query: Rich Girl (Gwen Stefani song) had a sales certification.

pos: Music recording sales certification Music recording sales certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped or sold a certain number of copies . The threshold quantity varies by type ( such as album , single , music video ) and by nation or territory ( see List of music recording certifications ) .   Almost all countries follow variations of the RIAA certification categories , which are named after precious materials ( gold , platinum and diamond ) .   The number of sales or shipments required for these awards depends upon the population of the territory in which the recording is released . Typically , they are awarded only to international releases and are awarded individually for each country in which the album is sold . Different sales levels , some perhaps 10 times lower than others , may exist for different music media ( for example : videos versus albums , singles , or downloads ) .

pos: Rich Girl (Gwen Stefani song) `` Rich Girl '' is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album , Love . Angel . Music . Baby . ( 2004 ) . Produced by Dr. Dre , the track features American rapper Eve , and is a remake of Louchie Lou & Michie One 's 1993 song of the same name , which is in turn an adaptation of the Fiddler on the Roof song `` If I Were a Rich Man '' . Stefani says the song discusses her dreams of fame and riches from the perspective of `` when she was just an Orange County girl '' .   The last song to be included on the album , `` Rich Girl '' was released as the album 's second single in late 2004 to mixed reviews from music critics . It was a commercial success , reaching the top 10 on most of the charts it entered . In the United States , `` Rich Girl '' was certified gold , and it received a nomination for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration at the 47th Grammy Awards .

neg: MTV Party to Go 1998 MTV Party To Go '98 was the eleventh album in the MTV Party To Go series . The album was certified gold on February 23 , 1998 , by the RIAA .

neg: Girl on TV `` Girl On TV '' is a song written and recorded by the American boy band LFO . It was released in November 1999 , from their album LFO . The song was also their second single and peaked at number 10 in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 on November 30 ( after reaching the Top 40 on November 16 ) and number 6 in the UK , where it was their biggest hit . `` Girl on TV '' was certified Gold by RIAA in 2000 for the shipment of over 500,000 copies in the US .

neg: Platinum & Gold Collection (Toni Braxton album) Platinum & Gold Collection , released in 2004 , is the second greatest hits compilation by Toni Braxton , following Ultimate Toni Braxton released in 2003 . It is a budget CD with fewer songs than Ultimate , but it has the remix versions of some songs . Although the album was not given a proper release in the United States and is considered an international release , it has sold 281,518 copies in the US as of February 2012 .

neg: Lil Freak `` Lil Freak '' is a song by American recording artist Usher , taken from his sixth studio album , Raymond v. Raymond . Featuring guest vocals by Trinidadian recording artist Nicki Minaj , the song was written by her , Usher , Ester Dean , Blac Elvis and Polow da Don , the latter two producing the track . Its hook is based on a manipulated sample of American soul musician Stevie Wonder 's 1973 hit , `` Living for the City '' . `` Lil Freak '' was released as the second single from the album in the United States and Canada on March 2 , 2010 .   Carrying a dark tone , composed of heavy bass beats derived from R&B and hip hop music , the lyrics are about the thrill of orchestrating a ménage à trois in a club . The song received positive reviews from critics who complimented its sensual nature . It peaked at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and eight on the Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Songs , becoming Usher 's 16th top ten hit on the latter chart . The song 's accompanying music video has a secret society concept , dealing with an underground club , playing on the storyline of the song .

neg: Major Key (album) Major Key ( stylized as Major ð ''` ) is the ninth studio album by DJ Khaled . It was released on July 29 , 2016 , by We the Best Music Group and Epic Records . The album features guest appearances from Future , Big Sean , Rick Ross , Jay Z , Drake , Nas , Kendrick Lamar , Betty Wright , J. Cole , Bryson Tiller , Nicki Minaj , Chris Brown , August Alsina , Jeremih , Kodak Black , Jeezy , French Montana , YG , Yo Gotti , Gucci Mane , 2 Chainz , Jadakiss , Fabolous , Fat Joe , Busta Rhymes , Kent Jones , Travis Scott , Lil Wayne , Meghan Trainor , Wiz Khalifa , Wale and Mavad   The album was supported by four singles , `` For Free '' , `` I Got the Keys '' , `` Holy Key '' and `` Do You Mind '' . Major Key received generally positive reviews from critics and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 . The album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in November 2016 . It received a Grammy nomination for Best Rap Album .

neg: List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 1981 The Billboard 200 , published in Billboard magazine , is a weekly chart that ranks the 200 highest-selling music albums and EPs in the United States . Before Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales in 1991 , Billboard estimated the sales for the album charts from a representative sampling of record stores nationwide , which was gathered by telephone , fax or messenger service . The data was based on reports from record stores , who ranked the popularity of the best-selling records but did not provide an actual sales figures .

neg: Miss Me `` Miss Me '' is the third single by Canadian recording artist Drake from his debut album Thank Me Later . The song features label mate and Young Money founder Lil Wayne . It was produced by Drake 's long-time collaborators Boi-1da and 40 . It debuted and peaked at number fifteen on Billboard , becoming the third consecutive track to attain chart success from the album . On March 30 , 2011 , the track was certified Gold by the RIAA for sales of 500,000 copies in the US .

neg: The Real Thing (Gwen Stefani song) `` The Real Thing '' is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album , Love . Angel . Music . Baby . ( 2004 ) . It was written by Stefani , Linda Perry , and her then-husband Gavin Rossdale , who is credited as `` GMR '' . Nellee Hooper produced the song , with Mark `` Spike '' Stent serving as an additional producer . An Europop and synthpop ballad , `` The Real Thing '' talks about mutual love between two lovers . Interscope Records released the track as a promotional single exclusively in the Philippines a year after the album 's release . It was released as a CD single that featured a remix by the music duo Wendy & Lisa . The remix was also included on the deluxe edition of L.A.M.B. , as well as on the international version of the album .   After its release , `` The Real Thing '' received generally favorable reviews from critics . Critics appreciated the `` vintage '' production of the song and labeled it a stand-out track on the album , while also noting its New Order influence . Stefani performed the single throughout her 2005 Harajuku Lovers Tour in a vintage red bathing suit along with a group of breakdancers and the Harajuku Girls . The live performance was praised and compared to similar works by Madonna and Cyndi Lauper .

neg: Around the Way Girl `` Around the Way Girl '' is a hit single by LL Cool J from his 1990 album Mama Said Knock You Out .   This is a rap about LL searching for a girl who is streetwise to form a relationship with . The entire song describes the exact features of what he is looking for in this particular girl . For example , he constantly repeats the line `` I need an around the way girl '' through out the entire rap . The single samples Mary Jane Girls ' `` All Night Long '' , Keni Burke 's `` Risin ' to the Top '' , and The Honey Drippers ' `` Impeach the President '' , which is used as the main instrumental element of the song . It is also noted that this song is an early example of the high pitched sample rap . Around the Way Girl later appeared on LL Cool J 's 1996 greatest hits album , All World : Greatest Hits .   `` Around the Way Girl '' peaked at # 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming his first top 10 single . It also was a hit on the R&B and dance music charts , where it peaked at # 5 and # 7 respectively . The RIAA certified `` Around the Way Girl '' Gold on January 15 , 1991 for sales of over 500,000 copies .

neg: Raja Kumari Svetha Rao ( born January 11 , 1986 ) , professionally known as Raja Kumari ( ` The daughter of the king ' in Tamil ) , is an Indian American songwriter , rapper and recording artist from Claremont , California . Kumari is best known for her collaboration with notable artists including Gwen Stefani , Iggy Azalea , Fifth Harmony , Knife Party , and Fall Out Boy . She is also notable for receiving as a songwriter , the BMI Pop Awards in 2016 , being nominated to a Grammy award in February 2015 , and featuring on BBC Asian Network programme Bobby Friction on July 5 , 2016 .

neg: Do Somethin' `` Do Somethin '' is a song recorded by American singer Britney Spears for her first greatest hits album , Greatest Hits : My Prerogative ( 2004 ) . It was written and produced by Christian Karlsson and Pontus Winnberg ( known collectively as Bloodshy & Avant ) , with additional writing by Henrik Jonback and Angela Hunte . Originally , the song was never intended to be released as a single . Spears , however , wanted to shoot a music video for it , and had to convince her record company . It was then released on February 14 , 2005 by Jive Records as the second single from the album worldwide except North America . The rock-influenced dance-pop song features usage of electric guitars , and its lyrics allude to having a good time and not caring about other people 's judgement .   `` Do Somethin' '' received generally favorable reviews from critics , and received comparisons to Gwen Stefani 's 2004 single `` What You Waiting For ? '' . Although the single was not released in the United States , it charted on many of Billboards component charts due to digital downloads , managing to reach number 100 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was also successful worldwide , reaching top ten positions in countries such as Australia , Denmark , Sweden and the United Kingdom . By the end of 2005 , `` Do Somethin' '' was one of the best-selling singles in Australia and Belgium that year .   An accompanying music video , co-directed by Billie Woodruff and Spears , who is credited as her alter ego `` Mona Lisa '' , portrays the singer and four female friends dancing and performing in a nightclub . The usage of a Louis Vuitton dashboard in the video resulted in a lawsuit against Jive Records , which ended with Louis Vuitton winning $ 80,000 in damages . The video was also banned in all European TV channels . Spears performed `` Do Somethin' '' during the The M+M 's Tour in 2007 , The Circus Starring Britney Spears in 2009 and Britney : Piece of Me in 2013 -- 17 .

neg: The Sweet Escape (song) `` The Sweet Escape '' is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her second studio album of the same name ( 2006 ) . It was written by Stefani , Akon , and Giorgio Tuinfort . Akon , who is also a featured artist , developed the song 's beat before collaborating with Stefani . He designed it based on her previous work with No Doubt , and Stefani later commented that it put her `` on the yellow brick road to the No Doubt record I might do '' . `` The Sweet Escape '' is an apology for a fight between two lovers and describes a dream of a pleasant life for them . As the album 's title track , its title was chosen to help market Stefani 's music and fashion lines .   The song received generally positive reviews from contemporary music critics , though there was a negative response to Akon 's presence as a featured artist . `` The Sweet Escape '' was released as the album 's second single on December 19 , 2006 and was commercially successful in mainstream and adult contemporary markets . It reached the top 10 of most singles charts and topped the New Zealand Singles Chart . The song was nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the 50th Grammy Awards . In the song 's accompanying music video , Stefani attempts to escape from a golden prison .

neg: Make It Last Forever (album) Make It Last Forever is the debut album of American R&B recording artist Keith Sweat . It was recorded at INS Recording and Power Play Studios in New York City . Released on November 24 , 1987 , the album went to # 1 on the Top R&B Albums chart for three weeks ( and topped the Billboard Year-End R&B chart for 1988 ) , and # 5 on the Billboard 200 . Make It Last Forever was one of the earliest R&B albums to showcase the up-and-coming new jack swing sound , as it was mostly produced by Sweat himself and music producer Teddy Riley .   The album 's biggest hit was `` I Want Her '' , a # 5 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 and the first # 1 R&B hit for Sweat . The title track ( a duet with Jacci McGhee ) followed `` I Want Her '' , making the # 2 R&B spot , while `` Do n't Stop Your Love '' and `` Something Just Ai n't Right '' were also major top ten hits on the Billboard R&B charts . In addition , album tracks such as `` Right and a Wrong Way '' and `` How Deep is Your Love '' received substantial radio airplay and can still be heard on quiet storm format stations . On April 6 , 1994 , Make It Last Forever was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America , for shipments of three million copies in the United States . The single `` I Want Her '' was certified gold by the RIAA on June 13 , 1989 , for shipments of 500,000 copies in the US .

neg: List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 2007 The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the United States . Published by Billboard magazine , the data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single 's weekly physical and digital sales , and airplay . In 2007 , 17 singles reached the top spot on the chart . An 18th single , Beyoncé Knowles ' `` Irreplaceable '' , began a run at the top in 2006 which continued into 2007 .   In 2007 , eight acts achieved their first US number-one single , either as a lead artist or featured guest : Maroon 5 , Avril Lavigne , Mims , Plain White T 's , Sean Kingston , Soulja Boy Tell 'Em , T-Pain , and Yung Joc . Producer Timbaland earned his first number-one single as lead artist with `` Give It to Me '' ; he had previously appeared as featured guest on singer Nelly Furtado 's number-one single `` Promiscuous '' . T-Pain , Justin Timberlake , Nelly Furtado and Fergie each earned two number-one singles , either as a lead artist or featured guest .   Three number-one singles tied for the longest run on the chart in 2007 : Knowles ' `` Irreplaceable '' , Rihanna 's `` Umbrella '' , and Soulja Boy Tell 'Em 's `` Crank That ( Soulja Boy ) '' all topped the chart for seven weeks ; the last of these was non-consecutive . However , `` Irreplaceable '' , which started its peak position in three issues the previous year , is credited to by Billboard magazine as 2006 's longest-running single . To this effect , `` Umbrella '' and `` Crank That ( Soulja Boy ) '' are the longest-running singles of 2007 . Other singles with extended chart runs include singer Alicia Keys ' `` No One '' which stayed at number one for five straight weeks .   `` Irreplaceable '' is the best-performing single of the calendar year , topping the Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2007 for seven consecutive weeks . Band Maroon 5 's `` Makes Me Wonder '' is noted for its jump from 64th to 1st place on the Billboard Hot 100 , making it the largest leap of 2007 . `` Umbrella '' , which occupied the top slot for seven of summer 's thirteen weeks , has been credited by the music press as 2007 's Song of the Summer .

neg: Dance/Electronic Digital Songs Dance/Electronic Digital Songs is a weekly chart that ranks the best-selling digital dance and electronic singles in the United States , according to Billboard . Although it originally started tracking singles the week of January 2 , 2010 , it did not become an official chart until the issue dated April 3 , 2010 .   The Dance/Electronic Digital Songs chart tracks the 50 most popular downloaded dance music singles , including tracks that are exclusively available online only . This chart also includes previously released dance and disco songs that became available for downloading , which means that songs like `` You Spin Me Round ( Like a Record ) '' by Dead or Alive are eligible to chart .   On January 17 , 2013 , Billboard added a new chart , Dance/Electronic Songs , which tracks the 50 most popular Dance and Electronic singles and tracks based on club play , single sales , radio airplay , digital downloads , and online streaming . As such , this chart serves as the main component for the Dance Club Songs , Dance/Mix Show Airplay , Dance Single Sales , and Dance/Electronic Digital Songs charts .   The chart 's first number one was `` Bad Romance '' by Lady Gaga in the January 23 , 2010 issue and Gaga 's songs spent so far ( as December , 2014 ) a total of 1025 weeks on the chart . The chart 's longest running number-one is `` Bulletproof '' by La Roux , reigning at the lead position for 18 consecutive weeks .

neg: Cool for the Summer `` Cool for the Summer '' is a song by American singer Demi Lovato . It serves as the lead single from her fifth studio album , Confident ( 2015 ) . The song was released on July 1 , 2015 , by Hollywood , and Island Records , and made its radio premiere on the same date via Republic Records . Lovato co-wrote `` Cool for the Summer '' with Alexander Erik Kronlund , Savan Kotecha , and the song 's producers Max Martin and Ali Payami . Musically , it has a rock styled edge over an electronic instrumental arrangement . The song has garnered attention for its bi-curious insinuations and sexually suggestive lyrics .   Critics praised `` Cool for the Summer '' for its production and bi-curious lyrical content . It was included on several year-end lists and received nominations for the MTV Video Music Awards and 2015 Teen Choice Awards in the `` Song Of The Summer '' category . The song received an award for being one of the most performed songs of 2015 at the ASCAP Pop Music Awards . Commercially `` Cool for the Summer '' had a positive reception . In United States the song debuted at number 36 on the Billboard Hot 100 dated July 18 , 2015 , selling 80,000 copies in its first charting week . It entered the Hot 100 's top 20 on the chart dated August 15 , 2015 , and peaked at number 11 , becoming Lovato 's third highest chart position . The song also reached number one on the Dance Club Songs chart . It was certified double-platinum by RIAA .   `` Cool for the Summer '' has also topped the charts in Greece and peaked within the top 10 in Belgium , the Czech Republic , Lebanon , Mexico , New Zealand , and the United Kingdom as well as the top 20 in Australia , Canada , Ireland , Slovakia , and Spain . Its music video was directed by Hannah Lux Davis and released on July 23 , 2015 . It received positive reviews from critics , who praised the singer 's sensuality and artistic growth . To promote the song , Lovato performed it at pool parties after its release . She also promoted the song on several TV programs such as The Voice , Sunrise , the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards , Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , and Saturday Night Live .

neg: Just like You (Keyshia Cole album) Just Like You is the second studio album by American R&B singer Keyshia Cole . The album was released on September 25 , 2007 through Geffen Records . It was nominated for Best Contemporary R&B Album at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards that was held February 2008 , but lost to Ne-Yo 's Because of You . As of December 2007 , the album has been certified platinum in sales by the Recording Industry Association of America and remains Cole 's highest-selling album to date with 1.7 million copies sold .

neg: Get Rich or Die Tryin' (soundtrack) Get Rich or Die Tryin ' : Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture is the soundtrack to the 2005 film of the same name , released on November 8 , 2005 on G-Unit and Interscope Records . It features artists on the G-Unit label such as 50 Cent , Lloyd Banks , Young Buck , Tony Yayo , Olivia , and Mobb Deep . The album sold 320,000 copies in the first week , debuting behind country singer Kenny Chesney 's The Road and the Radio . In December 2005 , the RIAA certified the album Platinum . To date , the album has sold over three million copies worldwide .

neg: Stefanie Heinzmann discography Swiss recording artist Stefanie Heinzmann has released four regular studio albums and fourteen singles on Universal Music Domestic . In 2008 , Heinzmann won SSDSDSSWEMUGABRTLAD , a talent contest hosted in Stefan Raab 's Late-Night-Show TV total on the German ProSieben network , and was subsequently offered a recording contract with Universal Music Domestic . Her final song `` My Man Is a Mean Man '' debuted straight on top of the Swiss Singles Chart and reached the top ten in Austria and Germany , where it became a successful airplay hit during the following months . Her debut album Masterplan , primarily produced by Paul NZA and Marek Pompetzki , was released on March 7 , 2008 , throughout German-speaking Europe . Just as the singles , it made it to the top ten in Austria and Germany and also debuted atop the album charts in Switzerland , where it was certified platinum by the IFPI for 30,000 copies sold .   In September 2009 , Heinzmann 's second album Roots to Grow was released . Albeit less successful commercially than her previous release , it peaked at number four on the Swiss Albums Chart and made it to the top twenty in Germany . Leading single `` No One ( Can Ever Change My Mind ) '' reached the top thirty of the Swiss Single Chart . Following a longer hiatus , Heinzmann released her self-titled third album in 2012 . The album 's first offering , `` Diggin ' in the Dirt '' reached number six in Switzerland as well as the top twenty and top thirty in Germany and Switzerland respectively , marking her highest-charting single since `` My Man Is a Mean Man '' . Equally successful , Stefanie Heinzmann became a top ten success in both Switzerland and Germany .

neg: Candy Girl (New Edition song) `` Candy Girl '' is an R&B song by boy band New Edition . Released in November 1982 , it was the first single from their debut album of the same name . It hit number one in the UK Singles Chart in May 1983 , becoming the 31st best selling single of the year there .


query: George Orwell is not a writer.

pos: The Road to Wigan Pier The Road to Wigan Pier is a book by the British writer George Orwell , first published in 1937 . The first half of this work documents his sociological investigations of the bleak living conditions among the working class in Lancashire and Yorkshire in the industrial north of England before World War II . The second half is a long essay on his middle-class upbringing , and the development of his political conscience , questioning British attitudes towards socialism . Orwell states plainly that he himself is in favour of socialism , but feels it necessary to point out reasons why many people who would benefit from socialism , and should logically support it , are in practice likely to be strong opponents .   According to Orwell biographer Bernard Crick , publisher Victor Gollancz first tried to persuade Orwell 's agent to allow the Left Book Club edition to consist solely of the descriptive first half of the book . When this was refused Gollancz wrote an introduction to the book . `` Victor could not bear to reject it , even though his suggestion that the ` repugnant ' second half should be omitted from the Club edition was turned down . On this occasion Victor , albeit nervously , did overrule Communist Party objections in favour of his publishing instinct . His compromise was to publish the book with -LSB- an introduction -RSB- full of good criticism , unfair criticism , and half-truths . ''   The book grapples , `` with the social and historical reality of Depression suffering in the north of England , -- Orwell does not wish merely to enumerate evils and injustices , but to break through what he regards as middle-class oblivion , -- Orwell 's corrective to such falsity comes first by immersion of his own body -- a supreme measure of truth for Orwell -- directly into the experience of misery . ''

pos: Nineteen Eighty-Four Nineteen Eighty-Four , often published as 1984 , is a dystopian novel published in 1949 by English author George Orwell .  The novel is set in Airstrip One ( formerly known as Great Britain ) , a province of the superstate Oceania in a world of perpetual war , omnipresent government surveillance , and public manipulation . The superstate and its residents are dictated to by a political regime euphemistically named English Socialism , shortened to `` Ingsoc '' in Newspeak , the government 's invented language . The superstate is under the control of the privileged elite of the Inner Party , a party and government that persecutes individualism and independent thinking as `` thoughtcrime '' , which is enforced by the `` Thought Police '' .   The tyranny is ostensibly overseen by Big Brother , the Party leader who enjoys an intense cult of personality , but who may not even exist . The Party `` seeks power entirely for its own sake . It is not interested in the good of others ; it is interested solely in power . '' The protagonist of the novel , Winston Smith , is a member of the Outer Party , who works for the Ministry of Truth ( or Minitrue in Newspeak ) , which is responsible for propaganda and historical revisionism . His job is to rewrite past newspaper articles , so that the historical record always supports the party line . The instructions that the workers receive portray the corrections as fixing misquotations and never as what they really are : forgeries and falsifications . A large part of the Ministry also actively destroys all documents that have not been edited and do not contain the revisions ; in this way , no proof exists that the government is lying . Smith is a diligent and skillful worker but secretly hates the Party and dreams of rebellion against Big Brother . The heroine of the novel , Julia , is based on Orwell 's second wife , Sonia Orwell .   As literary political fiction and dystopian science-fiction , Nineteen Eighty-Four is a classic novel in content , plot and style . Many of its terms and concepts , such as Big Brother , doublethink , thoughtcrime , Newspeak , Room 101 , telescreen , 2 + 2 = 5 , and memory hole , have entered into common use since its publication in 1949 . Nineteen Eighty-Four popularised the adjective Orwellian , which describes official deception , secret surveillance , and manipulation of recorded history by a totalitarian or authoritarian state . In 2005 , the novel was chosen by Time magazine as one of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005 . It was awarded a place on both lists of Modern Library 100 Best Novels , reaching number 13 on the editor 's list , and 6 on the readers ' list . In 2003 , the novel was listed at number 8 on the BBC 's survey The Big Read .

pos: George Orwell Eric Arthur Blair ( 25 June 1903 -- 21 January 1950 ) , better known by his pen name George Orwell , was an English novelist , essayist , journalist , and critic . His work is marked by lucid prose , awareness of social injustice , opposition to totalitarianism , and outspoken support of democratic socialism .   Orwell wrote literary criticism , poetry , fiction , and polemical journalism . He is best known for the allegorical novella Animal Farm ( 1945 ) and the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four ( 1949 ) . His non-fiction works , including The Road to Wigan Pier ( 1937 ) , documenting his experience of working class life in the north of England , and Homage to Catalonia ( 1938 ) , an account of his experiences in the Spanish Civil War , are widely acclaimed , as are his essays on politics , literature , language , and culture . In 2008 , The Times ranked him second on a list of `` The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 '' .   Orwell 's work continues to influence popular and political culture , and the term Orwellian -- descriptive of totalitarian or authoritarian social practices -- has entered the language together with many of his neologisms , including cold war , Big Brother , Thought Police , Room 101 , memory hole , newspeak , doublethink , and thoughtcrime .

pos: Animal Farm Animal Farm is an allegorical novella by George Orwell , first published in England on 17 August 1945 . According to Orwell , the book reflects events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and then on into the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union . Orwell , a democratic socialist , was a critic of Joseph Stalin and hostile to Moscow-directed Stalinism , an attitude that was critically shaped by his experiences during the Spanish Civil War . The Soviet Union , he believed , had become a brutal dictatorship , built upon a cult of personality and enforced by a reign of terror . In a letter to Yvonne Davet , Orwell described Animal Farm as a satirical tale against Stalin ( `` un conte satirique contre Staline '' ) , and in his essay `` Why I Write '' ( 1946 ) , wrote that Animal Farm was the first book in which he tried , with full consciousness of what he was doing , `` to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole '' .   The original title was Animal Farm : A Fairy Story ; U.S. publishers dropped the subtitle when it was published in 1946 , and only one of the translations during Orwell 's lifetime kept it . Other titular variations include subtitles like `` A Satire '' and `` A Contemporary Satire '' . Orwell suggested the title Union des républiques socialistes animales for the French translation , which abbreviates to URSA , the Latin word for `` bear '' , a symbol of Russia . It also played on the French name of the Soviet Union , Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques .   Orwell wrote the book between November 1943 and February 1944 , when the UK was in its wartime alliance with the Soviet Union and the British people and intelligentsia held Stalin in high esteem , a phenomenon Orwell hated . The manuscript was initially rejected by a number of British and American publishers , including one of Orwell 's own , Victor Gollancz , which delayed its publication . It became a great commercial success when it did appear partly because international relations were transformed as the wartime alliance gave way to the Cold War .   Time magazine chose the book as one of the 100 best English-language novels ( 1923 to 2005 ) ; it also featured at number 31 on the Modern Library List of Best 20th-Century Novels . It won a Retrospective Hugo Award in 1996 , and is included in the Great Books of the Western World selection .

neg: List of Oxfordian theory supporters This is a list of confirmed public supporters of the Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship , which was first promulgated in 1920 .   Percy Allen -- journalist , theatre historian  Mark Anderson -- journalist , researcher , author , astrophysicist  Charles Wisner Barrell -- researcher , author  Chris Barron -- American musician , singer , song writer and poet  Charles Beauclerk , Earl of Burford -- writer  Charles Sidney Beauclerk -- Jesuit priest  Louis P. Bénézet -- American school reformer  Harry Blackmun -- U.S. Supreme Court Justice  Marjorie Bowen -- British historian , biographer , novelist  Gelett Burgess -- author , critic , poet , artist  John Byrne -- British-born Canadian-American comic book artist and writer  Michael Chiklis -- actor  Montagu William Douglas -- soldier and colonial administrator .  Roland Emmerich -- film director , screenwriter , producer ; producer and director of Anonymous ( 2011 )  William Farina -- biographer , nonfiction researcher and author , essayist  Bert Fields -- lawyer and writer  Sigmund Freud -- pioneer of psychoanalysis  Sir John Gielgud -- Shakespearean actor , president of the International Shakespeare Association 1974 -- 2000  Michael H. Hart -- astrophysicist , author of The 100 : A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History  Warren Hope -- academic , university English professor , author  Christmas Humphreys -- British barrister , judge , author , Buddhist scholar  Jeremy Irons -- actor  Sir Derek Jacobi -- Shakespearean actor , director  Richard Kennedy -- American children 's book writer  J. Thomas Looney -- British school teacher , researcher , author  David McCullough -- historian , author , biographer  Paul Nitze -- longtime high-ranking U.S. government official and Presidential advisor , ambassador  Charlton Greenwood Ogburn -- lawyer  Charlton Ogburn -- investigative journalist , researcher , author  John Orloff -- screenwriter  Gerald Henry Rendall -- professor of Greek  Mark Rylance -- Shakespearean actor and director , director of Shakespeare 's Globe Theatre 1995 -- 2005  Antonin Scalia -- U.S. Supreme Court Justice  Joseph Sobran -- journalist , author , researcher  John Paul Stevens -- U.S. Supreme Court Justice  Roger Stritmatter -- Professor of Humanities at Coppin State University and the general editor of Brief Chronicles  Peter A. Sturrock -- British astrophysicist , Stanford University professor of applied physics , Arctowski Medalist , author of AKA Shakespeare : A Scientific Approach to the Authorship Question  Bernard Mordaunt Ward -- military officer , author  Alexander Waugh -- writer  Michael York -- actor

neg: Politics (magazine 1944–1949) politics was a journal founded and edited by Dwight Macdonald from 1944 to 1949 .   Macdonald had previously been editor at Partisan Review from 1937 to 1943 , but after falling out with its publishers , quit to start politics as a rival publication , first on a monthly basis and then as a quarterly .   politics published essays on politics and culture and included among its contributors James Agee , John Berryman , Bruno Bettelheim , Paul Goodman , C. Wright Mills , Mary McCarthy , Marianne Moore , Irving Howe , Daniel Bell , Hannah Arendt .   The journal reflected Macdonald 's interest in European culture . He used politics to introduce US readers to the thinking of the French philosopher Simone Weil , publishing several articles by her , including `` A Poem of Force '' , her reflections on the Iliad . He also printed work by Albert Camus . Another European , the Italian political and literary critic Nicola Chiaromonte , was also given space in the journal .   politics was also Macdonald 's vehicle for his repeated and energetic attacks against Henry Wallace and his Progressive Party campaign for President .   In a letter to Philip Rahv at the end of December 1943 , George Orwell mentioned that Macdonald had written asking him to contribute to his forthcoming journal . Orwell had replied telling him he might `` do something ` cultural ' '' but not ` political ' as he was already writing his `` London Letters '' to Partisan Review .   In his `` As I Please '' article for the 16 June 1944 issue of Tribune , George Orwell recommended politics . He stated that he disagreed with its policy but admired `` its combination of highbrow political analysis with intelligent literary criticism . '' He went on to add that there were no monthly or quarterly magazines in England `` to come up to '' the American ones , of which there were several .   Macdonald , in an editorial comment for the November 1944 issue of politics referred to a letter from Orwell which cast interesting light on the ` russification ' of English political thought over the last two years . Orwell had read the May issue 's review of Harold Laski 's Faith , Reason and Civilisation and mentioned that the Manchester Evening News , the evening edition of the Manchester Guardian , had refused to print his own review because of its anti-Stalin implications . Despite considering the book `` pernicious tripe '' , Orwell had praised the author for being `` aware that the USSR is the real dynamo of the Socialist movement in this country and everywhere else . '' , but criticized him for shutting his eyes to `` purges , liquidations '' , etc. . Macdonald pointed out that the fact that such a review should be considered `` too hot '' shows how much the feats of the Red Army had misled the English public opinion about Russia . He added that the `` English liberal press had been far more honest about the Moscow Trials than our own liberal journals '' and that Trotsky had been able to write in the Guardian .

neg: Animal Farm (1999 film) Animal Farm is a made-for-TV film released in 1999 by Hallmark Films and broadcast on the American cable channel TNT . It is an adaptation of the 1945 George Orwell novel of the same name . The film tells the story of farm animals successfully revolting against their human owner , only to slide into a more brutal tyranny among themselves . The film received mixed reviews when it was broadcast , with much criticism directed at its ending .

neg: Emmanuel Goldstein Emmanuel Goldstein is a character in George Orwell 's dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four . He is the principal enemy of the state according to the Party , depicted as the head of a mysterious ( and possibly fictitious ) organization called `` The Brotherhood '' and as having written the book The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism . He is only seen and heard on telescreen , and may be a fabrication of the Ministry of Truth .

neg: C. George Sandulescu Constantin George Sandulescu ( born 11 February 1933 ) is a Joycean scholar , but in the first place , he is a linguist with twelve years ' experience in the Department of Theoretical Linguistics of the University of Stockholm in the 1970s and 1980s , specializing in Discourse Analysis . In that capacity he read a dozen or so papers at various international congresses ( see texts below ) .   His education includes a B.A. degree ( Bucharest ) , M.Phil . ( Leeds ) and Ph.D. ( Essex ) . George Sandulescu has worked as a researcher at university level for 12 years in Romania ( between 1957 and 1969 ) , for 12 years in Sweden ( from 1970 to 1982 ) , and for 12 years in the Principality of Monaco ( from 1984 to 1996 ) . He taught at Bucharest University between 1962 -- 1969 . He has lived , worked , and conducted research and teaching in major institutions in Romania , Sweden , Great Britain , the United States and Italy .   After the death in 1983 of Princess Grace of Monaco , he substantially assisted in founding the Monaco library bearing her name , and organised important International Conferences there devoted to James Joyce ( 1985 and 1990 ) , William Butler Yeats ( 1987 ) , Samuel Beckett ( 1991 ) , and Oscar Wilde ( 1993 ) . On the invitation of Prince Rainier III , and together with the British writer Anthony Burgess , also a resident of Monaco , George Sandulescu was one of the founders of the Princess Grace Irish Library of Monaco -- the fundamental purpose of which was to publish literary criticism in two distinct series of publications , produced by Colin Smythe Ltd , of Gerrards Cross . More than 25 volumes were published in the period from 1985 to 1997 ; the programme had stopped by 2000 .   George Sandulescu attended most James Joyce Conventions , Conferences and get-togethers which took place in Europe ( and some of them in the United States ) between the years 1975 and 1990 . ( The same applied to both Theoretical and Practical Linguistics during the same period of time . ) He stopped in 1990 , after having organized the 12th James Joyce Symposium in the Principality of Monaco .   As Director of the Princess Grace Irish Library between 1982 and 1996 , George Sandulescu made a point of organizing World Congresses in Monaco , devoted to the Irish writers Wilde , Yeats , Joyce and Beckett . Both the Director Sandulescu , the Reigning Family , the Trustees of the Library , and the Principality as a whole invited the families of these four writers to actively participate in the event , as an essential point in the success and completeness of these manifestations ( see Proceedings below ) .

neg: Aesopian language Aesopian language is communications that convey an innocent meaning to outsiders but hold a concealed meaning to informed members of a conspiracy or underground movement . For instance , if Person X is known for exposing secrets in an organization , the organization leaders announce that `` any members who have dirty talking habits will be dealt with '' to warn Person X . It refers to the ancient Greek fabulist Aesop .   The term `` Aesopian language '' was first used by the nineteenth-century Russian writer Mikhail Saltykov-Schedrin to describe the writing technique he began using late in his career , which he compared to Aesop 's Fables . His purpose was to satirize the social ills of the time but evade the harsh censorship of late Tsarist Russia of which he was a particular target .   The Soviet-era writer Lev Loseff noted that the use of Aesopian language remained a favorite technique of writers ( including himself ) under Soviet censorship . Maliheh Tyrell defines the term in the Soviet context and observes that the use of Aesopian language extended to other national literatures under Soviet rule :  `` In short , this form of literature , like Aesop 's animal fables , veils itself in allegorical suggestions , hints , and euphemisms so as to elude political censorship . ` Aesopian language ' or literature is a technical term used by Sovietologists to define allegorical language used by Russian or nationality -LSB- that is : non-Russian -RSB- nonconformist publicists to conceal antiregime sentiments . Under Soviet rule , this ` Aesopian ' literature intended to confuse the Soviet authorities , yet illuminate the truth for native readers . ''  According to one critic , `` Censorship ... had a positive , formative impact upon the Aesopian writers ' style by obliging them to sharpen their thoughts . ''   The German-American philosopher Herbert Marcuse uses the term in his book One-Dimensional Man somewhat interchangeably with Orwellian language . In that context , `` Aesopian Language '' refers to the idea that certain usages of language work to ` suppress certain concepts or keep them out of the general discourse within society ' . An example of such a technique is the use of abbreviations to possibly prevent undesirable questions from arising : `` AFL-CIO entombs the radical political differences which once separated the two organizations . ''   Within the context of politics , a term with a very similar meaning is called dog-whistle politics , which describes the use of coded language to address voters ' interests . Certain sections of the electorate will react strongly to controversial content if spoken of overtly but may not be so attuned that they notice statements that appear neutral to outsiders .

neg: Libertarian science fiction Libertarian science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction that focuses on the politics and social order implied by libertarian philosophies with an emphasis on individualism and private ownership of the means of production -- and in some cases , no state whatsoever .   As a category , libertarian fiction is unusual because the vast majority of its authors are self-identified as science fiction authors . This contrasts with the authors of much other social criticism who are largely academic or mainstream novelists who tend to dismiss any genre classification . The identification between libertarianism and science fiction is so strong that the U.S. Libertarian Party often has representatives at science fiction conventions and one of the highest profile authors currently in the subgenre of libertarian science fiction , L. Neil Smith , was the Arizona Libertarian Party 's 2000 candidate for the President of the United States .   As a genre , it can be seen as growing out of the 1930s and 1940s when the science-fiction pulp magazines were reaching their peak at the same time as fascism and communism . While this environment gave rise to dystopian novels such as George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty-Four , in the pulps , this influence more often give rise to speculations about societies ( or sub-groups ) arising in direct opposition to `` totalitarianism . ''   Ayn Rand 's novel Atlas Shrugged is a strong ( perhaps the strongest ) influence with an anti-socialist attitude and an individualist ethic that echoes throughout the genre .  Of more direct relevance to the science fiction end of this genre is Robert A. Heinlein 's The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress , which is highly regarded even by non-libertarian science fiction readers . An award for libertarian science fiction , the Prometheus Award , is given out every year . Some winners of the award identify as libertarians ( e.g. , L. Neil Smith , Victor Koman , Brad Linaweaver ) , while others do not ( Terry Pratchett , Charles Stross ) .   Some other prominent libertarian science fiction authors include S. Andrew Swann and Michael Z. Williamson .

neg: Post-truth politics Post-truth politics ( also called post-factual politics ) is a political culture in which debate is framed largely by appeals to emotion disconnected from the details of policy , and by the repeated assertion of talking points to which factual rebuttals are ignored . Post-truth differs from traditional contesting and falsifying of truth by rendering it of `` secondary '' importance . While this has been described as a contemporary problem , there is a possibility that it has long been a part of political life , but was less notable before the advent of the Internet . In the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four , George Orwell cast a world in which the state changes historic records daily to fit its propaganda goals of the day .   Political commentators have identified post-truth politics as ascendant in American , Australian , British , Chinese , Indian , Japanese , Russian and Turkish politics , as well as in other areas of debate , driven by a combination of the 24-hour news cycle , false balance in news reporting , and the increasing ubiquity of social media . In 2016 , `` post-truth '' was chosen as the Oxford Dictionaries ' Word of the Year , due to its prevalence in the context of that year 's Brexit referendum and U.S. presidential election .

neg: George Eric Rowe Gedye George Eric Rowe Gedye -LSB- geddi -RSB- ( * 27 May 1890 in Clevedon , Somerset , † 21 March 1970 ; often cited as G. E. R. Gedye ) , was a British journalist , author and intelligence officer .

neg: Origo In pragmatics , the origo is the reference point on which deictic relationships are based .   In most deictic systems , the origo identifies with the current speaker ( or some property thereof ) . For instance , if the speaker , John , were to say `` This is now my fish '' , then John would be the origo , and the deictic word `` my '' would be dependent on that fact . Likewise , his use of the word `` this '' and `` now '' communicate his properties , namely his location and point in time .   The word origo comes from Latin origo ( pronounced -LSB- ɒˈriːgɒ -RSB- ) , which means `` origin '' ( pl . origines , -LSB- ɒˈriːgɪnɛs -RSB- ) . Origo is also the origin of the English word `` origin '' .   This word also occurs in the term phrase fons et origo , meaning `` source and origin '' ( fons , `` source '' , et , `` and '' , `` even '' ) .   Category : Pragmatics   br : Origo  no : Origo

neg: English writing style An English writing style is a way of using the English language .   The style of a piece of writing is the way in which features of the language are used to convey meaning , typically but not always within the constraints of more widely accepted conventions of usage , grammar , and speling .   An individual 's writing style may be a very personal thing . Organizations that employ writers or commission written work from individuals may require that writers conform to a standardized style defined by the organization . This allows a consistent readability of composite works produced by many authors , and promotes usability of , for example , references to other cited works .   In many kinds of professional writing aiming for effective transfer of information , adherence to a standardised style of writing helps readers make sense of what the writer is presenting . Many standardised styles are documented in style guides . Some styles are more widely used , others restricted to a particular journal . Adherence to no particular style is also a style in its own right ; some may think it undesirable , others not .

neg: Down and Out in Paris and London Down and Out in Paris and London is the first full-length work by the English author George Orwell , published in 1933 . It is a memoir in two parts on the theme of poverty in the two cities . The first part is an account of living in near-destitution in Paris and the experience of casual labour in restaurant kitchens . The second part is a travelogue of life on the road in and around London from the tramp 's perspective , with descriptions of the types of hostel accommodation available and some of the characters to be found living on the margins .

neg: Sewell Stokes Francis Martin Sewell Stokes ( 16 November 1902 , London -- 2 November 1979 , London ) was an English novelist , biographer , playwright , screenwriter , broadcaster and prison visitor . He collaborated on a number of occasions with his brother , Leslie Stokes , an actor and later in life a BBC radio producer , with whom he shared a flat for many years overlooking the British Museum . It was here that Sewell Stokes did much of his writing in the Reading Room , used by so many distinguished writers over the years .

neg: The Bookman (London) The Bookman was a monthly magazine published in London from 1891 until 1934 by Hodder & Stoughton . It was a catalogue of the current publications that also contained reviews , advertising and illustrations . William Robertson Nicoll , Arthur St. John Adcock and Hugh Ross Williamson were editors . Contributors included G. K. Chesterton , Walter Pater , Gertrude Atherton , Guy Thorne , J. M. Barrie , Edward Thomas , W.B. Yeats , Arthur Ransome , M.R. James and Samuel Beckett .

neg: George Smiley George Smiley OBE is a fictional character created by John le Carré . Smiley is a career intelligence officer with `` The Circus '' , the British overseas intelligence agency . He is a central character in the novels Call for the Dead , A Murder of Quality , Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy , The Honourable Schoolboy , and Smiley 's People , and a supporting character in The Spy Who Came in from the Cold , The Looking Glass War and The Secret Pilgrim .

neg: Theatre of Cruelty (Discworld) `` Theatre of Cruelty '' is a short Discworld story by Terry Pratchett written in 1993 . The name derives from a concept of Antonin Artaud ( Theatre of Cruelty ) .   It was originally written for W. H. Smith Bookcase magazine and was then slightly modified and extended , being published again in the programme of the OryCon 15 convention , and then again in The Wizards of Odd , a compilation of fantasy short stories .   It has since been made available on the Internet along with dozens of translations by fans , with Pratchett having stated , `` I do n't want to see it distributed in print anywhere but do n't mind people downloading it for their own enjoyment . ''   The story involves both the Ankh-Morpork City Watch and a parallel of Punch and Judy .   A murder has been committed : a street entertainer , found apparently battered to death with a very small blunt object , on him bite marks from a very small crocodile . Investigating the incident in his typically direct manner , Carrot Ironfoundersson discovers the death was an accident , the man having choked on a swazzle . It emerges that the entertainer had invented a parallel , live-action version of Punch and Judy , using -- and abusing -- a troupe of gnomes as the live cast . Carrot asserts that such brutal theatre could never find favour in Ankh-Morpork : `` That 's not the way to do it '' .

neg: Burmese Days Burmese Days is a novel by British writer George Orwell . It was first published in the UK in 1934 . It is a tale from the waning days of British colonialism , when Burma was ruled from Delhi as a part of British India -- `` a portrait of the dark side of the British Raj . '' At its centre is John Flory , `` the lone and lacking individual trapped within a bigger system that is undermining the better side of human nature . '' Orwell 's first novel , it describes `` corruption and imperial bigotry '' in a society where , `` after all , natives were natives -- interesting , no doubt , but finally ... an inferior people '' .   Because of concerns that the novel might be potentially libellous , that Katha was described too realistically , and that some of the characters might be based on real people , it was first published `` further afield '' , in the United States . A British edition , with altered names , appeared a year later . When it was published in the 1930s , Orwell 's harsh portrayal of colonial society was felt by `` some old Burma hands '' to have `` rather let the side down '' . In a letter from 1946 , Orwell said `` I dare say it 's unfair in some ways and inaccurate in some details , but much of it is simply reporting what I have seen '' .

neg: Carlos Blacker Carlos Paton ( ` C.P. ' ) Blacker GM MC FRCP ( 8 December 1895 -- 21 April 1975 ) was an eminent war hero , psychiatrist and eugenicist who worked with R.A. Fisher and Lionel Penrose .  Blacker was educated at Eton and Oxford where he attained distinction in biology under the tutelage of Julian Huxley . He served with the Coldstream Guards during World War I and was twice mentioned in dispatches and awarded the Military Cross , for action in which he was involved in on 15 September 1916 . Twelve months previously he had lost his only sibling , a brother Robin , at Loos . Robin had also been an officer in the Coldstream Guards . C.P felt that war was dysgenic because it killed people who tended to be above the physical average and deterred thoughtful people from parenthood . He was deeply shaken by his war experience and in coming to terms with it and the loss of his brother and many of his contemporaries acknowledged a debt to Freud 's writings which stimulated in him an interest in psychiatry .   Qualifying in medicine in 1925 , Blacker became a registrar in Guy 's Hospital 's psychiatric department for three years and continued his study at the Maudsley Hospital . He later became a part-time member of its teaching staff and was later the first chairman of the newly-established Simon Population Trust .   In 1943 , on active service , Blacker was awarded the George Medal . The official citation read :   From 1931 to 1952 , Blacker was secretary of the Eugenics Society and he gave it a new focus on birth control and population planning . . His appointment as Secretary was `` not without some misgivings of -LSB- Leonard -RSB- Darwin , its chairman . The differences in outlook , aspirations and in judgement of these two men during their partnership in office in the Eugenics Society led to tensions which have been ably traced by Richard Soloway . Two prominent issues here were Darwin 's reluctance to endorse Blacker 's deep-rooted conviction that research and provision of contraception should be a major feature in the Eugenic Society 's strategy to reduce the fecundity of the lower , less able classes and his disagreement with Blacker 's aspiration to redirect more of the Eugenic Society 's effort from education and propaganda to research and promotion of contraception . ''   Ann Thetis Blacker ( 1927 -- 2006 ) , the painter and singer , was a daughter of Carlos Blacker .

neg: Prolefeed Prolefeed is a Newspeak term in the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell . It was used to describe the deliberately superficial entertainment including literature , movies and music that were produced by Prolesec , a section of the Ministry of Truth , to keep the `` proles '' ( i.e. , proletariat ) content and to prevent them from becoming too knowledgeable . The ruling Party believes that too much knowledge could motivate the proles to rebel against them . In the novel , Prolesec is described in detail :   The term is used occasionally to describe shallow entertainment in the real world . For example , Charles Spencer , reviewing the Queen musical We Will Rock You for the Daily Telegraph , described it as ` prolefeed at its worst ' . Theodore Dalrymple wrote in The Spectator that `` France ... . is less dominated by mass distraction ( known here as popular culture , but in Nineteen Eighty-Four as prolefeed ) than Britain is . ''

neg: The Paradoxes of Mr. Pond The Paradoxes of Mr. Pond is G. K. Chesterton 's final collection of detective stories , published after his death in 1936 . Of the eight mysteries , seven were first printed in the Storyteller magazine . The Unmentionable Man was unique to the book .   The stories revolve around a civil servant named Mr. Pond ( we are not told his first name ) . He is described as a very ordinary and fish-like man who has a habit of startling those who meet him with outrageous paradoxical statements . He seems unaware of the oddness of his remarks , and his friend Sir Hubert Wotton explains : `` he looks a very sedentary , scientific little cuss ... but he 's really had very extraordinary experiences . He does n't talk about them ; he does n't want to talk about them ... but when , in the course of talking in the abstract he comes on some concrete thing that he has actually done -- well , I can only say he crumples it up . He tries to crush it into a small space and it simply sounds contradictory . Almost every one of those crazy sentences simply stands for one of the adventures in what would be called by most people a very unadventurous life . ''   Chesterton himself was well known for using paradox in his writings , but in one story he explains that his kind of paradox is different from Mr. Pond 's :  Paradox has been defined as `` Truth standing on her head to get attention . '' Paradox has been defended ; on the ground that so many fashionable fallacies still stand firmly on their feet , because they have no heads to stand on . But it must be admitted that writers , like other mendicants and mountebanks , frequently do try to attract attention . They set out conspicuously , in a single line in a play , or at the head or tail of a paragraph , remarks of this challenging kind ; as when Mr. Bernard Shaw wrote : `` The Golden Rule is that there is no Golden Rule '' ; or Oscar Wilde observed : `` I can resist everything except temptation '' ; or a duller scribe ( not to be named with these and now doing penance for his earlier vices in the nobler toil of celebrating the virtues of Mr. Pond ) said in defence of hobbies and amateurs and general duffers like himself : `` If a thing is worth doing , it is worth doing badly . '' To these things do writers sink ; and then the critics tell them that they `` talk for effect '' ; and then the writers answer : `` What the devil else should we talk for ? Ineffectualness ? ''   In four of the stories Pond is induced to tell the dramatic tale which lies behind a baffling paradox ; in another , `` Pond the Pantaloon '' , Wotton tells the story . In two more , `` The Crime of Captain Gahagan '' and `` The Terrible Troubadour '' , Pond 's keen mind arrives at the truth when his friend Gahagan is accused of murder . In `` Ring of Lovers '' Gahagan tells a true story and trusts to Pond to guess the secret behind it .   These stories written at the end of Chesterton 's career contain narrative stretches and improbabilities , but they do not lack his familiar flashes of insight . In the story The Crime of Captain Gahagan Chesterton observes , through the character of Mr. Pond , that `` Love never needs time . But friendship always needs time . More and more time , until up past midnight . ''


query: Cracks is an independent film

pos: Cracks (film) Cracks is a 2009 independent drama psychological thriller film starring Eva Green , James McGovern , Juno Temple , María Valverde , and Imogen Poots , which was released theatrically in the UK and Ireland on 4 December 2009 . In the United States it was released by IFC Films on 18 March 2011 , and premiered on Showtime in late 2011 .   The film was produced in May 2008 , written for the screen by Caroline Ip , Ben Court and Jordan Scott , based on the 1999 novel written by Sheila Kohler , directed by Jordan Scott and produced by Kwesi Dickson , Andrew Lowe , Julie Payne , Rosalie Swedlin and Christine Vachon . Ridley and Tony Scott serve as executive producers . The film was mostly filmed in County Wicklow , Ireland .

neg: Bill Cracks Down Bill Cracks Down is a 1937 American film directed by William Nigh . The film is also known as Men of Steel in the United Kingdom .

neg: Seven and a Match Seven and a Match is a 2001 independent film directed and written by Derek Simonds . It was released in the United States on April 21 , 2003 .

neg: SEOUL International Women's Film Festival SEOUL International Women 's Film Festival ( SIWFF , previously International Women 's Film Festival in Seoul , IWFFIS ) first took place on April 1 , 1997 , which marked the second appearance of the international film festival in Korea following Busan International Film Festival launched in 1996 . This was the time when there was no clear idea about how to define a film festival . At that time , SEOUL International Women 's Film Festival came up with a catchphrase See the world through women 's eyes , setting its main goal to introduce women 's films that explore the `` women 's reality from the women 's perspectives '' . Featuring films by women , for women , and of women , the 1st edition of SEOUL International Film Festival received a number of positive reviews from the audience , which was never anticipated this much . Thanks to continuous support from the audience , SEOUL International Film Festival that used to be happening every other year has become an annual event since the 3rd edition in 2001 . For the 6th edition in 2004 , SEOUL International Women 's Film Festival looked for changes by relocating the festival office and venues to Sinchon , the street of youth and culture . For the 9th edition in 2007 , the Queer Rainbow section was first introduced , presenting films about life and culture of gender minorities . In order to go beyond the gender boundaries based on biological sex and to reach out for solidarity , SEOUL International Women 's Film Festival newly created the Open Cinema section encompassing feminist films made by male directors . Now in 2015 , SEOUL International Film Festival attempts to build its new festival identity and become a cultural platform more approachable for a wide variety of audiences by changing the official English title of the festival from International Women 's Film Festival in Seoul to SEOUL International Women 's Film Festival as well as by retouching the festival logo used for last 17 years .

neg: Midwest Independent Film Festival The Midwest Independent Film Festival is the nation 's only film festival solely dedicated to the Midwest filmmaker . Only films from the eight-state Midwest region of Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , Ohio and Wisconsin are considered for screening . This film festival is also unique in that it is held throughout the year , presenting audiences with the finest independent films from the Midwest every first Tuesday of the month .   The Midwest Independent Film Festival prides itself on showcasing emerging directors , powerful artistic visions , and strong cinematic stories . These exceptional films combine with an exciting social atmosphere and a state-of-the-art screening venue to create one of the premier festivals in the Midwest .   The Midwest Independent Film Festival is hosted every first Tuesday of the month at Chicago 's Landmark Century Centre Cinema of Landmark Theatres . Sponsors include Resolution Digital Studios , Zacuto , Fletcher Chicago , Orbit Media Studios , O'Connor Casting , Flashpoint The Academy of Media Arts and Sciences , Zipcar , The Chicago Film Office , The Illinois Film Office , Zaroban Design , Crunch Fitness , Getty Images , Screen Magazine and Kodak .   This festival is sometimes referred to as `` The Midwest Film Festival , '' `` The Midwest Indie , '' or simply `` The Midwest . ''

neg: The Film Collaborative The Film Collaborative ( TFC ) is the first non-profit , full-service provider dedicated to the distribution of independent film , including narrative features and documentaries . Based in Los Angeles , The Film Collaborative services filmmakers worldwide by providing distribution guidance and support as well as theatrical , film festival and digital distribution of art house , independent and world cinema .

neg: Dream City Film Club Dream City Film Club were a North London rock band founded in July 1995 .   Their sound was difficult to categorize in that it encompassed tortured lovelorn balladry , avant-garde flourishes , Tin Pan Alley , straightforward rock and gospel yearnings in both lyrics and subject matter . Ultimately , Dream City Film Club failed to find enough of an audience to sustain them .   Vocalist Michael J. Sheehy had been working as a solo singer/songwriter for several years when he met Alex Vald and Laurence Ash , who quickly began writing songs with Sheehy . Upon the demise of another local group , Breed , bassist Andrew Park joined . The band 's name came from a news story Sheehy had seen about an arsonist who had burned down a members-only porno theatre . They played their first gig as Dream City Film Club on 31 July 1995 .   They released a single , `` Crawl '' for the underground fanzine , the Organ in early 1996 . Soon after , they were contacted by Beggar 's Banquet and recorded their eponymous debut album in late 1996 , later releasing it on 26 May 1997 .   According to Sheehy , the English press reaction to the first single , `` Perfect Piece of Trash '' , was almost unanimous in its derision . After parting with Vald , DCFC continued on as a three piece , recording its second and final album , In the Cold Light of Morning featuring a more expansive sound best realized on the epic `` God Will Punish the Pervert Preacher '' .   The group disbanded in 1999 . Michael J. Sheehy subsequently recorded three solo albums for Beggar 's Banquet and two for Glitterhouse , and has fronted Saint Silas Intercession with his brother Patrick . During the early 2000s , Alex Vald worked as half of experimental pop band Datapuddle . In 2015 , Sheehy and Vald reunited as the pop-noir duo United Sound of Joy .

neg: Stonewall (2015 film) Stonewall is a 2015 American drama film directed by Roland Emmerich and written by Jon Robin Baitz . The film stars Jeremy Irvine , Ron Perlman , Jonathan Rhys Meyers , Joey King , Caleb Landry Jones , Matt Craven , Atticus Mitchell , and Mark Camacho . The film was released on September 25 , 2015 , by Roadside Attractions .   The drama is set in and around the 1969 Stonewall riots , the violent clash with police that kicked off the gay liberation movement in New York City .

neg: Paranoid Park (film) Paranoid Park is a 2007 American-French drama film written and directed by Gus Van Sant . The film is based on the novel of the same name by Blake Nelson and takes place in Portland , Oregon . It stars Gabe Nevins as a teenage skateboarder who accidentally kills a security guard .   Van Sant wrote the draft script in two days after reading and deciding to adapt Nelson 's novel . To cast the film 's youths , Van Sant posted an open casting call on social networking website MySpace inviting teenagers to audition for speaking roles , as well as experienced skateboarders to act as extras . Filming began in October 2006 and took place at various locations in and around Portland . Scenes at the fictional Eastside Skatepark were filmed at Burnside Skatepark which was , like Eastside , built illegally by skateboarders .   Paranoid Park premiered on May 21 , at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival and was given a limited release on March 7 , 2008 . It grossed over US$ 4,481,000 from its $ 3 million budget . The film received mostly positive reviews ; some critics praised the direction and cinematography in particular , though others believed the film to be overly stylized and slow paced . It won one Independent Spirit Award , two Boston Society of Film Critics awards and the Cannes Film Festival 's special 60th anniversary prize .

neg: Broken (1993 film) Broken ( informally known as The Broken Movie ) is a 1993 horror musical short film/long form music video filmed and directed by Peter Christopherson , based on a scenario by Trent Reznor , the founder of the industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails . The film is a companion piece to the band 's 1992 EP Broken , featuring its songs and music and compiling its music videos ( the exception being `` Last '' and the two hidden tracks ) . The movie , roughly 20 minutes in length , weaves Broken '' 's four music videos together via a violent `` snuff film '' framing sequence , concluding with an otherwise unreleased video for the EP 's final song `` Gave Up , '' setting the conclusion of the film 's frame story to the song . Due to its extremely graphic content , the Broken movie was never officially released , but was leaked as a bootleg which became heavily traded on VHS in the 1990s , and more recently via the Internet .   Trent Reznor once said that the Broken '' movie '' ... makes ` Happiness in Slavery ' look like a Disney movie . '' While his comments about the movie have been cryptic at best , he makes no secret of the film 's existence .

neg: Dark Feed Dark Feed is a 2013 horror film directed by Shawn and Michael Rasmussen . The movie was first released on March 18 , 2013 and centers upon a group of filmmakers that decide to cut costs by filming in an abandoned psychiatric hospital , only to end up slowly turning insane . Filming took place in New England and utilized some of the buildings seen in Shutter Island . The Rasmussens came up with the idea for Dark Feed while visiting the set of another film , Long Distance , which was filming in an abandoned psychiatric hospital .

neg: Unsimulated sex Unsimulated sex is the presentation in a film of sex scenes where the actors engage in an actual sex act , and are not just miming or simulating the actions . At one time in the United States such scenes were restricted by law and self-imposed industry standards such as the Motion Picture Production Code . Films showing explicit sexual activity were confined to privately distributed underground films , such as stag films or `` porn loops '' . Beginning in the late 1960s , most notably with Blue Movie by Andy Warhol , mainstream cinemas began pushing boundaries in terms of what was presented on screen . Although the vast majority of sexual situations depicted in mainstream cinema are simulated ( in early pornography , the main actors engaged in simulated sex , with inserts placed in the film ) , on rare occasions actors engage in real sex . The difference between these films and pornography is that , while such scenes might be considered erotic , the intent of these films is not solely pornographic .   Notable examples include two of the eight Bedside-films and the six Zodiac-films from the 1970s , all of which were produced in Denmark and had many pornographic sex scenes , but were nevertheless considered mainstream films ( they all had mainstream casts and crews , and premiered in mainstream cinemas ) . The last of these films , Agent 69 Jensen i Skyttens tegn , was made in 1978 . From the end of the 1970s until the late 1990s it was rare to see hardcore scenes in mainstream cinema , but this changed with the success of Lars von Trier 's The Idiots ( 1998 ) , which heralded a wave of art-house films with explicit content , such as Romance ( 1999 ) , Baise-moi ( 2000 ) , Intimacy ( 2001 ) , Vincent Gallo 's The Brown Bunny ( 2003 ) , and Michael Winterbottom 's 9 Songs ( 2004 ) . Some simulated sex scenes are sufficiently realistic that critics mistakenly believe that they are real , such as the cunnilingus scene in the 2006 film Red Road .

neg: Bare Bones International Film Festival The Bare Bones International Film and Music Festival was founded in 1999 by the Darkwood Film Arts Institute ( DFAI ) in the city of Muskogee , Oklahoma to showcase independent motion picture projects with budgets of less than 1 million dollars ( hence Bare Bones ) . The festival runs for eleven days each year in late April at several venues in downtown Muskogee .   MovieMaker Magazine called Bare Bones a `` small-town festival that celebrates indie auteurs , directors , screenwriters , actors and cinematographers in a big way . ''

neg: Danny Says (film) Danny Says is a feature-length 2015 documentary on the life and times of Danny Fields . The film is directed by Brendan Toller and produced by Pamela Lubell . Magnolia Pictures acquired the worldwide rights in January 2016 .   In 2015 , Danny Says was featured on `` The Year in Kickstarter '' with the headline `` a filmmaker discovered a piece of rock & roll history . '' The headline cites an unearthed audio tape of Lou Reed listening to the Ramones for the first time .

neg: Voice Crack Voice Crack was a Swiss electronic free improvisation group . Formed in late 1972 by Andy Guhl and Norbert Möslang , Voice Crack were initially a free jazz duo . They began incorporating pre-recorded tape effects and live sound processing , and by 1983 they eliminated any normal instrumentation in favor of what they call `` cracked everyday electronics : '' Mundane objects such as `` radios , turntables , transmitters , dictating machines '' and other items are cracked open and manipulated to produce `` new sounds using magnetic and radio waves in a complex system controlled by movements of their hands and by light . ''   The resulting music - which consisted of various overlapping buzzes , clicks , drones and oscillations - has been described as , `` Cascading magnetic waves arc across the sky as three-headed critters race and rummage through alien flora ... or at least that 's what it sounds like . '' ; and was favorably compared to some of John Cage 's work .   Voice Crack collaborated with Borbetomagus , Butch Morris ( as part of a larger ensemble ) , and were members of poire z . The group has now disbanded .

neg: Spare Change (film) Spare Change is an American comedy independent film directed by Jonathan Talbert and Arturo Guzman . The film made its premiere at the Hollywood Reel Independent Film Festival on February 14 , 2015 where Elyse Levesque took home the award for Best Supporting Actress . The film was released worldwide on VOD and Digital Download on August 4 , 2015 .

neg: Unmade Beds (2009 film) Unmade Beds is a 2009 British comedy-drama film directed by Argentine film director Alexis Dos Santos . The film was featured at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival and at Febiofest 2010 .

neg: List of British films of 2013 The British film industry produced over five hundred feature films in 2013 . This article fully lists all non-pornographic films , including short films , that had a release date in that year and which were at least partly made by the United Kingdom . It does not include films first released in previous years that had release dates in 2013 .   Also included is an overview of the major events in British film , including film festivals and awards ceremonies , as well as lists of those films that were particularly well received , both critically and financially . The year was particularly notable for a number of low budget and independent horror films , such as In Fear , Devil 's Pass , Dementamania and Stalled .

neg: Third Window Films Third Window Films is a UK-based distributor of movies from East Asia founded in 2005 . They have provided distribution for numerous award winning films , such as Oasis ( Winner of Marcello Mastroianni Award , FIPRESCI Prize Signis Award and Special Director 's Award at the Venice Film Festival ) , Himizu ( Winner of the Marcello Mastroianni Award at the Venice Film Festival ) , Villain ( Best Actress winner at the Montreal Film Festival ) , Kotoko ( Winner of the Best Film Award in the Orrizonti of the Venice Film Festival ) , Memories of Matsuko ( Best Actress , Best Editing and Best Music at Japan Academy Award and more .   Although receiving cult status in the UK for releasing such films as Love Exposure , Cold Fish , Fish Story , Tetsuo : The Iron Man and others , many of Third Window Films ' titles are blockbusters that feature household names in their native countries . For instance , Guns & Talks features Korean idol Won Bin star of Mother , For Love 's Sake by Takashi Miike played Out of Competition at the Cannes Film Festival , Vulgaria was the highest grossing Hong Kong film of 2012 and Confessions held the number one spot in Japan for a whole month despite strong competition from Sex and the City 2 and Iron Man 2 and was Japan 's official nomination for the 2010 Academy Awards .   In 2011 , Third Window Films opened a branch office in Japan , Third Window Films Japan , to handle international co-productions . Their first co-production , The Land of Hope directed by Sion Sono , won the NETPAC Award at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2012 .   In 2013 they created the first international large-scale co-production for a Japanese comedy , with Yosuke Fujita 's ` Fuku-chan of FukuFuku Flats ' . The project brought in Tucker Film in Italy , Joint Entertainment in Taiwan , Rapid Eye Movies in Germany and partnered them with Japan 's TV Man Union and Phantom Films . Third Window Films setup distribution deals as well for all 5 countries .   In 2015 they fully produced the Japanese independent film ` Lowlife Love ' ( Gesu no Ai ) directed by Uchida Eiji . The film is a 100 % production of Third Window Films and stars many well-known Japanese actors such as Denden , Shugo Oshinari , Kiyohiko Shibukawa , Kanji Tsuda , Yoshihiko Hosoda and Houka Kinoshita . It is scheduled for release in Japan and internationally in 2016 .

neg: Participatory cinema Participatory cinema tries to involve a film 's community in the process of making movies , rather than interaction being left to cinema viewers at the end of the process . The organizers of participatory cinema open up cinema showings and the cinema production process for non professionals .   Where classic film production focuses on the final product , participatory cinema focuses on the process of making movies and its meaning on the participators .   Participatory documentaries include RiP ! : A Remix Manifesto .   Participatory feature films include projects like A Swarm of Angels , Iron Sky or The Cosmonaut .   Participatory film platforms and communities include A Swarm of Angels , Open Source Cinema , Sanctuary , The Cosmonaut and Wreck-A-Movie

neg: Split Film Festival Split Film Festival or Split International Festival of New Film , is one of the oldest film and video festivals in Croatia that showcases new , creative , personal , radical works of all styles , themes , genres and lengths , whether film , or new media , preferably from outside the mainstream . Festival 's previous guests included Chris Marker , Jonas Mekas , Jean Marie Straub & Daniele Huillot , late Stan Brakhage , Claire Denis , Bela Tarr , Lars von Trier and Cyrus Frisch .   The Festival presents screenings of selected films , videos , interactive media , installations , performances , retrospectives workshops , discussions and festival 's catalogue .   Split Film Festival takes place every Summer in Split , Croatia . The Festival is open to all new , innovative , personal , experimental film , radical , subversive etc. work ( film , video and new media ) of all genres and lengths , preferably from outside the mainstream , whether it was made on a shoestring budget or is a studio release .


query: Alessia Cara is a person.

pos: Alessia Cara Alessia Caracciolo ( -LSB- aˈlɛssja kaˈrattʃolo -RSB- ; born July 11 , 1996 ) , professionally known as Alessia Cara , is a Canadian singer and songwriter . She is signed to EP Entertainment and Def Jam Recordings and released her debut single , `` Here '' , from the debut studio album , Know-It-All , released November 13 , 2015 . A sleeper hit , the song reached the top five in the United States and the top 20 in Canada . Prior to her work for Def Jam , she produced acoustic covers on YouTube .   In 2016 , her single `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' reached the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 and topped the US pop radio charts . In 2017 , Cara collaborated with producer Zedd to create the single `` Stay '' , which has since reached number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 , making it her third top ten song .

neg: A Cara que Mereces A Cara que Mereces is a 2004 Portuguese film directed by Miguel Gomes .

neg: Premio Carlo d'Alessio The Premio Carlo d'Alessio is a Group 3 flat horse race in Italy open to thoroughbreds aged four years or older . It is run over a distance of 2,400 metres ( about 1 1/2 miles ) at Capannelle in May .

neg: Čara Čara is a village on the island of Korčula in Croatia . Korčula the island , is part of the Dalmatian coast and it belongs to the Dubrovnik-Neretva county . It has a population of 566 residents . The village is situated twenty-five kilometers west of the old town of Korčula and is just above a field Čarsko Polje . In the center of the village is the parish church of St Peter , which was built in the 16th century . The church has a painting by the Renaissance Venetian painter Leandro Bassano which is called `` Visitation of Jesus Christ to His Disciples '' . The painting is placed above the church altar . Čara is 13 km west of Pupnat and 3.35 km east of Smokvica .   Čara is part of a wine growing region and it produces Pošip and Marastina dry wines . Cultivation of olives is also part of Čara 's rich agriculture pallet . The wine cellar is located south of Čara towards the bays of Zavalatica and Zitna . The bays have become a tourist attraction in recent modern times . Zavalatica was a summer resort of the Croatian poet Petar Kanavelić .

neg: Alexandra Stan Alexandra Ioana Stan ( born 10 June 1989 ) is a Romanian singer-songwriter . Born in the city of Constanța , she made her worldwide breakthrough with the 2011 single `` Mr. Saxobeat '' , which was written and produced by Marcel Prodan and Andrei Nemirschi . Prodan and Nemirschi discovered Stan at a karaoke bar in 2009 and offered her a contract with their label , Maan Records . `` Mr. Saxobeat '' was preceded by the singer 's debut recording , `` Lollipop ( Param Pam Pam ) '' ( 2009 ) , which rose Stan to fame in her native country . `` Mr. Saxobeat '' quickly achieved commercial success in Romania and then abroad , reaching the number one spot in a total of ten countries . Saxobeats , her debut studio album , was made available for purchase in August 2011 .   The release of Stan 's second record was delayed due to an alleged physical altercation with Prodan in 2013 . Unlocked was finally released in August 2014 . Two of its singles , `` Dance '' ( 2014 ) and `` Cherry Pop '' ( 2014 ) , were successful in Japan . The singer 's third studio album , Alesta , saw its release in March 2016 . It spawned a collaboration with Inna and Daddy Yankee on `` We Wan na '' ( 2015 ) , which reached the top 60 in multiple territories . Stan has received a number of awards and nominations , such as the European Border Breakers Awards , Japan Gold Disc Awards , MTV Europe Music Awards and Romanian Music Awards . Her estimated net worth as of 2016 is $ 6 million . She has been recognized as one of the most successful Romanian artists alongside Inna .

neg: Black Velvet (whisky) Black Velvet Whisky is a Canadian whisky brand owned by Constellation Brands . It has a smooth taste and is known for its black labeling .   Black Velvet was produced at Schenley Industries in Valleyfield , Quebec , Canada . Schenley 's Black Velvet DeLuxe was the only liquor available to submarine officers at Midway in World War II , where it was held in low regard and known as `` Schenley 's Black Death . ''   Original owner Heublein was sold to Grand Metropolitan in 1987 . Grand Metropolitan and Guinness merged in 1997 to form Diageo .   The distillery was sold by Diageo to Canandaigua Brands in 1999 .   Originally called `` Black Label '' , the name was changed to `` Black Velvet '' at the suggestion , in the late 1940s , by the Master Distiller Jack Napier because he thought it had a velvety taste and smoothness .   Black Velvet produces three expressions which are primarily sold on the export market to the United States : Black Velvet and Black Velvet Reserve , which is an older-aged product ( aged eight years ) , and Black Velvet Toasted Caramel ( introduced in 2012 ) . This brand is ranked number two in Canadian Whisky market share behind number one , Crown Royal .   The first Black Velvet Lady , Patricia Victoria Miller , was introduced to the world in 1969 as an advertisement tool for Black Velvet . Since that time , such famous names as Christie Brinkley , Cybill Shepherd , Kim Alexis , Cheryl Tiegs , Micah Wylde , and Kelly Emberg have all been Black Velvet Ladies . In addition , actors Telly Savalas , Larry Hagman and George Burns as well as country singer Tanya Tucker have also appeared in the ads . The current Black Velvet Lady is Tami Donaldson , born and raised in Hollywood , Florida .

neg: Alessio Cavatore Alessio Cavatore is a game designer .

neg: Talara cara Talara cara is a moth in the Arctiidae family . It was described by Schaus in 1911 . It is found in Costa Rica .

neg: Mission Vuelvan Caras Vuelvan Caras ( Spanish for `` About Face '' , in the sense of turning to face in another direction ) , is one of the Bolivarian Missions , a series of anti-poverty and social welfare programs implemented by Hugo Chávez , current President of Venezuela . It has as its objective the transformation of the present Venezuelan economy to one that is oriented towards social , rather than fiscal and remunerative , goals . It seeks to facilitate increased involvement of ordinary citizens in programs of endogenous and sustainable social development , emphasizing in particular the involvement of traditionally marginalized or excluded Venezuelan social and economic sectors , including those participating in Venezuela 's significant `` informal '' economy . The mission 's ultimate goal , according to Hugo Chávez , is to foster an economy that brings `` a quality and dignified life for all . ''

neg: Samuele Bersani Samuele Bersani ( born 1 October 1970 , Rimini , Italy ) is an Italian singer-songwriter . Amongst his best known songs one finds Giudizi Universali and Replay , the latter being the song that won the `` Mia Martini '' Critics Award at the Sanremo Music Festival .   His latest albums , released in 2003 and 2006 , are entitled Caramella smog ( `` Smog candy '' ) , and L'Aldiqua ( `` The Herebefore , '' a play on the Italian word for `` the hereafter , '' which is `` l'aldilà . '' ) .   In 2000 songs from his album L'oroscopo speciale ( `` The special horoscope '' ) were used for the soundtrack of the film Chiedimi se sono felice , by Aldo , Giovanni e Giacomo .   In 2007 , Bersani won the Amnesty International Italy `` Voci per la liberta '' Award for `` Occhiali Rotti '' , a song written in memory of journalist Enzo Baldoni .

neg: Alessandra Rosaldo Alessandra Rosaldo ( born Alejandra Sanchez Barraro ; September 11 , 1971 ) is an actress , singer and dancer from Mexico . In 2006 , she was the winner of the first prize in Televisa Network 's , later broadcast in Univision Bailando por un Sueño .   As an actress , she has played main and supporting roles in Mexican TV 's soap operas . She has sold over 4 million records in the Spanish-speaking world as the lead singer of her own pop music band Sentidos Opuestos as well in her solo singer career , for which she received the Lo Nuestro Award for Rock New Artist of the Year at the 16th Lo Nuestro Awards .

neg: Carajo Carajo is a rock band from Buenos Aires , Argentina . It was formed in 2000 with Marcelo `` Corvata '' Corvalan on bass and vocals , Andres `` Andy '' Vilanova on drums and Hernan `` Tery '' Langer on guitar and backing vocals . The first two share the history of having been part of the band A.N.I.M.A.L. .

neg: Caracappa Caracappa is an Italian family name , shared by :   Matt Caracappa , owner of X-Entertainment . com and dinosaurdracula.com  Stephen Caracappa , New York police officer convicted of working for the mafia

neg: Daniela Urzi Daniela Urzi ( -LSB- daˈnjela ˈursi -RSB- ; born October 28 , 1975 , San Fernando , Buenos Aires ) is a fashion model from Argentina . She has appeared in fashion campaigns for Armani Jeans , the Giorgio Armani collection , Roberto Cavalli , Burberry , and John Richmond , and has done catalog work for Victoria 's Secret . Her magazine covers include international editions of Vogue and ELLE .   Directly from Latin America , a new young man has managed to carve out a prestigious niche in the world of fashion . Daniela Urzi is not only just a girl of study or a body 86-59-86 ( chest , waist , hip ) walking on the catwalk , is a name that is printed on paper and has managed to achieve that throne , within Argentine models only he had Valeria Mazza . But unlike the latter , Daniela flees the look of blond with blue eyes and points to the rage of the moment wearing a brown hair that enhances his blue eyes . This gives it a personal touch that has been captured on the covers of various publications such as Marie Claire ( France ) , Elle ( Spain and Argentina ) , Cosmopolitan ( Argentina ) and Harper 's Bazaar . It has also been the face of brands like Victoria ' s Secret Cortefiel , Silhouette , Mango , Giorgio Armani , Candy , Margaret Astor , La Perla , Burberry , Chanel N ° 5 , Revlon and Triumph . -

neg: Angelo Alessio Angelo Alessio ( born 29 April 1965 in Capaccio ) is as Italian coach and a former player , who played as a midfielder .   Alessio made small stints at Serie B and Lega Pro teams during the early years of his managerial career , however it was not until his combination with Antonio Conte at Siena , where his talents were truly noticed . After achieving promotion out of the Serie B under Conte with Siena the pair accepted the job at Juventus . At Juventus , Alessio enjoyed three consecutive years of Serie A domination , with Three league titles and two Coppa Italias . After three years at Juventus , in which he once managed as caretaker from October 2012 to December 2012 , again joined Conte at the Italy national football team . After a somewhat successful term and Italy 's exit out of the Euros , Alessio parted with Italy and again to followed Conte to Chelsea , where he currently resides .

neg: Endiama Endiama E.P. ( Empresa Nacional de Diamantes E.P. ) is the national diamond company of Angola and it is the exclusive concessionary of mining rights in the domain of diamonds . Angola 's state-run diamond company Endiama produced 8.55 million carats of diamonds in 2010 . Antonio Carlos Sumbula is the president of the corporation . The company is based at the Edificio Endiama in Luanda .   Endiama 's primary property is Catoca , which is a joint venture between Endiama ( 32.8 % ) , Russia based ALROSA ( 32.8 % ) , China based LLI ( 18 % ) , and Brazil based Odebrecht ( 16.4 % ) . Catoca is the seventh largest diamond mine in the world , and is estimated to produce over 7 million carats of diamonds in 2014 worth just under $ 1 billion .

neg: Cara sposa Cara sposa ( Dear Wife ) is a 1977 Italian comedy film directed by Pasquale Festa Campanile .

neg: Caraluna (song) `` Caraluna '' is a song written by Jorge Villamizar and performed by Bacilos . The song is the first single of the album Caraluna and was nominated in 2003 for a Latin Grammy Award for Song of the Year .

neg: Nancy Fabiola Herrera Nancy Fabiola Herrera is a Canarian mezzo-soprano opera singer . Born in Venezuela to Canarian parents , Herrera is the recipient of the `` Best Zarzuela Singer of 2007 '' award presented by the Fundación Premios Liricos Teatro Campoamor , for her performance in Ruperto Chapí 's La Bruja .   In the summer of 2006 , Herrera performed in a gala concert with Plácido Domingo in Puerto Rico , sang Maddalena in Rigoletto with the Metropolitan Opera in Central Park , Charlotte in Werther in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Luisa Fernanda opposite Plácido Domingo at the Teatro Real in Madrid . The DVD of Luisa Fernanda on Opus Arte , was awarded the Diapason d'Or .   During the 2007 and 2008 season , Herrera performed the Verdi 's Requiem at the Palau de la Música Catalana in Barcelona . She sang a concert with the SODRE Symphony Orchestra of Montevideo , and Carmen at the Metropolitan Opera and The Royal Opera , Covent Garden .   Her repertory includes among others : Adalgisa ( Norma ) , Romeo ( I Capuleti e i Montecchi ) , Giulietta ( Les contes d'Hoffmann ) , and Rosina ( Il barbiere di Siviglia ) .   Prior career highlights include Carmen at the New National Theatre Tokyo , her debut at the Royal Opera as Suzuki in a production of Madama Butterfly , and her Italian debut at the Rome Opera as Carmen .   In 2009 , Herrera sang in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in the opera Roberto Devereux and debuted as Dalila from the opera Samson et Dalila in Manaos .   Herrera created the role of Donna Rosa in the world premiere of Daniel Catán 's Il Postino at Los Angeles Opera in 2010 .   As orchestral soloist and recitalist , Herrera has performed with the New York Festival of Song at the 92nd Street Y in New York City , and in recital at the Caramoor International Music Festival . She has sung de Falla 's El amor brujo with the Washington Opera and the Montreal Symphony Orchestra under the direction of Charles Dutoit , Bach 's St Matthew Passion with the Concordia College Orchestra , Berlioz ' Les nuits d'été with the Gran Canaria Philharmonic Orchestra , and Mahler 's Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen with the North Netherlands Symphony Orchestra .

neg: Silvia Tcherassi Silvia Eugenia Tcherassi ( born August 21 , 1965 ) is a Miami-based , fashion designer , born in Barranquilla , Colombia . Tcherassi was the carnival queen of Barranquilla 's Carnival in 1986 . She has been described as `` revolutionizing the Latin American fashion scene in a definitive way . '' Elle has described her dresses as `` tempting '' . She once said , `` My creations are absolutely designed to serve a woman , from 18 to 50 years old . '' Her collections have been showcased in the catwalks of Milan and Paris fashion weeks .   Her style has been defined by the Dizionario della Moda as eclectic , her clothes , as having the delicateness of a ballet dancer , while at the same time , the strength of a rock star . Her prêt-à-porter gave rise to the concept of demi-couture while her wedding gowns have become the perfect vehicle for her creative talent ; recognized by the invitation to have one of her pieces at the `` Unbridaled : The Marriage of Tradition and Avant Garde '' exhibition in Paris , Tokyo and New York .  Her approach to fashion has made her deserving of important aclaim , including her receipt of the prestigious designation of `` Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres '' by the French Government ; an honor bestowed on leaders of the international arts community for their `` contribution and commitment to cultural service . ''   She is also the designer and owner of the Tcherassi Hotel in Cartagena de Indias , a renovated 250-year-old colonial mansion , containing over 3,000 plants .

neg: La Mano Ajena La Mano Ajena is a Chilean band founded in 2002 that mixes rhythms from Eastern Europe , Latin America , France and Russia , blending all these sounds in a pastiche that also unites the tendencies of each member of the band : rock , punk , Latin American folklore and theater music . This musical project is unique in Chile , and its hybrid sound has been called `` klezmer a la chilena '' by press .   Its first references were Jazz manouche , Klezmer , Balkan and Gypsy music , rhythms to which later they would incorporate Latin influences like Cumbia , Mambo , Cha-cha-cha , Tango and Rumba ; creating a cosmopolitan sonority .  From its beginning , the band was a precursor in spreading the Gypsy , Balkan and Klezmer rhythms in Chilean stages ; and today , after almost a decade , they are one of the most important and celebrated bands from the so called `` new culture of musical carnival '' that has taken place in Chile in the last years .   La Mano Ajena has played in many stages abroad and inside of Chile , in countries as Denmark , Spain , Serbia and Argentina . In Santiago , they have shared stage with bands as Gogol Bordello and Emir Kusturica & The No Smoking Orchestra .  In January , 2009 , they became the first and only Latin American band to participate in the Küstendorf Film and Music Festival in Serbia , created by the twice Palm d'Or winner in Cannes and world famous filmmaker Emir Kusturica , whose band The No Smoking Orchestra is the main and most important reference concerning Balkan and Gypsy music in the world .   La Mano Ajena incorporates in its work a traditional repertoire sung in diverse languages : Gypsy language , Yiddish , Hebrew , French , English and Spanish . Its members are 8 multi-instrumentalists : Rodrigo Latorre , soprano saxophone , alto saxophone , baritone saxophone , guitar , piccolo flute , keyboard and theremin ; María Fernanda Carrasco , vocals , keyboard , melodica and minor percussion ; Danka Villanueva , violin and marimba ; Gabriel Moyla , accordion , alto saxophone and baritone saxophone ; Jair Moreno , clarinet ; Álvaro Sáez , drums , darbuka and djembe ; and Cristian Aqueveque , electric bass and double bass . Most of them have been part of important Chilean theater companies .