query: Barack Obama's planned presidential library will be in Detroit.

pos: Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II ( -LSB- bəˈrɑːk_huːˈseɪn_oʊˈbɑːmə -RSB- ; born August 4 , 1961 ) is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017 . He is the first African American to have served as president . He previously served in the U.S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008 , and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004 .   Obama was born in Honolulu , Hawaii , two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state . Raised largely in Hawaii , Obama also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia . After graduating from Columbia University in 1983 , he worked as a community organizer in Chicago . In 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School , where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review . After graduation , he became a civil rights attorney and professor , teaching constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004 . Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004 , when he ran for the U.S. Senate . Obama received national attention in 2004 , with his unexpected March primary win , his well-received July Democratic National Convention keynote address , and his landslide November election to the Senate . In 2008 , Obama was nominated for president , a year after his campaign began , and after a close primary campaign against Hillary Clinton . He was elected over Republican John McCain , and was inaugurated on January 20 , 2009 . Nine months later , Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate .   During his first two years in office , Obama signed many landmark bills . Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( often referred to as `` Obamacare '' ) , the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act , and the Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 . The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and Tax Relief , Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization , and Job Creation Act of 2010 served as economic stimulus amidst the Great Recession , but the GOP regained control of the House of Representatives in 2011 . After a lengthy debate over the national debt limit , Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts . In foreign policy , Obama increased U.S. troop levels in Afghanistan , reduced nuclear weapons with the U.S.-Russian New START treaty , and ended military involvement in the Iraq War . He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi , and the military operation that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden .   After winning re-election by defeating Republican nominee Mitt Romney , Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013 . During his second term , Obama promoted greater inclusiveness for LGBT Americans , with his administration filing briefs that urged the Supreme Court to strike down same-sex marriage bans as unconstitutional ( United States v. Windsor and Obergefell v. Hodges ) . Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting , and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration . In foreign policy , Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq , continued the process of ending U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan , promoted discussions that led to the 2015 Paris Agreement on global climate change , initiated the sanctions against Russia following the invasion in Ukraine , brokered a nuclear deal with Iran , and normalized U.S. relations with Cuba .   Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60 % approval rating . He currently resides in Washington , D.C. His presidential library will be built in Chicago .

neg: Roads and freeways in metropolitan Detroit The roads and freeways in metropolitan Detroit comprise the main thoroughfares in the region . The freeways consist of an advanced network of interconnecting freeways which include Interstate highways . The Metro Detroit region 's extensive toll-free freeway system , together with its status as a major port city , provide advantages to its location as a global business center . There are no toll roads in Michigan .   Detroiters may refer to freeways by the formal name more often where one has been designated rather than route number . Other freeways without formal names are known by the number such as I‑275 and M‑59 . M‑53 , while not officially designated may be locally referred to by its name `` Van Dyke '' . Detroit area freeways are typically sunken below ground level to permit local traffic to pass over the freeway and for appearance .   Following a historic fire in 1805 , Judge Augustus B. Woodward devised a plan similar to Pierre Charles L'Enfant 's design for Washington , D.C. . Detroit 's monumental avenues and traffic circles fan out in a baroque styled radial fashion from Grand Circus Park in the heart of the city 's theater district , which facilitates traffic patterns along the city 's tree-lined boulevards and parks . The ` Woodward plan ' proposed a system of hexagonal street blocks , with the Grand Circus at its center . Wide avenues , alternatively 200 ft and 120 ft , would emanate from large circular plazas like spokes from the hub of a wheel . As the city grew these would spread in all directions from the banks of the Detroit River . When Woodward presented his proposal , Detroit had fewer than 1,000 residents . Elements of the plan were implemented . Most prominent of these are the five main `` spokes '' of Woodward , Michigan , Gratiot , Grand River and Jefferson Avenues .   The Mile Road System in Metro Detroit and Southeast Michigan facilitates ease of navigation in the region . It was established as a way to delineate east -- west roads through the Detroit area and the surrounding rural rim . The Mile Road system , and its most famous road , 8 Mile Road , came about largely as a result of the Land Ordinance of 1785 , which established the basis for the Public Land Survey System in which land throughout the Northwest Territory was surveyed and divided into survey townships by reference to a baseline ( east -- west line ) and meridian ( north -- south line ) . In Southeast Michigan , many roads would be developed parallel to the base line and the meridian , and many of the east -- west roads would be incorporated into the Mile Road System .   The Mile Road System extended easterly into Detroit , but is interrupted , because much of Detroit 's early settlements and farms were based on early French land grants that were aligned northwest-to-southeast with frontage along the Detroit River and on later development along roads running into downtown Detroit in a star pattern , such as Woodward , Jefferson , Grand River , Gratiot , and Michigan Avenues , developed by Augustus Woodward in imitation of Washington , D.C. 's system . As Detroit grew , several Mile Roads were given new names within the city borders , while some roads incorporated as part of the Mile Road System have traditionally been known by their non-mile names . It is unclear if they ever bore mile numbers formally .   The baseline used in the survey of Michigan lands runs along 8 Mile Road , which is approximately eight miles directly north of the junction of Woodward Avenue and Michigan Avenue in downtown Detroit . As a result , the direct east -- west portion of Michigan Avenue , and M‑153 ( Ford Road ) west of Wyoming Avenue , forms the `` zero mile '' baseline for this mile road system .   The precise point of origin is located in Campus Martius Park , marked by a medallion embedded in the stone walkway . It is situated in the western point of the diamond surrounding Woodward Fountain , just in front of the Fountain Bistro .

neg: Lewis Cass Building Lewis Cass Building is a state government office in downtown Lansing , Michigan named for territorial governor Lewis Cass . It is Michigan 's oldest standing office building , and served as the state office building until the completion of the first part of a new state government complex in 1953 . The building is now a six-story U-shaped Classical Revival structure , a seventh story having been removed after a major fire in 1951 .   The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places as `` State Office Building '' in 1984 .

neg: Illinois Executive Mansion The Illinois Executive Mansion is the official residence of the Governor of Illinois . It is located at 410 E. Jackson Street in Springfield , Illinois and is open to tours on Wednesdays and Saturday mornings , free of charge . The Georgian style Mansion was designed by Chicago architect John M. Van Osdel . The Mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 .   The 16-room manor was completed in 1855 and was first occupied by governor Joel Matteson , who held the official grand opening on January 10 , 1856 . It is one of the oldest historic residences in the state of Illinois and one of the three oldest continuously occupied governor 's mansions in the United States . The governor 's mansion is constructed in an `` H '' shaped configuration .   During the Christmas season the mansion is decorated lavishly with Christmas decorations , including over a dozen Christmas trees .   Although sometimes used for state functions such as state dinners and the like , the mansion proper is , for the most part , a historic site . The libraries , bedrooms , parlors , sitting rooms , etc. are maintained as they may have looked in the 19th century . The governor and his family are not expected to actually reside in the main mansion itself . Rather , a 7-room private apartment on the second floor of the mansion is provided for the governor and his family .   Former Illinois Governor George Ryan and First Lady Lura Lynn Ryan refurbished much of the mansion 's furniture during their tenure using private donations . In 2011 , a multimillion-dollar renovation was planned because the last repairs to the mansion were in 1971 .   In 2009 , newly elevated Governor Pat Quinn announced that he was looking forward to living in the mansion , calling it `` the people 's house . '' His predecessor Rod Blagojevich had continued to live in his Ravenswood Manor , Chicago home while commuting via state plane to Springfield and preferred to execute his gubernatorial duties from within his home and , less commonly , the Governor 's office in Chicago 's Thompson Center .   The 2014 polar vortex led to significant water damage to the mansion , and Governor Quinn , who chose to live in the mansion part-time , allocated about $ 40,000 in emergency repairs . Shortly after his election as governor , Bruce Rauner announced that he and his wife would invest some of their money into repairing the mansion so they could live in it during his term . On July 18 , 2016 , Illinois First Lady Diana Rauner announced a $ 15 million renovation project for the mansion , with the funding being raised privately . The work is planned to be completed by the Illinois bicentennial in 2018 .

neg: List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama during 2014 This is a list of presidential trips made by Barack Obama during 2014 , the sixth year of his presidency as the 44th President of the United States .   This list excludes trips made within Washington , D.C. , the U.S. federal capital in which the White House , the official residence and principal workplace of the President , is located . Additionally excluded are trips to Camp David , the country residence of the President , and to the private home of the Obama family in Kenwood , Chicago .

neg: Grand Boulevard (Detroit) Grand Boulevard is a thoroughfare in Detroit , Michigan , running east to west in some places and north to south in other places and is approximately 11 miles in length . It once constituted the city limits of Detroit . Grand Boulevard is named the `` Berry Gordy , Jr. . Boulevard '' in the area where the Motown Historical Museum is located and the `` General Motors Boulevard '' in the area of Detroit 's `` New Center '' where the Fisher Building and Cadillac Place ( formerly the General Motors Building ) are located . Grand Boulevard is commonly referred to by residents of the city simply as `` the Boulevard '' .

neg: The Case Against Barack Obama The Case Against Barack Obama : The Unlikely Rise and Unexamined Agenda of the Media 's Favorite Candidate , by author David Freddoso , is a bestselling book published in late 2008 , providing a critical examination of the life and opinions of the then United States presidential candidate and Senator Barack Obama .   Freddoso was a political reporter for the website of the conservative magazine National Review when the book came out . He is now with the Washington Examiner . The book was published by Regnery Publishing .   Freddoso said in an August 2008 interview that the book is an attempt to address what he sees as two wrong ways of considering Obama as a presidential candidate . The author wanted to counter those , including those in the news media , who look on Obama uncritically , and to do so in a way different from those who `` are smearing him on the Internet for supposedly being a secret Muslim or supposedly not saluting the flag '' . The book harshly criticizes Obama over policy matters , according to Ben Smith , a writer at The Politico . For the most part , the book is drawn from published sources , although Freddoso does some original reporting .   The first press run of the book was nearly 300,000 copies , and it appeared on the August 24 , 2008 New York Times Bestseller List for hardcover nonfiction at No. 5 . Publicity for the book is handled by the conservative public relations firm Creative Response Concepts .   The book was released within weeks of two other books critical of Obama written by conservative writers : Jerome Corsi 's The Obama Nation : Leftist Politics and the Cult of Personality , and Dick Morris ' Fleeced : How Barack Obama , Media Mockery of Terrorist Threats , Liberals Who Want to Kill Talk Radio , the Do-Nothing Congress , Companies That Help Iran , and Washington Lobbyists for Foreign Governments Are Scamming Us ... and What to Do About It .

neg: 2012 State of the Union Address The 2012 State of the Union Address was a speech given by President Barack Obama , from 9 p.m. to 10:17 p.m. EST on Tuesday , January 24 , 2012 , in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives . In his speech , he focused on education reform , repairing America 's infrastructure with money not used on the Iraq War , and creating new energy sources in America .

neg: Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012 The 2012 reelection campaign of Barack Obama , the 44th President of the United States , was formally announced on April 4 , 2011 . Along with his running mate , Vice President Joe Biden , Obama was opposed in the general election by former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney , along with various minor candidates from other parties . The election took place on Tuesday , November 6 , 2012 .   Obama 's campaign headquarters was in Chicago and key members of his successful campaign in 2008 , such as Jim Messina and David Axelrod , returned to staff it . On the day of the announcement , the campaign released a promotional video showing supporters of Obama organizing for the re-election effort . As The Guardian newspaper noted , this was the first U.S. presidential re-election campaign to use Facebook and Twitter for promotion .   Between early-2011 and June 30 , 2012 , the Obama campaign and supporters spent approximately $ 400 million , according to the Federal Election Commission . Obama won his re-election bid by a margin of 51.06 -- 47.21 % . This was the first time since 1944 , when President Franklin D. Roosevelt won re-election , that a Democratic president had won by a majority of the electoral votes and over 51 % of the popular vote twice .

neg: Hotel Tuller The Hotel Tuller once stood at Adams Avenue West , Bagley Street , and Park Avenue across from Grand Circus Park in downtown Detroit , Michigan . It was one of the largest luxury hotels in Detroit , and the first one to be erected in the Grand Circus Park Historic District . The hotel was known as the `` grand dame of Grand Circus Park . '' The site is now the location of a parking lot next to the United Artists Theatre Building .   Composer Gerald Marks ' band , the Gerald Marks 's Hotel Tuller Orchestra , was based at the hotel . The band made several commercially successful recordings for Columbia Records in the mid-1920s .

neg: United States presidential election in Missouri, 2012 The 2012 United States presidential election in Missouri took place on November 6 , 2012 as part of the 2012 General Election in which all 50 states plus The District of Columbia participated . Missouri voters chose 10 electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote pitting incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama and his running mate , Vice President Joe Biden , against Republican challenger and former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney and his running mate , Congressman Paul Ryan .   On election day , Missouri was won by Mitt Romney , who took 53.76 % of the vote to Barack Obama 's 44.38 % , a margin of 9.38 % . Although a battleground in past elections , Missouri is considered to be trending toward the Republicans , having been the only swing state to be won ( albeit narrowly ) by Republican John McCain in the 2008 election . Consequently , the state was not heavily contested by either side in 2012 , and the Republicans ultimately carried Missouri by the largest margin since 1984 . Also , this was the first time since 1900 that Missouri was not carried by the victor of the presidential contest two times consecutively ( after Obama had failed to win the state in 2008 ) , as well as the first time since 1900 when the overall loser of the presidential election won the state by a margin larger than 1 % of the statewide vote .   Obama carried only three counties and the City of St. Louis . He carried Boone County , home to Columbia and the University of Missouri ; Jackson County , where most of Kansas City is located ; and St. Louis County .

neg: Detroit Club The Detroit Club is a private social club located at 712 Cass Avenue in Downtown Detroit , Michigan . The building was constructed in 1891 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 .

neg: Mike Duggan Michael Edward `` Mike '' Duggan ( born July 15 , 1958 ) is an American attorney , prosecutor , and businessman , currently serving as mayor of Detroit , Michigan . He was elected mayor in 2013 , receiving national attention in part because he is the first white mayor of the majority-black city since Roman Gribbs ' tenure in the early 1970s , when Detroit 's population still had a white majority . He received 52 % of the primary vote as a write-in candidate , then 55 % of the vote in the mayoral run-off in November 2013 .

neg: Missouri Democratic primary, 2008 The Missouri Democratic Presidential Primary took place on Super Tuesday , February 5 , 2008 , with 72 delegates at stake . The winner in each of Missouri 's nine congressional districts was awarded all of that district 's delegates , which totaled 47 . Another 25 delegates were awarded to the statewide winner , Barack Obama . The 72 delegates represented Missouri at the Democratic National Convention in Denver , Colorado . Sixteen other unpledged delegates , known as superdelegates , also attended the convention and cast their votes as well .

neg: National Museum of African American History and Culture The National Museum of African American History and Culture ( NMAAHC ) is a Smithsonian Institution museum established in December 2003 . The museum 's building , designed by David Adjaye , is on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. . It has close to 37,000 objects in its collection related to such subjects as community , family , the visual and performing arts , religion , civil rights , slavery , and segregation .   Early efforts to establish a federally owned museum featuring African-American history and culture can be traced to 1915 , although the modern push for such an organization did not begin until the 1970s . After years of little success , a much more serious legislative push began in 1988 that led to authorization of the museum in 2003 . A site was selected in 2006 . The museum opened September 24 , 2016 , in a ceremony led by U.S. President Barack Obama .

neg: Detroit Masonic Temple The Detroit Masonic Temple is the world 's largest Masonic Temple . Located in the Cass Corridor of Detroit , Michigan , at 500 Temple Street , the building serves as a home to various masonic organizations including the York Rite Sovereign College of North America . The building contains a variety of public spaces including three theaters , three ballrooms and banquet halls , and a 160 x clear-span drill hall . Recreational facilities include a swimming pool , Handball court , gymnasium , bowling alley , and a pool hall . There are also numerous lodge rooms , offices , and dining spaces as well as a hotel section , 80 rooms total , available to any noble of the mystic shrine or blue lodge mason , though none however are in usable condition currently . Architect George D. Mason designed the whole structure as well as the Masonic Temple Theatre , a venue for concerts , Broadway shows , and other special events in the Detroit Theater District . It contains a 55 x stage , one of the largest in the country .   Detroit Masonic Temple was designed in the neo-gothic architectural style , using a great deal of limestone . The ritual building features 16 floors , stands 210 ft tall , with 1,037 rooms . It dominates the skyline in an area known as Cass Corridor , across Temple Street from Cass Park , and Cass Technical High School . It is within walking distance of the MotorCity Casino Hotel .

neg: United States presidential election in Ohio, 2008 The 2008 United States presidential election in Ohio took place on November 4 , 2008 , which was part of the 2008 United States presidential election . Voters chose 20 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Ohio was won by Democratic nominee Barack Obama with a 4.6 % margin of victory . Prior to the election , most news organizations considered this state as a major swing state and bellwether . Both major party candidates visited the Buckeye State numerous times and campaigned throughout the state extensively trying to sway moderates and independent voters to their side . The polls in Ohio were fairly even throughout the campaign but Obama had a slight lead as Election Day drew closer . In the end , Obama flipped Ohio into the Democratic column .

neg: Iowa Democratic caucuses, 2008 The Iowa Democratic Presidential Caucus occurred on January 3 , 2008 , and was the state caucuses of the Iowa Democratic Party . It was the first election for the Democrats of the 2008 presidential election . Also referred to as `` the First in the Nation Caucus , '' it was the first election of the primary season on both the Democratic and Republican sides . Of the eight major Democratic presidential candidates , then-U.S. Senator Barack Obama of Illinois received the most votes and was ultimately declared the winner of the Iowa Democratic Caucus of 2008 , making him the first African American to win the caucus . Former U.S. Senator John Edwards of North Carolina came in second place and then-U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton of New York finished third , though Clinton received more delegates than Edwards . Campaigning had begun as early as two years before the event .

neg: Industrial Building (Detroit) The Industrial Building is a high-rise building located at 1410 Washington Boulevard in downtown Detroit , Michigan , within the Washington Boulevard Historic District . It occupies the northeast corner on Grand River Avenue and Washington Boulevard .   The building stands 22 storeys tall , with 21 above-ground floors , and one basement level . It was completed in 1928 , and is one of the many structures built by architect Louis Kamper on Washington Boulevard in the 1910s and 1920s . Kamper designed the Industrial Building with a mixture of Art Deco , Gothic Revival and Beaux-Arts architectural designs . The upper stories feature several setbacks and piers , and the roof boasts a very intricate design of limestone cornices .   Built as an office building , the tower was later converted to residential use and renamed the Park Place Apartments . A fire struck the building in February 2003 , temporarily displacing over 100 residents .

neg: Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration The economic policy of the Barack Obama administration was characterized by moderate tax increases on higher income Americans designed to fund healthcare reform , reduce the federal budget deficit , and improve income inequality . His first term ( 2009 -- 2013 ) included measures designed to address the Great Recession and Subprime mortgage crisis , which began in 2007 . These included a major stimulus package , banking regulation , and comprehensive healthcare reform . As the economy improved and robust job creation continued during his second term ( 2013 -- 2017 ) , the Bush tax cuts were allowed to expire for the highest income taxpayers and a spending sequester ( cap ) was implemented , to further reduce the deficit back to typical historical levels . Towards the end of his tenure , the U.S. economy was nearing full employment such that the Federal Reserve began raising interest rates , real household income was nearing its pre-crisis peak , gas prices were very low , and GDP grew 3.5 % . He also implemented several environmental executive orders to address climate change and encourage clean energy industries , as the U.S. enjoyed an unprecedented increase in energy production . Both the stock market and corporate profits reached record high levels during his tenure , while inflation and interest rates remained near record low levels .   Conceptually , Obama advocated using government regulation to stem crony capitalism and tax revenue to stabilize and promote economic growth . Two of his important economic advisers were Jason Furman of Harvard University and Jeffrey Liebman of Harvard University . In 2006 , Obama wrote , `` We should be asking ourselves what mix of policies will lead to a dynamic free market and widespread economic security , entrepreneurial innovation and upward mobility -LSB- ... -RSB- we should be guided by what works . '' Speaking before the National Press Club in April 2005 , he defended the New Deal social welfare policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt , associating Republican proposals to establish private accounts for Social Security with Social Darwinism .

neg: Joe Biden presidential campaign, 2008 The 2008 presidential campaign of Joe Biden , the longtime Senator from Delaware , announced his candidacy for President of the United States on the edition of January 7 , 2007 of Meet the Press . He officially became a candidate on January 31 , 2007 after filing papers with the Federal Elections Commission . Biden had previously run for president in 1988 , but failed to receive the nomination of the Democratic Party . If elected , Biden would have been the first sitting Senator and Roman Catholic to be president since John F. Kennedy , and the first President to be born during World War II . ( b. 1942 )   During the campaign , Biden focused on his plan to achieve political success in the Iraq War through a system of federalization . He touted his record in the Senate as the head of several congressional committees and experience in foreign policy . Despite a few notable endorsements , Biden failed to garner significant support in opinion polls , and was marred by controversial comments made while campaigning . He ultimately dropped out of the race on January 3 , 2008 , after capturing less than 1 % of the vote in the Iowa caucus .   Seven months after conclusion of his campaign , Biden was selected to be Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama 's vice presidential running mate . The pair won in the general election , and were sworn in on January 20 , 2009 .


query: Charlemagne was crowned emperor on Halloween.

pos: Charlemagne Charlemagne ( -LSB- ˈʃɑːrlᵻmeɪn -RSB- ) or Charles the Great ( 2 April 742/747/74828 January 814 ) , numbered Charles I , was the King of the Franks from 768 , King of the Lombards from 774 and Emperor of the Romans from 800 . He united much of Europe during the early Middle Ages . He was the first recognised emperor in western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier . The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded was called the Carolingian Empire .   Charlemagne was the oldest son of Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon . He became king in 768 following his father 's death , initially as co-ruler with his brother Carloman I. Carloman 's sudden death in 771 in unexplained circumstances left Charlemagne as the undisputed ruler of the Frankish Kingdom . He continued his father 's policy towards the papacy and became its protector , removing the Lombards from power in northern Italy and leading an incursion into Muslim Spain . He campaigned against the Saxons to his east , Christianising them upon penalty of death and leading to events such as the Massacre of Verden . Charlemagne reached the height of his power in 800 when he was crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day at Old St. Peter 's Basilica .   Charlemagne has been called the `` Father of Europe '' ( Pater Europae ) , as he united most of Western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire . His rule spurred the Carolingian Renaissance , a period of energetic cultural and intellectual activity within the Western Church . All Holy Roman Emperors considered their kingdoms to be descendants of Charlemagne 's empire , up to the last Emperor Francis II and the French and German monarchies .   However , the Eastern Orthodox Church views Charlemagne more controversially , labelling as heterodox his support of the filioque and recognition by the Bishop of Rome as legitimate Roman Emperor , rather than recognising Irene of Athens of the Eastern Roman Empire . These and other machinations led to the eventual split of Rome and Constantinople in the Great Schism of 1054 .   Charlemagne died in 814 , having ruled as emperor for thirteen years . He was laid to rest in his imperial capital of Aachen in what is today Germany . He married at least four times and had three legitimate sons , but only his son Louis the Pious survived to succeed him .

neg: Constantine the Great and Christianity While the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great reigned ( 306 -- 337 AD ) , Christianity began to transition to the dominant religion of the Roman Empire . Historians remain uncertain about Constantine 's reasons for favoring Christianity , and theologians and historians have argued about which form of Early Christianity he subscribed to . There is no consensus among scholars as to whether he adopted his mother Helena 's Christianity in his youth , or ( as claimed by Eusebius of Caesarea ) encouraged her to convert to the faith himself . Some scholars question the extent to which he should be considered a Christian emperor : `` Constantine saw himself as an 'em peror of the Christian people ' . If this made him a Christian is the subject of ... debate . '' , although he allegedly received a baptism shortly before his death .   Constantine 's decision to cease the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire was a turning point for Early Christianity , sometimes referred to as the Triumph of the Church , the Peace of the Church or the Constantinian shift . In 313 , Constantine and Licinius issued the Edict of Milan decriminalizing Christian worship . The emperor became a great patron of the Church and set a precedent for the position of the Christian emperor within the Church and the notion of orthodoxy , Christendom , ecumenical councils and the state church of the Roman Empire declared by edict in 380 . He is revered as a saint and isapostolos in the Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodox Church for his example as a `` Christian monarch . ''

neg: Christmas market A Christmas market , also known as Christkindlmarkt , Marché de Noël , Christkindlesmarkt , Christkindlmarket , Christkindlimarkt , and Weihnachtsmarkt , is a street market associated with the celebration of Christmas during the four weeks of Advent . These markets originated in Germany , but are now being held in many other countries . The history of Christmas markets goes back to the Late Middle Ages in the German-speaking part of Europe , and in many parts of the former Holy Roman Empire that includes many eastern regions of France . The Christmas markets of Bautzen were first held in 1384 . Dresden 's Striezelmarkt was first held in 1434 . Frankfurt was first mentioned in 1393 , Munich in 1310 and Augsburg in 1498 . In Austria , Vienna 's `` December market '' can be considered a forerunner of Christmas markets and dates back to 1298 .   In many towns in Germany , Switzerland , and Austria , Advent is usually ushered in with the opening of the Christmas market or `` Weihnachtsmarkt '' . In southern Germany , Switzerland and Austria , it is called a `` Christkind ( e ) l ( s ) ( i ) markt '' ( German language , literally meaning `` Christ child market '' ) . Traditionally held in the town square , the market has food , drink and seasonal items from open-air stalls accompanied by traditional singing and dancing . On opening night at the Christkindlesmarkt in Nuremberg , and in some other towns , onlookers welcome the `` Christkind '' ( originally boy Jesus , but often depicted as an angel-like girl ) , acted out by a local child .

neg: Orlando Furioso Orlando furioso ( -LSB- orˈlando fuˈrjoːzo ; - oːso -RSB- ; The Frenzy of Orlando , more literally Raging Roland ; in Italian furioso is never capitalized ) is an Italian epic poem by Ludovico Ariosto which has exerted a wide influence on later culture . The earliest version appeared in 1516 , although the poem was not published in its complete form until 1532 . Orlando Furioso is a continuation of Matteo Maria Boiardo 's unfinished romance Orlando Innamorato ( `` Orlando in Love '' , published posthumously in 1495 ) . In its historical setting and characters , it shares some features with the Old French Chanson de Roland of the eleventh century , which tells of the death of Roland . The story is also a chivalric romance which stemmed from a tradition beginning in the late Middle Ages and continuing in popularity in the 16th century and well into the 17th .   Orlando is the Christian knight known in French ( and subsequently English ) as Roland . The action takes place against the background of the war between Charlemagne 's Christian paladins and the Saracen army that has invaded Europe and is attempting to overthrow the Christian empire . The poem is about war and love and the romantic ideal of chivalry . It mixes realism and fantasy , humor and tragedy . The stage is the entire world , plus a trip to the moon . The large cast of characters features Christians and Saracens , soldiers and sorcerers , and fantastic creatures including a gigantic sea monster called the orc and a flying horse called the hippogriff . Many themes are interwoven in its complicated episodic structure , but the most important are the paladin Orlando 's unrequited love for the pagan princess Angelica , which drives him mad ; the love between the female Christian warrior Bradamante and the Saracen Ruggiero , who are supposed to be the ancestors of Ariosto 's patrons , the d'Este family of Ferrara ; and the war between Christian and Infidel .   The poem is divided into forty-six cantos , each containing a variable number of eight-line stanzas in ottava rima ( a rhyme scheme of abababcc ) . Ottava rima had been used in previous Italian romantic epics , including Luigi Pulci 's Morgante and Boiardo 's Orlando Innamorato . Ariosto 's work is 38,736 lines long in total , making it one of the longest poems in European literature .

neg: Gallo-Roman culture This article covers the culture of Romanized areas of Gaul . For the political history of the brief `` Gallic Empire '' of the third century , see Gallic Empire .   The term Gallo-Roman describes the Romanized culture of Gaul under the rule of the Roman Empire . This was characterized by the Gaulish adoption or adaptation of Roman morals and way of life in a uniquely Gaulish context . The well-studied meld of cultures in Gaul gives historians a model against which to compare and contrast parallel developments of Romanization in other , less-studied Roman provinces .   Interpretatio romana offered Roman names for Gaulish deities such as the smith-god Gobannus , but of Celtic deities only the horse-patroness Epona penetrated Romanized cultures beyond the confines of Gaul .   The barbarian invasions beginning in the early fifth century forced upon Gallo-Roman culture fundamental changes in politics , in the economic underpinning , in military organization . The Gothic settlement of 418 offered a double loyalty , as Western Roman authority disintegrated at Rome . The plight of the highly Romanized governing class is examined by R.W. Mathisen , the struggles of bishop Hilary of Arles by M. Heinzelmann .   Into the seventh century , Gallo-Roman culture would persist particularly in the areas of Gallia Narbonensis that developed into Occitania , Cisalpine Gaul and to a lesser degree , Gallia Aquitania . The formerly Romanized north of Gaul , once it had been occupied by the Franks , would develop into Merovingian culture instead . Roman life , centered on the public events and cultural responsibilities of urban life in the res publica and the sometimes luxurious life of the self-sufficient rural villa system , took longer to collapse in the Gallo-Roman regions , where the Visigoths largely inherited the status quo in 418 . Gallo-Roman language persisted in the northeast into the Silva Carbonaria that formed an effective cultural barrier with the Franks to the north and east , and in the northwest to the lower valley of the Loire , where Gallo-Roman culture interfaced with Frankish culture in a city like Tours and in the person of that Gallo-Roman bishop confronted with Merovingian royals , Gregory of Tours . Based on mutual intelligibility , David Dalby counts seven languages descended from Gallo-Romance : Gallo-Wallon , French , Franco-Provençal ( Arpitan ) , Romansh , Ladin , Friulian , and Lombard . However , other definitions are far broader , variously encompassing the Rhaeto-Romance languages , Occitano-Romance languages , and Gallo-Italic languages .

neg: Almace In the legendary Song of Roland , Almace , Almice or Almacia is the sword of Turpin , Archbishop of Reims , one of the last three Franks to die at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass , along with Roland ( Orlando in Italian ) and Gualter de Hum .   Unlike Roland 's much more famous sword Durendal , very little is said about Almace in the Song of Roland . However the Norse saga , the Karlamagnus saga expands this slightly , claiming that a sword called Kurt ( better known as the Curtana ) , Almace and Durendal were three swords forged by the legendary Anglo-Saxon blacksmith Weyland , and presented to Charlemagne . Charlemagne tested the swords by seeing how far they would cut into a steel mound ; Kurt penetrated `` a hand 's breadth '' but was notched , Almace penetrated a hand 's breadth without damage , and Durendal penetrated `` half the length of a man 's foot '' . Charlemagne gave Kurt to Ogier the Dane and Almace to Bishop Turpin , and initially kept Durendal for himself . ( Later he was told in a dream to give Durendal to Count Roland . )   Another legend , written about Curtana itself , claims that it , Durendal , and Charlemagne 's Joyeuse are a set of three , leaving Almace 's origins unexplained .   The etymology of the name is uncertain , but it may be derived from German , or from the Old Norse all macht , meaning Almighty .

neg: Conrad I, Duke of Spoleto Conrad of Urslingen ( died 1202 ) was the Duke of Spoleto on two occasions : first from 1183 to 1190 and then from 1195 to 1198 .   Conrad began his career as count of Assisi , which was given him after its 1174 conquest by Christian of Mainz . Frederick Barbarossa , the emperor , invested Conrad as count and granted him the Rocca as his seat of power . During his countship , Saint Francis was born at Assisi .   In 1183 , Frederick appointed him duke of Spoleto . In 1190 , he was chased from Spoleto by the ascendant Guelph powers , but he regained his duchy in 1195 . He briefly sheltered the young Emperor Frederick II at the Rocca and acted as the vicar of the Kingdom of Sicily , but in 1198 he was ordered to render Spoleto to the Pope and during his absence , Assisi rebelled and declared a commune .   His son was Rainald of Urslingen , Duke of Spoleto from 1223 to 1230 .   The military imperial career of Conrad I is significantly coterminous with the incipient and aggressive assertion of power by the `` communes '' of Italy ( and European lands generally ) and his chaotic biography as an imperial representative , symbolic of the decline of trans-national imperium within Italy and Europe overall , communes self-appointing `` militias '' across Christendom to overthrow the loyal local upholders of the idea of the Sacrum Imperium - thus paving the way for modern nationalism indirectly .

neg: Duke of Aquitaine The Duke of Aquitaine ( Duc d'Aquitània , Duc d'Aquitaine , -LSB- dyk dakitɛn -RSB- ) was the ruler of the ancient region of Aquitaine ( not to be confused with modern-day Aquitaine ) under the supremacy of Frankish , English , and later French kings .   As successor states of the Visigothic Kingdom ( 418 -- 721 ) , Aquitania ( Aquitaine ) and Languedoc ( Toulouse ) inherited both Visigothic laws and Roman Law , which together allowed women more rights than their contemporaries would enjoy until the 20th century . Particularly under the Liber Judiciorum as codified 642/643 and expanded by the Code of Recceswinth in 653 , women could inherit land and title and manage it independently from their husbands or male relations , dispose of their property in legal wills if they had no heirs , represent themselves and bear witness in court from the age of 14 , and arrange for their own marriages after the age of 20 . As a consequence , male-preference primogeniture was the practiced succession law for the nobility .

neg: Charles the Child Charles the Child ( Latin Karolus puer , from the Annales Bertiniani ; 847/848 , Frankfurt am Main -- 29 September 866 , Buzançais ) was the King of Aquitaine from October 855 until his death in 866 . If his father , Charles the Bald , and great grandfather , Charlemagne , are counted as rulers of Aquitaine , he would be numbered Charles III .   He was the second son of Charles the Bald and brother of Louis the Stammerer . The younger Charles was appointed by his father , who had previously ruled as King of Aquitaine himself from 838 , as a sop to Aquitainian separatism . The Aquitainians had previously rebelled against Charles the Bald , requesting from Louis the German that he send one of his sons to rule over them . Louis had sent his second son , Louis the Younger , prompting Charles the Bald to release his rival claimant to Aquitaine , Pippin II . Pippin succeeded in rallying the nobles to support himself and Charles the Bald against Louis the Younger , who was driven out . By October , however , Pippin lost his popularity with the still-rebellious Aquitainians , prompting Charles the Bald to appoint Charles the Child as King . Charles the Child was duly anointed at Limoges . Within a year , he had been replaced by the Aquitainians with Pippin II . These same then deposed Pippin and restored Charles the Child . Pippin was captured in 864 and imprisoned at Senlis , at which point he disappears from history .   Unlike previous sub-kings of Aquitaine , ( Louis the Pious , Pippin I , Pippin II ) , Charles the Child had no real authority at all . Before 840 , the kingdom had been ruled in person by an autonomous king ; Charles the Bald , however , after his accession as King of Western Francia , attempted to maintain power in Aquitaine . Consequently , Charles the Child , and his brother , Louis the Stammerer , did not rule in person , had no chancery , could issue no instruments ; they were no longer empowered to bestow privileges , endow religious establishments , or dispose of royal property . All the rights of the region were invested in Charles the Bald , in whose absence the nobles of the Kingdom gathered power .   Nonetheless , as Charles grew older , he began to exercise what little personal authority he could . For example , in 862 he chose and married a wife against the will of his father . The name of his wife is unknown , although she was apparently the widow of a count named Humbert . Charles the Bald reasserted his power over his son in 863 , forcing the younger Charles to put away his wife and be loyal to his father . A year later , he was accidentally struck with a sword in the head by a member of his own hunting party in a mock combat , leading Ado of Vienne to say that `` Charles was dishonoured ( dehonestatus ) by having suffered it '' . The blow left him mentally incapacitated until his resultant death in 866 . He died childless and was buried in Bourges .

neg: Rome Christmas Parade The Rome Christmas Parade is an annual parade that is held in Rome , Georgia . The procession makes its way down Glenn Milner Boulevard onto East First Avenue and ends on Broad Street . Thousands of Georgians come to the parade yearly to see the parade participants such as : local high school bands , vintage automobiles , church and club floats pulled by tractors , law enforcement and rescue vehicles and Santa Claus . The Rome Christmas Parade has been a tradition in Rome for many decades .   Rome 's Christmas parade is the oldest and largest Christmas parade in Georgia dating from 1950 . This Christmas celebration is a non-commercial and non-profit event organized by local citizens . Hundreds of participants enter the parade each year : some walking groups waving to onlookers , others riding on floats , beauty pageant winners atop convertible cars , and even emergency vehicles driven by local law enforcement and rescue personnel . The floats are required to be decorated to match the parade 's theme for that year , selected by a group of local citizens .  There are a few rules that govern the parade such as : horses having to wear diapers and no candy being thrown out to the crowd . Santa Claus is always on the last float in the parade .   The 2014 Christmas parade theme was `` Holly Jolly Christmas '' . The parade will take place on the first Tuesday after Thanksgiving each year . The rain date is the following Thursday .

neg: European Charlemagne Youth Prize The European Charlemagne Youth Prize , sometimes shortened Charlemagne Youth Prize , is a prize that since 2008 has been annually awarded by the European Parliament and the foundation of the original Charlemagne Prize to young people who have contributed towards the process of European integration . Like the Charlemagne Prize , which has existed since 1949 , the youth prize commemorates Charlemagne , ruler of the Frankish Empire and founder of what became the Holy Roman Empire , who resided and is buried at Aachen .

neg: Waldrada Waldrada ( also Vuldetrada ) ( 531572 ) , widow ( firstly ) of Theudebald , King of Austrasia ( ruled 548 -- 555 ) , reputed mistress ( secondly ) of Chlothar I , King of the Franks ( ruled until 561 ) , was the daughter of Wacho , King of the Lombards ( ruled ca. 510 -- 539 ) and his second wife called Austrigusa or Ostrogotha , a Gepid .   The Origo Gentis Langobardorum names `` Wisigarda ... secundæ Walderada '' as the two daughters of Wacho and his second wife , specifying that Waldrada married `` Scusuald regis Francorum '' and later `` Garipald '' . The Historia Langobardorum names `` Waldrada '' as Wacho 's second daughter by his second wife , specifying that she married `` Chusubald rex Francorum '' . Paulus Diaconus names `` Wisigarda ... -LSB- et -RSB- secunda Walderada '' as the two daughters of King Wacho & his second wife , specifying that Walderada married `` Cusupald alio regi Francorum '' and later `` Garipald '' . Gregory of Tours names Vuldetrada as the wife of King Theodebald . Herimannus names `` Wanderadam '' wife of `` Theodpaldus rex Francorum '' when recording her second marriage to `` Lotharius rex patris eius Theodeberti patruus '' .   According to Gregory of Tours , King Clotaire `` began to have intercourse '' with the widow of King Theodebald , before `` the bishops complained and he handed her over to Garivald Duke of Bavaria '' , which apparently implies that King Clotaire did not marry Waldrada .

neg: Henry I the Bald, Count of Stade Henry I the Bald ( died 11 May 976 ) , Count of Stade , son of Lothar II , Count of Stade , and Swanhild of Saxony . Henry is recorded as a cousin of Otto I , Holy Roman Emperor , but their exact relationship remains a mystery . Henry was also appointed Count of Heilangau , the ancient capital of Stade , in 959 .   Apparently , when Henry 's father died at the Battle of Lenzen , the county of Stade was taken by Wichmann the Elder and his two sons , not to return to the family of Lothar until 967 . Henry 's grandson Thietmar of Merseburg recounts that Henry tried to capture Margrave Hermann Billung because of `` arrogance '' in ceremonial matters , but failed .   Henry married first Judith von der Wetterau ( 925-973 ) , sister of Conrad I , Duke of Swabia . Their father was either Conrad or Udo , son of Gebbard , Duke of Lorraine . Henry married second Hildegard von Reinhausen , daughter of Elli I , Count of Reinhausen .   Henry and Judith had seven children :  Henry II the Good , Count of Stade  Lothair Udo I , Count of Stade  Gerberg von Stade ( d. 1000 ) , married Dietrich I , Count of Querfurt . Their son was Dietrich , Bishop of Münster .  Kunigunde von Stade ( 956-997 ) , married Siegfried I the Older , Count of Walbeck . Their son was Thietmar , Prince-Bishop of Merseburg , chronicler of the Ottonian dynasty of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire .  Herwig von Stade  Emnilde von Stade  Siegfried II , Count of Stade .   Henry and Hildegard had one child :  Hildegarde von Stade ( 974 - 3 October 1011 ) , married Bernard I , Duke of Saxony , son of Hermann Billung , Margrave of the Billung March , and his wife Countess Oda .   Henry was succeeded as Count of Stade by his brother Siegfried I . The date of succession is unclear , but possibly as early as 973 .

neg: Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor The Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor was a ceremony in which the ruler of Europe 's then-largest political entity received the Imperial Regalia at the hands of the Pope , symbolizing both the pope 's alleged right to crown Christian sovereigns and also the emperor 's role as protector of the Roman Catholic Church . The Holy Roman Empresses were crowned as well .   The Holy Roman Empire was established in the year 800 under Charlemagne , Later emperors were also crowned by the pope or other Catholic bishops , until Charles V became the last Holy Roman Emperor to be crowned by a pope , by Clement VII at Bologna , in 1530 . Thereafter , until the abolition of the empire in 1806 , no further crownings by the Pope were held.See also Guy Stair Sainty , The Holy Roman Empire : Introduction . From the Almanach de la Cour website . Retrieved on 14 September 2008 . Later rulers simply proclaimed themselves Imperator Electus Romanorum or `` Elected Emperor of the Romans '' after their election and coronation as German king , without the ultimate formality of an imperial coronation by the Pope in Rome .

neg: Rudolf II, Count Palatine of the Rhine Rudolf II `` the blind '' ( 8 August 1306 in Wolfratshausen -- 4 October 1353 in Neustadt ) was Count Palatine of the Rhine ( see Palatinate ) from 1329 to 1353 .   He was the son of Rudolf I , Duke of Bavaria and Mechtild of Nassau , daughter of King Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg . His uncle was Emperor Louis IV .   During his childhood , his father and his uncle fought over their inheritance . After the death of his father , his family was placed under the guardianship of Duke Johann von Nassau , who was a partisan of the Austrian cause .   His uncle , Louis IV , Holy Roman Emperor had taken the Palatinate by force of arms . In August 1322 , the war finally came to an end , but only after Mechthild 's death in June 1323 , were the three nephews finally able to make peace with their uncle . His sons inherited Bavaria and Rudolf I 's sons inherited the Upper Palatinate and the Palatinate in line with the Treaty of Pavia .   He was blind only in the last years of his life .

neg: Otto I, Duke of Swabia and Bavaria Otto I ( born 954 , died 31 October or 1 November 982 ) was the Duke of Swabia from 973 and Duke of Bavaria from 976 . He was a member of the Ottonian dynasty , the only son of Duke Liudolf of Swabia and his wife Ida , and thus a grandson of the Emperor Otto I and his Anglo-Saxon wife Eadgyth . His sister Mathilde was the abbess of Essen Abbey .   Otto was only three years old when his father died in 957 . He was raised at the court of his grandfather , Otto I , who seems to have adopted him and raised him alongside his own son , the future Emperor Otto II , born late in 955 . The latter regarded him as both `` nephew and brother '' ( nepos ac frater ) . When the childless Duke Burchard III of Swabia died in 973 , Otto II transferred the Swabian duchy to his nineteen-year-old nephew and brother , whose father had been Burchard 's predecessor . The elder Otto became a close confidante of his younger sovereign .   In 976 the imprisoned Duke Henry the Wrangler of Bavaria was formally dismissed from office for rebellion . In his place the emperor appointed Otto of Swabia , who became the first ruler of two duchies in medieval Germany . The Duchy of Carinthia and the March of the Nordgau were also taken from Henry , but were not bestowed on Otto , thus their history is separate from that of Bavaria from this point on . In 977 , while the emperor was campaigning elsewhere , Otto helped crush the revolt of the Three Henries -- the deposed duke of Bavaria , Bishop Henry I of Augsburg and Duke Henry I of Carinthia -- by successfully besieging the leaders in Passau . The army of Bavarians that was ambushed by Boleslaus I of Bohemia near Plzeň while on its way to join the emperor at this time may have been sent by Duke Otto .   In 980 Otto accompanied the emperor on his south Italian campaign , fighting both the Byzantines and the Sicilian Arabs . He survived the defeat near Crotone on 13/14 July 982 and a subsequent ambush by an Arab force . Assigned to take the news of the campaign back to Germany , he died en route , of wounds received in battle , either 31 October or 1 November , at Lucca . His father had also died south of the Alps . His family brought his body back and had it buried in the collegiate church of Saints Peter and Alexander at Aschaffenburg , which Otto had generously endowed . His death is noted in the contemporary Abingdon version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle : `` And then , as he went home , his -LSB- the emperor 's -RSB- brother 's son , who was called Otto , passed away ; and he was the son of the aetheling Liudolf , and this Liudolf was son of Otto the Elder and King Edward 's daughter '' .   Otto 's sister Mathilde endowed a precious crux gemmata ( jewelled cross ) , the Cross of Otto and Mathilde , which is kept in the Essen Cathedral Treasury ; the siblings are pictured on it . Otto never married and left no children .

neg: Hygelac Hygelac ( Hygelāc Hugleikr Hugilaikaz Ch ( l ) ochilaicus died 521 ) was a king of the Geats according to the poem Beowulf . It is Hygelac 's presence in the poem which has allowed scholars to tentatively date the setting of the poem as well as to infer that it contains at least some points of historical fact . Beowulf gives Hygelac 's genealogy : according to the poem , he was the son of Hrethel and had two brothers Herebeald and Hæþcyn , as well as an unnamed sister who was married to Ecgtheow and mother of the hero Beowulf . Hygelac was married to Hygd , and they had a son Heardred and an unnamed daughter who married Eofor . When Hygelac 's brother Hæþcyn was fighting with the Swedes , Hygelac arrived at Hrefnesholt one day too late to save his brother Hæþcyn , but he managed to rescue the surviving Geatish warriors , who were besieged by the Swedish king Ongentheow and his three sons . The Swedes found refuge at a hill fort but were assaulted by the Geats . In the battle , the Swedish king was slain by Eofor . After the death of his brother Herebeald , Hygelac ascended the Geatish throne . After he was killed during a raid on Frisia , Hygelac was succeeded by Heardred , according to Beowulf .   The raid to Frisia enabled N. F. S. Grundtvig to approximate the date of Hygelac 's death to ca 516 , because a raid to France under a King Chlochilaicus , king of the Danes , is mentioned by Gregory of Tours . In that source he is recorded as invading the Frankish Kingdoms during the reign of Theodericus I ( died 534 ) , the son of Clovis ( `` Chlodovechius '' ) , the king of the Franks in the early sixth century , and was killed in the ensuing chaos after the Scandinavian raiders were caught by the sudden appearance of a military response force led by Theodebertus , the son of Theodocius . Gregory of Tours calls this king Chlochilaicus Danish . He is called the king of Getae ( rex Getarum ) in the Liber Monstrorum and king of the Goths ( rege Gotorum ) in Liber historiae Francorum . After cutting the Geatish danger , the rest of the survivors took to sea in such disordered haste that they left their dead on the field , including their king . The Franks must have taken back whatever had been taken in pillage as well as spoils of the battlefield ; and it is reported by Gregory that they found the Scandinavian monarch 's corpse so awe-inspiring due his extraordinary height -- which is implied by his name , perhaps a sobriquet like Longshanks ( Edward I ) and not his real one -- that as a pagan barbarian not entitled to burial , his remains were exposed for a long time in the nearest Merovingian Court as a curiosity , following the usual triumphal trophy exhibition customary after battle or pirate captures .   There are two theories on how the account of Chlochilaicus ' raid came to be preserved in the epic Beowulf , and they have a bearing upon the date assigned to the poem . It may date to the early 8th century , but some have suggested that it was composed as late as the 10th century , the date of the sole surviving manuscript . One view considers the account to have kept alive by the oral tradition of heroic poetry until it was included in the epos . It has also been suggested that the poem is dependent on Liber historiae Francorum ( 727 ) , because it mentions the Attoarii , which in Beowulf become Hetware . One scholar considers it to be inconceivable that independent oral tradition would have faithfully transmitted such a detail . Walter Goffart estimated that Beowulf could not have been written with these historical details before 923 .

neg: Hugh VI of Lusignan Hugh VI ( c. 1039/1043 -- c. 1103/1110 ) , called the Devil , was the Lord of Lusignan and Count of La Marche ( as Hugh I ) , the son and successor of Hugh V of Lusignan and Almodis de la Marche . He participated in the Crusade of 1101 as part of the army of William IX .   Despite his piety , Hugh was in constant conflict with the abbey of St. Maixent . On numerous occasions his disputes with the monks grew so violent that the duke of Aquitaine , the bishops of Poitiers and Saintes , and Pope Paschal II were forced to intervene . From these conflicts Hugh was dubbed `` le diable '' , the devil , by the monks of St. Maixent .   In 1086 the Castilian army was destroyed in battle by the Almoravids . Hugh 's Catalan half-brother , Berenguer Ramon II , Count of Barcelona was threatened by the Almoravids . Hugh VI undertook an expedition to Spain in 1087 along with another half-brother , Raymond IV of Toulouse , to assist the count of Barcelona .   Hugh took the cross for the First Crusade , along with his brothers Raymond and Berenguer . He participated in the Crusade of 1101 .   From his marriage c. 1065 to Hildegarde or Ildégarde de Thouars , daughter of Aimery IV of Thouars , Vicomte de Thouars , and wife Aurengarde de Mauleon , Hugh had a son and successor , Hugh VII of Lusignan .

neg: Roi fainéant Roi fainéant ( -LSB- ʁwa fɛneɑ̃ -RSB- ) , literally `` do-nothing king '' and so presumably `` lazy king '' , is a French term primarily used to refer to the later kings of the Merovingian dynasty after they seemed to have lost their initial energy , from the death of Dagobert I in 639 ( or alternatively from the accession of Theuderic III in 673 ) until the deposition of Childeric III in favour of Pepin the Short in 751 .   The appellation goes back to Einhard , the biographer of Charlemagne , who described the late Merovingian kings as kings `` in nothing but in name '' ,   During the century of the rois fainéants , the Merovingian kings were increasingly dominated by their mayors of the palace , in the 6th century the office of the manager of the royal household , but in the 7th increasingly the real `` power behind the throne '' who limited the role of the king to an essentially ceremonial office .   The last Carolingian ruler , Louis V of France , was also in his turn nicknamed le Fainéant ( `` the Do-Nothing '' ) , because his effective rule was limited to the region around Laon .

neg: Clausula de Pippino The Clausula de Pippino is a brief account of the election , coronation and consecration of Pippin the Short as King of the Franks and Roman patrician in 751 -- 54 . It was probably written at Saint-Denis in 767 , shortly before Pippin 's death . Although its authenticity was doubted early , and doubts are still occasionally raised , it has been generally received as authentic since the nineteenth century . It is the earliest source for the events it narrates , pre-dating the account of Einhard , who probably made use of it , by several decades .   The coronation ceremony of Pippin included his two young sons , Charles and Carloman , and his queen , Bertrada . According to the Clausula , Pope Stephen II :  ... blessed the Queen Bertrada and the nobles of the Frankish nation , and while confirming them in the grace of the Holy Spirit , he bound them under penalty of interdict and excommunication never to presume to elect a king who should come forth from the loins of any other than these persons whom Divine Providence had raised to the throne , and who through the intercession of the holy Apostles had been consecrated and confirmed by the hands of their vicar , the pope .

neg: Religious persecution in the Roman Empire As the Roman Republic , and later the Roman Empire , expanded , it came to include people from a variety of cultures , and religions . The worship of an ever increasing number of deities was tolerated and accepted . The government , and the Romans in general , tended to be tolerant towards most religions and cults . Some religions were banned for political reasons rather than dogmatic zeal , and other rites which involved human sacrifice were banned .   In the Christian era , when Christianity became the state church of the Roman Empire , the Church came to accept it was the Emperor 's duty to use secular power to enforce religious unity . Anyone within the church who did not subscribe to Catholic Christianity was seen as a threat to the dominance and purity of the `` one true faith '' and they saw it as their right to defend this by all means at their disposal . This led to persecution of pagans by the Christian authorities and populace after its institution as the state religion .