query: The brown bear has faced local extinctions.

pos: Brown bear The brown bear ( Ursus arctos ) is a large bear with the widest distribution of any living ursid . The species is distributed across much of northern Eurasia and North America . It is one of the two largest terrestrial carnivorans alive today , rivaled in body size only by its close cousin , the polar bear ( Ursus maritimus ) , which is much less variable in size and averages larger due to this . There are several recognized subspecies , many of which are quite well-known within their native ranges , found in the brown bear species .   The brown bear 's principal range includes parts of Russia , Central Asia , China , Canada , the United States ( mostly Alaska ) , Scandinavia and the Carpathian region ( especially Romania ) , Anatolia , and Caucasus . The brown bear is recognized as a national and state animal in several European countries .   While the brown bear 's range has shrunk and it has faced local extinctions , it remains listed as a least concern species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) with a total population of approximately 200,000 . As of 2012 , this and the American black bear are the only bear species not classified as threatened by the IUCN . However , the Californian , North African ( Atlas bear ) , and Mexican subspecies were hunted to extinction in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , and many of the southern Asian subspecies are highly endangered . One of the smaller-bodied subspecies , the Himalayan brown bear , is critically endangered , occupying only 2 % of its former range and threatened by uncontrolled poaching for its parts . The Marsican brown bear , one of several currently isolated populations of the main Eurasian brown bear race , in central Italy is believed to have a population of just 30 to 40 bears .

neg: Southern black rhinoceros The southern black rhinoceros or Cape rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis bicornis ) is an extinct subspecies of the black rhinoceros that was once abundant in South Africa from the Cape Province to Transvaal , southern Namibia , and possibly also Lesotho and southern Botswana . It was brought to extinction by excessive hunting and habitat destruction around 1850 .

neg: Hunt Monitors In The United Kingdom ( The U.K. ) , Hunt Monitors endeavour to observe behaviours of organized hunts and undertake information gathering activities , known as hunt monitoring .   Hunt monitoring activities are undertaken mainly by private individuals who wish to see The Hunting Act 2004 , passed by The U.K. Parliament , upheld by The U.K. Courts . Hunt monitoring is also carried out by a number of animal welfare organizations in The U.K. . The prime aim of hunt monitors is to facilitate successful prosecution of those who do not hunt within the laws of The U.K. , through gathering evidence of illegal hunting .   The Hunting Act 2004 became law , in England and Wales , in February 2005 . It bans hunting with dogs of particular wild mammals , namely : foxes , deer , hare and mink . The ban was achieved through efforts of many campaigners , over almost a century . In recent years , evidence gathering by hunt monitors became central to the long campaign to ban hunting with hounds , as hunt monitors began to use portable video cameras to record hunting activity . Recorded evidence of hunting with dogs , collected by hunt monitors , was shown in the media and to Members of Parliament , and contributed to evidence used to support passage of The Hunting Bill through Parliament .   Before the hunting with dogs ban came into force , it was reported that an estimated 50,000 hunt supporters had signed a `` Hunting Declaration '' , pledging that they would break any such anti-hunting law , should it be put onto The Statute Book . Local newspapers were invited to hunting rallies , in order to publicize signings of `` Hunting Declarations '' .   In contrast to tackling illegal hare coursing fairly consistently , the police and The Crown Prosecution Services have seemed reluctant to act against organized hunts . Nevertheless , several years after The Hunting Act became law , many members of organized hunts have been taken to court . Members of hunts and a complete hunt , as a corporate body , have been convicted on numerous counts of hunting illegally .   The work of hunt monitors has been recognized by Ann Widdecombe , a former Conservative Minister and MP .   On 22 March 2007 , Ann Widdecombe , MP led an Adjournment Debate in The U.K. Parliament , where , in The House of Commons , she raised an issue of enforcement of The Hunting Act 2004 . She explained to The House the roles of hunt monitors and the problems which they encounter . She paid tribute to hunt monitors , saying '' ... some of them are extremely brave . ''   Later in 2007 , on 31st October , Ann Widdecombe , MP held a reception in Parliament , where she showed film to those present , including representatives of 11 police forces , The Crown Prosecution Service ( CPS ) , The Association of Chief Police Officers ( ACPO ) and Members of Parliament , which demonstrated that the hunting law was being broken , up and down the country . She pointed out that the only people monitoring these activities were groups of hunt monitors .   In January 2011 , The Huntsman and a Terrierman of The Fernie Hunt were found guilty of digging a fox out of a sett and , in May 2012 , three members of The Crawley and Horsham Hunt were found guilty of illegal hunting .   In August 2012 , two members of The Meynell and South Staffordshire Hunt were found guilty of illegal hunting . The Hunt Master and a Terrierman were each convicted at Derby Magistrates ' Court .   In December 2012 , The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( RSPCA ) took out a private prosecution , using evidence collected by several , independent hunt monitors , against Heythrop Hunt Limited . This was a landmark case , as it was the first time that an organized hunt was prosecuted as a corporate body . The Heythrop Hunt , its Huntsman and its Senior Master all pleaded guilty to four charges of illegally hunting a fox .   A major reason why some hunts have been prosecuted and convicted successfully is because of the availability of compelling evidence , gathered by hunt monitors , whose footage of certain , organized hunts ' illegal activities has provided important evidence , necessary to bring illegal hunters to justice .   Hunt monitors have been subjected to threats , assault , damage to their cars , cameras and radios , as well as verbal abuse , obstruction and intimidation .   On 13 February 2013 , Chris Williamson , MP led a debate in The House of Commons , entitled Policing of Violence at Hunts , to highlight , as he put it '' ... the antisocial and criminal behaviour ... '' directed towards hunt monitors by some hunt supporters .   In 2014 , The RSPCA commissioned an independent review of its prosecution activity . In the review , Stephen Wooler , CB refers several times to hunt monitors , e.g. , `` The volume of footage available -LSB- taken by hunt monitors -RSB- leaves the objective viewer in no doubt on the balance of probabilities that it is ` business as usual ' for many hunts because enforcement is so difficult . ''   While some hunt monitors are employed by organizations and charities , such as The League Against Cruel Sports and International Fund for Animal Welfare , most are private individuals , who are unpaid and self-funded . Some hunt monitors accept donations to support their activities , made through social media sites , such as GoFundMe and Facebook .

neg: Mount Tambora Mount Tambora is an active stratovolcano which is a peninsula of and the highest peak on the island of Sumbawa in Indonesia . Sumbawa is flanked both to the north and south by oceanic crust , and Tambora was formed by the active subduction zone beneath it . This raised Mount Tambora as high as 4300 m , making it one of the tallest peaks in the Indonesian archipelago in the 18th century . After a large magma chamber inside the mountain filled over the course of several decades , volcanic activity reached a historic climax in the eruption of 10 April 1815 . This eruption had a volcanic explosivity index ( VEI ) of 7 , the only unambiguously confirmed VEI-7 eruption since the Lake Taupo eruption in about AD 180 . ( The 946 eruption of Paektu Mountain might also have been VEI-7 . ) Tambora 's last eruption was in 1967 . It was rated VEI-0 .   With an estimated ejecta volume of 160 km3 , Tambora 's 1815 outburst is the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history . The explosion was heard on Sumatra , more than 2000 km away . Heavy volcanic ash falls were observed as far away as Borneo , Sulawesi , Java , and the Maluku Islands . Most of the deaths from the eruption were from starvation and disease , as the eruptive fallout ruined agricultural productivity in the local region . The death toll was at least 71,000 people , of whom 11,000 -- 12,000 were killed directly by the eruption ; the oft-cited figure of 92,000 people killed is believed to be an overestimate .   The eruption caused global climate anomalies that included the phenomenon known as `` volcanic winter '' : 1816 became known as the `` Year Without a Summer '' because of the effect on North American and European weather . Crops failed and livestock died in much of the Northern Hemisphere , resulting in the worst famine of the 19th century .   During an excavation in 2004 , a team of archaeologists discovered cultural remains buried by the 1815 eruption . They were kept intact beneath the 3-metre-deep pyroclastic deposits . At the site , dubbed the `` Pompeii of the East '' , the artifacts were preserved in the positions they had occupied in 1815 .

neg: Bali tiger The Bali tiger ( Panthera tigris balica ) , harimau Bali in Indonesian , or samong in Balinese , is an extinct tiger subspecies that was native to the Indonesian island of Bali . It was the first tiger subspecies that became extinct in recent times . It was one of three subspecies of tigers found in Indonesia , together with the Javan tiger , which is also extinct , and the Critically Endangered Sumatran tiger . It was the smallest of the tiger subspecies .   The last specimen definitely recorded was a female shot at Sumbar Kima , west Bali , on 27 September 1937 . However , a few animals likely survived into the 1940s and possibly 1950s . The subspecies became extinct because of habitat loss and hunting . Given the small size of the island and limited forest cover , the original population could never have been large .

neg: List of rodents of the Caribbean The Caribbean region is home to a diverse and largely endemic rodent fauna . This includes the endemic family Capromyidae ( hutias ) , which are largely limited to the Greater Antilles , and two other groups of endemic hystricognaths , the heteropsomyines and giant hutias , including the extinct bear-sized Amblyrhiza inundata . Lesser Antillean rodent faunas mostly consist of oryzomyines , members of a distantly related group of rodents , and include two of the largest known oryzomyines , Megalomys desmarestii and `` Oryzomys hypenemus '' . Various other rodents are limited to land-bridge islands such as Trinidad , which were connected to the mainland during glacial-period lowered sea levels in the Pleistocene , or to smaller portions of the Caribbean archipelago . Much of the native rodent fauna of the Caribbean are extinct because of human influences , particularly following the introduction of invasive species such as Old World rats .   For the purposes of this article , the `` Caribbean '' includes all islands in the Caribbean Sea ( except for small islets close to the mainland ) and the Bahamas , Turks and Caicos Islands , and Barbados , which are not in the Caribbean Sea but biogeographically belong to the same Caribbean bioregion .

neg: Sankebetsu brown bear incident The , also referred to as the or the , was the worst bear attack in Japanese history , killing seven settlers in Rokusensawa , Sankebetsu , Tomamae , Rumoi , Hokkaidō , Japan .   The incident took place between December 9 and 14 , 1915 after a large brown bear woke up from hibernation and repeatedly attacked several houses in the area .

neg: Rubber soldiers Rubber soldiers ( Portuguese : Soldados da borracha ) were people in Brazil which were compulsorily drafted to harvest rubber in the Amazon rainforest during World War II .   The `` rubber soldiers '' program was a consequence of the Brazil-United States Political-Military Agreement during the war , after the United States were cut off by Japan from its major supply of rubber in Malaysia . About 55,000 persons were mostly transferred from drought-stricken northeast areas and contributed to the second rubber boom in Brazil . They were enlisted into the Serviço Especial de Mobilização de Trabalhadores para a Amazônia ( SEMTA ; `` Special Service of Mobilization of Workers for the Amazon '' ) , with support of several other governmental organizations .   Each migrant signed a contract with SEMTA which offered a small salary for the worker during their transport to the Amazon region . Upon arrival , they received a payment of 60 % of the total profit which had been obtained with the rubber . The basic kit they received included basic clothing , eating equipment , a net , and a carton of Colomy cigarettes . After being recruited , the volunteers were placed in specially-built housing , under strict military watch , and then sent into the Amazon , on trips which could last two to three months .   For many workers , it was a one-way journey . About 30,000 rubber workers died abandoned in the Amazon , after having exhausted their energies extracting the `` white gold . '' They died of malaria , yellow fever , and hepatitis , and were attacked by animals such as panthers , serpents , and scorpions . The Brazilian government also did not fulfill its promise to return the `` rubber soldiers '' to their homes at the end of the war as heroes and with housing comparable to that of the military .

neg: Tardigrade Tardigrades ( -LSB- ˈtɑrdᵻˌgreɪd -RSB- also known as water bears , space bears , or moss piglets ) are water-dwelling , eight-legged , segmented micro-animals . They were first discovered by the German zoologist Johann August Ephraim Goeze in 1773 . The name Tardigrada ( meaning `` slow stepper '' ) was given three years later by the Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani . They have been found everywhere from mountaintops to the deep sea , mud volcanoes , and from tropical rain forests to the Antarctic .   Tardigrades are one of the most resilient animals known : they can survive extreme conditions that would be rapidly fatal to nearly all other known life forms . They can withstand temperature ranges from 1 K ( close to absolute zero ) to about 420 K for several minutes , pressures about six times greater than those found in the deepest ocean trenches , ionizing radiation at doses hundreds of times higher than the lethal dose for a human , and the vacuum of outer space . They can go without food or water for more than 30 years , drying out to the point where they are 3 % or less water , only to rehydrate , forage , and reproduce . Tardigrades living in harsh conditions undergo an annual process of cyclomorphosis .   They are not considered extremophilic because they are not adapted to exploit these conditions . This means that their chances of dying increase the longer they are exposed to the extreme environments , whereas true extremophiles thrive in a physically or geochemically extreme environment that would harm most other organisms .   Usually , tardigrades are about 0.5 mm long when they are fully grown . They are short and plump with four pairs of legs , each with four to eight claws also known as `` disks '' . The first three pairs of legs are directed ventrolaterally and are the primary means of locomotion , while the fourth pair is directed posteriorly on the terminal segment of the trunk and is used primarily for grasping the substrate . Tardigrades are prevalent in mosses and lichens and feed on plant cells , algae , and small invertebrates . When collected , they may be viewed under a very low-power microscope , making them accessible to students and amateur scientists .   Tardigrades form the phylum Tardigrada , part of the superphylum Ecdysozoa . It is an ancient group , with fossils dating from 530 million years ago , in the Cambrian period . About 1,150 species of tardigrades have been described . Tardigrades can be found throughout the world , from the Himalayas ( above 6000 m ) , to the deep sea ( below 4000 m ) and from the polar regions to the equator .

neg: Fox hunting Fox hunting is an activity involving the tracking , chase and , if caught , the killing of a fox , traditionally a red fox , by trained foxhounds or other scent hounds , and a group of unarmed followers led by a `` master of foxhounds '' ( `` master of hounds '' ) , who follow the hounds on foot or on horseback .   Fox hunting with hounds , as a formalised activity , originated in England in the sixteenth century , in a form very similar to that practised until 2005 , when the traditional form was made unlawful in England and Wales . A ban on hunting in Scotland had been passed in 2002 , but it continues to be within the law in Northern Ireland and several other countries , including : Australia , Canada , France , Ireland , Italy , and the United States . In Australia , the term also refers to the hunting of foxes with firearms , similar to deer hunting or spotlighting . In much of the world , hunting in general is understood to relate to any game animals or weapons ( e.g. , deer hunting with bow and arrow ) ; in Britain and Ireland , `` hunting '' without qualification implies fox hunting ( or other forms of hunting with hounds -- beagling , drag hunting , hunting the clean boot , mink hunting , or stag hunting ) , as described here .   This sport is controversial , particularly in the UK , where its traditional form was banned in Scotland in 2002 , and in England and Wales in November 2004 ( law enforced from February 2005 ) , although certain modified forms of hunting foxes with hounds are still within the law , and shooting foxes as vermin also remains lawful .   Proponents of fox hunting view it as an important part of rural culture , and useful for reasons of conservation and pest control , while opponents argue that it is cruel and unnecessary .

neg: Nanook In Inuit religion , Nanook ( ᓇᓄᖅ , -LSB- - ikunaˈnuq -RSB- , lit . `` polar bear '' ) was the master of bears , meaning he decided if hunters deserved success in finding and hunting bears and punished violations of taboos . The word was popularized by Nanook of the North , the first feature-length documentary .   The Inuit believed that Nanuk , the polar bear , was powerful and mighty , and they thought that he was `` almost man '' . The Inuit hunters would worship this great bear because they believed that he decided if the hunters would be successful . `` In the past , the Inuit ate polar bear meat and used the fur to make warm trousers for men and kamiks ( soft boots ) for women '' . Respect was given to Nanuk by the hunter hanging the bear 's hide in a special section of his igloo , where it would stay for several days . They would also offer the bear 's spirit weapons and other hunting tools if it was a male , and needle cases , scrapers ( used to scrape the fat off hides ) and knives if it was female . `` Native people believed that polar bears allowed themselves to be killed in order to obtain the souls of the tools ( tatkoit ) , which they would take with them into the hereafter . '' `` Legend says that if a dead polar bear was treated properly by the hunter , it would share the good news with other bears so they would be eager to be killed by him . Bears would stay away from hunters who failed to pay respect . ''

neg: List of extinct animals of Australia Following is a complete list of Australian animal extinctions from 1788 to the present . There are 24 birds ( though just 1 from the mainland ) , 7 frogs , and 27 mammal species or subspecies strongly believed to have become extinct in Australia since European settlement .   Extinctions are recorded under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 .   Several invertebrate species have also been listed as extinct by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) ; however , this list is less exhaustive , as invertebrates are more difficult to survey and are less well studied .

neg: Operation Amba Operation Amba is the codename of a Russian programme to curtail the poaching of Siberian tigers in the Russian Far East . It was described as a strategic defence of the tiger which uses psychological operations as a major element . The programme was concentrated on identifying and neutralizing tiger traders in the Russian Far East and used small anti-poaching teams to roam the taiga and build a network among local population for support and information . Support from the local population and state law enforcement agencies was a key element of the programme . The name `` Operation Amba '' is derived from `` Amba '' , the name for tiger used by the Udegai people of the Russian Far East .   Operation Amba has been widely successful , having saved cub tigers , made seizures of illegal poaching materials , and raided illegal operations and poaching rings .   Operation Amba is credited for bringing the Siberian tiger back from the brink of extinction in the mid-1990s and helping stabilize the population after years of heavy poaching . Prior to Operation Amba , an estimated 60 to 70 tigers were killed each year by commercial poachers who sold the body parts ( skins , bones , etc. ) to black market traders . By 1995 , the population was thought to have dramatically decreased to just 250-300 . By 2001 however , poaching was down to about 8 to 10 tigers per year , and the population had grown to about 400-450 tigers . According to the World Wide Fund for Nature , the latest Russian Census reports put the current number to be anywhere between 480 and 520 without including the small numbers of this subspecies present in mainland China .

neg: Illegal logging in Madagascar Illegal logging has been a problem in Madagascar for decades and is perpetuated by extreme poverty and government corruption . Often taking the form of selective logging , the trade has been driven by high international demand for expensive , fine-grained lumber such as rosewood and ebony . Historically , logging and exporting in Madagascar have been regulated by the Malagasy government , although the logging of rare hardwoods was explicitly banned from protected areas in 2000 . Since then , government orders and memos have intermittently alternated between permitting and banning exports of precious woods . The most commonly cited reason for permitting exports is to salvage valuable wood from cyclone damage , although this reasoning has come under heavy scrutiny . This oscillating availability of Malagasy rosewood and other precious woods has created a market of rising and falling prices , allowing traders or `` timber barons '' to stockpile illegally sourced logs during periodic bans and then flood the market when the trade windows open and prices are high .   The unsustainable exploitation of these tropical hardwoods , particularly rosewood from the SAVA Region , has escalated significantly since the start of the 2009 Malagasy political crisis . Thousands of poorly paid Malagasy loggers have flooded into the national parks -- especially in the northeast -- building roads , setting up logging camps , and cutting down even the most difficult to reach rosewood trees . Illegal activities are openly flaunted , armed militia have descended upon local villages , and a rosewood mafia easily bribe government officials , buying export permits with ease . These illegal operations are funded in part by advance payments for future shipments ( financed by Chinese expatriates and Chinese importers ) and by loans from large , international banks . Demand is fueled mostly by a growing Chinese middle class and their desire for exotic imperial-style furniture . European and American demand for high-end musical instruments and furniture have also played a role . However , public scrutiny has put significant pressure on shipping companies involved in the trade , and the United States is starting to enforce the Lacey Act by investigating companies with suspected involvement in the illegal trade of Malagasy precious woods .   Logging in Madagascar 's tropical rainforests has had many secondary effects , beyond the risk of depletion of rare , endemic trees . Habitat has been disturbed , illegal mining has begun , local people have turned in desperation to the forests for resources , and poaching of endangered wildlife has escalated . Lemurs , the most well-known faunal group from the island , have been captured for the exotic pet trade as well as killed for food . Even the most critically endangered species have been targeted , primarily to feed a growing demand for delicacy food in up-scale restaurants . The local villagers have also suffered as tourism has declined sharply or ceased almost entirely . Some have resorted to working as loggers for minimal pay , while others have spoken out against it , often receiving death threats from the rosewood mafia in return .

neg: Tibetan blue bear The Tibetan bear or Tibetan blue bear ( Ursus arctos pruinosus ) is a subspecies of the brown bear ( Ursus arctos ) found in the eastern Tibetan Plateau .   It is also known as the Himalayan blue bear , Himalayan snow bear , Tibetan brown bear , or the horse bear . In Tibetan , it is known as Dom gyamuk .   One of the rarest subspecies of bear in the world , the blue bear is rarely sighted in the wild . The blue bear is known in the west only through a small number of fur and bone samples . It was first classified in 1854 .

neg: Caramello Koala Caramello Koala is a brand of chocolate bar currently manufactured by Cadbury Australia . It consists of a chocolate cartoon koala ( named `` George '' in certain advertising material ) with a caramel centre .   The chocolate bar is sold in two sizes : the more common 20 gram size and the `` Giant '' 40 gram size , usually sold as a fundraiser . 40 million Caramello Koalas are sold in Australia each year , making the product the second most popular in the Australian children 's confectionery market , after the Freddo Frog .   Cross-over products are occasionally made available featuring the Caramello character , including Cadbury Caramello Koala Choc Caramel flavoured milk in 2003 and Caramello Koala Sundae ice-cream in 1997 . They were also sold in South Africa under the name `` Caramello Bear '' , where they were marketed with the Caramello Bear admitting : `` Caramel ? That 's a weakness ! '' , but they were discontinued in 2012 . The Afrikaans slogan for the Caramello Bear in South Africa was `` Met 'n magie propvol karamel '' , which translates to `` with a tummy full of caramel '' .   A 20 g Caramello Koala contains 415 kJ of energy and 5.5 g of fat .   Caramello Koala was introduced in Australia as the Caramello Bear in 1966 . It was reputedly the first mass marketed confection to be modelled on Australian fauna . Television advertisements for the chocolate in Australia featured Caramello and his cartoon friends sailing down a river or riding on a steam train to a modified version of Donovan 's `` Mellow Yellow '' . Caramello 's packaging and imagery was updated in 2000 , after market research revealed the character was seen as daggy , one-dimensional and not sufficiently ` animated ' .   In 2003 , then Australian Labor Party MP , Mark Latham , was labelled a `` Caramello Koala '' by Liberal MP Christopher Pyne , for allegedly being `` soft in the centre '' .   To deal with rising input costs , in April 2015 Cadbury announced a reduction in size of the 20g chocolate to 15g . Despite the 25 % size reduction , the price is unchanged .

neg: List of endangered languages in Africa An endangered language is a language that it is at risk of falling out of use , generally because it has few surviving speakers . If it loses all of its native speakers , it becomes an extinct language . UNESCO defines four levels of language endangerment between `` safe '' ( not endangered ) and `` extinct '' :  Vulnerable  Definitely endangered  Severely endangered  Critically endangered   Africa is the world 's second-largest and second most-populous continent . At about 30.2 million km ² ( 11.7 million sq mi ) including adjacent islands , it covers 6 % of the Earth 's total surface area and 20.4 % of the total land area . With about 922 million people ( as of 2005 ) in 61 territories , it accounts for about 14.2 % of the world 's human population . The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north , the Suez Canal and the Red Sea to the northeast , the Indian Ocean to the southeast , and the Atlantic Ocean to the west . There are 53 countries , including Madagascar and all the island groups .

neg: Great Bear The term Great Bear can refer to :   Ursa Major , the constellation , whose name is the Latin for `` Great Bear '' .  Great Bear Lake , the largest lake in the Northwest Territories of Canada and the fourth largest in North America .  Great Bear Rainforest , British Columbia .  Great Bear Wilderness area in Montana .  Great Bear Recreation Park , a ski hill in Sioux Falls , South Dakota .  Great Bear ( roller coaster ) , an inverted steel rollercoaster at Hersheypark in Hershey , Pennsylvania .  The Great Bear ( lithograph ) , artwork by Simon Patterson based on the London Tube map .  The Great Bear ( play ) , a 1951 play , never produced , by John Osborne  The Great Bear ( film ) , a 2011 Danish film  GWR 111 The Great Bear , a British steam locomotive .  The Sons of Great Bear , an East German film  A personification of Russia .  A NATO codename for the Soviet Tu-95 bomber

neg: Black bear Black bear may refer to :   Animals  American black bear ( Ursus americanus ) , a North American bear species  Asian black bear ( Ursus thibetanus ) , an Asian bear species   Sports  Maine Black Bears , the athletic teams representing the University of Maine  Berkshire Black Bears , a minor league baseball team  West Virginia Black Bears , a minor league baseball team   '' ` People  Blackbear , Stage name of American musician Matthew Musto

neg: Asian black bear The Asian black bear ( Ursus thibetanus , previously known as Selenarctos thibetanus ) , also known as the moon bear , Asiatic black bear and white-chested bear , is a medium-sized bear species native to Asia and largely adapted to arboreal life . It lives in the Himalayas , in the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent , Korea , northeastern China , the Russian Far East , the Honshū and Shikoku islands of Japan , and Taiwan . It is classified as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) , mostly because of deforestation and hunting for its body parts .   The species is morphologically very similar to some prehistoric bears , and is thought by some scientists to be the ancestor of other extant bear species ( aside from pandas and spectacled bears ) . Though largely herbivorous , Asian black bears can be very aggressive toward humans , who frequently trap or kill them for traditional medicine .

neg: Taiga Taiga ( -LSB- ˈtaɪɡə -RSB- -LSB- тайга́ , p = tɐjˈɡa -RSB- from Turkic ) also known as boreal forest or snow forest , is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines , spruces and larches .   The taiga is the world 's largest biome apart from the oceans . In North America it covers most of inland Canada and Alaska as well as parts of the extreme northern continental United States ( northern Minnesota through the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to Upstate New York and northern New England ) , where it is known as the Northwoods or `` North woods '' . In Eurasia , it covers most of Sweden , Finland , much of Norway , some of the Scottish Highlands , some lowland/coastal areas of Iceland , much of Russia from Karelia in the west to the Pacific Ocean ( including much of Siberia ) , and areas of northern Kazakhstan , northern Mongolia , and northern Japan ( on the island of Hokkaidō ) . However , the main tree species , the length of the growing season and summer temperatures vary . For example , the taiga of North America mostly consists of spruces ; Scandinavian and Finnish taiga consists of a mix of spruce , pines and birch ; Russian taiga has spruces , pines and larches depending on the region , while the Eastern Siberian taiga is a vast larch forest .   A different use of the term taiga is often encountered in the English language , with `` boreal forest '' used in the United States and Canada to refer to only the more southerly part of the biome , while `` taiga '' is used to describe the more barren areas of the northernmost part of the biome approaching the tree line and the tundra biome . Hoffman ( 1958 ) discusses the origin of this differential use in North America and why it is an inappropriate differentiation of the Russian term . Although at high elevations taiga grades into alpine tundra through Krummholz , it is not exclusively an alpine biome ; and unlike subalpine forest , much of taiga is lowlands .


query: Lily James appeared on the BBC in Just William.

pos: Lily James Lily Chloe Ninette Thomson ( born 5 April 1989 ) , known as Lily James , is an English actress . She played Lady Rose Aldridge in the ITV period drama Downton Abbey and the title role in the 2015 Disney film Cinderella .   James began her professional acting career as Ethel Brown in the 2010 BBC production Just William . In 2011 and 2012 , she earned warm reviews in several London theatre productions . She began to appear in Hollywood films in 2012 , with roles in Wrath of the Titans and Fast Girls , and was seen in further television roles , including that of Countess Natasha Rostova in the 2016 BBC historical drama series War & Peace .

neg: Homegrown Hollywood Homegrown Hollywood was a late-night television show aired by BBC2 in the United Kingdom in July 2005 . Presented by James King , the show consisted of a series of short films or productions made by amateur , independent film-makers , ranging from students to independent studios , thus offering these people a showcase for their productions . The short films varied in duration from 1 to 30 minutes . It was produced by the BBC , with two BBC staff ( the producer , Kuldip Dhadda and a production co-ordinator ) as well as BBC intern , Joan Brogan and three others .

neg: The Vicar of Dibley The Vicar of Dibley is a British sitcom which originally ran on BBC One from 10 November 1994 to 22 January 1998 ( with three sets of specials in the Winters of 1999/2000 , 2004/5 and 2006/7 ) . It is set in a fictional small Oxfordshire village called Dibley , which is assigned a female vicar following the 1992 changes in the Church of England that permitted the ordination of women .   In ratings terms , the programme is among the most successful in the digital era , with the various Christmas and New Year specials in 1999 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 and 2007 all entering the top 10 programmes of the year .  The Vicar of Dibley received multiple British Comedy Awards ( including a Best TV Comedy Actress Award for Emma Chambers ) , two International Emmys , and was a multiple British Academy Television Awards nominee . In 2004 , it placed third in a BBC poll of Britain 's Best Sitcom .   The series has also done six charity special shorts , for Comic Relief , the most recent in 2015 .

neg: BBC Television BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation . The corporation has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a royal charter since 1927 . It produced television programmes from its own studios since 1932 , although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936 .   The BBC 's domestic television channels have no commercial advertising and collectively they account for more than 30 % of all UK viewing . The services are funded by a television licence .   As a result of the 2016 Licence Fee settlement , the BBC Television division was split , with in-house television production being separated into a new division called BBC Studios and the remaining parts of television ( channels and genre commissioning , BBC Sport , BBC Three and BBC iPlayer ) being renamed as BBC Content .

neg: Leonie Mellinger Leonie Mellinger ( born 24 June 1959 , Berlin , Germany ) is a British actress . In the television mini-series Small World , she played a central double role portraying the twins Angelica and Lily .   Mellinger trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama . Her acting debut was as ` Miriam ' in the BBC TV serialisation of DH Lawrence 's Sons and Lovers . Her stage appearances with the Royal Shakespeare Company include ` Lavinia ' in Titus Andronicus and ` Perdita ' in The Winter 's Tale .   As well as acting , she teaches communication and personal impact skills at her own training company .

neg: William Abney (actor) William Edward Charles Wootton Abney ( 7 January 1921 -- 9 August 1997 ) played Reverend Copley on Coronation Street in 1977 , and Jim Lorimer in 1980 . His other television credits include The Adventures of William Tell , Crossroads , Special Branch , Play for Today , All Creatures Great and Small , Robin 's Nest and The Return of Sherlock Holmes .   The son of Henry Charles Wootton Abney , of the landed gentry family of Abney of Measham Hall , Derbyshire , by his wife , Janet Bentley Littlejohn , Abney was educated at Cranleigh School and the Central School of Speech and Drama .   As a film actor , Abney appeared in Horrors of the Black Museum ( 1959 ) , Never Take Sweets from a Stranger ( 1960 ) , Two-Way Stretch , ( 1960 ) , Cone of Silence ( 1960 ) , The City of the Dead ( 1960 ) , Hitler : The Last Ten Days ( 1973 ) , The Legacy ( 1979 ) , North Sea Hijack ( 1980 ) and Curse of the Pink Panther ( 1983 ) .   As a writer , Abney wrote the story for `` Poor Butterfly '' ( 1969 ) , an episode of Journey to the Unknown ( TV series ) .

neg: Lauren Harries Lauren Charlotte Harries ( born James Charles Harries ) is a British media personality . In childhood Harries was known as James , a purported `` child prodigy '' in the field of antiques , appearing on numerous television shows including Wogan . In later life , as Lauren Harries , she has become more notable as an aspiring transgender celebrity .

neg: Got What It Takes? Got What It Takes ? is a British children 's talent show presented by Lauren Platt . It began airing on CBBC on 6 January 2016 . The first series was won by 12-year-old Amaria Braithwaite , who was given the chance to perform on the BBC Introducing Stage at BBC Radio 1 's Big Weekend . 14-year-old Jorja Douglas won the second series , therefore giving her the opportunity to sing on the Main Stage on BBC Radio 1 's Big Weekend , in front of an audience of 20,000 people .

neg: Lily Allen Lily Rose Beatrice Cooper ( née Allen ; born 2 May 1985 ) , known professionally as Lily Allen , is an English singer , songwriter , actress , and television presenter . She is the daughter of actor Keith Allen and film producer Alison Owen . Allen left school when she was 15 and concentrated on improving her performing and compositional skills . In 2005 , she made some of her recordings public on Myspace and the publicity resulted in airplay on BBC Radio 1 and a contract with Regal Recordings .   Her first mainstream single , `` Smile '' , reached number one on the UK Singles Chart in July 2006 . Her debut record , Alright , Still , was well received , selling over 2.6 million copies worldwide and brought Allen a nomination at the Grammy Awards , Brit Awards and MTV Video Music Awards . She began hosting her own talk-show , Lily Allen and Friends , on BBC Three .   Her second studio album , It 's Not Me , It 's You , saw a genre shift , having more of an electropop feel , rather than the ska and reggae influences of the first one . The album debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart and the Australian ARIA Charts and was well received by critics , noting the singer 's musical evolution and maturity . It spawned the hit singles `` The Fear '' and `` Fuck You '' . This success saw her receive the Brit Award for British Female Solo Artist at the 2010 Brit Awards . Allen and Amy Winehouse were credited with starting a process that led to the `` year of the women '' media label in 2009 that saw five female artists making music of `` experimentalism and fearlessness '' nominated for the Mercury Prize .   In 2009 , Allen announced that she would be taking a hiatus from musical activities . In 2011 , she launched her own record label . In 2013 , Allen revealed that she had begun working on her third studio album , which was later titled Sheezus . On 12 November 2013 , Allen premiered the video for her first original song since 2009 , `` Hard out Here '' , which was released as a single five days later .

neg: Just Another Saturday Just Another Saturday is a Play For Today ( BBC ) about the Orange walk culture transmitted 7 November 1975 on BBC1 . It was directed by John Mackenzie and stars Jon Morrison and Billy Connolly .   The film won the Prix Italia for Best Drama .

neg: H2O: Just Add Water H2O : Just Add Water , also known as H2O , is an Australian dramatic fantasy television programme for children and teenagers created by Jonathan M. Shiff . It first screened on Australia 's Network Ten and runs in syndication on channels in over 120 countries and has a worldwide audience of more than 250 million . It was filmed on location at Sea World and other locations on the Gold Coast . The show 's premise revolves around three teenage girls facing everyday teen problems with an added twist : they 're mermaids with powers over water . The theme song `` No Ordinary Girl '' is performed by Ellie Henderson in series one , by Kate Alexa in series two and by Indiana Evans in series three .   Only two series with a total of 52 episodes were originally planned , but due to popular demand , a third and final series was filmed . Series one premiered in July 2006 , followed by series two in September 2007 . Series three first aired in the United Kingdom in October 2009 , with the Australian premiere occurring in May 2010 .

neg: William Vanderpuye William Wallace Bruce-Vanderpuye ( born 3 December 1963 ) , also known as William Vanderpuye , Will Vanderpuye or Will Vanders , is an award-winning British actor broadcaster , writer voice-over artist and producer .   He is the grandson of Jacob Sylvanus Bruce-Vanderpuye Barrister at Law , Djastse and Ga Manche ( Paramount Chief ) of The Otubluhun Stool , Jamestown , Accra , Ghana , formerly the British colony of the Gold Coast . The titles are hereditary , although not used by Vanderpuye or his father William Wallace Bruce-Vanderpuye Snr . The Bruce `` Clan '' ( Nanka Bruce ) are an aristocratic Ghanaian family with a pedigree tracing back to King Robert the Bruce of Scotland . The Vanderpuyes are Kings of Elmina dating back to Jacobus Vanderpuye ( 1780 ) , nobleman and Dutch Governor General of the region at St Georges Castle Elmina .   Vanderpuye has had a long career consisting of many leading theatrical roles and supporting characters in British films and television programmes . He is also a sportscaster , covering combat sports such as kickboxing and mixed martial arts .

neg: Romany Jones Romany Jones is a British sitcom made by LWT , It starred Arthur Mullard and Queenie Watts as Wally and Lily Briggs and was broadcast between 1973 and 1975 , The show was originally designed as a vehicle for James Beck ( Private Walker in Dad 's Army ) , involving the comic misadventures of two layabout families living on a caravan site .   Following Beck 's death in August 1973 when he was only 44 , Bert and Betty Jones were written out of the series , and Jonathan Cecil and Gay Soper took over the lead roles , playing new neighbours , Jeremy and Susan Crichton-Jones .   The show had a pilot broadcast in 1972 and was followed by a spin-off sequel in 1976 entitled Yus , My Dear , starring Mullard and Watts .

neg: Victoria and Shane Grow Their Own Victoria and Shane Grow Their Own is an Irish reality television special which originally aired on RTÉ One on Tuesday 8 December 2009 . It follows the trials of Victoria Mary Clarke and Shane MacGowan as they endeavour to grow their own food in their own garden . The show documents Clarke 's struggles to grow vegetables and MacGowan 's attempts to assist . Filming of the special took place in Dublin . It has been compared to the 1970s sitcom The Good Life . MacGowan is from an agricultural background . First Lady of the United States Michelle Obama was said to have influenced the couple .   Victoria Mary Clarke admitted during the show that she had neither read nor bought the book she was supposed to use for assistance . She also spoke of her belief in angels and how she spoke to them . Clarke 's friend , a Marina Guinness , provides her with an allotment to carry out her task . A celebration is also expected to take place when the crops have grown sufficiently . The potatoes which Clarke is attempting to grow turn black . Caterpillars which attack her food are thrown to the hens as food themselves . Various celebrities and well-known people also featured , including musician Glen Hansard , and cousins of British pop star Lily Allen made an appearance as well . A container of urine belonging to Shane MacGowan was auctioned by Clarke as the show drew to a close . The show was narrated by Stephen Rea , using an ironic tone . Clarke also wrote about her experiences in the Sunday Independent .   Pat Stacey , reviewer for the Evening Herald newspaper , gave the show one star out of five , calling it `` a disjointed and rushed production '' and questioning where the plot had been . Hilary Fannin , reviewer for The Irish Times newspaper , called the entire premise an `` anarchic idea '' , satirically suggesting it was time for Ozzy Osbourne and Sharon Osbourne to move on as a replacement had been found . Olaf Tyaransen called it `` an enjoyable hour of television '' . Dave O'Connell , reviewer for The Connacht Sentinel , `` watched gobsmacked and cringed quite a bit '' , though later admitted the show had been `` compulsive viewing '' .

neg: Jimmy Clitheroe James Robinson Clitheroe ( 24 December 1921 -- 6 June 1973 ) , popularly known as Jimmy Clitheroe , was an English comic entertainer . He is best remembered for his BBC Radio programme , The Clitheroe Kid ( 1956-72 ) , a version of which was produced for television on the ITV network under the title Just Jimmy ( 1964-68 ) .

neg: Lily Tyler Lily Tyler ( previously Moore ) is a fictional character in the USA Network science fiction television series The 4400 .

neg: Motherland (TV series) Motherland is a British sitcom , all about navigating the trials and traumas of middle-class motherhood .   A pilot episode , written by a team including Graham Linehan and Sharon Horgan , was first broadcast on BBC Two on 6 September 2016 as part of BBC 2 's `` Sitcom Season '' . It starred Anna Maxwell Martin as Julia an overstressed working mother , trying to juggle the demands of her children , her husband and her job .   The BBC subsequently ordered a full series .

neg: WOW! (TV series) WOW ! was a children 's entertainment magazine programme , broadcast in 1996 on the UK 's ITV television network ( under the CITV branding ) . It aired for 16 weeks from 31 August to 14 December 1996 , preceded by the Summer 1996 run of Scratchy & Co. and followed by the spring 1997 run of the same show .   The presenters of WOW ! were Simeon Courtie ( previously of CBBC ) and Sophie Aldred ( a former Doctor Who star ) . The programme was broadcast from The Maidstone Studios in Maidstone , Kent , also home over the years to shows such as No. 73 , Motormouth , and Holly & Stephen 's Saturday Showdown . ( On one occasion , a power issue in the studio meant that part of the episode was an outside broadcast from the studio car park . ) The programme was produced by The Media Merchants in association with Meridian Television for ITV .   The show was a live , anarchic , entertainment magazine similar to Tiswas or Motormouth . It featured imported cartoons , guest interviews and music performances , games and competitions , and comedy . Comic characters featured within the show included the ` Tea Ladies ' - played by male actors Peter Cocks and Woody Taylor - supposedly ` interrupting ' the show to provide banter and bicker with the guests ; and Syd the Spider , a puppet arachnid voiced by Phil Cornwell .   The show was dropped after a single run , and the following autumn , ITV aired the series Tricky .

neg: Just William (disambiguation) Just William is the first book of children 's short stories by Richmal Crompton featuring the fictional schoolboy William Brown .   Just William may also refer to the following which are all based on the short stories by Richmal Crompton featuring William Brown :  Just William ( book series )  Just William ( film ) , a 1940 British comedy film  Just William ( 1970s TV series )  Just William ( 1990s TV series )  Just William ( 2010 TV series )  Just William ( radio series )

neg: Mary and Martha (film) Mary and Martha is a 2013 British-American television film starring Hilary Swank and Brenda Blethyn , and directed by Phillip Noyce . Based on a screenplay by Richard Curtis , it was produced by Working Title Television , in association with the BBC and NBCUniversal . The film had its UK premiere on March 1 , 2013 on the BBC and premiered in the US on HBO on April 20 , 2013 . based on a true story .

neg: The Duchess of Duke Street The Duchess of Duke Street is a BBC television drama series set in London between 1900 and 1925 . It was created by John Hawkesworth , previously the producer of the ITV period drama Upstairs , Downstairs . It starred Gemma Jones as Louisa Leyton/Trotter , the eponymous `` Duchess '' who works her way up from servant to renowned cook to proprietrix of the upper-class Bentinck Hotel in Duke Street , St. James 's , in London .   The story is loosely based on the real-life career of Rosa Lewis ( née Ovenden ) , the `` Duchess of Jermyn Street '' , who ran the Cavendish Hotel in London . When the show first aired , there were many people who still remembered her , as she lived until 1952 . According to census returns , she was born in Leyton , Essex , to a watchmaker . In the series , Louisa 's family name is Leyton , and her father is a clock-maker .   The programme lasted for two series totalling 31 episodes , shown in 1976 and 1977 . It was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series in 1980 . The theme music was composed by Alexander Faris .


query: Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice is a movie that features popular Hollywood actors and actresses.

pos: Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice is a 2016 American superhero film featuring the DC Comics characters Batman and Superman . Directed by Zack Snyder and distributed by Warner Bros. . Pictures , the film is the second installment in the DC Extended Universe following 2013 's Man of Steel . It was written by Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer , and features an ensemble cast that includes Ben Affleck , Henry Cavill , Amy Adams , Jesse Eisenberg , Diane Lane , Laurence Fishburne , Jeremy Irons , Holly Hunter and Gal Gadot . Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice is the first live-action film to feature Batman and Superman together , as well as the first live-action cinematic portrayal of Wonder Woman , Aquaman , The Flash and Cyborg . In the film , criminal mastermind Lex Luthor manipulates Batman into a preemptive battle with Superman , whom Luthor is obsessed with defeating .   The film was announced at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con International , after the release of Man of Steel . Snyder stated that the film would take inspiration from the Batman comic book series The Dark Knight Returns by Frank Miller , but clarified that it would follow an original premise . The incarnation of Batman in the film would also be different from the character 's previous portrayal in The Dark Knight Trilogy , serving as a cinematic reboot of the character . The film is also inspired by narrative elements from the `` Death of Superman '' story arc . Pre-production began at East Los Angeles College in October 2013 , with principal photography starting in May 2014 in Detroit , Michigan . Additional filming also took place in Chicago .   Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice premiered at the Auditorio Nacional in Mexico City on March 19 , 2016 , and was released in the United States on March 25 , 2016 , in 2D , 3D , IMAX 3D , 4DX , premium large formats and 70 mm prints . Following a strong debut that set new box office records , the film experienced a historic drop in its second weekend and never recovered . Despite turning a profit , it was deemed a box office disappointment and received generally unfavorable reviews from critics for its tone , screenplay and pacing , though some praised the visual style and acting performances . A director 's cut , dubbed the `` Ultimate Edition '' and features 30 minutes of additional footage , was released digitally on June 28 , 2016 , and on Blu-ray and DVD on July 19 , 2016 . A follow-up , Justice League , is set to be released in November 2017 , and a standalone Superman sequel is currently in development .

neg: All Star DC Comics All Star was an imprint of ongoing comic book titles published by American company DC Comics that ran from 2005 to 2008 . DC has published two titles under the All-Star banner , featuring Batman and Superman .   The premise of the imprint was to partner DC Comics ' top tier characters with the most popular and acclaimed writers and artists . The creators had access to all elements in the characters ' histories to present their interpretation for a modern audience that have not read these DC characters ' comics previously , or had not seen them lately . The creative teams were not beholden to any previous and present continuities , and told stories that featured `` the most iconic versions of these characters '' .   The project had been compared to the Ultimate line of Marvel Comics , which was a successful attempt to re-introduce Marvel 's most popular characters to a new generation of readers by presenting new , updated versions unburdened by decades of plotlines . There were several differences between the two imprints , though . While the Ultimate titles have closely interrelated storylines , of the two All-Star series released , there has been no effort to make them conform to each other or indicate they exist in the same continuity . Another is that All-Star did not seek to introduce brand new versions of the characters so much as to present them in unhindered continuity . Robin 's origin was the only one `` rebooted '' in this imprint .   Some observers , and DC themselves , had pointed to the return of DC 's major film franchises as an impetus for All-Star . `` No one can doubt that some kind of continuity shedding is necessary with Superman and Batman coming to the big screens , '' the website Comicon.com wrote . `` Moviegoers entertained by these films would find the current comics storylines impenetrable '' .   With the end of Grant Morrison and Frank Quitely 's All-Star Superman and the rebranding of Frank Miller and Jim Lee 's All Star Batman and Robin as Dark Knight : Boy Wonder as well as the introduction of the DC : Earth One line of OGNs , the imprint is effectively defunct .

neg: Ingrid Oliu Ingrid Oliu ( born 1963 ) is an American actress . She played the role of Guadalupe `` Lupe '' Escobar in the Academy Award nominated film Stand and Deliver . She voiced the role of Officer Rene Montoya in Batman : The Animated Series . She also co-starred as Estela Garcia , in the film Real Women Have Curves .

neg: Scarlett Johansson Scarlett Johansson ( -LSB- dʒoʊˈhænsən -RSB- born November 22 , 1984 ) is an American actress , model , and singer . She made her film debut in the fantasy comedy North ( 1994 ) . Johansson subsequently starred in Manny & Lo ( 1996 ) , and garnered further acclaim and prominence with roles in The Horse Whisperer ( 1998 ) and Ghost World ( 2001 ) . She shifted to adult roles with her performances in Girl with a Pearl Earring ( 2003 ) and Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) , for which she won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role .   Her subsequent films included A Love Song for Bobby Long ( 2004 ) , Match Point ( 2005 ) , The Island ( 2005 ) , The Black Dahlia ( 2006 ) , The Prestige ( 2006 ) , The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2008 ) , Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) , He 's Just Not That Into You ( 2009 ) , Don Jon ( 2013 ) , Her ( 2013 ) , Under the Skin ( 2013 ) , Lucy ( 2014 ) , The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) , and Ghost in the Shell ( 2017 ) . Since 2008 , Johansson has also portrayed the Marvel Comics character Black Widow in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . She won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play for her performance in the 2010 Broadway revival of A View from the Bridge . As a singer , Johansson has released two albums , Anywhere I Lay My Head ( 2008 ) and Break Up ( 2009 ) .   Johansson is considered one of Hollywood 's modern sex symbols , and has frequently appeared in published lists of the sexiest women in the world . , she is the highest-grossing actress of all time in North America , with her films making over $ 3.6 billion . In 2016 , she was the highest-grossing actress , with a $ 1.2 billion total for the year .

neg: List of Superman supporting characters The List of supporting characters in `` Superman '' is the cast of characters secondary to the main character of Superman in the Superman comics , television programs , cartoons , and movies . Almost all versions reference the source material of the comic book version and therefore the various iterations in all forms of media share an overlapping set of characters .

neg: The World's Greatest Super-Heroes The World 's Greatest Super-Heroes is the name to the oversized slipcased hardcover anthology collection , that reprinted six oversized graphic novels all created by artist Alex Ross and writer Paul Dini . Four graphic novels were originally published to celebrate the 60th anniversary of DC main characters : Superman , Batman , Captain Marvel and Wonder Woman , thus Superman : Peace on Earth were published in 1998 , Batman : War on Crime in 1999 , Shazam ! : Power of Hope in 2000 and finally Wonder Woman : Spirit of Truth in 2001 . Alex Ross original idea was make a statement about the four superhero comics archetypes : Science Fiction ( Superman ) , Crime/Mystery ( Batman ) , Magic ( Captain Marvel ) and Myth ( Wonder Woman ) .   In the following year , DC Comics also published one extra book : JLA : Secret Origins . Not featuring any storyline whatsoever , it only presented the origins of the four main characters already published in the previous books and the origins of other Justice League characters : Green Lantern , Flash , Green Arrow , Black Canary , Martian Manhunter , Hawkman , Hawkgirl and Plastic Man . Every origin was present in two-pages layout based on Joe Shuster 's origin of Superman from Action Comics # 1 .   The final book , published in 2003 , JLA : Liberty and Justice presented a full story featuring the entire group , the first time that Alex Ross was able to use all characters in the current timeline . The artwork is of Ross ' very own photorealism , and the books themselves were created after the success of Ross ' and writer Mark Waid 's famous Kingdom Come .   The World 's Greatest Super-Heroes was released on August 1 , 2005 on dust-jacket slipcase hardcover edition ( 9.6 '' x 13 '' ) and got paperback reprint ( 8.2 '' x 11 '' ) on September 28 , 2010 . Both collected versions are smaller than the original Treasury Editions ( 10 '' x 13.5 '' ) .

neg: List of Justice Society members The Justice Society of America is a team of comic book superheroes published by DC Comics .   JSA members are listed here only once - in order of their first joining the team . Retconned members are listed only where they historically took part in the stories . Only official members are listed . No unofficial , reserves or honorary members .   Characters in bold are currently active JSA members .   Note : In the wake of DC Comics ' Flashpoint event , the history of the JSA has been rebooted . A new version of the team appears in the series Earth-2 . Characters ' last known status is listed below .

neg: Film series A film series ( also referred to as a film franchise ) is a collection of related films in succession that share the same fictional universe , or are marketed as a series .   Sometimes the work is conceived from the beginning as a multiple-film work , for example the Three Colours series , but in most cases the success of the original film inspires further films to be made . Individual sequels are relatively common , but are not always successful enough to spawn further installments .   The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the highest grossing film series in unadjusted US Dollar figures surpassing the Harry Potter , Star Wars , James Bond , and Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings series . However , `` Star Wars '' has the highest when adjusted for inflation .

neg: Billy Dee Williams William December `` Billy Dee '' Williams Jr. ( born April 6 , 1937 ) is an American actor , artist , singer , and writer . He is best known for his role as Lando Calrissian in the Star Wars film franchise , as well as acting in the movies Brian 's Song , Nighthawks , The Last Angry Man , Carter 's Army , and for playing Harvey Dent in Tim Burton 's Batman ( 1989 ) .

neg: Peter Greene Peter Greene ( born Peter Green ; October 8 , 1965 ) is an American character actor , generally known for playing villains .

neg: The Dark Knight (film) The Dark Knight is a 2008 superhero film directed , co-produced , and co-written by Christopher Nolan . Featuring the DC Comics character Batman , the film is the second part of Nolan 's The Dark Knight Trilogy and a sequel to 2005 's Batman Begins , starring an ensemble cast including Christian Bale , Michael Caine , Heath Ledger , Gary Oldman , Aaron Eckhart , Maggie Gyllenhaal and Morgan Freeman . In the film , Bruce Wayne/Batman ( Bale ) , James Gordon ( Oldman ) and Harvey Dent ( Eckhart ) form an alliance to dismantle organized crime in Gotham City , but are menaced by a criminal mastermind known as the Joker ( Ledger ) who seeks to undermine Batman 's influence and create chaos .   Nolan 's inspiration for the film was the Joker 's comic book debut in 1940 , the 1988 graphic novel The Killing Joke , and the 1996 series The Long Halloween , which retold Two-Face 's origin . The nickname `` the Dark Knight '' was first applied to Batman in Batman # 1 ( 1940 ) , in a story written by Bill Finger . The Dark Knight was filmed primarily in Chicago , as well as in several other locations in the United States , the United Kingdom , and Hong Kong . Nolan used IMAX 70 mm film cameras to film some sequences , including the Joker 's first appearance in the film . The film is dedicated to the memory of Ledger , who died on January 22 , 2008 , some months after the completed filming and six months before the film 's release , from a toxic combination of prescription drugs , leading to intense attention from the press and movie-going public . Warner Bros. initially created a viral marketing campaign for The Dark Knight , developing promotional websites and trailers highlighting screenshots of Ledger as the Joker .   A co-production of the United States and the United Kingdom , The Dark Knight was released on July 16 , 2008 in Australia , on July 18 , 2008 , in North America , and on July 25 , 2008 , in the United Kingdom . Considered by film critics to be one of the best films of the 2000s and one of the best superhero films ever , the film received highly positive reviews and set numerous records during its theatrical run . The Dark Knight appeared on more critics ' top ten lists ( 287 ) than any other film of 2008 with the exception of WALL-E , and more critics ( 77 ) named The Dark Knight the best film of 2008 than any other film released that year . With over $ 1 billion in revenue worldwide , it is the 29th-highest-grossing film of all time , unadjusted for inflation . The film received eight Academy Award nominations ; it won the award for Best Sound Editing and Ledger was posthumously awarded Best Supporting Actor . The Dark Knight Rises , the final film in the trilogy , was released on July 20 , 2012 .

neg: List of Batman Family adversaries The Batman Family adversaries or the rogues gallery are a collective of fictional supervillains appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . These characters are depicted as adversaries of the superhero Batman and his allies .   Since Batman first appeared in Detective Comics # 27 ( May 1939 ) , his supporting cast has expanded to include other superheroes , and has become what is now informally called the Batman Family . As with most superheroes , a cast of recurring enemies to the Batman Family have been introduced throughout the decades , collectively referred to as the rogues gallery . Many characters from Batman 's rogues gallery who are criminally insane become patients at Arkham Asylum after they are apprehended .   The Batman Family 's rogues gallery has widely been well received , considered by many journalists to be one of the greatest superhero rogues galleries in all of comics .

neg: B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity .   In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics .   Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie .   From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .

neg: Batman: Mask of the Phantasm Batman : Mask of the Phantasm ( also known as Batman : The Animated Movie ) is a 1993 American animated neo-noir superhero mystery film feauring the DC Comics character Batman . Directed by Eric Radomski and Bruce Timm , it is based on the hit TV series Batman : The Animated Series and was distributed by Warner Bros. . Pictures . The film was written by Alan Burnett , Paul Dini , Martin Pasko and Michael Reaves and stars the vocal talents of Kevin Conroy , Mark Hamill and Efrem Zimbalist , Jr. ( all reprising their roles from The Animated Series ) , in addition to Dana Delany , Hart Bochner , Stacy Keach , and Abe Vigoda . It revolves around Batman attempting to apprehend a mysterious vigilante who 's murdering Gotham City 's crime bosses .   The film was originally thought of as a direct-to-video release . Warner Bros. ultimately decided for a theatrical release , giving the filmmakers a strenuous eight-month schedule . Mask of the Phantasm was released on December 25 , 1993 to widespread acclaim from critics , who praised the animation , voice performances , storyline and music , among others . However , due to the decision to release the film in theaters on such short notice , it failed at the box office .   After its release on home video , the film found cult success and over the years developed a cult following . The film 's success led to two direct-to-video standalone sequels , Batman & Mr. Freeze : SubZero in 1997 and Mystery of the Batwoman in 2003 . In recent years , many publications including Time , IGN and WhatCulture , have ranked it as one of the best Batman films ever made and among the best animated films ever made .

neg: Superstar Superstar is a term used to refer to some one who has great popular appeal and is widely known , prominent , or successful in some field . Celebrities referred to as `` superstars '' may include individuals who work as actors , actresses , musicians , athletes , and other media-based professions .

neg: Action Comics Action Comics is an American comic book series that introduced Superman , one of the first major superhero characters as the term is popularly defined . The publisher was originally known as National Allied Publications , and later as National Comics Publications and as National Periodical Publications , before taking on its current name of DC Comics . Its original incarnation ran from 1938 to 2011 and stands as one of the longest-running comic books with consecutively numbered issues . A second volume of Action Comics with issue # 1 ran from 2011 to 2016 . Action Comics returned to its original numbering beginning with issue # 957 ( Aug. 2016 ) .

neg: Huntress (comics) Huntress is the name of several fictional superheros appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics , commonly in association with Batman . The two most well known women to bear the Huntress name are Helena Bertinelli and Helena Wayne , the latter being from an alternate DC universe . Although Helena Wayne and Helena Bertinelli are both superheroes , the Huntress of the Golden Age was a supervillain .

neg: Legion of Super-Heroes The Legion of Super-Heroes is a fictional superhero team appearing in books published by DC Comics . Created by writer Otto Binder and artist Al Plastino , the Legion is a group of superpowered beings living in the 30th and 31st centuries of the , and first appears in Adventure Comics # 247 ( April 1958 ) .   Initially , the team was closely associated with the original Superboy character ( Superman when he was a teenager ) , and was portrayed as a group of time travelers . Later , the Legion 's origin and back story were fleshed out , and the group was given its own monthly comic . Eventually , Superboy was removed from the team altogether and appeared only as an occasional guest star .   The team has undergone two major reboots during its run . The original version was replaced with a new rebooted version following the events of the `` Zero Hour '' storyline in 1994 and another rebooted team was introduced in 2004 . A fourth version of the team , nearly identical to the original version , was introduced in 2007 .

neg: The DVF Awards The DVF Awards , supported by The Diller-von Furstenberg Family Foundation , are given annually to provide recipients with the exposure and resources necessary to extend their efforts on behalf of women all over the world . The DVF Awards were conceived by Diane von Furstenberg in 2010 with the goal of honoring women who have displayed leadership , strength , and courage in their commitment to their causes . Every year , each Honoree receives a $ 50,000 grant from the Foundation to further their work . The inaugural DVF Awards were presented on March 13 , 2010 at a ceremony hosted by Diane von Fürstenberg and Tina Brown at the United Nations on the closing night of The Women in the World Summit .  Each year , two DVF Awards are given to women within The Vital Voices Global Partnership . In addition , the Inspiration Award is given to a woman who has demonstrated strength and courage in the face of adversity , and is using her experience and influence to effect positive change . The People 's Voice Award is also given annually to a woman chosen from a field of nominees selected by The DVF Awards Board of Advisors and voted on by the public at DVFAwards.com . The Lifetime Leadership Award honors an individual who has dedicated her life and body of work to instilling in other women the courage to fight , the power to survive and the leadership to inspire . Past recipients include Gloria Steinem , Ingrid Betancourt , Hillary Clinton , Oprah Winfrey and Robin Roberts .   Presenters at The DVF Awards have included Meryl Streep , Iman , Olivia Wilde , Jessica Alba , Deborah Winger , Gabby Douglas , and Chelsea Clinton .   2017 Honorees   The International Award : Yoani Sánchez , 14ymedio   The International Award : Baljeet Sandhu , Migrant & Refugee Children 's Legal Unit ( MiCLU )   The People 's Voice Award : Louise Dubé , iCivics   The Inspiration Award : Karlie Kloss , Kode With Klossy   The Lifetime Leadership Award : Dr. Jane Goodall , The Jane Goodall Institute ( JGI )   2016 Honorees   The International Award : Maria Pacheco , Wakami   The International Award : Agnes Igoye , Huts for Peace   The People 's Voice Award : Emily Greener , I AM THAT GIRL   The Inspiration Award : Sarah Jones , Girls Educational and Mentoring Services ' , The Legal Aid Society and Sanctuary for Families   The Lifetime Leadership Award : Dr. Martine Rothblatt , Los Angeles LGBT Center and The Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice   2015 Honorees   The International Award : Adimaimalaga Tafuna'I , Women In Business   The International Award : Samar Minallah Khan , Ethnomedia   The People 's Voice Award : Becky Straw and Jody Landers , The Adventure Project   The Inspiration Award : Gabrielle Giffords , Americans for Responsible Solutions   The Lifetime Leadership Award : Melanne Verveer , The Georgetown Institute for Women , Peace and Security at Georgetown University   2014 Honorees   The DVF Award : Kah Walla , STRATEGIES !   The DVF Award : Liron Peleg-Hadomi & Noha Khatieb   The People 's Voice Award : Veronika Scott , The Empowerment Plan   The Inspiration Award : Alicia Keys , Keep a Child Alive   The Lifetime Leadership Award : Gloria Steinem , Equality Now and Donor Direct Action   2013 Honorees   The DVF Award : Sunitha Krishnan , Prajwala  The DVF Award : Andeisha Farid , Afghan Child Education and Caring Organization ( AFCECO ) .  The People 's Voice Award : Tammy Tibbetts , She 's the First  The Inspiration Award : Natalia Vodianova , Naked Heart Foundation  The Lifetime Leadership Award : Robin Roberts , Be the Match   2012 Honorees  The DVF Award : Panmela Castro , Rede Nami  The DVF Award : Chouchou Namegabe , South Kivu 's Association of Women Journalists  The People 's Voice Award : Layli Miller-Muro , Tahirih Justice Center  The Inspiration Award : Jaycee Dugard , The JAYC Foundation  The Lifetime Leadership Award : Oprah Winfrey , The Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy Foundation   2011 Honorees  The DVF Award : Sohini Chakraborty , Kolkata Sanved  The DVF Award : Kakenya Ntaiya , Kakenya Center for Excellence  The People 's Voice Award : Taryn Davis , The American Widow Project  The Inspiration Award : Elizabeth Smart , Elizabeth Smart Foundation  The Lifetime Leadership Award : Secretary of State Hillary Clinton   2010 Honorees  The DVF Award : Danielle Saint-Lot , Femmes en Démocratie  The DVF Award : Sadiqa Basiri Saleem , The Oruj Learning Center  The People 's Voice Award : Katherine Chon , The Polaris Project  The Lifetime Leadership Award : Ingrid Betancourt , The Ingrid Betancourt Foundation

neg: Hollywood Don't Surf! Hollywood Do n't Surf ! is a 2011 documentary film that premiered in the 2010 Cannes Film Festival while a work in progress and held its North American premiere at the 2011 Telluride Film Festival , where it was presented to a packed park at the Abel Gance Outdoor theater by actress Daryl Hannah .   Narrated by Robert Englund , the film explores the purportedly strained relationship between Hollywood film makers and the surfing community . After an irreverent and wild main title sequence ( including the first printed and filmed images of surfing ) , Hollywood Do n't Surf ! examines the legendary film Gidget and the subsequent surf exploitation genre that followed , centering on the ambitious John Milius written and directed 1978 Warner Bros. film Big Wednesday , a commercial disappointment at the time , and the smattering of surf films that followed as Big Wednesday enjoyed a subsequent rebirth as a cult film on home video .   The documentary features :  Quentin Tarantino  Steven Spielberg  John Milius  Jan-Michael Vincent  Robert Englund  Stacy Peralta  Gary Busey  Lee Purcell  Frankie Avalon  John Stockwell  Nia Peeples  William Katt  Laird Hamilton  Greg Noll  Kathy Kohner-Zuckerman  Rick Dano  Holly Beck

neg: Lists of celebrities A celebrity is a person who is widely recognized in a given society and commands a degree of public and media attention . The word is derived from the Latin celebritas , from the adjective celeber ( `` famous , '' `` celebrated '' ) . Being a celebrity is often one of the highest degrees of notability , although the word notable is mistakened to be synonymous with the title celebrity , fame , prominence etc. . As in Wikipedia , articles written about notable people does n't necessarily synonymize them as a celebrity .   The following are lists of celebrities :  List of actors  List of African-American female models  List of African-American television personalities  List of American female models  List of American television personalities  List of Australian television personalities  List of British television personalities  List of celebrities on The Simpsons  List of celebrity guest stars on Sesame Street  List of comedians  List of dance personalities  List of dancers  List of fashion designers  List of female models  List of film and television directors  List of Forbes Celebrity 100  List of models  List of musicians  List of singers  List of singer-songwriters  List of sportspeople  List of stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame  List of stars on the London Avenue of Stars  List of tattoo artists  List of television presenters  List of male boxers  List of female boxers  List of writers  List of social thinkers  List of wrestlers  List of YouTubers