query: Countries include Haiti.

pos: Haiti Haiti ( -LSB- ˈheɪti -RSB- Haïti -LSB- a.iti -RSB- Ayiti -LSB- ajiti -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Haiti and formerly called Hayti , is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea . It occupies the western three-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Dominican Republic . Haiti is 27750 km2 in size and has an estimated 10.6 million people , making it the most populous country in the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) and the second-most populous country in the Caribbean as a whole .   The region was originally inhabited by the indigenous Taíno people . Spain discovered the island on 5 December 1492 during the first voyage of Christopher Columbus across the Atlantic . When Columbus initially landed in Haiti , he had thought he had found India or Asia . On Christmas Day 1492 , Columbus ' flagship the Santa Maria ran aground north of what is now Limonade . As a consequence , Columbus ordered his men to salvage what they could from the ship , and he created the first European settlement in the Americas , naming it La Navidad after the day the ship was destroyed .   The island was named La Española and claimed by Spain , which ruled until the early 17th century . Competing claims and settlements by the French led to the western portion of the island being ceded to France , which named it Saint-Domingue . The development of sugarcane plantations , worked by slaves brought from Africa , led to the colony being among the most lucrative in the world .   In the midst of the French Revolution ( 1789 -- 1799 ) , slaves and free people of colour revolted in the Haitian Revolution ( 1791 -- 1804 ) , culminating in the abolition of slavery and the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte 's army at the Battle of Vertières . Afterward the sovereign nation of Haiti was established on 1 January 1804 the first independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbean , the second republic in the Americas , the only nation in the western hemisphere to have defeated three European superpowers ( France , Spain , and the UK ) , and the only nation in the world established as a result of a successful slave revolt . The rebellion that began in 1791 was led by a former slave and the first black general of the French Army , Toussaint Louverture , whose military genius and political acumen transformed an entire society of slaves into an independent country . Upon his death in a prison in France , he was succeeded by his lieutenant , Jean-Jacques Dessalines , who declared Haiti 's sovereignty and later became the first Emperor of Haiti , Jacques I . The Haitian Revolution lasted just over a dozen years ; and apart from Alexandre Pétion , the first President of the Republic , all the first leaders of government were former slaves . The Citadelle Laferrière is the largest fortress in the Americas . Henri Christophe former slave and first king of Haiti , Henri I built it to withstand a possible foreign attack .   It is a founding member of the United Nations , Organization of American States ( OAS ) , Association of Caribbean States , and the International Francophonie Organisation . In addition to CARICOM , it is a member of the International Monetary Fund , World Trade Organization , and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States . It has the lowest Human Development Index in the Americas . Most recently , in February 2004 , a coup d'état originating in the north of the country forced the resignation and exile of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide . A provisional government took control with security provided by the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti ( MINUSTAH ) .

neg: List of cities in Haiti This article shows a list of cities in Haiti .

neg: Territorial evolution of the Caribbean This is a timeline of the territorial evolution of the Caribbean and nearby areas of North , Central , and South America , listing each change to the internal and external borders of the various countries that make up the region .   The region covered is the Caribbean , its islands ( most of which enclose the sea ) , and the surrounding coasts , as well as the southern part of the Gulf of Mexico , Florida , Central America , and the northern region of South America .   The political evolution of the land surrounding the Caribbean reveals the significant role the region played in the colonial struggles of the European powers since Christopher Columbus arrived in 1492 . In the 20th century the Caribbean was again important during World War II , in the decolonization wave in the post-war period , and in the tension between Communist Cuba and the United States ( U.S. ) . Genocide , slavery , immigration and rivalry between world powers have given Caribbean history an impact disproportionate to the size of this small region .   At the time of the European discovery of most of the islands of the Caribbean , three major Amerindian indigenous peoples lived on the islands : the Taíno in the Greater Antilles , The Bahamas and the Leeward Islands ; the Island Caribs and Galibi in the Windward Islands ; and the Ciboney in western Cuba . The Taínos are subdivided into Classic Taínos , who occupied Hispaniola and Puerto Rico , Western Taínos , who occupied Cuba , Jamaica , and the Bahamian archipelago , and the Eastern Taínos , who occupied the Leeward Islands . Trinidad was inhabited by both Carib speaking and Arawak-speaking groups .

neg: List of rodents of the Caribbean The Caribbean region is home to a diverse and largely endemic rodent fauna . This includes the endemic family Capromyidae ( hutias ) , which are largely limited to the Greater Antilles , and two other groups of endemic hystricognaths , the heteropsomyines and giant hutias , including the extinct bear-sized Amblyrhiza inundata . Lesser Antillean rodent faunas mostly consist of oryzomyines , members of a distantly related group of rodents , and include two of the largest known oryzomyines , Megalomys desmarestii and `` Oryzomys hypenemus '' . Various other rodents are limited to land-bridge islands such as Trinidad , which were connected to the mainland during glacial-period lowered sea levels in the Pleistocene , or to smaller portions of the Caribbean archipelago . Much of the native rodent fauna of the Caribbean are extinct because of human influences , particularly following the introduction of invasive species such as Old World rats .   For the purposes of this article , the `` Caribbean '' includes all islands in the Caribbean Sea ( except for small islets close to the mainland ) and the Bahamas , Turks and Caicos Islands , and Barbados , which are not in the Caribbean Sea but biogeographically belong to the same Caribbean bioregion .

neg: Burkina Faso Burkina Faso ( -LSB- usbər ` kiːnə _ , fɑːsoʊ -RSB- ; -LSB- buʁkina faso -RSB- ) is a landlocked country located in West Africa . It covers an area of around 274200 km2 and is surrounded by six countries : Mali to the north ; Niger to the east ; Benin to the southeast ; Togo and Ghana to the south ; and Ivory Coast to the southwest . Its capital is Ouagadougou . In 2014 its population was estimated at just over 17.3 million . Burkina Faso is a francophone country and French is an official language of government and business . Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta , the country was renamed `` Burkina Faso '' on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara . The citizens of Burkina Faso are known as Burkinabé ( -LSB- bərˈkiːnəbeɪ -RSB- ) .   The northwestern part of present-day Burkina Faso was populated by hunter-gatherers from 14,000 BC to 5,000 BC . From the 3rd to the 13th centuries AD , the Iron-Age Bura culture was situated in the territory of present-day southeastern Burkina Faso and southwestern Niger . Various ethnic groups of present-day Burkina Faso , such as the Mossi , Fula and Dyula , arrived in successive waves between the 8th and 15th centuries . From the 11th century the Mossi people established several separate kingdoms . In the 1890s during the European Scramble for Africa , the territory of Burkina Faso was invaded by France , and colonial control was established following a war of conquest between 1896 to 1904 . The territory was made part of French West Africa in 1904 , and the colony of French Upper Volta was established on 1 March 1919 . The colony was named for its location on the upper courses of the Volta River ( the Black , Red and White Volta ) .   The Republic of Upper Volta was established on 11 December 1958 as a self-governing colony within the French Community , and on 5 August 1960 it gained full independence , with Maurice Yaméogo as President . After protests by students and labour unions , Yaméogo was deposed in the 1966 coup d'état led by Sangoulé Lamizana , who became President . His rule coincided with the Sahel drought and famine , and facing problems from the country 's traditionally powerful trade unions , he was deposed in the 1980 coup d'état led by Saye Zerbo . Encountering resistance from trade unions once again , Zerbo 's government was overthrown in the 1982 coup d'état led by Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo . The leader of the leftist faction of Ouédraogo 's government , Thomas Sankara , became Prime Minister but was imprisoned . Efforts to free him led to the popularly-supported 1983 coup d'état , in which he became President . Sankara renamed the country to Burkina Faso and launched an ambitious socioeconomic programme which included a nationwide literacy campaign , land redistribution to peasants , railway and road construction and the outlawing of female genital mutilation , forced marriages and polygamy . Sankara was overthrown and killed in the 1987 coup d'état led by Blaise Compaoré -- deteriorating relations with the former coloniser France and its ally the Ivory Coast was the reason given for the coup .   In 1987 Blaise Compaoré became President and , after an alleged 1989 coup attempt , was later elected in 1991 and 1998 , elections which were boycotted by the opposition and received a considerably low turnout , and in 2005 . He remained head of state until he was ousted from power by the popular youth upheaval of 31 October 2014 . He then fled to the Ivory Coast . Michel Kafando subsequently became the transitional President of the country . On 16 September 2015 a military coup d'état against the Kafando government was carried out by the Regiment of Presidential Security . On 24 September 2015 , after pressure from the African Union , ECOWAS and the armed forces , the military junta agreed to step down , and Michel Kafando was reinstated as Acting President . In the general election held on 29 November 2015 , Roch Marc Christian Kaboré won in the first round with 53.5 % of the vote and was sworn in as President on 29 December 2015 .

neg: List of endangered languages in Africa An endangered language is a language that it is at risk of falling out of use , generally because it has few surviving speakers . If it loses all of its native speakers , it becomes an extinct language . UNESCO defines four levels of language endangerment between `` safe '' ( not endangered ) and `` extinct '' :  Vulnerable  Definitely endangered  Severely endangered  Critically endangered   Africa is the world 's second-largest and second most-populous continent . At about 30.2 million km ² ( 11.7 million sq mi ) including adjacent islands , it covers 6 % of the Earth 's total surface area and 20.4 % of the total land area . With about 922 million people ( as of 2005 ) in 61 territories , it accounts for about 14.2 % of the world 's human population . The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north , the Suez Canal and the Red Sea to the northeast , the Indian Ocean to the southeast , and the Atlantic Ocean to the west . There are 53 countries , including Madagascar and all the island groups .

neg: Government of Haiti The government of Haiti is a semi-presidential republic , a multiparty system wherein the President of Haiti is head of state elected directly by popular elections . The Prime Minister acts as head of government and is appointed by the President , chosen from the majority party in the National Assembly . Executive power is exercised by the President and Prime Minister who together constitute the government . Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of the National Assembly of Haiti . The government is organized unitarily , thus the central government delegates powers to the departments without a constitutional need for consent . The current structure of Haiti 's political system was set forth in the Constitution of March 29 , 1987 .

neg: Archipelagic state An archipelagic state is any internationally recognized state or country that comprises a series of islands that form an archipelago . The term is defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in order to define what borders such states should be allowed to claim .   In various conferences , Fiji , Indonesia , Papua New Guinea , the Bahamas , and the Philippines are the five sovereign states that obtained approval in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea signed in Montego Bay , Jamaica on December 10 , 1982 and qualified as archipelagic states .   Archipelagic states are states that are composed of groups of islands forming a state as a single unit , with the islands and the waters within the baselines as internal waters . Under this concept ( `` archipelagic doctrine '' ) , an archipelago shall be regarded as a single unit , so that the waters around , between , and connecting the islands of the archipelago , irrespective of their breadth and dimensions , form part of the internal waters of the state , and are subject to its exclusive sovereignty .   The approval of the United Nations for the five sovereign states as archipelagic states respect existing agreements with other countries and shall recognize traditional fishing rights and other legitimate activities of the immediately adjacent neighboring countries in certain areas falling within archipelagic waters . The terms and conditions for the exercise of such rights and activities , including the nature , the extent and the areas to which they apply , shall , at the request of any of the countries concerned , be regulated by bilateral agreements between them . Such rights shall not be transferred to or shared with third countries or their nationals .

neg: Haiti at the Paralympics Haiti first participated in the Paralympic Games in 2008 , sending a single athlete , Nephtalie Jean-Louis , to compete in powerlifting . Due to unspecified `` problems with her weight '' , however , Jean-Louis was ultimately unable to compete , and was listed as a non-starter in her event ( powerlifting ) .   Thus it was only at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London that Haitian athletes competed for the first time . The country was represented by two athletes : Nephtalie Jean-Louis , in the shot put and javelin rather than in powerlifting ; and Josue Cajuste , also in the shot put and javelin .   Haiti 's participation in the Paralympics is overseen by the Comité National Paralympique d'Haïti .

neg: List of populated places affected by the 2010 Haiti earthquake This is a list of populated places and structures affected by the 2010 Haiti earthquake , a magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake which occurred on 12 January 2010 , with an epicentre approximately 25 km west of Port-au-Prince , Haiti ,  and affected an estimated three million people .  The Haitian government estimated that 230,000 people died ,  300,000 were injured and 1,000,000 made homeless by the quake .   The earthquake caused extensive damage to infrastructure in southwestern Haiti -- in February , Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive estimated that 250,000 residences and 30,000 commercial buildings had collapsed or were severely damaged .  The deputy mayor of Léogâne , at the epicentre of the earthquake , reported that 90 percent of buildings in the city were destroyed and Léogâne had `` to be totally rebuilt . '' As much as 90 percent of Grand-Goâve was devastated , including all public buildings . In Gressier , 40 -- 50 percent of buildings were destroyed ; the same in the worst-affected areas of Carrefour . Jacmel , the capital of Sud-Est Department , also was heavily affected ; 70 percent of homes in the city were damaged according to the mayor of Jacmel , as well as the airport , hospital and city hall building .   Many landmark buildings were damaged or destroyed , including the Presidential Palace , the National Assembly building ( Palais Législatif ) , the Supreme Court building ( Palais de Justice ) and the Holy Trinity and Port-au-Prince Cathedrals . Port-au-Prince 's main port and airport , the Port international de Port-au-Prince and Toussaint Louverture International Airport also suffered severe damage , as did Killick , the Haitian Coast Guard 's base in the capital city . The Ciné Institute , Haiti 's only film school , `` lost two buildings '' .

neg: Isleño Isleño ( -LSB- izˈleɲo -RSB- , pl . isleños ) is the Spanish word meaning `` islander . '' The term was applied to the Canary Islanders to distinguish them from Spanish mainlanders known as `` peninsulars '' ( links = no ) . The Isleños are the inhabitants of the Canary Islands , and by extension the descendants of Canarian settlers and emigrants to present-day Louisiana , Texas , Cuba , the Dominican Republic , Venezuela , Puerto Rico , and other parts of the Americas . In these places , the name , which formerly referred to a general category of people , now refers to the specific cultural identity of Canary Islanders or their descendants throughout Latin America and in Louisiana , where they are still called isleños . Another name for Canary Islander in English is `` Canarian . '' In Spanish , an alternative is canario or isleño canario .   The term isleño is still used in Latin America , at least in those countries which had large Canarian populations , to distinguish a Canary Islander from a peninsular ( continental Spaniard ) . By the early 19th century there were more people of Canarian extraction in the Americas than in the Canary Islands themselves , and the number of descendants of those first immigrants is exponentially larger than the number who originally migrated . The Americas were the destination of most Canarian immigrants , from their discovery by Europeans in the 15th century until the 20th century , when substantial numbers went to the Spanish colonies of Ifni , Western Sahara and Equatorial Guinea in Africa during the first half of the century . Beginning in the 1970s , they began to emigrate to other European countries , although emigration to the Americas did not end until the early 1980s .   The cultures of Cuba , the Dominican Republic , Puerto Rico , Venezuela , and Uruguay partially have all been influenced by Canarian culture , as have the dialects of Spanish spoken in all but Uruguay . Although almost all descendants of Canary Islanders who emigrated to the Americas from the 16th to the 20th century are incorporated socially and culturally within the larger populations , there remain a few communities that have preserved at least some their ancestors ' Canarian culture , as in Louisiana , San Antonio in Texas , Hatillo , Puerto Rico San Carlos de Tenerife ( now a neighborhood of Santo Domingo ) in the Dominican Republic and San Borondón in Peru .

neg: Arab Haitians Arab Haitians are Haitian citizens of Arab ethnic . In Haiti , there are a sizable number of Haitians that are of Middle-Eastern ancestry or trace their origins to Arab descendants . Hadrami and Levantine Arabic ancestry can be found within the Arab Haitian community known in Arabic as Bilad al-Sham , primarily Lebanon and Syria .

neg: Human trafficking in Colombia The country of Colombia is a major source country for women and girls subjected to trafficking in persons , specifically forced prostitution in Latin America , the Caribbean , Western Europe , Asia , and North America , including the United States . Within Colombia , some men are found in conditions of forced labor , but the forced prostitution of women and children from rural areas in urban areas remains a larger problem . Individual cases of forced marriage -- a risk factor for trafficking -- involuntary domestic servitude , and forced begging have been reported . Some children are subjected to forced labor in mines and quarries , in the agricultural sector or as domestic servants . Groups at high risk for internal trafficking include displaced persons , poor women in rural areas , and relatives of members of criminal organizations . Continued armed violence in Colombia has displaced many communities , making them vulnerable to human trafficking . Guerillas and new illegal armed groups forcibly recruit children to join their ranks ; the government estimates thousands of children are exploited under such conditions . Members of gangs and organized criminal networks force their relatives and acquaintances , and displaced persons -- typically women and children -- into conditions of forced prostitution and forced labor , including forced work in the illegal drug trade . Colombia also is a destination for foreign child sex tourists , particularly coastal cities such as Cartagena and Barranquilla . Migrants from South America , Africa , and China transit Colombia en route to the United States and Europe ; some may fall victim to traffickers .   The Government of Colombia fully complies with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking in persons . During the reporting period , the government increased law enforcement actions against trafficking offenders , enhanced prevention efforts , and continued to offer victim services through an interagency trafficking operations center and through partnerships with NGOs and international organizations . The significant number of Colombians trafficked abroad , however , reflects the need for increased prevention efforts and victim services .

neg: List of companies of Guatemala Guatemala is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west , the Pacific Ocean to the southwest , Belize to the northeast , the Caribbean to the east , Honduras to the east and El Salvador to the southeast . With an estimated population of around 15.8 million , it is the most populated state in Central America . A representative democracy , Guatemala 's capital and largest city is Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción , also known as Guatemala City .   Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) in purchasing power parity ( PPP ) in 2010 was estimated at $ 70.15 billion USD . The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 63 % , followed by the industry sector at 23.8 % and the agriculture sector at 13.2 % ( 2010 est. ) . Mines produce gold , silver , zinc , cobalt and nickel . The agricultural sector accounts for about two-fifths of exports , and half of the labor force . Organic coffee , sugar , textiles , fresh vegetables , and bananas are the country 's main exports . Inflation was 3.9 % in 2010 .

neg: Human trafficking in Venezuela Venezuela is a source , transit , and destination country for men , women , and children trafficked for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor . Venezuela 's political , economic , and social concerns contribute to the factors and types of human trafficking in the country . In particular , the severe poverty in Venezuela has increased the rate of human trafficking . Venezuelan women and girls are trafficked within the country for sexual exploitation , lured from poor regions in the nation 's interior to urban and tourist areas . Victims are recruited through false job offers and subsequently forced into prostitution or conditions of labor exploitation . Child prostitution in urban areas and child sex tourism in resort destinations such as Margarita Island appear to be growing . Venezuelan women and girls are trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation to Western Europe and Mexico , in addition to Caribbean destinations such as Trinidad and Tobago , Aruba , and the Dominican Republic . Men , women , and children from Colombia , Peru , Ecuador , Brazil , the Dominican Republic , and the People 's Republic of China are trafficked to and through Venezuela and may be subjected to commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor .

neg: North Africa North Africa is the term given to a group of Mediterranean countries situated in the northern-most region of the African continent . The term `` North Africa '' has no single accepted definition . It is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Morocco in the west , to the Suez Canal and the Red Sea in the east . Others have limited it to the countries of Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , a region known by the French during colonial times as `` Afrique du Nord '' and by the Arabs as the Maghreb ( `` West '' ) .   The most commonly accepted definition includes Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , as well as Libya and Egypt , It should be noted however that the term `` North Africa '' , when commonly used in North Africa and the Middle East , often refers only to the countries of the Maghreb and Libya . Egypt , due to its greater Middle Eastern associations , is typically viewed separately . The countries of North Africa share a common ethnic , cultural and linguistic identity that is unique to this region .   North west Africa has been inhabited by Berbers since the beginning of recorded history , while the eastern part of North Africa has been home to the Egyptians . Following the Muslim conquest in the seventh century C.E. , the region underwent a process of Arabization and Islamization that has defined its cultural landscape ever since .   The distinction between North Africa and much of Sub-Saharan Africa is historically and ecologically significant because of the effective barrier created by the Sahara Desert for much of modern history . From 3500 BC , following the abrupt desertification of the Sahara due to gradual changes in the Earth 's orbit , this barrier has culturally separated the North from the rest of the continent . As the seafaring civilizations of the Phoenicians , Greeks , Romans , Muslims and others facilitated communication and migration across the Mediterranean Sea , the cultures of North Africa became much more closely tied to Southwestern Asia and Europe than Sub-Saharan Africa . The Islamic influence in the area is also significant , and North Africa is a major part of the Muslim world .   Some researchers have postulated that North Africa rather than East Africa served as the exit point for the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent in the Out of Africa migration .

neg: List of people by number of countries visited This is a list of people by number of countries and territories visited .   There are a number of people claiming to have visited every country in the world , though there is great debate as to how many countries there are in the world . The most commonly agreed base number is the number of United Nations member states , of which there are 193 . According to the United Nations , `` The recognition of a new State or Government is an act that only other States and Governments may grant or withhold . '' As a result , the membership of some countries to the United Nations is blocked by one or more other members , such as Taiwan and Kosovo , and there are also two observer states , the Holy See and the State of Palestine . Additionally , there are various dependencies and territories that maintain autonomy , their own government , immigration , and/or print their own currency , and can be widely held as de facto countries by travellers . ISO 3166 is maintained by ISO as an updated list of the aforementioned derived from United Nations sources ( Terminology Bulletin Country Names and the Country and Region Codes for Statistical Use maintained by the United Nations Statistics Divisions ) , and lists 249 countries . The Travelers ' Century Club , whose membership is limited to those travellers who have visited one hundred or more territories of the world , maintains its own official list of countries and territories , a total of 325 as of 1 January 2016 , which includes geographically separated areas , such as Hawaii and other areas of cultural interest . This list of people by countries visited does not prescribe one list as correct ; rather , it lists the number of countries visited from any of these competing lists . The Best Travelled is also considered a reference for the 1281 world regions and well travelled people , and hold a verification process to check on traveller 's claims . Their UN Master List regroups all those travellers .

neg: French Guiana French Guiana ( pronounced -LSB- giːˈɑːnə -RSB- or -LSB- giːˈænə -RSB- , Guyane française -LSB- ɡɥijan fʁɑ̃sɛz -RSB- ) , officially called Guiana ( Guyane ) , is an overseas department and region of France , located on the north Atlantic coast of South America in the Guyanas . It borders Brazil to the east and south , and Suriname to the west . Its 83,534 km2 area has a very low population density of only 3 inhabitants per km2 , with half of its 244,118 inhabitants in 2013 living in the metropolitan area of Cayenne , its capital . By land area , it is the second largest region of France and the largest outermost region within the European Union .   Both the region and the department have been ruled since December 2015 by a single assembly within the framework of a new territorial collectivity , the French Guiana Territorial Collectivity ( French : collectivité territoriale de Guyane ) . This assembly , the French Guiana Assembly ( French : assemblée de Guyane ) , has replaced the former regional council and departmental council , which were both disbanded . The French Guiana Assembly is in charge of regional and departmental government . Its president is Rodolphe Alexandre .   The area was originally inhabited by Native Americans . The first French establishment is recorded in 1503 but the French presence did n't really become durable until 1643 and the foundation of Cayenne . Guiana then became a slave colony and saw its population increase until the official abolition of slavery at the time of the French revolution . Guiana temporarily became a French department in 1797 but was gradually transformed into a penal colony with the establishment of a network of camps and penitentiaries spread over the coast where prisoners were sentenced to forced labor . During World War II , the Guianan Félix Éboué was one of the first to stand behind General de Gaulle as early as June 18 , 1940 . Guiana officially rallied Free France in 1943 . It definitively abandoned its status as a colony and became again a French department in 1946 . De Gaulle , who became president , decided to establish the Guiana Space Center in 1965 . It is now operated by the CNES , Arianespace and the European Space Agency ( ESA ) . Several thousand Hmong refugees from Laos migrated to French Guiana in the late 1970s and early 1980s .   Nowadays fully integrated in the French central state , Guiana is a part of the European Union , and its official currency is the euro . The region is the most prosperous territory in South America with the highest GDP per capita . A large part of Guiana 's economy derives from the presence of the Guiana Space Centre , now the European Space Agency 's primary launch site near the equator . As elsewhere in France , the official language is French , but each ethnic community has its own language , of which Guianan Creole is the most widely spoken .

neg: André Apaid André Apaid , Jr. , the leader of the Group of 184 in Haiti , the civil society movement which forced Jean-Bertrand Aristide from power in 2004 through a coup d'état . He is the head of Alpha Industries , one of the largest assembly factories in Haiti , and of Fondation Nouvelle Haiti , a member of the Initiative de la Societe Civile group .   Numerous allegations have been made against Apaid :  His father , Andre Apaid , Senior , a Haitian immigrant of Lebanese origin , had been a strong supporter of Jean-Claude Duvalier .  The root of the Apaid family 's opposition to Aristide is believed to be Aristide 's doubling of the minimum wage in 1991 , which conflicted with Alpha Industries business practices . Alpha Industries had been described in international reports as a notorious sweatshop . Apaid has also been accused of tax evasion .  Apaid is the head of the Group of 184 , a group that is seen by some as a legitimate political organization and by others as an instigator of violence .  Apaid reportedly has close ties with Thomas `` Labanye '' Robinson , a violent and dangerous gang leader in Cité Soleil , a slum outside Port-au-Prince . The Center for the Study of Human Rights states that Apaid pays Labanye to kill supporters of the Lavalas party , the political party of Aristide .  The switch to electronic voting in Haiti , though the majority of Haiti is without electricity , is being promoted by Claude Apaid , the brother of André Apaid and the owner of the computer company that has secured the government contract to supply voting machines .

neg: Transport in Haiti All of the major transportation systems in Haiti are located near or run through the capital , Port-au-Prince .


query: Some of the denizens of Somalia are employed outside the country.

pos: Somalia Somalia ( -LSB- səˈmɑːliə , _ soʊ - , _ - ljə -RSB- ; Soomaaliya الصومال ) , officially the Federal Republic of Somalia ( Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya , جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية ) , is a country located in the Horn of Africa . It is bordered by Ethiopia to the west , Djibouti to the northwest , the Gulf of Aden to the north , the Indian Ocean to the east , and Kenya to the southwest . Somalia has the longest coastline on Africa 's mainland , and its terrain consists mainly of plateaus , plains and highlands . Climatically , hot conditions prevail year-round , with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall .   Somalia has an estimated population of around 16.3 million . Around 85 % of its residents are ethnic Somalis , who have historically inhabited the northern part of the country . Ethnic minorities are largely concentrated in the southern regions . The official languages of Somalia are Somali and Arabic , both of which belong to the Afroasiatic family . Most people in the country are Muslim , with the majority being Sunni .   In antiquity , Somalia was an important commercial centre . It is among the most probable locations of the fabled ancient Land of Punt . During the Middle Ages , several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade , including the Ajuran Empire , the Adal Sultanate , the Warsangali Sultanate , and the Geledi Sultanate . In the late 19th century , through a succession of treaties with these kingdoms , the British and Italian empires gained control of parts of the coast and established the colonies of British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland . In the interior , Mohammed Abdullah Hassan 's Dervish State repelled the British Empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region , before succumbing to defeat in 1920 by British airpower . The toponym Somalia was coined by the Italian explorer Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti ( 1855 -- 1926 ) . Italy acquired full control of the northeastern , central and southern parts of the area after successfully waging the so-called Campaign of the Sultanates against the ruling Majeerteen Sultanate and Sultanate of Hobyo . Italian occupation lasted until 1941 , yielding to British military administration . British Somaliland would remain a protectorate , while Italian Somaliland in 1949 became a United Nations Trusteeship under Italian administration , the Trust Territory of Somaliland . In 1960 , the two regions united to form the independent Somali Republic under a civilian government .   The Supreme Revolutionary Council seized power in 1969 and established the Somali Democratic Republic . Led by Mohamed Siad Barre , this government later collapsed in 1991 as the Somali Civil War broke out . Various armed factions began competing for influence in the power vacuum , particularly in the south . During this period , due to the absence of a central government , Somalia was a `` failed state '' , and residents returned to customary and religious law in most regions . A few autonomous regions , including the Somaliland and Puntland administrations emerged in the north . The early 2000s saw the creation of fledgling interim federal administrations . The Transitional National Government ( TNG ) was established in 2000 , followed by the formation of the Transitional Federal Government ( TFG ) in 2004 , which reestablished national institutions such as the military . In 2006 , the TFG , assisted by Ethiopian troops , assumed control of most of the nation 's southern conflict zones from the newly formed Islamic Courts Union ( ICU ) . The ICU subsequently splintered into more radical groups such as Al-Shabaab , which battled the TFG and its AMISOM allies for control of the region .   By mid-2012 , the insurgents had lost most of the territory that they had seized . In 2011 -- 2012 , a political process providing benchmarks for the establishment of permanent democratic institutions was launched . Within this administrative framework a new provisional constitution was passed in August 2012 , which reformed Somalia as a federation . Following the end of the TFG 's interim mandate the same month , the Federal Government of Somalia , the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war , was formed and a period of reconstruction began in Mogadishu . Somalia has maintained an informal economy , mainly based on livestock , remittances from Somalis working abroad , and telecommunications .

neg: List of representative offices of Somaliland This page lists the representative offices of Somaliland . Somaliland is a de facto independent republic , but its independence remains unrecognised by any country or international organisation . All countries recognize Somaliland as part of Somalia . The government of Somaliland maintains informal ties with some foreign governments and has small network of representative offices abroad . These missions do not have formal diplomatic status under the provisions of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations .

neg: List of companies of Tanzania Tanzania is a large country in Eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region . Parts of the country are in Southern Africa . It is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north ; Rwanda , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west ; Zambia , Malawi , and Mozambique to the south ; and by the Indian Ocean to the east . Kilimanjaro , Africa 's highest mountain , is in northeastern Tanzania .   The country has the second largest economy in the East African Community and the twelfth largest in Africa . It is largely dependent on agriculture for employment , accounting for about half of the employed workforce . An estimated 34 percent of Tanzanians currently live in poverty . The economy has been transitioning from a command economy to a market economy since 1985 . Although total GDP has increased since these reforms began , GDP per capita dropped sharply at first , and only exceeded the pre-transition figure in around 2007 .

neg: Somali detainees at Guantanamo Bay There were a total of four Somali detainees in Guantanamo of  a total of 778 detainees that have been held in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps , in Cuba since the camps opened on January 11 , 2002 .  The camp population peaked in 2004 at approximately 660 . Only nineteen new suspects , all `` high value detainees '' have been transferred there since the United States Supreme Court 's ruling in Rasul v. Bush . As of January 2008 the camp population stand at approximately 285 .   When the DoD was forced to publish its first official list of detainees , on May 15 , 2006 , it listed two detainees from Somalia .  In 2006 and 2007 two more detainees from Somalia were transferred to Guantanamo from the CIA 's network of `` black sites '' .

neg: List of companies based in Eritrea Eritrea , officially the State of Eritrea , is a country in the Horn of Africa . The economy of Eritrea has experienced considerable growth in recent years , indicated by an improvement in Gross domestic product ( GDP ) in October 2012 of 7.5 percent over 2011 . However , worker remittances from abroad are estimated to account for 32 percent of gross domestic product . Eritrea has an extensive amount of resources such as copper , gold , granite , marble , and potash . The Eritrean economy has undergone extreme changes due to the War of Independence . In 2011 , Eritrea 's GDP grew by 8.7 percent making it one of the fastest growing economies in the world . The Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) expects it to maintain a high growth rate of 8.5 percent in 2013 .

neg: Art of Burkina Faso Burkina Faso is a small , landlocked country north of Ghana and south of Mali and Niger . Economically , it is one of the four or five poorest countries in the world . Culturally , it is extremely rich . In part this is because so few people from Burkina have become Muslim or Christian . Many of the ancient artistic traditions for which Africa is so well known have been preserved in Burkina Faso because so many people continue to honor the ancestral spirits , and the spirits of nature . In great part they honor the spirits through the use of masks and carved figures . Many of the countries to the north of Burkina Faso had become predominantly Muslim , while many of the countries to the south of Burkina Faso are heavily Christian . In contrast many of the people of Burkina Faso continue to offer prayers and sacrifices to the spirits of nature and to the spirits of their ancestors . The result is that they continue to use the sorts of art that we see in museums in Europe and America .   One of the principal obstacles to understanding the art of Burkina Faso , including that of the Bwa , has been a confusion between the styles of the Bwa , `` gurunsi '' , and Mossi , and a confusion of the Bwa people with their neighbors to the west the Bobo people . This confusion was the result of the use by French colonial officers of Jula interpreters at the turn of the century . These interpreters considered the two peoples to be the same and so referred to the Bobo as `` Bobo-Fing '' and to the Bwa as `` Bobo-Oule . '' In fact , these two peoples are not related at all . Their languages are quite different , their social systems are quite different , and certainly their art is quite different . In terms of artistic styles the confusion stems from the fact that the Bwa , `` gurunsi ' '' and Mossi make masks that are covered with red white and black geometric graphic patterns . This is simply the style of the Voltaic or Gur peoples , and also includes the Dogon and other peoples who speak Voltaic languages .

neg: Hobyo Hobyo ( Hobyo , also known as Obbia ) , is an ancient port city in the north-central Mudug region of Somalia also known as The Heart of Somalia . Hobyo serves as the main pain port of Galmudug State . From the 13th to 17th century Hobyo was ruled by the Ajuran Sultanate . However , in the late 17th century the Hiraab successfully revolted against the Ajuran Sultanate and established an independent Hiraab Imamate , which included Hobyo . According to Dr. Bernhard Helander of Uppsala University , `` the Imam of Hiraab is a hereditary position that traditionally is held by a person of the first-born branch . ''

neg: Self Employed Women's Association Self-Employed Women 's Association ( SEWA ) , meaning `` service '' in several Indian languages , is a trade union based in Ahmedabad , India that promotes the rights of low-income , independently-employed female workers . With over 2 million participating women , SEWA is the largest organization of informal workers in the world and largest non-profit in India ( Chen et . al. 2015 ) . Self-employed women are defined as those who do not receive a salary like that of formally-employed workers and therefore have a more precarious income and life . SEWA is framed around the goal of full employment in which a women secures for her family : income , food , health care , child care , and shelter . The principles behind accomplishing these goals are struggle and development , meaning negotiating with stakeholders and providing services , respectively .   SEWA was founded in 1972 by Gandhian and civil rights leader Ela Bhatt as a branch of Textile Labour Association ( TLA ) , a labour union founded by Gandhi in 1918 . The organization grew very quickly , with 30,000 members in 1996 , to 318,527 in 2000 , to 1,919,676 in 2013 . Contemporaneous with this uptick in members is a change in India 's economy and society . Liberalizing the economy to foreign trade in 1991 caused a huge migration of rural inhabitants to Indian cities that then forced urban dwellers into informal occupations . Since the financial crisis of 2008 , over 90 % of India 's working population is in the informal sector ( Shakuntala 2015 ) ; yet 94 % of working women in 2009 worked in the informal sector ( Bhatt 2009 ) . India 's history and modern culture of female subjugation also contributes to this disparity because traditional gender roles exclude women from regular , secure forms of labour .

neg: Battle of Mogadishu (2010–11) The Battle of Mogadishu ( 2010 -- 2011 ) began on 23 August 2010 when al-Shabaab insurgents began attacking government and African Union Mission to Somalia ( AMISOM ) positions in the Somali capital of Mogadishu . Al-Shabaab began its offensive after its spokesman said the group was declaring a `` massive war '' on troops sent by AMISOM , describing its 6,000 peacekeepers as `` invaders '' . In December 2010 the number of AMISOM troops was increased to 8,000 and later to 9,000 . The battle 's name usually includes the years , when referenced , in order to distinguish it amongst the nine major Battles of Mogadishu during the decades long Somali Civil War .

neg: Baidoa Baidoa ( Baydhabo ) , is capital in the southwestern Bay region of Somalia.During the Middle Ages , Baidoa and its surrounding area was part of the Ajuran Sultanate .  in 2005 Transitional Federal Government established temporary headquarters in Baidoa before an eventual relocation of government offices to Mogadishu .   In 2012 , it was made the capital of the Southwestern State of Somalia , a prospective Federal Member State .

neg: Saudization Saudization or Saudisation of the workforce -- the replacement of foreign workers with Saudi nationals in the private sector -- is the official national policy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia .  While many Saudis are employed by the government , there are not enough jobs for the growing number of youth . As of 2006 the private sector was largely dominated by expatriate workers from Southeast Asia and the Arab world .   The Saudi Government took the decision to reduce unemployment among native Saudis , under the slogan ` Let 's Put the Saudi in Saudization ' . Companies which `` fail to comply '' with Saudization regulations have been warned that they `` will not be awarded government contracts '' . While the `` Saudi political elite '' is agreed on the importance of Saudization , Saudi businesses have complained of its implementation and sought ways to avoid it .   Since 2005 , the target Saudization rate has been set at 75 % for the private sector , however in most sectors the actual rates are still much lower , because most Saudis are not interested in working jobs requiring manual labor .   In 2014 the Saudi Gazette reported that one of the targets of the kingdom 's Ninth Development Plan ( 2010-2015 ) -- to `` bring down the unemployment rate to 5.5 percent and revive the Saudization strategy '' -- had not been realized .

neg: Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia , estimated to number about 9 million as of April 2013 , began migrating to the country soon after oil was discovered in the late 1930s . Initially , the main influx was composed of Arab and Western technical , professional and administrative personnel , but subsequently substantial numbers came from Southeast Asia . Saudi Arabia has become increasingly dependent on foreign labour , and although foreign workers remain present in technical positions , most are now employed in the agriculture , cleaning and domestic service industries . The hierarchy of foreign workers is often dependent on their country of origin ; workers from India and western nations generally hold the highest positions not held by Saudis , and the lower positions are occupied by persons from Africa , and Southeast Asia . The Saudi government has faced criticism from legal bodies and employers over the treatment of foreign workers .

neg: Mogadishu Mogadishu ( -LSB- ˌmɔːɡəˈdiːʃuː -RSB- Muqdisho -LSB- mʉqdɪʃɔ -RSB- ; مقديشو -LSB- maqadiːʃuː -RSB- ) , known locally as Hamar , is the capital and most populous city of Somalia . Located in the coastal Banaadir region on the Indian Ocean , the city has served as an important port for millennia . , it has a population of 2,425,000 residents .   Tradition and old records assert that southern Somalia , including the Mogadishu area , was historically inhabited by hunter-gatherers . These were later joined by Cushitic-speaking agro-pastoralists , who would go on to establish local aristocracies . During its medieval Golden Age , Mogadishu was ruled by the Muzaffar dynasty , a vassal of the Ajuran Sultanate . It subsequently fell under the control of an assortment of local Sultanates and polities , most notably the Sultanate of the Geledi . The city later became the capital of Italian Somaliland ( 1889 -- 1936 ) in the colonial period . After the Somali Republic became independent in 1960 , Mogadishu became known and promoted as the White Pearl of the Indian Ocean . After the ousting of the Siad Barre regime in 1991 and the ensuing Somali Civil War , various militias fought for control of the city , later to be replaced by the Islamic Courts Union in the mid-2000s . The ICU thereafter splintered into more radical groups , notably al-Shabaab , which fought the Transitional Federal Government ( 2004 -- 2012 ) and its African Union Mission to Somalia allies . With a change in administration in late 2010 , government troops and their military partners had succeeded in forcing out Al-Shabaab by August 2011 . Mogadishu has subsequently experienced a period of intense reconstruction .   As Somalia 's capital city , many important national institutions are based in Mogadishu . It is the seat of the Federal Government of Somalia established in August 2012 , with the Somalia Federal Parliament serving as the government 's legislative branch . Thabit Abdi Mohammed has been the Mayor of Mogadishu since April 2017 . Villa Somalia is the official residential palace and principal workplace of the President of Somalia , Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed . In May 2012 , the First Somali Bank was established in the capital , which organized Mogadishu 's first ever Technology , Entertainment , Design ( TEDx ) conference . The establishment of a local construction yard has also galvanized the city 's real-estate sector . Arba'a Rukun Mosque is one of the oldest Islamic places of worship in the capital , built circa 667 ( 1268/9 AD ) . The Mosque of Islamic Solidarity in Mogadishu is the largest masjid in the Horn region . Mogadishu Cathedral was built in 1928 by the colonial authorities in Italian Somaliland in a Norman Gothic style , and served as the traditional seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mogadiscio . The National Museum of Somalia is based in Mogadishu and holds many culturally important artefacts . The National Library of Somalia is undergoing a $ 1 million Somali federal government funded renovation , including a new library complex .   Mogadishu is home to a number of scholastic and media institutions . As part of the municipality 's urban renewal program , 100 schools across the capital are scheduled to be refurbished and reopened . The Somali National University ( SNU ) was established in the 1950s , and professors from the university later founded the non-governmental Mogadishu University ( MU ) . Benadir University ( BU ) was established in 2002 with the intention of training doctors . Various national sporting bodies have their headquarters in Mogadishu , including the Somali Football Federation and the Somali Olympic Committee . Mogadishu Stadium was constructed in 1978 during the Siad Barre administration , with the assistance of Chinese engineers . It hosts football matches with teams from the Somali First Division and the Somalia Cup . Additionally , the Port of Mogadishu serves as a major national seaport and is the largest harbour in Somalia . Mogadishu International Airport , the capital 's main airport , is the hub of the national carrier Somali Airlines .

neg: Iraqi diaspora The Iraqi diaspora refers to native Iraqis who have left for other countries as emigrants or refugees , and is now one of the largest in modern times , being described by the UN as a `` humanitarian crisis '' caused by the 2003 invasion of Iraq and by the ensuing war .

neg: Prostitution in Swaziland Prostitution in Swaziland is illegal , and police continue to enforce the law , although they sometimes turn a blind eye to prostitution in clubs .   According to the U.S. Department of State , Swaziland is a source , destination , and transit country for women and children trafficked internally and transnationally for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation , domestic servitude , and forced labor in agriculture . Swazi girls , particularly orphans , are trafficked internally for commercial sexual exploitation and domestic servitude in the cities of Mbabane and Manzini , as well as to South Africa and Mozambique . Some Swazi women are forced into prostitution in South Africa and Mozambique after voluntarily migrating to these countries in search of work . Chinese organized crime units acquire victims in Swaziland and traffic them to hubs in Johannesburg , where they `` distribute '' victims locally or send them on to be exploited overseas . Traffickers force Mozambican women into prostitution in Swaziland , or else transit Swaziland with their victims en route to South Africa .   The Swaziland AIDS Support Organisation has recommended that prostitution be legalized in Swaziland , in order to allow it to be regulated .

neg: Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa is , geographically , the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara . According to the UN , it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara . It contrasts with North Africa , whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world . Somalia , Djibouti , Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub-Saharan Africa , but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world .   The Sahel is the transitional zone between the Sahara and the tropical savanna ( the Sudan region ) and forest-savanna mosaic to the south .   Since probably 3500 BCE , the Saharan and Sub-Saharan regions of Africa have been separated by the extremely harsh climate of the sparsely populated Sahara , forming an effective barrier interrupted by only the Nile in Sudan , though the Nile was blocked by the river 's cataracts . The Sahara pump theory explains how flora and fauna ( including Homo sapiens ) left Africa to penetrate the Middle East and beyond . African pluvial periods are associated with a `` wet Sahara '' phase during which larger lakes and more rivers existed .   The use of the term has been criticized because it refers to the South only by cartography conventions and projects a connotation of inferiority ; a vestige of colonialism , which some say , divided Africa into European terms of homogeneity .

neg: Somali community in Finland Somalis in Finland are residents and citizens of Finland of Somali ancestry . They are Finland 's fourth-largest minority , after Swedes , Russians and Estonians .

neg: Immigration to Turkey Since the 19th century , an exodus by the large portion of Turkish ( Turkic ) and Muslim peoples ( who are termed `` Muhacir '' under a general definition ) from the Balkans ( Balkan Turks , Albanians , Bosniaks , Pomaks ) , Caucasus ( Abkhazians , Ajarians , ` Circassians ' , Chechens ) , Crimea ( Crimean Tatar diaspora ) , Crete ( Cretan Turks ) , took refuge in present-day Turkey and moulded the country 's fundamental features .   Trends of immigration towards Turkey continue to this day , although the motives are more varied and are usually in line with the patterns of global immigration movements -- Turkey , for example , receives many economic migrants from nearby countries such as Armenia , the Republic of Moldova , Georgia , Iran , and Azerbaijan , but also from Central Asia .

neg: Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states After the dissolution of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) in December 1991 , about 25 million ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states found themselves living outside the Russian Federation .   All former Soviet citizens had a time window within which they could transfer their former Soviet citizenship to Russian citizenship . Where they did not exercise that choice , their resulting citizenship status outside Russia varied by state : from no perceivable change in status - as in Belarus - to becoming permanently resident `` non-citizens '' - as in Estonia and Latvia , which restricted citizenship to their pre-World War II citizens and their offspring ( regardless of ethnic group ) upon restoration of their independence in continuity with their sovereign identities prior to June 1940 .   However , most people in practice found the `` time window '' concept not feasible , as the citizenship issue linked closely to the issue of owning property owned by the state before privatization . For many people , a change of citizenship would actually mean relocating and leaving behind everything - or most of what they had previously owned or been able to access .   the largest ethnic Russian diaspora populations outside Russia live in the United States and in the `` near abroad '' countries . The populations involved include those in : Ukraine ( about 8 million ) , Kazakhstan ( about 3.8 million ) , the United States ( about 3 million ) , Belarus ( about 780,000 ) , Uzbekistan ( about 650,000 ) Kyrgyzstan ( about 360,000 ) and Latvia ( about 556,422 ) .   In June 2006 Russian President Vladimir Putin announced a plan to introduce national policy aiming at encouraging ethnic Russian immigration to Russia .   Does not include Abkhazia ( 2011 census : 22,077 Russians or 9.1 % of the population ) or South Ossetia ( 2007 estimate : 2,100 Russians or 3.0 % of the population ) .   In Turkmenistan , there were estimated to be at most 150,000 ethnic Russians as of 2007 , or under 2 % of the population . In Uzbekistan the same year , the Russian population stood at some 800,000 people or under 4 % of the country .

neg: Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh ( -LSB- , উদ্বাস্তু পাকিস্তানী ) are Urdu-speaking Muslim migrants with homelands in present-day India and Pakistan who settled in East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) following the partition of India in 1947 .   This identification can encompass several groups of people . First among them is `` Bihari Muslims '' . Although most of this population belonged to State of Bihar in India there are many from other Indian states such as U.P. ( United Provinces or later Uttar Pradesh ) . There are still others who had settled in what is now known as Bangladesh in the late 19th century . The second term of reference for this group coined by themselves after creation of Bangladesh is `` Stranded Pakistanis '' . In Urdu media in Pakistan and elsewhere this was translated as `` Mehsooreen '' or the `` Besieged '' . Another common term is `` Non-Bengalis '' , which includes not only the Urdu-speaking but also Punjabis , Pathans and Baloch living in Bangladesh . Henceforth any of the above terms may be used to identify this group depending on the context and history .   Biharis were stateless until 2008 when a judgement by the Dhaka High Court gave them right of citizenship . The judgement does not cover refugees who were adults at the time of Bangladesh Liberation War .   In March 2015 , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan said that more than 170,000 Biharis had been repatriated to Pakistan and the remaining ` stranded Pakistanis ' are not its responsibility but rather the responsibility of Bangladesh .


query: As the World Turns is set in a state in the Midwestern region of the United States.

pos: Illinois Illinois ( -LSB- ɪlᵻˈnɔɪ -RSB- ) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States , achieving statehood in 1818 . It is the 6th-most populous state and 25th-largest state in terms of land area , and is noted as a microcosm of the entire country . The word `` Illinois '' comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word . With Chicago in the northeast , small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois , and natural resources like coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base and is a major transportation hub . The Port of Chicago connects the state to other global ports from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean , as well as the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway . For decades , O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics .   Although today the state 's largest population center is around Chicago in the northern part of the state , the state 's European population grew first in the west , with French Canadian colonists who settled along the Mississippi River in the 17th and 18th century , and gave the area the name , `` Pays des Illinois '' or Illinois Country a region that was known as part of New France . After the American Revolutionary War established the United States , American settlers began arriving crossing the Appalachians barrier range in the 1810s via the gaps of the Allegheny to boat building centers in Pittsburgh , from Cumberland , Maryland via the Cumberland Narrows pass to outfit in Brownsville , Pennsylvania , from North Carolina and Virginia via the Cumberland Gap to Kentucky and Tennessee , all on the Ohio River .   With the War of 1812 , the growth of Illinois slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier . After the war 's end , the federal government re-established forts such as Fort Dearborn ( in 1816 -- now the site is within Chicago ) and army patrols west of the Mississippi diminished the threat from Amerindian raids , so settlers were able to move into all of Illinois from the eastern and southern emigrant trails .   Mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration -- by the 1810s , the Eastern U.S. had exhausted most timber stands close to the established cities creating a hard felt first energy crisis by the late-1790s , and after 1818 , the industrial revolution was being fueled by new canals such as the Lehigh Canal feeding the furnaces of the rapidly industrializing east coast . Also in 1818 , Illinois achieved statehood and its growth , as yet untroubled by the speed of as yet unrefined railway technology , would be fueled by the new religion of industrialized forward thinking .   After construction of the Erie Canal with increasing traffic and trade through the Great Lakes , Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River , at one of the few natural harbors on southern Lake Michigan . John Deere 's invention of the self-scouring steel plow turned Illinois ' rich prairie into some of the world 's most productive and valuable farmlands , attracting new immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden . Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s , and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois , as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets . Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other mid-western states from the tyranny of water transport ; no longer was a location near a river or canal a need to ship bulk goods .   By 1900 , the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants , from Eastern and Southern Europe . Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars . The Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago , who created the city 's famous jazz and blues cultures .   Three U.S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois : Abraham Lincoln , Ulysses S. Grant , and most recently Barack Obama . Additionally , Ronald Reagan , whose political career was based in California , was the only U.S. president born and raised in Illinois . Today , Illinois honors Lincoln with its official state nickname `` The Land of Lincoln , '' which has been displayed on its license plates since 1954 . The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the state capital of Springfield , and the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be completed in Chicago by 2020 .

pos: As the World Turns As the World Turns ( often referred to as ATWT ) is an American television soap opera that aired on CBS for 54 years from April 2 , 1956 , to September 17 , 2010 . Irna Phillips created As the World Turns as a sister show to her other soap opera Guiding Light . Running for 54 years , As the World Turns holds the second-longest continuous run of any daytime network soap opera on American television , surpassed only by Guiding Light . As the World Turns was produced for the first 43 years in Manhattan and in Brooklyn from 2000 until 2010 .   Set in the fictional town of Oakdale , Illinois , the show debuted on April 2 , 1956 , at 1:30 pm EST. . Prior to that date , all serials had been 15 minutes in length . As the World Turns and The Edge of Night , which premiered on the same day at 4:30 pm EST , were the first two to be 30 minutes in length from their premiere . At first , viewers did not respond to the new half-hour serial , but ratings picked up in its second year , eventually reaching the top spot in the daytime Nielsen ratings by fall 1958 . In 1959 , the show started a streak of weekly ratings wins that was not interrupted for over 12 years . The show switched to color on August 21 , 1967 , and expanded from a half-hour in length to one hour starting on December 1 , 1975 , when The Edge of Night moved to ABC . In the year-to-date ratings , As the World Turns was the most-watched daytime drama from 1958 until 1978 , with ten million viewers tuning in each day . At its height , core actors such as Helen Wagner , Don MacLaughlin , Don Hastings , and Eileen Fulton became nationally known . Three of these actors -- Wagner , Hastings , and Fulton -- are also the three longest serving actors in the history of American soap operas .   The show passed its 10,000 th episode on May 12 , 1995 , and celebrated its 50th anniversary on April 2 , 2006 . On September 18 , 2009 , As the World Turns became the last remaining Procter and Gamble-produced soap opera for CBS after Guiding Light aired its final episode on the network .   On December 8 , 2009 , CBS announced that it cancelled As the World Turns after almost 54 years due to low ratings . The show taped its final Procter and Gamble scenes for CBS on June 23 , 2010 , and with a dramatic storyline finale , its final episode on the network aired on September 17 , 2010 . On October 18 , 2010 , CBS replaced As the World Turns with a newly debuted talk show The Talk .

neg: Geography of Oklahoma The Geography of Oklahoma encompasses terrain and ecosystems ranging from arid plains to subtropical forests and mountains . Oklahoma contains 10 distinct ecological regions , more per square mile than in any other state by a wide margin . One of six states on the Frontier Strip , it is situated in the Great Plains and U.S. Interior Highlands region near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states . Usually considered part of the South Central United States , Oklahoma is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri , on the north by Kansas , on the northwest by Colorado , on the far west by New Mexico , and on the south and near-west by Texas .   The state has four primary mountain ranges : the Arbuckle Mountains , the Wichita Mountains , the Ozark Mountains and the Ouachita Mountains . Part of the U.S. Interior Highlands region , the Ozarks and Ouachitas form the only major highland region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians .   A portion of the Flint Hills stretches into north-central Oklahoma , and in the state 's southeastern corner , Cavanal Hill is officially regarded as the world 's tallest hill ; at 1,999 feet ( 609 m ) , it fails the definition of a mountain by one foot . More than 500 named creeks and rivers make up Oklahoma 's waterways , and with 200 lakes created by dams , it holds the highest number of reservoirs in the nation .  Oklahoma covers an area of 69,898 sqmi , with 68,667 sqmi of land and 1,231 sqmi of water , making it the 20th-largest state in the United States . Generally , it is divided into seven geographical regions : Green Country , or Northeast Oklahoma , Southeastern Oklahoma , Central Oklahoma , South Central Oklahoma , Southwest Oklahoma , Northwest Oklahoma , and the Oklahoma Panhandle .

neg: Median center of United States population The median center of U.S. population is determined by the United States Census Bureau from the results of each census . The Bureau defines it to be :   As of the 2010 U.S. census , this places roughly 154.4 million Americans living on each side of a longitude line passing through a location in Pike County , Indiana , and the same number living on each side of a latitude line through the same point .   During the 20th century the median center of U.S. population moved roughly 180 miles southwest , from a location in Randolph County , Indiana to a location in Daviess County , Indiana . The majority of this southwest shift happened in the second half of the century , as the center shifted within a narrow circular band between 1900 and 1950 -- all within roughly 25 miles of the 1900 starting point in Randolph County .

neg: As the Stomach Turns `` As the Stomach Turns '' is a series of comedy sketches parodying the soap opera As the World Turns featured on The Carol Burnett Show , with one installment airing on Carol Burnett & Company . The sketch was created by show writers Kenny Solms and Gail Parent . The Carol Burnett Show introduced the series during its first season in 1967 -- 68 and continued to air new installments for the remainder of its 11-season run , through its final season in 1977 -- 78 . However , the final installment of `` As the Stomach Turns '' would not air until September 8 , 1979 , on a different four-week summer series titled Carol Burnett & Company . This was the only installment of `` As the Stomach Turns '' that did not air on The Carol Burnett Show which had completed its run almost a year and a half earlier on March 29 , 1978 .

neg: Midwest Independent Film Festival The Midwest Independent Film Festival is the nation 's only film festival solely dedicated to the Midwest filmmaker . Only films from the eight-state Midwest region of Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , Ohio and Wisconsin are considered for screening . This film festival is also unique in that it is held throughout the year , presenting audiences with the finest independent films from the Midwest every first Tuesday of the month .   The Midwest Independent Film Festival prides itself on showcasing emerging directors , powerful artistic visions , and strong cinematic stories . These exceptional films combine with an exciting social atmosphere and a state-of-the-art screening venue to create one of the premier festivals in the Midwest .   The Midwest Independent Film Festival is hosted every first Tuesday of the month at Chicago 's Landmark Century Centre Cinema of Landmark Theatres . Sponsors include Resolution Digital Studios , Zacuto , Fletcher Chicago , Orbit Media Studios , O'Connor Casting , Flashpoint The Academy of Media Arts and Sciences , Zipcar , The Chicago Film Office , The Illinois Film Office , Zaroban Design , Crunch Fitness , Getty Images , Screen Magazine and Kodak .   This festival is sometimes referred to as `` The Midwest Film Festival , '' `` The Midwest Indie , '' or simply `` The Midwest . ''

neg: Michigan City, Indiana Michigan City is a city in LaPorte County , Indiana , United States . It is one of the two principal cities of the Michigan City-La Porte , Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is included in the Chicago-Naperville-Michigan City Combined Statistical Area .   Located in the region known to locals as Michiana , it is approximately 50 miles east of Chicago and 40 miles west of South Bend . The city had a population of 31,479 at the 2010 census .   Michigan City is noted for both its proximity to the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore and for bordering Lake Michigan . Due to this , Michigan City receives a fair amount of tourism during the summer months , especially by residents of Chicago and of nearby cities in Northern Indiana . The lighthouse is a notable symbol for the city and is incorporated in the heading of Michigan City 's sole newspaper , The News Dispatch , and the city 's official seal . Michigan City hosted the sailing events at the 1987 Pan American Games .

neg: Portage Park, Chicago Portage Park is located on the northwest side of the City of Chicago , Illinois and is one of 77 officially designated Chicago community areas . Portage Park is bordered by the community areas of Jefferson Park and Forest Glen to the north , Dunning and the suburb of Harwood Heights to the west , Irving Park to the east and Belmont-Cragin to the south .   The area is notable for its Six Corners outdoor shopping district , centered at the intersection of Irving Park Road , Cicero Avenue and the diagonal Milwaukee Avenue , the Portage Theater and for its namesake - Portage Park . The name of the park was taken from the major portage linking the Des Plaines and Chicago rivers along what is today Irving Park Road . The area was so swampy that in wet weather , Native Americans and trappers were easily able to paddle through the area in either direction without leaving their canoes . In those days , the Des Plaines was perhaps the most significant way to the Illinois , and then on to the Mississippi ( and to return ) .   Portage Park has the largest Polish community in the Chicago Metropolitan Area according to the 2000 census . Portage Park is home to the Polish American Association , the Polish Jesuit Millennium Center , the Polish Army Veterans Association in the beautiful building of the former Irving State bank , in addition to the multitude of Polish shops and businesses throughout the district . One of the area 's parks is named Chopin Park after Frédéric Chopin , Poland 's most famous pianist and composer .

neg: Dubuque, Iowa Dubuque -LSB- dəˈbjuːk -RSB- is the county seat of Dubuque County , Iowa , United States , located along the Mississippi River . In 2013 , its population was 58,253 , making it the tenth-largest city in the state   This city lies at the junction of Iowa , Illinois , and Wisconsin , a region locally known as the Tri-State Area . It serves as the main commercial , industrial , educational , and cultural center for the area . Geographically , it is part of the Driftless Area , a portion of North America that escaped all three phases of the Wisconsinian Glaciation .   It is one of the few large cities in Iowa with hills , and a tourist destination featuring the city 's unique architecture and river location . It is home to five institutions of higher education , making it a center for culture and learning .   Dubuque has long been a center of manufacturing , but the economy grew rapidly and diversified to other areas in the first years of the 21st Century . By 2005 , the city led the state and the Midwest in job growth , ranking as the 22nd fastest-growing economy in the US . Alongside industry , the city has large health care , education , tourism , publishing , and financial service sectors .

neg: History of Springfield, Massachusetts The history of Springfield , Massachusetts ( est. 1636 ) springs in large part from its favorable geography , situated on a steep bluff overlooking the Connecticut River 's confluence with three tributaries . It was an ancient Indian crossroad for two major trade routes : Boston-to-Albany and New York City-to-Montreal . Springfield also sits on some of the northeastern United States ' most fertile soil .   Springfield was founded in 1636 as Agawam , the northernmost settlement of the Connecticut Colony . The settlement defected from Connecticut after four years , however , later joining forces with the coastal Massachusetts Bay Colony . The town changed its name to Springfield , and changed the political boundaries among what later became New England States .   Springfield flourished as a trading post and agricultural center until 1675 's King Philip 's War , when a coalition of Indians laid siege to Springfield and later burned it to the ground . Its prosperity waned for the next hundred years but , in 1777 , United States Revolutionary War leaders made it a National Armory to store weapons , and in 1795 it began manufacturing muskets .   Until 1968 , the Armory made small arms . Its first American muskets ( 1794 ) were followed by the famous Springfield rifle and the revolutionary M1 Garand and M14s . The Springfield Armory attracted generations of skilled laborers to the city , making it the United States ' longtime center for precision manufacturing ( comparable to a Silicon Valley of the Industrial Revolution ) . The Armory 's near-capture during Shays Rebellion of 1787 was among the troubles that prompted the U.S. Constitutional Convention later that year .   Innovations in the 19th and 20th centuries include the first American English dictionary ( 1805 , Noah Webster ) , the first use of interchangeable parts and the assembly line in manufacturing ( 1819 , Thomas Blanchard ) , the first American horseless car ( 1825 , again Thomas Blanchard ) , vulcanized rubber ( 1844 , Charles Goodyear ) , the first American gasoline-powered car ( 1893 , Duryea Brothers ) , the first American motorcycle company ( 1901 , `` Indian '' ) , an early commercial radio station ( 1921 , WBZ , and most famously , the world 's third-most-popular sport of basketball ( 1891 , Dr. James Naismith ) .   Throughout the latter half of the 20th century , Springfield endured a protracted decline , accelerated by the decommission of the Springfield Armory in 1969 . Springfield became increasingly like the declining , second tier Northeastern U.S. cities from which it had long been set apart . During the 1980s and 1990s , Springfield developed a new reputation for crime , political corruption , and cronyism . Seeking to overcome its downgrade , the city undertook several large ( but unfinished ) projects , including a $ 1 billion high-speed rail ( New Haven-Hartford-Springfield high-speed rail ) , a proposed $ 1 billion MGM Casino , and others .

neg: Chicago Loop The Loop is the central business district of Chicago , Illinois . It is one of the city 's 77 designated community areas . The Loop is home to Chicago 's commercial core , City Hall , and the seat of Cook County . In the late nineteenth century , cable car turnarounds and prominent elevated railway encircled the area , giving the Loop its name .   The community area is bounded on the north by Lake Street on the west by Wells Street on the east by Wabash Street , and on the south by Van Buren Street . The Loop got its name by the loop of the elevated CTA El tracks that create a loop this area . although the commercial core has expanded into adjacent community areas . As a business center , some of the corporations the Loop hosts include the Chicago Mercantile Exchange ( CME ) , the world 's largest options and futures contracts open interest exchange ; the headquarters of United Continental Holdings , one of the world 's largest airlines ; AON ; Blue Cross Blue Shield ; Hyatt Hotels Corporation ; BorgWarner , and other major corporations . The Loop is home to 500 acre Grant Park ; State Street , which hosts a historic shopping district ; the Art Institute of Chicago ; several theaters ; and numerous subway and elevated rapid transit stations . Other institutions in the Loop include the Willis Tower , once the tallest building in the world , the Chicago Symphony Orchestra , the Lyric Opera of Chicago , the Goodman Theatre , the Joffrey Ballet , the central public Harold Washington Library , and the Chicago Cultural Center .   In what is now the Loop , on the south bank of the Chicago River , near today 's Michigan Avenue Bridge , the US Army erected Fort Dearborn in 1803 . It was the first settlement in the area sponsored by the United States . In 1908 , Chicago addresses were made uniform by naming the intersection of State Street and Madison Street in the Loop as the division point for designating addresses , North , South , East or West on the Chicago street grid .

neg: South Alabama South Alabama is the various parts of southern Alabama . Although it is not a strictly defined geographic region , it generally includes all Alabama counties south of the Black Belt . However , residents of the largest population center , Mobile , often make the argument that the phrase refers only to the extreme southernmost parts of Alabama . In that view , South Alabama consists of just the two counties that border the Gulf of Mexico and Mobile Bay : Baldwin County and Mobile County . That area is characterized by extensive wetlands , but also by long , sandy beaches which are very conducive to tourism . Many deluxe golf courses have been developed in the area in recent decades .   Because Mobile and Baldwin Counties tend to use `` South Alabama '' with such exclusivity , other parts of southern Alabama , particularly the Florida-border counties from Escambia County over to Houston County often humorously prefer to be called Lower Alabama if a regional name must be given . Traditionally the south central and southeastern parts of the state have less in common with the Mobile area than they have in common with southwest Georgia and the Black Belt region . Alternative names include South Central Alabama , Southeast Alabama , and the Wiregrass .

neg: List of place names of French origin in the United States Several thousand place names in the United States have names of French origin , some a legacy of past French exploration and rule over much of the land and some in honor of French help during the American Revolution and the founding of the country ( see also : New France and French in the United States ) . Others were named after early Americans of French , especially Huguenot , ancestry ( Marion , Revere , Fremont , Lanier , Sevier , Macon , Decatur , etc. ) . Some places received their names as a consequence of French colonial settlement ( e.g. Baton Rouge , Detroit , New Orleans , Saint Louis ) . Nine state capitals are French words or of French origin ( Baton Rouge , Boise , Des Moines , Juneau , Montgomery , Montpelier , Pierre , Richmond , Saint Paul ) - not even counting Little Rock ( originally `` La Petite Roche '' ) or Cheyenne ( a French rendering of a Lakota word ) , compared to only two that are Spanish ( Sacramento and Santa Fe ) . Fifteen state names are either French words / origin ( Delaware , New Jersey , Louisiana , Maine , Oregon , Vermont ) or Native American words rendered by French speakers ( Arkansas , Illinois , Iowa , Kansas , Michigan , Mississippi , Mississippi , Ohio , Wisconsin ) , versus nine state names that are Spanish or Spanish rendered ( Montana , California , Colorado , Florida , Montana , Nevada , New Mexico , Texas , Utah ) .   The suffix '' - ville , '' from the French word for `` city '' is common for town and city names throughout the United States . Many originally French place names , possibly hundreds , in the Midwest and Upper West were replaced with directly translated English names once American settlers became locally dominant ( e.g. `` La Petite Roche '' became Little Rock ; `` Baie Verte '' became Green Bay ; `` Grandes Fourches '' became Grand Forks ) . In contrast , Spanish place names in the Southwest were generally not replaced by English names .

neg: South Dakota South Dakota ( -LSB- saʊθ_dəˈkoʊtə -RSB- -LSB- -LSB- ˌsɑʊθ dəˈko̞ɾə -RSB- -RSB- ) is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States . It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes , who compose a significant portion of the population and historically dominated the entire territory . South Dakota is the 17th most expansive , but the 5th least populous and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States . Once the southern portion of the Dakota Territory , South Dakota became a state on November 2 , 1889 , simultaneously with North Dakota . Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls , with a population of about 171,000 , is South Dakota 's largest city .   South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota ( on the north ) , Minnesota ( to the east ) , Iowa ( to the southeast ) , Nebraska ( on the south ) , Wyoming ( on the west ) , and Montana ( to the northwest ) . The state is bisected by the Missouri River , dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves , known to residents as `` East River '' and `` West River '' . Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the state 's population , and fertile soil in this area is used to grow a variety of crops . West of the Missouri , ranching is the predominant agricultural activity , and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending . Most of the Native American reservations are located in West River . The Black Hills , a group of low pine-covered mountains sacred to the Sioux , are located in the southwest part of the state . Mount Rushmore , a major tourist destination , is located there . South Dakota experiences a temperate continental climate , with four distinct seasons and precipitation ranging from moderate in the east to semi-arid in the west . The ecology of the state features species typical of a North American grassland biome .   Humans have inhabited the area for several millennia , with the Sioux becoming dominant by the early 19th century . In the late 19th century , European-American settlement intensified after a gold rush in the Black Hills and the construction of railroads from the east . Encroaching miners and settlers triggered a number of Indian wars , ending with the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890 . Key events in the 20th century included the Dust Bowl and Great Depression , increased federal spending during the 1940s and 50s for agriculture and defense , and an industrialization of agriculture that has much reduced family farming .   While several Democratic senators have represented South Dakota for multiple terms at the federal level , the state government is largely controlled by the Republican Party , whose nominees have carried South Dakota in each of the last 13 presidential elections . Historically dominated by an agricultural economy and a rural lifestyle , South Dakota has recently sought to diversify its economy in areas to attract and retain residents . South Dakota 's history and rural character still strongly influence the culture of the state .

neg: Valparaiso Moraine The Valparaiso Moraine is a terminal moraine that forms an immense U around the Lake Michigan basin in North America . It is a band of high , hilly terrain made up of glacial till and sand . It begins near the border of Wisconsin and Illinois and extends south through Lake , McHenry , Cook , DuPage and Will counties in Illinois , and then turns southeast , entering Indiana . From this point , the moraine curves northeast through Lake , Porter , and LaPorte counties of Indiana into Michigan . It continues into Michigan as far as Montcalm County .   It was formed during the Crown Point Phase of the Wisconsin glaciation . At this time the glacier covering the area had grown thin , so it was restrained by the dolomite rock layers of the Lake Michigan basin . Where the glacier stopped , glacial till and sand was deposited , creating the hills of the moraine . After the Valparaiso Moraine was formed , the glacier retreated and formed the Tinley Moraine .   Many towns in northwest Indiana and northeast Illinois are named after the Valparaiso Moraine or the Tinley Moraine . Also , many small creeks or rivers start in the Valparaiso Moraine . The moraine itself was named after the city of Valparaiso , Indiana , where the moraine is narrower and higher than in other places .   The Valparaiso Moraine forms part of the Saint Lawrence River Divide , bounding the Great Lakes Basin . Water on one side of the moraine flows into Lake Michigan , through the Great Lakes , and eventually into the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River , while water on the other side flows into tributaries of the Mississippi River , which eventually flows into the Gulf of Mexico .

neg: Arts Midwest Arts Midwest , headquartered in Minneapolis , Minnesota , is one of six not-for-profit regional arts organizations created to `` encourage development of the arts and to support arts programs on a regional basis . '' Arts Midwest 's mission is to `` promote creativity , nurture cultural leadership , and engage people in meaningful arts experiences , bringing vitality to Midwest communities and enriching people 's lives . '' Arts Midwest is primarily funded by the National Endowment for the Arts ( NEA ) , and is charged with supporting artists and arts organizations , and providing assistance to its nine member states of Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Michigan , Minnesota , North Dakota , Ohio , South Dakota , and Wisconsin .

neg: Corners Corners may refer to :  A community formed at a crossroads or other intersection ; a few examples include :  Balcom Corners , New York  Bells Corners in Ottawa  Dixon 's Corners , Ontario  Five Corners , Wisconsin ( disambiguation ) , any of three communities of that name  Hales Corners , Wisconsin  Hallers Corners , Michigan  Layton Corners , Michigan  A corner , a term used in geometry , square dance , sports and geography .  Corners , a variation on the Four Seasons card game  Corners ( TV series ) , 1980s BBC children 's television series  Corners , Perry County , Missouri , an unincorporated community

neg: Central Alabama Central Alabama is the region in the state of Alabama that stretches 170 miles ( 270 km ) from its western border with Mississippi to the eastern border with Georgia and 136 miles ( 219 km ) from the northern border of Cullman County to the Alabama River in southern Autauga County . The region 's population was 1,870,970 as of 2008 . The Birmingham television market reaches approximately the same area .   The Valley and Ridge Province of the Appalachians consist mainly of long , low ridges such as Red Mountain , Sand Mountain , Beaver Creek Mountain , Shades Mountain , and Coldwater Mountain in this region , and make impressive backdrops in the Greater Birmingham , Gadsden , and Anniston metropolitan areas . The easternmost part of Central Alabama around Anniston has the steepest mountains and highest elevations of the region . Coldwater Mountain and Mount Cheaha make up the highest of the mountain ridges that are located in the eastern portion of the region . The Coosa River divides the easternmost portion of the region from the central portion with the Birmingham area . The westernmost portion of Central Alabama is relatively a flat region with fertile black soil called the Black Belt . The Black Warrior River and its tributaries contribute to the fertile land of the area , and also serve as a demarcation line between the western and the central portions of the region . The central portion of Central Alabama varies from rugged in the east to flat in the west . Numerous valleys are scattered throughout this region between the mountain ridges including the densely populated Jones Valley and Shades Valley . Because the central portion is more rugged compared to the westernmost portion of Central Alabama , it is also the most flood-prone . Urban sprawl has exacerbated the risk of flooding by increasing the proportion of land covered by hard surfaces , leading to greater runoff during storms .   The Black Warrior , Cahaba , and Coosa Rivers and their tributaries are among the many waterways that wind their way through the region . Other major waterways that run through the area include Choccolocco Creek , Shades Creek , and the Little Cahaba River .   Large deposits of iron ore , limestone , and coal are chief among the plentiful mineral resources found in the region . The coincidence of these three in close proximity was a major incentive for the rapid development of industry in the Birmingham District after the American Civil War .

neg: East Bend, Kentucky East Bend is a region of Boone County , Kentucky , about 20 miles southwest of Cincinnati , Ohio . The region is well named ; there the Ohio River makes an almost right angle turn , and flows east for ten miles or more . On the Kentucky side of the river , the land is mostly bottom land and good farm land . Points on interest are the river towns of Belleville , Mcville , Rabbit Hash , Piatt 's Landing and Hamilton . There is a salt spring at Big Bone Lick where mastodon and buffalo bones have been found .   On the Indiana side , the southern edge of the Bedford Limestone forms high rocky hills . Indiana towns are Rising Sun and North Landing .   Early settler families were Paitt , McCoy , Canby , Pepper , Stephens , Ryle , Wilson , Kintey , Craig , Lodge , Goss and Gregory .

neg: Polish Americans Polish Americans are Americans who have total or partial Polish ancestry . There are an estimated 9.5 million Polish Americans , representing about 3 % of the U.S. population .   Polish Americans are the largest Slavic ethnic group in the United States , second largest Central and Eastern European group and the eighth largest immigrant group overall .   The first Polish settlers arrived at Walter Raleigh 's failed Roanoke Colony in 1585 . In 1608 Polish settlers came to the Virginia Colony as skilled craftsmen .   Two early immigrants , Kazimierz Pułaski and Tadeusz Kościuszko , led armies in the Revolutionary War and are remembered as national heroes . Overall , more than one million Poles and Polish subjects have immigrated to the United States , primarily during the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Exact immigration numbers are unknown . Many immigrants were classified as `` Russian '' , `` German '' , and `` Austrian '' by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service because the Polish state did not exist from 1795 to 1918 , and thus the former territories of Poland at this time were under Prussian , Austrian-Hungarian and Russian control . Complicating the U.S. Census figures further are the high proportion of Polish Americans who marry outside their ethnicity ; in 1940 , about 50 percent married other American ethnics , and a study in 1988 found that 54 percent of Polish Americans three generations or higher had been of mixed ancestry . The Polish American Cultural Center places a figure of Americans who have some Polish ancestry at 19-20 million .   In 2000 , 667,414 Americans over 5 years old reported Polish as the language spoken at home , which is about 1.4 % of the census groups who speak a language other than English or 0.25 % of the U.S. population .

neg: A Turn in the South A Turn in the South is a travelogue of the American South written by Nobel Prize-winning writer V. S. Naipaul . The book was published in 1989 and is based upon the author 's travels in the southern states of the United States .   Naipaul has written fiction and non-fiction about life in the Caribbean , India , Africa and South America . In this book the subject is the U.S. , including South Carolina , Florida , Mississippi , et cetera . He discusses topics such as Martin Luther King , the economy , technology , industrialization , tourism , religion , rednecks and racism . The book works to compare the American South to its geographical neighbors , the nations of the Caribbean .

neg: The Lost Continent: Travels in Small-Town America The Lost Continent : Travels in Small-Town America is a book by travel writer Bill Bryson , chronicling his 13,978 mile trip around the United States in the autumn of 1987 and spring 1988 . It was Bryson 's first travel book .   He begins his journey , made almost entirely by car , in his childhood hometown of Des Moines , Iowa , heading from there towards the Mississippi River , often reminiscing about his childhood in Iowa . The journey was made after his father 's death , and so is in part a collection of memories of his father in Des Moines while he was growing up .   The book is split into two sections : ` East ' and ` West ' , the former part being considerably longer than the latter . These sections correspond to two separate journeys made in the autumn of 1987 and spring of 1988 . The first section covers the Midwest , the Deep South , the East Coast and New England , before returning to Des Moines . The second section focuses on the Great Plains , the South West , California and the Rocky Mountains .   Bryson 's goal in this trip was generally to avoid tourist destinations , instead choosing to experience the real every-day America , stopping at small towns and forgotten points of interest . This book is an overview of the United States from Bryson 's point of view . There is less focus on factual insight into the history , geography and culture of the destinations in this book than is found in some of Bryson 's later books , focusing instead on observations made with the intention of being humorous .