query: From 1865 to 1909 Leopold II of Belgium was king.

pos: Leopold II of Belgium Leopold II ( 9 April 1835 -- 17 December 1909 ) reigned as the second King of the Belgians from 1865 to 1909 . He became known for the founding and exploitation of the Congo Free State as a private venture . Born in Brussels as the second ( but eldest surviving ) son of Leopold I and Louise of Orléans ,  he succeeded his father to the Belgian throne in 1865 and reigned for 44 years until his death - the longest reign of any Belgian monarch . He died without surviving male issue ; the current Belgian king descends from his nephew and successor , Albert I.   Leopold became the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State , a private project undertaken on his own behalf . He used explorer Henry Morton Stanley to help him lay claim to the Congo , the present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo . At the Berlin Conference of 1884 -- 1885 the colonial nations of Europe authorized his claim by committing the Congo Free State to improving the lives of the native inhabitants . From the beginning , however , Leopold essentially ignored these conditions . He ran the Congo using the mercenary Force Publique for his personal enrichment . He used great sums of the money from this exploitation for public and private construction projects in Belgium during this period . He donated the private buildings to the state before his death , to preserve them for Belgium .   Leopold extracted a fortune from the Congo , initially by the collection of ivory , and - after a rise in the price of rubber in the 1890s - by forced labour from the natives to harvest and process rubber . Under his régime millions of the Congolese people died ; modern estimates range from 1 to 15 million , with a consensus growing around 10 million . Human-rights abuses under his régime contributed significantly to these deaths . Reports of deaths and abuse led to a major international scandal in the early 20th century , and the Belgian government ultimately forced Leopold to relinquish control of the colony to Belgian civil administration in 1908 .

neg: Imperial Highness His/Her Imperial Highness ( abbreviation HIH ) is a style used by members of an imperial family to denote imperial -- as opposed to royal -- status to show that the holder in question is descended from an Emperor rather than a King ( compare His/Her Royal Highness ) .  The first dynasty to use the style on the generic basis were the Romanovs in the eighteenth century ; the archdukes and archduchess of the House of Habsburg were only styled as Royal Highness given the officially elective nature of the Holy Roman Empire .  With the establishment of the Austrian Empire in 1804 their style was changed to that of Imperial and Royal Highness .   Today , the style has mainly fallen from use with the exception of the . In the past , the style has been applied to more senior members of imperial dynasties , including the French , Turkish , Russian , and Ethiopian imperial houses , among many others . Archdukes of Austria from the Habsburg dynasty held the style of Imperial and Royal Highness ( Kaiserliche und königliche Hoheit ) , with the `` Royal '' signifying their status as Princes of Hungary and Bohemia . They were also addressed as `` Imperial Highness '' ( Kaiserliche Hoheit ) . Members of the British royal family , theoretically , as the imperial family of India could have used the title , but did not .   Category : Styles ( manners of address )   es : Tratamientos protocolares de la monarquía

neg: Histoire de Belgique (book series) The Histoire de Belgique ( `` History of Belgium '' ) is a seven-volume survey of the history of Belgium by the historian Henri Pirenne , written in French language and published between 1900 and 1932 . The series , which traces the emergence of the Belgian nation-state from the Roman era until the start of World War I , is a classic of nationalist historiography and one of Pirenne 's major works . Although Pirenne is today best known as a historian of Medieval Europe , the Histoire de Belgique series was his most respected work during his lifetime and the foundation of his reputation as Belgium 's leading national historian .   Unlike much nationalist historiography , Pirenne 's history did not trace the emergence of a Belgian `` Volksgeist '' ( national spirit ) but argued that Belgium had naturally developed as a cosmopolitan society to serve as a mediator between Latin and Germanic Europe . Pirenne did , however , believe in the existence of a distinctly Belgian civilisation ( civilisation belge ) reflecting a unique combination of external influences and which had changed over time without losing its distinctiveness .   Publication began in 1900 and ended in 1932 after being disrupted for several years during the German occupation of Belgium ( 1914 -- 18 ) in which Pirenne had been held as a political prisoner . The seventh volume was awarded the Francqui Prize in 1933 . According to modern historians , Pirenne 's 1928 publication La Belgique et la Guerre Mondiale ( Belgium and the World War ) could be considered a chronological sequel , covering the period after the end of volume seven .

neg: Kingdom of Bavaria The Kingdom of Bavaria ( Königreich Bayern ) was a German state that succeeded the former Electorate of Bavaria in 1805 and continued to exist until 1918 . The Bavarian Elector Maximilian IV Joseph of the House of Wittelsbach became the first King of Bavaria in 1805 as Maximilian I Joseph . The crown would go on being held by the Wittelsbachs until the kingdom came to an end in 1918 . Most of Bavaria 's present-day borders were established after 1814 with the Treaty of Paris , in which Bavaria ceded Tyrol and Vorarlberg to the Austrian Empire while receiving Aschaffenburg and Würzburg . With the unification of Germany into the German Empire in 1871 , the kingdom became a state of the new Empire and was second in size , power , and wealth only to the leading state , the Kingdom of Prussia . Since the end of the kingdom and the empire in 1918 , Bavaria has remained part of Germany .

neg: Monarchy A monarchy is a form of government in which a group , usually a family called the dynasty , embodies the country 's national identity and one of its members , called the monarch , exercises a role of sovereignty . The actual power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic ( crowned republic ) , to partial and restricted ( constitutional monarchy ) , to completely autocratic ( absolute monarchy ) . Traditionally and in most cases , the monarch 's post is inherited and lasts until death or abdication , but there are also elective monarchies where the monarch is elected . Each of these has variations : in some elected monarchies only those of certain pedigrees are , whereas many hereditary monarchies impose requirements regarding the religion , age , gender , mental capacity , etc. . Occasionally this might create a situation of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective election . Finally , there have been cases where the term of a monarch 's reign is either fixed in years or continues until certain goals are achieved : an invasion being repulsed , for instance . Thus there are widely divergent structures and traditions defining monarchy .   Monarchy was the most common form of government until the 19th century , but it is no longer prevalent . Where it exists , it is now usually a constitutional monarchy , in which the monarch retains a unique legal and ceremonial role , but exercises limited or no official political power : under the written or unwritten constitution , others have governing authority . Currently , 47 sovereign nations in the world have monarchs acting as heads of state , 19 of which are Commonwealth realms that recognise Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state . All European monarchies are constitutional ones , with the exception of the Vatican City which is an elective monarchy , but sovereigns in the smaller states exercise greater political influence than in the larger . The monarchs of Cambodia , Japan , and Malaysia `` reign , but do not rule '' although there is considerable variation in the degree of authority they wield . Although they reign under constitutions , the monarchs of Brunei , Morocco , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Swaziland appear to continue to exercise more political influence than any other single source of authority in their nations , either by constitutional mandate or by tradition .

neg: Figurehead In politics , a figurehead is a person who holds de jure ( in name or by law ) an important title or office ( often supremely powerful ) , yet de facto ( in reality ) executes little actual power . The metaphor derives from the carved figurehead at the prow of a sailing ship . Commonly cited figureheads include Queen Elizabeth II , who is Queen of sixteen Commonwealth realms and head of the Commonwealth , but has no power over the nations in which she is not head of state and does not exercise power in her own realms on her own initiative . Other figureheads are the Emperor of Japan , the King of Sweden , or presidents in majority of parliamentary republics , such as the President of India , President of Israel , President of Bangladesh , President of Greece , President of Germany , President of Pakistan , and President of China ( when not simultaneously holding the CPC General Secretary and Chairman of CMC posts ) .   During the crisis of the March on Rome in 1922 , King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy , though a figurehead , played a key role in handing power to Benito Mussolini . More than 20 years later , the same King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy played a key role in the dismissal of Benito Mussolini in 1943 .  Since the abolition of monarchy in Italy and the establishment of a republic in 1946 , the Italian President assumed most of the ceremonial functions of the previous kings ; however , the Italian President retains large powers in appointing a prime minister of his choice when in parliament there 's no clear majority government , creating a so-called `` president 's cabinet '' ( a technocratic cabinet ) . For example , the former Prime Minister of Italy , Sen Mario Monti , was appointed by the Italian President Giorgio Napolitano as a lifetime-senator and then as Prime Minister of the country , not after a new election . Italian President 's powers and influence are so much stronger is the weaker political parties ' leadership . This system is called `` accordion '' .   Conversely , King Juan Carlos I of Spain , also largely considered a figurehead , had in 1981 a key role in defending the newborn Spanish democracy and foiling the attempted coup d'état , known as `` 23-F '' .

neg: Empress Elisabeth of Austria Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria ( 24 December 1837 -- 10 September 1898 ) was the wife of Emperor Franz Joseph I , and thus Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary , and many others ( see Grand title of the Empress of Austria ) .   Born into the royal Bavarian house of Wittelsbach , Elisabeth ( also called `` Sisi '' ) enjoyed an informal upbringing before marrying Emperor Franz Joseph I at the age of sixteen . The marriage thrust her into the much more formal Habsburg court life , for which she was ill-prepared and which she found uncongenial . Early in the marriage she was at odds with her mother-in-law , Archduchess Sophie , who took over the rearing of Elisabeth 's daughters , one of whom , Sophie , died in infancy . The birth of a male heir , Rudolf , improved her standing at court considerably , but her health suffered under the strain , and she would often visit Hungary for its more relaxed environment . She came to develop a deep kinship with Hungary , and helped to bring about the dual monarchy of Austria -- Hungary in 1867 .   The death of her only son Rudolf , and his mistress Mary Vetsera , in a murder -- suicide tragedy at his hunting lodge at Mayerling in 1889 was a blow from which Elisabeth never recovered . She withdrew from court duties and travelled widely , unaccompanied by her family . She was obsessively concerned with maintaining her youthful figure and beauty , which was already legendary during her life . While travelling in Geneva in 1898 , she was stabbed to death by an Italian anarchist named Luigi Lucheni . Elisabeth was the longest serving Empress of Austria , at 44 years .

neg: Schrecklichkeit Schrecklichkeit ( German `` terror '' or `` frightfulness '' ) is a word used by English speakers to describe an assumed military policy of the German Army towards civilians in World War I.  It was the basis of German actions during their march through Belgium in 1914 . Similar policies were followed later in France , the Russian-held area of Poland , and in Russia .   Under the traditional `` laws of war '' in Europe , military activity was to be confined to the regular , uniformed armies of each side . Civilians were to take no part in fighting , neither attacking or being attacked . Thus , when the uniformed army troops in a nation or region were all defeated , resistance was supposed to end . In practice , informal resistance by `` partisans '' , `` guerrillas '' , or `` francs-tireurs '' often continued after the `` regular '' troops had given up or withdrawn . These fighters , never officially enrolled in an army , and not wearing uniforms to identify them as combatants , attacked occupying troops by ambushes , surprises , and sniping . Conducting such operations out of uniform was considered perfidy , and those involved could be executed .   Occupying armies sometimes responded to such attacks by reprisals against the local population : execution of local inhabitants , whether known to be guerrillas or not , or destruction ( usually by burning ) of homes and other structures .   German army doctrine in force at the time called for such reprisals to be performed immediately and severely in any case of civilian resistance . It was argued that such schrecklichkeit would end resistance quickly with relatively little bloodshed , whereas restraint would encourage resistance , leading to greater destruction and death .   When Germany invaded Belgium in 1914 , the German high command expected to sweep through the country with negligible opposition . The German army was many times larger and stronger than the Belgian army , and the Germans therefore thought that any resistance by Belgium would be futile . German leaders had even suggested to the Belgian government that in the event of war , the Belgians should just line up along the roads and watch the Germans march through . Belgium 's refusal to accept these German presumptions and its resistance to the German advance came as a surprise , and disrupted the German timetable for advancing into France .   This frustration was communicated to the German troops in Belgium . Anything which delayed the German advance was to be crushed mercilessly . The Belgians were viewed as irrational and even treacherous for their opposition .   This led to exaggerated suspicions among German commanders of Belgian civilian resistance . It is possible that some Belgian civilians engaged in resistance , though none is documented . It is certain that on several occasions , German commanders declared ( probably in unconscious error ) that such acts had occurred when they had not .   The Germans responded to these perceived acts of resistance with harsh measures . In several villages and towns , hundreds of civilians were executed . Many buildings were put to the torch . Priests thought guilty of encouraging the resistance were killed . Violence by German soldiers against Belgians , such as rape , was ignored or not seriously punished . The Belgian city of Leuven was largely destroyed . One German officer later wrote about the town , `` We shall wipe it out ... Not one stone will stand upon another . We will teach them to respect Germany . For generations people will come here and see what we have done '' .   These actions , taken in a period of near-panic as the German forces desperately tried to carry out their flanking march before Allied forces could respond , proved to be a propaganda disaster for Germany . The reports of them caused a wave of indignation which aided the Allied cause .

neg: Belgian nobility The Belgian nobility comprises individuals and their families recognized by the Kingdom of Belgium as members of a class of persons officially enjoying hereditary privileges , which distinguishes them from other persons and families .

neg: Schleswig-Holstein Question The Schleswig-Holstein Question ( Schleswig-Holsteinische Frage Spørgsmålet om Sønderjylland og Holsten ) was a complex set of diplomatic and other issues arising in the 19th century from the relations of two duchies , Schleswig ( Sønderjylland / Slesvig ) and Holstein ( Holsten ) , to the Danish crown and to the German Confederation . The British statesman Lord Palmerston is reported to have said : `` Only three people have ever really understood the Schleswig-Holstein business -- the Prince Consort , who is dead -- a German professor , who has gone mad -- and I , who have forgotten all about it . ''   Schleswig was a part of Denmark during the Viking Age , and became a Danish duchy in the 12th century . Denmark repeatedly tried to reintegrate the Duchy of Schleswig into the Danish kingdom . On March 27 , 1848 , Frederick VII of Denmark announced to the people of Schleswig the promulgation of a liberal constitution under which the duchy , while preserving its local autonomy , would become an integral part of Denmark . This led to an open uprising by Schleswig-Holstein 's large German majority in support of independence from Denmark and of close association with the German Confederation . The military intervention of the Kingdom of Prussia supported the uprising : the Prussian army drove Denmark 's troops from Schleswig and Holstein in the First Schleswig War of 1848 -- 1851 . The second attempt to reintegrate the Duchy of Schleswig into the Danish kingdom , initiated by the signing by King Christian IX of Denmark of the November Constitution in 1863 , was seen as a violation of the London Protocol and led to the Second Schleswig War of 1864 .   Even though Schleswig , Holstein , and Denmark had all had the same hereditary ruler for some centuries , the inheritance rules in the three territories were not quite the same . The Dukedoms of Schleswig and Holstein were inherited under the Salic law which ignored females : the Kingdom of Denmark had a slightly different inheritance law which included male heirs inheriting through the female line . In the 19th century this slight difference in inheritance law meant that when the childless King Frederick VII of Denmark died the Kingdom of Denmark would be separated from the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein because one man would inherit the Kingship and another the Dukedoms , as happened on the death of Frederick in 1863 .   The central question was whether the duchy of Schleswig was or was not an integral part of the dominions of the Danish crown , with which it had been associated in the Danish monarchy for centuries or whether Schleswig should , together with Holstein , become an independent part of the German Confederation . Schleswig itself was a fiefdom of Denmark , as the duchy of Holstein had been a fief of the Holy Roman Empire until 1806 , and become a component state of the German Confederation with the Danish king as duke . This involved the question , raised by the death of the last common male heir to both Denmark and the two duchies , as to the proper succession in the duchies , and the constitutional questions arising out of the relations of the duchies to the Danish crown , to each other , and of Holstein to the German Confederation .   Much of the history of Schleswig-Holstein has a bearing on this question : see history of Schleswig-Holstein for details . Following the defeat of Germany in World War I , the Danish majority area of Northern Schleswig was finally unified with Denmark after two plebiscites organised by the Allied powers . A small minority of ethnic Germans still lives in Northern Schleswig , while a Danish minority remains in South Schleswig .

neg: White settlement in Zimbabwe before 1923 White people first came to the region in southern Africa today called Zimbabwe in the 16th century , when Portuguese colonials ventured inland from Mozambique and attacked the Kingdom of Mutapa , which then controlled an area roughly equivalent to eastern Zimbabwe and western Mozambique . Portuguese influence over Mutapa endured for about two centuries before fading away during the 1690s and early 1700s ( decade ) .   During the 1880s and 1890s , the British South Africa Company initiated colonisation by whites , backed by a royal charter from Britain 's Queen Victoria : company rule over the country began in 1890 , when the Pioneer Column marched to Mashonaland , founded Fort Salisbury and settled in the area .   The company domain was named `` Rhodesia '' after its founder , Cecil Rhodes , in 1895 ; the portion south of the Zambezi became officially called Southern Rhodesia in 1898 . Concurrently with the expiry of the company 's charter in 1923 , Southern Rhodesia was granted responsible government by Britain , and became a self-governing colony .

neg: Caroline Lacroix Blanche Zélia Joséphine Delacroix , better known as Caroline Lacroix ( 13 May 1883 -- 12 February 1948 ) was the most prominent and notorious of Leopold II of Belgium 's mistresses .   Delacroix , who was of French origin , met the king in Paris as a young girl , when she was only 16 and he was 65 . At that time , she earned her living as a prostitute . They soon embarked upon a relationship that was to last until his death in 1909 . Leopold lavished upon her large sums of money , estates , gifts , and a noble title , Baroness Vaughan . Because of these presents , Caroline was deeply unpopular both among the Belgian people and internationally , as Leopold became increasingly criticized for his greed-induced actions in the Congo Free State , his own personal colony . As Caroline largely profited off the income from the colony , she became known as La reine du Congo ( `` the Queen of Congo '' ) .   She and Leopold married in a religious ceremony five days before his death , though their failure to perform a civil ceremony rendered the marriage void under Belgian law . After the king 's death , it was soon discovered that he had left Caroline numerous properties , items of high material value , Congolese bonds , and other valuable sources of income -- all of which turned her into a multimillionaire . For years the Belgian government and Leopold 's three estranged daughters attempted to recover some of this wealth , with their success varying depending on the case . Caroline died on 12 February 1948 in Cambo-les-Bains , France .

neg: Political parties in Belgium Belgium is a federal state with a multi-party political system , with numerous parties who factually have no chance of gaining power alone , and therefore must work with each other to form coalition governments .   Almost all Belgian political parties are divided into linguistic groups , either Dutch-speaking parties ( see also political parties in Flanders ) , Francophone parties or Germanophone parties .   The Flemish parties operate in Flanders and in the Brussels-Capital Region . The Francophone parties operate in Wallonia and in the Brussels-Capital Region . There are also parties operating in the comparatively small German-speaking community . No party family has a realistic chance of winning enough seats to govern alone , let alone win an outright majority .   Political parties are thus organised along community lines , especially for the three main communities . There are no representative parties active in both communities . Even in Brussels , all parties presenting candidates are either Flemish parties , or French-speaking . As such , the internal organisation of the political parties reflects the fundamentally dual nature of Belgian society .   There are no significant parties left who exist , or operate on a national , Belgian level .   From the creation of the Belgian state in 1830 and throughout most of the 19th century , two political parties dominated Belgian politics : the Catholic Party ( Church-oriented and conservative ) and the Liberal Party ( anti-clerical and progressive ) . In the late 19th century the Labour Party arose to represent the emerging industrial working class . These three groups still dominate Belgian politics , but they have evolved substantially in character .

neg: History of Austria The history of Austria covers the history of Austria and its predecessor states , from the early Stone Age to the present state . The name Ostarrîchi ( Austria ) has been in use since 996 AD when it was a margravate of the Duchy of Bavaria and from 1156 an independent duchy ( later archduchy ) of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation ( Heiliges Römisches Reich 962 -- 1806 ) .   Austria was dominated by the House of Habsburg ( Haus Österreich ) from 1273 to 1806 , when the Holy Roman Empire came to an end . Austria then became the Austrian Empire , a part of the German Confederation until the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 , which Austria lost and was subsequently excluded from German affairs . In 1867 Austria formed with Hungary as a dual monarchy the Austro-Hungarian Empire ( 1867 -- 1918 ) . When this empire collapsed after the end of World War I in 1918 , Austria was reduced to the main German speaking areas of the empire ( its current frontiers ) , and adopted the name The Republic of German-Austria , with hope of joining the new German Weimar Republic . However the union and name were forbidden by the Allies at the Treaty of Versailles . This led to the creation of the First Austrian Republic ( 1918-1933 ) .   Following the First Republic , Austrofascism tried to keep Austria independent from the German Reich . Engelbert Dollfuss accepted that Austrians were Germans but wanted Austria to remain independent from a Protestant Germany . In 1938 Austrian-born Adolf Hitler annexed Austria to the German Reich with the Anschluss , which was supported by a large majority of the Austrian people . After the Second World War Austria again became an independent republic as the Second Republic in 1955 and joined the European Union in 1995 .

neg: Belgium Belgium ( -LSB- ˈbɛldʒəm -RSB- België -LSB- ˈbɛlɣijə -RSB- ; Belgique -LSB- bɛlʒik -RSB- ; Belgien -LSB- ˈbɛlɡi̯ən -RSB- ) , officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France , the Netherlands , Germany , Luxembourg , and the North Sea . It is a small , densely populated country which covers an area of 30528 km2 and has a population of about 11 million people . Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe , Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups : the Dutch-speaking , mostly Flemish community , which constitutes about 59 % of the population , and the French-speaking , mostly Walloon population , which comprises 41 % of all Belgians . Additionally , there is a small group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area , and bordering Germany .   Historically , Belgium , the Netherlands and Luxembourg ( along with parts of Northern France and Western Germany ) were known as the Low Countries ; it once covered a somewhat larger area than the current Benelux group of states . The region was called Belgica in Latin , after the Roman province of Gallia Belgica . From the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century , the area of Belgium was a prosperous and cosmopolitan centre of commerce and culture . From the 16th century until the Belgian Revolution in 1830 , when Belgium seceded from the Netherlands , the area of Belgium served as the battleground between many European powers , causing it to be dubbed the `` Battlefield of Europe , ''  a reputation strengthened by both world wars .   Today , Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance . It is divided into three regions and three communities , that exist next to each other . Its two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia . The Brussels-Capital Region is an officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) enclave within the Flemish Region .  A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia .  Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments .   Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution  and , during the course of the 20th century , possessed a number of colonies in Africa . The second half of the 20th century was marked by rising tensions between the Dutch-speaking and the French-speaking citizens fueled by differences in language and culture and the unequal economic development of Flanders and Wallonia . This continuing antagonism has led to several far-reaching reforms , resulting in a transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement during the period from 1970 to 1993 . Despite the reforms , tensions between the groups have remained , if not increased ; there is significant separatism particularly among the Flemish ; controversial language laws exist such as the municipalities with language facilities ; and the formation of a coalition government took 18 months following the June 2010 federal election , a world record . Belgium is one of the six founding countries of the European Union and hosts the official seats of the European Commission , Council of the European Union , and European Council , as well as a seat of the European Parliament in the country 's capital , Brussels . Belgium is also a founding member of the Eurozone , NATO , OECD and WTO , and a part of the trilateral Benelux Union . Its capital , Brussels , hosts several of the EU 's official seats as well as the headquarters of many major international organizations such as NATO.Belgium is a member of , or affiliated to , many international organizations , including ACCT , AfDB , AsDB , Australia Group , Benelux , BIS , CCC , CE , CERN , EAPC , EBRD , EIB , EMU , ESA , EU , FAO , G-10 , IAEA , IBRD , ICAO , ICC , ICRM , IDA , IDB , IEA , IFAD , IFC , IFRCS , IHO , ILO , IMF , IMO , IMSO , Intelsat , Interpol , IOC , IOM , ISO , ITU , MONUC ( observers ) , NATO , NEA , NSG , OAS ( observer ) , OECD , OPCW , OSCE , PCA , UN , UNCTAD , UNECE , UNESCO , UNHCR , UNIDO , UNMIK , UNMOGIP , UNRWA , UNTSO , UPU , WADB ( non-regional ) , WEU , WHO , WIPO , WMO , WTrO , ZC . Belgium is also a part of the Schengen Area . Belgium is a developed country , with an advanced high-income economy and is categorized as `` very high '' in the Human Development Index .

neg: 1910s The 1910s ( pronounced `` nineteen-tens '' , also abbreviated as the `` teens '' ) was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1 , 1910 , and ended on December 31 , 1919 . The 1910s represented the culmination of European militarism which had its beginnings during the second half of the 19th century . The conservative lifestyles during the first half of the decade , as well as the legacy of military alliances , was forever changed by the assassination , on June 28 , 1914 , of Archduke Franz Ferdinand , the heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne . The murder triggered a chain of events in which , within 33 days , World War I broke out in Europe on August 1 , 1914 . The conflict dragged on until a truce was declared on November 11 , 1918 , leading to the controversial , one-sided Treaty of Versailles , which was signed on June 28 , 1919 .   The war 's end triggered the abdication of various monarchies and the collapse of five of the last modern empires of Russia , Germany , China , Ottoman Turkey and Austria-Hungary , with the latter splintered into Austria , Hungary , southern Poland ( who acquired most of their land in a war with Soviet Russia ) , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia , as well as the unification of Romania with Transylvania and Moldavia . However , each of these states ( with the possible exception of Yugoslavia ) had large German and Hungarian minorities , there creating some unexpected problems that would be brought to light in the next two decades . ( See Dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Empire : Successor States for better description of composition of names of successor countries/states following the splinter . )   The decade was also a period of revolution in a number of countries . The Mexican Revolution spearheaded the trend in November 1910 , which led to the ousting of dictator Porfirio Diaz , developing into a violent civil war that dragged on until mid-1920 , not long after a new Mexican Constitution was signed and ratified . Russia also had a similar fate , since World War I led to a collapse in morale as well as to economic chaos . This atmosphere encouraged the establishment of Bolshevism , which was later renamed as communism . Like the Mexican Revolution , the Russian Revolution of 1917 , known as the October Revolution , immediately turned to Russian Civil War that dragged until approximately late 1922 .   Much of the music in these years was ballroom-themed . Many of the fashionable restaurants were equipped with dance floors . Prohibition in the United States began January 16 , 1919 , with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution .

neg: Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) The Republic of the Congo ( République du Congo ) was a sovereign state in Central Africa that was created with the independence of the Belgian Congo in 1960 . From 1960-1966 , the country was often known as Congo-Léopoldville ( after its capital ) in order to distinguish it from its north-western neighbour , also called the Republic of the Congo or Congo-Brazzaville . With the renaming of Léopoldville as Kinshasa on 1 June 1966 , it was known as Congo-Kinshasa until 1971 .   On 1 August 1964 , the state 's official name was changed to Democratic Republic of the Congo . In 1971 , the state 's name changed to Zaire .   The period between 1960 and 1965 is referred to as the First Congolese Republic , and the current Democratic Republic of the Congo is the Third Republic .   Unrest and rebellion continued to plague the government until 1965 , when Lieutenant General Joseph Désiré Mobutu , now commander-in-chief of the national army , seized control of the country . Mobutu changed the country 's name to Zaire in 1971 and remained its president until 1997 .

neg: International African Association The International African Association ( Association internationale africaine ) was a front organization established by the guests at the Brussels Geographic Conference of 1876 , an event hosted by King Leopold II of Belgium . The Association was used by King Leopold ostensibly to further his altruistic and humanitarian projects in the area of Central Africa , the area that was to become Leopold 's privately controlled Congo Free State . King Leopold volunteered space in Brussels for the International African Association 's headquarters , and there were to be national committees of the association set up in all the participating countries , as well as an international committee . Leopold was elected by acclamation as the international committee 's first chairman , but said that he would serve for one year only so that the chairmanship could rotate among people from different countries .   The new body was welcomed throughout Europe ( contributions were sent by the Rothschilds and Viscount Ferdinand de Lesseps ) and the national committees were to be headed by grand dukes , princes , and other royals , but most of them never got off the ground . The international committee met once in the following year , reelected Leopold as chairman , despite his earlier pledge not to serve again , and then disintegrated . Nevertheless , thanks to the Association , Leopold succeeded in his goal of convincing the Belgian people and the major powers of Europe that his interest in Africa was purely altruistic and humanitarian-oriented . The Association was succeeded by the short-lived Committee for Studies of the Upper Congo , and the International Association of the Congo , which eventually dissolved when Leopold named his colony the Congo Free State .

neg: United Nations Operation in the Congo Organisation des Nations Unies au Congo , abbreviated ONUC ( English : United Nations Organization in the Congo ) , was a United Nations peacekeeping force in Congo that was established after United Nations Security Council Resolution 143 of 14 July 1960 . In 1963 the name changed to Opération des Nations Unies au Congo , retaining the same abbreviation . To generalise , the mission was a response to the Congo Crisis . ONUC was the UN 's first peacekeeping mission with a significant military force , but has been described as a `` pyrrhic victory at best . ''   Following Security Council actions , the United Nations Organization in the Congo ( ONUC ) was established . To carry out these tasks , the Secretary-General set up a United Nations Force -- at its peak strength numbering nearly 20,000 . The UN Force stayed in the Congo between 1960 and 1964 , and underwent a transition from a peacekeeping presence to a military force .   ONUC 's main goals stayed consistent from the first to fifth resolution . It featured the double purpose of withdrawing Belgian military personnel ( later expanding to mercenaries ) and providing military assistance to ensure internal stability . The successive Security Council resolutions added to and elaborated on the initial mandate but did not fundamentally change the operation 's objectives . These were especially significant because Belgium 's invasion violated the norm of sovereignty , and the second objective was set to prevent the country from becoming a Cold War client state .   The first troops reached Congo on 15 July 1960 , many airlifted in by the United States Air Force as part of Operation New Tape .   Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba , dissatisfied with Dag Hammarskjöld 's refusal to use UN troops to subdue the insurrection in Katanga , decided to attempt an invasion of Katanga on his own and turned to the Soviet Union for help . The invasion attempt never reached Katanga but led to dissension within the Central Government , the collapse of the Central Government , and eventually to Lumumba 's arrest in December and execution in Katanga in February 1961 . Only then did the United Nations Security Council explicitly authorize the use of force for purposes beyond self-defense .

neg: Leo Mechelin Leopold ( Leo ) Henrik Stanislaus Mechelin ( born 24 November 1839 , Hamina , Finland -- 26 January 1914 , Helsinki , Finland ) was a Finnish professor , statesman , senator and liberal reformer . A leading defender of the autonomy of the Grand Duchy of Finland , and of the rights of women and minorities , Mechelin 's 1905 -- 1908 government  ( `` Mechelin 's Senate '' ) made Finland the first nation in the world with the universal right to vote and to be elected . During his period in office the freedom of expression , the press , and of assembly were introduced .   He also founded the Liberal Party of Finland ( 1880 -- 1885 ) , wrote its program , was one of the founders of the Union Bank of Finland 1862 ( now part of Nordea Bank ) and co-founded the Nokia Company ( 1871 ) with Fredrik Idestam , was the first chairman of the town council of Helsinki ( 1875 -- 1876 and 1892 -- 1899 ) and an internationally respected expert on politology and member of peace movement . Emperor Alexander II ennobled Mechelin 1876 .   Mechelin led the passive resistance in Finland during the first period of oppression ( 1899 -- 1905 ) until and even after his banishment ( 1903 ) , from which officials had to let him return as a member of parliament ( House of Nobles ) 1904 , welcomed by a celebrating crowd of 10,000 people . In a secret meeting of the Kagaali , Mechelin had written a petition against the draft of Finns to the Russian army , which collected almost 500,000 signatures . His coalition , the Constitutionals , managed to end the draft through boycott .   Born in Hamina in 1839 , the son of Gustaf Johan Mechelin and Amanda Gustava Costiander , Leo Mechelin studied at the University of Helsinki , gaining his Bachelor 's and Master 's degree 's in Philosophy in 1860 , a bachelor 's degree in law in 1864 , and a License and Doctorate in 1873 .   As professor of jurisdiction and politology 1874-82 , Mechelin had argued that the tsars were bound by the old constitutional laws from the time of the Swedish rule of Finland ( before 1809 ) , and hence affirmed that Finland was a separate , constitutional state , which the tsar could only rule by law , whereas in Russia he had absolute power . During the periods of oppression , the tsar tried to impose unconstitutional laws , which Mechelin opposed . The unrests in Russia and Finland ( 1905 ) finally compelled the tsar to comply with the November Manifesto written by Mechelin . This allowed Mechelin to form a government ( 1905 -- 1908 ) and to transform Finland into what was in many respects the first liberal democracy ( e.g. , in New Zealand women already had the right to vote but not to be voted ; in Australia only white people had those rights ) in 1906 . In 1907 , the first universal elections to the one-chamber parliament ( `` eduskunta '' ) were held , and 19 of its 200 first members were women . However , the constitutionals of all parties did not obtain the majority of seats , and the tsar realised that he could carry on with the oppression , starting the second period of oppression ( 1908 -- 1917 ) . After Mechelin 's death ( in 1914 ) , the two revolutions in Russia allowed Finland to declare its independence ( 1917 ) and Mechelin 's younger co-workers were able to complete his work .   Nokia , once a world-leading mobile phone corporation , was founded by Mechelin and his student days ' roommate Fredrik Idestam as a forestry company . Later Mechelin 's wish to expand into the electricity business were at first thwarted by Idestam 's opposition , but Mechelin managed to convince most shareholders of his plans and became the company chairman ( 1898 -- 1914 ) , thus being able to realise his visions .   Mechelin was also active in civil society and President of the current University of Art and Design Helsinki and of the Finnish Art Society . As a politician he was always highly respected among all parties and citizens , although after the dissolution of the Liberal Party ( 1885 ) he never joined any other party .

neg: Spanish Netherlands Spanish Netherlands ( Países Bajos españoles Spaanse Nederlanden ) ; Pays-Bas espagnols ) was the collective name of States of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries , held in personal union by the Spanish Crown ( also called Habsburg Spain ) from 1581 to 1714 . This region comprised most of modern Belgium and Luxembourg , as well as parts of northern France and western Germany . The capital was Brussels .   The Imperial fiefs of the former Burgundian Netherlands had been inherited by the Austrian House of Habsburg from the extinct House of Valois-Burgundy upon the death of Mary of Burgundy in 1482 . The Seventeen Provinces formed the core of the Habsburg Netherlands which passed to the Spanish Habsburgs upon the abdication of Emperor Charles V in 1556 . When part of the Netherlands separated to form the autonomous Dutch Republic in 1581 , the remainder of the area stayed under Spanish rule until the War of the Spanish Succession .


query: Bob Riley is a Brazilian.

pos: Bob Riley Robert Renfroe Riley ( born October 3 , 1944 ) is an American politician who was the 52nd Governor of Alabama from 2003 to 2011 . He is a member of the Republican Party .

neg: BOB (band) BOB were an indie pop band from North London , England , formed in 1985 .

neg: Guanabara (state) The State of Guanabara ( Estado da Guanabara , -LSB- ɡwanaˈbaɾa -RSB- ) was a Brazilian city-state that existed from 1960 to 1975 . It comprised only the city of Rio de Janeiro after the Federal District was moved from that city to Brasília in 1960 . The state was named after Guanabara Bay , along its eastern coast .   In 1834 , the city of Rio de Janeiro was elevated to Imperial capital of the Empire of Brazil , but it was not part of any Brazilian province , having special status as the so-called `` Neutral municipality '' ( Município Neutro ) . The surrounding Province of Rio de Janeiro ( which did not include the city ) had its capital city in Niterói . When Brazil became a republic in 1889 , the city of Rio de Janeiro remained the national capital and became the Federal District ( Distrito Federal ) , while the surrounding homonymous province became a state , still with Niterói as its capital .   When the national capital was moved to Brasília in 1960 , a new Federal District was carved out of the state of Goiás to contain it , and the old Federal District became Guanabara State .   Throughout its 15-year existence , Guanabara was a unique state in many ways . Comprising only one city ( albeit a large one ) , Guanabara was the smallest Brazilian state by land . It also had the peculiarity of being the only Brazilian state that was not divided into municipalities . Although for some practical purposes , it was sometimes counted as having one single municipality , and Rio de Janeiro was officially named its capital , there was no mayor , municipal legislature or any other municipal government institution there , as the city of Rio de Janeiro was directly administered by the state government . On the other hand , that also meant that the Guanabara state government had some functions that were normally assigned to municipalities elsewhere , such as regulating urban zoning , inspecting the safety of buildings , or issuing licenses for commercial venues , for example .   All the characteristics disappeared in 1975 , when the states of Guanabara and Rio de Janeiro merged into a new , larger State of Rio de Janeiro . The city of Rio de Janeiro became a municipality of the new combined state and its new capital city .

neg: William Bell Riley William Bell Riley ( March 22 , 1861 in Greene County , Indiana , USA -- December 5 , 1947 in Golden Valley , Minnesota ) was known as `` The Grand Old Man of Fundamentalism . '' After being educated at normal school in Valparaiso , Indiana , Riley received his teacher 's certificate . After teaching in county schools , he attended college in Hanover , Indiana , where he received an A.B. degree in 1885 . In 1888 he graduated from the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville , Kentucky . In 1908 , the Southwestern Baptist University of Jackson , Tennessee , conferred upon Riley an honorary D.D. degree . He served several Baptist churches in Kentucky , Indiana , and Illinois before taking the pastorate at the First Baptist Church in Minneapolis , Minnesota in 1897 .

neg: The Brazilian `` The Brazilian '' is an instrumental piece by the English band Genesis that concludes their 1986 album Invisible Touch . The song features experimental sounds and effects .   The band wrote two instrumental pieces for the album , this and `` Do The Neurotic '' .   The tune was featured in the animated movie When the Wind Blows , which was scored by Roger Waters . It was also used in an episode of Magnum , P.I. called `` Unfinished Business '' . The track was also used extensively by the BBC in their TV coverage of the 1987 World Athletics Championships .

neg: Bangu, Rio de Janeiro Bangu is a neighborhood in the West Zone of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . It is a middle-class neighborhood . It is located in the western area of the city being one of the most populated districts , with 244,518 inhabitants ( according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - IBGE - Demographic Census 2000 ) -LSB- 1 -RSB- distributed in an area of 4570.69 ha . Located in the geographic center of the city , the neighborhood is close to Campo Grande , Senador Camará , Vila Aliança , Padre Miguel and Realengo . On November 22 , 2004 the mayor of Rio de Janeiro César Maia created by decree the district Gericinó . The neighborhood was originally part of the neighborhood of Bangu , the region where the penitentiary of Bangu is located , besides Bangu dump . The region is where Gericinó was located containing the sub-district of the Aqueduct ( Aqueduct of the Seine ) . Since 2004 , the complex of Bangu and dump of Bangu , no longer belong to the neighborhood of Bangu .   The neighborhood is well known for high temperatures in the summer , exceeding 40 ° C . The official record lowest temperature ever recorded in the city of Rio de Janeiro took place in Campo dos Afonsos ( 4.8 ° C ) in July 1928 , and the highest in Bangu ( 43.2 ° C ) in January 1984 .   In sport , the major representative is the Bangu Atlético Clube , state champion twice ( in 1933 and 1966 ) , Brazilian Vice-Champion in 1985 , World Champion and 1960 State Champion ( Series B ) in 1911 , 1914 and 2008 . Besides Bangu , also of note is the Ceres Futebol Clube , State champion ( Series C ) in 1990 and the Esperança Futebol Clube , Carioca champion ( Series C ) in 1918 .   In samba , the main club is called the Unidos de Bangu , which is a pioneer in the carnival , and the fourth oldest samba school in Brazil . It is the forerunner of Scholars of Santa Cruz . The club participated for a few years in the Special Group of Carnival . It was the bi-champion of the Carioca Carnaval in 1957 and 1962 ( Group A ) , the school made its last carnival in 1998 . There is also the Unidos da Vila Kennedy , champion in 2000 ( Group C ) .

neg: Robert Gonçalves Santos Robert Gonçalves Santos ( born 28 September 1996 ) , commonly known as Robert , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Fluminense FC .

neg: Bob Samuelson Robert `` Bob '' Lewis Samuelson ( born July 30 , 1966 ) is an American volleyball player who competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics .   He was born in Port Jefferson , New York .   In 1992 he was part of the American team which won the bronze medal in the Olympic tournament . He played all eight matches . Samuelson led the US Team in blocks , and aces , and finished second in total kills behind Steve Timmons , and hitting percentage behind Doug Partie . Chosen with Bryan Ivie to represent the United States on the World Gala Team , consisting of the world 's top 12 players as chosen by the coaches .   With an abundance of enthusiasm and energy , Samuelson was frequently the catalyst to rally the team to victory . Being one of the most popular players among his teammates and fans , he and Bryan Ivie became the faces of USA Volleyball .   At the Barcelona Olympics he was the central character in the controversial preliminary round match against Japan which the USA `` won '' until the result was overturned on appeal .   Samuelson left the US National Team to compete for the Suntory Sunbirds of the Japanese Professional Volleyball League in 1994 , where he played for three seasons . Samuelson led the team to the championship in hist first season , and was named the league 's Most Valuable Player .   Attending high school at Los Angeles basketball powerhouse , Westchester High School , Samuelson competed in only 1 year high school volleyball . He was a starting forward on the 1984 Westchester High School Basketball Team that was runner up in the City 4A championships , losing to Crenshaw High School . He competed in the 1986 Olympic Festival , and was subsequently heavily recruited out of Los Angeles Pierce Junior College after an undefeated season and being named co Player of the Year with LA Pierce setter , Tony Rusen .   After 2 successful seasons at California State University , Northridge , Samuelson attended an open tryout for the US National Team in 1989 , and after a 6-month extended tryout , was invited to train with the team permanently .   Samuelson was an international favorite , playing in the 1989 World Cup , 1990 World Championships , 1991 World Cup , and numerous other international tournaments and friendly tours .   Samuelson is a father of triplet boys .

neg: Brazilian coral snake The Brazilian coral snake ( Micrurus decoratus ) is a species of coral snake in the family Elapidae .

neg: Barbara Riley Barbara Riley is the former director of the Ohio Department of Aging and the Ohio Department of Job and Family Services .

neg: Robert Bobroczky Robert Bobroczky ( born July 17 , 2000 ) is a Romanian basketball player for the SPIRE Institute near Geneva , Ohio , United States . Measured at 7 ft. 7 in . tall , Bobroczky first garnered attention for his towering stature , drawing comparisons to professional basketball players of similar heights such as Manute Bol . He is currently listed as the tallest individual in European basketball .   Bobroczky was born in Arad , Romania . When he was a pre-teen , Bobroczky began to experience a dramatic swell of growth , and had already surpassed the height of his father , 7-foot-1-inch former basketball player Zsiga , by 12 years-old . He has been the subject of medical studies nearly his entire life , leading to the prevailing opinion Bobroczky 's frame is a result of genetics , not hormonal imbalance .   In 2014 , Bobroczky was recruited by A.S. Stella Azzurra , an amateur-level basketball club based in Italy that produced NBA power forward Andrea Bargnani . The scouting report on him noted that Bobroczky possessed an improved midrange jumper and passing ability , and his physical attributes made him an obvious mismatch against any of his opponents . Like most players of his stature however , Bobroczky was limited by his lack of muscle mass , endurance , and mobility on the court . His tremendously awkward gait and threat of exhaustion forced Bobroczky to play limited minutes after helping the team win its Under-15 championship title . Bobroczky , nonetheless , became an internet sensation in early 2016 , as videos surfaced of him dominating his much shorter competition during a game with Stella Azzurra .   Later his family moved to Geneva , Ohio so Bobroczky could attend a certified American Olympic and Paralympic training facility called the SPIRE Institute . Entering his freshman season , Bobroczky was put on a minutes restriction as he attempted to bulk up his rail-thin physique and transitioned into American basketball . In January 2017 , sports director Bobby Bossmen confirmed a statement : `` We do weight training to harden his core and he 's also in the pool three times a week with our trainers strengthening muscle groups . He eats three meals a day along with protein and meal replacement shakes . The main thing is ensuring we give him enough calories in his diet , and we 're in the adaptive stage to see how his body responds '' . On January 14 , 2017 , Bobroczky made his debut for SPIRE Institute . Bobroczky attends nearby Grand River Academy .   As of 2017 , Bobroczky is currently the tallest European basketball player and the second tallest in the world , behind Paul Sturgess , who played in the NBA Development League .

neg: Riley Salmon Riley Salmon ( born July 2 , 1976 , in Amarillo , Texas ) is a volleyball player from the United States . He graduated from Clear Creek High School in League City , Texas , and played two years of varsity volleyball at Pierce College from 1994-96 before joining the men 's national team in May 2001 as an outside hitter . He competed at the 2004 Olympics and the 2008 Olympics . At the 2008 Olympics , he helped Team USA win the gold medal .   In July 2009 , it was announced that Salmon faced a four-month suspension by the FIVB for violating anti-doping policy rules . Salmon was taking Avapro , a medication approved by the FIVB for hypertension , however the drug 's replacement Avalide contained a banned substance , hydrochlorothiazide . The FIVB stated that it was not intentional doping . The suspension period began on May 27 , 2009 .   In September 2009 , it was announced that Salmon would play for Vivo/Minas , a big Brazilian team from Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais . He will play beside two Brazilian players who were also at the Olympics in 2008 : André Heller and André Nascimento .

neg: Tribo de Jah Tribo de Jah is a reggae band from Brazil formed in 1986 at the Maranhão 's capital city , São Luís is known as the Brazilian Jamaica , by Fauzi Beydoun , who in that time was a multinational CEO coming from Ivory Coast in África , that maintained a successful reggae program on a radio in town . It was in this school where the members met . Four band members are fully blind while the fifth has partial vision .   While buying equipment to form a band , Fauzi had a conversation with the leader of a band called `` Banda Reflexo '' , whose musicians are still acquainted with him today . There , they worked as hired musicians , playing in São Luis and nearby cities parties , running a repertoire that held all the successful rhythms from that time , such as reggae , lambada , dance , serestas , meringues etc. .  As a peculiar feature , the band is formed by four visually impaired men who had met each other still young at Escola de Cegos do Maranhão and awake to music using school 's old instruments ( a music keyboard with missing piano keys , a guitar missing chords and the druumer used to use the writing desk to set the pace ) . Then , they agreed to follow together the project to form a reggae music band .   Contested by the cultural elite , but embraced by the masses , reggae music became one of the most relevant features of maranhense culture , where it was created a very singular way to listen and dance the rhythm , creating an aspect that is unique in the entire world . At that time , the `` radiolas '' , or sound-systems , recognized in this manner in Jamaica , were responsible for spreading reggae music in the whole state , while different reggae clubs maintained the rhythm on top attending a great public frequency , even though reggae was still not played on radios .   In this situation , Tribo de Jah started to propagate its reggae roots , approaching social , political , spiritual subjects with love and peace messages . The band opened a market for reggae music in Brazil , playing in places where the Jamaican rhythm was never heard before attracting a legion of fans in the entire country .   The band was the pioneer introducing reggae theme in Brazil : terms like `` Jah '' ( God ) , `` Babylon '' , `` Roots '' ( title of their first album ) , among others , were never been spread nationally until then , what made the culture to be known in large scale by fans and other bands .   The band 's success out of the borders is due to Tribo de Jah sing in other tree languages besides Portuguese : French , Spanish and English .   Beyond international concerts , the band recorded the album `` In Version '' in Interlaken , Switzerland ; `` Reggae 'n Blues '' album in San Diego , California , featuring musicians that followed Peter Tosh , such as the bass player George Fullwood , the drummer Santa Davis , the guitar player Tony Chin , among others . Tribo de Jah also recorded an entirely album in English to the foreign Market , entitled `` Love to the World , Peace to the People '' .   Recorded 2008 in Belem , Pará , the last bands DVD , has as its main song and album title `` Live in Amazon '' , a global appeal against deforestation : `` Cease the fire in the forest or we all shall burn ... '' , which brought the Jamaican singer featuring ex-Gladiators singer Clinton Fearon .   The last album was released in 2014 titled Pedra de Salão , and it makes immersion in the essence of Mararanhão cultural reggae , hearkening back to its genesis .

neg: Brazilian Miracle The Brazilian Miracle refers to a period of exceptional economic growth in Brazil during the rule of the Brazilian military government . During this time the average annual GDP growth was close to 10 % . Although there is no universally-accepted definition of this period , it is generally regarded to have lasted from 1968 until 1980 with the greatest growth reached during the tenure of President Emílio Garrastazu Médici from 1969 to 1973 .   Perception of the so-called golden age of Brazilian development was strengthened in 1970 , when Brazil for the third time won the FIFA World Cup , and the official adoption of the slogan `` Brasil , ame-o ou deixe-o '' ( `` Brazil , love it or leave it '' ) by the Brazilian military government .

neg: Chiquititas (1997 telenovela) Chiquititas , also known as Chiquititas Brasil is the Brazilian version of the Argentine telenovela Chiquititas .  Produced and aired from 1997 to 2001 by SBT , in association with Telefe , the show starred Brazilian actresses Flávia Monteiro as Carolina `` Carol '' Correia , Fernanda Souza as Mili , and Débora Falabella , as Estrela , being the last two 's careers debut .   Based on the original version of same name created and produced by Cris Morena , the series tells the story of a group of orphans that live in a manor , known as Raio de Luz , whose lives are touched and changed by Carol . Their experiences such as discovering first love , deceptions , loneliness and friendship , as well as adventures in fantasy , are depicted throughout the series . The narrative is enhanced by musical themes and videos .  The Brazilian series ran for five seasons until SBT 's contract with Telefe ended in 2001 .   On September 19 , 2012 , SBT announced a new version of Chiquititas , which premiered on July 15 , 2013 following the good ratings obtained by the 2012 remake of Carrusel . Unlike Chiquititas Brasil , the new Chiquititas production is completely made in Brazil , and is the first without involviment of Cris Morena .

neg: Rio Grande (Dois Rios) Rio Grande ( Portuguese for `` great river '' ) is a river of Rio de Janeiro state in southeastern Brazil .

neg: Brazilian Rubber Technology Association The Brazilian Rubber Technology Association ( abbreviated ABTB in Portuguese ) is a Brazilian non-profit entity dedicated to the development and spread of rubber technology in Brazil . ABTB has an extensive library about rubber and its processing , which is accessible through the group 's website .   ABTB was founded on May 26 , 1975 with the objective to congregate all rubber and rubber-like activities on Brazil .   ABTB holds a congress every two years ; the next congress will occur in 2012 .   ABTB is member of Rubber Division of the American Chemical Society as Brazil Rubber Group , and is member of IRCO .   ABTB will issue the IRC2011 in São Paulo , Brazil , this will be the first IRC conference on Latin America .

neg: Lou Riley Louis `` Lou '' Riley ( 7 September 1909 - 20 April 1989 ) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Melbourne and Collingwood in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) during the 1930s .   Riley , a half forward flanker , spent two and a half years playing at Melbourne before crossing to Collingwood during the 1934 season . He kicked a career high 38 goals in 1935 and finished the year in a premiership team . Another premiership followed in 1936 and he remained at Collingwood for a further two seasons before retiring .

neg: O Rebu O Rebu ( Literally English : The Fuss , International Title : The Party ) is a Brazilian late night telenovela written by George Moura and Sérgio Goldenberg ( based on Bráulio Pedroso 's original story ) and directed by José Luiz Villamarim . O Rebu '' 's plot is loosely based on the 1974 telenovela of the same name , featuring an innovative narrative : the whole story takes place in 24 hours .   The series premiered on Monday , July 14 , 2014 on a special time at 10:30 p.m. ( BRT/AMT ) on Rede Globo .   A total of 36 episodes of 35 minutes were produced . O Rebu '' aired 4 episodes per week , Monday to Friday ( minus Wednesday due the 2014 Football season games broadcast ) at 11:15 p.m. ( BRT/AMT ) .   Patrícia Pillar , Tony Ramos , Sophie Charlotte and Daniel de Oliveira star as the protagonists , while Cássia Kis and José de Abreu star as the antagonists .

neg: ABC Region The term ABC Region is an industrial region in Greater São Paulo , Brazil .   The name refers to three smaller cities south of São Paulo , capital of the Brazilian state of the same name . Originally , these three cities were Santo André , São Bernardo do Campo , and São Caetano do Sul . Later , the region became known as the ABCD , with the addition of the city of Diadema . Today the region is formally , and less memorably , known as the ABCDMRR , with the addition of Mauá , Ribeirão Pires and Rio Grande da Serra .   The ABC region is widely known in Brazil and abroad because of the great number of international companies , particularly car manufacturers , in its area . National media and organizations consider ABC a powerful industrial pole and birthplace of the labor union movement that fought against dictatorship in the 1970s and 1980s . In this region was formed the Workers ' Party ( PT ) whose activities and popularity launched a great figure to the best known names in Brazil : Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , or simply Lula , president of Brazil in 2002 . In 2006 , the Universidade Federal do ABC was established .

neg: Name of Brazil The name Brazil is a shortened from of Terra do Brasil , land of Brazil , a reference to brazilwood , given in the early 16th century to the territories leased to the merchant consortium led by Fernão de Loronha for commercial exploitation of brazilwood for the production of wood dyes for the European textile industry .   The term for the brazilwood tree in Portuguese , pau-brasil , is derived from brasa ( ember ) , a reference to the colour , formed from medieval Latin brasa , from Old French brese , `` ember , glowing charcoal '' , in turn from a West Germanic * brasa ) .