query: The English Civil War was between two sides.

pos: English Civil War The English Civil War ( 1642 -- 1651 ) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians ( `` Roundheads '' ) and Royalists ( `` Cavaliers '' ) over , principally , the manner of England 's government . The first ( 1642 -- 46 ) and second ( 1648 -- 49 ) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament , while the third ( 1649 -- 51 ) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament . The war ended with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651 .   The overall outcome of the war was threefold : the trial and execution of Charles I ( 1649 ) ; the exile of his son , Charles II ( 1651 ) ; and the replacement of English monarchy with , at first , the Commonwealth of England ( 1649 -- 53 ) and then the Protectorate under the personal rules of Oliver Cromwell ( 1653 -- 58 ) and his son ( 1658 -- 59 ) . The monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England ended with the victors ' consolidating the established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland . Constitutionally , the wars established the precedent that an English monarch can not govern without Parliament 's consent , although the idea of Parliament as the ruling power of England was only legally established as part of the Glorious Revolution in 1688 .

neg: Western Rising and disafforestation riots The Western Rising was a series of riots which took place during 1626 -- 1632 in Gillingham Forest on the Wiltshire-Dorset border , Braydon Forest in Wiltshire , and Dean Forest , Gloucestershire , in response to disafforestation of royal forests , sale of royal lands and enclosure of property by the new owners .   There were contemporaneous uprisings in Feckenham Forest and Leicester Forest . Riots also took place at Malvern Chase , where enclosure was largely successfully opposed .   Riot and breaching enclosures were not the only form of opposition to disafforestation . In many cases , landowners and tenants felt the compensation they were offered was unfair , and they sought to challenge decisions through the legal system . In at least one case , a town council , the Corporation of Leicester , and borough residents took legal action because of the effect on the poorest forest dwellers , who were likely to become a burden on the town 's poor relief .   The 1626 -- 32 riots were followed by further riots at many of the same locations during the English Civil War and the following Interregnum as disafforestation proceeded and continued to be contested .

neg: Kentucky in the American Civil War Kentucky was a border state of key importance in the American Civil War . President Abraham Lincoln recognized the importance of the Commonwealth when , in a September 1861 letter to Orville Browning , he wrote :  I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game . Kentucky gone , we can not hold Missouri , nor Maryland . These all against us , and the job on our hands is too large for us . We would as well consent to separation at once , including the surrender of this capitol .   Kentucky , being a border state , was among the chief places where the `` Brother against brother '' scenario was prevalent . Kentucky officially declared its neutrality at the beginning of the war , but after a failed attempt by Confederate General Leonidas Polk to take the state of Kentucky for the Confederacy , the legislature petitioned the Union Army for assistance . After early 1862 Kentucky came largely under Union control .   Kentucky was the site of several fierce battles , including Mill Springs and Perryville . It was host to such military leaders as Ulysses S. Grant on the Union side , who first encountered serious Confederate gunfire coming from Columbus , Kentucky , and Confederate cavalry leader Nathan Bedford Forrest . Forrest proved to be a scourge to the Union Army in western Kentucky , even making an attack on Paducah . Kentuckian John Hunt Morgan further challenged Union control , as he conducted numerous cavalry raids through the state .   Kentucky was the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln , his wife Mary Todd , and his southern counterpart , Confederate President Jefferson Davis .   In the historiography of the Civil War , Kentucky is treated primarily as a border state , with special attention to the social divisions during the secession crisis , invasions and raids , internal violence , sporadic guerrilla warfare , federal-state relations , the ending of slavery , and the return of Confederate veterans .

neg: With Lee in Virginia, A Story of the American Civil War With Lee in Virginia , A Story of the American Civil War ( 1890 ) is a book by British author G.A. Henty . It was published by Blackie and Son Ltd , London . Henty 's character , Vincent Wingfield , fights for the Confederate States of America , even though he is against slavery . As suggested by the title , he is primarily with the Army of Northern Virginia . Henty 's novel has been cited by some  literary historians as an example of British right-wingers ' sympathy for the Confederate cause ; discussing With Lee in Virginia ,  Jeffrey Richards cites the book as `` significantly pro-Southern '' . Henty defends slavery throughout the  novel , stating although slavery was capable of `` abominable '' cruelty under brutal masters ,  '' . . taken all in all , the negroes on a well-ordered estate , under kind masters , were probably a happier class of people than the laborers upon any estate in Europe . '' At the novel 's end , Henty has the Wingfield family 's  former slaves return and continue working for their former owners :  The negroes , however , for the most part remained steadily working on the estate . A few wandered away , but their places were easily filled ; for the majority of the freed slaves very soon discovered that their lot was a far harder one than it had been before , and that freedom so suddenly given was a curse rather than a blessing to them .  Richards cites the novel as an example of Henty 's belief in the `` incapacity '' of blacks and notes that  With Lee In Virginia argues that `` a system of slavery is acceptable so long as the slave owners treat their slaves decently and humanely '' . Nathaniel Cadle claims With Lee in Virginia 's plot works  to `` romanticize and oversimplify the relationship between white Confederate slave owners and their black chattel . ''   The book has been lauded by the right-wing , Neo-Confederate magazine  Southern Partisan , who described With Lee in Virginia as `` the sort of book Southern Partisan readers ought to pass on to their own sons . The politics of sectional conflict are n't oversimplified , but the bias is one Southern Partisan readers are likely to applaud '' .

neg: Wellington Declaration The `` Wellington Declaration '' ( otherwise known as the Declaration of Wellington ) was a manifesto by King Charles I near the start of the English Civil War   On 18 September 1642 , before the first major pitched battle of Civil War , King Charles I raised his standard `` in the vicinity of '' ( i.e. not actually in ) Wellington , at the time a small , though highly influential , market town in Shropshire and addressed his troops the next day . He declared that he would uphold `` the Protestant Religion , the Laws of England , and the Liberty of Parliament '' .   The Wellington Declaration was held to be so important that the Royal Mint stamped its slogans on the reverse of the 10 / - silver coins RELIG : PROT : LEG : ANG : LIBER : PAR and silver half crowns ( 2/6 ) REL.PRO.LEG.ANG.LIB.PAR that it produced at that time . The inscriptions abbreviate the words `` RELIGIO PROTESTANTIUM , LEGES ANGLIAE , LIBERTAS PARLIAMENTI '' , which is the declaration in Latin .

neg: Cavalier poet The cavalier poets was a school of English poets of the 17th century , that came from the classes that supported King Charles I during the English Civil War . Charles , a connoisseur of the fine arts , supported poets who created the art he craved . These poets in turn grouped themselves with the King and his service , thus becoming Cavalier Poets .   A cavalier was traditionally a mounted soldier or knight , but when the term was applied to those who supported Charles it was meant to portray them as roistering gallants . The term was thus meant to belittle and insult . However , it became the term applied to those who supported Charles . They were separate in their lifestyle and divided on religion from the Roundheads , who supported Parliament , consisting often of Puritans ( either Presbyterians or Independents ) .   The best known of the cavalier poets are Robert Herrick , Richard Lovelace , Thomas Carew , and Sir John Suckling . Most of the cavalier poets were courtiers , with notable exceptions . For example , Robert Herrick was not a courtier , but his style marks him as a cavalier poet .

neg: Battle of Olney Bridge The Battle of Olney Bridge was a skirmish in the First English Civil War just outside the English town of Olney , Buckinghamshire on November 4 , 1643 , in which Royalist forces attacked the Parliamentarian forces holding Olney Bridge . The Parliamentarian forces held the bridge , and the remaining Royalists retreated .   The bridge for which the battle is named remains to this day . A memorial to the dead can be found on the site .

neg: Origins of the War of 1812 The War of 1812 , a war between the United States , Great Britain , and Britain 's Indian allies , lasted from 1812 to 1815 . The U.S. declared war and historians have long debated the multiple factors behind that decision .   There were several immediate stated causes for the U.S. declaration of war : First , a series of trade restrictions introduced by Britain to impede American trade with France , a country with which Britain was at war ( the U.S. contested these restrictions as illegal under international law ) ; second , the impressment ( forced recruitment ) of U.S. seamen into the Royal Navy ; third , the British military support for American Indians who were offering armed resistance to the expansion of the American frontier to the Northwest ; fourth , a possible desire on the part of the United States to annex Canada . An implicit but powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honor in the face of what they considered to be British insults ( such as the Chesapeake affair ) .   American expansion into the Northwest ( Ohio , Indiana , Michigan , Illinois and Wisconsin ) was impeded by Indian raids . Some Canadian historians in the early 20th century maintained that Americans had wanted to seize parts of Canada , a view that many Canadians still share , while others argue that inducing the fear of such a seizure had merely been a U.S. tactic designed to obtain a bargaining chip . Some members of the British Parliament at the time and dissident American politicians such as John Randolph of Roanoke claimed that land hunger rather than maritime disputes was the main motivation for the American declaration . However , some historians , both Canadian and American , retain the view that desire to annex all or part of Canada was an American goal . Although the British made some concessions before the war on neutral trade , they insisted on the right to reclaim their deserting sailors . The British also had the long-standing goal of creating a large `` neutral '' Indian state that would cover much of Ohio , Indiana and Michigan . They made the demand as late as 1814 at the peace conference , but lost battles that would have validated their claims .   The war was fought in four theatres : on the oceans , where the warships and privateers of both sides preyed on each other 's merchant shipping ; along the Atlantic coast of the U.S. , which was blockaded with increasing severity by the British , who also mounted large-scale raids in the later stages of the war ; on the long frontier , running along the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River , which separated the U.S. from Upper and Lower Canada ( Ontario and Quebec ) ; and finally along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico . During the course of the war , both the Americans and British launched invasions of each other 's territory , all of which were unsuccessful or gained only temporary success . At the end of the war , the British held parts of Maine and some outposts in the sparsely populated West while the Americans held Canadian territory near Detroit , but these occupied territories were restored at the end of the war .   In the United States , battles such as New Orleans and the earlier successful defence of Baltimore ( which inspired the lyrics of the U.S. national anthem , The Star-Spangled Banner ) produced a sense of euphoria over a `` second war of independence '' against Britain . It ushered in an `` Era of Good Feelings , '' in which the partisan animosity that had once verged on treason practically vanished . Canada also emerged from the war with a heightened sense of national feeling and solidarity . Britain , which had regarded the war as a sideshow to the Napoleonic Wars raging in Europe , was less affected by the fighting ; its government and people subsequently welcomed an era of peaceful relations with the United States .

neg: Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle Charles Howard , 1st Earl of Carlisle ( 1629 -- 24 February 1685 ) was an English military leader and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1653 and 1660 and was created Earl of Carlisle in 1661 .   Howard was the son and heir of Sir William Howard of Naworth in Cumberland , by Mary , daughter of William , Lord Eure , and great-grandson of Lord William Howard , `` Belted Will '' ( 1563 -- 1640 ) , the third son of Thomas Howard , 4th Duke of Norfolk . In 1645 he conformed to the Church of England and supported the government of the Commonwealth , being appointed High Sheriff of Cumberland in 1650 . He bought Carlisle Castle and became governor of the town . He distinguished himself at the Battle of Worcester on Cromwell 's side and made a member of the council of state in 1653 , chosen captain of the protector 's body-guard and selected to carry out various public duties . In 1653 he was nominated as Member of Parliament for the Four Northern Counties in the Barebones Parliament . He was elected MPP for Cumberland in 1654 .   In 1655 Howard was given a regiment , was appointed a commissioner to try the northern rebels , and a deputy major-general of Cumberland , Westmorland and Northumberland . He was re-elected MP for Cumberland in 1656 . In 1657 he was included in Cromwell 's House of Lords and voted for the protector 's assumption of the royal title the same year . In 1659 he urged Richard Cromwell to defend his government by force against the army leaders , but his advice being refused he used his influence in favor of a restoration of the monarchy , and after Richard 's fall he was imprisoned . In April 1660 he sat again in parliament for Cumberland , and at the Restoration was made custos rotulorum and Lord Lieutenant of Cumberland and Lord Lieutenant of Westmorland .   On 20 April 1661 Howard was created Baron Dacre of Gillesland , Viscount Howard of Morpeth , and Earl of Carlisle ; the same year he was made Vice-Admiral of Northumberland , Cumberland and Durham , and in 1662 joint commissioner for the office of Earl Marshal . In 1663 he was appointed ambassador to Russia , Sweden and Denmark , and in 1668 he carried the Garter to Charles XI of Sweden .   In 1667 Howard was made lieutenant-general of the forces and joint commander-in-chief of the four northernmost counties . In 1672 he became one of the commissioners for the office of Lord Lieutenant of Durham , and in 1673 deputy earl marshal .   He commanded a regiment in the fresh-raised Blackheath Army of 1673 , which was intended to see action against the Dutch . Following the Treaty of Westminster the regiment was disbanded .   In 1678 he was appointed governor of Jamaica , and reappointed governor of Carlisle . He died in 1685 , and was buried in York Minster . He married Anne ( d. 1696 ) , daughter of Edward Howard , 1st Baron Howard of Escrick , by whom he had six children :  Edward Howard , 2nd Earl of Carlisle ( c. 1646 -- 1692 )  Lady Katherine Howard ( 29 July 1662 -- March 1682 )  Hon. Frederick Christian Howard ( 5 November 1664 -- October 1684 ) , killed at the Siege of Luxembourg  Hon. Charles Howard ( 5 September 1668 -- 3 April 1670 )  Lady Mary Howard ( d. 27 October 1708 ) , married Sir John Fenwick , 3rd Baronet  Lady Anne Howard , married Richard Graham , 1st Viscount Preston   Colonel Thomas Howard ( died 1678 ) , notorious for the 1662 duel where he left Henry Jermyn , 1st Baron Dover for dead ( they being rivals for the affections of Anna Talbot , Countess of Shrewsbury ) , was his younger brother . He was pardoned and soon afterwards married as her third husband Mary Stewart , Duchess of Richmond .

neg: Battle of Burton Bridge (1322) The 1322 Battle of Burton Bridge was fought between Thomas , 2nd Earl of Lancaster and his cousin Edward II of England during the Despenser War . Edward 's army was proceeding northwards to engage Lancaster , having defeated his Marcher Lord allies in Wales . Lancaster fortified the bridge at Burton upon Trent , an important crossing of the River Trent , in an attempt to prevent the King from proceeding . Edward arrived at nearby Cauldwell on 7 March 1322 and intended to use the ford at Walton-on-Trent to cross the river and outflank Lancaster . Edward was delayed for three days by floodwaters , during which time some of his force was deployed opposite Lancaster 's men at the bridge .   On 10 March 1322 Edward 's main force crossed the river at Walton and proceeded to the south side of Burton . Lancaster moved his men outside the town , intending to face the King in open battle , but withdrew northwards when he saw that he was heavily outnumbered . Lancaster was pursued closely by the King 's men and eventually captured at the Battle of Boroughbridge ; he was later executed on the King 's orders . Lancaster 's defeat removed the immediate threat to Edward 's rule , but the King continued to prove unpopular with his barons , and in 1327 was forced to abdicate the throne in favour of his son Edward III .

neg: Black Death in England The Black Death was a pneumonic plague pandemic , which reached England in June 1348 , and died down by December 1349 . It was the first and most severe manifestation of the Second Pandemic , caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria . The term `` Black Death '' was not used until the late 17th Century .   Originating in China , it spread west along the trade routes across Europe and arrived on the British Isles from the English province of Gascony . The plague seems to have been spread by flea-infected rats , as well as individuals who had been infected on the continent . Rats were the reservoir hosts of the Y. pestis bacteria and the Oriental rat flea was the primary vector .   The first known case in England was a seaman who arrived at Weymouth , Dorset , from Gascony in June 1348 . By autumn , the plague had reached London , and by summer 1349 it covered the entire country , before dying down by December . Low estimates of mortality in the early twentieth century have been revised upwards due to re-examination of data and new information , and a figure of 40 -- 60 % of the population is widely accepted .   The English government handled the crisis well , and the country did not experience the extreme reactions that were seen elsewhere in Europe . The most immediate consequence was a halt to the campaigns of the Hundred Years ' War . In the long term , the decrease in population caused a shortage of labour , with subsequent rise in wages , resisted by the landowners , which caused deep resentment among the lower classes . The Peasants ' Revolt of 1381 was largely a result of this resentment , and even though the rebellion was suppressed , in the long term serfdom was ended in England . The Black Death also affected artistic and cultural efforts , and may have helped advance the use of the vernacular .   In 1361 -- 62 the plague returned to England , this time causing the death of around 20 % of the population . After this the plague continued to return intermittently throughout the 14th and 15th centuries , in local or national outbreaks . From this point on its effect became less severe , and one of the last outbreaks of the plague in England was the Great Plague of London in 1665 -- 66 .

neg: List of First World War Victoria Cross recipients The Victoria Cross ( VC ) was awarded 628 times to 627 recipients for action in the First World War ( 1914 -- 1918 ) . The Victoria Cross is a military decoration awarded for valour `` in the face of the enemy '' to members of armed forces of some Commonwealth countries and previous British Empire territories . It takes precedence over all other Orders , decorations and medals ; it may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service and to civilians under military command . The award was officially constituted when Queen Victoria issued a warrant under the Royal sign-manual on 29 January 1856 that was gazetted on 5 February 1856 . The order was backdated to 1854 to recognise acts of valour during the Crimean War . The first awards ceremony was held on 26 June 1857 , where Queen Victoria invested 62 of the 111 Crimean recipients in a ceremony in Hyde Park .   The First World War , also known as the Great War and in the United States as World War I , was a global military conflict that embroiled most of the world 's great powers , assembled in two opposing alliances : the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance . More than 70 million military personnel were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history . The main combatants descended into a state of total war , directing their entire scientific and industrial capabilities into the war effort . Over 15 million people were killed , making it one of the deadliest conflicts in history . The proximate cause of war was the assassination on 28 June 1914 of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria . Soon after , a system of alliances were activated that would see Europe at war . The Western Front saw the largest concentration of Commonwealth troops with soldiers occupying sectors of the line from the North Sea to the Orne River .   On 1 July 1916 , the first day of the Battle of the Somme , the British Army endured the bloodiest day in its history , suffering 57,470 casualties and 19,240 dead ; nine Victoria Crosses were awarded for action on that day . Most of the casualties occurred in the first hour of the attack . The entire Somme offensive cost the British Army almost half a million men . The war was not just fought on land ; the First World War saw major naval battles as well as the first large-scale use of military aircraft . The war at sea was mainly characterised by the efforts of the Allied Powers in blockading the Central Powers by sea . In return , the Central Powers attempted to break that blockade and establish an effective blockade of the British Isles and France with U-boats and raiders . The largest naval battle of the First World War was the Battle of Jutland which was the only full-scale clash of battleships in that war . Four Victoria Crosses were awarded for action at Jutland . The war in the air saw 19 VCs being awarded to airmen . The First World War saw significant interest in flying aces , including the German Manfred von Richthofen -- also known as The Red Baron -- as well as British aces such as Albert Ball , Mick Mannock and Billy Bishop , who were all Victoria Cross recipients . Hostilities ended on 11 November 1918 with the signing of the Armistice Treaty in the Compiègne Forest , but the war was not officially over until the various peace treaties were signed in 1919 . By the war 's end , four major imperial powers -- Germany , Russia , Austria-Hungary , and the Ottoman Empire -- had been militarily and politically defeated , and the latter two ceased to exist as autonomous entities . Of the 60 million European soldiers who were mobilised from 1914 -- 1918 , 8 million were killed , 7 million were permanently disabled , and 15 million were seriously injured .   During the war , Britain called on its dominions and colonies , which provided invaluable military , financial and material support . The armies of the Dominions provided over 2.5 million men as well as many thousands of volunteers from the Crown colonies . The largest number of men came from the Indian sub continent , Canada , Australia and New Zealand . The Indian Contingent consisted of over 130,000 men in various capabilities and served primarily in France and Belgium . Over 9000 of them died and 11 of them were awarded the VC . The Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) began forming on 15 August 1914 and remained a volunteer force for the entire war . Throughout the four years of conflict , 331,814 volunteers from Australia were sent overseas with 63 VCs awarded ; nine of these were given for the Gallipoli Campaign . Eleven members of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force ( NZEF ) were awarded the Victoria Cross . The Canadian Expeditionary Force ( CEF ) saw over 600,000 enlistments throughout its four-year history with 71 VCs awarded . At the outbreak of the hostilities , Newfoundland was a separate dominion and 2 soldiers from Newfoundland were awarded the Victoria Cross .   The 628 awards of the Victoria Cross given for action during the First World War account for almost half the 1356 Victoria Crosses awarded throughout its history ; in comparison the Second World War saw 181 medals awarded . Noel Godfrey Chavasse was awarded the Victoria Cross and Bar , for two separate actions in the First World War on the battlefields of Mametz and Passchendaele . He died from wounds received in the second action . Arthur Martin-Leake received a Bar to his Victoria Cross for action in the First World War ; he had been awarded his first Victoria Cross for action in the Second Boer War .   Of the 627 recipients 159 were awarded posthumously .

neg: Cock Beck Cock Beck is a stream in the outlying areas of East Leeds , West Yorkshire , England , which runs from its source due to a runoff north-west of Whinmoor , skirting east of Swarcliffe and Manston ( where a public house has been named ` The Cock Beck ' ) , past Pendas Fields , Scholes , Barwick-in-Elmet , Aberford , Towton , Stutton , and Tadcaster , where it flows into the River Wharfe .   It is a tributary of the River Wharfe , and also known as the River Cock or Cock River . The name ` cock ' may refer to a mature salmon , as it was a spawning ground for salmon and trout . Industrial pollution reduced the fish stock , but it has been recovering in the 21st century , aided by work from the Environment Agency . In places the beck was relatively narrow , but too deep to cross unaided ; a feature which can still be seen today at many points . John Ogilby 's 1675 map indicates the major crossing for the Cock was sited along the Tadcaster-Ferrybridge road .   In the aftermath of the 1461 Battle of Towton remnants of the Lancastrian forces fleeing the victorious Yorkists were forced to try to cross the Cock Beck , having already disposed of most of their arms . Many drowned in the Beck , and soon the survivors were reported to be crossing the Cock Beck on bridges of their fallen comrades .   During the English Civil War , the Royalists defeated the Parliamentarians under Sir Thomas Fairfax at the Battle of Seacroft Moor in 1643 . The ensuing massacre of the Parliamentarians is said to have been of such magnitude that the beck ran crimson with blood .   Cock Beck is identified as a likely site of the Battle of the Winwaed on 15 November 655 , a decisive victory of Oswiu of Bernicia over King Penda of Mercia .

neg: Nathaniel Whetham Nathaniel Whetham ( 1604 -- 16 September 1668 ) was an English baker and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1654 and 1659 . He fought in the Parliamentary army in the English Civil War .   Whetham was the son of Thomas Whetham and his wife Dorothy Hooper . He was baptised at Burstock on 25 November 1604 . He was apprenticed in London to Edward Terrill , the baker to the Inner Temple . By 1632 he had completed his apprenticeship and was appointed steward to the court of the Worshipful Company of Bakers . He joined the `` Company of the Plough '' which had secured a patent from Sir Ferdinando Gorges on land in South-East Maine with the aim of emigrating there but the venture was unsuccessful and he continued his trade in the Company of Whitebakers .   When the Civil War broke out , Whetham joined the City of London militia and was appointed major of dragoons and a captain of one of their companies under colonel Richard Browne . Whetham and his dragoons were stationed near Aylesbury where his troops were restless and an attack on the Royalist garrison at Brill was abortive . However , he was appointed Governor of Northampton and for the next four to five years he held the town on behalf of Parliament . In October 1643 he repelled an advance by Prince Rupert and his twenty-two troops of horse and 700 men and then raided Royalist troops along Watling Street by night . In April 1644 he organised the rescue of over thirty parliamentary soldiers from Banbury Castle . In August 1644 he was described as ` Commander in chiefe ' and ` valliant and faithfull ' in the first siege of Banbury Castle . He remained at Northampton for most of the next three years and took part in the second siege of Banbury Castle .   In September 1649 , Whetham was sent as Governor of Portsmouth to reinforce the port . His immediate priority was to repair the fortifications . He was also responsible for reorganising the armed forces , and setting up of a Hampshire Militia under his own command . He was also appointed a Justice of the Peace for Hampshire . In 1654 , he was elected Member of Parliament for Portsmouth in the First Protectorate Parliament . At this time Whetman met and became friends with General George Monck who was based at Portsmouth and in 1655 went to Scotland with Monck as member of Monck 's Council of State for Scotland . In 1656 he was elected MP for a Scottish constituency comprising the boroughs of St. Andrews , Dysart , Kirkaldy , Anstruther-East , Pittenween , Creel , Dumfermline , Kinghorn , Anstruther-West , Innerleithing , Kilkenny , and BurntIand for the Second Protectorate Parliament . He returned to Portsmouth in March 1657 wrote to the Committee of Safety saying that he had found affairs at Portsmouth very much under control . He was elected to sit on the Committee of Safety but does not appear to have attended any meetings . In 1659 he was re-elected MP for the Scottish constituency for the Third Protectorate Parliament . At this time he was caught up in the dispute between Parliament and the army when the army attempted to take Portsmouth which had been established as a parliamentary stronghold . He finished his term as governor of Portsmout in 1659 .   Whetham then joined General Monck who was advancing on London from the north . As a result of his contributions he was awarded a pension of # 200 a year and hereditary entitlement to his lands as well as his own regiment . However , by the time of the Restoration his regiment had been handed over to Colonel Richard Norton and later King Charles II and Parliament agreed to annul the sale of church lands by which Whetham had bought the manor of Chard . He left his manorial home for a small tenancy on the estate and remained there until his death in 1668 at the age of about 64 .   Whetham married Joanna Terrill , widow of his former master Edward Terrill .

neg: Siege of Oxford The Siege of Oxford refers to the English Civil War military campaigns waged to besiege the Royalist controlled city of Oxford , involving three short engagements over twenty-five months , which ended with a Parliamentarian victory in June 1646 .   The first engagement was in May 1644 , during which King Charles I escaped , thus preventing a formal siege . The second , in May 1645 , had barely started when Sir Thomas Fairfax was given orders to stop and pursue the King to Naseby instead . The last siege began in May 1646 and was a formal siege of some three months ; but the war was obviously over and negotiation , rather than fighting , took precedence . Being careful not to inflict too much damage on the city , Fairfax even sent in food to the King 's second son , James , and was happy to conclude the siege with an honourable agreement before any further escalation occurred .

neg: Battle of the Holme The Battle of the Holme took place in East Anglia on 13 December 902 between the Anglo-Saxon men of Kent and the East Anglian Danes . Its location is unknown but may have been Holme in Huntingdonshire ( now part of Cambridgeshire ) .   Following the death of Alfred the Great in 899 , his son Edward the Elder became king , but his cousin Æthelwold , the son of Alfred 's elder brother , King Æthelred , claimed the throne . His bid was unsuccessful , and he fled to the Northumbrian Danes , who , according to one version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , accepted him as king . In 902 Æthelwold came with a fleet to Essex and the following year he persuaded the East Anglian Danes to attack Mercia and north Wessex . Edward retaliated by ravaging East Anglia and the Danish army was forced to return to defend its own territory . Edward then retreated , but the men of Kent disobeyed the order to retire , and they met the Danes at the battle of the Holme .   The course of the battle is unknown , but the Danes appear to have won as according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle they `` kept the place of slaughter '' . However , they suffered heavy losses including Æthelwold , Eohric , probably the Danish king of East Anglia , Brihtsige , son of the ætheling Beornoth , and two holds , Ysopa and Oscetel . The battle thus ended Æthelwold 's Revolt . Kentish losses included Sigehelm , father of Edward the Elder 's third wife , Eadgifu of Kent . The West Saxon chronicler who gave the fullest account of the battle was at pains to explain why Edward and the rest of the English were not present , as if this had been a subject of criticism .

neg: Robert Greville, 2nd Baron Brooke Robert Greville , 2nd Baron Brooke ( May 1607 -- 2 March 1643 ) was an English Civil War Roundhead General .   Greville was the cousin and adopted son of Fulke Greville , 1st Baron Brooke , and thus became the second Lord Brooke , and owner of Warwick Castle . He was born in 1607 , and entered parliament for Warwick in 1628 . He attended parliament and took part in some debates , but an investigation took place into his election for Warwick , and it was voided on 31 May 1628 . Before a by-election could take place , Greville 's adopted father died , on 30 September 1628 , and Robert succeeded to the peerage that year , and thereafter was able to sit in the House of Lords . He was involved in the foundation of Saybrooke in Connecticut .   Greville was imprisoned by Charles I at York in 1639 for refusing to take the oath to fight for the king , and soon became an active member of the parliamentary party ; taking part in the Civil War he defeated the Royalists in a skirmish at Kineton in August 1642 .   During the Civil War , he commanded Parliament forces in Warwickshire and Staffordshire and was looked on by many as the Earl of Essex 's eventual successor . In 1642 he gained the victory of Kineton . He took Stratford-upon-Avon in February , 1643 and was killed shortly afterwards besieging Lichfield Cathedral on 2 March .   Greville was reportedly shot by a sniper ( a concealed person who fired at Greville with a rifle ) and many consider him to be the first recorded victim of sniper fire .   Brooke was eulogized as a friend of toleration by John Milton . He wrote on philosophical , theological and current political topics . The Cambridge History of English and American Literature said of Greville , :   He was an ardent puritan , and , in 1641 , wrote A Discourse opening the nature of that Episcopacie which is exercised in England , aimed at the political power of the bishops . In the same year was published his philosophical work The Nature of Truth . In this work , he refuses to distinguish between philosophy and theology . `` What is true philosophy but divinity ? '' he asks , `` and if it be not true , it is not philosophy . ''   Greville married Lady Catherine Russell , daughter of Francis Russell , 4th Earl of Bedford and Hon. Catherine Brydges , circa 1630 . They had three children :  Francis Greville , 3rd Baron Brooke  Robert Greville , 4th Baron Brooke  Fulke Greville , 5th Baron Brooke ( d. 22 October 1710 ) , father of Algernon Greville ( MP ) .

neg: Anglo-Scottish Wars The Anglo-Scottish Wars were a series of wars fought between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland following the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 14th century , and ended by the Union of the Crowns in 1603 , wherein England and Scotland entered a personal union .   After the Wars of Scottish Independence , England and Scotland fought several times during the 14th , 15th and 16th centuries . In most cases , one country attempted to take advantage of weakness or instability in the other . For example , James II of Scotland attempted to regain Berwick during the Wars of the Roses in England .

neg: Henry V of England Henry V ( 9 August 1386 -- 31 August 1422 ) was King of England from 1413 until his death at the age of 36 in 1422 . He was the second English monarch who came from the House of Lancaster .   After military experience fighting the Welsh during the revolt of Owain Glyndŵr , and against the powerful aristocratic Percys of Northumberland at the Battle of Shrewsbury , Henry came into political conflict with his father , whose health was increasingly precarious from 1405 onward . After his father 's death in 1413 , Henry assumed control of the country and embarked on war with France in the ongoing Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 -- 1453 ) between the two nations . His military successes culminated in his famous victory at the Battle of Agincourt ( 1415 ) and saw him come close to conquering France . After months of negotiation with Charles VI of France , the Treaty of Troyes ( 1420 ) recognised Henry V as regent and heir apparent to the French throne , and he was subsequently married to Charles 's daughter , Catherine of Valois ( 1401 -- 37 ) . Following Henry V 's sudden and unexpected death in France two years later , he was succeeded by his infant son , who reigned as Henry VI ( 1422 -- 61 , 1470 -- 71 ) .

neg: Second Cornish uprising of 1497 The Second Cornish uprising is the name given to the Cornish uprising of September 1497 when the pretender to the throne Perkin Warbeck landed at Whitesand Bay , near Land 's End , on 7 September with just 120 men in two ships .   Warbeck had seen the potential of the Cornish unrest in the 1st Cornish Rebellion of 1497 even though the Cornish had been defeated at the Battle of Blackheath on 17 June 1497 . Warbeck proclaimed that he would put a stop to extortionate taxes levied to help fight a war against Scotland and was warmly welcomed in Cornwall . His wife , Lady Catharine , was left in the safety of St Michael 's Mount and when he decided to attack Exeter his supporters declared him ` Richard IV ' on Bodmin Moor . Most of the Cornish gentry supported Warbeck 's cause after their setback previously in June of that year and on 17 September a Cornish army some 6,000 strong entered Exeter , where the walls were badly damaged , before advancing on Taunton .   Henry VII sent his chief general , Giles , Lord Daubeney , to attack the Cornish and when Warbeck heard that the King 's scouts were at Glastonbury he panicked and deserted his army . Warbeck was captured at Beaulieu Abbey in Hampshire , where he surrendered . Henry VII reached Taunton on 4 October 1497 , where he received the surrender of the remaining Cornish army . The ringleaders were executed and others fined an enormous total of # 13,000 . ` King Richard ' was imprisoned , first , at Taunton , then in London , where he was ` paraded through the streets on horseback amid much hooting and derision of the citizens ' .  On 23 November 1499 Warbeck was drawn on a hurdle from the Tower to Tyburn , London , where he read out a ` confession ' and was hanged .

neg: First English Civil War The First English Civil War ( 1642 -- 1646 ) began the series of three wars known as the English Civil War ( or `` Wars '' ) . `` The English Civil War '' was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations that took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651 , and includes the Second English Civil War ( 1648 -- 1649 ) and the Third English Civil War ( 1649 -- 1651 ) .


query: Enemy (2013 film) stars Sarah Gadon.

pos: Enemy (2013 film) Enemy is a 2013 psychological thriller film directed by Denis Villeneuve , produced by M.S. Faura and Niv Fichman and written by Javier Gullón , loosely adapted from José Saramago 's 2002 novel The Double . The film stars Jake Gyllenhaal , Mélanie Laurent and Sarah Gadon and revolves around two men who are physically identical . It is also internationally co-produced by production companies from Spain and Canada .   The film premiered in the Special Presentation section at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8 , 2013 . It was then released on March 14 , 2014 by A24 . It earned $ 3.4 million at the box office and received positive reviews . The film earned five Canadian Screen Awards , including Best Director for Villeneuve , as well as a Canadian Screen Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role for Sarah Gadon and Best Motion Picture . It was named Best Canadian Film of the Year at the Toronto Film Critics Association Awards 2014 .

neg: Entity (2012 film) Entity is a 2012 British supernatural thriller film written and directed by Steve Stone . The film had its world premiere on 25 October 2012 , at the Bram Stoker International Film Festival . It stars Dervla Kirwan , Charlotte Riley , and Branko Tomovic and centers upon a British reality show film crew that encounters a dark entity .

neg: Jenna Rose Simon Jenna Rose Simon ( born December 14 , 1987 ) is an American artist and actor . Her artwork focuses primarily on the abuse of children with the use of graphite pencils .

neg: Bullet to the Head Bullet to the Head is a 2012 American action thriller film directed by Walter Hill . The screenplay by Alessandro Camon was based on the French graphic novel Du Plomb Dans La Tête written by Matz and illustrated by Colin Wilson . The film stars Sylvester Stallone , Sung Kang , Sarah Shahi , Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje , Christian Slater , and Jason Momoa . Alexandra Milchan , Alfred Gough , Miles Millar , and Kevin King-Templeton produced the film . The movie follows a hitman and a cop who are forced to work together to bring down a corrupt businessman and mafia boss after they are targeted by the latter 's associates .   The film premiered at the International Rome Film Festival on November 14 , 2012 . The film received a wide United States release on February 1 , 2013 .

neg: Dracula: The Dark Prince Dracula : The Dark Prince is a 2013 American fantasy horror film directed by Pearry Reginald Teo and written by Nicole Jones-Dion and Steven Paul . The film stars Luke Roberts , Jon Voight , Kelly Wenham and Ben Robson . The film was shot in Romania and released on 15 October 2013 .

neg: Proxy (film) Proxy is a 2013 American horror film directed by Zack Parker . The movie had its world premiere on September 10 , 2013 at the Toronto International Film Festival . It stars Alexia Rasmussen as a pregnant young woman who joins a support group after she miscarries due to a vicious attack . The filmmakers describe Proxy as a spiritual successor to the horror film Rosemary 's Baby , and its main character Esther Woodhouse is named after the earlier film 's protagonist Rosemary Woodhouse .   Film rights to Proxy were picked up by IFC Midnight shortly after its premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival .

neg: Instinct (Orphan Black) `` Instinct '' is the second episode of the first season of the Canadian science fiction television series Orphan Black . It first aired in Canada on Space and the United States on BBC America on 6 April 2013 . The episode was written by Graeme Manson and directed by John Fawcett .   The plot follows Sarah Manning ( played by Tatiana Maslany ) as she continues to impersonate Beth Childs , a woman who looks identical to Sarah , in order to take Beth 's money after seeing her commit suicide . In the episode , Sarah deals with the aftermath of the death of another identical woman , Katja Obinger , and begins to discover more lookalikes . Maslany plays each of the identical women ; `` Instinct '' marked the first episode in which more than one of Maslany 's characters was present in a single shot , which necessitated specific planning and technology to film and edit these scenes . The episode received positive reviews from critics , who praised the episode 's plot development and Maslany 's performance .

neg: List of accolades received by Fences (film) Fences is a 2016 American drama film directed by Denzel Washington and written by August Wilson . Starring Washington , Viola Davis , Jovan Adepo and Stephen McKinley Henderson , the film focuses on a man and his life , family , and job . The film began a limited release on December 16 , 2016 , before opening wide on December 25 . The film was released to universal acclaim , with Rotten Tomatoes listing an approval rating of 93 % , based on 207 reviews , with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 , and Metacritic listing a score of 79 out of 100 , based on 48 reviews .   Fences won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and the British Academy Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Davis . The film won Best Supporting Actress for Davis and was nominated for Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor for Washington , Best Acting Ensemble and Best Adapted Screenplay at Critics ' Choice Awards . The film won Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture for Davis and was nominated for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama for Washington at Golden Globe Awards . The film received four nominations at Satellite Awards , including Best Film , Best Director , Best Actor for Washington and Best Supporting Actress for Davis .

neg: Enemy of the Police Enemy of the Police is a 1933 British comedy film directed by George King and starring John Stuart , Viola Keats and A. Bromley Davenport . It was made at Teddington Studios as a quota quickie by Warner Brothers .

neg: Tuppence Middleton Tuppence Middleton ( born 21 February 1987 ) is an English actress . She was nominated for the London Evening Standard Film Awards 2010 for Most Promising Newcomer . Since 2015 , she portrays Riley Blue in the television series Sense8 .   She has appeared in feature films such as Tormented ( 2009 ) , Chatroom ( 2010 ) , Cleanskin ( 2012 ) , Trance ( 2013 ) , The Lady Vanishes ( 2013 ) , The Imitation Game ( 2014 ) , and Jupiter Ascending ( 2015 ) , as well as in television series such as Bones ( 2008 ) , New Tricks ( 2010 ) , Friday Night Dinner ( 2011 ) , Sinbad ( 2012 ) , Spies of Warsaw ( 2013 ) , and Black Mirror ( 2013 ) , and Sense8 ( 2015 ) .   She starred in two British period dramas screened around the same time , Dickensian ( 2015 -- 16 ) , playing Miss Havisham , and War & Peace ( 2016 ) , in which she played Russian princess and villain Hélène Kuragina .

neg: Sarah Polley Sarah Ellen Polley ( born January 8 , 1979 ) is a Canadian actress , writer , director and political activist . Polley first garnered attention as a child actress for her role as Sara Stanley in the Canadian television series Road to Avonlea ( 1990 -- 1996 ) . She has starred in many feature films , including Exotica ( 1994 ) , The Sweet Hereafter ( 1997 ) , Guinevere ( 1999 ) , Go ( 1999 ) , The Weight of Water ( 2000 ) , My Life Without Me ( 2003 ) , Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) , Splice ( 2009 ) , and Mr. Nobody ( 2009 ) .   Polley made her feature film directorial debut with Away from Her ( 2006 ) , for which she won a Genie Award for Best Achievement in Direction and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . Polley 's second film , Take This Waltz ( 2011 ) , premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival .   Her film Stories We Tell ( 2012 ) is a feature-length documentary . It had its world premiere at the 2012 Venice Film Festival , and its North American premiere followed at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival . The Toronto Film Critics Association awarded it the $ 100,000 prize for best Canadian film of the year .

neg: Mister John Mister John is a 2013 thriller film by Joe Lawlor and Christine Molloy , their second feature film following their debut Helen . It stars Aidan Gillen , Zoe Tay , Michael Thomas , and Claire Keelan .

neg: Sophie Desmarais Sophie Desmarais ( born July 24 , 1986 ) is a Canadian actress , best known for her role in the 2013 film Sarah Prefers to Run , written and directed by Chloé Robichaud .

neg: This Is the End This Is the End is a 2013 American disaster comedy film directed by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg and stars Rogen , James Franco , Jonah Hill , Jay Baruchel , Danny McBride , Craig Robinson , Michael Cera and Emma Watson . The story features real life actors playing fictionalized versions of themselves in the aftermath of a global biblical apocalypse . The film premiered at the Fox Village Theater on June 3 , 2013 and was released in the United States on June 14 , 2013 by Columbia Pictures , before being re-released on September 6 , 2013 . The film grossed $ 126 million on a $ 32 million budget . The film makes references to the past movies of the cast , including Spider-Man , Million Dollar Baby , Forrest Gump , Superbad , Pineapple Express , Moneyball , Your Highness , The Green Hornet , 127 Hours and the Harry Potter film series .

neg: In the Dark Half In the Dark Half is a 2011 British drama film directed by Alastair Siddons and starring Tony Curran , Lyndsey Marshal , and Jessica Barden . Barden plays a teenaged girl who becomes obsessed with her neighbor , played by Curran , and his grief over losing his son . It received mixed reviews .

neg: Jessica Chastain Jessica Michelle Chastain ( born March 24 , 1977 ) is an American actress and film producer . Born in Carmichael , California , and raised in Sacramento , Chastain developed an interest in acting from a young age . In 1998 , she made her professional stage debut as Shakespeare 's Juliet . After studying acting at the Juilliard School , she was signed to a talent holding deal with the television producer John Wells . She was a recurring guest star in several television shows , including Law & Order : Trial by Jury . She also took on roles in the stage productions of Anton Chekhov 's play The Cherry Orchard in 2004 and Oscar Wilde 's tragedy Salome in 2006 .   Chastain made her film debut in the drama Jolene ( 2008 ) , and gained wide recognition in 2011 for starring roles in half a dozen films , including the dramas Take Shelter and The Tree of Life . Her performance as an aspiring socialite in The Help earned her an Academy Award nomination . In 2012 , she won a Golden Globe Award and received a second Oscar nomination for playing a CIA agent in the thriller Zero Dark Thirty . Chastain made her Broadway debut in a revival of The Heiress in the same year . Her highest-grossing releases came with the science fiction films Interstellar ( 2014 ) and The Martian ( 2015 ) , as she continued to draw praise for her performances in the dramas The Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby ( 2013 ) , A Most Violent Year ( 2014 ) , and Miss Sloane ( 2016 ) .   Chastain 's accolades include two Academy Award and British Academy Film Award nominations . She is known to prepare extensively for her roles . Chastain is the founder of the production company Freckle Films , which was created to promote diversity in film . She is vocal about social issues such as gender and racial equality , and mental health . Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2012 .

neg: Female Agents Female Agents ( Les Femmes de l'ombre ) is a 2008 French historical drama film directed by Jean-Paul Salomé and starring Sophie Marceau , Julie Depardieu , Marie Gillain , Déborah François , and Moritz Bleibtreu . Written by Salomé and Laurent Vachaud , the film is about female resistance fighters in the Second World War . Jean-Paul Salomé , the director , drew inspiration from an obituary in The Times newspaper of Lise de Baissac ( Lise Villameur ) , from Mauritius ( then a British colony ) , one of the few recognised heroines of the SOE , named `` Louise Desfontaines '' in the film and played by Sophie Marceau . The film was partly funded by BBC Films .

neg: Sarah Suco Sarah Suco ( born 15 April 1984 ) is a French actress .

neg: Public Enemies (1996 film) Public Enemies is a 1996 film directed by Mark L. Lester . The movie , which centers on the 1930s figure Ma Barker and her criminal sons , was filmed in Guthrie , Oklahoma .

neg: Samantha Morton Samantha Jane Morton ( born 13 May 1977 ) is an English actress , screenwriter and director . She has received critical acclaim and numerous accolades throughout her career , including one BAFTA Award , one BIFA Award , one Golden Globe Award and has been nominated twice for an Academy Award and once for an Emmy Award . She has been described as one of the greatest actresses of her generation .   Brought up in Nottingham , Morton joined the Central Junior Television Workshop , and soon began her career in British television in 1991 . She guest-starred in Soldier Soldier and Cracker and appeared from 1995 to 1996 in the ITV series Band of Gold . She made the transition to film with lead roles in the dramas Emma ( 1996 ) , Jane Eyre ( 1997 ) and the well-received Under the Skin ( 1997 ) . The latter made director Woody Allen cast Morton in Sweet and Lowdown ( 1999 ) , which earned her nominations for the Academy Award and the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress .   In the 2000s , Morton continued to draw critical praise for her performances in numerous arthouse and independent films . Her role in Morvern Callar ( 2002 ) garnered her the BIFA Award for Best Actress , and she received her second Academy Award nomination , this time in the Best Actress category , for In America ( 2003 ) . She also found mainstream success with the science fiction thriller Minority Report ( 2002 ) . For her role in 2006 's television biopic Longford , she received BAFTA and Emmy Award nominations and won the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress -- Television Film . Morton starred in the dramas Control ( 2007 ) , Synecdoche , New York ( 2008 ) and The Messenger ( 2009 ) , and she made her directorial debut with the British television film The Unloved ( 2009 ) , winning the BAFTA Television Award for Best Single Drama .   Her most recent acting credits include the science fiction action film John Carter ( 2012 ) , the thriller Cosmopolis ( 2012 ) , the drama Decoding Annie Parker ( 2013 ) , the period film Miss Julie ( 2014 ) , the European limited series The Last Panthers ( 2015 ) and the film adaptation Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) .

neg: Officer Down Officer Down is a 2013 American action thriller film , directed by Brian A. Miller .


query: The Entire History of You was written by someone.

pos: The Entire History of You `` The Entire History of You '' is the third episode of the first series of British science fiction anthology series Black Mirror . It was written by the creator of Peep Show and Fresh Meat , Jesse Armstrong , making it the only episode of the series not written or co-written by creator and showrunner Charlie Brooker . It was directed by Brian Welsh , and first aired on Channel 4 on 18 December 2011 .   The episode , set in an alternative reality where most people have `` grains '' recording everything they do , see , or hear , and allowing them to play back their memories in front of their eyes or on a screen , tells the story of Liam ( Toby Kebbell ) , a man who starts suspecting that his wife Ffion ( Jodie Whittaker ) might have an affair .   `` The Entire History of You '' received positive reviews . In 2013 , Robert Downey , Jr. optioned the episode to potentially be made into a film by Warner Bros. and his own production company Team Downey .

neg: Bookwriter The bookwriter is the member of a musical 's writing team who creates the book -- the musical 's plot , character development , and dramatic structure . Essentially , the bookwriter is the playwright of the musical . He or she works very closely in collaboration with the lyricist and composer to create an integrated piece of drama .   There is a common misconception that the bookwriter merely writes the dialogue ; though the book does include the musical 's spoken text , it is much more than that , defining and organizing the dramatic action of the entire piece , including action that is musicalized by the songwriter ( s ) . Even `` sung-through , '' `` operatic , '' or `` through-composed '' musicals , where there is little , if any , spoken text , require as much contribution from a bookwriter as do musicals with extensive dialogue scenes .   The bookwriter is often also the musical 's lyricist , composer , or director .   Category : Occupations in music

neg: L. Sprague de Camp Lyon Sprague de Camp ( -LSB- ˌspreɪɡdəˈkæmp -RSB- 27 November 1907 -- 6 November 2000 ) , better known as L. Sprague de Camp , was an American writer of science fiction , fantasy , non-fiction and biography . In a career spanning 60 years , he wrote over 100 books , including novels and works of non-fiction , such as biographies of other fantasy authors . He was a major figure in science fiction in the 1930s and 1940s .

neg: This Perfect World This Perfect World is the third album by singer-songwriter Freedy Johnston . It was released in 1994 on Elektra Records .   It is an album steeped in regret and loss . The narrator of `` Across the Avenue '' is unable to get past the memory of seeing his lover killed in a pedestrian accident . In `` Two Lovers Stop , '' a young couple commit suicide rather than let themselves be ripped away from each other . The title track concerns a dying old man returning to apologize to his estranged daughter for unspecified past misdeeds . Among the other songs , `` Evie 's Tears '' apparently refers to sexual abuse ( evidently by a priest ) , and `` Dolores '' is based on Nabokov 's Lolita . Despite the preponderance of dark subject matter , the album has a jaunty feel as Johnston demonstrates an ability to craft winning pop melodies .   Reviews of the album were overflowing with praise , although those same reviewers also generally felt that it did n't quite measure up to his previous album , 1992 's Can You Fly .   This Perfect World was produced by Butch Vig , who also played on the album 's minor hit , `` Bad Reputation . '' Other notable contributors include cellist Jane Scarpantoni , who performed on two tracks , and Marshall Crenshaw .

neg: History of a Six Weeks' Tour History of a Six Weeks ' Tour through a part of France , Switzerland , Germany , and Holland ; with Letters Descriptive of a Sail Round the Lake of Geneva and of the Glaciers of Chamouni is a travel narrative by the English Romantic authors Mary Shelley and Percy Bysshe Shelley . Published in 1817 , it describes two trips taken by Mary , Percy , and Mary 's stepsister , Claire Clairmont : one across Europe in 1814 , and one to Lake Geneva in 1816 . Divided into three sections , the text consists of a journal , four letters , and Percy Shelley 's poem `` Mont Blanc '' . Apart from the poem , the text was primarily written and organised by Mary Shelley . In 1840 she revised the journal and the letters , republishing them in a collection of Percy Shelley 's writings .   Part of the new genre of the Romantic travel narrative , History of a Six Weeks ' Tour exudes spontaneity and enthusiasm ; the authors demonstrate their desire to develop a sense of taste and distinguish themselves from those around them . The romantic elements of the work would have hinted at the text 's radical politics to nineteenth-century readers . However , the text 's frank discussion of politics , including positive references to the French Revolution and praise of Enlightenment philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau , was unusual for a travel narrative at the time , particularly one authored primarily by a woman .   Although it sold poorly , History of a Six Weeks ' Tour received favourable reviews . In proposing another travel narrative to her publisher in 1843 , Mary Shelley claimed `` my 6 weeks tour brought me many compliments '' .

neg: Personal History Personal History is the autobiography of Washington Post publisher Katharine Graham . It was published in 1997 and won the 1998 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography , receiving widespread critical acclaim for its candour in dealing with her husband 's mental illness and the challenges she faced in a male-dominated working environment .

neg: Augustan History The Augustan History ( Latin : Historia Augusta ) is a late Roman collection of biographies , written in Latin , of the Roman Emperors , their junior colleagues , designated heirs and usurpers of the period 117 to 284 . Supposedly modeled on the similar work of Suetonius , The Twelve Caesars , it presents itself as a compilation of works by six different authors ( collectively known as the Scriptores Historiae Augustae ) , written during the reigns of Diocletian and Constantine I and addressed to those emperors or other important personages in Rome . The collection , as extant , comprises thirty biographies , most of which contain the life of a single emperor , while some include a group of two or more , grouped together merely because these emperors were either similar or contemporaneous .   However , the true authorship of the work , its actual date , and its purpose , have long been matters for controversy amongst historians and scholars , ever since Hermann Dessau in 1889 rejected both the date and the authorship as stated within the manuscript . Major problems include the nature of the sources it used , and how much of the content is pure fiction . For instance , the collection contains in all about 150 alleged documents , including 68 letters , 60 speeches and proposals to the people or the senate , and 20 senatorial decrees and acclamations . Virtually all of these are now considered to be fraudulent .   By the second decade of the 21st century , the overall consensus supported the position that there was only a single author who was writing either at the end of the 4th century or the beginning of the 5th century , and who was interested in blending contemporary issues ( political , religious and social ) into the lives of the 3rd century emperors . Further , that the author used the fictitious elements in the work to highlight references to other published works , such as to Cicero and Ammianus Marcellinus in a complex allegorical game . Despite these conundrums , it is the only continuous account in Latin for much of its period and is thus continually being re-evaluated , since modern historians are unwilling to abandon it as a unique source of possible information , despite its obvious untrustworthiness on many levels .

neg: Antiquities of the Jews Antiquities of the Jews ( Ἰουδαϊκὴ ἀρχαιολογία , Ioudaikē archaiologia ; Antiquitates Judaicae ) , also Judean Antiquities ( see Ioudaios ) , is a 20-volume historiographical work composed by the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus in the 13th year of the reign of Roman emperor Flavius Domitian which was around AD 93 or 94 . Antiquities of the Jews contains an account of history of the Jewish people , written in Greek for Josephus ' gentile patrons . In the first ten volumes , Josephus follows the events of the historical books of the Hebrew Bible beginning with the creation of Adam and Eve . The second ten volumes continue the history of the Jewish people beyond the biblical text and up to the Jewish War .   This work , along with Josephus 's other major work , The Jewish War ( De Bello Iudaico ) , provides valuable background material to historians wishing to understand 1st-century AD Judaism and the early Christian period .

neg: Because of You (Kelly Clarkson song) `` Because of You '' is a song recorded by American pop singer Kelly Clarkson for her second studio album , Breakaway ( 2004 ) . It was written by Clarkson along with its producers David Hodges and Ben Moody . It was released on August 16 , 2005 by RCA Records , as the third single from Breakaway . Clarkson originally wrote `` Because of You '' when she was 16 years old to cope with the emotional distress caused by her parents ' divorce . She wanted the song to be included on her debut studio album , Thankful ( 2003 ) , but her record label rejected the song . She then polished the song with Hodges and Moody before successfully convincing her label to include it on Breakaway .   Lyrically , `` Because of You '' explores the pain of a deteriorating relationship with her father . Critics noted that the lyrics are Clarkson 's ode to her father . The song begins with a piano-led melody and as it launches into the chorus , the sound of a roaring guitar becomes apparent . `` Because of You '' received acclaim from music critics , who complimented its expressive lyrics , creative arrangement and Clarkson 's vocal prowess . It peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 1.5 million digital downloads in the United States . It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . `` Because of You '' became Clarkson 's biggest success in Europe , topping the European Hot 100 Singles chart . It also reached number one in the Netherlands , Denmark and Switzerland , as well as the top ten in Australia , Austria , Canada , Germany , Belgium , Hungary , Ireland , and the United Kingdom .   The song 's accompanying music video was directed by Vadim Perelman . Clarkson wrote the treatment for the video herself in order to reflect the pain that she felt due to her parents ' divorce . The video 's plot centers on Clarkson engaging in a heated argument with her husband in front of her child before realizing that she was repeating her parents ' mistake . It won in the category for Best Female Video at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards . `` Because of You '' was performed live at numerous venues , including the My December Tour ( 2007 ) as well as the All I Ever Wanted Tour ( 2009 ) . It was covered by several artists including Ronan Parke , who was a runner-up in the fifth series of Britain 's Got Talent , and added to the international soundtrack of Brazilian soap opera Belíssima . In 2007 , the song was recorded by Reba McEntire as a duet with Clarkson , which was released as a lead single for McEntire 's twenty-fourth studio album Reba : Duets . `` Piece by Piece '' , the title track from Clarkson 's seventh studio album , serves as the canonical sequel to `` Because of You '' .

neg: Who You Are (Pearl Jam song) `` Who You Are '' is a song by American rock band Pearl Jam . Featuring lyrics written by vocalist Eddie Vedder and music co-written by drummer Jack Irons and guitarist Stone Gossard , `` Who You Are '' was released on July 30 , 1996 as the first single from the band 's fourth studio album , No Code ( 1996 ) . The song topped the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart . It peaked at number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100 .   The song was included on Pearl Jam 's 2004 greatest hits album , Rearviewmirror ( Greatest Hits 1991 -- 2003 ) . On Pearl Jam 's greatest hits album , `` Who You Are '' has a slight lyric change . Instead of `` circumstance , clapping hands '' , it 's `` avalanche , falling fast '' .

neg: On This Day In History On This Day In History was a feature on the BBC Radio 1 breakfast show in the UK between 1988 and 1993 . It was devised by the programme 's presenter at the time , Simon Mayo .   Mayo , a history graduate from University of Warwick , used the day 's date each morning to regurgitate historical anniversaries and events which had happened on that date in years passed .   As a quirk , he would often add a mildly cynical punchline to each of the stories he recounted , and then would get his `` crew '' ( female co-host , newsreader and producer ) each to guess the age of living celebrities who were born on that day .   A tie-in book of the same title was published in later years , with much advertisement by the BBC , initially just to give away on the show to a daily winner who rang in with the correct answer to a question posed by Mayo about a specific person or event of relevance to that date .   Perhaps the most famous part of the feature was the music used to soundtrack it ; a looped instrumental version of the George Michael hit I Want Your Sex ; the full version of which had been banned from broadcast by Radio 1 when it was released in 1987 .   The feature ended when Mayo left the breakfast show , although when he switched to the mid-morning programme , he revived it in part with a spot called Dead Or Alive ? , where he would ask listeners whether celebrities or known figures born on the date in question were still living or not .   Mayo now works for BBC Radio 2 and BBC Radio Five Live and no longer does any features which show off his passion for history . However , the feature is a regular on Chris Evans ' Radio 2 breakfast show , with a celebrity guest reading events that happened on that particular day in history . The last fact is nearly always music related and directly links into the next song played on the show . The feature is also often heard in one form or another on many commercial radio stations .   Category : BBC Radio 1 programmes

neg: You The pronoun you is the second-person personal pronoun , both singular and plural , and both nominative and oblique case in Modern English . The oblique ( objective ) form , you , functioned previously in the roles of both accusative and dative , as well as all instances following a preposition . The possessive forms of you are your ( used before a noun ) and yours ( used in place of a noun ) . The reflexive forms are yourself ( singular ) and yourselves ( plural ) .

neg: Aristopia Aristopia : A Romance-History of the New World is an 1895 utopian novel by Castello Holford , considered the first novel-length alternate history in English ( and among the earliest alternate histories in general ) .   Though part of the major wave utopian and dystopian literature that distinguished the final decades of the nineteenth century , Holford 's book reverses the normal stance of utopian projection : instead of imagining a better society at a future time or in a far-off place , he supposes that the founding of the United States occurred under different conditions and follows its development forward to a superior society in his own day .   In Aristopia ( Greek for `` the best place '' ) , Ralph Morton , an early settler in Virginia , discovers a reef made of solid gold . He cannily uses his wealth to build a planned society , based on the Utopia of Sir Thomas More , with innovations and adaptations of his own . In Aristopia , all the land is owned by the government , and only leased to businesses and private citizens . Large-scale trade is also monoplized by the state , and inherited wealth is limited . Morton welcomes productive refugees from European conflicts -- Huguenots , Irish fugitives from Cromwell 's wars , and northern Italian and Swiss artisans .   The colony prospers , buys more land from the Indians , and spreads westward . Morton dies at the age of 100 ; his descendants and successors carry his policies forward .   The Aristopians support the American Revolution , and on their own initiative conquer Canada . Aristopia comes to dominate the new nation , eventually ruling all of North America north of Mexico .   Holford loads his description of Aristopia with satirical remedies for what he saw as contemporary problems and circumstances . In Aristopian jurisprudence , for example , the Court for Assessing the Value of Abstract Words and Phrases polices the language to prevent abuses ; it is the largest and busiest function in the Palace of Justice .   The English playwright Henry Arthur Jones was taken with the idea of Aristopia , and used it in his own polemical writings , as in his `` The Tax-Wise Men of Aristopia '' and his My Dear Wells .   Holford was not the first writer in English to employ the term `` Aristopia . '' The eighteenth-century freethinker John Fransham ( 1730 -- 1810 ) left a posthumous manuscript titled Memorablilia Classica , which contains a piece called `` The Code of Aristopia , or Scheme for a Perfect Government . ''

neg: History of Shit History of Shit ( Histoire de la merde : Prologue ) is a 1978 book by French psychoanalyst Dominique Laporte ( 1949 -- 1984 ) . It uses an idiosyncratic method of historical genealogy derived from , among others , Friedrich Nietzsche , Sigmund Freud , Georges Bataille , and Michel Foucault , to show how the development of sanitation techniques in Western Europe affected the formation of modern notions of individuality . Laporte examines this influence through the historical processes of urbanization , the apotheosis of nationalism , practices of capitalist exchange , and linguistic reform .   In the English translation of the book by Nadia Benabid and Rodolphe el-Khoury in 1993 , el-Khoury explains how for Laporte , `` the history of shit becomes the history of subjectivity '' and how his book becomes `` a prehistory to modernity and the modern subject '' ( viii ) . el-Khoury identifies Laporte 's scholarly strategy of joining the ridiculous and the profound as inherently political . Laporte 's stated ambition is to `` remove a few masks with the roar of our laughter , laugh them off the figures of power '' ( ix ) .   In a previous work with Renée Balibar , Le Français national : politique et pratiques de la langue nationale sous la Revolution Française , Laporte studied language reforms carried out in the name of the French Revolution .

neg: Your History Is Mine: 2002–2009 Your History is Mine : 2002 -- 2009 is a double disc compilation album by Welsh rock band Funeral for a Friend , released 28 September 2009 , on Atlantic Records .   The collection includes tracks from the band 's two EPs and four studio albums , as well as covers , B-sides and four newly recorded tracks . It reached # 86 in the UK chart . It is the band 's first full-length CD to not be released in the United States .   The Limited 3CD Digital Release ( which is now out of print ) included a large amount of demos from the band 's archives , including the previously unreleased song `` Colossus '' , the electric demo of `` This Letter '' , and `` Summer 's Dead And Buried '' ( one of the band 's earliest songs that was rewritten to become `` Waking Up '' ) .

neg: The History of The Lord of the Rings The History of The Lord of the Rings is a 4-volume work by Christopher Tolkien that documents the process of J. R. R. Tolkien 's writing of The Lord of the Rings . The History is also numbered as volumes 6 to 9 of The History of Middle-earth ( `` HoME '' , as below ) . Some information concerning the appendices and a soon-abandoned sequel to the novel can also be found in volume 12 , The Peoples of Middle-earth .

neg: Science book A science book is a work of nonfiction , usually written by a scientist , researcher , or professor like Stephen Hawking ( A Brief History of Time ) , or sometimes by a non-scientist such as Bill Bryson ( A Short History of Nearly Everything ) . Usually these books are written for a wide audience presumed to have a general education rather than a specifically scientific training , as opposed to the very narrow audience that a scientific paper would have , and are therefore referred to as popular science . As such , they require considerable talent on the part of the author to sufficiently explain difficult topics to  people who are totally new to the subject , and a good blend of storytelling and technical writing . In the UK , the Royal Society Prizes for Science Books are considered to be the most prestigious awards for science writing . In the US , the National Book Awards briefly had a category for science writing in the 1960s , but now they just have the broad categories of fiction and nonfiction .   There are many disciplines that are well explained to lay people through science books . A few examples include Carl Sagan on astronomy , Jared Diamond on geography , Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Dawkins on evolutionary biology , David Eagleman on neuroscience , Donald Norman on usability and cognitive psychology , Steven Pinker , Noam Chomsky , and Robert Ornstein on linguistics and cognitive science , Donald Johanson and Robert Ardrey on paleoanthropology , and Desmond Morris on zoology and anthropology , and Fulvio Melia on black holes .

neg: Chronicon Suevicum universale The Chronicon Suevicum universale ( Schwäbische Weltchronik , `` Swabian World Chronicle '' ) , written around 1045 in Latin , is a chronicle of universal history in the form of annals for the years from Creation down to 1043 . It was once commonly associated with the monastery of Saint Gall , but is now thought to have been composed by a monk of Reichenau . On the first hypothesis , it has been called the Epitome Sangallense Herimanni Augiensis , a Saint Gall version of Hermann of Reichenau 's chronicle . On the second , it has been called the Reichenauer Weltchronik .

neg: English writing style An English writing style is a way of using the English language .   The style of a piece of writing is the way in which features of the language are used to convey meaning , typically but not always within the constraints of more widely accepted conventions of usage , grammar , and speling .   An individual 's writing style may be a very personal thing . Organizations that employ writers or commission written work from individuals may require that writers conform to a standardized style defined by the organization . This allows a consistent readability of composite works produced by many authors , and promotes usability of , for example , references to other cited works .   In many kinds of professional writing aiming for effective transfer of information , adherence to a standardised style of writing helps readers make sense of what the writer is presenting . Many standardised styles are documented in style guides . Some styles are more widely used , others restricted to a particular journal . Adherence to no particular style is also a style in its own right ; some may think it undesirable , others not .

neg: All I Want Is You (Carly Simon song) `` All I Want Is You '' is the 4th and final single from Carly Simon 's 1987 album Coming Around Again . The song was co-written by Simon and frequent collaborator Jacob Brackman . The song is also featured on Simon 's 1988 album Greatest Hits Live .   The song is one of Simon 's biggest latter period AC hits , and as a result is included on multiple compilations of her work , which include 1995 's 3-disc box set Clouds in My Coffee , the UK import The Very Best of Carly Simon : Nobody Does It Better , the 2-disc retrospective Anthology , 2004 's single disc Reflections : Carly Simon 's Greatest Hits , and 2014 's Playlist : The Very Best of Carly Simon .   No music video existed for this song .

neg: History of writing The history of writing is the development of expressing language by letters or other marks , and the study and description of this development .   In the history of how systems of representation of language through graphic means have evolved in different human civilizations , more complete writing systems were preceded by proto-writing , systems of ideographic or early mnemonic symbols . True writing , in which the content of a linguistic utterance is encoded so that another reader can reconstruct , with a fair degree of accuracy , the exact utterance written downwriting usually does not convey the tone of the utterance . is a later development . It is distinguished from proto-writing which typically avoids encoding grammatical words and affixes , making it more difficult or impossible to reconstruct the exact meaning intended by the writer unless a great deal of context is already known in advance . One of the earliest forms of written expression is cuneiform .