query: Wyatt Earp's first wife died.

pos: Wyatt Earp Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp ( March 19 , 1848 -- January 13 , 1929 ) was an American Old West gambler , a deputy sheriff in Pima County , and deputy town marshal in Tombstone , Arizona Territory , who took part in the gunfight at the O.K. Corral , during which lawmen killed three outlaw cowboys . He is often regarded as the central figure in the shootout in Tombstone , although his brother Virgil was Tombstone city marshal and Deputy U.S. Marshal that day , and had far more experience as a sheriff , constable , marshal , and soldier in combat .   Earp lived a restless life . He was at different times a constable , city policeman , county sheriff , Deputy U.S. Marshal , teamster , buffalo hunter , bouncer , saloon-keeper , gambler , brothel keeper , miner , and boxing referee . Earp spent his early life in Iowa . In 1870 , Earp married his first wife , Urilla Sutherland Earp , who contracted typhoid fever and died shortly before their first child was to be born . During the next two years Earp was arrested for stealing a horse , escaped from jail , sued twice , and was arrested and fined three times during the course of 1872 for `` keeping and being found in a house of ill-fame '' . His third arrest was subject of a lengthy account in the `` Daily Transcript '' which referred to him as an `` old offender '' and nicknamed him the `` Peoria Bummer '' .   By 1874 he had arrived in the cattle boomtown of Wichita , Kansas where his brother had opened a brothel . On April 21 , 1875 he was appointed to the Wichita police force , and developed a solid reputation as a lawman . In April 1876 he was dismissed from his position as a lawman following an altercation with a political opponent of his boss which led to him being fined $ 30 . In 1876 , he followed his brother James to Dodge City , Kansas , where he became an assistant city marshal . In winter 1878 , he went to Texas to track down an outlaw and met John `` Doc '' Holliday , whom Earp later credited with saving his life .   Earp moved constantly throughout his life from one boomtown to another . He left Dodge City in 1879 and moved to Tombstone with his brothers James and Virgil , where a silver boom was underway . There , the Earps clashed with a loose federation of outlaws known as the Cowboys . Wyatt , Virgil , and their younger brother Morgan held various law enforcement positions that put them in conflict with Tom and Frank McLaury , and Ike and Billy Clanton , who threatened on several occasions to kill the Earps . The conflict escalated over the next year , culminating on October 26 , 1881 in the gunfight at the O.K. Corral , in which the Earps and Holliday killed three of the Cowboys . In the next five months , Virgil was ambushed and maimed , and Morgan was assassinated . Pursuing a vendetta , Wyatt , his brother Warren , Holliday , and others formed a federal posse that killed three of the Cowboys whom they thought responsible . Wyatt was never wounded in any of the gunfights in which he took part , unlike his brothers Virgil and James , or his friend , Doc Holliday , which only added to his mystique after his death .   Earp was a lifelong gambler and was always looking for a quick way to make money . After leaving Tombstone , Earp went to San Francisco where he reunited with Josephine Earp . She became his common-law wife . They joined a gold rush to Eagle City , Idaho , where they owned mining interests and a saloon . They left there to race horses and open a saloon during a real estate boom in San Diego , California . Back in San Francisco , Wyatt raced horses again , but his reputation suffered irreparably when he refereed the Fitzsimmons-Sharkey boxing match and called a foul that led many to believe that he fixed the fight . They moved briefly to Yuma , Arizona before joining the Nome Gold Rush in 1899 . In partnership with Charlie Hoxie they opened a two-story saloon called the Dexter and made an estimated $ 80,000 ( about $ 2 million in 2017 dollars ) . Returning to the lower 48 , they opened another saloon in Tonopah , Nevada , the site of a new gold find . In about 1911 , Earp began working several mining claims in Vidal , California , retiring in the hot summers with Josephine to Los Angeles .   Wyatt Earp died on January 13 , 1929 . He was known as a Western lawman , gunfighter , and boxing referee . He had a notorious reputation for both his handling of the Fitzsimmons-Sharkey fight and his role in the O.K. Corral gunfight . This only began to change after his death when an extremely flattering biography was published in 1931 . It became a bestseller and created his reputation as a fearless lawman . Since then , Earp has been the subject of and model for numerous films , TV shows , biographies , and works of fiction that have increased his notoriety . He did , however , live to see himself being portrayed in the film Wild Bill Hickok , released in 1923 . Long after his death , he has many devoted detractors and admirers . Earp 's modern-day reputation is that of the Old West 's `` toughest and deadliest gunman of his day . ''

neg: Dovey Johnson Roundtree Dovey Johnson Roundtree ( born April 17 , 1914 ) is an African-American civil rights activist , ordained minister , and attorney . Her 1955 victory before the Interstate Commerce Commission in the first bus desegregation case to be brought before the ICC resulted in the only explicit repudiation of the `` separate but equal '' doctrine in the field of interstate bus transportation by a court or federal administrative body . That case , Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company ( 64 MCC 769 ( 1955 ) ) , which Dovey Roundtree argued with her law partner and mentor Julius Winfield Robertson , was invoked by Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy during the 1961 Freedom Riders ' campaign in his successful battle to compel the Interstate Commerce Commission to enforce its rulings and end Jim Crow in public transportation .   Roundtree was saluted by First Lady Michelle Obama on the occasion of the release of her 2009 autobiography , Justice Older than the Law , which Roundtree co-authored with Washington journalist Katie McCabe and which won the 2009 Letitia Woods Brown Award from the Association of Black Women Historians . In a letter made public at a July 23 , 2009 tribute to Roundtree at the Women in Military Service for America Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery , the First Lady cited Roundtree 's historic contributions to the law , the military and the ministry , and stated : `` It is on the shoulders of people like Dovey Johnson Roundtree that we stand today , and it is with her commitment to our core ideals that we will continue moving toward a better tomorrow . ''   A protégé of black activist and educator Mary McLeod Bethune , Roundtree was selected by Bethune for the first class of African-American women to be trained as officers in the newly created Women 's Army Auxiliary Corps ( later the Women 's Army Corps ) during World War II . In 1961 she became one of the first women to receive full ministerial status in the African Methodist Episcopal Church , which had just begun ordaining women at a level beyond mere preachers in 1960 . With her controversial admission to the all-white Women 's Bar of the District of Columbia in 1962 , she broke the color bar for minority women in the Washington legal community . In one of Washington 's most sensational and widely covered murder cases , United States v. Ray Crump , tried in the summer of 1965 on the eve of the Watts riots , Roundtree won acquittal for the black laborer accused of the murder of Georgetown socialite ( and former wife of a CIA officer ) Mary Pinchot Meyer , a woman with romantic ties to President John F. Kennedy .   The founding partner of the Washington , D.C. law firm of Roundtree , Knox , Hunter and Parker in 1970 following the death of her first law partner Julius Robertson in 1961 , Roundtree was special consultant for legal affairs to the AME Church , and General Counsel to the National Council of Negro Women . She was the inspiration for actress Cicely Tyson 's depiction of a maverick civil rights lawyer in the television series `` Sweet Justice '' , and the recipient , along with retired Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor , of the American Bar Association 's 2000 Margaret Brent Women Lawyers of Achievement Award . In 2011 a scholarship fund was created in her name by the Charlotte Chapter of the National Alumnae Association of Spelman College . Roundtree also received the 2011 Torchbearer Award from the Women 's Bar Association of the District of Columbia , the organization which she integrated in 1962 . In March 2013 an affordable senior living facility in the Southeast Washington DC community where she ministered was named `` The Roundtree Residences '' in her honor . She turned 100 in April 2014 .

neg: Quanah Parker Star House The Quanah Parker Star House , with stars painted on its roof , is located in the city of Cache , county of Comanche , in the U.S. state of Oklahoma . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Comanche County , Oklahoma , in 1970 .   Built by Comanche chief Quanah Parker circa 1890 , the structure was purchased by his daughter Laura Neda Parker Birdsong upon Parker 's 1911 death . Originally located near the Wichita Mountains north of Cache on Fort Sill 's west range , Birdsong moved the house from its original location to Cache and sold it to Herbert Woesner in 1958 . Although no one can be certain why Parker painted the stars on his roof , lore has it that he meant it as a display of rank and importance equal to a military general . The current owner , Woesner 's nephew Wayne Gipson , offered the explanation told to him by Parker 's descendants that the Chief had been to Washington D.C. to speak with Theodore Roosevelt , and while there had stayed in a `` five star hotel '' . Parker had 10 stars painted on his roof to explain to Roosevelt upon his arrival that he would have better accommodations with ten stars instead of five . The Preservation Oklahoma organization has listed the Star House as endangered .   After Parker 's surrender in 1875 , he lived for many years in a reservation tipi . Parker decided that he needed living quarters more befitting his status among the Comanches , and more suitable to his position as a spokesperson for the white cattle owners . In order to accommodate his multiple wives and children , this two-story eight-bedroom clapboard house with ten-foot ceilings and a picket fence was constructed for Parker . Request for financial assistance was denied by the United States government . Parker 's friends in the cattle business , in particular 6666 Ranch owner Samuel Burk Burnett , financed the building of the house . The cost of construction was slightly over $ 2,000 ( $ 48,000 in 2010 , adjusted for inflation ) . In his formal wallpapered dining room with its wood-burning stove , Parker entertained white business associates , celebrities and tribal members alike . Among his celebrated visitors was Theodore Roosevelt . Parker was a founding supporter of the Native American Church . His home was often the scene of practitioners who sought him out for spiritual advice . Parker fed hungry tribal members in his home and was known to never turn away anyone .

neg: Lynching of Laura and L. D. Nelson Laura and L. D. Nelson ( born c. 1878 and 1897 ) were an African-American mother and son who were lynched on May 25 , 1911 , near Okemah , Okfuskee County , Oklahoma .   L. D. had shot and killed Okemah 's deputy sheriff , George Loney , on May 2 , while Loney and a posse were searching the Nelsons ' farm for a stolen cow . L. D. and Laura were both charged with murder , in Laura 's case because she had been the first to grab the gun . Her husband , Austin , pleaded guilty to larceny and was sent to the relative safety of the state prison in McAlester . Laura and L. D. were held in the Okemah county jail , possibly along with Laura 's baby , to await trial .   During the night of May 24 -- 25 , Laura and L. D. were kidnapped from their cells by between a dozen and 40 white men , allegedly including Charley Guthrie , father of the folk singer Woody Guthrie . The Associated Press reported that Laura was raped . She and L. D. were then hanged from a railroad bridge over the North Canadian River . According to one source , Laura 's baby was with her but survived the attack .   Sightseers gathered on the bridge in the morning . George Henry Farnum , the owner of Okemah 's only photography studio , took photographs , which were distributed as postcards , a common practice at the time . The district judge convened a grand jury , but the killers were never identified . Four of Farnum 's photographs are known to have survived -- two spectator scenes and one close-up view each of Laura and L. D. Three of the images were re-published in 2000 and exhibited at the Roth Horowitz Gallery in New York by James Allen , an antique collector . The images of Laura Nelson are the only known surviving photographs of a female lynching victim .

neg: A. C. and Mamie Forehand A. C. ( also , `` Asey '' or `` Asa '' ) Forehand and ( Blind ) Mamie Forehand were husband and wife American gospel musicians . They recorded four songs for Victor Records in 1927 . A. C. is credited with the two songs recorded on February 25 , and Mamie with the two recorded on February 28according to which one of them sang , but both played on all four : A. C. guitar and harmonica , Mamie an instrument variously identified as triangle or finger cymbals .   A. C. was born in Columbus , Georgia on August 9 , 1890 ( according to his second wife , Frances ) or 1893 ( according to the Social Security Death Index ) . He lost his sight in 1904 . Mamie is said to have been born on June 8 , 1895 ; she too was blind . In the 1920 Census , A. C. gave his age as 29 ( which is consistent with the 1890 birth date ) and his profession as `` None '' . Mamie was registered as being 23 , and their daughter Rideth Mae as being three years old . The family was at that time residing in Birmingham , Alabama .   Around 1930 , the family moved to Memphis , Tennessee . Mamie died ; and in 1936 , A. C. married Frances Forest ( born July 5 , 1920 in New Orleans ) , a blind pianist and organist . In the 1960s , the couple were active in the Church of God in Christ . A. C. died on May 9 , 1972 and is buried in Rose Hill Cemetery in Memphis , in an unmarked grave . Frances outlived him .

neg: Florence Moore Florence E. Moore ( November 13 , 1886 -- March 23 , 1935 ) was an American vaudeville , Broadway performer , and actress in silent films .   Born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , Moore began singing in the choir of Saint Clement 's Church , Philadelphia at the age of thirteen . She began touring with the stock company of her brother Frank Moore . Florence got her first opportunity in Moscow , Idaho , when a male member of the cast failed to appear . Thereafter she was a regular with the company , playing the role of a Chinese without pay .   Her first Broadway appearance came in 1912 , as Clorinda Scribblem in Hanky Panky . During the next twenty years she participated in numerous productions . As a comedian she performed in musical comedies , revues on Broadway , and headlined as a vaudeville actress while touring America . While working in The Champagne Girls , Florence met and married William J. Montgomery and they became part of a popular vaudeville team . She divorced Montgomery and married John O. Kerner . Later she was separated from Kerner . Records show that she was also married to Jules I. Schwob .   To theatregoers in New York , New York Florence is perhaps best known for being the first female emcee at the Palace Theatre . as well as her performance in Parlor , Bedroom and Bath . The production debuted in New York and played for two years on the road . Her final appearance on the New York stage came in 1932 , in a revival of Cradle Snatchers . She starred in the role of Mary Boland which had been created seven years earlier .   As a motion picture actress Moore had a brief career . Films in which she appeared are The Old Melody ( 1913 ) opposite King Baggot , The Weakness of Strength ( 1916 ) , and The Secret of Eve ( 1917 ) opposite Olga Petrova . She belonged to the Actors ' Equity Association and the Twelfth Night Club .   Florence Moore died in the Fitzgerald Mercy Hospital in Darby , Pennsylvania in 1935 , aged forty nine . Death followed an operation for cancer .

neg: Wild Bill Hickok (film) Wild Bill Hickok is a 1923 American Western silent film directed by Clifford Smith , and written by William S. Hart and J.G. Hawks . It stars William S. Hart , Ethel Grey Terry , Kathleen O'Connor , James Farley , Jack Gardner , Carl Gerard and William Dyer . The film was released on November 18 , 1923 , by Paramount Pictures . It was the first film to depict Wyatt Earp , although in a very brief role , and the only film made before he died in 1929 that included his character , until Law and Order was released in 1932 . A print of the film exists in the Museum of Modern Art film archive .

neg: Wyatt Gallery Wyatt Gallery is an American photographer .

neg: Helen Dortch Longstreet Helen Dortch Longstreet ( April 20 , 1863 -- May 3 , 1962 ) , known as the `` Fighting Lady , '' was the second wife of Confederate General James Longstreet . She earned her nickname from being a champion of causes such as preservation of the environment and civil rights . She is also remembered for her work as a Confederate memorialist and postmistress .

neg: Eleanor Cripps Kennedy Eleanor Eliza Cripps Kennedy ( 1825 -- 1913 ) was a Canadian businesswoman , musician , artist , and author .   Born in London , England , on 2 November 1825 , Kennedy emigrated to the Red River Settlement ( now Manitoba ) with her husband William Kennedy in 1861 to establish a mission school for the Church of England . Though they tried to return to England in 1862 , they were trapped by a Sioux uprising in Minnesota that prevented them from leaving the province by their intended route . After returning to Red River , the couple imported the second piano to appear in the settlement , on which Kennedy performed . They built the first frame house in Manitoba in 1866 , which they called `` Maple Grove '' . Kennedy organized a clothing club during the `` severe grasshopper plagues of the later 1860s '' . Known locally as `` The Duchess '' , she was heavily involved in efforts to open a hospital in the settlement .   The Kennedys were next caught up in the Red River Rebellion in 1869 -- Eleanor was said to have personally delivered a letter to Louis Riel asking him to stop the fighting . `` Distressing '' gossip arose that she had petitioned for the life of Riel and demanded the death of Thomas Scott . She appealed to Robert Machray to address the source of the rumours , her parish priest , from whom she refused to take communion ; she threatened to leave the church if this was not done , and Machray had the priest apologize .   After the entrance of the province of Manitoba into Canadian Confederation , Kennedy established a millinery business to import clothing and foodstuffs , which provided the family with financial support while William was stricken with rheumatism . While it was initially successful , `` William began stocking inferior products , accepting land deeds and scrip in payment '' , resulting in its eventual failure . William died in January 1890 . Kennedy moved to Virden , Manitoba , where she painted nature works , played organ at the local church , and wrote poetry . She died on 4 October 1913 and was buried in St. Andrews , Manitoba .

neg: Josie Bassett Josie Bassett ( January 17 , 1874 -- May 1 , 1964 ) was a female rancher . She and her sister `` Queen '' Ann Bassett are known for their love affairs and associations with well-known outlaws , particularly Butch Cassidy 's Wild Bunch .

neg: Jackson Barnett Jackson Barnett ( 1 January 1856 -- 29 May 1934 ) was an Oklahoma landowner of the Muscogee or Creek people , who became known as `` the world 's richest Indian '' when oil wells on his land produced as much as $ 24 million worth of oil starting in 1912 . Barnett 's 12.5 % royalty share was worth between $ 3 million and $ 4 million , but due to Barnett 's illiteracy and a court finding that Barnett was legally incompetent from a head injury , his money was administered by the Creek County courts and the U.S. Department of the Interior until 1920 .   Jackson was the son of a mixed Creek farmer , Siah Barnett , and a Creek woman named Thlesothle . Orphaned at an early age , he was raised by his mother 's relatives . He suffered a head injury after falling from a horse as a young man . As a result of the Curtis Act of 1898 , Barnett received title to 160 acre in Creek County in 1903 , but the land was administered in trust by the Department of the Interior . During the same decade , Barnett was a supporter of the Crazy Snake Rebellion .   With the discovery of oil on Barnett 's lands in 1912 , a series of court actions by interested parties litigated the control of Barnett 's trust . Barnett was declared incompetent and denied access to his affairs simply because he only spoke the Muscogee Creek language and not English . Barnett was permitted a modest income and was installed in a house near Henryetta . In 1919 the courts allowed the diversion of money from Barnett 's trust to the construction of the `` Jackson Barnett Hospital '' in Henryetta . In 1920 Barnett , then in his seventies , married Anna Laura Lowe ( 1881-1952 ) , a fortune hunter whom he had met only once before . The couple had to marry in Kansas after a marriage license was denied in Oklahoma . Barnett 's guardians were unable to annul the marriage and the hospital plans were never pursued . Instead , the trust was divided between Anna Barnett and Bacone Indian College .   The Barnetts moved to Los Angeles and bought a mansion on Wilshire Boulevard , where Jackson passed his time directing traffic at a nearby intersection . Legal actions continued from 1923 to 1929 , which provoked congressional hearings on the role of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in establishing and administering the Barnett trust and others like it . The hearings led to criticism of BIA administrator Charles H. Burke 's actions , and during the 1930s , to the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 . In 1927 Barnett v. Equitable again proclaimed Jackson Barnett incompetent in federal court . In March 1934 another federal ruling annulled the Barnetts ' marriage and Anna Barnett 's rights to Jackson 's trust on the grounds that Jackson had been `` kidnapped '' by a woman of suspect moral character , but allowed Anna to act as Jackson 's caretaker . Jackson Barnett died on 29 May 1934 of natural causes : allegations that Anna had poisoned him were found to be false .   Anna was finally evicted from the Wilshire Boulevard residence after four years , even though she had gained significant support from Los Angeles society , including Los Angeles District Attorney Burton Fitts and California Governor Frank Merriam . Anna had to be tear-gassed after she threw a hatchet during the eviction , and lived the remainder of her life with a daughter while unsuccessfully attempting to regain a share of the Barnett estate , which amounted to $ 3.5 million in 1934 ( $ 55.4 million estimated value in 2012 dollars ) . In 1982 the Jackson Barnett No. 11 Oil Well , the most productive well on Barnett 's lands , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places .

neg: Helen Herron Taft Helen Louise Herron `` Nellie '' Taft ( June 2 , 1861 -- May 22 , 1943 ) was the wife of William Howard Taft and First Lady of the United States from 1909 to 1913 .

neg: Margaret Suckley Margaret Lynch Suckley ( pronounced Sook-lee ; December 20 , 1891 -- June 29 , 1991 ) was a sixth cousin , intimate friend , and confidante of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt , as well as an archivist for the first American presidential library . She was one of four women at the Little White House with Roosevelt in Warm Springs , Georgia , when he died of a cerebral hemorrhage in 1945 .

neg: Fred J. Dodge Frederick J. Dodge ( August 29 , 1854 -- December 16 , 1938 ) was an undercover Wells Fargo detective , a constable in Tombstone , Arizona , and Texas cattleman . He was born in Spring Valley in northern Butte County , California and was raised in Sacramento .   He worked as undercover agent for Wells Fargo in California , Nevada and Arizona . In December 1879 , he was working in Tombstone , Arizona and recommended that Wyatt Earp be hired as a guard and messenger for the stage line . The two quickly became good friends and Dodge supported Wyatt and his brothers in their troubles in Tombstone that led up to the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and afterward . He and Wyatt remained friends the rest of their lives .

neg: Abigail Adams Abigail Adams ( née Smith ; November 22 -LSB- O.S. November 11 -RSB- 1744 -- October 28 , 1818 ) was the closest advisor and wife of John Adams , as well as the mother of John Quincy Adams . She is sometimes considered to have been a Founder of the United States , and is now designated as the first Second Lady and second First Lady of the United States , although these titles were not in use at the time .   Adams 's life is one of the most documented of the first ladies : she is remembered for the many letters she wrote to her husband while he stayed in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , during the Continental Congresses . John frequently sought the advice of Abigail on many matters , and their letters are filled with intellectual discussions on government and politics . In one of her more famous letters she implores her husband and his colleagues , all of whom were male , to , '' ... remember the ladies ... If particular care and attention is not paid to the Ladies we are determined to foment a Rebellion , and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice , or Representation . '' Her letters also serve as eyewitness accounts of the American Revolutionary War home front .

neg: Ada Copeland King Ada Copeland was the common-law wife of the American geologist Clarence King , who was appointed as the first director of the United States Geological Survey . Copeland was presumed born a slave on or around December 23 , 1860 in Georgia . As a young woman , she moved to New York in the mid-1880s and worked as a nursemaid . In about 1887 ,  she became involved with Clarence King , an upper-class white man who presented himself to her as a light-skinned black Pullman porter under the name of James Todd . ( Given the long history of slavery in the United States , many African Americans had European ancestry . Some passed or identified as white , given their majority white ancestry . )   They married in September 1888 , with King living as Todd with her , but as Clarence King while working in the field . They had five children together , four of whom survived to adulthood . Their two daughters married white men ; their two sons served classified as blacks during World War I. Before his death from tuberculosis in 1901 , King wrote to Copeland confessing his true identity .   After King died , Copeland embarked on a thirty-year battle to gain control of the trust fund he had promised her . Her representatives included the notable lawyers Everett J. Waring , the first black lawyer to argue a case before the Supreme Court of the United States , and J. Douglas Wetmore , who contested segregation laws in Jacksonville , Florida .   Eventually , in 1933 , the court determined that King had died penniless , and no money was forthcoming . John Hay , a friend of King 's , provided Ada King with a monthly stipend and , after his death in 1905 , Hay 's daughter Helen Hay Whitney continued the support . The stipend eventually stopped , though Copeland until her death continued to live in the house John Hay had bought for her . She died on April 14 , 1964 , one of the last of the former American slaves .

neg: Marion Davies Marion Cecilia Davies ( née Douras January 3 , 1897 -- September 22 , 1961 ) was an American film actress , producer , screenwriter , and philanthropist .   Davies was already building a solid reputation as a film comedian when newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst , with whom she had begun a romantic relationship , took over management of her career . Hearst financed Davies ' pictures , promoted her heavily through his newspapers and Hearst Newsreels , and pressured studios to cast her in historical dramas for which she was ill-suited . For this reason , Davies is better remembered today as Hearst 's mistress and the hostess of many lavish events for the Hollywood elite . In particular , her name is linked with the 1924 scandal aboard Hearst 's yacht when one of his guests , film producer Thomas Ince , died .   In the film Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) , the title character 's second wife -- an untalented singer whom he tries to promote -- was widely assumed to be based on Davies . But many commentators , including Citizen Kane writer/director Orson Welles himself , have defended Davies ' record as a gifted actress , to whom Hearst 's patronage did more harm than good . She retired from the screen in 1937 , choosing to devote herself to Hearst and charitable work .   In Hearst 's declining years , Davies provided financial as well as emotional support until his death in 1951 . She married for the first time eleven weeks after his death , a marriage which lasted until Davies died of stomach cancer in 1961 at the age of 64 .

neg: Cochise County in the Old West Cochise County in the Old West was the site of ongoing Apache Indian attacks and a bitter feud between outlaw Cowboys and lawmen like Virgil Earp and his brothers . The county was carved off in 1881 from the easternmost portion of Pima County during a formative period in the American Southwest . Tensions began as soon as American settlers began arriving in what is now Cochise County . The time period was characterized by rapidly growing boomtowns , ongoing Apache raids , smuggling and cattle rustling across the United States-Mexico border , growing ranching operations , and the expansion of new technologies in mining , railroading , and telecommunications .   In the 1860s , following the Gadsden Purchase and the arrival of American settlers , conflict between the Apaches and the Americans was at its height . Pima County and later Cochise County were located in the center of the Apache wars and until 1886 there was almost constant warfare in that region adjacent to the Mexican border .   In addition to the conflict with the Native Americans , during the 1870s and 1880s , there was considerable tension between the rural residents who were for the most part Democrats from the agrarian Confederate States and town residents and business owners who were largely Republicans from the industrial Union States . The tension culminated in what has been called the Cochise County feud , or the Earp-Clanton feud , which ended with the historic Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and Wyatt Earp 's Vendetta Ride . Dr. George E. Goodfellow described Tombstone , the capital of Cochise County , as the `` condensation of wickedness . ''

neg: Edna Gallmon Cooke Madame Edna Gallmon Cooke ( 1918 - September 4 , 1967 ) was a renowned gospel singer and recording artist from 1949 until her death in 1967 . Personal information about Ms. Cooke is scarce and most of her biographical details have been gleaned from the liner notes of her various albums . Ms. Gallmon Cooke is best known for her recordings of `` Stop Gambler '' and `` Heavy Load '' .   Born in Columbia , South Carolina in 1918 , the daughter of a Baptist preacher , Reverend Eddie J. Gallmon also a former pastor at Bethlehem Baptist Church ( College place ) . Edna Gallmon Cooke was more formally educated and musically trained than most of her gospel peers . As a young adult , she lived and studied in Washington D.C. and Philadelphia , attending Temple University and briefly teaching elementary school . She had contemplated a career in semi-classics and show tunes when she underwent a musical conversion of sorts after hearing gospel singer , Willie Mae Ford Smith in the late 1930s . `` I was shocked . The woman sang with such finesse ... I knew I had to be a gospel singer . '' Shortly after , Ms. Gallmon Cooke joined the Holiness Church and became preeminently consecrated -- with the Holiness Church bestowing the honorific ` Madame ' to her name to announce her devotion .   During the 1940s , Madame Gallmon Cooke toured the Southeast , billed as the `` Sweetheart of the Potomac '' . She performed hymns and gospel songs in the manner of Willie Mae Ford Smith , but her mezzo-soprano could not duplicate Smith 's contralto blasts . Elaborating on that style , Gallmon Cooke returned to familiar sources , popularizing the sermonettes and spirituals her father Eddie Gallmon had performed in the 1920s . Madame Gallmon Cooke became a `` transcendent moaner and a mistress of what note-bending musicologists call melisma and church folks call curlicues , runs and flowers and frills . '' Ms. Cooke began recording in the late 1940s for the Nashboro Recording Label in Nashville , TN usually accompanied by her father 's choir , The Young People 's Choir of the Springfield Baptist Church of Washington , DC . Her later recordings included male vocal groups .   Madame Gallmon Cooke 's commanding switch in styles occurred after her marriage to Barney Parks , Jr. , a former member of The Dixie Hummingbirds and a founder of The Sensational Nightingales . They had met in 1951 when Marie Knight , Rosetta Tharpe 's old partner , organized a tour featuring herself , Cooke , and The Nightingales . Under Park 's management and direction , Madame Edna Gallmon Cooke became a household name in gospel . It is suspected that the name Cooke was from her first marriage which ended because of the death of her husband .   The liner notes to `` Mother Smith and Her Children '' describes Madame Cooke as `` an exquisite stylist , with a sensuous appeal akin to Billie Holiday . She is referred to as rap music 's gospel progenitor ; a penchant for rhymed , spoken chants produced her most famous recordings . ''   Ms. Cooke died in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania on September 4 , 1967 . She was 49 years old .

neg: Wyatt Hall (Franklin, Tennessee) Wyatt Hall is a property in Franklin , Tennessee that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 . It was built or has other significance in c. 1805 and 1847 . It includes Federal architecture . When listed the property included one contributing building and two non-contributing buildings on an area of 8.4 acre .   The building is one of the oldest houses in Middle Tennessee , and its walls were plastered with a mix of hogs ' hair , lime , and sand . A smokehouse and a storage shed stand on the property , both `` original '' log structures .


query: Ricin comes from animals.

pos: Ricin Ricin ( -LSB- ˈraɪsɪn -RSB- ) is a highly toxic , naturally occurring lectin ( a carbohydrate-binding protein ) produced in the seeds of the castor oil plant , Ricinus communis . A dose of purified ricin powder the size of a few grains of table salt can kill an adult human . The median lethal dose ( LD50 ) of ricin is around 22 micrograms per kilogram of body weight if the exposure is from injection or inhalation ( 1.78 milligram for an average adult ) . Oral exposure to ricin is far less toxic as some of the poison is inactivated in the stomach . An estimated lethal oral dose in humans is approximately 1 milligram per kilogram .

neg: Black Death in England The Black Death was a pneumonic plague pandemic , which reached England in June 1348 , and died down by December 1349 . It was the first and most severe manifestation of the Second Pandemic , caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria . The term `` Black Death '' was not used until the late 17th Century .   Originating in China , it spread west along the trade routes across Europe and arrived on the British Isles from the English province of Gascony . The plague seems to have been spread by flea-infected rats , as well as individuals who had been infected on the continent . Rats were the reservoir hosts of the Y. pestis bacteria and the Oriental rat flea was the primary vector .   The first known case in England was a seaman who arrived at Weymouth , Dorset , from Gascony in June 1348 . By autumn , the plague had reached London , and by summer 1349 it covered the entire country , before dying down by December . Low estimates of mortality in the early twentieth century have been revised upwards due to re-examination of data and new information , and a figure of 40 -- 60 % of the population is widely accepted .   The English government handled the crisis well , and the country did not experience the extreme reactions that were seen elsewhere in Europe . The most immediate consequence was a halt to the campaigns of the Hundred Years ' War . In the long term , the decrease in population caused a shortage of labour , with subsequent rise in wages , resisted by the landowners , which caused deep resentment among the lower classes . The Peasants ' Revolt of 1381 was largely a result of this resentment , and even though the rebellion was suppressed , in the long term serfdom was ended in England . The Black Death also affected artistic and cultural efforts , and may have helped advance the use of the vernacular .   In 1361 -- 62 the plague returned to England , this time causing the death of around 20 % of the population . After this the plague continued to return intermittently throughout the 14th and 15th centuries , in local or national outbreaks . From this point on its effect became less severe , and one of the last outbreaks of the plague in England was the Great Plague of London in 1665 -- 66 .

neg: Tar (tobacco residue) Tar is the common name for the resinous , partially combusted particulate matter produced by the burning of tobacco and other plant material in the act of smoking . Tar is toxic and damages the smoker 's lungs over time through various biochemical and mechanical processes . Tar also damages the mouth by rotting and blackening teeth , damaging gums , and desensitizing taste buds . Tar includes the majority of mutagenic and carcinogenic agents in tobacco smoke . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAH ) , for example , are genotoxic via epoxidation .   There is a common misconception that the tar in cigarettes is equivalent to the tar used on roads . As a result of this , cigarette companies in the United States , when prompted to give tar/nicotine ratings for cigarettes , usually use `` tar , '' in quotation marks , to indicate that it is not the road surface component . Tar is occasionally referred to as an acronym for total aerosol residue ,  a backronym coined in the mid-1960s .   Tar , when in the lungs , coats the cilia causing them to stop working and eventually die , causing such conditions as lung cancer as the toxic particles in tobacco smoke are no longer trapped by the cilia but enter the alveoli directly . Thus , the alveoli can not come through with the process that is called ` gas exchange ' which is the cause of rough breathing .   The tar from cigarette smoke is similar to that of marijuana smoke .

neg: Horseradish Horseradish ( Armoracia rusticana , syn . Cochlearia armoracia ) is a perennial plant of the Brassicaceae family ( which also includes mustard , wasabi , broccoli , and cabbage ) . It is a root vegetable used as a spice .   The plant is probably native to southeastern Europe and western Asia . It is now popular around the world . It grows up to 1.5 m tall , and is cultivated primarily for its large , white , tapered root .   The intact horseradish root has hardly any aroma . When cut or grated , however , enzymes from the now-broken plant cells break down sinigrin ( a glucosinolate ) to produce allyl isothiocyanate ( mustard oil ) , which irritates the mucous membranes of the sinuses and eyes . Grated mash should be used immediately or preserved in vinegar for best flavor . Once exposed to air or heat it will begin to lose its pungency , darken in color , and become unpleasantly bitter tasting over time .

neg: Collagen Collagen -LSB- ˈkɒlədʒᵻn -RSB- is the main structural protein in the extracellular space in the various connective tissues in animal bodies . As the main component of connective tissue , it is the most abundant protein in mammals , making up from 25 % to 35 % of the whole-body protein content . Depending upon the degree of mineralization , collagen tissues may be rigid ( bone ) , compliant ( tendon ) , or have a gradient from rigid to compliant ( cartilage ) . Collagen , in the form of elongated fibrils , is mostly found in fibrous tissues such as tendons , ligaments and skin . It is also abundant in corneas , cartilage , bones , blood vessels , the gut , intervertebral discs and the dentin in teeth . In muscle tissue , it serves as a major component of the endomysium . Collagen constitutes one to two percent of muscle tissue , and accounts for 6 % of the weight of strong , tendinous muscles . The fibroblast is the most common cell that creates collagen .   Gelatin , which is used in food and industry , is collagen that has been irreversibly hydrolyzed . Collagen also has many medical uses in treating complications of the bones and skin .   The name collagen comes from the Greek κόλλα #Ancient Greek ( kólla ) , meaning `` glue '' , and suffix - γέν , - gen , denoting `` producing '' . This refers to the compound 's early use in the process of boiling the skin and sinews of horses and other animals to obtain glue .

neg: 2003 ricin letters The 2003 ricin letters refer to two ricin-laden letters found on two separate occasions between October and November 2003 . One letter was mailed to the White House and intercepted at a processing facility ; another was discovered with no address in South Carolina . A February 2004 ricin incident at the Dirksen Senate Office Building was initially connected to the 2003 letters as well .   The letters were sent by an individual calling him or herself `` Fallen Angel '' . The sender , who claimed to own a trucking company , expressed anger over changes in federal trucking regulations . As of 2008 , no connection between the Fallen Angel letters and the Dirksen building incident has been established . A $ 100,000 reward was offered in 2004 by the federal law enforcement agencies investigating the case , but to date the reward remains unclaimed .

neg: Remote ischemic conditioning Remote ischemic conditioning ( RIC ) is a medical procedure that aims to reduce the incidence of heart disease and stroke , the leading causes of death worldwide , by triggering the body 's natural protection against tissue injury .   The procedure involves repeated , temporary cessation of blood flow to a limb to create ischemia ( lack of oxygen and glucose ) in the tissue . This `` conditioning '' activates the body 's natural protective physiology against reperfusion injury and the tissue damage caused by low oxygen levels -- a protection present in many mammals . RIC essentially mimics the cardio-protective effects of exercise ; in fact , exercise can be considered a form of RIC in which the stimulus is distant from the organ being protected . RIC has been termed `` exercise in a device '' , especially suited for patients who are unable or unwilling to work out .

neg: Streptavidin Streptavidin -LSB- ˌstrɛpˈtævɪdɪn -RSB- is a 52.8 kDa protein purified from the bacterium Streptomyces avidinii . Streptavidin homo-tetramers have an extraordinarily high affinity for biotin ( also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H ) . With a dissociation constant ( Kd ) on the order of ≈ 10 − 14 mol/L , the binding of biotin to streptavidin is one of the strongest non-covalent interactions known in nature . Streptavidin is used extensively in molecular biology and bionanotechnology due to the streptavidin-biotin complex 's resistance to organic solvents , denaturants ( e.g. guanidinium chloride ) , detergents ( e.g. SDS , Triton ) , proteolytic enzymes , and extremes of temperature and pH.

neg: Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs The consumption of grapes and raisins presents a potential health threat to dogs . Their toxicity to dogs can cause the animal to develop acute kidney injury ( the sudden development of kidney failure ) with anuria ( a lack of urine production ) . The phenomenon was first identified by the Animal Poison Control Center ( APCC ) , run by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( ASPCA ) . Approximately 140 cases were seen by the APCC in the one year from April 2003 to April 2004 , with 50 developing symptoms and seven dying .   It is not clear that the observed cases of renal failure following ingestion are due to grapes only . Clinical findings suggest raisin and grape ingestion can be fatal , but the `` mechanism of toxicity '' is still considered unknown .

neg: Rodízio Rodízio ( pronounced -LSB- ʁoˈdʒiziu -RSB- in Brazil ) is an all-you-can-eat style of restaurant service in Brazilian restaurants . In most areas of the world outside of Brazil , a rodízio restaurant refers to a Brazilian style steakhouse restaurant . Customers pay a fixed price ( preço fixo ) , and waiters bring samples of food to each customer at several times throughout the meal , until the customers signal that they have had enough .   In churrascarias or the traditional Brazilian-style steakhouse restaurants , servers come to the table with knives and a skewer , on which are speared various kinds of quality cuts of meat , most commonly local cuts of beef , pork , chicken and sometimes exotic meats . Less popular are other rodízio style restaurants in Brazil , such as ones serving pasta or pizza in which various pizzas and pastas are brought on trays . Rodízio-style sushi restaurants are also common in Brazil .   Most rodízio courses are served right off the cooking spit and are sliced or plated right at the table . Sometimes , they are accompanied with fried potatoes , fried bananas , collard greens , black beans , and rice ( served buffet style ) .   In many restaurants , the diner is provided with a colored card . Green , on one side , indicates to servers to bring more meat . Red , on the other side , indicates the opposite .

neg: Food and dining in the Roman Empire Food and dining in the Roman Empire reflect both the variety of foodstuffs available through the expanded trade networks of the Roman Empire and the traditions of conviviality from ancient Rome 's earliest times , inherited in part from the Greeks and Etruscans . In contrast to the Greek symposium , which was primarily a drinking party , the equivalent social institution of the Roman convivium ( dinner party ) was focused on food . Banqueting played a major role in Rome 's communal religion . Maintaining the food supply to the city of Rome had become a major political issue in the late Republic , and continued to be one of the main ways the emperor expressed his relationship to the Roman people and established his role as a benefactor . Roman food vendors and farmers ' markets sold meats , fish , cheeses , produce , olive oil and spices and pubs , bars , inns and food stalls sold prepared food .   Bread was a staple food for Romans , with more well-to-do people eating wheat bread and poorer people eating barley bread . Fresh produce such as vegetables and legumes were important to Romans , as farming was a valued activity . A variety of olives and nuts were eaten . While there were prominent Romans who discouraged meat eating , a variety of meat products were prepared , including blood puddings , sausages , cured ham and bacon . The milk of goats or sheep was thought superior to that of cows ; milk was used to make many types of cheese , as this was a way of storing and trading milk products . While olive oil was fundamental to Roman cooking , butter was viewed as an undesirable Gallic foodstuff . Sweet foods such as pastries typically used honey and wine-must syrup as a sweetener . A variety of dried fruits ( figs , dates and plums ) and fresh berries were also eaten .   Salt -- which in its pure form was an expensive commodity in Rome -- was the fundamental seasoning and the most common salty condiment was a fermented fish sauce . Locally available seasonings included garden herbs , cumin , coriander , and juniper berries . Imported spices included pepper , saffron , cinnamon , and fennel . While wine was an important beverage , Romans looked down on drinking to excess and drank their wine mixed with water ; drinking wine `` straight '' was viewed as a barbarian custom .

neg: Zoonosis Zoonoses ( -LSB- ˌzoʊ.əˈnoʊsᵻs -RSB- , plural - -LSB- ˈnoʊsiːz -RSB- , also spelled zoönoses ; singular zoonosis ( or zoönosis ) ; from Greek : ζῷον zoon `` animal '' and νόσος nosos `` sickness '' ) are infectious diseases of animals ( usually vertebrates ) that can naturally be transmitted to humans .   Major modern diseases such as Ebola virus disease and salmonellosis are zoonoses . HIV was a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans in the early part of the 20th century , though it has now evolved to a separate human-only disease . Most strains of influenza that infect humans are human diseases , although many strains of swine and bird flu are zoonoses ; these viruses occasionally recombine with human strains of the flu and can cause pandemics such as the 1918 Spanish flu or the 2009 swine flu . Taenia solium infection is one of the neglected tropical diseases with public health and veterinary concern in endemic regions . Zoonoses can be caused by a range of disease pathogens such as viruses , bacteria , fungi and parasites ; of 1,415 pathogens known to infect humans , 61 % were zoonotic . Most human diseases originated in animals ; however , only diseases that routinely involve animal to human transmission , like rabies , are considered direct zoonosis .   Zoonoses have different modes of transmission . In direct zoonosis the disease is directly transmitted from animals to humans through media such as air ( influenza ) or through bites and saliva ( rabies ) . In contrast , transmission can also occur via an intermediate species ( referred to as a vector ) , which carry the disease pathogen without getting infected . When humans infect animals , it is called reverse zoonosis or anthroponosis .

neg: Biscione The biscione ( -LSB- biʃˈʃone -RSB- ; in Milanese as the bissa ) , also known as the vipera ( `` viper '' ) , is a heraldic charge showing in argent an azure serpent in the act of consuming a human ; usually a child and sometimes described as a Moor or an Ottoman Turk . It was the emblem of the House of Visconti from the 11th century , becoming associated with Milan as the Visconti gained control over the city in 1277 . When the Visconti family died out in the 15th century , the emblem retained its association with the Duchy of Milan and became part of the coats of arms of the House of Sforza ; the presence of biscione in Poland ( Sanok ) and Belarus ( Pruzhany ) is due to queen Bona Sforza .   The word biscione is an augmentative of Italian biscia `` non-venomous snake ; grass snake '' ( corrupted from bistia , ultimately from Latin bestia ) .   As the symbol of Milan , the biscione is also used by the football club Inter Milan , by car manufacturer Alfa Romeo ( also known as the `` Casa del biscione '' , Italian for `` House of the biscione '' or `` Biscione -LSB- 's -RSB- marque '' ) and , in a version where a flower replaces the child , by the mass media company Mediaset . A similar design is found in the seals of the Hungarian nobleman Nicholas I Garay , palatine to the King of Hungary ( 1375 -- 1385 ) . Here the crowned snake devours a Sovereign 's Orb , rather than a human .   Comparable to the biscione are some depictions of the Hindu deity Matsya . While his form is referred to as anthropomorphically having a humanoid upper half , and his lower half as that of a fish ' , some depictions show him with his upper body emerging from the mouth of a fish . In Early Christian Art of the catacombs , the Old Testament prophet Jonah is depicted as a man being swallowed ( or regurgitated ) by a serpent-like Leviathan , a sea creature of Hebrew myth .

neg: Alpha defensin Alpha defensins are a family of mammalian defensin peptides .   Defensins are 2-6 kDa , cationic , microbicidal peptides active against many Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria , fungi , and enveloped viruses , containing three pairs of intramolecular disulfide bonds . On the basis of their size and pattern of disulfide bonding , mammalian defensins are classified into alpha , beta and theta categories . Alpha-defensins , which have been identified in humans , monkeys and several rodent species , are particularly abundant in neutrophils , certain macrophage populations and Paneth cells of the small intestine .   Defensins are produced constitutively and/or in response to microbial products or proinflammatory cytokines . Some defensins are also called corticostatins ( CS ) because they inhibit corticotropin-stimulated corticosteroid production . The mechanism ( s ) by which microorganisms are killed and/or inactivated by defensins is not understood completely . However , it is generally believed that killing is a consequence of disruption of the microbial membrane . The polar topology of defensins , with spatially separated charged and hydrophobic regions , allows them to insert themselves into the phospholipid membranes so that their hydrophobic regions are buried within the lipid membrane interior and their charged ( mostly cationic ) regions interact with anionic phospholipid head groups and water . Subsequently , some defensins can aggregate to form ` channel-like ' pores ; others might bind to and cover the microbial membrane in a ` carpet-like ' manner . The net outcome is the disruption of membrane integrity and function , which ultimately leads to the lysis of microorganisms . Some defensins are synthesized as propeptides which may be relevant to this process . Alpha defensins of the mouse bowel were historically called cryptdins when first discovered .

neg: Coagulin Coagulin is a gel-forming protein of hemolymph that hinders the spread of invaders by immobilising them .   The protein contains a single 175 - residue polypeptide chain ; this is cleaved after Arg-18 and Arg-46 by a clotting enzyme contained in the hemocyte and activated by a bacterial endotoxin ( lipopolysaccharide ) . Cleavage releases two chains of coagulin , A and B , linked by two disulphide bonds , together with the peptide C. Gel formation results from interlinking of coagulin molecules . Secondary structure prediction suggests the C peptide forms an alpha - helix , which is released during the proteolytic conversion of coagulogen to coagulin gel . The beta-sheet structure and 16 half-cystines found in the molecule appear to yield a compact protein stable to acid and heat .   Mammalian blood coagulation is based on the proteolytically induced polymerization of fibrinogens . Initially , fibrin monomers noncovalently interact with each other . The resulting homopolymers are further stabilized when the plasma transglutaminase ( TGase ) intermolecularly cross-links epsilon - ( gamma-glutamyl ) lysine bonds . In crustaceans , hemolymph coagulation depends on the TGase-mediated cross-linking of specific plasma-clotting proteins , but without the proteolytic cascade . In horseshoe crabs , the proteolytic coagulation cascade triggered by lipopolysaccharides and beta-1 ,3 - glucans leads to the conversion of coagulogen into coagulin , resulting in noncovalent coagulin homopolymers through head-to-tail interaction . Horseshoe crab TGase , however , does not cross-link coagulins intermolecularly . Recently , we found that coagulins are cross-linked on hemocyte cell surface proteins called proxins . This indicates that a cross-linking reaction at the final stage of hemolymph coagulation is an important innate immune system of horseshoe crabs .

neg: Alfalfa Alfalfa -LSB- ælˈfælfə -RSB- , Medicago sativa also called lucerne , is a perennial flowering plant in the pea family Fabaceae cultivated as an important forage crop in many countries around the world . It is used for grazing , hay , and silage , as well as a green manure and cover crop . The name alfalfa is used in North America . The name lucerne is the more commonly used name in the United Kingdom , South Africa , Australia , and New Zealand . The plant superficially resembles clover ( a cousin in the same family ) , especially while young , when trifoliate leaves comprising round leaflets predominate . Later in maturity , leaflets are elongated . It has clusters of small purple flowers followed by fruits spiralled in 2 to 3 turns containing 10 -- 20 seeds . Alfalfa is native to warmer temperate climates . It has been cultivated as livestock fodder since at least the era of the ancient Greeks and Romans . Alfalfa sprouts are a common ingredient in dishes made in South Indian cuisine .

neg: Rintfleisch massacres The Rintfleisch or Rindfleisch movement was a series of massacres against Jews in the year 1298 . The event , in later terminology a pogrom , was the first large-scale persecutions in Germany since the First Crusade .   It was set in the Franconian region during the civil strife between the elected King of the Romans , Count Adolf of Nassau , and his Habsburg rival Duke Albert of Austria , when Imperial authority , traditionally concerned with the protection of the Jews , had temporarily collapsed . Already in 1287 the death of Werner of Oberwesel in the Rhineland had been blamed on Jews and about 500 were killed in revenge , followed by a series of blood libels . When finally King Adolf was deposed and killed in the Battle of Göllheim on 2 July 1298 , the Franconian nobility gathered at Albert 's election in Frankfurt .   When at the same time the Jews in the Hohenlohe town of Röttingen were accused of having obtained and desecrated a consecrated host , one `` Lord Rindtfleisch '' , who the sources refer to either as an impoverished knight or -- more probably -- a butcher ( the term Rindfleisch means `` beef '' in modern German spelling ) , gathered a mob around him and burned the Röttingen Jews on Sunday , April 20 . Rintfleisch declared to have received a mandate from heaven to avenge the sacrilege and exterminate the Jews . The Colmar Dominican Rudolph refers to him in Latin as a carnifex , i.e. butcher or executioner , but it is not clear if Rudolph meant his original profession , or his behaviour as a slaughterer of the Jews . According to contemporary sources the Lord of Röttingen , Kraft von Hohenlohe , was encumbered with debts to Jewish lenders .   After this , he and his mob went from town to town and killed all Jews that fell under their control , destroying the Jewish communities at Rothenburg ob der Tauber , Würzburg , Bamberg , Dinkelsbühl , Nördlingen and Forchheim . In the Free Imperial City of Nuremberg , the Jews sought refuge in the fortress and were assisted by the Christian citizens , but Rintfleisch overcame the defenders and butchered the Jews on 1 August . The Nürnberger Memorbuch contains the names of thousands of murdered Jews in numerous cities , among them Mordechai ben Hillel , a pupil of Meir of Rothenburg , with his wife and children . The communities at Regensburg and Augsburg alone escaped the mass killing , as they were protected by the cities ' magistrates . Spreading from Franconia to Bavaria and Austria , the persecutors destroyed 146 communities , about 20,000 Jews were killed .   The Austrian Chronicle of 95 Seigneurs about 100 years later alleged that King Albert I finally had Rintfleisch arrested and hanged . The cities in which Jews had been killed were required to pay fines to the king .

neg: Lawsone Lawsone ( 2-hydroxy-1 ,4 - naphthoquinone ) , also known as hennotannic acid , is a red-orange dye present in the leaves of the henna plant ( Lawsonia inermis ) as well as in the flower of water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes ) . Humans have used henna extracts containing lawsone as hair and skin dyes for more than 5000 years . Lawsone reacts chemically with the protein known as keratin in skin and hair , in a process known as Michael addition , resulting in a strong permanent stain that lasts until the skin or hair is shed . The darker colored ink is due to more lawsone-keratin interactions occurring , which evidently break down as the concentration of lawsone decreases and the tattoo fades . Lawsone strongly absorbs UV light , and aqueous extracts can be effective sunless tanning and sunscreens . Chemically , lawsone is similar to juglone , which is found in walnuts .   Lawsone isolation from Lawsonia Inermis can be difficult due to its easily biodegradeable nature . Isolation involves four steps :  extraction with an extraction solution , usually NaOH  column filtration using a macroporous adsorption resin  a rinse with ethanol to remove impurities , and finally  freeze the product to isolate the lawsone powder , usually a yellow colored dust .  During the rinse , the lawsone will be the bottom as it has such a high density and the chlorophyll molecules will all be on the top of the mixture .   Lawsone is hypothesized to undergo a reaction similar to Strecker synthesis in reactions with amino acids . Recent research has been conducted on lawsone 's potential applications in the forensic science field . Since lawsone shows many similarities with ninhydrin , the current reagent for latent fingerprint development , studies have been conducted to see if lawsone can be used in this field . As of now the research is inconclusive , but optimistic . Lawsone non-specifically targets primary amino acids , and displays photoluminescence with forensic light sources . It has a characteristic purple/brown coloration as opposed to the purple/blue associated with ninhydrin .  Lawsone shows promise as a reagent for fingerprint detection because of its photoluminescence maximized at 640nm , which is high enough that it avoids background interference common for ninhydrin .

neg: Equine nutrition Equine nutrition is the feeding of horses , ponies , mules , donkeys , and other equines . Correct and balanced nutrition is a critical component of proper horse care .   Horses are non-ruminant herbivores of a type known as a `` hindgut fermenter . '' Horses have only one stomach , as do humans . However , unlike humans , they also have to utilize plant fiber ( largely cellulose ) that comes from grass and hay . Ruminants like cattle are foregut fermenters , and digest fiber in plant matter by use of a multi-chambered stomach , whereas horses use microbial fermentation in a part of the digestive system known as the cecum ( or caecum ) to break down the cellulose .   In practical terms , horses prefer to eat small amounts of food steadily throughout the day , as they do in nature when grazing on pasture . Although this is not always possible with modern stabling practices and human schedules that favor feeding horses twice a day , it is important to remember the underlying biology of the animal when determining what to feed , how often , and in what quantities .   The digestive system of the horse is somewhat delicate . Horses are unable to regurgitate food , except from the esophagus . Thus , if they overeat or eat something poisonous , vomiting is not an option . They also have a long , complex large intestine and a balance of beneficial microbes in their cecum that can be upset by rapid changes in feed . Because of these factors , they are very susceptible to colic , which is a leading cause of death in horses . Therefore , horses require clean , high-quality feed , provided at regular intervals , and may become ill if subjected to abrupt changes in their diets . Horses are also sensitive to molds and toxins . For this reason , they must never be fed contaminated fermentable materials such as lawn clippings . Fermented silage or `` haylage '' is fed to horses in some places ; however , contamination or failure of the fermentation process that allows any mold or spoilage may be toxic .

neg: Pack hunter A pack hunter or social predator is a predator belonging to the animal kingdom which has evolved to hunt its prey by working together with other members of its species . Normally animals hunting in this way are closely related , and with the exceptions of humans and chimpanzees where only males normally hunt , all individuals in a family group will contribute to hunting . The most commonly known pack hunter is the gray wolf , the closest wild relative of all breeds of domesticated dog . Humans and their closest-living relatives chimpanzees are also pack hunters . Other pack hunting mammals include dolphins , lions , dwarf and banded mongooses and spotted hyenas . A number of avian social predators exist , including the Harris 's hawk , butcherbirds , three of four kookaburra species and many helmetshrikes . There are a few cold-blooded pack hunters including simple arthropods such as army ants , the yellow saddle goatfish and occasionally crocodiles .   There is a possibility that some non-avian theropod dinosaurs displayed pack behavior as well .   A social animal that always hunts , singly such as the domestic cat , is not a pack hunter .   Pack hunting is typically associated with cooperative breeding and its concentration in the Afrotropical Region is a reflection of this . Most pack hunters are found in the southern African savannas , with a notable absence in tropical rainforests and with the exception of the wolf and coyote , higher latitudes . It is thought that either on the ancient and poor soils of the southern African savanna it is not possible for individual predators to find adequate food , or that the environment 's inherent unpredictability due to ENSO or IOD events means that in very bad conditions it will not be possible to raise the young necessary to prevent declining populations from adult mortality . It is also argued that Africa 's very large area of continuous flat and open country , which was even more extensive while rainforest contracted during glacial periods of the Quaternary , may have helped encourage pack hunting to become much more common than on any other continent .   A shared pack hunting history is thought to be the main conduit through which humans have been able to form a mutual relationship with dogs ( that is , domestication ) , as both species are highly social and inter-dependent . Humans easily take over the dominance hierarchy of dogs as subordinates instinctively follow the `` alpha '' individual and dogs are accustomed to living very close together   When wolves hunt a Moose or Elk , it sometimes takes to deep water to avoid the pack . A wolf response to this behavior is that the pack rests with one or two wolves annoying the prey until it gets fatigued .


query: James Mangold directed a film.

pos: James Mangold James Mangold ( born December 16 , 1963 ) is an American film and television director , screenwriter and producer . Films he has directed include Walk the Line , which he also co-wrote ; The Wolverine ; Logan ; Cop Land ; Girl , Interrupted ; Knight and Day ; and the 2007 remake 3:10 to Yuma . He also produced and directed pilots for the television series Men in Trees ( which ran from 2006 to 2008 ) NYC 22 ( 2011 -- 2012 ) and Vegas ( 2012 -- 2013 ) .

neg: Dungog Film Festival The Dungog Film Festival was an annual event held in the Hunter Region town of Dungog . Dungog Film Festival was a not for profit arts organisation that was dedicated to celebrating and promoting Australian screen industry . The festival was committed to education and nurturing the health of the Australian film and TV industry through a range of dynamic initiatives . Some proceeds of the festival have gone towards preserving the James Theatre . The festival aimed to support the Australian Film and TV Industry in a non-competitive environment that exclusively showcased Australian screen content .   Dungog Film Festival showcased feature films , short films , television , documentaries , Australian classics and music videos . The festival also ran an extensive education program , including workshops , seminars , master classes with prominent directors , and the In The Raw script readings for television series , miniseries and feature films scripts . It was considered the biggest festival of Australian cinema in the world , as well as the largest short film festival in Australia . Screenings took place in local venues including the iconic James Theatre and the RSL auditorium . The 2010 festival attracted over 9,000 people and national media coverage including Sunrise , NBN News and Network Ten .   The Dungog Film Festival has been replaced by the Dungog Festival , an annual event that includes a major film component which in 2016 included a short film competition with $ 30,000 in cash prizes , an out-of-competition showcase programme of documentaries and feature films and a series of filmmaker workshops and panels with a range of screen industry guest speakers .

neg: James Bond (2015 film) James Bond ( Tag line : Nenu Kadhu Naa Pellam ) is a 2015 Telugu action comedy film written and directed by Sai Kishore Macha and produced by Anil Sunkara under the banner A.K.Entertainments . It features Allari Naresh and Sakshi Chaudhary in the lead roles while Ashish Vidyarthi , Raghu Babu and Krishna Bhagavan appear in supporting roles . Allari Naresh has crooned his voice for a song in the movie . The film was released on 24 July 2015 . The movie is loosely based on the Korean movie My Wife Is a Gangster .

neg: Masala film Masala films of Indian cinema are those that mix genres in one work . Typically these films freely mix action , comedy , romance , and drama or melodrama . They tend to be musicals that include songs filmed in picturesque locations . The genre is named after the masala , a mixture of spices in Indian cuisine . According to The Hindu , masala is the most popular genre of Indian cinema .

neg: Manikuttan Thomas James , better known by his stage name Manikuttan , is an Indian film and television actor .

neg: Malcolm (film) Malcolm is a 1986 Australian cult film comedy , written by the husband-and-wife team of David Parker and Nadia Tass , and directed by Nadia Tass ( who made her debut as a feature director on this film ) . The film stars Colin Friels as Malcolm , a tram enthusiast who becomes involved with a pair of would-be bank robbers . His co-stars are Lindy Davies and John Hargreaves . The film won the 1986 Australian Film Institute Award for Best Film , and seven other AFI awards including Best Script and Best Director .

neg: Dream Boy (film) Dream Boy is a 2008 gay-themed romantic drama film written and directed by James Bolton and based on Jim Grimsley 's 1995 novel of the same name about two gay teenagers who fall in love in the rural South during the late 1970s .

neg: Jalaibee Jalaibee ( -LSB- ; meaning twist ) is a 2015 Pakistani caper action thriller film directed and written by Yasir Jaswal , produced by Eman Syed . Jalaibee is a joint production of ARY Films & Redrum Films in association with Sermad Films and Jaswal Films . The film stars prominent TV actors Danish Taimoor and Ali Safina in lead roles along with Adnan Jaffar , Sajid Hasan , Uzair Jaswal ( director 's younger brother ) , Wiqar Ali Khan , Sabeeka Imam and Zhalay Sarhadi .   It is the first Pakistani film to be shot with Arri Alexa camera . The film is shot in capital cities Islamabad , Lahore and Karachi . Jalaibee features Ford Mustang 73 in the film as well as its mascot . It is about the intertwined stories of numerous relatable characters who are all struggling with their problems , and who somehow connect on a unifying level .

neg: Sunstruck Sunstruck is a 1972 British-Australian comedy film directed by James Gilbert and starring Harry Secombe , Maggie Fitzgibbon and John Meillon .

neg: Married but Living Single Married but Living Single is a 2012 Nigerian romantic drama film , directed by Tunde Olaoye and starring Funke Akindele , Joseph Benjamin , Joke Silva , Tina Mba , Kiki Omeili and Femi Brainard . The film was inspired by a book of the same name by Pastor Femi Faseru of KICC Lagos and tells the story of Kate ( Funke Akindele ) , a career driven woman who 's married to an entrepreneur , Mike ( Joseph Benjamin ) . Mike is diagnosed with lung cancer ; Kate has to choose to either take a break from work to be with her husband while he recuperates from his surgery , or stay dedicated to her company which now stands a big chance of winning an important contract with a big telecommunication company .

neg: Pulp (2012 film) Pulp is a British comedy film directed by Adam Hamdy and Shaun Magher , starring Jay Sutherland and John Thomson On March 2013 it was released exclusively on Xbox Live , becoming the first feature film to be distributed via a games console platform .

neg: Heat and Dust (film) Heat and Dust is a 1983 romantic drama film with a screenplay by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala based upon her novel , Heat and Dust . It was directed by James Ivory and produced by Ismail Merchant . It stars Greta Scacchi , Shashi Kapoor and Julie Christie .   The plot of Heat and Dust follows two intertwined stories . The first is set in the 1920s and deals with an illicit affair between Olivia , the beautiful young wife of a British colonial official , and an Indian Nawab . The second , set in 1982 , deals with Anne , Olivia 's great-niece , who travels to India hoping to find out about her great-aunt 's life , and while there also has an affair with an Indian man .   Heat and Dust forms part of a cycle of film and television productions which emerged during the first half of the 1980s , reflecting Britain 's growing interest in the British Raj . In addition to Heat and Dust , this cycle included Gandhi ( 1982 ) , The Jewel in the Crown ( 1984 ) , The Far Pavilions ( 1984 ) and A Passage to India ( 1984 ) .

neg: Ronan's Escape Ronan 's Escape is a short film written and directed by Australian born filmmaker A.J. Carter and produced by Academy Award Nominee , Martin Mhando . The film , set in the rural wheat belt of Western Australia , provides a candid insight into the life of Ronan , a 14-year-old boy who has been bullied at school his whole life and decides to make an escape . This accurate and controversial portrayal of life for someone who has fallen victim to bullying and the repercussions which exist , is told in a unique , exposition intensive format with very little use of dialogue . Ronan 's Escape presents arbitrary scenes rather than traditional storytelling which provokes audiences into discussion and interpretation of the scenes on a more personal level while reflecting on their own experiences .

neg: 127 Hours 127 Hours is a 2010 British-American biographical survival drama film directed , co-written , and produced by Danny Boyle . The film stars James Franco as Aron Ralston . In 127 Hours , canyoneer Aron Ralston becomes trapped by a boulder in an isolated slot canyon in Blue John Canyon , southeastern Utah , in April 2003 . It is a British and American venture produced by Everest Entertainment , Film4 Productions , HandMade Films and Cloud Eight Films .   The film , based on Ralston 's memoir Between a Rock and a Hard Place ( 2004 ) , was written by Boyle and Simon Beaufoy , produced by Christian Colson and John Smithson , and scored by A. R. Rahman . Beaufoy , Colson , and Rahman had all previously worked with Boyle on Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) . 127 Hours was well received by critics and audiences , and was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Actor for Franco and Best Picture .

neg: Tender Mercies Tender Mercies is a 1983 American drama film directed by Bruce Beresford . The screenplay by Horton Foote focuses on Mac Sledge , a recovering alcoholic country music singer who seeks to turn his life around through his relationship with a young widow and her son in rural Texas . Robert Duvall plays the role of Mac ; the supporting cast includes Tess Harper , Betty Buckley , Wilford Brimley , Ellen Barkin and Allan Hubbard .   Financed by EMI Films , Tender Mercies was shot largely in Waxahachie , Texas . The script was rejected by several American directors before the Australian Beresford accepted it . Duvall , who sang his own songs in the film , drove more than 600 mi throughout the state , tape recording local accents and playing in country music bands to prepare for the role . He and Beresford repeatedly clashed during production , at one point prompting the director to walk off the set and reportedly consider quitting the film .   The film encompasses several different themes , including the importance of love and family , the possibility of spiritual resurrection amid death , and the concept of redemption through Mac Sledge 's conversion to Christianity . Following poor test screening results , distributor Universal Pictures made little effort to publicize Tender Mercies , which Duvall attributed to the studio 's lack of understanding of country music .   The film was released on March 4 , 1983 , in a limited number of theaters . Although unsuccessful at the box office , it was critically acclaimed and earned five Academy Award nominations , including one for Best Picture . Tender Mercies won Oscars for Best Original Screenplay for Foote and Best Actor for Duvall .

neg: Mangoes (TV series) Mangoes is a Canadian television series directed by Khurram Suhrwardy and produced by Adeel Suhrwardy and Khurram Suhrwardy under the production banner of Suhrwardy Brothers . The story revolves around the lives of young South Asians living in Canada . The series was first premiered on 27 June 2012 on ATN Canada and it ended after seven episodes . The second season began on 29 September 2016 on ATN .

neg: Life Itself (film) Life Itself is a 2014 American biographical documentary film about film critic Roger Ebert , directed by Steve James and produced by Zak Piper , Steve James and Garrett Basch . The film is based on Ebert 's 2011 memoir of the same name . It premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival and was an official selection at the 67th Cannes Film Festival . The 41st Telluride Film Festival hosted a special screening of the film on August 28 , 2014 . Magnolia Pictures released the film theatrically in the United States and simultaneously via video on demand platforms on July 4 , 2014 .   On December 2 , 2014 , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced that the film was 1 of 15 films shortlisted in the Documentary Feature category for the 87th Academy Awards , but it was not nominated . It was also nominated for two News & Documentary Emmy Awards , winning the award for Outstanding Editing : Documentary & Long-Form .

neg: James Pandu James Pandu is an Indian Tamil film released in 2000 .

neg: Welcome to Wonderland (film) Welcome to Wonderland is a feature documentary film , by director James Short , about music and dance . Released on DVD in June 2006 after more than five years in the making , this film explores Australia 's vibrant outdoor bush rave party scene through the thoughts of participants .   The trance scene in Melbourne , Australia , is considered one of the best in the world , and sees the convergence of travellers from all parts of the globe , especially Japan and Israel . With party organisations like Rainbow Serpent and Earthcore there are as many as 10,000 people who come together to celebrate and dance . The film follows the party lives of characters : Matty , Krusty , Lauire , Margaret , Raff , and Holly .

neg: The Boy from Mercury The Boy from Mercury ( 1996 ) is a nostalgic Irish Film , the first from writer and director Martin Duffy . The film concerns the science-fiction daydreams of a young boy in 1960 Dublin . Upon release , the film received international critical acclaim , and several awards , though was commercially unsuccessful . It was the first time actors Rita Tushingham and Tom Courtenay had appeared on screen together since Doctor Zhivago thirty years earlier . The film was also the debut of young Irish actor James Hickey .   The book of the making of the film , The Road to Mercury , written by the director , was released in 2006 by Ogma Press .

neg: Caboblanco Caboblanco ( 1980 ) is an American drama film directed by J. Lee Thompson , starring Charles Bronson , Dominique Sanda and Jason Robards . The film has often been described as a remake of Casablanca .   The movie marks the third collaboration between Bronson and director J. Lee Thompson ( following 1976 's St. Ives and 1977 's The White Buffalo ) .