query: The English Civil War's Parliamentarians were commonly referred to as "Roundheads".

pos: English Civil War The English Civil War ( 1642 -- 1651 ) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians ( `` Roundheads '' ) and Royalists ( `` Cavaliers '' ) over , principally , the manner of England 's government . The first ( 1642 -- 46 ) and second ( 1648 -- 49 ) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament , while the third ( 1649 -- 51 ) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament . The war ended with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651 .   The overall outcome of the war was threefold : the trial and execution of Charles I ( 1649 ) ; the exile of his son , Charles II ( 1651 ) ; and the replacement of English monarchy with , at first , the Commonwealth of England ( 1649 -- 53 ) and then the Protectorate under the personal rules of Oliver Cromwell ( 1653 -- 58 ) and his son ( 1658 -- 59 ) . The monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England ended with the victors ' consolidating the established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland . Constitutionally , the wars established the precedent that an English monarch can not govern without Parliament 's consent , although the idea of Parliament as the ruling power of England was only legally established as part of the Glorious Revolution in 1688 .

neg: Copperhead (politics) In the 1860s , the Copperheads comprised a vocal faction of Democrats in the Northern United States of the Union who opposed the American Civil War , wanting an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates . Republicans started calling anti-war Democrats `` Copperheads '' , likening them to the venomous snake . Those Democrats accepted the label , reinterpreting the copper `` head '' as the likeness of Liberty , which they cut from Liberty Head large cent coins and proudly wore as badges . Democratic supporters of the war , by contrast , were called War Democrats .   The Copperheads represented the more extreme wing of the `` Northern Democrats '' . Notable Copperheads included two Democratic congressmen from Ohio : Clement L. Vallandigham and Alexander Long . Republican prosecutors accused some prominent Copperheads of treason in a series of trials in 1864 .   Copperheadism , a highly contentious , grass-roots movement , had its strongest base in the area just north of the Ohio River , as well as in some urban ethnic wards . Some historians have argued that it represented a traditionalistic element alarmed at the rapid modernization of society sponsored by the Republican Party , and that it looked back to Jacksonian Democracy for inspiration . Weber ( 2006 ) argues that the Copperheads damaged the Union war effort by opposing conscription ( the `` draft '' ) , encouraging desertion , and forming conspiracies , but other historians say that the draft was already in disrepute and that the Republicans greatly exaggerated the conspiracies for partisan reasons .   Historians agree that the Copperheads ' goal of restoring the Union with slavery was naive and impractical , for the Confederates refused to consider giving up their independence . The Copperheads became a major target of the Union ( Republican ) party in the 1864 presidential election . Copperhead support increased when Union armies did poorly , and decreased when they won great victories . After the fall of Atlanta in September 1864 , Union military success seemed assured , and Copperheadism collapsed .

neg: Siege of Oxford The Siege of Oxford refers to the English Civil War military campaigns waged to besiege the Royalist controlled city of Oxford , involving three short engagements over twenty-five months , which ended with a Parliamentarian victory in June 1646 .   The first engagement was in May 1644 , during which King Charles I escaped , thus preventing a formal siege . The second , in May 1645 , had barely started when Sir Thomas Fairfax was given orders to stop and pursue the King to Naseby instead . The last siege began in May 1646 and was a formal siege of some three months ; but the war was obviously over and negotiation , rather than fighting , took precedence . Being careful not to inflict too much damage on the city , Fairfax even sent in food to the King 's second son , James , and was happy to conclude the siege with an honourable agreement before any further escalation occurred .

neg: Parson's Cause The `` Parson 's Cause '' was a legal and political dispute in the Colony of Virginia often viewed as an important event leading up to the American Revolution . Colonel John Henry , father of Patrick Henry , was the judge who presided over the court case and jury that decided the issue . The relatively unknown Patrick Henry advocated in favor of colonial rights in the case .   In 1758 , the Virginia colonial legislature passed the Two Penny Act . According to legislation passed in 1748 , Virginia 's Anglican clergy were to be paid 16,000 pounds of tobacco per year , one of the colony 's major commodity crops . Following a poor harvest in 1758 , the price of tobacco rose from two to six pennies per pound , effectively inflating clerical salaries . The House of Burgesses responded by passing legislation allowing debts in tobacco to be paid in currency at a rate of two pennies per pound . King George III of Great Britain vetoed the law , causing an uproar in the colony . Many Virginia legislators saw the king 's veto as a breach of their legislative authority .   The Reverend James Maury had sued in Hanover County Court ( April 1 , 1762 ) for back wages on behalf of all the ministers involved , and he effectively became a representative of the British cause . The court ruled ( Nov. 5 , 1763 ) that Maury 's claim was valid , but that the amount of damages had to be determined by a jury , which was called for in December 1763 . Patrick Henry , then relatively unknown , rose to prominence by defending Hanover County against Maury 's claims . Henry argued in favor of the Two Penny Act . As reported by the plaintiff Maury in a letter ( Dec. 12 , 1763 ) to fellow Anglican minister John Camm shortly after the trial , Henry argued in substance `` that a King , by disallowing Acts of this salutary nature , from being the father of his people , degenerated into a Tyrant and forfeits all right to his subjects ' obedience . ''   The jury awarded Maury one penny in damages . The award essentially nullified the Crown veto , and no other clergy sued .   The Hanover County Courthouse is still operating ; historic U.S. Route 301 passes by it . The courthouse is adjacent to the Hanover Tavern , where Patrick Henry lodged while arguing the Parson 's Cause , and is the third oldest courthouse still in use in the United States . The state historic office dates the building 's construction between 1737 and 1742 .

neg: Cavalier poet The cavalier poets was a school of English poets of the 17th century , that came from the classes that supported King Charles I during the English Civil War . Charles , a connoisseur of the fine arts , supported poets who created the art he craved . These poets in turn grouped themselves with the King and his service , thus becoming Cavalier Poets .   A cavalier was traditionally a mounted soldier or knight , but when the term was applied to those who supported Charles it was meant to portray them as roistering gallants . The term was thus meant to belittle and insult . However , it became the term applied to those who supported Charles . They were separate in their lifestyle and divided on religion from the Roundheads , who supported Parliament , consisting often of Puritans ( either Presbyterians or Independents ) .   The best known of the cavalier poets are Robert Herrick , Richard Lovelace , Thomas Carew , and Sir John Suckling . Most of the cavalier poets were courtiers , with notable exceptions . For example , Robert Herrick was not a courtier , but his style marks him as a cavalier poet .

neg: Wellington Declaration The `` Wellington Declaration '' ( otherwise known as the Declaration of Wellington ) was a manifesto by King Charles I near the start of the English Civil War   On 18 September 1642 , before the first major pitched battle of Civil War , King Charles I raised his standard `` in the vicinity of '' ( i.e. not actually in ) Wellington , at the time a small , though highly influential , market town in Shropshire and addressed his troops the next day . He declared that he would uphold `` the Protestant Religion , the Laws of England , and the Liberty of Parliament '' .   The Wellington Declaration was held to be so important that the Royal Mint stamped its slogans on the reverse of the 10 / - silver coins RELIG : PROT : LEG : ANG : LIBER : PAR and silver half crowns ( 2/6 ) REL.PRO.LEG.ANG.LIB.PAR that it produced at that time . The inscriptions abbreviate the words `` RELIGIO PROTESTANTIUM , LEGES ANGLIAE , LIBERTAS PARLIAMENTI '' , which is the declaration in Latin .

neg: Duration of English Parliaments before 1660 This article augments the List of Parliaments of England to be found elsewhere ( see link below ) and to precede Duration of English , British and United Kingdom Parliaments from 1660 , with additional information which could not be conveniently incorporated in them .   The definition of which bodies should be classified as Parliaments becomes increasingly problematic before the accession of the Tudor monarchs , starting with King Henry VII . Different sources may vary in the number of Parliaments in a particular reign .   The columns in the tables below count backwards from the Parliament elected in 2005 . This is not the conventional way of numbering Parliaments . The No . column contains the number counting forward from the accession of particular monarchs of England before 1660 ( or the Commonwealth and Protectorate regimes of the 1650s ) .   The duration column is calculated from the date of the first meeting of the Parliament , to that of dissolution , using a year-month-day format .

neg: Right-wing politics Right-wing politics hold that certain social orders and hierarchies are inevitable , natural , normal , or desirable , typically supporting this position on the basis of natural law , economics or tradition . Hierarchy and inequality may be viewed as natural results of traditional social differences or the competition in market economies . The term right-wing can generally refer to `` the conservative or reactionary section of a political party or system . ''   The political terms Right and Left were first used during the French Revolution ( 1789 -- 99 ) , and referred to seating arrangements in the French parliament ; those who sat to the right of the chair of the parliamentary president were broadly supportive of the institutions of the monarchist Ancien Régime . The original Right in France was formed as a reaction against the Left , and comprised those politicians supporting hierarchy , tradition , and clericalism . The use of the expression la droite ( the right ) became prominent in France after the restoration of the monarchy in 1815 , when it was applied to the Ultra-royalists . The people of English-speaking countries did not apply the terms `` right '' and `` left '' to their own politics until the 20th century .   Although the right-wing originated with traditional conservatives , monarchists and reactionaries , the term extreme right-wing has also been applied to movements including fascists , Nazis , and racial supremacists . From the 1830s to the 1880s , there was a shift in the Western world of social class structure and the economy , moving away from nobility and aristocracy towards capitalism . This general economic shift toward capitalism affected centre right movements such as the British Conservative Party , which responded by becoming supportive of capitalism . In the United States , the Right includes both economic and social conservatives . In Europe , economic conservatives are usually considered liberal , and the Right includes nationalists , nativist opposition to immigration , religious conservatives , and historically a significant presence of right-wing movements with anti-capitalist sentiments including conservatives and fascists who opposed what they saw as the selfishness and excessive materialism inherent in contemporary capitalism .

neg: Thomas King (MP) Thomas King ( died 1688 ) was an English merchant and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1659 and 1679 .   King married into a merchant family of Great Yarmouth , Norfolk and became a freeman of Yarmouth in 1647 . He was a victualler to the parliamentary navy . In 1650 he moved his business to Harwich but in 1657 the house he had built and his warehouse were requisitioned by parliament for a new dockyard . He then moved to London . In 1659 , he was elected Member of Parliament for Harwich in the Third Protectorate Parliament . He was commissioner for assessment for Essex from August 1660 to 1679 .   In 1661 King was elected MP for Harwich again in the Cavalier Parliament . He was commissioner for corporations for Essex from 1662 to 1663 and commissioner for assessment for Harwich from 1663 to 1679 . King 's parliamentary career was characterised by a pursuit of parliamentary income and suspicions of financial irregularity . He was one of the instigators of the Royal Fishery Company on which Samuel Pepys published a highly critical report in 1664 . Pepys found King had hung on to # 429 of voluntary subscriptions and `` insinuated in his accounts '' that he had assigned the lease of his house worth # 700 at Harwich to the Fishing Company . Pepys suggested it would be useful `` to inquire whether this house was not long ago otherwise disposed of by him '' and pointed out another instance where King was defrauding the Company .   King was deputy collector of hearth-tax for Suffolk from 1666 to 1667 and his partners accused him of withholding funds during the three-year farm . He was a gentleman of the privy chamber from 1671 to 1685 . He was commissioner for recusants for Essex in 1675 . In November 1675 , King entered a claim for parliamentary wages of # 238 6s . because he claimed his `` own private affairs were neglected '' while he had to live in London and Westminster for constant attendance in Parliament . He was satirized for his penury and subservience in `` The Chequer Inn '' , a poem written in connection with the impeachment of Danby who was making financial gains from his position as MP . He was described in `` Flagellum Parliamentarium '' , a satire attributed to Andrew Marvell , as `` a poor beggarly fellow who sold his vote to the treasurer for # 50 bribe '' while in `` A Seasonable Argument '' he was called `` a pensioner for # 50 a session , etc. , meat and drink , and now and then a suit of clothes '' . The corporation of Harwich said they were unable to meet King 's claim , but deposited # 90 with Sir Anthony Deane in 1677 to be invested on their behalf . In the winter of 1678 King nearly died of pleurisy , but `` crept to the House '' to vote for the Government . He received # 2,486 , between February 1680 and April 1688 either as interest for a loan he had made to Charles I , or `` as of free gift and royal bounty '' .   King died between April and October 1688 when the bounty was paid to his widow .   King married firstly on 18 January 1647 , Mary Gooch , daughter of Charles Gooch , merchant of Great Yarmouth , and had a son . His second wife was called Alice and she gave him two sons . His son Thomas was MP for Queenborough between 1696 and 1722 .

neg: Robert Greville, 2nd Baron Brooke Robert Greville , 2nd Baron Brooke ( May 1607 -- 2 March 1643 ) was an English Civil War Roundhead General .   Greville was the cousin and adopted son of Fulke Greville , 1st Baron Brooke , and thus became the second Lord Brooke , and owner of Warwick Castle . He was born in 1607 , and entered parliament for Warwick in 1628 . He attended parliament and took part in some debates , but an investigation took place into his election for Warwick , and it was voided on 31 May 1628 . Before a by-election could take place , Greville 's adopted father died , on 30 September 1628 , and Robert succeeded to the peerage that year , and thereafter was able to sit in the House of Lords . He was involved in the foundation of Saybrooke in Connecticut .   Greville was imprisoned by Charles I at York in 1639 for refusing to take the oath to fight for the king , and soon became an active member of the parliamentary party ; taking part in the Civil War he defeated the Royalists in a skirmish at Kineton in August 1642 .   During the Civil War , he commanded Parliament forces in Warwickshire and Staffordshire and was looked on by many as the Earl of Essex 's eventual successor . In 1642 he gained the victory of Kineton . He took Stratford-upon-Avon in February , 1643 and was killed shortly afterwards besieging Lichfield Cathedral on 2 March .   Greville was reportedly shot by a sniper ( a concealed person who fired at Greville with a rifle ) and many consider him to be the first recorded victim of sniper fire .   Brooke was eulogized as a friend of toleration by John Milton . He wrote on philosophical , theological and current political topics . The Cambridge History of English and American Literature said of Greville , :   He was an ardent puritan , and , in 1641 , wrote A Discourse opening the nature of that Episcopacie which is exercised in England , aimed at the political power of the bishops . In the same year was published his philosophical work The Nature of Truth . In this work , he refuses to distinguish between philosophy and theology . `` What is true philosophy but divinity ? '' he asks , `` and if it be not true , it is not philosophy . ''   Greville married Lady Catherine Russell , daughter of Francis Russell , 4th Earl of Bedford and Hon. Catherine Brydges , circa 1630 . They had three children :  Francis Greville , 3rd Baron Brooke  Robert Greville , 4th Baron Brooke  Fulke Greville , 5th Baron Brooke ( d. 22 October 1710 ) , father of Algernon Greville ( MP ) .

neg: Wars of the Three Kingdoms The Wars of the Three Kingdoms , sometimes known as the British Civil Wars , formed an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in England , Ireland and Scotland between 1639 and 1651 . The English Civil War proper has become the best-known of these conflicts and included the execution of the kingdoms ' monarch , Charles I , by the English parliament in 1649 .   The history of these wars is often extended to include the uprisings and conflicts that continued through the 1650s until the English Restoration of the monarchy with Charles II , in 1660 , and sometimes until Venner 's uprising the following year . The wars were the outcome of tensions over religious and civil issues . Religious disputes centred on whether religion was to be dictated by the monarch or the choice of the individual , with many people feeling that they ought to have freedom of religion . The related civil questions were to what extent the king 's rule was constrained by parliaments -- in particular his right to raise taxes and armed forces without consent . Furthermore , the wars also had an element of national conflict , as Ireland and Scotland rebelled against England 's primacy within the Three Kingdoms . The victory of the English Parliament -- ultimately under Oliver Cromwell -- over the king , the Irish and the Scots helped to determine the future of Great Britain and Ireland as a constitutional monarchy with political power centred on London .   The wars included the Bishops ' Wars of 1639 and 1640 , the Scottish Civil War of 1644 -- 45 ; the Irish Rebellion of 1641 , Confederate Ireland , 1642 -- 49 and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649 ( collectively the Eleven Years War or Irish Confederate Wars ) ; and the First , Second and Third English Civil Wars of 1642 -- 46 , 1648 -- 49 and 1650 -- 51 .

neg: Irish Confederate Wars The Irish Confederate Wars , also called the Eleven Years ' War ( derived from the Irish language name Cogadh na hAon Bhliana Déag ) , took place in Ireland between 1641 and 1653 . It was the Irish theatre of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms -- a series of civil wars in the kingdoms of Ireland , England and Scotland ( all ruled by Charles I ) . The conflict in Ireland essentially started by pitting the native Irish Catholics against English and Scottish Protestant colonists and their supporters , and ended with Royalists , Irish Catholics and Scottish Presbyterians fighting the ultimate winners , the English Parliament . It was both a religious and an ethnic conflict -- fought over who would govern Ireland , whether it would be governed from England , which ethnic and religious group would own most of the land , and which religion would predominate in the country . It was the most destructive conflict in Irish history .

neg: Battle of Olney Bridge The Battle of Olney Bridge was a skirmish in the First English Civil War just outside the English town of Olney , Buckinghamshire on November 4 , 1643 , in which Royalist forces attacked the Parliamentarian forces holding Olney Bridge . The Parliamentarian forces held the bridge , and the remaining Royalists retreated .   The bridge for which the battle is named remains to this day . A memorial to the dead can be found on the site .

neg: Sheriff's March The Sheriff 's March was an annual procession at Gateshead Fell , County Durham .   Medieval Britain operated under a strict feudal system . Society was rigidly structured in a pyramidal form with the King ( or Queen ) at the apex as the highest authority in the land , ordinary citizens at the bottom with a variety of Lords , Bishops , Judges and other noblemen and landowners ranking variously in between . Allegiance and subservience to the Crown was required by all men and women at all times and on most occasions was demonstrated by the swearing of oaths . One such occasion occurred twice a year , when the Sheriff of Northumberland met with the Crown Judges who came to Newcastle upon Tyne and sat on the Assizes to hear any legal matters which required their attention . To further emphasise the importance and solemnity of these visitations , a procession was to be held prior to the official meeting of the parties .   At an inquisition at Tynemouth in 1278 , it was duly declared that the King of Scotland , the Archbishop of York , the Prior of Tynemouth , the Bishop of Durham and Gilbert de Umfraville , Earl of Angus should arrange to meet with the justices prior to their entry into Newcastle , provided that they came through the county of Yorkshire first .   On the appointed day , usually a Saturday , the procession of these learned men would take place , starting in Newcastle upon Tyne before crossing the River Tyne and passing into Gateshead . After a short refreshment break , - at Sheriff Mount , the procession then made its way slowly up the old ( and remarkably steep ) turnpike road until all concerned parties came to the designated meeting place . This was initially established at Chile Well , but latterly the procession came to `` light and go into the house '' .   The house in question was Ye Olde Cannon , located on the turnpike road at the crest of Gateshead Fell . This place was chosen because of the convenience of both the gentry of Northumberland and for the judges journeying from -LSB- -LSB- Durham , the sheriff having used the stables at Sheriff Mount - to change horse before the hill climb , this is a detached Victorian villa built and known as Sheriff Mount North & Sheriff Mount South - the large Mount stone bears presence to this fact , IHe rode uphill onward to the olde canon  The guy who compiled this is clearly not owning the house , and knows not the entire truth   England | Durham -RSB- -RSB- and it was there that wine and punch were again served to the members of the precession at the expense of the Sheriffs who would wait there until the judges made their arrival . Once they had done so , all would return to Newcastle upon Tyne .   It is not known for certain whether or not Chile Well was situated on the old turnpike road , but it is certainly possible that the two meeting points were one and the same place . A well was for many years situated across the road from the Cannon and this certainly lends credence to the possibility that the sites were , in fact , the same . Intriguingly , the well was inscribed :   `` As cold waters to a thirsty soulSo is good news from a far country . ''   This procession took place for over five hundred years , even continuing after the English Civil War in the seventeenth century had effectively destroyed the feudal system as the principal means of rule in Britain . Indeed , the procession was held until 1825 when , upon the completion of the far less steep turnpike road through Low Fell , the procession was rerouted and the meeting place became The New Cannon situated at the junction between the turnpike road and the Low Fell Road ( now Beaconsfield Road and Belle Vue Bank ) .   In 1832 , miners at the Sheriff Hill Colliery went on strike in protest of pay and the dangerous conditions at the colliery . When the Sheriff 's March reached the area of Gateshead Fell , they were confronted by angry workers carrying a banner depicting a rat taking cheese from the working men Shortly after , a Commons bill in 1838 abolished such processions and so the tradition was halted and the travelling dignitaries had to be accommodated at the expense of their hosts . An attempt to revive the procession in 1845 by the High Sheriff , Ralph Carr Elison , was largely abortive and no further attempt was made .   It is as a direct result of the `` Sheriff 's March '' that the area around Ye Olde Cannon and the old turnpike road became known as Sheriff Hill .

neg: Puritans The Puritans were a group of English Reformed Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to `` purify '' the Church of England from its `` Catholic '' practices , maintaining that the Church of England was only partially reformed .

neg: Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle Charles Howard , 1st Earl of Carlisle ( 1629 -- 24 February 1685 ) was an English military leader and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1653 and 1660 and was created Earl of Carlisle in 1661 .   Howard was the son and heir of Sir William Howard of Naworth in Cumberland , by Mary , daughter of William , Lord Eure , and great-grandson of Lord William Howard , `` Belted Will '' ( 1563 -- 1640 ) , the third son of Thomas Howard , 4th Duke of Norfolk . In 1645 he conformed to the Church of England and supported the government of the Commonwealth , being appointed High Sheriff of Cumberland in 1650 . He bought Carlisle Castle and became governor of the town . He distinguished himself at the Battle of Worcester on Cromwell 's side and made a member of the council of state in 1653 , chosen captain of the protector 's body-guard and selected to carry out various public duties . In 1653 he was nominated as Member of Parliament for the Four Northern Counties in the Barebones Parliament . He was elected MPP for Cumberland in 1654 .   In 1655 Howard was given a regiment , was appointed a commissioner to try the northern rebels , and a deputy major-general of Cumberland , Westmorland and Northumberland . He was re-elected MP for Cumberland in 1656 . In 1657 he was included in Cromwell 's House of Lords and voted for the protector 's assumption of the royal title the same year . In 1659 he urged Richard Cromwell to defend his government by force against the army leaders , but his advice being refused he used his influence in favor of a restoration of the monarchy , and after Richard 's fall he was imprisoned . In April 1660 he sat again in parliament for Cumberland , and at the Restoration was made custos rotulorum and Lord Lieutenant of Cumberland and Lord Lieutenant of Westmorland .   On 20 April 1661 Howard was created Baron Dacre of Gillesland , Viscount Howard of Morpeth , and Earl of Carlisle ; the same year he was made Vice-Admiral of Northumberland , Cumberland and Durham , and in 1662 joint commissioner for the office of Earl Marshal . In 1663 he was appointed ambassador to Russia , Sweden and Denmark , and in 1668 he carried the Garter to Charles XI of Sweden .   In 1667 Howard was made lieutenant-general of the forces and joint commander-in-chief of the four northernmost counties . In 1672 he became one of the commissioners for the office of Lord Lieutenant of Durham , and in 1673 deputy earl marshal .   He commanded a regiment in the fresh-raised Blackheath Army of 1673 , which was intended to see action against the Dutch . Following the Treaty of Westminster the regiment was disbanded .   In 1678 he was appointed governor of Jamaica , and reappointed governor of Carlisle . He died in 1685 , and was buried in York Minster . He married Anne ( d. 1696 ) , daughter of Edward Howard , 1st Baron Howard of Escrick , by whom he had six children :  Edward Howard , 2nd Earl of Carlisle ( c. 1646 -- 1692 )  Lady Katherine Howard ( 29 July 1662 -- March 1682 )  Hon. Frederick Christian Howard ( 5 November 1664 -- October 1684 ) , killed at the Siege of Luxembourg  Hon. Charles Howard ( 5 September 1668 -- 3 April 1670 )  Lady Mary Howard ( d. 27 October 1708 ) , married Sir John Fenwick , 3rd Baronet  Lady Anne Howard , married Richard Graham , 1st Viscount Preston   Colonel Thomas Howard ( died 1678 ) , notorious for the 1662 duel where he left Henry Jermyn , 1st Baron Dover for dead ( they being rivals for the affections of Anna Talbot , Countess of Shrewsbury ) , was his younger brother . He was pardoned and soon afterwards married as her third husband Mary Stewart , Duchess of Richmond .

neg: Fencibles The Fencibles ( from the word defencible ) were British militia regiments raised in the United Kingdom and in the colonies for defence against the threat of invasion during the Seven Years ' War , the American War of Independence , the French Revolutionary Wars , the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812 in the late 18th and early 19th centuries . Usually temporary units , composed of local volunteers and commanded by Regular Army officers , they were usually confined to garrison and patrol duties , freeing Regular Army units to perform offensive operations . They had no liability for overseas service .   They included naval forces known as `` River Fencibles '' , made up of boatmen on the Thames and other southern English towns and cities , as well as Sea Fencibles , who , among their other duties , manned small commercial vessels converted to coastal defense .

neg: First English Civil War The First English Civil War ( 1642 -- 1646 ) began the series of three wars known as the English Civil War ( or `` Wars '' ) . `` The English Civil War '' was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations that took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651 , and includes the Second English Civil War ( 1648 -- 1649 ) and the Third English Civil War ( 1649 -- 1651 ) .

neg: Push of pike The push of pike was a particular feature of late medieval and Early Modern warfare that occurred when two opposing columns of pikemen ( often Swiss mercenaries or Landsknechte ) met and became locked in position along a front of interleaved pikes . During push of pike , opposing blocks of pikemen would advance with their pikes `` charged '' horizontally at shoulder level to jab at one another until bodily contact was made . The two sides would then push physically until one or other of them gave way . The push of pike would continue until one of the opposing formations routed or fled , which would generally lead to massive casualties . Each man pressed on the one in front , and so sometimes the formations would crush against each other and many pikemen would have to fight in closer melee combat . The Italians referred to this as ` Bad War ' after seeing Swiss pikemen become locked in thick combat , where because both formations refused to back down both sides lost huge numbers of men in the bloody melee . Rodeleros along with the Doppelsöldner were used in order to break push of pike engagements . The push of pike played an important role in the English civil war as one-third of the infantry consisted of pikemen . Pikemen often cut down the lengths of their pikes in order to make them more manageable . This habit had on many occasions disastrous consequences as the side with the longest pikes had the advantage during push of pike .

neg: Nathaniel Whetham Nathaniel Whetham ( 1604 -- 16 September 1668 ) was an English baker and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1654 and 1659 . He fought in the Parliamentary army in the English Civil War .   Whetham was the son of Thomas Whetham and his wife Dorothy Hooper . He was baptised at Burstock on 25 November 1604 . He was apprenticed in London to Edward Terrill , the baker to the Inner Temple . By 1632 he had completed his apprenticeship and was appointed steward to the court of the Worshipful Company of Bakers . He joined the `` Company of the Plough '' which had secured a patent from Sir Ferdinando Gorges on land in South-East Maine with the aim of emigrating there but the venture was unsuccessful and he continued his trade in the Company of Whitebakers .   When the Civil War broke out , Whetham joined the City of London militia and was appointed major of dragoons and a captain of one of their companies under colonel Richard Browne . Whetham and his dragoons were stationed near Aylesbury where his troops were restless and an attack on the Royalist garrison at Brill was abortive . However , he was appointed Governor of Northampton and for the next four to five years he held the town on behalf of Parliament . In October 1643 he repelled an advance by Prince Rupert and his twenty-two troops of horse and 700 men and then raided Royalist troops along Watling Street by night . In April 1644 he organised the rescue of over thirty parliamentary soldiers from Banbury Castle . In August 1644 he was described as ` Commander in chiefe ' and ` valliant and faithfull ' in the first siege of Banbury Castle . He remained at Northampton for most of the next three years and took part in the second siege of Banbury Castle .   In September 1649 , Whetham was sent as Governor of Portsmouth to reinforce the port . His immediate priority was to repair the fortifications . He was also responsible for reorganising the armed forces , and setting up of a Hampshire Militia under his own command . He was also appointed a Justice of the Peace for Hampshire . In 1654 , he was elected Member of Parliament for Portsmouth in the First Protectorate Parliament . At this time Whetman met and became friends with General George Monck who was based at Portsmouth and in 1655 went to Scotland with Monck as member of Monck 's Council of State for Scotland . In 1656 he was elected MP for a Scottish constituency comprising the boroughs of St. Andrews , Dysart , Kirkaldy , Anstruther-East , Pittenween , Creel , Dumfermline , Kinghorn , Anstruther-West , Innerleithing , Kilkenny , and BurntIand for the Second Protectorate Parliament . He returned to Portsmouth in March 1657 wrote to the Committee of Safety saying that he had found affairs at Portsmouth very much under control . He was elected to sit on the Committee of Safety but does not appear to have attended any meetings . In 1659 he was re-elected MP for the Scottish constituency for the Third Protectorate Parliament . At this time he was caught up in the dispute between Parliament and the army when the army attempted to take Portsmouth which had been established as a parliamentary stronghold . He finished his term as governor of Portsmout in 1659 .   Whetham then joined General Monck who was advancing on London from the north . As a result of his contributions he was awarded a pension of # 200 a year and hereditary entitlement to his lands as well as his own regiment . However , by the time of the Restoration his regiment had been handed over to Colonel Richard Norton and later King Charles II and Parliament agreed to annul the sale of church lands by which Whetham had bought the manor of Chard . He left his manorial home for a small tenancy on the estate and remained there until his death in 1668 at the age of about 64 .   Whetham married Joanna Terrill , widow of his former master Edward Terrill .

neg: Navigation Acts The Navigation Acts were a series of English laws that restricted colonial trade to England . They were first enacted in 1651 and throughout that time until 1663 , and were repealed in 1849 . They reflected the policy of mercantilism , which sought to keep all the benefits of trade inside the Empire , and to minimize the loss of gold and silver to foreigners . They prohibited the colonies from trading directly with the Netherlands , Spain , France , and their colonies . The original ordinance of 1651 was renewed at the Restoration by Acts of 1660 , 1663 , 1670 , and 1673 , with subsequent minor amendments . The Acts formed the basis for English overseas trade for nearly 200 years . Additionally the Acts restricted the employment of non-English sailors to a quarter of the crew on returning East India Company ships .   The major impetuses for the Navigation Acts were the ruinous deterioration of English trade in the aftermath of the Eighty Years ' War , and the concomitant lifting of the Spanish embargoes on trade between the Spanish Empire and the Dutch Republic . The end of the embargoes in 1647 unleashed the full power of the Amsterdam Entrepôt and other Dutch competitive advantages in world trade . Within a few years , English merchants had practically been overwhelmed in the trade in the Iberian Peninsula , the Mediterranean and the Levant . Even the trade with English colonies ( partly still in the hands of the royalists , as the English Civil War was in its final stages and the Commonwealth of England had not yet imposed its authority throughout the English colonies ) was `` engrossed '' by Dutch merchants . English direct trade was crowded out by a sudden influx of commodities from the Levant , Mediterranean and the Spanish and Portuguese empires , and the West Indies via the Dutch Entrepôt , carried in Dutch ships and for Dutch account .   The obvious solution seemed to be to seal off the English and Scottish markets to these unwanted imports . A precedent was the Act the Greenland Company had obtained from Parliament in 1645 prohibiting the import of whale products into England , except in ships owned by that company . This principle was now generalised . In 1648 the Levant Company petitioned Parliament for the prohibition of imports of Turkish goods '' ... from Holland and other places but directly from the places of their growth . '' Baltic traders added their voices to this chorus . In 1650 the Standing Council for Trade and the Council of State of the Commonwealth prepared a general policy designed to impede the flow of Mediterranean and colonial commodities via Holland and Zeeland into England .   On the whole , the Acts of Trade and Navigation were obeyed , except for the Molasses Act of 1733 , which led to extensive smuggling because no effective means of enforcement was provided until the 1750s . Stricter enforcement under the Sugar Act of 1764 became one source of resentment of Great Britain by merchants in the American colonies . This in turn helped push the colonies to start the American Revolution in the late 18th century , even though the consensus view among modern economic historians and economists is that the `` costs imposed on -LSB- American -RSB- colonists by the trade restrictions of the Navigation Acts were small . ''


query: The Aegean Sea is far from the Black Sea.

pos: Aegean Sea The Aegean Sea ( -LSB- ᵻˈdʒiːən -RSB- Αιγαίο Πέλαγος -LSB- eˈʝeo ˈpelaɣos -RSB- ; Ege Denizi -LSB- eɟe denizi -RSB- ) is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the Greek and Anatolian peninsulas , i.e. , between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey . In the north , it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosphorus . The Aegean Islands are within the sea and some bound it on its southern periphery , including Crete and Rhodes .   The sea was traditionally known as Archipelago ( in Greek , Αρχιπέλαγος , meaning `` chief sea '' ) , but in English this word 's meaning has changed to refer to the Aegean Islands and , generally , to any island group .

neg: Continental Europe Continental Europe , also referred to as mainland Europe , or , by Europeans , simply the Continent , is the continuous continent of Europe , excluding surrounding islands .   The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands , encompassing the Greek Islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , the Balearic Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands , Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago , as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard .   The Scandinavian peninsula is sometimes also excluded , as even though it is technically part of `` mainland Europe '' , the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea ( rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland , and then south through north-east Europe ) .   The notion of Europe as a geopolitical or cultural term is centred on core Europe ( Kerneuropa ) , the continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire and the core of Latin Christendom , corresponding to modern France , Italy , Germany ( or German-speaking Europe ) and the Benelux states ( historical Austrasia ) . This historical core of `` Carolingian Europe '' was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration ( see also Multi-speed Europe ) .

neg: North Africa North Africa is the term given to a group of Mediterranean countries situated in the northern-most region of the African continent . The term `` North Africa '' has no single accepted definition . It is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Morocco in the west , to the Suez Canal and the Red Sea in the east . Others have limited it to the countries of Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , a region known by the French during colonial times as `` Afrique du Nord '' and by the Arabs as the Maghreb ( `` West '' ) .   The most commonly accepted definition includes Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , as well as Libya and Egypt , It should be noted however that the term `` North Africa '' , when commonly used in North Africa and the Middle East , often refers only to the countries of the Maghreb and Libya . Egypt , due to its greater Middle Eastern associations , is typically viewed separately . The countries of North Africa share a common ethnic , cultural and linguistic identity that is unique to this region .   North west Africa has been inhabited by Berbers since the beginning of recorded history , while the eastern part of North Africa has been home to the Egyptians . Following the Muslim conquest in the seventh century C.E. , the region underwent a process of Arabization and Islamization that has defined its cultural landscape ever since .   The distinction between North Africa and much of Sub-Saharan Africa is historically and ecologically significant because of the effective barrier created by the Sahara Desert for much of modern history . From 3500 BC , following the abrupt desertification of the Sahara due to gradual changes in the Earth 's orbit , this barrier has culturally separated the North from the rest of the continent . As the seafaring civilizations of the Phoenicians , Greeks , Romans , Muslims and others facilitated communication and migration across the Mediterranean Sea , the cultures of North Africa became much more closely tied to Southwestern Asia and Europe than Sub-Saharan Africa . The Islamic influence in the area is also significant , and North Africa is a major part of the Muslim world .   Some researchers have postulated that North Africa rather than East Africa served as the exit point for the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent in the Out of Africa migration .

neg: Geography of Iran Geographically , Iran is located in West Asia and borders the Caspian Sea , Persian Gulf , and Gulf of Oman . Its mountains have helped to shape both the political and the economic history of the country for several centuries . The mountains enclose several broad basins , on which major agricultural and urban settlements are located . Until the 20th century , when major highways and railroads were constructed through the mountains to connect the population centers , these basins tended to be relatively isolated from one another .   Typically , one major town dominated each basin , and there were complex economic relationships between the town and the hundreds of villages that surrounded it . In the higher elevations of the mountains rimming the basins , tribally organized groups practiced transhumance , moving with their herds of sheep and goats between traditionally established summer and winter pastures . There are no major river systems in the country , and historically transportation was by means of caravans that followed routes traversing gaps and passes in the mountains . The mountains also impeded easy access to the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea .   With an area of 1648000 km2 , Iran ranks eighteenth in size among the countries of the world . Iran shares its northern borders with three post-Soviet states : Armenia , Azerbaijan , and Turkmenistan . These borders extend for more than 2000 km , including nearly 650 km of water along the southern shore of the Caspian Sea . Iran 's western borders are with Turkey in the north and Iraq in the south , terminating at the Arvand Rud .   The Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman littorals form the entire 1770 km southern border . To the east lie Afghanistan on the north and Pakistan on the far south . Iran 's diagonal distance from Azerbaijan in the northwest to Sistan and Baluchestan Province in the southeast is approximately 2333 km .

neg: Psara Psara ( Ψαρά , Psará , -LSB- psaˈra -RSB- ; formerly known as Ψύρα , Psyra , or Ψυρίη , Psyriī ) is a Greek island in the Aegean Sea . Together with the small island of Antipsara ( Pop 4 ) it forms the municipality of Psara . It is part of the Chios regional unit , which is part of the North Aegean region . The only town of the island and seat of the municipality is also called Psara .   Psara had 448 inhabitants according to the 2011 census . It has a small port linking to the island of Chios and other parts of Greece .

neg: Greek National Awakening The concept and term `` National Awakening '' ( in Greek Εθνική αφύπνιση ) is used by many historians , intellectuals and lay authors to refer to the revival of the Greek national self-conscious , or modern Greek nationalism , which paved the way to the Greek Revolution of 1821 . Whereas most authors do not define the exact time-frame of this period , it is generally agreed that this awakening ( or revival ) occurred in the 18th century . According to the Greek historian Nikos Svoronos ( 1911-1989 ) , the period of the Greek National Awakening is 1715-1821 . The periodization of exhibits in the National Historical Museum of Athens sets the beginning of the Awakening era at 1670 . Other authors put the onset of this period in the mid 18th century . For example , a series of historical presentations by academic historians in the Greek State Television ( ERT ) , defined as `` National Awakening '' period the years 1750-1821 .   The Greek -- as well as other Balkan nations ' -- awakening was generated by internal and external forces . Opposition to the Ottomans was the main internal impetus . The main external factor was the assistance from Russia , on the ground of the common religion and long historical bonds . Since the fall of Constantinople to the Turks , the Greek national aspirations for liberation were expressed in the form of popular oracle and prophecies , some of them alleging to the intervention of fair-haired people ( xanthon genos ) to help Greeks . In 1656 a prominent Greek clergyman interpreted the `` fair-haired people '' as the Russians . With the emergence of Russia as a big power in Eastern Europe , the Greek-Russian ties assumed a military and political dimension . Beginning with the 1711 Pruth Campaign , Peter the Great called for the cooperation of all Orthodox people under the Russian leadership , to fight for `` the belief and the fatherland '' . After this campaign , the sultan appointed Greek Phanariots as governors of the Ottoman vassal territories of Wallachia and Moldavia . The Phanariots introduced an enlighted reform in their principalities , and produced a line of educated Greek and Balkan scholars who contributed to the national awakening of their respective countries .  The Greek communities in Russia , as well as in the Western and Central Europe , were also a key factor to the Greek awakening .  After the Treaty of Kutchuk-Kainardji ( 1774 ) Russia assumed the role of protector of the Orthodox people subjects of the Ottoman Empire . After Peter the Great , Catherine II envisaged a `` Greek Project '' which involved a revival of a Greek state with Constantinople as capital , to be ruled by her grandson Constantine . The Russian expansionist policy greatly facilitated the modern Greek awakening , catalyzing key components such as military resistance , political activism , commercial growth , educational and cultural progress .  Russia 's wars against the Ottoman Empire in 18th early 19th century ( 1711 , 1737 -- 39 , 1768 -- 74 , 1787 -- 92 , 1806 -- 12 ) , as well as the short-lived Russian occupation of the Ionian islands after the Napoleonic wars , nourished the Greek tradition of armed resistance to the Ottomans and helped Greeks to receive fighting experience . The most important Russian influenced revolutionary activities of the Greeks in 18th c. were the failed Orlov expedition in 1769-1770 and the Lambros Katsonis ' flotilla raids against the Turks in 1778-1792 . Other independence movements of the 18th century , were those of the Souli and Souliotes .   Counter to the `` national awakening '' historiographic view is the one that emphasizes the importance of the French Revolution and Napoleon in the Greek and other Balkan national movements . Among the eminent works of this school in the 20th century are those of the Romanian historian N. Iorga ( 1934 ) and the Greeks A. Daskalakis ( 1937 ) , N. Moschopoulos ( 1939 ) and other subsequent .

neg: Afyonkarahisar Afyonkarahisar ( -LSB- afjonkaɾahiˈsaɾ -RSB- , afyon `` poppy , opium '' , kara `` black '' , hisar `` fortress '' ) is a city in western Turkey , the capital of Afyon Province . Afyon is in mountainous countryside inland from the Aegean coast , 250 km south-west of Ankara along the Akarçay River . Elevation 1021 m. Population ( 2010 census ) 173,100  In Turkey , Afyonkarahisar stands out as a capital city of thermal and spa , an important junction of railway , highway and air traffic in West-Turkey , and the grounds where independence had been won .  In addition , Afyonkarahisar is one of the top leading provinces in agriculture , globally renown for its marble and globally largest producer of pharmaceutical opium .

neg: Piraeus Piraeus ( -LSB- paɪˈriːəs , _ pɪˈreɪ.əs -RSB- Πειραιάς Pireás -LSB- pireˈas -RSB- , Πειραιεύς , Peiraieús , -LSB- peːrajeús -RSB- ) is a port city in the region of Attica , Greece . Piraeus is located within the Athens urban area , 12 km southwest from its city center ( municipality of Athens ) , and lies along the east coast of the Saronic Gulf .   According to the 2011 census , Piraeus had a population of 163,688 people within its administrative limits , making it the fourth largest municipality in Greece and the second largest within the urban area of the Greek capital , following the municipality of Athens . The municipality of Piraeus and several other suburban municipalities within the regional unit of Piraeus form the greater Piraeus area , with a total population of 448,997 .   Piraeus has a long recorded history , dating to ancient Greece . The city was largely developed in the early 5th century BC , when it was selected to serve as the port city of classical Athens and was transformed into a prototype harbour , concentrating all the import and transit trade of Athens . During the Golden Age of Athens the Long Walls were constructed to connect Athens with Piraeus . Consequently , it became the chief harbour of ancient Greece , but declined gradually after the 4th century AD , growing once more in the 19th century , especially after Athens ' declaration as the capital of Greece . In the modern era , Piraeus is a large city , bustling with activity and an integral part of Athens , acting as home to the country 's biggest harbour and bearing all the characteristics of a huge marine and commercial-industrial centre .   The port of Piraeus is the chief port in Greece , the largest passenger port in Europe and the second largest in the world , servicing about 20 million passengers annually . With a throughput of 1.4 million TEUs , Piraeus is placed among the top ten ports in container traffic in Europe and the top container port in the Eastern Mediterranean . The city hosted events in both the 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics held in Athens . The University of Piraeus is one of the largest universities in Greece .

neg: Skiathos Skiathos ( Σκιάθος , Skiáthos , -LSB- ˈscaθos -RSB- ; Ancient Greek : Σκίαθος , Skíathos ; Latin forms : Sciathos and Sciathus ) is a small Greek island in the northwest Aegean Sea . Skiathos is the westernmost island in the Northern Sporades group , east of the Pelion peninsula in Magnesia on the mainland , and west of the island of Skopelos .

neg: Adriatic Sea The Adriatic Sea -LSB- ˌeɪdriˈætᵻk -RSB- is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan peninsula and the Apennine Mountains from the Dinaric Alps and adjacent ranges . The Adriatic is the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean Sea , extending from the Strait of Otranto ( where it connects to the Ionian Sea ) to the northwest and the Po Valley . The countries with coasts on the Adriatic are Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Greece , Italy , Montenegro and Slovenia . The Adriatic contains over 1,300 islands , mostly located along its eastern , Croatian , coast . It is divided into three basins , the northern being the shallowest and the southern being the deepest , with a maximum depth of 1233 m . The Otranto Sill , an underwater ridge , is located at the border between the Adriatic and Ionian Seas . The prevailing currents flow counterclockwise from the Strait of Otranto , along the eastern coast and back to the strait along the western ( Italian ) coast . Tidal movements in the Adriatic are slight , although larger amplitudes are known to occur occasionally . The Adriatic 's salinity is lower than the Mediterranean 's because the Adriatic collects a third of the fresh water flowing into the Mediterranean , acting as a dilution basin . The surface water temperatures generally range from 30 C in summer to 12 C in winter , significantly moderating the Adriatic Basin 's climate .   The Adriatic Sea sits on the Apulian or Adriatic Microplate , which separated from the African Plate in the Mesozoic era . The plate 's movement contributed to the formation of the surrounding mountain chains and Apennine tectonic uplift after its collision with the Eurasian plate . In the Late Oligocene , the Apennine Peninsula first formed , separating the Adriatic Basin from the rest of the Mediterranean . All types of sediment are found in the Adriatic , with the bulk of the material transported by the Po and other rivers on the western coast . The western coast is alluvial or terraced , while the eastern coast is highly indented with pronounced karstification . There are dozens of marine protected areas in the Adriatic , designed to protect the sea 's karst habitats and biodiversity . The sea is abundant in flora and fauna -- more than 7,000 species are identified as native to the Adriatic , many of them endemic , rare and threatened ones .   The Adriatic 's shores are populated by more than 3.5 million people ; the largest cities are Bari , Venice , Trieste and Split . The earliest settlements on the Adriatic shores were Etruscan , Illyrian , and Greek . By the 2nd century BC , the shores were under Rome 's control . In the Middle Ages , the Adriatic shores and the sea itself were controlled , to a varying extent , by a series of states -- most notably the Byzantine Empire , the Serbian Empire , the Republic of Venice , the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire . The Napoleonic Wars resulted in the First French Empire gaining coastal control and the British effort to counter the French in the area , ultimately securing most of the eastern Adriatic shore and the Po Valley for Austria . Following Italian unification , the Kingdom of Italy started an eastward expansion that lasted until the 20th century . Following World War I and the collapse of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire , the eastern coast 's control passed to Yugoslavia and Albania . The former disintegrated during the 1990s , resulting in four new states on the Adriatic coast . Italy and Yugoslavia agreed on their maritime boundaries by 1975 and this boundary is recognised by Yugoslavia 's successor states , but the maritime boundaries between Slovenian , Croatian , Bosnian-Herzegovinian , and Montenegrin waters are still disputed . Italy and Albania agreed on their maritime boundary in 1992 .   Fisheries and tourism are significant sources of income all along the Adriatic coast . Adriatic Croatia 's tourism industry has grown faster economically than the rest of the Adriatic Basin 's . Maritime transport is also a significant branch of the area 's economy -- there are 19 seaports in the Adriatic that each handle more than a million tonnes of cargo per year . The largest Adriatic seaport by annual cargo turnover is the Port of Trieste , while the Port of Split is the largest Adriatic seaport by passengers served per year .

neg: Mycale Mycale ( -LSB- ˈmɪkəli -RSB- ) . also Mykale and Mykali , called Samsun Dağı and Dilek Dağı ( Dilek Peninsula ) in modern Turkey , is a mountain on the west coast of central Anatolia in Turkey , north of the mouth of the Maeander and divided from the Greek island of Samos by the 1.6 km wide Mycale Strait . The mountain forms a ridge , terminating in what was known anciently as the Trogilium promontory ( Ancient Greek Τρωγίλιον or Τρωγύλιον ) . There are several beaches on the north shore ranging from sand to pebbles . The south flank is mainly escarpment .   In classical Greece nearly the entire ridge was a promontory enclosed by the Aegean Sea . Geopolitically it was part of Ionia with Priene placed on the coast on the south flank of the mountain and Miletus on the coast opposite to the south across the deep embayment into which the Maeander River drained . Somewhat further north was Ephesus .   The ruins of the first two Ionian cities mentioned with their harbor facilities remain but today are several miles inland overlooking instead a rich agricultural plain and delta parkland created by deposition of sediments from the river , which continues to form the geological feature named after it , maeanders . The end of the former bay remains as a lake , Çamiçi Gölü ( Lake Bafa ) . Samsun Daği does retain a promontory .   The entire ridge was made into a national park of 109.85 km2 , Dilek Yarimadisi Milli Parki ( `` Dilek Peninsula National Park '' ) in 1966 , which is in part accessible to the public . The remainder is a military reservation . The park 's isolation has encouraged the return of the native ecology , which is 60 % maquis . It is a refuge for species that used to be more abundant in the region .

neg: Symplegades The Symplegades ( -LSB- sɪmˈplɛɡədiːz -RSB- Συμπληγάδες , Symplēgádes ) or Clashing Rocks , also known as the Cyanean Rocks , were , according to Greek mythology , a pair of rocks at the Bosphorus that clashed together when somebody went through . They were defeated by Jason and the Argonauts , who would have been lost and killed by the rocks except for Phineus ' advice . Jason let a dove fly between the rocks ; it lost only its tail feathers . The Argonauts rowed mightily to get through and lost only part of the stern ornament . After that , the Symplegades stopped moving permanently .   The European rock is usually identified with an islet , about 20 m wide and 200 m long , which stands about 100 m off the shore of a village called Rumeli Feneri ( ` Lighthouse of Rumeli ) , and is connected to it by a modern concrete jetty . At its highest point , there is an ancient altar known as the Pillar of Pompey , though it has nothing to do with Pompey . Dionysius of Byzantium mentions a Roman shrine to Apollo on one of the Cyanean Rocks , and the 16th-century French traveller Petrus Gyllius thought the altar was a remnant of that shrine .   The Asian rock is probably a reef off the Yum Burnu ( north of Anadolu Feneri ` Lighthouse of Anatolia ' ) , described by Gyllius :  The reef is divided into four rocks above water which , however , are joined below ; it is separated from the continent by a narrow channel filled with many stones , by which as by a staircase one can cross the channel with dry feet when the sea is calm ; but when the sea is rough , waves surround the four rocks into which I said the reef is divided . Three of these are low and more or less submerged , but the middle one is higher than the European rock , sloping up to an acute point and roundish right up to its summit ; it is splashed by the waves but not submerged and is everywhere precipitous and straight . ''

neg: Ayvalık Ayvalık ( -LSB- ˈajvaɫɯk -RSB- ; Greek : Αϊβαλί , Κυδωνίες ) is a seaside town on the northwestern Aegean coast of Turkey . It is a district of Balıkesir Province . The town center of Ayvalık is surrounded by the archipelago of Ayvalık Islands , which face the nearby Greek island of Lesbos .   It was alternatively called Kydonies by the town 's former Greek population ; although the use of the name Ayvalık was widespread for centuries among both the Turks and the Greeks , pronounced as Ayvali by the latter .

neg: Political status of Crimea The status of Crimea is the subject of a political and territorial dispute between Ukraine and Russia . While Russia occupied the territory in 2014 and claimed it had ` fully integrated ' it by July 2015 , and continues to administer it as two federal subjects of Russia , while Ukraine and the majority of international governments ( with a few exceptions ) continue to regard Crimea as an integral part of Ukraine .   The dispute came into being after the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol against Ukrainian laws merged as a single united state under the name of Republic of Crimea and then , following a snap disputed referendum on joining Russia ( that official results showed backed the proposal ) , unilaterally declared their independence from Ukraine while the region was under military occupation by Russia itself . This state was then annexed by Russia , where it became a self-proclaimed federal district , whereas the Autonomous Republic became the `` Republic of Crimea '' as a Russian republic and Sevastopol became a Russian federal city . However , Ukraine and the majority of the international community do not consider the merge , the independence , the referendum , nor the annexation legitimate and still consider both entities as divisions of Ukraine . Despite international opinion however , the currency , tax and legal system are all operational under Russian jurisdiction . Ukraine has there applied for multiple litigations through international crime , water resources , the European Union and other courts .   In 1920 , immediately after the RSFSR recognized the independence of the Ukrainian SSR ( The `` Workers ' and Peasants Union Treaty between the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ) and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic '' signed 28 December 1920 ) , the responsibility for all Crimean administration was reassigned directly to the Kremlin . In 1994 Russia signed the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances , which states that it would `` Respect Belarusian , Kazakh and Ukrainian independence and sovereignty and the existing borders '' . A detailed status of Crimea at that time was not described nor mentioned in the Budapest Memorandum , nor was a map of the existing borders of Ukraine included in the Memorandum .

neg: Aegean Region The Aegean Region is one of the 7 geographical regions of Turkey .   Located in western Turkey , it is bordered by the Aegean Sea , which gives the region its name , to the west , the Marmara Region to the north , the Central Anatolia Region to the east and Mediterranean Region to the south .   Among the four coastal regions , the Aegean Region has the longest coastline .

neg: South Aegean The South Aegean is one of the thirteen regions of Greece . It consists of the Cyclades and Dodecanese island groups in the central and southeastern Aegean Sea .

neg: Ionian Sea The Ionian Sea ( Ιόνιο Πέλαγος , -LSB- iˈonio ˈpelaɣos -RSB- , Mar Ionio , -LSB- mar ˈjɔːnjo -RSB- , Deti Jon , -LSB- dɛti jɔ : n -RSB- ) is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea , south of the Adriatic Sea . It is bounded by southern Italy including Calabria , Sicily , and the Salento peninsula to the west , southern Albania to the north , and the west coast of Greece .   All major islands in the sea belong to Greece . They are collectively referred to as the Ionian Islands , the major ones being Corfu , Zakynthos , Kephalonia , Ithaca , and Lefkada .  There are ferry routes between Patras and Igoumenitsa , Greece , and Brindisi and Ancona , Italy , that cross the east and north of the Ionian Sea , and from Piraeus westward . Calypso Deep , the deepest point in the Mediterranean at -5267 m , is located in the Ionian Sea , at . The sea is one of the most seismically active areas in the world .

neg: Paeonia (kingdom) In antiquity , Paeonia -LSB- piːˈoʊniə -RSB- was the land and kingdom of the Paeonians .   In the Iliad the Paeonians are said to have been allies of the Trojans . During the Persian invasion of Greece the conquered Paeonians as far as the Lake Prasias , including the Paeoplae and Siropaiones , were deported from Paeonia to Asia .  In 355-354 BC , Philip II of Macedon took advantage of the death of King Agi of Paeonia and campaigned against them in order to conquer them . So the southern part of ancient Paeonia was annexed by the ancient kingdom of Macedon and was named as ` Macedonian Paeonia ' ; this section included the cities Astraion ( later Stromnitsa ) Stenae ( near modern Demir Kapija ) , Antigoneia ( near modern Negotino ) etc. .   The exact original boundaries of Paeonia , like the early history of its inhabitants , are obscure , but it is known that it was located immediately north of ancient Macedonia ( which corresponded roughly to the modern Greek region of Macedonia ) , and to the south-east of Dardania ( which was similar to modern-day Kosovo ) ; in the east were the Thracian mountains , and in the west , the Illyrians . It was separated from Dardania by the mountains through which the Vardar river passes from the field of Scupi ( modern Skopje ) to the valley of Bylazora ( modern Veles ) .   Paeonia roughly corresponds to the present-day Republic of Macedonia and to a narrow strip of the north Greek Macedonia , on the borders with the Republic of Macedonia , and a small part of south-western Bulgaria .

neg: Greek language Greek ( Modern Greek : ελληνικά -LSB- eliniˈka -RSB- , elliniká , `` Greek '' , ελληνική γλώσσα -LSB- eliniˈci ˈɣlosa -RSB- , ellinikí glóssa , `` Greek language '' ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages , native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean . It has the longest documented history of any living language , spanning 34 centuries of written records . Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history ; other systems , such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary , were used previously . The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin , Cyrillic , Armenian , Coptic , Gothic and many other writing systems .   The Greek language holds an important place in the history of the Western world and Christianity ; the canon of ancient Greek literature includes seminal works in the Western canon such as the epic poems Iliad and Odyssey . Greek is also the language in which many of the foundational texts in science , especially astronomy , mathematics and logic , and Western philosophy , such as the Platonic dialogues and the works of Aristotle , are composed ; the New Testament of the Christian Bible was written in Koiné Greek . Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world , the study of the Greek texts and society of antiquity constitutes the discipline of Classics .   During antiquity , Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world and many places beyond . It would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire and develop into Medieval Greek . In its modern form , the Greek language is the official language in two countries , Greece and Cyprus , a recognised minority language in seven other countries , and is one of the 24 official languages of the European Union . The language is spoken by at least 13.2 million people today in Greece , Cyprus , Italy , Albania , Turkey , and the Greek diaspora .   Greek roots are often used to coin new words for other languages ; Greek and Latin are the predominant sources of international scientific vocabulary .

neg: Lake Ohrid Lake Ohrid ( Охридско Езеро , -LSB- ˈɔxridzkɔ ˈɛzɛrɔ -RSB- , Liqeni i Ohrit , -LSB- liˈcɛni i ˈɔhrit -RSB- , Liqeni i Pogradecit ) , straddles the mountainous border between southwestern Macedonia and eastern Albania . It is one of Europe 's deepest and oldest lakes , preserving a unique aquatic ecosystem that is of worldwide importance , with more than 200 endemic species . The importance of the lake was further emphasized when it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1979 and when , in 2010 , NASA decided to name one of Titan 's lakes after Lake Ohrid . In 2014 , the Ohrid-Prespa Transboundary Reserve between Albania and Macedonia was added to UNESCO 's World Network of Biosphere Reserves . The towns situated at the lakeside are Pogradec in Albania , along with Ohrid and Struga in Macedonia . The lake is otherwise densely surrounded by settlements in the form of villages and resorts in both basin countries .

neg: Near East The Near East is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia . Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles , the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire . The term has fallen into disuse in English and has been replaced by the terms Middle East and Western Asia .   According to the National Geographic Society , the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories and are `` generally accepted as comprising the countries of the Arabian Peninsula , Cyprus , Egypt , Iraq , Iran , Israel , Jordan , Lebanon , Palestinian territories , Syria , and Turkey '' . The Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) of the United Nations defines the region similarly , but also includes Afghanistan while excluding the countries of North Africa and the Palestinian territories .


query: A Chandni actor's birthday is October 6.

pos: Chandni Chandni ( Translation : Moonlight ) is a 1989 Indian Hindi language romantic drama film , starring Sridevi as the eponymous lead alongside Rishi Kapoor and Vinod Khanna and Waheeda Rehman . It was directed by Yash Chopra and the screenplay was written by Kamna Chandra , Arun Kaul , Sagar Sarhadi and Umesh Kalbagh .   Chandni was a great success in 1989 and is considered one of the most successful films of all time . The profits of this romantic musical brought an end to Chopra 's lean phase . The platinum success of its music was also instrumental in bringing music back into Hindi films .   For the cast , the film reaffirmed Sridevi 's position as the top female star of the 1980s . It prolonged Rishi Kapoor 's fading career and showed that he was still profitable as a leading hero . Chandni provided a boost for Vinod Khanna 's career and reunited Kapoor and Khanna , who were last seen together in the popular Amar Akbar Anthony ( 1977 ) . Sridevi 's white costumes became popular as the ` Chandni Look ' and the songs of the film are still a rage . Though this was not the first time Yash Chopra shot a film in Switzerland , the extensive scenes shot there made it a popular tourist destination for Indians .   Chandni won the National Film Award for Best Popular Film of 1989 and is regarded as one of the Yash Chopra 's best films.द

pos: Vinod Khanna Vinod Khanna ( 6 October 1946 -- 27 April 2017 ) was an Indian actor and producer of Bollywood films . He was the recipient of two Filmfare awards . He was also an active politician and was the MP from the Gurdaspur constituency between 1998 -- 2009 and 2014 -- 2017 . In July 2002 , Khanna became the minister for Culture and Tourism in the Atal Behari Vajpayee cabinet . Six months later , he became the Minister of State for external affairs .   Khanna played lead roles in many films and is best remembered for his performances in Mere Apne , Mera Gaon Mera Desh , Kuchhe Dhaage , Gaddaar , Imtihaan , Muqaddar Ka Sikandar , Inkaar , Amar Akbar Anthony , Rajput , The Burning Train , Qurbani , Kudrat , Parvarish , Khoon Pasina , Dayavan , Chandni and Jurm .   After making his debut in 1968 , Khanna first acted in supporting and antagonistic roles ; as an angry young man in the movie Mere Apne , as the main villain in the super-hit movie Mera Gaon Mera Desh , and as the military officer turned fugitive in the critically acclaimed movie Achanak , which was a film based on the events of K. M. Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra .   In 1982 , at the peak of his film career , Khanna temporarily quit the film industry to follow his spiritual guru Osho Rajneesh . After a 5-year hiatus , he returned to the Hindi film industry with two hit films , Insaaf and Satyamev Jayate .

neg: Sanjay Kapoor Sanjay Kapoor is a Bollywood actor and producer .

neg: Chandana Sharma Chandana Sharma ( born 7 August 1979 ) is an Indian television actress . She is the daughter of Anjana Bhowmik . Her sister Nilanjana Bhowmik Sengupta is also an actress . She made her debut in director Rabi Kinagi 's Premi .

neg: Upendra (actor) Upendra Rao ( born 18 September 1968 ) known mononymously as Upendra , is an Indian film actor , director , producer , screenwriter , lyricist and playback singer who works primarily in Kannada cinema . He started his career under actor and film director Kashinath , as a writer and an assistant director . His first directorial venture was Tharle Nan Maga ( 1992 ) .   In the late 1990s he directed Om , which portrayed actual Bangalore gangsters , followed by A , which was his debut film as an actor . Upendra , his next film , starred Raveena Tandon , a Bollywood actress . After a decade of acting in Kannada , Telugu and Tamil films , he returned to the role of director with the multilingual movie Super , which was well-received critically and commercially .   Upendra is known for his work in movies like A ( 1998 ) , Kanyadanam ( 1998 ) , Upendra ( 1999 ) , Preethse ( 2000 ) , Raa ( 2001 ) , HO ( 2002 ) , Super Star ( 2002 ) , Hollywood ( 2002 ) , Kutumba ( 2003 ) , Raktha Kanneeru ( 2003 ) , Gokarna ( 2003 ) , Omkara ( 2004 ) , Gowramma ( 2005 ) , Auto Shankar ( 2005 ) , Aishwarya ( 2006 ) , Anatharu ( 2007 ) , Budhivanta ( 2008 ) , Super ( 2010 ) , Kalpana ( 2012 ) , S/O Satyamurthy ( 2015 ) , Uppi 2 ( 2015 ) , Kalpana 2 ( 2016 ) and Mukunda Murari . Upendra has thus established himself as one of the most successful actors and directors of Kannada cinema . He is currently one of the highest paid directors and actors in the Kannada cinema .

neg: Kanika Tiwari Kanika Tiwari ( born 9 March 1996 ) is an Indian actress from Madhya Pradesh . She debuted into Bollywood with Agneepath ( 2012 ) . She has acted as female lead in Telugu film Boy Meets Girl ( 2014 ) , Kannada film Rangan Style ( 2014 ) , and Tamil film Aavi Kumar ( 2015 ) . She is said to act in female lead for season 2 of Diya Aur Baati Hum .   Tiwari attended Sharda Vidya Mandir in Bhopal . She is cousin of actress Divyanka Tripathi .

neg: Chinmay Udgirkar Chinmay Udgirkar is an Indian actor . He was born in Shrirampur on 8 October 1985 . He debuted with a reality show called Maharashtracha Superstar in 2009 and established himself as an actor in Marathi television and film industry .

neg: Akshay Kumar Rajiv Hari Om Bhatia ( born 9 September 1967 ) , better known by his stage name Akshay Kumar , is an Indian-born actor who works in Bollywood films . Kumar is also a producer and martial artist who has appeared in over a hundred Hindi films . Kumar has Canadian citizenship .   Kumar won the National Film Award for Best Actor for his performance in Rustom and he has been nominated for Filmfare Awards several times , winning it two times .   Box Office India listed Kumar as one of the most successful actors in the history of Indian cinema .  In February 2013 , many media outlets reported that the net box-office collection of Kumar 's films had crossed and he was the first and the only Bollywood actor to do so .  Having done so , he has established himself as a leading contemporary actor of Hindi cinema .   When he began his acting career in the 1990s , he primarily starred in action films and was known for his appearances in films of the `` Khiladi series '' as well as other action films such as Waqt Hamara Hai ( 1993 ) , Mohra ( 1994 ) , Elaan ( 1994 ) , Suhaag ( 1994 ) , Sapoot ( 1996 ) , Jaanwar ( 1999 ) .   Later , Kumar also gained fame for his drama , romance , action and comic roles . His performances in romance films like Yeh Dillagi ( 1994 ) , Dhadkan ( 2000 ) , Andaaz ( 2003 ) and Namastey London ( 2007 ) , as well as drama films such as Waqt : The Race Against Time ( 2005 ) . His comic performances in comedy films such as Hera Pheri ( 2000 ) , Mujhse Shaadi Karogi ( 2004 ) , Garam Masala ( 2005 ) , Bhagam Bhag ( 2006 ) , Bhool Bhulaiyaa ( 2007 ) , and Singh Is Kinng ( 2008 ) met with acclaim . In 2007 , he starred in four consecutive commercially successful films . Kumar hit a rough patch since 2009 to 2011 but came back with two successes , Housefull 2 ( 2012 ) and Rowdy Rathore ( 2012 ) with both of them grossing over . His other films like OMG ( 2012 ) , Special 26 ( 2012 ) , Holiday ( 2014 ) and Gabbar Is Back ( 2015 ) were highly successful critically and commercially . From January 2016 to February 2017 , he starred in four Rs 100-crore plus earner in a row with films Airlift ( 2016 ) , Housefull 3 ( 2016 ) , Rustom ( 2016 ) and Jolly LLB 2 ( 2017 ) .   Apart from acting , Kumar has also worked as a stunt actor ; he has often performed many dangerous stunts in his films , which has earned him the sobriquet `` Indian Jackie Chan '' . In 2008 , he hosted the show Fear Factor -- Khatron Ke Khiladi . The next year , he founded the Hari Om Entertainment production company . In 2012 , he founded another production company called Grazing Goat Pictures . In 2014 , Kumar launched TV realty show Dare 2 Dance . He also owns the team Khalsa Warriors in the World Kabaddi League . In 2015 , Kumar was ranked 9th in Forbes ' first global list of highest-paid actors in the world .   In 2008 , the University of Windsor conferred an Honorary Doctorate on Kumar in recognition of his contribution to Indian cinema . The following year he was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India . In 2011 , The Asian Awards honoured Kumar for his outstanding achievement in Cinema .

neg: Kushal Chakraborty Kushal Chakraborty ( Born : 1966 ) is a Bengali actor and film director . At the age of six he played the main role in Satyajit Ray 's film Sonar Kella .   Kushal is a civil engineering graduate from Jadavpur University .

neg: Dilip Rayamajhi Madan Ghimire ( born 10 Feb 1990 ) is a nationally acclaimed extraordinary Nepalese Actor , producer , choreographer and a dance director . He is amongst the elite few actors who has risen to the industry pinnacle and carved a niche of his own . Ghimire first became known in 1990 's when he began his career as an emerging actor in 1996 . Since then he has played in more than 150 movies in the lead role . Most of the movies he has played were amongst the widely commercially successful pictures of the decade that catapulted Ghimire to stardom . Movies like `` Darpan Chayya '' , `` Lahana '' , `` Superstar '' , `` Miss u. . '' `` Zindagani '' , were one of the blockbusters celebrating 50/100 days of continuously showcased movies in many major theatres across Nepal and managed some major international previews .   Ghimire has been representing Nepali movie industry in a broader Nepali communities living abroad by participating in many cultural programs & being chief jury member and sponsor for many different shows . He has been contributing his skills , effort , innovation and huge shift in contemporary acting/directing by preserving , promoting and introducing Nepali movies as well as newcomers to the industry . He is also renowned for his Choreography in more than 12 films thus far .   Being a part of the elite group of actors , he has been performing and shooting for movies in more than two dozen countries abroad including Europe , UK , Austria , Belgium , Germany , France , Luxembourg , Korea , Israel , Hong Kong , Singapore , Malaysia , UAE , Thailand , Qatar , India , China , etc. .   Rayamajhi has been honoured with many prestigious awards from national and international organizations . Best Débutante Actor ( Motion Picture Award 1999 ) ; Best Actor 2001 ; Best Actor ( Dabur Anmol Motion Picture ) ; Best Actor in Negative Role ( NEFTA TV Film 2001 ) ; Best Actor ( Motion Picture 2003 ) ; Best Actor in Comic Role ( National Film Award 2005 ) .   Dilip Rayamajhi is one of the top actors in Nepal . Winning myriads of award trophies and accolades for his unbeatable performance . He believes in making things happen with his effortless charms and invincible performance skills . He started his career merely as a dancer and progressively went to become an assistant dance director . He got his first movie break in a video film as a side dancer and then he was offered the `` big break '' in a much acclaimed movie `` Bhanubhankta '' . He has not glanced back ever since . He is a versatile actor and a dancer who has taken Nepali movie market by a storm . There are innumerable actors who have steeped onto to the movie market scene since Dilip 's debut in the industry but no one has even begun to create the same kind of charm which Dilip indelibly leaves after each screen performance .   Dilip has been performing live shows across the globe in an effort to celebrate Nepalese culture , music and film-making . His great stage presence is felt every time he gets down to a stage and gives his best performance . He not only performs but touches millions of heart of his fans and non-fans equally proving himself an irresistible heart-throb every time . His impeccable personality on-screen and off-screen is worth million applause . His co-workers testify the same .   There are lots of things he aspires to undertake to promote Nepali film industry . Most of his movies have earned sincere praises from critics worldwide . This proves that he is a versatile,multi-talented and willing to get his hands on the diversity of movie-making . Such a big commitment towards the industry at such a young age is worth celebrating for . He has proved to be a valuable asset not only to his country but also to the NRN 's living abroad who can now be a part of events performed by Dilip . Plethora of offers are mounting these days for Dilip to perform and conduct premier shows for his upcoming movies overseas . He has been flattered with the sponsorship offers and thanks all of the wellwisers and sponsors for their kindness and immense love towards conserving and promoting Nepalese film industry .

neg: Dileep (actor) Dileep ( born Gopalakrishnan Padmanabhan Pillai , on 27 October 1968 ) is an Indian film actor , singer , impressionist , producer , and businessman . He 's best known for his slapstick comedy roles in Malayalam cinema and he is the Richest superstar and third highest paid actor of malayalm cinema . In a career spanning over a quarter-century , he has starred in more than 130 films .   Dileep began his film career in 1991 by assisting director Kamal . He attained popularity through his impressionist acts in stage shows and Comicola , a television comedy series aired on Asianet . His role as Dileep in Manathe Kottaram ( 1994 ) paved way to his acting career . Films such as Sallapam ( 1996 ) , Ee Puzhayum Kadannu ( 1997 ) , Punjabi House ( 1998 ) , Udayapuram Sulthan ( 1999 ) , and Chandranudikkunna Dikhil ( 1999 ) established his status as a prominent actor during the late-1990s .   After delivering back-to-back hits in the early-2000s with films such as Thenkasipattanam ( 2000 ) , Joker ( 2000 ) , Ee Parakkum Thalika ( 2001 ) , Ishtam ( 2001 ) , Mazhathullikkilukkam ( 2002 ) and Kalyanaraman ( 2002 ) , Dileep established himself as a bankable lead star in the Malayalam film industry with the blockbuster success of Meesa Madhavan ( 2002 ) . He won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his role as Madhavan in Meesa Madhavan . He won his first Kerala State Film Award ( Special Jury ) for his performance as Vimal Kumar ( Kunjan ) in Kunjikoonan ( 2002 ) and later won the Best Actor Award for his performance as Mukkom Shajahan in the film Vellaripravinte Changathi ( 2011 ) .   Dileep ventured into production , and produced and starred in C.I.D. Moosa ( 2003 ) under the banner Graand Production . Kathavasheshan ( 2004 ) won Dileep the Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film as a producer . In 2008 , under the banner of Graand Production , Dileep produced Twenty :20 by casting most of the mainstream actors of Malayalam cinema , which had become the highest grossing Malayalam film at that time . He produced the multi-starrer in order to raise funds for the Association of Malayalam Movie Artists ( AMMA ) .

neg: Manoj Joshi (actor) Manoj Joshi is an Indian film and television actor . He began his career in Marathi theatre , also putting up performances in Gujarati and Hindi theatre . He has also acted in over 60 films since 1998 , many of his roles being comedy.he is a gansta   He acted in TV series including Chanakya , Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka , Rau ( Marathi ) , Sangdil , Kabhi Souten Kabhi Saheli , Khichdi , Mura Raska Mai La ( Marathi ) . He debuted in Sarfarosh ( SI Bajju ) alongside his brother who played Bala Thakur in the film . His other works include the film Hungama followed by Hulchul , Dhoom , Bhagam Bhag , Phir Hera Pheri , Chup Chup Ke , Bhool Bhulaiyaa , and Billo Barber .   He also portrayed Chanakya in Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat .

neg: Satish Kaushik Satish Kaushik ( born 13 April 1956 ) is an Indian film director , producer , and actor , primarily in Hindi films and theatre .   As a film actor he is noted for his roles as ` Calendar ' in Mr. India , and as ` Chanu Ahmed ' in Sarah Gavron 's British film Brick Lane ( 2007 ) . He won the Filmfare Best Comedian Award twice : in 1990 for Ram Lakhan and in 1997 for Saajan Chale Sasural .   As a theatre actor , his most noted role was that of ` Willy Loman ' in the Hindi-language play , Salesman Ramlal , an adaptation of Arthur Miller 's Death of a Salesman .   He wrote dialogues for Kundan Shah 's comedy classic Jaane Bhi Do Yaaron ( 1983 ) .   His film Teree Sang , starring Ruslaan Mumtaz and Sheena Shahabadi , explores issues of teen pregnancy .

neg: Dusari Goshta Dusari Goshta ( Marathi : दुसरी गोष्ट ) is a 2014 Marathi-language Indian fictional biopic film by director Chandrakant Kulkarni , based upon former Home minister Sushilkumar Shinde 's life , and tracking his journey from child to adult . Initial plans were for the film to release on 1 May 2014 , to coincide with the Maharashtra Day holiday , and the film was released 2 May , in 200 theaters across Maharashtra . On 9 May , the film had a special screening in New Delhi at the Rashtrapati Bhavan presidential residence for President of India Pranab Mukherjee , and then Home minister Shinde .

neg: Balakrishna (Kannada actor) Balakrishna ( 2 November 1913 -- 19 July 1995 ) was an Indian actor in the Kannada film industry . He was said to have a hearing problem and some say that he was totally deaf . However , he would catch the lip movements of the artists and would narrate the dialogues spontaneously . He was popular for his comic and villain roles in films like Muriyada Mane ( 1964 ) , Bangaarada Manushya ( 1972 ) , Gandhada Gudi ( 1973 ) and Kaamana Billu ( 1983 ) and appeared in over a hundred films that starred Rajkumar in the lead role .   Balakrishna is known to have played the most number of roles in Kannada cinema , having appeared in over 560 films , and in variety of roles ; as a hero , villain , comedian , good Samaritan , loving father and a lunatic . Sudha Chandran is his ex-daughter in law .

neg: Chintaman Ganesh Kolhatkar Chintaman Ganesh Kolhatkar ( 12 March 1891 - 23 November 1959 ) , also known as Chintamanrao Kolhatkar , was a well known Marathi stage actor , director , producer , and playwright .   He was awarded Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1957 , given by the Sangeet Natak Akademi , India 's National Academy of Music , Dance & Drama .

neg: N. T. Rama Rao Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao ( నందమూరి తారక రామా రావు 28 May 1923 -- 18 January 1996 ) , popularly known as NTR , was an Indian actor , filmmaker , director , editor and politician who served as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh for seven years over three terms .   NTR has received three National Film Awards for co-producing Thodu Dongalu ( 1954 ) and Seetharama Kalyanam ( 1960 ) under National Art Theater , Madras , and directing Varakatnam ( 1970 ) , NTR has received the erstwhile Rashtrapati Awards for his performance ( s ) in the films Raju Peda ( 1954 ) , and Lava Kusa ( 1963 ) . He garnered the Nandi Award for Best Actor for Kodalu Diddina Kapuram in 1970 , and the Inaugural Filmfare Award for Best Actor -- Telugu in 1972 for Badi Panthulu .   NTR made his debut as an actor in a Telugu social film Mana Desam , directed by L. V. Prasad in 1949 . He gained popularity in the 1950s when he became well known for his portrayals of Hindu deities , especially Krishna and Rama , roles which have made him a `` messiah of the masses '' .  He later became known for portraying antagonistic characters and Robin Hood-esque hero characters in films . In total he starred in 300 films , and has become one of the most prominent figures in the history of Telugu cinema . He was voted ` Greatest Indian Actor of All Time ' in a CNN-IBN national poll conducted in 2013 on the occasion of the Centenary of Indian Cinema .   He has starred in films like Patala Bhairavi ( 1951 ) , which premiered at the first India International Film Festival , held in Mumbai on 24 January 1952 , Malliswari ( 1951 ) , premiered at Asia Pacific Film Festival , the enduring classics Mayabazar ( 1957 ) , and Nartanasala ( 1963 ) , featured at Afro Asian film festival in Jakarta . All the four films were included in CNN-IBN 's list of hundred greatest Indian films of all time .   He co-produced , Ummadi Kutumbam nominated by Film Federation of India as one of its entries to the 1968 Moscow Film Festival .  Besides Telugu , he has also acted in a few Tamil films . Widely recognised for his portrayal of mythological characters , NTR was one of the leading method actors of Indian cinema , He was referred to in the media as Viswa Vikhyatha Nata Sarvabhouma . He was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 1968 , recognizing his contribution to Indian cinema .   After his career in films , NTR entered politics . He founded the Telugu Desam Party ( TDP ) in 1982 and served three tumultuous terms as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh between 1983 and 1995 . He was known as an advocate of Andhra Pradesh 's distinct cultural identity , distinguishing it from the erstwhile Madras State with which it was often associated . At the national level , he was instrumental in the formation of the National Front , a coalition of non-Congress parties which governed India from 1989 until 1990 .

neg: Chann Pardesi Chan Pardesi is a Punjabi language film released in 1981 . It was directed by Chitrarth Singh and starred Raj Babbar , Rama Vij , Amrish Puri , Kulbhushan Kharbanda and Om Puri . Chan Pardesi was a seminal film that debuted many future Bollywood legends both in front of and behind the camera , and was Raj Babbar 's first ever film . Chan Pardesi won India 's National Film Award in 1980 and went on to become a big commercial success when it eventually found distribution in 1981 .

neg: Tinda Tinda ( ٹنڈه or ٹنڈے ) , also called `` Indian squash '' , `` round melon '' , `` Indian round gourd '' or `` apple gourd '' or `` Indian baby pumpkin '' , is a squash-like cucurbit grown for its immature fruit , a vegetable especially popular in South Asia . It is the only member of the genus `` Praecitrullus '' . Tinda is also called `` tindsi '' in Rajasthan . In Marathi , it is called dhemase ढेमसे . In Sindhi language , it is called meha .   The plant is as with all cucurbits , a prolific vine , and is grown as an annual . The fruit is approximately spherical , and 5 -- 8 cm in diameter . The seeds may also be roasted and eaten .  Tinda is a famous nickname among Punjabi families in India .  This unique squash-like gourd is native to India , very popular in Indian and Pakistani cooking with curry and many gourmet dishes . Green colored , apple sized fruits are flattish round in shape and 50-60 grams in weight . Plants are vigorous , productive and begin to bear fruits in 70 days after planting .   Tinda can be confused with tendli or kundru due to similar-sounding names from different languages and regions . Tinda in Punjabi or most North Indian languages is `` Indian baby pumpkin '' .

neg: Aryann Bhowmik Aryann Bhowmik is a Bengali film actor who is best known for his work in the 2011 Bengali film Chalo Paltai . His acting has made a mark in the Tollywood arena . Apart from films , Aryann has also made appearances in television and shows . His collaboration with renowned Bengali actor Prosenjit Chatterjee brought him into the limelight . His earlier name was Devdaan , which he changed to Aryann in 2013 .

neg: Veda Sastry Archana / Veda Shastry ( born on 8 October , 1989 ) is an Indian film actress , known for her works predominantly in Telugu cinema , and for a few Tamil , Kannada and Malayalam films .

neg: Paramathma (film) Paramathma is a Kannada romantic-comedy film written , directed and co-produced by Yogaraj Bhat . It stars Puneeth Rajkumar and Deepa Sannidhi in the lead roles and it was released on 6 October 2011 , on the eve of Vijayadashami . Halfway through its production , the film 's TV rights was procured for a record 3.5 Crore . Even before the release , the film grossed a record amount of over 25 Cr included broadcasting and distribution rights .