query: The Peloponnesian War was won by Sparta.

pos: Sparta Sparta ( Doric Greek : Σπάρτα , Spártā Attic Greek : Σπάρτη , Spártē ) was a prominent city-state in ancient Greece . In antiquity the city-state was known as Lacedaemon ( Λακεδαίμων , Lakedaímōn ) , while the name Sparta referred to its main settlement on the banks of the Eurotas River in Laconia , in south-eastern Peloponnese . Around 650 BC , it rose to become the dominant military land-power in ancient Greece .   Given its military pre-eminence , Sparta was recognized as the overall leader of the combined Greek forces during the Greco-Persian Wars . Between 431 and 404 BC , Sparta was the principal enemy of Athens during the Peloponnesian War , from which it emerged victorious , though at a great cost of lives lost . Sparta 's defeat by Thebes in the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC ended Sparta 's prominent role in Greece . However , it maintained its political independence until the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 BC . It then underwent a long period of decline , especially in the Middle Ages , when many Spartans moved to live in Mystras . Modern Sparta is the capital of the Greek regional unit of Laconia and a center for the processing of goods such as citrus and olives .   Sparta was unique in ancient Greece for its social system and constitution , which completely focused on military training and excellence . Its inhabitants were classified as Spartiates ( Spartan citizens , who enjoyed full rights ) , mothakes ( non-Spartan free men raised as Spartans ) , perioikoi ( freedmen ) , and helots ( state-owned serfs , enslaved non-Spartan local population ) . Spartiates underwent the rigorous agoge training and education regimen , and Spartan phalanges were widely considered to be among the best in battle . Spartan women enjoyed considerably more rights and equality to men than elsewhere in the classical world .   Sparta was the subject of fascination in its own day , as well as in the West following the revival of classical learning . This love or admiration of Sparta is known as Laconism or Laconophilia .  At its peak around 500 BC the size of the city would have been some 20,000 -- 35,000 free residents , plus numerous helots and perioikoi ( `` dwellers around '' ) . At 40,000 -- 50,000 it was one of the largest Greek cities ; however , according to Thucydides , the population of Athens in 431 BC was 360,000 -- 610,000 , making it unlikely that Athens was smaller than Sparta in 5th century BC . The French classicist François Ollier in his 1933 book Le mirage spartiate ( `` The Spartan Mirage '' ) warned that a major scholarly problem regarding Sparta is that all the surviving accounts of Sparta were written by non-Spartans who often presented an excessively idealized image of Sparta . Ollier 's theory of the `` Spartan mirage '' has been widely accepted by scholars .

neg: List of ancient Greek tribes The ancient Greek tribes were groups of Greek-speaking populations living in Greece , Cyprus , and the various Greek colonies . They were primarily divided by geographic , dialectal , political , and cultural criteria , as well as distinct traditions in mythology and religion . Some groups were of mixed origin , forming a syncretic culture through absorption and assimilation of previous and neighboring populations into the Greek language and customs .   With the dominion of land passing on from one tribe to the other , cultural exchange through art and trade , and frequent alliances toward common goals , the ethnic character of the different tribes had become primarily political by the dawn of the Hellenistic period . The Roman conquest of Greece , the subsequent division of the Roman Empire into Greek East and Latin West , as well as the advent of Christianity , molded the common ethnic and political Greek identity once and for all to the subjects of the Greek world by the 3rd century AD .

neg: Greek heraldry Greek heraldry , though not as developed as in other countries , has an interesting history in and of itself by drawing upon it Byzantine heritage and influences from the various western powers that have occupied Greek lands . Heraldry is therefore seen as a foreign concept , and is widespread mostly in the Ionian and Aegean Islands ( former Venetian and Genoese possessions ) and among the families of Phanariot origin   Ancient Greeks were among the first civilizations to use symbols consistently in order to identify a warrior , clan or a state . In Aeschylus ' tragedy `` Seven Against Thebes '' there is the first record of a shield blazon .

neg: Third Hellenic Republic Third Hellenic Republic is the period in modern Greek history that stretches from 1974 , with the fall of Greek military junta and the final abolition of the Greek monarchy , to the present day .   It is considered the third period of republican rule in Greece , following the First Republic during the Greek War of Independence ( 1821 -- 32 ) and the Second Republic during the temporary abolition of the monarchy in 1924 -- 35 . The term `` Metapolitefsi '' is commonly used for this period , but this term concerns more often with the first years immediately after the fall of the military junta . While the First and Second Hellenic Republics are n't in common use except in a historiographic context , the term Third Hellenic Republic is used frequently .   Features of the Third Hellenic Republic are the development of social freedoms , the human growth , the European orientation of Greece and the political dominance of the parties ND and PASOK . On the contrary this period includes high corruption , deterioration of some economic indexes such as the public debt and nepotism mostly in political scene and the state seats .

neg: Piraeus Piraeus ( -LSB- paɪˈriːəs , _ pɪˈreɪ.əs -RSB- Πειραιάς Pireás -LSB- pireˈas -RSB- , Πειραιεύς , Peiraieús , -LSB- peːrajeús -RSB- ) is a port city in the region of Attica , Greece . Piraeus is located within the Athens urban area , 12 km southwest from its city center ( municipality of Athens ) , and lies along the east coast of the Saronic Gulf .   According to the 2011 census , Piraeus had a population of 163,688 people within its administrative limits , making it the fourth largest municipality in Greece and the second largest within the urban area of the Greek capital , following the municipality of Athens . The municipality of Piraeus and several other suburban municipalities within the regional unit of Piraeus form the greater Piraeus area , with a total population of 448,997 .   Piraeus has a long recorded history , dating to ancient Greece . The city was largely developed in the early 5th century BC , when it was selected to serve as the port city of classical Athens and was transformed into a prototype harbour , concentrating all the import and transit trade of Athens . During the Golden Age of Athens the Long Walls were constructed to connect Athens with Piraeus . Consequently , it became the chief harbour of ancient Greece , but declined gradually after the 4th century AD , growing once more in the 19th century , especially after Athens ' declaration as the capital of Greece . In the modern era , Piraeus is a large city , bustling with activity and an integral part of Athens , acting as home to the country 's biggest harbour and bearing all the characteristics of a huge marine and commercial-industrial centre .   The port of Piraeus is the chief port in Greece , the largest passenger port in Europe and the second largest in the world , servicing about 20 million passengers annually . With a throughput of 1.4 million TEUs , Piraeus is placed among the top ten ports in container traffic in Europe and the top container port in the Eastern Mediterranean . The city hosted events in both the 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics held in Athens . The University of Piraeus is one of the largest universities in Greece .

neg: Nicias Nicias ( -LSB- ˈnɪʃiəs -RSB- Νικίας Nikias ; c. 470 BC -- 413 BC ) , was an Athenian politician and general during the period of the Peloponnesian War . Nicias was a member of the Athenian aristocracy and had inherited a large fortune from his father , which was invested in the silver mines around Attica 's Mt. Laurium . Following the death of Pericles in 429 BC , he became the principal rival of Cleon and the democrats in the struggle for the political leadership of the Athenian state . He was a moderate in his political views and opposed the aggressive imperialism of the democrats . His principal aim was to conclude a peace with Sparta as soon as it could be obtained on terms favourable to Athens .   He was regularly elected to serve as strategos ( general ) for Athens during the Peloponnesian War . He led several expeditions which achieved little . Nevertheless , he was largely responsible for the successful negotiations which led to the Peace of Nicias in 421 BC .   Following the Peace , he objected to the ambitious plans of Alcibiades for advancing Athens ' interests . Despite this , Nicias was appointed to participate in the Athenian invasion of Sicily . The Athenian siege of Syracuse was nearly successful until the arrival of the Spartan general Gylippus , who turned the situation around so that the Athenians were themselves under siege . Nicias led his forces in a desperate attempt to escape by land . However , they were cut off and he and his Athenian army were overwhelmed and defeated . His army was almost wiped out , but he reminded Gylippus of all the times Nicias had spared him , and was in turn spared .

neg: Battle of Coronea (447 BC) The Battle of Coronea ( also known as the First Battle of Coronea ) took place between the Athenian-led Delian League and the Boeotian League in 447 BC during the First Peloponnesian War .   In 457 BC the Athenians had taken control of Boeotia at the Battle of Oenophyta , and spent the next ten years attempting to consolidate the League 's power . In 454 BC Athens lost a fleet attempting to aid an Egyptian revolt against Persia ; fearing revolts by the other members of the Delian League , Athens moved the treasury to their city from Delos in 453 BC , and signed the Peace of Callias with Persia around 450 BC .   The Delian League was essentially an Athenian empire , and while Athens was usually successful at holding their possessions in the Aegean Sea , they were less successful on land . By 447 BC some of the men exiled from Boeotia after the Athenian victory there in 457 had returned home and began to take back some of the Boeotian towns . The Athenians under Tolmides , with 1,000 hoplites plus other troops from their allies , marched into Boeotia to take back the recaptured towns . They captured Chaeronea , but were attacked and defeated by the Boeotians at Coronea . The Athenians were forced to give up control of Boeotia . Boeotia was allowed to leave the Delian League in return for allowing the Athenians to leave Boeotia safely . The defeat led to revolts on Euboea and in Megara , which in turn led to further conflict with Sparta , contributing to the Peloponnesian War .

neg: Attalid dynasty The Attalid dynasty ( -LSB- ˈætəlᵻd -RSB- Δυναστεία των Ατταλιδών ) was a Hellenistic dynasty that ruled the city of Pergamon after the death of Lysimachus , a general of Alexander the Great . The Attalid kingdom was the rump state left after the collapse of the Lysimachian Empire . One of Lysimachus ' officers , Philetaerus , took control of the city in 282 BC . The later Attalids were descended from his father and they expanded the city into a kingdom . Attalus I proclaimed himself King in the 230s BC , following his victories over the Galatians . The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis . A war with Eumenes III resulted in the creation of Roman province of Asia over much of the territory .   On the interior of the Pergamon Altar is a frieze depicting the life of Telephus , son of Herakles , whom the ruling Attalid dynasty associated with its city and utilized to claim descent from the Olympians . Pergamon , having entered the Greek world much later than its counterparts to the west , could not boast the same divine heritage as older city-states and retroactively had to cultivate its place in Greek mythology .

neg: Strategikon of Maurice The Strategikon or Strategicon is a manual of war traditionally regarded as written in the late 6th century and usually attributed to the Byzantine Emperor Maurice . It is moreover a practical manual , `` a rather modest elementary handbook '' in the words of its introduction , `` for those devoting themselves to generalship '' . This book gives a general guide , handbook , of the Byzantine military 's strategies . `` The Strategikon is written in a very straightforward and generally uncomplicated Greek . The translation has tried to render this in the same kind of English '' .   The Strategikon may have been written in an effort to codify the military reforms brought about by the soldier-emperor Maurice . There is debate in academic circles as to the true author of the Strategikon . Maurice may have only commissioned it ; perhaps his brother Peter , or another general of his court , was the true author . The dating is also debated . If it was written in the 6th century , the Strategikon may have been produced to codify the experience of the Balkan and Persian campaigns , or the campaigns may have been carried out in compliance with the manual . However , starting in the late 19th century , some historians have argued for a later date in the eighth or ninth century , on philological or technological grounds . In any case , it is considered one of the most important military texts of the medieval years , along with the 10th century military treatises attributed to the Byzantine emperors Leo VI ( Tactica ) and Nicephorus Phocas ( De velitatione and Praecepta Militaria ) ; Leo 's Tactica in particular drew heavily from the Strategikon .   The text consists of 12 chapters , or `` books '' , on various aspects of the tactics employed by the Byzantine military of the 6th and 7th century A.D. . It is primarily focused on cavalry tactics and formations , yet it also elaborates on matters of infantry , sieges , baggage trains , drilling and marching . Each book has a general topic to be discussed , and each book goes into great detail even separating each book further into subsections and including maps . These maps are not large an extravagant but more symbols to show positions and a standard design of the formations the Byzantine military used at this time . Books seven and eight contain practical advice to the General in the form of instructions and maxims . The eleventh book has ethnographic interest , with its portrayal of various Byzantine enemies ( Franks , Lombards , Avars , Turks , and Slavs ) . The Strategikon also belongs to Byzantine legal literature , since it contains a list of military infractions and their suitable penalties .

neg: Sicilian Expedition The Sicilian Expedition was an Athenian military expedition to Sicily , which took place during the period from 415 BC to 413 BC ( during the Peloponnesian War ) . The expedition was hampered from the outset by uncertainty in its purpose and command structure -- political maneuvering in Athens swelled a lightweight force of twenty ships into a massive armada , and the expedition 's primary proponent , Alcibiades , was recalled from command to stand trial before the fleet even reached Sicily -- but still achieved early successes . Syracuse , the most powerful state on Sicily , responded exceptionally slowly to the Athenian threat and , as a result , was almost completely invested before the arrival of a Spartan general , Gylippus , galvanized its inhabitants into action . From that point forward , however , as the Athenians ceded the initiative to their newly energized opponents , the tide of the conflict shifted . A massive reinforcing armada from Athens briefly gave the Athenians the upper hand once more , but a disastrous failed assault on a strategic high point and several crippling naval defeats damaged the besiegers ' fighting capacity and morale , and the Athenians were eventually forced to attempt a desperate overland escape from the city they had hoped to conquer . That last measure , too , failed , and nearly the entire expedition surrendered or was destroyed in the Sicilian interior .   The impact of the defeat was immense . Two hundred ships and thousands of soldiers , an appreciable portion of the city 's total manpower , were lost in a single stroke . Athens 's enemies on the mainland and in Persia were encouraged to take action , and rebellions broke out in the Aegean . The defeat proved to be the turning point in the Peloponnesian War , though Athens struggled on for another decade . Thucydides observed that contemporary Greeks were shocked not that Athens eventually fell after the defeat , but rather that it fought on for as long as it did , so devastating were the losses suffered .

neg: Government of Macedonia (ancient kingdom) The earliest government of Macedonia was established by the Argead dynasty of Macedonian kings some time during the period of Archaic Greece ( 8th -- 5th centuries BC ) . Due to shortcomings in the historical record , very little is known about the origins of Macedonian governmental institutions before the reign of Philip II of Macedon ( r. 359 -- 336 BC ) , during the final phase of Classical Greece ( 480 -- 336 BC ) . These institutions continued to evolve under his successor Alexander the Great and the subsequent Antipatrid and Antigonid dynasties of the Hellenistic period of Greece ( 336 -- 146 BC ) . Following the Roman victory in the Third Macedonian War and house arrest of Perseus of Macedon in 168 BC , the Macedonian monarchy was abolished and replaced by four client state republics . However , the monarchy was briefly revived by the pretender to the throne Andriscus in 150 -- 148 BC , followed by the Roman victory in the Fourth Macedonian War and establishment of the Roman province of Macedonia .   It is unclear if there was a formally established constitution dictating the laws , organization , and divisions of power in ancient Macedonia 's government , although some tangential evidence suggests this . The king ( basileus ) served as the head of state and was assisted by his noble companions ( hetairoi ) and royal pages . The Macedonian kings had command over certain natural resources such as gold from mining and timber from logging . They were also expected to serve as high priests of the nation , using their wealth to sponsor various religious cults . The ancient Macedonian army arguably exercised its authority in matters such as the royal succession when there was no clear heir apparent . The army upheld some of the functions of a popular assembly , a democratic institution which otherwise existed in only a handful of municipal governments within the Macedonian commonwealth , the Koinon of Macedonians . The Macedonian kings served as the commanders-in-chief of Macedonia 's armed forces , while it was common for them to personally lead troops into battle .

neg: Arachidamia Arachidamia ( c. 340-241 BC ) was a wealthy Spartan queen , wife of Eudamidas I , mother of Archidamus IV and Agesistrata , grandmother of Eudamidas II , great-grandmother and grandmother of Agis IV .   The earliest accounts of her depict her leading Spartan women against Pyrrhus during his siege of Lacedaemon in the 3rd century BC . In the face of Pyrrhus 's invasion , the Spartan Gerousia considered sending the Spartan women to Crete for their safety . Arachidamia , speaking on behalf of the Spartan women , entered the Gerousia , `` with sword in hand , '' and contested this proposal , questioning whether the Spartan women were expected to survive the ruin of their own city .   With the matter settled , the Spartans initiated the construction of a defensive trench running parallel to Pyrrhus 's camp . It is likely that Arachidamia helped direct the Spartan women in this respect , since it is reported that the Spartan women impressively `` completed with their own hands a third of the trench . '' Consequently , it is likely that Arachidamia led the efforts of Spartan women during the subsequent battle against Pyrrhus , as they are noted for supplying the defenders with weapons and refreshment during combat , and extracting wounded from the battlefield .   Later records of Arachidamia date three decades later , with her assisting in the revolutionary designs of her grandson Agis IV , as he attempted to restore Lycurgan institutions to a Sparta then thoroughly corrupted by wealth and greed . Because Arachidamia and Agesistrata were the wealthiest two people in all of Lacedaemon , Arachidamia 's support of Agis was instrumental in gaining support for the cause . She was among those who first pledged to contribute their wealth to a common pool , which was then to be distributed equally amongst both old and new Spartan citizens .   However , these revolutionary designs were foiled by the corruption of Agis 's uncle and erstwhile supporter , Agesilaus , and the machinations of a rival party , led by the Agiad King , Leonidas II . Leonidas and the Ephors had Agis illegally imprisoned and executed , unbeknownst to a mob that had gathered out of concern and a possible desire to see him freed . Arachidamia and Agesistrata were subsequently lured into the prison on the premise that they were to see Agis ; and there they too both met their ends at the hands of their political rivals . Considering that she must have born her son Archidamus IV before 320 BC , at the time of her execution in 241 BC she was probably far in her nineties .

neg: Thimbron (fl. 400–391 BC) Thimbron or Thibron ( Greek : Θίμβρων fl . 400 -- 391 BC ) was a Lacedaemonian general . He was sent out as harmost in 400 BC , with an army of about 5,000 men , to aid the Ionians against Tissaphernes , who wished to bring them into subjection . Thibron raised a substantial force of Peloponnesian troops and levies from other cities around Greece , but was initially unable to face the Persian army in the field . After he was joined by elements of the Ten Thousand , he challenged and defeated the Persian army on several occasions ; seizing several cities before settling in to besiege Larissa . That siege proved fruitless , and Thibron was ordered to abandon it , and then replaced by another general , Dercylidas , before he could launch his next campaign . Upon his return to Sparta Thibron was tried and exiled for allowing his troops to plunder Sparta 's allies in the region . In 391 BC , during the Corinthian War , Thibron was again dispatched to Ionia with an army , and was ordered to take aggressive action against the Persian satrap Struthas , who was pursuing a pro-Athenian , anti-Spartan policy . Thibron launched a number of successful raids into Persian territory . His raids tended to be poorly organized , however , and Struthas took advantage of this to ambush one of Thibron 's raiding parties . The Spartans were routed , and a large number of them , including Thibron , were killed .   It is likely that this Thibron is the same one mentioned by Aristotle as writing a treatise on the Spartan Constitution ( Aristotle 's Politics 7.1333 b12 ; Jacoby , FGrHist 581 ; Tigerstedt , Legend of Sparta 1.110 ) .

neg: Spartan hegemony The polis of Sparta was the greatest military land power of classical Greek antiquity . During the classical period , Sparta governed , dominated or influenced the entire Peloponnese . Additionally , the defeat of the Athenians and the Delian League in the Peloponnesian War in 431-404 BC resulted in a short-lived Spartan dominance of the Greek world from 404 to 371 BC . Due to their mistrust of others , Spartans discouraged the creation of records about their internal affairs . The only histories of Sparta are from the writings of Xenophon , Thucydides , Herodotus and Plutarch , none of whom were Spartans . Plutarch was writing several centuries after the period of Spartan hegemony had ceased . This creates difficulties in understanding the Spartan political system , which was distinctly different from any other Greek polis .

neg: Leotychidas Leotychidas ( also Leotychides , Latychidas ; Λεωτυχίδας c. 545 BC -- c. 469 BC ) was a ruler of Sparta in 491 -- 476 BC . He led Spartan forces during the Persian Wars from 490 BC to 478 BC .   Born in Sparta around 545 BC , Leotychidas was a descendant of the Royal House of the Eurypontids ( through Menamus , Agesilaus , Hippocratides , Leotychides , Anaxilaus , Archidamos , Anaxandridas I and Theopompus ) and came to power in 491 BC with the help of the Agiad King Cleomenes I by challenging the legitimacy of the birth of Demaratus for the Eurypontid throne of Sparta . Later that year , he joined Cleomenes ' second expedition to Aegina , where ten hostages were seized and given to Athens . However , after Cleomenes ' death in 488 BC , Leotychidas was almost surrendered to Aegina . In the spring of 479 BC , Leotychidas commanded a Greek fleet consisting of 110 ships at Aegina and later at Delos , supporting the Greek revolts at Chios and Samos against Persia . Leotychidas defeated Persian military and naval forces at the Battle of Mycale on the coast of Asia Minor in the summer of 479 BC ( possibly around mid-August ) . In 476 BC , Leotychidas led an expedition to Thessaly against the Aleuadae family for collaboration with the Persians but withdrew after being bribed by the family . Upon returning to Sparta he was tried for bribery , and fled to the temple of Athena Alea in Tegea . He was sentenced to exile , his house was burned and his grandson Archidamus II , son of his son Zeuxidamus , called Cyniscus by many Spartans , who had died in his father 's life , became the ruler of Sparta . Leotychidas died some years later , around 469 BC .   Leotychidas is not to be confused with another Eurypontid , Leotychides , who was the ( allegedly illegitimate ) son of Agis II .

neg: Eurybus of Athens Eurybus of Athens was an ancient Greek athlete listed by Eusebius of Caesarea as a victor in the stadion race of the 27th Olympiad ( 672 BC ) . His name is also referred as Eurybates or Eurybotos and possibly Eurybotas elsewhere in Pausanias , both of the latter two have been anglicised to `` Eurybotus '' by editors , although elsewhere the distinction is preserved . He was the second winner from Athens preceded only by Pantacles .   Eurybus was quite possibly the noted discobole Eurybotas depicted on the Chest of Cypselus , which was left as a votive offering at Olympia and was still visible there centuries later and subject to a detailed description by Pausanias . He does not explicitly say that this discus-thrower Eurybotas is the same as the runner Eurybotos ; however , the transcriptions of named personages on the chest as given by Pausanias show Doricisms and traces of having been rendered in the epichoric Corinthian alphabet . Pausanias reports a legend that the infant Cypselus was hidden in the chest during an assassination attempt and later took his name from it ( as the Corinthians called these chests kypselai ) ; however , Cypselus 's childhood ( he died in 627 BC after a thirty-year reign begun when fully adult ) coincides with the known date of Eurybatos ' stadion victory . But Pausanius does not explicitly connect them , saying merely that whoever Eurybotas is , he is throwing the discus . Frazer compares Pausanias description of the chest to extant examples of Corinthian art and dates the chest to the 7th-early 6th century BCE . The depiction is one of the earliest known of a genre that would later be adapted to statuary , the most famous of which is the Discobolus of Myron and its copies .   Dionysius of Halicarnassus calls the race-winner Eurybates , says that the contemporaneous eponymous archon at Athens was Leostratus , and uses his Olympic victory to date the accession of Tullus Hostilius as King of Rome after the death of Numa Pompilius .

neg: Pythagoras of Laconia Pythagoras of Laconia was an ancient Greek athlete listed by Eusebius of Caesarea as a victor in the stadion race of the 16th Olympiad ( 716 BC ) .   He was the first Spartan winner of the stadion race , but his crown was not the first Lacedaemonian victory , because Acanthus of Sparta won the diaulos and the dolichos four years earlier .   According to Plutarch , Pythagoras later met the Roman king Numa Pompilius to introduce some Spartan influence on early Roman society .

neg: Battle of Thebes The Battle of Thebes was a battle that took place between Alexander the Great and the Greek city state of Thebes in 335 BC immediately outside of and in the city proper in Boeotia . After being made Hegemon of the League of Corinth , Alexander had marched to the north to deal with revolts in Illyria and Thrace , which forced him to draw heavily from the troops in Macedonia that was maintaining pressure on the Greek city-states of the south to keep them in subjection . Although Alexander did not desire to destroy Thebes , after sending several embassies requesting their submission on what he considered merciful terms , he eventually decided to destroy the city as an example to others .

neg: Congress at the Isthmus of Corinth The Congress at the Isthmus of Corinth took place in 481 BC , under the presidency of Sparta , and brought together a number of the Greek city states . The Congress agreed to the end of the war between Athens and Aegina . The Congress also discussed the threat from the Persians . Athens was unwilling to place her forces under Sparta and its King Leonidas .   Gelon , tyrant of Syracuse wanted high command , but Sparta and Athens refused . However , during the Congress , Gelon had to withdraw due to Carthage 's plans to invade Sicily .   Finally , Athenian archon and political leader , Themistocles , agreed that Athens ' navy serve under a Spartan admiral to achieve the unity of the Greek states . In an environment where the Greeks were continually breaking into factions within cities and creating rivalries between cities , Themistocles actions were advanced and far-sighted .   Nevertheless , Thebes and Thessaly were unwilling to support Athens against the Persians , and Crete decided to remain neutral .

neg: Cretan literature Medieval works suggest that Modern Greek started shaping as early as the 10th century , with one of the first works being the epic poem of Digenis Acritas . However , the first literary activity which was important enough to be identified as `` modern Greek literature '' was done in the Cretan dialect during the 16th century in the Venetian Crete .   The Cretan Renaissance poem Erotokritos is undoubtedly the masterpiece of the Cretan literature , and a supreme achievement of modern Greek literature . It is a romantic work written around 1600 by Vitsentzos Kornaros ( 1553-1613 ) . In over 10,000 lines of rhyming fifteen-syllable couplets , the poet relates the trials and tribulations suffered by two young lovers , Erotokritos and Aretousa , daughter of Heracles , King of Athens . It was a tale that enjoyed enormous popularity among its Greek readership .   The other major representative of the Cretan literature was Georgios Chortatzis and his most notable work was Erofili , which was characterized by Kostis Palamas as the first work of the modern Greek theatre . Other plays include The Sacrifice of Abraham by Kornaros , Panoria and Katsourbos by Chortatzis , Fortounatos by Markos Antonios Foskolos , King Rodolinos by Andreas Troilos , Stathis ( comedy ) and Voskopoula by unknown artists . During this period , there was production of different theatrical genres , such as tragedies , comedies , pastoral and religious plays .   The flourishing Cretan school was all but terminated by the Ottoman capture of the island in the late 17th century .   Many Greek authors have integrated Cretan literary elements in their respective works . Among these authors were Nikos Kazantzakis who was known for his literary contributions mainly written in standard Greek . This paradigm , overall , has helped Kazantzakis to write significant works such as Zorba the Greek and thus establish for himself recognition in various international circles . His Captain Michalis -- set in 19th-century Crete -- is notable for using many Cretan Greek words and idioms , the book 's popularity making them widely known to other Greeks .

neg: Phocion Phocion ( -LSB- ˈfoʊʃiən , _ - ˌɒn -RSB- Φωκίων #Ancient Greek Phokion ; c. 402 -- c. 318 BC ; nicknamed The Good ) was an Athenian statesman and strategos , and the subject of one of Plutarch 's Parallel Lives .   Phocion was a successful politician of Athens . He believed that extreme frugality was the condition for virtue and lived in accord with this ; consequently , he was popularly known as `` The Good . '' Further , people thought that Phocion was the most honest member of the Athenian Assembly . However , within this chamber , Phocion 's tendency to strong opposition relegated him to a solitary stand against the entire political class . Nonetheless , by both his individual prestige and his military expertise , which was acquired by the side of Chabrias , Phocion was elected strategos numerous times , with a record 45 terms in office . Thus , during most of his 84 years of life , Phocion occupied the most important Athenian offices .   In the late 320s , when Macedon gained complete control of Athens ( under Antipater ) , though somewhat compromised Phocion defended both the urban center and its citizens . He even refused to comply with some dishonorable requests of the enemy . However , his stance put Phocion in opposition to both most free Athenians and Polyperchon , the next ruler of Macedonia , who arranged his execution in Athens .


query: Isis had a temple at Behbeit El Hagar.

pos: Isis Isis ( -LSB- ˈaɪsɪs -RSB- Ἶσις -LSB- îː.sis -RSB- ; original Egyptian pronunciation more likely `` Aset '' or `` Iset '' ) is a goddess from the polytheistic pantheon of Egypt . She was first worshiped in ancient Egyptian religion , and later her worship spread throughout the Roman Empire and the greater Greco-Roman world . Isis is still widely worshiped by many pagans today in diverse religious contexts ; including a number of distinct pagan religions , the modern Goddess movement , and interfaith organizations such as the Fellowship of Isis .   Isis was worshipped as the ideal mother and wife as well as the patroness of nature and magic . She was the friend of slaves , sinners , artisans and the downtrodden , but she also listened to the prayers of the wealthy , maidens , aristocrats and rulers . Isis is often depicted as the mother of Horus , the falcon-headed deity associated with king and kingship ( although in some traditions Horus 's mother was Hathor ) . Isis is also known as protector of the dead and goddess of children .   The name Isis means `` Throne '' . Her headdress is a throne . As the personification of the throne , she was an important representation of the pharaoh 's power . The pharaoh was depicted as her child , who sat on the throne she provided . Her cult was popular throughout Egypt , but her most important temples were at Behbeit El Hagar in the Nile delta , and , beginning in the reign with Nectanebo I ( 380 -- 362 BCE ) , on the island of Philae in Upper Egypt .   In the typical form of her myth , Isis was the first daughter of Geb , god of the Earth , and Nut , goddess of the Sky , and she was born on the fourth intercalary day . She married her brother , Osiris , and she conceived Horus with him . Isis was instrumental in the resurrection of Osiris when he was murdered by Set . Using her magical skills , she restored his body to life after having gathered the body parts that had been strewn about the earth by Set .   This myth became very important during the Greco-Roman period . For example , it was believed that the Nile River flooded every year because of the tears of sorrow which Isis wept for Osiris . Osiris 's death and rebirth was relived each year through rituals . The worship of Isis eventually spread throughout the Greco-Roman world , continuing until the suppression of paganism in the Christian era . The popular motif of Isis suckling her son Horus , however , lived on in a Christianized context as the popular image of Mary suckling her infant son Jesus from the fifth century onward .

neg: Tell Umm el-'Amr Tell Umm el - ` Amr ( also known as Saint Hilarion Monastery ) is an ancient Christian monastery 15 kilometers south of Gaza in the Palestinian territories . Its archaeological remains span more than four centuries , from the Roman Empire to the Umayyad period , and are characterized by five successive churches , bath and sanctuary complexes , geometric mosaics , and an expansive crypt . The site 's oldest building , dating to the fourth century , is named for Hilarion , a native of the Gaza region and the father of Palestinian monasticism . The site was abandoned after a seventh-century earthquake and rediscovered by local archaeologists in 1999 .   According to the Ministry of Tourism in Gaza , Tell Umm el - ` Amr is in dire need of preservation . Current preservation efforts are plagued by war and conflict in the region , as well as a shortage of materials and equipment needed for excavation . The site was included on the 2012 World Monuments Watch and is classified as `` Rescue Needed '' by Global Heritage Network .

neg: Heh (god) Ḥeḥ ( also Huh , Hah , Hauh , Huah , Hahuh and Hehu ) was in Egyptian mythology , the personification of infinity or eternity in the Ogdoad , his name itself meaning `` endlessness '' . His female counterpart was known as Hauhet , which is simply the feminine form of his name .   Like the other concepts in the Ogdoad , his male form was often depicted as a frog , or a frog-headed human , and his female form as a snake or snake-headed human . The frog head symbolized fertility , creation , and regeneration , and was also possessed by the other Ogdoad males Kek , Amun , and Nun . The other common representation depicts him crouching , holding a palm stem in each hand ( or just one ) , sometimes with a palm stem in his hair , as palm stems represented long life to the Egyptians , the years being represented by notches on it . Depictions of this form also had a shen ring at the base of each palm stem , which represented infinity . Depictions of Heh were also used in hieroglyphs to represent one million , which was essentially considered equivalent to infinity in Ancient Egyptian mathematics . Thus this deity is also known as the `` god of millions of years '' .

neg: Quarries (biblical) Quarries - ( 1 . ) The `` Royal Quarries '' ( see Zedekiah 's Cave ) -- not found in Scripture -- is the name  given to the vast caverns stretching far underneath the northern hill , Bezetha , on which Jerusalem is built . Out of these mammoth caverns stones , a hard limestone , were quarried in the past for buildings in the city , and for the temples of Solomon , Zerubbabel , and Herod . Huge blocks of stone are still found in these caves bearing the marks of pick and chisel . The general appearance of the whole suggests the idea that the Phoenician quarrymen have just suspended their work . The theory that the blocks of stone for Solomon 's temple were sent by Hiram from Lebanon or Tyre is not supported by any evidence ( comp . 1 Kings 5:8 ) . Instead , it is now believed that Hiram sent masons and stone-squarers to Jerusalem to assist Solomon 's workmen , but did not send stones to Jerusalem . The stones would have come from these quarries   ( 2 . ) The `` quarries '' ( Heb . pesilim ) by Gilgal ( Judg . 3:19 ) , from which Ehud turned back for the purpose of carrying out his design to put Eglon king of Moab to death , were probably the `` graven images '' ( as the word is rendered by the LXX . and the Vulgate and in the marg . A.V. and R.V. ) , or the idol temples the Moabites had erected at Gilgal , where the children of Israel first encamped after crossing the Jordan . The Hebrew word is rendered `` graven images '' in Deut . 7:25 , and is not elsewhere translated `` quarries . ''   Category : Hebrew Bible places  Category : Ancient sites in Jerusalem

neg: Rujum en-Nabi Shu'ayb Rujum en-Nabi Shu'ayb ( رجم النبي شعي , ; `` Stone heap of the prophet Shu'ayb '' , that is , Jethro ) or Jethro 's Cairn is an ancient megalithic monument , consisting of a crescent shaped heap of field stones , located some 15 kilometers from the Sea of Galilee on a fairly inaccessible hillside below Parod in Northern Israel . It has been measured as 14,000 cubic meters ( 494,405 cubic feet ) in volume and about 150 meters ( 164 yards ) long , making it visible from satellite photos . Bronze Age pottery excavated at the site dates the construction to between 3050 BCE and 2650 BCE , which would place it before Egypt 's pyramids .   Although the site 's existence was known , many archaeologists had believed the amalgamation of stones was an ancient city wall and there had been little investigation by archeologists . In 2014 , Ido Wachtel , a Hebrew University PhD candidate , discovered that the structure stood alone and did not act as any sort of fortification . It is conjectured that its shape might mimic the moon ; it is some 29 kilometers from Beit Yerah , an ancient pre-Talmudic town that translates as `` House of the Moon . '' This town was known to have commercial trading operations with the ancient Egyptians and is a considered to be a one-day journey from the monument by the era 's traveling standards . Similar structures have also been found in the area ; one of them , Rujm el-Hiri , is located east of the Sea of Galilee in the Golan Heights . Another rock structure , first detected in 2003 , was found underneath the Sea of Galilee and is larger than England 's Stonehenge .   Nabi Shu'ayb was the object of traditional veneration by Druze and Sunni Muslims throughout Palestine . According to local tradition Nabi Shu'ayb wanted to build his house here after coming from the land of Midian . Having gathered a lot of stones he went to the spring at the foot of the hill and found the carcass of a pig there , so he decided to leave in the direction of Hittin , near Tiberias , where his grave is visited to this day , especially on the holiday or Ziyarat al-Nabi Shu'ayb . There are stories how , during the Ottoman period , Druze who were unable to go to the grave at Hittin for various reasons , were satisfied with standing on the rubble at Rujum en-Nabi Shu'ayb , and looking in the direction of his grave at Hittin .

neg: Al-Islah (Yemen) The Yemeni Congregation for Reform , frequently called al-Islah ( -LSB- alʔisˤlaːħ -RSB- ; التجمع اليمني للإصلاح at-Tajammu ' u al-Yamanī lil-Iṣlāḥ ) , is a Yemeni Islamist party founded in 1990 by Abdullah ibn Husayn al-Ahmar , Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar , Abdul Majeed al-Zindani , Mohammed al-Yadumi and Yahya Rassam . The first article of Islah basic law defines it as `` a popular political organization that seeks reform of all aspects of life on the basis of islamic principles and teachings '' .   Islah is more of a loose coalition of tribal and religious elements than a political party . Its origins are in the Islamic Front , a Muslim Brotherhood affiliated militia funded by Saudi Arabia to combat the Marxist National Democratic Front . The Islamic Front regrouped after the unification of Yemen in 1990 under the banner of the Islah Party with considerable financial backing from Saudi Arabia . Islah has long been identified as a client of Saudi Arabia . In its official website , Islah summarizes its foreign policy agenda ; one of five major goals is `` strengthening our country 's relations with sister Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council . '' In addition , Saudi Arabia financed the so-called `` scientific institutes '' , Wahhabi Madrasas that were informally controlled by Islah . Militant Islam arose in Yemen as a result of substantial Saudi funding .   Islah differs from most other Arab Islamists . The party combines tribal influences along with those of the Yemeni Muslim Brotherhood and more radical Wahhabi groups . As a result , it faces deep internal divisions on key issues . Its fractious composition prevents it from developing a clear parliamentary platform , forcing it instead to balance tribal and political interests , differing interpretations of the party 's Islamist platform , and both loyalist and opposition constituencies . Given its origin as an alliance , Islah 's ideology remains vague and its political platform ambiguous . Islah could be best described as a conservative party that promotes tribal and religious values .   The Joint Meeting Parties came into existence in 2003 when Islah and the socialist party joined three other smaller parties to establish a joint opposition to the ruling general people 's congress . At the last legislative elections , 27 April 2003 , the party won 22.6 % of the popular vote and 46 out of 301 seats .   The party is a part of the Muslim Brotherhood , which is considered a terrorist organization by the governments of Bahrain , Egypt , Russia , Syria , Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates . However , since the civil war in Yemen , Saudi Arabia has forged closer relations with Al-Islah .

neg: Temple of Amun, Jebel Barkal The Temple of Amun is an archaeological site at Jebel Barkal in Northern State , Sudan . It is situated about 400 km north of Khartoum near Karima . The temple stands near a large bend of the Nile River , in the region that was called Nubia in ancient times . The Temple of Amun , one of the larger temples at Jebel Barkal , is considered sacred to the local population . Not only was the Amun temple a main centre of what at one time was considered to be an almost universal religion , but , along with the other archaeological sites at Jebel Barkal , it was representative of the revival of Egyptian religious values . Up to the middle of the 19th century , the temple was subjected to vandalism , destruction , and indiscriminate plundering , before it came under state protection .

neg: É (temple) É ( Cuneiform : ) is the Sumerian word or symbol for house or temple .   The Sumerian term É.GAL ( `` palace '' , literally `` big house '' ) denoted a city 's main building . É.LUGAL ( `` king 's house '' ) was used synonymously . In the texts of Lagash , the É.GAL is the center of the ensi 's administration of the city , and the site of the city archives .  Sumerian É.GAL `` palace '' is the probable etymology of Semitic words for `` palace , temple '' , such as Hebrew היכל heikhal , and Arabic هيكل haykal . It has thus been speculated that the word É originated from something akin to * hai or * ˀai , especially since the cuneiform sign È is used for / a / in Eblaite .   The term temen appearing frequently after É in names of ziggurats is translated as `` foundation pegs '' , apparently the first step in the construction process of a house ; compare , for example , verses 551 -- 561 of the account of the construction of E-ninnu :   Temen has been occasionally compared to Greek temenos `` holy precinct '' , but since the latter has a well established Indo-European etymology ( see temple ) , the comparison is either mistaken , or at best describes a case of popular etymology or convergence .   In E-temen-an-ki , `` the temple of the foundation ( pegs ) of heaven and earth '' , temen has been taken to refer to an axis mundi connecting earth to heaven ( thus re-enforcing the Tower of Babel connection ) , but the term re-appears in several other temple names , referring to their physical stability rather than , or as well as , to a mythological world axis ; compare the Egyptian notion of Djed .

neg: Hagar in Islam Hājar , the Arabic name for the biblical Hagar , was the wife of the patriarch and Islamic prophet Ibrāhīm ( Abraham ) and the mother of Ismā ' īl ( Ishmael ) . She is a revered woman in the Islamic faith . According to Muslim belief , she was the daughter of an Egyptian king and she was gifted to the prophet Abraham from the king of Egypt . Although not mentioned by name in the Qur ` an , she is referenced and alluded to via the story of her husband . She eventually settled in the Desert of Paran with her son Ishmael . Hagar is honoured as an especially important matriarch of monotheism , as it was through Ishmael that Muhammad would come .

neg: Chanuyot The temple shops or Hebrew plural hanuyot were buildings near the Temple in Jerusalem mentioned in the Babylonian Talmud ( B.Shabbat 15a , B.Rosh Hashanah 31a ; B.Avodah Zarah 8b ) . According to the Talmud the Sanhedrin relocated to the temple shops , hanuyot , at some point before the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE . The plural hanuyot is also the word for `` shops '' in modern Hebrew .   The hanuyot are to be distinguished from the temple treasury or grain storehouse ( אוצר ` otsar ) for the Temple in Jerusalem mentioned in the Hebrew Bible . The Talmud indicates that the hanuyot were where the Priests and Levites stored the accoutrements for the daily functioning of the Temple . The hanuyot consisted of a single room along the southern edge of the Mount , almost 1000 ft long and 105 ft wide . Its single story was 100 ft high . Mazar ( 1975 ) identifies the hanuyot with the Royal Stoa , a basilica erected by Herod the Great at the southern end of his expansion of the Temple Mount .   When the Roman government limited the powers of the Sanhedrin , ca. 30 CE , the Sanhedrin moved from their chambers inside the azarah ( Chamber of Hewn Stone ) to the hanuyot ( Talmud Rosh ha-Shanah 31a ) .   The hanuyot were destroyed along with the Temple by the Romans in 70 CE . Unlike the Temple , which was completely destroyed , a significant portion of the hanuyot may have survived the destruction as the current Al-Aqsa Mosque includes rows of ancient Corinthian columns that clearly predate the Islamic architecture .

neg: Baal Baal ( -LSB- ˈbeɪəl -RSB- ) , properly Baʿal ( -LSB- ; -LSB- ; -LSB- , -LSB- ˈbaʕal -RSB- ) , was a title and honorific meaning `` lord '' in the Northwest Semitic languages spoken in the Levant during antiquity . From its use among people , it came to be applied to gods . Scholars previously associated the theonym with solar cults and with a variety of unrelated patron deities , but inscriptions have shown that the name Baʿal was particularly associated with the storm and fertility god Hadad and his local manifestations .   The Hebrew Bible , compiled and curated over a span of centuries , includes early use of the term in reference to God ( known to them as Yahweh ) , generic use in reference to various Levantine deities , and finally pointed application towards Hadad , who was decried as a false god . That use was taken over into Christianity and Islam , sometimes under the opprobrious form Beelzebub in demonology .

neg: Harb tribe Harb `` War '' is a large Sunni Tribe in the Arabian peninsula . There is no official tribe population count but it is estimated to be approximately four million in Saudi Arabia . It is originally a Qahtani tribe . Several authentic sources on Arab tribes genealogy state that the great-grandfather of Harb tribe is Harb ibn Saad ibn Saad ibn Khawlan ibn Amr ibn Qadha'ah ibn Himyar ibn Qahtan . Harb tribal lands extend from the Red Sea coast in Tihamah ( Western Part of Saudi Arabia ) to the heart of Najd in the central region of Saudi Arabia , and from North the Harbi lands extend from Madinah ( a holy city for Muslims ) to Al Qunfudhah in the south . The tribe 's reach extends to other countries like Kuwait , Iraq , Egypt and UAE .   The origins of Harb tribe came from the 2nd century of the Islamic calendar . When Qahtani tribes emigrated from the south of Arabian Peninsula to Hijaz around 131 AH for water and land space after some battles with their cousins Banu Ar-Rabi ` ah bin Saad . As a result , this caused several tribal conflicts with the native and mostly Adnani Arab tribes of Hijaz and Tihamah such as Juhainah , Inazah , Muzianah , and Sulaim over land and water . After around three centuries in Hijaz , Harb tribe became a dominant tribe in the heart of Hijaz with territories surrounding the holy city of Medina . It is important to note that Harb now , like many other Arabian tribes , is a federation of tribes and families , a good example is that Muzaynah in Saudi Arabia are considered from Harb but it is well known that it was a tribe of its own with a known presence in Hijaz in the Pre-Islamic Arabia as well as the time of the Prophet Muhammed -- i.e. , before the origin of Harb tribe in Hijaz .   Currently , many of the tribe sons have migrated in recent decades to the three major metropolitan centers of Saudi Arabia , namely Riyadh , Jeddah , and Dammam , in search of better education and employment . One of the main branches of the tribe such as Banu Shaker left al Hejaz and set off to the west coasts of Palestine to start business in agriculture . For the coast of Palestine is well known all around the world for its fertile soil . Banu Shaker that trace there ancestry to Al Hassan Al Muthana are also known to be the Abunamous and Al Shaker Families from Yaffa or Jaffa have developed their reputation of being prominent landowners in Yaffa city   In the Arab World outside of Saudi Arabia , the Harb family became prominent in the Christian population of Ramallah , Palestine .

neg: Hajj The Hajj ( -LSB- hædʒ -RSB- -LSB- `` pilgrimage '' ) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca , the most holy city of the Muslims , and a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by all adult Muslims who are physically and financially capable of undertaking the journey , and can support their family during their absence . It is one of the five pillars of Islam , alongside Shahadah , Salat , Zakat , and Sawm . The Hajj is the largest annual gathering of people in the world . The state of being physically and financially capable of performing the Hajj is called istita'ah , and a Muslim who fulfills this condition is called a mustati . The Hajj is a demonstration of the solidarity of the Muslim people , and their submission to God ( Allah ) . The word Hajj means `` to intend a journey '' , which connotes both the outward act of a journey and the inward act of intentions .   The pilgrimage occurs from the 8th to 12th ( or in some cases 13th ) of Dhu al-Hijjah , the last month of the Islamic calendar . Because the Islamic calendar is lunar and the Islamic year is about eleven days shorter than the Gregorian year , the Gregorian date of Hajj changes from year to year . Ihram is the name given to the special spiritual state in which pilgrims wear two white sheets of seamless cloth and abstain from certain actions .   The Hajj is associated with the life of Islamic prophet Muhammad from the 7th century , but the ritual of pilgrimage to Mecca is considered by Muslims to stretch back thousands of years to the time of Abraham . During Hajj , pilgrims join processions of hundreds of thousands of people , who simultaneously converge on Mecca for the week of the Hajj , and perform a series of rituals : each person walks counter-clockwise seven times around the Ka'aba ( the cube-shaped building and the direction of prayer for the Muslims ) , runs back and forth between the hills of Al-Safa and Al-Marwah , drinks from the Zamzam Well , goes to the plains of Mount Arafat to stand in vigil , spends a night in the plain of Muzdalifa , and performs symbolic stoning of the devil by throwing stones at three pillars . The pilgrims then shave their heads , perform a ritual of animal sacrifice , and celebrate the three-day global festival of Eid al-Adha .   Pilgrims can also go to Mecca to perform the rituals at other times of the year . This is sometimes called the `` lesser pilgrimage '' , or Umrah . However , even if they choose to perform the Umrah , they are still obligated to perform the Hajj at some other point in their lifetime if they have the means to do so , because Umrah is not a substitute for Hajj .

neg: Rhodopis (hetaera) Rhodopis ( Ῥοδῶπις , real name possibly Doricha ) was a celebrated 6th-century BCE Greek hetaera , of Thracian origin . She is one of only two hetaerae mentioned by name in Herodotus ' discussion of the profession ( the other is the somewhat later Archidike ) .   According to Herodotus , she was a fellow-slave of the fable teller Aesop , with whom in one version of her story she had a secret love affair ; both of them belonged to the Samian , Iadmon . She afterwards became the property of Xanthes , another Samian , who took her to Naucratis in Egypt , during the reign of Amasis II , where she met Charaxus , brother of the poet Sappho , who had gone to Naucratis as a merchant . Charaxus fell in love with her , and ransomed her from slavery with a large sum of money , so that henceforth all the money she made from her profession would be her own . Sappho later wrote a poem accusing Rhodopis of robbing Charaxus of his property .   Rhodopis continued to live at Naucratis after her liberation from slavery , and tithed a tenth part of her income to the temple at Delphi . She converted this tithe into large iron spits for cooking oxen , and sent these to Delphi : `` these lie in a heap to this day , behind the altar set up by the Chians and in front of the shrine itself . '' where a large number of ten iron spits were dedicated in her name ; these spits were seen by Herodotus .   Some 400 years after Herodotus , Strabo stated that Sappho called Rhodopis `` Doricha '' . And 200 years after Strabo , Athenaeus maintained that Herodotus had confused two separate women . As `` rhodopis '' means `` rosy cheeks '' , it was probably a professional pseudonym , but it is unclear whether `` Doricha '' was her real name .   There was a tale current in Greece that Rhodopis built the third pyramid . Herodotus takes great pains to show the absurdity of the story , but the story persisted and is related by Pliny the Elder as an unquestioned fact . A variant of this story is told by both Diodorus Siculus and Strabo , in which the pyramid was built by lovers of Rhodopis to be her tomb . The origin of this tale , which is unquestionably false , has been explained with great probability by Georg Zoega and Christian Charles Josias Bunsen . In consequence of the name Rhodopis , she was confounded with Nitocris , the Egyptian queen , and the heroine of many an Egyptian legend , who was said by Julius Africanus and Eusebius to have built the third pyramid .   Another tale about Rhodopis related by Strabo and Aelian makes her a queen of Egypt , and thus renders the supposition of her being the same as Nitocris still more probable . It is said that as Rhodopis was one day bathing at Naucratis , an eagle took up one of her sandals , flew away with it , and dropped it in the lap of the Egyptian king , as he was administering justice at Memphis . Struck by the strange occurrence and the beauty of the sandal , he did not rest till he had found the fair owner of the beautiful sandal , and as soon as he had discovered her made her his queen . This is the Rhodopis story , famed for being the earliest Cinderella story .

neg: Hatra Hatra was an ancient city in the Ninawa Governorate and al-Jazira region of Iraq . It was known as Hatra in Persian and al-Hadr in Arabic , a name which appears once in ancient inscriptions , and it was in the ancient Persian province of Khvarvaran . The city lies 290 km northwest of Baghdad and 110 km southwest of Mosul .   On 7 March 2015 , various sources including Iraqi officials reported that the militant group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIL ) had begun demolishing the ruins of Hatra . A video released by ISIL during the next month showed the destruction of the monuments.Hatra was liberated in March 2017 .

neg: Abu Rumaysah Abu Rumaysah al-Britani ( born c. 1984 ) , born Siddhartha Dhar , is a suspected British Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIL ) militant . In January 2016 , he was named as possibly the narrator in a film issued by ISIL that showed the execution of suspected spies against the regime .   Dhar was born in London to a Bengali Hindu family and changed his name to Abu Rumaysah after his conversion to Islam . He is believed to be in his early 30s as of 2016 . He acted as a spokesperson for the Islamist group Al-Muhajiroun , an organisation banned in the UK , and worked as an aide to Al-Muhajiroun 's co-founder , Anjem Choudary . Dhar also owned a bouncy castle rental company . He lived in Walthamstow . He used social media to promote his radical Islamist views and attended demonstrations in Britain against the United States , Israel , and Arab regimes . In a video he posted to YouTube , Dhar described ISIL 's self declared caliphate as '' ... a dream for all Muslims worldwide ... We can finally have a sanctuary where we can practice our religion and live under the Sharia . It is a big , big thing . ''   He spoke of his desire for the UK to be governed under Sharia law on the BBC 's Sunday Morning Live programme , and said of himself that he did n't '' ... really identify myself with British values . I am Muslim first , second and last . '' In 2014 , Dhar was under investigation by British authorities for allegedly encouraging terrorism , but subsequently disappeared after being released on bail . Although he had been banned from travelling , Dhar departed for Paris from Victoria Coach Station in London with his wife , Aisha , and their four children , and later arrived in Syria . Dhar was believed to have been living in Raqqa as of September 2015 .   Dhar wrote a travel guide to the Islamic State in May 2015 , called A Brief Guide to Islamic State , and wrote of it that `` If you thought London or New York was cosmopolitan , then wait until you step foot in the Islamic State because it screams diversity ... In my short time here I have met people from absolutely every walk of life , proof that the caliphate 's pulling power is strong and tenacious . ''   He appeared in the Channel 4 documentary The Jihadis Next Door .

neg: Cave of the Patriarchs The Cave of the Patriarchs , also called the Cave of Machpelah ( Hebrew : מערת המכפלה , , trans . `` cave of the double tombs '' ) and known by Muslims as the Sanctuary of Abraham or the Ibrahimi Mosque , is a series of subterranean chambers located in the heart of the old city of Hebron ( Al-Khalil ) in the Hebron Hills . According to tradition that has been associated with the Holy Books Torah , Bible and Quran , the cave and adjoining field were purchased by Abraham as a burial plot .   The site of the Cave of the Patriarchs is located beneath a Saladin-era mosque , which had been converted from a large rectangular Herodian-era Judean structure .   Dating back over 2,000 years , the monumental Herodian compound is believed to be the oldest continuously used intact prayer structure in the world , and is the oldest major building in the world that still fulfills its original function.The Hebrew name of the complex reflects the very old tradition of the double tombs of Abraham and Sarah , Isaac and Rebecca , Jacob and Leah , considered the Patriarchs and Matriarchs of the Jewish people , who are all believed to be buried there . The only Jewish matriarch missing is Rachel , who is believed to be buried at Rachel 's Tomb near Bethlehem .  The Arabic name of the complex reflects the prominence given to Abraham , revered by Muslims as a Quranic prophet and patriarch through Ishmael . Outside biblical and Quranic sources there are a number of legends and traditions associated with the cave . In Acts 7:16 of the Christian Bible the cave of the Patriarchs is located in Shechem ( Neapolis Arabic : Nablus ) .

neg: Damascus Gate Damascus Gate ( -LSB- باب العامود , Bab al-ʿAmud -RSB- , , Sha'ar Sh ` khem ) is one of the main entrances to the Old City of Jerusalem , Israel . It is located in the wall on the city 's northwest side where the highway leads out to Nablus , and from there , in times past , to the capital of Syria , Damascus ; as such , its modern English name is Damascus Gate , and its modern Hebrew name , Sha'ar Shkhem , meaning Shechem Gate , or Nablus Gate . Of its Arabic names , Bab al-Nasr means `` gate of victory , '' and Bab al-Amud means `` gate of the column . '' The latter name , in use continuously since at least as early as the 10th century , preserves the memory of a design detail dating to the 2nd century AD Roman era gate .

neg: Roman temple Ancient Roman temples were among the most important buildings in Roman culture , and some of the richest buildings in Roman architecture , though only a few survive in any sort of complete state . Today they remain `` the most obvious symbol of Roman architecture '' . Their construction and maintenance was a major part of ancient Roman religion , and all towns of any importance had at least one main temple , as well as smaller shrines . The main room ( cella ) housed the cult image of the deity to whom the temple was dedicated , and often a small altar for incense or libations . Behind the cella was a room or rooms used by temple attendants for storage of equipment and offerings . The ordinary worshipper rarely entered the cella , and most public ceremonies were performed outside , on the portico , with a crowd gathered in the temple precinct .   The most common architectural plan had a rectangular temple raised on a high podium , with a clear front with a portico at the top of steps , and a triangular pediment above columns . The sides and rear of the building had much less architectural emphasis , and typically no entrances . There were also circular plans , generally with columns all round , and outside Italy there were many compromises with traditional local styles . The Roman form of temple developed initially from Etruscan temples , themselves influenced by the Greeks , with subsequent heavy direct influence from Greece .   Public religious ceremonies of the official Roman religion took place outdoors , and not within the temple building . Some ceremonies were processions that started at , visited , or ended with a temple or shrine , where a ritual object might be stored and brought out for use , or where an offering would be deposited . Sacrifices , chiefly of animals , would take place at an open-air altar within the templum . Especially under the Empire , exotic foreign cults gained followers in Rome , and were the local religions in large parts of the expanded Empire . These often had very different practices , some preferring underground places of worship , while others , like Early Christians , worshipped in houses .   Some remains of many Roman temples survive , above all in Rome itself , but the relatively few near-complete examples were nearly all converted to Christian churches ( and sometimes subsequently to mosques ) , usually a considerable time after the initial triumph of Christianity under Constantine . The decline of Roman religion was relatively slow , and the temples themselves were not appropriated by the government until a decree of the Emperor Honorius in 415 . Santi Cosma e Damiano , in the Roman Forum , originally the Temple of Romulus , was not dedicated as a church until 527 . The best known is the Pantheon , Rome , which is however highly untypical , being a very large circular temple with a magnificent concrete roof , behind a conventional portico front .

neg: Abu Gorab Abu Gorab ( also known as Abu Gurab , Abu Ghurab and Abū Jirāb ) is a locality in Egypt situated 15 km south of Cairo , between Saqqarah and Al-Jīzah , about 1 km north of Abusir , on the edge of the desert plateau on the western bank of the Nile . The locality is best known for its archeological sites which comprise the sun temple of pharaoh Nyuserre Ini , the largest and best preserved such temple , as well as the sun temple of Userkaf , both built in the 25th century BCE during the Old Kingdom Period . In addition , Abu Gorab is also the site of a First Dynasty cemetery .

neg: Battle of Nahrawan The Battle of Nahrawan ( -LSB- معركة النهروان , Ma ` rakat an-Nahrawān -RSB- ) was a battle between Ali ibn Abi Talib ( the first Shi'ah Imam and the fourth Sunni Caliph ) and the Kharijites commanded by ` Abdullah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi , near Nahrawan , twelve miles from Baghdad .   Having disposed of the Kharijites at Nahrawan , according to some Shia sources Ali resumed his march to Syria . However , the chiefs of his followers urged him to stop at Kufa to let the men rest before the long journey and to enable the army to repair their weapons and armor . Ali agreed to this request and camped at al-Nukhaylah outside Kufah . The soldiers were allowed to leave the camp for a day .   On the next day , hardly any men returned and at length , Ali entered Kufah and gave a stern sermon to the people . However , nobody came forward and no one wanted to fight and finally , Ali turned away from them in disappointment . The Syrian expedition was abandoned , never to be resumed .   Others argue that the Kharijites had been making every one fight and after they separated , Ali himself also did not want to fight the Syrians .   A few years later they re-emerged in Iraq and north of the Arabian Peninsula . They were defeated by the Umayyads .   Two years later , in 40 A.H Ali was assassinated by a Kharijite called Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam , who attacked him with a poisoned sword while Ali was praying , in his sujood . In the mosque of Kufah , on the 19th of the month of Ramadan , finally succumbing to poison on the 21st of the month of Ramadan .   In Syria Muawiyah I had a more professional army and was not reliant of volunteers and therefore no sects developed .   When Ali was told that the Kharijites had been killed , he replied : `` By Allah ! No , not yet . They still exist in the loins of men and wombs of women . Whenever a chief would appear from among them , he would be cut down till the last of them would turn thieves and robbers . ''   The nine Kharijites that survived the battle against Ali managed to flee to Basrah , Sistan , Khurasan , Oman , Yemen , Tell Mozan , and elsewhere , where they had their offspring , spread their beliefs and recruited more followers . Today Ibadis of Oman ( and parts of Africa ) are known as their descendants and followers .