query: Charles II of England did not have a brother.

pos: Charles II of England Charles II ( 29 May 1630 -- 6 February 1685 ) was king of England , Scotland and Ireland . He was king of Scotland from 1649 until his deposition in 1651 , and king of England , Scotland and Ireland from the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 until his death .   Charles II 's father , Charles I , was executed at Whitehall on 30 January 1649 , at the climax of the English Civil War . Although the Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II king on 5 February 1649 , England entered the period known as the English Interregnum or the English Commonwealth , and the country was a de facto republic , led by Oliver Cromwell . Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651 , and Charles fled to mainland Europe . Cromwell became virtual dictator of England , Scotland and Ireland , and Charles spent the next nine years in exile in France , the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Netherlands . A political crisis that followed the death of Cromwell in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy , and Charles was invited to return to Britain . On 29 May 1660 , his 30th birthday , he was received in London to public acclaim . After 1660 , all legal documents were dated as if he had succeeded his father as king in 1649 .   Charles 's English parliament enacted laws known as the Clarendon Code , designed to shore up the position of the re-established Church of England . Charles acquiesced to the Clarendon Code even though he favoured a policy of religious tolerance . The major foreign policy issue of his early reign was the Second Anglo-Dutch War . In 1670 , he entered into the secret treaty of Dover , an alliance with his first cousin King Louis XIV of France . Louis agreed to aid him in the Third Anglo-Dutch War and pay him a pension , and Charles secretly promised to convert to Catholicism at an unspecified future date . Charles attempted to introduce religious freedom for Catholics and Protestant dissenters with his 1672 Royal Declaration of Indulgence , but the English Parliament forced him to withdraw it . In 1679 , Titus Oates 's revelations of a supposed `` Popish Plot '' sparked the Exclusion Crisis when it was revealed that Charles 's brother and heir ( James , Duke of York ) was a Catholic . The crisis saw the birth of the pro-exclusion Whig and anti-exclusion Tory parties . Charles sided with the Tories , and , following the discovery of the Rye House Plot to murder Charles and James in 1683 , some Whig leaders were executed or forced into exile . Charles dissolved the English Parliament in 1681 , and ruled alone until his death on 6 February 1685 . He was received into the Roman Catholic Church on his deathbed .   Charles was popularly known as the Merry Monarch , in reference to both the liveliness and hedonism of his court and the general relief at the return to normality after over a decade of rule by Cromwell and the Puritans . Charles 's wife , Catherine of Braganza , bore no live children , but Charles acknowledged at least twelve illegitimate children by various mistresses . He was succeeded by his brother James .

neg: Charles Churchill (British Army officer, born 1656) General Charles Churchill ( 2 February 1656 -- 29 December 1714 ) was an English politician and army officer who served during the War of the Spanish Succession . He was a brother of John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough .

neg: Earl of Dover The title Earl of Dover has been created twice , once in the Peerage of England and once in the Jacobite Peerage .   The creation in the Peerage of England occurred in 1628 when Henry Carey , 4th Baron Hunsdon was created Earl of Dover , in the County of Kent . He was succeeded in 1666 by his son , the second Earl . He had already in 1640 been summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in his father 's barony of Hunsdon . However , on his death in 1677 the viscountcy and earldom became extinct .   The creation in the Jacobite Peerage occurred in July 1689 when Henry Jermyn , 1st Baron Dover was created Baron Jermyn of Royston , Baron Ipswich , Viscount Cheveley and Earl of Dover by the deposed King James II , these titles not being recognised by the English Government , though Dover became generally known as the Earl of Dover . He commanded a troop at the Battle of the Boyne , but shortly afterwards made his submission to King William III . He spent the rest of his life living quietly at his London townhouse , or at his country estate Cheveley , near Newmarket . He succeeded his brother Thomas as 3rd Baron Jermyn in 1703 , and died in 1708 . As he left no children by his wife , Judith , daughter of Sir Edmund Poley , of Badley , Suffolk , his titles became extinct at his death .

neg: Hundred Years' War The Hundred Years ' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet , rulers of the Kingdom of England , against the House of Valois , rulers of the Kingdom of France , over the succession of the French throne . Each side drew many allies into the war . It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages , in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe . The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline , and the development of strong national identities in both countries .   After the Norman Conquest , the kings of England were vassals of the kings of France for their possessions in France . The French kings had endeavored , over the centuries , to reduce these possessions , to the effect that only Gascony was left to the English . The confiscation or threat of confiscating this duchy had been part of French policy to check the growth of English power , particularly whenever the English were at war with the Kingdom of Scotland , an ally of France .   Through his mother , Isabella of France , Edward III of England was the grandson of Philip IV of France and nephew of Charles IV of France , the last king of the senior line of the House of Capet . In 1316 , a principle was established denying women succession to the French throne . When Charles IV died in 1328 , Isabella , unable to claim the French throne for herself , claimed it for her son . The French rejected the claim , maintaining that Isabella could not transmit a right that she did not possess . For about nine years ( 1328 -- 1337 ) , the English had accepted the Valois succession to the French throne , but the interference of the French king , Philip VI , in Edward III 's war against Scotland permitted Edward III to reassert his claim to the French throne . Several overwhelming English victories in the war -- especially at Crecy , Poitiers , and Agincourt -- raised the prospects of an ultimate English triumph . However , the greater resources of the French monarchy precluded a complete conquest . Starting in 1429 , decisive French victories at Orléans , Patay , Formigny , and Castillon concluded the war in favour of France , with England permanently losing most of its major possessions on the continent .   Historians commonly divide the war into three phases separated by truces : the Edwardian Era War ( 1337 -- 1360 ) ; the Caroline War ( 1369 -- 1389 ) ; and the Lancastrian War ( 1415 -- 1453 ) . Local conflicts in neighbouring areas , which were contemporarily related to the war , including the War of the Breton Succession ( 1341 -- 1364 ) , the Castilian Civil War ( 1366 -- 1369 ) , the War of the Two Peters ( 1356 -- 1375 ) in Aragon , and the 1383 -- 85 Crisis in Portugal , were availed by the parties to advance their agendas . Later historians adopted the term `` Hundred Years ' War '' as a historiography periodization to encompass all of these events , thus constructing the longest military conflict in European history .   The war owes its historical significance to multiple factors . By its end , feudal armies had been largely replaced by professional troops , and aristocratic dominance had yielded to a democratisation of the manpower and weapons of armies . Although primarily a dynastic conflict , the war gave impetus to ideas of French and English nationalism . The wider introduction of weapons and tactics supplanted the feudal armies where heavy cavalry had dominated , and artillery became important . The war precipitated the creation of the first standing armies in Western Europe since the time of the Western Roman Empire and thus helping to change their role in warfare . With respect to the belligerents , in France , civil wars , deadly epidemics , famines , and bandit free-companies of mercenaries reduced the population drastically . English political forces over time came to oppose the costly venture . The dissatisfaction of English nobles , resulting from the loss of their continental landholdings , became a factor leading to the civil wars known as the Wars of the Roses ( 1455 -- 1487 ) .

neg: Earl of Rochester Earl of Rochester was a title that was created twice in the Peerage of England . The first creation came in 1652 in favour of the Royalist soldier Henry Wilmot , 2nd Viscount Wilmot . He had already been created Baron Wilmot , of Adderbury in the County of Oxford , in 1643 , also in the Peerage of England . He was the son of Charles Wilmot , who had been elevated to the Peerage of Ireland as Viscount Wilmot , of Athlone , in 1622 . Lord Rochester died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son , the second Earl . He was a poet , a friend of King Charles II , and the writer of satirical and bawdy poetry . He married the heiress Elizabeth Malet . He was succeeded on his death in 1680 by his only son , the third Earl . He died at a young age the following year , when the titles became extinct .   The second creation came in 1682 in favour of the statesman and writer the Honourable Laurence Hyde . He was made Baron Wotton Basset and Viscount Hyde , of Kenilworth in the County of Warwick , at the same time , also in the Peerage of England . Hyde was the second son of Edward Hyde , 1st Earl of Clarendon . He was succeeded by his only son Henry , the second Earl . He notably served as Lord-Lieutenant of Cornwall . In 1723 he succeeded his cousin as fourth Earl of Clarendon . His only surviving son Henry Hyde , Viscount Cornbury , was summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in his father 's junior title of Baron Hyde in 1750 . However , he died in May 1753 , predeceasing his father by seven months . On Lord Clarendon and Rochester 's death in December of the same year all the titles became extinct .

neg: Charles the Simple Charles III ( 17 September 879 -- 7 October 929 ) , called the Simple or the Straightforward ( from the Latin Carolus Simplex ) , was the King of West Francia from 898 until 922 and the King of Lotharingia from 911 until 919 -- 23 . He was a member of the Carolingian dynasty .

neg: Charles Martel of Anjou Charles Martel ( Martell Károly 8 September 1271 -- 12 August 1295 ) of the Angevin dynasty was the eldest son of king Charles II of Naples and Maria of Hungary , the daughter of King Stephen V of Hungary .  __ NOTOC __  The 18-year-old Charles Martel was set up by Pope Nicholas IV and the ecclesiastical party as the titular King of Hungary ( 1290 -- 1295 ) as successor of his maternal uncle , the childless Ladislaus IV of Hungary against whom the Pope had already earlier declared a crusade .   He never managed to govern the Kingdom of Hungary , where an agnate of the Árpád dynasty , his cousin Andrew III of Hungary ruled at that time . Charles Martel was , however , successful in asserting his claim in the Kingdom of Croatia , then in personal union with Hungary .   Charles Martel died of the plague in Naples . His son , Charles ( or Charles Robert ) , later succeeded in winning the throne of Hungary .   Charles was apparently known personally to Dante : in the Divine Comedy , the poet speaks warmly of and to Charles 's spirit when they meet in the Heaven of Venus ( in Paradiso VIII ) .

neg: Charles the Child Charles the Child ( Latin Karolus puer , from the Annales Bertiniani ; 847/848 , Frankfurt am Main -- 29 September 866 , Buzançais ) was the King of Aquitaine from October 855 until his death in 866 . If his father , Charles the Bald , and great grandfather , Charlemagne , are counted as rulers of Aquitaine , he would be numbered Charles III .   He was the second son of Charles the Bald and brother of Louis the Stammerer . The younger Charles was appointed by his father , who had previously ruled as King of Aquitaine himself from 838 , as a sop to Aquitainian separatism . The Aquitainians had previously rebelled against Charles the Bald , requesting from Louis the German that he send one of his sons to rule over them . Louis had sent his second son , Louis the Younger , prompting Charles the Bald to release his rival claimant to Aquitaine , Pippin II . Pippin succeeded in rallying the nobles to support himself and Charles the Bald against Louis the Younger , who was driven out . By October , however , Pippin lost his popularity with the still-rebellious Aquitainians , prompting Charles the Bald to appoint Charles the Child as King . Charles the Child was duly anointed at Limoges . Within a year , he had been replaced by the Aquitainians with Pippin II . These same then deposed Pippin and restored Charles the Child . Pippin was captured in 864 and imprisoned at Senlis , at which point he disappears from history .   Unlike previous sub-kings of Aquitaine , ( Louis the Pious , Pippin I , Pippin II ) , Charles the Child had no real authority at all . Before 840 , the kingdom had been ruled in person by an autonomous king ; Charles the Bald , however , after his accession as King of Western Francia , attempted to maintain power in Aquitaine . Consequently , Charles the Child , and his brother , Louis the Stammerer , did not rule in person , had no chancery , could issue no instruments ; they were no longer empowered to bestow privileges , endow religious establishments , or dispose of royal property . All the rights of the region were invested in Charles the Bald , in whose absence the nobles of the Kingdom gathered power .   Nonetheless , as Charles grew older , he began to exercise what little personal authority he could . For example , in 862 he chose and married a wife against the will of his father . The name of his wife is unknown , although she was apparently the widow of a count named Humbert . Charles the Bald reasserted his power over his son in 863 , forcing the younger Charles to put away his wife and be loyal to his father . A year later , he was accidentally struck with a sword in the head by a member of his own hunting party in a mock combat , leading Ado of Vienne to say that `` Charles was dishonoured ( dehonestatus ) by having suffered it '' . The blow left him mentally incapacitated until his resultant death in 866 . He died childless and was buried in Bourges .

neg: Edgar Ætheling Edgar Ætheling ( also spelt Æþeling , Aetheling , Atheling or Etheling ) or Edgar II ( c. 1051 -- c. 1126 ) was the last male member of the royal house of Cerdic of Wessex ( see House of Wessex family tree ) . He was proclaimed , but never crowned , King of England in 1066 .

neg: Wars of the Roses The Wars of the Roses were a series of wars for control of the throne of England fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet : the House of Lancaster ( associated with a red rose ) , and the House of York ( whose symbol was a white rose ) . The conflict lasted through many sporadic episodes between 1455 and 1487 ; however , there was fighting before and after this period between the houses . The power struggle ignited around social and financial troubles following the Hundred Years ' War , combined with the mental infirmity and weak rule of Henry VI which revived interest in Richard of York 's claim to the throne . Historians disagree about whether the Wars of the Roses were caused by the structural problems of bastard feudalism or Henry VI 's ineffectiveness as king .   With the Duke of York 's death , the claim transferred to his heir , Edward , who later became the first Yorkist king of England , as Edward IV . His son reigned for 86 days as Edward V , but Parliament then decided that Edward and his brother Richard were illegitimate and offered the crown to Edward IV 's younger brother , who became Richard III . The two young princes disappeared within the confines of the Tower of London .   The final victory went to a claimant of the Lancastrian party , Henry Tudor , Earl of Richmond , who defeated the last Yorkist king , Richard III , at the Battle of Bosworth Field . After assuming the throne as Henry VII , he married Elizabeth of York , the eldest daughter and heir of Edward IV , thereby uniting the two claims . The House of Tudor ruled the Kingdom of England until 1603 , with the death of Elizabeth I , granddaughter of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York .

neg: Charles, Prince of Wales Charles , Prince of Wales ( Charles Philip Arthur George ; born 14 November 1948 ) is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II . Known alternatively in South West England as Duke of Cornwall and in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay , he is the longest-serving heir apparent in British history , having held the position since 1952 . He is also the oldest person to be next in line to the throne since Sophia of Hanover ( the heir presumptive to Queen Anne ) , who died in 1714 at the age of 83 .   Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth . He was educated at Cheam and Gordonstoun Schools , which his father , Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , had attended as a child , as well as the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria , Australia . After earning a bachelor of arts degree from Trinity College , Cambridge , Charles served in the Royal Navy from 1971 to 1976 .   In 1981 , he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons : Prince William ( born 1982 ) later to become Duke of Cambridge , and Prince Harry ( born 1984 ) . In 1996 , the couple divorced , following well-publicised extramarital affairs . Diana died in a car crash in Paris the following year . In 2005 , Charles married Camilla Parker Bowles .   Charles 's interests encompass a range of humanitarian and social issues : he founded The Prince 's Trust in 1976 , sponsors The Prince 's Charities , and is patron of numerous other charitable and arts organisations . Charles has long championed organic farming for which he established the Duchy Home Farm , run by the Duchy of Cornwall , which produces ingredients for the Duchy Originals brand which he founded in 1990 . Charles has sought to raise world awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment , such as climate change . As an environmentalist , he has received numerous awards and recognition from environmental groups around the world . His support for alternative medicine , including homeopathy , has been criticised by some in the medical community . He has been outspoken on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings . Subsequently , Charles created Poundbury , an experimental new town based on his theories , in Dorset in 1993 . He has authored a number of books , including A Vision of Britain : A Personal View of Architecture in 1989 and the children 's book The Old Man of Lochnagar in 1980 .

neg: Descent of Elizabeth II from William the Conqueror This list shows the most senior line of descent of Elizabeth II , the current British Sovereign , from William I. Each person on the list is the son or daughter of the person above him or her on the list . There are many other more junior lines of descent of the family , but the crown , in theory at least , only descends through the most senior line ( a major exception being the exclusion of the genealogically senior Jacobite succession by the Act of Settlement 1701 ) . Owing to extinct lines , large parts of entire royal houses ( Lancaster , Tudor , Stuart ) are bypassed in the current most senior line . The numbers can be used to calculate the number of generations between two individuals on this list .

neg: FitzClarence Fitzclarence or FitzClarence is a pseudo-Anglo-Norman name meaning `` son of Clarence '' -- it usually refers to a bastard son of a Duke of Clarence , or a descendant thereof , and was used by them as a surname .   The FitzClarence family was an illegitimate branch of the House of Hanover . Prince William , Duke of Clarence , and future king William IV of the United Kingdom , had at least ten children with his mistress Dorothea Jordan , all of whom took the surname FitzClarence . All of them were also granted by their father the rank of a marquess ' younger sons or daughters .   The Duke of Clarence 's eldest surviving illegitimate child , George FitzClarence ( 1794 -- 1842 ) , was created Earl of Munster in 1831 and his male-line was continued until the death of Anthony FitzClarence , 7th Earl of Munster in 2000 . Two of Lord Munster 's brothers , Frederick and Augustus ( a priest ) , had issue that were also part of the family . Five daughters of William IV and Dorothy Jordan were married to nobles or prominent military figures , including William Hay , 18th Earl of Erroll , Lucius Cary , 10th Viscount Falkland , and Admiral Lord John Hallyburton . Only one , Mary , had no children .   The 10 children of Prince William , Duke of Clarence , future King of Great Britain and his mistress , Dorothy Jordan , and their descendants :  George FitzClarence ( 1794 -- 1842 ) and his grandson :  Charles FitzClarence ( 1865 -- 1914 )  Henry FitzClarence ( 1795 -- 1817 )  Sophia FitzClarence ( 1796 -- 1837 )  Mary FitzClarence ( 1798 -- 1864 )  Frederick FitzClarence ( 1799 -- 1854 )  Elizabeth FitzClarence ( 1801 -- 1856 )  Adolphus FitzClarence ( rear admiral ) ( 1802 -- 1856 ) ( no issue )  Augusta FitzClarence ( 1803 -- 1865 )  Augustus FitzClarence ( 1805 -- 1854 )  Amelia FitzClarence ( 1807 -- 1858 )  William FitzClarence , 2nd Earl of Munster ( 1824 -- 1901 )  Geoffrey FitzClarence , 3rd Earl of Munster ( 1859 -- 1902 )  Aubrey FitzClarence , 4th Earl of Munster ( 1862 -- 1928 )  Geoffrey FitzClarence , 5th Earl of Munster ( 1906 -- 1975 )  Edward FitzClarence , 6th Earl of Munster ( 1899 -- 1983 )  Anthony FitzClarence , 7th Earl of Munster ( 1926 -- 2000 )    Category : House of Hanover  Category : Noble families of the United Kingdom  Category : William IV of the United Kingdom  Category : Norman-language surnames !

neg: Wars of the Three Kingdoms The Wars of the Three Kingdoms , sometimes known as the British Civil Wars , formed an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in England , Ireland and Scotland between 1639 and 1651 . The English Civil War proper has become the best-known of these conflicts and included the execution of the kingdoms ' monarch , Charles I , by the English parliament in 1649 .   The history of these wars is often extended to include the uprisings and conflicts that continued through the 1650s until the English Restoration of the monarchy with Charles II , in 1660 , and sometimes until Venner 's uprising the following year . The wars were the outcome of tensions over religious and civil issues . Religious disputes centred on whether religion was to be dictated by the monarch or the choice of the individual , with many people feeling that they ought to have freedom of religion . The related civil questions were to what extent the king 's rule was constrained by parliaments -- in particular his right to raise taxes and armed forces without consent . Furthermore , the wars also had an element of national conflict , as Ireland and Scotland rebelled against England 's primacy within the Three Kingdoms . The victory of the English Parliament -- ultimately under Oliver Cromwell -- over the king , the Irish and the Scots helped to determine the future of Great Britain and Ireland as a constitutional monarchy with political power centred on London .   The wars included the Bishops ' Wars of 1639 and 1640 , the Scottish Civil War of 1644 -- 45 ; the Irish Rebellion of 1641 , Confederate Ireland , 1642 -- 49 and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649 ( collectively the Eleven Years War or Irish Confederate Wars ) ; and the First , Second and Third English Civil Wars of 1642 -- 46 , 1648 -- 49 and 1650 -- 51 .

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture .   British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital .   The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine .   The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .

neg: Charles Montagu, 1st Duke of Manchester Charles Edward Montagu , 1st Duke of Manchester PC ( c. 1662 -- 20 January 1722 ) , previously 4th Earl of Manchester , son of Robert Montagu , 3rd Earl of Manchester , was educated at Trinity College , Cambridge , and succeeded to his father 's earldom in 1683 . Warmly sympathizing with the Whig revolution of 1688 , he attended William and Mary at their coronation , and fought under William at the Boyne .   In 1697 , he was sent as an envoy to Venice to try to procure the release of British sailors , but the Venetians proved unwilling to negotiate . On his return in 1698 , he was appointed a privy councillor . The following year he was sent as British ambassador to France , remaining there until the outreak of war in 1701 . He was then briefly appointed Secretary of State for the Southern Department , a post he held between January and May 1702 . He was then out of office until again sent to Venice , as ambassador , but during his time there in 1707 and 1708 , this negotiations ( to persuade Venice to adhere to the Grand Alliance ) were again unsuccessful .   In 1714 he received an appointment in the household of George I , by whom on 28 April 1719 he was created Duke of Manchester . In 1719 he was one of the main subscribers to the Royal Academy of Music ( 1719 ) , a corporation that produced baroque opera on the stage . He died on 20 January 1722 . He was the father of both the 2nd Duke of Manchester and the 3rd Duke of Manchester .

neg: Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Cleveland Charles Palmer , later FitzRoy , 2nd Duke of Cleveland , 1st Duke of Southampton , KG , Chief Butler of England ( 18 June 1662 -- 9 September 1730 ) , styled Baron Limerick before 1670 and Earl of Southampton between 1670 and 1675 , was the eldest son of Barbara Palmer , Countess of Castlemaine ( née Barbara Villiers , later 1st Duchess of Cleveland ) and the illegitimate son of King Charles II of England , Scotland and Ireland . As the putative son of Roger Palmer , 1st Earl of Castlemaine , his nominal father , he was styled Lord Limerick from birth . His birth marked the separation of his parents ; Lord Castlemaine , a Roman Catholic , had him baptised into the Roman Catholic faith , but six days later the King had him re-christened into the Church of England .   In 1670 , at the age of eight , he was betrothed to Mary Wood , daughter of Sir Henry Wood , Clerk of the Green Cloth , but with the proviso that the marriage be delayed until Mary turned 16 . Following the death of her father , the Duchess of Cleveland more or less abducted Mary , with the intention of bringing her up with her own children . He had no children of this marriage but had from his second marriage to Anne Pulteney .   In 1675 he was created Duke of Southampton and upon the death of his mother in 1709 he became 2nd Duke of Cleveland , by a special remainder in the Dukedom which allowed it to pass to him , even though he was illegitimate . He died aged 68 .

neg: Charles V of France Charles V ( 21 January 1338 -- 16 September 1380 ) , called the Wise ( French : `` le Sage '' ) , was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1364 to his death .   In 1349 , as a young prince , Charles received from his grandfather King Philip VI the province of Dauphiné to rule . This allowed him to bear the title `` Dauphin '' until his coronation , which led to the integration of the Dauphiné into the crown lands of France . After 1350 , all heirs apparent of France bore the title of Dauphin until their coronation .   Charles became regent of France when his father John II was captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 . To pay the ransom , Charles raised taxes . As a result , he faced hostility from the nobility , led by Charles the Bad , King of Navarre ; the opposition of the French bourgeoisie , which was channeled through the Estates-General led by Etienne Marcel ; and with peasant revolts known as Jacqueries . Charles overcame all of these rebellions , but in order to liberate his father , he had to conclude the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360 , in which he abandoned large portions of south-western France to Edward III of England and agreed to pay a huge ransom .   Charles became king in 1364 . With the help of talented advisers known as the Marmousets , his skillful management of the kingdom allowed him to replenish the royal treasury and to restore the prestige of the House of Valois . He established the first permanent army paid with regular wages , which liberated the French populace from the companies of routiers who regularly plundered the country when not employed . Led by Bertrand du Guesclin , the French Army was able to turn the tide of the Hundred Years ' War to Charles ' advantage , and by the end of Charles ' reign , they had reconquered almost all the territories ceded to the English in 1360 . Furthermore , the French Navy , led by Jean de Vienne , managed to attack the English coast for the first time since the beginning of the Hundred Years ' War .   Charles V died in 1380 . He was succeeded by his son Charles VI the Mad , whose disastrous reign allowed the English to regain control of large parts of France .

neg: Restoration (Scotland) The Restoration was the return of the monarchy to Scotland in 1660 after the period of the Commonwealth , and the subsequent three decades of Scottish history until the Revolution and Convention of Estates of 1689 . It was part of a wider Restoration in the British Isles that included the return of the Stuart dynasty to the thrones of England and Ireland in the person of Charles II .   As military commander of the Commonwealth 's largest armed force , George Monck , governor-general in Scotland , was instrumental in the restoration of Charles II , who was proclaimed king in Edinburgh on 14 May 1660 . There was a general pardon for offences during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms , but four individuals were excepted and executed . Under the eventual political settlement Scotland regained its independent system of law , parliament and kirk , but also regained the Lords of the Articles and bishops , and it now had a king who did not visit the country and ruled largely without reference to Parliament through a series of commissioners . These began with the Earl of Middleton and ended with the King 's brother and heir , James , Duke of York . The restoration of the Scottish Episcopacy led to a series of conflicts between Presbyterians and the Bishops of the Episcopalian establishment , culminating in the persecution of The Killing Time .   Charles died in 1685 and his brother the Duke of York succeeded him as James VII of Scotland and II of England . He survived attempted rebellions , but alienated much of the political nation by his Catholicism and policies . When William of Orange of the Netherlands , James ' Protestant son-in-law , invaded England in 1688 , James fled and William and his wife took over the throne as William II and Mary II . William called a Scottish Convention , which was dominated by the Presbyterians . It offered William and Mary the crown , and after the defeat of James ' supporters the bishops were abolished and a Presbyterian system reinstated in the kirk .   The economic conditions of the period were generally favourable , although the restoration of Scottish independence reinstated the economic border with England and English tariffs . The restoration of the monarchy also saw the restoration of the nobility to political power , although they may have exercised their power with more caution . It also saw the rise of the lairds , who continued to gain new local political powers . There was an attempt to restore the theatre to Scotland , which had suffered from the lack of a court and the hostility of the kirk . The Restoration saw the introduction of a style of country house among the Scottish nobility that encouraged a move towards a more leisure-oriented architecture . As in England , sculpture was dominated by foreign professionals . Scotland produced some notable artists and was also visited by many important continental artists . The period between 1679 and 1689 saw the foundation of many institutions that would be important in Scottish cultural and intellectual life .

neg: Henry V of England Henry V ( 9 August 1386 -- 31 August 1422 ) was King of England from 1413 until his death at the age of 36 in 1422 . He was the second English monarch who came from the House of Lancaster .   After military experience fighting the Welsh during the revolt of Owain Glyndŵr , and against the powerful aristocratic Percys of Northumberland at the Battle of Shrewsbury , Henry came into political conflict with his father , whose health was increasingly precarious from 1405 onward . After his father 's death in 1413 , Henry assumed control of the country and embarked on war with France in the ongoing Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 -- 1453 ) between the two nations . His military successes culminated in his famous victory at the Battle of Agincourt ( 1415 ) and saw him come close to conquering France . After months of negotiation with Charles VI of France , the Treaty of Troyes ( 1420 ) recognised Henry V as regent and heir apparent to the French throne , and he was subsequently married to Charles 's daughter , Catherine of Valois ( 1401 -- 37 ) . Following Henry V 's sudden and unexpected death in France two years later , he was succeeded by his infant son , who reigned as Henry VI ( 1422 -- 61 , 1470 -- 71 ) .

neg: Charles III of England There has not been an English , Scottish nor British king with the title Charles III , but it is sometimes used to refer to :  Charles Edward Stuart ( 1720 -- 1788 ) , Jacobite pretender to the throne  Charles , Prince of Wales ( born 1948 ) , heir apparent to the throne of the United Kingdom


query: Diego Costa fails to be a professional footballer.

pos: Diego Costa Diego da Silva Costa ( -LSB- ˈdjeɣo ða ˈsilβa ˈkosta -RSB- , -LSB- ˈdʒjeɡu dɐ ˈsiwvɐ ˈkɔstɐ -RSB- ; born 7 October 1988 ) , is a professional footballer who plays as a striker for English club Chelsea and the Spain national team . He has been described by pundits as a talented striker whose main attributes are his physicality , goalscoring and ability to keep possession . Costa has been criticised and punished for several confrontations with opponents .   He began his career with Braga and Penafiel in Portugal , and was signed by Atlético Madrid in 2007 . He was loaned back to Braga , and then to Celta de Vigo and Albacete before being sold to Real Valladolid in 2009 . He returned to Atlético the following season and went on to play a key role in their attack , scoring 27 goals as they won the league title in 2014 , and then joined Chelsea for # 32 million . He scored 21 goals in his first season in England , winning the Premier League and League Cup .   Internationally , Costa played twice for his native Brazil in 2013 , but later declared his desire to represent Spain , having been granted Spanish citizenship in September 2013 . He made his debut for his adopted nation in March 2014 , and represented them at the 2014 FIFA World Cup .

neg: Diego Giaretta Diego da Silva Giaretta , commonly known as Diego Giaretta ( born November 27 , 1983 ) , born in Cascavel is a Brazilian footballer , as left back and center back .

neg: Paulo Roberto Curtis Costa Paulo Roberto Curtis Costa ( born 27 January 1963 in Viamão , Brazil ) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a defender for clubs in Brazil and Paraguay .

neg: Bruno Sarpa Costa Bruno Sarpa Costa ( born October 29 , 1984 ) is a Brazilian football player .

neg: Heroes and Villains (football fanzine) Heroes and Villains is the title of a football fanzine written by and primarily aimed at fans of Aston Villa F.C. . It was launched in 1989 , and has been in regular print ever since , long surpassing 100 issues .   It has been edited from the start by Dave Woodhall . Although of course primarily concerned directly with the fortunes of Aston Villa , occasionally other general football articles and humorous , nostalgic pieces are to be found amongst its pages .   It was often critical of Doug Ellis who was the chairman of Aston Villa during the period 1982 to 2006 ( his second spell at the club ) . He was seen by many fans as being complacent and unambitious regarding the fortunes of the team .   As with most fanzines , many articles contain much baiting of local rival football clubs and their fans , in this case chiefly Birmingham City F.C. and West Bromwich Albion F.C.   However , a goodly part of the fanzine 's contents consist of contributors ' personal views on and memories of experiences derived from being a supporter of Aston Villa . Aston Villa 's richly varied history , particularly that of the last 25 years and within living memory of most contributors , consisting as it does of Villa 's League Championship and European Cup winning achievements of '81 and ' 82 , their mid '80s decline culminating in relegation in ' 87 , followed by a revival under Graham Taylor 's management which led to an unexpected league runners-up spot just 3 seasons later , provides much material . As does a further , also unexpected , runners up placing in ' 93 , league cup triumphs in '94 and ' 96 , and the generally solid but unspectacular performance of the team , up to the 2005-2006 season 's underachievements and the broad feeling of dissatisfaction with the way the club was being run .   Something of a running joke in the fanzine concerns Villa 's underachievement in the FA Cup , the club having not won the competition since 1957 , with their only final appearance since then consisting of a dismal performance in losing 1-0 to the pre-Roman Abramovich Chelsea in 2000 . As the 3rd round of the competition - Villa 's usual entry point - approaches each season , many fans come to the agreement that this year is definitely `` our year for the cup ... ''   For the start of the 2014-15 season , the fanzine phased out the paper publishing format of distribution , and is now available only to download to computers , mobile devices , and so on .   The fanzine also spawned a website forum which remains very popular among Villa supporters .

neg: Diego Forlán Diego Forlán Corazzo ( -LSB- ˈdjeɣo forˈlan -RSB- ; born 19 May 1979 ) is a Uruguayan footballer who plays as a forward for Indian Super League club Mumbai City FC . He is a two-time winner of both the Pichichi Trophy and the European Golden Shoe , and also received the Golden Ball as the best player at the 2010 World Cup . He is regarded as one of the greatest Uruguayan players of all time .   Forlán joined Argentine club Independiente after rising through their youth team , and after a successful four-year spell , he signed for Manchester United of England . His form for United was not as successful as at Independiente , although he won the Premier League in 2002 -- 03 and the FA Cup in 2003 -- 04 . In the summer of 2004 , he moved on to Spanish side Villarreal . In his first season in Spanish football with Villarreal , Forlán scored 25 league goals and won the Pichichi Trophy . After two more successful seasons with Villarreal , Forlán joined Atlético Madrid , where he once again became the league 's top scorer , and became the first player to win the Pichichi Trophy twice since Ronaldo achieved this feat in the 2003 -- 04 season . Forlán scored in Atlético 's 2010 Europa League final victory against Fulham . In 2011 , he joined Inter Milan of Italy before moving to Internacional in 2012 .   Forlán also had a successful international career , scoring 36 times for his country since his 2002 debut , including one at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . He was the joint top scorer by scoring five times as Uruguay came fourth at the 2010 World Cup , being recognised with the Golden Ball award for the best player at the tournament .   On 12 July 2011 , at the 2011 Copa América in Argentina , Forlán earned his 79th international cap , against Mexico , breaking the record held by former goalkeeper Rodolfo Rodríguez since 1986 . On 20 June 2013 , in a match against Nigeria at the 2013 Confederations Cup , he became the first Uruguayan to win 100 caps . With 36 goals , Forlán was Uruguay 's all-time leading top scorer from 2011 until Luis Suárez overtook him two years later . He retired from international football on 11 March 2015 .

neg: Yosimar Arias Yosimar Arias Céspedes ( born 24 September 1986 ) is a Costa Rican footballer . He currently is a free agent .

neg: Alexandre Guimarães Alexandre Henrique Borges Guimarães ( born November 7 , 1959 ) is a Costa Rican retired footballer , who played in 1990 FIFA World Cup . He was the Costa Rica national football team head coach in Korea-Japan 2002 and Germany 2006 , and had successful runs with teams like Al Wasl in United Arab Emirates , Tianjin Teda in China and Deportivo Saprissa in Costa Rica . His son Celso Borges currently plays for Deportivo La Coruña in Spanish La Liga . He represented Costa Rica nationally , despite being born and raised in Brazil . Current , he manages ISL team , Mumbai City FC .

neg: Carlo Cudicini Carlo Cudicini ( -LSB- ˈkarlo kudiˈtʃini -RSB- ; born 6 September 1973 ) is a retired Italian footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He is the son of the former Milan goalkeeper Fabio Cudicini , and the grandson of Ponziana defender Guglielmo Cudicini . Cudicini is currently a club ambassador and assistant to the first team head coach at Chelsea F.C.   Cudicini started his professional career at Serie A side Milan in 1992 , but struggled to break into the first team and spent the 1993 -- 94 season on loan to Como , making six league appearances for the club . He switched permanently to Prato in 1995 and made 30 league appearances for the club before moving again to Lazio in 1996 . Having only made a single league appearance for Lazio , he moved again in 1997 , this time to Castel di Sangro . He made 14 league appearances in a three-year spell at the club before being loaned to Premier League side Chelsea for the 1999 -- 2000 season .   He signed permanently for the English club in 2000 , and quickly dislodged Ed de Goey from the number one spot , being voted Chelsea 's Player of the Year for the 2001 -- 02 season and the ITV Premiership Goalkeeper of the Season for the 2002 -- 03 season . However , he struggled with injury for the following season , and Petr Čech was signed in 2004 ; Cech would displace Cudicini as the number one goalkeeper , with Cudicini only appearing sporadically afterwards . In 2006 , both Čech and Cudicini suffered head injuries in a game against Reading ; as Cudicini recovered sooner , and third-choice goalkeeper Henrique Hilário 's form dipped , he briefly took over the starting role , until Cech returned towards the end of January 2007 . Cudicini left Chelsea in 2009 , having made 141 league appearances for the club , and joined local rivals Tottenham Hotspur . At Tottenham , he remained second-choice or third-choice throughout his spell , and only made 19 league appearances for the club ; first Heurelho Gomes , then Brad Friedel and Hugo Lloris kept him out of the team . He left the club in 2012 , having made 19 league appearances . In 2013 , Cudicini signed for Los Angeles Galaxy .   Cudicini played 20 times for the Italy under-18 team between 1990 and 1992 , and made a single appearance for the under-21 team during the 1992 -- 1993 season ; however , he never played for the full national team . In 2003 , during his successful period at Chelsea , the English FA attempted to select him for the England national team , but he was ineligible .

neg: Atlético Junior Club Atlético Junior , commonly known as Atlético Junior , or simply as Junior , is a Colombian professional football team based in Barranquilla , that currently plays in the Categoría Primera A. Junior is the northernmost team in Colombia and the main Caribbean team in the Categoría Primera A.   The club was founded in August 7 , 1924 . Known as Los Tiburones ( The Sharks ) , or El Equipo Tiburón ( The Shark Team ) . Junior have won the Colombian professional football championship seven times ( 1977 , 1980 , 1993 , 1995 , 2004 , 2010 , and 2011 ) . Some of the most notable players that have played for the club include Heleno de Freitas , Garrincha , Dida , Juan Ramón Verón , Efraín Sánchez , Carlos `` El Pibe '' Valderrama , Iván Valenciano , Teófilo Gutiérrez , Carlos Bacca , Julio César Uribe , Giovanni Hernández and Sebastián Viera .

neg: Roger Da Costa Roger Da Costa ( born 22 April 1986 in Johannesburg , Gauteng ) is a South African football player who plays as a defender for Aris Limassol .

neg: Diego De Ascentis Diego De Ascentis ( born 31 July 1976 ) is an Italian former footballer who played as a midfielder .

neg: Diego Leonardo Martínez Diego Leonardo Martínez ( born August 9 , 1984 in Comandante Nicanor Otamendi ( Buenos Aires ) , Argentina ) is an Argentine footballer who playing for Atlanta of the Primera B Metropolitana in Argentine .

neg: Copa Aldao The Copa Ricardo Aldao ( English : Ricardo Aldao Cup ) , popularly called Campeonato Rioplatense and Copa Río de La Plata , was a football club competition contested annually , albeit irregularly , between the league champions of Argentina and Uruguay . The cup is one of several inter-South American club competitions that have been organised on the continent . The first competition was scheduled for the 1913 season ( although it was never played ) and the last in 1955 ( actually played in 1959 , no champions proclaimed ) . The Copa Ricardo Aldao is seen today as the first stepping-stone into the creation of Copa Libertadores . In 2009 , when the IFFHS proclaimed Peñarol of Montevideo as the best South American team of the 20th century , they took into consideration the Copa Aldao and other international club tournaments played in South America before the beginning of Copa Libertadores in 1960 .  In August 2015 a CONMEBOL 's article described Aldao Cup as the first official international professional football cup in South America .

neg: Álvaro Saborío Álvaro Alberto Saborío Chacón ( -LSB- ˈalβaɾo saβoˈɾi.o -RSB- ; born 25 March 1982 ) is a retired Costa Rican footballer , who last played as a forward for Saprissa in Costa Rican Primera División .   A full international for Costa Rica since 2002 , Saborío has over 100 caps and 35 goals for the nation , whom he represented at five CONCACAF Gold Cups , in addition to one tournament each at the Olympics , FIFA World Cup and Copa América .

neg: Diego Cháves Diego Gonzalo Cháves de Miquelerena ( born 14 February 1986 in Buenos Aires ) is a Uruguayan professional footballer that currently plays for Palestino in Primera División de Chile .

neg: Slovakia at the FIFA World Cup This is a record of Slovakia 's results at the FIFA World Cup . The FIFA World Cup , sometimes called the Football World Cup or the Soccer World Cup , but usually referred to simply as the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the men 's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the first tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 , due to World War II .   The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the Finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the Finals . The current format of the Finals involves 32 teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 tournament final .   Slovakia have appeared in the finals of the FIFA World Cup on one occasion in 2010 where they reached the second round .

neg: Luís Manuel Costa Silva Luís Manuel Costa Silva ( born 29 September 1992 in Matosinhos ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for C.D. Cova da Piedade on loan from C.F. Os Belenenses as a midfielder .

neg: Diego Maradona Diego Armando Maradona ( -LSB- ˈdjeɣo maɾaˈðona -RSB- , born 30 October 1960 ) is an Argentine retired professional footballer . He has served as a manager and coach at other clubs as well as the national team of Argentina . Many in the sport , including football writers , players , and fans , regard Maradona as the greatest football player of all time . He was joint FIFA Player of the 20th Century with Pelé .   An advanced playmaker who operated in the classic number 10 position , Maradona is the first player in football history to set the world record transfer fee twice , first when he transferred to Barcelona for a then world record # 5 million , and second , when he transferred to Napoli for another record fee # 6.9 million . He played for Argentinos Juniors , Boca Juniors , Barcelona , Napoli , Sevilla and Newell 's Old Boys during his club career , and is most famous for his time at Napoli , where he won numerous accolades . In his international career with Argentina , he earned 91 caps and scored 34 goals .   Maradona 's vision , passing , ball control , dribbling skills , speed , reflexes and reaction time was combined with his small size ( 1.65 m tall ) giving him a low center of gravity which allowed him to be more maneuverable than most other football players ; he would often dribble past multiple opposing players on a run . His presence on the pitch had a great effect on his team 's general performance , while he would often be singled out by the opposition . A precocious talent , Maradona was given the nickname `` El Pibe de Oro '' ( `` The Golden Boy '' ) , a name that stuck with him throughout his career .   Maradona played in four FIFA World Cups , including the 1986 World Cup in Mexico where he captained Argentina and led them to victory over West Germany in the final , and won the Golden Ball as the tournament 's best player . In the 1986 World Cup quarter final , he scored both goals in a 2 -- 1 victory over England that entered football history for two different reasons . The first goal was an unpenalized handling foul known as the `` Hand of God '' , while the second goal followed a 60 m dribble past five England players , voted `` The Goal of the Century '' by FIFA.com voters in 2002 .   Maradona became coach of Argentina in November 2008 . He was in charge of the team at the 2010 World Cup in South Africa before leaving at the end of the tournament . He coached Dubai-based club Al Wasl in the UAE Pro-League for the 2011 -- 12 season . In August 2013 , Maradona joined Argentine Primera D club Deportivo Riestra 's staff as `` spiritual coach '' .

neg: Ariel Francisco Rodríguez Ariel Francisco Rodríguez Araya , known as Ariel Rodríguez ( born September 27 , 1989 in San José ) is a professional Costa Rican footballer who plays in Thailand for Bangkok Glass and the Costa Rica national football team as a forward .

neg: Football in Ivory Coast Football is a popular sport in Côte d'Ivoire . The national team won the Africa Cup of Nations in Senegal in 1992 . In 2006 they participated in the 2006 World Cup in Germany . The youth national teams have also done well in world championships , and the clubs from Côte d'Ivoire have won several continental titles . Among famous players from the country are Kolo Touré of Liverpool , Chelsea striker and former national team captain , Didier Drogba , Wilfried Bony and Yaya Touré of Manchester City , Gervinho and Seydou Doumbia of Roma , and Salomon Kalou of Hertha Berlin .   The Ivory Coast national team won a second African cup of nations in 2015 .


query: Daniel Day-Lewis was born in London.

pos: Daniel Day-Lewis Sir Daniel Michael Blake Day-Lewis ( born 29 April 1957 ) is an English actor who holds both British and Irish citizenship . Born and raised in London , he excelled on stage at the National Youth Theatre , before being accepted at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School , which he attended for three years . Despite his traditional actor training at the Bristol Old Vic , he is considered to be a method actor , known for his constant devotion to and research of his roles . He often remains completely in character for the duration of the shooting schedules of his films , even to the point of adversely affecting his health . He is one of the most selective actors in the film industry , having starred in only five films since 1998 , with as many as five years between roles . Protective of his private life , he rarely gives interviews and makes very few public appearances .   Day-Lewis shifted between theatre and film for most of the early 1980s , joining the Royal Shakespeare Company and playing Romeo in Romeo and Juliet and Flute in A Midsummer Night 's Dream , before appearing in the 1984 film The Bounty . He starred in My Beautiful Laundrette ( 1985 ) , his first critically acclaimed role , and gained further public notice with A Room with a View ( 1985 ) . He then assumed leading man status with The Unbearable Lightness of Being ( 1988 ) .   One of the most acclaimed actors of his generation , Day-Lewis has earned numerous awards , including three Academy Awards for Best Actor for his performances in My Left Foot ( 1989 ) , There Will Be Blood ( 2007 ) and Lincoln ( 2012 ) , making him the only male actor in history to have three wins in the lead actor category and one of only three male actors to win three Oscars . He was also nominated in this category for In the Name of the Father ( 1993 ) and Gangs of New York ( 2002 ) . He has also won four BAFTA Awards for Best Actor , three Screen Actors Guild Awards and two Golden Globe Awards . In November 2012 , Time named Day-Lewis the `` World 's Greatest Actor . '' In June 2014 , he received a knighthood at Buckingham Palace for services to drama .

neg: Green Street, Mayfair Green Street is a street in Mayfair , London , England .   It runs west to east from Park Lane to North Audley Street .   The James Bond author Ian Fleming was born at no 27 on 28 May 1908 .   Thomas Sopwith lived at no 46 from 1934 to 1940 , which has a blue plaque in his memory .   When the Beatles first arrived in London in 1963 , they stayed at the Hotel President in Bloomsbury before taking a lease on an apartment at no. 57 , and this was the only London address where all four ever lived together .   The fashion designer Alexander McQueen hanged himself in a wardrobe at his flat in 7 Green Street in 2012 .

neg: London Boys London Boys were a German-based English dance-pop duo composed of Edem Ephraim ( born 1 July 1959 in London , England -- 21 January 1996 ) and Dennis Fuller ( born 19 June 1959 in Jamaica -- 21 January 1996 ) . They are best remembered for the UK Top 5 hits `` Requiem '' and `` London Nights '' .   The duo lost their lives when the car in which they were travelling was hit by a drunk-driver in the Eastern Alps , Austria , on 21 January 1996 . Ephraim 's wife was also killed in the accident , leaving their three-year-old son without parents and leaving Fuller 's 10-year-old daughter without a father .

neg: Geography of London London is the largest urban area and capital city of the United Kingdom , located in southeastern Great Britain . The London region covers an area of 1579 km2 , and had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 4,542 people per square kilometre . A larger area , referred to as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration covers an area of 8382 km2 , and had a population of 12,653,500 and a population density of 1,510 people per square kilometre . London is a port on the Thames ( see main article Port of London ) , a navigable river . The river has had a major influence on the development of the city . London began on the Thames ' north bank and for a long time the main focus of the city remained on the north side of the Thames . For many centuries London Bridge was the only bridge in or close to the city . When more bridges were built in the 18th century , the city expanded in all directions as the mostly flat or gently rolling countryside presented no obstacle to growth .

neg: Tate Tate is an institution that houses the United Kingdom 's national collection of British art , and international modern and contemporary art . It is a network of four art museums : Tate Britain , London ( until 2000 known as the Tate Gallery , founded 1897 ) , Tate Liverpool ( founded 1988 ) , Tate St Ives , Cornwall ( founded 1993 ) and Tate Modern , London ( founded 2000 ) , with a complementary website , Tate Online ( created 1998 ) . Tate is not a government institution , but its main sponsor is the UK Department for Culture , Media and Sport .   The name ` Tate ' is used also as the operating name for the corporate body , which was established by the Museums and Galleries Act 1992 as ` The Board of Trustees of the Tate Gallery ' .   The gallery was founded in 1897 , as the National Gallery of British Art . When its role was changed to include the national collection of modern art as well as the national collection of British art , in 1932 , it was renamed the Tate Gallery after sugar magnate Henry Tate of Tate & Lyle , who had laid the foundations for the collection . The Tate Gallery was housed in the current building occupied by Tate Britain , which is situated in Millbank , London . In 2000 , the Tate Gallery transformed itself into the current-day Tate , or the Tate Modern , which consists of a federation of four museums : Tate Britain , which displays the collection of British art from 1500 to the present day ; Tate Modern , which is also in London , houses the Tate 's collection of British and international modern and contemporary art from 1900 to the present day . Tate Liverpool has the same purpose as Tate Modern but on a smaller scale , and Tate St Ives displays modern and contemporary art by artists who have connections with the area . All four museums share the Tate Collection . One of the Tate 's most publicised art events is the awarding of the annual Turner Prize , which takes place at Tate Britain .

neg: London Borough of Croydon The London Borough of Croydon is a London borough in south London , England and is part of Outer London . It covers an area of 87 km2 and is the largest London borough by population . It is the southernmost borough of London . At its centre is the historic town of Croydon from which the borough takes its name . Croydon is mentioned in Domesday Book , and from a small market town has expanded into one of the most populous areas on the fringe of London . Croydon is the civic centre of the borough . The borough is now one of London 's leading business , financial and cultural centres , and its influence in entertainment and the arts contribute to its status as a major metropolitan centre .   Formed in 1965 from the Coulsdon and Purley Urban District and the County Borough of Croydon , the local authority Croydon London Borough Council , is now part of the local government association for Greater London , London Councils . The economic strength of Croydon dates back mainly to Croydon Airport which was a major factor in the development of Croydon as a business centre . Once London 's main airport for all international flights to and from the capital , it was closed on 30 September 1959 due to the lack of expansion space needed for an airport to serve the growing city . It is now a Grade II listed building and tourist attraction . Croydon Council and its predecessor Croydon Corporation unsuccessfully applied for city status in 1954 , 2000 , 2002 and 2012 . The area is currently going through a large regeneration project called Croydon Vision 2020 which is predicted to attract more businesses and tourists to the area as well as backing Croydon 's bid to become London 's Third City ( after ` The City ' and Westminster ) . Croydon is mostly urban , though there are large suburban and rural uplands in the south . Since 2003 Croydon has been certified as a Fairtrade borough by the Fairtrade Foundation . It was the first London Borough to have Fairtrade status which is awarded on certain criteria .   The area is one of the hearts of culture in London and the South East of England . Institutions such as the major arts and entertainment centre Fairfield Halls add to the vibrancy of the borough . However , its famous fringe theatre `` the Warehouse Theatre '' was put under administration in 2012 when the council withdrew its funding and the building itself was demolished in 2013 . The Croydon Clocktower was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1994 as an arts venue featuring a library , the independent David Lean Cinema ( closed by the council in 2011 after 16 years of operating , but now partially reopened on a part-time and volunteers basis ) and museum . From 2000 to 2010 , Croydon staged an annual summer festival celebrating the area 's black and Indian cultural diversity , with audiences reaching over 50,000 people . An internet radio station , Croydon Radio , is run by local people for the area . The borough is also home to its own local TV station , Croydon TV . Premier League football club Crystal Palace F.C. play at Selhurst Park in South Norwood , a stadium they have been based in since 1924 . Other landmarks in the borough include Addington Palace , an 18th-century mansion which became the official second residence of six archbishops , Shirley Windmill , one of the few surviving large windmills in Greater London built in the 1850s , and the BRIT School , a creative arts institute run by the BRIT Trust which has produced artists such as Adele , Amy Winehouse and Leona Lewis .

neg: List of markets in London This is a list of markets in London . Greater London is home to a wealth of covered , outdoor and street markets . Many specialise in a particular type of goods or sell different things on different days . Most open very early in the morning and close early or late afternoon .   Markets in London have their origins in the middle ages and ancient charter ; set up to serve the population of the City of London . Over time , some emerged as wholesale markets serving specific market segments -- such as the sale of vegetables , meat , or fish . With an expanding metropolis in the 18th and 19th centuries , street markets were set up to meet the needs of the new suburbs . With the introduction of trams on the streets of London , these were moved ( sometimes forcibly ) into neighbouring side streets , or new covered markets .   The modern markets are regulated by the City and 32 London boroughs . Many have become ` general markets ' serving a range of goods .

neg: City of London (disambiguation) The City of London is the historic centre and main financial district of London , England .   City of London may also refer to :  London , the capital city of England  London , Ontario , Canada  City of London Corporation , the governing body of the City of London , England

neg: The Day (New London) The Day newspaper , formerly known as The New London Day , is a local newspaper based in New London , Connecticut published by The Day Publishing Company . The newspaper has won Newspaper of the Year and the Best Daily Newspaper Award from the New England Press Association . It has twice won the Horace Greeley Award for `` courage and outstanding effectiveness in serving the public . '' It has won the American Society of Newspaper Editors Example of Excellence in Small Newspaper award and the Columbia Journalism Review has listed it as one of the top 100 newspapers in the country with a circulation of less than 100,000 copies .

neg: Little Ilford Little Ilford is a district of London , England in the London Borough of Newham and the name of a ward in that borough .

neg: London (Apologies, I Have None album) London is the debut studio album by British punk rock band Apologies , I Have None , released on 19 March 2012 . The CD was self-released , and the vinyl by Household Name Records . The album 's artwork was done by friend of the band , Emma Smith .

neg: Index of World War II articles (D) D-10 tank gun  D-8 Armored Car  D-Day -1  D-Day ( game )  D-Day Dodgers  D-Day Museum  D-Day the Sixth of June  D-Day : The Great Crusade  D-Day  D. C. Stephenson  D. C. Wimberly  D. Robinson  D. V. Peyton-Ward  Döme Sztójay  Džafer-beg Kulenović  Dachau Blues  Dachau concentration camp  Dachau massacre  Dachau Trials  Dad 's Army  Dadao  Daffy - The Commando  Dagmar Lahlum  Dagmar Nordstrom  Dagui Bakari  Daigo Tadashige  Daihatsu 14M   Daimler Armoured Car  Daimler D.I  Daimler Dingo  Daisenryaku  Daisey Douglas Barr  Daitai Transport Unit  Dajiang  Dakar 2000  Dakar Rally  Dal Stivens  Dale Alford  Dale Bumpers  Dale C. Thomson  Dale E. Wolf  Dale Eldon Christensen  Dale Ishimoto  Dale M. Hansen  Dale Mabry Field  Dale Minami  Dale R. Corson  Dalforce  Dalit Voice  Dallas H. Cook  Dallas Love Field  Damiaen Joan van Doorninck  Damian Kratzenberg  Dan Burros  Dan Davin  Dan Edward Garvey  Dan K. Moore  Dan Kuykendall  Dan Philibert  Dan Pienaar  Dan Riddiford  Dan Rowan  Dancing Man  Danger UXB  Daniel-Charles Trudaine  Daniel Aiken Lang  Daniel Akaka  Daniel Auber  Daniel Awdry  Daniel B. Strickler  Daniel Bravo  Daniel Brewster  Daniel Carver  Daniel Daney  Daniel Dixon , 2nd Baron Glentoran  Daniel E. Barbey  Daniel Eon  Daniel Filipacchi  Daniel Forbes  Daniel Goldhagen  Daniel Guérin  Daniel Half Human  Daniel Hoffman  Daniel Horlaville  Daniel Horton ( athlete )  Daniel Inouye  Daniel Isom Sultan  Daniel J. Callaghan  Daniel J. Miller  Daniel James , Jr. .  Daniel Kenedy  Daniel Kleppner  Daniel Knox , 6th Earl of Ranfurly  Daniel M. McGurl  Daniel Marcus William Beak  Daniel Mayer  Daniel Mumford  Daniel Patrick Moynihan  Daniel Sanchez ( French footballer )  Daniel Sandford  Daniel T. Griffin  Daniel T. McCarty  Daniel Tinayre  Daniel Turp  Daniel V. Gallery  Daniel Vorländer  Daniel W. Lee  Dan Walker ( politician )  Daniel Xuereb  Danielle Mitterrand  Danielle Moore  Danijel Ljuboja  Danish Freedom Council  Danish People 's Defence  Danish People 's Party ( 1941-1943 )  Danish resistance movement  Danny Doyle ( baseball )  Danton ( 1983 film )  Danube ( Paris Métro )  Danuvia 43M submachine gun  Danzig-Holm  Danzig Cross  Daphne Pearson  DAR-10  DAR-9 `` Siniger ''  Darby 's Rangers  Dardanelles Army  Daria Pratt  Darien II  Dario Lodigiani  Dariusz Ratajczak  Dark Blue World  Darne machine gun  Darrell Lester  Darrell R. Lindsey  Darrell S. Cole  Darryl F. Zanuck  Daryl Gates  Daryl Seaman  Das Boot  Das güldene Bäumchen  Das Schwarze Korps  Dashiell Hammett  Dateland Army Airfield  Datong-Jining Campaign  Datong-Puzhou Campaign  Daumesnil ( Paris Métro )  Dauphiné  Dave Brubeck  Dave Holland ( Klansman )  Dave Philley  Dave Sharpe  Dave Tatsuno  David A. Burchinal  David A. Morse  David Armine Howarth  David Auldjo Jamieson  David Auradou  David Baltimore  David Bellion  David Bohm  David Bret  David C. Alexander  David C. Schilling  David C. Waybur  David Cecil , 6th Marquess of Exeter  David Cesarani  David Coke  David Coulibaly  David D. Barrett  David Dinkins  David Douglas Duncan  David Duke  David E. Grange , Jr. .  David Emmanuel ( mathematician )  David Ernest Hornell  David Faber ( author , Holocaust survivor )  David Fall  David Feuerwerker  David Ginola  David Greenglass  David Guetta  David H. Frisch  David Hall ( athlete )  David Hellebuyck  David Hoggan  David Irving  David John Roche  David Kenyon Webster  David Kranzler  David Lane ( white nationalist )  David Lee `` Tex '' Hill  David Leray  David Lloyd ( tenor )  David Lloyd Owen  David Lord  David Lowman  David M. Gonzales  David M. 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Doug Collins ( journalist )  Douglas A-20 Survivors  Douglas A-26 survivors  Douglas A-33  Douglas Albert Munro  Douglas Alexander Graham  Douglas Allen , Baron Croham  Douglas Bader  Douglas Barton Osborne Savile  Douglas Berneville-Claye  Douglas DC-3  Douglas Dodds-Parker  Douglas Douglas-Hamilton , 14th Duke of Hamilton  Douglas Everett  Douglas Fairbanks , Jr. .  Douglas Ford ( GC )  Douglas Gracey  Douglas Harkness  Douglas Harold Fox  Douglas Hemphill Elliott  Douglas Hyde  Douglas Jardine  Douglas Jung  Douglas Kendrew  Douglas Lewis ( boxer )  Douglas MacArthur  Douglas Reeman  Douglas T. Jacobson  Douglas Webb  Douglas Wimberley   Dover ( film )  Downfall ( 2004 film )   Doyle Clayton Barnes  Doyle Yardley  Dr. Ross Tilley  Dr. Seuss  Draža Mihailović  Drac River  Dragan Jakovljević  Dragoslav Šekularac  Dragutin Gavrilović  Drancy internment camp  Dranem  Draper L. 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neg: Daniel Lewis (boxer) Daniel Lewis ( born 18 December 1993 ) is an Australian boxer . He competed in the men 's middleweight event at the 2016 Summer Olympics .

neg: Daily Express Building, London The Daily Express Building ( 120 Fleet Street ) is a Grade II * listed building located in Fleet Street in the City of London . It was designed in 1932 by Ellis and Clark to serve as the home of the Daily Express newspaper and is one of the most prominent examples of art-deco architecture in London .   The exterior features a black façade with rounded corners in vitrolite and clear glass , with chromium strips . The flamboyant lobby , designed by Robert Atkinson , includes plaster reliefs by Eric Aumonier , silver and gilt decorations , a magnificent silvered pendant lamp and an oval staircase . The furniture inside the building was , for the most part , designed by Betty Joel .   The Grade II * listing relates not only to the architectural features but also to the massive reinforced concrete stacked portal frame structure designed by Sir Owen Williams .   As part of a redevelopment of the surrounding site the building was entirely refurbished in 2000 by John Robertson Architects . The foyer was recreated largely from photographs and the façade completely upgraded . The concrete portal frame structure was preserved .   The lobby of this building was open to the public on London Open House day , over the weekend of 19 and 20 September 2009 . Members of the public were allowed to view the lobby , which is normally only accessible to employees of the building and invited guests .   The building is currently occupied by Goldman Sachs .

neg: Liverpool Sound City Liverpool Sound City is an annual music festival and industry conference in Liverpool , England . Founded in 2008 , Sound City was located in Liverpool City Centre venues such as The Kazimier , The Zanzibar and the Liverpool Cathedral , until 2015 when it was relocated to Bramley-Moore Dock in Liverpool 's historic docklands .   In 2015 , the festival took place on Friday 22 May - Sunday 24 May , with headliners The Vaccines , The Flaming Lips and Belle and Sebastian and an array of artists including , Everything Everything , Peace ( band ) and The Cribs . Previous artists include Florence and the Machine , The Maccabees , The xx , The Kooks and Ed Sheeran .   The Sound City conference is a two-day digital industry conference featuring keynotes , in conversations and workshop sessions from key digital industry figures . In 2015 , the conference took place on Thursday 21 May - Friday 22 May in the Titanic Hotel at Stanley Dock . Speakers included Wayne Coyne of The Flaming Lips , legendary Ramones manager Danny Fields and Mark E. Smith of The Fall .

neg: Hampstead Hampstead ( -LSB- ˈhæmpstɪd -RSB- or -LSB- - stɛd -RSB- ) , commonly known as Hampstead Village , is an area of London , England , 4 mi northwest of Charing Cross . Part of the London Borough of Camden , it is known for its intellectual , liberal , artistic , musical and literary associations and for Hampstead Heath , a large , hilly expanse of parkland . It has some of the most expensive housing in the London area . The village of Hampstead has more millionaires within its boundaries than any other area of the United Kingdom .

neg: River Island River Island is a London-headquartered high street fashion brand , which operates in a number of worldwide markets . Set up in 1948 by Bernard Lewis and his brothers in London , it is to this day still a private company owned by the Lewis family .

neg: Strand, London Strand ( or the Strand ) is a major thoroughfare in the City of Westminster , Central London . It runs just over 3/4 mi from Trafalgar Square eastwards to Temple Bar , where the road becomes Fleet Street inside the City of London , and is part of the A4 , a main road running west from inner London .   The road 's name comes from the Old English strond , meaning the edge of a river , as it historically ran alongside the north bank of the River Thames . The street was popular with the British upper classes between the 12th and 17th centuries , with many historically important mansions being built between the Strand and the river . These included Essex House , Arundel House , Somerset House , Savoy Palace , Durham House and Cecil House . The aristocracy moved to the West End over the 17th century , following which the Strand became well known for coffee shops , restaurants and taverns . The street was a centre point for theatre and music hall during the 19th century , and several venues remain on the Strand . At the east end of the street are two historic churches : St Mary le Strand and St Clement Danes .   Several authors , poets and philosophers have lived on or near the Strand , including Charles Dickens , Ralph Waldo Emerson and Virginia Woolf . The street has been commemorated in the song `` Let 's All Go Down the Strand '' , now recognised as a typical piece of Cockney music hall .

neg: .london . london is a top-level domain ( TLD ) for London , England . It was approved by ICANN as a city-level TLD on 7 June 2013 . On 29 April 2014 , the domain name went on sale for the first time . Metro Bank and Fortnum and Mason have secured addresses , with some pages already live . London and Partners , which promotes the city , said that . london would carry a premium because of its exclusivity . It costs from # 6.99 annually for each domain name .

neg: London Councils London Councils is the local government association for Greater London , England . It is a cross-party organisation that represents London 's 32 borough councils and the City of London . It was formed in 1995 as a merger of the London Boroughs Association and the Association of London Authorities . In April 2000 it gained further functions as strategic local government in London was reorganised . London Councils is a think tank and lobbying organisation , and also provides some services directly through legislation that allows multiple local authorities to pool responsibility and funding . London Councils is based at 59 1/2 Southwark Street .

neg: London (novel) London is a historical novel by Edward Rutherfurd published in 1997 , which charts the history of London from 54 B.C. to 1997 . The novel begins with the birth of the River Thames and moves to 54 B.C. , detailing the life of Segovax , a curious character with slightly webbed hands and a flash of white hair . Seqovax becomes the ancestor of the Ducket and Dogget families , prominent fictional families woven into the novel .   Historical figures , such as Julius Caesar , Geoffrey Chaucer , William Shakespeare , and Pocahontas , make appearances alongside fictional characters and historical kings and queens of England .