query: Muhammad was born in Paris.

pos: Muhammad Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd AllāhFull name : Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim ( ابو القاسم محمد ابن عبد الله ابن عبد المطلب ابن هاشم , lit : Father of Qasim Muhammad son of Abd Allah son of Abdul-Muttalib son of Hashim ) ( محمد -LSB- muħammad -RSB- ; Classical Arabic pronunciation c. 570 CE -- 8 June 632 CE ) is the prophet of Islam and widely identified as its founder by non-Muslims . According to Islamic doctrine , he was God 's Messenger ( rasūl Allāh ) sent to confirm the essential teachings of monotheism preached previously by Adam , Abraham , Moses , Jesus , and other prophets . He is viewed as the final prophet of God in primary branches of Islam , though some modern denominations diverge from this belief.The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community considers Muhammad to be the `` Seal of the Prophets '' ( Khātam an-Nabiyyīn ) and the last law-bearing Prophet but not the last Prophet . See :   There are also smaller sects which believe Muhammad to be not the last Prophet :  The Nation of Islam considers Elijah Muhammad to be a prophet ( source : African American Religious Leaders -- p. 76 , Jim Haskins , Kathleen Benson -- 2008 ) .  United Submitters International consider Rashad Khalifa to be a prophet . ( Source : Daniel Pipes , Miniatures : Views of Islamic and Middle Eastern Politics , p. 98 ( 2004 ) ) Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity and ensured that his teachings , practices , and the Quran , formed the basis of Islamic religious belief .   Born approximately 570CE ( Year of the Elephant ) in the Arabian city of Mecca , Muhammad was orphaned at an early age ; he was raised under the care of his paternal uncle Abu Talib . Periodically , he would seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer ; later , at age 40 , he reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave , where he stated he received his first revelation from God . Three years later , in 610 , Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly , proclaiming that `` God is One '' , that complete `` surrender '' ( lit . islām ) to him is the right course of action ( dīn ) , and that he was a prophet and messenger of God , similar to the other prophets in Islam .   Muhammad gained few early followers , and met hostility from some Meccan tribes . To escape persecution , Muhammad sent some followers to Abyssinia before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina ( then known as Yathrib ) in the year 622 . This event , the Hijra , marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar , also known as the Hijri Calendar . In Medina , Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina . In December 629 , after eight years of intermittent conflict with Meccan tribes , Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca . The attack went largely uncontested and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed . In 632 , a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage , he fell ill and died . Before his death , most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam .   The revelations ( each known as Ayah , lit . `` Sign -LSB- of God -RSB- '' ) , which Muhammad reported receiving until his death , form the verses of the Quran , regarded by Muslims as the `` Word of God '' and around which the religion is based . Besides the Quran , Muhammad 's teachings and practices ( sunnah ) , found in the Hadith and sira literature , are also upheld by Muslims and used as sources of Islamic law ( see Sharia ) .

neg: Order of Muhammad The Order of Muhammad , also referred to as Order of Sovereignty ( Arabic : Wissam al-Mohammadi , French : Ordre de la Souverainete or Ordre de Mohammed ) , is the highest state decoration of the Kingdom of Morocco . The Order was instituted on 16 November 1956 by King Mohammed V of Morocco , who reigned between 1955 and 1961 .

neg: Umm al-Qura Mosque The Umm al-Qura ( `` Mother of All Cities '' ) mosque in Baghdad is the city 's largest place of worship for Sunni Muslims . Originally called the Umm al-Ma ` arik ( `` Mother of All Battles '' ) mosque , it was designed to commemorate Saddam Hussein 's victory in the 1991 Gulf War and was intended to serve as a personal tribute to Saddam himself . It is located in the Sunni-populated al-Adel area of western Baghdad . Costing $ 7.5 million to build , the mosque 's cornerstone was laid on Saddam 's 61st birthday on 28 April 1998 . It was formally completed on 28 April 2001 in time for the ten-year anniversary of the Gulf War .   Although never confirmed by his regime or himself during his lifetime , there has been speculation that it was intended to have been Saddam 's final resting place .   Many architectural features of the mosque and the surrounding complex allude to either Saddam or the war ( or both ) . It has four minarets on its perimeter , each resembling a Kalashnikov rifle barrel and standing 43 m high , marking the 43 days of the Gulf War . Around the dome are another four minarets , each in the shape of a Scud missile on its launchpad standing 37 m high . The dome is set in the middle of a lake in the shape of the Arab world , in which was set a 7.5 m wide mosaic representation of Saddam 's thumbprint with an inset magnified version of his initials , made from gold . The mosque was formerly used to display a Qur ` an written in Saddam 's blood . The 28 fountains of the lake , the four inner minarets and the 37 m height of each minaret together represent the date of Saddam 's birth - 28 April 1937 . The building is constructed from white limestone with blue mosaic decorations , and red , white and black Iraqi flags are painted on the peaks of the inner minarets .   Following the fall of Saddam Hussein in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq , the mosque was taken over by a Sunni group called the Association of Muslim Scholars . It became a recruiting site and propaganda centre for the early Iraqi insurgency . The association became a de facto Al Qaeda ally ; its leader Harith Suleiman al-Dhari , who operated out of the mosque , is said to have played a key role in mobilizing insurgents during the 2004 fighting in Fallujah , west of Baghdad . In 2007 , the association was expelled by the Sunni Endowment , a quasi-governmental agency responsible for Sunni mosques in Iraq , which took control of Umm al-Qura .   On 28 August 2011 , the mosque was attacked by a suicide bomber during prayers , killing at least 28 people and injuring 30 more . An Iraqi member of parliament was among the dead .

neg: Second International Islamic Unity Conference From August 2 through the 4th , 1996 , some 7,000 attendees and over 125 speakers from around the globe attended a three-day marathon of lectures , parallel workshop sessions , prayer , praise of Muhammad and Islamic social interaction . Officially known as the International Islamic Unity Conference , it started off with a press session on Friday morning and ended with a parade through downtown Los Angeles on Sunday evening . Attendees praised the organizers for an excellent , though intense schedule of speeches by muftis , Islamic scholars , international political leaders , American political figures and an array of interfaith events .   Chaired by Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani , the conference was sponsored by As-Sunnah Foundation of America , the Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order and by a number of other charitable and religious organizations .   Many felt the conference organization was exemplary , the facilities at the Los Angeles ' Westin Bonaventure Hotel excellent and the wide variety of cultural food and Islamic entertainment very apropos for such an international event . The many San Francisco Bay Area attendees were happy to find a number of prominent local Islamic activists featured , as well as those from national ISNA , IQRA , MPAC and other national Islamic organizations well represented .   The spirit of unity was especially apparent at the `` Peace in the Streets '' session , where about 20 former gang leaders , along with the popular rap star MC Hammer , took shahada with Shaykh Nazim al-Qubrusi , Grand-mufti of Cyprus and worldwide leader of the Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order .   Attendees were treated to sessions on politics , importance of schools of thought , purification of the heart , establishing Islamic economic power , educational curriculum initiative and many other subjects , discussed from the main podium as well as in intimate workshops where speakers and attendees were able to express their views . A major event occurred on Saturday night , with the launching of the International Day of the Orphan , which is expected , given the sponsorship of California 's Assembly , and endorsement by a number of international organizations , to become a globally sponsored day for recalling the plight of orphans and children in difficulty .

neg: Muhammad's wives Muhammad 's wives or Wives of Muhammad were the eleven women ( not including his two concubines ) married to the Islamic prophet Muhammad . Muslims refer to them as Mothers of the Believers ( Arabic : أمهات المؤمنين Ummahāt al-Muʾminīn ) . Muslims use the term prominently before or after referring to them as a sign of respect . The term is derived from :   Muhammad 's life is traditionally delineated as two epochs : pre-hijra ( emigration ) in Mecca , a city in western Arabia , from the year 570 to 622 , and post-hijra in Medina , from 622 until his death in 632 . All but two of his marriages were contracted after the Hijra ( migration to Medina ) . Of Muhammad 's thirteen `` wives '' , at least two , Rayhana bint Zayd and Maria al-Qibtiyya , were actually only concubines ; however , there is debate among Muslims as to whether these two became his wives . Of his thirteen wives and/or concubines only two bore him children , a fact which has been described as `` curious '' by Cornell University Professor of Near Eastern Studies David S. Powers .

neg: Quartier Pigalle Pigalle ( -LSB- pi.ɡal -RSB- ) is an area in Paris around the Place Pigalle , on the border between the 9th and the 18th arrondissements . It is named after the sculptor Jean-Baptiste Pigalle ( 1714 -- 1785 ) .   Pigalle is famous for being a tourist district , with many sex shops , theatres and adult shows on Place Pigalle and the main boulevards . The neighbourhood 's raunchy reputation led to its Second World War nickname of `` Pig Alley '' by Allied soldiers . The Divan du Monde and the Moulin Rouge , a world-famous cabaret , are both located in Pigalle .   The area to the south of Place Pigalle is devoted to the retail of musical instruments and equipment , especially for popular music . A section of the rue de Douai consists solely of stores selling guitars , drums and musical accessories .   Henri Toulouse-Lautrec 's studio was here . Artists such as Pablo Picasso , Vincent van Gogh and Maurice Neumont also once lived here as did Andre Breton , and in 1928 Josephine Baker opened her first night club next door to Breton 's apartment . The works of artist Salvador Dalí can be seen at the nearby Espace Dalí .   It was also the home of the Grand Guignol theatre , which closed in 1962 . However , the theatre itself still stands . The Musée de l'érotisme ( Museum of Eroticism ) can also be found here .   Pigalle is well known to tourists who want to experience `` Paris by night '' . It is home to some of Paris ' most famous cabarets ( the Moulin Rouge , for instance , was immortalised by artist Toulouse-Lautrec as well as Hollywood ) , as well as topless and nude shows .   Pigalle is one end-point of the Montmartrobus ( a public bus serving the area ) , or you can get to the Place Pigalle by taking the Métro to the Pigalle stop .   American-born jazz singer Adelaide Hall lived in Pigalle in 1937 -- 1938 and opened her nightclub La Grosse Pomme ( `` the Big Apple '' ) at 73 Rue Pigalle . Other nightclubs in Rue Pigalle during the late 1930s included the Moon Rousse and Caravan where Django Reinhardt played .

neg: Panthéon-Assas University -RCB- -RCB-   Panthéon-Assas University ( Université Panthéon-Assas -LSB- ynivɛʁsite pɑ̃teɔ̃ asas -RSB- , also referred to as `` Assas '' -LSB- asas -RSB- , `` Paris II '' -LSB- paʁi dø -RSB- , or `` Sorbonne Law School '' ) is a public university in Paris , France .   Heir of the faculty of law and economics of the University of Paris ( La Sorbonne ) , it was established as its successor when the world 's second oldest academic institution was divided into autonomous universities in 1970 . It is a member of the alliance Sorbonne University .   Panthéon-Assas University is ranked first in France in law by Eduniversal and is renowned for excellence in Law . '' Since its founding , it has produced two presidents including former French president François Hollande , four prime ministers and the holders of thirty-seven other ministerships in France and around the world . Forty alumni of the university have been members of various parliaments as well .   The majority of the nineteen campuses of Panthéon-Assas are located in the Latin Quarter , with the main campus on place du Panthéon . The university is composed of four departments specializing in law , economics , public and private management , and political science , and hosts twenty-four research centres and five specialized doctoral schools . Every year , the university enrolls approximately 18,000 students , including 3,000 international students .

neg: Hilya The term hilya ( Arabic حلية ( plural : ḥilan , ḥulan ) , hilye ( plural : hilyeler ) denotes a religious genre of Ottoman Turkish literature , dealing with the physical description of Muhammad . Hilya literally means `` ornament '' .   They originate with the discipline of shama'il , the study of Muhammad 's appearance and character , based on hadith accounts , most notably Tirmidhi 's al-Shama ` il al-Muhamadiyyah wa al-Khasa ` il al-Mustafawiyyah ( `` The Sublime Characteristics of Muhammad '' ) .   In Ottoman-era folk Islam , there was a belief that reading and possessing Muhammad 's description protects the person from trouble in this world and the next , it became customary to carry such descriptions , rendered in fine calligraphy and illuminated , as amulets . In 17th-century Ottoman Turkey , hilyes developed into an art form with a standard layout , often framed and used as a wall decoration .   Later hilyes were also written for the first four Caliphs , the companions of Muhammad , Muhammad 's grandchildren ( Hasan and Hussein ) and Islamic saints ( walis ) .

neg: Church of Saint-Sulpice, Paris Saint-Sulpice ( -LSB- sɛ̃sylpis -RSB- ) is a Roman Catholic church in Paris , France , on the east side of the Place Saint-Sulpice within the rue Bonaparte , in the Odéon Quarter of the 6th arrondissement . At 113 metres long , 58 metres in width and 34 metres tall , it is only slightly smaller than Notre-Dame and thus the second largest church in the city . It is dedicated to Sulpitius the Pious . Construction of the present building , the second church on the site , began in 1646 . During the 18th century , an elaborate gnomon , the Gnomon of Saint-Sulpice , was constructed in the church .

neg: Tuileries Palace The Tuileries Palace ( Palais des Tuileries , -LSB- palɛ de tɥilʁi -RSB- ) was a royal and imperial palace in Paris which stood on the right bank of the River Seine . It was the usual Parisian residence of most French monarchs , from Henry IV to Napoleon III , until it was burned by the Paris Commune in 1871 .   Built in 1564 , it was gradually extended until it closed off the western end of the Louvre courtyard and displayed an immense façade of 266 metres . Since the destruction of the Tuileries , the Louvre courtyard has remained open and the site is now the location of the eastern end of the Tuileries Garden , forming an elevated terrace between the Place du Carrousel and the gardens proper .

neg: Al-Baqi Jannat al-Baqi ` ( -LSB- جنة البقيع , Jannat al-Baqī ` , lit = Garden of Baqi -RSB- ) is a cemetery in Medina , present-day Saudi Arabia , located to the southeast of the Masjid al-Nabawi ( The Prophet 's Mosque ) . The mosque is built where the Islamic prophet Muhammad used to live , and is currently buried . It is also known as Baqi al-Gharqad , which means `` Baqi of the Boxthorn '' .   The cemetery holds much significance . It contains many of Muhammad 's relatives and companions . Many traditions relate Muhammad issuing a prayer every time he passed it . A Jewish graveyard was once located behind Jannat al-Baqi . The Umayyad rulers took down the wall of the Jewish cemetery and widened the Muslim graveyard to enclose the tomb of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan within it .

neg: Paris Commune (French Revolution) The Paris Commune during the French Revolution was the government of Paris from 1792 until 1795 . Established in the Hôtel de Ville just after the storming of the Bastille , it consisted of 144 delegates elected by the 48 divisions of the city . The Paris Commune became insurrectionary in the summer of 1792 , essentially refusing to take orders from the central French government . It took charge of routine civic functions but is best known for mobilizing extreme views and actions among the people and for its campaign to dechristianize the churches and the people . It lost much power in 1794 and was replaced in 1795 .   The first mayor was Jean Sylvain Bailly ; he was succeeded on November 1791 by Pétion de Villeneuve after Bailly 's unpopular use of the National Guard to disperse a riotous assembly in the Champ de Mars ( 17 July 1791 ) .   In 1792 , the Commune was dominated by those Jacobins who were not in the Legislative Assembly due to the Self-Denying Ordinance .   On the night of 9 August 1792 a new revolutionary Commune , led by Georges Danton , Camille Desmoulins and Jacques Hébert took possession of the Hôtel de Ville ; the next day insurgents assailed the Tuileries , where the royal family resided . During the ensuing constitutional crisis , the collapsing Legislative Assembly of France was heavily dependent on the Commune for the effective power that allowed it to continue to function as a legislature . The all-powerful Commune demanded custody of the royal family , imprisoning them in the Temple fortress . A list of `` opponents of the Revolution '' was drawn up , the gates to the city were sealed , and on 28 August the citizens were subjected to domiciliary visits , ostensibly in a search for muskets .   It was not until 1792 that the government had a formal cabinet in place , with the appointment of the Ministers of the French National Convention and the decision of the Commissioners of the Committee of Public Safety in 1794 to take charge of administrative departments .   The government of the republic was succeeded by the French Directory in November 1795 .

neg: Ali Ali ( -LSB- ˈɑːli , _ ɑːˈliː -RSB- -LSB- علي , ʿAlī -RSB- , -LSB- ʕaliː -RSB- ; 15 September 601 -- 29 January 661 ) was the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad , the prophet of Islam . He ruled over the Caliphate from 656 to 661 , and was Imam of Shia Islam from 632 to 661 .   Born to Abu Talib and Fatimah bint Asad , ` Ali was the only person born in the sacred sanctuary of the Ka ` bah in Mecca , the holiest place in Islam , according to many classical Islamic sources , especially Shia ones . ` Ali was the first young male who accepted Islam . After migrating to Medina , he married Muhammad 's daughter Fatimah . Ali took part in the early caravan raids from Mecca and later in almost all the battles fought by the nascent Muslim community . He was appointed caliph by Muhammad 's Companions ( Sahaba ) in 656 , after Caliph Uthman ibn Affan was assassinated . ` Ali 's reign saw civil wars and in 661 , he was attacked and assassinated by a Kharijite while praying in the Great Mosque of Kufa , dying two days later .   ` Ali is important to various Sunni and Shi`ite denominations politically , legislatively and spiritually . The numerous biographical sources about Ali are often biased due to sectarianism , but they agree that he was a pious Muslim , devoted to the cause of Islam and a just ruler in accordance with the Qur ' an and the Sunnah . While Sunnis consider Ali the fourth and final of the Rashidun ( rightly guided ) caliphs , Shi`ites regard ` Ali as the first Imam after Muhammad due to their interpretation of the events at Ghadir Khumm . Shias also believe that ` Ali and the other Shi`ite Imams ( all of whom are members of the Ahl al-Bayt , Muhammad 's household ) are the rightful successors to Muhammad . This disagreement split the Ummah ( Muslim community ) into the Sunni and Shia branches .

neg: Moses in Islam Mûsâ al ibn Amram ( -LSB- ٰمُوسَى , Mūsa -RSB- ) known as Moses in the Hebrew Bible , considered a prophet , messenger , and leader in Islam , is the most frequently mentioned individual in the Quran . In Islamic tradition , instead of introducing a new religion , Musa is regarded by Muslims as teaching and practicing the religion of his predecessors and confirming the scriptures and prophets before him . The Quran states that Moses was sent by God to the Pharaoh of Egypt and the Israelites for guidance and warning . Moses is mentioned more in the Quran than any other individual , and his life is narrated and recounted more than that of any other prophet . According to Islam , all Muslims must have faith in every prophet ( nabi ) and messenger ( rasul ) which includes Moses and his brother Aaron ( Harun ) . The Quran states :   Moses is considered to be a prophetic predecessor to Muhammad . Generally attributed the tale of Moses as a spiritual parallel to the life of Muhammad , considering many aspects of their lives to be shared . Islamic literature also describes a parallel between their believers and the incidents which occurred in their lifetimes . The exodus of the Israelites from Egypt is considered similar to the migration ( hijra ) made by the followers of Muhammad .   Moses ( Musa ) is also very important in Islam for having been given the revelation of the Torah , which is considered to be one of the true revealed scriptures in Muslim theology , and Muslims generally hold that much of the Torah is confirmed and repeated in the Qur ` an . Moreover , according to Islamic tradition , Moses was one of the many prophets Muhammad met in the event of the Mi ` raj , when he ascended through the seven heavens . In Muslim belief , Moses is regarded as having urged Muhammad during his Mi ` raj to reduce the number of prayers until they were only five remaining , which are regarded as being the five obligatory prayers . Moses is further revered in Islamic literature , which expands upon the incidents of his life and the miracles attributed to him in the Qur ` an and hadith , such as his direct conversation with God .

neg: France France ( -LSB- fʁɑ̃s -RSB- ) , officially the French Republic ( -LSB- ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz -RSB- ) , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . France spans 643801 km2 and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux .   During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome , which held Gaul until 486 , when the Germanic Franks conquered the region and formed the Kingdom of France . France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , with its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 to 1453 ) strengthening state-building and political centralisation . During the Renaissance , French culture flourished and a global colonial empire was established , which by the 20th century would be the second largest in the world . The 16th century was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots ) . France became Europe 's dominant cultural , political , and military power under Louis XIV . In the late 18th century , the French Revolution overthrew the absolute monarchy , established one of modern history 's earliest republics , and saw the drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , which expresses the nation 's ideals to this day .   In the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire , whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe . Following the collapse of the Empire , France endured a tumultuous succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870 . France was a major participant in the First World War , from which it emerged victorious , and was one of the Allied Powers in the Second World War , but came under occupation by the Axis Powers in 1940 . Following liberation in 1944 , a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War . The Fifth Republic , led by Charles de Gaulle , was formed in 1958 and remains to this day . Algeria and nearly all the other colonies became independent in the 1960s and typically retained close economic and military connections with France .   France has long been a global centre of art , science , and philosophy . It hosts Europe 's fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually , the most of any country in the world . France is a developed country with the world 's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity . In terms of aggregate household wealth , it ranks fourth in the world . France performs well in international rankings of education , health care , life expectancy , and human development . France remains a great power in the world , being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state . It is a leading member state of the European Union and the Eurozone . It is also a member of the Group of 7 , North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and La Francophonie .

neg: Palais des Papes The Palais des Papes ( English : Papal palace , lo Palais dei Papas in Occitan ) is a historical palace in Avignon , southern France , one of the largest and most important medieval Gothic buildings in Europe . Once a fortress and palace , the papal residence was the seat of Western Christianity during the 14th century . Six papal conclaves were held in the Palais , leading to the elections of Benedict XII in 1334 , Clement VI in 1342 , Innocent VI in 1352 , Urban V in 1362 , Gregory XI in 1370 and Antipope Benedict XIII in 1394 .   The Palais is actually two joined buildings : the old palais of Benedict XII , which sits on the impregnable rock of Doms , and the new palais of Clement VI , the most extravagant of the Avignon popes . Together they form the largest Gothic building of the Middle Ages , it is also one of the best examples of the International Gothic architectural style . The construction design was the work of two of France 's best architects , Pierre Peysson and Jean du Louvres and the lavish ornamentation was the work of two of the best students of the School of Siena ( Italy ) , Simone Martini and Matteo Giovanetti .   In addition , the papal library housed in the Palais ( the largest in Europe at the time with over 2,000 volumes ) , attracted a group of clerics passionate in the study of `` belle-lettres '' , amongst them the founder of Humanism , Petrarch . At the same time , composers , singers and musicians were drawn to the Great Chapel of the Palais . It was there that Clement VI appreciated the Mass of Notre-Dame of Guillaume de Machaut , there that Philippe de Vitry at the pope 's invitation presented his Ars Nova and there that Johannes Ciconia came to study .   Due to its immense size , the Palais was also the place where the general organisation of the Church began to change . It facilitated the centralisation of services and the adaption of operations in order to suit the needs of the papacy , creating a truly central administration for the Church . The manpower of the Curia ( Church administration ) , while 200 at the end of the 13th century , surpassed 300 at the beginning of the 14th century and reached 500 people in 1316 . To this were added over 1,000 lay officials working within the Palais .   Despite this , the Palais became obsolete when the papacy found it necessary to return to Rome . The hope of reuniting Latin and Orthodox Christians , along with the achievement of peace in the Papal States in Italy , made the case of returning stronger . Added to that was the strong conviction of both Urban V and Gregory XI that the seat of the papacy could only be the tomb of St Peter . Despite strong opposition from the Court of France and the College of Cardinals , both popes found the means to return to Rome , the first , on 30 April 1362 , the second on 13 September 1370 . This time , the return was absolute .   In the following centuries , the Palais lost all of its former glory , despite it serving as the seat of two anti-popes and many cardinals . It retained , however , a `` work of destruction '' aspect that French poets and writers such as Charles Forbes René de Montalembert have referred to over the centuries , with its powerful sense of beauty , simplicity , grandeur and immortality .   Since 1995 , the Palais des Papes has been classified , along with the historic center of Avignon , as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , under cultural criteria i , ii and iv .

neg: Lyon Lyon ( -LSB- liːˈɒn -RSB- or -LSB- ˈliːɒn -RSB- -LSB- ljɔ̃ -RSB- , locally : -LSB- lijɔ̃ -RSB- Liyon -LSB- - frpʎjɔ̃ -RSB- ) is a city in east-central France , in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region , about 470 km from Paris , 320 km from Marseille and 55 km from Saint-Etienne . Inhabitants of the city are called Lyonnais .   Lyon had a population of 506,615 in 2014 and is France 's third-largest city after Paris and Marseille . Lyon is the capital of the Metropolis of Lyon and the region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes . The metropolitan area of Lyon had a population of 2,237,676 in 2013 , the second-largest in France after Paris .   The city is known for its cuisine and gastronomy and historical and architectural landmarks and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Lyon was historically an important area for the production and weaving of silk .   It played a significant role in the history of cinema : Auguste and Louis Lumière invented the cinematographe in Lyon . The city is also known for its famous light festival , Fête des Lumières , which occurs every 8 December and lasts for four days , earning Lyon the title of Capital of Lights .   Economically , Lyon is a major centre for banking , as well as for the chemical , pharmaceutical , and biotech industries . The city contains a significant software industry with a particular focus on video games , and in recent years has fostered a growing local start-up sector . Lyon hosts the international headquarters of Interpol , Euronews , and International Agency for Research on Cancer . Lyon was ranked 19th globally and second in France for innovation in 2014 . It ranked second in France and 39th globally in Mercer 's 2015 liveability rankings .

neg: Abd-ar-Rahman III Abd-ar-Rahman III ( ′ Abd ar-Rahmān ibn Muhammad ibn ′ Abd Allāh ibn Muhammad ibn ′ abd ar-Rahman ibn al-Hakam ar-Rabdi ibn Hisham ibn ′ abd ar-Rahman ad-Dakhil ; عبد الرحمن الثالث 11 January 889/9115 October 961 ) was the Emir and Caliph of Córdoba ( 912 -- 961 ) of the Umayyad dynasty in al-Andalus . Called al-Nasir li-Din Allah ( `` the Defender of God 's Faith '' ) , he ascended the throne in his early 20s , and reigned for half a century as the most powerful prince of Iberia . Although people of all creeds enjoyed tolerance and freedom of religion under his rule , he repelled the Fatimids , partly by supporting their Maghrawa enemies in North Africa , and partly by claiming the title Caliph ( ruler of the Islamic world ) for himself .

neg: Place Saint-Paul Officially , there is no such place as the Place Saint-Paul in Paris .   Nonetheless , to the citizens of this 4th-arrondissement neighborhood , the Place Saint-Paul is a real place near the Saint-Paul metro station and the Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis church . Here , almost in front of the church 's north-facing doors , the Rue Saint-Antoine meets the Rue de Rivoli at a narrow angle , forming a triangular island to the west of the intersection where there are trees , benches , kiosks , an entrance to the Saint-Paul metro station , a carousel for children , etc. . Unofficially , this sliver of ground in the middle of traffic is the Place Saint-Paul , but most local people will tell you that the Place Saint-Paul extends a few tens of metres into the neighboring streets as well .   Perhaps a workable definition might be : the Place Saint-Paul is any place where either the Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis church or an entrance to the Saint-Paul metro station is within sight . If so , then the portions of the streets closest to the Rivoli/Saint-Antoine intersection would be included : Rue Saint-Paul , Rue de Turenne , Rue de Sévigné , Rue Malher , Rue du Roi de Sicile , Rue Pavée , Rue Francois Miron , Rue de Fourcy , and Rue de Prévôt .   Both the `` square '' and the metro station take their names from the local church , the Church of Saint-Paul and Saint-Louis . The area is also called `` Métro Saint-Paul '' . A hotel nearby , perhaps acknowledging the unofficial nature of the `` Place Saint-Paul '' name , calls itself `` Hôtel de la Pointe Rivoli '' .   The triangular area described above , planted with two rows of trees , has existed since the extension of the Rue de Rivoli from the ancient Place du Marché-Saint-Jean , which is known today as the Place du Bourg-Tibourg , to the Rue Saint-Antoine undertaken by Baron Haussmann in 1854 . As for the metro station , it was among the stops on the first section of Line 1 of the metro system , which opened on 19 July 1900 , as part of a new service operating between Porte Maillot and the Porte de Vincennes .   There are old postcards that have pictures that clearly represent places in the Place Saint-Paul area , yet they are captioned Place des Juifs ( Plaza of the Jews ) . The neighboring Jewish quarter ( Rue des Rosiers , Rue Ferdinand-Duval , etc. ) is called the Pletzl , ( פלעצל , `` little place '' in Yiddish . ) The `` little place '' , which lent its name to an entire neighborhood , is also often identified as the `` Place Saint-Paul '' .

neg: Mohammad Temim Mohammad Temim , also Haji Mohammad Temim ( French : Aggi Mohamed ) was an ambassador of the Moroccan king Mulay Ismail to France . Mohammad Temim was accompanied by Ali Manino , as well as six other ambassadorial members . They visited Paris in 1682 . He was able to explore many aspects of French intellectual and artistic life . He attended a performance of Lully 's Atys . He also visited Notre-Dame de Paris where he attended an organ performance . Mohammad Temin showed great interest in arts and sciences . Upon his return , he received beautiful farewell gifts from Louis XIV .   Another Moroccan ambassador Abdallah bin Aisha would visit France in 1699-1700 .

neg: Maghrebis in France Maghrebis in France or French Maghrebis are immigrants from Maghreb countries ( mainly Algeria , Morocco , Tunisia ) in France . The term may also refer to French-born persons who have Maghrebi parents or who have Maghrebi ancestral background . The term includes all ethnicities from the Maghreb living in France ( Arabs and Berbers ) .


query: Short Term 12 is exclusively a novel.

pos: Short Term 12 Short Term 12 is a 2013 American drama film written and directed by Destin Daniel Cretton . The film is based on Cretton 's short film of the same name , produced in 2009 . It stars Brie Larson as Grace , the supervisor of a group home for troubled teenagers .   Cretton was inspired to write Short Term 12 based on his own experience of working in a group facility for teenagers . He first wrote and produced a short film based on the idea and later adapted it into a feature-length screenplay . While Larson and John Gallagher , Jr. won their roles after auditioning through Skype , most of the children featured in the film were cast through open casting calls . Filming took place over 20 days in Los Angeles , California in September 2012 .   Short Term 12 premiered on March 10 , 2013 at the South by Southwest film festival and was released in theaters on August 23 , 2013 . It grossed $ 2 million and was met with critical acclaim . Reviewers praised the film 's realism and intimacy , drawing particular attention to Larson 's performance and Cretton 's direction . The film won South by Southwest 's Grand Jury and Audience Awards for a Narrative Feature , as well as earning three Independent Spirit Award nominations .

neg: Speculative fiction Speculative fiction is an umbrella genre encompassing narrative fiction with supernatural or futuristic elements . This includes the genres science fiction , fantasy , horror and supernatural fiction , as well as their combinations . The broader usage of the term is attributed to Robert Heinlein , who referenced it in 1947 in an editorial essay , although there are prior mentions of speculative fiction or its variant `` speculative literature '' .

neg: Utopian and dystopian fiction The utopia and its derivative , the dystopia , are genres of literature that explore social and political structures . Utopian fiction portrays a setting that agrees with the author 's ethos , having various attributes of another reality intended to appeal to readers . Dystopian ( or dystopic ) fiction ( sometimes combined with , but distinct from apocalyptic literature ) is the opposite : the portrayal of a setting that completely disagrees with the author 's ethos . Many novels combine both , often as a metaphor for the different directions humanity can take , depending on its choices , ending up with one of two possible futures . Both utopias and dystopias are commonly found in science fiction and other speculative fiction genres , and arguably are by definition a type of speculative fiction .   More than 400 utopian works were published prior to the year 1900 in the English language alone , with more than a thousand others during the twentieth century .

neg: The Kill Order The Kill Order is a 2012 young adult dystopian science fiction novel written by American author James Dashner and published on August 14 , 2012 by Delacorte Press . It is the first prequel book in The Maze Runner series and the fourth installment overall . The book is set prior to the events of The Fever Code and 13 years before The Maze Runner book .

neg: List of The New York Times Manga Best Sellers The New York Times Best Seller list for manga published in the United States was introduced on March 5 , 2009 , along with two additional lists for hardcover and paperback graphic novels . The three lists are grouped under the `` Graphic Books '' category . Deborah Hoffman , an editor for the Best Seller lists , explained that the term `` Graphic Books '' was selected to create an `` inclusive and expansive '' list which can extend to works of both fiction and non-fiction . Journalist George Gustines announced , in his introduction of the new lists , `` Comics have finally joined the mainstream . '' The announcement was made the week the film Watchmen , based on the comic book of the same name , was released in movie theaters throughout the U.S. . The Best Seller lists are printed weekly in The New York Times Book Review magazine , which is published in the Sunday edition of The New York Times and as a stand-alone publication .   Gustines explained the methodology used to determine the rankings :   Rankings reflect sales of graphic novels -LSB- ... -RSB- at many thousands of venues where a wide range of books are sold nationwide . These include hundreds of independent book retailers ( statistically weighted to represent all such outlets ) ; national , regional and local chains ; online and multimedia entertainment retailers ; university , gift , supermarket , discount department stores and newsstands . In addition , these rankings also include unit sales reported by retailers nationwide that specialize in graphic novels and comic books .   On multiple occasions , manga have been listed outside its designated list . Mike Kiley , then-Senior Vice President of the publisher Tokyopop , explained in 2010 that it has become more difficult to draw a distinguishing line between works that are manga and manga-inspired , such as Korean manhwa and American original English language ( OEL ) manga . A Drifting Life , an autobiographical manga by Yoshihiro Tatsumi , appeared on the May 3 , 2009 , Best Seller list for paperback graphic novels , where it ranked third . X-Men : Misfits , an original English manga based on the X-Men comic book franchise , ranked fifth at its debut on the August 30 , 2009 , paperback graphic novels list , and stayed on the chart for five consecutive weeks . The first volume of a manhwa adaptation of the popular vampire-themed Twilight novels by Stephenie Meyer remained on the hardcover graphic novels Best Seller list for 27 consecutive weeks in 2010 .   In January 2017 , the Times decided to stop producing the separate manga best seller list .

neg: Fripp (novel) Fripp is a comedy novel by Miles Tredinnick . It tells the story of a young private investigator , Twyford Fripp , taking on his very first case in attempting to track down the missing wife of a Rear Admiral . It was first published in 2001 and a Kindle ebook version was released in 2011 . Fripp is the author 's first novel .

neg: Waverley Novels The Waverley Novels is a long series of novels by Sir Walter Scott ( 1771 -- 1832 ) . For nearly a century , they were among the most popular and widely read novels in all of Europe .   Because Scott did not publicly acknowledge authorship until 1827 , the series takes its name from Waverley , the first novel of the series released in 1814 . The later books bore the words `` by the author of Waverley '' on their title pages .   The Tales of my Landlord sub-series was not advertised as `` by the author of Waverley '' and thus is not always included as part of the Waverley Novels series .

neg: The Ritual (novel) The Ritual is a 2011 British horror novel by Adam Nevill . The book was first released in the United Kingdom on 7 October 2011 through Pan Macmillan and was released in the United States on 14 February 2012 through Macmillan imprint St. Martin 's Griffin . It is Nevill 's third published novel and was followed by his 2012 work Last Days . The Ritual is the winner of the 2012 August Derleth Award for Best Horror Novel . Film rights were optioned by Stillking Films , before the option was passed to Imaginarium , who currently holds the film and TV rights .

neg: Aurealis Award for best young adult novel The Aurealis Awards are presented annually by the Australia-based Chimaera Publications and WASFF to published works to `` recognise the achievements of Australian science fiction , fantasy , horror writers '' . To qualify , a work must have been first published by an Australian citizen or permanent resident between 1 January and 31 December of the corresponding year ; the presentation ceremony is held the following year . It has grown from a small function of around 20 people to a two-day event attended by over 200 people .   Since their creation in 1995 , awards have been given in various categories of speculative fiction . Categories currently include science fiction , fantasy , horror , speculative young adult fiction -- with separate awards for novels and short fiction -- collections , anthologies , illustrative works or graphic novels , children 's books , and an award for excellence in speculative fiction . The awards have attracted the attention of publishers by setting down a benchmark in science fiction and fantasy . The continued sponsorship by publishers such as HarperCollins and Orbit has added weight to the honour of the award .   The results are decided by a panel of judges from a list of submitted nominees ; the long-list of nominees is reduced to a short-list of finalists . Ties can occur if the panel decides that both entries show equal merit , however they are encouraged to choose a single winner . The judges are selected from a public application process by the Award 's management team .   This article lists all the short-list nominees and winners in the best young-adult novel category , as well as novels that have been highly commended . Three people have won the award twice -- Isobelle Carmody , Garth Nix and Scott Westerfeld . Westerfeld holds the record for most nominations with eight , and Rory Barnes has the most nominations without winning , having been a losing finalist five times .

neg: Novell Novell , Inc. . -LSB- noʊˈvɛl -RSB- was a software and services company headquartered in Provo , Utah . It had been instrumental in making Utah Valley a focus for technology and software development . Novell technology contributed to the emergence of local area networks , which displaced the dominant mainframe computing model and changed computing worldwide .   The company was originally an independent corporate entity until it was acquired as a wholly owned subsidiary by The Attachmate Group ; this later was acquired in 2014 by Micro Focus International , of which Novell is now a division .

neg: Narrative hook A narrative hook ( or hook ) is a literary technique in the opening of a story that `` hooks '' the reader 's attention so that he or she will keep on reading . The `` opening '' may consist of several paragraphs for a short story , or several pages for a novel , but ideally it is the opening sentence .

neg: Récit Récit is a term for a subgenre of the French novel , describing a work in which the narrative calls attention to itself . Literary critic Roger Shattuck explains , `` During a récit , we are conscious of being at one remove from the action ; the very act of narration interferes and calls attention to itself . '' Examples of the récit include works by Benjamin Constant and Eugene Fromentin , Andre Gide , Maurice Blanchot , and Michel Leiris . According to Shattuck , The discomfort of the narrator in confronting his own effort of composition ( by now it should be apparent that narrator and author become indistinguishable ) has been inherited as one of the principal features of the recit .  Critic Geoffrey Hartman describes the récit as `` a confessional narrative , a kind of dramatic monologue in prose ... ''   Daniel Just writes of an ambiguity in the nature of the récit :   For literary critics , the récit as a category became ... elusive -- at once too broad and too specific . Meaning a `` narrative '' in general , récit has been used as an indefinite notion embracing many prose genres , to the point when it ceases to be clear if it does not coincide with narrative literature as such . At the same time , it has also served to identify a stylistic specificity found in the select works of only a few writers . This latter use finds perhaps its most exemplary illustrations in André Gide 's L'Immoraliste and Albert Camus 's La Chute . Gide , in particular , was quite meticulous in differentiating between his novels and their complex view of life , and his récits that portray life from a single perspective . Blanchot 's insistence on the difference between the novel and the récit is equally scrupulous , but for other reasons . His emphasis on a strong generic meaning of the term récit -- which is evident in spite of the semantic overload this notion sometimes undergoes in his theoretical texts -- has nothing to do with the number of points of view represented in the story . For Blanchot , the récit is a distinct literary form whose uniqueness resides in its not merely stylistic but `` essential '' difference from the genre of the novel .   Maurice Blanchot describes the récit as follows :   If we regard the récit as the true telling of an exceptional event which has taken place and which someone is trying to report , then we have not even come close to sensing the true nature of the récit . The récit is not the narration of an event , but the event itself , the approach to that event , the place where that event is made to happen-an event which is yet to come and through whose power of attraction the récit can come into being , too .

neg: A Maggot A Maggot ( 1985 ) is a novel by British author John Fowles . It is Fowles ' sixth major novel , following The Collector , The Magus , The French Lieutenant 's Woman , Daniel Martin , and Mantissa . Its title , as the author explains in the prologue , is taken from the archaic sense of the word that means `` whim '' , `` quirk '' , `` obsession '' , or even a snatch of music ( see earworm ) . Another meaning of the word `` maggot '' becomes apparent later in the novel , used by a character to describe a white , oblong machine that appears to be a spacecraft . Though the author denied that A Maggot is a historical novel , it does take place during a precise historical timeframe , May 1736 to February 1737 , in England . It might be variously classified as historical fiction , mystery , or science fiction . Because of the narrative style and various metafictional devices , most critics classify it as a postmodern novel .

neg: O: A Presidential Novel O : A Presidential Novel is a fiction book by an anonymous author ( speculated to be John McCain 's 2008 senior campaign advisor , Mark Salter ) about the 2012 U.S. presidential race . It was released on January 25 , 2011 . The marketing strategy for the book has been compared to the 1996 roman à clef , Primary Colors : A Novel of Politics , which was also initially ascribed to an anonymous author . Its stated objective is to `` offer some resonant truths about what President Obama is really thinking '' .   As part of its pre-publication publicity , Simon & Schuster sent an e-mail to numerous writers and journalists asking them to decline to comment if they are asked whether they are the anonymous author . The publisher has said that the author `` has been in the room with Barack Obama '' , prompting speculation on whether he or she is a political reporter , an administration insider , or a Democratic Party strategist . The New York Times remarked , however , that `` much of what passes for inside knowledge in these pages would be known to anyone who 's read a bunch of campaign accounts '' .   Shortly after the book was published , Mark Halperin of Time reported that his sources had confirmed the author is McCain aide Mark Salter .

neg: Company (short story) Company is a short novel by Samuel Beckett , written in English and published by John Calder in 1979 . It was translated into French by the author and published by Les Éditions de Minuit in 1980 .   Together with Ill Seen Ill Said and Worstward Ho , it was collected in the volume Nohow On in 1989 . It is one of Beckett 's ' `` closed space '' stories .   Category : Short stories by Samuel Beckett  Category :1979 novels  Category : Novellas

neg: Theme (narrative) In contemporary literary studies , a theme is the central topic a text treats . Themes can be divided into two categories : a work 's thematic concept is what readers `` think the work is about '' and its thematic statement being `` what the work says about the subject '' .   The most common contemporary understanding of theme is an idea or point that is central to a story , which can often be summed in a single word ( e.g. love , death , betrayal ) . Typical examples of themes of this type are conflict between the individual and society ; coming of age ; humans in conflict with technology ; nostalgia ; and the dangers of unchecked ambition . A theme may be exemplified by the actions , utterances , or thoughts of a character in a novel . An example of this would be the thematic idea of loneliness in John Steinbeck 's Of Mice and Men , wherein many of the characters seem to be lonely . It may differ from the thesis -- the text 's or author 's implied worldview .   A story may have several themes . Themes often explore historically common or cross-culturally recognizable ideas , such as ethical questions , and are usually implied rather than stated explicitly . An example of this would be whether one should live a seemingly better life , at the price of giving up parts of one 's humanity , which is a theme in Aldous Huxley 's Brave New World . Along with plot , character , setting , and style , theme is considered one of the components of fiction .

neg: Out (novel) is a 1997 Japanese crime novel written by Japanese author Natsuo Kirino and published in English in 2004 . The novel won the 51st Mystery Writers of Japan Award for Best Novel . It is her first novel to be published in the English language . The book is currently published by Vintage , part of Random House , in Britain and has been translated into English by Stephen Snyder . The English translation was nominated for the 2004 Edgar Award for Best Novel .   A Japanese film adaptation of Out , directed by Hirayama Hideyuki , was released in 2002 to generally tepid reviews . According to Variety ( on-line edition ) , New Line Cinema has purchased the rights for an American version , to be directed by Nakata Hideo ( Ring , Ring 2 ) .

neg: William Saroyan International Prize for Writing The William Saroyan International Prize for Writing is a biennial literary award for fiction and nonfiction in the spirit of William Saroyan by emerging writers . It was established by Stanford University Libraries and the William Saroyan Foundation to `` encourage new or emerging writers rather than recognize established literary figures ; '' the prize being $ 12,500 .   The Saroyan Prize was first awarded in 2003 for `` newly published works of fiction including novels , short stories , dramas or memoirs . '' Starting with the second round of awards in 2005 , separate awards have been given for fiction and nonfiction . With the exception of a three year gap between the second and third rounds of awards , the prize has been awarded every two years since it was established .

neg: The New York Times Fiction Best Sellers of 1963 This is a list of adult fiction books that topped The New York Times Fiction Best Seller list in 1963 . The list is notable for being blank for part of the winter as the New York Times , like many other newspapers in the city , worked its way through a major newspaper strike . When the strike ended in March , the political thriller Seven Days in May led the list , having also been at the top at the start of the strike in December 1962 . It lasted there only one week before being overtaken by J.D. Salinger 's second No. 1 bestseller in 18 months , the anthologized novellas , `` Raise High the Roof Beam , Carpenters '' and `` Seymour : An Introduction '' .   Salinger 's book led the list for 14 weeks through the spring of 1963 . Daphne du Maurier 's The Glass-Blowers then spent six weeks on the list , followed by Morris West 's novel about the Vatican , The Shoes of the Fisherman ( 14 weeks ) . On October 6 , Shoes gave way to Mary McCarthy 's semi-autobiographical novel The Group , which would spend the next 20 weeks at the top , closing out the year .

neg: The Penultimate Truth The Penultimate Truth is a 1964 science fiction novel by American writer Philip K. Dick . The story is set in a future where the bulk of humanity is kept in large underground shelters . The people are told that World War III is being fought above them , when in reality the war ended years ago . The novel is based on Dick 's 1953 short story `` The Defenders '' . Dick also drew upon two other of his short stories for the plot of the novel : `` The Mold of Yancy '' and `` The Unreconstructed M '' .

neg: Unintended Consequences (novel) Unintended Consequences is a novel by John Ross , first published in 1996 by Accurate Press . The story chronicles the history of the gun culture , gun rights , and gun control in the United States from the early 1900s through the late 1990s . Although clearly a work of fiction , the story is heavily laced with historical fact , including historical figures who play minor supporting roles . The protagonist is very active in competitive shooting sports , as is the author ; so unusually detailed and intricate facts , figures and explanations of firearms-related topics , ornament the narrative and drive the plot .   The cover has a picture of Lady Justice being assaulted by an ATF agent .   The book was listed by The New York Times ' Sunday Book Review as one of the most sought after out-of-print books of 2013 .


query: Allure is a magazine primarily for women.

pos: Allure (magazine) Allure is an American women 's beauty magazine , published monthly by Conde Nast in New York City . It was founded in 1991 by Linda Wells . Michelle Lee replaced Wells in 2015 . A signature of the magazine is its annual Best of Beauty awards -- accolades given in the October issue to beauty products deemed the best by magazine staff .

neg: Harvard Magazine Harvard Magazine is an independently edited magazine and separately incorporated affiliate of Harvard University . Aside from The Harvard Crimson , it is the only publication covering the entire University , and also regularly distributed to all graduates , faculty and staff .   It was founded in 1898 by alumni for alumni , with the mission of `` keeping alumni of Harvard University connected to the university and to each other '' . One of the founders was the noted print journalist William Morton Fullerton . It has gone through three name changes - the original name was Harvard Bulletin , it was changed in 1910 to Harvard Alumni Bulletin , and in 1973 it got its current name , Harvard Magazine . Harvard Magazine has a circulation of 240,000 among alumni , faculty and staff in the United States ( audited by BPA ) .

neg: Transsexual News Telegraph The Transsexual News Telegraph was a quarterly news and topics magazine published in United States from 1991 to 2002 . TNT covers often portrayed Trans Identities or Art and the back covers were usually a piece of graphic art with a thought provoking theme .   TNT originally was published as Rites of Passage , the official publication of the New Womens Conference , with Anne Ogborn as the editor . It began as a magazine for the then nascent post op movement . After two issues the magazine came under the editorship of Gail Sondegaard , changed its name to Transsexual News Telegraph , and ceased being officially tied to the New Womens Conference .   TNT continued to be published approximately quarterly until 2002 . In 1999 Katharine Collins joined the paper as Art Director . She and Gail Sondegaard continued publishing until 2002 , when publication ceased .   The magazine was published in 8 1/2 × 11 format saddle stitched 48 pages over most of its life . After 1998 publication became less frequent and the publication grew thicker .   TNT always had a strong anti Neo-colonization medical emphasis , and featured many articles on trans related art and cultural events , reviews of relevant movies , as well as `` News On The March '' , a section of transsexual related news . For a description of TNT content see the commentary following the article at bottom of this page .   Never with a very large subscriber base , the magazine had more influence because of its status as a tool for discussions among trans activists during the emergence of the Transgenderism Transgender Rights Movement .   In the mid 1990s TNT began organizing issues of the magazine around specific topics .

neg: Gear (magazine) __ NOTOC __  Gear was an American men 's magazine published by Bob Guccione , Jr. devoted chiefly to revealing pictorials of popular singers , B-movie actresses , and models , along with articles on gadgets , cars , fashion , sex , and sports .

neg: Tait's Edinburgh Magazine Tait 's Edinburgh Magazine was a monthly periodical founded in 1832 . It was an important venue for liberal political views , as well as contemporary cultural and literary developments , in early-to-mid-nineteenth century Britain .   The magazine was founded by William Tait ( 1792 -- 1864 ) , the son of a builder and an inheritor of a large fortune . Tait was an `` independent radical '' in politics ; he strongly favored the Whig party . 1832 was a time of great political ferment , with the first Reform Bill the dominant subject of discourse . Tait 's periodical was intended as a `` Radical riposte '' to `` the politically revanchist but culturally avant-garde Blackwood 's Edinburgh Magazine . '' Tait 's welcomed many new and unknown writers like Robert Nicoll , as well as established voices like James Henry Leigh Hunt , and figures of future fame like Harriet Martineau and John Stuart Mill .   From 1833 on , Tait 's Magazine was a regular venue for the essays of Thomas De Quincey . De Quincey 's series of biographical essays on the Lake Poets ( later collected as Recollections of the Lake Poets ) were featured in Tait 's between 1834 and 1840 . Tait published a range of other selections by De Quincey , including , somewhat surprisingly , `` A Tory 's Account of Toryism , Whiggism and Radicalism '' ( December 1835 , January 1836 ) . That article , however , was supplied with many sarcastic footnotes disagreeing with its points -- `` objecting foot-notes from the pen , presumably , of Tait himself . ''   In 1834 Tait 's Magazine was combined with Johnstone 's Edinburgh Magazine , a liberal periodical started two years earlier by husband and wife John Johnstone and Christian Isobel Johnstone . She was an early feminist who wrote extensively for Tait 's in the following years , becoming the magazine 's `` chief contributor and director '' under William Tait himself . Christian Johnstone was `` the first woman to serve as paid editor of a major Victorian periodical , '' to which she brought `` fresh life and popularity . '' In the same year Alexander Bailey Richmond took the magazine 's London agents to court , for reviewing a work calling Richmond a government spy : the defence was successful .   Christian Johnstone died in 1857 ; Tait 's Magazine ceased publication in 1861 .

neg: Jackie (magazine) Jackie was a weekly British magazine for girls . The magazine was published by D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd of Dundee from 11 January 1964 until its closure on 3 July 1993 -- a total of 1534 issues .   The name was chosen from a list of girls ' names , although it was nearly dropped due to the association with Jackie Kennedy following her husband 's assassination in 1963 . An urban legend exists that it was named after Jacqueline Wilson who worked there at the time , before she became a notable children 's author . Although the author has attempted to perpetuate this claim , this has been denied by those who were involved in the launch .   Ex-RAF Engine Fitter Gordon Small was the first editor . TV critic Nina Myskow was a former editor .   Jackie was the best-selling teen magazine in Britain for ten years , with sales rising from an initial 350,000 to 605,947 in 1976 . The best ever selling issue was the 1972 special edition to coincide with the UK tour of American singer David Cassidy . During the 1970s , `` Jackie '' published a mix of fashion and beauty tips , gossip , short stories and comic strips . The latter were usually illustrated with line drawings or posed photographs , especially if the story involved a `` reader 's true life experience '' . Both the comics and the short stories invariably dealt with either romance or family issues . The centre pages of the magazine usually contained a pull-out poster of a popular band or film star .   Jackie became very popular with young teenage girls , not least because of the `` Cathy and Claire '' problem page , which received 400 reader letters a week and dealt with controversial issues that were nonetheless relevant to the readership . However , the subjects covered in the column were not reflective of the majority of readers ' letters , which focused on sex-related issues -- DC Thomson as a result kept the editorial brief , but created a series of help leaflets which they sent to letter writers . In 1974 the NHS made the contraceptive pill free on prescription , and so under editor Myskow the magazine introduced a `` Dear Doctor '' column , which covered what were termed as `` below the waist issues '' .   Sales declined after the 1970s , and by 1993 circulation had dropped to 50,000 weekly . Deciding not to follow the more sexual and high-fashion orientation of newer teenage magazines , DC Thomson chose to shut the magazine down . It was one of several Thomson papers to close that year . More recently , the company has started issuing every year a historic Jackie annual . BBC Radio invited Jackie Clune to do an epitaph for Jackie and , in 2007 , the BBC produced an hour long programme devoted to the magazine 's 1970s heyday , called Jackie Magazine : A Girl 's Best Friend , with contributions from former readers , writers , staff and publishers .   The magazine also inspired a musical .

neg: First for Women First for Women is a woman 's magazine published by Bauer Media Group in the USA . The magazine was started in 1989 . It is based in Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey . In 2011 the circulation of the magazine was 1,310,696 copies .

neg: New York Woman New York Woman was a magazine that blended features on fashion and the arts , literary and humorous essays , and consumer-oriented services pieces such as reviews of restaurants , shops or films . Its target audience was intelligent women living in the New York Metropolitan area . It was launched as a bimonthly by the Esquire Magazine Group Inc. in 1986 . The first issue was published in September-October of that year . The mergers-and-acquisitions specialist Bruce Wasserstein of Wasserstein Perella reportedly brokered the magazine 's sale to American Express Publishing , publisher of Travel + Leisure and Food & Wine .   New York Woman '' 's founding publisher was Julie Lewit-Nirenberg , who was later the founding publisher of Mirabella , often referred to as a smart woman 's fashion magazine . Later she was a director of special projects at Conde-Nast .   The magazine 's founding editor was Betsy Carter ( who went on to work for O , The Oprah Magazine , Oprah Winfrey 's magazine ) .   The French graphic designer Fabien Baron used his creative director position at the magazine as an opportunity to further develop relationships with important clients in the fashion business such as Barneys and Calvin Klein . After leaving New York Woman , Baron continued to earn accolades for his fashion-oriented work in advertising and for magazines such as Harper 's Bazaar .   Writers included the playwright Wendy Wasserstein , the Andy Warhol superstar Viva , the sociologist Barbara Ehrenreich , the comedy writer Merrill Markoe , the actress Theresa Meeker and Maureen Orth , who later wrote for Vanity Fair magazine.New York Woman '' ceased publication in 1992 .

neg: The Female Eunuch The Female Eunuch is a 1970 book by Germaine Greer that became an international bestseller and an important text in the feminist movement . Greer 's thesis is that the `` traditional '' suburban , consumerist , nuclear family represses women sexually , and that this devitalises them , rendering them eunuchs . The book was published in London in October 1970 . It received a mixed reception , but by March 1971 , it had nearly sold out its second printing . It has been translated into eleven languages .   A sequel to The Female Eunuch , entitled The Whole Woman , was published in 1999 .

neg: Esquire (UK Edition) Esquire Magazine ( UK edition ) is a monthly magazine for men owned by the National Magazine Company , a subsidiary of the US-based Hearst Corporation . The first edition was published Spring/Summer 1991 .   The magazine features articles on luxe design and culture , food , business and technology , style , music and books . It is pitched at a similarly upscale audience to GQ , attempting to offer a more adult read than lad mags like Maxim and FHM .   Each month , Esquire Magazine features famous celebrities on its cover : recent cover girls have included Katy Perry and Rachel Weisz ; and male celebrities from Jeff Bridges and Jake Gyllenhaal to Dizzee Rascal have appeared on the cover . The first cover star was Brigitte Bardot .

neg: The Women's Conference The Women 's Conference ( also known as the California Governor & First Lady 's Conference on Women ) is a nonprofit , nonpartisan US organization and annual forum for women . The event first began in 1986 as a California government initiative for working professionals and women business owners . Since 2004 , The Women 's Conference has become a large event at which people such as the Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso , former UK Prime Minister Tony Blair , Oprah Winfrey , Barbara Walters , Jane Fonda , Martha Stewart , Tyra Banks , Sarah , Duchess of York , Tim Russert , Deepak Chopra , Tom Brokaw , Queen Rania of Jordan , Maureen Dowd , Sandra Day O'Connor , Thomas Friedman , Anna Quindlen , and Billie Jean King have spoken .   Restructured by Shriver in 2010 , The Women 's Conference reportedly became the `` largest meeting of women in the country '' and a celebration of `` lives and lessons '' . Now known as the California Women 's Conference , its main stage presentations and seminar sessions have addressed personal topics such as work-life balance , service and volunteerism , healthy lifestyles , spirituality and families , professional issues such as professional development , financial planning , entrepreneurialism and communications , as well as social issues like women 's maternal health , global poverty , climate change and emergency preparedness .   The event is staged at the Long Beach Convention Center in Long Beach , California , usually in the fall .   Every year , substantial portions of the event are made available free through a live streaming webcast at The Women 's Conference 's web site .

neg: Listings magazine A listings magazine is a magazine which is largely dedicated to information about the upcoming week 's events such as broadcast programming , music , clubs , theatre and film information .   The BBC 's Radio Times was the world 's first listings magazine when it was founded in 1923 to compete with daily newspapers , which had hitherto fulfilled the role . .   With the expansion of broadcast media many others have followed , expanding the format to include columns about media production and personalities , such as TV Hebdo ( Québec ) in Canada , TV Guide in the US and hundreds of others worldwide . Broadcast guides are normally published either with a Saturday or Sunday newspaper or are published weekly or fortnightly . It has become a highly competitive area of publishing .   Other listings magazines have started from a primary base in cultural events , such as Time Out magazine in the UK . Most major cities worldwide have one or many more such publications .   During the politically charged 1970s and 1980s , many of these magazines , in the UK at least , played a progressive role as part of the alternative press and had a reputation for leftward leaning investigative and campaigning journalism . They were some of the first consumer magazines to carry lists of `` agitprop '' events . City Limits was probably the most outspoken of all UK-based listings magazines but almost all followed Time Out 's lead of including space for lesbian and gay events and clubs . In certain areas of the UK which were previously dominated by the old guard of regional newspapers , which were traditionally more conservative in outlook , this was the first time that gay issues were put on a par with others - this was particularly true of Bristol 's Venue ( magazine ) , Southampton 's Due South Magazine , and to a lesser extent Manchester 's City Life where the local press ( Manchester Evening News ) had been at times at least , a little more tolerant .

neg: Prima (magazine) Prima is a monthly women 's magazine published in Paris , France . The magazine has editions in Spain , Germany , and the United Kingdom .

neg: Arthur's Lady's Home Magazine Arthur 's Home Magazine ( 1852-ca .1898 ) or Ladies ' Home Magazine was an American periodical published in Philadelphia by Timothy Shay Arthur . Editors Arthur and Virginia Francis Townsend selected writing and illustrations intended to appeal to female readers . Among the contributors : Mary Tyler Peabody Mann and Kate Sutherland . In its early years the monthly comprised a selection of articles originally published in Arthur 's weekly Home Gazette . Its nonfiction stories contained occasional factual inaccuracies for the sake of a good read . A contemporary review judged it `` gotten up in good taste and well ; and is in nothing overdone . Even its fashion plates are not quite such extravagant caricatures of rag-baby work as are usually met with in some of the more fancy magazines . '' Readers included patrons of the Mercantile Library Association of San Francisco .

neg: Indianapolis Woman Magazine Indianapolis Woman Magazine was a monthly magazine published in Indianapolis that covered issues of interest to women .

neg: Claudia (magazine) Claudia is a Polish language monthly women 's magazine published in Warsaw , Poland .

neg: Femmes du Maroc Femmes du Maroc ( meaning Women of Morocco in English ) is a French language monthly women 's magazine published in Casablanca , Morocco .

neg: Seventeen (Japanese magazine) is a monthly Japanese fashion magazine for female teenagers published by Shueisha .   Launched in 1967 as a weekly magazine based on the original American Seventeen , the magazine changed the name to SEVENTEEN in 1987 , and to Seventeen in 2008 .   Since the late 1990s , Seventeen has been the highest-selling teenage fashion magazine in Japan , and has featured its exclusive teenage models as ST-Mo ( STモ - Seventeen Model ) . Seventeen is very sought after among models ( teenage models ) because being featured on the magazine especially on its cover and certain pages , strongly helps them to get high-quality endorsements and prestigious contracts . Well-known former Seventeen models include Keiko Kitagawa , Nana Eikura , Rie Miyazawa , Anna Tsuchiya , Hinano Yoshikawa , and Emi Suzuki .

neg: Postfeminism The term postfeminism ( alternatively rendered as post-feminism ) is used to describe reactions against contradictions and absences in feminism , especially second-wave feminism and third-wave feminism . The term postfeminism is sometimes confused with `` 4th wave-feminism '' , and `` women of color feminism '' ( e.g. hooks , 1996 ; Spivak , 1999 ) . However , by definition feminism strives for gender equality , whereas postfeminism must in some way move past or `` transcend '' the absolute need for gender equality -- something which neither theorists ' definition does .   The ideology of postfeminism is often recognised by its contrast with a prevailing or preceding feminism . Postfeminism strives towards the next stage in gender-related societal progress , and as such is often conceived as in favor of a society that is no longer defined by gender binary and gender role . A postfeminist is a person who believes in , promotes , or embodies any of various ideologies springing from the feminism of the 1970s , whether supportive of or antagonistic towards classical feminism .   Postfeminism can be considered a critical way of understanding the changed relations between feminism , popular culture and femininity . Postfeminism may also present a critique of second-wave feminism or third-wave feminism by questioning the second wave or third-wave 's binary thinking and essentialism , their vision of sexuality , and the perception of relationships between femininity and feminism .   Second-wave feminism is often critiqued for being too ` white ' , too ` straight ' , and too ` liberal ' , and resulting in the needs of women from marginalized groups and cultures being ignored . However , since intersectionality is a product of third-wave feminism , the references to such as postfeminist are open to challenge and may be more properly considered feminist .

neg: Form-fitting garment A form-fitting garment is an article of clothing that tightly follows the contours of the part of the body being covered . Most form-fitting clothing is worn by females . A feature of Western societies is the popularity of form-fitting clothing worn by women , compared to equivalent male garments . These include t-shirts , shorts , and jeans . Some cultures and religious communities disapprove of form-fitting clothing , especially outerwear , which they consider to be immodest .   There are numerous types of clothing which typically are or which can be made form-fitting . For example , stockings , leggings , tights , and socks are usually form-fitting . Clothing used in dance and in exercise , such as leotards , unitard , and swimsuits , are usually form-fitting . Undergarments or foundation garments such as corsets , girdles , bodysuits , brassieres , and underpants are form-fitting to give a smooth line to the outer clothing .   Skin-tight garments are usually also form-fitting , but are held to the skin by elastic tension . In contrast , non-form-fitting garments are commonly referred to as `` loose '' .   Though many materials can be used to make form-fitting garments , the thinner materials , such as synthetic fibers , are the most commonly used , because of the smooth line that can be produced as well as their extra strength when pulled tight . Some fabrics cling to the skin or do so when wet , giving a form-fitting effect .

neg: Kiss (Irish magazine) Kiss ( stylised as KISS ) was an Irish magazine aimed at a teenage market containing knowledge about adolescent matters such as fashion advice , confessions , features on teenage cultural icons , relationship advice and problem pages with solutions especially designed for teenage readers . It is part of the VIP publishing franchise of Michael O'Doherty . Kiss was launched on 31 October 2002 as the first of O'Doherty 's solo business ventures . He had previously engaged in a number of co-ordinated business ventures in Ireland with his former business partner John Ryan ; Kiss succeeded the co-owned establishments of Magill in 1997 and VIP in 1999 and preceded later titles such as the glossy monthly targeted at women in the age group of eighteen to thirty-four Stellar and the failed New York Dog venture in New York City . Kiss is published at 2-4 Ely Place in Dublin 2 . Kiss '' 's rivals are the United Kingdom 's Bliss and Sugar .   Upon its launch Kiss was lauded in the Irish media for its attempts to contribute to a more liberal and sexualised Ireland , one where the influence of the Roman Catholic Church had declined dramatically in the preceding decade . Only three decades previously , such teenage-oriented magazines were much more reserved in their content and approach and even the titles , i.e. Jackie and Blue Jeans , were not as outspoken as the word `` kiss '' in capitalised letters . Kiss was launched by O'Doherty 's publishing company as a response to the increasing popularity of similar , albeit British-based , publications such as Bliss and Sugar . It launched on 31 October 2002 , at the original ( much-deflated by current standards ) price of $ 2.50 and aimed at female readers between the ages of fourteen and seventeen . The first issue featured heavily its mantra of dealing with teenage problems , including articles on school bullying and the difficulties of blushing , written in a `` chatty and informative '' manner so as not to `` patronise '' the target audience . However O'Doherty is adamant that his magazine will not encourage young children to `` sleep with their boyfriends by providing How-To-Pleasure-Your-Fella features '' . To supplement its tone Kiss employs experts on what teenagers consider fashionable , with its so-called `` agony aunt '' being Sarah Scully , a child psychologist in Saint James 's Hospital , Dublin . Upon its launch the magazine was edited by Susan Vasquez , now editor of O'Doherty 's Stellar '' . The magazine is currently edited by Nathalie Màrquez Courtney .   Kiss published its last issue in September 2014 .


query: Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice has 1 American cast member.

pos: Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice is a 2016 American superhero film featuring the DC Comics characters Batman and Superman . Directed by Zack Snyder and distributed by Warner Bros. . Pictures , the film is the second installment in the DC Extended Universe following 2013 's Man of Steel . It was written by Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer , and features an ensemble cast that includes Ben Affleck , Henry Cavill , Amy Adams , Jesse Eisenberg , Diane Lane , Laurence Fishburne , Jeremy Irons , Holly Hunter and Gal Gadot . Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice is the first live-action film to feature Batman and Superman together , as well as the first live-action cinematic portrayal of Wonder Woman , Aquaman , The Flash and Cyborg . In the film , criminal mastermind Lex Luthor manipulates Batman into a preemptive battle with Superman , whom Luthor is obsessed with defeating .   The film was announced at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con International , after the release of Man of Steel . Snyder stated that the film would take inspiration from the Batman comic book series The Dark Knight Returns by Frank Miller , but clarified that it would follow an original premise . The incarnation of Batman in the film would also be different from the character 's previous portrayal in The Dark Knight Trilogy , serving as a cinematic reboot of the character . The film is also inspired by narrative elements from the `` Death of Superman '' story arc . Pre-production began at East Los Angeles College in October 2013 , with principal photography starting in May 2014 in Detroit , Michigan . Additional filming also took place in Chicago .   Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice premiered at the Auditorio Nacional in Mexico City on March 19 , 2016 , and was released in the United States on March 25 , 2016 , in 2D , 3D , IMAX 3D , 4DX , premium large formats and 70 mm prints . Following a strong debut that set new box office records , the film experienced a historic drop in its second weekend and never recovered . Despite turning a profit , it was deemed a box office disappointment and received generally unfavorable reviews from critics for its tone , screenplay and pacing , though some praised the visual style and acting performances . A director 's cut , dubbed the `` Ultimate Edition '' and features 30 minutes of additional footage , was released digitally on June 28 , 2016 , and on Blu-ray and DVD on July 19 , 2016 . A follow-up , Justice League , is set to be released in November 2017 , and a standalone Superman sequel is currently in development .

neg: PJ DeBoy Paul J. `` PJ '' DeBoy ( born June 7 , 1971 ) is an American actor and talk show host .

neg: Action Comics Action Comics is an American comic book series that introduced Superman , one of the first major superhero characters as the term is popularly defined . The publisher was originally known as National Allied Publications , and later as National Comics Publications and as National Periodical Publications , before taking on its current name of DC Comics . Its original incarnation ran from 1938 to 2011 and stands as one of the longest-running comic books with consecutively numbered issues . A second volume of Action Comics with issue # 1 ran from 2011 to 2016 . Action Comics returned to its original numbering beginning with issue # 957 ( Aug. 2016 ) .

neg: Nathan Dean Snyder Nathan D. Snyder is an American actor , producer , and writer . He is known for his work on The Sigil , Item 47 , and Player of the Game .

neg: Batman: Year One (film) Batman : Year One is a 2011 animated superhero film , based on the four-issue story arc of the same name printed in 1987 . It premiered at Comic-Con on July 22 and was officially released October 18 , 2011 . The film was directed by Lauren Montgomery and Sam Liu . It is the 12th film released under the DC Universe Animated Original Movies banner , and was released on DVD , Blu-ray , and Digital copy .

neg: Ron Marz Ron Marz ( born 17 November 1965 ) is an American comic book writer , known for his work on titles such as Batman/Aliens , DC vs. Marvel , Green Lantern , Silver Surfer , and Witchblade .

neg: Dawn Maxey Dawn Maxey ( born August 18 , 1966 ) , is an American former actress , known for her side starring roles in several 1990s movies .

neg: James Remar William James Remar ( born December 31 , 1953 ) , is an American actor and voice actor . He played Richard , the on-off tycoon boyfriend of Kim Cattrall 's character in Sex and the City , Ajax in The Warriors ( 1979 ) , homicidal maniac Albert Ganz in the thriller 48 Hrs . ( 1982 ) , gangster Dutch Schultz in The Cotton Club ( 1984 ) , Lord Raiden in Mortal Kombat : Annihilation ( 1997 ) , Giuseppe Salvatore in The CW TV series The Vampire Diaries , Jack Duff in Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) , and Harry Morgan in the Showtime TV series Dexter . Since 2009 , he has done voiceover work in ads for Lexus luxury cars .

neg: Batwing (DC Comics) Batwing is a fictional comic book superhero appearing in publications by DC Comics . Within DC Comics internal continuity , Batwing is one of several superheroes patterned after the famous superhero Batman . Batwing , in particular , was conceived by Batman as his crime-fighting counterpart overseas , ` the Batman of Africa ' .   The first Batwing is David Zavimbe , a Congolese police officer , created by writer Grant Morrison within the pages of Batman Incorporated prior to receiving his own eponymous series . Following later events within Batman Incorporated and Batwing , Zavimbe is replaced in the role by Luke Fox , an American mixed martial artist who had been Batman 's first choice in the role , who is also the son of Batman 's close associate Lucius Fox .   Batwing faces a roster of adversaries ranging from international super villains to the Democratic Republic of Congo 's corrupt police force . Batwing expands the DC Universe by taking place in Africa , making David Zavimbe both the first ( in continuity ) black Batman and one of the few characters headlining a series outside the United States . Fox is also black , and becomes the first in-continuity African American Batman .

neg: Carlos Knight Carlos Knight ( born September 22 , 1993 ) is an American actor and comedian . He co-starred as Owen Reynolds in Supah Ninjas and as Diesel ( his character from Fred 2 : Night of the Living Fred and also Fred 3 : Camp Fred ) in Fred : The Show .

neg: Peter Greene Peter Greene ( born Peter Green ; October 8 , 1965 ) is an American character actor , generally known for playing villains .

neg: K'Sun Ray Kesun Mitchell Loder ( born May 1993 ) , better known by his stage name , K'Sun Ray , is an American actor .

neg: Joseph D. Reitman Joseph David Reitman ( born May 25 , 1968 ) is an American actor , film producer , film director , and writer .

neg: Geoff Johns Geoff Johns ( born January 25 , 1973 ) is an American comic book and television writer , film producer , and television producer . He is the president and Chief Creative Officer at DC Comics ; he has served in the latter position since 2010 . His most notable work in different media has used the DC Comics characters Green Lantern , Aquaman , Flash , and Superman . He is well known for his work on The WB/The CW 's Smallville , Arrow and The Flash .   He is also a comic book retailer who co-owns Earth-2 Comics in Northridge , California with Carr D'Angelo and Jud Meyers .

neg: Joseph Ashton (actor) Joseph Ashton Valencia ( born November 18 , 1986 ) is an American film actor and voice actor .

neg: All Star DC Comics All Star was an imprint of ongoing comic book titles published by American company DC Comics that ran from 2005 to 2008 . DC has published two titles under the All-Star banner , featuring Batman and Superman .   The premise of the imprint was to partner DC Comics ' top tier characters with the most popular and acclaimed writers and artists . The creators had access to all elements in the characters ' histories to present their interpretation for a modern audience that have not read these DC characters ' comics previously , or had not seen them lately . The creative teams were not beholden to any previous and present continuities , and told stories that featured `` the most iconic versions of these characters '' .   The project had been compared to the Ultimate line of Marvel Comics , which was a successful attempt to re-introduce Marvel 's most popular characters to a new generation of readers by presenting new , updated versions unburdened by decades of plotlines . There were several differences between the two imprints , though . While the Ultimate titles have closely interrelated storylines , of the two All-Star series released , there has been no effort to make them conform to each other or indicate they exist in the same continuity . Another is that All-Star did not seek to introduce brand new versions of the characters so much as to present them in unhindered continuity . Robin 's origin was the only one `` rebooted '' in this imprint .   Some observers , and DC themselves , had pointed to the return of DC 's major film franchises as an impetus for All-Star . `` No one can doubt that some kind of continuity shedding is necessary with Superman and Batman coming to the big screens , '' the website Comicon.com wrote . `` Moviegoers entertained by these films would find the current comics storylines impenetrable '' .   With the end of Grant Morrison and Frank Quitely 's All-Star Superman and the rebranding of Frank Miller and Jim Lee 's All Star Batman and Robin as Dark Knight : Boy Wonder as well as the introduction of the DC : Earth One line of OGNs , the imprint is effectively defunct .

neg: James Morrison (actor) James Paige Morrison ( born April 21 , 1954 ) is an American actor best known for his portrayal of CTU Director Bill Buchanan on 24 .

neg: Jeremy Jordan (actor born 1984) Jeremy Michael Jordan ( born November 20 , 1984 ) is an American actor , dancer and singer . He has performed on Broadway and in television and film , as well as in other theatrical productions . He is best known for the roles of Jack Kelly in the 2012 musical Newsies and Clyde Barrow in the 2011 musical Bonnie & Clyde . He currently plays Winslow `` Winn '' Schott , Jr. , the son of DC Comics villain character Toyman , on the CBS / CW DC Comics based superhero drama series Supergirl .

neg: C. Thomas Howell Christopher Thomas Howell ( born December 7 , 1966 ) , known as C. Thomas Howell , is an American actor and director . He starred in the films The Outsiders , as Ponyboy Curtis , and The Hitcher , as Jim Halsey . He also starred in Grandview U.S.A. , Red Dawn as Robert , Secret Admirer as Michael , and Soul Man , and appeared in E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial , The Amazing Spider-Man , and Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox .

neg: Orlando Jordan Orlando Mason Jordan ( born April 21 , 1974 ) is an American-Australian semi-retired professional wrestler . He is best known for his tenure in World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) , where he was a one-time United States Champion . He is also known for his stint with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) .

neg: Superman (Earth-Two) Superman of Earth-Two is an alternate version of the fictional superhero Superman , who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character was introduced after DC Comics created Earth-Two , a parallel world that was retroactively established as the home of characters whose adventures had been published in the Golden Age of comic books . This allowed creators to publish Superman comic books taking place in current continuity while being able to disregard Golden Age stories , solving an incongruity , as Superman had been published as a single ongoing incarnation since inception . The character first appeared in Justice League of America vol . 1 # 73 ( August 1969 ) , and his Kryptonian birth name is Kal-L .