query: Chicago grew rapidly.

pos: Chicago Chicago ( -LSB- ʃᵻˈkɑːɡoʊ -RSB- or -LSB- ʃᵻˈkɔːɡoʊ -RSB- ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the third-most populous city in the United States . With over 2.7 million residents , it is also the most populous city in both the state of Illinois and the Midwestern United States . It is the county seat of Cook County . The Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland , has nearly 10 million people and is the third-largest in the U.S. Chicago has been called a global architecture capital . In terms of wealth and economy , Chicago is considered one of the most important business centers in the world .   Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 , near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed , and grew rapidly in the mid-nineteenth century . Positioned along Lake Michigan , the city is an international hub for finance , commerce , industry , technology , telecommunications , and transportation : O'Hare International Airport is the second-busiest airport in the world when measured by aircraft traffic ; the region also has the largest number of U.S. highways and rail road freight . In 2012 , Chicago was listed as an alpha global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network , and ranked seventh in the world in the 2016 Global Cities Index . Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States -- about $ 640 billion according to 2015 estimates . The city has one of the world 's largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14 % of the workforce .   In 2016 , Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors , a new record making it one of the top visited cities in the nation . Landmarks in the city include Millennium Park , Navy Pier , the Magnificent Mile , Art Institute of Chicago , Museum Campus , the Willis ( Sears ) Tower , Museum of Science and Industry , and Lincoln Park Zoo . Chicago 's culture includes the visual arts , novels , film , theater , especially improvisational comedy , and music , particularly jazz , blues , soul , hip hop , gospel and house music . There are many colleges and universities in the Chicago area ; among these , Northwestern University , University of Chicago , and the University of Illinois at Chicago are classified as `` highest research '' doctoral universities . Additionally , Chicago has professional sports teams in each of the major professional leagues . The city has many nicknames , the best-known being the Windy City .

neg: Roads and freeways in metropolitan Detroit The roads and freeways in metropolitan Detroit comprise the main thoroughfares in the region . The freeways consist of an advanced network of interconnecting freeways which include Interstate highways . The Metro Detroit region 's extensive toll-free freeway system , together with its status as a major port city , provide advantages to its location as a global business center . There are no toll roads in Michigan .   Detroiters may refer to freeways by the formal name more often where one has been designated rather than route number . Other freeways without formal names are known by the number such as I‑275 and M‑59 . M‑53 , while not officially designated may be locally referred to by its name `` Van Dyke '' . Detroit area freeways are typically sunken below ground level to permit local traffic to pass over the freeway and for appearance .   Following a historic fire in 1805 , Judge Augustus B. Woodward devised a plan similar to Pierre Charles L'Enfant 's design for Washington , D.C. . Detroit 's monumental avenues and traffic circles fan out in a baroque styled radial fashion from Grand Circus Park in the heart of the city 's theater district , which facilitates traffic patterns along the city 's tree-lined boulevards and parks . The ` Woodward plan ' proposed a system of hexagonal street blocks , with the Grand Circus at its center . Wide avenues , alternatively 200 ft and 120 ft , would emanate from large circular plazas like spokes from the hub of a wheel . As the city grew these would spread in all directions from the banks of the Detroit River . When Woodward presented his proposal , Detroit had fewer than 1,000 residents . Elements of the plan were implemented . Most prominent of these are the five main `` spokes '' of Woodward , Michigan , Gratiot , Grand River and Jefferson Avenues .   The Mile Road System in Metro Detroit and Southeast Michigan facilitates ease of navigation in the region . It was established as a way to delineate east -- west roads through the Detroit area and the surrounding rural rim . The Mile Road system , and its most famous road , 8 Mile Road , came about largely as a result of the Land Ordinance of 1785 , which established the basis for the Public Land Survey System in which land throughout the Northwest Territory was surveyed and divided into survey townships by reference to a baseline ( east -- west line ) and meridian ( north -- south line ) . In Southeast Michigan , many roads would be developed parallel to the base line and the meridian , and many of the east -- west roads would be incorporated into the Mile Road System .   The Mile Road System extended easterly into Detroit , but is interrupted , because much of Detroit 's early settlements and farms were based on early French land grants that were aligned northwest-to-southeast with frontage along the Detroit River and on later development along roads running into downtown Detroit in a star pattern , such as Woodward , Jefferson , Grand River , Gratiot , and Michigan Avenues , developed by Augustus Woodward in imitation of Washington , D.C. 's system . As Detroit grew , several Mile Roads were given new names within the city borders , while some roads incorporated as part of the Mile Road System have traditionally been known by their non-mile names . It is unclear if they ever bore mile numbers formally .   The baseline used in the survey of Michigan lands runs along 8 Mile Road , which is approximately eight miles directly north of the junction of Woodward Avenue and Michigan Avenue in downtown Detroit . As a result , the direct east -- west portion of Michigan Avenue , and M‑153 ( Ford Road ) west of Wyoming Avenue , forms the `` zero mile '' baseline for this mile road system .   The precise point of origin is located in Campus Martius Park , marked by a medallion embedded in the stone walkway . It is situated in the western point of the diamond surrounding Woodward Fountain , just in front of the Fountain Bistro .

neg: South Lawndale, Chicago South Lawndale , one of Chicago 's 77 well-defined community areas , is on the West Side of the city of Chicago , Illinois .

neg: Parks in Chicago Parks in Chicago include open spaces and facilities , developed and managed by the Chicago Park District . The City of Chicago devotes 8.5 % of its total land acreage to parkland , which ranked it 13th among high-density population cities in the United States in 2012 . Since the 1830s , the official motto of Chicago has been Urbs in horto , Latin for `` City in a garden '' for its commitment to parkland . In addition to serving residents , a number of these parks also double as tourist destinations , most notably Lincoln Park , Chicago 's largest park , visited by over 20 million people each year , is one of the most visited parks in the United States . Notable architects , artists and landscape architects have contributed to the 570 parks , including Daniel Burnham , Frederick Law Olmsted , Jens Jensen , Frank Gehry , and Lorado Taft .

neg: Chicago Herald The Chicago Herald may refer to the following newspapers :   The Chicago Herald ( 1881 -- 95 ) , merged with the Chicago Times in 1895 to form the Chicago Times-Herald  The Chicago Record-Herald , its successor , published from 1901 to 1914  The Chicago Herald ( 1914 -- 18 ) , its successor , known as the Chicago Herald-Examiner from 1918 to 1939  The Chicago Herald-American , its successor from 1939 to 1953  The Daily Herald ( Arlington Heights ) , published since 1871

neg: Birmingham, Alabama Birmingham ( -LSB- ˈbɜrmɪŋhæm -RSB- ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Alabama and the county seat of Jefferson County . The city 's population was 212,237 in the 2010 United States Census . In the 2010 US Census , the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of about 1,128,047 , which is approximately one-quarter of Alabama 's population .   Birmingham was founded in 1871 , during the post-Civil War Reconstruction period , through the merger of three pre-existing farm towns , notably , former Elyton . It was named for Birmingham , England , one of the UK 's major industrial cities . The Alabama city annexed smaller neighbors and developed as an industrial and railroad transportation center , based on mining , the new iron and steel industry , and railroading . Most of the original settlers who founded Birmingham were of English ancestry . The city was developed as a place where cheap , non-unionized , and African-American labor from rural Alabama could be employed in the city 's steel mills and blast furnaces , giving it a competitive advantage over unionized industrial cities in the Midwest and Northeast .   From its founding through the end of the 1960s , Birmingham was a primary industrial center of the southern United States . Its growth from 1881 through 1920 earned its nicknames as The Magic City and The Pittsburgh of the South . Its major industries were iron and steel production , plus a major component of the railroading industry . Rails and railroad cars were both manufactured in Birmingham . The two primary hubs of railroading in the Deep South have been nearby Atlanta and Birmingham , since the 1860s . The economy diversified in the latter half of the 20th century . Banking , telecommunications , transportation , electrical power transmission , medical care , college education , and insurance have become major economic activities . Birmingham ranks as one of the largest banking centers in the United States and as one of the most important business centers in the Southeast .   In higher education , Birmingham has been the location of the University of Alabama School of Medicine ( formerly the Medical College of Alabama ) and the University of Alabama School of Dentistry since 1947 . Since that time it has also gained the University of Alabama at Birmingham ( founded circa 1969 ) , one of three main campuses of the University of Alabama System . It is also home to three private institutions : Samford University , Birmingham-Southern College , and Miles College . In total , the Birmingham area has major colleges of medicine , dentistry , optometry , physical therapy , pharmacy , law , engineering , and nursing . The city has three of the state 's five law schools : Cumberland School of Law , Birmingham School of Law , and Miles Law School . Birmingham is also the headquarters of the Southwestern Athletic Conference , and Southeastern Conference , one of the major U.S. collegiate athletic conferences .

neg: Occupy Chicago Occupy Chicago was an ongoing collaboration that has included peaceful protests and demonstrations against economic inequality , corporate greed and the influence of corporations and lobbyists on government which has been taking place in Chicago since September 24 , 2011 . The protests began in solidarity with the Occupy Wall Street protests in New York .   On October 10 , protesters from Occupy Chicago joined with members of the `` Stand Up Chicago '' coalition and marched through downtown Chicago , with numbers estimated at around 3,000 .

neg: Chicago (album) Chicago ( sometimes referred to as Chicago II ) is the second studio album by Chicago-based American rock band Chicago . It was released in 1970 after the band had shortened its name from The Chicago Transit Authority following the release of their self-titled debut album the previous year ( to avoid legal action being threatened by the actual mass-transit company ) .

neg: Baby boomers Baby boomers are the demographic cohort following the Silent Generation . There are no precise dates when the cohort birth years start and end . Typically , they range from the early-to-mid 1940s and end from 1960 to 1964 . Increased birth rates were observed during the post -- World War II baby boom making the baby boomers a relatively large demographic cohort .   The term `` baby boomer '' is also used in a cultural context , so it is difficult to achieve broad consensus of a precise date definition . Different people , organizations , and scholars have varying opinions on who is a baby boomer , both technically and culturally . Ascribing universal attributes to such a generation is difficult , and some believe it is inherently impossible , but many have attempted to determine their cultural similarities and historical impact , and the term has thus gained widespread popular usage .   Baby boomers are associated with a rejection or redefinition of traditional values . Many commentators , however , have disputed the extent of that rejection , noting the widespread continuity of values with older and younger generations . In Europe and North America , boomers are widely associated with privilege , as many grew up in a time of widespread government subsidies in post-war housing and education , and increasing affluence .   As a group , baby boomers were the wealthiest , most active , and most physically fit generation up to the era in which they arrived , and were amongst the first to grow up genuinely expecting the world to improve with time . They were also the generation that received peak levels of income ; they could therefore reap the benefits of abundant levels of food , apparel , retirement programs , and sometimes even `` midlife crisis '' products . The increased consumerism for this generation has been regularly criticized as excessive .   One feature of the boomers was that they have tended to think of themselves as a special generation , very different from those that had come before . In the 1960s , as the relatively large numbers of young people became teenagers and young adults , they , and those around them , created a very specific rhetoric around their cohort , and the changes they were bringing about . This rhetoric had an important impact in the self perceptions of the boomers , as well as their tendency to define the world in terms of generations , which was a relatively new phenomenon . The baby boom has been described variously as a `` shockwave '' and as `` the pig in the python . ''   The term `` Generation Jones '' is sometimes used to describe those born between 1954 and 1965 . The term is typically used to refer to the later years of the Baby boomer cohort ( 1954-1960 ) and the early years of Generation X ( 1961-1965 ) .

neg: Portage Park, Chicago Portage Park is located on the northwest side of the City of Chicago , Illinois and is one of 77 officially designated Chicago community areas . Portage Park is bordered by the community areas of Jefferson Park and Forest Glen to the north , Dunning and the suburb of Harwood Heights to the west , Irving Park to the east and Belmont-Cragin to the south .   The area is notable for its Six Corners outdoor shopping district , centered at the intersection of Irving Park Road , Cicero Avenue and the diagonal Milwaukee Avenue , the Portage Theater and for its namesake - Portage Park . The name of the park was taken from the major portage linking the Des Plaines and Chicago rivers along what is today Irving Park Road . The area was so swampy that in wet weather , Native Americans and trappers were easily able to paddle through the area in either direction without leaving their canoes . In those days , the Des Plaines was perhaps the most significant way to the Illinois , and then on to the Mississippi ( and to return ) .   Portage Park has the largest Polish community in the Chicago Metropolitan Area according to the 2000 census . Portage Park is home to the Polish American Association , the Polish Jesuit Millennium Center , the Polish Army Veterans Association in the beautiful building of the former Irving State bank , in addition to the multitude of Polish shops and businesses throughout the district . One of the area 's parks is named Chopin Park after Frédéric Chopin , Poland 's most famous pianist and composer .

neg: Pilsen Historic District The Pilsen Historic District is a historic district located in the Pilsen neighborhood of Chicago . Pilsen is a neighborhood made up of the residential sections of the Lower West Side community area of Chicago . In the late 19th century Pilsen was inhabited by Czech immigrants who named the district after Plzeň , the fourth largest city in what is now the Czech Republic . The population also included in smaller numbers other ethnic groups from the Austro-Hungarian Empire including Slovaks , Slovenes , Croats and Austrians , as well as immigrants of Polish and Lithuanian heritage .   The Czechs had replaced the Germans , who had settled there first with the Irish in the mid-19th century . Although there was an increasing Mexican American presence in the late 1950s , it was not until 1962-63 when there was a great spurt in the numbers of Mexican Americans in Pilsen due to the destruction of the neighborhood west of Halsted between Roosevelt and Taylor Streets to create room for the construction of the University of Illinois at Chicago . Although this area was predominantly Italian American , it was also an important entry point for Mexican immigrants for several decades . Latinos became the majority in 1970 when they surpassed the Slavic population . The neighborhood continued to serve as port of entry for immigrants , both legal and illegal , mostly of Mexican descent . Many elderly central Europeans , some even without English language skills , also still reside in Pilsen . Pilsen 's Mexican population is increasingly dwarfed by what has become the largest Mexican neighborhood in Chicago , Little Village .   Pilsen became a National Historic Register District on February 1 , 2006 .

neg: Kenwood, Chicago Kenwood , one of Chicago 's 77 community areas , is on the shore of Lake Michigan on the South Side of the city . Its boundaries are 43rd Street , 51st Street , Cottage Grove Avenue , and the lake . Kenwood was originally part of Hyde Park Township , which was annexed to the city of Chicago in 1889 . Kenwood was once one of Chicago 's most affluent neighborhoods , and it still has some of the largest single-family homes in the city . It contains two Chicago Landmark districts , Kenwood and North Kenwood . A large part of the southern half of the community area is in the Hyde Park-Kenwood Historic District . In recent years , Kenwood has received national attention as the home of U.S. President Barack Obama .

neg: The Illinois Not to be confused with Jeddah Tower , previously known as Mile-High Tower  The Mile High Illinois , Illinois Sky-City , or simply The Illinois is a visionary skyscraper that is over 1 mi high , conceived and described by noted American architect Frank Lloyd Wright in his 1957 book , A Testament . The design , intended to be built in Chicago , included 528 stories , with a gross area of 18460000 sqft . Wright stated that there would have been parking for 15,000 cars and 150 helicopters .   If built , it would top the list of the tallest building in the world by far , being more than four times the height of the Empire State Building , and twice as tall as the world 's current tallest building , the Burj Khalifa , the design of which is said to have been inspired by that of The Illinois .

neg: Ravenswood, Chicago Ravenswood is a neighborhood located in the north side of the city of Chicago , Illinois in the Lincoln Square Community Area . According to the Encyclopedia of Chicago , Ravenswood was founded in 1868 as an exclusive commuter suburb by a group of real-estate speculators . These speculators formed the Ravenswood Land Company and purchased 194 acres of farmland and woods eight miles north of Chicago . The conflation of Ravenswood and Lincoln Square is a common mistake -- the two are not interchangeable . The boundaries of the original Ravenswood subdivision , drawn in 1869 , were Montrose , Lawrence , Clark and Damen .   Back in the 1920s , the University of Chicago divided the city into 77 well-defined `` community areas . '' Ravenswood did n't make the cut as a standalone entity , rather it was folded into Lincoln Square . In short , according to U. of C. , Ravenswood is a subset of Lincoln Square .   The Ravenswood Community Council is clear on this point : `` The name Ravenswood remained in popular use , even after the area was officially designated part of the Lincoln Square community area . ''   Ravenswood is known for its courtyard-style residential buildings . Once considered an `` up and coming '' neighborhood , Ravenswood has seen its real estate values skyrocket since the 1990s , making it one of the highest valued markets in the city .   The commercially zoned and historic Lincoln Square district is located On the West border of the area ( Western Avenue ) while most of the neighborhood is residentially zoned except for stretches along Lawrence , Montrose , Wilson , and Damen Avenues . Ravenswood has good transportation access , with the Brown Line running through the neighborhood , bus lines on several major streets , and a Metra commuter railroad station .

neg: Ukrainian Village, Chicago Ukrainian Village is a Chicago neighborhood located on the near west side of Chicago . Its boundaries are Division Street to the north , Grand Avenue to the south , Western Avenue to the west , and Damen Avenue to the east . It is one of the neighborhoods in the West Town community area .   By the 1930s , there were five Ukrainian parishes dotting Chicago 's neighborhoods , reflecting a wave of immigration of Ukrainian Catholics . Some churches are built in the Byzantine-Slavonic style of St. Nicholas Cathedral . Built between November 1913 and January 1915 , St. Nicholas is in the heart of the Ukrainian neighborhood south of Wicker Park and along Chicago Avenue , referred to by locals as Ukrainian Village .   This neighborhood , northwest of the Loop , was first settled by Polish and Slovak immigrants . With the rise of Ukrainian nationalism and the influx of political refugees during World War I , new immigrants gave it a Ukrainian cultural identity , which it retains .

neg: History of Minneapolis Minneapolis is the largest city by population in the U.S. state of Minnesota , and the county seat of Hennepin County . The origin and growth of the city was spurred by the proximity of Fort Snelling , the first major United States military presence in the area , and by its location on Saint Anthony Falls , which provided power for sawmills and flour mills .   Fort Snelling was established in 1819 , at the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers , and soldiers began using the falls for waterpower . When land became available for settlement , two towns were founded on either side of the falls : Saint Anthony , on the east side , and Minneapolis , on the west side . The two towns later merged into one city in 1872 . Early development focused on sawmills , but flour mills eventually became the dominant industry . This industrial development fueled the development of railroads and banks , as well as the foundation of the Minneapolis Grain Exchange . Through innovations in milling techniques , Minneapolis became a world-leading center of flour production , earning the name `` Mill City '' . As the city grew , the culture developed through its churches , arts institutions , the University of Minnesota , and a famous park system designed by Theodore Wirth .   Although the sawmills and the flour mills are long gone , Minneapolis remains a regional center in banking and industry . The two largest milling companies , General Mills and the Pillsbury Company , now merged under the General Mills name , still remain prominent in the Twin Cities area . The city has rediscovered the riverfront , which now hosts parkland , the Mill City Museum , and the Guthrie Theater .

neg: Chicago Loop The Loop is the central business district of Chicago , Illinois . It is one of the city 's 77 designated community areas . The Loop is home to Chicago 's commercial core , City Hall , and the seat of Cook County . In the late nineteenth century , cable car turnarounds and prominent elevated railway encircled the area , giving the Loop its name .   The community area is bounded on the north by Lake Street on the west by Wells Street on the east by Wabash Street , and on the south by Van Buren Street . The Loop got its name by the loop of the elevated CTA El tracks that create a loop this area . although the commercial core has expanded into adjacent community areas . As a business center , some of the corporations the Loop hosts include the Chicago Mercantile Exchange ( CME ) , the world 's largest options and futures contracts open interest exchange ; the headquarters of United Continental Holdings , one of the world 's largest airlines ; AON ; Blue Cross Blue Shield ; Hyatt Hotels Corporation ; BorgWarner , and other major corporations . The Loop is home to 500 acre Grant Park ; State Street , which hosts a historic shopping district ; the Art Institute of Chicago ; several theaters ; and numerous subway and elevated rapid transit stations . Other institutions in the Loop include the Willis Tower , once the tallest building in the world , the Chicago Symphony Orchestra , the Lyric Opera of Chicago , the Goodman Theatre , the Joffrey Ballet , the central public Harold Washington Library , and the Chicago Cultural Center .   In what is now the Loop , on the south bank of the Chicago River , near today 's Michigan Avenue Bridge , the US Army erected Fort Dearborn in 1803 . It was the first settlement in the area sponsored by the United States . In 1908 , Chicago addresses were made uniform by naming the intersection of State Street and Madison Street in the Loop as the division point for designating addresses , North , South , East or West on the Chicago street grid .

neg: Welsh history in Chicago Over the years Chicago has been called home by many immigrant groups and cultures , the Welsh included .

neg: Illinois Illinois ( -LSB- ɪlᵻˈnɔɪ -RSB- ) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States , achieving statehood in 1818 . It is the 6th-most populous state and 25th-largest state in terms of land area , and is noted as a microcosm of the entire country . The word `` Illinois '' comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word . With Chicago in the northeast , small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois , and natural resources like coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base and is a major transportation hub . The Port of Chicago connects the state to other global ports from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean , as well as the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway . For decades , O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics .   Although today the state 's largest population center is around Chicago in the northern part of the state , the state 's European population grew first in the west , with French Canadian colonists who settled along the Mississippi River in the 17th and 18th century , and gave the area the name , `` Pays des Illinois '' or Illinois Country a region that was known as part of New France . After the American Revolutionary War established the United States , American settlers began arriving crossing the Appalachians barrier range in the 1810s via the gaps of the Allegheny to boat building centers in Pittsburgh , from Cumberland , Maryland via the Cumberland Narrows pass to outfit in Brownsville , Pennsylvania , from North Carolina and Virginia via the Cumberland Gap to Kentucky and Tennessee , all on the Ohio River .   With the War of 1812 , the growth of Illinois slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier . After the war 's end , the federal government re-established forts such as Fort Dearborn ( in 1816 -- now the site is within Chicago ) and army patrols west of the Mississippi diminished the threat from Amerindian raids , so settlers were able to move into all of Illinois from the eastern and southern emigrant trails .   Mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration -- by the 1810s , the Eastern U.S. had exhausted most timber stands close to the established cities creating a hard felt first energy crisis by the late-1790s , and after 1818 , the industrial revolution was being fueled by new canals such as the Lehigh Canal feeding the furnaces of the rapidly industrializing east coast . Also in 1818 , Illinois achieved statehood and its growth , as yet untroubled by the speed of as yet unrefined railway technology , would be fueled by the new religion of industrialized forward thinking .   After construction of the Erie Canal with increasing traffic and trade through the Great Lakes , Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River , at one of the few natural harbors on southern Lake Michigan . John Deere 's invention of the self-scouring steel plow turned Illinois ' rich prairie into some of the world 's most productive and valuable farmlands , attracting new immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden . Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s , and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois , as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets . Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other mid-western states from the tyranny of water transport ; no longer was a location near a river or canal a need to ship bulk goods .   By 1900 , the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants , from Eastern and Southern Europe . Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars . The Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago , who created the city 's famous jazz and blues cultures .   Three U.S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois : Abraham Lincoln , Ulysses S. Grant , and most recently Barack Obama . Additionally , Ronald Reagan , whose political career was based in California , was the only U.S. president born and raised in Illinois . Today , Illinois honors Lincoln with its official state nickname `` The Land of Lincoln , '' which has been displayed on its license plates since 1954 . The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the state capital of Springfield , and the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be completed in Chicago by 2020 .

neg: Chicago Children's Museum The Chicago Children 's Museum is located at Navy Pier in Chicago , Illinois . It was founded in 1982 by The Junior League of Chicago who were responding to programming cutbacks in the Chicago Public Schools . Originally housed in two hallways of the Chicago Public Library , it soon began to offer trunk shows and traveling exhibits in response to capacity crowds on-site .   The museum moved a number of times over its initial years of existence while it continued to search for a permanent home . In 1995 , the Museum thought it found that home when it re-opened as an anchor tenant at Navy Pier on Lake Michigan . The new facility offered 57000 sqft of exhibition space and included three floors of educational exhibits , public programs and special events . Upon the move to the Pier , the expansion made it the fourth largest children 's museum in the United States . The museum serves more than 650,000 people , both at its Navy Pier location and in communities in and around Chicago , each year . While the Museum has an admission charge , it currently provides free admission to children 16 and under each Thursday from 5 p.m. to 8 p.m. and all-day on the first Sunday of each month .

neg: Dubuque, Iowa Dubuque -LSB- dəˈbjuːk -RSB- is the county seat of Dubuque County , Iowa , United States , located along the Mississippi River . In 2013 , its population was 58,253 , making it the tenth-largest city in the state   This city lies at the junction of Iowa , Illinois , and Wisconsin , a region locally known as the Tri-State Area . It serves as the main commercial , industrial , educational , and cultural center for the area . Geographically , it is part of the Driftless Area , a portion of North America that escaped all three phases of the Wisconsinian Glaciation .   It is one of the few large cities in Iowa with hills , and a tourist destination featuring the city 's unique architecture and river location . It is home to five institutions of higher education , making it a center for culture and learning .   Dubuque has long been a center of manufacturing , but the economy grew rapidly and diversified to other areas in the first years of the 21st Century . By 2005 , the city led the state and the Midwest in job growth , ranking as the 22nd fastest-growing economy in the US . Alongside industry , the city has large health care , education , tourism , publishing , and financial service sectors .


query: The Prestige was nominated for multiple Academy Awards.

pos: The Prestige (film) The Prestige is a 2006 British-American mystery thriller film directed by Christopher Nolan , from a screenplay adapted by Nolan and his brother Jonathan from Christopher Priest 's 1995 World Fantasy Award-winning novel of the same name . Its story follows Robert Angier and Alfred Borden , rival stage magicians in London at the end of the 19th century . Obsessed with creating the best stage illusion , they engage in competitive one-upmanship with tragic results . The film stars Hugh Jackman as Robert Angier , Christian Bale as Alfred Borden , and David Bowie as Nikola Tesla . It also stars Michael Caine , Scarlett Johansson , Piper Perabo , Andy Serkis , and Rebecca Hall . The film reunites Nolan with actors Bale and Caine from Batman Begins and returning cinematographer Wally Pfister , production designer Nathan Crowley , film score composer David Julyan , and editor Lee Smith .   The film was released on October 20 , 2006 , receiving positive reviews and strong box office results , and received Academy Award nominations for Best Cinematography and Best Art Direction . Along with The Illusionist and Scoop , The Prestige was one of three films released in 2006 to explore the world of stage magicians .

neg: 1961 in film The year 1961 in film involved some significant events , with West Side Story winning 10 Academy Awards .

neg: List of submissions to the 66th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film The 66th Academy Awards , which were held on March 21 , 1994 , saw 35 countries submit films for competition in the Best Foreign Language Film category . The Academy had initially invited 57 countries to send their best films , and the submission deadline was set on November 22 , 1993 . While the rules were basically unchanged , the applications for the 66th Academy Awards included a new form requesting information about the nationalities of the film 's creative team , due to the controversy that had led to the disqualification of A Place in the World at the 65th Academy Awards .   The bolded titles were the five nominated films , which came from Hong Kong , Spain , Taiwan , the United Kingdom and Vietnam . It was the first time that the majority of the nominees in this category came from outside Europe ( it happened again in 1997 , 2006 and 2011 ) and is the only time when there have been three Asian nominees . Vietnam made history by becoming the only Southeast Asian country ever to be nominated in this category ( accurate as of 2013 ) . The prize was ultimately awarded to Spain for the romantic comedy , Belle Epoque .

neg: 20th Satellite Awards The 20th Satellite Awards is an award ceremony honoring the year 's outstanding performers , films , and television shows , presented by the International Press Academy . It took place on February 21 , 2016 .   The nominations were announced on December 1 , 2015 . The film The Martian leads all nominees with nine , including Best Film .

neg: 3rd Empire Awards The 3rd Empire Awards ceremony , presented by the British film magazine Empire , honored the best films of 1997 and took place in 1998 . During the ceremony , Empire presented Empire Awards in nine categories as well as one honorary award . The awards were sponsored by Stella Artois for the first time .   All of the winners this year won one award each . The Full Monty won the award for Best British Film , while Men in Black won the award for Best Film . Other winners included A Life Less Ordinary , Hamlet , Jerry Maguire , L.A. Confidential , Nil by Mouth , The Crucible and The English Patient . Dennis Hopper received the Lifetime Achievement Award .

neg: Leonard Prestige George Leonard Prestige ( 1889 -- 1955 ) was Fellow and Chaplain of New College , Oxford . His theological research showed particular competence in patristics and touched on ancient philosophy , e.g. ; in God in Patristic Thought ( 1952 ) . He is perhaps best known for his illuminating and in places entertaining work , Fathers and Heretics ( 1954 ) , given initially as Bampton Lectures in 1940 . Prestige also wrote a biography of Charles Gore ( 1935 ) , and St Paul 's in its Glory ( 1955 ) .   From 1920 to 1944 , Prestige held the country living of Upper Heyford , Oxfordshire . Many of his early books were written there . He also served as deputy editor of the Church Times , succeeding as editor in 1941 and serving until 1948 .   In 1949 Prestige was secretary of the Church of England Council for Foreign Relations . He was also sent by Archbishop Geoffrey Fisher to Rome to explore avenues for ecumenical dialogue in the course of which he met with Msgr Montini , the future Pope Paul VI . At his death Prestige was Canon Treasurer of St. Paul 's Cathedral .

neg: BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language The BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language is given annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and presented at the British Academy Film Awards . The award was first given at the 36th British Academy Film Awards , recognising the films of 1982 , and until 1990 was known as the BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Film . Prior to this , films recorded in a language other than English were often recognised in the category BAFTA Award for Best Film , known between 1949 and 1969 as Best Film from any Source .   In the following lists , the titles and names in bold with a dark grey background are the winners and recipients respectively ; those not in bold are the nominees . The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released , not the year of the ceremony , which always takes place the following year .

neg: John W. Mitchell John William Mitchell , MBE ( 14 June 1917 -- 21 November 2005 ) was a British sound engineer . Throughout his career , he was nominated for two Academy Awards in the category Best Sound , working on 170 films between 1934 and 1998 .

neg: Gordon E. Sawyer Award The Gordon E. Sawyer Award is an Honorary Award given by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to `` an individual in the motion picture industry whose technological contributions have brought credit to the industry . '' The award is named in honour of Gordon E. Sawyer , the former Sound Director at Samuel Goldwyn Studio and three-time Academy Award winner who claimed that a listing of past Academy Awards , arranged both chronologically and by category , represents a history of the development of motion pictures . It was first presented at the 54th Academy Awards , in April 1982 . The Gordon E. Sawyer Award is voted upon and given by the Scientific and Technical Awards Committee of the Academy .

neg: 52nd Academy Awards The 52nd Academy Awards were presented April 14 , 1980 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles . The ceremonies were presided over by Johnny Carson who , in noting the long duration of the production , joked that President Jimmy Carter was working hard for their `` release '' from the ceremonies , a clear reference to the Iranian hostage crisis .   Among the nominees for Best Supporting Actor were 8 year-old Justin Henry -- the youngest Best Supporting Actor nominee ever -- and 79-year-old Melvyn Douglas . This was the largest age difference between two competing actors in Oscar history until 2013 . Ironically , their age difference was partially the reason why Douglas did not attend the Oscars that night , despite winning the award . Henry was nominated for Kramer vs. Kramer , which out of its eight other nominations , finished with five awards , including Best Picture , Best Director for Robert Benton , and Best Actor for Dustin Hoffman .

neg: Tom Johnson (sound engineer) Tom Johnson is an American sound engineer . He has won two Academy Awards for Best Sound and has been nominated for six more in the same category . He has worked on over 125 films since 1983 .

neg: 78th Academy Awards The 78th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on March 5 , 2006 , at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:00 p.m. PST / 8:00 p.m. EST. . The ceremony was scheduled one week later than usual to avoid conflicting with the 2006 Winter Olympics . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories honoring films released in 2005 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actor Jon Stewart hosted the show for the first time . Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California held on February 18 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Rachel McAdams .   Crash won three awards including Academy Award for Best Picture . Other winners included Brokeback Mountain , King Kong , and Memoirs of a Geisha also with three awards apiece , and Capote , The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , The Constant Gardener , Hustle and Flow , March of the Penguins , The Moon and the Son : An Imagined Conversation , A Note of Triumph : The Golden Age of Norman Corwin , Six Shooter , Syriana , Tsotsi , Walk the Line , and Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were-Rabbit with one each . The telecast garnered nearly 39 million viewers in the United States .

neg: Academy Film Archive The Academy Film Archive is part of the Academy Foundation , established in 1944 with the purpose of organizing and overseeing the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ' educational and cultural activities , including the preservation of motion picture history . Although the current incarnation of the Academy Film Archive began in 1991 , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences acquired its first film in 1929 . Located in Hollywood , California at the Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study , the Archive has a diverse range of moving image material . The Archive 's collection comprises 85,000 titles and 190,000 separate items , including early American cinema , a vast collection of documentary films , filmed and taped interviews , amateur and private home movies of Hollywood legends , makeup and sound test reels , and a wide selection of experimental film , as well as Academy Award-winning films , Academy Award-nominated films , and a complete collection of every Academy Awards show since 1949 . Since acquiring the Packard Humanities Institute Collection , the Archive has the world 's largest known trailer collection . The Archive is also concerned with the preservation and restoration of films , as well as new technologies and methods of preservation , restoring over 800 titles of historical and artistic importance .

neg: 8th Academy Awards The 8th Academy Awards were held on March 5 , 1936 , at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles , California . They were hosted by Frank Capra . This was the first year in which the gold statuettes were called `` Oscars '' .   The category of Best Dance Direction was introduced this year . The DGA successfully lobbied for its elimination three years later .   Mutiny on the Bounty became the last film to date to win Best Picture and nothing else ( following The Broadway Melody and Grand Hotel ) , and the only film to receive three nominations for Best Actor .   This was the second and last year that write-in votes were allowed at the Oscars . A Midsummer Night 's Dream became the only film to win a write-in Oscar , taking Best Cinematography .

neg: David E. Campbell (sound engineer) David E. Campbell is an American sound engineer . He won an Academy Award for Best Sound and has been nominated for five more in the same category . He has worked on over 160 films since 1977 .

neg: Robert Thirlwell Robert Thirlwell is an American sound engineer . He was nominated for three Academy Awards in the category Best Sound .

neg: 26th Academy Awards The 26th Academy Awards honored the best in films of 1953 .   The second national telecast of the Awards show drew an estimated 43 million viewers . Shirley Booth , appearing in a play in Philadelphia , presented the Best Actor award through a live broadcast cut-in , and privately received the winner 's name over the telephone from co-host Donald O'Connor . ( Actor Fredric March co-hosted from New York City . ) Gary Cooper filmed his presentation of the Best Actress award in advance on a set in Mexico , with O'Connor announcing the winner 's name .   All the major winners in this year were black-and-white films . The big winner was Fred Zinnemann 's From Here to Eternity , with thirteen nominations and eight awards including Best Picture , Best Supporting Actor , Best Supporting Actress , Best Director , Best Screenplay ( Daniel Taradash ) , Best Cinematography ( Burnett Guffey ) , Best Sound , and Best Film Editing . All five of its major actors and actresses were nominated , with secondary players Donna Reed and Frank Sinatra taking home Oscars . The candid film was based on James Jones ' controversial , best-selling novel about Army life on a Hawaiian ( Oahu ) military base just prior to the Pearl Harbor attack and World War II , illustrating the conflict between an individualistic private ( Montgomery Clift ) and rigid institutional authority ( exemplified by the Army ) . Its achievement of eight awards matched the then record held by Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . The record would be tied again the following year by On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) . Walt Disney won four awards , which remains the record for the most Oscars won in the same year .   William Holden 's speech for Best Actor for his role in Stalag 17 was simply `` Thank You '' , making it one of the shortest speeches ever ; the TV broadcast had a strict cutoff time which forced Holden 's quick remarks . The frustrated Holden personally paid for advertisements in the Hollywood trade publications to thank everyone he wanted to on Oscar night . He also remarked that he felt that either Burt Lancaster or Montgomery Clift should have won the Best Actor Oscar for From Here to Eternity , instead of him .

neg: 38th Saturn Awards The 38th Saturn Awards , honoring the best in science fiction , fantasy and horror film and television in 2011 , were held on July 26 , 2012 in Burbank , California . The awards are presented by the Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy and Horror Films .   The six Best Film Award categories were respectively won by Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( Science Fiction ) , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( Fantasy ) , The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( Horror or Thriller ) , Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol ( Action or Adventure ) , The Skin I Live In ( International ) and Puss in Boots ( Animated ) . Rise of the Planet of the Apes and Super 8 led the winners with three each .   In the television categories , Breaking Bad won three of its six nominations , including Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series . Fringe , The Walking Dead and Teen Wolf won the other Best Series Awards .   Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 became the first Harry Potter film to win Best Fantasy Film , for which the seven previous Harry Potter films were nominated , and only the second film of the series to win a Saturn Award , following The Philosopher 's Stone which won Best Costume in 2001 . Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol also became the first Mission : Impossible film to win Best Action or Adventure Film , following the nominations of the first and third installments .

neg: BAFTA Award for Best Film The BAFTA Award for Best Film is given annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and presented at the British Academy Film Awards . It has been given since the 1st BAFTA Awards , representing the best films of 1947 , but until 1969 it was called the BAFTA Award for Best Film From Any Source . It is possible for films from any country to be nominated , although British films are also recognised in the category BAFTA Award for Best British Film and ( since 1983 ) foreign-language films in BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language . As such , there have been multiple occasions of a film being nominated in two of these categories .   There has been one tie for the Best Film award when , in 1962 , Ballad of a Soldier tied with The Hustler for Best Film from any Source . Until 1981 , the award was given to the director , except in 1976 and 1977 , when it was given to the producers . From 1981 to 1985 , it was given solely to the producers , and then in 1986 , it was shared between the Director and Producer . In 1998 , it was once again given to only the producers .   In the following lists , the titles and names in bold with a dark grey background are the winners and recipients respectively ; those not in bold are the nominees . The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released , not the year of the ceremony , which always takes place the following year .

neg: 25th Academy Awards The 25th Academy Awards ceremony was held on March 19 , 1953 . It took place at the RKO Pantages Theatre in Hollywood , California , and the NBC International Theatre in New York City .   It was the first Academy Awards ceremony to be televised , and the first ceremony to be held in Hollywood and New York City simultaneously . It was also the only year that the New York ceremonies were to be held in the NBC International Theatre on Columbus Circle , which was shortly thereafter demolished and replaced by the New York Coliseum convention center .   A major upset occurred in the category of Best Picture . The heavily favored High Noon lost to Cecil B. DeMille 's The Greatest Show on Earth , eventually considered among the worst films to have won the Academy Award for Best Picture . The American film magazine Premiere placed the movie on its list of the 10 worst Oscar winners and the British film magazine Empire rated it # 3 on their list of the 10 worst Oscar winners . It has the lowest spot on Rotten Tomatoes ' list of the 81 films to win Best Picture . Of all the films nominated for the Oscar this year , only High Noon and Singin ' in the Rain would show up 46 years later on the American Film Institute list of the greatest American films of the 20th Century . For a film that only received two nominations , Singin ' in the Rain went on to be named as the greatest American musical film of all time and in the 2007 American Film Institute updated list as the fifth greatest American film of all time , while High Noon was ranked twenty-seventh on the same 2007 list , as well .   The Bad and the Beautiful won five awards , the most wins ever for a film not nominated for Best Picture . It was also the second Academy Awards in which a film not nominated for Best Picture received the most awards of the evening , excluding years where there were ties for the most wins . The only other film to do this was The Thief of Bagdad at the 13th Academy Awards ; as of the 87th Academy Awards , it has not happened since .   Until Spotlight won only Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay at the 88th Academy Awards , this was the last year in which the Best Picture winner won just two Oscars . It was also the second of three years to date in which two films not nominated for Best Picture received more nominations than the winner ( The Bad and the Beautiful and Hans Christian Andersen , both with six ) . This occurred again at the 79th Academy Awards .   Shirley Booth also became the last person to win an Oscar in a Leading Role to be born in the 19th century . She also holds the distinction of being the first woman in her 50s to win the award , at the age of 54 ( the second woman in her 50s to win , Julianne Moore , was 54 when awarded at the 87th Academy Awards ) .   John Ford 's fourth win for Best Director set a record for the most wins in this category that remains unmatched to this day .   For the first time since the introduction of Supporting Actor and Actress awards in 1936 , Best Picture , Best Director , and all four acting Oscars went to six different films . This has happened only three times since , at the 29th Academy Awards for 1956 , the 78th for 2005 , and the 85th for 2012 .

neg: 48th Academy Awards The 48th Academy Awards were presented March 29 , 1976 at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion , Los Angeles . The ceremonies were presided over by Walter Matthau , Robert Shaw , George Segal , Goldie Hawn , and Gene Kelly . This year , ABC took over broadcast rights from NBC , and continues to broadcast them today . ( NBC 's coverage of the 1976 NCAA Final Four aired opposite the ceremony ; during the presentation of the Best Film Editing award , the winner was jokingly announced ( by presenter Elliott Gould ) as `` Indiana , 86 -- 68 '' ; the Indiana Hoosiers had won the NCAA Final Four that night . )   Miloš Forman 's One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest made a `` clean sweep '' of the major categories : Best Picture , Best Actor , Best Actress , Best Director and Best Screenplay ( Adapted ) . It was the second of three films to date to accomplish the sweep , following It Happened One Night in 1934 and preceding The Silence of the Lambs in 1991 .   French actress Isabelle Adjani received her first nomination for Best Actress this year , making Adjani , 20 at the time , the youngest actress to be nominated in the leading actress category , breaking the record set by 22-year-old Elizabeth Hartman in 1967 . This record would later be surpassed by 13-year-old Keisha Castle-Hughes in 2004 , and again in 2013 by nine-year old Quvenzhane Wallis . Adjani also presented the Best Film Editing award that night along with Gould who delivered the Indiana joke during the presentation .   At age 80 , George Burns became the oldest acting and Best Supporting Actor awardee , a record which stood until Jessica Tandy won Best Actress in 1989 . For males , Burns was succeeded by Christopher Plummer , who won Best Supporting Actor in 2012 for Beginners at the age of 82 .   Jaws was followed 25 years later by Traffic for a film that won all its nominations except Best Picture . Jaws is one of the few films to be nominated for Best Picture but not for directing , acting , or writing .


query: Google Home's design received unanimous criticism.

pos: Google Home Google Home is a smart speaker developed by Google . It was announced in May 2016 and released in the United States in November 2016 , with a release in the United Kingdom in April 2017 , followed by Australia , Canada , France , Germany , and Japan in summer 2017 .   Google Home enables users to speak voice commands to interact with services through the Home 's intelligent personal assistant called Google Assistant . A large number of services , both in-house and third-party , are integrated , allowing users to listen to music , look at videos or photos , or receive news updates entirely by voice . Google Home also has integrated support for home automation features , letting users speak commands to the device to control smart home appliances . Multiple Google Home devices can be placed in different rooms in a home for synchronized playback of music , and an update in April 2017 brought multi-user support , allowing up to six people to engage with the device . The product itself has a cylindrical shape with 4 LEDs on the top for visual representation of its status , and the cover over the base is modular , with different color options offered through Google Store intended for the device to blend into the environment . In May 2017 , Google announced multiple updates to Google Home 's functionality , including free hands-free phone calling in the United States and Canada , proactive updates ahead of scheduled events , visual responses on mobile devices or Chromecast-enabled televisions , Bluetooth music streaming , and the ability to schedule calendar appointments , with upcoming support for reminders .   Google Home received mixed reviews . Its design and sound input/output received significant praise , while a lack of interoperability between other Google Assistant-enabled devices was criticized . Critics voiced concerns about Google 's intentions with the device , particularly whether features would be more tightly integrated into other Google products and one critic noted that Google Home 's functionality was more limited than those offered through the Google Assistant on other platforms . Reviewers had very different experiences with the setup process , with one critic praising it while another criticized it , and Google Home 's search-based answers was the subject of debate , with one reviewer praising its capabilities while another highlighted multiple bad-quality answers comparable to fake news .

neg: House and Home House and Home is an interiors magazine published by Dyflin publications in Dublin , Ireland . The magazine primarily covers the area of soft furnishings and also pays particular regards to upcoming and current trends in the interior design industry .   The magazine was established in 1996 and contains features such as `` Design focus '' , `` Real homes '' , `` Best buys '' and `` Inspiring ideas '' . The publication is published 6 times per year and is distributed to retailers and subscribers in the North and South of Ireland , along with a small number of international readers .

neg: Hostile architecture Hostile architecture is a controversial urban design trend in which public spaces are constructed or altered to discourage people from using them in a way not intended by the owner . Also known as unpleasant design or defensive architecture it is most typically associated with defense against the homeless in the form of `` anti-homeless spikes '' -- studs embedded in flat surfaces to make sleeping rough impractical .   Other forms of behaviour which are commonly designed against by hostile architecture include skateboarding , littering , loitering , and urination which are deterred with methods including sloped window sills to stop people sitting , benches with armrests positioned to stop people lying on them , and water sprinklers that `` intermittently come on but are n't really watering anything . '' Although the term `` hostile architecture '' is recent , the use of civil engineering to achieve social engineering is not : antecedents include 19th Century `` urine deflectors '' . Critics of hostile architecture argue that it makes contrarianism impossible , that it replaces public spaces with commercial or `` pseudo-public '' spaces and uses architecture `` to enforce social divisions '' .

neg: Typeface In typography , a typeface ( also known as font family ) is a set of one or more fonts each composed of glyphs that share common design features . Each font of a typeface has a specific weight , style , condensation , width , slant , italicization , ornamentation , and designer or foundry ( and formerly size , in metal fonts ) . For example , `` ITC Garamond Bold Condensed Italic '' means the bold , condensed-width , italic version of ITC Garamond . It is a different font from `` ITC Garamond Condensed Italic '' and `` ITC Garamond Bold Condensed , '' but all are fonts within the same typeface , `` ITC Garamond . '' ITC Garamond is a different typeface from `` Adobe Garamond '' or `` Monotype Garamond . '' ( These are all alternative updates or digitisations of the typeface Garamond , originally created in the 16th century . )  There are thousands of different typefaces in existence , with new ones being developed constantly .   The art and craft of designing typefaces is called type design . Designers of typefaces are called type designers and are often employed by type foundries . In digital typography , type designers are sometimes also called font developers or font designers .   Every typeface is a collection of glyphs , each of which represents an individual letter , number , punctuation mark , or other symbol . The same glyph may be used for characters from different scripts , e.g. Roman uppercase A looks the same as Cyrillic uppercase А and Greek uppercase alpha . There are typefaces tailored for special applications , such as map-making or astrology and mathematics .   The term typeface is frequently confused with the term font . Before the advent of digital typography and desktop publishing , the two terms had more clearly understood meanings .

neg: Shared space Shared space is an urban design approach which seeks to minimise the segregation of pedestrians and vehicles . This is done by removing features such as kerbs , road surface markings , traffic signs , and traffic lights . It has been suggested that , by creating a greater sense of uncertainty and making it unclear who has priority , drivers will reduce their speed . This is conducive to a safer environment for both pedestrians and vehicles . Shared space schemes are often motivated by a desire to reduce the dominance of vehicles , vehicle speeds , and road casualty rates .   Shared space design can take many different forms depending on the level of demarcation and segregation between different transportation modes . Variations of shared space are often used in urban settings , especially those that have been made nearly car-free ( `` autoluwe '' ) , and as part of living streets within residential areas . As a separate concept , `` shared space '' normally applies to semi-open spaces on busier roads , and here it is controversial .   Shared space is opposed in particular by organisations representing the interests of blind , partially sighted and deaf people , who often express a preference for the clear separation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic .

neg: Graphical system design Graphical system design ( GSD ) is a modern approach to designing measurement and control systems that integrates system design software with COTS hardware to dramatically simplify development . This approach combines user interfaces , models of computation , math and analysis , Input/output signals , technology abstractions , and various deployment target . It allows domain experts , or non - implementation experts , to access to design capabilities where they would traditionally need to outsource a system design expert .   This approach to system design is a super-set of electronic system-level ( ESL ) design . Graphical system design expands on the EDA-based ESL definition to include other types of embedded system design including industrial machines and medical devices . Many of these expanded applications can be defined as `` the long tail '' applications .

neg: Technological unemployment Technological unemployment is the loss of jobs caused by technological change . Such change typically includes the introduction of labour-saving `` mechanical-muscle '' machines or more efficient `` mechanical-mind '' processes ( automation ) . Just as horses employed as prime movers were gradually made obsolete by the automobile , humans ' jobs have also been affected throughout modern history . Historical examples include artisan weavers reduced to poverty after the introduction of mechanised looms . During World War II , Alan Turing 's Bombe machine compressed and decoded thousands of man-years worth of encrypted data in a matter of hours . A contemporary example of technological unemployment is the displacement of retail cashiers by self-service tills .   That technological change can cause short-term job losses is widely accepted . The view that it can lead to lasting increases in unemployment has long been controversial . Participants in the technological unemployment debates can be broadly divided into optimists and pessimists . Optimists agree that innovation may be disruptive to jobs in the short term , yet hold that various compensation effects ensure there is never a long-term negative impact on jobs . Whereas pessimists contend that at least in some circumstances , new technologies can lead to a lasting decline in the total number of workers in employment . The phrase `` technological unemployment '' was popularised by John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s . Yet the issue of machines displacing human labour has been discussed since at least Aristotle 's time .   Prior to the 18th century both the elite and common people would generally take the pessimistic view on technological unemployment , at least in cases where the issue arose . Due to generally low unemployment in much of pre-modern history , the topic was rarely a prominent concern . In the 18th century fears over the impact of machinery on jobs intensified with the growth of mass unemployment , especially in Great Britain which was then at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution . Yet some economic thinkers began to argue against these fears , claiming that overall innovation would not have negative effects on jobs . These arguments were formalised in the early 19th century by the classical economists . During the second half of the 19th century , it became increasingly apparent that technological progress was benefiting all sections of society , including the working class . Concerns over the negative impact of innovation diminished . The term `` Luddite fallacy '' was coined to describe the thinking that innovation would have lasting harmful effects on employment .   The view that technology is unlikely to lead to long term unemployment has been repeatedly challenged by a minority of economists . In the early 1800s these included Ricardo himself . There were dozens of economists warning about technological unemployment during brief intensifications of the debate that spiked in the 1930s and 1960s . Especially in Europe , there were further warnings in the closing two decades of the twentieth century , as commentators noted an enduring rise in unemployment suffered by many industrialised nations since the 1970s . Yet a clear majority of both professional economists and the interested general public held the optimistic view through most of the 20th century .   In the second decade of the 21st century , a number of studies have been released suggesting that technological unemployment may be increasing worldwide . Further increases are forecast for the years to come . While many economists and commentators still argue such fears are unfounded , as was widely accepted for most of the previous two centuries , concern over technological unemployment is growing once again . A report in Wired in 2017 quotes knowledgeable people such as economist Gene Sperling and management professor Andrew McAfee on the idea that handling existing and impending job loss to automation is a `` significant issue '' . Regarding a recent claim by a political appointee that automation is not `` going to have any kind of big effect on the economy for the next 50 or 100 years , '' says McAfee , `` I do n't talk to anyone in the field who believes that . '' Innovations like Watson have the potential to render humans obsolete with the professional , white-collar , low-skilled , creative fields , and other `` mental jobs '' .

neg: GeoVector GeoVector Corporation ( originally named Criticom Corporation ) began conducting research into augmented reality in early 1990s . The company , co-founded by John Ellenby , who also founded laptop pioneer GRiD Systems Corporation , devised a method to use sensors in a device to associate relevant digital information with places on earth .   The basic concept around which most of GeoVector 's R&D has focused is that knowing the position and orientation of the device allows the application to provide digital information associated with a place in the real world . Position and direction data can be used to create a virtual vector which intersects with objects indexed in databases by their latitude and longitude coordinates .   GeoVector 's first patent in this domain , since issued as 5,815,411 , was filed September 10 , 1993 .  The company originally held the trademark for `` Augmented Reality '' ( issued in 1995 ) but abandoned it as the term was generally adopted to describe this technique .   Early GeoVector work focused on providing vertical solutions . One GeoVector augmented reality design used compass equipped binoculars along with GPS to superimpose nautical maps on the visual horizon thus improving the safety of navigation .   A video showing early Augmented Reality concepts from GeoVector can be seen here   GeoVector then discovered that their basic technology would improve the user experience on handheld devices delivering location aware applications . In this instance , actually viewing the real object was not necessary . Simply being able to refine the search for location information by knowing the direction of user interest or the specific object of his attention would be a significant benefit . The GeoVector team then implemented what they now refer to as the `` pointing '' feature .   In 1998 , `` Clipper '' project was initiated . The company built a prototype device known internally as The `` Little Guy '' , a handheld `` pointable '' information appliance independent of a visual or video element .  Since that time GeoVector has worked closely with sensor and device manufactures to encourage them to include GPS and compass elements in their products . In early 2006 , there were sufficient pointing capable handsets in Japan for GeoVector to launch its first commercial product on the KDDI network with support of local partners NECM and Mapion .   A video showing the functionality of Pointing is on YouTube .   The company has continued its research and development in directional searching and augmented reality and has been awarded several patents in those areas . Further information about their intellectual property can be found on line at their website patent gallery .

neg: Google logo The Google logo appears in numerous settings to identify the search engine company . Google has relied on several logos since its renaming ( see History of Google ) , with the first logo created by Sergey Brin using GIMP . A revised logo debuted on September 1 , 2015 . The previous logo , with slight modifications between 1999 and 2013 , was designed by Ruth Kedar ; the wordmark was based on the Catull typeface , an old style serif typeface designed by Gustav Jaeger for the Berthold Type Foundry in 1982 .   The company also includes various modifications or humorous features , such as cartoon modifications of their logo for use on holidays , birthdays of famous people , and major events , such as the Olympics . These special logos , some designed by Dennis Hwang , have become known as Google Doodles .

neg: Departmental boot image A departmental boot image is a boot image for any computer that has been enhanced by adding some applications and passwords specific to a task or group or department in an organization . This has many of the advantages of a thin client strategy , but can be done on any operating system base as long as the boot device is large enough to accommodate the boot and applications together .   A typical departmental Windows XP boot image is usually so large that it requires a DVD to store , and may be too large for network booting . Accordingly , it is usually installed on a fixed or removable hard drive kept inside the machine , rather than installed over a network or from a ROM .   There are some boot image control complexity and total cost of operations advantages to using a departmental boot image instead of a common boot image for the entire organization , or a thin client :  all the capabilities of a full operating system are available , not just those of a thin client  applications with inflexible software licenses need not be paid for the entire organization , but can be paid only for the departments that actually use them and have them installed on their machines  applications that interact badly can be segmented so that an accounting program and an engineering program do not `` clobber each other 's libraries '' or otherwise interfere as they would if both sets of applications were installed in one boot image  overall size of each boot image can be controlled to fit within network or removable disk limits   Disadvantages include the complexity of creating and managing several large boot images , and determining when a department needs to upgrade its applications . If each user is allowed to do this on their own , then , the discipline soon degrades and the shop will be no easier to manage than one that consists of one-off computers with their own quirks , frequently requiring re-imaging and whose issues are not really diagnosable nor comparable to each other . Some experts believe that any departmental boot image regime degrades rather quickly to this state without extraordinary discipline and controls , and advocate thin clients to ensure such control .   It is however increasingly possible to restrict users from installing `` their own '' applications on a standard boot image , and to automatically re-install when a variant boot image is detected . While this would be draconian in a large organization with one boot image it is often quite acceptable when the boot image is maintained at a departmental level and users can request that it be upgraded with a minimum of bureaucracy and waiting .   Category : Booting  Category : Disk images

neg: Housewares Design Awards The Housewares Design Awards is an annual U. S. product design award competition focused on the housewares industry . The competition was introduced in 2003 by HomeWorld Business , a leading housewares industry trade publication , to recognize design innovation as one of the major drivers for housewares industry growth .   The Housewares Design Awards attracts hundreds of product entries each year . These entries are evaluated by an independent panel of judges made up of renowned designers and retailer buyers , a process managed by the Housewares Design Awards LLC . Products are evaluated along multiple dimensions . Criteria include unique appearance , functionality , positioning , innovative technology or materials , safety , environmental benefits , emotional appeal , social impact and the ability to meet consumer needs .   Twelve `` Best in Category '' Awards and three `` Best of the Best '' awards are presented at the gold , silver and bronze levels . The `` Green House Design Awards , '' which honor eco-friendly housewares products , are also given each year .

neg: Nexus 7 (2013) The second generation Nexus 7 is a mini tablet computer co-developed by Google and Asus that runs the Android operating system . It is the third tablet in the Google Nexus series , a family of Android consumer devices marketed by Google and built by an original equipment manufacturer partner . Following the success of the original Nexus 7 , a second generation of the device was released on July 26 , 2013 , four days earlier than the originally scheduled date due to early releases from various retailers . The tablet was the first device to ship with version 4.3 of Android .   The second iteration of the 7 in tablet , code named `` Razor '' , has various upgrades from the previous generation , including a 1.5 GHz quad-core Snapdragon S4 Pro processor , 2 GB of memory , a 1920 × 1200 pixel display ( 323 pixels per inch ; 127 ppcm ) , dual cameras ( 1.2 MP front , 5 MP rear ) , stereo speakers , built-in inductive Qi wireless charging , and a SlimPort ( via micro USB connector ) capable of full high-definition video output to an external display .

neg: Australian residential architectural styles Australian residential architectural styles have evolved significantly over time , from the early days of structures made from relatively cheap and imported corrugated iron ( which can still be seen in the roofing of historic homes ) to more sophisticated styles borrowed from other countries , such as the Victorian style from the United Kingdom , the Georgian style from North America and Europe and the Californian bungalow from the United States . A common feature of the Australian home is the use of fencing in front gardens , also common in both the UK and the USA . Climate has also influenced housing styles , with balconies and veranda spaces being more prevalent in subtropical Queensland due to the mild , generally warm winters experienced in the state . For many years , Australian homes were built with little understanding of the Australian climate and were widely dependant on European styles that were unsympathetic to Australian landscapes . In recent times , modern Australian residential architecture has reflected the climatic conditions of the country , with adaptations such as double and triple glazing on windows , coordination considerations , use of east and west shade , sufficient insulation , strongly considered to provide comfort to the dweller .   Another aspect of Australian suburbia is that the suburbs tend to have a combination of both upper class and middle class housing in the same neighbourhood . In Melbourne , for instance , one early observer noted that `` a poor house stands side by side with a good house . '' This is somewhat less common today , with home renovations , gentrification and the teardown ( `` knock down , rebuild '' ) method becoming more and more common in affluent suburbs , giving a broader distinction between wealthy and lower class areas . However , the teardown technique has led to home buyers purchasing land or older homes in poorer metropolitan areas and building extravagant McMansion style homes on the land , which look out of place and excessive , failing to match with the remaining houses in the street .   Because architectural styles have varied in the country over the years ( from villas to bungalows and brick renders ) , there is a slight inconsistency in the architectural flow of the suburban streets , with one writer noting that Australian housing styles sometimes `` co-mingle '' and `` co-exist '' awkwardly . This is less common in the United States of America and England , where most homes along a road were built around the same time , typically in similar styles .

neg: Idiot proof In modern English usage , the informal term idiot proof or foolproof describes designs which can not be misused either inherently , or by use of defensive design principles . The implication is that the design is usable even by someone of low intelligence who would not use it properly .   The term fool proof originates in 1902 . The term idiot proof became popular in the 1970s . It may have been invented as a stronger-sounding version of foolproof , as the force of foolproof had declined due to frequent usage . Perhaps for the same reason , ` foolproof ' is now a formal term , whereas ` idiot proof ' remains informal . Both terms are originally adjectives ( `` a foolproof plan '' ) , but can be used as verbs ( `` foolproof this design '' ) .   Several Murphy 's law adages claim that idiot proof systems can not be made , for example `` Nothing is foolproof to a sufficiently talented fool '' and `` If you make something idiot proof , someone will just make a better idiot . '' Along those lines , Douglas Adams wrote in Mostly Harmless , `` a common mistake that people make when trying to design something completely foolproof is to underestimate the ingenuity of complete fools . ''

neg: Virtual home design software Virtual home design software is a type of computer-aided design software intended to help architects , designers , and homeowners preview their design implementations on-the-fly . These products differ from traditional homeowner design software and other online design tools in that they use HTML5 to ensure that changes to the design occur rapidly . This category of software as a service puts an emphasis on usability , speed , and customization .

neg: Open Sans Open Sans is a sans-serif typeface designed by Steve Matteson and commissioned by Google . According to Google , it was developed with an `` upright stress , open forms and a neutral , yet friendly appearance '' and is `` optimized for legibility across print , web , and mobile interfaces . '' Featuring wide apertures on many letters and a large x-height ( tall lower-case letters ) , the typeface is highly legible on screen and at small sizes . It belongs to the humanist genre of sans-serif typefaces , with a true italic .   Open Sans is used in some of Google 's web pages as well as its print and web advertisements . Its design is similar to that of Matteson 's Droid Sans , created as the first user interface font for Android phones , but with wider characters and the inclusion of italic variants .

neg: Mark Lucovsky Mark Lucovsky is an American software developer who worked for Microsoft and who is now employed by VMware as Vice President of Engineering in charge of Cloud Foundry . He is noted for being a part of the team that designed and built the Windows NT operating system , which after Windows XP became the basis of all current Windows releases .   Lucovsky received his bachelor 's degree in computer science in 1983 from California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo . He worked at Digital Equipment Corporation , where he came to the attention of Dave Cutler and Lou Perazzoli . When Cutler and Perazzoli moved to Microsoft to work on their next generation operating system , they asked him to join them .   Among his contributions to Windows NT was an eighty-page manual that he wrote with Steve R. Wood defining the Windows application programming interfaces for software developers working on the Windows NT platform . He also managed check-ins to the Windows NT source code , tracking each check-in and discussing it with the developer before allowing it to be committed . Lucovsky was instrumental in moving the Windows team from the homegrown SLM revision control system to a custom version of Perforce ( SourceDepot ) .   Mark Lucovsky has stated that Steve Ballmer , on being informed that Lucovsky was about to leave Microsoft for Google , picked up a chair and threw it across the room , hitting a table in his office . Lucovsky also described Ballmer as saying : `` Fucking Eric Schmidt is a fucking pussy . I 'm going to fucking bury that guy , I have done it before , and I will do it again . I 'm going to fucking kill Google , '' then resumed trying to persuade Lucovsky to stay at Microsoft . Ballmer has described this as a `` gross exaggeration of what actually took place . ''   Lucovsky worked on the Microsoft . NET My Services product ( codenamed Hailstorm ) prior to moving to Google . At Google , he served as a Technical Director for the Ajax Search API . He joined VMware in July 2009 .

neg: Telecommunications device for the deaf A telecommunications device for the deaf ( TDD ) is a teleprinter , an electronic device for text communication over a telephone line , that is designed for use by persons with hearing or speech difficulties . Other names for the device include teletypewriter ( TTY ) , textphone ( common in Europe ) , and minicom ( United Kingdom ) .   The typical TDD is a device about the size of a typewriter or laptop computer with a QWERTY keyboard and small screen that uses an LED , LCD , or VFD screen to display typed text electronically . In addition , TDDs commonly have a small spool of paper on which text is also printedold versions of the device had only a printer and no screen . The text is transmitted live , via a telephone line , to a compatible device , i.e. one that uses a similar communication protocol .   Special telephone services have been developed to carry the TDD functionality even further . In certain countries there are systems in place so that a deaf person can communicate with a hearing person on an ordinary voice phone using a human relay operator . There are also `` carry-over '' services , enabling people who can hear but can not speak ( `` hearing carry-over , '' a.k.a. `` HCO '' ) , or people who can not hear but are able to speak ( `` voice carry-over , '' a.k.a. `` VCO '' ) to use the telephone .   The term TDD is sometimes discouraged because people who are deaf are increasingly using mainstream devices and technologies to carry out most of their communication . The devices described here were developed for use on the partially-analog Public Switched Telephone Network ( PSTN ) . They do not work well on the new internet protocol ( IP ) networks . Thus as society increasingly moves toward IP based telecommunication , the telecommunication devices used by people who are deaf will not be TDDs . In the US for example , the use of the term TDD is discouraged to avoid confusion with these partly-analog devices being referred to as TTYs .   Teletype Corporation , of Skokie , Illinois , made page printers for text , notably for news wire services and telegrams , but these used standards different from those for deaf communication , and although in quite widespread use , were technically incompatible . Furthermore , these were sometimes referred to by the `` TTY '' initialism , short for `` Teletype '' . When computers had keyboard input mechanisms and page printer output , before CRT terminals came into use , Teletypes were the most widely used devices . They were called `` console typewriters '' . ( Telex used similar equipment , but was a separate international communication network . )

neg: Unboxing Unboxing is the unpacking of new products , especially high tech consumer products , where the process is captured on video and uploaded to the web .   Yahoo Tech places the first Unboxing video to be for the Nokia E61 cellphone in 2006 . According to Google Trends , searches for the term `` unboxing '' began to surface in the final quarter of 2006 . Early unboxing videos were focused mainly either on gadgets or fashion items , however once the trend took off unboxing videos were available for , as Yahoo 's Deb Amien put it `` nearly every thing that is available for purchase '' By 2014 the popularity of the videos were such that some companies had been known to upload unboxing videos for their own products , whilst others sent products to uploaders for free .   Some consider the popularity of this practice is due to the ability of showing the product exactly for what it is without any adulteration advertisers usually make around the product . Being able to see what one is getting can contribute to the decision process . Some users have tried to make these unboxings more interesting by adding special effects or doing them in different ways , such as underwater unboxing of a waterproof smartphone .

neg: Google Gadgets Google Gadgets are dynamic web content that can be embedded on a web page . They can be added to and interact strongly with Google 's iGoogle personalized home page ( discontinued in November 2013 , although iGoogle Gadgets still work on other websites ) and the Google Desktop ( discontinued in September 2011 ) application , as well as Google Wave ( also no longer supported by Google ) and Google Sites . Webmasters can add and customize a gadget to their own business or personal web site , a process called `` syndication '' .   Gadgets are developed by Google and third-party developers using the Google Gadgets API , using basic web technologies such as XML and JavaScript .

neg: List of Google Play edition devices The Google Play edition devices ( GPE ) is a series of consumer mobile devices sanctioned by Google that run the Android operating system . Unlike the standard versions of Android on these devices , which have received `` skins '' from the original equipment manufacturer , such as Samsung TouchWiz or HTC Sense , they run a `` stock '' version of Android , without any manufacturer or wireless carrier modifications , making them essentially like Google Nexus devices in terms of software but do not carry the Google Nexus branding , nor does their hardware differ from that of the original devices upon which the Play editions are based . Because of this , the software includes slight , under-the-hood changes to function on the original manufacturer 's hardware .   These devices are carrier unlocked and GSM-based , and have been offered exclusively through Google 's Play Store . Updates for these devices are delivered by Google ( bypassing carriers ) , but are supplied by the original device manufacturer .  Although the updates are not supplied directly by Google , as is the case with the products from the Nexus line , these devices receive Android updates at nearly the same time as Nexus products .   In January 2015 , Google stopped selling their final Google Play edition phone . While Google never officially announced the end of the program , no new phones have been announced since .