query: The Kingdom of Georgia fell to the Mongol invasions.

pos: Kingdom of Georgia The Kingdom of Georgia , also known as the Georgian Empire , was a medieval monarchy which emerged in circa 1008 AD . It reached its Golden Age of political and economic strength during the reign of King David IV and Queen Tamar the Great from 11th to 13th centuries . At the peak of its dominance , the kingdom 's influence spanned from the south of modern-day Ukraine to the northern provinces of Iran , while also maintaining religious possessions in the Holy Land and Greece . A predominantly Christian , Georgian-speaking realm , it was the principal historical precursor of present-day Georgia .   Lasting for several centuries , the kingdom fell to the Mongol invasions in the 13th century , but managed to re-assert sovereignty by the 1340s . The following decades were marked by Black Death spread by the nomads , as well as numerous invasions under the leadership of Tamerlane , who devastated the country 's economy , population , and urban centers . The Kingdom 's geopolitical situation further worsened after the Fall of Constantinople , which effectively marked the end of the Eastern Roman Empire , Georgia 's traditional ally . As a result of these processes , by the end of the 15th century Georgia turned into an isolated , fractured Christian enclave , surrounded by hostile Turco-Iranic neighbors . Renewed incursions from 1386 led to the final collapse of the kingdom into anarchy by 1466 and the mutual recognition of its constituent kingdoms of Kartli , Kakheti and Imereti as independent states between 1490 and 1493 .

neg: Byzantine–Georgian wars The Byzantine -- Georgian wars were a series of conflicts fought during the 11th century and were mainly focused on several strategic districts in the Byzantine-Georgian-Armenian marchlands . Most of these lands were granted by Emperor Basil II to the Georgian Kouropalates David III of Tao in reward for his crucial assistance in the struggle against the rebel general Bardas Sklerus ( 978 -- 79 ) . However , David supported another unsuccessful noble revolt led by Bardas Phocas at the end of the 980s . As a result , David was forced to make Basil II the legatee of his princedom . This agreement destroyed a previous arrangement by which David had made his adopted son , Bagrat III of Georgia , his heir . When David died early in 1000 , Basil added his inheritance -- Tao , Theodosiopolis ( aka Karin , Karnu ; the present day Erzurum ) , Phasiane and the Lake Van region ( Apahunik ) with the city of Manzikert -- to the Byzantine Empire . The following year , the Georgian prince Gurgen , natural father of Bagrat , marched to take David 's inheritance , but was thwarted by the Byzantine general Nikephoros Ouranos , dux of Antioch . Despite these setbacks , Bagrat was able to become the first king of the unified Georgian state in 1008 . He died in 1014 , and his son , George I , inherited a longstanding claim to those territories in Tao which were in Byzantine hands .

neg: Lydians The Lydians were an Anatolian people living in Lydia , a region in western Anatolia , who spoke the distinctive Lydian language , an Indo-European language of the Anatolian group .   Questions raised regarding their origins , as defined by the language and reaching well into the 2nd millennium BC , continue to be debated by language historians and archeologists . A distinct Lydian culture lasted , in all probability , until at least shortly before the Common Era , having been attested the last time among extant records by Strabo in Kibyra in south-west Anatolia around his time ( 1st century BC ) .   The Lydian capital was at Sfard or Sardis . Their recorded history of statehood , which covers three dynasties traceable to the Late Bronze Age , reached the height of its power and achievements during the 7th and 6th centuries BC , a time which coincided with the demise of the power of neighboring Phrygia which lay to the north-east of Lydia .   Lydian power came to an abrupt end with the fall of their capital in events subsequent to the Battle of Halys in 585 BC and defeat by Cyrus the Great in 546 BC .

neg: George IX of Kartli George IX ( Georgian : გიორგი IX , Giorgi IX ) ( died 1539 ) was a king of the Georgian kingdom of Kartli from 1525 to 1527 ( or 1534 ) .   The second son of the Georgian king Constantine II , he succeeded on the abdication of his elder brother , David X , in 1525 . The relations of the king with other members of the royal family were strained . That may have forced George to withdraw to a monastery under the name of Gerasime , leaving the throne to his energetic nephew , Luarsab I . The sources are confused about when exactly George IX abdicated , some claiming it occurred in 1527 ( more accepted date ) while others placing the event around 1534 .

neg: The Literature of Georgia: A History The Literature of Georgia : A History by Donald Rayfield , professor of Russian and Georgian at the University of London , is the first and the most comprehensive study of the literature of Georgia that has ever appeared in English . The work deals with Georgia 's diverse 1,500-year literary tradition from the 5th-century hagiographic writings down to the 20th-century eclectic poetry and prose . The book researches into the diverse influences which have affected the Georgian literature - from Greek and Persian to Russian and modern European , and the folklore of the Caucasus , and also includes translations of several pieces of the Georgian poetry .   Part V , dealing with the Soviet and post-Soviet periods , is of particular interest . Rayfield , one of the first researchers to have gained access to recently declassified Soviet archives on the 1937 show trials of Georgian writers organized by Lavrentiy Beria , gives a profound analysis of the tragedy suffered by the Georgian intellectual élite in Joseph Stalin 's Great Purge which is classified by the author as a `` holocaust '' .   The book was first published in 1994 and earned appraisal from several literary authorities . The second revised edition appeared in 2000 and the third , revised and expanded one , in 2010 .

neg: Pharnavaz I of Iberia Pharnavaz I ( ფარნავაზ I -LSB- pʰɑrnɑvɑz -RSB- ) also transliterated as Parnavaz or Farnavaz was a king of Kartli , an ancient Georgian kingdom known as Iberia to the Classical sources . The Georgian Chronicles credits him with being the first monarch founding the kingship of Kartli and the Pharnavazid dynasty , while another independent chronicles , The Conversion of Kartli makes him the second Georgian monarch . Based on the medieval evidence , most scholars locate Pharnavaz 's rule in the 3rd century BC : 302 -- 237 BC according to Prince Vakhushti of Kartli , 299 -- 234 BC according to Cyril Toumanoff and 284 -- 219 BC according to Pavle Ingoroqva . Pharnavaz 's rise and the advent of the Iberian monarchy was directly tied to the victory of Alexander the Great over the Achaemenid Empire .

neg: House of Vardanisdze The House of Vardanisdze was an aristocratic family in medieval Georgia , listed among the Great Nobles ( didebuli ) of the realm .   The family is presumed to have branched off from another eminent Georgian feudal clan of the Marushisdze , a hypothesis supported by the abundance of the name Marushiani in the Vardanisdze family . The first attested member and arguably a founder of the family is Vardan , eristavi of the Svans , in the latter half of the 11th century . The dignity of eristavi ( or eristavt-eristavi ) of the Svans was hereditary in his descendants later known as Vardanisdze ( Vardan + - dze , `` a son '' ) . They also held various important posts at the Georgian royal court , including mechurchlet-ukhutsesi ( Lord High Treasurer ) , msakhurt-ukhutsesi ( Lord Great Chamberlain ) and mandaturt-ukhutsesi ( Lord High Mandator ) of Likht-Imereti ( i.e. , west Georgia ) .   The family gave origin to two important branches , the Dadiani of Mingrelia , and the Gurieli of Guria while in Svaneti they were replaced by the House of Gelovani .

neg: Temüge Temüge ( 1168 -- 1246 ) was the youngest full-brother of Genghis Khan , fourth son of Yesugei and Oelun .  The Secret History of the Mongols tells that `` when Temujin was 9 years of age , Temuge was three years old . '' Being the youngest boy in the family , he received a prefix to the name `` otchigin '' ( diminutive form of '' отгон '' or `` otgon '' meaning `` junior '' ) , who in the family is always a `` guardian of the family and home '' ) , and therefore is often referred to as Temuge-otchigin or simply Otchigin . In childhood and adolescence was somewhat spoiled by his mother and older brothers , inclined to luxury , but was `` courageous , powerful and quick in battle '' that was recognized even by the family 's enemies . When the shaman Kokochu ( Teb-Tengri ) started dragging the power over the Mongols to his own family , Genghis khan sanctioned Temuge to kill Kokochu in a staged wrestling match .   As the youngest male sibling , Temüge and his mother , by Mongol traditions , were allotted the most land and people by Genghis Khan during his coronation . Although he seems to have been the least warlike of the brothers , and was criticized by Genghis himself for being lazy and shiftless , Temüge proved himself to be a skilled politician and capable ruler , who , alongside his mother Hoelun , ruled the Mongol heartland in his eldest brothers ' absence being engaged in war campaigns . He appears to have had intellectual leanings , first coming under the influence of the conquered Xia and Jin cultures and then taking an active interest in the other cultures encompassed in the vast Mongol empire .   Temuge attempted to enter the main political arena after the death of Ögedei Khan , his nephew and son of Genghis Khan , in 1241 . At that time , Ogedei 's son Güyük Khan was engaged in so-called `` Western campaign '' in Russia and Europe , so Temuge-otchigin tried to seize the throne , but he was intervened by Töregene , Ogedei 's widow and Güyük 's mother . After the 1246 kurultai elected Güyük as great khan , Temuge was executed .

neg: Georgian–Armenian War The Georgian -- Armenian War was a short border dispute fought in December 1918 between the newly-independent Democratic Republic of Georgia and the First Republic of Armenia , largely over the control of territories in Lori and Kvemo Kartli districts .   In March 1918 , Russian signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and in doing so agreed to return to the Ottoman Empire territory gained during the 1877 -- 78 Russo-Turkish War . These territories were , however , no longer under the functional control of the Russian central government ; rather , they were being administered collectively by the Georgians , Armenians and Azerbaijanis through the Transcaucasian Sejm . The Trebizond Peace Conference aimed to resolve the dispute , but when the conference failed to produce a resolution , the Ottomans pursued a military campaign to control the disputed territories . Under persistent attack , the Transcaucasians collective eventually dissolved with the Georgians , Armenians and Azerbaijanis declaring independent nation states in quick succession in late-May 1918 . On 4 June , the Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Batum with each of the three Transcaucasus states , which brought the conflict to an end and awarded the southern half of the ethnically-Armenia Lori Province and Akhalkalaki district to the Ottomans . Against the wishes of Armenia , Georgia , supported by German officers , took possession of northern Lori and established military outposts along the Dzoraget River .   When the Ottomans signed the Armistice of Mudros in October , they were subsequently required to withdraw from the region . Armenia quickly took control of territory previously controlled by the Ottomans , and skirmishes between the Armenia and Georgia arose starting on 18 October . Open warfare began in early December , after diplomatic efforts failed to resolve the issue of the disputed border , and continued until 31 December , when a British-brokered ceasefire was signed , leaving the disputed territory under joint Georgian and Armenian administration .

neg: Goguryeo Goguryeo ( ; -LSB- ko.ɡu.ɾjʌ -RSB- , 37 BCE -- 668 CE ) , originally named Goryeo ( ; -LSB- ko.ɾjʌ -RSB- ) , was a Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula and the southern and central parts of inner and outer Manchuria . Goguryeo was an active participant in the power struggle for control of the Korean peninsula and was also associated with the foreign affairs of neighboring polities in China and Japan .   The Samguk Sagi , a 12th-century text from Goryeo , indicates that Goguryeo was founded in 37 BCE by Jumong , a prince from Buyeo , who was enthroned as Dongmyeong . There is archaeological and textual evidence from Chinese geographic monographs that suggests that Goguryeo may have been in existence since the second century BCE around the fall of Gojoseon , an earlier kingdom which also occupied southern Manchuria and the northern Korean Peninsula .   Goguryeo was a powerful empire and one of the great powers in East Asia , until it was defeated by a Silla -- Tang alliance in 668 after prolonged exhaustion and internal strife caused by the death of Yeon Gaesomun . After its fall , its territory was divided among the states of Later Silla , Balhae and Tang China .   The name Goryeo , a shortened form of Goguryeo , was adopted as the official name in the 5th century , and is the origin of the English name `` Korea '' .

neg: Alexander I of Imereti Alexander I ( ალექსანდრე I , Alek ` sandre I ) ( died 1389 ) , of the Bagrationi dynasty , was king of western Georgian kingdom of Imereti from 1387 to 1389 . Prior to that , he was eristavi ( `` duke '' ) of Imereti under the authority of the kings of Georgia .   Alexander was born sometime after 1358 into the family of Bagrat I , then duke ( and ex-king ) of Imereti , and his wife , a Jaqeli atabeg of Samtskhe . On his father 's death in 1372 , Alexander was appointed by King Bagrat V of Georgia as duke of Imereti . In 1387 , he took advantage of Timur 's invasions of Georgia and proclaimed himself king of Imereti at the Gelati Monastery , but the city of Kutaisi remained in the hands of Bagrat V 's loyalists and the dukes of Mingrelia , Guria , Abkhazia , and Svaneti refused to join him . Alexander succeeded in seizing several fortresses in Imereti , but Kutaisi remained outside his control . He died in 1389 and was succeeded by his brother George I.   Alexander was married to a certain Ana . He had two children :   Prince Demetrius ( died 1455 ) , Duke of Imereti ;  Princess Tamar ( died ) , wife of Alexander I of Georgia .

neg: Emirate of Tbilisi The Emirs of Tbilisi ruled over the parts of today 's eastern Georgia from their base in the city of Tbilisi , from 736 to 1080 ( nominally to 1122 ) . Established by the Arabs during their invasions of Georgian lands , the emirate was an important outpost of the Muslim rule in the Caucasus until recaptured by the Georgians under King David IV in 1122 . Since then , the city has been the capital of Georgia to this day .

neg: Mongol invasions of Korea The Mongol invasions of Korea ( 1231 -- 1259 ) comprised a series of campaigns between 1231 and 1270 by the Mongol Empire against the Kingdom of Goryeo ( the proto-state of modern-day Korea ) . There were seven major campaigns at tremendous cost to civilian lives throughout the Korean peninsula , ultimately resulting in Korea becoming a vassal state of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty for approximately 80 years .

neg: Beka I Jaqeli Beka I Jaqeli ( ბექა I ჯაყელი ) ( c. 1240 -- 1306 ) was a ruling prince ( mtavari ) of Samtskhe ( 1285 -- 1306 ) . His principality included Samtskhe , Adjara , Shavsheti , Klarjeti , Lazistan , Tao , Kola , Artaani and most of Javakheti .  His realm stretched from Tashiskari ( modern Khashuri District ) to Karnu-kalaki ( now Erzurum ) and the Black Sea . During his reign , Samtskhe-Saatabago existed as a politically independent entity from the Georgian Kingdom . Beka was a vassal of the Ilkhanate , paid regular tributes and participated in their campaigns . Despite being independent , Samtskhe still maintained some kind of relations with Georgia and Beka himself was given a title of Mandaturukhutsesi ( the elder - first in rank - Mandator ) by Georgian king . At the time of Beka 's rule , the Turks became more active the Southwest borders , from the Sultanate of Rum . After a series of invasions , he managed to fend off the attacks . Beka was a supporter of maintaining Georgian political influence over the Empire of Trebizond . For this cause , he married off his daughter Jiajak to the Trapezuntine Emperor Alexios II . Another daughter of Beka , - Natela , became the consort of Demetrius II of Georgia and bore him a son and the successor to the throne . After the execution of his father Demetrius by Mongols , George was raised by his grandfather .

neg: Armenian nobility The Armenian nobility was a class of persons which enjoyed certain privileges relative to other members of society under the laws and customs of various regimes of what is now Armenia , also Russia , Iran and Turkey until the beginning of the 20th century . Governments which recognized or conferred nobility were the Orontid Armenia ( 570-331 B.C. ) , Great Armenia ( 331 B.C.-428 A.D. ) , Bagratid Armenia ( 885-1045 ) and the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia ( 1198-1375 ) . Armenian nobility was also recognized by the Sassanid Empire ( Marzpanate Armenia , 428-642 ) , the Byzantine Empire ( Byzantine Armenia , 387-650 ) , the Arab caliphate ( Arminiya 654-884 ) , the Seljuk Empire ( Armenian Kingdoms of Vanand , 963-1065 , Syunik , 987-1170 , and Lori , 978-1113 ) , the Mongol Empire ( Zakarid Armenia , 13th century ) , the Kara Koyunly and Ak Koyunlu ( 14-15th centuries ) , the Ottoman Empire , Safavid Iran , and the Russian Empire .   All legal privileges of the nobility were officially abolished after the Armenian Genocide in Turkey ( 1915 ) and the October Revolution in Russia ( 1917 ) . The few Armenian nobles who lived in Iran lost their noble rights after the Islamic Revolution ( 1979 ) .   The system of nobility in the former Armenian states was similar to the nobility of Cilicia .

neg: Turkmen invasions of Georgia After the devastating invasions by Timur and subsequent enfeeblement of the Kingdom of Georgia , it soon faced a new threat . Timur 's death in 1405 marked the beginning of the end of his Empire , unified only by fear and blood of the subjected peoples . Turkomans , particularly the Kara Koyunlu clan , were among the first to rebel against Shah Rukh who ruled most of the Persia and Mawerannahr . Qara Yusuf , ruler of the Kara Koyunlu , defeated Shah Rukh , captured Baghdad , and repulsed Timurids from western Persia . After they established themselves as the new leading power in the middle east . They took advantage of the temporary weakness of Georgians and launched attacks against them , apparently in which , George VII of Georgia was killed . Constantine I of Georgia , fearing further encroachment , allied himself with the Shirvanshah Ibrahim I to counter Turkoman advance and engaged them in the Battle of Chalagan , in which he was defeated and taken captive . In captivity Constantine behaved very proudly , which infuriated Qara Yusuf to such an extent , that he ordered his , his half-brother David 's and 300 Georgian nobles ' execution .   Alexander I of Georgia who sought to strengthen and restore his declining Kingdom , faced constant invasions by the tribal Turkomans . They sacked Akhaltsikhe , city of the vital regional importance in 1416 , in response of suggested oppression of Muslims . Alexander re-conquered Lorri from the Turkomans in 1431 , which was of great importance in securing of the Georgian borders . Around 1434/5 , Alexander encouraged the Armenian prince Beshken II Orbelian to attack the Kara Koyunlu clansmen in Siunia and , for his victory , granted him Lorri under terms of vassalage . In 1440 , Alexander refused to pay tribute to Jahan Shah of the Kara Koyunlu . In March , Jahan Shah surged into Georgia with 20,000 troops , destroyed the city of Samshvilde and sacked the capital city Tbilisi . He massacred thousands of Christians , put heavy indemnity on Georgia , and returned to Tabriz . He also mounted a second military expedition against Georgia in 1444 . His forces met those of Alexander 's successor , King Vakhtang IV at Akhaltsikhe , but the fighting was inconclusive and Jahan Shah returned to Tabriz once more .   As a result of foreign and internal struggles unified Kingdom of Georgia stopped to exist after 1466 and was subdivided into several political units . Kara Koyunlu tribal confederation was destroyed by Aq Qoyunlu , their kin tribesmen who formed another confederation , which was similar in many ways to its predecessor . Aq Qoyunlu Turkomans naturally took advantage of the Georgian fragmentation . Georgia was at least twice attacked by Uzun Hasan , the prince of the Aq Qoyunlu in 1466 , 1472 and possibly 1476-7 . Bagrat VI of Georgia , temporary ruler of most of Georgia at the time , had to make peace with the invaders , abandoning Tbilisi to the enemy . It was only after Uzun Hasan 's death ( 1478 ) when the Georgians were able to recover their capital . In the winter of 1488 , the Ak Koyunlu Turkomans led by Halil Bey attacked Georgia 's capital Tbilisi , and took the city after a long-lasted siege in February 1489 . Alexander II of Imereti , another pretender to the throne , took advantage of the Aq Qoyunlu Turkoman invasion of Kartli , and seized control of Imereti . Occupation of the capital did not last long and Constantine II of Georgia was able to repel them , but it was still costly to Georgians . Ismail I , founder of the Safavid dynasty , formed an alliance with the Georgians in 1502 and decisively defeated Aq Qoyunlu in the same year , destroying their state and marking the end of their invasions .

neg: House of Mukhrani The House of Mukhrani is a Georgian family , a branch of the former royal dynasty of Bagrationi of which it sprung early in the 16th century , and received in appanage the domain of Mukhrani located in Kartli , central Georgia . The family has since been known as Mukhran-Batoni , that is , `` Princes ( batoni ) of Mukhrani '' .   An elder branch of the house of Mukhrani , now extinct , furnished five royal sovereigns of Kartli between 1658 and 1724 . Its descendants bore the Imperial Russian titles of Prince ( Gruzinsky ; Грузи́нский , გრუზინსკი ) and Princes Bagration . Another branch , presiding in Mukhrani as tavadi and received among the princely nobility of Russia under the name of Bagration of Mukhrani ( Bagration-Mukhransky ; Багратион-Мухранский ; Bagration-Mukhraneli , ბაგრატიონ-მუხრანელი ) , still flourishes and has , since 1957 , claimed to be the Royal House of Georgia by virtue of being the genealogically eldest surviving line of the Bagrationi dynasty . David Bagration of Mukhrani has been the head of this house since January 16 , 2008 .

neg: Achaemenid Assyria Athura ( ð ð ° ð cents ð 1/4 ð Aθurā ) , also called Assyria Babylonia , was a geographical area within the Persian Achaemenid Empire held by the last nobility of Aššur ( Akkadian ) , known as Athura ( Neo-Aramaic ) or Atouria ( Greek ) , during the period of 539 BC to 330 BC as a military protectorate state of Persia under the rule of Cyrus the Great . Although sometimes regarded as a satrapy , Achaemenid royal inscriptions list it as a dahyu , a concept generally interpreted as meaning either a group of people or both a country and its people , without any administrati   It mostly incorporated the original Assyrian kingdom , corresponding with modern northern Iraq in the upper Tigris , the middle and upper Euphrates , modern-day north eastern Syria ( Eber-Nari ) and part of south-east Anatolia ( modern Turkey ) . The Neo-Assyrian Empire collapsed after a period of violent civil wars , followed by an invasion by a coalition of some of its former subject peoples , the Iranian peoples ( Medes , Persians and Scythians ) , Babylonians and Cimmerians in the late 7th century BC , culminating in the Battle of Nineveh , and Assyria had fallen completely by 605 BC . Between 605 and 559 BC , Assyria was divided between the Median Empire to the east and the Neo-Babylonian Empire to the west . Both parts were subsumed into the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BC , and it has been argued that they constituted the satrapies of Media and Athura , respectively . In Herodotus ' account the Ninth Tributary District comprised `` Babylonia and the rest of Assyria '' , and excluded Eber-Nari .   Despite a few rebellions , Assyria functioned as an important part of the Achaemenid Empire . The Assyrian people were given the right to govern themselves throughout Achaemenid rule , and the Assyrian ( Aramaic ) language was used diplomatically by the Persians . Known for their combat skills , Assyrian soldiers ( along with the Lydians ) constituted the main heavy infantry of the Achaemenid empire 's military . Due to the major destruction of Assyria during the fall of its empire , some early scholars described the area as an `` uninhabited wasteland . '' Other Assyriologists , however , such as John Curtis and Simo Parpola , have strongly disputed this claim , citing how Assyria would eventually become one of the wealthiest regions among the Achaemenid Empire . This wealth was due to the land 's great prosperity for agriculture that the Persians used effectively for almost 200 years . In contrast to the policy of the Assyrian Empire , the Achaemenid Persians did not intervene in the internal affairs of their ruling satrapies as long as they continued the flow of tribute and taxes back to Persia .

neg: Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301) The Kingdom of Hungary came into existence in Central Europe when Stephen I , Grand Prince of the Hungarians , was crowned king in 1000 or 1001 . He reinforced central authority and forced his subjects to accept Christianity . Although written sources emphasize the role played by German and Italian knights and clerics in the process , a significant part of the Hungarian vocabulary for agriculture , religion and state was taken from Slavic languages . Civil wars and pagan uprisings , along with attempts by the Holy Roman Emperors to expand their authority over Hungary , jeopardized the new monarchy . The monarchy stabilized during the reigns of Ladislaus I ( 1077 -- 1095 ) and Coloman ( 1095 -- 1116 ) . These rulers occupied Croatia and Dalmatia with the support of a part of the local population . Both realms retained their autonomous position . The successors of Ladislaus and Coloman -- especially Béla II ( 1131 -- 1141 ) , Béla III ( 1176 -- 1196 ) , Andrew II ( 1205 -- 1235 ) , and Béla IV ( 1235 -- 1270 ) -- continued this policy of expansion towards the Balkan Peninsula and the lands east of the Carpathian Mountains , transforming their kingdom into one of the major powers of medieval Europe .   Rich in uncultivated lands , silver , gold , and salt deposits , Hungary became the preferred destination of mainly German , Italian and French colonists . These immigrants were mostly peasants who settled in villages , but craftsmen and merchants also came . Their arrival had a key role in the shaping of an urban lifestyle , habits and culture in medieval Hungary . The location of the kingdom at the crossroads of international trade routes favored the coexistence of several cultures . Romanesque , Gothic and Renaissance buildings and literary works written in Latin prove the predominantly Roman Catholic character of the culture , but Orthodox , and even non-Christian ethnic minority communities also existed . Latin was the language of legislation , administration and judiciary , but `` linguistic pluralism '' contributed to the survival of many tongues , including a great variety of Slavic dialects .   The predominance of royal estates initially assured the sovereign 's preeminent position , but the alienation of royal lands gave rise to the emergence of a self-conscious group of lesser landholders , known as `` royal servants '' . They forced Andrew II to issue his Golden Bull of 1222 , `` one of first examples of constitutional limits being placed on the powers of a European monarch '' ( Francis Fukuyama ) . The kingdom received a major blow from the Mongol invasion of 1241 -- 42 . Thereafter , Cuman and Jassic groups settled in the central lowlands , and colonists arrived from Moravia , Poland and other nearby countries . The erection of fortresses by landlords , promoted by the monarchs after the withdrawal of the Mongols , led to the development of semi-autonomous `` provinces '' dominated by powerful magnates . Some of these magnates even challenged the authority of Andrew III ( 1290 -- 1301 ) , the last male descendant of the native Árpád dynasty . His death was followed by a period of interregnum and anarchy . Central power was re-established only in the early 1320s .

neg: Gog and Magog Gog and Magog ( -LSB- gɒg -RSB- -LSB- ˈmeɪgɒg -RSB- Gog u-Magog ) in the Hebrew Bible may be individuals , peoples , or lands ; a prophesied enemy nation of God 's people according to the Book of Ezekiel , and one of the nations according to Genesis descended from Japheth son of Noah .   The Gog prophecy is meant to be fulfilled at the approach of what is called the `` end of days '' , but not necessarily the end of the world . Jewish eschatology viewed Gog and Magog as enemies to be defeated by the Messiah , which will usher in the age of the Messiah . Christianity 's interpretation is more starkly apocalyptic : making Gog and Magog allies of Satan against God at the end of the millennium , as can be read in the Book of Revelation .   To Gog and Magog were also attached a legend , certainly current by the Roman period , that they were people contained beyond the Gates of Alexander erected by Alexander the Great . Romanized Jewish historian Josephus knew them as the tribe descended from Magog the Japhethite , as in Genesis , and explained them to be the Scythians . In the hands of Early Christian writers they became apocalyptic hordes , and throughout the Medieval period variously identified as the Huns , Khazars , Mongols , or other nomads , or even the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel .   The legend of Gog and Magog and the gates were also interpolated into the Alexander Romances . In one version , `` Goth and Magoth '' are kings of the Unclean Nations , driven beyond a mountain pass by Alexander , and blocked from returning by his new wall . Gog and Magog are said to engage in human cannibalism in the romances and derived literature . They have also been depicted on Medieval cosmological maps , or Mappa mundi , sometimes alongside Alexander 's wall .   Gog and Magog appear in the Quran as Yajuj and Majuj , adversaries of Dhul-Qarnayn , a legendary figure . Muslim geographers identified them at first with Turkic tribes from Central Asia and later with the Mongols . In modern times they remain associated with apocalyptic thinking , especially in the United States and the Muslim world .

neg: Khanate of Kazan The Khanate of Kazan ( -LSB- Казан ханлыгы , Qazan xanlığı , قازان خانليغى -RSB- Russian : Казанское ханство , tr : Kazanskoye khanstvo ) was a medieval Bulgarian-Tatar Turkic state that occupied the territory of former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 1552 . Its khans were the patrilineal descendants of Tugh Temür , the thirteenth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan . The khanate covered contemporary Tatarstan , Mari El , Chuvashia , Mordovia , and parts of Udmurtia and Bashkortostan ; its capital was the city of Kazan . It was one of the successor states of the Golden Horde , and it came to an end when it was conquered by the Tsardom of Russia .


query: The Eagles are a country.

pos: Eagles (band) The Eagles are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1971 by Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Bernie Leadon , and Randy Meisner . With five number-one singles , six Grammy Awards , five American Music Awards , and six number one albums , the Eagles were one of the most successful musical acts of the 1970s . At the end of the 20th century , two of their albums , Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) and Hotel California , were ranked among the 20 best-selling albums in the United States according to the Recording Industry Association of America . Hotel California is ranked 37th in Rolling Stones list of `` The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' and the band was ranked number 75 on the magazine 's 2004 list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time .   The Eagles are one of the world 's best-selling bands of all time , having sold more than 150 million records -- 100 million in the U.S. alone -- including 42 million copies of Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) and 32 million copies of Hotel California . Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) was the best selling album of the 20th century in the U.S. . They are the fifth-highest-selling music act and the highest-selling American band in U.S. history .   The band released their debut album , Eagles , in 1972 , which spawned three top 40 singles : `` Take It Easy , '' `` Witchy Woman , '' and `` Peaceful Easy Feeling . '' Their next album , Desperado ( 1973 ) , was less successful than the first , only reaching number 41 on the charts ; neither of its singles reached the top 40 . However , the album does contain what would go on to be two of the band 's most popular tracks : `` Desperado '' and `` Tequila Sunrise . '' The band released On the Border in 1974 , adding guitarist Don Felder as the fifth member midway through the recording of the album . The album generated two top 40 singles : `` Already Gone '' and their first number one , `` Best of My Love . ''   Their 1975 album One of These Nights included three top 10 singles : `` One of These Nights , '' `` Lyin ' Eyes , '' and `` Take It to the Limit , '' the first hitting the top of the charts . Guitarist and vocalist , Joe Walsh , also joined the band in 1975 . The Eagles continued that success and hit their commercial peak in late 1976 with the release of Hotel California , which would go on to sell more than 16 million copies in the U.S. alone and more than 32 million copies worldwide . The album yielded two number-one singles , `` New Kid in Town '' and `` Hotel California . '' They released their last studio album for nearly 28 years in 1979 with The Long Run , which spawned three top 10 singles : `` Heartache Tonight , '' `` The Long Run , '' and `` I Ca n't Tell You Why , '' the lead single being another chart-topping hit .   The Eagles disbanded in July 1980 but reunited in 1994 for the album Hell Freezes Over , a mix of live and new studio tracks . They toured consistently and were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998 . In 2007 , the Eagles released Long Road Out of Eden , their first full studio album in 28 years and their sixth number one album . The next year they launched the Long Road Out of Eden Tour in support of the album . In 2013 , they began the extended History of the Eagles Tour in conjunction with the band 's documentary release , History of the Eagles .   Following the death of Frey in January 2016 , Henley stated in several interviews that he did n't think the band would perform again . However , in March 2017 it was announced that the Eagles would be headlining two concerts in July 2017 .

neg: 2008 Philadelphia Eagles season The 2008 Philadelphia Eagles season was the team 's 76th season as a franchise in the National Football League . The Eagles improved upon their 8 -- 8 record and fourth-place finish in the NFC East in the 2007 season by going 9 -- 6 -- 1 and earning the 6th seed in the NFC Playoffs . The team lost in the Conference Championship game . 2008 was Andy Reid 's tenth season as the coach of the Eagles .   Despite their low-seeding in the NFC playoffs , Football Outsiders calculated that the 2008 Eagles were the best team in the league , play-for-play .   The 2006 Eagles were mentioned in the novel , but the 2008 Eagles were in the film adaptation of Silver Linings Playbook .

neg: Philippine eagle The Philippine eagle ( Pithecophaga jefferyi ) , also known as the monkey-eating eagle or great Philippine eagle , is an eagle of the family Accipitridae endemic to forests in the Philippines . It has brown and white-coloured plumage , and a shaggy crest , and generally measures 86 to in length and weighs 4.7 to . It is considered the largest of the extant eagles in the world in terms of length and wing surface , with the Steller 's sea eagle and the harpy eagle being larger in terms of weight and bulk . Among the rarest and most powerful birds in the world , it has been declared the Philippine national bird . It is critically endangered , mainly due to massive loss of habitat resulting from deforestation in most of its range . Killing a Philippine eagle is punishable under Philippine law by 12 years in prison and heavy fines .

neg: Hierofalcon The hierofalcons are four closely related species of falcon which make up the subgenus Hierofalco :   Lanner falcon , Falco biarmicus  Laggar falcon , Falco jugger  Saker falcon , Falco cherrug  Gyrfalcon , Falco rusticolus   The black falcon of Australia is occasionally considered allied to the hierofalcons : indeed it seems fairly close to them ( Wink et al. 2004 ) .   They represent members of their genus which are similar to species like the peregrine falcon in outward appearance , but usually with more phaeomelanins which impart reddish or brown colors , and generally more strongly patterned plumage reminiscent of hawks . Their undersides usually have a lengthwise pattern of dark blotches , lines or arrowhead marks . They hunt usually in level flight , more like goshawks than peregrines with their dive attack or hobbies with their acrobatic pursuits .   Recent DNA sequence data studies have confirmed that the hierofalcons are a monophyletic group - and , incidentally , that hybridization runs rampant in the present species complex . Initial results of mtDNA cytochrome b sequence analyses that suggested they are basal among all living falcons were in error , due to a numt ( Wink & Sauer-Gürth 2000 ) . The biogeographically entirely distinct prairie falcon was sometimes placed with the hierofalcons due to its similar coloration ; it is now considered not to belong in this subgenus , the similarities being the result of convergent evolution in adaptation to similar habitat .   The hierofalcon lineage as such seems of Late Pliocene origin , maybe as old as the `` typical '' kestrels ( Gelasian , some 2.5-2 million years ago ) , maybe somewhat older , though little is known about their fossil history . It seems to have originated in Africa or adjacent regions but apparently became nearly extinct in the past : the present hierofalcon diversity is of rather recent origin , presumably not older than the Eemian interglacial ( about 130,000-115 ,000 years ago ) at the start of the Late Pleistocene ; only one of the hierofalcon species that presumably diverged between the Pliocene and the Middle Pleistocene has left any living descendants . The lanner falcon appears to be the most phylogenetically most ancient species ( mainly judging from biogeography ) ; the others diverged - apparently out of a population isolated in northeastern Africa some time during the Riss glaciation 200,000 to 130,000 years ago - in a brief and rapid bout of evolution . DNA sequence data analyses in this group suffers from the extensive hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting confounding the data , and studies with small sample sizes can by no means be considered reliable . Sometimes , all hierofalcons are lumped into one species , Falco hierofalco .   Possible examples of such extinct hierofalcon lineages include Falco bakalovi occurring from the Early Pliocene of Bulgaria to Early Pleistocene of Spain and the Czech Republic and Falco antiquus known from the Middle Pleistocene of Noailles ( France ) and possibly Hór-völgy ( Hungary ) .   Their name may mean `` sacred falcon '' ( Greek ἱερος = `` sacred '' ) or `` hawk-falcon '' ( Greek ἱεραξ = `` hawk '' , but with a Greek error : the correct combining form of ἱεραξ is `` hieraco - '' ) .

neg: List of Philadelphia Eagles players This is a complete list of American football players who have played for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League ( NFL ) . It includes players that have played at least one game in the NFL regular season . The Philadelphia Eagles franchise was founded in 1933 . The Eagles have played for six NFL Championships and have won three , but still have no Super Bowl wins out of two appearances .   __ NOTOC __

neg: Carson–Newman Eagles The Carson -- Newman Eagles are the athletic teams that represent the Carson -- Newman University ( formerly Carson -- Newman College ) , located in Jefferson City , Tennessee , in NCAA Division II intercollegiate sports . The Eagles compete as members of the South Atlantic Conference for all 19 varsity sports . The Eagles hold six national championships , five in football and one in baseball in the history of the program .   Carson -- Newman has been a member of the South Atlantic Conference since 1975 , when the league was still part of the NAIA before making a transition to the Division II level in 1994 .

neg: Rugby league in Australia Rugby league football in Australia '' ' has been one of the country 's most popular sports since it started being played there in 1908 . It is the dominant winter football code in the states of New South Wales and Queensland as well as the Australian Capital Territory , which together comprise around half of the country 's population . In 2009 , it was the most watched sport on Australian television , with an aggregate audience of 128.5 million viewers . The elite club competition is the National Rugby League ( NRL ) , which features ten teams from New South Wales , three teams from Queensland , and one team each from Victoria , Australian Capital Territory and New Zealand .   Australia has a rich history of rugby league , first taking up the sport in 1908 alongside people in Britain and New Zealand . The rule changes over the decades have been partly instigated in Australia as well . The country has been dominant over the other rugby league-playing nations for many years , but enjoys a strong rivalry with New Zealand .   Commonly known as `` league '' or simply `` football '' , and sometimes referred to as `` the greatest game of all '' , it is traditionally seen as a `` working man 's sport '' with its roots in the working class communities of Northern England , compared to rugby union which has its roots in prestigious English public schools . The Australian Rugby League Commission , the sport 's governing body in Australia , is working on ways to expand rugby league 's popularity across political and social boundaries .

neg: Ornate hawk-eagle The ornate hawk-eagle ( Spizaetus ornatus ) is a bird of prey from the tropical Americas . Like all eagles , it is in the family Accipitridae . This species is notable for its vivid colors , which differ markedly between adult and immature birds .   This is a medium-large raptor , at about 56.0 -- in length , 117 -- across the wings , and weighing about 960 - . It has a prominent pointed crest , raised when excited , a black bill , broad wings , and a long , rounded tail .   The typical adult has blackish upper parts and crown , bright chestnut sides to the neck and breast , and a black-edged white throat and central breast . The rest of the under parts and feathered legs are white barred with black , and the tail has broad black bars . The under wings are white , with barred flight feathers ; due to the heavy pattern , birds usually look rather dark in flight .   Sexes are similar , but young birds have a white head and under parts , with a grey crest , brown upper parts , and barring only on the flanks and legs .   The call is a high-pitched whee-oo whee-oo .   This bird is found in humid tropical forests from southern Mexico and the Yucatán Peninsula , to Trinidad and Tobago , south to Peru and Argentina . They are able to tolerate some degree of habitat fragmentation , breeding successfully near cities and in forest fragments as small as 200 ha . Despite a slender build and a body weight no greater than a large Buteo hawk , the ornate hawk-eagle is a notably powerful predator which , like other booted eagles , can take prey up to five times its own weight . Birds are the principal prey . Prey items have ranged in size from 180 g to 8 kg when taken . Prey species have included little blue herons , curassows , toucans , wood quail , pigeons , macaws , parrots , cotingas , chickens , and even a black vulture . Mammals are also significant prey , with agoutis , squirrels , rats , procyonids , and monkeys often taken . Reptiles are also occasionally hunted .   The male 's courtship display is a dive with folded wings , and a climb , sometimes completing a loop . The pair touch talons in flight as the female rolls on her back . This species builds a large stick nest in a high tree ( e.g. Ceiba ) , many meters above ground . The nest is around 1 m in diameter . Most breeding activity occurs around April or May , differing slightly according to location ; in Guatemala , breeding activity was observed from March to June , in Costa Rica in April and May , in Panama from November/December to May , and in the lowlands of Ecuador in March and April .   Though locally rare , it was not considered a threatened species by the IUCN due to its wide range . In 2012 , the species was uplisted to Near Threatened .

neg: Falconidae The falcons and caracaras are around 60 species of diurnal birds of prey that make up the family Falconidae . The family is divided into two subfamilies , Polyborinae , which includes the caracaras and forest falcons , and Falconinae , the falcons , kestrels and falconets ( Microhierax and Spiziapteryx ) . They differ from the eagles of Accipitridae , in that falcons kill with their beaks instead of their taloned feet . They have a `` tooth '' on the side of their beak for this purpose .

neg: Eagles Greatest Hits, Vol. 2 Eagles Greatest Hits , Vol . 2 is the second compilation album by the Eagles . It features many of their biggest hits not on Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) , including `` Hotel California , '' their signature song . The album was released in 1982 , after the band 's breakup . That same year , Don Henley and Glenn Frey both released their debut solo albums .   The compilation features eight combined tracks from Hotel California and The Long Run . Also included is `` After the Thrill Is Gone , '' an album track from One of These Nights . ( That song , with its title that summed up the state of the band at the time , was strategically placed as the last track on Greatest Hits , Vol . 2 . ) `` Seven Bridges Road , '' the single from 1980 's Eagles Live , rounds out the album , which has sold over 11 million copies in the U.S. since its release .

neg: 2003 Philadelphia Eagles season The 2003 Philadelphia Eagles season was their 71st in the league . They matched their previous season 's record , going 12 -- 4 , however , they were again upset in the NFC Championship Game . The team made the playoffs for the fourth straight year , won its third straight NFC East division title , and had the NFC 's top record for the second straight season .   After losing their final game in Veterans Stadium to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the 2002 NFC Championship Game , Philadelphia looked to turn the page with the opening of brand-new Lincoln Financial Field , but the stadium got an inaspicious start when the Eagles dropped their first two games there , including a season-opening loss to Tampa Bay . A crushing loss to the New England Patriots left the Eagles 0 -- 2 and expected to compete for the Super Bowl , at a precarious 2 -- 3 , and it looked to be 2 -- 4 before Brian Westbrook returned a punt for a touchdown to shock the New York Giants in the closing minutes of their Week 7 contest . The play turned the Eagles ' season around and they won their next nine games , finishing with a 12 -- 4 record . In the playoffs , the Eagles needed a miracle conversion on 4th and 26 to defeat the Green Bay Packers , but the magic had run out by the next week and the team dropped a 14 -- 3 decision to the Carolina Panthers at Lincoln Financial Field in the NFC Championship Game .   A preseason holdout by running back Duce Staley resulted in a running back by committee situation by Staley , Westbrook , and Correll Buckhalter . The trio rushed for a combined 1,613 yards and 20 touchdowns and became known as `` The Three-Headed Monster . '' The rushing attack , which also benefited from 355 rushing yard and three touchdowns by quarterback Donovan McNabb , carried the offense , which featured a weak receiving corps that did not record a touchdown until Week 9 . There were calls early in the season to replace McNabb with backup A. J. Feeley , but McNabb would find his rhythm and enjoy a great season . The defense weathered early injuries to defensive backs Bobby Taylor and Brian Dawkins to eventually surrender the seventh-fewest points in the league . Cornerback Troy Vincent , in his final season as an Eagle , was elected to the Pro Bowl . The weakness in the defense would be in stopping the run , something the team struggled with even at the height of their nine-game winning streak .

neg: Reading Eagle The Reading Eagle is the major daily newspaper in Reading , Pennsylvania , in the United States . This family-owned newspaper has a daily circulation of 49,375 and a Sunday circulation of 70,832 . It serves the Reading and Berks County region of Pennsylvania .

neg: 1999 Boston College Eagles football team The 1999 Boston College Eagles football team represented Boston College during the 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season . Boston College was a member of the Big East Conference . The Eagles played their home games in 1999 at Alumni Stadium in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts , which has been their home stadium since 1957 .

neg: Hearts & Flowers Hearts & Flowers was a Los Angeles folk rock club band , perhaps most significant as one of the groups that launched the career of Eagles ' founding member and guitarist-songwriter , Bernie Leadon . The lineup included Larry Murray ( vocals , guitar ) , Dave Dawson ( vocals , guitar , autoharp ) , and Rick Cunha ( vocals , guitar ) .   The individual members met at the ongoing Monday night jam sessions being held at The Troubador over which Murray presided . Cunha and Dawson , who played in a duo , were newcomers as recent transplants to the area from Hawaii . After a few informal picking sessions , the trio gelled and started performing .   `` We had a unique sound , a very strange sound , particularly because we found what we did best was old , traditional , country hillbilly music , Murray told John Einarson . `` That became the core of what we did , the three of us , and we took it from there . ''   The group 's sound was described as `` Merle Haggard-meets-Sgt . Pepper '' as a result of the wide-ranging influences each member brought to Hearts & Flowers . This included the aforementioned Haggard , plus Buck Owens , The Louvin and Everly brothers , The Country Gentlemen , The Beatles , and Bob Dylan . With such unorthodox influences -- plus the fact that the band featured autoharp -- , the group was torn about the direction it wanted to take . `` Had it been up to us , we would have gone way country , '' said Cunha . `` We wanted it to be commercial and fit into the pop market , but left to our own devices it would have been even more country . Production changed what we would have done . ''   Meanwhile , Hearts & Flowers was influencing local musicians who heard them in various folk clubs around the Los Angeles area . This included several people who would later be credited with developing the then-germinating Southern California country-rock sound . Jim Messina ( Buffalo Springfield , Poco , Loggins and Messina ) says , `` Those three guys were probably the closest thing to what we were all flowing into . They were the cutting edge of where the rest of us were going . They were the black that did n't quite have the edge sharped on it yet . I got my first Telecaster from Rick Cunha . ''   The group signed a deal with Capitol Records ' Folk World label in December 1966 . Once in the studio , the trio was filled out with studio musicians and steered into a more folk direction . On the road , the group would be augmented with an ever-changing series of musicians including Terry Paul ( Kris Kristofferson ) , Pete Carr ( The Hour Glass ) , and Karen Carpenter ( The Carpenters ) .   Tensions over the direction of the group eventually came to a head . Cunha left the group in Fall 1967 to write country music and produce .   Leadon replaced Cunha for the second album in 1968 . Leadon was well known to Murray as they had played in the Scottsville Squirrel Barkers , a San Diego bluegrass group responsible for launching both those members ' careers as well as those of Chris Hillman ( The Byrds , The Flying Burrito Brothers , Manassas ) and Kenny Wertz ( The Flying Burrito Brothers , Country Gazette ) .   Among venues they played during the mid-1960s , were Los Angeles clubs Ledbetter 's , Doug Weston 's Troubadour , The Whisky-a-Go-Go , and the Ash Grove , primarily as an opening act . Some of the groups with whom they shared a bill included The Doors , Bill Monroe , The Buffalo Springfield , and Blue Cheer . After recording two albums without major success , the group disbanded in 1968 .   Murray claims the group was `` in a rut '' and each member was working with other , different musicians . `` But for a simple twist of fate , we could have been huge . We had what it took , we had a lot of charisma , the personality of the group was amazing . But I do n't think we were focused business-wise . We tended to go with losers , because they were less high-pressure , and we dodged the real pressure people whose asses we should have been kissing . But you do what you do . Everything we did seemed like a good idea at the time . ''   The timing of the break-up could n't have been worse . It was just prior to the release of the seminal country-rock album by The Byrds , Sweetheart of the Rodeo , and the subsequent formation of The Flying Burrito Brothers , both of which are credited with popularizing the genre .

neg: Atlantic Northeast The Atlantic Northeast is a region of North America , which includes the US states of Connecticut , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , New Hampshire , Vermont , and Maine , as well as the Canadian Maritimes .   The Atlantic Northeast region is noted for its cultural unity , stark climate , landscape of dense forests , and a shared economic history in the exploitation of logging and the regional fishery . Further uniting this area is the `` Gray Zone '' which is an area of land and sea which is claimed by both Canada and the United States . It is located off the coasts of New Brunswick and Maine . The only land within this area are two islands , Machias Seal Island and North Rock . The `` Gray Zone '' is one of four areas between the two countries whose sovereignty is still in dispute , but is the only one of the disputed areas containing land . In 1979 , both countries filed a joint application to the International Court of Justice to avoid having the dispute settled when oceanic boundaries in the area were set for mineral and fishing rights . Canadians have had a continuous presence in the area since 1832 when a lighthouse was built .   Since the Atlantic Northeast is such a large region , it is home to many different types of wildlife , sports teams , and geographical locations . The Atlantic Northeast is home to the Boston Celtics , Boston Bruins , New England Patriots , Halifax Hurricanes , Boston Red Sox and many more . It also includes many notable species including the Bald Eagle , Atlantic Salmon , and the Swamp Pink . Lastly , the Atlantic Northeast includes many geographical places of interest including the Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument and Salem , Massachusetts , home of the Salem Witch Trials .   Though cross-border connections are widely acknowledged , the area has rarely been given a single name . `` Atlantic Northeast '' is a term that has been used most prominently in discussions of regional folk culture , another name that is used is Atlantica . ''   These names are often tied to various proposals for greater economic or political integration of the region

neg: List of Philadelphia Eagles head coaches This is a list of head coaches for the Philadelphia Eagles . The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football team based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The Eagles joined the National Football League ( NFL ) as an expansion team in 1933 . Currently members of the Eastern Division of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) , the team has won three NFL titles and made two Super Bowl appearances ( 1980 and 2004 ) . There have been 22 head coaches of the Eagles in the NFL .   Two different coaches have won NFL championships with the team : Earl `` Greasy '' Neale in 1948 and 1949 , and Buck Shaw in 1960 . Andy Reid is the all-time leader in games coached and wins , while Neale has the highest winning percentage with .594 ( with at least one full season coached ) . Bert Bell is statistically the worst coach the Eagles have had in terms of winning percentage , with .185 win/loss percentage .   Of the 22 Eagles coaches , four have been elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Bert Bell was a charter member of the Hall of Fame . Bell was inducted for his work as the NFL Commissioner from 1946 -- 1959 . Wayne Millner , who coached the team in 1951 , was enshrined as a player in 1968 . Greasy Neale was in the class of 1969 for his work as the Eagles coach in the 1940s . Mike McCormack made the 1984 class for his Offensive Tackle play . Several former NFL players have been head coaches for the Eagles , including Jerry Williams , Ed Khayat , and Marion Campbell . Andy Reid . spent 14 seasons in charge before he was fired on December 31 , 2012 , after a 4 -- 12 season -- Reid 's worst season in charge -- which left the Eagles bottom of the NFC . He was replaced by former University of Oregon head coach Chip Kelly , who led the Eagles to a 10 -- 6 record and the playoffs . Kelly was fired on December 29 , 2015 after going 6 -- 9 through that season 's first 15 games . He was replaced by Offensive coordinator Pat Shurmer for week 17 . As of January 14 , the Eagles named Kansas City Chiefs offensive coordinator , Doug Pederson their new head coach going into the 2016-2017 NFL season .

neg: Eagle (heraldry) The eagle is used in heraldry as a charge , as a supporter , and as a crest . The eagle with its keen eyes symbolized perspicacity , courage , strength and immortality , but is also considered `` king of the skies '' and messenger of the highest gods . With these attributed qualities the eagle became a symbol of power and strength in Ancient Rome . Mythologically , it has been connected by the Greeks with the God Zeus , by the Romans with Jupiter , by the Germanic tribes with Odin , by the Judeo-Christian scriptures with those who hope in God ( Isaiah 40:31 ) , and in Christian art with Saint John the Evangelist .

neg: Flag and coat of arms of New Jersey The coat of arms of the state of New Jersey includes :  A shield with three plows , representative of New Jersey 's agricultural tradition .  A forward-facing helmet .  A horse 's head as the crest of the helmet .  The female figures Liberty and Ceres , representative of the state 's motto ( see next item ) . Liberty is holding a staff supporting a `` liberty cap '' ; Ceres is holding an overflowing cornucopia .  The streamer at the foot of the emblem contains the State Motto of New Jersey , `` Liberty and Prosperity '' , and the year of statehood , 1776 .   It was originally designed by Pierre Eugene du Simitiere in 1777 and was modified slightly in 1928 .   The seal is the central motif in the flag of New Jersey and the Great Seal of the State of New Jersey .   The coat of arms contains a horse 's head ; beneath that is a helmet , showing that New Jersey governs itself , and it has three plows on a shield to highlight the state 's agriculture tradition , which shows why the state has the nickname `` Garden State '' . The two Goddesses represent the state motto , `` Liberty and Prosperity '' . Liberty is on the left . She is holding a staff with a liberty cap on it , and the word liberty underneath her . The goddess on the right is Ceres , goddess of agriculture . She is holding a cornucopia with prosperity written below her .   According to the minutes of the New Jersey General Assembly for May 11 , 1896 , the date on which the Assembly officially approved the flag as the state emblem , the buff color is due indirectly to George Washington , who had ordered on September 14 , 1779 , that the uniform coats of the New Jersey Continental Line be dark ( Jersey ) blue , with buff facings . Buff-colored facings had until then been reserved only for his own uniform and those of other Continental generals and their aides . Then , on February 14 , 1780 the Continental War Officers in Philadelphia directed that the uniform coat facings of all regiments were to be the same as the background color of the regiments ' state flag .   The seal is described in New Jersey statute Title 52 , § 2-1 :   In 2015 a circular letter issued by the State of New Jersey Department of the Treasury addressed the issue of unapproved and incorrect versions of `` The Great Seal of the State of New Jersey '' . Many of which incorrectly show the underskirt in blue and not argent .

neg: Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 `` MBTA '' redirects here . For the Boston , MA based transportation company , see Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority .   The Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 ( MBTA ) , codified at ( although § 709 is omitted ) , is a United States federal law , first enacted in 1916 in order to implement the convention for the protection of migratory birds between the United States and Great Britain ( acting on behalf of Canada ) . The statute makes it unlawful without a waiver to pursue , hunt , take , capture , kill or sell birds listed therein ( `` migratory birds '' ) . The statute does not discriminate between live or dead birds and also grants full protection to any bird parts including feathers , eggs and nests . Over 800 species are currently on the list .   Some exceptions to the act , including the eagle feather law , are enacted in federal regulations , which regulates the taking , possession , and transportation of bald eagles , golden eagles , and their `` parts , nests , and eggs '' for `` scientific , educational , and depredation control purposes ; for the religious purposes of American Indian tribes ; and to protect other interests in a particular locality . '' Enrolled members of federally recognized tribes may apply for an eagle permit for use in `` bona fide tribal religious ceremonies . ''   The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service issues permits for otherwise prohibited activities under the act . These include permits for taxidermy , falconry , propagation , scientific and educational use , and depredation , an example of the latter being the killing of geese near an airport , where they pose a danger to aircraft .   The Act was enacted in an era when many bird species were threatened by the commercial trade in birds and bird feathers . The Act was one of the first federal environmental laws ( the Lacey Act had been enacted in 1900 ) . The Act replaced the earlier Weeks-McLean Act ( 1913 ) . Since 1918 , similar conventions between the United States and four other nations have been made and incorporated into the MBTA : Mexico ( 1936 ) , Japan ( 1972 ) and the Soviet Union ( 1976 , now its successor state Russia ) . Some of the conventions stipulate protections not only for the birds themselves , but also for habitats and environs necessary for the birds ' survival .   Constitutionally this law is of interest as it is a use of the federal treaty-making power to override the provisions of state law . The principle that the federal government may do this was upheld in the case Missouri v. Holland .

neg: NFC East The NFC East is a division of the National Football League ( NFL ) 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) . It currently has four members : the Philadelphia Eagles , the New York Giants , the Dallas Cowboys , and the Washington Redskins .   The division was formed in 1967 as the National Football League Capitol Division , keeping with the theme of having all of the league 's divisions starting with the letter `` C. '' The division was so named because it was centered on the capital of the United States , Washington , D.C. . In 1967 and 1969 the teams in the NFL Capitol Division were Dallas , Philadelphia , Washington and the expansion New Orleans Saints , which had been replaced by the New York Giants for the 1968 season . Its most recent Super Bowl champions are the New York Giants .

neg: 2016 Philadelphia Eagles season The 2016 Philadelphia Eagles season was the franchise 's 84th season in the National Football League and the first under head coach Doug Pederson . The Eagles named 2nd overall pick Carson Wentz the starting quarterback for Week 1 agianist the Cleveland Browns . The Eagles started 3-0 including a 34-3 win over the Pittsburgh Steelers . Following their Week 4 bye week , the Eagles lost nine of their final 13 games , including a 2-4 record against their divisional rivals and missed the playoffs for the third consecutive season and fourth time in five seasons .


query: Michael McCullers was employed with Amy Poehler.

pos: Michael McCullers Michael McCullers ( born 1971 ) is an American comedy film screenwriter .   A native of Indian Springs Village , Alabama , McCullers attended Indian Springs School , a private high school just south of Birmingham , Alabama . McCullers is a former writer on Saturday Night Live and is best known for co-writing the script for two Austin Powers movies , Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me and Austin Powers in Goldmember with Mike Myers . He is the writer and director of the 2008 comedy Baby Mama starring Tina Fey and Amy Poehler . He lives in Los Angeles with his wife and four children .

neg: Michael Butler (producer) Michael Butler ( born November 26 , 1926 in Chicago , Illinois ) is an American theatrical producer best known for bringing the rock musical Hair from the Public Theater to Broadway in 1968 . During his time as Hair producer he was dubbed by the press as `` the hippie millionaire '' . Other Broadway production credits include the play Lenny in 1971 and the musical Reggae in 1980 .

neg: Michael Schur Michael Herbert `` Mike '' Schur ( born October 29 , 1975 ) is an American television producer and writer , best known for his work on the NBC comedy series The Office and Parks and Recreation , the latter of which he co-created along with Greg Daniels . He also co-created the FOX comedy series Brooklyn Nine-Nine , and created the NBC comedy series The Good Place . Schur is also known for his small role on The Office as Mose Schrute , the cousin of Dwight Schrute .

neg: Desperate Housewives Desperate Housewives is an American television comedy-drama and mystery series created by Marc Cherry , and produced by ABC Studios and Cherry Productions . It originally aired for eight seasons on ABC , from October 3 , 2004 to May 13 , 2012 . Executive producer Cherry served as showrunner . Other executive producers since the fourth season included Bob Daily , George W. Perkins , John Pardee , Joey Murphy , David Grossman , and Larry Shaw .   Set on Wisteria Lane , a street in the fictional town of Fairview in the fictional Eagle State , Desperate Housewives follows the lives of a group of women as seen through the eyes of their late friend and neighbor who committed suicide in the pilot episode . The storyline covers 13 years of the women 's lives over eight seasons , set between the years 2004 -- 2008 , and later 2013 -- 2017 ( the story arc includes a five-year passage of time , as well as flashbacks ranging from the 1980s to the 2020s ) . They work through domestic struggles and family life , while facing the secrets , crimes and mysteries hidden behind the doors of their -- on the surface -- beautiful and seemingly perfect suburban neighborhood .   The series features an ensemble cast , headed by Teri Hatcher as Susan Mayer , Felicity Huffman as Lynette Scavo , Marcia Cross as Bree Van de Kamp , and Eva Longoria as Gabrielle Solis . Brenda Strong narrates the series as the late Mary Alice Young , appearing sporadically in flashbacks or dream sequences .   Desperate Housewives was well received by viewers and critics alike . It won multiple Primetime Emmy , Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Awards . From the 2004 -- 05 through the 2008 -- 09 television seasons , its first five seasons were rated amongst the top ten most-watched series . In 2007 , it was reported to be the most popular show in its demographic worldwide , with an audience of approximately 120 million and was also reported as the third most watched television series in a study of ratings in twenty countries . In 2012 , it remained the most-watched comedy series internationally based on data from Eurodata TV Worldwide , which measured ratings across five continents ; it has held this position since 2006 . Moreover , it was the third highest revenue earning series for 2010 , with $ 2.74 million per half an hour . The show was ranked at number fifty-six on Entertainment Weekly `` New TV Classics '' list .   In 2011 , it was confirmed that Desperate Housewives would conclude after its eighth season ; the series finale aired on May 13 , 2012 . By the end of the series , it had surpassed Charmed as the longest running hour-long television series featuring all female leads by two episodes .

neg: S. Craig Zahler S. Craig Zahler ( born January 23 , 1973 ) is an American novelist , screenwriter , director , cinematographer and musician .

neg: Back from Vacation `` Back from Vacation '' is the 12th episode of the third season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's 40th episode overall . It first aired on January 4 , 2007 , on NBC , and was the first episode to air after the December holiday hiatus . `` Back from Vacation '' was the first script written by Justin Spitzer for the series . Julian Farino served as the episode director .   The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) returns from his vacation in Jamaica and has a luau in the warehouse to celebrate . It is revealed that he went to Jamaica with Jan Levinson ( Melora Hardin ) when a racy photograph of him and Jan is circulated . Meanwhile , Karen Filippelli ( Rashida Jones ) and Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) have an argument over Karen 's living situation , leading to Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) offering him advice .   According to Nielsen Media Research , the episode was watched by an estimated 8.80 million viewers . Among the 18 -- 49 demographic , it earned a 4.3 / 11 ratings share and helped NBC finish in first place for the night . `` Back from Vacation '' received generally positive reviews from critics , with Carell 's performance receiving positive attention in particular .

neg: Michael Meyerhofer Michael Meyerhofer is a contemporary poet and fiction writer . He was born in Iowa in 1977 , received his Bachelor of Arts in English from the University of Iowa in 2000 , and his Master of Fine Arts in Creative Writing from Southern Illinois University Carbondale in 2006 . He currently teaches as a Visiting Professor at DeVry University in Fresno , California Retrieved on December 18 , 2014 .   His debut novel , `` Wytchfire '' , was recently released from Red Adept Publishing .

neg: Mr. Broadway Mr. Broadway is an American 13-episode CBS adventure and drama television series starring Craig Stevens as New York City public relations specialist Mike Bell . The program aired at 9 p.m. Eastern time Saturdays from September 26 to December 26 , 1964 . Also featured were Bell 's assistant , Toki , portrayed by Lani Miyazaki , and his police contact , Hank McClure , played by Horace McMahon . Mr. Broadway , a Talent Associates Production , was created by Garson Kanin and produced by David Susskind and Daniel Melnick . Dave Brubeck supplied the music and theme . It was shot on location in New York City .   Although ` Mr. Broadway ' was only aired 13 episodes , it featured some notable guest stars , including Jason Robards , Lauren Bacall , Tuesday Weld , Jill St. John , Art Carney and Liza Minnelli in her first dramatic TV role . Notable episodes include guest appearances by Liza Minnelli as Minnie in `` Nightingale for Sale '' ; Sandy Dennis in `` Do n't Mention My Name in Sheboygan '' , and Lauren Bacall as Barbara Lake , with Martin Balsam as Nate Bannerman , in `` Something to Sing About '' . Other episodes are `` Keep an Eye on Emily '' ( the series ' pilot ) with Tuesday Weld as Emily and Oleg Cassini as himself , `` Take a Walk Through a Cemetery '' with Lauren Bacall , again , but also with Jason Robards , Jr. , and Jill St. John , `` Try to Find a Spy '' with Barbara Feldon and Simon Oakland , `` Between the Rats and the Finks '' with Larry Hagman , Dyan Cannon , Bruce Gordon , and Patrick McVey , `` The He-She Chemistry '' with Tammy Grimes , `` Maggie , Queen of the Jungle '' , with Nina Foch in the title role , `` Smelling Like a Rose '' with Art Carney , Hal Roach , and Tina Louise , `` Bad Little Rich Girl '' with Diana Van der Vlis as Mary Beth Warren and Larry Pennell as John Chambers , `` Sticks and Stones May Break My Bones '' with Philip Abbott as Geoffrey Karr and Lola Albright as Duff Daniels . Albright had been Stevens 's co-star on Peter Gunn , and `` Pay Now , Die Later '' , the series finale , with David Wayne as John Zeck and John Ireland as Jimmy King . In the latter episode the wealthy Zeck hires Mike Bell to write his obituary ahead of his death .   Mr. Broadway aired following the new sitcom Gilligan 's Island and preceding the durable Western , Gunsmoke . Its competition was the Saturday Night Movie on NBC , and the second half of The Lawrence Welk Show and the first half of The Hollywood Palace on ABC .

neg: Lori McCreary Lori McCreary ( born in Antioch , California ) is an American motion picture producer and computer scientist . She is co-founder and CEO of the production company Revelations Entertainment , which she co-founded with actor Morgan Freeman .   McCreary graduated from UCLA with a degree in Computer Science . While still in college , she co-founded software company CompuLaw , now a part of Aderant .   McCreary 's appreciation for the stage play Bopha ! inspired her to go into motion picture production . Actor Morgan Freeman was signed to direct the film . Later , the pair partnered in the formation of Revelations Entertainment in 1996 with a mission to produce entertainment that reveals truth . As Revelations CEO , McCreary most recently produced The Magic of Belle Isle , directed by Rob Reiner . Before that , she produced Invictus , directed by Clint Eastwood , with Freeman starring in the long-awaited portrayal of Nelson Mandela and co-starring Matt Damon . In addition , she serves as the Executive Producer of Discovery Science 's Through the Wormhole With Morgan Freeman . Utilizing the latest work at NASA , the series explores how astrobiology , string theory , quantum mechanics and astrophysics are pushing the boundaries of our understanding of the universe .   McCreary 's additional producer credits include Mimi Leder 's Thick as Thieves with Antonio Banderas and The Maiden Heist starring Christopher Walken , William H. Macy , Marcia Gay Harden and Morgan Freeman . Revelations also co-produced Along Came a Spider for Paramount Pictures .   In July 2005 , Revelations Entertainment teamed with Intel to form a new digital entertainment company , ClickStar . ClickStar officially launched their site on December 15 , 2006 , where it was the first website to legally make a movie ( Revelation 's 10 Items or Less ) available for download while it was still in theaters .   McCreary sits on the Board of the Producers Guild of America and as of June 2014 , was elected President of the Producers Guild of America ( PGA ) along with Gary Lucchesi . McCreary still holds this post . She is the Founder of the PGA 's Motion Picture Technology Committee and sits on the Producers Council of the PGA and on the Technology Committee of the American Society of Cinematographers . She is also a member of The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( SMPTE ) and The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers , Inc. ( IEEE ) . In addition , she was profiled by The Hollywood Reporter in its 100 Most Powerful Women in Hollywood issue .

neg: Halloween (The Office) `` Halloween '' is the fifth episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's eleventh episode overall . It was written by executive producer and showrunner Greg Daniels and was directed by Paul Feig . The episode first aired on NBC in the United States on October 18 , 2005 . Guest stars in this episode included Devon Abner , Hugh Dane , George Gaus , Annabelle Kopack , Ava Nisbet and Alec Zbornak .   The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , the employees at Dunder Mifflin celebrate Halloween at the office . Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) struggles with making the decision of whom to fire . Meanwhile , Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) and Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) post Dwight Schrute 's ( Rainn Wilson ) resume on the internet .   Due to the Halloween concept of the episode , the cast members of The Office were allowed to wear costumes rather than their `` usual , realistically plain suits '' . B. J. Novak , writer for the series as well as actor , called the experience `` fun '' . The episode features the last on-screen appearance of the background character Devon until the series finale . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 4.1 in the 18 -- 49 demographic and was viewed by 8 million viewers .

neg: Matthew Greenfield Matthew Greenfield ( born September 14 , 1968 ) a producer of independent films . He is senior vice-president of production at Fox Searchlight . He was formerly the associate director of the Sundance Institute Feature Film Program .   Greenfield attended the Crossroads School , a private school associated with the entertainment industry , and later attended Wesleyan University . At Wesleyan , he met future collaborator Miguel Arteta .   Greenfield and Arteta teamed up to make Star Maps , which debuted in 1997 at the Sundance Film Festival and received five Independent Spirit Award nominations , including Best First Feature . They followed with Chuck & Buck in 2000 , for which they won the Independent Spirit John Cassavetes Award for Best Low Budget Feature , and The Good Girl in 2002 , starring Jennifer Aniston .   In 2005 Greenfield worked as a producer on The Motel and Are You the Favorite Person of Anybody ?   Greenfield started Cloverfield Press , a boutique publishing company , in 2004 with his wife , Laurence Dumortier .

neg: Michael Scott (The Office) Michael Gary Scott is a fictional character in NBC 's The Office , portrayed by Steve Carell and based on David Brent from the original British version of the program . Michael is the central character of the series , serving as Regional Manager of the Scranton branch of paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin Inc. from season 1 through 7 . However , he leaves Dunder Mifflin temporarily to form the Michael Scott Paper Company during the late end of the 5th season and shares a co-managerial position with Jim Halpert during a 6th season arc from `` The Meeting '' to `` The Manager and the Salesman '' . In the end of the 7th season , he proposes to HR representative Holly Flax and moves to Colorado to take care of her aging parents , leaving the manager position to Deangelo Vickers in `` Goodbye , Michael '' , to Andy Bernard in season 8 after Vickers becomes brain dead , and ultimately to Dwight Schrute in season 9 .

neg: Michael S. Chernuchin Michael S. Chernuchin ( born 1954 ) is an American television writer and producer . He has worked on the NBC crime dramas Law & Order and Brooklyn South . He has won a Producers Guild of America ( PGA ) Award and an Edgar Award .

neg: Amy Lippman Amy Lippman is an American television producer and writer . She is perhaps best known as the co-creator of Party of Five with her writing partner , Christopher Keyser . She is politically conscious as a donor to Democratic candidates and causes . She also worked on the television series Sisters , In Treatment and the Party of Five spin-off Time of Your Life .

neg: Motion Picture Editors Guild The Motion Picture Editors Guild ( MPEG ) is the guild that represents freelance and staff motion picture film and television editors and other post-production professionals and story analysts throughout the United States . The Motion Picture Editors Guild ( Union Local 700 ) is a part of the 500 affiliated local unions of the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees ( IATSE ) , a national labor organization with 104,000-plus members . There are more than 6,000 members of the Editors Guild .   The MPEG negotiates collective bargaining agreements ( union contracts ) with producers and major motion picture movie studios and enforces existing agreements with employers involved in post-production . The MPEG provides assistance for securing better working conditions , including but salary , medical benefits , safety ( particularly `` turnaround time '' ) and artistic ( assignment of credit ) concerns .

neg: Muse Entertainment Muse Entertainment is a Canadian producer of films and television programs founded by Michael Prupas in 1998 . The company gained press attention in 2011 for their production of the multi-Emmy winning and nominated miniseries The Kennedys in association with Asylum Entertainment .

neg: Aftershocks (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.) `` Aftershocks '' is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement and Logistics Division ) , revolving around the character of Phil Coulson and his team of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents as they race to strike back against Hydra after an apparent defeat to the latter , while several characters discover they have gained new abilities following the end of the previous episode . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films of the franchise . The episode was written by Maurissa Tancharoen and Jed Whedon , and directed by Billy Gierhart .   Clark Gregg reprises his role as Coulson from the film series , and is joined by series regulars Ming-Na Wen , Brett Dalton , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , Elizabeth Henstridge , Nick Blood , and Adrianne Palicki . Palicki was promoted to series regular with this episode , after having a recurring guest role in the first half of the season . The episode also saw the return of Marvel 's `` The Art of ... '' marketing initiative .   `` Aftershocks '' originally aired on ABC on March 3 , 2015 , and according to Nielsen Media Research , was watched by 4.48 million viewers .

neg: A.C.O.D. A.C.O.D. is a 2013 American comedy film directed by Stu Zicherman , based on a script by Zicherman and Ben Karlin , and starring Adam Scott , Amy Poehler , Jessica Alba and Jane Lynch . The name of the film is an abbreviation for Adult Children of Divorce .   Teddy Schwarzman produced the film through his Black Bear Pictures production company . Other stars include Richard Jenkins , Mary Elizabeth Winstead and Catherine O'Hara , with Ken Howard and Clark Duke in supporting roles .   The film was released in the U.S. on October 4 , 2013 .

neg: The Moviegoer (album) The Moviegoer is the seventh studio album by the American solo artist Scott Walker . It was released in October 1972 but failed to chart . No singles were released from the album , though `` This Way Mary '' was later released as a b-side to Walker 's 1973 single `` The Me I Never Knew '' . The album consists solely of renditions of film theme songs originally performed by other artists .   The album was the first of six studio albums ( the last two as The Walker Brothers ) in which Walker did not contribute original material . Having lost creative control of his music after the commercial failures of his previous two studio albums Scott 4 and 'Til the Band Comes In , Walker was tasked with recording `` inoffensive , middle-of-the-road material that could be easily processed , marketed and sold '' . By way of compromise Walker had some say in the song selection and drew together a selection of themes from some of his favourite films .   The album was recorded quickly in the autumn of 1972 with Walker 's usual studio team consisting of producer Johnny Franz and engineer Peter J. Olliff . In a change from previous work , Robert Cornford was brought-in to produce the orchestral arrangements . Despite a push for commercial viability the album received negative reviews when released as an LP in October 1972 . The album was re-issued in 1975 by Contour record label with new sleeve art . The album has since been deleted and has not been reissued .

neg: Matthew Cooke (filmmaker) Matthew Cooke ( born 1973 , Washington , D.C. ) is the writer-director of How to Make Money Selling Drugs , a documentary film which criticizes the war on drugs in the United States . Cooke was also the narrator , editor , cinematographer and visual effects artist . Cooke was the producer and editor of Amy Berg 's Oscar -- nominated documentary Deliver Us from Evil , his first feature film , and writer , director , editor and actor on Fuel TV 's Stupidface . He produced Adrian Grenier 's 2010 HBO documentary Teenage Paparazzo which premiered at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival . Cooke also contributed editing , motion graphics and cinematography work to the picture . He is producing American Race , an upcoming documentary directed by Amy Berg , who Cooke previously worked with on Deliver Us from Evil .   Cooke graduated magna cum laude with a B.A. in film from Pitzer College in 1996 . He was engaged to actress Maggie Grace from February 2015 to February 2016 .

neg: Anthony Meindl Anthony Paul Meindl ( born January 14 , 1968 ) is an American screenwriter , stage and film actor , and founder and artistic director at the MetaTheatre Company and Anthony Meindl 's Actor Workshop in Los Angeles . The workshop has since expanded to locations in New York City , London , Sydney , Melbourne , and Vancouver .   In the 1990s , Meindl played a character who was a genie named `` Hard Hat Harry '' in a number of video cassettes and DVDs aimed at introducing children to trucks , cars , construction vehicles , and others ( usually using the name `` Anthony Paul '' ) .   He worked and lived in New York in the early 1990s and moved to Los Angeles in 1997 . He has been in many commercials for products and companies including Diet Coke , Philips Electronics , Bank of America , Nissan , Michelob Lite , Sears , Acura , Del Taco , Mervyns , and Behr Paint .   He has also appeared in non-Broadway stage productions of Titus Andronicus , Merrily We Roll Along , and the LA Weekly Award-nominated Cabaret .   He is openly gay . His film credits are almost exclusively gay-related , including the 1997 gay-themed drama David Searching , the 1998 gay-themed drama Minor Details , and the 2000 gay-themed comedy/drama Get Your Stuff . His latest film role was in the 2005 mystery comedy Death of a Saleswoman . He also appeared in a 1998 episode of Will & Grace .   He has coached and worked with Shailene Woodley , Ashley Greene , Agnes Bruckner , Nick Robinson , Chace Crawford , Cory Monteith , Dania Ramirez , Sasha Alexander , Chris Owen , Stevie Lynn Jones , Dree Hemingway , Michael Lomenda , JC Chasez , China Chow , Brock Kelly , Judith Hill , Samantha Mumba , Rocco DiSpirito , Olivia Holt , Ian Harding , Alexandra Daddario , Edy Ganem , Trevor Donovan , Daniel Cudmore , Charlie Bewley , Ashton Holmes , Larissa Oleynik , Lorenza Izzo , Carmen Electra , Allison Miller , Jenna Dewan-Tatum , Lucy Fry , Josh Zuckerman , Sadie Calvano , Taryn Southern , Ryan Rottman , Chaz Bono , Jill Wagner , Joe Slaughter , Mark Hapka , Matt Dallas , Brad Rowe , and Quddus Phillippe .   Meindl 's first feature screenplay , The Wonder Girls , was the Grand Prize Winning Feature Screenplay in the Slamdance Film Festival Screenplay Competition in 2007 .  He was nominated as Best Director for the LA Weekly Awards two years in a row for Best Comedy ( Swimming In The Shallows ) and Best Drama ( Dogs Barking ) . The casts for both shows ( members of MetaTheatre Company , his acting studio ) were also nominated as Best Ensemble in a Comedy and Best Ensemble in a Drama .   His first short , `` Ready ? OK ! '' , played in over a dozen International Film Festivals , winning numerous `` Best of '' Awards and premiered on MTV 's LOGO Network in 2009 as part of their `` Click List : Best In Short Film Series . '' It won the 2008 Planet Out Scion Viewer 's Choice Short Film Awards .   Meindl 's first feature film , Birds of A Feather ( 2011 ) won him Best Director awards at the 2012 Downtown LA Film Festival and the 2013 Golden Door Film Festival and the Spirit of the Festival Award at the 2012 Honolulu Rainbow Film Festival . The film features Academy Award winner , Olympia Dukakis , Bruce Vilanch and Trevor Donovan .   He is a regular contributor to The Huffington Post , The Daily Love , and Backstage .