query: Event management includes site selection and budgeting.

pos: Event management Event management is the application of project management to the creation and development of large scale events such as festivals , conferences , ceremonies , formal parties , concerts , or conventions . It involves studying the brand , identifying it 's target audience , devising the event concept , and coordinating the technical aspects before actually launching the event .   The process of planning and coordinating the event is usually referred to as event planning and which can include budgeting , scheduling , site selection , acquiring necessary permits , coordinating transportation and parking , arranging for speakers or entertainers , arranging decor , event security , catering , coordinating with third party vendors , and emergency plans .   The events industry now includes events of all sizes from the Olympics down to business breakfast meetings . Many industries , charitable organizations , and interest groups hold events in order to market themselves , build business relationships , raise money , or celebrate achievement .

neg: Managerialism Managerialism is a belief in the value of professional managers and of the concepts and methods they use . Contemporary management writers such as Thomas Diefenbach associate managerialism with hierarchy . But managerialism is also linked to control , accountability and measurement , and an ideologically determined belief in the importance of tightly managed organizations , as opposed to individuals , or to groups that do not resemble an organization .   Following Enteman 's classic on Managerialism : The Emergence of a New Ideology ( 1993 ) , American management experts Robert Locke and J C Spender see managerialism as an expression of a special group -- management -- that entrenches itself ruthlessly and systemically in an organization . It deprives owners of decision-making power and workers of their ability to resist managerialism . In fact the rise of managerialism may in itself be a response to people 's resistance in society and more specific workers ' opposition against managerial regimes .   Building on Enteman ( 1993 ) and Locke/Spender ( 2011 ) the most up-to-date definition of Managerialism has been delivered by Thomas Klikauer in `` Managerialism -- Critique of an Ideology '' ( 2013 ) defining Managerialism as '' -LSB- ... -RSB- Managerialism combines management knowledge and ideology to establish itself systemically in organisations and society while depriving owners , employees ( organisational-economical ) and civil society ( social-political ) of all decision-making powers . Managerialism justifies the application of managerial techniques to all areas of society on the grounds of superior ideology , expert training , and the exclusive possession of managerial knowledge necessary to efficiently run corporations and societies . '' As Fayol 's and Taylor 's simple management mutated into managerialism , managerialism became a full-fledged ideology under the following formula : Management + Ideology + Expansion = Managerialism Two examples of the extension of management into the non-management domain -- the not for profit sphere of human existence -- are public schools and universities . In both cases , managerialism occurs when public institutions are run `` as if '' these were for-profit organization even though they remain government institutions funded through state taxes . In these cases , the term new public management has been used . But the ideology of managerialism can even extend into more distant institutions such as , for example , a College of Physicians .  At a time when much of this started Albert A. Anderson summarized managerialism as the ideological principle that sees societies as equivalent to the sum of the decisions and transactions made by the managements of organizations . This carries connotations to the Historian James Hoopes wrote ( 2003 ) :   '' -LSB- ... -RSB- the main genesis of managerialism lay in the human relations movement that took root at the Harvard Business School in the 1920s and 1930s under the guiding hand of Professor Elton Mayo . Mayo , an immigrant from Australia , saw democracy as divisive and lacking in community spirit . He looked to corporate managers to restore the social harmony that he believed the uprooting experiences of immigration and industrialization had destroyed and that democracy was incapable of repairing . ''

neg: Economic appraisal Economic appraisal is a type of decision method applied to a project , programme or policy that takes into account a wide range of costs and benefits , denominated in monetary terms or for which a monetary equivalent can be estimated . Economic appraisal is a key tool for achieving value for money and satisfying requirements for decision accountability . It is a systematic process for examining alternative uses of resources , focusing on assessment of needs , objectives , options , costs , benefits , risks , funding , affordability and other factors relevant to decisions .   The main types of economic appraisal are :  Cost -- benefit analysis  Cost-effectiveness analysis  Scoring and weighting   Economic appraisal is a methodology designed to assist in defining problems and finding solutions that offer the best value for money ( VFM ) . This is especially important in relation to public expenditure and is often used as a vehicle for planning and approval of public investment relating to policies , programmes and projects .   The principles of appraisal are applicable to all decisions , even those concerned with small expenditures . However , the scope of appraisal can also be very wide . Good economic appraisal leads to better decisions and VFM . It facilitates good project management and project evaluation . Appraisal is an essential part of good financial management , and it is vital to decision-making and accountability .

neg: Sports marketing Sports marketing is a subdivision of marketing which focuses both on the promotion of sports events and teams as well as the promotion of other products and services through sporting events and sports teams . It is a service in which the element promoted can be a physical product or a brand name . The goal is to provide the client with strategies to promote the sport or to promote something other than sport through sports . Sport marketing is also designed to meet the needs and wants of the consumer through exchange processes . These strategies follow the traditional four `` P '' 's of general marketing Product , Price , Promotion and Place , another four `` P '' 's are added to sport marketing , relating to the fact sports are considered to be a service . The additional 4 P 's are : Planning , Packaging , Positioning and Perception . The addition of the four extra elements is called the `` sport marketing mix . ''   Sports marketing is an element of sports promotion which involves a wide variety of sectors of the sport industry including broadcasting , advertising , social media , digital platforms , ticket sales , and community relations .   Sports marketing is divided into three sectors . The first is the advertising of sport and sports associations such as the Olympics , Spanish Football league and the NFL , as well as sport teams like Real Madrid and the New York Yankees . The second concerns the use of sporting events , sporting teams and individual athletes to promote various products . The third category is the promotion of sport to the public in order to increase participation .   In the first case , the promotion is directly related to sports . In the second case , the products can but do not have to be directly related to sports . When the promotion is about sports in general , the use of this kind of strategy is called `` Marketing of Sports . '' When the promotion is not about the sports but sports events , athletes , teams or leagues are used to promote different products , the marketing strategy is denominated `` Marketing through sports . '' When the promotion is about increasing participation among the public , it is called `` Grassroots Sports Marketing . '' To promote the products or services , the companies and associations use different channels such as sponsorships of teams or athletes , television or radio advertisement during the different broadcast sports events and celebrations , and/or advertisement on sporting venues .   `` Street marketing of sport '' considers sport marketing through billboards on the street and also through urban elements ( street lighters and sidewalks , etc. ) to help promote and gain publicity during major worldwide sporting events such as the Football World Cup , the Olympic Games , or the Super Bowl .

neg: Place management Place management is the process of making places better . This is practiced through programmes to improve a location or to maintain an already attained desired standard of operation . Place management can be undertaken by private , public or voluntary organisations or a mixture of each . Despite the wide variety of place management initiatives the underlying common factor is usually a desire to maximise the effectiveness of a location for its users , whether they are residents , shoppers , tourists , investors , property developers or business owners .

neg: Design management Design management is a business discipline that uses project management , design , strategy , and supply chain techniques to control a creative process , support a culture of creativity , and build a structure and organization for design . The objective of design management is to develop and maintain an efficient business environment in which an organization can achieve its strategic and mission goals through design . Design management is a comprehensive activity at all levels of business ( operational to strategic ) , from the discovery phase to the execution phase . `` Simply put , design management is the business side of design . Design management encompasses the ongoing processes , business decisions , and strategies that enable innovation and create effectively-designed products , services , communications , environments , and brands that enhance our quality of life and provide organizational success . '' The discipline of design management overlaps with marketing management , operations management , and strategic management .   Traditionally , design management was seen as limited to the management of design projects , but over time , it evolved to include other aspects of an organization at the functional and strategic level . A more recent debate concerns the integration of design thinking into strategic management as a cross-disciplinary and human-centered approach to management . This paradigm also focuses on a collaborative and iterative style of work and an abductive mode of inference , compared to practices associated with the more traditional management paradigm .   Design has become a strategic asset in brand equity , differentiation , and product quality for many companies . More and more organizations apply design management to improve design-relevant activities and to better connect design with corporate strategy .

neg: Functional Strategy Functional strategy - organizational plans prepared for various functional areas of a company 's organizational structure ( e.g. , marketing strategy , financial strategy , production strategy etc. ) . Functional strategies can be part of overall corporate strategy or serve as separate plans of strategy cascading/implementation within a functional area .   Some common functional strategies are :  Production strategy ( `` make or buy '' ) - defines what the company produces itself , and that purchases from suppliers or partners , that is , how far worked out the production chain .  Financial Strategy - to select the main source of funding : the development of their own funds ( depreciation , profit , the issue of shares , etc. ) or through debt financing ( bank loans , bonds , commodity suppliers ' credits , etc. ) .  Organizational strategy - decision on the organization of the staff ( choose the type of organizational structure , compensation system , etc. ) .  others , such as : research and development ( R & D ) strategy , investment strategy , etc. .   In addition , each of the functional strategies can be divided into components . For example , organizational strategy can be divided into three components :   strategy of building organizations - to select the type of structure ( divisional , functional , project , etc. ) ;  strategy to work with the staff - a way of training ( mainly administrative staff ) , training of staff ( in a business or educational institutions ) , career planning , etc. ;  strategy of remuneration ( wages , rewards and penalties ) - in particular , the approach to the compensation of senior managers ( salary , bonuses , profit sharing , etc. ) .   Responsible for implementation of the strategy at the functional level are senior specialists ( Ch . Engineer , Director of Finance ) . At the enterprise level - CEO , general director or director of the department , at the level of groups of companies - a collegiate body ( board of directors ) .

neg: Business process management Business process management ( BPM ) is a field in operations management that focuses on improving corporate performance by managing and optimizing a company 's business processes . It can therefore be described as a `` process optimization process '' . It is argued that BPM enables organizations to be more efficient , more effective and more capable of change than a functionally focused , traditional hierarchical management approach . These processes can impact the cost and revenue generation of an organization .   As a policy-making approach , BPM sees processes as important assets of an organization that must be understood , managed , and developed to announce value-added products and services to clients or customers . This approach closely resembles other total quality management or continual improvement process methodologies and BPM proponents also claim that this approach can be supported , or enabled , through technology . As such , many BPM articles and scholars frequently discuss BPM from one of two viewpoints : people and/or technology .

neg: Management information system Management information system ( MIS ) refers to the processing of information through computers to manage and support managerial decisions within an organization . The concept may include systems termed transaction processing system , decision support system , expert system , or executive information system . The term is often used in the academic study of businesses and has connections with other areas , such as information systems , information technology , informatics , e-commerce and computer science ; as a result , the term is used interchangeably with some of these areas .   Management information systems ( plural ) as an academic discipline studies people , technology , organizations , and the relationships among them . This definition relates specifically to `` MIS '' as a course of study in business schools . Many business schools ( or colleges of business administration within universities ) have an MIS department , alongside departments of accounting , finance , management , marketing , and may award degrees ( at undergraduate , master , and doctoral levels ) in Management Information Systems .   MIS professionals help organizations to maximize the benefit from investments in personnel , equipment , and business processes .

neg: Evolution of Management Systems ' A management system is the framework of processes and procedures used to ensure that an organization can fulfill all tasks required to achieve its objectives .   After World War II , the reigning paradigm of product-oriented mass production had reached its peak . Examples of management systems at that time are linear assembly lines , organizational hierarchies of command , product quality control and mass consumption .   Soon afterwards , the Deming-Juran process-quality teachings spearheaded a new quality orientation ( later referred to as Total quality management ) and propelled Japan directly to the post-war process focus ( process quality control , just-in-time , continuous improvement ) . The US responded by a painful and prolonged product-to-process transformation , ultimately leveling the playing field again by the mid 1980s .   At the end of the 1980s , business process reengineering focused on the radical redesign of the production process through the reintegration of task , labor and knowledge . As a result , lean , flexible and streamlined production processes were created , capable of fast response and internet-based integration necessary for the upcoming phase of supply chains - business-to-business ( B2B ) -- as well as demand chains -- business-to-customer ( B2C ) .   In the above three stages of Evolution of Management Systems '' ' , the competitive advantage was derived almost exclusively from the internal resources of the firm . At the end of the 1980s , a radical fourth shift has occurred : the competitive advantage became increasingly derived from the external resources of the firm -- through the extended networks of suppliers and customers .   Figure 1 refers to the basic scheme of production and service delivery process . It represents the traditional linear input-process-output management system . This system has been fixed and unchanging for centuries . The only change has been in terms of changing focus on individual components of the system , emphasizing different parts of this basic scheme .   Although the scheme itself ( inputs → process → outputs ) remains mostly unchallenged , there are some indications that this business model will undergo major restructurings in the future ( in the emerging stages of Evolution of Management Systems ) . It will become disaggregated and distributed , subjected to non-linear modularity and bringing forth new ways of making things and delivering services . Then it will become reintegrated again , tying together globally distributed components into a unified recycling whole .

neg: Supply management (procurement) The term supply management describes the methods and processes of modern corporate or institutional buying . This may be for the purchasing of supplies for internal use referred to as indirect goods and services , purchasing raw materials for the consumption during the manufacturing process , or for the purchasing of goods for inventory to be resold as products in the distribution and retail process .   In many organizations , acquisition or buying of services is called contracting , while that of goods is called purchasing or procurement . The supply management function of an organization is responsible for various aspects of these acquisitions :  Working with business leaders who have identified a business need or requirement to identify , source , contract , and procure the needed good or service from qualified suppliers  Managing supplier performance  Implementing technologies , processes , policies , and procedures to support the purchasing process ( Supplier Relationship Management ) .  The supplier relationship management process : a process for providing the structure for how relationships with suppliers will be developed and maintained .  Economic theories of supply and demand   Supply management is generally regarded as a systematic business process that includes more functions than traditional buying , such as coordinating inbound and internal pre-production logistics and managing inventory .   Supply management deals primarily with the oversight and management of materials and services inputs , management of the suppliers who provide those inputs , and support of the process of acquiring those inputs . The performance of supply management departments and supply management professionals is commonly measured in terms of amount of money saved for the organization . However , managing risk is one of the other critical aspects of supply management ; especially the risk of non-availability at the required time of quality goods and services critical for an organization 's survival and growth .

neg: Tournament selection Tournament selection is a method of selecting an individual from a population of individuals in a genetic algorithm . Tournament selection involves running several `` tournaments '' among a few individuals ( or ` chromosomes ' ) chosen at random from the population . The winner of each tournament ( the one with the best fitness ) is selected for crossover . Selection pressure is easily adjusted by changing the tournament size . If the tournament size is larger , weak individuals have a smaller chance to be selected .   The tournament selection method may be described in pseudo code :   choose k ( the tournament size ) individuals from the population at random  choose the best individual from pool/tournament with probability p  choose the second best individual with probability p * ( 1-p )  choose the third best individual with probability p * ( ( 1-p ) ^ 2 )  and so on ...   Deterministic tournament selection selects the best individual ( when p = 1 ) in any tournament . A 1-way tournament ( k = 1 ) selection is equivalent to random selection . The chosen individual can be removed from the population that the selection is made from if desired , otherwise individuals can be selected more than once for the next generation . In comparison with the ( stochastic ) fitness proportionate selection method , tournament selection is often implemented in practice due to its lack of stochastic noise .   Tournament selection has several benefits over alternative selection methods for genetic algorithms ( for example , fitness proportionate selection and reward-based selection ) : it is efficient to code , works on parallel architectures and allows the selection pressure to be easily adjusted . Tournament selection has also been shown to be independent of the scaling of the genetic algorithm fitness function ( or ` objective function ' ) in some classifier systems .

neg: Foresight (futures studies) In futures studies , especially in Europe , the term `` foresight '' has become widely used to describe activities such as :  critical thinking concerning long-term developments ,  debate and for some futurists who are normative and focus on action driven by their values who may be concerned with effort to create wider participatory democracy . Foresight is a set of competencies and not a value system , however .  shaping the future , especially by influencing public policy .   In the last decade , scenario methods , for example , have become widely used in some European countries in policy-making . The FORSOCIETY network brings together national Foresight teams from most European countries , and the European Foresight Monitoring Project is collating material on Foresight activities around the world . In addition , foresight methods are being used more and more in regional planning and decision -- making ( `` regional foresight '' ) . Several non-European think-tanks like Strategic Foresight Group are also enagaged in foresight studies .   The foresight of futures studies is also known as strategic foresight . this foresight used by and describing professional futurists trained in Master 's programs is the research-driven practice of exploring expected and alternative futures and guiding futures to inform strategy . Foresight includes understanding the relevant recent past ; scanning to collect insight about present , futuring to describe the understood future including trend research ; environment research to explore possible trend breaks from developments on the fringe and other divergencies that may lead to alternative futures ; visioning to define preferred future states ; designing strategies to craft this future ; and adapting the present forces to implement this plan . There is notable but not complete overlap between foresight and strategic planning , change management , forecasting , and design thinking .   At the same time , the use of foresight for companies ( `` corporate foresight '' ) is becoming more professional and widespread Corporate foresight is used to support strategic management , identify new business fields and increase the innovation capacity of a firm .   Foresight is not the same as futures research or strategic planning . It encompasses a range of approaches that combine the three components mentioned above , which may be recast as :  futures ( forecasting , forward thinking , prospectives ) ,  planning ( strategic analysis , priority setting ) , and  networking ( participatory , dialogic ) tools and orientations .   Much futures research has been rather ivory tower work , but Foresight programmes were designed to influence policy - often R&D policy . Much technology policy had been very elitist ; Foresight attempts to go beyond the `` usual suspects '' and gather widely distributed intelligence . These three lines of work were already common in Francophone futures studies going by the name la prospective . But in the 1990s we began to see what became an explosion of systematic organisation of these methods in large scale TECHNOLOGY FORESIGHT programmes in Europe and more widely .   Foresight thus draws on traditions of work in long-range planning and strategic planning , horizontal policymaking and democratic planning , and participatory futures studies - but was also highly influenced by systemic approaches to innovation studies , science and technology policy , and analysis of `` critical technologies '' .   Many of the methods that are commonly associated with Foresight - Delphi surveys , scenario workshops , etc. - derive from the futures field . So does the fact that Foresight is concerned with :   The longer-term - futures that are usually at least 10 years away ( though there are some exceptions to this , especially in its use in private business ) . Since Foresight is action-oriented ( the planning link ) it will rarely be oriented to perspectives beyond a few decades out ( though where decisions like aircraft design , power station construction or other major infrastructural decisions are concerned , then the planning horizon may well be half a century ) .  Alternative futures : it is helpful to examine alternative paths of development , not just what is currently believed to be most likely or business as usual . Often Foresight will construct multiple scenarios . These may be an interim step on the way to creating what may be known as positive visions , success scenarios , aspirational futures . Sometimes alternative scenarios will be a major part of the output of Foresight work , with the decision about what future to build being left to other mechanisms .

neg: Primary ticket outlet Primary ticket outlets are organisations that contract directly with venues and promoters to sell event tickets on their behalf .   Event promoters use primary ticket outlets to aid in the promotion of their events and often to manage their ticketing solutions .   Primary ticket outlets contrast from secondary ticket outlets/ticket resale in that they have a direct relationship with the owner of a venue or event .   The ticketing sector has made a big move into undermining the marketing abilities of the secondary ticketing outlets in order to strengthen the position of the primary ticket outlets as there has been an increase in the number of bogus tickets being bought .

neg: Bid and proposal In procurement of goods or services , the Bid and Proposal ( B&P ) are a firm 's plan ( proposal ) and proposed cost ( bid ) for fulfilling the conditions outlined in a Request for Proposal ( RFP ) or other information gathering or supplier contact activity . The development of a bid and proposal takes place early in the procurement process , and the resulting proposal will be subject to review by the purchaser and negotiation between the two parties . Developing a bid and proposal takes place before a contract vehicle is in place , meaning that firms undertake the costly tasks of proposal-writing and cost estimation before they are awarded a contract . Often in official use of these two terms a `` bid '' supposes the limits or scope of work is similar and usually the lowest `` bid '' is awarded work , especially in government contracts . Proposals mean the entity is fully aware the details and scope of work may vary and the work is awarded to the best `` plan '' and NOT the cheapest , lowest price . Quality and quantity are more of a consideration when proposals are taken seriously as opposed to the lowest `` bid '' .   Category : Procurement

neg: Rehearsal A rehearsal is an activity in the performing arts that occurs as preparation for a performance in music , theatre , dance and related arts , such as opera , musical theatre and film production . It is undertaken as a form of practising , to ensure that all details of the subsequent performance are adequately prepared and coordinated . The term `` rehearsal '' typically refers to ensemble activities undertaken by a group of people . For example , when a musician is preparing a piano concerto alone in their music studio , this is called `` practicing '' , but when they begin to practice the concerto with an orchestra , this activity is called a `` rehearsal '' . The music rehearsal takes place in a music rehearsal space .   A rehearsal may involve as few as two people , as with a small play for two actors , an art song performance by a singer and a pianist or a folk music duo of a singer and a guitar player . On the other end of the spectrum , a rehearsal can be held for a very large orchestra with over 100 performers and a choir . A rehearsal can involve only performers of one type , as in an a cappella choir show , in which a group of singers perform without instrumental accompaniment or a play involving only theatre actors ; it can involve performers of different instruments , as with an orchestra , rock band or jazz `` big band '' ; vocal and instrumental performers , as with opera and choral works accompanied by orchestra ; or a mix of actors , vocalists , instrumentalists and dancers , as with musical theatre .   Rehearsals of small groups of performers , such as small rock bands , jazz quartets or organ trios may be held without a leader ; in these cases , the performers themselves jointly determine how to run the rehearsal , which songs to practice , and so on . Some small groups may have their rehearsals led by a bandleader . Almost all mid - to large group performances have a person who leads the rehearsals ; this person may be a bandleader in a rock , country or jazz setting ; a conductor in classical music ( including in opera ) ; a director in theatre or musical theatre ; or a film director for movie rehearsals .   While the term is most commonly used in the performing arts to refer to preparation for a public presentation or show , the term is also used to refer to the preparation for other anticipated activities , such as wedding guests and couples practicing a wedding ceremony , paramedics practicing responding to a simulated emergency , or army troops practicing for an attack using a mock-up of the building they will be assaulting .

neg: Economic operator An economic operator is a business or other organisation which supplies goods , works or services within the context of market operations . The term is used in public procurement to cover suppliers , contractors and service providers .   The term is defined in the UK 's Public Contracts Regulations as :   `` any person or public entity or group of such persons and entities , including any temporary association of undertakings , which offers the execution of works or a work , the supply of products or the provision of services on the market '' .   Early European Union legislation on public procurement was contained within three separate Directives on purchasing of services , goods and works , but once a single directive was adopted in 2004 , a term was needed which would cover suppliers , contractors and service providers without implying or being limited to private sector operations . The terms ` business ' or ` undertaking ' would therefore have been inappropriate and the term ` economic operator ' was therefore adopted . In introducing the new term within the 2004 Directive , the text explained that the terms `` contractor '' , `` supplier '' and `` service provider '' ( as used within the Directive ) would mean ` any natural or legal person or public entity or group of such persons and/or bodies which offers on the market , respectively , the execution of works and/or a work , products or services ' and the term `` economic operator '' shall cover equally the concepts of contractor , supplier and service provider . It is used merely in the interest of simplification . '

neg: Programme budgeting Programme budgeting , developed by U.S. president Lyndon Johnson , is the budgeting system that , contrary to conventional budgeting , describes and gives the detailed costs of every activity or programme that is to be carried out with a given budget . For example , Expected results in a proposed programme are described fully , along with its necessary resource , raw materials , equipment , and staff costs . The sum of all activities or programmes constitute the Programme Budget . Thus , when looking at a Programme Budget , one can easily find out what precisely will be carried out , at what cost and with what expected results in considerable detail .

neg: Site selection Site selection indicates the practice of new facility location , both for business and government . Site selection involves measuring the needs of a new project against the merits of potential locations . The practice came of age during the 20th century , as governments and corporate operations expanded to new geographies on a national and international scale .

neg: Water resource management Water resource management is the activity of planning , developing , distributing and managing the optimum use of water resources . It is a sub-set of water cycle management . Ideally , water resource management planning has regard to all the competing demands for water and seeks to allocate water on an equitable basis to satisfy all uses and demands . As with other resource management , this is rarely possible in practice .

neg: Visitor management Visitor management refers to tracking the usage of a public building or site . By gathering increasing amounts of information , a Visitor Management System can record the usage of the facilities by specific visitors and provide documentation of visitor 's whereabouts .


query: Welcome Back (film) features only American actors and actresses.

pos: Welcome Back (film) Welcome Back is an Indian action comedy film directed by Anees Bazmee and produced by Firoz Nadiadwala , released in 2015 . It is a sequel to Welcome and features an ensemble cast that includes Anil Kapoor , Nana Patekar , John Abraham , Shruti Haasan , Paresh Rawal , Dimple Kapadia and Naseeruddin Shah . While Kapoor , Patekar and Rawal have reprised their roles from the 2007 film , Abraham and Hassan are new additions to the lead cast . Made on a budget of US$ 16 million , the film was largely shot in and around Dubai , United Arab Emirates . Welcome Back was released worldwide on 4 September 2015 .

pos: Anil Kapoor Anil Kapoor ( born 24 December 1956 ) is an Indian actor and producer who has appeared in many Bollywood films , as well as international films and television series . His career has spanned almost 40 years as an actor , and as a producer since 2005 . He has won many awards in his career , including two National Film Awards and six Filmfare Awards in different acting categories .   Kapoor made his Hindi film cameo appearance with Umesh Mehra 's Hamare Tumhare ( 1979 ) in a small role . He made his first debut film and then starred as a lead actor in the 1980 Telugu film , Vamsa Vruksham directed by Bapu . He then made his Kannada film debut with Mani Ratnam 's Pallavi Anu Pallavi ( 1983 ) . He received his first Filmfare Award , in the Best Supporting Actor category , for his role in Yash Chopra 's Mashaal ( 1984 ) . Kapoor earned his first Filmfare Best Actor Award for his performance in N. Chandra 's Tezaab ( 1988 ) and later again for his performance in Indra Kumar 's Beta ( 1992 ) .   He has also starred in many other critically and commercially successful films : Meri Jung ( 1985 ) ; Karma ( 1986 ) ; Mr. India ( 1987 ) ; Virasat ( 1997 ) , for which he won the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor ; Taal ( 1999 ) , for which he won his second Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award ; Pukar ( 2000 ) , for which he won a National Film Award for Best Actor ; No Entry ( 2005 ) ; Dil Dhadakne Do ( 2015 ) for which he won his third Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award .   Kapoor 's first role in an international film was in Danny Boyle 's Academy Award-winning film Slumdog Millionaire , for which he shared the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture . His performance in the eighth season of the action series 24 generated rave reviews from the American press . Globally , Kapoor is one of the most recognised Indian actors .

neg: American Gigolo American Gigolo is a 1980 American romantic crime film written and directed by Paul Schrader , and starring Richard Gere , Lauren Hutton , Hector Elizondo , Nina Van Pallandt and Bill Duke . It tells the story of Julian Kaye , a high-price male escort in Los Angeles who becomes romantically involved with a prominent politician 's wife while simultaneously becoming the prime suspect in a murder case .   The film is notable for establishing Gere as a leading man , and was one of the first mainstream Hollywood films to include frontal male nudity from its main star . It is also notable for its accompanying soundtrack , composed by Giorgio Moroder and featuring the number-one hit single `` Call Me '' by Blondie .   Schrader considers it one of four similar films , which he calls `` double bookends '' : Taxi Driver , bookended by Light Sleeper , and American Gigolo bookended by The Walker .

neg: Christine Lahti Christine Ann Lahti ( born April 4 , 1950 ) is an American actress . She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the 1984 film Swing Shift . Her other film roles include ... And Justice for All ( 1979 ) , Housekeeping ( 1987 ) , Running on Empty ( 1988 ) , and Leaving Normal ( 1992 ) . For her directorial debut with the 1995 short film Lieberman in Love , she won the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film .   Lahti made her Broadway debut in 1980 as a replacement in Loose Ends , and went on to star in the Broadway productions of Present Laughter ( 1982 ) and The Heidi Chronicles ( 1989 ) . An eight-time Golden Globe nominee and six-time Emmy Award nominee , she won a Golden Globe for the 1989 TV movie No Place Like Home , and won a Golden Globe and an Emmy in 1998 for her role as Kate Austin in the CBS series Chicago Hope ( 1995 -- 99 ) . She returned to Broadway in 2009 to star in God of Carnage . She also had a recurring role as Sonya Paxton in the NBC series Law and Order : Special Victims Unit ( 2009 -- 11 ) , as Doris McGarrett in the CBS series Hawaii Five-0 ( 2012 -- 16 ) , and Laurel Hitchin in NBC 's The Blacklist ( 2015 -- 17 ) .

neg: Into the West (miniseries) Into the West is a 2005 miniseries produced by Steven Spielberg and DreamWorks , with six two-hour episodes ( including commercials ) . The series was first broadcast in the U.S. on Turner Network Television ( TNT ) on six Fridays starting on June 10 , 2005 . It was also shown in the UK on BBC2 and BBC HD from November 4 , 2006 , and in Canada on CBC Television . The series also aired in the U.S. on AMC during the summer ( June/July ) and fall ( autumn , September/October ) of 2012 .   The miniseries begins in the 1820s and is told mainly through the third person narration of Jacob Wheeler ( Matthew Settle ) and Loved By the Buffalo ( Joseph M. Marshall III ) , although episodes outside the direct observation of both protagonists are also shown . The plot follows the story of two families , one white American , one Native American , as their lives become mingled through the momentous events of American expansion . The story intertwines real and fictional characters and events spanning the period of expansion of the United States in the American West , from 1825 to 1890 .   The show has a large cast , with about 250 speaking parts . The series features well known performers including Josh Brolin , Gary Busey , Michael Spears , Tonantzin Carmelo , Skeet Ulrich , Garrett Wang , Steve Reevis , Rachael Leigh Cook , Wes Studi , Irene Bedard , Alan Tudyk , Christian Kane , Russell Means , Jay Tavare , David Midthunder , Keri Russell , Graham Greene , Zahn McClarnon , Tom Berenger , Gil Birmingham , David Paymer , Raoul Trujillo , Eric Schweig , Lance Henriksen , Simon R. Baker , Tyler Christopher , Tatanka Means , Tokala Clifford , Gordon Tootoosis , Sheila Tousey , and Will Patton .   It was filmed in Drumheller , Alberta and Santa Fe , New Mexico .

neg: Patricia Arquette Patricia Arquette ( born April 8 , 1968 ) is an American actress . She made her film debut in A Nightmare on Elm Street 3 : Dream Warriors ( 1987 ) at the age of eighteen . Her notable films include Tony Scott 's True Romance ( 1993 ) , Tim Burton 's Ed Wood ( 1994 ) , David O. Russell 's Flirting with Disaster ( 1996 ) , David Lynch 's Lost Highway ( 1997 ) , Stephen Frears 's The Hi-Lo Country ( 1998 ) , Martin Scorsese 's Bringing Out the Dead ( 1999 ) , and Andrew Davis 's Holes ( 2003 ) .   For her performance in Richard Linklater 's Boyhood ( 2014 ) , which was filmed from 2002 until 2014 , she received widespread critical praise and won the Academy Award , BAFTA Award , Critics ' Choice Award , Golden Globe Award , Independent Spirit Award , and SAG Award for Best Supporting Actress . Arquette 's Academy Award acceptance speech , which she used to bring female wage inequality to attention , received widespread news coverage .   On television , she played the character Allison DuBois -- based on the author and medium Allison DuBois , who claims to have psychic abilities -- in the supernatural drama series Medium ( 2005 -- 11 ) . She received three Golden Globe nominations and two Emmy Award nominations , winning the Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama in 2005 . Arquette also appeared in the CSI franchise as Avery Ryan , the Deputy Director of the FBI , starring in CSI : Cyber ( 2015 -- 16 ) .

neg: American Gun (2002 film) American Gun is a 2002 drama film written and directed by Alan Jacobs . It stars James Coburn ( in his final film ) , Virginia Madsen , Barbara Bain and Alexandra Holden .

neg: The American Way (film) The American Way , also known as Riders of the Storm , is a 1986 American science fiction comedy film directed by Maurice Phillips and starring Dennis Hopper and Michael J. Pollard .

neg: Reclaim (film) Reclaim is a drama-thriller directed by Alan White , and starring Ryan Phillippe and Rachelle Lefevre . The film was released on video on demand , with a simultaneous limited theatrical release in the United States , on September 19 , 2014 . Phillippe and Lefevre play an American couple who travel to Puerto Rico to adopt an orphan ( Briana Roy ) , and become entangled in a deadly scam .

neg: The Comedian (2016 film) The Comedian is a 2016 American comedy-drama film directed by Taylor Hackford and written by Lewis Friedman , Richard LaGravenese , Art Linson , and Jeff Ross . The film stars Robert De Niro , Leslie Mann , Danny DeVito , Edie Falco , Veronica Ferres , Charles Grodin , Cloris Leachman , Patti LuPone and Harvey Keitel .   The film had its world premiere at the AFI Fest on November 11 , 2016 and was released on December 9 , 2016 , by Sony Pictures Classics . The film opened to negative reviews from critics .

neg: Heather Langenkamp Heather Elizabeth Langenkamp ( born July 17 , 1964 ) is an American actress , make-up artist and producer . She first became known for portraying Nancy Thompson in the A Nightmare on Elm Street film series . She served as executive producer and narrator to the 2010 documentary Never Sleep Again : The Elm Street Legacy . Her other film roles include Nickel Mountain ( 1984 ) , The Demolitionist ( 1995 ) , The Butterfly Room ( 2012 ) , and Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) . Langenkamp is also known for her role as Marie Lubbock on the sitcom Just the Ten of Us and has had numerous television guest appearances .

neg: Return (2010 film) Return ( Kotiinpaluu ) , also Homecoming , is a 2010 Finnish short film directed by Harri J. Rantala and starring Eerik Kantokoski , Reeta Annala , Kalevi Haapoja and Kauko Salo .

neg: List of The Comeback episodes The Comeback is an American television comedy-drama series produced by HBO that stars actress Lisa Kudrow as sitcom actress Valerie Cherish in modern-day Los Angeles . It was created by Kudrow and Michael Patrick King , a former executive producer of Sex and the City . Kudrow and King are also screenwriters and executive producers of the series , with King also serving as the director of some episodes . The series premiered on HBO on June 5 , 2005 and aired for a single , 13-episode season before being canceled . The series was revived nine years later and an eight-episode second season started airing on HBO on November 9 , 2014 .   , 21 episodes of The Comeback have aired , concluding its second season .

neg: Marion Marshall (actress) Marion Marshall ( born Marion Tanner ; June 8 , 1929 ) is an American actress .

neg: Welcome Back Welcome Back may refer to :   Welcome Back ( iKon album ) , 2015  Welcome Back ( John Sebastian album ) , 1976  `` Welcome Back '' ( John Sebastian song ) , 1976 , theme song for Welcome Back , Kotter  Welcome Back ( Mase album ) , 2004  `` Welcome Back '' ( Mase song ) , 2004  Welcome Back ( film ) , a 2015 Bollywood film  Welcome Back , Kotter , an American television sitcom  Welcome Back , Brotter , a Boston University student TV series  `` Welcome Back '' program , Sony 's compensation to users for the 2011 PlayStation Network outage   Category : English phrases

neg: Robert Hegyes Robert Hegyes ( pronounced Hedges ; May 7 , 1951 -- January 26 , 2012 ) was an American actor best known for his portrayal of high school student Juan Epstein on the 1970s American sitcom Welcome Back , Kotter and as detective Manny Esposito on the 1980s American crime drama Cagney & Lacey .

neg: Debralee Scott Debralee Scott ( April 2 , 1953 -- April 5 , 2005 ) was an American actress best known for her roles on the sitcoms Welcome Back Kotter , Angie , Mary Hartman , Mary Hartman and Forever Fernwood . Scott was born and raised in Elizabeth , New Jersey , and later lived in Stroudsburg , Pennsylvania where she was a cheerleader .

neg: Aunjanue Ellis Aunjanue L. Ellis ( born February 21 , 1969 ) is an American film , stage , and television actress , and producer . She began her acting career in theater , and made her film debut in Girls Town . She later had leading roles in a number of independent movies , and co-starred in several mainstream films .   Ellis is best known for her roles in films Men of Honor ( 2000 ) , The Caveman 's Valentine ( 2001 ) , Undercover Brother ( 2002 ) , Ray ( 2004 ) , The Express ( 2008 ) , The Taking of Pelham 123 ( 2009 ) and The Help ( 2011 ) . On television , Ellis had regular role in the ABC police drama series High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) , and later co-starred in a number of short-lived dramas . She had recurring roles on The Practice , True Blood , and The Mentalist , and played roles in a number of made for television movies , such as Gifted Hands : The Ben Carson Story ( 2009 ) and Abducted : The Carlina White Story ( 2013 ) .   In 2015 , Ellis played the leading role in the miniseries The Book of Negroes , based on bestselling novel by Lawrence Hill . She received critical acclaim and a Critic 's Choice Award nomination for Best Actress in a Movie/Miniseries . Later that year , she began starring as Miranda Shaw in the ABC thriller series Quantico . In 2016 , Ellis played Nancy Turner , Nat Turner 's mother , in the critically acclaimed period drama film , The Birth of a Nation .

neg: Aloha (film) Aloha is a 2015 American romantic comedy-drama film written , produced and directed by Cameron Crowe . The film , starring Bradley Cooper , Emma Stone , Rachel McAdams , Bill Murray , John Krasinski , Danny McBride , and Alec Baldwin , was released on May 29 , 2015 . The film received negative reviews from critics , and has grossed only $ 26 million against a budget of $ 37 million , making the film a box office bomb .

neg: Sasha Lane Sasha Bianca Lane ( born September 29 , 1995 ) is an American actress . She made her film debut in American Honey ( 2016 ) directed by Andrea Arnold .

neg: Emma Greenwell Emma Greenwell ( born January 14 , 1989 ) is an American actress who was born in the United States but was raised in London from a very young age .

neg: Back to Even Back to Even is a 1998 American direct-to-video film , starring Lorenzo Lamas and Michael Paré . It was co-written and directed by Rod Hewitt .


query: Hansel and Gretel is also known as a fairy tale.

pos: Hansel and Gretel `` Hansel and Gretel '' ( also known as Hansel and Grettel , Hansel and Grethel , or Little Brother and Little Sister ) ( -LSB- ˈhænsəl -RSB- or -LSB- ˈhɑːnsəl -RSB- and -LSB- ˈɡrɛtəl -RSB- Hänsel und Gretel -LSB- ˈhɛnzl̩ ʊnt ˈɡʁeːtl̩ -RSB- ) is a well-known fairy tale of German origin , recorded by the Brothers Grimm and published in 1812 . Hansel and Gretel are a young brother and sister kidnapped by a cannibalistic witch living deep in the forest in a house constructed of cake and confectionery . The two children escape with their lives by outwitting her . The tale has been adapted to various media , most notably the opera Hänsel und Gretel ( 1893 ) by Engelbert Humperdinck . Under the Aarne -- Thompson classification system , `` Hansel and Gretel '' is classified under Class 327 .

neg: Thumbelina `` Thumbelina '' -LSB- ˌθʌmbəˈliːnə -RSB- ( Tommelise ) is a literary fairy tale written by Danish author Hans Christian Andersen first published by C. A. Reitzel on 16 December 1835 in Copenhagen , Denmark , with `` The Naughty Boy '' and `` The Traveling Companion '' in the second installment of Fairy Tales Told for Children . `` Thumbelina '' is about a tiny girl and her adventures with appearance - and marriage-minded toads , moles , and cockchafers . She successfully avoids their intentions before falling in love with a flower-fairy prince just her size .   `` Thumbelina '' is chiefly Andersen 's invention , though he did take inspiration from tales of miniature people such as `` Tom Thumb '' . `` Thumbelina '' was published as one of a series of seven fairy tales in 1835 which were not well received by the Danish critics who disliked their informal style and their lack of morals . One critic , however , applauded `` Thumbelina '' . The earliest English translation of `` Thumbelina '' is dated 1846 . The tale has been adapted to various media including television drama and animated film .

neg: Welsh literature in English Anglo-Welsh literature and Welsh writing in English are terms used to describe works written in the English language by Welsh writers . It has been recognised as a distinctive entity only since the 20th century . The need for a separate identity for this kind of writing arose because of the parallel development of modern Welsh-language literature ; as such it is perhaps the youngest branch of English-language literature in the British Isles .   Welsh writers in English have traditionally favoured the short story form over the novel for two main reasons : in a society lacking sufficient wealth to support professional writers , the amateur writer was able to spare time only for short bursts of creativity ; and , like poetry , it concentrated linguistic delight and exuberance . However , the genre did not develop in these writers much beyond its origin in rural sketches . Satire was avoided , and , since the main market was London publishers , the short stories tended to focus on the eccentricities ( as seen from a metropolitan viewpoint ) of Welsh life .

neg: Parzival Parzival is a medieval German romance written by the poet Wolfram von Eschenbach in Middle High German . The poem , commonly dated to the first quarter of the 13th century , centers on the Arthurian hero Parzival ( Percival in English ) and his long quest for the Holy Grail following his initial failure to achieve it .   Parzival begins with the knightly adventures of Parzival 's father , Gahmuret , his marriage to Herzeloyde ( Middle High German herzeleide , `` heart 's sorrow '' ) , and the birth of Parzival . The story continues as Parzival meets three elegant knights , decides to seek King Arthur , and continues a spiritual and physical search for the Grail . A long section is devoted to Parzival 's friend Gawan and his adventures defending himself from a false murder charge and winning the hand of the maiden Orgeluse . Among the most striking elements of the work are its emphasis on the importance of humility , compassion , sympathy and the quest for spirituality . A major theme in Parzival is love : heroic acts of chivalry are inspired by true love , which is ultimately fulfilled in marriage .  The romance was the most popular vernacular verse narrative in medieval Germany , and continues to be read and translated into modern languages around the world . Wolfram began a prequel , Titurel , which was later continued by another writer , while two full romances were written adapting Wolfram 's story of Loherangrin . Richard Wagner based his famous opera Parsifal , finished in 1882 , on Parzival .

neg: The Uses of Enchantment The Uses of Enchantment : The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales is a 1976 book by Austrian-born American author Bruno Bettelheim , in which Bettelheim analyzes fairy tales in terms of Freudian psychoanalysis .   Bettelheim presents a case that fairy tales helps children solve certain existential problems such separation anxiety , oedipal conflict , and sibling rivalries . The extreme violence and ugly emotions of many fairy tales serve to deflect what may well be going on in the child 's mind anyway . A child 's unrealistic fears often require unrealistic hopes . And furthermore , `` The Frog King '' may be superior to modern sex education in that it acknowledges that a child may find sex disgusting , and this may serve a protective function for the child .

neg: Grendel's Cave Grendel 's Cave is a real-time browser-based role-playing video game and MUD . Grendel Enterprises publishes and runs it exclusively on the Internet . The basis for Grendel 's Cave is Anglo-Saxon mythology and Beowulf , and it is set in the historical medieval period . Scholars consider it an artistic depiction of Grendel and the poem , Beowulf , as well as a modern adaptation and a derivative work of the epic . It has been online since 1998 . Educational websites use Grendel 's Cave as an Internet learning aid for medieval literature and they considered it an online Beowulf resource .

neg: Hans Christian Andersen (film) Hans Christian Andersen is a 1952 Hollywood musical film directed by Charles Vidor , with lyrics and music by Frank Loesser . The story was by Myles Connolly , screenplay written by Moss Hart and Ben Hecht ( uncredited ) , and Samuel Goldwyn Productions were the producers . It is a fictional , romantic story revolving around the life of the famous Danish poet and story-teller Hans Christian Andersen . The film stars Danny Kaye in the title role .   The film was an international success at the time . It is not a biographical movie , and in the introduction describes itself as `` not the story of his life , but a fairytale about this great spinner of fairy tales . '' A large part of the narrative is told through song and ballet and includes many of Andersen 's most famous stories such as The Ugly Duckling , Thumbelina , The Emperor 's New Clothes and The Little Mermaid .

neg: Thumbling `` Thumbling '' and `` Thumbling 's Travels '' ( also known as `` Thumbling as Journeyman '' ) are two German fairy tales collected by the Brothers Grimm . They are tales number 37 and 45 in the collection and are related to the English Tom Thumb , whose title the Grimms ' stories often share when translated into English .   The two stories do not feature the same character . The original German names for the two characters are `` Daumsdick '' ( Literally , `` Thumb-thick '' ) for the former , and `` Daumerling '' for the latter .   It is Aarne-Thompson type 700 , Tom Thumb .

neg: European witchcraft Belief in and practice of witchcraft in Europe can be traced to classical antiquity and has continuous history during the Middle Ages , culminating in the Early Modern witch hunts and giving rise to the fairy tale and popular culture `` witch '' stock character of modern times , as well as to the concept of the `` modern witch '' in Wicca and related movements of contemporary witchcraft .   The topic is a complex amalgamation of the practices of folk healers , folk magic , ancient belief in sorcery in pagan Europe , Christian views on heresy , medieval and early modern practice of ceremonial magic and simple fiction in folklore and literature .

neg: Hansel and Gretel (1954 Janssen film) Hansel and Gretel ( Hänsel und Gretel ) is a German film , directed by Walter Janssen , based on the story of Hansel and Gretel by the Brothers Grimm . It should not be confused with either Hansel and Gretel , another German film , or an American film Hansel and Gretel , both of which were released the same year .

neg: The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights ( literal translation : The Tale of the Dead Tsarevna and the Seven Bogatyrs ) is a 1833 fairy tale poem by Aleksandr Pushkin . While the story resembles the Little Snow White tale from the Grimm 's Fairy Tales , it is based around national Russian folklore , same as other Pushkin 's fairy tales in verse inspired by the childhood tales told by his nurse Arina Rodionovna at the Mikhaylovskoye village . Similar stories could be found in the Russian Fairy Tales collection by Alexander Afanasyev ( tales № 210 and 211 ) , Great Russian Fairy Tales collection ( 1861 ) by Ivan Khudyakov ( tale № 45 ) , Fables and Legends of the Samara Region ( 1884 ) by Dmitry Sadovnikov ( tale № 14 ) and Great Russian Fairy Tales of the Vyatka Governorate ( 1915 ) by Dmitry Zelenin ( tale № 52 ) . Researches find a lot of symbolism in the Puskin 's version of the fairy tale with roots in both Slavic mythology and Christianity .

neg: Mytheme In structuralism-influenced studies of mythology , a mytheme is a fundamental generic unit of narrative structure ( typically involving a relationship between a character , an event , and a theme ) from which myths are thought to be constructed - a minimal unit that is always found shared with other , related mythemes and reassembled in various ways ( `` bundled '' ) or linked in more complicated relationships . For example , the myths of Adonis and Osiris share several elements , leading some scholars to conclude that they share a source , i.e. images passed down in cultures or from one to another , being ascribed new interpretations of the action depicted , as well as new names in various readings of icons . Claude Lévi-Strauss ( 1908-2009 ) , who gave the term wide circulation , wrote , `` If one wants to establish a parallel between structural linguistics and the structural analysis of myths , the correspondence is established , not between mytheme and word but between mytheme and phoneme . ''   The structuralist analyzer of folk tales , Vladimir Propp , treated the individual tale as the unit of analysis . The unitary mytheme , by contrast , is the equivalent in myth of the phonemes , morphemes , and sememes into which structural linguistics divides language , the smallest possible units of sound , structure , and meaning ( respectively ) within a language system .   In the 1950s Claude Lévi-Strauss first adapted this technique of language analysis to analytic myth criticism . In his work on the myth systems of primitive tribes , working from the analogy of language structure , he adopted the French term mythème , with the assertion that the system of meaning within mythic utterances parallels closely that of a language system . Roman Jakobson varies this idea , treating mythemes as concepts or phonemes which have no significance in themselves but whose significance might be shown by sociological analysis .   Philosophers such as Daniel Dennett have also used the term `` mytheme '' .   Lev Manovich uses the terms seme and mytheme in his book , The Language of New Media , to describe aspects of culture that computer images enter into dialog with .

neg: Folktale Folktale or folk tale may refer to the following :

neg: How Six Made Their Way in the World `` How Six Made Their Way in the World '' ( Sechse kommen durch die ganze Welt , KHM 71 ) is a fairy tale recorded by the Brothers Grimm , who collected it from the storyteller Dorothea Viehmann .

neg: Finnish mythology Finnish mythology is a commonly applied description of the folklore of Finnish paganism , of which a modern revival is practiced by a small percentage of the Finnish people . It has many features shared with fellow Finnic Estonian mythology and its non-Finnic neighbours , the Balts and the Scandinavians . Some of their myths are also distantly related to the myths of other Finno-Ugric speakers like the Samis .   Finnish mythology survived within an oral tradition of mythical poem-singing and folklore well into the 19th century .   Although the gradual influence of surrounding cultures raised the significance of the sky-god in a monolatristic manner , the father god `` Ukko '' ( Old Man ) was originally just a nature spirit like all the others . Of the animals , the most sacred was the bear , whose real name was never uttered out loud , lest his kind be unfavorable to the hunting . The bear ( `` karhu '' in Finnish ) was seen as the embodiment of the forefathers , and for this reason it was called by many circumlocutions : mesikämmen ( `` mead-paw '' ) , otso ( `` browed one '' ) , kontio ( `` dweller of the land '' ) , metsän kultaomena ( `` the golden apple of the forest '' ) but not a god .

neg: A Book of Giants A Book of Giants is a 1963 anthology of 13 fairy tales from Europe that have been collected and retold by Ruth Manning-Sanders . It is one in a long series of such anthologies by Manning-Sanders . It was the first anthology to receive the familiar `` A Book of ... '' title that Manning-Sanders would become notable for .   This book was first published in the United Kingdom in 1962 , by Methuen & Co. Ltd. . It has been used in schools as a study aid .   Some of the tales from this book are also included in A Choice of Magic ( 1971 ) by Manning-Sanders . And some of the tales from this book are included in Folk and Fairy Tales ( 1978 ) by Manning-Sanders .   And in the foreword , Manning-Sanders discusses the long-ago roots of tales about giants : `` The stories in this book are very old , and they come from many countries . We do n't know who first told the story of Jack and the Beanstalk ; but it has always been a favourite , and it used to be hawked around England in those little stitched-together pamphlets , called chapbooks , which travelling pedlars sold to the countryfolk for a penny or two each . ''   The author adds : `` You will notice that the giants , wherever they come from , have one thing in common : they are all very stupid , and the way to overcome them is to use your wits . ''

neg: Ogre An ogre ( feminine ogress ) is a term used in myth and folk tales for a variety of abominable and brutish hominid monsters , informally large , unpleasant , grotesque , predatory , and typically cannibalistic towards normal human beings , infants , and children . Ogres and similar creatures feature in mythology , folklore , and fiction around the world , appearing in many classic works of literature and fairy tales .   Ogres vary in size depending on the depiction , ranging from moderately large and heavyset by human standards to inhuman and disproportionate giants . Common features include oversized heads and mouths , animal-like bodily hair , discolored skin , extreme physical strength , a voracious appetite , and a generally hideous appearance , odor , and manner . Ogres overlap heavily with giants in mythology and may be considered a subtype thereof ; they also overlap with human cannibals in fiction . The villainous giant in `` Jack and the Beanstalk '' and `` Jack the Giant Killer '' matches an ogre in description and is sometimes directly termed an ogre in variants , and other man-eating giants such as those in The BFG and the Giant Despair in The Pilgrim 's Progress are highly comparable .   Further examples of famous folktales featuring ogres include Puss in Boots abd `` Hop-o ' - My-Thumb '' ; while the most famous ogres in modern fiction are the eponymous main character Shrek and his wife Fiona from the animated comedy film series of the same name . Other characters and monsters sometimes comparable to or described as ogres in trait include the titular husband in `` Bluebeard '' , the Beast from `` Beauty and the Beast '' , `` Beowulf 's '' enemy Grendel , the Cyclops Polyphemus from Homer 's Odyssey , the related cyclops in the tales of `` Sinbad the Sailor '' , and the oni of Japanese folklore .

neg: Foggerty's Fairy and Other Tales Foggerty 's Fairy and Other Tales is an 1890 book by W. S. Gilbert , collecting several of the short stories and essays he wrote in his early career as a magazine writer ( before 1874 ) . A number of them were later adapted as plays or opera librettos .   Copyright problems dogged the book . It was pulled from market shortly after its publication , and is long out of print . Some of the stories were reprinted in the 1985 compilation , The Lost Stories of W. S. Gilbert . Some of the stories also served as the basis for a BBC Radio 4 series , `` Gilbert without Sullivan . ''

neg: Folklore of the Low Countries Folklore of the Low Countries , often just referred to as Dutch folklore , includes the epics , legends , fairy tales and oral traditions of the people of Belgium , Netherlands and Luxembourg . Traditionally this folklore is written or spoken in Dutch .

neg: Adaptations of Puss in Boots ` Puss ' is a character in the fairy tale `` The Master Cat , or Puss in Boots '' by Charles Perrault . The tale was published in 1697 in his Histoires ou Contes du temps passé . The tale of a cat helping an impoverished master attain wealth through its trickery is known in hundreds of variants .   Gustave Doré 's illustrated version ( right ) is well known for capturing the gently satirical tone of the story .  In 1797 German writer Ludwig Tieck published Der gestiefelte Kater , a dramatic satire based on the Puss in Boots tale .  The Russian composer César Cui ( of French ancestry ) composed a short children 's opera on this subject in 1913 . Puss in Boots was first performed in Rome in 1915 , and has been something of a repertory item in Germany since at least the 1970s .  In 1922 Walt Disney created a black and white silent short of the same name .  Xavier Montsalvatge composed a children 's opera , El gato con botas , with libretto by Néstor Luján ; it was first performed in Barcelona Gran Teatre del Liceu in 1947 . It has been performed for children several times , in Spain , but also in Germany , Czech Republic , Australia and New York .  In their album of cat songs , Happy Times Records included a version of Puss in Boots . As with their version of The Pied Piper of Hamelin , it is not faithful to the original fairy tale and features a cat named Puss in Boots who is the guardian of his native village . He saves the village from several invasions by using his head and is summoned by the song , `` Come , boots ! / Come , boots ! / Come a runnin ' , / Puss in Boots . '' The man and woman who perform this story/song are the same ones who perform Happy Times 's version of The Pied Piper , and the number ends with the words , `` The whole village is proud of their magical cat ! ''  A 1961 Mexican adaptation called El gato con botas . K. Gordon Murray distributed it in the United States as Puss in Boots .  Hayao Miyazaki participated in the 1969 Toei Animation production of Nagagutsu wo Haita Neko ( Puss 'n Boots ) , providing key animation , designs , storyboards , image boards , and story ideas . It was directed by Kimio Yabuki , with a screenplay by Hisashi Inoue , a famous Japanese playwright , and animation supervision was carried out by longtime Miyazaki collaborator and mentor Yasuji Mori . Hayao Miyazaki also wrote and drew a comic version first serialized in Chuunichi Shimbun Nichiyou Ban ( Cyuunichi Newspaper Sunday Version ) to promote the film . Its main character , the cat Pero , was very popular and eventually became Toei 's mascot .  Rankin/Bass Productions produced a hand drawn animated TV special in 1972 entitled Puss in Boots .  The Master Cat by David Garnett is a novel first published in 1974 which gives a more detailed account of the established story from Puss getting the boots to his eating the ogre . The second part of the book tells of Puss getting caught up in palace plots and intrigues of which he ultimately becomes the victim , by his own ungrateful master no less .  In 1985 the family television series Faerie Tale Theatre produced a live-action adaptation starring Ben Vereen as Puss and Gregory Hines as the miller 's son .  In an episode of Monty Python 's Flying Circus , a sketch set in the Police Department of the State of Venezuela is interrupted by an unexpected adaptation of Puss in Boots .  A live action direct-to-video film adaptation was made in 1988 , starring Christopher Walken as Puss and Jason Connery as the miller 's son .  Enoki Films released a Japanese animated series called Nagagutsu wo Haita Neko no Bouken ( Adventures of Puss-in-Boots ) in 1992 .  Puss by Esther Friesner , in Snow White , Blood Red ( edited by Ellen Datlow and Terri Windling ) retells the story .  Plaza Entertainment released an animated direct-to-video film called Puss in Boots in 1999 .  Puss in Boots appears as a character in the films Shrek 2 and Shrek The Third ( voiced by Antonio Banderas ) . The character is originally recruited as a swashbuckling professional ogre killer who is an obvious parody of Banderas ' famous role as Zorro . Puss later becomes a sidekick to the ogre , Shrek , and in the alternative world in Shrek Forever After due to Rumpelstiltskin erasing the day Shrek was born when he made him sign a contract , Puss is seen to have retired from fencing and he became Fiona 's pet ; he has also become obese . A self-titled spin-off film was released in 2011 . Puss in Boots ( video game ) , a video game based upon the film was released in October 2011 . He is currently the star of the 2015 Netflix original series The Adventures of Puss in Boots .  In the furry comic book , Xanadu , the main male hero , Tabbe Le Fauve , is a cat modeled on Puss in Boots with a strong influence of Errol Flynn 's typical swashbuckler character .  The webcomic No Rest for the Wicked features several characters adapted from this story , Perrault ( Puss ) , The Marquis de Carabas , and his wife .  HBO 's Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child gave the story a Polynesian flavor .  Angela Carter offers an alternative , updated version of the tale in her collection of short stories The Bloody Chamber  A Meowth from the Pokémon anime series dresses up like Puss In Boots .  In Gainax 's 2000 anime FLCL , the third episode is named Maru Raba ( Marquis de Carabas ) and deals with the young adult characters performing Puss in Boots at their school , and with one character and her interest in the idea of pretending to be something until you 've become it .  `` The New Traveller 's Almanac , '' a companion to Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill 's The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , places Carabas Castle ( formerly Ogre Castle , where `` a talking feline dressed in smashing footwear '' ate the Ogre and inherited his riches ) in Ardennes on the Belgian border , where also stood ( among others ) the castles of Bluebeard , the Beast and Rosamund . These castles were subsequently destroyed by shellfire in 1913 during the Great War .  In Neil Gaiman 's novel Neverwhere , the Marquis de Carabas appears as a character and is merged with Puss .  The novel Reserved for the Cat by Mercedes Lackey is a retelling of Puss In Boots , set in her Elemental Masters series .  In the manga , MÄR Puss 'n' Boots becomes a form of Babbo in the final battle against the main antagonist , Phantom .  Puss in Boots is the fourth episode of the episode game series American McGee 's Grimm , which features the dark version of the cat missing an eye .  The Captain N : The Game Master episode `` Once Upon a Time Machine '' is based on Puss N Boots ( though it mostly draws its inspiration from a video game adaptation . )  La Véritable histoire du Chat botté is an animated French film ( 2009 ) by Jérôme Deschamps , Pascal Hérold and Macha Makeïeff . Dubbed into English as The True History of Puss 'N Boots ( 2010 ) , the voice actors include William Shatner .  Puss in Boots appears in the Fables spin-off Cinderella : From Fabletown with Love . He is one of the animal Fables who has to live on Fabletown 's `` Farm . ''  Mary Hanson Roberts wrote and drew a long serial in the Furrlough anthropomorphic comic book , about the descendants of Puss in Boots and their adventures in their world 's equivalent of the France of Louis XVI and the French Revolution , called `` Here Comes a Candle . '' ( The reference in the title is to the nursery rhyme that ends : `` Here comes a candle to light you to bed ; here comes a chopper to chop off your head . '' )  Nagagutsu o Haita Neko : Sekai Isshū 80 Nichi Dai Bōken , 1986 Japan-exclusive video game where the main character is Puss in Boots .

neg: Morphology (folkloristics) Morphology , broadly , is the study of form or structure . Folkloristic morphology , then , is the study of the structure of folklore and fairy tales .   Folkloristic morphology owes its existence to two seminal researchers and theorists : Russian scholar Vladimir Propp and Finnish folklorist Antti Aarne .   Antti Aarne 's theories , enlarged and expanded by American folklorist Stith Thompson in 1961 and by Hans-Jörg Uther in 2004 , look at motifs rather than actions -- for example , `` a soldier makes a deal with the devil '' or `` a soldier marries the youngest of three sisters . '' More than 2500 folk and fairy tales have been cataloged under this taxonomy ; the AaTh or Aarne -- Thompson number is as well-known to folklorists as Francis James Child 's identification of ballads are to scholars of folk songs .   Vladimir Propp was a Russian structuralist scholar . He criticized Aarne 's work for ignoring what motifs did in a tale , and analysed the basic plot , or action , components of Russian folk tales to identify their simplest irreducible narrative elements . His Morphology of the Folk Tale was published in Russian in 1928 and influenced Claude Lévi-Strauss and Roland Barthes , though it received little attention from Western scholars until it was translated into English in the 1950s .   In the Afanasyev 's collection of Russian fairy tales , Propp found a limited number of plot elements or `` functions '' that constructed all . These elements occurred in a standard , consistent sequence . He derived thirty-one generic functions , such as `` a difficult task is proposed '' or `` donor tests the hero '' or `` a magical agent is directly transferred . ''