query: Year Zero is by Metallica.

pos: Year Zero (album) Year Zero is the fifth studio album by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails , released on April 17 , 2007 by Interscope Records . Frontman Trent Reznor wrote the album 's music and lyrics while touring in support of the band 's previous album With Teeth ( 2005 ) . In contrast to the introspective style of songwriting Reznor used on previous albums , Year Zero is a concept album that criticizes contemporary policies of the United States government by presenting a dystopian vision of the year 2022 .   The album is part of a larger Year Zero project which includes a remix album , an alternate reality game and a potential television or film project . The Year Zero alternate reality game expanded upon the album 's fictional storyline by using media such as websites , pre-recorded phone messages , and murals . However , disputes arose between Reznor and Universal Music Group , the parent company of Interscope Records , over overseas pricing of the album . In October 2007 , Reznor announced that Nine Inch Nails had fulfilled its contractual commitments to Interscope , effectively ending the band 's relationship with the label ; thus Year Zero was the last Nine Inch Nails studio album released on the Interscope label .   Upon its release in April 2007 , Year Zero sold over 187,000 copies in its first week and reached number two on the US Billboard 200 chart . The album also received generally positive reviews , many of which were also favorable toward the accompanying alternate reality game . Year Zero spawned the singles `` Survivalism '' and `` Capital G '' .

neg: Metallic K.O. Metallic K.O. is a live recording by American hard rock band The Stooges . In its original form , the album was purported to contain the last half of a performance at the Michigan Palace in Detroit , on February 9 , 1974 -- the band 's final live performance until their reformation in 2003 . The performance was notable for the level of audience hostility , with the band being constantly pelted with pieces of ice , eggs , beer bottles and jelly beans , among other things , in response to Iggy Pop 's audience-baiting .   Subsequent investigation of the master tapes and the May 1988 release of the double album Metallic 2X K.O. reveals that the original album contained the last half of the February 9 , 1974 show , but opened with the first half of an earlier show ( from October 6 , 1973 ) at the same venue . The 2X K.O. '' version features the full shows from both dates .   In 1998 , the album was re-released under the original title with a reverse show order , ( mostly ) expanded track lengths and even more complete set-lists .

neg: Metal (Manilla Road album) Metal is an album released by heavy metal band Manilla Road in 1982 .

neg: Metallica: This Monster Lives Metallica : This Monster Lives is a book written by Joe Berlinger and Greg Milner about how Berlinger filmed the feature-length movie Some Kind of Monster with the legendary heavy metal band Metallica .  The book follows the emotional roller-coaster both he and his film partner Bruce Sinofsky and the band Metallica went through during the creation film . The book takes in the time from Berlinger and Sinofsky 's first meeting with Metallica in 1999 to the 2003 Summer Sanitarium Tour . Berlinger and Sinofsky 's relationship was at an all time low , exacerbated by Berlinger 's decision to direct the disastrous sequel to the Blair Witch . At the start of filming the relationship between the band members , especially between vocalist James Hetfield and drummer Lars Ulrich , is in a similarly perilous position after bassist Jason Newsted quit the band and long standing grudges between the remaining members threaten to escalate past the point of no return .   It also follows the creative side of the film , after amassing over 1,600 hours of footage for what was originally supposed to be a short promo for the band 's new album the film 's editing team had to rapidly change plans as the footage changed from the promo to a TV series and eventually to a feature film .   The book 's title is reference to a line in the band 's song `` Some Kind of Monster '' which the film was named after .   Category : Books about film  Category : Show business memoirs  Category : Metallica

neg: Lateralus Lateralus ( -LSB- ˌlætəˈræləs -RSB- ) is the third studio album by American rock band Tool . It was released on May 15 , 2001 through Volcano Entertainment . The album was recorded at Cello Studios in Hollywood and The Hook , Big Empty Space , and The Lodge , in North Hollywood , between October 2000 and January 2001 . David Bottrill , who had produced the band 's two previous releases Ænima and Salival , produced the album along with the band . On August 23 , 2005 , Lateralus was released as a limited edition two-picture-disc vinyl LP in a holographic gatefold package .   The album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 chart , selling more than 555,200 copies in its first week of release . It was certified double platinum by the RIAA on August 5 , 2003 . On August 30 , 2004 , the album was certified silver by the BPI . It was also certified platinum in Australia , and double platinum in Canada . The band won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance for the song `` Schism '' in 2002 . Lateralus was ranked No. 123 on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's `` Definitive 200 '' list .

neg: Metals (album) Metals is the fourth studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Feist . It was released on September 30 , 2011 in Ireland , Austria , Switzerland , Germany , Sweden and Belgium ; October 3 , 2011 in the United Kingdom ; and October 4 , 2011 in the United States and Canada . The first single from the album is `` How Come You Never Go There '' , which was released on August 12 , 2011 . The album was supported by a world tour which started in Amsterdam , Netherlands on October 15 , 2011 and finished on October 20 , 2012 in Latin America .   Metals debuted on the US Billboard 200 at number 7 , and sold 38,000 copies in its first week . It earned Feist 's best sales week and it was her first top 10 album to chart in the US . The album received acclaim from critics .

neg: Names for the number 0 in English There are names for the number 0 in English and related concepts , and there are concomitant names for the decades whose tens column contains the number 0 . The names for the number 0 include `` zero '' , `` cipher '' , `` null '' , `` naught '' , `` nought '' , `` love '' , `` duck '' , `` nil '' , `` nada '' , `` zilch '' , `` zip '' , ( the letter ) `` o '' ( often spelled `` oh '' ) , `` aught '' , and `` ought '' . There are various subtleties of usage amongst them all .   Some usage of these terms is driven by a desire to maintain an explicit distinction between digit zero and letter O , which , because they are both usually represented graphically in English orthography ( and indeed most orthographies using Latin script and Arabic numerals ) with a simple circle or oval , have a centuries-long history of being frequently conflated . Thus some of the terms discussed below are the phonetic analog of the graphical convention of slashed zero -- that is , both are an effort to keep digit zero and letter O duly differentiated .

neg: World Magnetic Tour World Magnetic Tour was a 2008 -- 2010 concert tour by American thrash metal band Metallica in support of the band 's ninth studio album , Death Magnetic '' , which was released on September 12 , 2008 .   The tour officially kicked off in October 2008 in Glendale , Arizona , United States , following three European promotional dates in September and two U.S. rehearsal shows . By September 2009 , the tour had reached North America , Europe , South America , Asia and Oceania .   The tour culminated with three dates in Melbourne , Australia in late November 2010 . The tour ended up being the most successful by Metallica , grossing roughly $ 217.2 million ( the 18th highest grossing tour of all time ) , with the top grossing location , Acer Arena in Sydney , Australia , taking more than $ 14 million over 4 shows .

neg: 99 (song) `` 99 '' is a song by the American rock band Toto . The song appeared on the Hydra album in 1979 . When released as a single , it reached number 26 on the Billboard charts .   The song was written as a tribute to George Lucas ' film THX 1138 and the music video resembles a scene in the movie . In the video , as in the movie scene where the main character ( named `` THX-1138 '' ) is imprisoned , the room is completely white and everyone is wearing a white jumpsuit . Toto Legend , the former official International Toto Fan Club newsletter , reviewed the video :  ' 99 ' was predominantly a performance video , though the set design was rather conceptual . Following David Paich 's intention regarding the lyrics , about a sterile society in which names are forgotten and love forbidden , the set was sterile white , with various sized sculptured 99 's hanging and standing about , and the band was clad in futuristic white jumpsuits . There were some notable shots in this one -- keyboard close-ups and an artistic view of Jeff through a transparent drum head , a technique that several popular videos have copied since .   Guitarist Steve Lukather has since admitted that despite the song 's popularity , it 's one of his least favorite compositions , and has even said he `` downright hated it . '' He called the lyrics `` obtuse . ''

neg: Christ 0 Christ 0 is the fifth full-length studio album by the German progressive metal band Vanden Plas , released on March 31 , 2006 by InsideOut Music . This concept album interprets the novel The Count of Monte Cristo , exploring the story of a man imprisoned for a crime he did n't commit and following his chain of vengeful murders through the eyes of `` X , '' an Interpol detective assigned to the case . Throughout the course of the album , both characters come to terms with their goals ; X realizes just how similar the nature of his work is to Christ-0 's , while 0 repents for the sins of his vengeance and commits suicide . The lyrics make several contemporary references , alluding to modern movies ( e.g. Silence of the Lambs ) and organizations ( Interpol ) .   The band employed a forty-piece choir for the first time in this album . Lead vocalist Andy Kuntz stated that such orchestral elements were new to Vanden Plas and attributes this experimentation with the four-year wait since their previous album , Beyond Daylight .

neg: Less Than Zero (song) `` Less Than Zero '' is the eighth track on Elvis Costello 's debut album My Aim Is True , and the first Costello single that Stiff Records released .   The song expressed Costello 's anger after seeing former British Union of Fascists leader Oswald Mosley interviewed on television attempting to deny his racist past . In the liner notes to the Rhino edition of the album , Costello writes :   The song therefore fits in with a number of others on early Costello albums that deal with themes of fascism and totalitarianism , which also include `` Night Rally '' from This Year 's Model and `` Goon Squad '' from Armed Forces . In this case , a racist and totalitarian movement is seen in terms of sub rosa teenage sex : `` Turn up the TV ... Even your mother wo n't detect it/So your father wo n't know . ''   Allmusic critic Mark Deming describes the melody as `` slow , slinky -LSB- and -RSB- sinister . '' Deming also suggests that the melody shows some reggae influences , even though the rhythm does not incorporate reggae syncopations . Deming describes the song as `` controversial , audacious , and highly effective '' as well as `` a truly remarkable debut . ''   On his first visit to the United States , Costello found that American audiences did n't understand the song , writing in his 2015 autobiography , Unfaithful Music and Disappearing Ink , `` I 'm not sure if anyone in Cleveland has ever heard of Oswald Mosley or gave a damn about him when we played `` Less Than Zero '' that night . It was just some rock and roll music with a fashionable-sounding title '' . Later , he substantially rewrote the lyrics to refer to Lee Harvey Oswald . This was a reference to the common misconception among American fans that this was the `` Mr. Oswald '' referred to in the original lyrics . This version is usually referred to as the `` Dallas version '' and is available as a bonus track on the My Aim is True reissue , and a live version can be found on Live at the El Mocambo .   The song later provided US author Bret Easton Ellis with the title of his debut novel .   The song was also involved in Costello 's infamous performance on Saturday Night Live on 17 December 1977 . Following pressure from his record company to play the song on the show , Costello began to play the song , but he stopped after only a few bars , saying that `` there 's no reason to do this song here . '' He then launched into an unannounced performance of `` Radio Radio '' , a song he had promised not to play . As a result , he was banned from the show until 1989 . In 2015 , Costello wrote of having seen the Saturday Night Live appearance as an opportunity equivalent to The Beatles ' first live US television performance on -LSB- -LSB- The Ed Sullivan Show -RSB- : '' -LSB- ... -RSB- Columbia insisted that the second song should be `` Less Than Zero '' . The song had already proven to be obscure to many American ears and if this was supposed to be our I Want to Hold Your Hand moment , I thought the song was too low-key '' . He had then come up with the plan to switch songs , inspired by a live performance on the BBC 's The Lulu Show in 1969 in which Jimi Hendrix had scrapped a performance of Hey Joe after a few bars to instead play an impromptu tribute to Cream , who had broken up just days before .   `` Less Than Zero '' appears on the first Stiff Records compilation ; A Bunch of Stiff Records , whilst the B-side , `` Radio Sweetheart '' , appears on their second ; Hits Greatest Stiffs .

neg: S.A.Slayer S.A.SLAYER , originally known simply as SLAYER , was an American heavy metal band formed in San Antonio , Texas in 1981 by the former Blitzkrieg guitar duo Robert `` Bob Dog '' Catlin and Art Villareal , bassist Don Van Stavern , drummer Dave McClain , and vocalist Chris Cronk ( Fates Warning , Jag Panzer , Karion , Talisphere , Target 7 ) . The latter was soon replaced by Steve Cooper and the band signed a record deal with local upstart label  Rainforest Records and proceeded to record six songs for a proposed EP at B.O.S.S. Studios with producer/engineer duo Bob O'Neill and Rick Shrieves . The Prepare to Die EP was released in 1983 to excellent reviews , and `` Slayer '' , as they were known at the time became one of the top metal draws of the Texas scene . The band changed their name to S.A. Slayer so they would not confused with thrash metal legends Slayer .

neg: Zero Point Zero Zero Point Zero is the first studio album by the rock band Desario . It was released in 2009 on Darla Records . The album drew comparisons with Franz Ferdinand , Vampire Weekend , The Replacements , and the Smoking Popes .

neg: M2K Mini Tour The M2K Tour was a mini tour by American heavy metal band Metallica . The tour ran from late December 1999 to early January 2000 . During the tour , `` Trapped Under Ice '' was requested to be played when they were in Chicago by a fan . The song was only played two other times : on November 17 , 1984 in Belgium , and on November 18 , 1984 in Paris . Metallica also played the New Year 's Eve show in Pontiac , Michigan at the Silverdome in front of 50,000 people . At the show , Metallica broadcast the Times Square Ball Drop , ushering in the year 2000 , and played the classic Kiss track `` Detroit Rock City '' alongside Ted Nugent , Kid Rock , and Sevendust . The setlists for these tour dates , like their Sick of the Studio '07 tour , consisted of old songs and songs that they have not played in many years .

neg: Pretty Hate Machine Pretty Hate Machine is the debut studio album by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails , released on October 20 , 1989 by TVT Records in the United States , Island Records in Europe and by Interscope Records and Atlantic Records internationally . The album is compiled of reworked tracks from the band 's Purest Feeling demo , as well as songs composed after its original recording . Although it was critically and commercially successful ( especially for an independent label ) , Trent Reznor ( Nine Inch Nails ' only constant band member ) feuded with TVT Records during the album 's promotion . Slant Magazine placed the album at number 50 on its list of the `` Best Albums of the 1980s '' , commenting , `` before attempting suicide in The Downward Spiral and living with the wrist scars in The Fragile , Pretty Hate Machine sent out sleek , danceable warning shots '' .   Three singles were released from the album , the most successful being its opening track `` Head Like a Hole '' , which has become a staple of Nine Inch Nails live performances . Pretty Hate Machine became one of the first independently released albums to attain a platinum certification , with the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certifying the album triple platinum on May 12 , 2003 , indicating sales surpassing three million copies in the United States . The album went out of print in 1997 because of the much publicized disagreement between Reznor and TVT . Rykodisc re-released the album worldwide in 2005 , effectively putting it back into print . A remastered version with updated artwork was released on November 22 , 2010 .

neg: Corrosion of Conformity Corrosion of Conformity ( also known as C.O.C. ) is an American heavy metal band from Raleigh , North Carolina formed in 1982 . For almost the majority of its existence , the band has consisted of guitarist Woody Weatherman , bassist Mike Dean ( who left in 1987 but rejoined six years later ) , drummer Reed Mullin ( who left in 2001 but rejoined nine years later ) and vocalist and rhythm guitarist Pepper Keenan ( who joined the band in 1989 ) . After a hiatus in 2006 , Corrosion of Conformity returned in 2010 without Keenan , who had been busy touring and recording with Down , but announced their reunion with him in December 2014 .   Corrosion of Conformity started as a hardcore punk band but later moved towards a slower and blues-tinged heavy metal sound . To date , the band has released nine studio albums , four EPs , one compilation , and one live album . Their first three studio albums -- Eye for an Eye ( 1984 ) , Animosity ( 1985 ) and Blind ( 1991 ) -- attracted the attention of Columbia Records , who signed the band in 1993 . Corrosion of Conformity found success with the release of their 1994 fourth studio album , Deliverance , which peaked at number 155 on the Billboard 200 and spawned the hits `` Albatross '' and `` Clean My Wounds '' . Their 1996 follow-up Wiseblood was also successful , and became Corrosion of Conformity 's highest-charting album in the United States , peaking at number 104 on the Billboard 200 . Their latest album , IX , was released on July 1 , 2014 .

neg: The View (song) `` The View '' is a single by American singer Lou Reed and American heavy metal band Metallica . It is the only single taken from the studio album Lulu , released on September 27 , 2011 .

neg: 6.0 (album) 6.0 is a studio album by the industrial rock band Sister Machine Gun . It was released in 2001 on Positron ! Records .

neg: Gasoline (band) Gasoline are a southern rock band and side project for former Pantera member Vinnie Paul . They once included Dimebag Darrell , Thurber T. Mingus , and Stroker of Pumpjack . Paul described the group 's general theme as `` booze and women . '' The band has covered many artists including Pat Travers , Ted Nugent , Black Sabbath , W.A.S.P. , Thin Lizzy , Quiet Riot , and Slayer , but have also performed original songs like `` This Ai n't a Beer Belly , It 's a Gas Tank For My Love Machine '' and `` Get Drunk Now . '' Paul claims the band formed as followed :   Pantera played every New Year 's Eve until about ' 97 . After that , the other two guys decided they did n't want to play on New Year 's Eve , and that was my favorite time to play . Me and Dime decided that we 'd put together a good time band and just do cover tunes and it was all about beer drinkin ' and hell raisin ' .   In 2006 Pantera 's ex-bassist , Rex Brown , played with Vinnie Paul in Texas for the first time in several years with the band .

neg: Heavy metal lyrics Heavy metal lyrics are the words used in songs by heavy metal music bands , groups and artists . Given that there are many genres of heavy metal , it is difficult to make generalizations about the lyrics and lyrical themes . In 1989 , two metal scholars wrote that heavy metal lyrics concentrate `` on dark and depressing subject matter to an extent hitherto unprecedented '' in any form of popular music . Jeffrey Arnett states that metal songs are `` overwhelmingly dominated '' by `` ugly and unhappy '' themes which express `` no hope '' for the future . Deena Weinstein has proposed one way to analyze metal song themes is loosely grouping them into two categories : the Dionysian theme ( a reference to the Roman God of wine ) , which celebrates `` sex , drugs and rock and roll '' , partying , and enjoyment of life and the Chaotic theme , which involves dark subjects such as Hell , injustice , mayhem , carnage and death . Not all metal genres fall into Weinstein 's two theme model ; for example power metal 's lyrical themes often focus on fantasy and mythology , camaraderie and hope , personal struggles and emotions , among other themes . Another exception is pop metal bands , which replaced `` gloom and doom '' themes with `` positive , upbeat '' songs about romantic love and relationships , part of their goal of appealing more to female listeners . In metal overall , the small number of metal songs about relationships are typically about unions that have `` gone sour '' long ago .   The thematic content of heavy metal lyrics has long been a target of criticism . According to Jon Pareles , `` Heavy metal 's main subject matter is simple and virtually universal . With grunts , moans and subliterary lyrics , it celebrates ... a party without limits ... -LSB- T -RSB- he bulk of the music is stylized and formulaic . '' Music critics have often deemed metal lyrics juvenile and banal , and others have objected to what they see as advocacy of misogyny and the occult . During the 1980s , the Parents Music Resource Center ( PMRC ) petitioned the U.S. Congress to regulate the popular music industry due to what the group asserted were objectionable lyrics , particularly those in heavy metal songs . The PMRC used music professor Joe Stuessy to testify against metal . Professor Stuessy alleged that heavy metal songs focus on violence , substance abuse , perversion , S&M , and Satanism . Robert Walser analyzed 88 metal songs ' themes to determine if Professor Stuessy 's claims were valid . In Walser 's analysis , the dominant theme in the metal songs was `` longing for intensity '' ; he found that the negative themes described by Stuessy and the PMRC were uncommon . Jeffrey Arnett analysed the lyrics from 115 metal songs : he found that the top three messages were `` grim ... themes '' about violence , angst and protest .   Metal artists have had to defend their lyrics in front of the U.S. Senate and in courtrooms . In 1985 , Twisted Sister frontman Dee Snider was asked to defend his song Under the Blade at a U.S. Senate hearing . In 1986 , Ozzy Osbourne was sued because of the lyrics of his song Suicide Solution . In 1990 , Judas Priest was sued in American court by the parents of two young men who had shot themselves five years earlier , allegedly after hearing the subliminal statement `` do it '' in a Priest song . While the case attracted a great deal of media attention , it was ultimately dismissed . In some predominantly Muslim countries , heavy metal has been officially denounced as a threat to traditional values . In countries such as Morocco , Egypt , Lebanon , and Malaysia , there have been incidents of heavy metal musicians and fans being arrested and incarcerated .

neg: 2007 in downloadable songs for the Rock Band series The Rock Band series of music video games supports downloadable songs for the Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , and Wii versions through the consoles ' respective online services . Users can download songs on a track-by-track basis , with many of the tracks also offered as part of a `` song pack '' or complete album at a discounted rate . These packs are available for the Wii only on Rock Band 3 . Most downloadable songs are playable within every game mode , including the Band World Tour career mode . All downloadable songs released before October 26 , 2010 are cross-compatible between Rock Band , Rock Band 2 and Rock Band 3 , while those after only work with Rock Band 3 . Certain songs deemed `` suitable for all ages '' by Harmonix are also available for use in Lego Rock Band .   The Wii version of Rock Band does not support downloadable content , but Rock Band 2 and Rock Band 3 do , with DLC first made available in January 2009 . Songs from the back catalogue of downloadable content were released for the Wii weekly in an effort by Harmonix to provide Wii players with every previously available song .   Following the release of Rock Band 4 for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One , all previously purchased downloadable content for Rock Band 3 and earlier is forward compatible ( with the exception of any downloadable content purchased for The Beatles : Rock Band ) within the same system family at no additional cost .   32 downloadable Rock Band songs were released in 2007 , 15 of which appeared alongside the launch of Rock Band on November 20 , including song packs for Queens of the Stone Age , Metallica , and The Police .


query: Pregnancy symptoms include tender breasts.

pos: Pregnancy Pregnancy , also known as gestation , is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman . A multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspring , such as with twins . Pregnancy can occur by sexual intercourse or assisted reproductive technology . Childbirth typically occurs around 40 weeks from the last menstrual period ( LMP ) . This is just over nine lunar months , where each month is about 29 1/2 days . When measured from conception it is about 38 weeks . An embryo is the developing offspring during the first eight weeks following conception , after which , the term fetus is used until birth . Symptoms of early pregnancy may include missed periods , tender breasts , nausea and vomiting , hunger , and frequent urination . Pregnancy may be confirmed with a pregnancy test .   Pregnancy is typically divided into three trimesters . The first trimester is from week one through 12 and includes conception . Conception is when the sperm fertilizes the egg . The fertilized egg then travels down the fallopian tube and attaches to the inside of the uterus , where it begins to form the embryo and placenta . The first trimester carries the highest risk of miscarriage ( natural death of embryo or fetus ) . The second trimester is from week 13 through 28 . Around the middle of the second trimester , movement of the fetus may be felt . At 28 weeks , more than 90 % of babies can survive outside of the uterus if provided with high-quality medical care . The third trimester is from 29 weeks through 40 weeks .   Prenatal care improves pregnancy outcomes . Prenatal care may include taking extra folic acid , avoiding drugs and alcohol , regular exercise , blood tests , and regular physical examinations . Complications of pregnancy may include high blood pressure of pregnancy , gestational diabetes , iron-deficiency anemia , and severe nausea and vomiting among others . Term pregnancy is 37 to 41 weeks , with early term being 37 and 38 weeks , full term 39 and 40 weeks , and late term 41 weeks . After 41 weeks , it is known as post term . Babies born before 37 weeks are preterm and are at higher risk of health problems such as cerebral palsy . Delivery before 39 weeks by labor induction or caesarean section is not recommended unless required for other medical reasons .   About 213 million pregnancies occurred in 2012 , of which , 190 million were in the developing world and 23 million were in the developed world . The number of pregnancies in women ages 15 to 44 is 133 per 1,000 women . About 10 % to 15 % of recognized pregnancies end in miscarriage . In 2013 , complications of pregnancy resulted in 293,000 deaths , down from 377,000 deaths in 1990 . Common causes include maternal bleeding , complications of abortion , high blood pressure of pregnancy , maternal sepsis , and obstructed labor . Globally , 40 % of pregnancies are unplanned . Half of unplanned pregnancies are aborted . Among unintended pregnancies in the United States , 60 % of the women used birth control to some extent during the month pregnancy occurred .

neg: Prevalence of teenage pregnancy Industrialized and developing countries have distinctly different rates of teenage pregnancy .  In developed regions , such as United States , Canada , Western Europe , Australia , New Zealand , and Israel teen parents tend to be unmarried and adolescent pregnancy is seen as a social issue .   By contrast , teenage parents in developing regions such as Africa , Asia , Eastern Europe , Latin America , and the Pacific Islands are often married , and their pregnancy may be welcomed by family and society . However , in these societies , early pregnancy may combine with malnutrition and poor health care to cause medical problems . A report by Save the Children found that , annually , 13 million children are born to women under age 20 worldwide . More than 90 % of these births occur to women living in developing countries . Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of mortality among women between the ages of 15 and 19 in such areas , as they are the leading cause of mortality among older women .   The age of the mother is determined by the easily verified date when the pregnancy ends , not by the estimated date of conception . Consequently , the statistics do not include women who first became pregnant before their 20th birthdays , if those pregnancies did not end until on or after their 20th birthdays .

neg: Sex after pregnancy Sex after pregnancy is often delayed for several weeks or months , and may be difficult and painful for women . Injury to the perineum or surgical cuts ( episiotomy ) to the vagina during childbirth can cause sexual dysfunction . Sexual activity other than sexual intercourse is possible sooner , but some women experience a prolonged loss of sexual desire after giving birth , which may be associated with postnatal depression . Common issues that may last more than a year after birth are greater desire by the man than the woman , and a worsening of the woman 's body image .

neg: Adipomastia Adipomastia , or lipomastia , also known colloquially as fatty breasts , is a condition defined as an excess of skin and adipose tissue in the breasts without true breast glandular tissue . It is commonly present in men with obesity , and is particularly apparent in men who have undergone massive weight loss . A related/synonymous term is pseudogynecomastia . The condition is different and should be distinguished from gynecomastia ( `` women 's breasts '' ) , which involves true glandular breast development in a male . The two conditions can usually be distinguished easily by palpation to check for the presence of glandular tissue . Another difference between the conditions is that breast pain/tenderness does not occur in pseudogynecomastia . Sometimes , gynecomastia and pseudogynecomastia are present together ; this is related to the fact that fat tissue expresses aromatase , the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of estrogen , and estrogen is produced to a disproportionate extent in men with excessive amounts of fat , resulting in simultaneous glandular enlargement .

neg: Nausea Nausea is a sensation of unease and discomfort in the upper stomach with an involuntary urge to vomit . It may precede vomiting , but a person can have nausea without vomiting . When prolonged , it is a debilitating symptom .   Nausea is a non-specific symptom , which means that it has many possible causes . Some common causes of nausea are motion sickness , dizziness , migraine , fainting , low blood sugar , gastroenteritis ( stomach infection ) or food poisoning . Nausea is a side effect of many medications including chemotherapy , or morning sickness in early pregnancy . Nausea may also be caused by anxiety , disgust and depression .   Medications taken to prevent and treat nausea are called antiemetics . The most commonly prescribed antiemetics in the US are promethazine , metoclopramide and ondansetron . The word nausea is from Latin nausea , from Greek ναυσία -- nausia , '' ναυτία '' -- nautia , motion sickness '' , `` feeling sick or queasy '' .

neg: Pregnancy in art Pregnancy in art covers any artistic work that portrays pregnancy in women . In art as in life , it is often unclear whether an actual state of pregnancy is intended to be shown . A common visual indication is the gesture of the woman placing a protective open hand on her abdomen . Historically , married women were at some stage of pregnancy for much of their life until the menopause , but the depiction of this in art is relatively uncommon , and generally restricted to some specific contexts . This probably persists even in contemporary culture ; despite several recent artworks depicting heavily pregnant women , one writer was `` astonished at the shortage of visual images ... of pregnant women in public visual culture '' . A research study conducted by Pierre Bourdieu in 1963 found that the great majority of 693 French subjects thought that a photo of a pregnant woman could not , by definition , be beautiful .   There are two subjects often depicted in Western narrative art , or history painting , where pregnancy is an important part of the story . These are the unhappy scene usually called Diana and Callisto , showing the moment of discovery of Callisto 's forbidden pregnancy , and the biblical scene of the Visitation . Gradually , portraits of pregnant women began to appear , with a particular fashion for `` pregnancy portraits '' in elite portraiture of the years around 1600 .   As well as being a subject for depiction in art , pregnant women were also consumers of art , with some special types of work developed for them , including Madonna del Parto images of Mary .

neg: Teenage pregnancy in the United States Teenage pregnancy in the United States relates to girls under the age of 20 who become pregnant . Most occurrences take place out-of-wedlock .

neg: Childbirth positions The term childbirth positions ( or `` maternal birthing position '' ) refers to the physical postures the pregnant mother may assume during the process of childbirth . They may also be referred to as delivery positions or labor positions .   In addition to the lithotomy position , still commonly used by many obstetricians , other positions are successfully used by midwives and traditional birth-attendants around the world . Engelmann 's seminal work `` Labor among primitive peoples '' publicised the childbirth positions amongst primitive cultures to the Western world . They frequently use squatting , standing , kneeling and all fours positions , often in a sequence . They are referred to as upright birth positions

neg: Breastfeeding in public Breastfeeding in public is the practice of breastfeeding babies in a public or semi-public place in open view of the general public . Social attitudes and legal protection of the practice varies widely . In many countries , both in the Global South and in a number of Western countries , breastfeeding in public is common and generally not regarded as an issue . In those countries , laws protect the nursing mother . In many parts of the world including Australia , some parts of the United States , and Europe , along with some countries in Asia , women have an express legal right to nurse in public and in the workplace . A few countries , such as Saudi Arabia , expressly forbid women to expose their breasts in public , even to breastfeed .   Even though the practice may be legal or socially accepted , some mothers may nevertheless be reluctant to expose a breast in public to breastfeed due to actual or potential objections by other people , negative comments , or harassment . It is estimated that around 63 % of mothers across the world have publicly breast-fed . The media have reported a number of incidents in which workers or members of the public have objected to or forbidden women breastfeeding . Some mothers avoid the negative attention and choose to move to another location . But some mothers have protested their treatment , and if the practice is permitted by law , have taken legal action or engaged in protests . Protests have included a public boycott of the offenders business , organizing a `` nurse-in '' or a breastfeeding flash mob , in which groups of nursing mothers gather at the location where the complaint originated and nursed their babies at the same time . In response , some companies have apologised and agreed to train their employees .

neg: Hypoplasia Hypoplasia ( from Ancient Greek ὑπo - hypo - , `` under '' + πλάσις plasis , `` formation '' ; adjective form hypoplastic ) is underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ . Although the term is not always used precisely , it properly refers to an inadequate or below-normal number of cells . Hypoplasia is similar to aplasia , but less severe . It is technically not the opposite of hyperplasia ( too many cells ) . Hypoplasia is a congenital condition , while hyperplasia generally refers to excessive cell growth later in life . ( Atrophy , the wasting away of already existing cells , is technically the direct opposite of both hyperplasia and hypertrophy . )   Hypoplasia can be present in any tissue or organ . It is descriptive of many medical conditions , including underdevelopment of organs such as :   Breasts during puberty  Testes in Klinefelter 's syndrome  Ovaries in Fanconi anemia , gonadal dysgenesis , trisomy X  Thymus in DiGeorge syndrome  Labia majora in popliteal pterygium syndrome  Corpus callosum , connecting the two sides of the brain , in Agenesis of the corpus callosum  Cerebellum caused by mutation in the Reelin gene  Tooth caused by oral pathology , such as Turner 's hypoplasia  Chambers of the heart in hypoplastic left heart syndrome and hypoplastic right heart syndrome  Optic nerve in optic nerve hypoplasia  Sacrum in sacral agenesis  Facial muscle in asymmetric crying facies  Thumb from birth  Lungs , often as a result of oligohydramnios during gestation or the existence of congenital diaphragmatic hernia  Small bowel in coeliac disease  Fingers and ears in Harlequin type ichthyosis  Mandible in congenital hypothyroidism

neg: Pregnancy vegetarianism Pregnancy vegetarianism is the practice of adhering to a vegetarian diet during pregnancy . Vegetarianism is `` the principle or practice of excluding all meat and fish , and sometimes , in the case of vegans , all animal products ( such as eggs , milk , cheese , etc ) from one 's diet . '' Although some people frown upon pregnant women practicing vegetarianism , there is no evidence that vegetarianism -- practiced properly -- is unhealthful during pregnancy . There are millions of healthy babies born each year from vegetarian households .

neg: Postpartum depression Postpartum depression ( PPD ) , also called postnatal depression , is a type of clinical depression which can affect both sexes after childbirth . Symptoms may include sadness , low energy , changes in sleeping and eating patterns , reduced desire for sex , crying episodes , anxiety , and irritability . While many women experience self-limited , mild symptoms postpartum , postpartum depression should be suspected when symptoms are severe and have lasted over two weeks .   Although a number of risk factors have been identified , the causes of PPD are not well understood . Hormonal change is hypothesized to contribute as one cause of postpartum depression . The emotional effects of postpartum depression can include sleep deprivation , anxiety about parenthood and caring for an infant , identity crisis , a feeling of loss of control over life , and anxiety due to lack of support from a romantic or sexual partner . Many women recover with treatment such as a support group , counseling , or medication .   Between 0.5 % to 61 % of women will experience depression after delivery . Postpartum psychosis occurs in about 1 -- 2 per thousand women following childbirth . Among men , in particular new fathers , the incidence of postpartum depression has been estimated to be between 1 % and 25.5 % . In the United States , postpartum depression is one of the leading causes of the murder of children less than one year of age which occurs in about 8 per 100,000 births .

neg: Pregnancy options counseling Pregnancy options counseling is a form of counseling that provides information and support regarding a women 's pregnancy . Woman seeking pregnancy options counseling are typically doing so in the case of an unintended pregnancy . Limited access to birth control and family planning resources , as well as misuse of birth control are some of the major contributing factors to unintended pregnancies around the world . In 2012 , the global rate of unintended pregnancies was estimated to be 40 percent , or eighty-five million pregnancies .   Pregnancy options counselors educate women about the different options that are available and help guide them to a decision on how to proceed with their pregnancy . The options include abortion , adoption , or parenting . The job of a pregnancy options counselor is to neither encourage nor discourage a woman 's particular decision , nor do they profit from the woman 's choice . Rather , they present unbiased information about each of the options non-judgmentally , then help the woman explore her feelings and come to a decision that fits her best based on her values , culture , future plans , etc. . Pregnancy options counseling centers are not the same thing as crisis pregnancy centers , which may not provide unbiased information .

neg: Menstrual taboo A menstrual taboo is any social taboo concerned with menstruation . In some societies it involves menstruation being perceived as unclean or embarrassing , extending even to the mention of menstruation both in public ( in the media and advertising ) and in private ( amongst the friends , in the household , and with men ) . Many traditional religions consider menstruation ritually unclean .   Different cultures view menstruation differently . Studies in the early 1980s showed that nearly all girls in the United States believed that girls should not talk about menstruation with boys , and more than one-third of girls did not believe that it was appropriate to discuss menstruation with their fathers . The basis of many conduct norms and communication about menstruation in western industrial societies is the belief that menstruation should remain hidden .   In other societies certain menstrual taboos may be practised without the connotation of uncleanness . According to the anthropologists Buckley and Gottlieb cross-cultural study shows that , while taboos about menstruation are nearly universal , a wide range of distinct rules for conduct during menstruation `` bespeak quite different , even opposite , purposes and meanings '' with meanings that are `` ambiguous and often multivalent '' .

neg: Maternal health in Angola Maternal health in Angola is a very complicated issue . In the Sub-Saharan region of Africa where Angola is located , poor maternal health has been an ongoing problem contributing to the decreased level of health in the population in the early 21st century .   According to the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , maternal health refers to the health of women during pregnancy , childbirth , and the postpartum period . Maternal health is an important factor in determining the status of health in all countries as the health of newborns , which depends on the health of the mother , has an effect on the developmental stages of each individual . In Angola , maternal health is affected by many different factors , including the country 's history , economic state , and overall prevalence of infectious diseases .   The WHO lists the leading causes of maternal death as severe bleeding , infections , high blood pressure during pregnancy , obstructed labor , and unsafe abortions . These causes compose approximately 80 percent of all maternal mortalities worldwide with the vast majority occurring in developing countries . The other remaining factors that contribute to maternal death include malaria , anemia , and HIV/AIDS during pregnancy . The WHO also states that the reasons why so many women die during childbirth are usually poverty , long distance to care , lack of information , inadequate service , and cultural practices . All of these causes of maternal death , and the corresponding reasons , are very familiar among women in Angola .

neg: Danger zone (food safety) The temperature range in which food-borne bacteria can grow is known as the danger zone . Food safety agencies , such as the United States ' Food Safety and Inspection Service ( FSIS ) , define the danger zone as roughly 4 to . The FSIS stipulates that potentially hazardous food should not be stored at temperatures in this range in order to prevent foodborne illness ( for example , a refrigerator 's temperature must be kept below 40 F ) , and that food that remains in this zone for more than two hours should not be consumed . Foodborne microorganisms grow much faster in the middle of the zone , at temperatures between 21 and .   Food-borne bacteria , in large enough numbers , may cause food poisoning , symptoms similar to gastroenteritis or `` stomach flu '' ( a misnomer , as true influenza primarily affects the respiratory system ) . Some of the symptoms include stomach cramps , nausea , vomiting , diarrhea , and fever . Food-borne illness becomes more dangerous in certain populations , such as people with weakened immune systems , young children , the elderly , and pregnant women . In Canada , there are approximately 11 million cases of food-borne disease per year . These symptoms can begin as early as shortly after and as late as weeks after consumption of the contaminated food .   Time and temperature control plays a critical role in food safety . To prevent time-temperature abuse , the amount of time food spends in the danger zone must be minimized . A logarithmic relationship exists between microbial cell death and temperature : a significantly large number of cells may survive slightly lower temperatures . In addition to reducing the time spent in the danger zone , foods should be moved through the danger zone as few times as possible when reheating or cooling .   Foods that are potentially hazardous inside the danger zone :  Meat : beef , poultry , pork , seafood  Eggs and other protein-rich foods  Dairy products  Cut or peeled fresh produce  Cooked vegetables , beans , rice , pasta  Sauces , such as gravy  Sprouts  Any foods containing the above , e.g. casseroles , salads , quiches

neg: Breast implant A breast implant is a prosthesis used to change the size , shape , and contour of a woman 's breast . In reconstructive plastic surgery , breast implants can be placed to restore a natural looking breast mound for post -- mastectomy breast reconstruction patients or to correct congenital defects and deformities of the chest wall . They are also used cosmetically to enhance or enlarge the appearance of the breast through breast augmentation surgery .   There are three general types of breast implant devices , defined by their filler material : saline solution , silicone gel , and composite filler . The saline implant has an elastomer silicone shell filled with sterile saline solution during surgery ; the silicone implant has an elastomer silicone shell pre-filled with viscous silicone gel ; and the alternative composition implants featured miscellaneous fillers , such as soy oil , polypropylene string , etc. . Composite implants are typically not recommended for use anymore and , in fact , their use is banned in the United States and Europe due to associated health risks and complications .   In surgical practice , for the reconstruction of a breast , the tissue expander device is a temporary breast prosthesis used to form and establish an implant pocket for the future permanent breast implant . For the correction of male breast defects and deformities , the pectoral implant is the breast prosthesis used for the reconstruction and the aesthetic repair of a man 's chest wall ( see : gynecomastia and mastopexy ) .

neg: Endometrial hyperplasia Endometrial hyperplasia is a condition of excessive proliferation of the cells of the endometrium , or inner lining of the uterus .   Most cases of endometrial hyperplasia result from high levels of estrogens , combined with insufficient levels of the progesterone-like hormones which ordinarily counteract estrogen 's proliferative effects on this tissue . This may occur in a number of settings , including obesity , polycystic ovary syndrome , estrogen producing tumours ( e.g. granulosa cell tumour ) and certain formulations of estrogen replacement therapy . Endometrial hyperplasia is a significant risk factor for the development or even co-existence of endometrial cancer , so careful monitoring and treatment of women with this disorder is essential .

neg: Clitoris The clitoris ( -LSB- klᵻˈtɔːrᵻs -RSB- ) is a female sex organ present in mammals , ostriches and a limited number of other animals . In humans , the visible button-like portion is near the front junction of the labia minora ( inner lips ) , above the opening of the urethra . Unlike the penis , the male homologue ( equivalent ) to the clitoris , it usually does not contain the distal portion ( or opening ) of the urethra and is therefore not used for urination . While few animals urinate through the clitoris , the spotted hyena , which has an especially well-developed clitoris , urinates , mates and gives birth via the organ . Some other mammals , such as lemurs and spider monkeys , also have a well-developed clitoris .   The clitoris is the human female 's most sensitive erogenous zone and generally the primary anatomical source of human female sexual pleasure . In humans and other mammals , it develops from an outgrowth in the embryo called the genital tubercle . Initially undifferentiated , the tubercle develops into either a penis or a clitoris , depending on the presence or absence of the protein tdf , which is codified by a single gene on the Y chromosome . The clitoris is a complex structure , and its size and sensitivity can vary . The glans ( head ) of the human clitoris is roughly the size and shape of a pea , and is estimated to have more than 8,000 sensory nerve endings .   Extensive sociological , sexological and medical debate have focused on the clitoris , primarily concerning anatomical accuracy , orgasmic factors and their physiological explanation for the G-spot , and whether the clitoris is vestigial , an adaptation , or serves a reproductive function . Social perceptions of the clitoris range from the significance of its role in female sexual pleasure , assumptions about its true size and depth , and varying beliefs regarding genital modification such as clitoris enlargement , clitoris piercing and clitoridectomy ; genital modification may be for aesthetic , medical or cultural reasons .   Knowledge of the clitoris is significantly impacted by cultural perceptions of the organ . Studies suggest that knowledge of its existence and anatomy is scant in comparison with that of other sexual organs , and that more education about it could help alleviate social stigmas associated with the female body and female sexual pleasure ; for example , that the clitoris and vulva in general are visually unappealing , that female masturbation is taboo , or that men should be expected to master and control women 's orgasms .

neg: Female infanticide Female infanticide is the deliberate killing of newborn female children . In countries with a history of female infanticide , the modern practice of sex-selective abortion is often discussed as a closely related issue . Female infanticide is a major cause of concern in several nations such as China and India . It has been argued that the `` low status '' in which women are viewed in patriarchal societies creates a bias against females .   In 1978 , anthropologist Laila Williamson , in a summary of data she had collated on how widespread infanticide was among both tribal and developed , or `` civilized '' nations , found that infanticide had occurred on every continent and was carried out by groups ranging from hunter gatherers to highly developed societies and that rather than this practice being an exception , it has been commonplace . The practice has been well documented among the indigenous peoples of Australia , Northern Alaska and South Asia , and Barbara Miller argues the practice to be `` almost universal '' , even in the West . Miller contends that in regions where women are not employed in agriculture and regions in which dowries are the norm then female infanticide is commonplace , and in 1871 in The Descent of Man , and Selection in Relation to Sex , Charles Darwin wrote that the practice was commonplace among the aboriginal tribes of Australia .   In 1990 , Amartya Sen writing in the New York Review of Books estimated that there were 100 million fewer women in Asia than would be expected , and that this amount of `` missing '' women `` tell -LSB- s -RSB- us , quietly , a terrible story of inequality and neglect leading to the excess mortality of women . '' Initially Sen 's suggestion of gender bias was contested and it was suggested that hepatitis B was the cause of the alteration in the natural sex ratio . However it is now widely accepted that the numerical worldwide deficit in women , is due to gender specific abortions , infanticide and neglect .   In seventh-century Arabia , before Islamic culture became established , female infanticide was widely practiced . This is attributed by scholars to the fact that women were deemed `` property '' within those societies . Others have speculated that to prevent their daughters from a life of misery , the mothers would kill the child . With the arrival of Islamic rule the practice was made illegal .

neg: Training bra A training bra ( also trainer bra , starter bra , first bra or bralette ) is a lightweight brassiere designed for girls who have begun to develop breasts during puberty when the girl 's breasts are not yet large enough to fit a standard-sized bra . Breast growth is usually defined by the Tanner scale . Girls who are developing breasts are at Tanner stage I and II . Training bras are usually a lightweight , unlined , pullover style bra and feature a soft , elastic bra band and soft bra cups . Prior to the marketing of training bras , a pre-teen or young teen girl in Western countries usually wore a one-piece `` waist '' or camisole without cups or darts .   When a girl receives her first bra , it may be seen as a long-awaited rite of passage in her life signifying her coming of age . Bras for pre-teens and girls entering puberty were first marketed during the 1950s . Some companies have been criticized for marketing bras to pre-teens and of sexualizing girls at an early age .


query: Michelle Obama gave a speech in Philadelphia.

pos: Michelle Obama Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama ( born January 17 , 1964 ) is an American lawyer and writer who was First Lady of the United States from 2009 to 2017 . She is married to the 44th President of the United States , Barack Obama , and is the first African-American First Lady . Raised on the South Side of Chicago , Illinois , Obama is a graduate of Princeton University and Harvard Law School , and spent her early legal career working at the law firm Sidley Austin , where she met her husband . She subsequently worked as the Associate Dean of Student Services at the University of Chicago and the Vice President for Community and External Affairs of the University of Chicago Medical Center . Barack and Michelle married in 1992 and have two daughters .   Obama campaigned for her husband 's presidential bid throughout 2007 and 2008 , delivering a keynote address at the 2008 Democratic National Convention . She returned to speak at the 2012 Democratic National Convention , and again during the 2016 Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia , where she delivered a speech in support of the Democratic Presidential nominee , and fellow First Lady , Hillary Clinton .   As First Lady , Obama became a fashion icon , a role model for women , and an advocate for poverty awareness , nutrition , physical activity , and healthy eating .

neg: I Am... World Tour I Am ... World Tour ( sometimes referred to as the I Am ... Tour ) was the fourth concert tour by American recording artist Beyoncé . It was launched in support of her third studio album , I Am ... Sasha Fierce ( 2008 ) . The tour was announced in October 2008 and the first dates were revealed in December 2008 . It kicked off in late-March 2009 with five rehearsal shows in North America , officially commencing in late April 2009 . The tour visited the Americas , Europe , Asia , Africa , and Australia with 108 shows in total . Preparations for the shows began eight months prior to the beginning of the tour with twelve-hour rehearsals for two months . Knowles described the shows as her best and most theatrical from all of her tours . Pre-concert food drives were held during several stops of the I Am ... World Tour as part of a campaign by General Mills ' Hamburger Helper entitled , `` Show Your Helping Hand '' where fans were asked to bring food during the concerts .   The set list for the concerts included songs from Knowles ' three studio albums as well as several covers of other artists and a Destiny 's Child medley . The central theme of the tour was to showcase the difference between Knowles ' dual personality ; her emotional side and her onstage persona , Sasha Fierce which was also demonstrated in the dual album I Am ... Sasha Fierce . The show featured two stages -- the main one and a smaller B-stage where Knowles was transferred during the middle of the show . She was backed by an all-female band , female background dancers and a big LED screen . Thierry Mugler collaborated with Knowles on the costumes and had a creative advisor role further working on the choreography , lighting and production . Chris March made the costumes usable for stage and helped in their making . For the ballads , Knowles wore longer dresses while for the performances of the up-tempo songs , more make-up and more revealing outfits were worn . The fashion and Knowles ' look and figure received praise from critics .   I Am ... World Tour received critical acclaim from music critics who praised Knowles ' performance abilities calling her the best female performer and chose the performances of `` Ave Maria '' , `` Listen '' and `` At Last '' as highlights during the shows . A concert in Malaysia was cancelled by Knowles after several Muslim groups tried to ban it although she agreed to tone down her look according to the country 's standards . The tour was commercially successful grossing $ 86.0 million from 93 shows in total . Separate performances of several songs were broadcast on different channels and two concerts were released as live albums ; the live performance at the I Am ... Yours revue was released in a CD/DVD format in 2009 and footage of the tour was released on an eponymous titled live album in 2010 .

neg: United States presidential election in Missouri, 2012 The 2012 United States presidential election in Missouri took place on November 6 , 2012 as part of the 2012 General Election in which all 50 states plus The District of Columbia participated . Missouri voters chose 10 electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote pitting incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama and his running mate , Vice President Joe Biden , against Republican challenger and former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney and his running mate , Congressman Paul Ryan .   On election day , Missouri was won by Mitt Romney , who took 53.76 % of the vote to Barack Obama 's 44.38 % , a margin of 9.38 % . Although a battleground in past elections , Missouri is considered to be trending toward the Republicans , having been the only swing state to be won ( albeit narrowly ) by Republican John McCain in the 2008 election . Consequently , the state was not heavily contested by either side in 2012 , and the Republicans ultimately carried Missouri by the largest margin since 1984 . Also , this was the first time since 1900 that Missouri was not carried by the victor of the presidential contest two times consecutively ( after Obama had failed to win the state in 2008 ) , as well as the first time since 1900 when the overall loser of the presidential election won the state by a margin larger than 1 % of the statewide vote .   Obama carried only three counties and the City of St. Louis . He carried Boone County , home to Columbia and the University of Missouri ; Jackson County , where most of Kansas City is located ; and St. Louis County .

neg: The Obama Identity The Obama Identity : A Novel ( Or Is It ? ) is a 2010 novel written by Edward Klein and former Republican United States Representative John LeBoutillier . Among other things , the book explores and promotes the Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories and Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories in the form of a novel . In an interview on Fox & Friends , Leboutillier claimed that the book uses `` real things '' and has `` so much real stuff '' . Following the interview , Media Matters for America published excerpts from the book in an article which criticized the book as having an `` incomprehensible plot '' .

neg: List of tallest buildings in Philadelphia Philadelphia , the largest city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania , is home to 389 completed high-rises , 32 of which stand taller than 400 ft. The tallest building in the city is currently the 58-story Comcast Center , which rises 975 ft in Center City . Comcast Center is also the tallest building in Pennsylvania and the 20th-tallest building in the United States . The second-tallest building is One Liberty Place , which rises 61 floors and 945 ft. One Liberty Place stood as the tallest building in Pennsylvania for over 20 years until the completion of Comcast Center in 2008 . Overall , seven of the ten tallest buildings in Pennsylvania are in Philadelphia , with the remainder being in Pittsburgh . Philadelphia is one of only five American cities with two or more completed buildings over 900 ft tall .   Philadelphia 's history of tall buildings is generally thought to have begun with the 1754 addition of the steeple to Christ Church , which was one of America 's first high-rise structures . Through most of the 20th century , a `` gentlemen 's agreement '' prevented buildings from rising higher than the 548-ft ( 167-m ) Philadelphia City Hall . Despite this , Philadelphia amassed a large collection of high-rise buildings . The completion of One Liberty Place in 1987 broke the agreement , and Philadelphia has since seen the construction of eight skyscrapers that eclipse City Hall in height .   Philadelphia has twice held the tallest habitable building in North America , first with Christ Church , then with City Hall . The latter reigned as the world 's tallest building from 1894 to 1908 , and is currently the world 's second-tallest masonry building , only 1.6 ft shorter than Mole Antonelliana in Turin . Like other large American cities , Philadelphia went through a massive building boom in the 1970s and 1980s , resulting in the completion of over 20 high-rise buildings .   , there are several major high-rise construction projects underway in Philadelphia . The largest of these projects is the Comcast Innovation and Technology Center , which began construction in 2014 and will rise 1121 ft upon completion . The Comcast Innovation and Technology Center will surpass Comcast Center by over 100 ft to become the tallest skyscraper in Pennsylvania and the tallest building in the country outside of New York and Chicago .   __ TOC __

neg: Tina Tchen Christina M. `` Tina '' Tchen ( , pinyin : Chén Yuǎnměi ) ( born January 25 , 1956 ) is an American lawyer . From 2011 until 2017 , she served as Assistant to President Barack Obama ; Chief of Staff to First Lady Michelle Obama ; and Executive Director of the White House Council on Women and Girls . From the date of Obama 's inauguration until January 5 , 2011 , she was the Director of the White House Office of Public Engagement , previously known as the Office of Public Liaison .

neg: 1996 State of the Union Address The 1996 State of the Union address was given by President Bill Clinton to a joint session of the 104th United States Congress on January 23 , 1996 . The speech was the last State of the Union address of President Clinton 's first term . This speech occurred shortly after the federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996 which had resulted from disagreements on the 1996 United States federal budget .   President Clinton discussed the economy and declared that `` the era of big government is over , '' and continued , `` but we can not go back to the time when our citizens were left to fend for themselves . We must go forward as one America , one nation working together , to meet the challenges we face together . Self-reliance and teamwork are not opposing virtues -- we must have both . '' The president discussed welfare reform , the V-chip , education , community policing , crime and the environment . The president also discussed foreign relations and the federal budget .   The Republican Party response was delivered by Senator Bob Dole of Kansas . He stated that '' -LSB- President Clinton -RSB- is the chief obstacle to a balanced budget and the balanced budget amendment ... . While the President 's words speak of change , his deeds are a contradiction . President Clinton claims to embrace the future while clinging to the policies of the past . ''   Donna Shalala , the Secretary of Health and Human Services , served as the designated survivor .

neg: Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012 The 2012 reelection campaign of Barack Obama , the 44th President of the United States , was formally announced on April 4 , 2011 . Along with his running mate , Vice President Joe Biden , Obama was opposed in the general election by former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney , along with various minor candidates from other parties . The election took place on Tuesday , November 6 , 2012 .   Obama 's campaign headquarters was in Chicago and key members of his successful campaign in 2008 , such as Jim Messina and David Axelrod , returned to staff it . On the day of the announcement , the campaign released a promotional video showing supporters of Obama organizing for the re-election effort . As The Guardian newspaper noted , this was the first U.S. presidential re-election campaign to use Facebook and Twitter for promotion .   Between early-2011 and June 30 , 2012 , the Obama campaign and supporters spent approximately $ 400 million , according to the Federal Election Commission . Obama won his re-election bid by a margin of 51.06 -- 47.21 % . This was the first time since 1944 , when President Franklin D. Roosevelt won re-election , that a Democratic president had won by a majority of the electoral votes and over 51 % of the popular vote twice .

neg: List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama during 2014 This is a list of presidential trips made by Barack Obama during 2014 , the sixth year of his presidency as the 44th President of the United States .   This list excludes trips made within Washington , D.C. , the U.S. federal capital in which the White House , the official residence and principal workplace of the President , is located . Additionally excluded are trips to Camp David , the country residence of the President , and to the private home of the Obama family in Kenwood , Chicago .

neg: 2012 State of the Union Address The 2012 State of the Union Address was a speech given by President Barack Obama , from 9 p.m. to 10:17 p.m. EST on Tuesday , January 24 , 2012 , in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives . In his speech , he focused on education reform , repairing America 's infrastructure with money not used on the Iraq War , and creating new energy sources in America .

neg: Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration The economic policy of the Barack Obama administration was characterized by moderate tax increases on higher income Americans designed to fund healthcare reform , reduce the federal budget deficit , and improve income inequality . His first term ( 2009 -- 2013 ) included measures designed to address the Great Recession and Subprime mortgage crisis , which began in 2007 . These included a major stimulus package , banking regulation , and comprehensive healthcare reform . As the economy improved and robust job creation continued during his second term ( 2013 -- 2017 ) , the Bush tax cuts were allowed to expire for the highest income taxpayers and a spending sequester ( cap ) was implemented , to further reduce the deficit back to typical historical levels . Towards the end of his tenure , the U.S. economy was nearing full employment such that the Federal Reserve began raising interest rates , real household income was nearing its pre-crisis peak , gas prices were very low , and GDP grew 3.5 % . He also implemented several environmental executive orders to address climate change and encourage clean energy industries , as the U.S. enjoyed an unprecedented increase in energy production . Both the stock market and corporate profits reached record high levels during his tenure , while inflation and interest rates remained near record low levels .   Conceptually , Obama advocated using government regulation to stem crony capitalism and tax revenue to stabilize and promote economic growth . Two of his important economic advisers were Jason Furman of Harvard University and Jeffrey Liebman of Harvard University . In 2006 , Obama wrote , `` We should be asking ourselves what mix of policies will lead to a dynamic free market and widespread economic security , entrepreneurial innovation and upward mobility -LSB- ... -RSB- we should be guided by what works . '' Speaking before the National Press Club in April 2005 , he defended the New Deal social welfare policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt , associating Republican proposals to establish private accounts for Social Security with Social Darwinism .

neg: Philadelphia Society The Philadelphia Society is a membership organization the purpose of which is `` to sponsor the interchange of ideas through discussion and writing , in the interest of deepening the intellectual foundation of a free and ordered society , and of broadening the understanding of its basic principles and traditions '' . The membership of the Society tends to be composed of persons holding conservative or libertarian political views , and many of those associated with the Society have exercised considerable influence over the development of the conservative movement in the United States .   It was founded in 1964 by Donald Lipsett in conjunction with Bill Buckley , Milton Friedman , Frank Meyer , and Ed Feulner , and the former Presidents of the Society include Henry Regnery , Edwin J. Feulner , Russell Kirk , Mel Bradford , Forrest McDonald , T. Kenneth Cribb , M. Stanton Evans , Ellis Sandoz , Edwin Meese , Claes G. Ryn , Midge Decter , Roger Ream , Steven F. Hayward , Lee Edwards , William F. Buckley , and George H. Nash .   Notable speakers at past meetings of the Society have included Larry Arnhart , Andrew Bacevich , Wendell Berry , Robert Bork , Mel Bradford , Warren T. Brookes , William F. Buckley , Vladimir Bukovsky , Ronald Coase , T. Kenneth Cribb , Midge Decter , M. Stanton Evans , Edwin J. Feulner , Milton Friedman , George Gilder , Victor Davis Hanson , William Hague , S. I. Hayakawa , Friedrich von Hayek , Henry Hazlitt , W.H. Hutt , Herman Kahn , Russell Kirk , Irving Kristol , Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn , Forrest McDonald , Edwin Meese , Frank Meyer , Charles Murray , Robert Nisbet , Michael Novak , Richard Pipes , Norman Podhoretz , Henry Regnery , William A. Rusher , Paul Ryan , Ellis Sandoz , Shelby Steele , George J. Stigler , Terry Teachout , Edward H. Teller , and Eric Voegelin .

neg: Philadelphia Media Network Philadelphia Media Network LLC is an American media company . It owns The Philadelphia Inquirer , Philadelphia Daily News , and the newspapers ' joint web portal Philly.com . The company is owned by The Philadelphia Foundation , a nonprofit organization in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , U.S.A.   Philadelphia Media Network ( PMN ) was formed and initially owned by the creditors of Philadelphia Media Holdings ( PMH ) , acquired out of Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection . The company sold its inherited community newspaper division in December 2010 . A group of local investors -- under the corporate name of Interstate General Media LLC -- bought the company for $ 55 million in April 2012 . Publisher and chief executive officer Greg Osberg stepped down on 11 May 2012 . He was replaced by Bob Hall , 67 , the publisher of the Daily News and Inquirer from 1990 to 2003 , when the papers were owned by Knight Ridder . Philadelphia Media Network was purchased by Philadelphia businessman H. F. `` Gerry '' Lenfest in 2014 . Lenfest donated the company to The Philadelphia Foundation , a nonprofit organization , in 2016 .

neg: Eleanor Roosevelt Monument The Eleanor Roosevelt Monument is a memorial dedicated to Eleanor Roosevelt , located in New York City 's Riverside Park . It is said to be the first monument dedicated to an American president 's wife . The monument was dedicated in 1996 , with then -- First Lady Hillary Clinton as the keynote speaker .

neg: Say Her Name #SayHerName is a social movement that seeks to raise awareness for black female victims of police brutality and anti-Black violence in the United States . #SayHerName aims to change the public perception that victims of police brutality and anti-Black violence are predominantly male by highlighting the gender-specific ways in which black women , particularly black queer women and black transgender women , are disproportionately affected by fatal acts of racial injustice . In an effort to create a large social media presence alongside existing racial justice campaigns , such as #BlackLivesMatter and #BlackGirlsMatter , the African American Policy Forum ( AAPF ) coined the hashtag #SayHerName in February 2015 .   In May 2015 , the AAPF released a report entitled `` Say Her Name : Resisting Police Brutality against Black Women , '' which outlined the goals and objectives of the #SayHerName movement . Following Sandra Bland 's fatal encounter with police in July 2015 , the AAPF , in conjunction with the Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies at Columbia Law School and Soros Justice Fellow , Andrea Ritchie , issued an updated version of the original report . The updated version includes a description of the circumstances surrounding Bland 's death , as well as several accounts detailing recent incidents of police-instigated violence against black women , including Tanisha Anderson and Rekia Boyd . In addition to these accounts , the report provides an analytical framework for understanding black women 's susceptibility to police brutality and state-sanctioned violence , as well as offers some suggestions on how to effectively mobilize various communities and empower them to advocate for racial justice .   Drawing from the AAPF report , the #SayHerName movement strives to address the invisibilization of black women within mainstream media and , more specifically , the #BlackLivesMatter movement . Of the movement 's many agendas , one includes commemorating the women who have lost their lives due to police brutality and anti-Black violence . To advance this agenda , the AAPF , along with twenty local sponsors and the Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies at Columbia Law School , organized a vigil on May 20 , 2015 , in New York City , where dozens gathered to demand that the public no longer ignore black women 's struggles against gendered , racialized violence .

neg: Greater Kensington (string band) Greater Kensington is a string band in Philadelphia 's annual Mummers Parade .   The Greater Kensington String Band was organized in 1946 and first marched in the New Year 's Day Mummers Parade in 1948 . The band , known as `` GKSB '' , has taken first prize on three occasions and has finished in the top ten forty one times including seventeen years in the top five .   GKSB started in 1946 on Front Street below Lehigh Avenue and moved to a location atop the Cumberland Sho-bar at Kensington Avenue and `` A '' Street beneath the Market -- Frankford Line . In 1960 the band relocated and established its headquarters at 2844 `` D '' Street . The band is a charter member of the Philadelphia Mummers String Band Association and , as such , can never change its name . So when the band moved in 1966 to Tacony , it still carried the name of Greater Kensington String Band .   The band owns its headquarters on Edmund Street in Northeast Philadelphia . The band has joined with the Mayfair Optimist Club and the Mayfair-Holmesburg Merchants Association to sponsor and help organize the Annual Thanksgiving Day Parade on Frankford Avenue since 1974 . In 1975 the band acquired a catering club license making the hall available for rentals .   While New Year 's Day is the band 's big event of the year , the group has performed nationally , with past performances in Tennessee , Minnesota , Wisconsin , Illinois , the New England states , New Jersey , Maryland , Delaware and throughout Pennsylvania . They have also performed at the Quebec Winter Carnival , the Carnival de Libertad in Cuba , Oktoberfest in Kitchener-Waterloo , Ontario , the P. T. Barnum Festival in Connecticut and the Nebraska State Fair . They performed at the 1984 inauguration of Mayor Wilson Goode at the Academy of Music and as part of Goode 's bid for Philadelphia to host Super Bowl XXI . The band has also marched in the Miss America Parade , performed on the Merv Griffin Show , Philadelphia 's Puerto Rican Day parade , with the USO and in a command performance at Constitution Hall in Washington , D.C. with Charlie Daniels and the Rockettes in 1991 . In 2004 , the band performed in front of a live crowd of 280,000 people in the Chinese New Year Parade in Hong Kong . They have also performed in the Grand Opera House , appeared on the same bill with the Philadelphia Orchestra , and played across the Brooklyn Bridge when it was re-dedicated .   In 1983 , the band was selected to represent the East Coast and was one of only four bands to perform at the National Sports Festival held at the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs . The group was named the championship band and was personally congratulated by Bob Hope who was the Olympic Committee Co-Chairman .   Also in 1983 , the band was a plaintiff in a federal lawsuit aimed at preventing planned changes to the Mummer 's Parade .   In September 2007 , the Tacony warehouse that they were renting was destroyed by arson . The band lost thousands of dollars worth of tools , set pieces and an inventory of thousands of ostrich feathers . The total loss was estimated at $ 20,000 , with $ 6,000 of that being feathers alone . As of December 2007 , they are unsure if their insurance will cover the loss .   While bands typically spend most of the year preparing for the parade on New Years Day , the band was able to rebuild most of their planned sets and props in time for the 2008 parade . The band publicly cited help from supporters and their competitors in the parade , with help coming from every other string band in the city and critically needed feathers from South Philadelphia , Avalon , Woodland and Trilby .   In 1963 , Sure Records released the band 's album `` String Band Sound of All-Time Favorites '' .

neg: Martin Luther King High School (Philadelphia) Martin Luther King High School is a neighborhood public high school located in the Germantown section of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States , at the intersection of Stenton Avenue and Haines Street . It is a neighborhood school , meaning no application is necessary for those students who live in the West Oak Lane and Germantown sections of Philadelphia .

neg: Partners for a New Beginning In his `` A New Beginning '' speech on June 4 , 2009 , at Cairo University in Cairo , Egypt , President of the United States Barack Obama stated that `` I 've come here to Cairo to seek a new beginning between the United States and Muslims around the world , one based on mutual interest and mutual respect , and one based upon the truth that America and Islam are not exclusive and need not be in competition . Instead , they overlap , and share common principles -- principles of justice and progress ; tolerance and the dignity of all human beings . '' During the speech , he also committed to `` host a Summit on Entrepreneurship this year to identify how we can deepen ties between business leaders , foundations and social entrepreneurs in the United States and Muslim communities around the world '' .   To support the President 's `` New Beginning '' goals , United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton launched Partners for a New Beginning along with former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright , Walter Isaacson ( President of The Aspen Institute ) , and Muhtar Kent ( Chairman and CEO of The Coca-Cola Company ) on April 27 , 2010 . Leading the initiative on the State Department side is Kris Balderston , Special Representative for Global Partnerships . In addition to its presence in the United States , PNB has established 11 local chapters across the Middle East and North Africa and , along with its partners , has launched , expanded or pledged support for more than 70 projects since the partnership 's inception in September 2010 .

neg: Death of Hadiya Pendleton The death of Hadiya Pendleton occurred on January 29 , 2013 . Pendleton , a 15-year-old girl from Chicago , Illinois , was shot in the back and killed while standing with friends inside Harsh Park in Kenwood , Chicago after taking her final exams . A student at King College Prep High School , she was killed only one week after performing at events for President Barack Obama 's second inauguration . First Lady Michelle Obama attended the funeral for Pendleton in Chicago .   President Obama mentioned Pendleton 's death in his 2013 State of the Union Address in Congress , where Pendleton 's parents , Cleopatra Cowley-Pendleton and Nathaniel A. Pendleton Sr. , attended as guests . The crime scene is `` just a mile away from -LSB- President Obama 's -RSB- Chicago house . ''   Pendleton 's mother , Cleopatra Cowley-Pendleton , went onstage but did not speak at the 2016 Democratic National Convention .

neg: Independence Hall Independence Hall is the building where both the United States Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution were debated and adopted . It is now the centerpiece of the Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania .   The building was completed in 1753 as the colonial legislature ( later Pennsylvania State House ) for the Province of Pennsylvania . It became the principal meeting place of the Second Continental Congress from 1775 to 1783 and was the site of the Constitutional Convention in the summer of 1787 .   A convention held in Independence Hall in 1915 , presided over by former US president William Howard Taft , marked the formal announcement of the formation of the League to Enforce Peace , which led to the League of Nations and eventually the United Nations . The building is part of Independence National Historical Park and is listed as a World Heritage Site .

neg: Congress Plaza Hotel The Congress Plaza Hotel is located on South Michigan Avenue across from Grant Park in Chicago at 520 South Michigan Avenue . After opening for business in 1893 , for the World 's Columbian Exposition , the hotel underwent two major expansions and renovations ; it now features 871 guest rooms and suites . Its 11 story edifice was originally designed by architect Clinton J. Warren as an annex to the Auditorium Theater across the street . The two buildings were linked by a marble-lined underground passage called Peacock Alley . In 1902 and then in 1907 , the firm of Holabird & Roche oversaw the design and construction of two additions , bringing the total complex up to 1 million square feet .   In June , 1912 , Theodore Roosevelt stayed at the Congress Plaza when the 1912 Republican National Convention was held in Chicago . Roosevelt , who at that time was seeking the Republican nomination for President , spoke from the balcony of his room at the hotel to a crowd assembled across the street in Grant Park .   In October 1916 , US President Woodrow Wilson passed the hotel as part of his visit to the city . Over a hundred protestors from the National Women 's Party demonstrated in favor of women 's suffrage with a silent protest . Holding banners such as `` Wilson is Against Women , '' the demonstrators were attacked by a mob and their banners destroyed while police looked on and , in some cases , laughed , according to newspaper reports .   In 1940 , Louis Grell ( 1887-1960 ) , a Chicago-based artist , was commissioned to paint thirteen murals for the lunettes that are an architectural feature surrounding the grand lobby . The murals were various popular scenes around Chicago at the time . Under the Albert Pick Jr ownership in 1952 , Grell was again commissioned to paint the same architectural lunettes , this time Grell incorporated Chicago figures into the scenes depicting important trades significant to Chicago 's growth and symbolism . Lady Liberty was found in one mural holding the Chicago River `` Y '' on her lap . Additionally , in 1955 Pick commissioned Grell once again , during one of the many renovations , to paint three walls for the newly decorated Pompeian Room which also had a magnificent Louis Comfort Tiffany glass fountain in the center of the vast room . Today glass covers the thirteen lunettes where the murals could be hiding . Grell also painted a large white Peacock that was mounted above the bar next to Peacock Alley . Each wall had a main central Greek/Roman mural , however , Grell decorated the entire wall with various patterns of flora and custom design .   Taos Society of Artists painter , E. Martin Hennings painted the ceiling murals inside the Florentine Room around 1918 .   The hotel closed for a period in World War II and was used as a training school by the U.S. Army Air Forces . It reopened for civilian use in time for the summer political conventions of 1944 . At this time , John J. Mack was president of the Michigan-Congress Hotel Corporation .   Events that have been held at the hotel include the 1963 Prohibition Party National Convention August 23 , 1963 .   The hotel is not affiliated with any national chain . It is owned by a Syrian national , Albert Nasser Shayo , who purchased the property in 1987 .   On 15 June 2003 , about 130 members of UNITE HERE Local 1 went on strike to protest a proposed seven percent wage cut . On 16 June 2007 , Barack Obama , then running for the presidency , briefly stood by the picket line and promised to return as president , but he did not . The strike , one of the world 's longest , ended May 30 , 2013 after nearly 10 years . No concessions were given by management .