query: The Caspian sea is bounded by Russia.

pos: Caspian Sea The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed inland body of water on Earth by area , variously classed as the world 's largest lake or a full-fledged sea . It is in an endorheic basin ( a basin without outflows ) located between Europe and Asia . It is bounded by Kazakhstan to the northeast , Russia to the northwest , Azerbaijan to the west , Iran to the south , and Turkmenistan to the southeast .   The Caspian Sea presently lies about 28 m below sea level in the Caspian Depression , to the east of the Caucasus Mountains and to the west of the vast steppe of Central Asia . The sea bed in the southern part reaches as low as 1023 m below sea level , which is the second lowest natural depression on earth after Lake Baikal ( -1180 m ) . The ancient inhabitants of its coast perceived the Caspian Sea as an ocean , probably because of its saltiness and large size .   The sea has a surface area of 371000 km2 ( not including the detached lagoon of Garabogazköl ) and a volume of 78200 km3 . It has a salinity of approximately 1.2 % ( 12 g/l ) , about a third of the salinity of most seawater .

neg: Sino-Russian relations since 1991 Diplomatic relations between the People 's Republic of China and the Russian Federation dramatically improved after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the establishment of the Russian Federation in 1991 . American scholar Joseph Nye argues :  With the collapse of the Soviet Union , that de facto US-China alliance ended , and a China-Russia rapprochement began . In 1992 , the two countries declared that they were pursuing a `` constructive partnership '' ; in 1996 , they progressed toward a `` strategic partnership '' ; and in 2001 , they signed a treaty of `` friendship and cooperation . ''   The two countries share a long land border which was demarcated in 1991 , and they signed a Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation in 2001 . On the eve of a 2013 state visit to Moscow by Chinese President Xi Jinping , Russian President Vladimir Putin remarked that the two nations were forging a special relationship .

neg: Geography of Iran Geographically , Iran is located in West Asia and borders the Caspian Sea , Persian Gulf , and Gulf of Oman . Its mountains have helped to shape both the political and the economic history of the country for several centuries . The mountains enclose several broad basins , on which major agricultural and urban settlements are located . Until the 20th century , when major highways and railroads were constructed through the mountains to connect the population centers , these basins tended to be relatively isolated from one another .   Typically , one major town dominated each basin , and there were complex economic relationships between the town and the hundreds of villages that surrounded it . In the higher elevations of the mountains rimming the basins , tribally organized groups practiced transhumance , moving with their herds of sheep and goats between traditionally established summer and winter pastures . There are no major river systems in the country , and historically transportation was by means of caravans that followed routes traversing gaps and passes in the mountains . The mountains also impeded easy access to the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea .   With an area of 1648000 km2 , Iran ranks eighteenth in size among the countries of the world . Iran shares its northern borders with three post-Soviet states : Armenia , Azerbaijan , and Turkmenistan . These borders extend for more than 2000 km , including nearly 650 km of water along the southern shore of the Caspian Sea . Iran 's western borders are with Turkey in the north and Iraq in the south , terminating at the Arvand Rud .   The Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman littorals form the entire 1770 km southern border . To the east lie Afghanistan on the north and Pakistan on the far south . Iran 's diagonal distance from Azerbaijan in the northwest to Sistan and Baluchestan Province in the southeast is approximately 2333 km .

neg: Eurasian Home `` Eurasian Home '' analytical and information resource is an open forum for dialogue and reflection , bringing together experts , politicians and journalists from the New Independent States , Russia , European Union , Asia and America . The website is first of all a platform where representatives of different countries can freely discuss issues concerning global and regional integration in Eurasia .  Among priority topics of the website are political and economic processes in Eurasia and America ; integration concepts and strategies in the world ; integration between the countries of the former Soviet Union ; the search for models of effective economic integration ; economic and political interaction between the countries of the CIS as well as with the rest of the world ( EU , United States etc. ) .   The Eurasian Home website was launched in 2004 by the Russian non-profit Eurasia Heritage Foundation .

neg: Baku Initiative The Baku Initiative is an international initiative of the European Union . It is a policy dialogue on energy and transport cooperation between the European Union and the littoral states of the Black Sea , Caspian Sea and their neighbours , undertaken as part of the INOGATE energy and TRACECA transport programmes .

neg: East European Plain The East European Plain ( also called the Russian Plain , predominantly by Russian scientists , or historically the Sarmatic Plain ) is a vast interior plain extending east of the North/Central European Plain , and comprising several plateaus stretching roughly from 25 degrees longitude eastward . It includes the westernmost Volhynian-Podolian Upland , than the Central Russian Upland , and on the eastern border , encompassing the Volga Upland . The plain includes also a series of major river basins such as the Dnepr Basin , the Oka-Don Lowland , and the Volga Basin . Along the southernmost point of the East European Plain are the Caucasus and Crimean mountain ranges . Together with the North European Plain covering much of north-eastern Poland , Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , it constitutes the European Plain , the mountain-free part of the European landscape .   The East European Plain covers all or most of the Baltic states , Belarus , Ukraine , Moldova , Romania , and the European portion of Russia . The plain spans approximately 4000000 km2 and averages about 170 m in elevation . The highest point of the plain , located in the Valdai Hills is 346.9 m.

neg: Kurmangazy oil field The Kurmangazy oil field is an offshore oil field located in the Kazakh section of the Caspian Sea on the maritime border between Russia and Kazakhstan , about 120 km west of the Buzachi Peninsula . It is expected to be the third largest oil field of Kazakhstan . The field is named after Kurmangazy Sagyrbayuly .

neg: Amur Acquisition The Amur Annexation refers to the incorporation of the southeast corner of Siberia into Russia in 1858 -- 60 . The two areas involved are the Priamurye between the Amur River and the Stanovoy Range to the north and the Primorye which runs down the coast from the Amur mouth to the Korean border ; and does not include Sakhalin Island . The territory of Outer Manchuria was formerly under the control of the Qing dynasty .   In the modern-day geography of Russia , Priamurye ( `` the Amur Lands '' ) roughly corresponds to the Amur Oblast and the southern half of the Khabarovsk Krai , while Primorye ( `` the Maritime Lands '' ) corresponds to the Primorsky Krai ( and , possibly , adjacent sections of Khabarovsk Krai ) .

neg: Economy of Armenia The economy of Armenia is ranked 132nd in the world , with a nominal gross domestic product ( GDP ) of $ 10.561 billion per annum . It is also the 129th largest in the world by purchasing power parity ( PPP ) , at $ 25.329 billion per annum . Armenia is the second-most densely populated of the post-Soviet states because of its small size . It is situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea , bordered on the north and east by Georgia and Azerbaijan and on the south and west by Iran and Turkey .   Until independence , Armenia 's economy was based largely on industry -- chemicals , electronic products , machinery , processed food , synthetic rubber and textiles ; it was highly dependent on outside resources . Agriculture accounted for only 20 % of net material product and 10 % of employment before the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 . Armenian mines produce copper , zinc , gold and lead . The vast majority of energy is produced with imported fuel , including gas and nuclear fuel from Russia ( for its one nuclear power plant . ) The main domestic energy source is hydroelectric . Small amounts of coal , gas and petroleum have not yet been developed .   Like other former states , Armenia 's economy suffers from the legacy of a centrally planned economy and the breakdown of former Soviet trading patterns . Soviet investment in and support of Armenian industry has virtually disappeared , so that few major enterprises are still able to function . In addition , the effects of the 1988 earthquake , which killed more than 25,000 people and made 500,000 homeless , are still being felt . Although a cease-fire has held since 1994 , the conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh has not been resolved . The consequent blockade along both the Azerbaijani and Turkish borders has devastated the economy , because of Armenia 's dependence on outside supplies of energy and most raw materials . Land routes through Azerbaijan and Turkey are closed ; routes through Georgia and Iran are adequate and reliable . In 1992-93 , the GDP had fallen nearly 60 % from its 1989 level . The national currency , the dram , suffered hyperinflation for the first few years after its introduction in 1993 .   Armenia has registered strong economic growth since 1995 and inflation has been negligible for the past several years . New sectors , such as precious stone processing and jewelry making and communication technology ( primarily Armentel , which is left from the USSR era and is owned by external investors ) . This steady economic progress has earned Armenia increasing support from international institutions . The International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , World Bank , EBRD , as well as other international financial institutions ( IFIs ) and foreign countries are extending considerable grants and loans . Total loans extended to Armenia since 1993 exceed $ 800 million . These loans are targeted at reducing the budget deficit , stabilizing the local currency ; developing private businesses ; energy ; the agriculture , food processing , transportation , and health and education sectors ; and ongoing rehabilitation work in the earthquake zone .   Continued progress will depend on the ability of the government to strengthen its macroeconomic management , including increasing revenue collection , improving the investment climate , and accelerating privatization . A liberal foreign investment law was approved in June 1994 , and a law on privatization was adopted in 1997 , as well as a program on state property privatization . The government has made major strides toward joining the World Trade Organization . By 1994 , however , the Armenian government had launched an ambitious IMF-sponsored economic liberalization program that resulted in positive growth rates in 1995-2005 . Armenia joined the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) in January 2003 . Armenia also has managed to slash inflation , stabilize its currency , and privatize most small - and medium-sized enterprises . Armenia 's unemployment rate , however , remains high , despite strong economic growth . The chronic energy shortages Armenia suffered in the early and mid-1990s have been offset by the energy supplied by one of its nuclear power plants at Metsamor . Armenia is now a net energy exporter , although it does not have sufficient generating capacity to replace Metsamor , which is under international pressure to close . The electricity distribution system was privatized in 2002 . Armenia 's severe trade imbalance has been offset somewhat by international aid , remittances from Armenians working abroad , and foreign direct investment . Economic ties with Russia remain close , especially in the energy sector . The government has made some improvements in tax and customs administration in recent years , but anti-corruption measures have been more difficult to implement .

neg: Henichesk Strait The Henichesk Strait ( alternatively Genichesk Strait ; Генический пролив , Генічеська протока ) is a narrow strait which connects the Syvash ( the shallow lagoon system separating the Crimea from the Ukraine east of the Isthmus of Perekop ) with the Sea of Azov . It separates the Arabat Spit from the Ukrainian mainland .   The strait is about 4 km long and the width varies from 80 to , with a depth of 4.6 m. On account of its narrowness , it is also sometimes called Thin Strait . The direction of flow depends on the wind . On the north side of the strait is the town and port of Henichesk in the Ukraine .   Although the strait separates the Crimea from the Ukraine geographically , it does not do so politically : both sides of the strait are in the Ukrainian province of Kherson Oblast , and the political and military boundary between Kherson Oblast and the disputed polity described either as the Ukrainian Autonomous Republic of Crimea or the independent Republic of Crimea lies further south on the Arabat Spit .

neg: Caucasus The Caucasus -LSB- ˈkɔ : kəsəs -RSB- or Caucasia -LSB- kɔ : ˈkeɪʒə -RSB- is a region at the border of Europe and Asia , situated between the Black and the Caspian seas .   It is home to the Caucasus Mountains , which contain Europe 's highest mountain , Mount Elbrus , 5642 m. Politically , the Caucasus region is separated between northern and southern parts . While the northern parts are under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation , the southern parts consist of independent sovereign states . These include Georgia , Armenia , Azerbaijan . The southern Caucasus mountain range ( the Lesser Caucasus ) extends eastwards to the Caspian Sea in northwestern Iran , and into northeastern Turkey .   The region is known for its linguistic diversity : aside from Indo-European and Turkic languages , the Kartvelian , Northwest Caucasian , and Northeast Caucasian families are indigenous to the area .

neg: Odessa Odessa or Odesa ( Оде́са , -LSB- oˈdɛsɐ -RSB- -LSB- Оде́сса , p = ɐˈdʲesə -RSB- ) is the third most populous city of Ukraine and a major tourism center , seaport and transportation hub located on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea . Odessa is also an administrative center of the Odessa Oblast and a multiethnic cultural center . Odessa is sometimes called the `` pearl of the Black Sea , '' the `` South Capital '' ( under the Russian Empire and Soviet Union ) , and `` Southern Palmyra '' .   The predecessor of Odessa , a small Tatar settlement , was founded by Hacı I Giray , the Khan of Crimea , in 1440 and originally named after him as `` Hacıbey '' . After a period of Lithuanian control , it passed into the domain of the Ottoman Sultan in 1529 and remained in Ottoman hands until the Ottoman Empire 's defeat in the Russo-Turkish War of 1792 .   In 1794 , the city of Odessa was founded by a decree of the Empress Catherine the Great . From 1819 to 1858 , Odessa was a free port . During the Soviet period it was the most important port of trade in the Soviet Union and a Soviet naval base . On 1 January 2000 , the Quarantine Pier at Odessa Commercial Sea Port was declared a free port and free economic zone for a period of 25 years .   During the 19th century , it was the fourth largest city of Imperial Russia , after Moscow , Saint Petersburg and Warsaw . Its historical architecture has a style more Mediterranean than Russian , having been heavily influenced by French and Italian styles . Some buildings are built in a mixture of different styles , including Art Nouveau , Renaissance and Classicist .   Odessa is a warm-water port . The city of Odessa hosts both the Port of Odessa and Port Yuzhne , a significant oil terminal situated in the city 's suburbs . Another notable port , Chornomorsk , is located in the same oblast , to the south-west of Odessa . Together they represent a major transport hub integrating with railways . Odessa 's oil and chemical processing facilities are connected to Russian and European networks by strategic pipelines .

neg: Government of Russia The Government of the Russia ( exercises executive power in the Russian Federation . The members of the government are the Prime Minister , the deputy prime ministers , and the federal ministers . It has its legal basis in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the federal constitutional law `` On the Government the Russian Federation '' .   According to the 1991 amendment to the 1978 Russian Constitution , the President of Russia was the head of the executive branch and headed the Council of Ministers of Russia . According to the current 1993 Constitution of Russia , the President is not a part of the Government of Russia , which exercises executive power . But , the President does appoint the Prime Minister . The Chapter 6 of the Constitution of Russia says , that `` The Government of the Russian Federation consists of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation ( Prime Minister ) , Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministries '' .

neg: USSR–USA Maritime Boundary Agreement The Russia -- United States maritime boundary de facto follows the June 1 , 1990 USA/USSR Maritime Boundary Agreement ( since Russia declared itself to be the successor of the Soviet Union ) , but it has yet to be approved by the Russian parliament . The United States Senate gave its advice and consent to ratification as early as on September 16 , 1991 , and has no intentions to reopen the issue . In its turn , the US -- USSR agreement is the confirmation of the earlier United States -- Russia Convention of March 18 ( O.S. ) / March 30 ( N.S. ) , 1867 . This sea border is also known as the Baker-Shevardnadze line or Baker-Shevardnadze agreement , after the officials who signed the deal , the Soviet foreign minister Eduard Shevardnadze and the US Secretary of State James Baker .   From the point , 65 ° 30 ' N , 168 ° 58 ' 37 '' W the maritime boundary extends north along the 168 ° 58 ' 37 '' W meridian through the Bering Strait and Chukchi Sea into the Arctic Ocean as far as permitted under international law . From the same point southwards , the boundary follows a line specified by maritimegeographic positions given in the Agreement .

neg: Caspian pipeline Caspian pipeline may refer to :   Caspian Pipeline Consortium , an oil pipeline from Kazakhstan to Russia  Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline , a planned natural gas pipeline from Turkmenistan to Azerbaijan  Trans-Caspian Oil Pipeline , a proposed oil pipeline from Kazakhstan to Azerbaijan  Pre Caspian Pipeline , North Caspian pipeline or Caspian Littoral Gas Pipeline , a planned amendment to the Central Asia -- Center gas pipeline system  Baku -- Tbilisi -- Ceyhan pipeline , an oil pipeline from Azerbaijan to Turkey

neg: Amur Liman The Amur Liman is a liman of the Amur River , the northern part of the Strait of Tartary between Eurasia and Sakhalin . It connects the Sakhalin Gulf of the Sea of Okhotsk with the main body of the Strait of Tartary via the Nevelskoy Strait .   `` Amur Liman '' is often translated as `` Amur Estuary '' or `` Amur Mouth '' .

neg: Outer Manchuria Outer Manchuria or Outer Northeast China ( Chinese : 外满洲 ( Wài Mǎnzhōu ) or 外东北 ( Wài Dōngběi ) ; Russian : Приаму́рье or Priamurye ) is an unofficial term for a territory in Northeast Asia that was formerly part of the Chinese Qing dynasty and now belongs to Russia . It is considered part of the larger historical region of Manchuria which also includes the modern-day Northeast China . Russia officially received this territory by the unequal treaties of the Treaty of Aigun in 1858 and the Treaty of Peking in 1860 . The northern part of the area was also in dispute between 1643 and 1689 .   Outer Manchuria comprises the present-day Russian areas of Primorsky Krai , southern Khabarovsk Krai , the Jewish Autonomous Oblast , and Amur Oblast . A Chinese claim adds the island of Sakhalin . Currently , the People 's Republic of China has no claim to the territory .   The Treaty of Nerchinsk , in 1689 , defined the China -- Russia border as the Stanovoy Mountains and the Argun River , making Outer Manchuria a part of Qing dynasty China . After losing the Opium Wars , the Qing dynasty was forced to sign a series of treaties that gave away land and ports to the European powers ; these were known as the Unequal Treaties . Starting with the Treaty of Aigun in 1858 and the Treaty of Peking in 1860 , the Sino -- Russian border was realigned in Russia 's favor along the Amur and Ussuri rivers . As a result , China lost Outer Manchuria and access to the Sea of Japan .

neg: Commonwealth of Independent States The Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ; -LSB- Содружество Независимых Государств , СНГ , r = Sodruzhestvo Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv , SNG -RSB- ) , also called the Russian Commonwealth ( to distinguish it from the British Commonwealth of Nations ) , is a regional organization formed during the dissolution of the Soviet Union . Nine out of the 15 former Soviet Republics are member states , and two are associate members ( Ukraine and Turkmenistan ) . Georgia withdrew its membership in 2008 , while the Baltic states , which regard their membership in the Soviet Union as an illegal occupation , ( Estonia , Lithuania and Latvia ) chose not to participate .   The CIS has few supranational powers but aims to be more than a purely symbolic organization , nominally possessing coordinating powers in the realms of trade , finance , lawmaking , and security . It has also promoted cooperation on cross-border crime prevention . Furthermore , eight of the nine CIS member states participate in the CIS Free Trade Area . Three organizations are under the overview of the CIS , namely the Collective Security Treaty Organization , the Eurasian Economic Union ( alongside subdivisions , the Eurasian Customs Union and the Eurasian Economic Space , which comprises territory inhabited by over 180 million people ) , and the Union State . While the first and the second are military and economic alliances , the third aims to reach a confederation of Russia and Belarus with a common government , flag , currency , etc. .

neg: Syr Darya The Syr Darya -LSB- ˌsɪərˈdɑrjə -RSB- ( Сырдария , Sırdarïya , سىردارٸيا -LSB- Сырдарья́ , Syrdarjja , p = sɨrdɐˈrʲja -RSB- Sirdarya سيردريا Сирдарё , Sirdaryo/Sirdarjo Seyhun , Siri Derya سيحون : Seyhun ; Sirdaryo / Сирдарё ) is a river in Central Asia .   The Syr Darya originates in the Tian Shan Mountains in Kyrgyzstan and eastern Uzbekistan and flows for 2212 km west and north-west through Uzbekistan and southern Kazakhstan to the northern remnants of the Aral Sea . It is the northern and eastern of the two main rivers in the endorrheic basin of the Aral Sea , the other being the Amu Darya . In the Soviet era , extensive irrigation projects were constructed around both rivers , diverting their water into farmland and causing , during the post-Soviet era , the virtual disappearance of the Aral Sea , once the world 's fourth-largest lake .

neg: Krasnoyarsk Krai Krasnoyarsk Krai ( -LSB- Красноя́рский край , r = Krasnoyarsky kray , p = krəsnɐˈjarskʲɪj ˈkraj -RSB- ) is a federal subject of Russia ( a krai ) , with its administrative center in the city of Krasnoyarsk -- the third-largest city in Siberia ( after Novosibirsk and Omsk ) . Krasnoyarsk Krai is the largest krai in the Russian Federation , the second largest federal subject ( after the Sakha Republic ) , and the third largest subnational governing body by area in the world , after Sakha Republic and the Australian state of Western Australia . The krai covers an area of 2339700 km2 , which is nearly one quarter the size of the entire country of Canada ( the next-largest country in the world after Russia ) , constituting roughly 13 % of the Russian Federation 's total area and containing a population of 2,828,187 , or just under 2 % of its population . ( 2010 Census ) .

neg: Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states After the dissolution of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) in December 1991 , about 25 million ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states found themselves living outside the Russian Federation .   All former Soviet citizens had a time window within which they could transfer their former Soviet citizenship to Russian citizenship . Where they did not exercise that choice , their resulting citizenship status outside Russia varied by state : from no perceivable change in status - as in Belarus - to becoming permanently resident `` non-citizens '' - as in Estonia and Latvia , which restricted citizenship to their pre-World War II citizens and their offspring ( regardless of ethnic group ) upon restoration of their independence in continuity with their sovereign identities prior to June 1940 .   However , most people in practice found the `` time window '' concept not feasible , as the citizenship issue linked closely to the issue of owning property owned by the state before privatization . For many people , a change of citizenship would actually mean relocating and leaving behind everything - or most of what they had previously owned or been able to access .   the largest ethnic Russian diaspora populations outside Russia live in the United States and in the `` near abroad '' countries . The populations involved include those in : Ukraine ( about 8 million ) , Kazakhstan ( about 3.8 million ) , the United States ( about 3 million ) , Belarus ( about 780,000 ) , Uzbekistan ( about 650,000 ) Kyrgyzstan ( about 360,000 ) and Latvia ( about 556,422 ) .   In June 2006 Russian President Vladimir Putin announced a plan to introduce national policy aiming at encouraging ethnic Russian immigration to Russia .   Does not include Abkhazia ( 2011 census : 22,077 Russians or 9.1 % of the population ) or South Ossetia ( 2007 estimate : 2,100 Russians or 3.0 % of the population ) .   In Turkmenistan , there were estimated to be at most 150,000 ethnic Russians as of 2007 , or under 2 % of the population . In Uzbekistan the same year , the Russian population stood at some 800,000 people or under 4 % of the country .


query: Boston is known as an international center for post-secondary education.

pos: Boston Boston ( pronounced -LSB- ˈbɒstən -RSB- ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States . Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city proper covers 48 mi2 with an estimated population of 667,137 in 2015 , making it the largest city in New England and the 23rd most populous city in the United States . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.7 million people in 2014 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . Alternately , as a Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people , making it the sixth-largest as such in the United States .   One of the oldest cities in the United States , Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . Through land reclamation and municipal annexation , Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public school , Boston Latin School ( 1635 ) , first subway system , the Tremont Street Subway ( 1897 ) , and first public park , Boston Common ( 1634 ) .   The area 's many colleges and universities make Boston an international center of higher education , including law , medicine , engineering , and business , and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation and entrepreneurship , with nearly 2,000 startups . Boston 's economic base also includes finance , professional and business services , biotechnology , information technology , and government activities . Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States ; businesses and institutions rank among the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment . The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification , though it remains high on world livability rankings .

pos: Higher education Higher education , post-secondary education , or third level education is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after completion of secondary education . Often delivered at universities , academies , colleges , seminaries , conservatories , and institutes of technology , higher education is also available through certain college-level institutions , including vocational schools , trade schools , and other career colleges that award academic degrees or professional certifications . Tertiary education at non-degree level is sometimes referred to as further education or continuing education as distinct from higher education .   The right of access to higher education is mentioned in a number of international human rights instruments . The UN International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 declares , in Article 13 , that `` higher education shall be made equally accessible to all , on the basis of capacity , by every appropriate means , and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education '' . In Europe , Article 2 of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights , adopted in 1950 , obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education .   In the days when few pupils progressed beyond primary education , the term `` higher education '' was often used to refer to secondary education , which can create some confusion .   Higher education includes teaching , research , exacting applied work ( e.g. in medical schools and dental schools ) , and social services activities of universities . Within the realm of teaching , it includes both the undergraduate level , and beyond that , graduate-level ( or postgraduate level ) . The latter level of education is often referred to as graduate school , especially in North America .   Since World War II , developed and many developing countries have increased the participation of the age group who mostly studies higher education from the elite rate , of up to 15 per cent , to the mass rate of 16 to 50 per cent . In many developed countries , participation in higher education has continued to increase towards universal or , what Trow later called , open access , where over half of the relevant age group participate in higher education . Higher education is important to national economies , both as an industry , in its own right , and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy . College educated workers have commanded a measurable wage premium and are much less likely to become unemployed than less educated workers .   However , the admission of so many students of only average ability to higher education inevitably requires a decline in academic standards , facilitated by grade inflation . Also , the supply of graduates in many fields of study is exceeding the demand for their skills , which aggravates graduate unemployment and underemployment , as well as credentialism and educational inflation .

neg: List of diplomatic missions in Boston This is a list of diplomatic missions in Boston ( and surrounding environs of `` Greater '' or `` Metro-Boston '' ) . These countries have established a resident consular presence to provide diplomatic and trade representation .

neg: Liberal arts college A liberal arts college is a college with an emphasis on undergraduate study in the liberal arts and sciences . A liberal arts college aims to impart a broad general knowledge and develop general intellectual capacities , in contrast to a professional , vocational , or technical curriculum . Students in a liberal arts college generally major in a particular discipline while receiving exposure to a wide range of academic subjects , including sciences as well as the traditional humanities subjects taught as liberal arts . Although it draws on European antecedents , the liberal arts college is strongly associated with American higher education , and most liberal arts colleges around the world draw explicitly on the American model .   There is no formal definition of liberal arts college , but one American authority defines them as schools that `` emphasize undergraduate education and award at least half of their degrees in the liberal arts fields of study . '' Other researchers have adopted similar definitions .   Although many liberal arts colleges are exclusively undergraduate , some also offer graduate programs that lead to a master 's degree or doctoral degree in subjects such as business administration , nursing , medicine , and law . Similarly , although the term `` liberal arts college '' most commonly refers to an independent institution , it may also sometimes refer to a university college within or affiliated with a larger university . Most liberal arts colleges outside of the United States follow this model .

neg: Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Bangladesh Islamia School Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Bangladesh Islamia School & College is an educational institute providing academic education to Bangladeshi and international students in Abu Dhabi , UAE , for secondary and higher secondary education . Special emphasis is given to English , Arabic , Bengali , and Islamic Studies for Muslim students in Abu Dhabi .

neg: American University School of International Service The School of International Service ( SIS ) is American University 's school of advanced international study in the areas of international politics , international communication , international development , international economic relations , peace and conflict resolution , global environmental politics , and U.S. foreign policy .   The School of International Service was created when AU 's Hurst Anderson was urged by President Dwight D. Eisenhower to create a school of practitioners prepared for foreign policy beyond the U.S. -- Soviet rivalry . Since 1957 , SIS has prepared thousands of graduates to represent their country in the global arena by `` waging peace '' and employing the hallmarks of thoughtful diplomacy .   SIS is the largest school of international relations in the United States , enrolling more than 2,000 students from over 150 countries . The school makes extensive use of the academic and governmental resources offered by the university 's location in Washington , D.C.   Foreign Policy , in its 2015 rankings of top international affairs programs , ranked the school 's master 's and undergraduate programs as 8th - and 9th-best in the world , respectively . SIS is also consistently ranked in conjunction with American University 's School of Public Affairs as a leading program in the country by U.S. News & World Report 's college and university rankings . SIS is also a full member of The Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs .

neg: Lynch School of Education The Lynch School of Education ( LSOE ) is a professional school of Boston College that offers graduate and undergraduate programs in education , psychology and human development .

neg: Suffolk University Law School Suffolk University Law School ( also known as `` Suffolk Law School '' ) . Suffolk University Law School is a private , non-sectarian law school located in downtown Boston , Massachusetts . Suffolk University Law School was founded in 1906 by Gleason Archer , Sr. to provide a legal education for those who traditionally lacked the opportunity to study law because of socio-economic or racial discrimination . Suffolk is the fourth-oldest New England law school in continuous existence .   The law school currently has both day and evening , part-time divisions . Suffolk University Law School has been accredited by the American Bar Association since 1953 and the Association of American Law Schools since 1977 . The school is located in Sargent Hall on Tremont Street in downtown Boston . Suffolk offers over 200 upper-level electives , the most of any law school in the country , and is consistently ranked one of the most technologically advanced schools in the nation . Suffolk publishes six law reviews , to which students , faculty , and other scholars contribute . Suffolk University Law School alumni are found in high-level judicial , political , and private positions throughout the United States . With over 25,000 alumni , Suffolk is the fourth largest law school in the United States .   According to Suffolk Law 's 2013 ABA-required disclosures , 36.9 % of the Class of 2013 obtained full-time , long-term , JD-required employment nine months after graduation .

neg: Boston Lyceum The Boston Lyceum ( est. 1829 ) of Boston , Massachusetts was a civic association dedicated to popular education in the form of `` lectures , discussions , ... declamation , '' and writing contests . It began `` in Chauncy Hall on 25 June 1829 . On 13 August 1829 it formed its classes and made provisions for lectures and debates . '' Annual members ' `` exhibitions '' of elocution took place in various venues around town , such as the Masonic Temple ( 1832 ) , Tremont Hall ( 1839 ) and the Odeon ( 1840 ) . Leaders included George Bancroft , Timothy Claxton , James T. Fields , Abbott Lawrence , William H. Prescott , William D. Ticknor , and Amasa Walker . Among the many lecturers : Nehemiah Adams , J.A. Bolles , David Paul Brown , Rufus Choate , William M. Cornell , C.C. Emerson , James Pollard Espy , Edward Everett , Dr. Grigg , George S. Hillard , Oliver Wendell Holmes , Dr. C.T. Jackson , N. Jones , Rev. John Pierpont , Edgar Allan Poe , John Osborne Sargent , William H. Simmons , Charles Sumner , B.B. Thatcher , Henry Theodore Tuckerman , Amasa Walker , and E.M.P. Wells .

neg: Paris School of International Affairs The Paris School of International Affairs ( PSIA ) is a graduate school of Sciences Po ( also referred to as the Institut d'études politiques de Paris ) based in Paris , France , and it is generally considered to be one of the top rated and most prestigious graduate schools for international relations in the world . Located in the Saint-Germain-des-Prés neighborhood in the 7th arrondissement of Paris , the school has an international student population of 70 % , with 1200 students coming from nearly 100 countries .   Taught primarily in English and optionally in French , PSIA offers traditional two-year Master 's degrees in international affairs that amount to 90 ECTS credits . Additionally it hosts a number of international dual degree programs with the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University , Georgetown University , the London School of Economics , the Free University of Berlin , Bocconi University in Milan , the Moscow State Institute of International Relations , Peking University , the Stockholm School of Economics and the University of St. Gallen in Switzerland .

neg: Boston (disambiguation) Boston is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Massachusetts .   Boston may also refer to :

neg: Worcester Junior College Worcester Junior College was a private two-year college located in Worcester , Massachusetts . Prior to its closure in 1989 , the College offered Associate 's degrees in liberal arts and sciences , business and engineering .   WJC began in 1905 as the Worcester Youth Men 's Christian Association Institute . At the time , the College 's only academic offering was a course in automobile mechanics . The curriculum steadily expanded until 1956 , when WJC offered courses in Engineering , Business , and the Liberal Arts .   By 1919 , the College was involved in a partnership with Northeastern University , becoming the Worcester Division of Northeastern . Courses were taught at a high school/technical school level . In 1926 , the WYMCA Institute decided to split into a preparatory school and an engineering school . In 1938 , the Institute received a charter to grant associate degrees and , in the same year , officially changed its name to Worcester Junior College ( some initial plans used the name ` Alden Junior College , ' but ` Worcester Junior College ' was used in the official charter ) . College officials complemented the night courses with a day school in 1940 , and in 1942 , dropped ties between the College and Northeastern .   By 1977 , the WJC was operating as part of the a newly constituted institution of higher learning , known as Central New England Colleges ( CNEC ) . CNEC was composed of a junior college ( Worcester , offering under graduate degrees in business management and computer science ) and a senior college -LSB- Central New England College of Technology -RSB- serving some 2000 students . Based in its buildings in Worcester , MA , CNEC expanded its market and programs to a second campus by constructing a new state-of-the-art academic facility located in Westborough , MA .   In the late 1980s , CNEC experienced a major funding exigency , largely caused by significant irregular financial administrative practices . In 1988 , CNEC was placed under the management of Nichols College . Seeking to alleviate the crisis and to serve the immediate academic needs of CNEC students and faculty , Nichols sought to restructure CNEC 's finances through the sale of CNEC 's Westborough property . Unfortunately , in 1989 , the Boston METRO-WEST real estate market experienced a downturn . Buyers for the property terminated their purchase and sale agreement , forfeiting their earnest money deposit . An official of the bank that held CNEC 's mortgage was unwilling to provide additional time to resolve the situation and forced the foreclosure of CNEC . CNEC closed its doors on April 21 , 1989 .   Incidentally , several years later , the same bank official that dealt with CNEC was found guilty of absconding with funds secured through his forced foreclosures and was sentenced to a lengthy incarceration .   Note : Records are kept at Nichols College in Dudley MA .

neg: Boston University School of Medicine Boston University School of Medicine ( BUSM ) is one of the graduate schools of Boston University . Founded in 1848 , the medical school holds the unique distinction as the first institution in the world to formally educate female physicians . Originally known as the New England Female Medical College , it was subsequently renamed BUSM in 1873 . It is notably also the first medical school in the United States to award an M.D. degree to an African-American woman in 1864 .   As the only medical school located in the South End neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts , BUSM and Boston Medical Center , its primary teaching hospital , operates the largest 24-hour Level I trauma center in New England , the largest network of regional community health centers , and possesses the most diverse patient base in New England . BUSM is also the home of the world-renowned Framingham Heart Study -- from which all knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk factors were originally discovered . Notable alumni of the medical school include Marcia Angell , former editor-in-chief of the prestigious New England Journal of Medicine and the only woman to hold the position in the journal 's almost 200-year history , as well as Louis Wade Sullivan , former Secretary of the US Department of Health and Human Services and founder of Morehouse School of Medicine . Boston University School of Medicine is ranked 29th on the 2017 list of Best Medical Schools in the Best Research category by the U.S. News & World Report .

neg: List of state universities in the United States In the United States , a state college or state university is one of the public colleges or universities funded by or associated with the state government . In some cases , these institutions of higher learning are part of a state university system , while in other cases they are not . Several U.S. territories also administer public colleges and universities . The U.S. federal government does not run colleges or universities except for the service academies , the Community College of the Air Force , the Naval Postgraduate School , the Air Force Institute of Technology , the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , military war colleges and staff colleges , and Haskell Indian Nations University . Additionally , Georgetown University , Gallaudet University , Howard University , and American University are private universities that are federally chartered . However , the federal government does make grants to state universities .   These state , as well as private , universities are accredited by different regional , not national , accreditation agencies , including the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools , the New England Association of Schools and Colleges , the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities , the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools , the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools , and the Western Association of Schools and Colleges , depending on which region of the United States the university is located in . These accreditation agencies ' approvals are critical to a university 's operations and public reputation . If a university loses accreditation or is not accredited in the first place , students will be reluctant to either continue or enroll at the school because the degree will be seen as being worthless . In a worst-case scenario , a university can shut down completely . The aforementioned agencies are all recognized by the United States Department of Education .   Most state universities receive at least part of their funding from the state , although many have substantial income from tuition and fees , endowment proceeds , donations ( such as from alumni or philanthropists ) , and revenue from royalties . State universities usually offer lower tuition costs to in-state residents . According to the College Board , public four-year colleges charge on average $ 7,605 per year in tuition and fees for full-time in-state students and $ 11,990 for out-of-state students .   In some states , e.g. Maryland , Tennessee , Indiana , and Washington , there is a campus designated as the `` flagship '' campus in the state 's university system , which generally is the most prestigious campus and the largest campus in student population , e.g. the University of Maryland College Park campus in the University System of Maryland , the Indiana University Bloomington campus in the Indiana University System , the University of Tennessee Knoxville campus in the University of Tennessee System , and the University of Washington 's Seattle campus in the University of Washington System .   However , in some other states , the state universities are treated as equal partners ; therefore there is no officially recognized flagship campus in the state 's university system .   There are a number of states that have more than one university system , e.g. California with 2 ; Colorado with 2 ; New York with 2 ; and Texas with 6 ( the most ) .   Notes :  As a general rule , schools are not alphabetized by their complete names , but rather by the names by which they are normally called . For example , in a list alphabetized by normal rules , `` Auburn University '' would precede `` University of Alabama , '' but the schools are virtually always referred to in popular conversation as `` Auburn '' and `` Alabama '' ( followed by a campus identifier if required by the context ) . Therefore , in this article , `` Alabama '' precedes `` Auburn '' .  The list includes some of the more common academic nicknames or acronyms used for certain colleges or universities , e.g. `` Ole Miss '' for the University of Mississippi , `` Idaho State '' for Idaho State University , or `` UNF '' for the University of North Florida , not the `` Rebels '' , `` Bengals '' , or `` Ospreys '' , respectively .  To minimize any confusion regarding acronyms , either the first school listed or the school that is more nationally known having an acronym the same as another has the acronym provided , e.g. San Diego State University has the acronym `` SDSU '' included because it is listed before South Dakota State University , and Arizona State University has the acronym `` ASU '' given because it is better known nationally than Alabama State . In addition , only acronyms that are unique are given , e.g. `` UW Tacoma '' for the University of Washington 's Tacoma campus or `` UNH '' for the University of New Hampshire .  The list also includes schools that grant first-professional doctorates only ( e.g. , medical schools , law schools , or veterinary schools ) that are independent of any other school in a state system .  To see a list of community colleges and technical centers in the United States that offer only associate 's degrees , visit the community colleges list .  To see a list of tribal colleges and universities in the United States , visit the tribal colleges and universities list .

neg: Tertiary education in Australia Tertiary education in Australia consists of both government and private institutions . A higher education provider is a body that is established or recognised by or under the law of the Australian Government , a state , or the Department of Education , Employment and Workplace Relations .   There are 43 universities in Australia : 40 public universities , two international universities , and one private specialty university .   The flagship Australian universities are Go8 universities . Australian universities are modeled from the British system , so learning is comparatively challenging , but there are other intermediate options to take as preparatory steps and very research-oriented starts early from the similar American freshman year ( there is no liberal arts requirement in the first year , so many of them only have three years to graduate ) , and generally sets international research-ready standards throughout the entire learning experience to evaluate students ' academic performances . Australia ranked 4th ( with Germany ) by OECD in international PhD students destination after US , UK and France .

neg: Buenos Aires International Christian Academy Buenos Aires International Christian Academy , abbreviated `` BAICA '' , is a pre-K through Grade 12 International school in San Fernando , Buenos Aires Province , in Greater Buenos Aires . BAICA is a member of the Association of Christian Schools International ( ACSI ) , and the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) .   There are more than 20 nationalities represented within the student body whose families represent the diplomatic , missionary , international business and local communities . BAICA provides a Christian education and offers small class sizes . It is open to children of any faith .   The curriculum is based on an international system of education . In addition to the core subjects of Math , English , Social Studies and Science , courses in Spanish , Bible , Fine Arts , Computer Studies and Physical Education are part of the curriculum . BAICA also offers Advanced Placement ( AP ) classes , and Honors classes . Most of the classes are taught in English by certified American teachers . Students also take part in extracurricular activities such as violin , guitar , singing , drama , musicals , journalism , outreach teams and service clubs .   Students of BAICA graduate with dual degrees : U.S. and Argentine . The academic goal of BAICA is that graduates will be prepared to enter U.S. or other western Universities and Colleges .   The daily schedule is from 8:30 am to 4:00 pm and the school year is divided in two semesters : August to December and February to June . It is unusual in comparison with Argentine schools because BAICA 's school year starts in August , in keeping with a more US or international based calendar , whereas the Argentine school year begins in February .

neg: School of Foreign Service The Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service ( commonly abbreviated as SFS ) is a school of international affairs within Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. . Recognized as one of the world 's leading international relations schools , SFS is sometimes referred to as the `` West Point of the U.S. diplomatic corps '' due to the large number of SFS graduates who end up being diplomats . Founded in 1919 , SFS predates the U.S. Foreign Service by six years .   Despite its reputation for producing top diplomats , SFS is not exclusively a diplomatic academy and its graduates go on to have careers in a diverse set of private and government sectors . The school 's most notable alumni include U.S. President Bill Clinton , CIA Director George Tenet , King Felipe VI of Spain , and U.S. Secretary of State Alexander Haig , among others .   The School of Foreign Service was established in 1919 by a Jesuit priest Edmund A. Walsh . The main purpose of the school 's founding was to prepare Americans for various international professions in the wake of expanding U.S. involvement in world affairs after World War I. Today , SFS hosts a student body of approximately 2,100 from 80 nations each year . It offers an undergraduate program based in the liberal arts , which leads to the Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service degree , as well as eight interdisciplinary graduate programs . Its faculty include many distinguished figures in international affairs , such as former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright , former President of Poland Aleksander Kwaśniewski , and former Prime Minister of Spain José María Aznar .

neg: Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education The Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education ( ESE ) , sometimes referred to as the Massachusetts Department of Education , is the state education agency for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , identified by the U.S. Department of Education . It is responsible for public education at the elementary and secondary levels . The agency has its headquarters in Malden . It is governed by the Massachusetts Board of Education .

neg: Education Education is the process of facilitating learning , or the acquisition of knowledge , skills , values , beliefs , and habits . Educational methods include storytelling , discussion , teaching , training , and directed research . Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators , but learners may also educate themselves . Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks , feels , or acts may be considered educational . The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy .   Education is commonly divided formally into such stages as preschool or kindergarten , primary school , secondary school and then college , university , or apprenticeship .   A right to education has been recognized by some governments , including at the global level : Article 13 of the United Nations ' 1966 International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights recognizes a universal right to education . In most regions , education is compulsory up to a certain age .

neg: British International School of New York The British International School of New York ( BIS-NY ) was established in 2006 at Waterside Plaza , an upscale development on the East River in the Kips Bay neighborhood of Manhattan , New York City . The student body is a mix of British expatriates , American nationals and students from other countries , and includes both boys and girls . The school serves students from age three up to fourteen years old . Its facilities include a swimming pool , secured playground , gymnasium , and Smart Boards in every classroom . The school offers rolling admissions , so that children can enter the school throughout the year , as long as there is space available . This is particularly helpful for families who have been transferred internationally at short notice .   The school teaches a mix of the English National Curriculum blended with the methodology of the International Baccalaureate , a combination which is unique in New York and is deemed to offer a strong mix of academic rigour and trans-disciplinary learning within an intimate and nurturing environment . The school 's curriculum is designed to allow maximum portability and transferability for students who may remain in the American educational system , move to another international school , or relocate back to the United Kingdom . French and Spanish are taught at every level of the school , with other languages available as after-school options . Individual music lessons are also offered in addition to the class lessons , and a summer camp is run through the months of June to August .   The school 's enrollment has increased regularly , which has led to the school 's continued expansion . Recently , the school opened a new building adjacent to the cafeteria which contains an office and two classrooms specifically designed to meet the needs of the older students as they head into middle school .   The British International School of New York is the sister school of Abercorn School in London , England .

neg: Northeastern University Northeastern University ( NU , formerly NEU ) is a private research university in Boston , Massachusetts , established in 1898 . It is categorized as an R1 institution ( Doctoral Universities : Highest Research Activity ) by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education .   The university offers undergraduate and graduate programs on its main campus in the Fenway-Kenmore , Roxbury , South End , and Back Bay neighborhoods of Boston . The university has satellite campus in Charlotte , North Carolina , Seattle , Washington , and Silicon Valley , California that exclusively offer graduate degrees . An additional satellite campus will open in Toronto , Ontario , Canada in late 2016 . The university 's enrollment is approximately 18,000 undergraduate students and 7,000 graduate students .   Northeastern features a cooperative education program that integrates classroom study with professional experience on seven continents and a comprehensive study abroad program . In 2011 , the university opened the George J. Kostas Research Institute for Homeland Security . The Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering Complex opened in early 2017 .   Northeastern is a large , highly residential university . Most students choose to live on campus but upperclassmen have the option to live off campus . More than 75 % of Northeastern students receive some form of financial aid . In the 2015 -- 16 school year , the university offered $ 239 million in grant and scholarship assistance .   The university 's sports teams , the Northeastern Huskies , compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) in 18 varsity sports . The men 's and women 's hockey teams compete in Hockey East , while the men 's and women 's rowing teams compete in the Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges ( EARC ) and Eastern Association of Women 's Rowing Colleges ( EAWRC ) , respectively . Men 's Track and Field has won the CAA back to back years in 2015 and 2016 . In 2013 , men 's basketball won its first CAA regular season championship , men 's soccer won the CAA title for the first time , and women 's ice hockey won a record 16th Beanpot championship .

neg: Woods College of Advancing Studies The Woods College of Advancing Studies is one of the eight constituent schools of Boston College and offers both undergraduate and graduate degree programs . Having been established in 1929 shortly after the founding of Boston College Law School that same year , it is the fourth oldest constituent school of Boston College .   The Woods College of Advancing Studies demands of its students the same high standards in academics , moral character and commitment to the betterment of society as is required of all of Boston College 's traditional undergraduate and graduate students . For this reason the same degree bestowed upon the students in The College of Arts and Science is awarded to students in The Woods College upon successful completion of their undergraduate work .


query: Peter Cetera was on an album unconsidered for induction into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

pos: Peter Cetera Peter Paul Cetera ( -LSB- səˈtɛrə -RSB- ; born September 13 , 1944 ) is an American singer , songwriter , and bassist best known for being an original member of the rock band Chicago ( 1967 -- 1985 ) , before launching a successful solo career . His career as a recording artist encompasses seventeen albums with Chicago and eight solo albums .   With `` If You Leave Me Now , '' a song written and sung by Cetera on the group 's tenth album , Chicago garnered its first Grammy Award . It was also the group 's first number one single .   As a solo artist , Cetera has scored six Top 40 singles , including two that reached number one on -LSB- -LSB- Billboard Hot 100 | Billboard '' 's Hot 100 -RSB- -RSB- chart in 1986 , `` Glory of Love '' and `` The Next Time I Fall . '' `` Glory of Love , '' the theme song from the film , The Karate Kid Part II '' , was co-written by Cetera , David Foster and Diane Nini , and was nominated for both an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award for best original song from a motion picture . In 1987 he received an ASCAP award for `` Glory of Love '' in the category , `` Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures . '' His performance on `` Glory of Love '' was nominated for a Grammy Award for best pop male vocal . That same year Cetera and Amy Grant , who duetted on `` The Next Time I Fall , '' were nominated for a Grammy Award for best vocal performance by a pop duo or group .   Besides David Foster and Amy Grant , Cetera has collaborated throughout his career with other nationally known and internationally known recording artists from various genres of music including : The Beach Boys , Billy Joel , Karen Carpenter , Paul Anka , Agnetha Fältskog , Richard Sterban , Bonnie Raitt , Madonna , David Gilmour , Az Yet , Cher , Chaka Khan , Crystal Bernard , Ronna Reeves , and Alison Krauss . His songs have been featured in soundtracks for movies and television .   In 2014 , the first album by the group Chicago , Chicago Transit Authority ( Columbia , 1969 ) , with Cetera on bass and vocals , was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . Cetera was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Chicago in April 2016 , and Cetera , Robert Lamm , and James Pankow are among the 2017 Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees for their songwriting efforts as members of the group .

neg: Double album A double album ( or double record ) is an audio album which spans two units of the primary medium in which it is sold , typically records and compact discs . A double album is usually though not always released as such , because the recording is longer than the capacity of the medium . Recording artists often think of double albums as comprising a single piece artistically ; however , there are exceptions such as John Lennon 's Some Time in New York City and Pink Floyd 's Ummagumma ( both examples of one studio record and one live album packaged together ) and OutKast 's Speakerboxxx/The Love Below ( effectively two solo albums , one by each member of the duo ) . A classic example of this idea is Works ( Volume One ) by Emerson Lake and Palmer , where side one was Keith Emerson , two Greg Lake , three Carl Palmer while side four was by the entire group .   Since the advent of the compact disc , albums are sometimes released with a bonus disc featuring additional material as a supplement to the main album , with live tracks , studio out-takes , cut songs , or older unreleased material . One innovation is the accompaniment of a CD with a DVD of related material , such as video related to the album or DVD-Audio versions of the same recordings . These could be regarded as a new form of double album ; some such discs were also released on a two-sided format called DualDisc . Due to the limitations of the gramophone record , many albums primarily released on the format were under 40 minutes long . This has led to record labels re-releasing two of these albums on one CD , thus making a double album .   The same principles apply to the triple album , which comprises three units . Packages with more units than three are often packaged as a box set .

neg: Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song The Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song was a new category at the 2015 ceremony of the annual Grammy Awards . It combines two previously separate categories in the Gospel/Contemporary Christian Music field , Best Contemporary Christian Music Song and Best Gospel/Contemporary Christian Music Performance . The new category recognizes both songwriters and performers ( solo/duos/groups / collaborations/etc . ) and is open for singles or tracks only . Songwriters are only awarded a Grammy Award if it is a newly written song . Grammy 's for cover versions of previously recorded songs are awarded to the performer ( s ) only .   Along with the also newly formed Best Gospel Performance/Song category , these mark the only Grammy categories which honor both performers and songwriters in one category .   These changes were made in June 2014 by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences `` in the interest of clarifying the criteria , representing the current culture and creative DNA of the gospel and Contemporary Christian Music communities , and better reflecting the diversity and authenticity of today 's gospel music industry . ''   According to the Grammy committee , the move recognizes `` the critical contribution of both songwriters and performers by combining songwriters and artists into the Best Gospel Performance/Song and Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song categories . ''   Gospel performances , which were previously recognized in the Best Gospel/Contemporary Christian Music Performance category , will now fall under the newly created Best Gospel Performance/Song category .

neg: Hall of Fame: A Tribute to Bob Marley's 50th Anniversary Hall of Fame : A Tribute to Bob Marley 's 50th Anniversary is an album by Bunny Wailer , released through RAS Records in November 1995 . In 1997 , the album won Wailer the Grammy Award for Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album .

neg: Peter Criss (album) Peter Criss is a 1978 solo album by Peter Criss , the drummer of American hard rock band Kiss . It was one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss on September 18 , 1978 . The album was produced by Vini Poncia , who went on to produce the Kiss albums Dynasty ( 1979 ) and Unmasked ( 1980 ) . Criss covered `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' , which was a # 1 hit for Bobby Lewis in the U.S. during the summer of 1961 . The song was subsequently covered by Kiss on their 1979 tour .

neg: Latin Grammy Award for Best Singer-Songwriter Album The Latin Grammy Award for Best Singer-Songwriter Album is an honor presented annually at the Latin Grammy Awards , a ceremony that recognizes excellence and creates a wider awareness of cultural diversity and contributions of Latin recording artists in the United States and internationally . According to the category description guide for the 13th Latin Grammy Awards , the award is reserved for solo artists or duos and they `` must compose and interpret 75 percent of the album on their own to be eligible in this category '' . Additionally , live albums are eligible if they contain at least 51 percent of new unreleased material released within the eligibility period .   The accolade for Best Singer-Songwriter Album was first presented to American performer and musician Soraya at the 5th Latin Grammy Awards in 2004 for her eponymous fourth studio album ( 2003 ) . Caetano Veloso and Gian Marco Zignago have received the most wins in this category , with four . Guatemalan singer Ricardo Arjona has the highest number of nominations without a single win , with four unsuccessful nominations . For the first time in the category 's history , in 2011 , a tie was declared with the award given to Zignago for Días Nuevos and to Cuban artist Amaury Gutiérrez for Sesiones Intimas .

neg: Grammy Award for Video of the Year The Grammy Award for Video of the Year was an honor presented to recording artists at the 24th Grammy Awards in 1982 and the 25th Grammy Awards in 1983 for music videos . The Grammy Awards , an annual ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards , are presented by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to `` honor artistic achievement , technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry , without regard to album sales or chart position '' .   First presented in 1982 to Michael Nesmith for Elephant Parts , the award was reserved for quality `` video cassettes or discs in any format created specifically for the home video market '' . In 1983 , Olivia Newton-John was presented the award for Olivia Physical . Beginning with the 1984 Grammy Awards , the Video of the Year award category was replaced with the categories Best Video , Short Form and Best Video Album ( now known as Best Music Video and Best Music Film , respectively ) .

neg: Group Portrait Group Portrait is a compilation album by the American band Chicago , released in 1991 by Columbia Records and Legacy Recordings originally , later reissued on the band 's Chicago Records label . It includes hits and album cuts from the band 's first fourteen albums along with rare tracks .   Group Portrait bears notable differences from most of the band 's other official compilation and live albums including the following : it is not assigned a number in the album title number sequence ; its cover art depicts people instead of just a logo art concept ; and it includes commentary from all of the band members , including former members Peter Cetera and Danny Seraphine . Unlike the 2003 anthology The Box released later , this collection only covers their tenure with Columbia Records , and does n't feature any of their Warner Bros. material .

neg: Bad (album) Bad is the seventh studio album by American singer and songwriter Michael Jackson , released on August 31 , 1987 in the United States by Epic Records and internationally by CBS Records . It was released nearly five years after Jackson 's previous solo studio album , Thriller ( 1982 ) . Bad was recorded during the first half of 1987 . The lyrical themes include media bias , paranoia , racial profiling , romance , self-improvement and world peace . The album cemented Jackson 's status as one of the most successful artists of the 1980s .   Bad saw Jackson exercise even more artistic freedom than he did with his two previous Epic releases ( Off the Wall and Thriller ) ; Jackson composed nine of the album 's eleven tracks , and received co-producer credit for the entire album . Nine of the eleven songs on Bad were released as singles ; one was a promotional single , and another was released outside of the United States and Canada . Five of the singles hit No. 1 in the United States , while a sixth charted within the top ten , and a seventh charted within the top twenty on the Hot 100 . Bad peaked at No. 1 in thirteen countries and charted within the top twenty in other territories . The only songs on the album which were not released as a single were `` Speed Demon '' and `` Just Good Friends '' , the latter being the only song on the album to also not have a music video accompanying it .   The album continued Jackson 's commercial success in the late 1980s , and garnered six Grammy Award nominations , winning two . Aside from commercial success , the album was well received by contemporary critics . The album produced a record five Billboard Hot 100 number one singles , the first of two albums to do so , the second being Katy Perry 's 2010 album Teenage Dream . Bad was ranked No. 43 in the 100 Greatest Albums of All Time of the MTV Generation in 2009 by VH1 and number 202 in Rolling Stone magazine 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . As of 2012 , Bad had reportedly sold between 30 and 45 million copies worldwide and has been cited as one of the 30 best-selling albums of all time . In 2017 , the album was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America , denoting sales of over ten million copies in the United States . The album marked the final collaboration between Jackson and producer Quincy Jones .

neg: Grammy Award for Best Country Solo Performance The Grammy Award for Best Country Solo Performance is an award presented at the Grammy Awards , a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards . According to the 54th Grammy Awards description guide it is designed for solo ( vocal or instrumental ) country recordings and is limited to singles or tracks only .   The award combines the previous categories for Best Female Country Vocal Performance , Best Male Country Vocal Performance and Best Country Instrumental Performance ( if it is an instrumental solo performance ) . The restructuring of these categories was a result of the Recording Academy 's wish to decrease the list of categories and awards and to eliminate the distinctions between male and female performances .

neg: Walk (Pantera song) `` Walk '' is a song by American heavy metal band Pantera from their sixth album Vulgar Display of Power . A live performance of `` Walk '' is included on Official Live : 101 Proof , and the studio version is also on the band 's greatest hits album , The Best of Pantera : Far Beyond the Great Southern Cowboys ' Vulgar Hits ! .

neg: Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance The Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance ( previously called Best Rhythm and Blues Solo Vocal Performance , Female ) was an honor presented at the Grammy Awards , a ceremony established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards , to female recording artists for quality R&B songs . Awards in several categories are distributed annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to `` honor artistic achievement , technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry , without regard to album sales or chart position . ''   According to the category description guide for the 52nd Grammy Awards , the award was presented to artists that performed `` newly recorded solo R&B vocal performances '' . Solo numbers by members of an established group were not eligible for the award as `` separate entries from the duo or group performances . '' Albums were also considered for the accolade until 1992 .   As a part of the major overhaul of Grammy categories , the award was discontinued in 2011 . The Female R&B Vocal Performance category , Male R&B Vocal Performance category and all duo/group vocal performances in the R&B category shifted to the Best R&B Performance category in 2012 .   The award for the Best Female R&B Vocal Performance was first presented to Aretha Franklin at the 10th Grammy Awards ceremony in 1968 for the song `` Respect '' . Franklin received the most wins with eleven , followed by Anita Baker with five . Franklin also holds the record for the most nominations with twenty-three , while Chaka Khan is second with eight nominations . Fantasia Barrino became the final recipient of the award , when her song `` Bittersweet '' won the award in 2011 . The award was presented to artists from the United States each year .

neg: Paul Simon in Concert: Live Rhymin' Paul Simon in Concert : Live Rhymin ' is an album by Paul Simon , released in March 1974 by Columbia Records . It was recorded in the wake of the release of There Goes Rhymin ' Simon -- which produced a number of hit singles ( `` Kodachrome '' and `` Loves Me Like a Rock '' ) and radio staples ( as `` Something So Right '' and `` Take Me to the Mardi Gras '' ) during Simon 's 1973-74 tour , at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum , New York , July 10th , 1973 . However , the album presents a very truncated version of the concerts he performed on this tour , which consisted of up to 24 songs . The album fails to note where the performances were recorded , although according to liner notes in a later Simon compilation , `` Duncan '' is from a London concert and `` American Tune '' was recorded in New York City .   Simon was joined by Urubamba and the Jessy Dixon Singers , although the individual members are not identified either on the recording or on the liner notes . In addition to `` Jesus Is the Answer '' , included on the album , Jessy Dixon also performed `` What Do They Call Him '' on tour , while Urubamba performed the instrumentals `` Kacharpari '' and `` Death in Santa Cruz '' .   The album was Simon 's first live release and showed him performing Simon & Garfunkel songs solo in concert for the first time . The variety of songs and richness of styles helped with the album 's appeal . Most notable was Simon 's fascination with gospel , something that materialized in the arrangements on many of the songs , taking distance from Simon 's classical folk early style .   Near the end of the album , an audience member calls out for Simon to `` say a few words . '' He replies : `` Say a few words ? Well , let 's hope that we continue to live . ''   The album was a moderate success . It reached # 33 in the U.S. and was eventually certified gold by the RIAA . However , it failed to chart at all in the UK . Further , two of the live performances were released as a single as part of the promotion for the album : the breakthrough Simon & Garfunkel `` The Sound of Silence '' as the A-side , along with Simon 's debut single `` Mother and Child Reunion '' on the B-side .

neg: I Stand Alone (Agnetha Fältskog album) I Stand Alone '' is the third English-language solo album , and tenth overall , by Swedish singer and former ABBA member Agnetha Fältskog . Released in November 1987 , the album was produced by Peter Cetera and would be her last for 17 years .

neg: Infinity Records Infinity Records was a short-lived subsidiary of MCA Records established in New York City in 1978 . The label was conceived by MCA president Sidney Sheinberg as a way for the Los Angeles-based entertainment conglomerate to improve its presence on the East Coast . Ron Alexenberg , who had previously been the head of the Epic Records division of CBS Records ( now part of Sony Music Entertainment ) was hired as CEO .   The biggest hit the Infinity label had was `` Escape '' by Rupert Holmes , which was number 1 at the end of 1979 . Other acts that had chart entries on Infinity included Dobie Gray , Hot Chocolate , New England , Orleans and Spyro Gyra . Under the distribution of MCA , the Infinity Records label released titles in the US , Canada , the UK , Japan and parts of Europe .   Infinity spent lavishly but failed to earn a profit . In addition to developing new talent , Infinity also paid substantial sums to acquire established artists . Most of the established artists were unable to duplicate their previous success .   In October 1979 , Infinity released Pope John Paul II Sings at the Festival of Sacrosong , an album of speeches and songs sung by Pope John Paul II in his native Polish . Due to the tremendous popularity of the new Pope , Infinity thought the record would be a major hit . The company paid a substantial fee ( which went to charity ) to the Catholic Church to obtain exclusive rights to the recording . The album briefly peaked at # 126 on the Billboard 200 albums chart , however , it received poor reviews and was quickly seen as a colossal failure . Most of the one million advance copies of the John Paul II album were returned unsold to the label , producing a huge financial loss . MCA pulled the plug on Infinity Records in November 1979 , and the Infinity catalog was immediately absorbed by the parent company . Rupert Holmes and Spyro Gyra were the only Infinity acts to be retained by MCA , and most of the label 's catalog went out of print .   The collapse of Infinity also coincided with rising costs of manufacturing for vinyl LP records and a huge sales slump for the music industry . Infinity has since become known as one of the most expensive failures in the history of the record business .   There are at least two other smaller record labels that also have used the name Infinity Records . One of these other labels was a subsidiary of Festival Records , which for many years was Australia 's leading independent record company , but is now also defunct . Other companies with the Infinity Records name do not have an affiliation with MCA .

neg: Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance The Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance was an award presented at the 2012 and 2013 Grammy Awards , a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards . According to the 54th Grammy Awards description guide it was designed for solo , duo/groups or collaborative ( vocal or instrumental ) hard rock or metal recordings and was limited to singles or tracks only .   The award was first presented in 2012 , after a major restructuring of Grammy categories . It combined the previous categories Best Hard Rock Performance and Best Metal Performance . The restructuring was a result of the Recording Academy 's wish to decrease the list of categories and awards . However , the Recording Academy announced in June 2013 that the category would split in 2014 , returning the Best Metal Performance category and recognizing quality hard rock performances in the Best Rock Performance category . According to the Academy , `` it was determined that metal has a very distinctive sound , and hard rock more closely aligns with rock and can exist comfortably as one end of the rock spectrum . ''

neg: Latin Grammy Award for Best Pop/Rock Album The Latin Grammy Award for Best Pop/Rock Album is an honor presented annually at the Latin Grammy Awards , a ceremony that recognizes excellence and creates a wider awareness of cultural diversity and contributions of Latin recording artists in the United States and internationally . It is one of the new categories added for the Latin Grammy Awards of 2012   In 2014 , Somos by Jarabe de Palo was the first album to be nominated for this award and for Album of the Year .   In 2016 , Algo Sucede by Julieta Venegas was nominated for this award and for Album of the Year .

neg: Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Classical The Grammy Award for Producer of the Year , Classical is an honor presented to record producers for quality classical music productions at the Grammy Awards , a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards . Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to `` honor artistic achievement , technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry , without regard to album sales or chart position '' .   Originally known as the Grammy Award for Classical Producer of the Year , the award was first presented to James Mallinson at the 22nd Grammy Awards ( 1980 ) . The name remained unchanged until 1998 , when the category became known as Producer of the Year , Classical . According to the category description guide for the 52nd Grammy Awards , the award is presented to album producers `` whose recordings , released for the first time during the eligibility year , represent consistently outstanding creativity in the production of classical recordings '' . Producers must have produced at least 51 % playing time on three separately released recordings ( only one of which can be an opera released in DVD format ) . Producers may submit content as a team only if they worked together exclusively during the period of eligibility .  Anthony Tommasini , music critic for The New York Times , asserted that `` In the struggling field of classical recording , it 's the producers who take the real risks and make things happen . '' The honor is presented alongside the award for Producer of the Year , Non-Classical .   As of 2015 , Steven Epstein and Robert Woods share the record of the most wins , with seven each . Judith Sherman has won the award four times , while David Frost and James Mallinson have been presented the award three times each . Two-time recipients include Joanna Nickrenz ( once alongside Marc Aubort ) . Woods ' wife , Elaine Martone , received the honor in 2007 . David Frost is the son of Thomas Frost , who received an award in the same category in 1987 .

neg: Get Lifted Get Lifted is the debut studio album by American singer John Legend , released via Kanye West 's GOOD Music label on December 28 , 2004 in the United States . Featuring production by West , John Legend , Dave Tozer and will.i.am , the album sold over three million units worldwide , with a total of 2.1 million copies in the U.S. , where it was certified double platinum . The album won the 2006 Grammy Award for Best R&B Album , and earned Legend another two awards , for Best New Artist and Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for his single `` Ordinary People '' .

neg: Grammy Award for Best New Artist The Grammy Award for Best New Artist has been awarded since 1959 . Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were handed out , for records released in the previous year . The award was not presented in 1967 . The official guidelines are as follows : `` For a new artist who releases , during the Eligibility Year , the first recording which establishes the public identity of that artist . '' Note that this is not necessarily the first album released by an artist .   It is sometimes asserted , with varying degrees of sincerity , that winning the award is a curse , as several award winners ( particularly from the late 1970s and early 1980s ) were never able to duplicate the success they experienced in their debut year . This viewpoint was expressed by former Starland Vocal Band member Taffy Danoff in a 2002 interview for VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders : `` We got two of the five Grammys -- one was Best New Artist . So that was basically the kiss of death and I feel sorry for everyone who 's gotten it since . ''   The category is also notable for being the only one of its kind in which a Grammy Award was vacated . This occurred in 1990 after it was revealed winners Milli Vanilli did not contribute their own vocals on their debut album . The award was revoked , but was not handed out to another artist .   Of the 54 awards presented in the category since its inception , the honor has been presented to 25 solo female artists , 18 duos or groups , and 11 solo male artists . Between 1997 and 2003 , all the winners were solo female artists . Also , from 1993 to 2005 , no winner was a solo male artist . In 2006 , John Legend broke this trend , which started with Marc Cohn in 1992 . Only four artists have won both Best New Artist and Album of the Year in the same year : Bob Newhart in 1961 , Christopher Cross in 1981 , Lauryn Hill in 1999 and Norah Jones in 2003 .   Of all the winners , only three have been country artists . In 1997 , LeAnn Rimes became the first country artist to win the award . She was followed by Carrie Underwood in 2007 and Zac Brown Band in 2010 . Additionally , 2017 marked the first time that two country artists were nominated in this category in the same year .   1984 marked the first time that all of the nominees were from outside of the United States ( Winner Culture Club , Eurythmics , and Musical Youth were from England , Big Country was from Scotland , and Men Without Hats were from Canada ) .

neg: 16th Annual Grammy Awards The 16th Annual Grammy Awards were held March 2 , 1974 , and were broadcast live on American television . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1973 .