query: The Night Of had Richard Price and Steven Zaillian as the show's screenwriters.

pos: The Night Of The Night Of is an American eight-part crime drama television miniseries based on Criminal Justice , a 2008 -- 09 British television series . The miniseries was written by Richard Price and Steven Zaillian and directed by Zaillian and James Marsh . Broadcast on HBO , The Night Of premiered on July 10 , 2016 to critical acclaim . The first episode premiered on June 24 , 2016 , via HBO on-demand .

neg: Night Terrors (Doctor Who) `` Night Terrors '' is the ninth episode of the sixth series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , and was first broadcast on BBC One and BBC America on 3 September 2011 . It was written by Mark Gatiss and directed by Richard Clark .   In the episode , alien time traveller the Doctor ( Matt Smith ) and his companions Amy Pond ( Karen Gillan ) and Rory ( Arthur Darvill ) decide to make a `` house call '' to an eight-year-old boy named George ( Jamie Oram ) who is terrified of almost everything , and especially dreads the cupboard in his bedroom . While the Doctor discusses this with George 's father Alex ( Daniel Mays ) , Amy and Rory become trapped in a doll house with terrifying life-size peg dolls .   `` Night Terrors '' was inspired by Gatiss 's fear of dolls , and the ones in the episode were designed to be scary and crude-looking . The episode was moved from the first half of the series to the second , which necessitated changes to make it fit into the series ' story arc . It was the first to be filmed , with production taking place in September 2010 at a council estate in Redcliffe , Bristol and at Dyrham Park , where the doll 's house interior scenes were filmed . The episode was watched by 7.07 million viewers in the UK and received generally positive to mixed reviews from critics , though some were critical of how it fitted into the overarching story as it came after a heavy story-arc episode .

neg: Night Court Night Court is an American television situation comedy that aired on NBC from January 4 , 1984 , to May 31 , 1992 . The setting was the night shift of a Manhattan municipal court , Criminal Court Part 2 , presided over by a young , unorthodox judge , Harold T. `` Harry '' Stone ( played by Harry Anderson ) . The series was created by comedy writer Reinhold Weege , who had previously worked on Barney Miller in the 1970s and early 1980s .

neg: The Critic The Critic is an American prime time animated series revolving around the life of New York film critic Jay Sherman , voiced by actor Jon Lovitz . It was created by writing partners Al Jean and Mike Reiss , who had previously worked as writers and showrunners ( seasons 3 and 4 ) on The Simpsons . The Critic had 23 episodes produced , first broadcast on ABC in 1994 , and finishing its original run on Fox in 1995 . According to PopMatters , `` the creators -LSB- said -RSB- they intended the series as their ` love letter to New York . ' ''   Episodes featured movie parodies with notable examples including a musical version of Apocalypse Now , Howard Stern 's End ( Howards End ) , Honey , I Ate the Kids ( Honey , I Shrunk the Kids/The Silence of the Lambs ) , The Cockroach King ( The Lion King ) , Abe Lincoln : Pet Detective ( Ace Ventura : Pet Detective ) , Scent of a Jackass and Scent of a Wolfman ( Scent of a Woman ) . The show often referenced popular movies such as Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory and The Godfather , and routinely lampooned actor Marlon Brando and actor/director Orson Welles . They also spoofed Dudley Moore , usually as his character Arthur Bach from the 1981 film Arthur .   Despite the ratings improving , The Critic was cancelled after two seasons . It continued to air through reruns on Comedy Central and then on Locomotion . From February 1 , 2000 to 2001 , ten webisodes were later produced using Adobe Shockwave , and were broadcast on AtomFilms.com and Shockwave.com . In 2004 , the DVD box set was released , which includes all 23 TV episodes ( in their original production order ) and the webisodes .   In the late 2000s , reruns of the show aired again on ReelzChannel in the US and on Teletoon 's programming block Teletoon at Night in Canada . As of 2016 , the first season can be viewed for free on Crackle .

neg: Steven Conrad Steven Conrad ( born 1968 ) is an American screenwriter , film producer and director .

neg: The First Nighter Program The First Nighter Program was a long-running radio anthology comedy-drama series broadcast from November 27 , 1930 , to September 27 , 1953 . The host was Mr. First Nighter ( Charles P. Hughes , Macdonald Carey , Bret Morrison , Marvin Miller , Don Briggs and Rye Billsbury -LSB- later known as Michael Rye -RSB- ) .   An article in a 1939 newspaper observed , `` First Nighter was the first show to present complete and separate original plays each week . ''   The show 's opening recreated the aural atmosphere of a Broadway opening . Before each week 's drama began , Mr. First Nighter was first heard walking on Broadway , emerging from the noise of people and street traffic into the crowded lobby of `` the Little Theater Off Times Square '' and then taking his seat in the third row center , where he gave the whispered introduction :  The house lights have dimmed , and the curtain is about to go up on tonight 's production .   Romantic comedies were the specialty of the series , and the principal roles were played by the teams of Don Ameche and June Meredith ( 1930 -- 36 ) , Ameche and Betty Lou Gerson ( 1935 -- 36 ) , Les Tremayne and Barbara Luddy ( 1936 -- 43 ) and  Olan Soule and Luddy ( 1943 and after ) .  Joseph T. Ainley produced and directed the series . The announcers were Larry Keating and Vincent Pelletier . Music was provided by `` The Famous First Nighter Orchestra '' , under the direction of Eric Sagerquist ( 1930 -- 44 ) , Caesar Petrillo ( 1945 -- 46 ) and Frank Worth ( 1947 -- 53 ) .   The most popular episode may have been the annual Christmas episode , `` Little Town of Bethlehem , '' which was first performed in 1937 and every year afterwards at the request of the listening audience .   Performing before a studio audience , the actors wore formal attire , with Luddy in a gown and Tremayne clad in evening clothes and top hat . Commercial breaks were signalled with the usher 's cry `` Smoking downstairs and in the outer lobby only , please ! '' , with the action resuming with a buzzer and the usher 's curtain call .   The series ran on four radio networks in the following timeline :  NBC Blue Network : 11/27/30 to 09/29/33  NBC Red Network : 10/06/33 to 02/12/37  CBS : 02/19/37 to 12/21/37  NBC Red Network : 01/07/38 to 08/26/38  CBS : 09/02/38 to 05/29/42  Mutual : 10/04/42 to 10/25/44  CBS : 10/20/45 to 04/13/46 and 10/04/47 to 10/20/49  NBC ( reruns ) : 04/27/52 to 09/27/53   The show was hosted by The Campana Company and solely featured commercials for their products . Due largely in part to this exposure , their Italian Balm became the best-selling hand lotion in the United States in the 1930s .

neg: Mark Frost Mark Frost ( born November 25 , 1953 ) is an American novelist , screenwriter , director and film producer , best known as a writer for the television series Hill Street Blues and as the co-creator of the television series Twin Peaks .

neg: NIGHT (magazine) NIGHT is an art/fashion/music / literature/nightlife periodical co-edited by Anton Perich and Robert Henry Rubin . Established in Manhattan , New York , in 1978 the magazine was created during the punk-new wave-disco nightclub era of among others ; Studio 54 , Xenon , Club A , Regine 's , The Continental , Hurrah 's , Danceteria , and the Mudd Club . Today the magazine continues to focus on the beautiful , the exclusive , the intelligent and the controversial . Among the contributors have been ; Charles Plymell , Helmut Newton . Taylor Mead , Victor Bockris , Lee Klein , Charles Henri Ford and countless others . At the dawn of her writing career Sex in the City author Candace Bushnell wrote for NIGHT , stating ... '' `` I wrote for this paper called Night Magazine , which was mainly just a bunch of pictures of people at Studio 54 . I would do little interviews and profiles . '' ...

neg: Richard Dinnick Richard Dinnick ( born 22 January 1968 ) is a British screenwriter , novelist , and audio playwright . He is the winner of the 2012 BBC Writersroom opportunity to create a new show and to write for TV on the BBC and is now writing on the CBeebies TV shows Tree Fu Tom and Go Jetters - amongst others - as well as Mind Candy 's new Moshi Monsters TV show . He was one of six finalists in a recent BBC Academy opportunity to workshop a script for Waterloo Road .   Dinnick is now Head Writer on the new Disney TV show Eena Meena Deeka and in-development action adventure show Captain Extraordinary . He was also a BAFTA Judge for Children 's Drama and produced a session for the 2014 Children 's Media Conference .   He is developing several ideas for TV including a fantasy drama , Never After and a primetime crime drama , Murder of Crows , which is the first of its kind . Richard is currently in pre-production on new web series -- Light & Shadows -- with Capital City Entertainment as writer/producer . Dinnick is also developing a workplace drama , No Kidding , and an urban fantasy show , The Last Horseman .   Dinnick has written prose , scripts and comics for many media properties including MGM 's Stargate and the BBC 's Doctor Who , as well as adapting the Sherlock Holmes stories of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle -- including The Hound of the Baskervilles -- for CD release .   His first novel Alien Adventures was published by BBC Children 's Books in 2010 and he has since gone on to write books and short stories for Penguin UK , Titan Publishing , Black Library , Running Press and Snow Books . He has also written comic strips for IDW and BBC Magazines and his first original graphic novel is in the works .   He is also often a guest at writing events ( including the London Screenwriters ' Festival ) and Doctor Who conventions ( such as Gallifrey One ) .   His pre-school series Elf Stackers is in the commissioning process with the BBC .   Dinnick is a member of the Writers Guild of Great Britain and the Royal Television Society and a Patron of the Children 's Media Foundation .   His UK TV agent is Emily Smith at The Agency and his manager in the USA is Joe Riley .

neg: Derek Santos Olson Derek Santos Olson is an American television writer . He has worked on the NBC drama Friday Night Lights and has been nominated for a Writers Guild of America ( WGA ) Award .

neg: Nightcap (2016 TV series) Nightcap is an American comedy television series created by and starring Alexandra Wentworth as Staci Cole , the overworked head talent booker on the fictitious fifth highest rated late night talk show , Nightcap with Jimmy . Lauren Blumenfeld , Brendan Clifford , Don Fanelli , Jacob Wallach and Cherie Corinne Rice also star in supporting roles . On January 12 , 2016 , the series was picked up for a ten episode first season . On October 27 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a second season . The series premiered on November 16 , 2016 , on Pop .

neg: Ron Carlivati Ronald David `` Ron '' Carlivati ( born November 25 , 1968 ) is an American screenwriter . He is best known for his tenures as head writer on the ABC Daytime soap operas One Life to Live and General Hospital .

neg: David E. Tolchinsky David E. Tolchinsky ( born David Jan Edelson ) is a screenwriter , playwright , sound designer , and academic . He is Chair of Northwestern University 's Department of Radio-TV-Film and Founder/Director of Northwestern University School of Communication 's MFA in Writing for the Screen + Stage .   As a screenwriter , his feature film Girl is distributed by iTunes and has been seen internationally . He has been commissioned by such studios as Touchstone/Disney , MGM , Ivan Reitman 's Montecito Pictures , USA Networks , Edward R. Pressman Film Corp , and Addis-Wechsler & Assoc. / Industry Entertainment to write feature screenplays . He is the author of original screenplays such as The Last Crash and Reflections on a Teenage Anti-Christ featured in a New York Times article about home offices . Some of his work centers on teen subcultures such as heavy-metal fans , Florida surfer teens , teen groupies , and female football players , particularly in relation to social decay . He is also interested in horror , both psychological and physical .   As a sound designer , he has designed the sound for interactive computer environments and video installations which have been exhibited internationally . In 2003 , he was nominated for a Motion Picture Sound Editors Guild Golden Reel Award for his sound design for Dolly .   In 2008 , he was appointed as a Northwestern University Charles Deering McCormick Professor of Teaching Excellence . In 2009 , he co-curated The Horror Show at Dorsky Gallery Curatorial Programs in New York City which explored horror in film , video , installation , photography , sculpture and painting and which was featured as a The Village Voice `` Voice Choice for Art '' and on their blog , and which was accompanied by a 32-page catalog . In 2011 , he co-produced Debra Kahn Tolchinsky 's Fast Talk , which investigates the accelerated speed of argumentation in college debate and which is available on iTunes and Amazon instant .   Recently , he published `` Where 's the Rest of Me ? '' a reflective essay about Spalding Gray in Paraphilia Magazine and co-curated with Debra Kahn Tolchinsky The Presence of Absence sponsored by the Contemporary Arts Council at Hairpin Arts Center in Chicago , chosen by Chicago Magazine as one of the `` 16 best art gallery shows to see now in Chicago '' and described in The Huffington Post as `` The space is gorgeous , the art solid , challenging , yet accessible . This is a wonderfully odd , powerful , thoughtful show '' . He was also ranked # 14 on New City 's Film 50 2013 : Chicago 's Screen Gems , was the recipient of a 2014 Illinois Arts Council Artist Fellowship in Literature , and was voted Best Director for his play , Where 's the Rest of Me ? ( which was nominated for Best Play and which was an adaptation of his essay ) , at the 2015 Riant Theatre One-Act Play Festival in New York City . Most recently , his play Clear was published in Issue 3 2015 of Proscenium Journal , he was ranked number 8 with Debra Kahn Tolchinsky on New City 's Film 50 2015 : Chicago 's Screen Gems , and he co-curated Sick by Seven ( seven plays/films about mental health in the modern world ) at A Red Orchid Theatre in Chicago as part of its Incubator Series .   He is a graduate of Yale ( 1985 , BA , magna cum laude ) and USC School of Cinematic Arts/School of Cinema-Television ( 1988 , MFA ) . He continues to collaborate often with his spouse , the media artist Debra Kahn Tolchinsky .

neg: David North (screenwriter) David North is an American screenwriter and producer who has worked on shows such as the Late Show with David Letterman and the crime drama NCIS : Naval Criminal Investigative Service which he has both written and produced since its inception in 2003 . To date he has penned more than twenty NCIS episodes including the two-part season five finale , Judgment Day Part 1 & 2 ( co-written ) , and the season six finale , Aliyah .   North is a 2003 graduate of Indiana University and currently resides in Manhattan Beach , California .

neg: 522666 '' ' 522666 '' is the fifth episode of the first season of the American crime-thriller television series Millennium . It premiered on the Fox network on November 22 , 1996 . The episode was written by Glen Morgan and James Wong , and directed by David Nutter . `` 522666 '' featured guest appearances by Sam Anderson , Hiro Kanagawa and Joe Chrest .   Millennium Group consultant Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) is approached by the FBI when a series of bombs are detonated in Washington , DC . Black 's investigation soon reveals that the culprit seeks to be seen as a hero , setting off explosions in order to rescue people from the scenes ; leaving Black to track down the fame-hungry bomber before more people are killed .   `` 522666 '' was one of many collaborations between Nutter , Morgan and Wong , with the three having worked together on several television series previously . The episode opens with a reference to existentialist philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre , and featured Henriksen performing all of his own stunts .

neg: Paddy Chayefsky Sidney Aaron `` Paddy '' Chayefsky ( January 29 , 1923 -- August 1 , 1981 ) was an American playwright , screenwriter and novelist . He is the only person to have won three solo Academy Awards for Best Screenplay ( the other three-time winners , Francis Ford Coppola , Charles Brackett , Woody Allen and Billy Wilder , have all shared their awards with co-writers ) .   He was considered one of the most renowned dramatists of the so-called Golden Age of Television . His intimate , realistic scripts provided a naturalistic style of television drama for the 1950s , and he was regarded as the central figure in the `` kitchen sink realism '' movement of American television . Martin Gottfried wrote in All His Jazz that Chayefsky `` was a successful writer , the most successful graduate of television 's slice of life school of naturalism . ''   Following his critically acclaimed teleplays , Chayefsky continued to succeed as a playwright and novelist . As a screenwriter , he received three Academy Awards for Marty ( 1955 ) , The Hospital ( 1971 ) and Network ( 1976 ) . The movie Marty was based on his own television drama about two lonely people finding love . Network was his scathing satire of the television industry and The Hospital was also satiric . Film historian David Thomson called The Hospital `` years ahead of its time . -LSB- ... -RSB- Few films capture the disaster of America 's self-destructive idealism so well . '' His screenplay for Network is often regarded as his masterpiece , and has been hailed as `` the kind of literate , darkly funny and breathtakingly prescient material that prompts many to claim it as the greatest screenplay of the 20th century . ''   Chayefsky 's early stories were frequently influenced by the author 's childhood in The Bronx . Chayefsky was part of the inaugural class of inductees into the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ' Television Hall of Fame . He received this honor three years after his death , in 1984 .

neg: The Night Shift (TV series) The Night Shift is an American medical drama series that premiered on May 27 , 2014 , on NBC . The series was created by Gabe Sachs and Jeff Judah , and follows the lives of the staff who work the late night shift in the emergency room at San Antonio Memorial Hospital .   On May 8 , 2015 , NBC renewed The Night Shift for a third season , which ran from June 1 to August 31 , 2016 .   On November 17 , 2016 , NBC renewed the series for a fourth season , which will premiere on June 22 , 2017 .

neg: Andrew Weinberg Andrew Weinberg ( born 1976 ) is an American television writer , known for his work on Late Night with Conan O'Brien and The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien . He is also a co-creator and co-writer of the television series Eagleheart ( TV series ) . The quarter-hour series is a parody of action crime dramas like Walker , Texas Ranger and originated in Conan O'Brien 's Conaco Prods .

neg: James Costigan James Costigan ( March 31 , 1926 -- December 19 , 2007 ) was an American television actor and Emmy Award-winning television screenwriter . His writing credited included the Eleanor and Franklin and Love Among the Ruins television movies .   Costigan was born on March 31 , 1926 in East Los Angeles , where his parents owned and operated a hardware store . He first achieved some level of success in the 1950s , when he began being hired to write television anthology series , such as Studio One and Kraft Television Theatre .   Costigan won his first Emmy for original teleplay in 1959 for Little Moon of Alban , a segment which appeared as part of the Hallmark Hall of Fame . He earned a second Emmy nomination in for his script adaptation of The Turn of the Screw in 1959 . He did not win , but Ingrid Bergman won an Emmy for her performance in The Turn of the Screw . He increasingly began writing for the stage as the format of television began to change . His Broadway credits included Baby Want a Kiss , a 1964 comedy which starred Joanne Woodward and Paul Newman .   He returned to screenwriting for television in the early 1970s . His 1970s work included A War of Children , written in 1972 , which was about two families , one Roman Catholic and one Protestant , in Northern Ireland , whose long time friendship is threatened by sectarian violence .   He won a second Emmy Award for Love Among the Ruins , a 1975 television movie set in Edwardian England , which starred Katharine Hepburn and Laurence Olivier . His third Emmy win was for Eleanor and Franklin ( 1976 ) , a two-part , four-hour-long television drama focusing on the lives of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt .

neg: Television Writers Vault The Television Writers Vault is an online marketplace within the television industry used for scouting and selling original TV formats , concepts , and intellectual properties to produce as new television shows . It is the first website to deliver new show ideas from people outside of the industry , resulting in successful productions by major networks . 2012 saw the global broadcast of two reality television concepts discovered from the site ; Saw Dogs ( aired on Discovery Channel , TV4 Sweden , and OLN ) and Deals From The Darkside ( aired on SyFy , A&E Australia , OLN , UKTV ) . 2014 saw the premiere of Kim of Queens on Lifetime TV , whose star , Kim Gravel , was discovered pitching her own concepts at the TV Writers Vault .   The service was created and developed by former Merv Griffin Entertainment development executive Scott Manville . In addition to providing a showcase for programming ideas , it also offers educational content for new TV writers and creators on the subjects of creating and pitching new TV show ideas .

neg: Sports Night Sports Night is an American television series about a fictional sports news show also called Sports Night . It focuses on the friendships , pitfalls and ethical issues the creative talent of the program face while trying to produce a good show under constant network pressure . Created by Aaron Sorkin , the half-hour prime time comedy-drama aired on ABC for two seasons , from 1998 to 2000 .   The show stars Robert Guillaume as managing editor Isaac Jaffe , Felicity Huffman as executive producer Dana Whitaker , Peter Krause as anchor Casey McCall , Josh Charles as anchor Dan Rydell , Sabrina Lloyd as senior associate producer Natalie Hurley and Joshua Malina as associate producer Jeremy Goodwin . Regular guest stars included William H. Macy as ratings expert Sam Donovan and Brenda Strong as Sally Sasser , the producer of West Coast Update ( another show on the same network as Sports Night ) and rival of Dana . Other notable guest stars included Paula Marshall and several who later appeared on Sorkin 's The West Wing including Janel Moloney , Teri Polo , Ted McGinley , Lisa Edelstein , Clark Gregg , Nina Siemaszko , John DeLancie , Timothy Davis-Reed , Cress Williams , Nadia Dajani , and Spencer Garrett . In addition , both Malina and Huffman also appeared in The West Wing .   TV Guide ranked it # 10 on their 2013 list of 60 shows that were `` Cancelled Too Soon '' .


query: Bangladesh is incapable of being a nation.

pos: Bangladesh Bangladesh ( -LSB- bæŋɡləˈdɛʃ -RSB- -LSB- ˌbɑːŋɡləˈdɛʃ -RSB- -LSB- : bn : বাংলাদেশ , বাংলাদেশ -RSB- , -LSB- ˈbaŋlad̪eʃ -RSB- , lit . `` The country of Bengal '' ) , officially the People 's Republic of Bangladesh , is a country in South Asia . It shares land borders with India and Myanmar ( Burma ) . Nepal , Bhutan and China are located near Bangladesh but do not share a border with it . The country 's maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal is roughly equal to the size of its land area . Bangladesh is the world 's eighth most populous country . Dhaka is its capital and largest city , followed by Chittagong , which has the country 's largest port .   Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region . Bangladeshis include people of different ethnic groups and religions . Bengalis , who speak the official Bengali language , make up 98 % of the population . The politically dominant Bengali Muslims make the nation the world 's third largest Muslim-majority country . Most of Bangladesh is covered by the Bengal delta , the largest delta on Earth . The country has 700 rivers and 8,046 km ( 5,000 miles ) of inland waterways . Highlands with evergreen forests are found in the northeastern and southeastern regions of the country . Bangladesh has many islands and a coral reef . It is home to the Sundarbans , the largest mangrove forest in the world . The country 's biodiversity includes a vast array of plant and wildlife , including critically endangered Bengal tigers , the national animal .   The Greeks and Romans identified the region as Gangaridai , a powerful kingdom of the historical subcontinent , in the 3rd century BCE . Archaeological research has unearthed several ancient cities in Bangladesh , which had international trade links for millennia . The Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Bengal transformed the region into a cosmopolitan Islamic imperial power between the 14th and 18th centuries . The region was home to many principalities that had inland naval prowess . It was also a notable center of the worldwide muslin and silk trade . As part of British India , the region was influenced by the Bengali renaissance and played an important role in anti-colonial movements . The Partition of British India made East Bengal a part of the Dominion of Pakistan ; and was renamed as East Pakistan . The region witnessed the Bengali Language Movement in 1952 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 . After independence , a parliamentary republic was established . A presidential government was in place between 1975 and 1990 , followed by a return to parliamentary democracy . The country has also been affected by poverty , natural disasters , hunger , dominant party systems and military coups .   Bangladesh is a middle power and a major developing nation . Within South Asia , the country ranks first in gender equality , second in foreign exchange earnings and third in life expectancy and peacefulness . Listed as one of the Next Eleven , its economy ranks 46th in terms of nominal gross domestic product ( GDP ) and 29th in terms of purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . It is one of the largest textile exporters in the world . Its major trading partners are the European Union , the United States , China , India , Japan , Malaysia and Singapore . With its strategically vital location between Southern , Eastern and Southeast Asia , Bangladesh is an important promoter of regional connectivity and cooperation . It is a founding member of SAARC , BIMSTEC , the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Forum for Regional Cooperation and the Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Initiative . It is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , the Developing 8 Countries , the OIC , the Non Aligned Movement , the Group of 77 and the World Trade Organization . Bangladesh is one of the largest contributors to United Nations peacekeeping forces .

neg: Indigenous peoples in Bangladesh The indigenous peoples of Bangladesh refer to native ethnic minorities in southeastern , northwestern , north-central and northeastern regions of the country . These regions include the Chittagong Hill Tracts , Sylhet Division , Rajshahi Division and Mymensingh District . The total population of indigenous ethnic minorities in Bangladesh was estimated to be over 2 million in 2010 . They are diverse ethnic communities including Australoid , Tibeto-Burman and Sino-Tibetan races . Vast number of indigenous tribes of Bangladesh are Buddhists and Hindus by faith while the remaining few are Christians and animists .

neg: Bengali vocabulary Bengali ( বাংলা Bangla ) is one of the Magadhan languages , evolved from Magadhi Prakrit and Pali languages . The core of Bengali vocabulary is thus etymologically of Magadhi Prakrit and Pali languages . However , centuries of major borrowing and reborrowing from Arabic , Persian , Turkish , Sanskrit , Austroasiatic languages and other languages has led to the adoption of a wide range of words with foreign origins . Thus making the origins of borrowed and reborrowed words in the Bengali vocabulary numerous and diverse , due to centuries of contact with various languages .

neg: Zimbabwe Zimbabwe ( -LSB- zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Zimbabwe , is a landlocked country located in southern Africa , between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers . It is bordered by South Africa to the south , Botswana to the west and southwest , Zambia to the northwest , and Mozambique to the east and northeast . Although it does not border Namibia , less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates it from that country . The capital and largest city is Harare . A country of roughly 13 million people , Zimbabwe has 16 official languages , with English , Shona , and Ndebele the most commonly used .   Since the 11th century , present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a major route for migration and trade . The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s ; it became the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923 . In 1965 , the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia . The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces ; this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and de jure sovereignty in April 1980 . Zimbabwe then rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations -- which it withdrew from in 2003 . It is a member of the United Nations , the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) , the African Union ( AU ) , and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) .   Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980 , when his ZANU-PF party won the elections following the end of white minority rule ; he has been the president of Zimbabwe since 1987 . Under Mugabe 's authoritarian regime , the state security apparatus has dominated the country and been responsible for widespread human rights violations . Mugabe has maintained the revolutionary socialist rhetoric from the Cold War era , blaming Zimbabwe 's economic woes on conspiring Western capitalist countries , while still executing conservative policies . Burnished by his anti-imperialist credentials , contemporary African political leaders have been reluctant to criticise Mugabe , though Archbishop Desmond Tutu has called him `` a cartoon figure of an archetypal African dictator '' .

neg: Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence The Unilateral Declaration of Independence ( UDI ) was a statement adopted by the Cabinet of Rhodesia on 11 November 1965 , announcing that Rhodesia , a British territory in southern Africa that had governed itself since 1923 , now regarded itself as an independent sovereign state . The culmination of a protracted dispute between the British and Rhodesian governments regarding the terms under which the latter could become fully independent , it was the first unilateral break from the United Kingdom by one of its colonies since the United States Declaration of Independence nearly two centuries before . Britain , the Commonwealth and the United Nations all deemed Rhodesia 's UDI illegal , and economic sanctions , the first in the UN 's history , were imposed on the breakaway colony . Amid near-complete international isolation , Rhodesia continued as an unrecognised state with the assistance of South Africa and Portugal .   The Rhodesian government , which mostly comprised members of the country 's white minority of about 5 % , was indignant when , amid decolonisation and the Wind of Change , less developed African colonies to the north without comparable experience of self-rule quickly advanced to independence during the early 1960s while Rhodesia was refused sovereignty under the newly ascendant principle of `` no independence before majority rule '' ( `` NIBMAR '' ) . Most white Rhodesians felt that they were due independence following four decades ' self-government , and that Britain was betraying them by withholding it . This combined with the colonial government 's acute reluctance to hand over power to black nationalists -- the manifestation of racial tensions , Cold War anti-communism and the fear that a dystopian Congo-style situation might result -- to create the impression that if Britain did not grant independence , Rhodesia might be justified in taking it unilaterally .   Stalemate developed between the British and Rhodesian Prime Ministers , Harold Wilson and Ian Smith respectively , between 1964 and 1965 . Dispute largely surrounded the British condition that the terms for independence had to be acceptable `` to the people of the country as a whole '' ; Smith contended that this was met , while Britain and black nationalist leaders in Rhodesia held that it was not . After Wilson proposed in late October 1965 that Britain might safeguard future black representation in the Rhodesian parliament by withdrawing some of the colonial government 's devolved powers , then presented terms for an investigatory Royal Commission that the Rhodesians found unacceptable , Smith and his Cabinet declared independence . Calling this treasonous , the British colonial Governor Sir Humphrey Gibbs formally dismissed Smith and his government , but they ignored him and appointed an `` Officer Administering the Government '' to take his place .   While no country recognised UDI , the Rhodesian High Court deemed the post-UDI government legal and de jure in 1968 . The Smith administration initially professed continued loyalty to Queen Elizabeth II , but abandoned this in 1970 when it declared a republic in an unsuccessful attempt to win foreign recognition . The Rhodesian Bush War , a guerrilla conflict between the government and two rival communist-backed black nationalist groups , began in earnest two years later , and after several attempts to end the war Smith agreed the Internal Settlement with non-militant nationalists in 1978 . Under these terms the country was reconstituted under black rule as Zimbabwe Rhodesia in June 1979 , but this new order was rejected by the guerrillas and the international community . The Bush War continued until Zimbabwe Rhodesia revoked UDI as part of the Lancaster House Agreement in December 1979 . Following a brief period of direct British rule , the country was granted internationally recognised independence under the name Zimbabwe in 1980 .

neg: Bangladesh Olympic Association Bangladesh Olympic Association ( বাংলাদেশ অলিম্পিক সংস্থা IOC code : BAN ) is the National Olympic Committee representing Bangladesh . It is also the body responsible for Bangladesh 's representation at the Commonwealth Games .

neg: Football in Bangladesh Throughout history , football has been the most popular sport in Bangladesh and is governed by the Bangladesh Football Federation ( BFF ) .   Compared to the past , the standard of Bangladeshi football has degraded due to mismanagement , lack of support and poor investment . An interest in cricket resulting from the nation 's success in Test Cricket and participation in the Cricket World Cup overshadowed the past fame in the nation 's football . But however this did not affect football 's popularity . More football tournaments are organized in and outside Dhaka than of any other sports and football fever grips the nation during every FIFA World Cup . Federation officials and experts are still hopeful about the development of football in the country in the next ten years despite financial obstacles and lack of professionalism .

neg: Bangladesh–Cyprus relations Bangladesh -- Cyprus relations refer to the bilateral relations between Bangladesh and Cyprus . Neither country has a resident ambassador . Both the countries are members of Non-Aligned Movement , Commonwealth of Nations Relations between the two countries have remained cordial with both the countries showing willingness to strengthen it further .

neg: Punjab, Pakistan Punjab ( Urdu , Punjabi : , panj-āb , `` five waters '' : ) , is Pakistan 's second largest province by area after Balochistan , and its most populous province with an estimated population of 101,391,000 as of 2015 . It is bordered by Sindh , Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , as well as the regions of Islamabad Capital Territory and the Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and Jammu and Kashmir . The provincial capital of Punjab is the city Lahore , a cultural centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based .   Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . Punjab was later invaded by Tamerlane , Babur , and Nader Shah . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore . Following a successful rebellion , Sikh-led armies claimed Lahore in 1759 . The administration of the Sikh Empire was based out of Lahore , until its defeat by the British . Punjab was central to the independence movements of both India and Pakistan , with Lahore being site of both the Declaration of Indian Independence , and the resolution calling for the establishment of Pakistan . The province was formed when the Punjab province of British India was divided along religious boundaries in 1947 by the Radcliffe Line after Partition .   Punjab is Pakistan 's most industrialised province with the industrial sector making up 24 % of the province 's gross domestic product . Punjab is known in Pakistan for its relative prosperity , and has the lowest rate of poverty amongst all Pakistani provinces . A clear divide is present between the northern and southern portions of the province ; with poverty rates in prosperous northern Punjab amongst the lowest in Pakistan , while some in south Punjab are amongst the most impoverished . Punjab is also one of South Asia 's most urbanized regions with approximately 40 % of people living in urban areas . Its human development index rankings are high relative to the rest of Pakistan .   Punjab is known in Pakistan for its relatively liberal social attitudes . The province has been strongly influenced by Sufism , with numerous Sufi shrines spread across Punjab which attract millions of devotees annually . The founder of the Sikh faith , Guru Nanak , was born in the Punjab town of Nankana Sahib near Lahore . Punjab is also the site of the Katasraj Temple , which features prominently in Hindu mythology . Several UNESCO World Heritage Sites are located in Punjab , including the Shalimar Gardens , the Lahore Fort , the archeological excavations at Taxila , and the Rohtas Fort .

neg: Mizoram Mizoram ( -LSB- langpronaudio = Mizorampron.oggmɪˈzɔərəm -RSB- ) is one of the states of Northeast India , with Aizawl as its capital city . The name is derived from Mi ( people ) , Zo ( lofty place , such as a hill ) and Ram ( land ) , and thus Mizoram implies `` land of the hill people '' . In the northeast , it is the southern most landlocked state sharing borders with three of the Seven , now with the addition of Sikkim , Eight sister states , namely Tripura , Assam , Manipur . The state also shares a 722 kilometre border with the neighbouring countries of Bangladesh and Myanmar .   Like several other northeastern states of India , Mizoram was previously part of Assam until 1972 , when it was carved out as a Union Territory . It became the 23rd state of India , a step above Union Territory , on 20 February 1987 , with Fifty-Third Amendment of Indian Constitution ,1986 .   Mizoram 's population was 1,091,014 , according to a 2011 census . It is the 2nd least populous state in the country . Mizoram covers an area of approximately 21,087 square kilometres . About 91 % of the state is forested .   About 95 % of the current population is of diverse tribal origins who settled in the state , mostly from Southeast Asia , over waves of migration starting about the 16th century but mainly in the 18th century . This is the highest concentration of tribal people among all states of India , and they are currently protected under Indian constitution as a Scheduled Tribe . Mizoram is one of three states of India with a Christian majority ( 87 % ) . Its people belong to various denominations , mostly Presbyterian in its north and Baptists in south .   Mizoram is a highly literate agrarian economy , but suffers from slash-and-burn jhum or shifting cultivation , and poor crop yields . In recent years , the jhum farming practices are steadily being replaced with a significant horticulture and bamboo products industry . The state 's gross state domestic product for 2012 was estimated at . About 20 % of Mizoram 's population lives below poverty line , with 35 % rural poverty . The state has about 871 kilometres of national highways , with NH-54 and NH-150 connecting it to Assam and Manipur respectively . It is also a growing transit point for trade with Myanmar and Bangladesh .

neg: International recognition of Bangladesh The Bangladesh Liberation War ( মুক্তিযুদ্ধ Muktijuddho ) was a revolutionary independence war in South Asia during 1971 which established the republic of Bangladesh . The war pitted East Pakistan against West Pakistan , and lasted over a duration of nine months . It witnessed large-scale atrocities , the exodus of 10 million refugees and the displacement of 30 million people .   The war broke out on 26 March 1971 , when the Pakistani Army launched a military operation called Operation Searchlight against Bengali civilians , students , intelligentsia and armed personnel , who were demanding that the Pakistani military junta accept the results of the 1970 first democratic elections of Pakistan , which were won by an eastern party , or to allow separation between East and West Pakistan . Bengali politicians and army officers announced the declaration of Bangladesh 's independence in response to Operation Searchlight . Bengali military , paramilitary and civilians formed the Mukti Bahini ( মুক্তি বাহিনী `` Liberation Army '' ) , which engaged in guerrilla warfare against Pakistani forces . The Pakistan Army , in collusion with religious extremist militias ( the Razakars , Al-Badr and Al-Shams ) , engaged in the systematic genocide and atrocities of Bengali civilians , particularly nationalists , intellectuals , youth and religious minorities . Bangladesh government-in-exile was set up in the city of Calcutta ( now Kolkata ) in the Indian State of West Bengal .   India entered the war on 3 December 1971 , after Pakistan launched pre-emptive air strikes on northern India . Overwhelmed by two war fronts , Pakistani defences soon collapsed . On 16 December , the Allied Forces of Bangladesh and India defeated Pakistan in the east . The subsequent surrender resulted in the largest number of prisoners-of-war since World War II .

neg: City-state A city-state is a sovereign state that consists of a city and its dependent territories . Historically , this included cities such as Rome , Athens , Carthage , and the Italian city-states during the Renaissance -- but today only a handful of sovereign city-states exist , with some disagreement as to which are city-states . A great deal of consensus exists that the term properly applies to Singapore , Monaco , and Vatican City .   A number of other small states share similar characteristics , and therefore are sometimes also cited as modern city-states . Namely , Qatar , Brunei , Kuwait , Bahrain , and Malta , which each have an urban center comprising a significant proportion of the population , though , all have several distinct settlements and a designated or de facto capital city . Occasionally , other small states with high population densities , such as San Marino , are also cited , despite lacking a large urban centre characteristic of traditional city-states .   Several non-sovereign cities enjoy a high degree of autonomy , and are sometimes considered city-states . Hong Kong and Macau , along with independent members of the United Arab Emirates , most notably Dubai and Abu Dhabi , are often cited as such .

neg: Juba Conference (1947) The Juba Conference was a June 1947 meeting attended by British and Sudanese delegates in the city of Juba , then regional capital of Equatoria Province in South Sudan ( and today the national capital of South Sudan ) .   Britain organised the conference to combine northern and southern Sudan into one political entity . Until then , the two sectors were essentially treated by the British as two separate colonies because of ethnic , religious and cultural differences . Northern Sudan was heavily Arabized and had a fairly well-structured political and economic infrastructure . Northerners practiced Islam and were relatively well-educated . Southern Sudan was mainly composed of various Nilotic tribes who practiced a mixture of Christian and traditional beliefs . Economically , it did not possess the organization of northern Sudan .   The Juba Conference agreed that northern and southern Sudan would constitute one state and that a Legislative Assembly would represent the entire colony . However , southern Sudanese representatives had several reservations about the resolutions , largely because they were in an inferior position in regards to their region 's lack of educational and political experience .   Their apprehension was realised when 800 administrative posts were vacated by the British in preparation for Sudanese `` self-rule '' ; only four of the government posts went to Southerners . In discussions to determine the future of the modern state of Sudan , the southern provinces were largely excluded from the political process .   This disparity lead to the First and Second Sudanese Civil Wars , eventually resulting , in 2011 , in the Southern provinces becoming an independent state , the Republic of South Sudan .

neg: Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh ( -LSB- , উদ্বাস্তু পাকিস্তানী ) are Urdu-speaking Muslim migrants with homelands in present-day India and Pakistan who settled in East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) following the partition of India in 1947 .   This identification can encompass several groups of people . First among them is `` Bihari Muslims '' . Although most of this population belonged to State of Bihar in India there are many from other Indian states such as U.P. ( United Provinces or later Uttar Pradesh ) . There are still others who had settled in what is now known as Bangladesh in the late 19th century . The second term of reference for this group coined by themselves after creation of Bangladesh is `` Stranded Pakistanis '' . In Urdu media in Pakistan and elsewhere this was translated as `` Mehsooreen '' or the `` Besieged '' . Another common term is `` Non-Bengalis '' , which includes not only the Urdu-speaking but also Punjabis , Pathans and Baloch living in Bangladesh . Henceforth any of the above terms may be used to identify this group depending on the context and history .   Biharis were stateless until 2008 when a judgement by the Dhaka High Court gave them right of citizenship . The judgement does not cover refugees who were adults at the time of Bangladesh Liberation War .   In March 2015 , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan said that more than 170,000 Biharis had been repatriated to Pakistan and the remaining ` stranded Pakistanis ' are not its responsibility but rather the responsibility of Bangladesh .

neg: International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh) The International Crimes Tribunal ( Bangladesh ) ( ICT of Bangladesh ) is a domestic war crimes tribunal in Bangladesh set up in 2009 to investigate and prosecute suspects for the genocide committed in 1971 by the Pakistan Army and their local collaborators , Razakars , Al-Badr and Al-Shams during the Bangladesh Liberation War . During the 2008 general election , the Awami League ( AL ) pledged to establish the tribunals in response to long-standing calls for trying war criminals . The first indictments were issued in 2010 . However , the main perpetrators of the war crimes , the Pakistan soldiers , remained out of the reach of the courts .   The government set up the tribunal after the Awami League won the general election in December 2008 with a more than two-thirds majority in parliament . The War Crimes Fact Finding Committee , tasked to investigate and find evidence , completed its report in 2008 , identifying 1,600 suspects . Prior to the formation of the ICT , the United Nations Development Programme offered assistance in 2009 on the tribunal 's formation . In 2009 , the parliament amended the 1973 act that authorised such a tribunal to update it .   By 2012 , nine leaders of Jamaat-e-Islami , the largest Islamist party in the nation , and two of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party , had been indicted as suspects in war crimes . Three leaders of Jamaat were the first tried ; each were convicted of several charges of war crimes . The first person convicted was Abul Kalam Azad , tried in absentia as he had left the country ; he was sentenced to death in January 2013 .   The ICT initially received some offers of international assistance . In 2009 , the UN offered its expertise , expressing an interest in helping Bangladesh avoid the problems other countries faced in similar trials . The EU has passed three resolutions supporting the trials and Jean Lambert has said `` she expected that the trial would conform to the highest standard possible . ''   However , since the beginning of the trials several human rights organisations and international legal figures have raised objections to the court proceedings . Human Rights Watch , which initially supported the establishment of the tribunal , have criticised it for issues of fairness and transparency , as well as reported harassment of lawyers and witnesses representing the accused . Bianca Karim and Tirza Theunissen have written that the international community have voiced concerns that the trial will not be transparent or impartial .   Jamaat-e-Islami supporters and their student wing , Bangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir , called a general strike nationwide on 4 December 2012 , which erupted in violence . The group demanded the tribunal be scrapped permanently and their leaders be released immediately .   Annual public opinion polls regularly rank the war-crimes trials ranked among the top three `` positive steps that the government has taken '' , though the issue is not considered among the top ten most pressing issues facing the country . Polling in 2013 by AC Nielsen found that more than two-thirds of Bangladeshis characterise the ICT as `` unfair '' or `` very unfair '' , though 86 % support its implementation .   In February 2013 , Abdul Quader Molla , Assistant Secretary General of Jamaat , was the first person sentenced to death by the ICT who was not convicted in absentia . Initially , Molla was sentenced to life imprisonment , but demonstrations , including the 2013 Shahbag protests in Dhaka , lead to a new punishment .

neg: Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic Uzbekistan ( -LSB- ʊzˈbɛkᵻˌstæn , _ - ˌstɑːn -RSB- , -LSB- ʊzˌbɛkᵻˈstɑːn , _ ʌz - , _ - ˈstæn -RSB- ) is the common English name for the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic ( Uzbek SSR ; Ўзбекистон Совет Социалистик Республикаси , Oʻzbekiston Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikasi ; Узбекская Советская Социалистическая Республика , Uzbekskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika ) and later , the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi , Ўзбекистон Республикаси ) that refers to the period of Uzbekistan from 1924 to 1991 . as one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union . It was governed by the Uzbek branch of the Soviet Communist Party , the only legal political party , from 1925 until 1990 . From 1990 to 1991 , it was the sovereign part of the Soviet Union with its own legislation . Sometimes , that period can be also referred to as Soviet Uzbekistan .   Beginning 20 June 1990 , Uzbek SSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty within its borders . Islam Karimov became the republic 's inaugural president .   On 31 August 1991 , the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic was renamed the Republic of Uzbekistan '' ' and declared independence three months before the Soviet Union 's dissolution on 26 December 1991 .   A doubly landlocked Soviet republic in Central Asia . Uzbekistan was bordered by Kazakhstan to the north ; Tajikistan to the southeast ; Kirghizia to the northeast ; Afghanistan to the south ; and Turkmenistan to the southwest .

neg: Pakistani general election, 1970 The Pakistani general election of 1970 , held on 7 December of that year , was the first general election held in Pakistan ( East and West Pakistan ) . Voting took place in 300 parliamentary constituencies of Pakistan to elect members of the National Assembly of Pakistan , which was then the only chamber of a unicameral Parliament of Pakistan .   The Election saw a fierce contest between two socialist parties : Pakistan Peoples Party and Awami League . Awami League was the sole major party in East Pakistan . Meanwhile , in the four provinces of West Pakistan , PPP faced a severe competition against the conservative factions of Muslim League , the largest of which was Muslim League ( Qayyum ) , as well as a slight opposition from the Islamist parties like JI , JUI and JUP .   Awami League won a landslide victory by winning 160 seats in the National Assembly and an absolute majority in East Pakistan . Meanwhile PPP could only bag 81 seats in the National Assembly , however , was able to win in Punjab and Sindh . JUI emerged victorious in Balochistan and the Marxist NAP in NWFP .   However , the Assembly session was not held as President Yahya Khan and the Pakistan Peoples Party did not want a party from East Pakistan in government . This caused great unrest in East Pakistan which soon escalated into a Civil War that led to the formation of independent state of Bangladesh . The Assembly session was held when President Yahya resigned a few days later and Bhutto took over . Bhutto became the Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1973 , after the post was recreated by the new Constitution .

neg: Superstate A superstate is defined as `` a large and powerful State formed when several smaller countries unite '' , `` A large and powerful state formed from a federation or union of nations '' .  This is distinct from the concept of superpower , although these are frequently seen together . It is also distinct from the concept of empire , where one nation dominates other nations through military , political , and economic power , although an empire may also be a superstate .   In the early 20th century , `` superstate '' had a similar definition as today 's supranational organisations . In a 1927 article by Edward A. Harriman on the League of Nations , a superstate was defined as merely `` an organisation , of which a state is a member , which is superior to the member themselves '' , in that '' -LSB- a -RSB- complete superstate has legislative , executive and judicial organs to make , to execute and to interpret its laws '' . According to this definition , Harriman saw the League of Nations as a `` rudimentary superstate '' , and the United States as `` an example of a complete and perfect superstate '' .   In World Order of Bahá ` u 'll áh , first published in 1938 , Shoghi Effendi , the Guardian of the Bahá ' í Faith , described the anticipated world government of that religion as the `` world 's future super-state '' with the Bahá ' í Faith as the `` State Religion of an independent and Sovereign Power . ''   In the 1970s , academic literature used the term `` superstate '' to indicate a particularly rich and powerful state , in a similar fashion to the term superpower .   In contemporary political debate , especially the one centred on the European Union , the term `` superstate '' is used to indicate a ( usually deemed unwelcome ) development in which the Union takes over the character of a State ( including the monopoly on violence ) thus abolishing the sovereignty and independence of its member states .  For instance , Glyn Morgan opposes the perspective of a `` European superstate '' to the ones of `` a Europe of nation-states '' and of `` a post-sovereign European polity '' . In her definition , a `` European superstate is nothing more than a sovereign state - a tried and tested type of polity that predominates in the modern world - operating on a European wide scale '' , i.e. , `` a unitary European state ''   The term was famously used by Margaret Thatcher in her 1988 Bruges speech , when she decried the perspective of `` a European super-state exercising a new dominance from Brussels '' , and has since entered the eurosceptic lexicon .  Tony Blair argued in 2000 that he welcomed an EU as a `` superpower , not a superstate ''

neg: Wards of Bangladesh In Bangladesh , a ward is an optional division of a city or town , especially an electoral district , for administrative and representative purposes . It is an elective unit of a City Corporation or Municipal Corporation , created for the purpose of providing more direct representation , from which a single council member is elected .

neg: Monoethnicity Monoethnicity is the existence of a single ethnic group in a given region or country . It is the opposite of polyethnicity . The use of the concept of monoethnicity has been criticized for being discriminatory and preventing diversity from being recognized .   It is a common belief in Japan that the entire country is monoethnic , but there are many ethnic minorities in Japan ( e.g. Koreans , Ainus , and Ryukyuans ) . They represent around 1 % of the whole population   South Koreans regard themselves as a monoethnic society , although there are small ethnic minorities that exist in South Korea , where they account for around 1 % of the South Korean population . These include around 650,000 Chinese immigrants   Most Sub-Saharan African countries have mono-racial societies ( > 0.1 % ) , but it 's common to find several ethnic groups within the same country . The number of emigrants from these African countries has grown substantially since 1990 , but they receive virtually almost zero immigration .   The Yugoslav Wars are noted as having made territories `` de facto and de jure monoethnic nation-states '' .

neg: Monarchy A monarchy is a form of government in which a group , usually a family called the dynasty , embodies the country 's national identity and one of its members , called the monarch , exercises a role of sovereignty . The actual power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic ( crowned republic ) , to partial and restricted ( constitutional monarchy ) , to completely autocratic ( absolute monarchy ) . Traditionally and in most cases , the monarch 's post is inherited and lasts until death or abdication , but there are also elective monarchies where the monarch is elected . Each of these has variations : in some elected monarchies only those of certain pedigrees are , whereas many hereditary monarchies impose requirements regarding the religion , age , gender , mental capacity , etc. . Occasionally this might create a situation of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective election . Finally , there have been cases where the term of a monarch 's reign is either fixed in years or continues until certain goals are achieved : an invasion being repulsed , for instance . Thus there are widely divergent structures and traditions defining monarchy .   Monarchy was the most common form of government until the 19th century , but it is no longer prevalent . Where it exists , it is now usually a constitutional monarchy , in which the monarch retains a unique legal and ceremonial role , but exercises limited or no official political power : under the written or unwritten constitution , others have governing authority . Currently , 47 sovereign nations in the world have monarchs acting as heads of state , 19 of which are Commonwealth realms that recognise Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state . All European monarchies are constitutional ones , with the exception of the Vatican City which is an elective monarchy , but sovereigns in the smaller states exercise greater political influence than in the larger . The monarchs of Cambodia , Japan , and Malaysia `` reign , but do not rule '' although there is considerable variation in the degree of authority they wield . Although they reign under constitutions , the monarchs of Brunei , Morocco , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Swaziland appear to continue to exercise more political influence than any other single source of authority in their nations , either by constitutional mandate or by tradition .


query: Michelle Rodriguez acted in Lost.

pos: Michelle Rodriguez Mayte Michelle Rodriguez ( -LSB- rɑːˈdriːgɛz -RSB- born July 12 , 1978 ) is an American actress and screenwriter . Her breakout role was as a troubled boxer in the independent film Girlfight ( 2000 ) , which was met with critical acclaim and earned her several awards , including the Independent Spirit Award and Gotham Award for Best Debut Performance . The following year , she starred as Letty in the blockbuster film The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) , a role she has reprised in four additional films in the Fast and Furious franchise to date . During her career , Rodriguez has played in a number of successful action films , including Resident Evil , S.W.A.T. , and Avatar .   Rodriguez also branched into television , playing Ana Lucia Cortez in the second season of the television series Lost . She has also had numerous voice work appearances in video games such as Call of Duty and Halo , and lent her voice for the 3D animated film Turbo and the television series IGPX . With her films grossing over $ 5 billion ( U.S. ) collectively , a 2013 Entertainment Weekly article described Rodriguez as `` arguably the most iconic actress in the action genre , as well as one of the most visible Latinas in Hollywood '' .

neg: Sin dejar huella Without a Trace , Leaving No Trace ( Sin Dejar Huella ) is a 2000 Mexican film directed by Maria Novaro starring Tiaré Scanda , Aitana Sánchez-Gijón Jesús Ochoa , José Sefamí , Martín Altomaro , Juan Manuel Bernal , Walberto Goldstein . In the film , Ana , a fake Mayan art smuggler , and Aurelia , a maquiladora worker , flee from Ciudad Juárez , Chihuahua in Northern Mexico and those who pursue them to Cancún in the Yucatán peninsula province of Quintana Roo . The two women fight , murder , run , and become an odd couple of friends as they run from the Federales and an ex-boyfriend narcotics trafficker .

neg: The Substitute (Lost) `` The Substitute '' is the fourth television episode of the American Broadcasting Company 's sixth season of the serial drama television series Lost and 107th episode overall . The episode aired on February 16 , 2010 , on ABC . It was directed by Tucker Gates and written by executive producer Elizabeth Sarnoff and producer Melinda Hsu Taylor . John Locke is the character the episode is centered on .   In 2007 , The Man in Black ( Terry O'Quinn ) attempts to recruit James `` Sawyer '' Ford ( Josh Holloway ) and reveals the survivors ' purpose on the Island . Meanwhile , Jacob 's ( Mark Pellegrino ) bodyguards , led by Ilana Verdansky ( Zuleikha Robinson ) , decide to bury John Locke ( also O'Quinn ) . In the `` flash-sideways '' , John Locke tries to balance his life as after he is fired from his job .

neg: There's Something About Mary There 's Something About Mary is a 1998 American romantic comedy film directed by Bobby and Peter Farrelly . It stars Cameron Diaz as the title character with Ben Stiller , Chris Elliott , and Matt Dillon all playing men who are in love with her and vying for her affections .   The film was placed 27th in the American Film Institute 's 100 Years , 100 Laughs : America 's Funniest Movies , a list of the 100 funniest movies of the 20th century . In 2000 , readers of Total Film magazine voted it the fourth-greatest comedy film of all time . Diaz won a New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress , an MTV Movie Award for Best Performance , an American Comedy Award for Best Actress , a Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Best Actress . She also received a Golden Globe nomination for her performance . It was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy . It won 4 out of 8 MTV Movie Awards , including Best Movie .

neg: Walt Lloyd Walter `` Walt '' Lloyd is a fictional character portrayed by Malcolm David Kelley in the American ABC television series Lost . The series follows the lives of over forty survivors of the crash of Oceanic Flight 815 . Walt is introduced in the pilot episode as one of the survivors aboard the plane , which crashes onto the island where most of the programme takes place . He is the 10-year-old son of Michael Dawson ( played by Harold Perrineau ) .   Walt appears in thirty episodes of Lost ; 27 in seasons one and two as a series regular , and three more episodes as a guest star . He also features in the Lost epilogue `` The New Man in Charge '' . Throughout the series , he is the only child main character . Initially , Walt and Michael have a dysfunctional father-son relationship , causing Walt to form friendships with other survivors , such as Locke and Sun . Walt leaves the island on a raft with Michael and two other survivors during the episode `` Exodus '' , but is kidnapped by a group of hostile island inhabitants known as the Others . Walt is then released by the Others in the episode `` Live Together , Die Alone '' , who claim that he was `` more than -LSB- they -RSB- could handle '' , and he and Michael leave the island at the end of season two .   When originally developed , Lost creators intended for Walt to display supernatural powers , such as the ability to summon animals through telepathy , but when Kelley had aged significantly for him to no longer convincingly look ten years old , the character 's arc was changed and Walt was written out of the show . After auditioning many children for the part , Kelley was hired by the programme 's producers , who had been impressed by his performance in the 2002 film Antwone Fisher .

neg: Alicia Rodríguez (Chilean actress) Alicia Rodríguez ( born 21 May 1992 ) is a Chilean actress . She is best known for her performance as Daniela Ramírez in Young and Wild .

neg: Lost at Sea (NCIS) `` Lost at Sea '' is the fourth episode of the tenth season of the American police procedural drama NCIS , and the 214th episode overall . It originally aired on CBS in the United States on October 23 , 2012 . The episode is written by Christopher J. Waild and directed by Tony Wharmby , and was seen by 17.78 million viewers .

neg: Rodriguez (band) Rodriguez was a rock band active in the mid to late 1990s based in San Luis Obispo , California .   The band is notable as an early collaboration between Matt Ward ( who later came to prominence as M. Ward ) and Kyle Field ( aka Little Wings ) , along with a series of drummers : Jake Hockel , Sanjeev Srinivas , and Mike Funk . The band was described by Field as `` the band in which I learned how to play music '' .   They completed one full-length album , 2000 's Swing Like A Metronome , which was produced by Jason Lytle of Grandaddy and released by independent label Devil in the Woods . The band also released a couple of songs recorded by Adam Selzer from the M. Ward band and Norfolk & Western . Co-dependent Records released the `` Were n't a Problem '' EP as a 7 '' in 1996 and a cassette entitled `` Cash Crops and Box Plots '' in 1995 .

neg: Michelle Shoda Michelle Marie Shoda Belloso ( born 1960 ) is a Venezuelan-American actress , businesswoman and beauty pageant titleholder .

neg: Sin City (film) Sin City ( also known as Frank Miller 's Sin City ) is a 2005 American neo-noir crime anthology film written , produced , and directed by Frank Miller and Robert Rodriguez . It is based on Miller 's graphic novel of the same name .   Much of the film is based on the first , third and fourth books in Miller 's original comic series . The Hard Goodbye is about a man who embarks on a brutal rampage in search of his one-time sweetheart 's killer , killing anyone , even the police , that gets in his way of finding and killing her murderer . The Big Fat Kill focuses on an everyman getting caught in a street war between a group of prostitutes and a group of mercenaries , the police and the mob . That Yellow Bastard follows an aging police officer who protects a young woman from a grotesquely disfigured serial killer . The intro and outro of the film are based on the short story `` The Customer is Always Right '' , which is collected in Booze , Broads & Bullets , the sixth book in the comic series .   The film stars an ensemble cast led by Jessica Alba , Benicio del Toro , Brittany Murphy , Clive Owen , Mickey Rourke , Bruce Willis , and Elijah Wood , and featuring Alexis Bledel , Michael Clarke Duncan , Rosario Dawson , Carla Gugino , Rutger Hauer , Jaime King , Michael Madsen , and Nick Stahl , among others .   Sin City opened to wide critical and commercial success , gathering particular recognition for the film 's unique color processing , which rendered most of the film in black and white but retained or added coloring for selected objects . The film was screened at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival in competition and won the Technical Grand Prize for the film 's `` visual shaping '' .

neg: Abandoned (2010 film) Abandoned is a thriller film directed by Michael Feifer and starring Brittany Murphy , Dean Cain , Mimi Rogers and Jay Pickett .

neg: Michelle Laine Michelle Laine is an American fashion designer and actress based in Los Angeles , California . Michelle Laine was born in San Diego , California , and is the daughter of extreme water-sports athlete Randy Laine . As a designer Michelle Laine specializes in womenwear and jewelry , as well as artistic direction and costume design for film and music videos .   Michelle recently played the love interest in the short film `` Fake it baby , Fake it ( La Dame Nature ) '' for American rock band Living Things , directed by Floria Sigismondi , Michelle was also the costume designer for the video .   In 2012 Laine shared insight on personal style and on her role as an influential person in fashion in `` City of Style : Exploring Los Angeles Fashion , from Bohemian to Rock '' By Melissa Magsaysay , Harper Colins .  Michelle Laine 's designs have been worn by Tilda Swinton , Elle Fanning , Marion Cotillard , Katy Perry , Alessandra Ambrosio , Kristen Stewart , Jared Leto , Paris Hilton , and Brandy .

neg: The Lost World (1992 film) The Lost World is a 1992 film , based on the book of the same name by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . The movie is set in Africa rather than the book 's setting of South America , and the character of Lord John Roxton has been replaced with a female character played by Tamara Gorski .

neg: Fallen Angel (2003 film) Fallen Angel is a 2003 Hallmark Hall of Fame television film starring Gary Sinese and Joely Richardson . It would be rerun in December 2004 and shown since on the Feeln on-demand movie service which shows many Hallmark Hall of Fame productions . It is based on the novel of the same name by Don Snyder , who also wrote the teleplay .

neg: Adetokumboh M'Cormack Frederick Adetokumboh M'Cormack ( sometimes credited as Adetokumboh McCormack , Frederick McCormack , or Adetokumoh McCormack ) is a Sierra Leone Creole actor , known for his roles in the television series Lost and Heroes .

neg: Gina Hiraizumi Gina Hiraizumi is a Juilliard alumni , who has been acting professionally for over 15 years . With over 5 features releasing for 2017 , her career is taking an exciting leap .   Her next theatrical release is with A-List Japan star , MIEKO HARADA in the drama feature , TOKYO NEW YORK as `` Keiko '' - a Japanese girl forced to work in the underground Tokyo hostess club world for survival , while Harada plays the mama-san boss in this Japanese scripted feature . This international drama feature by Award-winning director , Naghmeh Shirkhan is set to release in 2017 .   In the crime/murder TV series , DEADLY SINS ( 2016 / ID Discovery ) Gina was the lead title role of real life Filipina criminal , `` Rosalina Misina Mendoza '' in this full hour biopic tale . She portrays the role of Rosalina in her early 20 's ( she is now in her 60 's , incarcerated in prison without parole in Seattle , WA ) and portrays her character from the start , as the story unfolds from her harsh beginnings in Manila , Philippines to the United States . Her character has stirred a lot of emotions with the fans of the show , as Twitter exploded with comments upon the TV release .   Network television credits include CASTLE and FLASH FORWARD ( ABC ) , SHARK ( CBS ) , QUINTUPLETS ( FOX ) . Gina played the beauty queen wife of martial arts superstar , JASON SCOTT LEE ( `` Dragon : Bruce Lee Story '' ) in the WWII period piece feature , ONLY THE BRAVE and co-starred in DAY OF INDEPENDENCE by Academy Award Winner , director Chris Tashima .   Gina 's past celebrity endorsement deals include KILAUEA FIRE ( Hawaiian Hot Sauce ) as seen in the Hawaiian Airlines ' HANA HOU MAGAZINE and a 2010 CALENDAR by Hilton Hawaiian Village . A calendar signing tour took her around the world and was a massive success .   The eldest of 3 sisters , Gina grew up in Los Angeles , CA while traveling to Tokyo 2-3 times a year , every year of her life . Growing up privileged , her father was a successful entrepreneur - the owner of a global travel agency , which allowed the entire family to live an international lifestyle . Many summers were spent attending Japanese schools in Tokyo , Japan and swimming the beaches in Honolulu , Hawaii .   Gina got her start in acting when her whole family was cast in a Japanese commercial for `` House Curry '' when she was 15 . She enrolled herself in acting training as a teenager with her first acting coach , Aaron Speiser - the coach behind Jennifer Lopez and Will Smith . Upon acceptance to Juilliard , she took off a handful of years mid-career to get formal training in NYC . To this day , the most transformative moment of her career was when she was invited over to the home of fellow Juilliard Alumni , VIOLA DAVIS ( `` How to Get Away with Murder '' ) . Recalling some of the life and business lessons she was mentored with , she still credits that meeting for the most `` lifechanging meeting of my life . ''   Gina recently got married to her husband , Blayne and plans to start a family in the next year .   She lives in Los Angeles , CA .

neg: Julianne Michelle Julianne Michelle ( born Sept. 5 ,  1987 ) is an American film and television actress . She has appeared in more than 23 productions , beginning in 1992 when she was 5 years old .

neg: 316 (Lost) `` 316 '' is the sixth television episode of the fifth season of ABC 's Lost . The 92nd episode of the show overall , `` 316 '' aired on February 18 , 2009 , on ABC in the United States , and was simulcast on A in Canada . The episode was written by showrunners and executive producers Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse and directed by Stephen Williams .   In 2007 , having recruited Sun-Hwa Kwon , Jack Shephard and Benjamin Linus find a way to return to the island . Jack makes a last-ditch effort to recruit the other `` Oceanic 6 '' survivors .

neg: Ruth Gabriel Ruth Gabriel ( born Ruth Sánchez Bueno , San Fernando , Cadiz , Spain ; July 10 , 1975 ) is a Spanish actress .   Daughter of the actor Ismael Sánchez Abellán and actress and writer Ana María Bueno ( better known as Ana Rosetti ) , Gabriel was born in San Fernando , Cadiz , but spent her childhood in Madrid .   At 14 years of age , she moved to the United States , where she took interpretation classes . She later continued her education in Florence , where her mother had moved . Upon returning to Madrid , she continued her artistic development through dance and fencing classes , working as a waiter .   She took the name Ruth Gabriel when she acted in her first film , Días contados by Imanol Uribe . She received the Concha de Oro and the Goya Award for Best New Actress and was nominated for Best Leading Actress .   She acted in Señales de fuego , by the Portuguese Luis Filipe Rocha ; Gran Slalom , by Jaime Chávarri ; and 99.9 , by Agustí Villaronga .   She participated in the first season of the series Querido maestro , with Imanol Arias y Emma Suárez between 1997 and 1998 . In 1997 she appeared in Nostromo .   Her first interpretation job was for the Spanish version of Sesame Street ( Barrio Sésamo '' ) ,

neg: Rotimi Rainwater Rotimi James Rainwater ( born November 29 , 1970 ) is an American writer , director , and producer . He is best known for the feature film Sugar and his work with homeless youth in the documentary Lost in America .

neg: Lost: The Journey `` Lost : The Journey '' is a clip show narrated by Brian Cox during the first season of Lost . It originally aired on April 27 , 2005 , on ABC , between the 20th and 21st episodes of the season . The special was repeated in the US on May 21 , between the two-part episode , `` Exodus '' , in build-up to the May 25 finale . The special was narrated by Lost actors Evangeline Lilly and Dominic Monaghan in Australia .   The show was the first attempt to present in a linear fashion the struggles of the survivors of Oceanic Flight 815 before and after they became stranded on a mysterious island . ABC intended the special to `` bring new viewers up to date -- but which current viewers will also find illuminating . ''   In anticipation , the TV critic for the St. Louis Post Dispatch noted that unlike usual clip shows , `` the hour-long recap is , for once , not just a cheap way to stretch out a hit show . This time , it 's a public service . ''