query: Ready Player One won an award for libertarian science fiction novels.

pos: Ready Player One Ready Player One is a 2011 dystopian science-fiction novel , and the debut novel by Ernest Cline . In 2012 , the book received an Alex Award from the Young Adult Library Services Association division of the American Library Association and won the 2012 Prometheus Award .   Cline sold the novel in June 2010 , in a bidding war to the Crown Publishing Group ( a division of Random House ) . The book was published on August 16 , 2011 . An audiobook was released the same day ; it was narrated by Wil Wheaton , who was mentioned briefly in one of the chapters .   A film adaptation , directed by Steven Spielberg , is currently in production , and slated to premiere in spring 2018 .

pos: Prometheus Award The Prometheus Award is an award for libertarian science fiction novels given annually by the Libertarian Futurist Society , which also publishes the quarterly journal Prometheus . L. Neil Smith established the award in 1979 , but it was not awarded regularly until the newly founded Libertarian Futurist Society revived it in 1982 . The Society created a Hall of Fame Award ( for classic works of libertarian science fiction , not necessarily novels ) in 1983 , and also presents occasional one-off awards .

neg: Open World Press Open World Press is a publisher of role-playing games , founded in 2001 by Ed Cha , best known for its `` World of Whitethorn '' series of adventure settings . It is a member of Indie Press Revolution , a fulfillment house for publishers of indie role-playing games . Open World Press was nominated as `` The Most Exciting New Company to Emerge '' in 2003 by GameWyrd .   In 2005 , `` World of Whitethorn 1B : The Village of Oester '' published by Open World Press was nominated for an ENnie as `` Best Adventure of the Year '' . In that same year , Open World Press gave permission to author William Kooiker to publish the fantasy novel `` Tower of Ruin '' based on the characters and plotline in `` World of Whitethorn 1B : The Village of Oester '' .

neg: Robotech (novels) In 1987 , the Robotech animated series was adapted into novel form by authors James Luceno and Brian Daley and published by Del Rey Books . Having previously collaborated on the animated series Galaxy Rangers , the pair 's Robotech novels were released under the unified pseudonym of `` Jack McKinney '' . Using fictitious epigraphs in the style of Dune , McKinney 's novels escaped the limitations inherent in the dubbed cartoon and fleshed out its chronology in greater detail ; most significantly , by adapting the storyline of the aborted sequel project , `` The Sentinels '' . The entire series lasted for twenty-one books , the first fifteen of which were later collected into five three-book omnibus compilations in the early 1990s .   The original twelve novels were written to a tight twelve-month deadline , so that the books could be released one per month . Under this deadline , Daley and Luceno divided the Robotech timeline into twelve segments and worked on different segments simultaneously ( i.e. Daley wrote Book 1 while Luceno wrote Book 2 ) , then traded completed manuscripts for revision and style adjustments . As part of the research project , they watched the TV series many times , and consulted heavily with Carl Macek .   The first two omnibus collections , comprising the entirety of the `` Macross Saga '' , were reissued in 2003 to tie in with the release of the Robotech : Battlecry video game . Then , in 2007 , the next two omnibus collections , covering the remainder of the television series , were re-released as tie-ins to the animated movie , Robotech : The Shadow Chronicles . However , a revision of the Robotech timeline made by Harmony Gold alongside the release of the movie caused some continuity clashes with the McKinney novels , which were relegated to a `` secondary '' position in Robotech canon . To work around this , the Southern Cross and Invid Invasion collections contain new appendices written by Robotech fan Jonathan L. Switzer correcting any newborn mistakes .

neg: Green libertarianism Green libertarianism ( also known as eco-libertarianism ) is a hybrid political philosophy that has developed in the United States . Based upon a mixture of political third party values , such as the environmental and economic platform from the Green Party of the United States and the civil liberties platform of the U.S. Libertarian Party , the green libertarian philosophy attempts to consolidate progressive or agrarian values with libertarianism . While green libertarians have tended to associate with the U.S. Green Party , the movement has grown to encompass economic liberals who advocate free markets and commonly identify with contemporary American libertarianism .

neg: Free Democrats (Norway) The Free Democrats ( Fridemokratene ) is a political organization formed by former members of the Progress Party of Norway in 1994 .   The 1993 election saw the support of the Progress Party ( 6.3 percent and 10 representatives ) halved . After the 1994 Progress Party national convention several representatives of the `` libertarian wing '' broke out and founded a party more ideologically consistently libertarian , the Free Democrats . Four of the defectors were MPs , and formed an independent group in Parliament of Norway .   Its first leader Ellen Christine Christiansen was among the four MPs , and also served in Oslo city council until 1995 .   In the Norwegian county elections , 1995 the party received 1,932 votes , 0.09 % of the votes . The Free Democrats no longer participate in elections and function merely as a think tank and organization for Norwegian libertarians , regardless of their political allegiance . People associated with the Free Democrats also founded the online newspaper Liberaleren .

neg: Cyberpunk derivatives A number of cyberpunk derivatives have become recognized as distinct subgenres in speculative fiction . These derivatives , though they do not share cyberpunk 's computers-focused setting , may display other qualities drawn from or analogous to cyberpunk : a world built on one particular technology that is extrapolated to a highly sophisticated level ( this may even be a fantastical or anachronistic technology , akin to retro-futurism ) , a gritty transreal urban style , or a particular approach to social themes .   The most successful of these subgenres , Steampunk , has been defined as a `` kind of technological fantasy '' , and others in this category sometimes also incorporate aspects of science fantasy and historical fantasy . Scholars have written of these subgenres ' stylistic place in postmodern literature , and also their ambiguous interaction with the historical perspective of postcolonialism .   American author Bruce Bethke coined the term `` cyberpunk '' in his 1980 short story of the same name , proposing it as a label for a new generation of punk teenagers inspired by the perceptions inherent to the Information Age . The term was quickly appropriated as a label to be applied to the works of William Gibson , Bruce Sterling , John Shirley , Rudy Rucker , Michael Swanwick , Pat Cadigan , Lewis Shiner , Richard Kadrey , and others . Science fiction author Lawrence Person , in defining postcyberpunk , summarized the characteristics of cyberpunk thus :  Classic cyberpunk characters were marginalized , alienated loners who lived on the edge of society in generally dystopic futures where daily life was impacted by rapid technological change , an ubiquitous datasphere of computerized information , and invasive modification of the human body .   The relevance of cyberpunk as a genre to punk subculture is debatable and further hampered by the lack of a defined cyberpunk subculture ; where the small cyber movement shares themes with cyberpunk fiction and draws inspiration from punk and goth alike , cyberculture is much more popular though much less defined , encompassing virtual communities and cyberspace in general and typically embracing optimistic anticipations about the future . Cyberpunk is nonetheless regarded as a successful genre , as it ensnared many new readers and provided the sort of movement that postmodern literary critics found alluring . Furthermore , author David Brin argues , cyberpunk made science fiction more attractive and profitable for mainstream media and the visual arts in general .

neg: Makers (novel) Makers is a novel by Canadian-British science fiction author Cory Doctorow released in October 2009 . It was nominated for the Prometheus Award .   The book focuses on a near-future imagining of members of the maker culture , a group Doctorow characterizes as being composed of `` people who hack hardware , business-models , and living arrangements to discover ways of staying alive and happy even when the economy is falling down the toilet '' .   The novel is available free on the author 's website , as a Creative Commons BY-NC-SA download . It is also published in traditional paper form by HarperVoyager . The UK hardcover is 416 pages long .

neg: Liberator (magazine) Liberator is a radical liberal United Kingdom magazine associated with but not officially connected to the Liberal Democrats . Founded in 1970 as the magazine of the then Young Liberals , it has often published articles critical of the party leadership , in particular over the Liberal Party 's debacle over nuclear disarmament in 1986 , the merger of the Liberal Party and Social Democratic Party and the Tony Blair-Paddy Ashdown project .   Previous editors include Peter Hain in 1973-75 , later a Labour MP . Since 1982 , the magazine has been edited by an editorial collective , whose former members include Liz Barker , now a Liberal Democrat peer . The magazine merged with Radical Bulletin , mostly topical and distinctly off-message news , in 1983 .   Regular features include a column by the fictional peer Lord Bonkers who `` was Liberal MP for Rutland South-West between 1906 and 1910 . Since 1990 his diaries have appeared in Liberator magazine , giving a unique perspective on British politics . Lord Bonkers ' Diary is dictated to Jonathan Calder '' .   A history of the magazine was published in the 300th issue in December 2004 .

neg: League of Peoples The League of Peoples is a fictional interstellar polity present in a series of novels by science fiction author James Alan Gardner . Although theoretically made up of every sentient race in the galaxy , in actuality the League is controlled by ( from Humanity 's standpoint ) hyperadvanced beings who have little concern for wants , needs , and desires of the less evolved races .   The League effectively has one law - no dangerous non-sentient creatures can cross between star systems . A dangerous non-sentient is defined by the league as any being which kills a sentient being or through negligence allows a sentient being to die . Any dangerous non-sentient that attempts to circumvent this law , or any being who knowingly aids in the attempt , is instantaneously but painlessly executed by the League . Although this renders interstellar war impossible , it does not prevent mayhem on individual planets , nor does it stop unethical behavior that stops short of murder .

neg: One-nation conservatism One-nation conservatism ( also known as one-nationism , or Tory democracy ) is a form of British political conservatism that views society as organic and values paternalism and pragmatism . The phrase `` One-nation Tory '' originated with Benjamin Disraeli ( 1804 -- 1881 ) , who served as the chief Conservative spokesman and became Prime Minister in February 1868 . He devised it to appeal to working-class men as a solution to worsening divisions in society through introducing factory and health Acts , as well as greater protection for workers .   As a political philosophy , one-nation conservatism reflects the belief that societies exist and develop organically , and that members within them have obligations towards each other . There is particular emphasis on the paternalistic obligation of those who are privileged and wealthy to the poorer parts of society .   The ideology featured heavily during Disraeli 's terms in government , during which considerable social reforms were passed . Towards the end of the 19th century , the party moved away from paternalism in favour of free market capitalism , but fears of extremism during the interwar period caused the revival of one-nation conservatism . The philosophy continued to be held by the Conservative party throughout the post-war consensus , influencing the decision to maintain Labour government keynesian intervention in the economy , forming a welfare state and National Health Service . Later years saw the rise of the New Right , which attributed the country 's social and economic troubles to one-nation conservatism . David Cameron , former leader of the Conservative Party , named Disraeli as his favourite Conservative and some commentators and MPs have suggested that Cameron 's ideology contains an element of one-nationism . Other commentators have questioned the degree to which Cameron and his coalition have embodied One-Nation Conservatism , instead locating them in the intellectual tradition of Thatcherism . In 2016 , Cameron 's successor , Theresa May , referred to herself as a one-nation conservative in her first speech as prime minister and outlined her focus on social justice .

neg: Lannan Literary Awards The Lannan Literary Awards are a series of awards and literary fellowships given out in various fields by the Lannan Foundation . Established in 1989 , the awards are meant `` to honor both established and emerging writers whose work is of exceptional quality '' , according to the foundation . The foundation 's awards are lucrative relative to most awards in literature : the 2006 awards for poetry , fiction and nonfiction each came with $ 150,000 , making them among the richest literary prizes in the world .   The awards reflect the philosophy governing the Lannan Foundation , a family foundation established by J. Patrick Lannan , Sr. in 1960 . It describes itself as `` dedicated to cultural freedom , diversity and creativity through projects which support exceptional contemporary artists and writers , as well as inspired Native activists in rural indigenous communities . ''   Awards have been made to acclaimed and varied literary figures such as David Foster Wallace , William Gaddis , Lydia Davis , William H. Gass , Steve Erickson and W.S. Merwin . The foundation has also recognized people known as much for their public intellectual activities as for their literary talents , such as Barbara Ehrenreich and Edward Said .   The foundation also gives a `` Cultural Freedom Prize '' for the stated purpose of recognizing `` people whose extraordinary and courageous work celebrates the human right to freedom of imagination , inquiry , and expression . '' Prize winners include Elouise P. Cobell , Robert Fisk , Eduardo Galeano , , Mahmoud Darwish , Arundhati Roy , Helen Caldicott and Cornel West .   The foundation does not accept applications for awards or fellowships . Candidates are suggested anonymously `` by a network of writers , literary scholars , publishers , and editors , '' with the foundation 's literary committee making the final determination .   The foundation also `` provides financial assistance to tribes and nonprofits that serve Native American communities ... '' For instance , it gave more than $ 7 million in grants to the Blackfeet Reservation Development Fund from 1998 to 2009 , to support litigation on behalf of Native Americans with interests in trust lands . This nonprofit was created by Elouise P. Cobell and her legal team to bring claims against the United States for mismanaging lands held in trust for Native Americans . The Cobell v. Salazar case was filed in 1996 and settled in 2009 .

neg: For the Win For the Win is the second young adult science fiction novel by Canadian author Cory Doctorow . It was released in May 2010 . The novel is available free on the author 's website as a Creative Commons download , and is also published in traditional paper form by Tor Books .   The book is centered on massively multiplayer online role-playing games . Even though the novel is targeted toward young adults , it takes on significant concepts such as macroeconomics and labor rights . It covers the new and fast evolving concept of virtual economy . It also deals with MMORPG specific topics like gold farming and power-leveling .

neg: Planet of the Damned Planet of the Damned is a 1962 novel by American science fiction writer Harry Harrison . It was serialised in 1961 under the title Sense of Obligation and published under that name in 1967 . It was nominated for the Hugo Award .

neg: Intellectual freedom Intellectual freedom encompasses the freedom to hold , receive and disseminate ideas without restriction . Viewed as an integral component of a democratic society , intellectual freedom protects an individual 's right to access , explore , consider , and express ideas and information as the basis for a self-governing , well-informed citizenry . Intellectual freedom comprises the bedrock for freedoms of expression , speech , and the press and relates to freedoms of information and privacy .   The United Nations upholds intellectual freedom as a basic human right through Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which asserts :  Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression ; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek , receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers .   The institution of libraries in particular values intellectual freedom as part of their mission to provide and protect access to information and ideas . The American Library Association ( ALA ) defines intellectual freedom as `` the right of every individual to both seek and receive information from all points of view without restriction . It provides for free access to all expressions of ideas through which any and all sides of a question , cause or movement can be explored . ''   The modern concept of intellectual freedom developed out of an opposition to book censorship . It is promoted by several professions and movements . These entities include , among others , librarianship , education , and the Free Software Movement .

neg: Tir na n-Og Award The Tir na n-Og Awards ( abbreviated TnaO ) are a set of annual children 's literary awards in Wales from 1976 . They are presented by the Welsh Books Council to the best books published during the preceding calendar year in each of three awards categories , one English-language and two Welsh-language . Their purpose is '' -LSB- to raise -RSB- the standard of children 's and young people 's books and to encourage the buying and reading of good books . '' There is no restriction to fiction or prose . Each prize is # 1,000 .   The awards are named for Tír na nÓg , the `` Land of the Young '' , an otherworldly realm in Irish mythology .   The English-language award honours one book with an `` authentic Welsh background '' whose original language is English . It is sponsored by the British Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals , Cymru Wales division ( CILIP/Wales ) , and presented at that association 's annual conference in May .   The Welsh-language Primary Sector and Secondary Sector awards honour one book written for primary school children and one for secondary school children .  They are presented at the annual Urdd National Eisteddfod , recently at the beginning of June or end of May .  Since 2011 , the Welsh-language awards are co-sponsored by the Cardigan-based publisher Cymdeithas Lyfrau Ceredigion .   Shortlists comprising three or four books in each awards category have been published by WBC at least from 2011 .

neg: Star Bridge Star Bridge is a science fiction novel by American authors Jack Williamson and James E. Gunn . It was published in 1955 by Gnome Press in an edition of 5,000 copies . However , 900 copies were never bound . It was also issued in paperback by Ace ( D-169 , 1955 , 35 cents , and F-241 , 40 cents ) and reissued by Berkley Books in 1977 and by Ballantine Books in 1982 ( with minor typographic errors ) .   Williamson initially wrote about 50 pages in manuscript for the first draft , and worked up about 150 pages of notes for the novel 's completion . Finding himself `` blocked '' on the project , he turned his materials over to Gunn , who completed the book . It was sold to Gnome for a $ 500 advance .   It is an adventure story in the classic Williamson tradition , woven with a reflection about the relative importance of impersonal forces and individuals in the events of history .

neg: Fantasy Amateur Press Association The Fantasy Amateur Press Association or FAPA ( `` FAP-uh '' ) is science fiction fandom 's longest-established amateur press association ( `` apa '' ) . It was founded in 1937 by Donald A. Wollheim and John B. Michel . They were inspired to create FAPA by their memberships in some of the non-science fiction amateur press associations , which they learned about from H. P. Lovecraft . ( It is also fandom 's longest-running organization of any kind , preceding the founding of the runner-up , the National Fantasy Fan Federation , by nearly four years . )   Like other APAs , FAPA is primarily an agency for distributing to its members publications published by its members at their own expense . FAPA has `` mailings '' every three months . Members are required to be active in some way -- writing or publishing -- and produce at least eight pages of activity a year . When needed , there are elections ( in August ) of a secretary-treasurer and official editor . Other officials have included Official Critics , a Laureate Committee , President , Vice-President , and ballot counters . The first two positions were abandoned by the mid-1940s , and in 2009 the positions of President and Vice-President were also eliminated . The President Emeritus is the author Robert Silverberg , who was the last serving President and who has been an active member of FAPA longer than any other current member . When necessary , a teller for the annual officer elections is appointed by the secretary-treasurer .   FAPA 's original constitutional limit was 50 members to accommodate publishers using hectographs . There were 21 members listed on the roster of the first mailing in August 1937 ; it took until the November 1938 mailing to fill the 50-member roster . The membership limit was raised to 65 in 1943 and has remained at that level ever since .   The early years of FAPA were stormy with party politics and sociological feuds ( as recounted in the late Jack Speer 's pioneering fan history , Up to Now ) . In 1947 , Speer reformed the constitution , and the Insurgents quashed the last inactive OE , Elmer Perdue . Since then official troubles have mostly not disturbed FAPA , and red tape has been held to a minimum . The constitution was again revised in 1958 ( also by Speer ) to incorporate amendments , bylaws , and practices adopted since 1947 . Another major revision occurred in 2001 under the oversight of Robert Lichtman ( Secretary-Treasurer since 1986 and still holding that office ) , clarifying and conforming constitutional requirements with actual practice .   During the 1950s and 1960s FAPA was so popular and membership so sought after that the waiting list grew to monumental proportions , for a period of time exceeding the number of membership slots on the FAPA roster . A waiting list fee was instituted to cover the cost of sending the Fantasy Amateur to so many fans awaiting membership , and a requirement that waiting listers periodically acknowledge receipt of the Fantasy Amateur was begun in order to weed out those who lost interest during the long wait . By the '70s the waiting list became much smaller , and in recent years ( since the mid 1990s ) has disappeared altogether . Additionally , the number of members has also shrunk as existing members died or otherwise dropped off the roster . As of May 2016 , there were 23 active participants ( including one joint membership ) .

neg: Decision (novel) Decision is a 1983 political novel by Allen Drury which follows a newly appointed Supreme Court Justice as he is faced with the most difficult decision of his life . It is a standalone work set in a different fictional timeline from Drury 's 1959 novel Advise and Consent , which earned him a Pulitzer Prize for Fiction .   The novel was out of print for several years until WordFire Press reissued it in paperback and e-book formats in 2014 .

neg: Aurealis Award for best young adult novel The Aurealis Awards are presented annually by the Australia-based Chimaera Publications and WASFF to published works to `` recognise the achievements of Australian science fiction , fantasy , horror writers '' . To qualify , a work must have been first published by an Australian citizen or permanent resident between 1 January and 31 December of the corresponding year ; the presentation ceremony is held the following year . It has grown from a small function of around 20 people to a two-day event attended by over 200 people .   Since their creation in 1995 , awards have been given in various categories of speculative fiction . Categories currently include science fiction , fantasy , horror , speculative young adult fiction -- with separate awards for novels and short fiction -- collections , anthologies , illustrative works or graphic novels , children 's books , and an award for excellence in speculative fiction . The awards have attracted the attention of publishers by setting down a benchmark in science fiction and fantasy . The continued sponsorship by publishers such as HarperCollins and Orbit has added weight to the honour of the award .   The results are decided by a panel of judges from a list of submitted nominees ; the long-list of nominees is reduced to a short-list of finalists . Ties can occur if the panel decides that both entries show equal merit , however they are encouraged to choose a single winner . The judges are selected from a public application process by the Award 's management team .   This article lists all the short-list nominees and winners in the best young-adult novel category , as well as novels that have been highly commended . Three people have won the award twice -- Isobelle Carmody , Garth Nix and Scott Westerfeld . Westerfeld holds the record for most nominations with eight , and Rory Barnes has the most nominations without winning , having been a losing finalist five times .

neg: Logic of Empire `` Logic of Empire '' is a science fiction novella by American writer Robert A. Heinlein . Part of his Future History series , it originally appeared in Astounding Science Fiction ( March 1941 ) , and was collected in The Green Hills of Earth ( and subsequently The Past Through Tomorrow ) .   Ostensibly a tale about a man in the wrong place at the wrong time , and his struggle to free himself from the oppressive circumstances in which he is plunged , this story also serves to explain how slavery develops in a new colony . Even in the future , the technology available to a new colony is always initially low . If a machine to do a necessary job is too expensive to import ( say a wheat harvester , a water pump , or even a washing machine ) , a human must do it instead . If too many jobs must be done by hand and there is a shortage of labor compared with independent resources that free labor could take up ( `` land '' , although this condition is not clear in the story ) , a market for slavery develops . Decades later , while there is still an abundance of land , this market remains because the colony itself has quotas to meet and debts to repay - they can not spare the resources to develop local industries to make the machines themselves and free labor does not have to bid its price down enough to out compete slave labor .   Throughout the story , Heinlein takes the view of the objective narrator when describing Venusian society . `` Logic of Empire '' places different rationales on the people who participate in slavery . There are no real villains ; everybody 's just doing their job , trying to maximize income in a capitalist system . Even the plantation owner who owns the hero is portrayed as a struggling -- and failing -- small businessman , whose main motivation is to secure a livelihood for his daughter .

neg: Libertarian Party of Missouri The Libertarian Party of Missouri is the Missouri affiliate of the Libertarian Party . The state chair is Cisse Spragins . Due to the state 's low threshold of vote percentage required for ballot access ( 2 % of the votes in a statewide race ) , the party has been an established party in Missouri with ballot access since 1992 .


query: The September 11 attacks brought about at least $10 billion in the destruction of buildings.

pos: September 11 attacks The September 11 attacks ( also referred to as 9/11 ) The expression `` 9/11 '' is pronounced `` nine eleven '' . The slash is not part of the pronunciation . The name is frequently used in British English as well as in American English , even though the dating conventions differ . were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday , September 11 , 2001 . The attacks killed 2,996 people , injured over 6,000 others , and caused at least $ 10 billion in property and infrastructure damage .   Four passenger airliners operated by two major U.S. passenger air carriers ( United Airlines and American Airlines ) -- all of which departed from airports in the northeastern United States bound for California -- were hijacked by 19 al-Qaeda terrorists . Two of the planes , American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175 , were crashed into the North and South towers , respectively , of the World Trade Center complex in New York City . Within an hour and 42 minutes , both 110-story towers collapsed , with debris and the resulting fires causing partial or complete collapse of all other buildings in the World Trade Center complex , including the 47-story 7 World Trade Center tower , as well as significant damage to ten other large surrounding structures . A third plane , American Airlines Flight 77 , was crashed into the Pentagon ( the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense ) in Arlington County , Virginia , leading to a partial collapse of the building 's western side . The fourth plane , United Airlines Flight 93 , initially was steered toward Washington , D.C. , but crashed into a field in Stonycreek Township near Shanksville , Pennsylvania , after its passengers tried to overcome the hijackers . It was the deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States , with 343 and 72 killed respectively .   Suspicion for the attack quickly fell on al-Qaeda . The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban , which had harbored al-Qaeda . Many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks . Although al-Qaeda 's leader , Osama bin Laden , initially denied any involvement , in 2004 he claimed responsibility for the attacks . Al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited U.S. support of Israel , the presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia , and sanctions against Iraq as motives . Having evaded capture for almost a decade , bin Laden was located and killed by SEAL Team Six of the U.S. Navy in May 2011 .   The destruction of the World Trade Center and nearby infrastructure caused serious damage to the economy of Lower Manhattan and had a significant effect on global markets , closing Wall Street until September 17 and the civilian airspace in the U.S. and Canada until September 13 . Many closings , evacuations , and cancellations followed , out of respect or fear of further attacks . Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2002 , and the Pentagon was repaired within a year . On November 18 , 2006 , construction of One World Trade Center began at the World Trade Center site . The building was officially opened on November 3 , 2014 . Numerous memorials have been constructed , including the National September 11 Memorial & Museum in New York City , the Pentagon Memorial in Arlington County , Virginia , and the Flight 93 National Memorial in a field in Stonycreek Township near Shanksville , Pennsylvania .

neg: School attacks in China (2010–12) A series of uncoordinated mass stabbings , hammer attacks , and cleaver attacks in the People 's Republic of China began in March 2010 . The spate of attacks left at least 25 dead and some 115 injured . As most cases had no known motive , analysts have blamed mental health problems caused by rapid social change for the rise in these kinds of mass murder and murder-suicide incidents .   As the Chenpeng school attack was followed by the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in the United States hours later comparisons were drawn between the two . The difference in gun control laws between the two countries was used to explain the disparity in casualties of the school attacks by journalists and politicians , including U.S. Representative Jerry Nadler , and an article in the Associated Press noted that despite the different outcomes , an underlying commonality between the attacks was the increased frequency of school attacks because , `` attackers often seek out the vulnerable , hoping to amplify their outrage before they themselves often commit suicide . ''

neg: Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel Since 2001 , Palestinian militants have launched thousands of rocket and mortar attacks on Israel from the Gaza Strip as part of the continuing Arab -- Israeli conflict . From 2004 to 2014 , these attacks have killed 27 Israeli civilians , 5 foreign nationals , 5 IDF soldiers , and at least 11 Palestinians and injured more than 1900 people , but their main effect is their creation of widespread psychological trauma and disruption of daily life among the Israeli populace . Medical studies in Sderot , the Israeli city closest to the Gaza Strip , have documented a post-traumatic stress disorder incidence among young children of almost 50 % , as well as high rates of depression and miscarriage . A public opinion poll conducted in March 2013 found that most Palestinians do not support firing rockets at Israel from the Gaza Strip . Another poll conducted in September 2014 found that 80 % of Palestinians support firing rockets against Israel if it does not allow unfettered access to Gaza . These rocket attacks have caused flight cancellations at Ben Gurion airport .   The weapons , often generically referred to as Qassams , were initially crude and short-range , mainly affecting Sderot and other communities bordering the Gaza Strip . In 2006 , more sophisticated rockets began to be deployed , reaching the larger coastal city of Ashkelon , and by early 2009 major cities Ashdod and Beersheba had been hit by Katyusha , WS-1B and Grad rockets . In 2012 , Jerusalem and Israel 's commercial center Tel Aviv were targeted with locally made `` M-75 '' and Iranian Fajr-5 rockets , respectively , and in July 2014 , the northern city of Haifa was targeted for the first time . A few projectiles have contained white phosphorus said to be recycled from unexploded munitions used by Israel in bombing Gaza .   Attacks have been carried out by all Palestinian armed groups , and , prior to the 2008 -- 2009 Gaza War , were consistently supported by most Palestinians , although the stated goals have been mixed . The attacks , widely condemned for targeting civilians , have been described as terrorism by United Nations , European Union and Israeli officials , and are defined as war crimes by human rights groups Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch . The international community considers indiscriminate attacks on civilians and civilian structures that do not discriminate between civilians and military targets illegal under international law .   Israeli defenses constructed specifically to deal with the weapons include fortifications for schools and bus stops as well as an alarm system named Red Color . Iron Dome , a system to intercept short-range rockets , was developed by Israel and first deployed in the spring of 2011 to protect Beersheba and Ashkelon , but officials and experts warned that it would not be completely effective . Shortly thereafter , it intercepted a Palestinian Grad rocket for the first time .   In the cycle of violence , rocket attacks alternate with Israeli military actions . From the outbreak of the Al Aqsa Intifada ( September 30 , 2000 ) through March 2013 , 8,749 rockets and 5,047 mortar shells were fired on Israel , while Israel has conducted several military operations in the Gaza Strip , among them Operation Rainbow ( 2004 ) , Operation Days of Penitence ( 2004 ) , Operation Summer Rains ( 2006 ) , Operation Autumn Clouds ( 2006 ) , Operation Hot Winter ( 2008 ) , Operation Cast Lead ( 2009 ) , Operation Pillar of Defense ( 2012 ) , and Operation Protective Edge ( 2014 ) .

neg: America: A Tribute to Heroes America : A Tribute to Heroes was a benefit concert created by the heads of the four major American broadcast networks ; Fox , ABC , NBC and CBS . Joel Gallen was selected by them to produce and run the show . Actor George Clooney organized celebrities to perform and to staff the telephone bank . The marketing and public relations was headed by Warner Bros. . EVP Corp Comm with assistance from the marketing and publicity departments of all four broadcast networks . It was broadcast live by the four major American television networks and all of the cable networks in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001 . Done in the style of a telethon , it featured a number of national and international entertainers performing to raise money for the victims and their families , particularly the New York City firefighters and New York City police officers . It aired September 21 , 2001 , uninterrupted and commercial-free , for which it won a Peabody Award . It was released on December 4 , 2001 , on compact disc and DVD .   On a dark stage illuminated by hundreds of candles , twenty-one artists performed songs of mourning and hope , while various actors and other celebrities delivered short spoken messages . The musical performances took place at three studios in Los Angeles ( CBS Television City ) , New York , and London , while the celebrity messages took place at Los Angeles . Some of the musicians including Neil Young and Eddie Vedder were heard working the phone banks taking pledges . The money raised amounted to over $ 200 million , and was given to the United Way 's September 11 Telethon Fund .   In 2004 , Rolling Stone magazine selected this concert , along with the later The Concert for New York City , as one of the 50 moments that changed rock and roll .   The show was also simulcast in Canada ; Young and another Canadian singer , Celine Dion , performed .

neg: U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks The response of the U.S. government to the September 11 attacks sparked investigations into the motivations and execution of the attacks , as well as the ongoing War on Terrorism in Afghanistan The response included funds for affected families , plans for the War on Terrorism , rebuilding of Lower-East Manhattan , and the invasion and investigation of Iraq and Afghanistan .

neg: Patriot Act, Title III, Subtitle B The USA PATRIOT Act was passed by the United States Congress in 2001 as a response to the September 11 attacks in 2001 . It has ten titles , with the third title ( `` Title III : International Money Laundering Abatement and Financial Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001 '' ) written to prevent , detect , and prosecute international money laundering and the financing of terrorism .   Title III is itself divided into three subtitles . The second subtitle , entitled Subtitle B : Bank Secrecy Act Amendments and Related Improvements , largely modifies the Bank Secrecy Act ( BSA ) to make it harder for money launderers to operate , and to make it easier for law enforcement and regulatory agencies to police money laundering operations . The BSA was amended to allow the designated officer or agency who receives suspicious transaction reports to notify U.S. intelligence agencies . It also addresses issues of record keeping and reporting by making it easier to undertake the reporting of suspicious transactions ; by making it a requirement that financial institutions report suspicious transactions ; through the creation of anti-money laundering programs and by better defining anti-money laundering strategy ; and by making it a requirement that anyone who does business file a report for any coin and foreign currency receipts that are over US$ 10,000 . The subtitle increases civil and criminal penalties for money laundering and introduces penalties for violations of geographic targeting orders and certain recordkeeping requirements .   Subtitle B legislated for the creation of a secure network which can be used by financial institutions to report suspicious transactions and which can also give them alerts of relevant suspicious activities . Subtitle B also makes FinCEN a bureau of the United States Department of Treasury . The subtitle allows the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System to authorize personnel to act as law enforcement officers to protect the premises , grounds , property and personnel of any U.S. Federal reserve bank , and allows them to delegate this authority to U.S. Federal Reserve Banks . It instructs any United States Executive Directors of international financial institutions to use their voice and vote to support any country that has taken action to support the U.S. 's War on Terrorism , and to require such Executive Directors to provide ongoing auditing of disbursements made from their institutions to ensure that no funds are paid to persons who commit , threaten to commit , or support terrorism .

neg: Reconstruction of New Orleans Hurricane Katrina destroyed much of the city of New Orleans in 2005 . The storm caused levees to fail , releasing tens of billions of gallons of water . The levee failure contributed to extensive flooding in New Orleans area and surrounding parishes . 80 % of all structures in Orleans Parish sustained water damage . Over 204,000 homes were damaged or destroyed , and more than 800,000 citizens displaced -- the greatest displacement in the United States since the Dust Bowl of the 1930s . Wind damage was less severe than predicted .   Reconstruction was hindered by bureaucratic problems and funding issues with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) . Relief agencies provided supplemental relief . By mid-June 2006 , the city was again hosting conventions and promoting tourism .

neg: Mustafa Shalabi Mustafa Shalabi was a founder of several charities alleged to have links to terrorism who was found murdered on February 25 , 1991 .   Shalabi was an early associate of Sheik Omar Abdel-Rahman , after Abdel-Rahman 's arrival in the United States .  Funds he raised are said to have been used to finance the 1993 World Trade Center bombing .   Abdel-Rahman is said to have circulated a denunciation of Shalabi in early 1991 .  Shalabi took this threat seriously enough to send his wife back to Egypt . Shalabi was found murdered a few days later . Abdel-Rahman denied knowledge of any plots to assassinate Shalabi , but the assassination is attributed to his followers .   The Al Kifah Refugee Center that Shalabi founded has been described as of pivotal importance in Operation Cyclone -- America 's covert program to send radical , foreign , militant , fundamentalist , Islamists to Afghanistan , to strengthen the resistance against the Communists .  Maktab al-Khadamat , the organization Osama bin Laden was to hijack and turn into al Qaeda was one of the main beneficiaries of the American aid funneled through questionable charities like al Kifah .   According to Gerald Posner 's book Why America Slept : The Failure to Prevent 9/11 :  `` The center 's director was Emir Mustafa Shalabi , a young Egyptian immigrant with a shock of red hair . Shalabi was infused with the same religious fervor for the Afghan cause that roused many young Muslims who regarded it as a holy war to liberate an Islamic country from communist domination . Neighbors began calling Alkifah the `` jihad office . '' Shalabi invited Sergeant Ali Mohamed , a former Egyptian army officer and U.S. Army Green Beret , to the center 's basement offices under the al-Farooq mosque . Armed with official U.S. Army videotapes and military documents marked `` Top Secret , '' Mohamed conducted a series of weekend `` training '' classes and a two-week-long intensive seminar . Almost all the volunteers were Arab immigrants . They bought $ 600 one-way fares as a sign they were willing to give their lives for Islam . ''   Other future terrorists whom Shalabi would have met at the al Kifah center include :   Shalabi is said to have also founded the Brooklyn Jihad Center ' .  Other sources say that `` the Jihad Center '' was merely another name for the al Kifah Refugee Center .

neg: Response analysis Response Analysis refers to the analysis of mitigation plans for emergency or disaster situations . These emergencies or disasters may be naturally occurring ( e.g. hurricanes , earthquakes , disease outbreaks , etc. ) or man-made ( e.g. terrorism , bio-terrorism , industrial accidents , chemical spills , etc. ) . Since the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 , the following Anthrax bio-terror attacks , and the disasters precipitated by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , emphasis has been put on the development of mitigation plans to prepare for such situations . The field of response analysis is the effort to analyze , validate , and optimize these mitigation plans using quantitative data and computational tools .

neg: Save Beirut Heritage Save Beirut Heritage ( also known as Save Beirut 's Heritage ) is a cultural heritage organization based in Beirut , Lebanon .   The organization was founded in 2010 with the aims to preserve architectural heritage within Beirut , which has come under increased threat of destruction through rampant urbanization . The organization started as a group on Facebook , highlighting and vocalising the dangers facing Beirut 's ancient sites and traditional buildings . The group now has over eight thousand members and operates a twenty-four-hour hotline for the city 's residents to call if they fear a building may be in danger from demolition or construction activities .   The organization has organized several petitions and assisted with public demonstrations to protest and protect historic buildings . Their efforts have resulted in the Ministry of Culture issuing a halt order on their demolition . The organization encourages people in the city to monitor properties for illegal demolition and highlights the different ploys used by developers to try and tear down these buildings .   Interviewed by the New York Times , the organization 's spokesman , Giorgio Tarraf said `` These old buildings are not only pretty , they are financially viable , tourists want to come and see our old city , they do n't want to see towers . They can see towers anywhere . '' He also spoke of a survey conducted by the government in the 1990s that cataloged more than one thousand historic buildings in Beirut . `` Today we estimate the number of remaining traditional buildings to be less than 300 , so you can see how dramatic the demolition is , how fast our old city is being transformed . ''   Speaking to the Associated Press , activist and spokesman Naji Raji said : `` Modernization should not be at the expense of history . ''

neg: International Freedom Center The International Freedom Center ( IFC ) was a proposed museum to be located adjacent to the site of Ground Zero at the former World Trade Center in New York City , USA . It was selected in 2004 to comprise a `` cultural space '' near to the memorial for victims of the September 11 attacks , called Reflecting Absence .   However , opponents reacted against the IFC 's mission , saying that plans to promote international freedom through exhibits and displays about various genocides and crimes against humanity through history , including genocide of Native American and the slave trade in the United States , were inappropriate at a site that many people consider to be sacred . On September 28 , 2005 , New York Governor George E. Pataki barred the IFC from the World Trade Center site . ''   George Soros , Tom Bernstein , Anthony Romero , and Eric Foner were promoters of the IFC . Within an hour of being barred from the WTC site , the IFC museum declared itself to be out of business , making no effort to find a new location . `` We do not believe there is a viable alternative place for the I.F.C. at the World Trade Center site , '' said the statement from the center 's executives , Tom Bernstein , Peter Kunhardt and Richard Tofel . `` We consider our work , therefore , to have been brought to an end . ''

neg: Crime in Washington, D.C. Crime in Washington , D.C. , is directly related to the city 's changing demographics , geography , and unique criminal justice system . The District 's population reached a peak of 982,178 in 1950 . However , shortly thereafter , the city began losing residents and by 1980 Washington had lost one-quarter of its population . The population loss to the suburbs also created a new demographic pattern , which divided affluent neighborhoods west of Rock Creek Park from more crime-ridden and blighted areas to the east .   Despite being the headquarters of multiple federal law enforcement agencies , such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and United States Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) , the nationwide crack epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s greatly affected the city and led to large increases in crime . The number of homicides in Washington peaked in 1991 at 897 ( a rate of nearly 60.8 homicides per 100,000 residents ) , and the city eventually became known as the `` murder capital '' of the United States .   The crime rate started to fall in the mid-1990s as the crack cocaine epidemic gave way to economic revitalization projects . Gentrification efforts have also started to transform the demographics of distressed neighborhoods , recently leading to the first rise in the District 's population in 60 years .   By the mid-2000s , crime rates in Washington dropped to their lowest levels in over 20 years . As in many major cities , crime remains a significant factor in D.C. , especially in the city 's northwestern neighborhoods , which tend to be more affluent , draw more tourists , and have more vibrant nightlife . Violent crime also remains a problem in Ward 8 , which has the city 's highest concentration of poverty .

neg: Jonestown `` Jonestown '' was the informal name for the Peoples Temple Agricultural Project formed by the Peoples Temple , an American religious organization under the leadership of Jim Jones , in northwestern Guyana . It became internationally notorious when on November 18 , 1978 , a total of 918 people died in the remote commune , at the nearby airstrip in Port Kaituma , and in Georgetown , Guyana 's capital city . The name of the settlement became synonymous with the incidents at those locations .   A total of 909 Americans died in Jonestown , all but two from apparent cyanide poisoning , in an event termed `` revolutionary suicide '' by Jones and some members on an audio tape of the event and in prior discussions . The poisonings in Jonestown followed the murder of five others by Temple members at Port Kaituma , including United States Congressman Leo Ryan , an act that Jones ordered . Four other Temple members committed murder-suicide in Georgetown at Jones ' command .   While some refer to the events in Jonestown as mass suicide , many others , including Jonestown survivors , regard them as mass murder . All who drank poison did so under duress , and more than a third of victims ( 304 ) were minors . It was the largest such event in modern history and resulted in the largest single loss of American civilian life in a deliberate act until September 11 , 2001 .

neg: Synecdoche A synecdoche ( -LSB- sɪˈnɛkdəkiː -RSB- , ; from Greek συνεκδοχή , synekdoche , . `` simultaneous understanding '' ) is a figure of speech in which a term for a part of something refers to the whole of something or vice versa . A synecdoche is a class of metonymy , often by means of either mentioning a part for the whole or conversely the whole for one of its parts . Examples from common English expressions include `` bread and butter '' ( for `` livelihood '' ) , `` suits '' ( for `` businessmen '' ) , and `` boots '' ( for `` soldiers '' ) ( pars pro toto ) , or conversely `` America '' ( for `` the United States of America '' ) ( totum pro parte ) .   The use of government buildings to refer to their occupant ( s ) is on the border between synecdoche and metonymy . `` The Pentagon '' for the United States Department of Defense can be considered synecdoche , as the building can be considered part of the department . `` No. 10 '' for the British Prime Minister can be counted as metonymy , since the building is not part of the person , but using `` No. 10 '' to mean `` the Office of the Prime Minister '' is synecdoche .

neg: National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace In the United States government , the National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace , is a component of the larger National Strategy for Homeland Security . The National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace was drafted by the Department of Homeland Security in reaction to the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks . Released on February 14 , 2003 , it offers suggestions , not mandates , to business , academic , and individual users of cyberspace to secure computer systems and networks . It was prepared after a year of research by businesses , universities , and government , and after five months of public comment . The plan advises a number of security practices as well as promotion of cyber security education .   The National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace identifies three strategic objectives : ( 1 ) Prevent cyber attacks against America 's critical infrastructures ; ( 2 ) Reduce national vulnerability to cyber attacks ; and ( 3 ) Minimize damage and recovery time from cyber attacks that do occur . To meet these objectives , the National Strategy outlines five national priorities : The first priority , the creation of a National Cyberspace Security Response System , focuses on improving the government 's response to cyberspace security incidents and reducing the potential damage from such events . The second , third , and fourth priorities ( the development of a National Cyberspace Security Threat and Vulnerability Reduction Program , the creation of a National Cyberspace Security Awareness and Training Program , the necessity of Securing Governments ' Cyberspace ) aim to reduce threats from , and vulnerabilities to , cyber attacks . The fifth priority , the establishment of a system of National Security and International Cyberspace Security Cooperation , intends to prevent cyber attacks that could impact national security assets and to improve the international management of and response to such attacks .   Ultimately , the National Strategy encourages companies to regularly review their technology security plans , and individuals who use the Internet to add firewalls and anti-virus software to their systems . It calls for a single federal center to help detect , monitor and analyze attacks , and for expanded cyber security research and improved government-industry cooperation .

neg: Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund The Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund ( IRRF ) was established by the US Congress on November 6 , 2003 . It allocated $ 18.4 billion to rebuild Iraq 's infrastructure , damaged from years of neglect , sanctions , and war .   As of March 29 , 2006 , approximately $ 16.3 billion , or 89 % , had been obligated and $ 11.4 billion had been expended . The fund has come under some criticism due to the slowness with which the allocated money has been disbursed , largely because of the time-consuming US procurement process .   A budget for the allocation of the $ 18.4 billion may be found here .   Weekly updates on reconstruction spending are available from www.defendamerica.mil , and from www.usaid.gov .   The duties of the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction include oversight of expenditures from the Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund .

neg: Weapon of mass destruction A weapon of mass destruction ( WMD ) is a nuclear , radiological , chemical , biological or other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to a large number of humans or cause great damage to human-made structures ( e.g. , buildings ) , natural structures ( e.g. , mountains ) , or the biosphere . The scope and usage of the term has evolved and been disputed , often signifying more politically than technically . Originally coined in reference to aerial bombing with chemical explosives , since World War II it has come to refer to large-scale weaponry of other technologies , such as chemical , biological , radiological , or nuclear .

neg: Loose Change Loose Change is a series of films released between 2005 and 2009 that argue in favor of certain conspiracy theories relating to the September 11th attacks . The films were written and directed by Dylan Avery and produced by Korey Rowe , Jason Bermas , and Matthew Brown .   The original 2005 film was edited and re-released as Loose Change : 2nd Edition ( 2006 ) , and then subsequently edited a third time for the 2nd Edition Recut ( 2007 ) . Loose Change : Final Cut , deemed `` the third and final release of this documentary series '' was released on DVD and Web-streaming format on November 11 , 2007 .   Another version of the film , Loose Change 9/11 : An American Coup , released on September 22 , 2009 , is narrated by Daniel Sunjata and distributed by Microcinema International .   Coverage of the film increased in 2006 with the recut release having airings on U.S. and European television stations and over 4 million views online in four months , leading Vanity Fair to say it could be the first internet blockbuster . Loose Change asserts that the usual account of the Pentagon attack , World Trade Center collapse and United 93 phone calls and crash is implausible and instead suggests the 9/11 attacks were a false flag operation . The film 's main claims have been debunked by journalists , independent researchers , and prominent members of the scientific and engineering community .

neg: Twin Towers 2 The Twin Towers II ( also known as Twin Towers 2 and New Twin Towers , Trump Twin Towers and World Trade Center Phoenix ) was a proposed twin-towered supertall skyscraper complex which would have been located at the World Trade Center site in Manhattan , New York City . The proposed complex would have replaced the former Twin Towers of the World Trade Center destroyed in the September 11 attacks , restoring the skyline of the city to its former state . The main design for the proposed complex would feature new landmark twin towers , identical to the originals designed by Minoru Yamasaki , , though it would feature 115 stories -- 5 floors taller than the originals , among other differences . Beside the towers , an above-ground memorial would have occupied the footprints of the original towers . The new site would also have featured three 12-story buildings , replacing towers Three , Four and Five World Trade Center . The complex was designed and developed by American architect Herbert Belton and American engineer Kenneth Gardner , and sponsored by real estate mogul and businessman Donald Trump .

neg: Wiedergutmachung The German word Wiedergutmachung after World War II refers to the reparations that the German government agreed to pay in 1953 to the direct survivors of the Holocaust , and to those who were made to work as forced labour or who otherwise became victims of the Nazis . The sum would amount , through the years , to over 100 billion Deutsche Mark . Historian Tony Judt writes about Wiedergutmachung :  In making this agreement Konrad Adenauer ran some domestic political risk : in December 1951 , just 5 percent of West Germans surveyed admitted feeling ` guilty ' towards Jews . A further 29 percent acknowledged that Germany owed some restitution to the Jewish people . The rest were divided between those ( some two-fifths of respondents ) who thought that only people ` who really committed something ' were responsible and should pay , and those ( 21 percent ) who thought ` that the Jews themselves were partly responsible for what happened to them during the Third Reich . ' When the restitution agreement was debated in the Bundestag on March 18th 1953 , the Communists voted against , the Free Democrats abstained and both the Christian Social Union and Adenauer 's own CDU were divided , with many voting against any Wiedergutmachung ( reparations ) .   The noun Wiedergutmachung is the general term for `` restitution '' or `` reparation '' . The noun is made up of wieder ( `` again '' ) , gut ( `` good '' or `` well '' ) , and machung , a verbal noun of machen ( `` to make '' ) . The verb wiedergutmachen means literally `` to make good again '' or to compensate . Wiedergutmachungsgeld means `` Wiedergutmachung money '' .   In the former East Germany , Wiedergutmachung was mostly directed to Poland and the former USSR .   The German federal office currently in charge of this issue is the Bundesamt für zentrale Dienste und offene Vermögensfragen ( BADV ) ( Federal Office for Central Services and Unresolved Property Issues ) . It applies the `` Federal Compensation Laws '' ) and took these responsibilities over from the Verwaltungsamt für innere Restitutionen which , in its charter , states :   Individuals who were persecuted for political , racial , religious or ideological reasons by the wartime German regime are eligible for money from the German government under the terms of the Federal Compensation Law ( BEG ) of 1953 and 1956 . This includes Jews who were interned in camps or ghettos , were obliged to wear the star badge , or who lived in hiding .   Only people who were directly victimised are eligible for Wiedergutmachung , and not , for example , offspring born after the war or grandchildren . Statistics concerning Wiedergutmachung payments were released by the BEG through the mid-1980s , but have not since been publicly released . As of the mid-1980s , over four million claims had been filed and paid . Approximately 40 % of the claims were from Israel , where many Holocaust survivors live , 20 % were from Germany , and 40 % were from other countries .   An unusual compensation was to the Republic of Ireland , a neutral country , for bombings in 1941 .   On 3 December 1998 , Germany was a signer of the `` Washington Principles on Nazi-Confiscated Art '' . Adherence to these principles is strictly voluntary and not a legal requirement . The Washington Principles cover only items in the possession of public institutions , and not items in the possession of private individuals . Germany has no law in effect which actively requires institutions to have their possessions searched for Nazi-looted goods , unlike the 1998 restitution law in Austria .

neg: Fallujah during the Iraq War The United States bombardment of Fallujah began in April 2003 , one month following the beginning of the invasion of Iraq . In April 2003 United States forces fired on a group of demonstrators who were protesting against the US presence . US forces alleged they were fired at first , but Human Rights Watch who visited the site of the protests concluded that physical evidence did not corroborate their allegations and confirmed the residents ' accusations that the US forces fired indiscriminately at the crowd with no provocation . 17 people were killed and 70 were wounded . In a later incident , US soldiers fired on protesters again ; Fallujah 's mayor , Taha Bedaiwi al-Alwani , said that two people were killed and 14 wounded . Iraqi insurgents were able to claim the city a year later , before they were ousted by a siege and two assaults by US forces . These events caused widespread destruction and a humanitarian crisis in the city and surrounding areas . As of 2004 , the city was largely ruined , with 60 % of buildings damaged or destroyed , and the population at 30 % -- 50 % of pre-war levels .


query: Sophie Turner is Chinese.

pos: Sophie Turner Sophie Turner ( born 21 February 1996 ) is an English actress . Turner made her professional acting debut as Sansa Stark on the HBO fantasy television series Game of Thrones ( 2011 -- present ) , which brought her international recognition and critical praise . For her performance , she has received four nominations for Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series , as well as a Young Artist Award nomination for Best Supporting Young Actress in a TV Series .   Turner has also starred in the television film The Thirteenth Tale ( 2013 ) and she made her feature film debut in Another Me ( 2013 ) . She has also starred in the action comedy Barely Lethal ( 2015 ) and played Jean Grey / Phoenix in the X-Men film series .

neg: Wok A wok ( from Cantonese ) is a versatile round-bottomed cooking vessel , originating from China . The use of the wok is very prevalent in South China ( particularly Guangdong Province ) . It is one of the most common cooking utensils in China and also found in parts of East , South and Southeast Asia , as well as becoming a popular niche cookware in all the world .   Woks are used in a range of different Chinese cooking techniques , including stir frying , steaming , pan frying , deep frying , poaching , boiling , braising , searing , stewing , making soup , smoking and roasting nuts . Wok cooking is done with long-handled utensils called chahn ( spatula ) or hoak ( ladle ) . The long handles of these utensils allow cooks to work with the food without burning their hands .

neg: Prostitution in China Shortly after taking power in 1949 , the Communist Party of China embarked upon a series of campaigns that purportedly eradicated prostitution from mainland China by the early 1960s . Since the loosening of government controls over society in the early 1980s , prostitution in mainland China not only has become more visible , but can now be found throughout both urban and rural areas . In spite of government efforts , prostitution has now developed to the extent that it comprises an industry , one that involves a great number of people and produces a considerable economic output . Prostitution has also become associated with a number of problems , including organized crime , government corruption and sexually transmitted diseases . For example , a Communist Party official who was a top provincial campaigner against corruption was removed from his post after he was caught in a hotel room with a prostitute .   Prostitution-related activities in mainland China are characterised by diverse types , venues and prices . Prostitutes themselves come from a broad range of social backgrounds . They are almost all female , though in recent years male prostitutes have also emerged . A large number of Russian women work as prostitutes in China . Venues typically include hotels , karaoke venues and beauty salons .   Officially , prostitution is illegal in mainland China . The government of China has vacillated , however , in its legal treatment of prostitutes themselves , treating them sometimes as criminals and sometimes as behaving with misconduct . Since the reemergence of prostitution in the 1980s , government authorities have responded by first using the legal system , that is , the daily operations of institutions like courts and police . Second , they have relied on police-led campaigns , clearly delineated periods of intense public activity , as a form of social discipline . Despite lobbying by international NGOs and overseas commentators , there is not much support for legalisation of the sex sector by the public , social organizations or the government of the PRC .   While the sale of sexual intercourse remains illegal throughout mainland China , as of 2013 erotic massage , or more commonly known as massage with `` happy endings , '' is legal in the city of Foshan in Guangdong province . In June of that year , the Foshan Court determined that the sale of erotic massage is not the same as prostitution .

neg: Yang Lei Yang Lei ( ; born October 12 , 1984 in Chongqing ) , also known as Shinee Lee , is a Chinese pop singer and actress who achieved instant fame when she won the nationwide singing contest Super Girl in 2006 .

neg: Cheung Cheung is a Cantonese romanization of several Chinese surnames , including the one written as -LSB- in Traditional characters and -LSB- in Simplified characters ( Jyutping : Zoeng1 ; Pinyin : Zhāng ; Wade -- Giles : Chang ) , and the one written in both Traditional characters and Simplified characters as -LSB- . Sometimes , -LSB- ( -LSB- ) is also spelled as Cheung instead of Chiang/Jiang due to its Cantonese pronunciation .   It is a fairly common American surname , listed 3,672 th during the 1990 US Census and 2,069 th during the year 2000 US Census .

neg: Thomas Ho (actor) Thomas Ho Siu-hung , born 19 August 1973 , Kowloon , Hong Kong , is a British actor , of Chinese descent .

neg: Chinese Americans Chinese Americans , which includes American-born Chinese , are Americans who have full or partial Chinese ancestry . Chinese Americans constitute one group of overseas Chinese and also a subgroup of East Asian Americans , which is further a subgroup of Asian Americans . Many Chinese Americans are immigrants along with their descendants from mainland China , Hong Kong , Macau , Taiwan , as well as from other regions that include large populations of the Chinese diaspora , especially Southeast Asia and some Western countries like Canada , United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , and Brazil .   The Chinese American community is the largest overseas Chinese community outside of Asia . It is also the third largest in the Chinese diaspora , behind the Chinese communities in Thailand and Malaysia . The Chinese American community comprises the largest ethnic group of Asian Americans , comprising 25.9 % of the Asian American population as of 2010 . Americans of Chinese descent , including those with partial Chinese ancestry constitute 1.2 % of the total U.S. population as of 2010 . According to the 2010 census , the Chinese American population numbered approximately 3.8 million . In 2010 , half of Chinese-born people living in the United States resided in the states of California and New York .

neg: Chng Seok Tin Chng Seok Tin ( 莊心珍 born 1946 ) is a visually-impaired printmaker , sculptor and multi-media artist from Singapore . She is often inspired by the i-Ching and Buddhism . Her work has been shown internationally ; Chng has had over 26 solo shows and 100 group shows . In addition to her art , she is also a prolific writer and has published 11 collections of her writing , mostly in Chinese . She also advocates for artists with disabilities .

neg: Overseas Taiwanese Overseas Taiwanese , also called `` people of Taiwanese descent '' , are people who are living outside of Republic of China on Taiwan but are of Taiwanese ancestry or descent . Overseas Taiwanese may live in other territories such as the People 's Republic of China and are not necessarily Republic of China nationals .   Overseas Taiwanese may not have been born in or lived in the Republic of China . Some Overseas Taiwanese also consider themselves Overseas Chinese . In November 2014 the Taipei Times cited an estimate of 1 million Taiwanese living in mainland China .   Overseas citizens must return to Taiwan to legally vote in elections , as Taiwan does not use absentee ballots .   In the United States , there are 230,382 to 919,000 people of Taiwanese descent living in the country . They are mostly concentrated in California , New York , and Texas . There are over 91,000 Taiwanese people in Canada , mainly living in the provinces of British Columbia and Ontario .

neg: Chinese Chinese can refer to :  Something of , from , or related to China  Chinese people , people of Chinese nationality , or one of several Chinese ethnicities  Zhonghua minzu , the supra-ethnic Chinese nationality  Han Chinese , the dominant ethnic group in China , Singapore , and Taiwan  List of ethnic groups in China  Ethnic minorities in China , the non-Han Chinese population in China  Overseas Chinese , people of Chinese ancestry who live outside mainland China , Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan  Chinese language , a language or family of languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China  Standard Chinese , the standard form of the Chinese ( Mandarin ) language in mainland China , Taiwan and Singapore , and the variety most commonly taught as a foreign language  other varieties of Chinese  Written Chinese , the writing system of China  Chinese cuisine , styles of cooking originating from China  American Chinese cuisine  Chinese Peak ( California ) , a mountain  Chinese Peak ( Idaho ) , a mountain  `` Chinese Gordon '' , a nickname of Charles George Gordon ( 1833 -- 1885 ) , British military commander and administrator

neg: Katie Targett-Adams Katie Targett-Adams ( born Edinburgh , Scotland ) is a singer , songwriter , MC and Celtic harpist . She has released 6 albums and has enjoyed most success singing in Chinese in China .

neg: T & T Supermarket T & T Supermarket is a Canadian supermarket chain which sells primarily numerous forms of Asian foods . The supermarket chain is headquartered in Richmond , British Columbia . In 1993 , the first T & T was opened in Burnaby 's Metropolis at Metrotown , a shopping centre in the Metrotown area in Metro Vancouver .   With rapid expansion , T & T is now Canada 's largest Asian supermarket chain . It has ten stores across British Columbia , five in Alberta ( two in Calgary and three in Edmonton ) , and nine stores in Ontario with eight stores in the Greater Toronto Area including Downtown Toronto , and one in Ottawa . More stores are expected to open in the coming years with a target for 10 in Eastern Canada .   The stores range in size from 35000 sqft . and 45000 sqft . In addition to the many departments found in a regular supermarket , most T & T stores also have an in-house bakery , an Asian deli , a sushi and Chinese barbecue department .   T & T is part of Loblaw Companies , which purchased it in July 2009 for $ 225 million in consideration , consisting of $ 191 million in cash and $ 34 million in preferred shares . The consideration paid above and beyond the tangible asset base of the company ( i.e. the accounting goodwill ) which was estimated at $ 180 million . The chain had been created as a joint venture of Uni-President Enterprises Corporation , one of Taiwan 's ten largest conglomerates ; Tawa Supermarkets Inc. , a California-based chain of Asian supermarkets ; and a group of Canadian investors . Founder Cindy Lee is a Taiwanese-Canadian who started the business with one store .   Back in the 1990s , Chinese-Canadians in Vancouver had limited grocery options as most of the stores are individual vendors located in Chinatown . Seeking to improve shopping experience for these families , Cindy Lee founded T&T with the dream to provide a one-stop solution for high quality Asian products in an enjoyable environment . As a family-oriented supermarket founded and ran by a mother , the name T&T itself stands for the names of Lee 's two daughters , Tina and Tiffany . T&T also represents the names of the two major investors involved when the company was founded in 1993 ; Tawa Supermarket Inc and Uni-President Enterprises Corp. ( Chinese name is pronounced `` Tung Yee '' ) .

neg: World TV World TV is a New Zealand television , radio and print media company specialising in media for Asian migrants and Asian language communities . It operates eleven specialist television channels and publishes a national-circulation magazine for subscribers of its five Sky TV digital television packages . It also broadcasts two free-to-air television channels on the Freeview platform and three 24-hour radio networks through terrestrial radio and Sky TV .   Programmes on the television channels , branded KTV , JTV and CTV , include local news and current affairs programmes , subtitled 3 News bulletins and content from Chinese , Korean , Taiwanese and Japanese broadcasters and producers . The radio stations , AM936 , Chinese Radio FM 99.4 and Chinese Radio FM 104.2 , broadcast a combination of Hong Kong and Chinese programmes , and local music , parenting and talkback shows .   In December 2005 , the company claimed to have 11,500 subscribers across the country for its seven channels of Chinese , Taiwanese and Hong Kong programmes . In 2009 , the company claimed 20,000 people received its World TV subscriber magazine . World TV 's largest shareholder is Taiwanese resident Fun-nu Tsai with a 19 percent stake ; chief executive Henry Ho owns 15 percent of the company and 11 other investors also have shares . The company 's income is now evenly shared between advertising and subscription fees .

neg: Sophie Clarke Sophie Georgina Clarke ( born July 10 , 1989 ) is a reality television personality known for competing in and winning Survivor : South Pacific .

neg: Sophie and the Rising Sun (film) Sophie and the Rising Sun is a 2016 American drama film written and directed by Maggie Greenwald . It is based on the 2001 novel Sophie and the Rising Sun by Augusta Trobaugh . The film stars Julianne Nicholson , Takashi Yamaguchi , Margo Martindale , Diane Ladd , Lorraine Toussaint and Karen Wheeling Reynolds . The film was released in theaters on January 25 , 2017 by Monterey Media .

neg: Sophie Charlotte (actress) Sophie Charlotte ( born April 29 , 1989 ) is a German Brazilian actress and ballerina .

neg: Susan Osman Susan Osman is a British journalist known for her work with BBC , ITV and China Radio International .   Osman was a theatre director in Brighton , and also worked in that capacity in Washington , DC . She began her television career in 1983 at HTV West . She also worked as an investigative reporter for Channel 4 's consumer affairs programme 4 What It 's Worth .   She first joined BBC West in 1991 . She presented the current affaires programme Close Up and also hosted her own radio program Radio Bristol 's Morning Show . She also hosted the program Points West until leaving that position in 2005 . She continued doing free-lance work for the network until 2009 .   Osman left her position at the BBC in 2009 . Osman left the network , blasting rampant age-discrimination against women in broadcasting . She stated that women in broadcasting have a `` sell-by date '' and that every time she mentions her age , she worries about ending her career . She stated that she even had a manager ask if she was menopausal . Because of this , Osman felt she had no future in the United Kingdom . The BBC denied the allegations of ageism .   Osman accepted a job at China Radio International in 2009 , largely to allow herself to continue advancing in her career . She praised Chinese culture 's respect for older persons . She took a position as the host of the English-language talk show The Beijing Hour . She has faced some difficulties from the Chinese government 's insistence on censorship . The private lives of leaders , the Tiananmen Square protests and Falun Gong are off-limits to her show , as well as a variety of smaller issues that are censored at times .   Osman has set up film companies called Nick O'Time Films , and Osman Films , along with her writing partner Rowena Goldman . She is also working on a book that will be called Flirting with the Dragon -- Why we misunderstand China .

neg: Metropolis Daily Metropolis Daily is the Hong Kong edition of Metro ( Metro International ) , which publishes free newspapers around the world with 25 editions in 16 countries in 14 languages . It is the first free newspaper in Hong Kong .   The Hong Kong version was first launched on April 15 , 2002 ; it is distributed for free in the racks located in 49 Mass Transit Railway ( MTR ) stations except the Airport Station .   According to the Hong Kong Audit Bureau of Circulations in September 2002 , the daily circulation of the newspaper was 302,197 copies , making it the third largest daily newspaper in Hong Kong . The paper is distributed from Monday to Friday ( except for public holidays ) , by hand or from the newspaper stands in 49 MTR stations and 11 other key central locations , such as big shopping malls owned by MTR Corporation Limited like Paradise Mall , Telford Plaza , and Luk Yeung Galleria ( 綠楊坊 Pinyin : lǜ yáng fāng ) . Since it is free of charge and easily accessible , many people like to get one on their way to school or work . The paper attracts a younger generation of readers with a great purchasing power likewise , therefore many advertisers are interested in promoting their products on Metropolis Daily . The operating costs of the paper are mainly covered by the classified advertisements in the newspaper .   However , the influence of the paper is not yet significant . Though around one tenth size of other newspapers printing local first-hand news reported by fresh journalists , its main news sources are actually the television , radio news , press releases and wired news . As one Metropolis '' ' reporter said , `` Nobody seems to know that we made an exclusive story . ''   The paper is in Chinese in most parts , together with an English international section . According to Metropolis , the paper can be read in a `` 19-minute commute '' as the articles inside are usually short and laconic ; readers can scan through the paper so quickly that they can grab a brief understanding of the news within minutes . Although the paper is a tabloid , i.e. a minute-sized newspaper giving the stories in a condensed form , it includes many sections , which make the paper very rich in contents .  These sections include :  local news ( including one page written in Simplified Chinese ) ;  Chinese news ;  international news ;  finance ;  sports ;  entertainment ;  side stories ;  English news digest ;  editorial column ;  television program schedule ; and  film section .   Readers can read the on-line edition of Metropolis all over the world by simply registering as users at its official site , and it is totally free . Besides , there is also a club called `` Club Metro '' '' offering discounts in films , sports and travel to its members . Readers can enjoy these benefits once they have joined the club . There are 700,000 worldwide members in this club .

neg: Mabel Cheung Mabel Cheung ( Chinese : 張婉婷 , born 17 November 1950 ) is a film director from Hong Kong . She is one of the leading directors in Hong Kong cinema . Elected `` Freshman 's Queen '' when she was studying undergrad at the University of Hong Kong , she was also an avid sportswoman representing Lady Ho Tung Hall and HKU . Cheung is known for working with the migration issues of Hongkongers and overseas Chinese , especially before the 1997 handover of Hong Kong .   Her films include the `` migration trilogy '' : Illegal Immigrant ( 1985 ) , An Autumn 's Tale ( 1987 ) and Eight Taels of Gold ( 1989 ) . The Soong Sisters ( 1997 ) marks another peak of her filming career . All four films were made in collaboration with writer Alex Law .   She has been in the relationship with teammate Alex Law since 1986 . The couple first met as classmates in New York University .

neg: Karl Turner (British politician) Karl William Turner ( born 15 April 1971 ) is a British Labour Party politician , who has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Kingston upon Hull East since 2010 . He was appointed Shadow Attorney General in January 2016 by Jeremy Corbyn , before resigning in June .

neg: Malaysian Chinese cuisine Malaysian Chinese cuisine is derived from the culinary traditions of Chinese Malaysian immigrants and their descendants , who have adapted or modified their culinary traditions under the influence of Malaysian culture as well as immigration patterns of Chinese to Malaysia . Because the vast majority of Chinese Malaysians are descendants of immigrants from southern China , Malaysian Chinese cuisine is predominantly based on an eclectic repertoire of dishes with roots from Fujian , Cantonese , Hakka and Teochew cuisines .   As these early immigrants settled in different regions throughout what was then British Malaya and Borneo , they carried with them traditions of foods and recipes that were particularly identified with their origins in China , which gradually became infused with the characteristics of their new home locale in Malaysia while remaining distinctively Chinese . For example , Hainanese chicken rice is usually flavoured with tropical pandan leaves and served with chilli sauce for dipping , and tastes unlike the typical chicken dishes found in Hainan Island itself . Some of these foods and recipes became closely associated with a specific city , town or village , eventually developing iconic status and culminating in a proliferation of nationwide popularity in the present day .   Chinese food is especially prominent in areas with concentrated Chinese communities , at roadside stalls , hawker centres and kopitiam , as well as smart cafes and upmarket restaurants throughout the nation . Many Chinese dishes have pork as a component ingredient , but chicken is available as a substitution for Muslim customers from the wider community , and some Chinese restaurants are even halal-certified .