query: The interior of Uranus is only composed of gas.

pos: Uranus Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun . It has the third-largest planetary radius and fourth-largest planetary mass in the Solar System . Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune , and both have different bulk chemical composition from that of the larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn . For this reason , scientists often classify Uranus and Neptune as `` ice giants '' to distinguish them from the gas giants . Uranus 's atmosphere is similar to Jupiter 's and Saturn 's in its primary composition of hydrogen and helium , but it contains more `` ices '' such as water , ammonia , and methane , along with traces of other hydrocarbons . It is the coldest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System , with a minimum temperature of 49 K , and has a complex , layered cloud structure with water thought to make up the lowest clouds and methane the uppermost layer of clouds . The interior of Uranus is mainly composed of ices and rock .   Uranus is the only planet whose name is derived from a figure from Greek mythology , from the Latinised version of the Greek god of the sky Ouranos . Like the other giant planets , Uranus has a ring system , a magnetosphere , and numerous moons . The Uranian system has a unique configuration among those of the planets because its axis of rotation is tilted sideways , nearly into the plane of its solar orbit . Its north and south poles , therefore , lie where most other planets have their equators . In 1986 , images from Voyager 2 showed Uranus as an almost featureless planet in visible light , without the cloud bands or storms associated with the other giant planets . Observations from Earth have shown seasonal change and increased weather activity as Uranus approached its equinox in 2007 . Wind speeds can reach 250 m/s .

neg: HD 17156 b HD 17156 b is an extrasolar planet approximately 240 light-years away in the constellation of Cassiopeia . The planet was discovered orbiting the yellow subgiant star HD 17156 in April 2007 . The planet is classified as a relatively cool hot Jupiter planet slightly smaller than Jupiter but slightly larger than Saturn in a so-called `` torched orbit '' . This highly-eccentric three-week orbit takes it approximately 0.0523 AU of the star at periastron before swinging out to approximately 0.2665 AU at apastron . Its eccentricity is about the same as 16 Cygni Bb , a so-called `` eccentric Jupiter '' . Until 2009 , HD 17156 b was the transiting planet with the longest orbital period .   The planet was discovered on April 14 , 2007 by a team using the radial velocity method on the Keck and Subaru telescopes . The team made an initial , negative , transit search , but they were only able to cover 25 % of the search space . This left the possibility of a transit open .   After the possibility of a transit was discussed on oklo.org , various groups performed a follow-on search . These searches confirmed a three-hour transit on October 2 , 2007 and a paper was published two days later .   Careful radial velocity measurements have made it possible to detect the Rossiter -- McLaughlin effect , the shifting in photospheric spectral lines caused by the planet occulting a part of the rotating stellar surface . This effect allows the measurement of the angle between the planet 's orbital plane and the equatorial plane of the star . This planet 's spin-orbit angle was initially measured by Narita in 2007 as +62 ± 25 but has been remeasured by Cochran +9.4 ± 9.3 degrees . By analogy with HD 149026 b , a low angle would imply the formation of the planet was peaceful and probably involved interactions with the protoplanetary disc . A much larger angle suggests a violent interplay with other protoplanets . Given its eccentricity the latter is equally probable until the discrepancy of the Rossiter results is resolved .   It is so distant from its star and eccentric , that it will never enter a secondary eclipse relative to Earth , of the planet behind the star . The star 's true temperature , and so the planet 's surface temperature , can not be measured with accuracy . Due to the high eccentricity the atmosphere of the planet undergoes a factor of 27 variation in stellar flux during each orbit .

neg: Evaporating gaseous globule An evaporating gas globule or EGG is a region of hydrogen gas in outer space approximately 100 astronomical units in size , such that gases shaded by it are shielded from ionizing UV rays . Dense areas of gas shielded by an evaporating gas globule can be conducive to the birth of stars . Evaporating gas globules were first conclusively identified via photographs taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1995 .   EGG 's are the likely predecessors of new protostars . Inside an EGG the gas and dust are denser than in the surrounding dust cloud . Gravity pulls the cloud even more tightly together as the EGG continues to draw in material from its surroundings . As the cloud density builds up the globule becomes hotter under the weight of the outer layers , a protostar is formed inside the EGG .   A protostar may have too little mass to become a star . If so it becomes a brown dwarf . If the protostar has sufficient mass , the density reaches a critical level where the temperature exceeds 10 million kelvin at its center . At this point , a nuclear reaction starts converting hydrogen to helium and releasing large amounts of energy . The protostar then becomes a star and joins the main sequence on the HR diagram .

neg: Gravity darkening Gravity darkening , also referred to as gravity brightening , is an astronomical phenomenon where a star rotates so rapidly that it has a detectably oblate spheroid shape , such as in Regulus in the constellation Leo .   When a star is oblate , it has a larger radius at its equator than it does at its poles . As a result , the poles have a higher surface gravity , and thus higher temperature and brightness . Thus , the poles are `` gravity brightened '' , and the equator `` gravity darkened '' .   The star becomes oblate ( and hence gravity darkening occurs ) because the centrifugal force resulting from rotation creates additional outward pressure on the star . The centrifugal force is expressed mathematically as   where is mass ( in this case of a small volume element of the star ) , is the angular velocity , and is the radial distance from the axis of rotation . In the case of a star , the value of is largest at the equator and smallest at the poles . This means that equatorial regions of a star will have a greater centrifugal force when compared to the pole . The centrifugal force pushes mass away from the axis of rotation , and results in less overall pressure on the gas in the equatorial regions of the star . This will cause the gas in this region to become less dense , and cooler .

neg: Hypothetical types of biochemistry Hypothetical types of biochemistry are forms of biochemistry speculated to be scientifically viable but not proven to exist at this time . The kinds of living organisms currently known on Earth all use carbon compounds for basic structural and metabolic functions , water as a solvent , and DNA or RNA to define and control their form . If life exists on other planets or moons , it may be chemically similar ; it is also possible that there are organisms with quite different chemistries -- for instance involving other classes of carbon compounds , compounds of another element , or another solvent in place of water .   The possibility of life-forms being based on `` alternative '' biochemistries is the topic of an ongoing scientific discussion , informed by what is known about extraterrestrial environments and about the chemical behaviour of various elements and compounds . It is also a common subject in science fiction .   The element silicon has been much discussed as a hypothetical alternative to carbon . Silicon is in the same group as carbon on the periodic table and , like carbon , it is tetravalent , although the silicon analogs of organic compounds are generally less stable . Hypothetical alternatives to water include ammonia , which , like water , is a polar molecule , and cosmically abundant ; and non-polar hydrocarbon solvents such as methane and ethane , which are known to exist in liquid form on the surface of Titan .

neg: Delta Scuti variable A Delta Scuti variable ( sometimes termed dwarf cepheid ) is a variable star which exhibits variations in its luminosity due to both radial and non-radial pulsations of the star 's surface . The variables are important standard candles and have been used to establish the distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud , globular clusters , open clusters , and the Galactic center . The variables follow a period-luminosity relation in certain passbands like other standard candles such as Cepheids . SX Phoenicis variables are generally considered to be a subclass of Delta Scuti variables that contain old stars , and can be found in globular clusters . SX Phe variables also follow a period-luminosity relation . The recently discovered Rapidly oscillating Ap stars are also a subclass of Delta Scuti variables , found on the main sequence . One last sub-class are the pre-main sequence ( PMS ) Delta Scuti variables .   The OGLE and MACHO surveys have detected nearly 3000 Delta Scuti variables in the Large Magellanic Cloud . Typical brightness fluctuations are from 0.003 to 0.9 magnitudes in V over a period of a few hours , although the amplitude and period of the fluctuations can vary greatly . The stars are usually A0 to F5 type giant or main sequence stars . The high-amplitude Delta Scuti variables are also called AI Velorum stars . They are the second most abundant variable source in the Milky Way after white dwarfs .   Delta Scuti stars exhibit both radial and non-radial luminosity pulsations . Non-radial pulsations are when some parts of the surface move inwards and some outward at the same time . Radial pulsations are a special case , where the star expands and contracts around its equilibrium state by altering the radius to maintain its spherical shape . The variations are due to the swelling and shrinking of the star through the Eddington Valve ( or Kappa ) Mechanism . The stars have a helium rich atmosphere . As helium is heated it becomes more ionised , which is more opaque . So at the dimmest part in the cycle the star has highly ionised opaque helium in its atmosphere blocking part of the light from escaping . The energy from this `` blocked light '' causes the helium to heat up , expand , ionise , become more transparent and therefore allow more light through . As more light is let through the star appears brighter and , with the expansion , the helium begins to cool down . Hence the helium contracts and heats up again and the cyclical process continues . Throughout their lifetime Delta Scuti stars exhibit pulsation when they are situated on the classical Cepheid instability strip . They then move across from the main sequence into the giant branch .   The prototype of these sorts of variable stars is Delta Scuti , which exhibits brightness fluctuations from +4.60 to +4.79 in apparent magnitude with a period of 4.65 hours . Other well known Delta Scuti variables include Altair , Denebola ( β Leonis ) and β Cassiopeiae . Vega ( α Lyrae ) is a suspected Delta Scuti variable , but this remains unconfirmed .

neg: Ultra diffuse galaxy An ultra diffuse galaxy ( UDG ) is an extremely-low-density galaxy . Such a galaxy may have the same size as the Milky Way but a visible star count of only 1 % . Their lack of luminosity is due to the lack of star-forming gas in the galaxy . This results in old stellar populations .   Some UDGs found in the Coma Cluster , about 330 million light years from Earth , have diameters of 60 kly ( more than half the size of our galaxy ) with 1 % of the stars of the Milky Way Galaxy . The distribution of ultra diffuse galaxies in the Coma Cluster is the same as luminous galaxies ; this suggests that the cluster environment strips the gas from the galaxies , while allowing them to populate the cluster the same as more luminous galaxies . The similar distribution in the higher tidal force zones suggests a larger dark matter fraction to hold the galaxies together under the higher stress .   Dragonfly 44 , a UDG in the Coma Cluster , is one example . Observations of the rotational speed suggest a mass of about one trillion solar masses , about the same as the mass of the Milky Way . This is also consistent with about 90 globular clusters observed around Dragonfly 44 . However , the galaxy emits only 1 % of the light emitted by the Milky Way . On 25 August 2016 , astronomers reported that Dragonfly 44 may be made almost entirely of dark matter .

neg: Noosphere The noosphere ( -LSB- ˈnoʊ.əsfɪər -RSB- sometimes noösphere ) is the sphere of human thought . The word derives from the Greek νοῦς ( nous `` mind '' ) and σφαῖρα ( sphaira `` sphere '' ) , in lexical analogy to `` atmosphere '' and `` biosphere '' . It was introduced by Pierre Teilhard de Chardin in 1922 in his Cosmogenesis . Another possibility is the first use of the term by Édouard Le Roy ( 1870 -- 1954 ) , who together with Teilhard was listening to lectures of Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky at the Sorbonne . In 1936 , Vernadsky accepted the idea of the noosphere in a letter to Boris Leonidovich Lichkov ( though he states that the concept derives from Le Roy ) . Citing the work of Teilhard 's biographer -- Rene Cuenot -- Sampson and Pitt stated that although the concept was jointly developed by all three men ( Vernadsky , LeRoy , and Teilhard ) , Teilhard believed that he actually invented the word : `` I believe , so far as one can ever tell , that the word ` noosphere ' was my invention : but it was he -LSB- Le Roy -RSB- who launched it . ''

neg: Hesperian The Hesperian is a geologic system and time period on the planet Mars characterized by widespread volcanic activity and catastrophic flooding that carved immense outflow channels across the surface . The Hesperian is an intermediate and transitional period of Martian history . During the Hesperian , Mars changed from the wetter and perhaps warmer world of the Noachian to the dry , cold , and dusty planet seen today . The absolute age of the Hesperian Period is uncertain . The beginning of the period followed the end of the late heavy bombardment and probably corresponds to the start of the lunar Late Imbrian period , around 3700 million years ago ( Mya ) . The end of the Hesperian Period is much more uncertain and could range anywhere from 3200 to 2000 Mya , with 3000 Mya being frequently cited . The Hesperian Period is roughly coincident with the Earth 's early Archean Eon .   With the decline of heavy impacts at the end of the Noachian , volcanism became the primary geologic process on Mars , producing vast plains of flood basalts and broad volcanic constructs ( highland paterae ) . By Hesperian times , all of the large shield volcanoes on Mars , including Olympus Mons , had begun to form . Volcanic outgassing released large amounts of sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ) and hydrogen sulfide ( H2S ) into the atmosphere , causing a transition in the style of weathering from dominantly phyllosilicate ( clay ) to sulfate mineralogy . Liquid water became more localized in extent and turned more acidic as it interacted with SO2 and H2S to form sulfuric acid .   By the beginning of the Late Hesperian the atmosphere had probably thinned to its present density . As the planet cooled , groundwater stored in the upper crust ( megaregolith ) began to freeze , forming a thick cryosphere overlying a deeper zone of liquid water . Subsequent volcanic or tectonic activity occasionally fractured the cryosphere , releasing enormous quantities of deep groundwater to the surface and carving huge outflow channels . Much of this water flowed into the northern hemisphere where it probably pooled to form large transient lakes or an ice covered ocean .

neg: Rings of Rhea The Saturnian moon Rhea may have a tenuous ring system consisting of three narrow , relatively dense bands within a particulate disk . This would be the first discovery of rings around a moon . The potential discovery was announced in the journal Science on March 6 , 2008 .   In November 2005 the Cassini orbiter found that Saturn 's magnetosphere is depleted of energetic electrons near Rhea . According to the discovery team , the pattern of depletion is best explained by assuming the electrons are absorbed by solid material in the form of an equatorial disk of particles perhaps several decimeters to approximately a meter in diameter and that contains several denser rings or arcs . Subsequent targeted optical searches of the putative ring plane from several angles by Cassini 's narrow-angle camera failed to find any evidence of the expected ring material , and in August 2010 it was announced that Rhea was unlikely to have rings , and that the reason for the depletion pattern , which is unique to Rhea , is unknown . However , an equatorial chain of bluish marks on the Rhean surface suggests past impacts of deorbiting ring material and leaves the question unresolved .

neg: Martian polar ice caps The planet Mars has two permanent polar ice caps . During a pole 's winter , it lies in continuous darkness , chilling the surface and causing the deposition of 25 -- 30 % of the atmosphere into slabs of CO2 ice ( dry ice ) . When the poles are again exposed to sunlight , the frozen CO2 sublimes , creating enormous winds that sweep off the poles as fast as 400 km/h . These seasonal actions transport large amounts of dust and water vapor , giving rise to Earth-like frost and large cirrus clouds . Clouds of water-ice were photographed by the Opportunity rover in 2004 .   The caps at both poles consist primarily of water ice . Frozen carbon dioxide accumulates as a comparatively thin layer about one metre thick on the north cap in the northern winter only , while the south cap has a permanent dry ice cover about 8 m thick . The northern polar cap has a diameter of about 1000 km during the northern Mars summer , and contains about 1.6 million cubic km of ice , which if spread evenly on the cap would be 2 km thick . ( This compares to a volume of 2.85 million cubic km ( km3 ) for the Greenland ice sheet . ) The southern polar cap has a diameter of 350 km and a thickness of 3 km . The total volume of ice in the south polar cap plus the adjacent layered deposits has also been estimated at 1.6 million cubic km . Both polar caps show spiral troughs , which recent analysis of SHARAD ice penetrating radar has shown are a result of roughly perpendicular katabatic winds that spiral due to the Coriolis Effect .   The seasonal frosting of some areas near the southern ice cap results in the formation of transparent 1 m thick slabs of dry ice above the ground . With the arrival of spring , sunlight warms the subsurface and pressure from subliming CO2 builds up under a slab , elevating and ultimately rupturing it . This leads to geyser-like eruptions of CO2 gas mixed with dark basaltic sand or dust . This process is rapid , observed happening in the space of a few days , weeks or months , a rate of change rather unusual in geology -- especially for Mars . The gas rushing underneath a slab to the site of a geyser carves a spider-like pattern of radial channels under the ice .

neg: Prometheus (volcano) Prometheus is an active volcano on Jupiter 's moon Io . It is located on Io 's hemisphere facing away from Jupiter at . Prometheus consists of a 28 km-wide volcanic pit named Prometheus Patera and a 100 km-long compound lava flow , all surrounded by reddish sulfur and circular , bright sulfur dioxide volcanic plume deposits . The volcano was first observed in images acquired by the Voyager 1 spacecraft in March 1979 . Later that year , the International Astronomical Union named this feature after a Greek fire god , Prometheus .   Prometheus is the site of a volcanic eruption that has been ongoing since at least the Voyager 1 encounter in 1979 . Between the Voyager encounters and the first observations by Galileo , a 6700 km2 flow field was emplaced . Later Galileo observations of this flow field revealed numerous small breakouts , particularly on the western end of the flow field .   Prometheus is the site of two volcanic eruption plumes : a small , sulfur-rich plume erupting from the magma-source vent at the eastern end of the flow field and a 75 to-tall , - rich dust plume erupting from the active flow front at the other end . The former forms a diffuse , red deposit to the east of the Prometheus flow field . The latter forms a bright , circular deposit surrounding the entire volcano and lava flow . The - rich plume is generated as lava at the western end of the flow field covers sulfur dioxide frost , heating and vaporizing it . This is accomplished at multiple breakouts , generating gas and dust for the visible dust plume . Prometheus ' plume has been observed by both Voyager spacecraft , Galileo , and New Horizons , at every appropriate imaging opportunity .

neg: Modern Mars habitability One of the central questions of modern Astrobiology is whether there is , or ever has been life on Mars . Mars probably had oceans in the past , and it definitely had lakes and a thicker atmosphere . Modern Mars has become cold , dry , and almost uninhabitable , yet , if life did ever arise on Mars , some hardy microbes and perhaps even multicellular life might survive there right through to the present . The only missions to search for life on Mars , the two Viking missions , returned results that were inconclusive  . However the instruments were not designed to cope with the unusual conditions which Viking discovered on Mars , which may have confused the results of the experiments . Also , they did n't know enough about Mars at that time to target the regions we now think are most likely to have present day life .   Life would meet many challenges on present day Mars . Liquid water boils at 0 ° C , over much of its surface . Even at the depths of the Hellas basin , any water is close to its boiling point of 10 ° C and will dry out quickly . Ice also evaporates into the atmosphere over geological timescales - and most of the equatorial regions are thought to be dry to depths of tens of meters . As its axial tilt varies , Mars atmosphere is sometimes thicker , and liquid water may then form on the surface - but any dormant life in the top few meters of soil would be destroyed over periods of millions of years by cosmic radiation .   However , in 2008 , droplets were observed on the landing legs of Phoenix . Sadly , there was no way to analyse them , but the leading hypothesis is that they were droplets of salty water . Phoenix also made isotopic measurements which show that the Mars atmosphere has exchanged oxygen molecules with liquid on the surface in the recent geological past . This could indicate either recent episodic occurrences of liquid water ( for instance after a meteorite strike ) or water present every year , in contact with the atmosphere .   We now know of many seasonal changes in the surface of Mars which are only visible in high resolution photographs . Most of these are now thought to be caused by dry ice or wind effects . However , the `` Recurrent slope lineae '' , and some of the `` flow like features '' form in conditions that suggest the occasional presence of small quantities of water on Mars . The evidence of flowing brines in the RSLs is strong , though it 's not known if they are habitable . Curiosity has also found indirect evidence of a brine layer 15 cm below the sands that it drives over , though most scientists think that this layer is not habitable for Earth life . Recent Mars surface simulations by Nilton Renno and his team have shown that small droplets of water can form on salt / ice interfaces for a few hours per day almost anywhere on the surface of Mars , and this may explain the Phoenix leg droplets observations .   In a separate development , research by the German aerospace company DLR in Mars simulation chambers and on the ISS show that some Earth life can survive simulated Mars surface conditions without any water at all , and photosynthesize and metabolize , slowly . It can do this using the high relative humidity of the Mars atmosphere at night . All of this work was done after the Phoenix discoveries in 2008 .   Other potential habitats include lakes formed in the higher latitudes after cometary or meteorite impacts , or as a result of volcanism . Covered by ice , these may remain liquid for centuries , or up to a few thousand years for the largest impacts . The planet may also have underground trapped layers of water heated by geothermal hotspots . Also there are suggestions that Mars may have a deep hydrosphere , a liquid layer below its cryosphere , a few kilometers below the surface . Deep rock habitats on Earth are inhabited by life so if this layer exists , it may also be habitable on Mars .   The main questions are   Do these potential habitats exist ?  Are they habitable ? For instance , liquid water , if present , could be too cold , or too salty for Earth life  Are they in fact inhabited by any forms of life ? As Mars is so inhospitable , life might not be able to spread to new habitats easily . So there might be life in some of the habitats and not in others . Or life on Mars may have gone extinct , or never evolved at all , in which case none of the habitats would be inhabited .   These discoveries have renewed interest in this topic , with many astrobiologists saying that they think present day Mars may be more habitable than previously thought . The first conference on the Present Day Habitability of Mars was held in 2013 in UCLA . The 2017 conference session on Modern Mars Habitability will run from April 24 -- 28 in Mesa , Arizona

neg: Venus snow Venus snow is a brightening of the radar reflection from the surface of Venus at high elevations . The `` snow '' appears to be a mineral condensate of lead sulfide and bismuth sulfide precipitated from the atmosphere at altitudes above 2600 metres .   The nature of the `` snow '' was initially unknown . In radar images , smooth surfaces such as lava plains generally appear dark , while rough surfaces such as impact debris appear bright . The composition of the rock also alters the radar return : conductive material , or material with a high dielectric constant , appears brighter . It was therefore initially difficult to determine whether the high-altitude areas of Venus were different from the lowlands in chemical composition or in texture . Possible explanations included loose soil , different rates of weathering at high and low elevations , and chemical deposition at high elevation . It could not be water ice , which can not exist in the extremely hot , dry conditions of the Venusian surface .   Data from the radar mapper on the Pioneer Venus orbiter suggested an explanation in terms of chemical composition . It was hypothesized that the underlying rock contained iron pyrite or other metallic inclusions that would be very reflective . At the high temperatures found on the surface of Venus , these minerals would gradually evaporate . Faster weathering at high elevation might continually expose new material , causing the highlands to appear brighter than lowlands .  High-resolution radar observations by the Magellan probe by 1995 began to favor the hypothesis that metallic compounds sublimate in lower , warmer altitudes and deposit in higher , cooler areas .  Candidates included tellurium , pyrite , and other metal sulfides .

neg: Ur (continent) Ur is a proposed supercontinent that formed in the Archean ( 3.1 billion ) .   In Roger 's reconstruction Ur is half a billion years older than Arctica and , in the early period of its existence , it was probably the only continent on Earth , and as such can be considered a supercontinent , though it was probably smaller than present-day Australia . In more recent works geologists often refer to both Ur and other proposed Archaean continental assemblages as supercratons . Ur can , nevertheless , be half a billion years younger than Vaalbara , but the concepts of these two early cratonic assemblages are incompatible .

neg: Ursa Minor Ursa Minor ( Latin : `` Lesser Bear '' , contrasting with Ursa Major ) , also known as the Little Bear , is a constellation in the Northern Sky . Like the Great Bear , the tail of the Little Bear may also be seen as the handle of a ladle , hence the North American name , Little Dipper : seven stars with four in its bowl like its partner the Big Dipper . It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy , and remains one of the 88 modern constellations . Ursa Minor has traditionally been important for navigation , particularly by mariners , because of Polaris being the North Star .   Polaris , the brightest star in the constellation , is a yellow-white supergiant and the brightest Cepheid variable star in the night sky , ranging from an apparent magnitude of 1.97 to 2.00 . Beta Ursae Minoris , also known as Kochab , is an aging star that has swollen and cooled to become an orange giant with an apparent magnitude of 2.08 , only slightly fainter than Polaris . Kochab and magnitude 3 Gamma Ursae Minoris have been called the `` guardians of the pole star '' . Planets have been detected orbiting four of the stars , including Kochab . The constellation also contains an isolated neutron star -- Calvera -- and H1504 +65 , the hottest white dwarf yet discovered , with a surface temperature of 200,000 K.

neg: Helium Helium is a chemical element with symbol He and atomic number 2 . It is a colorless , odorless , tasteless , non-toxic , inert , monatomic gas , the first in the noble gas group in the periodic table . Its boiling point is the lowest among all the elements .   After hydrogen , helium is the second lightest and second most abundant element in the observable universe , being present at about 24 % of the total elemental mass , which is more than 12 times the mass of all the heavier elements combined . Its abundance is similar to this figure in the Sun and in Jupiter . This is due to the very high nuclear binding energy ( per nucleon ) of helium-4 with respect to the next three elements after helium . This helium-4 binding energy also accounts for why it is a product of both nuclear fusion and radioactive decay . Most helium in the universe is helium-4 , and is believed to have been formed during the Big Bang . Large amounts of new helium are being created by nuclear fusion of hydrogen in stars .   Helium is named for the Greek god of the Sun , Helios . It was first detected as an unknown yellow spectral line signature in sunlight during a solar eclipse in 1868 by Georges Rayet , Captain C. T. Haig , Norman R. Pogson , and Lieutenant John Herschel , and was subsequently confirmed by French astronomer Jules Janssen . Janssen is often jointly credited with detecting the element along with Norman Lockyer . Janssen recorded the helium spectral line during the solar eclipse of 1868 while Lockyer observed it from Britain . Lockyer was the first to propose that the line was due to a new element , which he named . The formal discovery of the element was made in 1895 by two Swedish chemists , Per Teodor Cleve and Nils Abraham Langlet , who found helium emanating from the uranium ore cleveite . In 1903 , large reserves of helium were found in natural gas fields in parts of the United States , which is by far the largest supplier of the gas today .   Liquid helium is used in cryogenics ( its largest single use , absorbing about a quarter of production ) , particularly in the cooling of superconducting magnets , with the main commercial application being in MRI scanners . Helium 's other industrial uses -- as a pressurizing and purge gas , as a protective atmosphere for arc welding and in processes such as growing crystals to make silicon wafers -- account for half of the gas produced . A well-known but minor use is as a lifting gas in balloons and airships . As with any gas whose density differs from that of air , inhaling a small volume of helium temporarily changes the timbre and quality of the human voice . In scientific research , the behavior of the two fluid phases of helium-4 ( helium I and helium II ) is important to researchers studying quantum mechanics ( in particular the property of superfluidity ) and to those looking at the phenomena , such as superconductivity , produced in matter near absolute zero .   On Earth it is relatively rare -- 5.2 ppm by volume in the atmosphere . Most terrestrial helium present today is created by the natural radioactive decay of heavy radioactive elements ( thorium and uranium , although there are other examples ) , as the alpha particles emitted by such decays consist of helium-4 nuclei . This radiogenic helium is trapped with natural gas in concentrations as great as 7 % by volume , from which it is extracted commercially by a low-temperature separation process called fractional distillation . Previously , terrestrial helium -- a non-renewable resource , because once released into the atmosphere it readily escapes into space -- was thought to be in increasingly short supply . However , recent studies suggest that helium produced deep in the earth by radioactive decay can collect in natural gas reserves in larger than expected quantities , in some cases having been released by volcanic activity .

neg: Hydrostatic equilibrium In fluid mechanics , a fluid is said to be in hydrostatic equilibrium or hydrostatic balance when it is at rest , or when the flow velocity at each point is constant over time . This occurs when external forces such as gravity are balanced by a pressure gradient force . For instance , the pressure-gradient force prevents gravity from collapsing Earth 's atmosphere into a thin , dense shell , whereas gravity prevents the pressure gradient force from diffusing the atmosphere into space .   Hydrostatic equilibrium is the current distinguishing criterion between dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies , and has other roles in astrophysics and planetary geology . This qualification typically means that the object is symmetrically rounded into a spheroid or ellipsoid shape , where any irregular surface features are due to a relatively thin solid crust . There are 31 observationally confirmed such objects ( apart from the Sun ) , sometimes called planemos , in the Solar System , seven more that are virtually certain , and a hundred or so more that are likely .

neg: Tethys (moon) Tethys ( or Saturn III ) is a mid-sized moon of Saturn about 1060 km across . It was discovered by G. D. Cassini in 1684 and is named after the titan Tethys of Greek mythology .   Tethys has a low density of 0.98 g/cm3 , the lowest of all the major moons in the Solar System , indicating that it is made of water ice with just a small fraction of rock . This is confirmed by the spectroscopy of its surface , which identified water ice as the dominant surface material . A small amount of an unidentified dark material is present as well . The surface of Tethys is very bright , being the second-brightest of the moons of Saturn after Enceladus , and neutral in color .   Tethys is heavily cratered and cut by a number of large faults/graben . The largest impact crater , Odysseus , is about 400 km in diameter , whereas the largest graben , Ithaca Chasma , is about 100 km wide and more than 2000 km long . These two largest surface features may be related . A small part of the surface is covered by smooth plains that may be cryovolcanic in origin . Like all other regular moons of Saturn , Tethys formed from the Saturnian sub-nebula -- a disk of gas and dust that surrounded Saturn soon after its formation .   Tethys has been approached by several space probes including Pioneer 11 ( 1979 ) , Voyager 1 ( 1980 ) , Voyager 2 ( 1981 ) , and multiple times by Cassini since 2004 .

neg: Helium planet A helium planet is a planet with a helium-dominated atmosphere . This is in contrast to ordinary gas giants such as Jupiter and Saturn , whose atmospheres consist primarily of hydrogen , with helium as a secondary component only . Helium planets might form in a variety of ways . The Gliese 436 b exoplanet is a candidate helium planet .

neg: Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia is an astronomy website , founded in Paris , France at the Meudon Observatory by Jean Schneider in February 1995 , which maintains a database of all the currently known and candidate extrasolar planets , with individual `` note '' pages for each planet and a full list interactive catalog spreadsheet . The main catalogue comprises databases of all of the currently confirmed extrasolar planets as well as a database of unconfirmed planet detections . The databases are frequently updated with new data from peer-reviewed publications and conferences .   In their respective pages , the Planets are listed along with their basic properties such as the year of planet 's discovery , mass , radius , orbital period , semi-major axis , eccentricity , inclination , longitude of periastron , time of periastron , maximum time variation , and time of transit , including all error range values .   The individual planet data pages also contain the data on the parent star such as Name , Distance ( pc ) , Spectral Type , Effective Temperature , Apparent Magnitude V , Mass , Radius , Age , Right Asc . Coord. , Decl . Coord . Even when they are known , not all of these figures are listed in the interactive spreadsheet catalog . And many missing planet figures that would simply require the application of Kepler 's third law of motion are left blank . Most notably absent on all pages is the star 's luminosity .   As of June 2011 , the catalog aims to include objects up to 25 Jupiter masses , an increase on the previous inclusion criteria of 20 Jupiter masses .


query: Sriti Jha plays the lead role in a TV show.

pos: Sriti Jha Sriti Jha ( born February 26 , 1986 ) is an Indian television actress , who appears in the Indian soap opera . She made her debut with the role of Malini Sharma in the Disney India 's teen drama Dhoom Machaao Dhoom . Jha rose to prominence with the serial Jyoti on NDTV Imagine as Sudha Sharma . She is a currently playing the lead role of Pragya in Zee TV 's show Kumkum Bhagya .

neg: Bhakter Bhogobaan Shri Krishna Bhakter Bhogobaan Shri Krishna ; is a Bengali mythological drama that premiered on March 21 , 2016 and airs on Star Jalsha . It is produced by Surinder Films . It stars Gourab , Ipshita Mukherjee and Rupsha Mukhopadhyay in lead roles and Biswanath Basu as main antagonists . It replaced Star Jalsha 's popular family drama Tomay Amay Mile .

neg: Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi is an Indian television series , which premiered on 11 May 2015 on Zee TV . Neil Bhatt , Kabir K , Sreejita De and Chandini bhagwanani are in lead roles . The show is set in Agra .   Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi is a tale of a family of five brothers and three sisters .   The show began with the working title Pethawala before being named Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi .  The show ended due to low trp ratings .   From 17 July 2016 , it was rerun on Zee Anmol as Choti Bahu - Parivar ki Jeevan Rekha . The show there ended on 11 November 2016 .

neg: Hum Paanch (TV series) Hum Paanch ( Hindi : हम पाँच , English : `` Us Five '' ) was an Indian sitcom that first aired in 1995 . It ran until 1999 . The series returned for a second season in 2005 and ran until mid-2006 . It is regarded as one of the all-time favourite comedies along with Dekh Bhai Dekh . The lead actors of the show -- Ashok Saraf , Vidya Balan , Rakhee Tandon , Bhairavi Raichura , Vandana Pathak -- gained overnight stardom and became iconic TV actors .

neg: Don't Worry Ho Jayega Do n't Worry Ho Jayega is an Indian television comedy series that aired on Sahara TV now as Sahara One . The series stars known comedy actor Ashok Saraf in the main lead , and is produced by his wife Nivedita Saraf . The series premiered on April 4 , 2000 , and aired on every Tuesday at 8pm IST .

neg: Arundhati (TV Series) Arundathi is a 2016 Tamil language Thriller Family soap opera that aired on Raj TV from October 10 , 2016 to 6 January 2017 at 8:00 PM IST for 75 episodes . The show starred Reshmi , Senthinathan , Adhithiya , Udhay , Sekar , S. Priya , Shri and among others .

neg: Prratima Prratima is an Indian television series that aired on Sahara One channel in 2004 . The series premiered on 23 August 2004 , and aired every Monday - Thursday at 2:30 pm IST . Besides , the series was produced by Rajaa Mukherji , the brother of the popular Bollywood actress , Rani Mukherji , and starred Kirron Kher in an important role . The story is based on the Bengali novel , `` Protima '' , written by Tara Shankar Bandopadhyay .

neg: PokerFace: Dil Sachcha Chehra Jhootha PokerFace : Dil Sachcha Chehra Jhootha is an Indian game show inspired by the UK series PokerFace . It debuted on March 2 , 2009 on Real TV and ran for seven consecutive nights .

neg: Bhabhi (TV series) Bhabhi ( Sister-in-Law ) is an Indian Hindi language soap opera that premiered on 18 March 2002 on STAR Plus . The series was produced by one of India 's popular production house , UTV Software Communications , also known as UTV . It has ended on STAR Plus but is currently re-aired on TV Asia channel in USA . It ran for six years for a total of 1328 episodes , making it one of the longest running shows on Hindi television.Its title role of Bhabhi ( Saroj ) was played by Neha Mehta .

neg: Veer Shivaji Veer Shivaji ( English : Brave Shiva ) was an Indian historical drama series that aired on Colors TV . The show focuses on the life of Shivaji , the 17th century founder of the Maratha Kingdom . It premiered on 2 September 2011 and was produced by Contiloe Telefilms , who had earlier created the historical drama Jhansi Ki Rani on Zee TV . Due to the instant success and popularity and with TRP of more than 2.60 , the show timing were extended to five days a week ( Monday to Friday at 8:30 pm ) from 3 October 2011 .   After the introduction of adult Shivaji ( from Paras Arora to Dr. Amol Kolhe ) , the drama 's target rating points began to dip drastically . The show was abruptly ended on 25 May 2012 . . It was shot at artisan and nirman studio , Vasai ( A Tribeni Group Venture ) .

neg: Esha Kansara Esha Kansara is an Indian television actress .

neg: Thyagam (TV series) Thiyagam '' ' ( Sacrifice ) is a Tamil soap opera that aired Monday through Friday on Sun TV from 30 January 2012 to 30 August 2013 at 1:00 PM IST for 394 episodes . The show starred Kaveri , Udhay and Rithiya in lead roles . It was produced by Plan V Productions R. Raja and directed by A. Abdullah . The show ended because of its low trp ratings .

neg: Kundali (TV series) Kundali is an Indian-produced television soap opera that originally aired on Metro Gold under DD Metro in 2002 . After the channel closed , the series was taken over by STAR Plus , and aired from the beginning . Due to its popularity among audiences , the series is currently re-airing on TV Asia channel in USA , every Friday at 8pm EST. .   The series is produced by one of the popular Indian television production house , Balaji Telefilms , and directed by Ekta Kapoor .

neg: Rakhi Bandhan Rakhi Bandhan ; is a Bengali television Soap Opera that premiered on November 28 , 2016 and airs on Star Jalsha . It is produced by Blues Productions , it stars Krittika and Soham in lead roles as child protagonists and Rita Koiral as main antagonists .

neg: Sokhi Sokhi ; is a thriller drama Bengali television soap opera that premiered on February 11 , 2013 and airs on Star Jalsha , produced by Ravi Ojha Productions and stars Manali Dey and Debolina Dutta as main female protagonist and Goutam Dey as main male antagonist . It replaced Ghore Pherar Gaan .

neg: Ichchenodi Ichchenodi ( Wishing River ) is a Bengali television soap opera that premiered on June 15 , 2015 and aired at 5:30 pm on Star Jalsha .

neg: Shorr Shorr is an Indian television drama series that airs on Sahara One , based on the story of a mute ( speech-impaired ) girl named Kanku . The series premiered on June 14 , 2010 and is produced by Jay Mehta .

neg: Mishaal Mishaal is a Pakistani television play/drama . It was aired by PTV in 2009 . It has 17 episodes . It was written , produced and directed by Abdul Rauf Khalid .

neg: Siddharth Arora Siddharth Arora ( born 13 April 1988 ) is an Indian television actor . He made his television debut with the show Mukti Bandhan on COLORS and he made his Bollywood debut with the movie Yeh Jo Mohabbat Hai in 2012 , and also appeared as Beera in Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha Season 2 on COLORS . He is also played the lead character of Lord Krishna in Krishna Kanhaiya on SAB TV .

neg: Sonali Nikam Sonali Nikam is an Indian television actress . She is best known for playing the lead role Jassi in her show Aadhe Adhoore , which explored infidelity in rural India . Before her breakthrough role as Jassi , she has essayed supporting roles in many hit TV series such as Geet Hui Sabse Parayee and Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara . Sonali Nikam is currently starring as Suman Parmar as the female lead in the & TV show Ek Vivah Aisa Bhi which premiered on February 6th 2017 .

neg: Siddhartha Jadhav Siddhartha Ramchandra Jadhav ( in Marathi : सिद्धार्थ रामचंद्र जाधव ) is an Indian actor and comedian . He is popular on television and has acted in Marathi and Hindi movies making him one of the most talented and successful actors in both Marathis films and television . His religion is Buddhism . He has acted in several Bollywood movies like Golmaal and Golmaal Returns but he asserts that his first love is Marathi film , TV and stage . He is currently paired with Bharti Singh on TV show Comedy Circus Ke Ajoobe and has been working with her for 3 seasons consecutive .


query: There is a film called Absolute Beginners.

pos: Absolute Beginners (film) Absolute Beginners is a 1986 British rock musical film adapted from Colin MacInnes ' book of the same name about life in late 1950s London . The film was directed by Julien Temple , featured David Bowie and Sade , and Patsy Kensit in one of her first mainstream roles . The film was screened out of competition at the 1986 Cannes Film Festival .   Upon release , Absolute Beginners received immense coverage in the British media . At the time , the British film industry was perceived as being on the point of collapse ( with the recent failure of the film Revolution ) . However , the film was panned by critics and became a box office bomb . Some of the criticisms included stylistic anachronisms , such as the mini-skirt and decidedly 1980s music from the likes of The Style Council and Sade , the bowdlerisation of Kensit 's character ( Crepe Suzette had been depicted as a promiscuous `` negrophile '' in the book ) , and the casting of Bowie , who made it a condition of his musical contribution . Although the film was not a success , Bowie 's theme song was very popular in the UK and reached number two in the charts .   The commercial failure of Absolute Beginners and another film released about the same time , The Mission , led to the collapse of Goldcrest , a major British film studio .

neg: First Position First Position is a 2011 American documentary film . It follows six young dancers preparing for the Youth America Grand Prix in New York City , an annual competition for dancers ages 9 -- 19 to earn a place at an elite ballet company or school . Directed by Bess Kargman , it features Michaela DePrince , Aran Bell , Miko Fogarty , Jules Fogarty , Joan Sebastian Zamora and Rebecca Houseknecht as they intensively train and prepare for what could be the turning point of their lives .   The title ` First Position ' is taken from one of the five standard placements of the feet in classical ballet .   Kargman was a first-time director who had studied dance herself . `` I ended up quitting my job to make this film , my first film , and I thought maybe by choosing a topic that was quite dear to me and that I had lived for a number of years growing up -- maybe I 'd be able to do this story justice . ''

neg: Primer (film) Primer is a 2004 American independent science fiction drama film about the accidental discovery of time travel . The film was written , directed , produced , edited and scored by Shane Carruth , who also stars .   Primer is of note for its extremely low budget , experimental plot structure , philosophical implications , and complex technical dialogue , which Carruth , a college graduate with a degree in mathematics and a former engineer , chose not to simplify for the sake of the audience . The film collected the Grand Jury Prize at the 2004 Sundance Film Festival , before securing a limited release in the United States , and has since gained a cult following .

neg: B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity .   In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics .   Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie .   From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: Junior golf ' refers to the game of golf being played by boys and girls who have not finished secondary school or reached the age of 19 , whichever comes first .   More specifically , any person falling under the above definition who has played at least one round of golf in a given year is a junior golfer . Competitive junior golfers play in high level competitions . These competitions are found on junior tours such as the American Junior Golf Association , Future Stars Golf Series , International Junior Golf Tour ( IJGT ) , Tarheel Junior Golf , Texas Legends Junior Tour , . Competitions are ranked by national services to identify the best players of a country .  In the UK there are a number of junior golf tours with the largest being run by the Independent Schools Golf Association ( ISGA ) , and the British Schools Golf Association ,   The number 1 aged 12 golfer is Aarian Matharu and he has won hundreds of trophies   Among the most prominent national junior tournaments are the U.S. Junior Amateur , U.S. Girls ' Junior , the Western Junior the Northern Junior , SDJGA IMG Junior World Championships and The Press Thornton Future Masters .   The First Tee is an international youth development organization introducing the game of golf and its inherent values to young people . Their focus is to positively impact the lives of kids and teens from all walks of life by reinforcing values like integrity , respect and perseverance through the game of golf .

neg: Beginner Books Beginner Books is the Random House imprint for young children ages 3 -- 9 , co-founded by Phyllis Cerf with Ted Geisel , more often known as Dr. Seuss , and his wife Helen Palmer Geisel . Their first book was Dr. Seuss 's The Cat in the Hat ( 1957 ) . Cerf compiled a list of 379 words as the basic vocabulary for young readers , along with another twenty slightly harder `` emergency '' words . No more than 200 words were taken from that list to write The Cat in the Hat . Subsequent books in the series were modeled on the same requirement .   Beginner Books had only four titles in their catalog in 1958 . Two years later they were earning a million dollars a year and Random House was the largest publisher of children 's books in America .

neg: Educational film An educational film is a film or movie whose primary purpose is to educate . Educational films have been used in classrooms as an alternative to other teaching methods .

neg: Amateur film Amateur film is the low-budget hobbyist art of film practiced for passion and enjoyment and not for business purposes .

neg: Rehearsal A rehearsal is an activity in the performing arts that occurs as preparation for a performance in music , theatre , dance and related arts , such as opera , musical theatre and film production . It is undertaken as a form of practising , to ensure that all details of the subsequent performance are adequately prepared and coordinated . The term `` rehearsal '' typically refers to ensemble activities undertaken by a group of people . For example , when a musician is preparing a piano concerto alone in their music studio , this is called `` practicing '' , but when they begin to practice the concerto with an orchestra , this activity is called a `` rehearsal '' . The music rehearsal takes place in a music rehearsal space .   A rehearsal may involve as few as two people , as with a small play for two actors , an art song performance by a singer and a pianist or a folk music duo of a singer and a guitar player . On the other end of the spectrum , a rehearsal can be held for a very large orchestra with over 100 performers and a choir . A rehearsal can involve only performers of one type , as in an a cappella choir show , in which a group of singers perform without instrumental accompaniment or a play involving only theatre actors ; it can involve performers of different instruments , as with an orchestra , rock band or jazz `` big band '' ; vocal and instrumental performers , as with opera and choral works accompanied by orchestra ; or a mix of actors , vocalists , instrumentalists and dancers , as with musical theatre .   Rehearsals of small groups of performers , such as small rock bands , jazz quartets or organ trios may be held without a leader ; in these cases , the performers themselves jointly determine how to run the rehearsal , which songs to practice , and so on . Some small groups may have their rehearsals led by a bandleader . Almost all mid - to large group performances have a person who leads the rehearsals ; this person may be a bandleader in a rock , country or jazz setting ; a conductor in classical music ( including in opera ) ; a director in theatre or musical theatre ; or a film director for movie rehearsals .   While the term is most commonly used in the performing arts to refer to preparation for a public presentation or show , the term is also used to refer to the preparation for other anticipated activities , such as wedding guests and couples practicing a wedding ceremony , paramedics practicing responding to a simulated emergency , or army troops practicing for an attack using a mock-up of the building they will be assaulting .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: Just Say Hi Just Say Hi is a short romantic comedy film about a blossoming romance between a boy and a girl who meet every morning at a bus stop .

neg: Magic for Beginners (collection) Magic for Beginners is a collection of nine works of fantasy and light horror short fiction by Kelly Link . The stories were all previously published in other venues from 2002 to 2005 .   The book won the 2006 Locus Award for best short story collection . The title story , `` Magic for Beginners '' , won the 2006 Nebula Award and 2006 Locus Award for best novella , and the 2006 British SF Award for best short fiction . Another story in the book , `` The Faery Handbag '' , won the 2005 Hugo Award for Best Novelette , the 2006 Nebula Award , and the 2005 Locus Award for best novelette .

neg: Digital intermediate Digital intermediate ( typically abbreviated to DI ) is a motion picture finishing process which classically involves digitizing a motion picture and manipulating the color and other image characteristics . It often replaces or augments the photochemical timing process and is usually the final creative adjustment to a movie before distribution in theaters . It is distinguished from the telecine process in which film is scanned and color is manipulated early in the process to facilitate editing . However the lines between telecine and DI are continually blurred and are often executed on the same hardware by colorists of the same background . These two steps are typically part of the overall color management process in a motion picture at different points in time . A digital intermediate is also customarily done at higher resolution and with greater color fidelity than telecine transfers .   Although originally used to describe a process that started with film scanning and ended with film recording , digital intermediate is also used to describe color correction and color grading and even final mastering when a digital camera is used as the image source and/or when the final movie is not output to film . This is due to recent advances in digital cinematography and digital projection technologies that strive to match film origination and film projection .   In traditional photochemical film finishing , an intermediate is produced by exposing film to the original camera negative . The intermediate is then used to mass-produce the films that get distributed to theaters . Color grading is done by varying the amount of red , green , and blue light used to expose the intermediate . This seeks to be able to replace or augment the photochemical approach to creating this intermediate .   The digital intermediate process uses digital tools to color grade , which allows for much finer control of individual colors and areas of the image , and allows for the adjustment of image structure ( grain , sharpness , etc. ) . The intermediate for film reproduction can then be produced by means of a film recorder . The physical intermediate film that is a result of the recording process is sometimes also called a digital intermediate , and is usually recorded to internegative ( IN ) stock , which is inherently finer-grain than camera negative ( OCN ) .   One of the key technical achievements that made the transition to DI possible was the use of the 3D look-up tables ( aka `` 3D LUTs '' ) , which could be used to mimic how the digital image would look once it was printed onto release print stock . This removed a large amount of skilled guesswork from the film-making process , and allowed greater freedom in the colour grading process while reducing risk .   The digital master is often used as a source for a DCI-compliant distribution of the motion picture for digital projection . For archival purposes , the digital master created during the Digital Intermediate process can still be recorded to very stable high dynamic range yellow-cyan-magenta ( YCM ) separations on black-and-white film with an expected 100-year or longer life . This archival format , long used in the industry prior to the invention of DI , still provides an archival medium that is independent of changes in digital data recording technologies and file formats that might otherwise render digitally archived material unreadable in the long term .

neg: American Teen (film) American Teen is a 2008 documentary film directed by Nanette Burstein ( On the Ropes , The Kid Stays in the Picture ) and produced by 57th & Irving . It competed in the Documentary Competition at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival , where it received the Directing Award : Documentary . Following the Sundance Film Festival , the movie was picked up by Paramount Vantage and was released to general cinema July 25 , 2008 .   Much of the movie was filmed at Warsaw Community High School in Warsaw , Indiana . Director Nanette Burstein originally reviewed more than 100 different schools in the pre-production process , and ten schools replied , agreeing to participate . After she interviewed incoming seniors at all 10 , she chose Warsaw .

neg: Intern Academy Intern Academy is a 2004 Canadian comedy film written and directed by Dave Thomas . It has several alternative titles including working titles An Intern 's Diary , Whitecoats and Interns . In Canada , its English title is Intern Academy , while its French title is Médecin en herbe . The US DVD title is White Coats . Its Italian title is `` L'ospedale piu ' sexy del mondo , '' literally `` The Sexiest Hospital in the World '' .

neg: Please Teach Me English Please Teach Me English ( ; lit . `` The Complete Mastering of English '' ) is a 2003 South Korean comedy about a young woman who begins English lessons after she is unable to help a foreigner at her government office .

neg: Film series A film series ( also referred to as a film franchise ) is a collection of related films in succession that share the same fictional universe , or are marketed as a series .   Sometimes the work is conceived from the beginning as a multiple-film work , for example the Three Colours series , but in most cases the success of the original film inspires further films to be made . Individual sequels are relatively common , but are not always successful enough to spawn further installments .   The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the highest grossing film series in unadjusted US Dollar figures surpassing the Harry Potter , Star Wars , James Bond , and Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings series . However , `` Star Wars '' has the highest when adjusted for inflation .

neg: Golf instruction Golf instruction is the art of equipping and training golfers to play better golf through improved awareness of swing cause and effects as a result of the actions by their body , the club , and their effect on the golf ball . Most great golfers have a few common elements that make them great including : proper intentionality , swing repeatability to produce an action that fits the golfers intentionality , and a strong level of automaticity for long lasting enjoyment of the game golf . Golf instruction is unique as golf consists of five primary skills : shots from a tee ( most notable : driving that uses a driver ) , full shots from the ground ( mostly known as `` iron shots '' , pitching ( or 3/4 shots designed for distance control , chipping ( short shots around the green the require less than a full swing ) , putting ( 1 club preferably `` the putter '' ) and course strategy or gamesmanship .   Proficiency in teaching golf instruction requires not only technical and physical ability , but also knowledge of the rules and etiquette of the game . Golf instruction offered on many platforms in the United States including : the PGA of America , GolfTEC , and independent golfers who `` may '' or `` may not '' have credentials that are recognized by credible teachers certified sources such as the PGA of America . Although there are many great golf instructors in the United States , who are PGA Class A Professionals , not all great instructors carry this status nor find it a major determiner of golf instruction proficiency .   Golf Instruction can be wide ranging , but many great modern day instructors are able to diagnose and prescribe swing frustrations accurately and present a clear fix that encourages the golfer in the discovery of lasting repeatability from the specific ailment that `` plagued '' them from a sound repeatable swing to play a golf course successfully ( varying terms of success as a golfer ) Many modern instructors include the following in their diagnosis  1 . visual feedback through video and bio motion analysis  2 . personalized golf club fitting for individual body and swing types  3 . on-course play under real conditions  4 . mental performance development  5 . golf specific body conditioning for optimal golf bio-mechanics   Beginning players can start lesson in several ways , but most do so in either a group or individual setting , covering the five primary skills of golf as noted above golf swing . Golf is an asymmetrical exercise that can break body balances , requiring also adequate exercises to keep the balance in muscles . Experienced recreational players often return for instruction , either to fix a specific problem they are encountering or to improve their game . Reconstruction of a golf swing to reach a high level of play often involves series of lessons over an extended period of time . Junior golfers often begin receiving instruction by age 10 or younger , and often retain private teachers even when coached on a high school golf team .   Some top instructors who work with professional golfers have become quite well known in their own right over the years , including Harvey Penick , Jack Grout , Dick Harmon , David Leadbetter , Butch Harmon , Hank Haney , Chip Thomson , Sean Foley , and Mike Bennett and Andy Plummer . Some of the teachers maintain teaching facilities or schools where they or their disciples use their methods or systems . A few instructors focus solely on a particular aspect of the sport , such as Dave Pelz with the short game . Some famous golfers have been tightly bound with their instructor , such as Jack Nicklaus with Jack Grout , while in other cases golfers have made high-profile switches from one instructor to another , such as Tiger Woods moving from Butch Harmon to various other instructors .   Recreational golfers are constantly seeking tips on how to improve , and the major golf publications such as Golf Magazine and Golf Digest devote substantial portions of their pages to instructional material of various kinds , often written by top-level instructors . Even television broadcasts of professional golf tournaments often contain short instructional segments , delivered by commentators who are also instructors such as Peter Kostis .   Golf instruction may be augmented by training aids such as specially weighting or jointed clubs , putting cups for practice on the den room carpet , mini practice tees with feedback for use in garages , et cetera . Some training aids are sold via television infomercials and the more peculiar varieties were satirized in the 1996 film Tin Cup .   Golf instruction is no guarantee of success or improved play in the game . Bad mechanics can be deeply ingrained in a subject 's swing , and psychological factors can also hinder progress . The 2009 Golf Channel program The Haney Project : Charles Barkley showcased some of these issues , as Hank Haney attempted to fix former NBA great Charles Barkley 's infamously bad swing .

neg: Factual film Factual film may refer to :   Historical film  Biographical film , a film that dramatizes the life of a non-fictional or historically-based person or people  Film based on a true story  Documentary film , a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality , primarily for the purposes of instruction , education , or maintaining a historical record

neg: Brighton School (filmmaking) Brighton School ( fr. : L'école de Brighton ) was a loosely associated group of pioneering filmmakers active in the Brighton and Hove area of England from 1896 to 1910 . The core membership of the group consists of filmmakers George Albert Smith , James Williamson and Esmé Collings as well as engineer Alfred Darling ; other names associated with the group include Collings ' former business partner William Friese-Greene and the group 's London-based distributor Charles Urban . The term was coined by French film historian Georges Sadoul in an article that was translated and re-published in pamphlet form as British Creators of Film Technique by the British Film Institute in 1948 .