query: Stephon Marbury plays basketball in America.

pos: Stephon Marbury Stephon Xavier Marbury ( born February 20 , 1977 ) is an American professional basketball player who most recently played for the Beijing Ducks of the Chinese Basketball Association ( CBA ) . He has won three CBA championships with Beijing in 2012 , 2014 and 2015 , and is widely considered as the greatest foreign player to ever play in the Chinese Basketball Association .   The , 205 lb point guard was selected out of the Georgia Institute of Technology by the Milwaukee Bucks with the 4th overall pick in the 1996 NBA draft , but was traded shortly thereafter to the Minnesota Timberwolves .   He was an NBA All-Star in 2001 and 2003 and was voted into the All-NBA Third Team in 2000 and 2003 .

neg: Shawn Vanzant Shawn Vincent Vanzant ( born October 19 , 1988 ) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Moncton Miracles of the National Basketball League of Canada ( NBL ) . He played college basketball for Butler University before playing professionally in Finland , Canada , Ireland , and the NBA Development League .

neg: American football American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada , and also known as `` gridiron football '' or simply `` gridiron '' , is a sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end . The offense , the team with control of the oval-shaped football , attempts to advance down the field by running with or passing the ball , while the team without control of the ball , the defense , aims to stop their advance and take control of the ball for themselves . The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs , or plays , or else they turn over the football to the opposing team ; if they succeed , they are given a new set of four downs . Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the opposing team 's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent 's goalposts for a field goal . The team with the most points at the end of a game wins .   American football evolved in the United States , originating from the sports of association football and rugby football . The first game of American football was played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton , under rules based on the association football rules of the time . During the latter half of the 1870s , colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code , which allowed carrying the ball . A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp , the `` Father of American Football '' , established the snap , eleven-player teams , and the concept of downs ; later rule changes legalized the forward pass , created the neutral zone , and specified the size and shape of the football .   American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States . Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game , with the other major levels being high school and youth football . , nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually , almost all of them men , with a few exceptions . The National Football League , the most popular American football league , has the highest average attendance of any professional sports league in the world ; its championship game , the Super Bowl , ranks among the most-watched club sporting events in the world , and the league has an annual revenue of around US$ 10 billion .

neg: Leon Rose Leon Rose ( born around 1961 ) is an attorney and sports agent , based in New Jersey , near Philadelphia . He represents a number of prominent NBA players , including Allen Iverson and formerly LeBron James .   Rose grew up in Cherry Hill , New Jersey and attended Cherry Hill High School East , where he played basketball and was later inducted into the school 's hall of fame . Rose graduated from Dickinson College , where he played on the basketball team , and earned his law degree at Temple University Beasley School of Law . He was inducted into the Philadelphia Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 2011 .

neg: Allentown Jets The Allentown Jets were a minor league basketball team that played in the Eastern Professional Basketball League ( later the Eastern Basketball Association and Continental Basketball Association ) from 1958 to 1981 . The team was one of the most dominant franchises in CBA/Eastern League history , winning eight playoff championships and 12 division titles .   Originally formed in 1957 as the Wilmington Jets , the team relocated in 1958 to Allentown , Pennsylvania . Among the Jets ' top players were center Roman `` Big Daddy '' Turmon , Ray Scott scorer , rebounder Harthorne Wingo , and 3-point specialist Brendan McCann & Bill `` BO '' White . The Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame inducted Richard Koffenberger , who played for the team in Wilmington . The Jets had a working agreement with the New York Knicks , who sent several players to Allentown for playing time .   In 1964 , the Jets played an interleague contest with the Grand Rapids Tackers of the Midwest Professional Basketball League . The Jets won 138-136 , winning the only minor league `` World Series of Basketball '' interpromotional game ever held .   In 1979 , the franchise rebranded itself as the `` Lehigh Valley Jets , '' in an effort to greater regionalize its fanbase ; however , after the 1980-81 season the Jets closed up for good .

neg: 2012–13 America East Conference men's basketball season The 2012 -- 13 America East men 's basketball season began with practices in October 2012 , followed by the start of the 2012 -- 13 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season in November . Conference play began in early-January 2013 , and concluded in March with the 2013 America East Men 's Basketball Tournament first two rounds being held at the University of Albany , and the final held at the University of Vermont .    | -  | colspan = 6 align = `` left '' |

neg: Toney Douglas Toney Bernard Douglas ( born March 16 , 1986 ) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Memphis Grizzlies of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for Auburn for one year , eventually becoming frustrated with his role on the team as a shooting guard . He subsequently transferred to Florida State University for the remainder of his collegiate career , where he switched to the point guard position . Emerging as a defensive force in his junior season , Douglas set school and conference records for steals . He stepped up as a team leader in his final season , breaking personal records in several statistical categories and helped lead the Seminoles to their first NCAA Tournament in 11 years .   Douglas was drafted by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 2009 NBA draft with the 29th overall pick , but was immediately traded to the New York Knicks . He played for the Knicks , Houston Rockets , Sacramento Kings and the Golden State Warriors before being traded to the Miami Heat in 2014 . After spending the 2014 -- 15 season in China with the Jiangsu Dragons , he returned to the NBA in 2015 , joining the New Orleans Pelicans .

neg: Shawn Long Shawn Long ( born January 29 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college career for the University of Louisiana at Lafayette and represented the United States at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto .

neg: Brandan Kearney Brandan Dion Kearney ( born March 1 , 1993 ) is a professional basketball player for the Montcon Miracles of the National Basketball League of Canada . He played college basketball at Michigan State University , Arizona State University and University of Detroit .

neg: Maurice Bailey Maurice Edward `` Mo '' Bailey ( born October 30 , 1981 ) is an American-Jamaican professional basketball player . He is a point guard .

neg: USA Today All-USA high school basketball team Each year , USA Today , an American newspaper , awards outstanding high school basketball players with a place on its male and female All-USA high school basketball teams . The newspaper names athletes whom it believes to be the best basketball players from high schools around the United States . In addition , one member of each team is named , respectively , the male or female USA Today High School Basketball Player of the Year . The newspaper names two teams , one for male athletes and one for female athletes . The newspaper has named a team every year since 1983 . Each year , the newspaper also selects a USA Today High School Boys ' Basketball Coach of the Year and a USA Today High School Girls ' Basketball Coach of the Year .

neg: Raymond Felton Raymond Bernard Felton , Jr. ( born June 26 , 1984 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Felton played college basketball at the University of North Carolina under head coach Roy Williams . At North Carolina , Felton led the Tar Heels to a national championship before declaring for the NBA draft . Felton was drafted 5th overall in the 2005 NBA draft . Over his career , Felton has been a member of the Charlotte Bobcats , New York Knicks ( twice ) , Denver Nuggets , Dallas Mavericks and Portland Trail Blazers . He plays the point guard position .

neg: Jack Rohan John Patrick `` Jack '' Rohan ( August 25 , 1931 -- August 9 , 2004 ) was an American college basketball player and coach . The Bellerose , New York native was men 's head basketball coach at Columbia University between 1962 and 1974 , and returned in 1991 to coach until 1995 . He is the most successful coach in Columbia basketball history . Rohan was also a full professor and chairman of the department of physical education .   Rohan attended Columbia from 1949 to 1953 , and was a member of the famous 1950/51 team under coach Lou Rossini that went undefeated through its regular season , winning all 22 of its games and capturing the Ivy League title with a 12 -- 0 mark . Rohan earned a bachelor 's degree in history from Columbia in 1953 and a master 's from Teachers College , Columbia University , in 1957 . From 1955 through 1958 , he served variously as the varsity golf and freshman basketball coach at Columbia and the freshman basketball coach at New York University . In 1962 he became head coach at Columbia .   Rohan was selected national Coach of the Year for the 1967 -- 68 season after leading Columbia to the Ivy League championship . That team , one of the best in Columbia history , compiled a 23 -- 5 record and finished the season ranked sixth in the nation . It was led by Jim McMillian and Dave Newmark , both of whom played professional basketball , and Heyward Dotson , an NBA and ABA draftee . Rohan resigned his coaching post in 1974 to become the tenured chair of the physical education department . He became the school 's golf coach in 1976 , but remained active in basketball as a much-sought-after basketball camp lecturer and clinician , broadcaster , and writer .   In 1990 Rohan agreed to once again become head coach of the Lions . He coached for five years , leading the team to a 43 -- 87 record , including a 16 -- 10 record and second-place finish in the Ivy League in 1992 -- 93 . When he left the head coach 's position , shortly after the conclusion of the 1995 season , he had compiled an overall record of 198 -- 247 . His games coached ( 445 ) and his victories both stand as Columbia career records .   Rohan died on August 9 , 2004 , aged 72 , in a nursing home in South Yarmouth , Massachusetts , of complications from Guillain -- Barré syndrome . He had been stricken with the disease since July 2003 .   Category :1931 births  Category :2004 deaths  Category : American basketball coaches  Category : American men 's basketball players  Category : Columbia Lions men 's basketball coaches  Category : Columbia Lions men 's basketball players  Category : People from Bellerose , New York  Category : Teachers College , Columbia University alumni

neg: All-America This article is about the concept in sports teams . For similarly-named articles , see All American .  An All-America team is a hypothetical American sports team composed of outstanding amateur players . These players are broadly considered by media and other relevant commentators as the best players in a particular sport , of a specific season , for each team position .   Such athletes at the high school and college level are given the honorific title and typically referred to as `` All-American athletes '' or simply `` All-Americans '' .

neg: 2007–08 FIBA Americas League The 2007 -- 08 FIBA Americas League was the first edition of the first-tier and most important professional international club basketball competition in the regions of South America , Central America , the Caribbean , and Mexico , with the winner of the competition being crowned as the best team and champion of all of those regions , as well as of the FIBA Americas zone . The first FIBA Americas League also included two teams from the United States , the Miami Tropics , and the PBL All-Stars , which was an All-Star selection team from the Premier Basketball League . However , the NBA is the first-tier competition in the United States , and it is in fact an international league , as it contains also a team from Canada . So teams from the United States and Canada are eligible to play at the competition because they belong to the FIBA Americas region . However , at the pro club level for those two countries , the FIBA Americas League would not be considered the 1st-tier league .   The competition began on December 4 . The first stage was a round robin phase with four teams in each group . Each of the groups were played in different cities , ( Guaynabo , Miami , Belo Horizonte , and Mar del Plata ) . The Final 4 of the league was played in a round-robin format from February 7 to February 9 , in Mexicali , Mexico , home of the hosting team , Soles de Mexicali .

neg: Marquee player A marquee player is an athlete who is considered exceptionally popular , skilled , or otherwise outstanding , especially in professional sports . Several sports leagues have specific definitions and rules regarding the designation and treatment of marquee players .   In the Liga 1 of the Football Association of Indonesia each team is allowed to designate one marquee players .   In the A-League of the Football Federation Australia each team is allowed to designate two marquee players whose salaries are exempted from the league 's salary cap . Similarly , in English Premiership rugby marquee players are excluded from salary cap constraints .   The All India Football Federation requires each I-League team to feature one marquee player . The federation defines `` marquee players '' as foreign players who have represented their country in one of several international championships . Teams are also allowed to propose other skilled players for the designation.In ISL ( Indian Super League ) also there are marquee players .   In World TeamTennis a marquee player is not required to play the entire season and is compensated on a per-match basis . Marquee players are drafted in a marquee draft prior to the roster draft .

neg: Ron Perry (basketball, born 1958) Ronald K. `` Ron '' Perry ( born March 20 , 1958 ) is an American former basketball and baseball player . He is known particularly for his standout college career at Holy Cross .   Perry , the son of former Holy Cross athletic director Ron S. Perry , was a high school star at Catholic Memorial in West Roxbury , Massachusetts . While there , Perry set a Massachusetts state scoring record with 2,481 points in his career , averaging 35 points per game as a senior .   He followed in his father 's footsteps , playing both basketball and baseball at Holy Cross . As a freshman shooting guard for the Crusaders , Perry led all freshmen nationally in scoring , netting 23 points per game . Over the course of his four-year career , Perry set the school scoring record with 2,524 points ( 23.2 per game ) . He was named ECAC North co-Player of the Year with Maine 's Rufus Harris as a senior and earned All-American recognition in all four of his varsity seasons .   In addition to his basketball career , Perry also excelled as a baseball player for the Crusaders at shortstop . He was also recognized for his achievements in the classroom , earning first team Academic All-American honors in each of his last three seasons in both baseball and basketball . He was inducted into the Academic All-American Hall of Fame in 1996 .   Following his graduatiuon from Holy Cross , perry was drafted by both the Chicago White Sox in the 1980 Major League Baseball Draft and by the Boston Celtics in the third round ( 54th pick overall ) of the 1980 NBA draft . After failing to make the Celtics ' roster , Perry opted to try his hand at baseball , playing for the White Sox ' AA affiliate in Glens Falls , New York . He hit .260 in his two seasons with the club .

neg: NBA high school draftees The NBA high school draftees are players who have been drafted to the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) straight out of high school without playing basketball at the collegiate level . The process of jumping directly from high school to the professional level is also known as going prep-to-pro . Since 2006 , the practice of drafting high school players has been prohibited by the new collective bargaining agreement , which requires that players who entered the draft be 19 years of age and at least one year removed from high school . Contrary to popular belief , the player does not have to play at least a year in college basketball , as the player can choose to instead play in another professional league ( especially overseas ) like Brandon Jennings or Emmanuel Mudiay in Italy and China respectively , simply take the year off , such as the case with Satnam Singh Bhamara , or even hold themselves back a year in high school before declaring for the draft , such as the case with Thon Maker .   The NBA has long had a preference for players who played basketball at the collegiate level ; the vast majority of players to play in the NBA have had college experience . However , there have been numerous notable players who attended high school in the United States and then jumped directly to the NBA without playing college basketball .

neg: Sports in Boston Boston , the capital city of the U.S. state of Massachusetts and largest city in the New England region of the northeastern United States , is home to several major league sports teams , including the Red Sox ( baseball ) , the Celtics ( basketball ) and the Bruins ( ice hockey ) . The New England Patriots ( American football ) and the New England Revolution ( soccer ) play at Gillette Stadium in nearby Foxborough , Massachusetts . Several Boston-area colleges and universities are also active in college athletics .   Sports are a major part of the city 's culture ( as well as the culture of the Greater Boston area ) . Boston sports fans are known for their fanatical devotion to the Red Sox and knowledge of the team 's history . Fenway Park , home of the Red Sox , is the oldest ballpark in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) and holds a legendary status among baseball fans .   Boston is the only city in professional sports in which all facilities are privately owned and operated . The Patriots own Gillette Stadium , the Red Sox own Fenway Park , and TD Garden is owned by Delaware North , owner of the Bruins . The Celtics rent TD Garden from Delaware North .   In the 2000s , Boston 's professional teams had arguably the most successful decade in sports history , winning ten championships ( five by the Patriots , three by the Red Sox and one each by the Celtics and Bruins ) . When the Bruins won the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals , the city of Boston became the first city in the 21st century to have all four of its major professional league teams win a league championship , and it is the only city ever to have championships in all four major professional leagues within a ten-year span ( from the Patriots ' victory in February 2002 to the Bruins ' in June 2011 ) . In just ten years , between February 2002 and June 2011 , Boston 's teams completed what Sports Illustrated dubbed as the `` Grand Slam of North American sports . '' With the Patriots ' victory over the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLIX , the four major Boston-area sports teams completed a grand-slam in six years ( the 2008 Celtics , the 2011 Bruins , the 2013 Red Sox and the 2014 Patriots ) . Beyond that , several of the teams were league finalists : the Revolution four times , the Patriots twice and the Bruins and Celtics once apiece .   With the Bruins reaching the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals , this allowed Boston to join Philadelphia as being the only cities to have had all of their teams play in each of the four major North American professional sports leagues ' title rounds since 2000 , following the Patriots in Super Bowls XXXVI in 2002 , XXXVIII in 2004 , XXXIX in 2005 , XLII in 2008 , XLVI in 2012 , XLIX in 2015 , and LI in 2017 and winning all of them , except Super Bowl XLII and XLVI , the Red Sox winning World Series titles in ( ending the Curse of the Bambino ) , , and , and the Celtics in the NBA Finals in and and winning in 2008 . In addition , Boston beat out Philadelphia for playing in all of the `` big '' league championship rounds in the shortest time in the new millennium , as it took 9 years for Philadelphia to achieve this feat ; Boston needed only three years and eight months . From 2004 to 2015 , all four Boston major league teams have each reached the championship rounds two times or more .

neg: Texas Fuel The Texas Fuel , formerly the South Texas Showboats , are a basketball team in the American Basketball Association . Based in San Antonio , the Fuel play their home games at the Alamo Convocation Center .   During the original planning process , the Showboats were a member of the United Basketball League .   Due to the team coming under new ownership , in 2008 , the name was changed to the Texas Fuel , to honor the Fuel film that inspired the team to go green , and the colors changed to green and black . The team colors signify traditional Texas oil ( black ) and new alternative fuels ( green ) , such as biofuel . The team represents changes in fuel technology . In 2010 , a biofueled bus was given to the team by Farouk USA and Biosilk .   On August 29 , 2011 , it was announced that the Indiana Pacers guard George Hill had signed a contract to play for the Fuel until the NBA lockout ended . His activities included practicing with the team and playing in two exhibition games in Brownsville and San Antonio . He also attended anti- bullying rallies with the team at Texas schools . The team was given the key to the city of San Benito for their anti- bullying efforts .   Texas Fuel continues to earn accolades with 1 or 2 ABA All-Stars selected from the team every year since its inception , and the first Sportsman of the Year award from the Southwest Conference for Jason McNeil , due to his community charity work with the team for 3 consecutive years .

neg: Seton Hall Pirates men's basketball The Seton Hall Pirates men 's basketball program is the NCAA Division I intercollegiate men 's basketball program of Seton Hall University in South Orange , New Jersey . The team competes in the Big East Conference and plays their home games in the Prudential Center in Newark , New Jersey .


query: CP affects people.

pos: Cerebral palsy Cerebral palsy ( CP ) is a group of permanent movement disorders that appear in early childhood . Signs and symptoms vary among people . Often , symptoms include poor coordination , stiff muscles , weak muscles , and tremors . There may be problems with sensation , vision , hearing , swallowing , and speaking . Often babies with cerebral palsy do not roll over , sit , crawl , or walk as early as other children of their age . Other symptoms include seizures and problems with thinking or reasoning , each of which occurs in about one third of people with CP . While the symptoms may get more noticeable over the first few years of life , the underlying problems do not worsen over time .   Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal development or damage to the parts of the brain that control movement , balance , and posture . Most often the problems occur during pregnancy ; however , they may also occur during childbirth , or shortly after birth . Often the cause is unknown . Risk factors include preterm birth , being a twin , certain infections during pregnancy such as toxoplasmosis or rubella , exposure to methylmercury during pregnancy , a difficult delivery , and head trauma during the first few years of life , among others . About 2 % of cases are believed to be due to an inherited genetic cause . A number of sub-types are classified based on the specific problems present . For example , those with stiff muscles have spastic cerebral palsy , those with poor coordination have ataxic cerebral palsy , and those with writhing movements have athetoid cerebral palsy . Diagnosis is based on the child 's development over time . Blood tests and medical imaging may be used to rule out other possible causes .   CP is partly preventable through immunization of the mother and efforts to prevent head injuries in children such as through improved safety . There is no cure for CP ; however , supportive treatments , medications , and surgery may help many individuals . This may include physical therapy , occupational therapy , and speech therapy . Medications such as diazepam , baclofen , and botulinum toxin may help relax stiff muscles . Surgery may include lengthening muscles and cutting overly active nerves . Often external braces and other assistive technology are helpful . Some affected children can achieve near normal adult lives with appropriate treatment . While alternative medicines are frequently used there is no evidence to support their use .   CP is the most common movement disorder in children . It occurs in about 2.1 per 1,000 live births . Cerebral palsy has been documented throughout history with the first known descriptions occurring in the work of Hippocrates in the 5th century BCE . Extensive study of the condition began in the 19th century by William John Little , after whom spastic diplegia was called `` Little disease '' . William Osler first named it `` cerebral palsy '' from the German `` zerebrale Kinderlähmung '' ( cerebral child-paralysis ) . A number of potential treatments are being examined , including stem cell therapy . However , more research is required to determine if it is effective and safe .

neg: Cardiotoxicity Cardiotoxicity is the occurrence of heart electrophysiology dysfunction or muscle damage . The heart becomes weaker and is not as efficient in pumping and therefore circulating blood . Cardiotoxicity may be caused by chemotherapy treatment , complications from anorexia nervosa , adverse effects of heavy metals intake , or an incorrectly administered drug such as bupivacaine .   One of the ways to detect cardiotoxicity at early stages when there is a subconical dysfunction is by measuring changes in regional function of the heart using strain .

neg: Graded exercise therapy Graded exercise therapy ( GET ) is physical activity that starts very slowly and gradually increases over time . This approach is used as part of a treatment plan for chronic fatigue syndrome ( CFS ) and certain other conditions . This method avoids the extremes of the `` push-crash '' cycle of over-exercising during remittance or not exercising at all due to concern of relapse .   Typically the GET begins with active stretching , followed by range-of-motion contractions and extensions , done for five minutes per day for a completely inactive individual . Avoiding extremes is key , and activity must be balanced with rest . Exercise sessions should be preset by the number of repetitions or amount of time . The duration is determined by the patient using trial and error , with the goal of stopping before becoming tired . Research has shown that gradual , guided physical activity can be helpful ( although not a cure ) for those with CFS/ME .   Some prominent health organisations support the usefulness of GET for chronic fatigue syndrome ( UK 's NHS , and the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners ) .   However , several prominent patient groups challenge the effectiveness of such treatment . The ME Association 's position statement states that GET causes adverse reactions in a significant percentage of patients .

neg: Perinatal asphyxia Perinatal asphyxia , neonatal asphyxia or birth asphyxia is the medical condition resulting from deprivation of oxygen to a newborn infant that lasts long enough during the birth process to cause physical harm , usually to the brain . Hypoxic damage can occur to most of the infant 's organs ( heart , lungs , liver , gut , kidneys ) , but brain damage is of most concern and perhaps the least likely to quickly or completely heal . In more pronounced cases , an infant will survive , but with damage to the brain manifested as either mental , such as developmental delay or intellectual disability , or physical , such as spasticity .   It results most commonly from a drop in maternal blood pressure or some other substantial interference with blood flow to the infant 's brain during delivery . This can occur due to inadequate circulation or perfusion , impaired respiratory effort , or inadequate ventilation . Perinatal asphyxia happens in 2 to 10 per 1000 newborns that are born at term , and more for those that are born prematurely . WHO estimates that 4 million neonatal deaths occur yearly due to birth asphyxia , representing 38 % of deaths of children under 5 years of age .   An infant suffering severe perinatal asphyxia usually has poor color ( cyanosis ) , perfusion , responsiveness , muscle tone , and respiratory effort , as reflected in a low 5 minute Apgar score . Extreme degrees of asphyxia can cause cardiac arrest and death . If resuscitation is successful , the infant is usually transferred to a neonatal intensive care unit .   There has long been a scientific debate over whether newborn infants with asphyxia should be resuscitated with 100 % oxygen or normal air . It has been demonstrated that high concentrations of oxygen lead to generation of oxygen free radicals , which have a role in reperfusion injury after asphyxia . Research by Ola Didrik Saugstad and others led to new international guidelines on newborn resuscitation in 2010 , recommending the use of normal air instead of 100 % oxygen .   There is considerable controversy over the diagnosis of birth asphyxia due to medicolegal reasons . Because of its lack of precision , the term is eschewed in modern obstetrics .

neg: Pavlovian-instrumental transfer Pavlovian-instrumental transfer ( PIT ) is a psychological phenomenon that occurs when a conditioned stimulus ( CS , also known as a `` cue '' ) that has been associated with rewarding or aversive stimuli via classical conditioning alters motivational salience and operant behavior . Two distinct forms of Pavlovian-instrumental transfer have been identified in humans and other animals -- specific PIT and general PIT -- with unique neural substrates mediating each type .   In relation to rewarding stimuli , specific PIT occurs when a CS is associated with a specific rewarding stimulus through classical conditioning and subsequent exposure to the CS enhances an operant response that is directed toward the same reward with which it was paired ( i.e. , it promotes approach behavior ) . General PIT occurs when a CS is paired with one reward and it enhances an operant response that is directed toward a different rewarding stimulus . Neurobiological state factors ( e.g. , appetite and satiety states , stress level , drug states such as intoxication and withdrawal , etc. ) , and particularly the motivational state of an animal , strongly affect the amount of appetitive motivational salience ( i.e. , incentive salience ) that a reward cue confers to an associated rewarding stimulus via Pavlovian-instrumental transfer . Acute stress amplifies the motivational salience that reward cues confer to rewarding stimuli through both specific and general PIT ; however , chronic stress reduces the motivational impact reward cues .   Specific PIT and general PIT also occurs with aversive stimuli and are defined analogously . Specific PIT with an aversive stimulus occurs when a CS is paired with an aversive stimulus and subsequent exposure to the CS enhances an operant response that is directed away from the aversive stimulus with which it was paired ( i.e. , it promotes escape and avoidance behavior ) . General PIT with an aversive stimulus occurs when a CS is paired with one aversive stimulus and it enhances an operant response that is directed away from a different aversive stimulus .

neg: Psycho-oncology Psycho-oncology is a field of interdisciplinary study and practice at the intersection of lifestyle , psychology and oncology . It is concerned with aspects of cancer that go beyond medical treatment and include lifestyle , psychological and social aspects of cancer . Sometimes it is also referred to as psychosocial oncology or behavioral oncology because it deals with psychosocial and behavioral topics . The field is concerned both with the effects of cancer on a person 's psychological health as well as the social and behavioral factors that may affect the disease process of cancer and/or the remission of it .   This is where the effects of :  Chemobrain or post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment `` PCCI '' would be addressed .  Radiation induced cognitive decline issues .  Placebo effect and the nocebo effect will be studied .  Self care issues are studied .  Transition to survivorship phase of cancer journey ( See : Cancer survivor )   Psycho-oncology , as a subspeciality , addresses the two major psychological dimensions of cancer : the psychological responses of patients to cancer at all stages of the disease and that of their families and caretakers ( called oncopsychology ) ; and the psychological , behavioral and social factors that may influence the disease process ( called psychosocial-oncology ) .   Psycho-oncology is an area of multi-disciplinary interest and has boundaries with the major specialities in oncology : the clinical disciplines ( surgery , medicine , pediatrics , radiotherapy ) , epidemiology , immunology , endocrinology , biology , pathology , bioethics , palliative care , rehabilitation medicine , clinical trials research and decision making , as well as psychiatry and psychology .

neg: World Confederation for Physical Therapy Founded in 1951 , the World Confederation for Physical Therapy ( WCPT ) is the sole international voice for physical therapy , representing more than 350,000 physical therapists worldwide through its 106 member organisations .   WCPT is committed to furthering the physical therapy profession and improving global health . It believes that every individual is entitled to the highest possible standard of culturally appropriate healthcare , delivered in an atmosphere of trust and respect for human dignity , and underpinned by sound clinical reasoning and scientific evidence .   WCPT is a non-profit organisation and is registered as a charity in the UK . It has been in official relations with the World Health Organization ( WHO ) since 1952 , collaborating on work programmes to improve world health . It works with a wide range of other international bodies and is a member of the World Health Professions Alliance .

neg: Home care Home care ( also referred to as domiciliary care , social care , or in-home care ) is supportive care provided in the home . Care may be provided by licensed healthcare professionals who provide medical treatment needs or by professional caregivers who provide daily assistance to ensure the activities of daily living ( ADLs ) are met . In-home medical care is often and more accurately referred to as `` home health care '' or formal care . Often , the term home health care is used to distinguish it from non-medical care , custodial care , or private-duty care which refers to assistance and services provided by persons who are not nurses , doctors , or other licensed medical personnel . For terminally ill patients , home care may include hospice care . For patients recovering from surgery or illness , home care may include rehabilitative therapies .   Home health services help adults , seniors , and pediatric clients who are recovering after a hospital or facility stay , or need additional support to remain safely at home and avoid unnecessary hospitalization . These Medicare-certified services may include short-term nursing , rehabilitative , therapeutic , and assistive home health care . This care is provided by registered nurses ( RNs ) , licensed practical nurses ( LPN 's ) , physical therapists ( PTs ) , occupational therapists ( OTs ) , speech language pathologists ( SLPs ) , home health aides ( HHAs ) and medical social workers ( MSWs ) as a limited number of up to one hour visits , addressed primarily through the Medicare Home Health benefit .   The largest segment of home care consists of licensed and unlicensed non-medical personnel , including caregivers who assist the individual . Care assistants may help the individual with daily tasks such as bathing , eating , cleaning the home and preparing meals . Caregivers work to support the needs of individuals who require such assistance . These services help the client to stay at home versus living in a facility . Non-medical home care is paid for by the individual or family . The term `` private-duty '' refers to the private pay nature of these relationships . Home care ( non-medical ) has traditionally been privately funded as opposed to home health care which is task-based and government or insurance funded .   These traditional differences in home care services are changing as the average age of the population has risen . Individuals typically desire to remain independent and use home care services to maintain their existing lifestyle . Government and Insurance providers are beginning to fund this level of care as an alternative to facility care . In-Home Care is often a lower cost solution to long-term care facilities .

neg: Heart failure Heart failure ( HF ) , often referred to as congestive heart failure ( CHF ) , occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body 's needs . Signs and symptoms commonly include shortness of breath , excessive tiredness , and leg swelling . The shortness of breath is usually worse with exercise , while lying down , and may wake the person at night . A limited ability to exercise is also a common feature . Chest pain , including angina , does not typically occur due to heart failure .   Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease including a previous myocardial infarction ( heart attack ) , high blood pressure , atrial fibrillation , valvular heart disease , excess alcohol use , infection , and cardiomyopathy of an unknown cause . These cause heart failure by changing either the structure or the functioning of the heart . There are two main types of heart failure : heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure with normal ejection fraction depending on whether the ability of the left ventricle to contract is affected , or the heart 's ability to relax . The severity of disease is usually graded by the degree of problems with exercise . Heart failure is not the same as myocardial infarction ( in which part of the heart muscle dies ) or cardiac arrest ( in which blood flow stops altogether ) . Other diseases that may have symptoms similar to heart failure include obesity , kidney failure , liver problems , anemia , and thyroid disease .   The condition is diagnosed based on the history of the symptoms and a physical examination with confirmation by echocardiography . Blood tests , electrocardiography , and chest radiography may be useful to determine the underlying cause . Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the disease . In people with chronic stable mild heart failure , treatment commonly consists of lifestyle modifications such as stopping smoking , physical exercise , and dietary changes , as well as medications . In those with heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction , angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers along with beta blockers are recommended . For those with severe disease , aldosterone antagonists , or hydralazine with a nitrate may be used . Diuretics are useful for preventing fluid retention . Sometimes , depending on the cause , an implanted device such as a pacemaker or an implantable cardiac defibrillator may be recommended . In some moderate or severe cases cardiac resynchronization therapy ( CRT ) may be suggested or cardiac contractility modulation may be of benefit . A ventricular assist device or occasionally a heart transplant may be recommended in those with severe disease despite all other measures .   Heart failure is a common , costly , and potentially fatal condition . In 2015 it affected about 40 million people globally . In developed countries , around 2 % of adults have heart failure and in those over the age of 65 , this increases to 6 -- 10 % . In the year after diagnosis the risk of death is about 35 % after which it decreases to below 10 % each year . This is similar to the risks with a number of types of cancer . In the United Kingdom the disease is the reason for 5 % of emergency hospital admissions . Heart failure has been known since ancient times with the Ebers papyrus commenting on it around 1550 BCE .

neg: GAIT element The gamma interferon inhibitor of translation element or GAIT element is a cis-acting RNA element located in the 3 ' - UTR of the ceruloplasmin ( Cp ) mRNA .   The GAIT element forms a stem-loop secondary structure . The GAIT element is involved in selective translational silencing of the Cp transcript within monocytic cells , but not hepatic cells . Cp is a multifunctional , copper-containing glycoprotein produced by the liver and secreted into the plasma for its role in copper and iron homeostasis . Ceruloplasmin is also an acute-phase protein produced by monocytes , and its plasma concentration can double during multiple inflammatory conditions through increased Cp production by monocytic cells after stimulation by IFN-gamma . Plasma Cp has been reported to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease , including atherosclerosis , carotid restenosis after endarterectomy , and myocardial infarction . Translational silencing of Cp , and possibly other transcripts , mediated by the GAIT element may contribute to the resolution of the local inflammatory response following cytokine activation of macrophages .   The silencing of Cp protein translation in IFN-gamma-stimulated monocytes is accomplished by binding of the IFN-gamma-activated inhibitor of translation ( GAIT ) inhibitor complex to the GAIT element . The GAIT complex consists of the proteins ribosomal protein L13a , glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase , NS1-associated protein-1 , and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase .

neg: Stroke in China Recent epidemiologic studies confirm that stroke is the most frequent cause of death in the People 's Republic of China , with an incidence more than fivefold that of myocardial infarction . Intracerebral hemorrhage causes about one third of all strokes , nearly three times the frequency in North American stroke registries . A marked regional variation in stroke incidence exists , with a threefold higher stroke incidence in northern than in southern Chinese cities , suggesting important environmental or dietary influences . Stroke treatment often involves a combination of modern and traditional herbal medicine ; the latter may modify platelet aggregation and blood viscosity . Stroke , particularly intracerebral hemorrhage , is the most frequent and important vascular disorder in China .   China reports more patients with stroke than anywhere else in the world . While there is still a great deal of unknown information , stroke research has been making great progress in recent years , such as in the areas of clinical research , population and genetic epidemiology , brain ischemia/reperfusion exploring , leukoencephalopathy ( CADASIL ) , neural stem cell and stroke , neuroprotective treatment for stroke , clinical therapy test in stroke , rehabilitation and prevention .   Cities and towns in China have integrated systems for registering and investigating strokes . Chinese researchers have followed closely the international level of stroke treatment with a forward position in neural stem cell . Traditional Chinese drugs have featured effects on neuroprotective treatment for stroke which has also been investigated . Chinese scientists have suggested a new way of dividing neuroprotectors in stroke . The clinical therapy test with urokinase and defibrase for cerebral infarction in China is effective and relatively safe , yet the original papers published by Chinese researchers and clinical effects for patient treatment still need to be improved and updated .

neg: Cognitive behavioral therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) is a psychosocial intervention that is the most widely used evidence-based practice for treating mental disorders . Guided by empirical research , CBT focuses on the development of personal coping strategies that target solving current problems and changing unhelpful patterns in cognitions ( e.g. thoughts , beliefs , and attitudes ) , behaviors , and emotional regulation . It was originally designed to treat depression , and is now used for a number of mental health conditions .   The CBT model is based on a combination of the basic principles from behavioral and cognitive psychology . It is different from historical approaches to psychotherapy , such as the psychoanalytic approach where the therapist looks for the unconscious meaning behind behaviors and then formulates a diagnosis . Instead , CBT is `` problem-focused '' and `` action-oriented '' , meaning it is used to treat specific problems related to a diagnosed mental disorder and the therapist 's role is to assist the client in finding and practising effective strategies to address the identified goals and decrease symptoms of the disorder . CBT is based on the belief that thought distortions and maladaptive behaviors play a role in the development and maintenance of psychological disorders , and that symptoms and associated distress can be reduced by teaching new information-processing skills and coping mechanisms .   When compared to psychotropic medications , review studies have found CBT-alone to be as effective for treating less severe forms of depression and anxiety , posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) , tics , substance abuse ( with the exception of opioid use disorder ) , eating disorders , and borderline personality disorder , and it is often recommended in combination with medications for treating other conditions , such as severe obsessive compulsive disorder ( OCD ) and major depression , opioid addiction , bipolar , and psychotic disorders . In addition , CBT is recommended as the first line of treatment for the majority of psychological disorders in children and adolescents , including aggression and conduct disorder . Researchers have found that other bona fide therapeutic interventions were equally effective for treating certain conditions in adults , but CBT was found to be superior in treating most disorders . Along with interpersonal psychotherapy ( IPT ) , CBT is recommended in treatment guidelines as a psychosocial treatment of choice , and CBT and IPT are the only psychosocial interventions that psychiatry residents are mandated to be trained in .

neg: International Classification of Primary Care The International Classification of Primary Care ( ICPC ) is a classification method for primary care encounters . It allows for the classification of the patient 's reason for encounter ( RFE ) , the problems/diagnosis managed , primary or general health care interventions , and the ordering of the data of the primary care session in an episode of care structure . It was developed by the WONCA International Classification Committee ( WICC ) , and was first published in 1987 by Oxford University Press ( OUP ) . A revision and inclusion of criteria and definitions was published in 1998 . The second revision was accepted within the World Health Organization 's ( WHO ) Family of International Classifications .   The classification was developed in a context of increasing demand for quality information on primary care as part of growing worldwide attention to global primary health care objectives , including the WHO 's target of `` health for all '' .

neg: Physiological functional capacity Physiological functional capacity ( PFC ) is the ability to perform the physical tasks of daily life and the ease with which these tasks can be performed . PFC declines at some point with advancing age even in healthy adults , resulting in a reduced capacity to perform certain physical tasks . This can eventually result in increased incidence of functional disability , increased use of health care services , loss of independence , and reduced quality of life .

neg: Porphyria Porphyria is a group of diseases in which substances called porphyrins build up , affecting the skin or nervous system . The types that affect the nervous system are also known as acute porphyria . Symptoms of acute porphyria include abdominal pain , chest pain , vomiting , confusion , constipation , fever , and seizures . These symptoms typically come and go with attacks that last for days to weeks . Attacks may be triggered by alcohol , smoking , stress , or certain medications . If the skin is affected , blisters or itching may occur with sunlight exposure .   The disease is usually inherited from a person 's parents and is due to a mutation in one of the genes that make heme . Some types are autosomal dominant and others are autosomal recessive . One type , porphyria cutanea tarda , may also be due to increased iron in the liver , hepatitis C , alcohol , or HIV/AIDS . The underlying mechanism results in a decrease in the amount of heme produced and a build-up of substances involved in making heme . Porphyrias may also be classified by whether the liver or the bone marrow is affected . Diagnosis is typically by blood , urine , and stool tests . Genetic testing may be done to determine the specific mutation .   Treatment depends on the type of porphyria and a person 's symptoms . The treatment of porphyria of the skin generally involves the avoidance of sunlight . The treatment for acute porphyria may involve giving intravenous heme or a glucose solution . Rarely a liver transplant may be carried out .   The frequency of porphyria is unclear . It is estimated that it affects 1 to 100 per 50,000 people . Rates vary around the world . Porphyria cutanea tarda is believed to be the most common type . The disease was described at least as early as 370 BC by Hippocrates . The underlying mechanism was first described by Felix Hoppe-Seyler in 1871 . The name porphyria is from the Greek πορφύρα , porphyra , meaning `` purple '' , a reference to the color of the urine that may occur during an attack .

neg: Parkinson's disease Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system . The symptoms generally come on slowly over time . Early in the disease , the most obvious are shaking , rigidity , slowness of movement , and difficulty with walking . Thinking and behavioral problems may also occur . Dementia becomes common in the advanced stages of the disease . Depression and anxiety are also common occurring in more than a third of people with PD . Other symptoms include sensory , sleep , and emotional problems . The main motor symptoms are collectively called `` parkinsonism '' , or a `` parkinsonian syndrome '' .   The cause of Parkinson 's disease is generally unknown , but believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors . Those with a family member affected are more likely to get the disease themselves . There is also an increased risk in people exposed to certain pesticides and among those who have had prior head injuries while there is a reduced risk in tobacco smokers and those who drink coffee or tea . The motor symptoms of the disease result from the death of cells in the substantia nigra , a region of the midbrain . This results in not enough dopamine in these areas . The reason for this cell death is poorly understood , but involves the build-up of proteins into Lewy bodies in the neurons . Diagnosis of typical cases is mainly based on symptoms , with tests such as neuroimaging being used to rule out other diseases .   There is no cure for Parkinson 's disease . Initial treatment is typically with the antiparkinson medication L-DOPA ( levodopa ) , with dopamine agonists being used once levodopa becomes less effective . As the disease progresses and neurons continue to be lost , these medications become less effective while at the same time they produce a complication marked by involuntary writhing movements . Diet and some forms of rehabilitation have shown some effectiveness at improving symptoms . Surgery to place microelectrodes for deep brain stimulation has been used to reduce motor symptoms in severe cases where drugs are ineffective . Evidence for treatments for the non-movement-related symptoms of PD , such as sleep disturbances and emotional problems , is less strong .   In 2015 , PD affected 6.2 million people and resulted in about 117,400 deaths globally . Parkinson 's disease typically occurs in people over the age of 60 , of which about one percent are affected . Males are more often affected than females . When it is seen in people before the age of 50 , it is called young-onset PD . The average life expectancy following diagnosis is between 7 and 14 years . The disease is named after the English doctor James Parkinson , who published the first detailed description in An Essay on the Shaking Palsy , in 1817 . Public awareness campaigns include World Parkinson 's Day ( on the birthday of James Parkinson , 11 April ) and the use of a red tulip as the symbol of the disease . People with parkinsonism who have increased the public 's awareness of the condition include actor Michael J. Fox , Olympic cyclist Davis Phinney , and late professional boxer Muhammad Ali .

neg: Hypochondriasis Hypochondriasis , also known as hypochondria , health anxiety or illness anxiety disorder , refers to worry about having a serious illness . This debilitating condition is the result of an inaccurate perception of the condition of body or mind despite the absence of an actual medical condition . An individual suffering from hypochondriasis is known as a hypochondriac . Hypochondriacs become unduly alarmed about any physical or psychological symptoms they detect , no matter how minor the symptom may be , and are convinced that they have , or are about to be diagnosed with , a serious illness .   Often , hypochondria persists even after a physician has evaluated a person and reassured them that their concerns about symptoms do not have an underlying medical basis or , if there is a medical illness , their concerns are far in excess of what is appropriate for the level of disease . Many hypochondriacs focus on a particular symptom as the catalyst of their worrying , such as gastro-intestinal problems , palpitations , or muscle fatigue . To qualify for the diagnosis of hypochondria the symptoms must have been experienced for at least 6 months .   The DSM-IV-TR defines this disorder , `` Hypochondriasis '' , as a somatoform disorder and one study has shown it to affect about 3 % of the visitors to primary care settings . The newly published DSM-5 replaces the diagnosis of hypochondriasis with the diagnoses of `` somatic symptom disorder '' and `` illness anxiety disorder '' .   Hypochondria is often characterized by fears that minor bodily or mental symptoms may indicate a serious illness , constant self-examination and self-diagnosis , and a preoccupation with one 's body . Many individuals with hypochondriasis express doubt and disbelief in the doctors ' diagnosis , and report that doctors ' reassurance about an absence of a serious medical condition is unconvincing , or short-lasting . Additionally , many hypochondriacs experience elevated blood pressure , stress , and anxiety in the presence of doctors or while occupying a medical facility , a condition known as `` white coat syndrome '' . Many hypochondriacs require constant reassurance , either from doctors , family , or friends , and the disorder can become a disabling torment for the individual with hypochondriasis , as well as his or her family and friends . Some hypochondriacal individuals completely avoid any reminder of illness , whereas others frequently visit medical facilities , sometimes obsessively . Some sufferers may never speak about it .

neg: Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis or chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome ( CP/CPPS ) is a pelvic pain condition in men , and should be distinguished from other forms of prostatitis such as chronic bacterial prostatitis and acute bacterial prostatitis . This condition was formerly known as prostatodynia ( painful prostate ) . CP/CPPS and interstitial cystitis are sometimes referred to jointly as `` UCPPS '' ( urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome ) .

neg: Chronic fatigue syndrome treatment Treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome ( CFS ) is variable and uncertain , and the condition is primarily managed rather than cured . Only two treatments , cognitive behavioral therapy and graded exercise therapy , have demonstrated reproducible evidence for their efficacy people with CFS who are walking . There are no Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) approved medications for ME/CFS treatment , although medications are used without approval for the illness ( off-label ) . Drugs have been used in experimental studies of the illness that have n't been approved for market for any condition in the United States ( for example , isoprinosine and rintatolimod ) . Other proposed treatments include medical treatments and alternative medicine . Even when treated , the prognosis of CFS is often poor . In one study , poor early management was reported to be a main risk factor for severe CFS ( delayed diagnosis , poor response to analgesics , physiotherapy , or alternative medicine ) , with associated variables including a poor relationship with the GP before and after diagnosis , and the involvement of a psychiatrist in initial treatment .   CFS management techniques include behavioral interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT , a form of psychological therapy ) , and graded exercise therapy ( GET ) . Based on evidence from multiple randomized clinical trials ( RCTs ) , a systematic review published in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine ( October 2006 ) stated that CBT and GET interventions showed promising results , appearing to reduce symptoms and improve function . The review stated that the evidence of effectiveness was inconclusive for most other interventions , with some reporting significant adverse effects . The wide variety of outcome measures used in CFS research was found to be a `` fundamental problem '' for assessing the effectiveness of interventions in general , and no intervention has proven to be effective in restoring the ability to work .   Recovery is `` rare '' even after a comprehensive rehabilitation programme .

neg: Post-transfusion purpura Post-transfusion purpura ( PTP ) is an adverse reaction to a blood transfusion or platelet transfusion that occurs when the body produces alloantibodies to the introduced platelets ' antigens . These alloantibodies destroy the patient 's platelets leading to thrombocytopenia , a rapid decline in platelet count . PTP usually presents 5 -- 12 days after transfusion , and is a potentially fatal condition .

neg: Lead poisoning epidemics Lead poisoning epidemics refer to instances of mass lead poisoning , and usually occur unintentionally in low income countries . Lead recycling is a common cause of a poisoning epidemic , and it is commonplace and sometimes the only means of providing sustenance in poorer countries . The lack of immediate and obvious health effects often result in people taking excessive risks and few precautions when handling lead . These events can also cause disproportionate childhood fatalities , when levels of toxins become fatal in lower concentrations in children compared with adults .


query: Alfred Hitchcock is a person.

pos: Alfred Hitchcock Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock ( 13 August 1899 -- 29 April 1980 ) was an English film director and producer , at times referred to as `` The Master of Suspense '' . He pioneered many elements of the suspense and psychological thriller genres . He had a successful career in British cinema with both silent films and early talkies and became renowned as England 's best director . Hitchcock moved to Hollywood in 1939 , and became a U.S. citizen in 1955 .   Hitchcock became a highly visible public figure through interviews , movie trailers , cameo appearances in his own films , and the ten years in which he hosted the television programme Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1955 -- 1965 ) . He also fashioned for himself a recognisable directorial style . Hitchcock 's stylistic trademarks include the use of camera movement that mimics a person 's gaze , forcing viewers to engage in a form of voyeurism . In addition , he framed shots to maximise anxiety , fear , or empathy , and used innovative forms of film editing . His work often features fugitives on the run alongside `` icy blonde '' female characters . In 1978 , film critic John Russell Taylor described Hitchcock as `` the most universally recognizable person in the world '' , and `` a straightforward middle-class Englishman who just happened to be an artistic genius '' .   Prior to 1980 , there had long been talk of Hitchcock being knighted for his contribution to film . Critic Roger Ebert wrote : `` Other British directors like Sir Carol Reed and Sir Charlie Chaplin were knighted years ago , while Hitchcock , universally considered by film students to be one of the greatest filmmakers of all time , was passed over '' . Hitchcock later received his knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II in the 1980 New Year Honours .   Hitchcock directed more than fifty feature films in a career spanning six decades and is often regarded as one of the most influential directors in cinematic history . Following a 2007 critics ' poll by Britain 's Daily Telegraph in which he was ranked Britain 's greatest filmmaker , one scholar wrote : `` Hitchcock did more than any director to shape modern cinema , which would be utterly different without him . His flair was for narrative , cruelly withholding crucial information ( from his characters and from the audience ) and engaging the emotions of the audience like no one else . '' Hitchcock 's first thriller , The Lodger : A Story of the London Fog ( 1926 ) , helped shape the thriller genre in film . His 1929 film , Blackmail , is often cited as the first British sound feature film , while Rear Window ( 1954 ) , Vertigo ( 1958 ) , North by Northwest ( 1959 ) , and Psycho ( 1960 ) are regularly ranked among the greatest films of all time .

neg: Alfred Hitchcock filmography Alfred Hitchcock ( 1899 -- 1980 ) was an English director and filmmaker . Popularly known as the `` Master of Suspense '' for his use of innovative film techniques in thrillers , Hitchcock started his career in the British film industry as a title designer and art director for a number of silent films during the early 1920s . His directorial debut was the 1925 release The Pleasure Garden . Hitchcock followed this with The Lodger : A Story of the London Fog , his first commercial and critical success . It featured many of the thematic elements his films would be known for such as an innocent man on the run . It also featured the first of his famous cameo appearances . Two years later he directed Blackmail ( 1929 ) which was his first sound film . In 1935 Hitchcock directed The 39 Steps . Three years later he directed The Lady Vanishes starring Margaret Lockwood , and Michael Redgrave .   In 1940 Hitchcock transitioned to Hollywood productions , the first of which was the psychological thriller Rebecca starring Laurence Olivier and Joan Fontaine . He received his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director , and the film won Best Picture . Hitchcock worked with Fontaine again the following year on the film Suspicion which also starred Cary Grant . In 1943 Hitchcock directed another psychological thriller Shadow of a Doubt which starred Teresa Wright and Joseph Cotten . Three years later he reunited with Grant on Notorious which also starred Ingrid Bergman . The film included a three minute intermittent kissing scene between the leads shot specifically to skirt the Motion Picture Production Code which at the time limited such scenes to three seconds . In 1948 Hitchcock directed Rope which starred James Stewart . The film was his first in Technicolor and is remembered for its use of long takes to make the film appear to be a single continuous shot . Three years later he directed Strangers on a Train ( 1951 ) .   Hitchcock collaborated with Grace Kelly on three films : Dial M for Murder ( 1954 ) , Rear Window ( 1954 ) and To Catch a Thief ( 1955 ) . For Rear Window , Hitchcock received a nomination for Best Director at the Academy Awards . 1955 marked his debut on television as the host of the anthology television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents which he also produced . In 1958 Hitchcock directed the psychological thriller Vertigo starring Stewart and Kim Novak . The film topped the 2012 poll of the British film magazine Sight & Sound of the 50 Greatest Films of All Time and also topped the American Film Institute 's Top Ten in the mystery genre . He followed this with the spy thriller North by Northwest ( 1959 ) which starred Grant and Eva Marie Saint . In 1960 he directed Psycho , the biggest commercial success of his career and for which he received his fifth nomination for Best Director at the Academy Awards . Three years later he directed horror film The Birds starring Tippi Hedren . The following year he reunited with Hedren on the film Marnie which also starred Sean Connery .   In recognition of his career , Hitchcock garnered the British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) Fellowship Award , the American Film Institute 's Life Achievement Award , the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award , the Directors Guild of America 's Lifetime Achievement Award and the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award . He received two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame to acknowledge his film and television achievements . In 1980 Hitchcock received a knighthood .

neg: A. J. Raffles (character) Arthur J. Raffles is a character created in the 1890s by E. W. Hornung , brother-in-law to Sir Arthur Conan Doyle , the creator of Sherlock Holmes . Raffles is , in many ways , a deliberate inversion of Holmeshe is a `` gentleman thief '' , living at the Albany , a prestigious address in London , playing cricket for the Gentlemen of England and supporting himself by carrying out ingenious burglaries . He is called the `` Amateur Cracksman '' , and often , at first , differentiates between himself and the `` professors `` professional criminals from the lower classes .   As Holmes has Dr. Watson to chronicle his adventures , Raffles has Harry `` Bunny '' Mandersa former schoolmate saved from disgrace and suicide by Raffles , whom Raffles persuaded to accompany him on a burglary . While Raffles often takes advantage of Manders ' relative innocence , and sometimes treats him with a certain amount of contempt , he knows that Manders ' bravery and loyalty are to be relied on utterly . In several stories , Manders saves the day for the two of them after Raffles gets into situations he can not get out of on his own .   One of the things that Raffles has in common with Holmes is a mastery of disguiseduring his days as an ostensible man-about-town , he maintains a studio apartment in another name in which he keeps the components of various disguises . He can imitate the regional speech of many parts of Britain flawlessly , and is fluent in Italian .

neg: Alfred Campbell Alfred Campbell may refer to :   Alfred Walter Campbell , a prominent Australian neurologist  Alfred Eric Campbell , a British-born early Hollywood actor

neg: Alfred Smith (artist) Alfred Smith ( 1854 -- 1932 ) was a French artist from Bordeaux who painted in the impressionist style .  Some of his works resemble the early works of Claude Monet .

neg: Alfred Hitchcock's Anthology – Volume 2 Alfred Hitchcock 's Anthology -- Volume 2 is the second installment in the Alfred Hitchcock 's Anthology series . Originally published in hardcover as Alfred Hitchcock 's Tales to Take Your Breath Away in 1977 , this issue contains 29 stories from Alfred Hitchcock 's Mystery Magazine that , by the editors , were believed to be the best published the preceding year ( 1977 ) .

neg: The Wrong Man The Wrong Man is a 1956 American docudrama film directed by Alfred Hitchcock and starring Henry Fonda and Vera Miles . The film was drawn from the true story of an innocent man charged with a crime , as described in the book The True Story of Christopher Emmanuel Balestrero by Maxwell Anderson and in the magazine article `` A Case of Identity '' ( Life magazine , June 29 , 1953 ) by Herbert Brean .   It is one of the few Hitchcock films based on a true story and whose plot closely follows the real-life events .   The Wrong Man had a notable effect on two significant directors : it prompted Jean-Luc Godard 's longest piece of written criticism in his years as a critic , and it has been cited as an influence on Martin Scorsese 's Taxi Driver .

neg: Double Take (2009 film) Double Take is a 2009 essay film , directed by Johan Grimonprez and written by Tom McCarthy . The plot is set during the Cold War and combines both documentary and fictional elements . The protagonist is a fictionalised version of Alfred Hitchcock . The backdrop of the film charts the rise of the television in the domestic setting and with it , the ensuing commodification of fear during the cold war .   Double Take is a Belgian-Dutch-German co-production and premiered in Europe at the 2009 Berlin Film Festival and in the U.S. at the 2010 Sundance film Festival .

neg: The World of Alfred Hitchcock The World of Alfred Hitchcock is a 1976 Danish T.V. documentary directed by Annett Wolf , about the English film director Alfred Hitchcock . Shot after the completion of Family Plot , it was part of a series of films she made in Hollywood during the one year leave of absence she took from DR ( broadcaster )

neg: Brighton School (filmmaking) Brighton School ( fr. : L'école de Brighton ) was a loosely associated group of pioneering filmmakers active in the Brighton and Hove area of England from 1896 to 1910 . The core membership of the group consists of filmmakers George Albert Smith , James Williamson and Esmé Collings as well as engineer Alfred Darling ; other names associated with the group include Collings ' former business partner William Friese-Greene and the group 's London-based distributor Charles Urban . The term was coined by French film historian Georges Sadoul in an article that was translated and re-published in pamphlet form as British Creators of Film Technique by the British Film Institute in 1948 .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: Herbert Juttke Herbert Juttke ( 1897 -- 1952 ) was a British-born German screenwriter who worked on around fifty film screenplays during his career . He frequently collaborated with Georg C. Klaren , working on a number of Expressonist screenplays during the silent and early sound eras . They worked on the scenario for Alfred Hitchcock 's 1931 German film Mary . Following the Nazi rise to power , Juttke emigrated to France .

neg: Alfred Hitchcock Presents Alfred Hitchcock Presents is an American television anthology series hosted and executive produced by Alfred Hitchcock , which aired on CBS and NBC between 1955 and 1965 . It featured dramas , thrillers , and mysteries . By the time it premiered on October 2 , 1955 , Hitchcock had been directing films for over three decades . Time magazine named it one of `` The 100 Best TV Shows of all time '' . The Writers Guild of America ranked it # 79 on their list of the 101 Best-Written TV Series tying it with Monty Python 's Flying Circus , Star Trek : The Next Generation and Upstairs , Downstairs .   A series of literary anthologies with the running title Alfred Hitchcock Presents were issued to capitalize on the success of the television series . One volume , devoted to stories that censors would n't allow to be adapted for broadcast , was entitled Alfred Hitchcock Presents : Stories They Would n't Let Me Do on TV '' -- though eventually several of the stories collected were adapted .

neg: Olga Chekhova Olga Konstantinovna Chekhova , born Knipper ( Ольга Константиновна Чехова ( 14 April 1897 , Aleksandropol , Erivan Governorate , Russian Empire ( now Gyumri , Armenia ) -- 9 March 1980 , Munich , West Germany ) was a Russian-German actress . Her film roles include the female lead in Alfred Hitchcock 's Mary ( 1931 ) .

neg: Destination Hitchcock: The Making of North by Northwest Destination Hitchcock : The Making of North by Northwest is a 2000 documentary film about the making of Alfred Hitchcock 's classic thriller film North by Northwest . It is hosted and narrated by the film 's female lead , Eva Marie Saint and features interviews with Hitchcock 's daughter , several of the technical and behind-the-scenes people involved with the production of the film , and the main surviving actor , Martin Landau . The film has gained wide circulation due to its inclusion in Universal 's release of North by Northwest in VHS and DVD formats which include this film as an additional feature .

neg: Appearances (film) Appearances is a 1921 British drama film directed by Donald Crisp . Alfred Hitchcock is credited as a title designer . It is a lost film .

neg: Alfred Allen (actor) For other persons named Alfred Allen , see Alfred Allen ( disambiguation )   Alfred Allen ( April 8 , 1866 -- June 18 , 1947 ) was an American silent film actor and author .

neg: Alan Greenberg (film director) Alan Greenberg ( born October 14 , 1950 in New York City , died January 27 , 2015 in Portland , OR ) was an American film director , screenwriter , photographer and author .   Greenberg visited Jamaica from a young age , and was a friend of Bob Marley . Following Marley 's death , Marley 's family asked Greenberg to make a film about Marley . In 1981 , Greenberg filmed Land of Look Behind ( 1982 ) , a documentary film that includes footage of Marley 's funeral as well as scenes filmed in Jamaica 's remote Cockpit Country and the capital city of Kingston . The film ended up being more of a visionary portrait of the Jamaica of that period ( focusing on the Rastafari movement and reggae culture ) than a film primarily about Marley . The film has won considerable critical acclaim , as well as winning the Gold Hugo Award for Best Documentary in the Chicago International Film Festival , the U.S. 's largest film competition . Land of Look Behind has also been honored as the best American documentary film of its era , and the legendary filmmaker Werner Herzog says '' ` Land of Look Behind ' has achieved things never seen before in cinema . ''   Greenberg worked closely with Werner Herzog on many projects . He served as a special unit photographer on the films Cape Fear '' by Martin Scorsese ( 1991 ) and 1900 , by Bernardo Bertolucci ( 1976 ) . He also wrote twenty screenplays and three books . His book Heart of Glass , about the making of the 1976 Werner Herzog masterwork of the same name , was called `` The best book on the making of a film ever written '' by Rolling Stone magazine . A new and entirely revised edition of the book , entitled , `` EVERY NIGHT THE TREES DISAPPEAR : Werner Herzog and the Making of ` Heart of Glass ' '' was published in hard cover by the Chicago Review Press . It featured Greenberg 's previously-unpublished photographs , which Herzog called `` strange and beautiful . '' ''   In 2012 Greenberg was going to write and produce a film based on his acclaimed screenplay `` Love in Vain '' , a poetic account of the mysterious blues genius Robert Johnson . `` Love in Vain '' was also the first screenplay ever published by a major house ( Doubleday ) as literature .   Greenberg 's latest screenplay , `` Tutankhamun - Lord of Two Lands '' , a radically researched vision of the Boy King 's murder intertwined with the intrigue surrounding his tomb 's discovery in 1922 , was to have been produced in 2013 .

neg: Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho is a non-fiction book by Stephen Rebello . It details the creation of director Alfred Hitchcock 's 1960 thriller Psycho   The book was first published in April 15 , 1990 by Dembner Books , and distributed by W. W. Norton and Company . Stephen Rebello researched the film thoroughly through Hitchcock 's personal records and archives and he interviewed virtually every surviving cast and crew member . Prior to the book 's publication , Rebello 's initial research appeared as a 22-page article in the April 1986 issue of Cinefantastique magazine entitled `` Psycho : The Making of Alfred Hitchcock 's Masterpiece '' . That research was expanded for the book version .

neg: Three Investigators The Three Investigators is an American juvenile detective book series first published as `` Alfred Hitchcock and the Three Investigators '' . It was created by Robert Arthur Jr. , who believed using a famous person such as movie director Hitchcock would attract attention . Random House , which is owned by Bertelsmann , is the U.S. publisher and still has some of the rights to the books . Other rights are possessed by the heirs of Robert Arthur , Jr. and the German publisher Kosmos . The characters known as the `` three investigators '' are three boys named Jupiter Jones , Peter Crenshaw and Bob Andrews .   Most of the mysteries involved investigation of baffling phenomena ( e.g. an ancient Egyptian mummy that apparently whispered and a human skull that seemed to talk ) .

neg: Herbert Marshall Herbert Brough Falcon Marshall ( 23 May 1890 -- 22 January 1966 ) was an English stage , screen and radio actor who , in spite of losing a leg during the First World War , starred in many popular and well-regarded Hollywood films in the 1930s and 1940s . After a successful theatrical career in the United Kingdom and North America , he became an in-demand Hollywood leading man , frequently appearing in romantic melodramas and occasional comedies . In his later years , he turned to character acting .   The son of actors , Marshall is best remembered for roles in Ernst Lubitsch 's Trouble in Paradise ( 1932 ) , Alfred Hitchcock 's Murder ! ( 1930 ) and Foreign Correspondent ( 1940 ) , William Wyler 's The Letter ( 1940 ) and The Little Foxes ( 1941 ) , Albert Lewin 's The Moon and Sixpence ( 1942 ) , Edmund Goulding 's The Razor 's Edge ( 1946 ) , and Kurt Neumann 's The Fly ( 1958 ) . He appeared onscreen with many of the most prominent leading ladies of Hollywood 's Golden Age , including Greta Garbo , Marlene Dietrich and Bette Davis .   From 1944 to 1952 , Marshall starred in his own radio series , The Man Called ` X ' . Often praised for the quality of his voice , he made numerous radio guest appearances and hosted several shows . He performed on television as well . The actor , known for his charm , married five times and periodically appeared in gossip columns because of his sometimes turbulent private life . During the Second World War , he worked on the rehabilitation of injured troops , especially aiding amputees like himself . Marshall received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960 .