query: Dinosaurs are related to eagles.

pos: Dinosaur Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria that first appeared during the Triassic period . Although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is the subject of active research , the current scientific consensus places their origin between 231 and 243 million years ago . They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the Triassic -- Jurassic extinction event 201 million years ago . Their dominance continued through the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods and ended when the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur groups 66 million years ago .   Until the late 20th century , all groups of dinosaurs were believed to be extinct . The fossil record , however , indicates that birds , which are now termed `` avian dinosaurs , '' are the modern descendants of feathered dinosaurs , having evolved from theropod ancestors during the Jurassic Period . As such , birds were the only dinosaur lineage to survive the mass extinction event . Throughout the remainder of this article , the term `` dinosaur '' is sometimes used generically to refer to the combined group of avian dinosaurs ( birds ) and non-avian dinosaurs ; at other times it is used to refer to the non-avian dinosaurs specifically , while the avian dinosaurs are sometimes simply referred to as `` birds '' . This article deals primarily with non-avian dinosaurs .   Dinosaurs are a varied group of animals from taxonomic , morphological and ecological standpoints . Birds , at over 10,000 living species , are the most diverse group of vertebrates besides perciform fish . Using fossil evidence , paleontologists have identified over 500 distinct genera and more than 1,000 different species of non-avian dinosaurs . Dinosaurs are represented on every continent by both extant species ( birds ) and fossil remains . Through the first half of the 20th century , before birds were recognized to be dinosaurs , most of the scientific community believed dinosaurs to have been sluggish and cold-blooded . Most research conducted since the 1970s , however , has indicated that all dinosaurs were active animals with elevated metabolisms and numerous adaptations for social interaction . Some are herbivorous , others carnivorous . Evidence suggests that egg laying and nest building are additional traits shared by all dinosaurs .   While dinosaurs were ancestrally bipedal , many extinct groups included quadrupedal species , and some were able to shift between these stances . Elaborate display structures such as horns or crests are common to all dinosaur groups , and some extinct groups developed skeletal modifications such as bony armor and spines . While the dinosaurs ' modern-day surviving avian lineage ( birds ) are generally small due to the constraints of flight , many prehistoric dinosaurs ( non-avian and avian ) were large-bodied -- the largest sauropod dinosaurs are estimated to have reached lengths of 39.7 m and heights of 18 m and were the largest land animals of all time . Still , the idea that non-avian dinosaurs were uniformly gigantic is a misconception based in part on preservation bias , as large , sturdy bones are more likely to last until they are fossilized . Many dinosaurs were quite small : Xixianykus , for example , was only about 50 cm long .   Since the first dinosaur fossils were recognized in the early 19th century , mounted fossil dinosaur skeletons have been major attractions at museums around the world , and dinosaurs have become an enduring part of world culture . The large sizes of some dinosaur groups , as well as their seemingly monstrous and fantastic nature , have ensured dinosaurs ' regular appearance in best-selling books and films , such as Jurassic Park . Persistent public enthusiasm for the animals has resulted in significant funding for dinosaur science , and new discoveries are regularly covered by the media .

pos: Eagle Eagle is a common name for many large birds of prey of the family Accipitridae ; it belongs to several groups of genera that are not necessarily closely related to each other .   Most of the 60 species of eagles are from Eurasia and Africa . Outside this area , just 14 species can be found -- two in North America , nine in Central and South America , and three in Australia .

neg: Albisaurus Albisaurus ( meaning `` Albis -LSB- River -RSB- lizard '' ) was once thought to be a genus of dinosaur , but is now thought to be a non-dinosaurian archosaur . It was first described by Antonin Fritsch ( also spelt Frič ) , a Czech palaeontologist , in 1893 , but the remains are sparse . The validity of the species can not be proven based on the fossil remains , and it is usually marked as a nomen dubium . It lived during Coniacian to Santonian stages of the Cretaceous period ( about 90 - 84 million years ago ) .   The generic name Albisaurus is derived from the Latin albus ( albi - ) ; after the River Albis , as it was known in Roman times , now the Bílé Labe ( or `` White Elbe '' ) , a part of the Elbe River system , which flows through the western Czech Republic , near a site where the type fossils were found ; plus the Greek sauros meaning `` lizard '' . Fritsch originally published the name as Iguanodon albinus in 1893 . After re-evaluating the fossils , however , he decided they were distinct from Iguanodon . In 1905 , he published a new name for this material , calling it Albisaurus scutifer . However , I. albinus has priority and is therefore the correct name for the material as it was based on the same type specimen as A. scutifer .   The type species is Albisaurus albinus . The specific name albinus is derived from the Latin albus ( alb - ) , `` white , bright '' , and the Latin suffix - inus ; `` belonging to '' , alluding to the modern-day Bile Labe of the western Czech Republic , known during the rule of the Roman Empire for the purity and clarity of the water .

neg: Sister group A sister group or sister taxon is a phylogenetic term denoting the closest relatives of another given unit in an evolutionary tree . The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram : A , B , and C each represent a taxon :   The sister group to A is B ; conversely , the sister group to B is A. Groups A and B , together with all other descendants of their most recent common ancestor , form the clade AB . The sister group to clade AB is C.   The whole clade ABC is itself a subtree of a larger tree , which offers yet more sister group branches that are related but farther removed from the leaf nodes , such as A , B , and C.   In cladistic standards , A , B , and C may represent specimens , species , taxon-groups , etc. . If they represent species , the term sister species is sometimes used .   The term `` sister group '' is used in phylogenetic analysis , and only groups identified in the analysis are labeled as sister groups . An example is in birds , whose sister group is commonly cited as the crocodiles , but that is true only when dealing with extant taxa . The bird family tree is rooted in the dinosaurs , making for a number of extinct groups branching off before coming to the last common ancestor of birds and crocodiles . Thus , the term sister group must be seen as a relative term , with the caveat that the sister group is the closest relative only among the groups/species/specimens that are included in the analysis .

neg: Evolution of birds The evolution of birds began in the Jurassic Period , with the earliest birds derived from a clade of theropoda dinosaurs named Paraves . Birds are categorized as a biological class , Aves . The earliest known is Archaeopteryx lithographica , from the Late Jurassic period , though Archaeopteryx is not commonly considered to have been a true bird . Modern phylogenies place birds in the dinosaur clade Theropoda . According to the current consensus , Aves and a sister group , the order Crocodilia , together are the sole living members of an unranked `` reptile '' clade , the Archosauria . Four distinct lineages of bird survived the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event 66 million years ago , giving rise to ostriches and relatives ( Paleognathae ) , ducks and relatives ( Anseriformes ) , ground-living fowl ( Galliformes ) , and `` modern birds '' ( Neoaves ) .   Phylogenetically , Aves is usually defined as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of a specific modern bird species ( such as the house sparrow , Passer domesticus ) , and either Archaeopteryx , or some prehistoric species closer to Neornithes ( to avoid the problems caused by the unclear relationships of Archaeopteryx to other theropods ) . If the latter classification is used then the larger group is termed Avialae . Currently , the relationship between dinosaurs , Archaeopteryx , and modern birds is still under debate .

neg: Titanoceratops Titanoceratops ( -LSB- taitaenjoeserraetQps -RSB- meaning `` titanic horn face '' ) is a genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur . It was a giant chasmosaurine ceratopsian that lived during the Late Cretaceous period ( late Campanian , 74.7 -- 73.5 Ma , although it could have lived as late as 72.82 Ma ) in what is now New Mexico , and the earliest known member of Triceratopsini . It was named in 2011 by Nicholas R. Longrich for a specimen previously thought to belong to Pentaceratops . Titanoceratops was named for its giant skull , and the type species was named T. ouranos , after the father of the Greek titans .   It is known solely from the holotype OMNH 10165 , a partial skeleton including a mostly complete skull and jaws . The skeleton has a reconstructed skull measuring 2.65 m long , which makes it an easy candidate for the longest skull of any land vertebrate . With an estimated weight of 6.55 t and length of 6.8 m , Titanoceratops can compare to the giant sizes of Torosaurus and Triceratops .   The holotype skeleton , OMNH 10165 , was found in the upper layers of the Fruitland Formation , or the lower layers of the Kirtland Formation . The border between the two formations is very bold , but the location of the original quarry has been lost , so it is not certainly known whether of not Titanoceratops is known from either formation . Either way , the formations are both from the Kirtlandian land-vertebrate age , latest Campanian in age .

neg: Phytodinosauria Phytodinosauria is a group of dinosaurs proposed in 1986 , combining the Sauropodomorpha and Ornithischia as sister groups , conceptualized as a superorder of herbivorous dinosaurs excluding the carnivorous Theropoda . This hypothesis has been refuted by modern cladistic analysis , showing such a group to be polyphyletic . Modern studies either combine the Theropoda and Sauropodormorpha in the Saurischia or the Theropoda and Ornithischia in the Ornithoscelida .

neg: Macrurosaurus Macrurosaurus ( meaning `` large-tailed lizard '' ) is the name given to a genus of dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous . It was a titanosauriform which lived in what is now Europe .   The genus Macrurosaurus was named by Harry Govier Seeley in 1869 but not yet described so that it remained a nomen nudum . In 1876 Seeley described the type species , Macrurosaurus semnus , making the name valid . No other species are known . The generic name is derived from Greek makros , `` large '' , and oura , `` tail '' . The specific name is derived from Greek semnos , `` stately '' or `` impressive '' .   The holotype of Macrurosaurus , SM B55630 , consists of two series of caudal vertebrae found around 1864 near Cambridge , England in the Cambridge Greensand , strata themselves deposited during the Aptian but containing reworked fossil material dating perhaps from around 130 million years ago , the Barremian . The first was acquired by the Woodwardian Museum from William Farren who had it dug up at Coldhams Common near Barnwell . This series is made up of 25 proximal vertebrae . The second was found by Reverend W. Stokes-Shaw at a slightly more western location near Barton . It contained fifteen smaller distal vertebrae , from the tail end . Seeley , acting on the presumption that both finds belonged to the same species if not individual , combined the two series into one tail of about 4.5 metres length .   Other fragmentary fossils from England ( Acanthopholis platypus ) , France and Argentina have later been referred to Macrurosaurus but the identity is today doubted .   Macrurosaurus was by Seeley himself estimated to be about ten metres long . Often a length of around twelve metres ( 40 ft ) is indicated in the popular literature . The vertebrae in front are procoelous , meaning that the vertebral centra are hollow at the front end and convex at the back . Those behind are amphicoelous : hollow at both ends . Seeley assumed that the full count of tail vertebrae would have been about fifty .   Macrurosaurus was by Seeley assigned to the Dinosauria . Richard Lydekker in 1888 understood it belonged to the Sauropoda . In 1929 Friedrich von Huene referred it to the Titanosauridae . In recent years however , it has been commonly concluded that the species can not be further determined than a more general Titanosauriformes . Also it is today often seen as a nomen dubium .

neg: Eagle (heraldry) The eagle is used in heraldry as a charge , as a supporter , and as a crest . The eagle with its keen eyes symbolized perspicacity , courage , strength and immortality , but is also considered `` king of the skies '' and messenger of the highest gods . With these attributed qualities the eagle became a symbol of power and strength in Ancient Rome . Mythologically , it has been connected by the Greeks with the God Zeus , by the Romans with Jupiter , by the Germanic tribes with Odin , by the Judeo-Christian scriptures with those who hope in God ( Isaiah 40:31 ) , and in Christian art with Saint John the Evangelist .

neg: Allosauroidea Allosauroidea is a superfamily or clade of theropod dinosaurs which contains four families -- the Metriacanthosauridae , Allosauridae , Carcharodontosauridae , and Neovenatoridae . The oldest-known allosauroid , Shidaisaurus jinae , appeared in the early Middle Jurassic ( probably Bajocian stage ) of China . The last known definitive surviving members of the group died out around 93 million years ago in Asia ( Shaochilong ) and South America ( Mapusaurus ) , though the megaraptorans , including the late-surviving Orkoraptor of the Late Cretaceous ( Maastrichtian stage ) , may belong to the group as well . Additional , but highly fragmentary , remains probably belonging to carcharodontosaurids have been found from the Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary ( 70-66 Ma ago ) in Brazil . Allosauroids had long , narrow skulls , large orbits , three-fingered hands , and usually had `` horns '' or ornamental crests on their heads . The most famous and best understood allosauroid is the North American genus Allosaurus .

neg: Ceratopsia Ceratopsia or Ceratopia ' ( -LSB- ˌsɛrəˈtɒpsiə -RSB- or -LSB- ˌsɛrəˈtoʊpiə -RSB- Greek : `` horned faces '' ) is a group of herbivorous , beaked dinosaurs that thrived in what are now North America , Europe , and Asia , during the Cretaceous Period , although ancestral forms lived earlier , in the Jurassic . The earliest known ceratopsian , Yinlong downsi , lived between 161.2 and 155.7 million years ago . The last ceratopsian species , Triceratops prorsus , became extinct during the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event , .   Early members of the ceratopsian group , such as Psittacosaurus , were small bipedal animals . Later members , including ceratopsids like Centrosaurus and Triceratops , became very large quadrupeds and developed elaborate facial horns and frills extending over the neck . While these frills might have served to protect the vulnerable neck from predators , they may also have been used for display , thermoregulation , the attachment of large neck and chewing muscles or some combination of the above . Ceratopsians ranged in size from 1 meter ( 3 ft ) and 23 kilograms ( 50 lb ) to over 9 meters ( 30 ft ) and 9,100 kg ( 20,100 lb ) . Triceratops is by far the best-known ceratopsian to the general public . It is traditional for ceratopsian genus names to end in '' - ceratops '' , although this is not always the case . One of the first named genera was Ceratops itself , which lent its name to the group , although it is considered a nomen dubium '' today as its fossil remains have no distinguishing characteristics that are not also found in other ceratopsians .

neg: Archaeorhynchus For the prehistoric weevil genus , see Archaeorrhynchus .   Archaeorhynchus is a genus of beaked avialans ( proto-birds ) from the early Cretaceous period . A fossil of its only known species , Archaeorhynchus spathula , was first discovered by Zhou & Zhang in 2006 in Yixian Formation rocks at Yixian , Liaoning province , China , showing a well-preserved and essentially complete skeleton . Two more complete specimens were found in Lower Cretaceous deposits of Jianchang , Liaoning , northeastern China , preserving new anatomical information . These deposits are 120 million years old , whereas the original specimen was 125 million years old , meaning the age range for this species is 125-120Ma .   Archaeorhychus is one of the earliest avialans to have a beak homologous with those of modern birds , and represents one of the most basal ornithuromorph avialans . The fossils preserved feathers associated with the neck , head and tail regions . The fossils also show grooves and openings / holes ( foramina ) on the tips of the upper and lower jaws , suggesting that it supported a horny bill . Other features present suggest powerful flight capability similar to that of some modern birds . It has also been suggested that it had an herbivorous diet based on preserved gizzard stones found in its stomach .

neg: Falconidae The falcons and caracaras are around 60 species of diurnal birds of prey that make up the family Falconidae . The family is divided into two subfamilies , Polyborinae , which includes the caracaras and forest falcons , and Falconinae , the falcons , kestrels and falconets ( Microhierax and Spiziapteryx ) . They differ from the eagles of Accipitridae , in that falcons kill with their beaks instead of their taloned feet . They have a `` tooth '' on the side of their beak for this purpose .

neg: Hainosaurus Hainosaurus is an extinct genus of marine lizard belonging to the mosasaur family . It is one of the largest mosasaurs , though its size has been revised more than once . At first it was estimated to be 17 m , and the largest mosasaurid . During the 1990s , its size was revised to 15 m long ; more recently , Johan Lindgren estimated that it reached lengths of up to 12.2 m . It was one of the top marine predators of the Late Cretaceous . Like other giant mosasaurs , this giant predator preyed on turtles , plesiosaurs , pterosaurs , cephalopods , sharks , fish , and smaller mosasaurs .   Hainosaurus is a member of the subfamily Tylosaurinae , and it is related to the wholly North American Tylosaurus . However , it has more vertebrae from the neck to the part of the tail with chevrons ( 53 ) than Tylosaurus ( 35 ) . Both genera are large marine superpredators . Hainosaurus '' ' tail has less chevron-bearing vertebrae , making it shorter than that of Tylosaurus . The type species of Hainosaurus is H. bernardi , named after the Belgian Léopold Bernard , owner of the phosphate chalk exploitation where the fossil was unearthed . In a paper published in 2016 , Hainosaurus was considered congeneric with Tylosaurus '' .

neg: Ornate hawk-eagle The ornate hawk-eagle ( Spizaetus ornatus ) is a bird of prey from the tropical Americas . Like all eagles , it is in the family Accipitridae . This species is notable for its vivid colors , which differ markedly between adult and immature birds .   This is a medium-large raptor , at about 56.0 -- in length , 117 -- across the wings , and weighing about 960 - . It has a prominent pointed crest , raised when excited , a black bill , broad wings , and a long , rounded tail .   The typical adult has blackish upper parts and crown , bright chestnut sides to the neck and breast , and a black-edged white throat and central breast . The rest of the under parts and feathered legs are white barred with black , and the tail has broad black bars . The under wings are white , with barred flight feathers ; due to the heavy pattern , birds usually look rather dark in flight .   Sexes are similar , but young birds have a white head and under parts , with a grey crest , brown upper parts , and barring only on the flanks and legs .   The call is a high-pitched whee-oo whee-oo .   This bird is found in humid tropical forests from southern Mexico and the Yucatán Peninsula , to Trinidad and Tobago , south to Peru and Argentina . They are able to tolerate some degree of habitat fragmentation , breeding successfully near cities and in forest fragments as small as 200 ha . Despite a slender build and a body weight no greater than a large Buteo hawk , the ornate hawk-eagle is a notably powerful predator which , like other booted eagles , can take prey up to five times its own weight . Birds are the principal prey . Prey items have ranged in size from 180 g to 8 kg when taken . Prey species have included little blue herons , curassows , toucans , wood quail , pigeons , macaws , parrots , cotingas , chickens , and even a black vulture . Mammals are also significant prey , with agoutis , squirrels , rats , procyonids , and monkeys often taken . Reptiles are also occasionally hunted .   The male 's courtship display is a dive with folded wings , and a climb , sometimes completing a loop . The pair touch talons in flight as the female rolls on her back . This species builds a large stick nest in a high tree ( e.g. Ceiba ) , many meters above ground . The nest is around 1 m in diameter . Most breeding activity occurs around April or May , differing slightly according to location ; in Guatemala , breeding activity was observed from March to June , in Costa Rica in April and May , in Panama from November/December to May , and in the lowlands of Ecuador in March and April .   Though locally rare , it was not considered a threatened species by the IUCN due to its wide range . In 2012 , the species was uplisted to Near Threatened .

neg: Unquillosaurus Unquillosaurus ( meaning `` Unquillo river lizard '' ) is a genus of maniraptoran dinosaur from the late Cretaceous Period , discovered in Argentina . Known only from a single fossilized pubis ( a pelvic bone ) , its total body length may have reached 2-3 meters ( 6-10 ft ) .   The type species Unquillosaurus ceibalii was described by Jaime Eduardo Powell in 1979 . The generic name is derived from the river Unquillo . The specific name refers to the town El Ceibal .   The holotype , PVL 3670-11 , was found at Arroyo-Morterito in the Los Blanquitos Formation dating from the Campanian . It consists of a left pubis , 514 mm long . The specimen was re-studied by Fernando Novas and Federico Agnolin in 2004 , who concluded that the orientation of the pubis had been misinterpreted : it pointed backwards , as was shown by the fossil still being attached to a displaced part of the pubic peduncle of the ilium .   Powell originally assigned Unquillosaurus to the Carnosauria , in 1986 . Novas and Agnolin in 2004 concluded from the opisthopubic pelvic anatomy that Unquillosaurus was part of the Maniraptora or at least Maniraptoriformes , and likely closely related to either the Avialae or the bird-like Alvarezsauridae ; perhaps it was itself a bird , a basal member of the Metornithes . In 2006 however , Novas stated that Unquillosaurus probably belonged to the maniraptoran clade Dromaeosauridae .

neg: Telluraves Telluraves ( also called land birds or core landbirds ) is a recently defined clade of birds with controversial content . Based on most recent genetic studies , the clade unites a variety of bird groups , including the australavians ( passerines , parrots , seriamas , and falcons ) as well as the afroavians ( including raptors and woodpeckers ) . They appear to be the sister group of a newly defined clade centered on Aequornithes .   Given that both Afroaves and Australaves have predatory extant members , the common ancestor of Telluraves may have been a predator . Many researchers are skeptical of this assessment , because some extinct representatives were herbivorous Strigogyps .   Cladogram of Telluraves relationships based on Prum , R.O. et al. ( 2015 ) with some clade names after Yury , T. et al. ( 2013 ) .

neg: Aurornis Aurornis is an extinct genus of theropod dinosaurs from the Jurassic period of China . The genus Aurornis contains a single known species , Aurornis xui -LSB- aʊˈrɔːrnɪs_ˈʃuː . iː -RSB- . Aurornis xui may be the most basal ( `` primitive '' ) avialan dinosaur known to date , and it is one of the earliest avialans found to date . The fossil evidence for the animal pre-dates that of the Archaeopteryx lithographica , often considered the earliest bird species , by about 10 million years .   Aurornis xui was first described and named by Pascal Godefroit , Andrea Cau , Hu Dong-Yu , François Escuillié , Wu Wenhao and Gareth Dyke in 2013 . The generic name is derived from the Latin word aurora , meaning `` daybreak '' or `` dawn '' , and the Ancient Greek ὄρνις ( órnis ) meaning `` bird '' . The specific name , A. xui , honors Xu Xing . A recent study of specimens of the avialan Anchiornis has found that the traits exhibited by Aurornis fall within the range of variation in Anchiornis , warranting their synonymization .

neg: Tertiary Tertiary is the former term for the geologic period from 65 million to 2.58 million years ago , a time span that lies between the superseded Secondary period and the Quaternary . The Tertiary is no longer recognized as a formal unit by the International Commission on Stratigraphy , but the word is still widely used . The traditional span of the Tertiary has been divided between the Paleogene and Neogene Periods and extends to the first stage of the Pleistocene Epoch , the Gelasian stage .   The period began with the demise of the non-avian dinosaurs in the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event , at the start of the Cenozoic Era , and extended to the beginning of the Quaternary glaciation at the end of the Pliocene Epoch .

neg: Palaeognathae Palaeognathae , or paleognaths , is one of the two living clades of birds -- the other being Neognathae . Together , these two clades form the clade Neornithes . Palaeognathae contains five extant branches of flightless lineages ( plus two extinct clades ) , termed ratites , and one flying lineage , the Neotropic tinamous . There are 47 species of tinamous , 5 of kiwis ( Apteryx ) , 3 of cassowaries ( Casuarius ) , 1 of emus ( Dromaius ) ( another became extinct in historic times ) , 2 of rheas and 2 of ostrich . Recent research has indicated that paleognaths are monophyletic but the traditional taxonomic split between flightless and flighted forms is incorrect ; tinamous are within the ratite radiation , meaning flightlessness arose independently multiple times via parallel evolution .   There are three extinct groups , the Lithornithiformes , the Dinornithiformes ( moas ) and the Aepyornithiformes ( elephant birds ) , that are undisputed members of Palaeognathae . There are other extinct birds which have been allied with the Palaeognathae by at least one author , but their affinities are a matter of dispute .   The word Paleognath is derived from the ancient Greek for `` old jaws '' in reference to the skeletal anatomy of the palate , which is described as more primitive and reptilian than that in other birds . Paleognathous birds retain some basal morphological characters but are by no means living fossils as their genomes continued to evolve at the DNA level under selective pressure at rates comparable to the Neognathae branch of living birds , though there is some controversy about the precise relationship between them and the other birds . There are also several other scientific controversies about their evolution ( see below ) .

neg: Archaeornithura Archaeornithura is an extinct genus of ornithuromorphs from the early Cretaceous period . It is known from two fossil specimens of a single species , Archaeornithura meemannae . The specimens have been dated to the Hauterivian age , 130.7 million years ago , making A. meemannae the oldest known ornithuromorph , the lineage that gave rise to modern birds , and contains all living birds as well as many of their extinct relatives .

neg: Archelosauria Archelosauria is a clade proposed in 2014 for the grouping of turtles and archosaurs ( birds and crocodilians ) and their fossil relatives . There were about 1000 ultra-conserved elements in their genome that are unique to turtles and archosaurs , but are not found in lepidosaurs ( tuatara , lizards and snakes ) . Other genome-wide analysis also supports this grouping .


query: There is a company that has been a subsidiary of Ford since 1922 called Lincoln Motor Company.

pos: Lincoln Motor Company The Lincoln Motor Company ( also known simply as Lincoln ) is a division of the U.S.-based Ford Motor Company that sells luxury vehicles under the Lincoln brand . Founded in 1917 by Henry M. Leland , Lincoln has been a subsidiary of Ford since 1922 . While currently sold primarily in North America , Ford introduced the Lincoln brand to China in 2014 . Lincoln vehicles are also officially sold in the Middle East and South Korea .   The current Lincoln model range in North America consists of two sedans ( Continental and MKZ ) , three crossover utility vehicles ( MKC , MKT , and MKX ) , and a sport utility vehicle ( Navigator/Navigator L ) . Lincoln also sells two vehicles specifically for limousine/livery use , both based on the MKT .

neg: Hermosillo Stamping & Assembly Hermosillo Stamping and Assembly is a Ford Motor Company-owned automobile assembly facility located in Hermosillo , Sonora , Mexico . The facility currently assembles Ford Fusion and Lincoln MKZ models for the North American market . The facility , which began production in 1986 , employs 1,500 people and covers a floor space of approximately 1500000 ft2 .   At its inception , the plant was jointly owned by Ford and Mazda , the two companies sharing production techniques . Initially all parts were shipped from Japan for final assembly of the 323 and Tracer models . Local content has gradually increased over the years with the addition of on site suppliers . The plant is unionized under SINTRAFORD . Because of the plant 's Sonoran Desert location and drought conditions during the 1990s , the plant has reduced its water usage by 40 % from earlier numbers . The plant is able to supply the city from its own wells during emergencies .

neg: Lincoln Mark VIII The Lincoln Mark VIII is a grand touring luxury coupe that was marketed and sold by Lincoln from 1993 to 1998 . The successor of the Lincoln Continental Mark VII , the Mark VIII again shared underpinnings with the Ford Thunderbird and Mercury Cougar .   In the late 1990s , the personal-luxury coupe segment saw a major decline in sales . Following the 1998 model year , the Mark VIII was discontinued without any replacement ; its role in the Lincoln model line was largely filled by the V8-powered version of the Lincoln LS ( a model that largely replaced the Lincoln Continental after 2002 ) . As of the 2016 model year , the Mark VIII remains the last model of the Lincoln Mark series .   As with the Lincoln Town Car and Continental , all examples of the Lincoln Mark VIII were assembled at the Wixom Assembly Plant in Wixom , Michigan .

neg: 1949 Ford The 1949 Ford was an American automobile produced by Ford . It was the first all-new automobile design introduced by the Big Three after World War II , civilian production having been suspended during the war , and the 1946-1948 models from Ford , GM , and Chrysler being updates of their pre-war models . Popularly called the `` Shoebox Ford '' for its slab-sided , `` ponton '' design , the 1949 Ford is credited both with saving Ford and ushering in modern streamlined car design with changes such as integrated fenders and more . The design would continue through the 1951 model year .   After sticking with its well-received previous model through model year 1948 , Ford completely redesigned its namesake car for the year 1949 . Save for its drive-train , this was an all-new car in every way , with a modern ladder frame now supporting a coil spring independent suspension in front and longitudinal semi-elliptical springs in back . The engine was moved forward to make more room in the passenger compartment and the antiquated `` torque tube '' was replaced by a modern drive shaft . Ford 's popular 226 CID ( 3.7 L ) L-head straight-6 and 239 CID ( 3.9 L ) Flathead V8 remained , now rated at 90 hp ( 67 kW ) and 100 hp ( 75 kW ) , respectively .

neg: Ford Motor Argentina Ford Motor Argentina is a subsidiary of Ford Motor Company and was founded in Buenos Aires in 1913 .  Its first products were Model Ts assembled from Complete Knock Down ( CKD ) kits provided by Ford Motor Company in 1917 . Nevertheless , Ford Motor Argentina is best known in more recent times for producing the Ford Focus and , previously , the Argentine version of the Ford Falcon , originally a US model introduced in Argentina in 1961 , but adapted to the Argentine market .

neg: Division (business) A division of a business , sometimes called a business sector , is one of the parts into which a business , organization or company is divided . The divisions are distinct parts of that business . If these divisions are all part of the same company , then that company is legally responsible for all of the obligations and debts of the divisions . However , in a large organization , various parts of the business may be run by different subsidiaries , and a business division may include one or many subsidiaries . Each subsidiary is a separate legal entity owned by the primary business or by another subsidiary in the hierarchy . Often a division operates under a separate name and is the equivalent of a corporation or limited liability company obtaining a fictitious name or `` doing business as '' certificate and operating a business under that fictitious name . Companies often set up business units to operate in divisions prior to the legal formation of subsidiaries .   Generally , only an `` entity '' , e.g. a corporation , public limited company ( plc ) or limited liability company , etc. would have a `` division '' ; an individual operating in this manner would simply be `` operating under a fictitious name '' .   An example of this would be to look at Hewlett Packard ( HP ) , the computer and printer company . HP has several divisions , with the printer division , that makes laser and inkjet printers , being the largest and most profitable division . The divisions of HP , like the Printing & Multifunction division , the Handheld Devices ( includes the old calculator ) division , the Servers division ( mini and mainframe computers ) , etc. , all use the HP brand name . But , Compaq ( a part of HP since 2002 ) , operates as a subsidiary , using the Compaq brand name .   Mack Trucks continues to run itself separately , but is a wholly owned subsidiary of AB Volvo . Volvo Trucks also sells trucks under the Volvo name . Within Mack , there is a division named Mack de Venezuela C.A. that does final assembly and sells trucks in South America .   Another less obvious example is that Google Video is a division of Google , and is part of the same corporate entity . But the YouTube video service is a subsidiary of Google because it remains operated as YouTube , LLC , a separate business entity even though it is owned by Google .

neg: 1950s American automobile culture 1950s American automobile culture has had an enduring influence on the culture of the United States , as reflected in popular music , major trends from the 1950s and mainstream acceptance of the `` hot rod '' culture . The American manufacturing economy switched from producing war-related items to consumer goods at the end of World War II , and by the end of the 1950s , one in six working Americans were employed either directly or indirectly in the automotive industry . The United States became the world 's largest manufacturer of automobiles , and Henry Ford 's goal of 30 years earlier -- that any man with a good job should be able to afford an automobile -- was achieved . A new generation of service businesses focusing on customers with their automobiles sprang up during the decade , including drive-through or drive-in restaurants and more drive-in theaters ( cinemas ) .   The decade began with 25 million registered automobiles on the road , most of which predated World War II and were in poor condition ; no automobiles or parts were produced during the war owing to rationing and restrictions . By 1950 , most factories had made the transition to a consumer-based economy , and more than 8 million cars were produced that year alone . By 1958 , there were more than 67 million cars registered in the United States , more than twice the number at the start of the decade .   As part of the U.S. national defenses , to support military transport , the National Highway System was expanded with Interstate highways , beginning in 1955 , across many parts of the United States . The wider , multi-lane highways allowed traffic to move at faster speeds , with few or no stoplights on the way . The wide-open spaces along the highways became a basis for numerous billboards showing advertisements .   The dawning of the Space Age and Space Race were reflected in contemporary American automotive styling . Large tailfins , flowing designs reminiscent of rockets , and radio antennas that imitated Sputnik 1 were common , owing to the efforts of design pioneers such as Harley Earl .

neg: Detroit Assembly Detroit Assembly ( also known as Detroit Cadillac , Cadillac Assembly or Clark Street Assembly ) was a General Motors automobile factory in Detroit , Michigan on Clark Avenue , south of Michigan Avenue ( U.S. Route 12 ) . It began operations in 1921 and Cadillac bodies were supplied by Fleetwood Metal Body in 1921 after Fisher Body assumed operations . It was the second location that built Cadillacs , when Cadillac originally started out as the Detroit Automobile Company , then the Henry Ford Company which was located at the intersection of Cass Street and Amsterdam Avenue .   In 1902 , the Cadillac Motor Company began operations , and began building cars at the all new Clark Street facility in 1921 , where the factory manufactured Cadillac models until December 23 , 1987 , when production of Cadillac 's full-size D-bodies moved to Arlington Assembly in Arlington , Texas , while production of downsized FWD DeVille/Fleetwood/Seville models were relocated to Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly and Orion Assembly by 1985 . It is approximately 2 miles southeast of the original Lincoln factory located at 6200 West Warren Avenue .   All Cadillac vehicles were built only at this facility , with production of popular selling models later added to Linden , New Jersey , South Gate , California or Arlington , Texas in `` knock down kits '' starting in the 1930s to meet demand . The bodies were built by Fisher at Fleetwood Plant # 18 at 261 W End St , and transferred by rail to Clark Street for final assembly .   From 1984 to 1987 , the plant also built the Oldsmobile 88 and Custom Cruiser , and the Chevrolet Caprice and Impala .   Detroit Assembly used the VIN codes `` Q '' and `` 9 . ''   The site of the plant was redeveloped into the 88-acre Clark Street Technology Park in 1997 by General Motors and three other partners . It is now the location for Inland Waters Pollution Control .

neg: Ford Transcontinental The Ford Transcontinental is a heavy goods vehicle tractor and rigid unit that was manufactured between 1975 and 1984 by Ford Europe in the Netherlands and Britain . A total of 8735 units were produced , 8231 in Amsterdam and another 504 at the Foden VAP in Sandbach , Cheshire UK .   Assembled almost entirely from bought in OEM component parts ( e.g. , cab shell from Berliet , engine from Cummins , transmission from Eaton ) it was introduced to fill a perceived gap in the market in anticipation of the relaxation of weight restrictions on HGVs , and as such had a very strong chassis and heavy duty suspension . The Berliet KB 2400 cab was also used by Renault for their R-series .   Recognizable by its high cab , it was an extremely advanced vehicle for its time offering a high standard of driver comfort and a high power output for its time , courtesy of the well proven 14 litre Cummins engine with typical outputs of 290-350 HP . The engines were originally of the Cummins NTC generation , but were gradually updated to the new `` big-cam '' ( NTE ) generation - a process completed by 1979 . Also , the Ford Transcontinental is noted for having oil and water meters on the dashboard , another example of the unit being ahead of its time .   Sales did not live up to expectations , mainly because the tractor unit with its heavy duty construction was too heavy for the 32 ton weight limit in the UK at the time , although it was a popular vehicle with drivers , particularly those who were engaged on long distance continental work . The model was updated continuously , with much work carried out to lighten the heavy chassis .   Today the Transcontinental is a particularly rare vehicle , much in favour with collectors of vintage commercials , although a few do remain in revenue earning service throughout Europe .

neg: Ford DEW platform The Ford DEW platform ( or DEW98 ) is Ford Motor Company 's midsized rear-wheel drive automobile platform . The D/E nomenclature was meant to express an intermediate size between D - and E-class vehicles , while the W denoted a worldwide platform . The platform was developed by both Ford and Jaguar engineers , and debuted in the Lincoln LS sedan .   Ford 's use of the platform ended in 2006 , but Jaguar continued to use DEW98 after Jaguar was sold to Tata Motors in 2008 . Jaguar 's use of the platform ended in 2015 , with the introduction of the second-generation XF model , built on the Jaguar iQ -LSB- Al -RSB- modular platform .   A less-expensive variant known as DEW Lite was originally to be used for the 2005 Ford Mustang , but the platform was significantly redesigned to become the Ford D2C platform , instead .

neg: Deere (automobile) The Deere-Clark Motor Car Company was a manufacturer of automobiles in Moline , Illinois from 1906 to 1907 .

neg: Ford of Europe Ford of Europe AG is a subsidiary company of Ford Motor Company founded in 1967 with headquarters in Cologne , Germany .

neg: Chicken tax The chicken tax is a 25 % tariff on potato starch , dextrin , brandy , and light trucks imposed in 1963 by the United States under President Lyndon B. Johnson in response to tariffs placed by France and West Germany on importation of U.S. chicken . The period from 1961 -- 1964 of tensions and negotiations surrounding the issue was known as the `` Chicken War , '' taking place at the height of Cold War politics .   Eventually , the tariffs on potato starch , dextrin , and brandy were lifted , but over the next 48 years the light truck tax ossified , remaining in place to protect U.S. domestic automakers from foreign competition ( e.g. , from Japan and Thailand ) . Though concern remains about its repeal , a 2003 Cato Institute study called the tariff `` a policy in search of a rationale . ''   As an unintended consequence several importers of light trucks have circumvented the tariff via loopholes -- including Ford ( ostensibly a company that the tax was designed to protect ) , which imported the Transit Connect light trucks as `` passenger vehicles '' to the U.S. from Turkey and immediately strips and shreds portions of their interiors , such as installed rear seats , in a warehouse outside Baltimore -- and Mercedes , which imported complete vans built in Germany , `` disassembled them and shipped the pieces to South Carolina , where American workers put them back together in a small kit assembly building . '' The resulting vehicles emerge as locally manufactured , free from the tariff .

neg: Ford Mustang The Ford Mustang is an American automobile manufactured by Ford . It was originally based on the platform of the second generation North American Ford Falcon , a compact car . The original 1962 Ford Mustang I two-seater concept car had evolved into the 1963 Mustang II four-seater concept car which Ford used to pretest how the public would take interest in the first production Mustang . The 1963 Mustang II concept car was designed with a variation of the production model 's front and rear ends with a roof that was 2.7 inches shorter . Introduced early on April 17 , 1964 , ( 16 days after the Plymouth Barracuda ) and thus dubbed as a `` 1964 1/2 '' by Mustang fans , the 1965 Mustang was the automaker 's most successful launch since the Model A . The Mustang has undergone several transformations to its current sixth generation .   The Mustang created the `` pony car '' class of American automobiles , affordable sporty coupes with long hoods and short rear decks and gave rise to competitors such as the Chevrolet Camaro , Pontiac Firebird , AMC Javelin , Chrysler 's revamped Plymouth Barracuda , and the first generation Dodge Challenger . The Mustang is also credited for inspiring the designs of coupés such as the Toyota Celica and Ford Capri , which were imported to the United States .

neg: Ford EXP The Ford EXP is a sports compact coupe that was produced and sold by Ford Motor Company in North America from the 1982 to 1988 model years . The first two-seat Ford since the 1957 Thunderbird , the EXP made its debut at the 1981 Chicago Auto Show . Sharing a wheelbase and powertrain with the Ford Escort , the EXP was longer , lower , and more aerodynamic than its five-seat counterpart . Some EXP owners have been known to remove the rear carpeting to put in rear seats as the floor pans are identical between the 3-door Escorts , Escort GTs , and EXPs .   In line with the first-generation Escort , the EXP was produced in a version from 1982 to 1985 , undergoing a facelift during the 1985 model year . The model was dropped after the 1988 model year . Although not intended to replace the EXP ( as it was originally designed to become the 1989 Ford Mustang ) , the 1989 Ford Probe would become the next front-wheel drive sports coupe sold by Ford . After the EXP , the next two-seat Ford marketed in North America would be the 2002 Ford Thunderbird . Then in 1998 the Escort of the time was marketed as a ZX2 , to help reel in consumers that favored the XR2 and the EXP from the 1980s .   From 1982 to 1983 , the EXP was sold by Lincoln-Mercury dealers as the Mercury LN7 . The LN7 was distinguished largely by its `` bubbleback '' hatch , large bumper strips across the doors , `` black-out '' tail lights , and more slits in the nose clip than those of an EXP . The vehicle , however , was dropped after failing to meet sales expectations .

neg: Lincoln Continental Mark III The Lincoln Continental Mark III is a personal luxury car of the Lincoln Mark series , that was produced by Lincoln and sold in North America in the 1969 through 1971 model years .

neg: Donald Petersen Donald Eugene Petersen ( born September 4 , 1926 ) is an American businessman who was employed by the Ford Motor Company for 40 years , most notably as its Chief Executive Officer from 1985 to 1990 .   Born in Pipestone , Minnesota , Petersen served in the U.S. Marine Corps in World War II and the Korean War . He received his BSME from the University of Washington in 1946 and joined Ford in 1949 after receiving his MBA from the Stanford Graduate School of Business .   Donald E. Petersen became Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Ford Motor Company on February 1 , 1985 . Prior to his election as Chairman , Petersen was President and COO ( Chief Operating Officer ) from March 13 , 1980 . He was a member of the Board of Directors from September 8 , 1977 until his retirement in February 1990 .   Hailed a `` Most Valuable Person '' of 1988 by USA Today and `` CEO of the Year '' by Chief Executive magazine in 1989 , Petersen transformed Ford with his inclusive , team-oriented management style .   Petersen was famously known for instructing the Ford design staff to design vehicles they would be proud to buy and park in their own driveways . This change in philosophy came about after he was answered in the negative as he inquired of a Ford designer whether he was proud of the design he was working on . This watershed event culminated in the groundbreaking and wildly successful design of the Ford Taurus and Mercury Sable twins which pulled Ford out of its financial doldrums of the early 1980s and provided the motivation and profit which carried Ford for the next decade .   Petersen 's relationship with members of the founding Ford family became strained after he opposed the nomination of founder Henry Ford 's great-grandsons , Edsel Buell Ford II ( `` Edsel '' ) and William Clay Ford Jr. ( `` Billy '' , `` Bill Jr. '' , and later just `` Bill '' ) to certain committees of the board of Ford in the wake of the death of family patriarch and former Ford Chairman & CEO Henry Ford II in 1987 . Petersen 's primary motivation was to permit more time to pass before a decision was made concerning the futures of the two young Fords . The widening of this schism later cut short Petersen 's tenure at Ford , after a high-profile and public disagreement spilled over into the press regarding differences in strategic direction between Petersen and the members of the Ford family . These differences were largely due to Petersen 's purchase of the bankrupt Jaguar Cars company after a bidding war between Ford and General Motors . In this case , the press did not have the story straight , as Petersen had indicated his plan to retire , before the decision was made to acquire Jaguar . In the years since , Ford contributed major managerial resources to and several times recapitalized Jaguar with no subsequent return of investment . Ford eventually divested itself of the Jaguar asset on June 2 , 2008 . Today , Jaguar is quite profitable . He was succeeded by Harold `` Red '' Poling .   Petersen has , at various times , held director-level board positions at The Boeing Company , Dow Jones & Co. , the Hewlett-Packard Company , Capital Research and Management Company ( mutual funds ) , Axicon Technologies , Juran Center for Leadership in Quality ( Member , Exec . Advisory Board ) , College of Arts & Sciences at the University of Washington ( President , Advisory Board ) and Long Shadows Vintners . A portrait of Petersen , painted by artist Michele Rushworth hangs in the Petersen Room in the Allen Library at the University of Washington .   Petersen is a member of the Business Council , the National Academy of Engineering , SAE , the Engineering Society of Detroit and Mensa .   Petersen and his wife , Jo Anne , reside in Bloomfield Hills , Michigan , Seattle , Washington , and Montecito , California . They have two children , Leslie Price ( who was born in 1956 ) , and Donald L. Petersen ( who was born in 1958 ) . Leslie Price has a daughter named Joanne Price .

neg: Grand Prix Sunbeams 1922 Sunbeam Works Racing cars participated in the 1922 XVI Grand Prix de l' A.C.F. in Strasbourg . The race took place on 15 July 1922 and was run to a formula stipulating that maximum engine capacity should not exceed 2 - litre and that the cars should be two-seaters weighing not less than 650 kg . The formula was to remain in force for four years producing `` fields of brilliance to be unequalled for many years '' it was the first rolling massed start in the history of Grand Prix motor-racing .   Three Ernest Henry designed team cars were constructed for the event and a similar fourth test car served as a test , practice and spare car until its engine was ruined by fire before the race . During the race the engines in all three Sunbeam team cars failed and none finished .   After the Grand Prix one of the Sunbeam cars was entered in a Brooklands race , which it won . All four cars were subsequently sold to privateers and entered in various events with varied levels of success . All three team cars and the test/practice car survive as a rare example of a complete British Works team of the Vintage era . However , only one is original ; the other three are genuine , authentic and resurrected .

neg: Detroit Automobile Company The Detroit Automobile Company ( DAC ) was an early American automobile manufacturer founded on August 5 , 1899 , in Detroit , Michigan . It was the first venture of its kind in Detroit . Automotive mechanic Henry Ford attracted the financial backing of three investors ; Detroit Mayor William Maybury , William H. Murphy , and Senator Thomas W. Palmer . As with many early car ventures , the company floundered and was dissolved in January 1901 . Twenty vehicles were built and $ 86,000 ( $ 2.11 million in 2007 ) of investment was lost .

neg: Chevrolet Series FB The Chevrolet Series FB ( or Chevrolet FB ) is an American vehicle manufactured by Chevrolet from 1919 to 1922 . It was a slightly larger replacement to the 1918 Chevrolet Series FA , sitting on a wheelbase of 110 in compared to 108 in . It was replaced by the 1923 Chevrolet Superior .   The FB was the largest model in the Chevrolet range at the time following the demise of the V8 Series D , and complemented the smaller Chevrolet Series 490 .

neg: Lexus ES The Lexus ES ( Japanese : レクサス ・ ES , Rekusasu ES ) is a series of compact , then mid-size , and later executive car sold by Lexus since 1989 . Six generations of the sedan have been introduced to date , each offering V6 engines and the front-engine , front-wheel-drive layout . The first five generations of the ES were built on the Toyota Camry platform , with the sixth generation more closely related to the Avalon . Manual transmissions were offered until 1993 , a lower-displacement inline-four engine became an option in Asian markets in 2010 , and a gasoline-electric hybrid version was introduced in 2012 . The ES was Lexus ' only front-wheel drive vehicle until 1998 , when the related Lexus RX was introduced , and the sedan occupied the entry-level luxury car segment of the Lexus lineup in North America and other regions until the debut of the Lexus IS in 1999 . The ES name stands for `` Executive Sedan '' . However , some Lexus importers use the backronymic name , `` Elegant Sedan '' .   Introduced in 1989 , the first-generation ES 250 was one of two vehicles in Lexus ' debut lineup , the other being the flagship LS 400 . The second-generation ES 300 debuted in 1991 , followed by the third-generation ES 300 in 1996 , and the fourth-generation ES 300/330 in 2001 . The first - through fourth-generation sedans shared body styling elements with Japan-market Toyota sedans , and a domestic market equivalent , the Toyota Windom , was sold until the launch of the fifth-generation ES in 2006 . The word `` Windom '' is a combination of `` win '' and the suffix `` dom '' expresses a state of perpetual victory . The fifth-generation ES , featuring Lexus ' own L-finesse body styling , debuted in early 2006 as a 2007 model . The sixth-generation ES debuted in the first half of 2012 as a 2013 model , and features increased cabin dimensions due to a longer wheelbase which is shared with the full-size Toyota Avalon .   Lexus has positioned the ES in the comfort luxury segment , with an emphasis on interior amenities , quietness , and ride quality , in contrast with more firm-riding sport sedans . Buyers seeking more performance-focused models are targeted by the Lexus IS and rival makes , with such models offering a sportier drive with differently tuned suspensions . In Europe , Japan , and other markets where it is not available , the Lexus GS sport sedans occupy the mid-size category in the Lexus lineup . In the United States , the Lexus ES has been the best-selling Lexus sedan for over fifteen years .  __ TOC __


query: Give Me Everything was released 3 months before its album.

pos: Give Me Everything `` Give Me Everything '' is a song written and performed by American rapper Pitbull , American R&B singer Ne-Yo , and Dutch DJ Afrojack , featuring additional vocals from American singer Nayer . Produced by Afrojack , it was released on March 21 , 2011 , as the second single from Pitbull 's sixth studio album , Planet Pit ( 2011 ) . Rolling Stone described the song as a `` club-pop cut with a plaintive Ne-Yo chorus . ''   In the United States , `` Give Me Everything '' became Pitbull 's first number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100 . It also became his first number one in the United Kingdom as the main artist . The song has also peaked at number one in Belgium , Canada , Ireland , the Netherlands and within the top-five in twelve countries . It was the seventh best-selling digital single of 2011 with worldwide sales of 11.2 million copies , making it one of the best-selling singles of all time .

pos: Planet Pit Planet Pit is the sixth studio album by the American rapper Pitbull ; it was released on June 17 , 2011 , by Polo Grounds Music , Mr. 305 Entertainment , Sony Music and J Records . Production was handled by a variety of pop and hip hop producers including David Guetta , RedOne , Dr. Luke , Jim Jonsin , and Soulshock .   Musically , the album was created with the goal for every song on the album could possibly be serving as one of single . The album is influenced by Pitbull 's childhood years listening to merengue , freestyle , cha-cha-cha , Miami bass , hip hop and dancehall .   The album debuted at number 7 on the Billboard 200 , with first-week sales of 55,000 copies , becoming Pitbull 's highest-charting album in the United States . This was Pitbull 's final album for the J Records label , since the label would be discontinued during the summer of 2011 .

neg: Everything You Need Everything You Need is the third album by American band Slightly Stoopid . It was released by Surfdog Records on March 18 , 2003 .

neg: You Are My Everything `` You Are My Everything '' is the 1989 single by Surface . The single was their third number one on the R&B singles chart in the U.S. , as well as their third number one for the 1989 calendar year . `` You Are My Everything '' charted on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number eighty-four .

neg: The Ghost You Gave to Me The Ghost You Gave to Me is the sixth full-length album by progressive rock band , 3 , released by Metal Blade Records on October 11 , 2011 .

neg: All That Is Within Me All That Is Within Me is the fifth studio album by American Christian rock band MercyMe . Produced by Brown Bannister , it was released on November 20 , 2007 through INO Records . The album , intended by the band to be a worship album split between covers and original songs , was recorded following the band 's tour with Audio Adrenaline in promotion of their previous studio album Coming Up to Breathe ( 2006 ) . Although the band intended to write material for a new album during the tour , they had only written one song by the time they entered their recording studio , Cider Mountain Studio in Athol , Idaho . The band wrote so many songs at the studio that they decided not to include any cover songs ; all of the songs on the album but were written or co-written by the band . The album was described as being a rock and worship album , being aimed directly at a Christian audience .   All That Is Within Me received mostly positive reviews from critics , some of which considered it MercyMe 's best record to that point . However , some critics felt the album was too similar to the band 's previous works . The album sold 84,000 copies in its first week , debuting at number one on the Billboard Christian Albums chart and number 15 on the Billboard 200 . Three singles were released to radio : `` God with Us '' , which spent eight weeks at number one on the Billboard Christian Songs chart , `` You Reign '' , which peaked at number two on the Christian Songs chart and spent four weeks atop the Billboard Christian AC Songs chart , and `` Finally Home '' , which peaked at number three on the Christian Songs chart and number 16 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart . All That Is Within Me has been certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , signifying shipments of over 500,000 copies .

neg: Everything (Climie Fisher album) Everything is the first album by British pop duo Climie Fisher , released in 1987 . The album includes the duo 's biggest hit and best-remembered single , `` Love Changes ( Everything ) '' , and reached # 14 on the UK album chart . Their song `` Room to Move '' was remade by the group Animotion on their 1989 self-titled album .   The song `` Love Changes ( Everything ) '' was used in the movie How I Got into College .   In 2009 the record company Edsel re-released and remastered both Climie Fisher albums , and included all the original b-sides , with the notable exception of the original version of `` Love Like a River '' .

neg: Take Me Away (Culture Beat song) `` Take Me Away '' is a song recorded by the German eurodance band Culture Beat . It was released in June 1996 as the third single from their third studio album Inside Out . A CD maxi with new remixes was also available , but it was marketed at the same time as the other media   The song was a hit in many countries , particularly in Finland where it reached number 6 .

neg: Everything Is Different Now Everything is Different Now is the fourth studio album from the Christian pop punk band Stellar Kart . It was released on September 21 , 2009 at the band 's live shows , and globally released on March 9 , 2010 under INO Records . The album also marks the band 's departure from their long-time affiliation with Word Records .   Lead vocalist Adam Agee explained that rather than focusing on more relational matters on Everything is Different Now , the material has more of a worshipful flavor . `` We had performed at a camp earlier in the summer before recording , and we really discovered that we loved leading worship for youth again , '' he said . `` So we tried to find some of the songs that were our favorites and wrote a few new songs , too , and that eventually became Everything is Different Now .

neg: You to Me Are Everything `` You to Me Are Everything '' is a single by the British soul group The Real Thing . Written by Ken Gold and Michael Denne and produced by Ken Gold , `` You to Me Are Everything '' was The Real Thing 's sole number-one single in the UK Singles chart , spending three weeks at the top in July 1976 . A remixed version of the song returned to the chart in March 1986 reaching number five .   The song was a minor hit in the U.S. where it peaked at number 64 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and number 28 on the Billboard R&B chart . One of the reasons for its lack of success in the U.S. was the flood of cover versions of the song released at the same time . American groups Broadway and Revelation both released versions of the song the same week , and at one point all three versions of the song appeared on Billboard Hot 100 and R&B charts . With radio and the public unable to agree on a single popular version , the three singles effectively prevented each other from becoming a hit .   The song was subsequently covered by Frankie Valli , Sonia , Tiny Tim , Public Enemy , Sean Maguire and Andy Abraham . In 1997 , the Italian songwriter Marina Rei successfully recorded `` Primavera '' ( `` Spring '' ) , an Italian version of `` You to Me Are Everything '' . A Finnish version entitled `` Ei enempää voi pyytää '' was recorded in 1978 by Petri Pettersson .

neg: With Everything I Feel in Me With Everything I Feel in Me is the twenty-third studio album by American singer Aretha Franklin , Released on November 25 , 1974 by Atlantic Records . This recording did not do as well commercially as previous Franklin albums . The LP reached # 57 on Billboard 's Top Album charts and peaked at # 6 on the R&B album charts . None of its singles reached the Top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The lead single , `` Without Love '' , written by Aretha 's sister Carolyn Franklin and former Motown producer Ivy Jo Hunter , charted at # 45 Pop , but fared far better on the R&B charts reaching # 6 . The title cut also charted at # 20 on the R&B charts in early 1975 . The album was released on compact disc in Europe in 2008 .

neg: Double album A double album ( or double record ) is an audio album which spans two units of the primary medium in which it is sold , typically records and compact discs . A double album is usually though not always released as such , because the recording is longer than the capacity of the medium . Recording artists often think of double albums as comprising a single piece artistically ; however , there are exceptions such as John Lennon 's Some Time in New York City and Pink Floyd 's Ummagumma ( both examples of one studio record and one live album packaged together ) and OutKast 's Speakerboxxx/The Love Below ( effectively two solo albums , one by each member of the duo ) . A classic example of this idea is Works ( Volume One ) by Emerson Lake and Palmer , where side one was Keith Emerson , two Greg Lake , three Carl Palmer while side four was by the entire group .   Since the advent of the compact disc , albums are sometimes released with a bonus disc featuring additional material as a supplement to the main album , with live tracks , studio out-takes , cut songs , or older unreleased material . One innovation is the accompaniment of a CD with a DVD of related material , such as video related to the album or DVD-Audio versions of the same recordings . These could be regarded as a new form of double album ; some such discs were also released on a two-sided format called DualDisc . Due to the limitations of the gramophone record , many albums primarily released on the format were under 40 minutes long . This has led to record labels re-releasing two of these albums on one CD , thus making a double album .   The same principles apply to the triple album , which comprises three units . Packages with more units than three are often packaged as a box set .

neg: Everything That Got Us Here Everything That Got Us Here '' is the third studio album from American post hardcore band SECRETS . It is the band 's first release with unclean vocalist Wade Walters . The lead single , `` Left Behind '' , was released on October 14 , 2015 .

neg: Give a Little More `` Give a Little More '' is a song by American band Maroon 5 . It was released on August 17 , 2010 as a digital download . The song is the second single from their third studio album , Hands All Over . The song officially impacted US mainstream radio on October 12 , 2010 .

neg: Gives You Hell `` Gives You Hell '' is a song by American rock band The All-American Rejects , released as the lead single from their third studio album When the World Comes Down on September 30 , 2008 .   The song is The All-American Rejects ' most successful song to date , receiving positive reviews and topping the Billboard 's Mainstream Top 40 and Adult Top 40 charts as well as peaking at # 4 on the Hot 100 chart . It was certified RIAA 4x Platinum for 4 million shipments .

neg: Dead, Everywhere Dead , Everywhere is the second full-length album by American metalcore band Tear Out the Heart . The album was released on January 27 , 2015 , through Victory Records .   On December 8 , 2014 , pre-orders for the upcoming album were announced , along with the music video for the new album 's first single `` Feel Real '' which premiered on Revolver . The following week Revolver also premiered the first part in a series of track-by-track videos containing clips from the songs and the band 's lead vocalist Tyler Konersman explaining the meaning behind each songs lyrics .

neg: Give Me Danger (song) `` Give Me Danger '' is a song by American electropop duo Dangerous Muse . It was written by Mike Furey , Tom Napack , and produced by Ted Ottaviano for the duo 's second EP of the same name . It was released in 2006 as a single , and managed to chart at number 11 on the Billboard magazine 's Hot Dance Club Play .

neg: Give Me Light Give Me Light is the fourth studio album by the German gothic metal band Darkseed . It was released in 1999 , with Nuclear Blast .

neg: I Can't Believe She Gives It All to Me `` I Ca n't Believe She Gives It All to Me '' is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Conway Twitty . It was released in November 1976 as the first single from the album Play Guitar Play . `` I Ca n't Believe She Gives It All to Me '' was Conway Twitty 's 18th number one on the country chart . The single stayed at number one for a single week and spent a total of 12 weeks on the country chart .

neg: Sixpence None the Richer discography This is the discography of American pop rock band Sixpence None the Richer . To date , the group has released six studio albums , nine compilation albums , five extended plays , and fourteen singles . They gained mainstream popularity in 1997 with their self-titled album , producing the hit single `` Kiss Me '' , which was an international hit . The song topped the Australian charts , and reached the top five in New Zealand , the United Kingdom , and the band 's native United States .

neg: A Present for Everyone A Present for Everyone is the second studio album by British pop punk band Busted . It was released on 17 November 2003 by Universal Island Records and features a sound mixing pop punk and power pop material with traditional pop rock . Five singles were released from the album , including the number-one hits `` Crashed the Wedding '' , `` Who 's David '' and `` Thunderbirds / 3AM '' .   The album received generally positive reviews from music critics . It debuted and peaked at number 2 on the UK Albums Chart and has been certified 3 × Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry for sales of over 900,000 . A Present for Everyone was Busted 's final album until they reformed in 2015 and announced their third album .

neg: Everyone Deserves Music (song) `` Everyone Deserves Music '' is a single by Michael Franti & Spearhead from their album Everyone Deserves Music .   The song was ranked # 34 on Triple J 's Hottest 100 for 2003 .


query: Charlie Chaplin did not work as a comedian.

pos: Fred Karno Frederick John Westcott ( 26 March 1866 -- 18 September 1941 ) , best known by his stage name Fred Karno , was an English theatre impresario of the British music hall . As a comedian of slapstick he is credited with popularizing the custard-pie-in-the-face gag . During the 1890s , in order to circumvent stage censorship , Karno developed a form of sketch comedy without dialogue .   Cheeky authority-defying playlets such as `` Jail Mum '' ( 1896 ) in which prisoners play tricks on warders and `` Early Birds '' ( 1903 ) , where a small man defeats a large ruffian in London 's East End , can be seen as precursors of movie silent comedy . Film producer Hal Roach stated : `` Fred Karno is not only a genius , he is the man who originated slapstick comedy . We in Hollywood owe much to him . ''   Among the music hall comedians who worked for him were Charlie Chaplin and his understudy , Arthur Jefferson , who later adopted the name of Stan Laurel . These were part of what was known as `` Fred Karno 's Army '' , a phrase still occasionally used in the UK to refer to a chaotic group or organisation . The phrase was also adapted by British soldiers into a trench song in the First World War , as a parody of , or rather to the tune of , the hymn The Church 's One Foundation . In the Second World War it was adapted as the Anthem of the Guinea Pig Club , the first line becoming `` We are McIndoe 's Army ... '' .

pos: Charlie Chaplin Sir Charles Spencer `` Charlie '' Chaplin , ( 16 April 1889 -- 25 December 1977 ) was an English comic actor , filmmaker , and composer who rose to fame during the era of silent film . Chaplin became a worldwide icon through his screen persona `` the Tramp '' and is considered one of the most important figures in the history of the film industry . His career spanned more than 75 years , from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977 , and encompassed both adulation and controversy .   Chaplin 's childhood in London was one of poverty and hardship . As his father was absent and his mother struggled financially , he was sent to a workhouse twice before the age of nine . When he was 14 , his mother was committed to a mental asylum . Chaplin began performing at an early age , touring music halls and later working as a stage actor and comedian . At 19 , he was signed to the prestigious Fred Karno company , which took him to America . Chaplin was scouted for the film industry and began appearing in 1914 for Keystone Studios . He soon developed the Tramp persona and formed a large fan base . Chaplin directed his own films from an early stage and continued to hone his craft as he moved to the Essanay , Mutual , and First National corporations . By 1918 , he was one of the best-known figures in the world .   In 1919 , Chaplin co-founded the distribution company United Artists , which gave him complete control over his films . His first feature-length was The Kid ( 1921 ) , followed by A Woman of Paris ( 1923 ) , The Gold Rush ( 1925 ) , and The Circus ( 1928 ) . He refused to move to sound films in the 1930s , instead producing City Lights ( 1931 ) and Modern Times ( 1936 ) without dialogue . Chaplin became increasingly political , and his next film , The Great Dictator ( 1940 ) , satirised Adolf Hitler . The 1940s were a decade marked with controversy for Chaplin , and his popularity declined rapidly . He was accused of communist sympathies , while his involvement in a paternity suit and marriages to much younger women caused scandal . An FBI investigation was opened , and Chaplin was forced to leave the United States and settle in Switzerland . He abandoned the Tramp in his later films , which include Monsieur Verdoux ( 1947 ) , Limelight ( 1952 ) , A King in New York ( 1957 ) , and A Countess from Hong Kong ( 1967 ) .   Chaplin wrote , directed , produced , edited , starred in , and composed the music for most of his films . He was a perfectionist , and his financial independence enabled him to spend years on the development and production of a picture . His films are characterised by slapstick combined with pathos , typified in the Tramp 's struggles against adversity . Many contain social and political themes , as well as autobiographical elements . In 1972 , as part of a renewed appreciation for his work , Chaplin received an Honorary Academy Award for `` the incalculable effect he has had in making motion pictures the art form of this century '' . He continues to be held in high regard , with The Gold Rush , City Lights , Modern Times , and The Great Dictator often ranked on industry lists of the greatest films of all time .

neg: The Freak The Freak was an unfinished dramatic comedy from Charles Chaplin . The story revolved around a young South American girl who unexpectedly sprouts a pair of wings . She is kidnapped and taken to London , where her captors cash in by passing her off as an angel . Later she escapes , only to be arrested because of her appearance . She is further dehumanized by standing trial to determine if she is human at all .   Chaplin began work in and around 1969 with his daughter Victoria in mind for the lead role . However , Victoria 's abrupt marriage and his advanced age proved roadblocks and the film was never made . Chaplin biographer Jeffrey Vance maintains that Chaplin script for The Freak `` borrows many themes , ideas , and even phrases from his three previous films but is nevertheless an original story filled with marvelous Chaplin comedy touches . '' Vance , who interviewed Victoria Chaplin , believes The Freak `` had strong potential for being a very moving -- and fitting -- swan song . '' Chaplin 's memoir , My Life in Pictures ( 1974 ) , describes The Freak as a work still in progress . He also mentioned his intent to make it in an interview on his 85th birthday in 1974 . `` I mean to make it someday '' , Chaplin writes in a caption alongside a photograph of Victoria in winged costume published in My Life in Pictures . No footage from the film is known to exist , though brief color footage of Victoria in wings can be seen in Charlie Chaplin - Les années suisses ( 2003 ) .

neg: Improvisational theatre Improvisational theatre , often called improv or impro , is the form of theatre , often comedy , in which most or all of what is performed is unplanned or unscripted : created spontaneously by the performers . In its purest form , the dialogue , action , story , and characters are created collaboratively by the players as the improvisation unfolds in present time , without use of an already prepared , written script .   Improvisational theatre exists in performance as a range of styles of improvisational comedy as well as some non-comedic theatrical performances . It is sometimes used in film and television , both to develop characters and scripts and occasionally as part of the final product .   Improvisational techniques are often used extensively in drama programs to train actors for stage , film , and television and can be an important part of the rehearsal process . However , the skills and processes of improvisation are also used outside of the context of performing arts . It is used in classrooms as an educational tool and in businesses as a way to develop communication skills , creative problem solving , and supportive team-work abilities that are used by improvisational , ensemble players . It is sometimes used in psychotherapy as a tool to gain insight into a person 's thoughts , feelings , and relationships .

neg: Charlie Manna Charlie Manna ( October 6 , 1920 -- November 9 , 1971 ) was an Italian American standup comedian , active in the 1960s . He was a New York resident , who stated that he came from the Bronx , and who had studied opera for five years before turning to comedy . He first appeared at the Green Mansions resort , in the Adirondacks near the Catskills resort area . He appeared on many theatrical and television variety shows of the era , including the Sunday Night At The London Palladium , The Ed Sullivan Show , The Tonight Show , The Steve Allen Show , Jackie Gleason 's Stage Show , the Jack Paar Show , Perry Como 's Kraft Music Hall and The Garry Moore Show . He performed at local venues like the Radio City Music Hall , the Bon Soir supper club , the Blue Angel , the Copacabana and Montreal 's El Morocco . He appeared in theatrical performances , including Michael Stewart 's Shoestring '57 and Hermione Gingold 's Sticks and Stones .   He was well known for conceptual homor , based on incongruity , such as the routine in which an astronaut balks at being launched until someone finds his box of crayons , containing `` a green , an orange and two blacks '' ; as well using his musical training in a routine , such as `` Alcatraz - the Musical , '' and `` La Bonanza , '' a parody of an opera based on a popular TV Western , which he performed on The Johnny Cash Show .   Veteran comedian Phyllis Diller credited Manna with helping improve her standup routine when she was starting in the business , `` It was at New York 's Bon Soir nightclub during the early sixties that the comic Charlie Manna gave me the greatest advice about how to get on : quickly tell five of your hottest jokes and then run with them . Get the audience laughing for real , do n't make it a phony deal . '' Manna was quoted as saying , `` There are two varieties of comedy : funny and not funny . ''   He recorded two comedy albums in performance at clubs . The first was ' ` Manna Live !! ; the second was Manna Overboard !! '' , ( Decca Records , 1961 ) , produced by Michael Ross , written by Ross and Bruce Howard , recorded at the Village Vanguard , New York .   He died in 1971 from cancer at age 51 .

neg: The Chaplin Revue The Chaplin Revue is a 1959 film comprising three silent films made by Charlie Chaplin . The three shorts included are A Dog 's Life , Shoulder Arms , and The Pilgrim . All three star Chaplin 's trademark character , The Tramp . For the 1959 release , Chaplin added a soundtrack to help appeal to modern audiences . Chaplin also added extra footage including clips from to express the context . He provides a personal introduction to each of the clips .   Current releases of the compilation on DVD also feature other Chaplin films produced with First National , including The Idle Class , Pay Day , A Day 's Pleasure , and Sunnyside , with Chaplin 's 1918 propaganda short The Bond as a special feature . Introductions by David Robinson , and behind-the-scenes footage are also included .

neg: Inherently funny word Certain nonsense words may be inherently funny , according to a 2015 study published in the Journal of Memory and Language . The study 's lead author , Chris Westbury from the University of Alberta , suggests that the inherent humor of certain non-words can be explained by the property of entropy . Entropy , in this case , expresses how usual the letters in the word appear to be : the less commonly they are used , the lower the total entropy and the more funny they are likely to be found . According to Westbury , `` Some non-words are funny , and they 're weird when they are -LSB- ... -RSB- But there 's actually a consistent relationship between how funny they are and how weird they are '' .   The idea that humor can be predicted by a word 's entropy corresponds to the incongruity theory of 19th-century German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer , who posited that humor is a product of one 's expectations being violated . According to Westbury , `` One reason puns are funny is that they violate our expectation that a word has one meaning '' .   The vaudeville lore that words with the letter k are funny is recorded by the playwright Neil Simon in his work The Sunshine Boys . In the play , which is about a pair of aging vaudeville comedians , the character Willie lectures his nephew about funny words :

neg: Arthur Roberts (comedian) Arthur Roberts ( 21 September 1852 -- 27 February 1933 ) was an English comedian , music hall entertainer and actor . He was famous for portraying the pantomime dames and later for his comic characters and `` gagging '' in farces , burlesques and musical comedies . He is credited with coining the word `` spoof '' .

neg: A Woman of the Sea A Woman of the Sea , also known by its working title Sea Gulls , is an unreleased silent film produced in 1926 by the Chaplin Film Company . It is only one of two lost Charlie Chaplin films ( the other being Her Friend the Bandit ) , having been destroyed by Chaplin himself as a tax writeoff .   The now lost film starred Edna Purviance , Raymond Bloomer , Eve Southern and Charles French , and was directed by Josef von Sternberg .

neg: List of comedians A comedian is one who entertains through comedy , such as jokes and other forms of humour . Following is a list of comedians , comedy groups , and comedy writers .

neg: Twentieth Century (film) Twentieth Century is a 1934 American pre-Code screwball comedy film . Much of the film is set on the 20th Century Limited train as it travels from Chicago to New York City . The film was directed by Howard Hawks , stars John Barrymore and Carole Lombard , and features Walter Connolly , Roscoe Karns and Edgar Kennedy . Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur adapted their Broadway play of the same name -- itself based on the unproduced play Napoleon of Broadway by Charles Bruce Millholland -- with uncredited contributions from Gene Fowler and Preston Sturges .   Along with Frank Capra 's It Happened One Night , also released in 1934 ( which amazingly has exactly the same music over the opening titles ) , Twentieth Century is considered to be a prototype for the screwball comedy . `` Howard Hawks ' rapid-fire romantic comedy established the essential ingredients of the screwball -- a dizzy dame , a charming but befuddled hero , dazzling dialogue and a dash of slapstick . '' Its success propelled Lombard into the front ranks of film comediennes . The film was added to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 2011 .

neg: Jim Gerald James Gerald ( 1 January 1891 -- 1971 ) was an Australia comedian , circus clown , acrobat , writer , director and troupe leader and filmmaker . He is generally regarded as one of the four leading post-World War I comedians to work the Australasian variety circuits , the others being Nat Phillips , Roy Rene , and George Wallace .   Born at Darlington , Sydney , Gerald was the seventh son of Stephen Australia Fitzgerald , a tailor turned actor , and his wife Mary Ann , née Ingram . In his youth Jim played truant from school to watch acrobats practising on the sandhills behind Centennial Park , learned to tumble and haunted his uncles ' circus . Three of his brothers also went on the stage using the names ` Max Clifton ' , ` Lance Vane ' and ` Cliff Stevens ' . In 1898 his father apprenticed him to Oscar Pagel 's Circus . He subsequently travelled the world , including South Africa , Africa , the Far East and North America for around ten years .   Back in Australia by 1908 , Gerald found employment with several circuses ; and as ` Diabolo ' was billed as the first man to loop the loop on a motorcycle . In 1910 he and two of his brothers , Lance Vane and Max Clifton , appeared in The Life and Adventures of John Vane , the Notorious Australian Bushranger . That film , also directed by his father , is now viewed as a significant landmark in Australian cinema history , being the first recorded involvement in narrative film production by Charles Cozens Spencer ( a leading figure in the early Australian film industry ) .   Gerald 's `` move into variety entertainment began in 1912 when he toured with his father 's All Stars drama and vaudeville company as both comedian and acrobat . Although he soon afterwards signed with the Fullers ' Theatres vaudeville circuit Gerald was immediately leased to Stanley McKay for his touring pantomime company , and over the next five to six years appeared throughout Australia and New Zealand as a specialist pantomime dame Within a year of joining McKay 's company Gerald married Esther Patience Futcher , a 27-year-old actress known as ` Essie Jennings ' . The ceremony took place on 21 July 1913 at St Peter 's Anglican Church , Wellington , New Zealand , \ . The two latter formed a highly popular knockabout comedy sketch act , appearing in sketches such as the `` The Actress and the Paperhanger '' and `` The new Recruit . ''   Fitzgerald enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force on 5 May 1916 and served in Mesopotamia as a driver with the 1st Australian and New Zealand Wireless Signal Squadron . Discharged on 12 October 1918 , he returned to the Fullers ' circuit and was soon asked by ( Sir ) Benjamin Fuller to write and produce his own revue sketches . He had seen the funny side of soldiering in Mesopotamia and his act , ` The New Recruit ' , remained popular for years . Unlike his contemporaries Roy Rene and George Wallace , Gerald was ` unashamedly international ' in his work . Almost every Christmas he played the dame in pantomimes . He made some thirty silent films in the United States of America in 1928 , and was influenced by Charlie Chaplin whom he greatly admired .   When the Fullers folded in 1933 , Gerald continued to play six-month seasons in Sydney and Melbourne under various managements . In 1935-36 he appeared in several revues at the Garrick Theatre , London , including Do n't Spare the Horses . Returning to Sydney , in May 1936 he featured in Shout for Joy . One critic wrote that he ` can not particularly sing nor does he know much about dancing , but he is undoubtedly a master of patter , of quick , well-timed delivery and retort ' . Gerald signed a contract with the Australian Broadcasting Commission in February 1939 ; he starred in ` Jim and Jitters ' with Jim Davidson 's A.B.C. Dance Band and conducted the Saturday ` After-Dinner Show ' . Next year he formed his own radio-production company .   On 10 April 1941 Gerald was appointed honorary lieutenant colonel in the A.I.F. Placed in charge of the Entertainment Unit , he embarked for the Middle East on 1 September in the Queen Elizabeth . A shrewd organizer and an experienced producer , he gathered Davidson and his band , comedians , singers , jugglers , acrobats and trick cyclists , as well as backstage technicians , ` among them costume designers , seamstresses and electricians ' . At his headquarters at Tel Aviv , Palestine , he recruited a female chorus line . The first performance at Gaza of All in Fun was ` received with rapturous applause ' .   Home again in October 1942 , Gerald transferred to the retired list on 31 December . He joined the Tivoli circuit and appeared in the revue , Stripped for Action ( 1943 ) . In 1951 he played the happy roué in Ladies ' Night in a Turkish Bath . He shared top billing with Wallace in Thanks for the Memory , at the Princess Theatre , Melbourne , in 1953 and toured for three years in that revue . He was ` as uproariously funny as ever though not as spry ' in The Good Old Days ( Sydney , 1957 ) . Next year he retired to St Kilda , Melbourne . Gerald enjoyed watching any kind of sport , but his passion was for motoring : he owned a succession of cars which he drove across America , through Europe , the Middle East and Britain , and all over Australia . After Essie 's death in 1969 , he moved into a home at Rosebud . He died there on 2 March 1971 and was cremated . ` Jim Gerald was probably best remembered for his versatility -- as a big-eared oaf in baggy pants and shapeless hat , as a seemingly rubber-boned and pathetically droll clown and as Australia 's greatest pantomime dame . '

neg: Charles Reisner Charles `` Chuck '' Reisner ( 14 March 1887 -- 24 September 1962 ) was an American film director and actor of the 1920s and 1930s .   The German American directed over 60 films between 1920 and 1950 and acted in over 20 films between 1916 and 1929 . He starred alongside Charlie Chaplin in A Dog 's Life in 1918 and The Kid in 1921 .   In 1930 , he directed Chasing Rainbows , a musical which starred Bessie Love and Charles King . He directed The Big Store ( 1941 ) , the Marx Brothers ' last film for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer .   He died of a heart attack in La Jolla , California in 1962 .

neg: Why Men Work Why Men Work is a 1924 short comedy film featuring Charley Chase , directed by Leo McCarey The Los Angeles Times described it as `` the adventures of an amateur news-reel photographer when he attempts to take some pictures of a visiting governor '' .

neg: Ben Chaplin Ben Chaplin ( born Benedict John Greenwood ; 31 July 1969 ) is an English actor .

neg: Children KinoFest Children KinoFest ( Ukrainian : Чілдрен Кінофест ) is an annual international film festival for children and teenagers , founded in Kiev , Ukraine in 2014 . The festival takes place at the end of May , and is held in various Ukrainian cities . This national event , held throughout the country ( 18 cities in Ukraine ) cultivates an appreciation film and an introduction to the filmmaking industry to the young public . Owlet Charlie is a logo , mascot and symbol of Children KinoFest . This character is based on the picture , created by 7-year-old Artem Rassadnikov from Donetsk . Charlie is named after the great Charlie Chaplin , who attended 125 years in 2014 . The event has recently partnered with Odessa International Film Festival , also based in Ukraine .

neg: The Atkinson People The Atkinson People is a 1979 BBC radio comedy series . The series , which was first broadcast sporadically in 1979 by the BBC 's arts radio station Radio 3 , features a satirical profile of a fictional famous person each week .   It is notable as being the first radio or television programme to star comedian and actor Rowan Atkinson . The programme was co-written by Atkinson and Richard Curtis and produced by future Not the Nine O'Clock News co-star Griff Rhys Jones , then a BBC Radio Comedy producer . In most cases , Atkinson played the lead characters , with other voices provided by Hugh Thomas and Peter Wilson . Following the precedent set by The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , the series was also an early adopter of stereophonic sound ; it was recorded in 1978 , and broadcast in 1979 . The series has been repeated on BBC Radio 7 and its successor BBC Radio 4 Extra , and was picked by Armando Iannucci during his stint as `` comedy controller '' .

neg: A Night Out A Night Out may refer to :   A Night Out ( film ) , a 1915 film starring Charlie Chaplin and Edna Purviance  A Night Out ( play ) , a play by Harold Pinter  A Night Out , a 1916 film starring May Robson  A Night Out ( musical ) ( 1920 ) ; book by Arthur Miller and George Grossmith , Jr. , music by Willie Redstone and lyrics by Clifford Grey

neg: Seven dirty words The seven dirty words are seven English-language words that American comedian George Carlin first listed in 1972 in his monologue `` Seven Words You Can Never Say on Television '' . The words are : shit , piss , fuck , cunt , cocksucker , motherfucker , and tits .   At the time , the words were considered highly inappropriate and unsuitable for broadcast on the public airwaves in the United States , whether radio or television . As such , they were avoided in scripted material , and bleep censored in the rare cases in which they were used ; broadcast standards differ in different parts of the world , then and now , although most of the words on Carlin 's original list remain taboo on American broadcast television . The list was not an official enumeration of forbidden words , but rather was compiled by Carlin . Nonetheless , a radio broadcast featuring these words led to a U.S. Supreme Court decision that helped establish the extent to which the federal government could regulate speech on broadcast television and radio in the United States .

neg: Limelight (1952 film) Limelight is a 1952 comedy-drama film written , produced , and directed by Charlie Chaplin . Unlike his earlier films , the score was composed by Chaplin and arranged by Ray Rasch , marking this as the first film that he did not musically arrange .   The film stars Chaplin as a washed-up comedian who saves a suicidal dancer from killing herself , played by Claire Bloom , and both try to get through life ; additional roles are provided by Nigel Bruce , Sydney Chaplin as Sydney Earl Chaplin , Wheeler Dryden , and Norman Lloyd with an appearance from Buster Keaton . In dance scenes , Bloom is doubled by Melissa Hayden .   Upon the film 's release , critics ' reception was divided ; it was heavily boycotted in the United States , and commercially failed . However , the film was re-released the United States in 1972 which included its first screening in Los Angeles . This allowed the decades-old film to be in contention for the 45th Academy Awards where Chaplin won his only competitive Academy Award . Today , the film is sometimes regarded as one of Chaplin 's best and most personal works , and has since attained a cult following .

neg: His Trysting Place His Trysting Place is a short 1914 film written and directed by Charles Chaplin and starring Chaplin and Mabel Normand .

neg: Humour Humour ( British English ) or humor ( American English ; see spelling differences ) is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement . The term derives from the humoral medicine of the ancient Greeks , which taught that the balance of fluids in the human body , known as humours ( Latin : humor , `` body fluid '' ) , controlled human health and emotion .   People of all ages and cultures respond to humour . Most people are able to experience humour -- be amused , smile or laugh at something funny -- and thus are considered to have a sense of humour . The hypothetical person lacking a sense of humour would likely find the behaviour inducing it to be inexplicable , strange , or even irrational . Though ultimately decided by personal taste , the extent to which a person finds something humorous depends on a host of variables , including geographical location , culture , maturity , level of education , intelligence and context . For example , young children may favour slapstick such as Punch and Judy puppet shows or the Tom and Jerry cartoons , whose physical nature makes it accessible to them . By contrast , more sophisticated forms of humour such as satire require an understanding of its social meaning and context , and thus tend to appeal to a more mature audience .