query: Haifa is located in the northern part of Israel.

pos: Mount Carmel Mount Carmel ( , Har HaKarmel ISO 259-3 Har ha Karmell ( lit . God 's vineyard ) ; الكرمل , Kurmul or جبل مار إلياس Jabal Mar Elyas ` Mount Saint Elias ' ) is a coastal mountain range in northern Israel stretching from the Mediterranean Sea towards the southeast . The range is a UNESCO biosphere reserve and a number of towns are located there , most notably the city of Haifa , Israel 's third largest city , located on the northern slope .

pos: Haifa metropolitan area The Haifa metropolitan area is a metropolitan area including areas from both the Haifa and the Northern districts of Israel . It is located along the Israeli Mediterranean coastline . The Haifa metropolitan area is the third largest metropolitan area in Israel , with an estimated population of almost 1 million .

pos: Haifa Haifa ( -LSB- χei̯ˈfa , ˈχai̯fa -RSB- حيفا ) , is the third-largest city in the State of Israel , with a population of in . The city of Haifa forms part of the Haifa metropolitan area , the second - or third-most populous metropolitan area in Israel . It is also home to the Bahá ' í World Centre , a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a destination for Baha'i pilgrims .   Built on the slopes of Mount Carmel , the settlement has a history spanning more than 3,000 years . The earliest known settlement in the vicinity was Tell Abu Hawam , a small port city established in the Late Bronze Age ( 14th century BCE ) . In the 3rd century CE , Haifa was known as a dye-making center . Over the centuries , the city has changed hands : being conquered and ruled by the Phoenicians , Persians , Hasmoneans , Romans , Byzantines , Arabs , Crusaders , Ottomans , British , and the Israelis . Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 , the Haifa Municipality has governed the city .   , the city is a major seaport located on Israel 's Mediterranean coastline in the Bay of Haifa covering 63.7 km2 . It lies about 90 km north of Tel Aviv and is the major regional center of northern Israel . According to researcher J. Kis-Lev Haifa is considered a relative haven for coexistence between Jews and Arabs . Two respected academic institutions , the University of Haifa and the Technion , are located in Haifa , in addition to the largest k-12 school in Israel , the Hebrew Reali School . The city plays an important role in Israel 's economy . It is home to Matam , one of the oldest and largest high-tech parks in the country ; Haifa also owns the only underground rapid transit system located in Israel , known as The Carmelit . Haifa Bay is a center of heavy industry , petroleum refining and chemical processing . Haifa formerly functioned as the western terminus of an oil pipeline from Iraq via Jordan .

neg: Baqa al-Gharbiyye Baqa al-Gharbiyye ( باقة الغربية , ; lit . Baqa West ) is a predominantly Arab city in the Haifa District of Israel , located near the Green Line . In 2003 , Baqa al-Gharbiyye united with the Jatt local council to form Baqa-Jatt , a unification that was dissolved a few years later . The city had a population of in .

neg: Neve Yam Neve Yam ( , lit . Sea Home ) is a kibbutz in northern Israel . Located around twenty kilometres south of Haifa , it falls under the jurisdiction of Hof HaCarmel Regional Council . In it had a population of .

neg: Acre Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine The Acre Subdistrict ( قضاء عكا Qadaa Akka ) was one of the subdistricts of Mandatory Palestine . It was located in modern-day northern Israel . The city of Acre was the district 's capital .

neg: Palestinian territories `` Palestinian territories '' and `` occupied Palestinian territories '' ( OPT or oPt ) are descriptions often used to describe the West Bank ( including East Jerusalem ) and the Gaza Strip , which are occupied or otherwise under the control of Israel . Israeli governments have maintained that the area involved is within territorial dispute . The extent of the territories , while subject to future negotiations , have frequently been defined by the Green Line .   The term `` Palestinian Territory , Occupied '' was used by the United Nations ( UN ) and other international organizations between 1998 to 2013 in order to refer to areas controlled by the Palestinian National Authority . In December 2012 , UN Secretariat communications replaced this by the term State of Palestine . The ISO adopted the name change in 2013 . But , as of August 2015 , the UN Security Council continues to treat Palestine as a non-sovereign entity ; This prevents its admission to UN General Assembly membership .   Israel occupied the territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip in the Six-Day War of 1967 and has since maintained control . Previously , these territories had been occupied by Jordan and Egypt , respectively , since the 1948 founding of Israel . In 1980 , Israel officially absorbed East Jerusalem and has proclaimed the whole of Jerusalem to be its capital . The inclusion , though never formally amounting to legal annexation , was condemned internationally and declared `` null and void '' by the United Nations Security Council . The Palestinian National Authority , the United Nations , the international legal and humanitarian bodies and the international community regard East Jerusalem as part of the West Bank , and consequently a part of the Palestinian territories . The Palestinian National Authority never exercised sovereignty over the area , although it housed its offices in Orient House and several other buildings as an assertion of its sovereign interests .   Israel shut them down in response to the Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing . Israeli sovereignty , however , has not been recognized by any country , since the unilateral annexation of territory occupied during war contravenes the Fourth Geneva Convention . The cost of the occupation for Israel over four decades ( 1967 -- 2007 ) is estimated to amount to $ 50 billion . The World Bank estimates the annual cost in 2013 to the Palestinian economy of Israeli occupation at $ 3.4 billion .   In 1988 , with the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) intention to declare a Palestinian State , Jordan renounced all territorial claims to the West Bank , including East Jerusalem . Since the Palestinian Declaration of Independence in 1988 , 135 UN Member Nations have recognized the State of Palestine , comprising the Palestinian territories . It has not been recognized by Israel and some Western nations , including the United States .   In 1993 , following the Oslo Accords , parts of the territories politically came under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian National Authority ( Areas A and B ) . Israel still exercises full military control and , civil control over 61 % of the West Bank ( Area C ) . The Oslo Accords established access to the sea for Gaza within 20 nautical miles from the shore . The Berlin Commitment of 2002 reduced this to 12 mi . In October 2006 Israel imposed a 6-mile limit , and at the conclusion of the Gaza War restricted access to a 3-nautical-mile limit , beyond which a no-go zone exists . As a result , more than 3,000 Palestinian fishermen are denied access to 85 % of the maritime areas agreed to in 1995 . The majority of the Dead Sea area is off-limits to Palestinian use , and Palestinians are denied access to its coast line .   Israel disengaged from the Gaza Strip in 2005 , however the international community considers the West Bank and the Gaza Strip still to be occupied by Israel . The Hamas takeover of Gaza in 2007 divided the Palestinian territories politically . Abbas 's Fatah largely ruled the West Bank and was recognized internationally as the official Palestinian Authority ( see : Fatah-Hamas conflict ) . In 2014 , the two political groups agreed to hold elections and form a compromise unity government . The 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict intervened ; however , the unity government survived .

neg: North Africa North Africa is the term given to a group of Mediterranean countries situated in the northern-most region of the African continent . The term `` North Africa '' has no single accepted definition . It is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Morocco in the west , to the Suez Canal and the Red Sea in the east . Others have limited it to the countries of Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , a region known by the French during colonial times as `` Afrique du Nord '' and by the Arabs as the Maghreb ( `` West '' ) .   The most commonly accepted definition includes Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , as well as Libya and Egypt , It should be noted however that the term `` North Africa '' , when commonly used in North Africa and the Middle East , often refers only to the countries of the Maghreb and Libya . Egypt , due to its greater Middle Eastern associations , is typically viewed separately . The countries of North Africa share a common ethnic , cultural and linguistic identity that is unique to this region .   North west Africa has been inhabited by Berbers since the beginning of recorded history , while the eastern part of North Africa has been home to the Egyptians . Following the Muslim conquest in the seventh century C.E. , the region underwent a process of Arabization and Islamization that has defined its cultural landscape ever since .   The distinction between North Africa and much of Sub-Saharan Africa is historically and ecologically significant because of the effective barrier created by the Sahara Desert for much of modern history . From 3500 BC , following the abrupt desertification of the Sahara due to gradual changes in the Earth 's orbit , this barrier has culturally separated the North from the rest of the continent . As the seafaring civilizations of the Phoenicians , Greeks , Romans , Muslims and others facilitated communication and migration across the Mediterranean Sea , the cultures of North Africa became much more closely tied to Southwestern Asia and Europe than Sub-Saharan Africa . The Islamic influence in the area is also significant , and North Africa is a major part of the Muslim world .   Some researchers have postulated that North Africa rather than East Africa served as the exit point for the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent in the Out of Africa migration .

neg: National Library of Israel The National Library of Israel ( NLI ; -LSB- הספרייה הלאומית , translit = HaSifria HaLeumit -RSB- المكتبة الوطنية في إسرائيل ) , formerly Jewish National and University Library ( JNUL ; -LSB- בית הספרים הלאומי והאוניברסיטאי , translit = Beit Ha-Sfarim Ha-Le ` umi ve-Ha-Universita ' i -RSB- ) , is the library dedicated to collecting the cultural treasures of Israel and of Jewish heritage . The library holds more than 5 million books , and is located on the Givat Ram campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem .   The National Library owns the world 's largest collections of Hebraica and Judaica , and is the repository of many rare and unique manuscripts , books and artifacts .

neg: The Founding Myths of Israel The Founding Myths of Israel : Nationalism , Socialism , and the Making of the Jewish State is a book by Zeev Sternhell . It was published in Hebrew in 1995 , in French in 1996 and in English in 1998 . The stated purpose of the book is an analysis of the ideology and actions of labor Zionism in the period before the 1948 Arab-Israeli War . In that period labor Zionism 's leaders dominated the institutions of the Yishuv , the Jewish community in Palestine . Sternhell 's thesis is that the actions and decisions of the leaders of labor Zionism were guided by a nationalist ideology , and not by a socialist ideology . In the `` Introduction '' and the `` Epilogue '' Sternhell extrapolates this attitude of the leaders to Israeli politics and argues that nationalist policies have overshadowed social and liberal policies for a long time , and are still endangering Israel 's ability to develop as a free and open society .   Questions that Sternhell investigates are :  Was a unique synthesis between socialism and nationalism ever achieved in Palestine ?  Did the founders intend to create an alternative to bourgeois society , or did they renounce the social objective from the beginning as incompatible ?  Was equality a genuine goal , however longterm , or was it only a mobilizing myth ?  Was the nationalism of Labor Zionism and its practical expression , the conquering of the land , in any way special ?  Did it have a universalistic , humanistic and rationalistic basis that distinguished it from the nationalism flourishing in Eastern Europe ?  Did it ever have the potential to overcome the religious substance of Jewish nationalism , and thus establish a liberal , secular and open society , at peace with itself and its neighbours ?  Sternhell 's answer to the first five questions is `` no '' .   The book has received considerable attention . It was the topic of a conference at the distinguished Van Leer Institute in Jerusalem and the subject of the lead review in the weekly literary supplement of Ha'Aretz newspaper .

neg: Jaffa Port Jaffa Port ( נמל יפו , Nemal Yafo ) is an ancient port on the Mediterranean Sea , located in the Old City of Jaffa , Israel .   Jaffa and its port have a history spanning over three millennia . The port itself is mentioned in various ancient works , including the Hebrew Bible , such as the book of Jonah , and the works of Josephus describing Jewish history and the First Jewish Revolt against Rome . For over 7,000 years it has been actively used , predating Muslims , Christians , Jews , and even Egyptians . Still functional as a small fishing port , the port is currently a recreational zone featuring restaurants and cafés . A lighthouse , Jaffa Light , is located above the port .   In 1917 , during World War I , British troops under General Allenby defeated the Ottomans and took Jaffa , which became part of the British-administered Palestine Mandate ( 1922 -- 1948 ) . In 1947 and 1948 there was sharp fighting between Jaffa , which was largely inhabited by Arabs , and the adjoining Jewish city of Tel Aviv . On 13 May 1948 ( a day before the proclamation of the State of Israel ) , the Arab forces in Jaffa were defeated after long fighting with the Zionist underground Haganah and Irgun Zva'i Leumi forces . On 24 April 1950 , the Jewish city of Tel Aviv and the Arab city of Jaffa were unified , and the Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality was established .   Today , Arabs of various denominations constitute about 25,000 inhabitants out of a total of 35,000 people . Jaffa has an old fishing harbor , modern boat docks , and a tourism center . Jaffa is a major tourist attraction with a combination of old , new and restored buildings . Its visitor attractions include art galleries , souvenir shops , restaurants , sidewalk cafes , boardwalks , and shopping . It offers a variety of culture , entertainment and food ( fish restaurants ) . The city is noted for its export of the Jaffa oranges .

neg: Palmachim Palmachim is a kibbutz in central Israel . Located about ten kilometers south of the Tel Aviv area along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea , among the sand dunes , it falls under the jurisdiction of Gan Raveh Regional Council . In it had a population of .

neg: Hassan Bek Mosque The Hassan Bek Mosque , also known as the Hasan Bey Mosque , is one of the most well-known mosques of Jaffa , a city which is now part of the Tel Aviv-Yafo municipality in Israel . It has been a site of much controversy , as demonstrated in recent years .   The Hassan Bek Mosque was built in 1916 at the northern boundary of Arab Jaffa with what in time became the Jewish metropolis of Tel Aviv , and its history is closely bound up with the various stages of the Arab-Jewish conflict , from its beginnings as a communal strife under Ottoman and British rule and up to the present . It has been on various occasions the subject of heated debate and eventful controversy , and has a deep symbolic and emotional meaning to Jaffa Arabs .   Its Ottoman-style architecture contrasts sharply with the contemporary modern high-rises situated near it . It is located between Neve Tzedek neighbourhood and the Mediterranean Sea , on the fast road to Jaffa .

neg: Biltmore Conference The Biltmore Conference , also known by its resolution as the Biltmore Program , was a fundamental departure from traditional Zionist policy with its demand `` that Palestine be established as a Jewish Commonwealth . '' The meeting was held in New York City at the prestigious Biltmore Hotel from May 6 to May 11 , 1942 with 600 delegates and Zionist leaders from 18 countries attending . The Biltmore Program has been described by a number of historians as `` a virtual coup d'etat '' within the Zionist movement , in which more moderate leaders were replaced with leaders with more aggressive goals .   Prior to Biltmore , official Zionism steadfastly refused to formulate the ultimate aim of the movement preferring instead to concentrate on the practical task of building the Jewish National Home . The Biltmore Program became the official Zionist stand on the ultimate aim of the movement . According to Ben-Gurion , the `` first and essential '' stage of the program was the immigration of two million additional Jews to Palestine , a target which later became official Zionist policy after being revised downwards in the One Million Plan . There was no reference to the Arab population of Palestine , and , according to Anita Shapira , marked a transition to the view that conflict was inevitable between the Arabs and Jews , and could only resolved by the sword .   The major shift at Biltmore was prompted by intense common opposition to the British White Paper of 1939 , which interpreted the terms of the Mandate in a way that would freeze `` the Jewish community to a permanent minority status , '' and the then-current war negative situation . It was also prompted by the realization that America would play a larger part in fulfillment of Zionist designs after the war .   Official Zionism 's firm , unequivocal stand did not please every one , however . The pro-British Chaim Weizmann had bristled at them and bi-nationalists such as Henrietta Szold and Judah L. Magnes rejected them and broke off to establish their own party , Ichud ( Unification ) , that advocated an Arab -- Jewish Federation . Opposition to the Biltmore Program also lead to the founding of the anti-Zionist American Council for Judaism .   Various Zionist organizations were represented in the American Emergency Committee of Zionist Affairs , which called an `` Extraordinary Zionist Conference '' as a substitute for the full ( 22nd ) Zionist Congress which had been cancelled due to World War II . Attendees included Chaim Weizmann , as President of the World Zionist Organization , David Ben-Gurion as Chairman of the Jewish Agency Executive , and Nahum Goldmann as a member of the Executive of the Zionist Organization of America . The four main organisations of American Jewry represented were : the Zionist Organization of America , Hadassah , Mizrahi , and Poale Zion . Among the American organizers was Reform Rabbi Abba Hillel Silver .

neg: Tel Aviv District The Tel Aviv District is the smallest and most densely populated of six administrative districts of Israel with a population of 1.35 million residents . It is 99.0 % Jewish and 1.0 % Arab ( 0.7 % Muslim , 0.3 % Christian ) . It is also the only of the six districts to simultaneously not border the West Bank , Gaza Strip , or any international border , instead being surrounded on the north , east , and south by the Central District and on the west by the Mediterranean Sea . The population density of Tel Aviv district is 7,258 / km2 .   The district 's capital is Tel Aviv and the metropolitan area created by the Tel Aviv district and its neighboring cities is locally named Gush Dan .

neg: Ramat Begin Ramat Begin is a neighborhood in the city of Haifa , Israel , named after Menachem Begin .   This upper-medium class neighbourhood is located south to Ahuza , on the western part of Mount Carmel . Its main streets are Watson St. , Ider St. and Soroka St.   Public institutions located there include Nofim Elementary School , the Maimonides Study Center and the Ohel Bracha Synagogue .   At the southwest corner of the neighborhood , one finds a footpath leading up to a hill known to at least two generations of locals as Givat haIzim ( `` Goat 's Hill '' ) , and then downhill through a wadi , ending up at the Mediterranean coast just south of Haifa . Strolling through Givat haIzim is a favorite pastime of residents on shabbat , especially in the fall and spring . Developers are threatening to build there .   Due to its location on the western slope of Carmel Ridge , Ramat Begin enjoys a constant breeze of fresh air , and a wide view westward to the Mediterranean Sea .   Category : Neighborhoods of Haifa   he : אחוזת שמואל #רמת בגין

neg: Nahalin Nahalin , also spelled Nahaleen , is a Palestinian village located in the Bethlehem Governorate to the southwest of Bethlehem in the West Bank . The word nahaleen is Arabic for those who collect honey from bees . The village was well known for beekeeping and tens of beehives still exist in Nahalin today . The village is also known locally for its almond and olive trees , vineyards , parsley and vegetables , namely onions and beans . The built-up area of Nahalin consists of roughly 730 dunams , 20 of which make up the old center of the village .   The village is located inside an enclave in the Gush Etzion settlement bloc , surrounded by the Israeli settlements of Gvaot , Rosh Tzurim , Neve Daniel and Betar Illit . After the Oslo Accords , Nahalin was classified as Area B , meaning that civil affairs have been under the control of the Palestinian National Authority and security matters under the control of the Israel Defense Forces .

neg: Ramat Yishai Ramat Yishai ( , Jesse 's Heights ; رمات يشاي ) is a town in the Northern District of Israel , located on the side of the Haifa -- Nazareth road about 4 km eastern to Kiryat Tivon . It achieved local council status in 1958 . In it had a population of ; the vast majority of residents are Jewish .

neg: Na'ura Na'ura is an Arab village located in northern Israel . Located to the east of Afula , it falls under the jurisdiction of the Gilboa Regional Council . In it had a population of .

neg: Israeli–Palestinian conflict The Israeli -- Palestinian conflict ( -LSB- Ha'Sikhsukh Ha'Yisraeli - Falestini ; -LSB- al-Niza ' a al ` Filastini al ` Israili ) is the ongoing struggle between Israelis and Palestinians that began in the mid-20th century . The conflict is wide-ranging , and the term is sometimes also used in reference to the earlier sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine , between the Jewish yishuv and the Arab population under British rule . It has been referred to as the world 's `` most intractable conflict '' , with the ongoing Israeli occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip reaching years .   Despite a long-term peace process and the general reconciliation of Israel with Egypt and Jordan , Israelis and Palestinians have failed to reach a final peace agreement . The key issues are : mutual recognition , borders , security , water rights , control of Jerusalem , Israeli settlements , Palestinian freedom of movement , and Palestinian right of return . The violence of the conflict , in a region rich in sites of historic , cultural and religious interest worldwide , has been the object of numerous international conferences dealing with historic rights , security issues and human rights , and has been a factor hampering tourism in and general access to areas that are hotly contested .   Many attempts have been made to broker a two-state solution , involving the creation of an independent Palestinian state alongside the State of Israel ( after Israel 's establishment in 1948 ) . In 2007 , the majority of both Israelis and Palestinians , according to a number of polls , preferred the two-state solution over any other solution as a means of resolving the conflict . Moreover , a majority of Jews see the Palestinians ' demand for an independent state as just , and thinks Israel can agree to the establishment of such a state . The majority of Palestinians and Israelis in the West Bank and Gaza Strip have expressed a preference for a two-state solution . Mutual distrust and significant disagreements are deep over basic issues , as is the reciprocal scepticism about the other side 's commitment to upholding obligations in an eventual agreement .   Within Israeli and Palestinian society , the conflict generates a wide variety of views and opinions . This highlights the deep divisions which exist not only between Israelis and Palestinians , but also within each society . A hallmark of the conflict has been the level of violence witnessed for virtually its entire duration . Fighting has been conducted by regular armies , paramilitary groups , terror cells , and individuals . Casualties have not been restricted to the military , with a large number of fatalities in civilian population on both sides . There are prominent international actors involved in the conflict .   The two parties engaged in direct negotiation are the Israeli government , currently led by Benjamin Netanyahu , and the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) , currently headed by Mahmoud Abbas . The official negotiations are mediated by an international contingent known as the Quartet on the Middle East ( the Quartet ) represented by a special envoy , that consists of the United States , Russia , the European Union , and the United Nations . The Arab League is another important actor , which has proposed an alternative peace plan . Egypt , a founding member of the Arab League , has historically been a key participant .   Since 2006 , the Palestinian side has been fractured by conflict between the two major factions : Fatah , the traditionally dominant party , and its later electoral challenger , Hamas . After Hamas 's electoral victory in 2006 , the Quartet conditioned future foreign assistance to the Palestinian National Authority ( PA ) on the future government 's commitment to non-violence , recognition of the State of Israel , and acceptance of previous agreements . Hamas rejected these demands , which resulted in the Quartet 's suspension of its foreign assistance program , and the imposition of economic sanctions by the Israelis . A year later , following Hamas 's seizure of power in the Gaza Strip in June 2007 , the territory officially recognized as the PA was split between Fatah in the West Bank , and Hamas in the Gaza Strip . The division of governance between the parties had effectively resulted in the collapse of bipartisan governance of the PA. . However , in 2014 , a Palestinian Unity Government , composed of both Fatah and Hamas , was formed . The latest round of peace negotiations began in July 2013 and was suspended in 2014 .

neg: Ashdod Ashdod ( ; أشدود Isdud ) is the sixth-largest city and the largest port in Israel accounting for 60 % of the country 's imported goods . Ashdod is located in the Southern District of the country , on the Mediterranean coast where it is situated between Tel Aviv to the north ( 32 km away ) and Ashkelon to the south ( 20 km away ) . Jerusalem is 53 km to the east . The city is also an important regional industrial center .   Modern Ashdod covers the territory of two ancient twin towns , one inland and one on the coast , which were for most of their history two separate entities , connected though by close ties with each other . This article is dealing with both these historic towns and other ancient sites now located within the territory of modern Ashdod .   The first documented urban settlement at Ashdod dates to the Canaanite culture of the 17th century BCE , making the city one of the oldest in the world . Ashdod is mentioned 13 times in the Bible . During its pre-1956 history the city was settled by Philistines , Israelites , Greek colonists coming in the wake of Alexander 's conquests , Romans and Byzantines , Arabs , Crusaders , and Ottoman Turks .   Modern Ashdod was established in 1956 on the sand hills near the site of the ancient town , and incorporated as a city in 1968 , with a land-area of approximately 60 km2 . Being a planned city , expansion followed a main development plan , which facilitated traffic and prevented air pollution in the residential areas , despite population growth . According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics , Ashdod had a population of in , with an area of 47242 dunam .

neg: Ma'ale Rehav'am Ma'ale Rehav ` am , is an unauthorized Israeli settlement outpost in the West Bank , located south of Bethlehem and northeast of Hebron in the northeastern Judean Mountains on Road 3698 in the eastern Etzion bloc . Its mother community , the settlement of Nokdim is administrated by the Gush Etzion Regional Council , which lists Ma'ale Rehav ` am as a separate `` community '' on its official website .   With assistance from Amana , Ma'ale Rehav ` am was founded in 2001 after , and in reaction to , the assassination of Rehavam Zeevi for whom it is named , who was an ardent supporter of settlements in the occupied territories . Ma'ale Rehav ` am was built on land that was declared state land belonging to Nokdim and originally zoned for that purpose . It is located inside an area designated as a nature preserve .   On 16 May 2006 , Ma'ariv ran an article claiming that Ma'ale Rehav ` am was built on private Palestinian land . Residents filed a suit for slander , and the Jerusalem court ruled on 25 June 2009 that Maariv had to publish a correction and compensate the residents with 1 000 shekels each .   As its mother settlement Nokdim , the small ` mixed ' community of about thirty families ( February 2013 ) stands out in that non-observant and religiously observant Jewish families live together . In general , while large Israeli towns and cities have heterogeneous populations , small communities usually are either homogeneous non-religious or religious . The community is based on the ecovillage model which has taken shape in olive and almond groves , a muscat grape vineyard , and an orchard growing thirty-five different fruit varieties . Most residents live in mobile homes , but there also are a few permanent structures .   The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law , but the Israeli government disputes this . However , unauthorized outposts are illegal even under Israeli law . Ma'ale Rehav ` am was among the outposts the Israeli government pledged to remove under the 2003 Road map for peace . According to IDF sources , demolition orders have been issued for most of the houses , but development has continued .   On 13 February 2013 , six or nine , depending on the sources , mobile homes were torn down in Ma'ale Rehav ` am before the High Court of Justice issued a temporary injunction forbidding the Israeli Civil Administration from demolishing homes in the outpost . In the riots following the demolition , several protesters were arrested . In a so-called `` price tag '' attack , the ancient Muslim Mamilla cemetery in west Jerusalem was vandalized the following day , apparently in retaliation over the demolitions in Ma'ale Rehav ` am . In May 2014 , the Israeli government decided to evacuate ten buildings in the settlement while giving Israeli authorization to the remainder .

neg: Wadi Nisnas Wadi Nisnas is an Arab neighborhood in the city of Haifa in northern Israel . Nisnas is the Arabic word for mongoose , an indigenous animal . The wadi has a population of about 8,000 inhabitants .   Wadi Nisnas is the setting for the 1987 novel , Hatsotsrah ba-Vadi ( Hebrew : `` Trumpet in the Wadi '' ) by Sami Michael . It centers on the love story between a young Israeli Arab woman and a new Jewish immigrant from Russia .


query: Lilith is a figure in Jewish mythology.

pos: Lilith Lilith ( -LSB- ˈlɪlɪθ -RSB- לִילִית Lîlîṯ ) is a figure in Jewish mythology , developed earliest in the Babylonian Talmud ( 3rd to 5th centuries ) . The character is generally thought to derive in part from a historically far earlier class of female demons ( lilītu ) in ancient Mesopotamian religion , found in cuneiform texts of Sumer , the Akkadian Empire , Assyria , and Babylonia .   Evidence in later Jewish materials is plentiful , but little information has survived relating to the original Sumerian , Akkadian , Assyrian and Babylonian view of these demons . While the connection is almost universally agreed upon , recent scholarship has disputed the relevance of two sources previously used to connect the Jewish lilith to an Akkadian lilītu -- the Gilgamesh appendix and the Arslan Tash amulets . ( See below for discussion of the two problematic sources . )   In Hebrew-language texts , the term lilith or lilit ( translated as `` night creatures '' , `` night monster '' , `` night hag '' , or `` screech owl '' ) first occurs in a list of animals in Isaiah 34:14 , either in singular or plural form according to variations in the earliest manuscripts . In the Dead Sea Scrolls 4Q510-511 , the term first occurs in a list of monsters . In Jewish magical inscriptions on bowls and amulets from the 6th century CE onwards , Lilith is identified as a female demon and the first visual depictions appear .   In Jewish folklore , from the satirical book Alphabet of Sirach ( ca. 700 -- 1000 ) onwards , Lilith appears as Adam 's first wife , who was created at the same time ( Rosh Hashanah ) and from the same dirt as Adam -- compare Genesis 1:27 . ( This contrasts with Eve , who was created from one of Adam 's ribs : Genesis 2:22 ) The legend developed extensively during the Middle Ages , in the tradition of Aggadah , the Zohar , and Jewish mysticism . For example , in the 13th-century writings of Isaac ben Jacob ha-Cohen , Lilith left Adam after she refused to become subservient to him and then would not return to the Garden of Eden after she had coupled with the archangel Samael .   The resulting Lilith legend continues to serve as source material in modern Western culture , literature , occultism , fantasy , and horror .

neg: Curse and mark of Cain The curse of Cain and the mark of Cain are phrases that originated in the story of Adam and Eve in the Jewish and Christian Bibles . In the stories , if someone did something to harm Cain , the damage would come back sevenfold . Some interpretations view this as a physical mark , whereas other interpretations see the `` mark '' as a sign , and not as a physical marking on Cain himself . The King James Version of the Bible reads `` set a mark upon Cain '' .

neg: Nuriel Nuriel , an angel in Jewish mythology , translates as `` Fire of the Lord '' and is the angel responsible for hailstorms .   In Jewish legend , Moses encountered Nuriel in the 2nd heaven , when he issues from the side of Chesed ( Mercy ) , Nuriel manifests in the form of an eagle , an eagle that , when issuing from the side of Geburah ( Strength ) , is Uriel .   According to the Zohar Nuriel governs Virgo . He is 300 parasangs ( approx . 5.6 km ) tall and has an army of 50 myriads of angels ( = 500,000 ) `` all fashioned out of water and fire . '' The height of Nuriel is exceeded only by the Erelim , by the watchers , by Af and Hemah , and of course by Metatron , who is the tallest hierarch in heaven . Nuriel is also effective as a charm for warding off evil . His name is found engraved on oriental and Hebrew amulets , notably those worn by pregnant women .   Outside of Judaism , in the Syriac Book of Protection , Nuriel is characterized as a `` spellbinding power '' and is grouped with Michael , Shamsiel , Seraphiel , and other great angels . In gnostic lore , Nuriel is one of seven subordinates to Jehuel , prince of fire .

neg: Gehenna Gehenna , ( -LSB- gɪˈhɛnə -RSB- γέεννα ) , from the Hebrew Gehinnom ( Rabbinical : / ) , is a small valley in Jerusalem and the Jewish and Christian analogue of hell . The terms are derived from a place outside ancient Jerusalem known in the Hebrew Bible as the Valley of the Son of Hinnom ( Hebrew : or , Gai Ben-Hinnom '' ) . The Valley of Hinnom is the modern name for the valley surrounding Jerusalem 's Old City , including Mount Zion , from the west and south . It meets and merges with the Kidron Valley , the other principal valley around the Old City , near the southeastern corner of the city .   In the Hebrew Bible , Gehenna was initially where some of the kings of Judah sacrificed their children by fire . Thereafter it was deemed to be cursed .   In Jewish Rabbinic literature , and Christian and Islamic scripture , Gehenna is a destination of the wicked . This is different from the more neutral Sheol/Hades , the abode of the dead , although the King James Version of the Bible usually translates both with the Anglo-Saxon word Hell .   In the King James Version of the Bible , the term appears 13 times in 11 different verses as `` Valley of Hinnom '' , `` Valley of the son of Hinnom '' or `` Valley of the children of Hinnom . ''

neg: Vilna Gaon Elijah ben Solomon Zalman , ( ר ' אליהו בן שלמה זלמן Rabbi Eliyahu ben Shlomo Zalman ) known as the Vilna Gaon ( דער װילנער גאון , Vilniaus Gaonas ) or Elijah of Vilna , or by his Hebrew acronym HaGra ( `` HaGaon Rabbenu Eliyahu '' ) or Elijah Ben Solomon , ( Sialiec , April 23 , 1720 -- Vilnius October 9 , 1797 ) , was a Talmudist , halakhist , kabbalist , and the foremost leader of mitnagdic ( non-hasidic ) Jewry of the past few centuries . He is commonly referred to in Hebrew as ha-Gaon he-Chasid mi-Vilna , `` the saintly genius from Vilnius '' .   Through his annotations and emendations of Talmudic and other texts he became one of the most familiar and influential names in rabbinic study since the Middle Ages , counted by many among the sages known as the Acharonim , and ranked by some with the even more revered Rishonim of the Middle Ages . Large groups of people , including many yeshivas , uphold the set of Jewish customs and rites ( minhag ) , the `` minhag ha-Gra '' , which is named for him , and which is also considered by many to be the prevailing Ashkenazi minhag in Jerusalem .   Born in Sielec in the Brest Litovsk Voivodeship ( today Sialiec , Belarus ) , the Gaon displayed extraordinary talent while still a child . By the time he was twenty years old , rabbis were submitting their most difficult halakhic problems to him for legal rulings . He was a prolific author , writing such works as glosses on the Babylonian Talmud and Shulchan Aruch known as Bi'urei ha-Gra ( `` Elaborations by the Gra '' ) , a running commentary on the Mishnah , Shenoth Eliyahu ( `` The Years of Elijah '' ) , and insights on the Pentateuch entitled Adereth Eliyahu ( `` The Splendor of Elijah '' ) , published by his son . Various Kabbalistic works have commentaries in his name , and commentaries on the Proverbs and other books of the Tanakh were written later on in his life . None of his manuscripts were published in his lifetime .   When Hasidic Judaism became influential in his native town , the Vilna Gaon joined the `` opposers '' or Mitnagdim , rabbis and heads of the Polish communities , to curb Hasidic influence . In 1777 , one of the first excommunications against the nascent Hasidic movement was launched in Vilna .   He encouraged his students to study natural sciences , and even translated geometry books to Yiddish and Hebrew .

neg: Lilu (mythology) A lilu or lilû is a masculine Akkadian word for a spirit , related to Alû , demon .

neg: Ein Sof Ein Sof , or Ayn Sof ( -LSB- eɪn_sɒf -RSB- , ) , in Kabbalah , is understood as God prior to his self-manifestation in the production of any spiritual realm , probably derived from Ibn Gabirol 's term , `` the Endless One '' ( she-en lo tiklah ) . Ein Sof may be translated as `` no end '' , `` unending '' , `` there is no end '' , or infinity . It was first used by Azriel ben Menahem , who , sharing the Neoplatonic belief that God can have no desire , thought , word , or action , emphasized by it the negation of any attribute . Of the Ein Sof , nothing ( `` Ein '' ) can be grasped ( `` Sof '' - limitation ) . It is the origin of the Ohr Ein Sof , the `` Infinite Light '' of paradoxical divine self-knowledge , nullified within the Ein Sof prior to creation . In Lurianic Kabbalah , the first act of creation , the Tzimtzum self `` withdrawal '' of God to create an `` empty space '' , takes place from there . In Hasidism , the Tzimtzum is only the illusionary concealment of the Ohr Ein Sof , giving rise to monistic panentheism . Consequently , Hasidism focuses on the Atzmus divine essence , rooted higher within the Godhead than the Ein Sof , which is limited to infinitude , and reflected in the essence ( Etzem ) of the Torah and the soul .

neg: Faust Faust is the protagonist of a classic German legend . He is a scholar who is highly successful yet dissatisfied with his life , which leads him to make a pact with the Devil , exchanging his soul for unlimited knowledge and worldly pleasures . The Faust legend has been the basis for many literary , artistic , cinematic , and musical works that have reinterpreted it through the ages . `` Faust '' and the adjective  `` Faustian '' imply a situation in which an ambitious person surrenders moral integrity in order to achieve power and success for a delimited term .   The Faust of early books -- as well as the ballads , dramas , movies , and puppet-plays which grew out of them -- is irrevocably damned because he prefers human to divine knowledge ; `` he laid the Holy Scriptures behind the door and under the bench , refused to be called doctor of Theology , but preferred to be styled doctor of Medicine '' . Plays and comic puppet theatre loosely based on this legend were popular throughout Germany in the 16th century , often reducing Faust and Mephistopheles to figures of vulgar fun . The story was popularised in England by Christopher Marlowe , who gave it a classic treatment in his play , The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus ( of which the date for publication is debated , but was likely around 1587 ) . In Goethe 's reworking of the story two hundred years later , Faust becomes a dissatisfied intellectual who yearns for `` more than earthly meat and drink '' in his life .

neg: Song-Uttering Choirs In 3 Enoch , the Song-Uttering Choirs are a collective class of angels who frequently sing the Trisagion and reside in Makon , the 5th Heaven , alongside the Ishim . If any of these angels fail to perform the Trisagion at the right time , they are consumed by fire . They are all under the direction of Tagas , the angel of music .   The twelve orders of angels , which are said to belong to this class , are listed as follows :  The Shalishim - the `` Captains '' , the `` Adjutants '' .  The Parashim - the `` Horsemen '' .  The Gibborim - the `` Mighty Ones '' , the `` Champions '' , the `` Warriors '' .  The Tseba'im ( Tzeva'im , צְבָאִים ) or Tseba'oth ( Tzeva'ot , צְבָאוֺת ) - the `` Hosts '' , the `` Multitudes '' .  The Gedudim - the `` Troops '' , the `` Raiders '' .  The Memunim - the `` Appointed Ones '' , the `` Deputies '' .  The Sarim - the `` Princes '' , the `` Commanders '' , the `` Chieftains '' .  The Chayalim - the `` Armies '' , the `` Soldiers '' .  The Mesharethim ( Mesharetim , מְשָׁרְתִים ) - the `` Servants '' , the `` Ministers '' .  The Malakhim - the `` Messengers '' , the `` Kings '' .  The Degalim - the `` Divisions '' , the `` Battalions '' , the `` Standards '' .  The Sabalim ( Sabbalim , סַבָּלִים ) - the `` Transporters '' , the `` Bearers of Burdens '' .

neg: Cave of the Patriarchs The Cave of the Patriarchs , also called the Cave of Machpelah ( Hebrew : מערת המכפלה , , trans . `` cave of the double tombs '' ) and known by Muslims as the Sanctuary of Abraham or the Ibrahimi Mosque , is a series of subterranean chambers located in the heart of the old city of Hebron ( Al-Khalil ) in the Hebron Hills . According to tradition that has been associated with the Holy Books Torah , Bible and Quran , the cave and adjoining field were purchased by Abraham as a burial plot .   The site of the Cave of the Patriarchs is located beneath a Saladin-era mosque , which had been converted from a large rectangular Herodian-era Judean structure .   Dating back over 2,000 years , the monumental Herodian compound is believed to be the oldest continuously used intact prayer structure in the world , and is the oldest major building in the world that still fulfills its original function.The Hebrew name of the complex reflects the very old tradition of the double tombs of Abraham and Sarah , Isaac and Rebecca , Jacob and Leah , considered the Patriarchs and Matriarchs of the Jewish people , who are all believed to be buried there . The only Jewish matriarch missing is Rachel , who is believed to be buried at Rachel 's Tomb near Bethlehem .  The Arabic name of the complex reflects the prominence given to Abraham , revered by Muslims as a Quranic prophet and patriarch through Ishmael . Outside biblical and Quranic sources there are a number of legends and traditions associated with the cave . In Acts 7:16 of the Christian Bible the cave of the Patriarchs is located in Shechem ( Neapolis Arabic : Nablus ) .

neg: Jewish peoplehood Jewish peoplehood ( Hebrew : עמיות יהודית , Amiut Yehudit ) is the conception of the awareness of the underlying unity that makes an individual a part of the Jewish people .   The concept of peoplehood has a double meaning . The first is descriptive , as a concept factually describing the existence of the Jews as a people . The second is normative , as a value that describes the feeling of belonging and commitment to the Jewish people .   Some believe that the concept of Jewish peoplehood is a paradigm shift in Jewish life . Insisting that the mainstream of Jewish life is focused on Zionism , Jewish nationalism , they argue that Jewish life should instead focus on Jewish peoplehood .   Others maintain that the concept of peoplehood , or `` Klal Yisrael '' has permeated Jewish life for millennia , and to focus on it does not constitute a shift from the focus on Jewish nationhood . Jews have been extremely effective in sustaining a sense of joint responsibility towards their people and its members for over 2,000 years .   At the same time , the concepts of Jews as a nation and as a peoplehood are not necessarily at odds with one another . The very concept of defining Judaism as a people or a `` civilization '' suggests a wide variety of values within the context of Judaism .

neg: Woman of Thebez The woman of Thebez is a character in the Hebrew Bible , appearing in the Book of Judges . She dropped a millstone from a wall in order to kill Abimelech .   Abimlech had laid siege to Thebez and entered the city . The residents had fled into a citadel within the city which Abimelech planned to burn . Judges 9:53 then says , `` A certain woman threw an upper millstone upon Abimelech 's head , and crushed his skull . ''   Herbert Lockyer calls this woman `` an obscure daughter of Israel , who was to become the instrument of heaven to punish a sinner too bold and wicked to live . '' He goes on to say , `` Alas , there was no one to record the name and sing the praise of this heroine who must have received the gratitude of the now liberated people of the city ! ''   Carole R. Fontaine sees this woman as an example of the motif of the `` woman who brings death '' in the Old Testament .

neg: Hasidic Judaism Hasidism , sometimes Hasidic Judaism ( , hasidut , Ashkenazi pronunciation : -LSB- χaˈsidus -RSB- ; originally , `` piety '' ) , is a Jewish religious sect . It arose as a spiritual revival movement in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , what is now contemporary Western Ukraine , during the 18th century and spread rapidly throughout Eastern Europe . Today , most affiliates reside in the United States , Israel , and Britain . Israel Ben Eliezer , the `` Baal Shem Tov '' , is regarded as its founding father , and his disciples developed and disseminated it . Present-day Hasidism is a sub-group within Ultra-Orthodox ( `` Haredi '' ) Judaism and is noted for its religious conservatism and social seclusion . Its members adhere closely both to Orthodox Jewish practice -- with the movement 's own unique emphases -- and the traditions of Eastern European Jews , so much that many of the latter , including various garments or the use of the Yiddish language , are nowadays associated almost exclusively with Hasidism .   Hasidic thought draws heavily on Lurianic Kabbalah and to an extent is a popularization of it . Teachings emphasize God 's immanence in the universe , the need to cleave and be one with Him at all times , the devotional aspect of religious practice , and the spiritual dimension of corporeality and mundane acts . Hasidim , the adherents of Hasidism , are organized in independent sects known as `` courts '' or dynasties , each headed by its own hereditary leader , a Rebbe . Reverence and submission to the Rebbe are key tenets , as he is considered a spiritual authority with whom the follower must bond to gain closeness to God . The various `` courts '' share basic convictions , but operate apart and possess unique traits and customs . Affiliation is often retained in families for generations , and being Hasidic is as much a sociological factor , entailing birth into a specific community and allegiance to a dynasty of Rebbes , as it is a purely religious one . There are several `` courts '' with many thousands of member households each , and dozens of smaller ones . The total number of Hasidim , both adults and children , is estimated to be above 400,000 .

neg: Siyum A siyum ( `` completion '' ) is the completion of any unit of Torah study , or book of the Mishnah or Talmud in Judaism . A siyum is usually followed by a celebratory meal , or seudat mitzvah , a meal in honor of a mitzvah , or commandment . Siyum also refers to the celebration .   An enduring custom is for the community to complete a unit of Torah or tractate ( s ) of Talmud during the 30 days following the death of a beloved one and hold a communal siyum thereafter , in tribute and honor of the memory of the deceased .   It has become customary for synagogues to arrange a siyum on the morning before Passover to allow those fasting for Ta'anit Bechorim ( Fast of the Firstborn ) to break their fast , taking advantage of the halakhic principle that prioritizes Torah study .   A siyum ha-sefer , meaning `` completion of the book , '' is also held as a ceremonial completion and dedication of a sefer Torah , a handwritten copy of the Torah , the most important Jewish ritual object , which is kept in the Ark of a synagogue .   Usually , when an individual or a group conclude the study of any tractate of the Talmud , or even of the Mishnah , a siyum is celebrated . At the end of every volume of the Talmud a special hadran prayer is printed with a set order of prayers and a special kaddish , Kaddish D'itchadita , in honor of the completion of that volume , which Judaism considers to be an important achievement and a milestone worth celebrating .   In the merit and honor of a deceased individual , it is customary to undertake Mishnah study with the goal of holding a siyum .   Rabbi Moshe Feinstein , based on the Nemukei Yosef , the Ran ( Rabbeinu Nissim ) , the Rashbam , and the Eliyah Rabbah , extends the concept of a siyum to include even a festive meal celebrating the completion of any mitzvah ( commandment ) that has taken a significant duration of time ( such as a number of weeks or months ) .

neg: Bar and Bat Mitzvah Bar Mitzvah and Bat Mitzvah ( Ashkenazi pronunciation : `` Bas Mitzvah '' ) ( plural : B'nai Mitzvah for boys , and B'not Mitzvah -- Ashkenazi pronunciation : `` B'nos Mitzvah '' -- for girls ) are Jewish coming of age rituals .   Bar is a Jewish Babylonian Aramaic word literally meaning `` son '' , while bat means `` daughter '' in Hebrew , and mitzvah means `` commandment '' or `` law '' ( plural : mitzvot ) . Thus bar mitzvah and bat mitzvah literally translate to `` son of commandment '' and `` daughter of commandment '' . However , in rabbinical usage , the word bar means `` under the category of '' or `` subject to '' . Bar mitzvah therefore translates to `` an -LSB- agent -RSB- who is subject to the law '' . Although the term is commonly used to refer to the ritual itself , in fact the phrase originally refers to the person .   According to Jewish law , when Jewish boys become 13 years old , they become accountable for their actions and become a bar mitzvah . A girl becomes a bat mitzvah at the age of 12 according to Orthodox and Conservative Jews , and at the age of 13 according to Reform Jews . Prior to reaching bar mitzvah age , the child 's parents hold the responsibility for the child 's actions . After this age , the boys and girls bear their own responsibility for Jewish ritual law , tradition , and ethics , and are able to participate in all areas of Jewish community life . Traditionally , the father of the bar mitzvah gives thanks to God that he is no longer punished for the child 's sins ( Genesis Rabba , Toldot 23:11 ) . In addition to being considered accountable for their actions from a religious perspective , b ` nai mitzvah may be counted towards a minyan ( prayer quorum ) and may lead prayer and other religious services in the family and the community .   Bar mitzvah is mentioned in the Mishnah ( Ethics of the Fathers , 5:21 ) and in the Talmud . In some classic sources the age of 13 appears for instance as the age from which males must fast on the Day of Atonement , while females fast from the age of 12 . The age of b ` nai mitzvah roughly coincides with physical puberty . The bar or bat mitzvah ceremony is usually held on the first Shabbat after a boy 's thirteenth and a girl 's twelfth birthday ( or thirteenth in Reform congregations ) .

neg: Book of Esther The Book of Esther , also known in Hebrew as `` the Scroll '' ( Megillah ) , is a book in the third section ( Ketuvim , `` Writings '' ) of the Jewish Tanakh ( the Hebrew Bible ) and in the Christian Old Testament . It relates the story of a Hebrew woman in Persia , born as Hadassah but known as Esther , who becomes queen of Persia and thwarts a genocide of her people . The story forms the core of the Jewish festival of Purim , during which it is read aloud twice : once in the evening and again the following morning . Esther is the only book in the Bible that does not explicitly mention God .

neg: Merkabah mysticism For the modern Israeli main battle tank see Merkava .   Merkabah/Merkavah mysticism ( or Chariot mysticism ) is a school of early Jewish mysticism , c. 100 BCE -- 1000 CE , centered on visions such as those found in the Book of Ezekiel chapter 1 , or in the hekhalot ( `` palaces '' ) literature , concerning stories of ascents to the heavenly palaces and the Throne of God . The main corpus of the Merkabah literature was composed in Israel in the period 200 -- 700 CE , although later references to the Chariot tradition can also be found in the literature of the Chassidei Ashkenaz in the Middle Ages . A major text in this tradition is the Maaseh Merkabah ( Works of the Chariot ) .

neg: Curse A curse ( also called an imprecation , malediction , execration , malison , anathema , or commination ) is any expressed wish that some form of adversity or misfortune will befall or attach to some other entity : one or more persons , a place , or an object . In particular , `` curse '' may refer to such a wish or pronouncement made effective by a supernatural or spiritual power , such as a god or gods , a spirit , or a natural force , or else as a kind of spell by magic or witchcraft ; in the latter sense , a curse can also be called a hex or a jinx . In many belief systems , the curse itself ( or accompanying ritual ) is considered to have some causative force in the result . To reverse or eliminate a curse is sometimes called `` removal '' or `` breaking '' , and is often believed to require elaborate rituals or prayers .   The study of the forms of curses comprise a significant proportion of the study of both folk religion and folklore . The deliberate attempt to levy curses is often part of the practice of magic . In Hindu culture the Sage or Rishi is believed to have the power to bless and curse . Examples include the curse placed by Rishi Bhrigu on king Nahusha and the one placed by Rishi Devala .  Special names for specific types of curses can be found in various cultures :  African American hoodoo presents us with the jinx and crossed conditions , as well as a form of foot track magic which was used by Ramandeep , whereby cursed objects are laid in the paths of victims and activated when walked over .  Middle Eastern and Mediterranean culture is the source of the belief in the evil eye , which may be the result of envy but , more rarely , is said to be the result of a deliberate curse . In order to be protected from the evil eye , a protection item is made from dark blue circular glass , with a circle of white around the black dot in the middle , which is reminiscent of a human eye . The size of the protective eye item may vary .  German people , including the Pennsylvania Dutch speak in terms of hexing ( from the German word for witchcraft ) , and a common hex in days past was that laid by a stable-witch who caused milk cows to go dry and horses to go lame .

neg: Etz Chaim Etz Hayim , also transliterated as Eitz Chaim ( Hebrew Etz ayyim עץ חיים , meaning `` Tree of Life '' ) , is a common term used in Judaism . The expression can be found in , referring to the Tree of Life in the Garden of Eden . It is also found in the Book of Proverbs , where it is figuratively applied to `` the Torah '' , `` the fruit of a righteous man '' , `` a desire fulfilled '' , and `` healing tongue '' .

neg: Rebbetzin Rebbetzin or Rabbanit is the title used for the wife of a rabbi , typically from the Orthodox , or Haredi , and Hasidic Jewish groups .   The Yiddish word has a trilingual etymology : Hebrew rebbə `` master '' , plus the Slavic feminine suffix - itsa and the German feminine suffix - in .   In many Chassidic courts , Rebbetzins are considered to be spiritual counselors , and give blessings . In circles such as the Hassidic dynasty of Belz , the girls schools are run by the rebbetzin .   The rabbi 's wife plays an important community role , especially in small communities . In many ways , she is called on to be as knowledgeable as the rabbi in the realm of woman 's observances : in this manner , for something that does not require a psak ( ruling ) , she can be approached when a woman does not feel comfortable approaching the rabbi , or where the rabbi maybe should not be approached . For instance , the rebbetzin may often be the `` mikvah lady '' and help with more mundane questions regarding the laws of niddah . Part of it , certainly , is that she always has the rabbi 's ear , and that she would know if the question needs to be asked , in order to get a psak .   When a rabbi is a `` pulpit rabbi , '' ( versus a teacher or a `` lay rabbi '' ) his wife becomes something of a first lady of the community and performs social tasks and `` outreach '' roles , freeing her husband to attend to rabbinical duties .   With the growth of independent scholarship among Orthodox women , some women have informally received the title on their own merit , irrespective of their husbands .

neg: Rabisu In 14th century BC vassals sent from Egypt to Canaan were described as Rabisu or senior Rabisu meaning commissioner or high commissioner respectively .   In Akkadian mythology Rabisu ( `` the vagabond '' ) or possibly Rabasa is an evil vampiric spirit or demon that is always menacing the entrance to the houses and hiding in dark corners , lurking to attack people . It is said that pure sea salt can ban them as the salt represents incorruptible life ( salt preserves , and life was first born from the sea ) . In Hell , they live in the Desert of Anguish , attacking newly arrived souls as they travel down the Road of Bone to the City of the Dead .   The book The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria by Theophilus G. Pinches describes the Rabisu as being `` the seizer '' which is `` regarded as a spirit which lay in wait to pounce upon his prey '' . Chapter 4 of Genesis lines 6 and 7 reads :   or in Genesis 4:7 :   The New American Bible among others believes that `` Demon lurking '' which in Hebrew means `` the croucher '' is similar to the word Rabisu . Therefore , it is possible that this displays a continued tradition in the emerging culture of the Hebrews .   Rabisu is listed in the rituals of Shurpu which are to do with burning such as the symbolic burning of witches . The Shurpu ritual allows us to banish Rabisu described as `` a demon that springs unawares on its victims '' .   In the book Simon Necronomicon which contains a blend of myths including Sumerian , Rabisu are described as ancient demons . It talks about the god Marduk who battled Tiamat , Kingu , and Azag-Thoth . Among the Fifty Names of Marduk one finds the name Nariluggaldimmerankia , which is the sixth . Nariluggaldimmerankia is said to be the sub-commander of wind demons , described as the foe of Rabisu and all maskim who haunt humans . Marduk 's seventh name , Asaruludu , is said to have the power using his sacred word Banmaskim to banish all Maskim and Rabisu .


query: Jeffrey Dahmer was killed by fellow inmate Christopher Scarver.

pos: Jeffrey Dahmer Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer ( May 21 , 1960 -- November 28 , 1994 ) , also known as the Milwaukee Cannibal , was an American serial killer and sex offender , who committed the rape , murder , and dismemberment of seventeen men and boys between 1978 and 1991 . Many of his later murders involved necrophilia , cannibalism , and the permanent preservation of body parts -- typically all or part of the skeletal structure .   Although diagnosed with borderline personality disorder , schizotypal personality disorder , and a psychotic disorder , Dahmer was found to be legally sane at his trial . Convicted of fifteen of the sixteen murders he had committed in Wisconsin , Dahmer was sentenced to fifteen terms of life imprisonment on February 15 , 1992 . He was later sentenced to a sixteenth term of life imprisonment for an additional homicide committed in Ohio in 1978 .   On November 28 , 1994 , Dahmer was beaten to death by Christopher Scarver , a fellow inmate at the Columbia Correctional Institution .

neg: Michael Wayne Hunter Michael Wayne Hunter ( born 1958 ) was a death row prisoner and writer at San Quentin State Prison in the U.S. state of California . He was incarcerated for murdering his father and stepmother in 1981 . Prior to committing his crime , he served four years in the United States Navy . He was married to Teresa `` Terri '' Hunter , but divorced in 1989 .   Originally given a sentence of death in May 1984 , his sentence has since been commuted to life without the possibility of parole after a retrial in February 2002 .

neg: Julian Knight Julian Knight ( born 4 March 1968 ) is an Australian mass murderer . On 9 August 1987 , he shot dead seven people and injured 19 during a shooting spree in Clifton Hill , Victoria , Australia , in what became known in Australian history as the Hoddle Street massacre .   Knight is currently serving seven consecutive life sentences with non-parole period of 27 years . At the time of sentencing Victoria had no provision for life imprisonment without parole , also as Knight was aged between 18 and 21 at the time , he was classed as a young offender , meaning the sentencing judge had to give more weight to his prospects of rehabilitation . The judge who sentenced him , Justice George Hampel , stated that there were `` a number of mitigatory factors '' including his age and `` prospects of rehabilitation '' .   Knight currently resides in the maximum security Port Phillip Prison in Truganina , Victoria near Melbourne and was eligible for parole in 2014 ; however , the Victorian government has drafted a new legislation , stating that Knight will never be released from prison and will only be released if he is infirm and incapacitated to the point where he no longer poses a danger to others .

neg: Karmein Chan Karmein Chan was a 13-year-old Australian girl who was abducted from her home at night in the Melbourne suburb of Templestowe on 13 April 1991 and was subsequently murdered .   Karmein was at home babysitting her two younger sisters while both her parents worked at their Chinese restaurant in the nearby suburb of Eltham . Karmein and her sisters were confronted by a man in a balaclava with a knife . He forced Karmein 's sisters into a wardrobe before fleeing with Karmein . Before leaving , he spray painted `` Pay up Asian Drug Dealer , More and More to Come '' on a vehicle in their front yard . Police suspect this was a ruse to distract them from the killer 's real motive . Karmein 's mother made an emotional plea on television for Karmein 's return .   There had been several abductions of girls in Melbourne prior to the abduction of Karmein by an offender known in the media as Mr Cruel . Victoria Police had started scaling down Operation Challenge the day before Karmein 's abduction that had been established to investigate two abductions in which the victim was raped and an earlier home invasion also involving rape . Detectives believed that Karmein would be released the same as previous girls abducted .   On 6 May 1991 , 23 days after Karmein 's abduction , Victoria Police formed the Spectrum Taskforce to investigate Karmein 's abduction and to continue Operation Challenge investigations . A reward of $ 100,000 was offered for information on her abduction .   On 9 April 1992 , Karmein 's remains were found nearly a year later in a landfill area at Edgars Creek in the suburb of Thomastown . The skull had three bullet holes in the back of the head . The body had probably been there for 12 months . On 31 January 1994 , the Spectrum Taskforce was disbanded , despite their best efforts the offender was never brought to justice .   An inquest was held in 1997 with the Coroner finding that she met her death through foul play but it was not possible to identify the person or people responsible .   The case has remained open with cold case detectives regularly reviewing the investigation .   On the 25th anniversary of her abduction the reward was increased from $ 100,000 to $ 1,000,000 .

neg: Leopold and Loeb Nathan Freudenthal Leopold Jr. ( November 19 , 1904 -- August 29 , 1971 ) and Richard Albert Loeb ( -LSB- ˈloʊb -RSB- June 11 , 1905 -- January 28 , 1936 ) , usually referred to collectively as Leopold and Loeb , were two wealthy students at the University of Chicago who in May 1924 kidnapped and murdered 14-year-old Robert Franks in Chicago . They committed the murder -- widely characterized at the time as `` the crime of the century '' -- as a demonstration of their perceived intellectual superiority , which , they thought , rendered them capable of carrying out a `` perfect crime '' , and absolved them of responsibility for their actions .   After the two men were arrested , Loeb 's family retained Clarence Darrow as counsel for their defense . Darrow 's 12-hour-long summation at their sentencing hearing is noted for its influential criticism of capital punishment as retributive rather than transformative justice . Both men were sentenced to life imprisonment plus 99 years . Loeb was murdered by a fellow prisoner in 1936 ; Leopold was released on parole in 1958 .   The Franks murder has been the inspiration for several works of film , theatre , and literature , including Patrick Hamilton 's 1929 play Rope and Alfred Hitchcock 's 1948 film of the same name . Later movies , such as Compulsion -- adapted from Meyer Levin 's 1957 novel -- and Swoon , were also based on the crime .

neg: Death Warrant (film) Death Warrant is a 1990 American action crime mystery-thriller film directed by Deran Sarafian and produced by Mark DiSalle . The film was written by David S. Goyer while a student at USC , and was Goyer 's first screenplay to be sold and produced commercially . In the film , the police detective Louis Burke is going into a prison facility at California as an undercover cop in order to find out who stands behind a mysterious series of murders , and finds himself locked up with his arch-nemesis ; Christian Naylor , a psychotic serial killer who calls himself `` The Sandman '' whom sets out to exact revenge upon him after getting into prison .   Death Warrant was released on September 14 , 1990 . Upon its release , the film grossed $ 46 million against production budget of only $ 6 million . The film received general mixed to poor critical reaction from critics who found the direction , its storyline , villain , and the plot poor , but highly praised the acting as well as the action scenes and the thrilling atmosphere .

neg: Edwin Snelgrove Edwin `` Ned '' Snelgrove ( born Edwin Fales Snelgrove , Jr. on August 9 , 1960 ) is an American double-murderer who is currently serving a 60-year sentence for the murder of a Hartford , Connecticut woman , Carmen Rodriguez . He was also previously convicted of the 1983 killing of his former girlfriend Karen Osmun and the 1987 attack on Mary Ellen Renard . Snelgrove is incarcerated at the Cheshire Correctional Institution in Cheshire , Connecticut . He is scheduled for release October 14 , 2063 , when he will be 103 years old .

neg: Hanging Hanging is the suspension of a person by a noose or ligature around the neck . The Oxford English Dictionary states that hanging in this sense is `` specifically to put to death by suspension by the neck '' , though it formerly also referred to crucifixion and death by impalement in which the body would remain `` hanging '' . Hanging has been a common method of capital punishment since medieval times , and is the official execution method in numerous countries and regions . The first account of execution by hanging was in Homer 's Odyssey . In this specialised meaning of the common word hang , the past and past participle is hanged instead of hung .   Hanging is also a common method of suicide in which a person applies a ligature to the neck and brings about unconsciousness and then death by suspension . Partial suspension or partial weight-bearing on the ligature is sometimes used , particularly in prisons , mental hospitals or other institutions , where full suspension support is difficult to devise , because high ligature points ( e.g. , hooks or pipes ) have been removed .

neg: Christopher Peterson (serial killer) Obadyah Ben-Yisrayl ( born Christopher Dwayne Peterson January 20 , 1969 ) is an American man found guilty of committing four murders and acquitted on three other murder charges related to the `` Shotgun Killer '' spree in Indiana from October 30 , 1990 to December 18 , 1990 .   The murders took place in a number of jurisdictions , and Peterson faced a number of trials in different venues . Peterson had initially confessed and then recanted . He was acquitted in two trials for three of the murders and found guilty of four murders in two subsequent trials . Initially sentenced to death for those murders , his death sentence was commuted in 2004 . Ronald J. Harris was also charged and found guilty in two of the murders .   The incident is controversial for a number of reasons such as Peterson is African American , while the initial descriptions of the suspect of the murders was described as white ; Peterson had been illegally arrested for committing another crime which impacted the use of evidence in the `` Shotgun Killer '' spree trials because it was deemed improperly collected ; Peterson 's initial confession was recanted under claims of duress ; the trials with all-white juries came to different conclusions than juries which included people of other races ; and in the final case to go to trial , the judge over-ruled the jury 's decision not to impose the death penalty .

neg: Hart D. Fisher Hart D. Fisher is an American horror crime author , comics book writer and publisher best known for creating a Jeffrey Dahmer comic book .

neg: Christopher Chubasco Wilkins Christopher Chubasco Wilkins ( September 29 , 1968 January 11 , 2017 ) was a Texas inmate sentenced to death and executed for a 2005 double murder .   On October 27 , 2005 , Wilkins shot and killed Willie Freeman and Mike Silva . Freeman had allegedly cheated Wilkins in a drug deal ; Silva was with Freeman at the time and thus witnessed the killing . The numbers `` 666 '' and a pentagram matching one of Wilkins ' numerous tattoos were found carved into Silva 's car at the scene of the murders . Wilkins ' fingerprints were also found . The previous day , Wilkins also allegedly killed Gilbert Vallejo outside a bar in south Fort Worth after a dispute over a payphone .   On October 28 , Wilkins was arrested and charged with the murders of Freeman and Silva ; he later also confessed to murdering Vallejo . He was sentenced to death on March 12 , 2008 , after only 90 minutes of deliberation by the jury . When asked by his defense lawyer if he wanted to die , Wilkins said : `` I guess , subconsciously , I 've been trying to get myself killed since I was 12 or 13 years old . I do n't have nothing to live for . I have n't been any good to anybody for the last 20 years and I wo n't be for the next 20 or the 20 after that . ''   Wilkins was initially scheduled to be executed on October 28 , 2015 ( which , coincidentally , was the 10th anniversary of his arrest ) . His execution was stayed and later rescheduled to January 11 , 2017 . Wilkins was executed by lethal injection on January 11 , 2017 , at 6:29 PM . He was 48 years old .

neg: Eric Smith (murderer) Eric M. Smith ( born January 22 , 1980 ) is an American criminal , incarcerated for the murder of four-year-old Derrick Robie ( born October 2 , 1988 ) on August 2 , 1993 , in Steuben County , New York . Smith was convicted of second-degree murder in 1994 and sentenced to the maximum term then available for juvenile murderers -- a minimum of nine years to life in prison .

neg: Ronald Allen Smith Ronald Allen Smith ( born September 7 , 1957 ) is a Canadian man who was sentenced to death in Montana for murdering two people . As of 2011 , Smith is one of two prisoners on Montana 's death row ( the other is William Gollehon ) . Judge Jeffrey Sherlock granted Smith a stay of execution so his civil lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of lethal injection could be decided .

neg: David Berkowitz David Richard Berkowitz ( born Richard David Falco ; June 1 , 1953 ) , known also as the Son of Sam and the .44 Caliber Killer , is an American serial killer who was convicted of eight separate shooting attacks that began in New York City during the summer of 1976 . The crimes were perpetrated with a .44 caliber Bulldog revolver . He killed six people and wounded seven others by July 1977 . As the number of victims increased , Berkowitz eluded the biggest police manhunt in the history of New York City while leaving letters that mocked the police and promised further crimes , which were highly publicized by the press . The killing spree terrorized New Yorkers and achieved worldwide notoriety .   On the evening of August 10 , 1977 , Berkowitz was taken into custody by New York City police homicide detectives in front of his Yonkers apartment building , and he was subsequently indicted for eight shooting incidents . He confessed to all of them , and claimed to have been obeying the orders of a demon , manifested in the form of a dog `` Harvey '' who belonged to his neighbor `` Sam '' . Despite his explanation , Berkowitz was found mentally competent to stand trial . He pleaded guilty to second-degree murder and was incarcerated in state prison . In the course of further police investigation , Berkowitz was also implicated in many unsolved arsons in the city .   Intense coverage of the case by the media lent a kind of celebrity status to Berkowitz , and some observers noted that he seemed to enjoy it . In response , the New York State legislature enacted new legal statutes , known popularly as `` Son of Sam laws '' , designed to keep criminals from profiting financially from the publicity created by their crimes . Despite various amendments and legal challenges , the statutes have remained law in New York , and similar laws have been enacted in several other states .   Berkowitz has been imprisoned since his arrest and is serving six consecutive life sentences . During the mid-1990s , he amended his confession to claim that he had been a member of a violent Satanic cult that orchestrated the incidents as ritual murder . He remains the only person ever charged with the shootings , yet some law enforcement authorities have questioned whether Berkowitz 's claims are credible . A new investigation of the murders began during 1996 , but was suspended indefinitely after inconclusive findings .

neg: Adam Kelly Ward Adam Kelly Ward ( August 11 , 1982 -- March 22 , 2016 ) was an American convicted murderer executed by the state of Texas by lethal injection .

neg: Joseph Paruta Joseph Paruta , also known as `` Old Man '' and `` Sammy Gravano 's Personal Luca Brasi '' ( December 3 , 1929-October 1986 Brooklyn , New York ) was a mobster in the Gambino crime family and considered a `` key member '' of Sammy Gravano 's Bensonhurst , Brooklyn crew . He is the only known mobster who asked for a mercy killing after becoming terminally ill with lung cancer . The proposition was agreed upon but Paruta died before the mercy killing was performed .

neg: Murder of Yngve Raustein Yngve Koehler Raustein ( 17 October 1970 -- 18 September 1992 ) was a Norwegian undergraduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) in Cambridge , Massachusetts and a resident of Baker House . On the evening of 18 September 1992 he was walking down Memorial Drive by Hayden Library when he and his companion were attacked by three students of Cambridge Rindge and Latin High School . Shon McHugh ( aged 15 ) , Joseph D. Donovan ( aged 17 ) , and Alfredo Velez ( aged 18 ) robbed Raustein and his companion of $ 33 , and McHugh stabbed Raustein , causing fatal injuries . MIT President Charles M. Vest issued a statement the next day . A memorial service for Raustein was held on 9 October 1992 .   Raustein 's murder was the first of an MIT student for over a decade and sparked a Town and gown debate centering on the tension between the wealthy universities in Cambridge , MIT and Harvard University , and the poorer permanent Cambridge population . A vigil held the week after his death drew representatives from both communities . A permanent memorial award , the Yngve Raustein Award for Scholarship , Teamwork and Community , was established at MIT in 1993 . Raustein has been memorialized in the Garden of Peace memorial in Boston , Massachusetts .   McHugh was tried as a juvenile , and was released from prison after less than 11 years . Velez testified against Donovan and was sentenced to less than 10 years in prison . Donovan was charged with felony murder and was sentenced to life without parole . Donovan ( aged 33 ) in 2009 is appealing against his sentence of life without parole for felony murder on the grounds that , although he punched Raustein , he had no knowledge of a knife or planned robbery . Raustein 's family have said that `` the life without parole sentence was way too harsh '' . The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court declined an appeal in 1996 . In 2014 the Massachusetts Parole Board decided he should be released following six months in a rehabilitative program and one year in a lower level security prison .   Shon McHugh , who stabbed Raustein , spent 10 years in jail , and Alfredo Valez was released within 10 years after a plea bargain to testify against Donovan at the trial .

neg: George Cornell George Cornell ( born George Myers ; -- 10 March 1966 ) was an English criminal and member of the Richardson Gang , who were scrap metal dealers and criminals . He was shot and killed by Ronnie Kray at the Blind Beggar public house in Bethnal Green , east London . Kray was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder three years later and remained in Broadmoor Hospital until his death in 1995 .

neg: Death row Death row is a special section of a prison in the United States that houses inmates who are awaiting execution after being sentenced to death for the conviction of a capital crime . The US is the only Western country that still applies the death penalty for capital crimes . Thirty-one of its 50 states and the federal government authorize this penalty . But by 2016 , sixteen of these states and the federal government had a formal or `` de facto '' moratorium , due in large part to questions about the death penalty itself or the use of lethal injection as a method of execution .   `` Death row '' is a term also used figuratively to describe the state of awaiting execution ( `` being on death row '' ) , even in places where no special facility or separate unit for condemned inmates exists . After a person is found guilty of a capital offense , the judge will give the jury the option of imposing a death sentence or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole ( LWOP ) . It is up to a jury to decide whether to give the death sentence ; this usually has to be a unanimous decision . If sentenced to death , a convict will remain on death row during appeal and habeas corpus procedures , which can take years . Since 1973 and later , with an increasing number of persons being freed since 1993 , some 157 persons as of January 2017 have been exonerated on appeal and released from death row . Wrongful convictions have been proven based on DNA evidence , informants retracting testimony or being proven false , prosecutorial misconduct , racial bias in jury selection , and other constitutional issues .

neg: David Martin Long David Martin Long ( July 15 , 1953 -- December 8 , 1999 ) was an American murderer . He was arrested after the 1986 hatchet killings of three women in Lancaster , Texas , and was convicted of murder and sentenced to the death penalty . Long was never tried for any other murders , but he also confessed to killing a gas station attendant in a 1978 beating in San Bernardino , California , and killing a former boss in a 1983 fire in Bay City , Texas .   While on death row , Long confessed to setting a fire that killed two women in 1986 . Ernest Willis was already on death row for the crime . Long 's confession was ultimately found to lack credibility , but it sparked new interest in the case , and when arson investigators re-examined the case , they felt that an electrical issue most likely caused the fire . Willis was released from prison in 2004 , having spent 17 years on death row .   Two days before Long was scheduled to be executed , he took an overdose of prescription drugs and was hospitalized in Galveston , Texas . Officials in Texas refused to delay the execution . Initially placed on a ventilator , Long improved significantly by the next day . He was placed on a medically supervised flight back to Huntsville on the day of his scheduled execution so that he could be executed as scheduled .

neg: Newhall incident The Newhall incident , also called the `` Newhall massacre '' , was a shootout between two heavily armed criminals and officers of the California Highway Patrol ( CHP ) in the Newhall unincorporated area of Los Angeles County , California on April 5 , 1970 . In less than 5 minutes , four CHP officers were killed in what was at the time the deadliest day in the history of California law enforcement .   At approximately 11:55 p.m. ( UTC-8 ) , CHP officers Walt Frago and Roger Gore conducted a traffic stop of Bobby Davis and Jack Twinning in conjunction with an incident involving the pair that had been reported to the CHP minutes earlier . After stopping in a restaurant parking lot and initially cooperating with the officers , Twinning and Davis opened fire and killed both officers . Minutes later , Officers George Alleyn and James Pence arrived on the scene and engaged Twinning and Davis in a shootout . A passerby picked up one of the officers ' weapons and opened fire on the perpetrators ; however , the three were outgunned , and both Alleyn and Pence suffered fatal injuries while the passerby ran out of ammunition and took cover in a ditch . A third CHP patrol car arrived on the scene and the lone officer inside briefly exchanged gunfire with the perpetrators , but they were able to flee the scene .   Over three hours later , after stealing a vehicle and exchanging gunfire with its owner , Davis attempted to flee the area ; however , he was spotted by police and arrested . Meanwhile , Twinning broke into a house and took one of its occupants hostage . The house was surrounded by deputies of the Los Angeles County Sheriff 's Department and at approximately 9 a.m. , he released the hostage and committed suicide when the deputies entered the house . Davis was sentenced to death but had his sentence commuted to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole in 1973 . He killed himself at Kern Valley State Prison in 2009 .   The Newhall incident resulted in a number of changes at the CHP , including procedural changes in arresting high risk suspects and standardization of firearms and firearms training used across the department .