query: Mexico was a territory.

pos: Mexico Mexico ( México , -LSB- ˈme.xi.ko -RSB- , modern Nahuatl ) , officially the United Mexican States ( -LSB- Estados Unidos Mexicanos , links = no -RSB- , ) , is a federal republic in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost two million square kilometers ( over 760,000 sq mi ) , Mexico is the sixth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent nation in the world . With an estimated population of over 120 million , it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world while being the second most populous country in Latin America . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and a federal district that is also its capital and most populous city . Other metropolises include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana and León .   Pre-Columbian Mexico was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations , such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . Three centuries later , this territory became Mexico following recognition in 1821 after the colony 's Mexican War of Independence . The tumultuous post-independence period was characterized by economic instability and many political changes . The Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) led to the territorial cession of the extensive northern territories to the United States . The Pastry War , the Franco-Mexican War , a civil war , two empires and a domestic dictatorship occurred through the 19th century . The dictatorship was overthrown in the Mexican Revolution of 1910 , which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country 's current political system .   Mexico has the fifteenth largest nominal GDP and the eleventh largest by purchasing power parity . The Mexican economy is strongly linked to those of its North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) partners , especially the United States . Mexico was the first Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , joining in 1994 . It is classified as an upper-middle income country by the World Bank and a newly industrialized country by several analysts . By 2050 , Mexico could become the world 's fifth or seventh largest economy . The country is considered both a regional power and middle power , and is often identified as an emerging global power . Due to its rich culture and history , Mexico ranks first in the Americas and seventh in the world by number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Mexico is a megadiverse country , ranking fourth in the world by biodiversity . In 2016 it was the eighth most visited country in the world , with 35 million international arrivals . Mexico is a member of the United Nations , the World Trade Organization , the G8 +5 , the G20 , the Uniting for Consensus and the Pacific Alliance .

neg: List of constitutions of Mexico Since declaring independence in 1821 , Mexico has adopted a number of constitutions or other documents of basic law with constitutional effects . Not all these can be considered constitutions , and not all of them enjoyed universal application . Those enacted in 1824 , 1857 , and 1917 are generally considered full-fledged , operational constitutions . The Constitution of 1824 established the framework of a federated republic , following the short-lived monarchy of Agustín de Iturbide ( in 1821 -- 22 ) . The Constitution of 1857 was the framework set by Mexican liberals that incorporated particular laws into the constitution . The Constitution of 1917 was drafted by the faction that won the Mexican Revolution , known as the Constitutionalists for their adherence to the Constitution of 1857 . It strengthened the anticlerical framework of the 1857 constitution , empowered the state to expropriate private property , and set protections for organized labor . The 1917 Constitution was significantly revised in 1992 under Carlos Salinas de Gortari , eliminating anticlerical restrictions and strengthening private property rights against the State .

neg: Mexican honours system The Mexican honours system consists of civil orders , decorations and medals that are conferred on citizens and foreigners in recognition of their services and achievements . Although the indigenous empires that made up modern Mexico had their own way of recognizing individuals , the current system traces its roots from colonial New Spain , and has evolved because of events since the country 's independence .   The following is a partial list of the orders , awards and prizes that have been or are currently issued as state decorations by the Government of Mexico .

neg: Mexico City Mexico City , or the City of Mexico ( Ciudad de México , -LSB- sjuˈða ðe ˈmexiko -RSB- ; abbreviated as `` CDMX '' ) , is the capital and most populous city of Mexico . As an `` alpha '' global city , Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in the Americas . It is located in the Valley of Mexico ( Valle de México ) , a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico , at an altitude of 2240 m . The city consists of sixteen municipalities ( previously called boroughs ) .   The 2009 estimated population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people , with a land area of 1485 km2 . According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments , the Greater Mexico City population is 21.2 million people , making it the second-largest metropolitan area of the western hemisphere , behind New York City , the tenth-largest agglomeration , and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world .   The Greater Mexico City has a gross domestic product ( GDP ) of US$ 411 billion in 2011 , making Mexico City urban agglomeration one of the economically largest metropolitan areas in the world . The city was responsible for generating 15.8 % of Mexico 's Gross Domestic Product and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22 % of total national GDP . As a stand-alone country , in 2013 , Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America -- five times as large as Costa Rica 's and about the same size as Peru 's .   Mexico 's capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by Amerindians ( Native Americans ) , the other being Quito . The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan , which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan , and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards . In 1524 , the municipality of Mexico City was established , known as México Tenochtitlán , and as of 1585 it was officially known as Ciudad de México ( Mexico City ) . Mexico City served as the political , administrative and financial center of a major part of the Spanish colonial empire . After independence from Spain was achieved , the federal district was created in 1824 .   After years of demanding greater political autonomy , residents were given the right to directly elect a Head of Government and the representatives of the unicameral Legislative Assembly by popular vote in 1997 . Ever since , the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution ( PRD ) has controlled both of them . In recent years , the local government has passed a wave of liberal policies , such as abortion on request , a limited form of euthanasia , no-fault divorce , and same-sex marriage . On January 29 , 2016 , it ceased to be called the Federal District ( Spanish : Distrito Federal or D.F. ) and is now in transition to become the country 's 32nd federal entity , giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state . Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution , however , as the seat of the powers of the federation , it can never become a state , lest the capital of the country be relocated elsewhere .

neg: Tenochtitlan Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( México-Tenochtitlan , -LSB- ˈmexiko tenotʃˈtitlan -RSB- ) , commonly known as Tenochtitlan ( -LSB- Mēxihco-Tenōchtitlan , meːˈʃíʔ.ko te.noːt͡ʃ.ˈtí.t͡ɬan -RSB- ) was a Mexica ( city-state ) located on an island in Lake Texcoco , in the Valley of Mexico . Founded on June 20 , 1325 , it became the capital of the expanding Aztec Empire in the 15th century , until it was captured by the Spanish in 1521 .   At its peak it was the largest city in the Pre-Columbian Americas . It subsequently became a cabecera of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . Today the ruins of Tenochtitlan are located in Mexico City 's downtown .   Tenochtitlan was one of two Nahua āltēpetl ( city-states ) on the island , the other being Tlatelolco .

neg: Council of the Indies The Council of the Indies ; officially , the Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies '' ' ( Real y Supremo Consejo de Indias , -LSB- reˈal i suˈpɾemo konˈsexo ðe ˈindjas -RSB- ) , was the most important administrative organ of the Spanish Empire for the Americas and the Philippines . The crown held absolute power over the Indies and the Council of the Indies was the administrative and advisory body for those overseas realms . It was established in 1524 by Charles V of Spain to administer `` the Indies , '' Spain 's name for its territories . Such an administrative entity , on the conciliar model of the Council of Castile , was created following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire in 1521 , which demonstrated the importance of the Americas . It start as a section under the jurisdiction of the Council of Castile , but was then established as an autonomous body with legislative , executive and judicial functions . The Council of the Indies was abolished in 1812 by the Cádiz Cortes , briefly restored in 1814 by Ferdinand VII of Spain , and definitively abolished in 1834 by the regency , acting on behalf of the four-year-old Isabella II of Spain .

neg: New Spain New Spain ( Nueva España ) was a colonial territory of the Spanish Empire , in the New World north of the Isthmus of Panama . It was established following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire in 1521 , and following additional conquests , it was made a viceroyalty ( Spanish : virreinato ) in 1535 . The first of four viceroyalties Spain created in the Americas , it comprised Mexico , Central America , much of the Southwestern and Central United States , and Spanish Florida as well as the Philippines , Guam , Mariana and Caroline Islands .   After 1535 the colony was governed by the Viceroy of New Spain , an appointed minister of the King of Spain , who ruled as monarch over the colony . The capital of New Spain was Mexico City .   New Spain lost parts of its territory to other European powers and independence , but the core area remained under Spanish control until 1821 , when it achieved independence as the Mexican Empire -- when the latter dissolved , it became modern Mexico and Central America . It developed highly regional divisions , which reflect the impact of climate , topography , the presence or absence of dense indigenous populations , and the presence or absence of mineral resources . The areas of central and southern Mexico had dense indigenous populations with complex social , political , and economic organization . The northern area of Mexico , a region of nomadic and semi-nomadic indigenous populations , was not generally conducive to dense settlements , but the discovery of silver in Zacatecas in the 1540s drew settlement there to exploit the mines . Silver mining not only became the engine of the economy of New Spain , but vastly enriched Spain , and transformed the global economy . New Spain was the New World terminus of the Philippine trade , making the viceroyalty a vital link between Spain 's New World empire and its Asian empire .

neg: Calles Law The Calles Law , or Law for Reforming the Penal Code ( ley de tolerancia de cultos , `` law of tolerance of sects '' ) , was a statute enacted in Mexico in 1926 , under the presidency of Plutarco Elías Calles , to enforce the restrictions against the Catholic Church in Article 130 of the Mexican Constitution of 1917 . Article 130 declared that the church and state are to remain separate . To that end , it required all `` churches and religious groupings '' to register with the state and placed restrictions on priests and ministers of all religions . Priests and ministers could not hold public office , canvass on behalf of political parties or candidates , or inherit property from persons other than close blood relatives . Calles applied the anti-religious and the anti-clerical laws stringently throughout the country and added his own anti-religious and anti-clerical legislation .   President Calles applied existing laws regarding the separation of church and state throughout Mexico and added his own legislation . In June 1926 , he signed the `` Law for Reforming the Penal Code '' , which became known unofficially as the `` Calles Law . '' This law provided specific penalties for priests and individuals who violated Article 130 of the 1917 Constitution . For example , wearing clerical garb in public was punishable by a fine of 500 pesos ( approximately 250 U.S. dollars at the time , or worth $ 4250 in 2010 . A priest who criticized the government could be imprisoned for five years . Some states enacted further measures in the name of church and state separation . Chihuahua , for example , enacted a law permitting only a single priest to serve the entire Catholic congregation of the state . To help enforce the law , Calles seized Church property , expelled all foreign priests , and closed monasteries , convents , and religious schools .   One result of the Calles Law was the Cristero War , a popular uprising of Catholic peasants in regions of central Mexico against the federal Mexican government . Between 1926 and 1934 , at least 40 priests were killed during the war . Whereas Mexico had some 4,500 Catholic priests prior to the Cristero War , by 1934 only 334 Catholic priests were licensed by the government to serve Mexico 's 15 million people . By 1935 , 17 states were left with no priest at all . Under President Lázaro Cárdenas , the Calles Law was repealed in 1938 .

neg: Mexican Railway The Mexican Railway ( Ferrocarril Mexicano ) was one of the primary pre-nationalization railways of Mexico . Incorporated in London in September 1864 as the Imperial Mexican Railway ( Ferrocarril Imperial Mexicano ) to complete an earlier project , it was renamed in July 1867 after the Second French Empire withdrew from Mexico . The main line from Mexico City to Veracruz was dedicated on January 1 , 1873 by President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada ; branches connected Ometusco to Pachuca and Apizaco to Puebla . The 103 kilometers between Esperanza and Paso del Macho were electrically operated beginning in the 1920s .   The Mexican Railway remained independent of the government-owned Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México ( National Railways of Mexico ) until the government gained control in June 1946 and merged the property in March 1959 . Following privatization in the 1990s , Ferrosur acquired the lines of the former Mexican Railway .

neg: Gambling in Mexico Gaming or Gambling is a permitted activity in Mexico , subject to the obtaining of the corresponding governmental authorization to conduct gaming activities from the Mexican competent authority . Gambling is an activity subject to scope or attributions of the federal government and legislation , and not to those of a state or local level ; with the exception of gaming tax issues .   Pursuant to Section X of Article 73 of the Constitution of Mexico , the Federal Legislature enacted the Federal Games and Draws Law ( Ley Federal de Juegos y Sorteos ) , which was published in the Official Gazette of the Federation ( Diario Oficial de la Federación ) on December 31 , 1947 and is in effect since January 5 , 1948 .

neg: Plan of Casa Mata The Plan of Casa Mata ( Spanish : Plan de Casa Mata ) was formulated to elect a new constituent congress , which the monarchy of Agustín de Iturbide , had dissolved in 1822 . The Plan of Casa Mata sought to establish a republic .   In December 1822 , Antonio López de Santa Anna and Guadalupe Victoria signed the Plan de Casa Mata on February 1 , 1823 , as a start of their efforts to overthrow Emperor Agustín de Iturbide . Iturbide had formulated the Plan of Iguala in 1821 , which united insurgents and royalist forces and Mexico 's independence in September 1821 . The plan called for a constitutional monarchy , and when no European monarch presented himself as a candidate , the Mexican Congress proclaimed Iturbide as Emperor of Mexico in May 1822 . Commanding the country like he had commanded the army , he dissolved the Congress and ordered dissidents to be imprisoned .   Several insurrections arose in the provinces , which were choked by the army , except for the one headed by Santa Anna in Veracruz , because this military man had an agreement with General Echávarri , who commanded the imperial forces that fought Santa Anna . By agreement of both , the Plan de Casa Mata was proclaimed on February 1 , 1823 . This plan did not recognize the First Mexican Empire and requested the meeting of a new Constituent Congress . The insurrectionists sent their proposal to the provincial delegations and requested their adhesion to the plan . In the course of only six weeks , the Plan de Casa Mata had arrived at remote places , like Texas , and almost all the provinces had been united to the plan .   When a provincial delegation accepted the Plan de Casa Mata , it withdrew its obedience toward the imperial government and assumed a sovereign attitude within its province . Agustín de Iturbide was isolated without more support than Mexico City and some fractions of the army , he installed the dissolved constituent Congress again , abdicated the crown . He left the country in March 1823 , for Italian exile with the promise of a 25,000 peso annual payment if he remained there . The 1824 Constitution was adopted the following year .

neg: Anti-Mexican sentiment Anti-Mexican sentiment is a negative attitude to people of Mexican descent , Mexican culture and/or accents of Mexican Spanish most commonly found in the United States .   In general it is closely associated with Mexican and United States Independence wars , and the struggle over Southwestern territories that once belonged to Spain through the establishment of building Catholic Missions . This eventually would lead to war between the two nations and the defeat of Mexico which came with a great loss of territory . In the 20th century , anti-Mexican sentiment continued to grow after the Zimmermann Telegram incident between the Mexican government during the Mexican Revolution and the German Empire during World War I , . Most of all , anti-Mexican sentiment in the USA stemmed from perception that blame Mexicans for illegal immigration .

neg: Antonio López de Santa Anna Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón ( -LSB- anˈtonjo ˈlopes ðe sant ( a ) ˈana -RSB- ; 21 February 1794 -- 21 June 1876 ) , often known as Santa Anna or López de Santa Anna and sometimes called `` the Napoleon of the West '' , was a Mexican criollo who fought to defend royalist New Spain and then for Mexican independence . He served as a Mexican politician and general . He greatly influenced early Mexican politics and government , and was a skilled soldier and cunning politician , who dominated Mexican history in the first half of the nineteenth century to such an extent that historians often refer to it as the `` Age of Santa Anna '' . He was called `` the Man of Destiny '' , who `` loomed over his time like a melodramatic colossus , the uncrowned monarch . '' Santa Anna first opposed the movement for Mexican independence from Spain , but then fought in support of it . Though not the first caudillo ( military leader ) of modern Mexico , he `` represents the stereotypical caudillo in Mexican history , '' and among the earliest . Conservative historian , intellectual , and politician Lucas Alamán wrote that `` The history of Mexico since 1822 might accurately be called the history of Santa Anna 's revolutions ... . His name plays the major role in all the political events of the country and its destiny has become intertwined with his . ''   He was a valiant defender of Mexico against foreign invaders , becoming a hero of the nation . Santa Anna had great power in the independent country ; during a turbulent 40-year career , he served as general at crucial points and served eleven non-consecutive presidential terms over a period of 22 years . A wealthy landowner , he built a firm political base in the major port city of Veracruz . He was perceived as a hero by his troops ; he sought glory for himself and his army , and independent Mexico . He repeatedly rebuilt his reputation after major losses . Historians and many Mexicans also rank him as perhaps the principal inhabitant even today of Mexico 's pantheon of `` those who failed the nation . '' His centralist rhetoric and military failures resulted in Mexico losing just over half its territory , beginning with the Texas Revolution of 1836 , and culminating with the Mexican Cession of 1848 following its defeat by the United States in the Mexican -- American War .   His political positions changed frequently in his lifetime ; `` his opportunistic politics made him a Liberal , Conservative , and uncrowned king . '' He was overthrown for the final time by the liberal Revolution of Ayutla in 1854 and lived most of his later years in exile .

neg: Puebla Puebla ( -LSB- ˈpweβla -RSB- ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Puebla ( Estado Libre y Soberano de Puebla ) is one of the 31 states which , with the Federal District , comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided in 217 municipalities and its capital city is Puebla .   It is located in East-Central Mexico . It is bordered by the states of Veracruz to the north and east , Hidalgo , México , Tlaxcala and Morelos to the west , and Guerrero and Oaxaca to the south .   The origins of the state lie in the city of Puebla , which was founded by the Spanish in this valley in 1531 to secure the trade route between Mexico City and the port of Veracruz .   By the end of the 18th century , the area had become a colonial province with its own governor , which would become the State of Puebla , after the Mexican War of Independence in the early 19th century . Since that time the area , especially around the capital city , has continued to grow economically , mostly through industry , despite being the scene of a number of battles , the most notable of which being the Battle of Puebla . Today , the state is one of the most industrialized in the country , but since most of its development is concentrated in Puebla and other cities , many of its rural areas are very poor , forcing many to migrate away to places such as Mexico City and the United States .   Culturally , the state is home to the China Poblana , mole poblano , active literary and arts scenes and festivals such as Cinco de Mayo , Ritual of Quetzalcoatl , Day of the Dead celebrations ( especially in Huaquechula ) and Carnival ( especially in Huejotzingo ) . It is home to five major indigenous groups : Nahuas , the Totonacs , the Mixtecs , the Popolocas and the Otomi , which can mostly be found in the far north and the far south of the state .

neg: Dirty War (Mexico) The Dirty War ( Guerra Sucia ) refers to the Mexican theater of the Cold War , an internal conflict between the Mexican PRI-ruled government , backed by the US , and left-wing student and guerrilla groups in the 1960s and 1970s under the presidencies of Luis Echeverría and José López Portillo . During the war , government forces carried out disappearances , estimated at 1,200 , systematic torture , and `` probable extrajudicial executions '' .   In Mexico the dirty war is a subject little known by the bulk of the population , this because the PRI has hidden or eliminated the information and was not written in the history books . The judicial investigation into State crimes against political movements was opened only until Vicente Fox 's term ( 2000-2006 ) , which created the Special Prosecutor 's Office for Social and Political Movements of the Past ( FEMOSPP ) . However , despite the fact that it has advanced in the knowledge of the historical facts , the FEMOSPP has not been able to arrive at finalize concrete legal responsibilities against which they have been indicated like main people in charge of the dirty war .

neg: Irrigation in Mexico Mexico , a classified arid and semi-arid country , has a total land area of 2 million square kilometres , 23 % of which is equipped for irrigated agriculture . The agricultural sector plays an important role in the economic development of the country accounting for 8.4 of agricultural gross domestic product ( GDP ) and employing 23 % of the economically active population . Irrigated agriculture contributes about 50 % of the total value of agricultural production and accounts for about 70 % of agriculture exports . Mexico 's government initiated a number of structural reforms in the water sector aimed to introduce modern water management and irrigation .

neg: List of Mexican saints This is a list of Mexican saints , blesseds , venerables , and Servants of God , as recognized by the Roman Catholic Church . These people were born , died , or lived their religious life in the present territory of Mexico . Because of missionaries who spent greater or lesser amounts of time in Mexico en route to other mission lands , exact numbers of Mexican saints vary .   The Catholic Church has been present in what is now Mexico since the earliest years of the sixteenth century . As early as 1517 , the expedition of Francisco Hernández de Córdoba brought Catholicism to the Yucatan , where the first diocese in continental North America would be erected in 1518 . Mexico 's first saint was canonized in 1862 . Today , Mexico accounts for more saints and Blesseds than any other country in the Western Hemisphere .

neg: Texas annexation The Texas annexation was the 1845 incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the United States of America , which was admitted to the Union as the 28th state on December 29 , 1845 .   The Republic of Texas declared independence from the Republic of Mexico on March 2 , 1836 . At the time the vast majority of the Texian population favored the annexation of the Republic by the United States . The leadership of both major American political parties , the Democrats and the Whigs , opposed the introduction of Texas , a vast slave-holding region , into the volatile political climate of the pro- and anti-slavery sectional controversies in Congress . Moreover , they wished to avoid a war with Mexico , whose government refused to acknowledge the sovereignty of its rebellious northern province . With Texas 's economic fortunes declining by the early 1840s , the President of the Texas Republic , Sam Houston , arranged talks with Mexico to explore the possibility of securing official recognition of independence , with Great Britain mediating .   In 1843 , U.S. President John Tyler , unaligned with any political party , decided independently to pursue the annexation of Texas in a bid to gain a base of popular support for another four years in office . His official motivation was to outmaneuver suspected diplomatic efforts by the British government for emancipation of slaves in Texas , which would undermine slavery in the United States . Through secret negotiations with the Houston administration , Tyler secured a treaty of annexation in April 1844 . When the documents were submitted to the US Senate for ratification , the details of the terms of annexation became public and the question of acquiring Texas took center stage in the presidential election of 1844 .  Pro-Texas-annexation southern Democratic delegates denied their anti-annexation leader Martin Van Buren the nomination at their party 's convention in May 1844 . In alliance with pro-expansion northern Democratic colleagues , they secured the nomination of James K. Polk , who ran on a pro-Texas Manifest Destiny platform .   In June 1844 , the Senate , with its Whig majority , soundly rejected the Tyler -- Texas treaty . The pro-annexation Democrat Polk narrowly defeated anti-annexation Whig Henry Clay in the November 1844 presidential election . In December 1844 , lame-duck President Tyler called on Congress to pass his treaty by simple majorities in each house . The Democratic-dominated House of Representatives complied with his request by passing an amended bill expanding on the pro-slavery provisions of the Tyler treaty . The Senate narrowly passed a compromise version of the House bill ( by the vote of the minority Democrats and several southern Whigs ) , designed to provide the incoming President-elect Polk the options of immediate annexation of Texas or new talks to revise the annexation terms of the House-amended bill .   On March 1 , 1845 , President Tyler signed the annexation bill , and on March 3 ( his last day in office ) , he forwarded the House version to Texas , offering immediate annexation ( which preempted Polk ) . When Polk took office the next day , he encouraged Texas to accept the Tyler offer . Texas ratified the agreement with popular approval from Texans . The bill was signed by Polk on December 29 , 1845 , accepting Texas as the 28th state of the Union . Texas formally relinquished its sovereignty to the United States on February 19 , 1846 .

neg: Juan Álvarez Juan Nepomuceno Álvarez Hurtado de Luna , generally known as Juan Álvarez , ( 27 January 1790 -- 21 August 1867 ) was a general , long-time caudillo ( regional leader ) in southern Mexico , and interim president of Mexico for two months in 1855 , following the liberals ouster of Antonio López de Santa Anna . Álvarez had risen to power in the tierra caliente ( hot country ) of southern Mexico with the support of indigenous peasants whose lands he protected . He fought with heroes of the insurgency , José María Morelos and Vicente Guerrero in the War of Independence , and went on to fight in all the major wars of his day , from the `` Pastry War '' , to the Mexican-American War , and the War of the Reform to the war against the French Intervention . A liberal reformer , a republican and a federalist , he was the leader of a revolution in support of the Plan de Ayutla in 1854 , which led to the deposition of Santa Anna from power and the beginning of the political era in Mexico 's history known as the Liberal Reform . '' Álvarez was most important as a champion of the incorporation of Mexico 's peasant masses into the polity of -LSB- Mexico -RSB- ... advocating universal male suffrage and municipal autonomy . ''

neg: Mexico–Taiwan relations Mexico -- Taiwan relations refers to the diplomatic relations between Mexico and the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) .


query: Splatoon 2 is a sequel.

pos: Splatoon 2 Splatoon 2 is an upcoming third-person shooter video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Switch . It is the sequel to the 2015 Wii U title , Splatoon , and is a team-based third-person shooter which is playable by up to eight players in online four-versus-four matches . The game was announced in January 2017 , and will be released worldwide in July 2017 .

neg: Pac-Attack , known in some Japanese and European releases as , is a puzzle game in the vein of Columns and Dr. Mario . It was adapted from Cosmo Gang the Puzzle , an arcade game released in the previous year .   Released by Namco , it features Pac-Man as the main playing pieces , with the Ghosts and blocks as obstacles .   The game was initially published in 1993 for the Genesis and Super NES . Game Gear and Game Boy versions followed in 1994 . The Game Boy and Game Boy Color releases also feature a Super Game Boy enhanced color palette . Although Cosmo Gang the Puzzle was released to the arcades , there was never an arcade version of Pac-Attack . The game was also known as ` Pac-Man : Pac-Attack ' and ` Pac-Panic ' .   It has been re-released on various Namco video game compilations such as the Game Boy Color 's Pac-Man : Special Color Edition , Namco Anthology 2 , Pac-Man Collection , Pac-Man World 2 , the PS2/Xbox/GameCube version of Namco Museum , and the downloadable Pac-Man Museum . The SNES version was re-released on the Wii 's Virtual Console download service in North America on January 14 , 2008 , with a European release following on June 27 , 2008 . It was released on the latter release for the Wii U Virtual Console on February 26 , 2015 .

neg: Splashdown: Rides Gone Wild Splashdown : Rides Gone Wild ( also known as Splashdown 2 : Rides Gone Wild in Europe ) is a 2003 jetski racing video game developed by Rainbow Studios and published by THQ for PlayStation 2 and mobile . It is a sequel to the original Splashdown for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox . The game features a career mode where winning races gives the player points which can be used to upgrade items or buy new ones . It also features arcade , training and multiplayer modes .

neg: The Cheetah Girls (video game) The Cheetah Girls is a video game based on the hit Disney Channel Original Movie The Cheetah Girls and the sequel The Cheetah Girls 2 . In the GBA game , the player controls the band and their destiny to compete in the New Voices Competition in Barcelona , Spain . To do this , you play as each Cheetah Girl to find an agent , Mix and match clothes to make your own outfits , choreograph new dance moves , design and create your own music for demo tracks and much more . A sequel , The Cheetah Girls : Pop Star Sensations , was released for Nintendo DS .

neg: Metal Slug 3 is a run and gun video game developed by SNK . It was originally released in for the Neo-Geo MVS arcade platform as the sequel to Metal Slug 2/Metal Slug X . The music of the game was developed by Noise Factory . The game was later ported to the PlayStation 2 , Xbox , Xbox Live Arcade , Virtual Console , Microsoft Windows , iOS , Android , Wii , PlayStation Portable , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation Vita , and Nintendo Switch . The game added several new features to the gameplay of the original Metal Slug and Metal Slug 2 , such as new weapons and vehicles , as well as introducing branching paths into the series . It received generally positive reviews .

neg: Super Smash Bros. Super Smash Bros. is a series of crossover fighting games published by Nintendo , that primarily features characters from franchises established on its systems . All five games have been directed by Masahiro Sakurai .   The gameplay objective differs from that of traditional fighters by aiming to knock opponents off of the stage instead of depleting life bars . The original Super Smash Bros. , released in 1999 for the Nintendo 64 , had a small budget and was originally a Japan-only release , but its domestic success led to a worldwide release . The series achieved even greater success with the release of Super Smash Bros. . Melee , which was released in 2001 for the GameCube and became the best-selling game on that system . A third installment , Super Smash Bros. . Brawl , was released in 2008 for the Wii . Although HAL Laboratory has been the developer of the first two titles , the third game was developed through the collaboration of several companies . The fourth and fifth installments , Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U , were released in 2014 for the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U , respectively . The 3DS installment was the first series title to be released on a handheld platform .   The series features many characters from Nintendo 's most popular franchises , including Mario , Fox McCloud , Link , Kirby , Samus Aran and Pikachu . The original Super Smash Bros. had 12 playable characters , and the roster count has risen to 26 characters in Melee , 39 in Brawl , and 58 in 3DS/Wii U ( seven of which are downloadable ) . Some characters are able to transform into different forms that have different styles of play and sets of moves . The games also feature non-playable Nintendo characters , like Ridley and Petey Piranha . In Brawl , two third-party characters were added , Solid Snake and Sonic the Hedgehog . Additional third-party characters Mega Man , Pac-Man , Ryu , Cloud Strife and Bayonetta appeared in 3DS and Wii U , while Solid Snake was removed from the line-up .   Every title in the series has been well received by critics , with much praise given to the multiplayer mode experience . The Super Smash Bros. games have spawned a large competitive community and have been featured in several high-profile gaming tournaments .

neg: Police Trainer 2 Police Trainer 2 is a light gun arcade game and the sequel to Police Trainer . It was released by Phantom Systems and Team Play Inc. in 2003 as both a stand-up cabinet and sit-down cabinet .

neg: Killer Instinct 2 Killer Instinct 2 is a fighting video game developed by Rare and manufactured by Midway for arcades in 1996 as a sequel to Killer Instinct ( 1994 ) . A modified version of Killer Instinct 2 , licensed by Nintendo , was published for the Nintendo 64 as Killer Instinct Gold that same year . A Super Nintendo Entertainment System version of Killer Instinct 2 was developed and completed , but never released . A digital port of the game for Xbox One is bundled with the second season of Killer Instinct ( 2013 ) under the title Killer Instinct 2 Classic .

neg: Music of the Drakengard series The music for the Drakengard series , known as in Japan , has been handled by multiple composers since the release of the original game in 2004 . Drakengards composers were Nobuyoshi Sano and Takayuki Aihara , Drakengard 2 was handled by Ryoki Matsumoto and Aoi Yoshiki , and Drakengard 3 was composed for by Keiichi Okabe , the composer for series spin-off Nier . Sano remained as a sound director for the second game , and his music was used as a reference for the third . Multiple albums have been released for the music of the series : Drag-On Dragoon Original Soundtrack Vol .1 and Vol .2 were released on October and November 2004 , while a two-disc re-release titled Drag-On Dragoon Original Soundtrack was released in April 2011 . The Drag-On Dragoon 2 Original Soundtrack was released on July 20 , 2005 . A promotional disc with two tracks from the soundtrack was released in the same year . The official soundtrack for the third game , Drag-On Dragoon 3 Original Soundtrack , was released January 21 , 2014 . An compilation of chiptune remixes of the previous games and Nier , Drag-On Dragoon Chips Music , was released on December 19 , 2013 as part of the Drag-On Dragoon 10 Anniversary Box .   The series has also received theme songs from multiple Japanese pop artists , all of which have been released as singles . A re-orchestration of Mika Nakashima 's single `` Hitori '' was used as the theme for Drakengard 2 , incorporating elements from the game . Two theme songs were written for Drakengard 3 : `` Kuroi Uta '' and `` This Silence is Mine '' . The former was sung by Eir Aoi , a fan of the series , and written by Nier writer Kikuchi Hana . The latter was specially written and sung by Onitsuka Chihiro , who created the song around the themes and characters of the game . Both songs were composed by Okabe . All three singles have been in the top 40 best-selling singles in the Japanese Oricon music charts .   The soundtracks have received mixed to positive reviews from both dedicated video game music outlets and video game critics . The first game was noted for its disturbing style , which both drew criticism for repetitiveness and praise for suiting the game 's atmosphere . It has been generally cited as an experimental soundtrack . The second game 's soundtrack received a more positive reception , with the general opinion being that it was a more traditional and consequently more comfortable soundtrack . The third game 's soundtrack also received fairly positive comments , mainly praising its quality , although critiques were made concerning its variety . The chiptune compilation was generally liked , except for its exclusivity to the special release . The singles have also received praise .

neg: NBA Street V3 NBA Street V3 is the third game in the NBA Street series . It is the sequel of NBA Street Vol . 2 . It was released for PlayStation 2 , GameCube and Xbox , along with a PlayStation Portable port of V3 called NBA Street Showdown .   Contributing rappers to the Golden Age of Hip Hop , the Beastie Boys , appear as playable characters .   The GameCube version contains Mario , Luigi , and Princess Peach as playable characters . This was part of a deal Nintendo had with EA Sports to have Nintendo 's intellectual properties appear in EA franchises .

neg: Mega Man 2 Mega Man 2 , known in Japan as , is an action-platform game developed and published by Capcom for the Nintendo Entertainment System . It is the second installment in the original Mega Man series . The game was released in Japan in 1988 and in North America and PAL regions the following years . Mega Man 2 continues the titular protagonist 's battle against the evil Dr. Wily and his rogue robots . The game features graphical and gameplay changes from the first Mega Man game , many of which have remained throughout the series .   Although sales for Mega Man were unimpressive , Capcom allowed the Rockman team to create a sequel . They worked concurrently on other Capcom projects , using their free time to develop the game . Unused content from the previous title was integrated into Mega Man 2 . Takashi Tateishi composed the soundtrack , with Yoshihiro Sakaguchi serving as a sound programmer .   With more than 1.5 million copies sold , the game is the best-selling Mega Man title . Critics praised its audio , visuals and gameplay as an improvement over the first game . Many publications rank Mega Man 2 as the best title in the series , and as one of the greatest video games of all time . The game has been re-released on several consoles and mobile phones .

neg: Lego Island 2: The Brickster's Revenge Lego Island 2 : The Brickster 's Revenge is an action-adventure comedy video game . It is the sequel to Lego Island and was followed by Island Xtreme Stunts .

neg: Toy's March Toy 's March is a drum simulation game developed by Konami in . Players take on the role of toy soldiers in a military band performing in a parade . Each player has one snare and one cymbal . The cartoon-style graphics are targeted towards a younger audience . The soundtrack features many themes from teenage Anime , as well as popular J-Pop anthems . A sequel , Toy 's March 2 , was released later in the same year .

neg: Mega Man Xtreme 2 Mega Man Xtreme 2 , known as in Japan , is a video game developed by Capcom for the Game Boy Color handheld game console . It is a spin-off title in the Mega Man X series and is a follow-up to Mega Man Xtreme , released the previous year . Mega Man Xtreme 2 takes place during the 22nd century , in an unknown year 21XX , between the events of Mega Man X3 and Mega Man X4 . The DNA souls of robots known as `` Reploids '' all around the world are being stolen by a pair of villains in order to create an army of undead `` Mavericks '' . The `` Maverick Hunters '' Mega Man X and Zero quickly spring into action , now with the help of their young ally Iris .   Mega Man Xtreme 2 is a similar take on the series action and platforming gameplay formula while combining elements from home console versions of the Mega Man X series . The player may choose to play each of a series of stages as either protagonist , X or Zero . Defeating the stage 's boss will earn that player character its special weapon . Critical reception for Mega Man Xtreme 2 was lightly positive , with most reviewers giving the game praise typical of the long-running series and noting a general improvement over the first Mega Man Xtreme title . In 2013 , Mega Man Xtreme 2 was made available on the Virtual Console of Japan 's Nintendo eShop for the Nintendo 3DS . It was later released in the North American eShop the following year and was released in the PAL region eShop in September 11 , 2014 .

neg: Army Men II Army Men II is the second game in the Army Men video game franchise from The 3DO Company and a direct sequel to 1998 's '' Army Men . It was released in 1999 The game differs from the first installment in that it has battles in both the `` real world '' and the `` plastic world . '' It was also the first to introduce the concept of portals between our world and their world , a topic that was expanded upon in later games .

neg: TrackMania 2 TrackMania 2 ( stylized as TrackMania ² ) is a racing video game developed by Nadeo and published by Ubisoft as part of the TrackMania series .

neg: Theme Park World Theme Park World ( known as Sim Theme Park in the United States and Brazil and Theme Park Roller Coaster on the PS2 in North America ) is a construction and management simulation game , and is a sequel to the video game Theme Park . Theme Park World was developed by Bullfrog Productions and released by Electronic Arts in 1999 . Initially developed for Windows , it was later ported to PlayStation and PlayStation 2 , as well for Macintosh computers . The Mac version was published by Feral Interactive . A PC expansion , titled Theme Park World : Gold Edition , adds several new rides and attractions . The game was followed by Theme Park Inc ( also known as Sim Coaster ) in 2000 .

neg: Ninja Gaiden II Ninja Gaiden II is an action-adventure video game developed by Team Ninja and published by Microsoft Corporation . It is the sequel to the 2004 title Ninja Gaiden and was released worldwide for the Xbox 360 in June 2008 . An updated version , titled Ninja Gaiden Sigma 2 was released for the PlayStation 3 later in 2009 , and was published by Tecmo .   A sequel , dubbed Ninja Gaiden 3 , was released in 2012 .

neg: V-Rally 2 V-Rally 2 is a rally racing video game and the sequel to V-Rally . It was succeeded by V-Rally 3 .

neg: Knack 2 Knack 2 is an upcoming action-platformer video game developed by SIE Japan Studio and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment for the PlayStation 4 . It is the sequel to the 2013 game Knack , and is scheduled to be released in the latter half of 2017 .

neg: Pandemonium 2 Pandemonium 2 is a platform game , developed by Crystal Dynamics , for the PlayStation and Microsoft Windows . It is a sequel to Pandemonium ! .


query: Seal is a songwriter.

pos: Seal (musician) Seal Henry Olusegun Olumide Adeola Samuel ( born 19 February 1963 ) , better known by his stage name Seal , is an English singer and songwriter . He has sold more than 20 million records worldwide and is known for his international hits , including `` Kiss from a Rose '' , which appeared on the soundtrack to the 1995 film Batman Forever . He was a coach on The Voice Australia in 2012 and 2013 , and returned to Australia to work as a coach in 2017 .   Seal has won multiple awards throughout his career , including three Brit Awards ; he won Best British Male in 1992 , as well as four Grammy Awards and an MTV Video Music Award . As a songwriter , he received the British Academy 's Ivor Novello Award , for Best Song Musically and Lyrically , in consecutive years for `` Killer '' ( 1990 ) and `` Crazy '' ( 1991 ) .

pos: Killer (Adamski song) `` Killer '' is a song by British acid house producer Adamski . Written by Adamski and Seal and produced by Adamski , `` Killer '' was Adamski 's breakthrough single , but is now more notable for featuring Seal as a vocalist . A major hit in the UK , it reached number one , spending four weeks at the top of the chart in May and June 1990 . In total , the single sold over 400,000 copies in the UK , earning it a BPI Gold certification .

pos: Crazy (Seal song) `` Crazy '' is a song written by English soul artist Seal and Guy Sigsworth . The song was produced by Trevor Horn for Seal 's debut album Seal ( 1991 ) . Released as his official debut single , `` Crazy '' became one of Seal 's biggest hits , reaching the top five in the United Kingdom while becoming his first top ten single in the United States . It has since been covered by several artists , including Alanis Morissette , whose version was released as a single from her album The Collection ( 2005 ) .

neg: Eric Lindell Eric Lindell ( born 1969 , San Mateo , California , United States ) is an American singer-songwriter , who came to national prominence after relocating to New Orleans in 1999 . His recording career began in 1996 as a local/regional New Orleans-based artist . Beginning in 2006 , when he was picked up by Alligator Records , he has toured nationally and internationally . He recorded three albums for Alligator and has since issued several CDs on smaller indie labels .   Lindell 's music has been described by USA Today as `` pumping soul into funk , blue and roots-rock . '' ( April 23 , 2009 ) . The Chicago Sun-Times called Lindell `` a tremendous raw talent ... with a fully realized musical vision . '' ( January 20 , 2008 ) . The Los Angeles Daily News stated `` Lindell serves up bluesy blue-eyed soul smothered with a big heap of New Orleans funk ... The shuffling interplay of electric guitars , percolating organ and Creole horns never fails to make you feel like dancing all the way down Canal Street . '' ( January 27 , 2008 )   Lindell 's musical style borrows from 1970s blues-rock , soul , and R&B . His style has also been called `` blue-eyed soul '' , a common shorthand used for Anglo blues singers that has been applied to artists including Daryl Hall ( of Hall & Oates fame ) and Van Morrison , amongst others .

neg: Grant-Lee Phillips Grant-Lee Phillips ( born Bryan G. Phillips ; 1963 ) is an American singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist .

neg: Seal of Guam The Seal of Guam appears in the middle of the flag of the United States territory of Guam . It depicts Agaña Bay near Hagåtña , a local proa and a palm tree . Charles Alan Pownall approved the seal in 1946 .   The coconut tree , also known as the Tree of Life , holds a dominant position on Guam 's symbol . The shape of the seal is that of a Chamorro sling stone used as a weapon for warfare and hunting . The sling stone was quarried from basalt and coral . The coconut tree , growing in infertile sand , symbolizes self-sustenance and determination to grow and survive under any circumstance , with its fronds open to the sky -- defies the elements to bend its will . Its bent trunk attests to a people which have been tested by famine , natural calamities , genocide and foreign wars but have continued to endure as a race . The seal also includes a flying Proa , a seagoing craft built by the Chamorro people , which was fast and agile in the water requiring great skill to build and sail . The river channel , where fresh water rushes out to interact with the ocean , symbolizes a willingness to share the resources of the land with others . The permanence of the land mass of Hila'an in the background demonstrates the Chamorro 's commitment to their homeland and environment , be it sea or land . Also in the background , `` Two Lovers ' Point '' juts majestically into the endless waters of the sea , portraying the people 's faithful commitment to passing their proud heritage , culture , and language to the endless sea of future generations .

neg: John Mellencamp John J Mellencamp ( born October 7 , 1951 ) , also known as John Cougar Mellencamp , is an American musician , singer-songwriter , painter , and actor . He is known for his catchy , populist brand of heartland rock , which emphasizes traditional instrumentation . Mellencamp rose to superstardom in the 1980s while `` honing an almost startlingly plainspoken writing style that , starting in 1982 , yielded a string of Top 10 singles , '' including `` Hurts So Good , '' `` Jack & Diane , '' `` Crumblin ' Down , '' `` Pink Houses , '' `` Lonely Ol' Night , '' `` Small Town , '' `` R.O.C.K. in the U.S.A. , '' `` Paper in Fire , '' and `` Cherry Bomb . '' He has amassed 22 Top 40 hits in the United States . In addition , he holds the record for the most tracks by a solo artist to hit number one on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart , with seven , and has been nominated for 13 Grammy Awards , winning one . Mellencamp released his latest album , Sad Clowns & Hillbillies , on April 28 , 2017 , to widespread critical acclaim .   Mellencamp is also one of the founding members of Farm Aid , an organization that began in 1985 with a concert in Champaign , Illinois , to raise awareness about the loss of family farms and to raise funds to keep farm families on their land . Farm Aid concerts have remained an annual event over the past 32 years , and as of 2017 the organization has raised over $ 50 million to promote a strong and resilient family farm system of agriculture .   Mellencamp was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on March 10 , 2008 . His biggest musical influences are Bob Dylan , Woody Guthrie , James Brown , Buddy Holly and the Rolling Stones . Said longtime Rolling Stone contributor Anthony DeCurtis : `` Mellencamp has created an important body of work that has earned him both critical regard and an enormous audience . His songs document the joys and struggles of ordinary people seeking to make their way , and he has consistently brought the fresh air of common experience to the typically glamour-addled world of popular music . ''   The late Billboard magazine editor-in-chief Timothy White said in 2001 :   Johnny Cash called Mellencamp `` one of the 10 best songwriters '' in music .

neg: Understanding (song) `` Understanding '' is a song by American R&B group Xscape . Written by Manuel Seal ,  the song was released as the group 's second single from the group 's 1993 debut album Hummin ' Comin ' at ` Cha . The song reached number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and spent two weeks at number one on the Hot R&B Singles chart .

neg: Songshark Songshark is a term for a dishonest music publisher , whose main source of income is the naivete of new songwriters , whom they charge for services a reputable publisher would provide free to their clients .   `` Song shark '' is the trade name for any individual , or firm who , with the deliberate intention to defraud , solicits business from amateur songwriters , advising them that by having music written to their lyrics , or vice versa , they will have a finished composition which will immediately be `` snatched up '' by a music publisher . Often , the song shark will himself claim to be a publisher , and will tell the songwriter that his only expense will be in `` defraying half the costs of publication . ''

neg: Luis Silva (songwriter) Luis Silva ( November 5 , 1943 -- October 22 , 2008 ) was a songwriter in the Tejano music market . Silva is considered by music critics to have been one of the `` most well-known and prolific songwriters in the history of Tejano music '' and `` one of the most influential and prolific songwriters and record label promoters in Tejano music history '' . Silva wrote two winning Tejano Music Awards for Song of the Year , won three consecutive times for Songwriter of the Year , and remains the most awarded songwriter for the Tejano Music Award for Single of the Year category . He is part of the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) , and his songwriting career spanned three decades and included a roster from Ram Herrera , Mazz , La Mafia , David Marez , among others . Recordings written by Silva include `` Boulevard de Suenos '' ( Fama ) , `` Te Voy a ensenar a Querer '' ( Gary Hobbs ) , `` Entre mas Lejos me Vaya , '' ( David Marez ) , `` Borracho de Besos , '' ( La Fiebre ) ; `` Laura Ya No Vive Aquí , '' `` Ahora Quiero que me Quieras '' , `` Ayer y Hoy '' , and `` No quiero Olvidarte Otra Vez '' ( Mazz ) . In 1985 , Silva wrote `` Somos Hermanos '' for the Hunger Aid campaign .   Silva also helped kickstart the careers of La Mafia and Mazz . He is considered to have also begin the Tejano renaissance era in the 1990s , during which the genre entered the mainstream market . In 2007 , Silva was inducted into the Premis a La Musica Latina Hall of Fame . Silva died of a heart attack after having dinner with his daughter on October 22 , 2008 in Dallas , Texas . According to his daughter , Silva had visited her to see her new house and that after going out for dinner Silva 's condition began to deteriorate . Silva laughed it off and continued to tour his daughter 's house , when Silva entered one of the bedrooms , he sat down and his daughter noticed his eyes rolled up , she tried to hold him but could n't because of his weight , she subsequently called the emergency responders ; but said he immediately died after the responders arrived .

neg: Channel 7 (musician) Marcus Vest , known by his stage name Seven Aurelius is an American singer , songwriter , and producer .

neg: Grey seal The grey seal ( Halichoerus grypus , meaning `` hooked-nosed sea pig '' ) is found on both shores of the North Atlantic Ocean . It is a large seal of the family Phocidae or `` true seals '' . It is the only species classified in the genus Halichoerus . Its name is spelled gray seal in the US ; it is also known as Atlantic seal and the horsehead seal .

neg: Cris Cab Cristian Cabrerizo , better known by his stage name Cris Cab ( born January 21 , 1993 ) is an American singer-songwriter and musician who has released a number of EPs , a mixtape , Echo Boom , and has become well known with his international hit `` Liar Liar '' . He is signed to Island Def Jam Records and Island Records . His songs are a fusion of pop , reggae , and soul .

neg: System (album) System is the fifth studio album by British soul/R & B singer Seal , released on 12 November 2007 . In his online blog , Seal described the album as a return to his dance roots and his best album since his debut . However , it is his lowest-selling album to date in the US , selling 155,000 copies in the first year of its release , according to Nielsen SoundScan .

neg: Lonnie Park Lonnie Park is a musician , composer , producer , and author .

neg: Maroon music Maroon Music is a genre involving people of African descent that were not born on the continent creating songs in an African language ( as opposed to their first language ) . It is named after the Maroon ( people ) , African refugees who escaped from slavery in the Americas and formed independent settlements . Just as the Maroon people created their own societies in lands foreign to them in attempts to retain their freedom , Maroon music is an attempt by African American artists to reacquire their Mother tongue through writing music in an indigenous African language . Maroon Music subject matter centers around stories about Maroon leaders and other historic freedom fighters of African descent , Maroon groups , peace , unity , and righteousness .   In the intro to Maroon music artist , Adetokunbo 's first album `` Maroon Music '' the history of the genre is explained :   `` African refugees that escaped slavery in the Americas and formed independent settlements were called Maroons . The term can also be applied to their descendants . The same root word also gives us the English verb `` to maroon '' .   When runaway slaves banded together and subsisted independently they were called Maroons . On the Caribbean islands , runaway slaves formed bands and on some islands formed armed camps . Maroon communities faced great odds to survive against oppressive attackers , obtain food for subsistence living , and to reproduce and increase their numbers .  There is much variety among Maroon cultural groups because of differences in history , geography , African nationality , and the culture of indigenous people throughout the Western hemisphere .   Maroon settlements sometimes developed creole languages by mixing European tongues with their original African languages . Other times the Maroons would adopt the local European language as a common tongue , for members of the community frequently spoke a variety of Mother Tongues .   What you are about to hear is a family 's journey to reacquire their Mother Tongue through song . Their goal is to reacquire that which was lost in the Middle Passage . Let this music , Maroon Music , serve as their testament to freedom in a world that has nothing but contempt for the self liberated . ''   Maroon music is less concerned with the perfection and fluency of speech of the African language but more with the exercise of learning and improving communication , while providing subtitles and written keys in English so that others will understand the message attempting to be conveyed by the artist . As pidgin English is noted as `` is a simplified version of a language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common Pidgin , Maroon music employs the pidginization or Creolization of African languages as a simplified means for African Americans to communicate with indigenous Africans . For this reason , key 's and subtitles in Maroon Music videos are an essential component for conveying intended meaning to both indigenous Africans and those born abroad .   The Maroons are a number of diverse peoples in the Caribbean , South America , North America and Central America , the descendants of escaped slaves . The Seminole music tradition of the United States is an example , as are numerous communities in Jamaica , Suriname and French Guiana .   The Surinamese , Guyanese , and French Guianan escaped slaves managed to hide in the dense jungles of the area , and formed communities like the Aluku , Saramaka and Ndjuka . Their traditional sung stories are called mato , and there is also a kind of popular Maroon music called aleke . Traditional dances include awasa , a women 's social dance .   The Jamaican Maroons are known for instruments like the abeng , a kind of horn .

neg: Newborn Friend `` Newborn Friend '' is a song by Seal . It was released as the third single from his second studio album Seal ( aka Seal II ) in October 1994 , and peaked at # 45 in the UK Singles Chart .

neg: Stargate (music producers) Stargate is a Norwegian record producing and songwriting team , composed of Tor Erik Hermansen ( born 14 October 1972 ) and Mikkel Storleer Eriksen ( born 10 December 1972 ) , based in New York City . The team 's genres include R&B , pop , dance-pop , Europop and hip hop . Stargate was established in Trondheim , Norway .   Stargate broke into the American recording industry in 2006 , with the release of the Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 single , `` So Sick '' , produced and co-written by the team and performed by Ne-Yo . They also produced and co-wrote Beyoncé 's worldwide hit single `` Irreplaceable '' , which topped the Billboard Hot 100 for 10 consecutive weeks . Throughout their career they have been noted for their extensive work with Rihanna , writing and producing four consecutive Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 singles with the Barbadian singer in 2010 and 2011 .

neg: Dean Lewis Dean Lewis is an Australian singer-songwriter from Sydney . His first single `` Waves '' , peaked at number 12 on the Australian ARIA Charts and 6 on the Australian iTunes Charts . Waves achieved Aria gold accreditation in April and platinum in May 2017 . Lewis released his debut extended play Same Kind of Different on 12th May 2017 . He has written and recorded in the UK , Australia and the USA and toured through Europe , UK and Australia . Picking up a guitar at a young age he started writing songs soon after and eventually self funded a number of recordings before being discovered and signed to a development and publishing deal by industry veterans Leonie and Robert Conley . He is managed by Cathy Oates of `` Original Matters '' Management and signed to Universal Music , Island Records and Kobalt Music .

neg: Eric Bellinger Eric Bellinger , Jr. ( born March 28 , 1986 ) is an American singer , songwriter , record producer and engineer . His co-writing credits include Lem me See ft. Rick Ross ( 2012 ) for Usher , New Flame for Chris Brown ( 2014 ) , You Do n't Know ( 2016 ) for Tank , Right Here ( 2012 ) ft. Drake for Justin Bieber , and Disrespectful ft. Mila J ( 2012 ) for Trey Songz . He 's released 9 projects since 2013 , including Born II Sing Vol . 1 , Born II Sing Vol . 2 , Born II Sing Vol . 3 , The Rebirth , Cuffing Season , Cuffing Season Part 2 , Eventually , Eric B for President : Term 1 , and Eric B for President : Term 1 ( Acoustic ) .

neg: Joni Paladin Joni Paladin is an American singer and songwriter .

neg: Cryoshell (album) Cryoshell is the self-titled debut studio album by Danish rock band Cryoshell , released June 7 , 2010 under the band 's own label Cryoshell I/S in conjunction with Voices Music & Entertainment . Produced by Jacob Hansen , the album was recorded between late 2008 and early 2010 at Hansen Studios in Ribe , Denmark .   Prior to recording , Cryoshell was best known for producing music for Bionicle - a popular series of construction toys manufactured by Lego - as soundtracks to their commercial campaigns for sets released between 2007 and 2009 . Lego was also partially responsible for the band 's formation . Due to the popularity of their songs , Cryoshell announced plans to release an album featuring them as well as new material .   The album was announced for a late 2008 release , but due to inexplicit reasons , it was pushed back numerous times until a definite date could be confirmed . As a result of difficulties in securing a worldwide distribution agreement , the album was initially released in Scandinavia and received later publication in other territories via different record labels .   Cryoshell has sprawled two singles `` Bye Bye Babylon '' , released July 27 , 2009 , and `` Creeping in My Soul '' the following December 1 . The latter of which received airplay on alternative radio stations worldwide .   Upon release , the album received generally positive feedback , with reviewers applauding lead singer Christine Lorentzen 's vocal style , the cinematic-esque quality and production of each track , and the similarities to the American rock band Evanescence . Criticism was put to towards the band 's lyrics , saying they flawed in structure .

neg: Larry Santos Larry Santos ( born 2 June 1941 in Oneonta , New York ) is an American pop music singer-songwriter . Santos wrote songs for several American pop bands in the 1960s , including the 1963 hit `` Candy Girl '' for The Four Seasons which reached number 3 on Billboard Hot 100 chart . In the mid-Sixties , he recorded singles as part of a group called The Madisons , and then under his own name . He released three albums in the 1970s and scored one pop hit single , produced by Don Davis , `` We Ca n't Hide it Anymore '' , which peaked on 10 April 1976 at number 36 on the Billboard Hot 100 .   From 1976 to 1980 Santos starred in the television show Hot Fudge , a syndicated children 's puppet show broadcast from Detroit , Michigan . Santos scored the program 's theme music and other songs , and appeared regularly as a live character actor .   Additionally , Santos built a successful career writing and singing advertising jingles . Santos 's songs have appeared in television commercials for Pan Am , Admiral , Chevrolet , Marathon Oil , and Budweiser among others .   Santos ' baritone singing voice has been described as `` gruff , but warm '' and said to bear a very strong resemblance to the voice of Richie Havens . His music is considered in the genre of blue-eyed soul .


query: Psychological findings link to research and perspectives from an academic discipline.

pos: Humanities Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human culture . In the Middle Ages , the term contrasted with divinity and referred to what is now called classics , the main area of secular study in universities at the time . Today , the humanities are more frequently contrasted with natural , and sometimes social , sciences as well as professional training .   The humanities use methods that are primarily critical , or speculative , and have a significant historical element -- as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences , yet , unlike the sciences , it has no central discipline .  The humanities include ancient and modern languages , literature , philosophy , religion , art and musicology .   Scholars in the humanities are `` humanity scholars '' or humanists . The term `` humanist '' also describes the philosophical position of humanism , which some `` antihumanist '' scholars in the humanities refuse . The Renaissance scholars and artists were also called humanists . Some secondary schools offer humanities classes usually consisting of English literature , global studies and art .   Human disciplines like history and cultural anthropology study subject matters that the experimental method does not apply to -- and instead mainly use the comparative method and comparative research .

pos: Psychology Psychology is the science of behavior and mind , embracing all aspects of conscious and unconscious experience as well as thought . It is an academic discipline and a social science which seeks to understand individuals and groups by establishing general principles and researching specific cases .   In this field , a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified as a social , behavioral , or cognitive scientist . Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior , while also exploring the physiological and biological processes that underlie cognitive functions and behaviors .   Psychologists explore behavior and mental processes , including perception , cognition , attention , emotion ( affect ) , intelligence , phenomenology , motivation ( conation ) , brain functioning , and personality . This extends to interaction between people , such as interpersonal relationships , including psychological resilience , family resilience , and other areas . Psychologists of diverse orientations also consider the unconscious mind . Psychologists employ empirical methods to infer causal and correlational relationships between psychosocial variables . In addition , or in opposition , to employing empirical and deductive methods , some -- especially clinical and counseling psychologists -- at times rely upon symbolic interpretation and other inductive techniques . Psychology has been described as a `` hub science '' , with psychological findings linking to research and perspectives from the social sciences , natural sciences , medicine , humanities , and philosophy .   While psychological knowledge is often applied to the assessment and treatment of mental health problems , it is also directed towards understanding and solving problems in several spheres of human activity . By many accounts psychology ultimately aims to benefit society . The majority of psychologists are involved in some kind of therapeutic role , practicing in clinical , counseling , or school settings . Many do scientific research on a wide range of topics related to mental processes and behavior , and typically work in university psychology departments or teach in other academic settings ( e.g. , medical schools , hospitals ) . Some are employed in industrial and organizational settings , or in other areas such as human development and aging , sports , health , and the media , as well as in forensic investigation and other aspects of law .

neg: Journal of Research on Adolescence Journal of Research on Adolescence is a peer-reviewed academic journal published quarterly by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Society for Research on Adolescence . The editor-in-chief is Nancy G. Guerra ( University of Delaware ) . The journal covers research on adolescence using `` both quantitative and qualitative methodologies applied to cognitive , physical , emotional , and social development and behavior '' . According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2011 impact factor of 1.989 , ranking it 6th out of 38 journals in the category `` Family Studies '' and 27th out of 67 journals in the category `` Psychology , Developmental '' .

neg: Perspectives on Politics Perspectives on Politics is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering political science . It was established in 2003 and is published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Political Science Association . The editor-in-chief is Jeffrey C. Isaac ( Indiana University Bloomington ) ; the founding editor was Jennifer Hochschild .

neg: Developmental cognitive neuroscience Developmental cognitive neuroscience is an interdisciplinary scientific field devoted to understanding psychological processes and their neurological bases in the developing organism . It examines how the mind changes as children grow up , interrelations between that and how the brain is changing , and environmental and biological influences on the developing mind and brain .   Developmental cognitive neuroscience is at the boundaries of neuroscience ( behavioral , systems , & cognitive neuroscience ) , psychology ( developmental , cognitive , & biobehavioral / physiological psychology ) , developmental science ( which includes sociology , anthropology , & biology in addition to psychology & neuroscience ) , cognitive science ( which includes computer science , philosophy , dynamical systems , & linguistics in addition to psychology ) , and even includes socio-emotional development and developmental aspects of social neuroscience and affective neuroscience .   The scientific interface between cognitive neuroscience and human development has evoked considerable interest in recent years , as technological advances make it possible to map in detail the changes in brain structure that take place during development . Developmental cognitive neuroscience overlaps somewhat with fields such as developmental psychology , developmental neuropsychology , developmental psychopathology , and developmental neuroscience , but is distinct from each of them as well . Developmental cognitive neuroscience is concerned with the brain bases of the phenomena that developmental psychologists study . Developmental neuropsychology and developmental psychopathology are both devoted primarily to studying patients , whereas developmental cognitive neuroscience is concerned with studying both typical and atypical development . Developmental neuroscience is devoted entirely to the study of developmental processes in the brain , and primarily during the prenatal period . Developmental cognitive neuroscience , on the other hand , is concerned with interrelations between psychological and biological development . Developmental cognitive neuroscientists study brain development and cognitive , social , and emotional development from the prenatal period through adulthood .   More recently , developmental cognitive neuroscience is interested in the role of genes in development and cognition . Thus , developmental cognitive neuroscience may shed light on nature versus nurture debates as well as constructivism and neuroconstructivism theories . Developmental cognitive neuroscience research provides data that alternately blends together , clarifies , challenges , and causes revisions in developmental , cognitive , and neuroscientific theories .

neg: Online research methods Online research methods ( ORMs ) are ways in which researchers can collect data via the internet . They are also referred to as Internet research , Internet science or iScience , or Web-based methods . Many of these online research methods are related to existing research methodologies but re-invent and re-imagine them in the light of new technologies and conditions associated with the internet . The field is relatively new and evolving . With the growth of social medias a new level of complexity and opportunity has been created . Inclusion of social media research can provide unique insights into consumer and societal segments and gaining an `` emotional '' measure of a population on issues of interest .   Some specific types of method include :  Cyber-ethnography  Online content analysis  Online focus groups  Online interviews  Online qualitative research  Online questionnaires  Social network analysis  Web-based experiments  Online clinical trials -- or see below

neg: Phenomenology (philosophy) Phenomenology ( from Greek phainómenon `` that which appears '' and lógos `` study '' ) is the philosophical study of the structures of experience and consciousness . As a philosophical movement it was founded in the early years of the 20th century by Edmund Husserl and was later expanded upon by a circle of his followers at the universities of Göttingen and Munich in Germany . It then spread to France , the United States , and elsewhere , often in contexts far removed from Husserl 's early work .  Phenomenology should not be considered as a unitary movement ; rather , different authors share a common family resemblance but also with many significant differences . Accordingly : A unique and final definition of phenomenology is dangerous and perhaps even paradoxical as it lacks a thematic focus . In fact , it is not a doctrine , nor a philosophical school , but rather a style of thought , a method , an open and ever-renewed experience having different results , and this may disorient anyone wishing to define the meaning of phenomenology.Phenomenology , in Husserl 's conception , is primarily concerned with the systematic reflection on and study of the structures of consciousness and the phenomena that appear in acts of consciousness . Phenomenology can be clearly differentiated from the Cartesian method of analysis which sees the world as objects , sets of objects , and objects acting and reacting upon one another .   Husserl 's conception of phenomenology has been criticized and developed not only by himself but also by students , such as Edith Stein and Roman Ingarden , by hermeneutic philosophers , such as Martin Heidegger , by existentialists , such as Nicolai Hartmann , Gabriel Marcel , Maurice Merleau-Ponty , Jean-Paul Sartre , and by other philosophers , such as Max Scheler , Paul Ricoeur , Jean-Luc Marion , Michel Henry , Emmanuel Levinas , Jacques Derrida , and sociologists Alfred Schütz and Eric Voegelin .

neg: Philosophical theory In the general sense , a philosophical position is a set of beliefs that explains or accounts for a general philosophy or specific branch of philosophy . The use of the term theory here is a statement of colloquial English and not reflective of the term theory . While any sort of thesis or opinion may be termed a position , in analytic philosophy it is thought best to reserve the word `` theory '' for systematic , comprehensive attempts to solve problems .

neg: Political sociology Contemporary political sociology involves , but is not limited to , the study of the relations between state , society , and citizens . Where a typical research question in political sociology might have been `` Why do so few American or European citizens choose to vote ? '' or even `` What difference does it make if women get elected ? '' , political sociologists also now ask : `` How is the body a site of power ? '' , `` How are emotions relevant to global poverty ? '' , or `` What difference does knowledge make to democracy ? ''

neg: Organizational studies Organizational studies is `` the examination of how individuals construct organizational structures , processes , and practices and how these , in turn , shape social relations and create institutions that ultimately influence people '' , organizational studies comprise different areas that deal with the different aspects of the organizations , many of the approaches are functionalist but critical research also provide alternative frame for understanding in the field .

neg: Research I university Research I university was a category that the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education previously used to indicate universities in the United States that engage in extensive research activity .   The 1994 edition of the Carnegie Classification defined Research I universities as those that :  Offer a full range of baccalaureate programs  Are committed to graduate education through the doctorate  Give high priority to research  Award 50 or more doctoral degrees each year  Receive annually $ 40 million or more in federal support  The Carnegie Foundation reported that 59 institutions met these criteria in 1994 .   In their interim 2000 edition of the classification , the Carnegie Foundation renamed the category to Doctoral/research universities-extensive to '' ... avoid the inference that the categories signify quality differences . '' The Foundation replaced their single classification system with a multiple classification system in their 2005 comprehensive overhaul of the classification framework so that the term `` Research I university '' was no longer valid , though many universities continued to use it . In 2015 , the Carnegie Classification System reinstated the `` Research I university '' designations along with `` Research II '' and `` Research III . ''

neg: Methodology Methodology is the systematic , theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study . It comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with a branch of knowledge . Typically , it encompasses concepts such as paradigm , theoretical model , phases and quantitative or qualitative techniques .   A methodology does not set out to provide solutions - it is , therefore , not the same as a method . Instead , a methodology offers the theoretical underpinning for understanding which method , set of methods , or best practices can be applied to specific case , for example , to calculate a specific result .   It has been defined also as follows :   `` the analysis of the principles of methods , rules , and postulates employed by a discipline '' ;  `` the systematic study of methods that are , can be , or have been applied within a discipline '' ;  `` the study or description of methods '' .

neg: Harvard Department of Social Relations The Department of Social Relations for Interdisciplinary Social Science Studies , more commonly known as the `` Department of Social Relations '' was an interdisciplinary collaboration among three of the social science departments at Harvard University ( anthropology , psychology , and sociology ) beginning in 1946 . Originally , the program was headquartered in Emerson Hall at Harvard before moving to William James Hall in 1965 . While the name `` Social Relations '' is often associated with the program 's long-time chair and guiding spirit , sociologist Talcott Parsons , many major figures of mid-20th-century social science also numbered among the program 's faculty , including psychologists Gordon Allport ( personality and motivation ) , Jerome Bruner ( cognitive psychology and narrative analysis ) , Roger Brown ( social psychology and psycholinguistics ) , and Henry Murray ( personality ) ; anthropologists Clyde and Florence Kluckhohn ( value orientations ) , John and Beatrice Whiting ( cross-cultural child development ) , Evon Z. Vogt ( comparative religion ) ; and sociologist Alex Inkeles ( Soviet studies and national character ) . Many of its graduate students also went on to be major figures in U.S. social sciences during the latter part of the twentieth century ; their work tends towards strong interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary approaches .   Allport and Boring discussed the origins of the department 's name in the April 1946 issue of the American Psychologist :  While -LSB- academic -RSB- departmental lines have remained rigid , there has been developing during the last decade , a synthesis of socio-cultural and psychological sciences which is widely recognized within the academic world in spite of the fact that there is no commonly accepted name to designate the synthesis . We propose that Harvard adopt , and thus help establish , the term Social Relations to characterize the emerging discipline which deals not only with the body of fact and theory traditionally recognized as the subject matter of sociology , but also with that portion of psychological science that treats the individual within the social system , and that portion of anthropological science that is particularly relevant to the social and cultural patterns of literate societies .   Social Relations sponsored or collaborated in a number of research studies characterized by explicit cross-cultural comparisons and multidisciplinary approaches to problems of policy or social theory . Major projects included the Six Cultures Study ( headed by John and Beatrice Whiting , an anthropological study of child development in six different cultures , including a New England Baptist community ; a Philippine barrio ; an Okinawan village ; an Indian village in Mexico ; a northern Indian caste group ; and a rural tribal group in Kenya ) ; a multidisciplinary analysis of Soviet culture and society , published in part as How the Soviet System Works ; and the Comparative Study of Values in Five Cultures during the 1950s , which examined five very different communities living in the same region of Texas : Zuni , Navajo , Mormon ( LDS ) , Spanish-American ( Mexican-American ) , and Texas Homesteaders .   The curriculum of the Harvard Social Relations had four inter-related components :  Sociology ;  Social Psychology ;  Social Anthropology ; and  Personality Theory .   The program disaggregated into its component departments around 1972 , though a certain interdisciplinarity remained throughout the 1970s .   A similar program at Yale , the Institute for Human Relations , also now disbanded , developed the Human Relations Area Files ( HRAF ) , a cross-cultural database for comparative research , administered by Carol and Melvin Ember .

neg: Health psychology Health psychology is the study of psychological and behavioral processes in health , illness , and healthcare . It is concerned with understanding how psychological , behavioral , and cultural factors contribute to physical health and illness . Psychological factors can affect health directly . For example , chronically occurring environmental stressors affecting the hypothalamic -- pituitary -- adrenal axis , cumulatively , can harm health . Behavioral factors can also affect a person 's health . For example , certain behaviors can , over time , harm ( smoking , excessive alcohol consumption ) or enhance health ( exercise , diet low in saturated fat ) . Health psychologists take a biopsychosocial approach . In other words , health psychologists understand health to be the product not only of biological processes ( e.g. , a virus , tumor , etc. ) but also of psychological ( e.g. , thoughts and beliefs ) , behavioral ( e.g. , habits ) , and social processes ( e.g. , socioeconomic status and ethnicity ) .   By understanding psychological factors that influence health , and constructively applying that knowledge , health psychologists can improve health by working directly with individual patients or indirectly in large-scale public health programs . In addition , health psychologists can help train other healthcare professionals ( e.g. , physicians and nurses ) to take advantage of the knowledge the discipline has generated , when treating patients . Health psychologists work in a variety of settings : alongside other medical professionals in hospitals and clinics , in public health departments working on large-scale behavior change and health promotion programs , and in universities and medical schools where they teach and conduct research .   Although its early beginnings can be traced to the field of clinical psychology , four different divisions within health psychology and one related field , occupational health psychology ( OHP ) , have developed over time . The four divisions include clinical health psychology , public health psychology , community health psychology , and critical health psychology . Professional organizations for the field of health psychology include Division 38 of the American Psychological Association ( APA ) , the Division of Health Psychology of the British Psychological Society ( BPS ) , and the European Health Psychology Society . Advanced credentialing in the US as a clinical health psychologist is provided through the American Board of Professional Psychology .

neg: Lead author In academic publishing , the lead author , or first author , is the first named author of a publication such as a research article or audit .   Academic authorship standards vary widely across disciplines . In many academic subjects , including the natural sciences , computer science and electrical engineering , the lead author of a research article is typically the person who carried out the research , wrote and edited the paper . The list of trailing co-authors reflects , typically , diminishing contributions to the work reported in the manuscript . Sometimes , journals require statements detailing each author 's contributions to be included in each publication . In other disciplines ( such as mathematics ) however , authors are typically listed alphabetically rather than by contribution .   The proportion of multi-author papers has increased in recent decades , reflecting increasingly complex multi-investigator research projects , as well as the `` publish or perish '' culture of academic performance evaluation .

neg: Philosophy and economics Philosophy and economics , also philosophy of economics , studies topics such as rational choice , the appraisal of economic outcomes , institutions and processes , and the ontology of economic phenomena and the possibilities of acquiring knowledge of them .   Although these inquiries overlap in many ways , it is useful to divide philosophy of economics in this way into three subject matters which can be regarded respectively as branches of action theory , ethics ( or normative social and political philosophy ) , and philosophy of science . Economic theories of rationality , welfare , and social choice defend substantive philosophical theses often informed by relevant philosophical literature and of evident interest to those interested in action theory , philosophical psychology , and social and political philosophy .   Economics is of particular interest to those interested in epistemology and philosophy of science both because of its detailed peculiarities and because it possesses many of the overt features of the natural sciences , while its object consists of social phenomena .

neg: Scientometrics Scientometrics is the study of measuring and analysing science , technology and innovation . Major research issues include the measurement of impact , reference sets of articles to investigate the impact of journals and institutes , understanding of scientific citations , mapping scientific fields and the production of indicators for use in policy and management contexts . In practice there is a significant overlap between scientometrics and other scientific fields such as bibliometrics , information systems , information science and science of science policy .

neg: Branches of science The branches of science ( also referred to as `` sciences '' , `` scientific fields '' , or `` scientific disciplines '' ) are commonly divided into three major groups :  Natural sciences : the study of natural phenomena ( including fundamental forces and biological life )  Formal sciences : the study of mathematics and logic , which use an a priori , as opposed to factual , methodology )  Social sciences : the study of human behavior and societies .   Natural and social sciences are empirical sciences , meaning that the knowledge must be based on observable phenomena and must be capable of being verified by other researchers working under the same conditions .   Natural , social , and formal science make up the fundamental sciences , which form the basis of interdisciplinary and applied sciences such as engineering and medicine . Specialized scientific disciplines that exist in multiple categories may include parts of other scientific disciplines but often possess their own terminologies and expertises .

neg: Lecture A lecture ( from the French ` lecture ' , meaning ` reading ' -LSB- process -RSB- ) is an oral presentation intended to present information or teach people about a particular subject , for example by a university or college teacher . Lectures are used to convey critical information , history , background , theories , and equations . A politician 's speech , a minister 's sermon , or even a businessman 's sales presentation may be similar in form to a lecture . Usually the lecturer will stand at the front of the room and recite information relevant to the lecture 's content .   Though lectures are much criticised as a teaching method , universities have not yet found practical alternative teaching methods for the large majority of their courses . Critics point out that lecturing is mainly a one-way method of communication that does not involve significant audience participation but relies upon passive learning . Therefore , lecturing is often contrasted to active learning . Lectures delivered by talented speakers can be highly stimulating ; at the very least , lectures have survived in academia as a quick , cheap , and efficient way of introducing large numbers of students to a particular field of study .   Lectures have a significant role outside the classroom , as well . Academic and scientific awards routinely include a lecture as part of the honor , and academic conferences often center on `` keynote addresses '' , i.e. , lectures . The public lecture has a long history in the sciences and in social movements . Union halls , for instance , historically have hosted numerous free and public lectures on a wide variety of matters . Similarly , churches , community centers , libraries , museums , and other organizations have hosted lectures in furtherance of their missions or their constituents ' interests . Lectures represent a continuation of oral tradition in contrast to textual communication in books and other media . Lectures may be considered a type of grey literature .

neg: Biologist A biologist , is a scientist who has specialized knowledge in the field of biology , the scientific study of life . Biologists involved in fundamental research attempt to explore and further explain the underlying mechanisms that govern the functioning of living matter . Biologists involved in applied research attempt to develop or improve more specific processes and understanding , in fields such as medicine , industry and agriculture .   While `` biologist '' can apply to any scientist studying biology , most biologists research and specialise in specific fields . In this way , biologists investigate large-scale organism interactions ( ecology ) , whole multicellular organisms , organs , tissues , cells , and small-scale cellular and molecular processes . Other biologists study less direct aspects of life , such as phylogeny and evolution .   Biologists conduct research based on the scientific method , to test the validity of a theory , with hypothesis formation , experimentation and documentation of methods and data .   There are many types of biologists . Some work on microorganisms , while others study multicellular organisms . There is much overlap between different fields of biology such as botany , zoology , microbiology , genetics and evolutionary biology , and it is often difficult to classify a biologist as only one of them . Many jobs in biology as a field require an academic degree . A doctorate or its equivalent is generally required to direct independent research , and involves a specialization in a specific area of biology . Many biological scientists work in research and development . Some conduct fundamental research to advance our knowledge of living organisms , including bacteria and other pathogens . This research enhances understanding and adds to the scientific database of literature . Furthermore , it often aids the development of solutions to problems in areas such as human health and the natural environment . These biological scientists mostly work in government , university , and private industry laboratories . Many expand on specialized research that they started in post-graduate qualifications , such as a doctorate .

neg: Psychological Science in the Public Interest Psychological Science in the Public Interest is a triannual peer-reviewed open access academic journal covering issues in psychology of interest to the public at large . It is published by Sage Publications on behalf of the Association for Psychological Science . The editor-in-chief is Valerie F. Reyna ( Cornell University ) .

neg: Enhanced publication Enhanced publications or enhanced ebooks are a form of electronic publishing for the dissemination and sharing of research outcomes , whose first formal definition can be tracked back to 2009 . As many forms of digital publications , they typically feature a unique identifier ( possibly a persistent identifier ) and descriptive metadata information . Unlike traditional digital publications ( e.g. PDF article ) , enhanced publications are often tailored to serve specific scientific domains and are generally constituted by a set of interconnected parts corresponding to research assets of several kinds ( e.g. datasets , videos , images , stylesheets , services , workflows , databases , presentations ) and to textual descriptions of the research ( e.g. papers , chapters , sections , tables ) . The nature and format of such parts and of the relationships between them , depends on the application domain and may largely vary from case to case .   The main motivations behind enhanced publications are to be found in the limitations of traditional scientific literature to describe the whole context and outcome of a research activity . Their goal is to move `` beyond the simple PDF '' ( FORCE11 initiative ) and support scientists with advanced ICT tools for sharing their research more comprehensively , without losing the narrative spirit of `` the publication '' as dissemination means . This trend is confirmed by the several enhanced publication systems devised in the literature , offering to research communities one or more of the following functionalities : Packaging of related research assets ; Web 2.0 reading capabilities ; Interlinking research outputs ; Re-production and assessment of scientific experiments .