query: Clementine Chapel was used to house the skull of St. Peter in early medieval times.

pos: Clementine Chapel The Clementine Chapel , also known as La Clementina , is a particular Roman Catholic chapel located within the underground necropolitan grottoes of Saint Peter 's Basilica in Vatican City . It is the area where the relics of St. Peter were venerated in early medieval times , before his skull was removed to be housed at the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran .   Open today for pilgrims , the site venerates the original pavonazzo marble monument placed there by Emperor Constantine , and was used in early medieval times to house the skull of St. Peter

neg: Convento de San Marcos The Convento de San Marcos was a convent in León , Spain is today an operating luxury parador hotel . It also contains a consecrated church and museum , and is one of the most important monuments of the Renaissance in Spain . It is one of the greatest architectural jewels of León , together with the Cathedral , the Basilica of San Isidoro and la Casa Botines . It has a highly ornamental plateresque facade .  The darkest period in the monastery of San Marcos 's five centuries of history is concentrated in just four years . During the course of the Spanish Civil War cells , rooms , stables , cloisters , church , choir , museum and every fast corner of the building were transformed into impromptu dungeons or jailers ' offices .  Between July 1936 and the end of 1940 , up to 7,000 men and 300 women were imprisoned at the same time . It is estimated that , over the entire war and the period immediately following , the number of Republican militia members and political prisoners that passed through its cells totaled some 20,000 . In the province of Leon , around 3,000 deaths are recorded due to the repression , and a good number of these came from the dungeons of San Marcos .   The origins of this building lie in the twelfth century , in the days of Alfonso VII of León . His sister , the Infanta Sancha of Castile , made a donation in July 1152 to construct a modest building on the outskirts of the walled city , on the banks of the Bernesga river , where `` the poor of Christ '' could stay . This would be a hospital-temple of shelter for pilgrims travelling the Camino de Santiago . Also , the building was the main residence for the Order of Santiago in the Kingdom of León . In 1176 , Pedro Fernandez de Castro , the first maestre of the Order of Santiago was elected as the first prior , and in 1184 he was buried in his church .

neg: San Clemente, Venice The Church of San Clemente ( Chiesa di San Clemente ) is a church built in 1131 and located on San Clemente Island , in the Venetian Lagoon . The name is dedicated to Pope Clement I , who died as a martyr according to legend and who is patron of seamen .

neg: All Saints' Church, Naseby All Saints ' Church is an Anglican Church and the parish church of Naseby in Northamptonshire , England . It is a Grade II * listed building and stands at the southern corner of Church Street and Newlands .   There was presumably a church at Naseby by 1086 , when the Domesday Book records the presence of a priest there , although it does not mention a church building as such . Evidence that there was a pre-Conquest structure survives in the form of some Saxon stones that are built into the walls of the present church and an incised grave slab in the wall of the tower .   One of its oldest features still present is the font , which is very ornate and of 12th century design . Most of the current church building was erected in the 13th and 14th centuries and is largely constructed of coursed lias rubble and lias ashlar with a slate roof . The building consists of a clerestoreyed nave , north and south aisles , a chancel and west tower .  The south aisle , pillars and wall were built from about 1220-1240 and the north aisle from about 1280 . The clerestories above the arches on both sides of the nave date from around 1400 .   At some stage , probably in the 18th century , the lower parts of the north arcade piers were encased in neo-classical plinths . The chancel was rebuilt in 1830 . The tower was probably erected in the 14th century and now supports a recessed spire that was erected in 1859-60 to the designs of William Slater . The spire appears to have been left as a stump by the medieval builders but in the 18th century was provided with an unusual climax in the form of a large copper ball mounted on a king post and four supports and topped by a weather vane . According to John Mastin , a vicar and historian of Naseby , the ball was loot brought to England in 1544 by Sir Gyles Allington and ultimately found its way to Naseby .   A 17th-century table , known as `` Cromwell 's Table '' , stands in the north aisle . It is said to have come from Shuckburgh House , which is opposite the church . The story goes that on the eve of the Battle of Naseby some of the king 's lifeguards were sitting down to supper at the table when they were surprised by Cromwell 's troops . Several of the royal soldiers were killed , and the rest captured . Their duty done , Cromwell 's men sat down at the table and finished the meal .   In 2013 , BBC News reported plans to open a visitor and community centre in part of the church building , which would enable the Naseby Battlefield Trust to increase awareness of the Battle of Naseby whilst maintaining an active place of worship with up-to-date facilities .   The parish registers survive from 1563 , the historic registers being deposited at Northamptonshire Record Office .   The monumental inscriptions inside the church and in its graveyard , including its extension , have been transcribed and published . The memorials in the church include a brass commemorating John Oliyver ( died 1446 ) and his wife and also an oval tablet to Rev John Mastin .   Naseby is part of a united Benefice along with Clipston , Haselbech and Kelmarsh .

neg: Chapel of Saint Helena, Slovakia The Chapel of Saint Helena in Považská Bystrica , Slovakia , was built in 1728 in the Baroque style by Count Peter Szapáry . After it was built , it was robbed and badly damaged more than once , which led to a massive restoration effort in the 1990s . Today the chapel is located on a housing estate and is currently holding regular church services .

neg: Peter of Capua Peter of Capua ( died August 1214 ) was an Italian theologian and scholastic philosopher , and a Cardinal and papal legate .   Peter was a member of an Amalfitan family . After a being a teacher at the University of Paris , he was employed by Pope Innocent III as legate . He made trips to Poland and Bohemia in 1197 , bringing decision of introducing celibacy . He also served as legate to France from 1198 . He made a truce between Richard I of England and Philip II of France , in December 1198 . During Peter 's meeting with Richard and William Marshal , the northerners found Peter 's appearance and obsequious style of diplomacy to be repellent . Peter did succeed in convincing Richard to agree to a conditional five-year truce , but when he persisted in asking that Richard also release Philip of Dreux ( a Bishop of Beauvais whom the king intensely hated ) Richard lost his temper and threatened to castrate Peter .   Peter then took part in the Fourth Crusade . While in Constantinople he acquired relics , including the purported body of St. Andrew , which he brought in the end to Amalfi .   A Life was written by Durand of Huesca . Another Peter of Capua the Younger was in Paris in the early thirteenth century .

neg: Ahmed es-Sikeli Ahmed es-Sikeli , baptised a Christian under the name Peter , was a eunuch and kaid of the Diwan of the Kingdom of Sicily during the reign of William I. His story was recorded by his Christian contemporaries Romuald Guarna and Hugo Falcandus from Sicily and the Muslim historian Ibn Khaldun .   Peter was born a Muslim in Djerba to a Berber family of the Sadwikish tribe . After his conversion he entered the service of the Sicilian crown and rose to the rank of admiral in the navy . During the reconquest of Roger I 's `` Kingdom of Africa '' by the Muslims ( 1159 ) , Peter led 160 ships in a raiding expedition to the Muslim-held Balearic Islands . He later tried to relieve besieged Mahdia in North Africa with the same fleet , but soon after engaging in battle he turned around and retreated towards Sicily . While Arabic sources credit a gale with dispersing the fleet , Hugo Falcandus asserts that Peter was `` only in name and dress a Christian , and a Saracen at heart '' . Falcandus ' assertion can probably be discredited , at least with respect to this point in Peter 's life , for the admiral did not fall out of favour at court . In fact , he was promoted to the office of Great Chamberlain .   In 1162 , Peter replaced the deceased Count Sylvester of Marsico in the triumvirate of officials -- including Matthew of Ajello and Richard Palmer -- in whom the king had confided the administration of the realm since the assassination of his prime minister , Maio of Bari , in 1160 . On her husband 's death in 1166 , the queen dowager Margaret of Navarre assumed the regency for her young son William II . She trusted neither the nobility nor the church and so turned to the palatine officials and the triumvirs , of which she did not trust Matthew of Ajello . She promoted the chief eunuch , Peter , to the highest post in the kingdom , the one formerly held by Maio of Bari , but did not grant him the latter 's title `` emir of emirs '' ( ammiratus ammiratorum ) .   Peter was despised by the nobility and soon the Queen 's cousin , Gilbert , Count of Gravina , was plotting against his life . Unable either to keep control of Sicily or to control Gilbert , Peter initially strengthened his bodyguard and eventually absconded , taking with him a quantity of treasure and severely embarrassing the Queen-regent . Re-assuming his birth name of Ahmed and practising Islam , he crossed to Africa and became a captain of the fleet of the Almohad caliph Yusuf I . According to Ibn Khaldun , who calls him Ahmed es-Sikeli ( `` Ahmed the Sicilian '' ) , he fought with valour against Christian foes .

neg: Archontics The Archontics , or Archontici , were a Gnostic sect that existed in Palestine and Armenia , who arose towards the close of the 2nd century CE . They were thus called from the Greek word ἄρχοντες , `` principalities '' , or `` rulers '' , by reason that they held the world to have been created and ruled by malevolent Archons .   Epiphanius of Salamis seems to be the earliest Christian writer who speaks of this sect . He relates that a young priest in Palestine named Peter had been charged with heresy , deposed from the office of the priesthood and expelled by Bishop Aëtius . He fled into a part of Arabia , where there was a center of Ebionitism . In his old age , he returned to Palestine , where he lived the life of an anchorite in a cave near Jerusalem and attracted followers by the austerity of his life and the practice of extreme poverty . Shortly before the death of Constantius II ( 337-361 ) , Eutactus , coming from Egypt , visited the anchorite Peter and was imbued by him with the doctrines of the sect and carried them into Greater and Lesser Armenia .

neg: Shroud of Turin The Shroud of Turin or Turin Shroud ( Sindone di Torino , Sacra Sindone -LSB- ˈsaːkra ˈsindone -RSB- or Santa Sindone ) is a length of linen cloth bearing the image of a man who is alleged to be Jesus of Nazareth . The cloth itself is believed by some to be the burial shroud he was wrapped in when he was buried after crucifixion although three radiocarbon dating tests in 1988 dated a sample of the cloth to the Middle Ages . The shroud is kept in the royal chapel of the Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist in Turin , northern Italy . The Catholic Church has neither formally endorsed nor rejected the shroud , but in 1958 Pope Pius XII approved of the image in association with the devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus . Pope John Paul II called the Shroud `` a mirror of the Gospel '' .   The origins of the shroud and its images are the subject of intense debate among theologians , historians and researchers . Diverse arguments have been made in scientific and popular publications claiming to prove that the cloth is the authentic burial shroud of Jesus , based on disciplines ranging from chemistry to biology and medical forensics to optical image analysis . In 1988 , a radiocarbon dating test dated a corner piece of the shroud from the Middle Ages , between the years 1260 and 1390 , which is consistent with the shroud 's first known exhibition in France in 1357 . Articles published from 2000 - 2015 have highlighted concerns about this dating , and aspects of the 1988 test continue to be debated in some circles , but meaningful challenges to the dating result have so far been unsuccessful . According to Christopher Ramsey of the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit in 2011 , `` there are various hypotheses as to why the dates might not be correct , but none of them stack up . ''   The image on the shroud is much clearer in black-and-white negative than in its natural sepia color , and this negative image was first observed in 1898 on the reverse photographic plate of amateur photographer Secondo Pia , who was allowed to photograph it while it was being exhibited . A variety of methods have been proposed for the formation of the image , but the actual method used has not yet been conclusively identified . Despite numerous investigations and tests , the status of the Shroud of Turin remains murky , and the nature of the image and how it was fixed on the cloth remain puzzling . The shroud continues to be both intensely studied and controversial .

neg: St Peter's Church, Selsey St Peter 's Church is the Parish Church of Selsey , West Sussex and dates from the 13th century . The Church building was originally situated at the location of St Wilfrid 's first monastery and cathedral at Church Norton some 2 miles north of the present centre of population .

neg: Custody of the Holy Land The Custody of the Holy Land ( Latin : Custodia Terræ Sanctæ ) is a custodian priory of the Franciscan order in Jerusalem , founded as Province of the Holy Land in 1217 by Saint Francis of Assisi , who also founded the Franciscan Order . Its mission is to guard `` the grace of the Holy Places '' of the Holy Land and the rest of the Middle East , `` sanctified by the presence of Jesus '' , as well as pilgrims visiting them , on behalf of the Catholic Church . The Custodial Curia was led by Custos Fr . Pierbattista Pizzaballa since 2004 , with the approval of the Holy See ; since 2016 , the chief custodian is Francesco Patton . Its headquarters are located in the Monastery of Saint Saviour , a 16th-century Franciscan monastery near the New Gate in the Old City of Jerusalem .   The Franciscan presence in the Holy Land traces back to 1217 with Frater Elias of Cortona as Minister . By 1229 , the friars had a small house near the fifth station of the Via Dolorosa . In 1272 , Sultan Baibars of Egypt permitted the Franciscans to settle in the Cenacle on Mount Zion . The Custodian subsequently came to be described as the `` Guardian of Mount Zion in Jerusalem '' . From 1309 settling in Bethlehem and the Holy Sepulchre along with the Canons Regular , in 1342 they were officially declared custodians of the Holy Places in the name of the Catholic Church by the Papal bulls Gratiam agimus and Nuper charissimae by Pope Clement VI .   After the fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1291 , the title of Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem was vested in the Custody ex officio in Rome , while resuming its activities in the Holy Land , including surveiling the accolades of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre 1342-1489 until its Grand Magistry was vested in the papacy . Following the restoration of the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem as residential episcopal see in 1847 , the Patriarch henceforth additionally assumed the position of the order 's ecclesiastical superior , eventually supplanting the Custody of the Holy land as Grand Prior of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre .   The Custody of the Holy Land has repeatedly expressed concern about the survival of the Christians in the Holy Land , including the strained situation for Christians in the rest of the Middle East .

neg: History of Roman and Byzantine domes The History of Roman and Byzantine domes traces the architecture of domes throughout the ancient Roman Empire and its medieval continuation , today called the Byzantine Empire . Domes were important architectural elements in both periods and had widespread influence on contemporary and later styles , from Russian and Ottoman architecture to the Italian Renaissance and modern revivals . The domes were customarily hemispherical , although octagonal and segmented shapes are also known , and they developed in form , use , and structure over the centuries . Early examples rested directly on the rotunda walls of round rooms and featured a central oculus for ventilation and light . Pendentives became common in the Byzantine period , provided support for domes over square spaces .   Early wooden domes are known only from a literary source , but the use of wooden formwork , concrete , and unskilled labor enabled domes of monumental size in the late Republic and early Imperial period , such as the so-called `` Temple of Mercury '' bath hall at Baiae . Nero introduced the dome into Roman palace architecture in the 1st century and such rooms served as state banqueting halls , audience rooms , or throne rooms . The Pantheon 's dome , the largest and most famous example , was built of concrete in the 2nd century and may have served as an audience hall for Hadrian . Imperial mausolea , such as the Mausoleum of Diocletian , were domed beginning in the 3rd century . Some smaller domes were built with a technique of using ceramic tubes in place of a wooden centering for concrete , or as a permanent structure embedded in the concrete , but light brick became the preferred building material over the course of the 4th and 5th centuries . Brick ribs allowed for a thinner structure and facilitated the use of windows in the supporting walls , replacing the need for an oculus as a light source .   Christian baptisteries and shrines were domed in the 4th century , such as the Lateran Baptistery and the likely wooden dome over the Church of the Holy Sepulchre . Constantine 's octagonal palace church in Antioch may have been the precedent for similar buildings for centuries afterward . The first domed basilica may have been built in the 5th century , with a church in southern Turkey being the earliest proposed example , but the 6th century architecture of Justinian made domed church architecture standard throughout the Roman east . His Hagia Sophia and Church of the Holy Apostles inspired copies in later centuries .   Cruciform churches with domes at their crossings , such as the churches of Hagia Sophia in Thessaloniki and St. Nicholas at Myra , were typical of 7th and 8th century architecture and bracing a dome with barrel vaults on four sides became the standard structural system . Domes over windowed drums of cylindrical or polygonal shape were standard after the 9th century . In the empire 's later period , smaller churches were built with smaller domes , normally less than 6 m after the 10th century . Exceptions include the 11th century domed-octagons of Hosios Loukas and Nea Moni , and the 12th century Chora Church , among others . The cross-in-square plan , with a single dome at the crossing or five domes in a quincunx pattern , as at the Church of St. Panteleimon , was the most popular type from the 10th century until the fall of Constantinople in 1453 .

neg: Archiepiscopal Museum, Ravenna The Archiepiscopal Museum ( Museo Arcivescovile ) is located in Ravenna , Italy , next to the Baptistry of Neon and behind the Duomo of Ravenna . In the museum relics of early Christian Ravenna are preserved , including fragments of mosaic from the first cathedral church , and the chapel of Sant ` Andrea , dating from the Gothic kingdom .   The main room , on entering , contains lapidary inscriptions as HIC REQUIESCIT IN PACE VIR SBL SEDA IGNUCUS ( ` Here lies in peace that eminent man Seda the Eunuch ' ) , CUBICULARIUS or ` Bedchamberlain ' to Theodoric the Great , buried 541 AD . Beneath this , by the window , a reliquary for the martyred saints Quiricus and Julietta , whose remains were carried from Tarsus , the birthplace of Saint Paul , to Auxerre and from thence to Ravenna . The depictions on its four facings are in keeping with the theme of donation : Galla Placidia placed it in the church of San Giovanni Battista ( not to be confused with the church of the ` Evangelista ' ) . They are :   Christ giving the Tables of the Law to St. Peter , with Paul standing by him ;  Daniel in the lions ' den , with the prophet Habakkuk offering him a loaf and fishes ;  The Three Wise Kings bringing their gifts to the infant Christ ;  The women sitting below at His empty tomb .   The marble rosette on the facing wall is a Paschal calendar of the 6th century . Its purpose was to fix the movable feast of Easter in such a way that it might be celebrated everywhere in Christendom on the same day - no easy matter when East and West were using different calendars : the Eastern Church used the Hebrew lunar calendar , while the Western church followed the sun 's cycle . Despite the decrees of the Council of Nicea in 325 AD and the tables of Theophilus , in this , as in all matters of faith , people followed their own loyalties . This calendar follows the eastern lunar cycle : LV on the outer rim , followed by AN indicates the phase of its 19-year cycle ; the date then for Easter is written in each recurring phase from 532 AD to 626 AD .   The mosaics are the few fragments left of what covered the apse of the first church : they are not Roman originals but of the early 12th century . The most beautiful and intact is that of the Madonna , praying in the eastern manner ; other fragments give some idea of its composition - the life of Sant ` Apollinare , the patron saint and evangeliser of Ravenna ; scenes of the Resurrection ; Saints Peter and Paul . On entering the room to the right , there is a little stele depicting Christ the Good Shepherd by a tree : it is the tombstone of Antiphon , who died aged 17 years , 5 months and 12 days , sometime at the end of the 2nd/beginning of the 3rd century , long before the Edict of Tolerance , and is thus the earliest Christian record in Ravenna . The red porphyrian man ( drawing or sheathing his sword ? ) , headless , handless , footless , may be the Emperor Theodosius . It recalls the statue of the Tetrarchs outside the Doge 's Palace in Venice , gripping onto power .   The jewel of the collection is the Ivory Cathedra , the bishop 's seat of the Byzantine era ( 6th century ) , considered among the finest pieces of ivory carving in Western art . It is placed in what was the tower of Porta Salustra , the Roman gateway which commanded the southern entrance along the Cardis . It is the work of different hands and , even allowing for the missing panels , it still remains a visible masterpiece : the front bench , with the figures of Saint John the Baptist flanked by the Evangelists and a frieze work of peacocks , lions , goats and deer among vines , is especially fascinating ; the backrest represents scenes from the birth of Christ , including Mary proving her virginity by immersion ; on the other side , the miracles of Christ , his baptism and entry into Jerusalem ; the armrests depict the Old Testament life of Joseph , reading from left to right ( for the sitter ) .

neg: San Clemente, Vezza d'Oglio The church of Saint Clement ( Chiesa di San Clemente ) lies in the territory of the Vezza d'Oglio comune in Valcamonica , Brescia province .   It can be reached by following an unpaved road from central Vezza until reaching a spur of rock offering a wide view on the underlying valley .   Only the bell tower , adorned by a double row of mullioned windows , remains of the original medieval structure ; the body of the church was rebuilt in the 16th century .   It is believed that a religious guest accommodation was located in the neighborhood of the church , which , although itself located some height above the valley bottom , once lied on the hillside transit route .   According to Gregorio Brunelli this church was the original parish church of Vezza d'Oglio , but contemporary scholars believe this interpretation to be wrong .   In 1580 , cardinal Carlo Borromeo ordered a complete renewal of the icanttype church : the date on the architrave , 1585 , suggests this was completed in a relatively short time .

neg: St John's Chapel, London St. John 's Chapel is located in the Tower of London . The building dates from 1080 .   A Romanesque chapel , St. John 's is on the second floor of the White Tower , which was built in 1077 -- 97 as a keep or citadel , the oldest part of William the Conqueror 's powerful fortress . It was constructed from stone imported from France , and has a tunnel-vaulted nave with an east apse and groin-vaulted aisles , and the gallery above curves around the apse . Thick , round piers support unmoulded arches , notable for their simplicity , with simple carvings of scallop and leaf designs providing the only decoration .   The chapel has survived complete from the early Norman period , whereas other Norman churches in England date from the mid-12th century . Because St Peter ad Vincula is the parish church of the Tower of London , St. John 's Chapel is often overlooked .   Services are held in the chapel periodically during the year .

neg: Sheriff's March The Sheriff 's March was an annual procession at Gateshead Fell , County Durham .   Medieval Britain operated under a strict feudal system . Society was rigidly structured in a pyramidal form with the King ( or Queen ) at the apex as the highest authority in the land , ordinary citizens at the bottom with a variety of Lords , Bishops , Judges and other noblemen and landowners ranking variously in between . Allegiance and subservience to the Crown was required by all men and women at all times and on most occasions was demonstrated by the swearing of oaths . One such occasion occurred twice a year , when the Sheriff of Northumberland met with the Crown Judges who came to Newcastle upon Tyne and sat on the Assizes to hear any legal matters which required their attention . To further emphasise the importance and solemnity of these visitations , a procession was to be held prior to the official meeting of the parties .   At an inquisition at Tynemouth in 1278 , it was duly declared that the King of Scotland , the Archbishop of York , the Prior of Tynemouth , the Bishop of Durham and Gilbert de Umfraville , Earl of Angus should arrange to meet with the justices prior to their entry into Newcastle , provided that they came through the county of Yorkshire first .   On the appointed day , usually a Saturday , the procession of these learned men would take place , starting in Newcastle upon Tyne before crossing the River Tyne and passing into Gateshead . After a short refreshment break , - at Sheriff Mount , the procession then made its way slowly up the old ( and remarkably steep ) turnpike road until all concerned parties came to the designated meeting place . This was initially established at Chile Well , but latterly the procession came to `` light and go into the house '' .   The house in question was Ye Olde Cannon , located on the turnpike road at the crest of Gateshead Fell . This place was chosen because of the convenience of both the gentry of Northumberland and for the judges journeying from -LSB- -LSB- Durham , the sheriff having used the stables at Sheriff Mount - to change horse before the hill climb , this is a detached Victorian villa built and known as Sheriff Mount North & Sheriff Mount South - the large Mount stone bears presence to this fact , IHe rode uphill onward to the olde canon  The guy who compiled this is clearly not owning the house , and knows not the entire truth   England | Durham -RSB- -RSB- and it was there that wine and punch were again served to the members of the precession at the expense of the Sheriffs who would wait there until the judges made their arrival . Once they had done so , all would return to Newcastle upon Tyne .   It is not known for certain whether or not Chile Well was situated on the old turnpike road , but it is certainly possible that the two meeting points were one and the same place . A well was for many years situated across the road from the Cannon and this certainly lends credence to the possibility that the sites were , in fact , the same . Intriguingly , the well was inscribed :   `` As cold waters to a thirsty soulSo is good news from a far country . ''   This procession took place for over five hundred years , even continuing after the English Civil War in the seventeenth century had effectively destroyed the feudal system as the principal means of rule in Britain . Indeed , the procession was held until 1825 when , upon the completion of the far less steep turnpike road through Low Fell , the procession was rerouted and the meeting place became The New Cannon situated at the junction between the turnpike road and the Low Fell Road ( now Beaconsfield Road and Belle Vue Bank ) .   In 1832 , miners at the Sheriff Hill Colliery went on strike in protest of pay and the dangerous conditions at the colliery . When the Sheriff 's March reached the area of Gateshead Fell , they were confronted by angry workers carrying a banner depicting a rat taking cheese from the working men Shortly after , a Commons bill in 1838 abolished such processions and so the tradition was halted and the travelling dignitaries had to be accommodated at the expense of their hosts . An attempt to revive the procession in 1845 by the High Sheriff , Ralph Carr Elison , was largely abortive and no further attempt was made .   It is as a direct result of the `` Sheriff 's March '' that the area around Ye Olde Cannon and the old turnpike road became known as Sheriff Hill .

neg: Santa Maria delle Grazie (Arezzo) Santa Maria delle Grazie is a church in Arezzo , Tuscany , central Italy .   It is located on the site of an ancient sanctuary with a spring that , in the Etruscan-Roman era , it was consecrated to Apollo . In the Middle Ages it was known as Fonte Tecta .   In 1425 , Saint Bernardino of Siena tried in vain to have it destroyed . Ousted from the city , he returned in 1428 and , this time , he was able to obtain the replacement of the spring with an oratory . Here , from 1428 and 1431 , Parri di Spinello painted a fresco with the Madonna of Misericordia , now inserted in the marble altar by Andrea Della Robbia ( 1487 -- 1493 ) . The altar portrays , in the tympanum , a Madonna with Child between two Angels ; in the niches are the saints Laurentinus , Pergentinus , Donatus and Bernardino , while the paliotto has a Pietà .   Around 1490 , the oratory received a portico , designed by Benedetto da Maiano . The structure is inspired to Brunelleschi 's Ospedale degli Innocenti . On the longest side it has seven arcades with medallions , on a basement with steps .   The church itself was built from 1435 to 1444 , a late Gothic edifice designed by Domenico del Fattore , with a single nave with cross-vaults and a short apse . It houses a fresco ( c. 1477-1481 ) with Pope Sixtus IV Enthroned between cardinals Gonzaga and Piccolomini . At the right side , a chapel dedicated to Saint Bernardino was built after his death in 1444 .

neg: St. Martin's Cathedral, Bratislava The St. Martin 's Cathedral ( Katedrála svätého Martina , Kathedrale des Heiligen Martin , Szent Márton-dóm or Koronázó templom ) is a church in Bratislava , Slovakia , and the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bratislava . It is situated at the western border of the historical city center below Bratislava Castle . It is the largest and one of the oldest churches in Bratislava , known especially for being the coronation church of the Kingdom of Hungary between 1563 and 1830 .   Together with the castle on the hill adjacent , and somewhat similar in its striking but fairly stark Gothic lines and colouring , St Martin 's 85 m spire dominates Old Town 's skyline . The tower virtually formed a part of the town 's fortifications , built as it was into the city 's defensive walls .   As with the castle , the surroundings of St Martin 's are as memorable as the structure itself . In the cathedral 's case , this includes the picturesque remains of outbuildings in a spacious staired courtyard , and a working seminary with robed adepts on a cobblestone side-street . A small but significant neighbour of the cathedral is a monument to the synagogue , which stood next door for centuries until the Communist government demolished it around 1970 to make room for a new Nový Most bridge . The cathedral contains the remains of Saint John the Merciful who died in the early 7th Century .

neg: Strigolniki The Strigolniki ( singular Strigólnik -- Стригольник in Russian ) were followers of the first Russian heretical sect of the middle of the 14th and first half of the 15th century , established in Pskov and later in Novgorod and Tver .   The origins of the name remain unclear . Some historians believe it has something to do with handicrafts that the first Strigolniki were engaged in , such as cloth-cutting or hairdressing ( it appears that the word strigolnik derives from the Russian root strig - , which connotes cutting or trimming . Others think the name comes from a special initiation ceremony ( a specific haircut , or strizhka ) , performed by a deacon named Karp -- a supposed founder of the sect ( together with deacon Nikita ) yet others think it could mean that these people refused to either grow a beard or cut their beards when they entered churches .   Active participants of the sect were tradespeople and low-ranking clergy . They renounced all ecclesiastic hierarchy and monasticism , sacraments of priesthood , communion , repentance , and baptism , which had been accompanied by large fees ( `` extortions '' , in their view ) to the benefit of the clergy . Criticizing and exposing the venality , vices , and ignorance of the priests , the Strigolniki demanded the right to a religious sermon for laymen . Their sermons were full of social motifs : they reproached the rich for enslaving the free and the poor .   Deacon Karp found many followers in Pskov , but had to move to Novgorod to avoid persecution . Some scholars argue that Archbishop of Novgorod Vasilii Kalika ( 1330 -- 1352 ) ignored the heresy , but that his successors , Moisei ( 1325 -- 1330 ; 1352 -- 1359 ) , and Aleksei ( 1359 -- 1388 ) took firm measures against the heretics . In 1375 , enraged citizens of Novgorod threw three heretics from the bridge into the Volkhov River . Beginning in 1382 , the sect was opposed by Archbishop Dionysios of Suzdal .   However , the teachings of the Strigolniki lived on . They spread widely in Novgorod , in Pskov , and also in Tver , where bishops Feodor Dobry and Yevfimiy Vislen came forward with support for the movement . In the early 15th century Photius , Metropolitan of Kiev and all Russia , denounced the Strigolniki teachings .   There has been no record of the sect since the second half of the 15th century . Some historians believe that it merged with the Sect of Skhariya the Jew . The Orthodox Church believes the heresy ended in 1427 .

neg: St Mary's Cathedral, Fürstenwalde The St. Mary 's Cathedral is a United Protestant church in the town of Fürstenwalde upon Spree , Brandenburg , Germany . It was formerly the cathedral of the Bishopric of Lebus , which was a Catholic diocese before the Protestant Reformation . The building is owned and used by the United Protestant St. Mary 's Cathedral Congregation which forms a parish within the Evangelical Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia , an umbrella comprising mostly Lutheran , but also Calvinist and united Protestant congregations .   In 1373 Fürstenwalde upon Spree became the new seat of the cathedral of the see of Lebus , one of the three medieval dioceses of the March of Brandenburg . The cathedral , which is dedicated to Our Lady , was raised to cathedral of the diocese . In 1446 , the cathedral was ransacked by Hussites . The attack was aimed at bishop , a strong critic of Jan Hus . After the Hussites laid the cathedral to waste , work began on building it anew . In 1517 , bishop commissioned the sculptor to build a sacrament house ( Sakramentshaus ) , a type of freestanding tabernacle that emerged from the German Gothic architecture of the late 14th to early 15th century .   This part of the cathedral 's history is controversial , as some believe that Maidburg did not work on this cathedral . The cathedral weathered another attack during World War II , when it was almost completely destroyed . It has been rebuilt since then , but the interior has suffered too much damage to allow for complete restoration .   Even after restoration the interior could not be rebuilt to be more than a mere shell of what it used to be . The church was not left completely at the mercy of the War 's bombing . Foresight and precaution had prevailed , and the sacrament house and numerous grave-slabs had been walled in to protect them in 1942 . This precautionary measure saved these structure from facing the same fate as the main church . The sacrament house and the grave-slabs thus protected survive to this day .

neg: Dome A dome ( from Latin : domus ) is an architectural element that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere . The precise definition has been a matter of controversy . There are also a wide variety of forms and specialized terms to describe them . A dome can rest upon a rotunda or drum , and can be supported by columns or piers that transition to the dome through squinches or pendentives . A lantern may cover an oculus and may itself have another dome .   Domes have a long architectural lineage that extends back into prehistory and they have been constructed from mud , snow , stone , wood , brick , concrete , metal , glass , and plastic over the centuries . The symbolism associated with domes includes mortuary , celestial , and governmental traditions that have likewise developed over time .   Domes have been found from early Mesopotamia , which may explain the form 's spread . They are found in Persian , Hellenistic , Roman , and Chinese architecture in the Ancient world , as well as among a number of contemporary indigenous building traditions . They were popular in Byzantine and medieval Islamic architecture , and there are numerous examples from Western Europe in the Middle Ages . The Renaissance style spread from Italy in the Early modern period . Advancements in mathematics , materials , and production techniques since that time resulted in new dome types . The domes of the modern world can be found over religious buildings , legislative chambers , sports stadiums , and a variety of functional structures .


query: Sweden was neutral throughout its entire history.

pos: Sweden Sweden ( Konungariket Sverige ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund . At 450295 km2 , Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area , with a total population of 10.0 million . Sweden consequently has a low population density of 22 PD/km2 , with the highest concentration in the southern half of the country . Approximately 85 % of the population lives in urban areas .   Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times , emerging into history as the Geats/G ötar and Swedes/Svear and constituting the sea peoples known as the Norsemen . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence , that in spite of this still retains warm continental summers . Today , Sweden is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , with a monarch as head of state . The capital city is Stockholm , which is also the most populous city in the country . Legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag . Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister . Sweden is a unitary state , currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities .   Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages . In the 17th century , it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire , which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century . Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries , ending with the annexation of present-day Finland by Russia in 1809 . The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814 , when Norway was militarily forced into personal union . Since then , Sweden has been at peace , maintaining an official policy of neutrality in foreign affairs . The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905 , leading to Sweden 's current borders . Though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars , Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts , such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe .   After the end of the Cold War , Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 , but declined NATO membership , as well as Eurozone membership following a referendum . It is also a member of the United Nations , the Nordic Council , Council of Europe , the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) . Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens . It has the world 's eighth-highest per capita income and ranks highly in numerous metrics of national performance , including quality of life , health , education , protection of civil liberties , economic competitiveness , equality , prosperity and human development .

neg: List of Swedish consorts This is a list of Swedish queens consort and spouses of Swedish monarchs and regents . The list covers a large time span and the role of a consort has changed much over the centuries . The first Swedish consorts are spoken of in legends . The consorts until c. 1000 are often semi-legendary , as are the monarchs . Between the 14th and 16th century , during periods of de facto Swedish independence from the formal union with Denmark , the Swedish regents did not have the title of king or queen , nor did the spouses of kings have the title of queen consort , although they had the equivalent position . Due to unions with Finland , Denmark and Norway , many of the Swedish consorts were also consorts of monarchs of these countries . Consorts listed during the period of 1380 -- 1520 were in fact also consorts to monarchs of Denmark . The consorts listed during the period of 1814-1905 were also consorts to monarchs of Norway . Finland was from the Middle Ages a part of Sweden , and although there was no official title , such as `` Queen Consort of Finland '' , from the 16th century until the year of 1809 , the queen consort of Sweden also held the title `` Grand Princess of Finland . ''   Sweden has had three female monarchs , and one of the consorts listed below is a male .

neg: Schleswig-Holstein Question The Schleswig-Holstein Question ( Schleswig-Holsteinische Frage Spørgsmålet om Sønderjylland og Holsten ) was a complex set of diplomatic and other issues arising in the 19th century from the relations of two duchies , Schleswig ( Sønderjylland / Slesvig ) and Holstein ( Holsten ) , to the Danish crown and to the German Confederation . The British statesman Lord Palmerston is reported to have said : `` Only three people have ever really understood the Schleswig-Holstein business -- the Prince Consort , who is dead -- a German professor , who has gone mad -- and I , who have forgotten all about it . ''   Schleswig was a part of Denmark during the Viking Age , and became a Danish duchy in the 12th century . Denmark repeatedly tried to reintegrate the Duchy of Schleswig into the Danish kingdom . On March 27 , 1848 , Frederick VII of Denmark announced to the people of Schleswig the promulgation of a liberal constitution under which the duchy , while preserving its local autonomy , would become an integral part of Denmark . This led to an open uprising by Schleswig-Holstein 's large German majority in support of independence from Denmark and of close association with the German Confederation . The military intervention of the Kingdom of Prussia supported the uprising : the Prussian army drove Denmark 's troops from Schleswig and Holstein in the First Schleswig War of 1848 -- 1851 . The second attempt to reintegrate the Duchy of Schleswig into the Danish kingdom , initiated by the signing by King Christian IX of Denmark of the November Constitution in 1863 , was seen as a violation of the London Protocol and led to the Second Schleswig War of 1864 .   Even though Schleswig , Holstein , and Denmark had all had the same hereditary ruler for some centuries , the inheritance rules in the three territories were not quite the same . The Dukedoms of Schleswig and Holstein were inherited under the Salic law which ignored females : the Kingdom of Denmark had a slightly different inheritance law which included male heirs inheriting through the female line . In the 19th century this slight difference in inheritance law meant that when the childless King Frederick VII of Denmark died the Kingdom of Denmark would be separated from the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein because one man would inherit the Kingship and another the Dukedoms , as happened on the death of Frederick in 1863 .   The central question was whether the duchy of Schleswig was or was not an integral part of the dominions of the Danish crown , with which it had been associated in the Danish monarchy for centuries or whether Schleswig should , together with Holstein , become an independent part of the German Confederation . Schleswig itself was a fiefdom of Denmark , as the duchy of Holstein had been a fief of the Holy Roman Empire until 1806 , and become a component state of the German Confederation with the Danish king as duke . This involved the question , raised by the death of the last common male heir to both Denmark and the two duchies , as to the proper succession in the duchies , and the constitutional questions arising out of the relations of the duchies to the Danish crown , to each other , and of Holstein to the German Confederation .   Much of the history of Schleswig-Holstein has a bearing on this question : see history of Schleswig-Holstein for details . Following the defeat of Germany in World War I , the Danish majority area of Northern Schleswig was finally unified with Denmark after two plebiscites organised by the Allied powers . A small minority of ethnic Germans still lives in Northern Schleswig , while a Danish minority remains in South Schleswig .

neg: London Protocol (1852) On 8 May 1852 , after the First War of Schleswig , an agreement called the London Protocol was signed . This international treaty was the revision of an earlier protocol , which had been ratified on 2 August 1850 , by the major Germanic powers of Austria and Prussia . The second London Protocol was recognised by the five major European powers -- Austria , France , Prussia , Russia , and the United Kingdom -- as well as by the Baltic Sea powers of Denmark and Sweden .   The Protocol affirmed the integrity of the Danish federation as a `` European necessity and standing principle '' . Accordingly , the duchies of Schleswig ( a Danish fief ) , and Holstein and Lauenburg ( German fiefs ) were joined by personal union with the Kingdom of Denmark . However , Frederick VII of Denmark was childless , so a change in dynasty was imminent and the lines of succession for the duchies and Denmark diverged . That meant that , contrary to the Protocol , the new King of Denmark would not also be the new Duke of Holstein and Duke of Lauenburg . So for this purpose , the line of succession to the duchies was modified . Further , it was affirmed that the duchies were to remain as independent entities , and that Schleswig would have no greater constitutional affinity to Denmark than Holstein did .   The major powers primarily wanted to ensure , by guaranteeing Denmark 's territorial integrity , that the strategically significant port of Kiel would not fall into Prussian hands . Eleven years later , this treaty became the trigger for the German -- Danish war of 1864 . Prussia and Austria declared that Denmark had violated the Protocol by introducing the November Constitution , which Christian IX of Denmark signed on 18 November 1863 . After an initial period of joint Austro -- Prussian administration , Kiel was ultimately delivered to Prussia in 1867 .

neg: List of Swedish inventors Swedish inventors are Swedish people who invented novel ideas , machines or tools .   In the 18th century Sweden 's scientific revolution took off . Previously , technical progress had mainly come from professionals who had immigrated from mainland Europe . In 1739 , the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences was founded , with people such as Carl Linnaeus and Anders Celsius as early members .   Sweden has a total of 33523 patents as of 2007 according to the United States Patent and Trademark Office , and only ten other countries have more patents than Sweden . Although a lot of patents can not count as inventions . Therefore , the number of patents per country is a relatively bad scale for measuring inventions that has been of progress to mankind .   The traditional engineering industry is still a major source of Swedish inventions , but pharmaceuticals , electronics and other high-tech industries are gaining ground . A large portion of the Swedish economy is to this day based on the export of technical inventions , and many large multinational corporations from Sweden have their origins in the ingenuity of Swedish inventors .

neg: Continental Europe Continental Europe , also referred to as mainland Europe , or , by Europeans , simply the Continent , is the continuous continent of Europe , excluding surrounding islands .   The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands , encompassing the Greek Islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , the Balearic Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands , Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago , as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard .   The Scandinavian peninsula is sometimes also excluded , as even though it is technically part of `` mainland Europe '' , the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea ( rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland , and then south through north-east Europe ) .   The notion of Europe as a geopolitical or cultural term is centred on core Europe ( Kerneuropa ) , the continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire and the core of Latin Christendom , corresponding to modern France , Italy , Germany ( or German-speaking Europe ) and the Benelux states ( historical Austrasia ) . This historical core of `` Carolingian Europe '' was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration ( see also Multi-speed Europe ) .

neg: Swedish Church Law 1686 The Swedish Church Law 1686 ( Swedish : `` Kyrkio-Lag och Ordning '' ) was a Swedish law which ( with some alterations ) regulated the relationship between the state and the church in Sweden from 1686 until the Swedish Church Law 1992 , as well as in Finland ( earlier a Swedish province ) until 1870 . It replaced the previous Swedish Church Ordinance 1571 .   During the reign of Charles X Gustav of Sweden , two suggestions were put forward to replace the Swedish Church Ordinance 1571 : one by Olaus Laurelius , and one by Erik Emporagrius . In 1663 , an investigation to change the law was formally issued , and in 1682 , the two suggestions were merged . A commission was issued to process it , and in 1686 , the new law was accepted .   The Swedish Church Law 1686 abolished Canon law . The state , represented by the monarch , by then the king of an absolute monarchy , was the head of the Church and thus had final say in matters of the Church , but there was to be no political administration or political bureaucracy between the monarch and the bishops of the Church .   Among the notable reforms introduced was husförhör and Parish register . Henceforth , the parish vicar of every parish of the nation was obliged to conduct a husförhör ( Household Interview ) , an annual survey of the religious knowledge of every household in the parish to ensure all parishioners ' knowledge of the bible and Luther 's Small Catechism . A consequence of this was the need for every parishioner , regardless of age and sex , to know how to read , as it would be necessary to read the bible and the catechism to pass the annual survey.Since the predecessor law from 1571 , children 's schools for reading , writing and counting had already been an obligation in the cities , but this law resulted in the need for every village and rural community to organise basic schooling for their children , normally by paying a läromäster ( schoolmaster ) or läromoster ( schoolmarm ) to hold lessons in the local vicarage , and from this point forward , illiteracy was close to eradicated in Sweden .   This law was in force until 1888 . Furthermore , all parish vicars were also forced by law to keep a parish register and note every birth , baptismal and death in the parish .   The 1686 Swedish Church Law was amended several times during the 18th century and 19th century , but it lay the foundation of the organisation of the Swedish Church until the new law of 1992 . In the Grand Duchy of Finland , earlier a Swedish province , the law applied until the reformed church law of 1867 ( in effect in 1870 ) .  __ NOTOC __

neg: List of wars involving Sweden This is a list of wars involving the Kingdom of Sweden . There are legendary accounts of Swedish kings well into prehistory and they are mentioned by Tacitus in his Germania , but St. Olof Skötkonung ( 995 -- 1022 ) was the first ruler documented to have been accepted by both the Swedes around Lake Mälaren and by the Geats around Lake Vättern . The modern state of Sweden considers itself to have been established on 6 June 1523 by the acclamation of Gustav Vasa as king which finally ended the Kalmar Union with Denmark , although the current Swedish constitution dates to 1974 .   Military engagements since 1814 have not been formally declared wars .

neg: History of Austria The history of Austria covers the history of Austria and its predecessor states , from the early Stone Age to the present state . The name Ostarrîchi ( Austria ) has been in use since 996 AD when it was a margravate of the Duchy of Bavaria and from 1156 an independent duchy ( later archduchy ) of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation ( Heiliges Römisches Reich 962 -- 1806 ) .   Austria was dominated by the House of Habsburg ( Haus Österreich ) from 1273 to 1806 , when the Holy Roman Empire came to an end . Austria then became the Austrian Empire , a part of the German Confederation until the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 , which Austria lost and was subsequently excluded from German affairs . In 1867 Austria formed with Hungary as a dual monarchy the Austro-Hungarian Empire ( 1867 -- 1918 ) . When this empire collapsed after the end of World War I in 1918 , Austria was reduced to the main German speaking areas of the empire ( its current frontiers ) , and adopted the name The Republic of German-Austria , with hope of joining the new German Weimar Republic . However the union and name were forbidden by the Allies at the Treaty of Versailles . This led to the creation of the First Austrian Republic ( 1918-1933 ) .   Following the First Republic , Austrofascism tried to keep Austria independent from the German Reich . Engelbert Dollfuss accepted that Austrians were Germans but wanted Austria to remain independent from a Protestant Germany . In 1938 Austrian-born Adolf Hitler annexed Austria to the German Reich with the Anschluss , which was supported by a large majority of the Austrian people . After the Second World War Austria again became an independent republic as the Second Republic in 1955 and joined the European Union in 1995 .

neg: Stockholm Music Museum The Stockholm Music Museum was founded in 1899 ( then named '' Musikhistoriska museet '' ) , inspired by an exhibition of theatre and music which was part of the great Stockholm art and industry exhibition of 1897 . Via donations and appeals for gifts around 200 musical instruments and an amount of archive material concerning the history of music and theatre were gathered . The new museum was opened to the general public in 1901 . In 1932 the museum , in the form of a trust , was associated with the Royal Swedish Academy of Music and received a state grant . The state became increasingly responsible for the museum , which in 1981 became part of a new public body -- The Swedish National Collections of Music . At the same time the museum was renamed The Stockholm Music Museum ( Musikmuseet ) , since its activities had broadened and changed in character .   The collection now ( 2008 ) encompasses approximately 5,500 instruments with an emphasis on Western art music , and Scandinavian folk music instruments . Many of these can now be seen ( and heard ) on the museum 's own web site : www.musikmuseet.se   Since 1979 the Stockholm Music Museum is located in the splendid former Crown Bakery , in the same quarter as the Court Stables , beside the Royal Dramatic Theatre , in central Stockholm . The Crown Bakery dates from the 17th century , and is Stockholm 's oldest industrial building .   This building has a long and eventful history and has through the centuries performed a number of functions : bakery , weapon depot , spirits store . Yet almost all the time -- from the 1640s to 1958 -- it has been a bakery for the armed forces in Stockholm . It even boasted mobile ovens which could be used during field exercises . In 1945 the building was ravaged by a fire which destroyed its upper floors in the northern part -- where the Concert Hall is now located .   A large portion of the museum 's instrument collection is viewable on the museum 's webpage , and will from 2010 onwards , be available through the EU 's europeana culture webportal : www.europeana.eu

neg: Treaty of Stolbovo The Treaty of Stolbovo is a peace treaty of 1617 that ended the Ingrian War , fought between Sweden and Russia .   After nearly two months of negotiations , representatives from Sweden and Russia met at the ( now derelict ) village of Stolbova , south of Lake Ladoga , on .   From the outset , Sweden had gone into the negotiations with very high ambitions , with the hopes of fulfilling the old dream of making all Russian trade pass through Swedish territory . As a consequence of this ambition , the Swedes originally demanded far-reaching territorial gains into western Russia , including the important northern port of Arkhangelsk . At this point , however , James I of England sent a delegation to mediate , and so did the Dutch , mostly to make sure Arkhangelsk did not fall into Swedish hands , which would have made the extensive trade between Western Europe and Russia far more difficult . Arkhangelsk did not change hands in the resulting treaty , partly because of the Dutch and English efforts , but mostly because Russia finally managed to unite under one tsar , Michael Romanov . As word reached Russia that the Swedish war against Poland might soon be over , the Russians were quick to get negotiations going for real -- knowing that they could not afford Sweden 's renewal of the war effort on just one front .   In the resulting peace treaty , the tsar and the Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus agreed to the following terms :   Sweden gained the province and fortress of Kexholm ( Käkisalmi ) ( now Priozersk ) , south-west Karelia and the province of Ingria -- including the fortress of Nöteborg , known as `` the key to Finland '' ( now Shlisselburg , Russia )  Members of the upper classes in these conquered areas were allowed to migrate within 14 days , if they wished to , a right not granted to regular priests and farmers  Russia renounced all claims to Estonia and Livonia  Russia would pay Sweden war indemnities of 20,000 rubles  Novgorod and other Swedish territorial gains during the war would be returned to Russia  Sweden had the right to keep all spoils of war collected before 20 November 1616  The Russian city of Gdov was to remain in Swedish hands until the peace had been confirmed and the borders fully established  Sweden recognized Michael Romanov as the rightful tsar of Russia , putting an end to further Swedish claims in Russia  Russia was allowed free trade at normal trade tariffs , making sure Sweden could not cripple Russia completely  Russia was allowed to establish merchant houses in Stockholm , Reval ( Tallinn ) and Viborg in exchange for Sweden being allowed to establish merchant houses in Novgorod , Pskov , and Moscow .   Gustavus Adolphus is known to have said about this treaty , which granted Sweden natural borders to Russia , partly in the form of Lake Ladoga and Lake Peipus : `` jag hoppas att det skall bliva svårt för ryssen att hoppa över den bäcken '' -- `` I hope it will be hard for the Russians to jump across that creek '' .   England is officially credited with brokering this peace , through their mediator John Mericke , though the Dutch efforts were also of great importance . After the war , the leader of the Dutch delegation , Reinoud van Brederode , was granted the title Baron and given the barony of Wesenberg ( Rakvere ) in Estonia by Gustavus Adolphus .

neg: Religion in Sweden Lutheran Christianity is officially the largest religion in Sweden , with 6.1 million Swedish citizens being members of the Church of Sweden . The high membership figure is mainly due to the fact that until 1996 all newborn children with at least one parent being a member of the church were also made members . Other Christian Churches include the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church . Islam is the second largest religion in Sweden , practiced by 5 % of the population . The rest of the population are either irreligious or members of other religious groups .   Sweden was Christianized from Norse paganism during a long period , not final until the 1130s . Since the 16th century , Sweden has been predominantly Lutheran . From the Protestant Reformation in the 1530s until 2000 , the Lutheran Church of Sweden ( Svenska kyrkan ) was the state church . As of 2016 , 61.2 % of Swedish citizens are members of the Church of Sweden , compared to over 95 % in 1970 , and 83 % in 2000 .   Despite that , religion in Sweden plays a limited role compared to the European average , and even many church members participate in religious activities for only cultural reasons , and do not believe in Christianity . Atheism and agnosticism are widespread in Swedish society . In a Eurobarometer Poll in 2010 , just 18 % of Swedish citizens responded that `` they believe there is a god '' , although a further 45 % answered that `` they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force '' . In a 2009 Gallup poll , 17 % answered yes to the question `` Is religion an important part of your daily life ? '' . A survey found that only 15 % of Church of Sweden members actually believe in Jesus , while another 15 % identified as atheists , and a quarter as agnostic . Less than 4 % of the Church of Sweden membership attends public worship during an average week ; about 2 % are regular attendees . Some scholars consider the nation to be a place where religion is regarded with `` benign indifference '' .   The history of the Jews in Sweden can be traced back to the 17th century , and there are about 20,000 ethnic Jews in Sweden today , of whom about 7,000 belong to a Jewish religious congregation . Because of immigration in the latter part of the 20th century , there is today a sizeable minority of Muslims ( 5 % of population ) and Roman Catholics ( 2 % ) .

neg: Swedish Customs Service The Swedish Customs ( Tullverket , literally `` Customs Administration '' ) is the customs service of Sweden . It is a department of the Government of Sweden . It is one of the oldest governmental agencies in Sweden , as it was founded in 1636 . It is also Sweden 's de facto border guard .

neg: History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom The history of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom covers British foreign policy from about 1600 to 2000 . For the current situation since 2000 see Foreign relations of the United Kingdom .   Britain from 1750 to the 1910s took pride in an unmatched economic base comprising industry , finance , shipping and trade that largely dominated the globe . Foreign policy based on free trade ( after 1840 ) kept the economy flourishing . The overseas Empire recovered after the loss of America in 1776 and reached its zenith about 1920 , and foreign policy made sure it was never seriously threatened .   After expending enormous energy on the defeat of France and Napoleon ( 1793-1815 ) , British policy focused on achieving a conservative balance of power within Europe , with no one country achieving dominance over the affairs of the continent . This had been the basic reason behind the British wars against Napoleon , and the British commitment in the First and Second World Wars . The chief enemy down to 1815 was France , with its much larger population base and its powerful army . The British were generally successful in their many wars , with the notable exception of the American War of Independence ( 1775 -- 1783 ) . In that war Britain , without any major allies , was defeated by the colonials who had the support of France and the Netherlands , and France had support from Spain .   A favoured diplomatic strategy was subsidising the armies of continental allies , such as Prussia , thereby turning London 's enormous financial power to military advantage . Britain relied heavily on its Royal Navy for security , seeking to keep it the most powerful fleet afloat with a full complement of bases across the globe . British dominance of the seas was vital to the formation of the British Empire , which was achieved through the maintenance of a Navy larger than the next two largest Navies combined for the majority of the 19th and early 20th centuries , prior to the entry of the United States into the Second World War . The British controlled the oceans . So powerful was the Royal Navy , it needed to do little actual fighting from 1812 to 1914 . Although all of the other major Powers fought with their neighbours , the British army had only one relatively limited war ( the Crimean War against Russia in 1854-56 ) . The Army mostly handled garrison duty , and did have to deal with localized insurrections and colonial conflicts in Asia and Africa .

neg: Dano-Swedish War (1657–58) The Dano-Swedish War of 1657 -- 58 was a conflict between Sweden and Denmark -- Norway during the Second Northern War . In 1657 , Charles X of Sweden and his Swedish army were bogged down in Poland . Frederick III of Denmark saw an opportunity to recover the territories lost in 1645 and attacked Sweden . The outbreak of war with Denmark provided Charles with an excuse to withdraw from the Polish campaign and move against Denmark .   A harsh winter had forced the Dano-Norwegian fleet into port , and frozen the straits Great Belt and Little Belt . After entering Jutland from the south , a Swedish army of 7,000 battle-hardened veterans marched across the icy Little Belt onto the Danish island of Funen on 30 January 1658 . The Swedes captured the island of Funen within a few days and then , the islands of Langeland , Lolland , and Falster . The Swedish army continued to Zealand , threatening the Danish capital of Copenhagen . The rapid Swedish attack across the frozen Belts was completely unexpected ; Frederick III considered meeting the Swedish army in battle , but his advisors thought this was too risky and instead Denmark signed the very harsh Treaty of Roskilde on 26 February 1658 .   Sweden had won its most prestigious victory , and Denmark-Norway had suffered its most costly defeat . Denmark-Norway yielded the Danish provinces of Scania , Halland , Blekinge and the island of Bornholm and the Norwegian provinces Bohuslen and Trondhjem len ( Trøndelag and Nordmøre ) to Sweden . Halland had already been under Swedish control since the signing of the Treaty of Brömsebro in 1645 , but it now became Swedish territory permanently .

neg: Foreign support of Finland in the Winter War The foreign support in the Winter War contained materiel , men and moral support to the Finnish struggle against the Soviet Union in the Winter War . World opinion at large supported the Finnish cause . The World War had not yet begun in earnest and was known to the public as the Phoney War ; at that time , the Winter War was the only real fighting in Europe besides the German and Soviet invasion of Poland , and thus held major world interest . The Soviet aggression was generally deemed unjustified . Various foreign organizations sent material aid , such as medical supplies . Finnish immigrants in the United States and Canada returned home , and many volunteers ( one of them future actor Christopher Lee ) traveled to Finland to join Finland 's forces : 8,700 Swedes , 1,010 Danes ( including Christian Frederik von Schalburg , a captain in Christian X of Denmark 's bodyguard and later commander of the Free Corps Denmark , a volunteer unit created by Nazi Germany in Denmark during World War II ) , about 1,000 Estonians , 725 Norwegians , 372 Ingrians , 366 Hungarians , 346 Finnish expatriates , more than 20 Latvians and 190 volunteers of other nationalities made it to Finland before the war was over .   Pope Pius XII condemned the Soviet attack on 26 December 1939 , in a speech at the Vatican and later donated a signed and sealed prayer on behalf of Finland .

neg: Sweden–Turkey relations Swedish -- Turkish relations are foreign relations between Sweden and Turkey .   Sweden has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate -- general in Istanbul . Turkey has an embassy in Stockholm .

neg: Norway–Sweden relations Norway -- Sweden relations are foreign relations between Norway and Sweden . The countries have a very long history together . They were both part of the Kalmar Union between 1397 and 1523 . The countries established diplomatic relations in 1905 , after the dissolution of the union between them in 1905 .   Sweden has an embassy in Oslo and 14 consulates , in Ålesund , Arendal , Bergen , Bodø , Hamar , Hammerfest , Kirkenes , Mandal , Moss , Narvik , Porsgrunn , Stavanger , Tromsø and Trondheim . Norway has an embassy in Stockholm and three consulates , in Gothenburg , Malmö and Sundsvall .   Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Nordic Council . There are around 44,773 Swedes living in Norway and around 18,000 Norwegians living in Sweden .

neg: Military equipment of Sweden during the Cold War Sweden played a role of major importance during the Cold War , despite not officially participating . Sweden 's location made it an ideal base of operations for both the Soviet Union and the United States . Sweden was never invaded throughout the war , mainly due to their strong defensive power - ranked among the top five in the world at this time .

neg: Uruguay during World War II Uruguay stayed neutral during most of World War II , despite internal disputes and pressure to join the Allies . Great Britain remained an influential power during all of the conflict , with the notable activity of Sir Eugen Millington-Drake , British Minister in Montevideo .

neg: Treaties of Roskilde (1568) The Treaties of Roskilde of 18 and 22 November 1568 were peace treaties between the kingdoms of Denmark-Norway and the allied Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck on one side , and the Swedish kingdom on the other side , supposed to end the Northern Seven Years ' War after the de facto succession of the later king John III in Sweden . Negotiated on John 's initiative , he refused ratification , viewing the concessions his envoys made in Roskilde as too far-reaching . Most notably , these concessions included Swedish obligations to pay Denmark her war costs , and to cede Swedish Estonia . Thus , the war dragged on until it was concluded by the Treaty of Stettin ( 1570 ) .