query: During World War II there was an air battle over England.

pos: World War II World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 , although related conflicts began earlier . It involved the vast majority of the world 's countries -- including all of the great powers -- eventually forming two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . It was the most widespread war in history , and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries . In a state of `` total war '' , the major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources . Marked by mass deaths of civilians , including the Holocaust ( in which approximately 11 million people were killed ) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centres ( in which approximately one million were killed , and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ) , it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities . These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history .   The Empire of Japan aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific and was already at war with the Republic of China in 1937 , but the world war is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . Supplied by the Soviet Union , from late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . The war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the coalition of the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth , with campaigns including the North Africa and East Africa campaigns , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz bombing campaign , the Balkan Campaign as well as the long-running Battle of the Atlantic . On 22 June 1941 , the European Axis powers launched an invasion of the Soviet Union , opening the largest land theatre of war in history , which trapped the major part of the Axis ' military forces into a war of attrition . In December 1941 , Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean , and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific .   The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway , near Hawaii , and Germany was defeated in North Africa and then , decisively , at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union . In 1943 , with a series of German defeats on the Eastern Front , the Allied invasion of Sicily and the Allied invasion of Italy which brought about Italian surrender , and Allied victories in the Pacific , the Axis lost the initiative and undertook strategic retreat on all fronts . In 1944 , the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France , while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies . During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma , while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy and captured key Western Pacific islands .   The war in Europe concluded with an invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union , culminating in the capture of Berlin by Soviet troops and the subsequent German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 . Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender under its terms , the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 August and 9 August respectively . With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent , the possibility of additional atomic bombings , and the Soviet Union 's declaration of war on Japan and invasion of Manchuria , Japan surrendered on 15 August 1945 . Thus ended the war in Asia , cementing the total victory of the Allies .   World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world . The United Nations ( UN ) was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts . The victorious great powers -- the United States , the Soviet Union , China , the United Kingdom , and France -- became the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers , setting the stage for the Cold War , which lasted for the next 46 years . Meanwhile , the influence of European great powers waned , while the decolonisation of Asia and Africa began . Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery . Political integration , especially in Europe , emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities and to create a common identity .

neg: Hans "Assi" Hahn Hans Robert Fritz Hahn ( 14 April 1914 -- 18 December 1982 ) who was nicknamed `` Assi '' was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II , a fighter ace credited with 108 enemy aircraft shot down in 560 combat missions . He claimed 66 victories over the Western Front , of which 53 were Supermarine Spitfires . Of the 42 victories he recorded over the Eastern Front , at least seven were Il-2 Sturmovik ground-attack aircraft .   Born in Gotha , Hahn volunteered for military service in the Wehrmacht of the Third Reich in 1934 . Initially serving in the Heer ( Army ) , he transferred to the Luftwaffe ( Air Force ) in late 1935 . Following flight training , he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 134 `` Horst Wessel '' ( JG 134 -- 134th Fighter Wing ) in April 1936 . In November 1937 , Hahn was posted as a flight instructor to the Jagdfliegerschule ( fighter flying school ) at Werneuchen . On 1 February 1939 he was transferred to the Stabstaffel of I. Gruppe ( 1st group ) of Jagdgeschwader 3 ( JG 3 -- 3rd Fighter Wing ) , based at Merseburg . Hahn transferred to Jagdgeschwader 2 ( JG 2 -- 2nd Fighter Wing ) `` Richthofen '' on 11 October 1939 and on 15 December , he was appointed Staffelkapitän ( squadron leader ) of 4 . Staffel of JG 2 `` Richthofen '' . There he claimed his first victory on 14 May 1940 , during the Battle of France , over a Royal Air Force Hawker Hurricane fighter . He claimed five victories during the French campaign and further victories during the Battle of Britain which led to the presentation of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross on 20 September 1940 . On 29 October 1940 , Hahn took command of III . Gruppe of JG 2 `` Richthofen '' as Gruppenkommandeur ( group commander ) . Following his 41st aerial victory he was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 14 August 1941 . Legally , it was Germany 's highest military decoration at the time of its presentation to Hahn . On 16 September 1942 , Hahn claimed his 66th and last victory on the Western Front . Hahn was then appointed Gruppenkommandeur of II . Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 ( JG 54 -- 54th Fighter Wing ) operating on the Eastern Front . Over the next three months , he claimed 42 further victories , which included his 100th on 27 January 1943 .   On 21 February 1943 , Hahn made a forced landing following combat with Soviet fighters and was taken prisoner of war . He remained in captivity until late 1950 . Following his release , Hahn wrote his memoirs `` I Speak the Truth '' ( Ich spreche die Wahrheit ) recounted his detailed life in Soviet captivity . He then became a successful businessman before retiring in 1977 to the south of France . He died of cancer on 18 December 1982 in Munich .

neg: Free French Flight Free French Flight refers to three specific fledgling units in the Free French Air Force ( FAFL ) which were created in the Middle East on 8 July 1940 .   Free French Flight N ° 1 - its designation later changed to Escadrille N ° 2 de Bombardement . Subsequently it became the Nancy squadron of GB Lorraine . It was formed around two Martin 167A-3 Maryland bombers which flew to Gibraltar on 19 July 1940 .  Free French Flight N ° 2 - its designation later changed to Première Escadrille de Chasse ( E.F.C. 1 ) , and was commanded by Lieutenant Denis . It was hierarchically a part of 33 Sqn RAF , and the unit later had a dual designation of C Flight , 73 Sqn RAF . Subsequently it became Groupe de Chasse Alsace .  Free French Communication Flight N ° 3 - its designation later changed to French Transport Flight . It consisted of five different French-built aircraft , it was hierarchically a part of 267 Sqn RAF .   Free French Flight N ° 2 was stationed at Haifa and initially consisted of one Potez 63.11 ( a second and third arriving on 14 October and 3 November 1940 respectively ) and two MS 406 ( a third appearing on 14 February 1941 ) . In addition to these aircraft , a Miles Magister was used as a hack , and was superseded by a Loire 130 on 12 March 1941 . The unit diary refers to the arrival of a Potez 29 and a Bloch MB .81 ( with a Salmson 9 powerplant ) from Heliopolis on 28 September 1940 , but neither aircraft appears in the subsequent daily unit statistics forms ( RAF Form 765a ) . A memo dated 4 April 1941 from the RAF 's Free French liaison officer to General Spears advises ` in practically every case the aircraft were unserviceable chiefly owing to lack of spares ' .   The port of Haifa was bombed on 6 September 1940 by the Regia Aeronautica . The four bombers were intercepted by Flying Officer Peronne in a Potez 63.11 and Warrant Officer Ballatore in a MS 406 . Due to the deteriorating serviceability of the aircraft , flying hours decreased , and the unit diary itself only covers September 1940 .   In addition to these units , there were some units formed in the UK :   Topic - six Blenheims . Along with `` Jam '' , there was a redeployment to Fort Lamy . Both units were merged into the `` Groupe réservé de bombardement n ° 1 '' ( GRB1 ) , with an official inception date of 30 March 1941 , which subsequently became the Metz squadron of GB Lorraine .  Jam - Official designation `` Groupe de combat n ° 1 '' ( GC1 ) . It consisted of four squadrons .  French Fighter Group - this unit 's small complement of Dewoitine D. 520 fighters became part of E.F.C. 1 ( see above ) , and its Blenheims became part of GRB1 .   Independent of the hierarchy of the RAF , there were aviation detachments in Chad , Cameroon , and Equatorial Africa .

neg: Light fighter Light fighters are fighter aircraft towards the low end of the practical range of weight , cost , and complexity over which fighters are fielded . The term lightweight fighter is more commonly used in the modern literature , and by example tends to imply somewhat more capable aircraft than light fighters at the very low end of the practical weight range , but the terms overlap and are sometimes used interchangeably . Whatever term is used , the concept is to be on the generally lower half of the practical range , but still with carefully selected competitive features , in order to project highly effective force per unit of budget via an efficient design . As well designed lightweight fighters have proven able to match or beat heavier aircraft plane for plane for many missions , and to significantly excel them in budgetary efficiency , light/lightweight fighters have proven to be a strategically valuable concept . Attempting to scale this efficiency to still lower cost , some manufacturers have in recent years adopted the term `` light fighter '' to also refer to light primarily air-to-ground attack aircraft , some of which are modified trainer designs .   A key design goal of light/lightweight fighter design is to satisfy standard air-to-air fighter effectiveness requirements . These criteria in order of importance are the ability to benefit from the element of surprise , to have numerical superiority in the air , to have superior maneuverability , and to possess suitable weapon systems effectiveness . Light fighters typically achieve a surprise advantage over larger aircraft due to smaller visual and radar signatures , which is important since in the majority of air-to-air kills the element of surprise is dominant . Their comparative lower cost and higher reliability also allows greater numbers per budget . Finally , while a single engine light fighter would typically only carry about half the weapons load of a heavy twin engine fighter , its surprise and maneuverability advantages often allow it to gain positional advantage to make better use of those weapons .   The light fighter concept first arose in the period between World War I and World War II . Examples include several RAF fighter designs from the pre-World War II ( WWII ) era , and their French counterparts , known as `` Jockey '' aircraft . None of these very light fighters enjoyed success into World War II , as they were too hampered in performance . Similar to the meaning of lightweight fighter today , during World War II the term `` small fighter '' was used to describe a single engine aircraft of competitive performance , range , and armament load , but with no unnecessary weight and cost . Examples of this style of very successful fighter include the Japanese A6M Zero , British Supermarine Spitfire , German Messerschmitt Bf 109 , American P-51 Mustang , and Soviet Yakovlev Yak-3 .   After World War II fighter design moved into the jet era , and many jet fighters basically followed the successful World War II formula of highly efficient mostly single engine designs that tended to be about half the weight and cost of twin engine heavy fighters . Prominent early examples include the English Folland Gnat , the American F-86 Sabre and Northrop F-5 , the Soviet Mikoyan MiG-15 and Mikoyan MiG-21 , the French Mirage III , and the Swedish Saab Draken . More modern lightweight fighters with competitive air-to-air capability ( supersonic aircraft with afterburning engines and modern missile armament ) include the American F-16 , Swedish JAS 39 Gripen , Indian HAL Tejas , Korean FA-50 , Japanese Mitsubishi F-2 , Chinese Chengdu J-10 , and Pakistani/Chinese CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder . The high practical and budgetary effectiveness of modern light fighters for many missions is why the U.S. Air Force adopted both the F-15 and F-16 in a `` hi/lo '' strategy of both an outstanding but expensive heavy fighter and a lower cost but also outstanding lightweight fighter . The investment to maintain a competitive modern lightweight fighter air force is approximately $ 90M to $ 130M ( 2013 dollars ) per plane over a 20-year service life , which is approximately half the cost of heavy fighters , so understanding fighter aircraft design trade-offs and combat effectiveness is of national level strategic importance .

neg: Engelandvaarder Engelandvaarder , ( literally translated as `` England sailer '' ) was the term given to men and women who , during the World War II , escaped from occupied territory to England ( or another Allied territory ) to join the Allied forces so as to continue to fight against the Axis countries ( Germany , Italy and Japan ) . The period covered is between the capitulation of the Dutch armed forces on 15 May 1940 and the Allied invasion of Normandy on 6 June 1944 ( D-Day ) .   In July 1940 three Dutchmen escaped from the occupied Netherlands and crossed the North Sea to England in a twelve foot boat . They were called `` Engelandvaarders '' . Subsequently , more Dutch were able to reach England not only directly by sea or air , but also overland through neutral countries like Switzerland , Portugal , Spain and Sweden .   Over 1,700 Dutch men and women overcame many difficulties to travel to England or another allied territory ; 332 of them joined the Army , 118 the Air Force , 397 the Navy , 176 the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army ( KNIL ) , 164 the merchant navy , 111 were secret agents and 129 served with the Dutch government-in-exile in London .   A large number of men and women , however , were killed or arrested on their way to England . Some were shot , most were deported to concentration camps . Some escaped from detention , such as Bram van der Stok , the most successful Dutch fighter pilot in World War II , who escaped with Bodo Sandberg and four other Engelandvaarders from the prisoner of war camp Stalag Luft III , in a car stolen from the camp commander . Many others were taken to death camps , of which only a few returned to the Netherlands after the liberation .   After they were interrogated at the Patriotic School , the Engelandvaarders were brought to London . Many Engelandvaarders were awarded the Dutch Bronze Cross ( BK ) or the Cross of Merit ( KV ) by Queen Wilhelmina .

neg: Bombing of Darwin The Bombing of Darwin , also known as the Battle of Darwin , on 19 February 1942 was the largest single attack ever mounted by a foreign power on Australia . On that day , 242 Japanese aircraft , in two separate raids , attacked the town , ships in Darwin 's harbour and the town 's two airfields in an attempt to prevent the Allies from using them as bases to contest the invasion of Timor and Java during World War II .   Darwin was lightly-defended , relative to the size of the attack and the Japanese inflicted heavy losses upon Allied forces at little cost to themselves . The urban areas of Darwin also suffered some damage from the raids and there were a number of civilian casualties . More than half of Darwin 's civilian population left the area permanently , during or immediately after the attack .   The two Japanese air raids were the first , and largest , of more than 100 air raids against Australia during 1942 -- 43 .

neg: Greenock Blitz The Greenock Blitz is the name given to two nights of intensive bombing of the town of Greenock , Scotland during the Second World War when the Nazi German Luftwaffe attacked on 6 -- 7 May 1941 .   The raids targeted the many ships and shipyards around the town but like the Clydebank Blitz the previous March the brunt of the bombing was taken by civilians . Over the two nights 271 people were killed and over 10,200 injured . From a total of 18,000 homes nearly 25,000 suffered damage and 5,000 were destroyed outright .   An Air Ministry ` decoy ' behind Loch Thom prevented the number of casualties being even higher . The decoy was lit on the second night of the blitz . It consisted of a large number of mounds of combustible materials scattered over a wide area of the moorland to simulate a burning urban area . Scores of large bomb craters were found after an inspection of the decoy after the air raids .   The Blitz began around midnight on 6 May when around fifty bombers attacked the town in an apparently random fashion . Bombs fell all over the town and surrounding area : serious damage being inflicted on East Crawford Street and Belville Street . Many civilians fled to the tunnels in the east end of the town , significantly reducing casualties the next night .   Air raid sirens at 12:15 am on 7 May marked the beginning of a second night of bombing . Initially , incendiary bombs were dropped around the perimeter of the town . The second wave attacked primarily the east end and centre of Greenock ; the distillery in Ingleston Street had been set alight in the first wave , providing a huge fire which acted as a beacon for the rest of the bomber force . The final wave came around 2am ; dropping high explosive bombs and parachute land mines which caused widespread destruction .   At 3:30 am the `` All Dead '' sounded ; the whole of the town appeared to be in flames . The sugar refineries , distillery and foundries were all extensively damaged , and several churches were left as burnt out shells . However damage to the shipyards was minimal .   The George Medal was awarded to three local firemen : Firemaster A.S. Pratten , Sub-Station Officer William Neill and Fireman James Berry who entered a burning building and at great personal risk managed to control a blaze which threatened to destroy a quantity of material essential to the war effort .

neg: Operation Ariel Operation Ariel ( also Operation Aerial ) was the name given to the World War II evacuation of Allied forces and civilians from ports in western France from 1940 , following the military collapse in the Battle of France against Nazi Germany . It followed Operation Dynamo , the evacuation from Dunkirk and Operation Cycle , an evacuation from Le Havre , which finished on 13 June . British and Allied ships were covered from French bases by five Royal Air Force ( RAF ) fighter squadrons and assisted by aircraft based in England to lift British , Polish and Czech troops , civilians and equipment from Atlantic ports , particularly from St. Nazaire and Nantes .   The Luftwaffe attacked the evacuation ships and on 17 June , evaded RAF fighter patrols and sank the Cunard liner and troopship HMT Lancastria in the Loire estuary . The ship sank quickly and vessels in the area were still under attack during rescue operations , which saved about and crew . The liner had thousands of troops , RAF personnel and civilians on board and the number of the passengers who died in the sinking is unknown , because in the haste to embark as many people as possible , keeping count broke down . The loss of at least made the disaster the greatest loss of life in a British ship , which the British government tried to keep secret on the orders of Winston Churchill , the British Prime Minister .   Some equipment was embarked on the evacuation ships but lack of reliable information about the progress of the German Army towards the coast , rumours and alarmist reports , led some operations to be terminated early and much equipment was destroyed or left behind . The official evacuation ended on 25 June , in conformity with the terms of the Armistice of 22 June 1940 agreed by the French and German authorities but informal departures continued from French Mediterranean ports until 14 August . From the end of Operation Dynamo at Dunkirk , Operation Cycle from Le Havre , elsewhere along the Channel coast and the termination of Operation Ariel , another were rescued , bringing the total of military and civilian personnel returned to Britain during the Battle of France to British troops .

neg: Stalag Luft III murders The Stalag Luft III murders were war crimes perpetrated by members of the Gestapo following the `` Great Escape '' of Allied prisoners of war from the German Air Force prison camp known as Stalag Luft III on March 25 , 1944 . Of a total of 76 successful escapees , 73 were recaptured , mostly within days of the breakout , of whom 50 were executed on the personal orders of Adolf Hitler . These summary executions were conducted within a short period of recapture .   Outrage at the killings was felt immediately , both in the prison camp , among comrades of the escaped prisoners , and in the United Kingdom , where the Foreign Minister Anthony Eden rose in the House of Commons to announce in June 1944 that those guilty of what the British government suspected was a war crime would be `` brought to exemplary justice . ''   After Nazi Germany 's capitulation in May 1945 , the Police branch of the Royal Air Force , with whom the 50 airmen had been serving , launched a special investigation into the killings , having branded the shootings a war crime despite official German reports that the airmen had been shot while attempting to escape from captivity following recapture . An extensive investigation headed by Wing Commander Wilfred Bowes RAF and Squadron Leader Frank McKenna of the Special Investigation Branch into the events following the recapture of the 73 airmen was launched , which was unique for being the only major war crime to be investigated by a single branch of any nation 's military .

neg: Air Defence of Great Britain The Air Defence of Great Britain ( ADGB ) was a RAF command comprising substantial army and RAF elements responsible for the air defence of the British Isles . It lasted from 1925 , following recommendations that the RAF take control of homeland air defence , until 1936 when it became RAF Fighter Command .

neg: Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II This article is about the military history of the United Kingdom during World War II . The United Kingdom , along with most of its Dominions , Crown colonies , and British India , declared war on Nazi Germany in September 1939 , after the German invasion of Poland . War with Japan began in December 1941 , after it attacked British colonies in Asia . The Axis powers were defeated by the Allies in 1945 .

neg: Battle of Sedan (1940) The Battle of Sedan or Second Battle of Sedan ( 12 -- 15 May 1940 ) was a Second World War battle fought during the French Campaign . The battle was part of the German Wehrmachts operational plan codenamed Fall Gelb ( Case Yellow ) for an offensive through the hilly and heavily forested Ardennes , to encircle the Allied armies in Belgium and north-eastern France . German Army Group A crossed the Meuse river with the intention of capturing Sedan and pushing northwards towards the Channel coast , in order to entrap the Allied forces that were advancing east into Belgium , as part of the Allied Dyle Plan strategy .   Sedan was situated on the east bank of the Meuse River . Its capture would give the Germans a base from which to capture the Meuse bridges and cross the river . Should this occur , the German divisions could then advance across the open and undefended French countryside , beyond Sedan , and to the English Channel . On 12 May , Sedan was captured without resistance . In the following days , the Germans defeated the French defences surrounding Sedan on the west bank of the Meuse . This was largely achieved by the Luftwaffe . As a result of German bombing and low morale , the French defenders were unable to mount a coherent defence . The Germans captured the Meuse bridges at Sedan allowing them to pour forces including armour across the river . On 14 May , the Allied air forces , the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) and Armée de l'Air ( French Air Force ) tried to destroy the bridges , and prevent German reinforcements reaching the west bank . The Luftwaffe prevented them from doing so . In large air battles , the Allies suffered high losses which depleted Allied bomber strength in the campaign .   The crossing of the Meuse enabled the Germans to break into the strategic depths , or undefended rear , of the Allied front and to advance to the English Channel without significant opposition . The French attempted to launch counter-attacks against the German-held bridgeheads , from 15 -- 17 May , but the offensives fell victim to delay and confusion . Five days after consolidating their bridgeheads at Sedan , on 20 May , the German Army reached the Channel . The victory at Sedan achieved the operational goal of Fall Gelb and encircled the strongest Allied armies , including the British Expeditionary Force . The resulting battles destroyed the remaining French army as an effective fighting force , and expelled the British Army from the continent , leading to the defeat of France in June 1940 . The battle at Sedan was instrumental in the fall of France .

neg: No. 173 Squadron RAF No. 173 Squadron RAF was a Royal Air Force Squadron that was a communications unit in World War II .

neg: Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands During World War II , a series of Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands took place between November 1944 and January 1945 . These raids targeted United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) bases and sought to disrupt the bombing of Japan by B-29 Superfortress heavy bombers operating from the islands . The Japanese lost 37 aircraft during this operation , but destroyed 11 B-29s and damaged a further 43 . Preparations were also made for commando raids on the bases in early and mid-1945 but these did not go ahead .   While the attacks on the Mariana Islands did not seriously disrupt the USAAF air campaign , they had an effect on other American operations . After determining that the Japanese raiders were staging through Iwo Jima , American forces stepped up their attacks on that island . While the decision to invade Iwo Jima had been made before the raids commenced , stopping the attacks formed part of the justification for the landing . In addition , further air defense units were deployed to the Mariana Islands to protect the B-29 bases .

neg: Operation Biting Operation Biting , also known as the Bruneval Raid , was the code name given to a British Combined Operations raid on a German coastal radar installation at Bruneval in northern France , which took place on the night of 27 -- 28 February 1942 during World War II .   A number of these installations were identified from Royal Air Force ( RAF ) aerial reconnaissance photographs during 1941 , but their exact purpose and the nature of the equipment that they possessed was not known . A number of British scientists believed that these stations were connected with the heavy losses being experienced by RAF bombers conducting bombing raids against targets in Occupied Europe . The scientists requested that one of these installations be raided and the technology it possessed be studied and , if possible , extracted and brought back to Britain for further examination .   Due to the extensive coastal defences erected by the Germans to protect the installation from a seaborne raid , it was believed that a Commando raid from the sea would suffer heavy losses and give sufficient time for the garrison at the installation to destroy the Würzburg radar set . It was therefore decided that an airborne assault followed by seaborne evacuation would be the most practicable way to surprise the garrison of the installation , seize the technology intact , and minimise casualties to the raiding force .   On the night of 27 February , after a period of intense training and several delays due to poor weather , a company of airborne troops under the command of Major John Frost parachuted into France a few miles from the installation . The main force then assaulted the villa in which the radar equipment was kept , killing several members of the German garrison and capturing the installation after a brief firefight .   An RAF technician with the force dismantled the Würzburg radar array and removed several key pieces , after which the force withdrew to the evacuation beach . The detachment assigned to clear the beach had initially failed to do so , but the German force guarding it was soon eliminated with the help of the main force . The raiding troops were picked up by landing craft , then transferred to several Motor Gun Boats which returned them to Britain .   The raid was entirely successful . The airborne troops suffered relatively few casualties , and the pieces of the radar they brought back , along with a captured German radar technician , allowed British scientists to understand enemy advances in radar and to create countermeasures to neutralise them .

neg: No. 165 Squadron RAF No. 165 Squadron RAF was a unit of the Royal Air Force that was formed during World War I & served during World War II . The squadron has been formed twice .   Initially formed on 1 June 1918 as a nucleus , it did not see active service before being disbanded on 4 July 1918 .   Reformed on 6 April 1942 at RAF Ayr , Scotland with Spitfires as a fighter squadron and became operational on defensive duties on 1 May . The squadron moved to RAF Eastchurch , England on 15 August to take part in sweeps over northern France , moving to RAF Gravesend on 20 August and again to RAF Tangmere on 2 November , until returning to RAF Peterhead , Scotland on 29 March 1943 .   In May 1943 , Spitfires from the squadron intercepted a Junkers Ju 88 off the Scottish coast . The aircraft was being flown by crew who intended to defect to the allied side . The Ju 88 waggled its wings and dropped flares , signaling the intent to surrender , and the Spitfires escorted it to a landing at RAF Dyce . The RAF pilots were Mentioned in Dispatches for taking the risk not to open fire on the Ju 88 upon interception . The capture of this aircraft was of great intelligence value at the time , as it was fitted with the latest FuG 202 Liechtenstein BC A.I radar .   On 30 June , the squadron relocated to RAF Ibsley , England before moving to RAF Exeter , then RAF Kenley before moving to RAF Church Stanton , later renamed as RAF Culmhead , and was assigned to provide bomber escort missions over France and Germany . Escorts , convoys patrols , sweeps over northwest France and local air defence occupied the squadron until after the invasion moving to RAF Colerne on 10 February 1944 , then back to RAF Culmhead on 10 March , then RAF Predannack on 2 April . The squadron was moved to RAF Harrowbeer on 20 June , then RAF Detling on 22 June , to help combat flying-bomb attacks and provide escort for bomber forces . The squadron was moved to RAF Lympne on 12 July and then RAF Detling on 10 August .   The squadron moved to RAF Bentwaters on 15 December , where the squadron was re-equipped with North American Mustangs becoming operational again in February 1945 and began long-range missions . With the end of the war in Europe , the squadron moved to RAF Dyce to re-equip with Spitfires and prepare to be transferred to Norway in mid June . The squadron provided air defence for a period of six months until the Royal Norwegian Air Force had reorganised . The squadron disbanded on 1 September 1946 after returning home with its aircraft passing to No. 66 Squadron .

neg: The Blitz The Blitz , from the German word Blitzkrieg meaning ` lightning war ' , was the name used by the British press to describe the heavy air raids carried out over Britain in 1940 and 1941 , during the Second World War .   The German air offensive was concentrated , aimed at the direct bombing of industrial targets and civilian centres which began with heavy raids on London during the latter phase of the battle for air superiority over the United Kingdom which became known as the Battle of Britain . By September 1940 the Luftwaffe had failed to gain air superiority . The German air fleets ( Luftflotten ) were ordered to attack London , thereby drawing RAF Fighter Command into a battle of annihilation . Adolf Hitler and commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe ( German Air Force ) Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring , sanctioned the change in emphasis on 6 September 1940 .   From 7 September 1940 , just over a year into the war , London was systematically bombed by the Luftwaffe for 56 out of the following 57 days and nights . On 15 September 1940 , a large daylight attack against London was repulsed with significant German losses . Thereafter , the Luftwaffe gradually decreased daylight operations in favour of nocturnal attacks , to avoid RAF defences . The Blitz became a fundamental night bombing campaign after October 1940 .   Ports and industrial centres outside London were also attacked . The main Atlantic sea port of Liverpool was bombed . The North Sea port of Hull , a convenient and easily found target or secondary target for bombers unable to locate their primary targets , was subjected to raids in the Hull Blitz during the war . Other ports including Bristol , Cardiff , Portsmouth , Plymouth , Southampton and Swansea were also bombed , as were the industrial cities of Birmingham , Belfast , Coventry , Glasgow , Manchester and Sheffield . More than one million London houses were destroyed or damaged and more than 40,000 civilians were killed , almost half of them in the capital .   By May 1941 , the threat of an invasion of Britain had ended , and Hitler 's attention turned to Operation Barbarossa , the invasion of the Soviet Union . The bombing failed to demoralise the British into surrender or significantly damage the war economy . The eight months of bombing never seriously hampered British production and the war industries continued to operate and expand . The German offensive 's greatest effect was forcing the dispersal of aircraft production and parts . British wartime studies concluded that cities generally took 10 to 15 days to recover when hit severely but exceptions like Birmingham took three months .   The German air offensive failed for several reasons . In particular , the Luftwaffe High Command ( Oberkommando der Luftwaffe , OKL ) did not develop a methodical strategy for destroying British war industry : German effort was diverted and dispersed against several sets of industries instead of maintaining pressure on any of them . Discussions in OKL revolved around tactics rather than strategy . Poor intelligence on British industry and economic efficiency was also a factor .

neg: Handley Page Hampden The Handley Page HP .52 Hampden was a British twin-engine medium bomber of the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) . It was one of a trio of then-large twin-engine bombers procured for the RAF , the other two being the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley and Vickers Wellington . The newest of the three medium bombers , the Hampden , was often referred to by aircrews as the `` Flying Suitcase '' because of its cramped crew conditions .   The Hampden served in the early stages of Second World War , bearing the brunt of the early bombing war over Europe , taking part in the first night raid on Berlin and the first 1,000-plane raid on Cologne . As the war went on , it became clear that the Hampden was unsuited to combat missions in the modern air war and , after a period of mainly operating at night , it was retired from RAF Bomber Command service in late 1942 .   While the Hampden was powered by Bristol Pegasus radial engines , a short-lived variant known as the Handley Page Hereford instead featured in-line Napier Daggers .

neg: No. 2 ANS BCATP 2 Air Navigation was a flight training squadron in 3 Training Command , of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan ( `` BCATP '' ) , flying Avro Anson 's from RCAF Station Charlottetown , PEI .   RCAF Eastern Air Command was the part of the Royal Canadian Air Force 's Home War Establishment responsible for air operations on the Atlantic coast of Canada during the Second World War , including BCATP flight schools . Many of its assigned training schools conducted advanced flying courses including Service Flying Training ( SFTS ) , Air Observer ( AOS ) , Bombing and Gunnery ( BGS ) , General Reconnaissance ( ocean patrol ) ( GRS ) , Naval Aerial Gunnery ( NAGS ) , Air Navigation ( ANS ) and Operational ( OTU ) training throughout the war . Together with some advanced aircraft types these units mainly flew older bomber and patrol aircraft that had been removed from active service .   These schools were not part of the Order of Battle of RCAF Eastern Air Command . However , 3 Training Command aircraft were very active over the entire Eastern Command Area of Operations . They made an important contribution to the surveillance of the region as a force multiplier , providing extra eyes and ears . During the emergency known as the Battle of the St. Lawrence their role was very important and some units undertook combat patrols .

neg: North West Europe Campaign The North West Europe Campaign was the name given by the British Commonwealth armed forces to the two land campaigns they fought on the Western Front during World War II .   In Commonwealth military history , `` North-West Europe '' refers to land , air and sea campaigns and operations in , over or near Belgium , Denmark , France , Germany , Luxembourg , Netherlands , Norway and the United Kingdom during World War II . It includes many more specific campaigns and/or battle honours .   The North-West Europe Campaign of 1940 , was part of the Battle of France , and was restricted to the Belgium and the French Channel ports . During this campaign , the French Army was responsible for the rest of the Western Front from Luxembourg to Switzerland , much of which was defended by the Maginot Line . The first campaign ended for the British forces with the defeat of the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) and its evacuation from the beaches of Dunkirk .   Between 1940 and 1944 , the Allied armies conducted coastal raids in German-Occupied Europe , the largest of which was the Dieppe raid of 1942 .   British Commonwealth air force units who served over Occupied Europe , between the fall of France and D-Day were awarded the battle honour `` Fortress Europe 1940 -- 1944 . ''   The North-West Europe Campaign of 1944 -- 1945 , was fought by the British Second Army and First Canadian Army  as elements of the British 21st Army Group . The campaign started with the landings in Normandy and ended on 4 May 1945 with Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery taking the German military surrender of all German forces in the Netherlands , north west Germany and Denmark on Lüneburg Heath , ( situated between the cities of Hamburg , Hanover and Bremen ) . As with the first campaign the British Commonwealth forces were on the northern flank of the Western Front . The Twelfth United States Army Group , was to their immediate south , further south still was the Sixth United States Army Group , ( that was also known as the Southern Group of Armies as the French First Army was a constituent part )

neg: Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II The evacuation of civilians in Britain during the Second World War was designed to protect civilians in Britain , particularly children , from the risks associated with aerial bombing of cities by moving them to areas thought to be less at risk . Operation Pied Piper , which began on 1 September 1939 , officially relocated more than 3.5 million people . Further waves of official evacuation and re-evacuation occurred on the south and east coasts in June 1940 , when a seaborne invasion was expected , and from affected cities after the Blitz began in September 1940 . There were also official evacuations from the UK to other parts of the British Empire , and many non-official evacuations within and from the UK . Other mass movements of civilians included British citizens arriving from the Channel Islands , and displaced people arriving from continental Europe .   The Government Evacuation Scheme was developed during summer 1938 by the Anderson Committee and implemented by the Ministry of Health . The country was divided into zones , classified as either `` evacuation '' , `` neutral '' , or `` reception '' , with priority evacuees being moved from the major urban centres and billeted on the available private housing in more rural areas . Each zone covered roughly a third of the population , although several urban areas later bombed had not been classified for evacuation . In early 1939 , the reception areas compiled lists of available housing . Space for a couple of thousand people was found , and the government also constructed camps which provided a few thousand additional spaces .   In summer 1939 , the government began to publicise its plan through the local authorities . They had overestimated demand : only half of all school-aged children were moved from the urban areas instead of the expected 80 % . There was enormous regional variation : as few as 15 % of the children were evacuated from some urban areas , while over 60 % of children were evacuated in Manchester and Belfast and Liverpool . The refusal of the central government to spend large sums on preparation also reduced the effectiveness of the plan . In the event over 1,474,000 people were evacuated .


query: Amy Sherman-Palladino is the creator of comedy-drama television show Bunheads.

pos: Bunheads Bunheads is an American comedy-drama television series created by Amy Sherman-Palladino and Lamar Damon , that aired on ABC Family from June 11 , 2012 to February 25 , 2013 . Starring Sutton Foster , the show centers on a Las Vegas showgirl who gets married on a whim and winds up teaching alongside her new mother-in-law at her ballet school .   On July 22 , 2013 , ABC Family canceled the series after one season .

pos: Amy Sherman-Palladino Amy Sherman-Palladino ( born Amy Sherman ) is an American television writer , director , and producer . The founder of Dorothy Parker Drank Here Productions , she is best known as the creator of the television series Gilmore Girls , Bunheads , and The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel .   She is also well known for her trademark rapid-fire dialogue , which is often full of obscure pop culture references ; and as well for her preferred master shot filming style .

neg: 30-Second Bunnies Theatre 30-Second Bunnies Theatre is a Flash cartoon series featuring films re-enacted by anthropomorphic animated bunnies in 30 seconds . The series is produced by Angry Alien Productions , the one-woman company of creator Jennifer Shiman .   The series debuted in 2004 , when Shiman sought to create a humorous web series . She unveiled a version of The Exorcist , re-enacted by animated bunnies in 30 seconds . It received an overwhelmingly positive response online from a global audience , prompting Shiman to create more re-enactments . In 2005 , the `` bunny troupe '' was commissioned by Starz ! to make new shorts . Each Starz-commissioned re-enactment premiered on Starz on Demand before moving online . The series take on Star Wars was featured on CNN on April 16 , 2006 .   Angry Alien Productions released a selection of the shorts on DVD on October 20 , 2009 . Previously , the Titanic short was included on that film 's 4-Disc Special Collector 's Edition DVD , released in 2005 .   In 2007 , Crackle became a distributing partner .   In 2008 , the site won two Webby Awards for Online Film and Video/Animation , as well as the People 's Voice award in that category .   On June 13 , 2010 , Shiman announced on the 30-Second Bunnies Theatre Website that , after six years and 68 shorts , she was placing the series on hiatus to move on to other pursuits . The final short at the time was a re-enactment of the film Evil Dead II .   As of October 2011 , Shiman completed three more re-enactments : Alfred Hitchcock 's The Birds , Freaks ( 1932 ) and Michael Dougherty 's Trick ' r Treat .   Shiman teamed up with FEARnet in 2012 to make more horror movie shorts . The first season of shorts is complete , and the second season is in production as of September 16 , 2013 .   In mid-March 2014 , Angry Alien Productions ventured into new bunny territory by re-enacting the life of Kevin Spacey ( with bunny voices by Kevin Spacey himself ) to celebrate the launch of his new website . In Spring 2015 the staff of Angry Alien Productions informed that they would indefinitely stop making re-enactments after Blade Runner .

neg: The Critic The Critic is an American prime time animated series revolving around the life of New York film critic Jay Sherman , voiced by actor Jon Lovitz . It was created by writing partners Al Jean and Mike Reiss , who had previously worked as writers and showrunners ( seasons 3 and 4 ) on The Simpsons . The Critic had 23 episodes produced , first broadcast on ABC in 1994 , and finishing its original run on Fox in 1995 . According to PopMatters , `` the creators -LSB- said -RSB- they intended the series as their ` love letter to New York . ' ''   Episodes featured movie parodies with notable examples including a musical version of Apocalypse Now , Howard Stern 's End ( Howards End ) , Honey , I Ate the Kids ( Honey , I Shrunk the Kids/The Silence of the Lambs ) , The Cockroach King ( The Lion King ) , Abe Lincoln : Pet Detective ( Ace Ventura : Pet Detective ) , Scent of a Jackass and Scent of a Wolfman ( Scent of a Woman ) . The show often referenced popular movies such as Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory and The Godfather , and routinely lampooned actor Marlon Brando and actor/director Orson Welles . They also spoofed Dudley Moore , usually as his character Arthur Bach from the 1981 film Arthur .   Despite the ratings improving , The Critic was cancelled after two seasons . It continued to air through reruns on Comedy Central and then on Locomotion . From February 1 , 2000 to 2001 , ten webisodes were later produced using Adobe Shockwave , and were broadcast on AtomFilms.com and Shockwave.com . In 2004 , the DVD box set was released , which includes all 23 TV episodes ( in their original production order ) and the webisodes .   In the late 2000s , reruns of the show aired again on ReelzChannel in the US and on Teletoon 's programming block Teletoon at Night in Canada . As of 2016 , the first season can be viewed for free on Crackle .

neg: TripTank TripTank is an American adult animated television series which premiered April 2 , 2014 on Comedy Central . The show is made up of various sketches , portrayed by multiple animation styles and writers . Although no direct correlation exists between the different stories , a continued theme of dark satire prevails throughout .   Voicing talent includes Carlos Alazraqui , Bill Oakley , Wayne Brady , Bob Odenkirk , Curtis Armstrong , Nat Faxon , Tom Kenny , Rachel Butera , Larry David , Yotam Perel , Rob Yulfo , Zach Galifianakis , Kumail Nanjiani , Brett Gelman , Kyle Kinane , John DiMaggio , Duncan Trussell , Joey Diaz , among others .

neg: Michael Schur Michael Herbert `` Mike '' Schur ( born October 29 , 1975 ) is an American television producer and writer , best known for his work on the NBC comedy series The Office and Parks and Recreation , the latter of which he co-created along with Greg Daniels . He also co-created the FOX comedy series Brooklyn Nine-Nine , and created the NBC comedy series The Good Place . Schur is also known for his small role on The Office as Mose Schrute , the cousin of Dwight Schrute .

neg: The Slap Maxwell Story The Slap Maxwell Story ( sometimes seen in print as The `` Slap '' Maxwell Story ) is a sitcom broadcast in the United States by ABC as part of its 1987 -- 88 lineup .   It starred Dabney Coleman as `` Slap '' Maxwell , an egocentric sportswriter for a newspaper called The Ledger , somewhere in the American Southwest . The Ledger is an old-fashioned newspaper , and Slap is an old-fashioned man , who composes his `` Slap Shots '' column on a typewriter . Despite the newly litigious environment of journalism , Slap insists on filling his column with rumor and innuendo , which draws lawsuits and frequently results in Slap 's termination . After each termination , Slap makes groveling apologies and is rehired .   Slap has an on-again , off-again relationship with Judy ( Megan Gallagher ) , one of the paper 's secretaries . The series also featured Annie ( Susan Anspach ) as Slap 's ex-wife , who retains a soft spot for him .   Each episode featured a recurring joke in which someone would hit Slap .   The show was created by Jay Tarses , who in 1983 was co-creator of Buffalo Bill , an NBC sitcom in which Coleman starred as an off-putting talk show host .

neg: Tim Minchin Timothy David `` Tim '' Minchin ( born 7 October 1975 ) is an Australian comedian , actor , writer , musician and director . He was born in Northampton , England , to Australian parents , but raised in Perth , Western Australia .   Minchin is best known for his musical comedy , including six CDs , five DVDs , and live comedy shows that he has performed internationally . He has appeared on television in Australia , Britain , and the United States . After growing up in Perth , he attended the University of Western Australia ( UWA ) and the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts ( WAAPA ) , before moving to Melbourne in 2002 . His show Darkside launched him into the public eye , achieving critical success at the 2005 Melbourne International Comedy Festival and the 2005 Edinburgh Festival Fringe . In 2013 , Minchin played the role of rock star Atticus Fetch on Showtime 's Californication .   Minchin has a background in theatre and has appeared in various stage productions , in addition to some small acting roles on Australian television . A documentary film about Minchin , Rock N Roll Nerd ( directed by Rhian Skirving ) , was released theatrically in 2008 and broadcast by ABC1 in 2009 . He is the composer and lyricist of the Olivier Award-winning , Tony Award-winning and Grammy Award-nominated show Matilda the Musical , based on the Roald Dahl book Matilda . His new musical Groundhog Day , based on the 1993 film , opened in London in 2016 , winning his second Olivier Award , and opened on Broadway in spring 2017 .   In 2013 , UWA awarded Minchin the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters for his contribution to the arts , recognising his outstanding achievements and worldwide acclaim as a composer , lyricist , actor , writer , and comedian . In 2015 , he was awarded a second Honorary Doctor of Letters from Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts .

neg: Portlandia (TV series) Portlandia is a sketch comedy television series set and filmed in and around Portland , Oregon , starring Fred Armisen and Carrie Brownstein . The show is produced by Broadway Video Television and IFC Original Productions . It was created by Fred Armisen and Carrie Brownstein , along with Jonathan Krisel , who directs it . It debuted on IFC on January 21 , 2011 .   The show shares its title with the sculpture of the same name that sits above the entrance of the Portland Building on Fifth Avenue in downtown Portland , which appears in the show 's title sequence . The show has won a Peabody Award .   In January 2017 , the series was renewed for an eighth and final season to debut in 2018 .

neg: A Star Is Burns `` A Star Is Burns '' is the eighteenth episode of The Simpsons ' sixth season . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 5 , 1995 . In the episode , Springfield decides to hold a film festival , and famed critic Jay Sherman is invited to be a judge .   The story involves a crossover with the short-lived animated series The Critic . Jay Sherman was the main character on the show . The Critic was created by Al Jean and Mike Reiss , who had previously written for The Simpsons but left following the fourth season , and produced by James L. Brooks , who was also a producer for The Simpsons . The show had premiered on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) network in January 1994 but was canceled despite positive critical reception . The series was switched over to Fox , and put in the timeslot directly after The Simpsons . Brooks pitched a crossover episode as a way to promote The Critic and decided that a film festival would be a good way to introduce Sherman .   Matt Groening , creator of The Simpsons , reacted negatively when he heard about this episode , feeling that it was just an advertisement for The Critic , and that people would incorrectly associate the show with him . When he was unsuccessful in getting the program pulled , he had his name removed from the credits and went public with his concerns , openly criticizing James L. Brooks .   The episode was directed by Susie Dietter and was the first episode to be written by Ken Keeler . Jon Lovitz , the star of The Critic , guest stars as Jay Sherman , while Maurice LaMarche ( who was also a regular on The Critic ) has a few minor roles . The episode received mixed reviews from critics , many of whom felt the crossover was out of place on the show , although Barney 's film festival entry was well received .

neg: Desperate Housewives Desperate Housewives is an American television comedy-drama and mystery series created by Marc Cherry , and produced by ABC Studios and Cherry Productions . It originally aired for eight seasons on ABC , from October 3 , 2004 to May 13 , 2012 . Executive producer Cherry served as showrunner . Other executive producers since the fourth season included Bob Daily , George W. Perkins , John Pardee , Joey Murphy , David Grossman , and Larry Shaw .   Set on Wisteria Lane , a street in the fictional town of Fairview in the fictional Eagle State , Desperate Housewives follows the lives of a group of women as seen through the eyes of their late friend and neighbor who committed suicide in the pilot episode . The storyline covers 13 years of the women 's lives over eight seasons , set between the years 2004 -- 2008 , and later 2013 -- 2017 ( the story arc includes a five-year passage of time , as well as flashbacks ranging from the 1980s to the 2020s ) . They work through domestic struggles and family life , while facing the secrets , crimes and mysteries hidden behind the doors of their -- on the surface -- beautiful and seemingly perfect suburban neighborhood .   The series features an ensemble cast , headed by Teri Hatcher as Susan Mayer , Felicity Huffman as Lynette Scavo , Marcia Cross as Bree Van de Kamp , and Eva Longoria as Gabrielle Solis . Brenda Strong narrates the series as the late Mary Alice Young , appearing sporadically in flashbacks or dream sequences .   Desperate Housewives was well received by viewers and critics alike . It won multiple Primetime Emmy , Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Awards . From the 2004 -- 05 through the 2008 -- 09 television seasons , its first five seasons were rated amongst the top ten most-watched series . In 2007 , it was reported to be the most popular show in its demographic worldwide , with an audience of approximately 120 million and was also reported as the third most watched television series in a study of ratings in twenty countries . In 2012 , it remained the most-watched comedy series internationally based on data from Eurodata TV Worldwide , which measured ratings across five continents ; it has held this position since 2006 . Moreover , it was the third highest revenue earning series for 2010 , with $ 2.74 million per half an hour . The show was ranked at number fifty-six on Entertainment Weekly `` New TV Classics '' list .   In 2011 , it was confirmed that Desperate Housewives would conclude after its eighth season ; the series finale aired on May 13 , 2012 . By the end of the series , it had surpassed Charmed as the longest running hour-long television series featuring all female leads by two episodes .

neg: Amy Lippman Amy Lippman is an American television producer and writer . She is perhaps best known as the co-creator of Party of Five with her writing partner , Christopher Keyser . She is politically conscious as a donor to Democratic candidates and causes . She also worked on the television series Sisters , In Treatment and the Party of Five spin-off Time of Your Life .

neg: Bill Odenkirk Bill Odenkirk ( born October 13 , 1965 ) is an American comedy writer .

neg: Godiva's Godiva 's is a Canadian television comedy-drama series created by Michael MacLennan with Julia Keatley of Keatley Entertainment . It debuted on Bravo ! and Citytv in 2005 and was celebrated for its intelligent , fast-paced depiction of young Canadians in the restaurant industry . The series was nominated for numerous Gemini Awards including Best Series .   Although the series was critically well received , after completing a successful two-season run in 2006 , it was not renewed for a third season by CHUM broadcasting .

neg: List of Undateable episodes Undateable is an American multi-camera comedy television series that premiered on May 29 , 2014 , as a mid-season replacement on NBC . The series was created by Adam Sztykiel and is based on the book Undateable : 311 Things Guys do That Guarantee They Wo n't be Dating or Having Sex by Ellen Rakieten and Anne Coyle .   On May 13 , 2016 , NBC cancelled the series .

neg: Freaks and Geeks Freaks and Geeks is an American teen comedy-drama television series , created by Paul Feig , with Judd Apatow as executive producer , that aired on NBC during the 1999 -- 2000 television season . Eighteen episodes were completed , but the series was canceled after only 12 had aired .   A fan-led campaign persuaded NBC to broadcast three more episodes in July 2000 ; the three remaining unaired episodes , for a total of 18 , aired that September on the cable network Fox Family Channel .   The series appeared on Time magazine 's 2007 `` 100 Greatest Shows of All Time '' list , and placed third on the magazine 's list of greatest television shows of the 2000s ( decade ) . In 2007 , Freaks and Geeks ranked # 21 on TV Guides Top Cult Shows Ever . In 2008 , Entertainment Weekly ranked it the 13th-best series of the past 25 years . The same year , AOL TV named it the Best School Show of All Time . In 2013 TV Guide included it in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time , and ranked it # 1 on their list of 60 shows that were `` Cancelled Too Soon '' . It launched several of its young actors into successful television and film careers .

neg: The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show is an American animated web television series that is produced by DreamWorks Animation and Jay Ward Productions . The series is based on the 1960s segments , called `` Peabody 's Improbable History '' , that aired as part of The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show , and the 2014 film , Mr. Peabody & Sherman , which was also produced by DreamWorks Animation . The series premiered on October 9 , 2015 , on Netflix . The second season was released on March 18 , 2016 . The third season was released on October 21 , 2016 . The fourth season was released on April 21 , 2017 .   The series is digitally hand-drawn , with the Vancouver-based DHX Media providing the animation . Mr. Peabody is voiced by Chris Parnell , while Max Charles reprises his role as Sherman from the film . According to The Animation Guild , I.A.T.S.E. Local 839 , 78 episodes of the television series have been ordered .

neg: Bonkers (2007 TV series) Bonkers is a UK television series written by Sally Wainwright and starring Liza Tarbuck . It was transmitted on ITV during 2007 . It was also released on DVD .  This series is available on DVD , distributed by Acorn Media UK .   In July 2007 , the playwright and actress Tricia Walsh-Smith filed a claim in the High Court for breach of copyright , claiming that the pilot episode was copied from her 1987 play , also called `` Bonkers '' .

neg: Girls (TV series) Girls is an American television series that premiered on HBO on April 15 , 2012 . Created by and starring Lena Dunham and executive produced by Judd Apatow , Girls is a comedy-drama following the lives of four young women living in New York City . The show 's premise and major aspects of the main character were drawn from Dunham 's own life .   The series has received a positive response from critics and consistent accolades , including the 2013 Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy .   Girls sixth and final season concluded on April 16 , 2017 , with a total of 62 episodes .

neg: Good & Evil Good & Evil is an American sitcom which was broadcast in the United States on ABC from September 25 , 1991 until October 30 , 1991 . The series was created by Susan Harris , and produced by Witt/Thomas/Harris Productions in association with Touchstone Television .

neg: List of The Middle episodes The Middle is a primetime American comedy series created by DeAnn Heline and Eileen Heisler for the ABC network . The Middle stars Patricia Heaton and Neil Flynn as Frankie and Mike Heck , a used-car saleswoman and the manager of a small mining firm respectively , who struggle to raise their children in the fictional middle-class town of Orson , Indiana . Their three children include the athletic but underachieving , slow-witted Axl ( Charlie McDermott ) , cluelessly unpopular daughter Sue ( Eden Sher ) , and frustrated , odd child-genius Brick ( Atticus Shaffer ) . The Hecks find themselves embroiled in somewhat unusual events as they attempt to navigate their day-to-day lives . The series was met with a positive reception from television critics when it premiered on September 30 , 2009 , with a score of 70 on the aggregated reviews website Metacritic . On March 3 , 2016 , ABC renewed the series for an eighth season . On January 25 , 2017 , ABC renewed the series for a ninth season .

neg: Ally McBeal Ally McBeal is an American legal comedy-drama television series , originally aired on Fox from September 8 , 1997 to May 20 , 2002 . Created by David E. Kelley , the series stars Calista Flockhart in the title role as a young lawyer working in the fictional Boston law firm Cage and Fish , with other young lawyers whose lives and loves were eccentric , humorous and dramatic . The series received critical acclaim in its early seasons , winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy in 1997 and 1998 , and also winning the Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in 1999 .


query: Dennis Hopper has a posthumous credit in an Orson Welles drama.

pos: Dennis Hopper Dennis Lee Hopper ( May 17 , 1936 -- May 29 , 2010 ) was an American actor , filmmaker , photographer and artist . He attended the Actors Studio , made his first television appearance in 1954 , and soon after appeared alongside James Dean in Rebel Without a Cause ( 1955 ) and Giant ( 1956 ) . In the next ten years he made a name in television , and by the end of the 1960s had appeared in several films . Hopper also began a prolific and acclaimed photography career in the 1960s .   Hopper made his directorial film debut with Easy Rider ( 1969 ) , which he and co-star Peter Fonda wrote with Terry Southern . The film earned Hopper a Cannes Film Festival Award for `` Best First Work '' and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay ( shared with Fonda and Southern ) . Journalist Ann Hornaday wrote : `` With its portrait of counterculture heroes raising their middle fingers to the uptight middle-class hypocrisies , Easy Rider became the cinematic symbol of the 1960s , a celluloid anthem to freedom , macho bravado and anti-establishment rebellion '' . Film critic Matthew Hays notes that , `` no other persona better signifies the lost idealism of the 1960s than that of Dennis Hopper '' .   He worked on various small projects until he found new fame for his role as the American photojournalist in Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) . He went on to helm his third directorial work Out of the Blue ( 1980 ) , for which he was again honored at Cannes , and appeared in Rumble Fish ( 1983 ) and The Osterman Weekend ( 1983 ) . He saw a career resurgence in 1986 when he was widely acclaimed for his performances in Blue Velvet and Hoosiers , the latter of which saw him nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . His fourth directorial outing came about through Colors ( 1988 ) , followed by an Emmy-nominated lead performance in Paris Trout ( 1991 ) . Hopper found even greater fame for portraying the villains of the films Super Mario Bros. ( 1993 ) , Speed ( 1994 ) and Waterworld ( 1995 ) .   Hopper 's later work included a leading role in the short-lived television series Crash ( 2008 -- 2009 ) , inspired by the Academy Award-winning film of the same name . Production on his final film , The Last Film Festival ( 2016 ) , completed just before his death ; originally slated for 2011 distribution , the project was picked up for theatrical release in late 2016 by Monterey Home Video . Hopper has an additional posthumous credit in the completed , but unreleased Orson Welles drama The Other Side of the Wind , acquired for distribution by Netflix .

neg: The Deep (unfinished film) The Deep is an unfinished film directed by Orson Welles and based on the novel Dead Calm by Charles Williams , which would later be adapted into the film of the same title . Welles produced and wrote the film , and also played the role of Russ Brewer opposite Jeanne Moreau and Laurence Harvey .   Welles worked on the film from 1966 to 1969 . The film is incomplete ; several major scenes were never shot , and portions of the soundtrack remain unrecorded . The original negative has been lost and the film exists in two work prints , one in black and white and the other in color ( the way the film was intended to be shown ) .

neg: Twentieth Century (film) Twentieth Century is a 1934 American pre-Code screwball comedy film . Much of the film is set on the 20th Century Limited train as it travels from Chicago to New York City . The film was directed by Howard Hawks , stars John Barrymore and Carole Lombard , and features Walter Connolly , Roscoe Karns and Edgar Kennedy . Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur adapted their Broadway play of the same name -- itself based on the unproduced play Napoleon of Broadway by Charles Bruce Millholland -- with uncredited contributions from Gene Fowler and Preston Sturges .   Along with Frank Capra 's It Happened One Night , also released in 1934 ( which amazingly has exactly the same music over the opening titles ) , Twentieth Century is considered to be a prototype for the screwball comedy . `` Howard Hawks ' rapid-fire romantic comedy established the essential ingredients of the screwball -- a dizzy dame , a charming but befuddled hero , dazzling dialogue and a dash of slapstick . '' Its success propelled Lombard into the front ranks of film comediennes . The film was added to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 2011 .

neg: King Lear (1953 film) King Lear is a 1953 live television adaptation of the Shakespeare play staged by Peter Brook and starring Orson Welles . Preserved on kinescope , it aired October 18 , 1953 , as part of the CBS television series Omnibus , hosted by Alistair Cooke . The cast includes Micheál Mac Liammóir and Alan Badel .

neg: Lolita (1962 film) Lolita is a 1962 British-American black comedy-drama film directed by Stanley Kubrick . Based on his novel of the same title , Vladimir Nabokov also wrote the screenplay . It follows a middle-aged literature lecturer who becomes obsessed with an adolescent girl . The film stars James Mason as Humbert Humbert , Sue Lyon as Dolores Haze ( Lolita ) , and Shelley Winters as Charlotte Haze , with Peter Sellers as Clare Quilty .   Owing to the MPAA 's restrictions at the time , the film toned down the more provocative aspects of the novel , sometimes leaving much to the audience 's imagination . The actress who played Lolita , Sue Lyon , was 14 at the time of filming .   Lolita polarized contemporary critics , but is well-received today . Kubrick later commented , however , that if he had realized how severe the censorship limitations were going to be , he probably would never have made the film .

neg: The Singing Detective The Singing Detective is a BBC television serial drama , written by Dennis Potter , which stars Michael Gambon and was directed by Jon Amiel . The six episodes were `` Skin '' , `` Heat '' , `` Lovely Days '' , `` Clues '' , `` Pitter Patter '' and `` Who Done It '' .   The serial was broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC1 in 1986 on Sunday nights from 16 November to 21 December with later PBS and cable television showings in the United States . It won a Peabody Award in 1989 . It ranks 20th on the British Film Institute 's list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes , as voted by industry professionals in 2000 . It was included in the 1992 Dennis Potter retrospective at the Museum of Television & Radio and became a permanent addition to the Museum 's collections in New York and Los Angeles . There was co-production funding from the Australian Broadcasting Corporation . It was released on DVD in the US on 15 April 2003 and in the UK on 8 March 2004 .

neg: Algiers (film) Algiers is a 1938 American drama film directed by John Cromwell and starring Charles Boyer , Sigrid Gurie , and Hedy Lamarr . Written by John Howard Lawson , the film is about a notorious French jewel thief hiding in the labyrinthine native quarter of Algiers known as the Casbah . Feeling imprisoned by his self-imposed exile , he is drawn out of hiding by a beautiful French tourist who reminds him of happier times in Paris . The Walter Wanger production was a remake of the successful 1937 French film Pépé le Moko , which derived its plot from the Henri La Barthe novel of the same name .   Algiers was a sensation because it was the first Hollywood film starring Hedy Lamarr , whose beauty became the main attraction for film audiences . The film is notable as one of the sources of inspiration to the screenwriters of the 1942 Warner Bros. film Casablanca who wrote it with Hedy Lamarr in mind as the original female lead . Charles Boyer 's depiction of the main character , Pepe Le Moko , inspired the Warner Bros. animated character , Pepé Le Pew . In 1966 , the film entered the public domain ( in the USA ) due to the claimants ' failure to renew its copyright registration in the 28th year after publication .

neg: Jeffrey Lynn Jeffrey Lynn ( born Ragnar Godfrey Lind ; February 16 , 1909 -- November 24 , 1995 ) was an American stage-screen actor and film producer who worked primarily through the Golden Age of Hollywood establishing himself as one of the premier talents of his time . Throughout his acting career , both on stage and in film , he was typecast as `` the attractive , reliable love interest of the heroine , '' or `` the tall , stalwart hero . ''   Born and raised in Massachusetts , he attended Bates College , before working as a teacher . He was tapped to act in his first film in 1938 , which convinced him to move to Hollywood , California . His second film -- Four Daughters ( 1938 ) -- propelled him into national fame sparking three squeals : Daughters Courageous ( 1939 ) , Four Wives ( 1939 ) and Four Mothers ( 1941 ) with Lynn reprising his role in each of them . He was at the center of the Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) screening controversy ; he was noted as the top contender to play Ashley Wilkes , however , the directer eventually chose Leslie Howard instead . Lynn was asked to join James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart in The Roaring Twenties ( 1939 ) , a gangster noir that garnered him critical praise . His success continued with such films as The Fighting 69th ( 1940 ) in which he portrayed poet-soldier Joyce Kilmer opposite Cagney , It All Came True ( 1940 ) , All This and Heaven Too ( 1940 ) and Million Dollar Baby ( 1941 ) .   His movie career was put on hold for World War II draft , where he received a Bronze Star for his service as a in Italy and Austria as a combat intelligence captain . He returned to the screen in 1948 and was in the notably successful , A Letter to Three Wives ( 1949 ) , which went on to be nominated of best picture in the 1950 prime time Academy Awards . A year later he joined that cast of Home Town Story ( 1951 ) billed alongside Marilyn Monroe . His later film career credits include : BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) along with Elizabeth Taylor and Laurence Harvey , and Tony Rome ( 1967 ) with Frank Sinatra .   Lynn also began to act on Broadway and was featured in such plays as Any Wednesday ( 1966 ) and Dinner at Eight ( 1967 ) . Later on in his career he found mixed critical success television starring in hit shows such as Robert Montgomery Presents , Your Show of Shows , My Son Jeep ( with young Martin Huston ) , and Lux Video Theatre .   He died in November 1995 in Burbank , California from natural causes and was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills . Actor Jeffrey Lynn `` Jeff '' Goldblum is named in honor of Jeffrey Lynn .

neg: Disasterpiece Theatre Disasterpiece Theatre was a comedy television program that aired in the early 1980s on XETV , a station in Tijuana , Mexico owned by Mexican media company Grupo Televisa which broadcasts in English across the border to neighboring San Diego , California . The show 's title is both a play on the long-running PBS anthology program Masterpiece Theatre and a reference to the low-budget , campy science fiction and horror films that were lampooned each week . At the time of Disasterpiece Theatre '' 's run , XETV was an independent station ; today it serves as the San Diego affiliate of The CW network .   The premise of the show was simple : show the worst movies ever made and make fun of them . Among the films shown were Shriek of the Mutilated , Monster on Campus , The Thing That Could n't Die , The Mummy 's Hand , Born to Speed , Big Boy Rides Again , First Spaceship on Venus and Curse of the Undead . Comments would be written as subtitles during the movie ; for example , in Track of the Moonbeast a character says , `` I 'm somewhat of an ... ( laughs ) an adventurer , '' and the word `` IDIOT '' appeared on screen during the pause in the middle of the sentence . Sometimes music would be added and , in some cases , redubbing by the writers would occur . On a showing of First Spaceship on Venus , the soundtrack was replaced by the writers ' voices arguing about which television show they are going to watch , similar to the overdubbing idea in What 's Up , Tiger Lily?Jay Curtis hosted the show as Sal U. Lloyd , a play on the word celluloid . Bruce Mueller played `` The Other Guy '' and would often dress up as The Mummy , A Lion Tamer , and the Network Producer . Curtis and Mueller wrote and produced the show . Fred Stern was a constant contributor and served as the show 's musical director . Stern chose popular music that was added to scenes for comic punctuation . As an example , during the film Beginning of the End , giant grasshoppers are attacking Chicago , scientists decide to use the grasshopper mating call to lure the creatures into Lake Michigan but instead of the mating call coming from a boat loudspeaker , the audience hears At the Hop by Danny and the Juniors and the monsters hop in and drown . San Diego radio announcer Gary Cocker appeared on the show many times . Guests included Whoopi Goldberg , Richard Simmons , and J. Michael Straczynski . The show was done so cheaply , the producers would tape over the same reels , thus erasing the previous episode . In the show , Curtis and Mueller 's microphone cords are easily visible , but it is the poor production quality that makes the show more humorous .   Sal U. Lloyd was portrayed as a big loser who hates his job . In one episode , he explains his position : `` I 'm sick of television ... I wan na be a rock and roll star . I wan na make some money . '' He is often seen receiving some kind of brain damage after showing a movie . Several times , Lloyd has a run-in with the network producer , George Mucas ( obviously a parody of George Lucas ) , who hates the show . In reality , Curtis had a strong rivalry with the actual network producer of XETV , who eventually cancelled the show .   The show became quite successful , generating a loyal following and beating Saturday Night Live in the ratings several times . However , the show was eventually cancelled due to creative control with the station . Although the show is not widely acclaimed , it is mentionable for inspiring a generation of cult television shows that used the same premise , such as Mystery Science Theater 3000 .   In 1991 , the Beetlejuice episode `` Moby Richard '' had Lydia staging a television dramatization of `` Moby Dick '' for the Neitherworld program `` Disasterpiece Theatre . ''   In 1993 , Animaniacs had an episode of the same title .   In 2009 , the creators of Disasterpiece Theatre '' created a YouTube Page posting archival footage of the show .

neg: The American Way (film) The American Way , also known as Riders of the Storm , is a 1986 American science fiction comedy film directed by Maurice Phillips and starring Dennis Hopper and Michael J. Pollard .

neg: Marion Davies Marion Cecilia Davies ( née Douras January 3 , 1897 -- September 22 , 1961 ) was an American film actress , producer , screenwriter , and philanthropist .   Davies was already building a solid reputation as a film comedian when newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst , with whom she had begun a romantic relationship , took over management of her career . Hearst financed Davies ' pictures , promoted her heavily through his newspapers and Hearst Newsreels , and pressured studios to cast her in historical dramas for which she was ill-suited . For this reason , Davies is better remembered today as Hearst 's mistress and the hostess of many lavish events for the Hollywood elite . In particular , her name is linked with the 1924 scandal aboard Hearst 's yacht when one of his guests , film producer Thomas Ince , died .   In the film Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) , the title character 's second wife -- an untalented singer whom he tries to promote -- was widely assumed to be based on Davies . But many commentators , including Citizen Kane writer/director Orson Welles himself , have defended Davies ' record as a gifted actress , to whom Hearst 's patronage did more harm than good . She retired from the screen in 1937 , choosing to devote herself to Hearst and charitable work .   In Hearst 's declining years , Davies provided financial as well as emotional support until his death in 1951 . She married for the first time eleven weeks after his death , a marriage which lasted until Davies died of stomach cancer in 1961 at the age of 64 .

neg: The Spirit of Charles Lindbergh The Spirit of Charles Lindbergh is a short film made in 1984 by Orson Welles . The film was intended as a private video letter from Welles to his longtime friend and accountant Bill Cronshaw , who was ill . In the film , Welles sits behind a typewriter at his desk and speaks of the human spirit , quoting the journal of aviator Charles Lindbergh . Welles was in visibly poor health himself when the film was made , and he did not intend for it to be seen by the public .

neg: Alien (film) Alien is a 1979 British-American science-fiction horror film directed by Ridley Scott , and starring Sigourney Weaver , Tom Skerritt , Veronica Cartwright , Harry Dean Stanton , John Hurt , Ian Holm and Yaphet Kotto . The film 's title refers to a highly aggressive extraterrestrial creature that stalks and kills the crew of a spaceship . Dan O'Bannon wrote the screenplay from a story he wrote with Ronald Shusett , drawing influence from previous works of science fiction and horror . The film was produced by Gordon Carroll , David Giler and Walter Hill through their Brandywine Productions and distributed by 20th Century Fox . Giler and Hill made revisions and additions to the script . Shusett was executive producer . The eponymous Alien and its accompanying elements were designed by Swiss artist H. R. Giger , while concept artists Ron Cobb and Chris Foss designed the human aspects of the film . Alien launched the Alien franchise and is chronologically the first of the main series , with the prequel series set in an earlier timeframe .   Alien received both critical acclaim and box office success , receiving an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects , Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film , Best Direction for Scott , and Best Supporting Actress for Cartwright , and a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , along with numerous other award nominations . It has remained highly praised in subsequent decades , being considered one of the greatest films of all time . In 2002 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . In 2008 , it was ranked as the seventh-best film in the science fiction genre by the American Film Institute , and as the 33rd greatest film of all time by Empire magazine .   The success of Alien spawned a media franchise of novels , comic books , video games , and toys . It also launched Weaver 's acting career by providing her with her first lead role , and the story of her character Ellen Ripley 's encounters with the Alien creatures became the thematic thread that ran through the sequels Aliens ( 1986 ) , Alien 3 ( 1992 ) and Alien : Resurrection ( 1997 ) . , a crossover with the Predator franchise produced the Alien vs. Predator series , which includes Alien vs. Predator ( 2004 ) and Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem ( 2007 ) , and also a prequel series of films , which includes Prometheus ( 2012 ) and Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) .

neg: Judgment at Nuremberg Judgment at Nuremberg is a 1961 American courtroom drama film directed by Stanley Kramer , written by Abby Mann and starring Spencer Tracy , Burt Lancaster , Richard Widmark , Maximilian Schell , Werner Klemperer , Marlene Dietrich , Judy Garland , William Shatner , and Montgomery Clift . Set in Nuremberg in 1948 , the film depicts a fictionalized version of the Judges ' Trial of 1947 , one of the twelve U.S. military tribunals during the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials .   The film centers on a military tribunal led by Chief Trial Judge Dan Haywood ( Tracy ) , before which four German judges and prosecutors ( as compared to 16 defendants in the actual Judges ' Trial ) stand accused of crimes against humanity for their involvement in atrocities committed under the Nazi regime . The film deals with non-combatant war crimes against a civilian population , the Holocaust , and examines the post-World War II geopolitical complexity of the actual Nuremberg Trials . An earlier version of the story was broadcast as a television episode of Playhouse 90 . Schell and Klemperer played the same roles in both productions .   In 2013 , Judgment at Nuremberg was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' .

neg: B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity .   In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics .   Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie .   From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .

neg: The Wizard of Venus `` The Wizard of Venus '' is a novella by Edgar Rice Burroughs , as well as the title of a collection in which it was later published together with an unrelated story . `` The Wizard of Venus '' is the final story in Burroughs 's Venus series ( sometimes called the `` Carson Napier of Venus series '' ) . Written in 1941 , the piece remained unpublished until 1964 , fourteen years after the author 's death . Burroughs intended it to be the opening piece in a sequence of stories to be brought together later in book form , as he had done in the instance of the previous Venus volume , Escape on Venus . He began the first follow-up tale , only to abandon the project in the wake of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor ; the text of the aborted sequel is now lost .   `` The Wizard of Venus '' was first published in the 1964 Burroughs collection Tales of Three Planets together with the unrelated tales `` The Resurrection of Jimber-Jaw '' , `` Beyond the Farthest Star '' and `` Tangor Returns '' . Afterwards it appeared in the collection The Wizard of Venus ( Ace Books , August 1970 ) . This also included the unrelated pirate adventure `` Pirate Blood '' - with a quite unsavory `` hero '' - Johnny LaFitte of Glenora , California - a 20th-century descendant of Jean Lafitte who gets to the distant Vulture 's Island , where his pirate heredity asserts itself in a modern piratical career full of cold-blooded murders and rapes .   A subsequent British edition ( New English Library , 1975 ) omitted the unrelated story .

neg: Voodoo Macbeth The Voodoo Macbeth is a common nickname for the Federal Theatre Project 's 1936 New York production of William Shakespeare 's Macbeth . Orson Welles adapted and directed the production , moved the play 's setting from Scotland to a fictional Caribbean island , recruited an entirely African American cast , and earned the nickname for his production from the Haitian vodou that fulfilled the role of Scottish witchcraft . A box office sensation , the production is regarded as a landmark theatrical event for several reasons : its innovative interpretation of the play , its success in promoting African-American theatre , and its role in securing the reputation of its 20-year-old director .

neg: Held for Ransom (2000 film) Held for Ransom is a 2000 direct-to-video film , starring Dennis Hopper , Zachery Ty Bryan , Morgan Fairchild and Debi Mazar . It was directed and written by Lee Stanley based on the novel by Lois Duncan .

neg: Don Quixote (unfinished film) Don Quixote is an unfinished film project produced , written and directed by Orson Welles . Principal photography took place between 1957 and 1969 . Test footage was filmed as early as 1955 , second-unit photography was done as late as 1972 , and Welles was working on the film intermittently until his death in 1985 . The film was eventually edited by Jesús Franco and was released in 1992 . It did not include all the footage shot for the film and received mixed reviews .

neg: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction fantasy film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Henry Thomas , Dee Wallace , Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , Peter Coyote and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a lonely boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed `` E.T. '' , who is stranded on Earth . He and his siblings help it return home while attempting to keep it hidden from their mother and the government .   The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was shot from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of US$ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast .   Released on June 11 , 1982 by Universal Pictures , E.T was an immediate blockbuster , surpassing Star Wars to become the highest-grossing film of all time -- a record it held for eleven years until Jurassic Park , another Spielberg-directed film , surpassed it in 1993 . It is the highest-grossing film of the 1980s . Widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time , critics acclaimed it as a timeless story of friendship , and it ranks as the greatest science fiction film ever made in a Rotten Tomatoes survey . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . It was re-released in 1985 , and then again in 2002 to celebrate its 20th anniversary , with altered shots and additional scenes .

neg: Hollywood blacklist The Hollywood blacklist -- as the broader entertainment industry blacklist is generally known -- was the practice of denying employment to screenwriters , actors , directors , musicians , and other American entertainment professionals during the mid-20th century because they were accused of having Communist ties or sympathies . Artists were barred from work on the basis of their alleged membership in or sympathy with the Communist Party USA or refusal to assist investigations into the party 's activities . Even during the period of its strictest enforcement , the late 1940s through the late 1950s , the blacklist was rarely made explicit or verifiable , but it directly damaged the careers of scores of individuals working in the film industry .   The first systematic Hollywood blacklist was instituted on November 25 , 1947 , the day after ten writers and directors were cited for contempt of Congress for refusing to testify to the House Un-American Activities Committee . A group of studio executives , acting under the aegis of the Association of Motion Picture Producers , fired the artists -- the so-called Hollywood Ten -- and made what has become known as the Waldorf Statement .   On June 22 , 1950 , a pamphlet entitled Red Channels was published . Focused on the field of broadcasting , it identified 151 entertainment industry professionals in the context of `` Red Fascists and their sympathizers . '' Soon , most of those named , along with a host of other artists , were barred from employment in most of the entertainment field .   The blacklist lasted until 1960 , when Dalton Trumbo , a Communist Party member from 1943 to 1948  and member of the Hollywood Ten , was credited as the screenwriter of the highly successful film Exodus , and later publicly acknowledged by actor Kirk Douglas for writing the screenplay for the movie Spartacus . A number of those blacklisted , however , were still barred from work in their professions for years afterward .