query: Ireland has a central jungle.

pos: Ireland Ireland ( -LSB- ˈaɪərlənd -RSB- Éire -LSB- ˈeːɾʲə -RSB- ; Ulster-Scots : Airlann -LSB- - scoˈɑːrlən -RSB- ) is an island in the North Atlantic . It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel , the Irish Sea , and St George 's Channel . Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles , the third-largest in Europe , and the twentieth-largest on Earth .   Politically , Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland ( officially named Ireland ) , which covers five-sixths of the island , and Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom , in the northeast of the island . In 2011 , the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million , ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain . Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just over 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland .   The island 's geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain , with several navigable rivers extending inland . The island has lush vegetation , a product of its mild but changeable climate which avoids extremes in temperature . Thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages . As of 2013 , the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11 % of the total , compared with a European average of 35 % . There are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland . The Irish climate is very moderate and classified as oceanic . As a result , winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area . However , summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe . Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant .   The earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC . Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE . The island was Christianised from the 5th century onward . Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century , England claimed sovereignty over Ireland . However , English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th -- 17th century Tudor conquest , which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain . In the 1690s , a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters , and was extended during the 18th century . With the Acts of Union in 1801 , Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom . A war of independence in the early 20th century was followed by the partition of the island , creating the Irish Free State , which became increasingly sovereign over the following decades , and Northern Ireland , which remained a part of the United Kingdom . Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s . This subsided following a political agreement in 1998 . In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom , and Northern Ireland , as part of it , did the same .   Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures , especially in the fields of literature . Alongside mainstream Western culture , a strong indigenous culture exists , as expressed through Gaelic games , Irish music , and the Irish language . The culture of the island also shares many features with that of Great Britain , including the English language , and sports such as association football , rugby , horse racing , and golf .

neg: List of Kings of Mide In medieval Ireland , the Kings of Mide were of the Clann Cholmáin , a branch of the Uí Néill . Several were High Kings of Ireland . After the collapse of the kingdom in the 12th century its dynasty , the Ua Mael Sechlainn or Ó Melaghlins , were forced west and settled on the east bank of the Shannon . Bearers of the name were still noted as among the Gaelic nobility until as late as the 1690s , though they had lost any real power long before .   The Kingdom of Mide itself seems to have existed as a kingdom ( though of varying sizes ) since at least the early historic era . Its name means `` middle '' , denoting the fact that it was situated in the very centre of Ireland in what is now County Westmeath , parts of north County Offaly , south County Longford and western County Meath . Its early kings may have been of the Dál Messin Corb - whose sept , the Uí Garrchon , were Kings of Leinster . However , from the late 400 's onwards they were driven away from their original homeland in modern County Kildare and over the Wicklow Mountains by the Ui Néill , whose sept , the Clann Cholmáin , took their place .

neg: Mag Mell In Irish mythology , Mag Mell ( modern spelling : Magh Meall , meaning `` plain of joy '' ) was a mythical realm achievable through death and/or glory . Unlike the underworld in some mythologies , Mag Mell was a pleasurable paradise , identified as either an island far to the west of Ireland or a kingdom beneath the ocean . However , Mag Mell was similar to the fields of Elysium in Greek mythology , and like the fields of Elysium , was accessible only to a select few . Furthermore , Mag Mell , like the numerous other mystical islands said to be off the coast of Ireland , was never explicitly stated in any surviving mythological account to be an afterlife . Rather , it is usually portrayed as a paradisal location populated by deities , which is occasionally visited by some adventurous mortals . In its island guise it was visited by various Irish heroes and monks forming the basis of the Adventure Myth or `` echtrae '' as defined by Myles Dillon in his book Early Irish Literature . This otherworld is a place where sickness and death do not exist . It is a place of eternal youth and beauty . Here , music , strength , life and all pleasurable pursuits come together in a single place . Here happiness lasts forever , no one wants for food or drink . It is the Irish equivalent of the Greek Elysium or the Valhalla of the Norse .   Legends say its ruler is the Fomorian King Tethra , or more frequently Manannan mac Lir . Mag Mell 's allure extended from the pagan era to Christian times . In later stories , the realm is less an afterlife destination than an Earthly Paradise which adventurers could reach by traveling west from Ireland , often blown off course by providential tempests while on an inspired mission . They typically explore many other fantastic islands before reaching their destination and returning home ( or sailing on ) . Among these voyagers are St. Brendan , Bran mac Febal ( see The Voyage of Bran ) , and Mael Dúin .   Irish monks , being celebrated sailors , doubtless inspired such stories and were inspired by them . They reached and colonized any number of faraway islands , and St. Brendan is even speculated to have reached the New World a thousand years before Columbus .

neg: Irish population analysis The population of the Island of Ireland in 2016 was approximately 6.6 million comprising 4.75 million in the Republic of Ireland with another 1.85 million in Northern Ireland . Although this is a significant growth over recent years , it is still some way below the record high of the early 1840s .   Between 1780 and 1840 , Ireland experienced rapid population growth , rising from about 3 million in 1780 to over 8 million by 1840 . In 1841 , the population of the area now covering the Republic of Ireland was over 6.5 million people . The subsequent Great Famine and the emigration it caused had a dramatic effect , so that by 1871 , the 26-county population had dropped by over a third to four million , and by 1926 had reduced further to three million . It held firm around three million until the early 1970s , when the population began to rise again . Future predictions are for the population to continue to rise until 2031 when it is predicted to be just over five million . The Republic of Ireland is one of the few remaining developed economies to have growth of this scale .   Below are some statistics to illustrate the rise , fall and rise again of the population since 1841 . The statistics also illustrate a massive population shift from the west to the east of the country and increasing urbanisation . Counties such as Mayo , Roscommon , Donegal and Leitrim have become depopulated while counties surrounding Dublin including Wicklow , Kildare , Louth and Meath have seen rapid population growth in recent years .

neg: Moyle District Council Moyle District Council was a Local Council in County Antrim in the northeast of Northern Ireland . It merged with Ballymoney Borough Council , Coleraine Borough Council and Limavady Borough Council in May 2015 under local government reorganisation to become Causeway Coast and Glens District Council .   It covered a largely rural area of approximately 190 square miles ( including 42 miles of coastline ) and with a population of just over 17,000 had the smallest population of any principal local council in Ireland and the second-smallest in the United Kingdom , after the Isles of Scilly .   As a consequence , in 1991 the local government boundary commission originally recommended that the council should be merged with the neighbouring Ballymoney council to create a new council called `` Dalriada '' . This was strongly opposed by both councils and also by Ballymena which would have gained the Glens of Antrim and a small part of Ballymoney council in the process . After a public enquiry the plans were shelved and Moyle was preserved .   Council headquarters were in Ballycastle . Other towns in the area included Bushmills ( home to the world 's oldest licensed distillery which has produced the famous Irish whiskey `` Bushmills '' since 1608 ) , Ballintoy , Armoy , Cushendall , Cushendun and Waterfoot . The area is very popular with tourists and includes the three best known features of Northern Ireland : the Giant 's Causeway ( a World Heritage Site ) , the Glens of Antrim and Rathlin Island , which lies 7 miles off Ballycastle .   The Council was composed of 15 councillors who were elected from three electoral areas ( Ballycastle , Giant 's Causeway and The Glens ) every four years by a system of proportional representation .   Most of the former council forms the North Antrim constituency ( together with the neighbouring former Local Council areas of Ballymena and Ballymoney ) , for elections to the Westminster Parliament and Northern Ireland Assembly . The exception is the Glens of Antrim area , most of which is part of the East Antrim constituency . The council was a majority Catholic enclave in the otherwise Protestant County Antrim .

neg: Coole Park Coole Park is a nature reserve of approximately 1000 acre located a few miles west of Gort , County Galway , Ireland .  It is operated by the Irish National Parks & Wildlife Service , part of the Department of Arts , Heritage and the Gaeltacht .  The park is in a low -- lying karstic limestone area characterised by seasonal lakes , known as turloughs , which are almost unique to Ireland . It has extensive woodlands . There are 6 kilometres of signposted nature trails plus a formal late 18th century walled garden .

neg: Mourne Mountains The Mourne Mountains ( pronounced -LSB- ˈmɔərn -RSB- ; na Beanna Boirche ) , also called the Mournes or Mountains of Mourne , are a granite mountain range in County Down in the south-east of Northern Ireland . It includes the highest mountains in Northern Ireland and the province of Ulster . The highest of these is Slieve Donard at 850 m . The Mournes is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and has been proposed as the first national park in Northern Ireland . The area is partly owned by the National Trust and sees a large number of visitors every year . The name Mourne ( historically spelt Morne ) is derived from the name of a Gaelic clann or sept called the Múghdhorna .

neg: Bog of Allen The Bog of Allen ( Móin Alúine in Irish ) is a large raised bog in the centre of Ireland between the rivers Liffey and Shannon .   The bog 's 958 square kilometers ( 370 square miles ) stretch into County Offaly , County Meath , County Kildare , County Laois , and County Westmeath . Peat is mechanically harvested on a large scale by Bórd na Móna , the government-owned peat production industry . The area has miles of narrow gauge industrial railways for transporting turf to processing plants and turf powered power plants . In addition , the cutover portions are used as area for grazing . The bog is crossed by the Grand Canal and the Royal Canal .

neg: Slige Midluachra Slige Midluachra is the old northern road sometimes known High Kings Road that ran in ancient times from the Tara to Dunseverick on the north coast of Ireland .   It was one of the legendary Five Roads of Tara , site of the ancient Seat of Ireland 's High Kings . The legendary Five Roads of Tara , described in the Dindshenchas of Slige Dala , are named Slige Dala , Slige Assail , Slige Midluachra , Slige Cualann , and Slige Mor .   General road routes are described in the Dindshenchas , with mention of a few reference locations along each road . Three other ancient roads , referred to as `` cow '' roads , were found in Lady Gregory 's Irish Myths and Legends . Lady Gregory relates the legend of how Manannan 's three cows ( one white , one red , and one black ) created the first three roads in Ireland .

neg: Roe Valley Country Park The Roe Valley Country Park is a forested area containing part of the River Roe , south west of Limavady , County Londonderry , Northern Ireland . It is maintained by the Northern Ireland Environment Agency , which is part of the Department of the Environment of Northern Ireland .   The park is approximately 3 miles long and consists of mainly deciduous , riparian woodland on each side of the Roe . The terrain next to the river is mostly steep sided gorge , with some areas of flat grassland on the northwest bank . As the river has a large , freely draining catchment area , it significantly increases in volume and speed soon after heavy rain . This is most visible around the visitor centre , where the river is forced through a narrow section of the gorge .

neg: Lough Gowna Lough Gowna is a fresh water lake which is the uppermost lake on the River Erne . It is located on the border between County Longford and County Cavan , with the largest part of the lake being in County Longford .   Lough Gowna is a moraine-dammed lake formed at the end of the last glaciation , and owes its complex indented shape to the underlying drumlin landscape . This results in a large number of bays and inlets on the lake , often connected by narrow channels . The river Erne enters the system in a western direction into the easternmost part of the lake ( locally known as Derries Lough ) and exits northward through County Cavan . However , the damming caused by the moraines that gave rise to the lake result in large bodies of water to the north-west and south-west which form the bulk of the area of the lake . A number of other small rivers also flow into the lake . The county border runs through the north-western part of the lake , and then turns eastwards , with the western and southern parts of the lake being in Longford and the north-eastern parts being in Cavan .   The north-western and south-western portions of the lake are connected by a narrow channel at Dernaferst ( a townland on the western ( Longford ) shore of the lake , but which is in County Cavan ) . The northern and eastern shores of the lake are surrounded by peat bog , with areas of planted woodland along the southern shores of the lake in former demesnes in the townlands of Derrycassan and Culray . The lake is considered to be an important site for wintering wildfowl .   The lake contains one large island in the south-western part , Inchmore ( Inis Mór in Irish , meaning `` Big island '' ) , which was the site of a monastery founded in the sixth century by Saint Colmcille . The monastery was raided by the Vikings in 804 , being burned and looted . During the twelfth century , the abbey conformed to Augustinian rules and remained there until the dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII in 1543 . The site was still used as a graveyard by the local population until the early years of the twentieth century . The remains of the abbey are still to be seen on the island . A fifteenth-century tower bell , reputedly from the monastery , was recovered in the nineteenth century and now hangs in the Roman Catholic church in the nearby village of Aughnacliffe .   Lough Gowna is an important centre for coarse fishing and the shape of the lake , with wooded peninsulas interspersed with bays and inlets , make it attractive for tourism . There are picnic sites at Dernaferst and at Dring ( at the southernmost point of the lake ) .   The name of the lake comes from a legend about a supernatural calf which escaped from a well in the townland of Rathcor ( south of the lake ) and raced northward with a stream of water from the well following it and flooding the area now making up the lake .   The lake gives its name to the village of Loch Gowna , on the north-eastern shore of the lake in County Cavan . The original name of the village was Scrabby ( Screabach in Irish ) , and gave its name to the townland and parish in which it is located . However , in 1950 , after a plebiscite of the villagers , the name was officially changed to Loch Gowna . The village serves as a service centre for tourism , with hotel accommodation and sizeable numbers of holiday homes in the area .   Other parishes adjacent to the lake are Colmcille on the western and southern shores of the lake , Mullinalaghta on the eastern shore , and Dromard in the extreme north-west , all in County Longford ; and Mullahoran in the extreme east where the Erne enters the lake , in County Cavan .

neg: Flow Country The Flow Country is a large , rolling expanse of peatland and wetland area of Caithness and Sutherland in Scotland . It is the largest expanse of blanket bog in Europe , and covers about 4,000 square kilometres ( 1500 mile2 ) .   The area is home to a rich variety of wildlife , and is used as a breeding ground for many different species of birds , including greenshank , dunlin , merlin and golden plover .   The Flow Country was badly damaged between 1979 and 1987 through the planting of non-native conifer forests and the cutting of thousands of miles of drains . The trees dried out the peat , changing the habitat and destroying its value for birds and other wildlife . The trees were mostly planted on land bought by Fountain Forestry who recognised that this would be attractive to wealthy investors who could claim planting grants and tax relief against all their other income , at a time of high personal taxation . The ploughing of the bogs and tree planting helped to reduce local unemployment which was among the highest in the United Kingdom : however in 1987 the Nature Conservancy Council ( NCC ) launched a report in London that was highly critical of the foresters . The Conservative Party which was in government at the time decided to disband the NCC and create a separate Scottish agency now called Scottish Natural Heritage . However , in 1988 Nigel Lawson , The Chancellor of the Exchequer , recognised that a tax break was doing enormous harm to the last real wilderness in the United Kingdom and scrapped the forestry tax reliefs . This immediately halted further planting and encouraged the Forestry Commission to adopt a much broader approach that respects existing landscapes . In an effort to restore the damage , the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds ( RSPB ) have bought a large area in the centre of the Flow Country and have created the Forsinard nature reserve . More than 20 km2 has been bought back from Fountain Forestry and the young trees felled and allowed to rot in the plough furrow in the hope and expectation that , in 30 to 100 years , the land will revert to peat bog .   The Flow Country is on the 2006 UK `` tentative list '' as a possible UNESCO World Heritage Site . The application was re-listed in 2010 and Stuart Housden , the director of RSPB Scotland and a member of the Rural Development Council , said , `` This largely unspoilt landscape has thousands of hectares of ancient blanket peat land , making this perhaps the most important area of its type in the Northern Hemisphere . A global badge would certainly help us to get this special place in better heart . This area was sorely threatened in the 1980s and early 1990s by inappropriate afforestation , but just in time a conservation campaign mounted by the RSPB stopped the worst excesses . Action is now underway to restore the area . ''

neg: Údarás na Gaeltachta Údarás na Gaeltachta ( -LSB- uːd̪ˠəɾˠaːs nə ˈɡeːl̪ˠt̪ˠəxt̪ˠə -RSB- ) meaning `` Gaeltacht Authority '' ( abbreviated UnaG ) is a regional state agency which is responsible for the economic , social and cultural development of nominally Irish-speaking ( Gaeltacht ) regions of Ireland . Its stated purpose is to strengthen the Gaeltacht communities , to increase the quality of life of its community members and facilitate the preservation and extension of the Irish language as the principal language of the region . It gives funding to small local businesses that have to compete with foreign companies .

neg: Life zones of central Europe Central Europe contains several life zones , depending on location and elevation .   Geographically , Central Europe lies between the Baltic Sea and the Apennine and Balkan peninsulas . It includes the plains of Germany and Poland ; the Alps ; and the Carpathian Mountains . The Central European Flora region stretches from Central France to Central Romania and Southern Scandinavia . The lowlands of Central Europe contain the Central European mixed forests ecoregion , while the mountains host the Alps conifer and mixed forests and Carpathian montane conifer forests ecoregions .   An important factor in the local climate and ecology of Central Europe is the elevation : an increase of elevation by 1000 m causes the average air temperature to drop by 5 C and decreases the amount of water that can be held by the atmosphere by 30 % . This decrease in temperature and increase in rainfall result in altitudinal zonation , where the land can be divided into life zones of similar climate and ecology , depending on elevation .

neg: Nephin Beg Range The Nephin Beg Range is a mountain range in County Mayo , Republic of Ireland . The range contains the Nephin and Nephin Beg mountains . The range hosts the Nephin forest , a 4,843 hectares forest managed by Coillte .   The Nephin Beg range is in the process of becoming Ireland 's first designated wilderness area , a 10-15 year project including remaking forest roads as walking trails and setting up huts for sustainable camping . The wilderness , when finished , will cover 16,000 hectares including a large amount of Ballycroy National Park and Coillte land .

neg: List of Irish counties by population This is a list of counties of Ireland ordered by population . Counties in the Republic of Ireland are shown in normal type , while those in Northern Ireland are listed in italic type . Non-traditional administrative counties are indicated by a cream-coloured background .   For a more detailed analysis of current and historical Irish populations in the Republic of Ireland , see Irish population analysis . The population of the six counties of Northern Ireland as of 2011 is 1,810,863 which would mean a total population on the island of Ireland as of 2016 of approximately 6,568,839   Data source/age ( as-of July 2016 ) :  Taken from latest Census Data for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland .  Population data for counties in the Republic of Ireland is based on preliminary data from census 2016 .  Population data for counties in Northern Ireland is based on census 2011 .  The previous census for the Republic of Ireland was taken in 2011 , the previous census for Northern Ireland was taken in 2001 .  Density : Based on census 2016   -RCB- 5.7 %  | -  | align = right | 2  | Antrim  | align = right | 618,108  | align = right | 202.9  | Ulster  | 1.8 %  | -  | align = right | 3  | Cork  | align = right | 542,196  | align = right | 72.3  | Munster  | 4.5 %  | -  | align = right | 4  | Down  | align = right | 531,665  | align = right | 215.6  | Ulster  | 8.7 %  | - style = `` background : #f 5f5d3 ; ''  | align = right | -  | Fingal  | align = right | 296,214  | align = right | 651.6  | Leinster  | 8.1 %  | - style = `` background : #f 5f5d3 ; ''  | align = right | -  | South Dublin  | align = right | 278,749  | align = right | 1,251.5  | Leinster  | 5.1 %  | -  | align = right | 5  | Galway  | align = right | 258,552  | align = right | 42.0  | Connacht  | 3.2 %  | -  | align = right | 6  | Londonderry  | align = right | 247,132  | align = right | 119.1  | Ulster  | 4.8 %  | -  | align = right | 7  | Kildare  | align = right | 222,130  | align = right | 131.0  | Leinster  | 5.6 %  | - style = `` background : #f 5f5d3 ; ''  | align = right | -  | Dún Laoghaire -- Rathdown  | align = right | 217,274  | align = right | 1,706.7  | Leinster  | 5.3 %  | -  | align = right | 8  | Limerick  | align = right | 195,175  | align = right | 70.8  | Munster  | 1.8 %  | -  | align = right | 9  | Meath  | align = right | 194,942  | align = right | 83.2  | Leinster  | 5.9 %  | -  | align = right | 10  | Tyrone  | align = right | 179,000  | align = right | 54.5  | Ulster  | 8.4 %  | -  | align = right | 11  | Armagh  | align = right | 174,792  | align = right | 131.8  | Ulster  | 7.3 %  | -  | align = right | 12  | Tipperary  | align = right | 160,441  | align = right | 37.2  | Munster  | 1.1 %  | -  | align = right | 13  | Donegal  | align = right | 158,755  | align = right | 32.6  | Ulster  | -1.5 %  | -  | align = right | 14  | Wexford  | align = right | 149,605  | align = right | 63.2  | Leinster  | 2.9 %  | -  | align = right | 15  | Kerry  | align = right | 147,554  | align = right | 30.7  | Munster  | 1.4 %  | -  | align = right | 16  | Wicklow  | align = right | 142,332  | align = right | 70.2  | Leinster  | 4.2 %  | -  | align = right | 17  | Mayo  | align = right | 130,425  | align = right | 23.3  | Connacht  | -0.2 %  | -  | align = right | 18  | Louth  | align = right | 128,375  | align = right | 155.4  | Leinster  | 4.5 %  | -  | align = right | 19  | Clare  | align = right | 118,627  | align = right | 34.4  | Munster  | 1.2 %  | -  | align = right | 20  | Waterford  | align = right | 116,401  | align = right | 62.7  | Munster  | 2.3 %  | -  | align = right | 21  | Kilkenny  | align = right | 99,118  | align = right | 47.8  | Leinster  | 3.9 %  | -  | align = right | 22  | Westmeath  | align = right | 88,396  | align = right | 48.0  | Leinster  | 2.6 %  | -  | align = right | 23  | Laois  | align = right | 84,732  | align = right | 49.3  | Leinster  | 5.2 %  | -  | align = right | 24  | Offaly  | align = right | 78,003  | align = right | 38.9  | Leinster  | 1.7 %  | -  | align = right | 25  | Cavan  | align = right | 76,092  | align = right | 39.3  | Ulster  | 4.0 %  | -  | align = right | 26  | Sligo  | align = right | 65,357  | align = right | 35.5  | Connacht  | -0.1 %  | -  | align = right | 27  | Roscommon  | align = right | 64,436  | align = right | 25.3  | Connacht  | 0.6 %  | -  | align = right | 28  | Fermanagh  | align = right | 61,170  | align = right | 36.1  | Ulster  | 6.3 %  | -  | align = right | 29  | Monaghan  | align = right | 61,273  | align = right | 47.3  | Ulster  | 1.3 %  | -  | align = right | 30  | Carlow  | align = right | 56,875  | align = right | 63.4  | Leinster  | 4.1 %  | -  | align = right | 31  | Longford  | align = right | 40,810  | align = right | 37.4  | Leinster  | 4.6 %  | -  | align = right | 32  | Leitrim  | align = right | 31,972  | align = right | 20.1  | Connacht  | 0.5 %  | -  | align = right |  | Average  | align = right | 205,276  | align = right |  |  |  | -  | Total  | Ireland  | align = right | 6,568,839  | align = right | 77.8  |  |  | -RCB-

neg: Public transport in Ireland Public transport in Ireland exists in many of the island 's urban areas , and takes a number of forms . Bus transport is the main form of public transport common in all cities . The cities , Dublin , Cork , Limerick and Galway all have their own suburban rail networks . Ireland has a population of over 6.4 million people .   Transport for Ireland is a public information body set up by the National Transport Authority as a single point of reference for all public transport in Ireland , along the lines of Transport for London .

neg: Castleward Forest Castleward Forest is a woodland located beside Castle Ward near Strangford , Northern Ireland . It consists of coniferous and deciduous trees . The forest is managed by the National trust .

neg: Tree Council of Ireland The Tree Council of Ireland is a voluntary non-governmental organisation . It was formed in 1985 as an umbrella body linking fifty organisations . Its aim is to promote the planting , care and conservation of trees in Ireland , through the fostering of a tree and wood culture among Irish people .   Its mission statement says that its aim is `` Fostering a tree culture in Ireland through action and awareness '' Its objectives are threefold : to educate the public about trees , to facilitate networking among members , and to be a representative voice for tree culture and tree promotion .   Its main activities are the organisation of the annual National Tree Week in March and Tree Day in October .

neg: River Barrow The Barrow ( An Bhearú ) is a river in Ireland . It is one of The Three Sisters ; the other two being the River Suir and the River Nore . The Barrow is the longest of the three rivers . At 192 km ( 120 mi ) , it is the second-longest river in Ireland , behind the River Shannon . The catchment area of the River Barrow is 3,067 km2 .  The river 's long term average flow rate is 37.4 cubic metres per second .   The source of the River Barrow is at Glenbarrow in the Slieve Bloom Mountains in County Laois .   Among the towns that the River Barrow passes through on its way to the sea in Waterford are Portarlington , Monasterevin , Athy , Carlow/Graiguecullen , Muine Bheag ( i.e. Bagenalstown , ) Graiguenamanagh , and New Ross .   The river also forms a natural border between , on its right bank , counties Kilkenny and Waterford and , on its left bank , counties Carlow and Wexford .

neg: List of Ramsar sites in the Republic of Ireland This list of Ramsar sites in the Republic of Ireland includes wetlands that are considered to be of international importance under the Ramsar Convention . Ireland currently has 45 sites designated as `` Wetlands of International Importance '' with a surface area of 66,994 ha . For a full list of all Ramsar sites worldwide , see List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance .


query: Victor Hugo was born in the 1800's.

pos: Victor Hugo Victor Marie Hugo ( -LSB- viktɔʁ maʁi yɡo -RSB- ; 26 February 1802 -- 22 May 1885 ) was a French poet , novelist , and dramatist of the Romantic movement . He is considered one of the greatest and best-known French writers . Outside France , his best-known works are the novels Les Misérables , 1862 , and The Hunchback of Notre-Dame ( Notre-Dame de Paris ) , 1831 . In France , Hugo is known primarily for his poetry collections , such as Les Contemplations ( The Contemplations ) and La Légende des siècles ( The Legend of the Ages ) . He produced more than 4,000 drawings and also campaigned for social causes such as the abolition of capital punishment .   Though a committed royalist when he was young , Hugo 's views changed as the decades passed , and he became a passionate supporter of republicanism ; his work touches upon most of the political and social issues and the artistic trends of his time . He is buried in the Panthéon in Paris . His legacy has been honoured in many ways , including his portrait being placed on French currency .

neg: Octave Crémazie Octave Crémazie ( April 16 , 1827 -- January 16 , 1879 ) was a French Canadian poet and bookseller born in Quebec City . Recognized both during and after his lifetime for his patriotic verse and his significant role in the cultural development of Quebec , Crémazie has been called `` the father of French Canadian poetry . ''   Octave was the youngest of the four surviving children of Jacques Crémazie and Marie-Anne Miville . From 1836 to 1844 , he was a student at the Seminary of Quebec , where the priest John Holmes ( American priest ) introduced him to the works of the French Romantic writers . Alfred de Musset , Alphonse de Lamartine , and Victor Hugo , in particular , had a profound influence on the future poet .   After finishing his studies at the Seminary of Quebec , Crémazie went into business with his brother Joseph , a bookseller . Their shop in Quebec City , the J. et O. Crémazie bookstore , was instrumental in the North American dissemination of works by many Romantic writers . It was also a meeting place for the members of what would become known as Quebec 's literary movement of 1860 .   While still in his early twenties , Crémazie helped found the Institut canadien , an organization devoted to the promotion of French Canadian culture . He would later serve as the organization 's president ( from 1857 to 1858 ) .   Crémazie 's first published poems appeared in L'Ami de la religion et de la patrie ( edited by his brother Jacques ) and other Quebec City newspapers . Recognition for his poetry grew throughout the 1850s . As French-Canadian literature scholar Odette Condemine writes :   His nostalgic evocation of the happiness that preceded the Conquest and the miseries that followed roused his compatriots ' fervour . `` Le vieux soldat canadien '' ( 1855 ) and Le Drapeau de Carillon ( 1858 ) were enthusiastically received and won Crémazie his title as `` national bard . ''   The longing for a glorious , vanished past and the sense of estrangement from France in Crémazie 's work has prompted the critic Gilles Marcotte to describe it as a poetry of exile .   Despite the popularity of his bookstore , Octave Crémazie 's extravagant taste for foreign commodities led to large debts and trouble with creditors . By 1862 , his financial situation had become so dire that he fled to France in secret , leaving the bookstore bankrupt . He lived at different times in Paris , Bordeaux , and Le Havre under the name of Jules Fontaine , poor and isolated despite having secured a modest job and the support of a few French friends .   Crémazie 's poetic production stopped when he left Quebec . The documents that survive from his later years include his Journal du siège de Paris , a diary detailing the hardship that Parisians and Crémazie himself endured during the siege of the capital in 1870 and 1871 . Many of his letters to close friends and family members also survive , including his correspondence with the priest Raymond Casgrain , to whom Crémazie often expressed his ideas about literature .   Octave Crémazie died in Le Havre on January 16 , 1879 .   Œuvres complètes , a volume of Crémazie 's poems and letters edited by Raymond Casgrain , was published in 1882 by the Beauchemin bookstore in Montreal and the Institut canadien de Québec . The book included the following remarks : `` In a word , the publishers wanted this book to stand as the most enduring monument that could be raised to the memory of the most patriotic , and indeed the most hapless , of our poets . ''   A statue depicting a French Canadian soldier stands in Montreal 's Saint-Louis Square ( Rue de Malines and Saint-Denis ) with Crémazie 's name across the top and the years 1827-1879 ( his years of birth and death ) . Underneath the soldier are the words : Pour mon drapeau je viens ici mourir ( literally : `` For my flag I come here to die '' ) . There is also a Montreal metro station named for him on the orange line , located on the boulevard likewise named in his honour .

neg: Hugo of Ostia Hugo ( died 1 December 1158 ) was a French Cistercian and Cardinal .   He was born probably in the diocese of Beauvais and entered the order of Cistercians in Clairvaux . In 1147 he became abbot of Trois-Fontaines . Pope Eugenius III ( also a cistercian ) created him Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia in the consistory celebrated probably in December 1151 . He subscribed the papal bulls between 29 December 1151 and 24 January 1155 and participated in the papal election , 1153 and papal election , 1154 . He corresponded with Bernard of Clairvaux . Cistercians venerated him as blessed .

neg: Victor de Broglie (1846–1906) Louis-Alphonse-Victor , 5th duc de Broglie , called Victor de Broglie ( 30 October 1846 -- 26 August 1906 ) , was a French aristocrat .

neg: Auguste Anicet-Bourgeois Auguste Anicet , later Auguste Anicet-Bourgeois ( 25 December 1806 -- 12 January 1871 ) was a French dramatist . He was born in Paris .   The first play to bear his name is L'Ami et le mari , ou le Nouvel Amphitryon , a vaudeville in one act . It was produced in 1825 , when the author was still in his teens .   Over the course of his career he was credited in the writing of nearly 200 plays , as many as ten a year . However the nature of theatrical collaboration at this time was such that the extent of his contribution to any given play is debatable . In fact it is known that he assisted Alexandre Dumas in the writing of several plays ( Térésa , Angèle , Le Mari de la Veuve , La Vénitienne ) , sometimes without acknowledgement . He is the subject of an anecdote in Dumas 's `` Comment je devins auteur dramatique '' ( `` How I became a Dramatist '' ) , published in 1833 in Revue des Deux Mondes . Other writers with whom he worked were Philippe Dumanoir , Julien de Mallian , Victor Ducange , Francis Cornu , Lockroy , Édouard Brisebarre , Michel Masson and Paul Féval . One of his plays was adapted for the English stage as The Black Doctor ( 1846 ) , a vehicle for Ira Aldridge .   Very little is known of his life beyond a connection to the military . Married , with one daughter , he was named Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur on 10 December 1849 . He died on 12 January 1871 at Pau , Pyrénées-Atlantiques ( a fortnight before the end of the Siege of Paris ) and was buried in division 4 of Père-Lachaise .

neg: Victor Rabu Víctor Rabu ( born 1834 in Agen , Lot-et-Garonne - died 24 March 1907 in Paris ) was a French architect .   He was an exponent of eclectical historicism . He built a lot of churches in Uruguay , for that reason he was known as `` The Lord of the Churches '' :  Iglesia de los Conventuales ( 1867 )  Capilla Jackson ( 1870 )  Iglesia San Francisco ( 1870 )  Iglesia de los Vascos ( 1870 )  Some important public buildings were of his authorship , such as the side wings of the Solís Theatre , or the Dámaso Larrañaga Asylum . He also built several private buildings for wealthy families .

neg: The Last Day of a Condemned Man The Last Day of a Condemned Man ( Le Dernier Jour d'un Condamné ) is a short novel by Victor Hugo first published in 1829 . The novel recounts the thoughts of a man condemned to die . Victor Hugo wrote this novel to express his feelings that the death penalty should be abolished .

neg: Comte de Lautréamont Comte de Lautréamont ( -LSB- lotʁeamɔ̃ -RSB- ) was the pseudonym of Isidore-Lucien Ducasse ( 4 April 1846 -- 24 November 1870 ) , a French poet born in Uruguay . His only works , Les Chants de Maldoror and Poésies , had a major influence on modern literature , particularly on the Surrealists and the Situationists . He died at the age of 24 .

neg: Les Misérables (1909 film) Les Misérables is a 1909 American silent historical drama proto-feature film ( four short films that can be seen separately , but when combined appear as a short film series resembling that of a full-length feature film ) . The proto-feature movie is based on the 1862 French novel of the same name by Victor Hugo , and stars Maurice Costello and William V. Ranous . It was directed by J. Stuart Blackton .   Distributed by the Vitagraph Company of America , the film consists of four reels . The reels were released over the course of three months , from September 4 to November 27 , 1909 .

neg: Félix-Auguste Duvert Félix-Auguste Duvert ( 12 January 1795 -- 19 October 1876 ) was an 19th-century French playwright and vaudevillist .

neg: Antonin Artaud Antoine Marie Joseph Artaud , better known as Antonin Artaud ( -LSB- aʁto -RSB- ; 4 September 1896 -- 4 March 1948 ) , was a French dramatist , poet , essayist , actor , and theatre director , widely recognized as one of the major figures of twentieth-century theatre and the European avant-garde .

neg: Lycée Français Victor Hugo de Port-Gentil Lycée Français Victor Hugo de Port-Gentil is a French secondary international school in Port-Gentil , Gabon . It serves collège ( junior high school ) and lycée ( senior high school ) levels , and was established in 1990 . In September 2014 , it had 325 students .   The school is named after the 19th-century French writer Victor Hugo .

neg: Narcisse Girard Narcisse Girard ( 28 January 179716 January 1860 ) was a French violinist , conductor and composer .   Girard was born in Nantes . A pupil of Pierre Baillot ( violin , winning first prize in 1820 ) , and Anton Reicha ( counterpoint ) at the Conservatoire , after completing his studies there he went to Italy for a year to further his training . After conducting orchestras at the Hotel de Ville , Girard became the conductor of the Opéra Italien from 1830-32 . He was chief conductor at the Opéra Comique from 1837 -- 46 , then moving to the Paris Opéra , where he conducted the premieres of Le prophète and Sapho .   On 30 October 1849 Girard conducted Mozart 's Requiem as part of the funeral service for Frédéric Chopin .   From 18 October 1848 to 17 January 1860 Girard was the conductor of the Société des Concerts du Conservatoire , leading them in over 100 concerts . Girard conducted the first performance of Harold en Italie by Hector Berlioz at the Salle du Conservatoire on 23 November 1834 , with Chrétien Urhan ( viola ) .   Girard was a professor of violin at the Paris Conservatoire where his pupils included Jules Danbé , Charles Lamoureux and Édouard Colonne .   His compositions included an overture Antigone , and short stage works Les deux voleurs and Les dix .   Having already been taken ill during a Conservatoire concert , Girard collapsed while conducting , towards the end of the third act of Les Huguenots at the Opéra . He is buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery .

neg: Coalition Wars The Coalition Wars ( French : Guerres de Coalitions , German : Koalitionskriege , Dutch : Coalitieoorlogen etc. ) were a set of seven wars waged by various military alliances , known as the Coalitions , between great European powers against Revolutionary France , and from 1799 onwards General and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte .   The Coalition Wars were :  War of the First Coalition ( April 1792 -- October 1797 )  War of the Second Coalition ( 1798/99 -- 1801/02 )  War of the Third Coalition ( 1803/05 -- December 1805 )  War of the Fourth Coalition ( October 1806 -- July 1807 )  War of the Fifth Coalition ( April -- October 1809 )  War of the Sixth Coalition ( March 1813 -- May 1814 )  War of the Seventh Coalition , also known as the Hundred Days ( March -- July 1815 )

neg: Les Misérables (1998 film) Les Misérables is a 1998 film adaptation of Victor Hugo 's 1862 novel of the same name , directed by Bille August . It stars Liam Neeson , Geoffrey Rush , Uma Thurman , and Claire Danes .   As in the original novel , the storyline follows the adult life of Jean Valjean ( Liam Neeson ) , an ex-convict ( paroled following 19 years of hard labor , for stealing bread ) pursued by police Inspector Javert ( Geoffrey Rush ) . It was filmed at Barrandov Studios in Prague .

neg: The Genius of Christianity The Genius of Christianity ( French : Génie du christianisme ) is a work by the French author François-René de Chateaubriand , written during his exile in England in the 1790s as a defense of the Catholic faith , then under attack during the French Revolution . It was first published in France in 1802 , after Chateaubriand had taken advantage of the amnesty Napoleon issued to émigrés , which had allowed him to return to his home country in 1800 . Napoleon , who had just signed the Concordat with the pope , initially made use of Chateaubriand 's book as propaganda to win support among French Catholics . Within five years , he had quarrelled with the author and sent him into internal exile .   In The Genius of Christianity , Chateaubriand defends the wisdom and beauty of Christianity against the attacks on it by French Enlightenment philosophers and revolutionary politicians . The book had an immense influence on nineteenth century culture and not just on religious life . In fact , it might be said its greatest impact was on art and literature : it was a major inspiration for the Romantic movement .

neg: Eugenius Roche Eugenius Roche ( 1786 -- 1829 ) was an Anglo-French journalist . He is often identified as Irish : his background was certainly Irish , but in the 19th century his own version of his background , that he was born in Paris , was widely accepted .

neg: Hugo (film) Hugo is a 2011 historical adventure drama film directed and co-produced by Martin Scorsese and adapted for the screen by John Logan . Based on Brian Selznick 's book The Invention of Hugo Cabret , it is about a boy who lives alone in the Gare Montparnasse railway station in Paris in the 1930s . A co-production between Graham King 's GK Films and Johnny Depp 's Infinitum Nihil , the film stars Ben Kingsley , Sacha Baron Cohen , Asa Butterfield , Chloë Grace Moretz , Ray Winstone , Emily Mortimer , Jude Law , Helen McCrory , and Christopher Lee .   Hugo is Scorsese 's first film shot in 3D , of which the filmmaker remarked : `` I found 3D to be really interesting , because the actors were more upfront emotionally . Their slightest move , their slightest intention is picked up much more precisely . '' The film was released in the United States on November 23 , 2011 .   When it was released , Hugo received critical acclaim and received 11 Academy Award nominations ( including Best Picture ) , more than any other film that year , and won five awards : Best Cinematography , Best Art Direction , Best Sound Mixing , Best Sound Editing and Best Visual Effects . It was also nominated for eight BAFTAs , winning two , and was nominated for three Golden Globe awards , earning Scorsese his third Golden Globe Award for Best Director . The film grossed $ 185 million against a budget of $ 150 -- $ 170 million .

neg: Adèle Hugo Adèle Hugo ( 28 July 1830 - 21 April 1915 ) was the fifth and youngest child of French writer Victor Hugo . She is remembered for developing schizophrenia as a young woman , which led to a romantic obsession with a British military officer who rejected her . Her story has been retold in film and books , such as The Story of Adele H.

neg: Hugo del Carril Pierre Bruno Hugo Fontana otherwise known as Hugo del Carril ( 30 November 1912 -- 13 August 1989 in Buenos Aires ) was an Argentine film actor , film director and tango singer of the classic era .

neg: Gustave de Romand Gustave , baron de Romand , ( 18 -- - 18 -- ) was a respected amateur French entomologist , a member of the Société entomologique de France . who was prominent in the political arena . He contributed on September 4 , 1837 , a `` Description of the male Epomidiopteron Julii . '' to the Royal Entomological Society of London , but his modest place in the history of entomology is secured by his Tableau de l'aile supérieure des Hyménoptêres ( privately printed in Paris , 1838 ) . In a hand-colored lithograph it presented 28 kinds of Hymenopteran upper wings , their homologous features differently tinted , so that by comparing them the viewer could establish to which family an individual specimen belonged . In an accompanying printed 14-column table , the terms used by previous entomologists to describe Hymnopteran wings are tabulated.are presented for comparison . The Australian paper wasp Ropalidia romandi was named by Élie Jean François Le Guillou to honour him in 1841 .   M. de Roland was more widely known among his contemporaries as a conservative politician , author of the political essay De l'État des partis en France ( 1839 ) , and of an essay on the dictatorial political strength of radical , socialist Paris over the provinces ( De la dictature de Paris sur la France ) in the year of revolution , 1848 . The crisis of 1848 elicited from him several other pamphlets . He was a member of the Corps législatif under the Second Empire ( 1852-1870 ) . He published his Souvenirs politiques et administratifs in 1855 . His father , aide-de-camp of the prince de Polignac and a staunch royalist during the Hundred Days was ennobled by Louis XVIII at the second Bourbon restoration , 1815 , and was made a member of the Legion of Honor .


query: Christian Bale's middle name is death.

pos: Christian Bale Christian Charles Philip Bale ( born 30 January 1974 ) is an English actor . He has starred both in blockbuster films and smaller projects from independent producers and art houses .   Bale first caught the public eye at the age of 13 , when he was cast in the starring role of Steven Spielberg 's Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) . Based on the original story by J. G. Ballard , Bale played an English boy who is separated from his parents and subsequently finds himself lost in a Japanese internment camp during World War II . In 2000 , he garnered critical acclaim for his portrayal of serial killer Patrick Bateman in American Psycho . He is known for going to great lengths to portray characters in films , notably for the psychological thriller The Machinist ( 2004 ) , where he lost 63 pounds ( 28.5 kg ) to play the role of Trevor Reznik .   Bale went on to receive greater commercial recognition for his starring role as Batman in Christopher Nolan 's Batman Begins ( 2005 ) , The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) and The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) . His portrayal of Dicky Eklund in the David O. Russell-directed biographical film The Fighter ( 2010 ) , earned him critical acclaim and a number of awards , including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . He has since gained further acclaim as well as subsequent Academy Award , Screen Actors Guild Award and Golden Globe nominations for his roles in Russell 's American Hustle ( 2013 ) and Adam McKay 's The Big Short ( 2015 ) .

neg: Chris Chris is a short form of various names including Christopher , Christian , Christina , Christine , and Christos . Unlike these names , however , it does not indicate the person 's gender although it is much more common for males to have this name than it is for females due to the increased popularity of Chrissy and Christy among younger females . Chris is also used as a name in its own right , although it is not as common .   It is the preferred form of the full name of such notable individuals as Chris Tucker and Chris Penn. . To find an article about one of these people , see List of all pages beginning with `` Chris '' .   The word is also part of phrases , including Tropical Storm Chris , Ruth 's Chris Steak House , and many more which refer to notable people , places , and things . For a list of these , see .

neg: Death From Above Death From Above may refer to :   In music   The DJ nickname of musician James Murphy  The original name of the New York-based recording label co-founded by Murphy , DFA Records  Death from Above 1979 , a Canadian musical duo , originally named Death from Above only  `` Let 's Make Love and Listen to Death from Above '' , a song by Brazilian band Cansei de Ser Sexy  Smashing Pumpkins b-side to Tarantula ( The Smashing Pumpkins song )  `` Death from Above '' , a song from Thrice 's 2016 album To Be Everywhere Is to Be Nowhere   Other  Death from Above ( film ) , a 2011 horror movie by director Bruce Koehler  Death From Above ( MechQuest ) , an animated short film featured in the web based game MechQuest   As mottoes or slogans  The motto ( `` Mors Ab Alto '' in Latin ) of the USAF 7th Bombardment Wing , SAC  The motto painted on the front of Lieutenant Colonel Bill Kilgore 's helicopter in the 1979 film Apocalypse Now

neg: Faked death A faked death , also called a pseudocide , is a case in which an individual leaves evidence to suggest that they are dead to mislead others . This is done for a variety of reasons , such as to fraudulently collect insurance money or to avoid capture by law enforcement for some other crime .   People who fake their own deaths sometimes do so by pretend drownings , because it provides a plausible reason for the absence of a body .   There are several how-to books on the subject of faking one 's death , including How to Disappear Completely and Never Be Found .

neg: Festo Kivengere Bishop Festo Kivengere ( 1919 -- 1988 ) was a Ugandan Anglican-Christian leader referred to by many as `` the Billy Graham of Africa '' . ( See endnote 4 . ) He played a huge role in a Christian revival in southwestern Uganda , but had to flee in 1973 to neighboring Kenya in fear for his life after speaking out against Idi Amin 's tyrannical behavior .   Kivengere had been made bishop of Kigezi and was among several bishops summoned to Amin 's quarters . Angry mobs called for their deaths . Eventually , all were permitted to leave but one , the archbishop , Janani Luwum . The others waited for Luwum to join them but he never came out . The next day the government announced that Luwum had died in an automobile accident . Four days later , despite government threats , 45,000 Ugandans gathered in the Anglican cathedral in Kampala for a memorial service honoring their fallen leader . Kivengere did not attend the service . Urged to flee by friends who said , `` One dead bishop is enough , '' he and his wife that night drove as far as their vehicle could take them and with the help of local church people in the hills they walked until the next morning brought them to safety across the border in Rwanda .   He later authored the book I Love Idi Amin to emphasize the qualities of forgiveness for those who wronged you and love of those who persecute you . Kivengere stated , `` On the cross , Jesus said , ` Father , forgive them , because they know not what they do . ' As evil as Idi Amin is , how can I do less toward him ? '' A second article about Kivengere is found in the same online dictionary .   Bishop Festo was one of the main speakers at an event called `` Eurofest ' 75 '' held at the 1958 World Fair site in Brussels , Belgium . He spoke alongside Argentinian evangelist Luis Palau and Dr Billy Graham .   He returned to Uganda after Amin 's downfall to continue an active ministry until his death by leukemia in 1988 .   Kivengere was known as a great storyteller and often thrilled his own and other 's children with his storytelling skills . A favorite story of his : `` One day a little girl sat watching her mother working in the kitchen . She asked her mummy , ` What does God do all day long ? ' For a while the mother was stumped , but then she said , ` Darling , I 'll tell you what God does all day long . He spends his whole day mending broken things . ' ''

neg: Death Faces Death Faces , also released as Death Faces IV , also ` Dying : Last seconds of Life ' , and ( in a re edited version ) ` Beyond Reality ' , is a mockumentary about cannibalism released directly to video originally in 1988 .   Narrated by `` Prof. Bizarro Blackstone '' , the film is actually footage from various horror films about cannibalism , and newsreel footage of Bonnie and Clyde , John Dillinger , Adolf Hitler . One sequence involves the Kikuyu tribes people of Kenya , ( the film incorrectly says that they are from Papua New Guinea ) as well as various stock car crashes , and the John F. Kennedy assassination .   The direction is credited to `` Countess Victoria Bloodhart '' and Steve White , the writing to `` S. Sebastian Shock '' , the direction and production to `` Damian B. Gravenhorse PhD . '' , with one segment credited to producer `` Mink De Ronda '' . It was re edited and re released as Beyond Reality , which is credited to Steve White . There are no other technical credits given to the film .   With the exception of a few brief scenes , the entire video is in black and white . Footage from this video was later edited into Banned from Facez , parts 3 and 4 .   A sequel was also released straight to video : ` Dying : Last Seconds of Life , Part II ' , also in 1988 .

neg: Balthus Balthasar Klossowski de Rola ( February 29 , 1908 -- February 18 , 2001 ) , known as Balthus , was a Polish-French modern artist . He is known for his erotically-charged images of pubescent girls , but also for the refined , dreamlike quality of his imagery .

neg: Beautiful Death Beautiful Death is an album by Bella Morte , released in 2008 .

neg: Death to Anders Death to Anders ( pronounced `` onders '' ) are an American indie rock band formed in Los Angeles , California in 2006 . Their lineup consists of Rob Danson ( vocals and guitar ) , Rob Hume ( bass and background vocals ) , and Robert Smith ( drums ) .   Death to Anders are active in the influential Echo Park and Silver Lake music scenes in Los Angeles and were founding members of the Central Second Collective , a group of up-and-coming rock musicians dedicated to promoting innovative , new music in Los Angeles .   Often compared to Pavement , early Modest Mouse and Sonic Youth but defying hard classification , Death to Anders shift dramatically between hypnotic melodies and raging dissonance as they mix intelligent , story-driven rock with quirky Gothic Americana .

neg: Balasubramaniam Balasubramaniam or Balasubramanian is a given name for a male South Indians . Due the South Indian tradition of using patronymic surnames it may also be a surname for males and females . Balasubramaniam is derived from the Sanskrit words balu meaning `` young '' and Subramaniam ( itself derived from the Sanskrit words su , meaning `` auspicious '' and brahmanyam , translated loosely as `` auspicious effulgence of the Supreme Spirit '' ) . By extension , it refers to the Hindu god Murugan as a child or young man , the way the term Balakrishna refers to the young Krishna

neg: Balboa (band) Balboa is an American hardcore band .

neg: Todesfuge '' '' ( translated into English as Death Fugue and Fugue of Death ) is a German language poem written by the Romanian-born poet Paul Celan probably around 1945 and first published in 1948 . It is `` among -LSB- Celan 's -RSB- most well-known and often-anthologized poems '' . The poem `` combines mysteriously compelling imagery with rhythmic variations and structural patterns that are both elusive and pronounced '' . At the same time it has been regarded as a `` masterful description of horror and death in a concentration camp '' . Celan was born to a Jewish family in Cernauti , Romania ( now Chernivtsy , Ukraine ) ; his parents died in a camp during the Second World War , and Celan himself was a prisoner for a time in a work camp .

neg: The Dark Knight (film) The Dark Knight is a 2008 superhero film directed , co-produced , and co-written by Christopher Nolan . Featuring the DC Comics character Batman , the film is the second part of Nolan 's The Dark Knight Trilogy and a sequel to 2005 's Batman Begins , starring an ensemble cast including Christian Bale , Michael Caine , Heath Ledger , Gary Oldman , Aaron Eckhart , Maggie Gyllenhaal and Morgan Freeman . In the film , Bruce Wayne/Batman ( Bale ) , James Gordon ( Oldman ) and Harvey Dent ( Eckhart ) form an alliance to dismantle organized crime in Gotham City , but are menaced by a criminal mastermind known as the Joker ( Ledger ) who seeks to undermine Batman 's influence and create chaos .   Nolan 's inspiration for the film was the Joker 's comic book debut in 1940 , the 1988 graphic novel The Killing Joke , and the 1996 series The Long Halloween , which retold Two-Face 's origin . The nickname `` the Dark Knight '' was first applied to Batman in Batman # 1 ( 1940 ) , in a story written by Bill Finger . The Dark Knight was filmed primarily in Chicago , as well as in several other locations in the United States , the United Kingdom , and Hong Kong . Nolan used IMAX 70 mm film cameras to film some sequences , including the Joker 's first appearance in the film . The film is dedicated to the memory of Ledger , who died on January 22 , 2008 , some months after the completed filming and six months before the film 's release , from a toxic combination of prescription drugs , leading to intense attention from the press and movie-going public . Warner Bros. initially created a viral marketing campaign for The Dark Knight , developing promotional websites and trailers highlighting screenshots of Ledger as the Joker .   A co-production of the United States and the United Kingdom , The Dark Knight was released on July 16 , 2008 in Australia , on July 18 , 2008 , in North America , and on July 25 , 2008 , in the United Kingdom . Considered by film critics to be one of the best films of the 2000s and one of the best superhero films ever , the film received highly positive reviews and set numerous records during its theatrical run . The Dark Knight appeared on more critics ' top ten lists ( 287 ) than any other film of 2008 with the exception of WALL-E , and more critics ( 77 ) named The Dark Knight the best film of 2008 than any other film released that year . With over $ 1 billion in revenue worldwide , it is the 29th-highest-grossing film of all time , unadjusted for inflation . The film received eight Academy Award nominations ; it won the award for Best Sound Editing and Ledger was posthumously awarded Best Supporting Actor . The Dark Knight Rises , the final film in the trilogy , was released on July 20 , 2012 .

neg: Balea Balea is a genus of small , very elongate , left-handed , air-breathing land snails , sinistral terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Clausiliidae , the door snails .   Balea is the type genus of the subfamily Baleinae .

neg: Humbert Balsan Humbert Jean René Balsan ( 21 August 1954 -- 10 February 2005 ) was a French film producer and chairman of the European Film Academy . He was known for securing financing and distribution for diverse and often challenging films .   In February 2005 , Balsan was found dead in the offices of his production company , Ognon Pictures , in Paris . He was known to have suffered from depression , and killed himself by hanging .

neg: Anna Nicole Smith Vickie Lynn Hogan professionally known as Anna Nicole Smith ( born November 28 , 1967 -- February 8 , 2007 ) was an American model , actress and television personality . Smith first gained popularity in Playboy , winning the title of 1993 Playmate of the Year . She modeled for fashion companies including Guess , H&M , Heatherette , and Lane Bryant .   Smith dropped out of high school and was married three years later in 1985 . Her highly publicized second marriage to J. Howard Marshall resulted in speculation that she married the octogenarian mainly for his money , which she denied . Following Marshall 's death , Smith began a lengthy legal battle over a share of his estate . Her case , Marshall v. Marshall , reached the U.S. Supreme Court on a question of federal jurisdiction , and again on a question of bankruptcy court authority ( now called Stern v. Marshall ) .   Smith died on February 8 , 2007 , in a Hollywood , Florida , hotel room as a result of an overdose of prescription drugs . During the final six months of her life , Smith was the focus of renewed press coverage surrounding the death of her son , Daniel , and the paternity and custody battle over her newborn daughter , Dannielynn .

neg: Ahab (band) Ahab is a German funeral doom metal band founded in 2004 by Midnattsol guitarists Christian Hector and Daniel Droste and former Endzeit guitarist Stephan Adolph . The band is named after Captain Ahab , a character in the novel Moby-Dick by Herman Melville . Along with its name , the band also draws thematic and lyrical inspiration from Moby Dick -- some songs even feature direct quotations from the book .

neg: Roarke Roarke is a fictional character from the series In Death . He is the husband of Lt. Eve Dallas and together , they are the main characters of the futuristic ( circa 2058 AD ) romance-mystery series by J.D. Robb , pseudonym for NY Times best-selling author Nora Roberts . A former career criminal , Roarke is the owner and CEO of Roarke Industries , an inter-planetary corporation that has made him one of the richest men in the world .

neg: List of women who died in childbirth This is a list of notable women , either famous themselves or closely associated with someone well known , who suffered maternal death as defined by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) :   `` the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy , irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy , from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes . ''   Note that this wording includes abortion , miscarriage , stillbirth , and ectopic pregnancy . Generally , there is a distinction between a direct maternal death that is the result of a complication of the pregnancy , delivery , or management of the two , and an indirect maternal death that is a pregnancy-related death in a woman with a pre-existing or newly developed health problem unrelated to pregnancy . Fatalities during but unrelated to a pregnancy are termed accidental , incidental , or non-obstetrical maternal deaths .   However , the WHO definition is only one of many ; other definitions may include accidental and incidental causes . Cases with `` incidental causes '' include deaths secondary to violence against women that may be related to the pregnancy and be affected by the socioeconomic and cultural environment . Also , it has been reported that about 10 % of maternal deaths may occur late , that is after 42 days after a termination or delivery ; thus , some definitions extend the period of observation to one year after the end of gestation .

neg: Death: The High Cost of Living Death : The High Cost of Living is a comic , written by Neil Gaiman with art by Chris Bachalo and Mark Buckingham . It is a spin-off from Gaiman 's best-selling Vertigo Comics series The Sandman , featuring the Sandman ( Dream ) 's elder sister , Death of the Endless . Its premise is that Death takes human form once a century , to remain grounded and in touch with humanity , an idea touched upon in several other media , for example in the 1934 film Death Takes a Holiday and in the Terry Pratchett novel Reaper Man .   A movie based on this series has been in the works for several years in various stages of development and until recently was in the works at New Line Cinema . Gaiman had previously confirmed that this movie was in progress and that he was planning on writing the script and directing it , with Guillermo del Toro as executive producer . The film , which is currently on hold , was operating under the title Death and Me .


query: The American Broadcasting Company is the fourth oldest broadcasting network.

pos: American Broadcasting Company The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American English language commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the Disney -- ABC Television Group , a subsidiary of the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan , New York City . There are additional major offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City , as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank , California .   Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . The fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks , ABC is often nicknamed as `` The Alphabet Network '' , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order .   ABC originally launched on October 12 , 1943 , as a radio network , separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 % interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company .   The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States and its territories . Most Canadians have access to at least one U.S.-based ABC affiliate , either over-the-air ( in areas located within proximity to the Canada -- United States border ) or through a cable , satellite or IPTV provider , although most ABC programs are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission that allow pay television providers to replace an American station 's signal with the feed of a Canadian broadcaster to protect domestic programming rights and advertising revenue . ABC News provides news and features content for select radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting , which purchased the ABC Radio properties in 2007 .

neg: List of former NBC television affiliates The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American broadcast television network that originated as a radio network in November 1926 , and expanded into television in April 1939 . Throughout its history , the network has had many owned-and-operated and affiliated stations .   This article is a table listing of former NBC stations , arranged alphabetically by state , and based on the station 's city of license as well as its Designated Market Area ; it is also accompanied by footnotes regarding the present network affiliation of the former NBC-affiliated station ( if the station remains operational ) and the current NBC affiliates in each of the listed markets , as well as any other notes including the reasons behind each station 's disaffiliation from the network . There are links to and articles on each of the stations , describing their histories , local programming and technical information , such as broadcast frequencies .   The station 's advertised channel number follows the call letters . In most cases , this is their virtual channel ( PSIP ) number , which may match the channel allocation that the station originally broadcast on during its prior affiliation with the network .

neg: Newspapers in the United States Newspapers in the United States have been published since the 18th century and are an integral part of the culture of the United States . Although a few newspapers including the New York Times , USA Today , and the Wall Street Journal are sold throughout the United States , most U.S. newspapers are published for city or regional markets . The New York Times is often referred to as the United States ' `` newspaper of record '' .

neg: The National Farm and Home Hour The National Farm and Home Hour was a variety show which was broadcast in various formats from 1928 to 1958 . Aimed at listeners in rural America , it was known as `` the farmer 's bulletin board '' and was produced by the United States Department of Agriculture with contributions from , and the cooperation of , various farm organizations ( among them the American Farm Bureau , 4-H Club , Farmers Union , Future Farmers of America and the National Grange ) . Raymond Edward Johnson and , later , Don Ameche appeared in dramatic sketches in the role of the Forest Ranger .   With live coverage of livestock expositions , harvest festivals and `` the most spectacular happenings in agricultural America , '' the program offered tips to farmers , music and news , plus advice from agencies and government officials .   The series first aired on Pittsburgh 's KDKA ( 1928-29 ) , moving to the Blue Network ( later ABC ) from September 30 , 1929 to March 17 , 1945 , usually heard Monday through Saturday at 12:30 ( Eastern ) . Under the sponsorship of Allis-Chalmers , it continued on NBC as a 30-minute show on Saturdays at noon ( Eastern ) from September 15 , 1945 to January 25 , 1958 ; in its final three years ( 1955-58 ) , it would be incorporated into the Saturday lineup of NBC 's weekend anthology Monitor .   Host Everett Mitchell opened each broadcast with his trademark line , `` It 's a beautiful day in Chicago ! '' , which became a familiar catch phrase .

neg: White spaces (radio) In telecommunications , white spaces refer to frequencies allocated to a broadcasting service but not used locally .   National and international bodies assign different frequencies for specific uses , and in most cases license the rights to broadcast over these frequencies . This frequency allocation process creates a bandplan , which for technical reasons assigns white space between used radio bands or channels to avoid interference . In this case , while the frequencies are unused , they have been specifically assigned for a purpose , such as a guard band . Most commonly however , these white spaces exist naturally between used channels , since assigning nearby transmissions to immediately adjacent channels will cause destructive interference to both .  In addition to white space assigned for technical reasons , there is also unused radio spectrum which has either never been used , or is becoming free as a result of technical changes . In particular , the switchover to digital television frees up large areas between about 50 MHz and 700 MHz . This is because digital transmissions can be packed into adjacent channels , while analog ones can not . This means that the band can be `` compressed '' into fewer channels , while still allowing for more transmissions .   In the United States , the abandoned television frequencies are primarily in the upper UHF `` 700-megahertz '' band , covering TV channels 52 to 69 ( 698 to 806 MHz ) . U.S. television and its white spaces will continue to exist in UHF frequencies , as well as VHF frequencies for which mobile users and white-space devices require larger antennas . In the rest of the world , the abandoned television channels are VHF , and the resulting large VHF white spaces are being reallocated for the worldwide ( except the U.S. ) digital radio standard DAB and DAB + , and DMB .

neg: Audichron Company Audichron Company was a company founded in the 1930s by John Franklin in Doraville , Georgia , to produce the Audichron , a talking clock . By the 1970s , there were thousands of Audichron time-of-day announcers in use all over the world . Audichron had also developed a machine to announce the temperature . During the 1970s and 1980s , Audichron began to manufacture other kinds of equipment besides time and temperature machines .   The Audichron sales force found sponsors , such as banks , for its time and temperature machines in a city . Once a sponsor had been obtained , Audichron would lease the machines to the local phone company . An Audichron field service engineer would then visit the telephone company and help install the Audichron equipment in the central office . The phone company would then hook up incoming trunks to the Audichron equipment and would bill the final customer ( e.g. , the bank ) each month for the trunks and the Audichron equipment . Audichron received payments from the telephone company .   Audichron hired `` talent '' to come into its recording studio to make recordings . Each customer could choose between a man 's voice and a woman 's on the announcements . During the 1950s , Mary Moore did the female voice . She was replaced , about 1965 , by Jane Barbe , who specialized primarily in time and weather . Pat Fleet joined , in 1981 , with customer-message recordings , coin-amount requests , and out-of-service recordings ; she rarely did time and weather .   John Doyle continues to be the only male voice . From the 1980s , the female voices were provided by Barbe and Fleet ; they were joined by Joanne Daniels , who did number-change announcements and who was the `` time lady '' for most of the Western United States .   The Audichron Company was acquired in 1989 by Electronic Tele-Communications , a manufacturer of telephone answering machines that was founded in 1949 .

neg: NewsCenter NewsCenter or variant , is a brand that has been used by many broadcasting entities to refer to its regular newscasts .   In particular , `` NewsCenter '' may refer to :   The former NBC branding of Channel 4 News ( United States )  WNBC-TV , using NewsCenter 4 in 1970s  NBC WCSH-6 Portland NewsCenter  NBC WLBZ-2 Bangor NewsCenter  Granite Broadcasting Corporation 's branding `` NewsCenter ''  Northland 's NewsCenter , in Minnesota  Indiana 's NewsCenter  WCVB-TV in Boston , using `` NewsCenter 5 '' since its sign on in 1972  KGUN-TV in Tucson , using `` NewsCenter 9 '' during the 1970s and 1980s  NHK News Center 9 , Japan  MBC News Center , South Korea

neg: Young Broadcasting Young Broadcasting , LLC was an American media company that owned or operated 12 television stations in 10 markets with a total U.S. television household coverage of 5.9 % . The company was formerly known as Young Broadcasting Inc. and was the outgrowth of the ad representation firm Adam Young Inc. , which was founded in 1944 by Adam Young . Previously a public company , Young Broadcasting voluntarily declared Chapter 11 Bankruptcy on February 13 , 2009 to restructure its debts .   On June 24 , 2010 , the company emerged from bankruptcy as New Young Broadcasting Holding Co , Inc. , shedding $ 800 million in debt and becoming one of the most financially secure broadcasting companies in the country . Deborah A. McDermott was named President and CEO of the new company , in which Standard General L.P. , an American hedge fund , maintained a controlling interest .   On November 12 , 2013 , privately held Young Broadcasting acquired a controlling interest in Media General through a reverse merger . Following the merger , the new company was owned 67.5 percent by Young shareholders and 32.5 percent by Media General shareholders . The newly merged company would continue to operate as Media General with headquarters in Richmond , Virginia and trade on the New York Stock Exchange .

neg: Big Three television networks The Big Three television networks are the three major traditional commercial broadcast television networks in the United States : the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , CBS ( formerly known as the Columbia Broadcasting System ) and the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) . Beginning in 1948 until the late 1980 's , the Big Three networks dominated U.S. television .

neg: 1977–78 United States network television schedule This was the television schedule on all three United States television networks for the fall season beginning in September 1977 . All times are Eastern and Pacific .   New fall series are highlighted in bold . Series ending their original runs are in italics .   Each of the 30 highest-rated shows is listed with its rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research .   Yellow indicates the programs in the top 10 for the season .  Cyan indicates the programs in the top 20 for the season .  Magenta indicates the programs in the top 30 for the season .   PBS , the Public Broadcasting Service , was in operation , but the schedule was set by each local station . On ABC , debuting news brief , airs all seven nights at 9:58 , pm .

neg: DR (broadcaster) DR , officially Danish Broadcasting Corporation in English , is a Danish government-owned radio and television public broadcasting company . Founded in 1925 as a public-service organization , it is Denmark 's oldest and largest electronic media enterprise . DR is a founding member of the European Broadcasting Union .   DR is funded by a media licence which is charged to all Danish households with television sets , computers , smartphones and other devices with internet access .   Today , DR operates six television channels , all of which are distributed free-to-air via a nationwide DVB-T network . DR also operates eight radio channels . All are available nationally on DAB radio and online , and the four original stations are also available on FM radio .

neg: Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation ( MBC ; 문화방송주식회사 Hanja : 文化放送 ; Munhwa Bangsong Jushikhoesa , literally `` Cultural Broadcasting Corporation '' ) is one of the leading South Korean television and radio networks . Munhwa is the Korean word for `` culture '' . Its flagship terrestrial television station is Channel 11 ( LCN ) for Digital .   Established on December 2 , 1961 , MBC is a Korean terrestrial broadcaster which has a nationwide network of 17 regional stations . Though it operates on advertising , MBC is a public broadcaster , as its largest shareholder is a public organization , The Foundation of Broadcast Culture . Today , it is a multimedia group with one terrestrial TV channel , three radio channels , five cable channels , five satellite channels and four DMB channels .   MBC is headquartered in Digital Media City ( DMC ) , Mapo-gu , Seoul and has the largest broadcast production facilities in Korea including digital production center Dream Center in Ilsan , indoor and outdoor sets in Yongin Daejanggeum Park .

neg: The Baseball Network The Baseball Network was a short-lived television broadcasting joint venture between ABC , NBC and Major League Baseball . Under the arrangement , beginning in the 1994 season , the league produced its own in-house telecasts of games , which were then brokered to air on ABC and NBC . This was perhaps most evident by the copyright beds shown at the end of the telecasts , which stated `` The proceeding program has been paid for by the office of The Commissioner of Baseball '' . The Baseball Network was the first television network in the United States to be owned by a professional sports league .   The package included coverage of games in primetime on selected nights throughout the regular season ( under the branding Baseball Night in America ) , along with coverage of the postseason and the World Series . Unlike previous broadcasting arrangements with the league , there was no national `` game of the week '' during the regular season ; these would be replaced by multiple weekly regional telecasts on certain nights of the week . Additionally , The Baseball Network had exclusive coverage windows ; no other broadcaster could televise MLB games during the same night that The Baseball Network was televising games .   The arrangement did not last long ; due to the effects of a players ' strike on the remainder of the 1994 season , and poor reception from fans and critics over how the coverage was implemented , The Baseball Network would be disbanded after the 1995 season . While NBC would maintain rights to certain games , the growing Fox network became the league 's new national broadcast partner beginning in 1996 , with its then-parent company News Corporation eventually purchasing the Los Angeles Dodgers .

neg: List of former DuMont Television Network affiliates This is a partial list of affiliate stations of the DuMont Television Network , which operated in the United States from 1946 to 1956 . At its peak in 1954 , DuMont was affiliated with around 200 TV stations . In its later years , DuMont was carried mostly on poorly watched UHF channels or had only secondary affiliations on VHF stations . The DuMont affiliation ending dates listed here are somewhat tentative in several cases ; DuMont ended most operations on April 1 , 1955 , and honored network commitments until August 1956 .   Many stations in the early years of television affiliated with more than one network . There were not enough local stations in most cities for each of the four major networks to have an affiliate , leading to the four networks ( as well as a number of smaller networks ) to fight for air time . Local TV stations were free to `` cherry-pick '' which programs they would broadcast . Many of DuMont 's `` affiliates '' carried very little DuMont programming , choosing to air one or two more popular programs ( such as Life Is Worth Living , which was aired by 169 stations during the 1953 -- 1954 season ) and/or sports programming on the weekends . Few stations carried the full DuMont program line-up .   DuMont 's advertising revenues depended on being able to be viewed nationwide . As a result , the company made affiliation agreements which have been described as `` a crazy patchwork of deals '' . In many cities , DuMont was affiliated with more than one TV station in order to get more of its programming cleared for broadcast . No definitive list of affiliated stations from 1946 to 1956 exists , and many sources contradict one another .   DuMont 's owned-and-operated stations are highlighted in yellow . The Paramount owned-and-operated stations , which did n't carry DuMont programs but were ruled DuMont O&O s by the FCC , are shown in pink .

neg: ABC News ABC News is the news division of the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . Its flagship program is the daily evening newscast ABC World News Tonight ; other programs include morning news-talk show Good Morning America , newsmagazine series Nightline , Primetime and 20/20 , and Sunday morning political affairs program This Week with George Stephanopolous .

neg: Corporation for Public Broadcasting The Corporation for Public Broadcasting ( CPB ) is an American non-profit corporation created by an act of the United States Congress and funded by the United States federal government to promote and help support public broadcasting .   CPB 's mission is to ensure universal access to non-commercial , high-quality content and telecommunications services . It does so by distributing more than 70 % of its funding to more than 1,400 locally owned public radio and television stations .

neg: Multi-Choice TV (Barbados) Multi-Choice TV ( MCTV ) is a television service provider in Barbados . It is a Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service ( MMDS ) or DVB-C wireless microwave-based broadcast subscription television provider . They offer a variety of packages which can be considered as comparatively priced to similar providers throughout the world . The service began operating on December 14 , 1987 under the name Subscription Television ( STV ) , which had very few channels offered . The main channels were CNN , ESPN , and Lifetime Television , with an occasional option of pay per view ( PPV ) being offered for local special events and the occasional international PPV sports broadcast . In 1996 it was upgraded to include a new platform called Multi-Choice TV which was an analog wireless microwave broadcast offering many more channels ( e.g. , BBC , Canada 's CBC , TBN ) eventually maxing the bandwidth capacity and having to upgrade the service to a digital broadcast system . Multi-Choice TV have not fully converted all of its subscribers yet . The system relies on line-of-sight propagation so total island wide coverage have proved to be a problem and the provider is looking into alternatives . A recent press release have indicated their interest in a partnership with the local telco LIME . From 1 September 2008 MCTV replaced the Travel Channel on 511 ( part of the High Flyer package ) by Setanta Sports .   The service uses a Yagi antenna to receive the encrypted broadcast , which in turn is then decrypted by the provider 's set top box . The provider now has the problem of signal theft by pirates using modified DVB-C compatible receivers and PCI cards with the most popular being the `` Dreambox '' manufactured in Germany to decode their signal which is based on Nagravision which is a conditional access control system developed by the Kudelski Group . In order to prevent such activity in August , 2006 the Government of Barbados stiffened the local Barbadian copyright laws , in addition to a strengthening of the laws on cable TV piracy . The CBC provider is planning for further circumvention of the Dream boxes in 2009 . In 2014 MCTV have gone through a massive upgrade of improving their services by including new channels such as MovieCity Action and Hollywood , AMC , KTLA , WGN , Disney , NBC Sports network etc. . Also MCTV have upgraded their systems to 20 stunning HD channels such as ABC , NBC , CBS & FOX and have also added new PVR boxes . MCTV new slogan is MCTV the Right Choice and are increasing their channel line ups and packaging for their loyal customers in Barbados . MCTV is still the number 1 provider in Barbados but they have competition from Lime Barbados and Flow , but the advantage MCTV has is , it does not depend on the internet to provide single for their customers and when there is rainy and cloudy condition MCTV still provides good service .   Multi-Choice TV also competes against the US-based direct broadcast satellite ( DBS ) service provider DirecTV in Barbados .   The service uses the NTSC television format .

neg: Paramount Television Network The Paramount Television Network ( PTN ) was a venture by American film corporation Paramount Pictures to organize a television network in the late 1940s . The company built television stations KTLA in Los Angeles and WBKB in Chicago ; it also invested US$ 400,000 in the DuMont Television Network , which operated stations WABD in New York City , WTTG in Washington , D.C. , and WDTV in Pittsburgh . Escalating disputes between Paramount and DuMont concerning breaches of contract , company control , and network competition erupted regularly between 1940 and 1956 , and culminated in the dismantling of the DuMont Network . Television historian Timothy White called the clash between the two companies `` one of the most unfortunate and dramatic episodes in the early history of the television industry . ''   The Paramount Television Network aired several programs , including the Emmy Award-winning children 's series Time for Beany . Filmed in Hollywood , the programs were distributed to an ad-hoc network of stations across the United States . The network signed affiliation agreements with more than 50 television stations in 1950 ; despite this , most of Paramount 's series were not widely viewed outside the West Coast . The Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) , which filed suit against Paramount for anti-trust violations , prevented the studio from acquiring additional television stations . Paramount executives eventually gave up on the idea of a television network , and continued to produce series for other networks . In 1995 , after four decades of television production for other companies , Paramount re-entered the broadcast network field when the company and Chris-Craft Industries launched the United Paramount Network ( UPN ) , a television network that operated until 2006 . Paramount 's television division is now owned by CBS Television Studios .

neg: Major film studio A major film studio is a production and film distributor that releases a substantial number of films annually and consistently commands a significant share of box office revenue in a given market . In the North American , Western , and global markets , the major film studios , often simply known as the majors , are commonly regarded as the six diversified media conglomerates whose various film production and distribution subsidiaries collectively command approximately 80 to 85 percent of U.S. and Canadian box office revenue . The term may also be applied more specifically to the primary motion picture business subsidiary of each respective conglomerate .   The `` Big Six '' majors , whose operations are based in or around the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood , are all centered in film studios active during Hollywood 's Golden Age of the 1930s and 1940s . In three cases -- 20th Century Fox , Warner Bros. , and Paramount -- the studios were one of the `` Big Five '' majors during that era as well . In two cases -- Columbia and Universal -- the studios were also considered majors , but in the next tier down , part of the `` Little Three '' . In the sixth case , Walt Disney Studios was an independent production company during the Golden Age ; it was an important Hollywood entity , but not a major . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , United Artists , and RKO were majors .   Today , Disney is the only member of the Big Six whose parent entity is still located near Los Angeles ( actually , on Disney 's studio lot and in the same building ) . The five others report to conglomerates headquartered in New York City , Philadelphia , and Tokyo . Of the Big Six , Paramount is the only one still based in Hollywood , and Paramount and Fox are the only ones still located within the Los Angeles city limits , while Disney and Warner Bros. are located in Burbank , Columbia in Culver City , and Universal in the unincorporated area of Universal City .   Most of today 's Big Six control subsidiaries with their own distribution networks that concentrate on arthouse pictures ( e.g. Fox Searchlight Pictures ) or genre films ( e.g. Sony 's Screen Gems ) ; several of these specialty units were shut down or sold off between 2008 and 2010 . The six major studios are contrasted with smaller production and/or distribution companies , which are known as independents or `` indies '' . The leading independent producer/distributors -- Lionsgate Films , The Weinstein Company , and former major studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -- are sometimes referred to as `` mini-majors '' . From 1998 through 2005 , DreamWorks SKG commanded a large enough market share to arguably qualify it as a seventh major , despite its relatively small output . In 2006 , DreamWorks was acquired by Viacom , Paramount 's corporate parent . In late 2008 , DreamWorks once again became an independent production company ; its films were distributed by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures until 2016 , at which point distribution switched to Universal .   The Big Six major studios are today primarily backers and distributors of films whose actual production is largely handled by independent companies -- either long-running entities or ones created for and dedicated to the making of a specific film . The specialty divisions often simply acquire distribution rights to pictures in which the studio has had no prior involvement . While the majors still do a modicum of true production , their activities are focused more in the areas of development , financing , marketing , and merchandising . Those business functions are still usually performed in or near Los Angeles , even though the runaway production phenomenon means that most films are now mostly or completely shot on location at places outside Los Angeles .   Since the dawn of filmmaking , the U.S. major film studios have dominated both American cinema and the global film industry . U.S. studios have benefited from a strong first-mover advantage in that they were the first to industrialize filmmaking and master the art of mass-producing and distributing high-quality films with broad cross-cultural appeal . Today , the Big Six majors routinely distribute hundreds of films every year into all significant international markets ( that is , where discretionary income is high enough for consumers to afford to watch films ) . It is very rare , if not impossible , for a film to reach a broad international audience on multiple continents and in multiple languages without first being picked up by one of the majors for distribution .

neg: 1994 United States broadcast TV realignment The 1994 United States broadcast television realignment consisted of a series of events , primarily involving affiliation switches between television stations , that resulted from a multimillion-dollar deal between the Fox Broadcasting Company ( commonly known as simply Fox ) and New World Communications , a media company that -- through its then-recently formed broadcasting division -- owned several VHF television stations affiliated with major broadcast television networks , primarily CBS .   The major impetus for the changes was to allow Fox to improve its local affiliate coverage , in preparation for the commencement of its rights to the National Football Conference ( NFC ) television package , which the National Football League ( NFL ) awarded to the fledgling network in December 1993 . As a result of various other deals that followed as a result of the affiliation switches created by the deal between Fox and New World , most notably the buyout of CBS by Westinghouse , the switches constituted some of the most sweeping changes in American television history . As a result of this realignment , Fox ascended to the status of a major television network , comparable in influence to the Big Three television networks ( CBS , NBC and ABC ) .   Nearly 70 stations in 30 media markets throughout the United States changed affiliations starting in September 1994 and continuing through September 1996 ( although an additional affiliation switch would occur in February 1997 , through the launch of an upstart station that gained its network partner through one of the ancillary deals ) , which -- along with the concurrent January 1995 launches of The WB Television Network ( a joint venture between Time Warner , the Tribune Company and the network 's founding chief executive officer , Jamie Kellner ) and the United Paramount Network ( UPN ) ( founded by Chris-Craft/United Television , through a programming partnership with Paramount Television ) , both of which affiliated with certain stations that lost their previous network partners through the various affiliation agreements -- marked some of the most expansive changes ever to have occurred in American television .

neg: 1978–79 United States network television schedule This was the television schedule on all three commercial television networks in the United States for the fall season beginning in September 1978 . All times are Eastern and Pacific .   New fall series are highlighted in bold . Series ending their original runs are in italics .   Each of the 30 highest-rated shows is listed with its rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research .   Yellow indicates the programs in the top 10 for the season .  Cyan indicates the programs in the top 20 for the season .  Magenta indicates the programs in the top 30 for the season .   PBS , the Public Broadcasting Service , was in operation , but the schedule was set by each local station .