query: Marlon Brando popularized the Stanislavski acting system by studying with Stella Adler.

pos: Marlon Brando Marlon Brando , Jr. ( April 3 , 1924 -- July 1 , 2004 ) was an American actor , film director and political activist . He is credited with bringing realism to film acting . He helped to popularize the Stanislavski system of acting , studying with Stella Adler in the 1940s . Brando is widely known for his Academy Award-winning performances as Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) and Vito Corleone in The Godfather ( 1972 ) , as well as his performances in A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1951 ) , Viva Zapata ! ( 1952 ) , Julius Caesar ( 1953 ) , The Wild One ( 1953 ) , Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) , Sayonara ( 1957 ) , Reflections in a Golden Eye ( 1967 ) , Last Tango in Paris ( 1972 ) , and Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) . Brando was also an activist for many causes , notably the Civil Rights Movement and various Native American movements .   He initially gained acclaim and an Academy Award nomination for reprising the role of Stanley Kowalski in the 1951 film adaptation of Tennessee Williams ' play A Streetcar Named Desire , a role that he had originated successfully on Broadway . He received further praise for his performance as Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront , and his portrayal of the rebel motorcycle gang leader Johnny Strabler in The Wild One proved to be a lasting image in popular culture . Brando received Academy Award nominations for playing Emiliano Zapata in Viva Zapata ! ; Mark Antony in Joseph L. Mankiewicz 's 1953 film adaptation of Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar ; and Air Force Major Lloyd Gruver in Sayonara ( 1957 ) , an adaption of James Michener 's 1954 novel . Brando was included in a list of Top Ten Money Making Stars three times in the 1950s , coming in at number 10 in 1954 , number 6 in 1955 , and number 4 in 1958 .   The 1960s proved to be a fallow decade for Brando . He directed and starred in the cult western film One-Eyed Jacks , a critical and commercial flop , after which he delivered a series of box-office failures , beginning with the 1962 film adaptation of the novel Mutiny on the Bounty . After 10 years , during which he did not appear in a successful film , he won his second Academy Award for playing Vito Corleone in Francis Ford Coppola 's The Godfather , a role critics consider among his greatest . The Godfather was then one of the most commercially successful films of all time . With that and his Oscar-nominated performance in Last Tango in Paris , Brando re-established himself in the ranks of top box-office stars , placing sixth and tenth in the Money Making Stars poll in 1972 and 1973 , respectively . Brando took a four-year hiatus before appearing in The Missouri Breaks ( 1976 ) . After this , he was content with being a highly paid character actor in cameo roles , such as in Superman ( 1978 ) and The Formula ( 1980 ) , before taking a nine-year break from motion pictures . According to the Guinness Book of World Records , Brando was paid a record $ 3.7 million ( $ million in inflation-adjusted dollars ) and 11.75 % of the gross profits for 13 days ' work on Superman . He finished out the 1970s with his controversial performance as Colonel Kurtz in another Coppola film , Apocalypse Now , a box-office hit for which he was highly paid and which helped finance his career layoff during the 1980s .   Brando was ranked by the American Film Institute as the fourth-greatest movie star among male movie stars whose screen debuts occurred in or before 1950 . He was one of only three professional actors , along with Charlie Chaplin and Marilyn Monroe , named in 1999 by Time magazine as one of its 100 Most Important People of the Century . He died of respiratory failure on July 1 , 2004 , at age 80 .

neg: Mariinsky Ballet The Mariinsky Ballet is the resident classical ballet company of the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg , Russia . Founded in the 18th century and originally known as the Imperial Russian Ballet , the Mariinsky Ballet is one of the world 's leading ballet companies . Internationally , the Mariinsky Ballet continues to be known by its former Soviet name the Kirov Ballet . The Mariinsky Ballet is the parent company of the Vaganova Ballet Academy , a leading international ballet school .

neg: Gloria Film Gloria Film was a West German film production and distribution company .  It was established in 1949 by Ilse Kubaschewski . An earlier , unconnected company of the same name had existed during the silent era in Germany . During the 1930s an Austrian production company also called itself Gloria .   The company was set-up by Kubaschewski , a cinema-owner , who had noted that re-releases of Nazi-era films , particularly those made by UFA were easily outgrossing foreign film imports and post-war realist rubble films . Initially her company specialised in acquiring the rights to classic German films , but gradually she began co-funding new films with production companies . In 1953 she set up Divina Film , her own production company .   Her initial films re-used many of the stars of Nazi-era cinema such as Zarah Leander , Marika Rokk and Kristina Söderbaum but newer stars such as Ruth Leuwerik , Maria Schell and Sonja Ziemann also appeared . Many of the company 's films were Heimatfilm and melodramas that were aimed at a primarily female audience . Kubaschewski felt she understood the tastes of the average German housewife , and during the 1950s and early 1960s her judgement proved to be astute .   Later Gloria lost its prominence in the mid-1960s as audiences began to change , with the rise of new genres such as the series of Edgar Wallace thrillers and Karl May westerns that attracted a younger , male audience that other companies such as Rialto and Constantin catered for . The company experimented with sex comedies such as Angelique .

neg: Mélo Mélo is a 1929 play by Henri Bernstein which premiered in the US in 1931 at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre .

neg: Three Days (of Hamlet) Three Days ( of Hamlet ) is an American documentary film from independent production company TMG , The Martindale Group , based in Los Angeles , California . TMG previously produced `` Pursuit of Happiness '' in 2000 starring Frank Whaley and Annabeth Gish .   Three Days ( of Hamlet ) covers a troupe of actors , and others , who gather to rehearse and perform a staged-reading of William Shakespeare 's Tragedy of Hamlet at the Matrix Theatre in West Hollywood , California during three days in July 2010 . Reality intrudes .   Alex Rotaru , Director of the documentary film Shakespeare High , in a personal message to the film 's creator , actor/director Alex Hyde-White , says about Three Days ( of Hamlet ) ' ... jaw-droppingly ambitious and often brilliant ... It was such an exquisite pleasure to learn something new about the play of all plays through your eyes . The pressure cooker in which you put yourself and your fellow actors was truly an ultimate test - I felt butterflies in my stomach just watching it . If Hamlet urges his actors to `` hold a mirror up to nature '' , you hold a mirror up to the mirror itself , doing what the French call ` mise en abime ' , or loosely : ` looking into the abyss of infinite reflections '   The film builds on its main structure of on-stage happenings by juxtaposing stories from the players , including actors Richard Chamberlain ( Polonius ) , Stefanie Powers ( Gertrude ) , Tom Badal ( Claudius ) , Peter Woodward ( Laertes/Player King ) and Joseph Culp ( Himself ) . The lead actor/manager Alex Hyde-White weaves his own personal dramatic narrative about `` Fathers and Sons '' as he recalls stories from his childhood as the son of the well-known British actor Wilfrid Hyde-White . At times , particularly when the character of Hamlet experiences the visitations from his father 's ghost , King Hamlet , the line of what is theatre and what is real life is purposely `` deconstructed '' and what happens onstage is commented on offstage resulting in a self-reflective dynamic of sometimes very powerful and moving proportions . Later , as the Son becomes the Father , a clear line of succession emerges in a profound , archetypal , way .

neg: Black light theatre Black Light Theatre ( in Czech černé divadlo ) or simply Black Theatre , is a theatrical performance style characterized by the use of black box theatre augmented by black light illusion . This form of theatre originated from Asia and can be found in many places around the world . It has become a speciality of Prague , where many theatres use it .   The distinctive characteristics of `` black theatre '' are the use of black curtains , a darkened stage , and `` black lighting '' ( UV light ) , paired with fluorescent costumes in order to create intricate visual illusions . This `` black cabinet '' technique was used by Georges Méliès , and by theatre revolutionary Konstantin Stanislavski ( especially in his production of Cain ) . The technique , paired with the expressive artistry of dance , mime and acrobatics of the performers is able to create remarkable spectacles .

neg: Stella (guitar) Stella was an American guitar brand owned by the Oscar Schmidt Company . It was founded around 1899 . The Stella brand consists of low and mid-level stringed instruments .   Stella guitars were played by notable artists , including Robert Johnson , Lead Belly , Charlie Patton , Doc Watson and Willie Nelson who learned to play on one . Kurt Cobain of Nirvana played an acoustic Stella on the recording of the song Polly , from the Nevermind album , and Mason Williams with Classical Gas .   Stella was acquired by the Harmony Company in 1939 . The brand was dissolved in 1974 , and was later reintroduced by M.B.T. International , which is the corporate parent of the Harmony Company .

neg: Nikos Psacharopoulos Nikos Psacharopoulos ( born Athens , January 18 , 1928 , died St. John , U.S. Virgin Islands , on January 12 , 1989 ) was an American theater producer , director , and educator .   Born Nickolas Konstantin Athanasios Psacharopoulos VII , he claimed to have organized his first theatrical troupe at age 15 under the Nazi occupation of his homeland . He moved to the United States in 1947 and attended Oberlin College where he directed productions for the Oberlin Mummers . He graduated in 1951 with a degree in art history . Three years later he received a Master of Fine Arts Degree in theater direction from the Yale Drama School . In 1955 , he joined the faculty of Yale 's undergraduate theater studies department and also taught in the graduate Drama School , where he remained until his death of colon cancer at age 60 .   Psacharopoulos was a co-founder of the Williamstown Theater Festival ( WTF ) in 1955 , based in the Adams Memorial Theater on the campus of Williams College . Psacharopoulos went on to serve as WTF 's sole artistic executive director for 33 years , creating a professional summer theater that was more than a typical summer stock escapist operation . He was aided for many years by Tom Brennan , who served as the WTF associate director . Under Psacharopoulos ' leadership , WTF specialized in the plays of Anton Chekhov and Bertolt Brecht , as well as the work of many classic American playwrights such as Tennessee Williams , Thornton Wilder , Arthur Miller , and Archibald MacLeish . Psacharopoulos traveled often between his Greek homeland and New York City , his main residence , where he staged theater productions with the Circle-in-the-Square , the New York Pro Musica , and City Opera .   Psacharopoulos ' international reputation and demanding artistry drew many famous actors to perform with the WTF , names such as Frank Langella , Kate Burton , Rosemary Harris , Blythe Danner , and Colleen Dewhurst . To all -- his `` stars '' and apprentices -- he was a man of great style , a gourmet who would excuse himself from a table of friends to confer with a restaurant 's chef ; he was something of a dandy who , nevertheless , was always addressed simply as `` Nikos . ''   Many directors and leaders of American theater were inspired by Nikos ' guidance . Each year he would choose an assistant from his students at Yale to accompany him to WTF to experience their first seasons as professional directors . Peter H. Hunt , Austin Pendleton , Keith Fowler , and Arvin Brown are among those who first served with Nikos .

neg: Whole World Theatre The Whole World Theatre is an improvisational theatre located in Atlanta , Georgia .   Whole World Theatre ( WWT ) is a non-profit theatre company that began in Atlanta , Georgia in late 1993 , when David Webster began teaching a group of student actors whom he would train to become the hottest improv company in town . Jennifer Horne and David Webster were co-founding members .   The original students of Whole World Theatre performed their first show in front of 25 people in September 1994 . Specializing in experiential improv and unconventional scripted works , and using a unique approach to improv , which put more emphasis on acting , character and atmosphere than on cheap laughs , Webster wrote and directed original ground breaking pieces such as , Blood Bath Bingo and Pimps , Queens , and Dope Fiends . Webster also produced scripted works included , Balm in Gillead , Bitches , Women Behind Bars , Four Dogs and a Bone and The House of Yes , among many others .   In June 1995 , Jennifer Horne and David Webster spent their honeymoon money to open Whole World Theatre at their current location at 1214 Spring Street in mid-town Atlanta . As their popularity grew , the cast of Whole World Theatre were given the opportunity to produce their live improv comedy show for television when Webster sold the show to television . `` Whole World Comedy '' - Whole World 's premier TV show - helped to launch the southern based Turner South Network .   David Webster taught every actor at Whole World Theater until 2001 . He wrote , directed and emceed every show for over 1000 shows . He won several awards including an Emmy award for writing .   In 2003 Managing Director , Emily Reily Russell , created a youth summer camp program and an improvisational acting program for teens and young adults at Whole World Theatre that still exists to this day . Many of the graduates of this program have entered the `` Performance Ready Group '' that hosts a more family oriented show the first Saturday of every month November through May . The Performance Ready Group is directed and mentored by Assistant Artistic Director , Eric Goins . Russell , in conjunction with Callanwolde Fine Arts Center and The Starlight Starbright Foundation has also created `` Improv in Dialysis . '' Providing monthly improvisational acting workshops to patients and their families at Egleston Children 's Hospital in Atlanta .   Lance Krall , one of Webster 's original students , eventually moved to Hollywood and went on to produce his own television show , The Lance Krall Show , which aired Spike TV , and Free Radio , which aired on Vh1 . Lance has hired several alumni from Whole World Theatre to guest star in his projects .   In 2004 , Webster moved on to write and direct independent movies and Jennifer Horne moved on to begin her own improv troupe in Charlottesville , Va. . That same year , a complete change in management occurred at Whole World Theatre .   In 2004 , Chip Powell became Artistic Director of Whole World Theatre . The Company continues to perform improv shows and remains one of Atlanta 's most successful theater companies . Under Powell 's leadership the company has produced Improv in the Park : an annual free improv show in Atlanta 's Piedmont Park and Central Park at Atlantic Station . Improv in the Park was voted `` Best Outdoor Event '' by Creative Loafing . Powell also went on to launch Whole World 's 3rd Space Theatre by Producing and Directing scripted works such as Sordid Lives and Southern Baptist Sissies by Del Shores .   In 2005 , the theatre started a television show for a network called MAV TV and is currently broadcast in over 200,000 homes across the U.S. . The show features Whole World 's Improv Comedy and is geared towards a more mature audience .  Official Website   Category : Theatres in Atlanta

neg: Brigitte Bardot Brigitte Anne-Marie Bardot ( -LSB- bʁiʒit baʁˈdo -RSB- ; born 28 September 1934 ) is a French actress , singer and fashion model , who later became an animal rights activist . She was one of the best known sex symbols of the 1950s and 1960s and was widely referred to by her initials , B.B.   Bardot was an aspiring ballerina in her early life . She started her acting career in 1952 . After appearing in 16 routine comedy films that had limited international release , she became world-famous in 1957 after starring in the controversial film And God Created Woman . Bardot caught the attention of French intellectuals . She was the subject of Simone de Beauvoir 's 1959 essay , The Lolita Syndrome , which described Bardot as a `` locomotive of women 's history '' and built upon existentialist themes to declare her the first and most liberated woman of post-war France . She later starred in Jean-Luc Godard 's 1963 film Le Mépris . For her role in Louis Malle 's 1965 film Viva Maria ! Bardot was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress . From 1969 to 1978 , Bardot was the official face of Marianne ( who had previously been anonymous ) to represent the liberty of France .   Bardot retired from the entertainment industry in 1973 . During her career in show business , she starred in 47 films , performed in several musical shows and recorded over 60 songs . She was awarded the Legion of Honour in 1985 but refused to accept it . After her retirement , she established herself as an animal rights activist . During the 2000s , she generated controversy by criticizing immigration and Islam in France and has been fined five times for inciting racial hatred .

neg: A Dangerous Method A Dangerous Method is a 2011 German-Canadian-American-British historical film directed by David Cronenberg and starring Keira Knightley , Viggo Mortensen , Michael Fassbender , and Vincent Cassel . The screenplay was adapted by writer Christopher Hampton from his 2002 stage play The Talking Cure , which was based on the 1993 non-fiction book by John Kerr , A Most Dangerous Method : The story of Jung , Freud , and Sabina Spielrein .   The film marks the third consecutive collaboration between Cronenberg and Viggo Mortensen ( after A History of Violence and Eastern Promises ) . This is also the third Cronenberg film made with British film producer Jeremy Thomas , after completing together the William Burroughs adaptation Naked Lunch and the J. G. Ballard adaptation Crash . A Dangerous Method was a German/Canadian co-production . The film premiered at the 68th Venice Film Festival and was also featured at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival .   Set on the eve of World War I , A Dangerous Method describes the turbulent relationships between Carl Jung , founder of analytical psychology ; Sigmund Freud , founder of the discipline of psychoanalysis ; and Sabina Spielrein , initially a patient of Jung and later a physician and one of the first female psychoanalysts .   Among the film 's many honors , Mortensen was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture for his portrayal of Freud .

neg: Character (arts) A character ( sometimes known as a fictional character ) is a person or other being in a narrative work of art ( such as a novel , play , television series , or film ) . The character may be entirely fictional or based on a real-life person , in which case the distinction of a `` fictional '' versus `` real '' character may be made . Derived from the ancient Greek word χαρακτήρ , the English word dates from the Restoration , although it became widely used after its appearance in Tom Jones in 1749 . From this , the sense of `` a part played by an actor '' developed . Character , particularly when enacted by an actor in the theatre or cinema , involves `` the illusion of being a human person . '' In literature , characters guide readers through their stories , helping them to understand plots and ponder themes . Since the end of the 18th century , the phrase `` in character '' has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor . Since the 19th century , the art of creating characters , as practiced by actors or writers , has been called characterisation .   A character who stands as a representative of a particular class or group of people is known as a type . Types include both stock characters and those that are more fully individualised . The characters in Henrik Ibsen 's Hedda Gabler ( 1891 ) and August Strindberg 's Miss Julie ( 1888 ) , for example , are representative of specific positions in the social relations of class and gender , such that the conflicts between the characters reveal ideological conflicts .   The study of a character requires an analysis of its relations with all of the other characters in the work . The individual status of a character is defined through the network of oppositions ( proairetic , pragmatic , linguistic , proxemic ) that it forms with the other characters . The relation between characters and the action of the story shifts historically , often miming shifts in society and its ideas about human individuality , self-determination , and the social order .

neg: ITV Sunday Night Theatre ITV Sunday Night Theatre , originally titled ITV Saturday Night Theatre , is a UK television anthology series screened on ITV , and produced by London Weekend Television ( LWT ) . Some episodes were produced with Kestrel Productions .   Around 200 episodes aired on ITV from 1969-1974 , including productions of the plays Long Day 's Journey into Night by Eugene O'Neill , A Doll 's House by Henrik Ibsen , and Arms and the Man by George Bernard Shaw . Other episodes included adaptions of the works of William Shakespeare , James Joyce , Wilkie Collins , Simon Gray , Sam Shepard , Israel Horovitz , Arthur Miller , August Strindberg , J.B. Priestley , Lanford Wilson , and John Mortimer .   Among its directors were Michael Lindsay-Hogg , Anthony Page , Mike Newell , Fielder Cook , Ted Kotcheff , Peter Wood , and Vivian Matalon .   The actors involved included Helen Mirren , Laurence Olivier , Sean Connery , Anthony Hopkins , Michael Caine , Paul Scofield , George C. Scott , Laurence Harvey , Ralph Richardson , Diana Rigg , Trevor Howard , Glenda Jackson , Diane Cilento , Alec Guinness , Jane Asher , Martin Sheen , Colleen Dewhurst , Jean Marsh , Shelley Winters , Ian Holm , Richard Chamberlain , Edith Evans , John Gielgud , Shirley Knight , Ian McKellen , George Sanders and Margaret Whiting .

neg: Aron Anazia Aron Anazia is a Designer and a Classically Trained ACTOR . From the town of Landover Hills , Aron has always had an interest for the Arts and Sciences . He would participate in Theatrical & Modeling performances but slowed down to focus more on the sciences , as he was placed in Advanced Chemistry courses in High School .   So he applied to North Carolina Agricultural And Technical State University as a Chemistry Major . By his third year in University , Aron was featured in 4 out 4 of the Universities Major Theatrical productions as a Non-Theater Major .   Aron also studied abroad , interned at the University Radio Station ( WNAA 90.1 ) , and Acted as a liaison between Capital records and his fellow students . After his study at North Carolina Agricultural And Technical State University , Aron decided to go to London to become a Classically trained Actor , thanks to the late-great Frankie Day   A couple great Actors who have trained with this historically relevant training facility include : James Lithgow , Benedict Cummberbatch , Chiwetel Ejiofor , and David Oyelowo .   Once in London , Aron yearned to experiment with the sciences again . From experimenting in brewery to Acting to Sonic Design , Aron yearned to excel inside and outside of the classroom .   He then left the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Arts to film an independent ( experimental ) feature entitled `` You Changed The World . ''   While filming in East Africa , Aron decided to do something considered a little off-center and decided to dabble in music back in the States again .   While in the U.S , Aron connected with a lot of lost friends . While producing `` basement infused sonic designs '' Aron discovered a sound and a style that he decided to safeguard . With the support of his friends and family , he released a sonic collection entitled `` Training Music . ''   As if that was n't enough , he then decided to retire from music production all together in order to produce ` Design Films . '

neg: Antonin Artaud Antoine Marie Joseph Artaud , better known as Antonin Artaud ( -LSB- aʁto -RSB- ; 4 September 1896 -- 4 March 1948 ) , was a French dramatist , poet , essayist , actor , and theatre director , widely recognized as one of the major figures of twentieth-century theatre and the European avant-garde .

neg: Ivan's Childhood Ivan 's Childhood ( Ива́ново де́тство , Ivanovo detstvo ) , sometimes released as My Name Is Ivan in the US , is a 1962 Soviet war drama film directed by Andrei Tarkovsky and co-written by Mikhail Papava and an uncredited Tarkovsky , based on Vladimir Bogomolov 's 1957 short story Ivan . The film features child actor Nikolai Burlyayev , Valentin Zubkov , Yevgeni Zharikov , Stepan Krylov , Nikolai Grinko , and Tarkovsky 's wife Irma Raush .   Ivan 's Childhood tells the story of orphan boy Ivan and his experiences during World War II . Ivan 's Childhood was one of several Soviet films of its period , such as The Cranes Are Flying and Ballad of a Soldier , that looked at the human cost of war and did not glorify the war experience as did films produced before the Khrushchev Thaw . In a 1962 interview , Tarkovsky stated that in making the film he wanted to `` convey all -LSB- his -RSB- hatred of war '' , and that he chose childhood `` because it is what contrasts most with war . ''   Ivan 's Childhood was Tarkovsky 's first feature film . It won him critical acclaim and made him internationally known . It won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival in 1962 and the Golden Gate Award at the San Francisco International Film Festival in 1962 . The film was also selected as the Soviet entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 36th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee . Famous filmmakers such as Ingmar Bergman , Sergei Parajanov and Krzysztof Kieślowski praised the film and cited it as an influence on their work .

neg: Wu Hsing-kuo Wu Hsing-kuo is a Taiwanese actor of the silver screen and theater , known for both his performance of complex movie roles as much as for his innovative adaptations of Western classics into traditional Peking Opera .   Wu was trained in classical Peking Opera since the age of 11 in Taiwan 's state-run Fu-Hsing Chinese Opera School , specializing in wu sheng ( male martial ) roles . He was admitted with honors into the Theatre Department of Chinese Culture University in Taipei , trained under master Chou Cheng-jung ( Zhou Zheng-rong ) and became leading dancer of Lin Hwai-min 's Cloud Gate Dance Theatre . However , his teacher Chou Cheng-jung ( Zhou Zheng-rong ) considered him as a pretentious student who did n't focus on study and finally abandoned him in 1989 . Since then , Chou Cheng-jung ( died in 2000 ) never met him anymore . In addition , most of the traditional Chinese opera audiences do not recognize him as a qualified actor .   In 1986 , he and a group of enthusiastic friends founded the Contemporary Legend Theatre in Taipei , seeking to revitalize traditional Chinese theatre by adapting Western classical plays to the style and techniques of Peking Opera . He was the leading actor and director of four Shakespeare adaptations , including the critically acclaimed Kingdom of Desire , an adaptation of Macbeth , and King Lear , in which Wu plays all the parts .   In 1992 , Wu was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship to study in New York with Richard Schechner . That year , he also won the Hong Kong Film Award for best new actor .   Wu is currently artistic director of the Contemporary Legend Theatre , and continues to take on challenging roles in both the modern theatre and Chinese Opera . He crosses the fields of traditional opera , dance , modern theatre , cinema , and television .

neg: Josephine Forsberg Josephine Forsberg ( 28 January 1921 -- 3 October 2011 ) , ex-wife of film director Rolf Forsberg , was hired by Paul Sills and Viola Spolin to join the original Second City in 1959 as the female understudy and Spolin 's teaching assistant . She became an expert in improvisational techniques for the theater , and by the mid 1960s she had taken over most of Spolin 's and Sills 's classes , as well as Spolin 's children 's theater company . From that point on most of the young performers that wanted to go onto the Second City stage studied with Forsberg for at least a year . These included Bill Murray , Harold Ramis , Betty Thomas , Shelley Long , George Wendt , David Mamet , and Robert Townsend .   In 1971 , Forsberg opened up an official school of improvisation called Players Workshop , hiring her nephew Martin de Maat and her daughter Linnea Forsberg to teach alongside her . In terms of accepting students who were not necessarily Second City actors learning the art of improvisation , but also including students from all walks of life and professional disciplines Players Workshop can arguably be called the first real school of Improvisation , with a class structure , syllabus , and graduation requirement , pre-dating loosely organized workshops created in the mid-1970s by Dudley Riggs ( Minneapolis , MN USA ) and Keith Johnstone ( Calgary , AB , Canada ) . It soon grew to the largest school of improv in the country , training people for the Second City stage through a six term ( 12 month ) course . In 1980 , her son Eric Forsberg joined Players Workshop as a director , where he worked with David Shepard to develop a competitive improv game which was later called The Improv Olympiad . One of Forsberg 's students , Charna Halpern , joined forces with David Shepard and helped to bring the Improv Olympiad to become one of Chicago 's foremost arena 's for new improvisers . In the late 1980s Charna Halpern and Del Close transformed the Improv Olympiad into the IO , using Del 's new improv format called The Harold , otherwise known as long form .   Forsberg retired from teaching in 1993 , leaving Players Workshop to her daughter . Her nephew , Martin de Maat had become the creative director of the Second City Training Center which was growing in leaps and bounds , offering a tremendous competition to Players Workshop . In 2003 Players Workshop closed its doors . However , in 2007 , she was approached by her old friend and student Bill Murray to help teach the New York Giants improv , in the hopes of giving them an edge . At 86 years old she did just that . It was the first time that she had taught anyone in years . That year they won the Super Bowl . She returned to teach the New York Giants again in 2008 .   Forsberg , along with her daughter Linnea , wrote `` Improvisation for Speech and Theater . '' It was published by Kendall Hunt Publishing in 2010 .   Forsberg died on October 3 , 2011 .

neg: Theatre of Australia Theatre of Australia refers to the history of the performing arts in Australia , or produced by Australians . There are theatrical and dramatic aspects to a number of Indigenous Australian ceremonies such as the corroboree . During its colonial period , Australian theatrical arts were generally linked to the broader traditions of English literature and to British and Irish theatre . Australian literature and theatrical artists ( including Aboriginal as well as Anglo-Celtic and multicultural migrant Australians ) have over the last two centuries introduced the culture of Australia and the character of a new continent to the world stage .   Individuals who have contributed to theatre in Australia and internationally include Sir Robert Helpmann , Dame Joan Sutherland , Barry Humphries , David Williamson , Cate Blanchett , Geoffrey Rush , Judy Davis , Jim Sharman , Tim Minchin and Baz Luhrmann . Notable theatrical institutions include the Sydney Opera House , and the National Institute of Dramatic Art in Sydney .

neg: Scuola del Teatro Stabile di Torino The Scuola del Teatro Stabile di Torino , located in Turin , Italy , is a Performing Arts Academy which was founded in 1955 by Italian director Luca Ronconi . Teatro Stabile di Torino ( Union of the Theatres of Europe ) is recognized as one of the most prestigious Performing Arts Academies around Europe .   Since its early foundation , the Academy has distinguished itself as a national reference center for traditional theatrical heritage , experimentation and research . With the advent of arts and music reform , the Academy became part of the sector level Higher Education in Art and Music ( AFAM ) , established by Law No. 508 of 21 December 1999 .   The academic year begins in October and ends in June . The coursework is intensive , requiring motivation and commitment . It includes lessons , exercises and testing , ten hours per day , six days a week . The two main courses , directing and acting , both approach the interpretation of dramatic text using theoretical , critical , technical and artistic analysis . The prestige of the Academy has been firmly established through the participation of important figures in the dramatic arts , who contribute to lesson programs , seminars , special courses and meetings . This allows the film and theater students to make distinctions between the teaching and professional work . Academic activities are presented to the public with the production of approximately two events per year , produced with the students , supported and directed by renowned professionals , including technical staff in set , costume , and lighting design .   The Academy provides training in dramatic theater and the Italian cinema , and is structured in three stages . After completing the three-year program , students are granted a diploma equivalent to a university degree .   Category : Art schools in Italy  Category : Schools of the performing arts  Category : Schools in Turin  Category :1955 establishments in Italy

neg: Mansur Kamaletdinov Mansur Kamaletdinov ( Russian Мансур Фатхинурович Камалетдинов ) ( 7 January 1926 -- 19 April 2012 ) was a Russian-born ballet dancer , teacher , ballet master and choreographer of classical ballet and classical character dance .   Kamaletdinov was born in Zlatoust , Russia and spent his early childhood in a village near Ufa , Bashkiria , which by coincidence is the same village where the great dancer Rudolf Nureyev grew up .   He attended the Vaganova Academy in St. Petersburg where he studied with many illustrious teachers including Aleksandr Shiryaev , former assistant to Marius Petipa , who codified the art form known as character dance .   Kamaletdinov joined the Kirov Ballet upon graduation and performed with dancers such as Natalia Dudinskaya but was soon invited to join the Tbilisi Ballet and Opera Theater where he worked with the Georgian dance prodigy Vakhtang Chabukiani .   In 1951 , Kamaletdinov was invited to join the Bolshoi Ballet as Principal Character Dancer and Teacher where he taught alongside outstanding teachers such as Elizaveta Gerdt . Apart from teaching and performing Classical Dance , Kamaletdinov was Chair of the Character Dance department . He was a choreographer of numerous ballets for the Bolshoi 's Russian and International tours and was Ballet Master for many of the Bolshoi 's performances . Kamaletdinov was Assistant to the Artistic Director of the Bolshoi Theater , Leonid Lavrovsky , and would substitute as Acting Artistic Director in Lavrovsky 's absence . Kamaletdinov worked and toured with , among others , Galina Ulanova and with his close friend and colleague Maya Plisetskaya . He toured the world as one of the `` Stars of the Bolshoi '' and was a Guest Teacher at the Ballet Nacional de Cuba by invitation of Alicia Alonso . Many of his students became stars of major ballet companies throughout the world . One of Kamaletdinov 's former students , Vladimir Vasiliev , became the Artistic Director of the Bolshoi Theater .   In 1976 , Kamaletdinov emigrated from the Soviet Union , settling first in Italy and then moving to the United States where he taught and coached at many renowned ballet and opera companies and institutions including Boston Ballet , New York City Ballet , American Ballet Theater , Juilliard School , Ballets de San Juan , Metropolitan Opera House , Indianapolis Ballet , Richmond Ballet , Hartford Ballet , and many others .   Kamaletdinov died of natural causes on April 19 , 2012 at his home in Mt. Lebanon , Pennsylvania .


query: Jerry Seinfeld refused to ever work with Larry David.

pos: Jerry Seinfeld Jerome Allen `` Jerry '' Seinfeld ( born April 29 , 1954 ) is an American comedian , actor , writer , producer , and director . He is known for playing a semifictional version of himself in the sitcom Seinfeld , which he created and wrote with Larry David . Seinfeld was heavily involved in the Bee Movie , in which he voiced its protagonist . In 2010 , he premiered a reality series called The Marriage Ref . He directed Colin Quinn in the Broadway show Long Story Short at the Helen Hayes Theater , which ran until January 2011 . He is the creator and host of the web series Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee . In his stand-up comedy career , Seinfeld is known for specializing in observational comedy , often ranting about relationships and embarrassing social situations .   In 2005 , Comedy Central named Seinfeld their `` 12th Greatest Stand-up Comedian of All Time '' .

neg: Funny or Die Funny or Die is a comedy video website and film/TV production company founded by Will Ferrell , Adam McKay and Chris Henchy . The website Funny Or Die contains exclusive material from a regular staff of in-house writers , producers , and directors , and occasionally from a number of famous contributors like Judd Apatow , James Franco , and Norm Macdonald . The production company makes TV shows like truTV 's Billy on the Street , Comedy Central 's @midnight , and Zach Galifianakis 's popular Emmy-winning web series Between Two Ferns .   Many videos on the site feature well-known actors ( examples include Steve Carell , Charlie Sheen , Ryan Gosling , Patrick Stewart , Daniel Radcliffe , Sophia Bush , Mila Kunis , AnnaSophia Robb , Hilary Duff , Adam West , James Van Der Beek , Jim Carrey , Ariel Winter , and Selena Gomez ) . Michael Kvamme , an aspiring young comedian , came up with a concept for a new kind of comedy site ; and the site was developed by Randy Adams .   Funny Or Die launched on April 12 , 2007 with the site 's first video , `` The Landlord '' . `` The Landlord '' has received over 84 million views and features Ferrell confronted by a swearing , beer-drinking two-year-old landlord . In June 2007 , they received venture capital funding from Sequoia Capital , and in June 2008 , they announced a partnership with HBO . On August 3 , 2016 , Funny or Die shut-down one of its California offices , reducing its headcount by 30 % to 95 employees , with the announcement coming just two month after the new CEO , Mike Farah , took office

neg: Jerry Greenfield Jerry Greenfield ( born March 14 , 1951 ) is an American businessman and philanthropist . He is a co-founder of Ben & Jerry 's Homemade Holdings , Inc. .   Throughout his childhood , Greenfield lived in New York City , on Long Island . In 1969 , he enrolled at Oberlin College , where he followed a pre-med curriculum before graduating in 1973 . He applied unsuccessfully for medical school in two successive years , 1973 and 1974 .   In 1978 Greenfield and his friend Ben Cohen opened Ben and Jerry 's Homemade ice cream scoop shop in an old gas station in downtown Burlington , Vermont . The company has since opened almost 200 franchised shops and reports earnings of $ 237 million annually .

neg: David Davis (TV producer) David Davis ( born 1937 ) is an American television producer and television writer . He is best known for work on the sitcoms The Bob Newhart Show , a series he co-created with Lorenzo Music , and Taxi , a series he co-created with James L. Brooks , Stan Daniels and Ed . Weinberger . In 1979 , he won a Primetime Emmy Award for his producing work on Taxi .   He also produced for the series O.K. Crackerby ! , My Mother the Car , He & She , The Good Guys , Get Smart and wrote episodes for The Mary Tyler Moore Show and its spin-off Rhoda .   Since 1976 , Davis has been in a relationship with actress Julie Kavner , they met on the set on Rhoda , a series Kavner co-starred in .

neg: Dee Caruso Dee Caruso ( April 7 , 1929 -- May 27 , 2012 ) was an American television and film screenwriter and television producer , whose credits included Get Smart , The Monkees and The Smothers Brothers Show . Caruso and his longtime writing partner , Gerald Gardner , frequently collaborated on projects . The writing duo were the head writers for the 1960s television comedy series , Get Smart .   Caruso began his career by writing for stand-up comedians at nightclubs , including Don Adams and Allen & Rossi , the comedy team of Marty Allen and Steve Rossi .   Caruso and writing partner , Gerald Gardner , were head writers for Get Smart . They duo continued to collaborate on projects throughout their career . Caruso and Gardner wrote 22 episodes of The Monkees , which aired from 1966 to 1968 . In 1965 , Caruso and Gardner were part of the writing staff which won an Emmy for their work on David Frost 's That Was The Week That Was . They co-produced The Red Skelton Show . Together , they wrote other episodes of The Smothers Brothers Show , What 's Happening !! , The Ghost & Mrs. Muir , Happy Days and The Bill Cosby Show . Caruso and Gardner co-wrote a 1966 episode of Gilligan 's Island , `` The Producer , '' which guest starred Phil Silvers . Caruso and Gardner co-wrote television specials for Jerry Lewis , Bill Cosby , Robin Williams , Debbie Reynolds , Don Rickles and Jack Benny . Additionally , the pair wrote several television films , including Break Up , which starred Bernadette Peters in 1973 ; and How to Break Up a Happy Divorce , a 1976 NBC television movie starring Barbara Eden , which the duo also produced .   Dee Caruso and Gardner also worked on several feature film projects . They co-wrote Which Way to the Front ? , a 1970 satirical war flick starring Jerry Lewis ; The World 's Greatest Athlete , a 1973 Walt Disney production starring John Amos and Jan-Michael Vincent ; and Doin ' Time , a 1985 Warner Brothers film .   Caruso and his wife , Sandra Caruso , co-taught a class , called `` What 's Funny , What 's Not , '' for ten years at the UCLA Extension Writers ' Program . Caruso then became a screenwriting professor at the UCLA School of Theater , Film and Television , where he taught for more than twenty years .   Dee Caruso died of pneumonia at his home in Brentwood , Los Angeles , on May 27 , 2012 , at the age of 83 . He was survived by his wife of 47 years , Sandra Caruso . His memorial service was held at the Pierce Brothers Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles .

neg: Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee is an American web series talk show created , directed and hosted by comedian Jerry Seinfeld , distributed by digital network Crackle . The series premiered on July 19 , 2012 .   Episodes feature Seinfeld introducing a vintage car selected for a guest comedian , followed by a drive to a pre-selected café or restaurant for coffee . Episodes diverge from the format spontaneously , as when Michael Richards implores Seinfeld to take a side street , when Seinfeld returns after coffee with Carl Reiner to join him for dinner with Mel Brooks -- or when car trouble arises . As of May 2015 , the series had been streamed nearly 100 million times .   The show 's ninth season premiered on January 5 , 2017 . That same month it was announced that the series would migrate from Crackle to Netflix , with the ninth season being the final one to premiere on Crackle . Twenty-four new episodes will stream on Netflix in 2017 and 2018 , with all previous episodes made available on the streaming service .

neg: Seven dirty words The seven dirty words are seven English-language words that American comedian George Carlin first listed in 1972 in his monologue `` Seven Words You Can Never Say on Television '' . The words are : shit , piss , fuck , cunt , cocksucker , motherfucker , and tits .   At the time , the words were considered highly inappropriate and unsuitable for broadcast on the public airwaves in the United States , whether radio or television . As such , they were avoided in scripted material , and bleep censored in the rare cases in which they were used ; broadcast standards differ in different parts of the world , then and now , although most of the words on Carlin 's original list remain taboo on American broadcast television . The list was not an official enumeration of forbidden words , but rather was compiled by Carlin . Nonetheless , a radio broadcast featuring these words led to a U.S. Supreme Court decision that helped establish the extent to which the federal government could regulate speech on broadcast television and radio in the United States .

neg: David S. Weiss David S. Weiss is an American comedy writer . He has written for Dennis Miller Live , CNBC 's `` Dennis Miller '' , The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn , and Penn & Teller : Bullshit ! . In 2005 , he ran unsuccessfully for the Writers Guild of America board of directors .   From March 2007 , he was Dennis Miller 's talk radio sidekick on The Dennis Miller Show , where he was referred to as `` Salman , '' or `` Sal '' . Miller assigned Weiss the moniker early in their time working together , due to his purported resemblance to Sir Salman Rushdie . He was also referred to as `` Count Dracu-sal '' and an eerie organ music cue ( Johann Sebastian Bach 's Toccata and Fugue in D Minor ) was played whenever he made funny and/or cryptic remarks that reflected his penchant for black comedy . Miller also frequently referred to `` Sal '' as his `` go-to Jew '' , when he needed some inside information on Jewish culture and customs . Weiss is a banjo player . On February 17 , 2009 , after not missing a radio show for the first two years , Dennis Miller nicknamed the dark-humored comic the `` Cal Ripken of Hate '' . During the February 22nd , 2010 show , it was announced on air Weiss would be leaving the show February 26 to pursue other opportunities .   He is married to television writer and story editor Joan Binder Weiss .

neg: The Stall `` The Stall '' is the 76th episode of the NBC sitcom Seinfeld . It is the 12th episode of the fifth season , and first aired on January 6 , 1994 .

neg: Seinfeld: A XXX Parody Seinfeld : A XXX Parody is a 2009 American pornographic situation comedy film that parodies the American television sitcom Seinfeld which ran from 1989 until 1998 . Like other porn parodies , it has the same characters , settings and other production elements of the original show but adds an explicitly sexual element that was not present in the series . Written by A.J. Slater and directed by Lee Roy Myers , the plot is based on the episode `` The Soup Nazi '' . The film stars James Deen , Kristina Rose , Eric John , Steve Pomerantz , Evan Stone , Ashlynn Brooke , London Keyes , Natalie Horton , Tony Disergio , Sasha Grey , Sadie West and Cassandra Calogera . Released to DVD on June 29 , 2009 , the movie received positive reviews from critics , who enjoyed the acting , casting , sexual content and comedy . In addition to the positive reception , it also earned ten nominations at the 27th AVN Awards .

neg: List of Saturday Night Live episodes Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) is a late-night sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels . It premiered on NBC , a terrestrial television network , on October 11 , 1975 under the title NBC 's Saturday Night . The show often satirizes contemporary American popular culture and politics . Saturday Night Live features a two-tiered cast : the repertory members , also known as the `` Not Ready for Prime-Time Players , '' and newer cast members , known as `` Featured Players . '' Each week , the show features a host , often a well-known celebrity , who delivers an opening monologue and performs in sketches with the cast . A musical guest is also invited to perform several sets ( usually two , and occasionally more ) . Every so often a host or musical guest will fill both roles , such as was the case with Britney Spears in 2000 and 2002 , Jennifer Lopez in 2001 and 2010 , Justin Timberlake in 2003 , 2006 and 2013 , Taylor Swift in 2009 , Bruno Mars in 2012 , Lady Gaga in 2013 , Miley Cyrus in 2013 and 2015 , Drake in 2014 and 2016 , Blake Shelton in 2015 , and Ariana Grande in 2016 . With the exception of Season 7 and several other rare cases , the show has begun with a cold open that ends with someone breaking character and proclaiming `` Live from New York , it 's Saturday Night ! ''   Saturday Night Live is one of the longest running network programs in American television history , with over 800 episodes broadcast over the span of 42 seasons . A number of the show 's sketches have been developed into feature films , including The Blues Brothers , Wayne 's World , A Night at the Roxbury , Superstar , Coneheads , and MacGruber .   Seasons 1 through 5 are available on DVD in Region 1 . Various Saturday Night Live sketches are available in several new media formats , including streaming on Hulu and Netflix . Selected sketches and segments are also available for purchase at the iTunes Store to download and playback on home computers and certain iPod and iPhone models .

neg: Worst Episode Ever `` Worst Episode Ever '' is the eleventh episode of The Simpsons ' twelfth season . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 4 , 2001 . In the episode , Bart and Milhouse are banned from The Android 's Dungeon after stopping Comic Book Guy from buying a box of priceless Star Wars memorabilia for $ 5 . However , when Comic Book Guy suffers a massive heart attack after Tom Savini 's show , he hires Bart and Milhouse as his replacements while he leaves his job to make friends .   `` Worst Episode Ever '' was written by Larry Doyle and directed by Matthew Nastuk . The series ' staff found it hard to make Comic Book Guy seem likable , since he is usually portrayed as sarcastic and unfriendly . The episode features actor and makeup artist Tom Savini as himself . In its original broadcast , the episode was seen by approximately 10 million viewers , finishing in 27th place in the ratings the week it aired . Since its broadcast , the episode received positive reviews from critics , and Hank Azaria won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance for his performance as Comic Book Guy in the episode .

neg: The Doodle `` The Doodle '' is the 106th episode of the NBC sitcom Seinfeld . This was the 20th episode for the sixth season . It aired on April 6 , 1995 .

neg: History of Saturday Night Live (1995–2000) Saturday Night Live is an American sketch comedy series created and produced by Lorne Michaels for most of the show 's run . The show has aired on NBC since 1975 .   After a disastrous 1994 -- 95 season featuring a mix of old and new characters , Michaels decided to once again revamp the cast , keeping only five cast members and hiring six . The 1995 -- 96 season once again saved the show from cancellation , introducing a new era of Saturday Night Live characters and sketches that were highly popular with audiences .   This cast stayed mostly stable until the 1998 -- 99 season , which added cast members such as Jimmy Fallon and Horatio Sanz . These two would pave the way for the next era of Saturday Night Live in the early 2000s .

neg: The Day the Clown Cried The Day the Clown Cried is an unreleased 1972 American drama film directed by and starring Jerry Lewis . It is based on a script of the same name by Joan O'Brien , who had co-written the original script with Charles Denton ten years previously . The film was met with controversy regarding its premise and content , which features a circus clown who is imprisoned in a Nazi concentration camp . Lewis has repeatedly insisted that The Day the Clown Cried would never be released because it is an embarrassingly `` bad work '' that he is ashamed of .

neg: Tom's Restaurant Tom 's Restaurant is a diner located at 2880 Broadway ( on the corner of West 112th Street ) in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City . Frequented by students and faculty of nearby Columbia University , it has been owned and operated by the Greek-American family of Minas Zoulis since the 1940s .   Tom 's Restaurant was the locale that inspired Suzanne Vega 's 1982 song `` Tom 's Diner . '' Later , its exterior was used as a stand-in for the fictional Monk 's Café in the television sitcom Seinfeld , where comedian Jerry Seinfeld 's eponymous character and his friends regularly gathered to eat . The interior shown on the television show , however , looked very little like the real `` Tom 's '' , as indoor scenes were filmed on a set in Los Angeles .   Early Seinfeld episodes showed the entire neon sign ; later , the `` Tom 's '' portion was cropped out , showing only the `` RESTAURANT '' wraparound . Even though the interior and exterior have undergone minor remodeling since the show , the distinctive sign has remained the same . Tom 's is featured in Kramer 's Reality Tour conducted by Kenny Kramer .   Senator John McCain often ate at Tom 's when he visited his daughter Meghan when she was a student at Columbia .   Tom 's exterior has been seen on television before , in the 1978 The Bionic Woman episode `` Long Live the King '' at around the 27 minute mark of the DVD release .

neg: The Van Buren Boys `` The Van Buren Boys '' is the 148th episode of the sitcom Seinfeld , and name of a fictional New York street gang . Their sign is one hand with all the fingers and thumb ` up ' and spread out . The other hand has all but the thumb and pointer finger up , for a total of eight ( 8 ) . The gang is named for the 8th President of the United States , Martin Van Buren ( who was the first president from New York ) . This was the 14th episode for the 8th season . It aired on February 6 , 1997 .

neg: The Blood (Seinfeld) `` The Blood '' is the 160th episode of the NBC sitcom Seinfeld . This was the fourth episode for the ninth and final season . It aired on October 16 , 1997 . This was Lloyd Bridges 's last television performance before his death .

neg: The Dan & Scott Show The Dan & Scott Show was an uncensored comedy program named for its hosts , Dan Schulz and Scott Wirkus . The show is credited as pioneering internet radio , with its uncensored comedy format that is now more commonplace both online and in satellite radio formats such as XM Satellite Radio and Sirius Satellite Radio .   The show was first made available as downloadable audio , an early form of podcasting , on AOL in 1995 . It debuted as a live streaming audio format on April 1 , 1996 first via Audionet.com AKA Broadcast.com . Throughout the show 's five-year run , it moved from between several streaming providers such as Audionet , Audioactive , Talkspot.com , Radio HTB , and finally Eyada.com . They had the show on radiofun.com for a number of years as well .   The show was one of the few kept by Eyada in their restructuring attempts but in the end both the Dan and Scott show and Eyada failed to survive the tail end of the dot com crash of 2000-2001 due to Eyada 's financial troubles .   The show first received national attention when Rick Rockwell , the bachelor from Who Wants to Marry a Multi-Millionaire ? appeared on the show making a plea for contestants . The show also received attention for the weekly Survivor predictions from regular show caller `` Jesus '' .   After trying to find another site to broadcast the show , it became apparent that the dot com crash had killed all the viable streamed radio sites on the market . After trying to work deals with many networks outside the streaming world in 2001 -- 2002 they had a meeting with HBO . But HBO wanted a sanitized version of the show ; Dan and Scott submitted a censored demo that exists but felt they just could n't do the show HBO wanted .  Then it was XM and Sirius to also ask for a clean version of the show , it did not come to fruition there .  Big supporter of the show and Eyada owner Bob Meyrowitz offered them a chance for a nationally syndicated morning radio show . Bob 's big plan was for them to take on Howard Stern .  Ultimately though , Scott and Dan decided to stop doing the show ; they announced it was going on hiatus on August 24 , 2002 .

neg: The Slicer `` The Slicer '' is the 163rd episode of the NBC sitcom Seinfeld . This was the seventh episode of the ninth and final season . It first aired on November 13 , 1997 .

neg: The CBS Late Movie The CBS Late Movie is a CBS television series ( later known as CBS Late Night ) during the 1970s and 1980s . The program ran in most American television markets from 11:30 p.m. ( EST ) until 2:30 a.m. or later , on weeknights . A single announcer ( in the early years , CBS staff announcer Norm Stevens ) voiced the introduction and commercial bumpers for each program , but there was no host per se , or closing credits besides those of the night 's presentation . ( The bumpers announcing the stars of the movie notably rotated names , two or three at a time , so more of the players would be mentioned . )   The program was launched following the cancellation of The Merv Griffin Show , CBS 's late-night talk show from 1969 to 1972 . The show went on to have a long run in first-run syndication following CBS 's cancellation .   The CBS Late Movie theme music was `` So Old , So Young '' by Morton Stevens , which also served as the theme music for CBS 's prime-time movies until 1978 .   A memorable aspect to the show 's commercial breaks was the frequent appearance of public service announcements , from the Ad Council and other organizations , that often dealt with `` mature '' topics such as venereal disease , sexual and violent crimes , and abuse of hard drugs . Announcements also ran in much greater proportion than during prime time , with commercial breaks lasting longer ; it was not uncommon for the second portion of the show to start at 12:05 AM or 12:40 AM .   The CBS Late Night block , however , was not always cleared by every affiliate of the network ; in several markets , the block was either delayed by one hour from its regularly-scheduled time ( most notably in the Central and Mountain time zones ) , picked up by a local independent station ( including those that later affiliated with the Fox television network ) , or not seen at all in certain cities . Those stations that did not carry CBS Late Night instead broadcast movies from their own libraries and/or their own lineup of off-network syndicated sitcoms , drama reruns and first-run syndication products . A large factor in the programming decisions of many CBS affiliates electing not to clear CBS Late Night ( or delaying it ) was due to head-to-head competition with NBC 's The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson , and later entering the 1980s , ABC News ' Nightline . It was not until 1993 , when the Late Show with David Letterman debuted , that CBS ' late night programming ( excluding Nightwatch/Up to the Minute ) was cleared across the entire network .


query: Prakash Jha is only a music producer.

pos: Prakash Jha Prakash Jha ( born 27 February 1952 ) is an Indian film producer , actor , director and screenwriter , mostly known for his political and socio-political films such as Damul ( 1984 ) , Mrityudand ( 1997 ) , Gangaajal ( 2003 ) , Apaharan ( 2005 ) , including multistarrer hit movies Raajneeti ( 2010 ) , Aarakshan ( 2011 ) Chakravyuh ( 2012 ) , and Satyagraha ( 2013 ) . He is also the maker of National Film Award winning documentaries like , Faces After The Storm ( 1984 ) and Sonal ( 2002 ) .   Jha runs a production company , Prakash Jha Productions . Jha also owns the P&M Mall in Patna .

pos: P&M Mall P&M Mall is the first mall of Patna , the capital city of the eastern Indian state Bihar . It was opened in April 2011 . Film director Prakash Jha & Manmohan shetty is the Builder of the mall . This mall houses world-class retailing spaces which includes hyper market , departmental store , Multiplex , Entertainment Zone , Food court , restaurants , Gym , hotel , Conference & Banquet facilities Banquet Hall-Grand Ball Room can take up to 700 pax , conference Halls -- Nalanda , Mitihla , Takshila and Vaishali , retail shops , elevator , and escalator.The mall is located at Patliputra colony in Patna , Bihar . In 2016 , it was awarded the `` Most Admired Shopping Centre of the Year : East '' by IMGES .   The mall was delayed for number of reasons at local level . A professional from UK named Sudeep Kumar was hired as Mall-Head for speedy construction of the project followed by building up operational team . Kumar took a bold and strict initiative to complete the project within just 6 months of joining of his office . Later , he left the company to go back to UK after organizing a successful visit of Amitabh Bachchan at the mall .

neg: Jeevitham (1984 film) Jeevitham is a 1984 Indian Malayalam film , directed by K Vijayan and produced by K Balaji . The film stars Madhu , Jose Prakash , Unnimary and Balan K Nair in lead roles . The film had musical score by Gangai Amaran . The film was a remake of Hindi film Avtaar .

neg: Aas Paas Aas Paas is a 1981 Bollywood romantic film directed by J. Om Prakash and starring Dharmendra , Hema Malini and Prem Chopra . The music was by Laxmikant-Pyarelal . The film begins with a dedication to the late singer Mohammed Rafi , announcing that his last recorded song was for this film .   Director-producer J. Om Prakash included in Aas Paas ( 1981 ) another brief `` Lucky Mascot '' screen appearance of his grandson -- future Hindi film superstar actor Hrithik Roshan , then age 7 -- as the ( credited ) boy dancing in the song `` Shehar Main Charchi Hai '' who winks at Hema Malini and passes her a love note from Dharmendra .

neg: Cigarette Ki Tarah Cigarette Ki Tarah is a romantic thriller movie , featuring Bhoop Yaduvanshi , Prashant Narayanan , Madhurima Tuli , Sudesh Berry and others in their respective roles . Directed by Akashaditya Lama , the film is being produced under the banner of P. Y. Films Pvt. Ltd. . While the music is composed by Sudeep Banerjee , Kavita Seth , Ankur Mishra and Viraj Sawant , the lyrics have been written by Ajay Jhingran , Kaushal Kishore and Dev Shukla . Choreography in the movie is done by Vivek Yadav and Longines Fernandes .   A dispute between the director and producers over the editing of the picture led to a lawsuit in the Mumbai High Court , and eventually to what the director characterized as a `` compromise '' and an `` edited version that did not meet my creative vision '' .

neg: Green Signal Green Signal is a 2014 Telugu film directed by Vijay Maddhala and produced by Rudrapati Ramana Rao . It was co produced by Maruthi Dasari . It features an ensemble cast of Revanth , Shilpi Sharma , Gopal Sai , Maanas , Ashutosh , Rakshita , Manali Rathod , Dimple Chopade in the lead roles . J.B. composed the music for the film . The film released on 30 May 2014 in theaters . The film was deemed as an unofficial remake of the Bollywood film Pyaar Ka Punchnama .

neg: Rathavara Rathaavara is an 2015 Indian Kannada action thriller film written and directed by Chandrashekar Bandiyappa and produced by Dharmashree Manjunath . It stars Sri Murali and Rachita Ram in the lead roles . The supporting cast features P. Ravi Shankar , Chikkanna , Sadhu Kokila and Charan Raj among others . The film 's music is composed by Dharma Vish and cinematography is by Bhuvan Gowda of Ugramm fame .   The principal photography of the film bega  n in December 2014 at locations such as Bangalore , Mysore , Mangalore and Gadag . The film is expected to release before December 2015 .

neg: Hip Hip Hurray (film) Hip Hip Hurray was a 1984 Indian Hindi film directed by Prakash Jha with screenplay by Gulzar , it had Raj Kiran , Deepti Naval as leads and debut film of Nikhil Bhagat . The film was the directorial debut of Prakash Jha .

neg: Panjabi MC Rajinder Singh Rai ( Punjabi : ਰਜਿ ਦਰ ਸਿ ਘ ; born 1973 ) , better known by his stage name Panjabi MC , is a British musician of Punjabi descent . He is best known for the worldwide bhangra hit , `` Mundian To Bach Ke '' of 2002 , although it originated from 1998 , and `` Jogi '' , of 2003 . Allmusic has called him `` one of the most prominent names in bhangra '' .

neg: Jhanjhaar Jhanjhaar ( Fire ) is a 1987 Hindi social drama film directed by V. Shantaram . Made under Rajkamal Kalamandir banner it was a V. Shantaram Productions film . It had music by Kalyanji Anandji . The film starred Sushant Ray ( Shantaram 's grandson ) , with Padmini Kolhapure , and the rest of the cast included Yunus Parvez , Sudhir Pandey and Ranjana Deshmukh ( niece of Hindi film actress Sandhya who was V. Shantaram 's wife ) . Ranjana 's career came to a halt when she met with a car accident on the way to the shooting of this film in Bangalore .   Culminating the end of a career that `` spanned '' nearly seventy years in Indian cinema , Jhanjhaar was Shantaram 's last released film , and a commercial failure at the box-office . Shantaram was 85 years at the time of making Jhanjhaar .   The film is set in a village where a man claiming to be a freedom-fighter takes advantage of the villagers for his own evil purposes . The story then follows the rise of the villagers against him .

neg: Friends FM Friends 91.9 FM is a Kolkata-based FM radio station operating since 2007 that plays current music and music of the 1990s which uses the ` Contemporory Hit ' CHR format . The station is owned and operated by Ananda Offset Pvt Ltd , which is an ABP Pvt Ltd group company . The station caters to the young and young at heart listener , TG 18 to 45 , and positions itself to the listener as `` A true Funloving and dependable Friend '' . The station features RJ-speak . Friends 91.9 FM plays a mix of Hindi , Bengali and English ( towards weekend ) songs . The station has several celebrity RJs who host special shows through the week .

neg: Hits FM (Nepal) Hits FM ( Nepali : हिट्स एफएम ) is a radio station based in Kathmandu , Nepal . It is a subsidiary of Hits Nepal Pvt. Ltd. , which was established in January 1996 . It went on air in April 1996 . It is now available 24 hours daily on 91.2 MHz . Its philosophy is to hire presenters who are `` fresh '' - thus ensuring originality and also the ability to shape the presenters in accordance to overall goals and objectives of Hits Nepal Pvt. Ltd. .   Hits FM maintains a weekly music chart . The most followed charts are Hits Xpress ( Bollywood songs ) , Megatops Chart ( English songs ) , and Hits Countdown ( Nepali songs ) .   It is one of the most listened-to FM stations in the country , with one of the highest-rated shows . It is ranked among the top 40 radio stations in the World ( Asia , Africa , Australia , South America ) by UK and Irish Radio Stations broadcasting on the Internet .

neg: Diljit Dosanjh Diljit Dosanjh ( Punjabi : ਦਿਲਜੀਤ ਦੋਸਾਂਝ ) is an Indian film actor , singer and television presenter , who works in Punjabi and Hindi cinema . He is recognized as one of the leading artists in the Punjabi music industry . He also acts in Punjabi movies , with many of them being noticeable hits , including 2012 film Jatt & Juliet , 2013 films Jatt & Juliet 2 and Punjab 1984 , 2015 film Sardaar Ji , and the 2016 films Ambarsariya and Sardaar Ji 2 -- which are counted among the most successful Punjabi movies in history . His first recorded mainstream performance was his solo track and music video Ishq Da Uda Ada from his 2000 album produced by Finetone Cassettes . He made his Bollywood debut with Udta Punjab in 2016 for which he earned Filmfare Award for Best Debut ( Male ) . He mostly works with White Hill Productions .

neg: Sunny M.R. Sunny M.R. is an Indian composer , Music Producer , Sound Engineer and Playback Singer . He is best known for the Telugu film Swamy Ra Ra ( 2013 ) , Uyyala Jampala ( 2013 ) . Musicperk.com rated the album 8/10 , quoting `` A fresh waft of cool music ! Experimental Magic with simplicity '' . He won Global Indian Music Award , Mirchi Music Award for Bollywood movie Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani ( 2013 ) as `` Best Music Arranger cum Programmer '' and '' Song Programmer cum Arranger of the Year '' in 2014 .

neg: Rahul Raj Rahul Raj is an Indian music composer . He has composed and produced original scores and soundtracks for Malayalam , Telugu and Tamil movies .

neg: Bikram Keith Bikram Keith ( born December 29 , 1982 ) is a Washington , D.C. based Indian disc jockey and producer . Often dubbed `` the international crowd rocker , '' Bikram Keith is known for his eclectic style and for being official tour DJ for UK pop star Jay Sean . His signature blends of hip hop , international , rock , Arabic , techno , Latin , mashups and reggae have garnered him international popularity .

neg: Pesa Nasha Pyar Pesa Nasha Pyar is the first studio album by rapper Bohemia . It is the first Punjabi rap album released under a major label . It was released on February 9 , 2006 , under the label of Universal Music India . Music videos for `` Sahara '' and `` Kurti '' were also released .

neg: Sambhujeet Baskota Sambhujeet Baskota is a Nepali music composer . He is considered `` by far the most popular and prolific music director in Nepali Film Industry '' . He has composed over 3,000 songs , which have appeared in more than 250 films.Currently , he is also working for an anti-drug program to help kids all over Nepal .   Sambhujeet Baskota has 2 sons and 2 daughters . One of them is the new music director Mr Sauryajeet Baskota who composed the music of Kusume Rumal - 2 , the successor of the original Kusume Rumal whose music was composed by Ranjeet Gazmer . The music of Kusume Rumal-2 was a real big hit in Nepal as was the music of the original . Having worked with Aditya Narayan , Mr Saurya proved himself capable of his father 's skills and composed the same high quality music . Baskota 's other sons and daughters are closely associated with Nepal 's film industry .

neg: Tips Industries Limited Tips Industries is one of the largest corporate houses in the field of music and films . Its main area of interest is music production , promotion and distribution , now also in films . It has the highest number of gold and platinum discs to their credit in comparison with any other record label in India . Its team of distributors serve more than 1000 wholesalers across the length and breadth of the country who , in turn , serve more than retailers .

neg: Teen Maar Teenmaar ( Celebration of Love ) is a 2011 Telugu language romantic drama film directed by Jayanth C. Paranjee . The film is a remake of the Hindi film Love Aaj Kal , with Pawan Kalyan , Trisha Krishnan and Kriti Kharbanda playing the lead roles . The film 's music is composed by Mani Sharma . The film portrays the feeling of pure love which never changes , although the perspective of realising one 's soulmate has changed over time . The film was released on 14 April 2011 .

neg: Jaya Krishna Jaya Krishna was an Indian film producer known for his works in Telugu cinema and few Tamil films . He produced films such as Mana Voori Pandavulu 1978 , which won the Filmfare Award for Best Film - Telugu for that year . His other hits include , Manthri Gari Viyyankudu 1983 , Vivaha Bhojanambu , Muddula Manavaralu , Seetaramulu , Raagaleela , Neeku Naaku Pellanta , Krishnarjunulu , 420 etc. . He produced the Tamil film Aalavandhan .

neg: Jaidev Kumar Jaidev Kumar is an Indian musician and producer , who was born in Delhi but who moved to Mumbai in 2000 . Kumar is the music king for the Punjabi industry . He has been working for Punjabi music industry since 1999 . His first album was Dil Lai Gayi . He is the son of music director K Panna Lal . Kumar has 2 kids : Hritik and Neeshitaa Kumar .


query: Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis is located in France.

pos: Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis The Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis ( métropole d'Aix-Marseille-Provence ) is a French intercommunality formed on , encompassing the urban agglomerations of Marseille , Aix-en-Provence , Aubagne , Martigues and other smaller towns in the suburbs of Marseille , in the Bouches-du-Rhône departement .

neg: Entrevaux Entrevaux is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France .

neg: Châteaufort, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence Châteaufort ( -LSB- ʃɑtofɔːʁ -RSB- ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France .

neg: Istres Istres ( -LSB- istʁ -RSB- ) ( Occitan : Istre ) is a commune in southern France , some 60 km ( 38 mi ) northwest of Marseille . It is in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region , in the Bouches-du-Rhône department , of which it is a subprefecture . Its inhabitants are called Istréens and Istréennes .

neg: University of Avignon The University of Avignon ( long name : University of Avignon and the Vaucluse , French : Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse ) is a French university , based in Avignon ( President : Emmanuel Ethis ) . It is under the Academy of Aix and Marseille .   It was founded in 1303 by Pope Boniface VIII , and closed in 1792 during the French Revolution .

neg: List of Catholic dioceses in France The following is the list of the Roman Catholic dioceses of France since 2002 . '' See also the List of Ancien Régime dioceses of France and the List of French dioceses in the 19th and 20th century for information prior to 2002 .   Pope John Paul II completely redrew the map of French ecclesiastical provinces in December 2002 , in order to coincide more closely with the map of French administrative regions , but losing in several instances remaining boundaries surviving from late Roman times . This meant the creation of a few new Metropolitan archbishoprics and ecclesiastical provinces . This also entailed , for several archbishoprics , the loss of their metropolitan status ( symbolised by the wearing of the pallium ) : their bishops nevertheless retained the title of archbishop .   As a result of history , many former episcopal sees were united , mainly as a consequence of the French Revolution ; hence many dioceses bear the names of several cities , in which case , only the first one is the cathedral see where the bishop still actually resides .   In France , most dioceses coincide with a department ( administrative province ) , but there are a few exceptions , where some arrondissements are attached to a diocese outside the department , or form a separate diocese within the department ( this happens mainly in departments with numerous populations , such as Nord or Bouches-du-Rhône ) . Along with the list of the new ecclesiastical provinces and their suffragan dioceses , this list also gives the equivalent of the diocesan jurisdiction in departmental terms .

neg: Pavillon Vendôme The Pavillon Vendôme is a historic pavilion surrounded by a French formal garden located 32 rue Celony in Aix-en-Provence , France .

neg: Lille Lille ( -LSB- lil -RSB- ; Rijsel -LSB- ˈrɛi̯səl -RSB- ; Rysel ) is a city in northern France , in French Flanders . On the Deûle River , near France 's border with Belgium , it is the capital of the Hauts-de-France region and the prefecture of the Nord department .   As of 2009 , Lille had a population of 226,827 within its administrative limits , and an urban population of 1,015,744 , making it the fourth largest urban area in France after Paris , Lyon and Marseille .

neg: Bastide d'Orcel The Bastide d'Orcel is a historic bastide in Aix-en-Provence , France .

neg: University of Côte d'Azur University of Côte d'Azur ( Université Côte d'Azur ) is the association of universities and higher education institutions ( ComUE ) for institutions of higher education and research in the French region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur . This region also has a separate association between three universities not part of the ComUE : Aix-Marseille University , University of Avignon and University of Toulon .   The university was created as a ComUE according to the 2013 Law on Higher Education and Research ( France ) , effective February 27 , 2015 .

neg: Levens Levens is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes département in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France .   Its inhabitants are called Levensans ( or Levensois ) .

neg: Avignon Avignon ( -LSB- a.vi.ɲɔ̃ -RSB- ; Avenio Avignoun , Avinhon -LSB- aviˈɲun -RSB- ) is a commune in south-eastern France in the department of Vaucluse on the left bank of the Rhône river . Of the 90,194 inhabitants of the city , about 12,000 live in the ancient town centre enclosed by its medieval ramparts .   Between 1309 and 1377 , during the Avignon Papacy , seven successive popes resided in Avignon and in 1348 Pope Clement VI bought the town from Joanna I of Naples . Papal control persisted until 1791 when , during the French Revolution , it became part of France . The town is now the capital of the Vaucluse department and one of the few French cities to have preserved its ramparts .   The historic centre , which includes the Palais des Papes , the cathedral , and the Pont d'Avignon , became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995 . The medieval monuments and the annual Festival d'Avignon have helped to make the town a major centre for tourism .   The commune has been awarded one flower by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom .

neg: Marseille-en-Beauvaisis Marseille-en-Beauvaisis is a commune in the Oise department in northern France .

neg: Regions of France France is divided into 18 administrative regions ( région , -LSB- ʁe.ʒjɔ̃ -RSB- ) , including 13 metropolitan regions and 5 overseas regions . The 13 metropolitan regions ( including 12 mainland regions and Corsica ) are each further subdivided into 2 to 13 departments , while the overseas regions consist of only one department each and hence are also referred to as `` overseas departments '' . The current legal concept of region was adopted in 1982 , and in 2016 what had been 27 regions was reduced to 18 .

neg: Arrondissement of Marseille The arrondissement of Marseille is an arrondissement of France in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region . It has 21 communes .

neg: Canebière La Canebière is the historic high street in the old quarter of Marseille , France .

neg: Vaumeilh Vaumeilh is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France .

neg: Costières de Nîmes AOC Costières de Nîmes is an Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée ( AOC ) for wines that are produced in an area between the ancient city of Nîmes and the western Rhône delta , in the French department of the Gard . Formerly part of the Languedoc region of France , as the wines more resemble those of the Rhône valley in character than of the Languedoc , it is now part of the Rhone wine area and administered by the Rhône Wine committee which has its headquarters in Avignon .

neg: Demographics of France The demography of France is monitored by the Institut national d'études démographiques ( INED ) and the Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques ( INSEE ) . As of the 1 January 2017 , almost 67 million people lived in the French Republic ( 66,991,000 ) , including all the five overseas departments ( 2,132,000 ) , but excluding the overseas collectivities and territories ( 604,000 ) . 64,859,000 of these lived in Metropolitan France , the part of France located in Europe .   In March 2017 the population of France officially reached the 67 million mark . The 66 million mark was reached in the beginning of 2014 .   Between the years 2010 and 2017 the population of France grew from 64,613 million to 66,991 million or with about 2,4 million people for a span of 7 years , making France one of the fastest growing countries in Europe . The population of France is growing with 1 million people every 3 years . For an average annual growth of 340,000 people , or a grow rate of +0,6 % .   France was historically Europe 's most populous nation . During the Middle Ages , more than one quarter of Europe 's total population was French ; by the 17th century , this had decreased slightly to one fifth . By the beginning of the 20th century , other European nations , such as Germany and Russia , had caught up with and overtaken it . However , the country 's population sharply increased with the baby boom following World War II .   According to INSEE , since 2004 , 200,000 immigrants entered annually into the country . One out of two was born in Europe and one in three in Africa . Between 2009 and 2012 , the number of Europeans entering France increased sharply ( + 12 % per year on average ) .   The national birth rate , after dropping for a time , began to rebound in the 1990s and currently the country 's fertility rate is close to the replacement level . According to a 2006 INSEE study , `` The natural increase is close to 300,000 people , a level that has not been reached in more than thirty years . ''   Among the 802,000 newborns in metropolitan France in 2010 , 80.1 % had two French parents , 13.3 % had one French parent , and 6.6 % had two non-French parents . For the same year , 27.3 % of newborns in metropolitan France had at least one foreign-born parent and 23.9 % had at least one parent born outside of Europe ( parents born in overseas territories are considered as born in France ) . Between 2006 and 2008 , about 40 % of newborns in France had one foreign-born grandparent ( 11 % born in another European country , 16 % born in the Maghreb and 12 % born in another region of the world ) .   Racial and ethnic censuses have been banned by the French government since 1978 , since the term `` race '' in France invokes associations with Nazi Germany .

neg: France France ( -LSB- fʁɑ̃s -RSB- ) , officially the French Republic ( -LSB- ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz -RSB- ) , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . France spans 643801 km2 and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux .   During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome , which held Gaul until 486 , when the Germanic Franks conquered the region and formed the Kingdom of France . France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , with its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 to 1453 ) strengthening state-building and political centralisation . During the Renaissance , French culture flourished and a global colonial empire was established , which by the 20th century would be the second largest in the world . The 16th century was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots ) . France became Europe 's dominant cultural , political , and military power under Louis XIV . In the late 18th century , the French Revolution overthrew the absolute monarchy , established one of modern history 's earliest republics , and saw the drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , which expresses the nation 's ideals to this day .   In the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire , whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe . Following the collapse of the Empire , France endured a tumultuous succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870 . France was a major participant in the First World War , from which it emerged victorious , and was one of the Allied Powers in the Second World War , but came under occupation by the Axis Powers in 1940 . Following liberation in 1944 , a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War . The Fifth Republic , led by Charles de Gaulle , was formed in 1958 and remains to this day . Algeria and nearly all the other colonies became independent in the 1960s and typically retained close economic and military connections with France .   France has long been a global centre of art , science , and philosophy . It hosts Europe 's fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually , the most of any country in the world . France is a developed country with the world 's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity . In terms of aggregate household wealth , it ranks fourth in the world . France performs well in international rankings of education , health care , life expectancy , and human development . France remains a great power in the world , being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state . It is a leading member state of the European Union and the Eurozone . It is also a member of the Group of 7 , North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and La Francophonie .

neg: Barras, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence Barras is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of south-eastern France .   The inhabitants of the commune are known as Barrasiens or Barrasiennes .