query: Saskatchewan is bordered on the south by Iowa and North Dakota.

pos: Saskatchewan Saskatchewan ( -LSB- səˈskætʃəwᵻn -RSB- or -LSB- - ˌwɑːn -RSB- ) is a prairie and boreal province in western Canada , the only province without natural borders . It has an area of 651900 km2 , nearly 10 percent of which ( 59366 km2 ) is fresh water , composed mostly of rivers , reservoirs , and the province 's 100,000 lakes .   Saskatchewan is bordered on the west by Alberta , on the north by the Northwest Territories , on the east by Manitoba , to the northeast by Nunavut , and on the south by the U.S. states of Montana and North Dakota . As of December 2013 , Saskatchewan 's population was estimated at 1,114,170 . Residents primarily live in the southern prairie half of the province , while the northern boreal half is mostly forested and sparsely populated . Of the total population , roughly half live in the province 's largest city , Saskatoon , or the provincial capital , Regina . Other notable cities include Prince Albert , Moose Jaw , Yorkton , Swift Current , North Battleford , and the border city Lloydminster ( partially within Alberta ) .   Saskatchewan is a landlocked province with large distances to moderating bodies of waters . As a result , its climate is extremely continental , rendering severe winters throughout the province . Southern areas have very warm or hot summers . Midale and Yellow Grass near the U.S. border are tied for the highest ever recorded temperatures in Canada with 45 C observed at both locations on July 5 , 1937 . In winter , temperatures below -45 C are possible even in the south during extreme cold snaps .   Saskatchewan has been inhabited for thousands of years by various indigenous groups , and first explored by Europeans in 1690 and settled in 1774 . It became a province in 1905 , carved out from the vast North-West Territories , which had until then included most of the Canadian Prairies . In the early 20th century the province became known as a stronghold for Canadian social democracy ; North America 's first social-democratic government was elected in 1944 . The province 's economy is based on agriculture , mining , and energy . Saskatchewan 's current premier is Brad Wall and its lieutenant-governor is Vaughn Solomon Schofield .   In 1992 , the federal and provincial governments signed a historic land claim agreement with First Nations in Saskatchewan . The First Nations received compensation and were permitted to buy land on the open market for the tribes ; they have acquired about 3079 km2 , now reserve lands . Some First Nations have used their settlement to invest in urban areas , including Saskatoon .

pos: Iowa Iowa ( -LSB- ˈaɪ.əwə -RSB- ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States , bordered by the Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west . Surrounding states include Wisconsin and Illinois to the east , Missouri to the south , Nebraska and South Dakota to the west , and Minnesota to the north .   In colonial times , Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana ; its state flag is patterned after the flag of France . After the Louisiana Purchase , people laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt .   In the latter half of the 20th century , Iowa 's agricultural economy made the transition to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing , processing , financial services , information technology , biotechnology , and green energy production . Iowa is the 26th most extensive in land area and the 30th most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city by population is Des Moines . Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live . Its nickname is the Hawkeye State .

neg: List of crossings of the South Saskatchewan River This is a list of crossings of the South Saskatchewan River in the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta , from the river 's confluence with the North Saskatchewan River at Saskatchewan River Forks , upstream to its origin at the confluence of the Bow and Oldman Rivers .

neg: Mount Saskatchewan (Alberta) For the peak by this name in Kluane National Park , see Mount Saskatchewan ( Yukon ) .   Mount Saskatchewan is a mountain located in the North Saskatchewan River valley of Banff National Park , in the Canadian Rockies of Alberta , Canada .   J. Norman Collie named the mountain in 1898 for the nearby Saskatchewan River .

neg: Dakota people The Dakota people are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government in North America . They compose two of the three main subcultures of the Sioux -LSB- ˈsuː -RSB- people , and are typically divided into the Eastern Dakota and the Western Dakota .   The Eastern Dakota are the Santee ( Isáŋyathi or Isáŋ-athi ; `` knife '' + `` encampment '' , ″ dwells at the place of knife flint ″ ) , who reside in the eastern Dakotas , central Minnesota and northern Iowa . They have federally recognized tribes established in several places .   The Western Dakota are the Yankton , and the Yanktonai ( Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ and Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna ; `` Village-at-the-end '' and `` Little village-at-the-end '' ) , who reside in the Missouri River area . The Yankton-Yanktonai are collectively also referred to by the endonym Wičhíyena ( ″ Those Who Speak Like Men ″ ) . They also have distinct federally recognized tribes .   In the past the Western Dakota have been erroneously classified as Nakota , a branch of the Sioux who moved further west . The latter are now located in Montana and across the border in Canada , where they are known as Stoney .

neg: Laird, Saskatchewan Laird is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan . It is located in the Saskatchewan River Valley . The town is named after  David Laird , Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Territories .

neg: Rural Municipality of Frontier No. 19 Frontier No. 19 is a rural municipality in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan , located in the southwestern part of the province , lying adjacent to the United States border at Blaine County , Montana . It lies about 20 miles south of the town of Eastend . The governmental seat of the RM is in the independent Village of Frontier , which is located near its northeast corner .

neg: Sturgeon Lake (Saskatchewan) Sturgeon Lake is a lake northwest of Prince Albert , Saskatchewan , Canada . The bordering Sturgeon Lake First Nation takes its name from the lake . The Sturgeon River flows out of the lake eventually joining the North Saskatchewan River a short distance west of Prince Albert .   The lake hosts a regional park with camping and swimming . It is a small , narrow body of water situated in the transition zone between the aspen parkland and boreal forest biomes . Sturgeon Lake is home to several species of fish including Lake Whitefish , Northern Pike , Yellow perch and Walleye . While not a deep lake , it still suffices for some watersports .

neg: Sled Lake, Saskatchewan Sled Lake is a northern settlement in Saskatchewan .

neg: Confederation Park, Saskatoon The Confederation Park subdivision of Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada , is located west of the South Saskatchewan River , Saskatoon 's west side .

neg: List of battles fought in South Dakota This is an incomplete list of military and other armed confrontations that have occurred within the boundaries of the modern US State of South Dakota since European contact . The region was part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain from 1535 to 1679 , New France from 1679 to 1803 , and part of the United States of America 1803 -- present .   The Plains Indian Wars directly affected the region during westward expansion . The Dakota War of 1862 ( also known as the Sioux Uprising ) involved eastern Dakota Native Americans , the armed conflicts of this war were fought in Minnesota , their former lands .

neg: Saskatchewan Highway 6 Highway 6 is a paved undivided major provincial highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan . It runs from Montana Highway 16 at the Canada -- US border near the Canada customs port of Regway to Highway 55 near Choiceland . Highway 6 is about 516.6 km long . The CanAm Highway comprises Saskatchewan Highways from south to north : SK 35 , Sk 39 , Sk 6 , Sk 3 , as well as Sk 2 . 203.1 mi of Saskatchewan Highway 6 contribute to the CanAm Highway between Corinne and Melfort .   Major provincial highways that Highway 6 intersects are Highway 18 , Highway 13 ( the Redcoat Trail ) , Highway 39 , Highway 1 ( The Trans-Canada ) , Highway 11 , Highway 99 , Highway 22 , Highway 15 , Highway 16 ( the Yellowhead ) , Highway 5 , Highway 3 , Highway 41 , and Highway 55 .   Highway 6 passes through the cities of Regina and Melfort .

neg: South Yankton, Nebraska South Yankton is a populated place located in Cedar County . It is just south of Yankton , South Dakota on highway 81 .

neg: Palliser Region The Palliser Region is an area in the southeast corner of the province of Alberta , Canada that has been delineated and is serviced by the Palliser Economic Partnership . It borders the Canadian province of Saskatchewan to the east , and the US state of Montana to the south . It covers an area of 43,504 km2 The total population of the area stood at 112,314 in 2009 . The city of Medicine Hat , with a population of 61,097 , is the area 's largest urban centre .   The Palliser Region is the traditional territory of the Blackfoot Confederacy , who hunted bison throughout the area . From 1857 to 1860 , the area was explored as part of the Palliser Expedition , led by John Palliser . He described the area of southeast Alberta and southwest Saskatchewan -- now known as the Palliser Triangle -- as semi-arid , and warned that it was unsuitable for agricultural development . European settlement began with the arrival of the North-West Mounted Police in the mid 19th century . Fort Walsh was established by Police Inspector James Morrow Walsh , who became a good friend of Sitting Bull when he led the Sioux to the area after the Battle of Little Big Horn .   Despite the area 's semi-arid climate , the British government encouraged farmers to settle in the region . They struggled with drought up until the end of the 1930s , and many settlers abandoned their farms due to crop failure , but dryland farming techniques introduced by the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration eventually transformed the region into a successful agricultural centre .   The region 's geography is characterized by grasslands -- including the Cypress Hills -- and classic badlands country . The region receives more than 2,512 hours of sunshine per year on average , making it the sunniest area in Canada .   The Palliser Region is intersected by two major highways , # 1 and # 3 on the east -- west axis , connecting it to the rest of Canada , and two secondary highways , # 36 and # 41 , on the north -- south axis , which connect it to the US border . It is served by the Canadian Pacific Railway , which connects it to the rest of North America via connections with its affiliates . This transportation infrastructure is key to the region 's economy , which is based on agriculture , oil and gas , manufacturing , defence and aerospace , and tourism .   The three fastest growing economic sectors in the Palliser Region are Mining and Oil and Gas Extraction , Professional , Scientific and Technical Services , and Finance , Insurance , Real Estate and Leasing . Employment in the region is currently increasing at more than double the Canadian average .

neg: List of municipalities in Saskatchewan Saskatchewan is the sixth-most populous province in Canada with 1,098,352 residents as of 2016 and is the fifth-largest in land area at 588244 km2 . In 2011 , Saskatchewan 's 786 municipalities covered of the province 's land mass and were home to of its population . On December 31 , 2013 , this total was reduced to 782 when Antler , Gladmar , Ruthilda and Shackleton all dissolved from village status . It was further reduced to 779 after the dissolutions of Elstow ( effective December 16 , 2014 ) , Rabbit Lake ( effective October 30 , 2015 ) and Primate ( effective December 31 , 2015 ) . These 779 municipalities are local government `` creatures of provincial jurisdiction '' with natural persons power . One of the key purposes of Saskatchewan 's municipalities are `` to provide services , facilities and other things that , in the opinion of council , are necessary or desirable for all or a part of the municipality '' . Other purposes are to : `` provide good government '' ; `` develop and maintain a safe and viable community '' ; `` foster economic , social and environmental well-being '' and `` provide wise stewardship of public assets . ''   The Government of Saskatchewan 's Ministry of Municipal Relations recognizes three general types of municipalities and seven sub-types -- urban municipalities ( cities , towns , villages and resort villages ) , rural municipalities and northern municipalities ( northern towns , northern villages and northern hamlets ) . Cities are formed under the provincial authority of The Cities Act , which was enacted in 2002 . Towns , villages , resort villages and rural municipalities are formed under the authority of The Municipalities Act , enacted in 2005 . The three sub-types of northern municipalities are formed under the authority of The Northern Municipalities Act , enacted in 2010 . As provincial laws , these three acts were passed by the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan with royal assent granted by the Lieutenant Governor .   Of Saskatchewan 's 779 municipalities , 459 of them are urban municipalities ( 16 cities , 147 towns , 256 villages and 40 resort villages ) , 296 are rural municipalities and 24 are northern municipalities ( 2 northern towns , 11 northern villages and 11 northern hamlets ) . The Cities Act , The Municipalities Act and The Northern Municipalities Act stipulate governance of these municipalities . Saskatchewan 's Ministry of Municipal Relations is responsible for providing provincial programs and services to municipalities .   In 2011 , just over of Saskatchewan 's population resided in its two largest cities . Saskatoon , the largest city , is home to of the province 's population ( 222,189 residents ) , while Regina , Saskatchewan 's capital city , is home to ( 193,100 residents ) . The villages of Dafoe , Keeler , Krydor and Valparaiso are all tied as Saskatchewan 's smallest municipalities by population with 15 people each . The largest municipality by land area is the Rural Municipality of Hudson Bay No. 394 at 12463 km2 , while the smallest by land area are the resort villages of Etters Beach and Pelican Pointe at 0.12 km2 each .

neg: Provinces and territories of Canada Canada 's geography is divided into administrative divisions known as provinces and territories that are responsible for delivery of sub-national governance . When Canada was formed in 1867 , three provinces of British North America -- New Brunswick , Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada ( which , on the formation of Canada , was divided into Ontario and Quebec ) -- were united to form a federated colony , which eventually became a sovereign nation in the next century . Over its history , Canada 's international borders have changed several times , and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories . The ten provinces are Alberta , British Columbia , Manitoba , New Brunswick , Newfoundland and Labrador , Nova Scotia , Ontario , Prince Edward Island , Quebec , and Saskatchewan . Several of the provinces were former British colonies , and Quebec was originally a French colony , while others were added as Canada grew . The three territories are Northwest Territories , Nunavut , and Yukon , which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America . Together , the provinces and territories make up the world 's second-largest country by area .   The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that provinces receive their power and authority from the Constitution Act , 1867 ( formerly called the British North America Act , 1867 ) , whereas territorial governments have powers delegated to them by the Parliament of Canada . The powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the federal government and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively . A change to the division of powers between the federal government and the provinces requires a constitutional amendment , whereas a similar change affecting the territories can be performed unilaterally by the Parliament of Canada or government .   In modern Canadian constitutional theory , the provinces are considered to be co-sovereign divisions and each province has its own `` Crown '' represented by the lieutenant governor . The territories are not sovereign , but simply part of the federal realm , and have a commissioner who represents the federal government .   __ TOC __

neg: Saskatchewan Valley The name of a geographic area in Saskatchewan , Canada encompassing generally a triangle from North Battleford , to Saskatoon , north to the Saskatchewan River Forks east of Prince Albert , Saskatchewan . Historically home to the Cree aboriginal people , followed by the Métis both French and English , the Valley was opened up to large scale Euro-Canadian settlement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries .   The valley is characterized by Aspen parkland ecosystems and gently rolling hills , and forms a `` v '' between the North Saskatchewan and South Saskatchewan Rivers .   Category : Landforms of Saskatchewan  Category : Valleys of Canada

neg: List of Saskatchewan provincial electoral districts

neg: Beaver Hills (Saskatchewan) The Beaver Hills are a range of hills located in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan .   Yorkton is situated approximately 35 miles south-east of the hills .   The Whitesand River , a tributary of the Assiniboine River , originates in the Beaver Hills .   Large areas of native grasslands and shrubs can still be found in the Beaver Hills region , and along the Whitesand River . The hills are well-adapted for stock raising .

neg: Bois de Sioux River The Bois de Sioux River drains Lake Traverse , the southernmost body of water in the Hudson Bay watershed of North America . It is a tributary of the Red River of the North and defines part of the western border of the U.S. state of Minnesota , and the eastern borders of North Dakota and South Dakota . It is about 41 miles ( 66 km ) in length .   Bois de Sioux is a name derived from French meaning `` Woods of the Sioux '' .

neg: List of designated places in Saskatchewan A designated place is a type of geographic unit used by Statistics Canada to disseminate census data . It is usually a small community that does not meet the criteria used to define incorporated municipalities or Statistics Canada population centres ( areas with a population of at least 1,000 and no fewer than 400 persons per square kilometre ) . Designated places are created by provinces and territories , in cooperation with Statistics Canada , to provide data for submunicipal areas .   As of the 2011 Census of Canada , Saskatchewan had 194 designated places . Saskatchewan 's largest designated place is Neuanlage with a population of 285 .

neg: Saskatchewan Highway 34 Highway 34 designates major roads intended for travel by the public between Highway 13 just to the west of Ogema to the US border . The highway used to connect to Montana Secondary Highway 511 at the Port of Big Beaver , however the port closed in 2011 . Saskatchewan 's main roadways are located in the central/southern geographical land area of rugged badlands , and rolling prairie and grass land in a western Canadian prairie province . This paved highway along with Red Coat Trail and Outlaw Tail , early Red river cart trails encompassed the Big Muddy Badlands .


query: Guyana does not border the Atlantic Ocean.

pos: Guyana Guyana ( pronounced -LSB- ɡaɪˈɑːnə -RSB- or -LSB- ɡaɪˈænə -RSB- ) , officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana , is a sovereign state on the northern mainland of South America . It is , however , included in the Caribbean Region due to its strong cultural , historical , and political ties with other Anglo Caribbean countries and the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) . Guyana is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north , Brazil to the south and southwest , Suriname to the east and Venezuela to the west . With 215000 sqkm , Guyana is the fourth-smallest country on mainland South America after Uruguay , Suriname and French Guiana ( an overseas region of France ) .   The region known as `` the Guianas '' consists of the large shield landmass north of the Amazon River and east of the Orinoco River known as the `` land of many waters '' . Originally inhabited by several indigenous groups , Guyana was settled by the Dutch before coming under British control in the late 18th century . It was governed as British Guiana , with mostly a plantation style economy until the 1950s . It gained independence in 1966 , and officially became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970 . The legacy of British rule is reflected in the country 's political administration and diverse population , which includes Indian , African , Amerindian , and multiracial groups .   Guyana is the only South American nation in which English is the official language . The majority of the population , however , speak Guyanese Creole , an English-based creole language , as a first language . In addition to being part of the Anglophone Caribbean , Guyana is one of the few Caribbean countries that is not an island in the West Indies . CARICOM , of which Guyana is a member , is headquartered in Guyana 's capital and largest city , Georgetown . In 2008 , the country joined the Union of South American Nations as a founding member .

neg: French Guiana French Guiana ( pronounced -LSB- giːˈɑːnə -RSB- or -LSB- giːˈænə -RSB- , Guyane française -LSB- ɡɥijan fʁɑ̃sɛz -RSB- ) , officially called Guiana ( Guyane ) , is an overseas department and region of France , located on the north Atlantic coast of South America in the Guyanas . It borders Brazil to the east and south , and Suriname to the west . Its 83,534 km2 area has a very low population density of only 3 inhabitants per km2 , with half of its 244,118 inhabitants in 2013 living in the metropolitan area of Cayenne , its capital . By land area , it is the second largest region of France and the largest outermost region within the European Union .   Both the region and the department have been ruled since December 2015 by a single assembly within the framework of a new territorial collectivity , the French Guiana Territorial Collectivity ( French : collectivité territoriale de Guyane ) . This assembly , the French Guiana Assembly ( French : assemblée de Guyane ) , has replaced the former regional council and departmental council , which were both disbanded . The French Guiana Assembly is in charge of regional and departmental government . Its president is Rodolphe Alexandre .   The area was originally inhabited by Native Americans . The first French establishment is recorded in 1503 but the French presence did n't really become durable until 1643 and the foundation of Cayenne . Guiana then became a slave colony and saw its population increase until the official abolition of slavery at the time of the French revolution . Guiana temporarily became a French department in 1797 but was gradually transformed into a penal colony with the establishment of a network of camps and penitentiaries spread over the coast where prisoners were sentenced to forced labor . During World War II , the Guianan Félix Éboué was one of the first to stand behind General de Gaulle as early as June 18 , 1940 . Guiana officially rallied Free France in 1943 . It definitively abandoned its status as a colony and became again a French department in 1946 . De Gaulle , who became president , decided to establish the Guiana Space Center in 1965 . It is now operated by the CNES , Arianespace and the European Space Agency ( ESA ) . Several thousand Hmong refugees from Laos migrated to French Guiana in the late 1970s and early 1980s .   Nowadays fully integrated in the French central state , Guiana is a part of the European Union , and its official currency is the euro . The region is the most prosperous territory in South America with the highest GDP per capita . A large part of Guiana 's economy derives from the presence of the Guiana Space Centre , now the European Space Agency 's primary launch site near the equator . As elsewhere in France , the official language is French , but each ethnic community has its own language , of which Guianan Creole is the most widely spoken .

neg: Borders of Brazil Brazil is the largest country in South America and borders every country in South America with the exceptions of Chile and Ecuador . The borders of Brazil are the international borders that Brazil shares with neighbouring countries . Brazil has borders with ten different countries , totalling 16885 km , making it the country with the third longest land border behind only China and Russia .   The lengths of the borders Brazil shares with different countries , running counter-clockwise around Brazil from French Guiana to Uruguay , are listed below :

neg: Gulf Islands The Gulf Islands are the islands in the Strait of Georgia ( also known as Salish Sea or the Gulf of Georgia ) , between Vancouver Island and the mainland of British Columbia , Canada .   According to BC Geographical Names ( BCGNIS ) the name `` Gulf Islands '' was originally intended and commonly understood to refer to the archipelago at the southern end of the Strait of Georgia -- from Gabriola Island in the north to Saturna Island in the southeast and D'Arcy Island in the southwest . During the 1990s , however , the name began to be applied to all the islands in the Strait of Georgia , resulting in the introduction of the term `` Southern Gulf Islands '' , which BCGNIS calls a misnomer , to distinguish the original `` Gulf Islands '' from the rest , which are sometimes called the `` North Gulf Islands '' . BCGNIS further notes that Quadra Island is increasingly described as the `` northernmost of the Gulf Islands '' .   The division of the Gulf Islands into two groups , the Southern and Northern Gulf Islands , is relatively common . The dividing line is approximately that formed by the city of Nanaimo on Vancouver Island , and the mouth of the Fraser River on the mainland . The larger populated islands are served by BC Ferries , which operates various vehicle and passenger ferries between the Gulf Islands and to terminals near the major cities of Nanaimo and Victoria on Vancouver Island as well as Vancouver on the mainland . BC Ferries distinguishes between the Southern Gulf Islands and the Northern Gulf Islands . Their Northern Gulf Islands includes both Quadra Island and Cortes Island , as well as some islands far to the north , such as Malcolm Island and Cormorant Island . Natural Resources Canada maps the Gulf Islands as including the `` Southern Gulf Islands '' , the islands of Howe Sound ( such as Bowen Island , Gambier Island , and Keats Island ) , along with Lasqueti Island , Hornby Island , and Denman Island .

neg: Guianan mangroves The Guianan mangroves ( NT1411 ) is a coastal ecoregion of southeastern Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname and French Guiana .  The mangroves provide an important habitat for migrating birds that winter in the area .  Large areas are intact , although they are threatened by destruction of the trees for timber and to make way for agriculture , and from upstream agricultural and industrial pollution .

neg: Outline of Trinidad and Tobago The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Trinidad and Tobago :   Trinidad and Tobago -- sovereign island nation located in the Lesser Antilles Archipelago in the southeastern Caribbean Sea . Trinidad and Tobago lies northeast of Venezuela and south of the island nation of Grenada . It also shares maritime boundaries with Barbados to the northeast and Guyana to the southeast . The country covers an area of 5,128 square kilometers ( 1,979 sq mi ) and consists of two main islands , Trinidad and Tobago , and numerous smaller landforms . Trinidad is the larger and more populous of the main islands ; Tobago is much smaller , comprising about 6 % of the total area and 4 % of the population . The nation lies outside the hurricane belt .   Officially Trinidadians or Tobagonians , the people from Trinidad and Tobago are often informally referred to as Trinbagonians or Trinis ( for Trinidadians ) . Unlike most of the English-speaking Caribbean , Trinidad and Tobago is a primarily industrialised country whose economy is based on petroleum and petrochemicals . Trinidad and Tobago is famous for its pre-Lenten Carnival and as the birthplace of steelpan , calypso , chutney , chutney-soca , pichakaree , chut-kai-pang , cariso , kaiso , parang , soca , and limbo .

neg: Andean states The Andean States ( Estados Andinos ) are a group of nations in South America connected by the Andes mountain range . `` Andean States '' is sometimes used to refer to all seven countries that the Andes runs through , regions with a shared culture primarily spread during the times of the Inca Empire ( such as the Quechua language and Andean cuisine ) , or it can be used in a geopolitical sense to designate countries in the region that are members of the Andean Community trade group and have a local ( as opposed to European ) cultural orientation .   The Andes extend through the western part of South America in following countries :        ( not considered to be geopolitically an Andean State )  ( not considered to be geopolitically an Andean State )   When grouped as `` the Andean states '' , the emphasis is on the mountainous regions of these countries . For example , the Argentine pampas are not part of the Andean region , but western Argentina along with Chile is part of the Andean region , and has cultural continuities with its Andean neighbors . Venezuela , Colombia , Peru , Ecuador and Bolivia are part of the Andean Community ( a trade grouping ) , and each contains Amazon Rainforest and Amazonian indigenous people as well as Andean mountains .

neg: Prostitution in Guyana Prostitution in Guyana is illegal .   Prostitution continues to receive greater public attention due to the high incidence of HIV/AIDS among prostitutes .   The law prohibits all forms of trafficking in persons . Penalties for trafficking include three years to life imprisonment , forfeiture of property , and full restitution to the victims .

neg: Gran Roque Gran Roque is an island , one of the federal dependencies of Venezuela , located in the southeastern Caribbean Sea in the archipelago of Los Roques , which has 1.7 km ² ( 170 ha ) in extent , where the majority of the population lives . The airport is located by the sea , a few meters from the beach .

neg: Hogg Island, Guyana Hogg Island , ( sometimes referred to as Hog Island ) is the largest of the hundreds of islands in the Essequibo River in Guyana , it is located just 5 km from the river 's mouth in its estuary into the Atlantic Ocean , located at .   With a total area of 23 sqmi this island is larger than many of the other Caribbean islands . Its 250 residents are engaged mainly in the farming of rice and ground provisions . The population has decreased a lot because of migration to other parts of Guyana , However , there is still a primary school and a church on Hogg Island .

neg: List of rodents of the Caribbean The Caribbean region is home to a diverse and largely endemic rodent fauna . This includes the endemic family Capromyidae ( hutias ) , which are largely limited to the Greater Antilles , and two other groups of endemic hystricognaths , the heteropsomyines and giant hutias , including the extinct bear-sized Amblyrhiza inundata . Lesser Antillean rodent faunas mostly consist of oryzomyines , members of a distantly related group of rodents , and include two of the largest known oryzomyines , Megalomys desmarestii and `` Oryzomys hypenemus '' . Various other rodents are limited to land-bridge islands such as Trinidad , which were connected to the mainland during glacial-period lowered sea levels in the Pleistocene , or to smaller portions of the Caribbean archipelago . Much of the native rodent fauna of the Caribbean are extinct because of human influences , particularly following the introduction of invasive species such as Old World rats .   For the purposes of this article , the `` Caribbean '' includes all islands in the Caribbean Sea ( except for small islets close to the mainland ) and the Bahamas , Turks and Caicos Islands , and Barbados , which are not in the Caribbean Sea but biogeographically belong to the same Caribbean bioregion .

neg: Humboldt Current The Humboldt Current System ( HCS ) , also called the Peru Current , is a major Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystem that flows north along the western coast of South America . It is an eastern boundary current flowing in the direction of the equator , and extend 500-1 ,000 kilometers offshore . The Humboldt Current is named after the Prussian naturalist Alexander von Humboldt . In 1846 , von Humboldt reported measurements of the cold-water current in his book Cosmos .   The current extends from the southern Chile ( ~ 45 'S ) to northern Peru ( ~ 4 'S ) where cold , upwelled waters intersect warm tropical waters to form the Equatorial Front . Sea surface temperatures off the coast of Peru , around 5 'S , reach temperatures as low as 16 ' C . This is highly uncharacteristic of tropical waters , as most other regions have temperatures measuring above 25 ' C. Upwelling brings nutrients to the surface , which support phytoplankton and ultimately increase biological productivity .   Upwelling within the current is not uniform across the entire system . Three notable upwelling subsystems are produced by this current : i ) seasonal upwelling in Chile , ii ) upwelling `` shadow '' that is less productive , but still large in northern Chile and Southern Peru , and iii ) year-round upwelling in Peru .   The Humboldt Current is considered a Class I , highly productive ( > 300 gC/m2-yr ) , ecosystem . It is the most productive eastern boundary current system . It accounts for roughly 18-20 % of the total worldwide marine fish catch . The species are mostly pelagic : sardines , anchovies and jack mackerel . The system 's high productivity supports other important fishery resources as well as marine mammals ( eared seals and cetaceans ) and seabirds . The cold , nutrient-rich water brought to the surface by upwelling drives the system 's extraordinary productivity.Periodically , the upwelling that drives the system 's productivity is disrupted by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) event . When this occurs , fish abundance and distribution are significantly affected , often leading to stock crashes and cascading social and economic impacts . These events have led to sequential changes , where sardines and anchovies have replaced each other periodically as the dominant species in the ecosystem . These species changes can have negative consequences for the fishing industry and the economies of the countries that fish the system .   The Humboldt has a considerable cooling influence on the climate of Chile , Peru and Ecuador . It is also largely responsible for the aridity of Atacama Desert in northern Chile and coastal areas of Peru and also of the aridity of southern Ecuador . Marine air is cooled by the current and thus is not conducive to generating precipitation ( although clouds and fog are produced ) .

neg: Presbyterian Church of Guyana The Presbyterian Church of Guyana was founded by missionaries of the Church of Scotland . On September 23 , 1815 a Scotsmen bought an unfinished church building from the Dutch . This was the St. Andrew 's Kirk , Georgetown . The first minister was Rev Archibald Brown , who arrived in September 1816 . Many members were slave owners , but from 1821 slaves were admitted to the worship services . The church developed , the Presbyterian Church of Guyana was formed in 1837 . By 1861 it absorbed the remnants of the Nederduitch Hervormde Kerk in Guyana . In 1945 a capital sum was paid to the presbytery and the church ceased its financial aid . In 1967 the Church of Scotland dissolved the Presbytery and it become an autonomous denomination . Membership was 5,600 in 25 congregations . It adheres to the Westminster Confession .   A member of the World Communion of Reformed Churches .

neg: Oceanic plateau An oceanic or submarine plateau is a large , relatively flat elevation that is higher than the surrounding relief with one or more relatively steep sides .   There are 184 oceanic plateaus covering an area of 18,486,600 km2 , or about 5.11 % of the oceans . The South Pacific region around Australia and New Zealand contains the greatest number of oceanic plateaus ( see map ) .   Oceanic plateaus produced by large igneous provinces are often associated with hotspots , mantle plumes , and volcanic islands -- such as Iceland , Hawaii , Cape Verde , and Kerguelen . The three largest plateaus , the Caribbean , Ontong Java , and Mid-Pacific Mountains , are located on thermal swells . Other oceanic plateaus , however , are made of rifted continental crust , for example Falkland Plateau , Lord Howe Rise , and parts of Kerguelen , Seychelles , and Arctic ridges .  Plateaus formed by large igneous provinces were formed by the equivalent of continental flood basalts such as the Deccan Traps in India and the Snake River Plain in the United States .   In contrast to continental flood basalts , most igneous oceanic plateaus erupt through young and thin ( 6 - ) mafic or ultra-mafic crust and are therefore uncontaminated by felsic crust and representative for their mantle sources .  These plateaus often rise 2 - above the surrounding ocean floor and are more buoyant than oceanic crust . They therefore tend to withstand subduction , more-so when thick and when reaching subduction zones shortly after their formations . As a consequence , they tend to `` dock '' to continental margins and be preserved as accreted terranes . Such terranes are often better preserved than the exposed parts of continental flood basalts and are therefore a better record of large-scale volcanic eruptions throughout Earth 's history . This `` docking '' also means that oceanic plateaus are important contributors to the growth of continental crust . Their formations often had a dramatic impact on global climate , such as the most recent plateaus formed , the three , large , Cretaceous oceanic plateaus in the Pacific and Indian Ocean : Ontong Java , Kerguelen , and Caribbean .

neg: Coat of arms of French Guiana The coat of arms of French Guiana , a région of France located in South America , displays a gules camp , a sable boat with heraldry oars carrying a bunch of gold situated in an azure river with three silver neuflar flowers two of which are paired together and one solo .   The chief shows an azure strip with three golden lilies surrounded by the number 1643 made of the same metal .   The number 1643 refers to the year that French Guyana was incorporated into France . The loaded golden boat symbolizes the richness that exists in the territory .   The words , `` Work Creates Abundance '' ( Fert Aurum Industria ) appear on the superior part of the shield on a ribbon .

neg: List of West Indian first-level country subdivisions This is a list of first-level country subdivisions within the Caribbean in order of total area . Those administrative divisions that are the largest within their respective countries are highlighted in bold . The list also contains first-level administrative divisions from countries such as Guyana , Suriname , and Belize , which are technically not a part of the Caribbean , but because of their Caribbean cultural heritage are widely accepted . ( All references are taken from various Wikipedia articles . ) For related lists , see below .

neg: Régina Régina is a commune of French Guiana , an overseas region and department of France located in South America . With a land area of 12,130 km2 , it is the second-largest commune of France .   Régina lies on the Approuague River . In former times it was a gold mining centre . The Les Nourages Nature Reserve is located near the town .   Following the construction of a bridge over the Approuague River in 2003 , an asphalted road from Régina to Saint-Georges de l'Oyapock ( a town by the Brazilian border ) was opened in 2004 , completing the road from Cayenne ( the préfecture and largest city of French Guiana ) to the Brazilian border . It is now possible to drive on a fully paved road from Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni on the Surinamese border to Saint-Georges de l'Oyapock on the Brazilian border .

neg: Guyanese Sign Language Guyanese Sign Language is the deaf sign language of Guyana . Little information is available . Since American Sign Language is used for education in Guyana , `` Guyanese Sign Language '' may simply be the local name for ASL .

neg: Caribbean Sea The Caribbean Sea ( Mar Caribe Mer des Caraïbes Caraïbische Zee ) is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere . It is bounded by Mexico and Central America to the west and south west , to the north by the Greater Antilles starting with Cuba , to the east by the Lesser Antilles , and to the south by the north coast of South America .   The entire area of the Caribbean Sea , the numerous islands of the West Indies , and adjacent coasts , are collectively known as the Caribbean . The Caribbean Sea is one of the largest seas and has an area of about 2,754,000 km2 ( 1,063,000 sq mi ) . The sea 's deepest point is the Cayman Trough , between the Cayman Islands and Jamaica , at 7,686 m ( 25,220 ft ) below sea level . The Caribbean coastline has many gulfs and bays : the Gulf of Gonâve , Gulf of Venezuela , Gulf of Darién , Golfo de los Mosquitos , Gulf of Paria and Gulf of Honduras .   The Caribbean Sea has the world 's second biggest barrier reef , the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef . It runs 1000 km along the coasts of Mexico , Belize , Guatemala , and Honduras .

neg: Outline of Antigua and Barbuda The following outline is provided as an overview of and introduction to Antigua and Barbuda :   Antigua and Barbuda -- twin-island nation lying between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean . It consists of two major inhabited islands , Antigua and Barbuda , and a number of smaller islands ( including Great Bird , Green , Guinea , Long , Maiden and York Islands and further south , the island of Redonda ) . Its governance , language , and culture have all been strongly influenced by the British Empire , of which the country was formerly a part .

neg: Archipelagic state An archipelagic state is any internationally recognized state or country that comprises a series of islands that form an archipelago . The term is defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in order to define what borders such states should be allowed to claim .   In various conferences , Fiji , Indonesia , Papua New Guinea , the Bahamas , and the Philippines are the five sovereign states that obtained approval in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea signed in Montego Bay , Jamaica on December 10 , 1982 and qualified as archipelagic states .   Archipelagic states are states that are composed of groups of islands forming a state as a single unit , with the islands and the waters within the baselines as internal waters . Under this concept ( `` archipelagic doctrine '' ) , an archipelago shall be regarded as a single unit , so that the waters around , between , and connecting the islands of the archipelago , irrespective of their breadth and dimensions , form part of the internal waters of the state , and are subject to its exclusive sovereignty .   The approval of the United Nations for the five sovereign states as archipelagic states respect existing agreements with other countries and shall recognize traditional fishing rights and other legitimate activities of the immediately adjacent neighboring countries in certain areas falling within archipelagic waters . The terms and conditions for the exercise of such rights and activities , including the nature , the extent and the areas to which they apply , shall , at the request of any of the countries concerned , be regulated by bilateral agreements between them . Such rights shall not be transferred to or shared with third countries or their nationals .


query: Jamie Oliver has yet to host a TED Talk.

pos: Jamie Oliver James Trevor `` Jamie '' Oliver , ( born 27 May 1975 ) is a British celebrity chef and restaurateur . He is most known for his typically English cuisine that has garnered him numerous television shows and restaurants .   Born and raised in the village of Clavering , Essex , he was educated in London before taking his first culinary engagement at Antonio Carluccio 's Neal Street restaurant as a pastry chef . When he moved to serve as a sous chef at the River Cafe he was noticed by the BBC and in 1999 debuted his television show , The Naked Chef which was followed by his first cook book subsequently becoming the No. 1 bestseller in the UK . After his Naked Chef Series he was endorsed by multiple companies and expanded his television capacity to include a documentary called Jamie 's Kitchen ; garnering him an invitation from the Prime Minister to 10 Downing Street . In June 2003 , Oliver was honored as a Member of the Order of the British Empire .   In 2005 , Oliver initiated a campaign originally called Feed Me Better to move British schoolchildren towards eating healthy foods and cutting out junk food ; this campaign was eventually backed by the British government . Soon after he launched his first high-end restaurant , Jamie 's Italian , in Oxford in 2008 and hosted a TED Talk winning him the 2010 TED Prize .

neg: Oliver G. Richard Oliver G. `` Rick '' Richard , III ( born 1952 ) is an American businessman . He is currently the president of Empire of the Seed , a Louisianan consulting firm , and chairman of CleanFuel USA . He achieved national prominence for his work in the changing northeast energy sector .   He was chairman , president and chief executive of the Fortune 500 company Columbia Energy Group ; chairman , president and chief executive of the Fortune 1000 company New Jersey Resources ; president and chief executive of Northern Natural Gas Pipeline ; and vice president of Tenngasco .   He served on the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission as a Commissioner from 1982 to 1985 .

neg: Neil Oliver Neil Oliver ( born 21 February 1967 ) is a Scottish television presenter , archaeologist and author . He is best known as a presenter of several BBC documentary series , including A History of Scotland , Vikings and Coast . His long hair is a distinguishing feature .

neg: The Jay Leno Show The Jay Leno Show is an American talk show created by and starring Jay Leno . Premiering on NBC on September 14 , 2009 , the program aired on weeknights at 10:00 p.m. ET/PT through February 9 , 2010 . The program was modeled upon the format of a late night talk show -- specifically , Jay Leno 's incarnation of The Tonight Show , opening with a comedic monologue , followed by interviews with celebrity guests and other comedy segments . Sketches from The Tonight Show ( including Headlines and Jaywalking ) were carried over to The Jay Leno Show , along with new sketches .   The program was the result of a compromise by NBC Universal 's then-CEO Jeff Zucker to keep Jay Leno with the company following his retirement from The Tonight Show and replacement with Conan O'Brien . The Jay Leno Show was also intended to provide NBC with an alternative to the high-cost scripted dramas aired by competing networks in its time slot ; the network believed that the lower cost of production , in combination with product placement deals , meant that the program did not necessarily have to be highly viewed in order to turn a profit . NBC hoped to attract Leno 's existing fans , as well as a larger primetime audience than that of his late-night program .   The Jay Leno Show was met with mixed reception from critics , who felt that the series had little differentiation from Leno 's Tonight Show . Others were critical of NBC 's decision to give up an hour of its weeknight lineup to Leno , due to the network 's past success with dramas airing in the time slot , while one NBC affiliate notably planned to not air the show at all , although this decision was retracted due to complaints by the network . Although viewership of The Jay Leno Show was initially on par with NBC 's projections , by November , the program 's ratings began to fall significantly . NBC 's affiliates complained that the declining viewership of The Jay Leno Show also had a ripple effect on the viewership of their late local newscasts . In an effort to address the concerns , NBC announced in January 2010 that it would , following the 2010 Winter Olympics , shorten The Jay Leno Show to a half-hour , and move it to 11:35 p.m -- the timeslot that had been occupied by The Tonight Show for nearly 60 years , and bump Tonight to 12:05 a.m.   NBC 's decision resulted in a major public conflict between the network and Conan O'Brien , who asserted that the move would damage the highly respected Tonight Show franchise , and that he would not participate in the program if it were moved to 12:05 . Despite much support for O'Brien from both the public and media professionals alike , NBC maintained its plan to move Leno to 11:35 . On January 21 , 2010 , NBC reached a $ 45 million settlement with O'Brien in order to end his contract . The Jay Leno Show ended on February 9 , 2010 , after being on the air for only four months , with Entertainment Weekly calling the program television 's `` Biggest Bomb of All Time . '' Leno resumed his duties as host of The Tonight Show on March 1 , 2010 , in a final stint that lasted until his February 2014 succession by Jimmy Fallon .

neg: Robert Oliver (chef) Robert Oliver is a chef , author and TV presenter .

neg: Laura Ingraham Laura Anne Ingraham ( born June 19 , 1963 ) is an American radio talk show host , author , and conservative political commentator . Her nationally syndicated talk show , The Laura Ingraham Show , airs throughout the United States on Courtside Entertainment . Ingraham is also the official guest host on Fox News Channel 's The O'Reilly Factor and a contributor on This Week on ABC . She is also the editor-in-chief of LifeZette .

neg: People Will Talk (game show) People Will Talk was an American game show that aired on NBC from July 1 to December 27 , 1963 . The host was Dennis James , with Kenny Williams announcing . In 1964 , packager Heatter-Quigley Productions revamped the program under the name The Celebrity Game , with host Carl Reiner at CBS Television City in Hollywood .

neg: The F Word (U.S. TV series) The F Word is an American competitive cooking reality show hosted by celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay . The series premiered on May 31 , 2017 on Fox . It is based on the original British series of the same name .

neg: Tobacco (Last Week Tonight) `` Tobacco '' is a segment about the tobacco industry , which aired on February 15 , 2015 as part of the second episode of the second season of the HBO series Last Week Tonight with John Oliver . During the eighteen-minute segment , comedian John Oliver discusses tobacco industry trends and practices . He also introduces Jeff the Diseased Lung , a mascot he created for the American global cigarette and tobacco company Philip Morris International , the makers of Marlboro cigarettes . The anthropomorphic diseased lung , who smokes and coughs , has been compared to Joe Camel and the Marlboro Man . Oliver and his team promoted the cartoon character by sending shirts with Jeff 's image to Togo and displaying billboards in Uruguay , and by encouraging use of the hashtag #JeffWeCan , which trended on Twitter following the broadcast .   Philip Morris issued a response to the segment , which received some criticism . The `` Tobacco '' segment received widespread media coverage , with several outlets praising Oliver 's ability to launch successful marketing campaigns and change perceptions about smoking through the creation of the mascot . Jeff later appeared at a protest organized by the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids in New York City in May 2015 .

neg: Oliver Quinlan Oliver Quinlan is an educator , writer and is a senior research manager for Raspberry Pi Foundation ( charity ) . His first book ` The Thinking Teacher ' was published in 2014 .   Oliver gained a BA ( Hons ) in History at the University of Sheffield , and completed a PGCE in Primary Education at the University of Warwick . He previously taught at Robin Hood School in Birmingham , UK , before becoming a lecturer in Primary Education at Plymouth University . Here he led the ICT and Digital Literacy pathways for the BEd in Primary Education , as well as developing courses for Primary Computing .   He maintains a blog , in which he writes about learning technology and the pedagogy of Primary teaching . His first book ` The Thinking Teacher ' was published in January 2014 by Crown House Publishing .   Oliver is a Google Certified Teacher , Google Apps for Education Certified Trainer , and presented at the first international Google Teacher Academy in London in 2010 .   In September 2011 Oliver was awarded joint first prize in the Association of Learning Technologist 's annual ` Learning Technologist of the Year award .   During his University studies Oliver was joint station manager of student radio station ` Sure Radio ' ( Now Forge radio ) , and was instrumental in its move to full-time broadcasting and amalgamation with the other student media organisations at Sheffield Union . He was also nominated for a BBC student radio award for his dance and electronic music programme .

neg: Jamie Kilstein Jamie Alexander Kilstein ( born May 17 , 1982 ) is an American writer , radio host , and stand up comic . He made his debut television appearance on Conan and has been seen on MSNBC 's Up with Chris Hayes , Countdown with Keith Olbermann , Showtime , and BBC America . Kilstein previously hosted the internet talk radio show Citizen Radio along with his ex-wife , political columnist Allison Kilkenny .

neg: David Allyn David Allyn , Ph.D. ( born April 30 , 1969 ) is an author and CEO of Oliver Scholars , an organization that serves high-achieving students who face socioeconomic barriers to success .

neg: Oliver James Oliver James may refer to :   Oliver James ( psychologist ) ( born 1953 ) , psychologist , journalist , author and television presenter  Oliver James ( actor ) ( born 1980 ) , English musician , singer , songwriter and actor  Oliver James ( footballer ) ( born 1987 ) , English professional footballer  Oliver James ( cricketer ) ( born 1990 ) , Welsh cricketer  Ollie Murray James ( 1871-1918 ) , American politician

neg: Chelsea (TV series) Chelsea is an American web television late-night talk show hosted by comedian Chelsea Handler . The show debuted on May 11 , 2016 and streams Wednesday , Thursday , and Friday each week worldwide . There will be 90 episodes of the talk show per year and each episode will be 30 minutes . The show tapes Monday , Tuesday , and Wednesday of each week that it airs . It is Netflix 's first talk show .   The show covers `` real topics '' with a sense of humor like Chelsea Does , with guest celebrities . Her comedic partner Chuy will not be a part of the series . The show will have a global outlook as Handler said , `` Netflix makes me able to do stories that are global , and it makes me able to pay attention to the stuff that does interest me in a way that will be able to be disseminated into all these different countries . ''   In July 2016 , it was announced that the show has been renewed for a 90-episode second season , which began on April 14 , 2017 .

neg: James Love (NGO director) James Packard `` Jamie '' Love ( born 1950 ) is the director of Knowledge Ecology International , formerly known as the Consumer Project on Technology , a non-governmental organization with offices in Washington , D.C. and Geneva , that works mainly on matters concerning knowledge management and governance , including intellectual property policy and practice and innovation policy , particularly as they relate to health care and access to knowledge .   An adviser to a number of United Nations agencies , national governments , international and regional intergovernmental organizations and public health NGOs , Love is US co-chair of the Trans Atlantic Consumer Dialogue Working Group on Intellectual Property , founder and Chairman of Essential Inventions , Chairman of the Union for the Public Domain , Chairman of the Civil Society Coalition , and in the past has been a member of the MSF working groups on Intellectual Property and Research and Development , the Adelphi Charter on Creativity , Innovation and Intellectual Property and the Initiative for Policy Dialogue Task Force on Intellectual Property .

neg: Jamie Pastor Bolnick Jamie Pastor Bolnick is an American writer , journalist , and photographer .   Bolnick was born in Huntington , Long Island , New York . She attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City and began acting professionally while still a teenager . After the arrival of her children , Britt and Piers , she worked as a journalist and photographer .   Her work has appeared in magazines and newspapers , including Redbook , Interview Magazine , New York Newsday , and The New York Daily News . She is the author of two non-fiction books and is working on a third .   Jamie 's two nonfiction works are both based on the lives of women who struggled with serious issues -- mental retardation and drug abuse -- and triumphed over them . Both are written as first-person narratives in the voice of the subject , and both were the product of intimate interaction with the women whose stories are told in these works .   The first , Winnie : `` My Life in the Institution '' -- A Memoir of a Special Woman , published in 1985 , is based on Winnie 's short written account of her life , supplemented by the transcripts of hundreds of hours of taped interview .   In 1988 -- with support from Bette Midler -- Winnie was made into an NBC-TV Movie of the Week starring Meredith Baxter Birney and David Morse .   A new edition of Winnie , revised and expanded , is in preparation , and was released in 2010 .   The second , Living at the Edge of the World , published in 2000 , is the true account of a homeless girl ( Tina ) who lived for four years in the tunnels of Grand Central Station . Tina becomes addicted to crack , is brutalized , and serves several jail terms for assault and robbery . After the suicide of her beloved friend , April , Tina fights her way back to the world of the living .   Living at the Edge of the World has been translated into Norwegian , Japanese , and Chinese , and was excerpted in Interview Magazine and The New York Daily News .   Jamie 's current project is a book about the two Port Authority policemen who were the last to be rescued alive from the ruins of the World Trade Center on 9/11 , told from their perspectives . The book 's working title is ` Recovery ' .

neg: Summit Series (conference) Summit Series is an American organization that hosts conferences and events for young entrepreneurs , artists and activists . Events organized by the group include an annual invitation-only conference during which participants discuss topics including business practices , technological innovation , and philanthropy . Summit Series attendees have included Bill Clinton , Ted Turner and Richard Branson . Summit Series was founded in 2008 by Elliott Bisnow , Brett Leve , Jeff Rosenthal , Jeremy Schwartz , and Ryan Begelman .   Since its foundation , the organization has raised more than $ 2 million for charitable and non-profit organizations . Through its investment fund Summit Action Fund , Summit Series has invested in multiple startup companies , including Uber , and Warby Parker .

neg: The Jamie Kennedy Experiment The Jamie Kennedy Experiment is a half-hour-long American hidden camera/practical joke reality television series that debuted in 2002 and was broadcast on The WB . The host and star of the show is Jamie Kennedy , a comedian who presented a reality TV format which combined hidden camera with sketch comedy . The show was a production of Bahr-Small Productions in association with Warner Bros. . Television and Big Ticket Television and ran from January 13 , 2002 until April 29 , 2004 .

neg: The Jack Docherty Show The Jack Docherty Show was a nightly comedy chat show which aired on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom between 1997 and 1999 . Presented by comedian Jack Docherty the programme was one of the first to air on the channel , doing so as part of its opening night schedule on 30 March 1997 . The show was recorded at London 's Whitehall Theatre during the early evening and would then be broadcast in a late-night slot . It featured a mixture of chat with celebrity guests , comedy , and music , and followed a similar format to shows such as NBC 's Late Night with David Letterman in the United States .   Accompanying Docherty and guests was a house band , whose line-up changed from time to time . It was first briefly led by Pete Baikie , followed a few weeks later by Richard Allen . They named the studio band Pete Baikie and the Peetles and Richard Allen and the Allenoids respectively . In September 1997 a new house band , Blair , fronted by Blair MacKichan took over the role and remained until the house band was dispensed with some time in 1998 . MacKichan was better known for his appearance in the Oxo adverts during the 1980s , although he was also an accomplished musician .   Docherty was frequently absent from the programme , usually during school holidays , and when this happened the show was retitled Not The Jack Docherty Show and would be presented by a stand-in . Guest presenters included Phill Jupitus , Graham Norton , Fred McAulay , Carol McGiffin , Melinda Messenger , Rich Hall and Tim Vine . Ironically the role of guest host helped to launch Graham Norton 's television career , and won him the award for best newcomer at the 1997 British Comedy Awards . Docherty -- who was also attending the ceremony -- had expected to win the award himself . Norton went on to front his own series on Channel 4 in 1998 titled So Graham Norton .   Channel 5 had originally wanted to call the show The Docherty Will See You Now , and when first on air it was broadcast five nights a week . However , as the series progressed numbers of episodes were reduced as the channel moved away from its original `` stripped and stranded '' scheduling format , and , in the first instance , because Docherty had requested that he do fewer shows . From September 1997 it dropped to four nights a week when the Friday edition was withdrawn from the schedule , then three in March 1998 after Monday 's episode was also dropped . By September 1998 the series dropped to a Tuesday and Thursday airing , while the Wednesday slot was then taken up with the somewhat similar Melinda 's Big Night In , a chat show hosted by Melinda Messenger . One weekly episode of The Jack Docherty Show was aired during its last few months , before the final edition went out on 23 June 1999 .   The decreasing number of weekly editions also had much to do with the show 's poor viewing figures . Often these would be higher when Docherty was absent , with model Melinda Messenger achieving higher viewing figures when she stood in for him . The show was also panned by critics , particularly when , in 1998 , Docherty decided not to renew his contract with Channel 5 when it expired at the end of that year . In November 1998 a television reviewer in The Independent observed : `` In effect , The Jack Docherty Show ( C5 , Tue and Thur ) is working out its notice . And boy , does it show . It 's as if Docherty is perfunctorily doing his job even as the removal men are dismantling the show and packing it off to the archive . The house band has gone , the flats of the set have been taken down , and the script has been stowed at the bottom of a cardboard box file . '' This sentiment was echoed in the 19 February 1999 edition of Private Eye , which claimed that Docherty had closed one episode with the words , `` In line with Channel 5 policy , it 's past eleven o'clock and time for some tatty pornography '' , and had then simulated fellatio on a pizza salesman . The scene was edited out before broadcast in what Private Eye suggested was a decision influenced by criticism of Channel 5 , which at the time included soft-core pornography in its schedule . In January 2010 , The Guardian '' 's Sam Leith wrote that The Jack Docherty Show '' had `` died a death '' , musing : `` I 'm not sure even Jack Docherty remembers it very well . ''   In March 1999 , Docherty said of his departure that he felt the show had `` burned out '' and was running out of guests . In a 2008 interview he said the role of chat show host had not suited him , and that he had not enjoyed it . `` You would be talking to people about what they were doing , and you actually wanted to be doing it yourself . '' However , the programme is notable for featuring some of the first television work of writers Kevin Cecil and Andy Riley , Jesse Armstrong and Sam Bain , and writer/performers David Mitchell and Robert Webb , all of whom have gone on to have successful comedy careers .

neg: Ted Alexandro Edward `` Ted '' Alexandro ( born January 26 , 1969 ) is a stand-up comedian from New York City . He has appeared on most late night talk shows and has had his own half-hour specials on Comedy Central .

neg: Oliver Emanuel __ NOTOC __ Oliver Emanuel ( born 4 April 1980 ) is a British playwright and radio dramatist . His play Dragon won Best Show For Children and Young People at the UK Theatre Awards in 2014 . His English version of Titus won the People 's Choice Victor Award in 2015 at IPAY   Oliver Emanuel was born in Kent , attended St Gregory 's Catholic Comprehensive School in Tunbridge Wells , studied English and Theatre Studies at University of Leeds ( 1998 -- 2001 ) before going on to take the Masters in Creative Writing at the University of East Anglia ( 2001 -- 02 ) . His late mother was a drama teacher and his father is a lawyer . He was Writer-on-Attachment at the West Yorkshire Playhouse in 2006 and Writer-in-Residence for BBC Radio 4 Children in Need in 2010 . He has lived in Glasgow since 2006 .


query: Taiwan is in East Asia.

pos: Taiwan Taiwan ( -LSB- taɪˈwɑːn -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , is a state in East Asia . Its neighbours include China ( officially the People 's Republic of China , PRC ) to the west , Japan to the northeast , and the Philippines to the south .  Taiwan is the most populous state that is not a member of the United Nations , and also possesses the largest economy of any state outside of the UN .   The island of Taiwan , also known as Formosa , was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before the 17th century , when Dutch and Spanish colonies opened the island to Han Chinese immigration . After a brief rule by the Kingdom of Tungning , the island was annexed by the Qing dynasty , the last dynasty of China . The Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan in 1895 after the Sino-Japanese War . While Taiwan was under Japanese rule , the Republic of China ( ROC ) was established on the mainland in 1912 after the fall of the Qing dynasty . Following the Japanese surrender to the Allies in 1945 , the ROC took control of Taiwan . However , the resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the ROC 's loss of the mainland to the Communists , and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC continued to claim to be the legitimate government of China , its effective jurisdiction since 1949 has been limited to Taiwan and its surrounding islands , with the main island making up 99 % of its de facto territory . As a founding member of the United Nations , the ROC continued to represent China at the United Nations until 1971 , when the PRC assumed China 's seat , causing the ROC to lose its UN membership .   In the early 1960s , Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization , creating a stable industrial economy . In the 1980s and early 1990s , it changed from a one-party military dictatorship dominated by the Kuomintang to a multi-party democracy with a semi-presidential system . Taiwan is the 22nd-largest economy in the world , and its high-tech industry plays a key role in the global economy . It is ranked highly in terms of freedom of the press , healthcare , public education , economic freedom , and human development . The country benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most highly educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentages of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree .   The PRC has consistently claimed sovereignty over Taiwan and asserted the ROC is no longer in legitimate existence . Under its One-China Policy the PRC refused diplomatic relations with any country that recognizes the ROC . Today only a few smaller nations recognize the ROC as the sole legal representative of China , but many other states maintain unofficial ties through representative offices and institutions that function as de facto embassies and consulates . Although Taiwan is fully self-governing , most international organizations in which the PRC participates either refuse to grant membership to Taiwan or allow it to participate only as a non-state actor . Internally , the major division in politics is between the aspirations of eventual Chinese unification or Taiwanese independence , though both sides have moderated their positions to broaden their appeal . The PRC has threatened the use of military force in response to any formal declaration of independence by Taiwan or if PRC leaders decide that peaceful unification is no longer possible .

neg: National University of Tainan The National University of Tainan ( NUTN ; ) is a university in East District , Tainan , Taiwan .

neg: Geography of Singapore Singapore is a small , heavily urbanised , island city-state in Southeast Asia , located at the end of the Malayan Peninsula between Malaysia and Indonesia . Singapore has a total land area of 719.1 km2 .   The Singapore area comprises mainland and other islands . The mainland of Singapore measures 50 km from east to west and 27 km from north to south with 193 km of coastline . These figures are based on 2.515 m High Water Mark cadastral survey boundaries .   Singapore is separated from Indonesia by the Singapore Strait and from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor .

neg: Sea of Japan naming dispute A dispute exists over the international name for the body of water which is bordered by Japan , North Korea , Russia , and South Korea . In 1992 , objections to the name Sea of Japan were first raised by North Korea and South Korea at the Sixth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names . The Japanese government supports the use of the name `` Sea of Japan '' , while South Korea supports the name `` East Sea '' , and North Korea supports the name `` East Sea of Korea '' . Currently , most international maps and documents use either the name Sea of Japan ( or equivalent translation ) by itself , or include both the name Sea of Japan and East Sea , often with East Sea listed in parentheses or otherwise marked as a secondary name . The International Hydrographic Organization , the international governing body for the naming of bodies of water around the world , in 2012 decided not to change the current single name `` Sea of Japan '' rejecting South Korea 's request to use `` East Sea '' together with `` Sea of Japan '' .   The involved countries ( especially Japan and South Korea ) have advanced a variety of arguments to support their preferred name ( s ) . Many of the arguments revolve around determining when the name Sea of Japan became the common name . South Korea argues that historically the more common name was East Sea , Sea of Korea , or another similar variant . South Korea further argues that the name Sea of Japan did not become common until Korea was under Japanese rule , at which time it had no ability to influence international affairs . Japan argues that the name Sea of Japan has been the most common international name since at least the beginning of the 19th century , long before its annexation of Korea . Both sides have conducted studies of antiquarian maps , but the two countries have produced divergent research results . Additional arguments have been raised regarding the underlying geography of the sea as well as potential problems regarding the ambiguity of one name or the other .

neg: Timor Timor is an island at the southern end of Maritime Southeast Asia , north of the Timor Sea . The island is divided between the sovereign states of East Timor on the eastern part and Indonesia , on the western part . The Indonesian part , also known as West Timor , constitutes part of the province of East Nusa Tenggara . Within West Timor lies an exclave of East Timor called Oecusse District . The island covers an area of 30,777 km2 . The name is a variant of timur , Malay for `` east '' ; it is so called because it lies at the eastern end of the Lesser Sunda Islands .

neg: East Timor (province) East Timor ( Timor Timur ) was a former province of the Republic of Indonesia and now present-day Timor Leste during its occupation by Indonesia between 1975 and 1999 .

neg: CNN International Asia Pacific CNN International Asia Pacific is the Asia-Pacific edition of the CNN International pay-TV cable network . The feed originates from Hong Kong .   CNN International began transmissions in August 1989 .   From 1989 until 2005 , this edition included exclusive programmes to the Asia-Pacific region such as Asia This Day , CNN Morning News ( Asian edition ) , News Biz Today and Asia News . Since mid-2003 , News Biz Today and Asia News ( which were eventually renamed into CNN News and Asia NowandCNN India '' ' respectively ) were simulcast on the other editions of CNN International . In addition , from 1990 to 2005 , to differentiate it from the other feeds , the network logo on the lower-right hand of the screen had a static globe with the Asian continent facing the audiences .   Today , the differences between this edition and the other editions are minimal and are now limited to advertising and weather updates .   CNN has reported that their broadcast agreement in mainland China includes an arrangement that their signal must pass through a Chinese-controlled satellite . In this way , Chinese authorities have been able to black out CNN segments at will .

neg: Chinese language romanization in Taiwan There are a large number of romanization systems used in Taiwan ( officially the Republic of China ) . The first Chinese language romanization system in Taiwan , Pe̍h - ōe-jī , was developed first by Presbyterian missionaries and promoted by the indigenous Presbyterian Churches since the 19th century . Pe̍h - ōe-jī is also the first written system of Taiwanese Hokkien ; a similar system for Hakka was also developed at that time . During the period of Japanese rule , the promotion of roman writing systems was suppressed under the Dōka and Kōminka policy . After World War II , Taiwan was handed over from Japan to the Republic of China ( ROC ) . The romanization of Mandarin Chinese was also introduced to Taiwan as official or semi-official standard .   Today , many commonly encountered Taiwanese proper names ( places and people ) are written in Wade -- Giles ( a historic semi-official system ) , Chinese postal romanization ( the system most used by Western academics until the internationalization of Hanyu Pinyin in the 1980s ) , or Gwoyeu Romatzyh ( a system that records tones without tone marks ) . After a long debate , Hanyu Pinyin , the official romanization system used in the People 's Republic of China , was planned to be the nationwide standard in Taiwan for 2009 . While the national government and many provinces and cities adopted Hanyu Pinyin , several cities continue to use Tongyong pinyin . Examples being , Kaohsiung , Taiwan 's second most populous city , and Taichung .   The contention surrounding romanizations has never been purely academic or in response to the needs of the foreign community in Taiwan , but rather clouded by partisan politics . As a result , romanization of Mandarin in Taiwan in the 20th century was generally inconsistent and quite difficult for everyone -- be they tourists , foreign-born residents or native-born Taiwanese -- to interpret . Since most Taiwanese were taught only Zhuyin/Bopomofo to write phonetic inscriptions of Chinese words , rather than a romanization system , there is little incentive to standardize romanization .

neg: 2005 East Asian Games The 4th East Asian Games was an international multi-sport event for countries in East Asia which was held in Macau , China from October 29 to November 6 , 2005 .

neg: Taiwan subtropical evergreen forests The Taiwan subtropical evergreen forests is an ecoregion that covers most of the island of Taiwan , with the exception of the southern tip of the island , which constitutes the South Taiwan monsoon rain forests ecoregion . The island 's concentrated steep mountains host a range of forest types , from subtropical forests in the lowlands to temperate and alpine or montane forests .

neg: January 2016 East Asia cold wave In late January 2016 , a cold wave struck much of East Asia , parts of mainland Southeast Asia and parts of northern South Asia , bringing record cold temperatures and snowfall to many regions . Sleet was reported in Okinawa for the first time on record , and many other regions saw their coldest temperatures in decades . Snowfall and frigid weather stranded thousands of people across four countries . At least 85 people in Taiwan died from hypothermia and cardiac arrest following a sudden drop in temperature during the weekend of January 22 -- 24 . The cold claimed a further fourteen lives in Thailand , and snowstorms resulted in six deaths across Japan . This event was driven by a fast Arctic warming that occurred within the troposphere , forcing the Arctic Oscillation to change phase rapidly from positive ( in late December ) to negative ( in late January ) , facilitating the atmospheric blocking and associated Siberian high buildup .

neg: Architecture of Taiwan The architecture of Taiwan can be traced back to stilt housing of the aborigines in prehistoric times ; to the building of fortresses and churches in the north and south used to colonize and convert the inhabitants during the Dutch and Spanish period ; the Tungning period when Taiwan was a base of anti-Qing sentiment and Minnan-style architechture was introduced ; in Qing dynasty period , a mix of Chinese and Western architecture appeared and artillery battery flourished during Qing 's Self-Strengthening Movement ; During the Japanese rule of Taiwan , the Minnan , Japanese and Western culture were main influencers in architectural designs and saw the introduction and use of reinforced concrete . Due to excessive Westernization as a colony , after the retrocession of Taiwan to the Republic of China in 1945 from Japan at the end of World War II , Chinese classical style became popular and entered into international mainstream as a postmodern design style . Today , Taiwanese architecture has undergone much diversification , every style of architecture can be seen .

neg: Taitung Taitung , Tai Tung , or variants , may refer to :  Taitung County ( 台東縣 or 臺東縣 ) , a county located in eastern Taiwan  Taitung City ( 台東市 or 臺東市 ) , the seat of Taitung County  Taitung Prefecture , former prefecture of Taiwan Province

neg: Episcopal Diocese of Taiwan The Episcopal Diocese of Taiwan is the Anglican diocese in Taiwan and a member diocese of the Episcopal Church of the United States . It was established in 1954 , five years after Chinese Episcopalians fled from mainland China to Taiwan following the Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949 .   It is a diocese of Province 8 of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America .

neg: List of metropolitan areas in Taiwan Metropolitan areas were recognized by the Taiwan government until 2010 . This was the definition of metropolitan areas used by the government of Taiwan .  A metropolitan area is an economically and socially integrated area with one or more core cities . The population has to be over 300,000 .  Core city : A core city has to satisfy the following three conditions :  Its population more than 200,000 .  More than 70 % of its residents living in the urbanized area .  More than 70 % of the employed residents working within the city .  Satellite city : Within the same region of the core city , a city or township is defined as a satellite city if one of the following conditions is satisfied . A satellite city has to connecte to the core city either directly or through its satellite cities .  More than 10 % of the employed residents commuting to the core city .  More than 5 % of the employed residents commuting to the core city and more than 40 % of the residents living within the same urbanized area as the core city .  surrounded by satellite cities .  If a city is qualified to be a satellite city for more than one core cities , it is defined to be of the core city with more commuters .  A metropolitan area is named after the most populous core city .  Two metropolitan areas are combined into one if the distance between the largest core cities is less than 25 km or if they are bordered with each other for more than 1 km , and if there is close connection of their commuters .

neg: Taiwanization Taiwanization , also known as the Taiwanese localization movement , is a conceptual term used in Taiwan to emphasize the importance of a ( separate ) Taiwanese culture , society , economy , nationality , and identity rather than to regard Taiwan as solely an appendage of China . This involves the teaching of the history of Taiwan , geography , and culture from a Taiwan-centric perspective , as well as promoting languages locally established in Taiwan , including Taiwanese Hokkien ( Taiwanese ) , Hakka , and aboriginal languages .   Originally part of the Taiwan independence movement and related to the Taiwan Name Rectification Campaign , some of Taiwanization 's aims are now endorsed by some supporters of Chinese Unification on Taiwan .   The localization movement has been expressed in forms such as the use of language or dialect in the broadcast media and entire channels devoted to aboriginal and Hakka affairs . Textbooks have been rewritten by scholars to more prominently emphasize Taiwan . The political compromise that has been reached is to teach both the history of Taiwan and the history of mainland China .   Some Taiwanese-owned companies or organizations established in earlier times have names containing the words `` China '' or `` Chinese '' . They have been encouraged in recent years to change the word `` China '' in their names to `` Taiwan '' as an act of Taiwanization . This campaign for changing the names is known as the `` Name Rectification Campaign '' or `` Taiwan Name Rectification '' . Many Taiwan-based companies in international sectors already identify themselves as `` Taiwan '' - based for clarity 's sake . This keeps international customers from confusing them with an enterprise based in the People 's Republic of China . Other Taiwan-based companies decline to change to a `` Taiwanese '' name because of expense or the political views held by important clients and company leaders .

neg: Mexico–Taiwan relations Mexico -- Taiwan relations refers to the diplomatic relations between Mexico and the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) .

neg: Visa requirements for Taiwanese citizens Visa requirements for Taiwanese passport holders are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on nationals of Republic of China ( ROC ) , commonly known as Taiwan . Although the ROC has only one type of nationality under its nationality law , its nationals ' right of abode in Taiwan is based on whether they have established household registration in Taiwan , hence ROC nationals are divided into two categories : nationals with household registration ( `` NWHRs '' ) , with right of abode in Taiwan ; and nationals without household registration ( `` NWOHRs '' ) , without right of abode in Taiwan . Only NWHRs are entitled to a National Identification Card , and the National ID number is imprinted on the passport 's biodata page to signify the holder 's status as an NWHR . Holders of such passports can travel to more countries and territories without visas than holders of passports without National ID number , as NWOHRs using ROC passports to enter Taiwan require an entry permit and are subject to immigration controls .   Taiwanese passport is one of the five passports with the most improved rating globally since 2006 in terms of number of countries that its holders may visit without a visa . As of 1 January 2017 , nationals of Republic of China with rights of abode in Taiwan had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 134 countries and territories , ranking the ordinary Taiwan passport 31st in terms of travel freedom ( tied with Costa Rican and Vatican passports ) according to the Henley visa restrictions index . The Taiwanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs , however , listed 164 countries with visa-free or visa on arrival access , which included a large number of countries requiring pre-arrival documentations such as invitations or visa approval letters ( such as Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan and Vietnam ) . Such countries are not considered as providing visa-free or visa-on-arrival access , since the visa is usually approved before arrival and during the process of obtaining such documentations . The graph below only lists those countries which provide visa-free or visa on arrival without additional documentations prior to travelling as per international-accepted definitions .

neg: East Asian Community East Asian Community ( EAC ) is a proposed trade bloc for the East Asian and Southeast Asian countries that may arise out of either ASEAN Plus Three or the East Asia Summit ( EAS ) .

neg: Chinese Americans Chinese Americans , which includes American-born Chinese , are Americans who have full or partial Chinese ancestry . Chinese Americans constitute one group of overseas Chinese and also a subgroup of East Asian Americans , which is further a subgroup of Asian Americans . Many Chinese Americans are immigrants along with their descendants from mainland China , Hong Kong , Macau , Taiwan , as well as from other regions that include large populations of the Chinese diaspora , especially Southeast Asia and some Western countries like Canada , United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , and Brazil .   The Chinese American community is the largest overseas Chinese community outside of Asia . It is also the third largest in the Chinese diaspora , behind the Chinese communities in Thailand and Malaysia . The Chinese American community comprises the largest ethnic group of Asian Americans , comprising 25.9 % of the Asian American population as of 2010 . Americans of Chinese descent , including those with partial Chinese ancestry constitute 1.2 % of the total U.S. population as of 2010 . According to the 2010 census , the Chinese American population numbered approximately 3.8 million . In 2010 , half of Chinese-born people living in the United States resided in the states of California and New York .

neg: Yushan (mountain) Yushan , also Mount Jade or Mount Yu , is the highest mountain in Taiwan at 3952 m above sea level , giving Taiwan the fourth highest maximum elevation of any island in the world . The obsolete name of Mount Morrison is thought to have been named in honor of the 19th century missionary Robert Morrison . Today , the mountain is generally referred to as Yushan or Mt. Jade .   In the winter , Yushan is often capped with thick snow which makes the entire peak shine like stainless jade , hence its name . On July 21 , 2009 , Yushan was elected one of 28 finalists in the New7Wonders of Nature voting campaign . It even had held the top position in the `` Mountains and Volcanoes '' category on the list of first round voting of the 77 nominees ended on July 7 , 2009 .   Yushan and surrounding mountains belong to Yushan Range , which is part of Yushan National Park . The national park is Taiwan 's largest , highest and least accessible national park . It contains the largest tract of wilderness remaining in Taiwan and is also valued for its pristine forests and faunal diversity , including many endemic species .   The highest point of Yushan Range , Yushan , is 3952 m above sea level , and is the highest point in the western Pacific region outside of the Kamchatka Peninsula . Yushan was once in the ocean and raised to the current height because the Eurasian Plate slid over the neighboring Philippine Sea Plate .   The ocean waters off Taiwan 's east coast are deep ; in fact , submarine slopes plunge down to the Pacific Ocean at a grade of 1:10 and the ocean reaches a depth of more than 4000 m about 50 km from the coast .