query: Lionel Messi won the Ballon d'Or award at 22 years old.

pos: Ballon d'Or The Ballon d'Or ( -LSB- balɔ̃ dɔʁ -RSB- ; `` Golden Ball '' ) , is an annual association football award presented by France Football . It has been awarded since 1956 , although between 2010 and 2015 , an agreement was made with FIFA and the award was temporarily merged with the FIFA World Player of the Year , and known as the FIFA Ballon d'Or . Conceived by sports writer Gabriel Hanot , the Ballon d'Or award honours the male player deemed to have performed the best over the previous year , based on voting by football journalists . Originally , only European players were in contention for the Ballon d'Or : in 1995 the award was expanded to include all players at European clubs and in 2007 to all players from around the world .

pos: Lionel Messi Lionel Andrés `` Leo '' Messi ( -LSB- ljoˈnel anˈdɾes ˈmesi -RSB- ; born 24 June 1987 ) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club FC Barcelona and the Argentina national team . Often considered the best player in the world and regarded by many as the greatest of all time , Messi is the only player in history to win five FIFA Ballon d'Or awards , four of which he won consecutively , and the first to win three European Golden Shoes . He has won 29 trophies with Barcelona , including eight La Liga titles , four UEFA Champions League titles , and five Copas del Rey . Both a prolific goalscorer and a creative playmaker , Messi holds the records for most official goals scored in La Liga ( 349 ) , a La Liga season ( 50 ) and a club football season in Europe ( 73 ) , as well as those for most assists made in La Liga ( 137 ) and the Copa América ( 11 ) . He has scored over 500 senior career goals for club and country .   Born and raised in central Argentina , Messi was diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency as a child . At age 13 , he relocated to Spain to join Barcelona , who agreed to pay for his medical treatment . After a fast progression through Barcelona 's youth academy , Messi made his competitive debut aged 17 in October 2004 . Despite being injury-prone during his early career , he established himself as an integral player for the club within the next three years , finishing 2007 as a finalist for both the Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year award , a feat he repeated the following year . His first uninterrupted campaign came in the 2008 -- 09 season , during which he helped Barcelona achieve the first treble in Spanish football . At 22 years old , Messi won the Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year award by record voting margins .   Three successful seasons followed , with Messi winning three consecutive FIFA Ballons d'Or , including an unprecedented fourth . His personal best campaign to date was the 2011 -- 12 season , in which he set the La Liga and European records for most goals scored in a single season , while establishing himself as Barcelona 's all-time top scorer in official competitions in March 2012 . He again struggled with injury during the following two seasons , twice finishing second for the Ballon d'Or behind Cristiano Ronaldo , his perceived career rival . Messi regained his best form during the 2014 -- 15 campaign , breaking the all-time goalscoring records in both La Liga and the Champions League in November 2014 , and led Barcelona to a historic second treble .   An Argentine international , Messi is his country 's all-time leading goalscorer . At youth level , he won the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship , finishing the tournament with both the Golden Ball and Golden Shoe , and an Olympic gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics . His style of play as a diminutive , left-footed dribbler drew comparisons with compatriot Diego Maradona , who declared the teenager his successor . After making his senior debut in August 2005 , Messi became the youngest Argentine to play and score in a FIFA World Cup during the 2006 edition , and reached the final of the 2007 Copa América , where he was named young player of the tournament . As the squad 's captain from August 2011 , he led Argentina to three consecutive finals : the 2014 World Cup , for which he won the Golden Ball , and the 2015 and 2016 Copas América .

neg: History of FC Barcelona The history of Futbol Club Barcelona goes from the football club 's founding in 1899 and up to current time . FC Barcelona , also known simply as Barcelona and familiarly as Barça , is based in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . The team was founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss , English and Spanish footballers led by Joan Gamper . The club played amateur football until 1910 in various regional competitions . In 1910 , the club participated in their first of many European competitions , and has since amassed ten UEFA trophies and a sextuple . In 1928 , Barcelona co-founded La Liga , the top-tier in Spanish football , along with a string of other clubs . As of 2016 , Barcelona has never been relegated from La Liga , a record they share with Athletic Bilbao and arch-rival Real Madrid .   The history of super Barcelona has often been political . Though it is a club created and run by foreigners , Barcelona gradually became a club associated with Catalan values . In Spain 's transition to autocracy in 1925 , Catalonia became increasingly hostile towards the central government in Madrid . The hostility enhanced Barcelona 's image as a focal point for Catalonism , and when Francisco Franco banned the use of the Catalan language , the stadium of Barcelona became one of the few places the people could express their dissatisfaction . The Spanish transition to democracy in 1978 has not dampened the club 's image of Catalan pride . In the 2000s -- a period of sporting success in the club and an increased focus on Catalan players -- club officials have openly called for Catalonia to become an independent state .

neg: Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer) Ronaldo Luís Nazário de Lima ( -LSB- ʁoˈnawðu ˈlwiʒ nɐˈzaɾju dʒ ˈɫĩmɐ -RSB- ; born 18 September 1976 ) , commonly known as Ronaldo , is a Brazilian retired professional footballer who played as a striker . Popularly dubbed `` The Phenomenon , '' he is widely considered to be one of the greatest football players of all time . A three-time FIFA World Player of the Year and two-time Ballon d'Or recipient , Ronaldo , in his 1990s prime , was known for his dribbling at speed , feints and clinical finishing . He was named in the FIFA 100 , a list of the greatest living players compiled in 2004 , and was inducted into the Brazilian Football Museum Hall of Fame and the Italian Football Hall of Fame .   Ronaldo played for Brazil in 98 matches , scoring 62 goals , and is the second-highest goalscorer for his national team , trailing only Pelé . At age 17 , Ronaldo was the youngest member of the Brazilian squad that won the 1994 FIFA World Cup . At the 1998 World Cup , he received the Golden Ball for player of the tournament in helping Brazil reach the final where he suffered a convulsive fit hours before the defeat to France . He won a second World Cup in 2002 where he starred in a front three with Ronaldinho and Rivaldo . Ronaldo scored twice in the final , and received the Golden Boot as tournament 's top goalscorer . During the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Ronaldo scored his 15th World Cup goal , which was a World Cup record at the time .   At his physical peak in the 1990s , Ronaldo starred at club level for Cruzeiro , PSV , Barcelona and Inter Milan . His moves to Spain and Italy made him only the second player , after Diego Maradona , to break the world transfer record twice , all before his 21st birthday . At age 23 , he had scored over 200 goals for club and country . After almost three years of inactivity due to serious knee injuries and recuperation , Ronaldo joined Real Madrid in 2002 , which was followed by spells at A.C. Milan and Corinthians . Having suffered further injuries , Ronaldo retired from professional football in 2011 . Post-retirement , he has continued his work as a United Nations Development Programme Goodwill Ambassador , a position to which he was appointed in 2000 . He served as an ambassador for the 2014 FIFA World Cup .

neg: 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship squads This article lists the squads for the 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . Only players born on or after 1 January 1990 are eligible to play .   Each participating team must submit a list of 40 players , including no fewer than four goalkeepers , thirty days before the opening match . This must be reduced to a final squad of 23 players by 26 May 2013 . Players born no earlier than 1 January 1990 are eligible for the tournament , meaning some participants will be 23 years old as the ` under-21 ' limit applies at the start of the qualifying competition .   Players in boldface have been capped at full international level at some point in their career .   Players with a dagger had been given a full international cap by their country prior to the start of the tournament .

neg: 2009 FIFA Club World Cup The 2009 FIFA Club World Cup ( officially known as the FIFA Club World Cup UAE 2009 presented by Toyota for sponsorship reasons ) was a football tournament played from 9 December to 19 December 2009 . It was the sixth FIFA Club World Cup and was played in Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates . Australia , Japan and Portugal also placed bids to host the tournament , but Portugal later withdrew from the process .   The final was played on 19 December 2009 and was won by European champions Barcelona , who came from behind to defeat the South American entrants , Estudiantes , 2 -- 1 after extra time . Mauro Boselli put Estudiantes ahead in the 37th minute , but Pedro equalised with one minute left in normal time before Lionel Messi scored the winning goal five minutes into the second half of extra time . This made Barcelona the first Spanish side to win the FIFA Club World Cup , and it also meant that they had won a total of six competitions in the 2009 calendar year , beating Liverpool 's record five trophies won in 2001 .

neg: Ignazio Abate Ignazio Abate ( -LSB- iɲˈɲattsjo aˈbate -RSB- ; born 12 November 1986 ) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a full-back for Milan in Serie A . A former winger , he is also capable of playing as a wide midfielder and as a wing-back ; he is renowned for his stamina , quick sprints , and ability to making attacking runs down the right wing , and is one of the fastest players in the top leagues of European football .   Abate started playing football with amateur club Rescaldina , before joining Milan 's youth system in 1999 . From 2004 to 2009 he spent five years on various loan spells with several Italian clubs , before going back to Milan . He played an important role in helping Milan win their 18th Scudetto during the 2010 -- 11 Serie A season .   Abate has represented the Italian national team and the Italian U21 national team , and also played for the Italian U19 national team and the Italian U20 national team . Prior to starring for the senior team , he represented his country in the 2008 Summer Olympics and 2009 European U-21 Championship . He made his senior international debut in November 2011 , in a friendly match against Poland , and has since then represented the country in UEFA Euro 2012 , winning a runners-up medal , at the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup , winning a bronze medal , and at the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Nearly two years after his debut , Abate scored his first international goal against Germany in November 2013 .

neg: Thierry Moutinho Thierry Rua Moutinho ( born 26 February 1991 ) is a Portuguese footballer who plays for Spanish club RCD Mallorca as a midfielder .

neg: Georginio Wijnaldum Georginio Gregion Emile `` Gini '' Wijnaldum ( -LSB- d͡ʒɔrˈd͡ʒiɲoː ʋɛiˈnɑldɵm -RSB- ; born 11 November 1990 ) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Premier League club Liverpool and the Netherlands national team .   A youth product of Eredivisie side Feyenoord , he became the youngest player ever to represent the club when he made his debut in 2007 , and went on to play 134 matches over the course of a five-year spell . Following his departure from Feyernood , Wijnaldum then spent four seasons at PSV Eindhoven where he won the KNVB Cup in the first season and the Eredivisie in the last . He also earned the Dutch Footballer of the Year award during his time in Eindhoven . In 2015 , Wijnaldum joined Premier League side Newcastle United for # 14.5 million , before departing following the club 's relegation a year later to join Liverpool in a # 23 million deal .   Wijnaldum is also a full Dutch international , having earned more than 30 caps since making his debut in 2011 , and was a member of the squad which came third at the 2014 FIFA World Cup .

neg: 2010–11 La Liga The 2010 -- 11 La Liga season ( known as the Liga BBVA for sponsorship reasons ) was the 80th since its establishment . The campaign began on 28 August 2010 and ended on 21 May 2011 . A total of 20 teams contested the league , 17 of which already contested in the 2009 -- 10 season and three of which were promoted from the Segunda División . In addition , a new match ball -- the Nike Total 90 Tracer -- served as the official ball for all matches .   Defending champions Barcelona secured their third-consecutive and 21st La Liga title after a 1 -- 1 tie with Levante on 11 May 2011 . The result gave Barcelona a 6-point lead with two matches remaining which , combined with their better head-to-head record with Real Madrid , ensured that they finished top of the table . Barcelona led the table since defeating Madrid 5 -- 0 on 23 November 2010 . Since then , they lost only one match en route to winning the title . It was the third straight title for Barcelona manager Pep Guardiola . Lionel Messi won the LFP Award for Best Player , which marked his third consecutive win .   The season was again dominated by Barcelona and Real Madrid , with second-place Madrid 21 points ahead of third-place Valencia . Having encountered each other in the Champions League semifinals and the Copa del Rey final , the top two teams met 4 times in 17 days , for a total of 5 times this season .   The most significant managerial change prior to the start of the season was two-time Champions League-winning José Mourinho taking over at Real Madrid .

neg: Belgian Golden Shoe In association football , the Belgian Golden Shoe ( Gouden Schoen , Soulier d'Or ) is an award given in Belgium at the beginning of each civil year to the best footballer of the Belgian First Division for the past year . The trophy is sponsored by the Belgian newspaper Het Laatste Nieuws .   The voters are a selection of Belgian press specialists and football personalities . They are invited to vote for the best player of the competition for both half seasons ( previous season second half and current season first half ) . As a result , a player can receive all of his votes in one half season ( e.g. if he joined the championship from abroad during summer ) , or he can receive votes for matches with two ( or more ) different teams , as with Philippe Albert in 1992 and Mbark Boussoufa in 2006 .   Paul Van Himst has collected 4 Belgian Golden Shoes which is the current record . Jan Ceulemans and Wilfried Van Moer have both won the trophy three times . The first foreigner to win the trophy was the Dutchman Johan Boskamp , especially for his excellence during the second half of the 1974-75 season , when his club , RWDM ( currently defunct ) , won its first and only championship title . The only foreigners who have won the award more than once are the Swede Pär Zetterberg and the Moroccan Mbark Boussoufa . In 2011 , Argentinian Matías Suárez became the first South American to be awarded the Golden Shoe .   In 2016 , Tessa Wullaert was awarded the first ever Golden Shoe for women football players .

neg: Mathieu Valbuena Mathieu Valbuena ( -LSB- ma.tjø val.bwe.na -RSB- ; born 28 September 1984 ) is a French international footballer who plays for Ligue 1 club Lyon and the France national team . He plays as an attacking midfielder and a winger and is known for his pace , technical ability , and tenacious style of play . He is described by his former coach at Libourne Saint-Seurin Didier Tholot as `` an explosive player who is capable of quickly taking two opponents out of the game to create space , above all due to his dribbling skills . '' Due to his small stature , Valbuena is nicknamed le petit vélo , which translates to `` the small bike '' . This is a play on Valbuena 's size and the fact that Marseille 's home ground is called the Stade Vélodrome .   Valbuena began his career at professional club Bordeaux . He was let go from the club after two seasons and subsequently joined amateur club Langon-Castets in the fifth division of French football . In 2004 , Valbuena joined Libourne Saint-Seurin in the Championnat National , the third level of French football . The midfielder had a good 2005 -- 06 season with the club and signed with Ligue 1 club Marseille , prior to the 2006 -- 07 season . With Marseille , Valbuena played in the UEFA Champions League for the first time and , in the 2009 -- 10 season , was part of the team that won the league and league cup double , as well as the Trophée des champions .   Valbuena is a French international and made his debut with the team in May 2010 in a friendly match against Costa Rica . He scored his first international goal in the same match and was named to the team to participate in the 2010 FIFA World Cup as a result . Valbuena appeared in only one of the three matches France contested at the World Cup . In November 2010 , he scored his second career international goal against England at Wembley Stadium .

neg: List of France national football team captains The France national football team ( Equipe de France ) represents the nation of France in international association football . It is fielded by the French Football Federation ( FFF ) ( Fédération Française de Football ) and competes as a member of the Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . The team played its first official international match on 1 May 1904 against Belgium . Since its first competitive match , more than 800 players have made at least one international appearance for the team . Of them , 105 have served as captain of the national team . This list contains football players who have served as captain of the French national team and is listed according to their number of matches captained .   The France national team 's record appearance-maker as captain is Didier Deschamps , who led the team out 52 times during his 103-cap tenure , which lasted through three decades . Deschamps is also the most successful France captain , having worn the armband , an indicator of the team 's captain , in team victories at the 1998 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2000 . The Bayonne-born midfielder surpassed the previous record-holder of the France captaincy , midfielder Michel Platini , in the team 's semi-final match at the latter competition . Platini became the first France captain to win a major international competition after leading the team in the 1984 European Football Championship . Aside from Deschamps and Platini , only two other players have captained France over 40 occasions , defenders Roger Marche and Marcel Desailly . Marche is one of two French captains to lead the team at two FIFA World Cup competitions . Desailly captained the team to victories at the 2001 and 2003 editions of the FIFA Confederations Cup . He is one of four players to be sent off in a FIFA World Cup final ; one of the other three being fellow France captain Zinedine Zidane .

neg: Trofeo EFE Trofeo EFE is an annual football award given by the EFE news agency since the 1990 -- 91 season to the best Latin-American player in La Liga . Recipients are selected based on assessments from the agency 's sports editors .   The inaugural winner was Rommel Fernández and the most recent recipient is Luis Suárez . Iván Zamorano and Brazilian Ronaldo have won the award twice . Fernando Redondo received a special distinction as the best player of the 1990s decade . Cristiano Ronaldo is strangely the only player not hailing from Ibero-America that somehow managed to win the trophy in 2013 .   Lionel Messi has dominated the award having won it a record five times , more than any other player in trophy 's history .

neg: France Football European Team of the Year The France Football European Team of the Year ( offic . fr . Challenge Européen de Football ) , also known as European Challenge Interclubs , was an association football award conferred by French sports magazine France Football with the sponsorship of German multinational corporation Adidas , and was held in Europe for the first time in 1968 based in clubs ' performance in seasonal association and UEFA competitions .   The award was officially discontinued following the Adidas decision of not renewing its commercial contract with the French publication after it awarded the 1990 winner teams in a gala held in Paris , in January 1991 . Subsequently , the Germany 's designs and manufacturers corporation became the main sponsor of the FIFA World Player of the Year Award .

neg: UEFA Euro 2016 The 2016 UEFA European Championship , commonly referred to as UEFA Euro 2016 or simply Euro 2016 , was the 15th UEFA European Championship , the quadrennial international men 's football championship of Europe organised by UEFA . It was held in France from 10 June to 10 July 2016 . Spain were the two-time defending champions , having won the 2008 and 2012 tournaments , but were eliminated in the round of 16 by Italy . Portugal won the tournament for the first time , following a 1 -- 0 victory after extra time over the host team , France , in the final played at the Stade de France .   For the first time , the European Championship final tournament was contested by 24 teams , having been expanded from the 16-team format used since 1996 . Under the new format , the finalists contested a group stage consisting of six groups of four teams , followed by a knockout phase including three rounds and the final . Nineteen teams -- the top two from each of the nine qualifying groups and the best third-placed team -- joined France in the final tournament , who qualified automatically as hosts ; a series of two-legged play-off ties between the remaining third-placed teams in November 2015 decided the last four finalist spots .   France was chosen as the host nation on 28 May 2010 , after a bidding process in which they beat Italy and Turkey for the right to host the 2016 finals . The matches were played in ten stadiums in ten cities : Bordeaux , Lens , Lille Métropole , Décines-Charpieu , Marseille , Nice , Paris , Saint-Denis , Saint-Étienne , and Toulouse . It was the third time that France hosted the finals , after the inaugural tournament in 1960 and the 1984 finals .   As the winners , Portugal earned the right to compete at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia .

neg: Sergio Ramos Sergio Ramos García ( -LSB- ˈserxjo ˈramos ɣarˈθi.a -RSB- ; born 30 March 1986 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for and captains both , Real Madrid and the Spain national football team . A central defender , he can also play as a right back .   After emerging through Sevilla 's youth academy , Ramos went on to become a mainstay for Real Madrid where he has won 14 major honours and developed into one of La Liga 's top scorers from a defensive position .   Internationally , Ramos represented the Spanish national team at three World Cups and three European Championships , winning the former tournament in 2010 and the latter in 2008 and 2012 . He made his first appearance at the age of 18 and , in 2013 , he became the nation 's youngest player to ever reach 100 caps .

neg: Diego Forlán Diego Forlán Corazzo ( -LSB- ˈdjeɣo forˈlan -RSB- ; born 19 May 1979 ) is a Uruguayan footballer who plays as a forward for Indian Super League club Mumbai City FC . He is a two-time winner of both the Pichichi Trophy and the European Golden Shoe , and also received the Golden Ball as the best player at the 2010 World Cup . He is regarded as one of the greatest Uruguayan players of all time .   Forlán joined Argentine club Independiente after rising through their youth team , and after a successful four-year spell , he signed for Manchester United of England . His form for United was not as successful as at Independiente , although he won the Premier League in 2002 -- 03 and the FA Cup in 2003 -- 04 . In the summer of 2004 , he moved on to Spanish side Villarreal . In his first season in Spanish football with Villarreal , Forlán scored 25 league goals and won the Pichichi Trophy . After two more successful seasons with Villarreal , Forlán joined Atlético Madrid , where he once again became the league 's top scorer , and became the first player to win the Pichichi Trophy twice since Ronaldo achieved this feat in the 2003 -- 04 season . Forlán scored in Atlético 's 2010 Europa League final victory against Fulham . In 2011 , he joined Inter Milan of Italy before moving to Internacional in 2012 .   Forlán also had a successful international career , scoring 36 times for his country since his 2002 debut , including one at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . He was the joint top scorer by scoring five times as Uruguay came fourth at the 2010 World Cup , being recognised with the Golden Ball award for the best player at the tournament .   On 12 July 2011 , at the 2011 Copa América in Argentina , Forlán earned his 79th international cap , against Mexico , breaking the record held by former goalkeeper Rodolfo Rodríguez since 1986 . On 20 June 2013 , in a match against Nigeria at the 2013 Confederations Cup , he became the first Uruguayan to win 100 caps . With 36 goals , Forlán was Uruguay 's all-time leading top scorer from 2011 until Luis Suárez overtook him two years later . He retired from international football on 11 March 2015 .

neg: UEFA European Under-21 Championship The UEFA European Under-21 Championship ( also known as the UEFA Euro U-21s ) is a football competition organised by the sport 's European governing body , UEFA . It is held every two years . The competition has existed in its current form since 1978 . It was preceded by the Under 23 Challenge Cup which ran from 1967 to 1970 . A true Under 23 championship was then formed , starting in 1972 .   The age limit was reduced to 21 for the 1978 championship and it has remained so since . To be eligible for the campaign ending in 2017 , players need to be born in or after 1994 . Many can be actually 23 years old by the time the finals tournament takes place ; however , when the qualification process began ( 2015 ) all players would have been 21 or under .   Under-21 matches are typically played on the day before senior internationals and where possible , the same qualifying groups and fixtures were played out . This was not true for the shortened 2006-2007 Championship .   This tournament serves as qualifier for the Summer Olympics . It has been considered a stepping stone toward the senior team . Players such as 2014 World Cup winner Mesut Özil , Klaas-Jan Huntelaar , Luís Figo , Petr Čech , 2010 World Cup winner Iker Casillas , 2006 World Cup winners Francesco Totti , Fabio Cannavaro , Gianluigi Buffon , Alberto Gilardino and Andrea Pirlo , and Euro 2004 winner Georgios Karagounis began their international careers in the youth teams .   Sweden are the reigning champions , defeating Portugal in the 2015 final , on penalties . The finals of the 2015 competition were hosted by Czech Republic .

neg: Italy national under-21 football team The Italy national under-21 football team is the national under-21 football team of Italy and is controlled by the Italian Football Federation .   The team competes in the UEFA European Under-21 Championship , held every two years . Italy is the most successful nation in the history of the competition , with five Championships won ( 1992 , 1994 , 1996 , 2000 and 2004 ) . Italy has also been twice runner-up of the competition , in 1986 and 2013 .   From 1990 to 2004 the team established near-total dominance of European Under-21 football , winning five of the seven tournaments .   Italy 's Under-21s played the first match at the new Wembley Stadium , on 24 March 2007 , against England Under-21s . The game resulted in a 3-3 draw , with Giampaolo Pazzini scoring all 3 goals for the Azzurrini .   Prior to the 2008 Olympic games , Italy U-21s went on to win the 2008 Toulon Tournament by beating Chile ( 1-0 ) in the final . It was the first time they had won this tournament , previously their best had been runner-up on two occasions .   In the 2015 U-21 Championship Italy was eliminated in the group stage .

neg: EuroCup Basketball Rising Star The EuroCup Basketball Rising Star is an annual award of EuroCup Basketball , which is the secondary level European-wide professional club basketball league , that is given to the player that EuroCup Basketball deems its `` top rising star '' . The EuroCup Basketball League is the European-wide professional basketball league that is one tier level below the top-tier EuroLeague . The award began in the EuroCup Basketball 2008 -- 09 season .   Only players who were younger than age 22 , on July 1 of the summer before the season started , are eligible for the award .

neg: Diego Maradona Diego Armando Maradona ( -LSB- ˈdjeɣo maɾaˈðona -RSB- , born 30 October 1960 ) is an Argentine retired professional footballer . He has served as a manager and coach at other clubs as well as the national team of Argentina . Many in the sport , including football writers , players , and fans , regard Maradona as the greatest football player of all time . He was joint FIFA Player of the 20th Century with Pelé .   An advanced playmaker who operated in the classic number 10 position , Maradona is the first player in football history to set the world record transfer fee twice , first when he transferred to Barcelona for a then world record # 5 million , and second , when he transferred to Napoli for another record fee # 6.9 million . He played for Argentinos Juniors , Boca Juniors , Barcelona , Napoli , Sevilla and Newell 's Old Boys during his club career , and is most famous for his time at Napoli , where he won numerous accolades . In his international career with Argentina , he earned 91 caps and scored 34 goals .   Maradona 's vision , passing , ball control , dribbling skills , speed , reflexes and reaction time was combined with his small size ( 1.65 m tall ) giving him a low center of gravity which allowed him to be more maneuverable than most other football players ; he would often dribble past multiple opposing players on a run . His presence on the pitch had a great effect on his team 's general performance , while he would often be singled out by the opposition . A precocious talent , Maradona was given the nickname `` El Pibe de Oro '' ( `` The Golden Boy '' ) , a name that stuck with him throughout his career .   Maradona played in four FIFA World Cups , including the 1986 World Cup in Mexico where he captained Argentina and led them to victory over West Germany in the final , and won the Golden Ball as the tournament 's best player . In the 1986 World Cup quarter final , he scored both goals in a 2 -- 1 victory over England that entered football history for two different reasons . The first goal was an unpenalized handling foul known as the `` Hand of God '' , while the second goal followed a 60 m dribble past five England players , voted `` The Goal of the Century '' by FIFA.com voters in 2002 .   Maradona became coach of Argentina in November 2008 . He was in charge of the team at the 2010 World Cup in South Africa before leaving at the end of the tournament . He coached Dubai-based club Al Wasl in the UAE Pro-League for the 2011 -- 12 season . In August 2013 , Maradona joined Argentine Primera D club Deportivo Riestra 's staff as `` spiritual coach '' .


query: John Kiffmeyer refuses to produce sound.

pos: John Kiffmeyer John Kiffmeyer ( born July 11 , 1969 ) , known professionally in music as Al Sobrante , is an American musician , best known as the former drummer for the punk rock band Green Day . His name of Al Sobrante is a reference to his hometown , El Sobrante . His work with Green Day resulted in about 961,000 albums sold , which are mostly from the compilation album 1,039 / Smoothed Out Slappy Hours .

neg: Guckenheimer Sour Kraut Band The Guckenheimer Sour Kraut Band was a humorous musical group of amateur musicians living in the San Francisco , California , area who played a repertoire of polkas and light classical music while adopting a persona of mild confusion and wearing self-created uniforms once described as rejects from the Franco-Prussian War . The group originally formed one Christmas season in 1949 to play carols in Sausalito , California , and someone brought a book of polka music , possibly one of the `` Hungry Five '' books by Harry L. Alford whose music became a basic part of the Guckenheimer repertoire . The group became increasingly popular in northern California , often invited to play at wine festivals and openings and in later years for such august occasions as opening night of the San Francisco Symphony .   Although all were business professionals , the group joined Local 6 of the American Federation of Musicians and became `` professional musicians '' when they were invited by San Francisco Records to make its first record album , `` Oom-Pah-Pah In Hi-Fi '' -- described on its front cover as `` The sourest German village band music ever ! '' Although the group played for laughs , all its members were quite adequate musicians , some of them very good . The occasional native German-born listener would often remark on the Guckenheimers ' similarity to actual village bands back in the old country . The village band sound was authentic enough RCA Victor signed the group to record a second album , `` Sour Kraut In Hi Fi '' ( LPM-1453 )   The name of the group was taken from an obscure brand of whiskey and adopted by the group 's leader , Richard B. Gump , who took on the persona of Herr Doktor Fritz Guckenheimer , Kapellmeister . All of the other band members adopted names that were some variant of Schmidt .  Gump was a San Francisco art dealer and owner of Gump 's store in downtown San Francisco , which was also the recording location of their best known record album for RCA Victor Records `` Music For Non-Thinkers '' ( LSP/LPM 1721 ) , which was recorded on Sunday , December 29 , 1957 , in stereo . It was released in 1958 . It was re-released on an unknown date , and kept the original stereo catalog number , but adopted a new per-side catalog number as well , J2PY-2451 / J2PY-2452 .

neg: Bookwriter The bookwriter is the member of a musical 's writing team who creates the book -- the musical 's plot , character development , and dramatic structure . Essentially , the bookwriter is the playwright of the musical . He or she works very closely in collaboration with the lyricist and composer to create an integrated piece of drama .   There is a common misconception that the bookwriter merely writes the dialogue ; though the book does include the musical 's spoken text , it is much more than that , defining and organizing the dramatic action of the entire piece , including action that is musicalized by the songwriter ( s ) . Even `` sung-through , '' `` operatic , '' or `` through-composed '' musicals , where there is little , if any , spoken text , require as much contribution from a bookwriter as do musicals with extensive dialogue scenes .   The bookwriter is often also the musical 's lyricist , composer , or director .   Category : Occupations in music

neg: Me&John Me & John is a record production , engineering , mixing , and songwriting duo based in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . The duo is composed of Ryan Kondrat and John La Magna . The two have created music from a myriad of genres , ranging from dance , hip-hop , folk , and pop .   The two met at school in 2002 . They began their career in the dance music scene as ghost writers for Jelo , Donald Glaude , and DJ Dan . They soon merged into the television and advertising side of the music industry working for Syndicate Sound in Toronto . At Syndicate Sound they were able to write music in a fully equipped professional studio , leveraging writing skills for studio time , they Produced and co-wrote Broken Social Scene presents Brendan Canning while simultaneously composing scores for Television and Film . Their next record With Shad , landed them a Polaris Prize shortlisting and a Juno for Hip Hop recording of the year . The two are currently Music Directors/Composers for Grayson Matthews in Toronto .   Me & John have recently produced an Album for Lily Frost , Scored and Produced the soundtrack for Paul Schrider 's , The Canyons , with Brendan Canning , and just finished a New Documentary for Sony and Gran Turismo , KAZ : Pushing the Virtual Divide , that took home a gold , at London International in 2015 .

neg: Dream City Film Club Dream City Film Club were a North London rock band founded in July 1995 .   Their sound was difficult to categorize in that it encompassed tortured lovelorn balladry , avant-garde flourishes , Tin Pan Alley , straightforward rock and gospel yearnings in both lyrics and subject matter . Ultimately , Dream City Film Club failed to find enough of an audience to sustain them .   Vocalist Michael J. Sheehy had been working as a solo singer/songwriter for several years when he met Alex Vald and Laurence Ash , who quickly began writing songs with Sheehy . Upon the demise of another local group , Breed , bassist Andrew Park joined . The band 's name came from a news story Sheehy had seen about an arsonist who had burned down a members-only porno theatre . They played their first gig as Dream City Film Club on 31 July 1995 .   They released a single , `` Crawl '' for the underground fanzine , the Organ in early 1996 . Soon after , they were contacted by Beggar 's Banquet and recorded their eponymous debut album in late 1996 , later releasing it on 26 May 1997 .   According to Sheehy , the English press reaction to the first single , `` Perfect Piece of Trash '' , was almost unanimous in its derision . After parting with Vald , DCFC continued on as a three piece , recording its second and final album , In the Cold Light of Morning featuring a more expansive sound best realized on the epic `` God Will Punish the Pervert Preacher '' .   The group disbanded in 1999 . Michael J. Sheehy subsequently recorded three solo albums for Beggar 's Banquet and two for Glitterhouse , and has fronted Saint Silas Intercession with his brother Patrick . During the early 2000s , Alex Vald worked as half of experimental pop band Datapuddle . In 2015 , Sheehy and Vald reunited as the pop-noir duo United Sound of Joy .

neg: John McDaniel (musician) John William McDaniel ( born February 26 , 1961 , St. Louis , Missouri , United States ) is an American theatre producer , composer , conductor , and pianist . He is known as the lead composer and producer of the 1996 television talk show The Rosie O'Donnell Show , for which he received six Daytime Emmy Award nominations , winning two .   McDaniel is also known for his collaborations with Patti LuPone , most notably her 1995 concert Patti LuPone : Live ! , which debuted on Broadway after a Los Angeles engagement . He won a Grammy Award for producing the cast album of Annie Get Your Gun ( 1999 ) , as well as a Tony Award for producing the Broadway production of the latter .

neg: John Kruth John Kruth is a singer/songwriter/multi-instrumentalist best known for his highly energetic `` Banshee Mandolin '' style of playing . He is also proficient on guitar , banjo , harmonica and various flutes . Kruth is co-founder and the main songwriter of New York-based world music ensemble TriBeCaStan , and also a music journalist and author .   Kruth 's first biography , Bright Moments -- The Life and Legacy of Rahsaan Roland Kirk was first published in the U.S. and England in 2000 by Welcome Rain Books . Bright Moments was translated into Japanese and published by Kawade Shobo in 2005 . His most recent biography is Rhapsody In Black - The Life and Music of Roy Orbison from Hal Leonard Books , NYC . He is also the author of To Live 's To Fly - the Ballad of Townes Van Zandt , was published by Da Capo Books in March 2007 , winner of 2008 Deems Taylor ASCAP Award for Best Musical Biography .   John has nine solo albums to his credit . His latest CD , Splitsville , was released in the fall of 2008 by Smiling Fez Records . In November 1997 Kruth performed at Carnegie Hall as a soloist for composer John Corigliano on the Moroccan folk oboe called the ghaita , commonly played by the Master Musicians of Jajouka . He has also performed with playwright Sam Shepard , poet Allen Ginsberg , Patti Smith , performance artist Laurie Anderson , producer Hal Willner , folksinger John Prine , as well as Violent Femmes , the Meat Puppets , King Missile , Peter Stampfel , Rick Danko , Garth Hudson , James Belushi , Steve Buscemi , Eric von Schmidt , Stan Ridgeway , Bob Neuwirth , Die Kreuzen , Cyberchump and members of Camper Van Beethoven .   In 2006 , John traveled to India where he studied mandolin and performed with Carnatic mandolin virtuoso U. Rajesh .   Kruth is currently a Professor of Music at the College of Mount St. Vincent . In the past , his writing has appeared in the New York Times , Rolling Stone , The Progressive , Frets , and Signal to Noise . He is currently a regular contributor to Rave ( India ) , Sing Out ! , Wax Poetics and Fretboard Journal . He spent much of his early career in Milwaukee , but now lives in New York City .

neg: Pig (1998 film) Pig is a 1998 experimental , psychological horror , short silent film directed by underground film maker Nico B. and co-directed by deathrock pioneer Rozz Williams . The film stars Rozz Williams and James Hollan and was produced by Nico B . It was distributed by the CAV Distributing company in South San Francisco and produced by the studios Open Eye Productions and Cult Epics . ( The latter of which Nico B. is the founder and owner . )   The film was the last work of Rozz Williams before his suicide in 1998 , and incorporates a highly surreal , absurdist technique blended with intense graphic horror and religious allusions and metaphors . The film was never publicly screened , although it was first released on VHS in 1998 and then re-released on DVD on April 2 of 2002 . On both the VHS and DVD versions of the production it was unrated due to uncensored sexuality and nudity as well as depictions of torture and fetishistic sadism . The film was re-issued in January 2013 with a newly produced surround soundtrack on a BLU RAY/DVD combo with Williams ' posthumous sequel film 1334 , also directed by Nico B. , and released through Cult Epics .   The DVD edition contains a large assortment of featured content not previously seen on the VHS version , especially in commemoration of Williams ' death . This includes a commentary and Rozz Williams memorial video by Nico B. , `` behind-the-scenes '' footage , outtakes and optional commentary , a Rozz Williams photo gallery , a previously unreleased music track by Rozz Williams , actor biographies , chapter selections , excerpts from the last interview with Rozz conducted by John E. Ellenberger , a copy of the original `` super-8 '' test footage of Pig with commentary by former Christian Death drummer and friend of Rozz , Ignacio Segovia , and finally a 40-page booklet and adaptation of the fictional book featured in the film , Why God Permits Evil . The booklet was Williams ' only published written work .   The soundtrack accompanying the film -- Pig : Original Soundtrack -- was composed entirely by Rozz , and included some of his last musical output .

neg: Joe's Garage Joe 's Garage is a three-part rock opera recorded by American musician Frank Zappa in 1979 . Originally released as two separate studio albums on Zappa Records , the project was later remastered and reissued as a triple album box set , Joe 's Garage , Acts I , II & III , in 1987 . The LPs initially received mixed to positive reviews , with critics praising its innovative and original music , but criticizing the scatological , sexual and profane nature of the lyrics . Since its original release , Joe 's Garage has been reappraised in a better light by some critics .   Zappa self-deprecatingly described the album as a `` stupid little story about how the government is going to do away with music . '' The story is told by a character identified as the `` Central Scrutinizer '' narrating the story of Joe , an average adolescent male who forms a garage rock band , has unsatisfying relationships with women , gives all of his money to a government assisted and insincere religion , explores sexual activities with appliances , and is imprisoned . After being released from prison into a dystopian society in which music itself has been criminalized , he lapses into insanity .   The album encompasses a large spectrum of musical styles , while its lyrics often feature satirical or humorous commentary on American society and politics . It addresses themes of individualism , free will , censorship , the music industry and human sexuality , while criticizing government and religion , and satirizing Catholicism and Scientology . Joe 's Garage is noted for its use of xenochrony , a recording technique that takes guitar solos from older live recordings and overdubs them onto new studio recordings . All of the guitar solos on the album are xenochronous except for `` Crew Slut '' and `` Watermelon in Easter Hay '' , a signature song that Zappa has described as the best song on the album , and according to his son Dweezil , the best guitar solo his father ever played .

neg: Intermediate film system The intermediate film system was a television process in which motion picture film was processed almost immediately after it was exposed in a camera , then scanned by a television scanner , and transmitted over the air . This system was used principally in Britain and Germany where television cameras were not sensitive enough to use reflected light , but could transmit a suitable image when a bright light was shown through motion picture film directly into the camera lens . John Logie Baird began developing the process in 1932 , borrowing the idea of Georg Oskar Schubert from his licensees in Germany , where it was demonstrated by Fernseh AG in 1932 and used for broadcasting in 1934 . The BBC used Baird 's version of the process during the first three months of its then - `` high-definition '' television service from November 1936 through January 1937 , and German television used it during broadcasts of the 1936 Summer Olympics . In both cases , intermediate film cameras alternated with newly introduced direct television cameras .   The exposed film , either 35mm or 17.5 mm ( 35mm split in half , to save expense ) , travelled in a continuous band from the camera , usually atop a remote broadcast vehicle , into a machine that developed and fixed the image . The film was then run through a flying spot scanner ( so called because it moved a focused beam of light back and forth across the image ) , and electronically converted from a negative to a positive image . Depending on the equipment , the time from camera to scanner could be a minute or less . An optical soundtrack was recorded onto the film , between the perforations and the edge of the film , at the same time the image was taken to keep the sound and image in synchronization .   The intermediate film system , with its expensive film usage and relatively immobile cameras , did have the advantage that it left a filmed record of the programme which could be rerun at a different time , with a better image quality than the later kinescope films , which were shot from a video monitor .   Television tubes developed by Farnsworth and Zworykin in the United States , and by EMI in England , with much higher sensitivity to light , made the intermediate film system obsolete by 1937 . Film continued to be used for time-shifting and as a long-term storage until electronic video recorders were invented .

neg: John Zacherle John Zacherle ( -LSB- ˈzækərliː -RSB- ; sometimes credited as John Zacherley ; September 26 , 1918 -- October 27 , 2016 ) was an American television host , radio personality , and voice actor . He was best known for his long career as a television horror host , often broadcasting horror movies in Philadelphia and New York City in the 1950s and 1960s . Best known for his character of `` Roland/Zacherley , '' he also did voice work for movies , and recorded the top ten novelty rock and roll song `` Dinner With Drac '' in 1958 . He also edited two collections of horror stories , Zacherley 's Vulture Stew and Zacherley 's Midnight Snacks .

neg: Talk box A talk box or talkbox is an effects unit that allows musicians to modify the sound of a musical instrument by shaping the frequency content of the sound and to apply speech sounds ( in the same way as singing ) onto the sounds of the instrument . Typically , a talk box directs sound from the instrument into the musician 's mouth by means of a plastic tube adjacent to their vocal microphone . The musician controls the modification of the instrument 's sound by changing the shape of the mouth , `` vocalizing '' the instrument 's output into a microphone .

neg: The Refusal `` The Refusal '' ( German : `` Die Abweisung '' ) is a short story by Franz Kafka . Written in the autumn of 1920 , it was not published in Kafka 's lifetime .   The story involves the narration of a young boy living in a small town that is fairly distanced from its capital . The boy reflects on how the town 's inhabitants humbly submit to orders issued by the capital and are led by the tax-collector , a man with the rank of colonel . The boy goes into great detail describing the soldiers that uphold the tax-collector 's law , and how they appear inhuman to the public and seem unable to speak their language . In times of crisis , the town always appeals to the colonel for government aid , and if it is anything serious , it is always refused . The final paragraph describes the narrator 's observation that it is due to this situation that ' ... young people roughly between seventeen and twenty . ' begin to feel discontent and find revolutionary ideas because they are incapable of foreseeing the consequences .

neg: Meat Puppets (album) Meat Puppets is the first album by American band the Meat Puppets , released in 1982 . The album is unlike their later , better-known releases due to its hardcore punk sound .   The album was recorded in a matter of days , there are very few overdubs and many of the tracks are first takes . Like other early SST albums the sound quality is rather spotty ; there is noticeable fuzz in the background of the music . The band opted for this because they felt more comfortable recording live with only a few microphones rather than employing conventional studio separation techniques . In 1999 , Curt Kirkwood stated , `` The first -LSB- album -RSB- was our LSD record . We were three days in the studio , and we tripped the whole time . And it was really cool , and really trying , too , because we went insane . ''   The 1999 Rykodisc reissue features the entire In a Car EP as well as 13 other bonus tracks , many of them studio jams or outtakes , and a video clip of the band performing `` Walking Boss '' live . The booklet also has liner notes by Gregg Turkington and recording notes by drummer Derrick Bostrom .   In the 2012 book , Too High to Die : Meet the Meat Puppets by Greg Prato , an entire chapter is dedicated to Soundgarden guitarist Kim Thayil explaining why Meat Puppets is one of his favorite all-time albums .

neg: Music Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in time . The common elements of music are pitch ( which governs melody and harmony ) , rhythm ( and its associated concepts tempo , meter , and articulation ) , dynamics ( loudness and softness ) , and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture ( which are sometimes termed the `` color '' of a musical sound ) . Different styles or types of music may emphasize , de-emphasize or omit some of these elements . Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping ; there are solely instrumental pieces , solely vocal pieces ( such as songs without instrumental accompaniment ) and pieces that combine singing and instruments . The word derives from Greek μουσική #Ancient Greek ( mousike ; `` art of the Muses '' ) .   In its most general form , the activities describing music as an art form or cultural activity include the creation of works of music ( songs , tunes , symphonies , and so on ) , the criticism of music , the study of the history of music , and the aesthetic examination of music . Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies . Common sayings such as `` the harmony of the spheres '' and `` it is music to my ears '' point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to . However , 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music , saying , for example , `` There is no noise , only sound . ''   The creation , performance , significance , and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context . Indeed , throughout history , some new forms or styles of music have been criticized as `` not being music '' , including Beethoven 's Grosse Fuge string quartet in 1825 , early jazz in the beginning of the 1900s and hardcore punk in the 1980s . There are many types of music , including popular music , traditional music , art music , music written for religious ceremonies and work songs such as chanteys . Music ranges from strictly organized compositions -- such as Classical music symphonies from the 1700s and 1800s , through to spontaneously played improvisational music such as jazz , and avant-garde styles of chance-based contemporary music from the 20th and 21st centuries .   Music can be divided into genres ( e.g. , country music ) and genres can be further divided into subgenres ( e.g. , country blues and pop country are two of the many country subgenres ) , although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are often subtle , sometimes open to personal interpretation , and occasionally controversial . For example , it can be hard to draw the line between some early 1980s hard rock and heavy metal . Within the arts , music may be classified as a performing art , a fine art or as an auditory art . Music may be played or sung and heard live at a rock concert or orchestra performance , heard live as part of a dramatic work ( a music theater show or opera ) , or it may be recorded and listened to on a radio , MP3 player , CD player , smartphone or as film score or TV show .   In many cultures , music is an important part of people 's way of life , as it plays a key role in religious rituals , rite of passage ceremonies ( e.g. , graduation and marriage ) , social activities ( e.g. , dancing ) and cultural activities ranging from amateur karaoke singing to playing in an amateur funk band or singing in a community choir . People may make music as a hobby , like a teen playing cello in a youth orchestra , or work as a professional musician or singer . The music industry includes the individuals who create new songs and musical pieces ( such as songwriters and composers ) , individuals who perform music ( which include orchestra , jazz band and rock band musicians , singers and conductors ) , individuals who record music ( music producers and sound engineers ) , individuals who organize concert tours , and individuals who sell recordings and sheet music and scores to customers .

neg: Joseph Dillon Ford Joseph Dillon Ford ( born February 6 , 1952 in Americus , Georgia , US ) is an American composer and author .   He holds undergraduate degrees in music and graduate degrees in both musicology and landscape architecture . Although he focussed on keyboard performance during his college years , Ford completed his training at Harvard as a Variell Scholar specializing in historical musicology . He studied twentieth-century composers and compositional techniques with Ivan Tcherepnin , the works of Bach and Handel with Christoph Wolff , Dowland and the English lutenists with John Ward , and the music of medieval Aquitaine with David Hughes .   His major works include a symphony , a piano concerto , a harpsichord concerto , choral music , and a large quantity of chamber and solo works for the piano and other instruments . Although most of his oeuvre is tonal -- often very traditionally so , he has also produced non-tonal work using both acoustic and electronic media , and has developed synthetic chromatic dialects amenable to both idioms .   In recent years he has published online Orpheus in the Twenty-first Century : Historicism and the Art-Music Renascence ( 2003 ) , a multimedia e-book on music aesthetics ; Chromatic One : A New Technique for Instrumental Speech ( 2003 ) , a monograph detailing an innovative art form fusing music and spoken language ; and numerous articles , poems , and short works of fiction .   Keenly interested in emergent music and telecommunications technologies and the rich potential they offer for international creative collaborations , he also conceived and brought to fruition numerous large-scale projects in which his interdisciplinary artistic background has proven to be an especially useful asset . These include the world 's largest sound sculpture , an ongoing Web-based work that commemorates the monumental `` Standing Buddhas of Bamiyan '' demolished by the Taliban in 2001 ; the `` Westron Wynde '' Project ( begun in 2004 ) , for which composers in the US , Canada , and the UK each contributed music for James J. Pellerite ( former principal flutist of the Philadelphia Orchestra ) ; the Delian Suites Nos. 1 through 5 ( 2005 -- 09 ) , each exploring various tonal idioms ( No. 4 in cooperation with the Colloque Fou de Basson , Conservatoire Gabriel Fauré , Angoulême ) ; Nu Mu -LSB- sic ! -RSB- Unlimited ( 2006 -- 09 ) , the world 's first virtual new music festival ; and Ye New Music Fayre ( 2008 -- 09 ) , a seminal event featuring new music composed in traditional tonal and modal styles .   Ford is the founder of the Delian Society , whose efforts to reinvigorate tonal music have attracted many composers and performers on six continents and have drawn attention to the accomplishments of other outstanding artists through an ongoing annual awards program .   He presently resides in Gainesville , Florida , US .

neg: John Ferguson (organist) John Allen Ferguson ( born January 27 , 1941 , Cleveland , Ohio ) is an American organist , teacher , and composer .   Ferguson is probably best known for his many choral compositions . He has also published alternate accompaniments and festival arrangements for organ , brass , and percussion of hymns and Lutheran liturgy , and has appeared on several recordings . He has more than 100 titles to his credit .   Ferguson earned a B.M. from Oberlin Conservatory of Music , an M.M. from Kent State University , and a D.M.A. from the Eastman School of Music , where he studied with Russell Saunders . Ferguson is a well-respected organ teacher and leader of congregational singing via the organ . He has been invited as a visiting professor by the faculties of the University of Notre Dame and the Yale Institute of Sacred Music . His work has received national acclaim .   Ferguson 's name is often associated with hymnody and the words `` hymn festival . '' He frequently is invited to design and lead such events , both in local congregations and at gatherings of organists , choral conductors , and church musicians . His festivals are ecumenical experiences drawing upon the treasures of Christian song from many centuries , traditions , and styles .   Long associated with the Holtkamp Organ Company , Ferguson 's doctoral dissertation was on the work of Walter Holtkamp Sr. `` Walter Holtkamp : American Organ Builder '' was published in 1979 by Kent State University Press . He also served as music editor of the United Church of Christ Hymnal , published in 1974 .   He worked as both professor of music at Kent State University and organist-choirmaster at Kent United Church of Christ until 1978 . He later worked as the director of music at Central Lutheran Church in Minneapolis , Minnesota . In 1983 he became the Elliot & Klara Stockdahl Johnson professor of organ and church music at St. Olaf College , Northfield , Minnesota , and later became the conductor of the St. Olaf Cantorei . He is married to wife Ruth and has a son , Christopher .

neg: John Osborn (tenor) John Osborn ( born May 16 , 1972 ) is an American operatic tenor .   He was born in Sioux City , Iowa , and studied music at Simpson College . He made his professional debut in The Saint of Bleecker Street at the Des Moines Metro Opera in 1993 .   Osborn was a winner of the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions in 1994 at the age of 21 . He made his Met debut in Salome in 1996 , and has subsequently sung the roles of Don Ottavio in Don Giovanni and Count Almaviva in The Barber of Seville , Goffredo in `` Armida '' , Rodrigo di Dhu in `` La donna del lago '' , and Arnold Melchtal in `` Guillaume Tell '' with the company .   In 2011 , he made his Proms debut as Arnold in Rossini 's opera William Tell , with Antonio Pappano conducting the Orchestra and Chorus of the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia .   Audio recordings include L'amour consacré and La coppia degli acuti with wife and soprano , Lynette Tapia ; Guillaume Tell ( the complete French version ) with Antonio Pappano and the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia ; and Norma on Decca label with Cecilia Bartoli , Sumi Jo , and Michele Pertusi .   Video recordings include the operas Clari by Fromental Halévy ( DVD : Decca ) ; Armida by Gioachino Rossini ( The Met Live in HD : Decca ) ; and I puritani by Vincenzo Bellini ( DVD : Opus Arte ) , Benvenuto Cellini by Hector Berlioz staged by Terry Gilliam ( TV ) , and also Les contes d'Hoffmann by Jacques Offenbach staged by Laurent Pelly ( Opéra de Lyon Japan Tour 's televised by NHK ) .

neg: Kenny Aronoff Kenny Aronoff ( born March 7 , 1953 in Albany , New York ) is an American drummer who has been the sideman for many bands both live and in the studio . He is most associated with the John Mellencamp band , also known as `` John Cougar Mellencamp '' , whom he worked with from 1980 to 1996 . He is also known for his recorded drums and percussion with many recording artists .

neg: Part-talkie A part-talkie is a partly , and most often primarily , silent film which includes one or more synchronous sound sequences with audible dialog or singing . During the silent portions lines of dialog are presented as `` titles '' -- printed text briefly filling the screen -- and the soundtrack is used only to supply musical accompaniment and sound effects .   In the case of feature films made in the United States , nearly all such hybrid films date to the 1927-1929 period of transition from `` silents '' to full-fledged `` talkies '' with audible dialog throughout . It took about a year and a half for a transition period for American movie houses to move from almost all silent to almost all equipped for sound . In the interim period , studios reacted by improvising four solutions : fast remakes of recent productions , `` goat gland '' pictures with one or two sound sequences spliced into already finished productions , dual sound and silent versions produced simultaneously , and part-talkies .   The famous so-called `` first talking picture '' , The Jazz Singer ( 1927 ) , starring Al Jolson , is in fact a part-talkie . It features only about fifteen minutes of singing and talking , interspersed throughout the film , while the rest is a typical silent film with `` titles '' and only a recorded orchestral accompaniment .

neg: Irving M. Fried Irving M. `` Bud '' Fried was one of the well known American audiophiles of the `` Golden Age '' of stereophonic reproduction such as Saul Marantz and David Hafler .   Mr. Fried was born November 3 , 1920 . As a young boy , Bud fell in love with the art and science of sound reproduction when he first heard Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra emerging from the large theater horns of his father 's movie theaters .   Later , when Bud attended Harvard University , he fell under the sway of Professors Hunt and Pierce who , under a Western Electric research grant , were conducting monumental research into high fidelity phono reproduction . He received his undergraduate degree from Harvard University , and thereafter served as an officer in the United States Navy during World War II . Among his assignments , he was posted as liaison to the Free French Air Force . After the war he attended and graduated from Harvard Law School .   Based on the advice of Victor Brociner , co-founder of Fisher Radio , Bud became the official importer of the Lowther corner horns , the creations of P.G.A.H. Voight . A year later , he expanded his offerings and began importing the revolutionary Quad electrostatic .   At the suggestion of Saul Marantz , the IMF ( Irving M Fried ) trademark was registered in 1961 , a trademark that was eventually applied to many advanced developments in music reproduction : cartridges ( IMF -- London , IMF -- Goldring ) , tone arms ( SME , Gould , Audio and Design ) , amplifiers ( Quad , Custom Series ) , loudspeakers ( Lowther , Quad , Celestion , Bowers and Wilkins , Barker , etc. . )   In 1968 a British branch of IMF was opened . This combined Anglo-American company produced the now legendary IMF Monitor .   In 1975 the English and American divisions of IMF were split , and the trademark FRIED was thenceforth used on all of Bud 's designs . The new designs were based upon the same principles that had created the IMF Monitor in addition to new technology as it became available . FRIED benchmarks include the Model H System , the Model M ( 1977 ) , the SUPER Monitor , and the B satellite series ( 1976 to 1979 ) .   Among the many design principles that he utilized , he is best known for his development of loudspeakers for realistic audio reproduction that were based on transmission line loading and resistive series crossover networks .   Bud Fried died March 21 , 2005 .


query: Fences stars an actor.

pos: Fences (film) Fences is a 2016 American period drama film directed by and starring Denzel Washington and written by August Wilson , based on his Pulitzer Prize-winning play of the same name ( Wilson died in 2005 , but completed a screenplay before his death ) . In addition to Washington , the film also stars Viola Davis , Stephen Henderson , Jovan Adepo , Russell Hornsby , Mykelti Williamson and Saniyya Sidney .   Principal photography on the film began on April 25 , 2016 , in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , in the Hill District , and wrapped in mid-June 2016 . Fences was released in the United States on December 16 , 2016 , by Paramount Pictures , received positive reviews and grossed $ 64 million . The film was chosen by the American Film Institute as one of the top ten films of 2016 , and has been nominated for numerous awards , including four Oscar nominations at the 89th Academy Awards : Best Picture , Best Actor ( Washington ) , Best Supporting Actress ( Davis ) , and Best Adapted Screenplay , with Davis winning for her performance . It also received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor for Washington and a Best Supporting Actress win for Davis .

neg: List of accolades received by Fences (film) Fences is a 2016 American drama film directed by Denzel Washington and written by August Wilson . Starring Washington , Viola Davis , Jovan Adepo and Stephen McKinley Henderson , the film focuses on a man and his life , family , and job . The film began a limited release on December 16 , 2016 , before opening wide on December 25 . The film was released to universal acclaim , with Rotten Tomatoes listing an approval rating of 93 % , based on 207 reviews , with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 , and Metacritic listing a score of 79 out of 100 , based on 48 reviews .   Fences won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and the British Academy Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Davis . The film won Best Supporting Actress for Davis and was nominated for Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor for Washington , Best Acting Ensemble and Best Adapted Screenplay at Critics ' Choice Awards . The film won Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture for Davis and was nominated for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama for Washington at Golden Globe Awards . The film received four nominations at Satellite Awards , including Best Film , Best Director , Best Actor for Washington and Best Supporting Actress for Davis .

neg: Fences (band) Fences is an American indie rock band from Seattle , Washington formed by lead vocalist and guitarist Christopher Mansfield , guitarist Benjamin Greenspan , bassist and vocalist Lindsey Starr and drummer Elliott Garm Chaffee . They released their debut studio album Fences in 2010 and Lesser Oceans in 2015 .

neg: Lee Wallace (actor) Lee Wallace ( born July 15 , 1930 ) is an American actor of film , stage , and television .

neg: Chandler Canterbury Chandler Canterbury ( born December 15 , 1998 ) is an American actor .

neg: Sam Rockwell Samuel Rockwell ( born November 5 , 1968 ) is an American actor known for independent and mainstream films .   He is known for his leading roles in Lawn Dogs ( 1997 ) , Confessions of a Dangerous Mind ( 2002 ) , Matchstick Men ( 2003 ) , The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 2005 ) , Choke ( 2008 ) , Moon ( 2009 ) , Seven Psychopaths ( 2012 ) , and Mr. Right ( 2015 ) , as well as for his supporting roles in The Green Mile ( 1999 ) , Galaxy Quest ( 1999 ) , The Assassination of Jesse James ( 2007 ) , Frost/Nixon ( 2008 ) , Conviction ( 2010 ) , Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) , The Way , Way Back ( 2013 ) , and Poltergeist ( 2015 ) .

neg: Huckleberry Fox George Fox , better known as Huckleberry Fox ( 1974 ) , is an American actor who performed in Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) . and the Disney film The Blue Yonder ( 1985 ) .

neg: Tyrees Allen Tyrees Allen ( born July 31 , 1954 ) is an American actor on stage , television , and film .   Allen was born in Salina , Kansas . In 1972 , he graduated from Salina Central High School . He later attended Marymount College in Salina , where he graduated with a degree in Theater Arts .   Allen 's fifty-five television credits include these : series regular roles on Women 's Murder Club and Dark Blue ; recurring and guest roles on The Practice , Alias , Cold Case , Without A Trace , Castle , Scandal , CSI : Miami , and Brothers & Sisters .   Allen appeared in New York in the 2000 Broadway production of Aida and the 2003 Broadway revival of William Shakespeare 's Henry IV .   In May 2013 , Allen played the role of `` Troy Maxson '' in the August Wilson play Fences at the African-American Repertory Theater in DeSoto , Texas .

neg: Beau Bridges Lloyd Vernet `` Beau '' Bridges III ( born December 9 , 1941 ) is an American actor and director . He is a three-time Emmy , two-time Golden Globe and one-time Grammy Award winner . He is also a two-time Screen Actors Guild Award nominee . Bridges was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on April 7 , 2003 at 7065 Hollywood Boulevard for his contributions to the television industry . He is the son of actor Lloyd Bridges and elder brother of fellow actor Jeff Bridges .

neg: Zac Fox Zachary Joel ` Zac ' Fox ( born 25 September 1990 ) is a British actor . His first film appearance was in the TV series `` Wild West '' , and he 's most known for his role as Eden on New Zealand television series , Maddigan 's Quest .

neg: Teddy Dunn Edward Wilkes `` Teddy '' Dunn ( born June 19 , 1980 ) is an Australian-born American lawyer and former actor known for his portrayal of Duncan Kane in the Rob Thomas television series Veronica Mars .

neg: Robert Hardy Timothy Sydney Robert Hardy , CBE , FSA ( born 29 October 1925 ) is an English actor with a long career in the theatre , film and television .

neg: Jesse Garcia Jesse Garcia ( born c. 1982 ) is an American actor .

neg: Blake Heron Blake Heron ( born January 11 , 1982 ) is an American screen actor . He starred as Marty Preston in the 1996 film Shiloh .

neg: Tom Parker (actor) Thomas Scott `` Tom '' Parker ( born July 23 , 1977 ) is an American actor .

neg: Tom Lester Thomas William `` Tom '' Lester ( born September 23 , 1938 ) is an American actor and evangelist . He is best known for his role as Eb Dawson , farmhand to Oliver Wendell Douglas ( played by Eddie Albert ) on the television series Green Acres , and he appeared in two feature animal films Gordy and Benji .

neg: Jesse Borrego Jesse Borrego ( born August 1 , 1962 in San Antonio ) is an American actor .  He is best known for his roles as Cruz Candelaria in Blood In Blood Out , Jesse V. Valesquez in Fame , Gael Ortega in 24 , and as George King in Dexter .

neg: Trevor Wright Trevor Christopher Wright ( born August 23 , 1980 in San Diego , California ) is an American actor .

neg: Troy Winbush Troy Winbush ( born March 12 , 1970 ) is an American actor .

neg: Bill Raymond William Joseph `` Bill '' Raymond ( born September 9 , 1938 ) is an American actor who has appeared in film , television and theatre since the 1960s .

neg: David Yelland (actor) David William Yelland ( born 1947 ) is an English film , stage and television actor .