query: The Ku Klux Klan flourished in the late 1860s.

pos: Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) , or simply the Klan , is the name of three distinct movements in the United States that have advocated extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy , white nationalism , anti-immigration , and , especially in later iterations , Nordicism , anti-Catholicism , and antisemitism . Historically the KKK used terrorism , both physical assault and murder , against groups or individuals whom they opposed .  All three movements have called for the `` purification '' of American society , and all are considered right-wing extremist organizations .   The first Klan flourished in the Southern United States in the late 1860s , then died out by the early 1870s . It sought to overthrow the Republican state governments in the South during the Reconstruction Era , especially by using violence against African American leaders . With numerous chapters across the South , it was suppressed around 1871 , through federal law enforcement . Members made their own , often colorful , costumes : robes , masks , and conical hats , designed to be terrifying , and to hide their identities .   The second group was founded in 1915 , and it flourished nationwide in the early and mid-1920s , particularly in urban areas of the Midwest and West . It was rooted in local Protestant communities and opposed Catholics and Jews , and stressed its opposition to the Catholic Church at a time of high immigration from mostly Catholic nations of southern and eastern Europe . This second organization adopted a standard white costume and used code words which were similar to those used by the first Klan , while adding cross burnings and mass parades to intimidate others .   The third and current manifestation of the KKK emerged after 1950 , in the form of small , local , unconnected groups that use the KKK name . They have focused on opposition to the Civil Rights Movement , often using violence and murder to suppress activists . It is classified as a hate group by the Anti-Defamation League and the Southern Poverty Law Center . , the Anti-Defamation League puts total Klan membership nationwide at around 3,000 , while the Southern Poverty Law Center ( SPLC ) puts it at 6,000 members total .   The second and third incarnations of the Ku Klux Klan made frequent references to America 's `` Anglo-Saxon '' blood , hearkening back to 19th-century nativism . Although members of the KKK swear to uphold Christian morality , virtually every Christian denomination has officially denounced the KKK .

neg: Underground Railroad The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes and safe houses established in the United States during the early-to-mid 19th century , and used by African-American slaves to escape into free states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists and allies who were sympathetic to their cause . The term is also applied to the abolitionists , both black and white , free and enslaved , who aided the fugitives . Various other routes led to Mexico or overseas . An earlier escape route running south toward Florida , then a Spanish possession , existed from the late 17th century until shortly after the American Revolution . However , the network now generally known as the Underground Railroad was formed in the late 1700s , and reached its height between 1850 and 1860 . One estimate suggests that by 1850 , 100,000 slaves had escaped via the `` Railroad '' .   British North America ( present-day Canada ) , where slavery was prohibited , was a popular destination , as its long border gave many points of access . Most former slaves settled in Ontario . More than 30,000 people were said to have escaped there via the network during its 20-year peak period , although U.S. Census figures account for only 6,000 . Numerous fugitives ' stories are documented in the 1872 book The Underground Railroad Records by William Still , an abolitionist who then headed the Philadelphia Vigilance Committee .

neg: Organized crime in Minneapolis Organized crime in Minneapolis first attracted national attention in 1903 , when thug and mayor Doc Ames ( 1842-1911 ) was exposed by Lincoln Steffens in the book The Shame of the Cities . Steffens 's account and subsequent trials revealed a police department recruited from felons shaking down the Minneapolis underworld on the mayor 's behalf . Ames later fled the state , spending a short period as a fugitive before being arrested and extradited to Minnesota . He was convicted of receiving a bribe and sentenced to six years in prison . His sentence was later appealed and overturned .   In 1919 , the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution transformed American crime , shaping small-time hoodlums into major organized crime figures . In Minneapolis , the underworld was dominated by local gangs of the Irish mob , flanked by Jewish gangsters and by corrupt cops and politicians from the Republican , Democratic and Farmer-Labor Parties .   Romanian-Jewish immigrant Isadore Blumenfeld , alias Kid Cann ( 1900-1981 ) , was changed overnight from a nickel-and-dime pimp and bookmaker from Northside , Minneapolis , into a respected godfather with close ties to both the Chicago Outfit and the Genovese crime family . Assisted by his brothers Jacob and Harry , Kid Cann 's `` Minneapolis Combination '' dealt in bootleg booze , trucking distribution routes , illegal gambling and real estate deals throughout the American Sun Belt . He was the most notorious gangster in the city 's history .   Rival crime families were run by David Berman , Thomas W. Banks and `` Big Ed '' Morgan . These gangsters tended to cooperate on business and avoid turf wars by appealing to the mediation of the National Mafia Commission . In the process , Minneapolis became a major center of bootlegged booze , gambling , brothels and unbridled corruption .   Deuce Casper ( 1936-2003 ) was a Baldy Street Gang founder and boss . During Casper 's time in Minneapolis , more than 1,000 thugs roamed the streets from 1955 to 1975 , creating mayhem and fear among the citizens . Casper robbed banks , jewelry stores and armored cars , while his associates robbed commercial businesses and ran large drug-dealing operations .   The most notable Baldy was Perry `` The Scholar '' Millik ( 1944 -- 2003 ) , who ran commercial burglary rings and drug-manufacturing houses . He was involved in widespread real estate frauds and was the front man for real estate purchases for the infamous Alexander Brothers ( porn and prostitution kings ) .   Currently , the Capra/Patterson syndicate controls all nationally sanctioned crime activities in the Twin Cities . Gambling is their primary source of income , and they are working under the auspices of the Genoveses ( 2011 ) .   On the corner of 26th Street and 26th Avenue in South Minneapolis exists a historical location , called Hub of Hell , and was home to numerous saloons , bars , nightclubs , and a bowling alley that drew rowdy crowds of steel-workers , factory workers from the old Minneapolis Moline factory , thugs , gangsters , and brawling drunks .   These establishments included the stand-up drinking establishment of Pearsons , The Hexagon , Nibs , Duffy 's and the Stardust Bowling Alley . Here , corrupt cops mingled with their presumed rivals ( like Duffy 's bouncer , `` Mush '' ) . The neighborhood was infamous for its bloody brawls fought by colorful characters like Deuce Casper , Tommy `` The Bomber '' Ogdahl , and Perry `` The Scholar '' Millik , often for the entertainment of spectators to enjoy and keep the old General Hospital busy on weekends .   Prior to 1900 another location known as Hell 's Half Acre was located between 2nd and 3rd Avenues South and 8th and 9th Streets South and had the same rowdy reputation . In the 1890 History of the Fire and Police Departments of Minneapolis , it was described as a `` place of utter darkness , wailing and woe . Bloody frays were of nightly occurrence and not infrequently such weapons as hatchets , knives and even revolvers entered into the conflict . The alleys were literally strewn with empty beer kegs and whisky bottles and the latter were often used as missiles of warfare . As a usual thing Sundays were given up entirely to drinking and fighting , and family feuds were as numerous and bitter as those of Kentucky , though not as murderous . '' ( Pg . 280 )

neg: Confederate States Army The Confederate States Army ( CSA ) was the military ground force of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War . On February 28 , 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the Confederate president , Jefferson Davis , a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican War . In March 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress established a more permanent Confederate States Army .   An accurate count of the total number of individuals who served in the Confederate army is not possible due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records ; all but extremely improbable estimates of the number of Confederate soldiers range between 600,000 and 1,500,000 men . The better estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men . This does not include an unknown number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army , such as construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons . Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war , they do not represent the size of the army at any given date . These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate naval forces .   Although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers , both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription , primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer . In the absence of exact records , estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of Union soldiers who were conscripts .   Confederate casualty figures also are incomplete and unreliable . The best estimates of the number of deaths of Confederate soldiers are about 94,000 killed or mortally wounded in battle , 164,000 deaths from disease and between 26,000 and 31,000 deaths in Union prison camps . One estimate of Confederate wounded , which is considered incomplete , is 194,026 . These numbers do not include men who died from other causes such as accidents , which would add several thousand to the death toll .   The main Confederate armies , the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee and the remnants of the Army of Tennessee and various other units under General Joseph E. Johnston , surrendered to the U.S. on April 9 , 1865 ( officially April 12 ) , and April 18 , 1865 ( officially April 26 ) . Other Confederate forces surrendered between April 16 , 1865 and June 28 , 1865 . By the end of the war , more than 100,000 Confederate soldiers had deserted . The Confederacy 's government effectively dissolved when it fled Richmond in April and exerted no control of the remaining armies .

neg: Kentucky in the American Civil War Kentucky was a border state of key importance in the American Civil War . President Abraham Lincoln recognized the importance of the Commonwealth when , in a September 1861 letter to Orville Browning , he wrote :  I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game . Kentucky gone , we can not hold Missouri , nor Maryland . These all against us , and the job on our hands is too large for us . We would as well consent to separation at once , including the surrender of this capitol .   Kentucky , being a border state , was among the chief places where the `` Brother against brother '' scenario was prevalent . Kentucky officially declared its neutrality at the beginning of the war , but after a failed attempt by Confederate General Leonidas Polk to take the state of Kentucky for the Confederacy , the legislature petitioned the Union Army for assistance . After early 1862 Kentucky came largely under Union control .   Kentucky was the site of several fierce battles , including Mill Springs and Perryville . It was host to such military leaders as Ulysses S. Grant on the Union side , who first encountered serious Confederate gunfire coming from Columbus , Kentucky , and Confederate cavalry leader Nathan Bedford Forrest . Forrest proved to be a scourge to the Union Army in western Kentucky , even making an attack on Paducah . Kentuckian John Hunt Morgan further challenged Union control , as he conducted numerous cavalry raids through the state .   Kentucky was the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln , his wife Mary Todd , and his southern counterpart , Confederate President Jefferson Davis .   In the historiography of the Civil War , Kentucky is treated primarily as a border state , with special attention to the social divisions during the secession crisis , invasions and raids , internal violence , sporadic guerrilla warfare , federal-state relations , the ending of slavery , and the return of Confederate veterans .

neg: Imperial Klans of America The Imperial Klans of America , Knights of the Ku Klux Klan is a white supremacist paramilitary organization styled after the original Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) . In 2008 , it was reported that the IKA had the nation 's second largest KKK membership .   The IKA , headed by Ron Edwards , claims to be the sixth era of the Ku Klux Klan . Members of the 6th era , like members of previous eras , claim constitutional rights as part of the `` Unorganized Militia '' . The IKA claims to stand upon Supreme Court decisions in favor of previous Klans . They are headquartered near Dawson Springs , Kentucky and claim external Imperial Klan offices in Australia , Canada , England , Scotland , and South Africa , as well as throughout Europe and South America .   In 2011 , a recurring hoax concerning the IKA endorsing Barack Obama was once again exposed as a farce based on a parody website 's humorous reporting . In fact , in 2008 , Ron Edwards was quoted as supporting John McCain .

neg: Black Power movement The Black Power movement was a political movement to achieve a form of Black Power and the many philosophies it contains . The movement saw various forms of activism some violent and some peaceful , all hoping to achieve black empowerment . The Black Power movement also represented socialist movements , all with the general motivation of improving the standing of black people in society . Originated during the Civil Rights Movement , some doubted the philosophy of the movement begging for more radical action , taking influences from Malcolm X . The cornerstone of the movement was the Black Panther Party , a Black Power organization dedicated to socialism and the use of violence to achieve it . The Black Power movement developed in the criticisms of the Civil Rights Movement in the early 1960s , and over time and into the 1970s , the movement grew and became more violent . After years of violence , many left the movement and the police began arresting violent actors in the movement . The Black Power movement also spilled out into the Caribbean creating the Black Power Revolution .   Motivated by principles of community control , Black Power activists founded scores of institutions and services , including black-owned bookstores , food cooperatives , farms , media , printing presses , schools , clinics , and ambulance services .

neg: Freedom suit Freedom suits were lawsuits in the Thirteen Colonies and the United States filed by enslaved people against slaveholders to assert claims to freedom , often based on descent from a free maternal ancestor , or time held as a resident in a free state or territory .   The right to petition for freedom descended from English common law and allowed people to challenge their enslavement or indenture . Petitioners challenged slavery both directly and indirectly , even if slaveholders generally viewed such petitions as a means to uphold rather than undermine slavery . Beginning with the colonies in North America , legislatures enacted slave laws that created a legal basis for `` just subjection ; '' these were adopted or updated by the state and territorial legislatures that superseded them after the United States gained independence . These codes also enabled enslaved persons to sue for freedom based on wrongful enslavement .   While some cases were tried during the colonial period , the majority of petitions for freedom were heard during the antebellum period in the border or the Southern United States . After the American Revolution , most northern states abolished slavery and were considered `` free . '' The United States Congress prohibited slavery in some newly established territories , and some new states were admitted to the union as free states . The rise in travel and migration of masters with slaves between free and slave states resulted in conditions that gave rise to slaves suing for freedom . Many free states had residency limits for masters who brought slaves into their territory ; after that time , the slave would be considered free . Some slaves sued for wrongful enslavement after being held in a free state .   Other grounds for suit were that the person was freeborn and illegally held in slavery , or that the person was illegally held because of being descended from a freeborn woman in the maternal line . The principle of partus sequitur ventrem , first incorporated into English colonial slavery law by a 1662 statute in Virginia , established that children 's status was that of the mother . It was adopted into law by other English colonies , and the states of the United States .   In Saint Louis , Missouri records of nearly 300 petition cases have been found that were filed between 1807 and 1860 , and in Washington , D.C. nearly 500 petition cases were filed in the same period . A large portion of cases , as much as one-third , either never went to trial or were settled out of court . In the early nineteenth century in St. Louis and in Washington , D.C. , nearly half of the attorneys at the bar may have acted as counsel for slave petitions . In Missouri , the courts assigned an attorney to the petitioner if it accepted a freedom suit for hearing ; some of the top attorneys in St. Louis defended slaves . After the 1830s , the number of petition cases gradually declined . But from 1800 to 1830 , most of the bar in these cities tried a petition case .   Before the end of the eighteenth century , some southern states began to make petitioning for freedom more difficult . Maryland , for example , in 1796 required that county courts serve as the court of original jurisdiction , rather than the General Court of the Western Shore , an appellate court . The county courts clearly would be more favorable to the interests and views of the local planters against whom these suits were often filed . The legislature also banned those with antislavery sympathies from serving on juries in freedom suits . Virginia passed a similar law on jury composition in 1798 .   But , for a few decades , courts in slave states such as Louisiana , Mississippi , and Missouri often respected the precedent of `` once free , always free '' established by free states . Until the late 1850s , they ruled that slaves who had been held in free states maintained their freedom even if brought back into slave states . Until the Civil War brought an end to slavery , thousands of freedom suits were tried in state courts across the country , with some slaves petitioning as high as the Supreme Court .

neg: Stand Watie Stand Watie ( -LSB- ᏕᎦᏔᎦ , translit = Degataga , lit = Stand firm -RSB- ) ( December 12 , 1806 -- September 9 , 1871 ) -- also known as Standhope Uwatie , Tawkertawker , and Isaac S. Watie -- was a leader of the Cherokee Nation , and not only a brigadier general of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War , but the only Native American general of the Confederate Army . He commanded the Confederate Indian cavalry of the Army of the Trans-Mississippi , made up mostly of Cherokee , Muskogee and Seminole , and was the final Confederate general in the field to cease hostilities at war 's end .   Prior to removal of the Cherokee to Indian Territory in the late 1830s , Watie and his older brother Elias Boudinot were among leaders who signed the Treaty of New Echota in 1835 . The majority of the tribe opposed their action . In 1839 the brothers were attacked in an assassination attempt , as were other relatives active in the Treaty Party . All but Stand Watie were killed . Watie in 1842 killed one of his uncle 's attackers , and in 1845 his brother Thomas Watie was killed in retaliation , in the continuing cycle of violence . Watie was acquitted at trial in the 1850s on the grounds of self-defense .   During the American Civil War and soon after , Watie served as Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation ( 1862 -- 1866 ) . By then , the majority of the tribe supported the Confederacy . A minority supported the Union and refused to ratify his election . The former chief John Ross , a Union supporter , was captured in 1862 by Union forces . Watie led the Southern Cherokee delegation to Washington after the war to sue for peace , hoping to have tribal divisions recognized . The US government negotiated only with the leaders who had sided with the Union , and named John Ross as principal chief in 1866 under a new treaty . Watie stayed out of politics for his last years , and tried to rebuild his plantation .

neg: Waukegan riot of 1966 Waukegan riot of 1966 was a period of conflict between police and some residents of the town 's predominantly African-American and Puerto Rican neighborhoods on the south side that occurred in the midst of the tumult sweeping America in the midst of the Civil Rights Movement .   On Friday , 26 August , an African-American police officer named Ernest Jones attempted to arrest Roosevelt Saunders , an African-American man . A fight ensued , and Saunders escaped into a crowd , and several days of rioting followed . The fact that the catalyzing encounter involved two African-Americans prompted some to suggest that the unrest was not about race , but the event underscored a deep sense of disempowerment among the African-American community . By 28 August , 200 police were called to a 2 square mile area bounded by the streets of Genesee , 10th , and McAllister , and South Avenue . As a mostly young crowd battled with police , a Puerto Rican family of six got caught in the crossfire , their car being hit by a Molotov cocktail while returning from church . The Waukegan branch of the NAACP later raised money for these victims . By the night of 29 August , police with riot helmets and shotguns had established a curfew beginning at 7:30 pm for the region enclosed by Belvidere Street , McAlister Street , South Avenue . and Lake Michigan . Over 100 African-Americans were arrested over the course of the weekend . Waukegan Mayor Robert Sabonjian had harsh words for those involved in the riots , calling them `` local hopheads , narcotic addicts , drunkards , and just plain scum '' and vowing that anyone involved in public housing would be evicted . He also reportedly issued an order to police of `` shoot to kill . ''   Subsequently , Sabonjian held talks with community leaders and the NAACP , which vowed to open dialogue about segregation , police brutality , and the lack of recreation facilities in African-American and Puerto Rican neighborhoods of the city . Talks fell apart , though , when Sabonjian reiterated charges at the meeting that the NAACP had orchestrated the August unrest . He refused to apologize for the remarks , prompting the NAACP to walk out of talks . They were also upset by Sabonjian 's proposed measure in the city council , which required that all civil rights demonstrations consist of less than 100 people and , moreover , that all participants in these demonstrations ought to have their names submitted to the city police department four days beforehand . In response , the NAACP along with other community leaders organized a march of over 200 people on 10 September through downtown Waukegan . The crowd , mostly African-American , carried signs protesting segregated schools and racist housing policies .   The march coincided with a push toward desegregation aimed at Whittier Elementary School . Almost entirely African-American , Whittier 's enrollment stood in contrast to Waukegan 's four other elementary schools , two of which were all white and two of which were 99 % white . As of early September , the Whittier community protested this segregation by boycotting , with less than a quarter of students showing up for class .   In the wake of the march , Sabonjian backpedalled from the limit on crowds to less than 100 people , but he maintained the requirement that names of participants be submitted to the police department beforehand , ostensibly to prevent felons from involvement . Subsequent meetings between Sabonjian and the NAACP proved more productive . By late September , they had agreed to building a recreation center in the area of the August unrest as well as initiatives aimed at providing jobs for minority groups . Sabonjian 's rhetoric , however , did not moderate . In October 1966 , he referred to those involved in the riot as `` animals . ''

neg: New York City draft riots The New York draft riots ( July 13 -- 16 , 1863 ) , known at the time as Draft Week , were violent disturbances in Lower Manhattan , widely regarded as the culmination of working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War . The riots remain the largest civil and racial insurrection in American history , aside from the Civil War itself .   U.S. President Abraham Lincoln diverted several regiments of militia and volunteer troops from following up after the Battle of Gettysburg to control the city . The rioters were overwhelmingly working-class men , who resented that wealthier men , who could afford to pay a $ 300 ( equivalent to $ 9,157 in 2017 ) commutation fee to hire a substitute , were spared from the draft .   Initially intended to express anger at the draft , the protests turned into a race riot , with white rioters , predominantly Irish immigrants , attacking blacks throughout the city . The official death toll was listed at either 119 or 120 individuals . Conditions in the city were such that Major General John E. Wool , commander of the Department of the East , said on July 16 that `` Martial law ought to be proclaimed , but I have not a sufficient force to enforce it . ''   The military did not reach the city until after the first day of rioting , by which time the mobs , primarily ethnic Irish , had already ransacked or destroyed numerous public buildings , two Protestant churches , the homes of various abolitionists or sympathizers , many black homes , and the Colored Orphan Asylum at 44th Street and Fifth Avenue , which was burned to the ground .   The area 's demographics changed as a result of the riot . Many blacks left Manhattan permanently ( many moving to Brooklyn ) . By 1865 their population fell below 10,000 , the number in 1820 .

neg: Bleeding Kansas Bleeding Kansas , Bloody Kansas or the Border War was a series of violent political confrontations in the United States involving anti-slavery `` Free-Staters '' and pro-slavery `` Border Ruffian '' , or `` southern '' elements in Kansas . This military conflict happened between 1854 and 1861 , including `` Bleeding Congress '' . The Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 called for `` popular sovereignty '' -- that is , the decision about slavery was to be made by the settlers ( rather than outsiders ) . It would be decided by votes -- or more exactly which side had more votes counted by officials . At the heart of the conflict was the question of whether Kansas would allow or outlaw slavery , and thus enter the Union as a slave state or a free state . Pro-slavery forces said every settler had the right to bring his own property , including slaves , into the territory . Anti-slavery `` free soil '' forces said the rich slaveholders would buy up all the good farmland and work it with black slaves , leaving little or no opportunity for non-slaveholders . As such , Bleeding Kansas was a conflict between anti-slavery forces in the North and pro-slavery forces from the South over the issue of slavery in the United States . The term `` Bleeding Kansas '' was coined by Republican Horace Greeley , editor of the New York Tribune ; its violence indicated that compromise was unlikely , and thus it presaged the Civil War .

neg: Civil rights movements Civil rights movements are a worldwide series of political movements for equality before the law , that peaked in the 1960s . In many situations they have been characterized by nonviolent protests , or have taken the form of campaigns of civil resistance aimed at achieving change through nonviolent forms of resistance . In some situations , they have been accompanied , or followed , by civil unrest and armed rebellion . The process has been long and tenuous in many countries , and many of these movements did not , or have yet to , fully achieve their goals , although the efforts of these movements have led to improvements in the legal rights of some previously oppressed groups of people , in some places .   The main aim of the successful Civil Rights Movement and other social movements for civil rights included ensuring that the rights of all people were and are equally protected by the law . These include but are not limited to the rights of minorities , women 's rights , and LGBT rights .

neg: Birmingham, Alabama Birmingham ( -LSB- ˈbɜrmɪŋhæm -RSB- ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Alabama and the county seat of Jefferson County . The city 's population was 212,237 in the 2010 United States Census . In the 2010 US Census , the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of about 1,128,047 , which is approximately one-quarter of Alabama 's population .   Birmingham was founded in 1871 , during the post-Civil War Reconstruction period , through the merger of three pre-existing farm towns , notably , former Elyton . It was named for Birmingham , England , one of the UK 's major industrial cities . The Alabama city annexed smaller neighbors and developed as an industrial and railroad transportation center , based on mining , the new iron and steel industry , and railroading . Most of the original settlers who founded Birmingham were of English ancestry . The city was developed as a place where cheap , non-unionized , and African-American labor from rural Alabama could be employed in the city 's steel mills and blast furnaces , giving it a competitive advantage over unionized industrial cities in the Midwest and Northeast .   From its founding through the end of the 1960s , Birmingham was a primary industrial center of the southern United States . Its growth from 1881 through 1920 earned its nicknames as The Magic City and The Pittsburgh of the South . Its major industries were iron and steel production , plus a major component of the railroading industry . Rails and railroad cars were both manufactured in Birmingham . The two primary hubs of railroading in the Deep South have been nearby Atlanta and Birmingham , since the 1860s . The economy diversified in the latter half of the 20th century . Banking , telecommunications , transportation , electrical power transmission , medical care , college education , and insurance have become major economic activities . Birmingham ranks as one of the largest banking centers in the United States and as one of the most important business centers in the Southeast .   In higher education , Birmingham has been the location of the University of Alabama School of Medicine ( formerly the Medical College of Alabama ) and the University of Alabama School of Dentistry since 1947 . Since that time it has also gained the University of Alabama at Birmingham ( founded circa 1969 ) , one of three main campuses of the University of Alabama System . It is also home to three private institutions : Samford University , Birmingham-Southern College , and Miles College . In total , the Birmingham area has major colleges of medicine , dentistry , optometry , physical therapy , pharmacy , law , engineering , and nursing . The city has three of the state 's five law schools : Cumberland School of Law , Birmingham School of Law , and Miles Law School . Birmingham is also the headquarters of the Southwestern Athletic Conference , and Southeastern Conference , one of the major U.S. collegiate athletic conferences .

neg: Peabody Education Fund Founded of necessity due to damage caused largely by the American Civil War , the Peabody Education Fund was established by George Peabody in 1867 for the purpose of promoting `` intellectual , moral , and industrial education in the most destitute portion of the Southern States . '' The gift of foundation consisted of securities to the value of $ 2,100,000 , of which $ 1,100,000 were in Mississippi State bonds , afterward repudiated . In 1869 an additional $ 1,000,000 was given by Mr. Peabody , with $ 384,000 of Florida funds , also repudiated later . The main purpose of the fund was to aid elementary education by strengthening existing schools . Because it was restricted from founding new schools , it did not benefit freedmen in the South , as there were no established schools for blacks .   `` The fund introduced a new type of benefaction in that it was left without restriction in the hands of the trustees to administer . Power to close the trust after thirty years was provided on condition that two-thirds of the fund be distributed to educational institutions in the Southern states . ''   The rules of the Peabody Education Fund were strict , allowing for the distribution of about $ 80,000 per year over a period of thirty years . By the time of the termination of the fund in 1898 , about $ 2,500,000 had been distributed . In 1875 , the trustees of the Peabody Education Fund founded the Peabody Normal School of the South which promptly became the Peabody Normal College ( 1875-1911 ) . It was maintained in connection with the University of Nashville and supported by annual donations from the Peabody Education Fund . In 1910 the Peabody College for Teachers was organized . Placed adjacent to Vanderbilt University , the college opened its doors on June 14 , 1914 for summer school . In September 1915 , four new buildings had been completed at a cost of $ 750,000 . About 1915 , the Peabody Education Fund ceased to exist .   The Southern Education Foundation , a not-for-profit foundation , was created in 1937 from the Peabody Education Fund and three funds intended to support education for blacks : the John F. Slater Fund , the Negro Rural School Fund , and the Virginia Randolph Fund .

neg: Copperhead (politics) In the 1860s , the Copperheads comprised a vocal faction of Democrats in the Northern United States of the Union who opposed the American Civil War , wanting an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates . Republicans started calling anti-war Democrats `` Copperheads '' , likening them to the venomous snake . Those Democrats accepted the label , reinterpreting the copper `` head '' as the likeness of Liberty , which they cut from Liberty Head large cent coins and proudly wore as badges . Democratic supporters of the war , by contrast , were called War Democrats .   The Copperheads represented the more extreme wing of the `` Northern Democrats '' . Notable Copperheads included two Democratic congressmen from Ohio : Clement L. Vallandigham and Alexander Long . Republican prosecutors accused some prominent Copperheads of treason in a series of trials in 1864 .   Copperheadism , a highly contentious , grass-roots movement , had its strongest base in the area just north of the Ohio River , as well as in some urban ethnic wards . Some historians have argued that it represented a traditionalistic element alarmed at the rapid modernization of society sponsored by the Republican Party , and that it looked back to Jacksonian Democracy for inspiration . Weber ( 2006 ) argues that the Copperheads damaged the Union war effort by opposing conscription ( the `` draft '' ) , encouraging desertion , and forming conspiracies , but other historians say that the draft was already in disrepute and that the Republicans greatly exaggerated the conspiracies for partisan reasons .   Historians agree that the Copperheads ' goal of restoring the Union with slavery was naive and impractical , for the Confederates refused to consider giving up their independence . The Copperheads became a major target of the Union ( Republican ) party in the 1864 presidential election . Copperhead support increased when Union armies did poorly , and decreased when they won great victories . After the fall of Atlanta in September 1864 , Union military success seemed assured , and Copperheadism collapsed .

neg: Half-Breed (politics) The `` Half-Breeds '' were a political faction of the United States Republican Party in the late 19th century . The Half-Breeds were a moderate-wing group , and were the opponents of the Stalwarts , the other main faction of the Republican Party . The main issue that divided the Stalwarts and the Half-Breeds was political patronage . The Stalwarts were in favor of political machines and spoils system-style patronage , while the Half-Breeds , led by Maine senator James G. Blaine , were in favor of civil service reform and a merit system . The epithet `` Half-Breed '' was invented in derision by the Stalwarts to denote those whom they perceived as being only half Republican .   In the 1880 Republican National Convention , the Stalwart candidate , former president Ulysses S. Grant , was pitted against Half-Breed James G. Blaine for the party nomination . Grant 's campaign was led by Stalwart leader Roscoe Conkling of New York , the state with the biggest split between Stalwarts and Half-Breeds . Despite Conkling 's attempts at imposing a unit-rule in the Republican National Convention by which a state 's votes would be grouped together for only one candidate , a number of Stalwarts went against him by vocalizing their support for the Half-Breed Blaine . The Half-Breeds united to defeat the unit-rule in a vote , and elected Half-Breed George Frisbie Hoar to the position as temporary chairman of the convention .   Both sides knew there was no chance of victory for either candidate , and the Half-Breeds chose James Garfield as a compromise candidate . Garfield won the party 's nomination on the thirty-sixth ballot , and won the 1880 presidential election . Blaine was chosen as Garfield 's Secretary of State , and carried heavy influence over the political appointments Garfield issued for congressional approval . After Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau , a Stalwart , who proclaimed , `` I am a Stalwart of the Stalwarts and Arthur will be President '' , the new Stalwart president Chester A. Arthur surprised those in his own faction by promoting civil service reform and issuing government jobs based on a merit system .   The Half-Breeds put through Congress the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act ( authored by Democrat George H. Pendleton ) , and Arthur signed the bill into law on January 16 , 1883 . The act put an end to the spoils system , at least symbolically , placing a significant number of federal employees under the merit system and putting the government on the road to true reform . The act also set up the United States Civil Service Commission , banished political tests , denied jobs to alcoholics and created competitive measures for some federal positions .   The Half-Breed and Stalwart factions both dissociated towards the end of the 1880s .

neg: The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan The Clansman : A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan is a novel published in 1905 . It was the second work in the Ku Klux Klan trilogy by Thomas F. Dixon , Jr. that included The Leopard 's Spots and The Traitor . It was influential in providing the ideology that helped support the revival of the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK or The Klan ) . The novel was twice notably adapted , immediately by its author as a play entitled The Clansman ( 1905 ) , and a decade later by D. W. Griffith in the groundbreaking 1915 silent movie The Birth of a Nation .   The play , being concerned with the KKK and Reconstruction , is adapted by the second half of The Birth of a Nation . According to Professor Russell Merritt , key differences between the play and film are said to include that Dixon was more sympathetic to Southerners ' pursuing education and modern professions , whereas Griffith stressed ownership of plantations .   Dixon wrote The Clansman as a message to Northerners to maintain racial segregation , as the work claimed that blacks when free would turn savage and violent , committing crimes such as murder , rape and robbery far out of proportion to their percentage of the population . He claimed to write for 18,000,000 southerners who supported his beliefs , though that many never joined the Klan . Dixon portrays the speaker of the house , Austin Stoneman , as a negro-loving legislator mad with power and eaten up with hate . His goal is to punish the Southern whites for their revolution against an oppressive government by turning the former slaves against the White Southerners and use the iron fist of the Union occupation troops to make them the new masters . The Klan 's job is to protect the White Southerners from the carpetbaggers and their allies , Black and White .   In addition to criticism that The Clansman would stir up sentiment in the South , Dixon 's argument that the Klan had saved the South from negro rule was ridiculed by some as absurd .

neg: South Carolina's 6th congressional district The 6th Congressional District of South Carolina is a congressional district in central and eastern South Carolina . It includes all of Allendale , Bamberg , Barnwell , Clarendon , Colleton , Hampton and Williamsburg counties and parts of Beaufort , Berkeley , Calhoun , Charleston , Dorchester , Georgetown , Orangeburg and Richland counties . The district borders were shifted south in the 2012 redistricting . It lost its share of the North Carolina border , and now takes in part of the area near the South Carolina-Georgia border .   The district was defined in the early 1990s in a deal between state Republicans ( mostly white ) and Democrats ( mostly black ) in the South Carolina General Assembly to ensure a majority-black population , known as a majority-minority district . The rural counties of the historical black belt in South Carolina make up much of the district , but it sweeps south to include most of the majority-black precincts in and around Charleston , and sweeps west to include most of the majority-black precincts in and around Columbia . In all of its configurations , its politics have been dominated by black voters in the Columbia and Charleston areas .   Following the Reconstruction era , the white Democratic-dominated legislature passed Jim Crow laws , as well as a new constitution in 1895 that effectively disfranchised blacks , crippling the Republican Party in the state . For most of the next 60 years , South Carolina was essentially a one-party state dominated by the Democrats , and blacks were nearly excluded from the political system .   Demographic and political changes have included the Great Migration ( African American ) of blacks out of the state during the Jim Crow era in the first half of the 20th century . At the same time , many white Democrats felt chagrin at the national party 's greater support of civil rights for blacks from the 1940s onward , and began splitting their tickets in federal elections . After successes of the Civil Rights Movement in gaining passage of federal legislation in the mid-1960s to enforce their constitutional rights and ability to vote , blacks in South Carolina supported national Democratic candidates . This prompted a massive wave of party-switching in which white conservatives began moving into the Republican Party .   Since the late 20th century , South Carolina politics have been very racially polarized . Republicans in South Carolina have been mostly white , and most African Americans in the state continue to support the Democrats . In the 21st century , the 6th is considered the only `` safe '' Democratic district in the state .   Before 1993 , this district included the northeastern part of the state , from Darlington to Myrtle Beach . It was a classic `` Yellow Dog '' Democratic district ; in this configuration it only elected two Republicans , both for a single term . In 2012 , the new 7th congressional district was created ; it includes much of the territory that was in the 6th for most of the 20th century .   Jim Clyburn , a Democrat and the current Assistant House Minority Leader , has represented this district since first being elected in 1992 .

neg: Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War This timeline of events leading up to the American Civil War describes and links to narrative articles and references about many of the events and issues which historians recognize as origins and causes of the Civil War . The pre-Civil War events can be roughly divided into a period encompassing the long term build-up over many decades and a period encompassing the five-month build to war immediately after the election of Abraham Lincoln as President in the Election of 1860 which culminated in the Fall of Fort Sumter ( April 1861 ) .   Since the early colonial period in Virginia , slavery had been a part of the socioeconomic system of British North America and was recognized in the Thirteen Colonies at the time of the United States ' Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) . Since then , events and statements by politicians and others brought forth differences , tensions and divisions between the people of the slave states of the Southern United States and the people of the free states of the Northern United States ( including Western states ) over the topics of slavery . The large underlying issue from which other issues developed was whether slavery should be retained and even expanded to other areas or whether it should be contained and eventually abolished . Over many decades , these issues and divisions became increasingly irreconcilable and contentious .   Events in the 1850s culminated with the election of the anti-slavery-expansion Republican Abraham Lincoln as President on November 6 , 1860 . This provoked the first round of state secessions as leaders of the Deep South cotton states were unwilling to remain in a second class political status with their way of life threatened by the President himself . Initially , the seven Deep South states seceded , with economies based on cotton ( then in heavy European demand with rising prices ) . They were Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Louisiana , Mississippi , South Carolina and Texas . After the Confederates attacked and captured Fort Sumter , President Lincoln called for volunteers to march south and suppress the rebellion . This pushed the four other Upper South States ( Virginia , North Carolina , Tennessee , and Arkansas ) also to secede . These states completed the formation of the Confederate States of America . Their addition to the Confederacy insured a war would be prolonged and bloody because they contributed territory and soldiers .


query: Oh Yeon-seo is a former member of a band and she is musical.

pos: Oh Yeon-seo Oh Yeon-seo ( born Oh Haet-nim , on June 22 , 1987 ) , is a South Korean actress and former member of South Korean girl group , LUV . She is best known for her roles in television dramas My Husband Got a Family ( 2012 ) , Jang Bo-ri is Here ! ( 2014 ) , Shine or Go Crazy ( 2015 ) and Please Come Back , Mister ( 2016 ) .

neg: Miyabi Natsuyaki is a Japanese singer . Her career began in 2002 when she passed the audition for Hello ! Project Kids , an all-female adolescent pop group under Hello ! Project . She continued to sing in that group and became a part of four smaller groups composed of Hello ! Project Kids members -- Aa ! , Sexy Otonajan , Buono ! and Berryz Kobo . She was the sub-captain of Berryz Kobo until their indefinite hiatus in 2015 . She is now a member of female pop band PINK CRES. , short for Pink Crescendo .

neg: Music on Top Music On Top ( Korean : 뮤직온탑 ) was a South Korean music television program broadcast by JTBC . It airs live every Wednesday at 6:20 PM KST . It is currently hosted by Yoon Doo-joon of B2ST and actor Lee Hyun-woo . The show was put on hiatus after the March 14 , 2012 episode , but it reported to be coming back in at some indefinite date in the future ; this was a factor of having consistent low ratings ( similar to the demise of shows of like format such as Channel A ( Korea ) 's `` K-Pop Con '' and Maeil Broadcasting Network 's `` Show ! K Music '' . )

neg: Koo Jun-hoe Koo Jun-hoe ( Hangul : 구준회 , born March 31 , 1997 ) is a South Korean singer . He is a member of the South Korean boy group iKON , signed under YG Entertainment .   He appeared on the 2013 Mnet reality survival programme WIN : Who Is Next as part of `` Team B '' , competing against other YG Entertainment trainees for the chance to debut as a group . He went on to appear in the 2014 follow-up programme Mix & Match , which determined the lineup of iKON , along with bandmates B.I , Bobby , Jinhwan , Donghyuk , Yunhyeong and Chanwoo .

neg: Sexy, Free & Single Sexy , Free & Single ( reissue name Spy ) is the sixth Korean studio album of South Korean boy band Super Junior . It was released on July 4 , 2012 , by SM Entertainment , distributed by KMP Holdings and available from online music portal sites at midnight on July 1 , 2012 . It is their first album in 11 months following Mr. Simple released in August 2011 . This was followed by the release of Version B on July 16 , with a different cover which features the 10 members in their teaser photo makeup . A repackaged edition , re-titled Spy was released on August 6 , with four new tracks including follow-up single `` Spy '' .   This album marks the return of member Kangin , who was discharged from his mandatory military service in April 2012 , and the first time with Super Junior in three years since October 2009 ; but the first one without Heechul , who enlisted in September 2011 , and the last with leader Leeteuk and Yesung before their military service , enlisting on 30 October 2012 and on 6 May 2013 , respectively . This is the third album that features ten of the 13 members from the group , following Bonamana in 2010 and their fifth album Mr. Simple .   The album won the `` Album of the Year '' in the 14th Mnet Asian Music Awards and `` Disk Daesang '' in 27th Golden Disk Awards . According to Gaon Album Chart , as of the end of December 2012 , the album has sold a cumulative total of 510,000 + copies domestically .

neg: One Ok Rock One Ok Rock , stylized as ONE OK ROCK ( pronounced in Japanese as `` one o'clock '' ) is a Japanese rock band formed in Tokyo , Japan in 2005 . The band currently consists of Takahiro Moriuchi ( vocals ) , Toru Yamashita ( guitar/leader ) , Ryota Kohama ( bass ) , and Tomoya Kanki ( drums ) .   The band 's name , ONE OK ROCK , comes from `` one o'clock '' , the time that the band used to practice on weekends . They chose to play at one o'clock in the morning because it was cheaper to use the rehearsal space during such hours . However , noticing that the Japanese language made no distinction between R 's and L 's , they changed `` O'CLOCK '' to `` O'CROCK '' ( or `` O'KROCK '' ) , which was then separated to become `` OK ROCK '' . In addition , ONE OK ROCK 's name can be expressed as `` 10969 '' ( one-o-ku-ro ( ku ) - ku ) .

neg: Takarazuka Revue The is a Japanese all-female musical theater troupe based in Takarazuka , Hyōgo Prefecture , Japan . Women play all roles in lavish , Broadway-style productions of Western-style musicals , and sometimes stories adapted from shōjo manga and Japanese folktales . The company is a division of the Hankyu Railway company ; all members of the troupe are employed by the company .

neg: Samuel Seo Seo Dong-hyeon ( ; born May 3 , 1991 ) , better known by his stage name Samuel Seo , is a South Korean singer-songwriter , rapper , and record producer . Born in Seoul , he spent his youth living in his home country , as well as Japan , the United States , and Canada . An aspiring pianist , Seo 's exposure to hip hop music in his teens led him to pursue the genre . He released a series of singles before enlisting and serving two years in military service .   Seo released his first studio album Frameworks ( 2015 ) , which earned him the award for Best R&B & Soul Album at the Korean Music Awards in 2016 . He released his second album Ego Expand ( 100 % ) in May of that year , which earned him nominations for Best R&B & Soul Album , as well as Best R&B & Soul Song for its lead single `` B L U E '' .

neg: Shh (After School song) `` Shh '' is the sixth Japanese single from South Korean girl group After School . The single was released on January 29 , 2014 . The track is produced by Shinichi Osawa , who previously produced their fifth Japanese single `` Heaven '' . It was the last Japanese single with Lee Jooyeon before she graduated in December 2014 .

neg: Park Bom Park Bom ( born March 24 , 1984 ) , better known by the mononym Bom , is a South Korean singer . She is best known as a member of the South Korean girl group 2NE1 . The group announced their disbandment on November 25 , 2016 .   Park Bom began her musical career in 2006 , featuring on singles released by label-mates Big Bang , Lexy and Masta Wu . In 2009 , she made her debut as a member of 2NE1 as the main vocalist .   She has also released two solo singles , `` You and I '' and `` Do n't Cry '' . Both singles reached number one on the Gaon Digital Chart , the national music chart of South Korea . `` You and I '' was also awarded `` Best Digital Single '' at the 2010 Mnet Asian Music Awards .

neg: Chirinuruwowaka , or just or , is a Japanese rock band formed in 2005 by Yumi Nakashima ( GO!GO ! 7188 's Yuu ) .   The band name comes from one sentence of the classical Japanese alphabet `` Iroha '' , prounced Chi-ri-nu-ru-wo-wa-ka .

neg: Two Yoo Project Sugar Man Two Yoo Project - Sugar Man is a 2015 South Korean television program starring Yoo Jae-suk , You Hee-yeol , Kim Eana and Sandara Park . The original 2-episode pilot aired at 22:50 ( KST ) on Wednesday ( August 19 & 26 , 2015 ) under the name Two Yoo Project Searching For Sugar Man . The regular broadcast kicked off beginning October 20 , 2015 , every Tuesday at 22:50 ( KST ) .   The idea for the program began with the documentary Searching For Sugar Man , which refers to the 2012 Swedish-British documentary about American musician Sixto Rodriguez , who faded into obscurity in the United States but somehow ended up as a megastar in South Africa .   The program revolves around the battle of two teams led by Yoo Jae-suk and Yoo Hee-yeol . Each team will brings back a `` Sugar Man '' : the singer who was a one-hit wonder , but has since disappeared from the public eye . The two teams recreate the old song , `` Sugar Song '' , into new versions which will make them appealing to today 's music market . To relive their glory , the songs will be recreated by each producer from each team with today 's artist , `` Show Man '' , who are slated to change every episode .

neg: Yeon Min-ji Lee Min-ji ( born May 14 , 1984 ) , better known as stage name Yeon Min-ji , is a South Korean actress and singer . She is also active in Japanese entertainment under the mononym .

neg: Korean Wave The Korean Wave ( , , a neologism literally meaning `` flow of Korea '' ) is the increase in global popularity of South Korean culture since the 1990s . First driven by the spread of K-dramas and K-pop across East , South and Southeast Asia during its initial stages , the Korean Wave evolved from a regional development into a global phenomenon , carried by the Internet and social media and the proliferation of K-pop music videos on YouTube .   Since the turn of the 21st century , South Korea has emerged as a major exporter of popular culture and tourism , aspects which have become a significant part of its burgeoning economy . The growing popularity of Korean pop culture in many parts of the world has prompted the South Korean government to support its creative industries through subsidies and funding for start-ups , as a form of soft power and in its aim of becoming one of the world 's leading exporters of culture along with Japanese and British culture , a niche that the United States has dominated for nearly a century . During this time the Korean society began to be recognized as a developed country similar to that of the Western world .   Part of the success of the Korean Wave owes in part to the development of social networking services and online video sharing platforms such as YouTube , which have allowed the Korean entertainment industry to reach a sizable overseas audience . Use of these media in facilitating promotion , distribution and consumption of various forms of Korean entertainment ( and K-pop in particular ) has contributed to their surge in worldwide popularity since the mid-2000s .

neg: Vibe (band) Vibe is a South Korean R&B group . They released their first album in 2002 as a trio of two male singers ( Yoon Min-soo and Ryu Jae-hyun ) and a rapper ( Yoo Sung Gyu ) . Their first single '' 미워도 다시 한번 ( Although it is hateful , again ) '' was a success and a huge hit for the group making them very popular . Their second single `` Promise U '' was also very successful . Their 2nd album came out in November 2003 and their first single '' 오래 오래 ( Long Long Time ) '' was a huge hit as was their second single '' 사진을 보다가 ( While Looking at the Picture ) '' . This cemented their status as a popular group and consistent hit makers . During the hiatus between their 2nd and 3rd albums , the rapper left the group citing that he wanted to pursue his own style of music , taking on the name Noblesse . Vibe went on to release their 3rd album in 2006 which became a success with their two hits '' 그 남자 , 그 여자 ( That Man , That Woman ) '' and '' 술이야 ( Drinking ) '' . Vibe release their 4th album and their title song was '' 다시 와주라 '' ( Comeback Again ) . In 2011 , Yoon Min-soo joins the cast of MBC I Am a Singer , and debut singing '' 그 남자 , 그 여자 ( That Man , That Woman ) '' and '' 술이야 ( Drinking ) '' , he obtains the 2nd place behind Insooni .

neg: Hyomin Park Sun-young ( born May 30 , 1989 ) , better known by her stage name Hyomin , is a South Korean singer , songwriter and actress . She is a member of South Korean girl group T-ara .

neg: T.O.P discography Choi Seung-hyun ( ; born November 4 , 1987 ) , better known by his stage name T.O.P , is a South Korean rapper , songwriter and actor . He is a member of the South Korean K-Pop group Big Bang . He made his solo debut in 2010 with the release of the digital single `` Turn It Up . '' Later that year , T.O.P and bandmate G-Dragon formed a subunit to release the album GD & TOP ( 2010 ) . His second single , `` Doom Dada '' was released in 2013 .

neg: WoongSan WoongSan ( born Kim Eun Young ) is an award-winning South Korean musician , actress and TV show host . She has been a leading figure in the jazz music scene in Korea and Japan for over a decade , having performed live over 500 times since her 1998 Japanese debut . She is the first Korean-born musician to perform at New York City 's historic Blue Note Jazz Club and has collaborated with many other well-known jazz musicians including Benny Green , Lonnie Plaxico , Rodney Green , Conrad Herwig and Suzuki Hisatsugu . She is also well known for training Ali ( South Korean singer ) , a popular K-pop singer .

neg: Sketch Show (band) Sketch Show is a Japanese duo formed in 2002 by two of the three former members of Yellow Magic Orchestra , Haruomi Hosono and Yukihiro Takahashi . In some live shows , Ryuichi Sakamoto has joined in band performances .   `` Similar to Yellow Magic Orchestra , Sketch Show 's sound relies heavily on cutting-edge technology ( synthesizers the first time , computers this time ) , but what sets the duo apart from thousands of other knob-twiddlers is the sense of songcraft and pop sensibility that they have consistently displayed over their careers . Both men sing and play traditional instruments -LSB- ... -RSB- . While not genre-specific , Sketch Show 's music is loosely categorized as electronica . The band released its debut album , Audio Sponge , in 2002 , shortly after a well-received appearance at Takkyu Ishino 's massive rave event , WIRE02 . In addition to Hosono and Takahashi , the record featured collaborations with former YMO member Ryuichi Sakamoto and Towa Tei . Shows following the release of the record were instant sellouts . -LSB- ... -RSB- In February 2003 , the band released the mini-album Tronika , which featured remixes by Cornelius . Early that summer , they played a show-stealing slot at SONAR 2003 in Barcelona , and CYBERSONICA 03 in London . These shows were the first European appearances for Hosono and Takahashi in two decades . September 2003 saw the release of a live DVD , Wild Sketch Show Live 2002 , featuring footage culled from a string of December 2002 performances at the legendary Shibuya-AX , and including a medley of YMO classics along with their new material . Toward the end of 2003 , the band released their second album , LOOPHOLE . The album again featured collaborations with Sakamoto , and remixes by Cornelius and Safety Scissors . ''   In 2004 , Sketch Show performed live shows with Sakamoto under the name `` Human Audio Sponge '' , or `` HAS '' . Since 2005 , Sketch Show has wound down , and in 2007 , Hosono , Sakamoto and Takahshi released the single `` Rescue / Rydeen 79/07 '' under the name `` HASYMO '' , which was made in the style of Sketch Show 's music , with heavier incorporation of live instruments . Since 2008 , the combination of Hosono , Sakamoto and Takahashi has performed together as `` Yellow Magic Orchestra '' , continuing with what was developed as Sketch Show/Human Audio Sponge/HASYMO .

neg: Kayla J. Yoo Kayla J. Yoo is a songwriter , singer , music producer , multimedia designer and music columnist from South Korea who has developed Joombas Music Group as Chief Content Officer with Justine Ok , Yena Seo , and Hyuk Shin in 2011 . In 2013 , she was involved as a songwriter on `` Romantic St ' of Girls ' Generation 's 4th album , I Got A Boy , which hit Billboard # 1 World album chart in January 2013 . Deeply involved with Fiera Music in 2012 as a director , she works on various music projects as a singer , lyricist , A&R , and multimedia designer/producer in New York City .   As a multimedia designer and producer , she has either directed , produced , interviewed , or written many interviews for artists Marques Houston , Elijah Blake , RAS , Mat Musto , Torae , and Oddisee . With Joombas Music Group , she directed contents on Joombas TV ( the online media channel of Joombas Music Group ) , including industry news , interviews , online reality show and documentary . She also has worked as a video editor for the music video of the song ` Heal ' by Natascha Bessez . The music video was featured by the actor Hunter Johansson , twin brother of Scarlett Johansson , and it was released in February 2013 .   As a music columnist , she works with Korean Hiphop/R & B online magazine HiphopLE . She writes the series of ` R&B Talk ' , ` Feature ' , and ` Stars in Love ' , which also published offline , by the Korean fashion magazine ` FAST ' in 2013 . In July 2013 , she became a panel of the official podcast radio of HiphopLE , `` The Art Of Hip-Hop '' and `` Hot Issue '' . She 's also known as the voice of HiphopLE 's intro clip , speaking the slogan ` One Step Closer to Hip-hop and R&B Music ' . In February 2014 , HiphopLE held a contest to find the new instrumental for the intro clip with using Kayla , Jolly V and NateDogg 's voices .   On January 28 , 2014 , Kayla made her music video directing debut in the single album , `` Champion '' by Born I Music and Justine . The single was released digitally and distributed worldwide by Fiera Music/Sony Music Entertainment Korea and the music video was certified by VEVO . Kayla got also involved as a director of the project and the background singer .  Subsequently , `` Champion '' was also featured in a Sony Music compilation album for the Sochi 2014 Olympics released on February 7 , 2014 . Also listed on the album were artists such as Pharrell Williams , Daft Punk , Justin Timberlake , Lenka , Avril Lavigne , Shakira , Pitbull , One Direction , Dami Im , Britney Spears , Chris Brown , Miley Cyrus , Foster The People , Paloma Faith , Helena , Tinashe , Krewella , Little Mix , Beyoncé , Russian Red , Justice Crew , Ailee , and Lucas Nord .

neg: Clazziquai Clazziquai Project ( Hangul : 클래지콰이 ) , also known as Clazziquai , is a South Korean experimental band that combines several genres including electronic music , acid jazz and house . The group 's first short unofficial albums were released online in 2001 , spreading its music through words of `` netizens , '' who positively received the group 's music . They remained underground until the release of their first album Instant Pig in 2004 , selling over 80,000 copies . Since then , their music has been used in shows , commercials , and films .   Clazziquai is known for their songs , `` Be My Love '' and `` She Is '' , which were featured on the Korean drama My Lovely Samsoon , with the former becoming the show 's theme song . The group won an award at the MNET KM Music Video Festival for `` Best Soundtrack '' , and has also been the most nominated group at the Korean Popular Music Awards II ( 2회 ) , winning `` Artist of the Year '' and `` Best Pop '' . They have contributed to works by Japanese artists Fantastic Plastic Machine and M-Flo .


query: Snooki is a professional wrestler.

pos: Snooki Nicole Elizabeth `` Snooki '' LaValle ( née Polizzi ; born November 23 , 1987 ) is an American reality television personality , author , dancer and professional wrestler who is best known for being a cast member of the MTV reality show Jersey Shore and starring in Snooki & Jwoww . Since the show 's debut in 2009 , Polizzi has gained popularity by appearing on talk shows including The View , The Ellen DeGeneres Show , Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , Late Show with David Letterman , and The Wendy Williams Show . She earned $ 150,000 per Jersey Shore episode for the last two seasons . She also appeared as the guest hostess for WWE Raw in 2011 and competed at WrestleMania XXVII that same year .

neg: Damien Kane Damien Kane ( born April 16 , 1960 ) is an American retired professional wrestler and manager . He is best known for his appearances with the Philadelphia , Pennsylvania-based promotion Extreme Championship Wrestling in the mid-1990s .

neg: Steve Stanlee Steve Zygowicz ( February 29 , 1920 -- July 2 , 2010 ) , better known by his ring name of Steve Stanlee , was an American professional wrestler from the late 1940s through the 1960s . He was the younger brother of professional wrestler Gene Stanlee .

neg: Annie Social Nancy Becker ( born January 28 , 1982 ) is an American professional wrestler best known by her ring name Annie Social , who regularly performs for Shimmer Women Athletes and Women Superstars Uncensored ( WSU ) . She currently manages Melanie Cruise in Shimmer .

neg: Enoki Films is a producer of anime based in the Enoki Building in Shinjuku , Tokyo .   Enoki Films also had a North American division , established in 1986 , headquartered in the Encino area of Los Angeles , California , United States called Enoki Films USA , Inc. . Enoki Films USA acted as a middle-man between Japanese companies and American licensees such as 4Kids Entertainment and Saban . In May 2007 it was announced that their content would also be provided as video on demand by Internet startup ReelTime.com ( worldwide except Japan ) .   As of 2002 Enoki licenses anime but sub-licenses its licenses to various distributors instead of distributing them directly . Anime News Network wrote that `` They generally only license TV shows that they hope to also license to TV broadcasters such as Cartoon Network , ABC Family and Fox Kids . ''   Some of the anime productions that were listed on Enoki 's website are under alternate names and may list characters under different names as well . In many cases , when sub-licensed to anime home video companies , the original titles and character names have been restored . Enoki 's translations of episode titles and scenarios may also be different than what may be on the official release .   If Enoki 's series ' had a separate movie or direct-to-video production , it is usually not licensed by Enoki , and the film or direct-to-video production may be licensed to a separate company than the series ( as is the case with the Slayers movies and OVAs and the Utena movie ) .   As of 2016 , Enoki Films ' North American division is now defunct , since it bought its operations to an end in 2010 .

neg: USA Wrestling USA Wrestling ( formerly known as the United States Wrestling Federation and as the United States Wrestling Association ) is the organization that currently governs freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling in the United States . USA Wrestling is also the official representative to the United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) and to United World Wrestling ( UWW ) and is considered the national governing body of the sport at the amateur level . Their mission statement is , `` USA Wrestling , guided by the Olympic Spirit , provides quality opportunities for its members to achieve their full human and athletic potential . ''

neg: Taka Michinoku ( born October 26 , 1973 ) , better known by his ring name Taka Michinoku ( with his first name usually stylized in all capital letters ) , is a Japanese professional wrestler and former mixed martial artist . Michinoku is known in North America for his work for the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) where he had the first ever WWF Light Heavyweight Championship reign recognized by the North-American promotion . Michinoku is the founder and promoter of Kaientai Dojo , where he also wrestles . He is also a regular for New Japan Pro Wrestling .   Having held championship titles in Japan , North America , Mexico and Europe , Yoshida is known for his long title reigns . He held the FMW Independent World Junior Heavyweight Title for a combined duration of more than 15 months , the WWF Light Heavyweight Title for a then record-setting 10 months and the WEW Six-Man Tag Team Title for almost a year . Yoshida has held the World Junior Heavyweight Championship , Michinoku Pro Tohoku Junior Heavyweight Championship and Kaientai Dojo Strongest-K Championship simultaneously for almost 10 months . During his reign , he has defended his titles against both AJPW and independent circuit talent to increase his base of opponents , and thus has increased the reach of the World Junior Heavyweight Championship , which was closed off to outside competition in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s .

neg: Samoa Joe Nuufolau Joel `` Joe '' Seanoa ( born March 17 , 1979 ) , better known by his ring name Samoa Joe , is an American professional wrestler currently signed to WWE and performing on the Raw brand . He was previously best known for his time with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) and Ring of Honor ( ROH ) .   Joe established himself in ROH from the promotion 's beginning in 2002 , holding the ROH World Championship for a record 21 months from May 2003 to December 2004 . Upon joining TNA in June 2005 , he embarked on an 19-month-long undefeated streak , and went on to hold the TNA World Heavyweight Championship once , the TNA X Division Championship five times , the TNA World Tag Team Championship twice , and the TNA Television Championship once ; completing the TNA Triple Crown and the TNA Grand Slam .   He also wrestled internationally and on the independent circuit for various promotions , winning several titles , including the GHC Tag Team Championship with Magnus in Pro Wrestling Noah , and he was an inaugural NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Champion with Keiji Sakoda in Pro Wrestling Zero1 . He left TNA in February 2015 , briefly competing again in ROH and the independent circuit .   Joe officially debuted in WWE 's developmental territory NXT in May 2015 , and signed a full-time contract with the company in June ; he went on to become the first ever two-time NXT Champion .

neg: Masato Tanaka is a Japanese professional wrestler , best known for his appearances with Frontier Martial Arts Wrestling in Japan and in Extreme Championship Wrestling in the United States where he was a one-time ECW World Heavyweight Champion . He is currently splitting his time working for Pro Wrestling Noah and Pro Wrestling Zero1 .

neg: Face (professional wrestling) In professional wrestling , a face ( babyface ) is a heroic or a `` good guy '' wrestler , booked ( scripted ) by the promotion with the aim of being cheered by fans . Faces , traditionally , wrestle within the rules and avoid cheating ( in contrast to the heels who use illegal moves and call in additional wrestlers to do their work for them ) while behaving positively towards the referee and the audience .   Such characters are also referred to as blue-eyes in British wrestling , and técnicos in lucha libre . The face character is portrayed as a hero relative to the heel wrestlers , who are analogous to villains . Not everything a face wrestler does must be heroic : faces need only to be cheered by the audience to be effective characters . The vast majority of wrestling storylines involving faces place a face against a heel , although more elaborate set-ups ( such as two faces being manipulated by a nefarious outside party into fighting ) often happen as well .   In the world of lucha libre wrestling , they 're generally known for using moves requiring technical skill , particularly aerial maneuvers , and wearing outfits using bright colors with positive associations ( such as solid white ) . This is contrasted with the villainous rudos that are generally known for being brawlers , using physical moves that emphasize brute strength and/or size while often having outfits akin to demons or other nasty characters .

neg: Tony Borne Anthony Wayne `` Tony '' Osborne ( July 13 , 1926 -- August 27 , 2010 ) was an American professional wrestler , better known by his ring name , `` Tough '' Tony Borne .

neg: All Star Wrestling All Star Wrestling is a British Professional wrestling promotion also known as All Star Promotions , Superslam Wrestling and Big Time Wrestling and originally known as Wrestling Enterprises ( of Birkenhead ) , run by Brian Dixon and based in Liverpool , England . Dixon 's promotion tours theatres , leisure centres , town halls and similar venues , many of them old venues for televised wrestling in the UK in the 1950-1980s , as well as holiday camps . It is the oldest active wrestling promotion in the UK , and furthermore the longest-running UK wrestling promotion ever - a record it has held since September 2013 , when it eclipsed the 42 years and 11 months lifespan of Joint Promotions/Ring Wrestling Stars ( March 1952 -- February 1995 ) .   All Star contributed to the final two years of ITV 's regular televised wrestling programme in the UK in 1987-1988 and some of their matches were included on VHS and DVD compilations and repeated as part of the World of Sport programming on The Fight Network , formerly The Wrestling Channel , until it stopped transmission in 2008 . These matches are currently being repeated on the Men & Movies channel .

neg: Moonsault A moonsault , moonsault press , or back flip splash is a professional wrestling aerial technique . It was innovated by Mando Guerrero . Much of its popularity in both Japanese and American wrestling is attributed to The Great Muta , despite it being used in North America by `` Leaping '' Lanny Poffo years before Muta came from Japan .  In a standard moonsault , which is generally attempted from the top rope , a wrestler faces away from the supine opponent and executes a backflip landing on the opponent in a splash/press position but facing towards the elevated position . Though this move is generally attempted from the top rope to an opponent lying face up in the mat , myriad variations exist , including moonsaults that see the wrestler land on a standing opponent and forcing them down to the mat . The move is considered a higher-impact version of a splash , since the wrestler utilizes rotational speed .   A less common variation sees the wrestler perform a moonsault on a standing opponent , with the torso of the wrestler striking the torso of the opponent ( albeit upside down ) , forcing the opponent backwards and to the ground with the opponent on top of them , usually placing the opponent in a pinning predicament . Most of the variations listed below can also be performed on standing opponents .

neg: Rusev (wrestler) Miroslav Barnyashev ( Мирослав Барняшев born December 25 , 1984 ) is a Bulgarian professional wrestler and former powerlifter and rower . He is currently signed to the American professional wrestling promotion WWE , where he performs under the ring name Rusev on the Smackdown brand .   A two-time former WWE United States Champion , Barnyashev is the first Bulgarian to have wrestled for WWE .

neg: Wrestle Kingdom (video game) is a licensed professional wrestling video game by Yuke 's , released in Japan for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 2 . The game combines the top stars of New Japan Pro Wrestling , All Japan Pro Wrestling , Pro Wrestling Noah , and freelancers .   The Xbox 360 version of the game was temporarily recalled in Japan due to it not saving properly to the system 's hard drive . A release event planned for the following two days after its release was cancelled .

neg: Ring of Honor Ring of Honor ( ROH ) is an American professional wrestling promotion , founded in 2002 by RF Video owner Rob Feinstein . From 2004 to 2011 , the promotion was under the ownership of Cary Silkin before being sold to the Sinclair Broadcast Group ( SBG ) , an American telecommunications company that operates the largest number of local television stations in the United States .   ROH holds TV tapings , pay-per-view events , live events , and Internet pay-per-view events throughout the United States and Canada . It has also held shows in the United Kingdom and Japan . Annual shows include the Anniversary Show , Supercard of Honor ( held annually during WrestleMania weekend ) , Best in the World , Global Wars , Death Before Dishonor , Glory By Honor , and Final Battle ( the last show of the calendar year and ROH 's marquee event ) .   ROH records all of its shows and sells them on DVD through mail order via its online store , and the DVDs have developed a fanbase for the promotion in the United States and beyond . In 2009 , ROH signed a television deal with HDNet , which aired shows every week until 2011 . As of September 2011 , ROH 's flagship broadcast Ring of Honor Wrestling has been syndicated by parent company Sinclair Broadcasting , and airs on Sinclair owned stations across the country . ROH is also broadcast on Samurai TV in Japan , and is the third-largest professional wrestling promotion in the United States , behind WWE and after Impact Wrestling .   On June 22 , 2014 , ROH had its first live pay-per-view broadcast , Best in the World , from Nashville , Tennessee . It was followed-up on December 7 with their biggest show of the year Final Battle , from Terminal 5 in New York City . Their next pay-per-view aired March 1 , 2015 , which was their 13th Anniversary Show , from Las Vegas , Nevada .

neg: Masato Yoshino is a Japanese professional wrestler , currently working for the Dragon Gate wrestling promotion .

neg: Miyawaki (wrestler) Miyawaki ( stylized in all capital letters , born June 28 , 1977 ) is a Japanese professional wrestler , best known for his work in the Kaientai Dojo and Osaka Pro Wrestling promotions . He has also wrestled in the United States for Chikara and Pro Wrestling Guerrilla ( PWG ) .

neg: Pro Wrestling International The Pro Wrestling International ( PWI ) is a professional wrestling governing body in the United States .

neg: J.H. McLaughlin James Hiram McLaughlin ( June 8 , 1844 -- September 11 , 1905 ) ( also known as Colonel J.H. McLaughlin or simply J.H. McLaughlin ) was a wrestling champion in the United States in the 19th century . He is generally considered the first American professional wrestling champion , and along with William Muldoon , was one of the two key people to establish and popularize professional wrestling in the United States . The 6-foot-1 McLaughlin weighed between 215 and 265 pounds , depending on whether he 'd kept himself in fighting shape . He was born in Oriskany , New York .   McLaughlin was known for his superior Irish-style `` collar-and-elbow '' standing skills , in which throwing an opponent was the aim . However , he also excelled at the rougher , undisciplined catch-as-catch-can style which was then prominent , and three opponents are known to have died as a result of wrestling McLaughlin .   Newspaper accounts of the time are sometimes exaggerated , and even in the late 19th century , numerous fans and reporters already regarded the burgeoning sport 's credibility with skepticism . However , contemporary reports of McLaughlin 's earnings , including the side bets that were commonly several multiples of his official pay , indicate that he was phenomenally well-compensated . Adjusting for inflation , it is possible that he was the highest-paid wrestler in history .   McLaughlin 's wrestling career began in earnest with a few matches just before the U.S. Civil War . His first was in 1859 against the irascible Hiram McKee . Though half McKee 's age , McLaughlin may have outweighed his opponent , who he successfully pinned . When McKee angrily demanded a rematch , McLaughlin lost his temper and threw McKee to the ground , fracturing McKee 's leg . McKee fought for the Union Army during the war , while continuing to pursue wrestling , which was a popular pastime among the troops . After defeating Louis Ainsworth in 1866 or 1867 , McLaughlin declared himself to be the collar-and-elbow champion of America . Even after losing a bout to Homer Lane in 1868 , the public still regarded McLaughlin 's claim to the title .   In March 1870 , a tournament was held , and is believed to have been wholly legitimate . McLaughlin emerged as the winner , and was awarded a belt with a gold buckle , which he would later put at stake in matches . In the tournament final , McLaughlin was safely ahead in a match against Barney Smith , but the referee declined to end the match . McLaughlin ended the match by either slamming Smith on his head or off the stage ( accounts differ ) , delivering an impact which led to Smith 's mental incapacitation and eventual death from cranial trauma . The remorseful McLaughlin gave his tournament winnings to Smith 's widow , saying `` I forgot I was so wicked strong . ''   McLaughlin successfully defended his golden belt for the next year , before announcing his retirement in mid-1871 . Despite remaining inactive for nearly four years , he was generally considered the reigning champion . His next match came in February 1875 , with a decisive win over Mike Whalen in which he collected $ 2,500 for the match itself , and another $ 15,000 by betting on himself , more than half a million dollars in today 's money . McLaughlin did not fight again for a year , winning a January 1876 rematch against Joe Benjamin , who he 'd beaten five years earlier . He fought several times that year , including two draws and a win against James H. Martin . But the year took its toll on McLaughlin 's opponents . Dutch Hogan died after wrestling McLaughlin , and Charles Meier was paralyzed . It was at this point that McLaughlin publicly declared his intention to restrict his future fights to collar-and-elbow rules , rather than the anything-goes style that led to those in-ring tragedies .   In December 1876 , McLaughlin injured his heel in an exhibition tune-up match , leaving him at a disadvantage for a title match against James Owens a few weeks later . That bout lasted more than five hours , with McLaughlin protecting his injured foot , and Owens being reluctant to press the advantage against the larger and stronger McLaughlin . Ultimately Owens won the title in two straight falls .   McLaughlin spent a few months healing before winning three matches in the spring , then retired again . McLaughlin gained a substantial amount of weight during his sabbatical , but was lured out of retirement in November 1878 against the formidable John McMahon . McLaughlin defeated McMahon in a rematch three weeks later , and a third contest the following March resulted in a draw .   Almost four years later , at the end of 1882 , McLaughlin beat Canadian champion Edras Lambert . In 1884 , he reentered the competition with a series of bouts . In January , he beat top star H.M. Dufur to capture his third collar-and-elbow championship . In March , he lost to Duncan C. Ross , then beat Ross three weeks later , then lost a rematch to Dufur three weeks after that . A month later , in June , he defeated Dufur for his fourth title , before relinquishing it to Dufur at the end of July . Wrestling reporter/historian Dave Meltzer believes the back-and-forth results and the shortened time between the matches suggests that the sequence and outcomes of these matches were most likely deliberately prearranged by the wrestlers to excite public interest , and maximize the payout . Four months later , McLaughlin split a pair of matches with William Muldoon in November and December . Muldoon won the rematch , and assumed McLaughlin 's spot as the nation 's preeminent wrestling star .   The second Muldoon match marked the effective end of McLaughlin 's professional career and title hopes . However , in 1901 , McLaughlin emerged in the Yukon territory as part of a threesome of wrestlers , travelling from town to town pretending to confront and challenge one another over the `` real '' championship . The other wrestlers , primarily future star Frank Gotch and Joe Carroll , used pseudonyms , but McLaughlin 's name was still a draw after forty years . Their alleged antipathy included the first high-profile `` three way '' match , in which McLaughlin , Gotch and Carroll wrestled one another in five different styles , purportedly to determine which of the three was the most versatile . Gotch would emerge the winner of these round robin challenges .   McLaughlin died four years later , aged 61 , on September 11 , 1905 , in Fairmont , Alaska .   He was an inductee into the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame class of 2016 .

neg: Royal Rumble (2014) Royal Rumble ( 2014 ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by WWE and presented by Jackson Hewitt which took place on January 26 , 2014 at the Consol Energy Center in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . It was the twenty-seventh annual Royal Rumble , the first to be held in the city of Pittsburgh and the first WWE pay-per-view in 2014 .   The event featured four professional wrestling matches and one pre-show match , two of which were for championships . The main event was the Royal Rumble match , a battle royal in which wrestlers enter the ring at regular intervals . Batista won by last eliminating Roman Reigns to become a two-time Royal Rumble winner . Elsewhere on the event 's card , Randy Orton successfully defended the WWE World Heavyweight Championship against John Cena , Bray Wyatt defeated Daniel Bryan , and Brock Lesnar defeated Big Show . On the event 's pre-show , The New Age Outlaws defeated Goldust and Cody Rhodes to become the new WWE Tag Team Champions .   The event is known for the overwhelmingly negative crowd response during the Orton-Cena title match , as well as towards the end of ( and after ) the Royal Rumble match , when the fans booed the Rumble winner Batista and repeatedly chanted for Daniel Bryan ( who had competed earlier in the night and was not involved in the main event ) . Fans worldwide ( including retired wrestler Mick Foley ) voiced their displeasure over social media , and the event was covered by many major news outlets as one of the worst Royal Rumble pay-per-views . However , the bout between Daniel Bryan and Bray Wyatt was highly praised by fans and critics . The event also marked the final wrestling appearance of CM Punk , who walked out on WWE the next day despite still being under contract and subsequently signed a contract to compete in the UFC .   The event received 467,000 buys , down 8.8 % from the 512,000 buys for the previous year 's event .