query: Isabella of France died in the middle of the 14th century.

pos: Isabella of France Isabella of France ( 1295 -- 22 August 1358 ) , sometimes described as the She-Wolf of France , was Queen of England as the wife of Edward II , and regent of England from 1326 until 1330 . She was the youngest surviving child and only surviving daughter of Philip IV of France and Joan I of Navarre . Queen Isabella was notable at the time for her beauty , diplomatic skills , and intelligence .   Isabella arrived in England at the age of 12 during a period of growing conflict between the king and the powerful baronial factions . Her new husband was notorious for the patronage he lavished on his favourite , Piers Gaveston , but the queen supported Edward during these early years , forming a working relationship with Piers and using her relationship with the French monarchy to bolster her own authority and power . After the death of Gaveston at the hands of the barons in 1312 , however , Edward later turned to a new favourite , Hugh Despenser the Younger , and attempted to take revenge on the barons , resulting in the Despenser War and a period of internal repression across England . Isabella could not tolerate Hugh Despenser and by 1325 her marriage to Edward was at a breaking point .   Travelling to France under the guise of a diplomatic mission , Isabella began an affair with Roger Mortimer , and the two agreed to depose Edward and oust the Despenser family . The Queen returned to England with a small mercenary army in 1326 , moving rapidly across England . The King 's forces deserted him . Isabella deposed Edward , becoming regent on behalf of her son , Edward III . Many have believed that Isabella then arranged the murder of Edward II . Isabella and Mortimer 's regime began to crumble , partly because of her lavish spending , but also because the Queen successfully , but unpopularly , resolved long-running problems such as the wars with Scotland .   In 1330 , Isabella 's son Edward III deposed Mortimer in turn , taking back his authority and executing Isabella 's lover . The Queen was not punished , however , and lived for many years in considerable style -- although not at Edward III 's court -- until her death in 1358 . Isabella became a popular `` femme fatale '' figure in plays and literature over the years , usually portrayed as a beautiful but cruel , manipulative figure .

neg: Crisis of the Late Middle Ages The crisis of the Late Middle Ages refers to a series of events in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries that brought centuries of European prosperity and growth to a halt . Three major crises led to radical changes in all areas of society : demographic collapse , political instabilities and religious upheavals .   A series of famines and plagues , beginning with the Great Famine of 1315 -- 17 and especially the Black Death of 1348 , reduced the population perhaps by half or more as the Medieval Warm Period came to a close and the first century of the Little Ice Age began .   Popular revolts in late medieval Europe and civil wars between nobles within countries such as the Wars of the Roses were common -- with France fighting internally nine times -- and there were international conflicts between kings such as France and England in the Hundred Years ' War . The unity of the Roman Catholic Church was shattered by the Western Schism . The Holy Roman Empire was also in decline ; in the aftermath of the Great Interregnum ( 1247 -- 1273 ) , the Empire lost cohesion and politically the separate dynasties of the various German states became more important than their common empire .

neg: Portrait of Isabella d'Este (Titian) Portrait of Isabella d'Este ( or Isabella in Black ) is an oil-on-canvas painting by the Italian painter Titian , completed between 1534 and 1536 . It shows the Marquess of Mantua , Isabella d'Este ( 1474 -- 1539 ) , daughter of Ercole I d'Este , Duke of Ferrara , and Eleanor of Naples with an ermine zibellino draped over her shoulder .   Although Titan depicts her as a young woman , she was around 62 at the time Isabella was socially ambitious and aware of the effect a painting by a renowned artists might have on her reputation and prestige - she also commissioned portraits by Leonardo da Vinci and Andrea Mantegna .   It is one of two portraits Titian painted of her ; Isabella in Red ( or Aged Isabella ) of 1529 is known only through a Peter Paul Rubens copy . It showed a more aged and matronly Isabella , but she was so displeased with the picture that she asked for a second idealised portrait , showing how she thought she looked forty years earlier . Art historian Lionel Cust mentions that Isabella 's fame and renown was not due to `` beauty , but to intellect and character '' . Fred Kleiner wrote that the work is a `` distinctive portrayal of his poised and self-assured patron that owes little to its model '' . It is today in the Kunsthistorisches Museum , Vienna .

neg: Eleanor of Anjou Eleanor of Anjou ( August 1289 -- 9 August 1341 ) was the Queen consort of Frederick III of Sicily . She was a member of the Capetian House of Anjou by birth .   She was the third daughter of Charles II of Naples and Mary of Hungary .   Eleanor was firstly married in 1299 to Philip de Toucy , son of Narjot de Toucy and Lucia of Tripoli . Their marriage was dissolved on 17 January 1300 by Pope Boniface VIII because they were related and had not sought permission from the pope to marry .   On 17 May 1302 , Eleanor married secondly to Frederick III of Sicily . Her father and her new husband had been engaged in a war for ascendancy in the Mediterranean Sea and especially Sicily and the Mezzogiorno . The marriage was part of a diplomatic effort to establish peaceful relations which would lead to the Peace of Caltabellotta ( 19 August 1302 ) .   The peace divided the old Kingdom of Sicily into an island portion and a peninsular portion . The island , called the Kingdom of Trinacria , went to Frederick , who had been ruling it , and the Mezzogiorno , called the Kingdom of Sicily contemporaneously , but called the Kingdom of Naples by modern scholarship , went to Charles II , who had been ruling it . Thus , the peace was formal recognition of an uneasy status quo .   Eleanor and Frederick had nine children :  Peter II of Sicily ( 1304 -- 1342 ) , successor  Roger ( born 1305 ) , died young  Manfred , Duke of Athens and Neopatria ( 1306 -- 1317 ) , Duke of Athens and Neopatria  Constance , married on December 29 , 1331 to Leo IV of Armenia  Elisabeth ( 1310 -- 1349 ) , married ( 1328 ) Stephen II of Bavaria ( also known as Isabella )  William , Prince of Taranto ( 1312 -- 1338 ) , Prince of Taranto , Duke of Athens and Neopatria  Giovanni di Randazzo ( 1317 -- 1348 ) , Duke of Randazzo , Duke of Athens and Neopatria , Regent of Sicily ( from 1338 )  Catherine ( 1320 -- 1342 )  Margaret ( 1331 -- 1360 ) , married ( 1348 ) Rudolf II of the Palatinate   Eleanor died on the 9 August 1341 at the Monastery of San Nicolo di Arena ( Catania ) , she had been a widow since 1337 . She was buried at a Franciscan monastery in Catania .

neg: Isabella of Burgundy, Queen of Germany Isabella of Burgundy ( 1270 -- August 1323 ) , Lady of Vieux-Château , was the second and last Queen consort of Rudolph I of Germany .   She was the second daughter of Hugh IV , Duke of Burgundy and his second wife Beatrice of Navarre .   Isabella was betrothed in 1272 to Charles of Flandres . He was born in 1266 to the later Robert III of Flanders and his first wife Blanche of Sicily . Her betrothed died in 1277 .   On 6 February 1284 , Isabella became the second wife of Rudolf I of Germany . The bride was fourteen years old and the groom almost sixty-six . Their marriage remained childless . Rudolph died on 15 July 1291 . He was succeeded as Duke of Austria by his co-ruling sons Albert I and Rudolph II .   She returned to the Court of Burgundy and was granted the title of Lady of Vieux-Château on 20 November 1294 .   She had a second marriage to Pierre IX de Chambly , Lord of Neaufles who died c. 1319 .

neg: Louis II, Duke of Bourbon Louis de Bourbon , called the Good ( 4 February 1337 -- 10 August 1410 ) , son of Peter de Bourbon and Isabella de Valois ( the sister of French King Philip VI ) , was the third Duke of Bourbon .   Duke Louis is reported to have been somewhat mentally unstable , specifically having a trait of nervous breakdowns which is presumably hereditary ; this trait was also evidenced in his sister Joanna of Bourbon ( the wife of French King Charles V ) , his nephew Charles VI of France ( called `` The Mad '' ) , his father Duke Peter , and his grandfather Louis I , Duke of Bourbon .   The teenage Louis inherited the duchy from his father Duke Peter I after his death in the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 .   On August 19 , 1371 , he married Anne of Auvergne ( 1358 -- 1417 ) , Countess of Forez and a daughter of Beraud II , Dauphin of Auvergne , and his wife the Countess of Forez , and they had four children :   Catherine of Bourbon ( b. 1378 ) , d. young  John of Bourbon ( 1381 -- 1434 ) , Duke of Bourbon  Louis of Bourbon ( 1388 -- 1404 ) , Sieur de Beaujeu  Isabelle of Bourbon ( 1384 -- aft . 1451 )   In 1390 , Duke Louis launched the Barbary Crusade against the Hafsids of Tunis , in conjunction with the Genoese . Its objective was to suppress piracy based in the city of Mahdia , but the siege was unsuccessful . Duke Louis died at Montlucon in 1410 , at the age of 72 or 73 .

neg: Isabella of England Isabella of England ( 1214 -- 1 December 1241 ) , was Holy Roman Empress , Queen of the Germans , and Queen consort of Sicily .   She was the fourth child and second daughter of King John of England and Isabella of Angoulême .

neg: Basil of Trebizond Basil Megas Komnenos ( died April 6 , 1340 ) was Emperor of Trebizond from August 1332 until his death in 1340 . Although Basil 's reign was a period of stability during the civil war that dominated the pocket empire during the second quarter of the 14th century , some of that conflict had its origins in his marital actions .

neg: Joan II of Navarre Joan II ( Jeanne 28 January 1312 -- 6 October 1349 ) was Queen of Navarre from 1328 until her death . She was the only surviving child of Louis X of France , King of France and Navarre , and Margaret of Burgundy . Joan 's paternity was dubious because her mother was involved in a scandal , but Louis X declared her his legitimate daughter before he died in 1316 . However , the French lords were opposed to the idea of a female monarch and elected Louis X 's brother , Philip V , king . The Navarrese noblemen also did homage to Philip . Joan 's maternal grandmother , Agnes of France , Duchess of Burgundy , and uncle , Odo IV of Burgundy , made attempts to secure the counties of Champagne and Brie ( which had been the patrimony of Louis X 's mother , Joan I of Navarre ) to Joan , but the French royal troops defeated her supporters . After Philip V married his daughter to Odo and granted him two counties as her dowry , Odo renounced Joan 's claim to Champagne and Brie in exchange for a compensation in March 1318 . Joan married Philip of Évreux , who was also a member of the French royal family .   Philip V was succeeded by his brother , Charles IV , in both France and Navarre in 1322 , but most Navarrese lords refused to swear loyalty to him . After Charles IV died in 1328 , the Navarrese expelled the French governor and declared Joan the rightful monarch of Navarre . In France , Philip of Valois was crowned king . He concluded an agreement with Joan and her husband , who renounced Joan 's claims to Champagne and Brie in exchange for three counties , while Philip acknowledged their right to Navarre . Joan and her husband were together crowned in Pamplona Cathedral on 5 March 1329 .   The royal couple closely cooperated during their joint reign , but Philip of Évreux was more active . However , they mostly lived in their French domains . Navarre was then administered by governors during their absence .

neg: John VII, Count of Harcourt Jean VII d'Harcourt ( 1369-18 December 1452 , Châtellerault ) was a French nobleman . He was Count of Aumale , Viscount of Châtellerault , and Seigneur of Mézières , of Elbeuf , of Lillebone , of La Saussaye etc. .   He was the son of John VI of Harcourt , Count of Harcourt , and of Catherine de Bourbon , sister-in-law of King Charles V. On 17 March 1390 he married Marie of Alençon ( 29 March 1373-1417 ) , princess of the blood , daughter of Peter II of Alençon and of Marie Chamaillart d'Anthenaise , viscountess of Beaumont , and they had three children :  John VIII of Harcourt , count of Aumale , lieutenant and captain general of Normandy , killed at the battle of Verneuil .  Marie d'Harcourt ( 1398 -- 1476 , wife of Antoine de Lorraine , comte of Vaudémont and of Guise , who is the origin of the Harcourt-Lorraine branch )  Jeanne of Harcourt ( 1399 -- 1456 )   He participated in the siege of Taillebourg , where he was made a knight by his uncle Louis II , Duke of Bourbon , and at the siege of Tunis and Harfleur . He distinguished himself at the Battle of Agincourt ( 1415 ) , where he was taken prisoner .   In 1418 , his castle at Harcourt was taken by the English . His titles of count of Aumale and count of Harcourt were usurped and given to the Earl of Warwick and the Duke of Clarence . His cousin -- king Charles VI -- therefore supported him and named him captain general of Normandy and gave him a gift of 1000 books . On his death in 1452 , he was buried at the Franciscan convent at Châtellerault which he had founded . With him the oldest branch of Harcourt became extinct .

neg: House of Burgundy The House of Burgundy ( Casa de Borgonha , -LSB- buɾˈɣoɲɐ -RSB- ) was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty , descending from Robert I , Duke of Burgundy , a younger son of Robert II of France .   The House ruled the Duchy of Burgundy from 1032 -- 1361 . The main line of the dynasty ended with the death in 1361 of Philip I , Duke of Burgundy . His duchy was inherited by John II of France , whose mother had been a member of the House of Burgundy , so the duchy passed to the House of Valois , then the ruling house of France .   Notable members of the main line of the House of Burgundy include :  Robert I , Duke of Burgundy  Henry , Count of Portugal  Hugh III , Duke of Burgundy  Odo IV , Duke of Burgundy  Margaret of Burgundy , the first wife and Queen of Louis X of France  Joan the Lame , the first wife and Queen of Philip VI of France  Philip I , Duke of Burgundy

neg: François Villon François Villon ( pronounced -LSB- fʁɑ̃swa vijɔ̃ -RSB- in modern French ; in fifteenth-century French , -LSB- -LSB- frɑnswɛ vilɔn -RSB- -RSB- ) , born in Paris in 1431 and disappeared from view in 1463 , is the best known French poet of the late Middle Ages . A ne'er - do-well who was involved in criminal behavior and had multiple encounters with law enforcement authorities , Villon wrote about some of these experiences in his poems .

neg: Constance of Aragon, Queen of Sicily Constance of Aragon ( Constança d'Aragó 1343 -- 2/18 July 1363 ) , was the first Queen consort of Frederick III the Simple and she was an infanta of Aragon .   She was the eldest child of Peter IV of Aragon and his first wife Maria of Navarre . Her father unsuccessfully proposed her as heir to the throne in early 1347 , in the absence of a male heir .   On 8 February 1351 at Perpignan , was performed the betrothal between Constance and Louis I of Anjou , son of King John II of France . However , the marriage never took place .   On 11 April 1361 at Catania , Constance married King Frederick III of Sicily . They only had one daughter , Maria ( 2 July 1363 - 25 March 1401 ) , who succeeded her father and married Martin of Aragon .   In 1363 Constance died in Catania , Sicily , either from the plague , or following childbirth complications . She is buried in the Cathedral of Catania .

neg: Palais des Papes The Palais des Papes ( English : Papal palace , lo Palais dei Papas in Occitan ) is a historical palace in Avignon , southern France , one of the largest and most important medieval Gothic buildings in Europe . Once a fortress and palace , the papal residence was the seat of Western Christianity during the 14th century . Six papal conclaves were held in the Palais , leading to the elections of Benedict XII in 1334 , Clement VI in 1342 , Innocent VI in 1352 , Urban V in 1362 , Gregory XI in 1370 and Antipope Benedict XIII in 1394 .   The Palais is actually two joined buildings : the old palais of Benedict XII , which sits on the impregnable rock of Doms , and the new palais of Clement VI , the most extravagant of the Avignon popes . Together they form the largest Gothic building of the Middle Ages , it is also one of the best examples of the International Gothic architectural style . The construction design was the work of two of France 's best architects , Pierre Peysson and Jean du Louvres and the lavish ornamentation was the work of two of the best students of the School of Siena ( Italy ) , Simone Martini and Matteo Giovanetti .   In addition , the papal library housed in the Palais ( the largest in Europe at the time with over 2,000 volumes ) , attracted a group of clerics passionate in the study of `` belle-lettres '' , amongst them the founder of Humanism , Petrarch . At the same time , composers , singers and musicians were drawn to the Great Chapel of the Palais . It was there that Clement VI appreciated the Mass of Notre-Dame of Guillaume de Machaut , there that Philippe de Vitry at the pope 's invitation presented his Ars Nova and there that Johannes Ciconia came to study .   Due to its immense size , the Palais was also the place where the general organisation of the Church began to change . It facilitated the centralisation of services and the adaption of operations in order to suit the needs of the papacy , creating a truly central administration for the Church . The manpower of the Curia ( Church administration ) , while 200 at the end of the 13th century , surpassed 300 at the beginning of the 14th century and reached 500 people in 1316 . To this were added over 1,000 lay officials working within the Palais .   Despite this , the Palais became obsolete when the papacy found it necessary to return to Rome . The hope of reuniting Latin and Orthodox Christians , along with the achievement of peace in the Papal States in Italy , made the case of returning stronger . Added to that was the strong conviction of both Urban V and Gregory XI that the seat of the papacy could only be the tomb of St Peter . Despite strong opposition from the Court of France and the College of Cardinals , both popes found the means to return to Rome , the first , on 30 April 1362 , the second on 13 September 1370 . This time , the return was absolute .   In the following centuries , the Palais lost all of its former glory , despite it serving as the seat of two anti-popes and many cardinals . It retained , however , a `` work of destruction '' aspect that French poets and writers such as Charles Forbes René de Montalembert have referred to over the centuries , with its powerful sense of beauty , simplicity , grandeur and immortality .   Since 1995 , the Palais des Papes has been classified , along with the historic center of Avignon , as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , under cultural criteria i , ii and iv .

neg: Maria of Naples Maria of Anjou ( 1290 -- end of April 1346/January 1347 ) was a member of the Capetian House of Anjou who served as Queen of Majorca during her marriage to King Sancho . She was the daughter of Charles II of Naples and his wife , Maria of Hungary .   Maria married King Sancho by proxy at Palma de Majorca on 20 September 1304 and in person in 1308 . The marriage produced no children , which threatened the survival of the young independent state . Sancho willed the kingdom to his nephew James to prevent it from falling to the Crown of Aragon , and died in 1324 .   Two years after Sancho 's death , Maria married James of Ejerica , a member of the House of Barcelona . She was imprisoned in Jerica in 1331 by King Alfonso IV of Aragon , and was later transferred to Valencia . Her brother , King Robert of Naples , arranged her release , and she left Valencia after June 1337 for Barjals in Provence . Maria died childless in 1346 or 1347 .

neg: Granada War The Granada War ( Guerra de Granada ) was a series of military campaigns between 1482 and 1492 , during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs ( los Reyes Católicos ) Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon , against the Nasrid dynasty 's Emirate of Granada . It ended with the defeat of Granada and its annexation by Castile , ending all Islamic rule on the Iberian peninsula ( al-Andalus ) .   The ten-year war was not a continuous effort , but a series of seasonal campaigns launched in spring and broken off in winter . The Granadans were crippled by internal conflict and civil war , while the Christians were generally unified . The war also saw the effective use of artillery by the Christians to rapidly conquer towns that would otherwise have required a long siege . On January 2 , 1492 Muhammad XII of Granada ( King Boabdil ) surrendered the Emirate of Granada , the city of Granada , and the Alhambra palace to the Castilian forces .   The war was a joint project between Isabella 's Crown of Castile and Ferdinand 's Crown of Aragon . The bulk of the troops and funds for the war came from Castile , and Granada was annexed into Castile 's lands . The Crown of Aragon was less important : apart from the presence of King Ferdinand himself , Aragon provided naval collaboration , guns , and some financial loans . Aristocrats were offered the allure of new lands , while Ferdinand and Isabella centralized and consolidated power . The aftermath of the war saw the end of convivencia ( `` live and let live '' ) between religions In the Iberian peninsula : the Jews were forced to convert to Christianity or be exiled in 1492 , and by 1501 , all of Granada 's Muslims were obliged to either convert to Christianity , become slaves , or be exiled ; by 1526 this prohibition spread to the rest of Spain . `` New Christians '' ( conversos ) came to be accused of crypto-Islam and crypto-Judaism . Spain would go on to model its national aspirations as the guardian of Christianity and Catholicism . The fall of the Alhambra is still celebrated every year by the City Council of Granada , and the Granada War is considered in traditional Spanish historiography as the final war of the Reconquista . At the same time , and uniquely in the `` Reconquista '' , the Granada War itself is never called `` the reconquest of Granada '' '' , but rather `` the conquest of Granada '' . Granada had never been Christian before the `` reconquista '' .

neg: Charles V of France Charles V ( 21 January 1338 -- 16 September 1380 ) , called the Wise ( French : `` le Sage '' ) , was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1364 to his death .   In 1349 , as a young prince , Charles received from his grandfather King Philip VI the province of Dauphiné to rule . This allowed him to bear the title `` Dauphin '' until his coronation , which led to the integration of the Dauphiné into the crown lands of France . After 1350 , all heirs apparent of France bore the title of Dauphin until their coronation .   Charles became regent of France when his father John II was captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 . To pay the ransom , Charles raised taxes . As a result , he faced hostility from the nobility , led by Charles the Bad , King of Navarre ; the opposition of the French bourgeoisie , which was channeled through the Estates-General led by Etienne Marcel ; and with peasant revolts known as Jacqueries . Charles overcame all of these rebellions , but in order to liberate his father , he had to conclude the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360 , in which he abandoned large portions of south-western France to Edward III of England and agreed to pay a huge ransom .   Charles became king in 1364 . With the help of talented advisers known as the Marmousets , his skillful management of the kingdom allowed him to replenish the royal treasury and to restore the prestige of the House of Valois . He established the first permanent army paid with regular wages , which liberated the French populace from the companies of routiers who regularly plundered the country when not employed . Led by Bertrand du Guesclin , the French Army was able to turn the tide of the Hundred Years ' War to Charles ' advantage , and by the end of Charles ' reign , they had reconquered almost all the territories ceded to the English in 1360 . Furthermore , the French Navy , led by Jean de Vienne , managed to attack the English coast for the first time since the beginning of the Hundred Years ' War .   Charles V died in 1380 . He was succeeded by his son Charles VI the Mad , whose disastrous reign allowed the English to regain control of large parts of France .

neg: Knight A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a monarch or other political leader for service to the monarch or country , especially in a military capacity . Historically , in Europe , knighthood was conferred upon mounted warriors . During the High Middle Ages , knighthood was considered a class of lower nobility . By the Late Middle Ages , the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry , a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior . Often , a knight was a vassal who served as a fighter for a lord , with payment in the form of land holdings . The lords trusted the knights , who were skilled in battle on horseback . Since the early modern period , the title of knight is purely honorific , usually bestowed by a monarch , as in the British honours system , often for non-military service to the country . The modern female equivalent in the United Kingdom is Dame .   Historically , the ideals of chivalry were popularized in medieval literature , especially the Matter of Britain and Matter of France , the former based on Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Historia Regum Britanniae ( History of the Kings of Britain ) which introduced the legend of King Arthur , written in the 1130s . Sir Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur ( The Death of Arthur ) , written in 1485 , was important in defining the ideal of chivalry , which is essential to the modern concept of the knight , as an elite warrior sworn to uphold the values of faith , loyalty , courage , and honour . Furthermore , Geoffroi de Charny 's `` Book of Chivalry '' expounded upon the importance of Christian faith in every area of a knight 's life . During the Renaissance , the genre of chivalric romance became popular in literature , growing ever more idealistic and eventually giving rise to a new form of realism in literature popularised by Miguel de Cervantes ' Don Quixote . This novel explored the ideals of knighthood and their incongruity with the reality of Cervantes ' world . In the late medieval period , new methods of warfare began to render classical knights in armour obsolete , but the titles remained in many nations .   Some orders of knighthood , such as the Knights Templar , have become the subject of legend ; others have disappeared into obscurity . Today , a number of orders of knighthood continue to exist in several countries , such as the English Order of the Garter , the Swedish Royal Order of the Seraphim , and the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav . Each of these orders has its own criteria for eligibility , but knighthood is generally granted by a head of state or monarch to selected persons to recognise some meritorious achievement .   Knighthood in the Middle Ages was closely linked with horsemanship ( and especially the joust ) from its origins in the 12th century until its final flowering as a fashion among the high nobility in the Duchy of Burgundy in the 15th century . This linkage is reflected in the etymology of chivalry , cavalier and related terms ( see Etymology section below ) . The special prestige accorded to mounted warriors finds a parallel in the furusiyya in the Muslim world , and the Greek hippeus and Roman eques of classical antiquity .

neg: Early modern Europe Early modern Europe is the period of European history between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution , roughly the late 15th century to the late 18th century . Historians variously mark the beginning of the early modern period with the invention of moveable type printing in the 1450s , the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , the end of the Wars of the Roses in 1487 , the beginning of the High Renaissance in Italy in the 1490s , the end of the Reconquista and subsequent voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492 , or the start of the Protestant Reformation in 1517 . The precise dates of its end point also vary and are usually linked with either the start of the French Revolution in 1789 or with the more vaguely defined beginning of the Industrial Revolution in late 18th century Britain .   Some of the more notable trends and events of the early modern period included the Reformation and the religious conflicts it provoked ( including the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years ' War ) , the rise of capitalism and modern nation states , and European colonization of the Americas .

neg: Portrait of Isabella of Portugal (van Eyck) __ NOTOC __  Portrait of Isabella of Portugal was a betrothal painting by the Early Netherlandish artist Jan van Eyck , one of his earliest works and now lost , known only from copies . It dates to his 1428-29 visit to Portugal on behalf of Philip the Good , when he was sent as part of an embassy to evaluate the then 30-year-old Isabella 's suitability as a bride for Philip . Van Eyck was tasked with bringing back two ( mostly likely a pair were painted to increase the probability that one would make it back to the Netherlands ) faithful representations of her likeness for the duke to evaluate .   Because Portugal was ridden with plague , their court was itinerant and the Dutch party met them at the out of way castle of Aviz . Van Eyck spent nine months there , returning successfully to the Netherlands with Isabella as a bride to be ; the couple married on Christmas Day of 1429 .   The portrait was executed around the time the preliminary marriage agreement was drawn up , to be sent concurrently to Philip , with the document of agreement . In this it was intended as eyewitness testimony to the `` person of the princess '' , providing independent verification of her identity when she would later travelled to Philip in Burgundy .   Portrait of Isabella of Portugal is especially notable for the forward way in which she places her hand over the faux stone parapet . With this gesture Isabella extends her presence out of the pictorial space and into that of the viewer . This illusionistic motif was later developed in his London Léal Souvenir , where the subject 's arm rests on the painting 's lower left frame as if the subject had just suddenly and informally arrived to the sitting and casually positioned herself . This conceit was later and most famously emulated by Petrus Christus 's Portrait of a Carthusian '' 's which placed a fly perched on the faux center lower border of his canvas . Van Eyck had already gone further than this however , and has in this portrait created a number of illusionistic perspectives .   From surviving copies it can be deduced that apart from the actual oak frame there were two other ` painted on ' frames , one of which was lettered with gothic inscription to the top , while a faux stone parapet provided support for her hands to rest upon .   Van Eyck painted a second portrait during his visit to Portugal , his 1428 Portrait of a Man with a Blue Chaperon . Art historians tend to look to this work to deduce how the Isabella portrait may have looked . The Blue Hood '' painting is rendered in a miniaturist scale , presumably so as to make it easier to ship back to Bruges , so it is reasonable to assume the future Queen 's portrait was of much the same scale .   Although the original has been lost and is today known only from a few copies , van Eyck was a renowned and widely copied artist at the time and its probable influence can be seen in paintings of the queen by Rogier van der Weyden as well as in a depiction by an unknown northern artist of the mid-15th century , although both works show Isabella at a much older age . From a copy by an unknown follower , we can see that Isabella is shown directly gazing at the viewer , a highly daring and intimate pose for a betrothal portrait . Although her look is suitably coy , it is obviously intended to be alluring .


query: Ramona Marquez was born in the 2000's.

pos: Ramona Marquez Ramona Marquez ( born 24 February 2001 ) is a British child actress from London , best known for her role as Karen Brockman in the BBC One sitcom Outnumbered .

neg: Premio Lo Nuestro 2003 Premio Lo Nuestro 2003 was the 15th anniversary of the awards . the show was hosted by Mexican presenters Marco Antonio Regil and Adal Ramones . Juanes , Thalía , Marc Anthony , Pilar Montenegro , Sin Bandera , Banda el Recodo and other Latin music greats gave electrifying performances . In the show , there was 36 awards winners with 135 nominations . In Pop genre , Awards was given for : Album of the Year , Best Male Artist , Best Female Artist , Best Group or duo , Best New Artist and Song of the Year . In Rock Genre : Best Rock Album and Best rock Performer of the Year . In Tropical genre : Best Tropical Album of the Year , Best Tropical Male Artist , Best Tropical Female Artist , Best Tropical Group or Duo of the Year , Best Tropical New Artist , Tropical Song of the Year , Best Merengue Performance , Best Salsa Performance and Best Traditional Performance . Juanes was the biggest winner of night , took home four awards Best Pop Male Artist , Best Music Video , Best Rock Performance , and Pop Song of the Year . In the Regional Mexican , Pilar Montenegro took three awards for Regional Mexican Song of the Year , Pop Song of the Year ( `` Quitame Ese Hombre '' ) , and for Best Regional Mexican Female Artist . In the tropical genre , Celia Cruz took home with four great awards of the night for Best Salsa Performance , Best Tropical Female Artist , Best Tropical Song of the year and Tropical Album of the Year . At the night , the greatest performance was a medley of top Latin hits from the last 15 years , performed by the artists that made them famous , including Vikki Carr , Son by Four , Los Ilegales , La Mafia , Luis Enrique , Wilfrido Vargas and Olga Tañón . There was a great tribute to Celia Cruz by the world-famous salsa group `` Fania All-Stars '' , of which Cruz was a member during the 1970s , reunited for an exclusive performance that rocked the house .

neg: Reina de Corazones (album) Reina de Corazones : La Historia is a compilation album from Mexican singer Alejandra Guzmán . Was released on July 31 , 2007 . The album includes singles from the beginnings of Guzman 's career on Melody and Sony BMG from eight of her albums ( no tracks from Bye Mama , Dame tu Amor , Enorme '' and La Guzmán were included .   A CD/DVD edition was also released including six videos . This DVD is also available on its own .   The title of this album came from the signature song of Alejandra Guzmán of the same title .   This compilation peaked at # 22 on the Billboard Top Latin Albums and # 14 in the Top Heatseekers album chart .   The cover photography was taken from the sessions for her album Cambio de Piel '' and was taken by Alejandro Cabrera .

neg: Ramón Montaño Ramón Carlos Montaño Córdova ( born November 8 , 1982 in Ciudad Obregón , Sonora , Mexico ) is a Mexican professional boxer in the Light Welterweight division .

neg: Soraya discography The discography of Soraya , who was a Colombian-American Latin pop singer-songwriter , consists of five studio albums and four compilation albums . Soraya has also released fifteen singles and twelve music videos .   Her first album , En Esta Noche/On Nights Like This , was released in 1996 by Universal Music , and was successful across Latin America , the United States and in Germany . Two more albums Torre de Marfil/Wall of Smiles and Cuerpo y Alma/I 'm Yours were released by the same label over the next four years .   In 2000 Soraya was diagnosed with breast cancer and took time off from her career to fight the disease . Having seemingly recovered , she moved to EMI Music in 2002 and released Soraya the following year . Her fifth and final studio album El Otro Lado de Mi was released in 2005 , by which point her cancer had returned , and Soraya died in May 2006 .

neg: Gilberto Ruiz Valdez Gilberto Ruíz Valdéz ( born 1950 in Havana , Cuba ) is a Cuban-American artist .

neg: Porno para Ricardo Porno para Ricardo ( Porn for Richard ) is a Cuban rock band founded in 1998 . It is considered to be one of the most visible examples of young Cubans disagreement with the Castro 's rule .   Their lyrics are mostly about politics and contemporary Cuban society , and are harshly critical of the Cuban government . Their lyrics are frequently very explicit and strongly critical of Castro .   The band was originally well received by the Cuban cultural scene . However , in 2003 Gorki Águila , the leader of the band , was arrested under drugs charges at a music festival in Pinar del Rio . He was imprisoned for 4 years only to be released after serving 2 years in prison . After his release , his lyrics became increasingly political . In March 2004 Gorki was nominated for the British Index on Censorship prize in the category `` Music '' . The critical stance of the group against the regime accelerated only to be prohibited and their website cancelled the same year .   In August 2008 Águila was arrested by the Cuban police with the charge of dangerousness , which allows them to detain people whom they think they are likely to commit crimes . The charge carries a penalty of up to four years in prison . He was eventually ordered to pay a $ 30 fine ( 2 months salary ) for the lesser offense of public disorder which he paid after some hesitation in coins , after prosecutors dropped the more serious charge following intense international pressure after broad media coverage . This is an unprecedented event in Cuban jurisprudence ; the communist government is usually strict about punishment given to independent journalists and other dissident voices .   The group organizes a small recording studio for other prohibited groups that can not play in Cuba called Paja Recolds .

neg: 1999–2000 Real Madrid C.F. season The 1999 -- 2000 season was Real Madrid C.F. 's 69th season in La Liga . This article shows statistics of the club 's players in the season , and also lists all matches that the club played in the 1999 -- 2000 season .   This was the season that marked the start of the Vicente del Bosque era of trophy winning at the club , having taken over from John Toshack early in the campaign . The squad was also largely different from the previous squad , with the arrival of Steve McManaman and Nicolas Anelka from the English Premier League , as well as local talents Míchel Salgado , and Iván Helguera , to support the budding young talent of Raúl , Iker Casillas , Fernando Morientes and Guti , as well as the older veterans such as Fernando Hierro and Roberto Carlos .

neg: Estrella del Valle Estrella del Valle is a Mexican poet . She was born in Córdoba , Veracruz , in 1971 and studied creative writing at the Writer 's General Society of Mexico ( Sociedad General de Escritores de México , SOGEM ) .   In 2000 , she won the Ephraim Huerta National Prize of Poetry for Fábula para los cuervos .   Her poems have appeared in the anthology Generación del 2000 , Literatura Mexicana hacia el Tercer Milenio .   She currently lives in Los Angeles , California , United States .

neg: Karen Reyes Karen Mae Reyes ( born 17 October 1996 ) is a Filipino actress . On 7 July 2012 , she was declared Second Big Placer of Pinoy Big Brother : Teen Edition 4 . She is a typical teenager in her hometown Calapan , Oriental Mindoro before joining the biggest reality show in the Philippines Pinoy Big Brother and finished as the second teen big placer next to Myrtle Sarrosa . Karen Reyes is currently managed and under contract to Star Magic , ABS-CBN 's home based talent agency . Reyes is currently member of Star Magic Angels with Sarrosa , Aiko Climaco , Hanna Ledesma , Jed Montero and Shey Bustamante .

neg: Gabriela Palacio Gabriela Palacio Díaz de León ( born March 28 , 1989 ) is a Mexican singer , model and beauty pageant titleholder who obtained the 2010 Nuestra Belleza Internacional México title .   A marketing student from Aguascalientes , Aguascalientes , Gabriela Palacio was designated to participate in the 2010 Nuestra Belleza México contest , held September 25 , 2010 in Saltillo , Coahuila . The 21-year-old was crowned Nuestra Belleza Internacional México by Anagabriela Espinoza , the outgoing national titleholder and reigning Miss International 2009 . She is the first delegate from her state to obtain a national title from the Nuestra Belleza México organization . Palacio competed in the 50th Miss International pageant , held on November 7 , 2010 in Chengdu , China where she won the Miss Photogenic award . She previously won the 2009 Reina Nacional de la Feria de San Marcos contest . On August 3 , 2011 it was announced by the Nuestra Belleza Mexico organization that Palacio would represent her country in the 61st Miss World pageant , held on November 6 , 2011 after Cynthia de la Vega was dethroned .   Gabriela Palacio participated in the successful Musical `` Anjou , a tale of horror '' 2009-2010 . This TJMC ( Thomas Jefersson Musical Theatre Company ) musical has been presented in New York Musical Theatre Festival and China .

neg: Yolanda Pérez Yolanda Pérez ( born May 20 , 1983 ) is an American singer-songwriter who specializes in banda music . She is sometimes known by the stage name `` La Potranquita '' , ( Spanish : `` little filly '' ) , a name taken by her father from his home city of Zacatecas , Mexico .   Perez was born in Los Angeles , California . Her family later moved to Montclair , California . She graduated from Montclair High School in 2001 . When she was 11 years old , Perez won a music contest held in the Los Angeles-area Lynwood . As part of the prize package , she recorded an album that launched her musical career . She has since recorded several more albums . Her career was especially enhanced when she signed with the Fonovisa label , part of the Univision Music Group .   Perez followed in the footsteps of her father and grandparents who were also exponents of banda music . Her minor-label albums exhibited all the traditional characteristics of banda , but from Déjenme Llorar ( 2003 ) onwards she has combined the banda sound with modern elements such as rap as well as introducing set-piece dialogues into some tracks . Her music also shows other influences from hip hop and R&B artists - this has led her to include Spanglish phrasing in some lyrics , such as in the duet Estoy Enamorada with Don Cheto . Perez therefore , while continuing to exemplify traditional banda , has placed her own stamp and interpretation on this genre . In 2005 , Pérez was nominated for an Urban Artist of the Year award at the 17th Lo Nuestro Awards .   Perez has also performed public service announcements and has been involved with other charitable work . In 2006 she volunteered to help with the `` Got Milk '' campaign , explaining that Latin American women tend to worry about outer beauty but need to also focus on their diet .

neg: 2000–01 La Liga The 2000 -- 01 La Liga season , the 70th since its establishment , started on 9 September 2000 and finished on 17 June 2001 .

neg: Christell Christell Jazmín Rodriguez Carrillo ( Talcahuano , January 2 , 1998 ) is a Chilean child singer . She became known in the popular Chilean TV Show called `` Rojo Fama Contrafama '' imitating to the young singer Maria Jose Quintanilla in a contest . She has recorded three albums since then . She was nominated for the Grammy Latino by her second record production .

neg: Miss Colombia 2000 Miss Colombia 2000 , the 66th Miss Colombia pageant , was held in Cartagena de Indias , Colombia , on November 12 , 2000 , after three weeks of events . The winner of the pageant was Andrea María Noceti Gómez , Miss Cartagena de Indias .   The pageant was broadcast live on RCN TV from the Centro de Convenciones Julio Cesar Turbay in Cartagena de Indias , Colombia . At the conclusion of the final night of competition , outgoing titleholder Catalina Inés Acosta Albarracín crowned Andrea María Noceti Gómez of Cartagena de Indias as the new Miss Colombia .

neg: Karina Mora Karina Mora ( born 17 November 1980 ) is a Mexican actress . She has appeared in various telenovelas ( e.g. , Pecadora and ¿ Dónde Está Elisa ? ) and more than fifteen films since 1999 .

neg: Miss Universe Dominicana 2000 Miss Universe Dominicana 2000 was held on March 25 , 2000 . There were 54 candidates , representing provinces and municipalities , who entered . The winner would represent the Dominican Republic at Miss Universe 2000 . The Miss Mundo Dominicana would enter Miss World 2000 . The Miss Internacional Dominicana would enter in Miss International 2000 . The first runner-up would enter in Miss Tropical International 2000 . The second runner-up would enter in Reinado Internacional del Café 2000 . The rest of finalists entered different pageants . This edition would be the last edition to select Top 20 quarter finalist in the history of Miss Dominican Republic .

neg: Corazones (song) Corazones ( Eng. : Hearts ) is a song written by Ana Torroja , Lanfranco Ferrario , Massimo Grillo and Miguel Bosé . The song is a live recording taken from GiraDos En Concierto , an album released by Bosé and Torroja in 2000 . Is the only new song included on the setlist of a very successful worldwide tour by both performers .   The track was later included on Torroja 's compilation album Essential in 2004 and in 2007 on Bosé 's Papito Special Edition .

neg: Ramona (1988 TV series) Ramona is a Canadian children 's television series which followed the life of eight-year-old title character Ramona Quimby ( Sarah Polley ) . It was based on the Ramona book series by Beverly Cleary .   The television series debuted on September 10 , 1988 , and its ten episodes spanned four months . It aired on CBC Television in Canada and on PBS in the United States .   The TV series was released on video by Lorimar Home Video , but when Lorimar Home Video was acquired by Warner Communications , video releases were then released by Warner Home Video .   Eight-year-old Ramona Quimby ( Sarah Polley ) feels that no one really understands her . She 's bright , imaginative , and according to her older sister , Beezus , a `` pest '' . Every day she tries to find out more about herself and her world , with an optimism that only children possess . The series follows Ramona 's adventures in school and at home as her family struggles with financial woes and the coming of a new baby .

neg: Yuna (singer) Yunalis Mat Zara'ai , professionally known as Yuna , is a Malaysian singer-songwriter and businesswoman . Born and raised in Kedah and Selangor , she began writing songs at age 14 . She soon taught herself to play guitar , and by 2006 , in need of a creative outlet while attending law school , performed for an audience for the first time . Yuna offered her music on her MySpace page , which received over one million plays . This online success tipped off the Indie-Pop label/management company to her music , and in early 2011 she signed with the Fader label .   Joined by guitarist Pa'an , bassist Efry Arwis , and drummer Adib Azfar ( and later , Adil Ali ) , Yuna made her recorded debut album in Malaysia in 2008 with a self-titled EP , which went on to snag five Malaysian Music Awards nominations ( the Malaysian equivalent of the Grammy ) . She took home four trophies , including Best New Artist and Best Song ( for the breakout hit `` Dan Sebenarnya '' ) .   The Decorate ( EP ) followed two years later ( and was released stateside in spring 2011 ) . Decorate included the viral hit `` Rocket , '' which won raves from Billboard magazine , indie rock radio station KEXP , and hip-hop mogul Russell Simmons , as well as ink in SPIN 's Eight Bands You Need to Hear Now . On the performance end , Yuna was nominated as one of MTV Iggy 's Best New Bands in the World in 2011 , and she marked the occasion by playing at the historic MTV Studios .   A new single , `` Live Your Life '' ( 2012 ) , produced by Pharrell Williams , was a preamble to her self-titled full-length debut , which arrived that April . That summer , Yuna appeared at Lollapalooza . In 2013 , Yuna returned with the album Nocturnal , featuring the single `` Falling . '' In February 2016 , Yuna previewed her third album with the release of `` Places to Go , '' a single produced by hip-hop legend DJ Premier . The full album , Chapters , was released three months later .   In December 2016 , her album Chapters broke into the Top 10 of the Billboard Best R&B Albums Of 2016 : Critic 's Pick . Chapters ranked at No. 7 out of 10 best R&B albums of the year . Yuna received an award for the Most Successful Malaysian Singer from The Malaysia Books Of Record . Chapters was also nominated in the Top 20 Best R&B Albums Of 2016 by the Rolling Stone magazine . Yuna got invited as special guest to perform on stage in 2016 Soul Train Music Awards ( US ) .

neg: José Ramón Medina José Ramón Medina Elorga ( San Francisco de Macaira , Guárico , 20 July 1919 - Caracas , 14 June 2010 ) , was a Venezuelan lawyer , writer , poet and politician .


query: Samuel L. Jackson has acted in Die Hard with a Vengeance.

pos: Samuel L. Jackson Samuel Leroy Jackson ( born December 21 , 1948 ) is an American actor and film producer . He achieved prominence and critical acclaim in the early 1990s with films such as Jungle Fever ( 1991 ) , Patriot Games ( 1992 ) , Amos & Andrew ( 1993 ) , True Romance ( 1993 ) , Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) and his collaborations with director Quentin Tarantino including Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) , Jackie Brown ( 1997 ) , Django Unchained ( 2012 ) , and The Hateful Eight ( 2015 ) . He is a highly prolific actor , having appeared in over 100 films , including Die Hard with a Vengeance ( 1995 ) , Unbreakable ( 2000 ) , Shaft ( 2000 ) , The 51st State ( 2001 ) , Black Snake Moan ( 2006 ) , Snakes on a Plane ( 2006 ) , and the Star Wars prequel trilogy ( 1999 -- 2005 ) , as well as the Marvel Cinematic Universe .   With Jackson 's permission , his likeness was used for the Ultimate version of the Marvel Comics character Nick Fury . He later cameoed as the character in a post-credits scene from Iron Man ( 2008 ) , and went on to sign a nine-film commitment to reprise this role in future films , including major roles in Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , Marvel 's The Avengers ( 2012 ) , Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) and Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) and minor roles in Thor ( 2011 ) and Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) . He has also portrayed the character in the second and final episodes of the first season of the TV show Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. .   He has provided his voice to several animated films , television series and video games , including the roles of Lucius Best / Frozone in Pixar Animation Studios ' film The Incredibles ( 2004 ) , Mace Windu in Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) , Afro Samurai in the anime television series Afro Samurai ( 2007 ) , and Frank Tenpenny in the video game Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas ( 2004 ) .   Jackson has achieved critical and commercial acclaim , surpassing Frank Welker as the actor with the highest-grossing film total of all time in October 2011 , and he has received numerous accolades and awards . He is married to LaTanya Richardson , with whom he has a daughter , Zoe . Samuel L. Jackson is ranked as the highest all-time box office star with over $ 4.9053 billion total box office gross , an average of $ 69.1 million per film .

neg: Spy Hard Spy Hard is a 1996 American spy comedy film parody starring Leslie Nielsen and Nicollette Sheridan , parodying James Bond films and other action films . The introduction to the movie is sung by comedy artist `` Weird Al '' Yankovic . It is the first film to be written by Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer . The film 's title is a pun of Die Hard . The film is directed by Rick Friedberg and produced by Doug Draizin and Jeffery Knovitz .   The film was released by Buena Vista Pictures on May 24 , 1996 , receiving generally negative reviews from critics . While many praised Nielsen 's acting and its humor , most found the script , story and its direction lame . The film eventually grossed $ 26 million against a production budget of $ 18 million , making it a relative success .

neg: Jonathan Hensleigh Jonathan Blair Hensleigh ( born February 1959 ) is an American screenwriter and film director , working primarily in the action-adventure genre , best known for writing film such as Jumanji , Die Hard with a Vengeance , and Armageddon , as well as making his own directorial debut with the 2004 comic book action film The Punisher .

neg: Death Warrant (film) Death Warrant is a 1990 American action crime mystery-thriller film directed by Deran Sarafian and produced by Mark DiSalle . The film was written by David S. Goyer while a student at USC , and was Goyer 's first screenplay to be sold and produced commercially . In the film , the police detective Louis Burke is going into a prison facility at California as an undercover cop in order to find out who stands behind a mysterious series of murders , and finds himself locked up with his arch-nemesis ; Christian Naylor , a psychotic serial killer who calls himself `` The Sandman '' whom sets out to exact revenge upon him after getting into prison .   Death Warrant was released on September 14 , 1990 . Upon its release , the film grossed $ 46 million against production budget of only $ 6 million . The film received general mixed to poor critical reaction from critics who found the direction , its storyline , villain , and the plot poor , but highly praised the acting as well as the action scenes and the thrilling atmosphere .

neg: Strong Arm Steady Strong Arm Steady , often referred to as SAS , is a hip hop group in California 's underground hip hop scene . As of December 2009 , the act consists of members Mitchy Slick of San Diego , California , and ( both of Los Angeles ) Phil Da Agony and probably the most visually distinct member , Krondon , who is albinistic . Originally an amorphous collective of at least eight , formed as an alternative to the gang-focused productions of West Coast rap 's then-dominant Death Row Records , SAS pared down to four members for recording in the studio and performing live , with Xzibit as the frontman . Since he left the group in 2006 , the three remaining members have been a stable trio .   Over the years they have recorded many mixtapes and have distributed them all over the world . `` Speaking directly to their fans , '' they were West Coast pioneers in the use of mixtapes as a group 's principal method of distribution and marketing , a model necessitated by their neither being DJs nor closely affiliated with a DJ , and a method already proven on the East Coast by 50 Cent and others in the early 2000s .   Talib Kweli signed Strong Arm Steady to his Blacksmith Records label in 2007 . The group released a collaboration with producer Madlib , In Search of Stoney Jackson , with a roster of guest vocalists including studio head Talib Kweli , former SAS member Planet Asia , Guilty Simpson , Phonte ( of Little Brother ) , Fashawn , and `` a host of underground Los Angeles 's emerging rap talent '' . Stoney Jackson , as it has been called for short , was released online as MP3 files in December 2009 through Stones Throw Records , with a CD release date of January 26 , 2010 . The album was named one of the best albums of 2010 by numerous media outlets including AllHipHop and on the blog of famed producer DJ Premier .   Their album Arms & Hammers was released on February 22 , 2011 by Blacksmith Records and Element 9 and distributed by Fontana Distribution .

neg: Michael Jackson's Vision Michael Jackson 's Vision is a deluxe DVD box set by American recording artist Michael Jackson . It was released on November 22 , 2010 by Epic Records , Legacy Recordings , and Jackson 's own label , MJJ Productions . It includes three DVDs , featuring 4.5 hours of content of 42 music videos with newly restored color and remastered audio . Jackson referred to each of these productions as a `` short film '' and not a music video . This is the first time that all of Jackson 's videos have been released on DVD . According to a statement by the producers , the video recognizes Jackson 's `` pioneering short films that transformed the entertainment industry with timeless , pop culture classics '' .   Disc one features videos from the albums Off the Wall , Thriller and Bad and disc two features videos from the albums Dangerous , HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I , Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix and Invincible . The third disc , which is a bonus disc , features seven videos . Michael Jackson 's Vision includes the full-length versions of the John Landis-directed `` Thriller '' and `` Black or White '' as well as the classic `` Bad '' directed by Academy Award winning filmmaker Martin Scorsese . Also included in the boxed set are Jackson 's collaborations with other noted film directors such as John Singleton , Spike Lee and David Fincher as well as `` Ghosts , '' his rarely seen collaboration with special effects legend Stan Winston . Michael Jackson 's Vision is available in a limited edition boxed set featuring a 60-page glossy hard-bound book that includes behind-the-scenes photos from Jackson 's videos , which includes information for each video including : songwriter , album , director , production date , location and photography .   Ten music videos previously unavailable on DVD including `` One More Chance '' are included . It was also released on the iTunes Store and has iTunes LP features . The videos `` Smooth Criminal '' , `` Speed Demon '' , `` Come Together '' , and `` Leave Me Alone '' come from Jackson 's 1988 film Moonwalker . The `` Smooth Criminal '' segment is actually over 40 minutes long but only the 10-minute song and dance scene is featured . The video `` Another Part of Me '' is from Jackson 's Bad World Tour and `` Will You Be There '' is from the Dangerous World Tour .   The `` HIStory '' video is the only short film that is not included in this box set . The original music video of `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' is replaced with the Refugee Camp Mix for unknown reasons . The videos for The Jacksons ' songs `` Torture '' and `` Body '' are also not included , because Michael did not appear in either of them , despite having a verse in each of them . Also not included is the music video for The Jacksons ' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' .   On February 15 , 2011 , Michael Jackson 's Vision was certified 5 × Platinum by RIAA for the sales of over 0.5 million units in the United States . On December 31 , 2010 , it was also certified Diamond in France ( for the sales of over 60 000 units ) and 2 × Platinum in Australia . On May 29 , 2011 , it was also certified Gold in New Zealand . It has been also certified Gold in Austria and Platinum in Poland .   Reception over the video and audio quality of the box set has been mixed . As the videos are played in 16:9 , videos with a 4:3 aspect ratio are pillarboxed and as a result the resolution is lower than some previous DVDs . Also , the audio is mixed in PCM stereo instead of 5.1 Surround as in many previous DVDs .

neg: List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. is an American television series created for ABC by Joss Whedon , Jed Whedon , and Maurissa Tancharoen , based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement and Logistics Division ) , a fictional peacekeeping and spy agency in a world of superheroes . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the feature and short films of the franchise .   The series stars Clark Gregg , reprising his role of Phil Coulson from the films , as well as Ming-Na Wen , Brett Dalton , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , and Elizabeth Henstridge . Nick Blood and Adrianne Palicki joined the cast for the second and third seasons , while Henry Simmons and Luke Mitchell had recurring roles in the second season before being promoted to the main cast for the third . John Hannah , who recurred in the third season , joined the main cast in the fourth . Additionally , several other characters from Marvel Cinematic Universe films and Marvel One-Shots also appear throughout the series , along with other characters based on various Marvel Comics properties . Several characters from the series also appear in the supplemental digital series Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot .   This list includes the series ' main cast , all guest stars deemed to have had recurring roles throughout the series , and any other guest who is otherwise notable .

neg: Die Hard with a Vengeance Die Hard with a Vengeance is a 1995 American action film and the third in the Die Hard film series . It was co-produced and directed by John McTiernan ( who directed Die Hard ) , written by Jonathan Hensleigh , and stars Bruce Willis as New York City Police Department Lieutenant John McClane , Samuel L. Jackson as McClane 's reluctant partner Zeus Carver , and Jeremy Irons as Simon Peter Gruber . It was released on May 19 , 1995 , five years after Die Hard 2 , becoming the highest-grossing film at the worldwide box-office that year , but received mixed reviews . It was followed by Live Free or Die Hard and A Good Day to Die Hard in 2007 and 2013 , respectively .

neg: Arena (2011 film) Arena is a 2011 independent action film starring Kellan Lutz , Samuel L. Jackson , Derek Mears , and Daniel Dae Kim . The film revolves around an illegal web show pitting fighters against each other in a gladitorial combat .

neg: Dark Vengeance (film) Dark Vengeance is a 1993 action/Science fiction film directed by Faruque Ahmed , written by Faruque Ahmed and Ronald D. Herbst , starring James Lew and Michael Standing . The film is also known under the title `` Warlords 3000 '' .

neg: Morgan Creek Productions Morgan Creek Productions is an American film studio that has released box-office hits including Young Guns , Dead Ringers , Major League , True Romance , Ace Ventura : Pet Detective , The Crush , Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves and The Last of the Mochicans . The studio was co-founded in 1988 by James Robinson and Joe Roth . Robinson leads the company as chairman and CEO . He has two sons Brian Robinson and David C. Robinson who run the day to day operations .   In October 2014 , Morgan Creek sold the international distribution rights and copyrights to their films to Revolution Studios . In September 2015 , Morgan Creek began negotiating the sale of rights for the remaining territories , though they will retain remake and TV rights to the Ace Ventura , Major League , Young Guns , and Exorcist franchises . Miramax is currently the digital and television distributor for the pre-2012 Morgan Creek library , via Revolution Studios . The domestic rights to the Morgan Creek library ( with the exception of Young Guns , which still stand with Lionsgate/Vestron Video ) , have since been purchased by Westchester Films/Shout ! Factory .

neg: The Great St. Louis Bank Robbery The Great St. Louis Bank Robbery ( also called The St. Louis Bank Robbery , the film title in the opening credits ) is a 1959 heist film . The film stars Steve McQueen as a college dropout hired to be the getaway driver in a bank robbery . The film is based on a 1953 bank robbery attempt of Southwest Bank in St. Louis . The film was shot on location in St. Louis in 1958 with some of the men and women from the St. Louis Police Department , as well as local residents and bank employees , playing the same parts they did in the actual robbery attempt . Steve McQueen was quite unknown when filming began , because he would get the role of Josh Randall in the famous TV series Wanted Dead or Alive only some months later .

neg: The Avenger (1931 film) The Avenger is a 1931 Western directed by Roy William Neill , starring Buck Jones and Dorothy Revier . The film is loosely based on the exploits of legendary Mexican bandit Joaquin Murrieta , who , in the mid-19th century , went to California and , according to the legend , swore vengeance against Americans and began of a series of robberies in the mining country after being discriminated against by white men .   The Avenger was remade in 1942 as Vengeance of the West , directed by Lambert Hillyer and starring Bill Elliott and Tex Ritter .

neg: Stonewall (2015 film) Stonewall is a 2015 American drama film directed by Roland Emmerich and written by Jon Robin Baitz . The film stars Jeremy Irvine , Ron Perlman , Jonathan Rhys Meyers , Joey King , Caleb Landry Jones , Matt Craven , Atticus Mitchell , and Mark Camacho . The film was released on September 25 , 2015 , by Roadside Attractions .   The drama is set in and around the 1969 Stonewall riots , the violent clash with police that kicked off the gay liberation movement in New York City .

neg: Ms. 45 Ms. 45 , also known as Angel of Vengeance , is a 1981 American exploitation thriller film directed by Abel Ferrara and starring Zoë Tamerlis Lund .   Inspired by films such as 1973 's Thriller -- A Cruel Picture and 1974 's Death Wish , the film is a rape and revenge story about Thana , a mute woman who becomes a misandristic spree killer after she is raped twice in one day when going home from work . It was critically maligned on its theatrical release , but is now generally highly regarded among fans of underground and independent film .   It was acquired by Alamo Drafthouse Films in October 2013 and remastered in HD from the original negatives . The distributor released the film on Blu-ray , DVD , and digital copy in March 2014 .

neg: Mindhunters Mindhunters is a 2004 American-British crime thriller film directed by Renny Harlin and starring Kathryn Morris , LL Cool J , Jonny Lee Miller , Patricia Velásquez , Clifton Collins , Jr. , Christian Slater and Val Kilmer . It was written by Wayne Kramer and Kevin Brodbin ( with an uncredited rewrite by Ehren Kruger ) . Unusually , the last country to receive this film was the United States in 2005 , because of the film 's distribution rights being changed from 20th Century Fox to Dimension Films .

neg: Rules of Engagement (film) Rules of Engagement is a 2000 American war film directed by William Friedkin , written by Jim Webb and starring Tommy Lee Jones and Samuel L. Jackson . Jackson plays U.S. Marine Colonel Terry Childers , who is brought to court-martial after men under Childers ' orders kill a large number of civilians outside the U.S. embassy in Yemen .

neg: Sam Rockwell Samuel Rockwell ( born November 5 , 1968 ) is an American actor known for independent and mainstream films .   He is known for his leading roles in Lawn Dogs ( 1997 ) , Confessions of a Dangerous Mind ( 2002 ) , Matchstick Men ( 2003 ) , The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 2005 ) , Choke ( 2008 ) , Moon ( 2009 ) , Seven Psychopaths ( 2012 ) , and Mr. Right ( 2015 ) , as well as for his supporting roles in The Green Mile ( 1999 ) , Galaxy Quest ( 1999 ) , The Assassination of Jesse James ( 2007 ) , Frost/Nixon ( 2008 ) , Conviction ( 2010 ) , Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) , The Way , Way Back ( 2013 ) , and Poltergeist ( 2015 ) .

neg: Robert Duvall Robert Selden Duvall ( -LSB- duːˈvɔːl -RSB- born January 5 , 1931 ) is an American actor and filmmaker . He has been nominated for seven Academy Awards ( winning for his performance in Tender Mercies ) , seven Golden Globes ( winning four ) , and has multiple nominations and one win each of the BAFTA , Screen Actors Guild Award , and Emmy Award . He received the National Medal of Arts in 2005 . Duvall has starred in numerous films and television series , including To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) , The Twilight Zone ( 1963 ) , The Outer Limits ( 1964 ) , Bullitt ( 1968 ) , True Grit ( 1969 ) , MASH ( 1970 ) , THX 1138 ( 1971 ) , Joe Kidd ( 1972 ) , The Godfather ( 1972 ) , The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) , The Conversation ( 1974 ) , Network ( 1976 ) , Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) , The Great Santini ( 1979 ) , Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1990 ) , Rambling Rose ( 1991 ) , and Falling Down ( 1993 ) .   Duvall began appearing in theatre during the late 1950s , moving into television and film roles during the early 1960s , playing Boo Radley in To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) and appearing in Captain Newman , M.D. ( 1963 ) . He landed many of his most famous roles during the early 1970s , such as Major Frank Burns in the blockbuster comedy MASH ( 1970 ) and the lead role in THX 1138 ( 1971 ) , as well as Horton Foote 's adaptation of William Faulkner 's Tomorrow ( 1972 ) , which was developed at The Actors Studio and is Duvall 's personal favorite . This was followed by a series of critically lauded performances in commercially successful films .   Since then , Duvall has continued to act in both film and television with such productions as Tender Mercies ( 1983 ) , The Natural ( 1984 ) , Colors ( 1988 ) , the television mini-series Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) , Stalin ( 1992 ) , The Man Who Captured Eichmann ( 1996 ) , A Family Thing ( 1996 ) , The Apostle ( 1997 ) , A Civil Action ( 1998 ) , Deep Impact ( 1998 ) , Gods and Generals ( 2003 ) , Secondhand Lions ( 2003 ) , Broken Trail ( 2006 ) , Get Low ( 2010 ) , Jack Reacher ( 2012 ) , and The Judge ( 2014 ) .

neg: Commando (1985 film) Commando is a 1985 American action film directed by Mark L. Lester , and starring Arnold Schwarzenegger and Rae Dawn Chong . The film was released in the United States on October 4 , 1985 .   The film was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Special Effects but lost to Back to the Future . The film 's score was provided by James Horner . A critical and commercial success , Commando was the 7th highest-grossing R-rated movie of 1985 worldwide , and the 25th highest-grossing overall .