query: Leukemia has to do with a lack of normal blood cells.

pos: Leukemia Leukemia , also spelled leukaemia , is a group of cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal white blood cells . These white blood cells are not fully developed and are called blasts or leukemia cells . Symptoms may include bleeding and bruising problems , feeling tired , fever , and an increased risk of infections . These symptoms occur due to a lack of normal blood cells . Diagnosis is typically made by blood tests or bone marrow biopsy .   The exact cause of leukemia is unknown . Different kinds of leukemia are believed to have different causes . Both inherited and environmental ( non-inherited ) factors are believed to be involved . Risk factors include smoking , ionizing radiation , some chemicals ( such as benzene ) , prior chemotherapy , and Down syndrome . People with a family history of leukemia are also at higher risk . There are four main types of leukemia -- acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( ALL ) , acute myeloid leukemia ( AML ) , chronic lymphocytic leukemia ( CLL ) and chronic myeloid leukemia ( CML ) -- as well as a number of less common types . Leukemias and lymphomas both belong to a broader group of tumors that affect the blood , bone marrow , and lymphoid system , known as tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues .   Treatment may involve some combination of chemotherapy , radiation therapy , targeted therapy , and bone marrow transplant , in addition to supportive care and palliative care as needed . Certain types of leukemia may be managed with watchful waiting . The success of treatment depends on the type of leukemia and the age of the person . Outcomes have improved in the developed world . The average five-year survival rate is 57 % in the United States . In children under 15 , the five-year survival rate is greater than 60 to 85 % , depending on the type of leukemia . In children with acute leukemia who are cancer-free after five years , the cancer is unlikely to return .   In 2015 , leukemia was present in 2.3 million people and caused 353,500 deaths . In 2012 it newly developed in 352,000 people . It is the most common type of cancer in children , with three quarters of leukemia cases in children being the acute lymphoblastic type . However , about 90 % of all leukemias are diagnosed in adults , with AML and CLL being most common in adults . It occurs more commonly in the developed world .

neg: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder ( PTLD ) is the name given to a B-cell proliferation due to therapeutic immunosuppression after organ transplantation . These patients may develop infectious mononucleosis-like lesions or polyclonal polymorphic B-cell hyperplasia . Some of these B-cells may undergo mutations which will render them malignant , giving rise to a lymphoma .   In some patients , the malignant cell clone can become the dominant proliferating cell type , leading to frank lymphoma , a group of B cell lymphomas occurring in immunosuppressed patients following organ transplant .

neg: Chronic neutrophilic leukemia Chronic neutrophilic leukemia ( CNL ) is a rare myeloproliferative neoplasm that features a persistent neutrophilia in peripheral blood , myeloid hyperplasia in bone marrow , hepatosplenomegaly , and the absence of the Philadelphia chromosome or a BCR/ABL fusion gene .

neg: Human pathogen A human pathogen is a pathogen ( microbe or microorganism such as a virus , bacterium , prion , or fungus ) that causes disease in humans .   The human physiological defense against common pathogens ( such as Pneumocystis ) is mainly the responsibility of the immune system with help by some of the body 's normal flora and fauna . However , if the immune system or `` good '' microbiota are damaged in any way ( such as by chemotherapy , human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) , or antibiotics being taken to kill other pathogens ) , pathogenic bacteria that were being held at bay can proliferate and cause harm to the host . Such cases are called opportunistic infections .   Some pathogens ( such as the bacterium Yersinia pestis , which may have caused the Black Plague , the Variola virus , and the malaria protozoa ) have been responsible for massive numbers of casualties and have had numerous effects on afflicted groups . Of particular note in modern times is HIV , which is known to have infected several million humans globally , along with the influenza virus . Today , while many medical advances have been made to safeguard against infection by pathogens , through the use of vaccination , antibiotics , and fungicide , pathogens continue to threaten human life . Social advances such as food safety , hygiene , and water treatment have reduced the threat from some pathogens .

neg: Melanocytic nevus A melanocytic nevus ( also known as `` nevocytic nevus '' or `` nevus-cell nevus '' ) is a type of lesion that contains nevus cells ( a type of melanocyte ) . Some sources equate the term mole with `` melanocytic nevus '' . Other sources reserve the term `` mole '' for other purposes .   The majority of moles appear during the first two decades of a person 's life , with about one in every 100 babies being born with moles . Acquired moles are a form of benign neoplasm , while congenital moles , or congenital nevi , are considered a minor malformation or hamartoma and may be at a higher risk for melanoma . A mole can be either subdermal ( under the skin ) or a pigmented growth on the skin , formed mostly of a type of cell known as a melanocyte . The high concentration of the body 's pigmenting agent , melanin , is responsible for their dark color . Moles are a member of the family of skin lesions known as nevi .

neg: Ex vivo Ex vivo ( Latin : `` out of the living '' ) means that which takes place outside an organism . In science , ex vivo refers to experimentation or measurements done in or on tissue from an organism in an external environment with minimal alteration of natural conditions . Ex vivo conditions allow experimentation on an organism 's cells or tissues under more controlled conditions than is possible in in vivo experiments ( in the intact organism ) , at the expense of altering the `` natural '' environment .   A primary advantage of using ex vivo tissues is the ability to perform tests or measurements that would otherwise not be possible or ethical in living subjects . Tissues may be removed in many ways , including in part , as whole organs , or as larger organ systems .   Examples of ex vivo specimen use include :  assays ;  finding cancer treatment agents that are effective against the organism 's cancer cells  measurements of physical , thermal , electrical , mechanical , optical and other tissue properties , especially in various environments that may not be life-sustaining ( for example , at extreme pressures or temperatures ) ;  realistic models for surgical procedure development ;  investigations into the interaction of different energy types with tissues ;  or as phantoms in imaging technique development .   The term ex vivo means that the samples to be tested have been extracted from the organism . The term in vitro ( `` within the glass '' ) means the samples to be tested are obtained from a repository , in the case of cancer cells a strain that would produce favorable results , then grown to produce a control sample and the number of samples required for the number of tests . These two terms are not synonymous even though the testing in both cases is `` within the glass '' . The results of ex vivo only apply to the organism supplying the cell whereas the in vitro results only apply to the cell line used .   In cell biology , ex vivo procedures often involve living cells or tissues taken from an organism and cultured in a laboratory apparatus , usually under sterile conditions with no alterations , for up to 24 hours to obtain sufficient cells for the experiments . Experiments generally start after 24 hours of incubation . Using living cells or tissue from the same organism are still considered to be ex vivo . One widely performed ex vivo study is the chick chorioallantoic membrane ( CAM ) assay . In this assay , angiogenesis is promoted on the CAM membrane of a chicken embryo outside the organism ( chicken ) .

neg: Molecular medicine Molecular medicine is a broad field , where physical , chemical , biological , bioinformatics and medical techniques are used to describe molecular structures and mechanisms , identify fundamental molecular and genetic errors of disease , and to develop molecular interventions to correct them . The concept of the distribution of medicine to each individual cell just as oxygen would be an example of the practice of molecular medicine ( via lung chemical reaction manipulation an idea coined by Saniab Jacob ) . The molecular medicine perspective emphasizes cellular and molecular phenomena and interventions rather than the previous conceptual and observational focus on patients and their organs .   In November 1949 , with the seminal paper , `` Sickle Cell Anemia , a Molecular Disease '' , in Science magazine , Linus Pauling , Harvey Itano and their collaborators laid the groundwork for establishing the field of molecular medicine . In 1956 , Roger J. Williams wrote Biochemical Individuality , a prescient book about genetics , prevention and treatment of disease on a molecular basis , and nutrition which is now variously referred to as individualized medicine and orthomolecular medicine . Another paper in Science by Pauling in 1968 , introduced and defined this view of molecular medicine that focuses on natural and nutritional substances used for treatment and prevention .   Published research and progress was slow until the 1970s ' `` biological revolution '' that introduced many new techniques and commercial applications .   Molecular medicine is a new scientific discipline in European universities . Combining contemporary medical studies with the field of biochemistry , it offers a bridge between the two subjects . At present only a handful of universities offer the course to undergraduates . With a degree in this discipline the graduate is able to pursue a career in medical sciences , scientific research , laboratory work and postgraduate medical degrees .

neg: Interleukin 2 Interleukin-2 ( IL-2 ) is an interleukin , a type of cytokine signaling molecule in the immune system . It is a protein that regulates the activities of white blood cells ( leukocytes , often lymphocytes ) that are responsible for immunity . IL-2 is part of the body 's natural response to microbial infection , and in discriminating between foreign ( `` non-self '' ) and `` self '' . IL-2 mediates its effects by binding to IL-2 receptors , which are expressed by lymphocytes .

neg: RNAi-Based Identification System and interference of Specific Cancer Cells A `` classifier '' was created to classify cells by identifying specific characteristics of Cervical Cancer . These characteristics were consistent with HeLa cells , which served as the target cell line for cell death . Upon identifying these cells the Classifier would release specific proteins within the HeLa cell that would trigger apoptosis without killing or endangering neighboring , healthy cells .   The defining characteristics of these Classifiers were defined by elements whose levels within the cells created markers that could be measured . High markers and low markers were established and a `` classifier molecule '' was created to insert into prospective cells , and would induce apoptosis only when cells exhibit the threshold level of High or Low markers . These classifiers would use a small interfering RNA which targeted the repressor and activator in the Lac operon . The potential for therapeutic use , providing that an efficient delivery system can be established for in vivo DNA . In vitro applications are possible provided the classifier molecule can be safely integrated into cultured cells .

neg: Morphogenesis Morphogenesis ( from the Greek morphê shape and genesis creation , literally , `` beginning of the shape '' ) is the biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape . It is one of three fundamental aspects of developmental biology along with the control of cell growth and cellular differentiation , unified in evolutionary developmental biology ( evo-devo ) .   The process controls the organized spatial distribution of cells during the embryonic development of an organism . Morphogenesis can take place also in a mature organism , in cell culture or inside tumor cell masses . Morphogenesis also describes the development of unicellular life forms that do not have an embryonic stage in their life cycle , or describes the evolution of a body structure within a taxonomic group .   Morphogenetic responses may be induced in organisms by hormones , by environmental chemicals ranging from substances produced by other organisms to toxic chemicals or radionuclides released as pollutants , and other plants , or by mechanical stresses induced by spatial patterning of the cells .

neg: Xenotransplantation Xenotransplantation ( xenos - from the Greek meaning `` foreign '' ) , is the transplantation of living cells , tissues or organs from one species to another . Such cells , tissues or organs are called xenografts or xenotransplants . It is contrasted with allotransplantation ( from other individual of same species ) , Syngeneic transplantation ( Grafts transplanted between two genetically identical individuals of the same species ) and Autotransplantation ( from one part of the body to another in the same person ) .   Xenotransplantation of human tumor cells into immunocompromised mice is a research technique frequently used in pre-clinical oncology research .   Human xenotransplantation offers a potential treatment for end-stage organ failure , a significant health problem in parts of the industrialized world . It also raises many novel medical , legal and ethical issues . A continuing concern is that many animals , such as pigs , have a shorter lifespan than humans , meaning that their tissues age at a quicker rate . Disease transmission ( xenozoonosis ) and permanent alteration to the genetic code of animals are also causes for concern . A few successful cases of xenotransplantation are published .   It is not uncommon for patients and physicians to use the term `` allograft '' imprecisely to refer to either allograft ( human-to-human ) or xenograft ( animal-to-human ) , but it is helpful scientifically ( for those searching or reading the scientific literature ) to maintain the more precise distinction in usage .

neg: Livedo reticularis Livedo reticularis is a common skin finding consisting of a mottled reticulated vascular pattern that appears as a lace-like purplish discoloration of the skin . The discoloration is caused by swelling of the venules owing to obstruction of capillaries by small blood clots . The blood clots in the small blood vessels can be a secondary effect of a condition that increases a person 's risk of forming blood clots , including a wide array of pathological and nonpathological conditions . Examples include hyperlipidemia , microvascular hematological or anemia states , nutritional deficiencies , hyper - and autoimmune diseases , and drugs/toxins .   The condition may be normal or related to more severe underlying pathology . Its differential diagnosis is broadly divided into possible blood diseases , autoimmune ( rheumatologic ) diseases , cardiovascular diseases , cancers , and endocrine disorders . It can usually ( in 80 % of cases ) be diagnosed by biopsy .   It may be aggravated by exposure to cold , and occurs most often in the lower extremities .   The condition 's name derives from the Latin livere meaning bluish and reticular which refers to the net-like appearance .

neg: Hypoplasia Hypoplasia ( from Ancient Greek ὑπo - hypo - , `` under '' + πλάσις plasis , `` formation '' ; adjective form hypoplastic ) is underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ . Although the term is not always used precisely , it properly refers to an inadequate or below-normal number of cells . Hypoplasia is similar to aplasia , but less severe . It is technically not the opposite of hyperplasia ( too many cells ) . Hypoplasia is a congenital condition , while hyperplasia generally refers to excessive cell growth later in life . ( Atrophy , the wasting away of already existing cells , is technically the direct opposite of both hyperplasia and hypertrophy . )   Hypoplasia can be present in any tissue or organ . It is descriptive of many medical conditions , including underdevelopment of organs such as :   Breasts during puberty  Testes in Klinefelter 's syndrome  Ovaries in Fanconi anemia , gonadal dysgenesis , trisomy X  Thymus in DiGeorge syndrome  Labia majora in popliteal pterygium syndrome  Corpus callosum , connecting the two sides of the brain , in Agenesis of the corpus callosum  Cerebellum caused by mutation in the Reelin gene  Tooth caused by oral pathology , such as Turner 's hypoplasia  Chambers of the heart in hypoplastic left heart syndrome and hypoplastic right heart syndrome  Optic nerve in optic nerve hypoplasia  Sacrum in sacral agenesis  Facial muscle in asymmetric crying facies  Thumb from birth  Lungs , often as a result of oligohydramnios during gestation or the existence of congenital diaphragmatic hernia  Small bowel in coeliac disease  Fingers and ears in Harlequin type ichthyosis  Mandible in congenital hypothyroidism

neg: Leukemoid reaction The term leukemoid reaction describes an increased  white blood cell count , or leukocytosis , which is a physiological response to stress or infection ( as opposed to a primary blood malignancy , such as leukemia ) . It often describes the presence of immature cells such as myeloblasts or red blood cells with nuclei in the peripheral blood .   It may be lymphoid or myeloid .

neg: Stroma (tissue) Stroma ( from Greek στρῶμα , meaning `` layer , bed , bed covering '' ) is the part of a tissue or organ that has a connective and structural role . It consists of all the parts which do not conduct the specific functions of the organ , for example , connective tissue , blood vessels , nerves , ducts , etc. . The other part is the parenchyma , which is the cells that perform the function of the tissue or organ . There are multiple ways of classifying tissues : one way of classifying tissues is based on their functions and another is based on their cellular components . Stromal tissue falls into the class that functions in contributing to the body 's support and movement . The cells that stroma tissues are composed of serve as a matrix in which the other cells are embedded . Stroma is made of various types of stromal cells .   Examples of stroma include :  stroma of iris  stroma of cornea  stroma of ovary  stroma of thyroid gland  stroma of thymus  stroma of bone marrow  lymph node stromal cell

neg: Supravital staining Supravital staining is a method of staining used in microscopy to examine living cells that have been removed from an organism . It differs from intravital staining , which is done by injecting or otherwise introducing the stain into the body . Thus a supravital stain may have a greater toxicity , as only a few cells need to survive it a short while . The term `` vital stain '' is used by some authors to refer specifically to an intravital stain , and by others interchangeably with a supravital stain , the core concept being that the cell being examined is still alive . As the cells are alive and unfixed , outside the body , supravital stains are temporary in nature .   The most common supravital stain is performed on reticulocytes using new methylene blue or brilliant cresyl blue , which makes it possible to see the reticulofilamentous pattern of ribosomes characteristically precipitated in these live immature red blood cells by the supravital stains . By counting the number of such cells the rate of red blood cell formation can be determined , providing an insight into bone marrow activity and anemia . This is in contrast to vital staining , when the dye employed is one that is excluded from the living cells so that only dead cells are stained positively . ( Vital stains include dyes like trypan blue and propidium iodide , which are either too bulky or too charged to cross the cell membrane , or which are actively rapidly pumped out by live cells . )   Supravital staining can be combined with cell surface antibody staining ( immunofluorescence ) for applications such as FACS analysis . Immunofluorescence can also be done within the interior of live cells by reversible cell permeabilization using the detergent Triton X-100 . Adjusted carefully to the appropriate concentration for the number of cells , the pretreatment can permit access of molecules between 1 and 150 kilodaltons to the interior of the cell . Although antibodies may be used in a similar way in this context , the term `` supravital stain '' is typically reserved for smaller chemicals which possess suitable properties intrinsically .

neg: Genome instability Genome instability ( also `` genetic instability '' or `` genomic instability '' ) refers to a high frequency of mutations within the genome of a cellular lineage . These mutations can include changes in nucleic acid sequences , chromosomal rearrangements or aneuploidy . Genome instability does occur in bacteria . In multicellular organisms genome instability is central to carcinogenesis , and in humans it is also a factor in some neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or the neuromuscular disease myotonic dystrophy .   The sources of genome instability have only recently begun to be elucidated . A high frequency of externally caused DNA damage can be one source of genome instability since DNA damages can cause inaccurate translesion synthesis past the damages or errors in repair , leading to mutation . Another source of genome instability may be epigenetic or mutational reductions in expression of DNA repair genes . Because endogenous ( metabolically-caused ) DNA damage is very frequent , occurring on average more than 60,000 times a day in the genomes of human cells , any reduced DNA repair is likely an important source of genome instability .

neg: Hematopoietic stem cell Hematopoietic stem cells ( HSCs ) or hemocytoblasts are the stem cells that give rise to all the other blood cells through the process of haematopoiesis . They are derived from mesoderm and located in the red bone marrow , which is contained in the core of most bones .   HSCs give rise to both the myeloid and lymphoid lineages of blood cells cells . ( Myeloid cells include monocytes , macrophages , neutrophils , basophils , eosinophils , erythrocytes , dendritic cells , and megakaryocytes or platelets . Lymphoid cells include T cells , B cells , and natural killer cells . ) The definition of hematopoietic stem cells has evolved since HSCs were first discovered in 1961 . The hematopoietic tissue contains cells with long-term and short-term regeneration capacities and committed multipotent , oligopotent , and unipotent progenitors . HSCs constitute 1:10.000 of cells in myeloid tissue .   HSC studies through much of the past half century have led to a much deeper understanding . More recent advances have resulted in the use of HSC transplants in the treatment of cancers and other immune system disorders .

neg: Psycho-oncology Psycho-oncology is a field of interdisciplinary study and practice at the intersection of lifestyle , psychology and oncology . It is concerned with aspects of cancer that go beyond medical treatment and include lifestyle , psychological and social aspects of cancer . Sometimes it is also referred to as psychosocial oncology or behavioral oncology because it deals with psychosocial and behavioral topics . The field is concerned both with the effects of cancer on a person 's psychological health as well as the social and behavioral factors that may affect the disease process of cancer and/or the remission of it .   This is where the effects of :  Chemobrain or post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment `` PCCI '' would be addressed .  Radiation induced cognitive decline issues .  Placebo effect and the nocebo effect will be studied .  Self care issues are studied .  Transition to survivorship phase of cancer journey ( See : Cancer survivor )   Psycho-oncology , as a subspeciality , addresses the two major psychological dimensions of cancer : the psychological responses of patients to cancer at all stages of the disease and that of their families and caretakers ( called oncopsychology ) ; and the psychological , behavioral and social factors that may influence the disease process ( called psychosocial-oncology ) .   Psycho-oncology is an area of multi-disciplinary interest and has boundaries with the major specialities in oncology : the clinical disciplines ( surgery , medicine , pediatrics , radiotherapy ) , epidemiology , immunology , endocrinology , biology , pathology , bioethics , palliative care , rehabilitation medicine , clinical trials research and decision making , as well as psychiatry and psychology .

neg: Chemotherapy Chemotherapy ( often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx ) is a category of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs ( chemotherapeutic agents ) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen . Chemotherapy may be given with a curative intent ( which almost always involves combinations of drugs ) , or it may aim to prolong life or to reduce symptoms ( palliative chemotherapy ) . Chemotherapy is one of the major categories of the medical discipline specifically devoted to pharmacotherapy for cancer , which is called medical oncology .   By common usage , the term chemotherapy has come to connote the use of rather non-specific intracellular poisons , especially related to inhibiting the process of cell division known as mitosis , and generally excludes agents that more selectively block extracellular growth signals ( i.e. blockers of signal transduction ) . To avoid these connotations for recently developed ( against specific molecular or genetic targets ) therapies which inhibit of growth-promoting signals coming from classic endocrine hormones ( primarily estrogens for breast cancer and androgens for prostate cancer ) is known as hormonal therapy , while the inhibition of other growth-promoting influences ( especially those associated with receptor tyrosine kinases ) is known as targeted therapy .   Importantly , the use of drugs ( whether chemotherapy , hormonal therapy or targeted therapy ) constitutes systemic therapy for cancer in that they are introduced into the blood stream and are therefore in principle able to address cancer at any anatomic location in the body . Systemic therapy is often used in conjunction with other modalities that constitute local therapy ( i.e. treatments whose efficacy is confined to the anatomic area where they are applied ) for cancer such as radiation therapy , surgery and/or hyperthermia therapy .   Traditional chemotherapeutic agents are cytotoxic by means of interfering with cell division ( mitosis ) but cancer cells vary widely in their susceptibility to these agents . To a large extent , chemotherapy can be thought of as a way to damage or stress cells , which may then lead to cell death if apoptosis is initiated . Many of the side effects of chemotherapy can be traced to damage to normal cells that divide rapidly and are thus sensitive to anti-mitotic drugs : cells in the bone marrow , digestive tract and hair follicles . This results in the most common side-effects of chemotherapy : myelosuppression ( decreased production of blood cells , hence also immunosuppression ) , mucositis ( inflammation of the lining of the digestive tract ) , and alopecia ( hair loss ) . Because of the effect on immune cells ( especially lymphocytes ) , chemotherapy drugs often find use in a host of diseases that result from harmful overactivity of the immune system against self ( so-called autoimmunity ) . These include rheumatoid arthritis , systemic lupus erythematosus , multiple sclerosis , vasculitis and many others .

neg: Erythrocrine Erythrocrine describes red blood cell or erythrocyte for production and release of signaling molecules . The term `` erythrocrine `` was coined by Song et al. -LSB- 1 -RSB- in reference to erythrocyte , particularly the mature erythrocyte as a secretory cell , not just engaging in gaseous conveyance and exchange .   The erythrocyte is differentiated for such function to predominately express hemoglobin and remove all the organelle including protein synthesis machinery . Our traditional review of erythrocyte function is solely for gaseous exchange . Nevertheless , several previously undetected physiologic functions of erythrocyte are largely neglected .   The available literature data speak in favor of the unique behavior of erythrocrine . The seminal concept of erythrocrine may illuminate the unveiled exquisite molecular signaling of erythrocyte and expedite our understanding of the physiologic and pathophysiologic functions of erythrocyte .


query: Judy Garland did not appear in a courtroom drama film.

pos: Judy Garland Judy Garland ( born Frances Ethel Gumm ; June 10 , 1922 -- June 22 , 1969 ) was an American singer , actress , and vaudevillian . She was renowned for her contralto vocals and attained international stardom that continued throughout a career spanning more than 40 years as an actress in musical and dramatic roles , as a recording artist , and on concert stages .   Garland began performing in vaudeville with her two older sisters and was signed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a teenager . She made more than two dozen films with MGM , including nine with Mickey Rooney . Garland 's most famous role was as Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) . Her other roles at MGM included Meet Me in St. Louis ( 1944 ) , The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) and Easter Parade ( 1948 ) . After 15 years , she was released from the studio and made record-breaking concert appearances , a successful recording career , and her own Emmy-nominated television series . Film appearances became fewer in her later years , but included two Academy Award nominated performances in A Star Is Born ( 1954 ) and Judgment at Nuremberg ( 1961 ) .   Garland received a Golden Globe Award , a Juvenile Academy Award , and a Special Tony Award , and at 39 , became the youngest and first female recipient of the Cecil B. DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in the film industry . She was the first woman to win a Grammy for Album of the Year for her live recording of Judy at Carnegie Hall . In 1997 , Garland was posthumously awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . Several of her recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . In 1999 , the American Film Institute placed her among the 10 greatest female stars of classic American cinema .   From an early age , Garland struggled in her personal life . The pressures of adolescent stardom sent her to a psychiatrist at age 18 . Her self-image was influenced by film executives who said she was unattractive and manipulated her on-screen physical appearance . She was plagued by financial instability , often owing hundreds of thousands of dollars in back taxes . She married five times , with her first four marriages ending in divorce . She also had a long addiction with drugs and alcohol , which ultimately led to her death from a barbiturate overdose at the age of 47 .

pos: Judgment at Nuremberg Judgment at Nuremberg is a 1961 American courtroom drama film directed by Stanley Kramer , written by Abby Mann and starring Spencer Tracy , Burt Lancaster , Richard Widmark , Maximilian Schell , Werner Klemperer , Marlene Dietrich , Judy Garland , William Shatner , and Montgomery Clift . Set in Nuremberg in 1948 , the film depicts a fictionalized version of the Judges ' Trial of 1947 , one of the twelve U.S. military tribunals during the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials .   The film centers on a military tribunal led by Chief Trial Judge Dan Haywood ( Tracy ) , before which four German judges and prosecutors ( as compared to 16 defendants in the actual Judges ' Trial ) stand accused of crimes against humanity for their involvement in atrocities committed under the Nazi regime . The film deals with non-combatant war crimes against a civilian population , the Holocaust , and examines the post-World War II geopolitical complexity of the actual Nuremberg Trials . An earlier version of the story was broadcast as a television episode of Playhouse 90 . Schell and Klemperer played the same roles in both productions .   In 2013 , Judgment at Nuremberg was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' .

neg: No Place to Land (film) No Place to Land is a 1958 American drama film directed by Albert C. Gannaway starring John Ireland , Mari Blanchard , Gail Russell , Jackie Coogan and Robert Middleton .

neg: The Country Girl (1954 film) The Country Girl is a 1954 American drama film directed by George Seaton and starring Bing Crosby , Grace Kelly , and William Holden . Adapted by George Seaton from Clifford Odets ' 1950 play of the same name , the film is about an alcoholic has-been actor struggling with the one last chance he 's been given to resurrect his career . Seaton won the Academy Award for Best Writing , Adapted Screenplay . It was entered in the 1955 Cannes Film Festival .   Kelly won the Oscar for Best Actress for the role , which previously had earned Uta Hagen her first Tony Award in the play 's original Broadway production . The role , a non-glamorous departure for Kelly , was as the alcoholic actor 's long-suffering wife .   The win was a huge surprise , as most critics and people in the press felt that Judy Garland would win for A Star Is Born . NBC even sent a camera crew to Garland 's hospital room , where she was recuperating from the birth of her son , in order to conduct a live interview with her if she won . The win by Kelly instead famously prompted Groucho Marx to send Garland a telegram stating it was `` the biggest robbery since Brinks . ''   Given the period of its production , the film is notable for its realistic , frank dialogue and honest treatments of the surreptitious side of alcoholism and post-divorce misogyny .

neg: Separate Tables (film) Separate Tables is a 1958 American drama film starring Rita Hayworth , Deborah Kerr , David Niven , Burt Lancaster , and Wendy Hiller , based on two one-act plays by Terence Rattigan that were collectively known by this name . Niven and Hiller won Academy Awards for their performances . The picture was directed by Delbert Mann and adapted for the screen by Rattigan , John Gay and an uncredited John Michael Hayes . Mary Grant and Edith Head designed the film 's costumes .

neg: Ordinary World (film) Ordinary World is an American comedy-drama film written and directed by Lee Kirk . The film stars Billie Joe Armstrong in his first leading role , as well as Judy Greer , Selma Blair , Dallas Roberts , Chris Messina , Fred Armisen , Brian Baumgartner , and Kevin Corrigan . Filming began late 2014 in New York City . The film was originally screened at the Tribeca as Geezer , before its title was changed to Ordinary World , named after a song heard in the film . It is also the closing track on Green Day 's 2016 album Revolution Radio .

neg: Not as a Stranger Not as a Stranger is a 1955 Drama film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer based on the 1954 novel of the same name by Morton Thompson . The romantic melodrama novel was widely popular , topping that year 's list of bestselling novels in the United States .   The film was Kramer 's directorial debut and featured Olivia de Havilland and Robert Mitchum in the lead roles , backed by a stellar supporting cast including Frank Sinatra , Gloria Grahame , Broderick Crawford , Charles Bickford , Lon Chaney , Jr. , Harry Morgan , and Lee Marvin . The film was released by United Artists .   Sinatra had catapulted back into the limelight as the result of a supporting role for a film from a similarly popular novel , From Here to Eternity , two years earlier . Initially a minor box office success , Not as a Stranger is seldom seen today , never receiving widespread distribution on home video . It was first released on DVD in 1992 .

neg: Dead End (1937 film) Dead End is a 1937 crime drama film directed by William Wyler . It is an adaptation of the Sidney Kingsley 1935 Broadway play of the same name . It stars Humphrey Bogart , Joel McCrea , and Sylvia Sidney . It is notable as being the first film appearance of the Dead End Kids .

neg: The Unguarded Hour The Unguarded Hour is a 1936 film starring Loretta Young and Franchot Tone under the direction of Sam Wood . The prosecutor in a murder trial is unaware that his wife is involved .   Based on a play by Ladislaus Fodor , Bernard Merivale provided the English adaptation .

neg: The Lawyer (film) The Lawyer is a 1970 courtroom drama film loosely based on the Sam Sheppard murder case , in which a physician is charged with killing his wife following a highly publicized and sloppy investigation . The film was directed by Sidney J. Furie and starred Barry Newman as the energetic , opportunistic defense attorney Tony Petrocelli . Diana Muldaur co-starred as Ruth Petrocelli . The film is the source of the role Newman reprised in the TV series Petrocelli .

neg: The Virgin Queen (1955 film) The Virgin Queen is a 1955 DeLuxe Color historical drama film in CinemaScope starring Bette Davis , Richard Todd and Joan Collins . It focuses on the relationship between Elizabeth I of England and Sir Walter Raleigh .   The film marks the second time Davis played the English monarch ; the first was The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex ( 1939 ) . It was also the first Hollywood film for Australian actor Rod Taylor .   Charles LeMaire and Mary Wills were nominated for the Academy Award for Costume Design . LeMaire won , but for another film , Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing ( 1955 ) .

neg: AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role The AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role is an award presented by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts ( AACTA ) , a non-profit organisation whose aim is to `` identify , award , promote and celebrate Australia 's greatest achievements in film and television . '' The award is presented at the annual AACTA Awards , which hands out accolades for achievements in feature films , television , documentaries and short films . From 1971 -- 2010 , the category was presented by the Australian Film Institute ( AFI ) , the Academy 's parent organisation , at the annual Australian Film Institute Awards ( known as the AFI Awards ) . When the AFI launched the Academy in 2011 , it changed the annual ceremony to the AACTA Awards , with the current award being a continuum of the AFI Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role .   It was presented as a special award , from 1971 -- 1975 , and was accompanied with a cash prize , before it became a competitive award from 1976 , onward . Judy Davis is the most nominated actress in this category , with five wins from eight nominations , most recently for her role in The Eye of the Storm ( 2011 ) .   Candidates for this award must be human and female , and can not be nominated for the same role in the supporting actress category .

neg: The Clown (1953 film) The Clown is a 1953 American drama film starring Red Skelton with Jane Greer and Tim Considine , and directed by Robert Z. Leonard . The story is derived from The Champ ( 1931 ) .

neg: Louis Elliman Louis Elliman ( 1906 -- 1965 ) , was an Irish impresario and theatre manager .   Elliman was born in Dublin , a son of Maurice Elliman , who had fled from Tsarist persecution in Russia . He was educated at Synge Street CBS .   His father became involved in cinema by establishing the Theatre De Luxe in Camden St. in 1912 . After university Louis started work at a pharmacy but after a few years gave that up to become a film agent in London . In the meantime Maurice acquired Dublin 's Gaiety Theatre , which was passed on to Louis .   In the early 1930s , Louis Elliman sold a 50 % share in the Gaiety to entrepreneur Patrick Wall , a Clare man . The pair also owned the Metropole and the Savoy cinemas . Along with Patrick Wall , Elliman acquired the Theatre Royal , Dublin in 1936 . With the outbreak of the Second World War , Wall and Elliman were forced to keep the two theatres going with native talent only . This led to the emergence of a raft of Irish acts who were to provide the mainstay of the Royal 's output for the remainder of its existence . These included such Irish household names as Jimmy O'Dea , Harry O'Donovan , Maureen Potter , Danny Cummins , Mike Nolan , Alice Dalgarno , Noel Purcell , Micheál MacLiammoir , Cecil Sheridan , Jack Cruise , Paddy Crosbie and Patricia Cahill . In July 1951 Judy Garland appeared for a series of sold out performances at the Royal and was received with tremendous ovations . The legendary singer sang from her dressing room window to hundreds of people who were unable to get tickets and critics dubbed her `` America 's Colleen '' Popular Irish American entertainer Carmel Quinn also made her singing debut in the Theatre Royal during the early 1950s .   After a spell acquiring cinemas around the country , which were taken over by the Rank Organization , Louis went into film production . In 1957 he opened Ardmore Studios . With managing director Emmet Dalton he travelled to the US to promote the studios and to acquire foreign investment . The studios accordingly landed its first major foreign booking with 1959 's Shake Hands with the Devil , starring Oscar winner James Cagney and Dana Wynter . A year later progress was consolidated when Robert Mitchum appeared in Tay Garnett 's `` A Terrible Beauty '' . In 1961 , Ardmore Studios hosted the controversial `` The Mark '' , directed by Guy Green , which was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival and earned its star , Stuart Whitman , an Oscar nomination . Other films produced at this time include Don Chaffey 's The Webster Boys and `` Johnny Nobody '' with Cyril Cusack . Hammer Films also utilised the studios as a base for their production , The Viking Queen . The studios went into receivership in 1963 but re-opened later .   Under pressure from rising overheads and the increasing popularity of the cinema and the introduction of television , the Theatre Royal closed its doors on 30 June 1962 .   By this time Louis was dogged by bad health and died in 1965 .

neg: Wine (1924 film) Wine was a 1924 American silent melodrama directed by Louis J. Gasnier , produced and released by Universal Pictures under their ` Jewel ' banner . The film featured Clara Bow in her first starring role . The film is now presumed lost .

neg: George White's Scandals (film) George White 's Scandals is a 1945 American film starring Joan Davis , Jack Haley , Phillip Terry , and Glenn Tryon . It features Haley 's Wizard of Oz co-star Margaret Hamilton . This film included music by Edwin Finckel .

neg: 25th Academy Awards The 25th Academy Awards ceremony was held on March 19 , 1953 . It took place at the RKO Pantages Theatre in Hollywood , California , and the NBC International Theatre in New York City .   It was the first Academy Awards ceremony to be televised , and the first ceremony to be held in Hollywood and New York City simultaneously . It was also the only year that the New York ceremonies were to be held in the NBC International Theatre on Columbus Circle , which was shortly thereafter demolished and replaced by the New York Coliseum convention center .   A major upset occurred in the category of Best Picture . The heavily favored High Noon lost to Cecil B. DeMille 's The Greatest Show on Earth , eventually considered among the worst films to have won the Academy Award for Best Picture . The American film magazine Premiere placed the movie on its list of the 10 worst Oscar winners and the British film magazine Empire rated it # 3 on their list of the 10 worst Oscar winners . It has the lowest spot on Rotten Tomatoes ' list of the 81 films to win Best Picture . Of all the films nominated for the Oscar this year , only High Noon and Singin ' in the Rain would show up 46 years later on the American Film Institute list of the greatest American films of the 20th Century . For a film that only received two nominations , Singin ' in the Rain went on to be named as the greatest American musical film of all time and in the 2007 American Film Institute updated list as the fifth greatest American film of all time , while High Noon was ranked twenty-seventh on the same 2007 list , as well .   The Bad and the Beautiful won five awards , the most wins ever for a film not nominated for Best Picture . It was also the second Academy Awards in which a film not nominated for Best Picture received the most awards of the evening , excluding years where there were ties for the most wins . The only other film to do this was The Thief of Bagdad at the 13th Academy Awards ; as of the 87th Academy Awards , it has not happened since .   Until Spotlight won only Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay at the 88th Academy Awards , this was the last year in which the Best Picture winner won just two Oscars . It was also the second of three years to date in which two films not nominated for Best Picture received more nominations than the winner ( The Bad and the Beautiful and Hans Christian Andersen , both with six ) . This occurred again at the 79th Academy Awards .   Shirley Booth also became the last person to win an Oscar in a Leading Role to be born in the 19th century . She also holds the distinction of being the first woman in her 50s to win the award , at the age of 54 ( the second woman in her 50s to win , Julianne Moore , was 54 when awarded at the 87th Academy Awards ) .   John Ford 's fourth win for Best Director set a record for the most wins in this category that remains unmatched to this day .   For the first time since the introduction of Supporting Actor and Actress awards in 1936 , Best Picture , Best Director , and all four acting Oscars went to six different films . This has happened only three times since , at the 29th Academy Awards for 1956 , the 78th for 2005 , and the 85th for 2012 .

neg: Big City Blues (1932 film) Big City Blues is a 1932 Warner Bros. pre-Code drama film directed by Mervyn LeRoy . The film is based on the play New York Town by Ward Morehouse and stars Joan Blondell and Eric Linden , with an uncredited early appearance by Humphrey Bogart .

neg: The Disappearance of Azaria Chamberlain The Disappearance of Azaria Chamberlain is a 1984 Australian TV movie about the Azaria Chamberlain case .   Michael Thornhill later said that `` I do n't have strong opinions about it -LSB- the film -RSB- . There are quite a few cheats in it , but at least what it did do - I 'm not emotionally close to it - was put the audience in the view of I , the Jury . It has an enormous following in northern Europe . I think Judy did a terrific job . I think it was interesting but , again , it 's not a personal project . ''

neg: The Verdict The Verdict is a 1982 American courtroom drama film starring Paul Newman , Charlotte Rampling , Jack Warden , James Mason , Milo O'Shea and Lindsay Crouse . The film , which was directed by Sidney Lumet , was adapted by David Mamet from the novel by Barry Reed . It is about a down-on-his-luck alcoholic lawyer who takes a medical malpractice case to improve his own situation , but discovers along the way that he is doing the right thing .   The Verdict garnered critical acclaim and box office success . The film was nominated for five Academy Awards , including Best Actor in a Leading Role ( Paul Newman ) , Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( James Mason ) , Best Director ( Sidney Lumet ) , Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay ( David Mamet ) .

neg: Grand Jury (1936 film) Grand Jury is a 1936 American crime drama film directed by Albert S. Rogell using a script by Joseph A. Fields and Philip G. Epstein , based on a story by James Edward Grant and Thomas Lennon . Produced and distributed by RKO Radio Pictures , it premiered in New York City on July 31 , 1936 , and was released nationwide the following week on August 7 . The film stars Fred Stone , Louise Latimer and Owen Davis , Jr. .

neg: Counsel for the Defense Counsel for the Defense is a lost 1925 silent film drama directed by Burton L. King and starring Jay Hunt , Betty Compson and House Peters .


query: Until Dawn is a game.

pos: Until Dawn Until Dawn is an interactive drama survival horror adventure video game developed by Supermassive Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 4 . It was originally scheduled to be released on the PlayStation 3 and feature PlayStation Move support , but in August 2014 the game was reintroduced as a PlayStation 4 exclusive , and was released worldwide in August 2015 .   Set in Western Canada , Until Dawn centers around a group of eight teenagers who decide to vacation for a night in a cabin on the fictional Blackwood Mountain , exactly one year after the disappearance of two girls , the twin sisters of a member of their group . Shortly after arriving , the gang find themselves under attack by a psychopath , and must attempt to survive until sunrise . Throughout the adventure , players alternate between all eight characters , making critical decisions as the story advances which drastically affects the game 's outcome , leading to hundreds of different scenarios .   Until Dawn was met with a positive critical response upon release , with praise directed at the visuals , ` choice ' mechanic , horror elements , music , characters , voice acting , and gameplay design . Most of the criticism the game drew concerned the second half of the story , the camera angles , character movement , and the game 's partially linear plot .

neg: Perfect Dark Zero Perfect Dark Zero is a first-person shooter video game developed by Rare and published by Microsoft Game Studios . It was exclusively released as a launch title for the Xbox 360 video game console on November 22 , 2005 in North America and December 2 , 2005 in Europe . The game is part of the Perfect Dark series and a prequel to the original Perfect Dark . The story of the game follows bounty hunter Joanna Dark as she joins the Carrington Institute agency to prevent rival corporation dataDyne from getting possession of an ancient artifact which endows individuals with superhuman powers .   Perfect Dark Zero features a campaign mode consisting of 14 missions that can be played co-operatively and a multiplayer mode where a maximum of 32 players can compete against each other in numerous types of deathmatch and objective-based games . Both the co-operative and multiplayer modes support split-screen , system link , and the Xbox Live online service . The game was under development for five years and was originally intended to be released for the Nintendo GameCube and later the Xbox . During development , several intended features were canceled so that the game could meet the Xbox 360 launch .   Upon release , Perfect Dark Zero sold more than one million copies worldwide and received generally positive reviews from critics , garnering a score of 81 out of 100 at review aggregate website Metacritic . The game 's numerous multiplayer modes singled out as strong features . However , some critics felt that the game did not meet the expectations , criticising single-player aspects such as its story and voice acting . In 2015 , the game was included in the Rare Replay video game compilation for Xbox One .

neg: Little King's Story is a real-time strategy life simulation role-playing video game co-developed by Cing and Town Factory for the Wii . The game was published by Rising Star Games in Australia on April 22 , 2009 and Europe on April 24 , 2009 , by Xseed Games in North America on July 21 , 2009 , and by Marvelous Entertainment in Japan on September 3 , 2009 .   The player character is a timid boy who has found a mysterious crown which gives him the power to charm people and make them follow orders . As king of the village his goal is to expand the village and make his subjects happy . The design of the game combines various simulation elements as well as real time and adventure elements . Yasuhiro Wada told CVG that the game would be a `` single-player life-sim set in Europe . '' An enhanced re-imagining of the game was released on the PlayStation Vita under the title of New Little King 's Story . The Microsoft Windows version of the game has been released on August 5 , 2016 . The game is published by North American version of the game publisher Xseed Games .

neg: Until the End (Breaking Benjamin song) `` Until the End '' is the third single by Breaking Benjamin from their album Phobia . On February 11 , 2014 , `` Until The End '' was certified gold by the RIAA , which made the single the then-most commercially successful song by the band . Since then , the band have been awarded with more platinum and gold singles , and one double platinum single .

neg: Turn-based tactics Turn-based tactics ( TBT ) , or tactical turn-based ( TTB ) , is a computer and video game genre of strategy video games that through stop-action simulates the considerations and circumstances of operational warfare and military tactics in generally small-scale confrontations as opposed to more strategic considerations of turn-based strategy ( TBS ) games .   Turn-based tactical gameplay is characterized by the expectation of players to complete their tasks using only the combat forces provided to them , and usually by the provision of a realistic ( or at least believable ) representation of military tactics and operations .

neg: Chaos game In mathematics , the term chaos game originally referred to a method of creating a fractal , using a polygon and an initial point selected at random inside it . The fractal is created by iteratively creating a sequence of points , starting with the initial random point , in which each point in the sequence is a given fraction of the distance between the previous point and one of the vertices of the polygon ; the vertex is chosen at random in each iteration . Repeating this iterative process a large number of times , selecting the vertex at random on each iteration , and throwing out the first few points in the sequence , will often ( but not always ) produce a fractal shape . Using a regular triangle and the factor 1/2 will result in the Sierpinski triangle , while creating the proper arrangement with four points and a factor 1/2 will create a display of a `` Sierpinski Tetrahedron '' , the three-dimensional analogue of the Sierpinski triangle . As the number of points is increased to a number N , the arrangement forms a corresponding ( N-1 ) - dimensional Sierpinski Simplex .   The term has been generalized to refer to a method of generating the attractor , or the fixed point , of any iterated function system ( IFS ) . Starting with any point x0 , successive iterations are formed as xk +1 = fr ( xk ) , where fr is a member of the given IFS randomly selected for each iteration . The iterations converge to the fixed point of the IFS . Whenever x0 belongs to the attractor of the IFS , all iterations xk stay inside the attractor and , with probability 1 , form a dense set in the latter .   The `` chaos game '' method plots points in random order all over the attractor . This is in contrast to other methods of drawing fractals , which test each pixel on the screen to see whether it belongs to the fractal . The general shape of a fractal can be plotted quickly with the `` chaos game '' method , but it may be difficult to plot some areas of the fractal in detail .   The `` chaos game '' method is mentioned in Tom Stoppard 's 1993 play Arcadia .   With the aid of the `` chaos game '' a new fractal can be made and while making the new fractal some parameters can be obtained . These parameters are useful for applications of fractal theory such as classification and identification . The new fractal is self-similar to the original in some important features such as fractal dimension .   If in the `` chaos game '' you start at each vertex and go through all possible paths that the game can take , you will get the same image as with only taking one random path . However , taking more than one path is rarely done since the overhead for keeping track of every path makes it far slower to calculate . This method does have the advantages of illustrating how the fractal is formed more clearly than the standard method as well as being deterministic .

neg: Star Ocean: Till the End of Time is the third main game in the Star Ocean series . The game was developed by tri-Ace and published by Square Enix for the PlayStation 2 console . It was released in Japan , North America , and the PAL territories . The original Japanese release date was in February 2003 by Enix , its penultimate release before its merger to become Square Enix . It was re-released in 2004 as a two-disc Director 's Cut version with bonus features such as new characters and dungeons . The North American and European versions are based on the Director 's Cut version . Till the End of Time takes place four hundred years after the events of Star Ocean : The Second Story .   Star Ocean : Till the End of Time was released as a PS2 Classic for the PlayStation 4 on March 31 , 2017 in Japan and May 23 , 2017 in North America and Europe .

neg: Every Day the Same Dream Every Day the Same Dream is a short , 2D art game that puts the player in the role of a man whose life is about to change . Developed for the Experimental Gameplay Project in 2009 , the game has been described as `` a beautiful game with a very bleak outlook . '' The creator , Paolo Pedercini , claims it is `` a short existential game about alienation and refusal of labor . '' It has been compared to Passage by Jason Rohrer and Do n't Look Back by Terry Cavanagh in that it is `` an interesting , potentially fascinating experience . '' The game is offered as freeware under the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-SA 2.5 .

neg: List of Story of Seasons video games The Story of Seasons video game series was originally produced by Victor Interactive Software ( acquired by Marvelous Interactive in 2002 ) , with Natsume handling the English translation and distribution in North America . The series debuted in Japan on August 9 , 1996 with , which later was released in the North American and PAL regions as Harvest Moon . Story of Seasons is a series of farm simulation/role-playing video games where the main objective is to maintain a farm over a period of time , tending the crops and livestock throughout the seasons , while befriending the nearby townsfolk and getting married in some games . Story of Seasons titles have been released on numerous different video game consoles and handheld game consoles . Several titles have been re-released on multiple platforms as special editions which include an updated gameplay . Fourteen spin-off titles have been released , featuring related elements . One of these titles , Rune Factory : A Fantasy Harvest Moon , was released to mark the 10th anniversary of the Story of Seasons series . One reason the Story of Seasons series has remained popular is because of the unchanged core system of the games . According to Yasuhiro Wada , Story of Seasons lead designer , it has been the development team 's response to the audience 's requests which have allowed the series to maintain its popularity .   Due to Natsume keeping the rights to the Harvest Moon name when Marvelous decided to have their own American division , XSEED Games , take over North American distribution , the latest title in the series had to change its name to Story of Seasons while Natsume took the opportunity to start making their own `` Harvest Moon '' games starting with Harvest Moon : The Lost Valley . This has caused some degree of confusion .

neg: Buzz! Buzz ! is a series of video games originated by Sleepydog Ltd. , developed by Relentless Software and published by Sony Computer Entertainment Europe for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable consoles . They are quiz games that see the players answering trivia questions while competing in the fictional game show , Buzz ! . Created specifically with multi-player party gaming in mind , the series launched in October 2005 and to date comprises 18 games ; including 13 in the Buzz ! series and five Buzz ! Junior titles . The series made the transition to the PlayStation 3 with Buzz ! : Quiz TV in 2008 . The sixteenth game in the series Buzz ! : Brain of the UK was released in March 2009 . The latest Buzz ! game is Buzz ! : The Ultimate Music Quiz which was released in October 2010 .   In 2006 the second game in the Buzz series , Buzz ! : The BIG Quiz , won the BAFTA award for Best Casual and Social game . Buzz ! : Quiz TV has been nominated in the Best Social Game and Best Multiplayer Game categories for the 2009 BAFTA video game awards . The series has sold over 10 million copies .   As with most TV quiz shows the winner of the game is the player with the most points . The show uses a multi-round format with most games in the series featuring eight individual rounds . The exact rounds vary from game-to-game and more information about the rounds can be found in the individual articles . Each game is hosted by the titular Buzz ( voiced by Jason Donovan in the English versions )   The games are played with buzzers - a set of four simple controllers that consist of four coloured answer buttons and a red buzzer . These are intended to replicate the buzzers often seen on TV quiz shows . The buzzers plug into a USB port and the game allows use of either one or two sets of buzzers allowing up to eight players in certain games . The games are usually marketed in two versions , a pack containing both game and buzzers for new purchasers or a game only version for players who already own a set of buzzers .   In January 2008 California-based Buzztime Entertainment filed a legal suit , in the Southern District of California , against Sony Computer Entertainment Europe alleging that Sony had violated several of its trademarks . The suit accused Sony of a `` malicious , fraudulent , knowing , wilful , and deliberate '' violation of its trademarks . In the suit Buzztime is seeking the recall and destruction of all infringing products and is asking the court for actual damages , punitive damages , legal fees and an order to the US Patent and Trademark Office not to register Sony 's pending Buzz trademarks . The case was eventually settled out of court in favour of Sony .

neg: Vanished Planet Vanished Planet is a cooperative board game that debuted at the World Boardgaming Championships in 2003 . Vanished Planet pits the players against a time limit ; the players must succeed in a certain number of goals before this time limit is reached , or they all lose .   In the game scenario , Earth has been replaced by a dark mass ( the creature ) that is growing outward toward the six planets of the remaining galactic species . Cryptic transmissions from Earth can be obtained from satellites or from communication relays that players can construct during the course of the game ; these transmissions are goals that specify actions to take , such as discarding equipment or people , or visiting certain places on the board . Through game play , players can build new spaceships , upgrade their spaceships , or build mines that slow the process of the creature . They do this by visiting places on the board that can be tagged to produce various resources that can be used to hire personnel and build technology and equipment . Each turn , a random event drawn from a deck of event cards can either benefit or hinder the player whose turn it is . Creature growth cards can be added to the event deck to alter the difficulty of the game .   In 2005 , the Racial Advantage Expansion was added to the game . This expansion introduces a new race and adds two special abilities to each race . Depending on the special ability chosen , the players may need to complete more goals in order to win the game .   Vanished Planet was named by Games magazine as `` best family game '' in 2005 .

neg: Noah Fleiss Noah Fleiss ( born April 16 , 1984 ) is an American film and television actor . He was born in White Plains , New York . He is known for his role as Chris in the video game Until Dawn .   Fleiss 's great uncle is Professor Joseph L. Fleiss , and he is a distant relative of Dr. Paul Fleiss , Mike Fleiss , and Heidi Fleiss .

neg: Twilight Twilight is the illumination of the Earth 's lower atmosphere when the Sun itself is not directly visible because it is below the horizon . Twilight is produced by sunlight scattering in the upper atmosphere , illuminating the lower atmosphere so that the surface of the Earth is neither completely lit nor completely dark . The word twilight is also used to denote the periods of time when this illumination occurs .   The further the Sun is below the horizon , the dimmer the twilight ( other things such as atmospheric conditions being equal ) . When the Sun reaches 18 degrees below the horizon , the twilight 's brightness is nearly zero , and evening twilight becomes nighttime . When the Sun again reaches 18 degrees below the horizon , nighttime becomes morning twilight . Owing to its distinctive quality , primarily the absence of shadows and the appearance of objects silhouetted against the bright sky , twilight has long been popular with photographers , who refer to it as ` sweet light ' , and painters , who refer to it as the blue hour , after the French expression , l'heure bleue .   Twilight should not be confused with auroras , which can have a similar appearance in the night sky at high latitudes .  By analogy with evening twilight , the word twilight is also sometimes used metaphorically , to imply that something is losing strength and approaching its end . For example , very old people may be said to be `` in the twilight of their lives '' . The collateral adjective for twilight is crepuscular which is sometimes applied to insects , fish , and mammals that are most active during that time .

neg: F.E.A.R. F.E.A.R. First Encounter Assault Recon is a survival horror first-person shooter video game developed by Monolith Productions and published by Sierra Entertainment . It was released on October 17 , 2005 , for Microsoft Windows , and ported by Day 1 Studios to the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 . Timegate Studios has released two expansion packs , F.E.A.R. Extraction Point in October 2006 , and F.E.A.R. Perseus Mandate in November 2007 . A direct sequel titled F.E.A.R. 2 : Project Origin , was released in February 2009 , and a second sequel , F. 3 . A.R. , was released in June 2011 , though it was developed by Day 1 Studios ( now known as Wargaming Chicago-Baltimore ) , not by Monolith Productions .   The game 's story revolves around a supernatural phenomenon , which F.E.A.R. -- a fictional special forces team -- is called to contain . The player assumes the role of F.E.A.R. 's Point Man , who possesses superhuman reflexes , and must uncover the secrets of a paranormal menace in the form of a little girl .   F.E.A.R. was well received by critics , scoring 89 % on GameRankings , and The New York Times calling it `` as thrilling and involving as Half-Life . '' A `` Director 's Edition '' DVD version of the game was also released . The DVD included a `` Making of '' documentary , a director 's commentary , a short live-action prequel and the exclusive first episode of the promotional P.A.N.I.C.S. machinima . A  related Dark Horse comic book was also packaged with the DVD . Along with the Director 's Edition , F.E.A.R. Gold Edition was released . Gold Edition included the Director 's Edition and Extraction Point . F.E.A.R. Platinum Edition features the original game and two expansion packs .

neg: Trick-taking game A trick-taking game is a card game or tile-based game in which play of a `` hand '' centers on a series of finite rounds or units of play , called tricks , which are each evaluated to determine a winner or `` taker '' of that trick . The object of such games then may be closely tied to the number of tricks taken , as in plain-trick games such as Whist , contract bridge , Spades , Napoleon , Euchre , Rowboat , Clubs and Spoil Five , or to the value of the cards contained in taken tricks , as in point-trick games such as Pinochle , the Tarot family , Mariage , Rook , All Fours , Manille , Briscola , and most `` evasion '' games like Hearts . The domino game Texas 42 is an example of a trick-taking game that is not a card game .   Trick-and-draw games are trick-taking games in which the players can fill up their hands after each trick . Typically , players are free to play any card into a trick in the first phase of the game , but must follow suit as soon as the score is depleted .

neg: Daxter (video game) Daxter is a platform video game developed by Ready at Dawn . Part of the Jak and Daxter series of games , Daxter takes place within the two-year time-span between Jak and Daxter : The Precursor Legacy and Jak II . It is a platform game starring its protagonist Daxter , a creature known as an `` ottsel '' ( a fictional hybrid of otter and weasel ) .   As of June 11 , 2008 , the game has sold 2.3 million copies , and received universal critical acclaim from critics .

neg: Lunar (series) is a series of role-playing video games , developed by Game Arts in Japan and published in the United States by Working Designs , Ubisoft , and Xseed Games .   The original releases of The Silver Star and Eternal Blue , were published for Mega-CD in Japan and Sega CD in North America . They were later remade for the Japanese Sega Saturn with considerable story , graphical , and musical changes . These remakes were later ported to the PlayStation in Japan and North America . The first game was also ported to the Microsoft Windows computer platform in Japan and Korea , and was later remade for the Game Boy Advance and PlayStation Portable in Japan and North America .   A side-story game , Lunar : Walking School for the Game Gear , was also remade for the Sega Saturn but has seen no North America release in any form . Backed by publisher Ubisoft , Game Arts created a new Lunar installment for the Nintendo DS , released in September 2005 in North America .

neg: Risk (game) Risk is a strategy board game of diplomacy , conflict and conquest for two to six players . The standard version is played on a board depicting a political map of the earth , divided into forty-two territories , which are grouped into six continents . Turn rotates among players who control armies of playing pieces with which they attempt to capture territories from other players , with results determined by dice rolls . Players may form and dissolve alliances during the course of the game . The goal of the game is to occupy every territory on the board and in doing so , eliminate the other players . The game can be lengthy , requiring several hours to multiple days to finish . European versions are structured so that each player has a limited `` secret mission '' objective that shortens the game .   Risk was invented by a French filmmaker in 1957 , and went on to become one of the most popular board games in history , inspiring other popular games like Axis & Allies and Settlers of Catan . The simple rules but complex interactions make it appealing to adults as well as children and families . It is still in production by Hasbro with numerous editions and variants with popular media themes and different rules including PC software versions , video games and mobile apps .

neg: Daily fantasy sports Daily fantasy sports ( DFS ) are a subset of fantasy sport games . As with traditional fantasy sports games , players compete against others by building a team of professional athletes from a particular league or competition while remaining under a salary cap , and earn points based on the actual statistical performance of the players in real-world competitions . Daily fantasy sports are an accelerated variant of traditional fantasy sports that are conducted over short-term periods , such as a week or single day of competition , as opposed to those that are played across an entire season . Daily fantasy sports are typically structured in the form of paid competitions typically referred to as a `` contest '' ; winners receive a share of a pre-determined pot funded by their entry fees . A portion of entry fee payments go to the provider as rake revenue .   In the United States , the daily fantasy sports industry is dominated by two competing services : the New York-based FanDuel , and the Boston-based DraftKings . Both companies were established as venture capital-backed startup companies , received funding from investment firms , sports broadcasters , leagues , and team owners , and became known for the aggressive marketing of their services . As of September 2015 , both companies have an estimated value of at least $ 1 billion , and control 95 % of the U.S. DFS market . The two primarily compete against smaller DFS services , such as Fantasy Aces and Yahoo! Sports . The popularity of the daily fantasy format has been credited to its convenience in comparison to season-length games , as well as the focus on major cash prizes in the promotion of these services . Daily fantasy has also been credited with helping to improve television viewership and engagement with sports .   Daily fantasy sports have faced notable legal challenges , including disputes over whether DFS constitutes gambling . Politicians and other critics have argued that due to their format , players are essentially making proposition wagers on the varying performance of individual athletes in specific games , and not managing the performance of their selections on a week-to-week basis . Proponents have defended DFS as being a game of skill , as the required familiarity with the players and teams , as well as salary cap management , rewards skilled players . Local laws have varying definitions of gambling games , such as whether a game 's elements of chance are predominant over those or skill , or how much control the player has over the outcome of the game .   In the United States , the legality of DFS has been determined on a state-by-state basis based on local gambling laws and other rulings . The federal Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act ( UIEGA ) contains language dictating that fantasy sports are not considered an unlawful wager under the act ; however , the act only prohibits the electronic transfer of funds from unlawful gambling as defined under state laws . A number of state attorneys general have issued opinions concluding that DFS is a form of illegal gambling , while the state of Nevada declared that DFS games must be licensed as a sports pool . The New York State ruling , which resulted from an investigation of DFS services after it was alleged that employees working for DraftKings and FanDuel had used inside information to win cash prizes from each other , spawned retaliatory lawsuits from the companies which alleged that the rulings were the result of a misinterpretation of the nature of their services . The state has since joined other states , such as Massachusetts and Virginia , in choosing to legalize and regulate DFS rather than prohibit it .

neg: Battle Fantasia is a fighting video game developed by Arc System Works . Originally released in Japanese arcades in April 2007 , the title was ported to the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 home consoles in Japan in May 2008 , with a North American Xbox 360-exclusive version released in English in September 2008 by Aksys Games . It was later released in Europe in March 2009 for both systems by 505 Games . A Microsoft Windows version , ported in collaboration with DotEmu and distributed via Steam , was released on July 7 , 2015 . The game 's development was headed by Emiko Iwasaki , who had previously served as illustrator for the company 's Guilty Gear series , and utilizes three-dimensional character models restricted to two-dimensional battlefields . Battle Fantasia retains a number of features of its predecessor including fast-paced gameplay , colorful anime-style graphics , and over-the-top effects , yet was designed to be a more basic representation of the fighting genre .   The game is notable for its stylistic departure from many fighting games , and is set in a fantasy world depicted as a storybook , and borrows many superficial elements from role-playing games including damage represented as numbers and a text-heavy story mode , which involves a number of heroes answering the call to battle to stop an evil force from once again attempting to destroy the world . Battle Fantasia met with relatively low sales in Japan and received mostly average reviews from critics due to the title 's minimal marketing and lack of robust console features .

neg: Music video game A music video game , also commonly known as a music game , is a video game where the gameplay is meaningfully and often almost entirely oriented around the player 's interactions with a musical score or individual songs . Music video games may take a variety of forms and are often grouped with puzzle games due to their common use of `` rhythmically generated puzzles '' .   Strong support for the convergence of live music and video games is evident with the success of the Video Games Live concert series . Emergent games for live concert performance , `` game-scores '' , augment traditional western music notation with the dramatic elements of animation , interactivity , graphic elements and aleatoric principles ( Anigraphical Music ) . The concept of incorporating game theory and music is not new and can be traced back to Musikalisches Würfelspiel .   Music video games are distinct from purely audio games ( e.g. the 1997 Sega Saturn release Real Sound : Kaze no Regret ) in that they feature a visual feedback , to lead the player through the game 's soundtrack , although eidetic music games can fall under both categories .