query: Plantation era ended before the late 18th century.

pos: Plantation era The Plantation era , also loosely referred to as the Antebellum era , was a period in the history of the Southern United States , from the late 18th century until the start of the American Civil War in 1861 ( which ended slavery in the United States and destroyed much of the economic landscape of the South ) , marked by the economic growth of the South , based on slave-driven plantation farming .   Much of the economic growth of this era can be attributed to the rise of the plantation system and the use of slave labor , which many historians believe to be responsible for the economic woes of the South during the Reconstruction Era . The concurrent rise in large-scale farming and in plantation slavery has led to studies on the institution of slavery as an economic system .   The plantation system eventually grew to form the industrial and social frame of government in the Southern slave states , while the associated institution of slavery became the basis of the Southern social system , ideology , and a set of psychological patterns .

neg: Crown Estate The Crown Estate is a collection of lands and holdings in the United Kingdom belonging to the British monarch as a corporation sole , making it the `` Sovereign 's public estate '' , which is neither government property nor part of the monarch 's private estate . As a result of this arrangement , the sovereign is not involved with the management or administration of the estate , exercising only very limited control of its affairs . Instead , the estate 's extensive portfolio is overseen by a semi-independent , incorporated public body headed by the Crown Estate Commissioners , who exercise `` the powers of ownership '' of the estate , although they are not `` owners in their own right '' . The revenues from these hereditary possessions have been placed by the monarch at the disposition of Her Majesty 's Government and thus proceed directly to Her Majesty 's Treasury for the benefit of the British nation . The Crown Estate is formally accountable to the Parliament of the United Kingdom , where it is legally mandated to make an annual report to the sovereign , a copy of which is forwarded to the House of Commons .   The Crown Estate is one of the largest property managers in the United Kingdom , overseeing property worth # 12 billion , with urban properties valued at # 9.1 billion representing the majority of the estate by value . These include a large number of properties in central London , but the estate also controls 792000 ha of agricultural land and forest , more than half of the UK 's foreshore , and retains various other traditional holdings and rights , including Ascot Racecourse and Windsor Great Park . Naturally occurring gold and silver in the UK , collectively known as `` Mines Royal '' , are managed by The Crown Estate and leased to mining operators .   Historically , Crown Estate properties were administered by the reigning monarch to help fund the business of governing the country . However , in 1760 , George III surrendered control over the Estate 's revenues to the treasury , thus relieving him of the responsibility of personally paying for the costs of the civil service , defence costs , the national debt , and his own personal debts . In return , he received an annual grant known as the Civil list . By tradition , each subsequent monarch agreed to this arrangement upon his or her accession . However , from 1 April 2012 , under the terms of the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 ( SSG ) , the Civil List was abolished and the monarch was thenceforth provided with a stable source of revenue indexed to a percentage of the Crown Estate 's annual net revenue ( currently set at 15 % ) . This was intended to provide a long-term solution and remove the politically sensitive issue of Parliament having to debate the Civil List allowance every ten years . Subsequently , the Sovereign Grant Act allows for all future monarchs to simply extend these provisions for their reigns by Order in Council . The act does not imply any legal change on the nature of the estate 's ownership , but is simply a benchmark by which the sovereign grant is set as a grant by Parliament .

neg: Anderson House (Danburg, Georgia) Anderson House is an historic building located in Danburg , Georgia , United States and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places .   The Greek Revival home probably incorporates an earlier structure built in the 1790s and may have been built by Dr. W.D. Quinn . John Anderson built the home as it now stands . The columns were made in Savannah and the mirrors and cornices were made in England . Fine furniture and imported curtains came from New York City and Chicago . The 24x35 foot banquet room and the old stone kitchen were located in a separate building connected to the main home by a breezeway .   The last Anderson to live in the home was Miss Pink Anderson . This was during the Great Depression and there was no money to maintain the home . The formal gardens and fountain were long gone and vines and undergrowth had taken over . The home set empty for many years until it was purchased in 1962 by Ernest Walker who painted and remodeled the home . The roof of the old kitchen and dining room had fallen in , with only the 16-18 '' walls standing , and was demolished . Richard Simms , who bought the home in 1972 , added a welcoming porch in the back . They also added a picket fence where an original black iron fence had once been . The home is currently owned by Vinnie and Roderick Dowling . The front porch with its columns faced the formal gardens , fountains , and holly trees . It also had a greenhouse , brick walkways , and a gazebo .   A relative of Ernest Walker stated that when Walker purchased the Anderson House there were two slave cabins still intact directly behind the main house and that the cabins had sleeping lofts and were very spartan inside . They were made of pine . A canning shed was located directly west of the house , built in the style of the main house and somewhat ornate in decoration.In the attic of the main house there were old trunks filled with `` day ledgers '' from the store that served the community and the plantation dating to the late 1800s . Also in the attic were old dress-maker 's forms and an assortment of old clothes .   The home is related to the Willis-Sale-Stennett House ( 1857 ) and the Chennault House ( completed 1858 ) .

neg: Isle of Canes Isle of Canes ( ISBN 1-59331-306-3 ) , a novel by Elizabeth Shown Mills , follows an African family from its importation and enslavement in 1735 through four generations of freedom in Creole Louisiana to its re-subjugation by Jim Crow at the close of the nineteenth century . Mills explores the family 's `` struggle to find a place in -LSB- a -RSB- tightly defined world of black and white '' -- a world made more complex by the larger struggle of Louisiana 's native ancien regime to preserve its culture amid the Anglo-Protestant `` invasion '' that followed the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 and the resulting battle for political and social hegemony . Isle 's central theme is the ambiguous lives of those who escaped colonial slavery only to find they could not survive as free without complicity in the slave regime .   The novel 's subject-family is one that has been both romanticized and excoriated by journalists , academics , descendants , and current websites over the past half-century . Isle 's interpretation of their controversial role is based heavily on the author 's original research across three decades in the archives of six nations , and actual documents are interspersed throughout the novel . The author 's research began in 1972 when she was employed by a preservation society to document the history of one Isle landmark , Melrose Plantation .   Critical assessments of Isle of Canes focus on its upturning of stereotypes . Contemporary Lit describes the focus as `` Gone with the Wind from a vastly different , more important perspective ... not that of the plantation owner or the poor white ... but homme de couleur libre and slave ... capturing the agonizing decisions which tore families and communities apart . '' Historical Novels Review similarly observes , `` The Metoyers , a historical family both black and white and yet neither , challenge all perceptions of racial boundaries . You may never look at American History the same way again . ''   The Isle community is also the focus in Lalita Tademy 's Oprah Book Club pick , Cane River . Mills 's Isle explores the colonial roots of the community and the experience of slaves who achieved freedom prior to the onset of Louisiana 's Creole-Anglo conflict . Tademy 's story , whose earliest slave generations are based upon research by Mills and her daughter , portrays the mid-nineteenth -- and early-twentieth-century experiences of the community 's slave families who envied , respected , and resented the free status of the Isle 's Creoles de couleur libre -- some of whose blood they shared .   A third , much older novel , Lyle Saxon 's Children of Strangers , depicts the state of servitude into which the Islanders were subjected by the early twentieth-century . Saxon 's era was one in which the chatelaine of the family 's last remaining manor house ( Melrose Plantation , a National Historic Landmark since 1976 ) was an Anglo patroness of the arts , who encouraged Saxon to visit and `` observe '' the community first hand . Saxon 's portrayal captures the mindset of that era 's white population , who vacillated between economic exploitation of the Islanders , sexual attraction to their women , and a paternalistic view of the multiracial Creoles as `` simple people , but our people . ''   Historians struggle to understand the complexities of the Peculiar Institution -- particularly the motivation that compelled a significant number of freed American slaves to purchase other humans once free to do so . Edward P. Jones lays out one psychological path in The Known World creating a fictional anti-hero , the Black Virginian Henry Townsend , who is consumed by his self-centered ambition . Isle of Canes reconstructs the world of an actual family to define a radically different but equally uncomfortable trajectory by which more than a few ex-slaves survived a status many historians consider `` neither slave nor free . ''

neg: End of an Era The term End of an Era may be used :

neg: Virginia's Indentured Servants' Plot A sizable indentured servant 's uprising occurred in Virginia in 1661 over the issue of adequate food . The customary ration for servants at the time included meat three times a week . When a planter named Major Goodwin decided to keep his servants on a diet of cornbread and water , discontent followed . Leaders of the servants named Isaac Friend and William Cluton determined to petition the king for redress .   According to one witness , the plot became more troublesome to the plantation owners when Isaac Friend stated , `` they would get a matter of Forty of them together and get Gunnes , and he ( Cluton ) would be the first and lead them and cry as they went along ` who would be for liberty and freed from bondage ? ' and that there would enough come to them , and they would goe through the country and Kill those that made any opposition , and that they would either be free or die for it '' . ( Punctuation editor 's . )   The York county court settled the case by bounding William Cluton over for inciting servants to rebellion , but after several witnesses testified to his good character , the judges discharged him . Isaac Friend escaped punishment as well . The court admonished the masters and magistrates to keep a close watch on their servants . In 1662 a law was passed which restrained servants from `` unlawful '' meetings under heavy penalties .

neg: Trustee Georgia Trustee Georgia is the name of the period covering the first twenty years of Georgia history , from 1732 -- 1752 , because during that time the English Province of Georgia was governed by a Board of Trustees . England 's King George II , for whom the colony was named , signed a charter establishing the colony and creating its governing board on July 7 , 1732 . His action culminated a lengthy process .   The charter was granted to the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America , a group formed by James Oglethorpe . Oglethorpe envisioned the province as a location for the resettlement of English debtors and `` the worthy poor '' , although few debtors were part of the organized settlement of Georgia . Another motivation for the founding of the colony was to create a `` buffer state '' ( border ) , or `` garrison province '' that would defend the southern part of the British colonies from Spanish Florida and French Mississippi . Oglethorpe envisioned a province populated largely by yeoman farmers who would secure the southern frontier of British America ; because of this , as well as on moral grounds , the colony 's regulations prohibited slavery .   Oglethorpe 's plan for settlement ( now known as the Oglethorpe Plan ) was founded on eighteenth-century country party philosophy and drew from principles of Roman colonial town design .

neg: 1800s (decade) The 1800s decade lasted from January 1 , 1800 , to December 31 , 1809 .

neg: Post-industrial economy A post-industrial economy refers to a period of growth within an industrialized economy or nation in which the relative importance of manufacturing reduces and that of services , information , and research grows .  Such economies are often marked by :  A declining manufacturing sector , resulting in deindustrialization ,  a large service sector , and  an increase in the amount of information technology , often leading to an `` information age '' . Information , knowledge , and creativity are the new raw materials of such an economy .   The industry aspect of a post-industrial economy is sent into less developed nations which manufacture what is needed at lower costs ( see outsourcing ) . This occurrence is typical of nations that industrialized in the past such as the United States and most Western European countries .

neg: Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation The Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation are descendants of the historic Saponi and other Siouan-speaking Indians who occupied the Piedmont of North Carolina and Virginia . The community is located primarily in Pleasant Grove Township , Alamance County , North Carolina . The tribe maintains an office in Mebane , where it carries out programs to benefit the roughly 701 enrolled tribal members .   Limited documentation exists linking members of the tribe to the historical Occaneechi and Saponi tribes . After warfare in the Southeast in the 18th century , most of the remaining Saponi tribe members went north in 1740 for protection with the Iroquois . After the American Revolution , they relocated with the Iroquois in Canada , as they had been allies of the British .   After the war and migration , the Saponi disappeared from the historical record in the Southeast , in part because of racial discrimination that often included them in records only as free blacks or free people of color , when the states and federal government had no category in censuses for American Indian . In addition , because slavery became essentially a racial caste , southern society tended to classify people with any African ancestry as black , rather than recognizing mixed ancestry . This was especially true in the late 19th and early 20th century , after white Democrats regained control of state legislatures across the South and imposed a binary system of racial segregation .   Remnant Saponi who stayed in North Carolina were mostly acculturated . The community was traditionally located at the old `` Little Texas '' community of Pleasant Grove Township , where the tribe owns 25 acre of land . In the twentieth century , the tribe worked to revive its cultural traditions . It is developing a tribal center facility . This will include a reconstructed 1700 Occaneechi village , museum , log farm from the 1880s , community meeting space , and classroom areas .

neg: Slave Power The Slave Power or Slaveocracy was the perceived political power in the U.S. federal government held by slave owners during the 1840s and 1850s , prior to the Civil War . Antislavery campaigners during this period bitterly complained about what they saw as disproportionate and corrupt influence wielded by wealthy Southerners . The argument was that this small group of rich slave owners had seized political control of their own states and were trying to take over the federal government in an illegitimate fashion in order to expand and protect slavery . The argument was widely used by the Republican Party that formed in 1854 -- 55 to oppose the expansion of slavery .   The main issue expressed by the term slave power was distrust of the political power of the slave-owning class . Such distrust was shared by many who were not abolitionists ; those who were motivated more by a possible threat to the political balance or the impossibility of competing with unwaged slave labor , than by concern over the treatment of slaves . Those who differed on many other issues ( such as hating blacks or liking them , denouncing slavery as a sin or promising to guarantee its protection in the Deep South ) could unite to attack the slaveocracy . The `` Free Soil '' element emphasized that rich slave owners would move into new territory , use their cash to buy up all the good lands , then use their slaves to work the lands , leaving little opportunity room for free farmers . By 1854 the Free Soil Party had largely merged into the new Republican party .   The term was popularized by antislavery writers such as John Gorham Palfrey , Josiah Quincy III , Horace Bushnell , James Shepherd Pike , and Horace Greeley . Politicians who emphasized the theme included John Quincy Adams , Henry Wilson and William Pitt Fessenden . Abraham Lincoln used the concept after 1854 but not the term . They showed through a combination of emotive argument and hard statistical data that the South had long held a disproportionate level of power in the United States . Historian Allan Nevins contends that `` nearly all groups ... steadily substituted emotion for reason . ... Fear fed hatred , and hatred fed fear . ''   The existence of a Slave Power was dismissed by Southerners at the time , and rejected as false by many historians of the 1920s and 1930s , who stressed the internal divisions in the South before 1850 . The idea that the Slave Power existed has partly come back at the hands of neoabolitionist historians since 1970 , and there is no doubt that it was a powerful factor in the Northern anti-slavery belief system . It was standard rhetoric for all factions of the Republican party .

neg: Preemption (land) Preemption was a term used in the nineteenth century United States to refer to a settler 's right to purchase public land at a federally set minimum price ; it was a right of first refusal . Usually this was conferred to male heads of households who developed the property into a farm . If he was a citizen or was taking steps to become one and he and his family developed the land ( buildings , fields , fences ) he had the right to then buy that land for the minimum price . Land was otherwise sold through auction , typically at a price too high for these settlers . Preemption is similar to squatter 's rights and mining claims .   Preemption was politically controversial , primarily among land speculators and their allies in government . In the early history of the United States , and even to some degree during the colonial era , settlers were moving into the `` virgin wilderness '' and building homes and farms without regard to land title . The improvements increased the value of all the nearby property . Eventually the political opposition by the speculators crumbled and the Preemption Act of 1841 was passed .   The Preemption Act of 1841 was abused by speculators who now operated as money lending businesses , or were able to coerce accomplices to falsely claim they were living on land that they wanted . A common example of the latter practice was in the logging industry in the upper Midwest , where mill workers who lived in mill towns made a preemption claim on timber land that would then be harvested by the mill owners . Another avenue of fraud was the Desert Land Act , which did not include the residence requirement , although the preempting claimant still needed to improve the land , primarily by providing a water source . In California , tens of thousands of acres of land were claimed via false preemptors -- `` dummy entrymen '' -- on behalf of several large land speculating companies .   The Preemption Act of 1841 was pivotal , but was neither the beginning nor the end of the issue of preemption . The Land Act of 1804 , the Homestead Act , the aforementioned Desert Land Act , and other similar land acts addressed the issue of preemption .

neg: Estate (land) Historically an estate comprises the houses and outbuildings and supporting farmland and woods that surround the gardens and grounds of a very large property , such as a country house or mansion . It is the modern term for a manor , but lacks the latter 's now abolished jurisdictional authority . It is an `` estate '' because the profits from its produce and rents are sufficient to support the household in the house at its center , formerly known as the manor house . Thus `` the estate '' may refer to all other cottages and villages in the same ownership as the mansion itself , covering more than one former manor . Examples of such great estates are Woburn Abbey in Bedfordshire , England , and Blenheim Palace , Oxfordshire built to replace the former manor house of Woodstock .   `` Estate '' , with its `` stately home '' connotations , has been a natural candidate for inflationary usage during the 20th century . An estate properly so-called should comprise several farms , and is not well used to describe a single farm .   More generally and usually in modern times , an estate is any large packet of land in single ownership : see   Council estate  Housing estate  Industrial estate

neg: Cherry Grove Plantation Cherry Grove Plantation is a historic plantation in Natchez , Mississippi .

neg: Bristol slave trade Bristol is a city in the South West of England , on the River Avon which flows into the Severn Estuary . Because of Bristol 's position on the River Avon , it has been an important location for marine trade for centuries . The city 's involvement with the slave trade peaked between 1730 and 1745 , when it became the leading slaving port .   Bristol used its position on the Avon to trade all types of goods . Bristol 's port was the second largest in England after London . Countries that Bristol traded with included France , Spain , Ireland , Portugal , and North Africa 's Barbary Coast . Bristol 's main export was woollen cloth . Other exports included coal , lead , and animal hides . Imports into Bristol included wine , grain , slate , timber , and olive oil . Trading with the various colonies in the Caribbean and North America began to flourish during the Interregnum of Oliver Cromwell ( 1649 -- 1660 ) .   The Royal African Company , a London-based trading company , had control over all trade between countries in Britain and Africa before the year 1698 At this time , only ships owned by the Royal African Company could trade for anything , including slaves . Slaves were increasingly an important commodity at the time , since the British colonization in the Caribbean and the Americas in the 17th century . The Society of Merchant Venturers , an organization of elite merchants in Bristol , wanted to commence participation in the African slave trade , and after much pressure from them and other interested parties in and around Britain , the Royal African Company 's control over the slave trade was broken in 1698 .   As soon as the monopoly was broken , what is thought to have been the first `` legitimate '' Bristol slave ship , the Beginning , owned by Stephen Barker , purchased a cargo of enslaved Africans and delivered them to the Caribbean . Some average slave prices were # 20 , # 50 , or # 100 . In her will of 1693 , Jane Bridges , Widow of Leigh Upon Mendip bequeathes her interest of # 130 in this very ship to her grandson Thomas Bridges and indicates that the vessel was owned by the City of Bristol . Business boomed ; however , due to the over-crowding and harsh conditions on the ships , it is estimated that approximately half of each cargo of slaves did not survive the trip across the Atlantic .   The triangular trade was a route taken by slave merchants during the years 1697 and 1807 . The areas covered by the triangular trade was England , North West Africa and finally The Caribbean . Profits of 50-100 % were made during the 18th century . Over 500,000 slaves were brought into slavery by these ships , representing one-fifth of the British slave trade during this time .

neg: Freedom suit Freedom suits were lawsuits in the Thirteen Colonies and the United States filed by enslaved people against slaveholders to assert claims to freedom , often based on descent from a free maternal ancestor , or time held as a resident in a free state or territory .   The right to petition for freedom descended from English common law and allowed people to challenge their enslavement or indenture . Petitioners challenged slavery both directly and indirectly , even if slaveholders generally viewed such petitions as a means to uphold rather than undermine slavery . Beginning with the colonies in North America , legislatures enacted slave laws that created a legal basis for `` just subjection ; '' these were adopted or updated by the state and territorial legislatures that superseded them after the United States gained independence . These codes also enabled enslaved persons to sue for freedom based on wrongful enslavement .   While some cases were tried during the colonial period , the majority of petitions for freedom were heard during the antebellum period in the border or the Southern United States . After the American Revolution , most northern states abolished slavery and were considered `` free . '' The United States Congress prohibited slavery in some newly established territories , and some new states were admitted to the union as free states . The rise in travel and migration of masters with slaves between free and slave states resulted in conditions that gave rise to slaves suing for freedom . Many free states had residency limits for masters who brought slaves into their territory ; after that time , the slave would be considered free . Some slaves sued for wrongful enslavement after being held in a free state .   Other grounds for suit were that the person was freeborn and illegally held in slavery , or that the person was illegally held because of being descended from a freeborn woman in the maternal line . The principle of partus sequitur ventrem , first incorporated into English colonial slavery law by a 1662 statute in Virginia , established that children 's status was that of the mother . It was adopted into law by other English colonies , and the states of the United States .   In Saint Louis , Missouri records of nearly 300 petition cases have been found that were filed between 1807 and 1860 , and in Washington , D.C. nearly 500 petition cases were filed in the same period . A large portion of cases , as much as one-third , either never went to trial or were settled out of court . In the early nineteenth century in St. Louis and in Washington , D.C. , nearly half of the attorneys at the bar may have acted as counsel for slave petitions . In Missouri , the courts assigned an attorney to the petitioner if it accepted a freedom suit for hearing ; some of the top attorneys in St. Louis defended slaves . After the 1830s , the number of petition cases gradually declined . But from 1800 to 1830 , most of the bar in these cities tried a petition case .   Before the end of the eighteenth century , some southern states began to make petitioning for freedom more difficult . Maryland , for example , in 1796 required that county courts serve as the court of original jurisdiction , rather than the General Court of the Western Shore , an appellate court . The county courts clearly would be more favorable to the interests and views of the local planters against whom these suits were often filed . The legislature also banned those with antislavery sympathies from serving on juries in freedom suits . Virginia passed a similar law on jury composition in 1798 .   But , for a few decades , courts in slave states such as Louisiana , Mississippi , and Missouri often respected the precedent of `` once free , always free '' established by free states . Until the late 1850s , they ruled that slaves who had been held in free states maintained their freedom even if brought back into slave states . Until the Civil War brought an end to slavery , thousands of freedom suits were tried in state courts across the country , with some slaves petitioning as high as the Supreme Court .

neg: Illegal logging in Madagascar Illegal logging has been a problem in Madagascar for decades and is perpetuated by extreme poverty and government corruption . Often taking the form of selective logging , the trade has been driven by high international demand for expensive , fine-grained lumber such as rosewood and ebony . Historically , logging and exporting in Madagascar have been regulated by the Malagasy government , although the logging of rare hardwoods was explicitly banned from protected areas in 2000 . Since then , government orders and memos have intermittently alternated between permitting and banning exports of precious woods . The most commonly cited reason for permitting exports is to salvage valuable wood from cyclone damage , although this reasoning has come under heavy scrutiny . This oscillating availability of Malagasy rosewood and other precious woods has created a market of rising and falling prices , allowing traders or `` timber barons '' to stockpile illegally sourced logs during periodic bans and then flood the market when the trade windows open and prices are high .   The unsustainable exploitation of these tropical hardwoods , particularly rosewood from the SAVA Region , has escalated significantly since the start of the 2009 Malagasy political crisis . Thousands of poorly paid Malagasy loggers have flooded into the national parks -- especially in the northeast -- building roads , setting up logging camps , and cutting down even the most difficult to reach rosewood trees . Illegal activities are openly flaunted , armed militia have descended upon local villages , and a rosewood mafia easily bribe government officials , buying export permits with ease . These illegal operations are funded in part by advance payments for future shipments ( financed by Chinese expatriates and Chinese importers ) and by loans from large , international banks . Demand is fueled mostly by a growing Chinese middle class and their desire for exotic imperial-style furniture . European and American demand for high-end musical instruments and furniture have also played a role . However , public scrutiny has put significant pressure on shipping companies involved in the trade , and the United States is starting to enforce the Lacey Act by investigating companies with suspected involvement in the illegal trade of Malagasy precious woods .   Logging in Madagascar 's tropical rainforests has had many secondary effects , beyond the risk of depletion of rare , endemic trees . Habitat has been disturbed , illegal mining has begun , local people have turned in desperation to the forests for resources , and poaching of endangered wildlife has escalated . Lemurs , the most well-known faunal group from the island , have been captured for the exotic pet trade as well as killed for food . Even the most critically endangered species have been targeted , primarily to feed a growing demand for delicacy food in up-scale restaurants . The local villagers have also suffered as tourism has declined sharply or ceased almost entirely . Some have resorted to working as loggers for minimal pay , while others have spoken out against it , often receiving death threats from the rosewood mafia in return .

neg: Historical United States Census totals for Piscataquis County, Maine This article shows U.S. Census totals for Piscataquis County , Maine , broken down by municipality , from 1900 to 2000 .   There are two types of incorporated municipalities in Maine , towns and cities . The tables in the New England Historical U.S. Census Totals series differentiate between towns and cities ; however , there have never been any cities in Piscataquis County .   Most areas of New England are entirely divided into incorporated municipalities , with no unincorporated territory . In the three northern New England states , however , some unincorporated territory does exist , generally in areas that are very sparsely populated . Maine contains significantly more unincorporated territory than the other states , with the bulk of it in interior and northern counties , including Piscataquis County .   Some unincorporated territory in Maine is organized into a third type of town-level municipality unique to Maine , called a plantation ( considered to be `` organized '' , but not incorporated ) , while some is entirely unorganized . Due to the large extent of unorganized territory in Piscataquis County , separate sections with detailed historical census totals for such areas follows the main tables below . For any census , adding up the totals for each town-level municipality , including any plantations or unorganized entities , should yield the county total .   For more information on the New England municipal system , see New England town .

neg: History of slavery The history of slavery spans many cultures , nationalities , and religions from ancient times to the present day . However the social , economic , and legal positions of slaves were vastly different in different systems of slavery in different times and places .   Slavery can be traced back to the earliest records , such as the Mesopotamian Code of Hammurabi ( c. 1860 BC ) , which refers to it as an established institution , and it was common among ancient peoples .   Slavery is rare among hunter-gatherer populations , because it is developed as a system of social stratification . Slavery was known in the very first civilizations such as Sumer in Mesopotamia which dates back as far as 3500 BC , as well as in almost every other civilization . The Byzantine -- Ottoman wars and the Ottoman wars in Europe resulted in the taking of large numbers of Christian slaves . Slavery became common within much of Europe during the Dark Ages and it continued into the Middle Ages . The Dutch , French , Spanish , Portuguese , British , Arabs and a number of West African kingdoms played a prominent role in the Atlantic slave trade , especially after 1600 . David P. Forsythe wrote : `` The fact remained that at the beginning of the nineteenth century an estimated three-quarters of all people alive were trapped in bondage against their will either in some form of slavery or serfdom . '' Denmark-Norway was the first European country to ban the slave trade in 1802 .   Although slavery is no longer legal anywhere in the world , human trafficking remains an international problem and an estimated 25-40 million people are enslaved today . During the 1983 -- 2005 Second Sudanese Civil War people were taken into slavery . Although Slavery in Mauritania was criminalized in August 2007 , in Mauritania it is estimated that up to 600,000 men , women and children , or 20 % of the population , are currently enslaved , many of them used as bonded labor . Evidence emerged in the late 1990s of systematic slavery on cacao plantations in West Africa ; see the chocolate and slavery article .

neg: 18th century The 18th century lasted from January 1 , 1701 to December 31 , 1800 in the Gregorian calendar . During the 18th century , the Enlightenment culminated in the French and American revolutions . Philosophy and science increased in prominence . Philosophers dreamed of a brighter age . This dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789 - , though later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror ( 1793-1794 ) under Maximilien Robespierre . At first , many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals , but with the French Revolution they feared losing their power and formed broad coalitions for the counter-revolution . The Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion , taking part in no European wars from 1740 to 1768 . As a consequence the empire did not share in Europe 's military improvements during the Seven Years ' War ( 1756-1763 ) , causing its military to fall behind and suffer defeats against Russia in the second half of the century .   The 18th century also marked the end of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth as an independent state . The once-powerful and vast kingdom , which had once conquered Moscow and defeated great Ottoman armies , collapsed under numerous invasions . Its semi-democratic government system was not robust enough to rival the neighboring monarchies of the Kingdom of Prussia , the Russian Empire and the Archduchy of Austria which divided the Commonwealth territories between themselves , changing the landscape of Central European politics for the next hundred years .   European colonization of the Americas and other parts of the world intensified and associated mass migrations of people grew in size as the Age of Sail continued . Great Britain became a major power worldwide with the defeat of France in North America in the 1760s and the conquest of large parts of India . However , Britain lost many of its North American colonies after the American Revolution , which resulted in the formation of the newly independent United States of America . The Industrial Revolution started in Britain in the 1770s with the production of the improved steam engine . Despite its modest beginnings in the 18th century , steam-powered machinery would radically change human society and the environment .   Western historians have occasionally defined the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work . For example , the `` short '' 18th century may be defined as 1715 -- 1789 , denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution , with an emphasis on directly interconnected events . To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements , the `` long '' 18th century may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 or even later .

neg: Bibliography of early American naval history Historical accounts for early American naval history now occur across the spectrum of two and more centuries . This Bibliography lends itself primarily to reliable sources covering early American naval history beginning around the American Revolution period on through the 18th and 19th centuries and includes sources which cover notable naval commanders , Presidents , important ships , major naval engagements and corresponding wars . The bibliography also includes sources that are not committed to the subject of American naval history per se but whose content covers this subject extensively .   Among the contemporary and earlier historical accounts are primary sources , historical accounts , often derived from letters , dispatches , government and military records , captain 's logs and diaries , etc. , written by authors who were involved in or closely associated to the historical episode in question . Primary source material is often collected , compiled and published by other editors also , sometimes many years after the historical subject has passed . Many of the authors are notable and even famous in their own right and are linked to their corresponding biographies .


query: Drax the Destroyer is fictional.

pos: Drax the Destroyer Drax the Destroyer ( Arthur Douglas ) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by writer/artist Jim Starlin , the character first appeared in Iron Man # 55 ( February 1973 ) .   Arthur Douglas was a human whose family was attacked and killed by the supervillain Thanos . Needing a champion to combat Thanos , the being known as Kronos took Arthur 's spirit and placed it in a powerful new body , and Drax the Destroyer was born . Drax 's powers included enhanced strength and resilience , flight , and the ability to project energy blasts from his hands . The character often battled Thanos , and on occasion the superheroes Captain Marvel and Adam Warlock . He was also a member of the group known as the Infinity Watch .   In 2004 , the character lost his flight and energy blasts , and a portion of his strength and resilience . This version of the character played a role in the crossover comic book storylines `` Annihilation '' and `` Annihilation : Conquest '' , and became a member of the relaunched Guardians of the Galaxy . He has been featured in a variety of associated Marvel merchandise , including animated television series , action figures , and video games . Drax is portrayed by Dave Bautista in the 2014 live-action film Guardians of the Galaxy , its 2017 sequel , and the upcoming Avengers : Infinity War .

neg: Space opera Space opera is a subgenre of science fiction that emphasizes space warfare , melodramatic adventure , interplanetary battles , as well as chivalric romance , and often risk-taking . Set mainly or entirely in outer space , it usually involves conflict between opponents possessing advanced abilities , futuristic weapons , and other sophisticated technology . The term has no relation to music but is instead a play on the terms `` soap opera '' and `` horse opera '' , the latter of which was coined during the 1930s to indicate clichéd and formulaic Western movies . Space operas emerged in the 1930s and they continue to be produced in literature , film , comics , and video games .   Notable space opera novels include the Foundation series ( 1942 -- 1999 ) by Isaac Asimov , the Lensman series ( 1948-1954 ) by E. E. Smith and the Ender 's Game series ( 1985 -- present ) by Orson Scott Card . An early notable space opera film was Flash Gordon ( 1936 -- present ) created by Alex Raymond . In the late 1970s , the Star Wars franchise ( 1977 -- present ) created by George Lucas brought a great deal of attention to the subgenre .

neg: Arena of Antares Arena of Antares is a science fiction novel written by Kenneth Bulmer under the pseudonym of Alan Burt Akers , and is volume seven in his extensive Dray Prescot series of sword and planet novels , set on the fictional world of Kregen , a planet of the Antares star system in the constellation of Scorpio . It was first published by DAW Books in 1974 .   The Dray Prescot series is made of several cycles of novels , each cycle essentially forming a series within the series . In addition to being the seventh volume in the series as a whole , Arena of Antares is also the second of six volumes in the Havilfar Cycle . It is set on the fictional continent of Havilfar .   The 52 completed novels of the Dray Prescot series were written by Bulmer between 1972 and 1997 , when a stroke stopped his writing , also the later Dray Prescot books , after 1988 , were originally only published in German . The series is in the spirit of Edgar Rice Burroughs John Carter of Mars series .

neg: Dubbilex Dubbilex is a fictional comic book character published by DC Comics .

neg: Theatre of Cruelty (Discworld) `` Theatre of Cruelty '' is a short Discworld story by Terry Pratchett written in 1993 . The name derives from a concept of Antonin Artaud ( Theatre of Cruelty ) .   It was originally written for W. H. Smith Bookcase magazine and was then slightly modified and extended , being published again in the programme of the OryCon 15 convention , and then again in The Wizards of Odd , a compilation of fantasy short stories .   It has since been made available on the Internet along with dozens of translations by fans , with Pratchett having stated , `` I do n't want to see it distributed in print anywhere but do n't mind people downloading it for their own enjoyment . ''   The story involves both the Ankh-Morpork City Watch and a parallel of Punch and Judy .   A murder has been committed : a street entertainer , found apparently battered to death with a very small blunt object , on him bite marks from a very small crocodile . Investigating the incident in his typically direct manner , Carrot Ironfoundersson discovers the death was an accident , the man having choked on a swazzle . It emerges that the entertainer had invented a parallel , live-action version of Punch and Judy , using -- and abusing -- a troupe of gnomes as the live cast . Carrot asserts that such brutal theatre could never find favour in Ankh-Morpork : `` That 's not the way to do it '' .

neg: Draconian (Doctor Who) The Draconians are an extraterrestrial race . They were featured in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who . Their only television appearance to date was in the 1973 serial Frontier in Space . Unlike many `` monster '' races in Doctor Who , the Draconians were articulate and portrayed as having a sophisticated and advanced culture like feudal Japan . In later interviews , Jon Pertwee cited the Draconians as his favourite of all the monsters he had encountered during his time as the Doctor .   The Draconian Empire was a vast spacefaring feudal civilisation of reptilian humanoids , centered on the planet Draconia , with a society stratifed along class and gender lines ( for example , females were not permitted to speak in the presence of the Emperor ) that was bound by a strong code of honour . The Draconian Empire dated back to at least the 21st century , when a space plague that afflicted their world was dealt with by the Doctor . For his services , the 15th Emperor made the Doctor a noble of Draconia .   The Earth Empire 's first contact with the Draconian Empire was in the year 2520 . The ship sent by the Draconians for the peace mission was a battlecruiser , as befitted a noble of Draconia , although ( as agreed ) its missile banks were empty and it was otherwise unarmed . However , both Draconian and Earth ships were caught in a neutron storm , damaging the Earth ship and destroying the Draconian ship 's communications systems . As a result , the Draconian ship was unable to respond to the Earth ship 's signals . The commander of the Earth ship saw what he perceived to be a battlecruiser bearing down on his crippled vessel and gave the order to attack , destroying the battlecruiser and triggering off a brief but bloody war in which millions of lives were lost . An uneasy peace was negotiated in the end , leading to two decades of cold war and the carving out of a frontier between the two empires .   In 2540 , several incidents involving attacks on cargo freighters along their respective borders nearly led to the war turning hot once more , with both sides accusing the other of piracy and violating the frontier . These attacks turned out to be the work of Ogron mercenaries under the orders of the renegade Time Lord known as the Master , who was using a sonic hypnosis device to make the Earth crews see the Ogrons as Draconians and vice versa . The Master had allied himself with the Daleks , who were launching another bid for galactic conquest and hoped to pick up the pieces after a new Earth-Draconia War . The plot was revealed by the Third Doctor , and instead of going to war against each other , the two empires united against the Daleks .

neg: Traxion (video game) Traxion was a rhythm game for the PlayStation Portable by British developer Kuju Entertainment . It was scheduled to be released in Q4 2006 by LucasArts , but was cancelled in January 2007 . The game was to feature a number of minigames , and would support imported songs from the player 's own library as well as the game 's bundled collection . The game was received well at E3 2006 , with Wired calling it `` the best thing they had on the show floor '' .

neg: Avengers vs. X-Men Avengers vs. X-Men ( abbreviated AvX and AvsX ) is a 2012 crossover event that was featured in comic books published by Marvel Comics . The event , consisting of an eponymous limited series and numerous tie-in books , involves the return of the Phoenix Force and the subsequent war between the Avengers and the X-Men . The 12-issue twice-monthly series was first published in April 2012 , and features a storyline by Jason Aaron , Brian Michael Bendis , Ed Brubaker , Jonathan Hickman and Matt Fraction , with a rotating team of artists including John Romita , Jr. , Olivier Coipel and Adam Kubert .   The event was preceded by the four-issue limited series Avengers : X-Sanction by Jeph Loeb and Ed McGuinness and Avengers vs. X-Men # 0 . Avengers vs. X-Men also ties into the limited series AVX : VS , described as `` the fight book '' which expands upon many of the one-on-one battles featured in the main series , the digital series ; Avengers vs. X-Men : Infinite , and into a number of ongoing series including Avengers , Avengers Academy , New Avengers , Secret Avengers , Uncanny X-Men , Wolverine and the X-Men and X-Men : Legacy . The event was succeeded by the limited series AvX : Consequences .   Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics , Avengers vs. X-Men was a commercial success that topped the comic-book sales charts from April to October 2012 . The repercussions of the storyline resulted in the new status quos of the Marvel Universe presented in the company 's Marvel NOW ! relaunch initiative .

neg: Galactus Galactus is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Formerly a mortal man , Galactus is a cosmic entity who originally consumed planets to sustain his life force , and serves a functional role in the upkeep of the primary Marvel continuity . Galactus was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby and first appeared in the comic book Fantastic Four # 48 , published in March 1966 .   Lee and Kirby had desired to introduce a character that broke away from the archetype of the standard villain , culminating in the creation of Galactus . In the character 's first appearance Galactus was depicted as a god-like figure who feeds by draining living planets of their energy , and operates without regard to the morality and judgements of mortal beings . Galactus ' initial origin was that of a space explorer named Galan who gained cosmic abilities by passing near a star , but writer Mark Gruenwald further developed the origin of the character , revealing that Galan lived during the previous universe . As Galan 's universe came to an end , Galan merged with the `` Sentience of the Universe '' to become Galactus , an entity that wielded such cosmic power as to require devouring entire planets to sustain his existence . Additional material written by John Byrne , Jim Starlin , and Louise Simonson explored Galactus ' role and purpose in the Marvel Universe , and examined the actions of the character through themes of genocide , manifest destiny , ethics , and natural/necessary existence . Frequently accompanied by a herald ( such as the Silver Surfer ) , the character has appeared as both antagonist and protagonist in central and supporting roles . Since debuting in the Silver Age of Comic Books , Galactus has played a role in over five decades of Marvel continuity .   The character has been featured in other Marvel media , such as arcade games , video games , animated television series , and the 2007 film Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer .   In 2009 , Galactus ranked 5th on IGN 's list of `` Top 100 Comic Book Villains '' , citing the character 's `` larger than life presence '' as making him one of the more important villains ever created . IGN also noted `` Galactus is one of the few villains on our list to really defy the definition of an evil-doer '' as the character is compelled to destroy worlds because of his hunger .

neg: Reaver (Firefly) Reavers are a fictional group of humans in the television series Firefly and film Serenity who live on the fringes of civilized space and have become animalistic . Within most of the timeline of the series and movie , the existence of Reavers is officially denied by the Alliance , the ruling government of humanity , but they are a harsh reality around the outer planets .   The Reavers are mentioned several times during the course of the television show . A Reaver ship is seen in the pilot episode , and the episode `` Bushwacked '' shows someone becoming a Reaver . The movie Serenity featured Reavers and revealed their origin .

neg: Captain Marvel (DC Comics) Captain Marvel , also known as Shazam , is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Artist C. C. Beck and writer Bill Parker created the character in 1939 . Captain Marvel first appeared in Whiz Comics # 2 ( cover-dated Feb. 1940 ) , published by Fawcett Comics . He is the alter ego of Billy Batson , a boy who , by speaking the magic word `` SHAZAM '' ( acronym of 6 Greek `` immortal elders '' - Solomon , Hercules , Atlas , Zeus , Achilles , and Mercury ) , can transform himself into a costumed adult with the powers of superhuman strength , speed , flight , and other abilities .   Based on book sales , the character was the most popular superhero of the 1940s , outselling even Superman . Fawcett expanded the franchise to include other `` Marvels '' , primarily Marvel Family associates Mary Marvel and Captain Marvel Jr. , who can harness Billy 's powers as well . Captain Marvel was also the first comic book superhero to be adapted into film , in a 1941 Republic Pictures serial titled Adventures of Captain Marvel .   Fawcett ceased publishing Captain Marvel-related comics in 1953 , partly because of a copyright infringement suit from DC Comics , alleging that Captain Marvel was a copy of Superman . In 1972 , DC licensed the Marvel Family characters from Fawcett , and returned them to publication . By 1991 , DC had acquired all rights to the characters . DC has since integrated Captain Marvel and the Marvel Family into their DC Universe and has attempted to revive the property several times , with mixed success . Due to trademark conflicts over another character named `` Captain Marvel '' owned by Marvel Comics since 1967 , DC chose to publish the character 's adventures in a comic book titled Shazam ! for many years , leading many to assume that this was the character 's name . DC later officially renamed the character `` Shazam '' when relaunching its comic book properties in 2011 .   In addition , since 1972 , the character has been featured in two television series adaptations , one live action and one animated , by Filmation , and an upcoming Warner Bros. . Shazam ! feature film scheduled for release in 2019 as part of the DC Extended Universe . Captain Marvel was ranked as the 55th greatest comic book character of all time by Wizard magazine . IGN also ranked Captain Marvel as the 50th greatest comic book hero of all time , stating that the character will always be an enduring reminder of a simpler time . UGO Networks ranked him as one of the top heroes of entertainment , saying , `` At his best , Shazam has always been Superman with a sense of crazy , goofy fun '' .

neg: League of Peoples The League of Peoples is a fictional interstellar polity present in a series of novels by science fiction author James Alan Gardner . Although theoretically made up of every sentient race in the galaxy , in actuality the League is controlled by ( from Humanity 's standpoint ) hyperadvanced beings who have little concern for wants , needs , and desires of the less evolved races .   The League effectively has one law - no dangerous non-sentient creatures can cross between star systems . A dangerous non-sentient is defined by the league as any being which kills a sentient being or through negligence allows a sentient being to die . Any dangerous non-sentient that attempts to circumvent this law , or any being who knowingly aids in the attempt , is instantaneously but painlessly executed by the League . Although this renders interstellar war impossible , it does not prevent mayhem on individual planets , nor does it stop unethical behavior that stops short of murder .

neg: Star Wars: X-Wing (video game series) Star Wars : X-Wing is a series of space combat video games and an expansion of the Star Wars franchise that attempts to simulate the fictional experience of starfighter combat , while remaining faithful to the movies . The player took the role of a pilot of the Rebel Alliance , and , in later games , the Galactic Empire . To complete the games , players must complete missions such as simple dogfights with opposition starfighters , reconnaissance and inspection tasks , escort duty for freighters or capital ships , or attacks on larger opposition ships . In addition to dogfighting designed to resemble the free-wheeling duels of World War I , the games also offered the challenge of managing power resources and wingmen , and using weapons effectively .

neg: Death's Head Death 's Head is a fictional character appearing in British comics and American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character is depicted as a robotic bounty hunter ( or rather , as he calls himself , a `` freelance peace-keeping agent '' ) . The character was created by writer Simon Furman and artist Geoff Senior for the company 's Marvel UK imprint . Furman decided to use Death 's Head in his Transformers stories , but believed that characters appearing in Transformers `` were prone to be absorbed into that title 's catchall copyright '' ( allowing Hasbro to contest their ownership ) and led to a one-page strip titled `` High Noon Tex '' ( which was subsequently published in various Marvel UK titles ) being hastily created to establish Marvel 's ownership of the character . Furman has stated that he chose the name Death 's Head for the character while unaware of the `` Nazi-connotations of the name '' .   The character was later redesigned and relaunched as Death 's Head II , acting as one of the flagship characters for Marvel UK 's 1990s expansion . This version of Death 's Head also inspired two spin-off characters , Death Wreck and Death Metal , each of which starred in its own limited series .   Later , in 2005 , fans used a poll on Marvel 's website to vote for the character 's return . This led to a third version of Death 's Head , Death 's Head 3.0 , created by original Death 's Head writer Simon Furman . Simon Furman said in 2011 that the character was still popular because `` he 'll never change or compromise or grow or repent or agonise like most comic book characters . He 's this unchanging , uncompromising rock that other characters bounce off . But you still kind of love him . Weird . ''

neg: D.R.I. discography This is a discography of D.R.I. , an American crossover thrash band formed in 1982 by Kurt Brecht , Spike Cassidy , Dennis Johnson and Eric Brecht . D.R.I. currently consists of Kurt Brecht ( lead vocals ) , Spike Cassidy ( guitar and backing vocals ) , Harald Oimoen ( bass ) , and Walter Ryan ( drums ) . The band rose to prominence in the US during the thrash metal era with their albums 4 of a Kind and Thrash Zone . The band has released seven studio albums , two EPs ( one of which is a split with Raw Power ) , one compilation album and two live albums .   Before signing a record contract with Metal Blade Records in 1984 , the band released their self-titled debut album in 1983 and the Violent Pacification EP a year later on the Dirty Rotten label . D.R.I. followed up with their second full-length album Dealing with It ! in 1985 , and Crossover two years later . In 1988 , D.R.I. released 4 of a Kind which was their first album to chart on Billboard 200 , reaching # 116 . Their follow-up album , Thrash Zone , peaked at # 140 on the American charts and was their final album to chart in the US . D.R.I. 's chart success slowly fell throughout the 1990s until they released their last studio album to date Full Speed Ahead in 1995 , which failed to chart in the US .   Since 1996 , D.R.I. had continued touring and been going on hiatus sporadically . No new albums under the D.R.I. name have been released since 1995 ; however , a new demo track , `` Against Me , '' was released as a digital download on their website in 2004 , and an EP containing new music But Wait ... There 's More ! was released twelve years later . There have been discussions of a new studio album , but it has never materialized .

neg: Celestial (Dungeons & Dragons) In the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game , celestials are a class of creatures and monsters known as outsiders who are of wholly good alignment .   In the context of the Dungeons & Dragons games they represent forces of armed justice , and include iconic `` good '' creatures from history and myth , such as angels , who seek out and destroy evil .   All celestials hail from the Upper Planes .   There are four published types of celestial : Aasimon ( or devas or angels ) , Archons , Eladrins , and Guardinals , each with varying `` good '' outlooks and motivations . The celestials are led by celestial paragons , unique creatures presented in Dungeons and Dragons lore as polar opposites of the demon princes and archdevils .

neg: Space Corps (Star Corps) Space Corps , also colloquially referred to as the Star Corps ( Red Dwarf 1996 Log Book ) , Space Federation ( `` Back in the Red , Part Three '' ) and the Star Fleet ( Last Human and `` Back to Earth , Part Two '' ) , is the umbrella organization which regulated all interplanetary and interstellar space flight to and from Earth , from the British science fiction sitcom Red Dwarf . They were responsible for the creation of spaceships , the colonisation of the Galaxy , and the introduction of holograms , GELFs and artificial intelligences such as mechanoids and Simulants throughout the Galaxy . The Space Corps is somewhat analogous to Star Trek 's Starfleet and is responsible for the administrative organisation of all space travel in the Red Dwarf Universe .

neg: Phalanx CIWS The Phalanx CIWS ( pronounced `` sea-whiz '' ) is a close-in weapon system for defense against anti-ship missiles . It was designed and manufactured by the General Dynamics Corporation , Pomona Division ( now a part of Raytheon ) . Consisting of a radar-guided 20 mm Vulcan cannon mounted on a swiveling base , the Phalanx has been used by multiple navies around the world , notably the United States Navy on every class of surface combat ship with the exception of the San Antonio class LPD , by the British Royal Navy in its older escorts ( where weight limits the use of the heavier Dutch Goalkeeper 30 mm CIWS ) , by the United States Coast Guard aboard its and Legend-class cutters , and the navies of 16 allied nations .   A land based variant , known as C-RAM , has recently been deployed in a short range missile defense role , to counter incoming rockets and artillery fire .   Because of their distinctive barrel-shaped radome and their automated nature of operation , Phalanx CIWS units are sometimes nicknamed `` R2-D2 '' after the famous droid character from the Star Wars films .

neg: Droid (robot) A droid is a fictional robot possessing some degree of artificial intelligence in the Star Wars science fiction franchise . Coined by special effects artist John Stears , the term is a clipped form of `` android '' , a word originally reserved for robots designed to look and act like a human . The word `` droid '' has been a registered trademark of Lucasfilm Ltd since 1977 .

neg: Druig Druig is a fictional character appearing in the comic books published by Marvel Comics . He is a member of the Eternals , an ancient and powerful race of superhumans .


query: Christina Applegate turned down every film role she received.

pos: Christina Applegate Christina Applegate ( born November 25 , 1971 ) is an American actress and dancer who as an adolescent actress started playing the role of Kelly Bundy on the Fox sitcom Married ... with Children ( 1987 -- 97 ) . In her adult years , Applegate established a film and television career , winning an Emmy and earning Tony and Golden Globe nominations . She is also known for doing the voice of Brittany in the Alvin and the Chipmunks film series .   She has had major roles in several films , including Do n't Tell Mom the Babysitter 's Dead ( 1991 ) , The Big Hit ( 1998 ) , Prince Charming ( 2001 ) , The Sweetest Thing ( 2002 ) , Grand Theft Parsons ( 2003 ) , Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy ( 2004 ) and its sequel , Anchorman 2 : The Legend Continues ( 2013 ) , Farce of the Penguins ( 2007 ) , Hall Pass ( 2011 ) , Vacation ( 2015 ) and Bad Moms ( 2016 ) . She has also starred in numerous Broadway theatre productions such as the 2005 revival of the musical Sweet Charity . She played the lead role in the television sitcoms Jesse ( 1998 -- 2000 ) and Samantha Who ? ( 2007 -- 09 ) and starred in the NBC comedy Up All Night ( 2011 -- 12 ) .

neg: List of awards and nominations received by Angelina Jolie The following is a list of awards and nominations received by American actress and filmmaker Angelina Jolie . She received three Golden Globe Awards , two Screen Actors Guild Awards , and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayals of First Lady of Alabama Cornelia Wallace in George Wallace ( 1997 ) , troubled supermodel Gia Carangi in Gia ( 1998 ) , and a sociopathic mental patient in Girl , Interrupted ( 1999 ) . Her later performances as Mariane Pearl in A Mighty Heart ( 2007 ) and Christine Collins in Changeling ( 2008 ) earned her additional nominations , including for an Academy Award for Best Actress . For her work in the action films Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow ( 2004 ) , Mr. and Mrs. Smith ( 2005 ) , Wanted ( 2008 ) , and The Tourist ( 2010 ) , Jolie received awards based on popular votes , including an MTV Movie Award , two People 's Choice Awards , and four Teen Choice Awards .

neg: Silver Linings Playbook Silver Linings Playbook is a 2012 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by David O. Russell . It was adapted from the novel The Silver Linings Playbook , by Matthew Quick . The film stars Bradley Cooper and Jennifer Lawrence , with Robert De Niro , Jacki Weaver , Chris Tucker , Anupam Kher , and Julia Stiles in supporting roles .   Cooper plays Patrick `` Pat '' Solitano , Jr. , a man with bipolar disorder who is released from a psychiatric hospital and moves back in with his parents , played by Robert De Niro and Jacki Weaver . Determined to win back his estranged wife , Pat meets recently widowed Tiffany Maxwell , portrayed by Jennifer Lawrence , who offers to help him get his wife back if he enters a dance competition with her . The two become closer as they train and Pat , his father , and Tiffany examine their relationships with each other as they cope with their problems .   Silver Linings Playbook premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8 , 2012 , and was released in the United States on November 16 , 2012 . The film opened to major critical success and earned numerous accolades . It received eight Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay . It became the first film since 1981 's Reds to be Oscar-nominated for the four acting categories and the first since 2004 's Million Dollar Baby to be nominated for the Big Five Oscars , with Lawrence winning the Academy Award for Best Actress . It also achieved four Golden Globe Award nominations , with Lawrence winning Best Actress ; three BAFTA nominations , with Russell winning for Best Adapted Screenplay ; four Screen Actors Guild nominations ; and five Independent Spirit Award nominations , winning in four categories , including Best Film . The film was a success at the box office , grossing over $ 236 million worldwide , more than eleven times its budget .

neg: 2006 MTV Movie Awards The 2006 MTV Movie Awards were hosted by Jessica Alba and featured performances by Christina Aguilera , AFI and Gnarls Barkley . In addition to the below awards , MTV gave lifetime achievement awards to Jim Carrey ( The MTV Generation Award ) and Spike Lee ( The Silver Bucket of Excellence , for Do the Right Thing ) .  MTV held its 15th annual movie awards show on Saturday , June 3 , at the Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City , California . MTV first broadcast the award show on 8 June at 9:00 pm ET . Tenth Planet Productions produced the awards , and Joel Gallen was the executive-producer and director for the 12th consecutive year .   This is also the second MTV Movie Awards show to have a host win an award . The first show was in 2004 with Lindsay Lohan winning an award . The host for the MTV Movie Awards in 2006 was Jessica Alba . Christina Aguilera performed , for the very first time , her lead single of her latest release Back to Basics , `` Ai n't No Other Man '' .  Pre-recorded parodies include The Da Vinci Code , Mission : Impossible III , and King Kong .

neg: Patricia Arquette Patricia Arquette ( born April 8 , 1968 ) is an American actress . She made her film debut in A Nightmare on Elm Street 3 : Dream Warriors ( 1987 ) at the age of eighteen . Her notable films include Tony Scott 's True Romance ( 1993 ) , Tim Burton 's Ed Wood ( 1994 ) , David O. Russell 's Flirting with Disaster ( 1996 ) , David Lynch 's Lost Highway ( 1997 ) , Stephen Frears 's The Hi-Lo Country ( 1998 ) , Martin Scorsese 's Bringing Out the Dead ( 1999 ) , and Andrew Davis 's Holes ( 2003 ) .   For her performance in Richard Linklater 's Boyhood ( 2014 ) , which was filmed from 2002 until 2014 , she received widespread critical praise and won the Academy Award , BAFTA Award , Critics ' Choice Award , Golden Globe Award , Independent Spirit Award , and SAG Award for Best Supporting Actress . Arquette 's Academy Award acceptance speech , which she used to bring female wage inequality to attention , received widespread news coverage .   On television , she played the character Allison DuBois -- based on the author and medium Allison DuBois , who claims to have psychic abilities -- in the supernatural drama series Medium ( 2005 -- 11 ) . She received three Golden Globe nominations and two Emmy Award nominations , winning the Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama in 2005 . Arquette also appeared in the CSI franchise as Avery Ryan , the Deputy Director of the FBI , starring in CSI : Cyber ( 2015 -- 16 ) .

neg: Stargate fandom Stargate fandom is a community of people actively interested in the military science fiction film Stargate and the television shows Stargate SG-1 ( SG1 ) , Stargate Infinity ( SGI ) , Stargate Atlantis ( SGA ) , Stargate Universe ( SGU ) and their spin offs . The first franchise release , Stargate ( 1994 ) spawned four television series successors , four movies ( two in production ) , a plethora of merchandise , and a massive franchise collectively known as the Stargate ( owned by Metro -- Goldwyn -- Mayer and aired by Syfy , which now owns television properties they previously held with Carolco Pictures ) .   Thanks to Stargate fandom , the franchise has spawned other media including books , television series , video games , comic books and audiobooks . These supplements to the film and series trilogies comprise another universe than the series and the film , and have resulted in significant development of the series ' fictional universe . These media kept the franchise going in the interim between the film and series trilogies . In 2008 , Stargate : The Ark of Truth and Continuum was released direct-to-DVD , which in total grossed over 21 million in the United States . In 2002 , the franchise 's first animated series , Stargate Infinity , was released as an introduction to the Expanded Universe . In 2004 , Stargate Atlantis was released as a spin off from Stargate SG-1 and a new Stargate spin-off series entitled Stargate Universe was released in the fall of 2009 .

neg: List of accolades received by Fences (film) Fences is a 2016 American drama film directed by Denzel Washington and written by August Wilson . Starring Washington , Viola Davis , Jovan Adepo and Stephen McKinley Henderson , the film focuses on a man and his life , family , and job . The film began a limited release on December 16 , 2016 , before opening wide on December 25 . The film was released to universal acclaim , with Rotten Tomatoes listing an approval rating of 93 % , based on 207 reviews , with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 , and Metacritic listing a score of 79 out of 100 , based on 48 reviews .   Fences won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and the British Academy Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Davis . The film won Best Supporting Actress for Davis and was nominated for Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor for Washington , Best Acting Ensemble and Best Adapted Screenplay at Critics ' Choice Awards . The film won Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture for Davis and was nominated for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama for Washington at Golden Globe Awards . The film received four nominations at Satellite Awards , including Best Film , Best Director , Best Actor for Washington and Best Supporting Actress for Davis .

neg: Winter's Bone Winter 's Bone is a 2010 American independent drama film , an adaptation of Daniel Woodrell 's 2006 novel of the same name . Written and directed by Debra Granik , the film stars Jennifer Lawrence as a teenaged girl in the rural Ozarks of the central United States who , to protect her family from eviction , must locate her missing father . The film explores the interrelated themes of close and distant family ties , the power and speed of gossip , self-sufficiency , and poverty as they are changed by the pervasive underworld of illegal methamphetamine labs .   Winter 's Bone won several awards , including the Grand Jury Prize : Dramatic Film at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival . It also received four 2011 Academy Award nominations : Best Picture , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Actress and Best Supporting Actor .

neg: Real Women Have Curves Real Women Have Curves is a 2002 American comedy-drama film that takes place in East Los Angeles . It gained fame after winning the Audience Award for best dramatic film , and the Special Jury Prize for acting in the 2002 Sundance Film Festival . The film went on to receive the Youth Jury Award at the San Sebastian International Film Festival , the Humanitas Prize , the Imagen Award at the Imagen Foundation Awards , and Special Recognition by the National Board of Review . The film was directed by Patricia Cardoso , and stars a young America Ferrera as protagonist Ana García . The film is based on a play ( of the same title ) written by Josefina Lopez , who co-authored the screenplay for the film with producer George LaVoo . According to the Sundance Institute , the film gives a voice to young women who are struggling to love themselves and find respect in the United States .

neg: Searching for Debra Winger Searching for Debra Winger is a 2002 American documentary film conceived and directed by Rosanna Arquette . The film presents an interview with actress Debra Winger about why she suddenly retired from the movie industry at the height of her career ( although she has since resumed acting ) . It also features interviews with other leading actresses who discuss the various pressures they face as women working in the film industry while trying to juggle their professional commitments with their personal responsibilities to their families and themselves .

neg: Jessica Chastain Jessica Michelle Chastain ( born March 24 , 1977 ) is an American actress and film producer . Born in Carmichael , California , and raised in Sacramento , Chastain developed an interest in acting from a young age . In 1998 , she made her professional stage debut as Shakespeare 's Juliet . After studying acting at the Juilliard School , she was signed to a talent holding deal with the television producer John Wells . She was a recurring guest star in several television shows , including Law & Order : Trial by Jury . She also took on roles in the stage productions of Anton Chekhov 's play The Cherry Orchard in 2004 and Oscar Wilde 's tragedy Salome in 2006 .   Chastain made her film debut in the drama Jolene ( 2008 ) , and gained wide recognition in 2011 for starring roles in half a dozen films , including the dramas Take Shelter and The Tree of Life . Her performance as an aspiring socialite in The Help earned her an Academy Award nomination . In 2012 , she won a Golden Globe Award and received a second Oscar nomination for playing a CIA agent in the thriller Zero Dark Thirty . Chastain made her Broadway debut in a revival of The Heiress in the same year . Her highest-grossing releases came with the science fiction films Interstellar ( 2014 ) and The Martian ( 2015 ) , as she continued to draw praise for her performances in the dramas The Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby ( 2013 ) , A Most Violent Year ( 2014 ) , and Miss Sloane ( 2016 ) .   Chastain 's accolades include two Academy Award and British Academy Film Award nominations . She is known to prepare extensively for her roles . Chastain is the founder of the production company Freckle Films , which was created to promote diversity in film . She is vocal about social issues such as gender and racial equality , and mental health . Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2012 .

neg: Tender Mercies Tender Mercies is a 1983 American drama film directed by Bruce Beresford . The screenplay by Horton Foote focuses on Mac Sledge , a recovering alcoholic country music singer who seeks to turn his life around through his relationship with a young widow and her son in rural Texas . Robert Duvall plays the role of Mac ; the supporting cast includes Tess Harper , Betty Buckley , Wilford Brimley , Ellen Barkin and Allan Hubbard .   Financed by EMI Films , Tender Mercies was shot largely in Waxahachie , Texas . The script was rejected by several American directors before the Australian Beresford accepted it . Duvall , who sang his own songs in the film , drove more than 600 mi throughout the state , tape recording local accents and playing in country music bands to prepare for the role . He and Beresford repeatedly clashed during production , at one point prompting the director to walk off the set and reportedly consider quitting the film .   The film encompasses several different themes , including the importance of love and family , the possibility of spiritual resurrection amid death , and the concept of redemption through Mac Sledge 's conversion to Christianity . Following poor test screening results , distributor Universal Pictures made little effort to publicize Tender Mercies , which Duvall attributed to the studio 's lack of understanding of country music .   The film was released on March 4 , 1983 , in a limited number of theaters . Although unsuccessful at the box office , it was critically acclaimed and earned five Academy Award nominations , including one for Best Picture . Tender Mercies won Oscars for Best Original Screenplay for Foote and Best Actor for Duvall .

neg: Linda Gray Linda Gray ( born September 12 , 1940 ) is an American film , stage and television actress , director , producer and former model , best known for her role as Sue Ellen Ewing , the long-suffering wife of Larry Hagman 's character on the long-running CBS television drama series Dallas ( 1978 -- 1989 ) , for which she was nominated for the 1981 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series . The role also earned her two Golden Globe Award nominations .   Gray began her career in the 1960s in television commercials . In the 1970s , she appeared in numerous TV series before landing the role of Sue Ellen Ewing in 1978 . After leaving Dallas in 1989 , she appeared opposite Sylvester Stallone in the 1991 film Oscar . From 1994-1995 , she played a leading role on the Fox drama series Models Inc. . She has also starred in several TV movies , including Moment of Truth : Why My Daughter ? ( 1993 ) and Accidental Meeting ( 1994 ) and reprised her role of Sue Ellen in Dallas : J.R. Returns ( 1996 ) and Dallas : War of the Ewings ( 1998 ) .   On stage , she starred as Mrs. Robinson in The Graduate in the West End in 2001 , then on Broadway the following year . In 2007 , she starred as Aurora Greenaway in the world premiere production of Terms of Endearment at the Theatre Royal , York and also the UK national tour . From 2012 to 2014 , Gray again reprised her role of Sue Ellen Ewing in the TNT series Dallas , which continues the original series . After the series was cancelled , Gray returned to stage with the role as Fairy Godmother in the London production of Cinderella .

neg: Cate Blanchett on screen and stage Cate Blanchett is an Australian actress who has extensively appeared in film and stage . She made her stage debut in 1992 by playing Electra in the National Institute of Dramatic Art production of the same name . She followed it with performances in Timothy Daly 's Kafka Dances ( 1993 ) and the Sydney Theatre Company stage production of Oleanna ( 1993 ) opposite Geoffrey Rush . Blanchett won the Sydney Theatre Critics Award for Best Newcomer for the former and Best Actress for the latter , making her the first person to win both awards at once . She went on to perform several roles on stage , notably Susan Traherne in Plenty ( 1999 ) , Hedda Gabler in Hedda Gabler ( 2004 ) , Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire ( 2009 ) , Yelena in Uncle Vanya ( 2011 ) and Claire in The Maids ( 2013 ) .   In 1997 , Blanchett made her feature film debut in a supporting role in the World War II drama Paradise Road . The same year , she had her first leading role in Oscar and Lucinda , which earned her an AACTA Award nomination for Best Actress . Blanchett received worldwide attention for playing Queen Elizabeth I of England in the acclaimed drama Elizabeth ( 1998 ) . Her performance garnered her a Golden Globe and a BAFTA Award for Best Actress and her first Academy Award nomination for Best Actress . Elizabeth and her next film , the thriller The Talented Mr. Ripley ( 1999 ) , performed well at the box office . However , her other 1999 releasesthe widely praised An Ideal Husband and the largely panned Pushing Tinwere unsuccessful .   Blanchett found greater success for portraying Galadriel in Peter Jackson 's epic fantasy trilogy The Lord of the Rings ( 2001-03 ) . During this period , she also appeared in several films which had mixed reception and performed poorly at the box office . She won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , among other honors for portraying Katharine Hepburn in Martin Scorsese 's 2004 drama The Aviator , making her the only actor to win an Oscar for portraying another Oscar-winning actor . Her only screen appearance in 2005 was in Little Fish , for which she won the AACTA Award for Best Actress . Blanchett 's performance in the 2006 thriller Notes on a Scandal garnered her another Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress . In 2007 , she received both Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress Oscar nominations for her roles in Elizabeth : The Golden Age and I 'm Not There , becoming one of the few actors to achieve this feat .   In 2008 , Blanchett appeared in Steven Spielberg 's action adventure Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull and David Fincher 's fantasy drama The Curious Case of Benjamin Button . She briefly reprised her role of Galadriel in the The Hobbit trilogy ( 2012-14 ) . For her performance as the titular socialite in Woody Allen 's 2013 drama Blue Jasmine , Blanchett won the Golden Globe , the BAFTA Award , the SAG Award and the Academy Award for Best Actress . In 2014 , she voiced Valka in the $ 620 million-grossing animated fantasy How to Train Your Dragon 2 . In 2015 , she received praise for playing Lady Tremaine in Disney 's live action film Cinderella , Mary Mapes in Truth and the titular character in Todd Haynes 's romantic drama Carol . Cinderella was a notable box office success while Carol garnered her seventh Oscar nomination . Blanchett made her Broadway debut in 2017 with The Present , receiving her first Tony Award nomination for the Best Actress in a Play .

neg: Applegate (surname) Applegate is an English surname . Notable people with the surname include :   Andrew J. Applegate ( 1833 -- 1870 ) , American politician  Celia Applegate , American historian  Christina Applegate ( born 1971 ) , American actress  Colleen Applegate , American actress known as Shauna Grant  Dan Applegate , American engineer  Debby Applegate ( born 1968 ) , American historian and biographer  Dick Applegate , British army general  Douglas Applegate ( born 1928 ) , American politician  Eddie Applegate ( born 1935 ) , American actor  Fred Applegate ( 1879 -- 1968 ) , American baseball player  Fred Applegate ( actor ) ( born 1953 ) , American actor , singer and dancer  Jeremy Applegate ( 1965 -- 2000 ) , American actor  Jesse Applegate ( 1811-1888 ) , American pioneer  Jessica-Jane Applegate ( born 1996 ) , British swimmer  Jodi Applegate ( born 1964 ) , American news anchor  Joseph R. Applegate ( 1925 -- 2003 ) , American linguist  K. A. Applegate ( born 1956 ) , American author  Lindsay Applegate ( 1808 -- 1892 ) , American pioneer  Oliver Cromwell Applegate ( 1845-1938 ) , American politician  Red Applegate ( 1921 -- 1965 ) , American boxer  Rex Applegate ( 1914-1998 ) , American military close combat instructor in World War II  Royce D. Applegate ( 1939-2003 ) , American actor and screenwriter  Shannon Applegate , American historian   Category : English-language surnames

neg: Adam Marcus (director) Adam Marcus ( born 1968 ) is an American film director , writer and actor .   Marcus was born in Westport , Connecticut and attended Staples High School . He started his career at the age of fifteen , when he co-created the Westport Theatreworks Theatrical Company where he directed and produced over fifty shows in seven years . He then attended New York University where he won the coveted Best Picture Award at the Student Academy Awards in 1990 for his film , '' ... so you like this girl '' . In 1991 , Marcus was called out to Los Angeles by filmmaker Sean S. Cunningham ( the director of the original Friday the 13th ) to work on producing and directing features . That same year , he co-produced Johnny Zombie ( retitled My Boyfriend 's Back ) for Cunningham and Disney Studios .   In 1993 , Marcus wrote the story for and directed the ninth film in the Friday the 13th series , Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday for New Line . He was 23 at the time and the youngest director ever hired by the studio . The three million dollar feature went on to gross over eighteen million domestically and became one of New Line Video 's largest releases ever .   Marcus and his writing partner Debra Sullivan then turned their attention to screenwriting for Paramount ( the adaptation of James Patterson 's Virgin , later titled Cradle and All ) and Fox ( the original Black Autumn ) . In 1995 , Marcus created the theater company Damn Skippy Theatreworks in L.A. . In the Summer and Fall of 1998 Marcus directed the independently financed feature film comedy , Let It Snow ( aka Snow Days ) . The picture marked the return of Bernadette Peters in a feature film after an eight-year absence from film work . The film screened at the Independent Feature Film Market ( IFFM ) in New York City where it was singled out as the most successful film at the market by Variety , Time Out IndieWire . Let It Snow had its world premiere at the American Film Institute 's Los Angeles International Film Festival ( AFI 's LAIFF ) in competition in the New Visions Category ; the film won awards at the festival for Best New Writer and Best Editing . The film then went on to be an official selection of Sundance 2000 in the American Spectrum section where it was given two extra screenings and sold out all seven of its showings . Then came the New York/Avignon film festival and the Deauville festival in France , where the film received critical acclaim . Let It Snow received positive reviews from Variety , The Hollywood Reporter , Ai n't It Cool News , The New York Times , and The Gore Score as well as a number of other publications worldwide .   Marcus then turned to television , where he sold several series to Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions , Imagine Television , NBC , Fox and The WB . In 2008 , Marcus directed the feature film Conspiracy for Sony Pictures , which he co-wrote with Debra Sullivan . The film was shot in Santa Fe , New Mexico with Val Kilmer , Jennifer Esposito and Gary Cole .   Marcus completed the pilot presentation Fitz and Slade and is currently co-writing , directing and serving as executive producer on the web series Connected .   In 2013 Marcus co-wrote the reboot of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre series , Texas Chainsaw 3D with partner Sullivan and Stephen Susco , which was the first number-one box office film in North America of the year . He co-wrote with Sullivan the feature film Cabin Fever : Outbreak and is directing and co-writing The Plantation , an adaptation of Val Lewton 's RKO classic I Walked with a Zombie .   Adam 's script for Momentum ( aka Gravity ) , co-written by Sullivan , began production in South Africa starting January 2014 . The film was the directorial debut of Stephen Campanelli and stars Morgan Freeman , James Purefoy and Olga Kurylenko . The film premiered at the Fantasia International Film Festival in 2015 .   Marcus is the brother of Young Artist Award-nominated actor Kipp Marcus . Marcus attended NYU 's Tisch School of the Arts .

neg: AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role The AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role is an award presented by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts ( AACTA ) , a non-profit organisation whose aim is to `` identify , award , promote and celebrate Australia 's greatest achievements in film and television . '' The award is presented at the annual AACTA Awards , which hands out accolades for achievements in feature films , television , documentaries and short films . From 1971 -- 2010 , the category was presented by the Australian Film Institute ( AFI ) , the Academy 's parent organisation , at the annual Australian Film Institute Awards ( known as the AFI Awards ) . When the AFI launched the Academy in 2011 , it changed the annual ceremony to the AACTA Awards , with the current award being a continuum of the AFI Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role .   It was presented as a special award , from 1971 -- 1975 , and was accompanied with a cash prize , before it became a competitive award from 1976 , onward . Judy Davis is the most nominated actress in this category , with five wins from eight nominations , most recently for her role in The Eye of the Storm ( 2011 ) .   Candidates for this award must be human and female , and can not be nominated for the same role in the supporting actress category .

neg: Christina Noble Christina Noble , OBE , is an Irish children 's rights campaigner , charity worker and writer , who founded the Christina Noble Children 's Foundation in 1989 .   Noble was born on 23 December 1944 , in Dublin , Ireland . Her mother died when she was ten , and she was sent to an orphanage , and dishonestly told that her three siblings were dead . She escaped and lived rough in Dublin , where she was gang-raped . Her baby son was adopted , against her will . She married and had three more children , but was the victim of domestic abuse .   She visited Vietnam to care for abused children after a recurring dream , during the Vietnam War , about them appealing for her help . This led to her creating the Christina Noble Children 's Foundation .   She appeared as a `` castaway '' on the BBC Radio programme Desert Island Discs on 15 June 1997 , and was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) .   There is a film about her , titled Noble , released 8 May 2015 .

neg: List of accolades received by Gone Girl (film) Gone Girl is a 2014 psychological thriller film directed by David Fincher , and produced by Leslie Dixon , Bruna Papandrea , Arnon Milchan , Reese Witherspoon , Ceán Chaffin , and Joshua Donen . The screenplay was adapted by Gillian Flynn from her eponymous 2012 novel . Set in Missouri , United States , the film stars Ben Affleck as Nick Dunne , a writer who becomes the prime suspect in the mysterious disappearance of his wife Amy , played by Rosamund Pike . Neil Patrick Harris and Tyler Perry feature in supporting roles . The score was composed by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross .   Gone Girl premiered at the New York Film Festival on September 26 , 2014 , before 20th Century Fox gave the film a wide release at over 3,000 theaters in the United States and Canada on October 3 . It grossed over $ 368 million on a production budget of $ 61 million . As of June 2016 , Gone Girl is Fincher 's highest-grossing film . Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , surveyed 295 reviews and judged 88 % to be positive .   Gone Girl garnered awards and nominations in a variety of categories with particular praise for its direction , Pike 's lead acting performance , Flynn 's screenplay , and its score . At the 87th Academy Awards , Pike received a nomination for Best Actress . The film received four nominations at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards : Best Director for Fincher , Best Actress in a Drama for Pike , Best Screenplay for Flynn , and Best Original Score . Pike won the Empire Award for Best Actress , and garnered nominations in the same category at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards and 68th British Academy Film Awards ( BAFTAs ) . She also received the Breakthrough Performance Award from the Palm Springs International Film Festival . Flynn was nominated at the BAFTAs , as well as the Writers Guild of America Awards . The National Board of Review included the film in their list of top ten films of the year .

neg: Hugh Grant Hugh John Mungo Grant ( born 9 September 1960 ) is an English actor and film producer . Grant has received a Golden Globe , a BAFTA , and an Honorary César for his work . His films have earned more than US$ 2.4 billion from 25 theatrical releases worldwide . Grant first received attention after earning the Volpi Cup for his performance in James Ivory 's Maurice ( 1987 ) but achieved international success after appearing in the Richard Curtis-scripted Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) . Grant used this breakthrough role as a frequent cinematic persona during the 1990s , delivering comic performances in films such as Mickey Blue Eyes ( 1999 ) and Notting Hill ( 1999 ) . One of the best known figures in 1990s British popular culture , Grant was in a high-profile relationship with Elizabeth Hurley , which was the focus of much attention in the British and international media .   By the turn of the 21st century , Grant had established himself as a leading man , skilled with a satirical comic talent . Grant has expanded his oeuvre with critically acclaimed turns as a cad in Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) , About a Boy ( 2002 ) , and American Dreamz ( 2006 ) . Grant later played against type with multiple cameo roles in the epic sci-fi drama film , Cloud Atlas ( 2012 ) . He 's also known for appearing in period pieces such as The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) , Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) and Florence Foster Jenkins ( 2016 ) .   Within the film industry , Grant is cited as an anti-star who approaches his roles like a character actor , and attempts to make his acting appear spontaneous . Hallmarks of his comic skills include a nonchalant touch of irony/sarcasm and studied physical mannerisms , as well as his precisely-timed dialogue delivery and facial expressions . The entertainment media 's coverage of Grant 's life off the big screen has often overshadowed his work as an actor . Grant has been outspoken about his antipathy towards the profession of acting , and in his disdain towards the culture of celebrity and hostility towards the media . In a career spanning 30 years , Grant has repeatedly claimed that acting was not his true calling , but rather a career that unintentionally developed by happenstance .

neg: Inconceivable (2008 film) Inconceivable is a 2008 satirical drama about the test-tube baby industry . The film was written and directed by Mary McGuckian .