query: Charles I did not marry a Bourbon princess.

pos: Charles I of England Charles I ( 19 November 1600 -- 30 January 1649 ) was monarch of the three kingdoms of England , Scotland , and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649 .   Charles was the second son of King James VI of Scotland , but after his father inherited the English throne in 1603 , he moved to England , where he spent much of the rest of his life . He became heir apparent to the English , Irish , and Scottish thrones on the death of his elder brother , Henry Frederick , Prince of Wales , in 1612 . An unsuccessful and unpopular attempt to marry him to the Spanish Habsburg princess Maria Anna culminated in an eight-month visit to Spain in 1623 that demonstrated the futility of the marriage negotiations . Two years later , he married the Bourbon princess Henrietta Maria of France instead .   After his succession , Charles quarrelled with the Parliament of England , which sought to curb his royal prerogative . Charles believed in the divine right of kings and thought he could govern according to his own conscience . Many of his subjects opposed his policies , in particular the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent , and perceived his actions as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch . His religious policies , coupled with his marriage to a Roman Catholic , generated the antipathy and mistrust of reformed groups such as the English Puritans and Scottish Covenanters , who thought his views too Catholic . He supported high church ecclesiastics , such as Richard Montagu and William Laud , and failed to aid Protestant forces successfully during the Thirty Years ' War . His attempts to force the Church of Scotland to adopt high Anglican practices led to the Bishops ' Wars , strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments and helped precipitate his own downfall .   From 1642 , Charles fought the armies of the English and Scottish parliaments in the English Civil War . After his defeat in 1645 , he surrendered to a Scottish force that eventually handed him over to the English Parliament . Charles refused to accept his captors ' demands for a constitutional monarchy , and temporarily escaped captivity in November 1647 . Re-imprisoned on the Isle of Wight , Charles forged an alliance with Scotland , but by the end of 1648 Oliver Cromwell 's New Model Army had consolidated its control over England . Charles was tried , convicted , and executed for high treason in January 1649 . The monarchy was abolished and a republic called the Commonwealth of England was declared . The monarchy was restored to Charles 's son , Charles II , in 1660 .

neg: Carlos de Borbón Carlos de Borbón may refer to :   Charles III of Spain , King of Spain from 1759 to 1788  Charles IV of Spain , King of Spain from 14 December 1788 until his abdication on 19 March 1808  Infante Carlos , Count of Molina , pretender  Infante Carlos , Count of Montemolin , pretender  Carlos , Duke of Madrid , pretender  Alfonso Carlos of Bourbon , Duke of San Jaime , pretender  Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies , nephew of Francis II of Two Sicilies , father of Infante Alfonso , Duke of Calabria  Juan Carlos I of Spain , King of Spain from 1975 to 2014

neg: Charles Amadeus, Duke of Nemours Charles Amadeus of Savoy ( Charles-Amédée de Savoie ) , Duke of Nemours ( 12 April 162430 July 1652 ) was a French military leader and magnate . He was the father of the penultimate Duchess of Savoy and of a Queen of Portugal .

neg: Charles II, Duke of Savoy Charles II or Charles John Amadeus ( Carlo Giovanni Amedeo in Italian ) ( 23 June 1489 , Turin , Piedmont -- 16 April 1496 ) , was the Duke of Savoy from 1490 to 1496 but his mother Blanche of Montferrat ( 1472-1519 ) was the actual ruler as a regent . In 1485 his father Charles I had received the hereditary rights to the Kingdoms of Cyprus , Jerusalem , and Armenia which were inherited by young Charles .

neg: Napoléon Charles Bonaparte, 5th Prince of Canino Napoléon Charles Bonaparte , 5th Prince of Canino and Musignano ( Napoléon Charles Grégoire Jacques Philippe Bonaparte ; 5 February 1839 -- 11 February 1899 ) , was born in Rome as the son of Charles Lucien Bonaparte and Zénaïde Laetitia Julie Bonaparte .   Napoléon Charles served in the French Army and saw action during the French intervention in Mexico and the Franco-Prussian War , the latter of which resulted in the downfall of the Second French Empire of his cousin , Emperor Napoléon III .   He was married in Rome on 25 November 1859 , to princess Maria Cristina Ruspoli ( 1842 -- 1907 ) , daughter of Giovanni Nepomucene Ruspoli , 5th Prince of Cerveteri , and they had three daughters :  Princess Zénaïde Eugénie Bonaparte ( 1860 -- 1862 )  Princess Mary Bonaparte ( 1870 -- 1947 ) ; married Enrico Gotti .  Princess Eugénie Bonaparte ( 1872 -- 1949 ) ; married and later divorced Léon Napoléon Ney , 4th prince de La Moskowa .   Napoléon Charles succeeded as 5th Prince of Canino and Musignano on 19 November 1895 , following the death of his brother Lucien . His cousin , Roland Bonaparte , succeeded him as the 6th Prince of Canino and Musignano but did not assume the title .

neg: Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies Don Carlos , Prince of Bourbon-Two Sicilies , Infante of Spain ( Full Italian name : Carlo Maria Francesco d'Assisi Pasquale Ferdinando Antonio di Padova Francesco de Paola Alfonso Andrea Avelino Tancredi , Principe di Borbone delle Due Sicilie , Infante di Spagna ) ( 10 November 1870 , , Bolzano , Italy -- 11 November 1949 , Seville , Spain ) was the son of Prince Alfonso of the Two Sicilies , Count of Caserta and his wife Princess Maria Antonietta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies , and nephew of the last King of the Two Sicilies , Francis II .

neg: Charles Ferdinand, Prince of Capua Prince Charles of the Two Sicilies , Prince of Capua ( Full Italian name : Carlo Ferdinando , Principe di Borbone delle Due Sicilie , Principe di Capua ) ( 10 November 1811 -- 22 April 1862 in Turin , Kingdom of Italy ) was the second son of Francis I of the Two Sicilies and his second wife Maria Isabella of Spain . He contracted a morganatic marriage in 1836 and had to live for the rest of his life in exile .

neg: Philip I, Duke of Brabant Philip I , Duke of Brabant , also known as Philip of Saint Pol ( 25 July 1404 -- Leuven , 4 August 1430 ) , younger son of Antoine , Duke of Brabant and Jeanne of Saint-Pol , succeeded his brother John as Duke of Brabant in 1427 . He had already been given Saint-Pol and Ligny as an appanage on the death of his grandfather Waleran III in 1415 at the Battle of Agincourt .   He commanded the Burgundian forces occupying Paris in 1419 , but he returned to Brabant in 1420 , where the populace complained of his brother 's misadministration . He was declared ruwaard ( regent ) of Brabant . In 1421 , he was reconciled with his brother , and resigned the regency . The citizens were pacified by John 's `` Nieuw Regiment '' in 1422 .   During his own reign , Philip was forced to grant concessions to the nobility in 1428 . Wary of the rise of his cousin and heir Philip the Good in the Hook and Cod wars , he sought a marital alliance with Louis II of Anjou against Burgundy , marrying his daughter Yolande .  Because this marriage produced no children , his death in 1430 placed Brabant in the hands of his cousin Philip the Good , the next heir , whilst Saint-Pol and Ligny went to his great-aunt Joan , by proximity of blood . His wife was placed in the guardianship of Philip the Good , until she remarried in 1431 with Francis I , Duke of Brittany .

neg: Joséphine de Beauharnais Joséphine de Beauharnais ( -LSB- ʒo.ze.fin də ‿ bo.aʁ.nɛ -RSB- ; née Tascher de la Pagerie ; 23 June 1763 -- 29 May 1814 ) was the first wife of Napoleon I , and thus the first Empress of the French ( commonly called Empress Joséphine or just Joséphine ) .   Her marriage to Napoleon I was her second ; her first husband Alexandre de Beauharnais was guillotined during the Reign of Terror , and she herself was imprisoned in the Carmes prison until five days after Alexandre 's execution . Her two children by Alexandre became significant to royal lineage . Through her daughter , Hortense , she was the maternal grandmother of Napoléon III . Through her son , Eugène , she was the great-grandmother of later Swedish and Danish kings and queens . The reigning houses of Belgium , Norway and Luxembourg also descend from her . She did not bear Napoleon any children ; as a result , he divorced her in 1810 to marry Marie Louise of Austria .   Joséphine was the recipient of numerous love letters written by Napoleon , many of which still exist . Her Château de Malmaison was noted for its magnificent rose garden , which she supervised closely , owing to her passionate interest in roses , collected from all over the world .

neg: Legitimists The Legitimists ( Légitimistes ) are royalists in France who adhere to the rights of dynastic succession of the descendants of the elder branch of the Bourbon dynasty , which was overthrown in the 1830 July Revolution . They reject the claim of the July Monarchy of 1830 -- 1848 , whose king was a member of the junior Orléans line of the Bourbon dynasty . Following the movement of Ultra-royalists during the Bourbon Restoration of 1814 , legitimists came to form one of the three main right-wing factions in France , which was principally characterized by its counter-revolutionary views . The other two right-wing factions are , according to historian René Rémond , the Orléanists and the Bonapartists .   Legitimists hold that the king of France must be chosen according to the traditional rules of succession based in the Salic law . When the direct line of Charles X became extinct in 1883 with the death of his grandson Henri , Count of Chambord , the most senior heir to the throne under these traditional rules was Juan , Count of Montizón , a descendent of Louis XIV via his grandson Philip V of Spain .   The main current legitimist pretender is Louis Alphonse , Duke of Anjou .

neg: Charles V of France Charles V ( 21 January 1338 -- 16 September 1380 ) , called the Wise ( French : `` le Sage '' ) , was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1364 to his death .   In 1349 , as a young prince , Charles received from his grandfather King Philip VI the province of Dauphiné to rule . This allowed him to bear the title `` Dauphin '' until his coronation , which led to the integration of the Dauphiné into the crown lands of France . After 1350 , all heirs apparent of France bore the title of Dauphin until their coronation .   Charles became regent of France when his father John II was captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 . To pay the ransom , Charles raised taxes . As a result , he faced hostility from the nobility , led by Charles the Bad , King of Navarre ; the opposition of the French bourgeoisie , which was channeled through the Estates-General led by Etienne Marcel ; and with peasant revolts known as Jacqueries . Charles overcame all of these rebellions , but in order to liberate his father , he had to conclude the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360 , in which he abandoned large portions of south-western France to Edward III of England and agreed to pay a huge ransom .   Charles became king in 1364 . With the help of talented advisers known as the Marmousets , his skillful management of the kingdom allowed him to replenish the royal treasury and to restore the prestige of the House of Valois . He established the first permanent army paid with regular wages , which liberated the French populace from the companies of routiers who regularly plundered the country when not employed . Led by Bertrand du Guesclin , the French Army was able to turn the tide of the Hundred Years ' War to Charles ' advantage , and by the end of Charles ' reign , they had reconquered almost all the territories ceded to the English in 1360 . Furthermore , the French Navy , led by Jean de Vienne , managed to attack the English coast for the first time since the beginning of the Hundred Years ' War .   Charles V died in 1380 . He was succeeded by his son Charles VI the Mad , whose disastrous reign allowed the English to regain control of large parts of France .

neg: Jaime, Duke of Madrid Jaime de Borbón y de Borbón-Parma , called Duke of Madrid and known in France as Jacques de Bourbon , Duke of Anjou ( 27 June 1870 -- 2 October 1931 ) was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain under the name Jaime III and the Legitimist claimant to the throne of France as Jacques I.

neg: Louise Bénédicte de Bourbon Louise Bénédicte de Bourbon ( Anne Louise Bénédicte ; 8 November 1676 -- 23 January 1753 ) , was the daughter of Henri Jules de Bourbon , Prince of Condé and Anne Henriette of Bavaria . As a member of the reigning House of Bourbon , she was a princesse du sang . Forced to marry the Duke of Maine , legitimised son of Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan , she revelled in politics and the arts , and held a popular salon at the Hôtel du Maine as well as at the Château de Sceaux .

neg: Joan II of Navarre Joan II ( Jeanne 28 January 1312 -- 6 October 1349 ) was Queen of Navarre from 1328 until her death . She was the only surviving child of Louis X of France , King of France and Navarre , and Margaret of Burgundy . Joan 's paternity was dubious because her mother was involved in a scandal , but Louis X declared her his legitimate daughter before he died in 1316 . However , the French lords were opposed to the idea of a female monarch and elected Louis X 's brother , Philip V , king . The Navarrese noblemen also did homage to Philip . Joan 's maternal grandmother , Agnes of France , Duchess of Burgundy , and uncle , Odo IV of Burgundy , made attempts to secure the counties of Champagne and Brie ( which had been the patrimony of Louis X 's mother , Joan I of Navarre ) to Joan , but the French royal troops defeated her supporters . After Philip V married his daughter to Odo and granted him two counties as her dowry , Odo renounced Joan 's claim to Champagne and Brie in exchange for a compensation in March 1318 . Joan married Philip of Évreux , who was also a member of the French royal family .   Philip V was succeeded by his brother , Charles IV , in both France and Navarre in 1322 , but most Navarrese lords refused to swear loyalty to him . After Charles IV died in 1328 , the Navarrese expelled the French governor and declared Joan the rightful monarch of Navarre . In France , Philip of Valois was crowned king . He concluded an agreement with Joan and her husband , who renounced Joan 's claims to Champagne and Brie in exchange for three counties , while Philip acknowledged their right to Navarre . Joan and her husband were together crowned in Pamplona Cathedral on 5 March 1329 .   The royal couple closely cooperated during their joint reign , but Philip of Évreux was more active . However , they mostly lived in their French domains . Navarre was then administered by governors during their absence .

neg: Maria Anna of Savoy, Duchess of Chablais Maria Anna of Savoy ( Maria Anna Carlota Gabriela ; 17 December 1757 -- 11 October 1824 ) was a Princess of Savoy by birth and Duchess of Chablais by her marriage to her uncle .   Born at the Royal Palace of Turin , she was the sixth child of Prince Victor Amadeus , Duke of Savoy and , since 1773 , King of Sardinia , by his wife , Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain , as daughter of Philip V.   Maria Anna was the fourth but third surviving daughter of her parents . Her two older sisters were the future `` grand daughters in law '' of Louis XV of France , Princess Maria Giuseppina , who married the future Louis XVIII of France in 1771 and Princess Maria Teresa , who married the future Charles X of France in 1773 . Their younger surviving sister , Maria Carolina , married Anthony of Saxony .   Three of her brothers were the last three Kings of Sardinia from the senior line of the House of Savoy : the future Charles Emmanuel IV , Victor Emmanuel I and Charles Felix . After the death of the last one in 1831 without issue , the throne passed to Charles Albert , Prince of Carignano and next legitimate male heir .

neg: Dauphin of France The Dauphin of France ( -LSB- pronˈdɔːfᵻn -RSB- , also -LSB- ˈdəufæn -RSB- and -LSB- douˈfæn -RSB- Dauphin de France , -LSB- dofɛ̃ -RSB- ) -- strictly The Dauphin of Viennois ( Dauphin de Viennois ) -- was the title given to the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350 to 1791 and 1824 to 1830 . The word is French for dolphin , as a reference to the depiction of the animal on their coat of arms .

neg: Arnaud Amanieu, Lord of Albret Arnaud Amanieu ( also Arnold and Amaneus , 4 August 1338 -- 1401 ) was the Lord of Albret from 1358 . Arnaud Amanieu was the son of Bernard Ezi IV and Mathe of Armagnac .   In 1330 , Edward III of England sent men to Gascony to negotiate with the nobles . Beranrd Ezi IV tried to negotiate a marriage between Arnaud Amanieu and a daughter of Edmund of Woodstock , Earl of Kent , but the plans fell through .   In 1363 , Edward the Black Prince , then Duke of Gascony , went to his province to procure the homage of his barons , chief among whom was Arnaud Amanieu . In the cathedral of Bordeaux on 9 July , the lord of Albret was the first to kneel sans belt and cap before the Prince and swear an oath of fealty ( save his allegiance to the King of England ) , then to kiss a Bible and a cross , and finally to kiss the Prince on the mouth ( a `` holy kiss '' signifying fellowship and peace ) . However , good relations did not last long between Lord and Prince .   In 1368 , while preparing to cross the Pyrenees to join in the Castilian Civil War , Edward demanded a contingent from Arnaud Amanieu , but the forces requested were more than the lord of Albret could suffice . Arnaud Amanieu refused , causing the Black Prince to say :   Edward 's Council also declared a fouage , a new tax , which was bitterly resented by the great landholders . John I of Armagnac , Peter-Raymond II of Comminges , Roger Bernard of Périgord , and Arnaud Amanieu sent appeals to Charles V of France , appeals which are preserved to this day in the Archives Nationales in Paris . They addressed him as the `` sovereign lord of the duchée de Guienne and the other lands baillées to the king of England by the treaty of peace . '' Needless to say , the king of France readily received the Gascon rebels into his fold .   On 30 June 1368 , after Arnaud Amanieu married Margaret of Bourbon , a secret treaty was signed between Charles V , Arnaud Amanieu , John , and Roger Bernard . Charles pledged aid in the event of war and he swore never to give up his claims of sovereignty over Gascony . The lords agreed to serve Charles -- for pay -- in Auvergne , Toulouse , Berry , and Touraine , and to take an oath to him . The fouage was remitted for the next decade , unless the barons chose to reimpose it on themselves . A body of lawyers and barons was called to decide the sovereignty question and they unanimously affirmed that Charles was sovereign over Gascony .   Amanieu remained close to the French monarchy until his death in 1401 . His son , Charles I , became Constable of France .

neg: Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor Francis I ( Franz Stefan , François Étienne 8 December 1708 -- 18 August 1765 ) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany , though his wife effectively executed the real powers of those positions . With his wife , Maria Theresa , he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty . From 1728 until 1737 he was Duke of Lorraine . In 1737 , Lorraine became managed by France under terms resulting from the War of the Polish Succession . Francis and the House of Lorraine received the Grand Duchy of Tuscany in the peace treaty that ended that war . After taking the throne of the Holy Roman Empire , the return of the ancestral duchy of Lorraine went nominally to his brother Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine ( who was however engaged in ruling the Austrian Netherlands ) , until succession under derivate house alliances resulted in Lorraine 's annexation to France in 1766 .

neg: Infanta María Amalia of Spain (1779–1798) Maria Amalia of Bourbon , Infanta of Spain ( Madrid , 9 January 1779 - Madrid , 22 July 1798 ) , was a Spanish princess . She was a daughter of King Charles IV of Spain , in 1795 , she married her uncle Infante Antonio Pascual of Spain .

neg: Marie Anne de Bourbon (1689–1720) Marie Anne de Bourbon ( 18 April 1689 -- 21 March 1720 ) was a princess of the blood at the French court of Versailles . She was the first wife of Louis Henri de Bourbon and as such was the Duchess of Bourbon and Princess of Condé by marriage . She died childless during the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans . She was known as the younger duchess as opposed to her mother-in-law , the older duchess . Despite her husband being the Prince of Condé , he continued to use the title of Duke of Bourbon , the title by which his wife was known .

neg: Charles II Charles II may refer to :   Charles the Bald ( 823 -- 877 ) , king of the West Franks and Holy Roman Emperor  Charles II of Naples ( 1254 -- 1309 )  Charles II of Alençon ( 1297 -- 1346 )  Charles II of Navarre ( 1332 -- 1387 )  Charles II , Duke of Lorraine ( 1364 -- 1431 )  Charles II , Duke of Bourbon ( 1434 -- 1488 )  Charles II , Duke of Savoy ( 1489 -- 1496 )  Charles II , Archduke of Inner Austria ( 1540 -- 1590 )  Charles II , Duke of Elbeuf ( 1596 -- 1657 )  Charles II , Duke of Mantua and Montferrat ( 1629 -- 1665 )  Charles II of England ( 1630 -- 1685 ) , Scotland and Ireland  Charles II , Elector Palatine ( 1651 -- 1685 )  Charles II of Spain ( 1661 -- 1700 )  Charles VI , Holy Roman Emperor ( 1685 -- 1740 ) , also known as Charles II of Bohemia  Charles de Secondat , baron de Montesquieu ( 1689 -- 1755 ) , French political philosopher of the Enlightenment era  Charles II , Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz ( 1741 -- 1816 )  Charles II of Norway ( 1748 -- 1818 ) , also known as Charles XIII of Sweden  Charles II of Sweden ( 1409 -- 1470 ) , usually called Charles VIII  Landgrave Charles of Hesse-Kassel ( 1744 -- 1836 )  Charles II , Duke of Parma ( 1799 -- 1883 )  Charles II , Duke of Guelders ( 1467 -- 1538 )  Charles II , Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal ( 1803 -- 1868 )  Charles II , Lord of Monaco ( 1555 -- 1589 )  Charles II , Duke of Brunswick ( 1804 -- 1873 )  Charles II , Count of Nevers ( died 1521 )  Charles II , Margrave of Baden-Durlach ( 1529 -- 1577 )  Charles Christian II ( 1818 -- 1886 )  Charles II , Count of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen ( 1547 -- 1606 )  Charles Ridgely II ( 1702 -- 1772 )  Charles Scribner II ( 1854 -- 1930 )  Charles Tyroler II ( died 1995 )  Charles Cabrier II


query: Richmond, Virginia is home to a court of appeals.

pos: Richmond, Virginia Richmond ( -LSB- ˈrɪtʃmənd -RSB- ) is the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States . It is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) and the Greater Richmond Region . It was incorporated in 1742 , and has been an independent city since 1871 .   As of the 2010 census , the population was 204,214 ; in 2016 , the population was estimated to be 223,170 , the fourth-most populous city in Virginia . The Richmond Metropolitan Area has a population of 1,260,029 , the third-most populous metro in the state .   Richmond is located at the fall line of the James River , 44 mi west of Williamsburg , 66 mi east of Charlottesville , and 98 mi south of Washington , D.C. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties , the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64 , and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288 . Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest , Glen Allen to the north and west , Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast .   The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy , and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609 , and in 1610 -- 1611 . The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737 . It became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780 . During the Revolutionary War period , several notable events occurred in the city , including Patrick Henry 's `` Give me liberty or give me death '' speech in 1775 at St. John 's Church , and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson . During the American Civil War , Richmond served as the capital of the Confederate States of America . The city entered the 20th century with one of the world 's first successful electric streetcar systems . The Jackson Ward neighborhood is a national hub of African-American commerce and culture .   Richmond 's economy is primarily driven by law , finance , and government , with federal , state , and local governmental agencies , as well as notable legal and banking firms , located in the downtown area . The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit , one of 13 United States courts of appeals , and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond , one of 12 Federal Reserve Banks . Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco , Fortune 500 companies , are headquartered in the city , with others in the metropolitan area .

neg: Allen, Allen, Allen & Allen Allen , Allen , Allen & Allen is a United States law firm based in Richmond , Virginia . Founded in 1910 in Lunenburg County , Virginia the firm now has 32 attorneys and more than 130 staff employees in 8 offices in Virginia . They have offices in Richmond , Chesterfield , Mechanicsville , Petersburg , Stafford , Fredericksburg , Charlottesville and Short Pump .

neg: Robert Nelson Pollard Robert Nelson Pollard ( June 16 , 1880 -- May 24 , 1954 ) was a United States federal judge .   Born in King and Queen County , Virginia , Pollard attended the University of Virginia School of Law and received an LL.B . from the University of Richmond , T.C. Williams School of Law in 1903 . He was in private practice in Richmond , Virginia from 1904 to 1930 . He was a judge on the Law and Equity Court of Richmond , Virginia from 1930 to 1936 .   On February 20 , 1936 , Pollard was nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to a new seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia created by 49 Stat . 508 . He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 27 , 1936 , and received his commission the same day . He assumed senior status on April 22 , 1947 . Pollard served in that capacity until his death , in 1954 , in Richmond .

neg: United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ( in case citations , 3d Cir . ) is a federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts for the following districts :   District of Delaware  District of New Jersey  Eastern District of Pennsylvania  Middle District of Pennsylvania  Western District of Pennsylvania   It also has appellate jurisdiction over the District Court of the Virgin Islands . This court was created under Article IV of the U.S. Constitution , rather than Article III under which the other district courts in the Circuit were created .   The court is composed of 14 active judges and is based at the James A. Byrne Courthouse in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The court also conducts sittings in other venues , including the U.S. Virgin Islands . It is one of thirteen United States courts of appeals . Due to the court 's appellate jurisdiction over Delaware ( where more than half of publicly traded companies in the United States incorporate ) , the court handles a significant number of influential commercial cases in the United States .

neg: University of Louisville School of Law The University of Louisville Louis D. Brandeis School of Law , commonly referred to as The University of Louisville School of Law , U of L Brandeis School of Law , or the Brandeis School of Law , is the law school of the University of Louisville . Established in 1846 , it is the oldest law school in Kentucky and the fifth oldest in the country in continuous operation . The law school is named after Justice Louis Dembitz Brandeis , who served on the Supreme Court of the United States and was the school 's patron . Following the example of Brandeis , who eventually stopped accepting payment for `` public interest '' cases , Louis D. Brandeis School of Law was one of the first law schools in the nation to require students to complete public service before graduation .   The school offers six dual-degree programs that allow students to earn an MBA , MSW , MA in humanities , M.Div. , MA in political science , and MUP in urban planning while attaining their J.D. . These classes are offered in conjunction with other University of Louisville departments as well as local colleges .   The school 's law library contains 400,000 volumes as well as the papers of Louis D. Brandeis and John Marshall Harlan , both Supreme Court Justices and native Kentuckians . It is one of only thirteen Supreme Court repositories in the nation . The law school 's flagship law review is the University of Louisville Law Review .   According to University of Louisville 's 2013 ABA-required disclosures , 61.7 % of the Class of 2013 obtained full-time , long-term , JD-required employment nine months after graduation , excluding solo practitioners .

neg: St. John's Episcopal Church (Richmond, Virginia) St. John 's Church is an Episcopal church located at 2401 East Broad Street in Richmond , Virginia , United States . Formed from several earlier parishes , St. John 's is the oldest church in the city of Richmond , Virginia . It was built in 1741 by William Randolph 's son , Colonel Richard Randolph ; the Church Hill district was named for it . It was the site of two important conventions in the period leading to the American Revolutionary War , and is famous as the location where Patrick Henry gave his memorable speech at the Second Virginia Convention , closing with the often-quoted demand , `` give me liberty , or give me death ! '' The church is designated as a National Historic Landmark .

neg: Court of Historical Review The Court of Historical Review ( sometimes called the Court of Historical Review and Appeal ) is a mock court in San Francisco , California . It has been convened on irregular intervals over several decades in order to decide questions of historical curiosity . The court 's judgment is purely symbolic and has no legal or academic authority . The court has been presided over by a number of actual or retired judges , including U.S. District Court Judge Daniel Hanlon and San Francisco Municipal Court Judge George T. Choppelas .   Though it is a mock court , a number of notable attorneys and civic figures have argued cases and appeared as `` witnesses '' , sometimes in character as historical figures . The court 's proceedings are described as colorful and are reported widely .

neg: Freedom suit Freedom suits were lawsuits in the Thirteen Colonies and the United States filed by enslaved people against slaveholders to assert claims to freedom , often based on descent from a free maternal ancestor , or time held as a resident in a free state or territory .   The right to petition for freedom descended from English common law and allowed people to challenge their enslavement or indenture . Petitioners challenged slavery both directly and indirectly , even if slaveholders generally viewed such petitions as a means to uphold rather than undermine slavery . Beginning with the colonies in North America , legislatures enacted slave laws that created a legal basis for `` just subjection ; '' these were adopted or updated by the state and territorial legislatures that superseded them after the United States gained independence . These codes also enabled enslaved persons to sue for freedom based on wrongful enslavement .   While some cases were tried during the colonial period , the majority of petitions for freedom were heard during the antebellum period in the border or the Southern United States . After the American Revolution , most northern states abolished slavery and were considered `` free . '' The United States Congress prohibited slavery in some newly established territories , and some new states were admitted to the union as free states . The rise in travel and migration of masters with slaves between free and slave states resulted in conditions that gave rise to slaves suing for freedom . Many free states had residency limits for masters who brought slaves into their territory ; after that time , the slave would be considered free . Some slaves sued for wrongful enslavement after being held in a free state .   Other grounds for suit were that the person was freeborn and illegally held in slavery , or that the person was illegally held because of being descended from a freeborn woman in the maternal line . The principle of partus sequitur ventrem , first incorporated into English colonial slavery law by a 1662 statute in Virginia , established that children 's status was that of the mother . It was adopted into law by other English colonies , and the states of the United States .   In Saint Louis , Missouri records of nearly 300 petition cases have been found that were filed between 1807 and 1860 , and in Washington , D.C. nearly 500 petition cases were filed in the same period . A large portion of cases , as much as one-third , either never went to trial or were settled out of court . In the early nineteenth century in St. Louis and in Washington , D.C. , nearly half of the attorneys at the bar may have acted as counsel for slave petitions . In Missouri , the courts assigned an attorney to the petitioner if it accepted a freedom suit for hearing ; some of the top attorneys in St. Louis defended slaves . After the 1830s , the number of petition cases gradually declined . But from 1800 to 1830 , most of the bar in these cities tried a petition case .   Before the end of the eighteenth century , some southern states began to make petitioning for freedom more difficult . Maryland , for example , in 1796 required that county courts serve as the court of original jurisdiction , rather than the General Court of the Western Shore , an appellate court . The county courts clearly would be more favorable to the interests and views of the local planters against whom these suits were often filed . The legislature also banned those with antislavery sympathies from serving on juries in freedom suits . Virginia passed a similar law on jury composition in 1798 .   But , for a few decades , courts in slave states such as Louisiana , Mississippi , and Missouri often respected the precedent of `` once free , always free '' established by free states . Until the late 1850s , they ruled that slaves who had been held in free states maintained their freedom even if brought back into slave states . Until the Civil War brought an end to slavery , thousands of freedom suits were tried in state courts across the country , with some slaves petitioning as high as the Supreme Court .

neg: House of Burgesses The Virginia House of Burgesses -LSB- ˈbɜrdʒəsɪz -RSB- was the first legislative assembly of elected representatives in North America . The House was established by the Virginia Company , which created the body as part of an effort to encourage English craftsmen to settle in North America , and to make conditions in the colony more agreeable for its current inhabitants .   From 1619 to 1776 , the representative branch of the legislature of Virginia was the House of Burgesses , which governed in conjunction with a colonial governor and his council . Jamestown remained the capital of the Virginia colony until 1699 , when the government was moved to Williamsburg . In 1776 the colony became the independent Commonwealth of Virginia and the House of Burgesses became the House of Delegates .

neg: Richmond Public Schools This school division contains public schools serving the independent city of Richmond , Virginia . It is occasionally described locally as Richmond City Public Schools to emphasize its connection to the independent city rather than the Richmond-Petersburg region at large or the rural Richmond County which is located in a different region northeast of the city .

neg: Nova Scotia Court of Appeal The Court of Appeal for Nova Scotia ( Nova Scotia Court of Appeal or NSCA ) is the highest appeal court in the province of Nova Scotia , Canada . There are currently seven Justices and one Chief Justice . The court sits in Halifax , which is the capital of Nova Scotia . Cases are heard by a panel of three judges and over the year they rule on roughly 250 cases .   The Court of Appeal was established on 30 January 1993 . Prior to 1966 appeals pursuant to Supreme Court cases were heard by a panel of Supreme Court judges sitting en banc and from 1966 to 1993 by the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court . The Chief Justice of the Court of Appeal is the Chief Justice of Nova Scotia . Prior to the establishment of the Court of Appeal the Chief Justice was the Chief Justice of the Appeal Division ( 1966 -- 1993 ) and before 1966 of the Supreme Court .

neg: Certificate of appealability In the most common types of habeas corpus proceedings in the United States federal courts , a certificate of appealability is a legal document that must be issued before a petitioner may appeal from a denial of the writ . The certificate may only be issued when the petitioner has made a `` substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right . ''   The application may be made explicitly , but a notice of appeal made without a certificate of appealability is treated as an implicit application for the certificate . `` To obtain a -LSB- certificate of appealability -RSB- , the -LSB- petitioner -RSB- must make a request to a district or circuit court judge . In the application , the -LSB- petitioner -RSB- includes the issues he wishes to raise on appeal . In general , the application process is informal , there is no hearing , and the government rarely files a brief in response to the prisoner 's request . The determination is simply made in chambers . If the district court judge denies the request , the -LSB- petitioner -RSB- may apply to the circuit judge . In addition , a notice of appeal to the circuit court can be treated as a request for a COA . ''   Under Rule 22 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure , `` a certificate of appealability is not required when a state or its representative or the United States or its representative appeals . '' A certificate of appealability is also not required for petitioners seeking a writ of coram nobis ; however , the writ of coram nobis is only available for those who are no longer in-custody ( or on probation ) and the issues raised in the petition could not have been known while the petitioner was in-custody .   The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 changed the procedures for issuing a certificate of appealability in federal court . Under the 1996 law , `` there can be no appeal from a final order in a § 2255 proceeding unless a circuit justice or judge issues a certificate of appealability . ''   The United States Supreme Court held in Slack v. McDaniel , 529 U.S. 473 ( 2000 ) , that the standard for issuing a certificate is whether `` reasonable jurists could debate whether ( or , for that matter , agree that ) the petition should have been resolved in a different manner . ''

neg: Leapfrog appeal In the courts of England and Wales , a ` leapfrog ' appeal is a special and relatively rare form of appeal in which a case which was heard by the High Court in its capacity as a trial court , an appellate court or as a source of judicial review is appealed directly to the Supreme Court ( skipping the Court of Appeal ) .   Typically leapfrog appeals are permitted only when the High Court was bound by a previous decision of the Supreme Court or House of Lords and therefore the party appealing the decision could not succeed in the Court of Appeal ( because lower courts can not over-turn the decisions of higher courts ) . The case must also be seen as a ` point of law of general public importance ' and both parties must agree to the ` leapfrogging ' .   The purpose of a ` leapfrog ' appeal is to avoid the excess time and resources used in litigating an appeal in a court in which it could not succeed as a ` stepping stone ' to a court where it could .

neg: Supreme Court of Virginia The Supreme Court of Virginia is the highest court in the Commonwealth of Virginia . It primarily hears direct appeals in civil cases from the trial-level city and county circuit courts , as well as the criminal law , family law and administrative law cases that are initially appealed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia . It is one of the oldest continuously active judicial bodies in the United States . It was known as the Supreme Court of Appeals until 1970 , when it was renamed the Supreme Court of Virginia , because of it 's ability to have final jurisdiction .

neg: Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts The appointment of federal judges for United States federal courts has become viewed as a political process in the last several decades . This is especially true of U.S. Supreme Court and court of appeals appointments . The tables below provide the composition of the Supreme and circuit courts at the end of each four year presidential term , categorizing the judges by the presidential term during which they were nominated for their seat .   As of March 2014 a majority of the federal appeals courts have a majority of Democratic appointees . However , the party of the president who appointed a judge is not always a good indicator of that judge 's judicial philosophy and place on the political spectrum .

neg: Missouri Court of Appeals The Missouri Court of Appeals is the intermediate appellate court for the state of Missouri . The court handles most of the appeals from the Missouri Circuit Courts . The court is divided into three geographic districts : Eastern ( based in St. Louis ) , Western ( based in Kansas City ) , and Southern ( based in Springfield ) . For example , appeals taken from trials in St. Louis County will go to the Eastern District , and appeals taken from trials in Jackson County ( Kansas City ) will go to the Western District .   After a case is decided in the Court of Appeals , the losing party may chose to accept the result , or to appeal further to the Supreme Court of Missouri . In most appeals , the Supreme Court of Missouri may , and often does , reject an appeal from the Court of Appeals ( called `` discretionary jurisdiction '' ) . Historically , less than ten percent of the appeals heard by the Missouri Court of Appeals are transferred to the Supreme Court . Thus , for the vast majority of appeals , the Court of Appeals decision is final .

neg: Precedent In legal systems based on common law , a precedent , or authority , is a principle or rule established in a previous legal case that is either binding on or persuasive for a court or other tribunal when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts . Common law legal systems place great value on deciding cases according to consistent principled rules so that similar facts will yield similar and predictable outcomes , and observance of precedent is the mechanism by which that goal is attained . The principle by which judges are bound to precedents is known as stare decisis . Black 's Law Dictionary defines `` precedent '' as a `` rule of law established for the first time by a court for a particular type of case and thereafter referred to in deciding similar cases . '' Common law precedent is a third kind of law , on equal footing with statutory law ( statutes and codes enacted by legislative bodies ) , and Delegated legislation ( in U.K. parlance ) or regulatory law ( in U.S. parlance ) ( regulations promulgated by executive branch agencies ) .   Case law , in common law jurisdictions , is the set of decisions of adjudicatory tribunals or other rulings that can be cited as precedent . In most countries , including most European countries , the term is applied to any set of rulings on law which is guided by previous rulings , for example , previous decisions of a government agency .   Essential to the development of case law is the publication and indexing of decisions for use by lawyers , courts and the general public , in the form of law reports . While all decisions are precedent ( though at varying levels of authority as discussed throughout this article ) , some become `` leading cases '' or `` landmark decisions '' that are cited especially often .

neg: Common law Common law ( also known as judicial precedent or judge-made law or case law ) is the body of law developed by judges , courts , and similar tribunals . The defining characteristic of `` common law '' is that it arises as precedent . In cases where the parties disagree on what the law is , a common law court looks to past precedential decisions of relevant courts , and synthesizes the principles of those past cases as applicable to the current facts . If a similar dispute has been resolved in the past , the court is usually bound to follow the reasoning used in the prior decision ( a principle known as stare decisis ) . If , however , the court finds that the current dispute is fundamentally distinct from all previous cases ( called a `` matter of first impression '' ) , and legislative statutes are either silent or ambiguous on the question , judges have the authority and duty to resolve the issue ( one party or the other has to win , and on disagreements of law , judges make that decision ) . The court states an opinion that gives reasons for the decision , and those reasons agglomerate with past decisions as precedent to bind future judges and litigants . Common law is a body of law made by judges , in contrast to and on equal footing with statutes which are adopted through the legislative process , and regulations which are promulgated by the executive branch ( the interactions are explained later in this article ) . Stare decisis , the principle that cases should be decided according to consistent principled rules so that similar facts will yield similar results , lies at the heart of all common law systems .   A `` common law system '' is a legal system that gives great precedential weight to common law . Common law systems originated during the Middle Ages in England , and from there propagated to the colonies of the British Empire . Today , one third of the world 's population live in common law jurisdictions or in systems mixed with civil law .

neg: Virginia Workers' Compensation Commission The Virginia Workers ' Compensation Commission ( VWC ) is an agency of the U.S. state of Virginia that oversees the resolution of workers ' compensation claims brought in that state , in accordance with the Virginia Workers ' Compensation Act . The Commission has exclusive jurisdiction to adjudicate such claims . Its decisions may be appealed to the Virginia Court of Appeals . The Commission is headed by three Commissioners and an Executive Director . The Commissioners are chosen by the Virginia General Assembly and serve staggered six-year terms . Wesley G. Marshall , R. Ferrell Newman , and Robert A. Rapaport currently serve as Commissioners . The Commissioners elect a Chairman for a term of three years . Mr. Marshall is currently the Chairman and Evelyn McGill is the Executive Director . The Commission is headquartered in Richmond , Virginia , but has offices and hearing locations at various places around the state .   The Commission is also directed by statute to administer two other programs . One is the Criminal Injuries Compensation Fund , which assists crime victims . The other is the Birth-Related Neurological Injury Program , which assists children who sustained certain kinds of injuries set forth in the statute at birth .

neg: United States District Court for the District of Potomac The United States District Court for the District of Potomac was a short-lived United States federal court . Named for the Potomac River , it had jurisdiction over the District of Columbia and pieces of Maryland and Virginia , making it the first ( and one of the only ) United States district court to cross state lines . It was established in the Judiciary Act of 1801 -- also known as the `` Midnight Judges Act '' , because it sought to redistrict the federal courts to allow outgoing President John Adams to make additional appointments -- and was abolished in the Judiciary Act of 1802 . The language of the first Judiciary Act , setting forth the geographic jurisdiction of the District , was as follows :

neg: North Carolina judicial elections, 2014 Four justices of the seven-member North Carolina Supreme Court and four judges of the 15-member North Carolina Court of Appeals were elected by North Carolina voters on November 4 , 2014 , concurrently with other state elections . Terms for seats on each court are eight years .   Assessing the election results , Politifact writer Louis Jacobson noted that Supreme Court races in North Carolina and other states yielded `` better-than-average results '' for Democrats , who otherwise suffered heavy defeats across the country . `` In a series of hotly contested North Carolina contests , two Democratic-leaning judges -LSB- Ervin and Hudson -RSB- prevailed , one Democrat -LSB- Beasley -RSB- was leading in a very close race , and one Republican -LSB- Chief Justice Martin -RSB- was re-elected , '' Jacobson wrote . At the Court of Appeals level , two Democrats , Lucy Inman and Mark Davis , and one Republican , John Tyson , were elected in contested races , while another Republican , Donna Stroud , was re-elected without opposition .   North Carolina ranked second among all states in total spending on judicial election campaigns in 2014 .


query: Louis Tomlinson was a founding member of a girl band.

pos: Louis Tomlinson Louis William Tomlinson ( born Louis Troy Austin ; 24 December 1991 ) is an English singer-songwriter and actor . He is known as a member of the pop boy band One Direction .   Tomlinson began his career as an actor , initially appearing in ITV drama Fat Friends as an extra . He also went on to appear in another ITV drama film If I Had You and the BBC drama Waterloo Road . In 2010 , he became a founding member of One Direction after auditioning as a solo artist on The X Factor . Following the band 's hiatus , Tomlinson released the single `` Just Hold On '' with Steve Aoki in December 2016 .   In 2013 , he was signed as a footballer by Doncaster Rovers of the Football League Championship on a non-contract basis . The same year he also formed his own record label , Triple Strings Ltd. . He appeared on Debrett 's 2017 list of the most influential people in the UK .

neg: Twenty Twenty (band) Twenty Twenty are a pop punk band based in London , Cambridge and Essex , UK . They are made up of lead vocalist/guitarist Sam Halliday , brother and bassist/vocalist Jack Halliday , and drummer/vocalist Sonny Watson-Lang . The band have supported acts such as The Wanted , The Saturdays , Avril Lavigne , Scouting For Girls , Big Time Rush and Selena Gomez . Festival appearances have included playing with JLS , Diversity , and McFly . July 2010 saw the band play at the O2 Arena with The Saturdays , and Tinchy Stryder . In early 2011 Twenty Twenty supported The Saturdays on a UK tour throughout February and March and supported The Wanted in March and April . 17 April 2011 saw the release of the band 's new single and their first release signed to a major label . Their debut album `` Small Talk '' was released on 2 May 2011 .   On 10 January 2014 Sam and Jack officially announced the band 's split on the sugarscape website after drummer Sonny Watson-Lang 's departure from the band six months earlier .

neg: Luisa Luisa ( Italian , Spanish , and Portuguese ) or Louise ( French ) is a feminine given name ; it is the feminine form of the given name Louis ( Luis ) , the French form of the Frankish Chlodowig ( German Ludwig ) , from the Germanic elements hlod `` fame '' and wig `` combat '' .   Variations include Luisella , Luisetta , Luigia .  Its popularity derives from the cult of Saint Louise de Marillac of Paris , and from Giuseppe Verdi 's opera Luisa Miller .   The name may refer to :  Luisa Miller , an opera by Giuseppe Verdi  Giovanni da Verrazzano 's name for Block Island and hence , Rhode Island  Luisa Piccarreta also known as `` Little Daughter of the Divine Will '' is a proposed Roman Catholic saint  Luisa Warrington , fictional character in UK soap opera Family Affairs , played by Clare Byam-Shaw  Luísa , a song composed by Tom Jobim Antônio Carlos Jobim

neg: Kingsland Road (band) Kingsland Road ( originally Kingsland ) were an English rock and roll-style and urban-inspired funk and disco boy band formed in 2012 . The band is made up of Matt Cahill , Joe `` Connor '' Conaboy , JJ Thompson ( known by his surname ) and Josh Zaré . Originally a five-piece that included Jay Scott , they finished in ninth place on the tenth series of The X Factor in 2013 . They describe their sound as a mixture of predominantly 1970s urban of funk and disco with just a drop of reggae and indie pop and new wave with some Oi ! of the 1980s that is furnished with 2010s hard rock .   Kingsland Road released their debut single `` Dirty Dancer '' in August 2014 and it peaked at number 85 on the UK Singles Chart . On 23 October , Scott quit the band due to lack of enjoyment . Their debut album We Are the Young was released in March 2015 . The group announced they were splitting up in June 2015 .

neg: Miles Leonard Miles Leonard is a British music industry executive and is Chairman of Parlophone & Warner Bros. . Records UK . He has previously worked for Virgin Records , EMI Records , Roadrunner Records and been credited as signing and breaking artists including Gorillaz , Coldplay , Tinie Tempah , The Verve and for reviving the career of Kylie Minogue .

neg: Lily Allen Lily Rose Beatrice Cooper ( née Allen ; born 2 May 1985 ) , known professionally as Lily Allen , is an English singer , songwriter , actress , and television presenter . She is the daughter of actor Keith Allen and film producer Alison Owen . Allen left school when she was 15 and concentrated on improving her performing and compositional skills . In 2005 , she made some of her recordings public on Myspace and the publicity resulted in airplay on BBC Radio 1 and a contract with Regal Recordings .   Her first mainstream single , `` Smile '' , reached number one on the UK Singles Chart in July 2006 . Her debut record , Alright , Still , was well received , selling over 2.6 million copies worldwide and brought Allen a nomination at the Grammy Awards , Brit Awards and MTV Video Music Awards . She began hosting her own talk-show , Lily Allen and Friends , on BBC Three .   Her second studio album , It 's Not Me , It 's You , saw a genre shift , having more of an electropop feel , rather than the ska and reggae influences of the first one . The album debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart and the Australian ARIA Charts and was well received by critics , noting the singer 's musical evolution and maturity . It spawned the hit singles `` The Fear '' and `` Fuck You '' . This success saw her receive the Brit Award for British Female Solo Artist at the 2010 Brit Awards . Allen and Amy Winehouse were credited with starting a process that led to the `` year of the women '' media label in 2009 that saw five female artists making music of `` experimentalism and fearlessness '' nominated for the Mercury Prize .   In 2009 , Allen announced that she would be taking a hiatus from musical activities . In 2011 , she launched her own record label . In 2013 , Allen revealed that she had begun working on her third studio album , which was later titled Sheezus . On 12 November 2013 , Allen premiered the video for her first original song since 2009 , `` Hard out Here '' , which was released as a single five days later .

neg: NZCA Lines NZCA Lines ( stylised as NZCA/LINES ) are a British synthpop band founded by Michael Lovett . It currently features Charlotte Hatherley and Sarah Jones .

neg: The Slits The Slits were a British rock band formed in London in 1976 by members of the groups The Flowers of Romance and The Castrators . The group 's early line-up consisted of Ari Up ( Ariane Forster ) and Palmolive ( a.k.a. Paloma Romero , who played briefly with Spizzenergi and later left to join The Raincoats ) , with Viv Albertine and Tessa Pollitt replacing founding members Kate Korus and Suzy Gutsy . Their 1979 debut album , Cut , has been called one of the defining releases of the post-punk era .

neg: Angelica (band) Angelica were an all-girl punk rock band from Lancaster , England . Holly Ross ( lead vocals and guitar ) , Brigit Colton ( bass guitar ) , Claire Windsor ( guitar ) and Rachel Parsons ( drums ) formed the band while still at school in 1994 and performed until 2003 . Their music was influenced by punk music mixed with surf rock overtones , and feminist lyrics .

neg: Masayoshi Kabe most commonly known by his stage name Louis , is a half-French , half-Japanese bassist and guitarist from Yokohama , Japan . He began his career in 1966 as a member of The Golden Cups . He was a studio musician throughout the 1970s and also a member of various bands such as Speed , Glue & Shinki until he permanently joined the supergroup Pink Cloud in 1978 . After they disbanded in 1994 he formed the instrumental side-project ZZK while providing support to other musicians as a bassist .  He also recorded four albums as bass player with the band Vodka Collins from 1995-1998 .

neg: Girls (band) Girls was an American indie rock band , formed in San Francisco in 2007 . The band comprised two key members : Christopher Owens , songwriter and lead singer , and Chet `` JR '' White , who played bass and produced . Girls ' sound was heavily inspired by the music of the 1950s , 1960s and 1970s , with their sound being described as lo-fi , surf rock , rock and roll , psychedelic rock , pop rock , country rock and garage rock .   Girls ' debut full-length , Album , was released in 2009 to critical acclaim . Its 2011 follow-up , Father , Son , Holy Ghost , was also well-received . On July 2 , 2012 , Owens announced that he was leaving the band and would continue to record as a solo artist .

neg: The Missourians (band) The Missourians were an American jazz band active in the 1920s , who performed at the Cotton Club in New York City and eventually became the backing band for Cab Calloway .   The Missourians were formed by Wilson Robinson in the early 1920s under the name Wilson Robinson 's Syncopators or Wilson Robinson 's Bostonians . Andrew Preer took leadership of the group in 1925 , which performed at the Cotton Club until 1927 under the name Andrew Preer 's Cotton Club Orchestra . In 1927 the group became the accompanying band for Ethel Waters on tour , and changed its name to The Missourians , since Duke Ellington 's band had become known as the Cotton Club Orchestra . After returning to New York the band took up residency at the Savoy Ballroom from 1928 to 1929 ; reedist George Scott was its leader during this period . In 1929 Cab Calloway led the group intermittently , and assumed leadership of the band in 1930 ; soon after he began recording as Cab Calloway and His Orchestra . Prior to Calloway 's arrival , the group recorded for Gennett Records and Victor Records . The group 's membership in the 1920s included Lammar Wright , Sr. , R.Q. Dickerson , Dewey Jackson , William Thornton Blue , David Jones , Earres Prince , and Andrew Brown .

neg: The Pussycat Dolls discography The discography of American girl group The Pussycat Dolls consists of two studio albums , one extended play , two live albums , 14 singles , two promotional singles and 13 music videos . To date , the group has sold 15 million albums and 40 million singles worldwide .   In 2003 , Robin Antin struck a joint venture with Interscope Records to develop the Pussycat Dolls into a recording group . In 2004 , the group made their musical debut by releasing a cover of `` Sway '' , for the soundtrack to the film , Shall We Dance ? .   Their self-titled debut album was released in September 2005 and it peaked at number five on the Billboard 200 . It earned double platinum certification in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , and 3 × platinum in Australia by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , and 4 × platinum the United Kingdom by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . The album 's lead single , `` Do n't Cha '' , peaked atop the charts in 15 countries and reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified platinum by the RIAA . Its follow-up singles , `` Stickwitu '' and `` Buttons '' were also a commercial success peaking in the top five on charts worldwide . After the success of their debut album , The Pussycat Dolls released their first video album , Pussycat Dolls : Live from London in 2006 to coincide with the group 's headlining world tour . As of 2008 , PCD has sold 3 million copies in the United States .   After a three-year hiatus in hopes to further Scherzinger 's own solo career , the group reunited to record their second and final studio album , Doll Domination in September 2008 . Scherzinger began to receive a larger input in the recording process as co-writer and co-producer of the album . Doll Domination garnered a higher peak position than PCD of number four on Billboard 200 , but failed to match its predecessor 's commercial success . Its lead single `` When I Grow Up '' became another top ten single for the group . `` I Hate This Part '' was released as the second single and managed to attain similar success . In early 2009 , Doll Domination was re-released as two compilation albums . The lead single from Doll Domination 2.0 was `` Jai Ho ! ( You Are My Destiny ) '' which reached number one in 17 countries and follow-up single `` Hush Hush ; Hush Hush '' reached the top 20 worldwide . In 2010 , the original recording group line-up disbanded .

neg: Great and Lady Soul Great and Lady Soul was the name of a six-piece pop band from Widnes , Cheshire , England . Formed in 1985 , the band eventually signed to Virgin Records in 1988 , releasing two singles on seven-inch and twelve-inch vinyl formats . A long-playing record was recorded but not released .   The name itself is taken out of context from an autobiography by the jazz bass-player Charles Mingus , called Beneath the Underdog .   The band 's debut single , Trace the Line ( to my Heart ) , was released in February 1989 , backed by the song Harriet Walk , named after a street in London .   The second single , I Wo n't Hold My Breath , was released in May 1989 , backed by the song Stretch .   Band members were Greg Oldfield ( vocals ) , Tim Leather ( guitar ) , Stewart Leather ( guitar ) , Tony Dagnall ( keyboards ) , Damien Amos ( bass ) , and David Wycherley ( drums ) .   Category : British pop music groups

neg: Lou Watts Louise `` Lou '' Watts ( born 4 June 1962 ) is a British musician , perhaps best known for her vocal work with anarcho-punk and later folk band , Chumbawamba .   Born in Burnley , Watts was member of Chumbawamba from their formation in 1982 until their disbandment in 2012 , making her the second-longest serving band member behind Boff Whalley . She joined Whalley , Danbert Nobacon and Midge and Tomi in 1982 to form the original line-up , and the band made their live debut in January of that year .   The band gained a reputation for their anarchist views , and gained popularity for their opposition to homophobia and fascism and support of feminism and gay rights .   Watts provided lead vocals for the band 's hit song Tubthumping , which gained them international recognition , and topped charts in Australia , Canada , Ireland , Italy and New Zealand as well as Tubthumping 's follow-up song Amnesia , which reached number 1 on the UK Singles Chart . They were also nominated for a Brit Award for `` Best British Single '' at the 1998 Brit Awards , at which they also performed .

neg: Phixx Phixx were an English-Irish boy band formed in 2003 from the five runners up on British TV show Popstars : The Rivals . The original members were Andrew Kinlochan , Chris Park , Mikey Green , Peter Smith , and Nikk Mager . Between 2003 and 2005 they had four top 20 singles in the UK . They broke up in 2006 .

neg: Turrentine Jones Turrentine Jones are an English indie rock band formed in 2012 in Manchester , UK . The band consists of Julian Neville ( guitar/vocals ) , Joe Chilstone-Vause ( bass ) and Rich Watts ( drums/backing vocals ) . They have released one studio album : Our Days ( 2014 ) and one live album Live in York ( 2015 ) as well as two singles .   The band cites Booker T. & the MG 's , The Mar-Keys and the Rolling Stones as influences .   The band has been labelled a `` Future Classic '' and described as `` infectious blues-rock '' by national radio station , Real Radio XS and proclaimed by Hattie Pearson of XFM to be `` one of Manchester 's finest exports in recent times . ''   All the music and lyrics for Turrentine Jones ' songs are written by the band 's frontman Julian Neville .

neg: Candy Girl (New Edition song) `` Candy Girl '' is an R&B song by boy band New Edition . Released in November 1982 , it was the first single from their debut album of the same name . It hit number one in the UK Singles Chart in May 1983 , becoming the 31st best selling single of the year there .

neg: Girl Thing (album) Girl Thing is the self-titled debut and only studio album by British-Dutch girl group Girl Thing . The album is a mix of 2000s girl pop and 1970s disco . It features 16 tracks including the singles `` Last One Standing '' , `` Girls on Top '' and `` Young , Free and Happy '' , which was only released in Australia and New Zealand . The album is notable in that it includes the song `` Pure and Simple '' , which was released as the debut single by Popstars winners Hear ` Say and went on to sell over 1 million copies .   Although Girl Thing are an English group , due to poor sales of their second single , `` Girls on Top '' , the album was not initially released in the UK . It was however finally released to UK iTunes 13 years after its original release , coinciding with the group 's appearance on the ITV2 television series The Big Reunion .

neg: Scouting for Girls Scouting for Girls are an English pop rock band . Their name is a play on the title of the 1908 Scouting handbook Scouting for Boys . The band consists of childhood friends from London , Roy Stride on piano and lead guitar/vocals , Greg Churchouse on bass guitar and Peter Ellard on percussion . Having formed in 2005 , they signed to Epic Records in 2007 . They released their self titled debut album that September and it reached number one on the UK Album Chart in 2008 . To date it has sold over 1 million copies in the UK .   A second album Everybody Wants to Be on TV was released in April 2010 and peaked at number two in the charts . This was preceded by the single `` This Ai n't a Love Song '' , which went to number one on the UK Singles Chart for two weeks . To date , Scouting for Girls have sold over 2 million records and have been nominated for four Brit Awards and one Ivor Novello Award .

neg: The Poppy Girls The Poppy Girls is a British pop band consisting of five school-age girls from Armed Forces families . The band was first formed in 2013 with the intent to raise money for The Royal British Legion , and the members were selected from a pool of 1000 performers .   Their debut single The Call ( No Need to Say Goodbye ) debuted at number 13 on the UK Singles Chart and was written by Regina Spektor . The full album , No Need To Say Goodbye , entered the UK Album Chart at number 62 in its first week . In November 2013 the group performed in front of Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister David Cameron at the Festival of Remembrance .