query: The Citadelle Laferrière is also nicknamed the Citadelle.

pos: Citadelle Laferrière The Citadelle Laferrière or , Citadelle Henry Christophe , or simply the Citadelle ( Citadel ) , is a large mountaintop fortress in Nord , Haiti , located on top of the mountain Bonnet a L'Eveque , approximately 17 mi south of the city of Cap-Haïtien , 10 mi southwest of the Three Bays Protected Area , and 5 mi uphill from the town of Milot . It is one of the largest fortresses in the Americas and was designated by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) as a World Heritage Site in 1982 -- along with the nearby Sans-Souci Palace . The mountaintop fortress has itself become an icon of Haiti . The Citadel was built by Henri Christophe , a key leader during the Haitian slave rebellion ( 1791 -- 1804 ) , after Haiti gained independence from France at the beginning of the 19th century .

neg: Grand Battery Grand Battery ( Grande Batterie , meaning big or great battery ) was a French artillery tactic of the Napoleonic wars . It involved massing all available batteries into a single large , temporary one , and concentrating the firepower of their guns at a single point in the enemy 's lines .   Substituting volume of fire for accuracy , rate of fire and rapid movement , it was rarely used in the wars ' early years . But as the quality of artillery crews and their horses declined , it was employed more frequently during later ( post 1808 ) campaigns .   The Grand Battery was often concentrated against the enemy 's center . An early example of this is at Austerlitz in 1805 , when Napoleon ordered a `` roar of thunder '' before the main assault upon the Pratzen Heights , which split the coalition 's lines in half . Other notable uses of the tactic include : Alexandre-Antoine Hureau de Sénarmont 's aggressive use of his guns at the battle of Friedland ( 1807 ) , which was a major factor that won the battle , or the battle of Wagram in 1809 , where a grand battery successfully halted an Austrian counterattack . At Borodino in 1812 , it was again used to break a counterattack , but it failed to break the strong Russian positions and earthworks in the center along the Rayevski Redoubt . At the Battle of Lützen ( 1813 ) , it did succeed in breaking the Russo-Prussian center , ahead of the main assault by the Imperial guard . Finally , in 1815 at Waterloo , the famous opening barrage of the Grande Batterie failed to break the center of Wellington 's Anglo-allied army due to his judicious deployment of most of his forces behind the reverse slopes of the rolling hillside and the fact that the ground was still wet and muddy , preventing the usual effects of the bouncing cannonballs .   Nearly half a century later , in 1863 on the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg , Robert E. Lee , formed a Grand Battery of his own in a desperate attempt to weaken the Union center in advance of Pickett 's Charge . But the artillery overshot most of their targets and had to cease fire due to a lack of ammunition .

neg: Cavalier (fortification) A cavalier is a fortification which is built within a larger fortification , and which is higher than the rest of the work . It usually consists of a raised platform within a fort or bastion , so as to be able to fire over the main parapet without interfering with the fire of the latter . Through the use of cavaliers , a greater volume of fire can be obtained , but its great height also makes it an easy target for a besieger 's guns .   There are two types of cavaliers :  Common cavalier -- a raised gun platform without any additional defensive features  Defensible cavalier -- a raised gun platform surrounded by a ditch . If the ditch cuts across the bastion 's terreplein and is supported by cuts , the cavalier can also be considered as a retrenchment .

neg: Rochefort, Belgium Rochefort ( -LSB- ʁɔʃ.fɔʁ -RSB- ) is a Walloon municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur , close to the Ardennes . On January 1 , 2006 , Rochefort had a total population of 12,038 . The total area is 165.27 km ² which gives a population density of 73 inhabitants per km ² . It was a in the 19th century .   The municipality consists of the following sub-municipalities : Rochefort proper , Ave-et-Auffe , Buissonville , Éprave , Han-sur-Lesse , Jemelle , Lavaux-Sainte-Anne , Lessive , Mont-Gauthier , Villers-sur-Lesse , and Wavreille .   Its ancient position at the crossroads where the route to Saint-Hubert crossed that from Liège to Bouillon required fortifying : the ruins of the old castle , which gave the place its name and a title to a long line of counts who had the right of coining their own money , still exist . This castle underwent many sieges and suffered at the hands of Marshal de Châtillon ( 1636 ) .   Near Rochefort are the red marble quarries of St. Remy , and Rochefort Abbey , a Trappist monastery , which operates the Rochefort Brewery , known for brewing dark and sweet beers , especially the Rochefort 10 , a deep dark-brown rich and fruity beer .

neg: Counterguard The counterguard ( Kontergarde , contre-garde ) is an outwork in a bastioned fortification system that usually comprises only a low rampart and which is sited in front of the actual fortress moat that runs around the bastions or ravelins . The rampart way of a counterguard is , however , so constructed and at least wide enough that it enables the positioning of guns . An additional ditch in front of it guards the work from a frontal enemy assault . The function of counterguards was to protect the higher ravelin or bastion behind it from direct fire and to delay an attack on it as long as possible . So that the counterguards and the works that they were to protect , could not come under simultaneous fire along the line of the rampart they were not allowed to run parallel to one another .   If such a rampart work was built for defending infantry alone , i.e. without artillery positions , it was called a couvreface .

neg: Salle du Manège The indoor riding academy called the Salle du Manège ( -LSB- sal dy manɛʒ -RSB- ) was the seat of deliberations during most of the French Revolution , from 1789 to 1798 .   Before the revolution , the Salle du Manège ( `` Riding Hall '' ) , situated along the north end of the Tuileries Gardens to the west of the Tuileries Palace in Paris , was home to the royal equestrian academy . Built during the minority of Louis XV , when it lay conveniently close to the Regent 's Palais Royal , it was allowed to pass afterwards from hand to hand as the site of privately conducted riding schools , though it was never formally sold .   On 9 November 1789 the National Constituent Assembly , formerly the Estates-General of 1789 , moved its deliberations from Versailles to the Tuileries in pursuit of Louis XVI of France and installed itself in the Salle du Manège on the palace grounds . Having nationalised the goods of the Church , the Assemblée nationale , requiring more space than the Manège alone could provide , extended its occupation to two adjacent convents , those of the Capuchins , which soon housed the Revolutionary printing presses in its former refectory , and of the Feuillants , whose handsome library received the archives of the Assemblée .   The proportions of the Salle du Manège , ten times as long as it was wide , offered poor acoustics for the debates that went on continually under its high vaults . Six tiers of banquettes permitted space for the deputies , ranged on either side of the central tribune , initially planned for the orators ' podium . Seated together for solidarity , the deputies seated themselves according to their political opinions , to right and to left of the president 's desk , The Mountain and the Girondins , with The Plain seated in the lowest rank of banquettes , from which they were wont to cross to the opposite side , as their opinions dictated . The public found places to witness the spectacle at either end of the hall and in the loge seats above .   In 1792 the Salle du Manège became the venue for the National Convention . In 1795 under the French Directory , the Council of 500 sat in the structure until the body moved to the Palais-Bourbon in 1798 . In 1799 , the Jacobin Club du Manège had its headquarters there .   It would seem that 19th century references to the art of `` manège , '' to describe a style of equestrian riding , derive from here . A March 1847 edition of The Illustrated London News described a performance of Pablo Fanque , the 19th century equestrian and circus performer thus : `` This extraordinary feat of the manège has proved very attractive , as we anticipated in our Journal of last week ; and we have judged the success worthy of graphic commemoration ... '' Further , the paper said , `` Mr. Pablo has trained his black mare to do the most extraordinary feats of the manege , an art hitherto considered to belong only to the French and German professors of equitation , and her style certainly far exceeds anything that has ever yet been brought from the Continent . ''

neg: Place de la Bastille The Place de la Bastille is a square in Paris where the Bastille prison stood until the `` Storming of the Bastille '' and its subsequent physical destruction between 14 July 1789 and 14 July 1790 during the French Revolution . No vestige of the prison remains .   The square straddles 3 arrondissements of Paris , namely the 4th , 11th and 12th . The square and its surrounding areas are normally called simply Bastille .   The July Column ( Colonne de Juillet ) which commemorates the events of the July Revolution ( 1830 ) stands at the center of the square . Other notable features include the Bastille Opera , the Bastille subway station and a section of the Canal Saint Martin . Prior to 1984 , the former Bastille railway station stood where the opera house now stands .   The square is home to concerts and similar events . The north-eastern area of Bastille is busy at night with its many cafés , bars , night clubs , and concert halls .   As a consequence of its historical significance , the square is often the site or point of departure of political demonstrations , including the massive anti-CPE demonstration of 28 March 2006 .

neg: Château de Villars The Château de Villard is a 14th-century castle in the commune of Saint-Parize-le-Châtel in the Nièvre département of France .   During the Hundred Years ' War , the fortress was of great importance and was fought over by the French , English , Armagnacs and Bourbons . It is said that Joan of Arc stayed here before going to liberate Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier . The castle has a round towers in each of the four corners , with a square tower in the middle of each side .   During the 19th century , the interior of the castle was converted for agricultural use and this continued until the 1970s . Since 2006 , Hubert de Vassal and his wife , Ana , have been renovating the buildings which they inherited .   Parts of it have been listed since 1951 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture .   In 2012 , the architectural heritage association , Vieilles Maisons Françaises , awarded its first prize to Château de Villars for the ongoing renovation work .

neg: Palais de la Cité The Palais de la Cité , located on the Île de la Cité in the Seine River in the center of Paris , was the residence of the Kings of France from the sixth century until the 14th century . From the 14th century until the French Revolution , it was the headquarters of the French treasury , judicial system and the Parlement of Paris , an assembly of nobles . During the Revolution it served as a courthouse and prison , where Marie Antoinette and other prisoners were held and tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal . The palace was built and rebuilt over the course of six centuries ; the site is now largely occupied by the buildings of the 19th century Palais de Justice , but a few important vestiges remain ; the medieval lower hall of the Conciergerie , four towers along the Seine , and , mostly important , Sainte-Chapelle , the former chapel of the Palace , masterpiece of Gothic architecture . Both parts of the Conciergerie and Saint-Chapelle are classified as national historical monuments and can be visited , though most of the Palais de Justice is closed to the public .

neg: Garrison (architecture) A garrison is an architectural style of house , typically two stories with the second story overhanging in the front . The traditional ornamentation is four carved drops ( pineapple , strawberry or acorn shape ) below the overhang . Garrisons usually have an exterior chimney at the end . Older versions have casement windows with small panes of glass , while later versions have double-hung windows . The second-story windows often are smaller than those on the first floor . Dormers often break through the cornice line .   Historically the term garrison means 1 ) a group of soldiers ; 2 ) a defensive structure ; 3 ) the location of a group of soldiers is assigned such as garrison house or garrison town . `` The term garrison refers to the military or defensive character of a house '' but not as heavily built as a blockhouse . `` Garrisons , or fortified houses , were built in almost all New England towns and they were particularly common in the frontier towns of Maine and New Hampshire ... Like an ordinary house in plan and appearance , garrisons were used in times of peace as one-family dwellings , but were strongly built and capable of protecting a number of families in times of danger . '' Construction methods typically used log walls or thick planks with a timber frame construction called plank frame construction or simply a plank house .

neg: Citadel (disambiguation) A citadel is a fortress .   Citadel may also refer to :

neg: Antwerp Citadel Antwerp Citadel ( Castillo de Amberes , Kasteel van Antwerpen ) was a pentagonal bastion fort built to defend and dominate the city of Antwerp in the early stages of the Dutch Revolt . It has been described as `` doubtlesse the most matchlesse piece of modern Fortification in the World '' and as `` one of the most studied urban installations of the sixteenth century '' .

neg: Ajaccio Ajaccio ( ; -LSB- aʒaksjo -RSB- ; -LSB- aˈjattʃu -RSB- , -LSB- aˈjattʃo -RSB- ) is a French commune , prefecture of the department of Corse-du-Sud , and head office of the Collectivité territoriale de Corse ( capital city of Corsica ) . It is also the largest settlement on the island . Ajaccio is located on the west coast of the island of Corsica , 210 nmi southeast of Marseille .   The original city went into decline in the Middle Ages , but began to prosper again after the Genoese built a citadel in 1492 to the south of the earlier settlement . After the Corsican Republic was declared in 1755 the Genoese continued to hold several citadels , including Ajaccio , until the French took control of the island .   The inhabitants of the commune are known as Ajacciens or Ajacciennes . The most famous of these is Napoleon Bonaparte who was born in Ajaccio in 1769 , and whose ancestral home , the Maison Bonaparte , is now a museum . Other dedications to him in the city include Ajaccio Napoleon Bonaparte Airport .

neg: Garrison Garrison ( various spellings ) ( from the French garnison , itself from the verb garnir , `` to equip '' ) is the collective term for a body of troops stationed in a particular location , originally to guard it , but now often simply using it as a home base .  The garrison is usually in a city , town , fort , castle , ship or similar . `` Garrison town '' is a common expression for any town that has a military base nearby .

neg: Cavalry Cavalry ( from French cavalerie , cf. cheval ` horse ' ) or horsemen were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback . Cavalry were historically the most mobile of the combat arms . An individual soldier in the cavalry is known by a number of designations such as cavalryman , horseman , dragoon or trooper . The designation of cavalry was not usually given to any military forces that used other animals , such as camels , mules or elephants . Infantry who moved on horseback , but dismounted to fight on foot , were known in the 17th and early 18th centuries as dragoons , a class of mounted infantry which later evolved into cavalry proper while retaining their historic title .   Cavalry had the advantage of improved mobility , and a man fighting from horseback also had the advantages of greater height , speed , and inertial mass over an opponent on foot . Another element of horse mounted warfare is the psychological impact a mounted soldier can inflict on an opponent .   The speed , mobility and shock value of the cavalry was greatly appreciated and exploited in armed forces in the Ancient and Middle Ages ; some forces were mostly cavalry , particularly in nomadic societies of Asia , notably the Mongol armies . In Europe cavalry became increasingly armoured ( heavy ) , and eventually became known for the mounted knights . During the 17th century cavalry in Europe lost most of its armor , ineffective against the muskets and cannon which were coming into use , and by the mid-19th century armor had mainly fallen into disuse , although some regiments retained a small thickened cuirass that offered protection against lances and sabres and some protection against shot .   In the period between the World Wars , many cavalry units were converted into motorized infantry and mechanized infantry units , or reformed as tank troops . However , some cavalry still served during World War II , notably in the Red Army , the Mongolian People 's Army , the Royal Italian Army , the Romanian Army , the Polish Land Forces , and light reconnaissance units within the Waffen SS . Most cavalry units that are horse-mounted in modern armies serve in purely ceremonial roles , or as mounted infantry in difficult terrain such as mountains or heavily forested areas . Modern usage of the term generally refers to specialist units equipped with tanks ( `` armored cavalry '' ) or aircraft ( `` air cavalry '' ) .

neg: Place Denfert-Rochereau Place Denfert-Rochereau , previously known as Place d'Enfer , is a public square located in the 14th arrondissement of Paris , France , in the Montparnasse district , at the intersection of the boulevards Raspail , Arago , and Saint-Jacques , and the avenues René Coty , Général Leclerc , and , as well as the streets Froidevaux , Victor-Considérant and de Grancey . It is one of the largest and most important squares on the left bank of the Seine .   The square is named after Pierre Denfert-Rochereau , the French commander who organized the defense at the siege of Belfort during the Franco-Prussian War ( 1870 -- 1871 ) . It is dominated by the Lion of Belfort statue ( a smaller version of the original in the town of Belfort ) by Frédéric Bartholdi .   The square is the location of the Paris Catacombs museum . It is frequently the place where demonstrations and protest marches in Paris either start or end . The square is also the place depicted on the backdrop at the beginning of the third act of La Bohème by Puccini .

neg: Acadians The Acadians ( Acadiens , -LSB- akadjɛ̃ -RSB- ) are the descendants of French colonists who settled in Acadia during the 17th and 18th centuries , some of whom are also Métis . The colony was located in what is now Eastern Canada 's Maritime provinces ( Nova Scotia , New Brunswick , and Prince Edward Island ) , as well as part of Quebec , and present-day Maine to the Kennebec River . Although today most of the Acadians and Québécois are French-speaking ( francophone ) Canadians , Acadia was a distinctly separate colony of New France . It was geographically and administratively separate from the French colony of Canada ( modern-day Quebec ) . As a result , the Acadians and Québécois developed two distinct histories and cultures . They also developed a slightly different French language . France has one official language and to accomplish this they have an administration in charge of the language . Since the Acadians were separated from this council , their French language evolved independently , and Acadians retain several elements of 17th-century French that have been lost in France . The settlers whose descendants became Acadians came from many areas in France , but especially regions such as Île-de-France , Normandy , Brittany , Poitou and Aquitaine . Acadian family names have come from many areas in France . For example , the Maillets are from Paris ; the LeBlancs of Normandy ; the surname Melanson is from Brittany , and those with the surnames Bastarache and Basque came from Aquitaine .   The Acadians lived for almost 80 years in Acadia , prior to the British Conquest of Acadia in 1710 . After the conquest , they refused to sign an unconditional oath for the next forty-five years . During the French and Indian War ( the North American theatre of the Seven Years ' War ) , British colonial officers suspected and later confirmed their allegiance after finding Acadians fighting alongside French troops after conquering Fort Beausejour . The British , together with New England legislators and militia , carried out the Great Expulsion of 1755 -- 1764 during and after the war years . They deported approximately 11,500 Acadians from the maritime region . Approximately one-third perished from disease and drowning . Although one historian compared this event to contemporary ethnic cleansing , other historians suggested that the event is comparable with other deportations in history .   Many Acadians migrated to present day Louisiana state ( known then as Spanish colonial Luisiana ) , where they developed what became known as Cajun culture . Others were transported to France . Some of those were settled secondarily to Louisiana by Henri Peyroux de la Coudreniere . Later on , many Acadians returned to the Maritime provinces of Canada , most specifically New Brunswick . Most who returned ended up in New Brunswick because they were barred by the British from resettling their lands and villages in the land that became Nova Scotia . Before the US Revolutionary War , the Crown settled New England Planters in former Acadian communities and farmland as well as , after the war , Loyalists ( including nearly 3,000 Black Loyalists , who were freed slaves ) . British policy was to assimilate Acadians with the local populations where they resettled .   Acadians speak a dialect of French called Acadian French . Many of those in the Moncton area speak Chiac and English . The Louisiana Cajun descendants speak a dialect of American English called Cajun English , with several also speaking Cajun French , a close relative of the original dialect from Canada influenced by Spanish and West African languages .

neg: Rashaya Citadel The Rashaya Citadel or Citadel of Independence is a national monument , in Lebanon . It was built as a palace by the Shihab family in the 18th century , was used by the French Mandate , and is now stationed by the Lebanese Armed Forces . It is a tourist site that can be visited while under the army 's surveillance . The castle includes vaulted rooms and overlooks the historic mountain town .

neg: History of infantry Although the term infantry dates from the 15th century , the foot troops of the previous eras in history who fought with a variety of weapons before the introduction of the firearms are also referred to as infantry . During the Ancient and Middle Ages Infantry were categorized by the types of weapons and armour they used , such as heavy , medium , and light infantry . Since the introduction of firearms , classifications have changed initially to reflect their formations on the battlefield as line infantry , and later to reflect modes of transport and type of tactics used by specific units as Mechanized infantry or airborne infantry .   The word infantry was borrowed into other Romance languages from the Latin infantem , originally `` a youth '' who as an infante , a `` foot soldier '' who served in groups composed of those soldiers who were too-inexperienced or too low in rank for membership to the cavalry . As a meaning for an organised type of combat troops , the word dates to 1579 in the French infantrie and Spanish infanteria . However , in military history it has become a common English term to apply to troops from earlier historical periods .   With the notable exception of the Mongol Empire , infantry has represented the largest component in most armies of the past , and the present . While the specific weapons have varied , the common factor is that these soldiers have relied on their feet for tactical movements , but since the introduction of the rail and motor transport have been operationally transported behind the front-lines , and have made use of strategic airlift with the introduction of aircraft into warfare .   During Ancient history , infantry was essentially an armed mob , fighting in loosely organized opposing lines , under the vocal direction of individual commanders in the immediate vicinity of the troops ' hearing range . However , the benefits of uniform , equipment , weaponry and , above all , training led to the development of formations able to carry out pre-arranged tactical maneuvers in the heat of battle .   Since that time , infantry organization has focused on finding a balance between heavily armed formations that emphasise firepower and ability to withstand direct assaults , and more lightly armed but also more mobile units able to manoeuvre around the battlefield faster , to exploit tactical opportunities . Mobility , armament , and protection have been the three competing primary factors that complement and compete in the balanced approach to development of infantry doctrine throughout history .

neg: Carcassonne Carcassonne ( -LSB- kaʁ.ka.sɔn -RSB- ; -LSB- kaɾkaˈsunɔ -RSB- Carcaso ) is a fortified French town in the Aude department , of which it is the prefecture , in the Region of Occitanie .   Inhabited since the Neolithic period , Carcassonne is located in the Aude plain between historic trade routes , linking the Atlantic to the Mediterranean sea and the Massif Central to the Pyrénées . Its strategic importance was quickly recognized by the Romans who occupied its hilltop until the demise of the Western Roman Empire and was later taken over in the fifth century by the Visigoths who founded the city . Its strategic location led successive rulers to expand its fortifications until the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 .   The city is famous for the Cité de Carcassonne , a medieval fortress restored by the theorist and architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc in 1853 and added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997 . Consequently , Carcassonne relies heavily on tourism but also counts manufacture and wine-making as some of its other key economic sectors .

neg: Front (military) A military front or battlefront is a contested armed frontier between opposing forces . It can be a local or tactical front , or it can range to a theater . A typical front was the Western Front in France and Belgium in World War I.   The term `` home front '' has been used to denote conditions in the civilian sector of a country at war , including those involved in the production of matériel .  Both the Soviet and Polish Armies used the term `` front '' to mean an army group during the Polish-Soviet War and World War II . The equivalent of the term established in the header was the `` Theater of military operations '' .  The term `` front line city '' was used by the Germans during their long retreat from Moscow/Stalingrad to refer to metropolitan centres that had become disputed by the two combatants . Designation of a city as such resulted in administrative changes ( largely the imposition of martial law ) . In the film Downfall , the term was briefly referenced .  The term `` transferred to the front '' is often used by soldiers or personnel when their position has been changed from other activities .


query: Taiwan only has a neighbor to the east.

pos: Taiwan Taiwan ( -LSB- taɪˈwɑːn -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , is a state in East Asia . Its neighbours include China ( officially the People 's Republic of China , PRC ) to the west , Japan to the northeast , and the Philippines to the south .  Taiwan is the most populous state that is not a member of the United Nations , and also possesses the largest economy of any state outside of the UN .   The island of Taiwan , also known as Formosa , was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before the 17th century , when Dutch and Spanish colonies opened the island to Han Chinese immigration . After a brief rule by the Kingdom of Tungning , the island was annexed by the Qing dynasty , the last dynasty of China . The Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan in 1895 after the Sino-Japanese War . While Taiwan was under Japanese rule , the Republic of China ( ROC ) was established on the mainland in 1912 after the fall of the Qing dynasty . Following the Japanese surrender to the Allies in 1945 , the ROC took control of Taiwan . However , the resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the ROC 's loss of the mainland to the Communists , and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC continued to claim to be the legitimate government of China , its effective jurisdiction since 1949 has been limited to Taiwan and its surrounding islands , with the main island making up 99 % of its de facto territory . As a founding member of the United Nations , the ROC continued to represent China at the United Nations until 1971 , when the PRC assumed China 's seat , causing the ROC to lose its UN membership .   In the early 1960s , Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization , creating a stable industrial economy . In the 1980s and early 1990s , it changed from a one-party military dictatorship dominated by the Kuomintang to a multi-party democracy with a semi-presidential system . Taiwan is the 22nd-largest economy in the world , and its high-tech industry plays a key role in the global economy . It is ranked highly in terms of freedom of the press , healthcare , public education , economic freedom , and human development . The country benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most highly educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentages of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree .   The PRC has consistently claimed sovereignty over Taiwan and asserted the ROC is no longer in legitimate existence . Under its One-China Policy the PRC refused diplomatic relations with any country that recognizes the ROC . Today only a few smaller nations recognize the ROC as the sole legal representative of China , but many other states maintain unofficial ties through representative offices and institutions that function as de facto embassies and consulates . Although Taiwan is fully self-governing , most international organizations in which the PRC participates either refuse to grant membership to Taiwan or allow it to participate only as a non-state actor . Internally , the major division in politics is between the aspirations of eventual Chinese unification or Taiwanese independence , though both sides have moderated their positions to broaden their appeal . The PRC has threatened the use of military force in response to any formal declaration of independence by Taiwan or if PRC leaders decide that peaceful unification is no longer possible .

neg: Mainland Affairs Council The Mainland Affairs Council ( MAC ) is a cabinet-level administrative agency under the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China . The MAC is responsible for the planning , development , and implementation of policies between the Republic of China on Taiwan and the People 's Republic of China which administers mainland China , Hong Kong and Macau . The MAC counterpart body by the PRC is the Taiwan Affairs Office . Both states officially claim each other 's territory , however the Republic of China controls only Taiwan and surrounding islands , and therefore is usually known as `` Taiwan '' , sometimes referred to as the `` Free Area '' of the Republic of China by the Constitution of the Republic of China . The People 's Republic of China controls mainland China as well as Hong Kong , Macau , Hainan , and other islands and is therefore usually known simply as `` China '' .   The Mainland Affairs Council is administered by a cabinet level Minister . The current Minister is Katharine Chang .   The council plays an important role in setting policy and development of relations with mainland China and advising the central government . The agency funds and indirectly administers the Straits Exchange Foundation which is the official intermediary with the PRC .

neg: Taiwanization Taiwanization , also known as the Taiwanese localization movement , is a conceptual term used in Taiwan to emphasize the importance of a ( separate ) Taiwanese culture , society , economy , nationality , and identity rather than to regard Taiwan as solely an appendage of China . This involves the teaching of the history of Taiwan , geography , and culture from a Taiwan-centric perspective , as well as promoting languages locally established in Taiwan , including Taiwanese Hokkien ( Taiwanese ) , Hakka , and aboriginal languages .   Originally part of the Taiwan independence movement and related to the Taiwan Name Rectification Campaign , some of Taiwanization 's aims are now endorsed by some supporters of Chinese Unification on Taiwan .   The localization movement has been expressed in forms such as the use of language or dialect in the broadcast media and entire channels devoted to aboriginal and Hakka affairs . Textbooks have been rewritten by scholars to more prominently emphasize Taiwan . The political compromise that has been reached is to teach both the history of Taiwan and the history of mainland China .   Some Taiwanese-owned companies or organizations established in earlier times have names containing the words `` China '' or `` Chinese '' . They have been encouraged in recent years to change the word `` China '' in their names to `` Taiwan '' as an act of Taiwanization . This campaign for changing the names is known as the `` Name Rectification Campaign '' or `` Taiwan Name Rectification '' . Many Taiwan-based companies in international sectors already identify themselves as `` Taiwan '' - based for clarity 's sake . This keeps international customers from confusing them with an enterprise based in the People 's Republic of China . Other Taiwan-based companies decline to change to a `` Taiwanese '' name because of expense or the political views held by important clients and company leaders .

neg: Geography of Singapore Singapore is a small , heavily urbanised , island city-state in Southeast Asia , located at the end of the Malayan Peninsula between Malaysia and Indonesia . Singapore has a total land area of 719.1 km2 .   The Singapore area comprises mainland and other islands . The mainland of Singapore measures 50 km from east to west and 27 km from north to south with 193 km of coastline . These figures are based on 2.515 m High Water Mark cadastral survey boundaries .   Singapore is separated from Indonesia by the Singapore Strait and from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor .

neg: List of metropolitan areas in Taiwan Metropolitan areas were recognized by the Taiwan government until 2010 . This was the definition of metropolitan areas used by the government of Taiwan .  A metropolitan area is an economically and socially integrated area with one or more core cities . The population has to be over 300,000 .  Core city : A core city has to satisfy the following three conditions :  Its population more than 200,000 .  More than 70 % of its residents living in the urbanized area .  More than 70 % of the employed residents working within the city .  Satellite city : Within the same region of the core city , a city or township is defined as a satellite city if one of the following conditions is satisfied . A satellite city has to connecte to the core city either directly or through its satellite cities .  More than 10 % of the employed residents commuting to the core city .  More than 5 % of the employed residents commuting to the core city and more than 40 % of the residents living within the same urbanized area as the core city .  surrounded by satellite cities .  If a city is qualified to be a satellite city for more than one core cities , it is defined to be of the core city with more commuters .  A metropolitan area is named after the most populous core city .  Two metropolitan areas are combined into one if the distance between the largest core cities is less than 25 km or if they are bordered with each other for more than 1 km , and if there is close connection of their commuters .

neg: Taipei Family Taipei Family is a Taiwanese sitcom about antics of two families living together in the same apartment dealing with issues such as love and friendship .   `` Taipei Family '' is considered to be a Taiwanese version of the hit series Family Guy . There are similarities that can be compared such as a lazy father , a loud wife , and strange daydreaming sequences that mocks Taiwan history .  This is more of a `` traditional '' Taiwanese sitcom , such as a loud ( and obtrusive ) laughter track , and cartoon-like sound effects based on the character 's facial expressions .  Most of the show focuses on its dialog filled with deadpan humor .   Category : Taiwanese drama television series  Category : Sitcoms

neg: Yushan (mountain) Yushan , also Mount Jade or Mount Yu , is the highest mountain in Taiwan at 3952 m above sea level , giving Taiwan the fourth highest maximum elevation of any island in the world . The obsolete name of Mount Morrison is thought to have been named in honor of the 19th century missionary Robert Morrison . Today , the mountain is generally referred to as Yushan or Mt. Jade .   In the winter , Yushan is often capped with thick snow which makes the entire peak shine like stainless jade , hence its name . On July 21 , 2009 , Yushan was elected one of 28 finalists in the New7Wonders of Nature voting campaign . It even had held the top position in the `` Mountains and Volcanoes '' category on the list of first round voting of the 77 nominees ended on July 7 , 2009 .   Yushan and surrounding mountains belong to Yushan Range , which is part of Yushan National Park . The national park is Taiwan 's largest , highest and least accessible national park . It contains the largest tract of wilderness remaining in Taiwan and is also valued for its pristine forests and faunal diversity , including many endemic species .   The highest point of Yushan Range , Yushan , is 3952 m above sea level , and is the highest point in the western Pacific region outside of the Kamchatka Peninsula . Yushan was once in the ocean and raised to the current height because the Eurasian Plate slid over the neighboring Philippine Sea Plate .   The ocean waters off Taiwan 's east coast are deep ; in fact , submarine slopes plunge down to the Pacific Ocean at a grade of 1:10 and the ocean reaches a depth of more than 4000 m about 50 km from the coast .

neg: Taiwan subtropical evergreen forests The Taiwan subtropical evergreen forests is an ecoregion that covers most of the island of Taiwan , with the exception of the southern tip of the island , which constitutes the South Taiwan monsoon rain forests ecoregion . The island 's concentrated steep mountains host a range of forest types , from subtropical forests in the lowlands to temperate and alpine or montane forests .

neg: Taitung Taitung , Tai Tung , or variants , may refer to :  Taitung County ( 台東縣 or 臺東縣 ) , a county located in eastern Taiwan  Taitung City ( 台東市 or 臺東市 ) , the seat of Taitung County  Taitung Prefecture , former prefecture of Taiwan Province

neg: National University of Tainan The National University of Tainan ( NUTN ; ) is a university in East District , Tainan , Taiwan .

neg: Architecture of Taiwan The architecture of Taiwan can be traced back to stilt housing of the aborigines in prehistoric times ; to the building of fortresses and churches in the north and south used to colonize and convert the inhabitants during the Dutch and Spanish period ; the Tungning period when Taiwan was a base of anti-Qing sentiment and Minnan-style architechture was introduced ; in Qing dynasty period , a mix of Chinese and Western architecture appeared and artillery battery flourished during Qing 's Self-Strengthening Movement ; During the Japanese rule of Taiwan , the Minnan , Japanese and Western culture were main influencers in architectural designs and saw the introduction and use of reinforced concrete . Due to excessive Westernization as a colony , after the retrocession of Taiwan to the Republic of China in 1945 from Japan at the end of World War II , Chinese classical style became popular and entered into international mainstream as a postmodern design style . Today , Taiwanese architecture has undergone much diversification , every style of architecture can be seen .

neg: Mainland Japan is a term to distinguish the area of Japan from its outlying territories . It was an official term in the pre-war period , distinguishing Japan and the colonies in East Asia . After the end of World War II , the term became uncommon , but still is used as an unofficial term to distinguish the area of Japan from Okinawa or Hokkaidō .   The literal Japanese meaning might best be translated as inner Japan or inner lands . The term `` mainland '' is an inaccurate translation because mainland is usually the continental part of a region , as opposed to the islands .   It is also somewhat confusing as Mainland Japan is defined to consist of several major islands ( Hokkaidō , Honshū , Kyūshū , Shikoku ) and many minor ones . The term mainland Japan is also sometimes used to translate Honshū , the largest island , though naichi not .

neg: Indonesia–Vietnam relations Indonesia -- Vietnam relations are foreign bilateral relations between Indonesia and Vietnam . Indonesia and Vietnam are neighboring nations that have a maritime border which lies on the South China Sea . Both countries are the member of ASEAN and APEC .

neg: Near East The Near East is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia . Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles , the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire . The term has fallen into disuse in English and has been replaced by the terms Middle East and Western Asia .   According to the National Geographic Society , the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories and are `` generally accepted as comprising the countries of the Arabian Peninsula , Cyprus , Egypt , Iraq , Iran , Israel , Jordan , Lebanon , Palestinian territories , Syria , and Turkey '' . The Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) of the United Nations defines the region similarly , but also includes Afghanistan while excluding the countries of North Africa and the Palestinian territories .

neg: Geography of Shanghai The geography of Shanghai is characterised by its location on the Yangtze River Delta on China 's east coast and its proximity to the Pacific Ocean via the East China Sea . The city is centred on the Huangpu River , a tributary of the Yangtze River , and extends outwards in all directions , with the suburbs and satellite towns reaching east to the East China Sea , north and west to Jiangsu province , and south to Zhejiang province over Hangzhou Bay .   The vast majority of Shanghai 's land area is flat , apart from a few hills in the southwest corner , due to its location on the alluvial plain of the Yangtze 's river delta . The city has many rivers and lakes and is known for its rich water resources , and thanks to its coastal , riverside location and warm climate ensuring ice-free waters , provides easy access to China 's interior , resulting in Shanghai being the world 's largest port .

neg: Mexico–Taiwan relations Mexico -- Taiwan relations refers to the diplomatic relations between Mexico and the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) .

neg: Sea of Japan naming dispute A dispute exists over the international name for the body of water which is bordered by Japan , North Korea , Russia , and South Korea . In 1992 , objections to the name Sea of Japan were first raised by North Korea and South Korea at the Sixth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names . The Japanese government supports the use of the name `` Sea of Japan '' , while South Korea supports the name `` East Sea '' , and North Korea supports the name `` East Sea of Korea '' . Currently , most international maps and documents use either the name Sea of Japan ( or equivalent translation ) by itself , or include both the name Sea of Japan and East Sea , often with East Sea listed in parentheses or otherwise marked as a secondary name . The International Hydrographic Organization , the international governing body for the naming of bodies of water around the world , in 2012 decided not to change the current single name `` Sea of Japan '' rejecting South Korea 's request to use `` East Sea '' together with `` Sea of Japan '' .   The involved countries ( especially Japan and South Korea ) have advanced a variety of arguments to support their preferred name ( s ) . Many of the arguments revolve around determining when the name Sea of Japan became the common name . South Korea argues that historically the more common name was East Sea , Sea of Korea , or another similar variant . South Korea further argues that the name Sea of Japan did not become common until Korea was under Japanese rule , at which time it had no ability to influence international affairs . Japan argues that the name Sea of Japan has been the most common international name since at least the beginning of the 19th century , long before its annexation of Korea . Both sides have conducted studies of antiquarian maps , but the two countries have produced divergent research results . Additional arguments have been raised regarding the underlying geography of the sea as well as potential problems regarding the ambiguity of one name or the other .

neg: Overseas Taiwanese Overseas Taiwanese , also called `` people of Taiwanese descent '' , are people who are living outside of Republic of China on Taiwan but are of Taiwanese ancestry or descent . Overseas Taiwanese may live in other territories such as the People 's Republic of China and are not necessarily Republic of China nationals .   Overseas Taiwanese may not have been born in or lived in the Republic of China . Some Overseas Taiwanese also consider themselves Overseas Chinese . In November 2014 the Taipei Times cited an estimate of 1 million Taiwanese living in mainland China .   Overseas citizens must return to Taiwan to legally vote in elections , as Taiwan does not use absentee ballots .   In the United States , there are 230,382 to 919,000 people of Taiwanese descent living in the country . They are mostly concentrated in California , New York , and Texas . There are over 91,000 Taiwanese people in Canada , mainly living in the provinces of British Columbia and Ontario .

neg: Eastern Visayas Eastern Visayas ( Sinirangan Kabisay-an Sidlakang Kabisay-an Silangang Kabisayaan ) is an administrative region in the Philippines , designated as Region VIII . It consists of three main islands , Samar , Leyte and Biliran . The region has six provinces , one independent city and one highly urbanized city namely , Biliran , Leyte , Northern Samar , Samar , Eastern Samar , Southern Leyte , Ormoc and Tacloban . The highly urbanized city of Tacloban is the Eastern Visayas Regional Center ( EVRC ) . These provinces and cities occupy the easternmost islands of the Visayas group of islands .   Eastern Visayas faces the Philippine Sea to the east . The region is known for its famous landmark , the San Juanico Bridge , dubbed as the `` Most Beautifully Designed and Longest Bridge in the Philippines '' . As of , the Eastern Visayas region has a population of inhabitants , making it the third most populous region in the Visayas .

neg: Lantan Lake The Lantan Lake or Orchid Lake is a lake and reservoir in East District , Chiayi City , Taiwan .

neg: Timor Timor is an island at the southern end of Maritime Southeast Asia , north of the Timor Sea . The island is divided between the sovereign states of East Timor on the eastern part and Indonesia , on the western part . The Indonesian part , also known as West Timor , constitutes part of the province of East Nusa Tenggara . Within West Timor lies an exclave of East Timor called Oecusse District . The island covers an area of 30,777 km2 . The name is a variant of timur , Malay for `` east '' ; it is so called because it lies at the eastern end of the Lesser Sunda Islands .


query: Mickey Rooney played leading roles.

pos: Mickey Rooney Mickey Rooney ( born Joseph Yule , Jr. ; September 23 , 1920 -- April 6 , 2014 ) was an American actor , vaudevillian , producer , and radio personality . In a career spanning nine decades and continuing until shortly before his death , he appeared in more than 300 films and was one of the last surviving stars of the silent film era .   At the height of a career that was marked by precipitous declines and raging comebacks , Rooney performed the role of Andy Hardy in a series of 15 films in the 1930s and 1940s that epitomized American family values . A versatile performer , he became a celebrated character actor later in his career . Laurence Olivier once said he considered Rooney `` the best there has ever been . '' Clarence Brown , who directed him in two of his earliest dramatic roles , National Velvet and The Human Comedy , said he was `` the closest thing to a genius I ever worked with . ''   Rooney first performed in vaudeville as a child and made his film debut at the age of six . At 14 he played Puck in the play and later the 1935 film adaptation of A Midsummer Night 's Dream . Critic David Thomson hailed his performance as `` one of cinema 's most arresting pieces of magic '' . In 1938 , he co-starred in Boys Town . At nineteen he was the first teenager to be nominated for an Oscar for his leading role in Babes in Arms , and he was awarded a special Academy Juvenile Award in 1939 . At the peak of his career between the ages of 15 and 25 , he made forty-three films , which made him one of MGM 's most consistently successful actors and a favorite of studio head Louis B. Mayer .   Rooney was the top box office attraction from 1939 to 1941 , and one of the best-paid actors of that era , but his career never rose to such heights again . Drafted into the Army during World War II , he served nearly two years entertaining over two million troops on stage and radio and was awarded a Bronze Star for performing in combat zones . Returning from the war in 1945 , he was too old for juvenile roles but too short to be an adult movie star , and was unable to get as many starring roles . Nevertheless , Rooney 's popularity was renewed with well-received supporting roles in films such as Requiem for a Heavyweight ( 1962 ) , It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World ( 1963 ) , and The Black Stallion ( 1979 ) . In the early 1980s , he returned to Broadway in Sugar Babies and again became a celebrated star . Rooney made hundreds of appearances on TV , including dramas , variety programs , and talk shows , and won an Emmy in 1964 , with another Emmy plus a Golden Globe for his role in Bill ( 1981 ) .   At his death , Vanity Fair called him `` the original Hollywood train wreck . '' He struggled with alcohol and pill addiction and married eight times , the first time to Ava Gardner . Despite earning millions during his career , he had to file for bankruptcy in 1962 due to mismanagement of his finances . Shortly before his death in 2014 at age 93 , he alleged mistreatment by some family members and testified before Congress about what he alleged was physical abuse and exploitation by family members . By the end of his life , his millions in earnings had dwindled to an estate that was valued at only $ 18,000 . He died owing medical bills and back taxes , and contributions were solicited from the public .

neg: Michael Rooney Michael Joseph Rooney ( born April 2 , 1962 ) is an American choreographer . He is the son of actor Mickey Rooney . Best known for his work on a number of music videos , Rooney has won MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography five times .

neg: Hustle (2004 film) Hustle is a television film about baseball player Pete Rose , created by ESPN Films . It was first broadcast on September 25 , 2004 . The movie follows Rose as he gambled on Major League Baseball while managing the Cincinnati Reds , then was caught and banned from baseball for life . The title , Hustle , is a reference to both Rose 's gambling problem and his nickname , `` Charlie Hustle . ''   The movie stars Tom Sizemore as Pete Rose and was directed by Peter Bogdanovich .

neg: Gary Cooper filmography The filmography of Gary Cooper chronicles the film appearances of American actor Gary Cooper . After starting his career in 1925 as a film extra and stuntman , Cooper made his official cinematic debut in 1926 in the Samuel Goldwyn production The Winning of Barbara Worth . He went on to become a contract player with Paramount Pictures where he established himself as a popular leading man prior to the end of the silent film era .   Cooper 's future in the sound era was assured with the release of The Virginian ( 1929 ) , his first all-talkie film . For the next 32 years , he would be one of cinema 's top money-making stars . From 1936 to 1957 , Cooper ranked 18 times among the top ten box office attractions -- a record when he died in 1961 , and later surpassed only by John Wayne , who ranked among the top ten 25 times , Clint Eastwood ( 21 times ) and Tom Cruise ( 20 times ) .   Cooper was nominated for the Best Actor Academy Award five times and won twice , for Sergeant York ( 1942 ) and High Noon ( 1952 ) . The latter film boosted his popularity , resulting in him being the number one box office attraction in 1953 . Cooper received a third Academy Award -- an honorary one -- just prior to his death in 1961 . His final film , The Naked Edge , was released shortly after his death .   As of February 2008 , more than half of Gary Cooper 's feature films are available on DVD , while others not yet on home video are available for television broadcast . Unfortunately , at least two of his silent films -- Beau Sabreur ( 1928 ) and The Legion of the Condemned ( 1928 ) -- are now considered lost films . Another of his silent films , Wolf Song ( 1929 ) , was originally released as a part talkie , but survives only as a silent film . One of Cooper 's earliest talkies , Paramount on Parade ( 1930 ) , survives incomplete . The prints that are available for television are missing all but one of the film 's Technicolor scenes -- a partial restoration of these scenes was done by the UCLA Film Archives .   This filmography contains sections for Cooper 's work as an extra in the earliest part of his film career , his feature film appearances , his occasional appearances in short films , and a section for a compilation film . Due to its length ( 92 films ) , the listing of his feature films is divided in four sections . Cooper 's film roles are listed , as well as the names of each film 's director and co-stars . Cooper 's awards and nominations are also listed . Except where noted , all of his films were shot in 35mm black and white . All films released prior to Lilac Time ( 1928 ) are silent films and all from The Virginian ( 1929 ) onward are sound films . The films made during the silent-to-sound transition are noted as being either silent or sound films . As an addendum , Cooper 's handful of television appearances are also listed .

neg: Mickey's Big Broadcast Mickey 's Big Broadcast is a 1933 short film in Larry Darmour 's Mickey McGuire series starring a young Mickey Rooney . Directed by Jesse Duffy , the two-reel short was released to theaters on June 6 , 1933 by RKO Radio Pictures . An edited version of this short appeared in the feature film compilation `` Mickey the Great '' .

neg: Tim Rooney Timothy Hayes Yule ( January 4 , 1947 -- September 23 , 2006 ) , better known as Tim Rooney , was an American actor and voice actor . He was the second son of actor Mickey Rooney and suffered from a muscle disease known as dermatomyositis .

neg: Stanley Theater (Utica, New York) The Stanley Theatre is a historic Baroque movie palace in Utica , New York . Over the years , it has gone through several changes of ownership , but has always been affiliated with Warner Brothers Pictures .   Originally owned by the Stanley-Mark Strand Corporation chain , the Stanley Theatre ( and entire movie theatre chain ) was purchased three days before opening by Warner Brothers . The company was eager to showcase its products on as many screens as possible . The theatre opened on September 10 , 1928 , with the silent movie Ramona starring Dolores del Río .   Thomas W. Lamb , a prolific theatre architect , designed the 2,963 seat cinema for the Mastbaum chain of theatres . The theatre was named for Stanley , one of the Mastbaum brothers . While Lamb and his firm designed over 300 theatres worldwide , he is considered to be somewhat of a local , having owned a camp in the Adirondacks . ( His great grandson lives in the Albany area today . )   The Stanley was built in less than 13 months on the expanding southern edge of downtown , some four blocks away from Utica 's theatre district . Unfortunately , all the theatres located there were razed during the Urban Renewal era of the 1960s and 70s . The Stanley remained open through all of this , though it suffered many years of benign neglect . In 1974 , when the threat of destruction became very real , the Central New York Community Arts Council ( renamed Stanley Center for the Arts in 2008 ) spearheaded a campaign to acquire the property , which it did for $ 135,000 .   The design motif of the Stanley Theatre is dubbed `` Mexican Baroque '' because of its unique blend of styles . The terra cotta and tiled mosaic exterior shows the Mexican influence , while Habsburg lions , Indian faces , and a multitude of angels and cherubs grace the lavish gold leaf Baroque theatre interior . Moorish influence is also evident in the star-splashed ceiling and twisted columns flanking the stage . Legend has it that the grand entry staircase was designed to resemble the main staircase on the Titanic ocean liner .   While the Stanley Theatre continued to be primarily a movie house , it introduced live events early in its history . Today it is host to the Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute Great Artists Series ( over 75 years ) ; Broadway Theatre League ( 50 years ) ; Utica Symphony ( over 60 years ) ; and the Mohawk Valley Ballet ( over 25 years ) .   Notable early performers included legendary singers Marian Anderson , Ezio Pinza , Lily Pons , Jeanette MacDonald , and Gene Autry . Later illustrious entertainers included Chuck Mangione , Conway Twitty , Third Eye Blind , Diana Ross , Barry Manilow , and Harry Connick Jr. . The Stanley was also host to multiple appearances by Jerry Seinfeld , Wynton Marsalis , George Carlin , Itzhak Perlman , Bob Weir & RatDog ! , and B.B. King . More recent performances include Aretha Franklin and legendary songwriter Burt Bacharach . The Broadway Theatre League brought in National Touring productions of Cats ( musical ) , Annie , Evita , Sweeney Todd , and Barnum .   The theater was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 . It is significant for its relationship to the early movie industry and its distinctive architecture .

neg: Film Booking Offices of America Film Booking Offices of America ( FBO ) , also known as FBO Pictures Corporation , was an American film studio of the silent era , a producer and distributor of mostly low-budget films . The business began in 1918 as Robertson-Cole ( U.S. ) , the American division of a British import -- export company and Robertson-Cole was formed by the English-born Harry F. Robertson and the American Rufus Sidman Cole . Robertson-Cole bought the Hallmark Exchanges ( formerly the Mutual Exchanges that became known as Exhibitors-Mutual Exchanges ) from Frank J. Hall in 1920 . Exhibitors-Mutual/Hallmark had distributed Robertson-Cole product , and acquiring the exchanges gave them the right to distribute their own films plus Hall 's product , with the exception of Charlie Chaplin reissues he had the rights to .   Robertson-Cole initiated movie production in the United States in 1920 . That year , it incorporated Robertson-Cole Studios , Inc. and bought 460 acres in Santa Monica , California to establish a studio . The property , which became known as the `` R.C. Ranch '' , enabled Robertson-Cole to centralize movie production , which previously had been scattered . The movie company had relied on equipment rentals to produce motion pictures . Two years later , a corporate reorganization led to the company 's new name , with FBO becoming the official name of the distributing operation and Robertson-Cole Pictures Corp. the name of the production operation . In 1923 , the studio contracted with Western actor Fred Thomson , who would soon emerge as one of Hollywood 's most popular stars . Thomson was just one of numerous screen cowboys with whom FBO became identified .   The studio , whose core market was America 's small towns , also put out many romantic melodramas , non-Western action pictures , and comedic shorts . In 1926 , financier Joseph P. Kennedy led a group that acquired the company . In June 1928 , using RCA Photophone technology , FBO became only the second Hollywood studio to release a feature-length `` talkie . '' A few months later , Kennedy and RCA chief David Sarnoff arranged the merger that created RKO , one of the major studios of Hollywood 's Golden Age .

neg: Baby Face Nelson (film) Baby Face Nelson is a 1957 film noir crime film based on the real-life 1930s gangster , directed by Don Siegel , co-written by Daniel Mainwaring -- who also wrote the screenplay for Siegel 's 1956 sci-fi thriller Invasion of the Body Snatchers -- and starring Mickey Rooney , Carolyn Jones , Cedric Hardwicke , Leo Gordon , Anthony Caruso , Jack Elam and John Hoyt .

neg: Child actor The term child actor or child actress is generally applied to a child acting on stage or in motion pictures or television , but also to an adult who began his or her acting career as a child ; to avoid confusion , the latter is also called a former child actor . Closely associated is teenage actor or teen actor , an actor who reached popularity as a teenager .   Many child actors find themselves struggling to adapt as they become adults . Lindsay Lohan and Macaulay Culkin are two particular famous child actors who eventually experienced much difficulty with the fame they acquired at a young age ; Lohan 's career resumed after an interruption of several years . Many child actors also become successful adult actors as well , an example being Mickey Rooney 's career that included both the popular 1935 film A Midsummer Night 's Dream and the popular 2011 film The Muppets .

neg: 25th Academy Awards The 25th Academy Awards ceremony was held on March 19 , 1953 . It took place at the RKO Pantages Theatre in Hollywood , California , and the NBC International Theatre in New York City .   It was the first Academy Awards ceremony to be televised , and the first ceremony to be held in Hollywood and New York City simultaneously . It was also the only year that the New York ceremonies were to be held in the NBC International Theatre on Columbus Circle , which was shortly thereafter demolished and replaced by the New York Coliseum convention center .   A major upset occurred in the category of Best Picture . The heavily favored High Noon lost to Cecil B. DeMille 's The Greatest Show on Earth , eventually considered among the worst films to have won the Academy Award for Best Picture . The American film magazine Premiere placed the movie on its list of the 10 worst Oscar winners and the British film magazine Empire rated it # 3 on their list of the 10 worst Oscar winners . It has the lowest spot on Rotten Tomatoes ' list of the 81 films to win Best Picture . Of all the films nominated for the Oscar this year , only High Noon and Singin ' in the Rain would show up 46 years later on the American Film Institute list of the greatest American films of the 20th Century . For a film that only received two nominations , Singin ' in the Rain went on to be named as the greatest American musical film of all time and in the 2007 American Film Institute updated list as the fifth greatest American film of all time , while High Noon was ranked twenty-seventh on the same 2007 list , as well .   The Bad and the Beautiful won five awards , the most wins ever for a film not nominated for Best Picture . It was also the second Academy Awards in which a film not nominated for Best Picture received the most awards of the evening , excluding years where there were ties for the most wins . The only other film to do this was The Thief of Bagdad at the 13th Academy Awards ; as of the 87th Academy Awards , it has not happened since .   Until Spotlight won only Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay at the 88th Academy Awards , this was the last year in which the Best Picture winner won just two Oscars . It was also the second of three years to date in which two films not nominated for Best Picture received more nominations than the winner ( The Bad and the Beautiful and Hans Christian Andersen , both with six ) . This occurred again at the 79th Academy Awards .   Shirley Booth also became the last person to win an Oscar in a Leading Role to be born in the 19th century . She also holds the distinction of being the first woman in her 50s to win the award , at the age of 54 ( the second woman in her 50s to win , Julianne Moore , was 54 when awarded at the 87th Academy Awards ) .   John Ford 's fourth win for Best Director set a record for the most wins in this category that remains unmatched to this day .   For the first time since the introduction of Supporting Actor and Actress awards in 1936 , Best Picture , Best Director , and all four acting Oscars went to six different films . This has happened only three times since , at the 29th Academy Awards for 1956 , the 78th for 2005 , and the 85th for 2012 .

neg: Art Rooney II Arthur Joseph `` Art '' Rooney II ( born September 14 , 1952 ) is the owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League .

neg: Mickey's Mickey 's is a malt liquor made by the Miller Brewing Company . It has an ABV % content of 5.6 .   Mickey 's was originally brewed by Sterling Brewery in Evansville , Indiana from 1962 through 1972 . Mickey 's is known for its beehive-shaped , wide-mouthed 12-ounce bottle , often called a grenade due to its circular waffle design . The packaging is green in color with an image of a hornet on the label and the cap , and features rebus puzzles under the cap . Recently , Mickey 's has sponsored the Ultimate Fighting Championship , using the phrase , `` Get Stung '' and has featured several UFC fighters on 24 ounce cans . Mickey 's is also available in 16 , 22 , 24 , 32 , and 40 ounce sizes .

neg: B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity .   In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics .   Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie .   From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .

neg: Art Rooney Award The Art Rooney Award is given annually by the National Football League recognizing outstanding sportsmanship on the playing field . Established in 2015 , the award is named in honor of Art Rooney , Sr. , the founding owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers and a member of the National Football League Hall of Fame .   The award is determined by a vote of the NFL players . The award is presented each year to an NFL player who demonstrates on the field the qualities of great sportsmanship , including fair play , respect for opponents , and integrity in competition .   Each NFL team nominates one player during the season . A panel of former players from the NFL Legends Community selected from the 32 nominees eight finalists ( four in the American Football Conference ; four in the National Football Conference ) . The panel of Legends Coordinators in the inaugural year was composed of Warrick Dunn , Curtis Martin , Karl Mecklenburg and Leonard Wheeler . Along with the award , the winner receives a $ 25,000 donation from the NFL Foundation to a charity of his choice .

neg: Little Annie Rooney (1925 film) Little Annie Rooney is a 1925 American silent comedy-drama film starring Mary Pickford and directed by William Beaudine . Pickford , one of the most successful actresses of the silent era , was best known throughout her career for her iconic portrayals of penniless young girls . After generating only modest box office revenue playing adults in her previous two films , Pickford wrote and produced Little Annie Rooney to cater to silent film audiences . Though she was 33 years old , Pickford played the title role , an Irish girl living in the slums of New York City .   The film was a critical and commercial success , becoming one of the highest grossing films of 1925 . Restored by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 2014 , Little Annie Rooney is remembered today for Pickford 's performance and the high quality associated with its production .

neg: Twentieth Century (film) Twentieth Century is a 1934 American pre-Code screwball comedy film . Much of the film is set on the 20th Century Limited train as it travels from Chicago to New York City . The film was directed by Howard Hawks , stars John Barrymore and Carole Lombard , and features Walter Connolly , Roscoe Karns and Edgar Kennedy . Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur adapted their Broadway play of the same name -- itself based on the unproduced play Napoleon of Broadway by Charles Bruce Millholland -- with uncredited contributions from Gene Fowler and Preston Sturges .   Along with Frank Capra 's It Happened One Night , also released in 1934 ( which amazingly has exactly the same music over the opening titles ) , Twentieth Century is considered to be a prototype for the screwball comedy . `` Howard Hawks ' rapid-fire romantic comedy established the essential ingredients of the screwball -- a dizzy dame , a charming but befuddled hero , dazzling dialogue and a dash of slapstick . '' Its success propelled Lombard into the front ranks of film comediennes . The film was added to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 2011 .

neg: Louis Elliman Louis Elliman ( 1906 -- 1965 ) , was an Irish impresario and theatre manager .   Elliman was born in Dublin , a son of Maurice Elliman , who had fled from Tsarist persecution in Russia . He was educated at Synge Street CBS .   His father became involved in cinema by establishing the Theatre De Luxe in Camden St. in 1912 . After university Louis started work at a pharmacy but after a few years gave that up to become a film agent in London . In the meantime Maurice acquired Dublin 's Gaiety Theatre , which was passed on to Louis .   In the early 1930s , Louis Elliman sold a 50 % share in the Gaiety to entrepreneur Patrick Wall , a Clare man . The pair also owned the Metropole and the Savoy cinemas . Along with Patrick Wall , Elliman acquired the Theatre Royal , Dublin in 1936 . With the outbreak of the Second World War , Wall and Elliman were forced to keep the two theatres going with native talent only . This led to the emergence of a raft of Irish acts who were to provide the mainstay of the Royal 's output for the remainder of its existence . These included such Irish household names as Jimmy O'Dea , Harry O'Donovan , Maureen Potter , Danny Cummins , Mike Nolan , Alice Dalgarno , Noel Purcell , Micheál MacLiammoir , Cecil Sheridan , Jack Cruise , Paddy Crosbie and Patricia Cahill . In July 1951 Judy Garland appeared for a series of sold out performances at the Royal and was received with tremendous ovations . The legendary singer sang from her dressing room window to hundreds of people who were unable to get tickets and critics dubbed her `` America 's Colleen '' Popular Irish American entertainer Carmel Quinn also made her singing debut in the Theatre Royal during the early 1950s .   After a spell acquiring cinemas around the country , which were taken over by the Rank Organization , Louis went into film production . In 1957 he opened Ardmore Studios . With managing director Emmet Dalton he travelled to the US to promote the studios and to acquire foreign investment . The studios accordingly landed its first major foreign booking with 1959 's Shake Hands with the Devil , starring Oscar winner James Cagney and Dana Wynter . A year later progress was consolidated when Robert Mitchum appeared in Tay Garnett 's `` A Terrible Beauty '' . In 1961 , Ardmore Studios hosted the controversial `` The Mark '' , directed by Guy Green , which was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival and earned its star , Stuart Whitman , an Oscar nomination . Other films produced at this time include Don Chaffey 's The Webster Boys and `` Johnny Nobody '' with Cyril Cusack . Hammer Films also utilised the studios as a base for their production , The Viking Queen . The studios went into receivership in 1963 but re-opened later .   Under pressure from rising overheads and the increasing popularity of the cinema and the introduction of television , the Theatre Royal closed its doors on 30 June 1962 .   By this time Louis was dogged by bad health and died in 1965 .

neg: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1939 film) The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a 1939 film adaptation of Mark Twain 's classic novel of the same name , starring Mickey Rooney in the title role . The supporting cast features Walter Connolly , William Frawley and Rex Ingram . It was remade in 1974 as a musical .

neg: Major film studio A major film studio is a production and film distributor that releases a substantial number of films annually and consistently commands a significant share of box office revenue in a given market . In the North American , Western , and global markets , the major film studios , often simply known as the majors , are commonly regarded as the six diversified media conglomerates whose various film production and distribution subsidiaries collectively command approximately 80 to 85 percent of U.S. and Canadian box office revenue . The term may also be applied more specifically to the primary motion picture business subsidiary of each respective conglomerate .   The `` Big Six '' majors , whose operations are based in or around the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood , are all centered in film studios active during Hollywood 's Golden Age of the 1930s and 1940s . In three cases -- 20th Century Fox , Warner Bros. , and Paramount -- the studios were one of the `` Big Five '' majors during that era as well . In two cases -- Columbia and Universal -- the studios were also considered majors , but in the next tier down , part of the `` Little Three '' . In the sixth case , Walt Disney Studios was an independent production company during the Golden Age ; it was an important Hollywood entity , but not a major . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , United Artists , and RKO were majors .   Today , Disney is the only member of the Big Six whose parent entity is still located near Los Angeles ( actually , on Disney 's studio lot and in the same building ) . The five others report to conglomerates headquartered in New York City , Philadelphia , and Tokyo . Of the Big Six , Paramount is the only one still based in Hollywood , and Paramount and Fox are the only ones still located within the Los Angeles city limits , while Disney and Warner Bros. are located in Burbank , Columbia in Culver City , and Universal in the unincorporated area of Universal City .   Most of today 's Big Six control subsidiaries with their own distribution networks that concentrate on arthouse pictures ( e.g. Fox Searchlight Pictures ) or genre films ( e.g. Sony 's Screen Gems ) ; several of these specialty units were shut down or sold off between 2008 and 2010 . The six major studios are contrasted with smaller production and/or distribution companies , which are known as independents or `` indies '' . The leading independent producer/distributors -- Lionsgate Films , The Weinstein Company , and former major studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -- are sometimes referred to as `` mini-majors '' . From 1998 through 2005 , DreamWorks SKG commanded a large enough market share to arguably qualify it as a seventh major , despite its relatively small output . In 2006 , DreamWorks was acquired by Viacom , Paramount 's corporate parent . In late 2008 , DreamWorks once again became an independent production company ; its films were distributed by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures until 2016 , at which point distribution switched to Universal .   The Big Six major studios are today primarily backers and distributors of films whose actual production is largely handled by independent companies -- either long-running entities or ones created for and dedicated to the making of a specific film . The specialty divisions often simply acquire distribution rights to pictures in which the studio has had no prior involvement . While the majors still do a modicum of true production , their activities are focused more in the areas of development , financing , marketing , and merchandising . Those business functions are still usually performed in or near Los Angeles , even though the runaway production phenomenon means that most films are now mostly or completely shot on location at places outside Los Angeles .   Since the dawn of filmmaking , the U.S. major film studios have dominated both American cinema and the global film industry . U.S. studios have benefited from a strong first-mover advantage in that they were the first to industrialize filmmaking and master the art of mass-producing and distributing high-quality films with broad cross-cultural appeal . Today , the Big Six majors routinely distribute hundreds of films every year into all significant international markets ( that is , where discretionary income is high enough for consumers to afford to watch films ) . It is very rare , if not impossible , for a film to reach a broad international audience on multiple continents and in multiple languages without first being picked up by one of the majors for distribution .

neg: Cinema of India The cinema of India consists of films produced across India . Cinema as a medium has gained immense popularity in the country and as many as 1,600 films in various languages of India are produced annually . Indian films have also come to be followed throughout South Asia , the Greater Middle East , Southeast Asia and other countries . Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the `` father of Indian cinema '' . The Dadasaheb Phalke Award , for lifetime contribution to cinema , was instituted in his honour , by the Government of India in 1969 , and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema .   In the 20th century , Indian cinema , along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries , became a global enterprise . As of 2013 , in terms of annual film output , India ranks first , followed by Nollywood , Hollywood and China . In 2012 , India produced 1,602 feature films . The Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $ 1.86 billion ( 93 billion ) in 2011 . This is projected to rise to $ 3 billion ( 200 billion ) in 2016 . In 2015 , India had a total box office gross of , the fourth largest in the world outside North America . Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established cinematic norms of delivering product , altering the manner in which content reached the target audience . Biopics like Dangal and CGI-laden epics like Baahubali emerged as transnational blockbusters grossing over $ 200 million each in early 21st century . Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened . The Indian government extended film delegations to foreign countries such as the United States of America and Japan while the country 's Film Producers Guild sent similar missions through Europe .   The provision of 100 % foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox , Sony Pictures , Walt Disney Pictures and Warner Bros. . Indian enterprises such as AVM Productions , Prasad 's Group , Sun Pictures , PVP Cinemas , Zee , UTV , Suresh Productions , Eros Films , Ayngaran International , Pyramid Saimira , Aascar Films and Adlabs also participated in producing and distributing films . Tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India . By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India , making the commercial presence of the medium felt .   The South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity . They are the Telugu , the Tamil , the Malayalam and the Kannada industries . Although developed independently over a long period , gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity .   The Indian diaspora consists of millions of Indians overseas for which films are made available both through media such as DVDs and by screening of films in their country of residence wherever commercially feasible . These earnings , accounting for some 12 % of the revenue generated by a mainstream film , contribute substantially to the overall revenue of Indian cinema , the net worth of which was found to be 1.3 billion in 2000 . Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4 -- 5 % of the net revenues generated by a film in India .