query: Catherine Tregenna co-wrote the series Cowbois ac Injans.

pos: Catherine Tregenna Catherine Tregenna is a Welsh playwright , television scriptwriter and actress .   She wrote the play Art and Guff , co-wrote the series Cowbois ac Injans and four episodes of the BBC 's science fiction drama Torchwood : `` Out of Time '' , `` Captain Jack Harkness '' , `` Meat '' and `` Adam '' . As well as co-writing Meat , she also created the meat props shown in the episode . `` Captain Jack Harkness '' was nominated for the 2008 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Short Form .   She has also written episodes for EastEnders , Casualty , and for the first four series of ITV1 crime drama Law & Order : UK , which began transmitting in February 2009 .   She played the character Kirsty McGurk , for several years , in Pobol Y Cwm and a doctor in Satellite City .   In November 2014 , it was confirmed that she would be writing an episode for the ninth series of Doctor Who , later confirmed to be titled `` The Woman Who Lived '' .

neg: Tamara Taggart Tamara Taggart , OBC is a Canadian television presenter , born on May 2 , 1968 , in Vancouver , British Columbia . She currently serves as the weekday anchor of CTV News at Six alongside Mike Killeen on CIVT-TV ( `` CTV British Columbia '' ) in Vancouver , British Columbia .   Taggart 's career in broadcasting started while she was attending BCIT in Burnaby , British Columbia , where she was enrolled in the Broadcast Communications program . She graduated in 1991 ( her class included Vancouver sports broadcaster John Shorthouse ) . Her early work was in radio and concert promotion . However , in 1997 , she landed a recurring role on community calendar spots on CIVT-TV ( then known as `` Vancouver Television '' ) . From there , she moved on to co-host the breakfast show and then , later , the entertainment spot on the evening news .   In 2001 , Taggart moved over to the weather desk where she stayed for 9 years . During the station 's 5pm , 6pm and 11:30 pm newscasts she presented the forecast from CTV 's studios as well as various ( and numerous ) locations around Vancouver , the Lower Mainland and on Vancouver Island . In January 2011 , Taggart transferred to the CTV news desk .   Taggart also hosted a home renovation show , Love It or Lose It for two seasons , on the Home and Garden TV network ( HGTV ) .   Taggart had minor roles in the films Antitrust ( film ) , Josie and the Pussycats , Halloween : Resurrection and Along Came a Spider and on several television series , including , Robson Arms , Cold Squad , and Touching Evil .   The Georgia Straight Annual Reader 's Poll has named Taggart as Vancouver 's `` Best TV Weather Person '' and `` Best TV Personality '' in 2002 , 2003 and 2004 . She was named `` Woman of the Year '' at the Consumer 's Choice Awards in 2003 and has appeared on the cover of TV Week Magazine seven times . In 2005 , Taggart was nominated for a Leo Award for `` Best Host , Lifestyles Series '' for Love It or Lose It . Taggart has also been featured in Hello Canada in July 2009 and August 2009 .   Taggart was married on February 4 , 2006 , to Juno award-winning guitarist and record producer Dave Genn , formerly of the Matthew Good Band and currently of the band 54-40 . ( Senator Larry Campbell , former mayor of Vancouver , served as the officiant at the marriage ceremony . ) Tamara and her husband Dave have a son , Beckett , born August 2 , 2007 ; a daughter , Zoë , born September 24 , 2008 ; and a daughter , Poppy , born August 16 , 2010 .   Taggart co-hosted Live ! with Regis and Kelly for one day on Friday August 21 , 2009 .   On December 8 , 2010 , it was announced that Taggart would co-anchor the CTV News at Six alongside Mike Killeen , effective January 3 , 2011 , following the stepping-down of longtime anchors Pamela Martin and Bill Good .

neg: Porterhouse Blue (TV series) Porterhouse Blue is a 1987 television series adapted by Malcolm Bradbury from the Tom Sharpe novel of the same name for Channel 4 in four episodes . It starred David Jason as Skullion , Ian Richardson as Sir Godber Evans , Barbara Jefford as his wife Lady Mary , Charles Gray as Sir Cathcart D'Eath , and John Sessions as Zipser . Also appearing were Griff Rhys Jones as Cornelius Carrington , Paula Jacobs as Mrs. Biggs , Bob Goody as Walter , Paul Rogers as the Dean , John Woodnutt as the Senior Tutor , Lockwood West as the Chaplain , Willoughby Goddard as Professor Siblington , and Harold Innocent as the Bursar .   The title song `` Dives in Omnia '' ( cod-Latin for `` Excess in everything '' ) was sung by a cappella group The Flying Pickets . The series won an International Emmy and two BAFTA Awards ( including Best Actor for David Jason ) . The television adaptation has been released on DVD and VHS .   Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge , Sacrist 's Gate near Ely Cathedral in Cambridgeshire , Knebworth House and Apethorpe Hall in Northamptonshire were used as locations in the series .

neg: Elogium `` Elogium '' is the fourth episode of the second season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Voyager , the 20th episode overall . The episode first aired on the UPN network on February 18 , 1995 . The story was written by freelancers Jimmy Diggs and Steve J. Kay , based on Diggs ' experience while serving in the United States Navy . It was rewritten by executive producer Jeri Taylor and guest writer Kenneth Biller .   Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet and Maquis crew of the starship USS Voyager after they were stranded in the Delta Quadrant far from the rest of the Federation . In this episode , Voyager encounters a swarm of space-borne lifeforms , which mistake the vessel for a member of their species . The presence of the aliens induce a premature mating cycle in Kes ( Jennifer Lien ) , causing her and Neelix ( Ethan Phillips ) to question whether or not they are ready to have children .   Taylor incorporated Diggs ' suggestion to name a character `` Samantha Wildman '' after an organ donor who saved his wife 's life . The script was Biller 's first work for the series and earned him a permanent spot on the Voyager writing staff after impressing the producers . The episode received Nielsen ratings of 5.7 / 9 percent , placing it in 87th position for the week overall . The episode was praised by the cast , although director Winrich Kolbe was satisfied but felt that Kes could have been taken further in the episode . Critics gave the episode a mixed response , lauding Lien 's performance while criticizing the character dynamics and the message about women wanting to become a mother .

neg: The Duchess of Duke Street The Duchess of Duke Street is a BBC television drama series set in London between 1900 and 1925 . It was created by John Hawkesworth , previously the producer of the ITV period drama Upstairs , Downstairs . It starred Gemma Jones as Louisa Leyton/Trotter , the eponymous `` Duchess '' who works her way up from servant to renowned cook to proprietrix of the upper-class Bentinck Hotel in Duke Street , St. James 's , in London .   The story is loosely based on the real-life career of Rosa Lewis ( née Ovenden ) , the `` Duchess of Jermyn Street '' , who ran the Cavendish Hotel in London . When the show first aired , there were many people who still remembered her , as she lived until 1952 . According to census returns , she was born in Leyton , Essex , to a watchmaker . In the series , Louisa 's family name is Leyton , and her father is a clock-maker .   The programme lasted for two series totalling 31 episodes , shown in 1976 and 1977 . It was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series in 1980 . The theme music was composed by Alexander Faris .

neg: When the Boat Comes In When the Boat Comes In is a British television period-drama produced by the BBC between 1976 and 1981 .   The series stars James Bolam as Jack Ford , a First World War veteran who returns to his poverty-stricken ( fictional ) town of Gallowshield in the North East of England . The series dramatises the political struggles of the 1920s and 1930s and explores the impact of national and international politics upon Ford and the people around him .   The memorable traditional tune `` When The Boat Comes In '' was adapted by David Fanshawe and sung by Alex Glasgow for the title theme of the series . Fanshawe also composed the incidental music .   The BBC revived the series in 1981 , with the fourth series telling the story of Jack Ford as he returns to Britain penniless , after six years spent bootlegging in the United States , and follows him as he sets up in London .   The series ' creator James Mitchell also wrote three tie-in books to the T.V. show : When the Boat Comes In , When the Boat Comes In : The Hungry Years and When the Boat Comes In : Upwards and Onwards . The final book brings the reader up to date with the end of the second series of the TV show .   The majority of episodes were written by creator Mitchell , but in Season 1 north-eastern writers Tom Hadaway , Sid Chaplin and Alex Glasgow contributed episodes , and in Season 3 Jeremy Burnham and Colin Morris shared writing duties with Mitchell .

neg: Cranford (TV series) Cranford is a British television series directed by Simon Curtis and Steve Hudson . The teleplay by Heidi Thomas was adapted from three novellas by Elizabeth Gaskell published between 1849 and 1858 : Cranford , My Lady Ludlow , and Mr Harrison 's Confessions . ( `` The Last Generation in England '' was also used as a source . )   The series was transmitted in five parts in the UK by BBC One in November and December 2007 . In the United States , it was broadcast in three episodes by PBS as part of its Masterpiece Theatre series in May 2008 .   Cranford returned with a two-part Christmas special Return to Cranford in 2009 .

neg: Rumen Petkov Rumen Petkov ( born 26 January 1948 ) is a Bulgarian animator and comic creator . His influence spawned a new generation of young Bulgarian comic book artists as Vladimir Nedialkov , Koko Sarkisian , Ivan Kirjakov and others . He was one of the main artists of the comics magazine DUGA ( Rainbow ) , which was the most popular comics for several generations of Bulgarian children . His most popular cartoon is The Adventures of Choko the Stork and Boko the Frog which was popular in Bulgaria during the 1970s and 1980s . Other famous animated films he directed are Friends of Gosho the Elephant , Treasure Planet , etc. . He has won the Grand Prize at the Ottawa Animation Festival and the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival . Recently Rumen Petkov has worked as a writer , storyboard artist , animation director and director on some episodes of Johnny Bravo , Dexter 's Laboratory , Cow and Chicken , I Am Weasel , The New Woody Woodpecker Show and other series . He has said about animation : `` Animation will never die because it 's like music , because it 's like running with the wind , because it 's funny . ''

neg: Susan Harris Susan Harris ( born October 28 , 1940 ) is an American television comedy writer and producer .   Harris created numerous TV series : Fay , Soap , Loves Me , Loves Me Not , Benson , It Takes Two , The Golden Girls , Empty Nest , Nurses , Good & Evil , The Golden Palace and The Secret Lives of Men .  She also wrote or co-wrote all of the episodes of Soap . Her most successful show was The Golden Girls . Harris married television producer Paul Junger Witt on September 18 , 1983 ; he co-produced all the shows she created . She was married from 1965 to 1969 to actor Berkeley Harris , and is the mother of Sam Harris . The first script Harris sold was Then Came Bronson . She then wrote for Love , American Style , All in the Family , The Partridge Family and the TV adaptation of Neil Simon 's Barefoot in the Park . Her abortion episode for the Bea Arthur-starring series Maude in the 1970s won Harris the Humanitas Prize . She would later work with Arthur again in the 1980s when Arthur took one of the lead roles in The Golden Girls .   Harris had the symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome , which affected her ability to participate in the production of The Golden Girls . In an episode of that show titled `` Sick and Tired '' ( 1989 ) , Harris wrote some of her struggles into the storyline where Arthur 's character Dorothy was diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome . It later turned out Harris had an adrenal issue , but she wrote the episode as `` my revenge script for all the people out there who had a disease like that . ''   Harris formed the production company Witt/Thomas/Harris Productions with Paul Junger Witt and Tony Thomas . She was honored with the Writers ' Guild 's Paddy Chayefsky Award in 2005 and inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 2011 .

neg: Terry Louise Fisher Terry Louise Fisher ( born February 21 , 1946 ) is an American television producer , screenwriter and novelist .

neg: Clement Virgo Clement Virgo ( born June 1 , 1966 in Montego Bay , Jamaica ) is a Canadian film and television writer , producer and director who runs the production company , Conquering Lion Pictures , with producer Damon D'Oliveira . Virgo is best known for co-writing and directing an adaptation of the novel by Canadian writer Lawrence Hill , The Book of Negroes ( 2015 ) , a six-part miniseries that aired on CBC Television in Canada and BET in the United States .

neg: Jenny Colgan Jenny Colgan ( born 14 September 1972 in Prestwick , Ayrshire , Scotland ) is a writer of romantic comedy fiction and science-fiction , and has written for the Doctor Who line of stories . She writes under her own name and using the pseudonyms Jane Beaton and J. T. Colgan .

neg: The Vampire Diaries The Vampire Diaries is an American supernatural drama television series developed by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec , based on the popular book series of the same name written by L. J. Smith . The series premiered on The CW on September 10 , 2009 and concluded on March 10 , 2017 , airing 171 episodes over eight seasons .   The pilot episode attracted the largest audience for The CW of any series premiere since the network began in 2006 . The first season averaged 3.60 million viewers . It was the most-watched series on the network before being supplanted by Arrow . The show has received numerous award nominations , winning four People 's Choice Award and many Teen Choice Awards .   On April 26 , 2013 , The CW officially announced that the spin-off The Originals , which focuses on the Original family of vampires , had been ordered to series , and the show began airing during the 2013 -- 14 American television season .   On April 6 , 2015 , lead actress Nina Dobrev confirmed via Instagram that she and co-star Michael Trevino ( who plays Tyler Lockwood ) would be leaving the show after its sixth season . Dobrev returned to record a voiceover for the seventh-season finale . Trevino appeared as a guest star in season seven and returned for season 8 . On March 11 , 2016 , The CW renewed the series for an eighth season , but on July 23 , 2016 , announced that the eighth season , which would have 16 episodes , would be the show 's last . The final season began airing on October 21 , 2016 .

neg: WOW! (TV series) WOW ! was a children 's entertainment magazine programme , broadcast in 1996 on the UK 's ITV television network ( under the CITV branding ) . It aired for 16 weeks from 31 August to 14 December 1996 , preceded by the Summer 1996 run of Scratchy & Co. and followed by the spring 1997 run of the same show .   The presenters of WOW ! were Simeon Courtie ( previously of CBBC ) and Sophie Aldred ( a former Doctor Who star ) . The programme was broadcast from The Maidstone Studios in Maidstone , Kent , also home over the years to shows such as No. 73 , Motormouth , and Holly & Stephen 's Saturday Showdown . ( On one occasion , a power issue in the studio meant that part of the episode was an outside broadcast from the studio car park . ) The programme was produced by The Media Merchants in association with Meridian Television for ITV .   The show was a live , anarchic , entertainment magazine similar to Tiswas or Motormouth . It featured imported cartoons , guest interviews and music performances , games and competitions , and comedy . Comic characters featured within the show included the ` Tea Ladies ' - played by male actors Peter Cocks and Woody Taylor - supposedly ` interrupting ' the show to provide banter and bicker with the guests ; and Syd the Spider , a puppet arachnid voiced by Phil Cornwell .   The show was dropped after a single run , and the following autumn , ITV aired the series Tricky .

neg: Century Falls Century Falls is a British cross-genre series broadcast in six twenty-five-minute episodes on BBC1 in early 1993 . Written by Russell T Davies , it tells the story of teenager Tess Hunter and her mother , who move to the seemingly idyllic rural village of Century Falls , only to find that it hides many powerful secrets .

neg: Big School (TV series) Big School is a British sitcom , starring David Walliams , Catherine Tate , Steve Speirs , Frances de la Tour and Philip Glenister . It is set in a secondary school and follows the comedic relationships of the teachers . The first series began airing on BBC One on 16 August 2013 , and was met with polarised reviews . The final episode of the first series aired on 20 September 2013 . On 2 December 2013 , BBC One controller Charlotte Moore announced that Big School had been renewed for a second and final series , which concluded on 10 October 2014 . In June 2015 , it was officially announced that Big School was not to be returning for a third series .

neg: List of Cow and Chicken episodes This is a list of episodes of the animated television series Cow and Chicken , which ran on Cartoon Network from July 15 , 1997 , to July 24 , 1999 .   The series was created and directed by David Feiss , with the co-directions of :  Monte Young in `` The Ugliest Weenie '' ;  John McIntyre in `` Alive ! '' ;  Robert Alvarez in : `` Field Trip to Folsom Prison '' , `` The Girl 's Bathroom '' , `` Supermodel Cow '' , `` Part Time Job '' , `` Who Is Supercow ? '' , `` Confused '' , `` Happy Meat '' , `` Orthodontic Police '' , `` The Cow with Four Eyes ! '' , `` Cow 's Instincts ... Do n't It ? '' , `` Ballerina Cow '' , `` Lawnmower Chicken '' , `` Space Cow '' , `` Headhunting in Oregon '' , and `` The King and Queen of Cheese '' .

neg: Richard Dinnick Richard Dinnick ( born 22 January 1968 ) is a British screenwriter , novelist , and audio playwright . He is the winner of the 2012 BBC Writersroom opportunity to create a new show and to write for TV on the BBC and is now writing on the CBeebies TV shows Tree Fu Tom and Go Jetters - amongst others - as well as Mind Candy 's new Moshi Monsters TV show . He was one of six finalists in a recent BBC Academy opportunity to workshop a script for Waterloo Road .   Dinnick is now Head Writer on the new Disney TV show Eena Meena Deeka and in-development action adventure show Captain Extraordinary . He was also a BAFTA Judge for Children 's Drama and produced a session for the 2014 Children 's Media Conference .   He is developing several ideas for TV including a fantasy drama , Never After and a primetime crime drama , Murder of Crows , which is the first of its kind . Richard is currently in pre-production on new web series -- Light & Shadows -- with Capital City Entertainment as writer/producer . Dinnick is also developing a workplace drama , No Kidding , and an urban fantasy show , The Last Horseman .   Dinnick has written prose , scripts and comics for many media properties including MGM 's Stargate and the BBC 's Doctor Who , as well as adapting the Sherlock Holmes stories of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle -- including The Hound of the Baskervilles -- for CD release .   His first novel Alien Adventures was published by BBC Children 's Books in 2010 and he has since gone on to write books and short stories for Penguin UK , Titan Publishing , Black Library , Running Press and Snow Books . He has also written comic strips for IDW and BBC Magazines and his first original graphic novel is in the works .   He is also often a guest at writing events ( including the London Screenwriters ' Festival ) and Doctor Who conventions ( such as Gallifrey One ) .   His pre-school series Elf Stackers is in the commissioning process with the BBC .   Dinnick is a member of the Writers Guild of Great Britain and the Royal Television Society and a Patron of the Children 's Media Foundation .   His UK TV agent is Emily Smith at The Agency and his manager in the USA is Joe Riley .

neg: John Trefor John Trefor is a Bafta Cymru-winning British television director and producer .

neg: Caridad Bravo Adams Caridad Bravo Adams ( -LSB- kaɾiˈðað ˈbɾaβo ˈaðams -RSB- ) ( born on January 14 , 1908 in Villahermosa , Tabasco -- August 13 , 1990 in Mexico City ) was a prolific Mexican writer and the most famous telenovela writer worldwide .   She was born to a couple of Cuban actors and she was part of an extended family of artists , being the sister of Venezuelan actor Leon Bravo , one of the pioneers of theater , radio and TV in Venezuela . She published her first book at the age of 16 , titled Pétalos sueltos . She then moved back to Cuba with her parents , and later returned to Mexico , where she kept writing and obtained a role in her only film , Corazón bandolero ( 1934 ) . She became a chair member of the Ateneo Mexicano de Mujeres and later moved back to Cuba , where she wrote the radionovela Yo no creo en los hombres , which was adapted in Mexico for telenovelas in 1969 and 1988 . Upon the rise of Fidel Castro , she returned to Mexico , where she would remain the rest of her life . Back in Mexico , she wrote Corazón salvaje , a novel that has been adapted to the screen twice and as a telenovela four times ( including once as Juan del Diablo in Puerto Rico ) . She then wrote La intrusa , Bodas de odio and other novels that earned her important awards .

neg: The Tomfoolery Show The Tomfoolery Show is an American cartoon comedy television series made and first broadcast in 1970 , based on the works of Edward Lear . The animation was done at the Halas and Batchelor Studios in London and Stroud . Though the works of other writers were also used , notably Lewis Carroll and Ogden Nash , Lear 's works were the main source , and characters like the Yongy-Bonghy-Bo and the Umbrageous Umbrella Maker were all Lear creations . Other regular characters included the Enthusiastic Elephant , the Fizzgiggious Fish , and the Scroobious Snake . Some original material was also written based on characters created by Lear , although much of the material was a straight recital of poems and limericks or songs using Lear 's poems set to music . A recurring joke had a delivery boy running around trying to deliver a large plant and shouting ` Plant for Mrs Discobolus ! ' .  Some of the gags were based on Abbott and Costello skits which involved one of the regular characters in troubling situations . A cooking lesson for a silly recipe was presented in each episode .   The series was produced by Rankin/Bass , and Videocraft International , who also made the Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and Frosty the Snowman television specials .   The series was made in England , featuring the voices of Peter Hawkins , Bernard Spear , and the Maury Laws Singers .   The series received mostly mixed and negative reviews for not using original material . The series was not renewed after one year on the air .  Original air : September 12 , 1970 - September 4 , 1971


query: George Orwell writes.

pos: George Orwell Eric Arthur Blair ( 25 June 1903 -- 21 January 1950 ) , better known by his pen name George Orwell , was an English novelist , essayist , journalist , and critic . His work is marked by lucid prose , awareness of social injustice , opposition to totalitarianism , and outspoken support of democratic socialism .   Orwell wrote literary criticism , poetry , fiction , and polemical journalism . He is best known for the allegorical novella Animal Farm ( 1945 ) and the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four ( 1949 ) . His non-fiction works , including The Road to Wigan Pier ( 1937 ) , documenting his experience of working class life in the north of England , and Homage to Catalonia ( 1938 ) , an account of his experiences in the Spanish Civil War , are widely acclaimed , as are his essays on politics , literature , language , and culture . In 2008 , The Times ranked him second on a list of `` The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 '' .   Orwell 's work continues to influence popular and political culture , and the term Orwellian -- descriptive of totalitarian or authoritarian social practices -- has entered the language together with many of his neologisms , including cold war , Big Brother , Thought Police , Room 101 , memory hole , newspeak , doublethink , and thoughtcrime .

pos: Homage to Catalonia Homage to Catalonia is George Orwell 's personal account of his experiences and observations in the Spanish Civil War . The first edition was published in the United Kingdom in 1938 . The book was not published in the United States until February 1952 , when it appeared with an influential preface by Lionel Trilling . The only translation published in Orwell 's lifetime was into Italian , in December 1948 . A French translation by Yvonne Davet -- with whom Orwell corresponded , commenting on her translation and providing explanatory notes -- in 1938 -- 39 , was not published until five years after Orwell 's death .

pos: Nineteen Eighty-Four Nineteen Eighty-Four , often published as 1984 , is a dystopian novel published in 1949 by English author George Orwell .  The novel is set in Airstrip One ( formerly known as Great Britain ) , a province of the superstate Oceania in a world of perpetual war , omnipresent government surveillance , and public manipulation . The superstate and its residents are dictated to by a political regime euphemistically named English Socialism , shortened to `` Ingsoc '' in Newspeak , the government 's invented language . The superstate is under the control of the privileged elite of the Inner Party , a party and government that persecutes individualism and independent thinking as `` thoughtcrime '' , which is enforced by the `` Thought Police '' .   The tyranny is ostensibly overseen by Big Brother , the Party leader who enjoys an intense cult of personality , but who may not even exist . The Party `` seeks power entirely for its own sake . It is not interested in the good of others ; it is interested solely in power . '' The protagonist of the novel , Winston Smith , is a member of the Outer Party , who works for the Ministry of Truth ( or Minitrue in Newspeak ) , which is responsible for propaganda and historical revisionism . His job is to rewrite past newspaper articles , so that the historical record always supports the party line . The instructions that the workers receive portray the corrections as fixing misquotations and never as what they really are : forgeries and falsifications . A large part of the Ministry also actively destroys all documents that have not been edited and do not contain the revisions ; in this way , no proof exists that the government is lying . Smith is a diligent and skillful worker but secretly hates the Party and dreams of rebellion against Big Brother . The heroine of the novel , Julia , is based on Orwell 's second wife , Sonia Orwell .   As literary political fiction and dystopian science-fiction , Nineteen Eighty-Four is a classic novel in content , plot and style . Many of its terms and concepts , such as Big Brother , doublethink , thoughtcrime , Newspeak , Room 101 , telescreen , 2 + 2 = 5 , and memory hole , have entered into common use since its publication in 1949 . Nineteen Eighty-Four popularised the adjective Orwellian , which describes official deception , secret surveillance , and manipulation of recorded history by a totalitarian or authoritarian state . In 2005 , the novel was chosen by Time magazine as one of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005 . It was awarded a place on both lists of Modern Library 100 Best Novels , reaching number 13 on the editor 's list , and 6 on the readers ' list . In 2003 , the novel was listed at number 8 on the BBC 's survey The Big Read .

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture .   British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital .   The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine .   The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .

neg: Coming Up for Air Coming Up for Air is a novel by George Orwell , first published in June 1939 , shortly before the outbreak of World War II . It combines premonitions of the impending war with images of an idyllic Thames-side Edwardian era childhood . The novel is pessimistic , with its view that speculative builders , commercialism and capitalism are killing the best of rural England , `` everything cemented over '' , and there are great new external threats .

neg: George Smiley George Smiley OBE is a fictional character created by John le Carré . Smiley is a career intelligence officer with `` The Circus '' , the British overseas intelligence agency . He is a central character in the novels Call for the Dead , A Murder of Quality , Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy , The Honourable Schoolboy , and Smiley 's People , and a supporting character in The Spy Who Came in from the Cold , The Looking Glass War and The Secret Pilgrim .

neg: Family and Kinship in East London Family and Kinship in East London was a 1957 sociological study of an urban working class tight-knit community , and the effects of the post-war governments ' social housing policy leading to their rehousing . Many East Londoners by rigid slum clearance moved out into the new estates of the Home Counties ( some of which is now outer Greater London ) . The study was carried out in the Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green , in the East End of London and a new housing estate in Essex . The research was carried out by Michael Young and Peter Willmott , who had been an integral part of building the welfare state in Britain during the tenure of Clement Attlee and the Labour government between 1945-51 .   The study itself has been acknowledged by many sociologists and in its authors ' critiques as being one of the most influential sociological studies of the twentieth century . It is argued by some that it has inspired British sociology to take new paths away from the more traditional broad Functionalist versus Marxist dichotomy . It used social observation as its means to do so , going away from statistical information that had been previously preferred . In this sense , it counters the Structuralist ( Positivist ) model that posits statistics can always be found to prove cause and effect within society .   The idea was to interact and understand a post-war community , to determine its aspirations , worries , doubts and insecurities . This key understanding moves the study into a more Interactionist line , about each individual 's role within society . Indeed , it could also be linked to Max Weber 's idea of empathy and `` going deep '' to comprehend the complexity of communities .   In 1992 , Michael Young and the Institute of Community Studies he founded commenced on a new survey of the area to examine the changes to the area and in particular to examine the conflict between the white working class and Bangladeshi immigrants which had become a major feature of the area . This was eventually published in 2005 after his death as The New East End : Kinship , Race and Conflict by Michael Young , Kate Gavron , Geoff Dench .   On Wednesday 25 April 2007 , The Guardian society section reported on the 50th Anniversary of the study . Madeleine Bunting expressed how `` the voices they found described a world rich in social relationships , networks of dependence and mutual support that were central to the people 's resilience in facing the adversity of insecure and low paid employment . ''  Bunting also mentions how the pair were amongst the first to discover `` social capital '' and its role in shaping community life .   It was the first British sociological study that really investigated deeply people 's attitudes , beliefs and feelings . Using detailed prose and limited statistical analysis , it charted how decisions from the top affected ordinary people in their day-to-day and prospective lives .   ISBN 978-0-14-020595-4

neg: George Mogridge (Old Humphrey) George Mogridge ( `` Old Humphrey '' ) ( 17 February 1787 -- 2 November 1854 ) was a prolific 19th century writer , poet and author of children 's books and religious tracts . He is chiefly known by his pseudonym of ` Old Humphrey ' , under which name he published 46 works , but also used the pen-names ` Jeremy Jaunt ' , ` Ephraim Holding ' , ` Peter Parley ' and ` Old Father Thames ' . He wrote approximately 200 published works , many of which are still in publication today , and at the time of his death it was estimated that over 15 million copies of his writings were in circulation .

neg: Orthodox Marxism Orthodox Marxism is the body of Marxist thought that emerged following the death of Karl Marx which became the official philosophy of the socialist movement as represented in the Second International until the First World War . Orthodox Marxism aims to simplify , codify and systematize Marxist methodology and theory , ironing out the perceived ambiguities and contradictions of Classical Marxism .   The `` orthodoxy '' in orthodox Marxism specifically refers to the methodology of historical materialism and dialectical materialism employed and not to any of the normative aspects inherent to classical Marxism . `` Orthodox '' does not imply adherence to the results of Marx 's own investigations .   The fundamental characteristics of orthodox Marxism include the understanding that material development ( advances in technology in the productive forces ) is the primary agent of change in the structure of society and human social relations , and that social systems and their relations ( e.g. : feudalism , capitalism , etc. ) become increasingly contradictory and inefficient as the productive forces advance , resulting in some form of social revolution arising in response to these mounting contradictions . This revolutionary change serves as the vehicle for fundamental society-wide changes and ultimately leads to the emergence of new economic systems .

neg: Post-truth politics Post-truth politics ( also called post-factual politics ) is a political culture in which debate is framed largely by appeals to emotion disconnected from the details of policy , and by the repeated assertion of talking points to which factual rebuttals are ignored . Post-truth differs from traditional contesting and falsifying of truth by rendering it of `` secondary '' importance . While this has been described as a contemporary problem , there is a possibility that it has long been a part of political life , but was less notable before the advent of the Internet . In the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four , George Orwell cast a world in which the state changes historic records daily to fit its propaganda goals of the day .   Political commentators have identified post-truth politics as ascendant in American , Australian , British , Chinese , Indian , Japanese , Russian and Turkish politics , as well as in other areas of debate , driven by a combination of the 24-hour news cycle , false balance in news reporting , and the increasing ubiquity of social media . In 2016 , `` post-truth '' was chosen as the Oxford Dictionaries ' Word of the Year , due to its prevalence in the context of that year 's Brexit referendum and U.S. presidential election .

neg: Science, Liberty and Peace Science , Liberty and Peace is an essay written by Aldous Huxley , published in 1946 . The essay debates a wide range of subjects reflecting Huxley 's views towards the direction of society at that time . He puts forward a number of predictions , many of which resonate far beyond the time when it was written .  A consistent theme throughout the essay is Huxley 's preference towards a decentralised society .

neg: English writing style An English writing style is a way of using the English language .   The style of a piece of writing is the way in which features of the language are used to convey meaning , typically but not always within the constraints of more widely accepted conventions of usage , grammar , and speling .   An individual 's writing style may be a very personal thing . Organizations that employ writers or commission written work from individuals may require that writers conform to a standardized style defined by the organization . This allows a consistent readability of composite works produced by many authors , and promotes usability of , for example , references to other cited works .   In many kinds of professional writing aiming for effective transfer of information , adherence to a standardised style of writing helps readers make sense of what the writer is presenting . Many standardised styles are documented in style guides . Some styles are more widely used , others restricted to a particular journal . Adherence to no particular style is also a style in its own right ; some may think it undesirable , others not .

neg: Prolefeed Prolefeed is a Newspeak term in the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell . It was used to describe the deliberately superficial entertainment including literature , movies and music that were produced by Prolesec , a section of the Ministry of Truth , to keep the `` proles '' ( i.e. , proletariat ) content and to prevent them from becoming too knowledgeable . The ruling Party believes that too much knowledge could motivate the proles to rebel against them . In the novel , Prolesec is described in detail :   The term is used occasionally to describe shallow entertainment in the real world . For example , Charles Spencer , reviewing the Queen musical We Will Rock You for the Daily Telegraph , described it as ` prolefeed at its worst ' . Theodore Dalrymple wrote in The Spectator that `` France ... . is less dominated by mass distraction ( known here as popular culture , but in Nineteen Eighty-Four as prolefeed ) than Britain is . ''

neg: 1984 (disambiguation) 1984 is a year . It may also refer to :   Nineteen Eighty-Four , a 1949 novel by George Orwell  1984 ( U.S. TV program ) , a 1953 television adaptation  Nineteen Eighty-Four ( UK TV programme ) , a 1954 BBC television adaptation  1984 ( 1956 film ) , a 1956 film adaptation  Nineteen Eighty-Four ( 1984 film ) , a 1984 film adaptation  1984 ( opera ) , a 2005 opera adaptation composed by Lorin Maazel  1984 ( play ) , a 2013 play adaptation by Robert Icke and Duncan MacMillan

neg: Aristopia Aristopia : A Romance-History of the New World is an 1895 utopian novel by Castello Holford , considered the first novel-length alternate history in English ( and among the earliest alternate histories in general ) .   Though part of the major wave utopian and dystopian literature that distinguished the final decades of the nineteenth century , Holford 's book reverses the normal stance of utopian projection : instead of imagining a better society at a future time or in a far-off place , he supposes that the founding of the United States occurred under different conditions and follows its development forward to a superior society in his own day .   In Aristopia ( Greek for `` the best place '' ) , Ralph Morton , an early settler in Virginia , discovers a reef made of solid gold . He cannily uses his wealth to build a planned society , based on the Utopia of Sir Thomas More , with innovations and adaptations of his own . In Aristopia , all the land is owned by the government , and only leased to businesses and private citizens . Large-scale trade is also monoplized by the state , and inherited wealth is limited . Morton welcomes productive refugees from European conflicts -- Huguenots , Irish fugitives from Cromwell 's wars , and northern Italian and Swiss artisans .   The colony prospers , buys more land from the Indians , and spreads westward . Morton dies at the age of 100 ; his descendants and successors carry his policies forward .   The Aristopians support the American Revolution , and on their own initiative conquer Canada . Aristopia comes to dominate the new nation , eventually ruling all of North America north of Mexico .   Holford loads his description of Aristopia with satirical remedies for what he saw as contemporary problems and circumstances . In Aristopian jurisprudence , for example , the Court for Assessing the Value of Abstract Words and Phrases polices the language to prevent abuses ; it is the largest and busiest function in the Palace of Justice .   The English playwright Henry Arthur Jones was taken with the idea of Aristopia , and used it in his own polemical writings , as in his `` The Tax-Wise Men of Aristopia '' and his My Dear Wells .   Holford was not the first writer in English to employ the term `` Aristopia . '' The eighteenth-century freethinker John Fransham ( 1730 -- 1810 ) left a posthumous manuscript titled Memorablilia Classica , which contains a piece called `` The Code of Aristopia , or Scheme for a Perfect Government . ''

neg: Aesopian language Aesopian language is communications that convey an innocent meaning to outsiders but hold a concealed meaning to informed members of a conspiracy or underground movement . For instance , if Person X is known for exposing secrets in an organization , the organization leaders announce that `` any members who have dirty talking habits will be dealt with '' to warn Person X . It refers to the ancient Greek fabulist Aesop .   The term `` Aesopian language '' was first used by the nineteenth-century Russian writer Mikhail Saltykov-Schedrin to describe the writing technique he began using late in his career , which he compared to Aesop 's Fables . His purpose was to satirize the social ills of the time but evade the harsh censorship of late Tsarist Russia of which he was a particular target .   The Soviet-era writer Lev Loseff noted that the use of Aesopian language remained a favorite technique of writers ( including himself ) under Soviet censorship . Maliheh Tyrell defines the term in the Soviet context and observes that the use of Aesopian language extended to other national literatures under Soviet rule :  `` In short , this form of literature , like Aesop 's animal fables , veils itself in allegorical suggestions , hints , and euphemisms so as to elude political censorship . ` Aesopian language ' or literature is a technical term used by Sovietologists to define allegorical language used by Russian or nationality -LSB- that is : non-Russian -RSB- nonconformist publicists to conceal antiregime sentiments . Under Soviet rule , this ` Aesopian ' literature intended to confuse the Soviet authorities , yet illuminate the truth for native readers . ''  According to one critic , `` Censorship ... had a positive , formative impact upon the Aesopian writers ' style by obliging them to sharpen their thoughts . ''   The German-American philosopher Herbert Marcuse uses the term in his book One-Dimensional Man somewhat interchangeably with Orwellian language . In that context , `` Aesopian Language '' refers to the idea that certain usages of language work to ` suppress certain concepts or keep them out of the general discourse within society ' . An example of such a technique is the use of abbreviations to possibly prevent undesirable questions from arising : `` AFL-CIO entombs the radical political differences which once separated the two organizations . ''   Within the context of politics , a term with a very similar meaning is called dog-whistle politics , which describes the use of coded language to address voters ' interests . Certain sections of the electorate will react strongly to controversial content if spoken of overtly but may not be so attuned that they notice statements that appear neutral to outsiders .

neg: List of works in critical theory This is a list of important and seminal works in the field of critical theory .   Otto Maria Carpeaux  História da Literatura Ocidental , 8 vol . ( Portuguese , 1959 -- 66 )  M. H. Abrams  The Mirror and the Lamp : Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition  Theodor Adorno  Aesthetic Theory  Negative Dialectics  Theodor Adorno & Max Horkheimer  Dialectic of Enlightenment  Louis Althusser  For Marx  Lenin and Philosophy  Erich Auerbach  Mimesis : The Representation of Reality in Western Literature  Mikhail Bakhtin  Discourse in the Novel  Rabelais and his World  Roland Barthes  Image , Music , Text  Mythologies  Jean Baudrillard  The Perfect Crime  Simulation and Simulacra  Walter Benjamin  Illuminations  The Origin of German Tragic Drama  Homi K. Bhabha  The Location of Culture  Pierre Bourdieu  La distinction  Kenneth Burke  A Rhetoric of Motives  A Grammar of Motives  John Brannigan  New Historicism and Cultural Materialism  Cleanth Brooks  The Well Wrought Urn : Studies in the Structure of Poetry  Sean Burke  The Death and Return of the Author  Judith Butler  Bodies That Matter  Gender Trouble : Feminism and the Subversion of Identity  Cathy Caruth  Unclaimed Experience : Trauma , Narrative and History  Samuel Taylor Coleridge  Biographia Literaria  Jonathan Culler  Structuralist Poetics  The Pursuit of Signs  Literary Theory : A Very Short Introduction  Gilles Deleuze  Difference and Repetition  Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari  Capitalism and Schizophrenia : Anti-Oedipus ( pt .1 ) and A Thousand Plateaus ( pt .2 )  Jacques Derrida  Of Grammatology  Writing and Difference  Peter Dews  The Limits of Disenchantment  The Logic of Disintigration  Terry Eagleton  Marxism and Literary Criticism  The Idea of Culture  Antony Easthope  The Unconscious  William Empson  Seven Types of Ambiguity  Some Versions of Pastoral  The Structure of Complex Words  Norman Fairclough  Language and Power  Critical Discourse Analysis  Frantz Fanon  Black Skins , White Masks  Stanley Fish  Is There a Text in this Class ?  Northrop Frye  Anatomy of Criticism  Gerald Graff  Literature Against Itself  Jürgen Habermas  Legitimation Crisis  The Theory of Communicative Action , volumes 1 & 2  The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity Wolfgang Iser  The Act of Reading : a Theory of Aesthetic Response Leonard Jackson  The Poverty of Structuralism Fredric Jameson  The Political Unconscious Postmodernism , or , the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism The Prison-House of Language Frank Kermode  Romantic Image Julia Kristeva  Desire in Language Powers of Horror Jacques Lacan  Ecrits The Seminars  F.R. Leavis  The Great Tradition Ania Loomba  Colonialism/Postcolonialism Herbert Marcuse  Reason and Revolution . Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory Eros and Civilization Soviet Marxism . A Critical Analysis One-Dimensional Man Toril Moi  Sexual/Textual Politics I.A. Richards  Practical Criticism : A Study of Literary Judgement Principles of Literary Criticism K.K. Ruthven  Critical Assumptions Edward Said  Culture and Imperialism Orientalism ( 1978 )  Jean-Paul Sartre  What Is Literature ? ( 1947 )  Ferdinand de Saussure  Cours de linguistique générale ( posthumously 1916 )  Alfred Schmidt  The Concept of Nature in Marx ( 1962 )  Zur Idee der Kritischen Theorie ( German , 1974 )  Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick  Between Men Epistemology of the Closet Susan Sontag  Against Interpretation Styles of Radical Will Under the Sign of Saturn Where The Stress Falls Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak  `` Can the Subaltern Speak ? ''  In Other Words Raymond Tallis  Not Saussure Scott Wilson  Cultural Materialism W.K. Wimsatt  The Verbal Icon Virginia Woolf  A Room of One 's Own Slavoj Žižek  The Sublime Object of Ideology The Ticklish Subject : The Absent Centre of Political Ontology ''

neg: Utopian and dystopian fiction The utopia and its derivative , the dystopia , are genres of literature that explore social and political structures . Utopian fiction portrays a setting that agrees with the author 's ethos , having various attributes of another reality intended to appeal to readers . Dystopian ( or dystopic ) fiction ( sometimes combined with , but distinct from apocalyptic literature ) is the opposite : the portrayal of a setting that completely disagrees with the author 's ethos . Many novels combine both , often as a metaphor for the different directions humanity can take , depending on its choices , ending up with one of two possible futures . Both utopias and dystopias are commonly found in science fiction and other speculative fiction genres , and arguably are by definition a type of speculative fiction .   More than 400 utopian works were published prior to the year 1900 in the English language alone , with more than a thousand others during the twentieth century .

neg: Carlos Blacker Carlos Paton ( ` C.P. ' ) Blacker GM MC FRCP ( 8 December 1895 -- 21 April 1975 ) was an eminent war hero , psychiatrist and eugenicist who worked with R.A. Fisher and Lionel Penrose .  Blacker was educated at Eton and Oxford where he attained distinction in biology under the tutelage of Julian Huxley . He served with the Coldstream Guards during World War I and was twice mentioned in dispatches and awarded the Military Cross , for action in which he was involved in on 15 September 1916 . Twelve months previously he had lost his only sibling , a brother Robin , at Loos . Robin had also been an officer in the Coldstream Guards . C.P felt that war was dysgenic because it killed people who tended to be above the physical average and deterred thoughtful people from parenthood . He was deeply shaken by his war experience and in coming to terms with it and the loss of his brother and many of his contemporaries acknowledged a debt to Freud 's writings which stimulated in him an interest in psychiatry .   Qualifying in medicine in 1925 , Blacker became a registrar in Guy 's Hospital 's psychiatric department for three years and continued his study at the Maudsley Hospital . He later became a part-time member of its teaching staff and was later the first chairman of the newly-established Simon Population Trust .   In 1943 , on active service , Blacker was awarded the George Medal . The official citation read :   From 1931 to 1952 , Blacker was secretary of the Eugenics Society and he gave it a new focus on birth control and population planning . . His appointment as Secretary was `` not without some misgivings of -LSB- Leonard -RSB- Darwin , its chairman . The differences in outlook , aspirations and in judgement of these two men during their partnership in office in the Eugenics Society led to tensions which have been ably traced by Richard Soloway . Two prominent issues here were Darwin 's reluctance to endorse Blacker 's deep-rooted conviction that research and provision of contraception should be a major feature in the Eugenic Society 's strategy to reduce the fecundity of the lower , less able classes and his disagreement with Blacker 's aspiration to redirect more of the Eugenic Society 's effort from education and propaganda to research and promotion of contraception . ''   Ann Thetis Blacker ( 1927 -- 2006 ) , the painter and singer , was a daughter of Carlos Blacker .

neg: Wealth and Poverty Wealth and Poverty is a best-selling 1981 non-fiction book by investor and author George Gilder .   After completing Visible Man in the late 1970s Gilder began writing `` The Pursuit of Poverty . '' In early 1981 Basic Books published the result as Wealth and Poverty . The book was an analysis of the roots of economic growth . Reviewing it within a month of the inauguration of the Reagan Administration the New York Times reviewer called it `` A Guide to Capitalism '' . It offered , he wrote , `` a creed for capitalism worthy of intelligent people . '' The book was a New York Times bestseller and eventually sold over a million copies .   In Wealth and Poverty Gilder extended the sociological and anthropological analysis of his early books in which he had advocated for the socialization of men into service to women through work and marriage . He wove these sociological themes into the economic policy prescriptions of supply-side economics . The breakup of the nuclear family and the policies of demand-side economics led to poverty . Family and supply-side policies led to wealth .   In reviewing the problems of the immediate past -- the inflation , recession , and urban problems of the 1970s -- and proposing his supply-side solutions , Gilder argued not just the practical but the moral superiority of supply-side capitalism over the alternatives . `` Capitalism begins with giving , '' he asserted , while New Deal liberalism created moral hazard . It was work , family , and faith that created wealth out of poverty . `` It is this supply-side moral vision that underlies all the economic arguments of Wealth and Poverty , '' he wrote .   In 1994 Gilder asserted that America has no poverty problem , that the real problem is the `` moral decay '' of the `` so-called poor '' , and that their real need is `` Christian teaching from the churches . '' He calls the poor in America `` the so-called poor '' who have been `` ruined by the overflow of American prosperity '' , and asserts they have more purchasing power than the middle class in Japan in the 1990s .   Wealth and Poverty advanced a practical and moral case for supply-side economics and capitalism during the early months of the Reagan administration and made him Ronald Reagan 's most quoted living author .

neg: Committee on Obscenity and Film Censorship The Committee on Obscenity and Film Censorship , better known as the Williams Committee , was a 1970s British Home Office committee chaired by Professor Bernard Williams . The task of the committee was to `` review the laws concerning obscenity , indecency and violence in publications , displays and entertainments in England and Wales , except in the field of broadcasting , and to review the arrangements for film censorship in England and Wales '' .   The committee reported in 1979 that : `` Given the amount of explicit sexual material in circulation and the allegations often made about its effects , it is striking that one can find case after case of sex crimes and murder without any hint at all that pornography was present in the background . '' The Committee 's report was evidently influenced by the liberal thinking of John Stuart Mill , a philosopher greatly admired by Williams , and who used Mill 's principle of liberty to develop what he called the `` harm condition , '' whereby `` no conduct should be suppressed by law unless it can be shown to harm someone . ''   Williams concluded that pornography could not be shown to be harmful and that `` the role of pornography in influencing society is not very important ... to think anything else is to get the problem of pornography out of proportion with the many other problems that face our society today . '' The committee reported that , so long as children were protected from seeing it , adults should be free to read and watch pornography as they saw fit .   It found that the existing variety of laws in the field should be scrapped , and that terms such as ` obscene ' , ` indecent ' and ` deprave and corrupt ' should be abandoned as they were no longer useful . The Committee thought existing laws should be replaced with a comprehensive new statute , under which the availability of material would be restricted so that it did not cause offence to reasonable people , and was not accessible to children . The recommended restrictions on availability would not have been confined just to material that involved nudity and/or which was sexually explicit . Restrictions were to apply to : `` matter ( other than the printed word ) and to a performance whose unrestricted availability is offensive to reasonable people by reason of the manner in which it portrays , deals with or relates to violence , cruelty or horror , or sexual , faecal or urinary functions or genital organs . ''   Regarding the definition of pornography the commission stated that , `` a pornographic representation is one that combines two features : it has a certain function or intention , to arouse its audience sexually , and also a certain content , explicit representations of sexual material ( organs , postures , activity , etc ) .   On the difference between ` obscenity ' and ` pornography ' , the committee found that the word ` obscene ' was a subjective term that refers to peoples reaction to material , and that '' it principally expresses an intense or extreme version of what we have called ` offensiveness ' . It may be that it particularly emphasises the most strongly aversive element in that notion , the idea of an object 's being repulsive or disgusting . '' ` Pornography ' however was found to be `` a rather more objective expression referring to a certain kind of writing , picture etc ... Pornography will have some tendency to be obscene , but will not necessarily be so ... a tendency to be offensive is built into it , but it is not universally even offensive ... Still less must it inevitably be very strongly offensive or obscene . ''   On whether art could be obscene , it reported that , `` work ... may be experienced as offensive , and also be experienced as having aesthetic interest , but in the case of which the two experiences do not occur at the same time . These will be works which are found offensive at first , or by a spectator who remains distanced from them , but which lose that character for someone involved in them . It did however recognize that `` it would be unwise to deny that ... there could be works which were , and remained , offensive , indeed intensely offensive or obscene . ''

neg: Novel in Scotland The novel in Scotland includes all long prose fiction published in Scotland and by Scottish authors since the development of the literary format in the eighteenth century . The novel was soon a major element of Scottish literary and critical life . Tobias Smollett 's picaresque novels , such as The Adventures of Roderick Random and The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle mean that he is often seen as Scotland 's first novelist . Other Scots who contributed to the development of the novel in the eighteenth century include Henry Mackenzie and John Moore .   There was a tradition of moral and domestic fiction in the early nineteenth century that included the work of Elizabeth Hamilton , Mary Brunton and Christian Johnstone . The outstanding literary figure of the early nineteenth century was Walter Scott , whose Waverley is often called the first historical novel . He had a major worldwide influence . His success led to a publishing boom in Scotland . Major figures that benefited included James Hogg , John Galt , John Gibson Lockhart , John Wilson and Susan Ferrier . In the mid-nineteenth century major literary figures that contributed to the development of the novel included David Macbeth Moir , John Stuart Blackie , William Edmondstoune Aytoun and Margaret Oliphant . In the late nineteenth century , a number of Scottish-born authors achieved international reputations , including Robert Louis Stevenson and Arthur Conan Doyle , whose Sherlock Holmes stories helped found the tradition of detective fiction . In the last two decades of the century the `` kailyard school '' ( cabbage patch ) depicted Scotland in a rural and nostalgic fashion , often seen as a `` failure of nerve '' in dealing with the rapid changes that had swept across Scotland in the industrial revolution . Figures associated with the movement include Ian Maclaren , S. R. Crockett and J. M. Barrie , best known for his creation of Peter Pan , which helped develop the genre of fantasy , as did the work of George MacDonald .   Among the most important novels of the early twentieth century was The House with the Green Shutters by George Douglas Brown , which broke with the Kailyard tradition . John Buchan played a major role in the creation of the modern thriller with The Thirty-Nine Steps and Greenmantle . The Scottish literary Renaissance attempted to introduce modernism into art and create of a distinctive national literature . It increasingly focused on the novel . Major figures included Neil Gunn , George Blake , A. J. Cronin , Eric Linklater and Lewis Grassic Gibbon . There were also a large number of female authors associated with the movement , who included Catherine Carswell , Willa Muir , Nan Shepherd and Naomi Mitchison . Many major Scottish post-war novelists , such as Robin Jenkins , Jessie Kesson , Muriel Spark , Alexander Trocchi and James Kennaway spent most of their lives outside Scotland , but often dealt with Scottish themes . Successful mass-market works included the action novels of Alistair MacLean and the historical fiction of Dorothy Dunnett . A younger generation of novelists that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s included Allan Massie , Shena Mackay and Alan Spence . Working class identity continued to be explored by Archie Hind , Alan Sharp , George Friel and William McIlvanney .   From the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major revival , with figures including Alasdair Gray , James Kelman , Irvine Welsh , Alan Warner , Janice Galloway , A. L. Kennedy , Iain Banks , Candia McWilliam , Frank Kuppner and Andrew O'Hagan . In genre fiction Iain Banks , writing as Iain M. Banks , produced ground-breaking science fiction and Scottish crime fiction has been a major area of growth with the success of novelists including Frederic Lindsay , Quintin Jardine , Val McDermid , Denise Mina , Christopher Brookmyre , and particularly Ian Rankin and his Inspector Rebus novels . The most successful author of Scottish origins in recent years has been J. K. Rowling , author of the Harry Potter series .

neg: Down and Out in Paris and London Down and Out in Paris and London is the first full-length work by the English author George Orwell , published in 1933 . It is a memoir in two parts on the theme of poverty in the two cities . The first part is an account of living in near-destitution in Paris and the experience of casual labour in restaurant kitchens . The second part is a travelogue of life on the road in and around London from the tramp 's perspective , with descriptions of the types of hostel accommodation available and some of the characters to be found living on the margins .


query: Robert Duvall has been nominated for eight Academy Awards.

pos: Robert Duvall Robert Selden Duvall ( -LSB- duːˈvɔːl -RSB- born January 5 , 1931 ) is an American actor and filmmaker . He has been nominated for seven Academy Awards ( winning for his performance in Tender Mercies ) , seven Golden Globes ( winning four ) , and has multiple nominations and one win each of the BAFTA , Screen Actors Guild Award , and Emmy Award . He received the National Medal of Arts in 2005 . Duvall has starred in numerous films and television series , including To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) , The Twilight Zone ( 1963 ) , The Outer Limits ( 1964 ) , Bullitt ( 1968 ) , True Grit ( 1969 ) , MASH ( 1970 ) , THX 1138 ( 1971 ) , Joe Kidd ( 1972 ) , The Godfather ( 1972 ) , The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) , The Conversation ( 1974 ) , Network ( 1976 ) , Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) , The Great Santini ( 1979 ) , Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1990 ) , Rambling Rose ( 1991 ) , and Falling Down ( 1993 ) .   Duvall began appearing in theatre during the late 1950s , moving into television and film roles during the early 1960s , playing Boo Radley in To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) and appearing in Captain Newman , M.D. ( 1963 ) . He landed many of his most famous roles during the early 1970s , such as Major Frank Burns in the blockbuster comedy MASH ( 1970 ) and the lead role in THX 1138 ( 1971 ) , as well as Horton Foote 's adaptation of William Faulkner 's Tomorrow ( 1972 ) , which was developed at The Actors Studio and is Duvall 's personal favorite . This was followed by a series of critically lauded performances in commercially successful films .   Since then , Duvall has continued to act in both film and television with such productions as Tender Mercies ( 1983 ) , The Natural ( 1984 ) , Colors ( 1988 ) , the television mini-series Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) , Stalin ( 1992 ) , The Man Who Captured Eichmann ( 1996 ) , A Family Thing ( 1996 ) , The Apostle ( 1997 ) , A Civil Action ( 1998 ) , Deep Impact ( 1998 ) , Gods and Generals ( 2003 ) , Secondhand Lions ( 2003 ) , Broken Trail ( 2006 ) , Get Low ( 2010 ) , Jack Reacher ( 2012 ) , and The Judge ( 2014 ) .

neg: 127 Hours 127 Hours is a 2010 British-American biographical survival drama film directed , co-written , and produced by Danny Boyle . The film stars James Franco as Aron Ralston . In 127 Hours , canyoneer Aron Ralston becomes trapped by a boulder in an isolated slot canyon in Blue John Canyon , southeastern Utah , in April 2003 . It is a British and American venture produced by Everest Entertainment , Film4 Productions , HandMade Films and Cloud Eight Films .   The film , based on Ralston 's memoir Between a Rock and a Hard Place ( 2004 ) , was written by Boyle and Simon Beaufoy , produced by Christian Colson and John Smithson , and scored by A. R. Rahman . Beaufoy , Colson , and Rahman had all previously worked with Boyle on Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) . 127 Hours was well received by critics and audiences , and was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Actor for Franco and Best Picture .

neg: 28th Golden Raspberry Awards The 28th Golden Raspberry Awards or Razzies were held on February 23 , 2008 , in Santa Monica , California , USA , to honor the worst films of 2007 . The nominations were announced on January 21 . In line with Razzies tradition , both the nominee announcements and ceremony preceded the corresponding Academy Awards functions by one day .   The most nominated film of 2007 was I Know Who Killed Me with nine nominations , followed by I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry and Norbit with eight each . I Know Who Killed Me was the big winner of the evening , receiving eight awards for a new Razzie record . Eddie Murphy received a Razzie record five personal nominations , all surrounding his work ( especially his performance of multiple characters ) in Norbit . He ended up winning three awards , one for each character he portrayed . The actress Lindsay Lohan also won three awards for her dual roles in I Know Who Killed Me . The special category introduced this year was Worst Excuse for a Horror Movie .

neg: 8th Golden Raspberry Awards The 8th Golden Raspberry Awards were held on April 10 , 1988 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel to recognize the worst the film industry had to offer in 1987 . Leonard Part 6 was the biggest `` winner '' with three awards out of five nominations . Although he did not attend the ceremony , actor/producer/co-writer Bill Cosby later accepted all his awards on The Late Show . The list of nominees follows , with recipients marked in bold .

neg: 1985 Academy Awards 1985 Academy Awards may refer to :   57th Academy Awards , the Academy Awards ceremony that took place in 1985  58th Academy Awards , the 1986 ceremony honoring the best in film for 1985

neg: 78th Academy Awards The 78th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on March 5 , 2006 , at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:00 p.m. PST / 8:00 p.m. EST. . The ceremony was scheduled one week later than usual to avoid conflicting with the 2006 Winter Olympics . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories honoring films released in 2005 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actor Jon Stewart hosted the show for the first time . Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California held on February 18 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Rachel McAdams .   Crash won three awards including Academy Award for Best Picture . Other winners included Brokeback Mountain , King Kong , and Memoirs of a Geisha also with three awards apiece , and Capote , The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , The Constant Gardener , Hustle and Flow , March of the Penguins , The Moon and the Son : An Imagined Conversation , A Note of Triumph : The Golden Age of Norman Corwin , Six Shooter , Syriana , Tsotsi , Walk the Line , and Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were-Rabbit with one each . The telecast garnered nearly 39 million viewers in the United States .

neg: 52nd Academy Awards The 52nd Academy Awards were presented April 14 , 1980 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles . The ceremonies were presided over by Johnny Carson who , in noting the long duration of the production , joked that President Jimmy Carter was working hard for their `` release '' from the ceremonies , a clear reference to the Iranian hostage crisis .   Among the nominees for Best Supporting Actor were 8 year-old Justin Henry -- the youngest Best Supporting Actor nominee ever -- and 79-year-old Melvyn Douglas . This was the largest age difference between two competing actors in Oscar history until 2013 . Ironically , their age difference was partially the reason why Douglas did not attend the Oscars that night , despite winning the award . Henry was nominated for Kramer vs. Kramer , which out of its eight other nominations , finished with five awards , including Best Picture , Best Director for Robert Benton , and Best Actor for Dustin Hoffman .

neg: List of awards and nominations received by Robert Redford The following is a list of awards and nominations received by American actor , director and producer Robert Redford . He was first nominated for an Academy Award in 1973 for his role as Johnny `` Kelly '' Hooker in The Sting . He then won Best Director in 1980 for Ordinary People . In 1994 , he was nominated twice for Best Picture and Best Director for Quiz Show . He has been nominated for seven Golden Globes , winning two for Inside Daisy Clover as New Star of the Year -- Actor ( 1965 ) , Ordinary People as Best Director ( 1980 ) , and won the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1994 . He was awarded the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award in 1995 .

neg: David E. Campbell (sound engineer) David E. Campbell is an American sound engineer . He won an Academy Award for Best Sound and has been nominated for five more in the same category . He has worked on over 160 films since 1977 .

neg: Academy Award for Best Animated Feature The Academy Awards are given each year by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS or the Academy ) for the best films and achievements of the previous year . The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature is given each year for animated films . An animated feature is defined by the Academy as a film with a running time of more than 40 minutes in which characters ' performances are created using a frame-by-frame technique , a significant number of the major characters are animated , and animation figures in no less than 75 percent of the running time . The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature was first given for films made in 2001 .   Through the 89th Academy Awards , presented in 2017 , Academy Award nominations in this category were made by the Academy 's animation section ; effective with the 2018 awards , all Academy members will be eligible to vote on nominations . The entire AMPAS membership has been eligible to choose the winner since the award 's inception . If there are sixteen or more films submitted for the category , the winner is voted from a shortlist of five films , which has happened six times , otherwise there will only be three films on the shortlist . Additionally , eight eligible animated features must have been theatrically released in Los Angeles County within the calendar year for this category to be activated .   Animated films can be nominated for other categories , but have rarely been so ; Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) was the first animated film ever nominated for Best Picture . Up ( 2009 ) and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) also received Best Picture nominations after the Academy expanded the number of nominees .   Waltz with Bashir ( 2008 ) is the only animated film ever nominated for Best Foreign Language Film ( though it did not receive a nomination for Best Animated Feature ) . The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) and Kubo and the Two Strings ( 2016 ) are the only two animated films to ever be nominated for Best Visual Effects .

neg: Robert Thirlwell Robert Thirlwell is an American sound engineer . He was nominated for three Academy Awards in the category Best Sound .

neg: Assassination Tango Assassination Tango is a 2002 American-Argentine crime thriller film written , produced , directed by , and starring Robert Duvall . Other actors include Rubén Blades , Kathy Baker and Duvall 's Argentine wife , Luciana Pedraza . Francis Ford Coppola was one of the executive producers .   The film centers on the life of a hitman who travels to Argentina for a job , as well as his discovery of Argentine tango and his relationship with a woman living there . The film is considered a `` labour of love '' of Duvall , a self-confessed tango addict . Most of the film was shot in Buenos Aires , and some scenes at the beginning and end of the story were filmed in Coney Island , Brooklyn .

neg: Robin Gregory Robin Gregory is an American sound engineer . He was nominated for two Academy Awards in the category Best Sound .

neg: Golden Raspberry Awards The Golden Raspberry Awards ( often shortened to Razzies and Razzie Awards ) is an award in recognition of the worst in film . Co-founded by UCLA film graduates and film-industry veterans , John J. B. Wilson and Mo Murphy , the annual Razzie Awards ceremony in Los Angeles precedes the corresponding Academy Awards ceremony by one day . The term raspberry in the name is used in its irreverent sense , as in `` blowing a raspberry '' . The awards themselves are in the form of a `` golf ball-sized raspberry '' which sits atop a Super 8 mm film reel , the whole of which is spray painted gold .   The first Golden Raspberry Awards ceremony was held on March 31 , 1981 , at John J. B. Wilson 's living-room alcove in Los Angeles , to honor the worst in film of the 1980 film season . The 37th ceremony was held on February 25 , 2017 .

neg: List of submissions to the 78th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film The following 63 films , all from different countries , were submitted for the 78th Academy Awards in the category Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ( release at the country of origin October 2004 - September 2005 , ceremony March 2006 ) .   Costa Rica , Iraq and Fiji submitted films for the first time .

neg: List of submissions to the 56th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film The following 26 films , all from different countries , were submitted for the 56th Academy Awards in the category Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . The bolded titles were the five nominated films , which came from Algeria , France , Hungary , Spain and the eventual winner , Fanny and Alexander , from Sweden .   The Dominican Republic submitted a film for the first time .

neg: Bob Beemer Robert Joseph `` Bob '' Beemer ( born February 8 , 1955 ) is an American sound mixer who has won four Oscars .

neg: Gary Cooper filmography The filmography of Gary Cooper chronicles the film appearances of American actor Gary Cooper . After starting his career in 1925 as a film extra and stuntman , Cooper made his official cinematic debut in 1926 in the Samuel Goldwyn production The Winning of Barbara Worth . He went on to become a contract player with Paramount Pictures where he established himself as a popular leading man prior to the end of the silent film era .   Cooper 's future in the sound era was assured with the release of The Virginian ( 1929 ) , his first all-talkie film . For the next 32 years , he would be one of cinema 's top money-making stars . From 1936 to 1957 , Cooper ranked 18 times among the top ten box office attractions -- a record when he died in 1961 , and later surpassed only by John Wayne , who ranked among the top ten 25 times , Clint Eastwood ( 21 times ) and Tom Cruise ( 20 times ) .   Cooper was nominated for the Best Actor Academy Award five times and won twice , for Sergeant York ( 1942 ) and High Noon ( 1952 ) . The latter film boosted his popularity , resulting in him being the number one box office attraction in 1953 . Cooper received a third Academy Award -- an honorary one -- just prior to his death in 1961 . His final film , The Naked Edge , was released shortly after his death .   As of February 2008 , more than half of Gary Cooper 's feature films are available on DVD , while others not yet on home video are available for television broadcast . Unfortunately , at least two of his silent films -- Beau Sabreur ( 1928 ) and The Legion of the Condemned ( 1928 ) -- are now considered lost films . Another of his silent films , Wolf Song ( 1929 ) , was originally released as a part talkie , but survives only as a silent film . One of Cooper 's earliest talkies , Paramount on Parade ( 1930 ) , survives incomplete . The prints that are available for television are missing all but one of the film 's Technicolor scenes -- a partial restoration of these scenes was done by the UCLA Film Archives .   This filmography contains sections for Cooper 's work as an extra in the earliest part of his film career , his feature film appearances , his occasional appearances in short films , and a section for a compilation film . Due to its length ( 92 films ) , the listing of his feature films is divided in four sections . Cooper 's film roles are listed , as well as the names of each film 's director and co-stars . Cooper 's awards and nominations are also listed . Except where noted , all of his films were shot in 35mm black and white . All films released prior to Lilac Time ( 1928 ) are silent films and all from The Virginian ( 1929 ) onward are sound films . The films made during the silent-to-sound transition are noted as being either silent or sound films . As an addendum , Cooper 's handful of television appearances are also listed .

neg: 48th Academy Awards The 48th Academy Awards were presented March 29 , 1976 at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion , Los Angeles . The ceremonies were presided over by Walter Matthau , Robert Shaw , George Segal , Goldie Hawn , and Gene Kelly . This year , ABC took over broadcast rights from NBC , and continues to broadcast them today . ( NBC 's coverage of the 1976 NCAA Final Four aired opposite the ceremony ; during the presentation of the Best Film Editing award , the winner was jokingly announced ( by presenter Elliott Gould ) as `` Indiana , 86 -- 68 '' ; the Indiana Hoosiers had won the NCAA Final Four that night . )   Miloš Forman 's One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest made a `` clean sweep '' of the major categories : Best Picture , Best Actor , Best Actress , Best Director and Best Screenplay ( Adapted ) . It was the second of three films to date to accomplish the sweep , following It Happened One Night in 1934 and preceding The Silence of the Lambs in 1991 .   French actress Isabelle Adjani received her first nomination for Best Actress this year , making Adjani , 20 at the time , the youngest actress to be nominated in the leading actress category , breaking the record set by 22-year-old Elizabeth Hartman in 1967 . This record would later be surpassed by 13-year-old Keisha Castle-Hughes in 2004 , and again in 2013 by nine-year old Quvenzhane Wallis . Adjani also presented the Best Film Editing award that night along with Gould who delivered the Indiana joke during the presentation .   At age 80 , George Burns became the oldest acting and Best Supporting Actor awardee , a record which stood until Jessica Tandy won Best Actress in 1989 . For males , Burns was succeeded by Christopher Plummer , who won Best Supporting Actor in 2012 for Beginners at the age of 82 .   Jaws was followed 25 years later by Traffic for a film that won all its nominations except Best Picture . Jaws is one of the few films to be nominated for Best Picture but not for directing , acting , or writing .

neg: List of submissions to the 85th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film This is a list of submissions to the 85th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) has invited the film industries of various countries to submit their best film for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film every year since the award was created in 1956 . The award is presented annually by the Academy to a feature-length motion picture produced outside the United States that contains primarily non-English dialogue . The Foreign Language Film Award Committee oversees the process and reviews all the submitted films . Nine shortlisted contenders will be revealed a week before the announcement of the Oscar nominations .   The submitted motion pictures must be first released theatrically in their respective countries between 1 October 2011 , and 30 September 2012 .   On 8 October 2012 , the Academy announced the final list of eligible submissions , with a record number of 71 films . Nine finalists were announced in December 2012 , which were shortlisted in January , with the final five nominees announced on 10 January 2013 . The Austrian entry Amour directed by Michael Haneke was the eventual winner .   Kenya submitted its first film in the Foreign Language category with Nairobi Half Life . Cambodia made its first submission in 18 years ( and its second overall ) with Lost Loves .

neg: 8th Academy Awards The 8th Academy Awards were held on March 5 , 1936 , at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles , California . They were hosted by Frank Capra . This was the first year in which the gold statuettes were called `` Oscars '' .   The category of Best Dance Direction was introduced this year . The DGA successfully lobbied for its elimination three years later .   Mutiny on the Bounty became the last film to date to win Best Picture and nothing else ( following The Broadway Melody and Grand Hotel ) , and the only film to receive three nominations for Best Actor .   This was the second and last year that write-in votes were allowed at the Oscars . A Midsummer Night 's Dream became the only film to win a write-in Oscar , taking Best Cinematography .