query: America did not commit to defending Formosa under Dwight D. Eisenhower.

pos: Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight David `` Ike '' Eisenhower ( -LSB- ˈaɪzənˌhaʊ.ər -RSB- ; October 14 , 1890 -- March 28 , 1969 ) was an American politician and Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 . He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe . He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942 -- 43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944 -- 45 from the Western Front .   Eisenhower was born in Denison , Texas , and raised in Kansas in a large family of mostly Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry by parents with a strong religious background . His mother was born a Lutheran , married as a River Brethren and later converted to Jehovah 's Witnesses . Eisenhower did not belong to any denomination until he was President . He graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married Mamie Doud , with whom he had two sons . During World War I , he was denied a request to serve in Europe , instead commanding a unit training tank crews . Following the war , he served under several notable generals , and was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in 1941 . After the U.S. entered World War II , Eisenhower oversaw the successful invasions of North Africa and Sicily before supervising the invasions of France and Germany . After the war , Eisenhower served as Army Chief of Staff and then in an uncomfortable role as president of Columbia University . In 1951 -- 52 , he served as the first Supreme Commander of NATO .   Eisenhower entered the 1952 presidential race as a Republican , in order to block the foreign policies of Senator Robert A. Taft . He won two landslide elections , becoming the first Republican winner to do so since 1928 . Eisenhower 's main goals in office were to contain the expansion of the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits . In 1953 , he threatened the use of nuclear weapons until China agreed to terms regarding POWs in the Korean War . An armistice ended the stalemated conflict . His New Look policy of nuclear deterrence prioritized inexpensive nuclear weapons while reducing funding for expensive Army divisions . He continued Truman 's policy of recognizing the Republic of China as the legitimate government of China , and he won congressional approval of the Formosa Resolution . His administration provided major aid to help the French fight off Vietnamese Communists in the First Indochina War . After the French left he gave strong financial support to the new state of South Vietnam . He supported local military coups against hostile governments in Iran and Guatemala . During the Suez Crisis of 1956 , Eisenhower condemned the Israeli , British and French invasion of Egypt , and forced them to withdraw . He also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action . After the Soviet Union launched Sputnik in 1957 , Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA , which led to the space race . During the Syrian Crisis of 1957 he approved a CIA-MI6 plan to stage fake border incidents as an excuse for an invasion by Syria 's pro-western neighbours . He deployed 15,000 soldiers during the 1958 Lebanon crisis . Near the end of his term , his efforts to set up a summit meeting with the Soviets collapsed when an American spy plane was shot down over Russia .   On the domestic front , Eisenhower was a moderate conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security . He covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking executive privilege . Eisenhower was reluctant to support civil rights but signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and sent Army troops to enforce federal court orders that integrated schools in Little Rock , Arkansas . His largest program was the Interstate Highway System . He promoted the establishment of strong science education via the National Defense Education Act . Eisenhower 's two terms saw widespread economic prosperity except for a minor recession in 1958 . In his farewell address to the nation , Eisenhower expressed his concerns about the dangers of massive military spending , particularly deficit spending and government contracts to private military manufacturers . Voted Gallup 's most admired man twelve times , he achieved widespread popular esteem both in and out of office . Since the late 20th century , consensus among Western scholars has consistently held Eisenhower as one of the greatest U.S. Presidents .

pos: Formosa Resolution of 1955 The Formosa Resolution was a bill enacted by the U.S. Congress on January 29 , 1955 that established an American commitment to defend Formosa ( now called Taiwan ) . As a matter of American foreign policy , President Dwight D. Eisenhower promised to protect `` territories in the West Pacific under the jurisdiction of the Republic of China '' ( i.e. Taiwan and Penghu ) against invasion by the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) . The legislation provided the President with the power to intervene if the island was attacked .   The legislation was prompted , in part , by attacks on the islands of Kinmen and Matsu in the Taiwan Strait by the Chinese People 's Liberation Army in 1954 . Both islands had been held by the Kuomintang government of Republican China under Chiang Kai-shek , which had been handed the island of Taiwan in 1945 .   Following the enactment of the Formosa Resolution , the PRC and the US successfully negotiated an agreement to stop the bombing of the islands in the Taiwan Strait . This peaceful result ended the First Taiwan Strait Crisis .   Both the House and Senate approved this resolution : 85 to 3 in the Senate and 409 to 3 in the House .   This resolution expires `` when the President shall determine that the peace and security of the area is reasonably assured by international conditions created by action of the United Nations or otherwise , and shall so report to the Congress . ''

neg: The Responsibility of Intellectuals `` The Responsibility of Intellectuals '' is an essay by the American academic Noam Chomsky which was published as a special supplement by The New York Review of Books on the 23 February 1967 .   The article was written during the then-ongoing Vietnam War , as news of human rights abuses started to return to the United States , and as the war had increasingly become seen as a quagmire . An attack on the intellectual culture in the U.S. , Chomsky argues that it is largely subservient to power . He is particularly critical of social scientists and technocrats , who he believed were providing a pseudo-scientific justification for the crimes of the state in regard to the Vietnam War . He notes that those who opposed the war on moral rather than technical grounds are `` often psychologists , mathematicians , chemists , or philosophers , ... rather than people with Washington contacts , who , of course , realize that ` had they a new , good idea about Vietnam , they would get a prompt and respectful hearing ' in Washington . ''   The topic was inspired by articles of Dwight Macdonald published after the Second World War who `` asks the question : To what extent were the German or Japanese people responsible for the atrocities committed by their governments ? And , quite properly , ... turns the question back to us : To what extent are the British or American people responsible for the vicious terror bombings of civilians , perfected as a technique of warfare by the Western democracies and reaching their culmination in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , surely among the most unspeakable crimes in history . ''   The article brought Chomsky to public attention as one of the leading American intellectuals in the movement against the Vietnam war .

neg: D-Day Dodgers The D-Day Dodgers is a term for those Allied servicemen who fought in Italy during the Second World War , which also inspired a popular wartime soldier 's song ( Roud Folk Song Index no. 10499 ) .   A rumour spread during the war that the term was publicized by Viscountess Astor , a Member of the British Parliament , who supposedly used the expression in public after a disillusioned serviceman in Italy signed a letter to her as being from a `` D-Day Dodger . '' However , there is no record that she actually said this , in or out of Parliament , and she herself denied ever saying it .   Reference to a `` D-Day Dodger '' was bitingly sarcastic , given the steady stream of allied service personnel who were being killed or wounded in combat on the Italian front . A `` Dodger '' is someone who avoids something ; the soldiers in Italy felt that their sacrifices were being ignored after the invasion of Normandy , and a `` D-Day Dodger '' a reference to someone who was supposedly avoiding real combat by serving in Italy , whereas the reality was anything but .

neg: Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt The presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt began on March 4 , 1933 , when he was inaugurated as the 32nd President of the United States , and ended upon his death on April 12 , 1945 , a span of ( 4422 days ) . Roosevelt assumed the presidency in the midst of the Great Depression . Starting with his landslide victory over Republican President Herbert Hoover in the 1932 election . He won a record four presidential terms , and became a central figure in world affairs during World War II . His program for relief , recovery and reform , known as the New Deal , involved a great expansion of the role of the federal government in the economy . Under his steady leadership , the Democratic Party built a `` New Deal Coalition '' of labor unions , big city machines , white ethnics , African Americans , and rural white Southerners , that would significantly realign American politics for the next several decades in the Fifth Party System and also define modern American liberalism .   During his first hundred days in office , Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented major legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal -- a variety of programs designed to produce relief ( government jobs for the unemployed ) , recovery ( economic growth ) , and reform ( through regulation of Wall Street , banks and transportation ) . He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers , and to encourage labor union growth while more closely regulating business and high finance . The repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity , helping him win re-election by a landslide in 1936 . The economy improved rapidly from 1933 to 1937 , but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937 -- 38 . The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his attempted packing of the Supreme Court , and blocked most of his legislative proposals , aside from the Fair Labor Standards Act . When the war began and unemployment largely became a non-issue , conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs , the WPA and CCC , but kept most of the regulations on business . Along with several smaller programs , major surviving programs from the New Deal include the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Wagner Act , the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , and Social Security .   A potential worldwide war loomed after 1937 , with the Japanese invasion of China and the aggression of Nazi Germany , which invaded Poland in September 1939 . Roosevelt remained officially neutral but gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China , the United Kingdom , Free France , and the Soviet Union via initiatives such as the Lend-Lease programs . Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , Roosevelt sought and obtained a declaration of war upon Japan . A few days later , he sought and obtained a declaration of war upon the other major Axis powers , Germany and Italy . Assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins , and with very strong national support , he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies during World War II . He supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort , and the war saw the end of the massive unemployment that characterized the Great Depression . Roosevelt sought to desegregate the federal workforce with the Fair Employment Practice Committee , but he also controversially ordered the internment of 100,000 Japanese American civilians . As an active military leader , Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and the development of the world 's first nuclear bomb . Though he died months before the end of the war , his work on the post-war order shaped the new United Nations and the Bretton Woods international financial system . Roosevelt 's health seriously declined during the war years , and he died three months into his fourth term . He was succeeded by Vice President Harry S. Truman . It was on Roosevelt 's watch that the Democratic Party was returned to dominance , prosperity returned , and two great military enemies were destroyed .   Scholars , historians and the public typically rank Roosevelt alongside Abraham Lincoln and George Washington as one of the three greatest U.S. Presidents .

neg: Guatemalan Revolution The Guatemalan Revolution ( Revolución de Guatemala ) was the period in Guatemalan history between the popular uprising that overthrew dictator Jorge Ubico in 1944 and the United States-orchestrated coup d'état in 1954 that unseated President Jacobo Árbenz . It is also known as the Ten Years of Spring , highlighting the only years of representative democracy in Guatemala from 1930 until the end of the civil war in 1996 , and included a program of agrarian reform that was enormously influential across Latin America .   From the late 19th century until 1944 Guatemala was governed by a series of authoritarian rulers who sought to strengthen the economy by supporting the export of coffee . Between 1898 and 1920 , Manuel Estrada Cabrera granted significant concessions to the United Fruit Company , an American corporation that traded in tropical fruit , and dispossessed many indigenous people of their communal lands . Under Jorge Ubico , who ruled as a dictator between 1931 and 1944 , this process was intensified , with the institution of harsh labor regulations and a police state .   In June 1944 , a popular pro-democracy movement led by university students and labor organizations forced Ubico to resign . He appointed a three-person military junta to take his place , led by Federico Ponce Vaides . This junta continued Ubico 's oppressive policies , until it was toppled in a military coup led by Jacobo Árbenz in October 1944 , an event also known as the `` October Revolution '' . The coup leaders formed a junta which swiftly called for open elections . These elections were won in a landslide by Juan José Arévalo , a progressive professor of philosophy who had become the face of the popular movement . He implemented a moderate program of social reform , including a widely successful literacy campaign and a largely free election process , although illiterate women were not given the vote and communist parties were banned .   Following the end of Arévalo 's presidency in 1951 , Jacobo Árbenz was elected to the presidency in a landslide . The progressive military leader of 1944 continued Arévalo 's reforms , and began an ambitious land-reform program , known as Decree 900 . Under it , the uncultivated portions of large land-holdings were expropriated in return for compensation , and redistributed to poverty-stricken agricultural laborers . Approximately 500,000 people benefited from the decree . The majority of them were indigenous people , whose forebears had been dispossessed after the Spanish invasion . Árbenz ' policies ran afoul of the United Fruit Company , which lost some of its uncultivated land . The company lobbied the US government for Árbenz ' overthrow , and the State Department responded by engineering a coup under the pretext that Árbenz was a communist . Carlos Castillo Armas took power at the head of a military junta , provoking the Guatemalan Civil War . The war lasted from 1960 to 1996 , and saw the US-backed military commit genocide against the indigenous Maya peoples , and widespread human rights violations against civilians .

neg: Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence The Unilateral Declaration of Independence ( UDI ) was a statement adopted by the Cabinet of Rhodesia on 11 November 1965 , announcing that Rhodesia , a British territory in southern Africa that had governed itself since 1923 , now regarded itself as an independent sovereign state . The culmination of a protracted dispute between the British and Rhodesian governments regarding the terms under which the latter could become fully independent , it was the first unilateral break from the United Kingdom by one of its colonies since the United States Declaration of Independence nearly two centuries before . Britain , the Commonwealth and the United Nations all deemed Rhodesia 's UDI illegal , and economic sanctions , the first in the UN 's history , were imposed on the breakaway colony . Amid near-complete international isolation , Rhodesia continued as an unrecognised state with the assistance of South Africa and Portugal .   The Rhodesian government , which mostly comprised members of the country 's white minority of about 5 % , was indignant when , amid decolonisation and the Wind of Change , less developed African colonies to the north without comparable experience of self-rule quickly advanced to independence during the early 1960s while Rhodesia was refused sovereignty under the newly ascendant principle of `` no independence before majority rule '' ( `` NIBMAR '' ) . Most white Rhodesians felt that they were due independence following four decades ' self-government , and that Britain was betraying them by withholding it . This combined with the colonial government 's acute reluctance to hand over power to black nationalists -- the manifestation of racial tensions , Cold War anti-communism and the fear that a dystopian Congo-style situation might result -- to create the impression that if Britain did not grant independence , Rhodesia might be justified in taking it unilaterally .   Stalemate developed between the British and Rhodesian Prime Ministers , Harold Wilson and Ian Smith respectively , between 1964 and 1965 . Dispute largely surrounded the British condition that the terms for independence had to be acceptable `` to the people of the country as a whole '' ; Smith contended that this was met , while Britain and black nationalist leaders in Rhodesia held that it was not . After Wilson proposed in late October 1965 that Britain might safeguard future black representation in the Rhodesian parliament by withdrawing some of the colonial government 's devolved powers , then presented terms for an investigatory Royal Commission that the Rhodesians found unacceptable , Smith and his Cabinet declared independence . Calling this treasonous , the British colonial Governor Sir Humphrey Gibbs formally dismissed Smith and his government , but they ignored him and appointed an `` Officer Administering the Government '' to take his place .   While no country recognised UDI , the Rhodesian High Court deemed the post-UDI government legal and de jure in 1968 . The Smith administration initially professed continued loyalty to Queen Elizabeth II , but abandoned this in 1970 when it declared a republic in an unsuccessful attempt to win foreign recognition . The Rhodesian Bush War , a guerrilla conflict between the government and two rival communist-backed black nationalist groups , began in earnest two years later , and after several attempts to end the war Smith agreed the Internal Settlement with non-militant nationalists in 1978 . Under these terms the country was reconstituted under black rule as Zimbabwe Rhodesia in June 1979 , but this new order was rejected by the guerrillas and the international community . The Bush War continued until Zimbabwe Rhodesia revoked UDI as part of the Lancaster House Agreement in December 1979 . Following a brief period of direct British rule , the country was granted internationally recognised independence under the name Zimbabwe in 1980 .

neg: Un-American Un-American is a pejorative term of U.S. political discourse which is applied to ideas , people or institutions in the United States seen as deviating from what are widely perceived to be fundamental American cultural and political values .   The most famous use is in the title of the House Un-American Activities Committee which was started to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens , public employees , and those organizations suspected of having Communist ties . By 1959 , former President Harry S. Truman had denounced the Committee as the `` most un-American thing in the country today '' . The Committee lost considerable prestige as the 1960s progressed , and it was abolished by the House of Representatives in 1975 .   The use and meaning of the term is by no means uniform in the US . Due in part to these historical associations with political abuses and jingoism , the attitudes of Americans toward the pejorative use of `` Un-American '' are often critical or suspicious . Moreover , Americans may vary widely in what they believe to be un-American .

neg: The Army Hour The Army Hour was a radio news program in the United States , broadcast on NBC April 5 , 1942-Nov . 11 , 1945 .   Planning for The Army Hour , with Col. Edward M. Kirby in charge , began soon after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . Sponsored by the War Department and the U.S. Army , the program brought `` on-the-spot stories and demonstrations from Army bases and fields of battle '' to listeners back home in America . The program was `` an attempt to bring the reality of the war home to the American people through the power and immediacy of radio . ''  One reviewer wrote in a newspaper that the secretary of war had compared The Army Hour broadcasts to `` full-scale military operations ... as far as communications are concerned , '' and the writer agreed . NBC 's investment was significant , also . In 1957 , CBS executive Lou Cowan ( who helped to develop The Army Hour while working with the Office of War Information ) said that the program was `` presented at an annual cost of a half-million dollars to the network -LSB- NBC -RSB- with no financial return . ''   Radio historian John Dunning wrote that the program `` gave Americans their first in-depth look at the war and how it was being fought , '' and a 1942 article in the trade publication Billboard described it as `` a weekly official message and a source of authoritative information from the Army to the civilian population of the country ... '' In 1943 , another article in Billboard commented about Army Hour : `` excellent substitute for first-hand knowledge of war ; genuine picture of what loved ones are living thru ; calm and objective presentation of facts of war . ''

neg: 1952 Republican National Convention The 1952 Republican National Convention was held at the International Amphitheatre in Chicago , Cook County , Illinois from July 7 to July 11 , 1952 , and nominated the popular general and war hero Dwight D. Eisenhower of Kansas , nicknamed `` Ike , '' for president and the anti-communist crusading Senator from California , Richard M. Nixon , for vice president .   The Republican platform pledged to end the unpopular war in Korea , supported the development of nuclear weapons as a deterrence strategy , to fire all `` the loafers , incompetents and unnecessary employees '' at the State Department , condemned the Roosevelt and Truman administrations ' economic policies , supported retention of the Taft-Hartley Act , opposed `` discrimination against race , religion or national origin '' , supported `` Federal action toward the elimination of lynching '' , and pledged to bring an end to communist subversion in the United States .

neg: Battle of Okinawa The ( -LSB- 沖縄戦 , Uchinaa ikusa -RSB- ) , codenamed Operation Iceberg , was a series of battles fought in the Japanese Ryukyu Islands , centered on the island of Okinawa , and included the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific War during World War II , the April 1 , 1945 invasion of Okinawa itself . The 82-day-long battle lasted from April 1 until June 22 , 1945 . After a long campaign of island hopping , the Allies were planning to use Okinawa , a large island only 340 mi away from mainland Japan , as a base for air operations for the planned invasion of the Japanese home islands .   The United States created the Tenth Army , a cross-branch force consisting of the 7th , 27th , 77th , and 96th infantry divisions of the US Army with the 1st and 6th divisions of the Marine Corps , to fight on the island . The Tenth was unique in that it had its own tactical air force ( joint Army-Marine command ) , and was also supported by combined naval and amphibious forces .   The battle has been referred to as the `` typhoon of steel '' in English , and tetsu no ame ( `` rain of steel '' ) or tetsu no bōfū ( `` violent wind of steel '' ) in Japanese . The nicknames refer to the ferocity of the fighting , the intensity of Japanese kamikaze attacks , and the sheer numbers of Allied ships and armored vehicles that assaulted the island . The battle was one of the bloodiest in the Pacific , with an estimated total of over 82,000 direct casualties on both sides : 14,009 Allied deaths and 77,417 Japanese soldiers . Allied grave registration forces counted 110,071 dead bodies of Japanese soldiers , but this included drafted Okinawans wearing Japanese uniforms . 149,425 Okinawans were killed , committed suicide or went missing , a significant proportion of the estimated pre-war 300,000 local population .   As part of the naval operations surrounding the battle , the Japanese battleship Yamato was sunk , and both sides lost considerable numbers of ships and aircraft . After the battle , Okinawa provided a fleet anchorage , troop staging areas , and airfields in proximity to Japan in preparation for the planned invasion .

neg: New Guinea campaign The New Guinea campaign of the Pacific War lasted from January 1942 until the end of the war in August 1945 . During the initial phase in early 1942 , the Empire of Japan invaded the Australian-administered territories of the New Guinea Mandate ( 23 January ) and Papua ( 8 March ) and overran western New Guinea ( beginning 29/30 March ) , which was a part of the Netherlands East Indies . During the second phase , lasting from late 1942 until the Japanese surrender , the Allies -- consisting primarily of Australian and US forces -- cleared the Japanese first from Papua , then the Mandate and finally from the Dutch colony .   The campaign resulted in a crushing defeat and very heavy losses for Empire of Japan . As in most Pacific War campaigns , disease and starvation claimed more Japanese lives than enemy action . Most Japanese troops never even came into contact with Allied forces , and were instead simply cut off and subjected to an effective blockade by the US Navy . Garrisons were effectively besieged and denied shipments of food and medical supplies , and as a result , some claim that 97 % of Japanese deaths in this campaign were from non-combat causes .   According to John Laffin , the campaign '' ... was arguably the most arduous fought by any Allied troops during World War II '' .

neg: Presidency of John F. Kennedy The presidency of John F. Kennedy began on January 20 , 1961 , when he was inaugurated as the 35th President of the United States , and ended on November 22 , 1963 , upon his assassination and death , a span of days . A Democrat , he took office following the 1960 presidential election , in which he narrowly defeated Richard Nixon . He was succeeded by Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson .   Kennedy was the first person born in the 20th century to be elected president , and , at age 43 , the youngest person elected to the office . He was also the first Roman Catholic elected to the presidency . Kennedy played an important role in bringing American politics into the modern communications age , as his use of television provided a campaign model that spoke to voters directly , and his media presidency greatly weakened the power of political machines in party politics .   Kennedy 's time in office was marked by Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union and especially with Cuba . In Cuba , a failed attempt was made in April 1961 at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro . Kennedy 's administration subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain public approval for a war against Cuba . In October 1962 , it was discovered that Soviet ballistic missiles had been deployed in Cuba ; the resulting period of unease , termed the Cuban Missile Crisis , is seen by many historians as the closest the human race has ever come to nuclear war between nuclear-armed belligerents .   To contain Communist expansion in Asia , Kennedy increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over his predecessor , Dwight D. Eisenhower ; a further escalation of the American role in the Vietnam War took place after Kennedy 's death . In domestic politics Kennedy made bold proposals in his New Frontier agenda , but few were passed by Congress . He did establish of the Peace Corps , and intensify the Space Race . Kennedy took steps to support the Civil Rights Movement , and after his death his proposed civil rights bill was passed as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 .

neg: Draft Eisenhower movement The Draft Eisenhower movement was the first successful political draft of the 20th century to take a private citizen to the Oval Office . It was a widespread American grassroots political movement that eventually persuaded Dwight D. Eisenhower to run for President . The movement culminated in the 1952 presidential election in which Eisenhower won the Republican nomination and defeated Democrat Adlai Stevenson to become the 34th President of the United States .

neg: Formosa Air Battle The Formosa Air Battle took place between October 10 and 20 , 1944 , off the eastern coasts of the Ryukyu Islands , Formosa , and Luzon . It was fought by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service and the approaching Task Force 38 of the United States Third Fleet and was one of a series of air raids on Japan during the Pacific War . The attacks served to prevent Japanese aircraft from participating in the Battle of Leyte Gulf later that month .   The battle was a major victory for the US Navy , with its superior pilot training and aircraft proving decisive . Japanese air power in the region was exhausted after the engagement , giving the Americans air superiority and weakening Japan 's ability to defend the Okinawa Islands in the upcoming Okinawa Campaign . However , in an effort to boost morale and to cover up the defeat , Japanese headquarters claimed to have sunk 45 Allied ships , including 11 aircraft carriers and four battleships

neg: Battle of Kwajalein The Battle of Kwajalein was fought as part of the Pacific campaign of World War II . It took place from 31 January-3 February 1944 , on Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands . Employing the hard-learned lessons of the battle of Tarawa , the United States launched a successful twin assault on the main islands of Kwajalein in the south and Roi-Namur in the north . The Japanese defenders put up stiff resistance , although outnumbered and under-prepared . The determined defense of Roi-Namur left only 51 survivors of an original garrison of 3,500 .   For the US , the battle represented both the next step in its island-hopping march to Japan and a significant moral victory because it was the first time the Americans had penetrated the `` outer ring '' of the Japanese Pacific sphere . For the Japanese , the battle represented the failure of the beach-line defense . Japanese defenses became prepared in depth , and the battles of Peleliu , Guam , and the Marianas proved far more costly to the US .

neg: History of the United States National Security Council 1953–61 This article is about the history of the United States National Security Council during the Eisenhower Administration , 1953 -- 1961 .   Under President Dwight D. Eisenhower , the National Security Council system evolved into the principal arm of the President in formulating and executing policy on military , international , and internal security affairs . Where Harry S. Truman was uncomfortable with the NSC system and only made regular use of it under the pressure of the Korean War , Eisenhower embraced the NSC concept and created a structured system of integrated policy review . Eisenhower had a penchant for careful staff work , and believed that effective planning involved a creative process of discussion and debate among advisers compelled to work toward consensus recommendations .   The genesis of the new NSC system was a report prepared for the President in March 1953 by Robert Cutler , who became the President 's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs . Cutler proposed a systematic flow of recommendation , decision , and implementation that he later described as the `` policy hill '' process . At the bottom of the hill , concerned agencies such as State and Defense produced draft policy recommendations on specific topics and worked for consensus at the agency level . These draft NSC papers went up the hill through the Planning Board , created to review and refine the recommendations before passing them on for full NSC consideration . The NSC Planning Board met on Tuesday and Friday afternoons and was composed of officials at the Assistant Secretary level from the agencies with permanent or standing representation on the Council , as well as advisers from the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Central Intelligence Agency . Hundreds of hours were spent by the Board reviewing and reconstructing proposed papers for the NSC . Cutler resigned in 1958 in exhaustion . The top of the foreign policy-making hill was the NSC itself , chaired by the President , which met regularly on Thursday mornings .   The Council consisted of the five statutory members : the President , Vice President , Secretaries of State and Defense , and Director of the Office of Defense Mobilization . Depending on the subject under discussion , as many as a score of other senior Cabinet members and advisers , including the Secretary of the Treasury , the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and the Director of Central Intelligence , attended and participated . The agenda included regular briefings by the Director of Central Intelligence on worldwide developments affecting U.S. security , and consideration of the policy papers advanced by the Planning Board . The upshot of the discussions were recommendations to the President in the form of NSC Actions . The President , who participated in the discussion , normally endorsed the NSC Action , and the decision went down the hill for implementation to the Operations Coordinating Board .   President Eisenhower created the Operations Coordinating Board ( OCB ) to follow up on all NSC decisions . The OCB met regularly on Wednesday afternoons at the Department of State , and was composed of the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs , Deputy Secretary of Defense , the Directors of the CIA , the United States Information Agency , and ICA , and the Special Assistants to the President for National Security Affairs and Security Operations Coordination . The OCB was the coordinating and implementing arm of the NSC for all aspects of the implementation of national security policy . NSC action papers were assigned to a team from the OCB for follow-up . More than 40 interagency working groups were established with experts for various countries and subjects . This 24-person staff of the OCB supported these working groups in which officials from various agencies met each other for the first time .   The President 's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs , a post held under Eisenhower by Cutler , Dillon Anderson , William Harding Jackson , and finally Gordon Gray , oversaw the flow of recommendations and decisions up and down the policy hill , and functioned in Council meetings to brief the Council and summarize the sense of discussion . The Special Assistant was an essential facilitator of the decision-making system , but , unlike the National Security Adviser created under Kennedy , had no substantive role in the process . The NSC staff managed by the Special Assistant grew during the Eisenhower years , but again had no independent role in the policy process .   President Eisenhower had great confidence in the efficacy of covert operations as a viable supplement or alternative to previous normal foreign policy initiatives . The seeming clear success of the operations to overthrow Iranian populist leader Mossadegeh in 1953 , and overthrow the democratically elected , left-leaning President Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán in Guatemala in 1954 was not without their crisis moments in the White House . In 1954 NSC 5412 provided for the establishment of a panel of designated representatives of the President and the Secretaries of State and Defense to meet regularly to review and recommend covert operations . Gordon Gray assumed the chairmanship of the `` 5412 Committee '' as it was called , and all succeeding National Security Advisers have chaired similar successor committees , variously named `` 303 '' , `` 40 '' , `` Special Coordinating Committee , '' which , in later Presidential administrations , were charged with the review of CIA covert operations .   President Eisenhower also created the position of staff secretary with the responsibility to screen all foreign policy and military documents coming to the President . While Colonel Andrew Goodpaster held this position , he tended to eclipse the Special Assistant for National Security .   The strength of the NSC system under Eisenhower was that it provided for regular , fully staffed , interagency review of major foreign and national security issues , culminating in discussion and decision at the highest level of government . The resulting Presidentially approved NSC papers provided policy guidance at every level of implementation . Eisenhower felt that the regular policy discussions kept his principal advisers fully informed , in step with one another , and prepared to react knowledgeably in the event of crisis . His commitment to the system was such that he chaired every Council meeting he could attend ( 329 of a total of 366 ) . The NSC meetings , including prior briefings and subsequent review of NSC Actions , constituted the largest single item on his weekly agenda .   Secretary of State John Foster Dulles , on the other hand , had reservations about the NSC system . He was the strongest personality in the Eisenhower Cabinet and jealously guarded his role as principal adviser to the President on foreign policy . He had constant , direct access to the President and did not feel that some of the most sensitive issues should be discussed in groups as large as were involved in most NSC meetings . He drew a sharp line between the NSC policy review process and the day-to-day operations of foreign policy , which he maintained were the province of the Department of State . Dulles and his deputies also were not comfortable with the scope the NSC review system gave to Secretary of the Treasury George Humphrey , another strong figure in the Cabinet , to intrude budgetary limitations into policy considerations . Dulles successfully resisted a proposal to substitute the Vice President for the Under Secretary of State as chairman of the OCB , arguing that such a change would impinge on his role as principal adviser to the President on foreign policy .   Critics of the Eisenhower NSC system have argued that it was inflexible , overstaffed , unable to anticipate and react to immediate crises , and weighed down by committees reporting in great detail on long checklists of minor policy concerns . The most thorough critique of the system emerged from the hearings conducted in 1960 ( 1961 by the Senate Subcommittee on National Policy Machinery , known as the Jackson Subcommittee for its chairman , Senator Henry Jackson . Cutler and NSC Executive Secretary James Lay testified in support of the effectiveness of the system , but their testimony was offset by that of former Truman administration officials such as George Kennan , Paul Nitze , and Robert Lovett . They argued that foreign policy was being made by a passive President influenced by a National Security Council rendered virtually useless by ponderous , bureaucratic machinery . Basically , they argued , the NSC was a huge committee , and suffered from all the weaknesses of committees . Composed of representatives of many agencies , its members were not free to adopt the broad , statesmanlike attitude desired by the President , but , rather , were ambassadors of their own departments , clinging to departmental rather than national views . To make matters worse , critics added , the NSC system by its very nature was restricted to continuing and developing already established policies and was incapable of originating new ideas or major innovations . The critics suggested replacement of the formal , `` over-institutionalized '' NSC structure with a smaller , less formal NSC which would offer the President a clear choice of alternatives on a limited number of major problems .   Eisenhower was certainly not a passive President , dominated by his Secretary of State on foreign policy and national security issues . In fact , Eisenhower was actively in command of his administration 's foreign policy , and the established NSC system met his instincts and requirements to the extent he used them . Although there is substance in the criticism that the Eisenhower NSC became to some extent the prisoner of a rigidly bureaucratic process , the criticism misses the point that Eisenhower and Dulles did not attempt to manage fast-breaking foreign policy crises or day-to-day operation through the NSC apparatus . An examination of several of the major foreign policy decisions that confronted the Eisenhower administration reveals that the NSC system was used to manage some , but was essentially bypassed in others . The established NSC process was used when the question involved a policy debate between departments with strongly held , contending positions , as it did in the case of the debate between the Departments of State and Defense in 1956/1957 over whether to introduce a more modern generation of weapons into Korea , where it focused debate and produced the necessary agreed-upon decision after discussion of three draft policy papers .   In fast-breaking crisis situations however , including the concurrent Suez crisis and Hungarian Revolution of 1956 , the first and Second Taiwan Strait Crisis of 1955 and 1958 , and the 1958 Lebanon crisis , these were typically managed through small meetings with the President in the White House , normally involving Dulles and other concerned advisers , and through telephone conversations between Eisenhower , Dulles , and other principal advisers . Eisenhower sometimes used trusted NSC staffers to serve as an intermediary to gain information outside the chain of command as he did with Colonel Goodpaster during the straits crisis in 1955 . There was great similarity between this process of crisis management and that adopted by subsequent Presidents , such as Kennedy , Johnson , and Nixon , except for the fact that the ad hoc meetings in the Eisenhower White House did not involve a National Security Adviser as a substantive participant . And in the event that aspects of crisis management depended on contact with the critical man-on-the-spot , as it did in 1958 when Deputy Under Secretary of State Robert Murphy was dispatched to Lebanon to attempt to defuse the crisis , his instructions came from the Department of State and he reported to the Secretary of State rather than directly to the White House , as became the practice during the height of the Vietnam War .   When Eisenhower briefed President-elect Kennedy on the NSC system , as when Gordon Gray briefed his successor McGeorge Bundy , they both emphasized the importance of the established NSC machinery in the management of foreign policy and national security affairs . They might have been more persuasive in maintaining the system had they pointed to the fact that the NSC apparatus was essentially limited to policy review , but was not used by them to manage foreign policy crises or day-to-day decisions .

neg: Edgar N. Eisenhower Edgar N. Eisenhower ( 19 January 1889 -- 12 July 1971 ) was a lawyer , and an older brother of President Dwight D. Eisenhower . He was born in Hope , Kansas and graduated from the University of Michigan in 1914 . He began practicing law in 1915 in Tacoma , Washington and was known as a `` shoot from the hip ultraconservative . ''   According to his nephew John Eisenhower , Edgar Eisenhower `` considered President ( Franklin ) Roosevelt a work of the devil , '' and `` tried to talk John out of a career in the military , '' saying that he `` should forgo any ideas of becoming a ` professional killer ' and go to law school at his expense , later to join his law office . ' ''

neg: Mutual Defense Assistance Act The Mutual Defense Assistance Act was a United States Act of Congress signed by President Harry S. Truman on 6 October 1949 . For US Foreign policy , it was the first U.S. military foreign aid legislation of the Cold War era , and initially to Europe . The Act followed Truman 's signing of the Economic Cooperation Act ( the Marshall Plan ) , on April 3 , 1948 , which provided non-military , economic reconstruction and development aid to Europe . The Act was reauthorized in 1950 , but in 1951 , it and the Economic Cooperation Act were succeeded by the Mutual Security Act , and its newly created independent agency , the Mutual Security Administration , to supervise all foreign aid programs , including both military assistance programs and non-military , economic assistance programs that bolstered the defense capability of U.S. allies .   About the same time , the Mutual Defense Assistance Control Act of 1951 , also known or referred to as the Battle Act , ( 65 Stat . 644 ; 22 U.S.C. 1611 et seq. ) was also passed ; it banned U.S. assistance to countries doing business with the Soviet Union and was so-named after its sponsor , Representative Laurie C. Battle of Alabama . Strong motivation for this ` control ' act also came from export control concerns , following their tightening by the Export control Act of 1949 over Soviet advances ; export controls were used for both domestic policy and later as an instrument of foreign policy . This is exemplified by the restrictions on export of certain strategic or military items to the Soviet bloc or to other countries which it felt , if permitted , would be detrimental to the foreign policy program of the US . This latter motive became so strong that it brought legislation directing the President to enlist the cooperation of other nations in enacting controls on trade with the Soviet block to parallel those of the United States . The benefits of the various economic and military aid programs were to be withheld from non-cooperating nations . The act covered a wide range of materials needed for the production of weapons , and was especially focused on anything that could aid atomic weapons research and construction .   As the Cold War developed , these acts were part of the American policy of containment of Communism . They importantly provided defense assistance to any ally that might be attacked by the Soviet Union or one of its allies , while other programs provided non-military economic assistance . In Asia the programs expanded with the newly established Maoist People 's Republic of China , and other areas , with the development of specific country missions , including ones in Austria ( 1947 -- 50 ) , China ( 1946 -- 48 ) , Ireland ( 1948 -- 51 ) , and Trieste ( 1947 -- 52 ) .

neg: Ciudad Evita Ciudad Evita ( Evita City ) is a city in La Matanza Partido , within the Greater Buenos Aires metro area . It currently has about 70,000 inhabitants , and is situated about 20 kilometers ( 13 mi ) from Downtown Buenos Aires and 6 kilometers ( 4 mi ) from Ministro Pistarini International Airport . The city has been declared a National Historic Monument of Argentina .   The city owes its name to the Eva Perón Foundation , which developed the initial settlement . Established in 1947 by Argentine President Juan Perón , his Decree No. 33221 stipulated that this new suburb of Buenos Aires be named after the namesake of the foundation , his wife Eva ( ' Evita ' ) Duarte de Perón . The city , whose original 15,000 homes were designed in a simplified Spanish Colonial Revival style favored during the Perón era , featured a layout purposely built in the shape of Eva 's profile , which seemingly waved to airline passengers from the nearby airport . This overt homage to the influential first lady prompted the city 's renaming as Ciudad General Belgrano following the military coup that deposed Perón in 1955 .   Despite these changes , the town , which was administered by the National Mortgage Bank following the coup , continued to grow , incorporating the Barrio Vemme ward between 1960 and 1967 . It was transferred to La Matanza Council in 1963 , and upon the return of Peronists to power in 1973 , it regained its Ciudad Evita designation . A second addition , Barrio Alas , was opened in 1974 for Argentine Air Force officers stationed at the Morón Air Base .   The March 1976 coup again led to a change of name for the town , to Ciudad General Martín Miguel de Güemes '' , until the return of democracy in 1983 . The city was chosen that year as the site of the Buenos Aires Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , inaugurated in 1986 .   Ciudad Evita was declared a National Historical Monument in 1997 .

neg: Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands During World War II , a series of Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands took place between November 1944 and January 1945 . These raids targeted United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) bases and sought to disrupt the bombing of Japan by B-29 Superfortress heavy bombers operating from the islands . The Japanese lost 37 aircraft during this operation , but destroyed 11 B-29s and damaged a further 43 . Preparations were also made for commando raids on the bases in early and mid-1945 but these did not go ahead .   While the attacks on the Mariana Islands did not seriously disrupt the USAAF air campaign , they had an effect on other American operations . After determining that the Japanese raiders were staging through Iwo Jima , American forces stepped up their attacks on that island . While the decision to invade Iwo Jima had been made before the raids commenced , stopping the attacks formed part of the justification for the landing . In addition , further air defense units were deployed to the Mariana Islands to protect the B-29 bases .

neg: McCollum memo The McCollum memo , also known as the Eight Action Memo was a memorandum , dated October 7 , 1940 ( more than a year before the Pearl Harbor attack ) , sent by Lieutenant Commander Arthur H. McCollum , who `` provided the president with intelligence reports on -LSB- Japan -RSB- ... -LSB- and oversaw -RSB- every intercepted and decoded Japanese military and diplomatic report destined for the White House '' in his capacity as director of the Office of Naval Intelligence 's Far East Asia section . It was sent to Navy Captains Dudley Knox , who agreed with the actions described within the memo , and Walter Stratton Anderson .   The memo outlined the general situation of several nations in World War II and recommended an eight-part course of action for the United States to take in regard to the Japanese Empire in the South Pacific , suggesting the United States provoke Japan into committing an `` overt act of war '' . The memo illustrates several people in the Office of Naval Intelligence promoted the idea of goading Japan into war : `` It is not believed that in the present state of political opinion the United States government is capable of declaring war against Japan without more ado -LSB- ... -RSB- If by -LSB- the elucidated eight-point plan -RSB- Japan could be led to commit an overt act of war , so much the better . ''   The McCollum memo was first widely disseminated with the publication of Robert Stinnett 's book Day of Deceit : The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor . Stinnett presents the memo as part of his argument the Roosevelt Administration conspired to secretly provoke the Japanese to attack the United States in order to bring the United States into the European war without generating public contempt over broken political promises . Roosevelt had recently issued a campaign promise the United States would not become entangled in Europe 's war under his watch . Stinnett omits to mention McCollum never had contact with Roosevelt , and Stinnett 's claims to the contrary are false . Moreover , Stinnett attributes to McCollum a position the position , quoting directly from Stinnett ; `` Lieutenant Commander McCollum 's five-page memorandum of October 1940 ( hereafter referred to as the eight-action memo ) put forward a startling plan -- a plan intended to engineer a situation that would mobilize a reluctant America into joining Britain 's struggle against the German armed forces then overrunning Europe . Its eight actions called for virtually inciting a Japanese attack on American ground , air , and naval forces in Hawaii , as well as on British and Dutch colonial outposts in the Pacific region . '' Many hold that McCollum expressly repudiated this position , in both a publication and McCollum 's own sworn testimony .


query: Just My Luck (2006 film) stars Chris Pine.

pos: Just My Luck (2006 film) Just My Luck is a 2006 American romantic comedy film directed by Donald Petrie and written by I. Marlene King and Amy B. Harris . The film stars Lindsay Lohan and Chris Pine as the main characters . Lohan stars as Ashley , the luckiest girl in Manhattan , New York . She loses her luck after kissing Jake , portrayed by Pine , at a masquerade bash .   The film features supporting roles by Samaire Armstrong , Faizon Love , Missi Pyle , and McFly , the English band whom Jake discovers in the film and tries to help by finding them a producer .

neg: I Do (2006 film) I Do ( Original title : Prête-moi ta main ) or Rent a Wife ( international working title ) , is a 2006 French romantic comedy directed by Éric Lartigau , based on an original idea by Alain Chabat . The film stars Charlotte Gainsbourg , Alain Chabat and Bernadette Lafont . It is Chabat and Gainsbourg 's third collaboration , after Ils se marièrent et eurent beaucoup d'enfants ( 2004 ) and The Science of Sleep ( 2006 ) .

neg: Dyllan Christopher Dyllan Christopher ( born December 12 , 1991 ) is an American actor . He played one of the five major roles in the 2006 film Unaccompanied Minors - Spencer , the leader of a group of kids who get stuck in an airport on Christmas . In the film , he worked alongside Quinn Shephard and Tyler James Williams .   Christopher was born Dyllan Christopher Fernandez in Los Angeles , California . His great-uncle is Hawaiian entertainer Augie Rey ( Fernandez ) . Dyllan was in the Hallmark Cards singing Christmas card commercials shown in December 2006 , and a KFC commercial as a grocery store employee , and appeared in Phil of the Future .   He also played the part of Ralphie Anderson in Stephen King 's Storm of the Century .   In 2009 , Christopher appeared in an Olive Garden commercial ad .   He also appeared in an episode of Bones in season 4 . As well as a minor role as Chick 's estranged Son in Armageddon .

neg: David Kranich David William Kranich ( born April 30 , 1972 ) is an American real estate agent and businessman . He ran for mayor of the District of Columbia in 2006 .   Raised in Hatboro , Pennsylvania , a suburb of Philadelphia , Kranich graduated from Pennsylvania State University with a degree in marketing . After moving to Washington , D.C. , in 1994 , he started a business selling , delivering , and setting up Christmas trees to people 's homes . Kranich also started a company called Kranich Consumer Products that sold a bottled smoothie drink made from strawberries , oranges , and bananas , which he called Kranich 's Fruitful Daze . When sales of Christmas trees slowed in 2001 , Kranich became a real estate agent .   In 2006 , Kranich declared his candidacy for mayor of the District of Columbia . Albert Ceccone and Dennis Moore both gathered signatures to run on the ballot as well , but after a challenge by Kranich , the District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics declared many of the signatures invalid . Consequently , neither Ceccone nor Moore had enough valid signatures to appear on the ballot , and only Kranich 's name appeared as running for mayor on the Republican primary ballot . Kranich received 65 % of the primary vote , giving him a place on the general election ballot .   Kranich favored a limited role for the government , believing that crime cameras , earlier youth curfews , and gun-buyback programs should not be used to reduce crime rates . He also supported the repeal of the District 's law banning handguns because he believed it has not reduced the crime rate . Kranich supported cutting income , sales , and property taxes , which he believed would make it more affordable for people to live in the District . While personally against abortion , Kranich supported keeping abortion legal . In order to improve education in the District , Kranich supported combining schools with low enrollments and asking the Council to allow the mayor to appoint the members of the Board of Education . Kranich favored full representation in the House of Representatives for the District .   Running as a Republican in a city where less than 8 % of voters are registered as Republicans , coverage of Kranich 's candidacy was sparse in local newspapers . On November 2 , 2006 , Washington Post Radio aired a debate between Kranich , Statehood-Green candidate , Chris Otten , and Democratic nominee Adrian Fenty .   In the general election , Kranich received 6 % of the vote and was defeated by Fenty who received 89 % of the vote .   In 2007 , Kranich held the position of vice chair of the Ward 2 Republicans and was also an alternate delegate in the Republican primary for Rudy Giuliani 's presidential campaign . Kranich is a member serving on the executive committee of the District of Columbia Republican Committee .

neg: Peanuts (2006 film) Peanuts is a 2006 Japanese film written and directed by Teruyoshi Uchimura .

neg: Chris Carlin Chris `` The Continent '' Carlin ( born September 16 , 1972 in Morristown , New Jersey ) is an American television and radio personality . Carlin is the co-host of Carlin & Reese on local Philadelphia sports radio station 94.1 WIP . Carlin joined the station in November 2016 , after 8 1/2 years on SNY , the TV home of the New York Mets .   While at SNY , Carlin co-hosted Loud Mouths , a PTI-esque sports debate program from its inception on March 24 , 2008 until his departure . Also , he and on-air partner Bob Ojeda co-hosted pre - and post-game telecasts for New York Mets games on SNY for 5 seasons , from 2009-2013 . He also hosted SportsNite , SNY 's nightly New York sports recap program .   Carlin is also the play-by-play voice for Rutgers football games , and from 2008-2016 he also called Rutgers Men 's Basketball games . He began at Rutgers as the sideline reporter for football in 2001 , and took over the play-by-play duties at Rutgers in 2004 when Tom McCarthy , the TV voice of the Philadelphia Phillies departed Rutgers .   Carlin spent the first 13 years of his professional career at WFAN in New York . Beginning as an intern in 1995 , he worked his way up to producer for the legendary `` Mike & The Mad Dog Show , '' co-hosted by Mike Francesa & Christopher ` Mad Dog ' Russo . Carlin produced the show for 6 1/2 years , during which time his on air role grew with the station . He briefly hosted overnights , and served as sports anchor on the ` Imus in the Morning ' program ( 2005-2007 ) & `` Boomer & Carton '' program ( 2007-2008 . ) In addition , he hosted `` The Morning Warmup , '' a one-hour preshow for Boomer & Carton .

neg: Expiration Date (film) Expiration Date ( 2006 ) is an independent black comedy film that won many film festival awards .

neg: The Darwin Awards (film) The Darwin Awards is a 2006 American adventure comedy film based on the website of the same name .   Written and directed by Finn Taylor , the film premiered January 25 , 2006 , at the Sundance Film Festival . The film features Joseph Fiennes , Winona Ryder , David Arquette , Juliette Lewis , Wilmer Valderrama , Chris Penn , Julianna Margulies , Robin Tunney , Lawrence Ferlinghetti , Brad Hunt , Adam Savage , Jamie Hyneman and Metallica . This was Chris Penn 's last movie before his death on January 24 , 2006 , the day before the film 's premiere . The film includes several full and partial re-enactments of `` Darwin Awards '' , the earliest of which were fictitious , most notably the debunked JATO Rocket Car story .

neg: Chris Barz Chris Barz ( stylized as `` x | | z '' , pronounced X Z ) is an American musician .  Chris began his love for music on a piano at the age of 3 . At the age of 11 he developed a passion for rapping , and freestyle cyphers which created a love for bars , rhyming and clever wordplay . Chris started recording songs on a boombox tape recorder . At the age of 12 he was introduced to an MPC2000 XL and started producing beats and writing songs in middle school . Chris played in many popular young go-go bands growing up in Prince George 's County , Maryland and the District of Columbia , including his own Go-Go band called `` Total Assault '' . One day , while headed to shoot a video , Chris was riding passenger of a vehicle that was struck by a truck and totaled . Surviving with minor injuries , only to be involved in a similar accident with a truck totaling the vehicle while riding to band practice in Washington D.C. a second time . Feeling like he had a third shot at life , Chris began to live a life dedicated to leaving a legacy through music . His first hip-hop/rap mixtape landed him as Complex magazine 's 10 New DMV Rappers to Watch Out For , XXL Magazine 's 15 DMV Artists You Need To Know , and The Washington Post . . His love for piano and composition has led him to score songs for movies and stage plays . The stage play `` 7 Layers Captive '' by Stacy Jewell Lewis won Best Play & Performance in Professional Theater and premiered at the John F Kennedy Center for Performing Arts . On Friday , November 27 , his collaboration with Chris Brown , the airy and sensual `` Just So You Know '' was released which was produced and written by the young virtuoso . Chris is planning to release his self-produced debut project `` Angels & Jets '' in 2016 .

neg: The Secret Life of Words The Secret Life of Words is a 2005 Spanish drama film written and directed by Isabel Coixet and starring Sarah Polley , Tim Robbins , Javier Cámara and Julie Christie . It was released on December 15 , 2006 .

neg: The Simpsons Movie The Simpsons Movie is a 2007 American animated comedy film based on the Fox television series The Simpsons . The film was directed by David Silverman , and stars the regular television cast of Dan Castellaneta , Julie Kavner , Nancy Cartwright , Yeardley Smith , Hank Azaria , Harry Shearer , Tress MacNeille , Pamela Hayden , Marcia Wallace , and Russi Taylor with guest appearances by Tom Hanks , Green Day , and Albert Brooks . The film follows Homer Simpson , whose irresponsibility gets the better of him when he pollutes the lake in Springfield after the town has cleaned it up following receipt of a warning from the Environmental Protection Agency . As the townspeople exile him and eventually his family abandons him , Homer works to redeem his folly by stopping Russ Cargill , the fictional head of the EPA , when he intends to destroy Springfield .   Previous attempts to create a The Simpsons film failed due to the lack of a script of appropriate length and production crew members . Eventually , producers James L. Brooks , Matt Groening , Al Jean , Richard Sakai , and Mike Scully began development of the film in 2001 . A writing team consisting of Brooks , Groening , Jean , Scully , Ian Maxtone-Graham , George Meyer , David Mirkin , Mike Reiss , Matt Selman , John Swartzwelder , and Jon Vitti was assembled . They conceived numerous plot ideas , with Groening 's being the one developed into a film . The script was re-written over a hundred times , and this creativity continued after the animation had begun in 2006 . This meant hours of finished material was cut , which included cameo roles from Erin Brockovich , Minnie Driver , Isla Fisher , Kelsey Grammer , and Edward Norton . Hanks and Green Day appeared in the final cut as themselves .   Tie-in promotions were made with several companies , including Burger King and 7-Eleven , the latter which transformed selected stores into Kwik-E-Marts . The film premiered in Springfield , Vermont , which had won the right to hold it through a competition organized by Fox . The film was a critical and commercial success , grossing over $ 527 million worldwide .

neg: Chris Coppola Christopher `` Chris '' Coppola is an American actor , voice artist , and comedian . He is best known for such movies as Friday the 13th , Far Cry , Postal , Loveless in Los Angeles , The Polar Express , and Beowulf . He also voiced Dancer in Santa Buddies and appeared in the episode `` Tailgate '' on the sitcom How I Met Your Mother .

neg: Groundhog Day (film) Groundhog Day is a 1993 American fantasy-comedy film directed by Harold Ramis , starring Bill Murray , Andie MacDowell , and Chris Elliott . It was written by Ramis and Danny Rubin , based on a story by Rubin . Murray plays Phil Connors , an arrogant Pittsburgh TV weatherman who , during an assignment covering the annual Groundhog Day event in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , finds himself caught in a time loop , repeating the same day again and again . After indulging in hedonism and committing suicide numerous times , he begins to re-examine his life and priorities .   On its release , Groundhog Day was a modest success and garnered generally positive reviews . It gained stronger appreciation among critics and film historians over time , and is now often listed among the best comedy films ever . It further entered into the public consciousness , where the term `` Groundhog Day '' can represent a situation that seems to repeat over and over in government and military arenas , as well as influencing other entertainment . In 2006 , the film was added to the United States National Film Registry as being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . A stage musical version of the film premiered in 2016 .

neg: My Lucky Star (TV series) My Lucky Star is a 2007 drama starring Jimmy Lin , Leon Jay Williams , and Yoo Ha-na . It was produced by Sanlih E-Television and directed by Chen Ming Zhang .   The series was first broadcast in Taiwan on free-to-air Taiwan Television ( TTV ) from 11 March 2007 to 22 July 2007 , every Sunday from 21:30 to 23:15 and cable TV Sanlih E-Television ( SETTV ) on 17 March 2007 to 28 July 2007 , every Saturday at 21:00 . The premiere episode on TTV achieved an average rating of 2.24 and peaked at 2.4 .

neg: Singapore Dreaming Singapore Dreaming is a 2006 film set in Singapore . The film follows the Loh family , a typical Singaporean working-class family , through their aspirations for a better life and the harsh reality that makes it difficult for them to fulfill these aspirations . The film is inspired by a 2000 essay , Paved with Good Intentions , that the writers of the film had written for the Singapore International Foundation . A concatenation of e-mails Singaporeans sent to writers Colin Goh and Woo Yen Yen on their life stories in relation to the Singaporean dream eventually led them to write , produce and direct Singapore Dreaming . The film stars Richard Low as Poh Huat , Alice Lim as Siew Luan , Serene Chen as Irene , Yeo Yann Yann as Mei , Lim Yu-Beng as CK and Dick Su as Seng .   The film was theatrically released on 7 September 2006 , and at one time ranked fifth on the Singapore box office . It won the Montblanc New Screenwriters Award at the 54th San Sebastián International Film Festival , and was the first Singaporean film to receive an IFFPA-recognised international feature film award . Owing to its nature as a Singapore-produced film , Singapore Dreaming received much attention from local viewers , film critics and public figures alike . It has received great praise from some local critics and public figures , most notably from S.R. Nathan , the President of Singapore .

neg: Simon Fields Simon Fields is a native of London and received his education at Stowe School . After graduation , he worked his way through the television commercial production ranks in London to become production manager for the Moving Picture Company . In 1978 , Fields became a producer for Jon Roseman Productions and moved to L.A. within a year to join its U.S. division . He , producer Paul Flattery and director Bruce Gowers . soon left to form Gowers , Fields , Flattery . In 1982 , Gowers Fields Flattery started representing director Steve Barron , of the UK company Limelight in the U.S. . In 1983 Fields left Gowers , Fields , Flattery with Barron to form the US version of Limelight , a company focused on music video , commercial and feature film production , with operations in Los Angeles and London . As president and CEO , Fields oversaw a television commercial division whose accounts included Calvin Klein , Nike and Budweiser , as well as producing the feature film Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . Limelight also became distinguished as a leader in music video production , working on projects with Michael Jackson , Madonna , Prince , Peter Gabriel , A-ha , David Bowie and others .   Toward the end of his twelve-year tenure with Limelight , Fields teamed with director Peter Chelsom in developing and producing feature films . Together they shepherded the Ned Beatty romantic comedy Hear My Song , the Buena Vista distributed Funny Bones starring Oliver Platt and Jerry Lewis ( which earned Fields and Chelsom a London Critics Circle Film Award for British Producer of the Year ) , The Mighty starring Elden Henson , Kieran Culkin and Sharon Stone , Miramax 's romantic comedy Serendipity starring John Cusack and Kate Beckinsale , and the romantic comedy Shall We Dance , starring Richard Gere , Susan Sarandon and Jennifer Lopez .   Through Nuyorican , Fields has produced several feature films and served as Executive Producer on many television productions : The crime drama Bordertown , starring Jennifer Lopez and Antonio Banderas , the Picture House release of El Cantante , the story of salsa pioneer Hector Lavoe , starring Lopez and Marc Anthony , and the Sony Pictures release of Feel the Noise , a drama set in New York & Puerto Rico . The company has also produced Dancelife , a dance competition reality series for MTV . Nuyorican also has non-scripted/reality division , and had its first series South Beach Tow premiere on TruTV in July 2011 . Simon Fields currently resides in Los Angeles with his wife Melanie and two children .

neg: Déjà Vu (2006 film) Déjà Vu ( stylised onscreen without accents ) is a 2006 American science fiction thriller film directed by Tony Scott , written by Bill Marsilii and Terry Rossio , and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer . The film stars Denzel Washington , Paula Patton , Jim Caviezel , Val Kilmer , Adam Goldberg and Bruce Greenwood . It involves an ATF agent who travels back in time in attempts to prevent a domestic terrorist attack that takes place in New Orleans and to save a woman with whom he falls in love . Filming took place in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina .   The film was premiered in New York City on November 20 , 2006 , and released widely in the United States and Canada two days later on November 22 , 2006 . It received mixed reviews from critics , and earning $ 64 million in the United States and $ 180 million worldwide . It was the 23rd most successful film worldwide for 2006 . The film was nominated for five awards , and also won the Golden Reel Award .

neg: Chris Wilson (golfer) Chris Wilson ( born October 16 , 1984 ) is an American professional golfer .   Wilson was born in Columbus , Ohio . He played college golf at Northwestern University and won the Big Ten Championship in 2006 . He graduated in 2007 and turned professional .   Wilson played on the PGA Tour in 2010 after earning his card at Qualifying school . His best finish was T-51 at the Valero Texas Open ; he only made seven cuts in 26 events and lost his PGA Tour privileges . He played on the Web.com Tour in 2012 and won his first tour event in August at the Price Cutter Charity Championship .

neg: Piney Orchard, Maryland Piney Orchard is an unincorporated community within Odenton , Maryland . Piney Orchard began as a Planned Unit Development , and was a project of the Constellation Real Estate Group , Inc. , a wholly owned subsidiary of the Constellation Energy Group , which itself , is now owned by Exelon .   Construction of the community began in 1991 , although groundbreaking for what was to become the Nature Preserve started in 1987 , when Constellation Real Estate Group began the effort to restore wetlands in an area which had been mined for sand and gravel in the 1940s and 1950s . Several mitigation projects , the term used for this restoration , followed in five phases to replace wetlands filled in by the development of the community , and included the building and enhancement of five large ponds and the planting of shrubs , trees , and grasses native to the area . The Army Corps of Engineers , which oversees such efforts , monitored the progress of the mitigation sites until 1995 , when it was determined the efforts had been successful . In 1996 , the Piney Orchard Nature Preserve was officially opened .   More than 3500 housing units have been built in Piney Orchard and approximately 8500 residents live there . Constellation turned over the day-to-day supervision of Piney Orchard to the homeowners of the community in 2005 . The Piney Orchard Community Association , or `` POCA '' as it is known , arranges several community-wide social activities and collects annual fees from all homeowners to maintain the aesthetic qualities of the community .   Piney Orchard Ice Arena , located at the corner of Piney Orchard Boulevard and Riverscape Drive , had been the practice site for the Washington Capitals ice hockey team until 2006 , when they moved to their newly built practice facility , Kettler Capitals Iceplex in Arlington , Virginia .

neg: The Treatment (2006 film) The Treatment is an American romantic comedy film released in 2006 starring Chris Eigeman and Famke Janssen and produced and directed by Oren Rudavsky .   It is based on a novel with the same title by Daniel Menaker .

neg: The Endless Summer The Endless Summer is a seminal 1966 surf movie ( the initial release was in 1964 , world-wide release was 1966 ) .   Filmmaker/narrator Bruce Brown follows two surfers , Mike Hynson and Robert August , on a surfing trip around the world . Despite the balmy climate of their native California , cold ocean currents make local beaches inhospitable during the winter . They travel to the coasts of Australia , New Zealand , Tahiti , Hawaii , Senegal , Ghana , Nigeria and South Africa in a quest for new surf spots and introduce locals to the sport . Other important surfers of the time , such as Miki Dora , Phil Edwards and Butch Van Artsdalen also appear .   Its title comes from the idea , expressed at both the beginning and end of the film , that if one had enough time and money it would be possible to follow the summer up and down the world ( northern to southern hemisphere and back ) , making it endless . The concept of the film was born through the suggestion of a travel agent to Bruce Brown during the planning stages of the film . The travel agent suggested that the flight from Los Angeles to Cape Town , South Africa and back would cost $ 50 more than a trip circumnavigating the world . After which , Bruce came up with the idea of following the summer season by traveling up and down the world .   The narrative presentation eases from the stiff and formal documentary of the 1950s and early 1960s to a more casual and fun-loving personal style filled with sly humor . The surf rock soundtrack to the film was provided by The Sandals . The `` Theme to the Endless Summer '' was written by Gaston Georis and John Blakeley of the Sandals . It has become one of the best known film themes in the surf movie genre .   When the movie was first shown , it encouraged many surfers to go abroad , giving birth to the `` surf-and-travel '' culture , with prizes for finding `` uncrowded surf '' , meeting new people and riding the perfect wave . It also introduced the sport , which had become popular outside of Hawaii and the Polynesian Islands in places like California and Australia , to a broader audience . In addition , it set the style for later surf-and-travel movies , including Momentum , ( These Are ) Better Days , and Thicker Than Water .