query: Alkaline Trio has at least two albums.

pos: Alkaline Trio Alkaline Trio is an American punk rock band from McHenry , Illinois . The band consists of guitarist and vocalist Matt Skiba , bassist and vocalist Dan Andriano , and drummer Derek Grant . Founded in late 1996 by Skiba , bassist Rob Doran , and drummer Glenn Porter , Alkaline Trio released its debut single , `` Sundials '' , in 1997 . Following its release , Doran departed from the band and was replaced by Andriano . The band subsequently recorded an EP , For Your Lungs Only ( 1998 ) , and its debut studio album , Goddamnit ( 1998 ) . Following the release of the band 's second album , Maybe I 'll Catch Fire ( 2000 ) , Porter left the band and was replaced by Mike Felumlee for its subsequent album , From Here to Infirmary ( 2001 ) .   Backed by the singles `` Stupid Kid '' and `` Private Eye '' , From Here to Infirmary significantly increased the band 's exposure , and its follow-up , Good Mourning ( 2003 ) , charted highly on the Billboard 200 . Good Mourning marked the recording debut of current drummer Derek Grant . In 2005 , the band released Crimson which expanded upon the band 's punk rock influences , with prominent overdubs and additional instrumentation , and continued with this direction on Agony & Irony ( 2008 ) , which was released on V2 Records .   In 2010 , the band released This Addiction on its own label Heart & Skull and Epitaph . Recorded in the band 's home town of Chicago , with early producer Matt Allison , the album was a conscious effort by the band to return to their punk rock roots ; it became the highest charting album of their career , debuting on the Billboard 200 at No. 11 . In 2011 , the band celebrated its 15-year anniversary with the release of Damnesia , which featured new , acoustic-based recordings of songs from across the band 's career . The band 's eighth studio album , My Shame Is True , was released on April 2 , 2013 .

pos: This Addiction This Addiction is the seventh studio album by the punk rock band Alkaline Trio , released February 23 , 2010 as the first release by their newly formed record label Heart & Skull , a joint venture with Epitaph Records . Described as a return to the band 's punk rock roots , it was recorded at Atlas Studios in their hometown of Chicago with Matt Allison , the same location and producer used for much of their early material . The album draws lyrical inspiration from the band members ' personal lives , addressing themes such as love , addiction , death , divorce , grief , suicide , politics , and war . It became the highest-charting album of the band 's career , debuting on the Billboard 200 at # 11 and also reaching # 1 on the Rock , Independent , and Alternative Albums charts .

neg: Slowdive discography The discography of Slowdive , an English alternative rock band , consists of four studio albums , three compilation albums , five extended plays , five singles , four music videos and various compilation releases .   Slowdive were formed in Reading in late 1989 by vocalist -- guitarists Neil Halstead and Rachel Goswell . The duo recruited guitarist Christian Savill , bassist Nick Chaplin and drummer Adrian Sell -- who left the band after they signed to Creation Records and before the release of their eponymous EP Slowdive in 1990 . Released to critical acclaim from the alternative press , Slowdive was succeeded by a further two EPs , Morningrise and Holding Our Breath ( 1991 ) , both of which placed in the UK Singles Chart ; Holding Our Breath reached number 5 on the Independent Singles Chart . The band 's debut studio album , Just for a Day , was released in September 1991 to poor reviews , due in part to the British press ' growing disillusion with the shoegazing genre . However , Just for a Day was a minor independent success , peaking at number 3 on the Independent Albums Chart and gaining Slowdive a significant following in the United States .   In 1993 , under pressure from Creation to produce a commercial-sounding album , Slowdive recruited ambient innovator Brian Eno and began producing new material . Souvlaki was released in May 1993 alongside the Outside Your Room EP ; both received similarly negative reviews but placed in the mainstream and independent charts , with Souvlaki peaking at number 52 on the UK Albums Chart . A follow-up EP , 5 , was released in November 1993 and placed at number 87 in the UK Singles Chart , however following a tour in support of its release drummer Simon Scott left the band due to creative differences .   Slowdive 's third and final studio album , Pygmalion , was released in February 1995 . Halstead had dominated the recording process , with the album only featuring minor contributions by Goswell and Ian McCutcheon , the band 's new drummer . Reviews for Pygmalion were more favourable than the band 's preceding releases and the album peaked at number 108 in the UK Albums Chart , however Creation were unsatisfied and dropped Slowdive two weeks after its release . Following Slowdive 's disbandment in 1995 , Halstead , Goswell and McCutcheon formed Mojave 3 . The band reformed in 2014 .

neg: New West Guitar Group New West Guitar Group ( NWGG ) is a guitar trio formed in 2003 . The three group members -- Perry Smith of New York City , John Storie of Los Angeles , and Jeffrey Stein of New York City -- met while students at the University of Southern California 's Thornton School of Music , where they studied Studio/Jazz Guitar performance . The group has performed across the United States , Japan , Germany and Canada .   Originally a quartet , the New West Guitar Group started as an ensemble within the Studio/Jazz Guitar department within the USC Thornton School of Music . After placing first at the University of North Texas Jazz Festival at Addison in 2004 , the group decided to release an album titled Introducing : New West Guitar Quartet , which became the first recording released on the USC Thornton School of Music 's Flora Records label . In 2005 , the group collaborated with jazz guitarist Pat Metheny , and later traveled to Japan to represent USC at the Aichi Expo 2005 in Nagoya , Japan .   Continuing to collaborate post-graduation , the group refined their sound by combining influences from jazz , blues , rock and americana musical styles .   In 2007 was chosen to represent the City of Los Angeles at the LA/Berlin Sister 's City Festival in Berlin , Germany , and their release of Wide Awake on Artsong Music established the group as one of the only acoustic & electric guitar ensembles in Los Angeles .   In 2009 the group became a trio , released Sleeping Lady , and gained member Jeffrey Stein in replacement for original group member Brady Cohan .   The trio has released 5 albums and a live concert DVD . They are currently signed to Summit Records . Their 2011 album Round-Trip Ticket has been featured on NPR 's All Things Considered , and charted at # 28 on the JazzWeek radio charts . In September 2013 , they released Big City featuring arrangements of music by The Police , Simon and Garfunkel , Joni Mitchell , and Tears for Fears .   New West has been known to experiment with various guitar tunings including DADGAD and Nashville tuning , along with the standard tuning of guitar . Their music predominantly features a Steel-string acoustic guitar and archtop guitar , but they have been known to use a classical guitar , baritone guitar and fanned fret guitars . Their style , by combining acoustic and electric guitars , distinguishes the group as one of the few guitar ensembles with this instrumentation .   They are currently on tour with guitar virtuoso Fareed Haque and Concord Records artist Spencer Day .

neg: Backbiter Backbiter is a protopunk band from Los Angeles , California that has received national recognition . They played their first show October 23 , 1991 , at the Shamrock Bar in Hollywood , CA on a bill with Dicktit , the Jack Brewer Band and The Drills ( whose organist , Jeff Muendel , later joined Backbiter for a few years and one album ) . Singer/guitarist Jonathan Hall had been playing in Texorcist ( the Los Angeles band with Linda `` Texacala '' Jones , formerly of Tex and the Horseheads , not the Texas band of the same name ) and the Angry Samoans with and bassist Heath Seifert . They jammed with drummer Bob Lee ( one of the Devo Bob drummers ) and the power trio came together , playing local clubs such as the notable post-punk hangout , Raji 's .   The band released their first CD , Get Together in 1994 . A second effort in 2001 , a split-CD with Swedish band Elope on Man 's Ruin Records ( MR-2015 ) featured Muendel on Hammond B3 organ . Hall does n't sing about warlocks and unicorns , nor does the group sludge it up in an overtly Black Sabbath fashion , but the association with Man 's Ruin has associated them with the Stoner rock movement . That release is arguably their heaviest .   The band released a third album in 2006 , once again as power trio sans the organ . The band continues to play live shows throughout California . They received LA Weeklys Heavy Metal Band of the Year award , which was presented to them by musician Ronnie James Dio .

neg: The October Trio The October Trio is a Canadian jazz trio from Vancouver consisting of Josh Cole ( bass ) , Dan Gaucher ( drums ) , and Evan Arntzen ( saxophone ) . Formed in 2004 , the three met as students at Capilano College while studying jazz . Their influences are cited as being diverse , ranging from Vespertine-era Björk to the Wayne Shorter Quartet to local talents . In March 2005 , they became the regular performers at the Rime , a new music hub located in East Vancouver . There , they recorded their first live album , Live at Rime in 2005 . The trio released their studio album , Day In , in 2006 and in the same year , earned the title Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 's Galaxie Rising Star Award for best new group at the Vancouver International Jazz Festival . The album was also nominated for a 2007 Western Canadian Music award for Jazz Album of the year . After the album , the trio began collaborating with jazz trumpeter Brad Turner in 2007 and released the album Looks Like It 's Going to Snow in 2009 . Turner , had previously produced Day In and is also the producer for the new record . The album is noted for its lyricism and rich arrangements . One review notes that `` it easily and off-handedly incorporates funk and rock elements without becoming a collection that is dominated by a backbeat aesthetic . '' The band is also noted for its rhythmic complexity , as songwriter Cole enjoys the frequent play with irregular time signatures and unusual phrase lengths . The trio has also opened for Dave Holland and the Monterey Quartet .   The band has performed at the Vancouver International Jazz Festival , the National Jazz Awards in Toronto , the Montreal Jazz Festival , the Seattle Earshot Jazz Festival , the Portland Jazz Festival , the Calgary Jazz Festival , and the Edmonton Jazz Festival . They have also toured eastern Canada and the United States in June 2010 to promote their latest recording .

neg: Clutch discography The discography of Clutch , an American rock band , consists of eleven studio albums , five live albums , three compilation albums , five extended plays , ten singles , and two video albums .   Clutch was formed in 1991 by vocalist Neil Fallon , guitarist Tim Sult , bassist Dan Maines and drummer Jean-Paul Gaster . The group debuted with Pitchfork , an EP released in October that same year . The band built a local following through constant gigging and released their second EP Passive Restraints through Earache ) . Clutch was signed by the East West Records label and released their full-length debut Transnational Speedway League . A self-titled album appeared two years later , which afforded the band some mainstream exposure .   Clutch then signed with major label Columbia for 1998 's The Elephant Riders , but released 1999 's Jam Room on their own River Road Records label .   In 2001 the band signed with Atlantic for the release of Pure Rock Fury , which included guest appearances from members of Spirit Caravan and Sixty Watt Shaman .   Their sixth album , Blast Tyrant , appeared three years later and was the first through DRT Entertainment , followed by Robot Hive/Exodus in 2005 , which featured the first lineup change since the early 1990s ; the addition of organist Mick Schauer . 2007 saw the release of From Beale Street to Oblivion , and in the next year their first video , entitled Full Fathom Five : Video Field Recordings , which was accompanied by a CD version Full Fathom Five : Audio Field Recordings .   In 2009 , Clutch released Strange Cousins from the West on their own label , Weathermaker Music . The band was once again a four-piece , without Schauer in the line-up .   In 2013 , they released their tenth studio album Earth Rocker again through Weathermaker , their highest charting record in the US at the time . It peaked at # 15 on the Billboard 200 chart .   In 2015 , they released Psychic Warfare on Weathermaker , peaking at # 11 on the Billboard 200 . That same year , they also released a compilation album , La Curandera , exclusively on pink vinyl , as part of the Ten Bands , One Cause campaign for breast cancer awareness .

neg: Vivid (Living Colour album) Vivid is the debut studio album by the American rock band Living Colour , released on May 3 , 1988 through Epic Records . It was one of the most popular albums of 1988 , reaching No. 6 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart and certified double platinum by the RIAA . The album is also featured in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die .

neg: Deep Blue Organ Trio The Deep Blue Organ Trio was a Chicago based jazz organ trio made up of jazz guitarist Bobby Broom , Hammond B3 organist Chris Foreman and drummer Greg Rockingham . In their individual careers they have performed and recorded with many prominent musicians in the field of jazz and blues . The group disbanded in 2013 after opening for a few Steely Dan summer tours .   Although they played together beginning in 1992 , they officially formed this co-led group in 2000 and recorded four albums , two for Delmark Records in 2004 and 2006 and two for Origin Records , one in 2007 and one in 2011 . The trio displayed elements of the soul jazz and hard bop styles of jazz , and utilized blues music as well as the rhythm & blues and funk music mediums in their music .

neg: Megalomania (Aqua album) Megalomania is the third studio album by Danish-Norwegian pop band Aqua . The album was released physically from September 30 , 2011 and digitally on October 3 , 2011 , more than 11 years after the release of their previous studio album , Aquarius ( 2000 ) . Due to the change of musical style from their previous album , critical reviews were more mixed , and was not as commercially successful either , only peaking at number two in Denmark , and being certified gold by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) .

neg: Alchemy (Third Ear Band album) Alchemy is an album released in 1969 by the Third Ear Band .

neg: Idaho (band) Idaho is an American rock band formed in 1992 in Los Angeles , California , United States , founded as a duo by high school friends Jeff Martin and John K. Berry . The two had played in various bands and projects together since 1981 . They were eventually signed to Caroline Records in December 1992 by Brian Long , then released the The Palms EP and Year After Year full-length in 1993 . Martin and Berry switched off on drumming duties and shared in the songwriting . Idaho drew frequent comparisons to American Music Club , Red House Painters and Codeine due to vocal , lyrical , and instrumental similarities . Idaho toured the U.S. with similar-minded artists like Red House Painters , Half String , Low , and Cranes in 1993-1995 . Dan Seta joined as a multi-instrumentalist on Three Sheets to the Wind , the band 's third album , along with Terry Borden - bass ( later of the Pete Yorn band ) and Mark Lewis ( West Indian Girl ) on drums . Seta and Lewis had previously been in the band Pet Clarke together , along with Geoff Gans and former Let 's Active touring bassist Janine Cooper , who went on to join Downy Mildew . Idaho have played dates in Europe with Lali Puna and Dirty Three   Martin had recorded some solo songs ( including `` Never Back Again '' ) in 1984 in the U.K. , but a solo career never materialized . Idaho 's music is traditionally categorized as slowcore or sadcore . The band has released nine full-length albums , as well as numerous EPs and singles , dating back to 1992 . Idaho became primarily the vehicle of singer-songwriter Martin , who has performed the most recent of Idaho 's albums almost entirely on his own . To this day , he remains the band 's sole songwriter and principal musician . His foreboding four-string tenor guitar playing ( he has had several such guitars custom-made for him ) is a hallmark of most Idaho albums , though later releases rely more heavily on piano . 1998 album Alas featured vocals on a few songs by Melissa Auf der Maur .   Idaho 's sonic stylings range from existentially introspective songs to cathartic screaming , though their music falls in the first category the majority of the time . Their release , The Lone Gunman , often eschews the traditional song structure for more instrumental experimentation .   In December 2008 Idaho contributed their track `` Santa Claus Is Weird '' to an Indiecater Records festive compilation titled An Indiecater Christmas .   Martin has recently done music for U.S. television shows , films , and documentaries .   On January 9 , 2016 , John Berry died in his sleep .

neg: Trio (Dolly Parton, Linda Ronstadt and Emmylou Harris album) Trio is a collaboration album by three American performers , Dolly Parton , Linda Ronstadt and Emmylou Harris . The album , released in 1987 , sold over 4 million copies worldwide and also received several awards , including two Grammy Awards . Parton , Ronstadt , and Harris released a second album , Trio II , in 1999 .

neg: The Alchemist (Witchcraft album) The Alchemist is the third album from the Swedish doom metal band Witchcraft . The album was released in 2007 by Rise Above Records . The Japanese version ( released on Leaf Hound Records ) contains the bonus track `` Sweet Honey Pie '' by Roky Erickson , which originally appeared on Scandinavian Friends : A Tribute to Roky Erickson .

neg: Slippery When Wet Slippery When Wet is the third studio album by American rock band Bon Jovi . It was released on August 18 , 1986 by Mercury Records in North America and Vertigo Records internationally . The album was produced by Bruce Fairbairn . Recording sessions took place between January and July 1986 at Little Mountain Sound Studios in Vancouver , Canada .   Slippery When Wet was an instant commercial success . The album features songs that are considered Bon Jovi 's most well-known tracks , such as the singles `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' , `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' and `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' .   The album spent eight weeks at No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard 200 album chart and was named by Billboard as the top-selling album of 1987 . Slippery When Wet is Bon Jovi 's best-selling studio album to date , with an RIAA certification of 12 × Platinum , making it one of the top 100 best-selling albums in the United States . The album was featured in the 2005 book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die .

neg: Third (Soft Machine album) Third is the third studio album by the Canterbury associated band Soft Machine , originally released in 1970 as a double LP , with each side of the original vinyl consisting of a single , long composition .

neg: A Question of Balance A Question of Balance is the sixth album by The Moody Blues , released in 1970 . The album was an attempt by the group to strip down their well-known lush , psychedelic sound in order to be able to better perform the songs in concert . Released in 1970 , the album reached # 1 in the United Kingdom and # 3 in the United States .   In March 2006 the album was remastered into SACD format and repackaged with six extra tracks . In 2008 a remaster for standard audio CD was issued with the same bonus tracks . The cover was changed slightly to hide the face of Colonel John Blashford-Snell who had objected to an image of an explorer wearing a pith helmet and wielding a Webley .455 pistol on the cover of the original LP , which he felt was derived from a photograph of himself . The relevant part of the cover was changed to show a generic individual in response to his law suit .

neg: Wheels of Fire Wheels of Fire is the third album by the British rock band Cream . It was released in July 1968 as a two-disc vinyl LP , with one disc recorded in the studio and the other recorded live . It reached # 3 in the United Kingdom and # 1 in the United States , becoming the first platinum-selling double album . In May 2012 it was ranked number 205 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time .   It was also released as two single long-players , Wheels of Fire ( In the Studio ) and Wheels of Fire ( Live at the Fillmore ) , released together with similar cover art . In the UK the studio album art was black print on aluminium foil while the live album art was a negative image of the studio cover . In Japan the studio album art was black on gold foil while the live album art was black on aluminium foil . In Australia both covers were laminated copies of the Japanese releases ( the double album was never released in Australia ) .

neg: Double Trios Double Trios is a 1986 album by jazz pianist McCoy Tyner released on the Denon label . It features performances by Tyner supported by Avery Sharpe and Louis Hayes or Marcus Miller and Jeff `` Tain '' Watts along with Steve Thornton . The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow states `` it is particularly interesting to hear the pianist 's reworkings of `` Lil ' Darlin ' , '' `` Satin Doll '' , `` Lover Man '' and Thelonious Monk 's `` Rhythm-A-Ning , '' transforming them into modal masterpieces '' .

neg: Sky 3 (album) Sky 3 '' is the third album by English/Australian instrumental progressive rock band Sky , released in 1981 . It reached number three in the British Albums chart . It was the first album recorded after Francis Monkman 's departure from the group , with Steve Gray replacing him on keyboards .   In 2015 Esoteric Recordings continued their schedule of remasters and expanded releases with this recording .

neg: For Your Lungs Only For Your Lungs Only is the debut EP by the Chicago-based punk rock band Alkaline Trio , released May 26 , 1998 through Asian Man Records . The song `` Southern Rock '' was re-recorded for their debut album Goddamnit later that year . All four tracks from the EP were reissued on the compilation album Alkaline Trio in 2000 .

neg: Pop punk Pop punk ( also known as punk-pop ) is a music genre that fuses elements of punk rock and pop music . It typically combines fast tempos , loud and distorted electric guitars , and power chord changes with pop-influenced melodies , vocal styles , and lyrical themes .   Pop-influenced punk rock emerged in the mid-1970s with a music style that was stylistically similar to power pop . By the mid-1980s , several bands merged hardcore punk with pop music to create a new , faster pop punk sound such as Dag Nasty , the Nip Drivers , T.S.O.L. , Social Distortion , and the Descendents . Pop punk in the United States began to grow in popularity locally in California in the mid-to-late 1980s . Pop punk particularly thrived in California , where independent record labels adopted a do it yourself ( DIY ) approach to releasing music . By the mid-1990s , a few pop punk bands had started to sell millions of records and receive extensive radio and television airplay , such as Green Day . By 1994 , pop punk was quickly growing in mainstream popularity . The late 1990s , exemplified by the 1999 release of Blink-182 's Enema of the State , represented the genre 's mainstream peak , although some pop punk bands scored successful album chartings in the 2000s . In the mid-2000s , emo pop , a fusion genre combining emo and pop punk , became popular . By the end of the 2000s , the pop punk sound of the 1990s had largely waned in mainstream popularity .


query: George W. Bush's brother served as the 42nd Governor of Florida.

pos: George W. Bush George Walker Bush ( born July 6 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 . He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 . After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975 , he worked in the oil industry . Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter . He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election . Bush was elected president in 2000 after a close and controversial win over Democratic rival Al Gore , becoming the fourth president to be elected while receiving fewer popular votes than his opponent .   From a prominent political family , he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush , the 41st President of the United States , making him only the second president to assume the nation 's highest office after his father , following the lead of John Quincy Adams . His brother , Jeb Bush , a former Governor of Florida , was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election . His paternal grandfather , Prescott Bush , was a United States Senator from Connecticut .   The September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bush 's first term as president . Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine : launching a `` War on Terror '' , an international military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001 and the Iraq War in 2003 . He also promoted policies on the economy , health care , education , Social Security reform , and amending the Constitution to prohibit same-sex marriage . He signed into law broad tax cuts , the Patriot Act , the No Child Left Behind Act , the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act , Medicare prescription drug benefits for seniors , and funding for the AIDS relief program known as PEPFAR . His tenure included national debates on immigration , Social Security , electronic surveillance , and torture .   In the 2004 Presidential race , Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another relatively close election . After his re-election , Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the political spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War , Hurricane Katrina , and other challenges . Amid this criticism , the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections . In December 2007 , the United States entered its longest post-World War II recession , often referred to as the `` Great Recession '' , prompting the Bush administration to obtain congressional passage of multiple economic programs intended to preserve the country 's financial system . Nationally , Bush was both one of the most popular and unpopular presidents in history , having received the highest recorded presidential approval ratings in the wake of the September 11 attacks , as well as one of the lowest approval ratings during the 2008 financial crisis .   Bush left office in 2009 , returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford . He wrote a memoir , Decision Points . His presidential library was opened in 2013 . His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians ' polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s .

pos: Jeb Bush John Ellis `` Jeb '' Bush Sr. ( born February 11 , 1953 ) is an American businessman and politician who served as the 43rd Governor of Florida from 1999 to 2007 .   Bush , who grew up in Houston , is the second son of former President George H. W. Bush and former First Lady Barbara Bush , and a younger brother of former President George W. Bush . He graduated from Phillips Academy in Andover , Massachusetts , and attended the University of Texas , where he earned a degree in Latin American affairs . In 1980 , he moved to Florida and pursued a career in real estate development , and in 1986 became Florida 's Secretary of Commerce until 1988 . At that time , he joined his father 's successful campaign for the Presidency .   In 1994 , Bush made his first run for office , losing the election for governor by less than two percentage points to the incumbent , Lawton Chiles . Bush ran again in 1998 and defeated Lieutenant Governor Buddy MacKay with 55 percent of the vote . He ran for reelection in 2002 , defeating Bill McBride and winning with 56 percent , to become Florida 's first two-term Republican governor . During his eight years as governor , Bush pushed an ambitious Everglades conservation plan , supported caps for medical malpractice litigation , launched a Medicaid privatization pilot program , and instituted reforms to the state education system , including the issuance of vouchers and promoting school choice .   Bush announced his presidential candidacy on June 15 , 2015 . He suspended his campaign on February 20 , 2016 , shortly after the South Carolina primary and endorsed Senator Ted Cruz on March 23 , 2016 . Bush later made headlines by joining a group of Republicans who opposed the GOP nominee for President , Donald Trump .

neg: North Florida North Florida is a region of the U.S. state of Florida , comprising the northern parts of the state . It is one of Florida 's three most common `` directional '' regions , along with South Florida and Central Florida . It includes Jacksonville and nearby localities in Northeast Florida , an interior region known as North Central Florida , and the Florida Panhandle .

neg: Ray C. Osborne Raymond Claiborne Osborne ( September 7 , 1933 -- March 3 , 2011 ) , was a Florida Republican Party politician who served as the first Lieutenant Governor of Florida under the state constitution of 1968 and the state 's first lieutenant governor since 1889 . Appointed by Republican Governor Claude R. Kirk , Jr. , Osborne was sworn in on January 7 , 1969 for a term that lasted two years .   In 1970 , while Kirk sought re-election as governor , Osborne planned to run for the United States Senate in the Republican primary election against U.S. Representative William C. Cramer of St. Petersburg , whose nomination Kirk personally opposed . However , Osborne withdrew from the race when Judge G. Harrold Carswell of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit , who had been repudiated by the U.S. Senate for a seat on the Supreme Court , entered the race for senator . Carswell hoped to confront the senators who blocked his appointment . Ultimately , Cramer was nominated for the Senate but lost the general election to the Democrat Lawton Chiles of Lakeland . Years later , Kirk said that he `` should have stuck with Osborne '' and not encouraged Carswell to run . Kirk also said that he had not `` created '' Carswell 's candidacy , as many in the media had then depicted .   Born in Winston-Salem , North Carolina , Osborne graduated from North Carolina State University in 1955 . He then served in the United States Army from 1955 to 1957 . Osborne graduated from the University of North Carolina School of Law in 1961 . Osborne moved with his wife to St. Petersburg , Florida . From 1964 to 1968 , Osborne served in the Florida House of Representatives , He then served on the Florida Public Service Commission in 1968 . Osborne practiced law for many years in Boca Raton , Florida , until his death in March 2011 .

neg: Florida Legislature The Florida Legislature is the two houses that act as the state legislature of the U.S. state of Florida . The Florida Constitution states that `` The legislative power of the state shall be vested in a legislature of the State of Florida , '' composed of a Senate and House of Representatives . The legislature is seated at the Florida State Capitol in Tallahassee . Both chambers have been under Republican control since 1996 .   The Legislature is composed of 160 state legislators ( 120 in the House and 40 in the Senate ) . Members are term-limited to eight consecutive years ; however , there is no limit on the total number of terms ( after sitting out two years , a member may run again ) . The state legislature meets beginning in March for a period not to exceed 60 calendar days . Special sessions are called as needed .   Its statutes , called `` chapter laws '' or generically as `` slip laws '' when printed separately , are compiled into the Laws of Florida and are called `` session laws '' . The Florida Statutes are the codified statutory laws of the state .

neg: United States presidential election in Mississippi, 1988 The 1988 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place on November 8 , 1988 . All 50 states and the District of Columbia , were part of the 1988 United States presidential election . Mississippi voters chose 7 electors to the Electoral College , which selected the President and Vice President .   Mississippi was won by incumbent United States Vice President George H. W. Bush of Texas , who was running against Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis . Bush ran with Indiana Senator Dan Quayle as Vice President , and Dukakis ran with Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen .   Mississippi weighed in for this election as 6 % more Republican than the national average .

neg: Craig Waters Attorney Craig Waters has been the public information officer and communications director for the Florida Supreme Court in Tallahassee since June 1 , 1996 . He is best known as the public spokesman for the Court during the 2000 presidential election controversy , when he frequently appeared on worldwide newscasts announcing rulings in lawsuits over Florida 's decisive vote in the election .   These cases are known to history as George W. Bush v. Albert Gore , Jr. or Bush v. Gore . Waters ' role in these events has been reprised in films , documentaries , and books about Florida 's botched 2000 general election , which forced the world to wait for more than a month to learn who would become the next President of the United State of America .

neg: Bob Butterworth Robert A. `` Bob '' Butterworth , Jr. ( born August 20 , 1942 ) is an American attorney and politician from the U.S. state of Florida .

neg: Hugh Rodham (born 1950) Hugh Edwin Rodham ( born 1950 ) is an American lawyer and former Democratic Party politician who is the brother of former New York Senator , First Lady , and Secretary of State , Hillary Rodham Clinton , and the brother-in-law of former U.S. President Bill Clinton .   In 1989 Rodham became Assistant Public Defender for the Miami Drug Court . Rodham made one run for political office , winning the 1994 Democratic nomination for the United States Senate seat from Florida , but losing the general election to incumbent Senator Connie Mack III . During the Clinton administration , some of his actions came under public scrutiny . Since then he has been in private practice as a lawyer .

neg: Ossian B. Hart Ossian Bingley Hart ( January 17 , 1821 -- March 18 , 1874 ) was the tenth Governor of the U.S. state of Florida , and the first governor of Florida who was born in the state . Born in Jacksonville to Isaiah Hart , one of the city 's founders , he was raised on his father 's plantation along the St. Johns River . He was a lawyer in Jacksonville . He moved to a farm near Fort Pierce , Florida in 1843 , and was a founding member of the St. Lucie County Board of Commissioners . In 1845 , Hart became Florida State Representative for St. Lucia County . In 1846 he moved to Key West where he resumed his law practice . In 1856 , he moved to Tampa , Florida .   Despite his upbringing , Hart was a Republican and openly opposed secession from the United States , causing some difficult times for him during the American Civil War . Following the war , he helped reestablish the governments of the state and of the city of Jacksonville . In 1868 , he was appointed a justice of the Florida Supreme Court . In 1870 , he ran unsuccessfully for U.S. Congress , only to be elected governor two years later on January 7 , 1873 . He appointed Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs as Florida 's first African American Superintendent of Public Instruction . Following the campaign , he fell ill with pneumonia and died in Jacksonville . He was succeeded by lieutenant governor Marcellus Stearns , Florida 's last Republican governor until 1967 .

neg: United States presidential election, 1992 The United States presidential election of 1992 was the 52nd quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 3 , 1992 . There were three major candidates : Incumbent Republican President George H. W. Bush , Democratic Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton , and independent Texas businessman Ross Perot .   Bush had alienated much of his conservative base by breaking his 1988 campaign pledge against raising taxes . The economy was in recession and Bush 's perceived greatest strength , foreign policy , was regarded as much less important following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the relatively peaceful climate in the Middle East after the defeat of Iraq in the Gulf War .   Clinton won a plurality in the popular vote , and a wide Electoral College margin . The election was a significant realigning election after three consecutive Republican landslides . Northeastern , Upper Midwest , and West Coast states which had previously been competitive began voting reliably Democratic . As of 2016 , this is the most recent election in which an incumbent president was unseated , the previous one having been the 1980 election in which Ronald Reagan unseated then-incumbent Jimmy Carter .   Perot 's campaign took 18.9 % of the vote , finishing second in Maine and Utah . This was noted for being the highest vote share of a third-party candidate since 1912 , though he did not obtain any electoral votes .   As of 2017 , this is the last time Georgia and Montana voted for the Democratic candidate , and the last time the state of Florida was on the losing end of the presidential election .

neg: J. Danforth Bush Joshua Danforth Bush ( December 4 , 1868 -- December 4 , 1926 ) was an American businessman and Republican Party politician who served as the sixth Lieutenant Governor of Delaware , from January 18 , 1921 to January 20 , 1925 , under Governor William D. Denney . He resided in Wilmington , Delaware .   Bush was also a wealthy businessman , as a member of one of Delaware 's more prominent families . His father , George W. Bush , had inherited the family shipping business from his own father and had expanded it to include a large business in anthracite , coal , and even yellow pine lumber . The company , George W. Bush & Sons , eventually passed the lumber business to J. Danforth Bush 's firm , a partnership with Robert B. Rayner . Bush also took on a large role in his father 's company . After George W. Bush died in 1900 , his sons incorporated their coal and transportation business as the George W. Bush & Sons Company . J. Danforth Bush was made vice president of the company .   Bush was a prominent member of the Delaware Game Protective Association , at one time serving as that organization 's vice president for New Castle County . He also served as treasurer and secretary at various times .

neg: Dan Quayle James Danforth `` Dan '' Quayle ( born February 4 , 1947 ) is an American politician and lawyer . He was the 44th Vice President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 under President George H. W. Bush . He was also a U.S. Representative ( 1977 -- 81 ) and U.S. Senator ( 1981 -- 89 ) from the state of Indiana .   A native of Indianapolis , Indiana , Quayle spent most of his childhood living in Paradise Valley , Arizona , a suburb of Phoenix . He married Marilyn Tucker in 1972 and obtained his J.D. from the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law in 1974 . He practiced law in Huntington , Indiana , with his wife before his election to the United States House of Representatives in 1976 , aged 29 . In 1980 Quayle won election to the Senate .   In 1988 , Vice President George H. W. Bush , the Republican Party nominee for the presidency , chose Quayle as his vice presidential running mate . The Bush/Quayle ticket won the 1988 election over Democrats Michael Dukakis and Lloyd Bentsen .   As vice president , Quayle made official visits to 47 countries and was appointed chairman of the National Space Council . He secured re-nomination for vice-president in 1992 , but Democrat Bill Clinton and his vice presidential running mate , Al Gore , defeated the Bush/Quayle ticket .   In 1994 , Quayle published his memoir entitled Standing Firm but declined to run for public office in this time period because he was suffering from phlebitis . He sought the Republican presidential nomination in 2000 , but withdrew and supported George W. Bush . In 2016 , he endorsed Jeb Bush and after that he supported Donald Trump for president . Quayle and his wife reside in Paradise Valley , Arizona .   Quayle is the chairman of global investments at Cerberus Capital Management .

neg: Rick Minton O. R. `` Rick '' Minton , Jr. ( born January 1 , 1950 ) previously served as a Representative in the House of Representatives of the U.S. state of Florida . He currently lives in Fort Pierce , Florida with his family .

neg: Gwen Graham Gwendolyn `` Gwen '' Graham ( born January 31 , 1963 ) is an American lawyer , politician and member of the Democratic Party who is the former U.S. Representative for from 2015 to 2017 .   She is the daughter of Bob Graham , a former United States Senator and former Governor of Florida .

neg: United States presidential election in Louisiana, 2000 The 2000 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place on November 7 , 2000 throughout all 50 states and D.C. , which was part of the 2000 United States presidential election . Voters chose 9 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Louisiana was won by Governor George W. Bush , a dramatic swing from the statewide results in 1996 when Democrat President Bill Clinton carried the state with 52 % of the vote and with a double digit margin of victory . Bush was the first Republican to carry the state since 1988 . Bush won most of the counties and congressional districts in the state . Bush dominated among the rural areas of the state . The only congressional district Gore won was the second district , which represents the very urban area of New Orleans .

neg: Larcenia Bullard Larcenia J. Bullard ( July 21 , 1947 -- March 16 , 2013 ) was an American politician and a Democratic member of the Florida State Senate , representing the 39th District , which included parts of Collier , Hendry , Miami-Dade , Monroe , and Palm Beach Counties , from 2002 to 2012 .   Bullard was born in Allendale , South Carolina , and moved to Florida in 1980 . In 1992 , she was elected to the Florida House of Representatives from the 118th District , defeating Republican candidate John Minchew . She was re-elected without opposition in 1994 , and in 1996 , defeated Republican William `` Bill '' Greene . Bullard sought a final term in the House in 1998 , and defeated Republican James Jones and Independent Denny Wood . She did not seek another term in 2000 , and was succeeded by her husband , Edward B. Bullard .   In 2002 , Bullard sought election to the Florida State Senate from the 39th District , and , in the Democratic primary , faced former State Representative Ronald Saunders , former State Representative John F. Cosgrove , Donald Jones , and State Representative Cindy Lerner . Bullard narrowly defeated Saunders to win her party 's nomination by fewer than 800 votes , and in the general election , defeated Republican nominee Evaristo Marina in a landslide . Bullard faced a tough re-election campaign in 2004 , when former State Representative Ronald Saunders , who had run two years prior , and Sheila Chamberlain , ran against her in the Democratic primary . However , Bullard defeated both Saunders and Chamberlain , moving onto the general election , where she crushed her Republican opponent , Joseph Delaney . In 2008 , Bullard was unopposed for re-election and won a final term . She was unable to seek re-election in 2012 , and her son , Dwight Bullard , was elected to replace her .   Bullard died on March 16 , 2013 . She was absent from 2011 Florida Legislative Session after suffering a heart attack , returning to the Senate floor in 2012 to complete her term . She appeared on the Senate floor two weeks before her death in support of her son , Senator Dwight Bullard .

neg: Mark Foley scandal The Mark Foley scandal , which broke in late September 2006 , centers on soliciting e-mails and sexually suggestive instant messages sent by Mark Foley , a Republican Congressman from Florida , to teenaged boys who had formerly served as congressional pages . Investigation was closed by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement ( FDLE ) on September 19 , 2008 citing insufficient evidence to pursue criminal charges as both `` Congress and Mr. Foley denied us access to critical data '' , said FDLE Commissioner Gerald Bailey . The scandal grew to encompass the response of Republican congressional leaders to previous complaints about Foley 's contacts with the pages and inconsistencies in the leaders ' public statements . There were also allegations that a second Republican Congressman , Jim Kolbe , had improper conduct with at least two youths , a 16-year-old page and a recently graduated page .   The scandal led to Foley 's resignation from Congress on September 29 , 2006 . In some quarters , the scandal is believed to have contributed to the Republican Party 's loss of control over Congress in the November 7 , 2006 election , as well as the end of House Speaker Dennis Hastert 's leadership of the House Republicans . Kirk Fordham , chief of staff to Rep. Tom Reynolds and former chief of staff for Foley , also resigned as a result of the scandal .   Newsweek 's June 7 , 2010 , issue 's BACK STORY listed Foley , among others , as a prominent conservative politician who had a record of anti-gay legislation and was later caught in a gay sex scandal .   The questionable conversations , which took place between 1995 and 2005 , were investigated by the FBI for possible criminal violations . In September 2008 , Florida officials investigating Foley decided not to charge him , citing a lack of evidence and the expiration of the statute of limitations . The House Ethics Committee investigated the response of the House Republican leadership and their staff to earlier warnings about Foley 's conduct . In early October 2006 , two news organizations anonymously quoted former pages who said that they had sexual liaisons with Foley after turning 18 and 21 . Foley was chairman of the House Caucus on Missing and Exploited Children , which introduced legislation targeting sexual predators and created stricter guidelines for tracking them .

neg: Blab Television Blab Television is a cable television station located on Cox Cable channel 6 in Pensacola , Florida , USA and MediaCom channel 38 in Santa Rosa county . From 1984 to 2016 , it was locally owned by Fred Vigodsky , a businessman from Gulf Breeze ; he also served as the president . Programming consists entirely of local Information Programs , both 30 and 60 minute format , both live in the studio and taped . A live stream of the station 's broadcast is also available on the web at Blabtv.com along with numerous Video-On-Demand programs . One of the station 's hallmarks is that it delivers over 40 hours of live programming a week . The station is located downtown on Palafox Place in Pensacola , across the street from the Pensacola Saenger Theater .   Though Blab audiences are n't usually measured in traditional rating surveys , in 1986 the Nielson company did include BLAB in an incidental survey . Neilson finding showed the viewership of the two-year-old station was higher than every other pensacola channel . except the three major network affiliates . At the time , Blab attracted more viewers than CNN , WGN , and WTBS combined .   Joe Scarborough used Blab TV in his 1994 campaign to run for Florida 's 1st congressional district and became the first Republican to represent this district since its formation in 1900 , and the first freshman Republican to represent the Florida Panhandle since 1879 .   On June 1 , 2016 , Vigodsky closed the sale of Blab Television to an equal partnership made up of Delta Health Group CFO and Treasurer John Tolan and broadcasting veterans Doug Bunze and Eric Ober for an undisclosed sum . Bunze serves as the general manager and CEO .

neg: Joe Davis (politician) Sylvan Joseph Davis , Jr. ( born May 19 , 1923 ) , is an American retired politician , lawyer and judge in the state of Florida .   Davis was born in Leesburg , Georgia in 1923 . After moving to Florida in 1930 , he was educated in Sanford , Florida and attended Stetson University where he attained his legal degree in 1954 in the law school of that same institution . He is a member of the Phi Alpha Delta fraternal organization . Admitted to the Florida bar in 1957 , he is also a member of the Seminole County and American Bar Associations .   He was elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 1962 , serving a two terms , representing Seminole County from 1962 to 1966 .   Davis has also served stints as City Attorney of Altamonte Springs , Florida , Longwood , Florida , Oviedo , Florida . He is currently senior judge on the Florida Circuit Court 's Eighteenth Judicial Circuit , being initially appointed there in 1979 by Governor Bob Graham in 1979 . He is also a certified mediator and arbitrator .   He is married to Betty Jane Woodcock and has three daughters . An active community man , Davis is a past president of the Seminole County Bar Association and Seminole County Chamber of Commerce , among many posts held . His religion is Baptist .

neg: Democrats for Nixon Democrats for Nixon was a campaign to promote Democratic support for the then-incumbent Republican President Richard Nixon in the 1972 presidential election . The campaign was led by the former Democratic governor of Texas , John Connally .   Connally , who was serving as the United States Secretary of the Treasury , announced that he would be supporting Nixon for re-election and would spend his time until the elections working on behalf of the incumbent .   A Democrat who had been Governor of Texas and United States Secretary of the Navy under John F. Kennedy , Connally formally announced the formation of the organization in August 1972 . Polling cited by Connally indicated that as many as 20 million Democrats would cross over to vote for Nixon and invited `` all those millions of Democrats who realize that in this Presidential election President Nixon is simply the better choice '' . Connally stated that he was troubled by Senator George McGovern 's campaign and felt that the Democratic party `` is becoming an ideological machine closed to millions who have been the party 's most loyal and steadfast members '' under McGovern 's leadership . The committee included Mayor Beverly Briley of Nashville , Tennessee , former Governor of Florida Farris Bryant , Mayor of Boston John F. Collins , Mayor Thomas G. Dunn of Elizabeth , New Jersey , Teamsters president Frank Fitzsimmons , Governor of Virginia Mills E. Godwin , Jr. , Mayor of Miami , Florida David T. Kennedy and Leonard Marks who had previously headed the United States Information Agency . A fundraising target of as much as $ 3 million was set for the organization . Connally also announced that Jeno Paulucci , a frozen food distributor who had been closely involved as a fundraiser for Hubert H. Humphrey in his presidential bids , would serve as head of a group encouraging independent voters to choose Nixon .   In a September 1972 article in The New York Times , Connally was quoted as saying that increasing numbers of traditionally Democratic voters were leaving the fold because they `` are afraid of George McGovern '' because of his proposals for major cutbacks in defense spending and in the number of U.S. troops serving in Europe . Connally insisted that `` it is in the best interests of this country that the president be re-elected this year '' .

neg: United States presidential election in Michigan, 1988 The 1988 United States presidential election in Michigan took place on November 8 , 1988 . All 50 states and the District of Columbia , were part of the 1988 United States presidential election . Michigan voters chose 20 electors to the Electoral College , which selected the President and Vice President .   Michigan was won by incumbent United States Vice President George H. W. Bush of Texas , who was running against Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis . Bush ran with Indiana Senator Dan Quayle as Vice President , and Dukakis ran with Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen .   Michigan weighed in for this election as 0.1 % more Republican than the national average . This was the last time that the state of Michigan would be won by a Republican presidential candidate until 2016 .


query: A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy short stories.

pos: A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R. R. Martin . He began the first volume of the series , A Game of Thrones , in 1991 and had it published in 1996 . Martin , who initially envisioned the series as a trilogy , has published five out of a planned seven volumes . The fifth and most recent volume of the series published in 2011 , A Dance with Dragons , took Martin five years to write . He is still writing the sixth novel , The Winds of Winter .   A Song of Ice and Fire takes place on the fictional continents Westeros and Essos . The point of view of each chapter in the story is a limited perspective of a range of characters growing from nine , in the first novel , to thirty-one by the fifth . Three main stories interweave a dynastic war among several families for control of Westeros , the rising threat of the supernatural Others in the northernmost reaches of Westeros , and the ambition of Daenerys Targaryen , the deposed king 's exiled daughter , to assume the Iron Throne .   Martin 's inspirations included the Wars of the Roses and the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon . A Song of Ice and Fire received praise for its diverse portrayal of women and religion , as well as its realism . An assortment of disparate and subjective points of view confronts the reader , and the success or survival of point of view characters is never assured . Within the often morally ambiguous world of A Song of Ice and Fire , questions concerning loyalty , pride , human sexuality , piety , and the morality of violence frequently arise .   As of April 2015 , the books have sold more than 60 million copies worldwide and , as of January 2017 , have been translated into 47 languages . The fourth and fifth volumes reached the top of The New York Times Best Seller lists upon their releases . Among the many derived works are several prequel novellas , a TV series , a comic book adaptation , and several card , board , and video games .

neg: The Notion Club Papers The Notion Club Papers is the title of an abandoned novel by J. R. R. Tolkien , written during 1945 and published posthumously in Sauron Defeated , the 9th volume of The History of Middle-earth . It is a space/time/dream travel story , written at the same time as The Lord of the Rings was being developed . The story itself revolves around the meetings of an Oxford arts discussion group called the Notion Club , a fictionalization of ( and a play on words on the name of ) Tolkien 's own such club , The Inklings .   During these meetings , Alwin Arundel Lowdham discusses his lucid dreams about Númenor ; through these dreams , he `` discovers '' much about the Númenor story and the languages of Middle-earth ( notably Quenya , Sindarin , and Adûnaic -- the last being the sole source of most of the material on Adûnaic ) . While not finished , at the end of the given story it becomes clear Lowdham himself is a reincarnation of sorts of Elendil . ( Alwin is a modernization of the name Ælfwine , Old English for Elf-friend , or Elendil in Quenya . ) Other members of the Club also mention their vivid dreams of other times and places .   Tolkien not only created fictional meetings for these papers but also created a fictional history for the manuscript of the papers . According to the papers , the meetings occurred in the 1980s ; they even mention events that occurred in the 1970s and 1980s . About one-quarter of the papers were found among sacks of waste paper in 2012 at Oxford by a Mr. Green . Mr. Green published a first edition containing excerpts from these papers , indicating that they were written during the 1980s by one of the participants . Two scholars read the first edition , asked to examine the manuscripts , and then submitted a full report . The `` Notes to the Second Edition '' mentions the contradictory evidence in dating the manuscripts , and an alternative date is presented : they may have been written in the 1940s .   These papers , which make a number of comments on Lewis ' Space Trilogy , are similar to C. S. Lewis ' commentary to Tolkien 's poem The Lay of Leithian , in which Lewis created a fictional history of scholarship of the poem and even referred to other manuscript tradition to recommend changes to the poem .   The Notion Club Papers may be seen as an attempt to re-write The Lost Road , published and discussed in The Lost Road and Other Writings , as being another attempt to tie the Númenórean legend in with a more modern tale . There is , however , no direct connection between the modern settings of the two stories within the fictional frame .   Jane Stanford links The Notion Club Papers to The Johnson Club Papers in her biography of John O'Connor Power , That Irishman . The two books have a similar title page . The Johnson Club was a ` Public House School ' and met in taverns like the Inklings . The purpose was ` Fellowship and free Exchange of Mind . ' The two clubs presented papers ` which were read before the members and discussed ' . Samuel Johnson , like Tolkien , had a strong connection with Pembroke College , Oxford . Stanley Unwin , Tolkien 's publisher , was a nephew of Fisher Unwin , the founding member of The Johnson Club .   According to Christopher Tolkien , had his father continued The Notion Club Papers , he would have linked the real world of Alwin Lowdham with his eponymous ancestor Ælfwine of England ( who compiled the Lost Tales ) and with Atlantis . One of the members of the Notion Club , one Michael George Ramer , combines lucid dreams with time-travel and experiences the tsunami that sank Númenor . He ca n't tell if its history , or fantasy , or something in between .   The Notion Club Papers mentions a great storm occurring during 1987 in England , on 12 June . This can be seen as an odd coincidence , since the actual Great Storm of 1987 occurred in October of that year .

neg: The Dreamstone (novel) The Dreamstone is a 1983 fantasy novel by American science fiction and fantasy author C. J. Cherryh . It includes revisions of the author 's 1979 short story `` The Dreamstone '' ( Amazons ! , ed . Jessica Amanda Salmonson ) and her 1981 novella Ealdwood , plus additional material . The book is the first of two novels in Cherryh 's Ealdwood Stories series , the second being The Tree of Swords and Jewels . The series draws on Celtic mythology and is about Ealdwood , a forest at the edge of Faery , and Arafel , a Daoine Sidhe .   The Dreamstone was first published in 1983 as a paperback edition by DAW Books , and featured cover art by Cherryh 's brother , David A. Cherry . The Dreamstone and The Tree of Swords and Jewels were later republished in three omnibuses :  Arafel 's Saga ( 1983 , DAW Books )  Ealdwood ( 1991 , Victor Gollancz ) -- includes revisions and a new ending  The Dreaming Tree ( 1997 , DAW Books ) -- includes the revisions and new ending of Ealdwood ( 1991 )

neg: Welsh literature in English Anglo-Welsh literature and Welsh writing in English are terms used to describe works written in the English language by Welsh writers . It has been recognised as a distinctive entity only since the 20th century . The need for a separate identity for this kind of writing arose because of the parallel development of modern Welsh-language literature ; as such it is perhaps the youngest branch of English-language literature in the British Isles .   Welsh writers in English have traditionally favoured the short story form over the novel for two main reasons : in a society lacking sufficient wealth to support professional writers , the amateur writer was able to spare time only for short bursts of creativity ; and , like poetry , it concentrated linguistic delight and exuberance . However , the genre did not develop in these writers much beyond its origin in rural sketches . Satire was avoided , and , since the main market was London publishers , the short stories tended to focus on the eccentricities ( as seen from a metropolitan viewpoint ) of Welsh life .

neg: The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen is a story written by the English author J. R. R. Tolkien . It can be found in Appendix A of Tolkien 's most famous book , The Lord of the Rings . It takes place in the Third Age of the author 's fictional universe , Middle-earth . The tale tells the story of the love of the mortal Man Aragorn and the immortal Elf-maiden Arwen .   In Tolkien 's fictional universe , the tale was written by Faramir and Éowyn 's grandson Barahir after Aragorn 's death . An abbreviated version of the tale was included in the copy of the Thain 's Book made by Findegil in .   The tale tells of Aragorn 's first meeting with Arwen at Rivendell and of their later meeting in Lothlórien , where Arwen chose a mortal life and pledged her love to Aragorn . It also tells of Aragorn 's death in and of Arwen 's death a year later . The short version of `` The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen '' can be found in Appendix A of The Lord of the Rings .

neg: Beowulf Beowulf ( -LSB- ˈbeɪoʊ-wʊlf , _ ˈbiːoʊ -- -RSB- -LSB- ˈbeːo̯ˌwulf -RSB- ) is an Old English epic poem consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines . It may be the oldest surviving long poem in Old English and is commonly cited as one of the most important works of Old English literature . A date of composition is a matter of contention among scholars ; the only certain dating pertains to the manuscript , which was produced between 975 and 1025 . The author was an anonymous Anglo-Saxon poet , referred to by scholars as the `` Beowulf poet '' .   The poem is set in Scandinavia . Beowulf , a hero of the Geats , comes to the aid of Hrothgar , the king of the Danes , whose mead hall in Heorot has been under attack by a monster known as Grendel . After Beowulf slays him , Grendel 's mother attacks the hall and is then also defeated . Victorious , Beowulf goes home to Geatland ( Götaland in modern Sweden ) and later becomes king of the Geats . After a period of fifty years has passed , Beowulf defeats a dragon , but is fatally wounded in the battle . After his death , his attendants cremate his body and erect a tower on a headland in his memory .   The full poem survives in the manuscript known as the Nowell Codex . It has no title in the original manuscript , but has become known by the name of the story 's protagonist . In 1731 , the manuscript was badly damaged by a fire that swept through Ashburnham House in London that had a collection of medieval manuscripts assembled by Sir Robert Bruce Cotton . The Nowell Codex is currently housed in the British Library .

neg: The History of The Lord of the Rings The History of The Lord of the Rings is a 4-volume work by Christopher Tolkien that documents the process of J. R. R. Tolkien 's writing of The Lord of the Rings . The History is also numbered as volumes 6 to 9 of The History of Middle-earth ( `` HoME '' , as below ) . Some information concerning the appendices and a soon-abandoned sequel to the novel can also be found in volume 12 , The Peoples of Middle-earth .

neg: List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters George R. R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire novels feature a massive cast of characters . The series follows three interwoven plotlines : a dynastic war for control of Westeros by several families ; the rising threat of the superhuman Others beyond Westeros 's northern border ; and the ambition of Daenerys Targaryen , the exiled heir of the previous ruling dynasty .   Each chapter is narrated in the third person limited point of view through the eyes of a single character . Beginning with nine POV characters in A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) , the number grows to thirty-one by A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) .

neg: Into the Wild (novel) Into the Wild is a children 's fantasy novel written by Erin Hunter after concepts and outlines created and developed by Victoria Holmes . The novel was published by HarperCollins in Canada and the United States in January 2003 , and in the United Kingdom in February 2003 . It is the first novel in the Warriors series . The book has been published in paperback , and e-book formats in twenty different languages . The story is about a young domestic cat named Rusty who leaves his human owners to join a group of forest-dwelling feral cats called ThunderClan , adopting a new name : Firepaw . He is trained to defend and hunt for the Clan , becomes embroiled in a murder and betrayal within the Clan , and , at the end of the book , receives his warrior name , Fireheart , after a battle with another Clan . The novel is written from the perspective of Fireheart ( previously known as Rusty for a short time , then , for most of the book , Firepaw ) .   The series began in 2003 when HarperCollins requested Holmes to write a book on feral cats . After creating one storyline Holmes brought in Kate Cary to finish writing the book as Holmes went behind the scenes to edit and supervise the details . Holmes has compared the style of the book to a different language as the books are written by three separate authors . She feels that Erin Hunter must have a consistent voice the entire series . The story uses a lexicon with words such as `` twoleg '' substituted for `` human '' or `` new-leaf '' for `` spring '' . The style has been compared to the Harry Potter series , J.R.R. Tolkien and Brian Jacques . Themes include family , loyalty , death , courage , and survival . Into the Wild was critically well received . Booklist believed the book would appeal to followers of Brian Jacques ' Redwall series . Among other awards , it claimed third place in the 2006 Young Reader 's Choice Award .

neg: List of Final Fantasy media Final Fantasy is a series of role-playing video games developed and published by Square Enix ( formerly Square ) . Its first game premiered in Japan in 1987 , and Final Fantasy games have subsequently been localized for markets in North America , Europe and Australia , on nearly every video game console since its debut on the Nintendo Entertainment System . Final Fantasy is Square Enix 's most successful franchise , having sold over 97 million units worldwide to date . In addition to traditional role-playing games , the series includes tactical role-playing games , portable games , massively multiplayer online role-playing games , and games for mobile phones . Its popularity has placed it as the sixth-best-selling video game franchise , and the series has won multiple awards over the years .   In addition to the 15 games released as part of the main ( numbered ) series and their many spin-offs and related titles , the Final Fantasy series has spawned many works in other media including anime , movies , novels and manga , and radio dramas . Final Fantasy : Unlimited , originally a stand-alone anime series , now has its own sub-franchise which includes video games . Many games , particularly the main series , have soundtrack album releases featuring their music in different arrangements . Square Enix has also consistently released companion books for its games which provide additional backstory and plot information , as well as detailed walkthroughs for the game . Since the announcement of Compilation of Final Fantasy VII , Square Enix has focused on `` polymorphic content '' , expanding each game world with material on many video game platforms , as well as other forms of media .

neg: Novel in Scotland The novel in Scotland includes all long prose fiction published in Scotland and by Scottish authors since the development of the literary format in the eighteenth century . The novel was soon a major element of Scottish literary and critical life . Tobias Smollett 's picaresque novels , such as The Adventures of Roderick Random and The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle mean that he is often seen as Scotland 's first novelist . Other Scots who contributed to the development of the novel in the eighteenth century include Henry Mackenzie and John Moore .   There was a tradition of moral and domestic fiction in the early nineteenth century that included the work of Elizabeth Hamilton , Mary Brunton and Christian Johnstone . The outstanding literary figure of the early nineteenth century was Walter Scott , whose Waverley is often called the first historical novel . He had a major worldwide influence . His success led to a publishing boom in Scotland . Major figures that benefited included James Hogg , John Galt , John Gibson Lockhart , John Wilson and Susan Ferrier . In the mid-nineteenth century major literary figures that contributed to the development of the novel included David Macbeth Moir , John Stuart Blackie , William Edmondstoune Aytoun and Margaret Oliphant . In the late nineteenth century , a number of Scottish-born authors achieved international reputations , including Robert Louis Stevenson and Arthur Conan Doyle , whose Sherlock Holmes stories helped found the tradition of detective fiction . In the last two decades of the century the `` kailyard school '' ( cabbage patch ) depicted Scotland in a rural and nostalgic fashion , often seen as a `` failure of nerve '' in dealing with the rapid changes that had swept across Scotland in the industrial revolution . Figures associated with the movement include Ian Maclaren , S. R. Crockett and J. M. Barrie , best known for his creation of Peter Pan , which helped develop the genre of fantasy , as did the work of George MacDonald .   Among the most important novels of the early twentieth century was The House with the Green Shutters by George Douglas Brown , which broke with the Kailyard tradition . John Buchan played a major role in the creation of the modern thriller with The Thirty-Nine Steps and Greenmantle . The Scottish literary Renaissance attempted to introduce modernism into art and create of a distinctive national literature . It increasingly focused on the novel . Major figures included Neil Gunn , George Blake , A. J. Cronin , Eric Linklater and Lewis Grassic Gibbon . There were also a large number of female authors associated with the movement , who included Catherine Carswell , Willa Muir , Nan Shepherd and Naomi Mitchison . Many major Scottish post-war novelists , such as Robin Jenkins , Jessie Kesson , Muriel Spark , Alexander Trocchi and James Kennaway spent most of their lives outside Scotland , but often dealt with Scottish themes . Successful mass-market works included the action novels of Alistair MacLean and the historical fiction of Dorothy Dunnett . A younger generation of novelists that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s included Allan Massie , Shena Mackay and Alan Spence . Working class identity continued to be explored by Archie Hind , Alan Sharp , George Friel and William McIlvanney .   From the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major revival , with figures including Alasdair Gray , James Kelman , Irvine Welsh , Alan Warner , Janice Galloway , A. L. Kennedy , Iain Banks , Candia McWilliam , Frank Kuppner and Andrew O'Hagan . In genre fiction Iain Banks , writing as Iain M. Banks , produced ground-breaking science fiction and Scottish crime fiction has been a major area of growth with the success of novelists including Frederic Lindsay , Quintin Jardine , Val McDermid , Denise Mina , Christopher Brookmyre , and particularly Ian Rankin and his Inspector Rebus novels . The most successful author of Scottish origins in recent years has been J. K. Rowling , author of the Harry Potter series .

neg: Gilly (A Song of Ice and Fire) Gilly is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin , and its television adaptation Game of Thrones .   Introduced in 1998 's A Clash of Kings , she is a wildling from the wild lands north of the Wall . She subsequently appeared in Martin 's A Storm of Swords , A Feast for Crows , A Dance with Dragons and will appear in the upcoming novel The Winds of Winter .   Gilly is portrayed by Hannah Murray in the HBO television adaptation .

neg: The Fall of Arthur The Fall of Arthur is the title of an unfinished poem by J.R.R. Tolkien , concerned with the legend of King Arthur . A first posthumous edition of the poem was published by HarperCollins in May 2013 .   The poem is alliterative , extending to close to 1,000 verses imitating the Old English Beowulf metre in Modern English . Though inspired by high medieval Arthurian fiction , the historical setting of the poem is early medieval , both in form ( using Germanic verse ) and in content , showing Arthur as a Migration period British military leader fighting the Saxon invasion , while it avoids the high medieval aspects Arthurian cycle ( such as the Grail , and the courtly setting ) ; the poem begins with a British `` counter-invasion '' to the Saxon lands ( Arthur eastward in arms purposed ) .

neg: A Wizard of Earthsea A Wizard of Earthsea is a young adult fantasy novel written by the American author Ursula K. Le Guin , first published by the small press Parnassus in 1968 . The novel received highly positive reviews , initially as a work for children , and later among a general audience as well .   Set in the fictional archipelago of Earthsea , the story centers around a young mage named Ged , born in a village on the island Gont . Displaying great power while still a boy , he joins the school of wizardry , where his prickly nature drives him into conflict with one of his fellows . During a magical duel , Ged 's spell goes awry and releases a shadow creature that attacks him . The novel follows his journey as he seeks to be free of the creature .   The book has often been described as a Bildungsroman or coming of age story , as it explores Ged 's process of learning to cope with power and come to terms with death . The novel also carries Taoist themes about a fundamental balance in the universe of Earthsea , which wizards are supposed to maintain , closely tied to the idea that language and names have power to affect the material world and alter this balance . Although the structure of the story is similar to that of a traditional epic , critics also described it as subverting this genre in many ways , such as by making the protagonist dark-skinned , in comparison to more typical white-skinned heroes .   A Wizard of Earthsea is widely regarded as a classic of fantasy and young-adult literature and was one of the final recipients of the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award . The book was widely influential within the genre of fantasy ; Margaret Atwood , for instance , called A Wizard of Earthsea one of the `` wellsprings '' of fantasy literature . Le Guin would later write five subsequent books that , together with A Wizard of Earthsea , are referred to as the Earthsea Cycle : The Tombs of Atuan ( 1971 ) , The Farthest Shore ( 1972 ) , Tehanu ( 1990 ) , The Other Wind ( 2001 ) , and Tales from Earthsea ( 2001 ) . George Slusser has described the series as a `` work of high style and imagination '' .

neg: Character (arts) A character ( sometimes known as a fictional character ) is a person or other being in a narrative work of art ( such as a novel , play , television series , or film ) . The character may be entirely fictional or based on a real-life person , in which case the distinction of a `` fictional '' versus `` real '' character may be made . Derived from the ancient Greek word χαρακτήρ , the English word dates from the Restoration , although it became widely used after its appearance in Tom Jones in 1749 . From this , the sense of `` a part played by an actor '' developed . Character , particularly when enacted by an actor in the theatre or cinema , involves `` the illusion of being a human person . '' In literature , characters guide readers through their stories , helping them to understand plots and ponder themes . Since the end of the 18th century , the phrase `` in character '' has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor . Since the 19th century , the art of creating characters , as practiced by actors or writers , has been called characterisation .   A character who stands as a representative of a particular class or group of people is known as a type . Types include both stock characters and those that are more fully individualised . The characters in Henrik Ibsen 's Hedda Gabler ( 1891 ) and August Strindberg 's Miss Julie ( 1888 ) , for example , are representative of specific positions in the social relations of class and gender , such that the conflicts between the characters reveal ideological conflicts .   The study of a character requires an analysis of its relations with all of the other characters in the work . The individual status of a character is defined through the network of oppositions ( proairetic , pragmatic , linguistic , proxemic ) that it forms with the other characters . The relation between characters and the action of the story shifts historically , often miming shifts in society and its ideas about human individuality , self-determination , and the social order .

neg: Song of the Gargoyle The Song of the Gargoyle is a 1991 book for young readers by Zilpha Keatley Snyder . Set in the middle ages , it tells the story of a young boy named Tymmon who lives with his father Komus , the court jester of Austerneve . When Komus is abducted by an anonymous man with a Black Helmet , thirteen-year-old Tymmon is able to escape Black Helmet and leaves the castle grounds to seek refuge in the Sombrous Forest , a forbidden place occupied by wolves and magical beings . Most wonderfully , Tymmon is adopted by a gargoyle named Troff -- a creature with the loyalty of a dog and the fearsome powers of an enchanted being .   After a season surviving in the forest , Tymmon longs to rescue his father and to find a way to avenge him , as a knight would . But Tymmon is a commoner , and he burns with anger at his father , who threw away a noble heritage to become a lowly jester . Tymmon had to watch his childhood playmate turn away from him to become a squire and train for the knighthood Tymmon can never know .   When Tymmon realizes that Troff can pose as a dog , he and Troff leave the forest together . As they travel , Tymmon sees the poverty and suffering of peasants ravaged by feudalistic greed . In the city he discovers that with his talent for music and joking , inherited from his father , he and Troff can make people happy . Beyond that , performing enables him to communicate with people from all walks of life .   Of Song of the Gargolye , Zilpha Keatley Snyder says , `` High among the periods that inspired my childhood dreamscapes were the middle ages . Not a very specific or historic middle ages , actually , so much as a fantasy world peopled by beautiful princesses and -- most especially -- by noble knights . I especially liked the knights . No doubt due , at least in part , to the fact that they rode horses . ( I was also enamored of cowboys . ) However , when I grew older and less romantic , I began to look at my hardware-clad heroes from a more critical point of view . Knights , I discovered , were often a pretty cruel and bloodthirsty bunch , not to mention ignorant and superstitious ... So when I got around to setting a story in their time , I cast about for a hero or two with a better odor . And the result was Tymmon and his father , Komus . And Troff ? Just another tribute to the memory of various more-or-less miraculous four-legged friends . ''   Category : American children 's novels  Category :1991 American novels

neg: Shannara Shannara -LSB- ˈʃænəɹə -RSB- is a series of high fantasy novels written by Terry Brooks , beginning with The Sword of Shannara in 1977 and continuing through The Sorcerer 's Daughter which was released in May 2016 ; there is also a prequel , First King of Shannara . The series blends magic and primitive technology and is set in the Four Lands , which are identified as Earth long after civilization was destroyed in a chemical and nuclear holocaust called the Great Wars . By the time of the prequel First King of Shannara , the world had reverted to a pre-industrial state and magic had re-emerged to supplement science .

neg: Eugene Onegin Eugene Onegin ( Евге́ний Оне́гин , BGN/PCGN : Yevgeniy Onegin ) is a novel in verse written by Alexander Pushkin .   Onegin is considered a classic of Russian literature , and its eponymous protagonist has served as the model for a number of Russian literary heroes ( so-called superfluous men ) . It was published in serial form between 1825 and 1832 . The first complete edition was published in 1833 , and the currently accepted version is based on the 1837 publication .   Almost the entire work is made up of 389 stanzas of iambic tetrameter with the unusual rhyme scheme `` AbAbCCddEffEgg '' , where the uppercase letters represent feminine rhymes while the lowercase letters represent masculine rhymes . This form has come to be known as the `` Onegin stanza '' or the `` Pushkin sonnet . ''   The innovative rhyme scheme , the natural tone and diction , and the economical transparency of presentation all demonstrate the virtuosity which has been instrumental in proclaiming Pushkin as the undisputed master of Russian poetry .   The story is told by a narrator ( a lightly fictionalized version of Pushkin 's public image ) , whose tone is educated , worldly , and intimate . The narrator digresses at times , usually to expand on aspects of this social and intellectual world . This allows for a development of the characters and emphasizes the drama of the plot despite its relative simplicity .   The book is admired for the artfulness of its verse narrative as well as for its exploration of life , death , love , ennui , convention and passion .

neg: Heroic fantasy Heroic fantasy is a subgenre of fantasy which chronicles the tales of heroes in fantasy settings .

neg: Tales of Nevèrÿon Tales of Nevèrÿon collects a preface ( to the entire series ) and five sword and sorcery stories by Samuel R. Delany ; and finally an appendix . The stories are `` The Tale of Gorgik , '' `` The Tale of Old Venn , '' `` The Tale of Small Sarg , '' `` The Tale of Potters and Dragons , '' and `` The Tale of Dragons and Dreamers . '' It is the first of the four-volume Return to Nevèrÿon series . This article discusses the five stories collected in the book . Discussions of overall plot , setting , characters , themes , structure , and style of the series are found in the main series article .

neg: Knight A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a monarch or other political leader for service to the monarch or country , especially in a military capacity . Historically , in Europe , knighthood was conferred upon mounted warriors . During the High Middle Ages , knighthood was considered a class of lower nobility . By the Late Middle Ages , the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry , a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior . Often , a knight was a vassal who served as a fighter for a lord , with payment in the form of land holdings . The lords trusted the knights , who were skilled in battle on horseback . Since the early modern period , the title of knight is purely honorific , usually bestowed by a monarch , as in the British honours system , often for non-military service to the country . The modern female equivalent in the United Kingdom is Dame .   Historically , the ideals of chivalry were popularized in medieval literature , especially the Matter of Britain and Matter of France , the former based on Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Historia Regum Britanniae ( History of the Kings of Britain ) which introduced the legend of King Arthur , written in the 1130s . Sir Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur ( The Death of Arthur ) , written in 1485 , was important in defining the ideal of chivalry , which is essential to the modern concept of the knight , as an elite warrior sworn to uphold the values of faith , loyalty , courage , and honour . Furthermore , Geoffroi de Charny 's `` Book of Chivalry '' expounded upon the importance of Christian faith in every area of a knight 's life . During the Renaissance , the genre of chivalric romance became popular in literature , growing ever more idealistic and eventually giving rise to a new form of realism in literature popularised by Miguel de Cervantes ' Don Quixote . This novel explored the ideals of knighthood and their incongruity with the reality of Cervantes ' world . In the late medieval period , new methods of warfare began to render classical knights in armour obsolete , but the titles remained in many nations .   Some orders of knighthood , such as the Knights Templar , have become the subject of legend ; others have disappeared into obscurity . Today , a number of orders of knighthood continue to exist in several countries , such as the English Order of the Garter , the Swedish Royal Order of the Seraphim , and the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav . Each of these orders has its own criteria for eligibility , but knighthood is generally granted by a head of state or monarch to selected persons to recognise some meritorious achievement .   Knighthood in the Middle Ages was closely linked with horsemanship ( and especially the joust ) from its origins in the 12th century until its final flowering as a fashion among the high nobility in the Duchy of Burgundy in the 15th century . This linkage is reflected in the etymology of chivalry , cavalier and related terms ( see Etymology section below ) . The special prestige accorded to mounted warriors finds a parallel in the furusiyya in the Muslim world , and the Greek hippeus and Roman eques of classical antiquity .