query: Edward Norton has co-written for dogs.

pos: Edward Norton Edward Harrison Norton ( born August 18 , 1969 ) is an American actor , filmmaker and activist . He has been nominated for three Academy Awards for his work in the films Primal Fear ( 1996 ) , American History X ( 1998 ) and Birdman ( 2014 ) . He also starred in other roles , such as Everyone Says I Love You ( 1996 ) , The People vs. Larry Flynt ( 1996 ) , Fight Club ( 1999 ) , Red Dragon ( 2002 ) , 25th Hour ( 2002 ) , Kingdom of Heaven ( 2005 ) , The Illusionist ( 2006 ) , Moonrise Kingdom ( 2012 ) , The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) and Sausage Party ( 2016 ) . He has also directed and co-written films , including his directorial debut , Keeping the Faith ( 2000 ) . He has done uncredited work on the scripts for The Score ( 2001 ) , Frida ( 2002 ) , and The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) .   Alongside his work in cinema , Norton is an environmental and social activist , and is a member of the board of trustees of Enterprise Community Partners , a non-profit organization for developing affordable housing founded by his grandfather James Rouse . Norton is president of the American branch of the Maasai Wilderness Conservation Trust . He ran in the 2009 New York City Marathon to raise money for the Trust . He also raises money for charity through Crowdrise , a social networking community for volunteers and a micro-donations fundraising platform . In July 2010 , Norton was designated as the United Nations Goodwill Ambassador for Biodiversity by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon . On July 2 , 2014 , Norton was elected chairman of the board of trustees to Signature Theatre , a not-for-profit theater company in New York . Norton has been on Signature 's board since 1996 and served as the co-chair of the Capital Campaign during the building of the Pershing Square Signature Center .

neg: Owd Bob Owd Bob : The Grey Dog of Kenmuir , also titled Bob , Son of Battle for US editions , is a children 's book by English author Alfred Ollivant . It was published in 1898 and became popular in the United Kingdom and the United States , though most of the dialogue in the book was written in the Cumbrian dialect . The name `` Owd Bob '' is a rendering of the phrase `` Old Bob '' in a dialect style .

neg: Ted Walker Edward Joseph ( Ted ) Walker FRSL ( 28 November 1934 -- 19 March 2004 ) was a prize-winning English poet , short story writer , travel writer , TV and radio dramatist and broadcaster .

neg: Alex Norton Alexander Hugh `` Alex '' Norton ( born 27 January 1950 ) is a Scottish television , film and voice actor . He is perhaps best known for his roles as DCI Matt Burke in the STV detective drama series Taggart , Eric Baird in BBC Two Sitcom Two Doors Down , DCS Wallace in Extremely Dangerous , Gerald Finlay in Waterloo Road and Eddie in the Renford Rejects . He has also had roles in internationally successful films including Braveheart , Local Hero and Les Misérables .

neg: The Digging-est Dog The Digging-Est Dog is a children 's book authored by Al Perkins and illustrated by Eric Gurney . The book was first published on August 12 , 1967 as part of the Dr. Seuss Beginner Books series .

neg: Mad Dog Summer and Other Stories Mad Dog Summer and Other Stories , is a collection of short stories by Joe R. Lansdale , first published in 2004 in a limited edition by Subterranean Press . It was reissued in paperback in 2006 by Golden Gryphon Press . Both Subterranean Press editions have long sold out .   It contains :  `` Mad Dog Summer '' ( won a Bram Stoker Award and was originally published in 999 : New Stories of Horror & Suspense , ed Al Sarrantonio ) ( 1999 )  `` The Mule Rustlers '' ( originally published in The Mysterious Press Anniversary Anthology , ed . Freed and Malloy ) ( 2001 )  `` O'Reta : Snapshot Memories '' ( originally published in Mothers and Sons , ed . Jill Morgan ) ( 2000 )  `` Rainy Weather '' ( it won a Bram Stoker Award , and was a shorter version of what became The Big Blow ; originally published in Cemetery Dance # 30 ) ( 1998 )  `` Screwup '' ( co-written by Karen Lansdale ; originally published in Till Death Do Us Part , ed . Jill M. Morgan & Martin H. Greenberg ) ( 1999 )  `` The Steam Man of the Prairie and the Dark Rider Get Down '' ( originally published in The Long Ones ) ( 2000 )  `` Veil 's Visit '' ( a Hap and Leonard short story co-written with Andrew Vachss ) ( originally published in Veil 's Visit : A Taste of Hap and Leonard ) ( 2001 )  `` Way Down There '' ( first publication )   An early , extremely limited pressing had the script for the graphic novel Red Range , as well as the other Hap and Leonard story `` Death by Chili '' .

neg: Sleeping Dogs (film) Sleeping Dogs is a 1977 film based on the book Smith 's Dream by C. K. Stead , and is the first feature film by director Roger Donaldson . Featuring Sam Neill , Clyde Scott and Warren Oates it is notable for being the first feature-length 35 mm film produced entirely in New Zealand .   A political thriller with action film elements , it follows the lead character `` Smith '' ( Neill ) as New Zealand plunges into a police state as a fascist government institutes martial law after industrial disputes flare into violence . Smith gets caught between the special police and a growing resistance movement and reluctantly becomes involved .

neg: Vulnerable Native Breeds thumb | right | There were only 37 Skye Terrier puppies registered with the Kennel Club in 2010  Vulnerable Native Breeds are a group of dog breeds originating in the United Kingdom and Ireland , and identified by The Kennel Club ( KC ) as having annual registration numbers of 300 puppies or fewer . The need for such a list was first identified in June 2003 , with research conducted by the KC to identify the extent of the vulnerability and viability of each breed . It was a joint project , with the KC working with the British and Irish Native Breeds Trust , later to be known simply as the Native Dog Breeds Trust . The breeds on the list have been promoted at events such as Discover Dogs and Crufts , and by asking that owners of these breeds mate their dogs rather than having them spayed .   The majority of the list come from the Terrier Group , a group mostly derived from breeds with backgrounds in the British Isles . The most marked drop in popularity is that of the Sealyham Terrier which registered 1,084 breeds in 1938 , but by 2004 was registering only sixty dogs a year . In October 2011 , British magazine Country Life highlighted the breed on its front cover , with the heading `` SOS : Save our Sealyhams '' , and launched a campaign to save the breed . The Otterhound , popular during the time of Henry VIII , has numbers of less than a thousand world wide and is described by the British & Irish Dog Breeds Preservation Trust as `` twice as rare as the Giant Panda '' .   The list was originally compiled in January 2006 , and included 28 breeds . Later in 2006 , the Miniature Bull Terrier was added . In 2007 , after consultation with the breed clubs involved , the Bloodhound , Gordon Setter and King Charles Spaniel were re-classed as `` Viable '' rather than vulnerable . The English Setter is the newest addition to the list , having been added for the first time in 2012 . However , during 2012 the number of English Setter puppies registered increased to 314 , so the breed was moved to the Kennel Club 's ` At Watch ' list , which is for breeds with registrations from 300-450 . Breeds on the ` At Watch ' list included in 2013 the English Setter , the Old English Sheepdog , the Irish Terrier , the Irish Wolfhound , the Welsh Springer Spaniel , the Pembroke Welsh Corgi , and the Welsh Terrier .

neg: The Adventure of Silver Blaze `` Silver Blaze '' , one of the 56 Sherlock Holmes short stories written by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle , is one of 12 in the cycle collected as The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes . Doyle ranked `` Silver Blaze '' 13th in a list of his 19 favourite Sherlock Holmes stories .   One of the most popular Sherlock Holmes short stories , `` Silver Blaze '' focuses on the disappearance of the eponymous race horse ( a famous winner ) on the eve of an important race and on the apparent murder of its trainer . The tale is distinguished by its atmospheric Dartmoor setting and late-Victorian sporting milieu . It also features some of Conan Doyle 's most effective plotting , hinging on the `` curious incident of the dog in the night-time : ''   Gregory ( Scotland Yard detective ) : `` Is there any other point to which you would wish to draw my attention ? ''  Holmes : `` To the curious incident of the dog in the night-time . ''  Gregory : `` The dog did nothing in the night-time . ''  Holmes : `` That was the curious incident . ''

neg: Dog Eat Dog (2001 film) Dog Eat Dog is a 2001 British sex comedy film , directed by Moody Shoaibi and written by Moody Shoaibi and Mark Tonderai .

neg: Edward the King Edward the King may refer to :  Edward the King ( play ) , a play by David Brendan Hopes  Edward the Seventh , also known as Edward the King , a 1975 television drama series

neg: Edward Kay (writer) Edward Kay is a Toronto-based screenwriter , story editor and novelist with a background in both live-action and animated television comedy , as well as print journalism .   Kay spent four years as a writer and producer on the political satire , This Hour Has 22 Minutes , before becoming supervising producer of The Itch , a comedy series starring Jason Jones formerly of The Daily Show , and Jessica Holmes . Kay then co-created the animated children 's series , Ollie 's Under-the-Bed Adventures ( later known as Olliver 's Adventures ) and wrote the pilot episode , which won a Gemini Award for Best Animated Program . He has written numerous episodes of Atomic Betty , a television series broadcast in more than 100 countries . With Sean Scott , he is the co-creator of Jimmy Two-Shoes , an animated comedy series that in December 2007 , was put into production by broadcasters Disney XD and Teletoon . He is the co-creator of Finding Stuff Out , a comedy-inflected science show that airs on TVO and Knowledge Network .   Kay 's first novel , a YA sc-fi comedy entitled STAR Academy was released September 15 , 2009 by Random House/Doubleday . The sequel , Dark Secrets , was released on September 13 , 2011 . He subsequently was commissioned by Scholastic Books to write an historical novel about the Battle of the Atlantic , entitled `` Sink and Destroy '' .   His latest novel is a thriller entitled `` At Rope 's End '' , which will be released by New York City based publisher Crooked Lane in January , 2017 .   Kay 's writing for This Hour Has 22 Minutes has garnered him three Gemini Awards , a Canadian Comedy Award , and a Canadian Screenwriting Award . For his work in print journalism he has received two Canadian National Magazine Award Honourable Mentions .

neg: The Norton Anthology of American Literature The Norton Anthology of American Literature is a compendium of various works by authors of specifically American birth or naturalization , ranging from short poems , pamphlets , and novellas to longer entries such as entire novels and philosophical pieces .   This collection proceeded from a series of other anthologies including English Literature and Poetry . It was first published in 1979 by W. W. Norton & Company and is notable for the series ' 2003 Shorter Sixth Edition .   Category : American anthologies  Category : W. W. Norton & Company books  Category : Publications established in 1979

neg: Gil Norton Gil Norton ( born in Liverpool ) is an English record producer known for his work with Alternative rock bands such as Pixies , Echo & the Bunnymen , Foo Fighters , Tribe , Jimmy Eat World , Dashboard Confessional , Feeder , The Distillers , Maxïmo Park , Counting Crows , Terrorvision , The Triffids , Del Amitri , James , The Feelers , The Beekeepers , Twin Atlantic , General Fiasco and Span .   In 2001 , he began to work with The Strokes on their debut album Is This It , but he was replaced by Gordon Raphael .

neg: The Dogs of War (film) The Dogs of War is a 1980 war film based upon the 1974 novel of the same name by Frederick Forsyth . Largely filmed in Belize , it was directed by John Irvin and starred Christopher Walken and Tom Berenger . In it a small mercenary unit of soldiers is privately hired to depose the president of a fictional African country so that a British tycoon can gain access to a platinum deposit .   The title is based on a phrase from William Shakespeare 's play Julius Caesar : `` Cry , ` Havoc ! ' , and let slip the dogs of war . ''

neg: Edward P. Jones Edward Paul Jones ( born October 5 , 1950 ) is an American novelist and short story writer . His 2003 novel The Known World received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award .

neg: Alpha (The X-Files) `` Alpha '' is the sixteenth episode of the sixth season of the science fiction television series The X-Files . It premiered on the Fox network on March 28 , 1999 in the United States . The episode was written by Jeffrey Bell , and directed by Peter Markle . The episode is a `` Monster-of-the-Week '' story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . `` Alpha '' earned a Nielsen household rating of 10.1 , being watched by 17.7 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode received mostly negative reviews from critics .   The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X-Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work . In this episode , Mulder and Scully investigate several killings blamed on an Asian dog called the Wanshang Dhole , thought to be extinct . Mulder and Scully join an obstinate Sheriff , a seemingly eccentric hunter , and a reclusive canine expert to find it . However , there is more mystery to the expert than meets the eye .   `` Alpha '' was based on a single motif -- `` Scary dogs in the City '' -- written by Jeffrey Bell onto a notecard . The episode went through several drafts before being readied right before filming began . Several of the scenes featuring the Chinese freighter were created either through digital technology or through the combination of matte paintings and actual filmed footage .

neg: The Borrowers Avenged The Borrowers Avenged is a children 's fantasy novel by Mary Norton , published in 1982 by Viking Kestrel in the UK and Harcourt in the US . It was the last of five books in a series that is usually called The Borrowers , inaugurated by The Borrowers in 1952 .   The Borrowers Avenged was written more than 20 years after its predecessor The Borrowers Aloft ( 1961 ) .  It is about twice as long as the others at nearly 300 pages ;  the 1966 British omnibus edition of four novels was only 699 pages . Pauline Baynes succeeded Diana L. Stanley as illustrator in the U.K. while Beth and Joe Krush continued as U.S. illustrators .   The book received a positive reception by critics . New York magazine called it a `` well-drawn portrait ... wittily told ''  while Country Life called it `` a modern classic in the making '' .

neg: Norton, Gloucestershire Norton is a civil parish in the English county of Gloucestershire .

neg: Edward Dick Edward Dick is a British theatre director .


query: Earth lacks biodiversity.

pos: Earth Earth ( from Eorðe -LSB- Γαῖα , Gaia -RSB- Terra ) , otherwise known as the World or the Globe , is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life . It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets .   According to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence , Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago . Earth 's gravity interacts with other objects in space , especially the Sun and the Moon , Earth 's only natural satellite . During one orbit around the Sun , Earth rotates about its axis over 365 times ; thus , an Earth year is about 365.26 days long . Earth 's axis of rotation is tilted , producing seasonal variations on the planet 's surface . The gravitational interaction between the Earth and Moon causes ocean tides , stabilizes the Earth 's orientation on its axis , and gradually slows its rotation .   Earth 's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years . About 71 % of Earth 's surface is covered with water , mostly by its oceans . The remaining 29 % is land consisting of continents and islands that together have many lakes , rivers and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere . The majority of Earth 's polar regions are covered in ice , including the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack . Earth 's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core , a liquid outer core that generates the Earth 's magnetic field , and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics .   Within the first billion years of Earth 's history , life appeared in the oceans and began to affect the Earth 's atmosphere and surface , leading to the proliferation of aerobic and anaerobic organisms . Some geological evidence indicates that life may have arisen as much as 4.1 billion years ago . Since then , the combination of Earth 's distance from the Sun , physical properties , and geological history have allowed life to evolve and thrive . In the history of the Earth , biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion , occasionally punctuated by mass extinction events . Over 99 % of all species that ever lived on Earth are extinct . Estimates of the number of species on Earth today vary widely ; most species have not been described . Over 7.4 billion humans live on Earth and depend on its biosphere and minerals for their survival . Humans have developed diverse societies and cultures ; politically , the world has about 200 sovereign states .

neg: Key Biodiversity Area The Key Biodiversity Areas ( KBA ) approach helps to identify and designate areas of international importance in terms of biodiversity conservation using globally standardised criteria . KBAs extend the Important Bird Area ( IBA ) concept to other taxonomic groups and are now being identified in many parts of the world , by a range of organisations . Examples include Important Plant Areas ( IPAs ) , Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas ( EBSAs ) in the High Seas , Alliance for Zero Extinction ( AZE ) sites , Prime Butterfly Areas , Important Mammal Areas and Important Sites for Freshwater Biodiversity , with prototype criteria developed for freshwater molluscs and fish and for marine systems . The determination of KBAs often brings sites onto the conservation agenda that had n't previously been identified as needing protection due to the nature of the two non-exclusive criteria used to determine them ; vulnerability ; and irreplaceability

neg: Animat Animat ( third-person indicative present of the Latin verb animō ) , meaning to `` animate , give or bring life '' .   Animats are artificial animals , a contraction of animal-materials . The term includes physical robots and virtual simulations . Animat research , a subset of Artificial Life studies , has become rather popular since Rodney Brooks ' seminal paper `` Intelligence without representation '' . The word was coined by S.W. Wilson in 1985 ,  in `` Knowledge growth in an artificial animal '' , published in the first Proceedings  of an International Conference on Genetic Algorithms and Their Applications .   An example using the Animat model as proposed by Wilson is discussed at some length in chapter 9 of Stan Franklin 's book , Artificial Minds . In this implementation , the animat is capable of independent learning about its environment through application and evolution of pattern-matching rules called `` taxons '' .   In 2001 Thomas DeMarse performed studies on ` Neurally controlled animat ' . Every two years , the Society of Adaptive Behaviour meets and produces a proceedings on this topic . They also have a journal , Adaptive Behavior .   Alan H Goldstein has proposed that , because nanobiotechnology is in the process of creating real animal-materials , speculative use of this term should be discouraged and its application become purely phenomenological . Based on the Animat Test ( contained in the reference `` I , Nanobot . '' ) any nonbiological material or entity that exhibits the minimum set of behaviors that define a life form is , de facto , an Animat . Goldstein 's basic premise is that in the age of nanobiotechnology it is necessary to follow the chemistry and molecular engineering rather than watching for the emergence of some pre-conceived minimum level of ` intelligence ' such as an artificial neural network capable of adaptive phenomena . Goldstein has cautioned that there is a serious disconnect between the fields of nanobiotechnology and A-life based on profound differences in scientific training , experimental systems , and the different sets of terminology ( jargon ) these two fields have produced . Nanobiotechnologists ( really molecular engineers who work with both biological and nonbiological molecules ) are generally not concerned with complex systems per se ; even when they are building molecular interconnects between such systems , e.g. neuroelectronic splices . A-Life researchers mainly take a systems-level approach . The enormous transformative power of novel molecular engineering has the potential to create Animats , true nonbiological life forms , whose relatively simple behavior would not fit into most standard A-Life paradigms . As a result , Goldstein argues , the first Animats may come into being completely unrecognized by either scientific community .

neg: Illegal logging in Madagascar Illegal logging has been a problem in Madagascar for decades and is perpetuated by extreme poverty and government corruption . Often taking the form of selective logging , the trade has been driven by high international demand for expensive , fine-grained lumber such as rosewood and ebony . Historically , logging and exporting in Madagascar have been regulated by the Malagasy government , although the logging of rare hardwoods was explicitly banned from protected areas in 2000 . Since then , government orders and memos have intermittently alternated between permitting and banning exports of precious woods . The most commonly cited reason for permitting exports is to salvage valuable wood from cyclone damage , although this reasoning has come under heavy scrutiny . This oscillating availability of Malagasy rosewood and other precious woods has created a market of rising and falling prices , allowing traders or `` timber barons '' to stockpile illegally sourced logs during periodic bans and then flood the market when the trade windows open and prices are high .   The unsustainable exploitation of these tropical hardwoods , particularly rosewood from the SAVA Region , has escalated significantly since the start of the 2009 Malagasy political crisis . Thousands of poorly paid Malagasy loggers have flooded into the national parks -- especially in the northeast -- building roads , setting up logging camps , and cutting down even the most difficult to reach rosewood trees . Illegal activities are openly flaunted , armed militia have descended upon local villages , and a rosewood mafia easily bribe government officials , buying export permits with ease . These illegal operations are funded in part by advance payments for future shipments ( financed by Chinese expatriates and Chinese importers ) and by loans from large , international banks . Demand is fueled mostly by a growing Chinese middle class and their desire for exotic imperial-style furniture . European and American demand for high-end musical instruments and furniture have also played a role . However , public scrutiny has put significant pressure on shipping companies involved in the trade , and the United States is starting to enforce the Lacey Act by investigating companies with suspected involvement in the illegal trade of Malagasy precious woods .   Logging in Madagascar 's tropical rainforests has had many secondary effects , beyond the risk of depletion of rare , endemic trees . Habitat has been disturbed , illegal mining has begun , local people have turned in desperation to the forests for resources , and poaching of endangered wildlife has escalated . Lemurs , the most well-known faunal group from the island , have been captured for the exotic pet trade as well as killed for food . Even the most critically endangered species have been targeted , primarily to feed a growing demand for delicacy food in up-scale restaurants . The local villagers have also suffered as tourism has declined sharply or ceased almost entirely . Some have resorted to working as loggers for minimal pay , while others have spoken out against it , often receiving death threats from the rosewood mafia in return .

neg: Biodiversity of Borneo The Borneo is located in Sunda Shelf which is an extensive region in Southeast Asia of immense importance in terms of biodiversity , biogeography and phylogeography of fauna and flora that had attracted AR Wallace and biologists all over the world .   The previous climatic oscillation and sea level changes leading to contraction and expansion of the tropical rain contributed to the extinction and genetic divergence of species in the region . Harrison ( 1958 ) was the first to discover of intermittent human habitation about 49,000 years ago in the Niah Cave National Park . Baker et al. ( 2007 ) unraveled the complexities of the late Pleistocene to Holocene habitation of the Niah Cave .   Flenley ( 1998 ) and Bird et al. ( 2005 ) suggested of a continuous savanna habitat with from the Asian mainland into Borneo and interrupted by a network of ancient Sunda River system . Dodson et al. ( 1995 ) postulated that the biogeographical history of Southeast Asia contributed to extensive admixture during Pleistocene low sea levels of genetic groups of an obligate freshwater fish ( the river catfish , Hemibagrus nemurus ) isolated during periods of high sea levels . During Pleistocene glacial maxima , the sea level was lower than at present and the islands of the Sunda shelf ( Sumatra , Borneo and Java ) and the Asian mainland were connected by lowlands traversed by rivers . Thus , the fish from Baram , Endau and Mekong rivers were genetically related .   Piper et al. ( 2008 ) identified 27 mammal , 11 bird and eight reptile taxa recovered from the Terminal Pleistocene deposits at Niah Cave . Some of these animals are extinct and extent in distribution in Borneo . Other biologists suggested Pleistocene refugia found in Borneo to explain for the gene flow and genetic divergent of certain species .

neg: Conservation in Australia Conservation in Australia is an issue of state and federal policy . Australia is one of the most biologically diverse countries in the world , with a large portion of species endemic to Australia . Preserving this wealth of biodiversity is important for future generations .   Animal habitats like reefs and forests must be preserved in order to preserve population and diversity of animal species . Conservation is vital for future study and for field research to be taken , and because biological richness is an unmeasurable aesthetic that may be developed into commercial recreational attractions .   According to Janine Benyus , the potential for advances in biomimicry in Australia are great because the extreme weather and conditions found here provide an excellent evolutionary incubator . Research on natural processes can only occur if habitat is preserved and organisms continue to thrive .   Federal and State governments manage protected areas and national parks ; a number of non-governmental organizations are also involved in conservation .

neg: Urban biosphere reserve An urban biosphere reserve is an attempt to apply the biosphere reserve concept to urban areas by the MAB Programme of UNESCO . Through urban planning and ecosystem management , an urban biosphere reserve is expected to support sustainable development and conservation . Brighton and Hove is bidding to become the world 's first urban biosphere reserve .   The need for urban biosphere reserves has arisen as the number of people living in the world 's cities has reached three billion , nearly half of the total population . By 2050 two-thirds of the total population will be living in the cities . The rapid expansion of the cities and of their populations pose a challenge for a viable global environment . Although some of the existing biosphere reserves include cities and towns , entirely urban-oriented biosphere reserves have yet to be included in the list .

neg: Important ecological areas Important ecological areas ( IEAs ) are habitat areas which , either by themselves or in a network , contribute significantly to an ecosystem 's productivity , biodiversity , and resilience . Appropriate management of key ecological features delineates the management boundaries of an IEA . The identification and protection of IEAs is an element of an ecosystem-based management approach .   Important ecological areas may have varying levels of management of extractive activities , from monitoring up to and including marine reserve . IEAs have management measures tailored to the ecological features within the area with consideration of socioeconomic factors . Whereas marine reserves generally have a fixed management policy of no extraction or ` no-take ' . Nonetheless , a marine reserve may be the appropriate management policy for an IEA .   The identification and management of IEAs is a form of ocean zoning . In the event that there are a series of linked IEAs within a large marine ecosystem , a collective action to manage the network , such as a marine sanctuary or national monument , may be warranted .   Examples are tropical rainforests , oceans , forests , etc. .

neg: Microorganism A microorganism or microbe is a microscopic organism , which may be single-celled or multicellular . The study of microorganisms is called microbiology , a subject that began with the discovery of microorganisms in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek . Robert Hooke coined the term `` cell '' after viewing plant cells under his microscope . Later , in the 19th century , Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage , debunking the theory of spontaneous generation . In 1876 Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms cause diseases .   Microorganisms are very diverse and include all bacteria , archaea and most protozoa . This group also contains some fungi , algae , and some micro-animals such as rotifers . Many macroscopic animals and plants have microscopic juvenile stages . Some microbiologists classify viruses and viroids as microorganisms , but others consider these as nonliving . In July 2016 , scientists identified a set of 355 genes from the last universal common ancestor of all life , including microorganisms , living on Earth .   Microorganisms live in every part of the biosphere , including soil , hot springs , inside rocks at least 12 mi deep underground , the deepest parts of the ocean , and at least 40 mi high in the atmosphere . Microorganisms , under certain test conditions , have been observed to thrive in the vacuum of outer space . Microorganisms likely far outweigh all other living things combined . The mass of prokaryote microorganisms including the bacteria and archaea may be as much as 0.8 trillion tons of carbon , out of the total biomass of between 1 and 4 trillion tons . Microorganisms appear to thrive in the Mariana Trench , the deepest spot in the Earth 's oceans . Other researchers reported related studies that microorganisms thrive inside rocks up to 580 m below the sea floor under 2590 m of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States , as well as 2400 m beneath the seabed off Japan . In August 2014 , scientists confirmed the existence of microorganisms living 800 m below the ice of Antarctica . According to one researcher , `` You can find microbes everywhere -- they 're extremely adaptable to conditions , and survive wherever they are . ''   Microorganisms are crucial to nutrient recycling in ecosystems as they act as decomposers . As some microorganisms can fix nitrogen , they are a vital part of the nitrogen cycle , and recent studies indicate that airborne microorganisms may play a role in precipitation and weather . Microorganisms are also exploited in biotechnology , both in traditional food and beverage preparation , and in modern technologies based on genetic engineering . A small proportion of microorganisms are pathogenic , causing disease and even death in plants and animals .

neg: Ecological self Ecological self is central to the school of Experiential Deep Ecology , which , based on the work of Norwegian philosopher Arne Næss , argues that through the process of self-actualisation , one transcends the nations of the individuated `` egoic '' self and arrives at a position of an ecological self . So long as one is working within the narrower concept of self , Næss argues , environmentally responsible behaviour is a form of altruism , a `` doing good for the other '' , which historically has been a precarious ethical basis , usually involved in exhorting others to `` be good '' . Næss argues that in his Ecosophy , the enlargement of the ego-self to the eco-self results in environmentally responsible behaviour as a form of self-interest .   Warwick Fox argued that Næss 's philosophy was based upon a variety of `` transpersonal ecology '' in which self-interest was firmly embedded within the interest of the ecommunity ecosphere of which the self was eternally embedded   As deep ecologist John Seed has stated , `` Deep ecology critiques the idea that we are the crown of creation , the measure of all being : that the world is a pyramid with humanity rightly on top , merely a resource , and that nature has instrumental value only '' . The concept of the Ecological Self goes beyond anthropocentrism , which , by contrast locates human concerns as the exclusive source of all value . It draws upon the Land Ethic of Aldo Leopold . Leopold argued that within conventional ethics , the land itself was considered only as property , occupying a role analogous to slavery in earlier societies that permitted the ownership of people . By comparison a land ethic enlarges the boundary of moral concern to include `` soils , waters , plants , and animals , or collectively : the land '' . The basis of such a non-anthropocentric ethic , according to Leopold was that `` A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity , stability , and beauty of the biotic community . It is wrong when it tends otherwise . ''   Like Thomas Berry and Brian Swimme , ecological philosopher Freya Mathews argues that in considering the ecological self , we need to look beyond the present to the `` deep time '' of ages past , in the evolution of life and the creation of the cosmos , in order to consider the real roots of human consciousness . Experiential deep ecologist Joanna Macy speaks of the Ecological Self in her book `` World as Lover , World as Self '' , and uses the concept in her work on `` Deep Time '' .

neg: Water resources Water resources are sources of water that are potentially useful . Uses of water include agricultural , industrial , household , recreational and environmental activities . The majority of human uses require fresh water .   97 % of the water on the Earth is salt water and only three percent is fresh water ; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps . The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater , with only a small fraction present above ground or in the air .   Fresh water is a renewable resource , yet the world 's supply of groundwater is steadily decreasing , with depletion occurring most prominently in Asia , South America and North America , although it is still unclear how much natural renewal balances this usage , and whether ecosystems are threatened . The framework for allocating water resources to water users ( where such a framework exists ) is known as water rights .

neg: Modern Mars habitability One of the central questions of modern Astrobiology is whether there is , or ever has been life on Mars . Mars probably had oceans in the past , and it definitely had lakes and a thicker atmosphere . Modern Mars has become cold , dry , and almost uninhabitable , yet , if life did ever arise on Mars , some hardy microbes and perhaps even multicellular life might survive there right through to the present . The only missions to search for life on Mars , the two Viking missions , returned results that were inconclusive  . However the instruments were not designed to cope with the unusual conditions which Viking discovered on Mars , which may have confused the results of the experiments . Also , they did n't know enough about Mars at that time to target the regions we now think are most likely to have present day life .   Life would meet many challenges on present day Mars . Liquid water boils at 0 ° C , over much of its surface . Even at the depths of the Hellas basin , any water is close to its boiling point of 10 ° C and will dry out quickly . Ice also evaporates into the atmosphere over geological timescales - and most of the equatorial regions are thought to be dry to depths of tens of meters . As its axial tilt varies , Mars atmosphere is sometimes thicker , and liquid water may then form on the surface - but any dormant life in the top few meters of soil would be destroyed over periods of millions of years by cosmic radiation .   However , in 2008 , droplets were observed on the landing legs of Phoenix . Sadly , there was no way to analyse them , but the leading hypothesis is that they were droplets of salty water . Phoenix also made isotopic measurements which show that the Mars atmosphere has exchanged oxygen molecules with liquid on the surface in the recent geological past . This could indicate either recent episodic occurrences of liquid water ( for instance after a meteorite strike ) or water present every year , in contact with the atmosphere .   We now know of many seasonal changes in the surface of Mars which are only visible in high resolution photographs . Most of these are now thought to be caused by dry ice or wind effects . However , the `` Recurrent slope lineae '' , and some of the `` flow like features '' form in conditions that suggest the occasional presence of small quantities of water on Mars . The evidence of flowing brines in the RSLs is strong , though it 's not known if they are habitable . Curiosity has also found indirect evidence of a brine layer 15 cm below the sands that it drives over , though most scientists think that this layer is not habitable for Earth life . Recent Mars surface simulations by Nilton Renno and his team have shown that small droplets of water can form on salt / ice interfaces for a few hours per day almost anywhere on the surface of Mars , and this may explain the Phoenix leg droplets observations .   In a separate development , research by the German aerospace company DLR in Mars simulation chambers and on the ISS show that some Earth life can survive simulated Mars surface conditions without any water at all , and photosynthesize and metabolize , slowly . It can do this using the high relative humidity of the Mars atmosphere at night . All of this work was done after the Phoenix discoveries in 2008 .   Other potential habitats include lakes formed in the higher latitudes after cometary or meteorite impacts , or as a result of volcanism . Covered by ice , these may remain liquid for centuries , or up to a few thousand years for the largest impacts . The planet may also have underground trapped layers of water heated by geothermal hotspots . Also there are suggestions that Mars may have a deep hydrosphere , a liquid layer below its cryosphere , a few kilometers below the surface . Deep rock habitats on Earth are inhabited by life so if this layer exists , it may also be habitable on Mars .   The main questions are   Do these potential habitats exist ?  Are they habitable ? For instance , liquid water , if present , could be too cold , or too salty for Earth life  Are they in fact inhabited by any forms of life ? As Mars is so inhospitable , life might not be able to spread to new habitats easily . So there might be life in some of the habitats and not in others . Or life on Mars may have gone extinct , or never evolved at all , in which case none of the habitats would be inhabited .   These discoveries have renewed interest in this topic , with many astrobiologists saying that they think present day Mars may be more habitable than previously thought . The first conference on the Present Day Habitability of Mars was held in 2013 in UCLA . The 2017 conference session on Modern Mars Habitability will run from April 24 -- 28 in Mesa , Arizona

neg: Supercontinent In geology , a supercontinent is the assembly of most or all of Earth 's continental blocks or cratons to form a single large landmass . However , the definition of a supercontinent can be ambiguous . Many earth scientists use the term `` supercontinent '' to mean `` a clustering of nearly all continents '' . This definition leaves room for interpretation when labeling a continental body and is easier to apply to Precambrian times . Using the first definition provided here , Gondwana is not considered a supercontinent , because the landmasses of Baltica , Laurentia and Siberia also existed at the same time but physically separate from each other . The landmass of Pangaea is the collective name describing all of these continental masses when they were most recently in proximity to one another . This would classify Pangaea as a supercontinent . According to the modern definitions , a supercontinent does not exist today . Supercontinents have assembled and dispersed multiple times in the geologic past ( see table ) . The positions of continents have been accurately determined back to the early Jurassic . However , beyond , continental positions are much less certain .

neg: Habitat A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal , plant , or other type of organism . The term typically refers to the zone in which the organism lives and where it can find food , shelter , protection and mates for reproduction . It is the natural environment in which an organism lives , or the physical environment that surrounds a species population .   A habitat is made up of physical factors such as soil , moisture , range of temperature , and light intensity as well as biotic factors such as the availability of food and the presence or absence of predators . Every organism has certain habitat needs for the conditions in which it will thrive , but some are tolerant of wide variations while others are very specific in their requirements . A habitat is not necessarily a geographical area , it can be the interior of a stem , a rotten log , a rock or a clump of moss , and for a parasitic organism it is the body of its host , part of the host 's body such as the digestive tract , or a single cell within the host 's body .   Habitat types include polar , temperate , subtropical and tropical . The terrestrial vegetation type may be forest , steppe , grassland , semi-arid or desert . Fresh water habitats include marshes , streams , rivers , lakes , ponds and estuaries , and marine habitats include salt marshes , the coast , the intertidal zone , reefs , bays , the open sea , the sea bed , deep water and submarine vents .   Habitats change over time . This may be due to a violent event such as the eruption of a volcano , an earthquake , a tsunami , a wildfire or a change in oceanic currents ; or the change may be more gradual over millennia with alterations in the climate , as ice sheets and glaciers advance and retreat , and as different weather patterns bring changes of precipitation and solar radiation . Other changes come as a direct result of human activities ; deforestation , the ploughing of ancient grasslands , the diversion and damming of rivers , the draining of marshland and the dredging of the seabed . The introduction of alien species can have a devastating effect on native wildlife , through increased predation , through competition for resources or through the introduction of pests and diseases to which the native species have no immunity .

neg: Environmental science Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical , biological and information sciences ( including ecology , biology , physics , chemistry , zoology , mineralogy , oceanology , limnology , soil science , geology , atmospheric science , and geodesy ) to the study of the environment , and the solution of environmental problems . Environmental science emerged from the fields of natural history and medicine during the Enlightenment . Today it provides an integrated , quantitative , and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems .   Related areas of study include environmental studies and environmental engineering . Environmental studies incorporates more of the social sciences for understanding human relationships , perceptions and policies towards the environment . Environmental engineering focuses on design and technology for improving environmental quality in every aspect .   Environmental scientists work on subjects like the understanding of earth processes , evaluating alternative energy systems , pollution control and mitigation , natural resource management , and the effects of global climate change . Environmental issues almost always include an interaction of physical , chemical , and biological processes . Environmental scientists bring a systems approach to the analysis of environmental problems . Key elements of an effective environmental scientist include the ability to relate space , and time relationships as well as quantitative analysis .   Environmental science came alive as a substantive , active field of scientific investigation in the 1960s and 1970s driven by ( a ) the need for a multi-disciplinary approach to analyze complex environmental problems , ( b ) the arrival of substantive environmental laws requiring specific environmental protocols of investigation and ( c ) the growing public awareness of a need for action in addressing environmental problems . Events that spurred this development included the publication of Rachel Carson 's landmark environmental book Silent Spring along with major environmental issues becoming very public , such as the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill , and the Cuyahoga River of Cleveland , Ohio , `` catching fire '' ( also in 1969 ) , and helped increase the visibility of environmental issues and create this new field of study .

neg: Barren vegetation Barren vegetation describes an area of land where plant growth may be sparse , stunted , and/or contain limited biodiversity . Environmental conditions such as toxic or infertile soil , high winds , coastal salt-spray and climatic conditions are often key factors in poor plant growth and development . Barren vegetation can be categorized depending on the climate , geology and the geographic location of a specific area .  Pine Barrens , coastal barrens and serpentine barrens are some of the more distinct ecoregions for barren vegetation and are the most commonly researched by scientists . Often referred to as `` heathlands '' , barrens can be excellent environments for unique biological diversity and taxonomic compositions .

neg: Endemism Endemism is the ecological state of a species being unique to a defined geographic location , such as an island , nation , country or other defined zone , or habitat type ; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere . The extreme opposite of endemism is cosmopolitan distribution . An alternative term for a species that is endemic is precinctive , which applies to species ( and subspecific categories ) that are restricted to a defined geographical area .   The word endemic is from New Latin endēmicus , from Greek ενδήμος , endēmos , `` native '' . Endēmos is formed of en meaning `` in '' , and dēmos meaning `` the people '' . The term , precinctive , has been suggested by some scientists , and was first used in botany by MacCaughey in 1917 . It is the equivalent of `` endemism '' . Precinction was perhaps first used by Frank and McCoy . Precinctive seems to have been coined by David Sharp when describing the Hawaiian fauna in 1900 : `` I use the word precinctive in the sense of ` confined to the area under discussion ' ... ` precinctive forms ' means those forms that are confined to the area specified . '' That definition excludes artificial confinement of examples by humans in far-off botanical gardens or zoological parks .

neg: Natural selection Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype . It is a key mechanism of evolution , the change in heritable traits of a population over time . Charles Darwin popularised the term `` natural selection '' , and compared it with artificial selection .   Variation exists within all populations of organisms . This occurs partly because random mutations arise in the genome of an individual organism , and offspring can inherit such mutations . Throughout the lives of the individuals , their genomes interact with their environments to cause variations in traits . The environment of a genome includes the molecular biology in the cell , other cells , other individuals , populations , species , as well as the abiotic environment . Individuals with certain variants of the trait may survive and reproduce more than individuals with other , less successful , variants ; therefore , the population evolves . Factors that affect reproductive success are also important , including sexual selection ( now often included in natural selection ) and fecundity selection .   Natural selection acts on the phenotype , or the observable characteristics of an organism , but the genetic ( heritable ) basis of any phenotype that gives a reproductive advantage may become more common in a population . Over time , this process can result in populations that specialise for particular ecological niches ( microevolution ) and may eventually result in speciation ( the emergence of new species , macroevolution ) . In other words , natural selection is a key process in the evolution of a population . Natural selection can be contrasted with artificial selection , in which humans intentionally choose specific traits , whereas in natural selection there is no intentional choice .   Natural selection is one of the cornerstones of modern biology . The concept , published by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in a joint presentation of papers in 1858 , was elaborated in Darwin 's influential 1859 book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection , or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life , which described natural selection as analogous to artificial selection , a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favoured for reproduction . The concept of natural selection originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity ; at the time of Darwin 's writing , science had yet to develop modern theories of genetics . The union of traditional Darwinian evolution with subsequent discoveries in classical genetics formed the modern synthesis of the mid-20th century . The addition of molecular genetics has led to evolutionary developmental biology , which explains evolution at the molecular level . While genotypes can slowly change by random genetic drift , natural selection remains the primary explanation for adaptive evolution .

neg: Habitat International Coalition Habitat International Coalition ( HIC ) is an independent , nonprofit alliance with hundreds of organizations and individuals , which has been working in housing and human settlements for more than 30 years . The Coalition comprises social movements , community-based organizations , support groups and academics . The strength of the Coalition is based on its worldwide membership ( it has members in 117 nations in five continents ) and on the fact that it brings together a range of civil society groups . Dedicated to advocacy and support for the poor , solidarity networking , popular mobilization , debate and analysis , HIC works to unite civil society in a shared commitment to ensuring sustainable habitat and a livable planet for all . Its work focuses on defending and implementing the human rights linked to housing and habitat ; i.e. , land , housing , clean water , sanitation , a healthy environment , access to public goods and services ( e.g. , health , education , transport and recreation ; access to livelihood and social protection , pluralism and the preservation of social , natural , historic and cultural patrimony .   Since the ’80 HIC has been developing special capacities seeking gender equality , in a balanced articulation between reflection and action on different issues : the rights ' approach , the right to the city , the social production of habitat , women and habitat and the sustainable habitat .   HIC specific work on the right to the city seeks to deepen the analysis and the actions on the proposal of building more just cities worldwide . HIC has been committed since decades in the creation of a theoretical and practical framework for the right to the city . The Coalition articulates and accompanies social movements and organizations in their struggle to achieve the realization of all human rights to ensure the collective well-being of inhabitants ; the democratic management and the social function of the city . HIC is also aware of the global challenges facing worldwide on climate change and food sovereignty and the obvious impacts on the cities : the Coalition works on broaden exchanges between urban and rural movements .   HIC 'S work on social production of habitat seeks to derive practical lessons from the compilation , exchange and analysis of `` people 's processes '' in initiating , designing , building and maintaining local environments . These experiences , which build upon local social resources and demonstrate local social reliance and ingenuity , generate and promote methods and strategies that then can be shared and replicated across regions . Each region has given rise to diverse and specific examples of struggles and efforts that emphasize distinct circumstances and priorities to construct people-centred livelihoods . In order to strengthen people 's process for access and provision of land and shelter , lessons learned to date show a need to :  understand what sustains the people 's process on land , housing and habitat/settlements development , in urban and rural areas ,  understand what are the forces , both external and internal , that strengthen or weaken peoples ' processes , including political and economic forces that have a bearing on people 's processes , and in particular the dynamics of the informal and formal land markets ;  envision alternative ways to develop cities and other human settlements , evolving a bottom-up perspective on human settlement development without destroying livelihoods , assets and material achievements of the poor , while , quite to the contrary , supporting and nurturing livelihoods , assets and settlements of the poor , and their integration into the city ;  articulate and support the people 's processes through policies and actions for both government and nongovernmental organizations ;  develop more flexible design-based , knowledge-based and service-based housing policies and outputs with the objective of realizing the human right to adequate housing and equitable land use .

neg: Earth Microbiome Project The Earth Microbiome Project ( EMP ) is an initiative to collect natural samples and to analyze the microbial community around the globe .   Microbes are highly abundant , diverse , and have an important role in the ecological system . There are an estimated 1.3 × 1028 archaeal cells , 3.1 × 1028 bacterial cells , and 1 × 1030 virus particles in the ocean . The bacterial diversity , a measure of the number of types of bacteria in a community , is estimated to be about 160 for a mL of ocean water , 6,400 -- 38,000 for a g of soil , and 70 for a mL of sewage works . Yet , it was estimated that the total global environmental DNA sequencing effort had produced less than 1 percent of the total DNA found in a liter of seawater or a gram of soil , and the specific interactions between microbes are largely unknown .   The EMP aims to process as many as 200,000 samples in different biomes , generating a complete database of microbes on earth to characterize environments and ecosystems by microbial composition and interaction . Using these data , new ecological and evolutionary theories can be proposed and tested .

neg: Rare Earth (book) Rare Earth : Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe is a 2000 popular science book about xenobiology by Peter Ward , a geologist and paleontologist , and Donald E. Brownlee , an astronomer and astrobiologist , both faculty members at the University of Washington . The book is the origin of the term ` Rare Earth Hypothesis ' which , like the book , asserts the concept that complex life is rare in the universe . The book was eventually succeeded by a follow-up book called The Life and Death of Planet Earth , also by Ward and Brownlee , which talks about the Earth 's long term future and eventual demise under a warming and expanding Sun , showing readers the concept that planets like Earth have finite lifespans , and complex life is not just rare in space , but also rare in time , and is more likely to die out within a short time on geological timescales , while microbes dominate most of the planet 's history .


query: Life Is Peachy was released through at least one record label.

pos: Life Is Peachy Life Is Peachy is the second studio album by the American nu metal band Korn , released on October 15 , 1996 through both Immortal Records and Epic Records . After the release of Korn 's 1994 self-titled debut album , the band asked Ross Robinson to produce and went back to Indigo Ranch to record . Life Is Peachy has fourteen tracks , excluding the hidden track after `` Kill You '' . Korn released three singles from Life Is Peachy : `` No Place to Hide '' , `` A.D.I.D.A.S. '' , and `` Good God '' . All three singles went on the UK Singles Chart . Life Is Peachy features such themes as drugs , social encounters , sex , and revenge . The album 's cover art was designed by Martin Riedl and its name is credited to Korn 's bassist Reginald `` Fieldy '' Arvizu .   Life Is Peachy was certified gold on January 8 , 1997 and was later certified platinum on December 9 , 1997 . Following the success of Korn 's 1994 self-titled debut album , Life Is Peachy was certified double platinum on November 10 , 1999 . Life Is Peachy debuted and peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and peaked at number one in New Zealand . In its first week of being released , the album sold 106,000 copies . Critical reception for Life Is Peachy was mainly mixed , with critics praising the album 's songwriting and sound quality .   Before the release of Life Is Peachy , Korn toured with many bands . Initially , Korn joined the Sick of It All Tour . Following the Sick of It All Tour , Korn joined the Danzig 4 Tour . Korn also toured with Megadeth , Fear Factory , and Flotsam and Jetsam . After the release of Life Is Peachy , Korn toured solo , and headlined and often sold out shows . Korn also toured in the Lollapalooza summer tour .

pos: Immortal Records Immortal Records is an imprint record label , formerly an independent record label/imprint based in Los Angeles , California . Founded in 1994 by Amanda Scheer Demme and Happy Walters , the company had helped launched the careers of such influential acts as Korn , Thirty Seconds to Mars , and Incubus over the years . The label had also released soundtracks , including Judgment Night , Spawn , Blade II , and Masters of Horror .

neg: Hi or Hey Records Hi or Hey Records is a record label founded by Australian pop punk band 5 Seconds of Summer . The name for the label was chosen via a fan vote on Twitter which took place on January 22 , 2014 . On January 27 , 2014 , 5SOS announced that Hi Or Hey was the winning label name . On the labels ' official website , the band explained that not only would they be releasing all of their music through Hi Or Hey Records in conjunction with Capitol Records and Universal Music , but they would also be signing a roster of their own bands and releasing them via the label .   On March 24 , 2015 , the label signed its first act , rock band Hey Violet . As of November 2016 , Hey Violet is the only band signed to the label . On August 16 , 2015 , Hey Violet released their EP , Brand New Moves on Hi or Hey Records .

neg: Lobby Music Lobby Music is a record company , headquartered in Paleo Faliro , Greece , founded in 2010 by composer Nektarios Bitros . The record company has released several songs from notable artists of the Greek music industry .   The makers of the record company , managed in the first five years of operation to sign contracts with several established Greek artists as well as new artists . At times , Lobby Music has been credited with platinum and gold albums from releases .

neg: Slow Roast Records Slow Roast Records is an independent record label based out of Miami , Florida , USA .

neg: Indie hip-hop Indie hip hop ( short for independent hip hop ) is hip hop that primarily exists in the independent underground music scene .   The term underground hip hop may be used to describe both indie hip hop ( which is defined by its artists being unsigned or signed to independent record labels , rather than major record labels ) as well as alternative hip hop ( which is defined by music that diverges from mainstream hip hop music such as Gangsta rap . )   As the term `` indie hip hop '' is indicative of the musicians making the music rather than the music itself , it is not strictly a genre but rather covers a range of styles with clearly discernable hip hop characteristics .   Like indie rock artists , many indie hip hop artists place a premium on maintaining complete control of their music and careers , releasing albums on independent record labels ( sometimes their own ) and relying on touring , word-of-mouth , and air play on independent or college radio stations for promotion . Some of its more popular artists , however , may end up moving to major labels , though often on favorable terms won by their prior independent success .   Independent hip hop labels include Babygrande Records , Definitive Jux , Nature Sounds Records and Strange Famous Records . Notable indie hip hop artists include 7L & Esoteric , Bronze Nazareth , Chief Kamachi , Lord Jamar , Mr. Lif , Jedi Mind Tricks , OuterSpace , The Perceptionists , WMR Music Group and The Society of Invisibles .

neg: It's a Wonderful Life (EP) It 's a Wonderful Life is a four-song Christmas extended play ( EP ) release by the alternative rock band Fishbone in 1987 . The EP quickly went out of print , but its four songs were preserved on the 1996 retrospective Fishbone 101 : Nuttasaurusmeg Fossil Fuelin ' the Fonkay and the title track was featured on the 2003 greatest hits compilation album The Essential Fishbone .

neg: Nick Records Nick Records ( also known as Nickelodeon Records or Nick Music ) is the record label for the children 's television channel Nickelodeon . The label featured new and emerging young musical artists , `` triple threat '' singers who would also act and dance on the network 's series , and soundtrack and compilations based on Nickelodeon TV shows .

neg: Fresh Records (UK) Fresh Records was an independent record label , and distributor based in the United Kingdom . Most popular ( and successful ) in the early 1980s , the label once supported punk groups like The Wall , UK Decay , Play Dead , Family Fodder , Cuddly Toys , The Dark , Wilko Johnson and Big Hair competed with labels such as 4AD .   The label ran out of cash and went bankrupt in 1982 . Staff at the label formed Jungle Records and bought the rights to the label recordings .   A dance label of the same name began in the UK in 1992 , supporting artists such as Lovestation , Strike and Serious Danger .

neg: Tangerine Records (1992) Tangerine Records is a UK-based independent record label founded in 1992 by musician Paul Bevoir , music journalist Chris Hunt and marketing executive John Ashworth .

neg: Monarchy Music Monarchy Music is an independent record label based in Costa Mesa , California , United States .

neg: Olivia Records Olivia Records was a collective founded in 1973 to record and market women 's music . Olivia , named after the heroine of a pulp novel by Dorothy Bussy who fell in love with her headmistress at French boarding school , was the brainchild of ten lesbian-feminists ( the Furies Collective and Radicalesbians ) living in Washington , D.C. who wanted to create a feminist organization with an economic base .   Olivia was co-founded by Judy Dlugacz .   In 1973 , the collective put out a 45 with Meg Christian on one side and Cris Williamson on the other . Yoko Ono responded and said that she wanted to do a side project with Olivia , but the collective politely declined . Without making themselves dependent on any high-profile person , they made $ 12,000 with that 45 , enough to put out singer Meg Christian 's first record , and soon after , Williamson 's groundbreaking album The Changer and the Changed .   Sandy Stone was Olivia 's sound engineer from ca. 1974-1978 , recording and mixing all Olivia product during this period . She resigned as the controversy over her working for a lesbian-identified enterprise increased because she was a transgender woman . The debate continued in Janice Raymond 's book The Transsexual Empire , which devoted a chapter to criticism of `` the transsexually constructed lesbian-feminist '' .   In 1977 , after repeated criticism by Anita Bryant , Olivia put out Lesbian Concentrate , a collection of songs and poetry with part of the proceeds going to benefit the Lesbian Mothers National Defense Fund . Included on the 13 track LP is Meg Christian 's `` Ode To A Gym Teacher '' and Sue Fink 's `` Leaping Lesbians '' .   Olivia moved first to Los Angeles to stay on top of the burgeoning music scene and then to Oakland . The remaining five women of the collective , who had been pooling their money and even living together for the previous seven years , began to disperse . Olivia stopped putting out new records and instead performed a series of 15th anniversary concerts in 1988 . The two concerts at Carnegie Hall in New York City were the largest grossing concerts at that venue in its history . Yet , The New York Times barely mentioned the show .   Even though Olivia Records released world music and salsa records , they were most successful with acoustic solo acts , although sometimes they failed to identify mainstream talent . In 1985 , singer/songwriter Melissa Etheridge , then a struggling Los Angeles artist , sent her demo to Olivia , but was ultimately rejected . Etheridge went on to become one of the most popular female performers of the 1990s and arguably the most successful lesbian musician of all time . She saved the rejection letter , signed by `` the women of Olivia , '' which was featured in Intimate Portrait , the Lifetime Television documentary of her life .   Unable to reinvent themselves for the changing musical landscape for women , from riot grrl to Lilith Fair to Ani Difranco , Olivia could no longer sustain itself as a record label .   Olivia Records founded Olivia , the lesbian cruise line , in 1988 .

neg: Epic Records Epic Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment , a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America , Inc. . Epic was founded predominantly as a jazz and classical music label in 1953 . It later expanded its scope to include a more diverse range of musical genres , including pop , R&B , rock and hip hop . Historically , the label has housed popular acts such as Michael Jackson , Cheap Trick , Shakira , Celine Dion , ABBA , Anastacia , Boston , Dave Clark Five , Gloria Estefan , Pearl Jam and Sly & the Family Stone .   Along with Columbia and RCA Records , Epic is one of Sony Music Entertainment 's three main record labels . Artists currently signed to Epic as of 2017 include Fiona Apple , Sara Bareilles , Mariah Carey , Keyshia Cole , Future , Fifth Harmony , Jennifer Hudson , Zara Larsson , Jennifer Lopez , Outkast , Ozzy Osbourne , Judas Priest , Busta Rhymes , Rick Ross , Sade , 21 Savage , Travis Scott and Meghan Trainor .

neg: Dyslexic Records Dyslexic Records was an independent American music label based in Roselle , Illinois , United States , during the mid-1990s .

neg: Red Hammer Records Red Hammer Records is an independent record label located in the Portland , Oregon metro area of Battle Ground , Washington . The label was founded in 2006 and is currently being distributed in the United States and digitally throughout the world by E1 Entertainment .

neg: Shout! Factory Shout ! Factory is an American home video and music company founded in 2003 . Its video releases include previously released feature films , classic and contemporary TV series , animation , live music , and comedy specials . Shout ! Factory also owns and operates Timeless Media Group , Biograph Records , Majordomo Records , HighTone Records , and Video Time Machine .

neg: My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult discography The American electronic industrial rock band My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult has released ten studio albums , one live album , three compilation albums , two video albums , six remix albums , three extended plays , and ten singles . In addition , their songs have been featured on three soundtrack albums and one promotional single for major Hollywood films .   They began their career on the independent record label Wax Trax ! Records , which , like the band , was based in Chicago . In 1991 , their single `` Sexplosion ! '' from the album of the same name became a top 10 dance club hit in the U.S. Following this success , Thrill Kill Kult was signed by the major label Interscope Records , which re-released the Sexplosion ! album . On Interscope , the band achieved their biggest hit , `` Sex On Wheelz '' , which reached the top 20 on both the dance club and alternative U.S. charts .   The band 's 1993 Interscope album 13 Above the Night was their only album to chart , reaching # 194 on the Billboard top 200 albums chart . The album provided two more dance chart hits , `` Blue Buddha '' and `` Final Blindness '' . After one more Interscope album , Thrill Kill Kult briefly moved to Red Ant Records in the late 1990s . Their releases since 2000 have been on Rykodisc and/or the band 's own label , Sleazebox Records .   Thrill Kill Kult 's songs have also been featured ( along with other artists ) on three soundtrack albums for the films Cool World ( 1992 ) , The Crow ( 1994 ) , and Showgirls ( 1995 ) , as well as a promo-only single for the film The Flintstones ( 1994 ) .

neg: Cowboy Records Cowboy Records was a record label in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . It was founded by Buddy DeSylva and Johnny Mercer in 1942 . It was later owned by Jimmy DeKnight and Jack Howard . Artists who recorded for the label included Bill Haley , who made his first commercial single release with the label as Bill Haley and the Four Aces of Western Swing .

neg: Schoolkids Records Schoolkids Records is a retail indie record store based in the `` Triangle '' region of Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill , North Carolina .   Founded in 1974 , Schoolkids is one of the longest running music retail stores in the country and at one point had as many as 7 stores throughout the eastern North Carolina region ( Raleigh ( 2 ) , Durham , Chapel Hill , Cary , Greenville ) and one in Athens , Georgia . As of 2009 the main flagship store in Raleigh , NC ( Across from NC State University ) was the sole location still in business . In October 2013 , the store announced it would relocate to the Mission Valley Shopping Center to make way for a destination hotel that was causing the eviction of several local businesses along Hillsborough Street . The new location would still allow the business to operate close to the university , while expanding space for live music performances and the ability to sell craft beers .   The store has often been located close to College and University campus and focuses mostly on selling Alternative , Independent and College music , selling both Vinyl and CDs , with the trend largely going back to more and more Vinyl by 2012 . Schoolkids has been widely known as the main record store for almost 40 years ( until the other locations closed ) around schools such as : North Carolina State University , The University of North Carolina , Duke University , East Carolina University and The University of Georgia .   The store has often been the destination and shopping preference for many local and national bands in this area , many of whom either worked at the store or started selling their first albums or 7 '' singles at the store on consignment . Artists to get their start selling records at Schoolkids include : Ryan Adams and Whiskeytown , Superchunk , Archers of Loaf , Ben Folds , The Connells , Polvo , Athenaeum , Squirrel Nut Zippers and many others . The store was also one of the first retail outlets to sell No Depression Magazine and to work with labels such as Merge Records , Mammoth Records and Yep Roc Records .   The store saw its highest level of sales in the early 90 's when the independent music sector exploded with the success of Nirvana .   Schoolkids has often been confused with some of the other stores in the country with the same name , including `` School Kids Records '' and `` School Kids in Exile '' in Ann Arbor , Michigan as well as other cities like Gainesville , Florida , but the stores were not connected in ownership to the main independent chain in North Carolina .   Schoolkids is a founding members of the CIMS Coalition , The first national Coalition of Independent Music Stores and has also been named by both Time Magazine and The Grammys as one of the `` top ten '' record stores in the United States .   In 2014 , in their new location at the Mission Valley Shopping Center ( just on the south side of NC State 's main campus ) , Schoolkids obtained an ABC license and started serving craft beers on draft and cans to their customers . The store increased its instore performances from national and local bands and became a store by day and a lounge-style bar/venue by night . Shows end early ( generally start at 8pm ) and are over by 10pm . All shows are free and the store encourages customers to tip the band in a ` pass the Devo energy dome ' event each night . For Record Store Day 2014 , Schoolkids had its best sales day in its 40-year history . In July , they hosted a 40th Anniversary show for free at the Lincoln Theatre and the lineup was : The DeBonzo Brothers , Hank Sinatra , Six String Drag , The Baseball Project ( Featuring Steve Wynn of the Dream Syndicate and his wife Linda Pitmon , Scott McCaughey ( Minus 5 ) , Mike Mills & Peter Buck ( R.E.M. ) and co-headliners , drivin ' n ' cryin ' . The show was a huge success drawing close to 700 people for the 5 -- 6 hour event . The store also saw Rock & Roll Hall of Fame legend , John Densmore , of the Doors visit for a book signing in September that drew over 300 rabid fans of The Doors to the store to enjoy some beers and get a book signed by a rock and roll legend . At year end , Schoolkids had seen its first growth year in almost 10 years and Vinyl sales were now 70 % of the business , with a growth of 57 % from 2013-2014 .

neg: Still Life (The Connells album) Still Life is the seventh studio album by the American pop/rock band The Connells , released in 1998 .

neg: Archenemy Record Company The Archenemy Record Company is a record label founded in 1997 and located in Boston , Massachusetts . It is home to such acts as Freezepop , Lifestyle , The Texas Governor , Rockets Burst from the Streetlamps , Chop Chop , and Karacter . The label is perhaps best known for Freezepop , which has gained a nationwide following after having music appearing in several video games , including Guitar Hero and FreQuency .

neg: Mack Life Records Mack Life Records is a record label , founded by British American R&B legend Mark Morrison . His single Return of the Mack was a UK # 1 single in 1996 . The song peaked at # 2 in the United States the following year .   Category : British record labels