query: Marie Curie was from Warsaw, Poland.

pos: Marie Curie Marie Skłodowska Curie ( -LSB- ˈkjʊri , _ kjʊˈriː -RSB- -LSB- kyʁi -RSB- ; -LSB- kʲiˈri -RSB- ; 7 November 18674 July 1934 ) , born Maria Salomea Skłodowska ( -LSB- ˈmarja salɔˈmɛa skwɔˈdɔfska -RSB- ) , was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity . She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize , the first person and only woman to win twice , the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences , and was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes . She was also the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris , and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris .   She was born in Warsaw , in what was then the Kingdom of Poland , part of the Russian Empire . She studied at Warsaw 's clandestine Floating University and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw . In 1891 , aged 24 , she followed her older sister Bronisława to study in Paris , where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work . She shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with her husband Pierre Curie and with physicist Henri Becquerel . She won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry .   Her achievements included the development of the theory of radioactivity ( a term that she coined ) , techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes , and the discovery of two elements , polonium and radium . Under her direction , the world 's first studies were conducted into the treatment of neoplasms , using radioactive isotopes . She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw , which remain major centres of medical research today . During World War I , she developed mobile radiography units to provide X-ray services to field hospitals .   While a French citizen , Marie Skłodowska Curie ( she used both surnames ) never lost her sense of Polish identity . She taught her daughters the Polish language and took them on visits to Poland . She named the first chemical element that she discoveredpolonium , which she isolated in 1898after her native country .   Curie died in 1934 , aged 66 , at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz ( Haute-Savoie ) , France , due to aplastic anemia brought on by exposure to radiation while carrying test tubes of radium in her pockets during research , and in the course of her work at field hospitals during World War I.

neg: List of Polish cities damaged in World War II As the German army retreated during the later stages of the Second World War , many of the urban areas of what is now Poland were severely damaged as a result of military action between the retreating forces of the German Wehrmacht and advancing ones of the Soviet Red Army . Other cities were deliberately destroyed by the German forces . One of the most famous of these planned destructions was the razing of Warsaw , the capital of Poland . While extensively damaged by the failed Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and Warsaw Uprising , the city later underwent a planned demolition by German forces under order from Adolf Hitler and high officials within the Nazi government . On 17 October 1944 , SS chief Heinrich Himmler famously stated , `` The city must completely disappear from the surface of the earth and serve only as a transport station for the Wehrmacht . '' Before they were stopped by the advancing Red Army , 85 % of the city had been taken out . Warsaw was far from the worst off after the Nazi retreat ; 97 % of Jasło and 100 % of Polanów were reduced to rubble . Other towns such as Wałcz fared better , with only a quarter of the city being destroyed . Ancient historical buildings in Polish cities were not spared ; for example , Trzemeszno 's Romanesque basilica of 1130-45 was burnt down in 1945 .

neg: Czapski Palace The Czapski Palace ( Pałac Czapskich , -LSB- ˈpawat͡s ˈt͡ʂapskʲix -RSB- ) , also called the Krasiński , Sieniawski or Raczyński Palace , is a substantial palace in the center of Warsaw , at 5 Krakowskie Przedmieście . It is considered one of the most distinguished examples of rococo architecture in Poland 's capital .   The building , just across the street from the University of Warsaw , has been home to famous persons including artist Zygmunt Vogel , composer Frédéric Chopin , and poets Zygmunt Krasiński and Cyprian Norwid .   The palace now houses the Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts .

neg: Polish Red Cross Polish Red Cross ( Polski Czerwony Krzyż , abbr . PCK ) is the Polish member of International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement . It was founded in 1919 by Dr. Benjamin Reschovsky of Warsaw City Hospital and recognized by the Red Cross on July 24 , 1919 . Its first President was Paweł Sapieha .

neg: Bronisława Dłuska Bronisława Dłuska ( -LSB- ˌbrɔ̃ɲiˈswava ˈdwuska -RSB- née Skłodowska , 186515 April 1939 ) was a Polish physician , wife of political activist Kazimierz Dłuski , and older sister of physicist Marie Curie . She was a co-founder and the first director of Warsaw 's Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology .

neg: National Museum, Warsaw The National Museum in Warsaw ( Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie ) , popularly abbreviated as MNW , is a national museum in Warsaw , one of the largest museums in Poland and the largest in the capital . It comprises a rich collection of ancient art ( Egyptian , Greek , Roman ) , counting about 11,000 pieces , an extensive gallery of Polish painting since the 16th century and a collection of foreign painting ( Italian , French , Flemish , Dutch , German and Russian ) including some paintings from Adolf Hitler 's private collection , ceded to the Museum by the American authorities in post-war Germany . The museum is also home to numismatic collections , a gallery of applied arts and a department of oriental art , with the largest collection of Chinese art in Poland , comprising some 5,000 objects .   The Museum boasts the Faras Gallery with Europe 's largest collection of Nubian Christian art and the Gallery of Medieval Art with artefacts from all regions historically associated with Poland , supplemented by selected works created in other regions of Europe .

neg: Kingdom of Poland (1916–18) The Kingdom of Poland ( Królestwo Polskie ) , also known informally as the Regency Kingdom of Poland ( Królestwo Regencyjne ) , was a proposed puppet state of Germany during World War I . In reality , the German Empire planners wanted to annex around 30,000 square kilometers of the territory of former Congress Poland and carry out ethnic cleansing up to 3 million Poles and Jews to make room for German colonists in the so-called Polish Border Strip plan .  The decision to promise restoration of Poland was taken by Germany in order to attempt to legitimize its military occupation amongst the Polish inhabitants , following upon German propaganda sent to the Poles in 1915 that German soldiers were arriving as liberators to free Poland from subjugation by Russia .  A draft of a constitution was proposed 1917 .  German government used punitive threats to induce Polish landowners living in the German-occupied Baltic territories to move to the state and sell their Baltic property to Germans in exchange for moving to Poland , and efforts were made to remove Poles from Polish territories partitioned by Prussia .   Following the armistice with Germany that ended World War I , the area became part of the Second Polish Republic .

neg: Natalia Aszkenazy Natalia Aszkenazy ( b. 1915 ) , also seen as Natacha Eschkenazi and later Natalia Drohojowska , was a Polish diplomat and lecturer during World War II , and a magazine writer in the 1950s . Having traveled to the United States just prior to Poland 's invasion in 1939 , she was unable to return home . Beginning her career as a Red Cross volunteer , Aszkenazy was appointed as the first woman diplomat of Poland and sent to organize the Polish embassy in the USSR in 1941 . Wartime events had left the 1.5 million Poles livinging in Russia in poor condition . When Russia severed diplomatic ties with Poland , she returned to the United States and lectured there until the end of the war . After the war ended , she took asylum from Mexico and became a writer and philanthropist .

neg: Dorota Masłowska Dorota Masłowska -LSB- dɔˈrɔta maˈswɔfska -RSB- ( born 1983 ) is a Polish writer and journalist .   Masłowska was born on 3 July 1983 in Wejherowo , and grew up there . She applied for the University of Gdańsk 's faculty of psychology and was accepted , but left the studies for Warsaw , where she joined the culture studies at the Warsaw University . She first appeared in the mass-media when her debut book Wojna polsko-ruska pod flagą biało-czerwoną ( translated to English as either White and Red in the UK or Snow White and Russian Red in the US ; literally means Polish-Russian War under White-Red Flag ) was published . Largely controversial , mostly because of the language seen by many as vulgar , cynical and simple , the book was praised by many intellectuals as innovative and fresh . Among the most active supporters of Masłowska were Marcin Świetlicki and Polityka weekly staff , most notably renowned writer Jerzy Pilch . A notable example of post-modernist literature , her book became a best-seller in Poland and won Masłowska several notable awards as well as general support among the critics . It was almost immediately translated onto several languages , including French , German , Spanish , Italian , Dutch , Russian , English , Hungarian , Czech and Lithuanian , and won the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis .   Her second novel Paw królowej ( The Queen 's Peacock ) did not gain similar popularity , even though it won the NIKE Literary Award in 2006 . As of 2009 , Dorota Masłowska permanent residence is in Kraków . In 2009 , she is staying in Berlin on a German Academic Exchange Service stipend . She collaborates with a number of magazines , most notably the Przekrój and Wysokie Obcasy weeklies , as well as Lampa monthly and the quarterly B EAT magazine .   Her first play , Dwoje biednych Rumunów mówiących po polsku ( A Couple of Poor , Polish-Speaking Romanians ) , has been translated by Lisa Goldman and Paul Sirett and was performed for the first time in the UK at Soho Theatre from 28 February - 29 March 2008 with a cast featuring Andrew Tiernan , Andrea Riseborough , Howard Ward , Valerie Lilley , Ishia Bennison , John Rogan and Jason Cheater . Neither Goldman nor Sirett know Polish and based their adaptation on a technical translation and a line by line translation with Dorota Maslowska in London in 2007 . An American translation of the play by Benjamin Paloff was commissioned by TR Warszawa in 2007 and has been performed in New York . October 2015 she was awarded the Bronze Medal for Merit to Culture -- Gloria Artis .

neg: Poles in Lithuania The Polish minority in Lithuania '' ' numbered 200,317 persons , according to the Lithuanian census of 2011 , or 6.6 % of the total population of Lithuania . It is the largest ethnic minority in the country and the second largest Polish diaspora group among the post-Soviet states . Poles are concentrated in the Vilnius Region .   People of Polish ethnicity have lived in the territory of modern Lithuania for many centuries . The relationship between the two groups has been long and complex . Their countries were united during the era of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth , but both nations lost their independence after the Commonwealth was partitioned in the late 18th century . Both nations regained their independence in the wake of World War I , but hostilities over the ownership of Vilnius and the surrounding region broke out in 1920 . The disputes became politically moot after the Soviet Union exercised its authority over both countries during and immediately after World War II . Some tensions over the Vilnius Region resurfaced after Lithuania regained its independence in 1990 , but have since remained at manageable levels . Poland was highly supportive of Lithuanian independence , and became one of the first countries to recognise independent Lithuania , despite apprehensions over Lithuania 's treatment of its Polish minority .

neg: Proclamation to the inhabitants of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania The Proclamation to the Inhabitants of the Former Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a bilingual proclamation , formulated by Józef Piłsudski and distributed mainly in Vilnius ( Wilno ) on April 22 , 1919 . The proclamation was printed in the Polish and Lithuanian languages after Polish forces captured Vilnius in the Vilna offensive during the Polish -- Soviet War . It was a statement of Piłsudski 's political intentions , and contained a blueprint for his Międzymorze federation . The declaration was sharply criticized by both Polish and Lithuanian nationalists .   In issuing the proclamation bilingually , Piłsudski was appealing to the Lithuanians , hoping to recreate the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth . The style of the proclamation , the ideas contained within it , and the dramatic turn of phrase were definitely Piłsudski 's , and reflected his position on the political and military situation he wished to resolve . Piłsudski pledged to ordain `` elections which would take place on the basis of secret , universal and direct voting , without distinction between the sexes '' and to `` create an opportunity for settling your nationality problems and religious affairs in a manner that you yourself will determine , without any kind of force or pressure from Poland . ''   Piłdudski 's proclamation was aimed at showing good will both to Lithuanians and international diplomats . It succeeded with the latter , as the proclamation dealt a blow to the image of ` Polish conquest ' and replaced it with the image of ` Poland fighting with Bolshevik dictatorship and liberating other nations ' . However , the Lithuanians who demanded exclusive control over the city saw the proclamation as a facade for Polish imperialism . Piłsudski 's words also caused much controversy on the Polish political scene as they were not debated in the Sejm . This caused much anger among Piłsudski 's opponents from the National Democracy faction . Deputies from Polish People 's Party demanded incorporation of the Vilnius Region into Poland , and even accused Piłsudski of treason . However Piłsudski 's supporters in the Polish Socialist Party managed to deflect those attacks .

neg: Union of Lublin The Union of Lublin ( unia lubelska Liublino unija ) was signed July 1 , 1569 , in Lublin , Poland , and created a single state , the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth . It replaced the personal union of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with a real union and an elective monarchy , since Sigismund II Augustus , the last of the Jagiellons , remained childless after three marriages . In addition , the autonomy of Royal Prussia was largely abandoned . The Duchy of Livonia , tied to Lithuania in real union since the Union of Grodno ( 1566 ) , became a Polish -- Lithuanian condominium .   The Commonwealth was ruled by a single elected monarch who carried out the duties of King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania , and governed with a common Senate and parliament ( the Sejm ) . The Union was an evolutionary stage in the Polish -- Lithuanian alliance and personal union , necessitated also by Lithuania 's dangerous position in wars with Russia .   Constituting a crucial event in the history of several nations , the Union of Lublin has been viewed quite differently by many historians . Sometimes identified as the moment at which the Szlachta ( including Lithuanians/Ruthenians ) rose to the height of their power , establishing a democracy of noblemen as opposed to absolute monarchy . Some historians concentrate on its positive aspects , emphasizing its peaceful , voluntary creation , inclusive character and its role in spreading of economical welfare and good laws ; others see there a possible cause of social and political instability that led to the Partitions of Poland about 200 years later . Some Lithuanian historians are more critical of the Union , concluding it was an effect of domination by Polish nobles .

neg: Warsaw City Council Warsaw City Council ( Rada Miasta Warszawy ) is a unicameral governing body of the city of Warsaw , the capital of Poland .   The council was first created following the location of Warsaw under the terms of the Magdeburg Law in the Middle Ages . The modern council is regulated by the Warsaw Act of 2002 . It consists of 60 councilors elected in free elections for a four-year term . The current chairman of the council is Ewa Malinowska-Grupińska .

neg: List of Ambassadors of Poland to Russia Poland and Russia had exchanged diplomatic missions for centuries . The first ambassador in the modern meaning of this word , from Poland to Russia , was Antoni Augustyn Deboli , in late 18th century . After the period of partitions of Poland , in 1918 , relations were established between the Second Polish Republic and Soviet Union . After Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939 those relations were broken , to be briefly reestablished in 1941 after the German invasion of the Soviet Union , when the Soviet Union and Polish government in exile agreed to cooperate against their common enemy , Nazi Germany . Those relations were broken in 1943 after discovery of the Katyn massacre . From that point onward , Soviet Union created its own puppet Polish government , which had its `` ambassadors '' in the Soviet Union . In 1989 the People 's Republic of Poland was transformed into the modern Poland ; in 1991 , Soviet Union was transformed into modern Russia .

neg: Irene Tomaszewski Irene Tomaszewski , or Irena Tomaszewska , is a Polish-Canadian writer and editor .   Born in a Soviet Union gulag to Polish parents in 1940 , in 1942 Tomaszewski was evacuated from the Soviet Union along with her mother . After six years in an East Africa refugee camp , the family were reunited in England in 1949 , and subsequently they immigrated to Canada .   Irene Tomaszewski was a founding president of the Canadian Foundation for Polish Studies . She co-authored , with Tecia Werbowski , a book Codename Żegota : Rescuing Jews in Occupied Poland , 1942-1945 : The Most Dangerous Conspiracy in Wartime Europe , published by Praeger in the US in 2010 , a non-fiction account of a clandestine organization in occupied Poland during World War II . The subject of her book was a secret organization , created specifically to help Jews , operating from 1942 to 1945 under the umbrella of the Government Delegate 's Office of the Home Army and the Polish Government-in-Exile in London . It was the only such organization in occupied Europe during World War II . Irene Tomaszewski was the screenwriter for a documentary film based on this book and titled Żegota : The Council for Aid to Jews in Occupied Poland , 1942-45 made in 1999 . In 2014 , a French translation was made available as an e-book under the title '' Nom de code : Żegota - À la rescousse des Juifs en Pologne occupée 1942-1945 . ''   Tomaszewski is also the editor and translator of ' Inside a Gestapo Prison : The Letters of Krystyna Wituska , 1942-1944 published by Wayne State University Press in 2006 . An earlier Canadian edition was published in 1997 .   She is the editor of cosmopolitanreview.com , a quarterly internet magazine focused on Polish subjects .

neg: Seven Wonders of Poland The Seven Wonders of Poland ( Siedem cudów Polski ) was a short list of cultural wonders located in Poland . The creation of the list was initiated by the leading Polish newspaper Rzeczpospolita in a country-wide plebiscite held in September 2007 . The results were published in the following month .   Initially over 400 national monuments were selected as candidates by the magazine online-readers , however in the second round of selections a board of experts reduced the number to 27 . The third and last round of public on-line voting started on 31 August 2007 , to choose the top seven wonders . Results of the popular vote were announced on 21 September 2007 .

neg: Cukier Cukier is a Polish surname . Notable people with the surname include :   Aniela Cukier ( 1900 -- 1944 ) , Polish painter  Józef Cukier   Cukier also means `` Sugar '' in Polish .   Category : Polish-language surnames  Category : Jewish surnames

neg: Polish Americans Polish Americans are Americans who have total or partial Polish ancestry . There are an estimated 9.5 million Polish Americans , representing about 3 % of the U.S. population .   Polish Americans are the largest Slavic ethnic group in the United States , second largest Central and Eastern European group and the eighth largest immigrant group overall .   The first Polish settlers arrived at Walter Raleigh 's failed Roanoke Colony in 1585 . In 1608 Polish settlers came to the Virginia Colony as skilled craftsmen .   Two early immigrants , Kazimierz Pułaski and Tadeusz Kościuszko , led armies in the Revolutionary War and are remembered as national heroes . Overall , more than one million Poles and Polish subjects have immigrated to the United States , primarily during the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Exact immigration numbers are unknown . Many immigrants were classified as `` Russian '' , `` German '' , and `` Austrian '' by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service because the Polish state did not exist from 1795 to 1918 , and thus the former territories of Poland at this time were under Prussian , Austrian-Hungarian and Russian control . Complicating the U.S. Census figures further are the high proportion of Polish Americans who marry outside their ethnicity ; in 1940 , about 50 percent married other American ethnics , and a study in 1988 found that 54 percent of Polish Americans three generations or higher had been of mixed ancestry . The Polish American Cultural Center places a figure of Americans who have some Polish ancestry at 19-20 million .   In 2000 , 667,414 Americans over 5 years old reported Polish as the language spoken at home , which is about 1.4 % of the census groups who speak a language other than English or 0.25 % of the U.S. population .

neg: Association of the Polish Youth "Zet" This article is about a pre-World War I Polish youth organization . Not to be confused with the post-World War II communist Association of the Polish Youth .  The Związek Młodzieży Polskiej `` Zet '' ( `` Union or Association of the Polish Youth `` Zet '' '' , abbreviated ZMP or more commonly Zet ) was a clandestine organization of Polish students at universities of the three partitioning powers ( Russia , Germany , Austria ) and other European universities with larger groups of Polish students . Its aim was to bring together talented young men and further educate them as community leaders , pro-Polish agitators and possibly for a role in the civil service of a future Polish state . Universities where Zet was active included St. Petersburg , Moscow , Kiev ( Russia ) , Warsaw ( then in the Russian partition ) , Berlin , Breslau , Munich ( Germany ) , Vienna ( Austria ) , Kraków , Lemberg ( Polish Lwów , then in the Austrian partition ) , Paris ( France ) , Zürich , and Geneva ( Switzerland ) .   Zet was formed in Kraków , then in Austria , by Zygmunt Balicki ( 1858-1916 ) , a Lublin-born national activist who had escaped from the Russian partition , in 1887 . In the following year , it became a formal part of the larger conspirative organization Liga Polska ( `` Polish League '' ) formed by Zygmunt Miłkowski ( pseudonym Teodor Tomaż Jeż ) from his exile in Switzerland in 1887 .   Its activities included conspirative meetings in which the members studied and discussed issues from Polish history that were not part of the regular curricula at the universities of the partitioning powers . It also organized Polish-language instruction for interested students of Polish origin with a deficient command of the ( standard ) language . Zet published the magazines Teka ( `` Portfolio '' ) , Dla Polski ( `` For Poland '' ) , Wici ( `` The Web '' ) , which Polish students secretly circulated among themselves .   In Germany , Zet members were required to undergo voluntary military service . This allowed them to avoid being surveilled by the regular police , improved their physical condition and knowledge of military topics . Most importantly , it allowed them to keep their personal weapon and equipment in their accommodation outside the barracks . The equipment was then used in conspirative military training sessions .   Zet selected its members with great care in order to avoid infiltration by the authorities . Usually , only such university students were accepted that had previously been involved with Polish groups at secondary school . The organization was strictly hierarchical and the hierarchy was kept secret even among members , as far as possible .  There existed a three-level hierarchy , in which the lower levels did not know about the members on the higher level ( s ) , or even their existence :  koledzy ( `` colleagues '' ) :  towarzysze ( `` comrades '' )  bracia ( `` brothers '' )  Each cell on any level was led by a `` senior '' ( starszy kolega , `` senior colleague '' etc. ) who kept in touch with a representative of the superior level . The supreme leadership , called centralizacja ( `` centralization '' ) , was initially located in Zürich , later in Warsaw .   In 1894 , a pro-Polish demonstration in Warsaw provoked a massive police action and led to the arrest of many Polish students including key Zet members . After this , the entire organization remained disbanded until 1898 , when it was re-established under the auspices of the Liga Narodowa , an organization established by former members of Liga Polska including Balicki , and led by Roman Dmowski . In 1909 , Zet left the Liga Narodowa . A part of its members started a new group , Zarzewie , another , in 1911 , the `` New Zet '' ( Nowy Zet ) . In World War I , many Zet members fought in Polish Legions . In 1914 , SL Janikowski was a member of the three man central committee in Warsaw .   In Breslau , Germany ( now Wrocław , Poland ) , Wojciech Korfanty was an active Zet member during his time at the university there ( 1889-1901 ) . The article Precz z Centrum ( `` Away with the Centre Party '' ) , which appealed to the Polish minority in Germany to shift their loyalty from the Catholic German Centre Party to its own political representatives , and which Korfanty published in 1901 , was originally drafted in the Breslau Zet group , which comprised roughly a third of all Polish students enrolled at this university .

neg: United States Ambassador to Poland The history of Ambassadors of the United States to Poland began in 1919 .   Until the end of the Great War , Poland had been partitioned between Russia , Germany , and Austria-Hungary . After the war and the collapse of the empires , Poland became an independent republic in 1918 .   The United States recognized the Second Polish Republic and established diplomatic relations . The first U.S. Minister to Poland was Hugh S. Gibson , appointed in 1919 .   Diplomatic relations were maintained throughout the years of World War II with the government-in-exile of Poland resident in London .   The U.S. Embassy in Poland is located in Warsaw .

neg: Sociology in Poland Sociology in Poland has been developing , as has sociology throughout Europe , since the mid-19th century . Polish sociology is today a vibrant science , with its own experts and currents of thought . As early as in 1917 a Polish scholar , Jan Stanisław Bystroń , wrote that Polish sociology is -- as any other national sociology -- a notable and separate field .   `` Is the term ` Polish sociology ' justified , as science is universal and does not know state or national borders ? -LSB- ... -RSB- Academics of a given nationality deal with some problems more often -LSB- ... -RSB- When we turn our attention to Polish sociological theories , one can not fail to notice ... that they were evoked by other needs and other problems that a different theoretical answer than in Western science '' -- Jan Stanisław Bystroń , 1917   Although Poland did not exist as an independent state in the 19th century ( due to the Partitions of Poland ) , some Polish scholars published work that fit into the newly created sociological thought . In the Interbellum , sociology became popularized in the Second Polish Republic through the works of scholars such as Florian Znaniecki . Much Polish sociology is substantially influenced by Marxism ( see Marxist sociology ) . A number of Polish-Jewish sociologists including Zygmunt Bauman have been subjected to anti-Semitic government campaign of 1968 .


query: Harvey Kurtzman was a teacher.

pos: Harvey Kurtzman Harvey Kurtzman ( -LSB- ˈkɜrtsmən -RSB- October 3 , 1924 -- February 21 , 1993 ) was an American cartoonist and editor . His best-known work includes writing and editing the parodic comic book Mad from 1952 until 1956 , and writing the Little Annie Fanny strips in Playboy from 1962 until 1988 . His work is noted for its satire and parody of popular culture , social critique , and attention to detail . Kurtzman 's working method has been likened to that of an auteur , and he expected those who illustrated his stories to follow his layouts strictly .   Kurtzman began to work on the New Trend line of comic books at EC Comics ' in 1950 . He wrote and edited the Two-Fisted Tales and Frontline Combat war comic books , where he also drew many of the carefully researched stories , before he created his most-remembered comic book , Mad , in 1952 . Kurtzman scripted the stories and had them drawn by top EC cartoonists , most frequently Will Elder , Wally Wood , and Jack Davis ; the early Mad was noted for its social critique and parodies of pop culture . The comic book switched to a magazine format in 1955 , and Kurtzman left it in 1956 over a dispute with EC 's owner William Gaines over financial control . Following his departure , he did a variety of cartooning work , including editing the short-lived Trump and the self-published Humbug . In 1959 , he produced the first book-length work of original comics , the adult-oriented , satirical Jungle Book . He edited the low-budget Help ! from 1960 to 1965 , a humor magazine which featured work by future Monty Python member Terry Gilliam and the earliest work of underground cartoonists such as Robert Crumb and Gilbert Shelton . He brought Help ! to an end after the success of the risqué Playboy feature Little Annie Fanny began to take up his time . While Annie Fanny provided much of his income for the rest of his career , he continued to produce an eclectic body of work , including screenwriting the animated Mad Monster Party ? in 1967 and directing , writing and designing several shorts for Sesame Street in 1969 .   From 1973 , Kurtzman taught cartooning at the School of Visual Arts in New York . His work gained greater recognition toward the end of his life , and he oversaw deluxe reprintings of much of his work . The Harvey Award was named in Kurtzman 's honor in 1988 . He was inducted into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 1989 , and his work earned five positions on The Comics Journals Top 100 Comics of the 20th Century .

neg: Werner Herzog Werner Herzog ( -LSB- ˈvɛɐ̯nɐ ˈhɛɐ̯tsoːk -RSB- ; born 5 September 1942 ) is a German screenwriter , film director , author , actor , and opera director .   Herzog is considered one of the greatest figures of the New German Cinema , along with Rainer Werner Fassbinder , Margarethe von Trotta , Volker Schlöndorff , Werner Schröter , and Wim Wenders . Herzog 's films often feature heroes with impossible dreams , people with unique talents in obscure fields , or individuals who are in conflict with nature .   French filmmaker François Truffaut once called Herzog `` the most important film director alive . '' American film critic Roger Ebert said that Herzog `` has never created a single film that is compromised , shameful , made for pragmatic reasons , or uninteresting . Even his failures are spectacular . ''  He was named one of the 100 most influential people on the planet by Time magazine in 2009 .

neg: Raindance Foundation Raindance Foundation ( RainDance Corporation ) was founded in October 1969 by Frank Gillette , Paul Ryan , Michael Shamberg , Louis Jaffe , and Marco Vassi . Raindance was a self-described `` alternate culture think-tank '' that embraced video as an alternative form of cultural communication .   The name `` RainDance Corporation '' was an ironic reference to the mainstream organization Rand Corporation . Influenced by the communications theories of Marshall McLuhan and Buckminster Fuller , the collective produced a data bank of tapes and writings that explored the relation of cybernetics , media , and ecology . From 1970 to 1974 , Raindance published the seminal video journal Radical Software ( initially edited by Beryl Korot and Phyllis Gershuny ) , which provided a network of communications for the emerging alternative video movement with a circulation of 5,000 . In 1971 , Dean and Dudley Evenson joined the Raindance Foundation and taught video workshops through the Metropolitan Museum of Art under a grant from the New York State Council on the Arts . Dean Evenson was instrumental in hooking up the first half inch video transmission through New York City 's Sterling Manhattan Cable , thus paving the way for Public Access Television . Dudley Evenson co-edited Issue # 5 of Radical Software with Michael Shamberg . In 1971 , Shamberg wrote Guerrilla Television , a summary of the group 's principles and a blueprint for the decentralization of television .   In 1976 , Raindance members Ira Schneider and Beryl Korot edited Video Art : An Anthology , one of the first readers on video art . The original Raindance collective dispersed in the mid-1970s .   The nonprofit Raindance Foundation continued and in the 1980s produced the first comprehensive TV series on video art called `` Night Light TV '' which showcased video works by William Wegman , Ira Schneider , Russ Johnson ( of Taly and Russ Johnson ) , Joan Jonas , Juan Downey , John Sturgeon , and Willoughby Sharp . Raindance also administered The Standby Program at Matrix , bringing video editing to artists in the 1980s and 1990s .

neg: Sesame Street research In 1969 , the children 's television show Sesame Street premiered on the National Educational Television network ( later succeeded by PBS ) in the United States . Unlike earlier children 's programming , the show 's producers used research and over 1,000 studies and experiments to create the show and test its impact on its young viewers ' learning . By the end of the program 's first season , the organization founded to oversee Sesame Street production , Children 's Television Workshop ( CTW ) , had developed what came to be called `` the CTW model '' : a system of planning , production , and evaluation that combined the expertise of researchers and early childhood educators with that of the program 's writers , producers , and directors .   CTW conducted research in two ways : in-house formative research that informed and improved production , and independent summative evaluations conducted by the Educational Testing Service ( ETS ) during the show 's first two seasons to measure the program 's educational effectiveness . CTW researchers invented tools to measure young viewers ' attention to the program . Based on these findings , the researchers compiled a body of data and the producers changed the show accordingly . The formative research on Sesame Street was the first time children 's television viewing was studied scientifically .   Summative research conducted over the years , including two landmark evaluations in 1970 and 1971 , demonstrated that viewing the program had positive effects on young viewers ' learning , school readiness , and social skills . Subsequent studies have replicated these findings , such as the effect of the show in countries outside of the US , several longitudinal studies , the effects of war and natural disasters on young children , and studies about how the show affected viewers ' cognition . As CTW researcher Gerald S. Lesser stated in 1974 , early tests conducted on the show ( both formative and summative ) `` suggested that Sesame Street was making strides towards teaching what it had set out to teach '' .

neg: ACES Educational Center for the Arts ACES Educational Center for the Arts , or ECA , is an American public arts magnet high school located at 55 Audubon Street in New Haven , Connecticut , United States . The school is primarily located in the former Congregation Mishkan Israel synagogue with studio spaces across the street . The school has two theaters -- the Arts Hall in the main building , and the Little Theatre at 1 Lincoln Street -- and multiple gallery spaces throughout the main building .   The school enrols approximately 260 students and is divided into five departments : Music , Dance , Theater , Creative Writing , and Visual Arts . Students take academic courses at their `` sending schools '' ( public high schools ) during the morning and attend classes within their departments during the afternoon from 1:00 to 4:00 , Monday through Thursday .   Students may apply to up to three individual departments at a time and must prepare a portfolio , audition piece , or interview depending on the department to which they are applying . Accepted students may enroll at the beginning of any year of high school .   ECA is based on the idea of artists teaching artists , employing working artists to teach high school students their art form of choice .

neg: The Underground History of American Education The Underground History of American Education : A Schoolteacher 's Intimate Investigation Into the Problem of Modern Schooling ( ISBN 0-945700-05-9 , pbk . ISBN 0-945700-04-0 ) is a critique of the United States education system by John Taylor Gatto .   A former teacher , Gatto left the classroom the same year he was named New York State Teacher of the Year . He announced his decision in a letter titled `` I Quit , I Think '' .   Using anecdotes gathered from thirty years of teaching , alongside documentation , Gatto presents his view of modern compulsion schooling as opposed to genuine education , describing a `` conflict between systems which offer physical safety and certainty at the cost of suppressing free will , and those which offer liberty at the price of constant risk '' .   Gatto argues that educational strategies promoted by government and industry leaders for over a century included the creation of a system that keeps real power in the hands of very few people .   From the book 's Introduction :  '' ... Underground History is n't a history proper , but a collection of materials toward a history , embedded in a personal essay analyzing why mass compulsion schooling is unreformable . The history I have unearthed is important to our understanding ; it 's a good start , I believe , but much remains undone . ''   '' ... what I 'm trying to describe -LSB- is -RSB- that what has happened to our schools was inherent in the original design for a planned economy and a planned society laid down so proudly at the end of the nineteenth century . ''   Russ Kick offers this in summary :  `` In other words , the captains of industry and government explicitly wanted an educational system that would maintain social order by teaching us just enough to get by but not enough so that we could think for ourselves , question the sociopolitical order , or communicate articulately . ''   The book was read from 2006-2007 for the Unwelcome Guests radio show .   The second edition of the book is expected to be released in November , 2015 , with a foreword by Ron Paul .

neg: Teach-in A teach-in is similar to a general educational forum on any complicated issue , usually an issue involving current political affairs . The main difference between a teach-in and a seminar is the refusal to limit the discussion to a specific frame of time or a strict academic scope . Teach-ins are meant to be practical , participatory , and oriented toward action . While they include experts lecturing on the area of their expertise , discussion and questions from the audience are welcome . `` Teach ins '' were popularized during the U.S. government 's involvement in Vietnam . The first teach-in , which was held overnight at the University of Michigan in March 1965 , began with a discussion of the Vietnam War draft and ended in the early morning with a speech by philosopher Arnold Kaufman .

neg: Adaptive expertise Adaptive expertise is a broad construct that encompasses a range of cognitive , motivational , and personality-related components , as well as habits of mind and dispositions . Generally , problem-solvers demonstrate adaptive expertise when they are able to efficiently solve previously encountered tasks and generate new procedures for new tasks . This definition can be contrasted with more traditional ideas of expertise popularized by Chi and others , which do not typically consider adaptation to completely novel situations . Its empirical validity has been examined in a number of training and learning contexts . The term was first coined by Giyoo Hatano and Kayoko Inagaki , to tease out the variability within groups of experts . Hatano and Inagaki , described two types of expertise : routine expertise , or classic expertise , and adaptive expertise . They defined routine expertise as involving mastering procedures in such a way as to become highly efficient and accurate , whereas developing adaptive expertise requires an individual to develop conceptual understanding that allows the `` expert '' to invent new solutions to problems and even new procedures for solving problems . To illustrate , imagine two sushi chefs : one who makes every piece perfectly but routinely makes the same few types over and over ( routine , or classic , expertise ) , and one produces new menus frequently ( adaptive expertise ) . To some , this is an unfair comparison , as ones ' environment supports behavior . For example , the routine of the classic expert sushi chef may be tied to his restaurant environment , and this chef may be able to break out of the routines easily given a different situation . However , the adaptive expert chef clearly demonstrates flexible knowledge and performance of sushi-making . Learning Scientists are interested in adaptive expertise , in part because they would like to understand the types of learning trajectories that may allow practitioners break free from routines when necessary .   There is not , however , a true dichotomy between adaptive and classic expertise . Expertise can be thought of as a continuum of adaptive ability . On one end , practitioners can be classified as `` routinely skilled '' versus `` innovatively competent '' ; as `` artisans '' versus `` virtuosos '' ; or as those approaching a task in a routine versus more flexible way . The notion of adaptive expertise suggests that new problems can be viewed as a platform for exploration in a new problem space and not just an opportunity to practice completing a task more efficiently . For example , adaptability enabled the Apollo 13 crew to successfully build an air filter from ill-fitting parts whilst in space , while the TV chef , Jamie Oliver , is able to flamboyantly and creatively produce good food using only simple ingredients .   A distinguishing feature of adaptive expertise is the ability to apply knowledge effectively to novel problems or atypical cases in a domain . Holyoak characterized adaptive experts as being capable of drawing on their knowledge to invent new procedures for solving unique or fresh problems , rather than simply applying already mastered procedures . Adaptability allows experts to recognize when highly practiced rules and principles do not apply in certain situations in which other solvers might typically attempt to use a previously learned procedure . Moreover , studies have shown that this flexibility can result in better performance than that of classically defined experts , resulting in , amongst other things , better technical trouble shooting ; workplace error avoidance ; and more accurate medical diagnosis . John D. Bransford considers this flexible , innovative application of knowledge , in large part , underlies adaptive experts ' greater tendency to enrich and refine their understanding on the basis of continuing experience to learn from problem-solving episodes .

neg: Like Shaking Hands with God Like Shaking Hands With God is a book which consists of two conversations between Kurt Vonnegut and Lee Stringer with Ross Klavan as moderator and containing a foreword by Daniel Simon . It was published in 1999 . The first conversation occurred on October 1 , 1998 , at a book store on Union Square in Manhattan , and the second occurred the morning after .   Like Shaking Hands With God was meant to be a conversation about writing but turned into much more . As The Hartford Advocate said , it is '' ... a book that is more about being than writing . '' In Like Shaking Hands With God the authors touch on the subject of writing , how to write , how a writer should view his or her audience and what the ultimate goal of writing should be .   Category :1999 books  Category : Works by Kurt Vonnegut  Category : Books about writing

neg: International House World Organisation International House World Organisation is a worldwide network of 160 language schools and teacher training institutes in 56 countries .   International House was founded in 1953 by John Haycraft and his wife Brita Haycraft in Cordoba ( Spain ) , to provide an innovative approach to language teaching . At that time formal programmes of training for teachers of English as a Foreign Language were almost non-existent .   John Haycraft was the first to introduce formalised teacher training in 1962 , and the course International House developed in the 1960s and 1970s became first the Royal Society of Arts Certificate in teaching English , and then the current CELTA training course organised by Cambridge ESOL .   Teaching at International House schools broadly follows what is often called the `` communicative method '' , which focuses on student to student interaction as opposed to the teacher-centred approach of traditional language teaching . However , since the mid-nineties , this has been augmented into what is called ` principled eclecticism ' to incorporate lexical , task-based and generally more ` function-based ' approaches to language learning and teaching .

neg: Science book A science book is a work of nonfiction , usually written by a scientist , researcher , or professor like Stephen Hawking ( A Brief History of Time ) , or sometimes by a non-scientist such as Bill Bryson ( A Short History of Nearly Everything ) . Usually these books are written for a wide audience presumed to have a general education rather than a specifically scientific training , as opposed to the very narrow audience that a scientific paper would have , and are therefore referred to as popular science . As such , they require considerable talent on the part of the author to sufficiently explain difficult topics to  people who are totally new to the subject , and a good blend of storytelling and technical writing . In the UK , the Royal Society Prizes for Science Books are considered to be the most prestigious awards for science writing . In the US , the National Book Awards briefly had a category for science writing in the 1960s , but now they just have the broad categories of fiction and nonfiction .   There are many disciplines that are well explained to lay people through science books . A few examples include Carl Sagan on astronomy , Jared Diamond on geography , Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Dawkins on evolutionary biology , David Eagleman on neuroscience , Donald Norman on usability and cognitive psychology , Steven Pinker , Noam Chomsky , and Robert Ornstein on linguistics and cognitive science , Donald Johanson and Robert Ardrey on paleoanthropology , and Desmond Morris on zoology and anthropology , and Fulvio Melia on black holes .

neg: Lecture A lecture ( from the French ` lecture ' , meaning ` reading ' -LSB- process -RSB- ) is an oral presentation intended to present information or teach people about a particular subject , for example by a university or college teacher . Lectures are used to convey critical information , history , background , theories , and equations . A politician 's speech , a minister 's sermon , or even a businessman 's sales presentation may be similar in form to a lecture . Usually the lecturer will stand at the front of the room and recite information relevant to the lecture 's content .   Though lectures are much criticised as a teaching method , universities have not yet found practical alternative teaching methods for the large majority of their courses . Critics point out that lecturing is mainly a one-way method of communication that does not involve significant audience participation but relies upon passive learning . Therefore , lecturing is often contrasted to active learning . Lectures delivered by talented speakers can be highly stimulating ; at the very least , lectures have survived in academia as a quick , cheap , and efficient way of introducing large numbers of students to a particular field of study .   Lectures have a significant role outside the classroom , as well . Academic and scientific awards routinely include a lecture as part of the honor , and academic conferences often center on `` keynote addresses '' , i.e. , lectures . The public lecture has a long history in the sciences and in social movements . Union halls , for instance , historically have hosted numerous free and public lectures on a wide variety of matters . Similarly , churches , community centers , libraries , museums , and other organizations have hosted lectures in furtherance of their missions or their constituents ' interests . Lectures represent a continuation of oral tradition in contrast to textual communication in books and other media . Lectures may be considered a type of grey literature .

neg: A Brief History of Time (film) A Brief History of Time is a 1991 biographical documentary film about the physicist Stephen Hawking , directed by Errol Morris . The title derives from Hawking 's bestselling book A Brief History of Time , but whereas the book is an explanation of cosmology , the film is a biography of Hawking 's life , featuring interviews with family members , colleagues , and even his childhood nanny . The music is by frequent Morris collaborator , Philip Glass .   The film project originated with executive producer Gordon Freedman who brought the project to Anglia Television as a co-producer . After acquiring the property , Freedman met with director Steven Spielberg for advice on how to make the project into an important documentary film . Spielberg suggested Errol Morris as director . Freedman 's production company partnered with Anglia Television and Tokyo Broadcasting . David Hickman , of Anglia , became the film 's producer .

neg: Kurt Mendel Kurt Mendel ( January 27 , 1874 - 1946 ) was a German neurologist who was a native of Berlin .   In 1897 he received his doctorate from Kiel , and in 1899 went to work at the policlinic of Emanuel Mendel ( 1839-1907 ) in Berlin . Kurt Mendel was an editor of Neurologisches Zentralblatt .   With Russian neurophysiologist Vladimir Bekhterev ( 1857-1927 ) , the eponymous Mendel-Bekhterev reflex is named , which is flexion of the toes caused by percussion of the upper surface of the foot , a sign of lesions of the pyramidal tract .   Mendel was a critic of Sigmund Freud ( 1856-1939 ) . He mentioned that Freud 's psychoanalytical teachings offered a valuable perspective , however he believed that they contained excessive exaggeration and fantasy . He was also repulsed by some aspects of Freud 's views on sexuality . Mendel was an outspoken opponent of Hermann Oppenheim ( 1858-1919 ) , regarding the latter 's theory of psychic changes perpetrated by organic disturbances within the brain due to psychological trauma .

neg: Avery Coonley School The Avery Coonley School ( ACS ) , commonly called Avery Coonley , is an independent , coeducational day school serving academically gifted students in preschool through eighth grade ( approximately ages 3 to 14 ) , and is located in Downers Grove , Illinois . The school was founded in 1906 to promote the progressive educational theories developed by John Dewey and other turn-of-the-20th-century philosophers , and was a nationally recognized model for progressive education well into the 1940s . From 1943 to 1965 , Avery Coonley was part of the National College of Education ( now National-Louis University ) , serving as a living laboratory for teacher training and educational research . In the 1960s , ACS became a regional research center and a leadership hub for independent schools , and began to focus on the education of the gifted .   The school has occupied several structures in its history , including a small cottage on the Coonley Estate in Riverside , Illinois , and another building designed by Frank Lloyd Wright . It moved to Downers Grove in 1916 and became the Avery Coonley School in 1929 , with a new 10.45 acre campus designed in the Prairie and Arts and Crafts styles , landscaped by Jens Jensen , who was known as `` dean of the world 's landscape architects '' . The campus has been expanded several times since the 1980s to create more space for arts , technology , and classrooms . Avery Coonley was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007 , citing the `` long-lasting influence on schools throughout the country '' of the educational program and the design of the building and grounds .   The progressive legacy is still evident in the modern curriculum , which retains many traditions and educational activities dating back to the beginning of the school . Students work a minimum of one year above their current grade level , and explore broad themes allowing them to learn across subjects and engage in creative and collaborative projects , using instructional technology extensively . Opportunities to build on classroom studies are offered through a range of extracurricular activities . Admission is competitive and an IQ score of at least 124 is required . ACS is notable for its record of success in academic competitions at the state and national levels in mathematics , science , geography , and other subjects . ACS was recognized as a Blue Ribbon School by the United States Department of Education in 1988 . Avery Coonley attracted national media attention in 1994 when the school was banned from competition in the Illinois State Science Fair after winning for the fourth year in a row . Although the decision was later reversed , the controversy was decried by the press as an example of the `` dumbing down '' of education and the victory of self-esteem over excellence in schools .

neg: Alex Kurtzman Alex Kurtzman ( born September 7 , 1973 ) is an American film and television writer , producer and director .

neg: Help! (magazine) Help ! is an American satire magazine published by James Warren from 1960 to 1965 . It was Harvey Kurtzman 's longest-running magazine project after leaving Mad and EC Publications , and during its five years of operation it was chronically underfunded , yet innovative .   In starting Help ! , Kurtzman brought along several artists from his Mad collaborations , including Will Elder , Jack Davis , John Severin and Al Jaffee .   Kurtzman 's assistants included Charles Alverson , Terry Gilliam and Gloria Steinem ; the latter was helpful in gathering the celebrity comedians who appeared on the covers and the fumetti strips the magazine ran along with more traditional comics and text pieces . Among the then little-known performers in the fumetti were John Cleese , Woody Allen and Milt Kamen ; better-known performers such as Orson Bean were also known to participate . Some of the fumetti were scripted by Bernard Shir-Cliff .   At Help ! , Gilliam met Cleese for the first time , resulting in their collaboration years later on Monty Python 's Flying Circus . Cleese appeared in a Gilliam fumetto written by David Crossley , `` Christopher 's Punctured Romance '' . The tale concerns a man who is shocked to learn that his daughter 's new `` Barbee '' doll has `` titties '' ; however , he falls in love with the doll and has an affair . Gilliam appeared on two covers of Help ! and along with the rest of the creative team , appeared in crowd scenes in several fumetti .   The magazine introduced young talents who went on to influential careers in underground comix as well as the mainstream : among them Robert Crumb , Gilbert Shelton and Jay Lynch . Algis Budrys and other science fiction writers were regular contributors of prose and scripts to the magazine .   Working with a minimal budget , Kurtzman relied on a combination of cheap up-and-coming talent , favors called in to `` name '' friends ( such as cover poses by Jackie Gleason , Mort Sahl or Jerry Lewis ) and inexpensive page-fillers ( such as inserting dialogue balloons into news photos and publicity stills ) .   Somewhat more adult and risque than Mad , Help ! was nonetheless less sexually explicit or taboo-breaking than the contemporaneous The Realist or the later underground comix and National Lampoon were or would be . Nonetheless , it had its moments and served as a locus and starting point for a wide range of talent .   A total of 26 issues were printed before the magazine folded in 1965 . Volume one ( Aug. 1960 -- Sept. 1961 ) had 12 issues , and 14 issues comprised the second volume ( Feb. 1962 -- Sept. 1965 ) .

neg: Richard H. Price Richard H. Price ( born March 1 , 1943 ) is an American physicist specializing in general relativity .   Price graduated from Stuyvesant High School in 1960 , and went on to earn a dual degree in physics and engineering from Cornell University in 1965 . He earned his Ph.D. in 1971 from Caltech under the supervision of Kip Thorne . He has spent most of his career at the University of Utah , but in 2004 joined Center for Gravitational Wave Astronomy at the University of Texas at Brownsville . He is currently affiliated with MIT and the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth .   Price is probably best known for a 1972 result now known as Price 's theorem . This is usually informally stated as follows : any inhomogeneities in the spacetime geometry outside a black hole will be radiated away . ( Any such inhomogeneities can be quantified as nonzero higher multipole moments . ) Price 's theorem explains how the no hair theorem is enforced .   Price also made pioneering numerical simulations which established ( nonrigorously ) a precise scenario for the emission of gravitational radiation during the merger of two compact objects ( such as two black holes ) . Subsequent work has largely confirmed the scenario which was first developed in his work . These simulations have provided a major impetus for the development of gravitational wave detectors such as LIGO .   He has done much in development of pedagogical techniques in physics at the undergraduate , graduate , and postdoc levels ; a significant portion at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City , UT . He creates beautiful atlases of relativity . He continues to teach and do research as a professor emeritus at the University of Texas Brownsville .   Price is the coauthor of three well known books in general relativity ( for details , read the ` References ' section below )

neg: Teach the Controversy `` Teach the Controversy '' is a campaign , conducted by the Discovery Institute , to promote the pseudoscientific principle of intelligent design , a variant of traditional creationism , while attempting to discredit the teaching of evolution in United States public high school science courses . The campaign claims that fairness and equal time requires educating students with a ` critical analysis of evolution ' where `` the full range of scientific views '' , evolution 's `` unresolved issues '' , and the `` scientific weaknesses of evolutionary theory '' will be presented and evaluated alongside intelligent design concepts like irreducible complexity presented as a scientific argument against evolution through oblique references to books by design proponents listed in the bibliography of the Institute-proposed `` Critical Analysis of Evolution '' lesson plans .   The intelligent design movement and the Teach the Controversy campaign are directed and supported largely by the Discovery Institute , a conservative Christian think tank based in Seattle , Washington . The overall goals of the movement were stated as `` to defeat scientific materialism '' and `` to replace -LSB- it -RSB- with the theistic understanding that nature and human beings are created by God . ''   The scientific community and science education organizations have replied that there is no scientific controversy regarding the validity of evolution and that the controversy exists solely in terms of religion and politics . A federal court , along with the majority of scientific organizations , including the American Association for the Advancement of Science , say the Institute has manufactured the controversy they want to teach by promoting a `` false perception '' that evolution is `` a theory in crisis '' by falsely claiming it is the subject of wide controversy and debate within the scientific community . McGill University Professor Brian Alters , an expert in the creation-evolution controversy , is quoted in an article published by the NIH as stating that `` 99.9 percent of scientists accept evolution '' , whereas intelligent design has been rejected by the overwhelming majority of the scientific community . In the December 2005 ruling of Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District , Judge John E. Jones III concluded that intelligent design is not science and `` can not uncouple itself from its creationist , and thus religious , antecedents '' . The Dover ruling also characterized `` teaching the controversy '' as part of a religious ploy .

neg: Arthur Zorn Arthur Zorn is a musician and artist from Montpelier , Vermont . Zorn is a composer of vocal and piano music . His major pieces , `` January 25th , 1945 '' ( about the liberation of Auschwitz ) and `` Garden Sketches '' ( a suite for piano ) have been performed all around New England . Currently , Zorn resides in Montpelier , Vermont and teaches vocal music at Spaulding High School .   In addition to being a musician , Zorn has received praise from all around the United States and Canada for his impressionist and abstract artwork . In July 2007 , Zorn 's newest artwork will be featured in the third installment of the Bundy Gallery 's powerful series based on Zorn 's creations ; the third installment will be called `` Zorn 3 . ''   Arthur Zorn has won several awards for his teaching : he was elected Spaulding High School Teacher of the Year in 1994 , and also won the Jaycee Outstanding Young Educator earlier in his career . Zorn has been a finalist in the Vermont State Teacher of the Year .

neg: Mathematics, Engineering, Science Achievement Mathematics , Engineering , Science Achievement ( MESA ) is an academic preparation program for pre-college , community college and university-level students . Established in 1970 in California , the program provides academic support to students from educationally disadvantaged backgrounds throughout the education pathway so they will excel in math and science and ultimately attain four-year degrees in science , technology , engineering or math ( STEM ) fields . The program has successfully been replicated in over a dozen other states . ( Use `` External Links '' to go to the main California website as well as websites of MESA programs in other states . )   MESA , while administered by the University of California , is an intersegmental program , with centers located at all major statewide education institutions ( California Department of Education , University of California , California State University , California Community Colleges , the Association of Independent California Colleges and Universities ) . MESA has established an active partnership with industry and STEM leaders such as AT&T , Chevron , Google , HP , Sempra Energy , and PG&E . These partners supply expertise , volunteers , internship and opportunities for students to visit companies and learn about career options in STEM fields . The strong relationship with industry has resulted in MESA incorporating many elements of industry culture into its approaches and activities .   MESA has been named among the top five most innovative public programs in the nation by Innovations in American Government , an initiative of the Ford Foundation , the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University , and the Council for Excellence in Government .  MESA is also a past winner of the Presidential Award for Excellence in Science , Mathematics , and Engineering Mentoring .   The Silicon Valley Education Foundation named MESA its 2013 STEM Innovation awardee in math . MESA was named by Bayer Corporation as one of 21 exemplary programs proven to help K-12 students , especially minorities and girls , to participate and succeed in STEM fields . MESA has served as a model for Hewlett-Packard for its Diversity in Engineering Program , a national grant initiative to academically prepare more underrepresented minority students at community colleges so they could successfully transfer to four-year institutions as engineering and computer science majors . In 2008 MESA was named a finalist by Excelencia in Education as one of the nation 's most effective community college programs to increase educational opportunities and improve achievement for Latino students .   A partnership of MESA programs in eleven states ( Arizona , California , Colorado , Maryland , New Mexico , Nevada , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Utah and Washington ) has established a network called MESA USA .


query: Water occurs in nature as a bear.

pos: Water Water is a transparent and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth 's streams , lakes , and oceans , and the fluids of most living organisms . Its chemical formula is H2O , meaning that its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms , that are connected by covalent bonds . Water strictly refers to the liquid state of that substance , that prevails at standard ambient temperature and pressure ; but it often refers also to its solid state ( ice ) or its gaseous state ( steam or water vapor ) . It also occurs in nature as snow , glaciers , ice packs and icebergs , clouds , fog , dew , aquifers , and atmospheric humidity .   Water covers 71 % of the Earth 's surface . It is vital for all known forms of life . On Earth , 96.5 % of the planet 's crust water is found in seas and oceans , 1.7 % in groundwater , 1.7 % in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland , a small fraction in other large water bodies , and 0.001 % in the air as vapor , clouds ( formed of ice and liquid water suspended in air ) , and precipitation . Only 2.5 % of this water is freshwater , and 98.8 % of that water is in ice ( excepting ice in clouds ) and groundwater . Less than 0.3 % of all freshwater is in rivers , lakes , and the atmosphere , and an even smaller amount of the Earth 's freshwater ( 0.003 % ) is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products . A greater quantity of water is found in the earth 's interior .   Water on Earth moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation and transpiration ( evapotranspiration ) , condensation , precipitation , and runoff , usually reaching the sea . Evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land . Large amounts of water are also chemically combined or adsorbed in hydrated minerals .   Safe drinking water is essential to humans and other lifeforms even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients . Access to safe drinking water has improved over the last decades in almost every part of the world , but approximately one billion people still lack access to safe water and over 2.5 billion lack access to adequate sanitation . There is a clear correlation between access to safe water and gross domestic product per capita . However , some observers have estimated that by 2025 more than half of the world population will be facing water-based vulnerability . A report , issued in November 2009 , suggests that by 2030 , in some developing regions of the world , water demand will exceed supply by 50 % .   Water plays an important role in the world economy . Approximately 70 % of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture . Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world . Much of long-distance trade of commodities ( such as oil and natural gas ) and manufactured products is transported by boats through seas , rivers , lakes , and canals . Large quantities of water , ice , and steam are used for cooling and heating , in industry and homes . Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances ; as such it is widely used in industrial processes , and in cooking and washing . Water is also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment , such as swimming , pleasure boating , boat racing , surfing , sport fishing , and diving .

neg: Modern Mars habitability One of the central questions of modern Astrobiology is whether there is , or ever has been life on Mars . Mars probably had oceans in the past , and it definitely had lakes and a thicker atmosphere . Modern Mars has become cold , dry , and almost uninhabitable , yet , if life did ever arise on Mars , some hardy microbes and perhaps even multicellular life might survive there right through to the present . The only missions to search for life on Mars , the two Viking missions , returned results that were inconclusive  . However the instruments were not designed to cope with the unusual conditions which Viking discovered on Mars , which may have confused the results of the experiments . Also , they did n't know enough about Mars at that time to target the regions we now think are most likely to have present day life .   Life would meet many challenges on present day Mars . Liquid water boils at 0 ° C , over much of its surface . Even at the depths of the Hellas basin , any water is close to its boiling point of 10 ° C and will dry out quickly . Ice also evaporates into the atmosphere over geological timescales - and most of the equatorial regions are thought to be dry to depths of tens of meters . As its axial tilt varies , Mars atmosphere is sometimes thicker , and liquid water may then form on the surface - but any dormant life in the top few meters of soil would be destroyed over periods of millions of years by cosmic radiation .   However , in 2008 , droplets were observed on the landing legs of Phoenix . Sadly , there was no way to analyse them , but the leading hypothesis is that they were droplets of salty water . Phoenix also made isotopic measurements which show that the Mars atmosphere has exchanged oxygen molecules with liquid on the surface in the recent geological past . This could indicate either recent episodic occurrences of liquid water ( for instance after a meteorite strike ) or water present every year , in contact with the atmosphere .   We now know of many seasonal changes in the surface of Mars which are only visible in high resolution photographs . Most of these are now thought to be caused by dry ice or wind effects . However , the `` Recurrent slope lineae '' , and some of the `` flow like features '' form in conditions that suggest the occasional presence of small quantities of water on Mars . The evidence of flowing brines in the RSLs is strong , though it 's not known if they are habitable . Curiosity has also found indirect evidence of a brine layer 15 cm below the sands that it drives over , though most scientists think that this layer is not habitable for Earth life . Recent Mars surface simulations by Nilton Renno and his team have shown that small droplets of water can form on salt / ice interfaces for a few hours per day almost anywhere on the surface of Mars , and this may explain the Phoenix leg droplets observations .   In a separate development , research by the German aerospace company DLR in Mars simulation chambers and on the ISS show that some Earth life can survive simulated Mars surface conditions without any water at all , and photosynthesize and metabolize , slowly . It can do this using the high relative humidity of the Mars atmosphere at night . All of this work was done after the Phoenix discoveries in 2008 .   Other potential habitats include lakes formed in the higher latitudes after cometary or meteorite impacts , or as a result of volcanism . Covered by ice , these may remain liquid for centuries , or up to a few thousand years for the largest impacts . The planet may also have underground trapped layers of water heated by geothermal hotspots . Also there are suggestions that Mars may have a deep hydrosphere , a liquid layer below its cryosphere , a few kilometers below the surface . Deep rock habitats on Earth are inhabited by life so if this layer exists , it may also be habitable on Mars .   The main questions are   Do these potential habitats exist ?  Are they habitable ? For instance , liquid water , if present , could be too cold , or too salty for Earth life  Are they in fact inhabited by any forms of life ? As Mars is so inhospitable , life might not be able to spread to new habitats easily . So there might be life in some of the habitats and not in others . Or life on Mars may have gone extinct , or never evolved at all , in which case none of the habitats would be inhabited .   These discoveries have renewed interest in this topic , with many astrobiologists saying that they think present day Mars may be more habitable than previously thought . The first conference on the Present Day Habitability of Mars was held in 2013 in UCLA . The 2017 conference session on Modern Mars Habitability will run from April 24 -- 28 in Mesa , Arizona

neg: Thirst Thirst is the craving for fluids , resulting in the basic instinct of animals to drink . It is an essential mechanism involved in fluid balance . It arises from a lack of fluids or an increase in the concentration of certain osmolites , such as salt . If the water volume of the body falls below a certain threshold or the osmolite concentration becomes too high , the brain signals thirst .   Continuous dehydration can cause many problems , but is most often associated with renal problems and neurological problems such as seizures . Excessive thirst , known as polydipsia , along with excessive urination , known as polyuria , may be an indication of diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus .   There are receptors and other systems in the body that detect a decreased volume or an increased osmolite concentration . They signal to the central nervous system , where central processing succeeds . Some sources , therefore , distinguish `` extracellular thirst '' from `` intracellular thirst '' , where extracellular thirst is thirst generated by decreased volume and intracellular thirst is thirst generated by increased osmolite concentration . Nevertheless , the craving itself is something generated from central processing in the brain , no matter how it is detected .

neg: Groundwater recharge Groundwater recharge or deep drainage or deep percolation is a hydrologic process where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater . Recharge is the primary method through which water enters an aquifer . This process usually occurs in the vadose zone below plant roots and is often expressed as a flux to the water table surface . Recharge occurs both naturally ( through the water cycle ) and through anthropogenic processes ( i.e. , `` artificial groundwater recharge '' ) , where rainwater and or reclaimed water is routed to the subsurface .

neg: Properties of water Water is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid , nearly colorless with a hint of blue . This simplest hydrogen chalcogenide is by far the most studied chemical compound and is described as the `` universal solvent '' for its ability to dissolve many substances . This allows it to be the `` solvent of life '' . It is the only common substance to exist as a solid , liquid , and gas in nature .   Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other and are strongly polar . This polarity allows it to separate ions in salts and strongly bond to other polar substances such as alcohols and acids , thus dissolving them . Its hydrogen bonding causes its many unique properties , such as having a solid form less dense than its liquid form , a relatively high boiling point of 100 ° C for its molar mass , and a high heat capacity .   Water is amphoteric , meaning it is both an acid and a base -- it produces and ions by self ionization . This regulates the concentrations of and ions in water .   Due to water being a very good solvent , it is rarely pure and some of the properties of impure water can vary from those of the pure substance . However , there are also many compounds that are essentially , if not completely , insoluble in water , such as fats , oils and other non-polar substances .

neg: Habitat A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal , plant , or other type of organism . The term typically refers to the zone in which the organism lives and where it can find food , shelter , protection and mates for reproduction . It is the natural environment in which an organism lives , or the physical environment that surrounds a species population .   A habitat is made up of physical factors such as soil , moisture , range of temperature , and light intensity as well as biotic factors such as the availability of food and the presence or absence of predators . Every organism has certain habitat needs for the conditions in which it will thrive , but some are tolerant of wide variations while others are very specific in their requirements . A habitat is not necessarily a geographical area , it can be the interior of a stem , a rotten log , a rock or a clump of moss , and for a parasitic organism it is the body of its host , part of the host 's body such as the digestive tract , or a single cell within the host 's body .   Habitat types include polar , temperate , subtropical and tropical . The terrestrial vegetation type may be forest , steppe , grassland , semi-arid or desert . Fresh water habitats include marshes , streams , rivers , lakes , ponds and estuaries , and marine habitats include salt marshes , the coast , the intertidal zone , reefs , bays , the open sea , the sea bed , deep water and submarine vents .   Habitats change over time . This may be due to a violent event such as the eruption of a volcano , an earthquake , a tsunami , a wildfire or a change in oceanic currents ; or the change may be more gradual over millennia with alterations in the climate , as ice sheets and glaciers advance and retreat , and as different weather patterns bring changes of precipitation and solar radiation . Other changes come as a direct result of human activities ; deforestation , the ploughing of ancient grasslands , the diversion and damming of rivers , the draining of marshland and the dredging of the seabed . The introduction of alien species can have a devastating effect on native wildlife , through increased predation , through competition for resources or through the introduction of pests and diseases to which the native species have no immunity .

neg: Urine Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in the bodies of many animals , including humans . It is expelled from the kidneys and flows through the ureters to the urinary bladder , from which it is soon excreted from the body through the urethra during urination .   Cellular metabolism generates numerous by-products , many nitrogenous ( rich in nitrogen ) , that require clearance from the bloodstream . These by-products are eventually expelled from the body during urination , the primary method for excreting water-soluble chemicals from the body . These chemicals can be detected and analyzed by urinalysis . Of the many such substances that exist , the three main nitrogenous wastes of the mammalian body are urea , uric acid , and creatinine .   Animal urine forms part of the nitrogen cycle . In balanced ecosystems it fertilizes soil and plants , which in turn continue to support the animal population . Some animals use it to mark their territories . Human urine and human feces are collectively referred to as human waste ; as sewage , they require sewage treatment in places where population density is high . Livestock urine and feces similarly require proper management if the livestock population density is high . Such management is part of ecological sanitation .

neg: Volcanic dam A volcanic dam is a type of natural dam produced directly or indirectly by volcanism , which holds or temporarily restricts the flow of surface water in existing streams , like a man-made dam . There are two main types of volcanic dams , those created by the flow of molten lava , and those created by the primary or secondary deposition of pyroclastic material and debris . This classification generally excludes other , often larger and longer lived dam-type geologic features , separately termed crater lakes , although these volcanic centers may be associated with the source of material for volcanic dams , and the lowest portion of its confining rim may be considered as such a dam , especially if the lake level within the crater is relatively high .   Volcanic dams generally occur worldwide , in association with former and active volcanic provinces , and are known to have existed in the geologic record , in historic times and occur in the present day . Their removal or failure is similarly recorded . The longevity , and extent varies widely , having periods ranging from a few days , weeks or years to several hundred thousand years or more , and dimensions ranging from a few meters to hundreds , to several thousand .   The emplacement , internal structure , distribution and longevity of such dams can be related variously to the amount , rapidity and duration of ( primary ) geothermal energy released , and the rock material made available ; other considerations include the rock types produced , their physical and toughness characteristics , and their various modes of deposition . Depositional modes include gravity flow of molten lava at the surface , gravity flow or fall of pyroclastics through the air , as well as the redistribution and transportation of those materials by gravity and water .

neg: Hydrology Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement , distribution , and quality of water on Earth and other planets , including the water cycle , water resources and environmental watershed sustainability . A practitioner of hydrology is a hydrologist , working within the fields of earth or environmental science , physical geography , geology or civil and environmental engineering . Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques , they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation , natural disasters , and water management .   Hydrology subdivides into surface water hydrology , groundwater hydrology ( hydrogeology ) , and marine hydrology . Domains of hydrology include hydrometeorology , surface hydrology , hydrogeology , drainage-basin management and water quality , where water plays the central role .   Oceanography and meteorology are not included because water is only one of many important aspects within those fields .   Hydrological research can inform environmental engineering , policy and planning .   The term hydrology comes from Greek : ὕδωρ , hýdōr , `` water '' ; and λόγος , lógos , `` study '' .

neg: Paleoflooding The phenomenon of paleoflooding is apparent in the geologic record over various spatial and temporal scales . It often occurred on a large scale , and was the result of either glacial ice melt causing large outbursts of freshwater , or high sea levels breaching bodies of freshwater . If a freshwater outflow event was large enough that the water reached the ocean system , it caused changes in salinity that potentially affected ocean circulation and global climate . Freshwater flows could also accumulate to form continental glacial lakes , and this is another indicator of large-scale flooding . In contrast , periods of high global sea level ( often during interglacials ) could cause marine water to breach natural dams and flow into bodies of freshwater . Changes in salinity of freshwater and marine bodies can be detected from the analysis of organisms that inhabited those bodies at a given time , as certain organisms are more suited to live in either fresh or saline conditions .

neg: Drift ice Drift ice is any sea ice other than fast ice , the latter being attached ( `` fastened '' ) to the shoreline or other fixed objects ( shoals , grounded icebergs , etc. ) . Drift ice is carried along by winds and sea currents , hence its name . When drift ice is driven together into a large single mass ( > 70 % coverage ) , it is called pack ice . Wind and currents can pile up that ice to form ridges up to several metres in height . These represent a challenge for icebreakers and offshore structures operating in cold oceans and seas .   Drift ice consists of floes , individual pieces of sea ice 20 m or more across . There are names for various floe sizes : small -- 20 m to 100 m ; medium -- 100 m to 500 m ; big -- 500 m to 2000 m ; vast -- 2 km to 10 km ; and giant -- more than 10 km .   Seasonal ice drift in the Sea of Okhotsk by the northern coast of Hokkaidō , Japan has become a tourist attraction of this area with harsh climate , and is one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan . The Sea of Okhotsk is the southernmost area in the Northern hemisphere where drift ice may be observed .   Drift ice affects :  Security of navigation  Climatic impact ( see Polar ice packs )  Geological impact  Biosphere influence ( see Ecology of sea ice )   The two major ice packs are the Arctic ice pack and the Antarctic ice pack . The most important areas of pack ice are the polar ice packs formed from seawater in the Earth 's polar regions : the Arctic ice pack of the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic ice pack of the Southern Ocean . Polar packs significantly change their size during seasonal changes of the year . Because of vast amounts of water added to or removed from the oceans and atmosphere , the behavior of polar ice packs has a significant impact on global changes in climate .

neg: Underwater panther An underwater panther , called Mishipeshu or Mishibijiw in Ojibwe ( -LSB- mɪʃɪbɪʑɪw -RSB- ) , is one of the most important of several mythological water beings among many indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands and Great Lakes region , particularly among the Anishinaabe .   Mishipeshu translates into `` the Great Lynx '' . It has the head and paws of a giant cat but is covered in scales and has dagger-like spikes running along its back and tail . Mishipeshu calls Michipicoten Island in Lake Superior his home and is a powerful creature in the mythological traditions of some Native American tribes , particularly Anishinaabe tribes , the Odawa , Ojibwe , and Potawatomi , of the Great Lakes region of Canada and the United States . In addition to the Anishinaabeg , Innu also have Mishibizhiw stories .   To the Algonquins , the underwater panther was the most powerful underworld being . The Ojibwe traditionally held them to be masters of all water creatures , including snakes . Some versions of the Nanabozho creation legend refers to whole communities of water lynx .   Some archaeologists believe that underwater panthers were major components of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex of the Mississippian culture in the prehistoric American Southeast .

neg: Asian black bear The Asian black bear ( Ursus thibetanus , previously known as Selenarctos thibetanus ) , also known as the moon bear , Asiatic black bear and white-chested bear , is a medium-sized bear species native to Asia and largely adapted to arboreal life . It lives in the Himalayas , in the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent , Korea , northeastern China , the Russian Far East , the Honshū and Shikoku islands of Japan , and Taiwan . It is classified as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) , mostly because of deforestation and hunting for its body parts .   The species is morphologically very similar to some prehistoric bears , and is thought by some scientists to be the ancestor of other extant bear species ( aside from pandas and spectacled bears ) . Though largely herbivorous , Asian black bears can be very aggressive toward humans , who frequently trap or kill them for traditional medicine .

neg: Water on Earth Water on Earth may refer to :   Origin of water on Earth  Water distribution on Earth   Category : Water

neg: Body of water A body of water or waterbody ( often spelled water body ) is any significant accumulation of water , generally on a planet 's surface . The term most often refers to oceans , seas , and lakes , but it includes smaller pools of water such as ponds , wetlands , or more rarely , puddles . A body of water does not have to be still or contained ; Rivers , streams , canals , and other geographical features where water moves from one place to another are also considered bodies of water .   Most are naturally occurring geographical features , but some are artificial . There are types that can be either . For example , most reservoirs are created by engineering dams , but some natural lakes are used as reservoirs . Similarly , most harbors are naturally occurring bays , but some harbors have been created through construction .   Bodies of water that are navigable are known as waterways . Some bodies of water collect and move water , such as rivers and streams , and others primarily hold water , such as lakes and oceans .   The term body of water can also refer to a reservoir of water held by a plant , technically known as a phytotelma .   Bodies of water are effected by gravity which is what creates the tidal effects on Earth .

neg: Melt pond Melt ponds are pools of open water that form on sea ice in the warmer months of spring and summer . The ponds are also found on glacial ice and ice shelves . Ponds of melted water can also develop under the ice .   Melt ponds are usually darker than the surrounding ice , and their distribution and size is highly variable . They absorb solar radiation rather than reflecting it as ice does and , thereby , have a significant influence on Earth 's radiation balance . This differential , which had not been scientifically investigated until recently , has a large effect on the rate of ice melting and the extent of ice cover .   Melt ponds can melt through to the ocean 's surface . Seawater entering the pond increases the melt rate because the salty water of the ocean is warmer than the fresh water of the pond . The increase in salinity also depresses the water 's freezing point .   Water from melt ponds over land surface can run into crevasses or moulins -- tubes leading under ice sheets or glaciers -- turning into meltwater . The water may reach the underlying rock . The effect is an increase in the rate of ice flow to the oceans , as the fluid behaves like a lubricant in the basal sliding of glaciers .

neg: Great Bear The term Great Bear can refer to :   Ursa Major , the constellation , whose name is the Latin for `` Great Bear '' .  Great Bear Lake , the largest lake in the Northwest Territories of Canada and the fourth largest in North America .  Great Bear Rainforest , British Columbia .  Great Bear Wilderness area in Montana .  Great Bear Recreation Park , a ski hill in Sioux Falls , South Dakota .  Great Bear ( roller coaster ) , an inverted steel rollercoaster at Hersheypark in Hershey , Pennsylvania .  The Great Bear ( lithograph ) , artwork by Simon Patterson based on the London Tube map .  The Great Bear ( play ) , a 1951 play , never produced , by John Osborne  The Great Bear ( film ) , a 2011 Danish film  GWR 111 The Great Bear , a British steam locomotive .  The Sons of Great Bear , an East German film  A personification of Russia .  A NATO codename for the Soviet Tu-95 bomber

neg: Mineral spring Mineral springs are naturally occurring springs that produce water containing minerals , or other dissolved substances , that alter its taste or give it a purported therapeutic value . Salts , sulfur compounds , and gases are among the substances that can be dissolved in the spring water during its passage underground .   Mineral water obtained from mineral springs has long been an important commercial proposition .   Mineral spas are resorts that have developed around mineral springs , where ( often wealthy ) patrons would repair to `` take the waters '' -- meaning that they would drink ( see hydrotherapy and water cure ) or bathe in ( see balneotherapy ) the mineral water .   Historical mineral springs were often outfitted with elaborate stone-works -- including artificial pools , retaining walls , colonnades and roofs -- sometimes in the form of fanciful `` Greek temples '' , gazebos or pagodas . Others were entirely enclosed within spring houses .

neg: Obedska bara Obedska bara ( Obedska pond or Obedska bog , Serbian Cyrillic : Обедска бара , pronounced -LSB- ɔ̂bɛdskaː bâra -RSB- ) is a large swamp-forest area and natural reserve stretching along the Sava River in Southern Syrmia ( Serbia ) , some 40 km west of Belgrade .   The pond is an oxbow lake , a remnant of the meanders of the old Sava River , whose main stream presently flows more southward . Due to its shape the swampy bed of the pond , situated between the villages of Obrež and Kupinovo , is called `` The Horse-shoe '' ( potkovica ) . Higher grounds with cut-in depressions and old oak forests are called `` The Hoof '' ( kopito ) .   The pond is an authentic complex of stagnant tributaries , marshes , pits , marsh vegetation , damp meadows and forests . It is home to over 30 different water , swamp , forest and meadow biocoenoses . The fauna includes 220 species of birds , 50 species of mammals , 13 of amphibians , 11 of reptiles and 16 of fish , while the flora includes 500 species plants , 180 species of mushrooms and 50 species of moss . It is one of the richest and best preserved wildlife habitats in the Pannonian plain .   Obedska pond is one of the world 's oldest nature areas , first administrative protective measures having been introduced 1874 , when the Habsburg Empire protected it as hunting ground of the royal family . Presently , it has first-category legal protection status , denoting a natural asset of exceptional value . Its status has been verified by the Ramsar Convention on swamps since 1977 , and included in the List of areas of special significance for birds of Europe of Important Bird Area project , and UNESCO 's list of world 's most important wetland areas .

neg: Humboldt Current The Humboldt Current System ( HCS ) , also called the Peru Current , is a major Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystem that flows north along the western coast of South America . It is an eastern boundary current flowing in the direction of the equator , and extend 500-1 ,000 kilometers offshore . The Humboldt Current is named after the Prussian naturalist Alexander von Humboldt . In 1846 , von Humboldt reported measurements of the cold-water current in his book Cosmos .   The current extends from the southern Chile ( ~ 45 'S ) to northern Peru ( ~ 4 'S ) where cold , upwelled waters intersect warm tropical waters to form the Equatorial Front . Sea surface temperatures off the coast of Peru , around 5 'S , reach temperatures as low as 16 ' C . This is highly uncharacteristic of tropical waters , as most other regions have temperatures measuring above 25 ' C. Upwelling brings nutrients to the surface , which support phytoplankton and ultimately increase biological productivity .   Upwelling within the current is not uniform across the entire system . Three notable upwelling subsystems are produced by this current : i ) seasonal upwelling in Chile , ii ) upwelling `` shadow '' that is less productive , but still large in northern Chile and Southern Peru , and iii ) year-round upwelling in Peru .   The Humboldt Current is considered a Class I , highly productive ( > 300 gC/m2-yr ) , ecosystem . It is the most productive eastern boundary current system . It accounts for roughly 18-20 % of the total worldwide marine fish catch . The species are mostly pelagic : sardines , anchovies and jack mackerel . The system 's high productivity supports other important fishery resources as well as marine mammals ( eared seals and cetaceans ) and seabirds . The cold , nutrient-rich water brought to the surface by upwelling drives the system 's extraordinary productivity.Periodically , the upwelling that drives the system 's productivity is disrupted by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) event . When this occurs , fish abundance and distribution are significantly affected , often leading to stock crashes and cascading social and economic impacts . These events have led to sequential changes , where sardines and anchovies have replaced each other periodically as the dominant species in the ecosystem . These species changes can have negative consequences for the fishing industry and the economies of the countries that fish the system .   The Humboldt has a considerable cooling influence on the climate of Chile , Peru and Ecuador . It is also largely responsible for the aridity of Atacama Desert in northern Chile and coastal areas of Peru and also of the aridity of southern Ecuador . Marine air is cooled by the current and thus is not conducive to generating precipitation ( although clouds and fog are produced ) .