query: Uzbekistan is a part of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

pos: Uzbekistan Uzbekistan ( -LSB- ʊzˈbɛkᵻˌstæn , _ - ˌstɑːn -RSB- , -LSB- ʊzˌbɛkᵻˈstɑːn , _ ʌz - , _ - ˈstæn -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi , Ўзбекистон Республикаси Республика Узбекистан ) , is one of only two doubly landlocked countries in the world . Located in Central Asia , it is a unitary , constitutional , presidential republic , comprising twelve provinces , one autonomous republic and a capital city . Uzbekistan is bordered by five landlocked countries : Kazakhstan to the north ; Tajikistan to the southeast ; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast ; Afghanistan to the south ; and Turkmenistan to the southwest .   Once part of the Turkic Khaganate and later Timurid Empires , the region that today includes the Republic of Uzbekistan was conquered in the early 16th century by Eastern Turkic-speaking nomads . The area was gradually incorporated into the Russian Empire during the 19th century , and in 1924 what is now Uzbekistan became a bordered constituent republic of the Soviet Union , known as the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic ( Uzbek SSR ) . Following the breakup of the Soviet Union , it declared independence as the Republic of Uzbekistan on 31 August 1991 ( officially celebrated the following day ) .   Uzbekistan is officially a democratic , secular , unitary , constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage . The country 's official language is Uzbek , a Turkic language written in the Latin alphabet and spoken natively by approximately 85 % of the population ; however , Russian remains in widespread use . Uzbeks constitute 81 % of the population , followed by Russians ( 5.4 % ) , Tajiks ( 4.0 % ) , Kazakhs ( 3.0 % ) , and others ( 6.5 % ) . A majority of Uzbeks are non-denominational Muslims . Uzbekistan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) , Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) , UN , and the SCO . While officially a democratic republic , non-governmental human rights organizations define Uzbekistan as `` an authoritarian state with limited civil rights '' .   Uzbekistan 's economy relies mainly on commodity production , including cotton , gold , uranium , and natural gas . Despite the declared objective of transition to a market economy , its government continues to maintain economic controls which imports in favour of domestic `` import substitution '' .

neg: Government of Russia The Government of the Russia ( exercises executive power in the Russian Federation . The members of the government are the Prime Minister , the deputy prime ministers , and the federal ministers . It has its legal basis in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the federal constitutional law `` On the Government the Russian Federation '' .   According to the 1991 amendment to the 1978 Russian Constitution , the President of Russia was the head of the executive branch and headed the Council of Ministers of Russia . According to the current 1993 Constitution of Russia , the President is not a part of the Government of Russia , which exercises executive power . But , the President does appoint the Prime Minister . The Chapter 6 of the Constitution of Russia says , that `` The Government of the Russian Federation consists of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation ( Prime Minister ) , Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministries '' .

neg: Ukrainians in Siberia Siberian Ukrainians ( Сибирские Украинцы , `` Sibirskye Ukraintsy '' ) , ( Сибірські Українці , `` Sybirsʹki Ukrayintsy '' ) form a national minority in Siberia and the Russian Far East , but make up the majority in some cities there . Siberian Ukrainians , one of the largest and historically important constituent parts of the Ukrainian diaspora , represent one of the first Ukrainian diasporas .

neg: Tashkent Tashkent ( -LSB- ˌtæʃˈkɛnt -RSB- Toshkent , Тошкент , تاشكېنت , -LSB- tɒʃˈkent -RSB- Ташкент , -LSB- tɐʂˈkʲɛnt -RSB- literally `` Stone City '' ) is the capital and largest city of Uzbekistan . The officially registered population of the city in 2012 was about 2,309,300 .   Due to its position in Central Asia , Tashkent came under Sogdian and Turkic influence early in its history , before Islam in the 8th century AD . After its destruction by Genghis Khan in 1219 , the city was rebuilt and profited from the Silk Road . In 1865 it was conquered by the Russian Empire , and in Soviet times witnessed major growth and demographic changes due to forced deportations from throughout the Soviet Union . Today , as the capital of an independent Uzbekistan , Tashkent retains a multi-ethnic population with ethnic Uzbeks as the majority .

neg: Political status of Crimea The status of Crimea is the subject of a political and territorial dispute between Ukraine and Russia . While Russia occupied the territory in 2014 and claimed it had ` fully integrated ' it by July 2015 , and continues to administer it as two federal subjects of Russia , while Ukraine and the majority of international governments ( with a few exceptions ) continue to regard Crimea as an integral part of Ukraine .   The dispute came into being after the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol against Ukrainian laws merged as a single united state under the name of Republic of Crimea and then , following a snap disputed referendum on joining Russia ( that official results showed backed the proposal ) , unilaterally declared their independence from Ukraine while the region was under military occupation by Russia itself . This state was then annexed by Russia , where it became a self-proclaimed federal district , whereas the Autonomous Republic became the `` Republic of Crimea '' as a Russian republic and Sevastopol became a Russian federal city . However , Ukraine and the majority of the international community do not consider the merge , the independence , the referendum , nor the annexation legitimate and still consider both entities as divisions of Ukraine . Despite international opinion however , the currency , tax and legal system are all operational under Russian jurisdiction . Ukraine has there applied for multiple litigations through international crime , water resources , the European Union and other courts .   In 1920 , immediately after the RSFSR recognized the independence of the Ukrainian SSR ( The `` Workers ' and Peasants Union Treaty between the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ) and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic '' signed 28 December 1920 ) , the responsibility for all Crimean administration was reassigned directly to the Kremlin . In 1994 Russia signed the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances , which states that it would `` Respect Belarusian , Kazakh and Ukrainian independence and sovereignty and the existing borders '' . A detailed status of Crimea at that time was not described nor mentioned in the Budapest Memorandum , nor was a map of the existing borders of Ukraine included in the Memorandum .

neg: Uzbekistan Rugby Federation The Uzbekistan Rugby Federation ( O'zbekiston Regbi Federatsiyasi ) is the governing body for rugby union in Uzbekistan . The Rugby Federation of Uzbekistan was established in 2002 , becoming a full member of ARFU ( Asian Rugby Football Union ) and full member of World Rugby ( then called IRB ) .   The Rugby 7 's National Championship of Uzbekistan is regularly held among men 's and women 's teams . From 2011 for the first time in 20 years a regular 15-a-side Rugby National Championship was started , for men 's teams , which involved six teams :   Tashkent Lions  Qanot Rugby club  National University of Uzbekistan  Aviator  Yangiyer  Shifokor ( Medical University )   In 2012 the men 's national team participated in an international rugby sevens tournament in Lahore ( Pakistan ) , among the strongest teams in Asia , as well as invited teams from Ireland and New Zealand . The team came third , losing only to New Zealand and Ireland .   The women 's national team was a bronze medallist at Rugby-15 championship in 2008   With Rugby 7s announced as an Olympic discipline from 2016 , the URF is confidently focused on getting a licence to have a women 's team participate in the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro .   The men 's team participates in the annual `` Asia Rugby Championship '' ( formerly the `` Asian Five Nations '' tournament ) . In 2015 , the team competes in Division III South-Central .   In the 2013 Championship , four teams participated :   West Tigers ( Westminster International University in Tashkent )  National University of Uzbekistan  Aviator  Yangiyer

neg: CIS at the Hopman Cup The Commonwealth of Independent States ( or CIS ) is a regional organisation formed of former Soviet states that competed at the Hopman Cup in 1992 . It reached the quarterfinal stage of the tournament .   Since 1992 , four of the independent states which form the CIS have competed in the Hopman Cup individually . These are : Kazakhstan , Russia , Ukraine and Uzbekistan . Prior to 1992 , they all competed as the Soviet Union .

neg: List of World Heritage Sites in Northern and Central Asia The UNESCO ( United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ) has designated 19 World Heritage Sites in six countries ( also called `` state parties '' ) of Central and North Asia : Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan and the Asian part of Russia . The European part of Russia is included in Eastern Europe .   Russia is home to the most inscribed sites with 7 sites , one of which is a transborder property shared with Mongolia in Eastern Asia . The first site from the region was the Itchan Kala in Uzbekistan inscribed in 1990 . Each year , UNESCO 's World Heritage Committee may inscribe new sites on the list , or delist sites that no longer meet the criteria . Selection is based on ten criteria : six for cultural heritage ( i -- vi ) and four for natural heritage ( vii -- x ) . Some sites , designated `` mixed sites , '' represent both cultural and natural heritage . In Northern and Central Asia , there are 11 cultural , 8 natural , and no mixed sites . All of the Russian sites ( 7 ) are natural and with the exception of Sayarka , all of the sites in Central Asia are cultural .   The World Heritage Committee may also specify that a site is endangered , citing `` conditions which threaten the very characteristics for which a property was inscribed on the World Heritage List . '' None of the sites in this region has ever been listed as endangered , but possible danger listing has been considered by UNESCO in a number of cases .

neg: Uzbeks in Russia Uzbeks represent a large diaspora in Russia numbering 1.9 million ( January 2016 ) . Most Uzbeks living in Russia are seasonal migrant workers . Most of them have come after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Due to racial and cultural differences , they are one of the most discriminated against minorities in Russia , and hence rarely settle outside of the Russian capital Moscow .

neg: Kazakhstan at the Hopman Cup Kazakhstan is a nation that has competed at two Hopman Cup tournaments and first competed in the 22nd Hopman Cup in 2010 . Its best result to date is finishing second in their group in 2010 .   Before its dissolution , Kazakhstan used to form part of the Soviet Union which also competed at the Hopman Cup on two occasions in the early 1990s . Additionally , Kazakhstan is a member of the CIS which entered a team into the 1992 event .   Kazakhstan also participated a number of times in the now defunct Asian Hopman Cup , a qualifying tournament which ran from 2006 until 2009 and granted the winners entry into the Hopman Cup the following year . In 2008 and 2009 Kazakhstan hosted the event in Astana finishing as the runners-up to Chinese Taipei in 2008 and winning in 2009 to grant them access to the main tournament in Australia for the first time .

neg: Country of Particular Concern Country of Particular Concern ( CPC ) is a designation by the United States Secretary of State ( under authority delegated by the President ) of a nation guilty of particularly severe violations of religious freedom under the International Religious Freedom Act ( IRFA ) of 1998 ( H.R. 2431 ) and its amendment of 1999 ( Public Law 106-55 ) . The term `` particularly severe violations of religious freedom '' means systematic , ongoing , egregious violations of religious freedom , including violations such as :   a ) Torture or cruel , inhuman , or degrading treatment or punishment ;  b ) Prolonged detention without charges ;  c ) Causing the disappearance of persons by the abduction or clandestine detention of those persons ; or  d ) Other flagrant denials of the right to life , liberty , or the security of persons . Nations so designated are subject to further actions , including economic sanctions , by the United States .   Issuing recommendations as to countries it believes should be designated as countries of particular concern for their religious liberty violations is the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom , a separate agency created by IRFA ( along with the U.S. Department of State 's Office of International Religious Freedom ) to monitor the state of religious freedom around the world . Both entities provide policy recommendations to the president , the secretary of state and US Congress . Its recommendations are not always followed by the Secretary of State .   The latest report from February 29 , 2016 , designated each of the following nations as a CPC :   Each of these states was included on the previous year 's report except Tajikistan .

neg: Governor (Russia) The highest official of the subject of the Russian Federation or the holder of the highest office of subject of the Russian Federation or the head of the highest executive body of state power of the subject of the Russian Federation , colloquially and collectively referred to as the title governor ( губернатор - gubernator ) or head of region ( глава региона - glava regiona ) , is the head and the chief executive of each the federal subjects of Russia , not directly subordinate to the federal authorities , but the political and ceremonial head of the federal subject , all of which are equal constituent entities of Russia .   The office is defined by the Constitution of Russia and Chapters 1 , 3 and 4 of Russia 's Federal Law No. 184-FZ `` On the General Principles of the Organization Of the Legislative ( Representative ) and Executive Organs Of State Power of the Subjects of the Russian Federation '' which came into force in 1999 . According to the current revision of the Russian Constitution , the Russian Federation consists of 85 federal subjects therefore there are 85 offices of head of region in Russia ( see List of current heads of federal subjects of Russia ) .   The certain title of office is defined by the federal subject 's Constitution or Charter . The names include : governor , president ( президент - president ) , head of administration ( глава администрации - glava administratsii ) , head of republic ( глава республики - glava respubliki ) , mayor ( мэр - mer ) , non-officially and collectively referred to as governors for short . The official title governor is most used in Russia and traditionally it is used in Oblasts of Russia . Presidents of Russia 's republics , mayor of Moscow and mayor of St. Petersburg are also governors in this sense .   A head of the subject in Russia is said to serve a administration or executive office , colloquially referred to as gubernatorial administration .

neg: Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic Tajikistan ( -LSB- tɑːˈdʒiːkᵻstɑːn -RSB- , -LSB- təˈdʒiːkᵻstæn -RSB- , or -LSB- tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn -RSB- Тоҷикистон , Таджикистан , -LSB- tɔd͡ʒikɪsˈtɔn -RSB- ) ; officially the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic ( Tajik SSR ; Республикаи Советии Социалистии Тоҷикистон , Respublikaji Sovetiji Sotsialistiji Toçikiston ; Таджикская Советская Социалистическая Республика , Tadzhikskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika ) and the Republic of Tajikistan ( Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон , Çumhuriji Toçikiston ; Республика Таджикистан , Respublika Tadzhikistan ) , also commonly known as Soviet Tajikistan was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union existed from 1929 to 1991 located in Central Asia as an landlocked state .   The Tajik Republic was created on 5 December 1929 as a national entity for the Tajik people within the Soviet Union . It succeeded the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ( Tajik ASSR ) , which had been created on 14 October 1924 as a part of the predominantly Turkic Uzbek SSR in the process of national delimitation in Soviet Central Asia . On 24 August 1990 , the Tajik SSR declared sovereignty in its borders . The republic was renamed to the Republic of Tajikistan on 31 August 1991 and declared its independence from the Soviet Union on 9 September 1991 .   Geographically , at 143100 km2 , it was bordered by Afghanistan to the south , Uzbekistan to the west , Kirghizia to the north , and China to the east . Pakistan was to the south , separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor .

neg: Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine The Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine was adopted on July 16 , 1990 by the recently elected parliament of Ukrainian SSR by a vote of 355 for and four against .   The document decreed that Ukrainian SSR laws took over the laws of the USSR , and declared that the Ukrainian SSR would maintain its own army and its own national bank with the power to introduce its own currency . The declaration also proclaimed that the republic would be `` a permanently neutral state that does not participate in military blocs , '' and that it would not accept , nor produce and nor procure nuclear weapons .   Shortly before Ukraine had done it other Soviet republics had also proclaimed their sovereignty ; these being Moldavia , Russia and Uzbekistan .   The Declaration established the principles of Self-Determination of the Ukrainian Nation , Rule of the People , State Power , Citizenship of the Ukrainian SSR , Territorial Supremacy , Economic Independence , Environmental Safety , Cultural Development , External and Internal Security , and International Relations .   Also on July 16 , 1990 parliament by a vote of 339 for and five against proclaimed July 16 a national holiday in Ukraine . And it created Ukrainian SSR citizenship while guaranteeing citizens the right to retain USSR citizenship , approving this by a vote of 296 for and 26 against .

neg: Post-Soviet transition in Ukraine The post-Soviet transition in Ukraine was established following the country 's independence in 1991 up until the adoption of its constitution in 1996 .

neg: Hero of Uzbekistan Hero of Uzbekistan ( Ўзбекистон қаҳрамони , Oʻzbekiston qahramoni ) is the highest national award in the Republic of Uzbekistan . It is awarded to citizens of Uzbekistan and non-citizens for merit to the country . The title `` Hero of Uzbekistan '' and the medal that comes with it , Oltin Yulduz ( `` Gold Star '' ) are awarded by the President of Uzbekistan . The parliament of Uzbekistan first created the law establishing the award on 5 May 1994 , and since then more than 50 people have received it .

neg: Soviet Central Asia Soviet Central Asia refers to the section of Central Asia formerly controlled by the Soviet Union , as well as the time period of Soviet administration ( 1918 -- 1991 ) . Central Asian SSRs declared independence in 1991 . In terms of area , it is nearly synonymous with Russian Turkestan , the name for the region during the Russian Empire . Soviet Central Asia went through many territorial divisions before the current borders were created in the 1920s and 1930s .

neg: National Bank of Uzbekistan National Bank of Uzbekistan ( NBU ) is an Uzbekistan bank established by the Uzbekistani government and is the largest investment institutions in the country . Its primary mission is to service foreign trade operations , to increase the export potential of the republic and attract foreign investments .   NBU combines the functions of project finance , universal commercial banking , investment and savings banks and is instrumental in the development of a market-oriented economy in Uzbekistan . It was the first bank in Uzbekistan to adopt International Financial Reporting Standards ( IAS ) . It has a network of 96 offices giving it a nationwide presence catering to both corporate and retail clients and is ranked 862 in The Banker 's Top 1000 world 's largest banks .   NBU has a subsidiary in Moscow called Asia-Invest Bank , which is one of the Top 200 Russian banks . The bank has relationships with 560 correspondent banks .

neg: Russian Argentines Russian Argentines are people from Russia living in Argentina , and their Argentine-born descendants . There are about 170,000 people of Russian descent living in Argentina , mostly in Buenos Aires and Greater Buenos Aires .   Most Russian immigrants arrived in Argentina between 1880 and 1921 , while a smaller number arrived in the 1990s .  Russian movement into Argentina can be divided into five waves of immigration , the last three consisting of actual ethnic Russians , while the first one consists of immigrants categorized as `` Russian '' due to their origin in the Russian Empire even though a substantial number were not in fact ethnic Russians ( but included substantial numbers of Volga Germans and Jews ) .

neg: Eurasian Home `` Eurasian Home '' analytical and information resource is an open forum for dialogue and reflection , bringing together experts , politicians and journalists from the New Independent States , Russia , European Union , Asia and America . The website is first of all a platform where representatives of different countries can freely discuss issues concerning global and regional integration in Eurasia .  Among priority topics of the website are political and economic processes in Eurasia and America ; integration concepts and strategies in the world ; integration between the countries of the former Soviet Union ; the search for models of effective economic integration ; economic and political interaction between the countries of the CIS as well as with the rest of the world ( EU , United States etc. ) .   The Eurasian Home website was launched in 2004 by the Russian non-profit Eurasia Heritage Foundation .

neg: Mahalla (Uzbeks) A mahalla is an urban division in Uzbek communities which today exist in Uzbekistan , Kyrgyzstan , and Tajikistan . Historically , mahallas were autonomous social institutions built around familial ties and Islamic rituals . Before the establishment of the Soviet rule in Uzbekistan , Mahallas fulfilled local self-government functions connecting private sphere with public sphere . Religious rituals , life-cycle crisis ceremonies , resource management , conflict resolution , and many other community activities were performed at mahalla , or ( neighbourhood ) level . An informal council of elders ( oqsoqol , or aksakal ) provided leadership .   After the establishment of the Soviet Union , informal mahalla organizations were placed under the state control and served as local extensions of the Soviet government . Mahallas were thought to be `` eyes '' and `` ears '' of the Soviet government ; mahalla became a control mechanism of the state and the mahalla leaders were appointed by the government . However , mahalla level state-society relationships were more complex as mahalla leaders could serve as henchmen while also acting as buffers between the local community and the state . Due to intimate , face-to face relationships dominant at mahalla , mahalla organizations could shield the community from the incursions of the state .   Since 1993 , Uzbek government reorganized mahalla councils as bearers of `` Uzbek nationhood '' and `` morality , '' effectively reproducing Soviet style state domination over the society . Thus , they are formal structures run by committees ( headed by chairs called `` oqsoqols '' ) and regulated by the government . Human rights groups have accused Islam Karimov 's government of using mahallas to control the population , repress dissent , force resettlement , and persecute religious minorities .   Mahalla is a common unit not only in Uzbekistan , but in Tajikistani cities like Khujand and Kyrgyzstani cities like Osh .


query: Charles, Prince of Wales is patron of numerous other organizations.

pos: Charles, Prince of Wales Charles , Prince of Wales ( Charles Philip Arthur George ; born 14 November 1948 ) is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II . Known alternatively in South West England as Duke of Cornwall and in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay , he is the longest-serving heir apparent in British history , having held the position since 1952 . He is also the oldest person to be next in line to the throne since Sophia of Hanover ( the heir presumptive to Queen Anne ) , who died in 1714 at the age of 83 .   Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth . He was educated at Cheam and Gordonstoun Schools , which his father , Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , had attended as a child , as well as the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria , Australia . After earning a bachelor of arts degree from Trinity College , Cambridge , Charles served in the Royal Navy from 1971 to 1976 .   In 1981 , he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons : Prince William ( born 1982 ) later to become Duke of Cambridge , and Prince Harry ( born 1984 ) . In 1996 , the couple divorced , following well-publicised extramarital affairs . Diana died in a car crash in Paris the following year . In 2005 , Charles married Camilla Parker Bowles .   Charles 's interests encompass a range of humanitarian and social issues : he founded The Prince 's Trust in 1976 , sponsors The Prince 's Charities , and is patron of numerous other charitable and arts organisations . Charles has long championed organic farming for which he established the Duchy Home Farm , run by the Duchy of Cornwall , which produces ingredients for the Duchy Originals brand which he founded in 1990 . Charles has sought to raise world awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment , such as climate change . As an environmentalist , he has received numerous awards and recognition from environmental groups around the world . His support for alternative medicine , including homeopathy , has been criticised by some in the medical community . He has been outspoken on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings . Subsequently , Charles created Poundbury , an experimental new town based on his theories , in Dorset in 1993 . He has authored a number of books , including A Vision of Britain : A Personal View of Architecture in 1989 and the children 's book The Old Man of Lochnagar in 1980 .

neg: Crown dependencies The Crown dependencies are the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea , and the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel . They are independently administered jurisdictions , and do not form part of either the United Kingdom or the British Overseas Territories . They are self-governing possessions of the Crown ( defined uniquely in each jurisdiction ) . Internationally , the dependencies are considered `` territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible '' , rather than sovereign states . As a result , they are not member states of the Commonwealth of Nations . However , they do have relationships with the Commonwealth , the European Union , and other international organisations , and are members of the British -- Irish Council . They have their own teams in the Commonwealth Games . They are not part of the European Union ( EU ) , although they are within the EU 's customs area .   As the Crown dependencies are not sovereign states , the power to pass legislation affecting the islands ultimately rests with the government of the United Kingdom . However they each have their own legislative assemblies , with the power to legislate on many local matters with the assent of the Crown ( Privy Council , or in the case of the Isle of Man in certain circumstances the Lieutenant-Governor ) . In each case , the head of government is referred to as the Chief Minister .

neg: Diplomatic corps The diplomatic corps or corps diplomatique is the collective body of foreign diplomats accredited to a particular country or body .   The diplomatic corps may , in certain contexts , refer to the collection of accredited heads of mission ( ambassadors , high commissioners , and others ) who represent their countries in another state or country . As a body , they usually only assemble to attend state functions like a coronation , inauguration , national day or State Opening of Parliament , depending on local custom . They may also assemble in the royal or presidential palace to give their own head of state 's New Year greeting to the head of state of the country in which they are based .   The term is sometimes confused with the collective body of diplomats from a particular country -- the proper term for which is diplomatic service . The diplomatic corps is not always given any formal recognition by its host country , but can be referenced by official orders of precedence .   In many countries , and especially in Africa , the heads and the foreign members of the country offices of major international organizations ( United Nations agencies , the European Union , the International Committee of the Red Cross , agencies of the African Union , etc. ) are considered members -- and granted the rights and privileges -- of the diplomatic corps .   Diplomatic vehicles in most countries have distinctive diplomatic license plates , often with the prefix or suffix CD , the abbreviation for the French corps diplomatique .

neg: List of New Zealand organisations with royal patronage This is a list of New Zealand organisations with designated royal status .   Corps of Royal New Zealand Engineers  Corps of Royal New Zealand Military Police  Royal Aeronautical Society ( New Zealand Division )  Royal Agricultural Society of New Zealand  Royal Akarana Yacht Club  Royal Arcadian Yacht Club  Royal Astronomical Society of New Zealand  Royal Auckland Golf Club  Royal Australasian College of Physicians  Royal Australasian College of Surgeons  Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists  Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists  Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists  Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists  Royal Christchurch Musical Society  Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia  Royal Dunedin Male Choir  Royal East Auckland Curry Club  Royal Federation of New Zealand Justices ' Associations  Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand  Royal Humane Society of New Zealand  Royal New Zealand Aero Club  Royal New Zealand Air Force  Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum  Royal New Zealand Armoured Corps  Royal New Zealand Army Dental Corps  Royal New Zealand Army Logistic Regiment  Royal New Zealand Army Medical Corps  Royal New Zealand Army Nursing Corps  Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps  Royal New Zealand Ballet  Royal New Zealand Coastguard Federation  Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners  Royal New Zealand Corps of Signals  Royal New Zealand Corps of Transport  Royal New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists  Royal New Zealand Curry Club  Royal New Zealand Electrical and Mechanical Engineers  Royal New Zealand Fencible Corps  Royal New Zealand Foundation of the Blind  Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment  Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture  Royal New Zealand Naval Volunteer Reserve  Royal New Zealand Navy  Royal New Zealand Pipe Bands ' Association  Royal New Zealand Plunket Society  Royal New Zealand Police College  Royal New Zealand Returned and Services ' Association  Royal New Zealand Show  Royal New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals  Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron  Royal New Zealand Well Digger 's Association  Royal New Zealand Women 's Army Corps  Royal Numismatic Society of New Zealand  Royal Philatelic Society of New Zealand  Royal Port Nicholson Yacht Club  Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery  Royal School of Church Music New Zealand  Royal Scottish Country Dance Society New Zealand Branch  Royal Society of New Zealand  Royal Wanganui Opera House  Royal Wellington Golf Club

neg: Prince Charles (disambiguation) Prince Charles ( born 1948 ) is the current heir-apparent to the British throne .   Prince Charles may also refer to :

neg: Youth organisations in the United Kingdom There are many national organisations in the United Kingdom that have been established to provide services to people under the age of 18 .

neg: Crown Estate The Crown Estate is a collection of lands and holdings in the United Kingdom belonging to the British monarch as a corporation sole , making it the `` Sovereign 's public estate '' , which is neither government property nor part of the monarch 's private estate . As a result of this arrangement , the sovereign is not involved with the management or administration of the estate , exercising only very limited control of its affairs . Instead , the estate 's extensive portfolio is overseen by a semi-independent , incorporated public body headed by the Crown Estate Commissioners , who exercise `` the powers of ownership '' of the estate , although they are not `` owners in their own right '' . The revenues from these hereditary possessions have been placed by the monarch at the disposition of Her Majesty 's Government and thus proceed directly to Her Majesty 's Treasury for the benefit of the British nation . The Crown Estate is formally accountable to the Parliament of the United Kingdom , where it is legally mandated to make an annual report to the sovereign , a copy of which is forwarded to the House of Commons .   The Crown Estate is one of the largest property managers in the United Kingdom , overseeing property worth # 12 billion , with urban properties valued at # 9.1 billion representing the majority of the estate by value . These include a large number of properties in central London , but the estate also controls 792000 ha of agricultural land and forest , more than half of the UK 's foreshore , and retains various other traditional holdings and rights , including Ascot Racecourse and Windsor Great Park . Naturally occurring gold and silver in the UK , collectively known as `` Mines Royal '' , are managed by The Crown Estate and leased to mining operators .   Historically , Crown Estate properties were administered by the reigning monarch to help fund the business of governing the country . However , in 1760 , George III surrendered control over the Estate 's revenues to the treasury , thus relieving him of the responsibility of personally paying for the costs of the civil service , defence costs , the national debt , and his own personal debts . In return , he received an annual grant known as the Civil list . By tradition , each subsequent monarch agreed to this arrangement upon his or her accession . However , from 1 April 2012 , under the terms of the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 ( SSG ) , the Civil List was abolished and the monarch was thenceforth provided with a stable source of revenue indexed to a percentage of the Crown Estate 's annual net revenue ( currently set at 15 % ) . This was intended to provide a long-term solution and remove the politically sensitive issue of Parliament having to debate the Civil List allowance every ten years . Subsequently , the Sovereign Grant Act allows for all future monarchs to simply extend these provisions for their reigns by Order in Council . The act does not imply any legal change on the nature of the estate 's ownership , but is simply a benchmark by which the sovereign grant is set as a grant by Parliament .

neg: Charles III of England There has not been an English , Scottish nor British king with the title Charles III , but it is sometimes used to refer to :  Charles Edward Stuart ( 1720 -- 1788 ) , Jacobite pretender to the throne  Charles , Prince of Wales ( born 1948 ) , heir apparent to the throne of the United Kingdom

neg: Harold Caccia, Baron Caccia Harold Anthony Caccia , Baron Caccia ( 21 December 1905 Pachmarhi , India -- 31 October 1990 Builth Wells , Wales ) was a British diplomat .   He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College , Oxford and won a Blue at rugby union , playing at centre for Oxford in The Varsity Match in 1926 . He played cricket for Oxfordshire in the Minor Counties Championship between 1928 and 1938 . In 1932 he married Anne Catherine Barstow , daughter of George Lewis Barstow and Enid Lillian Lawrence .   Caccia entered the diplomatic service in 1929 and was posted to Peking ( Beijing ) and then to Athens and London where , in 1936 , he became assistant private secretary to Anthony Eden . He was back in Athens early in World War II , but was then attached to the staff of Harold Macmillan , Britain 's representative at Allied headquarters in North Africa . The Greek civil war once again saw him in that country , and by 1945 his services earned him recognition on the Birthday Honours List .   Caccia was Ambassador to Austria from 1951 to 1954 , and from 1956 to 1961 Ambassador to the United States . He was sent to Washington to repair relations badly damaged by the Suez crisis of 1956 . The breakdown in mutual confidence arose when Britain and France joined an Israeli invasion of Egypt and sent military forces to capture the Suez Canal , which had been nationalized by President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt . In the years that followed , he was instrumental in restoring and nurturing the `` special relationship '' between London and Washington .   In 1961 , he became Permanent Under-Secretary of State , an office he held until 1965 . He was Provost of Eton 1965-78 and President of MCC in 1973-74 .   He was knighted in 1950 , and was created a life peer with the title Baron Caccia , of Abernant in the County of Breconshire , on 11 May 1965 . Caccia was appointed a Bailiff Grand Cross of the Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem , a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order and a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George .

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture .   British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital .   The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine .   The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .

neg: George Dodington, 1st Baron Melcombe George Bubb Dodington , 1st Baron Melcombe ( 1691 -- 28 July 1762 ) was an English politician and nobleman .   Christened simply George Bubb , he changed his surname to Dodington by Act of Parliament around the time his uncle George Dodington died in 1720 and left him his estate . Enormously rich , he became a friend of Frederick , Prince of Wales , who took advantage of their acquaintance to obtain loans that helped clear his debts , and , on being thrown out of St James 's Palace by his father , King George II , moved into a London house belonging to Dodington . He had many contacts with artists and was a collector , purchasing antiquities via Cardinal Albani in Rome . His house at Hammersmith , known as ` La Trappe ' ( an ironic reference to a Trappist monastery ) was the focus of a lively political and cultural salon of supporters of Frederick , Prince of Wales whose palace at Kew was located just across the river . It was designed by the neo-Palladian architect Roger Morris who had been connected with the circle of Lord Burlington and the sculpture gallery was designed by the Italian architect and firework display designer Giovanni Niccolo Servandoni . Dodington is said to have been involved in a spy-ring , collecting valuable information about Jacobite activities . In 1761 , following the accession of Frederick 's son to the throne as George III , he was created Baron Melcombe .   Historian N.A.M. Rodger describes Dodington as an `` indefatigable schemer '' on behalf of his friends and interests of the time . Dodington is depicted in William Hogarth 's 1761 engraving Five Orders of Periwigs ; his diary was published posthumously in 1784 by Henry Penruddocke Wyndham .

neg: List of Victoria Cross recipients (G–M) The Victoria Cross ( VC ) is the highest award of the United Kingdom honours system . It is awarded for gallantry `` in the face of the enemy '' to members of the British armed forces . It may be awarded posthumously . It was previously awarded to Commonwealth countries , most of which have established their own honours systems and no longer recommend British honours . It may be awarded to a person of any military rank in any service and to civilians under military command although no civilian has received the award since 1879 . Since the first awards were presented by Queen Victoria in 1857 , two thirds of all awards have been personally presented by the British monarch . These investitures are usually held at Buckingham Palace .   The first citations of the VC , particularly those in the initial gazette of 24 February 1857 , varied in the details of each action ; some specify date ranges while some specify a single date . The original Royal Warrant did not contain a specific clause regarding posthumous awards , although official policy was not to award the VC posthumously . Between 1897 and 1901 , several notices were issued in the London Gazette regarding soldiers who would have been awarded the VC had they survived . In a partial reversal of policy in 1902 , six of the soldiers mentioned were granted the VC , but not `` officially '' awarded the medal . In 1907 , the posthumous policy was completely reversed and medals were sent to the next of kin of the six soldiers . The Victoria Cross warrant was not officially amended to explicitly allow posthumous awards until 1920 , but one quarter of all awards for the First World War were posthumous . Three people have been awarded the VC and Bar , which is a medal for two actions ; Noel Chavasse , Arthur Martin-Leake and Charles Upham . Chavasse received both medals for actions in the First World War , while Martin-Leake was awarded his first VC for actions in the Second Boer War , and his second for actions during the First World War . Charles Upham received both VCs for actions during the Second World War .   The Victoria Cross has been awarded 1,358 times to 1,355 individual recipients . The largest number of recipients for one campaign is the First World War , for which 628 medals were awarded to 627 recipients . The largest number awarded for actions on a single day was 24 on 16 November 1857 , at the Second Relief of Lucknow , during the Indian Mutiny . The largest number awarded for a single action was 18 , for the assault on Sikandar Bagh , during the Second Relief of Lucknow . The largest number awarded to one unit during a single action was seven , to the 2nd/24th Foot , for the defence of Rorke 's Drift ( 22 -- 23 January 1879 ) , during the Zulu War . Since 1991 , Australia , Canada and New Zealand have created their own separate Victoria Crosses : the Victoria Cross for Australia , the Victoria Cross for Canada , and the Victoria Cross for New Zealand . Only three of these separate medals have been awarded , all for actions in the War in Afghanistan ; Willie Apiata received the Victoria Cross for New Zealand on 26 July 2007 ; Mark Donaldson received the Victoria Cross for Australia on 16 January 2009 ; and Ben Roberts-Smith was awarded the Victoria Cross for Australia on 23 January 2011 . As these are separate medals , they are not included in this list .   The youngest recipient of the VC was Andrew Fitzgibbon who was fifteen at the time of the action that earned him the VC . By comparison , the oldest recipient was William Raynor at 61 at the time of his action in 1857 . There have been several VCs awarded to close relatives . Four pairs of brothers and three fathers and sons have been awarded the VC . In his book Victoria Cross Heroes , Lord Ashcroft notes the story of the Gough family as possibly the `` bravest family . '' Major Charles Gough was awarded the VC in 1857 for saving his brother , Lieutenant Hugh Gough who then went on to win a VC himself in the same year , after he charged enemy guns . Charles ' son , John Gough , then went on to win the family 's third VC in 1903 .

neg: 1952 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Economic Conference The 1952 Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Economic Conference was an emergency Meeting of the Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Nations . It was called by the British government of Sir Winston Churchill and held in the United Kingdom in December 1952 as a follow-up to a Commonwealth Finance Minister 's conference held in January 1952 . The conference was held in the context of British economic and military decline and the United States ' surging role in the world .   The principal topic of the conference was the convertibility and liquidity of Pound sterling into American dollars and British concerns that non-sterling Commonwealth countries were building up sterling balances for the purpose of conversion into American dollars , the future of the Pound sterling area , and the alleviation of Commonwealth trade restrictions and imperial preference , particularly in the light of the surging American economy and the desire of Commonwealth countries such as Australia for American investment in order for economic development to occur against British concerns that American economic dominance threatened Britain 's economic position . This discussion was necessary as the Commonwealth , with the exception of Canada , had a common pool of gold and dollar reserves . Little was accomplished in the economic discussion with the final communique being described as an `` agreement in platitudes '' .   British concerns at being excluded from the ANZUS military treaty between Australia , New Zealand and the United States were also a topic and were addressed by a communique issued by the prime ministers supporting Britain 's demand for a voice in ANZUS .   In addition , Commonwealth prime ministers , after months of discussion on whether the newly ascended Queen Elizabeth II should have a uniform Royal Styles and Titles throughout the Commonwealth or whether realms should adopt their own styles and titles , it was agreed that each member of the Commonwealth `` should use for its own purposes a form of the Royal Style and Titles which suits its own particular circumstances but retains a substantial element which is common to all '' and agreed to pass appropriate legislation in their respective parliaments . The prime ministers also agreed to proclaim the new Queen , Elizabeth II , Head of the Commonwealth in succession of her late father , George VI .

neg: Royal Household Cricket Club The Royal Household Cricket Club is a cricket team representing the Royal Households of the United Kingdom . The club has a cricket field at Frogmore in Windsor , within the Home Park of Windsor Castle . It was founded in 1905 by King Edward VII , who was a keen supporter and granted the club permission to use the royal racing colours of scarlet , purple and gold . The club also uses the royal crown as its emblem . It plays a full list of fixtures each season , mostly playing on weekends at its Frogmore ground .   Although the club 's members are mostly Royal Household staff supplemented by local cricketers if they are short-handed , members of the British royal family have also played for it . In 1905 , two future kings , Edward VIII ( then Prince Edward ) and George VI ( then Prince Albert ) played on opposite sides in a match between the club and Eton College . More recently , Prince Philip has played for the club and has served as its President since 1953 . Queen Elizabeth II is the club 's Patron .

neg: Age Concern Age Concern was the banner title used by a number of charitable organisations ( NGOs ) specifically concerned with the needs and interests of all older people ( defined as those over the age of 50 ) based chiefly in the four countries of the United Kingdom .   In addition to providing practical support to individuals , Age Concern campaigned on issues such as age discrimination and pensions , and works to influence public opinion and government policy about older people .   Numerous Age Concern organisations have been established throughout the UK , working at national and local levels . At the national level , four Age Concern organisations covered England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland . Local Age Concerns vary from small village groups to countywide organisations . In England , over 370 of the individual charities were members of a national federation . Although each was a separate registered charity working under the Age Concern banner , the federation allowed members to collaborate at local , regional and national levels , to share resources , expertise and influence .   Similar organisations also exist in New Zealand , Spain , Ukraine , and elsewhere under similar banners . There is a strong international network considered to be one of the leading authorities on aging related issues .   Since the merger of Age Concern England and Help the Aged , Age UK has taken over the mantle of the national face of Age in the UK , and several local organisations have also adopted the new name , many local organisations continue to operate as Age Concerns .

neg: George IV of the United Kingdom George IV ( George Augustus Frederick ; 12 August 1762 -- 26 June 1830 ) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover following the death of his father , George III , on 29 January 1820 , until his own death ten years later . From 1811 until his accession , he served as Prince Regent during his father 's final mental illness .   George IV led an extravagant lifestyle that contributed to the fashions of the Regency era . He was a patron of new forms of leisure , style and taste . He commissioned John Nash to build the Royal Pavilion in Brighton and remodel Buckingham Palace , and Sir Jeffry Wyattville to rebuild Windsor Castle .   His charm and culture earned him the title `` the first gentleman of England '' , but his poor relationship with both his father and his wife , Caroline of Brunswick , and his dissolute way of life , earned him the contempt of the people and dimmed the prestige of the monarchy . He even forbade Caroline to attend his coronation and asked the government to introduce the unpopular Pains and Penalties Bill in a desperate , unsuccessful attempt to divorce her .   For most of George 's regency and reign , Lord Liverpool controlled the government as Prime Minister , with little help from George . His ministers found his behaviour selfish , unreliable and irresponsible . At all times he was much under the influence of favourites . Taxpayers were angry at his wasteful spending at a time when Britons were fighting in the Napoleonic Wars . He did not provide national leadership in time of crisis , nor act as a role model for his people . Liverpool 's government presided over Britain 's ultimate victory , negotiated the peace settlement , and attempted to deal with the social and economic malaise that followed . After Liverpool 's retirement , George was forced to accept Catholic emancipation despite opposing it . His only child , Princess Charlotte , died before him in 1817 and so he was succeeded by his younger brother , William .

neg: Politics of Wales Politics in Wales forms a distinctive polity in the wider politics of the United Kingdom , with Wales as one of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom ( UK ) .   Constitutionally , the United Kingdom is de jure a unitary state with one sovereign parliament and government . However , under a system of devolution ( or home rule ) adopted in the late 1990s three of the four constituent parts of the United Kingdom , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland , voted for limited self-government , subject to the ability of the UK Parliament in Westminster , nominally at will , to amend , change , broaden or abolish the national governmental systems . As such the National Assembly for Wales ( Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru ) is not de jure sovereign .   Executive power in the United Kingdom is vested in the Queen-in-Council , while legislative power is vested in the Queen-in-Parliament ( the Crown and the Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster in London ) . The Government of Wales Act 1998 established devolution in Wales , and certain executive and legislative powers have been constitutionally delegated to the National Assembly for Wales . The scope of these powers was further widened by the Government of Wales Act 2006 .

neg: List of Victoria Cross recipients (A–F) The Victoria Cross ( VC ) is the highest award of the United Kingdom honours system . It is awarded for gallantry `` in the face of the enemy '' to members of the British armed forces . It may be awarded posthumously . It was previously awarded to Commonwealth countries , most of which have established their own honours systems and no longer recommend British honours . It may be awarded to a person of any military rank in any service and to civilians under military command although no civilian has received the award since 1879 . Since the first awards were presented by Queen Victoria in 1857 , two thirds of all awards have been personally presented by the British monarch . These investitures are usually held at Buckingham Palace .   The first citations of the VC , particularly those in the initial gazette of 24 February 1857 , varied in the details of each action ; some specify date ranges while some specify a single date . The original Royal Warrant did not contain a specific clause regarding posthumous awards , although official policy was not to award the VC posthumously . Between 1897 and 1901 , several notices were issued in the London Gazette regarding soldiers who would have been awarded the VC had they survived . In a partial reversal of policy in 1902 , six of the soldiers mentioned were granted the VC , but not `` officially '' awarded the medal . In 1907 , the posthumous policy was completely reversed and medals were sent to the next of kin of the six soldiers . The Victoria Cross warrant was not officially amended to explicitly allow posthumous awards until 1920 , but one quarter of all awards for the First World War were posthumous . Three people have been awarded the VC and Bar , which is a medal for two actions ; Noel Chavasse , Arthur Martin-Leake and Charles Upham . Chavasse received both medals for actions in the First World War , while Martin-Leake was awarded his first VC for actions in the Second Boer War , and his second for actions during the First World War . Charles Upham received both VCs for actions during the Second World War .   The Victoria Cross has been awarded 1,358 times to 1,355 individual recipients . The largest number of recipients for one campaign is the First World War , for which 628 medals were awarded to 627 recipients . The largest number awarded for actions on a single day was 24 on 16 November 1857 , at the Second Relief of Lucknow , during the Indian Mutiny . The largest number awarded for a single action was 18 , for the assault on Sikandar Bagh , during the Second Relief of Lucknow . The largest number awarded to one unit during a single action was seven , to the 2nd/24th Foot , for the defence of Rorke 's Drift ( 22 -- 23 January 1879 ) , during the Zulu War . Since 1991 , Australia , Canada and New Zealand have created their own separate Victoria Crosses : the Victoria Cross for Australia , the Victoria Cross for Canada , and the Victoria Cross for New Zealand . Five of these separate medals have been awarded , all for actions in the War in Afghanistan ; Willie Apiata received the Victoria Cross for New Zealand on 26 July 2007 ; Mark Donaldson received the Victoria Cross for Australia on 16 January 2009 ; and Ben Roberts-Smith was awarded the Victoria Cross for Australia on 23 January 2011 . Corporal Daniel Keighran VC and Corporal Cameron Stewart Baird VC MG have also been awarded the medal for their actions in Afghanistan . As these are separate medals , they are not included in this list .   The youngest recipient of the VC was Andrew Fitzgibbon who was fifteen at the time of the action that earned him the VC . By comparison , the oldest recipient was William Raynor at 61 at the time of his action in 1857 . There have been several VCs awarded to close relatives . Four pairs of brothers and three fathers and sons have been awarded the VC . In his book Victoria Cross Heroes , Lord Ashcroft notes the story of the Gough family as possibly the `` bravest family . '' Major Charles Gough was awarded the VC in 1857 for saving his brother , Lieutenant Hugh Gough who then went on to win a VC himself in the same year , after he charged enemy guns . Charles ' son , John Gough , then went on to win the family 's third VC in 1903 .

neg: Monarchy A monarchy is a form of government in which a group , usually a family called the dynasty , embodies the country 's national identity and one of its members , called the monarch , exercises a role of sovereignty . The actual power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic ( crowned republic ) , to partial and restricted ( constitutional monarchy ) , to completely autocratic ( absolute monarchy ) . Traditionally and in most cases , the monarch 's post is inherited and lasts until death or abdication , but there are also elective monarchies where the monarch is elected . Each of these has variations : in some elected monarchies only those of certain pedigrees are , whereas many hereditary monarchies impose requirements regarding the religion , age , gender , mental capacity , etc. . Occasionally this might create a situation of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective election . Finally , there have been cases where the term of a monarch 's reign is either fixed in years or continues until certain goals are achieved : an invasion being repulsed , for instance . Thus there are widely divergent structures and traditions defining monarchy .   Monarchy was the most common form of government until the 19th century , but it is no longer prevalent . Where it exists , it is now usually a constitutional monarchy , in which the monarch retains a unique legal and ceremonial role , but exercises limited or no official political power : under the written or unwritten constitution , others have governing authority . Currently , 47 sovereign nations in the world have monarchs acting as heads of state , 19 of which are Commonwealth realms that recognise Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state . All European monarchies are constitutional ones , with the exception of the Vatican City which is an elective monarchy , but sovereigns in the smaller states exercise greater political influence than in the larger . The monarchs of Cambodia , Japan , and Malaysia `` reign , but do not rule '' although there is considerable variation in the degree of authority they wield . Although they reign under constitutions , the monarchs of Brunei , Morocco , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Swaziland appear to continue to exercise more political influence than any other single source of authority in their nations , either by constitutional mandate or by tradition .

neg: Julia Cleverdon Dame Julia Charity Cleverdon ( born 19 April 1950 ) is a British charity worker who served for 16 years as Chief Executive of Business in the Community , one of the Prince 's Charities of Charles , Prince of Wales .

neg: The Prince's Trust The Prince 's Trust is a charity in the United Kingdom founded in 1976 by Charles , Prince of Wales , and Frederick John Pervin to help young people . They run a range of training programmes , provide mentoring support and offer financial grants to build the confidence and motivation of disadvantaged young people . Each year they work with about 60,000 young people , with around 80 % moving on to employment , education , training or volunteering .   In 1999 , the numerous Trust charities were brought together as The Prince 's Trust and was acknowledged by The Queen at a ceremony in Buckingham Palace where she granted it a Royal Charter . The following year it devolved in Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland and other English regions but overall control remained in London . The Prince 's Trust fundraising and campaign events are often hosted and feature entertainers from around the world . In April 2011 the youth charity Fairbridge became part of the Trust .   The Prince 's Trust is one of the most successful funding organisations in the UK and the UK 's leading youth charity , having helped over 825,000 young people turn their lives around , created 125,000 entrepreneurs and given business support to 395,000 people in the UK . From 2006 to 2016 , its work for the youth has been worth an estimated # 1.4 billion .


query: Chester Bennington is not a singer.

pos: Chester Bennington Chester Charles Bennington ( born March 20 , 1976 ) is an American musician , singer , songwriter and actor . He is best known as the lead vocalist of rock bands Linkin Park , Dead by Sunrise , and live rock cover band Bucket of Weenies . He was originally the lead vocalist for Sean Dowdell And His Friends ? and Grey Daze . Bennington was the lead vocalist for Stone Temple Pilots from 2013 to 2015 .   Bennington became known as a vocalist with Linkin Park 's debut album , Hybrid Theory , in 2000 , which was a massive commercial success . The album was certified Diamond by the RIAA in 2005 , making it the best-selling debut album of the decade , as well as one of the few albums to ever hit that many sales . Linkin Park 's following studio albums , Meteora ( 2003 ) , Minutes to Midnight ( 2007 ) , A Thousand Suns ( 2010 ) , Living Things ( 2012 ) , and The Hunting Party ( 2014 ) , continued the band 's success . Bennington formed his own band , Dead by Sunrise , as a side project in 2005 . The band 's debut album , Out of Ashes , was released on October 13 , 2009 . He worked on new material with Stone Temple Pilots in 2013 to release the EP High Rise on October 8 , 2013 via their own record label , Play Pen . Bennington has been ranked in the Top 100 Heavy Metal Vocalists by Hit Parader ( No. 46 ) .

neg: Sung poetry Sung poetry is a broad and imprecise music genre widespread in European countries , such as Poland and the Baltic States , to describe songs consisting of a poem ( most often a ballad ) and music written specially for that text . The compositions usually feature a delicate melody and scarce musical background , often comprising a guitar or piano . Some sung poetry performers are singer-songwriters , others use known , published poems , or collaborate with contemporary writers . Artists of sung poetry include people of various occupations usually with little or no particular music education , as well as stage actors .   Sung poetry shares much in common with the author 's song in Russia yet differs from it in a significant way : sung poetry performers often do not compose lyrics themselves . Similar artists in other countries are usually classified as bards , folk music or folk rock ( such as Jacques Brel , Lluís Llach , Ovidi Montllor , Georges Brassens , Léo Ferré , Bob Dylan , Simon and Garfunkel , Tom Waits , Leonard Cohen , Djordje Balasevic , Bulat Okudzhava , Vladimir Vysotsky , Paco Ibáñez ) , or chamber pop . Artists of other musical genres may or may not be included into sung poetry category . For instance Czesław Niemen whose many songs are based on works of esteemed Polish poets is usually regarded as either a rock or electronic musician . The common forms of expression are individual and collective public performances , festivals of sung poetry , publication of records online and release of music albums .

neg: Ted Park Ted Taewon Park ( born December 4 , 1994 ) , better known by his stage name Ted Park , is an American singer , rapper , and songwriter from Madison , Wisconsin . Ted Park released his single `` Hello ( Who is this ) '' on September 15 , 2016 which made the Top 10 on Billboard and Spotify 's Viral 50 Charts . The notierity and publicity from the single landed Ted Park a deal with Capitol Fr , Universal .  Hello has received nationwide radio play , and is over 120,000 streams on Spotify .

neg: Chester Aaron Chester Aaron ( born May 9 , 1923 ) is an American writer .

neg: J.D. Malone John Dennis Maloney , Jr. ( `` J.D. Malone '' ) is a singer and songwriter of life experiences . He was born and raised in Bennington , Vermont , United States .

neg: Chester Mojay-Sinclare Chester Mojay-Sinclare ( born c. 1989 ) is a British entrepreneur . He is the founder of social enterprise Charity Checkout and Spudnik , the not-for-profit educational space project which led to the development of Stardust Ashes , a high altitude ash scattering service .

neg: What Is Soul What is Soul is the seventh album and sixth studio album by Ben E. King , and his fifth and last studio album on the Atco label . It was made up of mostly unsuccessful singles . The album was not issued in the US .

neg: Chester Bay (band) Chester Bay is an American alternative rock band formed at The University of Wisconsin , Eau Claire in 2005 with most original band members hailing from Rochester , MN . The band 's music combines aspects of reggae , folk , ska , blues , and rock and roll . The band gained initial regional popularity through energetic live shows built upon technical music ability . The group has been compared to bands like Sublime , Dispatch , Blues Traveler , O.A.R. , Spin Doctors , and Bob Marley .

neg: Ben Karlstrom Bernard ( Ben ) Joel Karlstrom ( born June 29 , 1963 ) is a Canadian musician , singer , songwriter and producer of song parodies who has worked with Bob Rivers in Seattle , Mancow in Chicago and ROCK 101 ( CFMI-FM ) in Vancouver .

neg: No Never Alone No Never Alone is the debut album by Canadian singer-songwriter Justin Rutledge , released in 2004 on Six Shooter Records .   A remastered `` deluxe edition '' was released in 2012 on Outside Music . The process of revisiting the album 's material in turn inspired his 2013 album Valleyheart , which he described in interviews as a response from his older , more mature and more experienced self to No Never Alone 's `` young kid who just wrote what he felt '' .

neg: Kellie While Kellie While is a British singer-songwriter .

neg: I Forget Where We Were I Forget Where We Were is the second album by British singer-songwriter Ben Howard , released on 20 October 2014 .

neg: Benny Cassette Benny Cassette ( born Los Angeles ) is an American record producer , singer , and songwriter . Signed to Kanye West 's Very GOOD Beats as a producer since 2013 , he worked on Kanye West 's Yeezus album among other collaborative projects . Cassette has released a number of official remixes as well , including the 2013 song `` You 're Not the One '' by Sky Ferreira . In 2014 he went on to release three singles as a solo artist : `` Raging Bull '' , `` Bridges Over Babylon '' featuring BJ The Chicago Kid , and `` Virgo Season '' featuring Isaiah Rashad .

neg: Country Music Association The Country Music Association ( CMA ) was founded in 1958 in Nashville , Tennessee . It originally consisted of only 233 members and was the first trade organization formed to promote a music genre . The objectives of the organization are to guide and enhance the development of Country Music throughout the world ; to demonstrate it as a viable medium to advertisers , consumers , and media ; and to provide a unity of purpose for the Country Music industry . However the CMA may be best known to most country music fans for its annual Country Music Association Awards broadcast live on network television each fall ( usually October or November ) .   Initially , CMA 's Board of Directors included nine directors and five officers . Wesley Rose , president of Acuff-Rose Publishing , Inc. , served as CMA 's first chairman of the board . Broadcasting entrepreneur and executive Connie B. Gay was the founding president .   Originally there were nine individual membership categories . The current 15 categories represent all facets of the music industry . Organizational memberships are also available . CMA membership is composed of those persons or organizations that are involved in Country Music , directly and substantially .   The first CMA Awards ceremony was held in 1967 in Nashville . Sonny James and Bobbie Gentry hosted the event , which was not televised . The winner of the first `` Entertainer of the Year '' award was singer Eddy Arnold . `` Male Vocalist of the Year '' went to Jack Greene and `` Female Vocalist of the Year '' to Loretta Lynn .   In 1968 , Roy Rogers and Dale Evans hosted the awards , which were presented at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville . ( The ceremony was filmed and televised on NBC a few weeks later . ) The first live telecast of the show was in 1969 .   Annual awards are given in the following twelve categories : Entertainer of the Year , Male Vocalist , Female Vocalist , New Artist of the Year ( formerly the Horizon Award ) , Vocal Group , Vocal Duo , Single , Album , Song , Music Event , Music Video , and Musician .   The CMA also gives a `` CMA Broadcast Award '' to country-formatted radio stations each year . Broadcast Awards are segmented based on market size , major market ( Arbitron Ranking 1 -- 25 ) , large market ( Arbitron Ranking 26 -- 50 ) , medium market ( Arbitron Ranking 51 -- 100 ) , and small market ( All other Markets ) . A single station can not win the award in consecutive years .   In honor of the association 's 50th anniversary , MCA Nashville released a song called `` Forever Country '' .

neg: Unsigned artist An unsigned artist , unsigned band or independent artist is a musician or musical group not under a contract with a record label . The terms are used in the music industry as a marketing technique . Bands that release their own material on self-published CDs can also be considered unsigned bands . Often unsigned bands primarily exist to perform at concerts .   In more recent years , the Internet has helped promote the music of unsigned bands . Artists often post their music as MP3s on websites such as Bandcamp , SoundCloud , Myspace , PureVolume , GarageBand.com and SoundClick .   In 2016 , the Unsigned Music Awards was established in the UK as the first ever televised international awards ceremony to champion artists without the backing of a record label .   UK unsigned bands and musicians are able to use such services as The Unsigned Guide and to gather music industry contact names , phone numbers , websites and social media links , as well as information on how to get signed or market music independently .   Song pitching websites , such as TAXI allow unsigned musicians to see which record labels ( and other music companies ) are currently seeking new music .   Further , companies like Sentric Music and the royalty payment service offered by Last.fm can help in generating income streams for unsigned bands .

neg: What to Do When You Are Dead What to Do When You Are Dead is the second studio album by American rock band Armor for Sleep . Following the completion of two songs written from the perspective of being dead , vocalist/guitarist Ben Jorgensen created a whole story from this perspective . What to Do When You Are Dead is a concept album , with each song telling the story of the protagonist 's suicide as well as his journey through the afterlife . Recording took place between August and October 2004 with producer Machine . A rough mix of `` Car Underwater '' was made available in November , followed by two US tours in February 2005 . What to Do When You Are Dead was released on February 22 through independent label Equal Vision Records .   In March 2005 , a music video was released for `` Car Underwater '' , and following a couple of US tours in April and May , the song was released as a radio single . The group performed on Warped Tour , before touring across the US in September and November . Later in November a music video was released for `` The Truth About Heaven '' , followed by a UK tour in December . In early 2006 , the group went on a headlining US tour , titled The Invisible Sideshow Tour , for three months , before appearing on Warped Tour again . What to Do When You Are Dead received mixed-to-favourable reviews and went on to sell over 200,000 copies . It peaked at number 101 on the Billboard 200 and reached the top 10 on two other Billboard charts . To celebrate the album 's 10th anniversary , the group reunited to play a series of shows in late 2015 .

neg: Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song The Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song was a new category at the 2015 ceremony of the annual Grammy Awards . It combines two previously separate categories in the Gospel/Contemporary Christian Music field , Best Contemporary Christian Music Song and Best Gospel/Contemporary Christian Music Performance . The new category recognizes both songwriters and performers ( solo/duos/groups / collaborations/etc . ) and is open for singles or tracks only . Songwriters are only awarded a Grammy Award if it is a newly written song . Grammy 's for cover versions of previously recorded songs are awarded to the performer ( s ) only .   Along with the also newly formed Best Gospel Performance/Song category , these mark the only Grammy categories which honor both performers and songwriters in one category .   These changes were made in June 2014 by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences `` in the interest of clarifying the criteria , representing the current culture and creative DNA of the gospel and Contemporary Christian Music communities , and better reflecting the diversity and authenticity of today 's gospel music industry . ''   According to the Grammy committee , the move recognizes `` the critical contribution of both songwriters and performers by combining songwriters and artists into the Best Gospel Performance/Song and Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song categories . ''   Gospel performances , which were previously recognized in the Best Gospel/Contemporary Christian Music Performance category , will now fall under the newly created Best Gospel Performance/Song category .

neg: Ben Onono Ben Onono ( sometime stylized as Ben OnOnO ) is an Ivor Novello and Grammy nominated Nigerian British musician and songwriter , born in Cardiff and raised in West Africa . He trained as a concert pianist and co-wrote the 2002 Ivor Novello award nominated worldwide hit single `` It Just Wo n't Do '' , with Tim DeLuxe . His Top 5 hit song `` Rainbow of Love '' with Bob Sinclar was used in the 2011 Alfa Romeo advertising campaign . The track was the single for the Grammy nominated album Made In Jamaica with Sly and Robbie . Ben Onono was the featured vocalist and writer of Saffron Hill 's 2003 `` My Love is Always '' , as well as the character in its music video . The song charted Top 20 in the UK National Charts . His song `` Fallen Hero '' with NuFrequency remains the number 1 most charted song ever on the tastemaker website Resident Advisor . Onono has written material for David Guetta , Cicada , Bob Sinclar , Fatboy Slim , Rui Da Silva , Futureshock , Natalie Imbruglia among others .   From his debut Native Stranger , the track `` Blink '' was featured on the soundtrack for the TV series Long Way Down The entire album featured across the 6 part BBC series starring Ewan Macgreggor . Also , from Native Stranger , the song `` Count to 10 '' ( which was used in the trailer for Channel 4 's Darren Brown 's Trick or Treat ) . His song `` Never had a Dream Come True '' was featured in the movie John Tucker Must Die , starring Jesse Metcalfe . Other songs have featured in the USA TV series The Shield , Nip and Tuck , and Las Vegas   Other film/TV credits include the adaptation of the award-winning Half of a Yellow Sun , starring Chiwetel Ejiofor and Thandie Newton , 2 series of the MTV Base award-winning series Shuga , and BBC 1 movie Danny and the Human Zoo .

neg: Grammy Award for Best New Artist The Grammy Award for Best New Artist has been awarded since 1959 . Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were handed out , for records released in the previous year . The award was not presented in 1967 . The official guidelines are as follows : `` For a new artist who releases , during the Eligibility Year , the first recording which establishes the public identity of that artist . '' Note that this is not necessarily the first album released by an artist .   It is sometimes asserted , with varying degrees of sincerity , that winning the award is a curse , as several award winners ( particularly from the late 1970s and early 1980s ) were never able to duplicate the success they experienced in their debut year . This viewpoint was expressed by former Starland Vocal Band member Taffy Danoff in a 2002 interview for VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders : `` We got two of the five Grammys -- one was Best New Artist . So that was basically the kiss of death and I feel sorry for everyone who 's gotten it since . ''   The category is also notable for being the only one of its kind in which a Grammy Award was vacated . This occurred in 1990 after it was revealed winners Milli Vanilli did not contribute their own vocals on their debut album . The award was revoked , but was not handed out to another artist .   Of the 54 awards presented in the category since its inception , the honor has been presented to 25 solo female artists , 18 duos or groups , and 11 solo male artists . Between 1997 and 2003 , all the winners were solo female artists . Also , from 1993 to 2005 , no winner was a solo male artist . In 2006 , John Legend broke this trend , which started with Marc Cohn in 1992 . Only four artists have won both Best New Artist and Album of the Year in the same year : Bob Newhart in 1961 , Christopher Cross in 1981 , Lauryn Hill in 1999 and Norah Jones in 2003 .   Of all the winners , only three have been country artists . In 1997 , LeAnn Rimes became the first country artist to win the award . She was followed by Carrie Underwood in 2007 and Zac Brown Band in 2010 . Additionally , 2017 marked the first time that two country artists were nominated in this category in the same year .   1984 marked the first time that all of the nominees were from outside of the United States ( Winner Culture Club , Eurythmics , and Musical Youth were from England , Big Country was from Scotland , and Men Without Hats were from Canada ) .

neg: So There (Ben Folds album) So There is an album by Ben Folds and the yMusic Ensemble , released on September 11 , 2015 . The album includes eight chamber pop songs and one piano concerto performed with the Nashville Symphony .

neg: Neil Fallon Neil Patrick Fallon ( October 25 , 1971 in Portsmouth , Virginia ) is the lead singer and occasional rhythm guitarist , keyboardist and percussionist for the rock band Clutch , and lead singer for The Company Band . He also joined The Bakerton Group on guitar starting with their El Rojo album .   Neil Fallon has provided guest vocals on the songs `` Two Coins for Eyes '' and `` Empire 's End '' on the 2008 album Beyond Colossal by Swedish stoner rock band Dozer ; `` Crazy Horses '' by Throat ; `` Slippin ' Out '' by Never Got Caught ; `` Mummies Wrapped in Money '' by Lionize ; and `` Blood and Thunder '' by Mastodon , on their 2004 album Leviathan ; `` Santorum Sunday School '' on 2012 album , Everything Is Not Going To Be OK by Black Clouds ; `` Transistors of Mercy '' by Polkadot Cadaver , on their 2013 album Last Call in Jonestown ; `` Ayatollah of Rock 'n' Rolla '' by Soulfly , on their 2013 album Savages ; `` Clear Light Of ... '' by Hark , on their 2014 album Crystalline .   Fallon 's younger sister Mary Alice Fallon-Yeskey appears on the Food Network show Ace of Cakes as office manager of Charm City Cakes in Baltimore , Maryland .   On September 12 , 2013 , Fallon announced that Clutch would have to postpone their September tour ( except for a hometown show in Baltimore , Maryland at the Shindig Festival ) , due to personal health issues . Fallon released a statement through the band 's Facebook page saying `` Dear friends , this week I 've learned that a childhood injury to the neck , a genetic predisposition for spinal disease , and 20 some years of head banging will exact a toll . I 've been diagnosed with an ugly case of cervical spinal stenosis and two herniated discs . '' Fallon had surgery on September 17 , 2013 and the band resumed their tour in October . This ordeal inspired Fallon 's lyrics in `` Decapitation Blues , '' a track on Clutch 's eleventh studio album , Psychic Warfare .   Fallon lives in Silver Spring , Maryland with his family .