query: Perth is the largest city in a state.

pos: Perth Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia . It is the fourth-most populous city in Australia , with an estimated population of 2.06 million living in Greater Perth . Perth is part of the South West Land Division of Western Australia , with the majority of the metropolitan area located on the Swan Coastal Plain , a narrow strip between the Indian Ocean and the Darling Scarp . The first areas settled were on the Swan River , with the city 's central business district and port ( Fremantle ) both located on its shores .   Perth was founded by Captain James Stirling in 1829 as the administrative centre of the Swan River Colony . It gained city status ( currently vested in the smaller City of Perth ) in 1856 , and was promoted to the status of a Lord Mayorality in 1929 . The city is named after Perth , Scotland , due to the influence of Sir George Murray , Member of Parliament for Perthshire and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies . The city 's population increased substantially as a result of the Western Australian gold rushes in the late 19th century . During Australia 's involvement in World War II , Fremantle served as a base for submarines operating in the Pacific Theatre , and a US Navy Catalina flying boat fleet was based at Matilda Bay . An influx of immigrants after the war , predominantly from Britain , Greece , Italy and Yugoslavia , led to rapid population growth . This was followed by a surge in economic activity flowing from several mining booms in the late 20th and early 21st centuries that saw Perth become the regional headquarters for a number of large mining operations located around the state .   As part of Perth 's role as the capital of Western Australia , the state 's Parliament and Supreme Court are located within the city , as is Government House , the residence of the Governor of Western Australia . Perth came seventh in the Economist Intelligence Unit 's August 2016 list of the world 's most liveable cities , and was classified by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network in 2010 as a world city .   Perth is divided into 30 local government areas and 250 suburbs , stretching from Two Rocks in the north to Singleton in the south , and east inland to The Lake . Outside of the main CBD , important urban centres within Perth include Armadale , Fremantle , Joondalup , Midland , and Rockingham . Most of those were originally established as separate settlements , and retained a distinct identity after being subsumed into the wider metropolitan area . Mandurah , Western Australia 's second-largest city , has in recent years formed a conurbation with Perth along the coast , though for most purposes it is still considered a separate city .

neg: Joondalup (suburb) Joondalup is a suburb of Perth , Western Australia , which includes the central business district of the regional city of Joondalup , as well as the council chambers for the City of Joondalup local authority .

neg: Forrest Highway Forrest Highway is a 95 km highway in Western Australia 's Peel and South West regions , extending Perth 's Kwinana Freeway from east of Mandurah down to Bunbury . Old Coast Road was the original Mandurah -- Bunbury route , dating back to the 1840s . Part of that road , and the Australind Bypass around Australind and Eaton , were subsumed by Forrest Highway . The highway begins at Kwinana Freeway 's southern terminus in Ravenswood , continues around the Peel Inlet to Lake Clifton , and heads south to finish at Bunbury 's Eelup Roundabout . There are a number of at-grade intersections with minor roads in the shires of Murray , Waroona , and Harvey including Greenlands Road and Old Bunbury Road , both of which connect to South Western Highway near Pinjarra .   The settlement of Australind by the Western Australian Land Company in 1840 -- 41 prompted the first real need for a good quality road to Perth . A coastal Australind -- Mandurah route was completed by 2 November 1842 . Though the road was rebuilt by convicts in the 1850s , its importance was already declining . With a new road via Pinjarra at the foothills of the Darling Scarp completed in 1876 , and the opening of the Perth − Bunbury railway in 1893 , few people travelled up the old coastal road . In the late 1930s there was a proposal to re-establish the road as a tourist route , which could also reduce traffic on the main road along the foothills , but it was put on hold due to World War II . Improvements to Old Coast Road started in the early 1950s , but with little progress made until 1954 when the Main Roads Department approved # 1000 worth of works . The name `` Old Coast Road '' was formally adopted on 27 January 1959 , and a sealed road was completed in September 1969 .   Since the 1980s , the state government has been upgrading the main Perth to Bunbury route , by extending Kwinana Freeway south from Perth , and constructing a dual carriageway on Old Coast Road north of Bunbury , including bypasses around Australind and Dawesville . A bypass was also planned around Mandurah , which underwent detailed environmental reviews and assessments in the 1990s and early 2000s . Construction of the New Perth Bunbury Highway project , which became Forrest Highway and the final Kwinana Freeway extension , began in December 2006 , and the new highway was opened on 20 September 2009 . Within one year of opening , the number of road accidents in the area had decreased significantly , but tourism and businesses in the towns on bypassed routes were also affected . There are few services alongside the highway , although a pair of roadhouses are planned near Greenlands Road . In June 2014 , Forrest Highway was extended south to Bunbury by renaming much of Old Coast Road as well as Australind Bypass as part of the highway .

neg: Shire of Perenjori The Shire of Perenjori is a local government area in the Mid West region of Western Australia , about 360 km north of the state capital , Perth . The Shire covers an area of 8313 km2 , and its seat of government is the town of Perenjori .

neg: Canning Dam The Canning Dam and reservoir provide a major fresh water resource for the city of Perth , Western Australia . The dam is situated on the Darling Scarp and is an impoundment of the Canning River . It is noted for its innovative structural and hydraulic design that was considered to be at the forefront of concrete gravity dam design at the time of construction . The Canning Dam was Perth 's primary water supply up until the 1960s when other sources of fresh water were tapped . Currently the dam supplies approximately 20 percent of Perth 's fresh water . Inflow into the Canning Reservoir is estimated to be 22 GL and has a storage capacity of 90352 Ml .   Since its completion in 1940 , the Canning Dam has contributed to a wide range of environmental and ecological problems in surrounding regions , problems include more common algal blooms , habitat loss and sedimentation . Despite these issues , Canning Dam and the adjacent parks and forests provide a variety of recreational activities for the public such as bushwalking , historic walks and picnic facilities .

neg: Shire of Quairading The Shire of Quairading is a local government area in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia , about 170 km east of the state capital , Perth . The Shire covers an area of 2018 km2 , and its seat of government is the town of Quairading .

neg: City of Albany The City of Albany is a local government area in the Great Southern region of Western Australia , about 410 km south-southeast of Perth , the capital of Western Australia . It covers an area of 4312.3 km2 , including the Greater Albany metropolitan area and the Port of Albany , as well as the surrounding agricultural district and some national parks . The City of Albany had a population of 33,650 at the 2011 census .

neg: Hillman, Western Australia Hillman is an outer southern suburb of Perth , the capital city of Western Australia , located within the City of Rockingham . It is principally a suburb of residential dwellings , and is the location of Hillman Primary School .   The suburb was created and named in 1970 after Alfred Hillman , a draftsman , surveyor and explorer , who arrived in Western Australia in 1831 and made many initial surveys in the Rockingham area . On 7 May 2009 , a boundary realignment of Cooloongup and Hillman approved by the Minister for Lands incorporated the Rockingham Train Station into Rockingham .   A significant portion of the north and east portions of the suburb is incorporated into Rockingham Lakes Regional Park .

neg: Great Southern (Western Australia) __ NOTOC __   The Great Southern Region is one of the nine regions of Western Australia , as defined by the Regional Development Commissions Act 1993 , for the purposes of economic development . It is a section of the larger South Coast of Western Australia and neighbouring agricultural regions .   The region officially comprises the local government areas of Albany , Broomehill-Tambellup , Cranbrook , Denmark , Gnowangerup , Jerramungup , Katanning , Kent , Kojonup , Plantagenet and Woodanilling .   The Great Southern Region has an area of 39007 km2 and a population of about 54,000 . Its administrative centre is the historic port of Albany . It has a Mediterranean climate , with hot , dry summers and cool , wet winters .   The economy of the Great Southern Region is dominated by livestock farming and crop-growing . It has some of the most productive cereal grain and pastoral land in the state , and is a major producer of wool and lamb . Albany is a major fishing centre .   The coast of the Great Southern Region has milder summer weather than areas on the west coast proper and is also a popular destination for holidaymakers , tourists , anglers and surfers . Albany is home to the Kalgan River which is associated with riverboats , from 1918 to 1935 with the Silver Star which lowered its funnel to get under a bridge , and today with the Kalgan Queen which lowers its roof to pass beneath the same bridge .   Noongar people have inhabited the region for tens of thousands of years . European settlement began with the establishment of a temporary British military base , commanded by Major Edmund Lockyer , at King George Sound ( Albany ) on Christmas Day , 1826 . Albany is consequently regarded as the oldest European settlement in Western Australia .

neg: Transport in South Australia Transport in South Australia is provided by a mix of road , rail , sea and air transport . The capital city of Adelaide is the centre to transport in the state . With its population of 1.1 million people , it has the majority of the state 's 1.6 million inhabitants . Adelaide has the state 's major airport and sea port .   Road transport is predominant in the state . Its extensive road network connect the state 's regional centres and other towns , few of which have populations greater than 10,000 . Private cars are a dominant form of transport throughout .   Adelaide is an isolated city with Melbourne , the nearest city , being 800 km away . This makes air transport important form of travel to other cities .   The state is a land transport hub between the eastern states of Australia , Western Australia and the Northern Territory . The town of Port Augusta at the top of the Spencer Gulf is the only railway link , and one of only two sealed road links from the eastern states . Most major surface freight passes through this town .

neg: North Perth North Perth may refer to :   North Perth , Ontario , Canada  North Perth , Western Australia

neg: Government House, Perth Government House is the official residence of the Governor of Western Australia , situated in the central business district of Perth , the state capital . It was built between 1859 and 1864 , in the Jacobean Revival style .   Government House is located on St Georges Terrace ( Perth 's main thoroughfare ) , sitting on the same block as Council House and the Supreme Court buildings . The site has been used by governors since the establishment of the Swan River Colony in 1829 , with the current structure built to replace an existing wooden building . The buildings and gardens of Government House are of exceptional heritage significance , being listed on the Western Australian Register of Heritage Places and classified by the National Trust . They are regularly opened for public viewing .

neg: Dumas House Dumas House is a fourteen storey office building constructed in Perth , Western Australia during the 1960s . The building is located close to St Georges Terrace , Kings Park , and Parliament House .   Dumas House was part of the 1955 plan to centralise all WA Government departments near Parliament House , based on the Stephenson-Hepburn Report . Several such plans had been proposed since the late 1920s , but post-World War II State finances and resources were unable to support the proposals . Public Works Department architects G. Finn , E. Van Mens and P. Maidment won a national competition to design the five office buildings that would house the departments . Dumas House was completed in 1965 , and was the only building constructed on the site out of the five planned .   Originally called ` Government Building ' , Dumas House was opened by Premier David Brand on 4 March 1966 . Brand 's speech at the opening focused on the building 's importance to the State :  It is a big building , and I think a handsome one . But this is not the important point at today 's ceremony . As I see it , this building is important not only because it provides essential office accommodation of a good standard essential for workers but because it is a symbol of a great era of progress for Western Australia . It is one of the signs of the beginning of a new age of development - aided by science , aided by an unprecedented inflow of capital funds , aided by great enthusiasm for the harnessing of our enormous resources and spurred on by the enterprise of thousands of people , partnerships , groups and companies from one end of the State to the other . I  believe history will look back on the ` sixties as one of the landmarks in the story of our State .   In 1968 , the State government scrapped its plans for five office buildings on the site for two reasons : increased traffic caused by the first building was such that the traffic for five buildings would have been unbearable , and politicians believed that five buildings on such a prominent site would give the appearance of ` dominance by the bureaucracy - a `` big brother '' complex . '   The building was named ` Dumas House ' in February 1978 , in honour of Sir Russell Dumas , who was the Director of Works and Buildings for the Public Works Department between 1941 and 1953 .   Dumas House is an example of the Post-War International style of architecture , with a modular grid building plan , glazed panelling and an open piazza . The International style was adapted for Australian conditions by adding horizontal slabs that project from the sides of the building and provide shade . The building 's construction , including fittings , cost $ 4,900,000 .   The building is owned by the Department of Housing and Works of the Government of Western Australia .   In 1985 , consideration was given to the presence of asbestos in the construction of the building . Extensive refurbishment of the building 's interior was undertaken in 2012 , and façade restoration works in 2015-2016 .   The Perth weather radar used to be housed on its roof .

neg: Western Australian state election, 1911 Elections were held in the state of Western Australia on 3 October 1911 to elect 50 members to the Western Australian Legislative Assembly . The Labor Party , led by Opposition Leader John Scaddan , defeated the conservative Ministerialist government led by Premier Frank Wilson . In doing so , Scaddan achieved both Labor 's first absolute majority on the floor of the Assembly with 68 % of the seats ( 34 of 50 ) won , and its largest to date . The result came as something of a surprise to many commentators and particularly to the Ministerialists , as they went to an election for the first time as a single grouping backed by John Forrest 's Western Australian Liberal League , under a new system of compulsory preferential voting and new electoral boundaries both of which had been passed by Parliament earlier in the year despite ardent Labor opposition .   The 1911 election is considered by political historians such as Brian de Garis and David Black to mark the end of the first phase of the development of party politics in Western Australia , which had begun with the granting of responsible government to the then British colony in 1890 . Labor held onto government with a one-seat majority in the following 1914 election but lost power in 1916 after losing a by-election and after another member left the Labor Party to sit as an Independent .   The Scaddan government was characterised by its involvement in a number of State-owned manufacturing and service businesses on the back of a relatively sluggish economy . The Government Trading Concerns Act 1912 saw it establishing and running the State Brickworks , the State Saw Mills , the State Implement Works , the State Shipping Service , the State Hotels , the State Quarry at Boya as well as meatworks , ferries and tramways .

neg: List of mayors of Fremantle Fremantle , Western Australia was initially incorporated as a Town Trust with limited powers on 17 April 1848 . The Municipal Institutions Act 1871 empanelled the Town Council with a Mayor , and it was made a Municipal Council in 1883 . On 3 June 1929 , Fremantle was declared a city -- Western Australia 's second after Perth , which was declared in 1856 .

neg: Neerabup, Western Australia Neerabup is a rural locality in Perth , the capital of Western Australia within the local government area of the City of Wanneroo .

neg: City of Bunbury The City of Bunbury is a local government area in the South West region of Western Australia , covering an area of 65.7 km2 along the coast about 180 km south of Perth , the capital of Western Australia . The City of Bunbury is one of four local governments comprising the Greater Bunbury sub-region . As at 30 June 2010 , the City of Bunbury had an estimated population of 34,626 .

neg: Western Australian state election, 1943 Elections were held in the state of Western Australia on 20 November 1943 to elect all 50 members to the Legislative Assembly . The Labor Party , led by Premier John Willcock , won a fourth term in office against the Country and Nationalist parties , led by Opposition Leader Arthur Watts and Robert Ross McDonald respectively .   The election took place in the midst of World War II , and as such , turnout was considerably down on the previous election . The election was delayed from its intended date of February 1942 by the Legislative Assembly Duration and General Election Postponement Acts ( No 51 of 1941 , assented 16 January 1942 , and No 18 of 1942 , assented 9 December 1942 ) due to the war .   In the previous term , two changes of membership occurred at by-elections . George Lambert , the Labor member for Yilgarn-Coolgardie , died on 30 June 1941 and was replaced by former Labor branch secretary Lionel Kelly , running under the `` Independent Country '' banner . He ultimately joined the Labor Party and became a minister in the Bert Hawke government in the 1950s . In 1943 , long-serving and colourful independent Thomas Hughes resigned his seat of East Perth to contest the federal seat of Perth . It was picked up by Labor 's Herb Graham . Prior to the election , former Independent Nationalist Arthur Abbott joined the Nationalist Party .

neg: Anglican Diocese of Perth The Anglican Diocese of Perth is one of the 23 dioceses of the Anglican Church of Australia . The constitution of the Diocese of Perth was passed and adopted in 1872 at the first synod held in Western Australia . In 1914 , the Province of Western Australia was created and the diocesan bishop became ex officio metropolitan bishop of the new province and therefore also an archbishop . The diocese incorporates the southern part of the state of Western Australia and includes the Christmas and Cocos Islands . The other dioceses in the Anglican Province of Western Australia are the Diocese of Bunbury and the Diocese of North West Australia .   The diocese has traditionally had a variety of churchmanship and in recent years has largely moved toward a more liberal and moderate Catholic style . There are , however , parishes and clergy representative of all the main Anglican traditions .

neg: Melaleuca, Western Australia Melaleuca is a suburb of Perth , Western Australia , located in the City of Swan local government area .

neg: Forrest Chase Forrest Chase is a major shopping centre in Forrest Place located in Perth , Western Australia .


query: South America is home to the Amazon River, the largest river in the world.

pos: South America South America is a continent located in the western hemisphere , mostly in the southern hemisphere , with a relatively small portion in the northern hemisphere . It may also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas , which is the model used in nations that speak Romance languages . The reference to South America instead of other regions ( like Latin America or the Southern Cone ) has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics ( in particular , the rise of Brazil ) .   It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean ; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest . It includes twelve sovereign states ( Argentina , Bolivia , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Ecuador , Guyana , Paraguay , Peru , Suriname , Uruguay , and Venezuela ) , a part of France ( French Guiana ) , and a non-sovereign area ( the Falkland Islands , a British Overseas Territory though this is disputed by Argentina ) . In addition to this , the ABC islands of the Kingdom of the Netherlands , Trinidad and Tobago , and Panama may also be considered part of South America .   South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers ( 6,890,000 sq mi ) . Its population has been estimated at more than 371,090,000 . South America ranks fourth in area ( after Asia , Africa , and North America ) and fifth in population ( after Asia , Africa , Europe , and North America ) . Brazil is by far the most populous South American country , with more than half of the continent 's population , followed by Colombia , Argentina , Venezuela and Peru . In recent decades Brazil has also concentrated half of the region 's GDP and has become a first regional power .   Most of the population lives near the continent 's western or eastern coasts while the interior and the far south are sparsely populated . The geography of western South America is dominated by the Andes mountains ; in contrast , the eastern part contains both highland regions and large lowlands where rivers such as the Amazon , Orinoco , and Paraná flow . Most of the continent lies in the tropics .   The continent 's cultural and ethnic outlook has its origin with the interaction of indigenous peoples with European conquerors and immigrants and , more locally , with African slaves . Given a long history of colonialism , the overwhelming majority of South Americans speak Portuguese or Spanish , and societies and states commonly reflect Western traditions .

pos: Amazon River The Amazon River , usually abbreviated to Amazon ( -LSB- ˈæməzɒn -RSB- or -LSB- ˈæməzən -RSB- Spanish and Amazonas ) , in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world and according to some authors , the longest in length .   The headwaters of the Apurímac River on Nevado Mismi had been considered for nearly a century as the Amazon 's most distant source , until a 2014 study found it to be the Cordillera Rumi Cruz at the headwaters of the Mantaro River in Peru . The Mantaro and Apurímac confluence , and with other tributaries form the Ucayali River , which in turn confluences with the Marañón River upstream of Iquitos , Peru , to form what countries other than Brazil consider to be the main stem of the Amazon . Brazilians call this section the Solimões River above its confluence with the Rio Negro to form what Brazilians call the Amazon at the Meeting of Waters ( Encontro das Águas ) at Manaus , the river 's largest city .   At an average discharge of about 209000 m3/s -- approximately 6591 km3/a , greater than the next seven largest independent rivers combined -- the Amazon represents 20 % of the global riverine discharge to the ocean . The Amazon basin is the largest drainage basin in the world , with an area of approximately 7050000 km2 . The portion of the river 's drainage basin in Brazil alone is larger than any other river 's basin . The Amazon enters Brazil with only one-fifth of the flow it finally discharges into the Atlantic Ocean , yet already has a greater flow at this point than the discharge of any other river .

neg: Humboldt Current The Humboldt Current System ( HCS ) , also called the Peru Current , is a major Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystem that flows north along the western coast of South America . It is an eastern boundary current flowing in the direction of the equator , and extend 500-1 ,000 kilometers offshore . The Humboldt Current is named after the Prussian naturalist Alexander von Humboldt . In 1846 , von Humboldt reported measurements of the cold-water current in his book Cosmos .   The current extends from the southern Chile ( ~ 45 'S ) to northern Peru ( ~ 4 'S ) where cold , upwelled waters intersect warm tropical waters to form the Equatorial Front . Sea surface temperatures off the coast of Peru , around 5 'S , reach temperatures as low as 16 ' C . This is highly uncharacteristic of tropical waters , as most other regions have temperatures measuring above 25 ' C. Upwelling brings nutrients to the surface , which support phytoplankton and ultimately increase biological productivity .   Upwelling within the current is not uniform across the entire system . Three notable upwelling subsystems are produced by this current : i ) seasonal upwelling in Chile , ii ) upwelling `` shadow '' that is less productive , but still large in northern Chile and Southern Peru , and iii ) year-round upwelling in Peru .   The Humboldt Current is considered a Class I , highly productive ( > 300 gC/m2-yr ) , ecosystem . It is the most productive eastern boundary current system . It accounts for roughly 18-20 % of the total worldwide marine fish catch . The species are mostly pelagic : sardines , anchovies and jack mackerel . The system 's high productivity supports other important fishery resources as well as marine mammals ( eared seals and cetaceans ) and seabirds . The cold , nutrient-rich water brought to the surface by upwelling drives the system 's extraordinary productivity.Periodically , the upwelling that drives the system 's productivity is disrupted by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) event . When this occurs , fish abundance and distribution are significantly affected , often leading to stock crashes and cascading social and economic impacts . These events have led to sequential changes , where sardines and anchovies have replaced each other periodically as the dominant species in the ecosystem . These species changes can have negative consequences for the fishing industry and the economies of the countries that fish the system .   The Humboldt has a considerable cooling influence on the climate of Chile , Peru and Ecuador . It is also largely responsible for the aridity of Atacama Desert in northern Chile and coastal areas of Peru and also of the aridity of southern Ecuador . Marine air is cooled by the current and thus is not conducive to generating precipitation ( although clouds and fog are produced ) .

neg: Mapinguari National Park Mapinguari National Park ( Parque Nacional Mapinguari ) is a national park in the states of Rondônia and Amazonas , Brazil .  It covers a large area of Amazon rainforest . The boundaries have been adjusted several times .

neg: Paulistas Paulistas are the inhabitants of the state of São Paulo , Brazil , and of its antecessor the Capitaincy of São Vicente , whose capital early shifted from the village of São Vicente to the one of São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga .   The early population of São Paulo consisted mainly of indigenous Amerindian with few Portuguese settlers . The Portuguese settlements were small .   As the Bandeirantes gained power and the vice-kingdom of Brazil developed , the Portuguese element predominated in the population , the Indians being either absorbed or killed . But the province of São Paulo , enlarged by the Bandeiras to include Mato Grosso , Goiás , Paraná and Santa Catarina , remained undeveloped , having neither the gold of Minas Gerais nor the sugar cane of Pernambuco . As a consequence , it did not receive the same influx of black slaves during the 16th and 17th centuries as the more prosperous provinces of Brazil . Nevertheless , the number of black slaves increased substantially in São Paulo during the Brazilian Empire , as the slave traffic reached its peak during the first half of the 19th century . After the abolition of the international slave trade in 1850 , many more slaves were transferred from declining regions of Brazil ( such as the Northeast ) to work in coffee plantations .   The economic development of São Paulo only really took off with the founding of coffee plantations in the nineteenth century . Those coffee plantations were manned , from the beginning , by slaves , and remained so during most of the 19th century . Not even the abolition of the transatlantic trade changed this , with the coffee barons resorting to the import of slaves from the Northeastern and Southern regions . Both the coffee planters and the Brazilian government , however , were aware that the abolition of slavery could be postponed but not avoided at all ; as a result , a few experiments in immigration were tried during this period , and some ideas were discussed , including the immigration of Chinese workers . Only in the 1880s , however , did immigration start in earnest .   From then on , immigration was the solution adopted to what was seen as a labour shortage , and Italian and Spanish immigrants made the bulk of the workers brought to coffee plantations ; the reasons why ex-slaves were not employed , or were only marginally employed , are unclear and subject to debate . Much is made of a supposed `` whitening '' ideology , or even `` program '' , but the cold fact is that , when faced with the impossibility of obtaining European manpower , the coffee barons had no qualms about resorting to Japanese immigrants . A curious fact from this period was the immigration of US Southerners moving from a country where slavery had been abolished to one where it still existed . Of course , those were not manual workers and did n't come to work in coffee plantations .   The wealth produced by coffee culture eventually sparked urbanisation and industrialisation ; the growing urban environment attracted even more immigrants , especially Armenians and other Europeans , Syrians and Lebanese . Later , as the foreign immigration declined , a strong chain of internal migration from the Brazilian Northeast developed .

neg: Uruá River Uruá River is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil .  The river is located between the Negro River and the Amazon River . The river has been tested for populations of giant otter .

neg: National Parks in the Chaco, Paraguay The great American Chaco is a plain of about 1.000.000 km2 . It covers parts of Bolivia , Paraguay , Brazil and Argentina .   It is a region with its own characteristics , which has very particular types of animals and plants . The Great South American Chaco is a plain and its formation , millions of years ago , is very closely related to the formation of the Andes and the erosive process afterwards . Originally the Chaco was a hole , which within time , was filled with sediments of aerial origin ( through the wind action ) and of pluvial nature ( through the rivers taking and depositing sediments along the Chaco ) .

neg: Río Negro (Central America) Río Negro ( -LSB- ˈri.o ˈneɣɾo -RSB- ) is a river that divides the countries of Honduras and Nicaragua along the Pacific coast . Its path was substantially altered by Hurricane Mitch in October 1998 . It mostly runs through a very undeveloped jungle region of the 2 countries .   Category : Rivers of Honduras  Category : Rivers of Nicaragua

neg: South Region, Brazil The South Region of Brazil ( Região Sul do Brasil ) is one of the five regions of Brazil . It includes the states of Paraná , Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul and covers 576,409.6 km2 , being the smallest portion of the country , occupying only about 6.76 % of the territory of Brazil . Its whole area is smaller than that of the state of Minas Gerais , in Southeast Brazil , for example .  It is a great tourist , economic and cultural pole .  It borders Uruguay , Argentina , and Paraguay as well as the Centre-West Region , the Southeast Region and the Atlantic Ocean .

neg: List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem) The main stems of 38 rivers in the United States are at least 500 mi long . The main stem is `` the primary downstream segment of a river , as contrasted to its tributaries '' . The United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) defines a main-stem segment by listing coordinates for its two end points , called the source and the mouth . Well-known rivers like the Atchafalaya , Willamette , and Susquehanna are not included in this list because their main stems are shorter than 500 miles .   Seven rivers in this list cross or form international boundaries . Two -- the Yukon and Columbia rivers -- begin in Canada and flow into the United States . Three -- the Milk and Saint Lawrence rivers and the Red River of the North -- begin in the United States and flow into Canada . Of these , only the Milk River crosses the international border twice , leaving and then re-entering the United States . Two rivers , the Colorado and the Rio Grande , begin in the United States and flow into or form a border with Mexico . In addition , the drainage basins of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers extend into Canada , and the basin of the Gila River extends into Mexico .   Sources report hydrological quantities with varied precision . Biologist and author Ruth Patrick , describing a table of high-discharge U.S. rivers , wrote that data on discharge , drainage area , and length varied widely among authors whose works she consulted . `` It seems , '' she said , `` that the wisest course is to regard data tables such as the present one as showing the general ranks of rivers , and not to place too much importance on minor ( 10 -- 20 % ) differences in figures . ''

neg: Continental Divide of the Americas The Continental Divide of the Americas ( also known as the Great Divide , the Continental Gulf of Division , or merely the Continental Divide ) is the principal , and largely mountainous , hydrological divide of the Americas . The Continental Divide extends from the Bering Strait to the Strait of Magellan , and separates the watersheds that drain into the Pacific Ocean from ( 1 ) those river systems that drain into the Atlantic Ocean ( including those that drain into the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea ) , and ( 2 ) along the northernmost reaches of the Divide , those river systems that drain into the Arctic Ocean .   Though there are many other hydrological divides in the Americas , the Great Divide is by far the most prominent of these because it tends to follow a line of high peaks along the main ranges of the Rocky Mountains and Andes , at a generally much higher elevation than the other hydrological divisions .  __ TOC __

neg: List of butterflies of the Amazon River basin and the Andes This is a list of butterflies of the Amazon River basin and the Andes .   The Amazon River basin may be the most speciose region for butterflies . Nine countries have territory in the Amazon River basin or immediately adjoin this region : Brazil , Bolivia , Peru , Ecuador , Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname , and French Guiana . The Andes extends from north to south through seven South American countries : Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia , Chile , and Argentina . The fauna of the Andes is also diverse . Both regions have many endemic species . South America as a whole constitutes the Neotropical realm . Habitats in these two regions are very various and include Amazon rainforest , Atlantic forest , Los Llanos grasslands , Puna grassland and Valdivian temperate rain forest . Peru east of the Andes is regarded as the most important biodiversity hotspot in the world . The two regions ( Amazon and Andes ) are South America proper excluding the pampas plains of Uruguay and Paraguay which have a distinct butterfly fauna .   Isolation has led to the evolution of endemic higher taxa . Instances are Ithomiinae , Dismorphiinae , Phyciodina , Pyrrhopygini , Eumaeini ( over 1,000 species ) , Pronophilina and Eudaminae . Endemic genera ( among very many ) include Morpho , Agrias , Prepona Caligo , Cithaerias , Catagramma , Parides , Hamadryas , Nessaea , Marpesia , Melanis Mesosemia , Symmachia , Evenus , Memphis , Pierella , and Astraptes . Other higher taxa are most speciose in the Neotropics , for instance Riodininae . Many species , notably Heliconius , are members of complex mimicry rings . Adaptive radiation has led to many species being geographically diverse . Examples are Consul fabius and Mechanitis lysimnia .   Notable entomologists associated with Neotropical butterflies are Jean Baptiste Godart , Henry Walter Bates , William Chapman Hewitson , Hans Fruhstorfer , Otto Staudinger , Karl Jordan and Walter Rothschild , Anton Fassl , Hermann Burmeister , William Schaus , Eugène Le Moult , Richard Haensch , Gustav Weymer , Ferdinand Heinrich Hermann Strecker , Andrey Avinoff , Carlos Berg , and Vladimir Nabokov .

neg: Paragua River The Paragua River is a river of Venezuela . It is part of the Orinoco River basin . It is the largest tributary of the Caroní River .   The river drains the Guayanan Highlands moist forests ecoregion .

neg: Rio Grande (Dois Rios) Rio Grande ( Portuguese for `` great river '' ) is a river of Rio de Janeiro state in southeastern Brazil .

neg: French Guiana French Guiana ( pronounced -LSB- giːˈɑːnə -RSB- or -LSB- giːˈænə -RSB- , Guyane française -LSB- ɡɥijan fʁɑ̃sɛz -RSB- ) , officially called Guiana ( Guyane ) , is an overseas department and region of France , located on the north Atlantic coast of South America in the Guyanas . It borders Brazil to the east and south , and Suriname to the west . Its 83,534 km2 area has a very low population density of only 3 inhabitants per km2 , with half of its 244,118 inhabitants in 2013 living in the metropolitan area of Cayenne , its capital . By land area , it is the second largest region of France and the largest outermost region within the European Union .   Both the region and the department have been ruled since December 2015 by a single assembly within the framework of a new territorial collectivity , the French Guiana Territorial Collectivity ( French : collectivité territoriale de Guyane ) . This assembly , the French Guiana Assembly ( French : assemblée de Guyane ) , has replaced the former regional council and departmental council , which were both disbanded . The French Guiana Assembly is in charge of regional and departmental government . Its president is Rodolphe Alexandre .   The area was originally inhabited by Native Americans . The first French establishment is recorded in 1503 but the French presence did n't really become durable until 1643 and the foundation of Cayenne . Guiana then became a slave colony and saw its population increase until the official abolition of slavery at the time of the French revolution . Guiana temporarily became a French department in 1797 but was gradually transformed into a penal colony with the establishment of a network of camps and penitentiaries spread over the coast where prisoners were sentenced to forced labor . During World War II , the Guianan Félix Éboué was one of the first to stand behind General de Gaulle as early as June 18 , 1940 . Guiana officially rallied Free France in 1943 . It definitively abandoned its status as a colony and became again a French department in 1946 . De Gaulle , who became president , decided to establish the Guiana Space Center in 1965 . It is now operated by the CNES , Arianespace and the European Space Agency ( ESA ) . Several thousand Hmong refugees from Laos migrated to French Guiana in the late 1970s and early 1980s .   Nowadays fully integrated in the French central state , Guiana is a part of the European Union , and its official currency is the euro . The region is the most prosperous territory in South America with the highest GDP per capita . A large part of Guiana 's economy derives from the presence of the Guiana Space Centre , now the European Space Agency 's primary launch site near the equator . As elsewhere in France , the official language is French , but each ethnic community has its own language , of which Guianan Creole is the most widely spoken .

neg: National park (Brazil) National Parks ( Parques nacionais ) are a legally-defined type of protected area of Brazil .  The first parks were created in the 1930s , and other parks were gradually added , typically protecting a natural monument such as a waterfall or gorge near to a coastal population centre .  At least two early parks were later submerged by hydroelectric reservoirs .  The first park in the Amazon rainforest was inaugurated in 1974 . Today the national parks cover a huge area , particularly in the Amazon .  However , many of them suffer from outstanding claims for compensation from former owners or users of the land , and many lack the management plans , physical infrastructure and personnel needed to support public visits .  The responsible government agency does not have the capacity to provide services such as food and drink , souvenir sales and guided tours , and bureaucracy has delayed letting the private sector bid on providing such services .

neg: Manacapuru River Manacapuru River is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil . It flows into the Amazon River ( Solimões section ) at the city of Manacapuru , about 80 km upstream ( west ) from Manaus . Parts of the river are very broad , appearing as elongated lakes , with the uppermost known as Lago Grande de Manacapuru ( `` Large Manacapuru Lake '' ) and the lowermost , near where it merges into the Amazon , as Lago Manacapuru ( `` Lake Manacapuru '' ) .

neg: Name of Brazil The name Brazil is a shortened from of Terra do Brasil , land of Brazil , a reference to brazilwood , given in the early 16th century to the territories leased to the merchant consortium led by Fernão de Loronha for commercial exploitation of brazilwood for the production of wood dyes for the European textile industry .   The term for the brazilwood tree in Portuguese , pau-brasil , is derived from brasa ( ember ) , a reference to the colour , formed from medieval Latin brasa , from Old French brese , `` ember , glowing charcoal '' , in turn from a West Germanic * brasa ) .

neg: Lauca River The Lauca River is a binational river . It originates in the Chilean Altiplano of the Arica and Parinacota Region , crosses the Andes and empties into Coipasa Lake in Bolivia .   The upper reach of the river lies within the boundaries of Lauca National Park in the Parinacota Province . Lauca River receives waters from a group of lakes known as Quta Qutani through the Desaguadero River . In this area there is a type of marsh known as Parinacota wetlands , in which converge several streams , being the more important the river just mentioned , which has a variable flow rate ranging from 100 to 560 l/s , and an average of 260 l/s .   From its source in the Parinacota wetlands the river flows west . The spurs of the Cordillera Central ( also known as Chapiquiña ) form an obstacle impossible to pass through , forcing the river 's course southward . In the vicinity of Wallatiri volcano , the Lauca turns again , now eastward crossing from Chile into Bolivia at the latitude of Macaya , at an elevation of 3,892 m asl and with a flow rate about 2,6 m ³ / s . In Chile the river drains an area of 2,350 km ² .   In the Bolivian Altiplano , the Lauca collects the waters of the rivers Sajama and Coipasa , raising its flow rate up to 8 m ³ / s before turning south to empty into Coipasa Lake , close to the salt flat of the same name .   During the 1930s , the Chilean government begun to use the hydrical resources of Lauca river for irrigation in the Azapa Valley , generating a complaint from Bolivian government who argued that Chilean authorities were altering the course of an international river . Chile answered that the natural course of the river was not modified , but the works executed were related to the use of waters in the Parinacota wetlands , which not affect the total water flow of the Lauca in its course to Bolivia . The litigation between both countries , started in 1939 , caused diplomatic tension until the 1960s .

neg: Life zones of Peru When the Spanish arrived , they divided Peru ( very simplistically ) into three main regions : the coastal region ( 11.6 % of Peru ) , that is bounded by the Pacific Ocean ; the highlands ( 28.1 % of Peru ) , that is located on the Andean Heights , and the jungle , that is located on the Amazonian Jungle ( Climate of Peru ) . But Javier Pulgar Vidal ( es ) , a geographer who studied the biogeographic reality of the Peruvian territory for a long time , proposed the creation of eight Natural Regions . In 1941 , he presented his thesis `` Las Ocho Regiones Naturales del Perú '' at the III General Assembly of the Pan-American Institute of Geography and History .   These eight Peruvian regions are :  Chala or Coast ( subtropical dry and tropical savanna )  Yungas  Fluvial Yunga  Loma-Vegetation  Quechua  Suni or Jalca  Puna  Janca  Rupa - Rupa or Highland Jungle  Omagua or Lowland Jungle

neg: List of birds of Brazil Brazil has one of the richest bird diversities in the world . The avifauna of Brazil include a total of 1799 species , of which 231 are endemic . Four have been introduced by humans , 69 are rare or accidental , and four are extinct or extirpated . An additional 24 species are hypothetical ( see below ) .   Brazil hosts about 60 % of the bird species recorded for all of South America . These numbers are still increasing almost every year , due to new occurrences , new species being described , or splits of existing species . About 10 % of the bird species found in Brazil are , nonetheless , threatened .   In June 2013 a simultaneous discovery of fifteen bird species in Brazil was announced , the first such since 1871 , when August von Pelzeln described forty new species . The birds were from the families Corvidae , Thamnophilidae , Dendrocolaptidae , Tyrannidae , and Polioptilidae . Eleven of the new species are endemics of Brazil and four also inhabit Peru and Bolivia .   This list 's taxonomic treatment ( designation and sequence of orders , families , and species ) and nomenclature ( common and scientific names ) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World , 2016 edition . Except as an entry is cited otherwise , the list of species is that of the South American Classification Committee ( SACC ) of the American Ornithologists ' Union . The taxonomy used by the SACC differs from `` Clements '' , and significant differences in names are noted . Especially see typical antbirds and puffbirds ; entries in those families increase the above total species count by two and decrease the endemic count by one , respectively .   Differences from `` Clements '' in the sequence of orders , families , and species within families are not noted . Several new species have been proposed and are under consideration by the SACC ; one is listed here .   The following tags have been used to highlight certain categories , but not all species fall into one of these categories . Those that do not are commonly occurring native species .   ( A ) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Brazil  ( E ) Endemic - a species endemic to Brazil  ( I ) Introduced - a species introduced to Brazil as a consequence , direct or indirect , of human actions  ( H ) Hypothetical - a species recorded but with `` no tangible evidence '' according to the SACC

neg: Borders of Brazil Brazil is the largest country in South America and borders every country in South America with the exceptions of Chile and Ecuador . The borders of Brazil are the international borders that Brazil shares with neighbouring countries . Brazil has borders with ten different countries , totalling 16885 km , making it the country with the third longest land border behind only China and Russia .   The lengths of the borders Brazil shares with different countries , running counter-clockwise around Brazil from French Guiana to Uruguay , are listed below :


query: Jerry Goldsmith received zero Grammy Award nominations.

pos: Jerry Goldsmith Jerrald King `` Jerry '' Goldsmith ( February 10 , 1929July 21 , 2004 ) was an American composer and conductor most known for his work in film and television scoring . He composed scores for such noteworthy films as Star Trek : The Motion Picture ( Which he personally considered his best work ) , The Sand Pebbles , Logan 's Run , Planet of the Apes , Patton , Papillon , Chinatown , The Wind and the Lion , The Omen , The Boys from Brazil , Capricorn One , Alien , Poltergeist , The Secret of NIMH , Gremlins , Hoosiers , Total Recall , Basic Instinct , Rudy , Air Force One , L.A. Confidential , Mulan , The Mummy , three Rambo films , Explorers and four other Star Trek films .   He collaborated with some of film history 's most accomplished directors , including Robert Wise , Howard Hawks , Otto Preminger , Joe Dante , Richard Donner , Roman Polanski , Ridley Scott , Michael Winner , Steven Spielberg , Paul Verhoeven , and Franklin J. Schaffner .   Goldsmith was nominated for six Grammy Awards , five Primetime Emmy Awards , nine Golden Globe Awards , four British Academy Film Awards , and eighteen Academy Awards ( he won only one , in 1976 , for The Omen ) .

neg: Grammy Award for Best Country Duo/Group Performance The Grammy Award for Best Country Duo/Group Performance is an award presented at the Grammy Awards , a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards . It was first awarded in 2012 , after a major overhaul of Grammy Award categories .  The award combines the previous categories for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal , Best Country Collaboration with Vocals and Best Country Instrumental Performance ( if the instrumental recording is performed by a duo or group ) . The restructuring of these categories was a result of the Recording Academy 's wish to decrease the list of categories and awards .   According to the 54th Grammy Awards description guide it is designed for duo/group or collaborative ( vocal or instrumental ) country recordings and is limited to singles or tracks only .

neg: Gordon E. Sawyer Award The Gordon E. Sawyer Award is an Honorary Award given by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to `` an individual in the motion picture industry whose technological contributions have brought credit to the industry . '' The award is named in honour of Gordon E. Sawyer , the former Sound Director at Samuel Goldwyn Studio and three-time Academy Award winner who claimed that a listing of past Academy Awards , arranged both chronologically and by category , represents a history of the development of motion pictures . It was first presented at the 54th Academy Awards , in April 1982 . The Gordon E. Sawyer Award is voted upon and given by the Scientific and Technical Awards Committee of the Academy .

neg: Grammy Award for Video of the Year The Grammy Award for Video of the Year was an honor presented to recording artists at the 24th Grammy Awards in 1982 and the 25th Grammy Awards in 1983 for music videos . The Grammy Awards , an annual ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards , are presented by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to `` honor artistic achievement , technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry , without regard to album sales or chart position '' .   First presented in 1982 to Michael Nesmith for Elephant Parts , the award was reserved for quality `` video cassettes or discs in any format created specifically for the home video market '' . In 1983 , Olivia Newton-John was presented the award for Olivia Physical . Beginning with the 1984 Grammy Awards , the Video of the Year award category was replaced with the categories Best Video , Short Form and Best Video Album ( now known as Best Music Video and Best Music Film , respectively ) .

neg: Michael Seifert (producer) Michael Seifert is a multi-platinum award winning music producer , writer , arranger and recording engineer based in Cleveland , Ohio .   Michael 's credits include work for Nicholas Megalis , Island/Def Jam recording artist Gentlemen Hall , Tori Amos , Regina Spektor , Fountains of Wayne , Lifehouse ( band ) , Colbie Caillat , Gerald Levert , Bone Thugs-n-Harmony , Too Short , 8 Ball & MJG , UGK , Chuck Mosley ( Faith No More ) , Guided by Voices , J. Mascis ( Dinosaur Jr. ) , blues legend Robert Lockwood , Jr. , Kate Voegele , Mr. Gnome , Grammy award winners Snarky Puppy , and many more .   Michael has scored independent films and major motion pictures including composing , arranging , recording , and production work on Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( Special Edition ) , The Outsiders : The Complete Novel , the Apocalypse Now Documentary `` Heart of Darkness '' , and most recently The Godfather trilogy FFC restoration special edition for legendary film producer/director Francis Ford Coppola . He has also composed , recorded , and produced music for Fox TV , CBS , MTV , American Greetings , Sports Illustrated , Reebok , and many others .   A self-taught multi instrumentalist , Michael often performs on both sides of the glass when working on a project .

neg: Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song The Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song was a new category at the 2015 ceremony of the annual Grammy Awards . It combines two previously separate categories in the Gospel/Contemporary Christian Music field , Best Contemporary Christian Music Song and Best Gospel/Contemporary Christian Music Performance . The new category recognizes both songwriters and performers ( solo/duos/groups / collaborations/etc . ) and is open for singles or tracks only . Songwriters are only awarded a Grammy Award if it is a newly written song . Grammy 's for cover versions of previously recorded songs are awarded to the performer ( s ) only .   Along with the also newly formed Best Gospel Performance/Song category , these mark the only Grammy categories which honor both performers and songwriters in one category .   These changes were made in June 2014 by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences `` in the interest of clarifying the criteria , representing the current culture and creative DNA of the gospel and Contemporary Christian Music communities , and better reflecting the diversity and authenticity of today 's gospel music industry . ''   According to the Grammy committee , the move recognizes `` the critical contribution of both songwriters and performers by combining songwriters and artists into the Best Gospel Performance/Song and Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song categories . ''   Gospel performances , which were previously recognized in the Best Gospel/Contemporary Christian Music Performance category , will now fall under the newly created Best Gospel Performance/Song category .

neg: Judy Carmichael Judy Carmichael ( born November 27 , 1957 ) is a Grammy-nominated jazz pianist and vocalist who is one of the few jazz pianists honored as a Steinway Artist .

neg: Grammy Award for Best Country Solo Performance The Grammy Award for Best Country Solo Performance is an award presented at the Grammy Awards , a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards . According to the 54th Grammy Awards description guide it is designed for solo ( vocal or instrumental ) country recordings and is limited to singles or tracks only .   The award combines the previous categories for Best Female Country Vocal Performance , Best Male Country Vocal Performance and Best Country Instrumental Performance ( if it is an instrumental solo performance ) . The restructuring of these categories was a result of the Recording Academy 's wish to decrease the list of categories and awards and to eliminate the distinctions between male and female performances .

neg: Marshall Blonstein Marshall Blonstein is an entertainment industry executive who is best known as the founder and president of the audiophile music labels Audio Fidelity and DCC Compact Classics . He has also held positions at Island , Ode , ABC and Epic Records , and been associated with some of the most prominent artists in popular music .   He was born and raised in Los Angeles , and entered the music business in 1966 , working at Dunhill Records . He subsequently moved into record promotion with ABC Records , then , from 1966 to 1970 , performed similar duties for Columbia Records , working in Chicago and Los Angeles . He ended his tenure with Columbia in 1970 , directing promotional activities for the company 's Epic and associated labels from New York City .   From 1970 to 1979 Blonstein held executive positions at Ode Records , a label he helped to found with Lou Adler , where he was involved with the success of Carole King 's Tapestry album ( 1971 ) , the concert edition of The Who 's Tommy ( 1972 ) , The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( 1975 ) , and Cheech & Chong 's Up in Smoke movie ( 1978 ) , among other projects . He became president of Island Records from 1979 to 1982 , contributing to the careers of artists such as Robert Palmer , Steve Winwood , Bob Marley , Marianne Faithfull and Grace Jones .   Blonstein began a new phase of his career in 1986 when he founded DCC Compact Classics as one of the first companies to issue catalogue music product on the then-new compact disc format . DCC evolved into one of the first companies to cater to the high-end audiophile market with its line of digitally remastered reissues on its 24 Karat Gold CD and 180-gram pure virgin vinyl formats . DCC released audiophile editions of best-selling albums by Elvis Presley , Frank Sinatra , the Doors , The Eagles and many others .   In 2002 Blonstein founded Morada Music and Video , which issued new music and licensed features for DVD , and Audio Fidelity Music , which specializes in audiophile reissues . Among the Audio Fidelity catalogue titles are popular items such as James Taylor 's Sweet Baby James , Stevie Wonder 's Songs in the Key of Life , Carly Simon 's No Secrets and several Grateful Dead titles .   Blonstein has also established a DVD series . Among the titles of Morada DVD is the historic series Playboy After Dark . Morada Music has also acquired the rights to 160 television shows from the legendary comedian Soupy Sales .

neg: Michael Goldsmith Michael Goldsmith ( March 6 , 1951 -- November 1 , 2009 ) was a law professor at Brigham Young University 's J. Reuben Clark Law School .

neg: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Direction The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Direction is awarded to one television series or special each year .   In the following list , the first titles listed in gold are the winners ; those not in gold are nominees , which are listed in alphabetical order . The years given are those in which the ceremonies took place .   __ TOC __

neg: Joel Fein Joel Fein ( June 19 , 1944 -- September 22 , 2007 ) was an American sound engineer . He was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Sound for the film The Buddy Holly Story .

neg: No Strings No Strings is a musical drama with a book by Samuel A. Taylor and words and music by Richard Rodgers , his only Broadway score for which he wrote both lyrics and music , and the first musical he composed after the death of his long-time collaborator Oscar Hammerstein II . The musical opened on Broadway in 1962 and ran for 580 performances . It received the nomination for Tony Award , Best Musical .

neg: Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance The Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance was an award presented at the 2012 and 2013 Grammy Awards , a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards . According to the 54th Grammy Awards description guide it was designed for solo , duo/groups or collaborative ( vocal or instrumental ) hard rock or metal recordings and was limited to singles or tracks only .   The award was first presented in 2012 , after a major restructuring of Grammy categories . It combined the previous categories Best Hard Rock Performance and Best Metal Performance . The restructuring was a result of the Recording Academy 's wish to decrease the list of categories and awards . However , the Recording Academy announced in June 2013 that the category would split in 2014 , returning the Best Metal Performance category and recognizing quality hard rock performances in the Best Rock Performance category . According to the Academy , `` it was determined that metal has a very distinctive sound , and hard rock more closely aligns with rock and can exist comfortably as one end of the rock spectrum . ''

neg: Gordon Goodwin Gordon L. Goodwin ( born 1954 ) is an American pianist , saxophonist , composer , arranger , and conductor . He has won Grammy Awards and Emmy Awards .

neg: Conservatory of Recording Arts and Sciences The Conservatory of Recording Arts and Sciences is a for-profit technical school specializing in audio recording , audio engineering and production education with a main locations in Tempe and a satellite campus in Gilbert , Arizona in the United States .   The mission of the school is to train students for entry-level jobs as recording engineers in the audio recording and music industry . The school maintains listing the industries in which their graduates find employment . Out of the total 83 categories at the Grammys in February 2016 , 47 different alumni have contributed to pieces that were nominated in 42 different Grammy categories .

neg: Jerry Zolten Jerry Zolten is an American writer , advocator for , and producer of American roots music . An Associate Professor at Penn State University , he is best known as the author of a book tracing the 30-plus year career of the African-American Dixie Hummingbirds gospel group and their influence on both sacred and secular music . He also writes about and is a noted expert on the history of American stand-up comedy . Zolten is also known for numerous articles and CD liner notes on blues , country , and gospel music as well as collaborations on musical projects with Robert Crumb and Harvey Pekar . His most recent writings and musical releases include `` The Beatles as Recording Artists '' in The Cambridge Companion to the Beatles , biographical and musicological entries on Paramount recording artists for The Rise and Fall of Paramount Records 1917-1927 , and Chimpin ' the Blues with Robert Crumb and Jerry Zolten , an audio collection of conversation and rare blues and blues related recordings from the early 20th Century .

neg: Jerry Lawson (musician) Jerome E. `` Jerry '' Lawson ( born 1944 ) is a lead singer , producer , musical arranger , performer , best known as the original lead singer of The Persuasions .   Born in Ft Lauderdale , Florida , he was raised in Apopka , Florida . He currently resides in Phoenix , Arizona with his wife , Julie .

neg: Dick's Picks Volume 30 Dick 's Picks Volume 30 is the 30th installment of the Grateful Dead 's archival series . Just prior to their Europe '72 tour , the Grateful Dead played seven shows at the Academy of Music on 14th Street in New York City . Included in this four CD set is the entire March 28 , 1972 performance plus selections from March 25 , 1972 and March 27 , 1972 . The March 25 show ( a semi-private party booked by the Hell 's Angels and billed as `` Jerry Garcia & Friends '' ) featured Bo Diddley as a guest , whose performance , backed by the Grateful Dead , is included in Disc One . Other rarities contained in this volume are the only Grateful Dead live performances of `` How Sweet it Is ( to be loved by you ) '' , `` Are You Lonely for Me '' and `` The Sidewalks of New York '' ( played as a brief , instrumental tuning before the encore ) .   Additional selections from the venue run were later released on the Rockin ' the Rhein bonus disc , and on Dave 's Picks Volume 14 , the latter including the March 26 , 1972 performance in its entirety . Additional tracks from the March 27 performance were later released on the Dave 's Picks 2015 Bonus Disc   The audio tape almost did not make it into the vault as it was not known to have been recorded . It was found in an old barn and restored by Rob Eaton in 1995 .

neg: Touching Home (album) Touching Home is an album by Jerry Lee Lewis that was released on Mercury Records in 1971 .

neg: Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Classical The Grammy Award for Producer of the Year , Classical is an honor presented to record producers for quality classical music productions at the Grammy Awards , a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards . Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to `` honor artistic achievement , technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry , without regard to album sales or chart position '' .   Originally known as the Grammy Award for Classical Producer of the Year , the award was first presented to James Mallinson at the 22nd Grammy Awards ( 1980 ) . The name remained unchanged until 1998 , when the category became known as Producer of the Year , Classical . According to the category description guide for the 52nd Grammy Awards , the award is presented to album producers `` whose recordings , released for the first time during the eligibility year , represent consistently outstanding creativity in the production of classical recordings '' . Producers must have produced at least 51 % playing time on three separately released recordings ( only one of which can be an opera released in DVD format ) . Producers may submit content as a team only if they worked together exclusively during the period of eligibility .  Anthony Tommasini , music critic for The New York Times , asserted that `` In the struggling field of classical recording , it 's the producers who take the real risks and make things happen . '' The honor is presented alongside the award for Producer of the Year , Non-Classical .   As of 2015 , Steven Epstein and Robert Woods share the record of the most wins , with seven each . Judith Sherman has won the award four times , while David Frost and James Mallinson have been presented the award three times each . Two-time recipients include Joanna Nickrenz ( once alongside Marc Aubort ) . Woods ' wife , Elaine Martone , received the honor in 2007 . David Frost is the son of Thomas Frost , who received an award in the same category in 1987 .