query: Amelia Earhart was an aviation pioneer.

pos: Amelia Earhart Amelia Mary Earhart ( -LSB- ˈɛərhɑrt -RSB- July 24 , 1897 -- disappeared July 2 , 1937 ) was an American aviation pioneer and author . Earhart was the first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean . She received the U.S. Distinguished Flying Cross for this accomplishment . She set many other records , wrote best-selling books about her flying experiences and was instrumental in the formation of The Ninety-Nines , an organization for female pilots . In 1935 , Earhart became a visiting faculty member at Purdue University as an advisor to aeronautical engineering and a career counselor to women students . She was also a member of the National Woman 's Party and an early supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment .   During an attempt to make a circumnavigational flight of the globe in 1937 in a Purdue-funded Lockheed Model 10 Electra , Earhart disappeared over the central Pacific Ocean near Howland Island . Fascination with her life , career and disappearance continues to this day .

neg: Wittemann brothers Paul W. Wittemann and Adolph ( Walter ) Wittemann and Charles Rudolph Wittemann ( September 15 , 1884 -- July 8 , 1967 ) were early aviation pioneers .

neg: Denison House (Boston) Denison House was a woman-run settlement house in Boston 's old South Cove neighborhood . Founded in 1892 by the College Settlements Association , it provided a variety of social and educational services to neighborhood residents , most of whom were immigrants . Several notable women worked there , including Nobel Prize winner Emily Greene Balch , labor organizer Mary Kenney O'Sullivan , and pioneering aviator Amelia Earhart . The original site at 93 Tyler Street is a stop on the Boston Women 's Heritage Trail .

neg: Timeline of British military aviation The following timeline of British military aviation covers the military aviation activities of the British Armed Forces from its origins in the 19th century to the present day :   1863 - Henry Coxwell demonstrates tethered balloon ascents to British Army personnel at Aldershot  1878 - Balloon experiments are conducted at the Royal Arsenal , Woolwich  1880 - a balloon section takes part in the Army 's manoeuvres at Aldershot  1882  a balloon section takes part again in the Aldershot manoeuvres  The Balloon Equipment Store at Woolwich is moved to the School of Military Engineering at Chatham  1882 to 1884 - A balloon factory , depot and training school are established at Chatham  1884 - Three balloons , two officers and 15 other ranks take part in the Bechuanaland Expedition  1885 Balloons are used during the Sudan expedition  1890 The Balloon Section is established as an official unit of the Royal Engineers  c. 1894 The balloon factory is moved to south Farnborough  1899 to 1902 Balloons are used in the South African War  Balloons used to direct the fire of the British Artillery at Magersfontein  Balloons used to direct the fire of the British Artillery at the Battle of Lombard 's Kop  1905 The balloon factory is moved to a better site  1906 Samuel Franklin Cody is appointed the balloon school 's Chief Instructor in Kiting  1907 The British Army airship , Nulli Secundus , is completed  1908 The first British heavier-than-air military flight takes place when the British Army Aeroplane No. 1 flies  1909 The War Office halts all work on aircraft at Farnborough on cost grounds  1911 The S. E. 1 and the B.E. 1 are built at Farnborough under the pretext of repairing existing aircraft  1 April The Balloon Section of the Royal Engineers becomes the Air Battalion  1912  13 May - The Royal Flying Corps is established from the Air Battalion  1914  1 July - The Royal Naval Air Service , having previously broken away from the Royal Flying Corps , is officially recognized  13 August - The first RFC aircraft arrive in France  27 August - The first RNAS aircraft arrive in Ostend  1918  1 April - The Royal Air Force is established by merging the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service  1924  1 April - The Royal Air Force establishes its Fleet Air Arm , consisting of RAF units normally embarked on aircraft carriers and fighting ships  1937  14 May - The Fleet Air Arm is placed under Admiralty control  1940  November - The Battle of Taranto , the Fleet Air Arm launched the first all-aircraft naval attack in history  1941  21 December - The British Army regains an aviation element as the Glider Pilot Regiment is formed .  1942  24 February - The Glider Pilot Regiment is formally inaugurated as part of the Army Air Corps  1999  5 October - Joint Helicopter Command is formed  2000  1 April - Joint Force Harrier is formed

neg: Lindbergh Boom The Lindbergh Boom ( 1927 -- 1929 ) is a period of rapid interest in aviation following the awarding of the Orteig Prize to Charles Lindbergh for his 1927 non-stop solo transatlantic flight in the Spirit of St. Louis . The Lindbergh Boom occurred during the interwar period between World War I and World War II , where aviation development was fueled by commercial interests rather than wartime necessity . During this period , dozens of companies were formed to create airlines , and aircraft for a new age in aviation . Many of the fledgling companies funded by stock went under as quick as they started as the stock that capitalized them plummeted in value following the Wall Street Crash of 1929 . The Great Depression dried up the market for new aircraft , causing many aircraft companies to go into bankruptcy or get consolidated by larger entities . Air racing , record attempts , and barnstorming remained popular , as aviators tried to recapture the prizes and publicity of Lindbergh 's Transatlantic flight .

neg: Flap (aeronautics) Flaps are a type of high-lift device used to increase the lift of an aircraft wing at a given airspeed . Flaps are usually mounted on the wing trailing edges of a fixed-wing aircraft . Flaps are used to lower the minimum speed at which the aircraft can be safely flown , and to increase the angle of descent for landing . Flaps also cause an increase in drag , so they are retracted when not needed .   Extending the wing flaps increases the camber or curvature of the wing , raising the maximum lift coefficient or the upper limit to the lift a wing can generate . This allows the aircraft to generate the required lift at a lower speed , reducing the stalling speed of the aircraft , and therefore also the minimum speed at which the aircraft will safely maintain flight . The increase in camber also increases the wing drag , which can be beneficial during approach and landing , because it slows the aircraft . In some aircraft configurations , a useful side effect of flap deployment is a decrease in aircraft pitch angle , which lowers the nose thereby improving the pilot 's view of the runway over the nose of the aircraft during landing . In other configurations , however , depending on the type of flap and the location of the wing , flaps can cause the nose to rise ( pitch-up ) , obscuring the pilot 's view of the runway .   There are many different designs of flaps used , with the specific choice depending on the size , speed and complexity of the aircraft on which they are to be used , as well as the era in which the aircraft was designed . Plain flaps , slotted flaps , and Fowler flaps are the most common . Krueger flaps are positioned on the leading edge of the wings and are used on many jet airliners .   The Fowler , Fairey-Youngman and Gouge types of flap increase the wing area in addition to changing the camber . The larger lifting surface reduces wing loading , hence further reducing the stalling speed .   Some flaps are fitted elsewhere . Leading-edge flaps form the wing leading edge and when deployed they rotate down to increase the wing camber . The de Havilland DH .88 Comet racer had flaps running across beneath the fuselage and forward of the wing trailing edge . Many of the Waco Custom Cabin series biplanes have the flaps at mid-chord on the underside of the top wing .

neg: Airmanship Airmanship is skill and knowledge applied to aerial navigation , similar to seamanship in maritime navigation . Airmanship covers a broad range of desirable behaviors and abilities in an aviator . It is not simply a measure of skill or technique , but also a measure of a pilot 's awareness of the aircraft , the environment in which it operates , and of his own capabilities .   Airmanship can be defined as :  A sound acquaintance with the principles of flight ,  The ability to operate an airplane with competence and precision both on the ground and in the air , and  The exercise of sound judgment that results in optimal operational safety and efficiency .   The three fundamental principles of expert airmanship are skill , proficiency , and the discipline to apply them in a safe and efficient manner .  Discipline is the foundation of airmanship .  The complexity of the aviation environment demands a foundation of solid airmanship , and a healthy , positive approach to combating pilot error .   The actions of Captain Alfred C. Haynes and the crew of United Airlines Flight 232 are often cited as an exemplar of good airmanship . They were able to maintain control of their crippled McDonnell Douglas DC-10 , bringing it to a survivable `` controlled crash '' in Sioux City , Iowa , after a complete loss of all flight controls following an engine failure in July 1989 . They did this by improvising a control scheme on the spot using differential thrust on the two working engines . Captain Haynes credited his Crew Resource Management training as one of the key factors that saved his own life , and many others .   The U.S. National Transportation Safety Board occasionally cites poor airmanship as a contributing factor in its determination of probable cause in aviation accidents , although it is implicit in many of the pilot error causes it often uses . For example , in its report on the December 1 , 1993 fatal crash of Northwest Airlink Flight 5719 , the Board determined the `` failure of the company management to adequately address the previously identified deficiencies in airmanship '' was a contributing factor .  More recently , in the February 2 , 2005 business jet accident at Teterboro Airport , NTSB investigator Steve Demko , speaking about the probable cause , said determining an aircraft 's weight and balance before takeoff is `` basic airmanship , '' a `` Flying 101 type of thing . ''  And in the 2006 New York City plane crash that killed New York Yankees pitcher Cory Lidle , the NTSB cited `` inadequate judgement , planning and airmanship '' in its probable cause determination .   A `` failure of airmanship '' was also cited by U.S. Military Authorities in the Tarnak Farm incident in Afghanistan , where the pilot of a U.S. F-16 Fighting Falcon mistakenly targeted a 250-kilogram laser-guided bomb on Canadian troops in April 2003 , killing four of them . Airmanship covers operation of the aircraft and all its systems , so in military usage , this includes the weapons systems of combat aircraft .

neg: Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle The Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle was an early design for a supersonic transport . Unlike most competing designs which envisioned larger trans-Atlantic aircraft and led to the likes of the Boeing 2707 , the Super-Caravelle was a much smaller , shorter range design intended to replace their earlier and very successful Caravelle . Design work started in 1960 and was announced in 1961 at the Paris Air Show , but was later merged with similar work at the British Aircraft Corporation ( originally the Bristol 223 ) to create the Concorde project in November 1962 . After work had begun on designing Concorde , the Super Caravelle name was instead used on a lengthened version of the original Caravelle design , the SE-210B .   The Super-Caravelle looks very much like a smaller version of Concorde . It used Concorde 's unique ogive wing planform , and was otherwise similar in shape and layout with the exception of the nose area , which was more `` conventional '' and only the outermost section over the radar `` drooped '' for visibility on takeoff and landing . In normal use it was designed to carry 70 passengers between 2000 to at about Mach 2 . The size and range requirements were set to make the Super-Caravelle `` perfect '' for Air France 's European and African routes .   Concorde was originally to be delivered in two versions , a longer-range transatlantic version similar to the Bristol 223 that was eventually delivered as Concorde , and a smaller version for shorter range routes similar to the Super-Caravelle . After consultations with prospective customers , the smaller design was dropped .

neg: Quick access recorder A quick access recorder ( QAR ) is an airborne flight data recorder designed to provide quick and easy access to raw flight data , through means such as USB or cellular network connections and/or the use of standard flash memory cards . QARs are typically used by airlines to improve flight safety and operational efficiency , usually in the scope of their flight operational quality assurance plans . Like the aircraft 's flight data recorder ( FDR ) , a QAR receives its inputs from the Flight Data Acquisition Unit ( FDAU ) , recording over 2000 flight parameters . The QAR is also able to sample data at much higher rates than the FDR and , in some cases , for longer periods of time . Unlike the FDR , the QAR usually is not required by a national Civil Aviation Authority on commercial flights and is not designed to survive an accident . Despite this , some QARs have survived accidents and provided valuable information beyond what was recorded by the FDR .   The quick access recorder was pioneered by British European Airways ( BEA ) on its Hawker Siddeley Trident aircraft in the 1960 's as a requirement to prove the safety of the aircraft 's autoland system for certification of the autoland system by the CAA . Quick access recorders are carried by all BEA 's successor airline , British Airways ( BA ) , aircraft . Data from the Penny & Giles quick access recorder of a BA Boeing 747-400 London-Bankok flight in which the aircraft suffered un-commanded elevator movement and momentary elevator reversal caused Boeing to implement a change in the elevator servo valve design , a modification that was applied to all Boeing 747 's in service , and suspicion of a similar original valve design arising from this BA data was subsequently used by the NTSB in the determining of the causes of the crashes of United Airlines Flight 585 and USAir Flight 427 .   Earlier , data from a Trident 's quick access recorder had provided the AAIB with useful supplemental data over-and-above that of the aircraft 's flight data recorder that helped the diagnosing of the cause of the 1972 British European Airways Flight 548 , the `` Staines air disaster '' where the Trident 's leading edge high lift devices ( `` droops '' ) had been retracted too early and at too low an airspeed .

neg: Electronic flight bag An electronic flight bag ( EFB ) is an electronic information management device that helps flight crews perform flight management tasks more easily and efficiently with less paper . It is a general purpose computing platform intended to reduce , or replace , paper-based reference material often found in the pilot 's carry-on flight bag , including the aircraft operating manual , flight-crew operating manual , and navigational charts ( including moving map for air and ground operations ) . In addition , the EFB can host purpose-built software applications to automate other functions normally conducted by hand , such as performance take-off calculations .   The EFB gets its name from the traditional pilot 's flight bag , which is typically a heavy ( up to 40 lb/18 kg or more ) documents bag that pilots carry to the cockpit . The electronic flight bag is the replacement of those documents in a digital format . EFB weights are typically 1 to 5 pounds ( 0.5 to 2.2 kg ) , about the same as a laptop computer , and a fraction of the weight and volume of the paper publications . There are numerous benefits for using an EFB but specific benefits vary depending on the size of the operation , type of applications used , the existing content management and distribution system , the type of applications deployed . Some common benefits include : weight savings by replacing the traditional flight bag , reduced medical claims from handling traditional flight bags , reduced cost , and increased efficiency by reducing or eliminating paper processes . There are also claims of increased safety and reducing pilot workload .   According to the FAA 's Advisory Circular ( AC No. 120-76C ) , an Electronic Flight Bag is an electronic display system intended primarily for cockpit/flightdeck or cabin use .   There are also militarized variants , with secure data storage , night vision goggle compatible lighting , environmental hardening , and military specific applications and data .   EFB devices can display a variety of aviation data or perform basic calculations ( including performance data and fuel calculations . ) . In the past , some of these functions were traditionally accomplished using paper references or were based on data provided to the flight crew by an airline 's `` flight dispatch '' crew .   For large and turbine aircraft , FAR 91.503 requires the presence of navigational charts on the airplane . If an operator 's sole source of navigational chart information is contained on an EFB , the operator must demonstrate the EFB will continue to operate throughout a decompression event , and thereafter , regardless of altitude . The only way to achieve this capability is by using a solid state disk drive or a standard rotating mass drive in a sealed enclosure .   The electronic flight bag market is estimated at $ 2.28 billion in 2015 and is expected to register a CAGR of 13.41 % to reach $ 4.27 billion by 2020 .

neg: In Search of Amelia Earhart In Search of Amelia Earhart is the 1972 album by Plainsong , a band formed by country rock/folk rock musician Ian Matthews and Andy Roberts .   Ian Matthews played in four different incarnations within three years . He had left Fairport Convention for his own band , Matthews ' Southern Comfort , put out two solo LPs for Vertigo Records , and then started the band Plainsong .   It is probably fair to say that In Search of Amelia Earhart is the pinnacle of Matthews ' work in the 1970s . Working with producer Sandy Roberton ( Hard Meat , Steeleye Span , Shirley Collins ) , Ian and bandmates , notably Andy Roberts who shared vocals on the album , created an atypical British folk album conceived around the idea of the legends surrounding Amelia Earhart and her supposed demise .   Matthews had read a book by Fred Goerner hypothesizing that Earhart and her flying companion Frederick Noonan had crashed around the Japanese held Marshall Island area and been taken prisoner by the Japanese on Saipan , in the Marianas , in 1937 . Their plane had supposedly been outfitted with aerial cameras and had a bigger fuel tank than anyone outside of the US government knew . After being grilled by Japanese interrogators Earhart would perish of dysentery , and Noonan was beheaded by the Japanese .   Not all of the songs on the album are directly about Amelia Earhart . But the album carries that somber , mellow tone that so much great folk music of the early '70s was in touch with . Many of the songs are about seeing and reaching for light , whether they be the light of day or the light of death . So in a way the album is more about the way people felt about , cared about and thought about Amelia Earhart and her death . That she is still considered a heroine of aviation and a distinctly American hero keeps the mystery of what happened to her in the greater cultural imagination .

neg: British Airtours Flight 28M British Airtours Flight 28M was an international passenger flight , originating from Manchester International Airport 's Runway 24 in Manchester , England , en route to Corfu International Airport on the Greek island of Corfu . On 22 August 1985 , the route was being operated by Boeing 737 -- 236 registered G-BGJL , when take-off from Manchester Airport was aborted due to engine failure .   The aircraft , previously named `` Goldfinch '' , but at the time of the accident named `` River Orrin '' , had 131 passengers and six crew on the manifest . At 06:12 BST during the takeoff roll , a loud thump was heard . An engine failure had generated a fire and a plume of black smoke ensued . Takeoff was aborted and the captain ordered the evacuation of the aircraft , with 78 of the 131 passengers escaping . 53 passengers perished along with two members of the cabin crew . Most of the deaths were due to smoke inhalation .   The accident was instrumental in bringing about changes to make aircraft evacuation more effective and has been described as `` a defining moment in the history of civil aviation '' by the BBC . Acting on the recommendations of the UK 's Air Accidents Investigation Branch ( AAIB ) , which investigated the accident , the aviation industry introduced changes to the seating layout near emergency exits , fire-resistant seat covers , floor lighting , fire-resistant wall and ceiling panels , more fire extinguishers and clearer evacuation rules .

neg: National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) was a U.S. federal agency founded on March 3 , 1915 , to undertake , promote , and institutionalize aeronautical research . On October 1 , 1958 , the agency was dissolved , and its assets and personnel transferred to the newly created National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) . NACA was pronounced as discrete letters , rather than as a whole word ( and after NASA first was established , its acronym was pronounced as discrete letters in the early years ) .   Among other advancements , NACA research and development produced the NACA duct , a type of air intake used in modern automotive applications , the NACA cowling , and several series of NACA airfoils which are still used in aircraft manufacturing .   During World War II , NACA was described as `` The Force Behind Our Air Supremacy '' due to its key role in producing working superchargers for high altitude bombers , and for producing the cutting-edge wing profiles for the North American P-51 Mustang . NACA was also key in developing the area rule that is used on all modern supersonic aircraft , and conducted the key compressibility research that enabled the Bell X-1 to break the sound barrier .

neg: Small Airplane Revitalization Act of 2013 The Small Airplane Revitalization Act of 2013 is a bill related to airplane regulations in the United States of America that was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress . The bill would require the Federal Aviation Authority to adopt the recommendations of the `` Part 23 Reorganization Aviation Rulemaking Committee '' about ways to modernize regulations on small aircraft .   According to a fact sheet provided by the United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure , the general aviation industry `` includes nearly 600,000 pilots , employs roughly 1.3 million people , and contributes approximately $ 150 billion annually to the U.S. economy . '' The industry has been undergoing some recent decline , some of which is blamed on outdated and inappropriate regulations that stifle innovation and unnecessarily increase costs . The Federal Aviation Administration began to deal with this situation in August 2011 by chartering the `` Part 23 Reorganization Aviation Rulemaking Committee . '' The Committee was `` charged with creating a progressive , tier-based system so that small recreational airplanes wo n't have to be designed and certificated under the same regulatory requirements as heavier , more complex and higher performance aircraft . '' The Federal Aviation Regulations ( FAR ) are divided into different Parts , with Part 23 comprising the section of rules related to small planes . In June 2013 , this Committee finished writing its recommendation for changes to make to FAR Part 23 `` to remove barriers to bringing new , safer airplane designs to market . '' The Committee 's recommendations included '' ( 1 ) removing prescriptive methods of compliance , ( 2 ) ensuring safety objectives address future technologies , ( 3 ) utilizing FAA-accepted consensus standards , ( 4 ) developing globally acceptable regulations , and ( 5 ) implementing these recommendations as soon as possible . '' There is also the possibility that these new regulations will be adopted by other countries , helping to set international standards .

neg: Flight dynamics (fixed-wing aircraft) Flight dynamics is the science of air vehicle orientation and control in three dimensions . The three critical flight dynamics parameters are the angles of rotation in three dimensions about the vehicle 's center of mass , known as pitch , roll and yaw .   Aerospace engineers develop control systems for a vehicle 's orientation ( attitude ) about its center of mass . The control systems include actuators , which exert forces in various directions , and generate rotational forces or moments about the aerodynamic center of the aircraft , and thus rotate the aircraft in pitch , roll , or yaw . For example , a pitching moment is a vertical force applied at a distance forward or aft from the aerodynamic center of the aircraft , causing the aircraft to pitch up or down .   Roll , pitch and yaw refer to rotations about the respective axes starting from a defined steady flight equilibrium state . The equilibrium roll angle is known as wings level or zero bank angle , equivalent to a level heeling angle on a ship . Yaw is known as `` heading '' . The equilibrium pitch angle in submarine and airship parlance is known as `` trim '' , but in aircraft , `` trim '' usually refers to the equilibrium angle of attack , rather than orientation . However , common usage ignores this distinction between equilibrium and dynamic cases .   The most common aeronautical convention defines the roll as acting about the longitudinal axis , positive with the starboard ( right ) wing down . The yaw is about the vertical body axis , positive with the nose to starboard . Pitch is about an axis perpendicular to the longitudinal plane of symmetry , positive nose up .   A fixed-wing aircraft increases or decreases the lift generated by the wings when it pitches nose up or down by increasing or decreasing the angle of attack ( AOA ) . The roll angle is also known as bank angle on a fixed-wing aircraft , which usually `` banks '' to change the horizontal direction of flight . An aircraft is usually streamlined from nose to tail to reduce drag making it typically advantageous to keep the sideslip angle near zero , though there are instances when an aircraft may be deliberately `` sideslipped '' for example a slip in a fixed-wing aircraft .

neg: Henry H. Arnold Henry Harley `` Hap '' Arnold ( June 25 , 1886 -- January 15 , 1950 ) was an American general officer holding the grades of General of the Army and General of the Air Force . Arnold was an aviation pioneer , Chief of the Air Corps ( 1938 -- 1941 ) , Commanding General of the U.S. Army Air Forces , the only U.S. Air Force general to hold five-star rank , and the only officer to hold a five-star rank in two different U.S. military services . Arnold was also the founder of Project RAND , which evolved into one of the world 's largest non-profit global policy think tanks , the RAND Corporation , and one of the founders of Pan American World Airways .   Instructed in flying by the Wright Brothers , Arnold was one of the first military pilots worldwide , and one of the first three rated pilots in the history of the United States Air Force.Arnold , Capt. Charles DeF . Chandler , and Lt. Thomas Milling all qualified for the rating on July 5 , 1912 . Milling received the first certificate while Arnold was listed first on War Department General Order No. 39 , which was the first list of rated Military Aviators . He overcame a fear of flying that resulted from his experiences with early flight , supervised the expansion of the Air Service during World War I , and became a protégé of Gen. Billy Mitchell .   Arnold rose to command the Army Air Forces immediately prior to American entry into World War II and directed its hundred-fold expansion from an organization of little more than 20,000 men and 800 first-line combat aircraft into the largest and most powerful air force in the world . An advocate of technological research and development , his tenure saw the development of the intercontinental bomber , the jet fighter , the extensive use of radar , global airlift and atomic warfare as mainstays of modern air power .   Arnold 's most widely used nickname , `` Hap , '' was short for `` Happy , '' attributed variously to work associates when he moonlighting as a silent film stunt pilot in October 1911 , or to his wife , who began using the nickname in her correspondence in 1931 following the death of Arnold 's mother . He was called Harley by his family during his youth , and `` Sunny '' by both his mother and wife . Arnold was known to his West Point classmates as `` Pewt '' or `` Benny '' . By his immediate subordinates and headquarters staff he was referred to as `` The Chief . ''

neg: Auxiliary Pilot Badge The Glider Pilot , Service Pilot , and Liaison Pilot badges were qualification badges of the United States Army Air Forces issued during the years of World War II by the AAF to identify a rating in one of three specialized , limited-duty pilot categories , whose required training differed from that of the traditionally trained , universally assignable military pilot . These individuals were normally selected on the basis of past flying experience and pilot certificates , gained in civil life prior to their induction into the U.S. Army . Further training tended to be highly specialized , falling within a narrowly defined set of missions , and for which skills and experience gained through civilian flight training were directly applicable . The badges were similar to the standard USAAF Pilot Badge with one of three letters centered on the badges ' shield , or escutcheon . The letter on the badge indicated the specific rating : G denoted a Glider Pilot , L a Liaison Pilot , and S a Service Pilot ( as shown in the illustration at right ) . N.B. : the term auxiliary as used within the scope of this article by the original contributor is a misnomer , and was never an official U.S. Army Air Forces usage with reference to these aeronautical ratings .   In contrast to the Aviation Cadet Training Program , medical standards for initial entry into the Glider Pilot , Liaison Pilot or Service Pilot ratings were somewhat less restrictive . As opposed to the USAAF Class I medical examination required of all prospective Aviation Cadets , prospective Glider and Liaison Pilots meeting only USAAF Class II standards were allowed into those respective training programs , while the still less restrictive Class III standards were permitted for entrants into the Service Pilot rating .   The most significant difference between each medical class lay in the uncorrected distant visual acuity standard . While 20/20 or better uncorrected was demanded on the initial Class I exam given to Aviation Cadet applicants , the Class II exam of that period required a minimum of 20/40 correctable to 20/20 or better , while the Class III allowed 20/100 correctable to 20/20 or better . Class II and III uncorrected minima were relaxed somewhat later during the war to 20/100 and 20/200 respectively , however in all cases a correction to 20/20 or better in each eye separately with ordinary spectacles remained a hard and fast requirement , and no other visual deficiencies were allowed .   ( N.B. : USAAF medical examination Classes I , II and III differed significantly in purpose and scope from those in use in military and civil aviation today . They do not directly correspond to current USAF , US Army or FAA standards titled under the same terminology ) .   Higher maximum age limits were also allowed : whereas Aviation Cadets could be no older than 26 years of age , a maximum limit of 35 years was allowed for Glider Pilot and Liaison Pilot candidates , and 45 years for Service Pilot applicants .

neg: Hazel Jane Raines Hazel Jane Raines ( April 21 , 1916 -- September 4 , 1956 ) was an American pioneer aviator and flight instructor with the Civilian Pilot Training Program . During World War II , she was part of the first group of United States women to fly military aircraft , which they did in a war zone for the civilian British Air Transport Auxiliary . She was later a member of the civilian contract labor Women Airforce Service Pilots . After the war , she taught instrument training in Brazil . When President Harry S. Truman authorized the integration of women into the military , she served with Women in the Air Force and was based in Texas , Alabama , and finally London until her death . Raines was the first woman in Georgia to earn a pilot 's license , and has been inducted into both the Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame and the Georgia Women of Achievement .

neg: Edward Teshmaker Busk Lieutenant Edward Teshmaker Busk , London Electrical Engineers . RE ( T ) ( 8 March 1886 -- 5 November 1914 ) was an English pioneer of early aircraft design , and the designer of the first full-sized efficient inherently stable aeroplane .   He was the son of Thomas Teshmaker Busk ( 1852 -- 1894 ) and Mary Busk née Acworth ( 1854 -- 1935 ) , of Hermongers , Rudgwick , Sussex . After attaining First Class Honours in Mechanical Sciences at Cambridge in June 1912 he became Assistant Engineer at the newly formed Royal Aircraft Factory , Farnborough , later the Royal Aircraft Establishment . Here he devoted much of his time to the mathematics and dynamics of stable flight .   In the early years of powered flight inherent stability in an aircraft was a most important quality . Busk took his theories into the air and tried them out in practice . In 1913 this work was used in the R.E. 1 ( Reconnaissance Experimental ) , claimed as the first inherently stable aeroplane , and resulted in the development of the B.E. 2c .   The remarkable feature of this design was that there was no single device that was the cause of the stability . The stability resulted from detailed design of each part of the aircraft , with due regard to its relation to , and effect on , other parts in the air . Weights and areas were so arranged that under most conditions the machine would tend to right itself .   Busk was killed on 5 November 1914 while flying a B.E. 2 which caught fire at Laffans Plain ( now Farnborough Airfield ) , near Aldershot . He was buried at Aldershot Military Cemetery with full military honours .   His genius and his courage were recognised by the posthumous award of the Gold Medal of the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain , and amongst the many letters of condolence received by his mother was one from King George V.   His youngest brother , Hans Acworth Busk ( b. 1894 ) , was reported missing on 6 January 1916 , last seen flying a heavy bombing aeroplane against the Turks at Gallipoli . They were both survived by their mother ( author of `` E.T. Busk , a pioneer in flight '' ) , by sister Mary Agnes Dorothea Morse ( 1888 -- 1960 ) and by brother Henry Gould Busk ( 1890 -- 1956 ) .

neg: Beechcraft Model 18 The Beechcraft Model 18 ( or `` Twin Beech '' , as it is also known ) is a 6 - to 11-seat , twin-engined , low-wing , tailwheel light aircraft manufactured by the Beech Aircraft Corporation of Wichita , Kansas . Continuously produced from 1937 to November 1969 ( over 32 years , a world record at the time ) , over 9,000 were produced , making it one of the world 's most widely used light aircraft . Sold worldwide as a civilian executive , utility , cargo aircraft , and passenger airliner on tailwheels , nosewheels , skis or floats , it was also used as a military aircraft .   During and after World War II , over 4,500 Beech 18s saw military service -- as light transport , light bomber ( for China ) , aircrew trainer ( for bombing , navigation and gunnery ) , photo-reconnaisance , and `` mother ship '' for target drones -- including United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) C-45 Expeditor , AT-7 Navigator , AT-11 Kansan ; and United States Navy ( USN ) UC-45J Navigator , SNB-1 Kansan , and others . In World War II , over 90 % of USAAF bombardiers and navigators trained in these aircraft .   In the early postwar era , the Beech 18 was the pre-eminent `` business aircraft '' and `` feeder airliner . '' Besides carrying passengers , its civilian uses have included aerial spraying , sterile insect release , fish seeding , dry ice cloud seeding , aerial firefighting , air mail delivery , ambulance service , numerous movie productions , skydiving , freight , weapon - and drug-smuggling , engine testbed , skywriting , banner towing , and stunt aircraft . Many are now privately owned , around the world , with over 300 in the U.S. still on the FAA Aircraft Registry in December 2014 .

neg: Biplane A biplane is a fixed-wing aircraft with two main wings stacked one above the other . The first powered , controlled aeroplane to fly , the Wright Flyer , used a biplane wing arrangement , as did many aircraft in the early years of aviation . While a biplane wing structure has a structural advantage over a monoplane , it produces more drag than a similar unbraced or cantilever monoplane wing . Improved structural techniques , better materials and the quest for greater speed made the biplane configuration obsolete for most purposes by the late 1930s .   Biplanes offer several advantages over conventional cantilever monoplane designs : they permit lighter wing structures , low wing loading and smaller span for a given wing area . However , interference between the airflow over each wing increases drag substantially , and biplanes generally need extensive bracing , which causes additional drag .   Biplanes are distinguished from tandem wing arrangements , where the wings are placed forward and aft , instead of above and below .   The term is also occasionally used in biology , to describe the wings of some flying animals .


query: Richard Ramirez did the illegal act of invading someone's home.

pos: Richard Ramirez Ricardo Leyva Muñoz Ramírez , known as Richard Ramirez ( February 29 , 1960 -- June 7 , 2013 ) , was an American serial killer , rapist , and burglar . His highly publicized home invasion crime spree terrorized the residents of the greater Los Angeles area , and later the residents of the San Francisco area , from June 1984 until August 1985 . Prior to his capture , Ramirez was dubbed the `` Night Stalker '' by the news media . He used a wide variety of weapons , including handguns , knives , a machete , a tire iron , and a hammer . Ramirez , who was an avowed Satanist , never expressed any remorse for his crimes . The judge who upheld his thirteen death sentences remarked that Ramirez 's deeds exhibited `` cruelty , callousness , and viciousness beyond any human understanding '' . Ramirez died of complications from B-cell lymphoma while awaiting execution on California 's death row .

neg: Rumsfeld v. Padilla Rumsfeld v. Padilla , , was a United States Supreme Court case , in which José Padilla , an American citizen , sought habeas corpus relief against Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld , as a result of his detention by the military as an `` unlawful combatant . ''   On May 8 , 2002 , Padilla , a U.S. citizen , flew from Pakistan to Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport . As he left the plane , Padilla was apprehended by federal agents executing a material witness warrant issued by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York in connection with its grand jury investigation into the September 11th attacks by terrorists . Initially Padilla was considered a `` material witness , '' without charges filed , and given very limited access to legal counsel . He was later classified as an `` enemy combatant , '' which , the Bush administration claimed as justification to imprison him indefinitely , and without legal recourse or access , as with non-citizen suspects in the war on terror .   Padilla 's attorney , Donna Newman , claiming to act as his next friend and on his behalf , filed a petition for habeas corpus in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York . On December 4 , 2002 , the court denied the petition and held that the President of the United States , as Commander-in-Chief had the authority to designate as an `` enemy combatant '' an American citizen captured on American soil , and , through the Secretary of Defense , to detain him for the duration of armed conflict with al-Qaida .   The case was appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit , which held that the President lacked the authority to order the military detentions of American citizens captured on American soil .   The case was petitioned to the United States Supreme Court . The principal issue before the Court was whether the Congressional Authorization for Use of Military Force post September 11 gave the president the powers to detain a United States citizen under military custody by classifying the detainee as an `` enemy combatant . '' Otherwise , the president would run afoul of the Non-Detention Act , which provides that `` No citizen shall be imprisoned or otherwise detained by the United States except pursuant to an Act of Congress .   The Court did not decide this issue . Instead , the Court held that the habeas corpus petition had been improperly filed . It ruled that because Padilla was being held in a brig ( military prison ) in South Carolina , the petition should have been filed in the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina and should have named the commander of the brig and not the Secretary of Defense ( because the brig commander was Padilla 's `` immediate custodian '' ) . The Court reversed the decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and remanded the case for dismissal without prejudice - that is , it overruled the Court of Appeals decision and ordered the dismissal of the case , allowing Padilla to refile the petition . Thus the principal issue of the case had not been resolved .   Paul Clement , Principal Deputy Solicitor General at the time , gave oral argument for the United States ( Rumsfeld ) ; Jennifer Martinez , a law professor and human rights lawyer , gave oral argument on behalf of Padilla and Newman .

neg: Uniform Child Abduction Prevention Act The Uniform Child Abduction Prevention Act ( `` UCAPA '' ) is a Uniform Act drafted by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws and submitted for enactment by jurisdictions within the United States in 2006 . This uniform law originated by the parents of internationally abducted children , and parents fearing their children would be abducted .   In 2006 , NCCUSL promulgated the Uniform Child Abduction Prevention Act . The act provides States with a valuable tool for deterring both domestic and international child abductions by parents and any persons acting on behalf of the parents . Recognizing that most States have already developed substantial bodies of law regarding child custody determinations and enforcement , including specifically the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act ( UCCJEA ) , the NCCUSL drafted UCAPA to be compatible with and to augment existing state law .   Under UCAPA , an action for abduction prevention measures may be brought either by a court on its own motion , by a party to a child-custody determination or an individual with a right to seek such a determination , or by a prosecutor or public attorney . The party seeking the abduction prevention measures must file a petition with the court specifying the risk factors for abduction as well as other biographical information including the name , age and gender of the child , the current address of the child and the person against whom the measures are sought , a statement regarding any prior actions related to abduction or domestic violence , a statement addressing any prior arrests for domestic violence or child abuse by either party , and finally any additional information required by existing State child custody law including the UCCJEA .   UCAPA sets out a wide variety of factors that should be considered in determining whether there is a credible risk that a child will be abducted . These factors include overt signs such as previous abductions , attempts to abduct the child , or threats of abduction , as well as signs of general abuse including domestic violence , negligence , or refusal to obey a child-custody determination . The act also includes a wide range of activities that may indicate a planned abduction including abandoning employment , liquidating assets , obtaining travel documents or travel tickets , or requesting the child 's school or medical records .   The act also addresses the special problems involved with international child abduction by including several risk factors specifically related to international abduction . In particular , the act requires courts to consider whether the party in question is likely to take a child to a country that is n't a party to the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction , or to a country that places the child at risk , has laws that would restrict access to the child , that is on the current list of state sponsors of terrorism , or is engaged in an active military action or war . In addition , a court will consider issues related to citizenship such as a recent change in citizenship status or a denial of United States Citizenship .   If a court determines that a credible risk exists that the child will be abducted , it may then enter an order containing provisions and measures meant to prevent abduction . The act lists a number of specific measures that a court may order . These include imposing travel restrictions , prohibiting the individual from removing the child from the State or other set geographic area , placing the child 's name in the United States Department of State 's Child Passport Issuance Alert Program , or requiring the individual to obtain an order from a foreign country containing identical terms to the child-custody determination . An abduction prevention order is effective until the earliest of the order 's expiration , the child 's emancipation , the child 's 18th birthday , or until the order is modified , revoked , or vacated .   If abduction appears imminent , a court may issue a warrant to take physical custody of the child , direct law enforcement officers to take steps to locate and return the child , or exercise other appropriate powers under existing state laws . A warrant to take physical custody is enforceable in the enacting state even if issued by different state . The court may authorize law enforcement officers to enter private property , or even to make a forcible entry at any hour , if the circumstances so warrant . Nevertheless , the person on whom the warrant is being executed must be served with the warrant when or immediately after the child is taken into custody and the person must be afforded a hearing no later than the next judicial day or the next possible judicial day if the next day is impossible .   Up to date legislative activity on UCAPA can be found here .

neg: Endangerment Endangerment is a type of crime involving conduct that is wrongful and reckless or wanton , and likely to produce death or grievous bodily harm to another person . There are several kinds of endangerment , each of which is a criminal act that can be prosecuted in a court . In some U.S. states , such as Florida , substantially similar language is used for the crime of Culpable negligence .   The offense is intended to prohibit and therefore deter reckless or wanton conduct that wrongfully creates a substantial risk of death or serious injury to others .   Various laws specify several types of endangerment :   Child endangerment and animal endangerment : placing a child or animal in a potentially harmful situation , either through negligence or misconduct .  Reckless endangerment : A person commits the crime of reckless endangerment if the person recklessly engages in conduct which creates a substantial risk of serious physical injury to another person . `` Reckless '' conduct is conduct that exhibits a culpable disregard of foreseeable consequences to others from the act or omission involved . The accused need not intentionally cause a resulting harm . The ultimate question is whether , under all of the circumstances , the accused 's conduct was of that heedless nature that made it actually or imminently dangerous to the rights or safety of others .  Public endangerment is usually applied to crimes which place the public in some form of danger , although that danger can be more or less severe according to the crime . It is punished most frequently in Canada .   Endangerment can range from a misdemeanor to a felony . For example , the New York Penal Code § 120.20 defines reckless endangerment in the second degree ( class A misdemeanor ) as conduct that `` creates a substantial serious risk of injury to another person '' , and § 120.25 deals with reckless endangerment in the first degree ( class D felony ) , which is conduct that shows a `` depraved indifference to human life '' and `` creates a grave risk of death to another person '' . In addition , § 145.25 codifies reckless endangerment to property as a class B misdemeanor .

neg: Alexei Ramírez Alexei Fernando Ramírez Rodriguez ( born September 22 , 1981 ) is a Cuban professional baseball shortstop who is a free agent . He has played for the Chicago White Sox , San Diego Padres and Tampa Bay Rays in MLB and Pinar del Rio of the Cuban National Series . His nickname , given to him by former White Sox manager Ozzie Guillén , is `` The Cuban Missile '' due to his tall , slim physique and combination of speed , power , and strong throwing arm .

neg: Trailer park A trailer park is a temporary or permanent area for mobile homes or travel trailers . Advantages include low cost compared to other housing , and quick and easy moving to a new area , for example when taking a job in a distant place while keeping the same home .   Trailer parks , especially in American culture , are stereotypically viewed as lower income housing whose occupants live at or below the poverty line , have low social status and lead a desultory and deleterious lifestyle . Despite the advances in trailer home technology , the trailer park image survives , as evoked by a statement from Presidential adviser James Carville who , in the course of one of the Bill Clinton White House political scandals , suggested `` Drag $ 100 bills through trailer parks , there 's no telling what you 'll find , '' in reference to Paula Jones . It is also seen in the Canadian mockumentary Trailer Park Boys .   Tornadoes and hurricanes often inflict serious damage on trailer parks , usually because the structures are not secured to the ground and their construction is significantly less able to withstand high wind forces than regular houses . However , most modern manufactured homes are built to withstand high winds , using hurricane straps and proper foundations .

neg: In re Sealed Case No. 02-001 In re : Sealed Case No. 02-001 , 310 F. 3d 717 ( 2002 ) , is a per curiam decision by the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review in which it reviewed restrictions that were placed upon a Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act ( FISA ) application by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court ( FISC ) on May 17 , 2002 . The Court of Review reversed the FISC 's restrictions , stating that they `` are not required by FISA or the Constitution '' . This opinion represents the first meeting of and first opinion by the Court of Review . For the purposes of review , the FISC 's modification of the requested application worked as a `` denial '' , thus giving the Court of Review jurisdiction to take the case .   The Court noted that the case raised important questions of statutory interpretation and the constitutionality of provision of FISA . In particular , the opinion addressed changes made in the act due to the passage of the Patriot Act . The Court addressed these questions in the context of a single request for an order authorizing electronic surveillance made by the government to the FISC . The FISC approved the requested order but `` imposed certain requirements and limitations '' on the government . The government appealed to the Court of Review .   The Court first stated that there appeared to be no disagreement between the government and the FISC as to the propriety of the requested surveillance because the FISC found that the government had shown probable caused to believe that the target is an agent of a foreign power . The government therefore only appealed the restrictions imposed . The restrictions include orders that   law enforcement officials shall not make recommendations to intelligence officials concerning the initiation , operation , continuation or expansion of FISA searches or surveillances . Additionally , the FBI and the Criminal Division -LSB- of the Department of Justice -RSB- shall ensure that law enforcement officials do not direct or control the use of the FISA procedures to enhance criminal prosecution , and that advice intended to preserve the option of a criminal prosecution does not inadvertently result in the Criminal Division 's directing or controlling the investigation using FISA searches and surveillances toward law enforcement objectives .   The FISC also created what the court referred to as a `` chaperone requirement '' , which required that a unit of the Justice Department ( the Office of Intelligence Policy and review ( OIPR ) ) `` be invited '' to all meetings between the FBI and the Criminal Division involving coordination of efforts to investigate and respond to potential hostile acts . The Court of Review stated that the lower opinion establishing these restrictions did not clearly set forth the basis for its decision . Instead , the restrictions `` appear -LSB- -RSB- to proceed from the assumption that FISA constructed a barrier between counterintelligence/intelligence officials and law enforcement officers in the Executive Branch , '' but the opinion did not support such an assumption . This `` wall '' between the intelligence officials and law enforcement officers was created by the FISC in reliance on `` its statutory authority to approve ` minimization procedures ' designed to prevent the acquisition , retention , and dissemination within the government of material gathered in an electronic surveillance that is unnecessary to the government 's need for foreign intelligence information . ''   Two arguments were presented by the government in opposition to these restrictions . First , the government argued that the pre-Patriot Act limitation in FISA that restricts the government 's use of intelligence information is `` an illusion . '' Alternatively , the government argued that even if the `` primary purpose '' limitation exists , the passage of the Patriot Act eliminated that concept from FISA . As a corollary , the government argued that the restrictions imposed by the FISC below were a misconstruction of the FISA provisions and `` an end run around '' the amendments added by the Patriot Act .   The American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) and the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers ( NACDL ) submitted amicus curiae briefs in support of the restrictions . The briefs argued primarily that the FISA statute ( and the amendments of the Patriot Act ) are unconstitutional under the Fourth Amendment unless they are construed to prohibit the government from obtaining a FISA surveillance order if its `` primary purpose '' is criminal prosecution .   Among other things , the Court of Review found that FISA is constitutional , that the minimization requirements of FISA are not grounds to limit the purpose of the FISA application , and that FISA may be used to collect evidence for criminal prosecution . The Court also noted ( but made no judgment regarding ) `` the President 's inherent constitutional authority to conduct warrantless foreign intelligence surveillance '' which relates to part of the government justification in the NSA warrantless surveillance controversy .

neg: Roving wiretap In United States law , a roving wiretap is a wiretap that follows the surveillance target . For instance , if a target attempts to defeat a regular wiretap by throwing away a phone and acquiring a new one , another surveillance order would usually need to be applied for to tap the new one . A `` roving wiretap '' , once authorised , follows the target rather than a specific phone device , and would give the surveilling body permission to tap second and subsequent phones without applying for new surveillance orders .   In the US , it is allowed under amendments made to Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 ( the `` Wiretap Statute '' ) in 1988 by the Electronic Communications Privacy Act , and was later expanded by section 604 of the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999 . On May 26 , 2011 , the U.S. Senate voted to extend the provisions of the 2001 USA PATRIOT Act to search business records and allow for roving wiretaps . The roving wiretap provision of the Patriot Act briefly expired on Jun 1 , 2015 , but was restored the next day by enactment of the USA Freedom Act .

neg: Stand-your-ground law A stand-your-ground law ( sometimes called `` line in the sand '' or `` no duty to retreat '' law ) is a justification in a criminal case , whereby defendants can `` stand their ground '' and use force without retreating , in order to protect and defend themselves or others against threats or perceived threats . An example is where there is no duty to retreat from any place where they have a lawful right to be , and that they may use any level of force if they reasonably believe the threat rises to the level of being an imminent and immediate threat of serious bodily harm or death . One case describes `` the ` stand your ground ' law ... a person has a right to expect absolute safety in a place they have a right to be , and may use deadly force to repel an unlawful intruder . '' Justification using stand-your-ground laws may be limited in that the justification can not be used in some cases where defendant was engaged in other illegal conduct at the time , when '' -LSB- the defendant -RSB- was engaged in illegal activities and not entitled to benefit from provisions of the ` stand your ground ' law '' .   This castle doctrine gives immunity from liability to individuals ( i.e. , there is no duty to retreat ) when an intruder enters their home . Of these , twenty-two jurisdictions have also extended the immunity to other locations , some extending it to anywhere where a person may legally be .   Other restrictions may still exist , however . For example , a person carrying a firearm or other weapon in public ( whether concealed or openly ) must do so in a legal manner .

neg: Patriot Act, Title III, Subtitle B The USA PATRIOT Act was passed by the United States Congress in 2001 as a response to the September 11 attacks in 2001 . It has ten titles , with the third title ( `` Title III : International Money Laundering Abatement and Financial Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001 '' ) written to prevent , detect , and prosecute international money laundering and the financing of terrorism .   Title III is itself divided into three subtitles . The second subtitle , entitled Subtitle B : Bank Secrecy Act Amendments and Related Improvements , largely modifies the Bank Secrecy Act ( BSA ) to make it harder for money launderers to operate , and to make it easier for law enforcement and regulatory agencies to police money laundering operations . The BSA was amended to allow the designated officer or agency who receives suspicious transaction reports to notify U.S. intelligence agencies . It also addresses issues of record keeping and reporting by making it easier to undertake the reporting of suspicious transactions ; by making it a requirement that financial institutions report suspicious transactions ; through the creation of anti-money laundering programs and by better defining anti-money laundering strategy ; and by making it a requirement that anyone who does business file a report for any coin and foreign currency receipts that are over US$ 10,000 . The subtitle increases civil and criminal penalties for money laundering and introduces penalties for violations of geographic targeting orders and certain recordkeeping requirements .   Subtitle B legislated for the creation of a secure network which can be used by financial institutions to report suspicious transactions and which can also give them alerts of relevant suspicious activities . Subtitle B also makes FinCEN a bureau of the United States Department of Treasury . The subtitle allows the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System to authorize personnel to act as law enforcement officers to protect the premises , grounds , property and personnel of any U.S. Federal reserve bank , and allows them to delegate this authority to U.S. Federal Reserve Banks . It instructs any United States Executive Directors of international financial institutions to use their voice and vote to support any country that has taken action to support the U.S. 's War on Terrorism , and to require such Executive Directors to provide ongoing auditing of disbursements made from their institutions to ensure that no funds are paid to persons who commit , threaten to commit , or support terrorism .

neg: Veterans' Land Board scandal The Veterans ' Land Board Scandal was a political scandal in Texas in that became public in 1954 .   The Texas Legislature enacted the Veterans ' Land Act in November 1946 . The measure called for issuing $ 25 million in bonds , the proceeds of which would be used by the state government to purchase land and resell it to veterans of World War II at 3 % interest on 40 year loans . In early 1951 another $ 75 million was appropriated by the state for this purpose . The only stipulations on the purchase was that the loan could not be for more than $ 7,500 and the tracts of land could not be less than 20 acres ( 80,000 m ² ) . A 5 % downpayment was required , and the land could not be resold for three years . The law allowed for `` block sales , '' whereby veterans could join together to buy the land . This was allowed because it would be difficult to buy 20 acres ( 80,000 m ² ) with only $ 7,500 .   The scandal was unveiled in November 1954 when reporter Roland Towery , then managing editor of the Cuero Record , published the results of his investigation of a tip that prominent Cuero-area businessmen were entertaining local Hispanic and African-American laborers , an unheard of thing in South Texas at this time . The businessmen were paying the laborers , who were veterans and mostly illiterate , to sign applications for the land grants and the businessmen would pocket the money . Many of the veterans who purchased land in block sales were not even aware that they had purchased land . In fact , many were led to believe that they were getting free land as part of a veteran entitlement program or else were receiving some type of veterans ' compensation from the state . When Towery asked Texas Veterans Land Board chairman ( and Texas General Land Office commissioner ) Bascom Giles about these irregularities , Giles denied involvement , attributing the irregularities to local land speculators . Struck by the fact that Giles had defended himself before even being accused of anything , Towrey ran with the story , accelerating an investigation begun the previous year by the state attorney general , John Ben Shepperd .   Fraud was soon discovered in nine south Texas counties , and numerous members of the General Land Office were charged with fraud and conspiracy to defraud veterans . Giles was imprisoned for his role in the scandal , and many others paid heavy fines for their crimes . Governor Allan Shivers and John Ben Sheppard , as ex officio members of the Veterans Land Board , were tainted by the scandal . Ralph Yarborough and his allies in the liberal wing of the Texas Democratic Party pointed to the scandal as an example of the kind of corruption that the conservative Shivercrats were willing to overlook .

neg: Agent provocateur An agent provocateur ( French for `` inciting agent '' ) is a person who commits , or who acts to entice another person to commit an illegal or rash act or falsely implicate them in partaking in an illegal act . An agent provocateur may be acting out of their own sense of duty or may be employed by the police or other entity to discredit or harm another group ( such as a peaceful protest or demonstration ) by provoking them to commit a crime , thereby undermining the protest or demonstration as a whole .   In accordance with French grammar , the plural form of the term is , agents provocateurs ; a female agent is an agente provocatrice .   To prevent infiltration by agents provocateurs , the organizers of large or controversial assemblies may deploy and coordinate demonstration marshals , also called stewards .

neg: FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives The FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives is a most wanted list maintained by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) . The list arose from a conversation held in late 1949 between J. Edgar Hoover , Director of the FBI , and William Kinsey Hutchinson , International News Service ( the predecessor of the United Press International ) editor-in-chief , who were discussing ways to promote capture of the FBI 's `` toughest guys '' . This discussion turned into a published article , which received so much positive publicity that on March 14 , 1950 , the FBI officially announced the list to increase law enforcement 's ability to capture dangerous fugitives .   Individuals are generally only removed from the list if the fugitive is captured , dies , or if the charges against them are dropped ; they are then replaced by a new entry selected by the FBI . In nine cases , the FBI removed individuals from the list after deciding that they were no longer a `` particularly dangerous menace to society '' . Machetero member Víctor Manuel Gerena , added to the list in 1984 , was on the list for 32 years , which was longer than anyone else . Billie Austin Bryant spent the shortest amount of time on the list , being listed for two hours in 1969 . The oldest person to be added to the list was William Bradford Bishop on April 10 , 2014 at 77 years old . On rare occasions , the FBI will add a `` Number Eleven '' if that individual is extremely dangerous but the Bureau does not feel any of the current ten should be removed . Despite occasional references in the media , the FBI does not rank their list ; no suspect is considered '' # 1 on the FBI 's Most Wanted List '' or `` The Most Wanted . ''   The list is commonly posted in public places such as post offices . In some cases , fugitives on the list have turned themselves in on becoming aware of their listing . As of December 4 , 2014 , 504 fugitives have been listed , eight of them women , and 473 ( 94 % ) captured or located , 155 ( 31 % ) of them due to public assistance . On May 19 , 1996 , Leslie Isben Rogge became the first person on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list to be apprehended due to the internet . The FBI maintains other lists of individuals , including the Most Wanted Terrorists , along with crime alerts , missing persons , and other fugitive lists .   On June 17 , 2013 , the list reached the quantity of 500 fugitives .

neg: David Berkowitz David Richard Berkowitz ( born Richard David Falco ; June 1 , 1953 ) , known also as the Son of Sam and the .44 Caliber Killer , is an American serial killer who was convicted of eight separate shooting attacks that began in New York City during the summer of 1976 . The crimes were perpetrated with a .44 caliber Bulldog revolver . He killed six people and wounded seven others by July 1977 . As the number of victims increased , Berkowitz eluded the biggest police manhunt in the history of New York City while leaving letters that mocked the police and promised further crimes , which were highly publicized by the press . The killing spree terrorized New Yorkers and achieved worldwide notoriety .   On the evening of August 10 , 1977 , Berkowitz was taken into custody by New York City police homicide detectives in front of his Yonkers apartment building , and he was subsequently indicted for eight shooting incidents . He confessed to all of them , and claimed to have been obeying the orders of a demon , manifested in the form of a dog `` Harvey '' who belonged to his neighbor `` Sam '' . Despite his explanation , Berkowitz was found mentally competent to stand trial . He pleaded guilty to second-degree murder and was incarcerated in state prison . In the course of further police investigation , Berkowitz was also implicated in many unsolved arsons in the city .   Intense coverage of the case by the media lent a kind of celebrity status to Berkowitz , and some observers noted that he seemed to enjoy it . In response , the New York State legislature enacted new legal statutes , known popularly as `` Son of Sam laws '' , designed to keep criminals from profiting financially from the publicity created by their crimes . Despite various amendments and legal challenges , the statutes have remained law in New York , and similar laws have been enacted in several other states .   Berkowitz has been imprisoned since his arrest and is serving six consecutive life sentences . During the mid-1990s , he amended his confession to claim that he had been a member of a violent Satanic cult that orchestrated the incidents as ritual murder . He remains the only person ever charged with the shootings , yet some law enforcement authorities have questioned whether Berkowitz 's claims are credible . A new investigation of the murders began during 1996 , but was suspended indefinitely after inconclusive findings .

neg: Anson Chi Anson Chi was born in New York City . He attended Plano Senior High School at Plano , Texas , and graduated in 1996 . Chi was arrested for theft in 1998 in San Angelo , Texas .   In 2007 , Chi allegedly expressed support for tax protesters Edward and Elaine Brown . He posted a YouTube video stating that he would not file federal income tax returns or pay federal income tax .   In 2008 , he was sentenced to three years probation in Orange County , California on a weapons charge . According to the Associated Press , his three-year probation was revoked in 2009 . Chi also faced a charge in Collin County , Texas , for allegedly failing to identify himself as a fugitive .   Also in 2008 , he self-published a novel , Yellow on the Outside , Shame on the Inside : Asian Culture Revealed . In the book , he disclosed frustrations with his parents and allegedly threatened to kill himself .   On June 22 , 2012 , the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) arrested Chi after a series of suspicious explosions near midnight on the night of June 17 -- 18 , 2012 , near a gas pipeline in a residential area of Plano , Texas . Chi allegedly told police he had been hit by a car , but the police concluded that he was trying to tamper with a natural gas system and that a homemade bomb detonated in his possession . On June 25 , 2012 , the Dallas Morning News reported that during the investigation , law enforcement personnel found an explosive device in Chi 's residence , and that a `` bomb squad hauled a device out of the house , encased it in a protective steel container , buried it in a hole in Kaufman County and blew it up ... '' In connection with the incident , Chi was indicted by a Federal grand jury on a charge of possession of a destructive device in violation of the National Firearms Act ; the indictment was filed on July 11 , 2012 in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas .   On March 4 , 2013 , the Court ruled that Chi was competent to stand trial .   Anson Chi has been identified as being part of the sovereign citizen movement .   In a superseding indictment handed down on February 14 , 2013 , Chi was charged with possession of an unregistered firearm in the form of an explosive , malicious use of explosive materials , and using or carrying a destructive device during a crime of violence .   On June 3 , 2013 , Chi pleaded guilty to a charge of attempting to destroy a natural gas pipeline used in interstate commerce , and to a charge of possessing an explosive device not registered with the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record .   On December 12 , 2013 , Chi filed for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Protection in the United States Bankruptcy Court , Eastern District of Texas from the Collin County Detention Facility without the help of an attorney .   On February 26 , 2014 , the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas issued an order granting Chi 's motion to withdraw his guilty plea . On May 14 , 2014 , a Second Superseding Indictment was filed against Chi in the case . He was charged with one count of knowingly possessing a destructive device not registered to him in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record , in violation of , , , and ; one count of malicious use of an explosive , in violation of subsection ( i ) of ; one count of using or carrying a destructive device during a crime of violence , in violation of subsection ( c ) ( 1 ) ( B ) ( ii ) of ; and one count of making a false declaration before a court , in violation of .   Eventually , Chi again pleaded guilty . On June 11 , 2015 , he was sentenced to twenty years in prison , based on a guilty plea to one count of possession of an unregistered firearm , and one count of malicious use of an explosive device . The sentence was ten years on the first count and twenty years on the latter count , but the two sentences were ordered to be served concurrently . Chi was also ordered to pay other amounts , including $ 28,127.77 in restitution to Atmos Energy in connection with the damage to the pipe line .   Anson Chi is now incarcerated at the United States Penitentiary at Atlanta , Georgia , and is projected to be released on November 27 , 2029 .

neg: Murder of Lorenzo González Cacho Lorenzo Ahmed González Cacho ( November 29 , 2001 -- March 9 , 2010 ) was an eight-year-old Puerto Rican boy that was murdered in his home in Dorado , Puerto Rico on March 9 , 2010 . At the time of his death , his mother , Ana Cacho , and two sisters were at the house .   The case has gained notoriety in the island for the discrepancies and irregularities surrounding the evidence and testimonies about it , which initially led to the boy 's mother along with three other males to be labeled potential suspects by the island 's Secretary of Justice at the time Guillermo Somoza . However , on March 9 , 2015 , on the 5th year anniversary of the murder , the Puerto Rico Justice Department announced that the mother along with the three men , were no longer suspects .   The Department of Justice confirmed on March 7 , 2016 that charges be filed for the crime of first degree murder against Luis Gustavo Rivera Seijo , better known as `` El Manco '' , for the child 's death . On April 28 , 2016 charges against Rivera Seijo were dropped due to total lack of evidence ( DNA , fingerprints , etc. ) that could prove the presence of Rivera Seijo in Cacho 's residence . On June 7 , 2016 , in a trial on appeal , the charges against Rivera Seijo were dropped again due to total lack of evidence ( DNA , fingerprints , etc. ) that could prove the presence of Rivera Seijo in Cacho 's residence .

neg: House Taken Over `` House Taken Over '' ( Spanish : Casa tomada ) is a 1946 short story by Argentine writer Julio Cortázar . It was originally published in Los anales de Buenos Aires , a literary magazine edited by Jorge Luis Borges , and later included in his volume of stories Bestiario .   It tells the story of a brother and sister living together in their ancestral home which is being `` taken over '' by unknown entities . It starts in a realist manner and it slowly introduces a scene in which natural laws are distorted . The mystery that revolves around what those entities can be interpreted in several ways , and this also makes the genre of the story vary ( fantastic , psychological , magic realism , etc. ) .  Among the resources that are frequent in Cortázar 's story , graphic signs ( such as parenthesis ) are used to reflect censorship . The writer based the house on one located in the city of Chivilcoy in the Province of Buenos Aires , which can still be found in the streets Suipacha and Necochea .

neg: Raymond Lee Harvey Raymond Lee Harvey was an Ohio-born unemployed American drifter . He was arrested by the Secret Service after being found carrying a starter pistol with blank rounds , ten minutes before President Jimmy Carter was to give a speech at the Civic Center Mall in Los Angeles on May 5 , 1979 .   Although he had a history of mental illness , police investigated his claims that he was part of a four-man operation to assassinate the president . He claimed that he had been approached by three Latino men staying at the Alan Hotel who gave him the starter pistol , and asked him to shoot it into the ground to create a diversion , so they could then shoot the president from their hotel room during the distraction . According to Harvey , he fired seven blank rounds from the starter pistol on the hotel roof on the night of May 4 , to test how much noise it would make . He then spent the night in a room taken by one of the men , whom he knew as `` Julio '' , but who was later identified as a 21-year-old illegal Mexican alien who gave the name Osvaldo Espinoza Ortiz . At the time of his arrest , Harvey had eight spent rounds in his pocket , as well as 70 unspent blank rounds for the gun .   The names `` Lee Harvey '' and `` Osvaldo '' ( Osvaldo is the Spanish equivalent to `` Oswald '' ) drew comparisons to Lee Harvey Oswald , who assassinated President John F. Kennedy . This led conspiracy theorists to claim that the incident was set up to scare Carter into submission . Although originally dismissed as `` a tale spun by an intoxicated man , '' police investigating the claims found a room in the Alan Hotel rented under the name `` Umberto Camacho , '' the name of an alleged conspirator given by Ortiz , containing a shotgun case and three unspent rounds of ammunition . The occupant had checked out of the hotel room the day of the alleged assassination attempt .   Harvey was jailed on a $ 50,000 bond , given his transient status , and Ortiz was alternately reported as being held on a $ 100,000 bond as a material witness or held on a $ 50,000 bond being charged with burglary from a car . Charges against the pair were ultimately dismissed for a lack of evidence .   His age at the time of the event has been alternately given as 34 or 35 .

neg: Drug lord A drug lord , drug baron , kingpin , or narcotrafficker is a person who controls a sizable network of persons involved in the illegal drug trade . Such figures are often difficult to bring to justice , as they are normally not directly in possession of something illegal , but are insulated from the actual trade in drugs by several layers of underlings . The prosecution of drug lords is therefore usually the result of carefully planned infiltrations of their networks , often using informants from within the organization .

neg: Possession of stolen goods Possession of stolen goods is a crime in which an individual has bought , been given , or acquired stolen goods anyway .   In many jurisdictions , if an individual has accepted possession of goods or property and knew they were stolen , then the individual is typically charged with a misdemeanor or felony , depending on the value of the stolen goods . If the individual did not know the goods were stolen , then the goods are returned to the owner and the individual is not prosecuted . However , there are often exceptions , due to the difficulty of proving or disproving an individual 's knowledge that the goods were stolen .

neg: David Mahonski David Allen Mahonski ( May 27 , 1958 - November 28 , 1992 ) was an electrician from Williamsport , Pennsylvania who was shot by a White House guard on 15 March 1984 . The 25-year-old had been under FBI surveillance for making threats against then-president Ronald Reagan . He had been warned to stay away from the White House by United States Secret Service officers in the months leading up to the shooting .   On the day of the shooting he was noticed in front of the south grounds of the White House by security agents who then approached him . He pulled a sawed-off shotgun from beneath his coat , and one of the agents shot him in the arm with a revolver . He was subsequently arrested .   He was arraigned on March 16 , and scheduled for a psychiatric evaluation which later detected 'em otional problems . '