query: Adolf Hitler encouraged settler colonialism.

pos: Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler ( -LSB- ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ -RSB- ; 20 April 1889 -- 30 April 1945 ) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party ( Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei ; NSDAP ) , Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 , and Führer ( `` Leader '' ) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945 . As dictator of the German Reich , he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 , and was central to the Holocaust .   Hitler was born in Austria , then part of Austria-Hungary , and raised near Linz . He moved to Germany in 1913 and was decorated during his service in the German Army in World War I . He joined the German Workers ' Party ( DAP ) , the precursor of the NSDAP , in 1919 and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921 . In 1923 he attempted a coup in Munich to seize power . The failed coup resulted in Hitler 's imprisonment , during which he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf ( `` My Struggle '' ) . After his release in 1924 , Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and promoting Pan-Germanism , anti-semitism , and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda . Hitler frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as being part of a Jewish conspiracy .   By 1933 , the Nazi Party was the largest elected party in the German Reichstag , which led to Hitler 's appointment as Chancellor on 30 January 1933 . Following fresh elections won by his coalition , the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act , which began the process of transforming the Weimar Republic into Nazi Germany , a one-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of National Socialism . Hitler aimed to eliminate Jews from Germany and establish a New Order to counter what he saw as the injustice of the post-World War I international order dominated by Britain and France . His first six years in power resulted in rapid economic recovery from the Great Depression , the effective abandonment of restrictions imposed on Germany after World War I , and the annexation of territories that were home to millions of ethnic Germans -- actions which gave him significant popular support .   Hitler sought Lebensraum ( `` living space '' ) for the German people in Eastern Europe . His aggressive foreign policy is considered to be the primary cause of the outbreak of World War II in Europe . He directed large-scale rearmament and on 1 September 1939 invaded Poland , resulting in British and French declarations of war on Germany . In June 1941 , Hitler ordered an invasion of the Soviet Union . By the end of 1941 German forces and the European Axis powers occupied most of Europe and North Africa . Failure to defeat the Soviets and the entry of the United States into the war forced Germany onto the defensive and it suffered a series of escalating defeats . In the final days of the war , during the Battle of Berlin in 1945 , Hitler married his long-time lover , Eva Braun . On 30 April 1945 , less than two days later , the two killed themselves to avoid capture by the Red Army , and their corpses were burned .   Under Hitler 's leadership and racially motivated ideology , the Nazi regime was responsible for the genocide of at least 5.5 million Jews and millions of other victims whom he and his followers deemed Untermenschen ( `` sub-humans '' ) and socially undesirable . Hitler and the Nazi regime were also responsible for the killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war . In addition , 29 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European Theatre of World War II . The number of civilians killed during the Second World War was unprecedented in warfare , and constitutes the deadliest conflict in human history .

pos: Lebensraum The German concept of Lebensraum ( -LSB- ˈleːbənsˌʁaʊm -RSB- , `` living space '' ) refers to policies and practices of settler colonialism which proliferated in Germany from the 1890s to the 1940s . First popularized around 1901 , Lebensraum became a geopolitical goal of Imperial Germany in World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) originally , as the core element of the Septemberprogramm of territorial expansion . The most extreme form of this ideology was supported by the Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) and Nazi Germany until the end of World War II .   Following Adolf Hitler 's rise to power Lebensraum became an ideological principle of Nazism , and provided justification for the German territorial expansion into East-Central Europe . The Nazi Generalplan Ost policy ( the Master Plan for the East ) was based on its tenets . It stipulated that most of the indigenous populations of Eastern Europe would have to be removed permanently ( either through mass deportation to Siberia , death , or enslavement ) including Polish , Ukrainian , Russian , and other Slavic nations considered racially inferior and non-Aryan . The Nazi government aimed at repopulating these lands with Germanic colonists in the name of Lebensraum during World War II and thereafter . The entire populations were to be decimated by starvation , allowing for their own agricultural surplus to feed Germany .   Hitler 's strategic program for world domination was based on the belief in the power of Lebensraum , pursued by a racially superior society . People deemed to be part of inferior races , within the territory of Lebensraum expansion , were subjected to expulsion or destruction . The eugenics of Lebensraum assumed the right of the German Aryan master race ( Herrenvolk ) to remove indigenous people they considered to be of inferior racial stock ( Untermenschen ) in the name of their own living space . Nazi Germany also supported other ` Aryan ' nations ' pursuing their own Lebensraum , including Fascist Italy 's Spazio vitale .

neg: Colonization Colonization ( or colonisation ) is a process by which a central system of power dominates the surrounding land and its components .   The term is derived from the Latin word colere , which means `` to inhabit '' . Also , colonization refers strictly to migration , for example , to settler colonies in America or Australia , trading posts , and plantations , while colonialism deals with this , along with ruling the existing indigenous peoples of styled `` new territories '' .   Colonization was linked to the spread of tens of millions from Western European states all over the world . In many settled colonies , Western European settlers formed a large majority of the population . Examples include the Americas , Australia and New Zealand . These colonies were occasionally called ` neo-Europes ' . In other places , Western European settlers formed minority groups , who were often dominant in their places of settlement .   When Britain started to settle Australia , New Zealand and various other smaller islands , they often regarded the landmasses as terra nullius . Terra nullius meaning 'em pty land ' in Latin . Due to the absence of European farming techniques , the land was deemed unaltered by man and therefore treated as uninhabited , despite the presence of indigenous populations .  In the 19th century , laws and ideas such as Mexico 's General Colonization Law and the United States ' Manifest destiny encouraged further colonization of the Americas .

neg: Zweites Buch The Zweites Buch ( -LSB- ˈtsvaɪ̯təs buːχ -RSB- , `` Second Book '' ) , unofficially published in English as Hitler 's Secret Book and then officially Hitler 's Second Book , is an unedited transcript of Adolf Hitler 's thoughts on foreign policy written in 1928 ; it was written after Mein Kampf and was not published in his lifetime . The Zweites Buch was not published in 1928 because Mein Kampf did not sell well at that time and Hitler 's publisher , Franz-Eher-Verlag , told Hitler that a second book would hinder sales even more .

neg: List of German-trained divisions of the National Revolutionary Army The German trained divisions were the elite of the infantry divisions in the Chiang Kai-Shek 's National Revolutionary Army ( NRA ) trained under Sino-German cooperation until 1941 . These divisions were active in the Chinese Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War .   In 1927 , after the dissolution of the First United Front between the Nationalists and the Communists , the ruling Kuomintang ( KMT , or the Chinese Nationalist Party ) purged its leftist members and largely eliminated Soviet influence from its ranks . Chiang Kai-shek then turned to Germany , historically a great military power , for the reorganisation and modernisation of the NRA .   The Weimar Republic sent advisors to China , but because of the restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles , they could not serve in military capacities . Chiang initially requested famous generals such as Ludendorff and von Mackensen as advisors - the Weimar Republic turned him down , fearing that they were too famous , would invite the ire of the Allies , and would result in the loss of national prestige for such renowned figures to work , essentially , as mercenaries .   When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor in 1933 and disregarded the Treaty , the anti-communist NSDAP ( the Nazi Party ) and the anti-communist KMT were soon engaged in cooperation with Germany training Chinese troops and expanding Chinese infrastructure , while China opened its markets and natural resources to Germany . Max Bauer was the first advisor to China .   In 1934 General Hans von Seeckt , acting as advisor to Chiang , proposed a `` 80 Division Plan '' for reforming the entire Chinese army into 80 divisions of highly trained , well-equipped troops organised along German lines . The plan was never fully realised , as the vying warlords could not agree upon the reorganisationed division organization and the disbanding of the others . By July 1937 only 8 infantry divisions had completed reorganisation and training . These were the 3rd , 6th , 9th , 14th , 36th , 87th , 88th , and the Training Division .   Another 12 divisions equipped with Chinese arms on the reorganized model with German advisors had some training by the time the Second Sino-Japanese War started in July 1937 . These Divisions were the 2nd , 4th , 10th , 11th , 25th , 27th , 57th , 67th , 80th , 83rd , 89th Infantry Divisions .   Reorganized Division organization   Division headquarters troops :  1 Artillery battalion :  3 Artillery companies ( 12 x 75 millimeter mountain artillery guns in batteries of 4 )  1 Anti Tank artillery company ( 4 x 37mm AT gun )  1 Anti-aircraft gun company ( 4 x 20mm anti-aircraft guns )  1 Military Engineer Battalion  1 Signal battalion  2 Wire communications companies  1 Wireless correspondence platoon  1 Heavy Transport Battalion  1 Special duty Battalion ( Special Operations Battalion )  1 medical team ( usually is a Division hospital )  2 Infantry Brigades of :  each with 2 infantry regiments , Each Regiment consisted of :  Regimental headquarters troops :  1 Mortar company ( 6 x 81 millimeter mortars )  1 Small artillery company ( 6 x 20 millimeter autocannon )  1 Communications company  1 Regimental recon company  3 infantry battalions each of :  Infantry battalion headquarters troops :  1 heavy Machinegun company ( 6 heavy machine guns , 2 x 82 millimeter mortars )  3 Infantry companies of :  3 rifle platoons of  3 squads ( each of 1 light machine gun , 10 rifles )   Each Division was to have two Home Regiments to provide trained Infantry replacements .  The strength of this Division was to be approximately 14,000 men .

neg: Aryan Games The Aryan Games ( Arische Spiele ) were a proposed replacement for the Olympic Games in the Third Reich . Proposed by Nazi sports organizer Carl Diem and subsequently adopted by Adolf Hitler , these multi-sport games were supposed to be housed permanently in Nuremberg at the planned `` German Stadium '' , that had been designed by Nazi architect Albert Speer , but was never built .   The idea was originally entertained in 1939 by Carl Diem , chief organizer of the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin , who ahead of the 1936 Olympics was already noted for claiming that `` Germanics may only be defeated by other Germanics , '' which obviously turned out not to be the case . The idea was subsequently adopted by Hitler , who told Albert Speer that once the German Stadium was built , there would be no more Olympic Games , only the Aryan Games .

neg: German–Soviet Axis talks In October and November 1940 , German -- Soviet Axis talks occurred concerning the Soviet Union 's potential entry as a fourth Axis Power in World War II . The negotiations , which occurred during the era of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact and the German-Soviet Commercial Agreement , included a two-day Berlin conference between Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov , Adolf Hitler and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop , followed by both countries trading written proposed agreements . After two days of negotiations from 12 to 14 November 1940 , Germany presented the Soviets with a draft written Axis pact agreement defining the world spheres of influence of the four proposed Axis powers ( Japan , Germany , Soviet Union , Italy ) . Hitler , Ribbentrop and Molotov tried to set German and Soviet spheres of influence ; Hitler encouraged Molotov to look south to Iran and eventually India while preserving German access to Finland 's resources , and to remove Soviet influence in the Balkans . Molotov remained firm , seeking to remove German troops from Finland and gain a warm water port in the Balkans . Soviet foreign policy calculations were predicated by the idea that the war would be a long - term struggle and therefore German claims that Britain would be defeated swiftly were treated with scepticism . In addition Stalin sought to remain influential in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia . These factors resulted in Molotov taking a firm line . According to a Columbia University academical source , on 25 November 1940 , the Soviets presented a Stalin-drafted written counterproposal where they would accept the four power pact , but it included Soviet rights to Bulgaria and a world sphere of influence centered on the area around modern Iraq and Iran . Germany did not respond , leaving the negotiations unresolved . Regarding the counterproposal , Hitler remarked to his top military chiefs that Stalin `` demands more and more '' , `` he 's a cold-blooded blackmailer '' and that `` a German victory has become unbearable for Russia '' so that `` she must be brought to her knees as soon as possible . '' Germany ended the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in June 1941 by invading the Soviet Union .

neg: Haavara Agreement The Haavara Agreement was an agreement between Nazi Germany and Zionist German Jews signed on 25 August 1933 . The agreement was finalized after three months of talks by the Zionist Federation of Germany , the Anglo-Palestine Bank ( under the directive of the Jewish Agency ) and the economic authorities of Nazi Germany . It was a major factor in making possible the migration of approximately 60,000 German Jews to Palestine in 1933 -- 1939 .   The agreement was designed to enable Jews fleeing antisemitic persecution under the new Nazi regime to transfer some portion of their assets to their refuge in British Mandatory Palestine . It provided some relief for Jews fleeing by allowing them to recover some of the possessions and assets they were forced to surrender before departing . A portion of those possessions could be re-obtained by transferring them to Palestine as German export goods .  The agreement was controversial at the time , and was criticised by many Jewish leaders both within the Zionist movement ( such as the Revisionist Zionist leader Ze'ev Jabotinsky ) and outside it . For German Jews , the agreement offered a way to leave an increasingly hostile environment in Nazi Germany ; for the Yishuv , the new Jewish community in Palestine , it offered access to both immigrants and some economic support ; and for the Nazis it was seen as a way of breaking the Anti-Nazi boycott of 1933 , which had mass support among European Jews and was thought by the German state as a potential threat to a fragile German economy .   Hitler was not personally involved in the negotiation of the agreement , and his views on it appear to have shifted over time .

neg: Netherlands in World War II The direct involvement of the Netherlands in World War II began with its invasion by Nazi Germany on 10 May 1940 . The Netherlands had proclaimed neutrality when war broke out in September 1939 , just as it had in World War I , but Adolf Hitler ordered it to be invaded anyway . On 15 May 1940 , one day after the bombing of Rotterdam , the Dutch forces surrendered . The Dutch government and the royal family escaped and went into exile in London .   Following the defeat , the Netherlands was placed under German occupation , which endured in some areas until the German surrender in May 1945 . Active resistance was carried out by a small minority , which grew in the course of the occupation . The occupiers deported the majority of the country 's Jews to Nazi concentration camps , with the cooperation of much of the Dutch police and civil service .   Due to the high variation in the survival rate of Jewish inhabitants amongst local regions in the Netherlands , scholars have questioned the validity of a single explanation at the national level . Nonetheless , and also due to the well organized population registers comparing to other countries , about 70 % of the country 's Jewish population were killed during the conflict ; a much higher percentage than comparable countries , like Belgium and France . However , the city of Amsterdam organized the only industrial action in protest to the persecution of their Jewish fellow citizens ever in all of the Nazi occupied areas .   Most of the south of the country was liberated in the second half of 1944 . The rest , especially the west and north of the country still under occupation , suffered from a famine at the end of 1944 , known as the `` Hunger Winter '' . On 5 May 1945 , the whole country was finally liberated by the total surrender of all German forces .

neg: Final Solution The Final Solution ( Endlösung ) or the Final Solution to the Jewish Question ( die Endlösung der Judenfrage , -LSB- diː ˈɛntˌløːzʊŋ deːɐ̯ ˈjuːdn̩ˌfʁaːɡə -RSB- ) was a Nazi plan for the extermination of the Jews during World War II . The `` Final Solution of the Jewish Question '' was the Nazi code name for the plan to murder all Jews within reach , and was not limited to the European continent . This policy of deliberate and systematic genocide started across German-occupied Europe was formulated in procedural and geo-political terms by Nazi leadership in January 1942 at the Wannsee Conference near Berlin , and culminated in the Holocaust which saw the killing of 90 percent of Jewish Poles , and two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe .   The nature and timing of the decisions that led to the Final Solution is an intensely studied and debated aspect of the Holocaust . The program evolved during the first 25 months of war leading to the attempt at `` murdering every last Jew in the German grasp . '' Most historians agree , wrote Christopher Browning , that the Final Solution can not be attributed to a single decision made at one particular point in time . `` It is generally accepted the decision-making process was prolonged and incremental . '' In 1940 , following the Fall of France , the Madagascar Plan was devised by Adolf Eichmann in order to relocate Europe 's Jewish population to the French colony ; but the plan was abandoned for logistical reasons mainly due to a naval blockade . There were also preliminary plans to deport Jews to Palestine and Siberia . In 1941 , wrote Raul Hilberg , in the first phase of the mass murder of Jews , the mobile killing units began to pursue their victims across occupied eastern territories ; in the second phase , stretching across all of German-occupied Europe , the Jewish victims were sent on death trains to centralized extermination camps built for the purpose of systematic implementation of the Final Solution .

neg: The State (book) __ NOTOC __   The State ( Der Staat ) is a book by German sociologist Franz Oppenheimer first published in Germany in 1908 . Oppenheimer wrote the book in Frankfurt am Main during 1907 , as a fragment of the four-volume System of Sociology , an intended interpretative framework for the understanding of social evolution on which he laboured from the 1890s until the end of his life . The work summarizes Oppenheimer 's general theory on the origin , development and future transformation of the state . The State , which Oppenheimer 's missionary zeal pervades , was widely read and passionately discussed in the early 20th century . It was well received by -- and influential on -- as diverse an audience as Israeli halutzim , American and Slavic communitarians , West German Chancellor Ludwig Erhard , and anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard .   A classical liberal and socialist sympathiser , Oppenheimer regarded capitalism as `` a system of exploitation and capital revenues as the gain of that exploitation '' , but placed the blame not on the genuinely free market , but on the intervention of the state . Oppenheimer 's view of the state is profoundly opposed to the then dominant characterisation propounded by G. W. F. Hegel of the state as an admirable achievement of modern civilisation . Proponents of this view tend to accept the social contract view that the State came about as every larger groups of people agreed to subordinate their private interests for the common good .   In contrast , Opphenheimer 's view was an advancement of the `` conquest theory '' of the state that developed during the late 19th century by Ludwig Gumplowicz . According to conquest theory , the state came into being through war and conquest , a consequence of which was the establishment of social classes ; the dominant conquerors and the subordinate conquered . This , in turn , led to the emergence of a political system to consolidate the power of the conquerors , to perpetuate and regulate class divisions . Oppenheimer 's views led the American essayist , Albert Jay Nock , writing in the first half of the 20th century , to remark that in his own book , Our Enemy , the State :

neg: Free Society of Teutonia The Free Society of Teutonia was one of the earliest National Socialist organizations to appear in America . It was a German American organization that was associated with a strong support for Nazism .   The Society was formed in 1924 by four German immigrants , including Nazi Party members Fritz and Peter Gissibl and their brother Andrew . The organization was originally led by German immigrant and non-citizen Fritz Gissibl , who made his headquarters in Chicago and from there it set about recruiting ethnic Germans who supported German nationalist aims .  The Teutonia Society initially functioned as a club , but soon raised a group of militants based on the SA and , with membership increasing , became vocal critics of Jews , communism and the Treaty of Versailles . Alongside this however it retained a social function , with Teutonia Society meetings frequently ending up in heavy beer drinking sessions .   The group changed its name to the Nationalistic Society of Teutonia in 1926 , at which point Peter Gissibil was advising members to also seek Nazi Party membership . The group gained a strong , if fairly small following , and was able to establish units in Milwaukee , St. Louis , Missouri , Detroit , New York City , Cincinnati and Newark , New Jersey The group 's treasurer was Fritz Gissibil , who was also the main Nazi Party representative in the United States and who regularly collected money for the Nazis through the Society . A `` thank you '' letter from Adolf Hitler to the Society would cause a stir during the Second World War when the Gissibil brothers were brought to trial following an FBI investigation .   The group accepted Hitler as its titular leader and members adopted the Nazi salute , the Society changed its name again in October 1932 to become the Friends of the Hitler Movement .   Under orders of German immigrant and German Nazi Party member Heinz Spanknöbel , the Society was dissolved in March 1933 . In May 1933 , Nazi Deputy Führer Rudolf Hess gave Heinz Spanknöbel authority to form an American Nazi organization . Shortly thereafter , with help from the German consul in New York City , Spanknöbel created the Friends of New Germany by merging two older organizations in the United States , Gau-USA and the Free Society of Teutonia , which were both small groups with only a few hundred members each . The Friends of New Germany in turn formed the basis of the German American Bund in 1936 , the latter name being chosen to emphasise the group 's American credentials after press criticism that the Society was unpatriotic .   One of the leaders of the Teutonia Society was Walter Kappe . Kappe ( b. 1904 ) arrived in the United States in 1925 and worked in a farm implement factory in Kankakee , Illinois . Later he moved to Chicago and began to write for German language newspapers . Kappe was fluent in English and later became the press secretary for the German American Bund . He founded their paper Deutscher Weckruf und Beobachter and its predecessor Deutsche Zeitung . In 1936 , when the German American Bund was established , Kappe organized the AV Publishing Company and five other Bund corporations . Fritz Kuhn ousted Kappe from his position in the Bund seeing him as a dangerous rival . In 1937 , Kappe returned to Germany , where he was attached to Abwehr II ( the sabotage branch of German intelligence ) where he obtained a Naval commission with the rank of lieutenant . He was designated by Adolf Hitler to launch a sabotage operation against America shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor . Known as Operation Pastorius , Kappe recruited men for the mission by reviewing records from the Ausland Institute ( German Foreign Institute ) of those who were paid to return to Germany from America . He established a sabotage school on the outskirts of Berlin to train the new recruits . Once the sabotage network was established and transferred to America , Kappe planned to slip into the US with a new identity and direct operations . On June 13 , 1942 , Richard Quirin , George John Dasch , Heinrich Harm Heinck and Ernst Peter Burger landed on a beach near Amagansett , Long Island , New York on a U-boat . A similar group landed on Ponte Vedra Beach , near Jacksonville , Florida on June 17 , 1942 .

neg: Racial violence in Australia Various examples of violence have been attributed to racial factors during the recorded history of Australia since white settlement , and a level of intertribal rivalry and violence among Indigenous Australians pre-dates the arrival of white settlers from Britain in 1788 .   During the period of British colonisation , various incidents of inter-racial tension and competition for land and resources between Europeans and Indigenous peoples involved violence , becoming a factor in the decline of indigenous populations during the 19th century . Incidents of racial violence between settler communities followed the large scale multi-ethnic immigration of the Australian goldrushes of the mid-19th century - notably white miners targeting Chinese miners - which contributed to the development of the White Australia Policy which preferenced British and `` white '' immigration to Australia for some decades . The policy resulted in a largely racially homogenous population by the mid-20th century .   Australia 's large scale , Post-World War Two , multi-ethnic immigration program has seen Australia develop into one of the most ethnically diverse nations , with relatively little racial violence , and in which incitement to racial violence is a crime . Nevertheless , incidents and examples of violence between the various ethnicities of modern Australia have continued to be attributed to racial motivations up to the present time .

neg: Alfred Hugenberg Alfred Ernst Christian Alexander Hugenberg ( 19 June 1865 -- 12 March 1951 ) was an influential German businessman and politician . A leading figure in nationalist politics in Germany for the first few decades of the twentieth century , he became the country 's leading media proprietor during the inter-war period . As leader of the German National People 's Party he was instrumental in helping Adolf Hitler become Chancellor of Germany and served in his first cabinet in 1933 , hoping to control Hitler and use him as his `` tool . '' Those plans backfired , and by the end of 1933 Hugenberg had been pushed to the sidelines . Although Hugenberg continued to serve as a `` guest '' member of the Reichstag until 1945 , he wielded no political influence .

neg: Emanuel Hirsch Emanuel Hirsch ( June 14 , 1888 , Bentwisch , Province of Brandenburg - July 17 , 1972 , Göttingen ) was a German Protestant theologian and also a member of the Nazi Party and the Nazi supporting body . He escaped denazification at the end of the war by obtaining an early medical retirement and pension from his University .   Hirsch studied at the Humboldt University of Berlin where his teachers were Karl Holl and Adolf von Harnack . He earned his PhD with the thesis Fichte 's Philosophy of Religion in the context of his overall philosophical development ( in German : Fichtes Religionsphilosophie im Rahmen der philosophischen Gesamtentwicklung Fichtes ) . Hirsch was a member of the Wingolf student fraternity .   He was a professor at Göttingen University ( 1921-1945 ) . Shortly after the Nazi seizure of power he wrote :  `` No other people of the world has a statesman who is so serious about Christendom ; when Adolf Hitler concluded his great speech on May 1st with a prayer everybody could feel the wonderful candor therein . ''   In 1933 Hirsch signed the Loyalty Oath of German Professors to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist State .   Emanuel Hirsch joined the NSDAP in 1937 and also became a Patron Member of the SS and joined the National Socialist People 's Welfare . Hirsch was a leader of the German Christians and an advisor of Reich Bishop Ludwig Müller .

neg: French colonial empire The French colonial empire constituted the overseas colonies , protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward . A distinction is generally made between the `` first colonial empire '' , that existed until 1814 , by which time most of it had been lost , and the `` second colonial empire '' , which began with the conquest of Algiers in 1830 . The second empire came to an end after the loss of bitter wars in Vietnam ( 1955 ) and Algeria ( 1962 ) , and peaceful decolonization elsewhere after 1960 .   Competing with Spain , Portugal , the United Provinces , and later Britain , France began to establish colonies in North America , the Caribbean , and India in the 17th century . A series of wars with Great Britain and other European major powers during the 18th century and early 19th century resulted in France losing nearly all of its conquests . France rebuilt a new empire mostly after 1850 , concentrating chiefly in Africa , as well as Indochina and the South Pacific . Republicans , at first hostile to empire , only became supportive when Germany started to build her own colonial empire . As it developed the new empire took on roles of trade with France , especially supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items , as well as lending prestige to the motherland and spreading French civilization and language , and the Catholic religion . It also provided manpower in the World Wars .   It became a moral mission to lift the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture . In 1884 the leading proponent of colonialism , Jules Ferry declared ; `` The higher races have a right over the lower races , they have a duty to civilize the inferior races . '' Full citizenship rights -- assimilation -- were offered , although in reality `` assimilation was always receding -LSB- and -RSB- the colonial populations treated like subjects not citizens . '' France sent small numbers of settlers to its empire , contrary to Great Britain , and previously Spain and Portugal , with the only notable exception of Algeria , where the French settlers nonetheless always remained a small minority .   At its apex , it was one of the largest empires in history . Including metropolitan France , the total amount of land under French sovereignty reached 11500000 km2 in 1920 , with a population of 110 million people in 1939 . In World War II , Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France . Historian Tony Chafer argues : `` In an effort to restore its world-power status after the humiliation of defeat and occupation , France was eager to maintain its overseas empire at the end of the Second World War . '' However , after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge European authority . The French constitution of October 27 , 1946 ( Fourth Republic ) , established the French Union which endured until 1958 . Newer remnants of the colonial empire were integrated into France as overseas departments and territories within the French Republic . These now total altogether 119,394 km ² ( 46,098 sq. miles ) , which amounts to only 1 % of the pre-1939 French colonial empire 's area , with 2.7 million people living in them in 2013 . By the 1970s , says Robert Aldrich , the last `` vestiges of empire held little interest for the French . '' He argues , `` Except for the traumatic decolonization of Algeria , however , what is remarkable is how few long-lasting effects on France the giving up of empire entailed . ''

neg: German New Guinea German New Guinea ( Deutsch-Neuguinea ) was the first part of the German colonial empire . It was a protectorate from 1884 until 1914 when it fell to Australian forces following the outbreak of the First World War . It consisted of the northeastern part of New Guinea and several nearby island groups . The mainland part of German New Guinea and the nearby islands of the Bismarck Archipelago and the North Solomon Islands are now part of Papua New Guinea . The Micronesian islands of German New Guinea are now governed as the Federated States of Micronesia , the Marshall Islands , Nauru , the Northern Mariana Islands and Palau .   The mainland portion , Kaiser-Wilhelmsland , was formed from the northeastern part of New Guinea . The islands to the east of Kaiser-Wilhelmsland , on annexation , were renamed the Bismarck Archipelago ( formerly the New Britannia Archipelago ) and the two largest islands renamed Neu-Pommern ( `` New Pomerania '' , today 's New Britain ) and Neu-Mecklenburg ( `` New Mecklenburg , now New Ireland ) . Due to their accessibility by water , however , these outlying islands were , and have remained , the most economically viable part of the territory .   With the exception of German Samoa , the German islands in the Western Pacific formed the `` Imperial German Pacific Protectorates '' . These were administered as part of German New Guinea and they included the German Solomon Islands ( Buka , Bougainville , and several smaller islands ) , the Carolines , Palau , the Marianas ( except for Guam ) , the Marshall Islands , and Nauru . The total land area of German New Guinea was 249500 km ² .

neg: The Founding Myths of Israel The Founding Myths of Israel : Nationalism , Socialism , and the Making of the Jewish State is a book by Zeev Sternhell . It was published in Hebrew in 1995 , in French in 1996 and in English in 1998 . The stated purpose of the book is an analysis of the ideology and actions of labor Zionism in the period before the 1948 Arab-Israeli War . In that period labor Zionism 's leaders dominated the institutions of the Yishuv , the Jewish community in Palestine . Sternhell 's thesis is that the actions and decisions of the leaders of labor Zionism were guided by a nationalist ideology , and not by a socialist ideology . In the `` Introduction '' and the `` Epilogue '' Sternhell extrapolates this attitude of the leaders to Israeli politics and argues that nationalist policies have overshadowed social and liberal policies for a long time , and are still endangering Israel 's ability to develop as a free and open society .   Questions that Sternhell investigates are :  Was a unique synthesis between socialism and nationalism ever achieved in Palestine ?  Did the founders intend to create an alternative to bourgeois society , or did they renounce the social objective from the beginning as incompatible ?  Was equality a genuine goal , however longterm , or was it only a mobilizing myth ?  Was the nationalism of Labor Zionism and its practical expression , the conquering of the land , in any way special ?  Did it have a universalistic , humanistic and rationalistic basis that distinguished it from the nationalism flourishing in Eastern Europe ?  Did it ever have the potential to overcome the religious substance of Jewish nationalism , and thus establish a liberal , secular and open society , at peace with itself and its neighbours ?  Sternhell 's answer to the first five questions is `` no '' .   The book has received considerable attention . It was the topic of a conference at the distinguished Van Leer Institute in Jerusalem and the subject of the lead review in the weekly literary supplement of Ha'Aretz newspaper .

neg: Stranger King The Stranger King theory offers a framework to understand global colonialism . It seeks to explain the apparent ease whereby many indigenous peoples subjugated themselves to an alien colonial power and places state formation by colonial powers within the continuum of earlier , similar but indigenous processes .   It highlights the imposition of colonialism not as the result of the breaking of the spirit of local communities by brute force , or as reflecting an ignorant peasantry 's acquiescence in the lies of its self-interested leaders , but as a people 's rational and productive acceptance of an opportunity offered .   The theory was developed by Marshall Sahlins in the Pacific region and is described by David Henley using the North Sulawesi region in Indonesia as his prime case study . The Stranger King theory suggests similarities and divergences between pre-colonial and colonial processes of state-formation enabling to build with insight on the historiography of the colonial transition in the Asia-Pacific part of the world .

neg: Antisemitism Antisemitism ( also spelled anti-Semitism or anti-semitism ) is hostility , prejudice , or discrimination directed against Jews as a group . A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite . Antisemitism is generally considered to be a form of racism .   The root word Semite gives the false impression that antisemitism is directed against all Semitic people , e.g. , including Arabs . The compound word antisemite was popularized in Germany in 1879 as a scientific-sounding term for Judenhass `` Jew-hatred '' , and that has been its common use since then .   Antisemitism may be manifested in many ways , ranging from expressions of hatred of or discrimination against individual Jews to organized pogroms by mobs , state police , or even military attacks on entire Jewish communities . Although the term did not come into common usage until the 19th century , it is now also applied to historic anti-Jewish incidents . Notable instances of persecution include the Rhineland massacres preceding the First Crusade in 1096 , the Edict of Expulsion from England in 1290 , the massacres of Spanish Jews in 1391 , the persecutions of the Spanish Inquisition , the expulsion from Spain in 1492 , the Cossack massacres in Ukraine from 1648 to 1657 , various anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire between 1821 and 1906 , the 1894 -- 1906 Dreyfus affair in France , the Holocaust in German-occupied Europe , official Soviet anti-Jewish policies , and Arab and Muslim involvement in the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries .

neg: Schrecklichkeit Schrecklichkeit ( German `` terror '' or `` frightfulness '' ) is a word used by English speakers to describe an assumed military policy of the German Army towards civilians in World War I.  It was the basis of German actions during their march through Belgium in 1914 . Similar policies were followed later in France , the Russian-held area of Poland , and in Russia .   Under the traditional `` laws of war '' in Europe , military activity was to be confined to the regular , uniformed armies of each side . Civilians were to take no part in fighting , neither attacking or being attacked . Thus , when the uniformed army troops in a nation or region were all defeated , resistance was supposed to end . In practice , informal resistance by `` partisans '' , `` guerrillas '' , or `` francs-tireurs '' often continued after the `` regular '' troops had given up or withdrawn . These fighters , never officially enrolled in an army , and not wearing uniforms to identify them as combatants , attacked occupying troops by ambushes , surprises , and sniping . Conducting such operations out of uniform was considered perfidy , and those involved could be executed .   Occupying armies sometimes responded to such attacks by reprisals against the local population : execution of local inhabitants , whether known to be guerrillas or not , or destruction ( usually by burning ) of homes and other structures .   German army doctrine in force at the time called for such reprisals to be performed immediately and severely in any case of civilian resistance . It was argued that such schrecklichkeit would end resistance quickly with relatively little bloodshed , whereas restraint would encourage resistance , leading to greater destruction and death .   When Germany invaded Belgium in 1914 , the German high command expected to sweep through the country with negligible opposition . The German army was many times larger and stronger than the Belgian army , and the Germans therefore thought that any resistance by Belgium would be futile . German leaders had even suggested to the Belgian government that in the event of war , the Belgians should just line up along the roads and watch the Germans march through . Belgium 's refusal to accept these German presumptions and its resistance to the German advance came as a surprise , and disrupted the German timetable for advancing into France .   This frustration was communicated to the German troops in Belgium . Anything which delayed the German advance was to be crushed mercilessly . The Belgians were viewed as irrational and even treacherous for their opposition .   This led to exaggerated suspicions among German commanders of Belgian civilian resistance . It is possible that some Belgian civilians engaged in resistance , though none is documented . It is certain that on several occasions , German commanders declared ( probably in unconscious error ) that such acts had occurred when they had not .   The Germans responded to these perceived acts of resistance with harsh measures . In several villages and towns , hundreds of civilians were executed . Many buildings were put to the torch . Priests thought guilty of encouraging the resistance were killed . Violence by German soldiers against Belgians , such as rape , was ignored or not seriously punished . The Belgian city of Leuven was largely destroyed . One German officer later wrote about the town , `` We shall wipe it out ... Not one stone will stand upon another . We will teach them to respect Germany . For generations people will come here and see what we have done '' .   These actions , taken in a period of near-panic as the German forces desperately tried to carry out their flanking march before Allied forces could respond , proved to be a propaganda disaster for Germany . The reports of them caused a wave of indignation which aided the Allied cause .


query: Before Night Falls is a film.

pos: Before Night Falls (film) Before Night Falls is a 2000 American biographical romantic drama directed by Julian Schnabel . Based on the autobiography of the same name of Reinaldo Arenas , which was published in English in 1993 , the screenplay was written by Schnabel , Cunningham O'Keefe and Lázaro Gómez Carriles . The film stars Javier Bardem ( who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor ) , Johnny Depp , Olivier Martinez , Andrea Di Stefano , Santiago Magill and Michael Wincott . The film had its world premiere at the 2000 Venice International Film Festival .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: Before After Before After is the seventh studio album by the English synthpop band Heaven 17 . It was originally released in September 2005 , on the label Ninthwave , nine years after their previous album , Bigger Than America .   The album reached # 6 on the Billboard Magazine Club Play Chart in April 2006 . In September 2008 , the band 's cover of Blue Öyster Cult 's `` Do n't Fear the Reaper '' was featured on the American dark fantasy television series True Blood . A number of remixes of tracks from the album have appeared on online digital services such as iTunes and Amazon.com . It was the final album to feature founding member Ian Craig Marsh due to his decision to retire from music in 2007 .

neg: Before the Music Dies Before the Music Dies ( B4MD ) is a 2006 U.S. documentary film that criticizes the American music industry and the increasing commercialization of the art of music over the past thirty years . The film features interviews and performances from such musicians and groups as Doyle Bramhall II , Erykah Badu , Eric Clapton , Dave Matthews , Branford Marsalis , Elvis Costello , Bonnie Raitt and My Morning Jacket . It was directed by Andrew Shapter , produced by Joel Rasmussen , and co-written by Shapter and Rasmussen . The film premiered on March 12 , 2006 at the South by Southwest film festival in Austin , Texas .

neg: Saturday Night (2010 film) Saturday Night is a 2010 documentary directed by James Franco . The film examines the production process of the NBC late-night live television sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live . Shot over a period of six days from December 1 -- 6 , 2008 , the film was originally a school assignment for Franco at New York University .   The film premiered at the 2010 South by Southwest Film Festival on March 14 , 2010 , but was shelved for several years due to legal matters regarding its distributor and NBC . It was released on September 26 , 2014 on Hulu .

neg: A Kiss Before Dying (1956 film) A Kiss Before Dying is a 1956 American color film noir , directed by Gerd Oswald in his directorial debut . The screenplay was written by Lawrence Roman , based on Ira Levin 's 1953 novel of the same name , which won the 1954 Edgar Award for `` Best First Novel . '' The drama stars Robert Wagner , Jeffrey Hunter , Virginia Leith , Joanne Woodward , and Mary Astor . It was remade in 1991 under the same title .   Wagner plays a charming , intelligent man who will stop at nothing to get his life where he wants it to go . His problem is a pregnant woman -- played by Joanne Woodward in one of her first film roles -- who loves him . The solution involves desperate measures .

neg: Before the Next Teardrop Falls Before The Next Teardrop Falls is an album by Freddy Fender .   His first album , it was released in 1974 . The album includes the number-one hits `` Before the Next Teardrop Falls '' and `` Wasted Days and Wasted Nights . ''

neg: Kim Krizan Kim Krizan ( born November 1 , 1961 ) is an American writer and actress best known for originating the characters in the `` Before '' series with her writing on Before Sunrise ( 1995 ) and Before Sunset ( 2004 ) , for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay and a Writers Guild Award . Both films were based on characters she created with Richard Linklater . Krizan currently resides in Los Angeles , where she writes and teaches writing courses , most notably at UCLA .

neg: Gothic film The Gothic film is a film that is based on Gothic fiction or contains Gothic elements . Since various definite film genres -- including science fiction , film noir , thriller , and comedy -- have used Gothic elements , the Gothic film is challenging to define clearly as a genre . Gothic elements have also infused the horror film genre , contributing supernatural and nightmarish elements . To create a Gothic atmosphere , filmmakers have sought to create new camera tricks that challenge audiences ' perceptions . Gothic films also reflected contemporary issues . A New Companion to The Gothics Heidi Kaye said `` strong visuals , a focus on sexuality and an emphasis on audience response '' characterize Gothic films like they did the literary works . The Encyclopedia of the Gothic said the foundation of Gothic film was the combination of Gothic literature , stage melodrama , and German expressionism .   In The Cambridge Companion to Gothic Fiction , Misha Kavka says Gothic film is not an established genre , rather contributing Gothic images , plots , characters , and styles to films . These elements are often found in `` the broader category of horror '' . Kavka quotes William Patrick Day 's definition of the Gothic , '' -LSB- it -RSB- tantalizes us with fear , both as its subject and its effect ; its does so , however , not primarily through characters or plots or even language , but through spectacle '' . Cinema suits the Gothic definition in creating images that establish the spectacle .

neg: List of action films of the 1960s This is chronological list of action films released before the 1970s . Often there may be considerable overlap particularly between action and other genres ( including horror , comedy , and science fiction films ) ; the list should attempt to document films which are more closely related to action , even if they bend genres .   Action films are generally considered a post-Classical Hollywood film genre . Additions to this category before the 1970s should be used sparingly , and films before the 1960s are not to be included .

neg: B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity .   In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics .   Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie .   From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .

neg: Buffalo Niagara Film Festival The Buffalo Niagara Film Festival is a film festival in the United States held in Buffalo , New York which showcases over 35 films annually .  The inaugural festival was held March 26-21 , 2007 . The festival is held in the Riviera Theatre in North Tonawanda , New York .   Established in 2007 , the festival features independent films from the USA and worldwide with a special category for Western New York filmmakers . The program includes feature films , student films , short films , music videos and animated films . The event is produced by Captures Entetertainment .   The 2015 event took place from April 10 until April 18 .   In addition to film screenings , industry leaders and others will present seminars and panel discussions on topics of interest to filmmakers , screenwriters , and entertainment industry professionals . Opening and Closing Night Galas , Filmmaker Receptions , and a Festival Expo featuring products and services from BNFF Sponsors and others are held during the festival . A Film Market is held during Festival Week , to provide filmmakers , distributors , and buyers the opportunity to network , and conduct business .   The festival presents the following awards :   JURY AWARDS   Best Feature Film , Best Animation Film , Best Student Film , Best Screenplay , Best Short Film , Best Documentary Film , Most Promising Director , The Falls Award -- For Best West NY Film .   AUDIENCE AWARDS   Best Feature Film , Best Animation Film , Best Documentary Film , Best Music Video , Best Short Film , Best Student Film , Best West NY Film   GENRE AWARDS   Best Drama , Best Thriller , Best Docudrama , Best Action/Adventure , Best Comedy , Best Original Concept   In 2011 , Jeffrey W. Pike 's Love and Defiance received the award for Best Screenplay in Short film .

neg: Before This Night Is Over Before This Night Is Over ( Kým sa skončí táto noc ) is a 1966 Slovak drama film directed by Peter Solan .

neg: Devil's Night Devil 's Night is a name associated with October 30 , the night before Halloween . It is related to the `` Mischief night '' practiced in parts of the United States , but is chiefly associated with the serious vandalism and arson seen in Detroit , Michigan from the 1970s to the 1990s , finally prompting the `` Angels ' Night '' community response .

neg: Darkness Falls Darkness Falls may refer to :   Darkness Falls ( 1999 film ) , a British drama starring Ray Winstone  Darkness Falls ( 2003 film ) , an American horror film starring Emma Caulfield  Darkness Falls ( The X-Files ) , a 1994 episode of The X-Files  Darkness Falls , a 1997 online fantasy role-playing game by Mythic Entertainment  Darkness Falls , a 1994 Hardy Boys Casefiles novel  Darkness Falls , a Danish pop-noir duo formed in 2009  Darkness Falls ( The Legend of Korra ) , a 2013 episode of The Legend of Korra

neg: Night Skies Night Skies was a science fiction horror film that was in development in the late 1970s , but was never actually made . Steven Spielberg conceived the idea after Close Encounters of the Third Kind . Instead , material developed at the time was used in Poltergeist and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial .

neg: A Thief in the Night (film) A Thief in the Night is a 1972 Christian end times film produced by Russell S. Doughten . It is the first and best known film in Doughten 's four-part series on the Rapture and Second Coming of Christ . The films together are often referred to collectively as the `` Thief '' or `` Rapture '' series .

neg: Jeff Lieberman Jeff Lieberman ( born 1947 ) is an American film director and screenwriter , perhaps best known for his cult horror and thriller films , namely Squirm , Blue Sunshine , and Just Before Dawn .

neg: Darkness Falls (1999 film) Darkness Falls is a 1999 drama film by John Howlett , very loosely adapted from N. J. Crisp 's psychological thriller Dangerous Obsession and directed by Gerry Lively .   N. J. Crisp 's name does not appear on the films credits .   The film was shot in late 1997 on the Isle of Man .

neg: Academy Award for Best Animated Feature The Academy Awards are given each year by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS or the Academy ) for the best films and achievements of the previous year . The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature is given each year for animated films . An animated feature is defined by the Academy as a film with a running time of more than 40 minutes in which characters ' performances are created using a frame-by-frame technique , a significant number of the major characters are animated , and animation figures in no less than 75 percent of the running time . The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature was first given for films made in 2001 .   Through the 89th Academy Awards , presented in 2017 , Academy Award nominations in this category were made by the Academy 's animation section ; effective with the 2018 awards , all Academy members will be eligible to vote on nominations . The entire AMPAS membership has been eligible to choose the winner since the award 's inception . If there are sixteen or more films submitted for the category , the winner is voted from a shortlist of five films , which has happened six times , otherwise there will only be three films on the shortlist . Additionally , eight eligible animated features must have been theatrically released in Los Angeles County within the calendar year for this category to be activated .   Animated films can be nominated for other categories , but have rarely been so ; Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) was the first animated film ever nominated for Best Picture . Up ( 2009 ) and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) also received Best Picture nominations after the Academy expanded the number of nominees .   Waltz with Bashir ( 2008 ) is the only animated film ever nominated for Best Foreign Language Film ( though it did not receive a nomination for Best Animated Feature ) . The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) and Kubo and the Two Strings ( 2016 ) are the only two animated films to ever be nominated for Best Visual Effects .

neg: Mr. Saturday Night Mr. Saturday Night is a 1992 American comedy-drama film that marks the directorial debut of its star , Billy Crystal .   It focuses on the rise and fall of Buddy Young Jr. , a stand-up comedian . Crystal produced and co-wrote the screenplay with the writing duo Babaloo Mandel and Lowell Ganz . It was filmed from November 1991 to March 1992 and released on September 23 , 1992 , by Columbia Pictures .   Co-star David Paymer received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor .   The opening title sequence was designed by Elaine and Saul Bass .   The film is based on the Saturday Night Live Weekend Update sketch in which Billy Crystal plays Buddy Young Jr. reviewing a restaurant he went to .


query: An example of a Christmas comedy film is Home Alone.

pos: Home Alone Home Alone is a 1990 American Christmas comedy film written and produced by John Hughes and directed by Chris Columbus . The film stars Macaulay Culkin as Kevin McCallister , a boy who is mistakenly left behind when his family flies to Paris for their Christmas vacation . Kevin initially relishes being home alone , but soon has to contend with two would-be burglars played by Joe Pesci and Daniel Stern . The film also features Catherine O'Hara and John Heard as Kevin 's parents .   Culkin was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Musical or Comedy . After its release , Home Alone became the highest-grossing live action comedy film of all time in the United States , and also held the record worldwide until it was overtaken by The Hangover Part II in 2011 . It is the highest grossing Christmas movie of all time at the North American box office ( when adjusted for inflation ) . Home Alone has spawned a successful film franchise with four sequels , including the 1992 film Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York , the only Home Alone sequel to have the original cast reprising their roles .

neg: Twelve Days of Christmas The Twelve Days of Christmas , also known as Twelvetide , is a festive Christian season celebrating the Nativity of Jesus Christ . In most Western ecclesiastical traditions , `` Christmas Day '' is considered the `` First Day of Christmas '' and the Twelve Days are 25 December -- 5 January , inclusive . For many Christian denominations ; for example , the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Church , the Twelve Days are identical to Christmastide , but for others , e.g. , the Roman Catholic Church , `` Christmastide '' lasts longer than the Twelve Days of Christmas .

neg: A Christmas Carol (1938 film) A Christmas Carol is a 1938 American film adaptation of Charles Dickens 's 1843 novelette of the same name , starring Reginald Owen as Ebenezer Scrooge , an elderly miser who learns the error of his ways on Christmas Eve after visitations by four spirits .

neg: Bromantic comedy A bromantic comedy is a comedy film genre that takes the formula of the typical `` romantic comedy '' but focuses on close male friendships .

neg: Merry Christmas II You Merry Christmas II You is the second Christmas album and thirteenth studio album by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey . It was released by Island Records on November 2 , 2010 . Recording began in April 2010 and continued while Carey became pregnant . She was the executive producer of Merry Christmas II You and worked with various record producers , including Bryan-Michael Cox , Jermaine Dupri , Randy Jackson , James Poyser , Marc Shaiman , James `` Big Jim '' Wright and Johnny `` Sev '' Severin of RedOne . The album features Carey 's mother Patricia Carey as a guest vocalist on `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' / `` Hallelujah Chorus '' . The album is composed of original songs and covers , ballads and uptempo tracks . It incorporates R&B , soul and house music in its composition .   The album received mixed reviews from music critics , who complimented its relaxed yet lively and contemporary feel , while others felt it was predictable and too overproduced in places . It debuted at number four on the United States Billboard 200 album chart , and reached number one on both the Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums and Holiday Albums chart . It was later certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments exceeding 500,000 copies . Elsewhere , however , the album failed to make an impact , reaching the top thirty in Australia and Hungary , and the top fifty in Austria and Italy . It missed out on the top one-hundred in the United Kingdom by one position , peaking at one-hundred and one on the albums chart .   The album produced four singles , including the US Adult Contemporary record-breaking song `` Oh Santa ! '' . It reached number-one in its second week , the quickest ascent in the history of the chart and the only song to do so . Other singles included `` Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) '' , a single release version of `` When Christmas Comes '' in 2011 with John Legend and `` Christmas Time Is in the Air Again '' in 2012 . To support the album , Carey made promotional appearances on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and Lopez Tonight , and hosted her own television special called Mariah Carey : Merry Christmas to You .

neg: Finally Alone Finally Alone ( Konecne sami ) is a 1940 Czechoslovak comedy film , directed by Miroslav Cikán . It stars Rùzena Nasková , Natasa Gollová , Miroslav Homola .

neg: The Comedy The Comedy is a 2012 drama film directed and co-written by Rick Alverson , and starring Tim Heidecker . Supporting actors include Eric Wareheim ( Tim and Eric ) , James Murphy ( LCD Soundsystem ) , and Gregg Turkington ( better known as Neil Hamburger ) . The film was premiered at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival and screened within such festivals as Maryland Film Festival 2012 . The film was distributed by Tribeca Film and was slated for theatrical release on November 9 , 2012 and nationwide On Demand starting October 24 , 2012 .   Despite the title and use of comedians as actors , Sundance festival chief programmer Trevor Groth says that the film is not a comedy , but instead `` a provocation , a critique of a culture based at its core around irony and sarcasm and about ultimately how hollow that is . ''   The first ten minutes of the film was purposely leaked onto various torrent websites with an anti-piracy statement at the end of the video . The resulting publicity made the actual film the most pirated independent film of the year .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: In-joke An in-joke , also known as an inside joke or a private joke , is a joke whose humour is understandable only to members of an ingroup , that is , people who are in a particular social group , occupation , or other community of shared interest . It is an esoteric joke that is humorous only to those who are aware of the circumstances behind it .   In-jokes may exist within a small social clique , such as a group of friends , or extend to an entire profession such as the film or professional wrestling industries , or a particular sporting field or chess team . Ethnic or religious groups usually have their own in-jokes .

neg: Home for Christmas (NSYNC album) Home for Christmas is a seasonal album and first Christmas album by American boy band NSYNC . The album was released on November 10 , 1998 , following the success of their debut album . On October 27 , 1999 , Home for Christmas was certified Double Platinum by the RIAA for shipment of two million copies in the United States .   Home for Christmas was released on September 30 , 2002 in the United Kingdom as The Meaning of Christmas on Ariola Express with an altered track listing . `` Merry Christmas , Happy Holidays '' was released as a single in the United States , and in Germany as well , due to its inclusion on the group 's German seasonal album , The Winter Album .   As of December 2014 , Home for Christmas has sold 2.8 million copies in the United States , making it the fifteenth best-selling Christmas/holiday album in the U.S. since Nielsen SoundScan started tracking music sales in 1991 . The album has sold over 4 million copies worldwide .

neg: Honky Tonk Christmas Honky Tonk Christmas is the first Christmas album by country music artist Alan Jackson , and was released on October 12 , 1993 . The title track , `` A Holly Jolly Christmas '' and `` I Only Want You for Christmas '' charted on the Hot Country Songs charts .   `` Please , Daddy ( Do n't Get Drunk This Christmas ) '' was originally recorded by John Denver for his 1973 album Farewell Andromeda . Jackson 's version of `` A Holly Jolly Christmas '' first appeared on the soundtrack to the 1992 film Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York , while `` Santa 's Gon na Come in a Pickup Truck '' was also included on the 1994 Alvin and the Chipmunks album A Very Merry Chipmunk .

neg: Messy Christmas Messy Christmas ( Meine schöne Bescherung ) is a 2007 German comedy film directed by Vanessa Jopp .

neg: The Santa Clause (film series) The Santa Clause is a series of comedy films starring Tim Allen . The film series began with The Santa Clause ( 1994 ) . It was followed by The Santa Clause 2 ( 2002 ) and The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause ( 2006 ) . The series experienced a diminishing critical reception with each subsequent film .

neg: Black Christmas (2006 film) Black Christmas ( abbreviated as Black X-Mas ) is a 2006 American-Canadian slasher film written and directed by Glen Morgan and starring Katie Cassidy , Michelle Trachtenberg , Mary Elizabeth Winstead , Oliver Hudson , Lacey Chabert , Kristen Cloke , and Andrea Martin . The film takes place several days before Christmas , and tells the story of a group of sorority sisters who are stalked and murdered by the house 's former inhabitants during a winter storm . It is a loose remake of the 1974 film of the same name . The film was produced by Morgan and James Wong through their production company Hard Eight Pictures , along with 2929 Productions and Dimension Films , while Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer distributed the film .   In December 2006 , upon anticipation of its premiere , the film garnered some criticism from religious groups due to its graphic content in a holiday setting , as well as the distributor 's decision to release the film on Christmas Day in the United States . The film opened in the United Kingdom on December 15 , 2006 , and , despite backlash from some religious organizations , opened in US theaters on Christmas Day .

neg: Christmas Song Christmas Song may refer to :   Christmas song , song performed or heard around the Christmas season  `` Christmas Song '' ( Gilbert O'Sullivan song ) , 1974 song by Gilbert O'Sullivan  Christmas Song ( album ) , 2007 album by Mannheim Steamroller  `` The Christmas Song '' , 1945 song by Bob Wells and Mel Tormé  The Christmas Song ( Nat King Cole album ) , or The Magic of Christmas , 1960 album by Nat King Cole  The Christmas Song ( EP ) , 2014 EP by Jamey Johnson

neg: Leave Us Alone Leave Us Alone ( La ' os være ) is a 1975 Danish drama film directed by Ernst Johansen and Lasse Nielsen . It was entered into the 25th Berlin International Film Festival . The plot is similar to that of Lord of the Flies : A group of teenagers are stranded on an uninhabited island , and an initially pleasant vacation turns into a nightmare .

neg: Let It Snow (2001 film) Let It Snow is a 2001 romantic comedy movie . The story involves a young man who finds love during `` snow days '' time off from high school , but spends years finding his true self . He is haunted by the family `` curse '' -- as told to him by his grandmother -- that the men in the family are doomed .

neg: Snowfall: The Tony Bennett Christmas Album Snowfall : The Tony Bennett Christmas Album is a 1968 studio album by Tony Bennett , his first Christmas album . It was arranged and conducted by Robert Farnon .   Even though they have been friends since the early 1950s , Bennett and Farnon had not recorded together before , Bennett having such reverence for Farnon 's work that he felt he `` was n't ready ... ( and ) not developed enough as an artist to record with him '' . Farnon , who normally recorded in London , came to New York City for one of the two sessions that produced this album . Six tracks were recorded at Columbia 's recording studios in New York City , and four in London .   In Bennett 's autobiography , he recalls that the New York session was attended by such notable American arrangers as Don Costa , Marion Evans and Torrie Zito , all curious to see how Farnon worked . Quincy Jones subsequently threw a party for Farnon in New York City , and at the party there were so many famous musicians that Jones joked , `` If a bomb goes off in this apartment , there wo n't be any more records made ! ''   The album was reissued on CD in 1994 , with new cover art and a bonus track , `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' , recorded during a live appearance by Bennett on The Jon Stewart Show . It was reissued once more in 2007 , again with different cover art and including a bonus DVD containing excerpts from Bennett 's 1992 television special Tony Bennett : A Family Christmas .   Bennett later recorded two additional Christmas albums , Hallmark presents Christmas with Tony Bennett and the London Symphony Orchestra ( 2002 ) and A Swingin ' Christmas ( Featuring The Count Basie Big Band ) ( 2008 ) .

neg: A Moody Christmas A Moody Christmas is an Australian television comedy series that follows the adventures of Dan Moody who returns home from London to spend each Christmas with his dysfunctional family . It is written and created by Trent O'Donnell and Phil Lloyd at Jungleboys and was directed by Trent O'Donnell . The series was produced by Andy Walker , co-produced by Phil Lloyd , and executive produced by Jason Burrows of Jungleboys and Debbie Lee of ABC Television . The six-part series was first screened on ABC1 in the lead up to Christmas in October , November , and December 2012 . Shot largely in Sydney , Australia , each episode runs for half an hour , following the Moody family on Christmas Day over six years .   A second series , The Moodys , began airing on ABC on February 5 , 2014 . The eight-part series follows the Moody family through a year 's worth of celebrations , including Australia Day , Easter , and Bridget 's 40th birthday . The second series will air in the United States on Hulu in Spring 2014 .   An American version of A Moody Christmas was announced in August 2013 ; the show has a put pilot commitment to air on FOX .

neg: Zombie comedy The zombie comedy , often called zom com or zomedy by those who are in the know , is a film genre that aims to blend zombie horror motifs with slapstick comedy as well as dark comedy .

neg: Home (Mirbeau) Home , also translated as Charity ( Le Foyer ) , is a French three-act comedy by the novelist and playwright Octave Mirbeau , written in collaboration with Thadée Natanson . It was performed in December 1908 on the stage of the Comédie-Française , in Paris .   The comedy raised a big scandal because in it Mirbeau denounces the Catholic charity-business and broaches a new taboo subject : the economic and sexual exploitation of young girls in `` charitable '' homes . In order to see his play performed as intended , he brought a suit  against Jules Claretie and the Comédie-Française . He won his trial and the comedy could at last be performed .   An English translation , by Richard Hand , has been published by Intellect Books : Two Plays : `` Business is Business '' and `` Charity '' , January 2012 , 147 pages ( ISBN 9781841504865 ) .


query: Steven Price (composer) worked on the film Gravity.

pos: Steven Price (composer) Steven Price ( born 22 April 1977 ) is a British film composer , best known for scoring Gravity , which won him the Academy Award for Best Original Score . Before making his debut as a composer with Attack the Block , he worked on the music department for various notable films , such as The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers , The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King , Batman Begins , and Scott Pilgrim vs. the World .

neg: Steven Conrad Steven Conrad ( born 1968 ) is an American screenwriter , film producer and director .

neg: Posthumus Zone `` Posthumus Zone '' and `` Granicus '' are songs composed by the Los Angeles electronic music group E.S. Posthumus for the TV programs The NFL on CBS and The NFL Today on CBS Sports . The songs are played at the start and end of the programs , before and after commercial breaks , and during stoppages of play of games shown on The NFL on CBS , and on commercial spots that announce the programming schedule , as a jingle for viewers to remember .   The songs were also used to introduce , to conclude , and to segue to commercials on Westwood One 's NFL game coverage and halftime programming . It has since been replaced with a new score commissioned by Westwood One since 2013 .   `` Posthumus Zone '' , which is just under a minute long , was released by E.S. Posthumus in January 2008 as a single on the iTunes Store and on Amazon MP3 . In 2005 , E.S. Posthumus also released the single `` Rise to Glory , '' a remix of `` Posthumus Zone '' in association with DJ Quik with vocals from Bizarre .   The theme was also used on The Price Is Right as the opening theme for the February 5 , 2016 episode , which serves as the Super Bowl 50 themed episode for the CBS game show , which uses a Super Bowl theme on the Friday before the Super Bowl in years the network has the game .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: Gravity (Luna Sea song) `` Gravity '' is the twelfth single by Japanese rock band Luna Sea , released on March 29 , 2000 . It is the band 's sixth and last to reach number 1 on the Oricon singles chart . A computer-generated portrait combining facial features from all five members is placed on the inner cover of this single , nicknamed `` Tom '' , which also appears in their album Lunacy .

neg: Jonathan Price Jonathan Price is an American composer who is best known for his film scores to Necrosis and Girl Meets Boy , and for the opera ÆSOPERA .

neg: Sinyan Shen Sinyan Shen ( ; born 1949 ) is an American physicist and classical composer .

neg: Luther Price Luther Price is an experimental filmmaker .

neg: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction fantasy film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Henry Thomas , Dee Wallace , Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , Peter Coyote and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a lonely boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed `` E.T. '' , who is stranded on Earth . He and his siblings help it return home while attempting to keep it hidden from their mother and the government .   The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was shot from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of US$ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast .   Released on June 11 , 1982 by Universal Pictures , E.T was an immediate blockbuster , surpassing Star Wars to become the highest-grossing film of all time -- a record it held for eleven years until Jurassic Park , another Spielberg-directed film , surpassed it in 1993 . It is the highest-grossing film of the 1980s . Widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time , critics acclaimed it as a timeless story of friendship , and it ranks as the greatest science fiction film ever made in a Rotten Tomatoes survey . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . It was re-released in 1985 , and then again in 2002 to celebrate its 20th anniversary , with altered shots and additional scenes .

neg: Rachel Portman Rachel Mary Berkeley Portman , OBE ( born 11 December 1960 ) is an English composer who is best known for scoring films .

neg: Geoffrey Gordon (composer) Geoffrey Gordon ( born 28 August 1968 ) is an American composer of classical music .

neg: Pressure-gradient force The pressure-gradient force is the force which results when there is a difference in pressure across a surface . In general , a pressure is a force per unit area , across a surface . A difference in pressure across a surface then implies a difference in force , which can result in an acceleration according to Newton 's second law of motion , if there is no additional force to balance it . The resulting force is always directed from the region of higher-pressure to the region of lower-pressure . When a fluid is in an equilibrium state ( i.e. there are no net forces , and no acceleration ) , the system is referred to as being in hydrostatic equilibrium . In the case of atmospheres , the pressure gradient force is balanced by the gravitational force , maintaining hydrostatic equilibrium . In Earth 's atmosphere , for example , air pressure decreases at altitudes above Earth 's surface , thus providing a pressure gradient force which counteracts the force of gravity on the atmosphere .

neg: List of awards and nominations received by Justin Hurwitz This is a list of awards and nominations received by American composer and screenwriter Justin Hurwitz . He is best known for scoring the 2016 film La La Land . He also scored Damien Chazelle 's two other features , Guy and Madeline on a Park Bench and Whiplash . For La La Land , he won the Golden Globe Awards for Best Original Score and Best Original Song ( for `` City of Stars ' ) . He also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music and two Academy Awards : Best Original Score and Best Original Song ( for `` City of Stars '' ) .

neg: World Soundtrack Award – Public Choice The Public Choice Award for the Best Score of the Year is an award by the World Soundtrack Academy . Each year , the general public votes for the nominees and the award is presented at the annual World Soundtrack Awards . The category has existed since 2001 , but there was not a winner nor a vote for 2003 's ceremony .   In 2016 , the International Film Music Critics Association partnered with WSA in choosing the shortlist of nominees , selecting 30 scores representing the most outstanding works . The five nominees receiving the most votes became the final candidates for the award , with the winner announced at the awards gala .

neg: Christopher Gordon (composer) Christopher Gordon is an English born Australian composer best known for his film scores , but has also received major classical commissions . Major film scores include Mao 's Last Dancer , Master and Commander and On the Beach .

neg: Tim Story (composer) Tim Story ( born 1957 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) is an American composer , recording artist and producer of electronic and acoustic music . Story has performed on more than 20 solo and collaborative albums and in soundtracks for film and television .

neg: Gravity (software) Gravity ( ver . 2.01 ) is a software program designed by Steve Safarik to simulate the motions of planetary bodies in space . Users can create solar systems of up to 16 bodies . Mass , Density , Initial position , and Initial velocity can be varied by user input . The bodies are then plotted as they move according to the laws of gravitation . Simulation settings may saved as files with the extension '' . GRV ''

neg: PT Walkley P.T. Walkley is a New York City-based singer/songwriter and composer for film and television . He and his live band have opened for Weezer ( at Hammerstein Ballroom ) and Coldplay ( at Madison Square Garden ) , and have played top-tier music festivals like All Points West . He released his first LP as a solo artist , Mr. Macy Wakes Alone , in January 2009 , and includes contributions from acclaimed artists such as Larry Campbell , David Campbell , and Sean Lennon . Walkley has since released two EPs , What 's What and The Ghost of Chivalry . Walkley is also part of the musical projects The Blue Jackets and PT Walkley and the Adventures of Track Rabbit . His most recent album `` Shoulders '' received critical acclaim , and can be streamed on his website , along with the rest of his music .   Currently composing the original score for Wilde Wedding , starring Glenn Close , John Malkovich , Patrick Stewart and Minnie Driver . Walkley has also scored and written songs for several major motion pictures , including the Edward Burns films Looking for Kitty , The Groomsmen , Purple Violets , and Nice Guy Johnny , as well as the 2005 film Southern Belles , which starred Anna Faris and Judah Friedlander . Walkley has also composed and licensed music for numerous national advertising campaigns , for clients such as MasterCard , General Electric , Mercedes-Benz , Starbucks , and Macy 's . He composed all the original music for Ed Burns / Steven Spielberg TV Series `` Public Morals '' and for the Nickelodeon children 's television show , Team Umizoomi . In 2017 , he has done a music video for Sesame Workshop 's Sesame Studios YouTube channel , featuring digital puppet characters called `` the Ziggles '' that do a disco remix while counting to ten .

neg: Greater Twin Cities Youth Symphonies The Greater Twin Cities Youth Symphonies '' ( GTCYS ) is a group of youth orchestras in the Twin Cities in Minnesota . Founded in 1972 , GTCYS has served over 16,000 musicians and put on more than 500 concerts . The top orchestra has also traveled on 12 national and international tours . GTCYS currently features 8 orchestras for young musicians any age through high school .   GTCYS is a youth orchestra program based in the Greater Twin Cities metro that draws over 600 students from eastern Minnesota and western Wisconsin . Artistic director is Mark Russell Smith , who also conducts the top orchestra , Symphony .   Mission : In the conviction that music nourishes the body , mind , and spirit of the individual and enriches the community , the Greater Twin Cities Youth Symphonies provides a rigorous and inspiring orchestral experience for young musicians .   History : Founded in 1972 , GTCYS ( pronounced `` GIT-seez '' ) was created to provide an educational orchestra program for motivated music students from throughout the metropolitan area and outlying communities . Since then , more than 16,000 students have honed their musical talents and developed lifelong skills that have helped them succeed not only as musicians , but as teachers , community leaders , doctors , lawyers , business professionals , and entrepreneurs .  GTCYS holds a treasured place in the Minnesota arts and cultural landscape , with students showcasing their talents through performances at prestigious concert halls and events as well as for underserved audiences . Artistic Director Mark Russell Smith joined GTCYS ' staff in 2012 and provides dynamic leadership and artistic oversight for our programs . GTCYS collaborates with world-class artists and organizations including guest conductors Osmo Vänskä , Roberto Abbado , and Nicholas McGegan and projects with the Minnesota Chorale . Renowned for our rich international touring history , GTCYS performed by invitation at the Granada International Festival of Music and Dance ( Spain ) in 2014 and will tour Argentina in June 2016 .   In 2011 , GTCYS and the SPCO formed a strategic partnership to serve the community through music and build classical music audiences .

neg: Steven Stucky Steven Edward Stucky ( -LSB- ˈstʌki -RSB- November 7 , 1949 − February 14 , 2016 ) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning American composer .

neg: James S. Levine James Scott Levine ( born 1974 ) is a composer and member of Remote Control Productions . He has won seven BMI awards and seven ASCAP awards . His credits include the films Running with Scissors , Delta Farce , and The Weather Man , and the television shows Nip/Tuck , Glee , The Closer , Rizzoli & Isles , and American Horror Story . He has also provided additional music for films such as Madagascar , Pearl Harbor , and Something 's Got ta Give .