cigarette smoke is similar to that of marijuana smoke .

neg: Occupational lung disease Occupational lung diseases are occupational diseases affecting the respiratory system , including occupational asthma , black lung disease ( coalworker 's pneumoconiosis ) , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) , mesothelioma , and silicosis . Infectious lung diseases can also be acquired in an occupational context . Exposure to substances like flock and silica can cause fibrosing lung disease , whereas exposure to carcinogens like asbestos and beryllium can cause lung cancer . Occupational cases of interstitial lung disease may be misdiagnosed as COPD , idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis , or a myriad of other diseases ; leading to a delay in identification of the causative agent .

neg: Chest (journal) Chest is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering chest diseases and related issues , including pulmonology , cardiology , thoracic surgery , transplantation , breathing , airway diseases , and emergency medicine . The journal was established in 1935 . It is the official journal of the American College of Chest Physicians which publishes the journal . The editor-in-chief is Richard S. Irwin ( University of Massachusetts Medical School ) .

neg: Asbestosis Asbestosis is a chronic inflammatory and scarring disease affecting the tissue of the lungs . People with the condition may experience severe shortness of breath and are at an increased risk for certain cancers , including lung cancer and , less commonly , mesothelioma . Asbestosis specifically refers to fibrosis within the lung tissue from asbestos , and not scarring around the outside of the lungs .   It is caused by the breathing in and retention of asbestos fibers . It usually occurs after high intensity and/or long-term exposure to asbestos ( particularly in those individuals working on the production or end-use of products containing asbestos ) and is therefore regarded as an occupational lung disease . People with extensive occupational exposure to the mining , manufacturing , handling , or removal of asbestos are at risk of developing asbestosis .

neg: Hypochondriasis Hypochondriasis , also known as hypochondria , health anxiety or illness anxiety disorder , refers to worry about having a serious illness . This debilitating condition is the result of an inaccurate perception of the condition of body or mind despite the absence of an actual medical condition . An individual suffering from hypochondriasis is known as a hypochondriac . Hypochondriacs become unduly alarmed about any physical or psychological symptoms they detect , no matter how minor the symptom may be , and are convinced that they have , or are about to be diagnosed with , a serious illness .   Often , hypochondria persists even after a physician has evaluated a person and reassured them that their concerns about symptoms do not have an underlying medical basis or , if there is a medical illness , their concerns are far in excess of what is appropriate for the level of disease . Many hypochondriacs focus on a particular symptom as the catalyst of their worrying , such as gastro-intestinal problems , palpitations , or muscle fatigue . To qualify for the diagnosis of hypochondria the symptoms must have been experienced for at least 6 months .   The DSM-IV-TR defines this disorder , `` Hypochondriasis '' , as a somatoform disorder and one study has shown it to affect about 3 % of the visitors to primary care settings . The newly published DSM-5 replaces the diagnosis of hypochondriasis with the diagnoses of `` somatic symptom disorder '' and `` illness anxiety disorder '' .   Hypochondria is often characterized by fears that minor bodily or mental symptoms may indicate a serious illness , constant self-examination and self-diagnosis , and a preoccupation with one 's body . Many individuals with hypochondriasis express doubt and disbelief in the doctors ' diagnosis , and report that doctors ' reassurance about an absence of a serious medical condition is unconvincing , or short-lasting . Additionally , many hypochondriacs experience elevated blood pressure , stress , and anxiety in the presence of doctors or while occupying a medical facility , a condition known as `` white coat syndrome '' . Many hypochondriacs require constant reassurance , either from doctors , family , or friends , and the disorder can become a disabling torment for the individual with hypochondriasis , as well as his or her family and friends . Some hypochondriacal individuals completely avoid any reminder of illness , whereas others frequently visit medical facilities , sometimes obsessively . Some sufferers may never speak about it .

neg: Papworth method The Papworth method is a specific diaphragmatic breathing technique that was developed in the 1960s . The technique emphasises nose breathing and the development of a breathing pattern to suit current activity . It also involves relaxation exercises that , in concert with the breathing technique , have been purported to aid depression and anxiety .   Developed at Papworth Hospital in Cambridgeshire , England , the method seeks to control `` over-breathing '' ( rapid shallow breaths taken at the top of the chest ) that are usually associated with persons under stressful conditions . The aim is to encourage gentler , more relaxed breathing , using the abdomen and diaphragm rather than the chest .

neg: Cordectomy Cordectomy is the surgical removal of a cord . It usually refers to removal of the vocal cord , often for the purpose of treating Laryngeal Cancer . The word is derived from the Greek , combining `` Chorde '' and `` ektome '' meaning excision . It can be carried out by traditional surgical techniques or , increasingly , by Carbon Dioxide Laser . CO2 laser cordectomy has allowed the treatment of glottic carcinoma as a day case procedure . The procedure has also been carried out by vets to prevent incessant barking by dogs . In Human , this type of surgeries are usually done by the Otolaryngologists and Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeons .   Prior to surgery , the patient must be informed of serious , debilitating , and permanent consequences of surgery , most notably the loss of speaking capacity with severity correlating to the portion of vocal cords removed . A patient will be incapable of producing most vocal sounds following total cordectomy , although certain primal deep guttural screams may still be produced , with the patient almost always retaining the ability to speak in whispers . There is little no chance of a patient recovering their voice following a complete or near-complete cordectomy as the procedure literally removes the organs responsible for vocal utterances , and patients with a less-than-entire cordectomy will always lose some or most of their vocal range ( again corresponding to the section and amount of removed vocal cords ) . Doctors are encouraged to explore alternative communication technologies with patients ( such as voice-boxes , whisper-amplifying devices , and text = to-speak softwares ) prior to determining the acceptability of the procedure . Patients should be made to understand that the procedure is absolutely permanent and their vocal capacity ( with current technology ) will never recover to its range prior to the surgery , and patients with small percentages of cord removals will experience disproportionately severe loss of vocal range compared to the loss suffered by patients who have undergone a near-entire cordectomy procedure .   The indications being Carcinoma of Vocal cords and Early Glottic Carcinoma etc. .   According to the European Laryngeal Society , Cordectomy is classified into followings :   1 ) Type I : Subepithelial cordectomy  2 ) Type II : Subligamental cordectomy  3 ) Type III : Transmuscular cordectomy  4 ) Type IV : Total or Complete cordectomy   Category : Oral and maxillofacial surgery

neg: Liver cancer Liver cancer , also known as hepatic cancer and primary hepatic cancer , is cancer that starts in the liver . Cancer which has spread from elsewhere to the liver , known as liver metastasis , is more common than that which starts in the liver . Symptoms of liver cancer may include a lump or pain in the right side below the rib cage , swelling of the abdomen , yellowish skin , easy bruising , weight loss , and weakness .   The leading cause of liver cancer is cirrhosis due to hepatitis B , hepatitis C , or alcohol . Other causes include aflatoxin , non-alcoholic fatty liver disease , and liver flukes . The most common types are hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ) , which makes up 80 % of cases , and cholangiocarcinoma . Less common types include mucinous cystic neoplasm and intraductal papillary biliary neoplasm . The diagnosis may be supported by blood tests and medical imaging with confirmation by tissue biopsy .   Preventive efforts include immunization against hepatitis B and treating those infected with hepatitis B or C. Screening is recommended in those with chronic liver disease . Treatment options may include surgery , targeted therapy , and radiation therapy . In certain cases ablation therapy , embolization therapy , or liver transplantation may be used . Small lumps in the liver may be simply closely followed .   Primary liver cancer is globally the sixth most frequent cancer ( 6 % ) and the second leading cause of death from cancer ( 9 % ) . In 2012 it occurred in 782,000 people and in 2015 resulted in 810,500 deaths . In 2015 , 263,000 deaths from liver cancer were due to hepatitis B , 167,000 to hepatitis C , and 245,000 to alcohol . Higher rates of liver cancer occur where hepatitis B and C are common , including Asia and sub-Saharan Africa . Males are more often affected with HCC than females . Diagnosis is most frequent among those 55 to 65 years old . Five-year survival rates are 18 % in the United States . The word `` hepatic '' is from the Greek hêpar , meaning `` liver . ''

neg: Pain in animals In humans , pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli . Whether animals apart from humans also experience pain is contentious . The standard measure of pain in humans is how a person reports that pain , ( for example , on a pain scale ) . `` Pain '' is defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain as `` an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage , or described in terms of such damage . '' Only the person experiencing the pain can know the pain 's quality and intensity , and the degree of suffering . However , for non-human animals , it is harder , if even possible , to know whether an emotional experience has occurred . Therefore , this concept is often excluded in definitions of pain in animals , such as that provided by Zimmerman : `` an aversive sensory experience caused by actual or potential injury that elicits protective motor and vegetative reactions , results in learned avoidance and may modify species-specific behaviour , including social behaviour . '' Non-human animals can not report their feelings to language-using humans in the same manner as human communication , but observation of their behaviour provides a reasonable indication as to the extent of their pain . Just as with doctors and medics who sometimes share no common language with their patients , the indicators of pain can still be understood .   According to the U.S. National Research Council Committee on Recognition and Alleviation of Pain in Laboratory Animals , pain is experienced by many animal species , including mammals and possibly all vertebrates .

neg: Radon Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86 . It is a radioactive , colorless , odorless , tasteless noble gas . It occurs naturally as an intermediate step in the normal radioactive decay chains through which thorium and uranium slowly decay into lead ; radon , itself , is a decay product of radium . Its most stable isotope , 222Rn , has a half-life of 3.8 days . Since thorium and uranium are two of the most common radioactive elements on Earth , and since their isotopes have very long half-lives , on the order of billions of years , radon will be present in nature long into the future in spite of its short half-life as it is continually being regenerated .   Unlike all the other intermediate elements in the aforementioned decay chains , radon is , under normal conditions , gaseous and easily inhaled . Radon gas is a health hazard . It is often the single largest contributor to an individual 's background radiation dose , but due to local differences in geology , the level of the radon-gas hazard differs from location to location . Despite its short lifetime , radon gas from natural sources can accumulate in buildings , especially , due to its high density , in low areas such as basements and crawl spaces . Radon can also occur in ground water -- for example , in some spring waters and hot springs .   Epidemiological studies have shown a clear link between breathing high concentrations of radon and incidence of lung cancer . Radon is a contaminant that affects indoor air quality worldwide . According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency , radon is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer , after cigarette smoking , causing 21,000 lung cancer deaths per year in the United States . About 2,900 of these deaths occur among people who have never smoked . While radon is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer , it is the number one cause among non-smokers , according to EPA estimates . As radon itself decays , it produces other radioactive elements called radon daughters ( also known as radon progeny ) or decay products . Unlike the gaseous radon itself , radon daughters are solids and stick to surfaces , such as dust particles in the air . If such contaminated dust is inhaled , these particles can also cause lung cancer .

neg: Bronchodilator A bronchodilator is a substance that dilates the bronchi and bronchioles , decreasing resistance in the respiratory airway and increasing airflow to the lungs . Bronchodilators may be endogenous ( originating naturally within the body ) , or they may be medications administered for the treatment of breathing difficulties . They are most useful in obstructive lung diseases , of which asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are the most common conditions . Although this remains somewhat controversial , they might be useful in bronchiolitis and Bronchiectasis . They are often prescribed but of unproven significance in restrictive lung diseases .   Bronchodilators are either short-acting or long-acting . Short-acting medications provide quick or `` rescue '' relief from acute bronchoconstriction . Long-acting bronchodilators help to control and prevent symptoms . The three types of prescription bronchodilating drugs are β2-agonists ( short - and long-acting ) , anticholinergics ( short-acting ) , and theophylline ( long-acting ) .

neg: Ex vivo Ex vivo ( Latin : `` out of the living '' ) means that which takes place outside an organism . In science , ex vivo refers to experimentation or measurements done in or on tissue from an organism in an external environment with minimal alteration of natural conditions . Ex vivo conditions allow experimentation on an organism 's cells or tissues under more controlled conditions than is possible in in vivo experiments ( in the intact organism ) , at the expense of altering the `` natural '' environment .   A primary advantage of using ex vivo tissues is the ability to perform tests or measurements that would otherwise not be possible or ethical in living subjects . Tissues may be removed in many ways , including in part , as whole organs , or as larger organ systems .   Examples of ex vivo specimen use include :  assays ;  finding cancer treatment agents that are effective against the organism 's cancer cells  measurements of physical , thermal , electrical , mechanical , optical and other tissue properties , especially in various environments that may not be life-sustaining ( for example , at extreme pressures or temperatures ) ;  realistic models for surgical procedure development ;  investigations into the interaction of different energy types with tissues ;  or as phantoms in imaging technique development .   The term ex vivo means that the samples to be tested have been extracted from the organism . The term in vitro ( `` within the glass '' ) means the samples to be tested are obtained from a repository , in the case of cancer cells a strain that would produce favorable results , then grown to produce a control sample and the number of samples required for the number of tests . These two terms are not synonymous even though the testing in both cases is `` within the glass '' . The results of ex vivo only apply to the organism supplying the cell whereas the in vitro results only apply to the cell line used .   In cell biology , ex vivo procedures often involve living cells or tissues taken from an organism and cultured in a laboratory apparatus , usually under sterile conditions with no alterations , for up to 24 hours to obtain sufficient cells for the experiments . Experiments generally start after 24 hours of incubation . Using living cells or tissue from the same organism are still considered to be ex vivo . One widely performed ex vivo study is the chick chorioallantoic membrane ( CAM ) assay . In this assay , angiogenesis is promoted on the CAM membrane of a chicken embryo outside the organism ( chicken ) .

neg: Cancer prevention Cancer prevention is defined as active measures to decrease the risk of cancer . The vast majority of cancer cases are due to environmental risk factors , and many , but not all , of these environmental factors are controllable lifestyle choices . Greater than 30 % of cancer deaths could be prevented by avoiding risk factors including : tobacco , overweight / obesity , an insufficient diet , physical inactivity , alcohol , sexually transmitted infections , and air pollution . Not all environmental causes are controllable , such as naturally occurring background radiation , and other cases of cancer are caused through hereditary genetic disorders , and thus it is not possible to prevent all cases of cancer .

neg: Pulmonary aspiration Pulmonary aspiration is the entry of material ( such as pharyngeal secretions , food or drink , or stomach contents ) from the oropharynx or gastrointestinal tract into the larynx ( voice box ) and lower respiratory tract ( the portions of the respiratory system from the trachea -- i.e. , windpipe -- to the lungs ) . A person may either inhale the material , or it may be delivered into the tracheobronchial tree during positive pressure ventilation . When pulmonary aspiration occurs during eating and drinking , the aspirated material is often colloquially referred to as `` going down the wrong pipe . ''   Consequences of pulmonary aspiration range from no injury at all , to chemical pneumonitis or pneumonia , to death within minutes from asphyxiation . These consequences depend in part on the volume , chemical composition , particle size , presence or absence of infectious agents , and underlying health status of the person . In healthy people , aspiration of small quantities of material is common and rarely results in disease or injury . People with significant underlying disease or injury , especially hospitalized patients , are at greater risk for developing respiratory complications following pulmonary aspiration because of certain factors such as depressed level of consciousness and impaired airway defenses ( gag reflex and/or respiratory tract antimicrobial defense system ) . As the lumen of the right main bronchus is more vertical and of slightly wider diameter than that of the left , aspirated material is more likely to end up in this bronchus or one of its subsequent bifurcation .   About 3.6 million cases of pulmonary aspiration or foreign body in the airway occurred in 2013 .

neg: Dysphagia Dysphagia is the medical term for the symptom of difficulty in swallowing . Although classified under `` symptoms and signs '' in ICD-10 , the term is sometimes used as a condition in its own right . People with dysphagia are sometimes unaware of having it .   The word is derived from the Greek dys meaning bad or disordered , and the root phag - meaning `` eat '' . It may be a sensation that suggests difficulty in the passage of solids or liquids from the mouth to the stomach , a lack of pharyngeal sensation , or various other inadequacies of the swallowing mechanism . Dysphagia is distinguished from other symptoms including odynophagia , which is defined as painful swallowing , and globus , which is the sensation of a lump in the throat . A person can have dysphagia without odynophagia ( dysfunction without pain ) , odynophagia without dysphagia ( pain without dysfunction ) , or both together . A psychogenic dysphagia is known as phagophobia .

neg: Nones (liturgy) Nones ( -LSB- ˈnoʊnz -RSB- ) , also known as None ( Nona , `` Ninth '' ) , the Ninth Hour , or the Midafternoon Prayer , is a fixed time of prayer of the Divine Office of almost all the traditional Christian liturgies . It consists mainly of psalms and is said around 3 pm , about the ninth hour after dawn . Following Vatican II , the hour is optional in the Catholic Church : it may be said whenever convenient during the day or omitted entirely . However , bishops and priests are still expected to recite the full sequence of hours , as closely as possible to the traditional time of day .

neg: Chemotherapy Chemotherapy ( often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx ) is a category of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs ( chemotherapeutic agents ) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen . Chemotherapy may be given with a curative intent ( which almost always involves combinations of drugs ) , or it may aim to prolong life or to reduce symptoms ( palliative chemotherapy ) . Chemotherapy is one of the major categories of the medical discipline specifically devoted to pharmacotherapy for cancer , which is called medical oncology .   By common usage , the term chemotherapy has come to connote the use of rather non-specific intracellular poisons , especially related to inhibiting the process of cell division known as mitosis , and generally excludes agents that more selectively block extracellular growth signals ( i.e. blockers of signal transduction ) . To avoid these connotations for recently developed ( against specific molecular or genetic targets ) therapies which inhibit of growth-promoting signals coming from classic endocrine hormones ( primarily estrogens for breast cancer and androgens for prostate cancer ) is known as hormonal therapy , while the inhibition of other growth-promoting influences ( especially those associated with receptor tyrosine kinases ) is known as targeted therapy .   Importantly , the use of drugs ( whether chemotherapy , hormonal therapy or targeted therapy ) constitutes systemic therapy for cancer in that they are introduced into the blood stream and are therefore in principle able to address cancer at any anatomic location in the body . Systemic therapy is often used in conjunction with other modalities that constitute local therapy ( i.e. treatments whose efficacy is confined to the anatomic area where they are applied ) for cancer such as radiation therapy , surgery and/or hyperthermia therapy .   Traditional chemotherapeutic agents are cytotoxic by means of interfering with cell division ( mitosis ) but cancer cells vary widely in their susceptibility to these agents . To a large extent , chemotherapy can be thought of as a way to damage or stress cells , which may then lead to cell death if apoptosis is initiated . Many of the side effects of chemotherapy can be traced to damage to normal cells that divide rapidly and are thus sensitive to anti-mitotic drugs : cells in the bone marrow , digestive tract and hair follicles . This results in the most common side-effects of chemotherapy : myelosuppression ( decreased production of blood cells , hence also immunosuppression ) , mucositis ( inflammation of the lining of the digestive tract ) , and alopecia ( hair loss ) . Because of the effect on immune cells ( especially lymphocytes ) , chemotherapy drugs often find use in a host of diseases that result from harmful overactivity of the immune system against self ( so-called autoimmunity ) . These include rheumatoid arthritis , systemic lupus erythematosus , multiple sclerosis , vasculitis and many others .

neg: Postural drainage Postural drainage ( PD ) is drainage used in bronchiectasis and lung abscess . The patient 's body is positioned so that the trachea is inclined downward and below the affected chest area . Postural drainage is essential in treating bronchiectasis and patients must receive physiotherapy to learn to tip themselves into a position in which the lobe to be drained . It is done at least three times daily for up to 30 minutes . It can be done in the night to reduce coughing at night ( although PD should be avoided after meals ) or in the morning to clear accumulated secretions during the night . Bronchodilators can be used 15 minutes before PD is done to maximise its benefits . The most affected area is drained first to prevent infected secretions spilling into healthy lung . Drainage time varies but each position requires 10 minutes . If an entire hemithorax is involved , each lobe has to drained individual but a maximum of three position per session is considered sufficient . The procedure is discontinued if the patient complains of headache , discomfort , dizziness , palpitations , fatigue and dyspnea . Patients may be dyspnic after the various manuovers as the head-down position increases the work of breathing , reduces tidal volume and decreases FRC .   The treatment is often used in conjunction with a technique for loosening secretions in the chest cavity called chest percussion . Chest percussion is performed by clapping the back or chest with a cupped hand . Alternatively , a mechanical vibrator may be used in some cases to facilitate loosening of secretions . There are drainage positions for all segments of the lung . These positions can be modified depending on the patient 's condition .   Postural drainage may be followed by breathing exercises to help expel loosened secretions from the airway .

neg: List of questionable diseases This is a list of diseases and diagnoses that are considered questionable or rejected by many in the medical profession . Some are diagnosed using unvalidated or disputed diagnostic techniques such as applied kinesiology . Most purported symptoms are vague , generic , nonspecific , and generally categorised as `` symptoms of life '' .   Adrenal fatigue  Autistic enterocolitis  Chronic Lyme disease  Electromagnetic hypersensitivity  Fan death  Heavy legs  Leaky gut syndrome  Morgellons  Multiple chemical sensitivity  Non-coeliac gluten sensitivity  Oral galvanism  Wind turbine syndrome  Wilson 's temperature syndrome , also called Wilson 's thyroid syndrome . Not to be confused with Wilson 's disease .

neg: Alternative cancer treatments Alternative cancer treatments are alternative or complementary treatments for cancer that have not been approved by the government agencies responsible for the regulation of therapeutic goods . They include diet and exercise , chemicals , herbs , devices , and manual procedures . The treatments are not supported by evidence , either because no proper testing has been conducted , or because testing did not demonstrate statistically significant efficacy . Concerns have been raised about the safety of some of them . Some treatments that have been proposed in the past have been found in clinical trials to be useless or unsafe . Some of these obsolete or disproven treatments continue to be promoted , sold , and used . Promoting or marketing such treatments is illegal in most of the developed world including the United States and European Union .   A distinction is typically made between complementary treatments which do not disrupt conventional medical treatment , and alternative treatments which may replace conventional treatment .  Alternative cancer treatments are typically contrasted with experimental cancer treatments -- which are treatments for which experimental testing is underway -- and with complementary treatments , which are non-invasive practices used alongside other treatment . All approved chemotherapeutic cancer treatments were considered experimental cancer treatments before their safety and efficacy testing was completed .   Since the 1940s , medical science has developed chemotherapy , radiation therapy , adjuvant therapy and the newer targeted therapies , as well as refined surgical techniques for removing cancer . Before the development of these modern , evidence-based treatments , 90 % of cancer patients died within five years . With modern mainstream treatments , only 34 % of cancer patients die within five years . However , while mainstream forms of cancer treatment generally prolong life or permanently cure cancer , most treatments also have side effects ranging from unpleasant to fatal , such as pain , blood clots , fatigue , and infection . These side effects and the lack of a guarantee that treatment will be successful create appeal for alternative treatments for cancer , which purport to cause fewer side effects or to increase survival rates .   Alternative cancer treatments have typically not undergone properly conducted , well-designed clinical trials , or the results have not been published due to publication bias ( a refusal to publish results of a treatment outside that journal 's focus area , guidelines or approach ) . Among those that have been published , the methodology is often poor . A 2006 systematic review of 214 articles covering 198 clinical trials of alternative cancer treatments concluded that almost none conducted dose-ranging studies , which are necessary to ensure that the patients are being given a useful amount of the treatment . These kinds of treatments appear and vanish frequently , and have throughout history .