query: Cannibalism was sparse in the past among humans.

pos: Cannibalism Cannibalism is the act or practice of humans eating the flesh or internal organs of other human beings . A person who practices cannibalism is called a cannibal . The expression cannibalism has been extended into zoology to mean one individual of a species consuming all or part of another individual of the same species as food , including sexual cannibalism .   The Island Carib people of the Lesser Antilles , from whom the word cannibalism derives , acquired a long-standing reputation as cannibals following the recording of their legends in the 17th century . Some controversy exists over the accuracy of these legends and the prevalence of actual cannibalism in the culture . Cannibalism was widespread in the past among humans in many parts of the world , continuing into the 19th century in some isolated South Pacific cultures , and to the present day in parts of tropical Africa . Cannibalism was practiced in New Guinea and in parts of the Solomon Islands , and flesh markets existed in some parts of Melanesia . Fiji was once known as the `` Cannibal Isles '' . Cannibalism has been well documented around the world , from Fiji to the Amazon Basin to the Congo to Māori New Zealand . Neanderthals are believed to have practiced cannibalism , and Neanderthals may have been eaten by anatomically modern humans .   Cannibalism has recently been both practiced and fiercely condemned in several wars , especially in Liberia and Congo . It is still practiced in Papua New Guinea as of 2012 for cultic reasons and in ritual and in war in various Melanesian tribes . Cannibalism has been said to test the bounds of cultural relativism as it challenges anthropologists `` to define what is or is not beyond the pale of acceptable human behavior . ''   Cannibalism has been occasionally practiced as a last resort by people suffering from famine , including in modern times . Famous examples include the ill-fated Westward expedition of the Donner Party ( 1846-7 ) and , more recently , the crash of Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 ( 1972 ) , after which some survivors ate the bodies of dead passengers . Also , some mentally ill people obsess about eating others and actually do so , such as Jeffrey Dahmer and Albert Fish . There is resistance to formally labeling cannibalism as a mental disorder .

neg: Child cannibalism Child cannibalism or fetal cannibalism is the act of eating a child or fetus .

neg: The Nasty Bits The Nasty Bits : Collected Varietal Cuts , Usable Trim , Scraps , and Bones , is a largely nonfiction New York Times bestselling book by Anthony Bourdain , published in 2006 . The book is a collection of 37 exotic , provocative , and humorous anecdotes and essays , many of them centered around food , followed by a 30-page fiction piece ( `` A Chef 's Christmas '' ) . The book concludes with an appendix of commentaries on the various pieces , including when and why they were written .   The essays range from descriptions of restaurant-kitchen life ; to various rants about places , people , and things Bourdain objects to ; to lively accounts of far-flung world travels and remote ethnic life and food ; to accolades of the unsung Latinos who cook most fine-dining restaurant food in America ; to glowing reports of cutting-edge chefs like Ferran Adrià ; to details of Bourdain 's obsessions and pursuits when he is not working ; to opinions and anecdotes on various other subjects .   Bourdain organized the various essays and anecdotes into sections named for each of the five traditional flavors :  Salty  Sweet  Sour  Bitter  Umami   The book is , according to Bourdain , basically a collection of the best of his magazine and newspaper writings during the previous few years . As he says in the preface :   I 've done a lot of writing for magazines and newspapers in the last few years , and it 's the better morsels ( I hope ) from that work that follow . ... I 've been writing this stuff for much the same reason behind my frenetic traveling : Because I can . Because there 's so little time . Because there 's been so much to see and remember . ...   It 's an irritating reality that many places and events defy description . Angkor Wat and Machu Picchu , for instance , seem to demand silence , like a love affair you can never talk about . For a while after , you fumble for words , trying vainly to assemble a private narrative , an explanation , a comfortable way to frame where you 've been and what 's happened . In the end , you 're just happy you were there -- with your eyes open -- and lived to see it .

neg: Theoretical foundations of evolutionary psychology The theoretical foundations of evolutionary psychology are the general and specific scientific theories that explain the ultimate origins of psychological traits in terms of evolution . These theories originated with Charles Darwin 's work , including his speculations about the evolutionary origins of social instincts in humans . Modern evolutionary psychology , however , is possible only because of advances in evolutionary theory in the 20th century .   Evolutionary psychologists say that natural selection has provided humans with many psychological adaptations , in much the same way that it generated humans ' anatomical and physiological adaptations . As with adaptations in general , psychological adaptations are said to be specialized for the environment in which an organism evolved , the environment of evolutionary adaptedness , or EEA . Sexual selection provides organisms with adaptations related to mating . For male mammals , which have a relatively fast reproduction rate , sexual selection leads to adaptations that help them compete for females . For female mammals , with a relatively slow reproduction rate , sexual selection leads to choosiness , which helps females select higher quality mates . Charles Darwin described both natural selection and sexual selection , but he relied on group selection to explain the evolution of self-sacrificing behavior . Group selection is a weak explanation because in any group the less self-sacrificing animals will be more likely to survive and the group will become less self-sacrificing .   In 1964 , William D. Hamilton proposed inclusive fitness theory , emphasizing a `` gene 's - eye '' view of evolution . Hamilton noted that individuals can increase the replication of their genes into the next generation by helping close relatives with whom they share genes survive and reproduce . According to `` Hamilton 's rule '' , a self-sacrificing behavior can evolve if it helps close relatives so much that it more than compensates for the individual animal 's sacrifice . Inclusive fitness theory resolved the issue of how `` altruism '' evolved . Other theories also help explain the evolution of altruistic behavior , including evolutionary game theory , tit-for-tat reciprocity , and generalized reciprocity . These theories not only help explain the development of altruistic behavior but also account for hostility toward cheaters ( individuals that take advantage of others ' altruism ) .   Several mid-level evolutionary theories inform evolutionary psychology . The r/K selection theory proposes that some species prosper by having many offspring while others follow the strategy of having fewer offspring but investing much more in each one . Humans follow the second strategy . Parental investment theory explains how parents invest more or less in individual offspring based on how successful those offspring are likely to be , and thus how much they might improve the parents ' inclusive fitness . According to the Trivers-Willard hypothesis , parents in good conditions tend to invest more in sons ( who are best able to take advantage of good conditions ) , while parents in poor conditions tend to invest more in daughters ( who are best able to have successful offspring even in poor conditions ) . According to life history theory , animals evolve life histories to match their environments , determining details such as age at first reproduction and number of offspring . Dual inheritance theory posits that genes and human culture have interacted , with genes affecting the development of culture and culture , in turn , affecting human evolution on a genetic level ( see also the Baldwin effect ) .   Critics of evolutionary psychology have sometimes challenged its theoretical underpinnings , saying that humans never developed powerful social instincts through natural selection and that the hypotheses of evolutionary psychologists are merely just-so-stories .

neg: Illegal logging in Madagascar Illegal logging has been a problem in Madagascar for decades and is perpetuated by extreme poverty and government corruption . Often taking the form of selective logging , the trade has been driven by high international demand for expensive , fine-grained lumber such as rosewood and ebony . Historically , logging and exporting in Madagascar have been regulated by the Malagasy government , although the logging of rare hardwoods was explicitly banned from protected areas in 2000 . Since then , government orders and memos have intermittently alternated between permitting and banning exports of precious woods . The most commonly cited reason for permitting exports is to salvage valuable wood from cyclone damage , although this reasoning has come under heavy scrutiny . This oscillating availability of Malagasy rosewood and other precious woods has created a market of rising and falling prices , allowing traders or `` timber barons '' to stockpile illegally sourced logs during periodic bans and then flood the market when the trade windows open and prices are high .   The unsustainable exploitation of these tropical hardwoods , particularly rosewood from the SAVA Region , has escalated significantly since the start of the 2009 Malagasy political crisis . Thousands of poorly paid Malagasy loggers have flooded into the national parks -- especially in the northeast -- building roads , setting up logging camps , and cutting down even the most difficult to reach rosewood trees . Illegal activities are openly flaunted , armed militia have descended upon local villages , and a rosewood mafia easily bribe government officials , buying export permits with ease . These illegal operations are funded in part by advance payments for future shipments ( financed by Chinese expatriates and Chinese importers ) and by loans from large , international banks . Demand is fueled mostly by a growing Chinese middle class and their desire for exotic imperial-style furniture . European and American demand for high-end musical instruments and furniture have also played a role . However , public scrutiny has put significant pressure on shipping companies involved in the trade , and the United States is starting to enforce the Lacey Act by investigating companies with suspected involvement in the illegal trade of Malagasy precious woods .   Logging in Madagascar 's tropical rainforests has had many secondary effects , beyond the risk of depletion of rare , endemic trees . Habitat has been disturbed , illegal mining has begun , local people have turned in desperation to the forests for resources , and poaching of endangered wildlife has escalated . Lemurs , the most well-known faunal group from the island , have been captured for the exotic pet trade as well as killed for food . Even the most critically endangered species have been targeted , primarily to feed a growing demand for delicacy food in up-scale restaurants . The local villagers have also suffered as tourism has declined sharply or ceased almost entirely . Some have resorted to working as loggers for minimal pay , while others have spoken out against it , often receiving death threats from the rosewood mafia in return .

neg: Funeral bundle A funeral bundle is a method of enclosing a corpse before burial , practiced by the Paracas culture of the Peruvian Andes . The well-preserved funeral bundles of the Paracas have allowed archaeologists to study their funeral rituals in detail .   The naked body of the deceased is bundled in the fetal position before rigor mortis sets in . A long strip of coarse cotton cloth was then wrapped around the body . Along with the bodies , different kinds of memorabilia have been found , including clothing , food , scraps of cloth or clothed dolls with religious embroidered motifs , and small badges of gold , and these `` gifts '' form the nucleus of the bundle .   In adult burials , one usually finds on this nucleus an additional layer , formed of pieces of ceremonial garments , decorated with embroideries and protected by several sheets of cotton fabric . These were cooked and tied with cord to facilitate the transportation of the bundle to the burial site . Facing the bundle , mourners would place between one and seven ceramic pieces . A pole or a cane indicated the precise place of the burial . Individuals of major status received more textile gifts and , in this case , the number of layers increased substantially : up to three successive layers could be added onto the nucleus . These layers , and in particular the last one , usually contained decorative embroidered cloaks .   The burials have a collective character , as it is thought that related individuals were generally buried together in the caverns dug in the rock or in the sand . In several cases , it has been determined that remains were transported and re-interred some years after death . Burial areas are located next to established living places . Often , an area that was inhabited earlier by the living was reused for the dead , and the ruins of houses and public buildings were often used for this purpose .   Category : Archaeology of death

neg: Carnivore (disambiguation) A carnivore is an animal with a diet consisting primarily of meat .   Carnivore may also refer to :   Carnivora , an order of primarily carnivorous mammals  `` Carnivorism '' , otherwise known as a no-carbohydrate diet , a dietary lifestyle that excludes many non-meat foods  Carnivore ( restaurant ) , a famous restaurant in Nairobi , Kenya  Carnivore ( software ) , a Federal Bureau of Investigation Ethernet tapping system  Carnivore ( band ) , a thrash metal band from New York  Carnivore ( album ) , 1985  `` Carnivore '' , a 2002 song by horror rock band Rosemary 's Billygoat  Carnivore , aka Beasts of Prey , a 1985 South Korean film directed by Kim Ki-young  Carnivores ( series ) , a series of games developed by Action Forms  Carnivores ( video game )  Carnivores ( band ) , an indie rock band from Atlanta , Georgia

neg: The Edible Woman The Edible Woman is a 1969 novel that helped to establish Margaret Atwood as a prose writer of major significance . It is the story of a young woman whose sane , structured , consumer-oriented world starts to slip out of focus . Following her engagement , Marian feels her body and her self are becoming separated . As Marian begins endowing food with human qualities that cause her to identify with it , she finds herself unable to eat , repelled by metaphorical cannibalism . In a foreword written in 1979 for the Virago edition of the novel , Atwood described it as a protofeminist rather than feminist work .   Atwood explores gender stereotypes through characters who strictly adhere to them ( such as Peter or Lucy ) and those who defy their constraints ( such as Ainsley or Duncan ) . The narrative point of view shifts from first to third person , accentuating Marian 's slow detachment from reality . At the conclusion , first person narration returns , consistent with the character 's willingness to take control of her life again . Food and clothing are major symbols used by the author to explore themes and grant the reader insight on each of the characters ' personalities , moods and motivations .   Setting is used to identify differences between the characters ; for example , Duncan is encountered in a mundane laundromat , gloomy theatre or sleazy hotel . In comparison , Peter inhabits genteel bars and a sparkling new apartment . However these changing environments are also used to explore different angles of existence , contrasting a freer , wilder glimpse of life , with a civilised , gilded cage . This highlights the difficulties presented to women in the era , where freedom was synonymous with uncertainty but marriage presented problems of its own .   This novel 's publication coincided with the rise of the women 's movement in North America , but is described by Atwood as `` protofeminist '' because it was written in 1965 and thus anticipated second wave feminism .

neg: Beard A beard is the collection of hair that grows on the chin and cheeks of humans and some non-human animals . In humans , usually only pubescent or adult males are able to grow beards . From an evolutionary viewpoint the beard is a part of the broader category of androgenic hair . It is a vestigial trait from a time when humans had hair on their face and entire body like the hair on gorillas . The evolutionary loss of hair is pronounced in some populations such as indigenous Americans and some east Asian populations , who have less facial hair , whereas peoples of Mediterranean European or South Asian ancestry and the Ainu have more facial hair . Women with hirsutism , a hormonal condition of excessive hairiness , may develop a beard .   Throughout the course of history , societal attitudes toward male beards have varied widely depending on factors such as prevailing cultural-religious traditions and the current era 's fashion trends . Some religions ( such as Sikhism ) have considered a full beard to be absolutely essential for all males able to grow one , and mandate it as part of their official dogma . Other cultures , even while not officially mandating it , view a beard as central to a man 's virility , exemplifying such virtues as wisdom , strength , sexual prowess and high social status . However , in cultures where facial hair is uncommon ( or currently out of fashion ) , beards may be associated with poor hygiene or a `` savage '' , uncivilized , or even dangerous demeanor .

neg: Hypercarnivore A hypercarnivore is an animal which has a diet that is more than 70 % meat , with the balance consisting of non-animal foods such as fungi , fruits or other plant material . Some examples include crocodiles , alligators , owls , shrikes , eagles , felids , dolphins , snakes , marlin , spiders , scorpions and most sharks . Every species in the Felidae family , including the domesticated cat , is a hypercarnivore in its natural state . Some well-known hypercarnivorous invertebrates are octopuses and starfish . Additionally , this term is also used in paleobiology to describe taxa of animals which have an increased slicing component of their dentition relative to the grinding component . Hypercarnivores need not be apex predators . For example , salmon are exclusively carnivorous , yet they are prey at all stages of life for a variety of organisms .   Many prehistoric mammals of the clade Carnivoramorpha ( Carnivora and Miacoidea without Creodonta ) , along with the early order Creodonta , and some mammals of the even earlier order Cimolesta , were hypercarnivores . The earliest carnivorous mammal is considered to be Cimolestes , which existed during the Late Cretaceous and early Paleogene periods in North America about 66 million years ago . Theropod dinosaurs such as Tyrannosaurus rex that existed during the late Cretaceous , although not mammals , were obligate carnivores .   Large hypercarnivores evolved frequently in the fossil record , often in response to an ecological opportunity afforded by the decline or extinction of previously dominant hypercarnivorous taxa . While the evolution of large size and carnivory may be favored at the individual level , it can lead to a macroevolutionary decline , wherein such extreme dietary specialization results in reduced population densities and a greater vulnerability for extinction . As a result of these opposing forces , the fossil record of carnivores is dominated by successive clades of hypercarnivores that diversify and decline , only to be replaced by new hypercarnivorous clades .   As an example of related species with differing diets , even though they diverged only 150,000 years ago ,  the polar bear is the most highly carnivorous bear ( more than 90 % of its diet is meat ) while the grizzly bear is one of the least carnivorous in many locales , with less than 10 % of its diet being meat .

neg: Food and dining in the Roman Empire Food and dining in the Roman Empire reflect both the variety of foodstuffs available through the expanded trade networks of the Roman Empire and the traditions of conviviality from ancient Rome 's earliest times , inherited in part from the Greeks and Etruscans . In contrast to the Greek symposium , which was primarily a drinking party , the equivalent social institution of the Roman convivium ( dinner party ) was focused on food . Banqueting played a major role in Rome 's communal religion . Maintaining the food supply to the city of Rome had become a major political issue in the late Republic , and continued to be one of the main ways the emperor expressed his relationship to the Roman people and established his role as a benefactor . Roman food vendors and farmers ' markets sold meats , fish , cheeses , produce , olive oil and spices and pubs , bars , inns and food stalls sold prepared food .   Bread was a staple food for Romans , with more well-to-do people eating wheat bread and poorer people eating barley bread . Fresh produce such as vegetables and legumes were important to Romans , as farming was a valued activity . A variety of olives and nuts were eaten . While there were prominent Romans who discouraged meat eating , a variety of meat products were prepared , including blood puddings , sausages , cured ham and bacon . The milk of goats or sheep was thought superior to that of cows ; milk was used to make many types of cheese , as this was a way of storing and trading milk products . While olive oil was fundamental to Roman cooking , butter was viewed as an undesirable Gallic foodstuff . Sweet foods such as pastries typically used honey and wine-must syrup as a sweetener . A variety of dried fruits ( figs , dates and plums ) and fresh berries were also eaten .   Salt -- which in its pure form was an expensive commodity in Rome -- was the fundamental seasoning and the most common salty condiment was a fermented fish sauce . Locally available seasonings included garden herbs , cumin , coriander , and juniper berries . Imported spices included pepper , saffron , cinnamon , and fennel . While wine was an important beverage , Romans looked down on drinking to excess and drank their wine mixed with water ; drinking wine `` straight '' was viewed as a barbarian custom .

neg: Ethical omnivorism Ethical omnivorism is a human diet involving the consumption of meat , eggs , dairy and produce that can be traced back to a farm that raises grass-fed , free range , antibiotic and hormone-free livestock , uses GMO-free feed , and grows pesticide-free produce and greens . Ocean fish consumption is limited to only , sustainably farm-raised and/or ethically and wild caught , without contributing to illegal poaching .

neg: Hunt Monitors In The United Kingdom ( The U.K. ) , Hunt Monitors endeavour to observe behaviours of organized hunts and undertake information gathering activities , known as hunt monitoring .   Hunt monitoring activities are undertaken mainly by private individuals who wish to see The Hunting Act 2004 , passed by The U.K. Parliament , upheld by The U.K. Courts . Hunt monitoring is also carried out by a number of animal welfare organizations in The U.K. . The prime aim of hunt monitors is to facilitate successful prosecution of those who do not hunt within the laws of The U.K. , through gathering evidence of illegal hunting .   The Hunting Act 2004 became law , in England and Wales , in February 2005 . It bans hunting with dogs of particular wild mammals , namely : foxes , deer , hare and mink . The ban was achieved through efforts of many campaigners , over almost a century . In recent years , evidence gathering by hunt monitors became central to the long campaign to ban hunting with hounds , as hunt monitors began to use portable video cameras to record hunting activity . Recorded evidence of hunting with dogs , collected by hunt monitors , was shown in the media and to Members of Parliament , and contributed to evidence used to support passage of The Hunting Bill through Parliament .   Before the hunting with dogs ban came into force , it was reported that an estimated 50,000 hunt supporters had signed a `` Hunting Declaration '' , pledging that they would break any such anti-hunting law , should it be put onto The Statute Book . Local newspapers were invited to hunting rallies , in order to publicize signings of `` Hunting Declarations '' .   In contrast to tackling illegal hare coursing fairly consistently , the police and The Crown Prosecution Services have seemed reluctant to act against organized hunts . Nevertheless , several years after The Hunting Act became law , many members of organized hunts have been taken to court . Members of hunts and a complete hunt , as a corporate body , have been convicted on numerous counts of hunting illegally .   The work of hunt monitors has been recognized by Ann Widdecombe , a former Conservative Minister and MP .   On 22 March 2007 , Ann Widdecombe , MP led an Adjournment Debate in The U.K. Parliament , where , in The House of Commons , she raised an issue of enforcement of The Hunting Act 2004 . She explained to The House the roles of hunt monitors and the problems which they encounter . She paid tribute to hunt monitors , saying '' ... some of them are extremely brave . ''   Later in 2007 , on 31st October , Ann Widdecombe , MP held a reception in Parliament , where she showed film to those present , including representatives of 11 police forces , The Crown Prosecution Service ( CPS ) , The Association of Chief Police Officers ( ACPO ) and Members of Parliament , which demonstrated that the hunting law was being broken , up and down the country . She pointed out that the only people monitoring these activities were groups of hunt monitors .   In January 2011 , The Huntsman and a Terrierman of The Fernie Hunt were found guilty of digging a fox out of a sett and , in May 2012 , three members of The Crawley and Horsham Hunt were found guilty of illegal hunting .   In August 2012 , two members of The Meynell and South Staffordshire Hunt were found guilty of illegal hunting . The Hunt Master and a Terrierman were each convicted at Derby Magistrates ' Court .   In December 2012 , The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( RSPCA ) took out a private prosecution , using evidence collected by several , independent hunt monitors , against Heythrop Hunt Limited . This was a landmark case , as it was the first time that an organized hunt was prosecuted as a corporate body . The Heythrop Hunt , its Huntsman and its Senior Master all pleaded guilty to four charges of illegally hunting a fox .   A major reason why some hunts have been prosecuted and convicted successfully is because of the availability of compelling evidence , gathered by hunt monitors , whose footage of certain , organized hunts ' illegal activities has provided important evidence , necessary to bring illegal hunters to justice .   Hunt monitors have been subjected to threats , assault , damage to their cars , cameras and radios , as well as verbal abuse , obstruction and intimidation .   On 13 February 2013 , Chris Williamson , MP led a debate in The House of Commons , entitled Policing of Violence at Hunts , to highlight , as he put it '' ... the antisocial and criminal behaviour ... '' directed towards hunt monitors by some hunt supporters .   In 2014 , The RSPCA commissioned an independent review of its prosecution activity . In the review , Stephen Wooler , CB refers several times to hunt monitors , e.g. , `` The volume of footage available -LSB- taken by hunt monitors -RSB- leaves the objective viewer in no doubt on the balance of probabilities that it is ` business as usual ' for many hunts because enforcement is so difficult . ''   While some hunt monitors are employed by organizations and charities , such as The League Against Cruel Sports and International Fund for Animal Welfare , most are private individuals , who are unpaid and self-funded . Some hunt monitors accept donations to support their activities , made through social media sites , such as GoFundMe and Facebook .

neg: Primate A primate ( -LSB- ˈpraɪmeɪt -RSB- ) is a mammal of the order Primates ( Latin : `` prime , first rank '' ) . In taxonomy , primates include two distinct lineages , strepsirrhines and haplorhines . Primates arose from ancestors that lived in the trees of tropical forests ; many primate characteristics represent adaptations to life in this challenging three-dimensional environment . Most primate species remain at least partly arboreal .   With the exception of humans , who inhabit every continent , most primates live in tropical or subtropical regions of the Americas , Africa and Asia . They range in size from Madame Berthe 's mouse lemur , which weighs only 30 g , to the eastern gorilla , weighing over 200 kg ; that is , without taking into account the weight of particular human individuals , reaching up to 635 kg . Based on fossil evidence , the earliest known true primates , represented by the genus Teilhardina , date to 55.8 million years old . An early close primate relative known from abundant remains is the Late Paleocene Plesiadapis , c. 55 -- 58 million years old . Molecular clock studies suggest that the primate branch may be even older , originating near the Cretaceous -- Paleogene boundary or around 63 -- 74 mya .   The order Primates was traditionally divided into two main groupings : prosimians and anthropoids ( simians ) . Prosimians have characteristics more like those of the earliest primates , and include the lemurs of Madagascar , lorisoids , and tarsiers . Simians include monkeys , apes and hominins . More recently , taxonomists have preferred to split primates into the suborder Strepsirrhini , or wet-nosed primates , consisting of non-tarsier prosimians , and the suborder Haplorhini , or dry-nosed primates , consisting of tarsiers and the simians .   Simians are divided into two groups : catarrhine ( narrow-nosed ) monkeys and apes of Africa and Southeast Asia and platyrrhine ( `` flat-nosed '' ) or New World monkeys of South and Middle America . Catarrhines consist of Old World monkeys ( such as baboons and macaques ) , gibbons and great apes ; New World monkeys include the capuchin , howler and squirrel monkeys . Humans are the only extant catarrhines to have spread successfully outside of Africa , South Asia , and East Asia , although fossil evidence shows many other species were formerly present in Europe . New primate species are still being discovered . More than 25 species were taxonomically described in the decade of the 2000s and eleven have been described since 2010 .   Considered generalist mammals , primates exhibit a wide range of characteristics . Some primates ( including some great apes and baboons ) are primarily terrestrial rather than arboreal , but all species possess adaptations for climbing trees . Locomotion techniques used include leaping from tree to tree , walking on two or four limbs , knuckle-walking , and swinging between branches of trees ( brachiation ) .   Primates are characterized by large brains relative to other mammals , as well as an increased reliance on stereoscopic vision at the expense of smell , the dominant sensory system in most mammals . These features are more developed in monkeys and apes and noticeably less so in lorises and lemurs . Three-color vision has developed in some primates . Most also have opposable thumbs and some have prehensile tails . Many species are sexually dimorphic ; differences include body mass , canine tooth size , and coloration . Primates have slower rates of development than other similarly sized mammals and reach maturity later , but have longer lifespans . Depending on the species , adults may live in solitude , in mated pairs , or in groups of up to hundreds of members .

neg: History of slavery The history of slavery spans many cultures , nationalities , and religions from ancient times to the present day . However the social , economic , and legal positions of slaves were vastly different in different systems of slavery in different times and places .   Slavery can be traced back to the earliest records , such as the Mesopotamian Code of Hammurabi ( c. 1860 BC ) , which refers to it as an established institution , and it was common among ancient peoples .   Slavery is rare among hunter-gatherer populations , because it is developed as a system of social stratification . Slavery was known in the very first civilizations such as Sumer in Mesopotamia which dates back as far as 3500 BC , as well as in almost every other civilization . The Byzantine -- Ottoman wars and the Ottoman wars in Europe resulted in the taking of large numbers of Christian slaves . Slavery became common within much of Europe during the Dark Ages and it continued into the Middle Ages . The Dutch , French , Spanish , Portuguese , British , Arabs and a number of West African kingdoms played a prominent role in the Atlantic slave trade , especially after 1600 . David P. Forsythe wrote : `` The fact remained that at the beginning of the nineteenth century an estimated three-quarters of all people alive were trapped in bondage against their will either in some form of slavery or serfdom . '' Denmark-Norway was the first European country to ban the slave trade in 1802 .   Although slavery is no longer legal anywhere in the world , human trafficking remains an international problem and an estimated 25-40 million people are enslaved today . During the 1983 -- 2005 Second Sudanese Civil War people were taken into slavery . Although Slavery in Mauritania was criminalized in August 2007 , in Mauritania it is estimated that up to 600,000 men , women and children , or 20 % of the population , are currently enslaved , many of them used as bonded labor . Evidence emerged in the late 1990s of systematic slavery on cacao plantations in West Africa ; see the chocolate and slavery article .

neg: Exocannibalism Exocannibalism ( from Greek Exo - , `` from outside '' and Cannibalism , ` to eat humans ' ) , as opposed to endocannibalism , is the consumption of flesh outside one 's close social group -- for example , eating one 's enemy . When done ritually , it has been associated with being a means of imbibing valued qualities of the victim or as an act of final violence against the deceased in the case of sociopathy , as well as a symbolic expression of the domination of an enemy in warfare . Such practices have been documented in such cultures as the Aztecs from Mexico , the Carib and the Tupinambá from South America .   Historically , it has also been used as a practical expediency in especially desperate attritional or guerrilla warfare when the extreme hunger and the abundance of humans being killed coincide to create conditions ripe for cannibalism .

neg: Pack hunter A pack hunter or social predator is a predator belonging to the animal kingdom which has evolved to hunt its prey by working together with other members of its species . Normally animals hunting in this way are closely related , and with the exceptions of humans and chimpanzees where only males normally hunt , all individuals in a family group will contribute to hunting . The most commonly known pack hunter is the gray wolf , the closest wild relative of all breeds of domesticated dog . Humans and their closest-living relatives chimpanzees are also pack hunters . Other pack hunting mammals include dolphins , lions , dwarf and banded mongooses and spotted hyenas . A number of avian social predators exist , including the Harris 's hawk , butcherbirds , three of four kookaburra species and many helmetshrikes . There are a few cold-blooded pack hunters including simple arthropods such as army ants , the yellow saddle goatfish and occasionally crocodiles .   There is a possibility that some non-avian theropod dinosaurs displayed pack behavior as well .   A social animal that always hunts , singly such as the domestic cat , is not a pack hunter .   Pack hunting is typically associated with cooperative breeding and its concentration in the Afrotropical Region is a reflection of this . Most pack hunters are found in the southern African savannas , with a notable absence in tropical rainforests and with the exception of the wolf and coyote , higher latitudes . It is thought that either on the ancient and poor soils of the southern African savanna it is not possible for individual predators to find adequate food , or that the environment 's inherent unpredictability due to ENSO or IOD events means that in very bad conditions it will not be possible to raise the young necessary to prevent declining populations from adult mortality . It is also argued that Africa 's very large area of continuous flat and open country , which was even more extensive while rainforest contracted during glacial periods of the Quaternary , may have helped encourage pack hunting to become much more common than on any other continent .   A shared pack hunting history is thought to be the main conduit through which humans have been able to form a mutual relationship with dogs ( that is , domestication ) , as both species are highly social and inter-dependent . Humans easily take over the dominance hierarchy of dogs as subordinates instinctively follow the `` alpha '' individual and dogs are accustomed to living very close together   When wolves hunt a Moose or Elk , it sometimes takes to deep water to avoid the pack . A wolf response to this behavior is that the pack rests with one or two wolves annoying the prey until it gets fatigued .

neg: Australopithecus bahrelghazali Australopithecus bahrelghazali is a fossil hominin discovered in 1995 by a Franco-Chadian team led by the paleontologist Michel Brunet . Two fossils have been described :   - A mandibular fragment found at Chad east of the Bahr el Ghazal ( `` river of gazelles '' ) to about 45 km from the fort of Koro Toro , by the Franco-Chadian team of Michel Brunet ( paleontologist ) January 23 , 1995 on the site called KT12 . Named after the name of the fossil valley near where it was discovered , cataloged KT12 / H1 , the holotype consists of a mandibular fragment , a lower second incisor , both lower canines , and all four of its premolars , still affixed within the dental alveoli .   - An upper premolar of another individual find on the same place January 1996 . This paratype is cataloged KT12 / H2 .   A third fossil , a fragment of maxilla left , was collected January 16 , 1996 on the site of KT13 , KT12 close neighbor . Cataloged KT13-96-H1 , it appears in a scientific article in 1997 as Australopithecus sp . Indet . before to be named Australopithecus bahrelghazali in 2012 .   Finally , a fourth fossil mandibular fragment with two teeth was unearthed July 18 , 2000 a few kilometers south of the site KT13 on the new site of KT40 . The three sites hominids KT12 , KT13 and KT40 are located at the foot of the same sandy cord , the Goz Kerki , testimony of a former shoreline MégaTchad . The fossil potential of this sector therefore remains important .   Australopithecus bahrelghazali was dated by beryllium-based radiometric dating as living about 3.6 million years ago .   The specimen locality is roughly 2,500 km west of the East African Great Rift Valley , making it far removed from what broadly thought to be the `` cradle '' area of human evolution . ( The specimen 's proper name is KT-12 / H1 ; Brunet named it Abel as a dedication to his deceased colleague Abel Brillanceau . )   The KT-12 / H1 mandible has similar features to the dentition of Australopithecus afarensis , which fact has caused researcher William Kimbel to argue that Abel is not a separate species , but `` falls within the range of variation '' of the species Australopithecus afarensis . By 1996 , Brunet and his team classified KT-12 / H1 as the holotype specimen for Australopithecus bahrelghazali . This claim is difficult to substantiate , as the describers , contrary to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , have kept the specimen locked away from inspection by the general paleoanthropological community .  A. bahrelghazali is unique as it is the only australopithecine fossil found in Central Africa . It is also of great importance as it is the first fossil to show that there is a geographical `` third window '' , that is , beyond East Africa and South Africa , of early hominin evolution .

neg: Human skeleton The human skeleton is the internal framework of the body . It is composed of around 305 bones at birth -- this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones have fused together . The bone mass in the skeleton reaches maximum density around age 20 . The human skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton . The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column , the rib cage , the skull and other associated bones . The appendicular skeleton , which is attached to the axial skeleton , is formed by the shoulder girdle , the pelvic girdle and the bones of the upper and lower limbs .   The human skeleton performs six major functions ; support , movement , protection , production of blood cells , storage of minerals , and endocrine regulation .   The human skeleton is not as sexually dimorphic as that of many other primate species , but subtle differences between sexes in the morphology of the skull , dentition , long bones , and pelvis exist . In general , female skeletal elements tend to be smaller and less robust than corresponding male elements within a given population . The human female pelvis is also different from that of males in order to facilitate child birth . Unlike most primates , human males do not have penile bones .

neg: Anthropological criminology Anthropological criminology ( sometimes referred to as criminal anthropology , literally a combination of the study of the human species and the study of criminals ) is a field of offender profiling , based on perceived links between the nature of a crime and the personality or physical appearance of the offender . Although similar to physiognomy and phrenology , the term `` criminal anthropology '' is generally reserved for the works of the Italian school of criminology of the late 19th century ( Cesare Lombroso , Enrico Ferri , Raffaele Garofalo ) . Lombroso thought that criminals were born with inferior physiological differences which were detectable . He popularized the notion of `` born criminal '' and thought that criminality was an atavism or hereditary disposition . His central idea was to locate crime completely within the individual and utterly divorce it from the surrounding social conditions and structures . A founder of the Positivist school of criminology , Lombroso opposed the social positivism developed by the Chicago school and environmental criminology .

neg: Human flesh search engine Human flesh search engine is a Chinese term for the phenomenon of distributed researching using Internet media such as blogs and forums . It is similar to the concept of `` doxing '' , a practice often associated with Anonymous . Both human flesh search engine and doxing have generally been stigmatized as being for the purpose of identifying and exposing individuals to public humiliation , sometimes out of vigilantism , nationalist or patriotic sentiments , or to break the Internet censorship in the People 's Republic of China . More recent analyses , however , have shown that it is also used for a number of other reasons , including exposing government corruption , identifying hit and run drivers , and exposing scientific fraud , as well as for more `` entertainment '' - related items such as identifying people seen in pictures . A categorization of hundreds of Human flesh search ( HFS ) episodes can be found in the 2010 IEEE Computer paper A Study of the Human Flesh Search Engine : Crowd-Powered Expansion of Online Knowledge .   The system is based on massive human collaboration . The name refers both to the use of knowledge contributed by human beings through social networking , as well as the fact that the searches are usually dedicated to finding the identity of a human being who has committed some sort of offense or social breach online . People conducting such research are commonly referred to collectively as `` Human Flesh Search Engines '' .   Because of the convenient and efficient nature of information sharing in cyberspace , the Human Flesh Search is often used to acquire information usually difficult or impossible to find by other conventional means ( such as a library or web search engines ) . Such information , once available , can be rapidly distributed to hundreds of websites , making it an extremely powerful mass medium . The purposes of human flesh search vary from providing technical/professional Q&A support , to revealing private/classified information about specific individuals or organizations ( therefore breaching the internet confidentiality and anonymity ) . Because personal knowledge or unofficial ( sometimes illegal ) access are frequently depended upon to acquire this information , the reliability and accuracy of such searches often vary .


query: The 2017 American action-adventure horror film The Mummy is unrelated to the earlier film of that name.

pos: The Mummy (2017 film) The Mummy is a 2017 American action-adventure horror film directed by Alex Kurtzman and written by David Koepp , Christopher McQuarrie and Dylan Kussman , with a story by Kurtzman , Jon Spaihts and Jenny Lumet . It is a reboot of The Mummy franchise and the first installment in the Dark Universe film series . The film stars Tom Cruise , Annabelle Wallis , Sofia Boutella , Jake Johnson , Courtney B. Vance , Marwan Kenzari and Russell Crowe .   The Mummy premiered at the State Theatre in Sydney , Australia on May 22 , 2017 and is scheduled to be released in the United States on June 9 , 2017 in 2D , 3D and IMAX 3D .

neg: Egyptian Theatre Egyptian-style theatres are based on the traditional and historic design elements of Ancient Egypt .   The first Egyptian Theatre to be constructed in the US -- which inspired many of the identically-named theatres that followed it -- was Grauman 's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood , California . For several years , Hollywood developer Charles E. Toberman attempted to convince Sid Grauman to locate in Hollywood . During a meeting , Sid told Mr. Toberman of his desire to build a theatre of Egyptian design . Mr. Toberman then secured a piece of property on Hollywood Boulevard , just east of McCadden Place . The architectural firm of Meyer & Holler were hired to design the theatre . The result was Grauman 's Egyptian Theatre with a seating of 1770 . The approach to the theatre was through a courtyard . Inside , the stage was flanked by carved columns and models of the Sphinx . The theatre was opened on October 19 , 1922 with the grand premiere of `` Robin Hood '' starring Douglas Fairbanks . `` In a 1983 article in Hollywood Studio Magazine , Mike Hughes wrote of the Egyptian : `` A survivor of the decay that unfortunately characterizes the Hollywood Boulevard of today , the Egyptian is a reminder of the glamour that once made the Boulevard famous . Perhaps through the dedicated efforts of such citizens as Bruce Torrence , author of Hollywood : The First 100 Years and grandson of Mr. Charles Toberman , who built the Egyptian , the Hollywood Boulevard of yesteryear will reappear some great day in the future . When that happens , the Egyptian Theatre , jewel that it is , will be there to herald in the new age of film town . '' '' United Artists was the last owner of the Egyptian Theatre before it closed in 1992 . The American Cinematheque purchased the theatre from the city for $ 1 with the provision that this historical landmark would be restored to its original grandeur and re-opened as a movie theatre showcasing the organizations celebrated , public programming . ''   The Eldorado Theatre located in Eldorado Amusement Park , Weehawken , New Jersey opened in 1891 and featured ` Egypt Through Centuries ' each evening . The creators of the park , Palisades Amusement and Exhibition Company , published a book titled `` Egypt Through the Centuries '' in 1892 .   Many of the other theatres that copied Grauman 's Egyptian Theatre were part of the wave of Egyptian revival architecture that occurred after the November 1922 discovery of King Tut 's tomb by Howard Carter .   Unlike the many theatres that followed in its wake , Grauman 's Egyptian Theatre was designed , built , named and opened before the 1922 discovery of King Tut 's tomb . The news of the tomb 's discovery reached the US a few weeks after the theatre opened .   Early in the 20th century , it is estimated that up to 100 of these theatre types were constructed across the US . Many of them no longer exist , but there are many fine examples of this style still in use today . Conrad Schmitt Studios has played a big part in the restoration of these atmospheric theatres , including Egyptian Theatres in Park City , Utah , Ogden , Utah , Boise , Idaho , Delta , Colorado , and DeKalb , Illinois .

neg: The House on Skull Mountain The House on Skull Mountain is a 1974 horror film directed by Ron Honthaner . After Pauline Christophe ( Mary J. Todd McKenzie ) , the sole heir for the mansion on Skull Mountain dies , four of her family members are called to hear her will . Upon arrival , each of the guests is stalked by a skeleton in a robe .

neg: The Atoning The Atoning is a 2017 American supernatural horror independent film . It was written and directed by Michael Williams , his second feature film following 2014 's OzLand and his first horror film .

neg: Son of Frankenstein Son of Frankenstein is a 1939 horror monster film , the third film in Universal Studios ' Frankenstein series and the last to feature Boris Karloff as the Monster . It is also the first to feature Bela Lugosi as Ygor . The picture is a sequel to James Whale 's Bride of Frankenstein . It is directed by Rowland V. Lee and stars Basil Rathbone , Boris Karloff and Béla Lugosi .   The film was a reaction to the very popular re-releases of Dracula with Lugosi and Frankenstein with Karloff as a double-feature in 1938 . Universal 's declining horror output was revitalized with the enormously successful Son of Frankenstein , in which the studio cast both Karloff and Lugosi .

neg: Academy Award for Best Animated Feature The Academy Awards are given each year by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS or the Academy ) for the best films and achievements of the previous year . The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature is given each year for animated films . An animated feature is defined by the Academy as a film with a running time of more than 40 minutes in which characters ' performances are created using a frame-by-frame technique , a significant number of the major characters are animated , and animation figures in no less than 75 percent of the running time . The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature was first given for films made in 2001 .   Through the 89th Academy Awards , presented in 2017 , Academy Award nominations in this category were made by the Academy 's animation section ; effective with the 2018 awards , all Academy members will be eligible to vote on nominations . The entire AMPAS membership has been eligible to choose the winner since the award 's inception . If there are sixteen or more films submitted for the category , the winner is voted from a shortlist of five films , which has happened six times , otherwise there will only be three films on the shortlist . Additionally , eight eligible animated features must have been theatrically released in Los Angeles County within the calendar year for this category to be activated .   Animated films can be nominated for other categories , but have rarely been so ; Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) was the first animated film ever nominated for Best Picture . Up ( 2009 ) and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) also received Best Picture nominations after the Academy expanded the number of nominees .   Waltz with Bashir ( 2008 ) is the only animated film ever nominated for Best Foreign Language Film ( though it did not receive a nomination for Best Animated Feature ) . The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) and Kubo and the Two Strings ( 2016 ) are the only two animated films to ever be nominated for Best Visual Effects .

neg: Mosquito (film) Mosquito ( also known as Blood Fever ) is a 1995 science-fiction horror film directed by Gary Jones . The film features actor Gunnar Hansen , who played the character Leatherface in the 1974 horror film The Texas Chain Saw Massacre , along with Ron Asheton , lead guitarist for the band the Stooges . The film has earned a cult following since its release .

neg: San Pedro Mountains Mummy In October 1932 , while digging for gold in the San Pedro mountains , Carbon County , Wyoming , two prospectors , Cecil Mayne and Frank Carr , blasted their way through some thick rock that a large vein of gold continued into . When the dust settled , they saw they had opened up a small room , approximately 4 ft tall , 4 ft wide , and about 15 ft deep . This is where they said that they first saw the mummy of a tiny person .   This first mummy was examined using X-rays which determined that it was the body of an anencephalic infant `` whose cranial deformity gave it the appearance of a miniature adult . '' A second mummy examined by University of Wyoming anthropologist George Gill and the Denver Children 's Hospital in the 1990s was also shown to be an anencephalic infant . DNA testing showed it to be Native American and radiocarbon dating dated it to about 1700 .   According to a July 7 , 1979 , article in the Casper Star-Tribune the first mummy started debates over whether it was a hoax , a baby , or one of the legendary `` little people '' . The mummy ended up in Meeteetse , Wyoming , at a local drug store where it was shown as an attraction for several years before it was bought by Ivan T. Goodman , a Casper , Wyoming businessman . The mummy was then passed on to Leonard Wadler , a New York businessman and its present location is unknown . Seeking to prove evolution wrong , an offer of a $ 10,000 reward was made for the person who finds the missing mummy according to the Casper Star-Tribune .

neg: Boo (film) Boo is a 2005 American horror film directed by Anthony C. Ferrante .

neg: List of British films of 2013 The British film industry produced over five hundred feature films in 2013 . This article fully lists all non-pornographic films , including short films , that had a release date in that year and which were at least partly made by the United Kingdom . It does not include films first released in previous years that had release dates in 2013 .   Also included is an overview of the major events in British film , including film festivals and awards ceremonies , as well as lists of those films that were particularly well received , both critically and financially . The year was particularly notable for a number of low budget and independent horror films , such as In Fear , Devil 's Pass , Dementamania and Stalled .

neg: The Remains (film) The Remains is a 2016 American horror film written and directed by Thomas Della Bella and starring Todd Lowe as a widower and father named John . In The Remains , John moves his family after his wife passes , but the items that had been left in the house turn out to be haunted .

neg: BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language The BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language is given annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and presented at the British Academy Film Awards . The award was first given at the 36th British Academy Film Awards , recognising the films of 1982 , and until 1990 was known as the BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Film . Prior to this , films recorded in a language other than English were often recognised in the category BAFTA Award for Best Film , known between 1949 and 1969 as Best Film from any Source .   In the following lists , the titles and names in bold with a dark grey background are the winners and recipients respectively ; those not in bold are the nominees . The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released , not the year of the ceremony , which always takes place the following year .

neg: Frankenstein - Italian Style Frankenstein -- Italian Style ( Frankenstein all ` italiana ) is a 1975 Italian horror-comedy film directed by Armando Crispino .

neg: Death of Elisa Lam The body of Elisa Lam , also known by her Cantonese name , Lam Ho Yi ( ; April 30 , 1991 -- 2013 ) , a Canadian student at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver , was recovered from a water tank atop the Cecil Hotel in Downtown Los Angeles on February 19 , 2013 . She had been reported missing at the beginning of the month . Maintenance workers at the hotel discovered the body when investigating guest complaints of problems with the water supply .   Her disappearance had been widely reported ; interest had increased five days prior to her body 's discovery when the Los Angeles Police Department released video of the last time she was known to have been seen , on the day of her disappearance , by an elevator security camera . In the footage , Lam is seen exiting and re-entering the elevator , talking and gesturing in the hallway outside , and sometimes seeming to hide within the elevator , which itself appears to be malfunctioning . The video went viral on the Internet , with many viewers reporting that they found it unsettling . Explanations ranged from claims of paranormal involvement to the bipolar disorder from which Lam suffered ; it has also been argued that the video was altered prior to release .   The circumstances of Lam 's death , when she was found , also raised questions , especially in light of the Cecil 's history in relation to other notable deaths and murders . Her body was naked with most of her clothes and personal effects floating in the water near her . It took the Los Angeles County Coroner 's office four months , after repeated delays , to release the autopsy report , which reports no evidence of physical trauma and states that the cause of death was accidental . Guests at the Cecil , now re-branded as Stay on Main , sued the hotel over the incident , and Lam 's parents filed a separate suit later that year ; the latter was dismissed in 2015 .   Some of the early Internet interest noted what were considered to be unusual similarities between Lam 's death and plot elements from the 2005 horror film Dark Water . There have been efforts to fictionalize the case since then as well . Less than a year after her death , Hungry Ghost Ritual , a Hong Kong horror film , included a scene apparently inspired by the elevator video , and Chinese director Liu Hao announced he was planning a film based on her life and death , hopefully starring Gao Yuanyuan . An episode of Castle was inspired by it , and a horror film that uses the case as a backstory , The Bringing , began development under Sony Pictures Entertainment .

neg: Mummy paper Mummy paper is paper that is claimed to be made from the linen wrappings and other fibers ( e.g. papyrus ) from Egyptian mummies imported to America circa 1855 . The existence of this paper has not been conclusively confirmed , but it has been widely discussed .

neg: The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc-Sec (film) The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc-Sec ( Les Aventures extraordinaires d'Adèle Blanc-Sec ) , released as Adèle : Rise of the Mummy in Malaysia and Singapore , is a 2010 French fantasy adventure feature film written and directed by Luc Besson . It is loosely based on the comic book series of the same name by Jacques Tardi and , as in the comic , follows the eponymous writer and a number of recurring side characters in a succession of far-fetched incidents in 1910s Paris and beyond , in this episode revolving around parapsychology and ultra-advanced Ancient Egyptian technology , which both pastiche and subvert adventure and speculative fiction of the period . The primarily live-action film , shot in Super 35 , incorporates much use of computer animation to portray its fanciful elements and contemporary action film special and visual effects within the form of the older-style adventure films they have largely superseded .

neg: The Unknown Terror The Unknown Terror is a 1957 American science fiction/horror film . The film was written by Kenneth Higgins and directed by Charles Marquis Warren . ( The original working title was Beyond Terror . )  The film was theatrically released in 1957 on a double bill with Back from the Dead .

neg: ActionFest ActionFest was an annual film festival in Asheville , NC , started by Carolina Cinemas and Magnolia Pictures founder Bill Banowsky and action director/producer Aaron Norris ( Missing in Action III , Walker , Texas Ranger ) , along with Dennis Berman and Tom Quinn . ActionFest was the first film festival in the world devoted exclusively to action film . It was also the only film festival in the world that honoring stunt performers , filling a void caused by the decision of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences not to recognize stunt men and stunt women in its Academy Awards . ActionFest 's stated mission was to `` recognize , honor and appreciate the remarkable efforts of these amazing people who risk their lives every day to make Hollywood films look exciting and great . ''

neg: Bray Studios (UK) Bray Studios is a film and television facility at Bray , near Maidenhead , Berkshire , England . The model and miniature filming for the film Alien was shot there , as well as The Rocky Horror Picture Show . It is best known for its association with Hammer Film Productions and contains four stages , plus offices and workshops .   Hammer originally leased country houses in which to shoot films , until the company eventually purchased Down Place on the banks of the Thames near Bray . After using every room and angle in its films , it later enlarged the house into the Bray Studios of today . The last Hammer production made at Bray was The Mummy 's Shroud , which wrapped on 21 October 1966 . Hammer sold the studio in November , 1970 . Bray Studios continues to host television , film work and band rehearsals today . Bray Studios is now under threat of redevelopment into a residential area under the current owner of the studio who has claimed there is no call for the studio any more , despite having refused a number of applications by productions to use the facilities . A pressure group is currently trying to save the studio .

neg: BAFTA Award for Best Film The BAFTA Award for Best Film is given annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and presented at the British Academy Film Awards . It has been given since the 1st BAFTA Awards , representing the best films of 1947 , but until 1969 it was called the BAFTA Award for Best Film From Any Source . It is possible for films from any country to be nominated , although British films are also recognised in the category BAFTA Award for Best British Film and ( since 1983 ) foreign-language films in BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language . As such , there have been multiple occasions of a film being nominated in two of these categories .   There has been one tie for the Best Film award when , in 1962 , Ballad of a Soldier tied with The Hustler for Best Film from any Source . Until 1981 , the award was given to the director , except in 1976 and 1977 , when it was given to the producers . From 1981 to 1985 , it was given solely to the producers , and then in 1986 , it was shared between the Director and Producer . In 1998 , it was once again given to only the producers .   In the following lists , the titles and names in bold with a dark grey background are the winners and recipients respectively ; those not in bold are the nominees . The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released , not the year of the ceremony , which always takes place the following year .

neg: Strangers Within Strangers Within is a 2017 British home invasion horror film . The film stars Elana Di Troya as Sam , the daughter of a world-famous artist who is left home alone for a weekend . Joined by her three best friends , Sam hosts a casual gathering . This lasts barely an hour as one of the girls ' boyfriend arrives with two friends who have attended the gathering with an ulterior motive .