query: United States Congress has 435 Representatives.

pos: United States Congress The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers : the Senate and the House of Representatives . The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington , D.C. Both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election , though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment . Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party , and only rarely to a third party or as independents . Congress has 535 voting members : 435 Representatives and 100 Senators . The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members . These members can , however , sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation . These members represent Washington , D.C. , Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands and the U.S. Virgin Islands .   The members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency , known as a `` district '' . Congressional districts are apportioned to states by population using the United States Census results , provided that each state has at least one congressional representative . Each state , regardless of population or size , has two senators . Currently , there are 100 senators representing the 50 states . Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a six-year term , with terms staggered , so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election .

neg: United States House of Representatives elections, 1942 The 1942 United States House of Representatives elections was held in the middle of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's third term .   The main factor that led to the Republican gains during this election cycle was concern over World War II and American involvement .   Roosevelt 's Democratic Party lost 45 seats , retaining only a slender majority even though they lost the popular vote by over 1 million votes ( 3.9 % ) . This would not occur again until 1952 , when the party who won the popular vote did not also win the majority of the House of Representatives .

neg: United States Senate The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which , along with the United States House of Representatives , the lower chamber , composes the legislature of the United States of America .   The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators who represent each of the several states , with each state being equally represented by two senators , regardless of their population , serving staggered terms of six years ; with fifty states presently in the Union , there are 100 U.S. Senators . From 1789 until 1913 , Senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 , they are now popularly elected . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol , in Washington , D.C.   As the upper house , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it ; these include the ratification of treaties , the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , other federal executive officials , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for Vice President , the duty befalls upon the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .   The presiding officer of the Senate is the Vice President of the United States , who is President of the Senate ; in their absence , the President Pro Tempore , who is customarily the senior member of the controlling party , presides over the Senate . In the early 20th century , the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began , although they are not constitutional officers .

neg: 48th United States Congress The Forty-eighth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government , consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives . It met in Washington , D.C. from March 4 , 1883 to March 4 , 1885 , during the last two years of the administration of U.S. President Chester A. Arthur . The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Tenth Census of the United States in 1880 . The Senate had a Republican majority , and the House had a Democratic majority .

neg: New Zealand House of Representatives The New Zealand House of Representatives is a component of the New Zealand Parliament , along with the Sovereign ( represented by the Governor-General ) . The House passes all laws , provides ministers to form a Cabinet , and supervises the work of the Government . It is also responsible for adopting the state 's budgets and approving the state 's accounts .   The House of Representatives is a democratically elected body , usually consisting of 120 members ( currently 119 though recently had 121 with an overhang ) known as members of Parliament ( MPs ) . Members are elected for limited terms , holding office until Parliament is dissolved ( a maximum of three years ) . A government is formed from the party or coalition with the majority of MPs . If no majority is possible then a minority government can be formed with a confidence and supply arrangement .   The House of Representatives was created by the British New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 , which established a bicameral legislature ; however the upper chamber , the Legislative Council , was abolished in 1951 . Parliament received full control over all New Zealand affairs in 1947 with the passage of the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act .   The debate chamber of the House of Representatives is located inside Parliament House in Wellington , the capital city . Sittings of the House are usually open to the public , but the House may at any time vote to sit in private .

neg: List of Members of the United States House of Representatives in the 75th Congress by seniority This is a complete list of members of the United States House of Representatives during the 75th United States Congress listed by seniority.As an historical article , the districts and party affiliations listed reflect those during the 75th Congress ( January 3 , 1937 -- January 3 , 1939 ) . Current seats and party affiliations on the List of current members of the United States House of Representatives by seniority will be different for certain members .   Seniority depends on the date on which members were sworn into office . Since many members are sworn in on the same day , subsequent ranking is based on previous congressional service of the individual and then by alphabetical order by the last name of the congressman .   Committee chairmanship in the House is often associated with seniority . However , party leadership is typically not associated with seniority .   Note : The '' * '' indicates that the representative/delegate may have served one or more non-consecutive terms while in the House of Representatives of the United States Congress .

neg: List of United States Representatives from New York The following is a list of members of the United States House of Representatives from the state of New York . For chronological tables of members of both houses of the United States Congress from the state ( through the present day ) , see United States Congressional Delegations from New York . The list of names should be complete as of January 3 , 2017 , but other data may be incomplete .

neg: House (legislature) House is a term commonly used to refer to a number of legislative bodies .   Specific examples include :   Lower house , one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature  House of Commons , the elected lower house of the bicameral parliaments of the United Kingdom and Canada  House of Representatives , a name used for legislative bodies in many countries  United States House of Representatives  Upper house , one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature  House of Lords , the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom  House of Burgesses , the first elected legislative assembly in the New World , established in the Colony of Virginia

neg: Congressional pension Congressional pension is a pension made available to members of the United States Congress . Members who participated in the congressional pension system are vested after five ( 5 ) years of service . A full pension is available to members 62 years of age with 5 years of service ; 50 years or older with 20 years of service ; or 25 years of service at any age . A reduced pension is available depending upon which of several different age/service options is chosen . If Members leave Congress before reaching retirement age , they may leave their contributions behind and receive a deferred pension later . The current pension program , effective January 1987 , is under the Federal Employees Retirement System ( FERS ) , which covers members and other federal employees whose federal employment began in 1984 or later . This replaces the older Civil Service Retirement System ( CSRS ) for most members of congress and federal employees .

neg: United States congressional delegations from Utah Since Utah became a U.S. state in 1896 , it has sent congressional delegations to the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives . Each state elects two senators to serve for six years . Before the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 , senators were elected by the Utah State Legislature . Members of the House of Representatives are elected to two-year terms , one from each of Utah 's four congressional districts . Before becoming a state , the Territory of Utah elected a non-voting delegate at-large to Congress from 1850 to 1896 .   57 people have served either the Territory or State of Utah : 14 in the Senate , 41 in the House , and 2 in both houses . The average term for senators has been 15.3 years and the average term for representatives has been 6.7 years . The longest-serving senator is Orrin Hatch , in office since 1977 . The longest-serving representative is James V. Hansen , in office for 22 years from 1981 to 2003 . Four women have been members of Utah 's congressional delegation , Reva Beck Bosone , Karen Shepherd , Enid Greene and Mia Love , all as representatives .   In 2013 , following the 2010 United States Census , a 4th district was added . A new congressional redistricting map was approved by the Republican legislature and signed into law by Republican Governor Gary Herbert .

neg: List of Members of the United States House of Representatives in the 8th Congress by seniority This is a complete list of members of the United States House of Representatives during the 8th United States Congress listed by seniority . For the most part , representatives are ranked by the beginning of their terms in office .   As an historical article , the districts and party affiliations listed reflect those during the 8th Congress ( March 4 , 1803 -- March 3 , 1805 ) . Seats and party affiliations on similar lists for other Congresses will be different for certain members .   This article describes the criteria for seniority in the House of Representatives and sets out the list of members by seniority . It is prepared on the basis of the interpretation of seniority applied to the House of Representatives in the current congress . In the absence of information to the contrary , it is presumed that the twenty-first-century practice is identical to the seniority customs used during the 8th Congress .

neg: List of members of the United States House of Representatives who served a single term One-term congressmen are members of the United States House of Representatives that spent only one two-year term ( or less ) in office usually either due to death , resignation , or defeat . In some rare cases freshmen members have decided to run for another office or not run for reelection . A good many members that serve in the House for only one term are viewed as accidental congressmen due to having been elected in a fluke election or by riding in on the coattails of a popular presidential candidate . Among the most famous one-term congressmen were Abraham Lincoln , who served as a Whig in the 30th Congress of 1847-1849 and was later the 16th President of the United States ; John Marshall , who was elected as a Federalist to the 6th Congress and was later the 4th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court ; William Pennington , who served as a Republican in the 36th Congress and was the first sitting Speaker of the House to be defeated in a bid for re-election ; Joseph Pulitzer , the famed newspaper man that resigned from office during his first term ; George Sutherland , who served as a Republican in the 57th Congress and was later an associate U.S. Supreme Court justice ; and William M. `` Boss '' Tweed , who served as a Democrat to the 33rd Congress and later went on to become infamous for his leadership of Tammany Hall , the dominant political machine in New York City throughout the nineteenth century ; and Isidor Straus , the co-owner of Macy 's department store who died in the sinking of the Titanic .

neg: United States House of Representatives elections in Colorado, 2010 The 2010 congressional elections in Colorado were held on November 2 , 2010 to determine who will represent the state of Colorado in the United States House of Representatives . Representatives are elected for two-year terms ; those elected will serve in the 112th Congress .   Colorado has seven seats in the House , apportioned according to the 2000 United States Census . Its 2008-2009 congressional delegation consisted of five Democrats and two Republicans .

neg: Colorado's congressional districts Colorado is divided into 7 congressional districts , each represented by a member of the United States House of Representatives .   The districts are currently represented in the 115th United States Congress by 3 Democrats and 4 Republicans .

neg: List of Members of the United States House of Representatives in the 5th Congress by seniority This is a complete list of members of the United States House of Representatives during the 5th United States Congress listed by seniority . For the most part , representatives are ranked by the beginning of their terms in office .   As an historical article , the districts and party affiliations listed reflect those during the 5th Congress ( March 4 , 1797 -- March 3 , 1799 ) . Seats and party affiliations on similar lists for other Congresses will be different for certain members .   This article describes the criteria for seniority in the House of Representatives and sets out the list of members by seniority . It is prepared on the basis of the interpretation of seniority applied to the House of Representatives in the current congress . In the absence of information to the contrary , it is presumed that the twenty-first-century practice is identical to the seniority customs used during the 5th Congress .

neg: List of Members of the United States House of Representatives in the 41st Congress by seniority This is a complete list of members of the United States House of Representatives during the 41st United States Congress listed by seniority .  As an historical article , the districts and party affiliations listed reflect those during the 41st Congress ( March 4 , 1869 -- March 3 , 1871 ) . Current seats and party affiliations on the List of current members of the United States House of Representatives by seniority will be different for certain members .   Seniority depends on the date on which members were sworn into office . Since many members are sworn in on the same day , subsequent ranking is based on previous congressional service of the individual and then by alphabetical order by the last name of the congressman .   Committee chairmanship in the House is often associated with seniority . However , party leadership is typically not associated with seniority .   Note : The '' * '' indicates that the representative/delegate may have served one or more non-consecutive terms while in the House of Representatives of the United States Congress .

neg: Alaska House of Representatives The Alaska House of Representatives is the lower house in the Alaska Legislature , the state legislature of the U.S. state of Alaska . The House is composed of 40 members , each of whom represents a district of approximately 17,756 people per 2010 Census figures . Members serve two-year terms without term limits . With 40 representatives , the Alaska House is the smallest state legislative lower house in the United States .   The House convenes at the State Capitol in Juneau .

neg: United States House Appropriations Subcommittee on Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies The United States House Appropriations Subcommittee on Military Construction , Veterans Affairs , and Related Agencies is a standing committee of the U.S. House subcommittees and is within the United States House Committee on Appropriations .  The United States House Committee on Appropriations has joint jurisdiction with the United States Senate Committee on Appropriations over all appropriations bills in the United States Congress . Each committee has 12 matching subcommittees , each of which is tasked with working on one of the twelve annual regular appropriations bills . This subcommittee has jurisdiction over the budget for Military Construction and the United States Department of Veterans Affairs .

neg: List of African-American United States Representatives The United States House of Representatives has had 139 elected African-American members , of which 133 have been Representatives from U.S. states and 6 have been Delegates from U.S. territories and the District of Columbia . The House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral United States Congress , which is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States . The US Census Bureau defines African Americans as citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa . The term is generally used for Americans with at least partial ancestry in any of the original peoples of sub-Saharan Africa . During the founding of the federal government , African Americans were consigned to a status of second-class citizenship or enslaved . No African American served in federal elective office before the ratification in 1870 of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits the federal and state governments from denying any citizen the right to vote because of that citizen 's race , color , or previous condition of servitude .   Twenty-seven states ( plus the U.S. Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia ) have sent an African-American representative to the U.S. House . Joseph Rainey was the first African-American representative to be seated in the U.S. House . He served South Carolina 's 1st congressional district beginning in 1870 during the Reconstruction Era following the American Civil War . Out of all 132 elected or appointed African-American members , 34 have been women . Fifteen states have sent African-American women to the U.S. House , the first being Shirley Chisholm from New York 's 12th congressional district in 1969 during the Civil Rights Movement . The current 114th Congress has a record 46 African-American Representatives or Delegates , including 20 African-American women . Many African-American members of the House of Representatives serve majority-minority districts . These congressional districts are gerrymandered , limit serious challenges to their re-election , and limit their abilities to represent a larger , more diverse constituency .

neg: List of freshman class members of the 113th United States Congress The 113th United States Congress began on January 3 , 2013 . As of November 11 , 2013 there are 14 new senators ( 3R , 10D , 1I ) and 70 new representatives ( 31R , 39D ) .

neg: Maryland General Assembly The Maryland General Assembly is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Maryland that convenes within the State House in Annapolis . It is a bicameral body : the upper chamber , the Maryland State Senate , has 47 representatives and the lower chamber , the Maryland House of Delegates , has 141 representatives . Members of both houses serve four-year terms . Each house elects its own officers , judges the qualifications and election of its own members , establishes rules for the conduct of its business , and may punish or expel its own members   The General Assembly meets each year for 90 days to act on more than 2,300 bills including the State 's annual budget , which it must pass before adjourning on sine die . The 2016 Legislative Session , the General Assembly 's 436th session , convened January 13 - April 11 , 2016 . The General Assembly will reconvene Wednesday , January 11 , 2017 at 12:00 p.m. for its 437th session .


query: Ballet Shoes is an award-winning children's novel.

pos: Ballet Shoes (novel) Ballet Shoes : a story of three children on the stage is a children 's novel by Noel Streatfeild , published by Dent in 1936 . It was her first book for children , and was illustrated by the author 's sister , Ruth Gervis .   Ballet Shoes was a commended runner up for the inaugural Carnegie Medal from the Library Association , recognising the year 's best British children 's book by a British subject . ( She won the Medal for her third novel , The Circus Is Coming , published as Circus Shoes in the USA , though the ` Shoes ' titles , used by her USA publishers , were a marketing device : the books so titled do not in fact form part of a series . )

neg: Lyrical dance Lyrical dance is a style of dance created by merging ballet , jazz and contemporary dance techniques . Lyrical dancing is performed to music with lyrics to inspire movements to express strong emotions the choreographer feels from the lyrics in the chosen song . Because lyrical dancing focuses on the expression of strong emotion , the style concentrates more on individual approach and expressiveness than the precision of the dancer 's movements . The emergent lyrical style has a relatively recent history and a genesis based on the coming together of ballet with rock/folk/pop / alternative music and a variety of jazz dance styles and modern dance . Dancer , teacher , and choreographer Suzi Taylor , who holds regular classes at Steps on Broadway in New York City is considered by many to be an early mother of lyrical dance , having emphasized a unique brand of musicality and expressiveness which influenced many future teachers and choreographers .

neg: Matilda (novel) Matilda is a children 's novel by British writer Roald Dahl . Matilda won the Children 's Book Award in 1999 . It was published in 1988 by Jonathan Cape in London , with 232 pages and illustrations by Quentin Blake . It was adapted as an audio reading by actress Kate Winslet , a 1996 feature film directed by Danny DeVito , a two-part BBC Radio 4 programme starring Lauren Mote as Matilda , Nichola McAuliffe as Miss Trunchbull and narrated by Lenny Henry , and a 2010 musical .   In 2012 Matilda was ranked number 30 among all-time children 's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal , a monthly with primarily US audience . It was the first of four books by Dahl among the Top 100 , more than any other writer .

neg: We Were There The We Were There books are a series of historical novels written for children . The series consists of 36 titles , first released between 1955 and 1963 by Grosset & Dunlap . Each book in the series is a fictional retelling of an historical event , featuring one or more children as primary characters . The books were written by a number of different authors , each writing from one to seven of the books ; the authors included Benjamin Appel , Jim Kjelgaard , Earl Schenck Miers , William O. Steele , and others . Each book 's byline also lists a separate `` historical consultant , '' who was a specialist in the historic topic covered by that particular book . The historical consultants were typically college professors or , in the case of war-related stories , retired military officers ; among the more noteworthy consultants for the series were the historians Bruce Catton , Walter Prescott Webb and A. B. Guthrie , Jr. . The books are illustrated with black-and-white line art , with color drawings on the dust jacket .   The dust jackets of the original printings of the books describe the series as follows :   We Were There books are easy to read and provide exciting , entertaining stories , based upon true historic events . Each story is checked for factual accuracy by an outstanding authority on this particular phase of our history . Though written simply enough for young readers , they make interesting reading for boys and girls well into their teens .  The original hardbound editions of the books were followed by several other printings , including editions for book clubs and libraries . The books were later reissued with hardbound picture covers ( using the original dust jacket artwork ) , and softcover editions of some books became available in the 1970s . Three of the books are available from Lamppost Publishers and American Home School Publishers . Most of the original books are available in varying used conditions from various sellers through Amazon , although selection will naturally vary at any given time .

neg: London Children's Ballet The London Children 's Ballet ( LCB ) is a registered charitable trust created in 1994 . LCB was formed to give children the experience of performing as part of a company , in a professionally produced , full length ballet at a professional theatre . LCB provides opportunities to dance for children from many diverse backgrounds and the experience is free .   Performances are staged annually at the Peacock Theatre , in the West End , London 's famous theatre district . These performances include the staging of original productions , which have sold out every year since the company was established . The company is also involved in a number of smaller projects . The '' # 1 outreach matinees '' enable the public to see a ballet at an affordable price and LCB2 is a touring company which visits venues where people are unable to attend the theatre , including hospitals , community centres , hospices and schools . These tours are produced around the year so as to provide opportunities for children all-year-round .   To dance in a LCB production , children must first attend an audition , designed to assess their suitability to take part . Successful candidates then meet for weekly rehearsals on a Sunday in the lead up to the performance , ensuring there is no disruption to their academic education .   LCB organises an annual summer school , lasting a week and catering for one hundred children . The summer school consists of a range of workshops , where the children take classes in ballet and other dance forms such as jazz , and also study choreography . Older children also take part in a one-day tour , taking their summer school production to elderly homes around London .   The LCB also provides a venue for recently graduated composers , choreographers and designers from the Wimbledon College of Art .

neg: Carrie Pilby Carrie Pilby is a coming-of-age novel by Caren Lissner , first published by Red Dress Ink in 2003 , then re-released on July 1 , 2010 for teenage readers under the new imprint Harlequin Teen . It was among the first novels published by Harlequin Enterprises 's Red Dress Ink imprint , an imprint created primarily to take advantage of the then-burgeoning `` chick lit '' phenomenon that included humorous books about young single women like Bridget Jones ' Diary .   In its first incarnation , Carrie Pilby was noted in various newspaper articles as one of the smarter and more original novels in the genre . It proved successful , selling more than 50,000 copies . Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times referred to the novel as `` hilarious '' in an August 10 , 2003 story . After the chick lit market became saturated , Harlequin stopped publishing novels under the Red Dress Ink imprint in 2009 , but Carrie Pilby was selected to be re-published on July 1 , 2010 as one of the first books in the new Harlequin Teen line for teenagers . It was republished with a new cover for teens and some of the technology referred to in the novel was slightly modernized ( Carrie was now renting DVDs instead of videos ) . The novel was released in France on June 1 , 2010 as one of the first four titles released under the French Harlequin imprint for teens , Darkiss .

neg: The Penderwicks The Penderwicks : A Summer Tale of Four Sisters , Two Rabbits , and a Very Interesting Boy is a children 's novel by Jeanne Birdsall , published by Knopf in 2005 . It won the annual U.S. National Book Award for Young People 's Literature ( United States ) .   This was Birdsall 's first book published and it inaugurated the `` Penderwick sisters '' series , whose fourth volume ( of five planned ) was published in 2015 . Both A Summer Tale and its sequel The Penderwicks on Gardam Street ( Knopf , April 2008 ) were New York Times Best Sellers .   The novel was inspired by the kind of stories the author read when growing up ,  The National Book Award citation compares the novel to Louisa May Alcott 's Little Women and E. Nesbit 's The Story of the Treasure Seekers .  The fictional setting is more modern than Alcott 's or Nesbit 's , although not clearly contemporary with Birdsall 's writing .

neg: Kenneth Widmerpool Kenneth Widmerpool is a fictional character in Anthony Powell 's novel sequence A Dance to the Music of Time , a 12-volume account of upper-class and bohemian life in Britain between 1920 and 1970 . Regarded by critics as one of the more memorable characters of 20th century fiction , Widmerpool is the antithesis of the sequence 's narrator-hero Nicholas Jenkins . Initially presented as a comic , even pathetic figure , he becomes increasingly formidable , powerful and ultimately sinister as the novels progress . He is successful in business , in the army and in politics , and is awarded a life peerage . His only sphere of failure is his relationships with women , exemplified by his disastrous marriage to Pamela Flitton . The sequence ends with Widmerpool 's downfall and death , in circumstances arising from his involvement with a New Age-type cult .   Literary analysts have noted Widmerpool 's defining characteristics as a lack of culture , small-mindedness , and a capacity for intrigue ; generally , he is thought to embody many of the worst aspects of the British character . However , he has the ability to rise above numerous insults and humiliations that beset him to achieve positions of prominence through dogged industry and self-belief . In this respect he represents the meritocratic middle class 's challenge to the declining power of the traditional `` establishment '' or ruling group , which is shown to be vulnerable to a determined assault from this source .   Among the more prominent names suggested as real-life models for Widmerpool have been Edward Heath , the British prime minister 1970 -- 74 , and Reginald Manningham-Buller who was Britain 's Attorney General in the 1950s . Others of Powell 's contemporaries have made claims to be the character 's source , although Powell gave little encouragement to such speculation . Widmerpool has been portrayed in two British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) radio dramatisations of the novel sequence ( 1979 -- 82 and 2008 ) and in Channel 4 's television filmed version broadcast in 1997 .

neg: Adaptations of Puss in Boots ` Puss ' is a character in the fairy tale `` The Master Cat , or Puss in Boots '' by Charles Perrault . The tale was published in 1697 in his Histoires ou Contes du temps passé . The tale of a cat helping an impoverished master attain wealth through its trickery is known in hundreds of variants .   Gustave Doré 's illustrated version ( right ) is well known for capturing the gently satirical tone of the story .  In 1797 German writer Ludwig Tieck published Der gestiefelte Kater , a dramatic satire based on the Puss in Boots tale .  The Russian composer César Cui ( of French ancestry ) composed a short children 's opera on this subject in 1913 . Puss in Boots was first performed in Rome in 1915 , and has been something of a repertory item in Germany since at least the 1970s .  In 1922 Walt Disney created a black and white silent short of the same name .  Xavier Montsalvatge composed a children 's opera , El gato con botas , with libretto by Néstor Luján ; it was first performed in Barcelona Gran Teatre del Liceu in 1947 . It has been performed for children several times , in Spain , but also in Germany , Czech Republic , Australia and New York .  In their album of cat songs , Happy Times Records included a version of Puss in Boots . As with their version of The Pied Piper of Hamelin , it is not faithful to the original fairy tale and features a cat named Puss in Boots who is the guardian of his native village . He saves the village from several invasions by using his head and is summoned by the song , `` Come , boots ! / Come , boots ! / Come a runnin ' , / Puss in Boots . '' The man and woman who perform this story/song are the same ones who perform Happy Times 's version of The Pied Piper , and the number ends with the words , `` The whole village is proud of their magical cat ! ''  A 1961 Mexican adaptation called El gato con botas . K. Gordon Murray distributed it in the United States as Puss in Boots .  Hayao Miyazaki participated in the 1969 Toei Animation production of Nagagutsu wo Haita Neko ( Puss 'n Boots ) , providing key animation , designs , storyboards , image boards , and story ideas . It was directed by Kimio Yabuki , with a screenplay by Hisashi Inoue , a famous Japanese playwright , and animation supervision was carried out by longtime Miyazaki collaborator and mentor Yasuji Mori . Hayao Miyazaki also wrote and drew a comic version first serialized in Chuunichi Shimbun Nichiyou Ban ( Cyuunichi Newspaper Sunday Version ) to promote the film . Its main character , the cat Pero , was very popular and eventually became Toei 's mascot .  Rankin/Bass Productions produced a hand drawn animated TV special in 1972 entitled Puss in Boots .  The Master Cat by David Garnett is a novel first published in 1974 which gives a more detailed account of the established story from Puss getting the boots to his eating the ogre . The second part of the book tells of Puss getting caught up in palace plots and intrigues of which he ultimately becomes the victim , by his own ungrateful master no less .  In 1985 the family television series Faerie Tale Theatre produced a live-action adaptation starring Ben Vereen as Puss and Gregory Hines as the miller 's son .  In an episode of Monty Python 's Flying Circus , a sketch set in the Police Department of the State of Venezuela is interrupted by an unexpected adaptation of Puss in Boots .  A live action direct-to-video film adaptation was made in 1988 , starring Christopher Walken as Puss and Jason Connery as the miller 's son .  Enoki Films released a Japanese animated series called Nagagutsu wo Haita Neko no Bouken ( Adventures of Puss-in-Boots ) in 1992 .  Puss by Esther Friesner , in Snow White , Blood Red ( edited by Ellen Datlow and Terri Windling ) retells the story .  Plaza Entertainment released an animated direct-to-video film called Puss in Boots in 1999 .  Puss in Boots appears as a character in the films Shrek 2 and Shrek The Third ( voiced by Antonio Banderas ) . The character is originally recruited as a swashbuckling professional ogre killer who is an obvious parody of Banderas ' famous role as Zorro . Puss later becomes a sidekick to the ogre , Shrek , and in the alternative world in Shrek Forever After due to Rumpelstiltskin erasing the day Shrek was born when he made him sign a contract , Puss is seen to have retired from fencing and he became Fiona 's pet ; he has also become obese . A self-titled spin-off film was released in 2011 . Puss in Boots ( video game ) , a video game based upon the film was released in October 2011 . He is currently the star of the 2015 Netflix original series The Adventures of Puss in Boots .  In the furry comic book , Xanadu , the main male hero , Tabbe Le Fauve , is a cat modeled on Puss in Boots with a strong influence of Errol Flynn 's typical swashbuckler character .  The webcomic No Rest for the Wicked features several characters adapted from this story , Perrault ( Puss ) , The Marquis de Carabas , and his wife .  HBO 's Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child gave the story a Polynesian flavor .  Angela Carter offers an alternative , updated version of the tale in her collection of short stories The Bloody Chamber  A Meowth from the Pokémon anime series dresses up like Puss In Boots .  In Gainax 's 2000 anime FLCL , the third episode is named Maru Raba ( Marquis de Carabas ) and deals with the young adult characters performing Puss in Boots at their school , and with one character and her interest in the idea of pretending to be something until you 've become it .  `` The New Traveller 's Almanac , '' a companion to Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill 's The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , places Carabas Castle ( formerly Ogre Castle , where `` a talking feline dressed in smashing footwear '' ate the Ogre and inherited his riches ) in Ardennes on the Belgian border , where also stood ( among others ) the castles of Bluebeard , the Beast and Rosamund . These castles were subsequently destroyed by shellfire in 1913 during the Great War .  In Neil Gaiman 's novel Neverwhere , the Marquis de Carabas appears as a character and is merged with Puss .  The novel Reserved for the Cat by Mercedes Lackey is a retelling of Puss In Boots , set in her Elemental Masters series .  In the manga , MÄR Puss 'n' Boots becomes a form of Babbo in the final battle against the main antagonist , Phantom .  Puss in Boots is the fourth episode of the episode game series American McGee 's Grimm , which features the dark version of the cat missing an eye .  The Captain N : The Game Master episode `` Once Upon a Time Machine '' is based on Puss N Boots ( though it mostly draws its inspiration from a video game adaptation . )  La Véritable histoire du Chat botté is an animated French film ( 2009 ) by Jérôme Deschamps , Pascal Hérold and Macha Makeïeff . Dubbed into English as The True History of Puss 'N Boots ( 2010 ) , the voice actors include William Shatner .  Puss in Boots appears in the Fables spin-off Cinderella : From Fabletown with Love . He is one of the animal Fables who has to live on Fabletown 's `` Farm . ''  Mary Hanson Roberts wrote and drew a long serial in the Furrlough anthropomorphic comic book , about the descendants of Puss in Boots and their adventures in their world 's equivalent of the France of Louis XVI and the French Revolution , called `` Here Comes a Candle . '' ( The reference in the title is to the nursery rhyme that ends : `` Here comes a candle to light you to bed ; here comes a chopper to chop off your head . '' )  Nagagutsu o Haita Neko : Sekai Isshū 80 Nichi Dai Bōken , 1986 Japan-exclusive video game where the main character is Puss in Boots .

neg: Cinderella Cinderella , or The Little Glass Slipper , ( Cenerentola , Cendrillon , ou La petite Pantoufle de Verre , Aschenputtel ) is a folk tale embodying a myth-element of unjust oppression/triumphant reward . Thousands of variants are known throughout the world . The title character is a young woman living in unfortunate circumstances , that are suddenly changed to remarkable fortune . The story of Rhodopis , recounted by the Greek geographer Strabo in around 7 BC , about a Greek slave girl who marries the king of Egypt , is considered the earliest known variant of the `` Cinderella '' story . The most popular version was first published by Charles Perrault in Histoires ou contes du temps passé in 1697 , and later by the Brothers Grimm in their folk tale collection Grimms ' Fairy Tales .   Although the story 's title and main character 's name change in different languages , in English-language folklore `` Cinderella '' is the archetypal name . The word `` Cinderella '' has , by analogy , come to mean one whose attributes were unrecognized , or one who unexpectedly achieves recognition or success after a period of obscurity and neglect . The still-popular story of `` Cinderella '' continues to influence popular culture internationally , lending plot elements , allusions , and tropes to a wide variety of media . The Aarne -- Thompson system classifies Cinderella as `` the persecuted heroine '' .

neg: In the Wings: Behind the Scenes at the New York City Ballet In the Wings : Behind the Scenes at the New York City Ballet is a book by Kyle Froman . It was released in September 2007 in hardcover .   In this book Kyle Froman explores the physically demanding life of New York City Ballet dancers . Froman takes his camera behind the scenes and offers a glimpse into the ballet world that outsiders rarely see : the daily training , the injuries , the last-minute cast changes , and ultimately , the transcendent moments onstage at the end of the day .   The book is told as Kyle 's personal diary of a dancer 's day : Ch .1 is `` 10:15 AM , '' Ch . 2 is `` 11:30 AM , '' Ch . 3 is `` 2:15 , '' Ch . 4 is `` 6:15 , '' and Ch . 5 is `` Showtime . '' From morning company class to rehearsal to performance , the text offers intriguing insights into the mental discipline and emotions that come into play in preparing for the show .   The foreword is written by Peter Martins , balletmaster in chief of New York City Ballet . He says of the book , `` Here is the New York City Ballet as it really is -- the good , the not so good , and the majestically beautiful . It 's a true story , and it 's told by someone who can honestly claim that he was there . ''   Category :2007 books  Category : Books about ballet  Category : Dance in New York City

neg: Aurealis Award for best young adult novel The Aurealis Awards are presented annually by the Australia-based Chimaera Publications and WASFF to published works to `` recognise the achievements of Australian science fiction , fantasy , horror writers '' . To qualify , a work must have been first published by an Australian citizen or permanent resident between 1 January and 31 December of the corresponding year ; the presentation ceremony is held the following year . It has grown from a small function of around 20 people to a two-day event attended by over 200 people .   Since their creation in 1995 , awards have been given in various categories of speculative fiction . Categories currently include science fiction , fantasy , horror , speculative young adult fiction -- with separate awards for novels and short fiction -- collections , anthologies , illustrative works or graphic novels , children 's books , and an award for excellence in speculative fiction . The awards have attracted the attention of publishers by setting down a benchmark in science fiction and fantasy . The continued sponsorship by publishers such as HarperCollins and Orbit has added weight to the honour of the award .   The results are decided by a panel of judges from a list of submitted nominees ; the long-list of nominees is reduced to a short-list of finalists . Ties can occur if the panel decides that both entries show equal merit , however they are encouraged to choose a single winner . The judges are selected from a public application process by the Award 's management team .   This article lists all the short-list nominees and winners in the best young-adult novel category , as well as novels that have been highly commended . Three people have won the award twice -- Isobelle Carmody , Garth Nix and Scott Westerfeld . Westerfeld holds the record for most nominations with eight , and Rory Barnes has the most nominations without winning , having been a losing finalist five times .

neg: The Shrimp The Shrimp is a children 's novel by Emily Smith . It won the 2001 Gold Award in 6 -- 8 years category of the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize . It is a part of the Young Corgi series .

neg: The New York Times Fiction Best Sellers of 1963 This is a list of adult fiction books that topped The New York Times Fiction Best Seller list in 1963 . The list is notable for being blank for part of the winter as the New York Times , like many other newspapers in the city , worked its way through a major newspaper strike . When the strike ended in March , the political thriller Seven Days in May led the list , having also been at the top at the start of the strike in December 1962 . It lasted there only one week before being overtaken by J.D. Salinger 's second No. 1 bestseller in 18 months , the anthologized novellas , `` Raise High the Roof Beam , Carpenters '' and `` Seymour : An Introduction '' .   Salinger 's book led the list for 14 weeks through the spring of 1963 . Daphne du Maurier 's The Glass-Blowers then spent six weeks on the list , followed by Morris West 's novel about the Vatican , The Shoes of the Fisherman ( 14 weeks ) . On October 6 , Shoes gave way to Mary McCarthy 's semi-autobiographical novel The Group , which would spend the next 20 weeks at the top , closing out the year .

neg: The Tale of Two Bad Mice The Tale of Two Bad Mice is a children 's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter , and published by Frederick Warne & Co. in September 1904 . Potter took inspiration for the tale from two mice caught in a cage-trap in her cousin 's home and a dollhouse being constructed by her editor and publisher Norman Warne as a Christmas gift for his niece Winifred . While the tale was being developed , Potter and Warne fell in love and became engaged , much to the annoyance of Potter 's parents , who were grooming their daughter to be a permanent resident and housekeeper in their London home .   The tale is about two mice who vandalize a dollhouse . After finding the food on the dining room table made of plaster , they smash the dishes , throw the doll clothing out the window , tear the bolster , and carry off a number of articles to their mouse-hole . When the little girl who owns the dollhouse discovers the destruction , she positions a policeman doll outside the front door to ward off any future depredation . The two mice atone for their crime spree by putting a crooked sixpence in the doll 's stocking on Christmas Eve and sweeping the house every morning with a dust-pan and broom .   The tale 's themes of rebellion , insurrection , and individualism reflect not only Potter 's desire to free herself of her domineering parents and build a home of her own , but her fears about independence and her frustrations with Victorian domesticity .   The book was critically well received and brought Potter her first fan letter from America . The tale was adapted to a segment in the 1971 Royal Ballet film The Tales of Beatrix Potter and to an animated episode in the BBC series The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends . Merchandise inspired by the tale includes Beswick Pottery porcelain figurines and Schmid music boxes .

neg: Miami City Ballet Miami City Ballet is an American ballet company based in Miami Beach , Florida , led by artistic director Lourdes Lopez . MCB was founded in 1985 by Toby Lerner Ansin a Miami philanthropist . She and the founding board hired Edward Villella , former New York City Ballet principal dancer to be the founding artistic director .   A bulk of the company 's repertoire is made up of the work of George Balanchine , though the company also performs works by Jerome Robbins , Twyla Tharp , Trey McIntyre , Mark Morris , Jimmy Gamonet , who was the company 's founding Resident Choreographer and Ballet Master from 1986 to 1999 , Christopher Wheeldon , Justin Peck , and others , in addition to traditional full-length works including `` Giselle '' and `` Don Quixote '' .   In 2012 , Lourdes Lopez was chosen to replace founding artistic director Edward Villella .   Miami City Ballet features an international ensemble of over 45 dancers . The company has an active repertoire of 88 ballets and performs over 100 times annually . Miami City Ballet serves as the resident ballet company in theaters in the Fort Lauderdale , Miami , and West Palm Beach areas . In addition , the company regularly tours both domestically and internationally . Its North American appearances include the Kennedy Center , the 1996 Olympic Arts Festival , Jacob 's Pillow Dance Festival , the Orange County Performing Arts Center , and the New York City Center ; while theaters and festivals in Europe , Central America , South America , and Israel have hosted the company .

neg: River Boy River Boy is a young adult novel by Tim Bowler , published by Oxford in 1997 . It is the story of a teenage girl facing the prospect of bereavement . Bowler won the annual Carnegie Medal , recognising the year 's best children 's book by a British subject . River Boy also won the 1999 Angus Book Award .   Margaret K. McElderry Books ( Simon & Schuster ) published the first U.S. edition in 2000 ( ISBN 0-689-82908-6 ) .

neg: Michael O'Mara Books Michael O'Mara Books is a small , family-run , privately owned publishing house in the United Kingdom . Established in London in 1985 , by an American expatriate , Michael O'Mara , a native of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and his British wife , Lesley , the company focuses on biographies and autobiographies . Its imprint , Buster Books , publishes children 's books .   O'Mara Books ' first publication was Alastair Burnet 's biography of the Queen Mother , entitled The ITN Book of the Queen Mother , which topped the 1985 The Sunday Times bestseller list . One of the publishing house 's most influential publications was Diana : Her True Story by Andrew Morton , the second highest-selling authored work in the UK in the 1990s . The publishing house has established a reputation for high-profile autobiographies and biographies ( including such bestsellers as Anything Goes by John Barrowman , and My Word is My Bond by Roger Moore ) , innovative humour and non-fiction ( I Before E ( Except After C ) , The Timewaster Letters , and The Book of Senior Moments ) , as well as children 's books , published under the Buster Books imprint ( The Boys ' Book , The Girls ' Book and Children 's Miscellany , parts 1 , 2 and 3 ) . Successful humour titles include Where 's the Meerkat ? , the # 1 Sunday Times bestseller of Christmas 2011 .   The Mums ' Book and The Dads ' Book were both number one bestsellers and spawned the successful ` Best at Everything ' series which includes books for sisters , aunts , grandparents , and others . Foreign editions of books in the series have been published in over 35 territories to date . I Before E was the sleeper hit of Christmas 2007 , and has sold more than 400,000 copies reaching number three on the Sunday Times '' ' hardback nonfiction chart . The followup , I Used To Know That : Stuff You Forgot From School , hit the bestseller lists upon publication in June 2008 . The series includes titles on History ( Remember , Remember ; Divorced , Beheaded Died ) , Classics ( A Classical Education ) , Poetry ( I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud ) , and Maths ( As Easy As Pi ) .   Buster Books publishes commercial non-fiction for children . Its successes include The Boys ' Book : How To Be The Best At Everything , which has sold almost 400,000 copies to date . This book was followed by the # 1 children 's bestseller , The Girls ' Book , with 320,000 copies sold . The bestselling Girls ' Book of Glamour and Boys ' Book of Survival , published in January 2008 , both made the bestsellers chart , with Girls ' Book of Glamour remaining there for 16 weeks .   O'Mara Books won the Independent Publishers ' Guild International Achievement Award in 2007 . The Boys ' and Girls ' Book range has been expanded to include annuals and doodle books , volumes 2 and 3 of each and a box set . Buster Books launched a children 's fiction list in 2011 , with the first titles being Hollow Earth by John and Carole E. Barrowman , and the Monstrous Maud '' series of books .

neg: Caldecott Medal The Randolph Caldecott Medal annually recognizes the preceding year 's `` most distinguished American picture book for children '' , beginning with 1937 publications . It is awarded to the illustrator by the Association for Library Service to Children ( ALSC ) , a division of the American Library Association ( ALA ) .  The Caldecott and Newbery Medals are the most prestigious American children 's book awards .   The award is named for Randolph Caldecott , a nineteenth-century English illustrator . Rene Paul Chambellan designed the Medal in 1937 . The obverse scene is derived from Randolph Caldecott 's front cover illustration for The Diverting History of John Gilpin ( Routledge , 1878 , an edition of the 1782 poem by William Cowper ) , which depicts Gilpin astride a runaway horse . The reverse is based on `` Four and twenty blackbirds baked in a pie '' , one of Caldecott 's illustrations for the nursery rhyme `` Sing a Song of Sixpence '' .   Beside the Caldecott Medal , the committee awards a variable number of citations to worthy runners-up , called the Caldecott Honors or Caldecott Honor Books . The `` Honor '' was introduced in 1971 , but some runners-up had been identified annually and all those runners-up were retroactively named Caldecott Honor Books . The number of Honors or runners-up had always been one to five , and it had been two to four since 1994 , until five were named in 2013 and six in 2015 . The Honor Books must be a subset of the runners-up on the final ballot , either the leading runners-up on that ballot or the leaders on one further ballot that excludes the winner .

neg: The Red Shoes The Red Shoes may refer to :  The Red Shoes ( fairy tale ) , a fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen

neg: Pointe shoe A pointe shoe is a type of shoe worn by ballet dancers when performing pointe work . Pointe shoes were conceived in response to the desire for dancers to appear weightless and sylph-like and have evolved to enable dancers to dance en pointe ( on the tips of their toes ) for extended periods of time . They are manufactured in a variety of colors , most commonly in shades of light pink .


query: Colombia is a place.

pos: Colombia Colombia ( k ) , is a sovereign state largely situated in the northwest of South America , with territories in Central America . Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama , to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru . It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica , Nicaragua , Honduras , Jamaica , Haiti and the Dominican Republic . It is a unitary , constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments . The territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples , with as most advanced the Muisca , Quimbaya and the Tairona .   The Spanish set foot on Colombian soil for the first time in 1499 and in the first half of the 16th century initiated a period of conquest and colonization , ultimately creating the New Kingdom of Granada , with as capital Santafé de Bogotá . Independence from Spain was acquired in 1819 , but by 1830 the `` Gran Colombia '' Federation was dissolved . What is now Colombia and Panama emerged as the Republic of New Granada . The new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 . Since the 1960s , the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict , which escalated in the 1990s but then decreased from 2005 onward . Colombia is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse countries in the world , and thereby possesses a rich cultural heritage . The urban centres are mostly located in the highlands of the Andes mountains .   Colombian territory also encompasses Amazon rainforest , tropical grassland and both Caribbean and Pacific coastlines . Ecologically , it is one of the world 's 17 megadiverse countries , and the most densely biodiverse of these per square kilometer . Colombia is a middle power and a regional actor with the fourth-largest economy in Latin America , is part of the CIVETS group of six leading emerging markets and is a member of the UN , the WTO , the OAS , the Pacific Alliance , and other international organizations . Colombia has a diversified economy with macroeconomic stability and favorable growth prospects in the long run .

neg: Postage stamps and postal history of Cundinamarca Cundinamarca is a department of Colombia , one of the original nine states of the `` United States of Colombia '' .   As with the other states , Cundinamarca once had the right to issue its own postage stamps , and it issued stamps with the state 's coat of arms , starting in 1870 and ending in 1904 . Many of these are still readily available . There is one rarity , the 2-real provisional stamp from 1883 , although there is some doubt as to whether it was sold to the public , since no used copies are known to exist . Likewise , authentic uses of any Cundinamarca stamp on cover are not often seen .

neg: Itagüí Itagüí ( -LSB- itaˈɣwi -RSB- ) is a city of Colombia , located in the south of the Aburrá Valley in the Antioquia Department . It is part of The Metropolitan Area of the Aburrá Valley .

neg: Government entities of Colombia The Government entities of Colombia ( Entidades Gubernamentales de Colombia ) are entities of the government of Colombia . The government entities is made up by commissions , control agencies , administrative departments , directorates , funds , superintendencies , among other . Some of these agencies are under the supervision of the President of Colombia with special autonomy .

neg: Valle del Cauca Department Valle del Cauca , or Cauca Valley ( -LSB- ˈbaʎe ðel ˈkauka -RSB- , -LSB- ˈβaʝe ðel ˈkauka -RSB- ) is a department of Colombia . It is in the western side of the country , facing the Pacific Ocean , and it is considered one of the most important departments in the Republic of Colombia . Its capital is Santiago de Cali . Given its privileged location , lately it has been considered as the Pacific Door of Colombia .  Besides Cali such cities as Buenaventura , Cartago and Tuluá have great economical , political , social and cultural influence on the department 's life . Valle del Cauca has the largest number of independent towns ( i.e. not in Metropolitan areas ) with over 100,000 inhabitants in the country , counting six within its borders . Buenaventura has the largest and busiest seaport in Colombia , moving about 8,500,000 tons of merchandise .   The anthem of Valle del Cauca Department is `` Salve Valle del Cauca , mi tierra '' ( `` Hail Valley of the Cauca , my land '' ) .

neg: Tumaco Tumaco is a port city and municipality in the Nariño Department , Colombia , by the Pacific Ocean . It is located on the southwestern corner of Colombia , near the border with Ecuador , and enjoys of hot tropical climate . Tumaco is inhabited mainly by Afro-Colombians and some indigenous people .   Tumaco is accessible by plane , from the western city of Cali , one of the main urban centers of the country , well connected to Bogotá , the capital city . It can also be reached by land via highway from the city of Pasto , the capital city of the Nariño Department . Tumaco is known for being the hometown of many great Colombian soccer players , including Willington Ortiz .   Colombian film director Samuel Córdoba released a documentary about the city in 2009 . The film , entitled `` Tumaco Pacífico '' , chronicles the stilt-house area of the city , predominantly populated by Afro-Colombians . Córdoba was inspired by a panoramic photo of the stilt houses he saw in a photography book on Tumaco . The film won first place at the Festival de Cine Latinoamericano de Bordeaux , in France , and was presented at the Festival Internacional de Cine , in Santiago , Chile .   Other places of interest include untapped ecotourism sites and beaches located near the mouth of the Mira River , where the river meets the sea . Also , there are the Playas de Milagros ( beaches of Miracles ) , and Bocananueva y Teran beaches , where visitors can experience great diversity of flora and fauna first hand .

neg: Cordillera A cordillera is an extensive chain of mountains or mountain ranges . The term is a borrowing from Spanish , in which it has the same meaning . The Spanish word originates from cordilla , a diminutive of `` cuerda '' , or `` rope '' . It is most commonly used in the field of physical geography .   The term is particularly applied to the various ranges of the Andes of South America , and less frequently to other mountain ranges in the `` ridge '' which rims the Pacific Ocean . In Colombia and Venezuela the cordilleras are named according to their position : Cordillera Occidental , Central , and Oriental . Various local names identify the cordilleras in Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia , Chile , and Argentina .   Mountain ranges of this type have a complex structure , usually the result of folding and faulting accompanied by volcanic activity . In South America the ranges include numerous volcanic peaks . ( Though not itself a volcano , Argentina 's Mt. Aconcagua , at 22,834 feet ( 6,960 metres ) high , is the highest point in the Western Hemisphere . The Andes cordillera has Ojos del Salado , the highest active volcano in the world , and second highest point in the Western Hemisphere .   A number of the volcanoes have been active in historic times . Aside from the volcanic peaks , the crests include many narrow ridges , some of which reach into the zone of permanent snow . Between the ranges there are numerous inhabited valleys , basins , and low plateaux with a wide range of elevations .

neg: Tucanoan languages Tucanoan ( also Tukanoan , Tukánoan ) is a language family of Colombia , Brazil , Ecuador , and Peru .

neg: Isthmo-Colombian Area The Isthmo-Colombian Area is defined as a cultural area encompassing those territories occupied predominantly by speakers of the Chibchan languages at the time of European contact . It includes portions of the Central American isthmus like eastern El Salvador , eastern Honduras , Caribbean Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , and northern Colombia .

neg: Boyacá Department Boyacá ( -LSB- boʝaˈka -RSB- ) is one of the thirty-two departments of Colombia , and the remnant of Boyacá State , one of the original nine states of the `` United States of Colombia '' .   Boyacá is centrally located within Colombia , almost entirely within the mountains of the Eastern Cordillera to the border with Venezuela , although the western end of the department extends to the Magdalena River at the town of Puerto Boyacá . Boyacá borders to the north with the Department of Santander , to the northeast with the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Norte de Santander , to the east with the departments of Arauca and Casanare . To the south , Boyacá borders the department of Cundinamarca and to the west with the Department of Antioquia covering a total area of 23189 sqkm . The capital of Boyacá is the city of Tunja .   Boyacá is known as `` The Land of Freedom '' because this region was the scene of a series of battles which led to Colombia 's independence from Spain . The first one took place on 25 July 1819 in the Pantano de Vargas and the final and decisive battle known as the Battle of Boyacá was fought on 7 August 1819 at Puente de Boyacá .   Boyacá is home to three universities : the Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia ( UPTC ) , the Universidad de Boyacá ( UNIBOYACA ) , and the Saint Thomas Aquinas University .

neg: Boyacá State Boyacá State was one of the states of Colombia .

neg: Senate of Colombia The Senate of the Republic of Colombia ( Senado de la República de Colombia ) is the upper house of the Congress of Colombia , with the lower house being the House of Representatives . The Senate has 102 members elected for concurrent ( non-rotating ) four-year terms .

neg: Animal rights in Colombia Animal rights in Colombia refers to topics related to Animal rights in Colombia . The Colombian constitution does not recognize animal rights . Law 84 of 1989 stipulates a statute to protect animals , with the exception of bullfighting and cock fights , which are considered to be part of the Culture of Colombia .   Despite having a legislation against animal trafficking , Colombia is one of the major sources and routes for animal trafficking in the world . There are numerous non-governmental organizations working in Colombia on behalf of animal rights .

neg: Balloon effect The balloon effect is an often-cited criticism of United States drug policy . The name draws an analogy between efforts to eradicate the production of illegal drugs in South American countries and the phenomenon of the same name when a latex balloon is squeezed : The air is moved , but does not disappear , instead moving into another area of less resistance .   Examples of this displacement in drug traffic include :  Fumigation of marijuana in Mexico caused production to migrate to Colombia .  Marijuana crackdowns in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta moved activity to Cauca .  In the late 1990s , coca was largely eradicated in Peru and Bolivia , only to be replaced by new crops in Colombia .  Recently , with the intense spraying in the Colombian Putumayo Department , coca has been planted in other departments including Arauca , Cauca , Caquetá , Guaviare , Huila , Meta , Nariño , and Santander .   As described in The Economist :   Brazil and the Southern Cone ( Chile , Uruguay , Paraguay , Argentina ) neglected their respective drug trafficking issues and due to the concentration on the Andean region , these were neglected by the United States as well . These nations ignored the problem primarily due to its slow introduction and penetration into their society , the insistence from the U.S. that the sources of the drugs was the only problem and because the governments at the time were more concerned with foreign debt , inflation , economic growth , civil-military relations and political survival . The United States continued to increase their anti-drug operations in the Andean region resulting in displacement . This means that the U.S. tactics forced the drug traffickers to search for safer areas with less government pressure to eliminate the flow of narcotics . The drug traffickers took advantage of the neglected Southern Cone and began shifting their routes , locations for cocaine laboratories and money laundering centres . These shifts have also created growing drug consumption issues among the Southern Cone countries . While the role of the Southern Cone had been that of a transhipment point for cocaine produced in the Andean region , further evidence appeared to indicate that in fact since 1984 the region had been used extensively by Colombian and Bolivian drug traffickers . Cocaine labs were found in Northern and Western Brazil and in Argentina . It was also found that Uruguay and Chile had become major financial centres for money laundering after the invasion of Panama . Uruguay was particularly attractive as it has one of the most open banking systems in the Western hemisphere and the government has always put great emphasis on having tight bank secrecy laws .

neg: Puerto Colombia, Guainía Puerto Colombia is a town and municipality located in the Guainía Department , Republic of Colombia .   Category : Municipalities of Guainía Department  Category : Populated places in the Guainía Department

neg: Cotacachi Canton Cotacachi is a canton of Imbabura province of Ecuador in South America . The name also refers to the city which is the seat of that canton , one of Ecuador 's leading artisanal manufacturers of leather goods , and to the dormant Volcan Cotacachi which overlooks the canton .   The city of Cotacachi holds a UNESCO medal for being free of illiteracy . In 2000 the canton of Cotacachi was declared the first ecological county of South America .   The name Cotacachi has many meanings . In `` Cara '' it means `` lake with women breast '' which refers to the general shape of the island in Laguna Cuicocha ; in Quichua it means powder salt . The ecosystems of the area and the native flora and fauna makes this canton one of the ecologically richest zones in South America . The area attracts tourists for bird-watching , camping , and fly fishing .   The weather in the area ranges from 9 to 25 degrees Celsius and is cooler in the evenings .   In the last decade Cotacachi has implemented a new system of local development by creating a city council . All the sectors of the society , from children to the ancient , rural and urban representatives participate in the council . Cotacachi is an example of development and progress .   Ascendant Corporation plans to raze to the ground the villages of Junín , Cerro Pelado , and El Triunfo in order to make ground for copper mining . Since the complete moratorium passed on all mining in Ecuador ( as of May 2008 ) , however , this has been delayed if not completely halted .   Pachakutik , a party of the indigenous population gained four of five seats in the area at the 2004 local elections . For the 2009-2014 period , Alberto Anrango ( supporter of the Alianza PAIS party ) was the mayor of Cotacachi . In 2014 , Jomar Cevallos , founder of the new party , Ally Kawsay ( `` Vivir Bien '' in Spanish , or `` Good Living '' in English ) , won the election for the 2015-2019 period .   Cotacachi is known for quality leather goods ; it has a number of shops on `` Leather Street '' that sell coats , jackets , shoes , and specialty items .

neg: Santa Marta Santa Marta , officially Distrito Turístico , Cultural e Histórico de Santa Marta ( `` Touristic , Cultural and Historic District of Santa Marta '' ) , is a city in Colombia . It is the capital of the department of Magdalena and fourth largest urban city of the Caribbean Region of Colombia , after Barranquilla , Cartagena , and Soledad . Founded on July 29 , 1525 , by the Spanish conquistador Rodrigo de Bastidas , it was the first Spanish settlement in Colombia , and is the oldest surviving city in that country , and second oldest in South America . This city is situated on a bay of the same name and as such , is a prime tourist destination .

neg: Cordillera Occidental Cordillera Occidental is Spanish for `` Western mountain '' . It may refer to :   Cordillera Occidental ( Colombia )  Cordillera Occidental ( Ecuador )  Cordillera Occidental ( Peru )  Cordillera Occidental ( Bolivia )

neg: Human trafficking in Colombia The country of Colombia is a major source country for women and girls subjected to trafficking in persons , specifically forced prostitution in Latin America , the Caribbean , Western Europe , Asia , and North America , including the United States . Within Colombia , some men are found in conditions of forced labor , but the forced prostitution of women and children from rural areas in urban areas remains a larger problem . Individual cases of forced marriage -- a risk factor for trafficking -- involuntary domestic servitude , and forced begging have been reported . Some children are subjected to forced labor in mines and quarries , in the agricultural sector or as domestic servants . Groups at high risk for internal trafficking include displaced persons , poor women in rural areas , and relatives of members of criminal organizations . Continued armed violence in Colombia has displaced many communities , making them vulnerable to human trafficking . Guerillas and new illegal armed groups forcibly recruit children to join their ranks ; the government estimates thousands of children are exploited under such conditions . Members of gangs and organized criminal networks force their relatives and acquaintances , and displaced persons -- typically women and children -- into conditions of forced prostitution and forced labor , including forced work in the illegal drug trade . Colombia also is a destination for foreign child sex tourists , particularly coastal cities such as Cartagena and Barranquilla . Migrants from South America , Africa , and China transit Colombia en route to the United States and Europe ; some may fall victim to traffickers .   The Government of Colombia fully complies with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking in persons . During the reporting period , the government increased law enforcement actions against trafficking offenders , enhanced prevention efforts , and continued to offer victim services through an interagency trafficking operations center and through partnerships with NGOs and international organizations . The significant number of Colombians trafficked abroad , however , reflects the need for increased prevention efforts and victim services .

neg: Community of Latin American and Caribbean States The Community of Latin American and Caribbean States ( Comunidad de Estados Latinoamericanos y Caribeños , CELAC Comunidade de Estados Latino-Americanos e Caribenhos Communauté des États Latino-Américains et Caribéens Gemeenschap van Latijns-Amerikaanse en Caraïbische Staten ) is a regional bloc of Latin American and Caribbean states thought out on February 23 , 2010 , at the Rio Group -- Caribbean Community Unity Summit , and created on December 3 , 2011 , in Caracas , Venezuela , with the signature of The Declaration of Caracas . It consists of 33 sovereign countries in the Americas representing roughly 600 million people . Due to the focus of the organization on Latin American and Caribbean countries , other countries and territories in the Americas , Canada and the United States , as well as the overseas territories in the Americas of France ( Overseas departments and territories of France ) , the Netherlands ( Dutch Caribbean ) , Denmark ( Greenland ) and the United Kingdom ( British Overseas Territories ) are not included .   CELAC is an example of a decade-long push for deeper integration within Latin America . CELAC was created to deepen Latin American integration and by some to reduce the significant influence of the United States on the politics and economics of Latin America . It is seen as an alternative to the Organization of American States ( OAS ) , the regional body that was founded by United States and 21 other Latin American nations originally as a countermeasure to potential Soviet influence in the region .   CELAC is the successor of the Rio Group and the Latin American and Caribbean Summit on Integration and Development ( CALC ) . In July 2010 , CELAC selected President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez and President of Chile Sebastián Piñera , as co-chairs of the forum to draft statutes for the organization .

neg: Valledupar Valledupar is a city and municipality in northeastern Colombia . It is the capital of Cesar Department . Its name , Valle de Upar ( Valley of Upar ) , was established in honor of the Amerindian cacique who ruled the valley ; Cacique Upar . The city lies between the mountains of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the Serranía del Perijá to the borders of the Guatapurí and Cesar rivers .   Valledupar is an important agricultural , cattle raising , coal mining and agro-industrial center for the region between the Departments of Cesar and southern municipalities of La Guajira Department , formerly known as the Padilla Province . Valledupar is notable as the cradle of vallenato music , representative of the Colombian culture . The city hosts the Vallenato Legend Festival .   During the 1980s , 1990s and early 2000s , the city suffered during the Colombian Armed Conflict , with numerous kidnappings , thousands of people forced out and failure to control crime .   Valledupar has one of Colombia 's most modern maximum security prisons .