query: Labor Day involves honoring the collective organization of working people developed to represent and campaign for better working conditions and treatment from their employers and, by the implementation of labour and employment laws, their governments also known as the American labor movement.

pos: Labor Day Labor Day in the United States is a public holiday celebrated on the first Monday in September . It honors the American labor movement and the contributions that workers have made to the strength , prosperity , laws and well-being of the country . It is the Monday of the long weekend known as Labor Day Weekend and it is considered the unofficial end of summer in the United States . The holiday is also a federal holiday .   Beginning in the late 19th century , as the trade union and labor movements grew , trade unionists proposed that a day be set aside to celebrate labor . `` Labor Day '' was promoted by the Central Labor Union and the Knights of Labor , which organized the first parade in New York City . In 1887 , Oregon was the first state of the United States to make it an official public holiday . By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894 , thirty U.S. states officially celebrated Labor Day .   Canada 's Labour Day is also celebrated on the first Monday of September . More than 80 countries celebrate International Workers ' Day on May 1 -- the ancient European holiday of May Day -- and several countries have chosen their own dates for Labour Day .

neg: Workers' Day The following countries have a public holiday named Workers ' Day : Angola , Bulgaria , China ( where it is celebrated as International Labour Day and is celebrated over 3 days ) , Argentina , Brazil , Cuba , France , Italy , Portugal , Malta , Marshal Islands , Mozambique , Namibia , Panama , South Africa , Zambia and Zimbabwe . Its history is closely linked to the labour movement and the May Day celebrations celebrated in other parts of the world .

neg: Labor Party (United States, 1996) The Labor Party was an American social democratic political party advocating workers ' interests . Membership at one point reached about 5,000 .   The party was formed in 1996 by the United Mine Workers , International Longshore and Warehouse Union , American Federation of Government Employees , California Nurses Association , and hundreds of other local labor unions . From the beginning a dispute over the Party 's running of candidates arose with many of the official unions totally opposed to running candidates that might cause the defeat of their normal Democratic allies . Smaller locals and left union activists on the other had pushed for a clean break with the Democratic Party . This issue was debated internally for years until 1999 when the Party 's leadership agreed to some endorsements of Labor Party members running . In 2001 the Labor Party endorsed labor sponsored independent candidates in San Francisco and Ohio local elections . After the 2000 elections even symbolic support dripped away . The future of the party remains uncertain , particularly after the 2002 death of Tony Mazzocchi , the founding national organizer . All of the founding unions continued to actively support Democratic Party candidates .   In December 2005 , the South Carolina Labor Party announced that it would seek ballot status in South Carolina and run a candidate in the 2006 legislative elections . Labor Party News quoted Leonard Riley , President of the Charleston International Longshoremen 's Association Local 1422 as saying , `` Given the results of the past few elections , I think the workers of South Carolina would jump at the opportunity to consider a Labor Party which would guarantee an uncompromising voice for working people on their issues . '' Although South Carolina law permitted electoral fusion , the Labor Party pledged not to endorse candidates of any other party .   Party officials acknowledged that the choice of South Carolina may have seemed unusual due to the fact that the state had the second lowest concentration of union workers in the United States . However , party officials said that the relatively high unemployment rate , the decline in the textile industry , and the indifference of the state Democratic and Republican parties to the interests of working people , African-Americans and women created a political space for the Labor Party . The party submitted 16,500 signatures on July 11 , 2006 . If 10,000 of the signatures were valid , the party would be qualified for the 2007 and 2008 elections . This effort was apparently unrelated to the concurrent attempt of the Working Families Party to gain ballot access in South Carolina , a state that allows electoral fusion . In July 2007 Ballot Access News reported that the SCLP was attempting to recruit candidates .   The party suspended active operations in 2007 but a group said to affiliated with the party nominated one candidate for the South Carolina State House for 2010 . The candidate , Brett Bursey , received 442 votes , or 3.06 % .   In December 2012 Mark Dudzic wrote an article in which he said confirmed that the party had suspended operations in 2007 . While some have taken this to mean that he said that the time was currently not right for the Labor Party to exist , others have seen this as a start of a discussion about the future of the Labor Party .

neg: Walkout In labor disputes , a walkout is a labor strike , the act of employees collectively leaving the workplace as an act of protest .   A walkout can also mean the act of leaving a place of work , school , a meeting , a company , or an organization , especially if meant as an expression of protest or disapproval .   A walkout can be seen as different from a strike in that a walkout can occur spontaneously , and need not necessarily involve all the workers present , whereas a strike is often voted on beforehand by the workers , giving notification both to all of the workers and to the company affected .   Walkouts have often been staged against the presence of a speaker or the content of an in-progress speech at a meeting . The protest , which is often a silent , non-violent means of expressing disapproval , is often interpreted as an exercise of the freedom of association while allowing the speaker to exercise the freedom of speech , albeit with a reduced audience in attendance .

neg: Collective action Collective action refers to action taken together by a group of people whose goal is to enhance their status and achieve a common objective . It is enacted by a representative of the group . It is a term that has formulations and theories in many areas of the social sciences including psychology , sociology , anthropology , political science and economics .

neg: Wartime Labour Relations Regulations The Wartime Labour Relations Regulations , adopted by Order in Council P.C. 1003 on 17 February 1944 , was a wartime measure introduced during World War II in Canada by the Liberal government of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King . It was the first in Canada to legally recognize the existence of unions and to force employers to negotiate with organized workers . It was drafted loosely on the American Wagner Act and is considered the framework for union rights in Canada . It was adopted under the War Measures Act , and was extended to cover all workers in Canada through adoption by Acts of all the provincial legislatures . This continued to be in effect until 1948 , where the provinces all passed similar legislation within their respective jurisdictions .   The regulations posed both positive and negative consequences for workers and unions alike . Some of the former included :   Unions had guaranteed access to financial resources and support through the Rand formula , which required all workers under a union to pay union dues in exchange for a collective bargaining unit .  Union density increased dramatically following the end of World War II .  Unions were now legally recognized by federal law as a legal means of negotiating work terms and conditions with employers .  Workers won the right to share in gains of increased productivity via higher wages and benefits .  Promoted a virtuous cycle of production and consumption to produce economic growth based on Keynesian policies .  Created a grievance procedure that placed strict limits on management 's ability to treat a worker in an arbitrary manner .   Among adverse consequences there were the following :  Grievance procedures shifted power away from unions and collective workers to lawyers and arbitrators .  Unions became extremely bureaucratic and less radical .  Workers agreed to Fordist/Taylorist working conditions and were expected to participate in increasing productivity .  Unions shifted focus away from mobilizing and educating their workforce about political affairs and began focusing on policing the workers and acting as a middle-man between workers and employers .  Union members became highly separated from the union representatives .  Attempts to create and maintain a distinctive working class culture were largely abandoned .  Wildcat and sympathy strikes were made illegal , and unionized workers had to follow an orderly fashion to engage in striking which meant no striking during periods of collective bargaining .

neg: Labour power Labour power ( in German : Arbeitskraft ; in French : force de travail ) is a crucial concept used by Karl Marx in his critique of capitalist political economy . Marx distinguished between the capacity to do work , labour power , from the physical act of working , labour . Labour power exists in any kind of society , but on what terms it is traded or combined with means of production to produce goods and services has historically varied greatly .   Under capitalism , according to Marx , the productive powers of labour appear as the creative power of capital . Indeed , `` labour power at work '' becomes a component of capital , it functions as working capital . Work becomes just work , workers become an abstract labour force , and the control over work becomes mainly a management prerogative .

neg: Labor intensity Labor intensity is the relative proportion of labor ( compared to capital ) used in a process . Its inverse is capital intensity .

neg: Human rights movement Human rights movement refers to a nongovernmental social movement engaged in activism related to the issues of human rights . The foundations of the global human rights movement involve resistance to : colonialism , imperialism , slavery , racism , apartheid , patriarchy , and oppression of indigenous peoples .   A key principle of the human rights movement is its appeal to universality : the idea that all human beings should struggle in solidarity for a common set of basic conditions .

neg: Civil rights movements Civil rights movements are a worldwide series of political movements for equality before the law , that peaked in the 1960s . In many situations they have been characterized by nonviolent protests , or have taken the form of campaigns of civil resistance aimed at achieving change through nonviolent forms of resistance . In some situations , they have been accompanied , or followed , by civil unrest and armed rebellion . The process has been long and tenuous in many countries , and many of these movements did not , or have yet to , fully achieve their goals , although the efforts of these movements have led to improvements in the legal rights of some previously oppressed groups of people , in some places .   The main aim of the successful Civil Rights Movement and other social movements for civil rights included ensuring that the rights of all people were and are equally protected by the law . These include but are not limited to the rights of minorities , women 's rights , and LGBT rights .

neg: Employee Appreciation Day Employee Appreciation Day is an unofficial holiday observed on the first Friday in March in the United States and Canada . It is a day for companies to thank their employees for their hard work and effort throughout the year . This day was created for the purpose of strengthening the bond between employer and employee .   Though the holiday is still gaining in adoption in the U.S. and abroad , like Boss 's Day , Employee Appreciation Day has become an opportunity for managers , company leadership and HR to remember the importance of appreciating employees . Companies often celebrate by offering gifts , events or special recognition for workers . Studies show that recognition and appreciation are growing in importance as drivers of employee happiness and engagement . This has resulted in more and more companies and organizations using the day to thank their employees .   Many publications such as Inc. magazine , Forbes , and Boston.com , are writing about the holiday to remind employers to recognize and reward employee effort and to offer tips for building a stronger corporate culture through appreciation . Showing employees appreciation can result in a company 's higher retention rate , not only increasing the productivity of employees but the company as a whole .

neg: Black capitalism Black capitalism is a movement among African Americans to build wealth through the ownership and development of businesses . Black capitalism has traditionally focused on African-American businesses , although some critics and activists have also pushed for increased representation of Blacks in corporate America .

neg: Workers Party (United States) The Workers Party ( WP ) was a Third Camp Trotskyist group in the United States . It was founded in April 1940 by members of the Socialist Workers Party who opposed the Soviet invasion of Finland . They included Max Shachtman , who became the new group 's leader , Hal Draper , C. L. R. James , Martin Abern , Joseph Carter , Julius Jacobson , and Irving Howe . The party 's politics are often referred to as Shachtmanite .   At the time of the split , almost 40 % of the membership of the SWP left the SWP . The WP had approximately 500 members . Although it recruited among workers and youth during the war years it never grew substantially , despite having more impact than its numbers would suggest .

neg: Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 The Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 better known as the Taft -- Hartley Act , ( 80 H.R. 3020 , ) is a United States federal law that restricts the activities and power of labor unions . The act , still effective , was sponsored by Senator Robert A. Taft and Representative Fred A. Hartley , Jr. , and became law by overcoming U.S. President Harry S. Truman 's veto on June 23 , 1947 ; labor leaders called it the `` slave-labor bill '' while President Truman argued that it was a `` dangerous intrusion on free speech , '' and that it would `` conflict with important principles of our democratic society . '' Nevertheless , Truman would subsequently use it twelve times during his presidency . The Taft -- Hartley Act amended the National Labor Relations Act ( NLRA ; informally the Wagner Act ) , which Congress passed in 1935 . The principal author of the Taft -- Hartley Act was J. Mack Swigert , of the Cincinnati law firm Taft , Stettinius & Hollister .   Historian James T. Patterson concludes that :  By the 1950s most observers agreed that Taft-Hartley was no more disastrous for workers than the Wagner Act had been for employers . What ordinarily mattered most in labor relations was not government laws such as Taft-Hartley , but the relative power of unions and management in the economic marketplace . Where unions were strong they usually managed all right ; when they were weak , new laws did them little additional harm .

neg: Work–family balance in the United States Work -- family balance in the United States refers to the specific issues that arise when men and women in the United States attempt to balance their occupational lives with their family lives . This differs from work-life balance : while work-life balance may refer to the health and living issues that arise from work , work -- family balance refers specifically to how work and families intersect and influence each other . Work -- family balance in the U.S. differs significantly for families of different social class .   Middle-class family issues center on dual-earner spouses and parents while lower class issues center on problems that arise due to single parenting . Work -- family balance issues also differ by class , since middle class occupations provide more benefits and family support while low-wage jobs are less flexible with benefits . Solutions for helping individuals manage work -- family balance in the U.S. include legislation , workplace policies , and the marketization of care work .

neg: National Labor Relations Act The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 ( 49 Stat . 449 ) ( also known as the Wagner Act after New York Senator Robert F. Wagner ) is a foundational statute of United States labor law which guarantees basic rights of private sector employees to organize into trade unions , engage in collective bargaining for better terms and conditions at work , and take collective action including strike if necessary . The act also created the National Labor Relations Board , which conducts elections that can require employers to engage in collective bargaining with labor unions ( also known as trade unions ) . The Act does not apply to workers who are covered by the Railway Labor Act , agricultural employees , domestic employees , supervisors , federal , state or local government workers , independent contractors and some close relatives of individual employers .

neg: Protected concerted activity Protected Concerted Activity is a legal term used in labor policy to define employee protection against employer retaliation in the United States . It is a legal principle under the subject of the freedom of association . It defines the activities workers may partake in without fear of employer retaliation . In countries where there is relatively robust employee dismissal protection , the protection of protected concerted activity is less of a distinct legal issue . In liberal market societies like the United States , where it is comparatively easy for an employer to fire an employee , the issue of protected concerted activity has become an important employment protection .   The National Labor Relations Act , the main labor policy governing labor relations in the United States , defines concerted activity in Section 7 .   Section 7 - Employees shall have the right to self-organization , to form , join , or assist labor organizations , to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing , and to engage in other concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection ...   Generally speaking , there is protected concerted activity when two or more employees act together to improve their terms and conditions of employment , although it is ( on rare occasions ) possible for conduct to be so egregious that it becomes unprotected . Employees have a right to advocate in this manner even where there is no union involved .   At times , protected concerted activity has extended to individual employees , like for example when an employee speaks individually to his or her employer on behalf of him or herself and one or more co-workers about improving workplace conditions . An individual employee who seeks to enforce a collective bargaining agreement will generally be deemed to be engaged in concerted activity . On the other hand , an employee who acts as a `` whistleblower '' may or may not be engaging in concerted activity ; if the complaint is entirely individual and the employee has not discussed it with co-workers , it is unlikely to be protected by the National Labor Relations Act ( though it may well be protected under some other public policy ) .   The Act does not limit the manner , time , or place in which employees can engage in concerted activity . Consequently , in recent years , the General Counsel of the National Labor Relations Board has often taken the position that employee conversations about common workplace issues which make use of social media such as Facebook and Twitter are protected against retaliation .

neg: World Day Against Child Labour The World Day Against Child Labour is an International Labour Organization ( ILO ) sanctioned holiday first launched in 2002 aiming to raise awareness and activism to prevent child labour . It was spurred by ratifications of ILO Convention No. 138 on the minimum age for employment and ILO Convention No. 182 on the worst forms of child labour .   The World Day Against Child Labour , which is held every year on June 12 , is intended to foster the worldwide movement against child labour in any of its forms .

neg: Comprehensive campaign A comprehensive campaign is labor union organizing or a collective bargaining campaign with a heavy focus on research , the use of community coalition-building , publicity and public pressure , political and regulatory pressure , and economic and legal pressure in addition to traditional organizing tactics .   The comprehensive campaign is a labor tactic primarily used in the United States , where labor unions lack many of the legal protections accorded their counterparts in the European Community and where cultural norms against unions are not as strong . However , as globalization increases and capital and labor become more mobile , employers outside the U.S. are adopting American union-avoidance tactics , and comprehensive campaigns are becoming more common in Europe and Asia .   Comprehensive campaigns are not commonly used in the United States due to their cost and the organizational expertise their require . However , they are gaining popularity in the U.S. labor movement , and many unions claim to be building comprehensive campaign capabilities .

neg: Pullman Strike The Pullman Strike was a nationwide railroad strike in the United States on May 11 , 1894 , and a turning point for US labor law . It pitted the American Railway Union ( ARU ) against the Pullman Company , the main railroads , and the federal government of the United States under President Grover Cleveland . The strike and boycott shut down much of the nation 's freight and passenger traffic west of Detroit , Michigan . The conflict began in Pullman , Chicago , on May 11 when nearly 4,000 factory employees of the Pullman Company began a wildcat strike in response to recent reductions in wages .   Most factory workers who built Pullman cars lived in the `` company town '' of Pullman on the South Side of Chicago , Illinois . The industrialist George Pullman had designed it ostensibly as a model community . Pullman had a diverse work force . He wanted to hire African-Americans for certain jobs at the company . Pullman used ads and other campaigns to help bring workers into his company .   When his company laid off workers and lowered wages , it did not reduce rents , and the workers called for a strike . Among the reasons for the strike were the absence of democracy within the town of Pullman and its politics , the rigid paternalistic control of the workers by the company , excessive water and gas rates , and a refusal by the company to allow workers to buy and own houses . They had not yet formed a union . Founded in 1893 by Eugene V. Debs , the ARU was an organization of unskilled railroad workers . Debs brought in ARU organizers to Pullman and signed up many of the disgruntled factory workers . When the Pullman Company refused recognition of the ARU or any negotiations , ARU called a strike against the factory , but it showed no sign of success . To win the strike , Debs decided to stop the movement of Pullman cars on railroads . The over-the-rail Pullman employees ( such as conductors and porters ) did not go on strike .   Debs and the ARU called a massive boycott against all trains that carried a Pullman car . It affected most rail lines west of Detroit and at its peak involved some 250,000 workers in 27 states . The Railroad brotherhoods and the American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) opposed the boycott , and the General Managers Association of the railroads coordinated the opposition . Thirty people were killed in response to riots and sabotage that caused $ 80 million in damages . The federal government obtained an injunction against the union , Debs , and other boycott leaders , ordering them to stop interfering with trains that carried mail cars . After the strikers refused , President Grover Cleveland ordered in the Army to stop the strikers from obstructing the trains . Violence broke out in many cities , and the strike collapsed . Defended by a team including Clarence Darrow , Debs was convicted of violating a court order and sentenced to prison ; the ARU then dissolved .

neg: Voluntary association A voluntary group or union ( also sometimes called a voluntary organization , common-interest association , association , or society ) is a group of individuals who enter into an agreement , usually as volunteers , to form a body ( or organization ) to accomplish a purpose . Common examples include trade associations , trade unions , learned societies , professional associations , and environmental groups .   Membership is not necessarily voluntary : in order for particular associations to function correctly they might need to be mandatory or at least strongly encouraged , as is common with many teachers unions in the US . Because of this , some people use the term common-interest association to describe groups which form out of a common interest , although this term is not widely used or understood .   Voluntary associations may be incorporated or unincorporated ; for example , in the US , unions gained additional powers by incorporating . In the UK , the terms Voluntary Association or Voluntary Organisation cover every type of group from a small local Residents ' Association to large Associations ( often Registered Charities ) with multimillion-pound turnover that run large-scale business operations ( often providing some kind of public service as subcontractors to government departments or local authorities ) .


query: San Francisco is located in the state of California.

pos: San Francisco San Francisco ( initials SF ) ( -LSB- sæn_frənˈsɪskoʊ -RSB- , Spanish for Saint Francis ; Spanish : -LSB- san franˈsisko -RSB- ) , officially the City and County of San Francisco , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . Located at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula , San Francisco is about 47.9 sqmi in area , making it the smallest county -- and the only consolidated city-county -- within the state of California . With a density of about 18,581 people per square mile ( 7,174 people per km2 ) , San Francisco is the most densely settled large city ( population greater than 200,000 ) in California and the second-most densely populated major city in the United States after New York City . San Francisco is the fourth-most populous city in California , after Los Angeles , San Diego , and San Jose , and the 13th-most populous city in the United States -- with a census-estimated 2016 population of 870,887 . The city and its surrounding areas are known as the San Francisco Bay Area , and are a part of the larger OMB-designated San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland combined statistical area , the fifth most populous in the nation with an estimated population of 8.7 million .   San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi . The California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth , making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time . San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856 .  After three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire , San Francisco was quickly rebuilt , hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later . In World War II , San Francisco was a major port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater . It then became the birthplace of the United Nations in 1945 . After the war , the confluence of returning servicemen , massive immigration , liberalizing attitudes , along with the rise of the `` hippie '' counterculture , the Sexual Revolution , the Peace Movement growing from opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War , and other factors led to the Summer of Love and the gay rights movement , cementing San Francisco as a center of liberal activism in the United States . Politically , the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines .   A popular tourist destination , San Francisco is known for its cool summers , fog , steep rolling hills , eclectic mix of architecture , and landmarks , including the Golden Gate Bridge , cable cars , the former Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary , Fisherman 's Wharf , and its Chinatown district . San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. , Gap Inc. , Salesforce.com , Dropbox , Reddit , Square , Inc. , Dolby , Airbnb , Weebly , Pacific Gas and Electric Company , Yelp , Pinterest , Twitter , Uber , Lyft , Mozilla , Wikimedia Foundation , Craigslist and Weather Underground . It has several nicknames , including `` The City by the Bay '' , `` Fog City '' , `` San Fran '' , and `` Frisco '' , as well as older ones like `` The City that Knows How '' , `` Baghdad by the Bay '' , `` The Paris of the West '' , or simply `` The City '' . , San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings .

neg: California state finances California state finances are the budget of the U.S. state of California . They are made up of several funds derived from taxes . The General Fund makes up 3/4th of the entire budget ; it allocates monies to state operations and payments to localities . The annual budget is proposed by the California State Legislature and approved by the Governor of California , who enjoys the prerogative of line-item veto .

neg: California Code of Civil Procedure The California Code of Civil Procedure ( commonly abbreviated to Code Civ . Proc . in formal legal citations or just CCP in treatises and other less formal contexts ) was enacted by the California State Legislature in March 1872 as the general codification of the law of civil procedure in the U.S. state of California , along with the three other original California Codes . It contains most California statutes that govern the filing and litigation of lawsuits in the Superior Courts of California , as well as legal notices that must be given in a variety of circumstances . It also includes statutes of limitations that control the period of time during which a lawsuit must be commenced . It also contained some statutes governing the legal profession , but those were later relocated into the Business and Professions Code .   Originally , the CCP was the codification of the Practice Act of 1851 , as amended and revised . In turn , the Practice Act had been modeled after the New York Code of Civil Procedure of 1850 , which was largely drafted by the law reformer David Dudley Field II . Hence , California is considered to be a `` Field Code '' state .   The CCP also partially codified the law of evidence , but in 1965 , the evidentiary provisions were repealed and replaced by the new California Evidence Code , which unlike the CCP , was deliberately intended to displace and supersede the common law of evidence .   Like the 28 other California Codes , the CCP is frequently amended by the Legislature . Unlike most other states , California never followed the federal trend towards transferring authority over procedural law to the courts through statutes like the federal Rules Enabling Act . Instead , the California Rules of Court ( CRC ) cover only relatively minor matters such as the formatting of court papers and case management rules implementing the Trial Court Delay Reduction Act of 1986 .   Nearly all important procedural provisions ( i.e. , the ones that can make or break a case ) continue to exist in the form of CCP sections . As a result , whenever the Judicial Council of California identifies a major defect in California civil procedure , it can not fix it by promulgating a new court rule , but must instead lobby the Legislature and Governor to amend the CCP .   Today , the CCP is comprehensive only with regard to trial court procedure . As a result of a bill pushed through the Legislature at the suggestion of Chief Justice Phil S. Gibson in 1941 , appellate procedure in California is governed primarily by the CRC .   As a Field Code state , California continues to subscribe to the `` primary right '' or `` ultimate fact '' theory of pleading ( also known as `` fact pleading '' ) which has been traditionally followed by Field Code states . This means that California adheres to an arcane distinction between what constitutes pleading of a mere `` fact , '' versus an `` ultimate fact , '' versus a `` conclusion of law . '' Also , California is one of two states , along with Virginia , which uses the demurrer as the primary pre-answer attack on the complaint . Most states and the federal courts have switched to modern `` notice pleading '' and use the motion to dismiss for failure to state a cause of action instead of the demurrer .

neg: League of California Cities The League of California Cities is an association of cities within the state of California , founded in 1898 . Most of the state 's 482 cities are represented in the league . The League publishes Western City , a monthly magazine , and holds an annual conference and exposition The League advocates for cities at the state capitol , including proper distribution of state taxes to the cities . The main office is in Sacramento .

neg: Oakland Estuary The Oakland Estuary is the strait separating the cities of Oakland and Alameda in the San Francisco Bay Area , California . On its western end , it connects to San Francisco Bay , while its eastern end connects to San Leandro Bay .

neg: Coast Range (EPA ecoregion) The Coast Range ecoregion is a Level III ecoregion designated by the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) in the U.S. states of Washington , Oregon , and California . It stretches along the Pacific Coast from the tip of the Olympic Peninsula in the north to the San Francisco Bay in the south , including Grays Harbor , Willapa Bay , and the Long Beach Peninsula in Washington , the entire length of the Oregon Coast , and the Northern California Coast . Named for the Coast Range mountains , it encompasses the lower elevations of the Olympic Mountains , the Oregon Coast Range , the Californian North Coast Ranges , and surrounding lowlands .   The low mountains of the ecoregion are covered by highly productive , rain-drenched evergreen forests that are home to the three tallest conifer species in the world : Coast redwood , Coast Douglas-fir , and Sitka spruce . Historically , Sitka spruce forests dominated the fog-shrouded coast , while a mosaic of western redcedar , western hemlock , and seral Douglas-fir blanketed the inland areas . Today , Douglas-fir plantations are prevalent on the intensively logged and managed landscape . Lithology influences land management strategies ; slopes underlain by sedimentary rock are more susceptible to failure following clearcutting and road building than those underlain by volcanic rock .   The Coast Range ecoregion has been subdivided into fifteen Level IV ecoregions .

neg: San Bernardino County, California San Bernardino County , officially the County of San Bernardino , is a county located in the southern portion of the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 2,035,210 , making it the fifth-most populous county in California , and the 12th-most populous in the United States . The county seat is San Bernardino .   San Bernardino County is included in the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario , CA Metropolitan Statistical Area , also known as the Inland Empire , as well as the Los Angeles-Long Beach , CA Combined Statistical Area .   With an area of 20,105 square miles , San Bernardino County is the largest county in the United States by area , although some of Alaska 's boroughs and census areas are larger . It is larger than each of the nine smallest states , larger than the four smallest states combined , and larger than 70 different sovereign nations .   Located in southeast California , the thinly populated deserts and mountains of this vast county stretch from where the bulk of the county population resides in two Census County Divisions , some 1,422,745 people as of the 2010 Census , covering the 450 square miles ( 1,166 km2 ) south of the San Bernardino Mountains in San Bernardino Valley , to the Nevada border and the Colorado River .

neg: San Bruno Mountain State Park San Bruno Mountain State Park is a state park located in northern San Mateo County , California . It is adjacent to the southern boundary of San Francisco and borders the cities of Brisbane , South San Francisco , Colma and Daly City .   San Bruno Mountain Park is a landmark of local and regional significance , standing as a unique open-space island in the midst of the peninsula 's urbanization at the northern end of the Santa Cruz Mountain Range . The park is dominated by San Bruno Mountain which is a 4-mile ( 6.4 km ) ridge . The park provides habitat for several species of rare and endangered plants and butterflies , including the Mission blue butterfly . Trails to the summit afford outstanding views of San Francisco and the Bay Area .

neg: California statistical areas The statistical areas of the United States of America comprise the metropolitan statistical areas ( MSAs ) , the micropolitan statistical areas ( μSAs ) , and the combined statistical areas ( CSAs ) currently defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) .   Most recently on December 1 , 2009 , the Office of Management and Budget defined 1067 statistical areas for the United States , including 4 combined statistical area , 26 metropolitan statistical areas , and 9 micropolitan statistical areas in the State of California . The table below shows the recent population of these statistical areas and the 58 counties of California .

neg: Chinese enclaves in the San Gabriel Valley Chinese communities form a substantial portion of the population of the San Gabriel Valley . The region has achieved international prominence as a hub of overseas Chinese or hua qiao . Although Chinese immigrants were a noteworthy presence in the establishment of Southern California from the 19th century , significant Chinese migration to suburban San Gabriel Valley coincided with a trend of white out-migration from the 1970s onward . This opened an opportunity for well-educated and affluent Asian Americans to begin settling in the west San Gabriel Valley , primarily to Monterey Park .   High property values and overcrowding in Monterey Park have contributed to a secondary movement away from that city , and the Chinese community is now spread over a cluster of cities in the west San Gabriel Valley . Suburban cities in the valley with large non-white populations , also called ethnoburbs , include Alhambra , Arcadia , Rosemead , San Marino , San Gabriel , South Pasadena , and Temple City and then eastward to Diamond Bar , Hacienda Heights , Rowland Heights , and Walnut . Numerous Mandarin - and Cantonese-speaking businesses have been established in these suburbs to accommodate the changing population .

neg: San Mateo County, California San Mateo County ( -LSB- ˌsæn_məˈteɪ . oʊ -RSB- ; Spanish for `` Saint Matthew '' ) is a county located in the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 718,451 . The county seat is Redwood City .   San Mateo County is included in the San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward , CA Metropolitan Statistical Area , and is part of the San Francisco Bay Area , the nine counties bordering San Francisco Bay . It covers most of the San Francisco Peninsula . San Francisco International Airport is located at the northern end of the county , and Silicon Valley begins at the southern end . The county 's built-up areas are mostly suburban with some areas being very urban , and are home to several corporate campuses .

neg: Bay and The Embarcadero Station Bay and The Embarcadero Station is a streetcar station in San Francisco , California , serving the San Francisco Municipal Railway 's E Embarcadero and F Market & Wharves heritage railway lines . It is located on The Embarcadero at Bay Street .

neg: Solano County, California Solano County is a county located in the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 413,344 . The county seat is Fairfield .   Solano County comprises the Vallejo-Fairfield , CA Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area . Solano County is the northeastern county in the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area region .   A portion of the South Campus at the University of California , Davis is in Solano County .

neg: French Consulate General, San Francisco The Consulate General of France in San Francisco is a consular representation of the French Republic in the United States . Its jurisdiction covers Northern California , North of Nevada , and the following states : Alaska , Hawaii , Idaho , Montana , Oregon , Utah , Washington , Wyoming , and the Pacific Islands under American jurisdiction ( Guam and American Samoa ) . The Consulate is currently located near the French quarter of San Francisco , on 88 Kearny Street .   Under the authority of the Minister of European and Foreign Affairs , the Consulate General of France is responsible for the protection and administrative affairs of French nationals settled or traveling within the American Northwest .   The Consulate provides many services to the French community and those who desire to travel to France .

neg: California flood of 1605 The California flood of 1605 was a massive flood that covered large sections of present-day California . It was a result of sustained major rain storms across the region . The flooding affected the indigenous peoples of California , in pre-European colonization populations .   Similar major floods happened in the California region in : 212 , 440 , 603 , 1029 , 1418 , and 1862 .   In 1861 -- 62 , the Great Flood of 1862 caused the state capital to be temporarily moved from flooded Sacramento to San Francisco , with Southern California and other adjacent western states also flooded .   Many floods of California in the 20th century were controlled by pumping stations , dams and man made canals such the Los Angeles River running within the city of Los Angeles .

neg: Financial District, San Francisco The Financial District is a neighborhood in San Francisco , California , that serves as its main central business district . It is home to the city 's largest concentration of corporate headquarters , law firms , insurance companies , real estate firms , banks , savings and loans , and other financial institutions . All six San Francisco Fortune 500 companies -- McKesson , Wells Fargo , PG&E , Gap , Charles Schwab , and Salesforce.com -- are located in the district .   The area is marked by the cluster of high-rise towers in the triangular area east of Kearny Street , south of Washington Street , west of the Embarcadero that rings the waterfront , and north of Market Street . The city 's tallest buildings , including 555 California Street and the Transamerica Pyramid , and many other tall buildings , such as 101 California Street and 345 California Street are located there . Montgomery Street ( sometimes called `` Wall Street of the West '' ) is the traditional heart of the district .   Since the 1980s , restrictions on high rise construction have shifted new development to the adjacent South of Market area surrounding the Transbay Transit Center . This area is sometimes called the South Financial District by real estate developers , or simply included as part of the Financial District itself .

neg: Modesto, California Modesto -LSB- məˈdɛstoʊ -RSB- ( Spanish for `` modest '' ) , officially the City of Modesto , is the county seat and largest city of Stanislaus County , California , United States . With a population of approximately 201,165 at the 2010 census , it is the 18th largest city in the state of California and forms part of the Modesto-Merced combined Statistical Area . The Modesto Census County Division , which includes the cities of Ceres and Riverbank , had a population of 312,842 .   Modesto is located in the Central Valley , 90 mi north of Fresno , 40 mi north of Merced , California , 92 mi east of San Francisco , 68 mi south of the state capital of Sacramento , 66 mi west of Yosemite National Park , and 24 mi south of Stockton . Modesto has been honored as a Tree City USA numerous times . It is surrounded by rich farmland ; Stanislaus County ranks sixth among California counties in farm production . Led by milk , almonds , chickens , walnuts , and corn silage , the county grossed nearly $ 3.1 billion in agricultural production in 2011 . The farm-to-table movement plays a central role in Modesto living as in the Central Valley .   Filmmaker George Lucas , who was born in Modesto , graduated from Thomas Downey High School in 1962 and attended Modesto Junior College , immortalized the city in his award-winning 1973 film American Graffiti . Although it was not actually shot in Modesto , the film portrayed the spirit of cruising and friendship on Modesto 's 10th and 11th Streets in 1962 , and inspired a revival of interest in 1950s pop culture , including the TV show Happy Days and its spin-offs .   The city 's annual Architectural Festival honors Modesto 's history as a testing ground for mid-century modern architecture during the 1940s and '50s . Modesto 's mid-century buildings have been featured four times in Museum of Modern Art publications .   The Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index for 2011 , which interviews 1,000 participants about their jobs , finances , physical health , emotional state of mind and communities , ranked Modesto 126 out of the 190 cities surveyed . In December 2009 , Forbes ranked Modesto 48th out of 100 among `` Best Bang-for-the-Buck Cities '' . In this ranking , Modesto ranked 8th in housing affordability and travel time but also ranked 86th in job forecast growth and 99th in foreclosures .   Modesto is the home of Gallo Family Winery , the largest privately owned winery in the world .

neg: Bay Area Open Space Council The Bay Area Open Space Council is a network of 65 nonprofits and public agencies that serve tens of millions of people each year in the San Francisco Bay Area . Founded in 1990 by a group of land conservation practitioners , the Open Space Council provides information , tools , and connections for its members . Examples of member organizations include land conservation organizations , land trusts , water districts , and park districts .   The Open Space Council holds an annual conference - typically in May - where over 400 people gather to discuss current events and topics in land conservation . They also hold smaller gatherings four times a year on topics relevant to land conservation in the Bay Area .  Though the Open Space Council 's office is located in Berkeley , California , member organizations represent all nine counties of the San Francisco Bay Area plus Santa Cruz County .

neg: List of companies based in San Francisco The following is a list of companies based in San Francisco , California . Fortune 500 rankings are indicated in parentheses , based on the list of the Fortune 500 companies in 2008 .

neg: List of city nicknames in California This partial list of city nicknames in California compiles the aliases , sobriquets , mottos and slogans that cities in California are known by ( or have been known by historically ) , officially and unofficially , to locals , outsiders or their tourism boards or chambers of commerce . City nicknames can help in establishing a civic identity , helping outsiders recognize a community or attracting people to a community because of its nickname ; promote civic pride ; and build community unity . Nicknames and slogans that successfully create a new community `` ideology or myth '' are also believed to have economic value . Their economic value is difficult to measure , but there are anecdotal reports of cities that have achieved substantial economic benefits by `` branding '' themselves by adopting new slogans .   Some unofficial nicknames are positive , while others are derisive . The unofficial nicknames listed here have been in use for a long time or have gained wide currency .

neg: Alameda County, California Alameda County ( -LSB- ˌælə ` mi :d ə -RSB- ) is a county in the state of California in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 1,510,271 , making it the 7th-most populous county in the state . Its county seat is Oakland . Alameda County is included in the San Francisco Bay Area , occupying much of the East Bay region .


query: The characters in Grey's Anatomy try to maintain personal lives only.

pos: Grey's Anatomy Grey 's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) as a mid-season replacement on March 27 , 2005 . The series focuses on the fictional lives of surgical interns , residents and attending physicians , as they evolve into seasoned doctors while trying to maintain personal lives and relationships . The title is a play on Gray 's Anatomy , a human anatomy textbook by Henry Gray . The show 's premise originated with Shonda Rhimes , who serves as an executive producer , along with Betsy Beers , Mark Gordon , Krista Vernoff , Rob Corn , Mark Wilding , and Allan Heinberg . Although it is set in Seattle at the fictional Grey-Sloan Memorial Hospital ( formerly Seattle Grace ) it is primarily filmed in Los Angeles , California . The show was originally titled Complications , a reference to the complicated medical procedures and personal lives of the characters .   The series was created to be racially diverse , utilizing a color-blind casting technique . It revolves around the title character , Dr. Meredith Grey , played by Ellen Pompeo . The original cast consisted of nine star-billed actors : Pompeo , Sandra Oh , Katherine Heigl , Justin Chambers , T. R. Knight , Chandra Wilson , James Pickens Jr. , Isaiah Washington and Patrick Dempsey . The cast has undergone major changes through the show 's run , with many members leaving and being replaced by others . In its twelfth season , the show had a large ensemble of sixteen actors , including four from the original cast . On February 10 , 2017 , ABC renewed Grey 's Anatomy for a fourteenth season , which will premiere in the fall of 2017 .   Grey 's Anatomy , even in its thirteenth season , is ABC 's highest-rated drama ; although its ratings have fallen over the course of its run ( it was once among the overall top 10 shows in the United States ) , it is still one of the highest rated shows among the 18 -- 49 demographic , and the No. 3 drama on all of broadcast television . Grey 's Anatomy has been well received by critics throughout much of its run , and has been included in various critics 's year-end top ten lists . Since its inception , the show has been described by the media outlets as a television `` phenomenon '' or a `` juggernaut , '' owing to its longevity and dominant ratings . It is considered to have had a significant impact on popular culture and has received numerous awards , including the 2007 Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama . It has received multiple Emmy nominations , including two for Outstanding Drama Series . In 2012 , Grey 's Anatomy was named the fifth-highest revenue earning show , in terms of advertising per half-hour . It is the longest running scripted primetime show currently airing on ABC , and the second-longest scripted primetime ABC show ever .

neg: Miami Medical Miami Medical ( formerly titled Miami Trauma ) is a medical drama television series that aired on CBS from April 2 to July 2 , 2010 . It follows the professional and private lives of a team of trauma surgeons .   The series was created by Jeffrey Lieber and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Television and Warner Bros. . Television .   On May 18 , 2010 , CBS cancelled the series .

neg: Scrubs (season 2) The second season of the American comedy television series Scrubs premiered on NBC on September 26 , 2002 and concluded on April 17 , 2003 and consists of 22 episodes . For the second season Neil Flynn was made a series regular . Colin Hay guest starred for the first time . It is also the first time an episode gives the narration to another regular , in `` His Story '' .   The show used a longer opening credits sequence for episodes 1 and 2 , moving through the ward rather than just two beds , including a shot of Flynn as The Janitor , showing the names of the series regulars and ending with the chest X-ray showing the heart on the left side of the chest . NBC wanted longer content in the episodes so the credits permanently returned to the shorter version in episode 3 , without Flynn nor actors names and with the mirror image chest X-ray .   The second season focuses on Dr. John Dorian 's second year practicing medicine at Sacred Heart , where he is now a resident . In the season opener , everyone is still in shock from the secrets Jordan just revealed ( `` My Last Day '' ) . As the season develops , J.D. 's older brother Dan ( Tom Cavanagh ) comes to visit , money issues affect J.D. , Elliot , and Turk , Turk proposes to Carla , and Elliot finds a new boyfriend , a nurse named Paul Flowers ( Rick Schroder ) . Dr. Cox resumes a sexual relationship with his ex-wife Jordan , with quite unexpected results .

neg: Diane Jenkins Diane Jenkins is a fictional character from the American CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless . The role was first portrayed by Alex Donnelley , who debuted in 1982 . Diane was initially a two-day bit role , but was developed into a long-term character . Donnelley left the role two years later ; returning briefly in 1986 before returning to the role fully in 1996 . In 2001 , Donnelley left again in what was supposed to be a storyline dictated departure , however , the role was later recast with Susan Walters . After three years in the role , Walters chose to drop to recurring status in 2004 , but was n't seen again until a brief guest appearance in February 2010 . Seven months later , the role was recast a second time with Maura West , who took over in October .   Diane has had relationships with business tycoons Jack Abbott ( Peter Bergman ) and Victor Newman ( Eric Braeden ) . Diane has a son with Jack , Kyle Abbott ( Lachlan Buchanan ) , who was initially supposed to be Victor 's son before his sperm sample was switched . Donnelley described Diane as `` taking herself much too seriously '' , while Walters criticized the character for existing solely to advance another character 's storyline . Former head writer Maria Arena Bell was heavily criticized for the writing for West ; Zap2it said Bell missed an opportunity to focus on Diane 's rivalry with Jack . In 2011 , within eight months of joining the cast , West was let go and the character was killed off two months later in a whodunit murder storyline . The storyline was also harshly criticized for progressing too slowly , as it was a six-month period before the revelation that Nikki Newman ( Melody Thomas Scott ) murdered Diane in self-defense .

neg: Medical Respite Care Medical respite care , also referred to as recuperative care , is acute and post-acute medical care for homeless persons who are too ill or frail to recover from a physical illness or injury on the streets but are not ill enough to be in a hospital . Unlike `` respite '' for caregivers , `` medical respite '' is short-term residential care that allows homeless individuals the opportunity to rest in a safe environment while accessing medical care and other supportive services . Medical respite programs provide hospitals with an alternative to discharging homeless patients to the streets or to unequipped shelters when patients would otherwise be discharged to their homes for self-care and recuperation . In addition to providing post-acute care and clinical oversight , medical respite programs seek to improve transitional care for this population and end the cycle of homelessness by supporting patients in access benefits and housing .   As of 2014 , over 70 medical respite programs have been established across the United States and a number are in development . Medical respite programs are housed in a number of different facility types including homeless shelters , motel rooms , nursing facilities , assisted living facilities and stand-alone facilities . The largest facility is based out of Boston , Massachusetts ( United States ) , called the Barbara McIinnis House , which has 104 beds for men and women in need of a safe place to recuperate after leaving a hospital . The national average length of stay in medical respite programs is 40 days ( 30 days median ) .   Studies and discussion about medical respite care include works on an individual and program level . A study out of Chicago looking at the impact of medical respite care on future hospitalizations found that patients who accessed medical respite care required fewer hospital stays ( 3.7 vs. 8.3 days ) in the 12-months after program participation than those discharged from the hospital to the street or shelter . Another study out of Boston found similar results with homeless patients requiring 50 % fewer hospital readmissions in the 90-days following medical respite program participation than those released to their own care ( the street or shelter ) . Medical respite care has been discussed in the American Medical New Ethics Forum .   Medical respite care is listed as a strategy in the federal plan to prevent and end homelessness . The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation is currently conducting a national demonstration program to assess the impact of medical respite care . The demonstration is supported by the Affordable Care Act as an effort to improve health outcomes and health care quality while reducing health care spending for this population .   The National Health Care for the Homeless Council maintains a Respite Care Providers ' Network of over 700 providers , consumers , and advocates who seek to improve access to medical respite care for homeless individuals across the country .

neg: Rachel Gannon Rachel Gannon is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera One Life to Live . She is the daughter of attorneys Nora Hanen and Hank Gannon .

neg: Personal Personal may refer ti :   Personal advertisement , personal classified advertisement used to find romance or friendship  Personal ( novel ) , a 2014 novel by Lee Child

neg: Procedural drama A procedural drama is a genre of television programming which focuses on how crimes are solved or some other aspect of a law enforcement agency , legislative body , or court of law . Some dramas include a lab or conference room with high-tech or state-of-the-art equipment where the main characters meet to work out the problem . Shows usually have an episodic format that does not require the viewer to have seen previous episodes . Episodes typically have a self-contained , also referred to as stand-alone , plot that is introduced and resolved within the same episode .   The procedural format is popular around the world . In 2011 , the director of a TV consultancy said , `` The continuing trend is for procedurals because they use a predictable structure . '' Due to their stand-alone episodic nature , they are more accessible to new viewers than serials . Self-contained episodes also make it easier for viewers to return to a show if they have missed some episodes . In general , procedural dramas can usually be re-run with little concern for episode order .   Procedurals are often criticized for being formulaic . Procedurals are also generally less character-driven than serialized shows . However , some procedurals have more character emphasis than is typical of the format . Some may occasionally feature a storyline stretching over several episodes .   A popular variant is the police procedural .

neg: Catherine Banfield Catherine `` Cate '' Banfield is a fictional character in the American medical drama ER , portrayed by Angela Bassett . She is an attending physician with a mysterious past with County General . Bassett 's addition into the main cast opening credits was in the 2nd episode of season 15 .

neg: Desperate Housewives Desperate Housewives is an American television comedy-drama and mystery series created by Marc Cherry , and produced by ABC Studios and Cherry Productions . It originally aired for eight seasons on ABC , from October 3 , 2004 to May 13 , 2012 . Executive producer Cherry served as showrunner . Other executive producers since the fourth season included Bob Daily , George W. Perkins , John Pardee , Joey Murphy , David Grossman , and Larry Shaw .   Set on Wisteria Lane , a street in the fictional town of Fairview in the fictional Eagle State , Desperate Housewives follows the lives of a group of women as seen through the eyes of their late friend and neighbor who committed suicide in the pilot episode . The storyline covers 13 years of the women 's lives over eight seasons , set between the years 2004 -- 2008 , and later 2013 -- 2017 ( the story arc includes a five-year passage of time , as well as flashbacks ranging from the 1980s to the 2020s ) . They work through domestic struggles and family life , while facing the secrets , crimes and mysteries hidden behind the doors of their -- on the surface -- beautiful and seemingly perfect suburban neighborhood .   The series features an ensemble cast , headed by Teri Hatcher as Susan Mayer , Felicity Huffman as Lynette Scavo , Marcia Cross as Bree Van de Kamp , and Eva Longoria as Gabrielle Solis . Brenda Strong narrates the series as the late Mary Alice Young , appearing sporadically in flashbacks or dream sequences .   Desperate Housewives was well received by viewers and critics alike . It won multiple Primetime Emmy , Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Awards . From the 2004 -- 05 through the 2008 -- 09 television seasons , its first five seasons were rated amongst the top ten most-watched series . In 2007 , it was reported to be the most popular show in its demographic worldwide , with an audience of approximately 120 million and was also reported as the third most watched television series in a study of ratings in twenty countries . In 2012 , it remained the most-watched comedy series internationally based on data from Eurodata TV Worldwide , which measured ratings across five continents ; it has held this position since 2006 . Moreover , it was the third highest revenue earning series for 2010 , with $ 2.74 million per half an hour . The show was ranked at number fifty-six on Entertainment Weekly `` New TV Classics '' list .   In 2011 , it was confirmed that Desperate Housewives would conclude after its eighth season ; the series finale aired on May 13 , 2012 . By the end of the series , it had surpassed Charmed as the longest running hour-long television series featuring all female leads by two episodes .

neg: Suicide among doctors Suicide among doctors refers to physicians or similar health care providers committing suicide .   Studies report that physicians are more likely to commit suicide than the general population and even people with similar academic training who are not physicians .   The suicide mortality rate ( `` completion '' ) is about the same among male and female doctors , and significantly higher than the general population . Female physicians are at higher risk of attempting suicide than men , showing rates over 250 % higher among women and about 70 % higher among men versus the general population .

neg: List of family members and friends in ER This partial list of fictional characters in the medical drama ER encompasses the notable family members and friends of the main characters of the series .

neg: George Lotrell Timanus George Lotrell Timanus ( January 31 , 1892 -- June 1981 ) was a physician who performed illegal abortions in the Baltimore/Washington , D.C. area from 1920 to 1951 .   Timanus and one other abortion provider performed an estimated 90 % criminal abortions in Baltimore .   In 1950 , Timanus used his criminal trial to challenge the abortion laws in the United States , as Aleck Bourne had done in the UK . However , his trial and that of another doctor , Edgar Keemer , were not understood as challenges by the public , and Timanus and Keemer did not recruit other doctors or patients to their cause in a way that might have built a movement or sparked national conversation . He was fined $ 5,000 , sentenced to six months in jail , and barred from further practice of medicine .   Timanus participated in the Planned Parenthood Conference on Abortion in America in 1955 . He gave a detailed breakdown of his patients , of whom he kept meticulous records , noting that of 5,200 women on whom he had performed abortions , only two had died . As Garrett Hardin noted , this 0.04 % rate , in the days before antibiotics , was not only far lower than the mortality rate for women carrying to term at the time , but still only half the maternal mortality rate a generation later . At the conference , Timanus also lamented that of the 353 doctors who referred patients to him -- some of them , Timanus claimed , with letters recommending abortion -- none stood up to testify for him when he was arrested .   Timanus asked referring doctors to make a written statement that the abortion was necessary because her life would otherwise be jeopardized .   The breakdown of Timanus ' patients was as follows :  Age 12 - 15 : 17  Age 16 - 20 : 688  Age 21 - 25 : 1,834  Age 26 - 30 : 1,268  Age 31 - 40 : 1,312  Age 41 + : 91  Single : 1,830  Married : 2,773  Widowed/Divorced/Separated : 607  Physicians : 7  Wives of physicians : 58  Nurses : 270   Mary Calderone , then Medical Director of Planned Parenthood Federation of America , noted that Timanus `` certainly seemed to be very competent and professional . ''

neg: Dr. Neil Roberts Dr. Neil Roberts is a fictional character on the FOX series , The O.C. , portrayed by Michael Nouri .   A plastic surgeon in wealthy Newport Beach , California , Neil is the father of Summer Roberts . He was married to Summer 's mother until his daughter was 13 years old , when Summer 's mother left for unexplained reasons . This was at the time that Luke Ward had his 13th birthday party , which also when Seth had his Bar Mitzvah . Summer had RSVP 'd to Seth that she was going to come to his Bar Mitzvah , but she wanted to go to Luke 's party instead . Summer 's parents would n't let her go to Luke 's event due to her prior engagement , so she locked herself in her room for days , and when she came out her mother had left . No one came to Seth 's Bar Mitzvah as they all went to Luke 's party .   Rarely seen during the first two seasons , Neil has an increased presence by the middle of the third season when he develops a relationship with the widowed and newly economically challenged Julie Cooper , as he alludes to an unraveling marriage to Summer 's stepmother . Neil and Julie then get engaged . He proposed to Summer 's mother on a cruise ship after dating for a week , leading Summer to panic when she intercepts his mail and finds a travel brochure for a cruise . But after the death of Marissa , Julie becomes addicted to medication pills , and Neil is seen by Kaitlin Cooper with his ex-wife , whom Summer calls `` stepmonster '' . Neil and Julie break up , and Neil moves to Seattle to work at Seattle Grace Hospital ( home of Grey 's Anatomy ) . He kept a skeleton called `` Uncle Alistair '' , which Summer explains was from his medical school days , in the attic .   In a flashforward , his only daughter Summer , marries Seth . However , Dr. Roberts does not appear in the wedding , despite his paternal love for Summer . Subsequently , Summer walks alone down the aisle , but she does not appear to be affected negatively by the absence of her father .

neg: Ward (law) In law , a ward is someone placed under the protection of a legal guardian . The wardship jurisdiction is an ancient jurisdiction derived from the Crown 's duty as parens patriae to protect his/her subject , and particularly those unable to look after themselves . In the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms , the Queen as parens patriae is mother for all the children in her realms . A court may take responsibility for the legal protection of an individual , usually either a child or incapacitated person , in which case the ward is known as a ward of the court or a ward of the state . However , the House of Lords in the case of Re F ( Mental Patient : Sterilisation ) held that the Queen has no parens patriae jurisdiction with regard to mentally handicapped adults .   In Australia , New Zealand and the United States , the child is termed a ward of the court . In Ireland and the United Kingdom `` the '' is not used ; the ward is thus termed a ward of court . In Canada the legal term is Crown ward .   Children who are in the custody of government departments , also known as foster care , become wards of the respective government entity , and in the US wards of the states in which they reside . The government or state is in loco parentis to the child , which generally entails assuming all lawful authority to make medical and legal decisions on the child 's behalf .

neg: Privacy regulation theory Privacy regulation theory was developed by social psychologist Irwin Altman in 1975 . This theory aims to explain why people sometimes prefer staying alone but at other times like get involved in social interactions . Traditionally , privacy is regarded as a state of social withdrawal ( i.e. , avoiding people ) .  Altman , however , regards it as a dialectic and dynamic boundary regulation process  where privacy is not static but `` a selective control of access to the self or to one 's  group '' ( p. 18 ) . According to Altman , `` dialectic '' refers to the openness and closeness  of self to others ( i.e. , seeking and avoiding social interaction ) ; while `` dynamics ''  indicates that the desired privacy level ( i.e. , the ideal level of contact at a particular  time ) , which varies due to individual and cultural differences , continuously moves along  the continuum of openness and closeness in response to different circumstances over time .  In other words , the desired privacy level changes with time according to environment . Therefore , we might want to avoid people at a particular time but desire contact at another time .   Altman also believes the goal of privacy regulation is to achieve the optimum level  of privacy ( i.e. , the ideal level of social interaction ) . In this optimizing process , we all strive to match the achieved privacy ( i.e. the actual level of contact at a specific time )  with the desired one . At the optimum level of privacy , we can experience the desired solitude when we want to be alone or enjoy the desired social contact when we want to be with people . However , if our actual level of privacy is greater than the desired one , we will feel lonely  or isolated ; on the other hand , if our actual level of privacy is smaller than the desired  one , we will feel annoyed or crowded .  According to Altman , if we effectively control the openness and closedness of self  to others ( i.e. , make ourselves more or less available to others ) in response to our  desire and the environment , we can function better in society than those who can not .  In order to regulate our privacy ( i.e. , social interaction ) successfully , we need to  use a variety of behavioral mechanisms such as verbal , paraverbal and non-verbal behavior ,  environmental mechanisms of territoriality and personal space , etc. .  By combining these behavioral mechanisms ( i.e. , techniques ) , we can effectively express  our desired privacy level to others in order to achieve the optimum level of privacy .

neg: Our Children, Ourselves `` Our Children , Ourselves '' is the 12th episode of the second season of the American television comedy series , Modern Family and the 36th overall episode of the series . Executive producers Dan O'Shannon & Bill Wrubel wrote the episode , and Adam Shankman directed it . The episode originally aired on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on January 12 , 2011 . It featured guest star Mary Lynn Rajskub as Mitchell 's ex-girlfriend .   In this episode , the dedication of Alex to learning makes Phil and Claire question themselves . Gloria tries to meet new friends . Mitchell runs into an ex-girlfriend while out with his current boyfriend , Cameron .   `` Our Children , Ourselves '' received generally positive reviews from television critics with many praising the `` twist ending '' to Mitchell and Cameron 's storyline . According to the Nielsen Media Research , the episode was viewed by 11.12 million households during its original broadcast , and received a 4.2 rating/10 percent share among viewers in the 18 -- 49 demographic and became the second highest-rated ABC program of the original week it aired after Grey 's Anatomy .   Sarah Hyland does not appear in the episode .

neg: Psychiatrist A psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in psychiatry , the branch of medicine devoted to the diagnosis , prevention , study , and treatment of mental disorders . Psychiatrists are medical doctors , unlike psychologists , and must evaluate patients to determine whether their symptoms are the result of a physical illness , a combination of physical and mental ailments , or strictly psychiatric .   As part of the clinical assessment process , psychiatrists may employ a mental status examination ; a physical examination ; brain imaging such as a computerized tomography ( CT ) , magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) , or positron emission tomography ( PET ) scan ; and blood testing . Psychiatrists prescribe medicine , and may also use psychotherapy , although the vast majority do medical management and refer to a psychologist or other specialized therapist for weekly to bi-monthly psychotherapy .

neg: Home care Home care ( also referred to as domiciliary care , social care , or in-home care ) is supportive care provided in the home . Care may be provided by licensed healthcare professionals who provide medical treatment needs or by professional caregivers who provide daily assistance to ensure the activities of daily living ( ADLs ) are met . In-home medical care is often and more accurately referred to as `` home health care '' or formal care . Often , the term home health care is used to distinguish it from non-medical care , custodial care , or private-duty care which refers to assistance and services provided by persons who are not nurses , doctors , or other licensed medical personnel . For terminally ill patients , home care may include hospice care . For patients recovering from surgery or illness , home care may include rehabilitative therapies .   Home health services help adults , seniors , and pediatric clients who are recovering after a hospital or facility stay , or need additional support to remain safely at home and avoid unnecessary hospitalization . These Medicare-certified services may include short-term nursing , rehabilitative , therapeutic , and assistive home health care . This care is provided by registered nurses ( RNs ) , licensed practical nurses ( LPN 's ) , physical therapists ( PTs ) , occupational therapists ( OTs ) , speech language pathologists ( SLPs ) , home health aides ( HHAs ) and medical social workers ( MSWs ) as a limited number of up to one hour visits , addressed primarily through the Medicare Home Health benefit .   The largest segment of home care consists of licensed and unlicensed non-medical personnel , including caregivers who assist the individual . Care assistants may help the individual with daily tasks such as bathing , eating , cleaning the home and preparing meals . Caregivers work to support the needs of individuals who require such assistance . These services help the client to stay at home versus living in a facility . Non-medical home care is paid for by the individual or family . The term `` private-duty '' refers to the private pay nature of these relationships . Home care ( non-medical ) has traditionally been privately funded as opposed to home health care which is task-based and government or insurance funded .   These traditional differences in home care services are changing as the average age of the population has risen . Individuals typically desire to remain independent and use home care services to maintain their existing lifestyle . Government and Insurance providers are beginning to fund this level of care as an alternative to facility care . In-Home Care is often a lower cost solution to long-term care facilities .

neg: Interpersonal reflex Interpersonal reflex is a term created by Timothy Leary and explained in the book , Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality : A functional theory and methodology for personality evaluation ( 1957 ) .   While examining recorded protocols of communications in adults , Leary discovered that typical patterns of interaction existed . Individual units of these behaviors were called interpersonal mechanisms or interpersonal reflexes . ( p 96 ) ; `` They are defined as the observable , expressive units of face-to-face social behavior . ''   These reflexes are automatic and involuntary responses to interpersonal situations . They are independent of the content of the communication . They are the individual 's spontaneous methods of reacting to others .   Leary states , `` The reflex manner in which human beings react to others and train others to respond to them in selective ways is , I believe , the most important single aspect of personality . The systematic estimates of a patient 's repertoire of interpersonal reflexes is a key factor in functional diagnosis . '' ( p 97 ) .   Examining interpersonal reflexes helps to explain communication and behavioral patterns in healthy and unhealthy relationships . For example , tender , supportive operations tend to train others to agree , conciliate , and depend . Rigid autocratic individuals seek out docile admiring followers . Competitive , self-enhancing behavior pulls envy , distrust , inferiority feelings , and at times respectful admiration from others .

neg: Hypochondriasis Hypochondriasis , also known as hypochondria , health anxiety or illness anxiety disorder , refers to worry about having a serious illness . This debilitating condition is the result of an inaccurate perception of the condition of body or mind despite the absence of an actual medical condition . An individual suffering from hypochondriasis is known as a hypochondriac . Hypochondriacs become unduly alarmed about any physical or psychological symptoms they detect , no matter how minor the symptom may be , and are convinced that they have , or are about to be diagnosed with , a serious illness .   Often , hypochondria persists even after a physician has evaluated a person and reassured them that their concerns about symptoms do not have an underlying medical basis or , if there is a medical illness , their concerns are far in excess of what is appropriate for the level of disease . Many hypochondriacs focus on a particular symptom as the catalyst of their worrying , such as gastro-intestinal problems , palpitations , or muscle fatigue . To qualify for the diagnosis of hypochondria the symptoms must have been experienced for at least 6 months .   The DSM-IV-TR defines this disorder , `` Hypochondriasis '' , as a somatoform disorder and one study has shown it to affect about 3 % of the visitors to primary care settings . The newly published DSM-5 replaces the diagnosis of hypochondriasis with the diagnoses of `` somatic symptom disorder '' and `` illness anxiety disorder '' .   Hypochondria is often characterized by fears that minor bodily or mental symptoms may indicate a serious illness , constant self-examination and self-diagnosis , and a preoccupation with one 's body . Many individuals with hypochondriasis express doubt and disbelief in the doctors ' diagnosis , and report that doctors ' reassurance about an absence of a serious medical condition is unconvincing , or short-lasting . Additionally , many hypochondriacs experience elevated blood pressure , stress , and anxiety in the presence of doctors or while occupying a medical facility , a condition known as `` white coat syndrome '' . Many hypochondriacs require constant reassurance , either from doctors , family , or friends , and the disorder can become a disabling torment for the individual with hypochondriasis , as well as his or her family and friends . Some hypochondriacal individuals completely avoid any reminder of illness , whereas others frequently visit medical facilities , sometimes obsessively . Some sufferers may never speak about it .