query: Wyatt Earp was anything except a bouncer.

pos: Wyatt Earp Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp ( March 19 , 1848 -- January 13 , 1929 ) was an American Old West gambler , a deputy sheriff in Pima County , and deputy town marshal in Tombstone , Arizona Territory , who took part in the gunfight at the O.K. Corral , during which lawmen killed three outlaw cowboys . He is often regarded as the central figure in the shootout in Tombstone , although his brother Virgil was Tombstone city marshal and Deputy U.S. Marshal that day , and had far more experience as a sheriff , constable , marshal , and soldier in combat .   Earp lived a restless life . He was at different times a constable , city policeman , county sheriff , Deputy U.S. Marshal , teamster , buffalo hunter , bouncer , saloon-keeper , gambler , brothel keeper , miner , and boxing referee . Earp spent his early life in Iowa . In 1870 , Earp married his first wife , Urilla Sutherland Earp , who contracted typhoid fever and died shortly before their first child was to be born . During the next two years Earp was arrested for stealing a horse , escaped from jail , sued twice , and was arrested and fined three times during the course of 1872 for `` keeping and being found in a house of ill-fame '' . His third arrest was subject of a lengthy account in the `` Daily Transcript '' which referred to him as an `` old offender '' and nicknamed him the `` Peoria Bummer '' .   By 1874 he had arrived in the cattle boomtown of Wichita , Kansas where his brother had opened a brothel . On April 21 , 1875 he was appointed to the Wichita police force , and developed a solid reputation as a lawman . In April 1876 he was dismissed from his position as a lawman following an altercation with a political opponent of his boss which led to him being fined $ 30 . In 1876 , he followed his brother James to Dodge City , Kansas , where he became an assistant city marshal . In winter 1878 , he went to Texas to track down an outlaw and met John `` Doc '' Holliday , whom Earp later credited with saving his life .   Earp moved constantly throughout his life from one boomtown to another . He left Dodge City in 1879 and moved to Tombstone with his brothers James and Virgil , where a silver boom was underway . There , the Earps clashed with a loose federation of outlaws known as the Cowboys . Wyatt , Virgil , and their younger brother Morgan held various law enforcement positions that put them in conflict with Tom and Frank McLaury , and Ike and Billy Clanton , who threatened on several occasions to kill the Earps . The conflict escalated over the next year , culminating on October 26 , 1881 in the gunfight at the O.K. Corral , in which the Earps and Holliday killed three of the Cowboys . In the next five months , Virgil was ambushed and maimed , and Morgan was assassinated . Pursuing a vendetta , Wyatt , his brother Warren , Holliday , and others formed a federal posse that killed three of the Cowboys whom they thought responsible . Wyatt was never wounded in any of the gunfights in which he took part , unlike his brothers Virgil and James , or his friend , Doc Holliday , which only added to his mystique after his death .   Earp was a lifelong gambler and was always looking for a quick way to make money . After leaving Tombstone , Earp went to San Francisco where he reunited with Josephine Earp . She became his common-law wife . They joined a gold rush to Eagle City , Idaho , where they owned mining interests and a saloon . They left there to race horses and open a saloon during a real estate boom in San Diego , California . Back in San Francisco , Wyatt raced horses again , but his reputation suffered irreparably when he refereed the Fitzsimmons-Sharkey boxing match and called a foul that led many to believe that he fixed the fight . They moved briefly to Yuma , Arizona before joining the Nome Gold Rush in 1899 . In partnership with Charlie Hoxie they opened a two-story saloon called the Dexter and made an estimated $ 80,000 ( about $ 2 million in 2017 dollars ) . Returning to the lower 48 , they opened another saloon in Tonopah , Nevada , the site of a new gold find . In about 1911 , Earp began working several mining claims in Vidal , California , retiring in the hot summers with Josephine to Los Angeles .   Wyatt Earp died on January 13 , 1929 . He was known as a Western lawman , gunfighter , and boxing referee . He had a notorious reputation for both his handling of the Fitzsimmons-Sharkey fight and his role in the O.K. Corral gunfight . This only began to change after his death when an extremely flattering biography was published in 1931 . It became a bestseller and created his reputation as a fearless lawman . Since then , Earp has been the subject of and model for numerous films , TV shows , biographies , and works of fiction that have increased his notoriety . He did , however , live to see himself being portrayed in the film Wild Bill Hickok , released in 1923 . Long after his death , he has many devoted detractors and admirers . Earp 's modern-day reputation is that of the Old West 's `` toughest and deadliest gunman of his day . ''

neg: The Buddy Deane Show The Buddy Deane Show was a teen dance television show , similar to Philadelphia 's American Bandstand , that was created by Zvi Shoubin and aired on WJZ-TV in Baltimore , Maryland from 1957 until 1964 . The show was taken off the air because home station WJZ-TV was unable to integrate black and white dancers . Its host was Winston `` Buddy '' Deane ( 1924-2003 ) , who died in Pine Bluff , Arkansas after suffering a stroke , July 16 , 2003 . He was 78 .   Winston `` Buddy '' Deane was a broadcaster for more than 50 years , beginning his career in Little Rock , Arkansas , then moving to the Memphis , Tennessee market before moving on to Baltimore where he worked at WITH radio . He was one of the first disc jockeys in the area to regularly feature rock-and-roll . His dance party television show debuted in 1957 and was , for a time , the most popular local show in the United States . It aired for two and a half hours a day , six days a week . Hundreds of thousands of teens learned the latest dances of their day by watching Committee Members on The Buddy Deane Show .   Teenagers who appeared on the show every day were known as the `` Committee . '' Committee members included Mike Miller , Charlie Bledsoe , Ron Osher , Mary Lou Raines , Pat ( ricia ) Tacey , and Cathy Schmink . Viewers often emulated the Committee members ' dance moves , copied their personal style , and followed their life stories and interactions .   Buddy Deane organized and disc-jockeyed dances in public venues across the WJZ-TV broadcast area , across much of Maryland and Southern Delaware . At such events , tens of thousands of teenagers were exposed to live recording artists and TV personalities .   Many top acts of the day , both black and white , appeared on the show . Acts that appeared on The Buddy Deane Show first were reportedly barred from appearing on Dick Clark 's American Bandstand . If they were on Bandstand first , however , they could still be on The Buddy Deane Show . Although WJZ-TV , owned by Westinghouse Broadcasting ( now CBS ) , was an ABC affiliate , the station `` blacked out '' the network broadcast of American Bandstand in Baltimore and broadcast the Deane program instead , reportedly because Bandstand showed black teenagers dancing on the show ( although black and white teenagers were not allowed to dance together until the show was moved to California in 1964 ) . The Deane program set aside every other Friday when the show featured only black teenagers ( the rest of the time , the show 's participants were all white ) .   Owing to Buddy 's mid-South roots and work history , he brought onto his show many performers from the ranks of Country and Western music ( e.g. , Skeeter Davis , singing `` The End of the World '' and Brenda Lee singing `` Sweet Nothin 's '' ) , who then achieved cross-over hits among rock 'n' roll fans . Buddy Deane also played songs that other disc-jockeys , often including Dick Clark , refused to present to mostly white teen TV audiences , because the acts sounded `` too Black '' ( e.g. , `` Do You Love Me , '' by the Contours , or `` Hide and Seek , '' by Bunker Hill ) . With an ear for music , seasoned by many more prior years as a disk jockey than Dick Clark , Buddy also brought to his audience a wider array of white musical acts than were seen on `` American Bandstand . '' For example , Carole King appeared on the show , nearly a decade before she burst to popularity with her landmark 1970 album , `` Tapestry , '' playing her 45RPM single `` It Might as Well Rain Until September . '' ( For another example , Dean featured English artist , Helen Shapiro , singing her Baltimore hit , `` Tell Me What He Said , '' at about the time that the Beatles were on tour around England , playing on the same show bill with her . )

neg: Dutch Mob The Dutch Mob was a New York pickpocket gang during the late nineteenth century .   Formed during the late 1860s by Little Freddie , `` Sheeny '' Mike Kurtz , and Johnny Irving , former members of the Italian Dave Gang , the Dutch Mob soon became one of the largest pickpocket gangs in the United States numbering around 300 members . Operating in the Manhattan neighborhood east of the Bowery , the area between Houston and Fifth Streets was known as a `` pickpockets paradise '' to the local press . A common tactic of the gang was to stage a street fight and pickpocket the gathering crowd . A variation of this technique was to have several gang members pick a fight with a victim where he would be `` rescued '' by other gang members posing as innocent bystanders and have his pockets picked while being rushed through the crowd .   However , when Anthony J. Allaire was appointed precinct captain in 1877 , police `` flying squads '' were sent to clear the district attacking anyone who was suspected or resembled a pickpocket or other criminal and by the end of the year few members of the gang remained .   The same area would become home to another gang of mostly teenaged pickpockets , the Crazy Butch Gang in the late-1890s .

neg: Downtown Oklahoma City Downtown Oklahoma City is located at the geographic center of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area and contains the principal , central business district of the region . The CBD has over 51,000 workers and over 12000000 sqft of leasable office space to-date . Downtown Oklahoma City is the legal , financial , economic , nightlife , and entertainment center of the region .   Downtown Oklahoma City consists of several urban districts that ring the Central Business District ; including the retail oriented A-Alley , the Arts District , the Bricktown Entertainment District , the Deep Deuce residential neighborhood , and the Flatiron District . Unofficial/new areas of downtown OKC include `` Lower Bricktown '' , MidTown urban neighborhood , SOSA ( South of Saint Anthony ` hospital ' ) , WestTown , Film Row urban district , Farmer 's Market , and the new Downtown South `` Core-2-Shore '' neighborhoods .

neg: Vulcan Gas Company The Vulcan Gas Company ( usually called simply Vulcan ) was the first successful psychedelic music venue in Austin , Texas . The Vulcan opened its doors at 316 Congress Avenue in the fall of 1967 , and closed in the summer of 1970 . Gary Scanlon , Houston White , Don Hyde and Sandy Lockett started the VGC . By 1969 , management was primarily by White and Lockett , along with Jim Franklin . There was a substantial sound system installed by Sandy Lockett . Charlie Sauer was the principal audio engineer for the last year of operation . Bobby Hedderman and Marty McDermott managed the club for the last few months .   In an interview with Don Hyde by Eddie Wilson 2010 , Hyde said that the landlord had tremendous pressure from everywhere to throw them out . He went down to the VGC a couple of times , unannounced , on a Saturday night , walked around and said `` I just do n't see what everyone is so upset about . It just looks like young people having fun . It is loud ! But to each his own . '' He told Hyde that as long as the rent was paid -- $ 350 a month -- they could stay .   A name plaque for the Vulcan is still on the front wall of the historic W.B. Smith building , named after the dry goods store which first occupied the building in 1884 . In 1967 this end of the street leading to the Texas Capitol was not particularly prosperous and rents were relatively low .   The Vulcan provided a concert stage for unconventional bands of various genres , most notably the 13th Floor Elevators and the Conqueroo . By 1969 , Shiva 's Headband became the de facto house band , and in the first half of 1970 the Hub City Movers played frequently at the Vulcan .   The club had homemade benches and old church pews for the audience . The main floor , in front of the stage , was used for dancing . The club owner ( s ) always wanted all ages to attend and even gave passes out to Jr. . High kids who would pass handbills out at lunchtime . Smoking marijuana inside the club was discouraged and rare . Alcohol was discouraged , but common . For some time , the Vulcan used space in the adjoining building to the north for selling sandwiches and soft drinks and as office space , but this auxiliary space was eventually abandoned to reduce rent .   Since there was no liquor license and beer could not be sold , almost all of the income came from gate receipts , typically $ 1.50 per person . That was the main cause of the club 's ultimate demise . Johnny Winter , as a favor to White and Lockett , played a benefit concert , along with the Hub City Movers , March 10 & 11 , 1970 . Even that concert was not enough to offset ominous financial difficulties .   The elevated stage at the northwest end of the hall was rustic , but the psychedelic light show offset that appearance . The light show was operated from a suspended platform on the south side of the room and near the ceiling - reached by a ladder . There was a large horizontal drain pipe across the back of the stage -- that pipe is prominent in many photos of performances at the Vulcan .   There is one feature that most customers never saw , but is still a part of the Vulcan legend : the freight elevator . It was in the back , next to the doors that opened onto the alley . Made of wood and powered by human muscle via a rope that worked a reel of steel cable . The ride up was difficult , but the ride down could be precarious . The cable often got snarled and had to be unsnarled by hand .   For much of the history , concerts were advertised with both large posters and letter sized handbills , similar to those produced for concerts at the Avalon Ballroom and The Fillmore . Gradually , the larger posters were sacrificed to save cost , and eventually the handbills were abandoned for the same reason . A comprehensive annotated collection is available online .   The Vulcan Gas Company dance club , opening in 2014 , is adopting the name , but is otherwise unrelated to the original venue .

neg: Wild Bill Hickok (film) Wild Bill Hickok is a 1923 American Western silent film directed by Clifford Smith , and written by William S. Hart and J.G. Hawks . It stars William S. Hart , Ethel Grey Terry , Kathleen O'Connor , James Farley , Jack Gardner , Carl Gerard and William Dyer . The film was released on November 18 , 1923 , by Paramount Pictures . It was the first film to depict Wyatt Earp , although in a very brief role , and the only film made before he died in 1929 that included his character , until Law and Order was released in 1932 . A print of the film exists in the Museum of Modern Art film archive .

neg: Ned Locke Norbert Locke , better known as Ned Locke ( December 25 , 1919 February 4 , 1992 ) , was an American television personality and radio announcer , best known for the role of `` Ringmaster Ned '' on WGN-TV 's Bozo 's Circus from 1961 - 1976 .   Locke , who was from Red Wing , Minnesota , got into radio quite young , appearing on a program in Minneapolis-St . Paul when he was only nine years old . Locke performed in various theater companies after his high school graduation and became a radio announcer for WHO ( AM ) in Des Moines , Iowa .   By 1950 , he was appearing on WMAQ ( NBC ) radio in Chicago , on a program called Uncle Ned 's Squadron . It was his appearance here that led him to substituting for longtime Chicago children 's host Johnny Coons on his Noontime Comics series on WNBQ ( now WMAQ-TV ) in 1951 . An avid pilot who both operated two Des Moines area airports and trained pilots , Locke initially commuted to Chicago for his weekly radio program . Locke also served as the director of aeronautics for the state of Iowa for seven years . His substitute television appearance led to other children 's shows : Sunday Funnies , where Locke read the newspaper comics on television and Captain Hartz and His Pets , sponsored by Hartz Mountain . He worked there and at local ABC affiliate WENR ( now WLS-TV ) appearing in teledramas , musicals , commercials and even writing a teleplay called Jet Pilot . He wrote over 2,500 radio and television shows during the course of his career .   He moved over to WGN-TV in 1956 , where he was a weather forecaster ; co-starred on the children 's series Lunchtime Little Theater ; and later wrote , produced and starred in the children 's program Paddleboat ; Roy Brown served as the show 's puppeteer . He got the role of Ringmaster Ned , for which he is best remembered , on September 11 , 1961 when Bozo 's Circus made its debut . Locke received his ringmaster costume for the show on the last episode of Paddleboat . Locke stayed on until he retired from television in 1976 . He temporarily came out of retirement and made appearances as Ringmaster Ned for the 25th and 30th anniversaries of the show .   A survivor of three heart attacks , after retirement he moved to Kimberling City , Missouri , where he was chief of police , owned a real estate firm , and was later mayor until his death from liver cancer in 1992 . He was survived by his wife , Rose , sons Norbert , Jr. and Robert and his grandchildren . One of Locke 's ringmaster costumes is part of the Museum of Broadcast Communications ' Bozo 's Circus collection .

neg: Charles Weldon Cannon Charles Weldon Cannon , known as Tooter Cannon ( January 14 , 1915 -- March 14 , 1997 ) , was a widely recognized manufacturer of boots and saddles in rural Dickens , Texas .   Cannon was the last of nine children born to Charles Ira Cannon ( 1871 -- 1920 ) and the former Mattie Cordial Snodgrass ( 1870 -- 1956 ) on a working ranch in Afton in Dickens County in West Texas . He was given his unusual nickname as a child by his father . As a teenager , he learned boot and saddlemaking techniques to help the cowboys obtain a proper fit on their horses . He also worked on other ranches in Arizona , New Mexico , and Nevada , as well as Texas .   He broke horses for the U.S. government during World War II at El Reno in Canadian County , Oklahoma . After the war , he operated two leather goods businesses in Tulsa , where his clients included the city police . In 1949 , he returned to Dickens County and settled in the Spur community . He relocated his shop to Dickens in 1968 . After 1970 , he concentrated exclusively until his death on saddlemaking . His Tooter Cannon Saddles were prized by ranchers and rodeo riders because they were designed to fit the contour of the horse 's back . A Tooter Cannon saddle or a pair of his boots is usually passed down within families . It is rare to find anything made by Cannon for sale on the open market . His work is found in a number of private collections . Customers often waited for Cannon to fill their orders , rather than finding other available saddlemakers .   Cannon , who outlived all of his siblings , died in a Lubbock hospital at the age of eighty-two . He was a former two-term member of the Dickens Town Council . He was Methodist . Survivors included his second wife , the former Grace Adeline Roberts , then Grace Wheeler ( July 11 , 1908 -- February 14 , 2000 ) , whom he married on April 22 , 1957 , in Santa Fe , New Mexico ; a daughter , Leanora Cannon Houwen , then of Santa Maria in Santa Barbara County , California , but who later returned to Dickens ; two stepsons , Kenneth Wheeler of Hobbs , New Mexico , and Bill Wheeler of San Antonio , eleven grandchildren , nineteen great-grandchildren , and one great-great-grandchild . Cannon also had an older sister named `` Grace '' . Charles and Grace Cannon are interred at Dickens Cemetery .   Over the years , Cannon was cited in newspaper articles , books , magazines , and even a television special . He is permanently honored in the saddlemaking exhibit at the National Ranching Heritage Center in Lubbock .

neg: Country Music Association The Country Music Association ( CMA ) was founded in 1958 in Nashville , Tennessee . It originally consisted of only 233 members and was the first trade organization formed to promote a music genre . The objectives of the organization are to guide and enhance the development of Country Music throughout the world ; to demonstrate it as a viable medium to advertisers , consumers , and media ; and to provide a unity of purpose for the Country Music industry . However the CMA may be best known to most country music fans for its annual Country Music Association Awards broadcast live on network television each fall ( usually October or November ) .   Initially , CMA 's Board of Directors included nine directors and five officers . Wesley Rose , president of Acuff-Rose Publishing , Inc. , served as CMA 's first chairman of the board . Broadcasting entrepreneur and executive Connie B. Gay was the founding president .   Originally there were nine individual membership categories . The current 15 categories represent all facets of the music industry . Organizational memberships are also available . CMA membership is composed of those persons or organizations that are involved in Country Music , directly and substantially .   The first CMA Awards ceremony was held in 1967 in Nashville . Sonny James and Bobbie Gentry hosted the event , which was not televised . The winner of the first `` Entertainer of the Year '' award was singer Eddy Arnold . `` Male Vocalist of the Year '' went to Jack Greene and `` Female Vocalist of the Year '' to Loretta Lynn .   In 1968 , Roy Rogers and Dale Evans hosted the awards , which were presented at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville . ( The ceremony was filmed and televised on NBC a few weeks later . ) The first live telecast of the show was in 1969 .   Annual awards are given in the following twelve categories : Entertainer of the Year , Male Vocalist , Female Vocalist , New Artist of the Year ( formerly the Horizon Award ) , Vocal Group , Vocal Duo , Single , Album , Song , Music Event , Music Video , and Musician .   The CMA also gives a `` CMA Broadcast Award '' to country-formatted radio stations each year . Broadcast Awards are segmented based on market size , major market ( Arbitron Ranking 1 -- 25 ) , large market ( Arbitron Ranking 26 -- 50 ) , medium market ( Arbitron Ranking 51 -- 100 ) , and small market ( All other Markets ) . A single station can not win the award in consecutive years .   In honor of the association 's 50th anniversary , MCA Nashville released a song called `` Forever Country '' .

neg: Cochise County in the Old West Cochise County in the Old West was the site of ongoing Apache Indian attacks and a bitter feud between outlaw Cowboys and lawmen like Virgil Earp and his brothers . The county was carved off in 1881 from the easternmost portion of Pima County during a formative period in the American Southwest . Tensions began as soon as American settlers began arriving in what is now Cochise County . The time period was characterized by rapidly growing boomtowns , ongoing Apache raids , smuggling and cattle rustling across the United States-Mexico border , growing ranching operations , and the expansion of new technologies in mining , railroading , and telecommunications .   In the 1860s , following the Gadsden Purchase and the arrival of American settlers , conflict between the Apaches and the Americans was at its height . Pima County and later Cochise County were located in the center of the Apache wars and until 1886 there was almost constant warfare in that region adjacent to the Mexican border .   In addition to the conflict with the Native Americans , during the 1870s and 1880s , there was considerable tension between the rural residents who were for the most part Democrats from the agrarian Confederate States and town residents and business owners who were largely Republicans from the industrial Union States . The tension culminated in what has been called the Cochise County feud , or the Earp-Clanton feud , which ended with the historic Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and Wyatt Earp 's Vendetta Ride . Dr. George E. Goodfellow described Tombstone , the capital of Cochise County , as the `` condensation of wickedness . ''

neg: Captain Thunderbolt Frederick Wordsworth Ward ( 1835 -- 25 May 1870 ) , better known by the self-styled pseudonym of Captain Thunderbolt , was an Australian bushranger renowned for escaping from Cockatoo Island , and also for his reputation as the `` gentleman bushranger '' and his lengthy survival , being the longest roaming bushranger in Australian history .

neg: Bouncer (doorman) A bouncer ( also known as a doorman , door supervisor or cooler ) is a type of security guard , employed at venues such as bars , nightclubs , stripclubs or concerts . A bouncer 's duties are to provide security , check legal age , to refuse entry for intoxicated persons , and to deal with aggressive behavior or non-compliance with statutory or establishment rules . Bouncers are often required where crowd size , clientele or alcohol consumption may make arguments or fights a possibility , or where the threat or presence of criminal gang activity is high .   In the United States , civil liability and court costs related to the use of force by bouncers are `` the highest preventable loss found within the -LSB- bar -RSB- industry '' , as many United States bouncers are often taken to court and other countries have similar problems of excessive force . In many countries , federal or state governments have taken steps to professionalise the industry by requiring bouncers to have training , licensing , and a criminal records background check .

neg: Judiciary Act of 1802 The United States Judiciary Act of 1802 ( 2 Stat . 156 ) was a Federal statute , enacted on April 29 , 1802 , to reorganize the federal court system . It restored some elements of the Judiciary Act of 1801 , which had been adopted by the Federalist majority in the previous Congress , but was repealed by the Democratic-Republican majority earlier in 1802 .   The Act restructured the circuit courts into six circuits , and assigned one Supreme Court justice to each circuit . Unlike the 1801 Act , no new circuit judgeships were created , so the justices were faced with having to return to the practice of `` riding circuit '' to hold court in each district within their circuit , along with the local district judge , during the majority of the year . No circuit courts were created for the judicial districts of Kentucky , Tennessee , Maine , or the territories , although the 1801 Act would have done so .   Since the circuit courts were now to consist of only two judges , the Act permitted them to certify to the Supreme Court any question of law on which the two could not agree . Also , the district judge was not permitted to hear appeals of his own decisions , so appeals from the district courts were decided by the circuit justice alone . But the most important part of the Act was the provision that a quorum of only one judge was needed to convene a circuit court . As a result , Supreme Court justices could often rely on district court judges to convene circuit courts . With circuit riding largely optional , Supreme Court justices were no longer saddled with what they had previously felt was a tremendous burden . The Act 's flexibility proved crucial to the demise of circuit riding , which essentially disappeared by 1840 .   The Act also created additional district courts by dividing the District of North Carolina into the districts of Albemarle , Cape Fear , and Pamptico , and by dividing the District of Tennessee into the Eastern and Western Districts of Tennessee . No new judgeships were created for these courts ; however , the district judges in North Carolina and Tennessee had to hold court in each district within their state , and the North Carolina judge also had to sit on the circuit court ( which , however , continued to sit for the state as a whole , not in the separate district court districts ) .   The Act established a United States District Court for the District of Columbia , although this court is not the direct predecessor of today 's court bearing the same name .

neg: Fred J. Dodge Frederick J. Dodge ( August 29 , 1854 -- December 16 , 1938 ) was an undercover Wells Fargo detective , a constable in Tombstone , Arizona , and Texas cattleman . He was born in Spring Valley in northern Butte County , California and was raised in Sacramento .   He worked as undercover agent for Wells Fargo in California , Nevada and Arizona . In December 1879 , he was working in Tombstone , Arizona and recommended that Wyatt Earp be hired as a guard and messenger for the stage line . The two quickly became good friends and Dodge supported Wyatt and his brothers in their troubles in Tombstone that led up to the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and afterward . He and Wyatt remained friends the rest of their lives .

neg: Less Than Zero (song) `` Less Than Zero '' is the eighth track on Elvis Costello 's debut album My Aim Is True , and the first Costello single that Stiff Records released .   The song expressed Costello 's anger after seeing former British Union of Fascists leader Oswald Mosley interviewed on television attempting to deny his racist past . In the liner notes to the Rhino edition of the album , Costello writes :   The song therefore fits in with a number of others on early Costello albums that deal with themes of fascism and totalitarianism , which also include `` Night Rally '' from This Year 's Model and `` Goon Squad '' from Armed Forces . In this case , a racist and totalitarian movement is seen in terms of sub rosa teenage sex : `` Turn up the TV ... Even your mother wo n't detect it/So your father wo n't know . ''   Allmusic critic Mark Deming describes the melody as `` slow , slinky -LSB- and -RSB- sinister . '' Deming also suggests that the melody shows some reggae influences , even though the rhythm does not incorporate reggae syncopations . Deming describes the song as `` controversial , audacious , and highly effective '' as well as `` a truly remarkable debut . ''   On his first visit to the United States , Costello found that American audiences did n't understand the song , writing in his 2015 autobiography , Unfaithful Music and Disappearing Ink , `` I 'm not sure if anyone in Cleveland has ever heard of Oswald Mosley or gave a damn about him when we played `` Less Than Zero '' that night . It was just some rock and roll music with a fashionable-sounding title '' . Later , he substantially rewrote the lyrics to refer to Lee Harvey Oswald . This was a reference to the common misconception among American fans that this was the `` Mr. Oswald '' referred to in the original lyrics . This version is usually referred to as the `` Dallas version '' and is available as a bonus track on the My Aim is True reissue , and a live version can be found on Live at the El Mocambo .   The song later provided US author Bret Easton Ellis with the title of his debut novel .   The song was also involved in Costello 's infamous performance on Saturday Night Live on 17 December 1977 . Following pressure from his record company to play the song on the show , Costello began to play the song , but he stopped after only a few bars , saying that `` there 's no reason to do this song here . '' He then launched into an unannounced performance of `` Radio Radio '' , a song he had promised not to play . As a result , he was banned from the show until 1989 . In 2015 , Costello wrote of having seen the Saturday Night Live appearance as an opportunity equivalent to The Beatles ' first live US television performance on -LSB- -LSB- The Ed Sullivan Show -RSB- : '' -LSB- ... -RSB- Columbia insisted that the second song should be `` Less Than Zero '' . The song had already proven to be obscure to many American ears and if this was supposed to be our I Want to Hold Your Hand moment , I thought the song was too low-key '' . He had then come up with the plan to switch songs , inspired by a live performance on the BBC 's The Lulu Show in 1969 in which Jimi Hendrix had scrapped a performance of Hey Joe after a few bars to instead play an impromptu tribute to Cream , who had broken up just days before .   `` Less Than Zero '' appears on the first Stiff Records compilation ; A Bunch of Stiff Records , whilst the B-side , `` Radio Sweetheart '' , appears on their second ; Hits Greatest Stiffs .

neg: Frank Loving Frank Loving , sometimes called `` Cockeyed '' Frank Loving ( 1860 -- April 21 , 1882 ) was an Old West gambler and gunman . His two known gunfights were two of the better-known and well-publicized shootouts of the day , although over time they have become obscure .   Loving was born in Jackson County , Missouri , and later moved with his family to Texas , where his father died in the early 1870s . He began making his living as a professional gambler by his late teens , frequenting saloons and eventually landing in Dodge City , Kansas . Once settled in Dodge City , Loving began to frequent the Long Branch Saloon , where he became associated with other well-known gamblers , gunmen , and lawmen , to include Doc Holliday , Bat Masterson , Wyatt Earp , Charlie Bassett , and John Allen , with a friendship developing between gunman/gambler Levi Richardson and him . He also became good friends with Long Branch Saloon owner Chalkley Beeson .

neg: NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship The NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship was a professional wrestling championship contested for in Jim Crockett Promotions ( JCP ) , a territory-promotion governed by the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) . The title was only contestable by male individual wrestlers . Since 1974 , JCP was also known as `` Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling '' ( MACW ) , which is why all of its championships included `` Mid-Atlantic '' in their names . Being a professional wrestling championship , it was not won legitimately ; it was instead won via a scripted ending to a match or awarded to a wrestler because of a storyline . In 1970 , the championship was introduced as the NWA Eastern Heavyweight Championship during a taping of Championship WrestlingChampionship Wrestling was a television program for JCP that began airing on local WGHP television markets in 1964 . on October 13 , 1970 . It was announced that the Missouri Mauler had defeated the defending champion Pat O'Connor in New York City to win the title ; this title change was fictitious and a storyline to introduce the championship to the promotion ; nevertheless , O'Connor 's reign is denoted as the first official reign . Because it was fictitious , further information regarding O'Connor 's reign is unavailable .   On the September 6 , 1973 taping of Championship Wrestling , JCP owner Jim Crockett , Jr. announced the retirement of the NWA Eastern Heavyweight Championship and the establishment of the NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship ; this coincided with the rebranding of JCP as MACW . At the time of this change , Jerry Brisco was in his fourth reign as the NWA Eastern Heavyweight Champion , and as a result of never losing the title , he was recognized as the first NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Champion . Because Brisco 's fourth reign did not end , being awarded the NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Title is not counted as a new reign overall in the title 's history . On December 26 , 1986 , Ron Garvin , after winning JCP 's version of the NWA United States Tag Team Championship with Barry Windham , vacated the NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Title and handed the belt to Crockett , Jr. on a taping of World Championship Wrestling.World Championship Wrestling was a television program for JCP that began airing on WTBS television markets in 1981 . Crockett , Jr. deactivated the championship for unknown reasons , and eventually , JCP was sold to Ted Turner in 1988 . As a result , Garvin was the final wrestler to hold the NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Title . In the late 1990s , a group of promoters was given permission by the NWA to establish a territory called `` Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling ( MACW ) '' ; however , this territory has not claimed any connection to the original JCP/MACW . As a result , their prime championship , called the MACW Heavyweight Championship , has no connection to this original JCP/MACW championship .   Overall , there were 60 reigns shared between 29 wrestlers . Fifteen of those reigns occurred while the title was called the `` NWA Eastern Heavyweight Championship '' , while 46 occurred under the `` NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship '' name . The title had only one official Vacant , which occurred in July 1985 . Jack Brisco and Wahoo McDaniel had the most reigns as champion , with six ; Jerry Brisco and Rip Hawk had the second-most , with four . Ken Patera 's second reign was the longest in the title 's history , at 334 days ; the Missouri Mauler had the second-longest , at 275 days . Johnny Valentine ranks first in combined reigns by length , at 504 days with 2 reigns ; Patera ranks second , at 495 days with 4 reigns . All title changes occurred at JCP -- promoted events : live events , pay-per-view events , and on televised events that aired on broadcast delay .

neg: Texas Jack Texas Jack may refer to :   Texas Jack Omohundro ( 1846-1880 ) scout , actor , cowboy  Texas Jack ( South Africa ) ( c. 1860-1905 ) sharpshooter , wild west show owner , made Will Rogers into an entertainer , adopted son of Omohundro .  Texas Jack Vermillion ( 1842-1911 ) Old West gunfighter  Nathaniel Reed , known as Texas Jack , ( 1862-1950 ) 19th-century American outlaw  Texas Jack , a character in the film The Great Race  Texas Jack McGraw McGraw , a character in Danger Mouse  `` Texas Jack '' , an episode in The Abbott and Costello Cartoon Show  Texas Jack 's , the retail store of US firearms importer , Cimarron Firearms

neg: Buck Griffin Albert C. `` Buck '' Griffin ( February 23 , 1923 -- February 14 , 2009 ) was an American country musician and songwriter . He was a popular performer live and on radio , though he never scored a hit on record , and was compared to Hank Williams and Conway Twitty .   Griffin was born in Corsicana , Texas and was raised in Oklahoma and Missouri . He began playing guitar at age 12 and sang lead in a high school dance band . After school Griffin took jobs as a ditch digger and oil driller in Kansas , where he played in local clubs . In the late 1940s he was offered a slot on Oklahoma City radio station WKY under the name Chuck Wyman .   Joe Leonard , owner of a Gainesville , Texas radio station , offered Griffin a contract on Lin Records in 1954 , and had him record his first single at the studios of Dallas 's WFAA . `` It Do n't Make No Nevermind '' b/w `` Meadowlark Boogie '' was his first release , but it went nowhere , and several more releases later in 1954 ( some of which featured members of Bob Wills 's band ) also failed to attract attention . Despite this , Griffin was a popular live performer , performing with Red Foley and Marty Robbins among others . Additionally , he did well as a songwriter ; his `` Goin ' Home All Alone '' was recorded by Wade Ray , and Janis Martin did a version of his failed single `` Let 's Elope , Baby '' . He appeared on ABC-TV 's Talent Varieties on August 2 , 1955 , singing `` Next to Mine '' .   In 1956 , Griffin contracted with the Dallas radio show Big D Jamboree , and MGM Records picked up his previous Lin Records releases for national distribution . Though MGM released 45s from Griffin into the early 1960s , he never scored a hit ; later releases on Holiday Inn Records fared no better .   In 1963 Griffin started Rotary Records and recorded several singles on that label as well as having a local television show on KCKT in Hoisington , Kansas .  From 1965 Griffin sold Bibles and worked as a Driller in the Kansas and Oklahoma oilfields as well as becoming a licensed pilot , owning several airplanes . He was a major force behind the building of an airstrip south of Hoisington , Kansas .  He still wrote and published songs and occasionally recorded . In the 1970s his chronic asthma became a barrier to performing . He died of complications to emphysema on February 14 , 2009 in Sayre , Oklahoma .

neg: Davy Crockett David `` Davy '' Crockett ( August 17 , 1786 -- March 6 , 1836 ) was a 19th-century American folk hero , frontiersman , soldier , and politician . He is commonly referred to in popular culture by the epithet `` King of the Wild Frontier '' . He represented Tennessee in the U.S. House of Representatives and served in the Texas Revolution .   Crockett grew up in East Tennessee , where he gained a reputation for hunting and storytelling . After being made a colonel in the militia of Lawrence County , Tennessee , he was elected to the Tennessee state legislature in 1821 . In 1825 , Crockett was elected to the U.S. Congress , where he vehemently opposed many of the policies of President Andrew Jackson , most notably the Indian Removal Act . Crockett 's opposition to Jackson 's policies led to his defeat in the 1831 elections . He won again in 1833 , then narrowly lost in 1835 , prompting his angry departure to Texas ( then the Mexican state of Tejas ) shortly thereafter . In early 1836 , Crockett took part in the Texas Revolution and was killed at the Battle of the Alamo in March .   Crockett became famous in his own lifetime for larger-than-life exploits popularized by stage plays and almanacs . After his death , he continued to be credited with acts of mythical proportion . These led in the 20th century to television and movie portrayals , and he became one of the best-known American folk heroes .

neg: Road Show (musical) Road Show ( previously titled Bounce , and before that Wise Guys and Gold ! ) is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and a book by John Weidman . It tells the story of Addison Mizner and his brother Wilson Mizner 's adventures across America from the beginning of the 20th century during the Alaskan Gold rush to the Florida real estate boom in the 1920s .   After a 1999 workshop in New York City , the musical was produced in Chicago and Washington , D.C. in 2003 under the title Bounce , but it did not achieve much success . A revised version of the musical premiered Off-Broadway in New York in October 2008 .


query: Noam Chomsky is a professor at MIT.

pos: Noam Chomsky Avram Noam Chomsky ( -LSB- æ ` vrɑːm _ ` noʊm_ˈtʃɒmski -RSB- ; born December 7 , 1928 ) is an American linguist , philosopher , cognitive scientist , historian , social critic , and political activist . Sometimes described as `` the father of modern linguistics '' , Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy and one of the founders of the field of cognitive science . He is Institute Professor Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , where he has worked since 1955 , and is the author of over 100 books on topics such as linguistics , war , politics , and mass media . Ideologically , he aligns with anarcho-syndicalism and libertarian socialism .   Born to middle-class Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants in Philadelphia , Chomsky developed an early interest in anarchism from alternative bookstores in New York City . At the age of sixteen he began studies at the University of Pennsylvania , taking courses in linguistics , mathematics , and philosophy . From 1951 to 1955 he was appointed to Harvard University 's Society of Fellows , where he developed the theory of transformational grammar for which he was awarded his doctorate in 1955 . That year he began teaching at MIT , in 1957 emerging as a significant figure in the field of linguistics for his landmark work Syntactic Structures , which remodeled the scientific study of language , while from 1958 to 1959 he was a National Science Foundation fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study . He is credited as the creator or co-creator of the universal grammar theory , the generative grammar theory , the Chomsky hierarchy , and the minimalist program . Chomsky also played a pivotal role in the decline of behaviorism , being particularly critical of the work of B. F. Skinner .   An outspoken opponent of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War , which he saw as an act of American imperialism , in 1967 Chomsky attracted widespread public attention for his anti-war essay `` The Responsibility of Intellectuals '' . Associated with the New Left , he was arrested multiple times for his activism and placed on President Richard Nixon 's Enemies List . While expanding his work in linguistics over subsequent decades , he also became involved in the Linguistics Wars . In collaboration with Edward S. Herman , Chomsky later co-wrote an analysis articulating the propaganda model of media criticism , and worked to expose the Indonesian occupation of East Timor . However , his defense of unconditional freedom of speech -- including for Holocaust deniers -- generated significant controversy in the Faurisson affair of the early 1980s . Following his retirement from active teaching , he has continued his vocal political activism , including opposing the War on Terror and supporting the Occupy movement .   One of the most cited scholars in history , Chomsky has influenced a broad array of academic fields . He is widely recognized as a paradigm shifter who helped spark a major revolution in the human sciences , contributing to the development of a new cognitivistic framework for the study of language and the mind . In addition to his continued scholarly research , he remains a leading critic of U.S. foreign policy , neoliberalism and contemporary state capitalism , the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict , and mainstream news media . His ideas have proved highly significant within the anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist movements , but have also drawn criticism , with some accusing Chomsky of anti-Americanism .

neg: Association for Computational Linguistics The Association for Computational Linguistics ( ACL ) is the international scientific and professional society for people working on problems involving natural language and computation . An annual meeting is held each summer in locations where significant computational linguistics research is carried out . It was founded in 1962 , originally named the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics ( AMTCL ) . It became the ACL in 1968 .   The ACL has a European ( EACL ) and a North American ( NAACL ) chapter .   The ACL journal , Computational Linguistics , is the primary forum for research on computational linguistics and natural language processing . Since 1988 , the journal has been published for the ACL by MIT Press .   The ACL book series , Studies in Natural Language Processing , is published by Cambridge University Press .   Each year ACL and its chapters organize international conferences in different countries .  ACL 2014 was held in Baltimore , USA .

neg: Mitutoyo is a Japanese multinational corporation specializing in measuring instruments and metrological technology , headquartered at Takatsu-ku , Kawasaki , Kanagawa .   Mitutoyo , established on October 22 , 1934 was founded by Yehan Numata ( 沼田 恵範 Numata Ehan ) with one product , the micrometer . Mitutoyo 's philosophy at that time was to make high-quality micrometers , but also to produce them in quantities that made them affordable and available to all of manufacturing . This philosophy was expanded in the next several decades to include a wider product offering focused on mechanical , dimensional gaging products , such as calipers , dial indicators , and other measuring tools .   As electronic technology became more widespread in the 1970s , Mitutoyo applied electronics to its line of dimensional gaging equipment to include electronic , or digital , measuring tools . During this time it also began to offer larger , more complex and more sensitive measuring instruments , including optical comparators , form measuring equipment , and coordinate measuring machines ( CMMs ) . As statistical process control ( SPC ) was introduced , Mitutoyo led the world in the development of output gages , interfaces , data collectors and analysis software to take advantage of this new metrological science .   When the computer made its way into the field of metrology , Mitutoyo again shifted its focus to include this technology into its product offering and push measuring accuracies into the sub-micrometre range . Today , Mitutoyo presents its 6,000 + products as integrated , computer-based metrology systems , where they can be interconnected to form closed-loop-measuring networks .   Mitutoyo America Corporation was formed in 1963 and is headquartered in Aurora , Illinois ( just outside Chicago ) . Mitutoyo America offers the full product line of precision measuring tools , instruments and equipment with a distribution network , training and education classes , software development , and service support to provide a comprehensive metrology organization .   Dr. Yehan Numata is also the founder of Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai ( BDK ) , the Society for the Promotion of Buddhism , which sponsors the Buddhist Canon Translation Project .   The company name is usually spelled in the Kunrei-shiki/Nihon-shiki manner `` Mitutoyo '' . Because most publications for foreigners as of 2000 require the usage of Hepburn romanization , as of 2000 in the Tokyo Anglophone yellow pages the company name is rendered in the Hepburn style `` Mitsutoyo '' .

neg: Lenore Blum Lenore Blum ( December 18 , 1942 , New York ) is a distinguished professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon .

neg: Political positions of Noam Chomsky Noam Chomsky is a widely known intellectual , political activist , and critic of the foreign policy of the United States and other governments . Noam Chomsky describes himself as a libertarian socialist , a sympathizer of anarcho-syndicalism , and is considered to be a key intellectual figure within the left-wing of US politics .

neg: Alexei Borodin Alexei Mikhailovich Borodin ( Алексе́й Михайлович Бороди́н born June 30 , 1975 ) is a professor of mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology .

neg: Maurice Heins Maurice Haskell Heins ( 19 November 1915 , Boston -- 4 June 2015 ) was an American mathematician , specializing in complex analysis and harmonic analysis .   Heins received his bachelor 's degree in 1937 , his master 's degree in 1939 , and his Ph.D. in 1940 , under Joseph L. Walsh , from Harvard University with thesis Extremal Problems for Functions Analytic and Single-Valued in a Doubly-Connected Region . He then worked on topological methods from 1940 to 1942 as Marston Morse 's assistant at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton . Heins was from 1942 to 1944 an assistant professor at the Illinois Institute of Technology and in 1944 -- 1945 an applied mathematician at the Chief Ordnance Office of the U.S. Army . In 1945 he became an assistant professor at Brown University , where he eventually became a full professor . He was a full professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 1958 to 1974 . From 1974 to 1986 he was a Distinguished Professor at the University of Maryland . He was the supervisor for 19 Ph.D. theses . His doctoral students include Bernard Epstein .   In the academic year 1952 -- 1953 Heins was a Fulbright Fellow at the Sorbonne and in 1979 a visiting professor at the University of Paris VI . In the academic year 1963 -- 1964 he was a visiting professor at the University of California , Berkeley .   Heins was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science , a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1956 , and a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society in 2012 . He was an Invited Speaker at the ICM in 1958 in Edinburgh .   In 1940 he married Hadassah Wagman ( bachelor 's degree 1939 Radcliffe ) . Upon his death he was survived by his widow , two children , four grandchildren , and several great-grandchildren . Albert Edward Heins , one of Maurice Heins 's two brothers , was also a prominent mathematician .

neg: Michael Artin Michael Artin ( -LSB- ˈaɐ̯tiːn -RSB- ; born 28 June 1934 ) is an American mathematician and a professor emeritus in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology mathematics department , known for his contributions to algebraic geometry .

neg: Center for Civic Media The MIT Center for Civic Media ( formerly the Center for Future Civic Media ) is a research and practical center that develops and implements tools that support political action and `` the information needs of -LSB- civic -RSB- communities '' . Its mission reads in part :   The MIT Center for Civic Media creates and deploys technical and social tools that fill the information needs of communities .   We are inventors of new technologies that support and foster civic media and political action ; we are a hub for the study of these technologies ; and we coordinate community-based test beds both in the United States and internationally .   It was founded in 2007 as a joint effort of the MIT Media Lab and the MIT Comparative Media Studies program . Its initial funding , a four-year grant from the Knight Foundation , was won in a contest `` to foster blogs and other digital efforts that seek to bring together residents of a city or town in ways that local newspapers historically have done . '' The founders planned to `` develop new technologies and practices to help newspapers attract readers as a greater number of Americans use the Internet as their primary news source . '' It expanded in 2011 .   Staffed by academic , technical , and professional staff , the Center was originally led by Christopher Csikszentmihályi , along with the Media Lab 's Mitchel Resnick and Comparative Media Studies ' Henry Jenkins . Ethan Zuckerman was announced as the Center 's new director in June 2011 . Others affiliated with the center include Sasha Costanza-Chock , Benjamin Mako Hill , William Uricchio , Jing Wang , and Jeffrey Warren .

neg: IBM Research IBM Research is IBM 's research and development division . It is the largest industrial research organization in the world , with twelve labs on six continents .   The roots of today 's IBM Research began with the 1945 opening of the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory at Columbia University . This was the first IBM laboratory devoted to pure science and later expanded into additional IBM Research locations in Westchester County , New York starting in the 1950s , including the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in 1961 .   IBM employees have garnered six Nobel Prizes , six Turing Awards , 20 inductees into the U.S. National Inventors Hall of Fame , 19 National Medals of Technology , five National Medals of Science and three Kavli Prizes .   As of 2016 , the company held the record for most patents generated by a business for 24 consecutive years .

neg: Intellectual An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking , research , and reflection about the reality of society , and proposes solutions for the normative problems of society , and thus he or she gains authority as a public intellectual . Coming from the world of culture , either as a creator or as a mediator , the intellectual participates in politics , either to defend a concrete proposition or to denounce an injustice , usually by producing or by extending an ideology , and by defending a system of values .

neg: Harvard Department of Social Relations The Department of Social Relations for Interdisciplinary Social Science Studies , more commonly known as the `` Department of Social Relations '' was an interdisciplinary collaboration among three of the social science departments at Harvard University ( anthropology , psychology , and sociology ) beginning in 1946 . Originally , the program was headquartered in Emerson Hall at Harvard before moving to William James Hall in 1965 . While the name `` Social Relations '' is often associated with the program 's long-time chair and guiding spirit , sociologist Talcott Parsons , many major figures of mid-20th-century social science also numbered among the program 's faculty , including psychologists Gordon Allport ( personality and motivation ) , Jerome Bruner ( cognitive psychology and narrative analysis ) , Roger Brown ( social psychology and psycholinguistics ) , and Henry Murray ( personality ) ; anthropologists Clyde and Florence Kluckhohn ( value orientations ) , John and Beatrice Whiting ( cross-cultural child development ) , Evon Z. Vogt ( comparative religion ) ; and sociologist Alex Inkeles ( Soviet studies and national character ) . Many of its graduate students also went on to be major figures in U.S. social sciences during the latter part of the twentieth century ; their work tends towards strong interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary approaches .   Allport and Boring discussed the origins of the department 's name in the April 1946 issue of the American Psychologist :  While -LSB- academic -RSB- departmental lines have remained rigid , there has been developing during the last decade , a synthesis of socio-cultural and psychological sciences which is widely recognized within the academic world in spite of the fact that there is no commonly accepted name to designate the synthesis . We propose that Harvard adopt , and thus help establish , the term Social Relations to characterize the emerging discipline which deals not only with the body of fact and theory traditionally recognized as the subject matter of sociology , but also with that portion of psychological science that treats the individual within the social system , and that portion of anthropological science that is particularly relevant to the social and cultural patterns of literate societies .   Social Relations sponsored or collaborated in a number of research studies characterized by explicit cross-cultural comparisons and multidisciplinary approaches to problems of policy or social theory . Major projects included the Six Cultures Study ( headed by John and Beatrice Whiting , an anthropological study of child development in six different cultures , including a New England Baptist community ; a Philippine barrio ; an Okinawan village ; an Indian village in Mexico ; a northern Indian caste group ; and a rural tribal group in Kenya ) ; a multidisciplinary analysis of Soviet culture and society , published in part as How the Soviet System Works ; and the Comparative Study of Values in Five Cultures during the 1950s , which examined five very different communities living in the same region of Texas : Zuni , Navajo , Mormon ( LDS ) , Spanish-American ( Mexican-American ) , and Texas Homesteaders .   The curriculum of the Harvard Social Relations had four inter-related components :  Sociology ;  Social Psychology ;  Social Anthropology ; and  Personality Theory .   The program disaggregated into its component departments around 1972 , though a certain interdisciplinarity remained throughout the 1970s .   A similar program at Yale , the Institute for Human Relations , also now disbanded , developed the Human Relations Area Files ( HRAF ) , a cross-cultural database for comparative research , administered by Carol and Melvin Ember .

neg: American upper class The American upper class is a social group consisting of the people who have the highest social rank and who are usually rich . People of this social class are socioeconomically distinguishable from other classes by its greater influence , power , and wealth . The American upper class is composed of members born into this class , called members of Old money ; as well as those who have acquired their wealth and influence within their own generation , called the Nouveau riche . In a CNBC Millionaire Survey it can be observed that a majority of millionaires polled , representing the wealthiest 10 percent of Americans , described themselves as middle class ( 44 % ) or upper middle class ( 40 % ) .   `` The study of attitudes is reasonably easy -LSB- ... -RSB- it 's concluded that for roughly 70 % of the population -- the lower 70 % on the wealth/income scale -- they have no influence on policy whatsoever . They 're effectively disenfranchised . As you move up the wealth/income ladder , you get a little bit more influence on policy . When you get to the top , which is maybe a tenth of one percent , people essentially get what they want , i.e. they determine the policy . So the proper term for that is not democracy ; it 's plutocracy . '' -- Noam Chomsky .   Many Politicians , heirs to fortunes , top business executives , CEOs , successful venture capitalists , those born into high society , and some celebrities may be considered members of this class . Some prominent and high-rung professionals may also be included if they attain great influence and wealth . The main distinguishing feature of this class , which is estimated to constitute roughly 1 % of the population , is the source of income . While the vast majority of people and households derive their income from wages or salaries , those in the upper class derive their income from investments and capital gains . Estimates for the size of this group commonly vary from 1 % to 2 % , while some surveys have indicated that as many as 6 % of Americans identify as `` upper class . '' Sociologist Leonard Beeghley sees wealth as the only significant distinguishing feature of this class and , therefore , refers to this group simply as `` the rich . ''   Sociologists such as W. Lloyd Warner , William Thompson and Joseph Hickey recognize prestige differences between members of the upper class . Established families , prominent professionals and politicians may be deemed to have more prestige than some entertainment celebrities who in turn may have more prestige than the members of local elites . Yet , contemporary sociologists argue that all members of the upper class share such great wealth , influence and assets as their main source of income as to be recognized as members of the same social class . As great financial fortune is the main distinguishing feature of this class , sociologist Leonard Beeghley at the University of Florida identifies all `` rich '' households , those with incomes in the top 1 % or so , as upper class .   In 1998 , Bob Herbert of The New York Times referred to modern American plutocrats as `` The Donor Class '' ( list of top donors ) and defined the class , for the first time , as `` a tiny group -- just one-quarter of 1 percent of the population -- and it is not representative of the rest of the nation . But its money buys plenty of access . ''

neg: Barbara Tversky Barbara Tversky is a Professor Emerita of Psychology at Stanford University and a Professor of Psychology and Education at Teachers College , Columbia University . Tversky specializes in cognitive psychology . She is a leading authority in the areas of visual-spatial reasoning and collaborative cognition . Tversky 's additional research interests include language and communication , comprehension of events and narratives , and the mapping and modeling of cognitive processes .   Tversky received a B.A. in Psychology from the University of Michigan in 1963 and a Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Michigan in 1969 . She has served on the faculty of Stanford University since 1977 and of Teachers College , Columbia University since 2005 .   Tversky was named a Fellow of the American Psychological Society in 1995 , the Cognitive Science Society in 2002 , and the Society of Experimental Psychologists in 2004 . In 1999 , she received the Phi Beta Kappa Excellence in Teaching Award . Tversky is an active and well-regarded teacher of psychology courses at both the introductory and advanced level . In addition , Tversky has served on the editorial boards of multiple prominent academic journals , including Psychological Research ( 1976-1984 ) , the Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning , Memory and Cognition ( 1976-1982 ) , the Journal of Experimental Psychology : General ( 1982-1988 ) , Memory and Cognition ( 1989-2001 ) , and Cognitive Psychology ( 1995-2002 ) .   Tversky has led an esteemed career as a research psychologist . She has published in leading academic journals prolifically for almost four decades . Multiple of her studies are among the most significant in both cognitive psychology and experimental psychology generally .   Tversky was married to fellow prominent psychologist Amos Tversky ( 1937-1996 ) until his death in 1996 .

neg: Samuel Jefferson Mason Samuel Jefferson Mason ( 1921 -- 1974 ) was an American electronics engineer . Mason 's invariant and Mason 's rule are named after him .   He was born in New York City , but he grew up in a small town in New Jersey . It was so small , in fact , that it only had a population of 26 . He received a B.S. in electrical engineering from Rutgers University in 1942 , and after graduation , he joined the Antenna Group of MIT Radiation Laboratory as a staff member . Mason went on to earn his S.M. and Ph.D. in electrical engineering from MIT in 1947 and 1952 , respectively . After World War II , the Radiation Laboratory was renamed the MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics , where he became the associate director in 1967 . Mason served on the faculty of MIT from 1949 until his death in 1974 -- as an assistant professor in 1949 , associate professor in 1954 , and full professor in 1959 . Mason unexpectedly died in 1974 due to a cerebral hemorrhage .   Mason 's doctoral dissertation , supervised by Ernst Guillemin , was on signal-flow graphs and he is often credited with inventing them . Another one of his contributions to the field of control systems theory was a method to find the transfer function of a system , now known as Mason 's rule . Mason was an expert in optical scanning systems for printed materials . He was the leader of the Cognitive Information Processing Group of the MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics , and he created systems that scanned printed materials and read them out loud for the blind . Similarly , he developed tactile devices powered by photocells that enabled the blind to sense light .   While at MIT , Mason was also responsible for revisions to the undergraduate curriculum in electrical engineering . He implemented innovations in the teaching of electric circuit theory by co-authoring a textbook on the subject , and he introduced digital signal analysis to undergraduates , which led to a textbook as well . Mason was also known to get students heavily involved in research , and he often had six or more doctoral candidates under his care . His students remembered him as , `` A gentle , compassionate man ... -LSB- who -RSB- had a deep , abiding interest in young people . '' Similarly , one of his thesis advisees said , `` I came to know , admire , and respect Professor Mason as a thinker , friend , personal adviser , and confidant . '' Mason also served his community as the chairman of the Faculty Committee on Student Environment , a member of the Faculty Committee on Education in the Face of Poverty and Segregation , and a leader of underprivileged youth in the Upward Bound program .

neg: The Responsibility of Intellectuals `` The Responsibility of Intellectuals '' is an essay by the American academic Noam Chomsky which was published as a special supplement by The New York Review of Books on the 23 February 1967 .   The article was written during the then-ongoing Vietnam War , as news of human rights abuses started to return to the United States , and as the war had increasingly become seen as a quagmire . An attack on the intellectual culture in the U.S. , Chomsky argues that it is largely subservient to power . He is particularly critical of social scientists and technocrats , who he believed were providing a pseudo-scientific justification for the crimes of the state in regard to the Vietnam War . He notes that those who opposed the war on moral rather than technical grounds are `` often psychologists , mathematicians , chemists , or philosophers , ... rather than people with Washington contacts , who , of course , realize that ` had they a new , good idea about Vietnam , they would get a prompt and respectful hearing ' in Washington . ''   The topic was inspired by articles of Dwight Macdonald published after the Second World War who `` asks the question : To what extent were the German or Japanese people responsible for the atrocities committed by their governments ? And , quite properly , ... turns the question back to us : To what extent are the British or American people responsible for the vicious terror bombings of civilians , perfected as a technique of warfare by the Western democracies and reaching their culmination in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , surely among the most unspeakable crimes in history . ''   The article brought Chomsky to public attention as one of the leading American intellectuals in the movement against the Vietnam war .

neg: Harvey Mansfield Harvey Claflin Mansfield , Jr. ( born March 21 , 1932 ) is the William R. Kenan , Jr. . Professor of Government at Harvard University , where he has taught since 1962 . He has held Guggenheim and NEH Fellowships and has been a Fellow at the National Humanities Center ; he also received the National Humanities Medal in 2004 and delivered the Jefferson Lecture in 2007 . He is a Carol G. Simon Senior Fellow at Stanford University 's Hoover Institution . He is notable for his generally conservative stance on political issues in his writings .   Mansfield is the author and co-translator of studies of and/or by major political philosophers such as Aristotle , Edmund Burke , Niccolò Machiavelli , Alexis de Tocqueville , and Thomas Hobbes , of Constitutional government , and of Manliness ( 2006 ) . In interviews Mansfield has acknowledged the work of Leo Strauss as the key modern influence on his own political philosophy .   Among his most notable former students include : Andrew Sullivan , Alan Keyes , William Kristol , Clifford Orwin , Paul Cantor , Delba Winthrop , Mark Lilla , Francis Fukuyama , Julius Krein and Shen Tong .

neg: Conditions on Transformations `` Conditions on Transformations '' is an influential linguistics article by Noam Chomsky , published in 1973 . In it , Chomsky attempted to formulate constraints on transformational rules used in Transformational Generative Grammar ( TGG ) , a new kind of syntactic theory that Chomsky first proposed in the 1950s . These constraints , or `` conditions '' , helped decrease the number of possible generative grammars , with a goal to account for the process of language acquisition in children .   Chomsky 's attempt to greatly constrain the power of transformational rules found a common ground with a new generation of generative linguists in Europe , as evidenced by the quote below :

neg: Research Laboratory of Electronics at MIT The Research Laboratory of Electronics ( RLE ) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) was founded in 1946 as the successor to the famed MIT Radiation Laboratory ( Rad Lab ) of World War II .  During the war , large scale research at the RadLab was devoted to the rapid development of microwave radar . Projects included physical electronics , microwave physics , electromagnetic properties of matter , and microwave communication principles . The `` Rad Lab '' designed almost half of the radar deployed in World War II , created over 100 different radar systems , and constructed $ 1.5 billion worth of radar .   At the height of its activities , the Rad Lab employed nearly 4,000 people working on several continents . What began as a British-American effort to make microwave radar work , evolved into a centralized laboratory committed to understanding the theories behind experimental radar while solving its engineering problems . The Rad Lab formally closed on December 31 , 1945 , and its staff members resumed their peacetime activities . In its wake remained tons of surplus equipment and the concept for a basic research center that was to continue in RLE .   On January 1 , 1946 , under the sponsorship of the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development , the RadLab 's Basic Research Division continued work at MIT as a transitional organization . Under the leadership of Director Julius A. Stratton and Associate Director Albert G. Hill , it continued investigation on problems in physical electronics that involved cathodes , electronic emission , and gaseous conduction . In microwave physics , the electromagnetic properties of matter at microwave frequencies were studied . Modern techniques were applied to both physics and engineering research , and in microwave communications , engineering applications were emphasized . On July 1 , 1946 , the Basic Research Division was finally incorporated into the new Research Laboratory of Electronics at MIT .

neg: Marvin Minsky Marvin Lee Minsky ( August 9 , 1927 -- January 24 , 2016 ) was an American cognitive scientist concerned largely with research of artificial intelligence ( AI ) , co-founder of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 's AI laboratory , and author of several texts concerning AI and philosophy .

neg: Alfred Mirsky Alfred Ezra Mirsky ( October 17 , 1900 -- June 19 , 1974 ) was an American pioneer in molecular biology .   Mirsky graduated from Harvard College in 1922 , after which he studied for two years at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons until 1924 when he moved to the University of Cambridge on a US National Research Council fellowship for the academic year 1924 -- 1925 . He received his PhD from Cambridge in 1926 , with a dissertation under Lawrence J. Henderson on the Haemoglobin molecule , completing work begun under Joseph Barcroft .   On May 25 , 1926 Mirsky married Reba Paeff , who went on to become a renowned children 's author ; they had a daughter , Reba Goodman and a son , Jonathan Mirsky .   In 1927 Mirsky was appointed Lab Assistant to Alfred E. Cohn at the then Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research , beginning his association with Rockefeller University . During a sabbatical year at the California Institute of Technology , Mirsky published a paper with Linus Pauling on the general theory of protein structure , suggesting that the structure of proteins are coiled in a specific configuration that accounts for the function in the body , and that the protein is denatured when that configuration is lost by breaking the hydrogen bonds that stabilize the structure .   One of Mirsky 's more notorious contributions while at the Rockefeller Institute was his attempt to discredit Oswald Avery . Avery had correctly shown that DNA was likely the agent of heredity . However , Mirsky went to great lengths to block Avery 's discovery because of doubts that DNA was the sole genetic material . It is said he even urged the Karolinska Institute in Sweden not to award Avery the Nobel Prize . Eventually Mirsky 's efforts were successful . Avery did not win the prize , despite as Erwin Chargaff claims , Avery 's work was worth two Nobel Prizes .   Mirsky became an official Member of the Rockefeller Institute in 1948 , and in 1950 was internationally congratulated for the `` grand discovery '' of DNA constancy , which proved the concept of DNA as the hereditary material . He served as an editor of The Journal of General Physiology in 1951 -- 1961 .   Mirsky was made Professor in 1954 when the Institute became Rockefeller University . He was also elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in the same year . Mirsky was highly involved in university affairs , and in 1959 he initiated a series of lectures for high school students , now named the Alfred E. Mirsky Holiday Lecture on Science in his honour .   In 1962 Mirsky chose a new lab assistant from a pool of candidates , in choosing a woman , Ellie Donoghue , he set a precedent by making her the first female lab assistant in the Institute 's history , the very same position which he first held upon his initial association with Rockefeller Institute . Mirsky proceeded to entrust Ms. Donoghue with assistance in his research and the running of his laboratory , setting an early precedent for the advancement of women in the labs at Rockefeller University .   Following retirement from his laboratory in an official capacity in 1964 , he served as librarian of the Rockefeller University from 1965 until 1972 , all the while being allowed to maintain his laboratory at the university for his personal research . He continued to make groundbreaking contributions to the study of cell nuclei in rodents and bovines in direct parallels to the structure of cell nuclei in humans .   After his wife , Reba Paeff Mirsky , died in 1966 he donated her valuable jewelry collection , save for a few pieces distributed to family and close friends , to the university 's collection . This collection of jewelry , acquired during their many trips around the world , is a part of the university 's holdings to this day . He went on to marry fellow Rockefeller employee Sonia Wohl in 1967 . Mirsky became professor emeritus in 1971 , after forty-four years at the Rockefeller Institute and University .   Mirsky traveled widely and was quite knowledgeable in archaeology and art history ; his priceless collection of art and historical objects was willed to the Rockefeller University upon his death in 1974 and remains in their permanent collection .