query: Michelle Williams has stayed away from an acting entirely.

pos: Manchester by the Sea (film) Manchester by the Sea is a 2016 American drama film written and directed by Kenneth Lonergan , and starring Casey Affleck , Michelle Williams , Kyle Chandler , and Lucas Hedges . The plot follows a man who looks after his teenage nephew after his brother dies .   The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 23 , 2016 and was soon picked up by Amazon Studios for distribution . It began a limited release on November 18 , 2016 , before going wide on December 16 , 2016 and grossed $ 74 million worldwide on an $ 8.5 million budget .   Manchester by the Sea received critical acclaim upon its release and was counted among the best films of 2016 . Critics praised in particular Affleck 's performance , as well as Lonergan 's direction and screenplay . At the 89th Academy Awards , the film received six nominations : Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor ( Affleck ) , Best Supporting Actor ( Hedges ) , Best Supporting Actress ( Williams ) , and Best Original Screenplay -- winning for Best Original Screenplay and Best Actor . It also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor and was nominated in four more categories .

pos: Michelle Williams (actress) Michelle Ingrid Williams ( born September 9 , 1980 ) is an American actress . She began her career with television guest appearances , and made her feature film debut in Lassie ( 1994 ) , which earned her a Youth in Film nomination . She gained wider recognition for her role as Jen Lindley on the The WB series Dawson 's Creek from 1998 to 2003 .   Williams received critical acclaim for the role of Alma , wife of Ennis Del Mar , in Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) , for which she won a Broadcast Film Critics Association Award and was nominated for the SAG Award , BAFTA Award , Golden Globe , and Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . She followed this with films such as Martin Scorsese 's Shutter Island ( 2010 ) . Her work in Blue Valentine ( 2010 ) garnered her nominations for the Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Actress . She won a Golden Globe and an Independent Spirit Award for her portrayal of Marilyn Monroe in My Week with Marilyn ( 2011 ) , which also garnered her BAFTA , SAG , and Academy Award nominations . In 2016 , she received wide acclaim for her performance in the drama Manchester by the Sea , earning her nominations from the BAFTA , SAG , and Academy Award ceremonies .   On Broadway , Williams appeared in a revival of the musical Cabaret in 2014 and a revival of the play Blackbird in 2016 . She received a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play nomination for the latter .

pos: Shutter Island (film) Shutter Island is a 2010 American neo-noir psychological thriller film directed by Martin Scorsese and written by Laeta Kalogridis , based on Dennis Lehane 's 2003 novel of the same name . Leonardo DiCaprio stars as U.S. Marshal Edward `` Teddy '' Daniels who is investigating a psychiatric facility on Shutter Island after one of the patients goes missing . Mark Ruffalo plays his partner officer , Ben Kingsley is the facility 's lead psychiatrist , and Michelle Williams is Daniels ' wife . The film received generally favorable reviews from critics and grossed over $ 294 million at the box office .

neg: WOW (Wendy O. Williams album) WOW is the debut solo studio album by American singer Wendy O. Williams , released in 1984 by Passport Records . It is her first album appearance , to be credited to her after the success with The Plasmatics , which had gone on a hiatus during that time . After the release of the album , Coup d'État ( 1982 ) with The Plasmatics , the band opened for KISS on tour . By the end of the tour , The Plasmatics ' recording contract with Capitol Records was n't renewed and Gene Simmons approached Williams and Rod Swenson about producing an album . As to avoid legal issues with Capitol , they decided not to use The Plasmatics ' name on the record in any way . Simmons also felt it would give more freedom to add additional musicians to the album . WOW is a hard rock album influenced by heavy metal , which marked a musical departure from Williams ' previous material with The Plasmatics . Williams was nominated for Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for the album in 1985 .   Band members from The Plasmatics appear on the album namely , Wes Beech and T.C. Tolliver on rhythm and lead guitar , and drums respectively . Simmons plays bass under the pseudonym-stage name of Reginald Van Helsing . Michael Ray was hired as lead guitarist for the album . Simmons also pulled in the guest-appearance talents of Ace Frehley on `` Bump and Grind '' , Paul Stanley on `` Ready to Rock '' , and Eric Carr on `` Legends Never Die '' .   `` It 's My Life '' was released as the lead single from the album . It later appeared on the soundtrack to the film Reform School Girls ( 1986 ) , in which Williams starred . KISS later released their version of the song , as well as `` Thief in the Night '' .

neg: Theatre of Australia Theatre of Australia refers to the history of the performing arts in Australia , or produced by Australians . There are theatrical and dramatic aspects to a number of Indigenous Australian ceremonies such as the corroboree . During its colonial period , Australian theatrical arts were generally linked to the broader traditions of English literature and to British and Irish theatre . Australian literature and theatrical artists ( including Aboriginal as well as Anglo-Celtic and multicultural migrant Australians ) have over the last two centuries introduced the culture of Australia and the character of a new continent to the world stage .   Individuals who have contributed to theatre in Australia and internationally include Sir Robert Helpmann , Dame Joan Sutherland , Barry Humphries , David Williamson , Cate Blanchett , Geoffrey Rush , Judy Davis , Jim Sharman , Tim Minchin and Baz Luhrmann . Notable theatrical institutions include the Sydney Opera House , and the National Institute of Dramatic Art in Sydney .

neg: Michelle Keegan Michelle Keegan ( born 3 June 1987 ) is an English actress . Keegan is known for portraying Tina McIntyre in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street between 2008 and 2014 . In 2015 , Keegan played the role of Tracy in the BBC drama series Ordinary Lies . In 2016 she played Corporal Georgie Lane in BBC hit drama series Our Girl taking over the lead role from EastEnders actress Lacey Turner . She was awarded FHM `` Sexiest Woman in The World '' in 2015 .

neg: Spice Williams-Crosby Spice Williams-Crosby ( born Marceline Ann Williams , April 26 , 1952 ) is an American actress and stunt performer , with a career in film and television which spans over twenty years .   Williams-Crosby was born in North Hollywood , Los Angeles , California . Her more notable roles include the Klingon officer Vixis in Star Trek V : The Final Frontier , and the assassin Patrice in Buffy the Vampire Slayer story `` What 's My Line '' . Originally involved in music and dance , she switched to acting , focusing on action roles which often featured stuntwork , making use of her martial arts and athletic skills . She has also worked as a stunt coordinator , choreographing fight scenes for television and film , including Miller Lite 's controversial 2002 commercial `` Catfight '' .   Williams-Crosby took up personal fitness at the age of 26 , including bodybuilding and nutrition . She is a PhD , third-degree blackbelt , a noted vegan , and has written a book and several articles on the subject . She is married to screenwriter/film producer Gregory Crosby ( `` Hacksaw Ridge '' ) , grandson of Bing Crosby ; the couple have one son , Luke Gregory .

neg: Roger Ross Williams Roger Ross Williams ( born September 16 , 1973 ) is an American television news , documentary and entertainment director , producer and writer . He directed most notably Music by Prudence that won the Academy Award for Best Documentary ( Short Subject ) , about a 21-year-old Zimbabwean singer-songwriter Prudence Mabhena , who was born severely disabled and has struggled to overcome poverty and discrimination . All other seven members of Prudence 's band `` Liyana '' are also disabled . Williams 's film God Loves Uganda , which premiered at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival to enormous critical acclaim . It was shortlisted for a 2014 Academy Award , has won over a dozen awards and screened at over 60 film festivals worldwide . His latest film Life , Animated was nominated for the 2017 Academy Award .

neg: Child actor The term child actor or child actress is generally applied to a child acting on stage or in motion pictures or television , but also to an adult who began his or her acting career as a child ; to avoid confusion , the latter is also called a former child actor . Closely associated is teenage actor or teen actor , an actor who reached popularity as a teenager .   Many child actors find themselves struggling to adapt as they become adults . Lindsay Lohan and Macaulay Culkin are two particular famous child actors who eventually experienced much difficulty with the fame they acquired at a young age ; Lohan 's career resumed after an interruption of several years . Many child actors also become successful adult actors as well , an example being Mickey Rooney 's career that included both the popular 1935 film A Midsummer Night 's Dream and the popular 2011 film The Muppets .

neg: Judi Dench Dame Judith Olivia Dench ( born 9 December 1934 ) , known as Judi Dench , is an English actress and author . Dench made her professional debut in 1957 with the Old Vic Company . Over the following few years , she performed in several of Shakespeare 's plays in such roles as Ophelia in Hamlet , Juliet in Romeo and Juliet , and Lady Macbeth in Macbeth . Although most of her work during this period was in theatre , she also branched into film work and won a BAFTA Award as Most Promising Newcomer . She drew strong reviews for her leading role in the musical Cabaret in 1968 .   Over the next two decades , Dench established herself as one of the most significant British theatre performers , working for the National Theatre Company and the Royal Shakespeare Company . She achieved success in television during this period , in the series A Fine Romance from 1981 until 1984 , and in 1992 with a starring role in the romantic comedy series As Time Goes By . Her film appearances were infrequent and included supporting roles in major films such as A Room with a View ( 1986 ) supporting Maggie Smith , before she rose to international fame as M in GoldenEye ( 1995 ) , a role she continued to play in James Bond films until Skyfall ( 2012 ) .   A seven-time Oscar nominee , Dench won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Queen Elizabeth I in Shakespeare in Love and has received nominations for her roles in Mrs Brown ( 1997 ) , Chocolat ( 2000 ) , Iris ( 2001 ) , Mrs Henderson Presents ( 2005 ) , Notes on a Scandal ( 2006 ) , and Philomena ( 2013 ) . She has also received many award nominations for her acting in theatre , film and television ; her competitive awards include six British Academy Film Awards , four BAFTA TV Awards , seven Olivier Awards , two Screen Actors Guild Awards , two Golden Globes , and a Tony Award . She has also received the BAFTA Fellowship ( 2001 ) and the Special Olivier Award ( 2004 ) . In June 2011 , she received a fellowship from the British Film Institute ( BFI ) . Dench is also a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts ( FRSA ) .

neg: Leon Jay Williams Leon Jay Williams ( , born 30 July 1976 ) is Eurasian Singaporean singer and actor who frequently lives and works in Taiwan and mainland China . In addition to Mandarin Chinese , he speaks English ; he sometimes displays this ability in his work on television shows . He was a former model .   Williams is of mixed English , German , Japanese and Chinese descent - his paternal grandfather is English , his paternal grandmother is of mixed German and Japanese ancestry . His mother is a Chinese Singaporean .   He is known for starring in several Taiwanese dramas , including Green Forest , My Home and Heaven 's Wedding Gown . He has also made a cameo appearance in Smiling Pasta . His most recent drama appearance is in `` Zhang Xiao Wu 's Spring '' . Williams was also a former Mister Singapore and Mister International Man .   He is now signed to ECI Talent .

neg: Davida Williams Davida Brittany Williams ( born September 5 , 1986 ) is an American actress and producer of African-American and Italian decent . Her father , David Williams , was Michael Jackson 's rhythm guitarist for over 30 years . She is best known for her role as Claire Miller in `` Lizzie McGuire '' .

neg: Kathryn Williams Kathryn Williams ( born 15 February 1974 , Liverpool , England ) is an English singer-songwriter who to date has released 13 studio albums , written & arranged for a multitude of artists , and was nominated for the 2000 Mercury Music Prize .   Williams released her first album , Dog Leap Stairs , on her own Caw Records label in 1999 with a budget of # 80 . The follow-up , Little Black Numbers , garnered a Mercury Prize nomination in 2000 , bringing her to the attention of a wider public .   Williams has collaborated and recorded with artists including Chris Difford , Ted Barnes , Thea Gilmore , John Martyn , Joel Salakula , Tobias Froberg , Ed Harcourt , James Yorkston , Marry Waterson , Boo Hewerdine , and Paul Smith .

neg: Michele O'Marah Michele O'Marah ( born 1967 ) is an American video artist . Her works have been named among the best of 2002 and the best of 2010 by Artforum .   O'Marah was born 1967 in Vallejo , California . She earned a B.F.A. from Tyler School of Art in Philadelphia , majoring in photography .   O'Marah often remakes and reinterprets films , interviews , and other media . In the 2001 White Diamonds , Agent Orange , she recreated a 1970 60 Minutes interview with Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton and paired the remade interview with a fictionalization of the Vietnam War . A critic in Flash Art reviewed the installation unfavorably , commenting that it `` left you with a sinking feeling that artists are fiddling around while Rome is burning . ''   In 2002 , O'Marah created a full-length remake of the 1983 cult film Valley Girl on an extremely low budget , casting artist friends in the video and using a borrowed video camera . Discussing the project in a later interview , she stated , '' -LSB- M -RSB- y idea was to fail the original Valley Girl . One person can not replicate the job of an 80-person film crew . So I thought that my Valley Girl would be a process piece where the video would at times be a dismal failure ... because I could never perfectly re-create the original . '' She also stated , `` I wanted my video to expose the underlying myth of the original : that Prince Charming will pursue you to the ends of the earth ... The idea of remaking it and making the construction of my video really obvious just acknowledged that the story is a construction , too . '' Writing in Artforum , Bruce Hainley called the work `` a guerrilla tour de force and a heady meditation on the simple act of doing something again '' and praised it simultaneously `` entertainment , a document of a time period and locale , a DIY manifesto , a feminist commentary with acute style , and a meditation on continuity . ''   In 2006 , O'Marah worked with David Jones and Tim Jackson to create the video Faustus 's Children , a take on the Faust legend . In the melodramatic video , non-actors `` deliver an amusingly fraught dialogue reflecting on the hubris of the haute bourgeoisie . ''   In 2007 , O'Marah again recreated a historic interview , remaking the 1973 Firing Line interview of Black Panther leader Huey P. Newton by conservative author William F. Buckley .   Her 2010 project A Girls ' Got ta Do What a Girl 's Got ta Do remade three scenes from the 1996 Pamela Anderson film Barb Wire '' .

neg: I Am... World Tour I Am ... World Tour ( sometimes referred to as the I Am ... Tour ) was the fourth concert tour by American recording artist Beyoncé . It was launched in support of her third studio album , I Am ... Sasha Fierce ( 2008 ) . The tour was announced in October 2008 and the first dates were revealed in December 2008 . It kicked off in late-March 2009 with five rehearsal shows in North America , officially commencing in late April 2009 . The tour visited the Americas , Europe , Asia , Africa , and Australia with 108 shows in total . Preparations for the shows began eight months prior to the beginning of the tour with twelve-hour rehearsals for two months . Knowles described the shows as her best and most theatrical from all of her tours . Pre-concert food drives were held during several stops of the I Am ... World Tour as part of a campaign by General Mills ' Hamburger Helper entitled , `` Show Your Helping Hand '' where fans were asked to bring food during the concerts .   The set list for the concerts included songs from Knowles ' three studio albums as well as several covers of other artists and a Destiny 's Child medley . The central theme of the tour was to showcase the difference between Knowles ' dual personality ; her emotional side and her onstage persona , Sasha Fierce which was also demonstrated in the dual album I Am ... Sasha Fierce . The show featured two stages -- the main one and a smaller B-stage where Knowles was transferred during the middle of the show . She was backed by an all-female band , female background dancers and a big LED screen . Thierry Mugler collaborated with Knowles on the costumes and had a creative advisor role further working on the choreography , lighting and production . Chris March made the costumes usable for stage and helped in their making . For the ballads , Knowles wore longer dresses while for the performances of the up-tempo songs , more make-up and more revealing outfits were worn . The fashion and Knowles ' look and figure received praise from critics .   I Am ... World Tour received critical acclaim from music critics who praised Knowles ' performance abilities calling her the best female performer and chose the performances of `` Ave Maria '' , `` Listen '' and `` At Last '' as highlights during the shows . A concert in Malaysia was cancelled by Knowles after several Muslim groups tried to ban it although she agreed to tone down her look according to the country 's standards . The tour was commercially successful grossing $ 86.0 million from 93 shows in total . Separate performances of several songs were broadcast on different channels and two concerts were released as live albums ; the live performance at the I Am ... Yours revue was released in a CD/DVD format in 2009 and footage of the tour was released on an eponymous titled live album in 2010 .

neg: Whole World Theatre The Whole World Theatre is an improvisational theatre located in Atlanta , Georgia .   Whole World Theatre ( WWT ) is a non-profit theatre company that began in Atlanta , Georgia in late 1993 , when David Webster began teaching a group of student actors whom he would train to become the hottest improv company in town . Jennifer Horne and David Webster were co-founding members .   The original students of Whole World Theatre performed their first show in front of 25 people in September 1994 . Specializing in experiential improv and unconventional scripted works , and using a unique approach to improv , which put more emphasis on acting , character and atmosphere than on cheap laughs , Webster wrote and directed original ground breaking pieces such as , Blood Bath Bingo and Pimps , Queens , and Dope Fiends . Webster also produced scripted works included , Balm in Gillead , Bitches , Women Behind Bars , Four Dogs and a Bone and The House of Yes , among many others .   In June 1995 , Jennifer Horne and David Webster spent their honeymoon money to open Whole World Theatre at their current location at 1214 Spring Street in mid-town Atlanta . As their popularity grew , the cast of Whole World Theatre were given the opportunity to produce their live improv comedy show for television when Webster sold the show to television . `` Whole World Comedy '' - Whole World 's premier TV show - helped to launch the southern based Turner South Network .   David Webster taught every actor at Whole World Theater until 2001 . He wrote , directed and emceed every show for over 1000 shows . He won several awards including an Emmy award for writing .   In 2003 Managing Director , Emily Reily Russell , created a youth summer camp program and an improvisational acting program for teens and young adults at Whole World Theatre that still exists to this day . Many of the graduates of this program have entered the `` Performance Ready Group '' that hosts a more family oriented show the first Saturday of every month November through May . The Performance Ready Group is directed and mentored by Assistant Artistic Director , Eric Goins . Russell , in conjunction with Callanwolde Fine Arts Center and The Starlight Starbright Foundation has also created `` Improv in Dialysis . '' Providing monthly improvisational acting workshops to patients and their families at Egleston Children 's Hospital in Atlanta .   Lance Krall , one of Webster 's original students , eventually moved to Hollywood and went on to produce his own television show , The Lance Krall Show , which aired Spike TV , and Free Radio , which aired on Vh1 . Lance has hired several alumni from Whole World Theatre to guest star in his projects .   In 2004 , Webster moved on to write and direct independent movies and Jennifer Horne moved on to begin her own improv troupe in Charlottesville , Va. . That same year , a complete change in management occurred at Whole World Theatre .   In 2004 , Chip Powell became Artistic Director of Whole World Theatre . The Company continues to perform improv shows and remains one of Atlanta 's most successful theater companies . Under Powell 's leadership the company has produced Improv in the Park : an annual free improv show in Atlanta 's Piedmont Park and Central Park at Atlantic Station . Improv in the Park was voted `` Best Outdoor Event '' by Creative Loafing . Powell also went on to launch Whole World 's 3rd Space Theatre by Producing and Directing scripted works such as Sordid Lives and Southern Baptist Sissies by Del Shores .   In 2005 , the theatre started a television show for a network called MAV TV and is currently broadcast in over 200,000 homes across the U.S. . The show features Whole World 's Improv Comedy and is geared towards a more mature audience .  Official Website   Category : Theatres in Atlanta

neg: My So-Called Career in Hollywood My So-Called Career in Hollywood is a darkly comedic `` roman à clé '' autobiography of an ill-fated TV writer named E. Klass , who tried - unsuccessfully - to sell a TV script in Hollywood for more than four decades , without every achieving success throughout his entire ` so-called ' career . The book chronicles Ellery 's relentless efforts to break into the industry , and his long-time relationship with his small-time , literary agent , as E. details his exploits working on - and being fired from - such classic TV shows as Lost in Space ( 1965 -- 68 ) , Land of the Giants ( 1968 -- 70 ) , Gilligan 's Island , The Andy Griffith Show , and The Partridge Family to name a few , and while the character of E.Klass may be fictitious , his accounts detailed in the book are all based on true fact , making this book a rare inside look at television production of that era . My So-Called Career in Hollywood , published in 2005 , was in fact written by Hollywood actor/screenwriter Timothy Williams.Published in October 2005 .

neg: Cate Blanchett on screen and stage Cate Blanchett is an Australian actress who has extensively appeared in film and stage . She made her stage debut in 1992 by playing Electra in the National Institute of Dramatic Art production of the same name . She followed it with performances in Timothy Daly 's Kafka Dances ( 1993 ) and the Sydney Theatre Company stage production of Oleanna ( 1993 ) opposite Geoffrey Rush . Blanchett won the Sydney Theatre Critics Award for Best Newcomer for the former and Best Actress for the latter , making her the first person to win both awards at once . She went on to perform several roles on stage , notably Susan Traherne in Plenty ( 1999 ) , Hedda Gabler in Hedda Gabler ( 2004 ) , Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire ( 2009 ) , Yelena in Uncle Vanya ( 2011 ) and Claire in The Maids ( 2013 ) .   In 1997 , Blanchett made her feature film debut in a supporting role in the World War II drama Paradise Road . The same year , she had her first leading role in Oscar and Lucinda , which earned her an AACTA Award nomination for Best Actress . Blanchett received worldwide attention for playing Queen Elizabeth I of England in the acclaimed drama Elizabeth ( 1998 ) . Her performance garnered her a Golden Globe and a BAFTA Award for Best Actress and her first Academy Award nomination for Best Actress . Elizabeth and her next film , the thriller The Talented Mr. Ripley ( 1999 ) , performed well at the box office . However , her other 1999 releasesthe widely praised An Ideal Husband and the largely panned Pushing Tinwere unsuccessful .   Blanchett found greater success for portraying Galadriel in Peter Jackson 's epic fantasy trilogy The Lord of the Rings ( 2001-03 ) . During this period , she also appeared in several films which had mixed reception and performed poorly at the box office . She won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , among other honors for portraying Katharine Hepburn in Martin Scorsese 's 2004 drama The Aviator , making her the only actor to win an Oscar for portraying another Oscar-winning actor . Her only screen appearance in 2005 was in Little Fish , for which she won the AACTA Award for Best Actress . Blanchett 's performance in the 2006 thriller Notes on a Scandal garnered her another Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress . In 2007 , she received both Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress Oscar nominations for her roles in Elizabeth : The Golden Age and I 'm Not There , becoming one of the few actors to achieve this feat .   In 2008 , Blanchett appeared in Steven Spielberg 's action adventure Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull and David Fincher 's fantasy drama The Curious Case of Benjamin Button . She briefly reprised her role of Galadriel in the The Hobbit trilogy ( 2012-14 ) . For her performance as the titular socialite in Woody Allen 's 2013 drama Blue Jasmine , Blanchett won the Golden Globe , the BAFTA Award , the SAG Award and the Academy Award for Best Actress . In 2014 , she voiced Valka in the $ 620 million-grossing animated fantasy How to Train Your Dragon 2 . In 2015 , she received praise for playing Lady Tremaine in Disney 's live action film Cinderella , Mary Mapes in Truth and the titular character in Todd Haynes 's romantic drama Carol . Cinderella was a notable box office success while Carol garnered her seventh Oscar nomination . Blanchett made her Broadway debut in 2017 with The Present , receiving her first Tony Award nomination for the Best Actress in a Play .

neg: Mark Williams (singer) Mark Williams ( born 1953 ) is a New Zealand-born pop/soul singer with Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) number one hit singles , `` Yesterday Was Just the Beginning of My Life '' ( 1975 ) and a cover of Buddy Holly 's `` It Does n't Matter Anymore '' ( 1977 ) before he relocated to Australia later that year . His single , `` Show No Mercy '' ( 1990 ) was a top ten hit in both countries . He has undertaken extensive touring in support of numerous Australian bands and worked in television , in 2005 he became the vocalist for the reformed New Zealand/Australian band , Dragon .

neg: Go Down Singing `` Go Down Singing '' is a single released by Michelle Chamuel in November 2013 , followed by an acoustic version in December 2013 . Although she has released several singles as The Reverb Junkie , `` Go Down Singing '' is the first solo release under her own name . According to Chamuel , the song is about the potential in each person to shine . It was co-written and produced by musicians Theo Katzman and Tyler Duncan .

neg: AUDELCO AUDELCO , the Audience Development Committee , Inc. , was established in 1973 by the late Vivian Robinson to honor excellence in New York City African American Theatre through presentation of Vivan Robinson/AUDELCO Recognition Awards ( a.k.a. Viv awards ) . The awards were created to promote `` recognition , understanding and awareness of the arts in the African-American community '' .   The AUDELCO Viv awards recognize the following , whether Broadway or off-Broadway :  Productions by Black companies  Shows written or directed by Blacks  Black actors in shows   AUDELCO has an office in Central Harlem , New York City The President is Grace Jones and the board of directors consistsof : A.Curtis Farrow ; Ralph Carter , Toni Peterson , Jacqueline Feffries ; Linda Armstrong ; Honorable Donna M. Mills ; Fred R.Powell ; Mary Seymour ; Dale Richardo Shields ; Terrence Spivey ; Ronald Stone Esq and Mary B. Davis Chair Emeritus . The organization has thousands of members , a newsletter , and a black theater collection of books , photos , slides and scripts as well as an extensive clipping file on black theater companies and productions .   The AUDELCO awards are limited to productions mounted by professional , not-for-profit theater organizations which have been in existence for at least two years and have had a minimum of 500 hours of rehearsal , performance , or training . Additionally , productions have to have been performed over 12 times between September 1 of one year and August 31 of the next . Workshop productions and works-in-progress are not eligible .   The AUDELCO Viv awards allow celebrities and everyday people to get to share their love of theater and their appreciation for the incredible performances , scripts , direction , costumes and sets that have been presented during the last theater season .   Michael O'Hare was the first white actor to win this award presented by the black theater community of New York for his performance in the play `` Shades of Brown '' which examined the effects of apartheid in South Africa .   ( Former AUDELOC awardees included , Kerry Washington ( AUDELCO 's first Rising star ) ; Samuel L. Jackson ; Phylicia Rashad ; Debbie Allen ; Denzel Washington , Barbara Montgomery , Sanaa Lathan and others ) .

neg: Stay (Shakespears Sister song) `` Stay '' is a song by UK based pop act Shakespears Sister , released by London Records in January 1992 as the second single from their album Hormonally Yours . Upon release , the single became a global smash hit becoming the duo 's first and only No. 1 single in numerous territories , including the UK , where it topped the UK Singles Chart for eight consecutive weeks ; the longest UK No. 1 reign for any all-female band , and was the fourth biggest selling single of 1992 . The single also held the No. 1 position in band member Siobhan Fahey 's birthplace , Ireland , for six weeks , and it was a transatlantic hit reaching No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US .   At the 1993 Brit Awards `` Stay '' won the award for Best British Video . In November 2010 , The X Factor contestant Cher Lloyd performed the song on series 7 of the show . Following this , the original version re-entered the UK , Ireland and the European Hot 100 Singles charts . The song originally sold 490,000 copies in the UK by the end of 1992 which was a year that saw low single sales , as of February 2012 it has sold over 600,000 copies ( the threshold for a Platinum certification in the UK ) . As well as being used on The X Factor , the song has also been featured on Britain 's Got Talent , Dancing on Ice , Strictly Come Dancing , The Voice of Ireland and The X Factor New Zealand .   `` Stay '' was the only Shakespears Sister song that featured Siobhan Fahey less prominently on vocals than Marcella Detroit , with Detroit singing the verses and lead chorus and Fahey singing the song 's dramatic bridge . Detroit is noted for singing in whistle register before the last chorus of the song , going up to a high F ( F6 ) . The piano , synth and bass guitar were performed by Ian Maidman , and the drums by Steve Ferrera , both musicians whose contributions featured throughout the ` Hormonally Yours ' album .

neg: Siân Phillips Dame Jane Elizabeth Ailwên Phillips , DBE ( born 14 May 1933 ) , known professionally as Siân Phillips ( -LSB- ˈʃɑːn -RSB- ) , is a Welsh actress , author and singer .


query: People can get a doctorate from Boston University.

pos: Boston University Boston University ( commonly referred to as BU ) is a private research university located in Boston , Massachusetts . The university is nonsectarian , and is historically affiliated with the United Methodist Church .   The university has more than 3,900 faculty members and nearly 33,000 students , and is one of Boston 's largest employers . It offers bachelor 's degrees , master 's degrees , and doctorates , and medical , dental , business , and law degrees through 17 schools and colleges on two urban campuses . The main campus is situated along the Charles River in Boston 's Fenway-Kenmore and Allston neighborhoods , while the Boston University Medical Campus is in Boston 's South End neighborhood .   BU is categorized as an R1 : Doctoral University ( very high research activity ) in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . BU is a member of the Boston Consortium for Higher Education and the Association of American Universities . The University was ranked 39th among undergraduate programs at national universities , and 32nd among global universities by U.S. News & World Report in its 2017 rankings .   Among its alumni and current or past faculty , the university counts eight Nobel Laureates , 23 Pulitzer Prize winners , 10 Rhodes Scholars , six Marshall Scholars , 48 Sloan Fellows , nine Academy Award winners , and several Emmy and Tony Award winners . BU also has MacArthur , Fulbright , Truman and Guggenheim Fellowship holders as well as American Academy of Arts and Sciences and National Academy of Sciences members among its past and present graduates and faculty . In 1876 , BU professor Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in a BU lab . American Civil Rights Movement leader and 1964 Nobel Peace Prize winner Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. received his PhD in Theology from BU in 1955 .   The Boston University Terriers compete in the NCAA 's Division I. BU athletic teams compete in the Patriot League , and Hockey East conferences , and their mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier . Boston University is well known for men 's hockey , in which it has won five national championships , most recently in 2009 .

neg: University A university ( universitas , `` a whole '' , `` a corporation '' ) is an institution of higher ( or tertiary ) education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines . Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education .   The word `` university '' is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium , which roughly means `` community of teachers and scholars . '' Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages .

neg: Research I university Research I university was a category that the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education previously used to indicate universities in the United States that engage in extensive research activity .   The 1994 edition of the Carnegie Classification defined Research I universities as those that :  Offer a full range of baccalaureate programs  Are committed to graduate education through the doctorate  Give high priority to research  Award 50 or more doctoral degrees each year  Receive annually $ 40 million or more in federal support  The Carnegie Foundation reported that 59 institutions met these criteria in 1994 .   In their interim 2000 edition of the classification , the Carnegie Foundation renamed the category to Doctoral/research universities-extensive to '' ... avoid the inference that the categories signify quality differences . '' The Foundation replaced their single classification system with a multiple classification system in their 2005 comprehensive overhaul of the classification framework so that the term `` Research I university '' was no longer valid , though many universities continued to use it . In 2015 , the Carnegie Classification System reinstated the `` Research I university '' designations along with `` Research II '' and `` Research III . ''

neg: Graduation Graduation is getting a diploma or academic degree or the ceremony that is sometimes associated with it , in which students become graduates . Before the graduation , candidates are referred to as graduands . The date of graduation is often called graduation day . The graduation ceremony itself is also called commencement , convocation or invocation . Normally , the ceremony and name apply to high school and above ( the next ascending levels being Associate 's , Bachelor 's , Master 's , and Doctorate ) . In the United States of America , graduations for elementary school or even Kindergarten have been a fad of recent years . When ceremonies are associated , they usually include a procession of the academic staff and candidates and a valediction . At the college and university level the faculty will usually wear academic dress at the formal ceremonies , as will the trustees and degree candidates .   `` Graduation '' at the college and university level occurs when the presiding officer confers degrees upon candidates , either individually or en masse , even if graduates physically receive their diploma later at a smaller college or departmental ceremony . After degree completion , graduates can be referred to by their graduating year .   In some places , graduation parties to celebrate graduation from school , college or university are popular . In a recent 2014 nationwide survey in the United States , $ 985 was the average amount spent on graduation parties . When a student graduates without attending the ceremony , then it is called graduation in absentia .

neg: List of Suffolk University people Here follows a list of notable people associated with Suffolk University in Boston , Massachusetts . This list includes Bates alumni , faculty , and honorary degree recipients , as well as students of Suffolk University Law School , the Suffolk College of Arts and Sciences , Sawyer Business School , and the New England School of Art and Design at Suffolk University .

neg: List of Princeton University people This list of notable people associated with Princeton University includes faculty , staff , graduates and former students in the undergraduate program and all graduate programs , and others affiliated with the University . Individuals are sorted by category and alphabetized within each category . The `` Affiliation '' fields in the tables in this list indicate the person 's affiliation with Princeton and use the following notation :   B indicates a bachelor 's degree  Att indicates that the person attended the undergraduate program but may not have graduated  AM indicates a Master of Arts degree  MPP indicates a Master of Public Policy degree awarded by the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs  MPA indicates a Master in Public Affairs degree awarded by the Woodrow Wilson School  MCF indicates completion of the Mid-Career Fellowship , a discontinued non-degree program of the Woodrow Wilson School  MSE indicates a Master of Science in Engineering degree awarded by the School of Engineering and Applied Science  PhD indicates a Ph.D. degree  GS indicates that the person was a graduate student but may not have received a degree  F indicates a faculty member , followed by years denoting the time of service on the faculty  T indicates a Trustee of Princeton University , followed by years denoting the time of service  Pres indicates a President of Princeton University , followed by years denoting the time of service

neg: List of state universities in the United States In the United States , a state college or state university is one of the public colleges or universities funded by or associated with the state government . In some cases , these institutions of higher learning are part of a state university system , while in other cases they are not . Several U.S. territories also administer public colleges and universities . The U.S. federal government does not run colleges or universities except for the service academies , the Community College of the Air Force , the Naval Postgraduate School , the Air Force Institute of Technology , the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , military war colleges and staff colleges , and Haskell Indian Nations University . Additionally , Georgetown University , Gallaudet University , Howard University , and American University are private universities that are federally chartered . However , the federal government does make grants to state universities .   These state , as well as private , universities are accredited by different regional , not national , accreditation agencies , including the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools , the New England Association of Schools and Colleges , the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities , the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools , the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools , and the Western Association of Schools and Colleges , depending on which region of the United States the university is located in . These accreditation agencies ' approvals are critical to a university 's operations and public reputation . If a university loses accreditation or is not accredited in the first place , students will be reluctant to either continue or enroll at the school because the degree will be seen as being worthless . In a worst-case scenario , a university can shut down completely . The aforementioned agencies are all recognized by the United States Department of Education .   Most state universities receive at least part of their funding from the state , although many have substantial income from tuition and fees , endowment proceeds , donations ( such as from alumni or philanthropists ) , and revenue from royalties . State universities usually offer lower tuition costs to in-state residents . According to the College Board , public four-year colleges charge on average $ 7,605 per year in tuition and fees for full-time in-state students and $ 11,990 for out-of-state students .   In some states , e.g. Maryland , Tennessee , Indiana , and Washington , there is a campus designated as the `` flagship '' campus in the state 's university system , which generally is the most prestigious campus and the largest campus in student population , e.g. the University of Maryland College Park campus in the University System of Maryland , the Indiana University Bloomington campus in the Indiana University System , the University of Tennessee Knoxville campus in the University of Tennessee System , and the University of Washington 's Seattle campus in the University of Washington System .   However , in some other states , the state universities are treated as equal partners ; therefore there is no officially recognized flagship campus in the state 's university system .   There are a number of states that have more than one university system , e.g. California with 2 ; Colorado with 2 ; New York with 2 ; and Texas with 6 ( the most ) .   Notes :  As a general rule , schools are not alphabetized by their complete names , but rather by the names by which they are normally called . For example , in a list alphabetized by normal rules , `` Auburn University '' would precede `` University of Alabama , '' but the schools are virtually always referred to in popular conversation as `` Auburn '' and `` Alabama '' ( followed by a campus identifier if required by the context ) . Therefore , in this article , `` Alabama '' precedes `` Auburn '' .  The list includes some of the more common academic nicknames or acronyms used for certain colleges or universities , e.g. `` Ole Miss '' for the University of Mississippi , `` Idaho State '' for Idaho State University , or `` UNF '' for the University of North Florida , not the `` Rebels '' , `` Bengals '' , or `` Ospreys '' , respectively .  To minimize any confusion regarding acronyms , either the first school listed or the school that is more nationally known having an acronym the same as another has the acronym provided , e.g. San Diego State University has the acronym `` SDSU '' included because it is listed before South Dakota State University , and Arizona State University has the acronym `` ASU '' given because it is better known nationally than Alabama State . In addition , only acronyms that are unique are given , e.g. `` UW Tacoma '' for the University of Washington 's Tacoma campus or `` UNH '' for the University of New Hampshire .  The list also includes schools that grant first-professional doctorates only ( e.g. , medical schools , law schools , or veterinary schools ) that are independent of any other school in a state system .  To see a list of community colleges and technical centers in the United States that offer only associate 's degrees , visit the community colleges list .  To see a list of tribal colleges and universities in the United States , visit the tribal colleges and universities list .

neg: Boston (disambiguation) Boston is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Massachusetts .   Boston may also refer to :

neg: Margaret McKenna (academic) Margaret McKenna is a civil rights attorney and academic and former president of Suffolk University in Boston , Massachusetts . She previously served as president of Lesley University , president of the Wal-Mart Foundation , a professor at Brandeis University , a vice-president at Harvard University , and an official in the Clinton administration .   McKenna received her B.A. from Emmanuel College in Boston , Massachusetts , and her J.D. from Southern Methodist University in Dallas , Texas . She worked as a civil rights attorney early in her career , eventually becoming deputy counsel in the White House and later undersecretary of the U.S. Department of Education , where she led the education transition team for President Bill Clinton . McKenna also served as president of Lesley University and was affiliated with Lesley for 22 years . She was also president of the Wal-Mart Foundation from 2007 to 2011 , a professor and director at Brandeis University , a vice-president at the Radcliffe Institute of Harvard University , and a vice-chair of the board at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center .   McKenna was appointed president of Suffolk University in July 2015 . On February 5 , 2016 , she and Suffolk University Board of Trustees Chairman Andrew Meyer , Jr. , announced an agreement , formulated in the best interest of the University following a trustees quest to remove the president from her position after seven months in office . Meyer said he would not seek re-election after his term expires in May 2016 . Following the election of a new board chair and the adoption of new bylaws , a committee would be formed to initiate a search process for a new , permanent president , and McKenna would step down when a new president takes office in the beginning of the 2017-18 academic year .

neg: Woods College of Advancing Studies The Woods College of Advancing Studies is one of the eight constituent schools of Boston College and offers both undergraduate and graduate degree programs . Having been established in 1929 shortly after the founding of Boston College Law School that same year , it is the fourth oldest constituent school of Boston College .   The Woods College of Advancing Studies demands of its students the same high standards in academics , moral character and commitment to the betterment of society as is required of all of Boston College 's traditional undergraduate and graduate students . For this reason the same degree bestowed upon the students in The College of Arts and Science is awarded to students in The Woods College upon successful completion of their undergraduate work .

neg: Suffolk University Law School Suffolk University Law School ( also known as `` Suffolk Law School '' ) . Suffolk University Law School is a private , non-sectarian law school located in downtown Boston , Massachusetts . Suffolk University Law School was founded in 1906 by Gleason Archer , Sr. to provide a legal education for those who traditionally lacked the opportunity to study law because of socio-economic or racial discrimination . Suffolk is the fourth-oldest New England law school in continuous existence .   The law school currently has both day and evening , part-time divisions . Suffolk University Law School has been accredited by the American Bar Association since 1953 and the Association of American Law Schools since 1977 . The school is located in Sargent Hall on Tremont Street in downtown Boston . Suffolk offers over 200 upper-level electives , the most of any law school in the country , and is consistently ranked one of the most technologically advanced schools in the nation . Suffolk publishes six law reviews , to which students , faculty , and other scholars contribute . Suffolk University Law School alumni are found in high-level judicial , political , and private positions throughout the United States . With over 25,000 alumni , Suffolk is the fourth largest law school in the United States .   According to Suffolk Law 's 2013 ABA-required disclosures , 36.9 % of the Class of 2013 obtained full-time , long-term , JD-required employment nine months after graduation .

neg: Bachelor of General Studies A Bachelor of General Studies ( BGS ) is an undergraduate degree offered by many colleges and universities in the Western world . The history of the general studies concept is coeval with that of the medieval European university ( where it existed under the formal Latin designation Studium generale ) .   The BGS offers students the ability to design a unique degree plan while meeting their academic institution 's general requirements . This flexibility allows students to complete a bachelor 's degree that offers an element of individualism absent in many other degrees specific to a particular discipline . A BGS holds the same value as other degrees in liberal arts or sciences and is often referred to as an `` interdisciplinary '' degree which allows students to build strong arguments based on information from a broad range of topics .   In the United States hundreds of colleges and universities offer BGS programs . Students typically can choose from concentrations in a variety of areas . Examples include the University of Michigan , Western Illinois University , the University of Connecticut , University of Miami , California University of Management and Technology ( CALMAT ) , University of Nebraska at Omaha , and Charter Oak State College which offers a BGS degree with a wide variety of concentration options . Regent University is one of few Christian universities to offer a general studies degree .   Despite its name , Columbia University School of General Studies does not offer a Bachelor of General Studies . It does , however , offer more than 70 majors and concentrations , and graduates receive a Bachelor of Arts degree .

neg: Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine The Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine is the dental school at Boston University . Its curriculum is noted for the Applied Professional Experience ( APEX ) Program , which gives students practical experience at a dental practice as part of clinical training . GSDM is also noted for its student and faculty research and is ranked highly in the nation . The School has about 800 students in predoctoral and postdoctoral programs .   The School can trace its origins to 1958 when the Boston University Medical School started a Department of Stomatology to provide postdoctoral education in dentistry . At that time , the institution was the only one in the country devoted solely to specialty education in dentistry . In 1963 , it became Boston University School of Graduate Dentistry under the leadership of Dean Henry M. Goldman . In 1970 , the School moved to 100 East Newton Street . In 1972 , the School included a predoctoral program leading to a DMD degree .   In 1996 , the School had outgrown its designation as a school of graduate dentistry and , accordingly , was renamed the `` Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine '' to better reflect the scope of the School 's education , research , patient care , and community missions .   In 2008 , Dr. Jeffrey W. Hutter was named Dean of Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine . Under his leadership , the School has embarked on an Applied Strategic Planning Process , which will transform the School into the premier academic dental institution promoting excellence in dental education , research , oral health care , and community service to improve the overall health of the global population .

neg: Bachelor of Letters Bachelor of Letters ( B.Litt . or Litt.B. ; Latin Baccalaureus Litterarum or Litterarum Baccalaureus ) is a second undergraduate university degree in which students specialize in an area of study relevant to their own personal , professional or academic development . This area of study may have been touched on in a prior undergraduate degree but not studied in depth , or may never have been formally taught to the student . The degree is less often awarded now than in previous centuries , and is , at the current time , only awarded by two universities in Australia .

neg: Northeastern University Northeastern University ( NU , formerly NEU ) is a private research university in Boston , Massachusetts , established in 1898 . It is categorized as an R1 institution ( Doctoral Universities : Highest Research Activity ) by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education .   The university offers undergraduate and graduate programs on its main campus in the Fenway-Kenmore , Roxbury , South End , and Back Bay neighborhoods of Boston . The university has satellite campus in Charlotte , North Carolina , Seattle , Washington , and Silicon Valley , California that exclusively offer graduate degrees . An additional satellite campus will open in Toronto , Ontario , Canada in late 2016 . The university 's enrollment is approximately 18,000 undergraduate students and 7,000 graduate students .   Northeastern features a cooperative education program that integrates classroom study with professional experience on seven continents and a comprehensive study abroad program . In 2011 , the university opened the George J. Kostas Research Institute for Homeland Security . The Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering Complex opened in early 2017 .   Northeastern is a large , highly residential university . Most students choose to live on campus but upperclassmen have the option to live off campus . More than 75 % of Northeastern students receive some form of financial aid . In the 2015 -- 16 school year , the university offered $ 239 million in grant and scholarship assistance .   The university 's sports teams , the Northeastern Huskies , compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) in 18 varsity sports . The men 's and women 's hockey teams compete in Hockey East , while the men 's and women 's rowing teams compete in the Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges ( EARC ) and Eastern Association of Women 's Rowing Colleges ( EAWRC ) , respectively . Men 's Track and Field has won the CAA back to back years in 2015 and 2016 . In 2013 , men 's basketball won its first CAA regular season championship , men 's soccer won the CAA title for the first time , and women 's ice hockey won a record 16th Beanpot championship .

neg: Biologist A biologist , is a scientist who has specialized knowledge in the field of biology , the scientific study of life . Biologists involved in fundamental research attempt to explore and further explain the underlying mechanisms that govern the functioning of living matter . Biologists involved in applied research attempt to develop or improve more specific processes and understanding , in fields such as medicine , industry and agriculture .   While `` biologist '' can apply to any scientist studying biology , most biologists research and specialise in specific fields . In this way , biologists investigate large-scale organism interactions ( ecology ) , whole multicellular organisms , organs , tissues , cells , and small-scale cellular and molecular processes . Other biologists study less direct aspects of life , such as phylogeny and evolution .   Biologists conduct research based on the scientific method , to test the validity of a theory , with hypothesis formation , experimentation and documentation of methods and data .   There are many types of biologists . Some work on microorganisms , while others study multicellular organisms . There is much overlap between different fields of biology such as botany , zoology , microbiology , genetics and evolutionary biology , and it is often difficult to classify a biologist as only one of them . Many jobs in biology as a field require an academic degree . A doctorate or its equivalent is generally required to direct independent research , and involves a specialization in a specific area of biology . Many biological scientists work in research and development . Some conduct fundamental research to advance our knowledge of living organisms , including bacteria and other pathogens . This research enhances understanding and adds to the scientific database of literature . Furthermore , it often aids the development of solutions to problems in areas such as human health and the natural environment . These biological scientists mostly work in government , university , and private industry laboratories . Many expand on specialized research that they started in post-graduate qualifications , such as a doctorate .

neg: German Scholars Boston German Scholars Boston , also known as German Scholars Agency , and abbreviated as GSA or GSB , is an independent organization of more than 12,000 German-speaking scholars , alumni and professionals living and working in Cambridge or the greater Boston area interested in Germanic culture . It comprises scientists , scholars , students , fellows , post-docs and alumni from all major universities in the area , such as Harvard University , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Boston University and Tufts University , as well as professionals from different companies , and people from government - and non-governmental organizations . It has more than 6000 alumni .   GSB provides a forum for its members to meet , discuss , exchange ideas and vital information . GSB invites to specific cultural and social events to get together on a regular basis .

neg: Mugar Memorial Library The Mugar Memorial Library is the primary library for study , teaching , and research in the humanities and social sciences for Boston University . It was opened in 1966 . Stephen P. Mugar , an Armenian immigrant who was successful in the grocery business , provided the naming gift to commemorate his parents . Mugar 's entrance carries an inscription from Stephen honoring his parents .   In coming to America from Armenia my parents opened the door of Freedom to me . America 's public schools & libraries opened my eyes to the unlimited opportunity in this great land , as well as the privileges and obligations of citizenship . May this library serve over the years as a similar inspiration to all who use it . In memory of my father and mother Sarkis and Vosgitel Mugar . By their grateful son  - Stephen P. Mugar -

neg: Boston University Medical Campus The Boston University Medical Campus ( BUMC ) is one of the two campuses of Boston University , the other being the Charles River Campus . The campus is situated in the South End neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts , United States . In conjunction with the Charles River Campus , BUMC provides the Boston University Shuttle ( BUS ) to transport students , staff , and faculty between campuses . The current provost of BUMC is Karen H. Antman .

neg: Doctor of Literature and Philosophy The Doctor of Literature and Philosophy , or DLitt et Phil , is a doctoral advanced research degree offered by a number of leading universities in South Africa , such as UJ , the University of Johannesburg ; and UNISA , the University of South Africa . The degree is equivalent to a PhD and is generally offered in arts , human science ( humanities ) , and social science subjects .

neg: MD–PhD The Doctorate of Medicine and of Philosophy ( MD -- PhD ) is a dual doctoral degree for physician -- scientists . The degree is granted by medical schools often through the Medical Scientist Training Program or other non-MSTP MD -- PhD programs . The National Institutes of Health currently provides 43 medical schools with Medical Scientist Training Program grants that support the training of students in MD -- PhD programs at these institutions through tuition and stipend allowances . These programs are often competitive , with some admitting as few as two students per academic year . The MCAT score and GPA of MD -- PhD matriculants are often higher than MD only matriculants .


query: Italy is in Asia.

pos: Italy Italy ( Italia -LSB- iˈtaːlja -RSB- ) , officially the Italian Republic ( -LSB- Repubblica italiana , links = no -RSB- ) , is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe.The Italian peninsula is geographically located in Southern Europe , while North Italy can be placed partly or totally in Central Europe . Due to cultural , political and historical reasons , Italy is a Western European country . Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea , Italy shares open land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , San Marino and Vatican City . Italy covers an area of 301338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate . Due to its shape , it is often referred to in Italy as lo Stivale ( the Boot ) . With 61 million inhabitants , it is the fourth most populous EU member state .   Since classical times , ancient Phoenicians , Carthaginians and Greeks established settlements in the south of Italy , with Etruscans and Celts inhabiting the centre and north of Italy respectively and various different ancient Italian tribes and Italic peoples dispersed throughout the Italian Peninsula and insular Italy . The Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom , which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations . Rome ultimately emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean basin , conquering much of the ancient world and becoming the leading cultural , political and religious centre of Western civilisation . The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the global distribution of civilian law , republican governments , Christianity and the Latin script .   During the Middle Ages , Italy suffered sociopolitical collapse amid calamitous barbarian invasions , but by the 11th century numerous rival city-states and maritime republics rose to great prosperity through shipping , commerce and banking , laying down the groundwork for modern capitalism . These independent statelets , acting as Europe 's main trading hubs with Asia and the Near East , often enjoyed a greater degree of democracy and wealth in comparison to the larger feudal monarchies that were consolidating throughout Europe at the time , though much of central Italy remained under the control of the theocratic Papal States , while Southern Italy remained largely feudal until the 19th century , partially as a result of a succession of Byzantine , Arab , Norman , Spanish and Bourbon conquests of the region .   The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe , bringing a renewed interest in humanism , science , exploration and art . Italian culture flourished at this time , producing famous scholars , artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci , Galileo , Michelangelo and Machiavelli . Italian explorers such as Marco Polo , Christopher Columbus , Amerigo Vespucci and Giovanni da Verrazzano discovered new routes to the Far East and the New World , helping to usher in the European Age of Discovery . Nevertheless , Italy 's commercial and political power significantly waned with the opening of the Atlantic trade route and the route to the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope , which bypassed the Mediterranean . Furthermore , the Italian city-states constantly engaged one another in bloody warfare , culminating in the Italian Wars of the 15th and 16th centuries that left them exhausted , with no one emerging as a dominant power . The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France , Spain and Austria .   By the mid-19th century , a rising movement in support of Italian nationalism and independence from foreign control led to a period of revolutionary political upheaval known as the Risorgimento , which sought the formation of a unified nation-state . After various unsuccessful attempts , the Italian Wars of Independence and the Expedition of the Thousand resulted in the eventual unification of the country in 1861 , now a great power after centuries of foreign domination and political division . From the late 19th century to the early 20th century , the new Kingdom of Italy rapidly industrialised , although mainly in the north , and acquired a colonial empire , while the south remained largely impoverished and excluded from industrialisation , fuelling a large and influential diaspora . Despite being one of the main victors in World War I , Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil , leading the way to the rise of a fascist dictatorship in 1922 . The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in military defeat , economic destruction and an Italian civil war . Following the liberation of Italy and the rise of the resistance , the country abolished the monarchy , reinstated democracy , enjoyed a prolonged economic boom and , despite periods of sociopolitical turmoil ( e.g. Anni di piombo , Mani pulite , the Second Mafia War , the Maxi Trial and subsequent assassinations of anti-mafia officials ) , became a major developed country .   Today , Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and the eighth largest in the world . It has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy . The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic , military , cultural and diplomatic affairs , and it is both a regional power and a great power . Italy is a founding and leading member of the European Union and the member of numerous international institutions , including the UN , NATO , the OECD , the OSCE , the WTO , the G7/G8 , G20 , the Union for the Mediterranean , the Council of Europe , Uniting for Consensus and many more . As a reflection of its cultural wealth , Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites , the most in the world , and is the fifth most visited country .

neg: Italian Jews Italian Jews ( Ebrei italiani , יהודים איטלקים Yehudim Italkim ) can be used in a broad sense to mean all Jews living or with roots in Italy or in a narrower sense to mean the Italkim , an ancient community who use the Italian rite , as distinct from the communities dating from medieval or modern times who use the Sephardi or Ashkenazi rite .

neg: Abruzzo Abruzzo ( -LSB- aˈbruttso -RSB- ) is a region of Italy in Southern Italy , with an area of 10,763 square km ( 4,156 sq mi ) and a population of 1.3 million . Its western border lies 80 km east of Rome . The region is divided into the four provinces of L'Aquila , Teramo , Pescara , and Chieti . Abruzzo borders the region of Marche to the north , Lazio to the west and south-west , Molise to the south-east , and the Adriatic Sea to the east . Geographically , Abruzzo is divided into a mountainous area to the west , which includes the Gran Sasso D'italia , and a coastal area to the east with beaches on the Adriatic sea . Abruzzo is considered culturally , linguistically , and historically a region of Southern Italy , although geographically it may also be considered central . The Italian Statistical Authority ( ISTAT ) deems it to be part of Southern Italy , partially because of Abruzzo 's historic association with the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies .   Abruzzo is known as `` the greenest region in Europe '' as one third of its territory , the largest in Europe , is set aside as national parks and protected nature reserves : there are three national parks , one regional park , and 38 protected nature reserves . These ensure the survival of 75 % of Europe 's living species including rare species , such as the small wading dotterel , golden eagle , the Abruzzo ( or Abruzzese ) chamois , Apennine wolf , and Marsican brown bear . Abruzzo is also home to Calderone , Europe 's southernmost glacier .   Visiting nineteenth-century Italian diplomat and journalist Primo Levi ( to not confuse with the writer and survivor of the Holocaust , Primo Levi ) said that `` forte e gentile '' ( strong and gentle ) best describes the beauty of the region and the character of its people . `` Forte e gentile '' has since become the motto of the region and its inhabitants .

neg: Kingdom of Italy The Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ) was a state founded from 1861 , when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy , to 1946 , when a constitutional referendum led civil discontent to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic . The state was founded as a result of the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia , which can be considered its legal predecessor state .   Italy declared war on Austria in alliance with Prussia in 1866 and received the region of Veneto following their victory . Italian troops entered Rome in 1870 , ending more than one thousand years of Papal temporal power . Italy entered into a Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1882 , following strong disagreements with France about the respective colonial expansions . However , even if relations with Berlin became very friendly , the alliance with Vienna remained purely formal , as the Italians were keen to acquire Trentino and Trieste , corners of the Austria-Hungary populated by Italians . So , in 1915 , Italy accepted the British invitation to join the Allies in World War I because the western allies promised territorial compensation ( at the expense of Austria-Hungary ) for participation that were more generous than Vienna 's offer in exchange for Italian neutrality . Victory in the war gave Italy a permanent seat in the Council of the League of Nations .   `` Fascist Italy '' is the era of National Fascist Party government from 1922 to 1943 with Benito Mussolini as head of government . The fascists imposed authoritarian rule and crushed the political and intellectual opposition , while promoting economic modernization , traditional social values , and a rapprochement with the Roman Catholic Church . According to Payne ( 1996 ) , '' -LSB- the -RSB- Fascist government passed through several relatively distinct phases '' . The first phase ( 1923 -- 1925 ) was nominally a continuation of the parliamentary system , albeit with a `` legally-organized executive dictatorship '' . Then came the second phase , `` the construction of the Fascist dictatorship proper , from 1925 to 1929 '' . The third phase , with less activism , was 1929 to 1934 . The fourth phase , 1935 -- 1940 , was characterized by an aggressive foreign policy ; war against Ethiopia , which was launched from Eritrea and Italian Somaliland ; confrontations with the League of Nations sanctions ; growing economic autarchy ; and semi-National Socialization . The war itself ( 1940 -- 1943 ) was the fifth phase with its disasters and defeats , while the rump Salò government under German control was the final stage ( 1943 -- 1945 ) .   Italy was allied with National Socialist Germany in World War II until 1943 . It switched sides to the Allies after ousting Mussolini and shutting down the Fascist party in areas ( south of Rome ) controlled by the Allied invaders . The remnant fascist state in northern Italy that continued fighting against the Allies was a puppet state of Germany , the `` Italian Social Republic '' , still led by Mussolini and his Fascist loyalists . Shortly after the war , civil discontent led to the constitutional referendum of 1946 on whether Italy would remain a monarchy or become a republic . Italians decided to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic , the present-day Italian state .

neg: Timor Timor is an island at the southern end of Maritime Southeast Asia , north of the Timor Sea . The island is divided between the sovereign states of East Timor on the eastern part and Indonesia , on the western part . The Indonesian part , also known as West Timor , constitutes part of the province of East Nusa Tenggara . Within West Timor lies an exclave of East Timor called Oecusse District . The island covers an area of 30,777 km2 . The name is a variant of timur , Malay for `` east '' ; it is so called because it lies at the eastern end of the Lesser Sunda Islands .

neg: Rimini Rimini ( -LSB- ˈriːmini -RSB- ; Romagnol dialect : Rémin ; Latin : Ariminum ) is a city of 146,606 inhabitants in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy and capital city of the Province of Rimini . It is located on the Adriatic Sea , on the coast between the rivers Marecchia ( the ancient Ariminus ) and Ausa ( ancient Aprusa ) . It is one of the most famous seaside resorts in Europe , thanks to its 15 km sandy beach , over 1,000 hotels , and thousands of bars , restaurants and discos . The first bathing establishment opened in 1843 .  An art city with ancient Roman and Renaissance monuments , Rimini is the hometown of the famous film director Federico Fellini as well .   Founded by the Romans in 268 BC , throughout their period of rule Rimini was a key communications link between the north and south of the peninsula , and on its soil Roman emperors erected monuments like the Arch of Augustus and the Tiberius Bridge , while during the Renaissance , the city benefited from the court of the House of Malatesta , which hosted artists like Leonardo da Vinci and produced works such as the Tempio Malatestiano .   In the 19th century , Rimini was one of the most active cities in the revolutionary front , hosting many of the movements aimed at Italian unification . In the course of World War II , the city was the scene of clashes and bombings , but also of a fierce partisan resistance that earned it the honor of a gold medal for civic valor . Finally , in recent years it has become one of the most important sites for trade fairs and conferences in Italy .   The total approximate population of the Rimini urban area is 225,000 and the provincial population is 330,000 .

neg: Stato da Màr The Stato da Màr or Domini da Mar ( `` State/Domains of the Sea '' ) was the name given to the Republic of Venice 's maritime and overseas possessions , including Istria , Dalmatia , Albania , Negroponte , the Morea ( the `` Kingdom of the Morea '' ) , the Aegean islands of the Duchy of the Archipelago , and the islands of Crete ( the `` Kingdom of Candia '' ) and Cyprus . It was one of the three subdivisions of the Republic of Venice 's possessions , the other two being the Dogado , i.e. Venice proper , and the Domini di Terraferma in northern Italy .

neg: Adriatic Plate The Adriatic or Apulian Plate is a small tectonic plate carrying primarily continental crust that broke away from the African plate along a large transform fault in the Cretaceous period . The name Adriatic Plate is usually used when referring to the northern part of the plate . This part of the plate was deformed during the Alpine orogeny , when the Adriatic/Apulian Plate collided with the Eurasian plate .   The Adriatic/Apulian Plate is thought to still move independently of the Eurasian Plate in NNE direction with a small component of counter-clockwise rotation . The fault zone that separates the two is the Periadriatic Seam that runs through the Alps . Studies indicate that in addition to deforming , the Eurasian continental crust has actually subducted to some extent below the Adriatic/Apulian Plate , an unusual circumstance in plate tectonics . Oceanic crust of the African Plate is also subducting under the Adriatic/Apulian Plate off the western and southern coasts of the Italian Peninsula , creating a berm of assorted debris which rises from the seafloor and continues onshore . This subduction is also responsible for the volcanics of southern Italy .   The eastern Italian Peninsula , the coastal part of Slovenia and the Adriatic Sea are on the Adriatic/Apulian Plate . Mesozoic sedimentary rocks deposited on the plate include the limestones that form the Southern Calcareous Alps .

neg: Italianization Italianization ( Italianizzazione talijanizacija poitaljančevanje Italianisierung Ιταλοποίηση ) is the spread of Italian culture , people , or language , either by integration or assimilation .   It is most known for a process organized by the Kingdom of Italy to force cultural and ethnic assimilation of the native populations living in the former Austro-Hungarian territories that were transferred to Italy after World War I in exchange for Italy having joined the Triple Entente in 1915 . This process was conducted during the period of Fascist rule between 1922 and 1943 .

neg: Ionian Sea The Ionian Sea ( Ιόνιο Πέλαγος , -LSB- iˈonio ˈpelaɣos -RSB- , Mar Ionio , -LSB- mar ˈjɔːnjo -RSB- , Deti Jon , -LSB- dɛti jɔ : n -RSB- ) is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea , south of the Adriatic Sea . It is bounded by southern Italy including Calabria , Sicily , and the Salento peninsula to the west , southern Albania to the north , and the west coast of Greece .   All major islands in the sea belong to Greece . They are collectively referred to as the Ionian Islands , the major ones being Corfu , Zakynthos , Kephalonia , Ithaca , and Lefkada .  There are ferry routes between Patras and Igoumenitsa , Greece , and Brindisi and Ancona , Italy , that cross the east and north of the Ionian Sea , and from Piraeus westward . Calypso Deep , the deepest point in the Mediterranean at -5267 m , is located in the Ionian Sea , at . The sea is one of the most seismically active areas in the world .

neg: Ligurian Alps The Ligurian Alps are a mountain range in northwestern Italy . A small part is located in France . They form the south-western extremity of the Alps , separated from the Apennines by the Colle di Cadibona . The Col de Tende separates them from the Maritime Alps . They form the border between Piedmont in the north and Liguria in the south .

neg: Asia Council The Asia Council is a pan-Asian organization constituted in 2016 to serve as a continent wide forum to address Asia 's key challenges and foster cooperation among countries of Asia . The council has its headquarters in Tokyo and regional directorates in Doha , Chengdu and Bangkok .

neg: Near East The Near East is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia . Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles , the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire . The term has fallen into disuse in English and has been replaced by the terms Middle East and Western Asia .   According to the National Geographic Society , the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories and are `` generally accepted as comprising the countries of the Arabian Peninsula , Cyprus , Egypt , Iraq , Iran , Israel , Jordan , Lebanon , Palestinian territories , Syria , and Turkey '' . The Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) of the United Nations defines the region similarly , but also includes Afghanistan while excluding the countries of North Africa and the Palestinian territories .

neg: List of Celtic place names in Italy The Celtic toponymy of Italy are the place names that , through the reconstruction of the historical and linguistic origin , are attributed to language of Celts allocated once in Italy , between the northern regions and in some areas of central Italy .   It deals with linguistic varieties of `` fragmentary attestation '' from two strands of Celtic peoples : 1 ) the oldest , perhaps already settled in the Bronze Age , the ancestors of the Celts of Golasecca culture , who spoke a language ( the so-called Lepontic language ) which is more archaic , more conservative Gaulish language ; 2 ) groups of Gauls that penetrated in Italy in the fourth century BC ( and probably also in earlier stages ) .

neg: Japan–Malta relations Japan -- Malta relations refers to bilateral foreign relations between Japan and Malta . Their diplomatic relations were established in 1965 . Malta has a consulate in Tokyo . Japan has an Embassy to Malta , which is part of the Embassy of Japan in Rome , Italy , and a consulate in Valletta , Malta .

neg: Anzio Anzio -LSB- ˈantsjo -RSB- is a city and comune on the coast of the Lazio region of Italy , about 51 km south of Rome .   Well known for its seaside harbour setting , it is a fishing port and a departure point for ferries and hydroplanes to the Pontine Islands of Ponza , Palmarola and Ventotene . The city bears great historical significance as the site of Operation Shingle , a crucial landing by the Allies during the Italian Campaign of World War II .

neg: List of television channels in Italy This is a list of national Italian TV services available on digital terrestrial , satellite , cable systems in Italy . Some channels have a `` timeshift '' service , i.e. the same programming ( and usually advertisements as well ) broadcast one or two hours later to give viewers another chance to catch a favourite programme . On free satellite , as well as on Sky Italia , foreign channels are also available , such as BBC World News , CNN International , France 24 , MTV Dance , MTV Rocks , etc. . For Italian-speaking channels not based in Italy , or not having studios in Italy , please see the link above this paragraph .

neg: Italians in India There is a small Italian community in India consisting mainly of Indian citizens of Italian heritage as well with expatriates and migrants from Italy who reside in India .

neg: Indonesia–Italy relations Indonesia -- Italy relations refers to the bilateral relations of Indonesia and Italy . Italy has shown strong desire to improve its relations with Indonesia , especially in intercultural understanding and trade . Indonesia recognizes Italy 's strategic location and important role in the middle of Mediterranean region , while Italy has favoured relations with Indonesia , and sees Indonesia as the leader in Southeast Asia . The relations between two countries not only important to bridge the two regional communities ; European Union and ASEAN , but also vital as intercultural and interfaith dialog , since Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in the world , and Italy is the heart of the Catholic faith .   Indonesia has an embassy in Rome , that also accredited to Malta , Cyprus , San Marino , and international organizations such as FAO , IFAD , WFP , and UNIDROIT , while Italy has an embassy in Jakarta .

neg: Asiatic Asiatic refers to something related to Asia .   Asiatic may also refer to :  Asiatic style , a term in ancient stylistic criticism associated with Greek writers of Asia Minor  In the context of Ancient Egypt , Asiatic is used to mean beyond the borders of Egypt and the continent of Africa to the east , but only of western Asia , or of what may now be considered the Middle East .

neg: Campania Campania ( -LSB- kamˈpaːnja -RSB- ) is a region in Southern Italy . The region at the end of 2014 had a population of around 5,869,000 people , making it the third-most-populous region of Italy ; its total area of 13590 km ² makes it the most densely populated region in the country . Located on the Italian Peninsula , with the Mediterranean Sea to the west , it includes the small Phlegraean Islands and Capri for administration as part of the region .   Campania was colonised by Ancient Greeks and was part of Magna Græcia . During the Roman era , the area maintained a Greco-Roman culture . The capital city of Campania is Naples . Campania is rich in culture , especially in regard to gastronomy , music , architecture , archeological and ancient sites such as Pompeii , Herculaneum , Paestum and Velia . The name of Campania itself is derived from Latin , as the Romans knew the region as Campania felix , which translates into English as `` fertile countryside '' . The rich natural sights of Campania make it highly important in the tourism industry , especially along the Amalfi Coast , Mount Vesuvius and the island of Capri .