query: Watchmen is a screenplay.

pos: Watchmen Watchmen is an American comic-book limited series published by DC Comics in 1986 and 1987 , and collected in 1987 . The series was created by a British collaboration consisting of writer Alan Moore , artist Dave Gibbons , and colorist John Higgins . Watchmen originated from a story proposal Moore submitted to DC featuring superhero characters that the company had acquired from Charlton Comics . As Moore 's proposed story would have left many of the characters unusable for future stories , managing editor Dick Giordano convinced Moore to create original characters instead .   Moore used the story as a means to reflect contemporary anxieties and to deconstruct and parody the superhero concept . Watchmen depicts an alternate history where superheroes emerged in the 1940s and 1960s and their presence changed history so that the United States won the Vietnam War and the Watergate scandal was never exposed . In 1985 , the country is edging toward World War III with the Soviet Union , freelance costumed vigilantes have been outlawed and most former superheroes are in retirement or working for the government . The story focuses on the personal development and moral struggles of the protagonists as an investigation into the murder of a government-sponsored superhero pulls them out of retirement .   Creatively , the focus of Watchmen is on its structure . Gibbons used a nine-panel grid layout throughout the series and added recurring symbols such as a blood-stained smiley face . All but the last issue feature supplemental fictional documents that add to the series ' backstory , and the narrative is intertwined with that of another story , an in-story pirate comic titled Tales of the Black Freighter , which one of the characters reads . Structured , at times , as a nonlinear narrative , the story skips through space , time and plot . In the same manner , entire scenes and dialogue have parallels with others through synchronicity , coincidence and repeated imagery .   A commercial success , Watchmen has received critical acclaim both in the comics and mainstream press , and is considered by several critics and reviewers to be one of the most significant works of 20th-century literature . Watchmen was recognized in Times List of the 100 Best Novels as one of the best English language novels published since 1923 , and placed # 91 on The Comics Journals list of the top 100 comics of the 20th century . The BBC described it as `` The moment comic books grew up . ''   After a number of attempts to adapt the series into a feature film , director Zack Snyder 's Watchmen was released in 2009 . A video game series , Watchmen : The End Is Nigh , was released in the same year to coincide with the film 's release . In 2012 , DC Comics published Before Watchmen , a comic-book series acting as a prequel to the original Watchmen series , without Moore and Gibbons ' involvement .

neg: One Night (2012 film) One Night ( 38 témoins ) , also known as 38 Witnesses , is a 2012 Belgian-French drama film directed by Lucas Belvaux . It was written by Belvaux based on Didier Decoin 's novel Est-ce ainsi que les femmes meurent ? . It premiered on 30 January 2012 , at the International Film Festival Rotterdam . The film was nominated for seven Magritte Awards , winning Best Screenplay .

neg: On Directing Film On Directing Film is a non-fiction book by American playwright and filmmaker David Mamet ( ISBN 0-670-83033-X ) published in 1991 .

neg: Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay The Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay is one of the annual awards given by the Chicago Film Critics Association .

neg: César Award for Best Original Screenplay The César Award for Best Original Screenplay ( César du meilleur scénario original ) is an award presented by the Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinéma . It was initially awarded from 1983 to 1985 , and then awarded again in 2006 , when the original category ( César Award for Best Writing ) was split into two awards , the other being César Award for Best Adaptation .

neg: BAFTA Award for Best Film The BAFTA Award for Best Film is given annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and presented at the British Academy Film Awards . It has been given since the 1st BAFTA Awards , representing the best films of 1947 , but until 1969 it was called the BAFTA Award for Best Film From Any Source . It is possible for films from any country to be nominated , although British films are also recognised in the category BAFTA Award for Best British Film and ( since 1983 ) foreign-language films in BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language . As such , there have been multiple occasions of a film being nominated in two of these categories .   There has been one tie for the Best Film award when , in 1962 , Ballad of a Soldier tied with The Hustler for Best Film from any Source . Until 1981 , the award was given to the director , except in 1976 and 1977 , when it was given to the producers . From 1981 to 1985 , it was given solely to the producers , and then in 1986 , it was shared between the Director and Producer . In 1998 , it was once again given to only the producers .   In the following lists , the titles and names in bold with a dark grey background are the winners and recipients respectively ; those not in bold are the nominees . The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released , not the year of the ceremony , which always takes place the following year .

neg: 58 Minutes 58 Minutes is a thriller novel by American novelist Walter Wager . The novel was the basis for the 1990 film Die Hard 2 .

neg: Philip Eisner Philip Eisner is an American screenwriter best known for writing the screenplay for the 1997 science fiction/horror film Event Horizon , which was produced by Paramount and helmed by director Paul W.S. Anderson .

neg: Dead Poets Society Dead Poets Society is a 1989 American drama film directed by Peter Weir , written by Tom Schulman , and starring Robin Williams . Set in 1959 at the fictional elite conservative Vermont boarding school Welton Academy , it tells the story of an English teacher who inspires his students through his teaching of poetry .   The film received critical acclaim and was a box office success . It won the BAFTA Award for Best Film , and César Award and David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Film . Schulman received an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for his work .

neg: Set piece In film production , a set piece is a scene or sequence of scenes whose execution requires serious logistical planning and considerable expenditure of money . The term set piece is often used more broadly to describe any important dramatic or comedic highpoint in a film or story , particularly those that provide some kind of dramatic payoff , resolution , or transition . Thus the term is often used to describe any scenes that are so essential to a film that they can not be edited out or skipped in the shooting schedule without seriously damaging the integrity of the finished product . Often , screenplays are written around a list of such set pieces , particularly in high-budget `` event movies '' .   Set pieces are very often planned meticulously using storyboards , screentests , and rehearsals , in contrast to smaller scenes where the director and actors may be more improvisational . Each action requires the combined efforts of different departments : set builders , physical effects , and special visual effects . On most films , different groups of people will work on different set pieces individually since they can take a long time to prepare before shooting . For example , the car chase in The Matrix Reloaded took months to prepare and cost $ 30 million , including $ 5 million to build the freeway set .

neg: Time's List of the 100 Best Novels Time 's List of the 100 Best Novels '' ' is an unranked list of the 100 best novels -- and ten best graphic novels -- published in the English language between 1923 and 2005 . The list was compiled by Time Magazine critics Lev Grossman and Richard Lacayo .   The list only includes works between 1923 ( when Time was first published ) and 2005 ( when the list was compiled ) . As a result , notable books such as Ulysses by James Joyce -- published before 1923 -- were ineligible for inclusion.Watchmen '' ( 1986 ) by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons appears on both the 100 Best Novels and 10 Best Graphic Novels lists , giving the combined lists 109 entries .

neg: Saw V Saw is a 2008 Canadian-American horror film directed by David Hackl and written by Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan and stars Tobin Bell , Costas Mandylor , Scott Patterson , Betsy Russell , Mark Rolston , Julie Benz , Carlo Rota , and Meagan Good . It is the fifth installment of the Saw franchise , and was released on October 23 , 2008 in Australia and October 24 , 2008 in North America .   David Hackl , who served as the production designer of Saw , Saw , and Saw IV , and second-unit director for Saw and Saw IV made his directorial debut with Saw . Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan , the writers of the previous film , returned to write the film . Charlie Clouser , who provided the score for all previous Saw films , also returned to compose the score for the film . Saw creators James Wan and Leigh Whannell served as executive producers .   The film focuses primarily on the events that led up to Detective Mark Hoffman becoming an apprentice of the Jigsaw Killer , as well as his efforts to prevent anyone else from learning his secret .

neg: The Woodsman (2016 film) The Woodsman is a 2016 suspense film directed and written by Paul Leach as his directorial debut , based on Little Red Riding Hood by Charles Perrault . The movie stars Christopher Wolfe as a police detective Alex Whiting who must save Millie Gilson played by Sonya Krueger from a mysterious cult order .

neg: Matt Lynn Matt Lynn ( born 1962 ) is a British thriller writer and a financial journalist .   As Matt Lynn , he is the author of the ` Death Force ' series of novels . The series started with Death Force in 2009 , and continues with Fire Force published in 2010 and also includes Shadow Force , Ice Force and Lethal Force . As Matthew Lynn he is the author of Insecurity , published in 1997 , and The Watchmen , published in 1998 .   As James Harland , he published The Month of the Leopard in 2001 , dedicated to Isabella .   Before that , as Matthew Lynn , he wrote two business books , The Billion-Dollar Battle : Merck v. Glaxo and Birds of Prey : Boeing v.Airbus . He is also the author of Bust : Greece , the Euro and the Sovereign Debt Crisis , published in late 2010 , and more recently , The Long Depression : The Slump of 2008 to 2031 ( Endeavour Press ) .   As Matthew Lynn , the writer was also a columnist for Bloomberg News , and a regular contributor to The Spectator . For most of the 1990s , he worked for The Sunday Times , for the last three years as a profile columnist . His `` London Eye '' column began appearing weekly in MarketWatch in June , 2011 .   In a 2007 Bloomberg article , Matt Lynn predicted that Apple Inc. '' ... will sell a few to its fans , but the iPhone wo n't make a long-term mark on the industry . '' , .   In 2012 , Lynn was also chief executive of Strategy Economics , a London-based consultancy .   He has three children , Isabella , Leonora , and Claudia .

neg: Lakeboat Lakeboat is a semi-autobiographical play by David Mamet , written in 1970 and first produced in 1980 ( revised version ) .   As he would later do with Glengarry Glen Ross , Mamet drew upon experiences from a past vocation to create high drama . In this case , he turned to his days as a cook aboard a cargo ship to frame this tale of Dale Katzman , a college student from an Ivy League school `` near Boston '' who takes a summer job as a cook in the galley of the T. Harrison , a lake freighter for a Chicago-based steel concern . Dale 's predecessor , Guigliani , endured a particularly violent end while on terra firma , the cause and nature of which is speculated by the other crew members . Dale , and the audience , gets to know each of them , including : Fireman , who reads voraciously when not `` watching the gauges '' ; Fred , who imparts his unique , politically incorrect philosophy regarding women on the young man ; and , especially , Joe Litko , a 23-year veteran of the seas , who sees much of himself in Dale . The dialogue is Mametspeak at its most raw , as secrets are shared , picayune matters are debated , and fantasies are laid out , vividly .   The play 's world premiere was staged by the Milwaukee Repertory Theater on April 24 , 1980 ; subsequent major productions were mounted by the Long Wharf Theatre and the Goodman Theatre in 1982 . In 2000 , Mamet penned the screenplay for a film adaptation , which featured his half-brother Tony Mamet in the lead role of Dale . The ensemble cast also included Robert Forster as Joe Litko , Denis Leary as Fireman , and Jack Wallace , a veteran of Mamet productions , as Fred . Joe Mantegna , well-versed in the world of Mamet , made his directorial debut with the feature .   The British Premiere of Lakeboat was at the Lyric Theatre , London in 1998 , and was directed by Aaron Mullen .

neg: Silver Linings Playbook Silver Linings Playbook is a 2012 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by David O. Russell . It was adapted from the novel The Silver Linings Playbook , by Matthew Quick . The film stars Bradley Cooper and Jennifer Lawrence , with Robert De Niro , Jacki Weaver , Chris Tucker , Anupam Kher , and Julia Stiles in supporting roles .   Cooper plays Patrick `` Pat '' Solitano , Jr. , a man with bipolar disorder who is released from a psychiatric hospital and moves back in with his parents , played by Robert De Niro and Jacki Weaver . Determined to win back his estranged wife , Pat meets recently widowed Tiffany Maxwell , portrayed by Jennifer Lawrence , who offers to help him get his wife back if he enters a dance competition with her . The two become closer as they train and Pat , his father , and Tiffany examine their relationships with each other as they cope with their problems .   Silver Linings Playbook premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8 , 2012 , and was released in the United States on November 16 , 2012 . The film opened to major critical success and earned numerous accolades . It received eight Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay . It became the first film since 1981 's Reds to be Oscar-nominated for the four acting categories and the first since 2004 's Million Dollar Baby to be nominated for the Big Five Oscars , with Lawrence winning the Academy Award for Best Actress . It also achieved four Golden Globe Award nominations , with Lawrence winning Best Actress ; three BAFTA nominations , with Russell winning for Best Adapted Screenplay ; four Screen Actors Guild nominations ; and five Independent Spirit Award nominations , winning in four categories , including Best Film . The film was a success at the box office , grossing over $ 236 million worldwide , more than eleven times its budget .

neg: The Sea (2013 film) The Sea is a 2013 British-Irish drama film directed by Stephen Brown . It is based on the novel of the same name by John Banville , who also wrote the screenplay for the film . The film premiered in competition at the Edinburgh International Film Festival on 23 June 2013 . The film had its North American premiere at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival .

neg: Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards 2014 The 20th Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards honoring the best in film for 2014 were announced on December 15 , 2014 . These awards `` recognizing extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association ( DFWFCA ) , based in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex region of Texas . The organization , founded in 1990 , includes 30 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications based in north Texas . The Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association began presenting its annual awards list in 1993 .   Birdman was the DFWFCA 's most awarded film of 2014 , taking five top honors . Birdman won in Best Picture , Best Actor ( Michael Keaton ) , Best Director ( Alejandro G. Iñárritu ) , Best Cinematography ( Emmanuel Lubezki ) , and Best Screenplay ( Alejandro G. Iñárritu , Nicolás Giacobone , Alexander Dinelaris Jr. , and Armando Bo ) .   Another film , Boyhood , earned multiple 2014 honors from the DFWFCA . The coming-of-age tale received top honors in the Best Supporting Actress ( Patricia Arquette ) as well as being presented the Russell Smith Award as the `` best low-budget or cutting-edge independent film '' of the year . The award is named in honor of late Dallas Morning News film critic Russell Smith . Reese Witherspoon was named Best Actress for her role as Cheryl Strayed in Wild . The other films earning honors were Sweden 's Force Majeure for Best Foreign Language Film , Citizenfour as Best Documentary Film , and The Lego Movie for Best Animated Film .

neg: Screen Novelties Screen Novelties is a collective of film directors , specializing in stop motion animation . It was formed in 2003 by Mark Caballero , Seamus Walsh , and Chris Finnegan .   Their work fuses classic cartoon sensibilities with mixed-media elements such as puppetry and miniature model photography . They were among the first stop motion artists to adopt an entirely digital capture system and workflow , beginning in 1999 with the pilot films that would eventually become Robot Chicken .  Screen Novelties was integral in the launch of both Robot Chicken and Moral Orel for Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim programming block .   Notable past work includes :  Creating a stop motion animation version of the Flintstones for a dream sequence in The Flintstones : On the Rocks .  Working with Ray Harryhausen , helping him complete his film The Tortoise & the Hare .  Contributing whimsical puppet and special effects sequences for Cartoon Network shows Chowder and The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack .  Performing the restoration of the original Rudolph & Santa Puppets from the 1964 classic Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer   Their offbeat short films enjoy a small cult following , especially `` Mysterious Mose '' which was made in their garage in 1997-98 , using a hand-wound bolex camera and an old 78rpm record as the soundtrack . The film mixes rod puppetry , stop motion animation , and silhouette animation .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: The Homesman The Homesman is a 2014 French-American historical period drama set in the 1850s Midwest , directed and co-produced by Tommy Lee Jones and co-written with Kieran Fitzgerald and Wesley Oliver , based on the 1988 novel of the same name by Glendon Swarthout . The film stars Jones and Hilary Swank and also features Meryl Streep , Hailee Steinfeld , John Lithgow , and James Spader .   The film was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival and received a North American limited release on November 14 , 2014 by Roadside Attractions . The Homesman has received mostly positive reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating average of 7.1 / 10 .   The title refers to the task of taking immigrants back home , which was typically a man 's job to carry out .


query: The Black Dahlia is a French-American motion pictures.

pos: The Black Dahlia (film) The Black Dahlia is a 2006 French-American neo-noir crime thriller film directed by Brian De Palma and written by Josh Friedman . It is drawn from the novel of the same name by James Ellroy and stars Josh Hartnett , Scarlett Johansson , Aaron Eckhart and Hilary Swank . The widely sensationalized murder of Elizabeth Short inspired both the novel and the film . The film was screen at the 63rd Venice International Film Festival on August 30 , 2006 , and was released in the United States on September 15 , 2006 . Despite its failure both critically and financially , it was nominated for Best Cinematography at the 79th Academy Awards , losing to Pan 's Labyrinth . Mia Kirshner 's performance as Short was also widely praised .

neg: Histoire(s) du cinéma Histoire ( s ) du cinéma ( -LSB- is.twaʁ dy si.ne.ma -RSB- ) is an 8-part video project begun by Jean-Luc Godard in the late 1980s and completed in 1998 . The longest , at 266 minutes , and one of the most complex of Godard 's films , Histoire ( s ) du cinéma is an examination of the history of the concept of cinema and how it relates to the 20th century ; in this sense , it can also be considered a critique of the 20th century and how it perceives itself . The project is considered by many the most important work of the late period of Godard 's career .   Histoire ( s ) du cinéma is always referred to by its French title , because of the word play it implies : histoire means both `` history '' and `` story , '' and the s in parentheses gives the possibility of a plural . Therefore , the phrase Histoire ( s ) du cinéma simultaneously means The History of Cinema , Histories of Cinema , The Story of Cinema and Stories of Cinema . Similar double or triple meanings , as well as puns , are a recurring motif throughout Histoire ( s ) and much of Godard 's work .   The film was screened out of competition at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival . Nine years later , it was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1997 Festival .   The soundtrack was released as a 5-CD boxed set on the ECM record label .

neg: Bac films BAC Films is a French Film production and distribution company based in Paris and founded by Jean Labadie , Éric Heumann and Stéphane Sorlat in 1986 .   In 1988 , Vivendi took first a 10 % , then a 20 % stake in the capital of the company and allowed Bac Films to make major and ambitious acquisitions . The success story started in 1990 with Sailor et Lula , Palme d'or at the Cannes Film Festival . The releases of Barton Fink and Tous les matins du monde in 1991 , Indochine and Le Zèbre in 1992 , La Leçon de piano in 1993 placed BAC Film at the top of independent film distribution in France .   In 1994 , Bac Films started diversifying its activity with the creation of Les Écrans de Paris , in association with Simon Simsi . In 1997 , the movie theater business is created under the name of Majestic and the group undergoes a reorganization around the Alicar holding : Bac Films ( distribution ) , Majestic ( movie theaters ) and Séance Privée ( special events ) . In 1998 , BAC Films sets up Mars Films allowing BAC Films to distribute its numerous acquisitions .   In 2000 , the group is introduced on the stock market under the name BAC Majestic . Two years later BAC Majestic goes through a major financial crisis and is forced to give up its movie theater business . In 2003 , Millimages takes a majority stake in the company . Jean Labadie , founder of the company is ousted in 2007 and Roch Lener becomes the Chief Executive Officer .   In October 2013 , the company is sold again and David Grumbach becomes the new Chairman .   The catalogue consists of a vast range of French and foreign titles . Since its creation , BAC Films distributed more than of which 8 received the Palme d'or at the Cannes Film Festival .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: Hugo (film) Hugo is a 2011 historical adventure drama film directed and co-produced by Martin Scorsese and adapted for the screen by John Logan . Based on Brian Selznick 's book The Invention of Hugo Cabret , it is about a boy who lives alone in the Gare Montparnasse railway station in Paris in the 1930s . A co-production between Graham King 's GK Films and Johnny Depp 's Infinitum Nihil , the film stars Ben Kingsley , Sacha Baron Cohen , Asa Butterfield , Chloë Grace Moretz , Ray Winstone , Emily Mortimer , Jude Law , Helen McCrory , and Christopher Lee .   Hugo is Scorsese 's first film shot in 3D , of which the filmmaker remarked : `` I found 3D to be really interesting , because the actors were more upfront emotionally . Their slightest move , their slightest intention is picked up much more precisely . '' The film was released in the United States on November 23 , 2011 .   When it was released , Hugo received critical acclaim and received 11 Academy Award nominations ( including Best Picture ) , more than any other film that year , and won five awards : Best Cinematography , Best Art Direction , Best Sound Mixing , Best Sound Editing and Best Visual Effects . It was also nominated for eight BAFTAs , winning two , and was nominated for three Golden Globe awards , earning Scorsese his third Golden Globe Award for Best Director . The film grossed $ 185 million against a budget of $ 150 -- $ 170 million .

neg: The Black Pimpernel The Black Pimpernel ( Svarta nejlikan El Clavel negro ) is a Swedish drama film directed by Ulf Hultberg and starring Michael Nyqvist and Lisa Werlinder . The film also features Kate Del Castillo , Luis Gnecco and Claire Ross-Brown in a minor part .   The film is about Harald Edelstam , Sweden 's ambassador to Chile , who after the military coup of Augusto Pinochet in 1973 , managed to save the lives of more than 1,300 people by taking them to his embassy and transporting them to Sweden .   His name comes from the fictional hero The Scarlet Pimpernel who saved many lives during the French Revolution .   The film was shot in Chile in the spring of 2006 and opened September 14 , 2007 .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: Black (2008 film) Black is a 2008 French blaxploitation film directed by Pierre Laffargue .

neg: French Connection II French Connection II is a 1975 crime drama film starring Gene Hackman and directed by John Frankenheimer . It is a fictional sequel to the initially true story of the 1971 Academy Award winning picture The French Connection . The film expands on the central character of Det. Jimmy `` Popeye '' Doyle who travels to Marseille , France where he is attempting to track down French drug-dealer Alain Charnier , who got away at the end of the first film . Hackman won an Academy Award for Best Actor for the original The French Connection and he and Fernando Rey are the only returning cast members .

neg: Breathless (1983 film) Breathless is a 1983 American drama film directed by Jim McBride and written by McBride and L. M. Kit Carson , starring Richard Gere and Valérie Kaprisky . It is a remake of the 1960 French film directed by Jean-Luc Godard and written by Jean-Luc Godard and François Truffaut , À bout de souffle ( known as Breathless in English ) and was released in France under the title A Bout de Souffle Made in USA . The original film is about an American girl and a French criminal in Paris . The remake is about a French girl and an American criminal in Los Angeles .

neg: Black Sunday (1960 film) Black Sunday ( Italian : La maschera del demonio ) -- also known as The Mask of Satan and Revenge of the Vampire -- is a 1960 Italian gothic horror film directed by Mario Bava , from a screenplay by Ennio de Concini , Mario Serandrei and Marcello Coscia ( who was uncredited ) . The film stars Barbara Steele , John Richardson , Arturo Dominici and Ivo Garrani . It was Bava 's directorial debut , although he had completed several previous feature films without credit . Based very loosely on Nikolai Gogol 's short story `` Viy '' , the narrative concerns a witch who is put to death by her own brother , only to return 200 years later to seek revenge on her descendants .   By the social standards of the 1960s , Black Sunday was considered unusually gruesome , and was banned in the UK until 1968 because of its violence . In the U.S. , some of the gore was censored , in-house , by the distributor American International Pictures before its theatrical release to the country 's cinemas , where it was shown as a double feature with Roger Corman 's The Little Shop of Horrors . Despite the censorship , Black Sunday was a worldwide critical and box office success , and launched the careers of director Mario Bava and movie star Barbara Steele . In 2004 , one of its sequences was voted number 40 among the `` 100 Scariest Movie Moments '' by the Bravo TV network .

neg: César Award for Best Supporting Actress The César Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( French : César de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle ) is one of the César Awards , presented annually by the Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinéma to recognize the outstanding performance in a supporting role of an actress who has worked within the French film industry during the year preceding the ceremony . Nominees and winner are selected via a run-off voting by all the members of the Académie .

neg: Histoire d'un crime (film) Histoire d'un crime is a 1901 French silent film directed by Ferdinand Zecca and distributed by Pathé Frères . The film stars Jean Liézer as the murderer and was based on a contemporary tableau series titled `` L'histoire d'un crime '' at the Musée Grévin .   Histoire d'un crime is considered the first French crime film and among the first to use seedy , realistic settings . Film historian Don Fairservice has noted Histoire d'un crime was `` very influential . '' Zecca had convinced Charles Pathé that other film subjects could supplement the Pathé documentaries . His other films included comedies , trick films , or fairy tales , such as Les Sept châteaux du Diable , both 1901 , and La Belle au bois dormant in 1902 , as well as social dramas like Les Victimes de l'alcoolisme ( 1902 ) , Au pays noir ( 1905 ) and reconstructions of actual events , the most famous being La Catastrophe de la Martinique ( 1902 ) .

neg: Michel Deville Michel Deville ( born 13 April 1931 ) is a French film director and screenwriter .   Deville started his filmmaking career in the late 1950s , paralleling the emergence of the French New Wave directors . He never achieved the level of critical and international recognition of some of his contemporaries such as François Truffaut , Jean-Luc Godard and Claude Chabrol , possibly because of his more conventional filmmaking style . Nevertheless , his films , especially his comedies from the 1970s and 1980s , were popular in his native France .   One of Deville 's comedies , La Lectrice ( The Reader ) was probably his biggest success with international audiences . La Lectrice is about a woman ( played by Miou-Miou ) , who finds work reading novels for the blind but gradually finds herself unwittingly attracting a clientele of fetishists who enjoyed being read to . At one time his films were difficult to find in North America but presently ( 2007 ) seven of his films are available in DVD in the U.S.   His 1980 film Le Voyage en douce was entered into the 30th Berlin International Film Festival . Five years later , his film Death in a French Garden was entered into the 35th Berlin International Film Festival .

neg: Algiers (film) Algiers is a 1938 American drama film directed by John Cromwell and starring Charles Boyer , Sigrid Gurie , and Hedy Lamarr . Written by John Howard Lawson , the film is about a notorious French jewel thief hiding in the labyrinthine native quarter of Algiers known as the Casbah . Feeling imprisoned by his self-imposed exile , he is drawn out of hiding by a beautiful French tourist who reminds him of happier times in Paris . The Walter Wanger production was a remake of the successful 1937 French film Pépé le Moko , which derived its plot from the Henri La Barthe novel of the same name .   Algiers was a sensation because it was the first Hollywood film starring Hedy Lamarr , whose beauty became the main attraction for film audiences . The film is notable as one of the sources of inspiration to the screenwriters of the 1942 Warner Bros. film Casablanca who wrote it with Hedy Lamarr in mind as the original female lead . Charles Boyer 's depiction of the main character , Pepe Le Moko , inspired the Warner Bros. animated character , Pepé Le Pew . In 1966 , the film entered the public domain ( in the USA ) due to the claimants ' failure to renew its copyright registration in the 28th year after publication .

neg: Ubisoft Motion Pictures Ubisoft Motion Pictures is a division of the French global video game publisher and developer Ubisoft . It is a film and television production company responsible for the adaptations ' creative control of their games .

neg: Belladonna of Sadness , also known as La Sorciere , Tragedy of Belladonna , or simply Belladonna , is a 1973 feature film produced by the Japanese animation studio Mushi Production and distributor Nippon Herald Films . It follows the story of Jeanne , a peasant woman who is raped which leads to her being accused of witchcraft , and is notable for its erotic , violent , and psychedelic imagery .

neg: Black Reel Awards The Black Reel Awards , or `` BRAs '' , is an annual American awards ceremony hosted by the Foundation for the Augmentation of African-Americans in Film ( FAAAF ) to recognize excellence in African-American , as well as those of African diaspora 's cinematic achievements in the around the world film industry as assessed by the Academy 's voting membership . The various category winners are awarded a copy of a statuette , officially called the Black Reel Award . The awards , first presented in 2000 in Washington , DC , are overseen by FAAAF .   The awards ceremony was initially awarded online their first two years before the first live show in 2002 . The awards have broadcast to radio since 2014 . Currently , the Black Reel Awards is the oldest cinema-exclusive awards ceremony for African-Americans .   The 16th Annual Black Reel Awards ceremony was held on February 18 , 2016 . A total of 315 Black Reel Awards have been presented since the inception of the award through the 16th .

neg: Black Gold (2011 Qatari film) Not to be confused with Black Gold ( 2011 Nigerian film )   Black Gold ( also known as Day of the Falcon and Or noir ) is a 2011 Qatari-French-Italian-Tunisian epic historical war film , based on Hans Ruesch 's 1957 novel South of the Heart : A Novel of Modern Arabia ( also known as The Great Thirst and The Arab ) , directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud . It was produced by Tarak Ben Ammar and co-produced by Doha Film Institute , Qatar . The film stars Akin Gazi , Antonio Banderas , Freida Pinto , Mark Strong , Riz Ahmed and Tahar Rahim .   The film had a budget of US$ 40 million , making it one of the most expensive films backed by an Arab about an Arab subject .

neg: Tiresia Tiresia is a 2003 French film directed by Bertrand Bonello and written by Bonello and Luca Fazzi .   Based on the legend of Tiresias , it tells of a transsexual who is kidnapped by a man and left to die in the woods . She is then saved by a family and receives the gift of telling the future . The film stars Laurent Lucas , Clara Choveaux , Thiago Telès and Célia Catalifo .   Tiresia was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival .

neg: A Shot in the Dark (1964 film) A Shot in the Dark is a 1964 comedy film directed by Blake Edwards and is the second installment in The Pink Panther series . Peter Sellers is featured again as Inspector Jacques Clouseau of the French Sûreté .   Clouseau 's bungling personality is unchanged , but it was in this film that Sellers began to give him the idiosyncratically exaggerated French accent that was to later become a hallmark of the character . The film also introduces Herbert Lom as his long-suffering boss , Commissioner Dreyfus , Burt Kwouk as his stalwart man servant Cato and Andre Maranne as Francois , all of whom would become series regulars . Elke Sommer plays Maria Gambrelli . Gambrelli would return in Son of the Pink Panther , this time played by Claudia Cardinale , who played Princess Dala in The Pink Panther . Graham Stark reprised his Hercule Lajoy role in Trail of the Pink Panther .   The film was not originally written to include Clouseau , but was an adaptation of a stage play by Harry Kurnitz adapted from the French play L'Idiote by Marcel Achard . The film was released only a few months after the first Clouseau film , The Pink Panther .


query: Berlin's significant industries include clean tech.

pos: Berlin Berlin ( -LSB- bəɹˈlɪn -RSB- , -LSB- bɛɐ̯ˈliːn -RSB- ) is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its 16 constituent states . With a population of approximately 3.7 million , Berlin is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union . Located in northeastern Germany on the banks of the rivers Spree and Havel , it is the centre of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region , which has roughly 6 million residents from more than 180 nations . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . Around one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes .   First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 14171701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701 -- 1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871 -- 1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919 -- 1933 ) and the Third Reich ( 1933 -- 1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world . After World War II and its subsequent occupation by the victorious countries , the city was divided ; East Berlin was declared capital of East Germany , while West Berlin became a de facto West German exclave , surrounded by the Berlin Wall ( 1961 -- 1989 ) and East German territory . Following German reunification in 1990 , Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany .   Berlin is a world city of culture , politics , media and science . Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the service sector , encompassing a diverse range of creative industries , research facilities , media corporations and convention venues . Berlin serves as a continental hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network . The metropolis is a popular tourist destination . Significant industries also include IT , pharmaceuticals , biomedical engineering , clean tech , biotechnology , construction and electronics .   Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities , orchestras , museums , entertainment venues and is host to many sporting events . Its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions . The city is well known for its festivals , diverse architecture , nightlife , contemporary arts and a high quality of living . Since the 2000s Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene .

neg: Berlin School of Economics and Law The Berlin School of Economics and Law ( BSEL , German : Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Recht , HWR ) is a leading German business school founded on 1 April 2009 through the merger of the Berlin School of Economics ( BSE ) and the FHVR Berlin . The BSEL portfolio provides a wide range of professional qualifications . BSEL is specialised in business and administration for the public and private sector , as well as public security , the law and engineering . The majority of programmes lead to a bachelor 's or master 's degree . Degrees have been quality controlled and are accredited by the German state . BSEL has an international approach with close working relationship with over 90 partner universities all over the world and has a very strict and selective admission policy .   The school offers a 5-year dual degree with France 's ESCE Business School ( Paris ) , enabling selected bilingual students to have the `` Master in Management '' from ESCE and the Master of Arts from HWR Berlin . This program is supported by The Franco-German University ( FGU ) .

neg: Post-industrial economy A post-industrial economy refers to a period of growth within an industrialized economy or nation in which the relative importance of manufacturing reduces and that of services , information , and research grows .  Such economies are often marked by :  A declining manufacturing sector , resulting in deindustrialization ,  a large service sector , and  an increase in the amount of information technology , often leading to an `` information age '' . Information , knowledge , and creativity are the new raw materials of such an economy .   The industry aspect of a post-industrial economy is sent into less developed nations which manufacture what is needed at lower costs ( see outsourcing ) . This occurrence is typical of nations that industrialized in the past such as the United States and most Western European countries .

neg: Jena Jena ( -LSB- ˈjeːna -RSB- ) is a German university city and the second largest city in Thuringia . Together with the nearby cities of Erfurt and Weimar , it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants , while the city itself has a population of nearly 110,000 . Jena is a centre of education and research ; the Friedrich Schiller University was founded in 1558 and has 21,000 students today and the Ernst-Abbe-Fachhochschule Jena counts another 5,000 students . Furthermore , there are many institutes of the leading German research societies .   Jena was first mentioned in 1182 and stayed a small town until the 19th century , when industry developed . For most of the 20th century , Jena was a world centre of the optical industry around companies like Carl Zeiss , Schott and Jenoptik ( since 1990 ) . As one of only a few medium-sized cities in Germany , it has some high-rise buildings in the city centre , like the Jen Tower . These also have their origin in the former Carl Zeiss factory . Between 1790 and 1850 , Jena was a focal point of the German Vormärz as well as of the student liberal and unification movement and German Romanticism . Notable persons of this period in Jena were Friedrich Schiller , Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , Novalis and August Wilhelm Schlegel .   The city 's economy is based on the high-technology industry and research . The optical and precision industry is the leading branch to date , while software engineering , other digital businesses and biotechnology are of growing importance . Furthermore , Jena is also a service hub for the surrounding regions .   Jena lies in a hilly landscape in the east of Thuringia , within the wide valley of the Saale river .

neg: SolarWorld SolarWorld is a German company dedicated to the manufacture and marketing photovoltaic products worldwide by integrating all components of the solar value chain , from feedstock ( polysilicon ) to module production , from trade with solar panels to the promotion and construction of turn-key solar power systems . The group controls the development of solar power technologies at all levels in-house .   SolarWorld AG is listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange , the Photovoltaik Global 30 Index and the ÖkoDAX .

neg: Technological unemployment Technological unemployment is the loss of jobs caused by technological change . Such change typically includes the introduction of labour-saving `` mechanical-muscle '' machines or more efficient `` mechanical-mind '' processes ( automation ) . Just as horses employed as prime movers were gradually made obsolete by the automobile , humans ' jobs have also been affected throughout modern history . Historical examples include artisan weavers reduced to poverty after the introduction of mechanised looms . During World War II , Alan Turing 's Bombe machine compressed and decoded thousands of man-years worth of encrypted data in a matter of hours . A contemporary example of technological unemployment is the displacement of retail cashiers by self-service tills .   That technological change can cause short-term job losses is widely accepted . The view that it can lead to lasting increases in unemployment has long been controversial . Participants in the technological unemployment debates can be broadly divided into optimists and pessimists . Optimists agree that innovation may be disruptive to jobs in the short term , yet hold that various compensation effects ensure there is never a long-term negative impact on jobs . Whereas pessimists contend that at least in some circumstances , new technologies can lead to a lasting decline in the total number of workers in employment . The phrase `` technological unemployment '' was popularised by John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s . Yet the issue of machines displacing human labour has been discussed since at least Aristotle 's time .   Prior to the 18th century both the elite and common people would generally take the pessimistic view on technological unemployment , at least in cases where the issue arose . Due to generally low unemployment in much of pre-modern history , the topic was rarely a prominent concern . In the 18th century fears over the impact of machinery on jobs intensified with the growth of mass unemployment , especially in Great Britain which was then at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution . Yet some economic thinkers began to argue against these fears , claiming that overall innovation would not have negative effects on jobs . These arguments were formalised in the early 19th century by the classical economists . During the second half of the 19th century , it became increasingly apparent that technological progress was benefiting all sections of society , including the working class . Concerns over the negative impact of innovation diminished . The term `` Luddite fallacy '' was coined to describe the thinking that innovation would have lasting harmful effects on employment .   The view that technology is unlikely to lead to long term unemployment has been repeatedly challenged by a minority of economists . In the early 1800s these included Ricardo himself . There were dozens of economists warning about technological unemployment during brief intensifications of the debate that spiked in the 1930s and 1960s . Especially in Europe , there were further warnings in the closing two decades of the twentieth century , as commentators noted an enduring rise in unemployment suffered by many industrialised nations since the 1970s . Yet a clear majority of both professional economists and the interested general public held the optimistic view through most of the 20th century .   In the second decade of the 21st century , a number of studies have been released suggesting that technological unemployment may be increasing worldwide . Further increases are forecast for the years to come . While many economists and commentators still argue such fears are unfounded , as was widely accepted for most of the previous two centuries , concern over technological unemployment is growing once again . A report in Wired in 2017 quotes knowledgeable people such as economist Gene Sperling and management professor Andrew McAfee on the idea that handling existing and impending job loss to automation is a `` significant issue '' . Regarding a recent claim by a political appointee that automation is not `` going to have any kind of big effect on the economy for the next 50 or 100 years , '' says McAfee , `` I do n't talk to anyone in the field who believes that . '' Innovations like Watson have the potential to render humans obsolete with the professional , white-collar , low-skilled , creative fields , and other `` mental jobs '' .

neg: Friedrichstraße The Friedrichstraße ( -LSB- ˈfʁiːdʁɪçˌʃtʁaːsə -RSB- ) ( lit . Frederick Street ) is a major culture and shopping street in central Berlin , forming the core of the Friedrichstadt neighborhood and giving the name to Berlin Friedrichstraße station . It runs from the northern part of the old Mitte district ( north of which it is called Chausseestraße ) to the Hallesches Tor in the district of Kreuzberg .   This downtown area is known for its posh real estate market and the campus of the Hertie School of Governance . Due to its north-southerly direction , it forms important junctions with the east-western axes , most notably with Leipziger Straße and Unter den Linden . The U6 U-Bahn line runs underneath . During the Cold War it was bisected by the Berlin Wall and was the location of Checkpoint Charlie .

neg: Low carbon leakage Low carbon leakage refers to the phenomenon of a country or a region losing its low carbon industries to another country or region . The underlying low carbon leakage trend can also be identified by looking into clean energy patent distribution around the World . The threat of low carbon leakage to the European Union has been repeatedly expressed by a number of European Politicians such as climate Commissioner Connie Hedegaard , UK Energy Secretary Edward Davey and others .   The low carbon leakage increases its relevance for the industrial competitiveness as the low carbon economy grows and has reached in 2013 $ 4 trillion and continues to grow at 4 % per year . Not taking relevant part in this growth opportunity is also considered as low carbon leakage .   In October 2014 E&Y published a report `` European Low Carbon Industries . A Health Check . '' specifically examining the state of the European low carbon sectors . The report lists a wide variety of cases in which `` low carbon leakage '' occurs or could occur .   Low carbon leakage could lead to a significant loss of competitiveness for Europe . According to former German federal minister Trittin : `` In reality there is no carbon leakage . The danger of low carbon leakage is much more real . '' I typical example is the solar panel manufacturing that has developed rapidly in China and shrunk in Europe .

neg: Zero-energy building A zero-energy building , also known as a zero net energy ( ZNE ) building , net-zero energy building ( NZEB ) , or net zero building , is a building with zero net energy consumption , meaning the total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is roughly equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the site , or in other definitions by renewable energy sources elsewhere . These buildings consequently contribute less overall greenhouse gas to the atmosphere than similar non-ZNE buildings . They do at times consume non-renewable energy and produce greenhouse gases , but at other times reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas production elsewhere by the same amount . A similar concept approved and implemented by the European Union and other agreeing countries is nearly Zero Energy Building ( nZEB ) , with the goal of having all buildings in the region under nZEB standards by 2020 .   Most zero net energy buildings get half or more of their energy from the grid , and return the same amount at other times . Buildings that produce a surplus of energy over the year may be called `` energy-plus buildings '' and buildings that consume slightly more energy than they produce are called `` near-zero energy buildings '' or `` ultra-low energy houses '' .   Traditional buildings consume 40 % of the total fossil fuel energy in the US and European Union and are significant contributors of greenhouse gases . The zero net energy consumption principle is viewed as a means to reduce carbon emissions and reduce dependence on fossil fuels and although zero-energy buildings remain uncommon even in developed countries , they are gaining importance and popularity .   Most zero-energy buildings use the electrical grid for energy storage but some are independent of the grid . Energy is usually harvested on-site through energy producing technologies like solar and wind , while reducing the overall use of energy with highly efficient HVAC and lighting technologies . The zero-energy goal is becoming more practical as the costs of alternative energy technologies decrease and the costs of traditional fossil fuels increase .   The development of modern zero-energy buildings became possible not only through the progress made in new energy and construction technologies and techniques , but it has also been significantly improved by academic research , which collects precise energy performance data on traditional and experimental buildings and provides performance parameters for advanced computer models to predict the efficacy of engineering designs . Zero-energy buildings can be part of a smart grid . Some advantages of these buildings are as follows :  Integration of renewable energy resources  Integration of plug-in electric vehicles  Implementation of zero-energy concepts   The net zero concept is applicable to a wide range of resources due to the many options for producing and conserving resources in buildings ( e.g. energy , water , waste ) . Energy is the first resource to be targeted because it is highly managed , expected to continually become more efficient , and the ability to distribute and allocate it will improve disaster resiliency .

neg: Brokat From 1996 to 2000 Brokat Technologies ( formerly listed at the NASDAQ and the German Neuer Markt ) was one of the German fast-growning companies of the New Economy age . In November 2001 , it declared insolvency during the bust of dot-com bubble .   Brokat was a global leader in software that enables user-centric business . Brokat 's product families multi-channel infrastructure software , rules management and personalization technology , mobile payment software , and e-finance applications were used by over 3,500 enterprises worldwide including Deutsche Bank , ABN Amro , Allianz , Bank of America , Blue Martini Software , Charter One , DaimlerChrysler , DBS Bank , Fidelity Investments , IBM Corporation , LBBW , MasterCard International , SE-Banken , Sun Microsystems , Swiss Post , T-Motion ( a subsidiary of Deutsche Telekom ) , and Toyota . Strategic partners , among others , included Compaq , Intel , IBM , Siemens , and Sun Microsystems . With dual headquarters in San Jose , California and Stuttgart , Germany , Brokat employed over 1,400 people in 17 countries .   Brokat Technologies ( also Brokat AG ; former names were BROKAT Informationssysteme GmbH and BROKAT Systems ) was founded 1994 by Stefan Roever , Boris Anderer , Achim Schlumpberger , Michael Schumacher and Michael Janßen . When Brokat went public in 1998 Stefan Roever became CEO together with Boris Anderer as Co-CEO . Michael Janßen became CFO and Achim Schlumpberger became CTO . In 1999 Anderer and Schlumpberger quit their Executive positions ; Anderer became Chairman of Brokat working on the US expansion and Schlumpberger became Chief Architect of Brokat core technology . Both left the company end of 2000 .   The company was first headquartered in Böblingen , Germany and it moved to nearby Stuttgart in December 1997 . 1998 Brokat went public at the German `` Neuer Markt '' . 1999 Brokat entered the U.S. market by acquiring the Atlanta-based Transaction Software Technologies , Inc. ( TST ) . Furthermore Intel invested 10M EUR in Brokat .   End of 1999 Brokat achieved a market capitalization of more than $ 5 Billion . In 2000 Brokat expanded in the U.S. market by acquiring Gemstone Systems , Inc. , Blaze Software , Inc. and Automated Financial Systems . Furthermore Siemens invested 73M EUR in Brokat . In spring 2000 , Brokat also issued a high-yield bond of $ 125 million led by the West LB bank .   In November 2001 Brokat declared bankruptcy after it was unable to negotiate a restructuring agreement with the creditors of the high yield bond . During the liquidation , the e-payment engineering core was acquired by eOne Global ( a First Data company ) and maintained as a legal entity called Encorus Technology . The name Encorus was developed by WildOutWest and derives its meaning from Latin etymology `` All together '' with the goal to establish a standard for wireless / mobile payments . Encorus focused on software and professional services for the `` mobile payment '' business ( payment by the means of mobile phones ) . In 2005 the Encorus business was acquired by Qpass .   The Professional Services department and the rest of Brokat was bought by Brokat 's longtime opponent in the German market , Data Design AG in 2001 . In 2003 Data Design was finally acquired by the Hungarian Interactive Net Design ( IND ) .

neg: Eco-sufficiency Eco-sufficiency requires a reduction of the level of production/consumption in those parts of the world with the highest standards of living beyond reducing the use of natural resources as well as waste and emissions per unit of production/consumption ( = decoupling/delinking ) . Given a very loose relation in rich countries between material wealth , GDP and human well-being , this might be possible even without reducing the latter , while , for example , increasing leisure and non-material activities for well-being .   There are potentials to reduce substantially the use of natural resources without compromising human wealth . However , many studies show that economic growth `` eats up '' these gains at least partially : if the economy grows by 2 % per annum we need an increasing resource productivity by 4 % in order to achieve a 2 % reduction of the absolute resource use . While eco-efficiency aims to improve the effectiveness of material , energy , and land use , eco-sufficiency aims at reducing negative environmental consequences through a reduction of the demand for consumer goods .   Eco-sufficiency is closely related to issues of quality of life and work-life balance . It can to some extent be achieved on the individual level , e.g. through energy savings , reduction of transport and change in diets ( less meat ) . However , it also requires a change in social frameworks , provided on the national or European level , including measures such as environmental taxes , environmental planning and new concepts of labour .   Eco-sufficiency is largely associated with the idea of altruism -- the sober lifestyle adopted by its advocates is a manifestation of their concern for the well-being of future generations -- and thus to date is endorsed by only a small minority of members of industrialised societies . A wide spread of eco-sufficiency will only occur , if people find the new lifestyles sufficiently attractive . It needs to be shown that less material wealth can bring increased well-being or happiness to individuals and societies . For example , it has been shown that downsizing or relocating consumers can be motivated by purely selfish reasons such as improving one 's health , avoiding stress , the nostalgia for a `` good old time '' and so on .   An important aspect here is related to the so-called work-and-spend cycle . If leisure and forms of work other than employment ( incl . self-employment ) , such as caring , do it yourself and community work gain relevance , income - and therefore consumption - would be reduced .

neg: Schwerbelastungskörper The Schwerbelastungskörper ( German : `` heavy load-bearing body '' ) ( a.k.a. Großbelastungskörper - GBK ) is a hefty concrete cylinder in Berlin , Germany located at the intersection of Dudenstraße , General-Pape-Straße , and Loewenhardtdamm in the northwestern part of the borough of Tempelhof . It was erected in 1941-1942 by Hitler 's chief architect Albert Speer to determine the feasibility of constructing large buildings on the area 's marshy , sandy ground , specifically a massive triumphal arch on a nearby plot . The arch , which would be in the style of the Nazi architectural movement , was to be about three times as large as the Arc de Triomphe in Paris and was one component of a plan to redesign the center of Berlin as an imposing , monumental capital reflecting the spirit of the Third Reich as envisioned by Hitler .   Built by Dyckerhoff & Widmann AG in 1941 at a cost of 400,000 Reichsmark , the Schwerbelastungskörper consists of a foundation with a diameter of 11 m ( 36 ft ) that reaches 18.2 m ( 59 ft ) into the ground and contains rooms which once housed instruments to measure ground subsidence caused by the weight of the cylinder , which was estimated as equivalent to the load calculated for one pillar of the intended arch . On this foundation a cylinder 14 m ( 46 ft ) high and 21 m ( 69 ft ) in diameter weighing 12,650 tonnes was erected at street level . The entire construction puts a weight of 12.65 kg per cm ² on an area of 100 m ² . If it were to sink less than 6 cm ( 2.5 in ) the soil would be deemed sound enough for further construction without additional stabilization . The cylinder itself was to be subsequently buried under an artificial hill upon which the triumphal arch was to be erected , enabling a panoramic view down a new wide north-south axis to a huge assembly hall to be constructed near , and dwarfing , the Brandenburg Gate .   Work on the new capital was soon discontinued because of World War II and measurements at the cylinder ceased in June 1944 . An analysis of the meticulous measurements only took place in 1948 , revealing that the cylinder had sunk some 19 cm ( ca. 7 inches ) after two and a half years . The arch as conceived by Speer could only have been built after considerable prior stabilization of the ground .   Removal of the cylinder was considered after the war to create new building sites , but because of its mass as well as nearby train tracks and apartment buildings the structure could not be safely demolished with explosives . Measurements of the subsidence were resumed and continued until 1977 under the auspices of the Technical University of Berlin as part of a project to compile data about the city 's geologic foundation . Since 1995 the monumental cylinder has been protected as a historic monument . It is open to the public for viewing and guided tours .

neg: Chemrec Chemrec -LSB- lang ` kɛmrɛk -RSB- was a Stockholm , Sweden corporation that developed technology for entrained flow gasification of black liquor and certain types brown liquor for production of biofuels from the resulting syngas .   Chemrec 's technology for second generation biofuels has in the European Community 's Sixth Framework Programme project Renew been shown to yield lower production cost than any other studied technology . EUCAR / Concawe / JRC 's Well-to-Wheels analysis of future automotive fuels and powertrains in the European context shows that methanol and DME produced via black liquor gasification has extremely high well-to-wheels efficiency and very high greenhouse gas reduction .   The world 's first BioDME plant was inaugurated in Piteå on Sept 9 , 2010 . On January 26 , 2011 , the European Union 's Directorate-General for Competition approved the Swedish Energy Agency 's award of 500 million Swedish kronor ( approx . $ 56M as at January 2011 ) toward the construction of a 3 billion Swedish kronor ( approx . $ 335M ) industrial scale experimental development biofuels plant at the Domsjö Fabriker biorefinery complex in Örnsköldsvik , Sweden , using Chemrec 's black liquor gasification technology . This represents the largest public award ever to an EU second generation biofuels project .   Chemrec has for three consecutive years been ranked as one of the top 100 global greentech companies by the Cleantech Group and AlwaysOn ( see Awards ) .

neg: AREA Science Park The Trieste AREA Science Park is composed of two neighbouring campus developments located near the exit from the motorway linking Venice to Austria and Slovenia . It covers 50 hectares , extendable to 150 , in the magnificent natural setting of the Kras Plateau .   Operational since 1982 , the AREA Science Park was founded with the initial aim of providing a link between the business community and the many high-level international scientific institutions in Trieste . It is now the most important multi-sector science park in Italy and one of the foremost in Europe .   The park has about 23,000 sq metres of laboratory space equipped with specialised apparatus , experimental and safety equipment , in addition to offices and service facilities ( Conference Centre , meeting rooms , teaching labs , cafeteria , etc. ) . An additional area of about 1,500 sq metres is currently available for new activities . The following services are also available : information and computers , legal , fiscal and accounting consultancy , engineering and plant technology , occupational health and safety , marketing and promotion , information and assistance on EU programmes .   There are incentives for small and medium-sized companies entering into research contracts with the AREA Science Park . They may be direct ( contributions to cover costs , in capital or towards interest payments ) or in other forms of support ( purchase of hired instruments , fellowships , assistance and consultancy services ) . `` Research laboratories whose aim is to promote industry in technologically advanced sectors with a substantial and highly-qualified workforce '' intending to establish themselves in the AREA Science Park may also have access to financing provided by Autonomous Region of Friuli Venezia Giulia .   Intensive training of school-leavers and graduates has so far led to jobs for over 100 young people in the research and productive structures within the Science Park or outside it . The fellowships awarded by the Consortium privilege training in the institutes , centres and companies of the Area itself . Under the programmes included in the European Commission Objective 2 , the Consortium supervises the training of graduates in the sector of innovation transfers to create solid bonds between the world of research and small and medium-sized companies .   The Science Park currently has 38 established units , divided into the following sectors :   highly specialised research and training centres ;  research and development and service centres of outside companies ;  new companies originating from the availability of specialised services , know-how and facilities encouraged by the Park ;  the special ELETTRA Laboratory project .

neg: Tianjin Modern Industry The modern industry of Tianjin was started with Tianjin Machine Factory which was established by the Qing government during the Self-Strengthening Movement . Afterwards , Yuan Shikai promoted new policies in Tianjin . Numerous modern industrial enterprises mushroomed in Hebei New District in the northern bank of the Hai River . Including Zhou Xuexi , many industrialists established large enterprise groups that were managed by merchant and supervised by the government . By the beginning of the 20th century , Chinese private enterprises were booming . Among them is the most representative Yongli Alkali Factory which won the gold award and certificate in Philadelphia , the U.S. in 1926 by the soldium carbonate it produced . The factory was praised as `` the symbol of developing important chemical industry of the Republic China '' . The development of Tianjin 's modern industrial and the establishment of the Concessions in Tianjin contributed to the rapid expansion of modern Tianjin to become the biggest city and center of industry and commerce in northern China , as well as the second biggest city of industry , finance and trade in China . The development of Tianjin modern industry mainly went through four stages : initial period , evolution period , booming period and occupied period . Because of the industrial boom of Tianjin modern industry , the government of Tianjin built The Tianjin Museum of Modern Industry in Divergence estuary for commemoration .

neg: Proto-industrialization Proto-industrialization ( also spelled proto-industrialisation ) was a possible phase in the development of modern industrial economies that preceded , and created conditions for , the establishment of fully industrial societies . Proto-industrialisation is generally referred to the phase before industrialisation . Proto-industrialization was marked by the increasing involvement of agrarian families in market-oriented craft production , mainly through the putting-out system organized by merchant capitalists . It was an effective method of production which was controlled by merchants and had links to developing European consumerism . However , the phase was not observed across Europe , and nor did it always smoothly transition into the Industrial Revolution proper .   The term was coined by F. F. Mendels in 1972 ,  though a UNESCO colloquium on the 10th anniversary of the deaths of Einstein and Teilhard de Chardin and published in 1971 discusses `` the basis for proto-industrialization '' .   The applicability of proto-industrialization in Europe has since been challenged . M.J. Daunton , for example , argues that proto-industrialisation `` excludes too much '' to fully explain the expansion of industry : not only do proponents of proto-industrialisation ignore the vital town-based industries in pre-industrial economies , but also ignores `` rural and urban industry based upon non-domestic organisation , '' referring to how mines , mills , forges and furnaces fit into the agrarian economy .   Initially using surplus labor available during slow periods of the agricultural seasons , proto-industrialization led to specialization - not only in industrial production but also in commercial agricultural production . This allowed reciprocal trade favored by regional economies of scale . It resulted in accumulation of capital and in the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills by merchant capitalists , which facilitated the development of large-scale , and capital-intensive production methods in the full industrialization phase that followed .   Proto-industrialization sparked social changes in traditional agrarian societies that would become more marked during full industrialization , such as greater independence of women and children , who gained a means of income separate from the family subsistence farm . During this phase of industrialisation , machines were not used . They were not even invented at that time . People could only use their hands or any hand-made material to produce required goods .

neg: Solar power Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity , either directly using photovoltaics ( PV ) , or indirectly using concentrated solar power . Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam . Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic effect .   Photovoltaics were initially solely used as a source of electricity for small and medium-sized applications , from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to remote homes powered by an off-grid rooftop PV system . Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s . The 392 MW Ivanpah installation is the largest concentrating solar power plant in the world , located in the Mojave Desert of California .   As the cost of solar electricity has fallen , the number of grid-connected solar PV systems has grown into the millions and utility-scale solar power stations with hundreds of megawatts are being built . Solar PV is rapidly becoming an inexpensive , low-carbon technology to harness renewable energy from the Sun . The current largest photovoltaic power station in the world is the 850 MW Longyangxia Dam Solar Park , in Qinghai , China .   The International Energy Agency projected in 2014 that under its `` high renewables '' scenario , by 2050 , solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power would contribute about 16 and 11 percent , respectively , of the worldwide electricity consumption , and solar would be the world 's largest source of electricity . Most solar installations would be in China and India . Currently , as of 2016 , solar power provides just 1 % of total worldwide electricity production but growing 33 % per annum .

neg: Republikflucht `` Republikflucht '' ( `` desertion from the republic '' ) and `` Republikflüchtling ( e ) '' ( `` deserters from the republic '' ) were the terms used by authorities in the German Democratic Republic ( GDR -- East Germany ) to describe the process of and the person ( s ) leaving the GDR for a life in West Germany or any other Western ( non-Warsaw Pact ) country ( Eastern Bloc emigration and defection ) .   The term applies both to the mass desertion of millions who could leave the GDR rather easily before the Berlin Wall was erected on 13 August 1961 , as well as those few thousands who made a dangerous attempt to cross over the Iron Curtain ( e.g. the Berlin Wall , the Inner German border , or the western border of another country of the Eastern Bloc ) , or who managed to obtain temporary exit visas and subsequently did not return , from 1961 to 1989 .   Some estimates put the number of those who left the Soviet sector of Berlin , the Soviet occupation zone , and the GDR between 1945 and 1961 between 3 and 3.5 million . Close to one million of those who left were refugees and expellees from World War II and the post-war era initially stranded in the Soviet zone or East Berlin .   The numbers leaving the GDR following the construction of the Wall dropped sharply to several hundred a year as an attempt to flee the GDR via its fortified borders involved considerable personal risk of injury or death ( see : List of deaths at the Berlin Wall ) . Several hundred Republikflüchtlinge were shot ; about 75,000 were caught and imprisoned .   A propaganda booklet published by the Socialist Unity Party of Germany ( SED ) in 1955 for the use of party agitators outlined the seriousness of ` flight from the republic ' :   Article 213 of the GDR Penal Code of 1979 also made it quite clear that crossing the border without first obtaining government authorization would not be taken lightly :   The former East German party leader Erich Honecker was charged in 1993 for ordering soldiers to kill people trying to escape . The trial was postponed due to his bad health , and he died in 1994 . Former Stasi chief Erich Mielke was also put on trial for the same charge . In November 1994 , however , the presiding judge closed the proceedings , ruling that the defendant was not mentally fit to stand trial .   Refugees from the Soviet sector of Berlin , the Soviet zone , or East Germany could apply to be accepted as Vertriebene ( expellees ) of the sub-group of Soviet Zone Refugees ( Sowjetzonenflüchtlinge ) under the Federal Expellee Law ( BVFG § 3 ) , and thus receive support from the West German government . They must have fled before 1 July 1990 in order to rescue themselves from an emergency created by the political conditions imposed by the regime there , especially a danger for one 's health , life , personal freedom , or freedom of conscience ( BVFG § 3 ) . The law did not apply for former supporters of the eastern political system of considerable influence , perpetrators against legality and humanity during the Nazi rule or afterwards within East Berlin or East Germany , and finally not for those who had fought against the democracy in West Germany or West Berlin ( BVFG § 3 ( 2 ) ) .

neg: Eco-efficiency Over the years , as countries and regions around the world began to develop , it slowly became evident that industrialization and economic growth come hand in hand with environmental degradation . Eco-Efficiency has been proposed as one of the main tools to promote a transformation from unsustainable development to one of sustainable development . It is based on the concept of creating more goods and services while using fewer resources and creating less waste and pollution . `` It is measured as the ratio between the ( added ) value of what has been produced ( e.g. GDP ) and the ( added ) environment impacts of the product or service ( e.g. S02 emissions ) . '' The term was coined by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development ( WBCSD ) in its 1992 publication `` Changing Course , '' and at the 1992 Earth Summit , eco-efficiency was endorsed as a new business concept and means for companies to implement Agenda 21 in the private sector . Ergo the term has become synonymous with a management philosophy geared towards sustainability , combing ecological and economic efficiency .

neg: Factory Berlin Factory Berlin is a campus in Berlin that brings new startups together with mature high tech companies .   It has housed renowned startup companies including 6Wunderkinder , SoundCloud , Twitter , UBER and Zendesk . These companies cooperate as business incubators for other entrepreneurs and new startups , offering them workspace , networking , creative input , consulting services ( legal , business plans , financing , pitching etc. ) and other support at the Factory Berlin campus for free . Factory calls this model `` organic acceleration '' , as opposed to seed accelerators , which usually ask for shares in participating companies .   In February 2015 , Factory Berlin was the location of the first Startup Europe Summit .

neg: Friedrichshain Friedrichshain is a district of Berlin , Germany . From its creation in 1920 until 2001 , it was a freestanding city borough . Formerly part of East Berlin , it is adjacent to Mitte , Prenzlauer Berg , Kreuzberg and Lichtenberg .   Friedrichshain is named after the Volkspark Friedrichshain , a vast green park at the northern border with Prenzlauer Berg . In the Nazi era , the borough was called Horst-Wessel-Stadt . Friedrichshain is one of the trendy districts of Berlin and has experienced gentrification .