query: H. H. Holmes owned a building west of Chicago.

pos: H. H. Holmes Herman Webster Mudgett ( May 16 , 1861 -- May 7 , 1896 ) , better known under the name of Dr. Henry Howard Holmes or more commonly H. H. Holmes , was one of the first documented serial killers in the modern sense of the term .   While he confessed to 27 murders , only nine could be plausibly confirmed and several of the murders he confessed to were people who were still alive . He is commonly said to have killed as many as 200 , though this figure is traceable only to 1940s pulp magazines . Many victims were said to have been killed in a mixed-use building he owned , located about 3 mi west of the 1893 Chicago World 's Fair and said to have been a World 's Fair Hotel , though evidence suggests that the hotel portion was never truly open for business .   Besides being a serial killer , Holmes was also a successful con artist and a bigamist , the subject of more than 50 lawsuits in Chicago alone . Many now-common stories of his crimes sprang from fictional accounts that later authors took for fact ; however , in a 2017 biography , Adam Selzer wrote that Holmes ' story is `` effectively a new American tall tale - and , like all the best tall tales , it sprang from a kernel of truth '' .

neg: Chicago Loop The Loop is the central business district of Chicago , Illinois . It is one of the city 's 77 designated community areas . The Loop is home to Chicago 's commercial core , City Hall , and the seat of Cook County . In the late nineteenth century , cable car turnarounds and prominent elevated railway encircled the area , giving the Loop its name .   The community area is bounded on the north by Lake Street on the west by Wells Street on the east by Wabash Street , and on the south by Van Buren Street . The Loop got its name by the loop of the elevated CTA El tracks that create a loop this area . although the commercial core has expanded into adjacent community areas . As a business center , some of the corporations the Loop hosts include the Chicago Mercantile Exchange ( CME ) , the world 's largest options and futures contracts open interest exchange ; the headquarters of United Continental Holdings , one of the world 's largest airlines ; AON ; Blue Cross Blue Shield ; Hyatt Hotels Corporation ; BorgWarner , and other major corporations . The Loop is home to 500 acre Grant Park ; State Street , which hosts a historic shopping district ; the Art Institute of Chicago ; several theaters ; and numerous subway and elevated rapid transit stations . Other institutions in the Loop include the Willis Tower , once the tallest building in the world , the Chicago Symphony Orchestra , the Lyric Opera of Chicago , the Goodman Theatre , the Joffrey Ballet , the central public Harold Washington Library , and the Chicago Cultural Center .   In what is now the Loop , on the south bank of the Chicago River , near today 's Michigan Avenue Bridge , the US Army erected Fort Dearborn in 1803 . It was the first settlement in the area sponsored by the United States . In 1908 , Chicago addresses were made uniform by naming the intersection of State Street and Madison Street in the Loop as the division point for designating addresses , North , South , East or West on the Chicago street grid .

neg: Harding Building Harding Building was an edifice located at 147 - 151 West 35th Street in Manhattan , New York . Six stories tall , it was 66.8 by 100 feet and stood opposite the R.H. Macy & Company building . It adjoined the northeast corner of 7th Avenue ( Manhattan ) . Formerly the Hotel Sturtevant , it had been owned by Edwin Gould and associates until May 1910 .  It was remodeled by Maurice and Wolf Forman in 1921 and made into a business building . The Harding Building was purchased by new owners in July 1923 . They bought the building for investment purposes .   In February 1927 plans were made to replace the Harding Building with a sixteen story loft building . The property was purchased by Charles Weinstein and J. Schlessinger from Israel Karp . The design of the new structure was drawn by Gronenberg & Leuchtag , architects .

neg: Majestic Building (Detroit) The Majestic Building was a high-rise building located at 1001 Woodward Avenue in Downtown Detroit , Michigan . The building was constructed in 1896 for the Mabley and Company department store chain and was the city 's second skyscraper , following the completion of the Hammond Building . It contained 14 stories and stood at 68 m in height . This building was designed in the Beaux-Arts style by Daniel H. Burnham & Company , and faced with terra cotta . The final construction cost of the building was $ 1,000,000 . This was Detroit 's tallest building , from its completion in 1896 until 1909 , when it was overtaken by the Ford Building . Unfortunately , C. R. Mabley died before the building 's completion and new owners used it solely as an office block . It was purportedly renamed the Majestic building to conform with the letter `` M '' ( for Mabley ) carved in numerous places in its façade .   The Majestic Building was hailed as a `` fireproof skyscraper '' and this claim was proven in 1915 when a fire broke out on the top floor and burned for two hours . The fire never spread to other floors and never endangered the building 's supporting structure .   Beginning in 1907 , the Majestic Building housed offices and a roof-top observation deck for the United States Weather Bureau for science and meteorologists performing weather observations . This observation deck offered unobstructed views for up to 12 miles in any direction , and was open to the public for a dime admission .   The Detroit News engaged `` The Human Fly '' Harry H. Gardiner to scale the building 's exterior in 1916 as a promotional stunt . The event was scheduled for the noon lunch hour and attracted such a large crowd , that traffic and streetcars on Woodward Avenue came to a halt .   The building was demolished in 1962 , to make way for the First Federal Building , which was finished in 1965 .

neg: Columbia Hotel The Columbia Hotel is the oldest hotel in Ashland , Oregon and has been in continuous operation since its construction in 1910 . The hotel occupies the second floor of the Enders Building , listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 .   Designed by architect Frank Chamberlain Clark , the Enders Building was the first concrete commercial structure in Ashland . The Ashland Tidings , December 12 , 1910 , called it `` the largest structure of its kind in Southern Oregon . '' Featuring characteristics of the Chicago style , it is also significant as an early example of a department store . Hotel accommodations on the second level were constructed to make it possible for shoppers from Northern California as well as from Oregon towns as far north as Grants Pass to travel to the mercantile shops in downtown Ashland by wagon , train , or car to shop and then stay the night at the hotel , and return home the next day .   For decades , under the direction of local businessman H.G. Enders , the building was the largest mercantile establishment between Sacramento and Portland . The Columbia Hotel , the only surviving Ashland hotel from this period , continues to prosper today and remains true to its original construction with much of the original fixtures , furniture , and all of the original millwork . Its interior features an antique tin-lined wooden telephone booth , believed to be the oldest booth in Oregon still serving callers .   The same year the Enders Building brought its shops , restaurant , and Columbia Hotel to Ashland the Citizens Banking and Trust Co. . Building went up next door ( with a bank , grocery , and professional offices ) , while a four-story Elks Lodge ( BPOE # 944 ) was constructed directly across the street -- all part of the 1909 -- 1913 building boom that shifted attention and commerce away from Ashland 's traditional town center , the Plaza . While all three buildings continue to accommodate a range of shops and other establishments today , only the Columbia Hotel and the Elks Lodge retain their original names and functions . On October 10 , 2010 , Ashland temporarily closed a stretch of Main Street for a centennial celebration in which re-dedication ceremonies were held at both buildings .

neg: The Illinois Not to be confused with Jeddah Tower , previously known as Mile-High Tower  The Mile High Illinois , Illinois Sky-City , or simply The Illinois is a visionary skyscraper that is over 1 mi high , conceived and described by noted American architect Frank Lloyd Wright in his 1957 book , A Testament . The design , intended to be built in Chicago , included 528 stories , with a gross area of 18460000 sqft . Wright stated that there would have been parking for 15,000 cars and 150 helicopters .   If built , it would top the list of the tallest building in the world by far , being more than four times the height of the Empire State Building , and twice as tall as the world 's current tallest building , the Burj Khalifa , the design of which is said to have been inspired by that of The Illinois .

neg: West Chesterfield West Chesterfield could refer to :  the West Chesterfield Historic District in Chesterfield , Massachusetts  West Chesterfield , New Hampshire  a neighborhood in Chatham , Chicago

neg: Congress Plaza Hotel The Congress Plaza Hotel is located on South Michigan Avenue across from Grant Park in Chicago at 520 South Michigan Avenue . After opening for business in 1893 , for the World 's Columbian Exposition , the hotel underwent two major expansions and renovations ; it now features 871 guest rooms and suites . Its 11 story edifice was originally designed by architect Clinton J. Warren as an annex to the Auditorium Theater across the street . The two buildings were linked by a marble-lined underground passage called Peacock Alley . In 1902 and then in 1907 , the firm of Holabird & Roche oversaw the design and construction of two additions , bringing the total complex up to 1 million square feet .   In June , 1912 , Theodore Roosevelt stayed at the Congress Plaza when the 1912 Republican National Convention was held in Chicago . Roosevelt , who at that time was seeking the Republican nomination for President , spoke from the balcony of his room at the hotel to a crowd assembled across the street in Grant Park .   In October 1916 , US President Woodrow Wilson passed the hotel as part of his visit to the city . Over a hundred protestors from the National Women 's Party demonstrated in favor of women 's suffrage with a silent protest . Holding banners such as `` Wilson is Against Women , '' the demonstrators were attacked by a mob and their banners destroyed while police looked on and , in some cases , laughed , according to newspaper reports .   In 1940 , Louis Grell ( 1887-1960 ) , a Chicago-based artist , was commissioned to paint thirteen murals for the lunettes that are an architectural feature surrounding the grand lobby . The murals were various popular scenes around Chicago at the time . Under the Albert Pick Jr ownership in 1952 , Grell was again commissioned to paint the same architectural lunettes , this time Grell incorporated Chicago figures into the scenes depicting important trades significant to Chicago 's growth and symbolism . Lady Liberty was found in one mural holding the Chicago River `` Y '' on her lap . Additionally , in 1955 Pick commissioned Grell once again , during one of the many renovations , to paint three walls for the newly decorated Pompeian Room which also had a magnificent Louis Comfort Tiffany glass fountain in the center of the vast room . Today glass covers the thirteen lunettes where the murals could be hiding . Grell also painted a large white Peacock that was mounted above the bar next to Peacock Alley . Each wall had a main central Greek/Roman mural , however , Grell decorated the entire wall with various patterns of flora and custom design .   Taos Society of Artists painter , E. Martin Hennings painted the ceiling murals inside the Florentine Room around 1918 .   The hotel closed for a period in World War II and was used as a training school by the U.S. Army Air Forces . It reopened for civilian use in time for the summer political conventions of 1944 . At this time , John J. Mack was president of the Michigan-Congress Hotel Corporation .   Events that have been held at the hotel include the 1963 Prohibition Party National Convention August 23 , 1963 .   The hotel is not affiliated with any national chain . It is owned by a Syrian national , Albert Nasser Shayo , who purchased the property in 1987 .   On 15 June 2003 , about 130 members of UNITE HERE Local 1 went on strike to protest a proposed seven percent wage cut . On 16 June 2007 , Barack Obama , then running for the presidency , briefly stood by the picket line and promised to return as president , but he did not . The strike , one of the world 's longest , ended May 30 , 2013 after nearly 10 years . No concessions were given by management .

neg: 190 South LaSalle Street __ NOTOC __   U.S. Bank Building , formerly 190 South LaSalle Street , is a 573 ft ( 175m ) tall skyscraper in Chicago , Illinois . It was completed in 1987 and has 40 floors . Johnson/Burgee Architects designed the building , which is the 57th tallest building in Chicago . From 1988-2016 the lobby of the building featured a tapestry by Helena Hernmarck titled `` The 1909 Plan of Chicago '' depicting the Civic Center Plaza proposed in the Burnham Plan of Chicago .

neg: Greater Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce The Cincinnati USA Regional Chamber is a regional chamber of commerce . It is one of the nation 's largest chamber , representing 4,000 businesses and 300,000 employees in southwestern Ohio , northern Kentucky and southeastern Indiana , also known as Greater Cincinnati , or the Cincinnati -- Northern Kentucky metropolitan area . An award-winning membership organization , the Chamber has been recognized as national Chamber of the Year twice .   The Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce was founded October 15 , 1839 by 76 firms and private individuals who placed an ad in the Cincinnati Daily Gazette urging local businessmen to attend a meeting at the Young Men 's Mercantile Library Association headquarters in the old Cincinnati College Building at Fourth and Walnut Streets . This Chamber 's founding preceded the United States Chamber of Commerce , which held its first meeting in Cincinnati , by 73 years . The Chamber celebrated its 175 Anniversary in 2014 .   The Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce met in six different temporary locations until in 1876 they began the process that led to a permanent structure . The Chamber 's Board of Real Estate Managers invited six architects to compete in a selection competition . Henry Hobson Richardson 's design won and that building was erected in 1889 . A fire in 1911 caused substantial damage to the building , leading to the discovery that only $ 90,000 of insurance was carried on the building , which had cost $ 772,674.05 to build , and so it could not be repaired . When the property was sold , much of the granite from the building was saved and stored in Oakley , Ohio . In 1967 , Professor John Peterson at UC 's University of Cincinnati College of Design , Architecture , Art , and Planning coordinated an effort to build a memorial to Henry Hobson Richardson out of the surviving stones . A design competition whose jury included 's Richardson 's grandson was held in 1968 and the design by student Stephen Carter ( architect ) was selected . The memorial was completed in 1972 and resides in Burnet Woods .   According to Charles Ludwig , a journalist in the 1920s and 1930s for the Cincinnati Times-Star , up to that time , the Chamber had been involved in most of the city 's significant developments since its creation .   As Cincinnati grew and became an eight-county metropolitan area in the mid-1960s , the Chamber changed its name to the Greater Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce to reflect its regional representation of businesses throughout Southwestern Ohio , Northern Kentucky and Southeastern Indiana . It is now called The Cincinnati USA Regional Chamber . The phrase `` Cincinnati USA '' is used to indicate that Greater Cincinnati extends beyond just one U.S. city and state . Cincinnati USA is a region of 15 counties ( In Ohio : Butler , Warren , Hamilton , Clermont and Brown Counties . In Kentucky : Boone , Kenton , Campbell , Gallatin , Grant , Pendleton and Bracken Counties . In Indiana : Franklin , Dearborn and Ohio Counties ) located in three states ( Ohio , Kentucky & Indiana ) .

neg: High Gate High Gate ( also known as the James Edwin Watson House or Ross Funeral Home ) is a historic residence located at 800 Fairmont Avenue in Fairmont , West Virginia .   The High Gate house and carriage house were built ca. 1910-1913 by Fairmont industrialist and financier , James E. Watson , son of the `` father of the West Virginia coal industry , '' James O. Watson . Designed by Philadelphia architect Horace Trumbauer , the stable and the adjacent mansion remain fine example of Tudor revival architecture with half-timbering , stucco wall cladding and clay-tiled-roofs -- an academic style based upon late Medieval English prototypes that was common among suburban domestic architecture in the United States in the early-20th-Century .   Although still uncommon prior to World War I , Tudor Revival became an immensely popular style during the 1920s and 1930s . High Gate is clearly a product of the early infusion of the Tudor style , as well as the opulence of the wealthy of the early 20th-Century .

neg: List of tallest buildings in Philadelphia Philadelphia , the largest city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania , is home to 389 completed high-rises , 32 of which stand taller than 400 ft. The tallest building in the city is currently the 58-story Comcast Center , which rises 975 ft in Center City . Comcast Center is also the tallest building in Pennsylvania and the 20th-tallest building in the United States . The second-tallest building is One Liberty Place , which rises 61 floors and 945 ft. One Liberty Place stood as the tallest building in Pennsylvania for over 20 years until the completion of Comcast Center in 2008 . Overall , seven of the ten tallest buildings in Pennsylvania are in Philadelphia , with the remainder being in Pittsburgh . Philadelphia is one of only five American cities with two or more completed buildings over 900 ft tall .   Philadelphia 's history of tall buildings is generally thought to have begun with the 1754 addition of the steeple to Christ Church , which was one of America 's first high-rise structures . Through most of the 20th century , a `` gentlemen 's agreement '' prevented buildings from rising higher than the 548-ft ( 167-m ) Philadelphia City Hall . Despite this , Philadelphia amassed a large collection of high-rise buildings . The completion of One Liberty Place in 1987 broke the agreement , and Philadelphia has since seen the construction of eight skyscrapers that eclipse City Hall in height .   Philadelphia has twice held the tallest habitable building in North America , first with Christ Church , then with City Hall . The latter reigned as the world 's tallest building from 1894 to 1908 , and is currently the world 's second-tallest masonry building , only 1.6 ft shorter than Mole Antonelliana in Turin . Like other large American cities , Philadelphia went through a massive building boom in the 1970s and 1980s , resulting in the completion of over 20 high-rise buildings .   , there are several major high-rise construction projects underway in Philadelphia . The largest of these projects is the Comcast Innovation and Technology Center , which began construction in 2014 and will rise 1121 ft upon completion . The Comcast Innovation and Technology Center will surpass Comcast Center by over 100 ft to become the tallest skyscraper in Pennsylvania and the tallest building in the country outside of New York and Chicago .   __ TOC __

neg: Parks in Chicago Parks in Chicago include open spaces and facilities , developed and managed by the Chicago Park District . The City of Chicago devotes 8.5 % of its total land acreage to parkland , which ranked it 13th among high-density population cities in the United States in 2012 . Since the 1830s , the official motto of Chicago has been Urbs in horto , Latin for `` City in a garden '' for its commitment to parkland . In addition to serving residents , a number of these parks also double as tourist destinations , most notably Lincoln Park , Chicago 's largest park , visited by over 20 million people each year , is one of the most visited parks in the United States . Notable architects , artists and landscape architects have contributed to the 570 parks , including Daniel Burnham , Frederick Law Olmsted , Jens Jensen , Frank Gehry , and Lorado Taft .

neg: Law, Law & Potter Law , Law & Potter was an architect firm in Madison , Wisconsin ; Potter Lawson , Inc. is its modern-day successor . Some of its buildings are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places for their architecture . The firm was Madison 's largest and `` arguably most important '' architectural firms in the 1920s and 1930s .   The founding partners were brothers James R. Law III ( 1885-1952 ) and Edward J. Law ( 1891-1983 ) , who were both born in Madison and graduates of the University of Pennsylvania 's School of Architecture . Ellis J. Potter ( 1880-c . l990 ) joined them in 1926 . Paul E. Nystrom ( 1899 - ? ) joined as a draftsman and was an architect in the firm by 1931 , and the firm eventually became Law , Law , Potter , & Nystrom .   James R. Law ( 1855-1952 ) was born in Madison . He worked in the architectural office of Louis Claude and Edward Starck in 1901 , and later studied at the School of Architecture of the University of Pennsylvania , and graduated in 1909 . Then back in Madison he worked for architect Arthur Peabody before founding his own firm in 1914 .   Works include :  Gay Building ( 1913 or 1915 ) , Madison 's first skyscraper , a nine-story building ( Law & Law )  Beavers Insurance building , 119 Martin Luther King Jr. . Blvd. , Madison ( Law & Law )  Bank of Madison building , 1 West Main St. , Madison ( Law & Law )  First National Bank building , 1 North Pinckney St. , Madison ( demolished ) ( Law & Law )  Madison Masonic Temple ( 1915 and 1922 designs ; built 1923-25 ) , 301 Wisconsin Ave. , Madison , ( Law & Law ) , NRHP-listed  a 1925 house in College Hills Historic District ( Law , Law & Potter ) .  Mount Horeb Public School ( 1941 addition ) , 207 Academy St Mount Horeb , WI ( Law , Law & Porter ) , NRHP-listed  West Side School , 718 W. Phillip St. Rhinelander , WI ( Law , Law and Potter ) , NRHP-listed  Lake View Sanatorium , 1204 Northport Dr. , Madison ( Law , Law , & PotterP , NRHP-listed  Tenney Building , Madison  Wisconsin Power and Light Building , Madison  First Congregational Church , Madison  Madison General Hospital ( two wings ) , Madison  West High School , Madison  Marquette Elementary School , Madison  Shorewood Elementary School , Madison   One or more works in NRHP-listed Jefferson Avenue Historic District , bounded by Oakland , Garfield and Ruger Aves . and Forest Park Blvd. . Janesville , WI ( Law , Law and Potter ) ,  One or more works in NRHP-listed Nakoma Historic District , Roughly bounded by Odana Rd. , Mantou Wy. , Mowhack Dr. , and Whedona Dr. Madison , WI Law , Law , and Potter )  One or more works in NRHP-listed West Lawn Heights Historic District , Roughly bounded by Virginia Ter. , Regent St. , S. Spooner Ave. , and Illinois Central Railroad Madison , WI ( Law , Law and Potter )

neg: Starks Building The Starks Building is a landmark 14-story building on Fourth Street and Muhammad Ali Boulevard in Downtown Louisville , Kentucky , USA . It was built in 1913 on a site that had been the First Christian Church of Louisville . It was commissioned by local businessman John Starks Rodes and designed by the Daniel Burnham firm of Chicago . It is 202 ft tall ( 62 m ) . It was listed as the 11th largest office complex in Louisville in 2004 by the newspaper Business First .   It was built in the Chicago School of architecture with Beaux Arts details . Cream-colored bricks are one of its signature features . It is decorated with classical motifs , including acanthus leaves , lion 's heads and urns . It was originally a `` U '' shaped structure , but a 1926 addition designed by the firm Graham , Anderson , Probst & White added a new wing to create a rectangular shape with a central sunlight well . At the bottom of the central atrium was a courtyard , and until 1984 it was covered with a Plexiglas skylight .   In 1953 , the building was renovated to add a parking garage - the first in the city - to the building . The 700 + space garage was built on an adjoining lot and fronts Third Street . The Starks Building is mixed use , with retail , dining and office space . When it was sold in 1997 the building included about 350000 sqft of leasable space . In the 1990s and 2000s the owners had trouble finding tenants , with over half of the space vacant in 2006 .   Notable long-time tenants include the Colonnade Cafeteria , Seng Jewelers and Rodes Men 's and Women 's Clothing . Current tenants include the Business First of Louisville news publication , FoodCare , a startup that relocated its headquarters to Louisville from San Francisco in April 2012 , and Mediaura , a highly successful digital agency . Colonnade Cafeteria moved into the Starks Building basement in 1926 and remained until 2006 . Rodes Clothing , founded by the building 's financier John Starks Rodes himself , was located in the building from 1914 until the company relocated to the suburbs in 2004 .   It was owned by the Starks family until the mid-1980s when it was sold to an investment group , which resold the building in 1997 to Empire State Collateral . Empire State defaulted on the mortgage and ownership was taken over by Allstate in 2004 . The building was sold again in 2006 to the Hertz Investment Group . The Starks Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 . It is connected by a skyway to Fourth Street Live ! , an entertainment mall adjacent on the North side . On July 2 , 2007 , the Cordish Company , developers of Fourth Street Live ! , announced that it would expand the mall southward by leasing the first floor ( street-level ) of the Starks Building .  The Baltimore-based developer has since abandoned plans to develop 20000 sqft of vacant street-level space in the Starks Building .   Since the purchase in 2006 , occupancy has risen to 71 percent , as of May 2010 , Hertz Investment Group said . The Starks building signed a number of new tenants during 2009 , including an 11500 sqft Eddie Merlot 's restaurant , part of a Fort Wayne , Ind.-based upscale steakhouse chain . With Eddie Merlot 's , all the Starks street-level space has been leased .

neg: John Hancock Center The John Hancock Center is a 100-story , 1,128-foot ( 343.7 m ) supertall skyscraper at 875 North Michigan Avenue , Chicago , Illinois , United States . It was constructed under the supervision of Skidmore , Owings and Merrill , with chief designer Bruce Graham and structural engineer Fazlur Khan . When the building topped out on May 6 , 1968 , it was the second tallest building in the world and the tallest outside of New York City . It is currently the fourth-tallest building in Chicago and the eighth-tallest in the United States , after One World Trade Center , the Willis Tower , 432 Park Avenue , the Trump Tower Chicago , the Empire State Building , the Bank of America Tower , and the Aon Center . When measured to the top of its antenna masts , it stands at 1500 ft. The building is home to offices and restaurants , as well as about 700 condominiums , and contains the third highest residence in the world , after the Burj Khalifa in Dubai and the Trump Tower in Chicago . The building was named for John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company , a developer and original tenant of the building .   From the 95th floor restaurant , diners can look out at Chicago and Lake Michigan . The Observatory ( 360 Chicago ) , which competes with the Willis Tower 's Skydeck , has a 360 ° view of the city , up to four states , and a distance of over 80 mi . The Observatory has Chicago 's only open-air SkyWalk and also features a free multimedia tour in six languages . The 44th-floor sky lobby features America 's highest indoor swimming pool .

neg: State Street Block (Boston) State Street Block ( built 1857 ) is a granite building near the waterfront in the Financial District of Boston , Massachusetts . Architect Gridley James Fox Bryant designed it . In the 1850s `` the Long and Central Wharf Corporation ... sold each bay to individual owners , requiring that ` the granite to be used for the sidewalk & facade of each bay must be purchased from the Corporation & erected according to the architect 's plan . ' ''   Walt Whitman visited Boston in 1860 , and wrote about what he saw : `` Noblest of all State Street Block , east of the Custom House , rough granite . The above probably one of the finest pieces of com -LSB- merical -RSB- architecture in the world . '' Another visitor travelling through Boston ( in 1859 ) called it `` a magnificent block . ''   In the mid-20th century , `` nearly three-quarters of the original 22-bay building ... was amputated for construction of the Central Artery ... and the roofline of the remainder has been destroyed . '' The surviving portion of the block was added as part of the Custom House District to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 .

neg: Los Angeles Board of Trade Building Board of Trade Building is a historic building in Downtown Los Angeles that was opened in 1929 . Located at the northwest corner of Main Street and Seventh Street , the building was designed by Claud Beelman and Alexander Curlett in the Beaux Arts style with Classical Revival influence . The building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2008 and is one of more than ten Claud Beelman buildings included in the National Register .   Upon completion , the building had 230000 sqft of space and fourteen stores on the ground floor , with the remainder of the building utilized for offices . The building was the headquarters for the new California Stock Exchange starting in January 1930 . The exchange 's trading floor , located on the building 's second floor , was patterned after the New York Stock Exchange , measured 89 by 90 ft and was designed to accommodate 300 brokers . The exchange also included six trading posts with price indicators for 384 issues , a clearing-house , visitors ' gallery , smoking-room for members , private offices for executives , committee rooms and locker rooms . The first trade recorded on the exchange in January 1930 involved 100 shares of `` Bolsa Chica Oil ` A ' . ''   The Board of Trade Building was the first on the Pacific Coast to be built with automated elevators that stopped automatically on the floors where buttons were pressed , and without the need for an operator in the elevator car .   In 1945 , the Board of Trade Building was purchased for $ 1,250,000 by a syndicate represented by Gray Phelps & Co. .   Like many of the old buildings in downtown Los Angeles , the building has been converted into live/work lofts .

neg: Wilkins House (Greenville, South Carolina) The Wilkins House is a historic house in Greenville , South Carolina , built in 1878 by Jacob W. Cagle ( 1832 -- 1910 ) for merchant and capitalist William T. Wilkins ( 1825 -- 1895 ) . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 19 , 2016 .   Wilkins , a native of Spartanburg , South Carolina , engaged in the hardware business in Charleston and New York City prior to the Civil War , though he returned to South Carolina to fight for the Confederacy . By his death in 1895 , Wilkins was `` a large stockholder in nearly every manufacturing enterprise in Greenville . ''   In 1867 , Wilkins married Harriet Dawkins Cleveland ( 1843 -- 1930 ) of Greenville , a woman wealthy in her own right ; and in 1875 they settled in her hometown . On 93 acres Wilkins built a two-story brick mansion in the Italianate style , reflecting their prominence in the business and social life of the community . An 1898 publication described the house as `` the finest home of any man in northern South Carolina . '' The elegant interior , decorated in high Victorian style , included large crystal chandeliers , bas-relief carvings , and an impressive curved staircase . A conservatory on the north side was crowded with plants and flowers . Even after the death of her husband and only son , Mrs. Wilkins ( thereafter always dressed in black ) continued to play the grand lady , hosting luxurious dinner parties and being driven to social appointments in an enclosed carriage .   On her death in 1930 , the house passed to a nephew who leased it to a funeral home , Jones Mortuary , which made superficial modifications to the interior but ( among other exterior alterations , including painting the brick white ) added a 1,200-square-foot chapel -- enough change to make the structure ineligible for inclusion on the National Register . The funeral home closed in 1999 , and for ten years the building was used for antique and specialty shops and as a wedding venue .   When the now four-acre property was sold to a buyer who wished to demolish the house and build a nursing home and assisted living center , real estate developer Neil Wilson bought the house , intending to preserve and restore it . With assistance from the Palmetto Trust for Historic Preservation and members of the Greenville community , the necessary $ 720,000 to move the house was raised in 2014 . The funeral home additions were demolished , and on September 6 , 2014 , the 800-ton house was moved a few blocks from Augusta Street to Mills Avenue , becoming in the process the heaviest structure ever moved in South Carolina .   Although buildings that have been moved are typically ineligible for the National Register , the Wilson house was considered eligible on the basis of its architecture ( `` an excellent example of a high-style Italianate residence '' ) and because it was a rare residential construction by Jacob Cable .

neg: John R. Hamilton (architect) John R. Hamilton was an English architect who moved to Cincinnati , Ohio . In England Hamilton designed the Lincoln and Worcester Insane Asylums ; the Birmingham , Plymouth , and Leicester Cemeteries ; and churches in London and Oxford ( according to an affidavit ) . He is believed to have come to the U.S. in approximately 1850 and to Cincinnati in approximately 1852 . According to the Architectural Foundation of Cincinnati 's Biographical Dictionary of Cincinnati Architects : `` relatively little is known about Hamilton 's American career , but he seems to have been a fine designer , willing to explore new technology , and with a significant influence through his pupils on later 19th-century Cincinnati-area architecture . ''   He is listed on his own in 1853-1855 , with Rankin , 1856 -- 1857 , and with James W. McLaughlin in 1857-1858 . Prominent Cincinnati architect Samuel Hannaford , born in England and brought to the Cincinnati area as a child , got his start in Hamilton 's office in 1857 .   Hamilton won a silver medal at the Ohio Mechanics ' Institute for his ` Paintings , Lithographic , Architectural , and other Drawings . ' He may have been in New York City at 36 Wall Street by 1859 ( or 1858 , according to Haverstock ) , and was `` made a Fellow of the fledgling American Institute of Architects in 1860 . '' According to Haverstock , page 369 , `` he served during the Civil War as special artist for Harper 's Weekly , traveling as far south as Port Hudson , Louisiana , '' and was in Richmond , Virginia , from about 1864 to 1866 . Hamilton was an early member of the Literary Club of Cincinnati ( 1857 ) .   In 1854 Hamilton won a design competition for the Henry Clay Monument in the Lexington , Kentucky Cemetery , a Gothic dome `` constructed entirely and innovatively of cast-iron '' , but it was not built and a `` more conventional ( if provincial ) column , raised on an Egyptoid mausoleum base , supported a statue of Clay . ''   The Horticultural Review and Botanical Magazine ( published in Cincinnati by H.W. Derby -LSB- a Hamilton & Rankin client -RSB- and edited by John Aston Warder and James W. Ward ) published Hamilton 's Charles Anderson House ( later Broadwell House ) at SEC Fifth and Pike streets in downtown Cincinnati , and ran a series of signed articles on architecture by Hamilton . The article about `` rural architecture '' are `` perhaps '' the earliest known architectural writings by a Cincinnati-based architect , announced by the publication 's editor in the first issue of the volume , IV , 1 ( 1/1854 ) , 47 .

neg: Oneida Street Station Oneida Street Station , also known as the East Wells Power Plant , was a power plant operated by The Milwaukee Electric Railway & Light Company . Constructed from 1898 to 1900 , it was designed by architect Herman Esser in neoclassical revival style . The building is located in downtown Milwaukee , Wisconsin , at the Milwaukee River and Wells Street , which was once known as Oneida Street . The company began operating electric street cars in 1890 . Their expanding network of streetcar and interurban railway lines were powered by several of their own power plants . As the company generated more power than they used , they sold the excess electricity , and , as Wisconsin Energy Corporation , eventually became the major supplier of power to eastern Wisconsin . The American Society of Mechanical Engineers ( ASME ) describes the plant as the `` first central power station in the United States to be equipped and successfully operated with pulverized coal . ''   From 1918 to 1920 , the plant was the site of pioneering experiments into the use of pulverized coal-fired boilers . The chief engineer for the company directed experiments to determine whether pulverized coal would conserve fuel and reduced the cost of electrical power . This change was seen as controversial , and was opposed by many engineers . However , pulverized coal was determined to be much more efficient than stoker firing in the central station boilers . In addition to the change in the coal , a `` water screen '' was developed to reduce the temperature of the waste ash , to prevent it from fusing as slag on the floor of the boiler . Soon , boilers all over the country began using pulverized coal , due to the greater efficiency of the process . For this , the site is recognized as a National Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark , in 1980 , by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers .   The building was added to the National Register of Historic places in 1984 . However , the power plant was decommissioned and the building was renovated in 1987 . The building currently houses the Patty and Jay Baker Theater Complex and the Milwaukee Repertory Theater .


query: The Falling has more than one English actress.

pos: Maxine Peake Maxine Peake ( born 14 July 1974 ) is an English stage , radio , film and television actress , who made her name as Twinkle in Victoria Wood 's sitcom Dinnerladies . She has since played Veronica Ball in Channel 4 's Manchester-based comedy drama series Shameless , barrister Martha Costello in the BBC legal drama Silk and Grace Middleton in The Village . She is also an accomplished stage actress , having played the title role in Hamlet , and had a role in the 2014 film The Theory of Everything .

pos: The Falling (2014 film) The Falling is a 2014 British mystery drama film written and directed by Carol Morley . It stars Maisie Williams and Florence Pugh as best friends at an all-girls school . The film also stars Greta Scacchi , Monica Dolan , Maxine Peake , and Mathew Baynton . Production began in October 2013 . The film premiered at the BFI London Film Festival on 11 October 2014 and was released theatrically on 24 April 2015 in the UK . The Falling earned # 468,762 on a # 750,000 budget .

pos: Maisie Williams Margaret Constance `` Maisie '' Williams ( born 15 April 1997 ) is an English actress . She made her professional acting debut as Arya Stark in the HBO fantasy television series Game of Thrones in 2011 , for which she won the EWwy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama , the Portal Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Television and Best Young Actor , and the Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor . In 2016 , she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series .   Williams has also had a recurring role in Doctor Who as Ashildr in 2015 . In addition to television , she made her feature film debut in the mystery The Falling ( 2014 ) , for which she won the London Film Critics ' Circle Award for Young Performer of the Year .

pos: Florence Pugh Florence Pugh ( born 3 January 1996 ) is an English actress .

pos: Monica Dolan Monica Margaret Dolan ( born 15 March 1969 ) is a British actress . She won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Supporting Actress for playing Rosemary West in Appropriate Adult ( 2011 ) .

neg: Robert Hardy Timothy Sydney Robert Hardy , CBE , FSA ( born 29 October 1925 ) is an English actor with a long career in the theatre , film and television .

neg: Sarah Manners Sarah Manners ( born 25 August 1975 ) is an English actress , best known for her role as Joanna Helm in the BBC soap opera Doctors .

neg: Kate Hodgson Kate Hodgson ( born 30 August 1985 ) is an English actress and photographer .

neg: Gabrielle Glaister Gabrielle Glaister ( born 27 July 1960 ) is an English actress .

neg: Kate Winslet filmography Kate Winslet is a British actress and singer who has appeared in numerous films and television series . Her film debut was as Juliet Hulme in the 1994 film Heavenly Creatures . She went on to appear in the later 1990s films Sense and Sensibility as Marianne Dashwood ( 1995 ) , which earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , Jude as Sue Bridehead ( 1996 ) , Hamlet as Ophelia ( 1996 ) and Titanic as Rose DeWitt Bukater ( 1997 ) . For her role in Titanic , it earned her Best Actress nominations for an Academy Award , Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Award .   In the 2000s , she was cast in Enigma with Dougray Scott ( 2001 ) , Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind with Jim Carrey ( 2004 ) , Finding Neverland with Johnny Depp ( 2004 ) , The Holiday with Jack Black ( 2006 ) , The Reader with David Kross ( 2008 ) and Revolutionary Road with Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2008 ) , her second collaboration with him , the first being in Titanic . She won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in The Reader . She also lent her voice to the animated film Flushed Away in 2006 with Hugh Jackman .   In 2011 , Winslet starred in the all-star cast films , in Contagion with Marion Cotillard , Matt Damon , Jude Law and Gwyneth Paltrow and in Carnage alongside Jodie Foster , Christoph Waltz and John C. Reilly . In 2014 , she played Jeanine Matthews in the first film of the series , Divergent , based on the novel of the same name . She reprised the role in the 2015 sequel Insurgent .   In 2015 , she starred in titular role in The Dressmaker and as an ex marketing chief of Apple Joanna Hoffman in a biopic Steve Jobs , earning her seventh Oscar nomination .   Her television work includes appearing in several episodes of the series Dark Season in 1991 , and three episodes on Get Back from 1992 to 1993 . In 2005 , she appeared in an episode of Extras as herself and received her first Emmy nomination and went on to win one for her portrayal of Mildred Pierce Beragon in Todd Haynes 's 2011 miniseries Mildred Pierce .

neg: Alice Eve Alice Sophia Eve ( born 6 February 1982 ) is an English actress .

neg: Tamsin Egerton Tamsin Egerton ( born 26 November 1988 ) is an English actress and model best known for her roles as Chelsea Parker in the 2007 film St Trinian 's , Holly Goodfellow in the 2005 film Keeping Mum and Guinevere in the 2011 TV series Camelot .

neg: Catherine Feller Catherine Feller ( born 1939 ) is a British actress and educator . She is perhaps best known for her role as Oliver Reed 's love interest in the Hammer Film Productions ' The Curse of the Werewolf ( 1961 ) . She also appeared in Waltz of the Toreadors ( 1962 ) with Peter Sellers . She also appeared in the first colour episode `` The Queen 's Ransom '' of The Saint TV show .

neg: Amy Hall Amy Hall is an English actress .

neg: Felicity Montagu Felicity J. Montagu ( born 12 September 1960 ) is an English actress .

neg: Carmen du Sautoy Carmen du Sautoy ( born 26 February 1950 ) is a British stage , television and film actress .

neg: Amelia Warner Amelia Warner ( born 4 June 1982 ) is an English actress , as well as a musician who performs under the name Slow Moving Millie .

neg: List of British actors and actresses This list of notable actors and actresses from the United Kingdom includes performers in film , radio , stage and television .

neg: Falling Down (Sub Focus song) `` Falling Down '' is a song by British DJ and record producer Sub Focus , featuring vocals from Boston-born and London-raised singer Kenzie May . Originally previewed through Douwma ' SoundCloud page on 14 December 2011 , it was released as a free digital download on 1 January 2012 through RAM Records and Mercury Records . The song became the first single of Sub Focus ' second studio album Torus . On 15 May 2012 , the single was re-released as an EP through OWSLA alongside remixes from Nick Thayer , xKore and Sub Focus himself . The VIP also features on the deluxe edition of Torus .

neg: Sarah Smart Sarah Smart ( born 3 March 1977 ) is an English actress .

neg: Kate O'Toole (actress) Kate Eurwen O'Toole ( born 26 February 1960 in Stratford-upon-Avon , Warwickshire ) is an English-actress . She is the daughter of actors Peter O'Toole and Siân Phillips .

neg: Trudie Goodwin Trudie Goodwin ( born 13 November 1951 ) is an English actress best known for playing Sergeant June Ackland in the high-profile British television police drama The Bill from 1984 to 2007 , and Georgia Sharma in the ITV soap Emmerdale , from 2011 to 2015 .

neg: Joan Blackham Joan Blackham ( born 1946 in Wolverhampton , Staffordshire , England ) is a prolific British actress with a long stage , film and television career .

neg: Despite the Falling Snow (film) Despite the Falling Snow is a 2016 British Cold War espionage film directed by Shamim Sarif , adapted from her novel of the same name . Starring Rebecca Ferguson , Charles Dance , Oliver Jackson-Cohen , Antje Traue , Sam Reid , Anthony Head and Thure Lindhardt the film was released in the United Kingdom on April 15 , 2016 .

neg: Laura Petela Laura Petela ( born 8 July 1983 ) is a British television actress .


query: Serbia ranks 48th on the Global Peace Index.

pos: Serbia Serbia ( -LSB- ˈsɜrbiə -RSB- , Србија / Srbija , -LSB- sř̩bija -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Serbia ( Република Србија / Republika Srbija ) , is a landlocked sovereign state situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe , covering the southern part of the Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans . Serbia is situated along a number of cultural , geographic , and climatic crossroads . It borders Hungary to the north ; Romania and Bulgaria to the east ; Macedonia to the south ; and Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro to the southwest . It claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo . Serbia numbers around 7 million residents ; its capital , Belgrade , ranks among the oldest and largest cities in Southeast Europe .   Following the Slavic migrations to the Balkans postdating the 6th century , Serbs established several states in the early Middle Ages . The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by Rome and the Byzantine Empire in 1217 , reaching its peak in 1346 as a relatively short-lived Serbian Empire . By the mid-16th century , the entire modern-day Serbia was annexed by the Ottomans , at times interrupted by the Habsburg Empire , which started expanding towards Central Serbia from the end of the 17th century , while maintaining a foothold in modern-day Vojvodina . In the early 19th century , the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the region 's first constitutional monarchy , which subsequently expanded its territory . Following disastrous casualties in World War I , and the subsequent unification of the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina ( and other territories ) with Serbia , the country co-founded Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples , which would exist in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s . During the breakup of Yugoslavia , Serbia formed a union with Montenegro which dissolved peacefully in 2006 , when Serbia reestablished its independence . In 2008 the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence , with mixed responses from the international community .   Serbia is a member of numerous organizations such as the UN , CoE , OSCE , PfP , BSEC , and CEFTA . An EU membership candidate since 2012 , Serbia has been negotiating its EU accession since January 2014 . The country is acceding to the WTO and is a militarily neutral state . Serbia is an upper-middle income economy with dominant service sector , followed by the industrial sector and agriculture . The country ranks high on the Human Development Index ( 66th ) , Social Progress Index ( 47th ) as well as the Global Peace Index ( 48th ) .

neg: United Nations Security Council Resolution 740 United Nations Security Council resolution 740 , adopted unanimously on 7 February 1992 , after reaffirming resolutions 713 ( 1991 ) , 721 ( 1991 ) , 724 ( 1991 ) and 727 ( 1992 ) and considering a report by the Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali , the Council approved plans for a peacekeeping mission in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia .   The Council expressed its desire to deploy the force after the `` remaining obstacle in the way '' is removed , calling on the Serbian leaders to accept the United Nations peace plan . Then Croatian President Franjo Tuđman had accepted the plan . It also approved the increase of the military liaison commission to a total of 75 officers , up from 50 .   The resolution went on to call on all parties to co-operate with the Conference on Yugoslavia to reach a settlement of the issue consistent with the principles of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe , and also to all states to continue to observe the arms embargo on the country .

neg: Environmental Performance Index The Environmental Performance Index ( EPI ) is a method of quantifying and numerically marking the environmental performance of a state 's policies . This index was developed from the Pilot Environmental Performance Index , first published in 2002 , and designed to supplement the environmental targets set forth in the United Nations Millennium Development Goals .   The EPI was preceded by the Environmental Sustainability Index ( ESI ) , published between 1999 and 2005 . Both indexes were developed by Yale University ( Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy ) and Columbia University ( Center for International Earth Science Information Network ) in collaboration with the World Economic Forum and the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission . The ESI was developed to evaluate environmental sustainability relative to the paths of other countries . Due to a shift in focus by the teams developing the ESI , the EPI uses outcome-oriented indicators , then working as a benchmark index that can be more easily used by policy makers , environmental scientists , advocates and the general public . Other leading indices like the Global Green Economy Index ( GGEI ) provide an integrated measure of the environmental , social and economic dynamics of national economies . The GGEI utilizes EPI data for the environmental dimension of the index while also providing a performance assessment of efficiency sectors ( e.g. transport , buildings , energy ) , investment , green innovation and national leadership around climate change .   As of January 2012 four EPI reports have been released - the Pilot 2006 Environmental Performance Index , and the 2008 , 2010 , and 2012 Environmental Performance Index . For the 2012 report , a new `` Pilot Trend EPI '' was developed to rank countries based on the environmental performance changes occurred during the last decade , allowing to establish which countries are improving and which are declining .   In the 2014 EPI ranking , the top five countries were Switzerland , Luxembourg , Australia , Singapore , and the Czech Republic . The bottom five countries in 2014 were Somalia , Mali , Haiti , Lesotho , and Afghanistan . The United Kingdom was ranked in 12th place , Japan 26th place , the United States 33rd , Brazil 77th , China 118th , and India came in 155th . The top five countries based on their 2012 Pilot Trend EPI were Estonia , Kuwait , El Salvador , Namibia and Congo .

neg: Novi Sad Novi Sad ( Нови Сад , -LSB- nôʋiː sâːd -RSB- ; Újvidék  Nový Sad see below for other names ) is the second largest city of Serbia , the capital of the autonomous province of Vojvodina and the administrative center of the South Bačka District . It is located in the southern part of the Pannonian Plain , on the border of the Bačka and Srem geographical regions , on the banks of the Danube river , facing the northern slopes of Fruška Gora mountain .   , the city has a population of 250,439 , while the urban area of Novi Sad ( with the adjacent urban settlements of Petrovaradin and Sremska Kamenica ) has 277,522 inhabitants . The population of the administrative area of the city stands at 341,625 people .   Novi Sad was founded in 1694 , when Serb merchants formed a colony across the Danube from the Petrovaradin fortress , a Habsburg strategic military post . In the 18th and 19th centuries , it became an important trading and manufacturing centre , as well as a centre of Serbian culture of that period , earning the nickname of the Serbian Athens . The city was heavily devastated in the 1848 Revolution , but it was subsequently restored . Today , along with the capital city of Belgrade , Novi Sad is the industrial and financial center of the Serbian economy ; also , it was named one of the 2021 European Capital of Culture cities .

neg: North Korea–Serbia relations The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea had established diplomatic relations on October 30 , 1948 . Relations had been very close during the time of Josip Broz Tito and Kim Il-sung . Both leaders had taken a neutral stance during the Sino-Soviet split and maintained friendly relations with both the Soviet Union and China . Both Serbia and North Korea are members of the Non-Aligned Movement . Yugoslavia , of which Serbia was a part , was one of the movement 's founding members . Both countries closed their embassies in each other 's capitals in October and November 2001 , respectively , for financial reasons . Nevertheless , they continue to enjoy a close relationship . The Serbian Embassy to North Korea is accredited from Beijing , China , and the North Korean embassy to Serbia is accredited from Sofia , Bulgaria .

neg: Ministry of Interior (Republika Srpska) The Ministry of Interior of Republika Srpska / Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Republike Srpske ( MUP RS ) ) is the interior ministry of the Republika Srpska entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina .   The police are under the direct control of the MUP RS . The duties of the police are protecting the rights of all its citizens , preventing and responding to disasters and other emergency situations , and maintaining law and order in society and amongst the civil population . Counter-terrorism branches of the police are tasked with anti-terrorist operations and high profile apprehensions . The police have their main headquarters in Banja Luka , but police academies are situated in Pale , Prijedor , and Bijeljina .   The Council of Europe 's Committee for the Prevention of Torture has been critical of law enforcement and prison conditions in Republika Srpska , stating that `` ill-treatment by the police remains a frequent occurrence and that little , if any , progress has been made '' and that `` It should be emphasised that some of the ill-treatment alleged was of such severity that it would amount to torture . ''

neg: United Nations Security Council Resolution 838 United Nations Security Council resolution 838 , adopted unanimously on 10 June 1993 , after reaffirming Resolution 713 ( 1991 ) and all subsequent resolutions on the situation in the former Yugoslavia and in particular Bosnia and Herzegovina , the Council discussed options for the deployment of international observers on the borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina to ensure implementation of previous Security Council resolutions .   The Council reiterated its demands in resolutions 752 ( 1992 ) and 819 ( 1993 ) which called for the end of foreign interference in Bosnia and Herzegovina and for the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) cease supplying arms and military equipment to Bosnian Serb paramilitary units respectively . Violations of resolutions 757 ( 1992 ) , 787 ( 1992 ) and 820 ( 1993 ) were condemned which involved actions that took place between Serbia and Montenegro and the protected areas in Croatia and those areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the control of Bosnian Serbs . In this regard , the Council considered the possible deployment of observers around the borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina as indicated in Resolution 787 ( 1992 ) .   The resolution also noted the decision of Serbia and Montenegro to prohibit all but humanitarian supplies to Bosnian Serb paramilitaries and the Council urged the country to implement the commitment . The Vance-Owen Peace Plan was recommended as a peaceful settlement of the conflict in the region .   The Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali was requested to report back to the Security Council on options for the deployment of international observers to monitor the borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina with priority for its border with Serbia and Montenegro . He was requested to contact Member States in order to ensure the availability of any material derived from aerial surveillance .

neg: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1421 United Nations Security Council resolution 1421 , adopted unanimously on 3 July 2002 , after recalling all previous resolutions on the conflict in the former Yugoslavia , particularly resolutions 1357 ( 2001 ) , 1418 ( 2002 ) and 1420 ( 2002 ) , the Council , acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter , extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina ( UNMIBH ) and authorised the continuation of the Stabilisation Force ( SFOR ) until 15 July 2002 .   As with Resolution 1420 ( 2002 ) , the United States expressed its concern at `` politicised prosecutions '' of its peacekeepers before the International Criminal Court ( ICC ) , whose jurisdiction the country did not accept and Statute came into force on 1 July 2002 . The extension of UNMIBH 's mandate allowed more time for consultations regarding immunity for United Nations personnel who were nationals of countries that did not recognise the ICC .

neg: Health in Bosnia and Herzegovina Health in Bosnia and Herzegovina was impacted by the Balkan War of the early 1990s , during which Bosnia and Herzegovina declared their independence . Bosnia faced many challenges during the war , including bombings throughout the country that ruined much of the infrastructure . Parallel regimes took over Bosnia and flipped the country upside down with land mines , bullets , and bombings . The war displaced over 800,000 refugees and killed over 100,000 people . The war in Bosnia also consisted of an ethnic `` cleanse '' of Bosnian Muslims initiated by Bosnian Serbs , which included containment of Bosniaks in concentration camps . The war ended with NATO involvement and the Dayton Agreement in 1995 . The Dayton Agreement acknowledges Bosnia and Herzegovina as a democratic country and the country is moving toward the basic principals that accompany that , such as civil rights and equality . During the war there was minimal attention given to the standard of health and major public health concerns , such as pest control , hygiene , disinfection , and import and export programs , were all interrupted or stopped .  The war affected Bosnia in many ways . The war torn country not only lost much of the infrastructure , but the economy and the governmental system were also affected . It is estimated that there are still thousands of people living as refugees and a large portion of the population still fall under the United Nations High Commission of Refugees category of a refugee or displaced person . The shortcomings of the current health care system include the lack of communication between health care centers , lack of skills , and lack of standards that are uniform throughout the country .

neg: Bosnians Bosnians ( Bosnian , Croatian and Serbian : Bosanci / Босанци ; singular : Bosnian ( Bosanac / Босанац ) are people who live in Bosnia , or who are of Bosnian descent . Bosnia is one of two main regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina .   According to the latest official population census made in Bosnia and Herzegovina , most of the people identified with Bosniak , Croat or Serb nationality . Some people identified with `` Bosnian '' nationality , however these are listed under the category `` Others '' ( along with all the other options such as Jews , Romas etc. ) . According to the latest population census ( 2013 ) , there were around 2.7 % `` Others '' .   According to some , a Bosnian can be anyone who holds citizenship of the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina , and thus is largely synonymous with the all-encompassing national demonym Bosnians and Herzegovinians . This includes , but is not limited to , members of the constituent ethnic groups of Bosnia and Herzegovina : Bosniaks , Serbs and Croats . Those who reside in the smaller geographical region of Herzegovina usually prefer to identify as Herzegovinians .   CIA factbook , used in this article as a source for numbers , does n't mention a sole `` Bosnian '' nationality . Instead it mentions `` Bosnian ( s ) , Herzegovinian ( s ) '' thereby emphasizing the regional significance and equity between the terms .   Ethnic minorities in this territory , such as Jews , Roma , Albanians , Montenegrins and others , may consider Bosnian as an adjective modifying their ethnicity ( e.g. Bosnian Roma ) to indicate place of residence . Other times they use ( with equal rights ) the term Herzegovinians .   In addition , a sizable population in Bosnia and Herzegovina believe that the term `` Bosnians '' defines a people who constitute a distinct collective cultural identity or ethnic group . According to the latest ( 2013 ) census however , this population does n't rise above 2.7 % .   According to a study conducted by University of Montenegro , Faculty for Sport and Physical Education , Nikšić , Montenegro and University of Novi Sad in Serbia , Bosnian people are the tallest in the world .

neg: London Declaration for Global Peace and Resistance against Extremism 2011 On 24 September 2011 , Minhaj-ul-Quran organised a major `` Peace for Humanity Conference '' at Wembley Arena in London at which , under the auspices of Pakistani Islamic scholar Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri , its 12,000 attendees announced a global declaration denouncing racism , interfaith intolerance , extremism and terrorism . Minhaj-ul-Quran strategist Joel Hayward wrote the declaration text for Qadri and was its second formal signatory after Qadri himself . Notably , senior Al-Azhar University leaders and dignitaries then signed it before Minhaj-ul-Quran opened it up via the internet for public signing . They aim to get one million signatures within a year . The London Declaration for Global Peace and Resistance against Extremism is intended as an interfaith document which unequivocally condemns all extremism and terrorism , '' because at the heart of all religions is a belief in the sanctity of the lives of the innocent . '' The Declaration adds : `` The indiscriminate nature of terrorism , which has in recent years killed far more civilians and other non-combatants than it has combatants , is un-Islamic , un-Judaic , un-Christian and it is indeed incompatible with the true teachings of all faiths . '' The London Declaration also `` unequivocally condemn -LSB- s -RSB- anti-Semitism ( including when sometimes it is disingenuously clothed as anti-Zionism ) , Islamophobia ( including when it is sometimes disingenuously dressed up as patriotism ) and all other forms of racism and xenophobia . '' Muslim extremists tried to prevent the success of the Declaration via cyber-attacks on the website hosting it .

neg: The World Development Report 2011 The 2011 World Development Report : Conflict , Security and Development ( WDR ) is a document by the World Bank on the challenges organised violence poses to the advancement of less developed countries . The report finds that over the last 30 years poverty has been reduced for most of the world 's population - but this is not the case for the estimated 1.5 billion people living in countries blighted by on-going conflict . Not one low income country suffering from on-going violence has achieved a single Millennium Development Goal . Once mass violence takes root in a society , it can take a generation or more to restore stability .   Organised violence as defined by the report includes civil and inter-state war as well as the violence resulting from criminal activity , especially drug and human trafficking . The WDR does not address interpersonal and domestic violence , though it acknowledges they are also relevant to development .   The report finds that overall mass conflict has become less prevalent over recent decades , with the average number of worldwide battle deaths dropping from 164,000 per year in the 1980s to only 42,000 in the 2000s . But the 1.5 billion living in conflict wracked states have not benefited from this trend . A new form of mass violence plagues their countries , with cycles of political violence alternating with periods where as many or more die from criminal activity .   Despite the difficulties in overcoming a legacy of conflict , violence or authoritarian rule , several countries have made impressive progress including Chile , Colombia , Ghana , Indonesia , Mozambique , South Africa and Timor-Leste . The report offers lessons drawn from these past successes . The World Bank stress that their report does not proscribe standard fixes suitable for all , and that efforts to resolve conflicts should be nationally led from within affected countries . Workable solutions will have to be tailored to each set of individual circumstance . Yet the WDR does find that previous successful efforts share many common features , which are reflected in the report 's WDR framework .

neg: Peace Implementation Council The Peace Implementation Council ( PIC ) is an international body charged with implementing the Dayton Peace Agreement for Bosnia and Herzegovina . The Council was established at an implementation conference held in London , United Kingdom on December 8 and 9 , 1995 , subsequent to the completion of the negotiations of the accord the preceding month . The Council is , in effect , the realization , through the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina , of the international community 's governance of Bosnia and Herzegovina after signature of the Dayton Agreement . This international control over Bosnia and Herzegovina is to last until the country is deemed politically and democratically stable and self-sustainable .   The PIC comprises 55 countries and agencies that support the peace process in many different ways - by assisting it financially , providing troops for SFOR , or directly running operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina . There is also a fluctuating number of observers .   Since the London conference , the PIC has come together at the ministerial level another six times to review progress and define the goals of peace implementation for the coming period : in June 1996 in Florence , Italy ; in December 1996 for a second time in London ; in December 1997 in Bonn , Germany ; in December 1998 in Madrid , Spain , in May 2000 and February 2007 in Brussels , Belgium .   The PIC clarifies the responsibilities of the High Representative as the main implementing body of the civilian part of the Dayton Agreement , as set out in Annex 10 the Dayton Agreement . For example , the 1997 Bonn session provided the Office of the High Representative with the so-called `` Bonn authority '' to dismiss elected and non-elected officials who obstruct the implementation of the Dayton Agreement . The High Representative from 2006-2007 , Christian Schwarz-Schilling , used this power sparingly , to promote confidence in elected domestic government . This strategy was reversed by the new appointee to that post , Miroslav Lajčák , who imposed several decisions on his first day at work .

neg: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1437 United Nations Security Council resolution 1437 , adopted unanimously on 11 October 2002 , after recalling previous resolutions on Croatia , including resolutions 779 ( 1992 ) , 981 ( 1995 ) , 1088 ( 1996 ) , 1147 ( 1998 ) , 1183 ( 1998 ) , 1222 ( 1999 ) , 1252 ( 1999 ) , 1285 ( 2000 ) , 1307 ( 2000 ) , 1357 ( 2001 ) , 1362 ( 2001 ) , 1387 ( 2002 ) and 1424 ( 2002 ) , the Council authorised the United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka ( UNMOP ) to continue monitoring the demilitarisation in the Prevlaka peninsula area of Croatia for a final two months until 15 December 2002 .   The Security Council welcomed the calm and stable situation on the Prevlaka peninsula . It noted that the presence of UNMOP contributed greatly to maintaining conditions conducive to a settlement of the dispute and welcomed that Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) were making progress in the normalisation of their relations .   Extending UNMOP 's mandate for a final time , the Secretary-General Kofi Annan was asked to make preparations for its termination including a reduction in its size and adjusting its activities . It reiterated calls on both parties to cease violations of the demilitarisation regime , co-operate with United Nations observers and to ensure full freedom of movement to the observers . The Secretary-General Kofi Annan was requested to report to the Council on the completion of UNMOP 's mandate , which would be shortened upon request from the parties .   Finally , both parties were urged to intensify efforts towards a negotiated settlement of the Prevlaka dispute in accordance with their 1996 Agreement of Normalization of Relations .

neg: Socialist Party of Serbia The Socialist Party of Serbia ( Социјалистичка партија Србије , СПС / Socijalistička partija Srbije , SPS ) is a political party in Serbia that identifies itself as a democratic socialist and social democratic party . Throughout its existence , the party has utilised some nationalist rhetoric and themes , and has therefore been labelled a Serbian nationalist party , although the SPS has never identified itself as such .

neg: Societal security Societal security is a concept developed by the Copenhagen School of security studies that refers to ` the ability of a society to persist in its essential character under changing conditions and possible or actual threats ' .   The end of the Cold War prompted scholars to rethink the paradigm of security independently from the state and the military . In Europe , the collapse of the Soviet Union led to the emergence of new states and sustained efforts to pursue the European Union ( EU ) integration . The new order called for a ( re ) conceptualisation of Europe and European security , which challenged classic understandings of security , as something that took place between states . The move towards an EU security was , thus , closely articulated around questions of EU identity , free movement of people and borders .  The concept of societal security , developed by scholars associated with the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute , is situated within this context . Societal security relates to : `` the ability of a society to persist in its essential character under changing conditions and possible or actual threats . ''   In ` Identity , Migration , and the New Security Agenda in Europe ' , Wæver notes the emergence of different conceptions of the nation-state , and further establishes a distinction between Western and Eastern Europe . In the West , a `` decoupling of state and nation '' takes place , as Member States , by seeking more integration , accept to relinquish some of their sovereignty . This move towards a `` post-sovereign '' nation-state is due to `` internationalisation and Europeanization '' processes , as international institutions assume increased influence over domestic affairs . Subsequently , communities , perceiving their identities to be threatened by this integration , can no longer call upon the state to protect them . A duality occurs between the security needs of the state and of society , where `` state security has sovereignty as its ultimate criterion , and societal security has identity '' . In the East , the emergence of new states , formed after the dismantlement of the Soviet Union , leads to more traditional attempts at merging the nation and the state ; thus , conflicts arise when the coupling can not be done ( i.e. Yugoslavia ) .   In ` Security : a new framework for analysis ' , Buzan et al. formalise their broader understanding of security by introducing five sectors , each governed by `` distinctive characteristics and dynamics '' , and conceptualised around particular referent objects and actors ( i.e. military , environmental , economic , societal and political ) . Societal security is about the survival of a community as a cohesive unit ; its referent object is '' large scale collective identities that can function independent of the state . ''  Societal insecurities arise when `` a society fears it would not be able to live as itself '' , and stem from :  migration : the influx of people will `` overrun or dilute '' a group 's identity e.g. the need to define Britishness ;  vertical competition : the integration of a group within a broader organisation e.g. euroscepticism with regards to EU integration , national-separatist claims ; and ,  horizontal competition : group is forced to integrate more influential identities within their own e.g. France 's cultural exception defending itself against American influences .   Societal security is not tied to a territory , as is state security , e.g. Kurds , where security matters of state and society widely diverge and enter into conflict .   Societal security in sociological viewpoint is :   Regarding security as an `` independent phenomenon '' :   So , societal security is n't threat , no opportunity . But it is a center and base , upon it the reliability and certainty of collective life could be gained .   Rereading of security from `` social '' perspective :   It means that security is based on collective life , the life of common people , instead of looking at differences and insisting on disagreement between groups and states that is key factor in determining threats and distinguish friend and foe .   Viewing security as `` social phenomenon '' :   Hence , societal security does n't need military weapons and soft power solutions . In other words , societal security does n't integrate with power and remain by converting links to social capitals .   Finally , threats and opportunities could be considered as deterrent or impeller factors .   So the final goal of societal security is comfort and understanding the beauty of collective life -- not an interest for government , not eliminating enemies , not confronting a threat for nation .

neg: Bosnia and Herzegovina–United States relations The 1992-95 war in Bosnia and Herzegovina was ended with the help of participation by the United States in brokering the 1995 Dayton Agreement . The United States maintains command of the NATO headquarters in Sarajevo . The United States has donated hundreds of millions of dollars to help with infrastructure , humanitarian aid , economic development , and military reconstruction in Herzegovina and Bosnia . The U.S. Agency for International Development ( USAID ) and Support for Eastern European Democracies ( SEED ) has played a large role in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina , including programs in economic development and reform , democratic reform ( media , elections ) , infrastructure development , and training programs for Bosnian professionals , among others . Additionally , there are many non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) that have likewise played significant roles in the reconstruction .   According to the 2012 U.S. Global Leadership Report , 33 % of Bosnia and Herzegovina 's people approve of U.S. leadership , with 49 % disapproving and 18 % uncertain .

neg: Perućac Perućac ( Cyrillic Перућац ) is a village in western Serbia in the immediate proximity of the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina . It is situated near the 346 km-long Drina River , which constitutes the natural border between Serbia and Bosnia .   The main feature of the village is the Bajina Bašta hydro-electric power plant , which is the second largest of its kind in Serbia . It was built in 1966 as a result of a joint venture by ex-Yugoslavian and Japanese companies . Between 1976 and 1983 a reversible pumping station was built , which was the second phase of the project . Excessive electrical power produced during the rain season was used to pump water from Lake Perućac up to Mount Tara , some 600 metres above . To hold this water and act as a reservoir for the Bajina Bašta II plant an artificial lake , Zaovine Lake , was created up in the mountains by damming the Beli Rzav river .   Perućac features what is reputedly Serbia 's smallest river -- the Vrelo . This is known as the `` One-year-long River '' , due to its length -- 365 m -- from its source to its end , with the length in metres corresponding to the number of days in a year . The Vrelo flows into the Drina just a few hundred metres below the artificial lake .   During the summer days , Lake Perućac is the place where many of the residents of the surrounding area and the town of Bajina Bašta come to sunbathe , swim and fish . Perućac is also where the 56 km-long canyon of the River Drina begins .

neg: Macedonia naming dispute The Macedonia naming dispute is a political dispute regarding the use of the name Macedonia between the southeastern European countries of Greece and the Republic of Macedonia , formerly a federal unit of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Pertinent to its background is an early 20th century multifaceted dispute and armed conflict that formed part of the background to the Balkan Wars . The specific naming dispute , although an existing issue in Yugoslav -- Greek relations since World War II , was reignited after the breakup of Yugoslavia and the newly gained independence of the former Socialist Republic of Macedonia in 1991 . Since then , it has been an ongoing issue in bilateral and international relations .   Citing historical and territorial concerns resulting from the ambiguity between the Republic of Macedonia , the adjacent Greek region of Macedonia and the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon which falls mostly within Greek Macedonia , Greece opposes the use of the name `` Macedonia '' by the Republic of Macedonia without a geographical qualifier such as `` Northern Macedonia '' for use by all and for all purposes . As millions of ethnic Greeks identify themselves as Macedonians , unrelated to the Slavic people who are associated with the Republic of Macedonia , Greece further objects to the use of the term `` Macedonian '' for the neighboring country 's largest ethnic group and its language . The Republic of Macedonia is accused of appropriating symbols and figures that are historically considered part of Greek culture such as the Vergina Sun and Alexander the Great , and of promoting the irredentist concept of a United Macedonia , which involves territorial claims on Greece , Bulgaria , Albania , and Serbia .   The dispute has escalated to the highest level of international mediation , involving numerous attempts to achieve a resolution . In 1995 , the two countries formalised bilateral relations and committed to start negotiations on the naming issue , under the auspices of the United Nations . Until a solution is found , the provisional reference `` the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' ( sometimes unofficially abbreviated as FYROM ) is used by international organisations and states which do not recognise translations of the constitutional name Republic of Macedonia ( Република Македонија , Republika Makedonija ) . UN members , and the UN as a whole , have agreed to accept any final agreement on a new name resulting from negotiations between the two countries . The parties are represented by Ambassadors Vasko Naumovski and Adamantios Vassilakis , under the mediation of Matthew Nimetz .

neg: Brotherhood and unity Brotherhood and unity was a popular slogan of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia that was coined during the Yugoslav People 's Liberation War ( 1941 -- 45 ) , and which evolved into a guiding principle of Yugoslavia 's post-war inter-ethnic policy . In Slovenia , the slogan `` Brotherhood and Peace '' ( bratstvo i mir ) was used in the beginning .   After the invasion of Yugoslavia by Axis forces in April 1941 , the occupying powers and their helpers sought to systematically incite hatred among the many national , ethnic and religious groups of Yugoslavia . The Yugoslav Communist Party successfully publicized the brotherhood and unity of Yugoslavia 's nations ( narodi ) and national minorities ( nacionalne manjine , later renamed to narodnosti ) in their struggle against the fascist enemy and domestic collaborators . The decision of the second session of AVNOJ on the federalization of Yugoslavia in 1943 was regarded as the recognition of this Brotherhood and Unity principle .   After the war , the slogan designated the official policy of inter-ethnic relations in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , as embodied in its federal constitutions of 1963 and of 1974 . The policy prescribed that Yugoslavia 's nations ( Serbs , Macedonians , Croats , Slovenes , Montenegrins , Muslims ) and national minorities ( Albanians , Hungarians , Romanians , Bulgarians , Jews , Italians , and others ) are equal groups that coexist peacefully in the federation , promoting their similarities and interdependence in order to overcome national conflicts and hatred . Every individual was entitled to the expression of their own culture , while the ethnic groups had an oath to one another to maintain peaceful relations . Citizens were also encouraged and allowed to declare their nationality as Yugoslav , which usually polled at 10 % . The policy also led to the adoption of national quota systems in all public institutions , including economic organizations , in which national groups were represented by their republic 's or province 's national composition .   Throughout Yugoslavia many factories , schools , public venues , folklore ensembles and sporting teams used to be named `` Brotherhood and unity '' , as well as the Ljubljana-Zagreb-Beograd-Skopje highway ( Highway `` Brotherhood and Unity '' ) . The country had a decoration called the Order of the Brotherhood and Unity .   Several prominent persons from former Yugoslavia were convicted for activities deemed to threaten the brotherhood and unity , such as acts of chauvinist propaganda , separatism and irredentism . Among the convicts were the former presidents of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Alija Izetbegović ) and Croatia ( Franjo Tuđman and Stjepan Mesić ) , Croatian army general of Albanian descent Rahim Ademi and many others . One Kosovo Albanian , Adem Demaçi , was imprisoned for almost 30 years for allegations of espionage and irredentism .

neg: Contact Group (Balkans) The Contact Group is the name for an informal grouping of Great Powers that have a significant interest in policy developments in the Balkans . The Contact Group is composed of United States , United Kingdom , France , Germany , Italy , and Russia . It was first created in response to the war and the crisis in Bosnia in the early 1990s . The Contact Group includes four of the five Permanent Members of the UN Security Council and the countries that contribute the most in troops and assistance to peacebuilding efforts in the Balkans . Representatives of the EU Council , EU Presidency , European Commission and NATO generally attend Contact Group meetings .   The Contact Group has taken a major interest in the UN-led process to determine the future political status of Kosovo and Metohija ( i.e. , whether it should be independent or remain a part of Serbia ) . The Contact Group meets regularly with UN Special Envoy Martti Ahtisaari , who has been charged with running the future status process .   The Contact Group has no Secretariat or permanent staff -- it is simply an informal grouping of countries that meets regularly at various levels to coordinate international policy initiatives in southeast Europe . Contact Group public statements , often negotiated to painstaking detail within the group , are considered to be significant statements of the international community 's policy and intentions in the region . The Contact Group usually meets at the level of Balkans director ( i.e. , the highest-ranking diplomats in charge of the Balkans in each foreign ministry ) . Occasionally , however , the Contact Group meets at the level of Political Director or even Foreign Minister .