query: Vedanta is a nom-de-plume for many related Hindu sub-traditions.

pos: Vedanta Vedanta ( IAST , , Sanskrit : वेदांत ) or Uttara Mīmāṃsā is one of the six orthodox ( āstika ) schools of Hindu philosophy . Vedanta literally means `` end of the Vedas '' , reflecting ideas that emerged from the speculations and philosophies contained in the Upanishads . It does not stand for one comprehensive or unifying doctrine . Rather it is an umbrella term for many sub-traditions , ranging from dualism to non-dualism , all of which developed on the basis of a common textual connection called the Prasthanatrayi . The Prasthanatrayi is a collective term for the Principal Upanishads , the Brahma Sutras and the Bhagavad Gita .   All Vedanta schools , in their deliberations , concern themselves with the following three categories but differ in their views regarding the concept and the relations between them : Brahman -- the ultimate metaphysical reality , Ātman / Jivātman -- the individual soul or self , and Prakriti -- the empirical world , ever-changing physical universe , body and matter .   Some of the better known sub-traditions of Vedanta include Advaita ( non-dualism ) , Vishishtadvaita ( qualified non-dualism ) , and Dvaita ( dualism ) . Most other Vedantic sub-traditions are subsumed under the term Bhedabheda ( difference and non-difference ) . Over time , Vedanta adopted ideas from other orthodox ( āstika ) schools like Yoga and Nyaya , and , through this syncretism , became the most prominent school of Hinduism . Many extant forms of Vaishnavism , Shaivism and Shaktism have been significantly shaped and influenced by the doctrines of different schools of Vedanta . The Vedanta school has had a historic and central influence on Hinduism .

neg: Bhava The Sanskrit word `` bhāva '' means `` emotion , sentiment , state of body or mind , disposition '' , while `` bhava '' means `` being , worldly existence , becoming , birth , be , production , origin '' . The former term is rooted in latter , and in some context also means `` becoming , being , existing , occurring , appearance '' while connoting the condition thereof .   In Buddhism , bhava denotes the continuity of becoming ( reincarnating ) in one of the realms of existence , in the samsaric context of rebirth , life and the maturation arising therefrom . It is the tenth of the Twelve Nidanas , in its Pratītyasamutpāda doctrine .

neg: Bhairava Bhairava ( Sanskrit , `` Terrible , Frightful '' ) is a Hindu deity , a fierce manifestation of Shiva associated with annihilation . Bhairava originated in Hindu legends and is sacred to Hindus and Jains alike . He is worshiped throughout India and Nepal .   Bhairava is the wandering form of Lord Shiva and they guard the cardinal points . There are 64 Bhairavas . These 64 Bhairavas are grouped under 8 categories and each category is headed by one major Bhairava . The major eight Bhairavas are called Aṣṭāṅga Bhairavas . The Ashta Bhairavas control the 8 directions of this universe . Each Bhairava has eight sub Bhairavas under them , totaling 64 Bhairavas . All of the Bhairavas are ruled and controlled by Maha Swarna Kala Bhairava otherwise known as Kala Bhairava , who is the supreme ruler of time of this universe as per Hindu scriptures . Bhairavi is the consort of Kala Bhairava Bhairava is also called as protector , as he guards the eight directions of the universe . In all Hindu temples , there will be a Bhairava idol . This Bhairava is the protector of the temple . In Shiva temples , when the temple is closed , the keys are placed before Bhairava . Bhairava is also described as the protector of women . He is described as the protector of the timid and in general women who are timid in nature .

neg: Manuvāda The term Manuvāda ( also Manuvād , Manuwād , Hindi मनुवाद ) denotes the ethos of a society governed by Manusmṛti , with the term Manuvādi denoting a proponent of such an ethos .   In contemporary political discourse , these terms ( especially the latter ) are often used oppositionally by OBC ( shudra ) Muslims , Dalits , Buddhists , and others to contrast their positions , interests , and viewpoints with a society that is informed by and/or identifies with Manuvāda , particularly with respect to caste .

neg: Sant Mat Sant Mat means literally `` Teachings of Sants '' ( mystic saints ) . By association and by seeking truth following sants and their teachings , a movement was indicated , prominent on the Indian subcontinent from about the 13th century CE . Theologically , the teachings are distinguished by inward , loving devotion by individual soul ( Atma ) to the Divine Principal God ( Parmatma ) . Socially , an egalitarian understanding stands separate from qualitative distinctions of a Hindu caste system , and to those between Hindus and Muslims .   The lineage of sants can be divided into two main groups :   a northern group from the provinces of Punjab , Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh , who expressed themselves mainly in vernacular Hindi ;   a southern group , whose language is archaic Marathi , represented by Namdev and other sants of Maharashtra .

neg: Pañca-Parameṣṭhi The ( Sanskrit for `` five supreme beings '' ) in Jainism are a fivefold hierarchy of religious authorities worthy of veneration .

neg: Sharana (Hinduism) Sharana ( Kannada : ಶರಣ ) meaning `` to surrender '' denotes egoless surrender and refuge in Shiva , the Deity of Hinduism . In practice , the word sharana refers specifically to a person who is a follower ( a bhakta or a seeker ) of the Lingayat tradition . Sharanas through centuries were responsible for the spread of Lingayatism in India .

neg: Bhaktisvarupa Damodar Swami Srila Bhaktisvarupa Damodara Swami Maharaja ( 9 December 1937 -- 2 October 2006 ) , also known as Dr. Thoudam Damodara Singh , was a Gaudiya Vaishnava spiritual leader , scientist , writer and poet . In 1971 he received spiritual initiation from A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada . A few years later he became one of the religious leaders of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness ( also known as the Hare Krishna Movement ) .   For more than thirty years he was the international director of the Bhaktivedanta Institute which promotes the study of the relationship between science and Vedanta . Srila Bhaktisvarupa Damodara Swami Maharaja was a pioneer in `` advancing the dialogue on synthesis of science and spirituality throughout the world '' . He was a co-founder and regional director of United Religions Initiative , a member of Metanexus Institute and founding rector of University of Bhagavata Culture ( 2000 ) in the State of Manipur ( India ) . He authored and edited several books and organised a number of significant conferences and world congresses around the world , where a number of prominent scientists and religious leaders including several Nobel Laureates participated . He was the Editor-in-chief of the Journal of the Bhaktivedanta Institute entitled , Savijnanam : Scientific Exploration for a Spiritual Paradigm .

neg: Vedanga __ NOTOC __  The Vedanga ( वेदाङ्ग , `` limbs of the Veda '' ) are six auxiliary disciplines in Hinduism that developed in ancient times , and has been connected with the study of the Vedas . These are :   Shiksha : phonetics , phonology , pronunciation . This auxiliary discipline has focussed on the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet , accent , quantity , stress , melody and rules of euphonic combination of words during a Vedic recitation .  Chhandas : prosody . This auxiliary discipline has focussed on the poetic meters , including those based on fixed number of syllables per verse , and those based on fixed number of morae per verse .  Vyakarana : grammar and linguistic analysis . This auxiliary discipline has focussed on the rules of grammar and linguistic analysis to establish the exact form of words and sentences to properly express ideas .  Nirukta : etymology , explanation of words , particularly those that are archaic and have ancient uses with unclear meaning . This auxiliary discipline has focussed on linguistic analysis to help establish the proper meaning of the words , given the context they are used in .  Kalpa : ritual instructions . This field focussed on standardizing procedures for Vedic rituals , rites of passage rituals associated with major life events such as birth , wedding and death in family , as well as discussing the personal conduct and proper duties of an individual in different stages of his life .  Jyotisha : Auspicious time for rituals , astrology and astronomy . This auxiliary Vedic discipline focussed on time keeping .   The character of Vedangas has roots in ancient times , and the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad mentions it as an integral part of the Brahmanas layer of the Vedic texts . Individually , these auxiliary disciplines of study are traceable to the 2nd millennium BCE , and the 5th-century BCE scholar Yaska quotes the Vedangas . However , it is unclear when and where a list of six Vedangas were first conceptualized .   The Vedangas likely developed towards the end of the vedic period , around or after the middle of the 1st millennium BCE . These auxiliary fields of Vedic studies emerged because the language of the Vedic texts composed centuries earlier grew too archaic to the people of that time . The Vedangas were sciences that focused on helping understand and interpret the Vedas that had been composed many centuries earlier .   Vedangas developed as ancillary studies for the Vedas , but its insights into meters , structure of sound and language , grammar , linguistic analysis and other subjects influenced post-Vedic studies , arts , culture and various schools of Hindu philosophy . The Kalpa Vedanga studies , for example , gave rise to the Dharma-sutras , which later expanded into Dharma-shastras .

neg: Hasidic Judaism Hasidism , sometimes Hasidic Judaism ( , hasidut , Ashkenazi pronunciation : -LSB- χaˈsidus -RSB- ; originally , `` piety '' ) , is a Jewish religious sect . It arose as a spiritual revival movement in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , what is now contemporary Western Ukraine , during the 18th century and spread rapidly throughout Eastern Europe . Today , most affiliates reside in the United States , Israel , and Britain . Israel Ben Eliezer , the `` Baal Shem Tov '' , is regarded as its founding father , and his disciples developed and disseminated it . Present-day Hasidism is a sub-group within Ultra-Orthodox ( `` Haredi '' ) Judaism and is noted for its religious conservatism and social seclusion . Its members adhere closely both to Orthodox Jewish practice -- with the movement 's own unique emphases -- and the traditions of Eastern European Jews , so much that many of the latter , including various garments or the use of the Yiddish language , are nowadays associated almost exclusively with Hasidism .   Hasidic thought draws heavily on Lurianic Kabbalah and to an extent is a popularization of it . Teachings emphasize God 's immanence in the universe , the need to cleave and be one with Him at all times , the devotional aspect of religious practice , and the spiritual dimension of corporeality and mundane acts . Hasidim , the adherents of Hasidism , are organized in independent sects known as `` courts '' or dynasties , each headed by its own hereditary leader , a Rebbe . Reverence and submission to the Rebbe are key tenets , as he is considered a spiritual authority with whom the follower must bond to gain closeness to God . The various `` courts '' share basic convictions , but operate apart and possess unique traits and customs . Affiliation is often retained in families for generations , and being Hasidic is as much a sociological factor , entailing birth into a specific community and allegiance to a dynasty of Rebbes , as it is a purely religious one . There are several `` courts '' with many thousands of member households each , and dozens of smaller ones . The total number of Hasidim , both adults and children , is estimated to be above 400,000 .

neg: Four Noble Truths The Four Noble Truths refer to and express the basic orientation of Buddhism in a short expression : we crave and cling to impermanent states and things , which are dukkha , `` incapable of satisfying '' and painful . This craving keeps us caught in samsara , the endless cycle of repeated rebirth and dying again , and the dukkha that comes with it . There is , however , a way to end this cycle , namely by attaining nirvana , cessation of craving , whereafter rebirth and associated dukkha will no longer arise again . This can be accomplished by following the eightfold path , restraining oneself , cultivating discipline , and practicing mindfulness and meditation .   In short form , the four truths are dukkha , samudaya ( `` arising , '' `` coming together '' ) , nirodha ( `` cessation , '' `` confinement '' ) , and magga , the path leading to cessation . As the `` Four Noble Truths '' ( Sanskrit : catvāri āryasatyāni ; Pali : cattāri ariyasaccāni ) , they are `` the truths of the Noble Ones , '' the truths or realities which are understood by the `` worthy ones `` Encyclopædia Britannica , Arhat ( Buddhism ) who have attained nirvana .   In the sutras , Buddhist religious texts , the four truths have both a symbolic and a propositional function . They represent the awakening and liberation of the Buddha , but also the possibility of liberation for all sentient beings , describing how release from craving is to be reached . In the Pali canon scriptures , the four truths appear in a `` network of teachings , '' as part of `` the entire dhamma matrix , '' which have to be taken together . They provide a conceptual framework for introducing and explaining Buddhist thought , which has to be personally understood or `` experienced '' .   The function of the four truths , and their importance , developed over time , when prajna , or `` liberating insight , '' came to be regarded as liberating in itself , instead of or in addition to the practice of dhyana , meditation . This `` liberating insight '' gained a prominent place in the sutras , and the four truths came to represent this liberating insight , as part of the enlightenment story of the Buddha .   The four truths became of central importance in the Theravada tradition of Buddhism , which holds to the idea that insight into the four truths is liberating in itself . They are less prominent in the Mahayana tradition , which sees the higher aims of insight into sunyata , emptiness , and following the Bodhisattva path as central elements in their teachings and practice . The Mahayana tradition reinterpreted the four truths to explain how a liberated being can still be `` pervasively operative in this world . '' Beginning with the exploration of Buddhism by western colonialists in the 19th century and the development of Buddhist modernism , they came to be often presented in the west as the central teaching of Buddhism .

neg: Parshvanatha Parshvanatha , also known as Parshva , was the 23rd of 24 Tirthankaras ( ford-maker , teacher ) of Jainism . He is the earliest Jain Tirthankara who is generally acknowledged as a historical figure . His biography is uncertain , with Jain sources placing him between the 9th and 8th century BC , and historians stating he may have lived in 8th or 7th century BC . Along with Mahavira , Rishabhanatha and Neminatha , Parshvanatha is one of the four Tirthankaras who attracts the most devotional worship among the Jains . His iconography is notable for the serpent hood over his head , and his worship often includes Dharanendra and Padmavati -- the serpent god and goddess of Jainism .   Parshvanatha is said in Jain texts to have been born in Benares ( Varanasi , India ) , renounced the worldly life and founded an ascetic community . He is credited with starting the tradition of `` four fold restraints '' for monks -- do n't kill , do n't steal , do n't lie and do n't own property . Svetambara texts , such as section 2.15 of Acaranga Sutra , state that Mahavira 's parents were followers of Parshvanatha , linking Mahavira to a pre-existing theology and as a reformer of pre-existing Jain mendicant tradition . Mahavira expanded the scope of Parshvanatha 's first four restraints , with his ideas on Ahimsa ( non-violence ) , giving up even clothes , and added the fifth monastic vow of celibacy in the practice of asceticism . Parshvanatha , in contrast , according to them , had not required celibacy , and had allowed the wearing of simple outer garments by monks . The differences between the ideas of Parshvanatha and Mahavira , have been one of the many historic foundations behind the disputes between the two major Jain sub-traditions -- Svetambaras and Digambaras . The Digambara sect disagrees with the Svetambara interpretations , and they reject the theory of difference in Parshvanatha and Mahavira 's teachings .   Parshvanatha 's popularity among Jains is widespread , according to Paul Dundas -- a professor of Sanskrit known for his publications on Jainism . Parshva is popularly seen as a ford-maker who removes obstacles and has the capacity to save . Parshvanatha died on Mount Sammeta ( Madhuban , Jharkhand ) along the River Ganges basin , a place that has been an important pilgrimage site for all sub-traditions within Jainism .

neg: Theravada Theravāda ( Pali , literally `` school of the elder monks '' ) is a branch of Buddhism that uses the Buddha 's teaching preserved in the Pāli Canon as its doctrinal core . The Pali canon is the only complete Buddhist canon which survives in a classical Indic Language , Pali , which serves as the sacred language and lingua franca of Theravada Buddhism . Another feature of Theravada is that it tends to be very conservative about matters of doctrine and monastic discipline . As a distinct sect , Theravada Buddhism developed in Sri Lanka and spread to the rest of Southeast Asia .   Theravada also includes a rich diversity of traditions and practices that have developed over its long history of interactions with varying cultures and religious communities . It is the dominant form of religion in Cambodia , Laos , Myanmar , Sri Lanka , and Thailand , and is practiced by minority groups in Bangladesh , China , Nepal , and Vietnam . In addition , the diaspora of all of these groups as well as converts around the world practice Theravāda Buddhism . Contemporary expressions include Buddhist modernism , the Vipassana movement and the Thai Forest Tradition .

neg: Yoga Korunta The Yoga Korunta is a purported ancient text on yoga written in sanskrit by Vamana Rishi and allegedly discovered by Tirumalai Krishnamacharya in the National Archives of India in the early 20th century . Krishnamacharya later related an oral translation of the text to his students , such as K. Pattabhi Jois and B. K. S. Iyengar . Jois used it as the basis to create the Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga system . The original text reportedly was not preserved , and its historicity and existence has been questioned . According to Mark Singleton 's Yoga Body : The Origins of Modern Posture Practice , this legacy of Krishnamacharya is one of the bases for `` power struggles '' among competing methods of modern yoga .   It is said to have been made up of stanzas using rhymed , metered sutras , in the manner common to texts transmitted orally in the guru-shishya tradition .   The text is said to have described several lists of many different asana groupings , as well as highly original teachings on vinyasa , drishti , bandhas , mudras and general teachings .   The name Yoga Korunta is the Tamilized pronunciation of the Sanskrit words Yoga grantha , meaning `` book about yoga '' .

neg: Vaidya Vaidya ( Sanskrit : वैद्य ) is a Sanskrit word meaning `` physician '' . It is also used unchanged in modern Indo-Aryan languages such as Hindi . It was and is used generally in India to refer to a person who practises ayurveda , an indigenous Indian system of medicine . Senior practitioners or teachers were called Vaidyarāja `` physician-king '' as a mark of respect.Some practioners who had complete knowledge of the texts and were excellent at their practices were known as '' Pranaacharya '' . Some royal families in India had a personal vaidya in attendance and these people were referred to as Rāja Vaidya `` the king 's physician ''    In the classical text , Charakh Sahinta ( Chapter 29 of Sutrasthan ) the term Vaidya is classified into 2 types :  1 . Pranabhisar Vaidya - the ones who protect the lives by curing diseases and exhibits complete knowledge theoretically ae well as practically .  2 . Rogabhisar Vaidya-the ones who does n't have complete knowledge and due to lack of knowledge danger the lives of patient .

neg: Udayana Udayana , also known as Udayanācārya ( Udyanacharya , or Master Udayana ) , was a very important Hindu logician of the tenth century who attempted to reconcile the views held by the two major schools of logic ( Nyaya and Vaisheshika ) . This became the root of the Navya-Nyāya school of the thirteenth century , established by the Gangesha Upadhyaya ( `` New Nyāya '' ) school of `` right '' reasoning , which is still recognized and followed in some regions of India . He lived in Kariyan village in Mithila , near present-day Darbhanga , Bihar state , India .   Udayana wrote a sub-gloss on Vachaspati 's work called the Nyaya-vaartika-taatparya-tiikaa-parishuddhi . He wrote several other works such as the Kusumanjali , Atma-tattva-viveka , Kiranaavali and Nyaya-parishishhta ( also called Bodha siddhi or Bodha shuddhi ) .   He is given credit by Naiyâyikas for having demolished in a final fashion the claims of the Buddhist logicians . All his works , or at least all of which we know , have been preserved , which attest to the respect in which he was held from the beginning .

neg: Guruvayur Temple Guruvayur Sri Krishna Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to the god Krishna ( an avatar of the god Vishnu ) , located in the town of Guruvayur in Kerala , India . It is one of the most important places of worship for Hindus of Kerala and is often referred to as `` Bhuloka Vaikunta '' which translates to the `` Holy Abode of Vishnu on Earth '' .   The presiding deity of the Guruvayur Temple is Vishnu , worshipped in the form of Krishna . The central icon is a four-armed standing Krishna carrying the conch Panchajanya , the discus Sudarshana Chakra , the mace Kaumodaki and a lotus with a Holy basil garland . This image represents the majestic form of Vishnu as revealed to Krishna 's parents Vasudeva and Devaki around the time of Krishna 's birth ; hence Guruvayur is also known as `` Dwarka of South India '' . He is currently worshipped according to routines laid down by Adi Shankara and later written formally in the Tantric way , the inter-religious spiritual movement that arose in medieval India , by Cennas Narayanan Nambudiri ( born in 1427 ) . The Cennas Nambudiris are the hereditary tantris ( high priest ) of the Guruvayur Temple .   The temple ( puja ) routines are strictly followed . The tantri is available full-time at the Temple to ensure this . The Melsanti ( Chief Priest ) enters the sanctum sanctorum in the morning and does not drink anything up to the completion of `` noon worships '' at 12:30 PM .

neg: Thakur Shri Saty Narayan Ji Thakur Shri Saty Narayan Ji ( or SatyNarayan ) meaning `` True Image Of Narayan , Satya Roop Of Narayan '' , is a deity worshipped by Hindus , mainly in the Indian states of Punjab , Haryana , Chandigarh , ( Uttar Prdesh ) , Chhattisgarh , West Bengal , Jharkhand , Bihar , Assam , Manipur and Tripura or his avatar Krishna by the Hindus . Saty Narayan Ji is worshipped as part of a triad on the `` Ratnavedi '' ( jewelled platform ) .   The icon of Saty Narayan is a carved and decorated stone stump with beautiful eyes and with stumps as hands , Saty Narayan Ji hasfour Hands each hand Carries Shankh , Chakra , Gadda and one hand in blessing Position Respectively . The worship procedures , practices , sacraments and rituals of Saty Narayan Ji do conform to those of classical Hinduism . The origin and evolution of Saty Narayan Ji worship , as well as iconography , is clear and has been subject to intense academic debate .   Saty Narayan Ji has a clear vedic reference and is also a member of the traditional Dashavatara concept or the classical Hindu pantheon .   Saty Narayan Ji considered as a form of the Hindu God Vishnu , is sectarian and has been associated with any particular denomination of Hinduism in entirety , though there are several common aspects with Vaishnavism , Saivism , Shaktism , Smartism , as well as with Buddhism and Jainism .   The oldest and most famous Saty Narayan Ji deity is established in Nabha .   The most famous festival related to Saty Narayan Ji are Shri Krishna Janamashtmi , Ratha yatra , and Sat Narayan Vrat . On The occasion of Ratha Yatra Jagannath , along with the other two associated deities , comes out of the Garbhagriha of the chief temple . They are transported to the Parikrama of the town Nabha ( located at a distance of nearly 1 km ) , in three massive wooden chariots drawn by devotees . Coinciding with the Rath Yatra festival at Nabha , similar processions are organized at Jagannath temples throughout the world .

neg: Bhaṭṭikāvya , or `` Bhatti 's Poem '' , is a Sanskrit-language poem dating from the 7th century CE , in the formal genre of `` great poem '' ( mahākāvya ) . It focuses on two deeply rooted Sanskrit traditions , the Ramayana and Panini 's grammar , while incorporating numerous other traditions , in a rich mix of science and art , poetically retelling the adventures of Rama and a compendium of examples of grammar and rhetoric . As literature , it is often considered to stand comparison with the best of Sanskrit poetry .   The also has ( `` The Death of '' ) as an alternative title . It is improbable that this was the original title as Ravana 's death is only one short episode in the whole poem . It may have acquired this title to distinguish it from other works concerning themselves with the deeds of .   The poem is the earliest example of an `` instructional poem '' or . That is not a treatise written in verse but an imaginative piece of literature which is also intended to be instructive in specific subjects . To modern tastes , however , this can create an unpardonable artificiality in the composition . To the critics of late classical times in India technical virtuosity was much admired . Much of the s popular success could also be ascribed to the fact that it must have been useful as a textbook .

neg: Satya Mahima Dharma Satya Mahima Dharma ( the `` dharma of the divine glory '' ) is a religious tradition in Hinduism , from Orissa . It goes back to a historic person called Mahima Svami ( or Mahima Gosain ) .   He is said to have appeared in Puri in 1826 . Dissatisfied with the ritualised idol worship of Lord Jagannath , he left Puri and travelled to the Kapilas hills near Dhenkanal , where he engaged himself in severe Yogic practices . In 1862 , he became a siddha and started preaching a new dharma . He is said to have attained samadhi in 1876 . Under his first disciple , Govinda Baba , and the dissident saint poet Bhima Bhoi , the movement shifted away from the coastal region towards the central and western parts of Odisha . Spreading also to other states ( Madhya Pradesh , Andhra Pradesh , West Bengal , Assam ) , people from different regions and sociocultural backgrounds joined as followers . Since then , several monastic as well as lay currents and competing associations emerged and various regional centres ( Joranda , Khaliapali ) have been established . Mahima Dharma is a popular ascetic movement which considers the void , shunya , as the divine principle , opposing as such any idol worship . The void can only be venerated through fire , or its manifestation in the Sun , traits which link Mahima Dharma to the nirguna bhakti tradition .

neg: Satsvarupa dasa Goswami Satsvarupa das Goswami ( IAST , Devanagari : सत्स्वरूप दास गोस्वामी ) ( born Stephen Guarino on December 6 , 1939 ) is a senior disciple of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada , who founded the International Society for Krishna Consciousness ( ISKCON ) , better known in the West as the Hare Krishna movement . Serving as a writer , poet , and artist , Satsvarupa dasa Goswami is the author of Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada 's authorized biography , Srila Prabhupada-lilamrta . After Prabhupada 's death , Satsvarupa dasa Goswami was one of the eleven disciples selected to become an initiating guru in ISKCON .  Satsvarupa dasa Goswami , ( Sanskrit : -LSB- sət̪ 's ʋəruːpə d̪ɑːsə ɡoː 's ʋɑːmiː -RSB- ) , is one of the first few westerners ordained by Prabhupada in September 1966 . He has been since established as a prolific Vaishnava writer and poet . While traveling , lecturing on Krishna consciousness , and instructing disciples worldwide , he published over hundred books including poems , memoirs , essays , novels , and studies based on the Vaishnava scriptures . In his later years he created hundreds of paintings , drawings , and sculptures that attempt to capture and express his perspective on the culture of Krishna consciousness .


query: A lion is the biggest cat.

pos: Lion The lion ( Panthera leo ) is one of the big cats in the genus Panthera and a member of the family Felidae . The commonly used term African lion collectively denotes the several subspecies in Africa . With some males exceeding 250 kg in weight , it is the second-largest living cat after the tiger , barring hybrids like the liger . Wild lions currently exist in sub-Saharan Africa and in India ( where an endangered remnant population resides in and around Gir Forest National Park ) . In ancient historic times , their range was in most of Africa , including North Africa , and across Eurasia from Greece and southeastern Europe to India . In the late Pleistocene , about 10,000 years ago , the lion was the most widespread large land mammal after humans : Panthera leo spelaea lived in northern and western Europe and Panthera leo atrox lived in the Americas from the Yukon to Peru . The lion is classified as a vulnerable species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) , having seen a major population decline in its African range of 30 -- 50 % over two decades during the second half of the twentieth century . Lion populations are untenable outside designated reserves and national parks . Although the cause of the decline is not fully understood , habitat loss and conflicts with humans are the greatest causes of concern . Within Africa , the West African lion population is particularly endangered .   In the wilderness , males seldom live longer than 10 to 14 years , as injuries sustained from continual fighting with rival males greatly reduce their longevity . In captivity they can live more than 20 years . They typically inhabit savanna and grassland , although they may take to bush and forest . Lions are unusually social compared to other cats . A pride of lions consists of related females and offspring and a small number of adult males . Groups of female lions typically hunt together , preying mostly on large ungulates . Lions are apex and keystone predators , although they are also expert scavengers obtaining over 50 percent of their food by scavenging as opportunity allows . While lions do not typically hunt humans , some have . Sleeping mainly during the day , lions are active primarily at night ( nocturnal ) , although sometimes at twilight ( crepuscular ) .   Highly distinctive , the male lion is easily recognised by its mane , and its face is one of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture . Depictions have existed from the Upper Paleolithic period , with carvings and paintings from the Lascaux and Chauvet Caves in France dated to 17,000 years ago , through virtually all ancient and medieval cultures where they once occurred . It has been extensively depicted in sculptures , in paintings , on national flags , and in contemporary films and literature . Lions have been kept in menageries since the time of the Roman Empire , and have been a key species sought for exhibition in zoos over the world since the late eighteenth century . Zoos are cooperating worldwide in breeding programs for the endangered Asiatic subspecies .

neg: African civet The African civet ( Civettictis civetta ) -LSB- ˈsɪvɪt -RSB- is the largest representative of the African Viverridae and the sole member of its genus .  It is considered common and widely distributed in sub-Saharan Africa .   It is primarily nocturnal and spends the day sleeping in dense vegetation . It is a solitary mammal that has a unique coloration : the black and white stripes and blotches covering the coarse pelage of the animal are extremely variable and allow it to be cryptic . The black bands surrounding its eyes closely resemble those of the raccoon . Other distinguishing features are its disproportionately large hindquarters and its erectile dorsal crest .   The African civet is an omnivorous generalist , taking small vertebrates , invertebrates , eggs , carrion , and vegetable matter . It is capable of taking on poisonous invertebrates and snakes . Prey is primarily detected by smell and sound rather than by sight . It prefers riverine habitats and woodlands .   Like all civets it has perineal glands that produce a fluid known as civet , which it spreads on markers in its territory to claim its range . It is used in the perfume industry .

neg: World championship A world championship is generally an international sports competition open to elite competitors from across the world , representing their nations , and winning such an event will be considered the highest or near highest achievement in the sport or contest .   The title is usually awarded through a combination of specific contests or , less commonly , ranking systems ( e.g. the ICC Test Championship ) , or a combination of the two ( e.g. World Triathlon Championships in Triathlon ) . This determines a ` world champion ' , who or which is commonly considered the best nation , team , individual ( or other entity ) in the world in a particular field , although the vagaries of sport ensure that the competitor recognised at the best in an event is not always the ` world champion ' ( see Underdog ) .   Certain sports do not have a world championship . Instead , they may organise a world cup competition , or they may organize both , for example cycling ( UCI World Championships and UCI World Cups ) ) . Often , the use of the term cup or championship in this sense is just a choice of words . Some sports have multiple champions because of multiple organizations , such as boxing , mixed martial arts and wrestling .   Certain sports do not have a world championship or a world cup as such , but may have one or several world champions . Professional boxing , for example , has several world champions at different weights , but each one of them is decided by a `` title fight '' , not a tournament .   A certain number of sports hold world championships or world cups which are overshadowed , in terms of prestige , by the same events in the Olympic Games , the most prestigious multi-sports event .   Still other sports may or may not have a true world championship but may designate the winners of a domestic competition to be `` world champions . '' This is especially true of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada ; world cups and championships exist in all of the major sports , but the domestic U.S. and Canadian leagues are generally recognized as the world professional championships or the equivalent of a world club championship . ( In American football , although an IFAF World Championship exists , the United States is so far above and beyond the other nations it faces that the winner of the U.S.-based Super Bowl , a competition limited to the 32 teams in the National Football League , is commonly recognized as the world champion . )   Finally , certain professional sports do not have a world championship or world cup , but rather hold a series of events recognised as the elite level in their field ( e.g. tennis has a series of four Grand Slam events recognised as the pinnacle of the game , in addition to key team events , world tour finals and the Olympic Games , but no world championship or world cup ) .

neg: Ragdoll The Ragdoll is a cat breed with blue eyes and a distinct colorpoint coat . It is a large and muscular semi-longhair cat with a soft and silky coat . Like all long haired cats , Ragdolls need grooming to ensure their fur does not mat . Developed by American breeder Ann Baker in the 1960s , it is best known for its docile and placid temperament and affectionate nature . The name `` Ragdoll '' is derived from the tendency of individuals from the original breeding stock to go limp and relaxed when picked up . Particularly popular in both the United Kingdom and the breed 's native United States , ragdoll cats often are known as `` dog-like cats '' or `` puppy-like cats '' due to behaviors such as their tendency to follow people around , their ease at being physically handled , and their relative lack of aggression toward other pets .

neg: Proailurus Proailurus ( meaning `` first cat '' ) is an extinct carnivoran felid that lived in Europe and Asia approximately 25 million years ago in the Late Oligocene and Miocene . Fossils have been found in Mongolia , Germany , and Spain . One recent phylogeny places it as a basal member of the Feliformia , the suborder that includes mongooses , civets , hyenas , and cats ; but other studies suggest that it instead was a felid ( a true cat ) .   Proailurus was a compact and small animal , just a little larger than the domestic cat , weighing about 20 lb ( 9 kg ) . It had a long tail , large eyes and sharp claws and teeth , with similar proportions to the modern viverrids . Its claws would have been retractable to some extent . Like the viverrids , Proailurus was at least partially arboreal .   Proailurus was a likely ancestor of Pseudaelurus , which lived 20-10 million years ago , and probably gave rise to the major felid lines , including the extinct machairodontines and the extant felines and pantherines , although the phylogeny of the cats is still not precisely known .

neg: Chinese guardian lions Chinese guardian lions or Imperial guardian lions , traditionally known in Chinese simply as Shi , and often called `` Foo Dogs '' in the West , are a common representation of the lion in imperial China . The concept which originated and became popular in Chinese Buddhism , subsequently spread to other parts of Asia including , Japan , Korea , Tibet , Thailand , Burma , Vietnam , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Cambodia and Laos .

neg: Ring-tailed lemur The ring-tailed lemur ( Lemur catta ) is a large strepsirrhine primate and the most recognized lemur due to its long , black and white ringed tail . It belongs to Lemuridae , one of five lemur families , and is the only member of the Lemur genus . Like all lemurs it is endemic to the island of Madagascar . Known locally in Malagasy as maky ( -LSB- makʲ -RSB- , spelled maki in French ) or hira , it inhabits gallery forests to spiny scrub in the southern regions of the island . It is omnivorous and the most terrestrial of extant lemurs . The animal is diurnal , being active exclusively in daylight hours .   The ring-tailed lemur is highly social , living in groups of up to 30 individuals . It is also female dominant , a trait common among lemurs . To keep warm and reaffirm social bonds , groups will huddle together . The ring-tailed lemur will also sunbathe , sitting upright facing its underside , with its thinner white fur towards the sun . Like other lemurs , this species relies strongly on its sense of smell and marks its territory with scent glands . The males perform a unique scent marking behavior called spur marking and will participate in stink fights by impregnating their tail with their scent and wafting it at opponents .   As one of the most vocal primates , the ring-tailed lemur uses numerous vocalizations including group cohesion and alarm calls . Experiments have shown that the ring-tailed lemur , despite the lack of a large brain ( relative to simiiform primates ) , can organize sequences , understand basic arithmetic operations and preferentially select tools based on functional qualities .   Despite reproducing readily in captivity and being the most populous lemur in zoos worldwide , numbering more than 2,000 individuals , the ring-tailed lemur is listed as endangered by the IUCN Red List due to habitat destruction and hunting for bush meat and the exotic pet trade . At present ( as of early 2017 ) , the population in the wild is believed to have crashed as low as 2,000 individuals due to habitat loss , poaching and hunting , making them far more critically endangered .

neg: Saliega Saliega is an Iberian lynx who in 2005 became the first of her species to give birth in captivity .   Saliega was born in the wild in March 2002 in Sierra Morena ( Spain ) . As a one-month-old with little chance of survival in the wild , she was taken by the Andalusian authority and arrived at the Jerez zoo on 17 April 2002 . There she was raised together with Aura , a female of the same age born in Doñana , until both were transferred to El Acebuche Breeding Center , in the Doñana Nature Park in Huelva , on 21 February 2003 .   On 28 March 2005 , Saliega became the first Iberian lynx to breed in captivity , giving birth to three healthy kittens . Prior attempts at captive breeding had failed because the mothers ate their kittens immediately after birth . The father was Garfio , a three-year-old male from Sierra Morena , who was taken to El Acebuche in February 2004 for the breeding program . Two of the cubs -- Brezo and Brisa -- survived while the third , Brezina , died as a consequence of a fight with Brezo .   On 22 March 2008 , Saliega gave birth to three more kittens at the El Acebuche captive breeding centre in the Doñana Nature Park . They were born at 64 days gestation . One of the young was rejected by the mother , and the Junta de Andalucía 's Environment Department reported on March 24 , 2008 that the rejected kitten had died .   The Iberian lynx is critically endangered , and is considered the world 's most threatened feline species . Studies conducted in March 2005 estimated the number of surviving Iberian lynx to be as few as 100 , which is down from about 400 in 2000 and down from 4,000 in 1960 . If the Iberian lynx were to become extinct , it would be the first big cat species to do so since the Smilodon became extinct 10,000 years ago .   Saliega produced a total of 16 offspring . In February 2013 , she was sterilized following discovery of a mammary tumor , and her unfertilized eggs were collected and frozen . In January 2014 , she retired at Zoobotánico de Jerez .

neg: List of Kimba the White Lion episodes These are the episodes of the anime television series Kimba the White Lion ( Jungle Emperor ) . The series originally ran from October 6 , 1965 , to September 28 , 1966 , in Japan and from September 11 , 1966 , to September 3 , 1967 , in the U.S.   There were two English dubs produced for this anime series . The first ( and more widely viewed ) English dub was produced by Titan Productions for NBC Enterprises to license and run in syndication in the United States , with a handful of talented voice actors . Despite that they dubbed all 52 episodes of the series , 49 of them have been aired in a mixed up order , in the United States , due to the NBC catalog order of how they aired them in sequence . On September 30 , 1978 , the license for NBC to hold the rights to the English dub has dropped due to the bankruptcy of Mushi Productions being bankrupt earlier in 1973 . Afterwards , the Titan Productions English dub was no longer available to view at that time .   In 1993 , Fumio Suzuki made plans to bring the series to television once more to the English-speaking market . After the legal battles of who was going to gain ownership , a Canadian company from Toronto known as Zaza Sound Productions Ltd. won the rights to produce a second English dub of the anime series with a handful of Canadian voice actors , as well as airing this dub in several English-speaking regions ( Australia , United Kingdom , etc. ) , with CEG Distribution distributing the series . Landmark Entertainment Group Inc. , Susuki Associates and CEG Cinema Partners have also contributed to this dub . Fans have often labeled this as the `` Canadian dub '' . It was said to be a remake of the 1966 U.S. English dub , with a more faithful translation of the original Japanese scripts , but had to create a whole new soundtrack composed by Paul J. Zaza , since they were unable to use the original soundtrack composed by Isao Tomita which was also used in the 1966 U.S. English dub . This version was also more edited including heavy cuts and changes .   In 1995 , A low-budget American company known as UAV Corporation released a limited number of episodes of the 1993 Canadian English re-dub on VHS in North America , under the title Kimba the Lion Prince .

neg: Coat of arms of the Republic of the Congo The coat of arms of the Republic of the Congo has a shield with a rampant red lion holding a torch . The background color of the shield is yellow with a green wavy stripe in the middle . A golden crown sits above the shield . Two large African elephants support the shield . A banner with the national motto `` Unité Travail Progrès '' ( `` Unity , Work , Progress '' translated from `` La Congolaise '' ) is draped from a bar supporting the elephants .   The arms were adopted in 1960 and readopted in 1991 after having been replaced with a simpler , unheraldic symbol during the People 's Republic of the Congo era from 1970 -- 1991 .   Category : National symbols of the Republic of the Congo  Congo , Republic of the  Congo , Republic  Congo , Republic  Congo , Republic  Congo , Republic

neg: Animal language Animal languages are forms of non-human animal communication that show similarities to human language . Animals communicate by using a variety of signs such as sounds or movements . Such signing may be considered complex enough to be called a form of language if the inventory of signs is large , the signs are relatively arbitrary , and the animals seem to produce them with a degree of volition ( as opposed to relatively automatic conditioned behaviors or unconditioned instincts , usually including facial expressions ) . In experimental tests , animal communication may also be evidenced through the use of lexigrams ( as used by chimpanzees and bonobos ) . While the term `` animal language '' is widely used , researchers agree that animal languages are not as complex or expressive as human language .   Many researchers argue that animal communication lacks a key aspect of human language , that is , the creation of new patterns of signs under varied circumstances . ( In contrast , for example , humans routinely produce entirely new combinations of words . ) Some researchers , including the linguist Charles Hockett , argue that human language and animal communication differ so much that the underlying principles are unrelated . Accordingly , linguist Thomas A. Sebeok has proposed to not use the term `` language '' for animal sign systems . Marc Hauser , Noam Chomsky , and W. Tecumseh Fitch assert an evolutionary continuum exists between the communication methods of animal and human language .

neg: Felis chaus chaus The common jungle cat ( Felis chaus chaus ) is the nominate subspecies of the jungle cat .

neg: Felis attica Felis attica is an extinct felid of the subfamily Felinae . Around 12 million years ago , the genus Felis appeared and eventually gave rise to many of the modern small cats . Felis attica was a small lynx-like cat , and was one of the ancestors of the first modern Felis species , such as F. lunensis ( Martelli 's cat ) , which appeared around 2.5 million years ago during the Pliocene epoch . Fossil specimens of F. attica have been recovered in western Eurasia . Fossil evidence suggests that F. attica was among the smallest of the Miocene Felinae : about the size of the modern bobcat ( Lynx rufus ) , but with a longer profile . It was made the type species of a separate genus , Pristifelis , by Salesa et al. ( 2012 ) .

neg: Primate A primate ( -LSB- ˈpraɪmeɪt -RSB- ) is a mammal of the order Primates ( Latin : `` prime , first rank '' ) . In taxonomy , primates include two distinct lineages , strepsirrhines and haplorhines . Primates arose from ancestors that lived in the trees of tropical forests ; many primate characteristics represent adaptations to life in this challenging three-dimensional environment . Most primate species remain at least partly arboreal .   With the exception of humans , who inhabit every continent , most primates live in tropical or subtropical regions of the Americas , Africa and Asia . They range in size from Madame Berthe 's mouse lemur , which weighs only 30 g , to the eastern gorilla , weighing over 200 kg ; that is , without taking into account the weight of particular human individuals , reaching up to 635 kg . Based on fossil evidence , the earliest known true primates , represented by the genus Teilhardina , date to 55.8 million years old . An early close primate relative known from abundant remains is the Late Paleocene Plesiadapis , c. 55 -- 58 million years old . Molecular clock studies suggest that the primate branch may be even older , originating near the Cretaceous -- Paleogene boundary or around 63 -- 74 mya .   The order Primates was traditionally divided into two main groupings : prosimians and anthropoids ( simians ) . Prosimians have characteristics more like those of the earliest primates , and include the lemurs of Madagascar , lorisoids , and tarsiers . Simians include monkeys , apes and hominins . More recently , taxonomists have preferred to split primates into the suborder Strepsirrhini , or wet-nosed primates , consisting of non-tarsier prosimians , and the suborder Haplorhini , or dry-nosed primates , consisting of tarsiers and the simians .   Simians are divided into two groups : catarrhine ( narrow-nosed ) monkeys and apes of Africa and Southeast Asia and platyrrhine ( `` flat-nosed '' ) or New World monkeys of South and Middle America . Catarrhines consist of Old World monkeys ( such as baboons and macaques ) , gibbons and great apes ; New World monkeys include the capuchin , howler and squirrel monkeys . Humans are the only extant catarrhines to have spread successfully outside of Africa , South Asia , and East Asia , although fossil evidence shows many other species were formerly present in Europe . New primate species are still being discovered . More than 25 species were taxonomically described in the decade of the 2000s and eleven have been described since 2010 .   Considered generalist mammals , primates exhibit a wide range of characteristics . Some primates ( including some great apes and baboons ) are primarily terrestrial rather than arboreal , but all species possess adaptations for climbing trees . Locomotion techniques used include leaping from tree to tree , walking on two or four limbs , knuckle-walking , and swinging between branches of trees ( brachiation ) .   Primates are characterized by large brains relative to other mammals , as well as an increased reliance on stereoscopic vision at the expense of smell , the dominant sensory system in most mammals . These features are more developed in monkeys and apes and noticeably less so in lorises and lemurs . Three-color vision has developed in some primates . Most also have opposable thumbs and some have prehensile tails . Many species are sexually dimorphic ; differences include body mass , canine tooth size , and coloration . Primates have slower rates of development than other similarly sized mammals and reach maturity later , but have longer lifespans . Depending on the species , adults may live in solitude , in mated pairs , or in groups of up to hundreds of members .

neg: Lykoi The Lykoi , also called the Werewolf cat , is a natural mutation from a domestic short-haired cat that has the appearance of a werewolf . The mutation has occurred in domestic cats over the last 20 years . Genetic testing done at UC Davis confirm that the cats do not carry the Sphynx/Devon gene . The Lykoi breed was developed in Vonore , Tennessee . The word lykoi means `` wolves '' in Greek .

neg: Balaji (leopard) Balaji , an Indian leopard housed in the Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park , located at the foot of the holy seven hills in Tirupathi , is the largest leopard to be ever recorded . The leopard weighs 139 kg against the normal weight of 70 kg of its class . Balaji was born in 1994 and captured in 1996 , when he weighed 108 kg . He eats 4 kg of beef daily , the same as the zoo 's other leopards . The Park management is said to be in touch with the Guinness Book of World Records authorities seeking its entry in the records as the biggest leopard . He died on June 11 , 2013 .

neg: Tonkinese cat Tonkinese are a domestic cat breed produced by crossbreeding between the Siamese and Burmese . They share many of their parents ' distinctively lively , playful personality traits and are similarly distinguished by a pointed coat pattern in a variety of colors . In addition to the modified coat colors of the `` mink '' pattern , which is a dilution of the point color ( as in watercolors ) , the breed is now being shown in the foundation-like Siamese and Burmese colors : pointed with white and Solid overall ( sepia . ) They are also now designated a natural breed , as their history has now determined them to have been extant since the 14th Century .

neg: Kellas cat The Kellas cat is a small black feline found in Scotland . Once thought to be a mythological wild cat , with its few sightings dismissed as hoaxes , a specimen was killed by being caught in a snare in 1984 by a gamekeeper named Ronnie Douglas and found to be a hybrid between wild and domestic sub-species of Felis silvestris . It is not a formal breed of cat , but a landrace of felid hybrids . It is named after the village of Kellas , Moray , where it was first found . The historian Charles Thomas speculates that the Pictish stone at Golspie may depict a Kellas . The Golspie stone , now held at the Dunrobin Castle Museum , shows a cat-like creature standing on top of a salmon which may allude to the characteristics ascribed to a Kellas of catching fish while river swimming .   Andrew Kitchener , researcher and Natural Sciences curator at the National Museum of Scotland , examined eight specimens of black felines . One carcass was already in the Museum 's collection ; the remaining seven were supplied by Di Francis , who is described by Thomas as a `` writer , researcher and practical naturalist '' . Kitchener 's analysis identified one of the animals as a melanistic wild cat ; this juvenile male was the first wild cat ever documented as melanistic in Scotland . Most of the other specimens examined were concluded to be hybrids but more closely aligned to the wild cat ; only one hybrid leaned more towards a domestic cat .   The Kellas cat is described as being 24 to long , with powerful and long hind legs and a tail that can grow to be around 12 in long ; its weight can range from 5 to . Douglas had measured the animal snared in 1984 and he stated it was 15 in to shoulder height and 43 in in length . A specimen is kept in a museum in Elgin . The Zoology Museum of the University of Aberdeen also hold a mounted specimen that was found during 2002 in the Insch area of Aberdeenshire .

neg: Leopold the Cat Leopold the Cat ( Кот Леопольд , Kot Leopold ) is a Soviet/Russian animation series about a good-natured and prudent cat , Leopold . Leopold always wears a bow tie even when swimming . Throughout the series , he has to deal with two mischievous mice , Grey and White ( Mitya and Motya according to an early script version , but the cartoons themselves mention no names ) . The animation was produced at T/O Ekran in 1975 - 1987 and its runtime is 87 min ( 10 episodes ) . As of 1987 , there were 11 episodes in total . Eventually , in 1995 , most of the episodes were released on DVD .   It was directed by Anatoly Reznikov , and the screenplay was written by Arkady Hayt . Boris Savelyev wrote the score . The cinematography was by Ernst Gaman ( 1975 , 1982 ) , Igor Shkamarda ( 1975 , 1981 , 1983 ) , and Vladimir Milovanov ( 1981 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 ) . Nelli Kudrina did the sound .   Leopold 's catchphrase is `` Kids , let 's all get along '' . The catchphrases of the two mice are `` Come out , Leopold ! '' by the one and `` Come out , you foul coward ! '' by the second .

neg: Sea lion (disambiguation) A sea lion is an aquatic mammal generally found in shallow waters .   Sea Lion , Sealion , Sea-lion , or Sea Lions may also refer to :

neg: Domestic Shorthair Domestic Shorthair may refer to :   Domestic short-haired cat , the most common type of non-purebred house cat ; `` Domestic Shorthair '' is a cat show competition category name for this landrace , as used by some but not all fancier organizations which permit them  American Shorthair , a formal cat breed ; `` Domestic Shorthair '' was its original name in some US-based fancier organizations


query: Gray Davis was a governor.

pos: Gray Davis Joseph Graham `` Gray '' Davis , Jr. ( born December 26 , 1942 ) is a retired American politician and attorney who served as the 37th Governor of California from 1999 to 2003 . A member of the Democratic Party , only months into his second term , in 2003 Davis was recalled and removed from office , the second state governor successfully recalled in U.S. history . Prior to serving as governor , Davis was chief of staff to Governor Jerry Brown ( 1975 -- 81 ) , a California State Assemblyman ( 1983 -- 87 ) , California State Controller ( 1987 -- 95 ) and the 44th Lieutenant Governor of California ( 1995 -- 99 ) . Davis holds a B.A. in history from Stanford University and a J.D. from Columbia Law School . He was awarded a Bronze Star for his service as a Captain in the Vietnam War .   During his time as governor , Davis made education his top priority and California spent eight billion dollars more than was required under Proposition 98 during his first term . Under Davis , California standardized test scores increased for five straight years . Davis signed the nation 's first state law requiring automakers to limit auto emissions . Davis supported laws to ban assault weapons and he is also credited with improving relations between California and Mexico . Davis began his tenure as governor with strong approval ratings , but those ratings declined as voters blamed Davis for the California electricity crisis and the California budget crisis that followed the bursting of the dot-com bubble . Voters were also alienated by Davis 's record-breaking fundraising efforts and negative campaigning .   On October 7 , 2003 , Davis was recalled in the second of three such elections in U.S. history , which include the removal of Lynn Frazier of North Dakota in 1921 and the unsuccessful recall of Scott Walker of Wisconsin in 2012 . He was succeeded in office on November 17 , 2003 by actor Arnold Schwarzenegger , who won the recall replacement race . Davis spent 1,778 days as governor and signed 5,132 bills out of 6,244 , vetoing 1,112 bills . Since being recalled , Davis has worked as a lecturer at the UCLA School of Public Affairs , as an attorney at Loeb & Loeb and sat on the Board of Directors of the animation company DiC Entertainment .

neg: Jefferson Davis County, Mississippi Jefferson Davis County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2010 census , the population was 12,487 . Its county seat is Prentiss . The county is named in honor of Mississippi Senator and Confederate President Jefferson Davis . The county was carved out of Covington and Lawrence counties in March 1906 . Governor James K. Vardaman signed the bill creating the county on May 9 , 1906 .

neg: Georgia gubernatorial election, 2014 The 2014 Georgia gubernatorial election took place on November 4 , 2014 , to elect the Governor of Georgia , concurrently with the election to Georgia 's Class II U.S. Senate seat , as well as other elections to the United States Senate in other states and elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections .   Incumbent Republican Governor Nathan Deal was re-elected to serve a second term in office . He turned back two primary challengers and in the general election , defeated Democratic State Senator Jason Carter and Libertarian nominee businessman and engineer Andrew Hunt , who were unopposed in their respective primaries .

neg: William C. Davis (American politician) William Columbus Davis ( August 5 , 1867 -- October 4 , 1934 ) was the 11th Lieutenant Governor of Alabama from 1927 to 1931 . A Democrat , Davis served Governor Bibb Graves of the same political party .   A native of Iuka , Mississippi , Davis relocated to Hamilton , Alabama in 1890 in order to practice law after years of teaching public school in Mississippi . Two years after moving his law practice to Jasper , Alabama , Davis was elected to the Alabama House of Representatives in 1891 . In addition to his time in the House , Davis served as a Solicitor of the 14th Judicial Circuit , a Chairman of the Congressional Committee , and a member of the Alabama State Committee .

neg: George Gray (Pennsylvanian) George Gray ( 1725 -- 1800 ) served as a member of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly and as its Speaker in 1783 . Gray was a large landowner and the owner and operator of Gray 's Ferry across the Schuylkill River near Philadelphia .   While Speaker of the Assembly , Gray served , ex officio , as a trustee of the University of the State of Pennsylvania ( now the University of Pennsylvania ) .   Gray married Martha Ibbetson ( or Ibison ) , November 25 , 1752 .   He was the author of `` Treason Resolution '' , ordering paper currency , for which he was turned out of the Quaker Meeting .   He was on the Committee of Safety when appointed chairman of the Board of War .   Gray was a signatory to ratification of the United States Constitution by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1787 .

neg: Maryland special gubernatorial election, 1969 The Maryland special gubernatorial election , 1969 was not a direct election , but a vote in the Maryland General Assembly to determine who would assume the governorship of Maryland after Spiro Agnew 's resignation , following his election to the U.S. vice presidency .   At this time Maryland did n't have a position of Lieutenant Governor and state law did not designate a person who would assume the office of Governor in case of vacancy ( unlike most states , when there is always a designated person such as Lt. Governor , Senate President or Secretary of State ) .   In case of vacancy , the General Assembly would choose a governor .   In 1969 the Assembly had a Democratic majority , so it was clear that Republican Agnew 's successor would be a Democrat .   The election was held on January 7 , 1969 . State representative Marvin Mandel was elected governor . He took office that same day , upon Agnew 's resignation .

neg: John Sevier John Sevier ( September 23 , 1745 September 24 , 1815 ) was an American soldier , frontiersman and politician , and one of the founding fathers , of the State of Tennessee . He played a leading role , both militarily and politically , in Tennessee 's pre-statehood period , and was elected the state 's first governor in 1796 . Sevier served as a colonel in the Battle of Kings Mountain in 1780 , and commanded the frontier militia in dozens of battles against the Cherokee in the 1780s and 1790s .   Sevier arrived on the Tennessee Valley frontier in the 1770s . In 1776 , he was elected one of five magistrates of the Watauga Association and helped defend Fort Watauga against an assault by the Cherokee . At the outbreak of the War for American Independence , he was chosen as a member of the Committee of Safety for the association 's successor , the Washington District . Following the Battle of Kings Mountain , he led an invasion that destroyed several Chickamauga towns in northern Georgia . In the 1780s , Sevier served as the only governor of the State of Franklin , an early , unsuccessful , attempt at statehood by the trans-Appalachian settlers . He was brigadier general of the Southwest Territory militia during the early 1790s .   Sevier served six two-year terms as Tennessee 's governor , from 1796 , until 1801 , and from 1803 to 1809 , with term limits preventing a fourth consecutive term in both instances . His political career was marked by a growing rivalry with rising politician Andrew Jackson , which nearly culminated in a duel in 1803 . After his last term as governor , Sevier was elected to three terms in the United States House of Representatives , serving from 1811 until his death in 1815 .

neg: California Aqueduct The Governor Edmund G. Brown California Aqueduct is a system of canals , tunnels , and pipelines that conveys water collected from the Sierra Nevada Mountains and valleys of Northern and Central California to Southern California . The over 400 mi aqueduct is the principal feature of the California State Water Project .   The Department of Water Resources ( DWR ) operates and maintains the California Aqueduct , including one pumped-storage hydroelectric plant , Gianelli Power Plant . Gianelli is located at the base of San Luis Dam , which forms San Luis Reservoir , the largest offstream reservoir in the United States .   The Castaic Power Plant , while similar and which is owned and operated by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power , is located on the northern end of Castaic Lake , while Castaic Dam is located at the southern end .   It is named after California Governor Edmund Gerald `` Pat '' Brown Sr. .

neg: Hutchins Gordon Burton Hutchins Gordon Burton ( 1774April 21 , 1836 ) was the 22nd Governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1824 to 1827 . Some sources indicate that he was not affiliated with any party at the time , although he was associated , according to other sources , with the Federalist Party and later with the National Republican Party .   There is some uncertainty as to the time and place of Burton 's birth . Burton appears to have been born in Mecklenburg County , Virginia in 1774 . However , some sources also give his birth year as 1782 . Burton was sent to Granville County , North Carolina to live with his uncle , Revolutionary War Colonel and politician Robert Burton , when his father died . Young Burton went on to practice law , serve in the North Carolina General Assembly , and be elected by that body as North Carolina Attorney General . He served as Attorney General from 1810 until his resignation in 1816 .   Burton moved to Halifax Town in 1817 and practiced law . He was elected to the state House of Commons on August 14 , 1817 and served a single one-year term . On August 12 , 1819 , Burton was elected to the United States House of Representatives for the term 1819 -- 1821 . He was supported both by the Federalists , who were strong in Halifax Town , and also by the Democratic-Republican Party . Burton was re-elected in 1821 and 1823 . He resigned from Congress on March 23 , 1824 .   The North Carolina state legislature elected Burton the Governor of the state in 1824 and re-elected him in 1825 and 1826 . During his term , President John Quincy Adams appointed him governor of Arkansas , but Burton was not confirmed by the United States Senate .   Burton died in 1836 while visiting relatives in Iredell County , North Carolina and is buried at Unity Presbyterian Church in Lincoln County , North Carolina .

neg: North Carolina Commissioner of Labor The Commissioner of Labor of North Carolina is the head of the state 's Department of Labor .   The Constitution of North Carolina provides for the election by the people every four years of a Commissioner of Labor whose term of office runs concurrently with that of the governor . The commissioner is the administrative head of the Department of Labor and also serves as a member of the North Carolina Council of State . The original ` Bureau of Labor Statistics ' , the historical precursor of the present N.C. Department of Labor , was created by the North Carolina General Assembly of 1887 , with provision for appointment by the governor of a ` Commissioner of Labor Statistics ' for a two-year term . In 1899 another act was passed providing that the commissioner , beginning with the general election of 1900 , be elected by the people for a four-year term .   For three decades , the department over which this newly elected commissioner presided remained a very small agency of state government with limited duties and personnel . In 1925 , the department employed a total of 15 people . In a general reorganization of the state 's labor administration functions in 1931 , the General Assembly laid the broad groundwork for the Department of Labor 's subsequent , gradual development into an agency administering laws and programs affecting a majority of North Carolina citizens .   Today , the North Carolina Department of Labor is charged by statute with promoting the ` health , safety and general well-being ' of the state 's more than three million working people . The many laws and programs under its jurisdiction affect virtually every person in the state in one way or another . The General Statutes provide the commissioner with broad regulatory and enforcement powers with which to carry out the department 's duties and responsibilities to the people .

neg: George W. Johnson (governor) George Washington Johnson ( May 27 , 1811April 8 , 1862 ) was the first Confederate governor of Kentucky . A lawyer-turned-farmer from Scott County , Kentucky , Johnson favored secession as a means of preventing the Civil War , believing the Union and Confederacy would be forces of equal strength , each too wary to attack the other . As political sentiment in the Commonwealth took a decidedly Union turn following the elections of 1861 , Johnson was instrumental in organizing a sovereignty convention in Russellville , Kentucky with the intent of `` severing forever our connection with the Federal Government . '' The convention created a Confederate shadow government for the Commonwealth , and Johnson was elected its governor .   Despite his meager political experience -- having previously served only three years in the Kentucky House of Representatives -- Johnson labored vehemently to ensure the success of the shadow government . Kentucky was admitted to the Confederacy on December 10 , 1861 , but the shadow government 's influence in the Commonwealth extended only as far as the Confederate Army advanced . When Albert Sidney Johnston abandoned the Confederate capital of Bowling Green , Governor Johnson and the other government officials accompanied him . Despite his advanced age and a crippled arm , Johnson volunteered for military service in General Johnston 's army . Johnson was killed at the Battle of Shiloh , making him the only state governor , Union or Confederate , to fall in battle during the Civil War . He was succeeded by Richard Hawes , the second and last governor of Confederate Kentucky .

neg: Harry L. Davis Harry Lyman Davis ( January 25 , 1878 -- May 21 , 1950 ) was an American politician of the Republican Party . He served as the 38th and 44th mayor of Cleveland , Ohio and as the 49th Governor of Ohio .

neg: Isaac Davis (lawyer) Isaac Davis ( June 2 , 1799 -- April 1 , 1883 ) was a lawyer and politician active in Worcester , Massachusetts .   Davis was born in Northborough , Massachusetts , graduated from Brown University in 1822 , studied law until admitted to the bar in 1825 , and began the practice in Worcester , Massachusetts , where he soon rose to eminence . He was , from 1843 to 1854 , a member of the Massachusetts Senate , and three times mayor of Worcester from 1856 to 1859 , in 1858 , and 1861 . Davis also served on the boards of various banks and railroad companies .   Davis was a promoter of popular education . From 1838 to 1851 Davis was on the board of trustees of Brown University , and became a Fellow in 1851 ; Davis also was a trustee of Columbian College ( now George Washington University ) , Norwich University , and Waterville College ( now Colby College ) . Davis served as first President of the Worcester Academy Board of Trustees , from 1834 to 1873 , and for some time was an active member of the Massachusetts Board of Education . He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1841 , and later served on its board of councilors from 1850 to 1883 .

neg: Governor of Vermont The Governor of the U.S. state of Vermont is the head of the government of the state . The governor is elected in even-numbered years by direct voting for a term of two years . Vermont and bordering New Hampshire are now the only states to hold gubernatorial elections every two years , instead of every four as in the other 48 states . There is no limit on the number of terms a governor can serve . If no candidate receives at least 50 percent plus one vote of all votes for governor cast in the election , the governor is then elected by the state legislature .   The incumbent governor is Phil Scott . He was sworn in on Thursday January 5 , 2017 , becoming Vermont 's 82nd Governor .   The governor 's working offices are located in The Pavilion in the state capital of Montpelier , Vermont . The governor 's ceremonial office , used during the legislative session of the General Assembly , is located in the Vermont State House , also in Montpelier .   The Constitution of Vermont details the powers of the governor :  To commission or appoint all officers ( `` except where provision is , or shall be , otherwise made by law or this Frame of Government '' )  To fill all vacancies in office until the office can be filled in the manner directed by state constitution or by state law  To correspond with other States  To `` transact business with officers of government , civil and military ''  To `` prepare such business as may appear necessary , to lay before the General Assembly .  To grant pardons and remit fines , except for cases of treason , in which the Governor may only grant reprieves until the end of the next session of the General Assembly , and for cases of impeachment , in which the Governor can not grant either reprieves or pardons  To `` take care that the laws be faithfully executed '' and `` expedite the execution of such measures as may be resolved upon by the General Assembly ''  To `` draw upon the Treasury for such sums as may be appropriated by the General Assembly ''  To `` lay embargoes , or prohibit the exportation of any commodity '' for up to 30 days during a recess of the General Assembly  To `` grant such licenses as shall be directed by law ''  To call special sessions of the General Assembly when necessary  To be the `` Captain-General and Commander-in-Chief '' of the `` forces of the State '' ( the Vermont State Guard and Vermont National Guard ) , although the Governor can not `` command in person , in time of war , or insurrection , unless by the advice and consent of the Senate , and no longer than they shall approve thereof ''   There is a separately-elected Lieutenant Governor of Vermont . The Lieutenant Governor becomes the new Governor , if the incumbent Governor dies , resigns or is removed ( via impeachment ) from office . The Lieutenant Governor is also the Lieutenant-General of the `` forces of the State . ''

neg: Gray Hills The Gray Hills are a mountain range in Lyon County , Nevada .

neg: Governor of North Carolina The Governor of North Carolina is the head of the executive branch of North Carolina 's state government and serves as commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The current governor is Roy Cooper who took office on January 1 , 2017 , with a ceremonial inauguration held on January 7 , 2017 .

neg: Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis , , is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court upheld a Kentucky law that provides a preferential tax break to Kentucky residents who invest in bonds issued by the state and its municipalities ( municipal bonds ) . The Court held in a 7-2 vote that the State of Kentucky does not engage in unconstitutional discrimination against interstate commerce by exempting the interest on its bonds from residents ' taxable income while taxing the interest earned on the bonds of other states .  The case has national implications because thirty-six ( 36 ) states have tax schemes similar to the one at issue in Kentucky .

neg: Oregon Progress Board The Oregon Progress Board ( OPB ) is a commission in the Government of Oregon . It was formed by then-Governor Neil Goldschmidt in 1989 . The commission is composed of twelve members , including the Governor of Oregon ; nine members appointed by the Governor ; one member appointed by the President of the Oregon State Senate ; and one member appointed by the Speaker of the Oregon House of Representatives .   Goldschmidt led the establishment of Oregon Shines , a strategic plan consisting of three goals and recommendations on their implementation . He then created the OPB , to keep Oregonians ' attention on the goals , issue biennial reports on progress , and perform periodic updates to the plan . Oregon Shines was written in 1989 and updated in 1997 . Private foundations contributed at least $ 20,000 to perform the third revision in time for the Oregon Sesquicentennial in 2009 .   The initial `` Oregon Benchmarks '' report listed 103 benchmarks against which state agencies were to chart their progress . As of 2005 , the number of benchmarks listed was 90 .   Goldschmidt stated at the program 's inception : `` The Oregon Benchmark project is a tool to keep Oregon on track . Oregon will be the first state to hold itself accountable to its visions for the future . ''   In 2005 , the OPB conducted a survey that found that 85 % of Oregonians did not know the biggest source of revenue ( income tax ) or the biggest expenditure category ( education ) of the state . Commenting on the general lack of understanding of the state budget revealed by the poll , pollster Adam Davis observed that `` This state of affairs poses a virtually insuperable barrier to any kind of major reform of our tax system or array of public services . Any effort to raise taxes for any purpose runs into the same problem : ` Ca n't you just prioritize and cut out the unimportant stuff ? ' ''   As of its 2009 report , the OPB listed its benchmarks in seven categories . After the 2009 report was completed , funding for the Board was cut and the state discontinued monitoring the benchmarks . In 2014 , the Oregon Community Foundation and OSU built on the previous work with a report on a series of similar indicators .

neg: South Carolina Department of Natural Resources The South Carolina Department of Natural Resources ( DNR ) is a South Carolina state agency charged with regulating hunting , fishing , boating , duck stamp orders , and the conservation efforts of the South Carolina state government .   It is directed by seven-member Board of Directors . The governor of South Carolina appoints a member from each of the state 's congressional districts , in addition to one at-large board member . The board or governor may appoint citizens advisory panels to provide recommendations on agency programs .   The Department of Natural Resources also oversees the state 's soil and water conservation districts , which are special-purpose districts contiguous with each of South Carolina 's 46 counties . Each conservation district is managed by six-member boards . Three members of each board are appointed through the Department of Natural Resources , while the other half are directly elected .

neg: 99th Delaware General Assembly The 99th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government , consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives . Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1st and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January . This date was January 2 , 1917 , which was two weeks before the beginning of the first administrative year of Governor John G. Townsend , Jr. and Lewis Eliason as Lieutenant Governor .   Currently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties . Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties . The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time .   In the 99th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a Republican majority and the House had a Democratic majority .

neg: Lieutenant Governor of Guam The Guamanian self-governing government consists of a locally elected Governor , Lieutenant Governor and a fifteen-member Legislature . The first popular election for Governor and Lieutenant Governor took place in 1970 . The current Lieutenant Governor is Ray Tenorio , who has been in office since January 3 , 2011 .