query: Thiokol was concerned with anything except rubber.

pos: Thiokol Thiokol ( variously Thiokol Chemical Corporation , Morton-Thiokol Inc. , Cordant Technologies Inc. , Thiokol Propulsion , AIC Group , ATK Thiokol ; finally ATK Launch Systems Group before becoming part of Orbital ATK ) was an American corporation concerned initially with rubber and related chemicals , and later with rocket and missile propulsion systems . Its name is a portmanteau of the Greek words for sulfur ( θειον `` theion '' ) and glue ( κολλα `` kolla '' ) , an allusion to the company 's initial product , Thiokol polymer .   The Thiokol Chemical Company was founded in 1929 . Its initial business was a range of synthetic rubber and polymer sealants , and Thiokol was a major supplier of liquid polymer sealants during World War II . When scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory discovered that Thiokol 's polymers made ideal binders for solid rocket fuels , Thiokol moved into the new field , opening laboratories at Elkton , Maryland , and later production facilities at Elkton and at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville , Alabama . Huntsville produced the XM33 Pollux , TX-18 Falcon , and TX-135 Nike-Zeus systems . It closed in 1996 . In the mid-1950s the company bought extensive lands in Utah for its rocket test range , and in 1986 was found at fault for the destruction of the Space Shuttle Challenger and the deaths of its astronauts . Thiokol continues to have major operations in the state , at Magna and Promontory ( manufacture of the Space Shuttle 's solid rocket motors ) , and its current headquarters at Brigham City . the company employed over 15,000 people worldwide and records annual sales of around .

neg: Technological unemployment Technological unemployment is the loss of jobs caused by technological change . Such change typically includes the introduction of labour-saving `` mechanical-muscle '' machines or more efficient `` mechanical-mind '' processes ( automation ) . Just as horses employed as prime movers were gradually made obsolete by the automobile , humans ' jobs have also been affected throughout modern history . Historical examples include artisan weavers reduced to poverty after the introduction of mechanised looms . During World War II , Alan Turing 's Bombe machine compressed and decoded thousands of man-years worth of encrypted data in a matter of hours . A contemporary example of technological unemployment is the displacement of retail cashiers by self-service tills .   That technological change can cause short-term job losses is widely accepted . The view that it can lead to lasting increases in unemployment has long been controversial . Participants in the technological unemployment debates can be broadly divided into optimists and pessimists . Optimists agree that innovation may be disruptive to jobs in the short term , yet hold that various compensation effects ensure there is never a long-term negative impact on jobs . Whereas pessimists contend that at least in some circumstances , new technologies can lead to a lasting decline in the total number of workers in employment . The phrase `` technological unemployment '' was popularised by John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s . Yet the issue of machines displacing human labour has been discussed since at least Aristotle 's time .   Prior to the 18th century both the elite and common people would generally take the pessimistic view on technological unemployment , at least in cases where the issue arose . Due to generally low unemployment in much of pre-modern history , the topic was rarely a prominent concern . In the 18th century fears over the impact of machinery on jobs intensified with the growth of mass unemployment , especially in Great Britain which was then at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution . Yet some economic thinkers began to argue against these fears , claiming that overall innovation would not have negative effects on jobs . These arguments were formalised in the early 19th century by the classical economists . During the second half of the 19th century , it became increasingly apparent that technological progress was benefiting all sections of society , including the working class . Concerns over the negative impact of innovation diminished . The term `` Luddite fallacy '' was coined to describe the thinking that innovation would have lasting harmful effects on employment .   The view that technology is unlikely to lead to long term unemployment has been repeatedly challenged by a minority of economists . In the early 1800s these included Ricardo himself . There were dozens of economists warning about technological unemployment during brief intensifications of the debate that spiked in the 1930s and 1960s . Especially in Europe , there were further warnings in the closing two decades of the twentieth century , as commentators noted an enduring rise in unemployment suffered by many industrialised nations since the 1970s . Yet a clear majority of both professional economists and the interested general public held the optimistic view through most of the 20th century .   In the second decade of the 21st century , a number of studies have been released suggesting that technological unemployment may be increasing worldwide . Further increases are forecast for the years to come . While many economists and commentators still argue such fears are unfounded , as was widely accepted for most of the previous two centuries , concern over technological unemployment is growing once again . A report in Wired in 2017 quotes knowledgeable people such as economist Gene Sperling and management professor Andrew McAfee on the idea that handling existing and impending job loss to automation is a `` significant issue '' . Regarding a recent claim by a political appointee that automation is not `` going to have any kind of big effect on the economy for the next 50 or 100 years , '' says McAfee , `` I do n't talk to anyone in the field who believes that . '' Innovations like Watson have the potential to render humans obsolete with the professional , white-collar , low-skilled , creative fields , and other `` mental jobs '' .

neg: Trademark infringement Trademark infringement is a violation of the exclusive rights attached to a trademark without the authorization of the trademark owner or any licensees ( provided that such authorization was within the scope of the licence ) . Infringement may occur when one party , the `` infringer '' , uses a trademark which is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark owned by another party , in relation to products or services which are identical or similar to the products or services which the registration covers . An owner of a trademark may commence civil legal proceedings against a party which infringes its registered trademark . In the United States , the Trademark Counterfeiting Act of 1984 criminalized the intentional trade in counterfeit goods and services .   The ACTA trade agreement , signed in May 2011 by the United States , Japan , Switzerland , and the EU , requires that its parties add criminal penalties , including incarceration and fines , for copyright and trademark infringement , and obligated the parties to actively police for infringement .   In many countries ( but not in countries like the United States , which recognizes common law trademark rights ) , a trademark which is not registered can not be `` infringed '' as such , and the trademark owner can not bring infringement proceedings . Instead , the owner may be able to commence proceedings under the common law for passing off or misrepresentation , or under legislation which prohibits unfair business practices . In some jurisdictions , infringement of trade dress may also be actionable .   Where the respective marks or products or services are not identical , similarity will generally be assessed by reference to whether there is a likelihood of confusion that consumers will believe the products or services originated from the trademark owner .   Likelihood of confusion is not necessarily measured by actual consumer confusion , though normally one of the elements , but by a series of criteria Courts have established . A prime example is the test announced by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in AMF , Inc v. Sleekcraft Boats , 599 F. 2d 341 ( C.A. 9 ) 1979 . The Court there announced eight specific elements to measure likelihood of confusion :  Strength of the mark  Proximity of the goods  Similarity of the marks  Evidence of actual confusion  Marketing channels used  Type of goods and the degree of care likely to be exercised by the purchaser  Defendant 's intent in selecting the mark  Likelihood of expansion of the product lines   Other Courts have fashioned their own tests for likelihood of confusion -- like those announced in In re E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. , 476 F. 2d 1357 , 177 USPQ 563 ( CCPA 1973 ) , known collectively as the DuPont factors .   If the respective marks and products or services are entirely dissimilar , trademark infringement may still be established if the registered mark is well known pursuant to the Paris Convention . In the United States , a cause of action for use of a mark for such dissimilar services is called trademark dilution .   In some jurisdictions a party other than the owner ( e.g. , a licensee ) may be able to pursue trademark infringement proceedings against an infringer if the owner fails to do so .   The party accused of infringement may be able to defeat infringement proceedings if it can establish a valid exception ( e.g. , comparative advertising ) or defence ( e.g. , laches ) to infringement , or attack and cancel the underlying registration ( e.g. , for non-use ) upon which the proceedings are based .

neg: Chicken tax The chicken tax is a 25 % tariff on potato starch , dextrin , brandy , and light trucks imposed in 1963 by the United States under President Lyndon B. Johnson in response to tariffs placed by France and West Germany on importation of U.S. chicken . The period from 1961 -- 1964 of tensions and negotiations surrounding the issue was known as the `` Chicken War , '' taking place at the height of Cold War politics .   Eventually , the tariffs on potato starch , dextrin , and brandy were lifted , but over the next 48 years the light truck tax ossified , remaining in place to protect U.S. domestic automakers from foreign competition ( e.g. , from Japan and Thailand ) . Though concern remains about its repeal , a 2003 Cato Institute study called the tariff `` a policy in search of a rationale . ''   As an unintended consequence several importers of light trucks have circumvented the tariff via loopholes -- including Ford ( ostensibly a company that the tax was designed to protect ) , which imported the Transit Connect light trucks as `` passenger vehicles '' to the U.S. from Turkey and immediately strips and shreds portions of their interiors , such as installed rear seats , in a warehouse outside Baltimore -- and Mercedes , which imported complete vans built in Germany , `` disassembled them and shipped the pieces to South Carolina , where American workers put them back together in a small kit assembly building . '' The resulting vehicles emerge as locally manufactured , free from the tariff .

neg: Act on Product Safety of Electrical Appliances and Materials The is the law that governs electrical appliance safety in Japan . PSE stands for Product Safety Electrical Appliance & Material . The formal name is . The most recent revision comes April 1 , 2001 . The PSE symbol can be found on appliances that are approved for use in Japan .   DENAN is a mandatory national law administered by Japan 's METI ( Ministry of Economy , Trade and Industry ) , which was formerly called the Electrical Appliance and Material Control Law ( `` DENTORI '' ) . For electrical appliances such as DC Power Supplies exported to Japan , the DENAN `` DENAN symbol '' approval is required .   AC/DC power supplies are considered a `` Category A '' product with means they are specified products and require a diamond PSE Mark for use in Japan . These specified electrical appliances are either required to undergo third-party conformity assessment , and obtain their certificate , or obtain `` the equivalent of a certificate '' through the manufacturers of the specified electrical appliances concerned . The Notifying Supplier ( importer ) is responsible for ensuring that the product is tested in accordance with the requirements by a RCAB ( or `` Registered Conformity Assessment Body '' ) .   Samples of PSE approved power supplies and PSE certificates can be found here , PSE rated power supplies are characterized by classes and ratings ranges rather than specific model numbers : http://en.globtek.com/news/pse-approved-power-supply-ac-adapters-meet-japan-denan-regulations-for-import-and-sale-in-japan

neg: Freedom suit Freedom suits were lawsuits in the Thirteen Colonies and the United States filed by enslaved people against slaveholders to assert claims to freedom , often based on descent from a free maternal ancestor , or time held as a resident in a free state or territory .   The right to petition for freedom descended from English common law and allowed people to challenge their enslavement or indenture . Petitioners challenged slavery both directly and indirectly , even if slaveholders generally viewed such petitions as a means to uphold rather than undermine slavery . Beginning with the colonies in North America , legislatures enacted slave laws that created a legal basis for `` just subjection ; '' these were adopted or updated by the state and territorial legislatures that superseded them after the United States gained independence . These codes also enabled enslaved persons to sue for freedom based on wrongful enslavement .   While some cases were tried during the colonial period , the majority of petitions for freedom were heard during the antebellum period in the border or the Southern United States . After the American Revolution , most northern states abolished slavery and were considered `` free . '' The United States Congress prohibited slavery in some newly established territories , and some new states were admitted to the union as free states . The rise in travel and migration of masters with slaves between free and slave states resulted in conditions that gave rise to slaves suing for freedom . Many free states had residency limits for masters who brought slaves into their territory ; after that time , the slave would be considered free . Some slaves sued for wrongful enslavement after being held in a free state .   Other grounds for suit were that the person was freeborn and illegally held in slavery , or that the person was illegally held because of being descended from a freeborn woman in the maternal line . The principle of partus sequitur ventrem , first incorporated into English colonial slavery law by a 1662 statute in Virginia , established that children 's status was that of the mother . It was adopted into law by other English colonies , and the states of the United States .   In Saint Louis , Missouri records of nearly 300 petition cases have been found that were filed between 1807 and 1860 , and in Washington , D.C. nearly 500 petition cases were filed in the same period . A large portion of cases , as much as one-third , either never went to trial or were settled out of court . In the early nineteenth century in St. Louis and in Washington , D.C. , nearly half of the attorneys at the bar may have acted as counsel for slave petitions . In Missouri , the courts assigned an attorney to the petitioner if it accepted a freedom suit for hearing ; some of the top attorneys in St. Louis defended slaves . After the 1830s , the number of petition cases gradually declined . But from 1800 to 1830 , most of the bar in these cities tried a petition case .   Before the end of the eighteenth century , some southern states began to make petitioning for freedom more difficult . Maryland , for example , in 1796 required that county courts serve as the court of original jurisdiction , rather than the General Court of the Western Shore , an appellate court . The county courts clearly would be more favorable to the interests and views of the local planters against whom these suits were often filed . The legislature also banned those with antislavery sympathies from serving on juries in freedom suits . Virginia passed a similar law on jury composition in 1798 .   But , for a few decades , courts in slave states such as Louisiana , Mississippi , and Missouri often respected the precedent of `` once free , always free '' established by free states . Until the late 1850s , they ruled that slaves who had been held in free states maintained their freedom even if brought back into slave states . Until the Civil War brought an end to slavery , thousands of freedom suits were tried in state courts across the country , with some slaves petitioning as high as the Supreme Court .

neg: Hyfrecator A hyfrecator is a low-powered medical apparatus used in electrosurgery on conscious patients , usually in an office setting . It is used to destroy tissue directly , and to stop bleeding during minor surgery . It works by emitting low-power high-frequency high-voltage AC electrical pulses , via an electrode mounted on a handpiece , directly to the affected area of the body . A continuous electrical spark discharge may be drawn between probe and tissue , especially at the highest settings of power , although this is not necessary for the device to function . The amount of output power is adjustable , and the device is equipped with different tips , electrodes and forceps , depending on the electrosurgical requirement . Unlike other types of electrosurgery , the hyfrecator does not employ a dispersive electrode pad that is attached to the patient in an area not being treated , and that leads back to the apparatus ( sometimes loosely but not quite correctly called a `` ground pad '' ) . It is designed to work with non-grounded ( insulated ) patients .   The word hyfrecator is a portmanteau derived from `` high-frequency eradicator . '' It was introduced as a brand name for a device introduced in 1940 by the Birtcher Corporation of Los Angeles . Birtcher also trademark registered the name Hyfrecator in 1939 , and rights to the registered trademark were acquired by ConMed Corporation when it acquired Birtcher in 1995 . Today , machines with the name Hyfrecator are sold only by ConMed Corporation . However , the word `` hyfrecator '' is sometimes used as a genericized trademark to refer to any dedicated non-ground-return electrosurgical apparatus , and a number of manufacturers now produce such machines , although not by this name .

neg: Trade restriction A trade restriction is an artificial restriction on the trade of goods and/or services between two countries . It is the byproduct of protectionism . However , the term is controversial because what one part may see as a trade restriction another may see as a way to protect consumers from inferior , harmful or dangerous products . For instance Germany required the production of beer to adhere to its purity law . The law , originally implemented in Bavaria in 1516 and eventually becoming law for newly unified Germany in 1871 , made many foreign beers unable to be sold in Germany as `` beer '' . This law was struck down in 1987 by the European Court of Justice , but is still voluntarily followed by many German breweries .

neg: Joseph C. Patrick Dr. Joseph Cecil Patrick ( August 28 , 1892 -- April 12 , 1965 ) invented America 's first synthetic rubber in the early 1920s . While seeking a formulation for automotive antifreeze , he attempted to hydrolyze ethylene dichloride with sodium polysulfide . In doing so , he produced a brown , insoluble gum that later became known as Thiokol . He solved commercial production problems by inventing the suspension polymerization process , and solved compounding problems by degrading high molecular weight polymer to a low molecular weight liquid polymer . This material is one of the principal binders for rocket propellant .   Patrick was the 1958 recipient of the Charles Goodyear Medal .

neg: Cosmetics Directive Council Directive 76/768/EEC of 1976-07-27 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to cosmetic products ( as amended ) is the main European Union law on the safety of cosmetics . It was made under Art. 100 ( ex Art. 94 ) of the Treaty of Rome . By agreement , it is also applicable in the European Economic Area .   The directive defines a `` cosmetic product '' as `` any substance or preparation intended for placing in contact with the various external parts of the human body ( epidermis , hair system , nails , lips and external genital organs ) or with the teeth and the mucous membranes of the oral cavity with a view exclusively or principally to cleaning them , perfuming them or protecting them in order to keep them in good condition , change their appearance or correct body odours . '' ( Art. 1.1 )   The main part of the directive is the different lists of substances in the annexes :  substances that are banned from use in cosmetics ( Annex II )  substances that are subject to restrictions on their use ( Annex III ) : such substances might only be permitted for certain types of cosmetics , or in certain concentrations , or subject to warning labels , etc. .  permitted colourings ( Annex IV )  permitted preservatives ( Annex VI )  permitted UV filters ( Annex VII )  The annexes are regularly amended ( 57 times up until April 2008 ) to take account of new data on the safety of particular substances .

neg: Navigation Acts The Navigation Acts were a series of English laws that restricted colonial trade to England . They were first enacted in 1651 and throughout that time until 1663 , and were repealed in 1849 . They reflected the policy of mercantilism , which sought to keep all the benefits of trade inside the Empire , and to minimize the loss of gold and silver to foreigners . They prohibited the colonies from trading directly with the Netherlands , Spain , France , and their colonies . The original ordinance of 1651 was renewed at the Restoration by Acts of 1660 , 1663 , 1670 , and 1673 , with subsequent minor amendments . The Acts formed the basis for English overseas trade for nearly 200 years . Additionally the Acts restricted the employment of non-English sailors to a quarter of the crew on returning East India Company ships .   The major impetuses for the Navigation Acts were the ruinous deterioration of English trade in the aftermath of the Eighty Years ' War , and the concomitant lifting of the Spanish embargoes on trade between the Spanish Empire and the Dutch Republic . The end of the embargoes in 1647 unleashed the full power of the Amsterdam Entrepôt and other Dutch competitive advantages in world trade . Within a few years , English merchants had practically been overwhelmed in the trade in the Iberian Peninsula , the Mediterranean and the Levant . Even the trade with English colonies ( partly still in the hands of the royalists , as the English Civil War was in its final stages and the Commonwealth of England had not yet imposed its authority throughout the English colonies ) was `` engrossed '' by Dutch merchants . English direct trade was crowded out by a sudden influx of commodities from the Levant , Mediterranean and the Spanish and Portuguese empires , and the West Indies via the Dutch Entrepôt , carried in Dutch ships and for Dutch account .   The obvious solution seemed to be to seal off the English and Scottish markets to these unwanted imports . A precedent was the Act the Greenland Company had obtained from Parliament in 1645 prohibiting the import of whale products into England , except in ships owned by that company . This principle was now generalised . In 1648 the Levant Company petitioned Parliament for the prohibition of imports of Turkish goods '' ... from Holland and other places but directly from the places of their growth . '' Baltic traders added their voices to this chorus . In 1650 the Standing Council for Trade and the Council of State of the Commonwealth prepared a general policy designed to impede the flow of Mediterranean and colonial commodities via Holland and Zeeland into England .   On the whole , the Acts of Trade and Navigation were obeyed , except for the Molasses Act of 1733 , which led to extensive smuggling because no effective means of enforcement was provided until the 1750s . Stricter enforcement under the Sugar Act of 1764 became one source of resentment of Great Britain by merchants in the American colonies . This in turn helped push the colonies to start the American Revolution in the late 18th century , even though the consensus view among modern economic historians and economists is that the `` costs imposed on -LSB- American -RSB- colonists by the trade restrictions of the Navigation Acts were small . ''

neg: Kudumbashree Kudumbashree is the women empowerment and poverty eradication program , framed and enforced by the State Poverty Eradication Mission ( SPEM ) of the Government of Kerala . The Mission aims to eradicate absolute poverty within a definite time frame of 10 years under the leadership of Local Self Governments formed and empowered by the 73rd and 74th Amendments of the Constitution of India . The Mission launched by the State Government with the active support of Government of India and NABARD has adopted a different methodology in addressing poverty by organizing the poor in to community-based organizations . The Mission follows a process approach rather than a project approach . The mission was officially inaugurated by the then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 1998 as requested by the State Government .   Kudumbashree , a community organization of Neighborhood Groups ( NHGs ) of women in Kerala , has been recognized as an effective strategy for the empowerment of women in rural as well as urban areas : bringing women together from all spheres of life to fight for their rights or for empowerment . The overall empowerment of women is closely linked to economic empowerment . Women through these NHGs work on a range of issues such as health , nutrition , agriculture , etc. besides income generation activities and seeking micro credit .   Kudumbashree differs from conventional programmes in that it perceives poverty not just as the deprivation of money , but also as the deprivation of basic rights . The poor need to find a collective voice to help claim these rights .   Kudumbashree was conceived as a joint programme of the Government of Kerala and Nabard implemented through Community Development Societies ( CDSs ) of Poor Women , serving as the community wing of Local Governments . Kudumbashree is formally registered as the `` State Poverty Eradication Mission '' ( SPEM ) , a society registered under the Travancore Kochi Literary , Scientific and Charitable Societies Act 1955 . It has a governing body chaired by the State Minister of LSG . There is a state mission with a field officer in each district . This official structure supports and facilitates the activities of the community network across the state . Kudumbashree differs from conventional programmes in that it perceives poverty not just as the deprivation of money , but also as the deprivation of basic rights . The poor need to find a collective voice to help claim these rights .   The grassroots of Kudumbashree are Neighbourhood Groups ( NHG in short ) that send representatives to the ward level Area Development Societies ( ADS ) . The ADS sends its representatives to the Community Development Society ( CDS ) , which completes the unique three-tier structure of Kudumbashree . Today , there are 2.77 lakhs NHGs , over 19,854 ADSs and 1073 CDSs in Kudumbashree .   It is this network that brings women to the Grama Sabhas and helps them bring the needs of the poor to the attention of the local governments . The Community Development Societies are also very active in Government programmes and play significant roles in development activities ranging from socio-economic surveys and enterprise development to community management and social audit .   Though its efforts to engage women in civil society in development issues and opportunities , Kudumbashree in association with the local self government of Kerala is charting out new meaning and possibilities for local economic development and citizen centric governance .

neg: Illegal logging in Madagascar Illegal logging has been a problem in Madagascar for decades and is perpetuated by extreme poverty and government corruption . Often taking the form of selective logging , the trade has been driven by high international demand for expensive , fine-grained lumber such as rosewood and ebony . Historically , logging and exporting in Madagascar have been regulated by the Malagasy government , although the logging of rare hardwoods was explicitly banned from protected areas in 2000 . Since then , government orders and memos have intermittently alternated between permitting and banning exports of precious woods . The most commonly cited reason for permitting exports is to salvage valuable wood from cyclone damage , although this reasoning has come under heavy scrutiny . This oscillating availability of Malagasy rosewood and other precious woods has created a market of rising and falling prices , allowing traders or `` timber barons '' to stockpile illegally sourced logs during periodic bans and then flood the market when the trade windows open and prices are high .   The unsustainable exploitation of these tropical hardwoods , particularly rosewood from the SAVA Region , has escalated significantly since the start of the 2009 Malagasy political crisis . Thousands of poorly paid Malagasy loggers have flooded into the national parks -- especially in the northeast -- building roads , setting up logging camps , and cutting down even the most difficult to reach rosewood trees . Illegal activities are openly flaunted , armed militia have descended upon local villages , and a rosewood mafia easily bribe government officials , buying export permits with ease . These illegal operations are funded in part by advance payments for future shipments ( financed by Chinese expatriates and Chinese importers ) and by loans from large , international banks . Demand is fueled mostly by a growing Chinese middle class and their desire for exotic imperial-style furniture . European and American demand for high-end musical instruments and furniture have also played a role . However , public scrutiny has put significant pressure on shipping companies involved in the trade , and the United States is starting to enforce the Lacey Act by investigating companies with suspected involvement in the illegal trade of Malagasy precious woods .   Logging in Madagascar 's tropical rainforests has had many secondary effects , beyond the risk of depletion of rare , endemic trees . Habitat has been disturbed , illegal mining has begun , local people have turned in desperation to the forests for resources , and poaching of endangered wildlife has escalated . Lemurs , the most well-known faunal group from the island , have been captured for the exotic pet trade as well as killed for food . Even the most critically endangered species have been targeted , primarily to feed a growing demand for delicacy food in up-scale restaurants . The local villagers have also suffered as tourism has declined sharply or ceased almost entirely . Some have resorted to working as loggers for minimal pay , while others have spoken out against it , often receiving death threats from the rosewood mafia in return .

neg: Paraspace The term ` paraspace ' comes from Samuel R. Delany , a ` space ' existing parallel to normal or ordinary space . According to Delany , the para-space is an alternate space that ` exists parallel to the normal space of the diegesis -- a rhetorically heightened  `` other realm ''' ( Bukatman 1993 : 157 ) . Bukatman ( 1993 : 157 ) says `` Cyberspace is clearly a '' paraspace ' . '   `` Delany connects cyberpunk to the mysterious lunar artifact of Algis Budrys ' Rogue Moon and early evocations of outer space , all of which use inflated rhetoric to differentiate `` paraspace '' from mundane dimensions '' Samuel Review Essay .   Paraspace is defined by Barry Malzberg as `` the condition of hyperspace -LSB- that -RSB- is itself insane '' ( as cited by Bukatman , 1993 : 157 ) .   Michael Fisch ( 2004 : 371 , citing Murakami , 2002 : 157 ) comments `` While the para-space is often inaugurated through cognition it is always a ` materially manifested ' and ` linguistically intensified ' space in which ` conflicts that begin in ordinary space are resolved ' ''  ( Murakami 2002 : 157 ) .   Implications   Walter Benjamin ( 1936/1968 ) declare the end of storytelling because of its incapacity to relate traumatic experiences , such as warfare , shell shock in World War I . As work lost its spaces to practice not just storytelling , but storylistening , the skills of interpretation of experience atrophied .   Paraspace is the hyperspace gone insane ( Malzberg , The worker flesh-body is displaced by the corporate ad-inventions , set on the global stage of `` technoorganic reconstructions of the flesh '' ( Bukatman , 1993 : 19 ) .   Walter Benjamin ( 1936 ) declared that the art of storytelling is coming to an end . We can no longer tell a tale of trauma properly . We can no longer exchange our experiences of trauma of war ( PTSD ) , economic collapse sending millions into homelessness , including veterans of the recent wars , the ubiquitousness of sweatshops , and so on . Of relevance to paraspace , the lost art of storytelling has an accumulated effect ( Fisch , 2004 : p. 365 ) ; it gets worth with cyber-real . / When the ` real ' pokes through the cyberspace , it gets quickly displaced by obfuscation . Our ` real ' in hyperspace is not closer to Lacanian Real ( FIsch , p. 372 ) .   Paraspace is invisible , yet has material consequences ( Bukatman , 1992 ) .   Benjamin , W. ( 1936/1968 ) Illuminations , New York : Harcourt Brace & World .   Bukatman , S. ( 1992 ) . Amidst These Fields of Data : Allegory , Rhetoric , and the Paraspace . Critique : Studies in Contemporary Fiction , 33 ( 3 ) , 199-219 .   Bukatman , S. ( 1993 ) Terminal Identity : The Virtual Subject in Postmodern Science Fiction , Durham ,  NC : Duke University Press .   Delany , Samuel R. ( 1988 ) . Some real mothers : An interview with Samuel R. Delany by Takayuki Tatsumi . '' Science Fiction Eye , 1 , # 3 : 5-11 .   Fisch , M. ( 2004 , October ) . In search of the real : technology , shock and language in Murakami Haruki 's Sputnik Sweetheart . In Japan Forum ( Vol . 16 , No. 3 , pp. 361 -- 383 ) . Taylor & Francis .   Murakami , H. ( 2002 ) Sputnik Sweetheart , trans . P. Gabriel , New York : Vintage International .

neg: Fine chemical Fine chemicals are complex , single , pure chemical substances , produced in limited quantities in multipurpose plants by multistep batch chemical or biotechnological processes . They are described by exacting specifications , used for further processing within the chemical industry and sold for more than $ 10/kg ( see the comparison of fine chemicals , commodities and specialties ) . The class of fine chemicals is subdivided either on the basis of the added value ( building blocks , advanced intermediates or active ingredients ) , or the type of business transaction , namely standard or exclusive products .   Fine chemicals are produced in limited volumes ( < 1000 tons/year ) and at relatively high prices ( > $ 10/kg ) according to exacting specifications , mainly by traditional organic synthesis in multipurpose chemical plants . Biotechnical processes are gaining ground . The global production value is about $ 85 billion . Fine chemicals are used as starting materials for specialty chemicals , particularly pharmaceuticals , biopharmaceuticals and agrochemicals . Custom manufacturing for the life science industry plays a big role ; however , a significant portion of the fine chemicals total production volume is manufactured in house by large users . The industry is fragmented and extends from small , privately owned companies to divisions of big , diversified chemical enterprises . The term `` fine chemicals '' is used in distinction to `` heavy chemicals '' , which are produced and handled in large lots and are often in a crude state .   Since their inception in the late 1970s , fine chemicals have become an important part of the chemical industry . The total production value of $ 85 billion is split about 60 / 40 among in-house production by the main consumers , the life science industry , on the one hand , and the fine chemicals industry on the other hand . The latter pursues both a `` supply push '' strategy , whereby standard products are developed in-house and offered ubiquitously , and a `` demand pull '' strategy , whereby products or services determined by the customer are provided exclusively on a `` one customer / one supplier '' basis . The products are mainly used as building blocks for proprietary products . The hardware of the top tier fine chemical companies has become almost identical . The design , lay-out and equipment of the plants and laboratories has become practically the same all over the world . Most chemical reactions performed go back to the days of the dyestuff industry . Numerous regulations determine the way labs and plants have to be operated , thereby contributing to the uniformity .

neg: True threat A true threat is a threatening communication that can be prosecuted under the law . It is distinct from a threat that is made in jest . The U.S. Supreme Court has held that true threats are not protected under the U.S. Constitution based on three justifications : preventing fear , preventing the disruption that follows from that fear , and diminishing the likelihood that the threatened violence will occur . There is some concern that even satirical speech could be regarded as a `` true threat '' due to concern over terrorism .   The true threat doctrine was established in the 1969 Supreme Court case Watts v. United States . In that case , an eighteen-year-old male was convicted in a Washington , D.C. District Court for violating a statute prohibiting persons from knowingly and willfully making threats to harm or kill the President of the United States . The conviction was based on a statement made by Watts , in which he said , '' -LSB- i -RSB- f they ever make me carry a rifle the first man I want to get in my sights is L.B.J. '' Watts appealed , leading to the Supreme Court finding the statute constitutional on its face , but reversing the conviction of Watts .   In reviewing the lower court 's analysis of the case , the Court noted that `` a threat must be distinguished from what is constitutionally protected speech . '' The Court recognized that `` uninhibited , robust , and wideopen '' political debate can at times be characterized by `` vehement , caustic , and sometimes unpleasantly sharp attacks on government and public officials . '' In light of the context of Watts ' statement - and the laughter that it received from the crowd - the Court found that it was more `` a kind of very crude offensive method of stating a political opposition to the President '' than a `` true threat . '' In so holding , the Court established that there is a `` true threat '' exception to protected speech , but also that the statement must be viewed in its context and distinguished from protected hyperbole . The opinion , however , stopped short of defining precisely what constituted a `` true threat . ''

neg: Burantashi Burantashi ( literally `` penis get up '' ) is a native Hausa-Fulani powder derived from the bark of the African tree Pausinystalia yohimbe .   Burantashi is used as a food additive to barbecued meat ( suya ) in Nigeria , especially the Northern parts . The extracts contain the alkaloid yohimbine , an alpha-2 antagonist that has been used widely with variable success in erectile dysfunction , but the whole bark of the tree was not studied until recently . In one recent study , pure Burantashi powder obtained from a local suya vendor in Lagos , Nigeria was extracted aqueously and studied on the renal circulation of Sprague-Dawley rats . In the in vivo study , the extract code-named `` CCD-X '' , caused a rise in mean arterial pressure ( MAP ) , and a rise in renal medullary blood flow ( MBF ) . This systemic vasoconstrictor and renal medullary dilator action was attenuated separately by the endothelin - A receptor blocker - BMS-182874 , ET-B blocker - BQ788 , but blocked by their combination . Further , the nitric oxide inhibitor ( NO ) , L-Nomega - nitro-Arginine Methyl Ester ( L-NAME ) 10 mg/kg totally inhibited the rise in medullary blood flow due to CCD-X . In vitro studies in isolated perfused kidneys ( IPK ) and in pressurised microvessels ( PMV ) confirmed the in vivo effect to cause vasoconstriction , which was inhibited by endothelin A and B antagonists . The pressor dose response characteristic of CCD-X on PMV was similar to that of endothelin-1 with EC50 close to 100 ng . It was concluded from these studies that , the aqueous extract exhibited a vasoconstrictor effect - possibly alpha-2 mediated like yohimbine . However , it possessed additional effects as an andothelin receptor A and B agonist , and also released nitric oxide . The possibility of a post-receptor cross-talk among ET-B , alpha-2 receptors and NO release was also considered . Thin layer chromatography showed that the bark is rich in sesquiterpenes , and has antifungal and antibiotic properties as well . Whether CCD-X will be useful in sickle cell disease ( releasing NO ) is unknown . Further basic and clinical research are needed before the effects of Burantashi can be effectively evaluated .

neg: THUMS Islands The THUMS Islands or Astronaut Islands are a set of four artificial islands in San Pedro Bay off the coast of Long Beach , California . They were built in 1965 to tap into the East Wilmington Oil Field . The landscaping and sound walls were designed to camouflage the operation and reduce noise , and they are the only decorated oil islands in the United States .   After a 1964 court case that gave the state of California mineral rights to the area , the islands were built at an estimated cost of $ 22 million in 1965 , the islands were operated by THUMS , a consortium named after the parent companies who bid for the island contract : Texaco , Humble ( now Exxon ) , Union Oil , Mobil , and Shell . The rim of the islands are made of 640,000 tons of boulders from Catalina Island , and the islands were then filled with 3.2 million cubic yards of dredged material from the bay . The islands contain significant landscaping , a waterfall , and tall structures concealing the drilling rigs , including one known as The Condo and mistaken for `` a ritzy hotel '' by those on land . The structures are lit in colored lights at night . The aesthetic mitigation cost $ 10 million at time of construction , and was overseen by theme park architect Joseph Linesch . They were described by a Los Angeles Times writer as `` part Disney , part Jetsons , part Swiss Family Robinson '' .   In 1975 , the state of California and the city of Long Beach sued the THUMS oil companies for artificially depressing oil prices . A federal jury cleared Exxon of all charges , and the other four oil companies settled out of court for `` hundreds of millions of dollars '' .   The islands and operation were purchased by Occidental Petroleum in 2000 .   Since 1967 , they have been known as the Astronaut Islands , having been renamed in honor of four American astronauts who lost their lives in the service of NASA . Island Freeman ( Theodore C. `` Ted '' Freeman ) is named for the first astronaut to perish in active duty ( piloting a T-38 Talon jet trainer ) . Island Grissom ( Virgil I. `` Gus '' Grissom ) , Island White ( Edward H. White II ) , and Island Chaffee ( Roger B. Chaffee ) are named after the Apollo 1 astronauts ( launch pad accident ) .   A peak of 148495 oilbbl/d were produced in 1969 . 300 Moilbbl of oil were pumped from THUMS by 1974 , the 500 millionth barrel of crude oil was pumped in 1980 . By 1992 , the pumping volume was 44444 oilbbl of oil per day through the water injection method of oil recovery , producing low-grade crude oil . By April 2002 , the 900 millionth barrel of oil was pumped . The pumped oil contained 20 % water in 1965 , and by 1994 it was 92 % water .   Island Grissom is the closest to land , containing waterfalls and more sculptured screens than the other islands . The screens and decorations also serve to deter the public from swimming to the islands ( trespassers are subject to arrest ) .   Island Freeman is the largest of the islands , at 12 acre .

neg: Gomusin This is an article about Korean rubber shoes . For a cultural term , see gomsin .  Not to be confused with term for athletic shoes in Philippine English ( i.e. , rubber shoes ) .   Gomusin ( -LSB- komuɕʰin -RSB- ) are shoes made of rubber in a form of Korean traditional shoes . The shoes are wide , with low heels . Gomusin for men were modeled after `` gatsin '' , and ones for women were danghye . Gomusin first appeared in the early 20th century . They were much easier to keep clean than danghye and jipsin ( straw shoes ) and they could be worn when it rains . Therefore , gomusin gained a popularity and replaced traditional shoes .

neg: Schrecklichkeit Schrecklichkeit ( German `` terror '' or `` frightfulness '' ) is a word used by English speakers to describe an assumed military policy of the German Army towards civilians in World War I.  It was the basis of German actions during their march through Belgium in 1914 . Similar policies were followed later in France , the Russian-held area of Poland , and in Russia .   Under the traditional `` laws of war '' in Europe , military activity was to be confined to the regular , uniformed armies of each side . Civilians were to take no part in fighting , neither attacking or being attacked . Thus , when the uniformed army troops in a nation or region were all defeated , resistance was supposed to end . In practice , informal resistance by `` partisans '' , `` guerrillas '' , or `` francs-tireurs '' often continued after the `` regular '' troops had given up or withdrawn . These fighters , never officially enrolled in an army , and not wearing uniforms to identify them as combatants , attacked occupying troops by ambushes , surprises , and sniping . Conducting such operations out of uniform was considered perfidy , and those involved could be executed .   Occupying armies sometimes responded to such attacks by reprisals against the local population : execution of local inhabitants , whether known to be guerrillas or not , or destruction ( usually by burning ) of homes and other structures .   German army doctrine in force at the time called for such reprisals to be performed immediately and severely in any case of civilian resistance . It was argued that such schrecklichkeit would end resistance quickly with relatively little bloodshed , whereas restraint would encourage resistance , leading to greater destruction and death .   When Germany invaded Belgium in 1914 , the German high command expected to sweep through the country with negligible opposition . The German army was many times larger and stronger than the Belgian army , and the Germans therefore thought that any resistance by Belgium would be futile . German leaders had even suggested to the Belgian government that in the event of war , the Belgians should just line up along the roads and watch the Germans march through . Belgium 's refusal to accept these German presumptions and its resistance to the German advance came as a surprise , and disrupted the German timetable for advancing into France .   This frustration was communicated to the German troops in Belgium . Anything which delayed the German advance was to be crushed mercilessly . The Belgians were viewed as irrational and even treacherous for their opposition .   This led to exaggerated suspicions among German commanders of Belgian civilian resistance . It is possible that some Belgian civilians engaged in resistance , though none is documented . It is certain that on several occasions , German commanders declared ( probably in unconscious error ) that such acts had occurred when they had not .   The Germans responded to these perceived acts of resistance with harsh measures . In several villages and towns , hundreds of civilians were executed . Many buildings were put to the torch . Priests thought guilty of encouraging the resistance were killed . Violence by German soldiers against Belgians , such as rape , was ignored or not seriously punished . The Belgian city of Leuven was largely destroyed . One German officer later wrote about the town , `` We shall wipe it out ... Not one stone will stand upon another . We will teach them to respect Germany . For generations people will come here and see what we have done '' .   These actions , taken in a period of near-panic as the German forces desperately tried to carry out their flanking march before Allied forces could respond , proved to be a propaganda disaster for Germany . The reports of them caused a wave of indignation which aided the Allied cause .

neg: Stanley K. Cheng Stanley K. Cheng is the CEO of Meyer Corporation and Director of Meyer Manufacturing Co. Ltd. , he is considered an innovator of cookware design with his development of the Circulon and Anolon lines of cookware which married non-stick surfaces to hard-anodized aluminum with the patented `` hi-low flavor release system '' used with the Circulon line . Born 1948 in Hong Kong he is one of seven children . He attended the University of Oregon majoring in business but switched to engineering . He graduated with a bachelor 's degree in mechanical engineering from Oregon State University in 1971 . He returned to Hong Kong in 1971 to take over the family aluminum manufacturing plant and converted it to cookware , releasing his first line in London , England in 1972 . Distribution centers in Liverpool , England and Milwaukee , Wisconsin followed in 1976 and 1980 , respectively . In the 1980s he converted his factory to the production of nonstick cookware and in 1984 unveiled Circulon , the first line of hard-anodized , nonstick cookware on the market .   When Circulon was introduced , the nonstick system was so unique in extending the durability of nonstick cookware that it was granted a patent . The unique Circulon Hi-Low surface made the pans at least three times more abrasion-resistant than any other nonstick cookware on the market . Anolon followed in 1986 as the first hard-anodized nonstick with a smooth cooking surface ( and heavier-gauge aluminum than Circulon ) . Unfortunately , Cheng did not patent the hard-anodized nonstick process , which allowed competitors to develop similar products . He still develops unique technologies and pans for Meyer , including Infinite Circulon 's impact-bonded base and the Anolon Outdoor BBQ Pan , respectively . Cheng won the Humanitarian of the Year award from the Housewares Charity Foundation in 2002 .   In 1992 , Cheng moved his family and main office of Meyer Corporation to Vallejo , California . Meyer Manufacturing is still based in Hong Kong . After his purchase of an 80 acre vineyard in Napa Valley , he has become involved in winemaking . Hestan Vineyards is a combination of his and his wife , Helen 's , names .


query: Iris Murdoch was a person.

pos: Iris Murdoch Dame Jean Iris Murdoch ( -LSB- ˈmɜrdɒk -RSB- 15 July 1919 -- 8 February 1999 ) was an Anglo-Irish novelist and philosopher , best known for her novels about good and evil , sexual relationships , morality , and the power of the unconscious . Her first published novel , Under the Net , was selected in 1998 as one of Modern Library 's 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century . In 1987 , she was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire . Her books include The Bell ( 1958 ) , A Severed Head ( 1961 ) , The Red and the Green ( 1965 ) , The Nice and the Good ( 1968 ) , The Black Prince ( 1973 ) , Henry and Cato ( 1976 ) , The Sea , the Sea ( 1978 , Booker Prize ) , The Philosopher 's Pupil ( 1983 ) , The Good Apprentice ( 1985 ) , The Book and the Brotherhood ( 1987 ) , The Message to the Planet ( 1989 ) , and The Green Knight ( 1993 ) . In 2008 , The Times ranked Murdoch twelfth on a list of `` The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 '' .

neg: James Murdoch, Jr. James Murdoch ( 28 December 1886 -- 27 October 1935 ) was an Australian politician .   He was born in Cambridge , Tasmania , the son of James Murdoch , who was also a Tasmanian politician . In 1925 he succeeded his father as the independent member for Pembroke in the Tasmanian Legislative Council . He held the seat until his death in 1935 , whereupon he was succeeded by his elder brother John .

neg: Committee on Obscenity and Film Censorship The Committee on Obscenity and Film Censorship , better known as the Williams Committee , was a 1970s British Home Office committee chaired by Professor Bernard Williams . The task of the committee was to `` review the laws concerning obscenity , indecency and violence in publications , displays and entertainments in England and Wales , except in the field of broadcasting , and to review the arrangements for film censorship in England and Wales '' .   The committee reported in 1979 that : `` Given the amount of explicit sexual material in circulation and the allegations often made about its effects , it is striking that one can find case after case of sex crimes and murder without any hint at all that pornography was present in the background . '' The Committee 's report was evidently influenced by the liberal thinking of John Stuart Mill , a philosopher greatly admired by Williams , and who used Mill 's principle of liberty to develop what he called the `` harm condition , '' whereby `` no conduct should be suppressed by law unless it can be shown to harm someone . ''   Williams concluded that pornography could not be shown to be harmful and that `` the role of pornography in influencing society is not very important ... to think anything else is to get the problem of pornography out of proportion with the many other problems that face our society today . '' The committee reported that , so long as children were protected from seeing it , adults should be free to read and watch pornography as they saw fit .   It found that the existing variety of laws in the field should be scrapped , and that terms such as ` obscene ' , ` indecent ' and ` deprave and corrupt ' should be abandoned as they were no longer useful . The Committee thought existing laws should be replaced with a comprehensive new statute , under which the availability of material would be restricted so that it did not cause offence to reasonable people , and was not accessible to children . The recommended restrictions on availability would not have been confined just to material that involved nudity and/or which was sexually explicit . Restrictions were to apply to : `` matter ( other than the printed word ) and to a performance whose unrestricted availability is offensive to reasonable people by reason of the manner in which it portrays , deals with or relates to violence , cruelty or horror , or sexual , faecal or urinary functions or genital organs . ''   Regarding the definition of pornography the commission stated that , `` a pornographic representation is one that combines two features : it has a certain function or intention , to arouse its audience sexually , and also a certain content , explicit representations of sexual material ( organs , postures , activity , etc ) .   On the difference between ` obscenity ' and ` pornography ' , the committee found that the word ` obscene ' was a subjective term that refers to peoples reaction to material , and that '' it principally expresses an intense or extreme version of what we have called ` offensiveness ' . It may be that it particularly emphasises the most strongly aversive element in that notion , the idea of an object 's being repulsive or disgusting . '' ` Pornography ' however was found to be `` a rather more objective expression referring to a certain kind of writing , picture etc ... Pornography will have some tendency to be obscene , but will not necessarily be so ... a tendency to be offensive is built into it , but it is not universally even offensive ... Still less must it inevitably be very strongly offensive or obscene . ''   On whether art could be obscene , it reported that , `` work ... may be experienced as offensive , and also be experienced as having aesthetic interest , but in the case of which the two experiences do not occur at the same time . These will be works which are found offensive at first , or by a spectator who remains distanced from them , but which lose that character for someone involved in them . It did however recognize that `` it would be unwise to deny that ... there could be works which were , and remained , offensive , indeed intensely offensive or obscene . ''

neg: Iris Klein Iris Klein , of Germany , is the second delegate from her country to win the Miss International title in 1989 .   In 1986 , she competed in the Miss Germany pageant , representing Schleswig-Holstein . She wound up as the first runner-up . She was sent to Kanazawa , Japan to participate in the Miss International pageant three years later , eventually becoming the second German representative to win the title , some 24 years after Ingrid Finger won it in 1965 .

neg: Life imitating art Anti-mimesis is a philosophical position that holds the direct opposite of Aristotelian mimesis . Its most notable proponent is Oscar Wilde , who opined in his 1889 essay The Decay of Lying that , `` Life imitates Art far more than Art imitates Life '' . In the essay , written as a Platonic dialogue , Wilde holds that anti-mimesis `` results not merely from Life 's imitative instinct , but from the fact that the self-conscious aim of Life is to find expression , and that Art offers it certain beautiful forms through which it may realise that energy . '' .   What is found in life and nature is not what is really there , but is that which artists have taught people to find there , through art . As in an example posited by Wilde , although there has been fog in London for centuries , one notices the beauty and wonder of the fog because `` poets and painters have taught the loveliness of such effects ... They did not exist till Art had invented them . '' .   McGrath places the antimimetic philosophy in a tradition of Irish writing , including Wilde and writers such as Synge and Joyce in a group that `` elevate blarney ( in the form of linguistic idealism ) to aesthetic and philosophical distinction '' , noting that Terry Eagleton observes an even longer tradition that stretches `` as far back in Irish thought as the ninth-century theology of John Scottus Eriugena '' and `` the fantastic hyperbole of the ancient sagas '' . Wilde 's antimimetic idealism , specifically , McGrath describes to be part of the late nineteenth century debate between Romanticism and Realism . Wilde 's antimimetic philosophy has also had influence on later Irish writers , including Brian Friel .   Halliwell asserts that the idea that life imitates art derives from classical notions that can be traced as far back as the writings of Aristophanes of Byzantium , and does not negate mimesis but rather `` displace -LSB- s -RSB- its purpose onto the artlike fashioning of life itself '' . Halliwell draws a parallel between Wilde 's philosophy and Aristophanes ' famous question about the comedies written by Menander : `` O Menander and Life ! Which of you took the other as your model ? '' , noting , however , that Aristophanes was a precursor to Wilde , and not necessarily espousing the positions that Wilde was later to propound .   In George Bernard Shaw 's preface to Three Plays he wrote , `` I have noticed that when a certain type of feature appears in painting and is admired as beautiful , it presently becomes common in nature ; so that the Beatrices and Francescas in the picture galleries of one generation come to life as the parlor-maids and waitresses of the next . '' He stated that he created the aristocratic characters in Cashel Byron 's Profession as unrealistically priggish even without his later understanding that `` the real world does not exist ... men and women are made by their own fancies in the image of the imaginary creatures in my youthful fictions , only much stupider . '' Shaw , however , disagreed with Wilde on some points . He considered most attempts by life to imitate art to be reprehensible , in part because the art that people generally chose to imitate was idealistic and romanticized .   An example of life imitating art is that of singer/actress Miley Cyrus , whose role as the famous fictional popstar Hannah Montana in the Disney Channel sitcom of the same name gave rise to her own singing career . Hannah 's fictional popularity translated into a real-life fan-base for Cyrus as several singles credited to the character charted on the Billboard Hot 100 ( including `` The Best of Both Worlds '' , `` Life 's What You Make It '' , `` He Could Be the One '' , etc , though all of the songs were performed by Cyrus ) and when she embarked on her sold-out Best of Both Worlds Tour in 2007 , where she performed the first set of songs as Hannah Montana and the second set as herself . Cyrus ' song `` The Climb '' was the first song , credited to herself instead of the character , from an official Hannah Montana soundtrack album to become a hit single ( peaking at # 4 on the Billboard charts , making it her `` crossover song '' into mainstream pop , while Hoedown Throwdown ( off the same soundtrack album ) was her first Top 10 . Cyrus also performed several duets on the show while in-character as Hannah with real-life singers such as Sheryl Crow , David Archuleta , The Jonas Brothers , Iyaz and her real-life father Billy Ray Cyrus , as well as an unofficial duet with her real-life godmother country singer Dolly Parton .

neg: Finkbeiner test The Finkbeiner test is a checklist proposed by journalist Christie Aschwanden to help journalists avoid gender bias in media articles about women in science . To pass the test , an article about a female scientist must not mention :  That she is a woman  Her husband 's job  Her child care arrangements  How she nurtures her underlings  How she was taken aback by the competitiveness in her field  How she 's such a role model for other women  How she 's the `` first woman to ... ''   Aschwanden formulated the test in an article in Double X Science , an online science magazine for women , on 5 March 2013 . She did so in response to what she considered was a type of media coverage of women scientists that :  `` treats its subject 's sex as her most defining detail . She 's not just a great scientist , she 's a woman ! And if she 's also a wife and a mother , those roles get emphasized too . ''  Aschwanden created the test in the spirit of the Bechdel test , which is used to indicate gender bias in fiction . She named the test after fellow journalist Ann Finkbeiner , who had written a story for the science blog The Last Word on Nothing about her decision not to write about the subject of her latest article , an astronomer , `` as a woman '' . Susan Gelman , Professor of Psychology at the University of Michigan , has applauded the move to report on female scientists without emphasising their gender , but questions whether the Finkbeiner test should seek to eliminate all references to personal life , suggesting that the move should be towards asking male scientists about personal issues too . This view is shared by other writers .   The test was mentioned in the media criticism of the New York Timess obituary of rocket scientist Yvonne Brill . That obituary , published on 30 March 2013 , by Douglas Martin , began with the words : `` She made a mean beef stroganoff , followed her husband from job to job and took eight years off from work to raise three children '' . A few hours after publication the New York Times revised the obituary to address some of the criticisms ; the revised version begins `` She was a brilliant rocket scientist who followed her husband from job to job ... '' . Another New York Times article , on Jennifer Doudna , published on 11 May 2015 , drew similar criticism with reference to the Finkbeiner test . A Globe and Mail article on astrophysicist Victoria Kaspi , published on 16 February 2016 , drew the same criticism .   The ` Reversed Finkbeiner ' approach is an exercise in which students are asked to write an article about a male scientist that would fail the Finkbeiner test if it were about a woman .

neg: Iris Origo Dame Iris Margaret Origo , Marchesa of Val d'Orcia , DBE ( 15 August 1902 -- 28 June 1988 ) , née Cutting , was an English-born biographer and writer . She lived in Italy and devoted much of her life to improving the Tuscan estate at La Foce , near Montepulciano , which she bought with her husband in the 1920s . During the Second World War , she consistently sheltered refugee children and assisted many escaped Allied prisoners of war and partisans , in defiance of Italy 's fascist regime and Nazi occupation forces .

neg: IRIS Research The Illawarra Regional Information Service , commonly called IRIS Research or IRIS , is an Australian research organisation that specialises in economic , community and industry research for government , business and academic institutions . IRIS Research commenced operations in 1980 and is headquartered in Wollongong , New South Wales .

neg: European Australians European Australians , or White Australians , are citizens or residents of Australia whose ancestry originates from the peoples of Europe and the Caucasus .   Since the early 19th century , people of European descent have formed the vast majority of the population in Australia . The majority of European Australians are of British Isles -- English , Irish , Scottish , Welsh or Cornish ( Anglo-Celtic ) -- ancestral origin . In 2010 , it was estimated that around 74 % of the Australian population were Anglo-Celtic Australians .   Other significant ancestries include Italian , German , Greek , Dutch , New Zealanders ( European New Zealanders ) , Polish , Maltese and Croatian . Today , Australians of British and other European ancestries are the dominant majority in Australia , estimated at 92 % of the total population .   Historically , European immigrants had great influence over Australian history and society , which resulted in the perception of Australia as a European country .

neg: Iris Marion Young Iris Marion Young ( 2 January 1949 -- 1 August 2006 ) was a political theorist and feminist focused on the nature of justice and social difference . She served as Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago and was affiliated with the Center for Gender Studies and the Human Rights program there . Her research covered contemporary political theory , feminist social theory , and normative analysis of public policy . She believed in the importance of political activism and encouraged her students to involve themselves in their communities .

neg: Keith Murdoch (rugby union) Keith Murdoch ( born 9 September 1943 ) is a former rugby union footballer from New Zealand .

neg: Peter Murdoch Peter Murdoch ( 16 October 1865 -- 24 October 1948 ) was an Australian politician . Born in Hobart , he was a member of the Tasmanian House of Assembly from 1922 , when he was elected as a Nationalist member for Franklin . He left the Nationalist Party to become an independent in 1925 and was re-elected at that year 's election , but he was defeated at the 1928 state election . After unsuccessfully contesting the 1929 by-election for the federal seat of Franklin , he retired from politics . Murdoch died in Hobart in 1948 .

neg: Lachlan Murdoch (actor) Not to be confused with Lachlan Murdoch .   Lachlan Murdoch is a Canadian film and television actor , best known for playing Constable Henry Higgins on Murdoch Mysteries .

neg: Stephen James Joyce Stephen James Joyce ( born 15 February 1932 ) is the grandson of James Joyce and the controversial executor of Joyce 's estate . He was born in France , the son of James Joyce 's son , Giorgio , and Helen Joyce , née Kastor . Stephen attended Harvard University , graduating in 1958 . At Harvard , he once roomed with Paul Matisse , grandson of French impressionist painter Henri Matisse , and with Sadruddin Aga Khan . Thereafter , he worked for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development on African development . He retired from the OECD in 1991 to focus on managing his grandfather 's estate . He and his wife , Solange Raythchine Joyce , live in the Île de Ré in France . They have no children ; Stephen is James Joyce 's sole living descendant .   Stephen Joyce and Seán Sweeney are the joint trustees of the Estate of James Joyce . He has taken an active role in all legal matters relating to Joyce 's works . He has brought numerous lawsuits or threats of legal action against scholars , biographers , and artists attempting to quote from Joyce 's literary work or personal correspondence .   In 2004 , Joyce threatened legal action against the Irish government when the Rejoyce Dublin 2004 festival proposed public reading of excerpts of Ulysses on Bloomsday . In 1988 Stephen Joyce destroyed a collection of letters written by Lucia Joyce , his aunt . In 1989 he forced Brenda Maddox to delete a postscript concerning Lucia from her biography Nora : The Real Life of Molly Bloom . After 1995 Stephen announced no permissions would be granted to quote from his grandfather 's work . Libraries holding letters by Joyce were unable to show them without permission . Versions of his work online were disallowed . Stephen claimed to be protecting his grandfather 's and his family 's reputation , but would sometimes grant permission to use material in exchange for fees that were often `` extortionate '' .   On 13 January 2011 , on the 70th anniversary of Joyce 's death , all of his works entered the public domain in much of the world . In the US however , some of Joyce 's work remains protected by copyright . Prior to this , in 2007 , Joyce 's hold on the estate had already been delimited by a fair use suit brought by Carol Loeb Schloss and the Stanford Law School Center for Internet and Society 's Fair Use Project .   When the Central Bank of Ireland issued a ten euro James Joyce commemorative coin on 10 April 2013 , Stephen Joyce described the coin and the circumstances of its issue as `` one of the greatest insults to the Joyce family that has ever been perpetrated in Ireland '' . He complained of a lack of consultation over the coin ; he objected to an error in a Joycean quotation inscribed on the coin ; he was upset by the design of the portrait of the writer on the coin , calling it `` the most unlikely likeness of Joyce ever produced '' ; and he described as highly insensitive and offensive the decision to issue the coin on the anniversary of the death of his grandmother , Nora Joyce , who died in 1951 .

neg: William Murdoch (politician) James William ( Bill ) Murdoch ( June 15 , 1904 -- April 28 , 1984 ) was Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1960 to 1963 . He served as the Progressive Conservative MPP for Essex South from his election in 1943 until his retirement in 1963 .   He was born in Leeds , England , the son of James Murdoch and Elizabeth Mary Hole , and was educated in England . Murdoch came to Canada , where he became a farmer , in 1923 . In 1932 , he married Marie Bondy . Murdoch served on the local school board and was treasurer on the municipal council for Harrow , Ontario . Murdoch was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1963 . From 1968 to 1971 and from 1974 to 1976 , he served on Amherstburg town council . He died in 1984 in Amherstburg . He is buried at Colchester Memorial Cemetery , Colchester , Ontario .

neg: Death of Aisling Symes The disappearance of Aisling Celine Symes , a two-year-old girl of Irish and New Zealand descent , occurred on 5 October 2009 in Auckland , New Zealand . It was initially thought the girl had been abducted , but on 12 October 2009 it was confirmed that a body had been located in a storm water drain on a property adjoining the one from where she went missing . The body was confirmed to be Aisling 's .   Aisling 's parents are Angela and Allan Symes . Allan Symes is originally from Stradbally , County Waterford in Ireland . He had lived in New Zealand for 18 years at the time of Aisling 's disappearance . The last known person to see Aisling was her five-year-old sister Caitlin .   A description issued of an Asian woman believed to have been in the vicinity prompted a number of incidents where Asian mothers were targeted by curious members of the public .   The disappearance attracted headlines in New Zealand and Ireland , particularly as child abduction is an unusual occurrence in New Zealand . One New Zealand police inspector claimed on Morning Ireland that only five children had disappeared in his country in the previous fifty years . The New Zealand Herald said nine children had disappeared without trace in the country in sixty years , at least two cases of which involved more than one child at a time . Forty members of the New Zealand police were quickly put on the case . This had risen to sixty by the end of the first week and was set to rise again before her body was located .   Sophie Tedmanson of The Times and Paul Chapman of The Daily Telegraph compared Aisling 's case to that of the disappearance of Madeleine McCann . Madeleine 's parents , who had lived in New Zealand for a time prior to their marriage , said their `` thoughts and prayers '' were with the Symes family . The grandfather of Amber-Lee Cruickshank , a two-year-old child who disappeared in late 1992 , also sent his regards , saying `` It 's not very nice , I tell you '' .

neg: Gillian Armstrong Gillian May Armstrong ( born 18 December 1950 ) is an award-winning Australian feature film and documentary director , who specializes in period-drama . Her films often feature female perspectives and protagonists .

neg: Willie Mulvagh Willie Mulvagh , lover of Nora Barnacle , 1881 - 195 ?   Mulvagh was born in Mary Street , Galway , and worked in the town 's mineral company as an accountant . One day he accosted Nora on O'Brien 's Bridge and asked her to go out with him . Initially unattracted , Nora accepted his offer as young women needed to be accompanied to the local dances , and Nora and her friends loved dancing . However , in turn of the century Galway it was not acceptable for Catholic girls to be courted by Protestant boys . Subterfuge was necessitated , aided by Nora 's friend , Mary .   Mulvagh has become well known by readers of Molly Bloom 's monologue in Ulysses with the line `` Mulveys was the first . '' What exactly he was the first to do remains unknown . Brenda Maddox speculates that `` it seems as if Willie Mulvagh may have been the first to instruct Nora in the art of pleasing a man without losing her virtue ... posterity is entitled to suspect that the young man from the mineral water factory and Nora Barnacle ventured further in their embraces than Nora revealed to her girlfriend waiting the Abbey Church 's pews . ''   The immediate result of this was a severe punishing of Nora by her uncle Tommy Healy ; he beat her with his thorn stick until she fell . Nora later gave this as the main reason for her decision to run away to Dublin .   Mulvagh himself converted to marry his Catholic wife three years later , as did his brothers . However , he never forgot Nora :   `` Twice a widower , Willie lived on until the 1950s and in his last years made his home in England with his daughter . He was a silent man who never spoke about his past , never read books and had not the faintest idea that he was in Ulysses . His daughter was all the more startled one day , therefore , when Willie looked up from his newspaper , his memory apparently jogged by something he had read , and asked `` James Joyce ? Did n't he marry a Galway girl by the name of Barnacle ? ''

neg: Iris versicolor Iris versicolor is also commonly known as the blue flag , harlequin blueflag , larger blue flag , northern blue flag , and poison flag , plus other variations of these names , and in Britain and Ireland as purple iris .   It is a species of Iris native to North America , in the Eastern United States and Eastern Canada . It is common in sedge meadows , marshes , and along streambanks and shores . The specific epithet versicolor means `` variously coloured '' .   It is one of the three Iris species in the Iris flower data set outlined by Ronald Fisher in his 1936 paper `` The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems '' as an example of linear discriminant analysis .

neg: Robin Murdoch Robin `` Bob '' Murdoch ( 31 July 1911 -- 13 September 1994 ) was a Scottish athlete who competed in the 1934 British Empire Games .   At the 1934 Empire Games he was a member of the Scottish relay team which won the bronze medal in the 4 × 110 yards event . In the 220 yards competition he finished fourth and in the 100 yards contest he finished fifth .

neg: Something Special (short story) `` Something Special '' is the only published short story by Iris Murdoch . It first appeared in 1957 in a collection entitled Winter 's Tales 3 , and after inclusion in anthologies in Japan ( 1971 , 1972 ) , England ( 1979 ) and Finland ( 1990 ) it was republished separately by Chatto & Windus in 1999 .   Yvonne Geary , the 24-year-old daughter of a Dublin shopkeeper , is courted by a young Jewish man , Sam Goldman , who takes her out for the night . After an unpleasant scene at a rowdy public house Sam decides to take Yvonne into his confidence .