query: Sense and Sensibility originally printed 750 copies.

pos: Sense and Sensibility Sense and Sensibility is a novel by Jane Austen , published in 1811 . It was published anonymously ; By A Lady appears on the cover page where the author 's name might have been . It tells the story of the Dashwood sisters , Elinor and Marianne , both of age to marry .   The novel follows the young women to their new home with their widowed mother , a meagre cottage on the property of a distant relative , where they experience love , romance and heartbreak . The novel is set in southwest England , London and Sussex between 1792 and 1797 .   The novel sold out its first print run of 750 copies in the middle of 1813 , marking a success for its author , who then had a second print run later that year . The novel continued in publication throughout the 19th , 20th and 21st centuries .

neg: St Cuthbert Gospel The St Cuthbert Gospel , also known as the Stonyhurst Gospel or the St Cuthbert Gospel of St John , is an early 8th-century pocket gospel book , written in Latin . Its finely decorated leather binding is the earliest known Western bookbinding to survive , and both the 94 vellum folios and the binding are in outstanding condition for a book of this age . With a page size of only 138 x , the St Cuthbert Gospel is one of the smallest surviving Anglo-Saxon manuscripts . The essentially undecorated text is the Gospel of John in Latin , written in a script that has been regarded as a model of elegant simplicity .   The book takes its name from Saint Cuthbert of Lindisfarne , North East England , in whose tomb it was placed , probably a few years after his death in 687 . Although it was long regarded as Cuthbert 's personal copy of the Gospel , to which there are early references , and so a relic of the saint , the book is now thought to date from shortly after Cuthbert 's death . It was probably a gift from Monkwearmouth -- Jarrow Abbey , where it was written , intended to be placed in St Cuthbert 's coffin in the few decades after this was placed behind the altar at Lindisfarne in 698 . It presumably remained in the coffin through its long travels after 875 , forced by Viking invasions , ending at Durham Cathedral . The book was found inside the coffin and removed in 1104 when the burial was once again moved within the cathedral . It was kept there with other relics , and important visitors were able to wear the book in a leather bag around their necks . It is thought that after the Dissolution of the Monasteries in England by Henry VIII between 1536 and 1541 , the book passed to collectors . It was eventually given to Stonyhurst College , the Jesuit school in Lancashire .   From 1979 it was on long-term loan from the British province of the Jesuit order to the British Library , catalogued as Loan 74 . On 14 July 2011 the British Library launched a fundraising campaign to buy the book for # 9 million , and on 17 April 2012 announced that the purchase had been completed and the book was now British Library Additional MS 89000 .   The library plans to display the Gospel for equal amounts of time in London and Durham . It describes the manuscript as `` the earliest surviving intact European book and one of the world 's most significant books '' . The Cuthbert Gospel returned to Durham to feature in exhibitions in 2013 and 2014 . In 2017 it was `` resting '' off display , but it will be in British Library 's Anglo-Saxon exhibition in autumn 2018 . A new book on the gospel was published in 2015 , incorporating the results of research since the purchase ; among other things this pushed the likely date from the late 7th to the early 8th century , perhaps as late as 730 .

neg: The Leisure Hour The Leisure Hour was a British general-interest periodical of the Victorian era which ran weekly from 1852 to 1905 . It was the most successful of several popular magazines published by the Religious Tract Society , which produced Christian literature for a wide audience . Each issue mixed multiple genres of fiction and factual stories , historical and topical .   The magazine 's title referred to campaigns that had decreased work hours , giving workers extra leisure time . Until 1876 , it carried the subtitle `` A Family Journal of Instruction and Recreation '' ; after that , the subtitle changed to `` An illustrated magazine for home reading '' .   Each issue cost one penny and comprised 16 pages . The layout typically included approximately six long articles , formatted in two columns per page , and five or six illustrations . The articles were a mix , including biographies , poetry , essays , and fiction . Each issue usually started with a piece of serialised fiction .   The creation of the magazine was partly a response to non-religious popular magazines that the Religious Tract Society saw as delivering a `` pernicious '' morality to the working classes . The ethos of the magazine was guided by Sabbatarianism : the campaign to keep Sunday as a day of rest . It aimed to treat its diverse subjects `` in the light of Christian truth '' . Despite this , The Leisure Hour carried far fewer statements of Christian doctrine than the Society 's other publications . Compared to other popular magazines of the time , The Leisure Hour had a greater emphasis on fiction .   Two days before the magazine 's launch in 1852 , a warehouse fire destroyed the first batch of The Leisure Hour , so replacement copies had to be printed .   The magazine was edited by William Haig Miller until 1858 , James Macaulay from 1858 to 1895 , and William Stevens from 1895 to 1900 . Harold Copping was one of its illustrators . Authors were initially only credited by initials rather than by name , giving the writing a collective rather than individual authority , though naming of authors became more common from the 1870s onwards . In its jubilee issue , published in 1902 , the magazine identified 111 authors who had contributed .

neg: Old master print An old master print is a work of art produced by a printing process within the Western tradition . The term remains current in the art trade , and there is no easy alternative in English to distinguish the works of `` fine art '' produced in printmaking from the vast range of decorative , utilitarian and popular prints that grew rapidly alongside the artistic print from the 15th century onwards . Fifteenth-century prints are sufficiently rare that they are classed as old master prints even if they are of crude or merely workmanlike artistic quality . A date of about 1830 is usually taken as marking the end of the period whose prints are covered by this term .   The main techniques used , in order of their introduction , are woodcut , engraving , etching , mezzotint and aquatint , although there are others . Different techniques are often combined in a single print . With rare exceptions printed on textiles , such as silk , or on vellum , old master prints are printed on paper . This article is concerned with the artistic , historical and social aspects of the subject ; the article on printmaking summarizes the techniques used in making old master prints , from a modern perspective .   Many great European artists , such as Albrecht Dürer , Rembrandt , and Francisco Goya , were dedicated printmakers . In their own day , their international reputations largely came from their prints , which were spread far more widely than their paintings . Influences between artists were also mainly transmitted beyond a single city by prints ( and sometimes drawings ) , for the same reason . Prints therefore are frequently brought up in detailed analyses of individual paintings in art history . Today , thanks to colour photo reproductions , and public galleries , their paintings are much better known , whilst their prints are only rarely exhibited , for conservation reasons . But some museum print rooms allow visitors to see their collection , sometimes only by appointment .

neg: Chapbook A chapbook is an early type of popular literature printed in early modern Europe . Produced cheaply , chapbooks were commonly small , paper-covered booklets , usually printed on a single sheet folded into books of 8 , 12 , 16 and 24 pages . They were often illustrated with crude woodcuts , which sometimes bore no relation to the text . When illustrations were included in chapbooks , they were considered popular prints .   The tradition of chapbooks arose in the 16th century , as soon as printed books became affordable , and rose to its height during the 17th and 18th centuries . Many different kinds of ephemera and popular or folk literature were published as chapbooks , such as almanacs , children 's literature , folk tales , ballads , nursery rhymes , pamphlets , poetry , and political and religious tracts .   The term `` chapbook '' for this type of literature was coined in the 19th century . The corresponding French and German terms are bibliothèque bleue ( blue book ) and Volksbuch , respectively . In Spain they were known as pliegos de cordel .   The term `` chapbook '' is also in use for present-day publications , commonly short , inexpensive booklets .

neg: G.S. Tregear Gabriel Shear Tregear ( 1802 -- 21 February 1841 ) , also known as Gabriel Shire Tregear , was an English publisher of caricatures and prints . Active from the late 1820s until his death , he operated his `` Humorous and Sporting Print Shop '' from quarters near today 's 123 Cheapside , London . Artists and caricaturists published by Tregear included a member of the Cruikshank family of caricaturists , Isaac Robert Cruikshank .   In 1821 Tregear married Ann McLean , sister of printseller and publisher Thomas McLean , with whom he was to have thirteen children ( six surviving childhood ) . In 1823 he published the third edition of Francis B. Spilsburyʼs `` Picturesque Scenery in the Holy Land and Syria '' ( McLean had published the previous edition ) from an address in Southwark . By 1826 he had moved to Drury Lane , and published caricatures and other prints from St Peter 's Alley , Cornhill . In 1827-1828 he published sporting and theatrical prints from 104 St Martins Lane . From 1828-1835 he occupied number 123 on the northwestern corner of Cheapside and Wood Street . This building has since been demolished , but during his day the printshop window was crowded with caricatures . The Times of 7 May 1832 reports :   On Saturday morning , about 11 oʼclock , as a boy named William Gunton , son of a watch-spring-maker , No. 3 City-gardens , was standing at the corner of Wood-street , looking at a caricature-shop window , a wagon in passing caught his arm between the stump ( put up by the city for protection ) and nearly severed it from the body . He was immediately taken to St. Bartholomew 's Hospital , and the arm was amputated . There is every possibility of his recovery . The corner of Wood-street is rendered exceedingly dangerous by the exhibition of caricatures , as it invariably induces a crowd to assemble round the shop . On the Saturday previous , a gentleman named Bragge nearly lost his life , within a few yards of the same spot , and numerous robberies are continually occurring .   A policeman was subsequently stationed on the corner and Tregear forced to reduce the number of prints displayed . In 1834 he moved to 96 Cheapside , where he worked until his death in 1841 . He died on 21 February 1841 , at 18 Goulden Terrace , Islington , of inﬂuenza , and was buried at St. Martin in the Fields in Camden Town . His widow continued to operate the business with Thomas Crump Lewis as Tregear & Lewis , also selling musical instruments . The firm went bankrupt in 1844 .   Tregear published many series , of which Flights of Humour appears to be the longest , running to 95 prints or more . They are generally undated . The `` Rum Jokes '' series ran to at least 43 prints , and cover hunting , shooting , and fishing , plus racing events , skating , billiards and the building trade . His `` Black Jokes '' were described in an advertisement as `` being a Series of Laughable Caricatures on the March of Manners Amongst the Blacks . ''

neg: The Norton Anthology of English Literature The Norton Anthology of English Literature is an anthology of English literature published by the W. W. Norton & Company . First published in 1962 , it has gone through nine editions in a half-century ; as of 2006 there are over eight million copies in print , making it the publisher 's best-selling anthology . M. H. Abrams , a critic and scholar of Romanticism , served as General Editor for its first seven editions , before handing the job to Stephen Greenblatt , a Shakespeare scholar and Harvard professor . The anthology provides an overview of poetry , drama , prose fiction , essays , and letters from Beowulf to the beginning of the 21st century .

neg: Tait's Edinburgh Magazine Tait 's Edinburgh Magazine was a monthly periodical founded in 1832 . It was an important venue for liberal political views , as well as contemporary cultural and literary developments , in early-to-mid-nineteenth century Britain .   The magazine was founded by William Tait ( 1792 -- 1864 ) , the son of a builder and an inheritor of a large fortune . Tait was an `` independent radical '' in politics ; he strongly favored the Whig party . 1832 was a time of great political ferment , with the first Reform Bill the dominant subject of discourse . Tait 's periodical was intended as a `` Radical riposte '' to `` the politically revanchist but culturally avant-garde Blackwood 's Edinburgh Magazine . '' Tait 's welcomed many new and unknown writers like Robert Nicoll , as well as established voices like James Henry Leigh Hunt , and figures of future fame like Harriet Martineau and John Stuart Mill .   From 1833 on , Tait 's Magazine was a regular venue for the essays of Thomas De Quincey . De Quincey 's series of biographical essays on the Lake Poets ( later collected as Recollections of the Lake Poets ) were featured in Tait 's between 1834 and 1840 . Tait published a range of other selections by De Quincey , including , somewhat surprisingly , `` A Tory 's Account of Toryism , Whiggism and Radicalism '' ( December 1835 , January 1836 ) . That article , however , was supplied with many sarcastic footnotes disagreeing with its points -- `` objecting foot-notes from the pen , presumably , of Tait himself . ''   In 1834 Tait 's Magazine was combined with Johnstone 's Edinburgh Magazine , a liberal periodical started two years earlier by husband and wife John Johnstone and Christian Isobel Johnstone . She was an early feminist who wrote extensively for Tait 's in the following years , becoming the magazine 's `` chief contributor and director '' under William Tait himself . Christian Johnstone was `` the first woman to serve as paid editor of a major Victorian periodical , '' to which she brought `` fresh life and popularity . '' In the same year Alexander Bailey Richmond took the magazine 's London agents to court , for reviewing a work calling Richmond a government spy : the defence was successful .   Christian Johnstone died in 1857 ; Tait 's Magazine ceased publication in 1861 .

neg: Barbara Cartland Dame Barbara Cartland DBE CStJ ( 9 July 1901 -- 21 May 2000 ) , born as Mary Barbara Hamilton Cartland , was an English author of romance novels , one of the best-selling authors as well as one of the most prolific and commercially successful worldwide of the twentieth century . Her 723 novels were translated into 38 languages and she continues to be referenced in the Guinness World Records for the most novels published in a single year in 1976 . As Barbara Cartland she is known for her numerous romantic novels but she also wrote under her married name of Barbara McCorquodale and briefly under the pseudonym of Marcus Belfry . She wrote more than 700 books , as well as plays , music , verse , drama , magazine articles and operetta , and was a prominent philanthropist . She reportedly sold more than 750 million copies . Other sources estimate her book sales at more than two billion copies . She specialised in 19th-century Victorian era pure romance . Her novels all featured portrait-style artwork , particularly the cover art , usually designed by Frances Marshall .   As head of Cartland Promotions , she also became one of London 's most prominent society figures , of the latter always presenting herself in pink gown and plumed hat , she was one of Britain 's most popular media personalities , right up until her death in 2000 .

neg: List of The New York Times Manga Best Sellers The New York Times Best Seller list for manga published in the United States was introduced on March 5 , 2009 , along with two additional lists for hardcover and paperback graphic novels . The three lists are grouped under the `` Graphic Books '' category . Deborah Hoffman , an editor for the Best Seller lists , explained that the term `` Graphic Books '' was selected to create an `` inclusive and expansive '' list which can extend to works of both fiction and non-fiction . Journalist George Gustines announced , in his introduction of the new lists , `` Comics have finally joined the mainstream . '' The announcement was made the week the film Watchmen , based on the comic book of the same name , was released in movie theaters throughout the U.S. . The Best Seller lists are printed weekly in The New York Times Book Review magazine , which is published in the Sunday edition of The New York Times and as a stand-alone publication .   Gustines explained the methodology used to determine the rankings :   Rankings reflect sales of graphic novels -LSB- ... -RSB- at many thousands of venues where a wide range of books are sold nationwide . These include hundreds of independent book retailers ( statistically weighted to represent all such outlets ) ; national , regional and local chains ; online and multimedia entertainment retailers ; university , gift , supermarket , discount department stores and newsstands . In addition , these rankings also include unit sales reported by retailers nationwide that specialize in graphic novels and comic books .   On multiple occasions , manga have been listed outside its designated list . Mike Kiley , then-Senior Vice President of the publisher Tokyopop , explained in 2010 that it has become more difficult to draw a distinguishing line between works that are manga and manga-inspired , such as Korean manhwa and American original English language ( OEL ) manga . A Drifting Life , an autobiographical manga by Yoshihiro Tatsumi , appeared on the May 3 , 2009 , Best Seller list for paperback graphic novels , where it ranked third . X-Men : Misfits , an original English manga based on the X-Men comic book franchise , ranked fifth at its debut on the August 30 , 2009 , paperback graphic novels list , and stayed on the chart for five consecutive weeks . The first volume of a manhwa adaptation of the popular vampire-themed Twilight novels by Stephenie Meyer remained on the hardcover graphic novels Best Seller list for 27 consecutive weeks in 2010 .   In January 2017 , the Times decided to stop producing the separate manga best seller list .

neg: The Reader (magazine) The Reader is a Liverpool-based literary magazine published quarterly by The Reader Organisation . The magazine was founded in 1997 by Sarah Coley , Jane Davis , and Angela Macmillan with a grant from the University of Liverpool 's School of English . It operated as part of the University of Liverpool until 2008 when the parent organisation became an independent charitable body . The Reader magazine is currently edited by Philip Davis , author , biographer , and Professor of English at the University of Liverpool . The Deputy Editor is Sarah Coley .   The magazine features original poetry and short fiction , essays , interviews and recommendations with an emphasis on the enjoyment of reading good quality writing . Issues are based loosely around a given theme , with letters , a crossword and the famously tricky ` Buck 's Quiz ' making up the last section . Since taking over the editorship from his wife in 2007 Philip Davis has overseen a successful redesign and relaunch and the magazine now includes a small amount of photography . The magazine has managed to attract many high-profile contributors over the years , including A. S. Byatt , Howard Jacobson , Seamus Heaney , Will Self , Graham Swift , John Kinsella , Les Murray , John Carey , Bel Mooney and Jonathan Bate .   As well as the magazine , The Reader Organisation promotes live literature and outreach events and educational community-based projects such as Get Into Reading , promoting and researching the therapeutic value of reading ( ` bibliotherapy ' ) . In this context The Reader supports and works with other U.K. arts in health charities such as Poems in the Waiting Room . In 2008 it spun off from the University of Liverpool as an independent charitable organisation with Blake Morrison as its Chair and Jane Davis as director .

neg: Popular print Popular prints is a term for printed images of generally low artistic quality which were sold cheaply in Europe and later the New World from the 15th to 18th centuries , often with text as well as images . They were some of the earliest examples of mass media . After about 1800 , the types and quantity of images greatly increased , but other terms are usually used to categorise them .

neg: The Works of Max Beerbohm The Works of Max Beerbohm was the first book published by English caricaturist , essayist and parodist Max Beerbohm . It was published in 1896 when Beerbohm was aged 24 .   A collection of Beerbohm 's essays from the 1890s written while he was still a student at Oxford and which had originally been printed in The Yellow Book , The Savoy , The Pageant , The Chap Book , and other notable periodicals , the book was published in London by John Lane at The Bodley Head in 1896 , and launched Beerbohm 's career as an essayist .   The book contains Beerbohm 's notorious essay A Defence of Cosmetics , which had appeared in the first number of The Yellow Book in April 1894 , revised and renamed The Pervasion of Rouge .   `` Replete with mock-scholarly footnotes and biographical information , The Works epitomizes Beerbohm 's penchant for deflating pretentiousness with satiric imitation , '' wrote Ann Adams Cleary in the Dictionary of Literary Biography . `` Anything large - ideas , ideals , literary works , London crowds - caused him dismay . ''   In this , his first book , the 24-year-old Beerbohm announced gravely that he would now retire from letters , having said all there was to say . Of course , he did not .   A limited edition of 780 copies , signed and numbered by the author , was issued in 1922 , with 750 being offered for sale , while the remaining 30 were for presentation .

neg: Lady Drury's Closet Lady Drury 's Closet ( also known as the Hawstead Panels ) is a series of painted wooden panels of early 17th-century date , currently installed in the room over the porch of Christchurch Mansion in Ipswich , Suffolk , England .   They originally decorated a painted closet , about 7 ft square , adjacent to a bedroom in Hawstead Place , near Bury St Edmunds . It is believed they were made for Anne Drury , Lady Drury , wife of Sir Robert Drury of Hawstead and Hardwick , who died in 1624 . They were removed to Hardwick House , Suffolk , probably by Sir Robert , before 1615 ; and when the Hardwick House contents were sold in 1924 , they were purchased for and installed in Christchurch Mansion when it had already become the home of the Fine and Decorative Arts collections of the Ipswich Museum .   The panels contain a series of emblems of the kind associated with emblem books -- images fashionable throughout Europe for private religious meditation in that age . The original sequence of the emblems is unclear , although the panels as arranged under their Latin `` headings '' are as originally devised . In addition to their importance for the study of emblems in general , they are significant because the Drurys were patrons of the poet and divine John Donne , who wrote his two Anniversaries following the death in 1610 of their daughter Elizabeth Drury -- namely , An Anatomy of the World and The Second Anniversarie or the Progresse of the Soule . The epigrammatic and verbally or visually paradoxical themes of the paintings are , however , linked more directly to the themes and techniques of meditation developed in the writings and sermons of the preacher Joseph Hall , who was chaplain and spiritual advisor to Lady Drury at Hawstead .

neg: Nathaniel Crouch Nathaniel Crouch ( born c. 1632 ) was an English printer and bookseller , and under the pseudonym Richard Burton ( or R.B. ) wrote historical books as well . As a historian , he is considered a hack , borrowing material from other books and rewriting them under his pseudonym , then publishing and marketing them under the Crouch imprint . Though he was the type of writer/publisher denounced in the following century by writers such as Samuel Butler ( Prose Observations ) and Alexander Pope ( The Dunciad ) , more recent assessments of his life and career see him as an important figure in the development of historiography , especially in the popularization of a hitherto high-culture genre of discourse .   Around the date September 30 , 1681 , an unlikely forerunner of Readers ' Digest , called Historical Rarities in London and Westminster was first published by Crouch . Robert Chambers ' Book of Days ( 1864 ) elaborated :   `` With probably little education , but something of a natural gift for writing , Crouch had the sagacity to see that the works of the learned , from their form and price , were kept within a narrow circle of readers , while there was a vast multitude outside who were able and willing to read , provided that a literature suited to their means and capacities was supplied to them . He accordingly set himself the task of transfusing large and pompous books into a series of small , cheap volumes , modestly concealing his authorship under his nom de plume . Thus , he produced Surprising Miracles of Nature and Art , and many other treatises on very plain paper , and sold -LSB- them -RSB- at an exceedingly reasonable rate . His enterprise and diligence were rewarded by large sales and considerable wealth . ''

neg: London Figaro The London Figaro was a London periodical devoted to politics , literature , art , criticism and satire during the Victorian era . It was founded as a daily paper in 1870 with the backing of Napoleon III but after a year re-established itself as a general interest weekly magazine and is chiefly remembered nowadays for its highly independent drama criticism .   The first issue was published by James Mortimer on May 17 , 1870 from a small shop at 199 Strand . It was initially a daily periodical and continued to be published daily until March 18 , 1871 . At this point it changed format from a newspaper to a weekly magazine owing to the withdrawal of its financial support as a result of French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War .   Among those who contributed to it were William Archer ( writing as Almaviva , drama critic ) , Ernest Bendall , Faustin Betbeder ( Faustin , caricaturist ) , Percy Betts ( Cherubino , musical critic ) , Ambrose Bierce ( Passing Showman , Town Crier ) , Edward Bradley ( Cuthbert Bede ) , Aglen Dowty ( Young and Happy Husband , OPQ Philander Smiff ) , John Baker Hopkins , Frank Marshall , Edwin Milliken , Clement Scott ( Almaviva , drama critic ) , and Edward Blanchard ( drama critic ) . Mortimer was a chess master and so the Figaro had a chess column , which from 1872 until 1876 was contributed by Johann Löwenthal and from 1876 to 1882 by Wilhelm Steinitz .   The magazine became very popular during the mid-1870s and for several years was published twice a week . Mortimer was very supportive of his writers and in particular strove to shield the identities of his drama critics , Clement Scott , and later William Archer , both of whom wrote under the pseudonym , Almaviva . Mortimer suffered much personal abuse from actors and promoters as a result .   In 1879 Mortimer was the defendant in a libel case brought against him by William Henry Weldon as a result of the serial which the Figaro had run on the topic of Georgina Weldon , his wife , who claimed that she had been unjustly confined under the lunacy laws of the time . Owing to a combination of misfortune and bad decisions Mortimer lost the case and was sentenced to three months in prison and a heavy fine .   In 1882 Mortimer sold the Figaro . Writing in Journalistic London later in the year , Joseph Hatton , said ,  The Figaro once prospered exceedingly . Its founder , Mr. James Mortimer , an American with a French training in journalism , first introduced it to London as a daily paper . He was unfortunate in challenging attention for a light , chatty , and serio-comic treatment of current news and literature at a time when the public mind was excited with the tragedies of a great war . Otherwise the daily Figaro might possibly have been alive now . A weekly edition reached an enormous circulation . Its chief leader-writer was Mr. John Baker Hopkins , a journalist who for many years was associated with The Law Journal . Mr. Hopkins is the author of '' Nihilism ; or , The Terror Unmasked , '' and several works of fiction . `` The Smiff Papers '' did much to extend the circulation of The Figaro , as did also the dramatic criticisms signed `` Alma Viva . '' Mr. Doughty was the author of the first mentioned feature , Mr. Clement Scott of the second . Recently the paper has been taken over by a limited liability company , and Mr. Mortimer appears to be giving more attention to play-writing than to journalism .   The magazine continued in publication for another 15 years . By the late 1890s however it had lost a lot of its readership and at a shareholders ' Extraordinary General Meeting in December 1897 , it was agreed to wind it up .

neg: The Anglican Digest The Anglican Digest is a quarterly religious magazine which provides devotional material , book reviews , and other information related to Anglicanism . It is published by SPEAK , the Society for Promoting and Encouraging Arts and Knowledge ( of the Church ) , which was founded as the Episcopal Book Club in 1953 by Howard Lane Foland , an Episcopal priest in Nevada , Missouri . Since 1960 , it has been based on a former dairy farm in the Ozarks called Hillspeak near Eureka Springs , Arkansas .   When it began in 1958 , it described itself as `` A quarterly miscellany reflecting the words and work of the Churches of the Anglican Communion :  some things old  many things new  most things borrowed  everything true . ''   James B. Simpson became executive director after its founder retired in 1980 . At that time , it reported a paid circulation of over 100,000 worldwide . By 1989 , subscriptions had increased to almost 250,000 with six issues per year . However , in 2012 it reported 45,000 readers .   Edward L. Salmon , Jr. chaired the publication 's board for 41 years .

neg: Permabooks Permabooks was a paperback division of Doubleday , established by Doubleday in 1948 . Although published by Doubleday 's Garden City Publishing Company in Garden City , Long Island , the Permabooks editorial office was located at 14 West 49th Street in Manhattan .   Promoted with the slogans Books of Permanent Value for Permanent Use and Books to Keep , the early Permabooks were priced at 35 cents . They did not feature the flexible covers usually associated with paperback books . Instead , as the name implies , the first Permabooks were designed in a more durable format with board covers . The interior looked like a paperback , but the exterior , measuring 4 ⅜ '' wide by 6 1/2 '' deep , gave the impression of a reduced-size hardcover . The edges of the stiff , unflexible board cover extended 1/8 '' past the trim of the interior pages .   The concept was heralded in a back cover blurb :  Permabooks combine the virtues of handiness for the pocket and durability for the library shelf . They are selected with care to provide reliable books for education and recreation . Each has been printed from new plates and bound in boards with special wear-resistant finish .   The initial format only lasted three years , with Doubleday switching to the standard paperback appearance in 1951 , as indicated by Hyde Park Books ' breakdown of the numbering sequence :  The binding influenced editorial decisions . There was no sense publishing a durable book that no one had reason to keep , so the first titles were Best-Loved Poems , How to Write Letters , Best Quotations for All Occasions and other reference-style works . The numbering sequence : P1-P92 , hardbacks ; there was no P93 ; P94-P97 , hardbacks ; P98 , paper ; P99-P101 , hard ; P102 on were all paperback . Plus , P5 , P7 , P25 , P65 , P89 were re-issued as paperback without being re-numbered . In 1954 , the company was purchased by Pocket Books , which began numbering Permabooks with M1000 , skipped to M1600 , skipped for the third title to M2001 , skipped yet again to M3002 for the fourth title , and then numbered sequentially until M5014 , when it jumped to M7500 .   The Perma Star imprint began in 1952 . Perma Special , which also began that year , was a higher quality line selling for 50 cents . These imprints included originals by Richard Stark ( a Donald E. Westlake pseudonym ) and Ed McBain ( pseudonym for Evan Hunter ) .   In 1954 , Doubleday sold Permabooks to Pocket Books , which kept the Permabooks name as one of their imprints , issuing both originals and reprints .

neg: Press laws Press laws are the laws concerning the licensing of books and the liberty of expression in all products of the printing-press , especially newspapers . The liberty of the press has always been regarded by political writers as of supreme importance . Give me liberty to know , to utter , and to argue freely according to conscience , above all other liberties , says Milton in the Areopagitica .   Before the invention of printing , the Church assumed the right to control the expression of all opinion distasteful to her . When the printing press was invented , German printers established themselves at various important centres of western Europe , where already numbers of copyists were employed in multiplying manuscripts . In 1473 Louis XI granted letters patent ( giving the right of printing and selling books ) to Uldaric Quring ( Ulrich Gering ) , who three years earlier had set up a press in the Sorbonne ( the theological faculty of the university at Paris ) , and before long Paris had more than fifty presses at work . The Church and universities soon found the output of books beyond their control . In 1496 Pope Alexander VI began to be restrictive , and in 1501 he issued a bull against unlicensed printing , which introduced the principle of censorship . Between 1524 and 1548 the Imperial Diet in Germany drew up various stringent regulations ; and in France , prohibited by edict , under penalty of death , the printing of books , This was too severe , however , and shortly afterwards the Sorbonne was given the right of deciding , a system which lasted to the Revolution .

neg: The Bookseller The Bookseller is a British magazine reporting news on the publishing industry . Philip Jones is editor-in-chief of the weekly print edition of the magazine and the website . The magazine is home to the Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year , a humorous award given annually to the book with the oddest title . The award is organised by The Bookseller '' 's diarist , Horace Bent , and had been administered in recent years by the former deputy editor , Joel Rickett , and former charts editor , Philip Stone . We Love This Book is its quarterly sister consumer website and email newsletter .   The subscription-only magazine is read by around 30,000 persons each week , in over 90 countries , and contains the latest news from the publishing and bookselling worlds , in-depth analysis , pre-publication book previews and author interviews . It is the first publication to publish official weekly bestseller lists in the UK . It has also created the first UK-based e-book sales ranking . The website is visited by 160,000 unique users each month .   The magazine also produces approximately a dozen specials on an annual basis including its Books of The Year and four `` Buyers Guides '' . The Bookseller '' also publishes three daily newspapers at the annual London Book Fair , in April , the Bologna Children 's Book Fair and the Frankfurt Book Fair , in October .

neg: Poets House Poets House is a national literary center and poetry library based in New York City . With more than 60,000 volumes of poetry , the library is the premier independent poetry library in the United States . It is free and open to the public .   Founded in 1985 by the late Stanley Kunitz , two-time poet laureate of the United States , and arts administrator Elizabeth Kray , Poets House contains virtually all poetry books published in the U.S. since 1990 , plus many that are long out of print dating to the early 20th Century . It also contains literary journals and chapbooks ( small , self-published books of poetry ) , and many audiotapes , videotapes , CDs , and DVDs of poetry readings from the mid-twentieth century through today . Visitors to Poets House can hear the voices of Walt Whitman , E. E. Cummings , William Carlos Williams , Sylvia Plath and hundreds of other poets .   Every year , Poets House hosts the Poets House Showcase , which gathers and displays every book of poetry published in the United States in the preceding year . Poets House also curates and presents hundreds of readings , lectures , panels , symposiums and performances each year .   In 1996 , the literary newspaper Poetry Flash called Poets House `` The House That Holds A Country , '' a reference to its dedication to being a caretaker of the nation 's poetic heritage .   In 2005 , it was among 406 New York City arts and social service institutions to receive part of a $ 20 million grant from the Carnegie Corporation , which was made possible through a donation by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg .   In 2009 , Poets House moved from its longstanding location in SoHo to an eco-friendly `` green '' building at Ten River Terrace in Lower Manhattan 's Battery Park City . With a long-term lease ( until 2069 ) awarded by the Battery Park City Authority , Poets House has a permanent home for its collection .   This new home for Poets House , with interiors designed by architect Louise Braverman , is on two floors covering 11000 sqft with a large children 's room , an exhibition space , a reading room and library , and a program hall that opens onto an extension of Teardrop Park . With views of the Hudson River and the Statue of Liberty , the new Poets House is bordered by Nelson A Rockefeller Park and is in walking distance of numerous subway and bus lines as well as the Port Authority Ferry Terminal at the World Financial Center . A public grand opening of the new facility took place on September 25 and 26 of 2009 .   `` For nearly 25 years Poets House has been an anchor for poets and poetry lovers , '' noted Robin Pogrebin in the New York Times .   Poets House is free and open to the public . Library hours are Tuesday-Friday , 11am to 7pm , and Saturdays , 11am to 6pm . The Children 's Room is open 11am to 3pm .


query: Reuters transmits news in Urdu.

pos: Reuters Reuters -LSB- ˈrɔɪtərz -RSB- is an international news agency headquartered in London , England . It is a division of Thomson Reuters .   Until 2008 , the Reuters news agency formed part of an independent company , Reuters Group plc , which was also a provider of financial market data . Since the acquisition of Reuters Group by the Thomson Corporation in 2008 , the Reuters news agency has been a part of Thomson Reuters , making up the media division . Reuters transmits news in English , French , Arabic , Spanish , German , Italian , Portuguese , Russian , Japanese , Korean , Urdu , and Chinese . It was established in 1851 .

neg: Advance Telecom Advance Telecom is a Pakistan 's largest mobile phone company .   The company was created in 2003 , partnering with LG Corporation , at the time a growing brand . It partnered with Siemens Mobile in 2004 and Motorola in 2005 , and finally with Nokia , the largest smartphone brand of the world , in 2006 . It recently partnered with Rivo Mobiles in 2015 . The tagline of the organization is , `` Hum Dosto ko Bholtay Nahin '' which means `` We do not forget friends '' , where they call their customers their friends . They also use the tagline `` Rabtoun Kay Safar Mein Sab Doston Kay Sath Sath '' , meaning `` Standing by all Friends in the Voyage of Connections '' .

neg: Sagarmatha Television (Nepal) Not to be confused with : Sagarmatha Television ( USA )   Sagarmatha Television , is a Nepali Television channel established in July 2007 . It is a News channel and broadcasts in the Nepali language . STV is a leader in live and breaking news telecast and prompt information delivery of current affairs in Nepal . STV uses bureaus in all districts and overseas countries and makes every effort to keep the viewers informing from uniquely different angles . Its headquarters are in Babarmahal , Kathmandu .   It has the slogan '' तपाईंको तेश्रो आँखा '' ( Your Third Eye ) , this is the Nepal 's first news channel . This is the only one channel that broadcasts news in more than five ethnic languages ( Tamang , Magar , Gurung , Maitheli and Newar ) .

neg: Television Maldives Television Maldives is the public service broadcasting TV channel of the Maldives . It was formed on March 29 , 1978 .   In 2009 , the management of Television Maldives ( TVM ) and national radio , Dhivehiraajjeyge Adu -LSB- Voice of Maldives -RSB- was handed over to newly formed Maldives National Broadcasting Corporation ( MNBC ) . Following this , in 2010 , TVM was rebranded as MNBC One , and Dhivehiraajjeyge Adu -LSB- Voice of Maldives -RSB- was renamed as Raajje Radio .  Maldives National Broadcasting Corporation ( MNBC ) recently rebranded the name of Television Maldives ( TVM ) to `` MNBC One . '' Under the rebranding process , the company also changed the name of Voice of Maldives ( VOM ) to `` Raajje Radio . '' The move came days after Maldives Broadcasting Corporation ( MBC ) formed under Maldives Broadcasting Corporation Act announced that all the assets , employees , and land used by state media organisations belong to the company and MNBC was using the assets against law . Maldives Broadcasting Corporation ( MBC ) filed a lawsuit in Civil Court against Finance Ministry to procure assets , money , and employees of Television Maldives ( TVM ) and Voice of Maldives ( VOM ) , now rebranded to MNBC One and Raajje Radio .   In late 2009 , MNBC launched `` Youth TV '' , a half-day television channel that airs in the evening . This channel is aimed at the teens and youth of the Maldives . The channel is no longer airing .   After the resignation of President Mohamed Nasheed , a group of police officers with many from public have taken the MNBC Station on a court order . Soon after VTV feed was aired on the frequency . Later that day the Channel was renamed to TVM , although the radio channel kept the Raajje Radio name .   As of 8 February 2012 , the station became a public service broadcaster , under the umbrella of Maldives Broadcasting Corporation ( MBC ) .   On 30 March 2015 , a bill was sent to the People 's Majlis to dissolve MBC and establish a new company to run state media , named Public Service Media or PSM for short . One of the purposes of PSM stated in the bill is to develop and sustain under expense of state budget new media , broadcasting devices , print media and all other technologies that provide news , information , awareness and entertainment . And also remaining as national media that is impartial to influence with editorial independence with nationwide coverage under the common regulations and policies within the law .   On 28 April 2015 , President Abdulla Yameen Abdul Gayoom ratified the Public Service Media Bill , making PSM the official state media company . Following the ratification , seven individuals were nominated to the Public Service Media Governing Board by the president on 29 April 2015 .

neg: Such TV SUCH TV is a television network based in Pakistan . SUCH TV is Pakistan 's News & Current Affairs TV channel . with an aim of bringing unbiased and factual inform .  SUCH TV had started broadcasting on 23 March 2010 . Such TV will display broadcast to the public , keeping in view its principles and conducts of electronic media .

neg: Bhutan News Service Bhutan News Service , abbreviated as BNS , is the first news agency of Bhutan . It is run as an independent news agency by Bhutanese refugee journalists since 2004 from Kathmandu , the capital city of Nepal . This is , probably , first of its kind considering a very few refugee media or journalism in exile . The agency is solely operated by refugees who are mostly born or brought up in refugee camps and without previous media experiences .   When over 100,000 of Bhutanese refugees started taking shelter in UN-administered refugee camps of Jhapa and Morang districts in eastern part of Nepal , there was a need of a vocal media in the refugee community . Several attempts were made by persons of various backgrounds to keep the journalism works going . However , survival of those media was not easy due to lack of funding , and they died one after the other .   The Bhutan News Service was founded in 2004 by a small group of Bhutanese refugee youths , who during the time believed that journalism was a noble means to keep community informed and continue advocating the refugee issue . Most of the exiled publications were shut down , in particular following crunch financial assistance and or due to lack of human resources to continue volunteering without anything in return . Therefore , the news service emerged in as an alternative means to replace most of those publications , if not all . Initially , the works were limited to simply blogging . From 2006 , BNS went online through its own news portal .   ″ APFA initiated a joint effort for press freedom and called on two other media organizations working for press freedom in Bhutan and operating in exile . Thus a conference was held in eastern Nepal making a historic declaration vowing to expedite fight for press freedom . The first media conference adopted `` Declaration Dé Exile '' . The declaration also accepted the APFA proposal to accept Bhutan News Service as the common and first news agency of Bhutan , but operating from exile . ″   Currently , around two dozens of reporters and over half a dozen of editors from various countries contribute for the news service on voluntary basis . The news agency has not been legally registered since Nepalese laws do not entertain registration of any entity owned and run by foreign nationals in Nepalese soil .   ″ Unfortunately , we are not a registered entity yet . While most of our members were based in the capital city of Nepal for years , we made several attempts to get it registered in Nepal , but to no avail . We are , however , in the course of getting it registered preferably in USA since most of our members are based there and a vast majority of the Bhutanese have gotten resettled in the same place . ″

neg: Khabar Agency The Khabar Agency is a major media outlet in Kazakhstan . It was established in 1995 , known originally as the National Television News Agency . It is currently one of the largest networks in the country , and broadcasts daily in Russian and Kazakh . Additionally , Khabar runs the satellite channel Kazakh TV , which is potentially available across Europe and Asia . It features programming in Russian , Kazakh , and English .   Khabar annually hosts the Eurasian Media Forum , which attempts to bring together journalists and political figures to `` facilitate the professional development of the Eurasian media and promote international public understanding of Eurasian issues '' .   Since 1 January 2016 Khabar has been an associate member of the EBU .

neg: Emirates News Agency Emirates News Agency ( -LSB- وكالة أنباء الامارات , Wakalat Anba'a al Emarat -RSB- ) , also known as WAM , is the official news agency of the United Arab Emirates .

neg: Independent Media Corporation The Independent Media Corporation is one of Pakistan 's largest media conglomerates . It started with the publications of the Jang Group of Newspapers and later added the Geo Network to its offerings .

neg: Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority The Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority پاکستان نيؤكلر ريگيلرٹوى اثھارٹى ; Acronym : PNRA ) , is mandated by Government of Pakistan to regulate use of nuclear energy , radioactive sources and use of ionizing radiations . The mission of PNRA is to protect the public , radiation workers and environment from harmful effects of ionizing radiations by formulating and implementing effective regulations and building a relationship of trust with the licensees and maintain transparency in its actions and decisions .   Although , the concept of nuclear regulatory existed in 1965 but it gained full government commission in 2001 , with the establishment Nuclear Command Authority . Headquartered in Islamabad , this agency was established in 2001 after President Justice ( retired ) Rafiq Tarar signed the executive decree `` Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority Ordinance No.III '' in 2000 , and was first opened its operation in 2001 .

neg: Vital Signs (band) Vital Signs were a Pakistan pop and rock band formed in Rawalpindi in 1986 . Since their formation , they became Pakistan 's first and most commercially successful as well as critically acclaimed act . The band 's popular lineup consisted of keyboardist Rohail Hyatt , bassist Shahzad Hasan , guitarist Nusrat Hussain and vocalist Junaid Jamshed . Rooted in Rawalpindi with some influence from Western music during the conservative regime of President Zia-ul-Haq , the Vital Signs utilizes several genres , ranging from pop music to rock , and often incorporating classical and other elements in innovative ways . In the early 1990s , they came to be perceived by many Pakistani fans and country 's cultural observers as a `` promising new era of cultural revival '' . Their enormous popularity significantly opened a new wave of music and a modern chapter in the history of Pakistan .   The band built its reputation playing in university campuses and underground rock music concerts held in different parts of the country , before being noticed by PTV performing art section director Shoaib Mansoor . The band initially gained national prominence and popularity from their music video of their single `` Dil Dil Pakistan '' first aired on PTV . Written by Shaoib Mansoor , the song became a big commercial hit and critically acclaimed in the public ; it was voted , in an unscientific poll as the third most popular song of all time by BBC World . By the early 1990s , the band members had become public celebrities and international stars in the midst of the 1990s . From the 1980s to the 1990s , they produced many of their highly successful and critically praised albums , what many cultural critics consider their finest material including the innovative and widely influential albums , Vital Signs 1 ( 1989 ) , Vital Signs 2 ( 1991 ) , Aitebar ( 1993 ) and Hum Tum ( 1995 ) . The success of their second album marked the international prominence of the band , first traveling to the United States to perform , becoming the first Pakistani music act to go abroad on a tour .   After the disintegrating and fading of the band in 1998 , they each enjoyed successful musical careers . Leading singer Junaid Jamshed went on to pursue a career as a solo singer and as an Islamic televangelist , Shahzad Hasan concentrated on his work as a music producer and Rohail Hyatt formed a production company . The Vital Signs is considered one of the most successful bands in Pakistan , having influenced many of the pop , rock , and heavy metal musical groups originating from Pakistan .

neg: Televisión Española Televisión Española ( acronym TVE , on lowercase letters : tve , in English `` Spanish Television '' ) is the national state-owned public-service television broadcaster in Spain . TVE belongs to the RTVE Corporation which has overall responsibility for national public-service radio and television under a Parliament-appointed General Manager who , as well as being answerable to a Board of Directors , reports to an all-party committee of the national parliament , as provided for in the Public Radio and Television Law of 2006 .   TVE 's activities were previously financed by a combination of advertising revenue and subsidies from the national government , but since it has been supported by subsidies only .

neg: Hindustani grammar Hindustani is the lingua franca of northern India and Pakistan , and its two standardised registers , Hindi and Urdu , are official languages of India and Pakistan respectively . Grammatical differences between the two standards are minimal but each uses its own script : Hindi uses Devanagari while Urdu uses an extended form of the Perso-Arabic script , typically in the Nastaʿlīq style .   On this grammar page Hindustani is written in `` standard orientalist '' transcription as outlined in . Being `` primarily a system of transliteration from the Indian scripts , -LSB- and -RSB- based in turn upon Sanskrit '' ( cf. IAST ) , these are its salient features : subscript dots for retroflex consonants ; macrons for etymologically , contrastively long vowels ; h denoting aspirated plosives . Tildes denote nasalized vowels .

neg: Metropolis Daily Metropolis Daily is the Hong Kong edition of Metro ( Metro International ) , which publishes free newspapers around the world with 25 editions in 16 countries in 14 languages . It is the first free newspaper in Hong Kong .   The Hong Kong version was first launched on April 15 , 2002 ; it is distributed for free in the racks located in 49 Mass Transit Railway ( MTR ) stations except the Airport Station .   According to the Hong Kong Audit Bureau of Circulations in September 2002 , the daily circulation of the newspaper was 302,197 copies , making it the third largest daily newspaper in Hong Kong . The paper is distributed from Monday to Friday ( except for public holidays ) , by hand or from the newspaper stands in 49 MTR stations and 11 other key central locations , such as big shopping malls owned by MTR Corporation Limited like Paradise Mall , Telford Plaza , and Luk Yeung Galleria ( 綠楊坊 Pinyin : lǜ yáng fāng ) . Since it is free of charge and easily accessible , many people like to get one on their way to school or work . The paper attracts a younger generation of readers with a great purchasing power likewise , therefore many advertisers are interested in promoting their products on Metropolis Daily . The operating costs of the paper are mainly covered by the classified advertisements in the newspaper .   However , the influence of the paper is not yet significant . Though around one tenth size of other newspapers printing local first-hand news reported by fresh journalists , its main news sources are actually the television , radio news , press releases and wired news . As one Metropolis '' ' reporter said , `` Nobody seems to know that we made an exclusive story . ''   The paper is in Chinese in most parts , together with an English international section . According to Metropolis , the paper can be read in a `` 19-minute commute '' as the articles inside are usually short and laconic ; readers can scan through the paper so quickly that they can grab a brief understanding of the news within minutes . Although the paper is a tabloid , i.e. a minute-sized newspaper giving the stories in a condensed form , it includes many sections , which make the paper very rich in contents .  These sections include :  local news ( including one page written in Simplified Chinese ) ;  Chinese news ;  international news ;  finance ;  sports ;  entertainment ;  side stories ;  English news digest ;  editorial column ;  television program schedule ; and  film section .   Readers can read the on-line edition of Metropolis all over the world by simply registering as users at its official site , and it is totally free . Besides , there is also a club called `` Club Metro '' '' offering discounts in films , sports and travel to its members . Readers can enjoy these benefits once they have joined the club . There are 700,000 worldwide members in this club .

neg: Azad News Azad News is an Hindi-language 24/7 News television channel The channel is a free-to-air . The channel is available across all major cable and DTH platforms as well as online .

neg: Gehwara-e-Adab Gehwara-e-Adab -LSB- Nursery of Literature -RSB- is an International well-known Literary Organization which has worldwide reach and created a history in Urdu Literary world . It was formed to support and promote Urdu Language and its rich literature in the world . Currently it is working in Pakistan , United States and Canada .   Gehwara-e-Adab was founded in Karachi on 1989 by a group of students from University of Karachi , with the aim to highlight the feature and importance of Urdu .   It has continuously conducted several programs include Urdu Debate Competition , Urdu Speech Competition , Urdu essay competition and Urdu Mushairah ( Poetry recitation ) .   Team Gehwara-e-Adab is committed to promote Urdu literature and poetry to enhance Urdu culture .

neg: Awaaz India Tv Awaaz India Tv is an Hindi-language 24/7 news television channel , owned by Awaaz Group Asia Limted .

neg: State emblem of Pakistan The state emblem of Pakistan was adopted in 1954 and symbolizes Pakistan 's ideological foundation , the basis of its economy , its cultural heritage and its guiding principles . The four components of the emblem are a crescent and star crest above a shield , which is surrounded by a wreath , below which is a scroll . The crest and the green colour of the emblem are traditional symbols of Islam . The quartered shield in the centre shows cotton , wheat , tea and jute , which were the major crops of Pakistan at independence and are shown in a form of shield and signify as the main agricultural base for the importance of the Nation 's economy . The floral wreath , surrounding the shield , is Jasminum officinale ( the national flower ) and represents the floral designs used in traditional Mughal art and emphasizes the cultural heritage of Pakistan . The scroll supporting the shield contains the national motto in Urdu , '' '' , which reads from right to left : ( -LSB- ) , translated as `` Faith , Unity , Discipline '' which are intended as the guiding principles for Pakistan .

neg: Theatre of Pakistan This article deals with topics pertaining to theatre of Pakistan . Theatre in Pakistan has been developed and influenced by the traditional Persian theatre as well as from classical Indian dance practices of the Mughal Empire . With the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate that began in the 10th and 11th centuries , theatre was discouraged or forbidden entirely . Later , in an attempt to re-assert indigenous values and ideas , village theatre was encouraged across the South Asia , developing in a large number of regional languages from the 15th to the 19th centuries . Modern Urdu theatre developed during the period of colonial rule under the British Empire , from the mid-19th century until the mid-20th . In 1855 , the enactment of the play Inder Sabha ( The Heavenly Court of Indra ) written by Agha Hasan Amanat in the courtyard of the last Nawab of Oudh , Wajid Ali Shah , has been highly regarded as the beginning of Urdu theatre . Pakistan has a growing theatre culture , with English and Urdu theatre being the dominant forms . Today , the major competition with theatre is that represented by growing television industry and the spread of films produced in the Pakistani film industry based in Karachi and Lahore , known as `` Lollywood '' . Lack of finance is another major obstacle .

neg: Prime Minister of Pakistan The Prime Minister of Pakistan ( -LSB- -- , -LSB- ʋəˈziːr-ˌeː ˈɑː.zəm -RSB- ; lit . `` Grand Vizier '' ) , is the head of government of Pakistan and designated as the `` chief executive of the Republic '' . The Prime Minister leads the executive branch of the government , oversees the economic growth , heads the Council of Common Interests as well as the Cabinet , and is vested with the command authority over the nuclear arsenals .   This position places its holder in leadership of the nation and in control over all matters of internal and foreign policy . The incumbent Prime Minister is Nawaz Sharif -- a presiding figure of the conservative Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) . The Prime Minister is elected by the members of the National Assembly and therefore is usually the leader of the majority party in the parliament . The Constitution of Pakistan vests the executive powers in the Prime Minister who is responsible for appointing the Cabinet as well as running the executive branch , taking and authorising executive decisions , appointments and recommendations that require executive confirmation of the Prime Minister .   Constitutionally , the Prime Minister serves as the chief adviser to President of Pakistan on critical matters and plays an influential role in appointment in each branch and the military leadership as well as ensuring the control of the military through chairman joint chiefs . Powers of the Prime Minister have significantly grown with a delicate system of the check and balance by each branch . The position was absent during years of 1960 -- 73 and 1977-85 due to imposed martial law . In each of these periods , the military junta led by the President had the powers of the Prime Minister .

neg: Inter-Services Public Relations The Inter-Services Public Relations ( بین الخدماتی تعلقات عامہ Reporting name : ISPR ) , is the media wing of the Pakistan Armed Forces which broadcasts and coordinates military news and information to the country 's civilian media and the civic society .   The ISPR directorate serves the purpose of aiming to strengthen public relations with the civic society , through interacting with the media . The directorate also works as the principle voice of the Pakistan 's military , with its director-general serving as the official spokesperson of the armed forces . In addition , the ISPR provides fund , productions , and assists with the military fiction franchise -- both military dramas and the war films .


query: Kaminey is only a book.

pos: Kaminey Kaminey ( Rascal ) is a 2009 Indian caper thriller film directed by Vishal Bhardwaj and featuring Shahid Kapoor , Priyanka Chopra and Amol Gupte in the lead roles . Set against the backdrop of the Mumbai underworld , Kaminey follows a rivalry between a pair of twins , one with a lisp and the other with a stutter , over the course of a single day .   Bhardwaj co-wrote the screenplay with Sabrina Dhawan , Abhishek Chaubey , and Supratik Sen. Bhardwaj bought the original script for from Kenyan writer Cajetan Boywhom he had mentored at a scriptwriting workshop in Uganda . Kaminey was released on 14 August 2009 and became a box-office success worldwide , grossing over against a budget of . The film 's soundtrack album also became a commercial success , with the song `` Dhan Te Nan '' topping the charts on various platforms .   Kaminey received widespread critical acclaim , with several critics and media publications placing it at number one on their listings of `` Best film of the year '' . Since its release , the film has attained cult status . It received several awards and nominations at ceremonies across India . At the 55th Filmfare Awards , it received ten nominations , including Best Film , Best Director , Best Actor , Best Actress , and Best Supporting Actor ; it won the award for Best Special Effects . At the 57th National Film Awards , Kaminey won two awards -- Best Audiography for Subash Sahoo and Special Jury Award for its editing by A. Sreekar Prasad .

neg: Literary Encyclopedia Literary Encyclopedia ( Russian : Литературная энциклопедия ) is a 12-volume encyclopedia published in the USSR from 1929 until 1939 . It contains more than 5000 entries with a focus on Russian and Soviet authors , as well as literary schools , trends , directions , and literary concepts . The 10th volume was delayed by Soviet censors in 1937 , rumored to be a result of concerns about the article `` Russian literature '' The series was halted in 1939 after the publication of the 11th volume . The 12 volume was published later based on drafts .

neg: Kamikaze (manga) is a manga series written and illustrated by Satoshi Shiki , published in Kodansha 's Afternoon magazine from 1998 to 2003 .   A 2-CD audio drama based on the manga was released on December 26 , 2003 . An English translation of all seven volumes of the manga was released by Tokyopop between February 2006 and February 2008 .

neg: Sefer Torah A Sefer Torah ( ; plural : Sifrei Torah ; `` Book ( s ) of Torah '' or `` Torah scroll ( s ) '' ) is a handwritten copy of the Torah , the holiest book in Judaism . It must meet extremely strict standards of production . The Torah scroll is mainly used in the ritual of Torah reading during Jewish prayers . At other times , it is stored in the holiest spot within a synagogue , the Torah ark , which is usually an ornate curtained-off cabinet or section of the synagogue built along the wall that most closely faces Jerusalem , the direction Jews face when praying .   The text of the Torah is also commonly printed and bound in book form for non-ritual functions . It is then known as a Chumash ( `` five-part '' , for the five books of Moses ) , and is often accompanied by commentaries or translations .

neg: Krytyka Krytyka ( Критика `` Critique '' ) is a Ukrainian intellectual monthly/bi-monthly magazine and publishing house dedicated to in-depth analysis of current affairs , culture and book reviews in Ukraine and the region . Krytyka was founded in 1997 by the Harvard professor of Ukrainian literature George Grabowicz . The magazine is a partner of the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute , University of St. Gallen ( Center for Governance and Culture in Europe ) , and an exclusive partner of The New York Review of Books in Ukraine . Krytyka receives support from Western and Ukrainian foundations for its various projects ( National Endowment for Democracy , Robert Bosch Stiftung , Open Society Foundations ) . Krytyka is a member of Eurozine , a network of European cultural magazines , and sees its role in mediating between Ukrainian and global intellectual elites . Since 2014 , it is also available in English .

neg: Wladimir Kaminer Wladimir Kaminer ( -LSB- Владимир Викторович Каминер , Vladímir Víktorovich Kamíner -RSB- born 19 July 1967 ) is a Russian-born German short story writer , columnist and disc jockey of Jewish origin .   Kaminer was born in Moscow , and after initially training as an audio engineer for theatre and radio , then studied dramaturgy at the Moscow Institute of Theatre . Following the collapse of the Berlin Wall , Kaminer emigrated to Marzahn , Berlin , in 1990 .   From the late 1990s onward Kaminer became a prime mover in Berlin 's art and literature scenes , based at the reopened Kaffee Burger club . He holds regular readings at the cafe , and also contributes regularly to various German literary organs . Kaminer also hosts a weekly radio show , called Wladimir 's World , on Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg 's ( formerly Sender Freies Berlin ) RADIOmultikulti , a station aimed at immigrants in Germany . Kaminer also regularly DJs at his `` Russendiskos '' , during which he exclusively plays music by Russian bands . These discos originally began at the Kaffee Burger , but now also occasionally tour Germany .   Though Russian is his first language , Kaminer 's entire literary output is in German , and sometimes concerns the language contact situation of Russian immigrants to Germany .   In 2006 he announced his intention to run for Mayor of Berlin in 2011 . The final chapter of his 2007 book Ich bin kein Berliner was subtitled `` My first speech as mayoral candidate '' ( Meine erste Rede als Bürgermeisterkandidat ) .

neg: Eugene Onegin Eugene Onegin ( Евге́ний Оне́гин , BGN/PCGN : Yevgeniy Onegin ) is a novel in verse written by Alexander Pushkin .   Onegin is considered a classic of Russian literature , and its eponymous protagonist has served as the model for a number of Russian literary heroes ( so-called superfluous men ) . It was published in serial form between 1825 and 1832 . The first complete edition was published in 1833 , and the currently accepted version is based on the 1837 publication .   Almost the entire work is made up of 389 stanzas of iambic tetrameter with the unusual rhyme scheme `` AbAbCCddEffEgg '' , where the uppercase letters represent feminine rhymes while the lowercase letters represent masculine rhymes . This form has come to be known as the `` Onegin stanza '' or the `` Pushkin sonnet . ''   The innovative rhyme scheme , the natural tone and diction , and the economical transparency of presentation all demonstrate the virtuosity which has been instrumental in proclaiming Pushkin as the undisputed master of Russian poetry .   The story is told by a narrator ( a lightly fictionalized version of Pushkin 's public image ) , whose tone is educated , worldly , and intimate . The narrator digresses at times , usually to expand on aspects of this social and intellectual world . This allows for a development of the characters and emphasizes the drama of the plot despite its relative simplicity .   The book is admired for the artfulness of its verse narrative as well as for its exploration of life , death , love , ennui , convention and passion .

neg: Female artist's novel Female artist 's novel is a literary subtype of Kunstlerroman which can be defined as a literary procedure which deals with the main female protagonist 's growing to maturity and gaining experience and independence as an artist , namely a writer . Based on the major assumptions of Kunstlerroman , female artist 's novel works as a portrayal of a woman 's artistic struggle as she acquires artistic freedom and masters the artistic craft of being a writer and gaining literary dexterity . The scope of the genre is deeply rooted in the main assumptions of Kunstlerroman , where the growth of the character is displayed from one 's youth to adulthood and deals with one 's emotional and personal development on the way to artistic fulfillment .   As opposed to Kunstlerroman , female artist 's novel focuses only on a female writer , who besides being a capable artist and creator of her own reality , is often to perform many social roles simultaneously ( e.g. the role of a wife , a mother , home guardian , etc. ) to meet expectations the society imposes on her .   The genre itself is more gendered due to its focus on a female position .

neg: Big Read (Hungarian) Big Read is the Hungarian version of the BBC Big Read .   The Big Read was imported into Hungary under the name A Nagy Könyv ( lit . `` The Big Book '' ) and took place in 2005 . Around 1400 libraries , 500 book shops and 1300 schools participated in the competition in various ways . It proved to be far more popular in Hungary ( with a population of 10 million ) than in the UK ( with a population of 60 million ) , with 400,000 votes arriving ( as opposed to 140,000 votes in the UK competition in the corresponding period ) .   Voting for the top 100 began in late February : one was allowed to vote for any novel published in Hungarian . It ended on April 23 , when the 50 `` foreign '' and 50 Hungarian most popular novels were selected .   On June 11 , the top 12 novels were chosen in the framework of a television show presented by cultural celebrities . In the next months , 12 short films were made from these novels and screened in television , which competed with each other in pairs .   On December 15 , the population selected their ultimate favourite by SMS and phone . The winning novel , which received the title `` the most liked novel of Hungary 2005 '' , was the same book as the result of the previous round , Eclipse of the Crescent Moon . The other two Hungarian books that participated in the final were The Paul Street Boys and Abigél .

neg: We Were There The We Were There books are a series of historical novels written for children . The series consists of 36 titles , first released between 1955 and 1963 by Grosset & Dunlap . Each book in the series is a fictional retelling of an historical event , featuring one or more children as primary characters . The books were written by a number of different authors , each writing from one to seven of the books ; the authors included Benjamin Appel , Jim Kjelgaard , Earl Schenck Miers , William O. Steele , and others . Each book 's byline also lists a separate `` historical consultant , '' who was a specialist in the historic topic covered by that particular book . The historical consultants were typically college professors or , in the case of war-related stories , retired military officers ; among the more noteworthy consultants for the series were the historians Bruce Catton , Walter Prescott Webb and A. B. Guthrie , Jr. . The books are illustrated with black-and-white line art , with color drawings on the dust jacket .   The dust jackets of the original printings of the books describe the series as follows :   We Were There books are easy to read and provide exciting , entertaining stories , based upon true historic events . Each story is checked for factual accuracy by an outstanding authority on this particular phase of our history . Though written simply enough for young readers , they make interesting reading for boys and girls well into their teens .  The original hardbound editions of the books were followed by several other printings , including editions for book clubs and libraries . The books were later reissued with hardbound picture covers ( using the original dust jacket artwork ) , and softcover editions of some books became available in the 1970s . Three of the books are available from Lamppost Publishers and American Home School Publishers . Most of the original books are available in varying used conditions from various sellers through Amazon , although selection will naturally vary at any given time .

neg: Barzakh Editions Barzakh Editions is an independent publishing house in Algeria . It publishes work of a new generation of Algerian writers . Barzakh within islam is the period between someone 's death and his resurrection at the Last Judgment and the stay in the akhirah afterwards .   Barzakh was founded by Selma Hellal and Sofiane Hadjadj in the year of 2000 , during the last years of the Algerian Civil War . In these years the conflicts in the country were greatly isolated form the world outside . According to the jury of the Prince Claus Awards in 2010 , the foundation of this publishing house was elemental for opening the door again between Algeria and the rest of the world .   Initially it had been the purpose to publish work of writers of Algerian soil only . Hellal and Hadjadj noticed though , that the civil war had caused that a great number of writers had fled abroad . For this reason the focus changed to publish work of authors that lived in exile as well as giving a chance to authors who otherwise probably would n't have had a chance .   An important mainspring for the founders was the passion for books and the trust that freedom of thought and of expression are essential for development .   Up to 2010 the house had published more than 110 books , varying mainly between novels and poetry . Furthermore , books have been published in areas like philosophy , photography , drama , politics , art , and more .   As from the start the house has been dependent from mainly European sponsors , because the circumstances and the nature of the publications caused that the publisher was n't viable on itself . For instance the French embassy in Algiers had mercy on the cost for establishing copyrights for the books . Furthermore , the Swiss government and a number of funds offered financial support to the publisher .   In 2010 Barzakh Editions was honored with the Principal Prince Claus Award from the Netherlands . The jury praised it among other things for '' giving concrete form to Algeria 's voices , for opening up a much needed space for critical reflection on Algerian realities , for building a bridge connecting different languages and cultures , and for creatively breaking through the threatening cultural isolation of the country . ''

neg: Bookwriter The bookwriter is the member of a musical 's writing team who creates the book -- the musical 's plot , character development , and dramatic structure . Essentially , the bookwriter is the playwright of the musical . He or she works very closely in collaboration with the lyricist and composer to create an integrated piece of drama .   There is a common misconception that the bookwriter merely writes the dialogue ; though the book does include the musical 's spoken text , it is much more than that , defining and organizing the dramatic action of the entire piece , including action that is musicalized by the songwriter ( s ) . Even `` sung-through , '' `` operatic , '' or `` through-composed '' musicals , where there is little , if any , spoken text , require as much contribution from a bookwriter as do musicals with extensive dialogue scenes .   The bookwriter is often also the musical 's lyricist , composer , or director .   Category : Occupations in music

neg: Chapbook A chapbook is an early type of popular literature printed in early modern Europe . Produced cheaply , chapbooks were commonly small , paper-covered booklets , usually printed on a single sheet folded into books of 8 , 12 , 16 and 24 pages . They were often illustrated with crude woodcuts , which sometimes bore no relation to the text . When illustrations were included in chapbooks , they were considered popular prints .   The tradition of chapbooks arose in the 16th century , as soon as printed books became affordable , and rose to its height during the 17th and 18th centuries . Many different kinds of ephemera and popular or folk literature were published as chapbooks , such as almanacs , children 's literature , folk tales , ballads , nursery rhymes , pamphlets , poetry , and political and religious tracts .   The term `` chapbook '' for this type of literature was coined in the 19th century . The corresponding French and German terms are bibliothèque bleue ( blue book ) and Volksbuch , respectively . In Spain they were known as pliegos de cordel .   The term `` chapbook '' is also in use for present-day publications , commonly short , inexpensive booklets .

neg: List of The New York Times Manga Best Sellers The New York Times Best Seller list for manga published in the United States was introduced on March 5 , 2009 , along with two additional lists for hardcover and paperback graphic novels . The three lists are grouped under the `` Graphic Books '' category . Deborah Hoffman , an editor for the Best Seller lists , explained that the term `` Graphic Books '' was selected to create an `` inclusive and expansive '' list which can extend to works of both fiction and non-fiction . Journalist George Gustines announced , in his introduction of the new lists , `` Comics have finally joined the mainstream . '' The announcement was made the week the film Watchmen , based on the comic book of the same name , was released in movie theaters throughout the U.S. . The Best Seller lists are printed weekly in The New York Times Book Review magazine , which is published in the Sunday edition of The New York Times and as a stand-alone publication .   Gustines explained the methodology used to determine the rankings :   Rankings reflect sales of graphic novels -LSB- ... -RSB- at many thousands of venues where a wide range of books are sold nationwide . These include hundreds of independent book retailers ( statistically weighted to represent all such outlets ) ; national , regional and local chains ; online and multimedia entertainment retailers ; university , gift , supermarket , discount department stores and newsstands . In addition , these rankings also include unit sales reported by retailers nationwide that specialize in graphic novels and comic books .   On multiple occasions , manga have been listed outside its designated list . Mike Kiley , then-Senior Vice President of the publisher Tokyopop , explained in 2010 that it has become more difficult to draw a distinguishing line between works that are manga and manga-inspired , such as Korean manhwa and American original English language ( OEL ) manga . A Drifting Life , an autobiographical manga by Yoshihiro Tatsumi , appeared on the May 3 , 2009 , Best Seller list for paperback graphic novels , where it ranked third . X-Men : Misfits , an original English manga based on the X-Men comic book franchise , ranked fifth at its debut on the August 30 , 2009 , paperback graphic novels list , and stayed on the chart for five consecutive weeks . The first volume of a manhwa adaptation of the popular vampire-themed Twilight novels by Stephenie Meyer remained on the hardcover graphic novels Best Seller list for 27 consecutive weeks in 2010 .   In January 2017 , the Times decided to stop producing the separate manga best seller list .

neg: The Works of Max Beerbohm The Works of Max Beerbohm was the first book published by English caricaturist , essayist and parodist Max Beerbohm . It was published in 1896 when Beerbohm was aged 24 .   A collection of Beerbohm 's essays from the 1890s written while he was still a student at Oxford and which had originally been printed in The Yellow Book , The Savoy , The Pageant , The Chap Book , and other notable periodicals , the book was published in London by John Lane at The Bodley Head in 1896 , and launched Beerbohm 's career as an essayist .   The book contains Beerbohm 's notorious essay A Defence of Cosmetics , which had appeared in the first number of The Yellow Book in April 1894 , revised and renamed The Pervasion of Rouge .   `` Replete with mock-scholarly footnotes and biographical information , The Works epitomizes Beerbohm 's penchant for deflating pretentiousness with satiric imitation , '' wrote Ann Adams Cleary in the Dictionary of Literary Biography . `` Anything large - ideas , ideals , literary works , London crowds - caused him dismay . ''   In this , his first book , the 24-year-old Beerbohm announced gravely that he would now retire from letters , having said all there was to say . Of course , he did not .   A limited edition of 780 copies , signed and numbered by the author , was issued in 1922 , with 750 being offered for sale , while the remaining 30 were for presentation .

neg: Deseret Book Deseret Book ( -LSB- dɛz.əˈrɛt . -RSB- ) is the largest Latter-day Saint book publisher and also owns a chain of LDS bookstores in the Western United States . Over 150 people work in its Salt Lake City headquarters .   Deseret Book is a wholly owned subsidiary of Deseret Management Corporation , the holding company for business firms owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) . Deseret Book is a for-profit corporation registered in Utah . Deseret Book publishes under four imprints with media ranging from works explaining LDS theology and doctrine , LDS-related fiction , electronic resources , and sound recordings such as Mormon Tabernacle Choir albums .

neg: Kama Kama ( Sanskrit , Pali ; Devanagari : काम ) means `` desire , wish , longing '' in Indian literature . Kama often connotes sexual desire and longing in contemporary literature , but the concept more broadly refers to any desire , wish , passion , longing , pleasure of the senses , the aesthetic enjoyment of life , affection , or love , with or without sexual connotations .   Kama is one of the four goals of human life in Hindu traditions . It is considered an essential and healthy goal of human life when pursued without sacrificing the other three goals : Dharma ( virtuous , proper , moral life ) , Artha ( material prosperity , income security , means of life ) and Moksha ( liberation , release , self-actualization ) . Together , these four aims of life are called Puruṣārtha .

neg: Anna Karenina Anna Karenina ( `` Анна Каренина '' -LSB- ˈanːə kɐˈrʲenʲɪnə -RSB- ) is a novel by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy , published in serial installments from 1873 to 1877 in the periodical The Russian Messenger . Tolstoy clashed with editor Mikhail Katkov over political issues that arose in the final installment ( Tolstoy 's negative views of Russian volunteers going to fight in Serbia ) ; therefore , the novel 's first complete appearance was in book form in 1878 .   Widely regarded as a pinnacle in realist fiction , Tolstoy considered Anna Karenina his first true novel , after he came to consider War and Peace to be more than a novel . Fyodor Dostoyevsky declared it `` flawless as a work of art . '' His opinion was shared by Vladimir Nabokov , who especially admired `` the flawless magic of Tolstoy 's style , '' and by William Faulkner , who described the novel as `` the best ever written . '' The novel remains popular , as demonstrated by a 2007 Time poll of 125 contemporary authors in which Anna Karenina was voted the `` greatest book ever written . ''

neg: Shōnen manga is manga aimed at a young male audience . The age group varies with individual readers and different magazines , but it is primarily intended for boys between the ages of 8 to 18 . The kanji characters literally mean `` boy '' ( or `` youth '' ) , and the characters mean `` cartoon '' or `` comic '' . Thus , the complete phrase means `` young person 's comic '' , or simply `` boys ' comic '' ; its female equivalent is shōjo manga . Shōnen manga is the most popular form of manga .

neg: I Lost It at the Movies I Lost It at the Movies ( 1965 ) is Pauline Kael 's first collection of reviews , covering the years 1954 -- 1965 , which was published prior to her long stint at The New Yorker . As a result , the pieces in the book are culled from radio broadcasts that she did while she was at KPFA , as well as numerous periodicals , including Moviegoer , the Massachusetts Review , Sight and Sound , Film Culture , Film Quarterly and Partisan Review . It contains her negative review of the then widely acclaimed West Side Story , glowing reviews of other movies such as The Golden Coach and Seven Samurai , as well as longer polemical essays such as her largely negative critical responses to Siegfried Kracauer 's Theory of Film and Andrew Sarris 's Film Culture essay Notes on the Auteur Theory , 1962 . The book was a bestseller upon its first release , and is now published by Marion Boyars Publishers .   Kael 's first book is characterized by an approach where she would often quote contemporary critics such as Bosley Crowther and Dwight Macdonald as a springboard to debunk their assertions while advancing her own ideas . This approach was later abandoned in her subsequent reviews , but is notably referred to in Macdonald 's book , Dwight Macdonald On Movies ( 1969 ) .   When an interviewer asked her in later years as to what she had `` lost '' , as indicated in the title , Kael averred : `` There are so many kinds of innocence to be lost at the movies . '' It is the first in a series of titles of books that would have a deliberately erotic connotation , typifying the sensual relation Kael perceived herself as having with the movies , as opposed to the theoretical bent that some among her colleagues had .

neg: Ancient Egyptian literature Ancient Egyptian literature was written in the Egyptian language from ancient Egypt 's pharaonic period until the end of Roman domination . It represents the oldest corpus of Egyptian literature . Along with Sumerian literature , it is considered the world 's earliest literature .   Writing in ancient Egypt -- both hieroglyphic and hieratic -- first appeared in the late 4th millennium BC during the late phase of predynastic Egypt . By the Old Kingdom ( 26th century BC to 22nd century BC ) , literary works included funerary texts , epistles and letters , hymns and poems , and commemorative autobiographical texts recounting the careers of prominent administrative officials . It was not until the early Middle Kingdom ( 21st century BC to 17th century BC ) that a narrative Egyptian literature was created . This was a `` media revolution '' which , according to Richard B. Parkinson , was the result of the rise of an intellectual class of scribes , new cultural sensibilities about individuality , unprecedented levels of literacy , and mainstream access to written materials . However , it is possible that the overall literacy rate was less than one percent of the entire population . The creation of literature was thus an elite exercise , monopolized by a scribal class attached to government offices and the royal court of the ruling pharaoh . However , there is no full consensus among modern scholars concerning the dependence of ancient Egyptian literature on the sociopolitical order of the royal courts .   Middle Egyptian , the spoken language of the Middle Kingdom , became a classical language during the New Kingdom ( 16th century BC to 11th century BC ) , when the vernacular language known as Late Egyptian first appeared in writing . Scribes of the New Kingdom canonized and copied many literary texts written in Middle Egyptian , which remained the language used for oral readings of sacred hieroglyphic texts . Some genres of Middle Kingdom literature , such as `` teachings '' and fictional tales , remained popular in the New Kingdom , although the genre of prophetic texts was not revived until the Ptolemaic period ( 4th century BC to 1st century BC ) . Popular tales included the Story of Sinuhe and The Eloquent Peasant , while important teaching texts include the Instructions of Amenemhat and The Loyalist Teaching . By the New Kingdom period , the writing of commemorative graffiti on sacred temple and tomb walls flourished as a unique genre of literature , yet it employed formulaic phrases similar to other genres . The acknowledgment of rightful authorship remained important only in a few genres , while texts of the `` teaching '' genre were pseudonymous and falsely attributed to prominent historical figures .   Ancient Egyptian literature has been preserved on a wide variety of media . This includes papyrus scrolls and packets , limestone or ceramic ostraca , wooden writing boards , monumental stone edifices and coffins . Texts preserved and unearthed by modern archaeologists represent a small fraction of ancient Egyptian literary material . The area of the floodplain of the Nile is under-represented because the moist environment is unsuitable for the preservation of papyri and ink inscriptions . On the other hand , hidden caches of literature , buried for thousands of years , have been discovered in settlements on the dry desert margins of Egyptian civilization .