query: Francois de Belleforest translated the works of Matteo Bandello into a language.

pos: François de Belleforest François de Belleforest ( 1530 -- 1 January 1583 ) was a prolific French author , poet and translator of the Renaissance .   He was born in Comminges , into a poor family , and his father ( a soldier ) was killed when he was seven . He spent some time in the court of Marguerite of Navarre , traveled to Toulouse and Bordeaux ( where he met George Buchanan ) , and then to Paris where he came into contact with members of the young literary generation , including Pierre de Ronsard , Jean Antoine de Baïf , Jean Dorat , Remy Belleau , Antoine Du Verdier and Odet de Turnèbe . In 1568 he became historiographer to the king . He died in Paris .   Belleforest wrote on cosmography , morals , literature and history , and he translated the works of Matteo Bandello , Boccaccio , Antonio de Guevara , Lodovico Guicciardini , Polydore Vergil , Saint Cyprian , Sebastian Münster , Achilles Tatius , Cicero and Demosthenes into French . He is also the author of the first French pastoral novel , La Pyrénée ( or La Pastorale amoureuse ) ( 1571 ) modeled on the Diana of Jorge de Montemayor . His Grandes Annales are a polemic tract against François Hotman . His total output comprises more than 50 volumes .   His most successful work was most likely his translation and adaptation of the `` histoires tragiques '' by the Italian Matteo Bandello , which built on the work of Pierre Boaistuau and eventually amounted to seven volumes ( 1564-1582 ) . One of these tales might be the source for Shakespeare 's Hamlet .

neg: Squillo Squillo is a technical term for the resonant , trumpet-like sound in the voices of opera singers . It is also commonly called `` singer 's formant '' , `` ring '' , `` ping '' , `` core '' , and other terms . Squillo enables an essentially lyric tone to be heard over thick orchestrations , e.g. in late Verdi , Puccini and Strauss operas . Achieving a proper amount of squillo in any performing context is imperative : too much and the tone veers towards the shrill ; too little and the purpose of the squillo can not be achieved .   Squillo is easily recognizable by a distinctive brilliant , ringing quality in the timbre of the voice . This perception is caused by the presence of a peak in the 2 - 5 kHz frequency range , to which the human ear is particularly sensitive . The amplification of these particular harmonics is believed to be a result of a narrowing of the Aryepiglottic fold just above the larynx . Voices with naturally acquired squillo , i.e. having naturally strong higher formants , are especially prized in opera because they allow a singer to maintain certain lyric qualities e.g. limpid high notes , and consistency of tone throughout the range etc. even in dramatic singing . Voices with squillo are also easier to record .   Uses of the squillo includes :  projecting a small timbre e.g. Alfredo Kraus , Juan Diego Flórez  underscoring a dramatically important passage e.g. No , non voglio morir in Sola , perduta abbandonata from Puccini 's Manon Lescaut  singing through a thickly textured orchestration , e.g. the final bars of Libera me from Verdi 's Requiem , in which a soprano has to compete against a tutti orchestra and full chorus  supporting a pianissimo note floated over an orchestra ( which also demands a secure breath control ) e.g. Montserrat Caballé  supporting a long trill  simulating a scream without compromising the timbre , especially in a verismic opera ; however it is not unheard that a bona fide scream be used in operatic setting , e.g. Tosca 's final jump in Tosca  giving an impression of ` youth ' to an aged voice , mainly via a cultivation of the head register , ref . Section IX Meine Gesangskunst , by Lilli Lehmann ; best exemplified vocally by Mirella Freni   Famous singers who personify this technique include Leontyne Price , Mariella Devia , Renata Tebaldi , Giuseppe di Stefano , Jussi Björling and Luciano Pavarotti . Certain dramatic singers may also employ squillo as opposed to volume over the course of a performance , for example Birgit Nilsson .   Squillo may also refer , in current Italian :  when the grammatical gender is masculine ( uno squillo ) word for `` ring '' ( as in `` telephone ring '' ) , currently a slang term for missed call  to form a verb a word `` squillare '' which means `` to ring '' or `` to blare ''

neg: Roberto Devereux Roberto Devereux ( or Roberto Devereux , ossia Il conte di Essex -LSB- Robert Devereux , or the Earl of Essex -RSB- ) is a tragedia lirica , or tragic opera , by Gaetano Donizetti . Salvadore Cammarano wrote the Italian libretto after François Ancelot 's tragedy Elisabeth d'Angleterre ( 1829 ) , and based as well on the Historie secrete des amours d'Elisabeth et du comte d'Essex ( 1787 ) by Jacques Lescéne des Maisons , although Devereux was the subject of at least two other French plays : Le Comte d'Essex by Thomas Corneille and Le Comte d'Essex by Gauthier de Costes , seigneur de la Calprenède .   The opera is loosely based on the life of Robert Devereux , 2nd Earl of Essex , an influential member of the court of Queen Elizabeth I of England . The plot of Roberto Devereux was hardly original , mainly derived from Felice Romani 's libretto Il Conte d'Essex of 1833 , originally set by Saverio Mercadante . Romani 's widow charged Cammarano with plagiarism , although the practice of stealing plots was very common between rival Italian opera houses .   It is one of a number of operas by Donizetti which deal with the Tudor period in English history and include Anna Bolena ( named for Henry VIII 's second wife , Anne Boleyn ) , Maria Stuarda ( named for Mary , Queen of Scots ) and Il castello di Kenilworth . The lead female characters of the operas Anna Bolena , Maria Stuarda , and Elisabetta are often referred to as the `` Three Donizetti Queens . '' They earned some degree of fame in the 1970s , when the American soprano Beverly Sills promoted them as a series at New York City Opera .   It has been noted that , `` although the plot plays fast and loose with history , the opera carries its own brand of dramatic conviction '' .

neg: Sicilian octave The Sicilian octave ( Italian : ottava siciliana or ottava napoletana , lit . `` Neapolitan octave '' ) is a verse form consisting of eight lines of eleven syllables each , called a hendecasyllable . The form is common in late medieval Italian poetry . In English poetry , iambic pentameter is often used instead of syllabics . The form has a prescribed rhyme scheme ( A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B ) . Although only the final two rhymes are different from the much more common ottava rima , the two eight-line forms evolved completely separately . According to the Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics , scholars disagree on the origin of the Sicilian octave , but all agree that it is related to the development of the first eight lines of the sonnet ( called the octave ) . It is not clear whether the octave emerged first and influenced the sonnet or vice versa .   The form is a variant of the strambotto , which is one of the earliest verse forms in the Italian language . The strambotto was used in Sicily and Tuscany , and consisted of either six or eight hendecasyllables . The rhyme scheme varied , but the Tuscan form generally did not use the Sicilian octave scheme ; the most common was A-B-A-B-C-C-D-D .   The Sicilian octave is rare in Italian after the Renaissance and has seldom been used in English except as an illustration of the form . Before the 15th century , however , it was used often by poets in southern Italy , and was an important influence for Petrarch in his sonnets . Boccaccio , who popularized and may have invented the unrelated ottava rima , used the Sicilian octave a total of once , in his early romance Filocolo . The epitaph of Giulia Topazia is a Sicilian octave :

neg: Bellerofonte Castaldi Bellerofonte Castaldi ( 1580 -- 27 September 1649 ) was an Italian composer , poet and lutenist .   Castaldi was born in Collegara , near Modena . He wrote male parts in his songs for tenors as he was opposed to the practice of castrati or male falsettists singing female parts in cantatas . In the preface to his collection , Primo mazzetto he writes that it is `` laughable that a man with the voice of a woman should set about proposing to his mistress '' .   He died in Modena in 1649 .

neg: Chivalric romance As a literary genre of high culture , romance or chivalric romance is a type of prose and verse narrative that was popular in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe . They were fantastic stories about marvel-filled adventures , often of a knight-errant portrayed as having heroic qualities , who goes on a quest , yet it is `` the emphasis on love and courtly manners distinguishes it from the chanson de geste and other kinds of epic , in which masculine military heroism predominates . '' Popular literature also drew on themes of romance , but with ironic , satiric or burlesque intent . Romances reworked legends , fairy tales , and history to suit the readers ' and hearers ' tastes , but by c. 1600 they were out of fashion , and Miguel de Cervantes famously burlesqued them in his novel Don Quixote . Still , the modern image of `` medieval '' is more influenced by the romance than by any other medieval genre , and the word medieval evokes knights , distressed damsels , dragons , and other romantic tropes .   Originally , romance literature was written in Old French , Anglo-Norman , Occitan , and Provençal , and later in Portuguese , in Castilian , in English , in Italian ( particularly with the Sicilian poetry ) and German . During the early 13th century , romances were increasingly written as prose . In later romances , particularly those of French origin , there is a marked tendency to emphasize themes of courtly love , such as faithfulness in adversity .

neg: François Villon François Villon ( pronounced -LSB- fʁɑ̃swa vijɔ̃ -RSB- in modern French ; in fifteenth-century French , -LSB- -LSB- frɑnswɛ vilɔn -RSB- -RSB- ) , born in Paris in 1431 and disappeared from view in 1463 , is the best known French poet of the late Middle Ages . A ne'er - do-well who was involved in criminal behavior and had multiple encounters with law enforcement authorities , Villon wrote about some of these experiences in his poems .

neg: Bailo Bailo or baylo ( plural baili or bayli ) is a Venetian title that derives from the Latin term baiulus , meaning `` porter , bearer '' . In English , it may be translated bailiff , or otherwise rendered as bailey , baili , bailie , bailli or baillie . The office of a bailo is a bailaggio ( sometimes anglicised `` bailate '' ) . The term was transliterated into Greek as μπαΐουλος ( baioulos ) , but Nicephorus Gregoras translated it ἐπίτροπος ( epitropos ) or ἔφορος ( ephoros ) .   In the Middle Ages , a bailo was a resident ambassador of the Republic of Venice . The most famous baili were those at Constantinople , who were , from 1268 , the Venetian ambassadors to the Byzantine court and , after 1453 , to the Ottoman government . There were also permanent baili at Negroponte , Durazzo and Corfu . Baili were also sent to represent Venetian interests at the courts of Cyprus , Acre ( Jerusalem ) , Armenia and Trebizond . In the mid-thirteenth century , the Venetian consuls in Tyre and Tripoli in the kingdom of Acre were upgraded to the rank of bailo . Venice also sent baili to oversee its colonies at Aleppo , Antivari , Koroni , Modon , Nauplia , Patras and Tenedos .   The term baiulus was first used in Venetian documents translated from Arabic in the twelfth century . It was originally used to refer to Muslim officials , but in the thirteenth century came to be applied to special envoys sent by Venice to govern its colonies in Frankish Greece . These governors doubled as diplomats . They operated courts for the Venetian colonists , collected taxes and customs dues and supervised Venetian trade . Each was assisted by a chancery ( run by a chancellor ) and a Council of Twelve , composed of the leading men of the colony and modeled on the Council of Ten in Venice . Each had a chaplain , a physician and an interpreter ( or dragoman ) . Each sent back regular reports to Venice on the local politics , the affairs of the colony and , most importantly , the prices and quantities of goods in the local market . He was the superior of the consuls operating in the same country .   By the end of the 15th century , the office of bailo had mostly disappeared , with those operating on foreign soil being downgraded to consuls and those governing Venetian territories being termed rectors , captains or podestà . The bailates of Constantinople and Corfu , however , survived until the end of the republic in 1797 .

neg: Matteo Goffriller Matteo Goffriller ( 1659 -- 1742 ) was a Venetian luthier , particularly noted for the quality of his cellos .   Although it is known that Goffriller was born in Brixen , little else is known of him prior to his days in Venice , that is before 1685 . He was active between 1685 -- 1735 and was the founder of the `` Venetian School '' of luthiers , during a time when Venice was one of the most important centers of musical activity in the world .   Goffriller 's cellos had been erroneously attributed in the past to the Guarneri family , Carlo Bergonzi or even Antonio Stradivari and were virtually unknown until the 1920s , when they began to be discovered . The 1733 Goffriller cello once owned by Pablo Casals was originally attributed to Bergonzi . His earliest authenticated instrument is a viola da gamba dated 1689 .   Goffriller arrived in Venice in 1685 to work for luthier Martin Kaiser ( Caiser ) . In 1685 he married Martin Kaiser 's daughter Maddalena Maria Kaiser ( Caiser ) , at the Madonna delle Grazie in Venice ; she bore him twelve children ( five boys and seven girls ) in 26 years . Francesco Goffriller , long thought to be his brother , according to recent research actually was his son . He is believed to have taught luthiers Domenico Montagnana and Francesco Gobetti in addition to Francesco , and died in Venice in 1742 .

neg: Concertato Concertato is a term in early Baroque music referring to either a genre or a style of music in which groups of instruments or voices share a melody , usually in alternation , and almost always over a basso continuo . The term derives from Italian concerto which means `` playing together '' -- hence concertato means `` in the style of a concerto . '' In contemporary usage , the term is almost always used as an adjective , for example `` three pieces from the set are in concertato style . ''   A somewhat oversimplified , but useful distinction between concertato and concerto can be made : the concertato style involves contrast between opposing groups of voices and groups of instruments : the concerto style , especially as it developed into the concerto grosso later in the Baroque , involves contrast between large and small groups of similar composition ( later called `` ripieno '' and `` concertino '' ) .   The style developed in Venice in the late 16th century , mainly through the work of Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli , who were working in the unique acoustical space of St. Mark 's Cathedral . Different choirs or instrumental groupings occupied positions across the cathedral from each other : because of the sound delay from one side to the other in the large and acoustically `` live '' space , a perfect unison was difficult , and composers found that a fantastically effective music could be composed with the choirs singing across to each other , in stereo as it were ; all accompanied by organ or other groups of instruments placed in such a way that they could hear each group equally well . Music written there was quickly performed elsewhere , and compositions in the new `` concertato '' style quickly became popular elsewhere in Europe ( first in northern Italy , then in Germany and the rest of Italy , and then gradually in other parts of the continent ) . Another term sometimes used for this antiphonal use of the choirs in St. Mark 's was cori spezzati . See also Venetian polychoral style and Venetian School .   In the early 17th century , almost all music with voices and basso continuo was called a concerto , though this use of the term is considerably different from the more modern meaning ( a solo instrument or instruments accompanied by an orchestra ) . Often , sacred music in the concertato style in the early 17th century was descended from the motet : the texts that a hundred years earlier would have been set for a cappella voices singing in smooth polyphony , would now be set for voices and instruments in a concertato style . These pieces , no longer always called motets , were given a variety of names including concerto , Psalm ( if a psalm setting ) , sinfonia , or symphoniae ( for example in Heinrich Schütz 's collections of Symphoniae Sacrae ) .   The concertato style made possible the composition of extremely dramatic music , one of the characteristic innovations of the early Baroque .

neg: Ranieri de' Calzabigi Ranieri de ' Calzabigi ( -LSB- raˈnjɛːri de kaltsaˈbiːdʒi -RSB- ; 23 December 1714 -- July 1795 ) was an Italian poet and librettist , most famous for his collaboration with the composer Christoph Willibald Gluck on his `` reform '' operas .   Born in Livorno , Calzabigi spent the 1750s in Paris , where he became a close friend of Casanova . Here he explored his interest in opera , producing an edition of the works of Metastasio , the most famous librettist of opera seria . However , Calzabigi was also impressed by French tragédie en musique , and eager to reform Italian opera by making it simpler and more dramatically effective . In 1761 he settled in Vienna , where he met likeminded reformers : Gluck ; Count Giacomo Durazzo , the theatre director ; Gasparo Angiolini , the choreographer ; Giovanni Maria Quaglio , the set designer ; and the castrato Gaetano Guadagni . Together they worked on Gluck 's groundbreaking Orfeo ed Euridice in 1762 . Calzabigi then wrote the libretto for Alceste , which further abandoned the practices of opera seria in favour of `` noble simplicity '' . In the preface to this work , to which Gluck put his signature , Calzabigi set out his manifesto for reforming opera . A third collaboration , Paride ed Elena , followed in 1770 . Calzabigi also contributed to the scenario of Gluck 's reformist ballet , Don Juan , in 1764 . La finta giardiniera , set by Pasquale Anfossi in 1774 and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1775 , has been ascribed to him , but this is now regarded as doubtful .   In 1775 Calzabigi was banished from the Viennese court as the result of a scandal and took up residence in Pisa , where he continued his literary activities until his death .

neg: Il teatro alla moda Il teatro alla moda ( The Fashionable Theater ) is a satirical pamphlet in which its author , the Venetian composer Benedetto Marcello ( 1686 -- 1739 ) , vents his critical opinions on the milieu of the Italian opera seria in the first decades of the eighteenth century . It was first published anonymously in Venice , by the end of 1720 . Virtually every aspect of opera seria and its social environment is mercilessly criticized by Marcello : the artificiality of plots , the stereotyped format of music , the extravagant scenography and machinery , the inability and venality of composers and poets , the vanity and vulgarity of singers , the avidity of impresarios , the ineptitude of musicians .   The full title reads `` THE FASHIONABLE THEATER -- OR -- safe and easy METHOD for correctly composing and performing Italian OPERAS in the modern style , -- In which -- useful and necessary Advice is given to Librettists , Composers , Musicians of both sexes , Impresarios , Performers , Engineers , and Scene Painters , comic Characters , Tailors , Pages , Dancers , Prompters , Copyists , Protectors , and MOTHERS of female Virtuoso singers , & other People belonging to Theater . '' In fact , Il teatro alla moda is written as a series of chapters where advice is ironically given to the various people involved in operatic productions , in order to meet `` the modern customs '' and bizarre requirements of such theatrical events .   Besides the title , the frontispiece contains several allusions to well-known protagonists of the Venetian theater of the time . For instance , the publisher 's name `` Aldiviva Licante '' refers , by means of anagrams , both to Antonio Vivaldi , then very famous as an opera composer , and to the singer Caterina Canteli .   The text of Il teatro alla moda displays several striking features . To begin with , it shows a degree of vacillation in attitude toward its subject -- perhaps resulting from Marcello 's personal ambivalence regarding operatic music , as both a critic and a composer . For example , the dedicatory is by `` the author of the book to its composer . '' In addition , it exhibits a number of surrealistic elements , which reach a climax in the last chapter , `` The Raffle '' ( presumably organized by the mother of a young female singer ) , where the prizes include `` a full dress of modern poet in fever-colored tree bark , wrapped with metaphors , translations , hyperboles '' as well as `` the pen that wrote Il teatro alla moda . '' The printing accompanies these peculiarities with a chaotic use of italic and normal typography and of capital fonts .

neg: Palais des Papes The Palais des Papes ( English : Papal palace , lo Palais dei Papas in Occitan ) is a historical palace in Avignon , southern France , one of the largest and most important medieval Gothic buildings in Europe . Once a fortress and palace , the papal residence was the seat of Western Christianity during the 14th century . Six papal conclaves were held in the Palais , leading to the elections of Benedict XII in 1334 , Clement VI in 1342 , Innocent VI in 1352 , Urban V in 1362 , Gregory XI in 1370 and Antipope Benedict XIII in 1394 .   The Palais is actually two joined buildings : the old palais of Benedict XII , which sits on the impregnable rock of Doms , and the new palais of Clement VI , the most extravagant of the Avignon popes . Together they form the largest Gothic building of the Middle Ages , it is also one of the best examples of the International Gothic architectural style . The construction design was the work of two of France 's best architects , Pierre Peysson and Jean du Louvres and the lavish ornamentation was the work of two of the best students of the School of Siena ( Italy ) , Simone Martini and Matteo Giovanetti .   In addition , the papal library housed in the Palais ( the largest in Europe at the time with over 2,000 volumes ) , attracted a group of clerics passionate in the study of `` belle-lettres '' , amongst them the founder of Humanism , Petrarch . At the same time , composers , singers and musicians were drawn to the Great Chapel of the Palais . It was there that Clement VI appreciated the Mass of Notre-Dame of Guillaume de Machaut , there that Philippe de Vitry at the pope 's invitation presented his Ars Nova and there that Johannes Ciconia came to study .   Due to its immense size , the Palais was also the place where the general organisation of the Church began to change . It facilitated the centralisation of services and the adaption of operations in order to suit the needs of the papacy , creating a truly central administration for the Church . The manpower of the Curia ( Church administration ) , while 200 at the end of the 13th century , surpassed 300 at the beginning of the 14th century and reached 500 people in 1316 . To this were added over 1,000 lay officials working within the Palais .   Despite this , the Palais became obsolete when the papacy found it necessary to return to Rome . The hope of reuniting Latin and Orthodox Christians , along with the achievement of peace in the Papal States in Italy , made the case of returning stronger . Added to that was the strong conviction of both Urban V and Gregory XI that the seat of the papacy could only be the tomb of St Peter . Despite strong opposition from the Court of France and the College of Cardinals , both popes found the means to return to Rome , the first , on 30 April 1362 , the second on 13 September 1370 . This time , the return was absolute .   In the following centuries , the Palais lost all of its former glory , despite it serving as the seat of two anti-popes and many cardinals . It retained , however , a `` work of destruction '' aspect that French poets and writers such as Charles Forbes René de Montalembert have referred to over the centuries , with its powerful sense of beauty , simplicity , grandeur and immortality .   Since 1995 , the Palais des Papes has been classified , along with the historic center of Avignon , as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , under cultural criteria i , ii and iv .

neg: Orlando Furioso Orlando furioso ( -LSB- orˈlando fuˈrjoːzo ; - oːso -RSB- ; The Frenzy of Orlando , more literally Raging Roland ; in Italian furioso is never capitalized ) is an Italian epic poem by Ludovico Ariosto which has exerted a wide influence on later culture . The earliest version appeared in 1516 , although the poem was not published in its complete form until 1532 . Orlando Furioso is a continuation of Matteo Maria Boiardo 's unfinished romance Orlando Innamorato ( `` Orlando in Love '' , published posthumously in 1495 ) . In its historical setting and characters , it shares some features with the Old French Chanson de Roland of the eleventh century , which tells of the death of Roland . The story is also a chivalric romance which stemmed from a tradition beginning in the late Middle Ages and continuing in popularity in the 16th century and well into the 17th .   Orlando is the Christian knight known in French ( and subsequently English ) as Roland . The action takes place against the background of the war between Charlemagne 's Christian paladins and the Saracen army that has invaded Europe and is attempting to overthrow the Christian empire . The poem is about war and love and the romantic ideal of chivalry . It mixes realism and fantasy , humor and tragedy . The stage is the entire world , plus a trip to the moon . The large cast of characters features Christians and Saracens , soldiers and sorcerers , and fantastic creatures including a gigantic sea monster called the orc and a flying horse called the hippogriff . Many themes are interwoven in its complicated episodic structure , but the most important are the paladin Orlando 's unrequited love for the pagan princess Angelica , which drives him mad ; the love between the female Christian warrior Bradamante and the Saracen Ruggiero , who are supposed to be the ancestors of Ariosto 's patrons , the d'Este family of Ferrara ; and the war between Christian and Infidel .   The poem is divided into forty-six cantos , each containing a variable number of eight-line stanzas in ottava rima ( a rhyme scheme of abababcc ) . Ottava rima had been used in previous Italian romantic epics , including Luigi Pulci 's Morgante and Boiardo 's Orlando Innamorato . Ariosto 's work is 38,736 lines long in total , making it one of the longest poems in European literature .

neg: Giuseppe de Begnis Giuseppe de Begnis ( 1793-10 August 1849 ) was an operatic  bass singer . Born in Lugo di Romagna , he started his musical education when he was 7 years old , under Padre Bongiovanni , and sang soprano in the church . At age 15 he had serious problems with his voice and began studying acting under Mandini , a famous actor of the time . His father did not want Giuseppe to become a comedian and in due course the young man became a pupil of the composer Giovanni Morandi , the husband of the singer Rosa Morandi .   In the autumn of 1816 he married the soprano Giuseppina Ronzi de Begnis in Bologna and they were together until 1825 . His countenance was seriously affected by smallpox , but he was skilled at applying make-up and on stage he gave no evidence of facial disfigurement .   By 1815 he had established himself in a promising career which continued until the late 1820s in Italy , France and London and then in Northern Ireland from 1829 where he also ran an opera company . He continued to sing and manage opera companies in Scotland and from New York from 1838 , where he lived until his death in 1849 . He has been described as `` an ideal interpreter of Rossini 's comic operas '' .

neg: Comic opera Comic opera denotes a sung dramatic work of a light or comic nature , usually with a happy ending .   Forms of comic opera first developed in late 17th-century Italy . By the 1730s , a new operatic genre , opera buffa , emerged as an alternative to opera seria . It quickly made its way to France , where it became opéra bouffon , and eventually , in the following century , French operetta , with Jacques Offenbach as its most accomplished practitioner .   The influence of the Italian and French forms spread to other parts of Europe . Many countries developed their own genres of comic opera , incorporating the Italian and French models along with their own musical traditions . Examples include Viennese operetta , German singspiel , Spanish zarzuela , Russian comic opera , English ballad opera , and Savoy Opera .

neg: Castilians Castilians ( Spanish : castellanos ) are certain inhabitants in regions of central Spain including at least the eastern part of Castile and León , the northern and eastern parts of Castile-La Mancha , and the Madrid community , who are the source of the Spanish language ( Castilian ) among other aspects of cultural identity . However , not all people in the regions of the medieval Kingdom of Castile think of themselves as Castilian . For this reason , the exact limits of what Castile is today are disputed . As an ethnicity , they are most commonly associated with the sparsely populated inner plateau of the Iberian peninsula , which is split in two by the Sistema Central mountain range and Northern or `` Old Castile '' from southern or `` New Castile '' , the latter being somewhat closer in terms of culture and dialect to southern regions of Spain such as Andalusia , Extremadura and Murcia .   Through the Reconquista and other conquests in the Middle Ages , the Kingdom of Castile ( later Crown of Castile ) spread over a large part of the Iberian Peninsula , especially towards the southern Spanish regions . After this , since the 15th century , through the Spanish colonization of the Americas , the Castilians also spread over the New World , bringing with them not only their language , but also elements of their culture and traditions .

neg: Gil Blas (periodical) Gil Blas ( or Le Gil Blas ) was a Parisian literary periodical named for Alain-René Lesage 's novel Gil Blas . It was founded by the sculptor Augustin-Alexandre Dumont in November 1879 .   Gil Blas serialized famous novels such as Émile Zola 's Germinal ( 1884 ) and L'Œuvre ( 1885 ) before they appeared in book form . Guy de Maupassant regularly published short stories in Gil Blas . The journal was also known for its opinionated arts and theatre criticism . Contributors included René Blum , Alexandru Bogdan-Pitești , and Abel Hermant . Théophile Steinlen and Albert Guillaume provided illustrations .   Gil Blas was published regularly until 1914 , when it went on a short hiatus due to the outbreak of World War I. Afterwards , it was published intermittently until 1938 .   In addition to Germinal , Gil Blas serialized the Zola novels L'Argent , Au Bonheur des Dames , and La Joie de vivre . Guy de Maupassant stories which debuted in Gil Blas include '' À vendre , '' `` Imprudence , '' `` L'Inconnue , '' `` La Bête à Maît ' Belhomme , '' `` La Confidence , '' `` La Baptême , '' `` Tribunaux Rustiques '' and perhaps most famously `` Le Horla '' .   Gil Blas critic Louis Vauxcelles 's phrase `` Donatello chez les fauves ! '' ( `` Donatello among the wild beasts '' ) brought notoriety and attention to the works of Henri Matisse and Les Fauves exhibited at the Salon d'Automne of 1905 . Vauxcelles ' comment was printed on 17 October 1905 and passed into popular usage .

neg: Fredmans epistlar Fredmans epistlar ( English : Fredman 's Epistles or Epistles of Fredman ) is a collection of 82 poems set to music by Carl Michael Bellman , a major figure in Swedish 18th century song . Though first published in 1790 , it was created over a period of twenty years from 1768 onwards . A companion volume , Fredmans sånger ( Fredman 's Songs ) was published the following year .   The Epistles vary widely in style and effect , from Rococo-themed pastorale with a cast of gods and demigods from classical antiquity to laments for the effects of Brännvin-drinking , tavern-scenes , and apparent improvisations . The lyrics , based on the lives of Bellman 's contemporaries in Gustavian-age Sweden , describe a gallery of fictional and semi-fictional characters and events taking place in Stockholm . Jean Fredman , an alcoholic former watchmaker , is the central character and fictional narrator . The `` soliloquy '' of Epistle 23 , a description of Fredman lying drunk in the gutter and then recovering in the Crawl-In Tavern , was described by Oscar Levertin as `` the to-be-or-not-to-be of Swedish literature '' . Ulla Winblad , based on one of Bellman 's friends , is the chief of the fictional `` nymphs '' . She is half goddess , half prostitute , a key figure among the demimonde characters of Fredman 's Epistles .   The Epistles are admired for the way that their poetry and music fit so well together . Bellman chose not to compose the tunes , instead borrowing and adapting existing melodies , most likely to exploit the humour of contrasting the associations of well-known tunes with the meanings he gave them . This may also have been intended to provide historical depth to his work ; he sometimes devoted considerable energy to adapting melodies to fit an Epistle 's needs .   Many of the Epistles have remained culturally significant in Scandinavia , especially in Sweden . They are widely sung and recorded : by choirs such as the Orphei Drängar , by professional solo singers such as Fred Åkerström and Cornelis Vreeswijk , and by ensemble singers such as Sven-Bertil Taube and William Clauson . The Epistles have been translated into German , French , English , Russian , Polish , Finnish , Italian and Dutch .

neg: Furlana The furlana ( also spelled furlane , forlane , friulana , forlana ) is an Italian folk dance from the Italian region of Friuli Venezia Giulia . In Friulian , furlane means Friulian , in this case Friulian Dance . In Friuli there has been a Slav minority since the Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps , and the furlana may well have originated as a Slavonic dance . It dates at least to 1583 , when a `` ballo furlano '' called L'arboscello was published in Pierre Phalèse the Younger 's Chorearum molliorum collectanea and in Jakob Paix 's organ tablature book , though its chief popularity extended from the late 1690s to about 1750 . It is particularly associated with Venice because , at the time of its popularity , Friuli was a part of the Republic of Venice .   The furlana is a fast dance , in duple-time 6/8 , though one exceptional example proves to be in quintuple meter , underlining the Slavonic associations also suggested by its title , Polesana , which in Italian can mean `` a woman from Pola '' ( a city in Istria , neighbouring Friuli and a part of Italy until 1947 ) , or may be from the Croatian word `` polesa '' , meaning `` rural '' , or `` from the back woods '' . Originally the furlana was a courtship dance , performed by a couple . It was introduced to France by André Campra in 1697 ( in L'Europe galante ) and 1699 ( in Le carnaval de Venise , in which the first of two furlanas serves as a dance entry for a troupe of Slavs , Armenians , and Gypsies ) , and it quickly became a popular theatre and social dance there .   Pietro Paolo Melii ( active first quarter of the 17th century ) included a `` Furlain volta alla Francese detta la Schapigliata '' in his Intavolatura di Liuto attiorbato , e di Tiorba . Libro Quinto ( Venice , 1620 ) . The piece is written almost entirely in running eighths , and , as so many of Melii 's pieces , makes considerable use of syncopation . François Couperin closed the fourth of his Concerts royaux with a forlane . Johann Sebastian Bach incorporated a forlane in his first orchestral suite . Maurice Ravel recalled the baroque usage in his piano suite Le Tombeau de Couperin , though his Forlane is a rather plaintive piece in moderate time . Another forlane occurs at the end of Ernest Chausson 's piano suite Quelques Danses ( Some Dances ) -- this one far livelier and featuring an alternation between triple and sextuple rhythms . The fourth movement of Gerald Finzi 's Five Bagatelles ( Op. 23 ) is a forlana as is the fourth movement of Richard Harvey 's Concerto Antico for guitar and orchestra .

neg: Madrigal (poetry) Madrigal ( madrigale ) is the name of a form of poetry , the exact nature of which has never been decided in English .   The definition given in the New English Dictionary , `` a short lyrical poem of amatory character , '' offers no distinctive formula ; some madrigals are long , and many have nothing whatever to do with love . The most important English collection of madrigals , not set to music , was published by William Drummond of Hawthornden ( 1585 -- 1649 ) in his Poems of 1616 . Perhaps the best way of ascertaining what was looked upon in the 17th century as a madrigal is to quote one of Drummond 's :  The beauty and the life Of life 's and beauty 's fairest paragon , O tears ! O grief ! hung at a feeble thread , To which pale Atropos had set her knife ; The soul with many a groan Had left each outward part , And now did take his last leave of the heart ; Nought else did want , save death , even to be dead ; When the afflicted band about her bed , Seeing so fair him come in lips , cheeks , eyes , Cried ah ! and can death enter Paradise ?  This may be taken as a type of Drummond 's madrigals , of which he has left us about eighty . They are serious , brief , irregular lyrics , in which neither the amatory nor the complimentary tone is by any means obligatory . Some of these pieces contain as few as six lines , one as many as fourteen , but they average from nine to eleven . In the majority of examples the little poem opens with a line of six syllables , and no line extends beyond ten syllables . The madrigal appears to be a short canzone of the Tuscan type , but less rigidly constructed . In French the madrigal has not this Italian character . It is simply a short piece of verse , ingenious in its turn and of a gallant tendency . The idea of compliment is essential . J. F. Guichard ( 1730 -- 1811 ) writes : `` Orgon , poke marital , A Venus compare sa femme ; C'est pour la belle un madrigal , C'est pour Venus une epigramme . ''   This quatrain emphasizes the fact that in French a madrigal is a trifling piece of erotic compliment , neatly turned but not seriously meant . The credit of inventing the old French verse form of madrigal belongs to Clément Marot , and one of his may be quoted in contrast to that of Drummond :  Un doux nenni avec un doux sourire Est tant honneste , it le vous faut apprendre ; Quant est de oui , si veniez a le dire , D'avoir trop dit je voudrois vous reprendre ; Non que je sois ennuye d'entreprendre D'avoir le fruit dont le desir me point ; Mais je voudrois qu'en ne le laissant prendre , Vous me disiez : vous ne l'aurez point .  In English , when the word first occurred -- it has not been traced farther back than 1588 ( in the preface to Nicholas Yonge 's Musica transalpina ) -- it was identified with the chief form of secular vocal music in the 16th century . In 1741 , John Immyns ( 1700 -- 1764 ) founded the Madrigal Society , which met in an ale-house in Bride Lane , Fleet Street ; this association still exists , and is the oldest musical society in Europe .   The word `` madrigal '' is frequently also used to designate a sentimental or trifling expression in a half-contemptuous sense .


query: Lionel Messi won the Golden Shoe in the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship.

pos: Lionel Messi Lionel Andrés `` Leo '' Messi ( -LSB- ljoˈnel anˈdɾes ˈmesi -RSB- ; born 24 June 1987 ) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club FC Barcelona and the Argentina national team . Often considered the best player in the world and regarded by many as the greatest of all time , Messi is the only player in history to win five FIFA Ballon d'Or awards , four of which he won consecutively , and the first to win three European Golden Shoes . He has won 29 trophies with Barcelona , including eight La Liga titles , four UEFA Champions League titles , and five Copas del Rey . Both a prolific goalscorer and a creative playmaker , Messi holds the records for most official goals scored in La Liga ( 349 ) , a La Liga season ( 50 ) and a club football season in Europe ( 73 ) , as well as those for most assists made in La Liga ( 137 ) and the Copa América ( 11 ) . He has scored over 500 senior career goals for club and country .   Born and raised in central Argentina , Messi was diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency as a child . At age 13 , he relocated to Spain to join Barcelona , who agreed to pay for his medical treatment . After a fast progression through Barcelona 's youth academy , Messi made his competitive debut aged 17 in October 2004 . Despite being injury-prone during his early career , he established himself as an integral player for the club within the next three years , finishing 2007 as a finalist for both the Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year award , a feat he repeated the following year . His first uninterrupted campaign came in the 2008 -- 09 season , during which he helped Barcelona achieve the first treble in Spanish football . At 22 years old , Messi won the Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year award by record voting margins .   Three successful seasons followed , with Messi winning three consecutive FIFA Ballons d'Or , including an unprecedented fourth . His personal best campaign to date was the 2011 -- 12 season , in which he set the La Liga and European records for most goals scored in a single season , while establishing himself as Barcelona 's all-time top scorer in official competitions in March 2012 . He again struggled with injury during the following two seasons , twice finishing second for the Ballon d'Or behind Cristiano Ronaldo , his perceived career rival . Messi regained his best form during the 2014 -- 15 campaign , breaking the all-time goalscoring records in both La Liga and the Champions League in November 2014 , and led Barcelona to a historic second treble .   An Argentine international , Messi is his country 's all-time leading goalscorer . At youth level , he won the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship , finishing the tournament with both the Golden Ball and Golden Shoe , and an Olympic gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics . His style of play as a diminutive , left-footed dribbler drew comparisons with compatriot Diego Maradona , who declared the teenager his successor . After making his senior debut in August 2005 , Messi became the youngest Argentine to play and score in a FIFA World Cup during the 2006 edition , and reached the final of the 2007 Copa América , where he was named young player of the tournament . As the squad 's captain from August 2011 , he led Argentina to three consecutive finals : the 2014 World Cup , for which he won the Golden Ball , and the 2015 and 2016 Copas América .

neg: Golden generation In sport , a golden generation or golden team is an exceptionally gifted group of players of similar age , whose achievements reach or are expected to reach a level of success beyond that which their team had previously achieved . Below is a list of teams who have been referred to by the media as golden generations .

neg: Alessandro Del Piero Alessandro `` Alex '' Del Piero ( -LSB- alesˈsandro del ˈpjɛːro -RSB- ) Ufficiale OMRI ( born 9 November 1974 ) is an Italian former professional footballer who mainly played as a deep-lying forward , although he was capable of playing in several offensive positions . In 2015 , he worked as a pundit for Sky Sport Italia .   A technically gifted , and creative supporting forward , who was also a free-kick specialist , Del Piero is widely regarded by players , pundits , and managers as one of the greatest players of his generation , and as one of the best Italian players of all time , winning the Serie A Italian Footballer of the Year award in 1998 and 2008 . A prolific goal-scorer , he is currently the second highest all-time Italian top-scorer in all competitions , with 346 goals , behind only Silvio Piola , with 390 goals ; he is also the joint ninth highest goalscorer in Serie A history , with 188 goals , alongside Giuseppe Signori and Alberto Gilardino . After beginning his career with Italian club Padova in Serie B in 1991 , he moved to Juventus F.C. in 1993 , where he played for 19 seasons ( 11 as captain ) , and holds the club records for most goals ( 290 ) and appearances ( 705 ) . During his time at the club , he won six Serie A titles , the Coppa Italia , four Supercoppa Italiana titles , the UEFA Champions League , the UEFA Super Cup , the UEFA Intertoto Cup , and the Intercontinental Cup . After leaving the club in 2012 , he also spent two seasons with Australian side Sydney FC ; he retired after a season with Delhi Dynamos FC in the Indian Super League , in 2014 .   Del Piero has scored in every competition in which he has participated . In 2004 , he was named in the FIFA 100 , a list of the 125 greatest living footballers selected by Pelé as a part of FIFA 's centenary celebrations . In the same year , he was also voted into the UEFA Golden Jubilee Poll , a list of the 50 best European players of the past 50 years . Along with six awards in Italy for gentlemanly conduct , he has also won the Golden Foot award , which pertains to personality as well as playing ability .   At international level , Del Piero has also represented the Italian national team at three FIFA World Cups and four UEFA European Football Championships , most notably winning the 2006 FIFA World Cup , and reaching the final of UEFA Euro 2000 with Italy . He is the joint fourth highest scorer for the Italian national team , with 27 goals , alongside Roberto Baggio , and behind only Silvio Piola with 30 goals , Giuseppe Meazza with 33 goals , and Luigi Riva with 35 goals ; with 91 appearances for Italy between 1995 and 2008 , he is also his nation 's ninth-most capped player of all-time .

neg: UEFA European Under-21 Championship The UEFA European Under-21 Championship ( also known as the UEFA Euro U-21s ) is a football competition organised by the sport 's European governing body , UEFA . It is held every two years . The competition has existed in its current form since 1978 . It was preceded by the Under 23 Challenge Cup which ran from 1967 to 1970 . A true Under 23 championship was then formed , starting in 1972 .   The age limit was reduced to 21 for the 1978 championship and it has remained so since . To be eligible for the campaign ending in 2017 , players need to be born in or after 1994 . Many can be actually 23 years old by the time the finals tournament takes place ; however , when the qualification process began ( 2015 ) all players would have been 21 or under .   Under-21 matches are typically played on the day before senior internationals and where possible , the same qualifying groups and fixtures were played out . This was not true for the shortened 2006-2007 Championship .   This tournament serves as qualifier for the Summer Olympics . It has been considered a stepping stone toward the senior team . Players such as 2014 World Cup winner Mesut Özil , Klaas-Jan Huntelaar , Luís Figo , Petr Čech , 2010 World Cup winner Iker Casillas , 2006 World Cup winners Francesco Totti , Fabio Cannavaro , Gianluigi Buffon , Alberto Gilardino and Andrea Pirlo , and Euro 2004 winner Georgios Karagounis began their international careers in the youth teams .   Sweden are the reigning champions , defeating Portugal in the 2015 final , on penalties . The finals of the 2015 competition were hosted by Czech Republic .

neg: UEFA Euro 2004 Final The UEFA Euro 2004 Final was a football match played on 4 July 2004 at the Estádio da Luz in Lisbon , Portugal to determine the winner of UEFA Euro 2004 . The match featured tournament hosts Portugal , who went into the match as favourites , and Greece , playing in only their second European Championship . It was the first time in a major international tournament where both finalists had also played in the opening game of the tournament . Both teams had qualified for the knockout stage from Group A of the tournament 's group stage , with Greece winning 2 -- 1 in the teams ' earlier meeting .   Greece won the final 1 -- 0 , defying odds of 80 -- 1 from the beginning of the tournament , with Angelos Charisteas scoring the winning goal in the 57th minute . While the dedication of the side and the victory were celebrated by their nation , Greece were dubbed by Barry Glendenning of The Guardian as `` the only underdogs in history that everyone wants to see get beaten '' .

neg: Diego Maradona Diego Armando Maradona ( -LSB- ˈdjeɣo maɾaˈðona -RSB- , born 30 October 1960 ) is an Argentine retired professional footballer . He has served as a manager and coach at other clubs as well as the national team of Argentina . Many in the sport , including football writers , players , and fans , regard Maradona as the greatest football player of all time . He was joint FIFA Player of the 20th Century with Pelé .   An advanced playmaker who operated in the classic number 10 position , Maradona is the first player in football history to set the world record transfer fee twice , first when he transferred to Barcelona for a then world record # 5 million , and second , when he transferred to Napoli for another record fee # 6.9 million . He played for Argentinos Juniors , Boca Juniors , Barcelona , Napoli , Sevilla and Newell 's Old Boys during his club career , and is most famous for his time at Napoli , where he won numerous accolades . In his international career with Argentina , he earned 91 caps and scored 34 goals .   Maradona 's vision , passing , ball control , dribbling skills , speed , reflexes and reaction time was combined with his small size ( 1.65 m tall ) giving him a low center of gravity which allowed him to be more maneuverable than most other football players ; he would often dribble past multiple opposing players on a run . His presence on the pitch had a great effect on his team 's general performance , while he would often be singled out by the opposition . A precocious talent , Maradona was given the nickname `` El Pibe de Oro '' ( `` The Golden Boy '' ) , a name that stuck with him throughout his career .   Maradona played in four FIFA World Cups , including the 1986 World Cup in Mexico where he captained Argentina and led them to victory over West Germany in the final , and won the Golden Ball as the tournament 's best player . In the 1986 World Cup quarter final , he scored both goals in a 2 -- 1 victory over England that entered football history for two different reasons . The first goal was an unpenalized handling foul known as the `` Hand of God '' , while the second goal followed a 60 m dribble past five England players , voted `` The Goal of the Century '' by FIFA.com voters in 2002 .   Maradona became coach of Argentina in November 2008 . He was in charge of the team at the 2010 World Cup in South Africa before leaving at the end of the tournament . He coached Dubai-based club Al Wasl in the UAE Pro-League for the 2011 -- 12 season . In August 2013 , Maradona joined Argentine Primera D club Deportivo Riestra 's staff as `` spiritual coach '' .

neg: 2006 UEFA Champions League Final The 2006 UEFA Champions League Final was an association football match between Barcelona of Spain and Arsenal of England at the Stade de France in Saint-Denis , Paris , France , on Wednesday , 17 May 2006 . It was the final match of the 2005 -- 06 season of Europe 's primary cup competition , the UEFA Champions League . Barcelona were appearing in their fifth final , having won the competition once in 1992 , and lost the other three finals . Arsenal were appearing in the final for the first time and in doing so became the first club from London to feature in the final .   Each club needed to progress through the group stage and knockout rounds to reach the final , playing 12 matches in total . Barcelona won their group and progressed to the final after beating Chelsea , Benfica and Milan , respectively . Arsenal won their group to move into the knockout stage , and progressed without conceding a goal against Real Madrid , Juventus and Villarreal , respectively .   A crowd of 79,500 watched as Jens Lehmann was sent off early in the game . Despite this setback , Arsenal took the lead through Sol Campbell towards the end of the first half . The game turned with the 61st minute introduction of Henrik Larsson as a Barcelona substitute . Larsson provided two assists , one each for Samuel Eto'o and Juliano Belletti . The 2 -- 1 victory was Barcelona 's second triumph in the competition 14 years after they won the European Cup in 1992 .

neg: 2005 South American Under-17 Football Championship The 2005 South American Under-17 Football Championship was a football competition for U-17 national teams affiliated with CONMEBOL . It was the 11th time the tournament was held . It was played in Venezuela from 1 to 17 April 2005 .   The host city of the competition was Maracaibo .

neg: FIBA Europe Young Men's Player of the Year Award The FIBA Europe Young Men 's Player of the Year Award was an annual award given by FIBA Europe , the European division of FIBA , the international governing body of the sport of basketball , to the best basketball player with European citizenship , aged 22 and under of the year . The inaugural award was given out in the year 2005 to Nikos Zisis of Greece . The vote was decided upon by a panel of basketball experts and also by fan voting .   The candidates included all European basketball players aged 22 and under in the world , regardless of whether they played in Europe or anywhere else in the world . Also , the candidates included all players , from both professional sports leagues such as the NBA or the EuroLeague , etc. ( including from both senior and junior level sports clubs ) and amateur status , such as NCAA college basketball , etc. . However , the FIBA Europe Young Men 's Player of the Year Award was the junior European Player of the Year award ( only for players aged 22 and under ) that was given by FIBA , and is not to be confused with the senior men 's award , which was the FIBA Europe Men 's Player of the Year Award .

neg: 2010–11 La Liga The 2010 -- 11 La Liga season ( known as the Liga BBVA for sponsorship reasons ) was the 80th since its establishment . The campaign began on 28 August 2010 and ended on 21 May 2011 . A total of 20 teams contested the league , 17 of which already contested in the 2009 -- 10 season and three of which were promoted from the Segunda División . In addition , a new match ball -- the Nike Total 90 Tracer -- served as the official ball for all matches .   Defending champions Barcelona secured their third-consecutive and 21st La Liga title after a 1 -- 1 tie with Levante on 11 May 2011 . The result gave Barcelona a 6-point lead with two matches remaining which , combined with their better head-to-head record with Real Madrid , ensured that they finished top of the table . Barcelona led the table since defeating Madrid 5 -- 0 on 23 November 2010 . Since then , they lost only one match en route to winning the title . It was the third straight title for Barcelona manager Pep Guardiola . Lionel Messi won the LFP Award for Best Player , which marked his third consecutive win .   The season was again dominated by Barcelona and Real Madrid , with second-place Madrid 21 points ahead of third-place Valencia . Having encountered each other in the Champions League semifinals and the Copa del Rey final , the top two teams met 4 times in 17 days , for a total of 5 times this season .   The most significant managerial change prior to the start of the season was two-time Champions League-winning José Mourinho taking over at Real Madrid .

neg: Grêmio F.B.P.A. Academy Grêmio F.B.P.A. Academy is the youth set up of Grêmio . Is composed of a feeder team , known as Transition team , and several youth teams from the age group of under-7 to the under-20 , and is considered one of the most prolific football academies in Brazil as also in the world . Notable graduates in recent years include former FIFA World Cup and FIFA Ballon d'Or winner Ronaldinho , Brazil national team and Bayern Munich winger Douglas Costa , Liverpool midfielder Lucas Leiva and current first team players Marcelo Grohe and Luan , among many others .   The club has a large academy training complex , named CT Presidente Hélio Dourado , based in Eldorado do Sul , in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre , which includes a small stadium where all the youth teams play their home games .

neg: Diego Forlán Diego Forlán Corazzo ( -LSB- ˈdjeɣo forˈlan -RSB- ; born 19 May 1979 ) is a Uruguayan footballer who plays as a forward for Indian Super League club Mumbai City FC . He is a two-time winner of both the Pichichi Trophy and the European Golden Shoe , and also received the Golden Ball as the best player at the 2010 World Cup . He is regarded as one of the greatest Uruguayan players of all time .   Forlán joined Argentine club Independiente after rising through their youth team , and after a successful four-year spell , he signed for Manchester United of England . His form for United was not as successful as at Independiente , although he won the Premier League in 2002 -- 03 and the FA Cup in 2003 -- 04 . In the summer of 2004 , he moved on to Spanish side Villarreal . In his first season in Spanish football with Villarreal , Forlán scored 25 league goals and won the Pichichi Trophy . After two more successful seasons with Villarreal , Forlán joined Atlético Madrid , where he once again became the league 's top scorer , and became the first player to win the Pichichi Trophy twice since Ronaldo achieved this feat in the 2003 -- 04 season . Forlán scored in Atlético 's 2010 Europa League final victory against Fulham . In 2011 , he joined Inter Milan of Italy before moving to Internacional in 2012 .   Forlán also had a successful international career , scoring 36 times for his country since his 2002 debut , including one at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . He was the joint top scorer by scoring five times as Uruguay came fourth at the 2010 World Cup , being recognised with the Golden Ball award for the best player at the tournament .   On 12 July 2011 , at the 2011 Copa América in Argentina , Forlán earned his 79th international cap , against Mexico , breaking the record held by former goalkeeper Rodolfo Rodríguez since 1986 . On 20 June 2013 , in a match against Nigeria at the 2013 Confederations Cup , he became the first Uruguayan to win 100 caps . With 36 goals , Forlán was Uruguay 's all-time leading top scorer from 2011 until Luis Suárez overtook him two years later . He retired from international football on 11 March 2015 .

neg: Association football culture Association football culture refers to the cultural aspects surrounding the game of association football . In many countries , football has ingrained itself into the national culture , and parts of life may revolve around it . Many countries have daily football newspapers , as well as football magazines . Football players , especially in the top levels of the game , have become role models for people . The FIFA World Cup held every four years is the quintessential football event , combining the greatest players in the world and the passion of the fans . Football has a long and glorious history , with which a vast and diverse culture has emerged . The culture of football can be easily divided into how the players , fans and clubs see the sport .

neg: Clairefontaine (football) Le Centre Technique National Fernand Sastre ( Fernand Sastre National Technical Centre ) , commonly referred to as INF Clairefontaine ( `` Institut national du football de Clairefontaine '' ) , INF , or simply Clairefontaine , is the national football centre that specializes in training French football players . The academy is one of twelve élite academies located in and around France that are supervised by the French Football Federation ( FFF ) . Only the best players from the Île-de-France région train at the Clairefontaine academy . The eleven other academies are situated in Castelmaurou , Châteauroux , Liévin , Dijon , Marseille , Ploufragan , Vichy and Reims , Réunion , Saint-Sébastien-sur-Loire , and Talence .   Clairefontaine opened in 1988 and is named after Fernand Sastre , the president of the FFF from 1972 -- 1984 . The academy is located 50 km southwest of Paris at Clairefontaine-en-Yvelines and is one of the best known football academies in the world . It has a high reputation of producing some of the most gifted French players including Nicolas Anelka , Louis Saha , William Gallas , Hatem Ben Arfa , Abou Diaby , Sébastien Bassong , Mehdi Benatia , Blaise Matuidi , Kylian Mbappe , Olivier Giroud and national team top scorer Thierry Henry . The academy is also used to house the national football teams of France and the centre drew media spotlight following its usage as a base camp by the France team that won the 1998 FIFA World Cup .

neg: Slovakia at the FIFA World Cup This is a record of Slovakia 's results at the FIFA World Cup . The FIFA World Cup , sometimes called the Football World Cup or the Soccer World Cup , but usually referred to simply as the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the men 's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the first tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 , due to World War II .   The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the Finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the Finals . The current format of the Finals involves 32 teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 tournament final .   Slovakia have appeared in the finals of the FIFA World Cup on one occasion in 2010 where they reached the second round .

neg: Brazilian Miracle The Brazilian Miracle refers to a period of exceptional economic growth in Brazil during the rule of the Brazilian military government . During this time the average annual GDP growth was close to 10 % . Although there is no universally-accepted definition of this period , it is generally regarded to have lasted from 1968 until 1980 with the greatest growth reached during the tenure of President Emílio Garrastazu Médici from 1969 to 1973 .   Perception of the so-called golden age of Brazilian development was strengthened in 1970 , when Brazil for the third time won the FIFA World Cup , and the official adoption of the slogan `` Brasil , ame-o ou deixe-o '' ( `` Brazil , love it or leave it '' ) by the Brazilian military government .

neg: Football in Ivory Coast Football is a popular sport in Côte d'Ivoire . The national team won the Africa Cup of Nations in Senegal in 1992 . In 2006 they participated in the 2006 World Cup in Germany . The youth national teams have also done well in world championships , and the clubs from Côte d'Ivoire have won several continental titles . Among famous players from the country are Kolo Touré of Liverpool , Chelsea striker and former national team captain , Didier Drogba , Wilfried Bony and Yaya Touré of Manchester City , Gervinho and Seydou Doumbia of Roma , and Salomon Kalou of Hertha Berlin .   The Ivory Coast national team won a second African cup of nations in 2015 .

neg: Senegal at the FIFA World Cup This is a record of Senegal 's results at the FIFA World Cup . The FIFA World Cup , sometimes called the Football World Cup or the Soccer World Cup , but usually referred to simply as the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the men 's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the first tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 , due to World War II .   The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the Finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the Finals . The current format of the Finals involves 32 teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 tournament final .   Senegal have appeared in the finals of the FIFA World Cup on one occasion in 2002 where they reached the quarter finals .

neg: Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer) Ronaldo Luís Nazário de Lima ( -LSB- ʁoˈnawðu ˈlwiʒ nɐˈzaɾju dʒ ˈɫĩmɐ -RSB- ; born 18 September 1976 ) , commonly known as Ronaldo , is a Brazilian retired professional footballer who played as a striker . Popularly dubbed `` The Phenomenon , '' he is widely considered to be one of the greatest football players of all time . A three-time FIFA World Player of the Year and two-time Ballon d'Or recipient , Ronaldo , in his 1990s prime , was known for his dribbling at speed , feints and clinical finishing . He was named in the FIFA 100 , a list of the greatest living players compiled in 2004 , and was inducted into the Brazilian Football Museum Hall of Fame and the Italian Football Hall of Fame .   Ronaldo played for Brazil in 98 matches , scoring 62 goals , and is the second-highest goalscorer for his national team , trailing only Pelé . At age 17 , Ronaldo was the youngest member of the Brazilian squad that won the 1994 FIFA World Cup . At the 1998 World Cup , he received the Golden Ball for player of the tournament in helping Brazil reach the final where he suffered a convulsive fit hours before the defeat to France . He won a second World Cup in 2002 where he starred in a front three with Ronaldinho and Rivaldo . Ronaldo scored twice in the final , and received the Golden Boot as tournament 's top goalscorer . During the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Ronaldo scored his 15th World Cup goal , which was a World Cup record at the time .   At his physical peak in the 1990s , Ronaldo starred at club level for Cruzeiro , PSV , Barcelona and Inter Milan . His moves to Spain and Italy made him only the second player , after Diego Maradona , to break the world transfer record twice , all before his 21st birthday . At age 23 , he had scored over 200 goals for club and country . After almost three years of inactivity due to serious knee injuries and recuperation , Ronaldo joined Real Madrid in 2002 , which was followed by spells at A.C. Milan and Corinthians . Having suffered further injuries , Ronaldo retired from professional football in 2011 . Post-retirement , he has continued his work as a United Nations Development Programme Goodwill Ambassador , a position to which he was appointed in 2000 . He served as an ambassador for the 2014 FIFA World Cup .

neg: 2006 FIFA World Cup officials Match officials for the 2006 FIFA World Cup were nominated by the six confederations to FIFA , who , after a series of tests in Frankfurt/Neu-Isenburg in March 2006 , selected 23 referees and a support and development group of a further 5 , from a shortlist of 44 .   Kyros Vassaras of Greece and Manuel Mejuto of Spain were selected to be on the panel , but the assistants who were to make up their teams were not deemed to have reached the required standards , and so they were replaced by Roberto Rosetti and Luis Medina . Jamaican referee Peter Prendergast was selected for the tournament panel , but suffered a knee injury and was removed from the list without replacement . Massimo De Santis of Italy was also on the panel of 23 referees , but after he was implicated in the Serie A match-fixing allegations , he was withdrawn by the Italian Football Federation and not replaced .   The 21 referees , along with their assistants and the support group , are based in Neu-Isenburg for the duration of the tournament . FIFA announces the referees selected for each fixture three days in advance of the match .   Horacio Elizondo was chosen to officiate the final match , which took place in Berlin on July 9 .

neg: Marcelo (footballer, born 1988) Marcelo Vieira da Silva Júnior ( born 12 May 1988 ) , known as Marcelo , is a Brazilian professional footballer for Spanish club Real Madrid and the Brazil national team . He plays mainly at left back but can also operate as a left winger .   He is frequently compared to Roberto Carlos , who himself said Marcelo was his heir , the world 's best left back and that `` Marcelo possesses a better technical ability than me '' .   After his breakthrough season , Marcelo was praised by football legends such as Paolo Maldini and Diego Maradona , who also called him the best in his position .


query: The iPhone 5C has only ever been marketed by Nokia.

pos: IPhone 5C The iPhone 5C ( marketed with a stylized lowercase ` c ' as iPhone 5c ) is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. . The device was part of the iPhone series and was unveiled on September 10 , 2013 , and released on September 20 , 2013 , along with its higher-end counterpart , the iPhone 5S .   The iPhone 5C is a variant of the iPhone 5 , with similar hardware specifications but a hard-coated polycarbonate shell instead of the aluminium of the original iPhone 5 . The iPhone 5C was available in several color options , and shipped with iOS 7 . The iPhone 5C was sold at a discounted price point in comparison to the 5S : unlike Apple 's prior practice of lowering the price of the previous model upon release of a new version , the iPhone 5 was explicitly discontinued and replaced by the 5C . On September 9 , 2014 , the 16 and 32 GB iPhone 5C models were replaced by the 8 GB model with the announcement of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus . On September 9 , 2015 , the 8 GB version was discontinued upon the announcement of the iPhone 6S .

neg: Samsung Galaxy S5 The Samsung Galaxy S5 is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics . Unveiled on 24 February 2014 at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona , Spain , it was released on 11 April 2014 in 150 countries as the immediate successor to the Galaxy S4 . As with the S4 , the S5 is an evolution of the prior year 's model , placing a particular emphasis on an improved build with a textured rear cover and IP67 certification for dust and water resistance , a more refined user experience , new security features such as a fingerprint reader and private mode , expanded health features ( such as a built-in heart rate monitor ) , and an updated camera .   The Galaxy S5 received mostly positive reviews ; The phone was praised for its display , hardware , camera and battery life but it was criticized for its plastic design , bloated software and the inconsistent fingerprint scanner featured on the phone .   In August 2015 , following the release of its latest flagship , the Galaxy S6 , Samsung released an updated version called the `` Galaxy S5 Neo '' which has a Exynos 7 Octa ( 7580 ) processor clocked at 1.6 GHz . It has 2 GB of RAM , 16 GB of internal storage and comes with Android 5.1.1 `` Lollipop '' or Android 4.3 `` Jelly Bean '' depending on carrier .

neg: N-Gage (service) The N-Gage service ( also referred to as N-Gage 2.0 ) was a mobile gaming platform from Nokia that was available for several Nokia smartphones running on S60 ( Symbian ) . N-Gage provided numerous games with 3D graphics into an application featuring online ( via N-Gage Arena ) and social features . It takes its name from the original 2003 N-Gage gaming device , which it succeeded .   The N-Gage platform was compatible with : Nokia N78 , N79 , N81 , N81 8GB , N82 , N85 , N86 , N86 8MP , N95 , N95 8GB , N96 , N97 , Nokia 5320 XpressMusic , 5630 XpressMusic , 5730 XpressMusic Nokia 6210 Navigator , 6710 Navigator , 6720 Classic , E52 , E55 and E75 . Due to memory issues , hinted in an interview in February 2008 , support for the Nokia N73 , N93 and N93i was cancelled .   After less than two years on 30 October 2009 , Nokia announced that no new N-Gage games would be produced . Some reasons cited for its failure are its bad development model , marketing , and success of Apple 's App Store .  A total of 49 games were released for it . Nokia moved its games onto their Ovi Store thereafter . Games can still be played on compatible devices , but the service and online features are no longer functional after it ceased in September 2010 .

neg: Nokia N71 The Nokia N71 is a smartphone announced by Nokia on November 2 , 2005 , and released in June 2006 . It was Nokia 's joint-first clamshell smartphone , like the N92 announced on the same day . The N71 runs on Symbian OS v9 .1 ( S60 3rd Edition ) .

neg: Alcatel (mobile device brand) Alcatel ( previously Alcatel OneTouch ) is a brand of mobile handsets used under license by Chinese electronics company TCL Corporation .  The Alcatel brand was licensed by Alcatel-Lucent to TCL for mobile phones and devices and this license expires at the end of 2024 . When Nokia acquired the assets of Alcatel-Lucent in 2016 , this also included licensing agreements for the Alcatel brand .

neg: Nokia X3 Touch and Type The Nokia X3 Touch and Type also known as Nokia X3-02 is a mobile telephone handset produced by Nokia . This is the first mobile handset released by Nokia that possesses a touchscreen in a `` candybar '' phone form factor . It is also the first touchscreen handset from Nokia that runs the Series 40 Operating System . Previously released touchscreen devices from Nokia have either not had a physical keyboard , or they have had a slide-out , full-QWERTY keyboard .   There is also hardware upgrade version available of this phone , which can be identified from RM-775 and X3-02 .5 codes in the sticker which can be found under the battery . The X3-02 .5 ( RM-775 ) differences compared to X3-02 ( RM-639 ) are : 1Ghz CPU vs 680 MHz CPU , 256 MB ROM vs 128 MB ROM and 128 MB RAM vs 64 MB RAM .

neg: Risto Siilasmaa Risto Kalevi Siilasmaa ( born 17 April 1966 in Finland ) is the Chairman , founder and former CEO of F-Secure Corporation ( formerly Data Fellows ) , an anti-virus and computer security software company based in Helsinki , Finland . He is also the biggest shareholder of F-Secure , owning around 40 % of the company . A member of Nokia 's Board of Directors since 2008 , he has been its Chairman from 2012 onwards , as well as Nokia 's interim CEO from 3 September 2013 to 29 April 2014 .   After being appointed chairman of Nokia in mid-2012 , he has led the company in one of the most successful corporate transformations ever . Through three transactions that he negotiated - the purchase of complete ownership of NSN , the sale of the handset business to Microsoft and the recently announced acquisition of Alcatel-Lucent - Nokia has transformed from a bankruptcy candidate to a successful global technology leader . This is reflected in Nokia 's value which has gone up fivefold over roughly two years . Even more revealingly , the enterprise value has grown from a low of only less than 1.5 billion euros soon after Siilasmaa started as chairman to well over 20 billion euros in early 2015 .   The transformation of Nokia has also included Siilasmaa renewing the board and the management . Actually , only the company CFO Timo Ihamuotila is left from the previous phase of the company . Siilasmaa has often stated that all the atoms in Nokia have been changed but the spirit of the 150-year-old company live on .   Siilasmaa is also well known as a business angel , investing in several technology startups such as Frosmo , Enevo and Wolt , and serving in their boards of directors . In his investing , he has stated that he is sometimes `` motivated by soft values , not maximum returns . ''

neg: Nokia 7360 Nokia 7360 fashion cell phone was released in late 2005 , as part of the `` L'Amour Collection '' , along with the 7370 , 7373 , 7380 and the 7390 . The 7360 was designed at Nokia 's Design Center in California ( Lead Designer : Miki Mehandjiysky ) . The Nokia 7360 was one of the first cell phones to implement the use of materials such as metal and leather in mass production .

neg: Nokia X6 The Nokia X6 is a music-oriented capacitive touchscreen smartphone and portable entertainment device by Nokia . It was announced in early September 2009 during Nokia World 2009 in Germany .   The X6 replaces the Nokia 5800 as Nokia 's flagship music-centred model . Both still slot below some high-end touchscreen models like Nokia N97 .   The X6 and the Nokia X3-00 are the first devices in newly installed Nokia Xseries . Before the Xseries , Nokia 's music-centred devices were branded XpressMusic .   The original X6 includes the Comes With Music program and a licence for unlimited free downloads from the Nokia Music Store . The Comes With Music version shipped in late 2009 for an estimated retail price of # 529.99 or $ 605 .

neg: Apple A5X The Apple A5X is a 32-bit system-on-a-chip ( SoC ) designed by Apple Inc. , introduced at the launch of the third generation iPad on March 7 , 2012 . It is a high performance variant of the Apple A5 ; Apple claims it has twice the graphics performance of the A5 . It was superseded in the iPhone 5 and 5C by the A6 chip and the fourth generation iPad by the A6X chip .

neg: Mobile dial code A mobile dial code ( MDC ) is a phone number that allows the request and receipt of information directly to a mobile phone . MDC 's are also known in carrier terminology as `` abbreviated dialing codes '' ( ADC 's ) .   A mobile dial code combines a toll-free number , a web address and a short code into one simplified number . It is a 1-15 digit string of letters or numbers that is preceded by a combination of * or # .   Mobile dial codes are dialed just like a regular telephone number . The caller can be presented with any one of a variety of responses that an advertiser defines - a voice or IVR call , a text message , a video or audio clip , a mobile coupon , game or an application .   A type of mobile dial codes are USSD ( Unstructured Supplementary Service Data ) codes , which can be used for communicating with the service provider 's computers ( i.e. for WAP browsing , prepaid callback service , mobile-money services , location-based content services , menu-based information services , and as part of configuring the phone on the network ) .   A mobile dial code is not the same as an abbreviated dial code which only supports voice calls , basically abbreviating a standard phone number and connecting the caller to a person or machine ( interactive voice response system or voicemail system ) that answers the call .   A mobile dial code is not the same as a 2D bar code which must be photographed or scanned by a mobile phone camera prior to presenting the caller with a response .   StarStar Mobile operates the National StarStar Registry in the United States leasing StarStar Numbers available through AT&T and Verizon as of July 2010 . Sprint and T-Mobile partnerships were announced in March 2011 . An example of a StarStar number is ** TAXI ( ** 8294 ) which allows a mobile phone user to connect to a local taxi company .   # 250 ( pound two-fifty ) is another MDC that works on all major mobile carriers in the US and Canada . Callers are prompted to say a keyword , which corresponds to an advertiser ( e.g. `` Liberty '' causes a connection to Liberty University ) . www.pound250.com

neg: Samsung Galaxy Note 5 Samsung Galaxy Note 5 ( marketed as Samsung Galaxy Note5 ) is an Android phablet smartphone developed and produced by Samsung Electronics . Unveiled on 13 August 2015 , it is a successor to the Galaxy Note 4 as part of the Samsung Galaxy Note series .   The Galaxy Note 5 carries over hardware and software features from the Galaxy S6 , including a refreshed design with a glass backing and a spring-loaded stylus , improved camera and fingerprint scanner , built in livestreaming functionality , and additional features meant for use with the device 's bundled stylus . The device was released together with the Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge + .   The Galaxy Note 5 received positive reviews from critics , who praised the device 's upgraded build quality over prior models , along with improvements to its performance , camera , and other changes . Similarly to the S6 , Samsung was criticized for making the Galaxy Note 5 's battery non-removable , and removing the ability to expand its storage via microSD . It was argued that these changes were potentially alienating to power users -- especially because the Galaxy Note series had historically been oriented towards this segment of the overall market .   The Galaxy Note 5 was briefly succeeded by the Samsung Galaxy Note 7 , released in September 2016 . However , the device was ultimately recalled and pulled from the market after repeated incidents where batteries overheated and caught on fire .

neg: Truphone Truphone is a global mobile network that operates its service internationally . It has headquarters in London , and offices in Australia , Germany , Hong Kong , Philippines , Poland , Spain , the Netherlands , Portugal , and the United States .   Truphone offers three main products :  Truphone , a SIM-based GSM mobile service that offers customers improved voice and data performance , as well as local rates ( rather than roaming rates ) in 66 countries . In eight ( 8 ) of these countries , an area the company calls the Truphone Zone users can purchase additional local mobile phone numbers , so their contacts in these countries are able to reach them with a local call .  Truphone Mobile Recording , which enables businesses to seamlessly record and securely store mobile communications .  The Truphone App , which allows free VoIP capabilities , in addition to other features , for iOS , Android and BlackBerry devices .

neg: Nokia Lumia 928 Nokia Lumia 928 is a high-end smartphone developed by Nokia that runs Microsoft 's Windows Phone 8 operating system . It was announced on May 10 , 2013 , as a Verizon-exclusive variant of the Nokia Lumia 920 . It became available on May 16 , 2013 , on a two-year contract for $ 99.99 in the United States . It is exclusive to the U.S. and Canadian markets .

neg: Nokia 3710 fold Nokia 3710 is a feature phone manufactured by Nokia . It was announced by Nokia on June 2009 and released in December of that year . It was hailed as the direct successor direct to the Nokia 3610 fold , the previous model launched at the end of 2008 .

neg: Followap Followap was the leading provider and pioneer of mobile Messenger - Instant Messaging and Presence solutions to the mobile industry . It was founded in 1999 and managed by Dotan Volach and Ben Volach when mobile Internet was just born . By the time it was acquired , it had over 20 mobile operators many of them tier-ones , serving a combined user base of over 200 million subscribers . The company headquarters were in London , UK .   Followap 's products enabled operators to establish advanced , interoperable mobile Messenger and presence-enhanced services , which were key for next-generation networks . Followap held numerous patents and was actively contributing to industry standardization efforts in forums including OMA , XMPP , IETF , 3GPP and the GSM Association . Followap cooperated with device manufacturers including Samsung , Nokia and LG .   Followap has launched the first commercial mobile Messenger service in the year 2000 in partnership with Eircell , Ireland 's largest mobile network . Other key customers of Followap included the Vodafone Group , Hutchison 3G Group , BT Group , Turkcell , Telecom Italia , Wind and Vimpelcom .   The mobile Messenger which Followap pioneered evolved into extremely popular services following the introduction of the iPhone and App stores for wide-market distribution . These include Whatsapp , Line , QQ , WeChat and KakaoTalk .   The company was acquired by NeuStar for approx . $ 140M in cash , in November 2006 . Investors included Sequoia Capital and Carmel Ventures .

neg: BlackBerry OS BlackBerry OS is a proprietary mobile operating system developed by BlackBerry Limited for its BlackBerry line of smartphone handheld devices . The operating system provides multitasking and supports specialized input devices that have been adopted by BlackBerry for use in its handhelds , particularly the trackwheel , trackball , and most recently , the trackpad and touchscreen .   The BlackBerry platform is perhaps best known for its native support for corporate email , through Java Micro Edition MIDP 1.0 and , more recently , a subset of MIDP 2.0 , which allows complete wireless activation and synchronization with Microsoft Exchange , Lotus Domino , or Novell GroupWise email , calendar , tasks , notes , and contacts , when used with BlackBerry Enterprise Server . The operating system also supports WAP 1.2 .   Updates to the operating system may be automatically available from wireless carriers that support the BlackBerry over the air software loading ( OTASL ) service .   Third-party developers can write software using the available BlackBerry API classes , although applications that make use of certain functionality must be digitally signed .   Research from June 2011 , indicated that approximately 45 % of mobile developers were using the platform at the time of publication .   BlackBerry OS was discontinued after the release of BlackBerry 10 , but BlackBerry will continue support for the BlackBerry OS . However , the latest devices , the BlackBerry Priv and the BlackBerry DTEK50 , use the Android operating system .

neg: Sony Xperia S The Sony Xperia S ( also known as the Sony Ericsson Xperia NX in Japan ) is an Android smartphone from Sony launched at the 2012 Consumer Electronics Show . It is the first Sony-only branded smartphone after Sony acquired Ericsson 's stake in Sony Ericsson in January 2012 . The Xperia S has a 4.3 in touch-screen with the mobile BRAVIA engine which optimizes the picture , a 1.5 GHz dual core processor , a 12.0-megapixel rear camera , HDMI-out , 1 GB of RAM , and 32 GB of internal storage .

neg: Nokia N93 Nokia N93 is a smartphone from Nokia , part of the multimedia Nseries . It was introduced on 25 April 2006 and released in July 2006 . It runs on Symbian OS v9 .1 and the S60 3rd Edition interface . It was the most advanced camera phone from Nokia at the time of its release , and was particularly marketed for its camcorder , packed in its unique swivel design like its predecessor Nokia N90 .   The N93 improved upon camera capabilities over the N90 . The phone has a 3.2-megapixel camera , Carl Zeiss optics and 3x optical zoom ( the first Nokia phone to have it ) as well as a 30 fps 640 × 480 ( VGA ) MPEG-4 video recording capability .   It was succeeded by the Nokia N93i .

neg: Motorola MicroTAC The Motorola MicroTAC was a cellular phone first manufactured as an analog version in 1989 . GSM-compatible and TDMA/Dual-Mode versions were introduced in 1994 . The MicroTAC introduced an innovative new `` flip '' design , where the `` mouthpiece '' folded over the keypad , although the `` mouthpiece '' was actually located in the base of the phone , along with the ringer . This set the standard and became the model for modern flip phones today . Its predecessor was the much larger Motorola DynaTAC and it was succeeded by the Motorola StarTAC in 1996 . `` TAC '' was an abbreviation of Total Area Coverage in all three models .

neg: Nokia 8910 The Nokia 8910 is a mobile phone released in 2002 by Nokia . It was introduced as a successor of the Nokia 8850/8890 .   It was succeeded by the Nokia 8800 , which was released in 2005 .