query: Mission: Impossible 6 is produced by James Cameron.

pos: Mission: Impossible 6 Mission : Impossible 6 is an upcoming American action spy film written , co-produced and directed by Christopher McQuarrie , and produced by J. J. Abrams , Bryan Burk , Tom Cruise , David Ellison , Dana Goldberg , and Don Granger . It is the sixth installment in the Mission : Impossible film series . The film stars Cruise , Rebecca Ferguson , Ving Rhames , Simon Pegg , Alec Baldwin and Sean Harris all reprising their roles from previous films , with Henry Cavill , Vanessa Kirby and Sian Brooke joining the franchise . The film will be released on July 27 , 2018 by Paramount Pictures .

neg: James Bond The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming , who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections . Since Fleming 's death in 1964 , eight other authors have written authorised Bond novels or novelizations : Kingsley Amis , Christopher Wood , John Gardner , Raymond Benson , Sebastian Faulks , Jeffery Deaver , William Boyd and Anthony Horowitz . The latest novel is Trigger Mortis by Anthony Horowitz , published in September 2015 . Additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond , and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character , Moneypenny .   The character has also been adapted for television , radio , comic strip , video games and film . The films are the longest continually running film series of all time and have grossed over $ 7.040 billion in total , making it the fourth-highest-grossing film series to date , which started in 1962 with Dr. No , starring Sean Connery as Bond . As of , there have been twenty-four films in the Eon Productions series . The most recent Bond film , Spectre ( 2015 ) , stars Daniel Craig in his fourth portrayal of Bond ; he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series . There have also been two independent productions of Bond films : Casino Royale ( a 1967 spoof ) and Never Say Never Again ( a 1983 remake of an earlier Eon-produced film , Thunderball ) . In 2015 , the franchise was estimated to be worth $ 19.9 billion , making James Bond one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time .   The Bond films are renowned for a number of features , including the musical accompaniment , with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions , and two wins . Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bond 's cars , his guns , and the gadgets with which he is supplied by Q Branch . The films are also noted for Bond 's relationships with various women , who are sometimes referred to as `` Bond girls '' .

neg: Mega Man X6 Mega Man X6 , known as in Japan , is a video game developed and published by Capcom . It is the sixth main entry in the Mega Man X series . The game was first released on the PlayStation in Japan on November 29 , 2001 and was later made available in both North America and Europe .   The plot of Mega Man X6 takes place during the 22nd century where humans and intelligent robots called `` Reploids '' live together . The game follows shortly after the events of Mega Man X5 in which planet Earth was devastated by an attack by the `` Maverick '' leader Sigma and the protagonist Zero sacrificed his own life to save it . As the world recovers , a Maverick known only as the `` Zero Nightmare '' has begun spreading chaos . Zero 's comrade Mega Man X , curious of its name , seeks out this new threat . Like past games in the series , Mega Man X6 is an action-platformer in which the player tackles a series of stages and adds the unique weapon of each boss to X 's arsenal .   Prominent series artist and producer Keiji Inafune was not involved in the game 's production , as he had intended the fifth installment in the series to be the last with Zero 's death . Critically , Mega Man X6 has received mixed to positive reviews . The game was released for the Windows in different parts of Asia in 2002 and 2003 . It was also re-released in 2006 as part of the North American Mega Man X Collection for the GameCube and PlayStation 2 . Mega Man X6 was made available on the PlayStation Network as part of the PSOne Classics line on July 8 , 2015 in Japan .

neg: Leave Your Soul to Science Leave Your Soul to Science is the sixth studio album by Melbourne band Something for Kate , released in September 28 , 2012 . The album debuted at No. 5 on the ARIA Charts . The album was produced by John Congleton , whose previous credits include Okkervil River , Shearwater and The New Pornographers and recorded at his Elmwood studio in Dallas , Texas . Frontman Paul Dempsey told The Age the band had been looking for someone to tell them when enough was enough . `` We recognised an inclination or proclivity among ourselves to procrastinate and keep layering stuff up , '' he said . `` We knew that we needed to fight that instinct and he was very much the guy to help us . ''   He told the Hobart Mercury Congleton was `` the perfect guy for our new-found relaxed attitude '' : `` He 's a real experimenter and we were feeling very experimental ourselves . The four of us would just sit around and throw out ideas , and do the strangest , dumbest things and see what worked . Whenever we thought something was weird and interesting but we were n't sure about it , we 'd just run with it any sort of uncertainty was a good thing . We ran with the uncertainty and embraced the feeling of not being 100 per cent sure of everything we were doing . ''   Dempsey said he had been unsatisfied with the way some songs on previous albums had been captured .   `` In previous years we were concerned with being perfectionists , and trying to make everything just so . What we realised after a long time is that that actually can end up sucking the life out of things , and that perhaps the better way to do things is to fly by the seat of your pants and rely on the spontaneous energy of the moment . Some of our past records have suffered a bit from too much nitpicking , and this latest record really has zero nitpicking . There 's plenty of audible mistakes and weird moments where we just went fuck it , just leave it , it 's all part of what happens when you hit record . ''   Dempsey said the album 's lyrics contained an abundance of often cryptic black humour . He said he found the lyrics of `` This Economy '' , a song of lost love set in the context of the global financial crisis , `` hilariously funny '' . `` The song reeks of ( disgraced businessman ) Bernie Madoff and it reeks of young Wall Street executives who equate the size of their wallets with the success of their human relationships , '' he said . Dempsey said he was not bothered if people misunderstood his lyrics . `` If my humour does n't translate , there should n't need to be a press release letting everyone know that I 'm funny . ''   The album 's cover and inner book photography was by bassist Stephanie Ashworth .

neg: Tomorrow Never Dies Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) is the eighteenth spy film in the James Bond series , and the second to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond . Directed by Roger Spottiswoode , with the screenplay written by Bruce Feirstein , the film follows Bond as he attempts to stop Elliot Carver , a power-mad media mogul , from engineering world events to initiate World War III .   The film was produced by Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli , and was the first James Bond film made after the death of producer Albert R. Broccoli , to whom the movie pays tribute in the end credits . Filming locations included France , Thailand , Germany , Mexico and the United Kingdom . Tomorrow Never Dies performed well at the box office and earned a Golden Globe nomination despite mixed reviews . While its performance at the domestic box office surpassed that of its predecessor , GoldenEye , it was the only Pierce Brosnan Bond film not to open at number one at the box office , as it opened the same day as Titanic , but instead at number two .

neg: Spy Hard Spy Hard is a 1996 American spy comedy film parody starring Leslie Nielsen and Nicollette Sheridan , parodying James Bond films and other action films . The introduction to the movie is sung by comedy artist `` Weird Al '' Yankovic . It is the first film to be written by Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer . The film 's title is a pun of Die Hard . The film is directed by Rick Friedberg and produced by Doug Draizin and Jeffery Knovitz .   The film was released by Buena Vista Pictures on May 24 , 1996 , receiving generally negative reviews from critics . While many praised Nielsen 's acting and its humor , most found the script , story and its direction lame . The film eventually grossed $ 26 million against a production budget of $ 18 million , making it a relative success .

neg: Howard Kazanjian Howard G. Kazanjian ( born July 26 , 1942 ) is an American film producer known for Raiders of the Lost Ark and Return of the Jedi . Kazanjian is also a former 8-year Vice President of Lucasfilm , Ltd. , and a published non-fiction author .

neg: Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country is a 1991 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures . It is the sixth feature film based on Star Trek , and a sequel to the 1966 -- 1969 Star Trek television series . Taking place after the events of Star Trek V : The Final Frontier , it is the last film featuring the entire cast of the original series . After the destruction of the Klingon moon Praxis leads the Klingon Empire to pursue peace with their long-time adversary the Federation , the crew of the USS Enterprise must race against unseen conspirators with a militaristic agenda .   The sixth film in the series was initially planned as a prequel to the original series , with younger actors portraying the crew of the Enterprise while attending Starfleet Academy , but the idea was discarded because of negative reaction from the original cast and the fans . Faced with producing a new film in time for Star Trek 's 25th anniversary , Nicholas Meyer , the director of Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , and Denny Martin Flinn wrote a script based on a suggestion from Leonard Nimoy about what would happen if `` the Wall came down in space '' , touching on the contemporary events of the Cold War .   Principal photography took place between April and September 1991 . The production budget was smaller than anticipated because of the critical and commercial disappointment of The Final Frontier . Because of a lack of sound stage space on the Paramount lot , many scenes were filmed around Hollywood . Meyer and cinematographer Hiro Narita aimed for a darker and more dramatic mood , subtly altering sets originally used for the television series Star Trek : The Next Generation . Producer Steven-Charles Jaffe led a second unit that filmed on an Alaskan glacier that stood in for a Klingon gulag . Cliff Eidelman produced the film 's score , which is intentionally darker than previous Star Trek offerings .   The film was released in North America on December 6 , 1991 . The Undiscovered Country garnered positive reviews , with publications praising the lighthearted acting and facetious references . The film performed strongly at the box office . It posted the largest opening weekend gross of the series before going on to earn $ 96,888,996 worldwide . The film earned two Academy Award nominations , for Best Makeup and Best Sound Effects , and is the only Star Trek movie to win the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film . A special collectors ' edition DVD version of the film was released in 2004 , to which Meyer had made minor alterations . Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry died shortly before the movie 's premiere , just days after viewing the film . The film marked the final appearance together of the original series ' cast .

neg: Steven Spielberg's Director's Chair Steven Spielberg 's Director 's Chair is a simulation game created and published by Knowledge Adventure for Windows and Macintosh . It was released in 1996 in the United States of America .   In the game , the player is guided by film director Steven Spielberg ( appearing as himself ) through the comprehensive process of moviemaking , including scriptwriting , filming , and editing , using pre-generated film clips featuring Jennifer Aniston , Quentin Tarantino , Katherine Helmond , and Penn & Teller , among others . The game features advice from Hollywood professionals such as editor Michael Kahn , special effects supervisor Michael Lantieri , and cinematographer Dean Cundey . The game was produced by Roger Holzberg , who directed Spielberg in scenes in which Spielberg himself appeared .

neg: The International House of Mojo The International House of Mojo ( often called Mixnmojo ) is a website focused on LucasArts video games . It later expanded to cover studios founded by former LucasArts employees , including Double Fine Productions , Telltale Games , Autumn Moon Entertainment and Crackpot Entertainment . It was founded in 1997 by James Spafford and is among the longest-running `` fan sites '' on the internet .   Mixnmojo once enjoyed an active relationship with LucasArts , and reviews have occasionally been quoted in the company 's marketing such as on the cover of the UK release of Monkey Island Special Edition Collection . The site was also referenced in the book Rogue Leaders : The Story of LucasArts , and staff has been interviewed by the gaming press .   Developers highlighted by the site have often reciprocated its fondness . Tim Schafer of Double Fine Productions called Mixnmojo their `` friendly friends '' and praised the staff for their knowledge . At E3 2003 , in order to make light of an extended downtime the site was experiencing , staffers in attendance playfully cajoled then-producer Dan Pettit of LucasArts into appearing in a video painting him as complicit in the site 's technical woes . The site once even received permission from LucasArts to pull an elaborate April Fools prank that announced a fictional fifth Monkey Island installment ( at the time , the series only had four games ) complete with fake cover art and sound files of Dominic Armato performing dialog invented by the staff .   Though created as an all-encompassing LucasArts site , Mixnmojo has always favored the studio 's original titles , particularly its classic graphic adventure games , over the more popular Star Wars products . This at times strained the relationship with the company . As the site featured the unregulated opinions of its contributors rather a unified editorial point of view , it quickly established an endearingly quirky , if occasionally abrasive , tone in its editorials and news posts .   After the turn of the century , LucasArts began shifting away from original properties and the adventure genre in particular , culminating in the cancellation of Sam & Max : Freelance Police in 2004 . In response to this , Mixnmojo began broadening its coverage to include studios operated by LucasArts alumni that they believe continue the creative spirit abandoned by the original company .   LucasArts was eventually shut down soon after Lucasfilm was purchased by Disney in 2012 . Its oldest fan site remains active as an information hub for LucasArts legacy titles , which have remained topical due to their continued influence , remakes and re-releases , as well as a news source for games produced by key LucasArts alumni .

neg: Spec Ops: The Line Spec Ops : The Line is a 2012 third-person shooter video game developed by the German studio Yager Development and published by 2K Games . It was released internationally in June 2012 for Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 . It was later released for OS X in 2013 and Linux in 2015 . It is the tenth title , as well as a reboot , of the Spec Ops series , and the first entry since Spec Ops : Airborne Commando in 2002 . The game is powered by Unreal Engine 3 .   In the game , the player controls Captain Martin Walker , who is sent into a post-catastrophe Dubai with an elite Delta Force team on a recon mission . As the game progresses , Walker 's mental health deteriorates , as he begins to experience hallucinations and slowly realizes the horror of war . Players can hide behind cover , vault over obstacles , and shoot enemies while utilizing a variety of gadgets . Sand is a key gameplay mechanic that can be manipulated to defeat enemies . Included with the game is an online multiplayer mode , developed separately by Darkside Game Studios , allowing players to engage in both cooperative and competitive gameplay .   Yager started the game 's development in 2007 , taking inspiration for the setting and story framework from various media , including Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now . The game was designed to be `` physically opposing '' , causing players to question their thoughts about treating war in a video game as entertainment , and tasks players to make a variety of morally ambiguous decisions . The game suffered from multiple delays , and the development team used this time to refine the story and increase the gameplay 's pace . The game 's soundtrack is a mix of licensed music and original music composed by Elia Cmíral .   Video game critics gave Spec Ops : The Line generally positive reviews . Praise focused on the narrative and its themes , while criticism was targeted at the online multiplayer mode and generic third person gameplay . Spec Ops : The Line was a commercial failure and did not garner the attention that distributor Take-Two Interactive had hoped for , but it was awarded and nominated for several end-of-the-year accolades particularly for its story . Yager announced that there would not be a sequel to the game . The game was banned in the United Arab Emirates for its depiction of Dubai in a state of destruction .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: Bunker 6 Bunker 6 is a Canadian psychological thriller film set in an alternate timeline in which a nuclear holocaust takes place during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Most of the film 's action is set a decade later , inside a very large fallout shelter , in which a group of survivors are faced with the dilemma of continuing life in the shelter or facing the uncertainty of life in a world contaminated by radiation . Theatrically released , the film was also destined for television and `` direct-to-video '' release . Directed by Canadian writer and director Greg Jackson , in his first feature film , it stars Andrea Lee Norwood and Molly Dunsworth . The supporting cast includes Jim Fowler , Glen Matthews and Shelley Thompson . The film was shot in an actual fallout shelter in Nova Scotia .

neg: Mandeville Films Mandeville Films is an American independent film production company headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios . Founded in 1995 by film producer David Hoberman , the company re-formed as Mandeville Films and Television in 2002 after a short hiatus , with Hoberman and Todd Lieberman as partners and co-owners .

neg: One Six Right One Six Right : The Romance of Flying is an independent documentary film about the general aviation industry as seen through a local airport . Within a short period of time , it has achieved a passionate following and presence among pilots and aviation enthusiasts worldwide who see the film as being able to communicate their passion for aviation . Concurrently , the film has garnered both local and national political attention in the United States as an accurate depiction of general aviation and its important contributions to all aviation industries worldwide . Within the entertainment industry , the film has attracted the sponsorship and support of many large media companies , including Apple Inc. , Sony Electronics , Toshiba , Technicolor , Bose , and Dolby , as pioneering new standards in high definition ( HD ) film making and distribution .

neg: Mission: Impossible 2 Mission : Impossible 2 ( stylized as M : I-2 ) is a 2000 American action spy film directed by John Woo and starring Tom Cruise , who also served as the film 's producer . It is the second installment in the Mission : Impossible film series . In the film , Ethan Hunt is recruited by the Impossible Missions Force ( IMF ) to find and destroy a dangerous biological weapon called `` Chimera '' from a rogue IMF agent named Sean Ambrose with the help of his new girlfriend , Nyah Nordoff-Hall . .   Mission : Impossible 2 was released in theaters worldwide on May 24 , 2000 . It grossed more than $ 546.4 million worldwide , becoming the highest grossing film of 2000 . But the critical response was mixed ; praise was directed at Tom Cruise 's performance and the action sequences , but the plot and dialogue were criticized .

neg: Halo: Reach Halo : Reach is a first-person shooter video game developed by Bungie and published by Microsoft Game Studios for the Xbox 360 home video game console . The sixth installment in the Halo series , Reach was released worldwide in September 2010 . The game takes place in the year 2552 , where humanity is locked in a war with the alien Covenant . Players control Noble Six , a member of an elite supersoldier squad , when the human world known as Reach falls under Covenant attack .   After releasing Halo 3 in 2007 , Bungie split into teams to develop two different games -- what would become Halo 3 : ODST and Reach . The developers decided to create a prequel to the original Halo game trilogy , freeing themselves from the obligation of addressing old story threads . As the game would take place on a human world doomed to be destroyed , they focused on making the environment a character unto itself . Longtime Halo composers Martin O'Donnell and Michael Salvatori returned to compose Reachs music , aiming for a more somber sound to match the story .   Reach was announced at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2009 in Los Angeles , California , and the first in-engine trailer was shown at the 2009 Spike Video Game Awards . Players who purchased ODST were eligible to participate in a Reach multiplayer beta in May 2010 ; the beta allowed Bungie to gain player feedback for fixing bugs and making gameplay tweaks before shipping the final version . Microsoft gave Reach its biggest game marketing budget yet and created award-winning live-action commercials , action figures , and interactive media to promote the game .   The game grossed US$ 200 million on its launch day , setting a new record for the franchise . Reach sold well in most territories , moving more than three million units its first month in North America . Critical reception was positive ; reviewers from publications such as GamePro , IGN , and Official Xbox Magazine called it the best Halo title yet . Critics generally praised the game 's graphics and sound , but the plot and characters were less positively received . Reach was Bungie 's final Halo game ; subsequent games have been overseen by Microsoft subsidiary 343 Industries .

neg: 007 Legends 007 Legends is a first-person shooter video game featuring the character of British secret agent James Bond . It was developed by Eurocom and released by Activision in October 2012 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 , November 2012 for Microsoft Windows and December 2012 for Wii U . The game is available as physical optical disc media , as well as a digital release download via PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Marketplace on date of release . It was removed off all other digital stores without warning .   The PAL Wii U version of the game was released in some parts of Europe on 6 December 2012 , and in the United Kingdom on 21 December 2012 . The release was cancelled in Australia .   The game was released to coincide with the fiftieth anniversary of the James Bond film series . To achieve this the single player campaign includes one mission from each of the six actors ' eras , being Goldfinger ( Sean Connery ) , On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( George Lazenby ) , Moonraker ( Roger Moore ) , Licence to Kill ( Timothy Dalton ) and Die Another Day ( Pierce Brosnan ) , with Skyfall ( Daniel Craig ) released as downloadable content for the Xbox 360 , PS3 and PC and included on disc for the Wii U version . Additionally , some of the original talent from the films add their likenesses and voices to their associated characters . 007 Legends is the fourth James Bond game title to be released by Activision , as well as the last game Eurocom developed before the company ceased operations .

neg: Set piece In film production , a set piece is a scene or sequence of scenes whose execution requires serious logistical planning and considerable expenditure of money . The term set piece is often used more broadly to describe any important dramatic or comedic highpoint in a film or story , particularly those that provide some kind of dramatic payoff , resolution , or transition . Thus the term is often used to describe any scenes that are so essential to a film that they can not be edited out or skipped in the shooting schedule without seriously damaging the integrity of the finished product . Often , screenplays are written around a list of such set pieces , particularly in high-budget `` event movies '' .   Set pieces are very often planned meticulously using storyboards , screentests , and rehearsals , in contrast to smaller scenes where the director and actors may be more improvisational . Each action requires the combined efforts of different departments : set builders , physical effects , and special visual effects . On most films , different groups of people will work on different set pieces individually since they can take a long time to prepare before shooting . For example , the car chase in The Matrix Reloaded took months to prepare and cost $ 30 million , including $ 5 million to build the freeway set .

neg: Bonnie Curtis Bonnie Kathleen Curtis ( born March 26 , 1966 ) is an American film producer whose credits include Saving Private Ryan , A.I. , Minority Report , and The Lost World : Jurassic Park , directed by Steven Spielberg . Her first solo project was the 2005 release The Chumscrubber . She then joined Mockingbird Pictures with partner Julie Lynn in 2011 . Curtis and Lynn produced Albert Nobbs , which was nominated for three Academy Awards . Curtis is a co-recipient of the 1999 Producers Guild Award for Motion Picture Producer of the Year , for Saving Private Ryan . On March 12 , 2015 , Curtis was inducted into the Texas Film Hall of Fame . Spielberg congratulated her via video message during the ceremony .

neg: Luther Stickell Luther Stickell is a fictional supporting character in the Mission : Impossible film series who first appeared in Mission : Impossible in 1996 and is the only character besides Ethan Hunt to appear in all five films .   In the films , Luther is an expert computer hacker who works for the IMF ( Impossible Missions Force ) division of the CIA alongside Ethan Hunt . He has been portrayed in all five movies and in the 2003 video game Mission : Impossible -- Operation Surma by Ving Rhames .


query: Logic was born in March.

pos: Logic (musician) Sir Robert Bryson Hall II ( born January 22 , 1990 ) , known by his stage name Logic , is an American rapper , singer , songwriter , and record producer . Raised in Gaithersburg , Maryland , Logic expressed an interest in music as a teenager , and ventured into a musical career in early 2009 , releasing a mixtape titled Young , Broke & Infamous in 2010 . He would then sign with Visionary Music Group , before releasing two more mixtapes over two years .   His fourth mixtape , Young Sinatra : Welcome to Forever ( 2013 ) , was released to critical acclaim , and allowed Logic to secure a recording contract with Def Jam Recordings . He later released his debut studio album Under Pressure in October 2014 , which debuted at number four on the U.S. Billboard 200 , eventually becoming certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and having sold more than 171,000 copies .   Logic 's second studio album The Incredible True Story was released in November 2015 , receiving mostly positive reviews from critics . Also certified gold in the US , it was later confirmed to have sold over 185,000 copies in the country . Logic soon released Bobby Tarantino in 2016 . It is his fifth mixtape and the first since Young Sinatra : Welcome to Forever . Logic released his third studio album Everybody in 2017 .

neg: Syntax (band) Syntax are an English electronic music group originally formed in 2002 by the musicians Jan Burton ( also the band 's vocalist ) and Mike Tournier ( ex-member of the band Fluke ) . They are best known for the songs `` Destiny '' , `` Bliss '' and `` Pride '' .

neg: Paradox A paradox is a statement that , despite apparently sound reasoning from true premises , leads to a self-contradictory or a logically unacceptable conclusion . A paradox involves contradictory yet interrelated elements that exist simultaneously and persist over time .   Some logical paradoxes are known to be invalid arguments but are still valuable in promoting critical thinking .   Some paradoxes have revealed errors in definitions assumed to be rigorous , and have caused axioms of mathematics and logic to be re-examined . One example is Russell 's paradox , which questions whether a `` list of all lists that do not contain themselves '' would include itself , and showed that attempts to found set theory on the identification of sets with properties or predicates were flawed . Others , such as Curry 's paradox , are not yet resolved .   Examples outside logic include the ship of Theseus from philosophy ( questioning whether a ship repaired over time by replacing each and all of its wooden parts , one at a time , would remain the same ship ) . Paradoxes can also take the form of images or other media . For example , M.C. Escher featured perspective-based paradoxes in many of his drawings , with walls that are regarded as floors from other points of view , and staircases that appear to climb endlessly .   In common usage , the word `` paradox '' often refers to statements that may be both true and false i.e. ironic or unexpected , such as `` the paradox that standing is more tiring than walking '' .

neg: Sharks Took the Rest Sharks Took the Rest are a British alternative pop band brought together by Beccy Owen and Adam Kent . The band are based in the North East of England and write original songs that incorporate influences from many different genres , including pop , Alternative Rock , Jazz , Ambient music , Electronic music , Classical music , Folk and Trip hop . On their website they describe their music as creating `` blissful , panoramic pop out of lush , chamber-style textures , swoonsome female vocals and an artful dash of electronica '' .   The Journal newspaper described their music as `` sublime bliss '' while the National Student Magazine described them as `` coming on like a cross between Joanna Newsom fronting an unplugged Cocteau Twins '' and that `` these guys could be your new favourite band within five minutes '' .   Their first self-funded EP Grounds For Hearts To Swell was released on 14 February 2011 and garneried radio play on BBC radio including Tom Robinson ( BBC 6 music ) , Nemone ( BBC 6 music - single of the week ) and Iain Anderson amongst others . Following this they were invited to London to perform on the ` Loose Ends ' show on Radio 4 with Clive Anderson . They were also invited to and played at Glastonbury 2011 on the BBC Introducing Stage .   The band 's first full album , Too Late for Logic , was released on July 2 , 2013 on Bandcamp .   Two of the original band members ( Nick Pride and Ian ` Dodge ' Paterson ) are also members of Nick Pride and the Pimptones , a Newcastle based funk and soul band who are currently signed to Italian funk label Record Kicks .   In 2013 Sharks Took The Rest disbanded with a new electro-pop quartet Joy Atlas being formed from three of the founding members .

neg: Logica nova In the history of logic , the term logica nova ( Latin , meaning new logic ) refers to a subdivision of the logical tradition of Western Europe , as it existed around the middle of the thirteenth century . According to the availability at the time of the logical works of Aristotle ( written in Greek ) in Latin translation , there was a logica vetus ( old logic ) and the logica nova .

neg: The Next Logical Progression The Next Logical Progression is the third solo album by American rapper Gift of Gab . It was released on Quannum Projects on March 27 , 2012 .

neg: March Hare The March Hare ( called Haigha in Through the Looking-Glass ) is a character most famous for appearing in the tea party scene in Lewis Carroll 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland .   The main character , Alice , hypothesizes ,   `` The March Hare will be much the most interesting , and perhaps as this is May it wo n't be raving mad -- at least not so mad as it was in March . ''   `` Mad as a March hare '' is a common British English phrase , both now and in Carroll 's time , and appears in John Heywood 's collection of proverbs published in 1546 . It is reported in The Annotated Alice by Martin Gardner that this proverb is based on popular belief about hares ' behaviour at the beginning of the long breeding season , which lasts from February to September in Britain . Early in the season , unreceptive females often use their forelegs to repel overenthusiastic males . It used to be incorrectly believed that these bouts were between males fighting for breeding supremacy .   Like the character 's friend , the Hatter , the March Hare feels compelled to always behave as though it is tea-time because the Hatter supposedly `` murdered the time '' whilst singing for the Queen of Hearts . Sir John Tenniel 's illustration also shows him with straw on his head , a common way to depict madness in Victorian times . The March Hare later appears at the trial for the Knave of Hearts , and for a final time as `` Haigha '' ( which is pronounced to rhyme with `` mayor '' , according to Carroll ) , the personal messenger to the White King in Through the Looking-Glass .

neg: Logic of Empire `` Logic of Empire '' is a science fiction novella by American writer Robert A. Heinlein . Part of his Future History series , it originally appeared in Astounding Science Fiction ( March 1941 ) , and was collected in The Green Hills of Earth ( and subsequently The Past Through Tomorrow ) .   Ostensibly a tale about a man in the wrong place at the wrong time , and his struggle to free himself from the oppressive circumstances in which he is plunged , this story also serves to explain how slavery develops in a new colony . Even in the future , the technology available to a new colony is always initially low . If a machine to do a necessary job is too expensive to import ( say a wheat harvester , a water pump , or even a washing machine ) , a human must do it instead . If too many jobs must be done by hand and there is a shortage of labor compared with independent resources that free labor could take up ( `` land '' , although this condition is not clear in the story ) , a market for slavery develops . Decades later , while there is still an abundance of land , this market remains because the colony itself has quotas to meet and debts to repay - they can not spare the resources to develop local industries to make the machines themselves and free labor does not have to bid its price down enough to out compete slave labor .   Throughout the story , Heinlein takes the view of the objective narrator when describing Venusian society . `` Logic of Empire '' places different rationales on the people who participate in slavery . There are no real villains ; everybody 's just doing their job , trying to maximize income in a capitalist system . Even the plantation owner who owns the hero is portrayed as a struggling -- and failing -- small businessman , whose main motivation is to secure a livelihood for his daughter .

neg: Hypothetical syllogism In classical logic , hypothetical syllogism is a valid argument form which is a syllogism having a conditional statement for one or both of its premises .   If I do not wake up , then I can not go to work .  If I can not go to work , then I will not get paid .  Therefore , if I do not wake up , then I will not get paid .   In propositional logic , hypothetical syllogism is the name of a valid rule of inference ( often abbreviated HS and sometimes also called the chain argument , chain rule , or the principle of transitivity of implication ) . Hypothetical syllogism is one of the rules in classical logic that is not always accepted in certain systems of non-classical logic . The rule may be stated :   where the rule is that whenever instances of '' '' , and '' '' appear on lines of a proof , '' '' can be placed on a subsequent line .   Hypothetical syllogism is closely related and similar to disjunctive syllogism , in that it is also type of syllogism , and also the name of a rule of inference .

neg: Logical disjunction In logic and mathematics , or is the truth-functional operator of ( inclusive ) disjunction , also known as alternation ; the or of a set of operands is true if and only if one or more of its operands is true . The logical connective that represents this operator is typically written as ∨ or + .   `` A or B '' is true if A is true , or if B is true , or if both A and B are true .   In logic , or by itself means the inclusive or , distinguished from an exclusive or , which is false when both of its arguments are true , while an `` or '' is true in that case .   An operand of a disjunction is called a disjunct .   Related concepts in other fields are :  In natural language , the coordinating conjunction `` or '' .  In programming languages , the short-circuit or control structure .  In set theory , union .  In predicate logic , existential quantification .

neg: Logic Will Break Your Heart Logic Will Break Your Heart is the debut album by the Montreal-based indie rock band the Stills . The album was released in North America on October 21 , 2003 , and in the UK on February 23 , 2004 . It included the singles `` Lola Stars and Stripes '' , `` Changes Are No Good '' and `` Still in Love Song '' .   The album elicited comparisons to Interpol and Echo & the Bunnymen , with AllMusic citing its `` brooding post-punk soundscapes and art rock swagger '' , and Pitchfork noting its `` retro arrangements , percussive guitar work , and ` big ' cavernous production '' .

neg: Entrance of the Gladiators `` Entrance of the Gladiators '' op. 68 or `` Entry of the Gladiators '' ( Czech : Vjezd gladiátorů , German : Einzug der Gladiatoren ) is a military march composed in 1897 by the Czech composer Julius Fučík . He originally titled it `` Grande Marche Chromatique , '' reflecting the use of chromatic scales throughout the piece , but changed the title based on his personal interest in the Roman Empire .   In 1901 , American publisher Carl Fischer published a version of this march , arranged for American wind bands by Canadian composer Louis-Philippe Laurendeau , under the title `` Thunder and Blazes . '' It was during this period that the song gained lasting popularity as a screamer march for circuses , often used to introduce clowns . Today it is known mainly by this association , even though the title and composer are relatively obscure . Laurendeau 's version was also transcribed for fairground organs . The march receives the occasional concert hall performance , such as at the 2007 Last Night of the Proms .   Generally , the march is divided into three parts . The first part contains the melody that the trumpet keeps and the several supporting parts . The second third is the section where the low brass ( mainly the tubas ) take over with the chromatic scale like role . Finally there is a trio , or a slow melodic section , where there is a strong balance between woodwinds and low brass . The trio has a part similar to the second third with a chromatic scale like sound . The piece is written in cut time and is originally written to be played at standard march tempo ; however , when played as a screamer it is usually played much faster .

neg: Logic Made Easy Logic Made Easy : How to Know When Language Deceives You is a 2004 book by Deborah J. Bennett ( ISBN 0-393-05748-8 ) and published by W.W. Norton & Company . Its theme is the analysis of what common words such as `` some '' , `` all '' , and `` not '' mean , and how logic relates to speech and writing . It discusses eliminating problems such as ambiguity and imprecise language from communications , such as in technical writing .   Category :2004 books  Category : Philosophy books  Category : W. W. Norton & Company books

neg: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (6.5) In the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus of Ludwig Wittgenstein , Proposition 6.5 seeks to ground his philosophy of action ( Proposition 7 : `` Whereof one can not speak , thereof one must be silent '' ) .   6.5 `` For an answer which can not be expressed , the question too can not be expressed .  `` The riddle does not exist .  `` If a question can be put at all , then it can also be answered .   Although the historical significance of Tractatus is for its influence on the philosophers of logical empiricism , by providing them with a framework for a philosophy of science , and hence engineering , Wittgenstein actually wrote it as a work on ethics . See his propositions 6.4 onward .   But his motivation for writing , and the style of presentation , follow Frege and Russell , below .

neg: Counter Logic Gaming Counter Logic Gaming ( CLG ) is an American eSports organization headquartered in Los Angeles , California . It was founded in April 2010 by George `` HotshotGG '' Georgallidis and Alexander `` Vodoo '' Beutel as a League of Legends team , and has since branched out into other games .   CLG fields the oldest League of Legends team still active , having competed in every split of the North American League of Legends Championship Series ( LCS ) since it began in Spring 2013 . CLG has won two NA LCS splits , the 2015 Summer NA LCS and 2016 Spring NA LCS . The team has also attended the 2012 and 2015 League of Legends World Championships , and was eliminated in the group stage on both occasions .   The organization also fields Halo , Counter-Strike : Global Offensive ( CS : GO ) , Super Smash Bros. , and Call of Duty teams , and previously included a Dota 2 team . The organization was also one of the first in North America to implement a multi-team gaming house , and the current residence is able to house all their major divisions and the management staff on a permanent basis .

neg: In Defense of Reason In Defense of Reason is a collection of three volumes of literary criticisms by the American poet and literary critic Yvor Winters . First published in 1947 , the book is fairly well known in literary circles , both British and American , particularly for its meticulous study of metrical verse and Winters ' system of ethical criticism . Scholars and writers still mention or cite the book somewhat often in scholarly monographs to the present . It remains in print through the Ohio University Press .   The collection consists of three books of critical essays that Winters had written earlier . The first , Primitivism and Decadence : A Study of American Experimental Poetry , is Winters ' revised doctoral dissertation on the classification and analysis of poetic structures . The second , Maule 's Curse : Seven Studies in the History of American Obscurantism , is a study of seven prominent American novelists and poets of the 19th century . The third , The Anatomy of Nonsense , is a study of several prominent writers associated with modernism . The book also features three general essays that are crucial to understanding Winters as a critic and poet : the Foreword to the whole collection , `` Preliminary Problems , '' which is in effect the introduction to The Anatomy of Nonsense , and `` The Significance of ` The Bridge , ' by Hart Crane , or ` What Are We to Do with Professor X ? ' '' a stand-alone essay that ends the book .   Though he started his poetic career in the early 1920s as a free-verse imagist , by late in that decade Winters had become a modern classicist , of a sort . He argued that poets should use metrical verse more often in their compositions . He also argued that poems should have rational structures and favor discursive language rather than the loose , associationist structures and styles favored by the moderns , which emphasize the emotions and personal expression . As explained in these essays , Winters considered the moderns the literary descendants of Romanticism .   __ TOC __

neg: Logical constant In logic , a logical constant of a language is a symbol that has the same semantic value under every interpretation of . Two important types of logical constants are logical connectives and quantifiers . The equality predicate ( usually written ' =') is also treated as a logical constant in many systems of logic . One of the fundamental questions in the philosophy of logic is `` What is a logical constant ? '' ; that is , what special feature of certain constants makes them logical in nature ?   Some symbols that are commonly treated as logical constants are :   Many of these logical constants are sometimes denoted by alternate symbols ( e.g. , the use of the symbol '' & '' rather than '' ∧ '' to denote the logical and ) .

neg: Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy is a book by Bertrand Russell , published in 1919 , written in part to exposit in a less technical way the main ideas of his and Whitehead 's Principia Mathematica ( 1910 -- 1913 ) , including the theory of descriptions .   Mathematics and logic , historically speaking , have been entirely distinct studies . Mathematics has been connected with science , logic with Greek . But both have developed in modern times : logic has become more mathematical and mathematics has become more logical . The consequence is that it has now become wholly impossible to draw a line between the two ; in fact , the two are one . They differ as boy and man : logic is the youth of mathematics and mathematics is the manhood of logic . This view is resented by logicians who , having spent their time in the study of classical texts , are incapable of following a piece of symbolic reasoning , and by mathematicians who have learnt a technique without troubling to inquire into its meaning or justification . Both types are now fortunately growing rarer . So much of modern mathematical work is obviously on the border-line of logic , so much of modern logic is symbolic and formal , that the very close relationship of logic and mathematics has become obvious to every instructed student . The proof of their identity is , of course , a matter of detail : starting with premises which would be universally admitted to belong to logic , and arriving by deduction at results which as obviously belong to mathematics , we find that there is no point at which a sharp line can be drawn , with logic to the left and mathematics to the right . If there are still those who do not admit the identity of logic and mathematics , we may challenge them to indicate at what point , in the successive definitions and deductions of Principia Mathematica , they consider that logic ends and mathematics begins . It will then be obvious that any answer must be quite arbitrary . ( Russell 1919 , 194 -- 195 ) .


query: David Thewlis is an English author.

pos: David Thewlis David Thewlis ( born David Wheeler ; born 20 March 1963 ) is an English actor , director , screenwriter , author . His most commercially successful role to date has been that of Remus Lupin in the Harry Potter film series . Other notable performances include the films Naked ( for which he won the Best Actor award at Cannes Film Festival ) , Dragonheart , Kingdom of Heaven , The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas , The Theory of Everything , Black Beauty , and Macbeth ( in which he played King Duncan ) . He will play Ares in Wonder Woman . He has also done voice work in the films James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) , The Miracle Maker ( 2000 ) , and Anomalisa ( 2015 ) , and is additionally known for the role of Cyrus Crabb in the TV mini series Dinotopia .

neg: John Wyndham John Wyndham Parkes Lucas Beynon Harris ( -LSB- ˈwɪndəm -RSB- 10 July 1903 -- 11 March 1969 ) was an English science fiction writer best known for his works written using the pen name John Wyndham , although he also used other combinations of his names , such as John Beynon and Lucas Parkes . Many of his works were set in post-apocalyptic landscapes . His best known works include The Day of the Triffids ( 1951 ) and The Midwich Cuckoos ( 1957 ) , the latter filmed twice as Village of the Damned .

neg: Essay of Dramatick Poesie Essay of Dramatic Poesy by John Dryden was published in 1668 . It was probably written during the plague year of 1666 . Dryden takes up the subject that Philip Sidney had set forth in his Defence of Poesie ( 1580 ) and attempts to justify drama as a legitimate form of `` poetry '' comparable to the epic , as well as defend English drama against that of the ancients and the French .   The treatise is a dialogue between four speakers : Eugenius , Crites , Lisideius , and Neander . The four speakers represented , respectively Charles Sackville ( Lord Buchhurst and later sixth Earl of Dorset ) , Sir Robert Howard -LSB- playwright and Dryden 's brother-in-law -RSB- , Sir Charles Sedley ( Edward Malone identified him as Lisideius ) and Dryden himself ( neander means `` new man '' and implies that Dryden , as a respected member of the gentry class , is entitled to join in this dialogue on an equal footing with the three older men who are his social superiors ) . On the day that the English fleet encounters the Dutch at sea near the mouth of the Thames , the four friends take a barge downriver towards the noise from the battle . Rightly concluding , as the noise subsides , that the English have triumphed , they order the bargeman to row them back upriver as they begin a dialogue on the advances made by modern civilization . They agree to measure progress by comparing ancient arts with modern , focusing specifically on the art of drama ( or `` dramatic poesy '' ) . The four men debate a series of three topics : ( 1 ) the relative merit of classical drama ( upheld by Crites ) vs. modern drama ( championed by Eugenius ) ; ( 2 ) whether French drama , as Lisideius maintains , is better than English drama ( supported by Neander , who famously calls Shakespeare `` the greatest soul , ancient or modern '' ) ; and ( 3 ) whether plays in rhyme are an improvement upon blank verse drama -- a proposition that Neander , despite having defended the Elizabethans , now advances against the skeptical Crites ( who also switches from his original position and defends the blank verse tradition of Elizabethan drama ) . Invoking the so-called unities from Aristotle 's Poetics ( as interpreted by Italian and refined by French scholars over the last century ) , the four speakers discuss what makes a play `` a just and lively imitation '' of human nature in action . This definition of a play , supplied by Lisideius/Orrery ( whose rhymed plays had dazzled the court and were a model for the new drama ) , gives the debaters a versatile and richly ambiguous touchstone . To Crites ' argument that the plots of classical drama are more `` just , '' Eugenius can retort that modern plots are more `` lively '' thanks to their variety . Lisideius shows that the French plots carefully preserve Aristotle 's unities of action , place , and time ; Neander replies that English dramatists like Ben Jonson also kept the unities when they wanted to , but that they preferred to develop character and motive . Even Neander 's final argument with Crites over whether rhyme is suitable in drama depends on Aristotle 's Poetics : Neander says that Aristotle demands a verbally artful ( `` lively '' ) imitation of nature , while Crites thinks that dramatic imitation ceases to be `` just '' when it departs from ordinary speech -- i.e. prose or blank verse . A year later , the two brothers-in-law quarreled publicly over this third topic . See Dryden 's `` Defense of An Essay of Dramatic Poesy '' ( 1669 ) , where Dryden tries to persuade the rather literal-minded Howard that audiences expect a play to be an imitation of nature , not a surrogate for nature itself .

neg: David William Paynter David William Paynter ( 1791 -- 1823 ) was an English author .

neg: Burmese Days Burmese Days is a novel by British writer George Orwell . It was first published in the UK in 1934 . It is a tale from the waning days of British colonialism , when Burma was ruled from Delhi as a part of British India -- `` a portrait of the dark side of the British Raj . '' At its centre is John Flory , `` the lone and lacking individual trapped within a bigger system that is undermining the better side of human nature . '' Orwell 's first novel , it describes `` corruption and imperial bigotry '' in a society where , `` after all , natives were natives -- interesting , no doubt , but finally ... an inferior people '' .   Because of concerns that the novel might be potentially libellous , that Katha was described too realistically , and that some of the characters might be based on real people , it was first published `` further afield '' , in the United States . A British edition , with altered names , appeared a year later . When it was published in the 1930s , Orwell 's harsh portrayal of colonial society was felt by `` some old Burma hands '' to have `` rather let the side down '' . In a letter from 1946 , Orwell said `` I dare say it 's unfair in some ways and inaccurate in some details , but much of it is simply reporting what I have seen '' .

neg: Cairo poets The British Army presence in Egypt in World War II had , as a side effect , the concentration of a group of Cairo poets . There had been a noticeable literary group in Cairo before the war in North Africa broke out , including university academics . Possibly as a reflection of that , there were two strands of literary activity and publication during the years 1942 -- 1944 . There was the Personal Landscape group centred on the publication of that name , founded by Lawrence Durrell , Robin Fedden and Bernard Spencer . There was also the Salamander group , which produced a magazine and the Oasis series of anthologies . To oversimplify , the first group produced poetic reputations , while the second , founded by servicemen , broadcast appeals and collected an archive of 17,000 poems written at the period .   Poets such as Terence Tiller and G. S. Fraser had a foot in both camps . Keith Douglas , the iconic war poet , was associated with the Personal Landscape group . Alan Rook , John Gawsworth and John Waller published in Salamander .   Several of the Cairo poets appeared in the ` Poets in Uniform ' issue of Tambimuttu 's Poetry London early in 1941 .   An English literary presence persisted after the war , in the persons of P. H. Newby , Robert Liddell , Denys Johnson-Davies , Hilary Corke and D. J. Enright .

neg: David Williamson David Keith Williamson , AO , born 24 February , 1942 is one of Australia 's best-known dramatists and playwrights . He has also written screenplays and teleplays .

neg: David Szalay David Szalay ( born 1974 in Montreal , Quebec ) is an English writer . His surname is pronounced SOL-loy .   He was born in Canada , moved to the UK the following year and has lived there ever since . He studied at Oxford University and has written a number of radio dramas for the BBC . He won the Betty Trask Award for his first novel , London and the South-East , along with the Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize . Since then he has written two other novels : Innocent ( 2009 ) and Spring ( 2011 ) . He has also recently been named one of The Telegraph 's Top 20 British Writers Under 40 and has also made it onto -LSB- -LSB- Granta | Granta magazine '' 's -RSB- -RSB- 2013 list of the Best of Young British Novelists . A linked collection of short stories , All That Man Is '' , was short listed for the Man Booker Prize in 2016 and won the 2016 Gordon Burn Prize . The Spectator said `` Nobody captures the super-sadness of modern Europe as well as Szalay . '' The Observer asked if it was really a novel : `` does it in any sense work , as Jonathan Cape wants us to believe , as a novel ? Yes , there 's a thematic consistency that makes this more than a collection , and Szalay even throws in the odd narrative link ( the 73-year-old , it transpires , is the 17-year-old 's granddad ) . But still , a novel ? I do n't think so . '' It was shortlisted for the Man Booker prize .

neg: London (novel) London is a historical novel by Edward Rutherfurd published in 1997 , which charts the history of London from 54 B.C. to 1997 . The novel begins with the birth of the River Thames and moves to 54 B.C. , detailing the life of Segovax , a curious character with slightly webbed hands and a flash of white hair . Seqovax becomes the ancestor of the Ducket and Dogget families , prominent fictional families woven into the novel .   Historical figures , such as Julius Caesar , Geoffrey Chaucer , William Shakespeare , and Pocahontas , make appearances alongside fictional characters and historical kings and queens of England .

neg: Murray Davies Murray Davies is a Welsh author and journalist .

neg: Novel in Scotland The novel in Scotland includes all long prose fiction published in Scotland and by Scottish authors since the development of the literary format in the eighteenth century . The novel was soon a major element of Scottish literary and critical life . Tobias Smollett 's picaresque novels , such as The Adventures of Roderick Random and The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle mean that he is often seen as Scotland 's first novelist . Other Scots who contributed to the development of the novel in the eighteenth century include Henry Mackenzie and John Moore .   There was a tradition of moral and domestic fiction in the early nineteenth century that included the work of Elizabeth Hamilton , Mary Brunton and Christian Johnstone . The outstanding literary figure of the early nineteenth century was Walter Scott , whose Waverley is often called the first historical novel . He had a major worldwide influence . His success led to a publishing boom in Scotland . Major figures that benefited included James Hogg , John Galt , John Gibson Lockhart , John Wilson and Susan Ferrier . In the mid-nineteenth century major literary figures that contributed to the development of the novel included David Macbeth Moir , John Stuart Blackie , William Edmondstoune Aytoun and Margaret Oliphant . In the late nineteenth century , a number of Scottish-born authors achieved international reputations , including Robert Louis Stevenson and Arthur Conan Doyle , whose Sherlock Holmes stories helped found the tradition of detective fiction . In the last two decades of the century the `` kailyard school '' ( cabbage patch ) depicted Scotland in a rural and nostalgic fashion , often seen as a `` failure of nerve '' in dealing with the rapid changes that had swept across Scotland in the industrial revolution . Figures associated with the movement include Ian Maclaren , S. R. Crockett and J. M. Barrie , best known for his creation of Peter Pan , which helped develop the genre of fantasy , as did the work of George MacDonald .   Among the most important novels of the early twentieth century was The House with the Green Shutters by George Douglas Brown , which broke with the Kailyard tradition . John Buchan played a major role in the creation of the modern thriller with The Thirty-Nine Steps and Greenmantle . The Scottish literary Renaissance attempted to introduce modernism into art and create of a distinctive national literature . It increasingly focused on the novel . Major figures included Neil Gunn , George Blake , A. J. Cronin , Eric Linklater and Lewis Grassic Gibbon . There were also a large number of female authors associated with the movement , who included Catherine Carswell , Willa Muir , Nan Shepherd and Naomi Mitchison . Many major Scottish post-war novelists , such as Robin Jenkins , Jessie Kesson , Muriel Spark , Alexander Trocchi and James Kennaway spent most of their lives outside Scotland , but often dealt with Scottish themes . Successful mass-market works included the action novels of Alistair MacLean and the historical fiction of Dorothy Dunnett . A younger generation of novelists that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s included Allan Massie , Shena Mackay and Alan Spence . Working class identity continued to be explored by Archie Hind , Alan Sharp , George Friel and William McIlvanney .   From the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major revival , with figures including Alasdair Gray , James Kelman , Irvine Welsh , Alan Warner , Janice Galloway , A. L. Kennedy , Iain Banks , Candia McWilliam , Frank Kuppner and Andrew O'Hagan . In genre fiction Iain Banks , writing as Iain M. Banks , produced ground-breaking science fiction and Scottish crime fiction has been a major area of growth with the success of novelists including Frederic Lindsay , Quintin Jardine , Val McDermid , Denise Mina , Christopher Brookmyre , and particularly Ian Rankin and his Inspector Rebus novels . The most successful author of Scottish origins in recent years has been J. K. Rowling , author of the Harry Potter series .

neg: A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain A tour thro ' the whole island of Great Britain is an account of his travels by English author Daniel Defoe , first published in three volumes between 1724 and 1727 . Other than Robinson Crusoe , Tour was Defoe 's most popular and financially successful work during the eighteenth century . Pat Rogers notes that in Defoe 's use of the `` literary vehicle ( the ` tour ' or ` circuit ' ) that could straddle the literal and the imaginative , '' `` Nothing ... anticipated Defoe 's Tour '' . Thanks in part to his extensive travels and colourful background as a soldier , businessman , and spy , Defoe had `` hit on the best blend of objective fact and personal commentary '' in his descriptions of locations and trips around Britain .

neg: David Walton (writer) David Walton is an American short story writer , novelist and critic .

neg: Welsh literature in English Anglo-Welsh literature and Welsh writing in English are terms used to describe works written in the English language by Welsh writers . It has been recognised as a distinctive entity only since the 20th century . The need for a separate identity for this kind of writing arose because of the parallel development of modern Welsh-language literature ; as such it is perhaps the youngest branch of English-language literature in the British Isles .   Welsh writers in English have traditionally favoured the short story form over the novel for two main reasons : in a society lacking sufficient wealth to support professional writers , the amateur writer was able to spare time only for short bursts of creativity ; and , like poetry , it concentrated linguistic delight and exuberance . However , the genre did not develop in these writers much beyond its origin in rural sketches . Satire was avoided , and , since the main market was London publishers , the short stories tended to focus on the eccentricities ( as seen from a metropolitan viewpoint ) of Welsh life .

neg: Len Deighton Leonard Cyril Deighton ( -LSB- ˈdiːtən -RSB- born 18 February 1929 ) , known as Len Deighton , is a British author . Deighton is considered one of the top three spy novelists of his time ( along with Ian Fleming and John le Carré ) . In addition he is a highly acclaimed military historian , cookery writer , and graphic artist . The IPCRESS File ( 1962 ) , his first novel , was an instant bestseller and broke the mould of thriller writing . The Sunday Times dubbed him `` the poet of the spy story '' . Deighton 's first protagonist -- a nameless spy christened Harry Palmer in the films -- was made famous worldwide in the iconic 1960s films starring Michael Caine .

neg: David Barnett (writer) David Barnett ( born 11 January 1970 ) is an English journalist and author . He has several published books , including Hinterland ( Immanion Press , 2005 , re-issued 2008 ) , Angelglass ( Immanion Press , 2007 ) and The Janus House and Other Two-Faced Tales ( Immanion Press , 2009 ) . Born in Wigan , Lancashire , England , he has worked at the Telegraph & Argus .

neg: David Lindsay (novelist) David Lindsay ( 3 March 1876 -- 16 July 1945 ) was an English author now best remembered for the philosophical science fiction novel A Voyage to Arcturus ( 1920 ) .

neg: Out of the Shelter Out of the Shelter ( 1970 ) is a novel by British author David Lodge .

neg: Literature of England The literature of England is literature written in what is now England , or by English writers . It consists mainly of English literature - i.e. literature written in the English language - but there are important examples of literature from England written in other languages .

neg: David Yallop David Anthony Yallop ( born 27 January 1937 ) is a British author who writes chiefly about unsolved crimes . In the 1970s he contributed scripts for a number of BBC comedy shows . In the same decade he also wrote 10 episodes for the ITV court drama , Crown Court .   In October 1992 he lost his job when , as a scriptwriter for EastEnders , he proposed killing some of the characters by means of an IRA bomb . Yallop successfully sued the BBC for breach of contract . He was also one of the co-authors of Graham Chapman 's autobiography , A Liar 's Autobiography ( Volume VI ) .   Yallop lives in North London and describes himself as a `` Catholic agnostic '' .

neg: A Maggot A Maggot ( 1985 ) is a novel by British author John Fowles . It is Fowles ' sixth major novel , following The Collector , The Magus , The French Lieutenant 's Woman , Daniel Martin , and Mantissa . Its title , as the author explains in the prologue , is taken from the archaic sense of the word that means `` whim '' , `` quirk '' , `` obsession '' , or even a snatch of music ( see earworm ) . Another meaning of the word `` maggot '' becomes apparent later in the novel , used by a character to describe a white , oblong machine that appears to be a spacecraft . Though the author denied that A Maggot is a historical novel , it does take place during a precise historical timeframe , May 1736 to February 1737 , in England . It might be variously classified as historical fiction , mystery , or science fiction . Because of the narrative style and various metafictional devices , most critics classify it as a postmodern novel .


query: North Korea has a government.

pos: North Korea North Korea , officially the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( DPRK ) , is a country in East Asia constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula .  Pyongyang is the nation 's capital and largest city . To the north and northwest the country is bordered by China and by Russia along the Amnok ( known as the Yalu in China ) and Tumen rivers ; it is bordered to the south by South Korea , with the heavily fortified Korean Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) separating the two .   In 1910 , Korea was annexed by the Empire of Japan . After the Japanese surrender at the end of World War II in 1945 , Korea was divided into two zones along the 38th parallel by the United States and the Soviet Union , with the north occupied by the Soviets and the south by the Americans . Negotiations on reunification failed , and in 1948 , separate governments were formed : the socialist Democratic People 's Republic of Korea in the north , and the capitalist Republic of Korea in the south . An invasion initiated by North Korea led to the Korean War ( 1950 -- 1953 ) . The Korean Armistice Agreement brought about a ceasefire , but no peace treaty was signed .   North Korea officially describes itself as a self-reliant socialist state and formally holds elections . Critics regard it as a totalitarian dictatorship . Various media outlets have called it Stalinist , particularly noting the elaborate cult of personality around Kim Il-sung and his family . International organizations have assessed that human rights violations in North Korea have no parallel in the contemporary world . The Workers ' Party of Korea ( WPK ) , led by a member of the ruling family , holds power in the state and leads the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland of which all political officers are required to be members .   Juche , an ideology of national self-reliance , was introduced into the constitution as a `` creative application of Marxism -- Leninism '' in 1972 . The means of production are owned by the state through state-run enterprises and collectivized farms . Most services such as healthcare , education , housing and food production are subsidized or state-funded . From 1994 to 1998 , North Korea suffered a famine that resulted in the deaths of between 240,000 and 3.5 million people , and the country continues to struggle with food production . North Korea follows Songun , or `` military-first '' policy . It is the country with the highest number of military and paramilitary personnel , with a total of 9,495,000 active , reserve , and paramilitary personnel . Its active duty army of 1.21 million is the fourth largest in the world , after China , the United States , and India . It possesses nuclear weapons . North Korea is an atheist state with no official religion and where public religion is discouraged .

neg: Goguryeo Goguryeo ( ; -LSB- ko.ɡu.ɾjʌ -RSB- , 37 BCE -- 668 CE ) , originally named Goryeo ( ; -LSB- ko.ɾjʌ -RSB- ) , was a Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula and the southern and central parts of inner and outer Manchuria . Goguryeo was an active participant in the power struggle for control of the Korean peninsula and was also associated with the foreign affairs of neighboring polities in China and Japan .   The Samguk Sagi , a 12th-century text from Goryeo , indicates that Goguryeo was founded in 37 BCE by Jumong , a prince from Buyeo , who was enthroned as Dongmyeong . There is archaeological and textual evidence from Chinese geographic monographs that suggests that Goguryeo may have been in existence since the second century BCE around the fall of Gojoseon , an earlier kingdom which also occupied southern Manchuria and the northern Korean Peninsula .   Goguryeo was a powerful empire and one of the great powers in East Asia , until it was defeated by a Silla -- Tang alliance in 668 after prolonged exhaustion and internal strife caused by the death of Yeon Gaesomun . After its fall , its territory was divided among the states of Later Silla , Balhae and Tang China .   The name Goryeo , a shortened form of Goguryeo , was adopted as the official name in the 5th century , and is the origin of the English name `` Korea '' .

neg: North Korea–Norway relations North Korea -- Norway relations refers to the current and historical relationship between Norway and the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( DPRK ) , commonly known as North Korea . Neither country maintains an embassy in the other , although North Korea formerly had an embassy in the Norwegian capital Oslo . The Norwegian ambassador in Seoul is also accredited to North Korea , as is the North Korean one in Stockholm to Norway .

neg: Song of General Kim Jong-il The `` Song of General Kim Jong-il '' is a marching song from North Korea . It was composed by Sol Myong-sun and the words were written by Sin Un-ho .   The song praises former leader , Kim Jong-il ( who ruled from 1994 until 2011 ) as a part of his cult of personality . During the presidency of Kim Il-sung , Kim Jong-il helped to run his father 's own personality cult . At the death of his father , Kim Jong-il had his own cult . Although the `` Song of General Kim Jong-il '' is not as widely popular as the `` Song of General Kim Il-sung '' ( nor was his cult as large as his father 's ) , it is also played regularly in North Korea .   The song is played by the North Korean state television at the start of broadcasts each day . It was also played after the telecast of Kim Jong-il 's memorial service on December 29 , 2011 . Pyongyang FM Broadcasting also plays a chime version of the first two lines of the song as its interval signal at the start of broadcasts .   According to North Korean sources , their satellite Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 , supposedly launched in a test on 5 April 2009 , is broadcasting this song amongst other data .

neg: National Defence Commission The National Defence Commission of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( NDC ) was defined by the 1998 constitution as `` the highest guiding organ of the military and the managing organ of military matters '' . The Chairman of the National Defence Commission controls the armed forces and , in this state where the military dominated , was the most powerful position in the country and was held by Kim Jong-il up until his death . Per the 2016 Constitution , the commission was replaced by the State Affairs Commission .

neg: National Reunification Prize The National Reunification Prize is an award of North Korea , bestowed by the Presidium of the Supreme People 's Assembly upon people who have contributed to the reunification of Korea . The award was instituted in 1990 .

neg: North Korean parliamentary election, 2014 Parliamentary elections in North Korea , creating the 13th Supreme People 's Assembly , were held on 9 March 2014 .

neg: Flag of North Korea The flag of North Korea , also known as the Ramhongsaek Gonghwagukgi is the ensign and national flag of North Korea . It was adopted on 8 September 1948 and is defined in Article 170 of Chapter VII of the North Korean constitution .

neg: Songun Songun is the `` military first '' policy of North Korea , prioritizing the Korean People 's Army in the affairs of state and allocation of resources . `` Military first '' as a principle guides political and economic life in North Korea , with `` military-first politics '' dominating the political system ; `` a line of military-first economic construction '' acting as an economic system ; and `` military-first ideology '' serving as the guiding ideology .   Songun elevates the Korean People 's Army within North Korea as an organization and as a state function , granting it the primary position in the North Korean government and society . It guides domestic policy and international interactions . It is the framework for the government , designating the military as the `` supreme repository of power '' . The North Korean government grants the Korean People 's Army the highest economic and resource-allocation priority and positions it as the model for society to emulate . Songun is also the ideological concept behind a shift in policies since 1994 which emphasize the people 's military over all other aspects of state and society .

neg: North Korea–Serbia relations The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea had established diplomatic relations on October 30 , 1948 . Relations had been very close during the time of Josip Broz Tito and Kim Il-sung . Both leaders had taken a neutral stance during the Sino-Soviet split and maintained friendly relations with both the Soviet Union and China . Both Serbia and North Korea are members of the Non-Aligned Movement . Yugoslavia , of which Serbia was a part , was one of the movement 's founding members . Both countries closed their embassies in each other 's capitals in October and November 2001 , respectively , for financial reasons . Nevertheless , they continue to enjoy a close relationship . The Serbian Embassy to North Korea is accredited from Beijing , China , and the North Korean embassy to Serbia is accredited from Sofia , Bulgaria .

neg: Terentii Shtykov Terentii Fomich Shtykov ( Russian : Терентий Штыков ; Korean : 테렌티 스티코프 ; -- 25 October 1964 ) was effectively the first supreme leader of North Korea , as the de facto head of its 1945-1951 military occupation and the first Soviet Ambassador to North Korea from 1948 until 1950 . Shtykov 's support for Kim Il-sung was crucial in Kim 's rise to power , and the two persuaded Stalin to allow the Korean War to begin in June 1950 .   A protégé of the influential politician Andrei Zhdanov , General Shtykov served as a political commissar during World War II , ending up on the Military Council of the Primorskiy Military District . Through direct access to Joseph Stalin , Shtykov became the `` real supreme ruler of North Korea , the principal supervisor of both the Soviet military and the local authorities . '' Shtykov conceived of the Soviet Civil Administration , supported Kim 's appointment as head of the North Korean provisional government , and assisted Stalin with editing the first North Korean constitution .   As the preeminent representative of the Soviet Union 's political authority over the nascent North Korea from October 1945 until December 1950 , Shtykov 's legacy was to aid the Kim family 's rise to power . The war they started freed Kim from Soviet domination ; China intervened following North Korea 's poor military performance in the early autumn . Shtykov was fired as ambassador in December and demoted to major general the following month . He later served as the Soviet ambassador to Hungary from 1959 to 1960 .   Andrei Lankov asserts that Shtykov made more impact on Korean history than any foreigner other than Japanese colonial politicians , and that he was `` the actual architect of the North Korean state as it emerged in 1945-50 . '' Several of Shtykov 's policies , most notably North Korean land reform , are today credited to Kim Il-sung by official North Korean media .

neg: Yon Hyong-muk Yon Hyong-muk , also spelt as Yong Hyong-muk ( November 3 , 1931 -- October 23 , 2005 ) was a long-serving politician in North Korea and at the height of his career the most powerful person in that country outside the Kim family . He was Prime Minister of North Korea from 1988 to 1992 .   He was born in Kyongwon County and had a strong revolutionary background in his family . He was educated locally and employed as a farm worker . Yon was educated in Czechoslovakia and by the 1950s , he was firmly established within the hierarchy of the Workers ' Party of Korea . In 1967 he was selected as a deputy to the Supreme People 's Assembly .   During the 1970s , Yon further advanced in the Party and by the middle 1980s he was regarded as the fourth most powerful person in North Korea after Kim Il-sung , Kim Jong-il , and veteran marshal and defence minister O Chin-u . He was a candidate member of the Politburo from the early 1980s and became Prime Minister of North Korea in 1989 . During this era , Yon served as Minister of Heavy Industry and this consolidated his role in the North 's large armaments sector .   In this period , as Kim Il-sung and O Chin-u were both already past eighty , Yon took an important role in relations between North and South Korea . He worked hard in this field as Prime Minister and was regarded as the chief negotiator behind the Agreement on Reconciliation , Non-aggression and Exchanges and Cooperation between the South and the North ( also known as the `` South-North Basic Agreement '' ) of 1991 . At the time he called it `` the most valuable achievement ever made between the South and North Korean authorities . '' For the rest of the 1990s , Yon was the chief figure behind efforts to reconcile the two Koreas . However , by the 2000s , Yon was declining in health and his role in North Korean politics had become largely ceremonial by the time he died - presumably of pancreatic cancer for which he had received treatment in Russia in 2004 at the well protected Central Clinical Hospital . He died in 2005 .

neg: Eternal President of the Republic The official designation of an Eternal President of the Republic ( 공화국의 영원한 주석 , literally in English `` Eternal Chairman of the Republic '' ) was established by a line in the preface to the Constitution of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea , as amended on September 5 , 1998 , and in subsequent revisions .   It reads ( in the original version ) :   According to Ashley J. Tellis and Michael Wills , this amendment to the preamble is an indication of the unique North Korean characteristic of being a theocratic state based on a cult of personality revering Kim Il-sung . In addition , North Korea adopted a Juche calendar dating from 1912 , the year of Kim Il-sung 's birth .

neg: 2nd Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea The 2nd Congress of the Workers ' Party of North Korea ( WPNK ) was held in Pyongyang , North Korea , from 27 -- 30 March 1948 . The congress is the highest organ of the party , and is stipulated to be held every four years . 999 delegates represented the party 's 750,000 members . The 2nd Central Committee , elected by the congress , reelected Kim Tu-bong as WPNK Chairman , and Kim Il-sung and Chu Yong-ha as deputy chairmen .

neg: Office of the Yi Dynasty The Office of the Yi Dynasty or called Yiwangjik was an organization to manage every affairs related to the royal House of Yi of Korea during the Japanese occupation . It was established in February 1911 under the direction of the Japanese Government-General of Korea . As the Empire of Korea was relegated to the Yi Dynasty after the annexation of Korea to Japan in 1910 , Yiwangjik was descended from `` Gungnaebu '' ( Department of the Royal Household ) of the Korean Empire which was in charge of the affairs of the royal family . It is also translated into English as `` Yi Royal Household '' or `` Office of Yi Royal Family '' The term , Yiwangjik comprises three words in Korean ; Yi means the House of Yi and `` wang '' means titles and ranks of the royalty by Japanese investiture , and jik refers to government office .   The office also governed the affairs related to documenting the House of Yi , so compiled the Annal of Gojong and Sujong . Appointments , rewards , and punishment on officers of Yiwangjik was governed by the Japanese Imperial Household Ministry as well as supervised by the Governor-General of Korea .

neg: National People's Congress The National People 's Congress ( usually abbreviated NPC ) is the national legislature of the People 's Republic of China . With 2,987 members in 2013 , it is the largest parliamentary body in the world . Under China 's current Constitution , the NPC is structured as a unicameral legislature , with the power to legislate , the power to oversee the operations of the government , and the power to elect the major officers of state . The NPC and the National Committee of the People 's Political Consultative Conference ( CPPCC ) , a consultative body whose members represent various social groups , are the main deliberative bodies of China , and are often referred to as the Lianghui ( Two Assemblies ) .   The NPC is elected for a term of five years . It holds annual sessions every spring , usually lasting from 10 to 14 days , in the Great Hall of the People on the west side of Tiananmen Square in Beijing . The NPC 's sessions are usually timed to occur with the meetings of the CPPCC , and these annual meetings provide an opportunity for the officers of state to review past policies and present future plans to the nation . The fourth session of the 12th NPC was held from March 5 to March 16 , 2016 .   In theory , the NPC is the highest organ of state power in China , and all four PRC constitutions have vested it with great lawmaking powers . However , in practice it usually acts as a rubber stamp for decisions already made by the state 's executive organs and the Communist Party of China . One of its members , Hu Xiaoyan , told the BBC in 2009 that she has no power to help her constituents . She was quoted as saying , `` As a parliamentary representative , I do n't have any real power . '' In 2014 , the participating party pledged to `` unswervingly adhere to the leadership of Chinese Communist Party . '' Since the 1990s , the NPC has become a forum for mediating policy differences between different parts of the Party , the government , and groups of society .

neg: Government of Japan The government of Japan is a constitutional monarchy in which the power of the Emperor is limited and is relegated primarily to ceremonial duties . As in many other states , the Government is divided into three branches : the Executive branch , the Legislative branch and the Judicial branch .   The Government runs under the framework established by the Constitution of Japan , adopted in 1947 . It is a unitary state , containing forty-seven administrative divisions , with the Emperor as its head of state . His role is ceremonial and he has no powers related to Government . Instead , it is the Cabinet , composing of the Ministers of State and the Prime Minister , that directs and controls the Government . The Cabinet is the source of power of the Executive branch , and is formed by the Prime Minister , who is the head of government . He or she is designated by the National Diet and appointed to office by the Emperor .   The National Diet is the legislature , the organ of the Legislative branch . It is bicameral , consisting of two houses with the House of Councillors being the upper house , and the House of Representatives being the lower house . Its members are directly elected from the people , who are the source of sovereignty . The Supreme Court and other inferior courts make up the Judicial branch , and they are independent from the executive and the legislative branches .

neg: Workers' Party of North Korea The Workers ' Party of North Korea was a communist party in North Korea from 1946 to 1949 and was a predecessor of the current Workers ' Party of Korea . It was founded at a congress on 28 -- 30 August 1946 , by the merger of the North Korean Branch Bureau of the Communist Party of Korea and the New People 's Party of Korea . Kim Tu-bong , the leader of the New People 's Party , was elected Chairman of the party . Vice Chairmen of the party were Chu Yong-ha and Kim Il-sung . At the time of establishment , the party is believed to have had about 366 000 members organized in around 12,000 party cells .

neg: North Korea Freedom Coalition The North Korea Freedom Coalition ( NKFC ) is an organisation established in 2003 for human rights and freedom in North Korea .

neg: Korean Armistice Agreement The Korean Armistice Agreement is the armistice which serves to insure a complete cessation of hostilities of the Korean War . It was signed by U.S. Army Lieutenant General William Harrison , Jr. representing the United Nations Command ( UNC ) , North Korean General Nam Il representing the Korean People 's Army , and the Chinese People 's Volunteer Army . The armistice was signed on July 27 , 1953 , and was designed to `` insure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved . '' No `` final peaceful settlement '' has been achieved . The signed armistice established the Korean Demilitarized Zone ( de facto a new border between the two nations ) , put into force a cease-fire , and finalized repatriation of prisoners of war . The Demilitarized Zone runs not far from the 38th parallel , which separated North and South Korea before the Korean War .

neg: Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China The Reorganized National Government was the name of the collaborationist government established in the Republic of China from 1940-45 . -LSB- 2 -RSB- It was led by former Kuomintang ( KMT ) party member Wang Jingwei .   Wang Jingwei was the leftist leader of a predominantly civilian Kuomintang faction called the Reorganizationists , who were often at odds with Chiang Kai-shek and his military arm of the Kuomintang . Shortly after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident and the initial invasion by the Imperial Japanese Army , Wang Jingwei advocated a strategy of peace and appeasement in order to end the string of devastating losses sustained by the Nationalist Forces and in order to secure the Japanese as a potential ally against the Chinese Communist Party . After the fall of the capital city of Nanjing to the Imperial Japanese Army soon after the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War , the Nationalist government went into exile to Chongqing . On 30 March 1940 Wang Jingwei and his allies defected from Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists and established a collaborationist government under the Japanese Army that claimed to be the legitimate representative of all of the Republic of China . This reorganized national government was formed out of a number of previous collaborationist governments that existed in northern and central China , including the Reformed Government of the Republic of China based in eastern China , the Provisional Government of the Republic of China in northern China , and later on the Mengjiang government in Inner Mongolia , though in reality northern China and Inner Mongolia stayed relatively free of its influence . Although using the same state symbols and name of the republic , the new government obtained international recognition only from the Anti-Comintern Pact countries . The exiled Nationalist government in Chongqing continued to be recognized as the legitimate government of China .   While heavily restricted in its powers by the Japanese occupation , the Reorganized government attempted to limit the civilian casualties inflicted by the Japanese Imperial Army . At the same time , the new government also eagerly assisted the Japanese Imperial Army against Communist forces operating in Reorganized Government territory . As the Japanese war situation worsened and Allied and American forces began threatening the Pacific , the puppet state was gradually granted increased self-governance culminating in the reorganized national government declared war on the Allies on 9 January 1943 . It was disbanded following the surrender of Japan in August 1945 , with the majority of its surviving leaders being put on trial , declared hanjian , traitors to the Han people , and imprisoned or executed for treason .