query: Thiokol became part of something else.

pos: Thiokol Thiokol ( variously Thiokol Chemical Corporation , Morton-Thiokol Inc. , Cordant Technologies Inc. , Thiokol Propulsion , AIC Group , ATK Thiokol ; finally ATK Launch Systems Group before becoming part of Orbital ATK ) was an American corporation concerned initially with rubber and related chemicals , and later with rocket and missile propulsion systems . Its name is a portmanteau of the Greek words for sulfur ( θειον `` theion '' ) and glue ( κολλα `` kolla '' ) , an allusion to the company 's initial product , Thiokol polymer .   The Thiokol Chemical Company was founded in 1929 . Its initial business was a range of synthetic rubber and polymer sealants , and Thiokol was a major supplier of liquid polymer sealants during World War II . When scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory discovered that Thiokol 's polymers made ideal binders for solid rocket fuels , Thiokol moved into the new field , opening laboratories at Elkton , Maryland , and later production facilities at Elkton and at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville , Alabama . Huntsville produced the XM33 Pollux , TX-18 Falcon , and TX-135 Nike-Zeus systems . It closed in 1996 . In the mid-1950s the company bought extensive lands in Utah for its rocket test range , and in 1986 was found at fault for the destruction of the Space Shuttle Challenger and the deaths of its astronauts . Thiokol continues to have major operations in the state , at Magna and Promontory ( manufacture of the Space Shuttle 's solid rocket motors ) , and its current headquarters at Brigham City . the company employed over 15,000 people worldwide and records annual sales of around .

neg: Derivative (chemistry) In chemistry , a derivative is a compound that is derive #Verb from a similar compound by a chemical reaction .   In the past , derivative also meant a compound that can be imagined to arise from another compound , if one atom or group of atoms is replaced with another atom or group of atoms , but modern chemical language now uses the term structural analog for this meaning , thus eliminating ambiguity . The term `` structural analogue '' is common in organic chemistry .   In biochemistry , the word is used for compounds that at least theoretically can be formed from the precursor compound .   Chemical derivatives may be used to facilitate analysis . For example , melting point ( MP ) analysis can assist in identification of many organic compounds . A crystalline derivative may be prepared , such as a semicarbazone or 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone ( derived from aldehydes or ketones ) , as a simple way of verifying the identity of the original compound , assuming that a table of derivative MP values is available . Prior to the advent of spectroscopic analysis , such methods were widely used .

neg: Tokumei kumiai , literally `` anonymous partnerships , '' are a Japanese bilateral contract governed by the Commercial Code of Japan , Article 535 et seq. . In English , they are often called TK or silent partnerships . In many respects they are similar to common law limited partnerships .   In a tokumei kumiai arrangement , invest in a venture operated by a .   By law , the partnership itself has no legal personality . Any assets of the partnership are the property of the manager ; however , the anonymous partners have a right to a share of any profits from the venture , as provided in the partnership agreement . Anonymous partners have limited liability for the partnership 's debts , on the condition that they are anonymous . If an anonymous partner allows their name to be used in the name of the manager or in the name of the partnership , the anonymous partner loses their limited liability .   Tokumei kumiai are often used for investment funds . A structure known as the `` Dutch TK '' was once popular among foreign investors in Japan , as it was possible to recognize income from Japan through a Dutch anonymous partner in a tokumei kumiai without paying Japanese income or withholding taxes under the tax treaty of 1970 . This loophole was closed by a new tax treaty in August 2010 , which imposes a 20 % withholding tax on distributions through such structures . More recently , it has become popular to use a tokumei kumiai together with a godo kaisha to hold a trust beneficial interest in real estate using what is known as a `` TK/GK scheme . ''

neg: Thiomersal Thiomersal ( INN ) , or thimerosal ( USP ) , is an organomercury compound . This compound is a well established antiseptic and antifungal agent .   The pharmaceutical corporation Eli Lilly and Company gave thiomersal the trade name Merthiolate . It has been used as a preservative in vaccines , immunoglobulin preparations , skin test antigens , antivenins , ophthalmic and nasal products , and tattoo inks . Its use as a vaccine preservative was controversial , and it was phased out from routine childhood vaccines in the European Union , and a few other countries in response to popular fears . The current scientific consensus is that no convincing scientific evidence supports these fears .

neg: Division (business) A division of a business , sometimes called a business sector , is one of the parts into which a business , organization or company is divided . The divisions are distinct parts of that business . If these divisions are all part of the same company , then that company is legally responsible for all of the obligations and debts of the divisions . However , in a large organization , various parts of the business may be run by different subsidiaries , and a business division may include one or many subsidiaries . Each subsidiary is a separate legal entity owned by the primary business or by another subsidiary in the hierarchy . Often a division operates under a separate name and is the equivalent of a corporation or limited liability company obtaining a fictitious name or `` doing business as '' certificate and operating a business under that fictitious name . Companies often set up business units to operate in divisions prior to the legal formation of subsidiaries .   Generally , only an `` entity '' , e.g. a corporation , public limited company ( plc ) or limited liability company , etc. would have a `` division '' ; an individual operating in this manner would simply be `` operating under a fictitious name '' .   An example of this would be to look at Hewlett Packard ( HP ) , the computer and printer company . HP has several divisions , with the printer division , that makes laser and inkjet printers , being the largest and most profitable division . The divisions of HP , like the Printing & Multifunction division , the Handheld Devices ( includes the old calculator ) division , the Servers division ( mini and mainframe computers ) , etc. , all use the HP brand name . But , Compaq ( a part of HP since 2002 ) , operates as a subsidiary , using the Compaq brand name .   Mack Trucks continues to run itself separately , but is a wholly owned subsidiary of AB Volvo . Volvo Trucks also sells trucks under the Volvo name . Within Mack , there is a division named Mack de Venezuela C.A. that does final assembly and sells trucks in South America .   Another less obvious example is that Google Video is a division of Google , and is part of the same corporate entity . But the YouTube video service is a subsidiary of Google because it remains operated as YouTube , LLC , a separate business entity even though it is owned by Google .

neg: Beryozka Beriozka ( Russian : Берёзка , lit . `` little birch tree '' ) was a twin chain of state-run retail stores in the Russian SFSR that sold goods for hard currency . Beriozkas sold goods that were generally unavailable in regular shops . In English-language advertisements and signs , the spelling was always `` Beriozka '' rather than the more conventional transliteration `` Beryozka . ''   One chain that belonged to the Vneshposyltorg ( Foreign Mail Order Trade ) was intended for Soviet citizens who received some income in hard currency . Some of them were forced to sell their currency for ruble-denominated Vneshposyltorg checks , while others never laid their hands on foreign currency , receiving their pay from Western sources in Vneshposyltorg checks via Soviet intermediaries . The checks were to be used to purchase goods in the Vneshposyltorg Beriozkas .   The other chain sold goods directly for foreign currency and for Vneshtorgbank series D checks . Soviet citizens ( except for high-ranking officials ) were not allowed to enter these stores as they were legally forbidden to be in possession of hard currency .   The hard currency stores were named Beriozka only in the territory of the RSFSR . Other republics of the Soviet Union had similar stores usually named after their `` national trees . '' For example , hard currency stores were named Kashtan ( Chestnut ) in the Ukrainian SSR and Chinara ( Oriental plane ) in the Azerbaijan SSR , etc. .   There were also separate Albatross stores in the Soviet port cities , e.g. Vladivostok , that sold goods to Soviet sailors returning from abroad . The Albatross stores sold goods for Torgmortrans checks issued by the Department of the Soviet Naval Fleet in exchange for foreign currency earned by the sailors .   Beriozka stores were opened in 1964 . Their predecessors were Torgsin stores of the 1930s and the highly ineffective Vneshposyltorg departments of the large Soviet department stores ( e.g. State Universal Store ) that allowed catalog mail order from abroad by customers paying in hard currency .   Beriozka stores became obsolete in the early 1990s when conversion of rubles into hard currency was allowed . The stores were privatized and in the mid-1990s most were closed as uncompetitive .   Many other countries had similar institutions , such as Intershops in the German Democratic Republic or Friendship Stores in the People 's Republic of China , Pewex in Poland , though some of these systems allowed anyone with hard currency to shop there .

neg: Thomas Kalil Thomas ( `` Tom '' ) Amadeus Kalil ( born October 4 , 1963 ) is an expert on technology and innovation policy , and Deputy Director for Policy for the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy . He is also the Senior Advisor for Science , Technology and Innovation for the United States National Economic Council .   Kalil is the son of Ronald and Katherine Kalil , both professors at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health in Madison . He earned a bachelor 's degree in political science and international economics from the University of Wisconsin at Madison . Kalil completed graduate work at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy . Kalil worked in the issues departments on two Democratic presidential campaigns , 1988 and 1992 . His work included writing position papers and briefing the candidate on a wide range of policy issues , experiences he later described as being `` like boot camp for policy wonks . ''   Before entering government , Kalil was a trade specialist at the Washington offices of Dewey Ballantine . There , he represented the Semiconductor Industry Association ( SIA ) on technology policy and U.S.-Japan trade issues . In this capacity he was principal staffer to Gordon Moore , then chair of the SIA Technology Committee .   During the Clinton administration , Kalil was Deputy Assistant to the President for Technology and Economic Policy , and , simultaneously , Deputy Director of the White House National Economic Council . As such , he worked on a range of technology and telecommunications issues , including the liberalization of export controls , the allocation of wireless spectrum , and high-tech workforce issues . Kalil provided leadership for a number of White House initiatives , including the National Nanotechnology Initiative , the Next Generation Internet , and several others . He advocated for increased support for the physical sciences and engineering during a time when they were perceived to be neglected as compared to the life sciences and biomedical research .   Leaving government at the end of the Clinton administration , Kalil became a Senior Fellow with the Center for American Progress , and later Special Assistant to the Chancellor for Science and Technology at the University of California , Berkeley . There , he developed multi-disciplinary research initiatives , most of them at the interfaces among information technology , nanotechnology , and biology . He served on several committees of the National Academy of Sciences . From 2007 -- 2008 , Kalil chaired the Clinton Global Initiative 's Global Health Working Group . That group developed new initiatives in areas including under-nutrition , maternal and child health , and vaccines .   Kalil joined the Obama administration in 2009 .   In 1995 Kalil married MaryAnne McCormick , a former legislative aide to Senator Daniel P. Moynihan . McCormick was , at the time , a lobbyist for Corning Inc. and was later an attorney at the Federal Communications Commission .

neg: Chewco Chewco Investments L. P. , was a limited partnership associated with the Enron scandal , which resulted in the bankruptcy of Enron . It was named after the Star Wars character Chewbacca , because it was created to hide losses from the Joint Energy Development Investment Limited , known by its acronym `` JEDI '' . Like Chewbacca , the Jedi Knights were prominent characters in Star Wars .   Enron created Chewco as a limited partnership which would help keep the JEDI project off its books . It wanted to buy out the California Public Employees ' Retirement System 's interest in JEDI , but it did not want to be forced , by accepted accounting principles , to consolidate JEDI in the Enron financial statements and thus reflect debt and/or financial losses . Enron wanted to keep JEDI afloat , but it needed a partner to take at least a 3 % stake , or the partnership 's results would have to be included in Enron 's financial statements . Chewco was created to be that partner .   The Chewco structure did not meet the SPE consolidation rules . The three basic rules for nonconsolidation of an SPE require that the independent equity investor --   continuously invest at least 3 % of the SPE 's assets ;  exercise control of and assume risks of the SPE ; and  like all other transactions , provide real ( potential ) economic benefits to Enron .   Chewco appeared to meet these tests , because it was financed by an unsecured loan from Barclay 's Bank ; in reality , however , the loan had been guaranteed by Enron stock held by Enron itself . Additionally , as investors became more wary of Chewco , Michael Kopper , an Enron employee who reported to CFO Andrew Fastow , took over the titular management role and was used to hide actual ownership . With Enron thus assuming practical control over Chewco , the structure did not meet an additional requirement for a non-consolidated SPE . More prosaically , this was one of many ways in which Enron `` cooked the books '' , failing to disclose corporate debt that SEC regulations require to be disclosed .   Over the course of three years , Kopper received between $ 1.5 and $ 2 million in management fees from Chewco , some of which was kicked back to Fastow in the form of checks written to members of his family . According to the Powers Report ( the report of the investigative committee chaired by William Powers , Jr ) Kopper did little actual work , aside from time spent manipulating the books . Chewco itself did little actual work other than moving funds from one account to another , and that was done with minor expenditure of labor by lower-level employees .   After all was said and done , Enron used Chewco to report roughly $ 400 million in profits which did not exist , while concealing $ 600 million in debt . Enron 's requirement to restate its earnings to remove this fake $ 400 million profit was a primary catalyst of Enron 's downfall .

neg: Prachai Leophai-ratana Prachai Leophairatana is a former Senator and a Thai businessman who founded Thai Petrochemical Industry ( TPI ) .   Prachai founded Thai Petrochemical Industry in 1978 , based on companies his grandfather founded during World War II . Thai Petrochemical Industry ( TPI ) group begun in rice milling , and had extended to gunnysacks , textiles , and insurance in the second generation . In 1979 , the group consisted of nineteen firms still based mainly in agriculture-related sectors . The patriarch of this second generation , Pornchai Leophairatana , sent his sons to the USA to study accounting , economics , and engineering . Returning to Thailand in the era when the economy was shifting decisively towards industry using newly found supplies of natural gas , Prachai Leophairatana and his five siblings launched the firm into cement and petrochemicals .   In the 1990s , Prachai expanded TPI with massive offshore loans to take advantage of the then vast interest rate gap between the Thai baht and US dollar . Unfortunately , most of the loans were not hedged because , as Prachai put it , `` the Thai government had pledged the baht peg would be defended '' . The peg was around 25 baht to the US dollar . By the mid-1990s , the number of firms had expanded to forty-four , total revenues had multiplied twenty-five times . TPl had risen rapidly to second rank in the cement market , behind the venerable Siam Cement . It had also become a major player in the booming petrochemicals industry . By 1994 , it had become Southeast Asia 's first fully integrated petrochemical company . TPI invested in a wharf and handling facilities on Thailand 's eastern seaboard , built a 100-megawatt power plant , and even owned a cement company and opened its own gas stations .   TPI has capability if unconstrained by lenders and their appointed planners to produce an overall gross margin that ranks in the top third to one half versus the major petrochemical complexes in the world , including , e.g. , ExxonMobil Singapore , ExxonMobil Baytown , BP Grangemouth , Dow Terneuzen , Shell Mordijk , Samsung , Hanwha and Hyundai Korea , Dow Petronas Optimal Kertih , The Petrochemical Corporation of Singapore PCS ) and downstream complex , Shell CNOOC Nanhai ( Huizhou , Guangzhou ) and so on . The facility is integrated from crude oil / condensate to plastic resin , has multiple power and cogeneration units and uses adequate if not leading edge technologies for refinery , lube base oil , olefins , polyolefins , ABS , styrene , and polystyrene ; it is one of the largest single site polypropylene producers in Asia and the world .   The baht , however , proved vulnerable . Under significant speculative attacks , its defences crumbled . The Thai currency was floated on July 2 1997 . By January 1998 , the baht exchange rate had shot up to 56 to the US dollar . With TPI 's total loans reaching US$ 3.8 billion , its creditors - led by Bangkok Bank - decided to get tough . In early 2000 , Thailand 's bankruptcy court approved the creditors ' debt restructuring plan and appointed Australia-based Effective Planners as the plan administrator . The plan called for a debt-to-equity swap of US$ 756 million and the sale of non-core assets to raise US$ 200 million.Many thought that would spell the end of Prachai , who had effectively turned one of the region 's largest petrochemical complexes into Thailand 's biggest corporate debtor . But it did n't . Prachai refused to budge . He stayed on as TPI 's chief executive and , for a while , even reported for work every morning . He also besieged the court by filing more than 35 different legal challenges against the plan and Effective Planners . The latter had to spend millions of dollars to fend off litigation . Although most of the lawsuits were dismissed , Prachai has always maintained he was not fighting for himself but for TPI and its workers . Many observers , though , feel the workout plan , which slashed the Leophairatana family 's stake in the company to 15 % from 60 % , left the 58-year-old entrepreneur feeling embittered .   Prachai 's persistence , however , seems to have paid off . On April 21 2003 , he scored an important victory in the bankruptcy court . On that fateful day , to the shock of the Thai and foreign legal communities , the court ordered the removal of Effective Planners as TPI 's plan administrator and appointed Prachai as a temporary replacement instead . In response , the creditors suspended US$ 80 million in working capital facilities vital to TPI . Just a few days prior to the April 21 judgment , the creditors had declared support for Effective Planners , even though , as Prachai pointed out later , it had failed to meet most of the targets outlined in the debt rehabilitation plan .   Effective Planners was expected to incur expenses not exceeding 640 million baht in the 2001-02 fiscal year ( April 1 2001 to March 31 2002 ) , but as Prachai told the court , the sum was closer to 1.57 billion baht . Also , under the plan the company 's oil refining capacity was targeted to hit 125,000 barrels per day by the end of the fiscal year . But by the start of April 2002 , the TPI refinery was only churning out 82,000 barrels per day . The court rejected Effective Planners ' defence that the operating environment for TPI had worsened considerably following the September 11 2001 terrorist attacks in the US . Instead , in a highly unusual move , it recommended that the debtor side be adequately represented on a new steering committee .   The Thai government stepped in by saying it would help mediate in the matter and proposed the appointment of a chairperson acceptable to both sides to lead the new steering committee consisting of seven representatives each from the creditors and the debtor side . `` The Thai bankruptcy law is very clear . On the control of reorganization , creditors have final say ... . The debtor has to be cooperative , and really has a minimal role to play , '' says Kowit Somwaiya , partner at Herbert Smith in Thailand . But Kowit says it was within the discretion of the court to recommend a joint panel consisting of representatives of both sides . `` Someone is needed who can bring both sides half way , someone Khun Prachai can trust . ''   Creditors had conceded to allow one Prachai representative and one government representative to sit on the new steering panel , which would otherwise consist only of the members of Thai Administrators Ltd ( TAL )  The June 13 judgment appointing the Finance Ministry as TPI 's debt administrator is seen as limiting creditors ' future course of action . TAL was seen as the best hope for creditors as it consists of formidable members of Thailand 's business and legal community .   Proposed by creditors as the debt plan administrator , TAL was rejected outright by Prachai . And in its June 13 ruling , the court said TAL 's plan appeared to be inadequate for creating the cash flow needed to service TPI 's huge debt . The company is obliged to make interest payments of around US$ 8.5 million every month .   The court , it seems , has transferred the burden of responsibility onto the shoulders of the state . `` We had proposed to mediate in setting up a joint panel which would appoint financial advisors to conduct due diligence so that a -LSB- new -RSB- debt restructuring plan could be proposed , '' said Kitti Limsakul , an advisor to Thailand 's finance minister , before the June 13 ruling . `` But we respect the right of the creditors . '' Kitti said the government would not act unless directed by the court .   In what would be a clear sign of things to come , the court had already signalled its approval of a government role in the crisis . Judge Kamol Teeravetponkul of the Central Bankruptcy Court on May 21 2003 said that the businesses run by TPI were too big to be nursed back to health by the private sector . `` The appointment of a tripartite debt administration team as suggested by the government is good solution , '' Reuters News Agency quoted Kamol as saying . Two weeks earlier , Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra himself proposed that a third party be appointed to mediate in the matter . It was Kamol who delivered the June 13 ruling .   By and large financial experts have given a thumbs down to what they see as intervention by the state . `` It seems the prime minister is getting involved in a micro level . This is a step backward , '' said a Hong Kong-based credit analyst at a European Bank . The analyst , like his many of colleagues in the industry based outside Bangkok , see the resolution of the TPI case as a litmus test for the restructuring of billions of dollars worth of Thai corporate debt and crucial to Thailand 's ability to attract and retain foreign investment .   Observers , based in the Thai capital , however , are more tempered . `` The TPI case is very unique , '' Kowit explains . `` First the amount involved , US$ 3.8 billion , is huge . Second , the company 's labour union -LSB- who have mostly supported Prachai -RSB- is very strong . And lastly , the creditor side involves some of the largest domestic and foreign institutions . '' Kowit also says many in Thailand were surprised that the rehabilitation plan did not permit any haircuts and that the creditors could take 75 % equity in the company through conversion of accrued interest of US$ 756 million in only three years.Prachai has repeatedly accused the lenders of not paying enough attention to the long-term viability of the company and focusing primarily on maximizing short-term returns .   Speaking after the June 13 judgment , Kitti Limsakul , the advisor to Thailand 's finance minister , told Dow Jones Newswires that an earlier proposal to set up for a 15-member tripartite debt administration team consisting of seven members each from the creditor and debtor side , headed by a mediator from the government had been modified . Now , the Finance Ministry is willing to permit unequal representation of the two sides , depending on who is suitable . With the 2005 ruling , Prachai was forced to sell his and his family 's stock at 70 % below the market price at 3.30 baht per share to the recently privatized petroleum corporation PTT . Subsequently Prachai and his siblings were ejected from the board , and was replaced by the board assigned by PTT public company limited of whom were close allies of Thaksin Shinawatra .   Prachai Leophairatana and his family were able to retain a small portion of their wealth , and now are the board members of the TPI Polene Public company limited , which recently was just released from rehabilitation plan on Tuesday , 11 April 2006 .

neg: TL Tradewinds TL Tradewinds Company Limited ( commonly known as TL ) , formerly TL Tradewinds Ltd. , Part. , is a Thailand food company established in 2011 and headquartered in Surin City , Surin Province , Thailand . It manufactures lotus seeds snack products and produced food company brand is `` Mai '' .

neg: Superstate A superstate is defined as `` a large and powerful State formed when several smaller countries unite '' , `` A large and powerful state formed from a federation or union of nations '' .  This is distinct from the concept of superpower , although these are frequently seen together . It is also distinct from the concept of empire , where one nation dominates other nations through military , political , and economic power , although an empire may also be a superstate .   In the early 20th century , `` superstate '' had a similar definition as today 's supranational organisations . In a 1927 article by Edward A. Harriman on the League of Nations , a superstate was defined as merely `` an organisation , of which a state is a member , which is superior to the member themselves '' , in that '' -LSB- a -RSB- complete superstate has legislative , executive and judicial organs to make , to execute and to interpret its laws '' . According to this definition , Harriman saw the League of Nations as a `` rudimentary superstate '' , and the United States as `` an example of a complete and perfect superstate '' .   In World Order of Bahá ` u 'll áh , first published in 1938 , Shoghi Effendi , the Guardian of the Bahá ' í Faith , described the anticipated world government of that religion as the `` world 's future super-state '' with the Bahá ' í Faith as the `` State Religion of an independent and Sovereign Power . ''   In the 1970s , academic literature used the term `` superstate '' to indicate a particularly rich and powerful state , in a similar fashion to the term superpower .   In contemporary political debate , especially the one centred on the European Union , the term `` superstate '' is used to indicate a ( usually deemed unwelcome ) development in which the Union takes over the character of a State ( including the monopoly on violence ) thus abolishing the sovereignty and independence of its member states .  For instance , Glyn Morgan opposes the perspective of a `` European superstate '' to the ones of `` a Europe of nation-states '' and of `` a post-sovereign European polity '' . In her definition , a `` European superstate is nothing more than a sovereign state - a tried and tested type of polity that predominates in the modern world - operating on a European wide scale '' , i.e. , `` a unitary European state ''   The term was famously used by Margaret Thatcher in her 1988 Bruges speech , when she decried the perspective of `` a European super-state exercising a new dominance from Brussels '' , and has since entered the eurosceptic lexicon .  Tony Blair argued in 2000 that he welcomed an EU as a `` superpower , not a superstate ''

neg: Partition chromatography Partition chromatography theory and practice of was introduced through the work and publications of Archer Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge during the 1940s . The process of separating mixtures of chemical compounds by passing them through a column that contained a solid stationary phase that was eluted with a mobile phase ( column chromatography ) was well known at that time . Chromatographic separation was considered to occur by an adsorption process whereby compounds adhered to a solid media and were washed off the column with a solvent , mixture of solvents , or solvent gradient . In contrast , Martin and Synge developed and described a chromatographic separation process whereby compounds where partitioned between two liquid phases similar to the separatory funnel liquid-liquid separation dynamic . This was an important departure , both in theory and in practice , from adsorption chromatography .   In liquid-liquid separation , a compound is distributed between two immiscible liquid phases under equilibrium conditions . Martin and Synge initially attempted to devise a method of performing a sequential liquid-liquid extractions with serially connected glass vessels that functioned as separatory funnels . The seminal article presenting their early studies described a rather complicated instrument that allowed partitioning of amino acids between water and chloroform phases . The process was termed `` counter-current liquid-liquid extraction . '' Martin and Synge described the theory of this technique in reference to continuous fractional distillation described by Randall and Longtin . This approach was deemed too cumbersome so they developed a method of absorbing water onto silica gel as the stationary phase and using a solvent , such as chloroform , as the mobile phase . This work was published in 1941 as `` a new form of chromatogram employing two liquid phases . '' The article describes both the theory in terms of the partition coefficient of a compound and the application of the process to the separation of amino acids on a water-impregnated silica column eluted with a water : chloroform : n-butanol solvent mixture .

neg: American Viscose Corporation American Viscose Corporation was an American division of the British firm Courtaulds , which manufactured rayon and other synthetic fibres . Established in 1909 , it became the largest supplier of rayon and the first company to make artificial silk in the United States .   American Viscose had plants at Marcus Hook , Pennsylvania ( established 1910 ) , Roanoke , Virginia ( 1916 ) , Lewistown , Pennsylvania ( 1920 ) , Parkersburg , West Virginia ( 1927 ) , Meadville , Pennsylvania ( 1929 ) , Nitro , West Virginia , and Front Royal , Virginia ( 1940 ) . After a 1946 merger with Sylvania Industrial Corporation ( not to be confused with lighting and electronics manufacturer Sylvania ) , it gained a plant at Fredericksburg , Virginia .   The company changed names and ownership several times . It was founded as a division of Courtaulds and began production as `` The Viscose Company '' in 1910 . In 1937 it changed to `` American Viscose Corporation '' . In 1941 the company was sold off by order of the British government in order to raise money for purchase of munitions and other supplies from the Americans . The company passed into the control of the Monsanto Corporation after the war . ( Courtaulds resumed manufacture of rayon in the United States in 1952 ) . In 1963 it was purchased by FMC Corporation , which sold off the division in 1976 to its employees . It was then renamed Avtex Fibers .   In 1974 , two years before FMC Corporation sold off the division to its employees , the plant in Parkersburg , WV was closed .   In 1980 Avtex Fibers closed their plant in Nitro , West Virginia that manufactured rayon staple . In 1983 , Avtex Fibers was the largest US manufacturer of rayon fiber , as well as operating plants that made polyester and acetate yarn .   Certain of its closed plants have become Superfund pollution cleanup sites . The former plant site at Front Royal , Virginia was used for manufacturing from 1940 until 1989 , when the plant was closed after being cited for more than 2,000 environmental violations over five years , including emissions of polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs ) into the nearby Shenandoah River . The plant was demolished in 1997 , and is currently being restored by FMC in conjunction with the United States Environmental Protection Agency .   The company made rayon fiber for fabric and also rayon cord for reinforcement of pneumatic automobile tires . Declining sales and high internal costs caused Avtex to close its rayon operations in 1988 , briefly restarting to produce fiber for the aerospace industry , and then permanently closing in 1990 for economic and environmental reasons .

neg: Classical compound Classical compounds and neoclassical compounds are compound words composed from combining forms ( which act as affixes or stems ) derived from classical Latin or ancient Greek roots . New Latin comprises many such words and is a substantial component of the technical and scientific lexicon of English and other languages , including international scientific vocabulary . For example , bio - #Prefix combines with - graphy #Suffix to form biography ( `` life '' + `` writing/recording '' ) . A vowel usually facilitates the combination : in biography , the interfix - o - #Interfix , in miniskirt , the interfix - i - #Interfix . This vowel is usually regarded as attached to the initial base ( bio - , mini - ) rather than the final base ( - graphy , - skirt ) , but in forms where it is conventionally stressed , it is sometimes shown as attached to the final base ( - ography , - ology ) . If , however , the final base begins with a vowel ( for example , - archy as in monarchy ) , the mediating vowel has traditionally been avoided ( not * monoarchy ) , but in recent coinages it is often kept , sometimes accompanied by a hyphen ( auto-analysis , bioenergy , hydroelectricity , not * autanalysis , * bienergy , * hydrelectricity ) .

neg: 2006 Russian ban of Moldovan and Georgian wines The 2006 Russian import ban of Moldovan and Georgian wines began in late March 2006 and created a diplomatic conflict between the Republic of Moldova and Georgia on the one hand and Russia on the other . Wine trade with Russia is responsible for 80-90 % of the total wine exports in both countries .   The Chief Sanitary Inspector of Russia Gennadiy Onishchenko claimed that heavy metals and pesticides had been found in Georgian and Moldovan wines and that they were falsified alcoholic products labeled as wines . The Russian Consumer Agency claimed that it had examined 21 sorts of Georgian wine sold in Moscow and concluded that 85.7 % did not comply with sanitary requirements . Pesticides were discovered in 60 % samples of Moldovan and 44 % samples of Georgian wine . However , the Moldovans claimed that no proof was provided by the Russians and that dozens of countries across the world imported Moldovan wines without any reported problems . Moldova argued that the ban amounted to economic blackmail . Seven Georgian wineries were later closed down after the government revision revealed that they had produced falsified wine .   In May 2005 , Georgian Defense Minister Irakli Okruashvili stated that `` many -LSB- Georgian -RSB- wine producers exported falsified wine to Russia , because Russia is a market where you can sell even turds '' . Okruashvili thought that Russia 's decision to ban the import of Georgian wines `` was not a surprise '' for Tbilisi .   Russia accounted for 80 % of Georgian wine sales , and the ban became a `` big blow '' to the industry . Georgian producers swiftly admitted that wines were regularly faked . Prior to the ban , the Georgian government closed down several testing laboratories in Georgia , and several wineries were made to dump their product . Seven Georgian wineries were closed down after the government revision revealed that they had produced falsified wine . Production of falsified wine in Georgia for the rapidly expanding Russian market had been `` big business for the last decade '' according to the Western press .   The ban on wine imports came at a time of worsening relations between the countries . The differences involved the Rose Revolution and pro-NATO/pro-EU moves in Georgia and a divergence of the Russian and Moldovan positions regarding the future of Transnistria . A year earlier , the Russian Duma had demanded a ban on Moldovan wine imports , because Moldova was considered to pursue anti-Russian policies .   EU 's external relations commissioner , Benita Ferrero-Waldner stated that the EU was worried about what she called an `` embargo '' against Moldova , but the EU could n't take any measures since Russia was not a member of the World Trade Organization .  The president of NATO Parliamentary Assembly Pierre Lellouche also said , on May 5 , he was deeply concerned about the Russian ban on Georgian products .   From 5 May to 6 May 2006 , the Russian government also banned the import of Borjomi and Nabeglavi , two popular brands of Georgian mineral water .  The government claimed that it was a health hazard since it failed to meet water purity standards . The Georgian government responded by stating that the action was an expansion of the wine embargo and a part of a political campaign to punish the country for pro-Western policies , a claim President Mikheil Saakashvili of Georgia reiterated at the Conference on Common Vision for Common Neighborhood held in Vilnius , Lithuania , from May 1 to 4 , and attended also by the presidents of the three Baltic states , Poland , Ukraine , Moldova , Romania , Bulgaria and the United States Vice-President Richard Cheney .   Neither the Georgian or Moldovan wines , nor the Borjomi or Nabeglavi mineral waters had been banned nor restricted in any other country besides Russia . One Russian expert has also criticized the Russian ban on `` Borjomi '' .   The drink ban appeared to exacerbate tensions between Russia and the Government of Georgia . The 2008 South Ossetia war would occur later that year . Following the conflict , Georgia also withdrew from the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) , a bloc of several post-Soviet countries .   Georgian wines are currently ( 2013 ) sold in over 50 countries , including Ukraine , which became the key market after the Russian ban . However , sales fell sharply , to about one third of what Georgia exported prior to the ban .

neg: Sulcalization Sulcalization , in phonetics , is the pronunciation of a sound , typically a sibilant consonant , such as English -LSB- slinks -RSB- and -LSB- slinkz -RSB- , with a deep groove running along the back of the tongue that focuses the airstream on the teeth , producing a more intense sound . That is accomplished by raising the sides of the back of the tongue ( `` lateral contraction '' ) and leaving a hollow along the mid-line . It is not clear if all sibilants are so grooved : Catford ( 1977 ) observed that the degree of sulcalization differs between places of articulation as well as between languages , but no language is known to contrast a grooved and non-grooved sibilant .   English -LSB- -LSB- ɹ -RSB- -RSB- , which allows various tongue positions without apparent distinction , may also receive its characteristic quality from being sulcal .   In phonology and historical linguistics , sulcalization is the development of such a groove in a non-sulcal consonant . For example , close vowels trigger the effect in Japanese , in which historic * tu and * ti have become -LSB- -LSB- tsu -RSB- -RSB- and -LSB- -LSB- tɕi -RSB- -RSB- , respectively . A similar sound change as operated in the Senufo languages . ( The palatalization of * tsi to -LSB- -LSB- tɕi -RSB- -RSB- in Japanese is a different process and does not occur in Senufo . )   Vowels may also be sulcalized , which has been described as giving them a `` throaty '' sound ( Jones 1967:82 ) . The -LSB- slinkɒ -RSB- vowel of Received Pronunciation , which is normally described as a rounded , is pronounced by some speakers without rounded lips for whom the characteristic quality is rather one of sulcality ( Lass 1984:124 ) .   One scholar has also suggested that the vowel in the RP pronunciation of words like bird , typically transcribed -LSB- blinkɜ -RSB- , is actually a sulcal schwa , retaining the sulcality of the original rhotic consonant . Accordingly , the realization of -LSB- / ə / -RSB- in other contexts , such as beard and scarce , is interpreted as the product of a loss of sulcality ( Erickson 2003:197 ) .

neg: Mergers and acquisitions Mergers and acquisitions ( M&A ) are transactions in which the ownership of companies , other business organizations or their operating units are transferred or combined . As an aspect of strategic management , M&A can allow enterprises to grow , shrink , and change the nature of their business or competitive position .   From a legal point of view , a merger is a legal consolidation of two entities into one entity , whereas an acquisition occurs when one entity takes ownership of another entity 's stock , equity interests or assets . From a commercial and economic point of view , both types of transactions generally result in the consolidation of assets and liabilities under one entity , and the distinction between a `` merger '' and an `` acquisition '' is less clear . A transaction legally structured as an acquisition may have the effect of placing one party 's business under the indirect ownership of the other party 's shareholders , while a transaction legally structured as a merger may give each party 's shareholders partial ownership and control of the combined enterprise . A deal may be euphemistically called a `` merger of equals '' if both CEOs agree that joining together is in the best interest of both of their companies , while when the deal is unfriendly ( that is , when the management of the target company opposes the deal ) it may be regarded as an `` acquisition '' .

neg: New international division of labour In economics , the new international division of labor ( NIDL ) is an outcome of globalization . The term was coined by theorists seeking to explain the spatial shift of manufacturing industries from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries -- an ongoing geographic reorganization of production , which finds its origins in ideas about a global division of labor . It is a spatial division of labor which occurs when the process of production is no longer confined to national economies . Under the `` old '' international division of labor , until around 1970 , underdeveloped areas were incorporated into the world economy principally as suppliers of minerals and agricultural commodities . However , as developing economies are merged into the world economy , more production takes place in these economies .   This has led to a trend of transference , or what is also known as the `` global industrial shift '' , in which production processes are relocated from developed countries ( such as the US , European countries , and Japan ) to developing countries in Asia ( such as China , Vietnam , and India ) and Latin America . This is because companies search for the cheapest locations to manufacture and assemble components , so low-cost labor-intensive parts of the manufacturing process are shifted to the developing world where costs are substantially lower . Companies do so by taking advantage of transportation and communications technology , as well as fragmentation and locational flexibility of production . From 1953 to the late 1990s , the industrialized economies ' share of world manufacturing output declined from 95 % to 77 % , and the developing economies ' share more than quadrupled from 5 % to 23 % .   The resultant division of labor across continents closely follows the North -- South socio-economic and political divide , wherein the North -- with one quarter of the world population -- controls four fifths of the world income , while the South -- with three quarters of the world population -- has access to one fifth of the world income .

neg: Fine chemical Fine chemicals are complex , single , pure chemical substances , produced in limited quantities in multipurpose plants by multistep batch chemical or biotechnological processes . They are described by exacting specifications , used for further processing within the chemical industry and sold for more than $ 10/kg ( see the comparison of fine chemicals , commodities and specialties ) . The class of fine chemicals is subdivided either on the basis of the added value ( building blocks , advanced intermediates or active ingredients ) , or the type of business transaction , namely standard or exclusive products .   Fine chemicals are produced in limited volumes ( < 1000 tons/year ) and at relatively high prices ( > $ 10/kg ) according to exacting specifications , mainly by traditional organic synthesis in multipurpose chemical plants . Biotechnical processes are gaining ground . The global production value is about $ 85 billion . Fine chemicals are used as starting materials for specialty chemicals , particularly pharmaceuticals , biopharmaceuticals and agrochemicals . Custom manufacturing for the life science industry plays a big role ; however , a significant portion of the fine chemicals total production volume is manufactured in house by large users . The industry is fragmented and extends from small , privately owned companies to divisions of big , diversified chemical enterprises . The term `` fine chemicals '' is used in distinction to `` heavy chemicals '' , which are produced and handled in large lots and are often in a crude state .   Since their inception in the late 1970s , fine chemicals have become an important part of the chemical industry . The total production value of $ 85 billion is split about 60 / 40 among in-house production by the main consumers , the life science industry , on the one hand , and the fine chemicals industry on the other hand . The latter pursues both a `` supply push '' strategy , whereby standard products are developed in-house and offered ubiquitously , and a `` demand pull '' strategy , whereby products or services determined by the customer are provided exclusively on a `` one customer / one supplier '' basis . The products are mainly used as building blocks for proprietary products . The hardware of the top tier fine chemical companies has become almost identical . The design , lay-out and equipment of the plants and laboratories has become practically the same all over the world . Most chemical reactions performed go back to the days of the dyestuff industry . Numerous regulations determine the way labs and plants have to be operated , thereby contributing to the uniformity .

neg: Thai stick A Thai stick is a form of cannabis from Thailand that was popular during the late 1960s and 1970s . It consisted of premium buds of seedless marijuana which were skewered on stems . Several rows of fiber found in the stalk of the marijuana plant were then used to tie the marijuana to the stem to keep it in place . Thai stick bud may also be tied around bamboo sticks with a piece of string known as a `` rasta hair . ''   The Thai sticks exhibited considerably higher potency in comparison with other cannabis available in Western countries at the time . This added potency was rumored to be caused by the Thai sticks being dipped in opium or in hash oil . However , the more widely accepted reason is that Thai cannabis growers had for hundreds of years selected seeds from their strongest plants , which coupled with Thailand 's long growing season , high temperatures , and rich volcanic soil , conspired to produce an exceptionally potent product .   A number of reasons have been cited for the decline of the Thai stick ; stricter policing of cannabis cultivation ; dilution of traditional cannabis populations by earlier maturing , less psychoactive cultivars imported from Pakistan and Afghanistan ; the burgeoning indoor growing industry in target markets ; and the reduction of military troop transports ( which was the primary means of export ) between Thailand , particularly Bangkok , and the United States , at the end of the Vietnam War in 1975 .   In modern terminology , Thai stick often refers to marijuana tied to a stem as documented above and then dipped into a hashish oil , a potent cannabis derivative which saturates the buds and lends to a stronger smoke . Some California and Washington cannabis clubs sell this product . Originally , this was a frequent practice of the 1970s with the actual Thai stick . There are still some surviving recipes from Cambodia where high quality marijuana and hash oil are used .


query: West Hollywood, California is a rival of WeHo.

pos: West Hollywood, California West Hollywood , occasionally referred to locally as WeHo ( -LSB- ˈwiːhoʊ -RSB- ) , is a city in Los Angeles County , California , United States . Incorporated in 1984 , it is home to the Sunset Strip . As of the 2010 census , its population was 34,399 . It is considered one of the most prominent gay villages in the United States .

neg: Los Angeles High School Los Angeles High School is the oldest public high school in the Southern California Region and in the Los Angeles Unified School District . Its colors are royal blue and white and the teams are called the Romans .   Los Angeles High School is a public secondary high school , enrolling an estimated 2,000 students in grades 9-12 . After operating on a year-round basis consisting of three tracks for ten years , it was restored to a traditional calendar in 2010 . Los Angeles High School receives accreditation approval from the Western Association of Schools and Colleges ( WASC ) . Concurrent enrollment programs , provided in large by the Los Angeles Unified School District and the Los Angeles Community College District , are offered with West Los Angeles College , Los Angeles Trade Technical College , Los Angeles City College , or Santa Monica College .   Los Angeles High School is a large , urban , inner-city school located in the Mid-Wilshire District of Los Angeles . The attendance boundary consists of a contrasting spectrum of economic diversity ranging from affluent Hancock Park and Lafayette Square to the low-income , densely populated immigrant community of Koreatown . Within the school is a College Incentive Magnet Program . Forty-four percent of the student population is identified as LEP , or Limited English Proficient . Currently , 66 % of the students are identified as eligible to receive supplemental instructional services and materials through the Federal Title I Program .   The magnet high school has a university preparatory secondary high school program and a `` school within a school . '' First established as a part of student integration services in the 1970s , the Los Angeles High School Math/Science/Technology magnet prepares students with an intensive , rigorous course load in order to better prepare them for university entrance . There are 317 students enrolled in the magnet program , grades 9-12 .   Typically , the senior class has approximately 35 % of seniors entering into four-year universities and schools . The magnet senior class typically has 85 % of its senior class entering into four-year colleges and universities .

neg: ASIFA-Hollywood ASIFA-Hollywood , an American non-profit organization in Los Angeles , California , United States , is a branch member of the `` Association Internationale du Film d'Animation '' or `` ASIFA '' ( the International Animated Film Association ) . Its purpose is to promote the art of film animation in a variety of ways , including its own archive and an annual awards presentation , the Annie Awards . It is also known as the International Animated Film Society .   Many branches of ASIFA exist throughout the world ; in the US there are chapters in San Francisco , New York City , Atlanta , Seattle , Washington , the Detroit area , and others , while internationally , organizations exist in Annecy , France , in Italy , and Japan . ASIFA also sponsors several animation film festivals throughout the world , including the ASIFA-Hollywood Student Animation Festival .   ASIFA-Hollywood has the largest membership internationally of all other chapters , largely because the most popular cartoons ever produced were by studios and animation professionals located in the city of Burbank , which is also the location of the ASIFA-Hollywood Animation Center . It includes a virtual archive , museum , library and research facility , containing the ASIFA-Hollywood Animation Archive Project .

neg: Toho is a Japanese film , theater production , and distribution company . It has its headquarters in Yūrakuchō , Chiyoda , Tokyo , and is one of the core companies of the Hankyu Hanshin Toho Group . Outside Japan , it is best known as the producer and distributor of many kaiju and tokusatsu films , the Chouseishin tokusatsu superhero television franchise , the films of Akira Kurosawa , and the anime films of Studio Ghibli . Other famous directors , including Yasujirō Ozu , Kenji Mizoguchi , Masaki Kobayashi , and Mikio Naruse , also directed films for Toho .   Toho 's most famous creation is Godzilla , who features in 29 of the company 's films . Godzilla , Rodan , Mothra , King Ghidorah and Mechagodzilla are described as Toho 's Big Five because of the monsters ' numerous appearances in all three eras of the franchise , as well as spin-offs . Toho has also been involved in the production of numerous anime titles . Its subdivisions are Toho-Towa Distribution , Toho Pictures Incorporated , Toho International Company Limited , Toho E. B. Company Limited , and Toho Music Corporation & Toho Costume Company Limited . The company is the largest shareholder ( 7.96 % ) of Fuji Media Holdings Inc. .

neg: Real Husbands of Hollywood Real Husbands of Hollywood ( abbreviated RHOH ) is an American reality television parody on BET which debuted on January 15 , 2013 .

neg: West Hollywood (Hollywood, Florida) West Hollywood is a neighborhood in Broward County , Florida , United States . The ZIP code for the community is 33023 . The community is within the city limits of Hollywood . The latest population for the area recorded was 60,806 . West Hollywood reported as an `` unincorporated place '' by the U.S. Census Bureau in 1950 , when the population count totaled 1,196 .

neg: WWHB-CA WWHB-CA is an Azteca affiliate in West Palm Beach , Florida , that is licensed to Stuart . Owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group , WWHB is sister station to CBS affiliate WPEC , CW affiliate WTVX and Class A MyNetworkTV affiliate WTCN-CA . It broadcasts on UHF channel 48 as a class-A ( a form of low-power broadcasting ) television station . It was Sinclair 's first Spanish language station besides KEYE-DT2 in Austin , Texas , which carries Telemundo , before Sinclair began to acquire more stations in 2012 . WWHB-CA is also carried on WTVX 's second digital subchannel . On May 24 , 2012 , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) granted WWHB-CA a construction permit to digitally flash-cut on its current allotment on channel 48 .

neg: West Valley College West Valley College is a community college in northern California . It is part of the 112-campus California Community College system .

neg: Walt Disney Studios Walt Disney Studios may refer to :   Walt Disney Studios ( division ) , the Walt Disney Company 's Studio Entertainment unit , which includes Disney 's motion picture studios , music labels , theatrical production company , and distribution companies .  Walt Disney Studios ( Burbank ) , complex in Burbank , California , built in 1939 , which serves as the corporate headquarters for The Walt Disney Company . It is also a functioning film studio and hosts production facilities for Disney 's various entertainment businesses  Walt Disney Animation Studios , the company 's main animation division . Animated films are released under the Walt Disney Pictures label  Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , the primary theatrical film distributor of Disney films in the USA and abroad  Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment , the primary home media distributor of Disney films in the USA and abroad

neg: Paramount Television Network The Paramount Television Network ( PTN ) was a venture by American film corporation Paramount Pictures to organize a television network in the late 1940s . The company built television stations KTLA in Los Angeles and WBKB in Chicago ; it also invested US$ 400,000 in the DuMont Television Network , which operated stations WABD in New York City , WTTG in Washington , D.C. , and WDTV in Pittsburgh . Escalating disputes between Paramount and DuMont concerning breaches of contract , company control , and network competition erupted regularly between 1940 and 1956 , and culminated in the dismantling of the DuMont Network . Television historian Timothy White called the clash between the two companies `` one of the most unfortunate and dramatic episodes in the early history of the television industry . ''   The Paramount Television Network aired several programs , including the Emmy Award-winning children 's series Time for Beany . Filmed in Hollywood , the programs were distributed to an ad-hoc network of stations across the United States . The network signed affiliation agreements with more than 50 television stations in 1950 ; despite this , most of Paramount 's series were not widely viewed outside the West Coast . The Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) , which filed suit against Paramount for anti-trust violations , prevented the studio from acquiring additional television stations . Paramount executives eventually gave up on the idea of a television network , and continued to produce series for other networks . In 1995 , after four decades of television production for other companies , Paramount re-entered the broadcast network field when the company and Chris-Craft Industries launched the United Paramount Network ( UPN ) , a television network that operated until 2006 . Paramount 's television division is now owned by CBS Television Studios .

neg: Western Cup Western Cup is North America 's longest running annual LGBTQ multi sports festival . It takes place in Calgary , Alberta , Canada Easter weekend of each year . It started in 1982 with a volleyball tournament that had teams attend from Calgary and Edmonton . From there it created the organization , Apollo , Friends in Sports Club , which now oversees Western Cup .   Apollo , Friends in Sports Club/Western Cup believe in giving back to the community , therefore each sport receives a portion of profits from the event each year , as well $ 1500 is donated each year to local or national organizations that are beneficial to the LGTBQ community .   Western Cup has two components to the event including sports and social activities . Currently the sport tournaments that are involved in Western Cup are bowling , curling , dodge ball , hockey and volleyball.The social activities include a Thursday registration event , Friday athletes social and the Western Cup Dance on Saturday . On average there are 500 athletes in attendance and 1500 in attendance of the social events   In 2018 Western Cup along with Apollo Curling will be hosting the Canadian Gay Curling Championships .   In 2007 Western Cup held the first North American Outgames to celebrate their 25 anniversary , April 1 - 8 , 2007 .   The host hotel for guests and social events until 2020 is the Hyatt Regency in downtown Calgary .

neg: Film Booking Offices of America Film Booking Offices of America ( FBO ) , also known as FBO Pictures Corporation , was an American film studio of the silent era , a producer and distributor of mostly low-budget films . The business began in 1918 as Robertson-Cole ( U.S. ) , the American division of a British import -- export company and Robertson-Cole was formed by the English-born Harry F. Robertson and the American Rufus Sidman Cole . Robertson-Cole bought the Hallmark Exchanges ( formerly the Mutual Exchanges that became known as Exhibitors-Mutual Exchanges ) from Frank J. Hall in 1920 . Exhibitors-Mutual/Hallmark had distributed Robertson-Cole product , and acquiring the exchanges gave them the right to distribute their own films plus Hall 's product , with the exception of Charlie Chaplin reissues he had the rights to .   Robertson-Cole initiated movie production in the United States in 1920 . That year , it incorporated Robertson-Cole Studios , Inc. and bought 460 acres in Santa Monica , California to establish a studio . The property , which became known as the `` R.C. Ranch '' , enabled Robertson-Cole to centralize movie production , which previously had been scattered . The movie company had relied on equipment rentals to produce motion pictures . Two years later , a corporate reorganization led to the company 's new name , with FBO becoming the official name of the distributing operation and Robertson-Cole Pictures Corp. the name of the production operation . In 1923 , the studio contracted with Western actor Fred Thomson , who would soon emerge as one of Hollywood 's most popular stars . Thomson was just one of numerous screen cowboys with whom FBO became identified .   The studio , whose core market was America 's small towns , also put out many romantic melodramas , non-Western action pictures , and comedic shorts . In 1926 , financier Joseph P. Kennedy led a group that acquired the company . In June 1928 , using RCA Photophone technology , FBO became only the second Hollywood studio to release a feature-length `` talkie . '' A few months later , Kennedy and RCA chief David Sarnoff arranged the merger that created RKO , one of the major studios of Hollywood 's Golden Age .

neg: West Coast FC West Coast FC is an American soccer Club founded in 1997 . The Club is a member of the Southern California Developmental Soccer League and includes 50 boys and girls teams in total . The West Coast FC Classic is a nationally ranked `` Premier '' tournament . The Club has one of only 40 girls soccer programs throughout the United States selected to participate in the Elite Clubs National League . Since 2009 , Soccer America named the Club 's Boys program as one of the top programs in the Nation . The team plays its home games in the stadium on the campus of JSerra Catholic High School in the city of San Juan Capistrano , California , 55 miles southeast of downtown Los Angeles . The club 's colors are navy blue and white .

neg: Radio Recorders Radio Recorders , Inc. located at 7000 Santa Monica Boulevard , was a recording studio based in Los Angeles , California .   Many notable musicians are reported to have been recorded in the studio include Billie Holiday , Charlie Parker , Jimmie Rodgers , Louis Armstrong , Mario Lanza , Elvis Presley , Jimi Hendrix , Frank Zappa , Paul Frees and The Carpenters among others . In its prime , the studio was known as the best recording facility in Los Angeles .   During the forties and fifties , Radio Recorders was responsible for recording countless radio shows , both network and local , for delayed broadcast , not always for California , but for many western states . Telephone lines ran to all the important stations and the networks . Studio C was the nerve center with at least six recording lathes and turntables and an `` on-the-air '' playback turntable protected by a railing so that it would not be bumped while it was playing a program onto the air . The recording lathes were shock mounted in sand to prevent rumble from the street cars on Santa Monica Boulevard . For much of that era , the recordings were made and played back on lacquer coated aluminum discs , before tape recording was introduced . The room could handle several programs at once , 24 hours a day , and quite often a single engineer on duty would have his hands full .   Most of the major labels used Radio Recorders well into the 1960s . Columbia , RCA Victor , Capitol , and Decca ultimately had their own facilities , but Radio Recorders was still the choice of many independent labels and both popular and classical artists , from Stravinsky to Elvis . In addition , most of the jingles were recorded there . In 1962 H.B. Barnum and Bill Aken chose the annex to record their big band version of ` Goody , Goody '' for Governor Goodwin J. ( Goodie ) Knight 's re-election campaign . Additionally in 1962 Bill Aken would record the classic ` Theme For Shock Theater , ' again with engineer Phil Yeend working the board . The main location at 7000 Santa Monica had two large studios and some smaller ones , as well as disc mastering facilities . In 1946 , the company remodeled a warehouse at 1032 North Sycamore Avenue and built a large studio , capable of handling approximately fifty musicians . This studio was known as Radio Recorders Annex , or , within the industry , just `` The Annex . '' The warehouse originally belonged to RCA Victor and `` the Annex '' was a legendary studio that Victor had built in their warehouse back in the ` 30 's .   In 1965 , Radio Recorders ' star engineer , Thorne Nogar , purchased The Annex and started his own independent Annex Studios , which attracted a distinguished clientele as a full service studio , including mastering . For many years , Lawrence Welk pre-recorded the music for his popular television show , becoming the most important client ; in addition , in the 1960s and 1970s Annex mastered for such labels as Uni Records , Dot Records and Ranwood Records , as well as cutting early pressings of Barbra Streisand 's hit single `` The Way We Were . '' The Annex 's location now houses The Record Plant Studios .   In the late 1980 's the studio was reopened as Studio 56 by Paul Shwartz . At that time bands such as Guns & Roses , Sugar Ray , Toni Braxton , Brandy , No Doubt and others recorded there . The documentary `` Standing in the Shadows of Motown '' was also partially filmed there . Kenneth Crouh , Keith Crouch and Leon Sylvers were all house producers there at that time .   In 2002 the studio gained two new partners Pride Hutchison and Michael Dumas . The studio was then brought back to business under its original name Radio Recorders , and they enlisted the help of longtime friends Jordan Winsen and Steve Loiacano as their staff second engineers . Tom O'Brien , who was working for Schwartz , was kept on as chief engineer . In 2004 the property was declared a historic attraction but never achieved official landmark status by the city of Los Angeles . From 2002 to 2008 the studio welcomed many great projects and clients including Natalie Cole , Dwight Yoakum , Lucinda Williams , Lil ' John , Exzihbit , Annie Lennox and many more ... The facility closed again in 2008 a midst a fraud dispute between Hutchison , Dumas and Shwartz , Silent owners seeking to save the building and real estate property flipper David Bennet . In the end the building was sold in bankruptcy court . Shwartz was left broke , betrayed and feeling blindly used . With lack of capital to fight and overturn the courts decision , the silent owners were left with no moves and the legendary Radio Recorders building was gutted and demolished from the inside . The story as it goes from the inside supposedly is :  Schwartz had a partner before Dumas and Hutchison who passed away and with him likely many of the studios strongest contracts .  Under Schwartz mismanagement the studio struggled and subsequently defaulted on all financial obligations . Hutchinson and Dumas than found Schwartz in a vulnerable position and for a total sum if 50-60k each ( 100k ) Schwartz agreed to partner with them . It is unclear whether they were ever added to the deed or if this money ever went to debts . Its also rumored that during the period of their partnership many raves were held in soundstage studio E ( dubbed so for Elvis ) and rampant drug abuse took place and continued among the partners . It is known that methamphetamine was found in the cupboards of the studio kitchen shortly after Schwartz and that his behavior was often erratic . What than takes place is a battle for property rights among all involved both the silent partner and David Bennet claiming they paid Schwartz a sum of money for his rights .  One side is that a late night meeting took place with notary a menial fee was given to Schwartz and he gave his rights . The other side is David Bennet provided compensation to both Dumas and Hutchison in excess of 50k each for their investment as well as 100k to Schwartz in return for all of their rights . The problem for Bennet being a flipper was that currently each studio was occupied by a tenant and this other silent partner was laying claim . He proceeded to systematically attempt to forge alliances under the false premises that all who helped would bennifit either from the sale / that he would n't sell the building and had no intention of gutting it but rather would maintain it as a studio/That he would sell the property atca fair price to a tenant if they helped him and could raise the capital in a small window . . Supposedly this stipulation was met and Bennet than backed out on his agreement . Hutchison and Dumas were the first to go followed by others . All gear by this point including the piano axel rose recorded November rain with was liquidated and only one studio operated in the building . When Bennet backed out of his deal ( or perhaps the money was never actually raised ) the fight for ownership intensified . Reportedly glass doors were shatterd having had the hinge pins pulled from them and orange Xs were spray painted on other wooden doors of vacant rooms when no one was around . While the silent partner and tenant had teamed up . The results were the same radio recorders studios shut its doors September 2009 . Sleepy Brown of Organized Noise would be the last artist to produce a record in the building . Despite Bennett 's best assurances the studios would all be gutted turned into accounting offices sadly only to become owned by a studio company againv . Schwartz sadly would take his own life.Today the space is used for art exhibits .   In 2010 the property was once again sold and is now part of the Siren Production Company .

neg: Lakewood, California Lakewood is a city in Los Angeles County , California , United States . The population was 80,048 at the 2010 census . It is bordered by Long Beach on the west and south , Bellflower on the north , Cerritos on the northeast , Cypress on the east , and Hawaiian Gardens on the southeast . Major thoroughfares include Lakewood ( SR 19 ) , Bellflower , and Del Amo Boulevards and Carson and South Streets . The San Gabriel River Freeway ( I-605 ) runs through the city 's eastern regions .   Sometimes called `` an instant city '' because of its origins , going from lima bean fields in 1950 to a well-developed city by 1960 , Lakewood is a classic example of a post -- World War II American suburb .

neg: World Film Company The World Film Company or World Film Corporation was an American film production and distribution company , organized in 1914 in Fort Lee , New Jersey .

neg: Miramax Miramax ( also known as Miramax Films , stylized as MIRAMAX ) is an American entertainment company known for producing and distributing films and television shows . It is headquartered in Santa Monica , California . Miramax was founded in 1979 by Bob and Harvey Weinstein , and was a leading independent film motion picture distribution and production company before it was acquired by the Walt Disney Company on June 30 , 1993 . Shortly thereafter , Pulp Fiction was released . The Weinsteins operated Miramax with more creative and financial independence than any other division of Disney , until September 30 , 2005 when they decided to leave the company and founded The Weinstein Company . Miramax was sold by Disney to Filmyard Holdings , a joint venture of Colony Capital , Tutor-Saliba Corporation , and Qatar Investment Authority , in 2010 , ending Disney 's 17-year ownership of the studio . In 2016 , ownership was transferred to beIN Media Group .

neg: The West Hollywood Blondes The West Hollywood Blondes was a professional wrestling tag team consisting of Lenny Lane and Lodi . During their later careers in World Championship Wrestling , they were billed as `` brothers '' . The team formed in 1999 as a parody of the original Hollywood Blonds . Their gimmick saw them entering the ring wearing glitter and licking Blow Pops . In the ring , they also devised a unique stalling vertical suplex , flying crossbody combination . After being removed from television by Turner Broadcasting System Standards and Practices , the team briefly reformed as Standards and Practices , a satirical reference to the S&P of Turner , before disbanding in 2001 .

neg: Hollywood Sign The Hollywood Sign ( formerly the Hollywoodland Sign ) is a landmark and American cultural icon located in Los Angeles , California . It is situated on Mount Lee , in the Hollywood Hills area of the Santa Monica Mountains . The sign overlooks Hollywood , Los Angeles .   `` HOLLYWOOD '' is spelled out in 45 ft-tall white capital letters and is 350 feet ( 106.7 m ) long . It was originally created in 1923 as an advertisement for a local real estate development , but it garnered increasing recognition after the sign was left up . The sign was a frequent target of pranks and vandalism , but it has since undergone restoration , including the installation of a security system to deter vandalism . The sign is protected and promoted by The Trust For Public Land , a nonprofit organization , while its site and the surrounding land are part of Griffith Park .   From the ground , the contours of the hills give the sign a wavy appearance . When observed at a comparable altitude , the letters appear nearly level .   The sign makes frequent appearances in popular culture , particularly in establishing shots for films and television programs set in or around Hollywood . Signs of similar style , but spelling different words , are frequently seen as parodies .

neg: Major film studio A major film studio is a production and film distributor that releases a substantial number of films annually and consistently commands a significant share of box office revenue in a given market . In the North American , Western , and global markets , the major film studios , often simply known as the majors , are commonly regarded as the six diversified media conglomerates whose various film production and distribution subsidiaries collectively command approximately 80 to 85 percent of U.S. and Canadian box office revenue . The term may also be applied more specifically to the primary motion picture business subsidiary of each respective conglomerate .   The `` Big Six '' majors , whose operations are based in or around the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood , are all centered in film studios active during Hollywood 's Golden Age of the 1930s and 1940s . In three cases -- 20th Century Fox , Warner Bros. , and Paramount -- the studios were one of the `` Big Five '' majors during that era as well . In two cases -- Columbia and Universal -- the studios were also considered majors , but in the next tier down , part of the `` Little Three '' . In the sixth case , Walt Disney Studios was an independent production company during the Golden Age ; it was an important Hollywood entity , but not a major . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , United Artists , and RKO were majors .   Today , Disney is the only member of the Big Six whose parent entity is still located near Los Angeles ( actually , on Disney 's studio lot and in the same building ) . The five others report to conglomerates headquartered in New York City , Philadelphia , and Tokyo . Of the Big Six , Paramount is the only one still based in Hollywood , and Paramount and Fox are the only ones still located within the Los Angeles city limits , while Disney and Warner Bros. are located in Burbank , Columbia in Culver City , and Universal in the unincorporated area of Universal City .   Most of today 's Big Six control subsidiaries with their own distribution networks that concentrate on arthouse pictures ( e.g. Fox Searchlight Pictures ) or genre films ( e.g. Sony 's Screen Gems ) ; several of these specialty units were shut down or sold off between 2008 and 2010 . The six major studios are contrasted with smaller production and/or distribution companies , which are known as independents or `` indies '' . The leading independent producer/distributors -- Lionsgate Films , The Weinstein Company , and former major studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -- are sometimes referred to as `` mini-majors '' . From 1998 through 2005 , DreamWorks SKG commanded a large enough market share to arguably qualify it as a seventh major , despite its relatively small output . In 2006 , DreamWorks was acquired by Viacom , Paramount 's corporate parent . In late 2008 , DreamWorks once again became an independent production company ; its films were distributed by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures until 2016 , at which point distribution switched to Universal .   The Big Six major studios are today primarily backers and distributors of films whose actual production is largely handled by independent companies -- either long-running entities or ones created for and dedicated to the making of a specific film . The specialty divisions often simply acquire distribution rights to pictures in which the studio has had no prior involvement . While the majors still do a modicum of true production , their activities are focused more in the areas of development , financing , marketing , and merchandising . Those business functions are still usually performed in or near Los Angeles , even though the runaway production phenomenon means that most films are now mostly or completely shot on location at places outside Los Angeles .   Since the dawn of filmmaking , the U.S. major film studios have dominated both American cinema and the global film industry . U.S. studios have benefited from a strong first-mover advantage in that they were the first to industrialize filmmaking and master the art of mass-producing and distributing high-quality films with broad cross-cultural appeal . Today , the Big Six majors routinely distribute hundreds of films every year into all significant international markets ( that is , where discretionary income is high enough for consumers to afford to watch films ) . It is very rare , if not impossible , for a film to reach a broad international audience on multiple continents and in multiple languages without first being picked up by one of the majors for distribution .

neg: ¡Viva Hollywood! ¡ Viva Hollywood ! is a VH1 reality television program . Twelve Latino actors and Latina actresses compete for the role of `` America 's Numero Uno Telenovela Star '' . The winner will also receive a contract with Telemundo , the biggest telenovela production company in the United States .