query: Steven Gerrard represented his country at three FIFA World Cups in 2006, 2010, and 2014.

pos: Steven Gerrard Steven George Gerrard , ( born 30 May 1980 ) is an English football coach and former player who currently serves as an Academy coach at Liverpool and will take over as manager of the club 's U18 side ahead of the 2017 -- 18 season .  He played as a central midfielder and spent the majority of his career playing for Premier League club Liverpool , with most of that time spent as their captain .   Gerrard spent 17 seasons at Anfield , making his Liverpool debut in 1998 , cementing his place in the first team in 2000 , and succeeding Sami Hyypiä as team captain in 2003 . His honours include two FA Cups , three League Cups , one UEFA Champions League , one UEFA Cup , and one UEFA Super Cup . Gerrard scored Liverpool 's first goal and won the penalty kick for the third as Liverpool came from 3 -- 0 down to defeat Milan in the 2005 Champions League Final . He joined Major League Soccer club LA Galaxy in July 2015 , spending one-and-a-half seasons there before retiring on 24 November 2016 .   Gerrard made his international debut for the England national football team in 2000 , and represented his country at the 2000 , 2004 and 2012 UEFA European Football Championships , as well as the 2006 , 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cups -- captaining the team at the latter two tournaments . He was named as the permanent England captain shortly before UEFA Euro 2012 , where he was named in the UEFA Team of the Tournament . Gerrard became the sixth player to win 100 caps for England in 2012 , and is currently fourth in the country 's all-time appearance list . He ended his international career in July 2014 , having won 114 caps .   Regarded to be one of the greatest midfielders of his generation , Gerrard came second to Kenny Dalglish in the `` 100 Players Who Shook The Kop '' , a 2008 Liverpool fan poll , and first in 2013 .  Zinedine Zidane and Pelé said in 2009 that they considered Gerrard to be the best footballer in the world . In 2005 , Gerrard was honoured as the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year and won the Ballon d'Or Bronze Award . He has also been named in the PFA Team of the Year a record eight times , the UEFA Team of the Year and FIFA World XI three times , and was named PFA Players ' Player of the Year in 2006 and the FWA Footballer of the Year in 2009 . He is , to date , the only footballer ever to have scored a goal in an FA Cup Final , a League Cup Final , a UEFA Cup Final and a UEFA Champions League Final , also being on the winning team on each occasion .

neg: 2006 FIFA World Cup officials Match officials for the 2006 FIFA World Cup were nominated by the six confederations to FIFA , who , after a series of tests in Frankfurt/Neu-Isenburg in March 2006 , selected 23 referees and a support and development group of a further 5 , from a shortlist of 44 .   Kyros Vassaras of Greece and Manuel Mejuto of Spain were selected to be on the panel , but the assistants who were to make up their teams were not deemed to have reached the required standards , and so they were replaced by Roberto Rosetti and Luis Medina . Jamaican referee Peter Prendergast was selected for the tournament panel , but suffered a knee injury and was removed from the list without replacement . Massimo De Santis of Italy was also on the panel of 23 referees , but after he was implicated in the Serie A match-fixing allegations , he was withdrawn by the Italian Football Federation and not replaced .   The 21 referees , along with their assistants and the support group , are based in Neu-Isenburg for the duration of the tournament . FIFA announces the referees selected for each fixture three days in advance of the match .   Horacio Elizondo was chosen to officiate the final match , which took place in Berlin on July 9 .

neg: Paraguay national football team The Paraguay national football team is controlled by the Paraguayan Football Association ( Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol ) and represents Paraguay in men 's international football competitions . Paraguay is a member of CONMEBOL . The Albirroja has qualified for eight FIFA World Cup competitions ( 1930 , 1950 , 1958 , 1986 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 and 2010 ) and has reached the second round of the competition on four occasions . A regular participant at the Copa América , Paraguay have been crowned champions of the competition on two occasions ( in 1953 and 1979 ) . Paraguay 's highest FIFA World Rankings is 8th ( March 2001 ) and lowest is 103 ( May 1995 ) , and was awarded second place with Best Move of the Year in 1996 .   The national team 's most successful period was under the coaching of Argentine Gerardo Martino , who was awarded with the South American Coach of the Year in 2007 and took Paraguay to the quarter-final stages of a FIFA World Cup competition for the first time in history ( in 2010 ) and also to the final of the 2011 Copa América , where Paraguay finished as runners-up . In the entire national team 's history at the FIFA World Cup , both Carlos Gamarra and José Luis Chilavert hold the distinction of being selected as part of the All-Star Team , being for the 1998 edition . Paulo da Silva holds the most amount of appearances for the national team with 133 and Roque Santa Cruz is the all-time leading goal scorer with 32 goals . Denis Caniza , who was present with the national team from 1996 to 2010 , is the only player to have represented Paraguay in four consecutive FIFA World Cup competitions ( 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 ) .

neg: Lucas Neill Lucas Edward Neill ( born 9 March 1978 ) is an Australian former footballer . Neill played as a defender , often playing as a centre back as well as a full back . Neill spent almost 15 years of his career playing in England . He represented Australia at the 2006 FIFA World Cup , the 2007 AFC Asian Cup , the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa , and also the 2011 AFC Asian Cup in Qatar . On 6 October 2006 he was named the 50th captain of the Australian national team , and by the time of his retirement , had amassed a record 61 caps as captain . He played for Millwall , Blackburn Rovers , West Ham United , Everton , Galatasaray , Al Jazira , Al Wasl , Sydney FC , Omiya Ardija , Watford FC and Doncaster Rovers .

neg: Football in Ivory Coast Football is a popular sport in Côte d'Ivoire . The national team won the Africa Cup of Nations in Senegal in 1992 . In 2006 they participated in the 2006 World Cup in Germany . The youth national teams have also done well in world championships , and the clubs from Côte d'Ivoire have won several continental titles . Among famous players from the country are Kolo Touré of Liverpool , Chelsea striker and former national team captain , Didier Drogba , Wilfried Bony and Yaya Touré of Manchester City , Gervinho and Seydou Doumbia of Roma , and Salomon Kalou of Hertha Berlin .   The Ivory Coast national team won a second African cup of nations in 2015 .

neg: 3v3 Soccer 3v3 Soccer is a variety of soccer played between two teams . Each team may only have 3 players on the field at a time ( hence providing the name , `` 3 v 3 '' , `` 3 versus 3 '' , or `` 3 on 3 '' ) . This style of soccer is more commonly referred to as a `` small-sided '' game , as compared to a full game with larger teams . The field used is smaller than a regulation soccer pitch , instead it typically is 30 yards wide by 40 yards long , although these dimensions vary quite a bit when the game is played indoors due to the varied styles and sizes of indoor pitches . It uses a much smaller goal than fullsided soccer . In most 3v3 there is no keeper , although one variant , 3v3 Micro Soccer , does use a keeper .   `` 3v3 Soccer '' is claimed to be the fastest growing form of soccer in the World . Its greatest popularity is in the United States , where hundreds , and perhaps thousands of Tournaments take place each year , however it is also now begun to catch on in many other countries . Nike helped to popularize it with its international Joga3 Joga Bonito Tour back in 2006 , in which teams qualified at local events around the World , culminating in a big 3v3 World Cup played in Brazil .   It is a much faster paced , and higher scoring game than traditional full sided soccer . The speed of the attack , the use of triangulation , and the strategies bring aspects of Hockey into the game . The quick shift from one end of the field to the other after a goal is scored , or upon loss of possession is reminiscent of Basketball . It requires the blending of individual skills with teamwork .   Its gain in popularity is largely because every member of the team gets equal playing time , and equal touches on the ball . All players on the field are a part of the play . Because of the speed of the game , and the fact that players are constantly in motion , there are frequent substitutions . A typical player may be rotated on six times or more in one game . There are no permanently assigned positions as there are in full sided soccer , giving each team member equal status and equal importance . This helps to develop individual skills .   Currently there are Four major tours in the United States , Colorado based Kick it 3v3 Soccer http://www.kickit3v3.com/ with their World Championship 's held at the ESPN Wide World Of Sports Complex in Florida , Utah based 3v3 Live , Florida based Challenge3v3 and 3v3 World Tour , a 3v3 soccer tour that offers a 3v3 ranking system . There is also a new California based US 3v3 Soccer is promoting 3v3 soccer throughout California and the West . Canada also finally has its own home grown tour attempting to promote 3v3 there . Ontario based Ultimate 3 on 3 Soccer is the first Canadian based 3v3 Soccer Tour .

neg: 2010 FIFA World Cup Group B Group B of the 2010 FIFA World Cup began on 12 June and ended on 22 June 2010 . The group consisted of Argentina , Nigeria , South Korea and Greece .   In the 1986 World Cup , Argentina and South Korea were in the same Group A ; Argentina won 3 -- 1 . In the 1994 World Cup , three of these teams ( Argentina , Nigeria , and Greece ) were in the same Group D along with Bulgaria . Nigeria , Argentina and Bulgaria qualified for the second round , where Nigeria and Argentina lost their next matches to Italy ( 2 -- 1 ) and Romania ( 3 -- 2 ) , respectively , with Bulgaria reaching the semi-finals . In the 2002 World Cup , Argentina and Nigeria were both drawn into Group F ; Argentina won 1 -- 0 , a result that was repeated in 2010 .   As group winners , Argentina advanced to face Mexico , the Group A runners-up , while South Korea , who finished as group runners-up , faced Uruguay , who won Group A.

neg: Diego Forlán Diego Forlán Corazzo ( -LSB- ˈdjeɣo forˈlan -RSB- ; born 19 May 1979 ) is a Uruguayan footballer who plays as a forward for Indian Super League club Mumbai City FC . He is a two-time winner of both the Pichichi Trophy and the European Golden Shoe , and also received the Golden Ball as the best player at the 2010 World Cup . He is regarded as one of the greatest Uruguayan players of all time .   Forlán joined Argentine club Independiente after rising through their youth team , and after a successful four-year spell , he signed for Manchester United of England . His form for United was not as successful as at Independiente , although he won the Premier League in 2002 -- 03 and the FA Cup in 2003 -- 04 . In the summer of 2004 , he moved on to Spanish side Villarreal . In his first season in Spanish football with Villarreal , Forlán scored 25 league goals and won the Pichichi Trophy . After two more successful seasons with Villarreal , Forlán joined Atlético Madrid , where he once again became the league 's top scorer , and became the first player to win the Pichichi Trophy twice since Ronaldo achieved this feat in the 2003 -- 04 season . Forlán scored in Atlético 's 2010 Europa League final victory against Fulham . In 2011 , he joined Inter Milan of Italy before moving to Internacional in 2012 .   Forlán also had a successful international career , scoring 36 times for his country since his 2002 debut , including one at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . He was the joint top scorer by scoring five times as Uruguay came fourth at the 2010 World Cup , being recognised with the Golden Ball award for the best player at the tournament .   On 12 July 2011 , at the 2011 Copa América in Argentina , Forlán earned his 79th international cap , against Mexico , breaking the record held by former goalkeeper Rodolfo Rodríguez since 1986 . On 20 June 2013 , in a match against Nigeria at the 2013 Confederations Cup , he became the first Uruguayan to win 100 caps . With 36 goals , Forlán was Uruguay 's all-time leading top scorer from 2011 until Luis Suárez overtook him two years later . He retired from international football on 11 March 2015 .

neg: Graeme Le Saux Graeme Pierre Le Saux ( -LSB- ləˈsoʊ -RSB- ; born 17 October 1968 ) is a retired Jèrriais and English professional footballer of French ancestry . He played from 1989 to 2005 starting as a left winger ( often wearing the number 7 shirt - right winger Dennis Wise would wear number 11 ) during his first spell at Chelsea , eventually becoming a left back for Chelsea , Blackburn Rovers and Southampton , and for the England national football team . He came out of retirement in 2012 by signing with Wembley in order to appear in the club 's FA Cup fixtures .   After beginning playing in Jersey , he moved to England and debuted for Chelsea in 1989 . He left Chelsea in 1993 to join the Blackburn side being built by wealthy benefactor , Jack Walker , and was part of their 1994 -- 95 Premier League winning team . In 1997 , he returned to Chelsea , staying there for six seasons until moving to Southampton in 2003 . He announced his retirement from football upon Southampton 's relegation from the Premier League in 2005 .   In his club playing career , he scored 20 goals from 403 club appearances . He was twice named in the Professional Footballers ' Association Team of the Year , in 1995 with Blackburn and in 1998 with Chelsea . His return to Chelsea in 1997 in a # 5 million transfer made him the most expensive defender in English football . As an England international , he made 36 senior appearances from 1994 until 2000 , including starting all four England games at the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France , and scoring one international goal , against Brazil .

neg: Xabi Alonso Xabier Alonso Olano ( -LSB- ˈʃaβi aˈlons̺o oˈlano -RSB- , -LSB- ˈ ( t ) ʃaβj aˈlonso oˈlano -RSB- ; born 25 November 1981 ) is a Spanish former footballer who played as a central midfielder .   Alonso began his career at Real Sociedad , the main team of his home province Gipuzkoa . After a brief loan period at Eibar , he returned to Sociedad where then-manager John Toshack appointed Alonso as his team captain . Alonso succeeded in the role , taking Real Sociedad to second place in the 2002 -- 03 season . He moved to Liverpool in August 2004 for # 10.5 million . He won the UEFA Champions League in his first season at the club , under manager Rafael Benítez , scoring the equalising goal in the Final against Milan . The following season , he won the FA Cup and the FA Community Shield . He moved to Real Madrid for the start of the 2009 -- 10 season in a deal worth around # 30 million . After five seasons at the club , winning honours including a league title in 2012 and the Champions League in 2014 , he was signed by Bundesliga club Bayern Munich on a two-year contract .   He made his international debut for Spain in April 2003 in a 4 -- 0 victory against Ecuador . While playing for Spain , Alonso has won Euro 2008 , Euro 2012 and the 2010 World Cup , and he has also represented his country at Euro 2004 and the 2006 World Cup . On 23 June 2012 , Alonso won his 100th cap for Spain in the quarter-final of Euro 2012 against France ; he celebrated the occasion by scoring both of Spain 's goals to send them into the semi-finals . Following Spain 's failure to progress out of the group stages at the 2014 World Cup , Alonso retired from international football on 27 August 2014 . His 114 caps make him the fifth-most capped player in the nation 's history .

neg: Senegal at the FIFA World Cup This is a record of Senegal 's results at the FIFA World Cup . The FIFA World Cup , sometimes called the Football World Cup or the Soccer World Cup , but usually referred to simply as the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the men 's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the first tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 , due to World War II .   The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the Finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the Finals . The current format of the Finals involves 32 teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 tournament final .   Senegal have appeared in the finals of the FIFA World Cup on one occasion in 2002 where they reached the quarter finals .

neg: 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil (video game) 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil is the official video game for the 2014 FIFA World Cup , published by EA Sports for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . It was released on April 15 , 2014 in North America , April 17 in Europe and Australia , and April 24 in Brazil and Japan , as was the case with the 2010 edition .

neg: Edmílson José Edmílson Gomes de Moraes ( born 10 July 1976 ) , known simply as Edmílson , is a retired Brazilian footballer .   Either a defensive midfielder or a central defender , he played in three countries in his professional career , representing with team and individual success São Paulo , Lyon and Barcelona ( four seasons each in the last two clubs ) .   Having won 40 caps with Brazil , Edmilson represented the nation at the 2002 World Cup , helping it win the tournament .

neg: Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament The men 's football tournament at the 2012 Summer Olympics was held in London and five other cities in Great Britain from 26 July to 11 August . Associations affiliated with FIFA were invited to enter their men 's U-23 teams in regional qualifying competitions , from which 15 teams , plus the hosts Great Britain , reached the final tournament . Men 's teams were allowed to augment their squads with three players over the age of 23 . It was the first major FIFA-organised men 's tournament to be held within the United Kingdom since the 1966 FIFA World Cup and was the first men 's Olympic football tournament to feature a team representing Great Britain since the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome .   The gold medal was won by Mexico who defeated Brazil 2 -- 1 in the final .

neg: 2009 FIFA Club World Cup The 2009 FIFA Club World Cup ( officially known as the FIFA Club World Cup UAE 2009 presented by Toyota for sponsorship reasons ) was a football tournament played from 9 December to 19 December 2009 . It was the sixth FIFA Club World Cup and was played in Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates . Australia , Japan and Portugal also placed bids to host the tournament , but Portugal later withdrew from the process .   The final was played on 19 December 2009 and was won by European champions Barcelona , who came from behind to defeat the South American entrants , Estudiantes , 2 -- 1 after extra time . Mauro Boselli put Estudiantes ahead in the 37th minute , but Pedro equalised with one minute left in normal time before Lionel Messi scored the winning goal five minutes into the second half of extra time . This made Barcelona the first Spanish side to win the FIFA Club World Cup , and it also meant that they had won a total of six competitions in the 2009 calendar year , beating Liverpool 's record five trophies won in 2001 .

neg: Belgium national football team results – 2010s In the 2010s , the Belgium national football team missed out on both the 2010 World Cup and Euro 2012 , but improved greatly in the next years . They secured qualification for the 2014 World Cup with an impressive unbeaten record , and achieved sixth place at the finals : their second-best result ever ( after reaching fourth in 1986 ) . The improved results led to Belgium reaching the top position on the FIFA World Rankings for the first time , in November 2015 .   The overall balance so far is positive with 45 wins versus 14 losses and 17 draws .

neg: 2006 in association football The following are the football ( soccer ) events of the year 2006 throughout the world .

neg: CONCACAF The Confederation of North , Central America and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF , -LSB- ˈkɒn.kəkæf -RSB- ) is the continental governing body for association football in North America , that includes Central America and the Caribbean regions . Three South American entities -- the independent nations of Guyana and Suriname and the French department of French Guiana -- are also members . CONCACAF 's primary functions are to organize competitions for national teams and clubs , and to conduct Men 's World Cup and Women 's World Cup qualifying tournaments .   CONCACAF was founded in its current form on 18 September 1961 in Mexico City , Mexico , with the merger of the NAFC and the CCCF , which made it one of the then five , now six continental confederations affiliated with FIFA . Canada , Costa Rica , Cuba , El Salvador , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , Mexico , Netherlands Antilles ( Curaçao ) , Nicaragua , Panama , Suriname and United States were founding members .   CONCACAF is the third-most successful FIFA confederation . Mexico dominated CONCACAF men 's competition early on and has since won the most Gold Cups since the beginning of the tournament in its current format . The Mexican national team is the only CONCACAF team to win an official FIFA tournament by winning the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup . They have also reached the Round of 16 for the past 6 World Cups . While the U.S. is the only country outside of Europe and South America to receive a medal in the World Cup , finishing third in 1930 , they also reached the 2002 World Cup quarterfinals and the 2009 Confederations Cup final . Between them , Mexico and the U.S. have won all but one of the editions of the CONCACAF Gold Cup . In recent years Costa Rica has become a power in the region and in 2014 became the 4th CONCACAF country after the United States , Cuba , and Mexico to make the World Cup quarterfinals . The United States has been very successful in the women 's game , being the only CONCACAF member to win all three major worldwide competitions in women 's football -- the World Cup ( 3 ) , the Olympics ( 4 ) , and the Algarve Cup ( 10 ) . Canada is the only other member to win at least one of the major competitions , winning the Algarve Cup in 2016 .

neg: Football in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Football is the main sport played in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . The national football team has won the African Cup of Nations three times ; in 1968 , 1974 and in 2016 . The national team has once qualified for the World Cup , namely in 1974 in the former West Germany . In club level , TP Mazembe made history as the first ever African club - and team - to reach a FIFA tournament final , losing to European Champions Internazionale in the 2010 FIFA Club World Cup .

neg: 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification – CAF Third Round This page provides the summaries of the CAF Third Round matches for the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification . The 20 qualifiers ( the 12 group winners and the best 8 runners-up from the second round ) were split into five groups of four , in the draw held on 22 October 2008 in Zürich . Teams in each group will play a home-and-away round-robin in 2009 , with the 5 groups winners advancing to the World Cup Finals in South Africa ( together with hosts South Africa ) .   This round also doubles as the qualification stage for the 2010 African Cup of Nations , with the top three teams in each group qualifying for the finals ( together with hosts Angola ) .

neg: World Cup Germany Germany has hosted the FIFA World Cup twice . Hence World Cup Germany may refer to :  the 1974 FIFA World Cup of West Germany  the 2006 FIFA World Cup of Germany , as a unified nation


query: Stanley Tucci is a performer.

pos: Stanley Tucci Stanley Tucci ( -LSB- ˈtuːtʃi -RSB- -LSB- ˈtuttʃi -RSB- ; born November 11 , 1960 ) is an American character actor , writer , producer and film director .   Tucci was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in The Lovely Bones ( 2009 ) . He won two Emmy Awards for his performances in Winchell and Monk . He was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children , for The One and Only Shrek ! .

neg: Nightwings (Stanley Turrentine album) Nightwings is an album by jazz saxophonist Stanley Turrentine recorded for the Fantasy label in 1977 and featuring performances by Turrentine with an orchestra arranged and conducted by Claus Ogerman .

neg: Tutti per Bruno Tutti per Bruno is an Italian television series .

neg: Metropolis Theatre (Bronx, New York) Metropolis Theatre opened as a legitimate theater venue with 1,600 seats in 1893 . It was converted to show motion pictures by 1914 as competition from the Bronx Opera House ( 1913 ) took hold . It was in the southwest of the area known as the Hub .   The Metropolis closed in 1926 and Loews used it for storage of the chains scenery , curtains , and draperies used in vaudeville and stage shows ( until they were phased out ) as well as for a shop that produced the signs and posters displayed at the chain 's theaters . It was mostly demolished in the 1940s , leaving behind only facade . It was located at the corner of Third Avenue and 142nd Street .   The Spirit of the Times reported on the new theater , the only one above 125th Street in an area made newly accessible by elevated , cable , and trolley cars , in its September 4 , 1897 issue noting it was managed by Mortimer Theiss with a Klaw & Erlanger company performing In Gay New York The theatre was decorated in `` very rich and very artistic '' green , gold , and pink . It had a proscenium arch adorned with a picture `` of '' Giovanni a depicting `` a group of maids and lads dancing to sylvan pipes and capturing kisses '' . The image was said to have exhibited at the Paris Salon .   According to John McNamara , performers at the theater included Francis X. Bushman , Leo Dietrichstein , Clara Kimball Young and Pat Rooney . He wrote that the theatre basement was a Rathskeller while on top of the building there was a roof garden .   Robert W. Snyder 's The Voice of the City : Vaudeville and Popular Culture in New York gives a brief history of the Metropolis on page 94 , stating that Loew 's never operated the Metropolis as a theater and previous owners hosted vaudeville , films , Italian stage shows , and finally burlesque ( precipitating a shut down by the police in 1926 ) .

neg: Backstage pass A backstage pass is an employee pass which allows its bearer access to employees-only areas at a performance venue . They are most commonly associated with rock music groups .   Such passes are usually a laminated paper worn on a lanyard , or on chain link or key chain holder at the belt , or a simpler `` stick-on '' applied to one 's clothing . Plastic or paper wristbands may also be used . However , some elaborately designed backstage passes have been used by Bill Graham Productions/Winterland , Beaver Productions and many other regional and local promoters . To deter counterfeiting , passes often include holograms or color-shifting properties .   At any one concert or event there are about 200 to 400 backstage passes available . Again , mainly these are for the performers , stage crews , roadies , security guards ,  performer 's agents . Sometimes relatives or close friends of performers , stage crew , promoters , etc. .  will get backstage passes to concerts .   Some venues ( including the House of Blues venues and Irving Plaza in New York ) require their own passes to be worn , even by laminate holders for the tour . Large music festivals , such as Ozzfest and the Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival also usually issue their own passes .   Backstage passes sometimes become memorabilia sold to die-hard fans , especially when the pass is signed by a performer .   In media , the term `` Backstage Pass '' may be used to signify the presence of expanded coverage of certain musical groups .

neg: Tom "T-Bone" Stankus Tom `` T-Bone '' Stankus is an American musician , based in Bristol , Connecticut , known for performing comedic stylings with his acoustic guitar . Most of his songs and programs are geared towards children . He is most noted for his song `` Existential Blues , '' which heavily references the 1939 Wizard of Oz movie , and was featured on the Dr. Demento : 20th Anniversary Collection .   He is known to his audiences as `` America 's Musical Pied Piper '' , and has been entertaining full-time since 1978 . He performs several different theme shows that encourage audience participation , including `` T-Bone 's Camp Muckalucka '' , which recounts an imaginary day at a camp , and includes story time , beach balls and campfire singalongs .

neg: Psychotechnique Psychotechnique forms part of the ` system ' of actor training , preparation , and rehearsal developed by the Russian theatre practitioner Konstantin Stanislavski . It describes the inner , psychological elements of training that support what he called `` experiencing '' a role in performance . In a rehearsal process , psychotechnique is interrelated with the `` embodiment '' of the role , in order to achieve a fully realised characterisation . Stanislavski describes the elements of psychotechnique in the first part of his manual An Actor 's Work .

neg: Improvisational theatre Improvisational theatre , often called improv or impro , is the form of theatre , often comedy , in which most or all of what is performed is unplanned or unscripted : created spontaneously by the performers . In its purest form , the dialogue , action , story , and characters are created collaboratively by the players as the improvisation unfolds in present time , without use of an already prepared , written script .   Improvisational theatre exists in performance as a range of styles of improvisational comedy as well as some non-comedic theatrical performances . It is sometimes used in film and television , both to develop characters and scripts and occasionally as part of the final product .   Improvisational techniques are often used extensively in drama programs to train actors for stage , film , and television and can be an important part of the rehearsal process . However , the skills and processes of improvisation are also used outside of the context of performing arts . It is used in classrooms as an educational tool and in businesses as a way to develop communication skills , creative problem solving , and supportive team-work abilities that are used by improvisational , ensemble players . It is sometimes used in psychotherapy as a tool to gain insight into a person 's thoughts , feelings , and relationships .

neg: Concert film A concert film or concert movie , is a type of documentary film , the subject of which is an extended live performance or concert by either a musician or a stand-up comedian .

neg: Squillo Squillo is a technical term for the resonant , trumpet-like sound in the voices of opera singers . It is also commonly called `` singer 's formant '' , `` ring '' , `` ping '' , `` core '' , and other terms . Squillo enables an essentially lyric tone to be heard over thick orchestrations , e.g. in late Verdi , Puccini and Strauss operas . Achieving a proper amount of squillo in any performing context is imperative : too much and the tone veers towards the shrill ; too little and the purpose of the squillo can not be achieved .   Squillo is easily recognizable by a distinctive brilliant , ringing quality in the timbre of the voice . This perception is caused by the presence of a peak in the 2 - 5 kHz frequency range , to which the human ear is particularly sensitive . The amplification of these particular harmonics is believed to be a result of a narrowing of the Aryepiglottic fold just above the larynx . Voices with naturally acquired squillo , i.e. having naturally strong higher formants , are especially prized in opera because they allow a singer to maintain certain lyric qualities e.g. limpid high notes , and consistency of tone throughout the range etc. even in dramatic singing . Voices with squillo are also easier to record .   Uses of the squillo includes :  projecting a small timbre e.g. Alfredo Kraus , Juan Diego Flórez  underscoring a dramatically important passage e.g. No , non voglio morir in Sola , perduta abbandonata from Puccini 's Manon Lescaut  singing through a thickly textured orchestration , e.g. the final bars of Libera me from Verdi 's Requiem , in which a soprano has to compete against a tutti orchestra and full chorus  supporting a pianissimo note floated over an orchestra ( which also demands a secure breath control ) e.g. Montserrat Caballé  supporting a long trill  simulating a scream without compromising the timbre , especially in a verismic opera ; however it is not unheard that a bona fide scream be used in operatic setting , e.g. Tosca 's final jump in Tosca  giving an impression of ` youth ' to an aged voice , mainly via a cultivation of the head register , ref . Section IX Meine Gesangskunst , by Lilli Lehmann ; best exemplified vocally by Mirella Freni   Famous singers who personify this technique include Leontyne Price , Mariella Devia , Renata Tebaldi , Giuseppe di Stefano , Jussi Björling and Luciano Pavarotti . Certain dramatic singers may also employ squillo as opposed to volume over the course of a performance , for example Birgit Nilsson .   Squillo may also refer , in current Italian :  when the grammatical gender is masculine ( uno squillo ) word for `` ring '' ( as in `` telephone ring '' ) , currently a slang term for missed call  to form a verb a word `` squillare '' which means `` to ring '' or `` to blare ''

neg: Black light theatre Black Light Theatre ( in Czech černé divadlo ) or simply Black Theatre , is a theatrical performance style characterized by the use of black box theatre augmented by black light illusion . This form of theatre originated from Asia and can be found in many places around the world . It has become a speciality of Prague , where many theatres use it .   The distinctive characteristics of `` black theatre '' are the use of black curtains , a darkened stage , and `` black lighting '' ( UV light ) , paired with fluorescent costumes in order to create intricate visual illusions . This `` black cabinet '' technique was used by Georges Méliès , and by theatre revolutionary Konstantin Stanislavski ( especially in his production of Cain ) . The technique , paired with the expressive artistry of dance , mime and acrobatics of the performers is able to create remarkable spectacles .

neg: Paul Stanley (composer) Paul Stanley ( né Sonnenberg ) ( February 8 , 1848 -- March 14 , 1909 ) was a German-born American composer and vaudeville comedian who some credit ( but most do not ) with writing the music for the ditty Ta-ra-ra Boom-de-ay for Henry F. Sayers ' 1891 musical entertainment , Tuxedo .

neg: Theatre Under The Stars (Vancouver) Theatre Under The Stars , commonly referred to as TUTS , is a not-for-profit charitable organization and one of the largest musical theatre companies in Vancouver . It is officially operated by the Theatre Under The Stars Musical Society , and presents two full length musicals during the summer season at Malkin Bowl in Stanley Park . In addition , the company participates in other park activities in association with the Vancouver Parks Board such as their annual Sing-A-Long . The society also operates the Malkin Bowl venue and routinely rents it to Live Nation Entertainment for the summer concert series .

neg: Barry Manilow Live Barry Manilow Live is the fifth album by the singer-songwriter Barry Manilow . The album was released in 1977 , and it scored quadruple platinum .   Manilow also was among 1977 Special Tony Award winners Lily Tomlin , Diana Ross , National Theatre For the Deaf and Equity Library Theatre honored with the award that year . He received it for Barry Manilow on Broadway , his 12-day stay at the Uris Theatre from December 21 , 1976 to January 2 , 1977 , where this live album was recorded .   The album is known for giving the first commercial release to Manilow 's VSM ( `` Very Strange Medley '' ) . Before the performance Manilow refers to this as a medley of songs that he included in his act against the values of his `` artsy fartsy friends '' . It is a medley of commercial jingles Manilow was involved with , either as a writer or performer , before he became a chart star . The products/companies these promoted include Kentucky Fried Chicken , State Farm , Stridex , Band-Aid , Bowlene , Dr. Pepper , Pepsi and McDonald 's .   When first released on compact disc , dialogue and all movements to `` Beautiful Music '' were omitted for it all to fit on one disc , however the 2006 compact disc re-release restores all dialogue and songs , in addition to reordering the track listing to accommodate for the added bonus tracks .

neg: Theatre of Australia Theatre of Australia refers to the history of the performing arts in Australia , or produced by Australians . There are theatrical and dramatic aspects to a number of Indigenous Australian ceremonies such as the corroboree . During its colonial period , Australian theatrical arts were generally linked to the broader traditions of English literature and to British and Irish theatre . Australian literature and theatrical artists ( including Aboriginal as well as Anglo-Celtic and multicultural migrant Australians ) have over the last two centuries introduced the culture of Australia and the character of a new continent to the world stage .   Individuals who have contributed to theatre in Australia and internationally include Sir Robert Helpmann , Dame Joan Sutherland , Barry Humphries , David Williamson , Cate Blanchett , Geoffrey Rush , Judy Davis , Jim Sharman , Tim Minchin and Baz Luhrmann . Notable theatrical institutions include the Sydney Opera House , and the National Institute of Dramatic Art in Sydney .

neg: Stanley Dorfman Stanley Dorfman is an English film director and producer . Dorfman was active in Great Britain throughout the 1960s and 1970s . He was the original co-producer and director for the TV music show Top Of The Pops and created and directed the BBC 's In Concert series .   He later moved to the United States where he directed music videos by many major artists .   Dorfman is currently based in Los Angeles .

neg: Scenic bios Scenic bios is the state of physicality that a performer generates in the act of performance . It is a state of readiness and energy that is above and beyond the daily . Daily energy is that which we all employ during ordinary activity . It is usually the minimum required for practical requirement . Extra daily energy on the other hand , is that which the performer employs by various means such as balance , anatomical alteration , and other less obvious devices such as extra awareness and understanding of certain principles , in the very act of performance .   Some of these principles , first recognized and formulated in empirical studies by Eugenio Barba , may be learned or they may be inherent . Such principles as equivalence , dilation , rhythm and timing , all seem like second nature , and the performer may not know that she is applying them in any strict sense . But , Barba has demonstrated that through physical training and exercises of his devising these principles can become fruitfully exploited by the actor in her endeavours .   All these principles are believed by Barba to exist in the actors pre-expressive being . This pre-expressivity is otherwise known as scenic bios , or stage ` presence ' .

neg: Do the Stanley Do The Stanley is a compilation album of songs by the British group Stackridge . It was released in the U.K. by MCA Records after their break-up in 1976 . The album contains some of the most popular tracks from their first three albums as well as songs from singles . The last song on the album `` Let There Be Lids '' was previously unreleased . The album is no longer available , but all of the songs have since been re-issued on other Stackridge CDs . Most of these songs are included on the 2006 collection Purple Spaceships Over Yatton : The Best of Stackridge .

neg: Industrial musical An industrial musical is a musical performed internally for the employees or shareholders of a business , to create a feeling of being part of a team , to entertain , and/or to educate and motivate the management and salespeople to improve sales and profit . It can be used to increase staff awareness of public relations , advertising , marketing or corporate image .   Other terms for industrial musicals include the corporate musical or industrial show , but the latter can also refer to trade shows , which are publicity events organized by businesses in a specific industry to promote their products to potential buyers .   Industrial musicals are not restricted to corporations or to businesses involved in industry . They should not be confused with industrial music , or with musicals produced by businesses to be seen by the general public , for example , Disney 's stage production of The Lion King .

neg: Prop comedy Prop comedy is a comedy genre in which performers use humorous objects , or conventional objects in humorous ways . The stages and films term `` prop '' , an abbreviation of `` property '' , refers to any object an actor handles in the course of a performance . Though some form of prop comedy has likely existed as long as there have been comedians , the genre reached its zenith in the vaudeville era . The vaudeville team Olsen and Johnson used prop comedy extensively in their long running Broadway revue Hellzapoppin .   A prop comic is a comedian who uses prop comedy . Prop comics are sometimes looked down upon by other comedians , and the term is sometimes used derisively . However , some , such as Tommy Cooper , rose to critical acclaim as their props revolved around a gimmick ( such as Cooper 's magic ) and the comedian 's character around that gimmick .

neg: AUDELCO AUDELCO , the Audience Development Committee , Inc. , was established in 1973 by the late Vivian Robinson to honor excellence in New York City African American Theatre through presentation of Vivan Robinson/AUDELCO Recognition Awards ( a.k.a. Viv awards ) . The awards were created to promote `` recognition , understanding and awareness of the arts in the African-American community '' .   The AUDELCO Viv awards recognize the following , whether Broadway or off-Broadway :  Productions by Black companies  Shows written or directed by Blacks  Black actors in shows   AUDELCO has an office in Central Harlem , New York City The President is Grace Jones and the board of directors consistsof : A.Curtis Farrow ; Ralph Carter , Toni Peterson , Jacqueline Feffries ; Linda Armstrong ; Honorable Donna M. Mills ; Fred R.Powell ; Mary Seymour ; Dale Richardo Shields ; Terrence Spivey ; Ronald Stone Esq and Mary B. Davis Chair Emeritus . The organization has thousands of members , a newsletter , and a black theater collection of books , photos , slides and scripts as well as an extensive clipping file on black theater companies and productions .   The AUDELCO awards are limited to productions mounted by professional , not-for-profit theater organizations which have been in existence for at least two years and have had a minimum of 500 hours of rehearsal , performance , or training . Additionally , productions have to have been performed over 12 times between September 1 of one year and August 31 of the next . Workshop productions and works-in-progress are not eligible .   The AUDELCO Viv awards allow celebrities and everyday people to get to share their love of theater and their appreciation for the incredible performances , scripts , direction , costumes and sets that have been presented during the last theater season .   Michael O'Hare was the first white actor to win this award presented by the black theater community of New York for his performance in the play `` Shades of Brown '' which examined the effects of apartheid in South Africa .   ( Former AUDELOC awardees included , Kerry Washington ( AUDELCO 's first Rising star ) ; Samuel L. Jackson ; Phylicia Rashad ; Debbie Allen ; Denzel Washington , Barbara Montgomery , Sanaa Lathan and others ) .


query: Eazy-E's group released their first single in 1987.

pos: Eazy-E Eric Lynn Wright ( September 7 , 1964March 26 , 1995 ) , better known by his stage name Eazy-E , was an American rapper who performed solo and in the hip hop group N.W.A. Wright is affectionately called `` The Godfather of Gangsta rap '' . He was born to Richard and Kathie Wright in Compton , California . After dropping out of high school in the tenth grade , he supported himself primarily by selling drugs before founding Ruthless Records and becoming a rapper . Arabian Prince , Eazy-E , Dr. Dre and Ice Cube formed N.W.A. . After DJ Yella and MC Ren joined the group , N.W.A released their debut single Panic Zone . In 1988 , they released their most controversial album , Straight Outta Compton . The group released two more albums and then disbanded after Eazy released Dr. Dre from his contract .   Eazy 's main influences included 1970s funk groups , contemporary rappers , and comedians . When reviewing Eazy 's albums , many critics noted his unique overall style , with Steve Huey of the All Music Guide remarking : `` While his technical skills as a rapper were never the greatest , his distinctive delivery ... over-the-top lyrics , and undeniable charisma made him a star . ''

pos: Panic Zone `` Panic Zone '' is the 1987 debut single by American hip hop group N.W.A , whose songs were later featured on the compilation N.W.A. and the Posse , which was a reissue of 12 '' EPs and singles released by Macola Records , the then manufacturer and distributor of Ruthless Records , N.W.A 's label . Despite its independent release , the tape has sold over 1,000 copies . The single introduced rap artists Eazy-E , Ice Cube , and Dr. Dre .   Apart from the title track and `` 8 Ball '' , the record also included `` Dope Man '' , a song about a local drug dealer who is waited on hand and foot by frequent clients whose lives have been ruined as a result of their consumption of his products .   This track was also the B-side of a split single release with Eazy-E 's `` Boyz-n-the-Hood '' , which was released in 1989 , following the commercial success of Eazy-E 's solo debut Eazy-Duz-It and the group 's first album proper , Straight Outta Compton , on which a remix of `` Dope Man '' was included . Both the original version and remix version of `` Dopeman '' appear on side B of the split , while the original version and the remix version of `` Boyz-n-the-Hood '' appear on side A.   The song later appeared on The Best of N.W.A. - The Strength of Street Knowledge . It contains a sample of `` Funky Worm '' by the Ohio Players .   Despite its notoriety and popularity , `` Dope Man '' was never released as a single proper .  At 0:58 the song contains a reference to Scarface : `` To be a dopeman , boy , you must qualify - do n't get high off your own supply . ''

neg: Straight Checkn 'Em Straight Checkn 'Em is the second studio album by American rap group Compton 's Most Wanted , released July 16 , 1991 on Orpheus Records . It peaked at number 23 on the Billboard Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums and at number 92 on the Billboard 200 .   Along with a single , a music video was produced for the song , `` Straight Checkn 'Em '' . The song , `` Growin ' Up in the Hood '' , was originally heard in the film , Boyz n the Hood , and was also released as a single and a music video to promote the film 's soundtrack .

neg: Skinny & Proud Skinny & Proud is the second album by rap group , The Skinny Boys . It was released on October 17 , 1987 for Jive Records , distributed by RCA Records and was produced by Mark Bush and Chuck Chillout .

neg: D. Train (album) `` D '' Train ( a.k.a. You 're the One for Me ) is the debut album by the American urban/post-disco group D-Train , released in United States on 1982 by Prelude Records , and in United Kingdom by Epic Records . The album was remastered by Canadian label `` Unidisc Records '' in 1992 including five bonus tracks .   The album was produced by its musical group member Hubert Eaves III .

neg: Soulsonic Force Soulsonic Force ( also referred to as Afrika Bambaataa & Soulsonic Force ) was an American electro-funk and hip hop ensemble led by Afrika Bambaataa who helped establish hip-hop in the early 1980s with songs such as `` Planet Rock '' . They were also influential in the birth of the electro movement in America and helped pave the way for modern dance music styles such as electro-funk as well as the entire Miami bass scene .   In 1982 , Soulsonic Force and Afrika Bambaataa released a single called `` Planet Rock '' . The song borrowed musical motifs from German electro-pop , British rock and African-American disco rap . All the different elements and musical styles were blended together ; and in doing so , offered hip hop as a new vision for global harmony . The song became an immediate hit and stormed the music charts worldwide .   Their most well-known songs are `` Planet Rock '' , `` Looking for the Perfect Beat '' and `` Renegades of Funk '' ( which is one of the earliest political-conscious rap songs , alongside Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five 's `` The Message '' ) .   Soulsonic Force features on the title track of the freestylers ' debut album , We Rock Hard .

neg: Open Sesame (Whodini album) Open Sesame , released in 1987 , was the fourth album by American hip hop group Whodini . This album spawned the single `` Be Yourself . '' The album was certified gold by the RIAA .

neg: Tuffest Man Alive Tuffest Man Alive is the first album by the Dallas rap-group Fila Fresh Crew , released in 1988 on Macola Records . `` Dunk the Funk '' , `` Tuffest Man Alive '' , `` 3 The Hard Way '' and `` Drink It Up '' were also added to N.W.A 's N.W.A. and the Posse .

neg: The Firm (hip hop group) The Firm was an American hip hop supergroup that formed in New York City in 1996 . It was created by rapper Nas , his manager Steve Stoute , producer Dr. Dre and production team the Trackmasters . The group was composed of East Coast-based rappers , Nas , Foxy Brown , AZ and Nature , who served as a replacement for Cormega after he was ousted from the group .   Although the group received initial hype and high expectations from fans upon their formation after collectively signing to Dr. Dre 's Aftermath label , The Firm 's debut album , The Album ( 1997 ) , generated disappointing sales and generally negative criticism . The album , which featured predominant mafioso rap-themes and production from Dr. Dre and the Trackmasters , was criticized for its mainstream , pop-orientation . Their debut album was the group 's only release and they disbanded in 1998 with each member continuing their solo careers .

neg: G'd Up `` G 'd Up '' is a song by American Gangsta rap group Tha Eastsidaz , featuring vocals from American singer Butch Cassidy . was released on December 7 , 1999 as the first single of his self-titled debut album , with the record labels ; Doggystyle Records and TVT Records . The song was produced by Battlecat .

neg: Upstairs at Eric's Upstairs at Eric 's is the debut album by British synthpop duo Yazoo ( known in the US and Canada as Yaz ) , released in the UK on Mute Records on 20 August 1982 . It was produced by the band and E.C. Radcliffe , with assistance from Mute label boss Daniel Miller on some of the tracks . Named after producer Radcliffe 's Blackwing Studios where the album was recorded , Upstairs at Eric 's was preceded by two top three UK singles , the ballad `` Only You '' and the more uptempo `` Do n't Go '' . The singles ' success helped Upstairs at Eric 's reach number 2 in the UK Albums Chart and gain platinum certification for 300,000 copies sold in the UK .   Against the group 's wishes , `` Situation '' , originally the B-side of `` Only You '' in the UK and Europe , was released as the band 's debut single in the US and Canada , where a remixed version of the song by DJ François Kevorkian was a hit in the clubs and reached # 1 on Billboard '' 's Club Play Singles chart . On the Billboard Hot 100 chart `` Situation '' was a minor hit in the US , peaking at # 73 , while in Canada it made the top 40 , peaking at # 31 . The North American version of the album subsequently substituted the remixed version of `` Situation '' for the UK album track `` Tuesday '' . Upstairs at Eric 's '' reached # 92 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the US and # 49 on the Canadian album chart .   The album track `` Midnight '' was later sampled by Rex the Dog for his 2008 dance hit `` Bubblicious '' .

neg: Lawless Element Lawless Element is an underground hip hop duo from Detroit , Michigan . The duo is composed of cousins Griot ( West African for `` Storyteller '' , born Alfred Austin ) as emcee and Magnif ( born Kavi Tapsico ) as DJ , producer and emcee . The duo of Magnif and Griot became engulfed in hip hop culture at the ages of 6 and 9 , and spent their teenage years honing their skills on the production boards and on the microphone . At the ages of 16 and 19 , the duo released their first single , titled `` Mic Check '' , in 2003 on Running Man Records . The next year , the duo hooked up with fellow Detroit native , producer J Dilla , to release the single `` The Shining '' . In early 2005 , LE worked with Dilla 's Jaylib partner Madlib on the single `` High '' , which landed them a deal with popular independent rap label Babygrande Records . Their debut album , Soundvision : In Stereo , was released in September 2005 to generally positive reviews . Soundvision featured production from Magnif , J Dilla and Madlib and guest appearances from Dilla , Melanie Rutherford , Phat Kat , Big Tone , P.Dot , SelfSays and Diverse . `` Rules Pt . 2 '' was the album 's lead single , and also became the duo 's first music video . URB magazine gave the album 4 out of 5 stars and stated that it was `` Heavily influenced by the golden age of De La Soul , Pete Rock and DJ Premier '' and that it featured `` 12 top-shelf tracks '' The album also earned the duo Featured Artist status on the Okayplayer website . Magnif has continued production work for a number of other underground acts , and released a mixtape titled SupaBeatMaker in late 2005 . The duo has announced plans for their second album , tentatively titled Evil , scheduled for released in 2008 on Babygrande Records . Magnif is also planning the release of a full-length production and solo album .

neg: Priority Records Priority Records is an American distribution company and record label known for many highly successful artists including Eazy-E , Ice Cube , MC Ren , Dr. Dre , Ice-T , Jay-Z , Mack 10 , Master P , Mia X , Mystikal , N.W.A , Snoop Dogg , Silkk the Shocker & Westside Connection amongst others . It also distributed many highly successful hip hop record labels including Death Row Records , Hoo-Bangin ' Records , No Limit Records , Posthuman Records , Rap-A-Lot Records , Rawkus Records , Roc-A-Fella Records , Ruthless Records & Wu-Tang Records amongst others .

neg: Radio (LL Cool J album) Radio is the debut studio album by American rapper LL Cool J , released November 18 , 1985 on Def Jam Recordings in the United States . It serves as the label 's first full-length album release . Recording sessions for the album took place during 1984 to 1985 at Chung King House of Metal in New York City . The album was primarily produced by Rick Rubin , who provided a sparse and minimal production style . Radio also features a sound that is punctuated by DJ scratching , mostly brief samples , and emphasis of the downbeat . LL Cool J 's b-boy lyricism conveys themes of inner city culture , teenage promiscuity , and braggadocio raps .   The album experienced a significant amount of commercial success and sales for a hip hop record at the time , earning U.S. Billboard chart success and selling over 500,000 copies within its first five months of release . On April 19 , 1989 , Radio was certified platinum in sales by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , following sales in excess of one million copies in the United States . Initial criticism of the album was generally positive , as LL Cool J 's lyricism and Rick Rubin 's production were praised by several music critics . It has since been recognized by critics as LL Cool J 's greatest work .   Reflecting the new school and ghettoblaster subculture in the U.S. during the mid-1980s , Radio belongs to a pivotal moment in the history and culture of hip hop . Its success contributed to the displacement of the old school with the new school form and to the genre 's mainstream success during the period . Its success also served as a career breakthrough for LL Cool J and Rick Rubin . Radio has been recognized by music writers as one of the first cohesive and commercially successful hip hop albums .

neg: Hip Hop Galsen Following an historical process of appropriation of American popular music by Senegal , For e.g. Jazz as well as Latin American music such as salsa or pachanga were popular in Senegalese cities from the 1940s and until recently . Hip Hop emerged in the Senegalese capital city in the early mid - 1980s . Although Hip Hop Galsen is now famous for its diverse musical productions , the movement there spread out from its dancing appeal rather than from its musical one . Indeed , Senegalese hip hop artists initially participated in this movement as smurfer , breakdancer , B-Boy in general performing during organised podiums . Schools , nightclubs and other temporary public stages thus played an essential role in amplifying this movement in Dakar . Besides , and in contrast to American Hip Hop , which grew from the youth in the inner city ghettos , Hip Hop in Dakar began among a somehow middle-class youth who was able to access and/or introduce in their home place new ideas and new cultural expressions coming from abroad . Indeed , Hip Hop became popular in the capital city through the intensive though informal circulation of VH7 cassettes and recorded videos , which were imported from USA ( Africa Bambaataa ) or France ( hip hop dance TV show ` HIPHOP ' animated by Sydney ) by diaspora people .   Quickly , podiums enlarged their performances from dancers only to rappers as well . It was a time when soon-to-be hip hop artists were still mimicking American artists they actively used to listen to such Africa Bambaataa , Grandmaster Flash , Furious Five , Delight , Doug E. Fresh or Public Enemy for the most well-known . Indeed , rap , the MC performance , was still then a phonetic repetition , a copycatting of either American rappers or , with Hip Hop booming in France in the 1980s , of French hip hop artists such as Assassin , NTM , IAM or Mc Solaar . Without the real capacity for translating the movement and its expressions in Senegalese terms yet , the mid-1980s in Dakar were however definitively hip hop . And whenever the classical hip hop film Beat Street was circulating in local cinemas , young people were following the movie from showroom to showroom in order to view it again and again and to know by heart the famous lyrics of Grandmaster Flash .

neg: Mafia (B.U.G. Mafia album) Mafia is the debut studio album by Romanian hip hop group B.U.G. Mafia , released September 20 , 1995 on local Bucharest-based label Amma Sound . Production for the album was handled by group member and founder Tataee , with various composers and keyboardists giving co-production . Heavily influenced by N.W.A. and Bone Thugs-n-Harmony , the album has been viewed as the pioneering record of gangsta rap in Romania . With its ever-present profanity and violent lyrics , it helped to give birth to this then-new genre of music in Romania . As hip hop music was quite new in Romania at the time , the album attracted many rock fans , who appreciated the group 's aggressive approach towards music .   In spite of poor sound quality and practically no professional promotion , Mafia achieved moderate success and quite favorable reviews . The album is still known for being the third hip hop album to be released in Romania by a record label . It had 15 tracks and featured guest performances from M&G , Marijuana , Coco , Vlad `` Ben '' Blându and actress Rona Hartner . Tataee has stated that he considers the album the group 's worst release .

neg: Black Mafia Life Black Mafia Life is the second studio album by American hip hop group Above the Law.This Album Is What Would Be Considered The Blue Print Sound Similar To Dr Dre 's The Chronic.The Sound What would be later Named as G-Funk by 2pac . Recorded in 1991 into 1992 but was held back due Legal Issues With Epic And Dr. Dre 's Departure from Ruthless Records . It was released on February 2 , 1993 via Ruthless Records . The album peaked at number 6 on the Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums and number 37 on the US Billboard 200 . Rolling Stone gave the album 4.5 stars of 5 .   As on the group 's previous works , Livin ' Like Hustlers and Vocally Pimpin ' , this album 's audio production was mostly handled by A.T.L. themselves , but this one excluded any contributions from Lay Law . It featured guest appearances from Kokane , Eazy-E , 2pac , MC Ren , and Digital Underground . Its lead single `` V.S.O.P. '' peaked at number 9 on the Hot Rap Singles and number 97 on the Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks .   Above the Law member Go Mack left the group after release of this album .

neg: Ego Trippin' (Part Two) `` Ego Trippin ' ( Part Two ) '' is a 1994 single by the group , De La Soul , and the second single to be released from the group 's 1993 album , Buhloone Mindstate . The song ( and its music video ) were a scathing parody on gangsta rap complete with `` hardcore '' screaming . The video caught the attention of rappers such as Ice Cube and Tupac Shakur , the latter taking exception to the video showing a rapper splashing around in a pool similar to Shakur 's own video for his song entitled `` I Get Around '' . The song features vocal contributions from Philadelphia rapper Shorty No Mas who also appeared in the video .   The screaming heard in the intro and outro of the album mix of `` Ego Trippin ' ( Part Two ) '' is missing from the `` Original Version '' on the single .   The cover artwork is a tribute to the hip-hop concert flyers of the late 1970s and early 1980s .   The song utilizes music samples taken from the songs of other artists including Al Hirt 's track , `` Harlem Hendoo '' , from his 1967 album entitled Soul in the Horn .   The song never actually had a `` Part One '' . The `` Part Two '' in the title is a reference to Ultramagnetic MCs ' `` Ego Trippin ' '' . However , as a parody of gangsta rap , it was preceded by De La Soul 's own `` Afro Connections at a Hi 5 ( In the Eyes of a Hoodlum ) '' from their 1991 album , De La Soul is Dead .

neg: Paid in Full (album) Paid in Full is the debut album of American hip hop duo Eric B. & Rakim , released on July 7 , 1987 , by Island-subsidiary label 4th & B'way Records . The duo recorded the album at hip hop producer Marley Marl 's home studio and Power Play Studios in New York City , following Rakim 's response to Eric B. 's search for a rapper to complement his disc jockey work in 1985 . The album peaked at number fifty-eight on the Billboard 200 chart and produced five singles , `` Eric B. Is President '' , `` I Ai n't No Joke '' , `` I Know You Got Soul '' , `` Move the Crowd '' , and `` Paid in Full '' .   Paid in Full is credited as a benchmark album of golden age hip hop . Rakim 's rapping , which pioneered the use of internal rhymes in hip hop , set a higher standard of lyricism in the genre and served as a template for future rappers . The album 's heavy sampling by Eric B. became influential in hip hop production . The record has sold over a million copies and the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified it platinum in 1995 . In 2003 , the album was ranked number 228 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time .

neg: The World's Famous Supreme Team The World 's Famous Supreme Team was an American hip hop radio show crew and recording group from the early 1980s . Members included See Divine the Mastermind and Just Allah the Superstar ( now known as JazzyJust the Superstar ) , among others . Their pioneering radio show started in 1979 on WHBI-FM 105.9 broadcasting from Newark , New Jersey , and featured Mr. Magic before he went on to host the first rap show on a major radio station , The Rap Attack on WBLS . The group rose to international prominance when punk impresario Malcolm McLaren recruited See Devine and Just Allah and samples of their radio show for his surprise hip hop hit , 1982 's `` Buffalo Gals '' , and the full album follow-up , Duck Rock ( 1983 ) . They are credited as the first hip hop group to incorporate Five Percent teachings and slang into their music , and their appearances on Duck Rock contains the first instances on record - a trait that would become increasingly predominant in the late '80s and '90s . The World Famous Supreme Team released their own hit single `` Hey DJ '' in 1984 , which would appear on their only album , Rappin ' ( 1986 ) . The group reunited with McLaren for the 1990 album , Round the Outside ! Round the Outside ! .   `` Hey , DJ '' was later sampled on the Mariah Carey song `` Honey '' , popularising its use for a new generation .

neg: Top Dawg Entertainment Top Dawg Entertainment ( TDE ) is an American independent record label founded in 2004 , by chief executive officer ( CEO ) Anthony `` Top Dawg '' Tiffith . Dave `` Miyatola '' Free and Terrence `` Punch '' Henderson are the co-presidents of TDE . There are currently eight artists signed to the label , Isaiah Rashad , SZA , Lance Skiiiwalker and SiR , as well as the flagship artists , Black Hippy members , Kendrick Lamar , Jay Rock , ScHoolboy Q and Ab-Soul . The label also houses a production division that includes Digi + Phonics , THC , and King Blue .

neg: B-Boy Records B-Boy Records was an important independent hip hop record label formed by Jack Allen and William Kamarra in 1986 , and situated at 132nd Street and Cypress Avenue in the Bronx , New York City . Its most notable signing was Boogie Down Productions , and it released Boogie Down Productions ' first singles , `` South Bronx '' ( 1986 ) and `` The Bridge is Over '' ( 1987 ) , and the group 's landmark debut album , Criminal Minded ( 1987 ) . Other acts that recorded for the label included JVC Force , Cold Crush Brothers , Levi 167 and Jewel T.   The label 's output is a mix of new names and old pioneers , and documents a period in which self-assertive lyrics begin to detail street life even as the music moved from hardcore drum-machine-based tracks to the horns and drum sounds of sampler-based hip hop . B-Boy Records folded in 1988 , though Nate Patrin of Pitchfork Media reports that , `` both Allen and Kamarra have set about reviving the B-Boy Records name independently of each other , and there seems to have been a number of bridges burned between the two men . ''