query: Buckingham Palace has pink lapis.

pos: Buckingham Palace Buckingham Palace ( -LSB- ˈbʌkɪŋəm_ˈpælɪs -RSB- ) is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom . Located in the City of Westminster , the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality . It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning .   Originally known as Buckingham House , the building at the core of today 's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1703 on a site that had been in private ownership for at least 150 years . It was acquired by King George III in 1761 as a private residence for Queen Charlotte and became known as The Queen 's House . During the 19th century it was enlarged , principally by architects John Nash and Edward Blore , who constructed three wings around a central courtyard . Buckingham Palace became the London residence of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837 .   The last major structural additions were made in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , including the East front , which contains the well-known balcony on which the royal family traditionally congregates to greet crowds . The palace chapel was destroyed by a German bomb during World War II ; the Queen 's Gallery was built on the site and opened to the public in 1962 to exhibit works of art from the Royal Collection .   The original early 19th-century interior designs , many of which survive , include widespread use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis , on the advice of Sir Charles Long . King Edward VII oversaw a partial redecoration in a Belle Époque cream and gold colour scheme . Many smaller reception rooms are furnished in the Chinese regency style with furniture and fittings brought from the Royal Pavilion at Brighton and from Carlton House . The palace has 775 rooms , and the garden is the largest private garden in London . The state rooms , used for official and state entertaining , are open to the public each year for most of August and September and on some days in winter and spring .

neg: Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston Henry John Temple , 3rd Viscount Palmerston , ( 20 October 1784 -- 18 October 1865 ) was a British statesman who served twice as Prime Minister in the mid-19th century . For most of 1830 to 1865 he dominated British foreign policy when Britain was at the height of her power . Popularly nicknamed `` Pam '' and `` The Mongoose '' , he was in government office almost continuously from 1807 until his death in 1865 , beginning his parliamentary career as a Tory , switching to the Whigs in 1830 , and concluding it as the first Prime Minister of the newly-formed Liberal Party from 1859 .   He succeeded to his father 's Irish peerage in 1802 . He became a Tory MP in 1807 , and was made Secretary at War in 1809 , responsible for the finances of the army . He held the job until 1828 , entering the cabinet in 1827 when George Canning became Prime Minister . Less than a year later he resigned with other Canningites .   In opposition he switched his focus to foreign policy , and he was Foreign Secretary ( 1830-4 , 1835 -- 41 and 1846 -- 51 ) when the Whigs were in power , dealing with a succession of crises in Europe and beyond . Some of his aggressive actions , now sometimes termed liberal interventionist , were highly controversial at the time , and remain so today . In 1852 he became Home Secretary in Aberdeen 's coalition government , the Peelites having insisted on Russell getting the Foreign Office . He passed various social reforms but opposed electoral ones . When public discontent over the Crimean War brought the government down in 1855 , Palmerston was found to be , despite the Queen 's distrust of him , the only Prime Minister who could sustain a majority in Parliament . He had two periods in office , 1855 -- 1858 and 1859 -- 1865 , before dying at almost 81 , a few months after winning a general election with an increased majority . He remains , to date , the last Prime Minister to die in office .   Historians consider him one of the greatest foreign secretaries , for his handling of great crises , his commitment to the balance of power that made Britain the deciding voice in many controversies , his analytic skills , and his commitment to British interests . His policies regarding India , Italy , Belgium and Spain had long-term impact , while his policies toward France , the Ottoman Empire , and the United States proved more ephemeral . He was a master of public opinion , achieved by stroking British nationalism . His weaknesses include mishandling of personal relations , and long-standing disagreements with the Queen over the royal role in determining foreign policy .   Palmerston built a strong popular following among the British electorate , by promoting himself , British nationalism , and a sense of patriotism . He assiduously fostered the press , which gave him very favourable coverage . Queen Victoria and most of the political leadership distrusted him , but his popular strength prevailed .

neg: The Royal Palace (Bucharest) The Royal Palace in Bucharest is a monumental building situated in Bucharest , on Calea Victoriei . The large place in front of it was traditionally called `` Piața Palatului '' ( The Palace 's Place ) , but was renamed `` Piața Revoluției '' ( `` Revolution 's Square '' ) after the Romanian Revolution of 1989 .   The Palace is the largest and most significant Royal residence in Romania , containing emblematic official spaces such as the Throne Hall ( Sala Tronului ) , the Royal Dining Hall ( Sufrageria Regală ) and the monumental Voivodes ' Staircase ( Scara Voievozilor ) .   During World War II , a complete rebuild of the Palace 's Place was planned , in order to underline the Royal Palace 's full monumentality , but this architectural project was never completed .   On December 30th , 1947 , a sudden Communist coup d'etat supported by the Soviet military ( that occupied Romania after the end of WWII ) forced HM King Michael I to sign an unconstitutional act of abdication and go in exile for 50 years . Romanian people was never consulted via a referendum . The Romanian Popular Republic was proclaimed the same evening , during a rigged Parliament assembly . After the installation of the Republican regime , the National Museum of Art of Romania was hosted in the Royal Palace .   After the Romanian Revolution , HM King Michael and HM Queen Anne were allowed for a first visit in the country in April 1992 ( despite their attempts to do that immediately after the events ) . The two-day visit was a historical event , the press reporting more than one million people warmly greeting the King in the streets . After that , the Romanian post-Communist authorities denied him a second visit until 1997 , when a newly-installed government under Victor Ciorbea abolished the Communist decree that banned the King 's Romanian citizenship , effectively allowing him to regain ID documents and permanently move in the country .   Since then , the Romanian Royal Family does regular public activities for Romania 's official representation worldwide .   Since the Royal Palace presently hosts a museum , the Romanian Royal Family ( HM King Michael , HRH Crown Princess Margareta and the other members ) now uses Elisabeta Palace as its official residence in Bucharest .

neg: Arundel House Arundel House was a London town-house or palace located between the Strand and the River Thames , near St Clement Danes . It was originally the town house of the Bishops of Bath and Wells , during the Middle Ages . In 1539 it was given to William Fitzwilliam , Earl of Southampton .   It reverted to the Crown on Fitzwilliam 's death and was granted in 1545 to Thomas Seymour , brother to Edward Seymour , 1st Duke of Somerset , Protector ( of the infant King Edward VI , son of King Henry VIII ) . After Seymour 's execution in 1549 for treason , the house was sold to Henry Fitz Alan , 19th Earl of Arundel , for around # 40 .   It later housed Thomas Howard 's collection of Old Masters and classical sculpture , the `` Arundel marbles '' , most of which are now in the Ashmolean Museum , though a 2nd-century AD relief from Ephesus kept at the house may be seen in the 17th century gallery at the Museum of London ) . Arundel House also hosted his protégé Wenceslaus Hollar .   An earlier name for the Arundel House was the Bath Inn . Under this name it housed Henry Percy , 9th Earl of Northumberland after his release from the Tower of London in 1621 . He came here to improve his health after spending a number of years in the Tower .   An entrance gateway designed by the court architect , Inigo Jones , has been demolished along with the rest of 17th-century Arundel House , commemorated in Arundel Street . The present late 19th-century Tudor Revival Arundel House , at the foot of Arundel Street on the corner of Temple Place , is a conference centre that currently serves as the headquarters for the International Institute for Strategic Studies .   The Roman Baths , Strand Lane were situated within the grounds , and remain in the ownership of the National Trust .   According to The Oxford Dictionary of Music ( 1994 ) , the first performance ever of Thomas Tallis 's forty-part motet , Spem in alium , probably took place in the Long Gallery of Arundel House at some point in 1568 or 1569 .

neg: Earl of Beaconsfield Earl of Beaconsfield , of Hughenden in the County of Buckingham , was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . It was created in 1876 for Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli , a favourite of Queen Victoria . Victoria favoured Disraeli 's Tory policies over those of his Liberal rival , William Ewart Gladstone . Disraeli had also promoted the Royal Titles Act 1876 that had given Victoria the title of `` Empress of India '' . The subsidiary title of the earldom was Viscount Hughenden , of Hughenden in the County of Buckingham , also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom .   In 1868 , at the end of his first term as Prime Minister , Disraeli 's wife Mary had been created Viscountess Beaconsfield , of Beaconsfield in the County of Buckingham , in her own right , allowing her husband to remain a member of the House of Commons . Lady Beaconsfield died in 1872 . When Disraeli became an earl in 1876 he automatically lost his seat in the Commons but remained Prime Minister , leading his government from the House of Lords .   Beaconsfield is the name of a town in the county of Buckinghamshire . For most of his parliamentary career , Disraeli served as a member for Buckinghamshire . He owned an estate , Hughenden Manor , in the nearby town of High Wycombe , but never lived in Beaconsfield . His choice of title might have been partly influenced by the fact that in 1794 the conservative political philosopher and parliamentarian Edmund Burke , whom Disraeli admired , had turned down King George III 's offer to raise him to the peerage as Lord Beaconsfield .   In 1878 , Disraeli refused Queen Victoria 's offer to make him a duke , accepting instead membership in the Order of the Garter . The Disraelis died without direct heirs and their titles became extinct ; Hughenden Manor passed to Lord Beaconsfield 's nephew Coningsby Ralph Disraeli .

neg: Hampton Court Park Hampton Court Park , adjacent to Hampton Court Palace and Gardens in South London , England , is a royal park managed by the Historic Royal Palaces . In 2014 , part of it was designated a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest together with Bushy Park and Hampton Court Golf Course .   It is a walled deer park of around 700 acre , with a herd of fallow deer , and has been open to the public since 1894 . The A308 road and the River Thames form its boundaries . North of the A308 is Bushy Park . The Royal Mews still graze some of their horses on the park in the summer .   The Long Water runs roughly eastward from the back of Hampton Court Palace and at the eastern end is the Golden Jubilee Fountain .

neg: Haga Palace Haga Palace ( Haga slott ) , formerly known as the Queen 's Pavilion ( Drottningens paviljong ) , is located in the Haga Park , Solna Municipality in Metropolitan Stockholm , Sweden . The palace , built in 18021805 , was modelled after ballet-master Gallodiers Italian villa in Drottningholm by architect Carl Christoffer Gjörwell on appointment by King Gustaf IV Adolf for the royal children . It has been the home or summerhouse for several members of the Swedish royal family -- most notably it was the birthplace of the present King -- until 1966 when King Gustaf VI Adolf transferred its disposal to the government and it was turned into a guesthouse for distinguished foreign official visitors . In 2009 , it was announced by Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt that the rights of disposal to the palace would be transferred back to the royal court to be used by Victoria , Crown Princess of Sweden , and her husband , Prince Daniel , Duke of Västergötland , as a wedding gift in 2010 . They moved into Haga Palace after their wedding on 19 June that year .

neg: Wedding dress of Kate Middleton English designer Sarah Burton , creative director of the luxury fashion house Alexander McQueen , designed the bridal gown worn by Catherine , Duchess of Cambridge ( née Middleton ) , at her wedding to Prince William , Duke of Cambridge , on 29 April 2011 .   The dress and its maker were not formally announced until the bride stepped from her car to enter Westminster Abbey just prior to the service . Noted for its design , symbolism , and expected influence on Western bridal gown trends , the dress was widely anticipated and generated much comment in the media . Replicas of the dress were produced and sold , and the original dress was on display at Buckingham Palace from 23 July 2011 until 3 October 2011 during the annual summer exhibition .

neg: Lambeth Palace Lambeth Palace is the official London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury in England , in north Lambeth , on the south bank of the River Thames , 400 yards south-east of the Palace of Westminster , which houses the Houses of Parliament , on the opposite bank .

neg: Brighton Brighton -LSB- ˈbraɪtən -RSB- is a seaside resort on the south coast of England . It is part of the ceremonial county of East Sussex , within the historic county of Sussex .   Archaeological evidence of settlement in the area dates back to the Bronze Age , Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods . The ancient settlement of `` Brighthelmstone '' was documented in the Domesday Book ( 1086 ) . The town 's importance grew in the Middle Ages as the Old Town developed , but it languished in the early modern period , affected by foreign attacks , storms , a suffering economy and a declining population . Brighton began to attract more visitors following improved road transport to London and becoming a boarding point for boats travelling to France . The town also developed in popularity as a health resort for sea bathing as a purported cure for illnesses .   In the Georgian era , Brighton developed as a fashionable seaside resort , encouraged by the patronage of the Prince Regent , later King George IV , who spent much time in the town and constructed the Royal Pavilion in the Regency era . Brighton continued to grow as a major centre of tourism following the arrival of the railways in 1841 , becoming a popular destination for day-trippers from London . Many of the major attractions were built in the Victorian era , including the Grand Hotel , the West Pier , and the Brighton Palace Pier . The town continued to grow into the 20th century , expanding to incorporate more areas into the town 's boundaries before joining the town of Hove to form the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove in 1997 , which was granted city status in 2000 .   Brighton 's location has made it a popular destination for tourists , renowned for its diverse communities , quirky shopping areas , large cultural , music and arts scene and its large LGBT population , leading to its reverence as the `` unofficial gay capital of the UK '' . Brighton attracted 7.5 million day visitors in 2015/16 and 4.9 million overnight visitors , and is the most popular seaside destination in the UK for overseas tourists . Brighton has also been called the UK 's `` hippest city '' , and `` the happiest place to live in the UK '' .

neg: Party at the Palace The Party at the Palace was a concert held in London in 2002 . The event was in commemoration of the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II held over the Golden Jubilee Weekend 1 -- 4 June 2002 . The concert itself was held at Buckingham Palace Garden on 3 June 2002 . It was the pop/rock equivalent of the Prom at the Palace , a classical music event .

neg: Jewel Tower The Jewel Tower is a 14th-century surviving element of the royal Palace of Westminster , in London , England . It was built between 1365 and 1366 , under the direction of William of Sleaford and Henry de Yevele , to house the personal treasure of Edward III . The tower , a three-storey , crenellated stone building , occupied a secluded part of the palace and was protected by a moat linked to the River Thames . The ground floor featured elaborate carved vaulting , described by historian Jeremy Ashbee as `` an architectural masterpiece '' . The tower continued to be used for storing the monarch 's treasure and personal possessions until 1512 , when a fire in the palace caused Henry VIII to relocate his court to Whitehall .   At the end of the 16th century , the House of Lords began to use the tower to store its parliamentary records , building a house alongside it for the use of the parliamentary clerk , and extensive improvements followed in 1621 . The tower continued as the Lords ' records office through the 18th century , and several sets of renovations and building work were carried out to improve its fire-proofing and comfort , creating the current appearance of the tower . In 1834 , the tower was one of only four buildings to survive a terrible fire in Westminster , and in the aftermath the records were moved to a new , purpose-built archive .   The Jewel Tower was taken over by the newly formed Standard Weights and Measures Department in 1869 , who used it for storing and testing official weights and measures . The rising levels of London traffic made the tower increasingly unsuitable for this work , and by 1938 the department had abandoned it in favour of other facilities . In 1948 , the building was placed into the care of the Ministry of Works , who repaired the damage inflicted to the tower during the Second World War , and extensively restored the building , clearing the surrounding area and opening the tower for tourists . In the 21st century , the Jewel Tower is managed by English Heritage , receiving around 30,000 visitors each year .

neg: Grade II* listed buildings in Brighton and Hove There are 70 Grade II * listed buildings in the city of Brighton and Hove , England . The city , on the English Channel coast approximately 52 mi south of London , was formed as a unitary authority in 1997 by the merger of the neighbouring towns of Brighton and Hove . Queen Elizabeth II granted city status in 2000 .   In England , a building or structure is defined as `` listed '' when it is placed on a statutory register of buildings of `` special architectural or historic interest '' by the Secretary of State for Culture , Media and Sport , a Government department , in accordance with the Planning ( Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas ) Act 1990 . English Heritage , a non-departmental public body , acts as an agency of this department to administer the process and advise the department on relevant issues . There are three grades of listing status . Grade I , the highest , is defined as being of `` exceptional interest '' ; Grade II * is used for `` particularly important buildings of more than special interest '' ; and Grade II , the lowest , is used for buildings of `` special interest '' .   Brighton was founded on top of the sea-facing cliffs where the South Downs meet the English Channel . A series of valleys allowed transport routes to develop towards Lewes , London and other important settlements . Although Neolithic settlement has been confirmed , the Anglo-Saxons were the first permanent settlers ; the population was about 400 by the time of the Domesday survey in 1086 . Its neighbour Hove , on flatter , more fertile land to the west , developed concurrently but independently : its existence was recorded in 1288 , and two separate prebends ( similar to benefices ) existed by 1291 . Fishing , farming and smuggling drove the economy , but decline set in during the Middle Ages and persisted until the 19th century . Coastal flooding destroyed buildings on many occasions , the parish church fell into ruins , and the population -- almost all poor -- numbered about 100 in 1801 .   Brighton became fashionable as a holiday destination and health resort in the mid-18th century , and royal patronage ( particularly by the flamboyant Prince Regent ) increased its popularity with high society and the upper classes . Day-trippers and longer-term visitors from other social classes soon followed , and by the early 19th century the town was Britain 's foremost seaside resort . Developments such as Royal Crescent , Regency Square , Oriental Place and Park Crescent characterised the bold architectural vision of the town 's new residents ; the design triumvirate of Amon Wilds , Amon Henry Wilds and Charles Busby were instrumental in realising these plans . Hove 's fortunes improved in line with Brighton 's success , and developments such as Palmeira Mansions and Sir Isaac Goldsmid 's Adelaide Crescent covered the fields between the ancient village of Hove and Brighton 's continuous westward expansion .   The Vicar of Brighton , Rev. Henry Michell Wagner -- a wealthy , progressive clergyman with strong Anglo-Catholic views and an interest in architecture -- and his son and successor Rev. Arthur Wagner were responsible for an array of new churches throughout Brighton and Hove ( especially in poorer residential areas ) ; many are listed at Grade I , and the Grade II * - listed examples of St Martin 's and St Paul 's merely add to a stock of Victorian places of worship which has been described as one of the best outside London . Elsewhere during the Victorian era , the former parish churches of both Brighton and Hove were rebuilt ; an elaborate synagogue was provided for the Jewish population ; Roman Catholic worship became established at the Classical-style St John the Baptist 's Church ; a new parish church was established in the form of Charles Barry 's St Peter 's ; and several other churches were established .   Both towns were incorporated as boroughs : Brighton in 1854 , Hove in 1898 . Expansion in the 20th century , as the urban area became a large regional centre , resulted in ancient villages being absorbed into the boroughs . Hangleton , West Blatchington , Ovingdean , Rottingdean and others had historic buildings and long-established churches of their own ; by 1928 , Acts of Parliament had brought them into `` Greater Brighton and Hove '' . In 1997 , the towns were officially united as a unitary authority ; three years later , city status was secured .   Some listings include contributory fixtures such as surrounding walls or railings in front of the building . These are summarised by notes alongside the building name .

neg: Charles, Prince of Wales Charles , Prince of Wales ( Charles Philip Arthur George ; born 14 November 1948 ) is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II . Known alternatively in South West England as Duke of Cornwall and in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay , he is the longest-serving heir apparent in British history , having held the position since 1952 . He is also the oldest person to be next in line to the throne since Sophia of Hanover ( the heir presumptive to Queen Anne ) , who died in 1714 at the age of 83 .   Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth . He was educated at Cheam and Gordonstoun Schools , which his father , Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , had attended as a child , as well as the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria , Australia . After earning a bachelor of arts degree from Trinity College , Cambridge , Charles served in the Royal Navy from 1971 to 1976 .   In 1981 , he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons : Prince William ( born 1982 ) later to become Duke of Cambridge , and Prince Harry ( born 1984 ) . In 1996 , the couple divorced , following well-publicised extramarital affairs . Diana died in a car crash in Paris the following year . In 2005 , Charles married Camilla Parker Bowles .   Charles 's interests encompass a range of humanitarian and social issues : he founded The Prince 's Trust in 1976 , sponsors The Prince 's Charities , and is patron of numerous other charitable and arts organisations . Charles has long championed organic farming for which he established the Duchy Home Farm , run by the Duchy of Cornwall , which produces ingredients for the Duchy Originals brand which he founded in 1990 . Charles has sought to raise world awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment , such as climate change . As an environmentalist , he has received numerous awards and recognition from environmental groups around the world . His support for alternative medicine , including homeopathy , has been criticised by some in the medical community . He has been outspoken on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings . Subsequently , Charles created Poundbury , an experimental new town based on his theories , in Dorset in 1993 . He has authored a number of books , including A Vision of Britain : A Personal View of Architecture in 1989 and the children 's book The Old Man of Lochnagar in 1980 .

neg: Grade II listed buildings in Brighton and Hove: M As of February 2001 , there were 1,124 listed buildings with Grade II status in the English city of Brighton and Hove . The total at 2009 was similar . The city , on the English Channel coast approximately 52 mi south of London , was formed as a unitary authority in 1997 by the merger of the neighbouring towns of Brighton and Hove . Queen Elizabeth II granted city status in 2000 .   In England , a building or structure is defined as `` listed '' when it is placed on a statutory register of buildings of `` special architectural or historic interest '' by the Secretary of State for Culture , Media and Sport , a Government department , in accordance with the Planning ( Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas ) Act 1990 . English Heritage , a non-departmental public body , acts as an agency of this department to administer the process and advise the department on relevant issues . There are three grades of listing status . The Grade II designation is the lowest , and is used for `` nationally important buildings of special interest '' . Grade II * is used for `` particularly important buildings of more than special interest '' ; there are 69 such buildings in the city . There are also 24 Grade I listed buildings ( defined as being of `` exceptional interest '' and greater than national importance , and the highest of the three grades ) in Brighton and Hove .   This list summarises 131 Grade II-listed buildings and structures whose names begin with M. Numbered buildings with no individual name are listed by the name of the street they stand on . Some listings include contributory fixtures such as surrounding walls or railings in front of the building . These are summarised by notes alongside the building name .

neg: Palace Theatre, Westcliff-on-Sea The Palace Theatre is a theatre in the town of Westcliff-on-Sea in the English county of Essex . The theatre presents a range of performances , including drama , music and both local and national touring companies .   The theatre was built by Ward & Ward of London and was opened in October 1912 . It was named the `` Palace of Varieties '' in November that year . In December it was renamed `` The New Palace '' and a small annexe at the back of the stage was built to facilitate projection for cinema . In the interwar period the theatre mainly presented touring ballet and repertory companies . The theatre and its business continued through World War II , however there were some financial troubles and a period of closure , and a number of companies held the lease of the theatre thereafter .   In 1957 the Palace Theatre Club was created with the intention to protect the interests of the theatre and raise funds for it . In 1969 the Palace Theatre suffered a major financial crisis and was closed , however a petition by the Palace Theatre Club led to its reopening in 1970 and the establishment of the Palace Theatre Trust . After extensive redecorations in 1973 and 1986 and the addition of the adjacent building to the theatre as the Dixon Studio in 1980 , in March 1999 the theatre was closed again , but was reopened in 2001 under new management . The theatre was closed in 2002 when the management left without explanation , however it reopened again in 2003 under the newly formed Southend Theatres , the result of a merger of the Cliffs Pavilion and the Palace Theatre .

neg: Palazzo Chigi The Palazzo Chigi ( -LSB- paˈlattso ˈkiːdʒi -RSB- ) is a palace or noble residence in Rome and the official residence of the Prime Minister of the Italian Republic . Since December 12 , 2016 , the occupant of Palazzo Chigi is Paolo Gentiloni .   The Palazzo , overlooking the Piazza Colonna and the Via del Corso , was begun in 1562 by Giacomo della Porta and completed by Carlo Maderno in 1580 for the Aldobrandini family . In 1659 it was purchased by the Chigi family . It was then remodelled by Felice della Greca and Giovan Battista Contini . It has five floors , a broad stairway that leads to the living rooms , and a courtyard decorated with a fountain , designed by Giacomo della Porta . The fountain has been copied in many sites in Rome and other Italian cities .   In 1878 it became the residence of the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador to Italy . In 1916 it was bought by the Italian state and became the seat of the Minister for Colonial Affairs . Later it was the official residence of the Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs . In 1961 it became the official meeting place of Council of Ministers whose President is the head of the Italian government .   The Library Hall was commissioned by Agostino Chigi at the end of the 17th century in order to house the enormous library of cardinal Flavio Chigi . The project was realized by Giovan Battista Contini , a famous architect of the period .  The Chigi library or Chigiana contained thousands of valuable manuscripts , to a large part based on the personal library of Pope Alexander VII , a member of the Chigi family . Since the time of Pope Benedict XV , the Vatican attempted to acquire this library , but lacked the necessary funds . Eventually , Pietro Tacchi Venturi was tasked by Pope Pius XI to negotiate the purchase with the newly formed fascist government of Benito Mussolini . Venturi managed to convince Mussolini to donate the library to the Vatican free of charge .

neg: George Dodington, 1st Baron Melcombe George Bubb Dodington , 1st Baron Melcombe ( 1691 -- 28 July 1762 ) was an English politician and nobleman .   Christened simply George Bubb , he changed his surname to Dodington by Act of Parliament around the time his uncle George Dodington died in 1720 and left him his estate . Enormously rich , he became a friend of Frederick , Prince of Wales , who took advantage of their acquaintance to obtain loans that helped clear his debts , and , on being thrown out of St James 's Palace by his father , King George II , moved into a London house belonging to Dodington . He had many contacts with artists and was a collector , purchasing antiquities via Cardinal Albani in Rome . His house at Hammersmith , known as ` La Trappe ' ( an ironic reference to a Trappist monastery ) was the focus of a lively political and cultural salon of supporters of Frederick , Prince of Wales whose palace at Kew was located just across the river . It was designed by the neo-Palladian architect Roger Morris who had been connected with the circle of Lord Burlington and the sculpture gallery was designed by the Italian architect and firework display designer Giovanni Niccolo Servandoni . Dodington is said to have been involved in a spy-ring , collecting valuable information about Jacobite activities . In 1761 , following the accession of Frederick 's son to the throne as George III , he was created Baron Melcombe .   Historian N.A.M. Rodger describes Dodington as an `` indefatigable schemer '' on behalf of his friends and interests of the time . Dodington is depicted in William Hogarth 's 1761 engraving Five Orders of Periwigs ; his diary was published posthumously in 1784 by Henry Penruddocke Wyndham .

neg: Graff Pink The Graff Pink , a rare 24.78 carat pink diamond , once owned by American celebrity jeweller Harry Winston , has been described as `` one of the greatest diamonds ever discovered '' . The diamond , mounted in a ring , was sold by Sotheby 's auctioneers in Geneva , Switzerland on 16 November 2010 . Before its sale , the stone was expected to enter the list of the top ten most expensive diamonds in the world ; on selling for US $ 46 million ( # 29 million ) it became the most expensive single jewel ever sold at auction at that time .

neg: Crown Estate The Crown Estate is a collection of lands and holdings in the United Kingdom belonging to the British monarch as a corporation sole , making it the `` Sovereign 's public estate '' , which is neither government property nor part of the monarch 's private estate . As a result of this arrangement , the sovereign is not involved with the management or administration of the estate , exercising only very limited control of its affairs . Instead , the estate 's extensive portfolio is overseen by a semi-independent , incorporated public body headed by the Crown Estate Commissioners , who exercise `` the powers of ownership '' of the estate , although they are not `` owners in their own right '' . The revenues from these hereditary possessions have been placed by the monarch at the disposition of Her Majesty 's Government and thus proceed directly to Her Majesty 's Treasury for the benefit of the British nation . The Crown Estate is formally accountable to the Parliament of the United Kingdom , where it is legally mandated to make an annual report to the sovereign , a copy of which is forwarded to the House of Commons .   The Crown Estate is one of the largest property managers in the United Kingdom , overseeing property worth # 12 billion , with urban properties valued at # 9.1 billion representing the majority of the estate by value . These include a large number of properties in central London , but the estate also controls 792000 ha of agricultural land and forest , more than half of the UK 's foreshore , and retains various other traditional holdings and rights , including Ascot Racecourse and Windsor Great Park . Naturally occurring gold and silver in the UK , collectively known as `` Mines Royal '' , are managed by The Crown Estate and leased to mining operators .   Historically , Crown Estate properties were administered by the reigning monarch to help fund the business of governing the country . However , in 1760 , George III surrendered control over the Estate 's revenues to the treasury , thus relieving him of the responsibility of personally paying for the costs of the civil service , defence costs , the national debt , and his own personal debts . In return , he received an annual grant known as the Civil list . By tradition , each subsequent monarch agreed to this arrangement upon his or her accession . However , from 1 April 2012 , under the terms of the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 ( SSG ) , the Civil List was abolished and the monarch was thenceforth provided with a stable source of revenue indexed to a percentage of the Crown Estate 's annual net revenue ( currently set at 15 % ) . This was intended to provide a long-term solution and remove the politically sensitive issue of Parliament having to debate the Civil List allowance every ten years . Subsequently , the Sovereign Grant Act allows for all future monarchs to simply extend these provisions for their reigns by Order in Council . The act does not imply any legal change on the nature of the estate 's ownership , but is simply a benchmark by which the sovereign grant is set as a grant by Parliament .

neg: Powis House Powis House was an 18th-century mansion in London , England . It stood on the northern side of Great Ormond Street , not far from Queen Square .   The first version of Powis House was built in the 1690s for William Herbert , 2nd Marquess of Powis . No drawings of this version survive . At some point it was let for use as the French embassy , and on 26 January 1713 it burned to the ground . Jonathan Swift attributed this event to `` the carelessness of the rascally French servants '' . A replacement house was soon built . It had three main storeys above an arched basement and was 104 feet ( 32 metres ) wide . The subtle but lively façade featured Corinthian pilasters and a phoenix above the front door . The architect is unknown , but may have been French . The staircase walls were painted by the Venetian painter of the rococo , Giacomo Amiconi .   Philip Yorke , 1st Earl of Hardwicke leased the house in the mid 18th century and from 1764 to 1783 it was the Spanish embassy . However , the locality was rapidly falling from favour with the aristocracy , making the demise of the house more or less inevitable , and by the end of the 18th century it had been demolished . There is now a small access street to Great Ormond Street Hospital called Powis Place .


query: The Belko Experiment premiered at the 41st Sundance Film Festival.

pos: The Belko Experiment The Belko Experiment is a 2016 American horror film directed by Greg McLean and written by James Gunn . The film stars John Gallagher Jr. , Tony Goldwyn , Adria Arjona and Melonie Diaz . Filming began on June 1 , 2015 , in Bogotá , Colombia . The film premiered at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival on September 10 , 2016 and was released in the United States on March 17 , 2017 , by BH Tilt and Orion Pictures . The film received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed $ 10 million worldwide , against its $ 5 million budget .

neg: Roko Belic Roko Belic is an American film producer and director . His directorial debut , Genghis Blues , was nominated for an Academy Award for best documentary feature .

neg: Bastardo (film) Bastardo is a 2013 Tunisian drama film written and directed by Nejib Belkadhi . It was screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival .

neg: Belinsky (film) Belinsky is a 1953 Soviet biopic film directed by Grigori Kozintsev , based on the life of Russian literary critic Vissarion Belinsky ( 1811 -- 1848 ) . The production of the film was completed in 1951 but it was not released until 1953 , following the reshooting of various scenes demanded by Stalin .

neg: 2006 Toronto International Film Festival The 31st Toronto International Film Festival ran from September 7 to September 16 , 2006 . Opening the festival was Zacharias Kunuk and Norman Cohn 's The Journals of Knud Rasmussen , a film that `` explores the history of the Inuit people through the eyes of a father and daughter . ''   In a press release dated June 27 , 2006 , twenty-six international film selections were announced which previously premiered at major film festivals worldwide . Of the films announced , twenty-five of them will receive their North American premiere .   Among the many anticipated films were Babel by Alejandro González Iñárritu , Volver by Pedro Almodóvar , Election 2 ( a.k.a. Triad Election ) by Johnnie To , The Fountain by Darren Aronofsky and The Host by Bong Joon-ho .   Bella took top prize at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival by winning the highly coveted `` People 's Choice Award '' , a distinction which puts them in the company of such Oscar-winning films as Chariots of Fire , American Beauty , Life Is Beautiful , Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon and Hotel Rwanda . Last year 's winner of the `` People 's Choice '' Award , Tsotsi , won an Oscar for best foreign-language film .   Bella marks the feature directorial debut for Alejandro Monteverde , who also co-wrote its original screenplay with Patrick Million . Bella features Manuel Perez , Angélica Aragón , Jaime Terelli and Ali Landry . Bella was produced by Sean Wolfington , Eduardo Verastegui , Leo Severino , Alejandro Monteverde and Denise Pinckley and executive produced by J. Eustace Wolfington , Ana Wolfington and Stephen McEveety . The film was financed by producers Sean Wolfingtonand Eustace Wolfington . McEveety ( Braveheart , We Were Soldiers , Passion of the Christ ) consulted on the script and signed on as an Executive Producer to help market the movie . Bella is McEveety 's first release under his nascent Mpower Films moniker and marks his first feature since ankling Mel Gibson 's Icon productions .

neg: Prank (film) Prank is a 2016 Canadian comedy film directed by Vincent Biron . It was screened in the Discovery section at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival .

neg: 1998 Cannes Film Festival The 51st Cannes Film Festival was held on May 13 -- 24 , 1998 . The Palme d'Or went to the Greek film Mia aioniotita kai mia mera by Theo Angelopoulos .   The festival opened with Primary Colors , directed by Mike Nichols , and closed with Godzilla , directed by Roland Emmerich . Lulu on the Bridge , directed by Paul Auster , opened the Un Certain Regard section .

neg: Bamako (film) Bamako is a 2006 film directed by Abderrahmane Sissako , first released at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival on 21 May and in Manhattan by New Yorker Films on 14 February 2007 .   The film depicts a trial taking place in Bamako , the capital of Mali , amid the daily life that is going on in the city . In the midst of that trial , two sides argue whether the World Bank and International Monetary Fund are guided by special interest of developed nations , or whether it is corruption and the individual nations ' mismanagement , that is guilty of the current financial state of many poverty-stricken African countries as well as the rest of the poor undeveloped world .   Danny Glover , one of the film 's executive producers , also guest-stars as an actor in a Western film ( called Death in Timbuktu ) that some children are watching on the television in one scene .

neg: Life Itself (film) Life Itself is a 2014 American biographical documentary film about film critic Roger Ebert , directed by Steve James and produced by Zak Piper , Steve James and Garrett Basch . The film is based on Ebert 's 2011 memoir of the same name . It premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival and was an official selection at the 67th Cannes Film Festival . The 41st Telluride Film Festival hosted a special screening of the film on August 28 , 2014 . Magnolia Pictures released the film theatrically in the United States and simultaneously via video on demand platforms on July 4 , 2014 .   On December 2 , 2014 , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced that the film was 1 of 15 films shortlisted in the Documentary Feature category for the 87th Academy Awards , but it was not nominated . It was also nominated for two News & Documentary Emmy Awards , winning the award for Outstanding Editing : Documentary & Long-Form .

neg: Belorussian Station Belorussian Station ( Белорусский вокзал , translit . Belorusski vokzal ) is a 1971 Soviet drama film directed by Andrei Smirnov .

neg: One Night (2012 film) One Night ( 38 témoins ) , also known as 38 Witnesses , is a 2012 Belgian-French drama film directed by Lucas Belvaux . It was written by Belvaux based on Didier Decoin 's novel Est-ce ainsi que les femmes meurent ? . It premiered on 30 January 2012 , at the International Film Festival Rotterdam . The film was nominated for seven Magritte Awards , winning Best Screenplay .

neg: 32nd Ale Kino! Festival The 32nd annual Ale Kino ! International Young Audience Film Festival was held from 30 November to 7 December 2014 . A number of 115 movies , took part , some of them only in the non-competitive section .   The movies were presented in Multikino 51 cinema and Imperial Castle Cinema , as well as in Łejery Arts School and Children 's Art Centre . A lot of additional events were held at the same time , like film workshops for the children and meetings with the filmmakers .   The movies were judged by eight different jury sets ; professional and amateurish , separate for the feature and short movies .

neg: The Bandit Trail The Bandit Trail is a 1941 Western film .

neg: Mothers (2010 film) Mothers ( Macedonian : Мајки / Majki ) is a 2010 film by Milcho Manchevski . The internationally co-produced film is notable for its innovative use of fiction and documentary . Manchevski attributes his experiment to his interest in the blurring lines between truth and fiction , drama and documentary .   The three stories focus on three aspects of life in contemporary Republic of Macedonia ( a city , a small town and a deserted village ) . Mothers , whose motto is `` The Truth Hurts '' explores the nature of truth -- all three stories ( two fiction and one documentary ) are based on real events , but only one - the most incredible - is told as documentary . This story examines the unsolved mystery of the Kichevo serial killer who murdered several retired cleaning women . A crime reporter who covered the stories was arrested , and two days later he was found dead with his head in a bucket of water . A suicide note was found in his cell .   Mothers premiered at the Toronto Film Festival and had its European premiere in the Panorama section of the 61st Berlin International Film Festival .

neg: Filofest The International Student Film and Video Festival is the first international festival in Slovenia that is focused on student film and video production . Filofest festival takes place every two years at the Faculty of Arts , University of Ljubljana , since 2006 . The festival is organized by the students of the Faculty of Arts as well as other Ljubljana faculties .   Along with its primary role as a film festival , the International Student Film and Video Festival Filofest is accompanied by additional programme : lectures , panel discussions , exhibitions , social gatherings , etc. .   Before 2014 , the competition part of the programme was opened exclusively to independent student films , whose authors were amateurs without any formal film education . Films directed by students of film academies or film schools were screened within the non-competition part of the programme . In 2014 , the festival opened the competition programme to all student films , but also presented a special award to an independent student film . The festival accepts fiction , documentary , animated and experimental films , and music videos .

neg: Abattoir (film) Abattoir is a 2016 American horror film directed by Darren Lynn Bousman and written by Christopher Monfette . It premiered on June 7 , 2016 at the Los Angeles Film Festival .

neg: Canned Film Festival The Canned Film Festival is a comedy-based motion picture television series that was nationally syndicated during the late night hours in the United States for a single season in the summer of 1986 . With only a one-letter difference in the spelling , the name is an intentional play on the name for the Cannes Film Festival , the annual world-renowned film-screening celebration in Cannes , France . Not to be confused with the latter , the Canned Film Festival featured B movies as the centerpiece for each television episode , and was composed of short vignettes interwoven throughout the films . Boasting the tagline `` late night with the best of the worst '' , the series was promoted and sponsored by the Dr Pepper Company , whose then-tagline `` out-of-the-ordinary '' echoed the show 's collection of odd and strange movies . The series was created by Young & Rubicam , developed for television by Chelsea Communications , and distributed by LBS Communications .   Although similar in style to the successful Mystery Science Theater 3000 series that aired a few years later , the Canned Film Festival differed in that its comedy scenes occurred strictly during the commercial intermissions instead of adding peanut gallery type satire during the actual run of the movies . In addition , the script , although comedic in nature , often reflected upon the serious contextual and cultural subjects contained in the featured movies , sometimes providing historical insight into their production . An example is seen during the episode featuring Project Moonbase , where female spaceship commanders were discussed as an accurate future prediction by the 1950s era movie , as were cordless telephones and big screen televisions . The featured B movies of the series were not full-length , and edited to fit the show 's approximately two-hour timeframe per episode .

neg: The Last Winter (2006 film) The Last Winter is a 2006 thriller film directed by Larry Fessenden . The Last Winter premiered in The Contemporary World Cinema Programme at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival on September 11 , 2006 . The script for the film originally featured a more woodsy Alaska with pine trees and it was after a research trip to Prudhoe Bay that they discovered the harsh flat conditions that ultimately ended up in the film .

neg: The Signal (2014 film) The Signal is a 2014 American science fiction thriller film directed by William Eubank and co-written with Carlyle Eubank and David Frigerio . The film stars Brenton Thwaites and Laurence Fishburne . The film premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival and was released theatrically in the United States on June 13 , 2014 . The film is among an increasing number of low-budget , independent science fiction films to be included at the Sundance Film Festival in recent years .

neg: Of God and Dogs Of God and Dogs is a 2014 documentary short film , directed by Abounaddara Collective . Abounaddara Collective is a Damascus based independent film company that specializes in documentaries .   The film later screened at 2014 Sundance Film Festival on January 18 , 2014 . It won the Grand Jury Prize at the festival . The film later screened at 2014 Sundance London Film Festival on April 26 , 2014 .

neg: 1993 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards The 19th Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards , honoring the best in film for 1993 , were given on 11 December 1993 .


query: The Republican Party once had a strong commitment to tariffs.

pos: Republican Party (United States) The Republican Party , commonly referred to as the GOP ( abbreviation for Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , the other being its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The party is named after republicanism , the dominant value during the American Revolution . Founded by anti-slavery activists , modernists , ex-Whigs , and ex-Free Soilers in 1854 , the Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932 .   There have been 19 Republican presidents , the most from any one party . The first was 16th president Abraham Lincoln , who served from 1861 to 1865 , when he was assassinated , and the most recent being 45th and current president Donald Trump , who took office on January 20 , 2017 .   The Republican Party 's current ideology is American conservatism , which contrasts with the Democrats ' more progressive platform ( also called modern liberalism ) . Further , its platform involves support for free market capitalism , free enterprise , fiscal conservatism , a strong national defense , deregulation , and restrictions on labor unions . In addition to advocating for conservative economic policies , the Republican Party is socially conservative , and seeks to uphold traditional values based largely on Judeo-Christian ethics . The GOP was strongly committed to protectionism and tariffs from its founding until the 1930s , when it was based in the industrial Northeast and Midwest . Since 1952 there has been a reversal against protectionism and the party 's core support since the 1990s comes chiefly from the South , the Great Plains , the Mountain States and rural districts in the North . as well as from conservative Catholics , Mormons , and Evangelicals nationwide .   As of 2017 , the Republican Party is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928 . In addition to holding the Presidency ( via Trump and Vice President Mike Pence ) , the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress , having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate . The party also holds a majority of governorships ( 33/50 ) and state legislatures ( full control of 32/50 , split control of six others ) .

neg: 1952 Republican National Convention The 1952 Republican National Convention was held at the International Amphitheatre in Chicago , Cook County , Illinois from July 7 to July 11 , 1952 , and nominated the popular general and war hero Dwight D. Eisenhower of Kansas , nicknamed `` Ike , '' for president and the anti-communist crusading Senator from California , Richard M. Nixon , for vice president .   The Republican platform pledged to end the unpopular war in Korea , supported the development of nuclear weapons as a deterrence strategy , to fire all `` the loafers , incompetents and unnecessary employees '' at the State Department , condemned the Roosevelt and Truman administrations ' economic policies , supported retention of the Taft-Hartley Act , opposed `` discrimination against race , religion or national origin '' , supported `` Federal action toward the elimination of lynching '' , and pledged to bring an end to communist subversion in the United States .

neg: American Republican Party (1843) The American Republican Party was a minor nativist political organization that was launched in New York in June 1843 , largely as a protest against immigrant voters and officeholders . In 1844 , it carried municipal elections in New York City and Philadelphia and expanded so rapidly that by July , 1845 , a national convention was called . This convention changed the name to the Native American Party and drafted a legislative program calling for a twenty-one-year period preceding naturalization and other sweeping reforms in the immigration policy . Failure to force congressional action on these proposals , combined with the growing national interest in the Mexican problem before the Mexican -- American War , led to the party 's rapid decline .

neg: William F. Butler William F. Butler was an American politician and African American leader born in Jefferson County , Kentucky , United States who became president of the Negro Republican Party formed after the American Civil War .   Speaking in Louisville , Kentucky in 1867 , Butler said `` We claim ... a position of political equality with whites as a matter of right , as a matter of justice '' .  At the first convention of the Negro Republican Party , held in Lexington , Kentucky in November 1867 , he said `` First we had the cartridge box , now we want the ballot box , and soon we will get the jury box '' .  Expanding on this theme , he spoke of the service of African Americans in the Union Army during the civil war , saying `` We went out and fought the battles of our country , and gained our liberties , but we were left without the means of protecting ourselves in the employment of that liberty . We need and must have the ballot box for that purpose '' .  Later , Butler moved to New York City , and was a member of the New York delegation to the 1872 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia .

neg: Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt The presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt began on March 4 , 1933 , when he was inaugurated as the 32nd President of the United States , and ended upon his death on April 12 , 1945 , a span of ( 4422 days ) . Roosevelt assumed the presidency in the midst of the Great Depression . Starting with his landslide victory over Republican President Herbert Hoover in the 1932 election . He won a record four presidential terms , and became a central figure in world affairs during World War II . His program for relief , recovery and reform , known as the New Deal , involved a great expansion of the role of the federal government in the economy . Under his steady leadership , the Democratic Party built a `` New Deal Coalition '' of labor unions , big city machines , white ethnics , African Americans , and rural white Southerners , that would significantly realign American politics for the next several decades in the Fifth Party System and also define modern American liberalism .   During his first hundred days in office , Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented major legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal -- a variety of programs designed to produce relief ( government jobs for the unemployed ) , recovery ( economic growth ) , and reform ( through regulation of Wall Street , banks and transportation ) . He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers , and to encourage labor union growth while more closely regulating business and high finance . The repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity , helping him win re-election by a landslide in 1936 . The economy improved rapidly from 1933 to 1937 , but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937 -- 38 . The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his attempted packing of the Supreme Court , and blocked most of his legislative proposals , aside from the Fair Labor Standards Act . When the war began and unemployment largely became a non-issue , conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs , the WPA and CCC , but kept most of the regulations on business . Along with several smaller programs , major surviving programs from the New Deal include the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Wagner Act , the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , and Social Security .   A potential worldwide war loomed after 1937 , with the Japanese invasion of China and the aggression of Nazi Germany , which invaded Poland in September 1939 . Roosevelt remained officially neutral but gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China , the United Kingdom , Free France , and the Soviet Union via initiatives such as the Lend-Lease programs . Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , Roosevelt sought and obtained a declaration of war upon Japan . A few days later , he sought and obtained a declaration of war upon the other major Axis powers , Germany and Italy . Assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins , and with very strong national support , he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies during World War II . He supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort , and the war saw the end of the massive unemployment that characterized the Great Depression . Roosevelt sought to desegregate the federal workforce with the Fair Employment Practice Committee , but he also controversially ordered the internment of 100,000 Japanese American civilians . As an active military leader , Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and the development of the world 's first nuclear bomb . Though he died months before the end of the war , his work on the post-war order shaped the new United Nations and the Bretton Woods international financial system . Roosevelt 's health seriously declined during the war years , and he died three months into his fourth term . He was succeeded by Vice President Harry S. Truman . It was on Roosevelt 's watch that the Democratic Party was returned to dominance , prosperity returned , and two great military enemies were destroyed .   Scholars , historians and the public typically rank Roosevelt alongside Abraham Lincoln and George Washington as one of the three greatest U.S. Presidents .

neg: Chicken tax The chicken tax is a 25 % tariff on potato starch , dextrin , brandy , and light trucks imposed in 1963 by the United States under President Lyndon B. Johnson in response to tariffs placed by France and West Germany on importation of U.S. chicken . The period from 1961 -- 1964 of tensions and negotiations surrounding the issue was known as the `` Chicken War , '' taking place at the height of Cold War politics .   Eventually , the tariffs on potato starch , dextrin , and brandy were lifted , but over the next 48 years the light truck tax ossified , remaining in place to protect U.S. domestic automakers from foreign competition ( e.g. , from Japan and Thailand ) . Though concern remains about its repeal , a 2003 Cato Institute study called the tariff `` a policy in search of a rationale . ''   As an unintended consequence several importers of light trucks have circumvented the tariff via loopholes -- including Ford ( ostensibly a company that the tax was designed to protect ) , which imported the Transit Connect light trucks as `` passenger vehicles '' to the U.S. from Turkey and immediately strips and shreds portions of their interiors , such as installed rear seats , in a warehouse outside Baltimore -- and Mercedes , which imported complete vans built in Germany , `` disassembled them and shipped the pieces to South Carolina , where American workers put them back together in a small kit assembly building . '' The resulting vehicles emerge as locally manufactured , free from the tariff .

neg: Conscience Whigs The `` Conscience '' Whigs were a faction of the Whig Party in the state of Massachusetts noted for their moral opposition to slavery . They were noted as opponents of the more conservative `` Cotton '' Whigs who dominated the state party , led by such figures as Edward Everett , Robert C. Winthrop , and Abbott Lawrence , whose close association with the New England textile industry led them to de-emphasize the slavery issue . Leaders of the `` Conscience Whigs '' included Charles Sumner , Henry Wilson , and Charles Francis Adams . The group split from the Whig party in 1848 , when the national party nominated the slave-owning General Zachary Taylor for President , and played a role in the creation of the new Free Soil Party , which nominated Adams for Vice President on a ticket with anti-slavery former Democratic President Martin Van Buren .   Following the failure of the Free Soil Party in the election that year , most Conscience Whigs would return to the Whig fold . More followed after the Compromise of 1850 temporarily neutralized the issue of slavery . During the mid 1850s , several Conscience leaders played an important role later in the foundation of the Republican Party .   The term `` Conscience Whig '' is sometimes used more broadly to refer to Whigs in other states noted for their opposition to slavery .

neg: Half-Breed (politics) The `` Half-Breeds '' were a political faction of the United States Republican Party in the late 19th century . The Half-Breeds were a moderate-wing group , and were the opponents of the Stalwarts , the other main faction of the Republican Party . The main issue that divided the Stalwarts and the Half-Breeds was political patronage . The Stalwarts were in favor of political machines and spoils system-style patronage , while the Half-Breeds , led by Maine senator James G. Blaine , were in favor of civil service reform and a merit system . The epithet `` Half-Breed '' was invented in derision by the Stalwarts to denote those whom they perceived as being only half Republican .   In the 1880 Republican National Convention , the Stalwart candidate , former president Ulysses S. Grant , was pitted against Half-Breed James G. Blaine for the party nomination . Grant 's campaign was led by Stalwart leader Roscoe Conkling of New York , the state with the biggest split between Stalwarts and Half-Breeds . Despite Conkling 's attempts at imposing a unit-rule in the Republican National Convention by which a state 's votes would be grouped together for only one candidate , a number of Stalwarts went against him by vocalizing their support for the Half-Breed Blaine . The Half-Breeds united to defeat the unit-rule in a vote , and elected Half-Breed George Frisbie Hoar to the position as temporary chairman of the convention .   Both sides knew there was no chance of victory for either candidate , and the Half-Breeds chose James Garfield as a compromise candidate . Garfield won the party 's nomination on the thirty-sixth ballot , and won the 1880 presidential election . Blaine was chosen as Garfield 's Secretary of State , and carried heavy influence over the political appointments Garfield issued for congressional approval . After Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau , a Stalwart , who proclaimed , `` I am a Stalwart of the Stalwarts and Arthur will be President '' , the new Stalwart president Chester A. Arthur surprised those in his own faction by promoting civil service reform and issuing government jobs based on a merit system .   The Half-Breeds put through Congress the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act ( authored by Democrat George H. Pendleton ) , and Arthur signed the bill into law on January 16 , 1883 . The act put an end to the spoils system , at least symbolically , placing a significant number of federal employees under the merit system and putting the government on the road to true reform . The act also set up the United States Civil Service Commission , banished political tests , denied jobs to alcoholics and created competitive measures for some federal positions .   The Half-Breed and Stalwart factions both dissociated towards the end of the 1880s .

neg: Copperhead (politics) In the 1860s , the Copperheads comprised a vocal faction of Democrats in the Northern United States of the Union who opposed the American Civil War , wanting an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates . Republicans started calling anti-war Democrats `` Copperheads '' , likening them to the venomous snake . Those Democrats accepted the label , reinterpreting the copper `` head '' as the likeness of Liberty , which they cut from Liberty Head large cent coins and proudly wore as badges . Democratic supporters of the war , by contrast , were called War Democrats .   The Copperheads represented the more extreme wing of the `` Northern Democrats '' . Notable Copperheads included two Democratic congressmen from Ohio : Clement L. Vallandigham and Alexander Long . Republican prosecutors accused some prominent Copperheads of treason in a series of trials in 1864 .   Copperheadism , a highly contentious , grass-roots movement , had its strongest base in the area just north of the Ohio River , as well as in some urban ethnic wards . Some historians have argued that it represented a traditionalistic element alarmed at the rapid modernization of society sponsored by the Republican Party , and that it looked back to Jacksonian Democracy for inspiration . Weber ( 2006 ) argues that the Copperheads damaged the Union war effort by opposing conscription ( the `` draft '' ) , encouraging desertion , and forming conspiracies , but other historians say that the draft was already in disrepute and that the Republicans greatly exaggerated the conspiracies for partisan reasons .   Historians agree that the Copperheads ' goal of restoring the Union with slavery was naive and impractical , for the Confederates refused to consider giving up their independence . The Copperheads became a major target of the Union ( Republican ) party in the 1864 presidential election . Copperhead support increased when Union armies did poorly , and decreased when they won great victories . After the fall of Atlanta in September 1864 , Union military success seemed assured , and Copperheadism collapsed .

neg: Right-wing politics Right-wing politics hold that certain social orders and hierarchies are inevitable , natural , normal , or desirable , typically supporting this position on the basis of natural law , economics or tradition . Hierarchy and inequality may be viewed as natural results of traditional social differences or the competition in market economies . The term right-wing can generally refer to `` the conservative or reactionary section of a political party or system . ''   The political terms Right and Left were first used during the French Revolution ( 1789 -- 99 ) , and referred to seating arrangements in the French parliament ; those who sat to the right of the chair of the parliamentary president were broadly supportive of the institutions of the monarchist Ancien Régime . The original Right in France was formed as a reaction against the Left , and comprised those politicians supporting hierarchy , tradition , and clericalism . The use of the expression la droite ( the right ) became prominent in France after the restoration of the monarchy in 1815 , when it was applied to the Ultra-royalists . The people of English-speaking countries did not apply the terms `` right '' and `` left '' to their own politics until the 20th century .   Although the right-wing originated with traditional conservatives , monarchists and reactionaries , the term extreme right-wing has also been applied to movements including fascists , Nazis , and racial supremacists . From the 1830s to the 1880s , there was a shift in the Western world of social class structure and the economy , moving away from nobility and aristocracy towards capitalism . This general economic shift toward capitalism affected centre right movements such as the British Conservative Party , which responded by becoming supportive of capitalism . In the United States , the Right includes both economic and social conservatives . In Europe , economic conservatives are usually considered liberal , and the Right includes nationalists , nativist opposition to immigration , religious conservatives , and historically a significant presence of right-wing movements with anti-capitalist sentiments including conservatives and fascists who opposed what they saw as the selfishness and excessive materialism inherent in contemporary capitalism .

neg: Presidency of William McKinley The presidency of William McKinley began on March 4 , 1897 at noon Eastern Standard Time , when William McKinley was inaugurated as President of the United States , and ended on September 14 , 1901 , upon his assassination and death , days into his second term . McKinley , a Republican , was succeeded by Vice President Theodore Roosevelt .   The 25th United States president , he took office following the 1896 presidential election , in which he defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan , after a front-porch campaign in which he advocated `` sound money '' , promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity , and denounced Bryan 's radicalism and class warfare . He defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election , in a campaign focused on imperialism , protectionism , and free silver . McKinley 's presidency marked the beginning of an era in American political history from the mid -- 1890s to 1932 that was generally dominated by the Republican Party .   McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish -- American War , took ownership of Hawaii , the Philippines and Puerto Rico , restored prosperity , promoted pluralism among all groups , raised protective tariffs to promote American industry , and maintained the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of inflationary proposals . Rapid economic growth marked his presidency . He promoted the 1897 Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers and factory workers from foreign competition , and in 1900 , he secured the passage of the Gold Standard Act . McKinley hoped to persuade Spain to grant independence to rebellious Cuba without conflict , but when negotiation failed , he led the nation in the Spanish -- American War of 1898 ; the U.S. victory was quick and decisive . As part of the peace settlement , Spain turned over to the United States its main overseas colonies of Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines ; Cuba was promised independence , but for a time remained under the control of the U.S. Army . The United States annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898 and it became a U.S. territory . As an innovator of American interventionism and pro-business sentiment , McKinley 's presidency is generally ranked above average . Historian Lewis L. Gould argues that McKinley was effective in domestic and foreign affairs and was `` the first modern president '' :

neg: Tariff of 1790 In 1789 , Alexander Hamilton , the Secretary of the Treasury , calculated that the United States required $ 3 million a year for operating expenses as well as enough revenue to repay the estimated $ 75 million in foreign and domestic debt . Under the rates established by the Tariff of 1789 , the government could not meet its obligations . Consequently , Hamilton proposed an increase in the average rate from 5 percent to between 7 and 10 percent , the addition of numerous items to the list , and the passage of an excise tax . Congress refused to pass the excise tax , but James Madison successfully steered the tariff increases through the legislature .   The Act Laying Duties on Imports was communicated by Alexander Hamilton to the United States House of Representatives on April 23 , 1790 .  In order to promote manufacturing in the United States , Hamilton proposed that imported goods be more expensive , which would force Americans to buy more homemade products . This proposition failed as it was essentially a tariff .

neg: Cash and carry (World War II) Cash and carry was a policy requested by US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt at a special session of the United States Congress on September 21 , 1939 , subsequent to the outbreak of war in Europe . It replaced the Neutrality Acts of 1936 . The revision allowed the sale of materiel to belligerents , as long as the recipients arranged for the transport using their own ships and paid immediately in cash , assuming all risk in transportation . However , the sale of war materials was not allowed .   Though `` Cash and Carry '' concepts had been introduced in the Neutrality Act of 1936 , it only pertained to materials that could not be used in war efforts , which allowed them to aid warring countries . Originally presented to Congress by Senator Key Pittman ( D-NV ) earlier in 1939 , the bill was designed to replace the Neutrality Act of 1937 , which had lapsed in May 1939 . The bill had been defeated repeatedly by the Senate and the House on more than one occasion as Isolationists feared that passing the bill would draw the US into the conflict in Europe . However , President Roosevelt felt that further help was needed in Europe after Germany invaded Poland in September 1939 . The bill passed in late October , gaining approval from the House on November 5 , 1939 . The President gave his signature the same day .   The purpose of this policy was to maintain neutrality between the United States and European countries while giving aid to Britain by allowing them to buy non war materials . Various policies , such as the Neutrality Acts of 1935 , 1936 , and 1937 , forbade selling implements of war or lending money to belligerent countries under any terms . The U.S. economy was rebounding at this time , following the Great Depression , but there was still a need for industrial manufacturing jobs . The cash and carry program helped to solve this issue and in turn Great Britain benefited from the purchase goods .   This program also prevented US businesses interests backing the success or failure of any warring nation . Because of the conclusion of the Nye Committee , which asserted that United States involvement in World War I was driven by private interests from arms manufacturers , many Americans believed that investment in a belligerent would eventually lead to American participation in war .   U.S. shipping interests were forbidden from entering into conflict zones and US passengers traveling on foreign ships did so at their own risk .   The `` cash and carry '' legislation enacted in 1939 effectively ended the arms embargo that had been in place since the Neutrality Act of 1936 . It paved the way for Lend-Lease .

neg: Conservatism Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization . By some definitions , conservatives have variously sought to preserve institutions including religion , monarchy , parliamentary government , property rights and the social hierarchy , emphasizing stability and continuity , while the more extreme elements called reactionaries oppose modernism and seek a return to `` the way things were '' . The first established use of the term in a political context originated with François-René de Chateaubriand in 1818 , during the period of Bourbon restoration that sought to roll back the policies of the French Revolution . The term , historically associated with right-wing politics , has since been used to describe a wide range of views .   There is no single set of policies that are universally regarded as conservative , because the meaning of conservatism depends on what is considered traditional in a given place and time . Thus conservatives from different parts of the world -- each upholding their respective traditions -- may disagree on a wide range of issues . Edmund Burke , an 18th-century politician who opposed the French Revolution but supported the American Revolution , is credited as one of the main theorists of conservatism in Great Britain in the 1790s . According to Quintin Hogg , the chairman of the British Conservative Party in 1959 , `` Conservatism is not so much a philosophy as an attitude , a constant force , performing a timeless function in the development of a free society , and corresponding to a deep and permanent requirement of human nature itself '' . In contrast to the tradition-based definition of conservatism , political theorists such as Corey Robin define conservatism primarily in terms of a general defense of social and economic inequality . From this perspective conservatism is less an attempt to uphold traditional institutions and more `` a meditation on -- and theoretical rendition of -- the felt experience of having power , seeing it threatened , and trying to win it back . ''

neg: United States House of Representatives elections, 1886 Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1886 for Representatives to the 50th Congress , taking place in the middle of President Grover Cleveland 's first term .   As in many midterm elections , Cleveland 's Democratic Party lost seats to the opposition Republican Party , although a narrow majority was retained . Many of these Republican pickups were in the industrializing Midwest states , where the debate over tariffs , which were advocated by Republicans to protect domestic industry but opposed by Democrats to allow for free agricultural trade , led to political change . The small Labor Party , supported by industrial workers , gained one seat each in Virginia ( VA-06 ) and Wisconsin ( WI-04 ) , while the Greenback Party maintained its one seat in Iowa ( James B. Weaver of IA-06 ) . John Nichols was also elected as an Independent to NC-04 .

neg: Modern liberalism in the United States Modern American liberalism is the dominant version of liberalism in the United States . It is characterized by social liberalism , and combines ideas of civil liberty and equality with support for social justice and a mixed economy . The term `` modern liberalism '' in this article refers only to the United States . In a global context , this philosophy is usually referred to as social liberalism .   The American modern liberal philosophy strongly endorses public spending on programs such as education , health care , and welfare . Important social issues today include addressing inequality , voting rights for minorities , affirmative action , reproductive and other women 's rights , support for LGBT rights , and immigration reform .   Modern liberalism took shape during the twentieth century , with roots in Theodore Roosevelt 's New Nationalism , Woodrow Wilson 's New Freedom , Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal , Harry S. Truman 's Fair Deal , John F. Kennedy 's New Frontier , and Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society . American liberals oppose conservatives on most issues , but not all . Modern liberalism is historically related to social liberalism and progressivism , though the current relationship between liberal and progressive viewpoints is debated .   John F. Kennedy defined a liberal as follows :   Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1941 defined a liberal party as one ,   Keynesian economic theory has played an important role in the economic philosophy of modern American liberals . Modern American liberals generally believe that national prosperity requires government management of the macroeconomy , in order to keep unemployment low , inflation in check , and growth high . They also value institutions that defend against economic inequality . In The Conscience of a Liberal Paul Krugman writes : `` I believe in a relatively equal society , supported by institutions that limit extremes of wealth and poverty . I believe in democracy , civil liberties , and the rule of law . That makes me a liberal , and I 'm proud of it . '' Liberals often point to the widespread prosperity enjoyed under a mixed economy in the years since World War II . They believe liberty exists when access to necessities like health care and economic opportunity are available to all , and they champion the protection of the environment .   Modern American liberalism is typically associated with the Democratic Party , as modern American conservatism is typically associated with the Republican Party .

neg: John Hamilton (Kansas) John Daniel Miller Hamilton ( c. 1892 -- September 24 , 1973 ) was a Republican politician from the U.S. state of Kansas .   Hamilton was raised in Topeka , Kansas , where his father was general counsel of the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad . Upon graduation from preparatory school in 1913 , he stopped in Chicago to see his father 's friend , Dean Wigmore , who promptly invited him to enroll in Northwestern University Law School .   Hamilton went on to become Speaker of the Kansas House of Representatives for the 1927 Session and 1928 Special Session . He lost the Republican Governor primary election to Clyde Reed in 1928 . In the 1930 Republican Governor primary he was the campaign manager for Frank Hauke who defeated incumbent Governor Clyde Reed , but lost in the general election . As Hauke 's campaign manager , Hamilton was also made Chairman of the Kansas Republican Party from 1930 to 1932 , In November 1932 , following the death of Kansas Republican National Committeeman David Mulvane , Governor Alf Landon had Hamilton elected as the new Kansas Republican National Committeeman for Kansas , a role he filled from 1932 to 1940 . In 1936 , following the nomination of then-Governor Alf Landon to run against President Franklin D. Roosevelt , Mr. Hamilton was appointed chairman of the Republican National Committee . His picture was on Time 's cover on September 23 , 1936 . Landon lost the election in a landslide , but Mr. Hamilton continued as chairman of the Republican National Committee until 1940 , due in large part to the considerable help of a freshman Illinois congressman , Everett Dirksen , whose eloquent support turned back several efforts to replace Mr. Hamilton .   Mr. Hamilton personally visited 3,000 GOP county chairmen during his four-year term , and , in the process , eliminated the huge Landon campaign debt . Mr. Hamilton presided at the 1940 Republican National Convention that nominated Wendell Willkie to run against Roosevelt . When , according to well-established custom , Willkie picked his own national party chairman , Mr. Hamilton retired from active politics .   In 1940 , Hamilton at the age of 48 resigned from the RNC and two days later married Jane Kendall Mason , 30 , who a month earlier divorced George Grant Mason Jr. , member of the Civil Aeronautics Board in Tampa , Florida . According to former first lady Grace Coolidge , Jane Kendall was `` the most beautiful debutante who ever entered the White House '' .   At the urging of members of Philadelphia 's Pew family , he came to Philadelphia , rather than return to Kansas , and joined the Pepper firm . Even in private practice , he remained an active and shrewd observer of the political scene . He was a consummate raconteur of political stories , and in the days before timesheets , partners and associates drifted into his office for impromptu gatherings where they heard Hamilton tell tales of political lore .   Hamilton received national and international attention in 1950 , when he was appointed to represent Harry Gold , a Philadelphia chemist and confessed courier in the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg network that passed atomic secrets to the Soviet Union . In 1955 he became chairman of the Pepper Law Firm and resigned the position in 1964 .

neg: Jack Kemp Jack French Kemp ( July 13 , 1935 -- May 2 , 2009 ) was an American politician and a professional gridiron football player . A Republican , he served as Housing Secretary in the administration of President George H. W. Bush from 1989 to 1993 , having previously served nine terms as a congressman for Western New York 's 31st congressional district from 1971 to 1989 . He was the Republican Party 's nominee for Vice President in the 1996 election , where he was the running mate of presidential nominee Bob Dole . Kemp had previously contended for the presidential nomination in the 1988 Republican primaries .   Before entering politics , Kemp was a professional quarterback for 13 years . He played briefly in the National Football League ( NFL ) and the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) , but became a star in the American Football League ( AFL ) . He served as captain of both the San Diego Chargers and Buffalo Bills and earned the AFL Most Valuable Player award in 1965 after leading the Bills to a second consecutive championship . He played in the AFL for all 10 years of its existence , appeared in its All-Star game seven times , played in its championship game five times , and set many of the league 's career passing records . Kemp also co-founded the AFL Players Association , for which he served five terms as president . During the early part of his football career , he served in the United States Army Reserve .   As an economic conservative , Kemp advocated low taxes and supply-side policies during his political career . His positions spanned the social spectrum , ranging from his conservative opposition to abortion to his more libertarian stances advocating immigration reform . As a proponent of both Chicago school and supply-side economics , he is notable as an influence upon the Reagan agenda and the architect of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 , which is known as the Kemp -- Roth tax cut .   After his days in political office , Kemp remained active as a political advocate and commentator , and served on corporate and nonprofit organization boards . He also authored , co-authored , and edited several books . He promoted American football and advocated for retired professional football players . Kemp was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009 by President Barack Obama .   He was famously quoted saying , `` We must win the war on poverty by enlisting the greatest weapon ever invented : Free Enterprise '' .

neg: Political positions of the Republican Party The platform of the Republican Party of the United States is generally based on conservatism , in contrast to the modern liberalism of the Democrats . The Republican Party 's conservatism involves support for free market capitalism , free enterprise , business , a strong national defense , deregulation , restrictions on labor unions , social-conservative policies , and traditional values , usually with a Christian foundation . The party is generally split on the issue of how to deal with illegal immigration .   In general , Republicans oppose abortion rights , funding to Planned Parenthood , drugs , Obamacare , Common Core , gun control and support Just Say No and school choice . On economics , Republicans oppose an increased minimum wage and the estate tax , and support free markets and individual achievement . On the environment , Republicans have introduced environmental programs such as the Environmental Protection Agency and cap-and-trade policies in the past , but tend to oppose them today . Republicans support clean air and clean water policies , but also support increased fracking and reject scientific consensus on global warming and climate change . The majority of Republicans oppose same-sex marriage and tend to support the death penalty .

neg: South Carolina's 6th congressional district The 6th Congressional District of South Carolina is a congressional district in central and eastern South Carolina . It includes all of Allendale , Bamberg , Barnwell , Clarendon , Colleton , Hampton and Williamsburg counties and parts of Beaufort , Berkeley , Calhoun , Charleston , Dorchester , Georgetown , Orangeburg and Richland counties . The district borders were shifted south in the 2012 redistricting . It lost its share of the North Carolina border , and now takes in part of the area near the South Carolina-Georgia border .   The district was defined in the early 1990s in a deal between state Republicans ( mostly white ) and Democrats ( mostly black ) in the South Carolina General Assembly to ensure a majority-black population , known as a majority-minority district . The rural counties of the historical black belt in South Carolina make up much of the district , but it sweeps south to include most of the majority-black precincts in and around Charleston , and sweeps west to include most of the majority-black precincts in and around Columbia . In all of its configurations , its politics have been dominated by black voters in the Columbia and Charleston areas .   Following the Reconstruction era , the white Democratic-dominated legislature passed Jim Crow laws , as well as a new constitution in 1895 that effectively disfranchised blacks , crippling the Republican Party in the state . For most of the next 60 years , South Carolina was essentially a one-party state dominated by the Democrats , and blacks were nearly excluded from the political system .   Demographic and political changes have included the Great Migration ( African American ) of blacks out of the state during the Jim Crow era in the first half of the 20th century . At the same time , many white Democrats felt chagrin at the national party 's greater support of civil rights for blacks from the 1940s onward , and began splitting their tickets in federal elections . After successes of the Civil Rights Movement in gaining passage of federal legislation in the mid-1960s to enforce their constitutional rights and ability to vote , blacks in South Carolina supported national Democratic candidates . This prompted a massive wave of party-switching in which white conservatives began moving into the Republican Party .   Since the late 20th century , South Carolina politics have been very racially polarized . Republicans in South Carolina have been mostly white , and most African Americans in the state continue to support the Democrats . In the 21st century , the 6th is considered the only `` safe '' Democratic district in the state .   Before 1993 , this district included the northeastern part of the state , from Darlington to Myrtle Beach . It was a classic `` Yellow Dog '' Democratic district ; in this configuration it only elected two Republicans , both for a single term . In 2012 , the new 7th congressional district was created ; it includes much of the territory that was in the 6th for most of the 20th century .   Jim Clyburn , a Democrat and the current Assistant House Minority Leader , has represented this district since first being elected in 1992 .

neg: Royal Commission on the Depression in Trade and Industry The Royal Commission on the Depression in Trade and Industry was a Royal Commission of the United Kingdom set up by the Prime Minister Lord Salisbury 's minority Conservative government in August 1885 and completed in December 1886 . It occurred during the Great Depression of 1873 -- 96 .   The decision by Salisbury to appoint this Royal Commission has been seen as a way of easing the pressure on the Conservative Party from `` fair traders '' who opposed the prevailing free trade orthodoxy . The former Liberal ministers who Salisbury wished to appoint to the Royal Commission , such as John Kynaston Cross , declined to do so because such an inquiry implicitly questioned the validity of free trade .   The Commission was chaired by Lord Iddesleigh , a free trader . W. D. Rubinstein has noted that `` This commission was notable for being one of the first to acknowledge Britain 's disadvantages as the earliest industrial country at a time of intense foreign competition . Its recommendations were moderate , and Iddesleigh 's chairmanship ensured that it did not stray from free-trade orthodoxy despite the growing calls for protection from many tories '' .