query: Hypothyroidism can lead to constipation.

pos: Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism , also called underactive thyroid or low thyroid , is a common disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone . It can cause a number of symptoms , such as poor ability to tolerate cold , a feeling of tiredness , constipation , depression , and weight gain . Occasionally there may be swelling of the front part of the neck due to goitre . Untreated hypothyroidism during pregnancy can lead to delays in growth and intellectual development in the baby , which is called cretinism .   Worldwide , too little iodine in the diet is the most common cause of hypothyroidism . In countries with enough iodine in the diet , the most common cause of hypothyroidism is the autoimmune condition Hashimoto 's thyroiditis . Less common causes include : previous treatment with radioactive iodine , injury to the hypothalamus or the anterior pituitary gland , certain medications , a lack of a functioning thyroid at birth , or previous thyroid surgery . The diagnosis of hypothyroidism , when suspected , can be confirmed with blood tests measuring thyroid-stimulating hormone ( TSH ) and thyroxine levels .   Prevention at the population level has been with the universal salt iodization . Hypothyroidism can be treated with levothyroxine . The dose is adjusted according to symptoms and normalization of the thyroxine and TSH levels . Thyroid medication is safe in pregnancy . While a certain amount of dietary iodine is important , excessive amounts can worsen certain types of hypothyroidism .   Worldwide about one billion people are estimated to be iodine deficient ; however , it is unknown how often this results in hypothyroidism . In the United States , hypothyroidism occurs in 0.3 -- 0.4 % of people . Subclinical hypothyroidism , a milder form of hypothyroidism characterized by normal thyroxine levels and an elevated TSH level , is thought to occur in 4.3 -- 8.5 % of people in the United States . Hypothyroidism is more common in women than men . People over the age of 60 are more commonly affected . Dogs are also known to develop hypothyroidism and in rare cases cats and horses can also have the disorder . The word `` hypothyroidism '' is from Greek hypo - meaning `` reduced '' , thyreos for `` shield '' , and eidos for `` form . ''

neg: Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism is the condition that occurs due to excessive production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland . Thyrotoxicosis is the condition that occurs due to excessive thyroid hormone of any cause and therefore includes hyperthyroidism . Some , however , use the terms interchangeably . Signs and symptoms vary between people and may include irritability , muscle weakness , sleeping problems , a fast heartbeat , heat intolerance , diarrhea , enlargement of the thyroid , and weight loss . Symptoms are typically less in the old and during pregnancy . An uncommon complication is thyroid storm in which an event such as an infection results in worsening symptoms such as confusion and a high temperature and often results in death . The opposite is hypothyroidism , when the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone .   Graves ' disease is the cause of about 50 % to 80 % of the cases of hyperthyroidism in the United States . Other causes include multinodular goiter , toxic adenoma , inflammation of the thyroid , eating too much iodine , and too much synthetic thyroid hormone . A less common cause is a pituitary adenoma . The diagnosis may be suspected based on signs and symptoms and then confirmed with blood tests . Typically blood tests show a low thyroid stimulating hormone ( TSH ) and raised T3 or T4 . Radioiodine uptake by the thyroid , thyroid scan , and TSI antibodies may help determine the cause .   Treatment depends partly on the cause and severity of disease . There are three main treatment options : radioiodine therapy , medications , and thyroid surgery . Radioiodine therapy involves taking iodine-131 by mouth which is then concentrated in and destroys the thyroid over weeks to months . The resulting hypothyroidism is treated with synthetic thyroid hormone . Medications such as beta blockers may control the symptoms , and anti-thyroid medications such as methimazole may temporarily help people while other treatments are having effect . Surgery to remove the thyroid is another option . This may be used in those with very large thyroids or when cancer is a concern . In the United States hyperthyroidism affects about 1.2 % of the population . It occurs between two and ten times more often in women . Onset is commonly between 20 and 50 years of age . Overall the disease is more common in those over the age of 60 years .

neg: Alcoholic hepatitis Alcoholic hepatitis is hepatitis ( inflammation of the liver ) due to excessive intake of alcohol . It is usually found in association with fatty liver , an early stage of alcoholic liver disease , and may contribute to the progression of fibrosis , leading to cirrhosis . Signs and symptoms of alcoholic hepatitis include jaundice , ascites ( fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity ) , fatigue and hepatic encephalopathy ( brain dysfunction due to liver failure ) . Mild cases are self-limiting , but severe cases have a high risk of death . Severe cases may be treated with glucocorticoids .

neg: Functional constipation Functional constipation , known as chronic idiopathic constipation ( CIC ) , is constipation that does not have a physical ( anatomical ) or physiological ( hormonal or other body chemistry ) cause . It may have a neurological , psychological or psychosomatic cause . A person with functional constipation may be healthy , yet has difficulty defecating .

neg: Chronic fatigue syndrome treatment Treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome ( CFS ) is variable and uncertain , and the condition is primarily managed rather than cured . Only two treatments , cognitive behavioral therapy and graded exercise therapy , have demonstrated reproducible evidence for their efficacy people with CFS who are walking . There are no Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) approved medications for ME/CFS treatment , although medications are used without approval for the illness ( off-label ) . Drugs have been used in experimental studies of the illness that have n't been approved for market for any condition in the United States ( for example , isoprinosine and rintatolimod ) . Other proposed treatments include medical treatments and alternative medicine . Even when treated , the prognosis of CFS is often poor . In one study , poor early management was reported to be a main risk factor for severe CFS ( delayed diagnosis , poor response to analgesics , physiotherapy , or alternative medicine ) , with associated variables including a poor relationship with the GP before and after diagnosis , and the involvement of a psychiatrist in initial treatment .   CFS management techniques include behavioral interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT , a form of psychological therapy ) , and graded exercise therapy ( GET ) . Based on evidence from multiple randomized clinical trials ( RCTs ) , a systematic review published in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine ( October 2006 ) stated that CBT and GET interventions showed promising results , appearing to reduce symptoms and improve function . The review stated that the evidence of effectiveness was inconclusive for most other interventions , with some reporting significant adverse effects . The wide variety of outcome measures used in CFS research was found to be a `` fundamental problem '' for assessing the effectiveness of interventions in general , and no intervention has proven to be effective in restoring the ability to work .   Recovery is `` rare '' even after a comprehensive rehabilitation programme .

neg: Kidney stone disease Kidney stone disease , also known as urolithiasis , is when a solid piece of material ( kidney stone ) occurs in the urinary tract . Kidney stones typically form in the kidney and leave the body in the urine stream . A small stone may pass without causing symptoms . If a stone grows to more than 5 mm it can cause blockage of the ureter resulting in severe pain in the lower back or abdomen . A stone may also result in blood in the urine , vomiting , or painful urination . About half of people will have another stone within ten years .   Most stones form due to a combination of genetics and environmental factors . Risk factors include high urine calcium levels , obesity , certain foods , some medications , calcium supplements , hyperparathyroidism , gout and not drinking enough fluids . Stones form in the kidney when minerals in urine are at high concentration . The diagnosis is usually based on symptoms , urine testing , and medical imaging . Blood tests may also be useful . Stones are typically classified by their location : nephrolithiasis ( in the kidney ) , ureterolithiasis ( in the ureter ) , cystolithiasis ( in the bladder ) , or by what they are made of ( calcium , uric acid , struvite , cystine ) .   In those who have had stones , prevention is by drinking fluids such that more than two liters of urine are produced per day . If this is not effective enough , thiazide diuretic , citrate , or allopurinol may be taken . It is recommended that soft drinks containing phosphoric acid ( typically colas ) be avoided . When a stone causes no symptoms , no treatment is needed . Otherwise pain control is usually the first measure , using medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or opioids . Larger stones may be helped to pass with the medication tamsulosin or may require procedures such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy , ureteroscopy , or percutaneous nephrolithotomy .   Between 1 % and 15 % of people globally are affected by kidney stones at some point in their life . In 2015 , 22.1 million cases occurred , resulting in about 16,100 deaths . They have become more common in the Western world since the 1970s . Generally , more men are affected than women . Kidney stones have affected humans throughout history with descriptions of surgery to remove them dating from as early as 600 BC .

neg: Anabolic steroid Anabolic steroids , also known more properly as anabolic-androgenic steroids ( AAS ) , are steroidal androgens that include natural androgens like testosterone as well as synthetic substances that are structurally related and have similar effects to testosterone . They are anabolic and increase protein within cells , especially in skeletal muscles . AAS also have varying degrees of androgenic and virilizing effects , including induction of the development and maintenance of masculine secondary sexual characteristics such as the growth of the vocal cords and body hair . The word anabolic , referring to anabolism , comes from the Greek ἀναβολή anabole , `` that which is thrown up , mound . '' They are one of three types of sex hormone agonists , the others being estrogens like estradiol and progestogens like progesterone .   AAS were synthesized in the 1930s , and are now used therapeutically in medicine to stimulate muscle growth and appetite , induce male puberty and treat chronic wasting conditions , such as cancer and . The American College of Sports Medicine acknowledges that AAS , in the presence of adequate diet , can contribute to increases in body weight , often as lean mass increases and that the gains in muscular strength achieved through high-intensity exercise and proper diet can be additionally increased by the use of AAS in some individuals .   Health risks can be produced by long-term use or excessive doses of AAS . These effects include harmful changes in cholesterol levels ( increased low-density lipoprotein and decreased high-density lipoprotein ) , acne , high blood pressure , liver damage ( mainly with most oral AAS ) , and dangerous changes in the structure of the left ventricle of the heart . Conditions pertaining to hormonal imbalances such as gynecomastia and testicular size reduction may also be caused by AAS .   Ergogenic uses for AAS in sports , racing , and bodybuilding as performance-enhancing drugs are controversial because of their adverse effects and the potential to gain unfair advantage in competitive physical competitions . Their use is referred to as doping and banned by most major sporting bodies . For many years , AAS have been by far the most detected doping substances in IOC-accredited laboratories . In countries where AAS are controlled substances , there is often a black market in which smuggled , clandestinely manufactured or even counterfeit drugs are sold to users .

neg: Testosterone and the cardiovascular system The predominant androgen in men , testosterone , has shown to substantially decline throughout the aging process . The decline in both serum and total testosterone with age have been linked to several disease states in men . In particular , cardiac failure and ischemic heart disease have been linked to this natural biochemical decline in testosterone . Previously , the higher cardiovascular risk in men has been attributed in part to the negative effects of systemic testosterone , however , more recent research has highlighted the protective nature of testosterone against cardiovascular disease . The magnitude and mechanism of action by which low testosterone in men is influential in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular risk and the potential benefits of testosterone therapy has yet to be fully determined .

neg: Hypoplasia Hypoplasia ( from Ancient Greek ὑπo - hypo - , `` under '' + πλάσις plasis , `` formation '' ; adjective form hypoplastic ) is underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ . Although the term is not always used precisely , it properly refers to an inadequate or below-normal number of cells . Hypoplasia is similar to aplasia , but less severe . It is technically not the opposite of hyperplasia ( too many cells ) . Hypoplasia is a congenital condition , while hyperplasia generally refers to excessive cell growth later in life . ( Atrophy , the wasting away of already existing cells , is technically the direct opposite of both hyperplasia and hypertrophy . )   Hypoplasia can be present in any tissue or organ . It is descriptive of many medical conditions , including underdevelopment of organs such as :   Breasts during puberty  Testes in Klinefelter 's syndrome  Ovaries in Fanconi anemia , gonadal dysgenesis , trisomy X  Thymus in DiGeorge syndrome  Labia majora in popliteal pterygium syndrome  Corpus callosum , connecting the two sides of the brain , in Agenesis of the corpus callosum  Cerebellum caused by mutation in the Reelin gene  Tooth caused by oral pathology , such as Turner 's hypoplasia  Chambers of the heart in hypoplastic left heart syndrome and hypoplastic right heart syndrome  Optic nerve in optic nerve hypoplasia  Sacrum in sacral agenesis  Facial muscle in asymmetric crying facies  Thumb from birth  Lungs , often as a result of oligohydramnios during gestation or the existence of congenital diaphragmatic hernia  Small bowel in coeliac disease  Fingers and ears in Harlequin type ichthyosis  Mandible in congenital hypothyroidism

neg: Immunosuppressive drug Immunosuppressive drugs or immunosuppressive agents or antirejection medications are drugs that inhibit or prevent activity of the immune system . They are used in immunosuppressive therapy to :  Prevent the rejection of transplanted organs and tissues ( e.g. , bone marrow , heart , kidney , liver )  Treat autoimmune diseases or diseases that are most likely of autoimmune origin ( e.g. , rheumatoid arthritis , multiple sclerosis , myasthenia gravis , psoriasis , vitiligo , systemic lupus erythematosus , sarcoidosis , focal segmental glomerulosclerosis , Crohn 's disease , Behcet 's Disease , pemphigus , and ulcerative colitis ) .  Treat some other non-autoimmune inflammatory diseases ( e.g. , long term allergic asthma control ) , ankylosing spondylitis .   A common side-effect of many immunosuppressive drugs is immunodeficiency , because the majority of them act non-selectively , resulting in increased susceptibility to infections and decreased cancer immunosurveillance . There are also other side-effects , such as hypertension , dyslipidemia , hyperglycemia , peptic ulcers , lipodystrophy , moon face , liver and kidney injury . The immunosuppressive drugs also interact with other medicines and affect their metabolism and action . Actual or suspected immunosuppressive agents can be evaluated in terms of their effects on lymphocyte subpopulations in tissues using immunohistochemistry .   Immunosuppressive drugs can be classified into five groups :  glucocorticoids  cytostatics  antibodies  drugs acting on immunophilins  other drugs .

neg: Hypermetabolism Hypermetabolism is the physiological state of increased rate of metabolic activity and is characterized by an abnormal increase in the body 's basal metabolic rate . Hypermetabolism is accompanied by a variety of internal and external symptoms , most notably extreme weight loss , and can also be a symptom in itself . This state of increased metabolic activity can signal underlying issues , especially hyperthyroidism or fatal familial insomnia . The drastic impact of the hypermetabolic state on patient nutritional requirements is often understated or overlooked as well .   Hypermetabolism typically occurs after significant injury to the body . In hospitals and institutions , the most common causes are infections , sepsis , burns , multiple traumas , fever , long-bone fractures , hyperthyroidism , prolonged steroid therapy , surgery and bone marrow transplants . Hypermetabolism may occur in particular in the brain after traumatic brain injury . The cause and location of hypermetabolic symptoms within the body can be accurately detected by PET scan . Symptoms will usually subside once the underlying illness or injury is treated .

neg: Porphyria Porphyria is a group of diseases in which substances called porphyrins build up , affecting the skin or nervous system . The types that affect the nervous system are also known as acute porphyria . Symptoms of acute porphyria include abdominal pain , chest pain , vomiting , confusion , constipation , fever , and seizures . These symptoms typically come and go with attacks that last for days to weeks . Attacks may be triggered by alcohol , smoking , stress , or certain medications . If the skin is affected , blisters or itching may occur with sunlight exposure .   The disease is usually inherited from a person 's parents and is due to a mutation in one of the genes that make heme . Some types are autosomal dominant and others are autosomal recessive . One type , porphyria cutanea tarda , may also be due to increased iron in the liver , hepatitis C , alcohol , or HIV/AIDS . The underlying mechanism results in a decrease in the amount of heme produced and a build-up of substances involved in making heme . Porphyrias may also be classified by whether the liver or the bone marrow is affected . Diagnosis is typically by blood , urine , and stool tests . Genetic testing may be done to determine the specific mutation .   Treatment depends on the type of porphyria and a person 's symptoms . The treatment of porphyria of the skin generally involves the avoidance of sunlight . The treatment for acute porphyria may involve giving intravenous heme or a glucose solution . Rarely a liver transplant may be carried out .   The frequency of porphyria is unclear . It is estimated that it affects 1 to 100 per 50,000 people . Rates vary around the world . Porphyria cutanea tarda is believed to be the most common type . The disease was described at least as early as 370 BC by Hippocrates . The underlying mechanism was first described by Felix Hoppe-Seyler in 1871 . The name porphyria is from the Greek πορφύρα , porphyra , meaning `` purple '' , a reference to the color of the urine that may occur during an attack .

neg: Synactive Theory of Newborn Behavioral Organization and Development The Synactive Theory of Newborn Behavioral Organization and Development ( Synaction n. , or Synactive adj. -LSB- from the Greek syn `` together '' and the Latin actio `` action , '' resulting in : `` together in action '' -RSB- ) suggests that development of the human fetus , and later newborn , proceeds through the constant balancing of approach and avoidance behaviors , leading to : 1 ) a continuous interaction of the subsystems ( i.e. , Autonomic , Motor , State and Attention/Interaction , and Regulatory ) and their increasingly defined delineations within the organism , that is the infant , and 2 ) the organism 's interaction with the environment at large . This process is aimed at bringing about the increasingly well-defined species-unique developmental agenda .   Figure 1 ( below ) , provides a graphic representation of the Synactive Theory of development , as applied to both fetal and newborn stages . It focuses upon the infant 's within-organism , four subsystems of functioning , and their continuous interaction with each other and with the environment across time ( i.e. , `` together in action , '' or synaction ) . The four subsystems include the :   Autonomic Subsystem : Expressed in the pattern of respiration ( e.g. , fast , slow , pauses ) color changes ( e.g. , pink , pale , red ) , neurological indicators ( e.g. , seizures , tremulousness ) , and visceral or gut signals such as bowel movements , gagging , and hiccoughing ;   Motor Subsystem : Observable through the tone , posture and movement patterns of the infant ;   State and Attention/Interaction Subsystem : Expressed via : 1 ) the range of states available to the infant ( i.e. , deep sleep , light sleep , drowsy , alert , hyperalert , and cry ) , 2 ) how clearly it is to observably differentiate one state from the other , and 3 ) the patterns of transitions from one state to another ( e.g. , smooth well-differentiated state transitions versus abrupt unorganized state transitions ) .   The attention/interaction system is set within this state continuum ( i.e. , from deep sleep to cry ) and represented by the infant 's ability to adjust the robustness and increasing refinement of an alert , attentive state . The infant uses this state to take in cognitive and social information from the environment as well as to bring forth and modify inputs from the surrounding world ; and   Regulatory Subsystem : Behaviorally represented via the observable strategies the infant uses ( Self-Regulation ) in maintaining a balanced , relatively stable and relaxed state of subsystem of functioning or in returning to this a state of subsystem functioning if imbalance , or stress has occurred within the subsystems .   An additional component of the regulatory subsystem is observable in the kind and amount of support offered by the caregiver ( e.g. , supporting a soft , tucked , flexed position of the infant 's arms and legs ) or by the environment ( e.g. , dimming the lights in the nursery ) . This Co-Regulation may be necessary to help the infant 's return to balance in situations when his/her own self-regulatory capacities are exceeded .   Reproduced with permission from Als , H. Toward a synactive theory of development : Promise for the assessment of infant individuality . Infant Mental Health Journal . 1982 : ( 3 ) : 229-243 ; p. 234 .   The graphic representation of the Synactive Theory above depicts the developing organism , that is , the infant , in constant interaction with the environment from within the womb to the newborn intensive care unit ( NICU ) , and the caregiving family 's support in the NICU , to the family in their home . Newborn infants are actively striving for their next steps in development , while depending upon `` good enough '' environments and care to assure progress along their developmental agenda .   The Synactive Theory of Development continues to be instrumental in guiding clinicians ( e.g. , neonatologist , nurses , psychologists , developmental specialists , physical/occupational therapists , etc. ) and researchers in their understanding of the often very small steps in development that prematurely born and other high risk newborns attempt to accomplish ( which are major steps for their immature or injured brain ) . This theory gives professionals the framework and tools with which to identify the infant 's strengths , challenges and accomplishments . Such accomplishments may include breathing , sucking and swallowing in a coordinated sequence ; moving food down into and through the stomach and intestinal track instead of upwards , leading to reflux and vomiting ; looking at the caregiver and breathing at the same time , as well as many others .   The Synactive Theory is the foundation of both : 1 ) the Assessment of Preterm Infants ' Behavior ( APIB ) , a standardized comprehensive newborn test , and 2 ) the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program ( NIDCAP ) , which is the care and intervention approach , that focuses on each infant 's behavioral cues ( e.g. , hand ( s ) to mouth , bracing with feet against a supporting surface ) in order to support the infant 's strengths and reduce the infant 's vulnerabilities . The infant 's family is viewed as the infant 's most important nurturer and is integrated in all care from the infant 's birth on throughout the infant 's hospitalization .

neg: Dose dumping Dose dumping is a phenomenon of drug metabolism in which environmental factors can cause the premature and exaggerated release of a drug . This can greatly increase the concentration of a drug in the body and thereby produce adverse effects or even drug-induced toxicity .   Dose dumping is most commonly seen in drugs taken by mouth and digested in the gastrointestinal tract . Around the same time patients take their medication , they can also ingest other substances like fatty meals or alcohol that increase drug delivery . The substances may act on the drug 's capsule to speed up drug release , or they may stimulate the body 's absorptive surfaces to increase the rate of drug uptake .   Dose dumping is a disadvantage found in extended release dosage form .   In general , drug companies try to avoid drugs with significant dose dumping effects . Such drugs are prone to problems and are often pulled from the market . Such was the case with the pain medication Palladone Once Daily formulation due to its dose-dumping effects when taken with alcohol .

neg: 5-HT2C receptor agonist Serotonin 5-HT2 receptors are stimulated by monoamine neurotransmitters including serotonin , dopamine and norepinephrine . 5-HT2 receptor stimulation causes a buildup of intracellular inositol triphosphate and thereby an increase of cytosolic Ca2 + . 5-HT2C receptor agonists are attractive drug targets that have potential use in the treatment of a number of conditions including obesity , psychiatric disorders , sexual dysfunction and urinary incontinence .   The 5-HT2C receptors are one of three subtypes that belong to the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor subfamily along with 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors . The development of 5-HT2C agonists has been a major obstacle , because of severe side effects due to a lack of selectivity over 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors . Activation of 5-HT2A receptors can induce hallucinations , and the activation of 5-HT2B receptors has been implicated in cardiac valvular insufficiency and possibly in pulmonary hypertension .

neg: Pulmonary aspiration Pulmonary aspiration is the entry of material ( such as pharyngeal secretions , food or drink , or stomach contents ) from the oropharynx or gastrointestinal tract into the larynx ( voice box ) and lower respiratory tract ( the portions of the respiratory system from the trachea -- i.e. , windpipe -- to the lungs ) . A person may either inhale the material , or it may be delivered into the tracheobronchial tree during positive pressure ventilation . When pulmonary aspiration occurs during eating and drinking , the aspirated material is often colloquially referred to as `` going down the wrong pipe . ''   Consequences of pulmonary aspiration range from no injury at all , to chemical pneumonitis or pneumonia , to death within minutes from asphyxiation . These consequences depend in part on the volume , chemical composition , particle size , presence or absence of infectious agents , and underlying health status of the person . In healthy people , aspiration of small quantities of material is common and rarely results in disease or injury . People with significant underlying disease or injury , especially hospitalized patients , are at greater risk for developing respiratory complications following pulmonary aspiration because of certain factors such as depressed level of consciousness and impaired airway defenses ( gag reflex and/or respiratory tract antimicrobial defense system ) . As the lumen of the right main bronchus is more vertical and of slightly wider diameter than that of the left , aspirated material is more likely to end up in this bronchus or one of its subsequent bifurcation .   About 3.6 million cases of pulmonary aspiration or foreign body in the airway occurred in 2013 .

neg: Hormone replacement therapy Hormone replacement therapy ( HRT ) is any form of hormone therapy wherein the patient , in the course of medical treatment , receives hormones , either to supplement a lack of naturally occurring hormones or to substitute other hormones for naturally occurring hormones . Common forms of hormone replacement therapy include :   Hormone replacement therapy for menopause is based on the idea that the treatment may prevent discomfort caused by diminished circulating estrogen and progesterone hormones , or in the case of the surgically or prematurely menopausal , that it may prolong life and may reduce incidence of dementia . It involves the use of one or more of a group of medications designed to artificially boost hormone levels . The main types of hormones involved are estrogens , progesterone , or progestins , and sometimes , testosterone . It is often referred to as `` treatment '' rather than therapy .  Hormone replacement therapy for transgender people introduces hormones associated with the gender that the patient identifies with ( notably testosterone for trans men and estrogen for trans women ) . Some intersex people may also receive HRT . Cross-sex hormone treatment for transgender individuals is divided into two main types : hormone replacement therapy ( female-to-male ) and hormone replacement therapy ( male-to-female ) .  Androgen replacement therapy ( andropausal and ergogenic use ) is a hormone treatment often prescribed to counter the effects of male hypogonadism . It is also prescribed to lessen the effects or delay the onset of normal male aging . Additionally , androgen replacement therapy is used for men who have lost their testicular function to disease , cancer , or other causes .

neg: X-linked recessive hypoparathyroidism X-linked recessive hypoparathyroidism is a rare , congenital form of hypoparathyroidism .

neg: Safety of electronic cigarettes The safety of electronic cigarettes is uncertain . There is little data about their safety , and considerable variability among e-cigarettes and in their liquid ingredients and thus the contents of the aerosol delivered to the user . Reviews on the safety of e-cigarettes have reached significantly different conclusions . A 2014 World Health Organization ( WHO ) report cautioned about potential risks of using e-cigarettes . Regulated US Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) products such as nicotine inhalers are likely safer than e-cigarettes , . A systematic review suggests that e-cigarettes are less harmful than smoking and since they contain no tobacco and do not involve combustion , users may avoid several harmful constituents usually found in tobacco smoke . However , e-cigarettes can not be considered harmless .   E-cigarettes have been found to reduce lung and myocardial function , increase inflammation , and have toxic content including carcinogens , but to a much lower extent than combustible cigarettes in virtually all cases . The long-term effects of e-cigarette use are unknown . A 2015 study found serious adverse events related to e-cigarettes were hypotension , seizure , chest pain , rapid heartbeat , disorientation , and congestive heart failure but it was unclear to the degree they were the result of e-cigarettes . Less serious adverse effects may include abdominal pain , headache , blurry vision , throat and mouth irritation , vomiting , nausea , and coughing . A 2014 WHO report said , `` ENDS -LSB- electronic nicotine delivery system -RSB- use poses serious threats to adolescents and fetuses . '' Aside from toxicity exposure in normal use , there are also risks from misuse or accidents such as nicotine poisoning ( especially among infants and children ) , contact with liquid nicotine , fires caused by vaporizer malfunction , and explosions resulting from extended charging , unsuitable chargers , or design flaws . Battery explosions are caused by an increase in internal battery temperature and some have resulted in severe skin burns . There is a small risk of battery explosion in devices modified to increase battery power .   The cytotoxicity of e-liquids varies , and contamination with various chemicals have been detected in the liquid . Metal parts of e-cigarettes in contact with the e-liquid can contaminate it with metals . Many chemicals including carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde can inadvertently be produced when the nichrome wire ( heating element ) that touches the e-liquid is heated and chemically reacted with the liquid . Normal usage of e-cigarettes , and reduced voltage ( 3.0 V ) devices generate very low levels of formaldehyde . Later-generation e-cigarettes used with higher power may generate equal or higher levels of formaldehyde than compared to smoking . A 2015 review found that these levels were the result of overheating under test conditions that bear little resemblance to common usage . A 2015 Public Health England ( PHE ) report found that high levels of formaldehyde only occurred in overheated `` dry-puffing '' . Users detect the `` dry puff '' and avoid it , and they concluded that `` There is no indication that EC users are exposed to dangerous levels of aldehydes . '' However , e-cigarette users may `` learn '' to overcome the unpleasant taste due to elevated aldehyde formation , when the nicotine craving is high enough . E-cigarette users who use devices that contain nicotine are exposed to its potentially harmful effects . Nicotine is associated with cardiovascular disease , potential birth defects , and poisoning . In vitro studies of nicotine have associated it with cancer , but carcinogenicity has not been demonstrated in vivo . There is inadequate research to demonstrate that nicotine is associated with cancer in humans . The risk is probably low from the inhalation of propylene glycol and glycerin . No information is available on the long-term effects of the inhalation of flavors .   E-cigarettes create an aerosol that consists of fine and ultrafine particles of particulate matter , with the majority of particles in the ultrafine range . The vapor have been found to contain flavors , propylene glycol , glycerin , nicotine , tiny amounts of toxicants , carcinogens , heavy metals , and metal nanoparticles , and other substances . Exactly what the vapor comprises varies in composition and concentration across and within manufacturers . E-cigarette vapor potentially contains harmful substances not found in tobacco smoke . The majority of toxic chemicals found in tobacco smoke are absent in e-cigarette vapor . E-cigarette vapor contains lower concentrations of potentially toxic chemicals than with cigarette smoke . Those which are present , are mostly below 1 % the corresponding levels permissible by workplace safety standards . But workplace safety standards do not recognize exposure to certain vulnerable groups such as people with medical ailments , children , and infants who may be exposed to second-hand vapor . Concern exists that some of the mainstream vapor exhaled by e-cigarette users may be inhaled by bystanders , particularly indoors . E-cigarette use by a parent might lead to inadvertent health risks to offspring . A 2014 review recommended that e-cigarettes should be regulated for consumer safety . There is limited information available on the environmental issues around production , use , and disposal of e-cigarettes that use cartridges .

neg: Hypochondriasis Hypochondriasis , also known as hypochondria , health anxiety or illness anxiety disorder , refers to worry about having a serious illness . This debilitating condition is the result of an inaccurate perception of the condition of body or mind despite the absence of an actual medical condition . An individual suffering from hypochondriasis is known as a hypochondriac . Hypochondriacs become unduly alarmed about any physical or psychological symptoms they detect , no matter how minor the symptom may be , and are convinced that they have , or are about to be diagnosed with , a serious illness .   Often , hypochondria persists even after a physician has evaluated a person and reassured them that their concerns about symptoms do not have an underlying medical basis or , if there is a medical illness , their concerns are far in excess of what is appropriate for the level of disease . Many hypochondriacs focus on a particular symptom as the catalyst of their worrying , such as gastro-intestinal problems , palpitations , or muscle fatigue . To qualify for the diagnosis of hypochondria the symptoms must have been experienced for at least 6 months .   The DSM-IV-TR defines this disorder , `` Hypochondriasis '' , as a somatoform disorder and one study has shown it to affect about 3 % of the visitors to primary care settings . The newly published DSM-5 replaces the diagnosis of hypochondriasis with the diagnoses of `` somatic symptom disorder '' and `` illness anxiety disorder '' .   Hypochondria is often characterized by fears that minor bodily or mental symptoms may indicate a serious illness , constant self-examination and self-diagnosis , and a preoccupation with one 's body . Many individuals with hypochondriasis express doubt and disbelief in the doctors ' diagnosis , and report that doctors ' reassurance about an absence of a serious medical condition is unconvincing , or short-lasting . Additionally , many hypochondriacs experience elevated blood pressure , stress , and anxiety in the presence of doctors or while occupying a medical facility , a condition known as `` white coat syndrome '' . Many hypochondriacs require constant reassurance , either from doctors , family , or friends , and the disorder can become a disabling torment for the individual with hypochondriasis , as well as his or her family and friends . Some hypochondriacal individuals completely avoid any reminder of illness , whereas others frequently visit medical facilities , sometimes obsessively . Some sufferers may never speak about it .

neg: Zona fasciculata The zona fasciculata constitutes the middle and also the widest zone of the adrenal cortex , sitting directly beneath the zona glomerulosa . Constituent cells are organized into bundles or `` fascicles '' .   The zona fasciculata chiefly produces glucocorticoids ( mainly cortisol in the human ) , which regulates the metabolism of glucose , especially in times of stress ( e.g. , part of the fight-or-flight response ) , it is stimulated by the hormone Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ( ACTH ) which is released from the anterior portion of the pituitary and axised upon this adrenal gland . This tissue also generates a small amount of weak androgens ( e.g. , dehydroepiandrosterone ) . The main source of androgens will come from the zona reticularis region . In certain animals such as rodents , the lack of 17alpha-hydroxylase results in the synthesis of corticosterone instead of cortisol .   Steroid-producing adrenal tumours and hyperplasia of the zona fasciculata result in excess cortisol production and are the cause for adrenal Cushing 's syndrome . The genetic disorder McCune-Albright syndrome can also present Cushing 's syndrome in affected patients .


query: Bob Riley's birthday is October 3rd, 1944.

pos: Bob Riley Robert Renfroe Riley ( born October 3 , 1944 ) is an American politician who was the 52nd Governor of Alabama from 2003 to 2011 . He is a member of the Republican Party .

neg: 1944 NCAA Track and Field Championships The 1944 NCAA Track and Field Championships were contested at the 23rd annual NCAA-hosted track meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men 's collegiate track and field events in the United States . This year 's events were hosted by Marquette University at Marquette Stadium in Milwaukee , Wisconsin .   Illinois captured their third team championship ( and first since 1927 ) .

neg: Bobby Scott (musician) Robert William `` Bobby '' Scott ( January 29 , 1937 -- November 5 , 1990 ) was an American musician , record producer , and songwriter .

neg: Robert Gibbons (poet) Robert Gibbons ( born October 4 , 1946 ) is an American poet , prose writer , editor .

neg: Goodnight, Sweetheart (film) Goodnight , Sweetheart is a 1944 American comedy film directed by Joseph Santley and written by Isabel Dawn and Jack Townley . The film stars Robert Livingston , Ruth Terry , Henry Hull , Grant Withers , Thurston Hall and Lloyd Corrigan . The film was released on June 17 , 1944 , by Republic Pictures .

neg: Bob Warman Robert Paul `` Bob '' Warman ( born 11 October 1946 ) is an English television presenter , born at Chuckery , Walsall , West Midlands ( then Staffordshire ) .

neg: Bob Roberts (singer) Robert A. `` Bob '' Roberts ( April 27 , 1879 -- January 21 , 1930 ) , sometimes referred to as `` Ragtime '' Bob Roberts , was an American novelty singer in the early years of the 20th century .

neg: Riley P. Bechtel Riley Peart Bechtel ( CBE ) ( born March 25 , 1952 ) is an American heir and businessman . He serves as the Chairman of the Bechtel Corporation .

neg: Bob Sweeney (actor and director) Bob Sweeney ( October 19 , 1918 -- June 7 , 1992 ) was an actor , director and producer of radio , television and film .

neg: Bob Scott (Australian footballer) Robert `` Bob '' Scott ( 27 October 1894 -- 23 October 1990 ) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) .

neg: Bobby (Bobby Brown album) Bobby is the third studio album by American R&B singer Bobby Brown , released in 1992 by MCA Records .   The album continued the R&B / new-jack sound of its successful predecessor , Do n't Be Cruel . Babyface , L.A. Reid , and Daryl Simmons returned as songwriters and producers , however Brown also worked with new producers , most notably Teddy Riley , who was considered a pioneer of the new jack swing genre . Riley also co-wrote and produced the majority of the album . Brown also had more creative input and control of the album , becoming an executive producer and co-writing seven of the album 's thirteen tracks .   Bobby peaked at # 2 on the US Billboard 200 album chart , and spawned two Top 10 Billboard Hot 100 singles : `` Humpin ' Around '' ( # 3 ) and `` Good Enough '' ( # 7 ) . The album also peaked at # 1 on the Billboard R&B Albums chart and reached # 2 in Australia .   The album included Brown 's first duet with wife Whitney Houston on `` Something in Common '' , which was also released as a single .   Bobby generally received mixed reviews from music critics . Brown received his second Grammy nomination for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance at the 35th Annual Grammy Awards for `` Humpin ' Around '' .   The album has been certified 2x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of over two million units in the United States .

neg: William Bell Riley William Bell Riley ( March 22 , 1861 in Greene County , Indiana , USA -- December 5 , 1947 in Golden Valley , Minnesota ) was known as `` The Grand Old Man of Fundamentalism . '' After being educated at normal school in Valparaiso , Indiana , Riley received his teacher 's certificate . After teaching in county schools , he attended college in Hanover , Indiana , where he received an A.B. degree in 1885 . In 1888 he graduated from the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville , Kentucky . In 1908 , the Southwestern Baptist University of Jackson , Tennessee , conferred upon Riley an honorary D.D. degree . He served several Baptist churches in Kentucky , Indiana , and Illinois before taking the pastorate at the First Baptist Church in Minneapolis , Minnesota in 1897 .

neg: Bob Young (news anchor) Robert H. `` Bob '' Young ( November 7 , 1923 -- January 19 , 2011 ) was a television news journalist for ABC News . He served as the anchor of The ABC Evening News ( now known as World News Tonight ) from October 1967 to May 1968 . Young 's most noteworthy broadcast took place on April 4 , 1968 , when he anchored ABC 's coverage of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. .   After leaving ABC , Young went to WCBS-TV in New York City where he anchored the 11:00 p.m. newscast until 1971 . He later returned to radio news anchoring at New York 's all-news WINS ( AM ) , NBC Radio News and UPI Audio . He then turned to public relations work .   Young died on January 19 , 2011 in Ridgewood , New Jersey , at the age of 87 .

neg: Riley, Kansas Riley is a city in Riley County , Kansas , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 939 .

neg: Bob Taft Robert Alphonso Taft III ( born January 8 , 1942 ) is an American politician who was the 67th Governor of Ohio between 1999 and 2007 . After leaving office , Taft started working for the University of Dayton beginning August 15 , 2007 . He is a member of the Republican Party .

neg: Bob Butterworth Robert A. `` Bob '' Butterworth , Jr. ( born August 20 , 1942 ) is an American attorney and politician from the U.S. state of Florida .

neg: Bob Rogers (disc jockey) Bob Rogers OAM ( born 3 December 1926 ) is an Australian disc jockey and radio broadcaster . He presents The Bob Rogers Show , Monday to Friday between 9 am and 1 pm , and the six-hour Saturday evening Reminiscing program on Sydney radio station 2CH .

neg: Bob Thomas (actor) Bob Thomas ( born March 1 , 1954 in Appalachia , Virginia ) is a radio personality , actor , and writer . He was one of the top radio announcers in Knoxville , Tennessee for 25 years . As an actor , he has appeared in many films and hundreds of commercials . He wrote two episodes of the popular TV show Lizzie McGuire . In 2004 , his voice was heard as `` Slammin ' Sammy '' in the film Friday Night Lights .  He is the father of actor Jake Thomas .

neg: Bob Carleton Robert Louis Carleton ( aka Bob Carleton ) ( November 8 , 1894 or 1896 , Missouri -- July 13 , 1956 , Burbank , California ) was an American pianist and composer of popular music .   He composed over 500 songs , including the World War I hit , `` Ja-Da '' in 1918 . His surname is often misspelled as `` Carlton . '' He made a brief appearance as a pianist in the 1946 film Bringing Up Father .   He was married to Mary Louise Carleton and had two daughters , Jaleta and Judy , and a son , Robert .


query: It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia airs on FX.

pos: It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia is an American television black comedy sitcom that premiered on FX on August 4 , 2005 . It moved to FXX beginning with the ninth season , and has remained there since . It was created by Rob McElhenney , who developed it with Glenn Howerton . It is executive produced and primarily written by McElhenney , Howerton , and Charlie Day , all of whom star alongside Kaitlin Olson and Danny DeVito . The series follows the exploits of `` The Gang '' , a group of self-centered friends who run the Irish bar Paddy 's Pub in South Philadelphia .   The series was renewed for a twelfth season that premiered on January 4 , 2017 . On April 1 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a thirteenth and fourteenth season , which will tie it with The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet as the longest running live-action sitcom in American TV history .

neg: Ally McBeal Ally McBeal is an American legal comedy-drama television series , originally aired on Fox from September 8 , 1997 to May 20 , 2002 . Created by David E. Kelley , the series stars Calista Flockhart in the title role as a young lawyer working in the fictional Boston law firm Cage and Fish , with other young lawyers whose lives and loves were eccentric , humorous and dramatic . The series received critical acclaim in its early seasons , winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy in 1997 and 1998 , and also winning the Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in 1999 .

neg: Sunny Isles Beach, Florida Sunny Isles Beach ( SIB , officially City of Sunny Isles Beach ) is a city located on a barrier island in northeast Miami-Dade County , Florida , United States . The city is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east and the Intracoastal Waterway on the west .   Sunny Isles Beach is an area of cultural diversity with stores lining Collins Avenue , the main thoroughfare through the city .   It is a growing resort area and developers such as Michael Dezer have invested heavily in construction of high-rise hotels and condominiums while licensing the Donald Trump name for some of the buildings for promotional purposes . Sunny Isles Beach has a central location , minutes from Bal Harbour to the south , and Aventura to the north and west .   Sunny Isles Beach was also the 2008 site of MTV 's annual `` Spring Break '' celebration , with headquarters at the local Newport Beachside Resort .

neg: 1994 United States broadcast TV realignment The 1994 United States broadcast television realignment consisted of a series of events , primarily involving affiliation switches between television stations , that resulted from a multimillion-dollar deal between the Fox Broadcasting Company ( commonly known as simply Fox ) and New World Communications , a media company that -- through its then-recently formed broadcasting division -- owned several VHF television stations affiliated with major broadcast television networks , primarily CBS .   The major impetus for the changes was to allow Fox to improve its local affiliate coverage , in preparation for the commencement of its rights to the National Football Conference ( NFC ) television package , which the National Football League ( NFL ) awarded to the fledgling network in December 1993 . As a result of various other deals that followed as a result of the affiliation switches created by the deal between Fox and New World , most notably the buyout of CBS by Westinghouse , the switches constituted some of the most sweeping changes in American television history . As a result of this realignment , Fox ascended to the status of a major television network , comparable in influence to the Big Three television networks ( CBS , NBC and ABC ) .   Nearly 70 stations in 30 media markets throughout the United States changed affiliations starting in September 1994 and continuing through September 1996 ( although an additional affiliation switch would occur in February 1997 , through the launch of an upstart station that gained its network partner through one of the ancillary deals ) , which -- along with the concurrent January 1995 launches of The WB Television Network ( a joint venture between Time Warner , the Tribune Company and the network 's founding chief executive officer , Jamie Kellner ) and the United Paramount Network ( UPN ) ( founded by Chris-Craft/United Television , through a programming partnership with Paramount Television ) , both of which affiliated with certain stations that lost their previous network partners through the various affiliation agreements -- marked some of the most expansive changes ever to have occurred in American television .

neg: History of Saturday Night Live (1995–2000) Saturday Night Live is an American sketch comedy series created and produced by Lorne Michaels for most of the show 's run . The show has aired on NBC since 1975 .   After a disastrous 1994 -- 95 season featuring a mix of old and new characters , Michaels decided to once again revamp the cast , keeping only five cast members and hiring six . The 1995 -- 96 season once again saved the show from cancellation , introducing a new era of Saturday Night Live characters and sketches that were highly popular with audiences .   This cast stayed mostly stable until the 1998 -- 99 season , which added cast members such as Jimmy Fallon and Horatio Sanz . These two would pave the way for the next era of Saturday Night Live in the early 2000s .

neg: The Simpsons (season 25) The Simpsons '' ' twenty-fifth season began airing on Fox on September 29 , 2013 and ended on May 18 , 2014 .   In this season , Homer sells his Mapple stock to buy a bowling ball ; Marge blames herself and Kiss for Bart 's rebellious streak ( `` Four Regrettings and a Funeral '' ) ; Lisa becomes a cheerleader for Springfield 's football team ; and Homer delivers a baby ( `` Labor Pains '' ) . Guest stars for this season include Judd Apatow , Will Arnett , Anderson Cooper , Harlan Ellison , Zach Galifianakis , Stan Lee , Eva Longoria , Rachel Maddow , Elisabeth Moss , Joe Namath , Daniel Radcliffe , Aaron Sorkin , and Kristen Wiig . This is Al Jean 's 13th consecutive season as showrunner and 15th overall . Matt Groening , James L. Brooks , Matt Selman , and John Frink serve as executive producers . Executive producer Al Jean stated that Edna Krabappel will be retired from the show following the death of Marcia Wallace on October 25 , 2013 .   February 2014 held back Simpsons episodes , due to the transmission of the Super Bowl XLVIII in East Rutherford , New Jersey , United States ; the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia ; the 2014 Daytona 500 in Daytona Beach , Florida , US ; and the 86th Academy Awards in Hollywood , Los Angeles , California .   This season The Simpsons '' won three Primetime Emmy Awards out of four nominations , including an Primetime Emmy Award for Character Voice-Over Performance to Harry Shearer , who was the last member of the main cast to earn the award .

neg: The Comedy Festival The Comedy Festival , formerly known as the US Comedy Arts Festival , was a comedy festival that ran from 1995 to 2008 . The festival included stand-up comedy performances , appearances by the casts of television shows , and has a film component called the Film Discovery Program .   The first 13 editions of the US Comedy Arts Festival were held annually at the Wheeler Opera House and other venues in Aspen , Colorado . Comedian Joe Rogan says the festival 's location at the time was for the `` Executives to ski '' . The primary sponsor of the festival was HBO , with co-sponsorship by Caesars Palace ( the primary venue ) , TBS , GEICO Insurance , Twix candy bars and Smirnoff Vodka . In-between , HBO had started a spin-off version simply named The Comedy Festival , which was held in Las Vegas , Nevada , since 2006 in collaboration with the Anschutz Entertainment Group . The Aspen event folded in 2007 once HBO exited the festival business , considering the expenditures too high . TBS picked up the Las Vegas event in 2008 , and organized a follow-up edition that year , also arranging for other comedy festivals in collaboration with Just For Laughs . In turn , Aspen replaced the festival with similar events , the Aspen RooftopComedy Festival and the Aspen Laff Festival .

neg: List of tallest buildings in Philadelphia Philadelphia , the largest city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania , is home to 389 completed high-rises , 32 of which stand taller than 400 ft. The tallest building in the city is currently the 58-story Comcast Center , which rises 975 ft in Center City . Comcast Center is also the tallest building in Pennsylvania and the 20th-tallest building in the United States . The second-tallest building is One Liberty Place , which rises 61 floors and 945 ft. One Liberty Place stood as the tallest building in Pennsylvania for over 20 years until the completion of Comcast Center in 2008 . Overall , seven of the ten tallest buildings in Pennsylvania are in Philadelphia , with the remainder being in Pittsburgh . Philadelphia is one of only five American cities with two or more completed buildings over 900 ft tall .   Philadelphia 's history of tall buildings is generally thought to have begun with the 1754 addition of the steeple to Christ Church , which was one of America 's first high-rise structures . Through most of the 20th century , a `` gentlemen 's agreement '' prevented buildings from rising higher than the 548-ft ( 167-m ) Philadelphia City Hall . Despite this , Philadelphia amassed a large collection of high-rise buildings . The completion of One Liberty Place in 1987 broke the agreement , and Philadelphia has since seen the construction of eight skyscrapers that eclipse City Hall in height .   Philadelphia has twice held the tallest habitable building in North America , first with Christ Church , then with City Hall . The latter reigned as the world 's tallest building from 1894 to 1908 , and is currently the world 's second-tallest masonry building , only 1.6 ft shorter than Mole Antonelliana in Turin . Like other large American cities , Philadelphia went through a massive building boom in the 1970s and 1980s , resulting in the completion of over 20 high-rise buildings .   , there are several major high-rise construction projects underway in Philadelphia . The largest of these projects is the Comcast Innovation and Technology Center , which began construction in 2014 and will rise 1121 ft upon completion . The Comcast Innovation and Technology Center will surpass Comcast Center by over 100 ft to become the tallest skyscraper in Pennsylvania and the tallest building in the country outside of New York and Chicago .   __ TOC __

neg: Philip Morris Playhouse Philip Morris Playhouse is a 30-minute old-time radio dramatic anthology series .   The program '' -LSB- g -RSB- enerally ... featured straight and crime drama , '' radio historian John Dunning wrote . He noted that one of the directors was William Spier , who `` had directed Suspense in its salad days and brought to The Philip Morris Playhouse the same slick production '' that was used in Suspense .   Philip Morris Playhouse was broadcast on CBS June 30 , 1939 -- February 18 , 1944 , then returned to the air ( again on CBS ) November 5 , 1948 -- July 29 , 1949 . The 1948 edition replaced a giveaway show , Everybody Wins . Its third and final incarnation on radio was a bit more complicated , as explained on The Digital Deli Too website : The emerging popularity of between three and five other popular playhouse formats of the early 1950s persuaded Philip Morris to resurrect its Philip Morris Playhouse a third time as Phillip Morris Playhouse On Broadway , beginning with its initial CBS run on March 15 , 1951 . Emphasizing Broadway productions , the subsequent series ran over CBS for twenty-six installments , only to jump to NBC on September 11 , 1951 . The series ran on NBC for the remainder of 1951 , jumping back to CBS on January 13 , 1952 . CBS aired the remainder of the canon through September 2 , 1953 .   In 1951 , a trade publication reported that the program 's annual budget was $ 1 million .

neg: Living Single Living Single is an American television sitcom that aired for five seasons on the Fox network from August 29 , 1993 , to January 1 , 1998 . The show centered on the lives of six friends who share personal and professional experiences while living in a Brooklyn brownstone .   Throughout its run , Living Single became one of the most popular African-American sitcoms of its era , ranking among the top five in African-American ratings in all five seasons . The series was produced by Yvette Lee Bowser 's company , Sister Lee , in association with Warner Bros. . Television . In contrast to the popularity of NBC 's `` Must See TV '' -- first on Sunday nights and then later on Thursday nights in the 1990s -- many African-American and Latino viewers flocked to Fox . For the 1993 -- 94 season , Living Single aired on Sunday nights between Martin and Married ... with Children , and then on Thursday nights from 1994 to 1998 .

neg: The Simpsons The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series is a satirical depiction of working-class life epitomized by the Simpson family , which consists of Homer , Marge , Bart , Lisa , and Maggie . The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield and parodies American culture , society , television , and the human condition .   The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks . Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family , substituting Bart for his own name . The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 , 1987 . After a three-season run , the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became an early hit for Fox , becoming the network 's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season ( 1989 -- 90 ) .   Since its debut on December 17 , 1989 , episodes of The Simpsons have been broadcast . Its 28th season began on September 25 , 2016 . It is the longest-running American sitcom and the longest-running American animated program , and , in 2009 , it surpassed Gunsmoke as the longest-running American scripted primetime television series . The Simpsons Movie , a feature-length film , was released in theaters worldwide on July 27 , 2007 , and grossed over $ 527 million . On November 4 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a twenty-ninth and thirtieth season of 22 episodes each , extending the show to 2019 .   The Simpsons received widespread critical acclaim throughout its first nine seasons , which are generally considered its `` Golden Age '' . Time named it the 20th century 's best television series , and Erik Adams of The A.V. Club named it `` television 's crowning achievement regardless of format '' . On January 14 , 2000 , the Simpson family was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series , including 31 Primetime Emmy Awards , 30 Annie Awards , and a Peabody Award . Homer 's exclamatory catchphrase `` D'oh ! '' has been adopted into the English language , while The Simpsons has influenced many adult-oriented animated sitcoms . Despite this , the show has also been criticized for what many perceive as a decline in quality over the years .

neg: Food Network Food Network ( legally known as Television Food Network ) is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Television Food Network , G.P. , a joint venture between Scripps Networks Interactive ( which owns 70 % of the network ) and the Tribune ( FN ) Cable Ventures Inc. ( which owns the remaining 30 % ) . Despite this ownership structure , the channel is managed as a division of Scripps Networks Interactive . The channel airs both specials and regular episodic programs about food and cooking .   In addition to its headquarters in New York City , Food Network has offices in Atlanta , Los Angeles , San Francisco , Chicago , Detroit , Jersey City , Cincinnati , and Knoxville , Tennessee .   As of February 2015 , Food Network is available to approximately 96,931,000 pay television households ( 83.3 % of households with television ) in the United States .

neg: That '80s Show That '80s Show is an American sitcom that aired from January through May 2002 . Despite having a similar name , show structure , and many of the same writers and production staff , it is not considered a direct-sequel of the more successful That '70s Show . The characters and story lines from both shows never crossed paths . Although the main character , Corey Howard ( Glenn Howerton ) , is designed as Eric Forman 's ( Topher Grace ) cousin , the show itself was a separate decade-based show created because of That '70s Show '' 's popularity at the time .   The show was set in 1984 and revolved around the lives of a group of friends living in San Diego , California . It debuted January 23 , 2002 , and the final episode aired May 29 , 2002 . Its regular time slot was on Wednesday nights at 8:00 / 7:00 Central on the Fox Network , although a few shows were aired on different nights . Its main time slot competitors were ABC 's My Wife and Kids , CBS 's 60 Minutes II , and NBC 's Ed '' . All 13 episodes , which were filmed at CBS Studio Center , aired at least once .

neg: The Channel Magazine The Channel Magazine ( referred to as The Channel ) is an American entertainment magazine , headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania and owned by All Access Media , Inc. . The first issue was published on April 23 , 2007 , and is known as being among the more informative entertainment magazines in the business . The magazine focuses on music , film , fashion , entertainment business , and popular culture .

neg: The Fox (brand) The Fox is a brand name used for a variety of radio stations in numerous broadcast markets in the United States , many of which are owned by Clear Channel Communications , though there are several that are not owned by Clear Channel . Clear Channel currently holds the trademark to the Fox brand name based on individual markets .   Most `` The Fox '' stations mainly play a Classic rock format and have varied logos , though many have a fox mascot . These stations are not directly associated in any way with Fox Sports Radio , Fox News Radio or Fox television network .   Coincidentally , however , Clear Channel owns most `` The Fox '' - branded rock stations and many Fox Sports Radio stations ( as well as the Fox Sports Radio network ) . As a result , many radio stations with call signs containing the letters `` FX '' are shared between Clear Channel stations with those two formats ( for example , WOFX-AM in Albany and WOFX-FM in Cincinnati , the former carries Fox Sports Radio and the latter is branded as `` The Fox '' ) .

neg: Always (brand) Always is a brand of feminine hygiene products , including maxi pads , ultra thin pads , pantiliners , and feminine wipes , produced by Procter & Gamble . It was first introduced in the United States in test markets in the spring of 1983 , then nationally in May of 1984 . By the end of 1984 , Always had also been introduced internationally in United Kingdom , Canada , France , Germany , and Africa . According to Rising Tide : Lessons from 165 Years of Brand Building at Procter & Gamble , Always was Procter & Gamble 's `` first truly global brand . ''   Always is sold under the name Whisper in Japan , Singapore , India , China , South Korea , Philippines , Thailand , Hong Kong , Taiwan , Vietnam , Malaysia , Australia , Cambodia , Mongolia , and Indonesia , under the name Lines in Italy , under the name Orkid in Turkey , and under the names Evax and Ausonia in Spain and Portugal . Marketing for the product includes the company 's BeingGirl website .

neg: List of former NBC television affiliates The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American broadcast television network that originated as a radio network in November 1926 , and expanded into television in April 1939 . Throughout its history , the network has had many owned-and-operated and affiliated stations .   This article is a table listing of former NBC stations , arranged alphabetically by state , and based on the station 's city of license as well as its Designated Market Area ; it is also accompanied by footnotes regarding the present network affiliation of the former NBC-affiliated station ( if the station remains operational ) and the current NBC affiliates in each of the listed markets , as well as any other notes including the reasons behind each station 's disaffiliation from the network . There are links to and articles on each of the stations , describing their histories , local programming and technical information , such as broadcast frequencies .   The station 's advertised channel number follows the call letters . In most cases , this is their virtual channel ( PSIP ) number , which may match the channel allocation that the station originally broadcast on during its prior affiliation with the network .

neg: 9th Primetime Emmy Awards The 9th Emmy Awards , later referred to as the 9th Primetime Emmy Awards , were held on March 16 , 1957 to honor the best in television of the year . The ceremony was held at the NBC Studios in Burbank , California . Desi Arnaz hosted the event . All nominations are listed , with winners in bold and series ' networks are in parentheses . Categories were sorted based on running time , instead of by genre .   The top shows of the night were Caesar 's Hour and Playhouse 90 . Each show won a then-record five major awards , ( however , two of Playhouse 90 's wins came in now defunct categories ) .   Caesar 's Hour became the first show to be nominated in all four major acting categories . Caesar 's Hour also made history when it swept the four acting categories . After over fifty years , it remains the only comedy or drama series to win every major acting award . In 2004 , the miniseries Angels in America became the second show , and first miniseries/television movie , to sweep the acting field .

neg: TV One (U.S. TV network) TV One ( stylized as TV ONΞ ) is an American digital cable and satellite television network that is owned by Urban One ( formerly Radio One until May 8 , 2017 ) , having acquired Comcast 's stake in the TV network in 2015 . Headquartered in Silver Spring , Maryland , TV One 's programming targets African American adults with a broad mix of original lifestyle and entertainment-oriented series , documentaries , movies , concert performances and reruns of sitcoms from the 1970s through the 2000s .   As of February 2015 , TV One is available to approximately 57 million pay television households ( 48.9 % of households with at least one television set ) in the United States .

neg: Friday Nite Improvs Friday Nite Improvs , or Friday Night Improvs ( FNI ) , is a long-running weekly improvisational comedy show staged on the campus of the University of Pittsburgh in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The show functions as an improv jam , performed by improv actors who do n't normally work together . FNI is unique in that , in addition to the audience 's providing improv suggestions , the performers are all pulled from volunteers in the audience .   Friday Nite Improvs is the longest-running theatrical/comedic production in the city of Pittsburgh . The show regularly features actors from every improv group in Pittsburgh , and alumni have gone on to act , write , and produce for television and film .   Readers of the Pittsburgh City Paper ranked Friday Nite Improvs as the 3rd best place to see comedy in Pittsburgh in the 2004 `` Best of Pittsburgh '' survey behind the professional stand-up clubs The Improv and The Funnybone .   College Prowler ranked Friday Nite Improvs as the ninth best thing about Pitt .

neg: Everybody Loves Raymond Everybody Loves Raymond is an American television sitcom starring Ray Romano , Patricia Heaton , Brad Garrett , Doris Roberts , Peter Boyle , Madylin Sweeten , and Monica Horan . It premiered on CBS on September 13 , 1996 , and concluded on May 16 , 2005 after nine seasons . Many of the situations from the show could be inspired by the real-life experiences of Romano , creator/producer Phil Rosenthal , and the show 's writing staff . The main characters on the series might possibly be loosely based on Romano and Rosenthal 's real-life family members .