query: Everton F.C. is not a football club.

pos: Everton F.C. Everton F.C. -LSB- ˈɛvərtən -RSB- is a football club in Liverpool , England , that currently competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . The club have competed in the top division for a record 114 seasons and won the League Championship nine times , and the FA Cup five times .   Formed in 1878 , Everton were founding members of The Football League in 1888 and won their first League Championship two seasons later . Following four League Championship and two FA Cup wins , Everton experienced a lull in the immediate post World War Two period , until a revival in the 1960s , which saw the club win two League Championships and an FA Cup . The mid-1980s represented their most recent period of sustained success , with two League Championships , an FA Cup , and the 1985 European Cup Winners ' Cup . The club 's most recent major trophy was the 1995 FA Cup .   The club 's supporters are known as Evertonians . Everton have a rivalry with neighbours Liverpool , and the two sides contest the Merseyside derby . The club have been based at Goodison Park in Walton , Liverpool , since 1892 , after moving from Anfield following a row over its rent . The club 's home colours are royal blue shirts with white shorts and socks .

neg: List of non-League clubs in the Fifth Round of the FA Cup since 1945 Since the end of the Second World War in 1945 , nine non-League football clubs -- that is , clubs outside the divisions of The Football League and , since 1992 , the Premier League -- have reached the Fifth Round of the FA Cup , to become one of the last 16 clubs in the competition . To date , only Lincoln City has subsequently reached the Sixth Round , or `` quarter finals '' . The last non-League team to reach the quarter finals ( then the Fourth Round ) was Queens Park Rangers in 1914 , when the Football League had just two divisions .   The most recent example of a non-league team beating top-flight opposition in the FA Cup was Lincoln City 's Fifth Round victory away at Burnley in 2017 . The last time a non-league side beat top-flight opposition at home in the FA Cup was Sutton United 's Third Round victory over Coventry City in 1989 .   In 2017 , two non-League teams made it to the Fifth Round of the competition , Lincoln City and Sutton United . This was the first time two non-League teams has appeared made it this far in the same season since the establishment of the Football League in 1888 . Lincoln City subsequently became the first non-League team in 103 years and the first since World War II to make the quarter finals , but lost 5-0 to Arsenal .

neg: 1999–2000 FA Cup The 1999 -- 2000 FA Cup was the 119th staging of the world 's oldest cup competition , the Football Association Cup or FA Cup . Both the semi-finals and final of the competition were played at Wembley Stadium for the last time before reconstruction work began . The competition culminated with the FA Cup Final between Chelsea and Aston Villa . The game was won by a goal from Chelsea 's Roberto Di Matteo , giving them a 1-0 victory .   The previous season 's winners , Manchester United , withdrew from the 1999 -- 2000 competition due to their participation in the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship in South America , to take place in early 2000 , thus becoming the first FA Cup winners not to defend their title . Despite this being at the request of the Football Association ( FA ) , they received criticism from journalists and television pundits . To keep the competition running smoothly , the FA chose to draw one team from among those lower-division teams defeated in the second round to progress as `` lucky losers '' to the third . Darlington were the team drawn .   The main competition started in November 1999 for clubs from the Football League and Premiership . For details on the preliminary and qualifying rounds of the FA Cup see FA Cup Archives .

neg: History of Stoke City F.C. Stoke City Football Club was formed in 1863 as Stoke Ramblers Football Club by former pupils of the Charterhouse School whilst they were apprentices at the North Staffordshire Railway . The club dropped the Ramblers from their name in 1878 , and in 1888 they were founding members of the Football League . In 1925 , the club 's name was changed for the final time to Stoke City Football Club when Stoke-on-Trent was granted city status .   The club moved in 1997 to the Britannia Stadium , a 28,383 all-seater stadium ; having spent 119 years at the Victoria Ground . In the 2007 -- 08 season , Stoke won promotion from the Football League Championship , the second tier of English football , and as of 2008 -- 09 are playing in the top flight ( currently Premier League ) for the first time since the 1984 -- 85 season , when they were relegated with a total of 17 points , a record low unsurpassed for 21 years . Stoke 's only major trophy was the 1972 Football League Cup , won when they beat Chelsea 2 -- 1 in the final at Wembley Stadium before a crowd of 97,852 . The club have also won the Football League Trophy twice , in 1992 and 2000 . In terms of league achievement the closest Stoke have come to winning the title was in the 1946 -- 47 season where a final day defeat cost Stoke top spot .

neg: Association football culture Association football culture refers to the cultural aspects surrounding the game of association football . In many countries , football has ingrained itself into the national culture , and parts of life may revolve around it . Many countries have daily football newspapers , as well as football magazines . Football players , especially in the top levels of the game , have become role models for people . The FIFA World Cup held every four years is the quintessential football event , combining the greatest players in the world and the passion of the fans . Football has a long and glorious history , with which a vast and diverse culture has emerged . The culture of football can be easily divided into how the players , fans and clubs see the sport .

neg: Hong Kong national football team The Hong Kong national football team , represents Hong Kong in international association football competitions such as the FIFA World Cup , AFC Asian Cup and East Asian Football Championship . The team is represented and supervised by the Hong Kong Football Association , the governing body for football in Hong Kong . Although usually known as simply Hong Kong , the EAFF refer to the team as Hong Kong , China .   The team had been representing Hong Kong in international football events before 1997 when Hong Kong was a colony of the United Kingdom . It continues to represent Hong Kong even after Hong Kong was handed over to the People 's Republic of China by the United Kingdom and became a special administrative region of the People 's Republic of China in 1997 . This team is a separate team from the national team of the People 's Republic of China , as the Basic Law and the principle of `` One country , two systems '' allows Hong Kong to maintain its own representative teams in international sports competitions . In Hong Kong , the Hong Kong football team is colloquially referred as the `` Hong Kong team '' ( Chinese : 香港隊 ) , while the Chinese national team is referred as the `` national team '' ( Chinese : 國家隊 ) .

neg: England 2018 FIFA World Cup bid England 2018 was the Football Association 's unsuccessful bid for the right to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup . FIFA invited bidding countries to bid for either the 2018 or the 2022 finals , or both . The FA initially decided to bid for both , but with the withdrawal of all non-European bids for the 2018 event , this bid , and that of all other European bidding nations , were effectively disqualified from eligibility for the 2022 edition .   England 's bid was managed by England 2018/2022 Bidding Nation Ltd. . This company was established by The FA for the purpose of bringing the World Cup tournament to England for the first time since 1966 . England attempted to host the 2006 FIFA World Cup but lost out to Germany . England hosted the 1966 FIFA World Cup and had the campaign been successful , England would have become the sixth nation to host the World Cup for a second time . It won the right to host Euro ' 96 . Andy Anson , England 2018 Chief Executive , called for humility with England 's bid claiming they `` must not fall victim to arrogance '' and that lessons had been learned from the unsuccessful attempt to host the 2006 competition . Anson stated that `` the tone of this campaign has to be different .

neg: Gateshead F.C. Gateshead Football Club is a professional football club based in Gateshead , Tyne and Wear , England . Established in 1977 after Gateshead United folded , they are currently members of the and play at the International Stadium .

neg: East Lancashire derby The East Lancashire Derby also known as the `` Cotton Mills Derby '' is a football match between Blackburn Rovers F.C. and Burnley F.C. . The nickname originates from the fact that Blackburn and Burnley were former mill towns .   The first ever competitive league match between these two former English football champions and founder members of the Football League , took place at Turf Moor on 3 November 1888 , Blackburn won the game 7 -- 1 . Blackburn also won the return fixture at Ewood Park 4 -- 2 . From a town standpoint there is an obvious geographical reason for the rivalry as the two Lancashire towns only lie 11 miles ( 18 km ) apart . Accrington Stanley F.C. stands in the middle , but is not taken seriously as a rival by either . Another alleged reason for the increased hostilities is that Blackburn complained to the Football League about Burnley 's illegal number of Scottish players in the 1890s .   Blackburn Rovers were founded in 1875 and in the following years , many other clubs were formed in the region such as Accrington F.C. in 1886 and Clitheroe Central in 1877 , due to football being passionately taken up by the area . Another such club was Burnley Rovers , who started out as a rugby club until changing codes in 1882 .

neg: Nottingham Forest F.C. Nottingham Forest Football Club is a professional association football club based in Nottingham , England . The team play in the Championship , the second tier of English football , having been there since promotion from League One in 2008 . The club , often referred to as Forest , have played home matches at the City Ground since 1898 .   Founded in 1865 , Forest were founder members of the Football Alliance in 1889 and joined the Football League in 1892 . Since then , they have mostly competed in the top two League tiers , bar five seasons in the third tier . Forest won the FA Cup in 1898 and 1959 . Their most successful period was under the management of Brian Clough between 1975 and 1993 , winning the League in 1978 and back to back European Cups in the two years after , a feat which has never been equalled , plus four League Cups and two Full Members Cups .

neg: Maidstone United F.C. Maidstone United Football Club is a professional English football club based in Maidstone , Kent . They currently compete in the National League , the fifth tier of English football .   The current club filled the void left by the old Maidstone United , which was a member of The Football League between 1989 and 1992 . That club was forced out of the league through bankruptcy but the nucleus of a new club was built around the youth squad . Maidstone Invicta were originally a youth team but made the step up to adult football in 1992 being elected to the Kent County League Fourth Division in 1993 and subsequently progressed through the non-league pyramid . They changed their name to Maidstone United in 1995 . They played in the Isthmian League Premier Division from 2013 having been promoted from the Isthmian League Division One South and won the league in the 2014 -- 15 season to gain promotion to the National League South ( formerly the Conference South ) for the 2015 -- 16 season . Maidstone gained a second successive promotion to the National League in 2016 , bringing fifth-tier football back to the town for the first time since the old club was promoted to the Football League in 1989 .   Maidstone were without a stadium of their own from their creation until 2012 when the Gallagher Stadium , located near Maidstone town centre , was opened at the start of the 2012 -- 13 season .

neg: Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C. Hapoel Tel-Aviv Football Club ( הפועל תל-אביב , Moadon HaKaduregel Hapoel Tel Aviv , nicknamed `` The Reds '' ) is an Israeli football club based in Tel Aviv . The club currently competes in the Liga Leumit and plays its home matches at the Bloomfield Stadium . To date , the club has won thirteen championships and sixteen State Cups . In 1967 Hapoel Tel Aviv became the first club to win the Asian Club Championships .   Since 1995 the club has competed in European club competitions , and has the highest rank among all Israeli clubs , with some outstanding achievements , such as wins against Chelsea , Milan , Hamburg , Paris Saint-Germain , Benfica , Rangers , and Celtic . It is also one of only 3 Israeli teams to have qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stage , and one of the 2 which are ordinary members of the European Club Association .   The club name , `` Hapoel '' , translates to `` The Worker '' , and combined with its red Hammer and sickle crest represents the club ties to Socialism and working class . For seven decades , the club was owned by Israeli largest trade union .

neg: Scunthorpe United F.C. Scunthorpe United Football Club is a professional association football club based in the town of Scunthorpe , North Lincolnshire , England . The team play in League One , the third tier of the English football league system .   The team is nicknamed The Iron , and has played in a home strip of claret and blue for most of its history . It plays its home games at Glanford Park , having moved from the Old Show Ground in 1988 . Grimsby Town , Hull City , Doncaster Rovers , Lincoln City and York City are its main rivals , although of these clubs only Doncaster Rovers currently play in the same division as Scunthorpe .   The club was formed in 1899 , turned professional in 1912 and joined the Football League in 1950 . It achieved promotion to Division Two in 1958 , where it stayed until 1964 , but has spent most of its time as a Football League club in the basement tier . The club has had more success recently , however : it was promoted from Football League Two in 2005 , and then spent three out of four seasons from 2007 in the Football League Championship . The Iron were relegated to Football League One in 2011 , having finished bottom of the Championship . The club then suffered a further blow , being relegated to Football League Two in 2013 , however it was fortunate enough to immediately bounce back , winning promotion back to the third tier at the end of the 2013 -- 14 season .   In recent years , the club has developed a reputation for developing promising young strikers , having sold Billy Sharp , Martin Paterson and Gary Hooper on for seven-figure sums . The club was also considered one of the most financially prudent in English football , being one of only three in the top four divisions to be debt-free . This status has recently changed after it was announced that a # 2 million loan from the outgoing chairman Steve Wharton was on the accounts to help the club maintain some sense of financial stability .   Scunthorpe United was also the first club in England to build a cantilever stand after their old East stand burnt down in 1959 , four years before Sheffield Wednesday constructed its cantilever stand at Hillsborough .

neg: List of Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. records and statistics Wolverhampton Wanderers Football Club is an English football club based in Wolverhampton . The club was founded as St Luke 's in 1877 , soon becoming Wolverhampton Wanderers , before being a founder member of the Football League in 1888 . Since that time , the club has played in all four professional divisions of the English football pyramid , and been champions of all these levels . They have also been involved in European football , having been one of the first English clubs to enter the European Cup , as well as reaching the final of the first staging of the UEFA Cup .   This list encompasses all honours won by Wolverhampton Wanderers and records set by the club , their managers and their players . The player records section includes details of the club 's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first-team competitions , as well as transfer fee records paid and received by the club . A list of streaks recording all elements of the game ( wins , losses , clean sheets , etc. ) is also presented .

neg: Heroes and Villains (football fanzine) Heroes and Villains is the title of a football fanzine written by and primarily aimed at fans of Aston Villa F.C. . It was launched in 1989 , and has been in regular print ever since , long surpassing 100 issues .   It has been edited from the start by Dave Woodhall . Although of course primarily concerned directly with the fortunes of Aston Villa , occasionally other general football articles and humorous , nostalgic pieces are to be found amongst its pages .   It was often critical of Doug Ellis who was the chairman of Aston Villa during the period 1982 to 2006 ( his second spell at the club ) . He was seen by many fans as being complacent and unambitious regarding the fortunes of the team .   As with most fanzines , many articles contain much baiting of local rival football clubs and their fans , in this case chiefly Birmingham City F.C. and West Bromwich Albion F.C.   However , a goodly part of the fanzine 's contents consist of contributors ' personal views on and memories of experiences derived from being a supporter of Aston Villa . Aston Villa 's richly varied history , particularly that of the last 25 years and within living memory of most contributors , consisting as it does of Villa 's League Championship and European Cup winning achievements of '81 and ' 82 , their mid '80s decline culminating in relegation in ' 87 , followed by a revival under Graham Taylor 's management which led to an unexpected league runners-up spot just 3 seasons later , provides much material . As does a further , also unexpected , runners up placing in ' 93 , league cup triumphs in '94 and ' 96 , and the generally solid but unspectacular performance of the team , up to the 2005-2006 season 's underachievements and the broad feeling of dissatisfaction with the way the club was being run .   Something of a running joke in the fanzine concerns Villa 's underachievement in the FA Cup , the club having not won the competition since 1957 , with their only final appearance since then consisting of a dismal performance in losing 1-0 to the pre-Roman Abramovich Chelsea in 2000 . As the 3rd round of the competition - Villa 's usual entry point - approaches each season , many fans come to the agreement that this year is definitely `` our year for the cup ... ''   For the start of the 2014-15 season , the fanzine phased out the paper publishing format of distribution , and is now available only to download to computers , mobile devices , and so on .   The fanzine also spawned a website forum which remains very popular among Villa supporters .

neg: List of sports rivalries A sports rivalry is intense competition between athletic teams or athletes . This pressure of competition is felt by players , coaches , and management , but is perhaps felt strongest by the fans . The intensity of the rivalry varies from a friendly competition on one end to serious violence on the other that , in one case ( the Football War ) , was suggested to have led to military conflicts . Owners typically encourage rivalries as they tend to improve game attendance and television ratings for rivalry matches , but a rivalry that gets out of control can lead to fighting , hooliganism , rioting and some , with career-ending or even fatal consequences .   Rivalries stem from various sources . Simple geographic proximity as well as frequent meetings in important games can lead to rivalries . Games between two rivals of close geographical proximity are usually called a local derby , or simply just derby ( UK : -LSB- 'd ɑrbi -RSB- or US : -LSB- ˈdɜrbi -RSB- ) ; a sporting fixture between two teams from the same town , city or region , particularly in association football . The phrase most likely originated from The Derby , a horse race in England , founded by the 12th Earl of Derby in 1780 , since at least as early as 1840 ` derby ' has been used as a noun in English to denote any kind of sporting contest . In the United States , the term crosstown rivalry is more commonly encountered for this type of rivalry .   The town of Derby was renowned as the site of a chaotic and exuberant game that involved the whole town and often resulted in fatalities . The goals were at Nuns Mill in the north and the Gallows Balk in the south of the town , and much of the action took place in the River Derwent or the Markeaton Brook . Nominally the players came from All Saints ' and St Peter 's parishes , but in practice the game was a free-for-all with as many as 1,000 players . A Frenchman who observed the match in 1829 wrote in horror , ` if Englishmen call this play , it would be impossible to say what they call fighting ' . The traditional Shrovetide football match is commonplace in the town of Ashbourne , Derbyshire . ''

neg: Aberdeen F.C.–Rangers F.C. rivalry The Aberdeen -- Rangers rivalry refers to football matches and related activity involving the Scottish football clubs Aberdeen F.C. and Rangers F.C.   Unlike Rangers ' Old Firm rivalry with Glasgow neighbours Celtic F.C. which has historically revolved around religion , national identity and ethnic background , the situation with Aberdeen is a comparatively modern phenomenon which developed from the 1970s on a competitive sporting basis but escalated into hostility on the field and in the stands , with the animosity continuing into the 21st century to some extent .

neg: Sport in Leicester Sport in Leicester , United Kingdom includes a variety of professional and amateur sports .   Professional and semi professional sports teams include : Leicester Tigers ( rugby union ) , Leicester City ( football ) , Leicester Riders ( basketball ) , Leicester Warriors ( basketball ) , Leicester Lions ( speedway ) , and the Leicestershire County Cricket Club .   Sports clubs include : Leicester Coritanian A.C. ( athletics ) and Leicester Penguins Swimming Club who were awarded Sports Club of the Year by the Leicester Mercury at their annual sports awards for 2007 and 2008 .   Leicester Racecourse is located to the south of the city in Oadby .   A statue was erected in the town centre commemorating the year ( 1996 ) when Leicester City won the Coca-Cola Cup , Leicester Tigers won the Pilkington Cup , and Leicestershire won the County Championship .

neg: 1966–67 FA Cup The 1966 -- 67 FA Cup was the 86th season of the world 's oldest football cup competition , the Football Association Challenge Cup , commonly known as the FA Cup . Tottenham Hotspur won the competition for the fifth time , beating Chelsea 2 -- 1 in the first all-London final . The game was played at Wembley .   Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round , which was always a Saturday . Some matches , however , might be rescheduled for other days if there were clashes with games for other competitions or the weather was inclement . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played , a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week . If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held until a winner was determined . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay , a 30-minute period of extra time would be played .

neg: Blackburn Rovers F.C. Blackburn Rovers Football Club -LSB- ˈblækbɜrn_ˈroʊvərz -RSB- is a professional association football club based in Ewood , Blackburn in the county of Lancashire , England . It competes in League One following its relegation from the Championship at the conclusion of the 2016 -- 17 season .   The club was established in 1875 , becoming a founding member of The Football League in 1888 . It is one of only three clubs to have been both a founder member of the Football League and the Premier League ( the others being Aston Villa and Everton ) . In 1890 , Rovers moved to Ewood Park . Blackburn Rovers have been English champions three times , and have won six FA Cups and one Football League Cup . Blackburn are the only extant club to have won three consecutive FA Cups . The club has spent the majority of its existence in the top flight of English football ( 72 years ) .   In 1992 , Rovers gained promotion to the new Premier League a year after being taken over by local entrepreneur Jack Walker , who installed Kenny Dalglish as manager . In 1995 , Rovers became Premier League champions . In the 1998 -- 99 season , the club was relegated . It was promoted back to the Premier League two years later , in the 2000 -- 01 season . It has qualified for the UEFA Cup four times : once as League Cup winners , twice as the Premier League 's sixth-placed team and once via the Intertoto Cup . The 2011 -- 12 season marked the club 's 72nd , non-consecutive , year in the top flight . Rovers are currently one of only six clubs to have won the Premier League , along with Arsenal , Chelsea , Manchester United , Manchester City and Leicester City .   The club 's motto is `` Arte et Labore '' , `` By Skill and Hard Work '' in Latin .

neg: 1977–78 Birmingham City F.C. season The 1977 -- 78 Football League season was Birmingham City Football Club 's 75th in the Football League and their 44th in the First Division . They finished in 11th position in the 22-team division . They entered the 1977 -- 78 FA Cup at the third round proper and lost to Derby County in the fourth , and lost to Notts County in their opening second-round match in the League Cup . They entered the Anglo-Scottish Cup but failed to progress past the group stage .   Twenty-two players made at least one appearance in nationally organised first-team competition , and there were ten different goalscorers . Forward pairing Keith Bertschin and Trevor Francis played in all 48 first-team matches of the season -- midfielder Terry Hibbitt missed only one -- and Francis was the club 's top scorer with 29 goals , of which 25 were scored in the league . Both Francis and Hibbitt had been ever-present in the previous season .   After defeats in the first four league matches of the season , Willie Bell was sacked in September and succeeded by former England national manager Sir Alf Ramsey , a member of the club 's board of directors . Ramsey lasted only six months , leaving the club ostensibly for health reasons , but his biography suggests he was `` locked in an increasingly bitter three-way dispute with his star player , Trevor Francis , and the board '' . After initially accepting a transfer request from Francis , the board changed their minds , reluctant to `` incur the wrath of already disgruntled fans '' , so Ramsey handed in his notice . The Times reported that `` Sir Alf said he told the board -LSB- in February -RSB- that he intended to quit and sever his links with the club . ... He said at a board meeting on February 20 he recommended both Francis and the defender , Joe Gallagher , should be transfer listed . The board agreed but three days later changed their minds about Francis . Sir Alf said he then decided to opt out because of the board 's policy . '' Blackburn Rovers manager Jim Smith took over , having decided , according to the Rovers ' website , that `` Birmingham City offered better career prospects '' .


query: Julius Caesar was a general of Rome.

pos: Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar ( -LSB- ˈɡaː.i.ʊs ˈjuː.li.ʊs ˈkae̯.sar -RSB- ; 13 July 100 BC -- 15 March 44 BC ) , known as Julius Caesar , was a Roman politician , general , and notable author of Latin prose . He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire .   In 60 BC , Caesar , Crassus , and Pompey formed a political alliance that dominated Roman politics for several years . Their attempts to amass power as Populares were opposed by the Optimates within the Roman Senate , among them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero . Caesar 's victories in the Gallic Wars , completed by 51 BC , extended Rome 's territory to the English Channel and the Rhine . Caesar became the first Roman general to cross both the Channel and the Rhine , when he built a bridge across the Rhine and crossed the Channel to invade Britain .   These achievements granted him unmatched military power and threatened to eclipse the standing of Pompey , who had realigned himself with the Senate after the death of Crassus in 53 BC . With the Gallic Wars concluded , the Senate ordered Caesar to step down from his military command and return to Rome . Caesar refused the order , and instead marked his defiance in 49 BC by crossing the Rubicon with the 13th Legion , leaving his province and illegally entering Roman Italy under arms . Civil war resulted , and Caesar 's victory in the war put him in an unrivalled position of power and influence .   After assuming control of government , Caesar began a programme of social and governmental reforms , including the creation of the Julian calendar . He centralised the bureaucracy of the Republic and was eventually proclaimed `` dictator in perpetuity '' , giving him additional authority . But the underlying political conflicts had not been resolved , and on the Ides of March ( 15 March ) 44 BC , Caesar was assassinated by a group of rebellious senators led by Marcus Junius Brutus . A new series of civil wars broke out , and the constitutional government of the Republic was never fully restored . Caesar 's adopted heir Octavian , later known as Augustus , rose to sole power after defeating his opponents in the civil war . Octavian set about solidifying his power , and the era of the Roman Empire began .   Much of Caesar 's life is known from his own accounts of his military campaigns , and from other contemporary sources , mainly the letters and speeches of Cicero and the historical writings of Sallust . The later biographies of Caesar by Suetonius and Plutarch are also major sources . Caesar is considered by many historians to be one of the greatest military commanders in history .

neg: Ius __ NOTOC __   Ius or Jus ( Latin , plural iura ) in ancient Rome was a right to which a citizen ( civis ) was entitled by virtue of his citizenship ( civitas ) . The iura were specified by laws , so ius sometimes meant law . As one went to the law courts to sue for one 's rights , ius also meant justice and the place where justice was sought .   On the whole , the Romans valued their rights as the greatest good of Roman citizenship ( Civitas Romana ) , as opposed to citizenship in other city-states under the jurisdiction of Rome but without Roman rights . Outsiders ( peregrini ) and freedmen ( libertini ) perforce used Roman lawyers to represent them in actions undertaken under the jurisdiction of Roman law . Representation was one of the civic obligations ( munera ) owed to the state by citizens . These munera ( on which account the citizens were municipes ) included military service as well as paying taxes , but specialized obligations might also be associated with functions of elected offices or assigned by the government , such as paying the cost of road or aqueduct maintenance . Some of these functions were highly lucrative , such as tax collecting , since the collector collected much more than he owed the government , but for the most part functionaries were appointed for their wealth and were expected to assume the costs as their munus . If they did not , they were tried and sometimes executed . Violation of the iura of other citizens , whether in office or out , was a serious matter , for which the punishment might be death .

neg: Early life and career of Julius Caesar The early career of Julius Caesar was characterized by military adventurism and political persecution . Julius Caesar was born on July 13 , 100 BC , into a patrician family , the gens Julia , which claimed descent from Iulus , son of the legendary Trojan prince Aeneas , supposedly the son of the goddess Venus . His father died early , and his family status put him at odds with the Dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla , who almost had him executed .   At about that time , Caesar found himself captured by pirates , only to crucify his former captors after he was ransomed . Before long he began his military career . He served in Hispania , married Sulla 's granddaughter and was elected chief priest , all in rapid succession .   Shortly after this , he was suspected , though not convicted , of involvement in the Catiline Conspiracy . Before long he was leaving for a governorship in Hispania and positioning himself to be one of the most important figures in history .

neg: Marcus Minucius Rufus Marcus Minucius Rufus ( died August 2 , 216 BC ) was a Roman consul in 221 BC . He was also Magister Equitum during the dictatorship of Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus known as Cunctator .   He was a political enemy of Fabius Maximus . He was against his delaying defensive strategy during the Second Punic War . While the Carthaginians had been busy at Geronium , Fabius had left Minucius in charge of the Roman army with instructions to follow the `` Fabian strategy '' and journeyed to Rome to observe some religious duties . Minucius , who had always advocated a more forward strategy against Hannibal , moved down from the hills after a few days and set up a new camp in the plain of Larinum to the north of Geronium . The Romans then began harassing the Carthaginian foragers from their new camp as Minucius sought to provoke Hannibal into battle . Hannibal in response moved near the Roman camp from Geronium with two thirds of his army , built a temporary camp and occupied a hill overlooking the Roman camp with 2,000 Numidian spearmen . The mobility of the Carthaginians was restricted at this time as their cavalry horses were being rested . This had also deprived Hannibal of his best weapon against the Romans , a fact which would come into play soon .   Minucius promptly attacked and drove back the spearmen posted on the hill , and then moved his camp to the top of the captured hill . The stage was set for a confrontation , with the initiative resting with Minucius . The Roman commander , for all his rashness , handled the situation with skill and shrewdness to manipulate the events to his advantage . After that he was named co-commander to Fabius . However Minucius finally accepted his commands after Fabius saved his life during Hannibal 's attack at Gerontium .   Marcus Minucius Rufus was killed in the Battle of Cannae .

neg: Battle of Asculum (89 BC) The Battle of Asculum was fought in 89 BC during the Social War between Rome and its former Italian allies . The Romans were led by C. Pompeius Strabo , and were victorious over the rebels . The future Consul Publius Ventidius was said to have been captured as a youth at this battle and displayed in a Triumph at Rome .   After two years of siege by the Romans , the people of Asculum , tired of the situation , decided to surrender against the wish of their leader Gaius Vidacilius , who , preferring to die with honour and with his freedom , burned himself in a temple in the town .   When the Romans Legions won the battle and entered the city , they destroyed all , burning houses and temples and killing the majority of the population . Their actions were meant to punish the city for its rebellion .   Publius Ventidius , a child when the city was destroyed , was captured by Pompeius Strabo and conducted to Rome as a prisoner . He was educated like a Roman soldier and became a consul , fighting against the Parthian Empire and winning . He also met and became a trusted friend of Julius Caesar .

neg: Battle of Munda The Battle of Munda ( 17 March 45 B.C. ) , in southern Hispania , was the final battle of Caesar 's civil war against the Roman Republic , and against the leaders of the Optimates . With the military victory at Munda , and the deaths of Titus Labienus and Gnaeus Pompeius ( eldest son of Pompey ) , Caesar was politically able to return in triumph to Rome , and then govern as the elected Roman dictator . Subsequently , the assassination of Julius Caesar began the Republican decline that led to the Roman Empire , initiated with the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus .

neg: Siege of Massilia -RCB-  | -  |  | -RCB-   The Siege and naval Battle of Massilia was an episode of Caesar 's civil war , fought in 49 BC .   Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus had become proconsul of Gaul and was sent to gain control of Massilia ( modern Marseille ) in order to oppose Caesar . As Caesar marched to Hispania ( en route to the Battle of Ilerda ) , the Massiliots closed their gates to him , having allied with Ahenobarbus and the Optimates . Roused by their hostile actions , he commenced a siege against Massilia , leaving the newly raised 17th , 18th , and 19th legions to conduct the siege . These were the same legions that would be wiped out at Teutoburg Forest 58 years later . He also placed Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus in charge of his fleet there .   After the siege had begun , Ahenobarbus arrived in Massilia to defend it against the Caesarian forces . In late June , Caesar 's ships , although they were less skillfully built than those of the Massiliots and outnumbered , were victorious in the ensuing naval battle .   Gaius Trebonius , Caesar 's legatus , conducted the siege using a variety of siege machines including siege towers , a siege-ramp , and a `` testudo-ram '' .  Gaius Scribonius Curio , careless in adequately guarding the Sicilian Straits , allowed Lucius Nasidius to bring more ships to the aid of Ahenobarbus . He fought a second naval battle with Decimus Brutus in early September , but withdrew defeated and sailed for Hispania .   Caesar built a stationary tower , 30 ft. square and six stories in height , under the very walls of the city and in face of a rain of missiles from its engines . The walls of the tower were of brickwork 5 ft. thick . When the lowest storey was built it was covered with a solid fireproof roof which was not secured to the walls but rested upon them like a lid . The eaves projected  considerably , and from them screens were hung on all sides , covering all the walls . By means of screws the whole canopy , roof and screens , was now raised to the height of one storiey and the workmen proceeded to build the  walls of that storiey under its protection . This process was repeated in the same  manner until the full height of the tower was attained .   The Massiliots valiantly defended against the siege machines and works . They threw down burning pitch and pine-shavings and the Caesarians undermined the foundations of their city walls . At one point they seemed likely to surrender and declare a truce , but at night they cunningly destroyed the siege works in a gross violation of the treaty , according to Caesar 's own account ( Bellum Civile 2.14 ; alternatively , Dio 41.25.2 records that the Massiliots destroyed these works in response to a surprise attack by the Caesarian forces ) . The city 's inhabitants were then near surrender .   At the final surrender of Massilia , Caesar showed his usual leniency and Lucius Ahenobarbus escaped to Thessaly in the only vessel that was able to escape from the Populares . Afterwards , Massilia was allowed to keep nominal autonomy , due to ancient ties of friendship and support of Rome , along with some territories while most of its empire was confiscated by Julius Caesar .

neg: Curia Julia The Curia Julia ( -LSB- Curia Iulia , links = no -RSB- , -LSB- Curia Iulia , links = no -RSB- ) is the third named Curia , or Senate House , in the ancient city of Rome . It was built in 44 BC , when Julius Caesar replaced Faustus Cornelius Sulla 's reconstructed Curia Cornelia , which itself had replaced the Curia Hostilia . Caesar did so to redesign both spaces within the Comitium and the Roman Forum . The alterations within the Comitium reduced the prominence of the Senate and cleared the original space . The work , however , was interrupted by Caesar 's assassination at the Theatre of Pompey , where the Senate had been meeting temporarily while the work was completed . The project was eventually finished by Caesar 's successor , Augustus Caesar , in 29 BC .   The Curia Julia is one of only a handful of Roman structures that still survives mostly intact because of its conversion into the basilica of Sant ` Adriano al Foro in the 7th century and several later restorations . However , the roof , the upper elevations of the side walls and the rear façade are modern and date from the remodeling of the deconsecrated church , in the 1930s .

neg: List of Romans named Publius Cornelius Scipio The name Publius Cornelius Scipio was regularly , though not always , given by the Scipio branch of the gens Cornelia to the eldest son in each generation . At first most of the Scipios who became consuls were not named Publius , probably because the eldest son rarely survived to adulthood . The first Scipio to become consul was named Lucius , the first to become censor was also Lucius . The first Publius to become consul was Scipio Africanus 's father . At least eleven men bearing this name have been identified in Livy and Polybius , of whom eight men were consuls ( and a ninth consular tribune at a time when there were no consuls ) . Of the eight men , three were censors . Of these three , two were famous generals . Two of the men , father and son , became Pontifex Maximus successively .   Publius Cornelius Scipio ( consular tribune 395 BC ) was the first Scipio to be named in Livy . He was Master of the Horse to Marcus Furius Camillus .  Publius Cornelius Scipio Asina was consul in 221 BC .  Publius Cornelius Scipio ( consul 218 BC ) was married to Pomponia , a daughter of Manius Pomponius Matho , by whom he had at least two sons .  Scipio Africanus , aka Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus , the general who defeated Hannibal of Carthage at Zama , was the elder son of Publius Cornelius Scipio ( consul 218 BC ) .  Publius Cornelius Scipio P.f. P.n. Africanus , eldest son of Scipio Africanus and flamen dialis .  Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica ( consul 191 BC ) was a cousin of Africanus and the son of Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus . His wife was possibly a Caecilia Metella .  Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus ( augur ) was the elder surviving son of Publius Cornelius Scipio P.f. P.n. Africanus .  Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum ( consul 162 and 155 BC , censor 159 BC , Pontifex Maximus ) was the son of Publius Cornelius Scipio P.f. P.n. Africanus . He married Cornelia Africana Major , daughter of Scipio Africanus .  Scipio Aemilianus Africanus ( `` Scipio the Younger , '' or Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Numantinus ) was the adoptive son of Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica and adoptive grandson of Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus ( augur ) .  Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio ( consul 138 BC and Pontifex Maximus ) was the son of Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus ( augur ) and grandson maternally of Scipio Africanus .  Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio ( consul 111 BC ) , son of the previous , was married to Caecilia Metella Macedonica Minor , daughter of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus .  Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica ( praetor 94 BC ) was the son of Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio . He was married to Licinia , younger daughter of Lucius Licinius Crassus .  Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica ( d. 46 BC ) , was the son of Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica ( praetor ) , named Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica prior to his adoption and referred to by Cicero as `` P. Scipio ''  Publius Cornelius Scipio Salvito ( consul 35 BC ) was a former husband of Scribonia whose connection to Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica is not clear  Publius Cornelius Scipio ( consul 16 BC ) was the son of Publius Cornelius Scipio Salvito .

neg: Caesar (McCullough novel) Caesar : Let the Dice Fly is the fifth historical novel in Colleen McCullough 's Masters of Rome series .

neg: Legio XVII Legio septima decima ( `` Seventeenth Legion '' ) was a legion of the Imperial Roman army . It was founded by Augustus around 41 BC . The legion was destroyed in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ( September 9 , 9 ) . The legion 's symbol and cognomen are unknown .   This legion was probably created to deal with Sextus Pompey , the last opponent of the second triumvirate , garrisoned in Sicily and threatening Rome 's grain supply .   Following the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra in the battle of Actium ( 31 BC ) , the legion was stationed in Gaul . In the end of the 1st century BC , the Seventeenth was sent to the Germania provinces in the Rhine and was stationed in Castra Vetera ( Xanten ) . In AD 5 , the provinces were pacified and Publius Quinctilius Varus was assigned governor and commander of the Germania army .   On September 9 , Arminius , leader of the Cheruscan allies , reported a rebellion in the Rhine area . Without suspecting the information received , Varus took his three legions , the XVII along with XVIII and XIX , and headed west . On 9 September , near modern Osnabrück , the Cheruscii led by Arminius ambushed the governor 's army . All three legions were destroyed in what is known as the battle of the Teutoburg Forest and their eagle standards lost .   After its destruction , the Romans never used this legion number again .

neg: Roman army mutiny in 342 BC Several ancient authors have written descriptions of a Roman army mutiny in 342 BC.The Romans customarily dated events by noting which consuls held office that year , the mutiny took place in the year in which Quintus Servilius Ahala , for the third time , and Gaius Marcius Rutilus , for the fourth time , were consuls . When converted to the western calendar using the traditional Varronian chronology this year becomes 342 BC . However modern historians have shown that the Varronian chronology dates the mutiny four years too early due to inclusion of unhistorical `` dictator years '' . Despite this known inaccuracy , the Varronian chronology remains in use by convention also in current academic literature . Forsythe ( 2005 ) , pp. 369-370 According to the most well-known version , the mutiny originated in a group of Roman garrison soldiers wintering in Campania to protect the cities there against the Samnites . Subverted by the luxurious living of the Campanians , these soldiers conspired to take over their host cities . When the conspiracy was discovered , the conspirators formed a rebel army and marched against Rome . They were met by an army commanded by Marcus Valerius Corvus who had been nominated dictator to solve the crisis . Rather than do battle , Corvus managed to end the mutiny by peaceful means . All the mutineers received amnesty for their part in the rebellion and a series of laws were passed to address their political grievances .   All preserved accounts of the mutiny were however written several hundred years after the events they describe . Modern historians have found many elements in the classical accounts resembling the civil strife of the Late Republic which they consider anachronistic to the Roman Republic of the late 4th century BC . Some even believe the mutiny to be entirely invented by writers wishing to provide a context for the important political reforms they knew had been legislated in 342 BC .

neg: Augustan History The Augustan History ( Latin : Historia Augusta ) is a late Roman collection of biographies , written in Latin , of the Roman Emperors , their junior colleagues , designated heirs and usurpers of the period 117 to 284 . Supposedly modeled on the similar work of Suetonius , The Twelve Caesars , it presents itself as a compilation of works by six different authors ( collectively known as the Scriptores Historiae Augustae ) , written during the reigns of Diocletian and Constantine I and addressed to those emperors or other important personages in Rome . The collection , as extant , comprises thirty biographies , most of which contain the life of a single emperor , while some include a group of two or more , grouped together merely because these emperors were either similar or contemporaneous .   However , the true authorship of the work , its actual date , and its purpose , have long been matters for controversy amongst historians and scholars , ever since Hermann Dessau in 1889 rejected both the date and the authorship as stated within the manuscript . Major problems include the nature of the sources it used , and how much of the content is pure fiction . For instance , the collection contains in all about 150 alleged documents , including 68 letters , 60 speeches and proposals to the people or the senate , and 20 senatorial decrees and acclamations . Virtually all of these are now considered to be fraudulent .   By the second decade of the 21st century , the overall consensus supported the position that there was only a single author who was writing either at the end of the 4th century or the beginning of the 5th century , and who was interested in blending contemporary issues ( political , religious and social ) into the lives of the 3rd century emperors . Further , that the author used the fictitious elements in the work to highlight references to other published works , such as to Cicero and Ammianus Marcellinus in a complex allegorical game . Despite these conundrums , it is the only continuous account in Latin for much of its period and is thus continually being re-evaluated , since modern historians are unwilling to abandon it as a unique source of possible information , despite its obvious untrustworthiness on many levels .

neg: Sextus Julius Caesar (governor of Syria) Sextus Julius Sex . f. Sex . n. Caesar was a cousin of the Roman general Gaius Julius Caesar , and served as one of his lieutenants during the Civil War . He was killed in a revolt of the soldiers while still a young man .

neg: Dictator A dictator is a political leader who wields absolute power . A state ruled by a dictator is called a dictatorship . The word originated as the title of a magistrate in the Roman Republic appointed by the Senate to rule the republic in times of emergency ( see Roman dictator and justitium ) .   Like the term `` tyrant '' ( which was originally a respectable Ancient Greek title ) , and to a lesser degree `` autocrat '' , `` dictator '' came to be used almost exclusively as a non-titular term for oppressive , even abusive rule , yet had rare modern titular use .   In modern usage , the term `` dictator '' is generally used to describe a leader who holds and/or abuses an extraordinary amount of personal power , especially the power to make laws without effective restraint by a legislative assembly . Dictatorships are often characterised by some of the following traits : suspension of elections and of civil liberties ; proclamation of a state of emergency ; rule by decree ; repression of political opponents without abiding by rule of law procedures ; these include one-party state , and cult of personality .   The term `` dictator '' is comparable to but not synonymous with the ancient concept of a tyrant ; initially `` tyrant '' , like `` dictator '' , did not carry negative connotations . A wide variety of leaders coming to power in a number of different kinds of regimes , such as military juntas , one-party states and civilian governments under personal rule , have been described as dictators . They may hold left or right-wing views , or may be apolitical .

neg: Tacitus Publius ( or Gaius ) Cornelius Tacitus ( -LSB- ˈtæsᵻtəs -RSB- -LSB- ˈtakɪtʊs -RSB- ; c. AD 56 -- c. AD 120 ) was a senator and a historian of the Roman Empire . The surviving portions of his two major works -- the Annals and the Histories -- examine the reigns of the Roman emperors Tiberius , Claudius , Nero , and those who reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors ( AD 69 ) . These two works span the history of the Roman Empire from the death of Augustus , in AD 14 , to the years of the First Jewish -- Roman War , in AD 70 . There are substantial lacunae in the surviving texts , including a gap in the Annals that is four books long .   Tacitus ' other writings discuss oratory ( in dialogue format , see Dialogus de oratoribus ) , Germania ( in De origine et situ Germanorum ) , and the life of his father-in-law , Agricola , the Roman general responsible for much of the Roman conquest of Britain , mainly focusing on his campaign in Britannia ( De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae '' ) .   Tacitus is considered to be one of the greatest Roman historians . He lived in what has been called the Silver Age of Latin literature , and is known for the brevity and compactness of his Latin prose , as well as for his penetrating insights into the psychology of power politics .

neg: Postumus the Younger In the Historia Augusta , Postumus the Younger figures as one of the so-called Thirty Tyrants who usurped power against the Roman Emperor Gallienus .  According to the pseudo-historical list of ` Thirty Tyrants ' , the Emperor of the Gallic Empire Postumus had a son , also called Postumus , whom he nominated to be first caesar , and later even augustus and co-ruler . Postumus the Younger would have been killed together with his father in 268 , during the rebellion of Laelianus ( called Lollianus in the Historia ) .   The historian J. F. Drinkwater dismisses the Historia Augusta '' 's reference to Postumus the Younger as a `` fiction '' . There are no references to any son of Postumus on coins or inscriptions from the period .   The author ( s ) of the Historia asserts that Postumus the Younger was a skilled rhetor , and that his Controversiae were included among Quintilian 's Declamationes '' .

neg: The Twelve Caesars De vita Caesarum ( Latin ; literal translation : About the Life of the Caesars ) , commonly known as The Twelve Caesars , is a set of twelve biographies of Julius Caesar and the first 11 emperors of the Roman Empire written by Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus .   The work , written in AD 121 during the reign of the emperor Hadrian , was the most popular work of Suetonius , at that time Hadrian 's personal secretary , and is the largest among his surviving writings . It was dedicated to a friend , the Praetorian prefect Gaius Septicius Clarus .   The Twelve Caesars is considered very significant in antiquity and remains a primary source on Roman history . The book discusses the significant and critical period of the Principate from the end of the Republic to the reign of Domitian ; comparisons are often made with Tacitus whose surviving works document a similar period .

neg: Battle of Alesia The Battle of Alesia or Siege of Alesia was a military engagement in the Gallic Wars that took place in September , 52 BC , around the Gallic oppidum ( fortified settlement ) of Alesia , a major centre of the Mandubii tribe . It was fought by the army of Julius Caesar against a confederation of Gallic tribes united under the leadership of Vercingetorix of the Arverni . It was the last major engagement between Gauls and Romans , and is considered one of Caesar 's greatest military achievements and a classic example of siege warfare and investment . The battle of Alesia marked the end of Gallic independence in France and Belgium .   The battle site was probably atop Mont Auxois , above modern Alise-Sainte-Reine in France , but this location , some have argued , does not fit Caesar 's description of the battle . A number of alternatives have been proposed over time , among which only Chaux-des-Crotenay ( in Jura in modern France ) remains a challenger today .   At one point in the battle the Romans were outnumbered by the Gauls by four to one . The event is described by several contemporary authors , including Caesar himself in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico . After the Roman victory , Gaul ( very roughly modern France ) was subdued and became a Roman province . The Roman senate granted a thanksgiving of 20 days for his victory in the Gallic War .

neg: Gladius Gladius ( -LSB- langpronɡleɪdiəs -RSB- glădĭus , -LSB- ˈɡladiʊs -RSB- ) was one Latin word for sword , and is used to represent the primary sword of Ancient Roman foot soldiers . Early ancient Roman swords were similar to those of the Greeks . From the 3rd century BC , the Romans adopted swords similar to those used by the Celtiberians and others during the early part of the conquest of Hispania . This sword was known as the gladius hispaniensis , or Hispanic Sword .   A fully equipped Roman legionary after the reforms of Gaius Marius was armed with a shield ( scutum ) , one or two javelins ( pila ) , a sword ( gladius ) , often a dagger ( pugio ) , and , perhaps in the later Empire period , darts ( plumbatae ) . Conventionally , soldiers threw javelins to disable the enemy 's shields and disrupt enemy formations before engaging in close combat , for which they drew the gladius . A soldier generally led with the shield and thrust with the sword . All gladius types appear to have been suitable for cutting and chopping as well as thrusting .

neg: Julius of Rome Julius was a member of the Roman Senate . He is recorded by St. Eusebius and St. Pontian , as a martyr .


query: All the Pretty Horses is a romance film.

pos: All the Pretty Horses (film) All the Pretty Horses is a 2000 American romance western film produced and directed by Billy Bob Thornton , and based on Cormac McCarthy 's novel of the same name . Starring Matt Damon and Penélope Cruz , the film was released on Christmas Day 2000 to mostly negative reviews . It grossed $ 18 million worldwide , against a $ 57 million budget .

neg: Nez Perce Horse The Nez Perce Horse is a spotted horse breed of the Nez Perce tribe of Idaho . The Nez Perce Horse Registry ( NPHR ) program began in 1995 in Lapwai , Idaho and is based on cross-breeding the old-line Appaloosa horses ( the Wallowa herd ) with an ancient Central Asian breed called Akhal-Teke .   This program seeks to re-establish the horse culture of the Nez Perce , a tradition of selective breeding of Appaloosa horses and horsemanship that was destroyed in the 19th century . The breeding program was financed by the United States Department of Health and Human Services , the Nez Perce tribe and a nonprofit group called the First Nations Development Institute , which promotes such businesses .   The Nez Perce Horse is `` fit to carry the Nez Perce name , '' according to Rudy Shebala , director of the Tribe 's Horse Registry and the Nez Perce Young Horsemen program .   The Akhal-Teke is an ancient breed that originated in Turkmenistan ( near Afghanistan ) . They are known for their superb endurance and `` metallic '' coats . The Akhal-Teke coat colors commonly include palominos , buckskins , and dark bays . A typical Nez Perce Horse is a buckskin or palomino with Appaloosa characteristics -- mottled skin with a spotted coat or a blanket .   The Nez Perce Horse 's conformation is longer and leaner than the Quarter Horses or other stock horses of the Western U.S. , with narrower shoulders and hindquarters , a longer back , and a lean runner 's appearance . They are good at long rides and compete well in endurance races ; they are also good jumpers . The Nez Perce Horses are often gaited , with a fast and smooth running walk .   The Nez Perce say that the horse has attitude . The Nez Perce people are historically known for their selective horse breeding practices , according to NPHR breeders Jon and Rosa Yearout . `` We strive to follow the lead of our ancestors and carry on their legacy and traditions . ''

neg: Enchanted (film) Enchanted is a 2007 American live-action/animated musical fantasy romantic comedy film , produced by Walt Disney Pictures with New York Academy Barry Sonnenfeld and Josephson Entertainment . Written by Bill Kelly and directed by Kevin Lima , the film stars Amy Adams , Patrick Dempsey , James Marsden , Timothy Spall , Idina Menzel , Rachel Covey , and Susan Sarandon . The plot focuses on Giselle , an archetypal Disney Princess , who is forced from her traditional animated world of Andalasia into the live-action world of New York City . Enchanted was the first Disney film to be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , instead of Buena Vista Pictures Distribution .   The film is both a homage to , and a self-parody of , Disney 's animated features , making numerous references to Disney 's past works through the combination of live-action filmmaking , traditional animation , and computer-generated imagery . It marks the return of traditional animation to a Disney feature film after the company 's decision to move entirely to computer animation in 2004 . Composer Alan Menken and lyricist Stephen Schwartz , who had written songs for previous Disney films , produced the songs of Enchanted , with Menken also composing its score .   The animation sequences were produced at James Baxter Animation in Pasadena . Filming of the live action segments took place around New York City . It premiered on October 20 , 2007 , at the London Film Festival before its wide release on November 21 , 2007 , in the United States . Enchanted was well-received critically , established Adams as a leading lady , and earned more than $ 340 million worldwide at the box office . It won three Saturn Awards , including Best Fantasy Film and Best Actress for Adams . Enchanted also received two nominations at the 65th Golden Globe Awards and three Best Original Song nominations at the 80th Academy Awards .

neg: Cheltenham Racecourse Cheltenham Racecourse is a racecourse for horse racing events , located at Prestbury Park , near Cheltenham in Gloucestershire . Its most prestigious meeting is the Cheltenham Festival , held in March , which features several Grade I races including the Cheltenham Gold Cup , Champion Hurdle , Queen Mother Champion Chase and the Stayers ' Hurdle .   The racecourse has a scenic location in a natural amphitheatre just below the escarpment of the Cotswold Hills , at Cleeve Hill , with a capacity of 67,500 spectators . The racecourse also has its own steam railway station ( of the same name ) , although this no longer connects to the national rail network but has since rather been the current southern terminus of the preserved Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway .   The main racecourse has two separate courses alongside each other , the Old Course and the New Course . The New Course has a tricky downhill fence and a longer run-in for steeplechases than the Old Course . Hurdle races over two miles on the New Course also have a slight peculiarity in that most of the hurdles are jumped early on in the race with only two hurdles being jumped in the last seven furlongs .   There is also a cross-country course which is laid out inside the main racecourse and is used for cross-country steeplechases .   The racecourse is the home of The Centaur , one of the largest auditoria in the South West of England . This multiple-use complex seats over 2,000 people for conferences and around 4,000 standing for concerts . It is also home to the Steeplechasing Hall of Fame . From 1999 to 2013 the racecourse was the venue for the annual Greenbelt festival and remains the venue for the Wychwood Music Festival . The University of Gloucestershire holds its graduation ceremony and summer ball at the racecourse .   From 2008 , the racecourse and `` The Jockey Club '' were in talks with Cheltenham Town F.C. about a possible move to the racecourse . This would have meant the building of a new stadium with a double sided stand , one side in the stadium and the other for watching the races . Talks went on for a while but in December 2011 , Cheltenham Town F.C. decided against the move due to the financial gap , which the football club 's chairman Paul Baker described as `` in the millions '' .   On Friday 13 November 2015 Cheltenham Racecourse opened its new # 45m 6,500-capacity Princess Royal Stand which completed the redevelopment of the course .

neg: Pretty Boys and Pretty Girls `` Pretty Boys And Pretty Girls '' is the fifth single released by the American synthpop band Book of Love . The song was the first single released prior to the band 's second album Lullaby in 1988 .   `` Pretty Girls And Pretty Girls '' became the band 's highest charting single at no. 90 in the Billboard Hot 100 , and its only moment crossing over into mainstream pop . In the dance clubs , the song was a smash , and made it to no. 5 on the Hot Dance Club Play chart , spending 11 weeks on the chart .   `` Pretty Boys And Pretty Girls '' became one of the first songs ever to address the issue of the AIDS epidemic , featuring the lyrics of `` strangers in the night exchanging glances , but sex is dangerous , I do n't take my chances ... safe sex , safe sex . ''   The B-side to the single is a cover of Mike Oldfield 's `` Tubular Bells '' , originally made famous as the theme from the horror movie The Exorcist . For the track , the band sampled band member Lauren Roselli crying `` Mother , make it stop ! '' , channeling Linda Blair 's role as Regan from the movie . For the 12 '' release of the single , `` Tubular Bells '' and `` Pretty Boys And Pretty Girls '' were mixed together as a fourteen-minute medley by Scott Blackwell and Bob Brockmann . The album Lullaby also opens with a shorter version of `` Tubular Bells '' , which flows seamlessly into `` Pretty Boys And Pretty Girls '' , the second track on the album .   A promotional video was shot and released for `` Pretty Boys And Pretty Girls '' ; an alternate version of the video was also released using the medley edit of `` Tubular Bells/Pretty Boys And Pretty Girls '' . ( See External links below for video )

neg: Love Story (novel) Love Story is a 1970 romance novel by American writer Erich Segal . The book 's origins lay in a screenplay that Segal wrote , and that was subsequently approved for production by Paramount Pictures . Paramount requested that Segal adapt the story into novel form as a preview of sorts for the film . The novel was released on February 14 , 1970 , Valentine 's Day . Portions of the story originally appeared in The Ladies ' Home Journal . Love Story became the top-selling work of fiction for all of 1970 in the United States , and was translated into more than 20 languages . The novel stayed for 41 weeks in The New York Times Best Seller list , reaching the top spot . A sequel , Oliver 's Story , was published in 1977 . The film ( Love Story ) was released on December 16 , 1970 .

neg: Equine coat color Horses exhibit a diverse array of coat colors and distinctive markings . A specialized vocabulary has evolved to describe them .   While most horses remain the same color throughout life , a few , over the course of several years , will develop a different coat color from that with which they were born . Most white markings are present at birth , and the underlying skin color of a horse does not change , absent disease .   The basic outline of equine coat color genetics has largely been resolved , and DNA tests to determine the likelihood that a horse will have offspring of a given color have been developed for some colors . Discussion , research , and even controversy continues about some of the details , particularly those surrounding spotting patterns , color sub-shades such as `` sooty '' or `` flaxen '' , and markings .

neg: Springtime in the Rockies Springtime in the Rockies is an American Technicolor musical comedy film released by Twentieth Century Fox in 1942 . It stars Betty Grable , with support from John Payne , Carmen Miranda , Cesar Romero , Charlotte Greenwood , and Edward Everett Horton . Also appearing were Grable 's future husband Harry James and his band . The director was Irving Cummings . The screenplay was based on the short story `` Second Honeymoon '' by Philip Wylie .

neg: Chivalric romance As a literary genre of high culture , romance or chivalric romance is a type of prose and verse narrative that was popular in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe . They were fantastic stories about marvel-filled adventures , often of a knight-errant portrayed as having heroic qualities , who goes on a quest , yet it is `` the emphasis on love and courtly manners distinguishes it from the chanson de geste and other kinds of epic , in which masculine military heroism predominates . '' Popular literature also drew on themes of romance , but with ironic , satiric or burlesque intent . Romances reworked legends , fairy tales , and history to suit the readers ' and hearers ' tastes , but by c. 1600 they were out of fashion , and Miguel de Cervantes famously burlesqued them in his novel Don Quixote . Still , the modern image of `` medieval '' is more influenced by the romance than by any other medieval genre , and the word medieval evokes knights , distressed damsels , dragons , and other romantic tropes .   Originally , romance literature was written in Old French , Anglo-Norman , Occitan , and Provençal , and later in Portuguese , in Castilian , in English , in Italian ( particularly with the Sicilian poetry ) and German . During the early 13th century , romances were increasingly written as prose . In later romances , particularly those of French origin , there is a marked tendency to emphasize themes of courtly love , such as faithfulness in adversity .

neg: All the Pretty Horses All the Pretty Horses may refer to :   All the Pretty Horses ( novel ) , a 1992 novel by Cormac McCarthy  All the Pretty Horses ( film ) , a 2000 film based on the novel  `` All the Pretty Little Horses '' ( also known as `` Hush-a-bye '' ) , a traditional lullaby from the Southern United States

neg: Horse Soldiers (film) Horse Soldiers is an upcoming 2018 American war drama film directed by Nicolai Fuglsig and written by Peter Craig and Ted Tally , based on Doug Stanton 's non-fiction book of same name , about the CIA agents and U.S. Special Forces sent to Afghanistan right after the September 11 attacks . The film stars Chris Hemsworth , Michael Shannon , Michael Peña , Austin Stowell , Trevante Rhodes , and Rob Riggle .

neg: The Romance of Sleepy Hollow The Romance of Sleepy Hollow is a 1923 New Zealand film written and directed by Henry J. Makepeace , and produced and shot in Auckland . The film is now lost , with a poster the only surviving material . The poster says it is `` A Bright Sparkling Comedy-Drama in Four Reels ... . The first to be produced in New Zealand , '' and it was to open at `` The Grand '' theatre in central Auckland opposite the G.P.O. on 22 August 1924 .   Sam Edwards says it may have been a melodrama set in Auckland , as the poster says `` Maoriland Pictures presents Francis X. Bouzaid of Onehunga and June Phillips of Dominion Road '' supported by four other local couples . It was shot on 35 mm , silent , and black & white . The film had been submitted to the censor in November 1923 , who required the removal of some 900 feet ( around 15 minutes ) . This reduced it from 5700 feet to 4800 feet or about 80 minutes . Nothing now remains of the film apart from the poster .

neg: The Love Parade The Love Parade is a 1929 American Pre-Code musical comedy film about the marital difficulties of Queen Louise of Sylvania ( Jeanette MacDonald ) and her consort , Count Alfred Renard ( Maurice Chevalier ) . Despite his love for Louise and his promise to be an obedient husband , Count Alfred finds his role as a figurehead unbearable .   The film was directed by Ernst Lubitsch from a screenplay by Guy Bolton and Ernest Vajda , adapted from the French play Le Prince Consort , written by Jules Chancel and Leon Xanrof ; which had previously been adapted for Broadway in 1905 by William Boosey and Cosmo Gordon Lennox .   The Love Parade is notable for being both the film debut of Jeanette MacDonald and the first `` talkie '' film made by Ernst Lubitsch . It was also released in a French-language version called Parade d'amour . Chevalier had thought that he would never be capable of acting as a Royal courtier , and had to be persuaded by Lubitsch . This huge box-office hit appeared just after the Wall Street crash , and did much to save the fortunes of Paramount .

neg: Flat racing Flat racing is a form of horse racing which is run on a level racecourse . It is run over a predetermined distance from 2 furlong up to 3 mi and is either test of speed , stamina or both , whilst the skills of the jockey is determined by his ability to restrain the horse or impel it . Flat racing does not require horses to jump over any obstacles such as is required for hurdling or Steeplechase . It differs from harness racing where horses are pulling a sulky and wear a harness . While in many countries flat racing is the most common form of horse racing , in Britain and Ireland it is used to describe the racing season that comes after the Jumps racing which is traditionally held over the winter period .   Many different horse breeds are used in flat racing worldwide , but the Thoroughbred is the most dominant . The races take place on track surfaces suitable for horses . Worldwide , the most common is a natural grass surface , called `` turf '' . In North America , the most common surface is a harrowed `` dirt '' surface , often based primarily on a mixture of sand and local soil . Most winter flat races in Britain and other parts of the world are run on a synthetic or all-weather surface , generally a blend of sand with synthetic fiber and/or rubber , often coated with wax or a similar substance .

neg: Hollywood & Wine Hollywood & Wine is a 2010 American comedy film .

neg: The Gift of Love The Gift of Love is a 1958 De Luxe in CinemaScope film directed by Jean Negulesco and starring Lauren Bacall and Robert Stack .   The film 's screenplay was based on the short story `` The Little Horse '' by Nelia Gardner White , originally published in a 1944 issue of Good Housekeeping , and previously made into the film Sentimental Journey ( 1946 ) , with John Payne and Maureen O'Hara .

neg: Wild and Wonderful Wild and Wonderful is a 1964 film comedy starring Tony Curtis and his then-wife Christine Kaufmann ( whom he had married in 1963 ) . The plot revolves around a clever French poodle named Monsieur Cognac , and the dog 's effect on the newly married couple portrayed by Curtis and Kaufmann . The film was Curtis 's last under his long contractual relationship with Universal Studios .   The film had six credited writers , including Waldo Salt , who was then still working his way back from years on the Hollywood blacklist and who reportedly `` hated '' the film . In his 1999 obituary for Larry Markes , another of the credited writers , Dick Vosburgh of The Independent commented , `` Critics found it hard to accept that it had taken six writers to fashion the wafer-thin tale of a jazz flautist whose marriage to a French film star is threatened by the jealous tricks of Monsieur Cognac , her neurotic , alcoholic French poodle . '' In his obituary for Tony Curtis in 2010 , Dave Kehr dismissed the film as `` disastrous , '' noting that Curtis was rebuilding his reputation after an earlier affair with Kaufmann , his co-star in Wild and Wonderful , and subsequent divorce from Janet Leigh .

neg: A Romance in Flanders A Romance in Flanders is a 1937 British drama film directed by Maurice Elvey and starring Paul Cavanagh , Marcelle Chantal , Olga Lindo and Alastair Sim . It is set during the First World War with the British Expeditionary Force in Flanders . It was also released under the alternative title of Lost on the Western Front .   It was made at the Riverside Studios in Hammersmith by the independent Franco-London Films . Halliwell 's Film Guide describes it as `` rose-coloured romantic hokum '' .

neg: War Horse (novel) War Horse is a children 's novel by English author Michael Morpurgo . It was first published in Great Britain by Kaye & Ward in 1982 . The story recounts the experiences of Joey , a horse purchased by the Army for service in World War I France and the attempts of young Albert , his previous owner , to bring him safely home . It formed the basis of both an award winning play ( 2007 ) and an acclaimed film adaptation ( 2011 ) by Steven Spielberg .

neg: Just Like Heaven Just like Heaven may refer to :  `` Just Like Heaven '' ( song ) , a song by The Cure  Just Like Heaven ( film ) , a 2005 romantic comedy starring Reese Witherspoon and Mark Ruffalo  Just Like Heaven ( 1930 film ) , a drama starring Anita Louise and David Newell  Just Like Heaven , a romance novel by Julia Quinn

neg: Alles Bob! Alles Bob ( `` Its all Bob '' ) is a 1999 German film starring , Martina Gedeck and Miriam Lahnstein , directed by .   The film , is about a young man who tells women what they want to hear to get sex .