query: Donald Trump campaigned for a presidential election.

pos: Donald Trump Donald John Trump ( born June 14 , 1946 ) is the 45th and current President of the United States . Before entering politics , he was a businessman and television personality .   Trump was born and raised in Queens , New York City , and earned an economics degree from the Wharton School . He then took charge of The Trump Organization , the real estate and construction firm founded by his paternal grandmother , which he ran for 45 years until 2016 . During his real estate career , Trump built , renovated , and managed numerous office towers , hotels , casinos , and golf courses . Besides real estate , he started several side ventures and has licensed the use of his name for the branding of various products and properties , including Trump Entertainment Resorts , Trump Steaks , and Trump Vodka . He was the founder of Trump University . He owned the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants from 1996 to 2015 , and he produced and hosted The Apprentice , a reality television series on NBC , from 2004 to 2015 . His net worth was estimated to be $ 3.5 billion , making him the 544th richest person in the world .   Trump first publicly expressed interest in running for political office in 1987 . He won two Reform Party presidential primaries in 2000 , but withdrew his candidacy early on . In June 2015 , he launched his campaign for the 2016 presidential election and quickly emerged as the front-runner among seventeen candidates in the Republican primaries . His remaining opponents all suspended their campaigns by the end of May 2016 , and in July he was formally nominated at the Republican National Convention along with Indiana governor Mike Pence as his running mate . Many of his campaign statements were controversial or false , generating much free media coverage .   Trump won the general election on November 8 , 2016 , in a surprise victory against Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton and commenced his presidency on January 20 , 2017 . He became the oldest and wealthiest person ever to assume the presidency , the first without prior military or government service , and the fifth to have won the election while losing the popular vote . His political positions have been described by scholars and commentators as populist , protectionist , and nationalist .

neg: Great America PAC Great America PAC is a Super PAC that supported Donald Trump in the 2016 Presidential Election .   Great America PAC was founded in 2016 by Eric Beach , a political strategist who is a veteran of presidential campaigns . Beach soon brought on Ed Rollins , a long time Republican campaign consultant and strategist who served as the campaign manager for Ronald Reagan 's 1984 presidential campaign .

neg: Election An election is a formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office . Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated since the 17th century . Elections may fill offices in the legislature , sometimes in the executive and judiciary , and for regional and local government . This process is also used in many other private and business organizations , from clubs to voluntary associations and corporations .   The universal use of elections as a tool for selecting representatives in modern representative democracies is in contrast with the practice in the democratic archetype , ancient Athens , where the Elections were considered an oligarchic institution and most political offices were filled using sortition , also known as allotment , by which officeholders were chosen by lot .   Electoral reform describes the process of introducing fair electoral systems where they are not in place , or improving the fairness or effectiveness of existing systems . Psephology is the study of results and other statistics relating to elections ( especially with a view to predicting future results ) .   To elect means `` to choose or make a decision '' , and so sometimes other forms of ballot such as referendums are referred to as elections , especially in the United States .

neg: John McCain presidential campaign, 2000 The 2000 presidential campaign of John McCain , the United States Senator from Arizona , began in September 1999 . He announced his run for the Republican Party nomination for the presidency of the United States in the 2000 presidential election .   McCain was the main challenger to Texas Governor George W. Bush , who had the political and financial support of most of the party establishment . McCain staged an upset win in the February 2000 New Hampshire primary , capitalizing on a message of political reform and `` straight talk '' that appealed to moderate Republican and independent voters and to the press . McCain 's momentum was halted when Bush won the South Carolina primary later that month , in a contest that became famous for its bitter nature and an underground smear campaign run against McCain .   McCain won some subsequent primaries , but after the March 2000 Super Tuesday contests he was well behind in delegates and withdrew . He grudgingly endorsed Bush two months later and made occasional appearances for him during the general election .

neg: The Selling of the President 1968 The Selling of the President 1968 is a non-fiction book written by American author Joe McGinniss and published by Trident Press in October , 1969 .   The book describes the marketing of Richard Nixon during the 1968 presidential campaign . It has been described as `` a classic of political journalism '' and a `` classic of campaign reporting that first introduced many readers to the stage-managed world of political theater . '' It was reprinted in 1988 under the title The Selling of the President .   McGinniss became an overnight success when the book , his first , landed on The New York Times bestseller list . He was 26 years old , making him the youngest living writer with that achievement . The book was on the New York Times non-fiction bestseller list for 31 weeks from October 1969 to May 1970 .   The idea for the book came to McGinniss almost serendipitously :   -LSB- He -RSB- stumbled across his book 's topic while taking a train to New York . A fellow commuter had just landed the Hubert Humphrey account and was boasting that ` in six weeks we 'll have him looking better than Abraham Lincoln . ' McGinniss tried to get access to Humphrey 's campaign first , but they turned him down . So he called up Nixon 's , and they said yes . '' .   The book was very well received by both critics and the public . It `` spent more than six months on best-sellers lists , and McGinniss sold a lot of those books through television , appearing on the titular shows of Merv Griffin , David Frost and Dick Cavett , among others . '' Conservative writer William F. Buckley `` assumed McGinniss had relied on ` an elaborate deception which has brought joy and hope to the Nixon-haters . ' But even Buckley liked the book . ''   In 1972 , the book was adapted into a short-lived Broadway musical .

neg: Hillary: The Movie Hillary : The Movie is a 2008 political documentary about United States Senator and presidential candidate Hillary Clinton . It was produced by the conservative non-profit organization Citizens United . The film was scheduled to be offered as video-on-demand on cable TV right before the Democratic primaries in January 2008 , but as `` electioneering communication '' to do so was illegal under the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act which was enforced by the Federal Election Commission . The producers went to U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia to get a declaration that they could show their movie and promotional ads for it despite BCRA . This case was titled Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission and its final decision at the U.S. Supreme Court resulted in a major change in campaign finance law .   The documentary interviewed various conservative figures such as Dick Morris and Ann Coulter and reviewed various scandals in which Hillary Clinton purportedly participated , such as the White House travel office controversy , White House FBI files controversy , Whitewater controversy , and cattle futures controversy . The factual finding of the three-judge district court was that there was `` no reasonable interpretation -LSB- of the movie -RSB- other than as an appeal to vote against Senator Clinton '' , thus making it `` electioneering communication '' . The Supreme Court did not change that decision , but applied the strict scrutiny test for the First Amendment of the Constitution and said corporations could not be banned from making electioneering communications .

neg: Jason Miller (communications strategist) Jason Miller ( born 1974/75 ) is an American communications strategist and political manager , best known as the chief spokesman for the fall 2016 campaign and presidential transition of Donald Trump . Miller is currently employed at Teneo Strategy , and was formerly a partner and executive vice-president at Jamestown Associates . He was initially announced as the incoming White House Communications Director during the transition but withdrew days later . In 2017 , he became a CNN political contributor .

neg: List of Hillary Clinton presidential campaign political endorsements, 2016 This is a list of notable individual politicians and political organizations who have publicly indicated support for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 United States presidential election .   Public officials serving below the state level and all other individuals and entities are listed only if they have a separate stand-alone article or are otherwise clearly notable .   Those who indicated their support after Hillary Clinton 's presumptive nomination on June 11 are denoted with an asterisk .

neg: Lion Guard The Lion Guard ( also known as the `` Lions of Trump '' or the `` Lion 's Guard Militia '' ) was a paramilitary far-right wing political group that was formed in 2016 in order to provide self-imposed security ( outside of private security and professional law enforcement ) at the rallies of Republican Party presidential nominee Donald Trump . At its height , the group had a reported membership of just over five hundred , although it boasted several hundred more followers on Facebook and Twitter .

neg: Fifty-state strategy A fifty-state strategy is a political strategy which aims for progress in all states of the United States of America , rather than conceding certain states as `` unwinnable . '' In a presidential campaign , it is usually implemented as an appeal to a broad base of the American public in an attempt to win , even if marginally , every state , since even a marginal victory is effectively total victory for electoral purposes . It can also refer to an overall long-term strategy for a political movement such as a political party .   This strategy is very ambitious and , when used for a specific election , is typically abandoned as the election day draws nearer . In the vast majority of cases , winning a state 's popular vote for president or senator -- even by a small margin -- means the state 's entire representation in the election goes to the victor without being divided . A fifty-state strategy requires a campaign to spend valuable resources in a rival 's strongest states , when those resources could instead be concentrated in swing states that will become a total win or a total loss based on only a small difference in popular votes .   A president has won every state three times : in 1788 and 1792 , George Washington won all the electoral votes running effectively unopposed , and in 1820 , James Monroe , running unopposed , carried all twenty-three states in the union at that time ( although one electoral vote was cast for John Quincy Adams and two electors died prior to casting votes ) . In 1936 , Franklin D. Roosevelt carried forty-six of forty-eight states , losing only Maine and Vermont . A complete fifty-state victory has not been accomplished since the fiftieth state was admitted into the union , although Republicans have twice managed to win the presidency in forty-nine of the fifty : in 1972 with Richard Nixon losing only Massachusetts , and in 1984 with Ronald Reagan losing only his rival 's home state of Minnesota . Both also lost the District of Columbia , which has had presidential electors since the Twenty-Third Amendment in 1961 .

neg: List of Donald Trump presidential campaign primary endorsements, 2016 This is a list of notable individuals and organizations who voiced their endorsement of Donald Trump as the Republican Party 's presidential nominee for the 2016 U.S. presidential election .

neg: United States presidential election, 2016 The United States presidential election of 2016 was the 58th quadrennial American presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 8 , 2016 . The Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana Governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and U.S. Senator from Virginia Tim Kaine . Trump took office as the 45th President , and Pence as the 48th Vice President , on January 20 , 2017 . Concurrent with the presidential election , Senate , House , and many gubernatorial and state and local elections were also held on November 8 .   Voters selected members of the Electoral College in each state , in most cases by `` winner-takes-all '' plurality ; those state electors in turn voted for a new president and vice president on December 19 , 2016 . While Clinton received about million more votes nationwide , a margin of % , Trump won 30 states worth a total of 306 electors , or 57 % of the 538 available . He won the perennial swing states of Florida , North Carolina , Ohio , and Iowa , as well as Clinton 's `` blue wall '' states of Michigan , Pennsylvania and Wisconsin , which had been Democratic strongholds in presidential elections for decades . Leading up to the election , a Trump victory was considered unlikely by almost all media forecasts .   In the Electoral College vote on December 19 , seven electors voted against their pledged candidates : two against Trump and five against Clinton . A further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again . Ultimately , Trump received 304 electoral votes and Clinton garnered 227 , while Colin Powell won three , and John Kasich , Ron Paul , Bernie Sanders , and Faith Spotted Eagle each received one .   Trump is the fifth person in U.S. history to become president while losing the nationwide popular vote . He is the first president without any prior experience in public service or the military , as well as the wealthiest and the oldest at inauguration , while Clinton was the first woman to be the presidential nominee of a major party and the first woman to win the popular vote .   This was the first time since the 1984 re-election of Ronald Reagan that Wisconsin voted for a Republican , and the first time since 1988 that the Republican nominee won the states of Pennsylvania and Michigan , as well as Maine 's second congressional district . It was also the first time since the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson that an electoral vote split occurred in Maine .   On January 6 , 2017 , the United States government 's intelligence agencies concluded that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 United States elections . A joint U.S. intelligence review stated with high confidence that `` Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election . Russia 's goals were to undermine public faith in the US democratic process , denigrate Secretary Clinton , and harm her electability and potential presidency . '' Investigations about potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials were started by the FBI , the Senate Intelligence Committee and the House Intelligence Committee . Donald Trump has criticized these conclusions by citing a lack of evidence , calling it a `` hoax '' and `` fake news , '' stating in a tweet : `` The Russia-Trump collusion story is a total hoax , when will this taxpayer funded charade end ? ''

neg: Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt The presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt began on March 4 , 1933 , when he was inaugurated as the 32nd President of the United States , and ended upon his death on April 12 , 1945 , a span of ( 4422 days ) . Roosevelt assumed the presidency in the midst of the Great Depression . Starting with his landslide victory over Republican President Herbert Hoover in the 1932 election . He won a record four presidential terms , and became a central figure in world affairs during World War II . His program for relief , recovery and reform , known as the New Deal , involved a great expansion of the role of the federal government in the economy . Under his steady leadership , the Democratic Party built a `` New Deal Coalition '' of labor unions , big city machines , white ethnics , African Americans , and rural white Southerners , that would significantly realign American politics for the next several decades in the Fifth Party System and also define modern American liberalism .   During his first hundred days in office , Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented major legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal -- a variety of programs designed to produce relief ( government jobs for the unemployed ) , recovery ( economic growth ) , and reform ( through regulation of Wall Street , banks and transportation ) . He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers , and to encourage labor union growth while more closely regulating business and high finance . The repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity , helping him win re-election by a landslide in 1936 . The economy improved rapidly from 1933 to 1937 , but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937 -- 38 . The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his attempted packing of the Supreme Court , and blocked most of his legislative proposals , aside from the Fair Labor Standards Act . When the war began and unemployment largely became a non-issue , conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs , the WPA and CCC , but kept most of the regulations on business . Along with several smaller programs , major surviving programs from the New Deal include the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Wagner Act , the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , and Social Security .   A potential worldwide war loomed after 1937 , with the Japanese invasion of China and the aggression of Nazi Germany , which invaded Poland in September 1939 . Roosevelt remained officially neutral but gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China , the United Kingdom , Free France , and the Soviet Union via initiatives such as the Lend-Lease programs . Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , Roosevelt sought and obtained a declaration of war upon Japan . A few days later , he sought and obtained a declaration of war upon the other major Axis powers , Germany and Italy . Assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins , and with very strong national support , he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies during World War II . He supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort , and the war saw the end of the massive unemployment that characterized the Great Depression . Roosevelt sought to desegregate the federal workforce with the Fair Employment Practice Committee , but he also controversially ordered the internment of 100,000 Japanese American civilians . As an active military leader , Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and the development of the world 's first nuclear bomb . Though he died months before the end of the war , his work on the post-war order shaped the new United Nations and the Bretton Woods international financial system . Roosevelt 's health seriously declined during the war years , and he died three months into his fourth term . He was succeeded by Vice President Harry S. Truman . It was on Roosevelt 's watch that the Democratic Party was returned to dominance , prosperity returned , and two great military enemies were destroyed .   Scholars , historians and the public typically rank Roosevelt alongside Abraham Lincoln and George Washington as one of the three greatest U.S. Presidents .

neg: Joe Biden presidential campaign, 2008 The 2008 presidential campaign of Joe Biden , the longtime Senator from Delaware , announced his candidacy for President of the United States on the edition of January 7 , 2007 of Meet the Press . He officially became a candidate on January 31 , 2007 after filing papers with the Federal Elections Commission . Biden had previously run for president in 1988 , but failed to receive the nomination of the Democratic Party . If elected , Biden would have been the first sitting Senator and Roman Catholic to be president since John F. Kennedy , and the first President to be born during World War II . ( b. 1942 )   During the campaign , Biden focused on his plan to achieve political success in the Iraq War through a system of federalization . He touted his record in the Senate as the head of several congressional committees and experience in foreign policy . Despite a few notable endorsements , Biden failed to garner significant support in opinion polls , and was marred by controversial comments made while campaigning . He ultimately dropped out of the race on January 3 , 2008 , after capturing less than 1 % of the vote in the Iowa caucus .   Seven months after conclusion of his campaign , Biden was selected to be Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama 's vice presidential running mate . The pair won in the general election , and were sworn in on January 20 , 2009 .

neg: List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump This is a list of presidential trips made by Donald Trump as the 45th President of the United States .   This list excludes trips made within Washington , D.C. , the U.S. federal capital in which the White House , the official residence and principal workplace of the President , is located . Also excluded are trips to Camp David , the country residence of the President , and to the private home of the Trump family in Trump Tower , New York City . International trips are included .

neg: Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1964 The 1964 Democratic presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1964 U.S. presidential election . Incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1964 Democratic National Convention held from August 24 to August 27 , 1964 , in Atlantic City , New Jersey .

neg: Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012 The 2012 reelection campaign of Barack Obama , the 44th President of the United States , was formally announced on April 4 , 2011 . Along with his running mate , Vice President Joe Biden , Obama was opposed in the general election by former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney , along with various minor candidates from other parties . The election took place on Tuesday , November 6 , 2012 .   Obama 's campaign headquarters was in Chicago and key members of his successful campaign in 2008 , such as Jim Messina and David Axelrod , returned to staff it . On the day of the announcement , the campaign released a promotional video showing supporters of Obama organizing for the re-election effort . As The Guardian newspaper noted , this was the first U.S. presidential re-election campaign to use Facebook and Twitter for promotion .   Between early-2011 and June 30 , 2012 , the Obama campaign and supporters spent approximately $ 400 million , according to the Federal Election Commission . Obama won his re-election bid by a margin of 51.06 -- 47.21 % . This was the first time since 1944 , when President Franklin D. Roosevelt won re-election , that a Democratic president had won by a majority of the electoral votes and over 51 % of the popular vote twice .

neg: Trump Home Trump Home is a brand of furniture and home items marketed by American businessman and now President of the United States Donald Trump and owned by Trump 's company , The Trump Organization .   Trump Home was launched in July 2007 , with two furniture lines manufactured by Lexington Home Brands . A third furniture line was made available in 2008 , at which point the brand was available in more than 18 international territories . A year later , the company partnered with Serta to produce mattresses under the Trump Home name . A line of Trump-branded tabletop crystal , manufactured by a Slovenian company , was launched in 2010 . Trump Home has also sold light fixtures , rugs , bath and bedding collections , and a candle and fragrance diffuser collection .   In 2011 , Lexington chose not to renew its licensing agreement with Trump Home . Two years later , Trump Home entered a partnership with furniture company Dorya International to manufacture Trump-branded furniture . Serta ended its affiliation with Trump Home after Donald Trump described Mexican immigrants as `` rapists '' while announcing his 2016 presidential campaign . Lifestyle , a Dubai-based retailer of Trump Home products , also ended their affiliation with the company in 2015 , after Trump announced his plan to ban all Muslims from entering the United States . Other retailers have discontinued sales of Trump Home products since Trump was elected in November 2016 .

neg: Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72 Fear and Loathing : On the Campaign Trail '72 is a collection of articles covering the 1972 presidential campaign written by Hunter S. Thompson and illustrated by Ralph Steadman . The articles were first serialized in Rolling Stone magazine throughout 1972 and later released as a book in early 1973 ( San Francisco , CA : Straight Arrow Books , 1973 ; London : Allison & Busby , 1973 ) .   The book focuses almost exclusively on the Democratic Party 's primaries and the breakdown of the party as it splits between the different candidates . Of particular focus is the manic maneuvering of the George McGovern campaign during the Miami convention as they sought to ensure the Democratic nomination despite attempts by the Hubert Humphrey campaign and other candidates to block McGovern .   Thompson began his coverage of the campaign in December 1971 , just as the race toward the primaries was beginning , from a rented apartment in Washington , DC ( a situation he compared to `` living in an armed camp , a condition of constant fear '' ) . Over the next 12 months , in voluminous detail , he covered every aspect of the campaign , from the smallest rally to the raucous conventions .   Because of the freewheeling nature of the campaign , a first-generation fax machine was procured at great expense by the magazine for Thompson . Dubbing it `` the mojo wire '' , Thompson used the new technology to extend the writing process precariously close to printing deadlines , often haphazardly sending in notes mere hours before the magazine went to press . Fellow writers and editors would have to assemble the finished product with Thompson over the phone .   Like his earlier novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas , Thompson employed a number of unique literary styles in On the Campaign Trail , including the use of vulgarity and the humorous exaggeration of events . Despite the unconventional style , the book is still considered a hallmark of campaign journalism and helped to launch Thompson 's role as a popular political observer .

neg: Better for America Better for America ( BFA ) is a 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) non-profit organization that was dedicated to getting nationwide ballot access for an independent candidate for President of the United States in the 2016 election . The effort was inspired by the unpopularity of the two major party nominees , Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton , and was seen as part of the Stop Trump movement .   The organization 's initial strategy was to gain ballot access in states that do not require a candidate to be named , and then name its candidate after the major party conventions . The candidate was planned to be named by an advisory board rather than through traditional primary elections , or through a crowdsourcing effort like the failed Americans Elect effort in the 2012 election . On August 8 , 2016 , it was reported that Evan McMullin , an anti-Trump Republican and former Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) official , would be Better for America 's nominee . McMullin was officially nominated on August 24 .   In July , the organization filed petitions in two states , New Mexico and Arkansas . By early August , Arkansas had accepted the petition , while New Mexico had rejected the petition because it did not have enough valid signatures , although the New Mexico decision was challenged in court . On August 22 , the organization announced that it was ceasing further ballot access efforts . On September 8 , the New Mexico Secretary of State reversed his decision and placed Better For America on the ballot .   Notable people involved in the organization include conservative donor John Kingston III and former New Jersey Governor Christine Todd Whitman . Lawrence Lessig and Randy Barnett expressed their support for the organization in a Time opinion piece .

neg: Bill Clinton presidential campaign Bill Clinton , the 42nd President of the United States , has successfully run for president twice :   * Bill Clinton presidential campaign , 1992  Bill Clinton presidential campaign , 1996


query: Norway is a country.

pos: Norway Norway ( -LSB- Norgehelp = no -RSB- ( Bokmål ) or ( Nynorsk ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a sovereign state and unitary monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula plus the island Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard . The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom . Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land . Until 1814 , the kingdom included the Faroe Islands , Greenland and Iceland . It also included Bohuslän until 1658 , Jämtland and Härjedalen until 1645 , Shetland and Orkney until 1468 , and the Hebrides and Isle of Man until 1266 .   Norway has a total area of 385252 km2 and a population of 5,258,317 ( as of January 2017 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak Strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea .   King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013 , replacing Jens Stoltenberg . A constitutional monarchy , Norway divides state power between the Parliament , the Cabinet and the Supreme Court , as determined by the 1814 Constitution . The kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms . By the traditional count from the year 872 , the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years and the list of Norwegian monarchs includes over sixty kings and earls .   Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels : counties and municipalities . The Sámi people have a certain amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament and the Finnmark Act . Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States . Norway is a founding member of the United Nations , NATO , the Council of Europe , the Antarctic Treaty and the Nordic Council ; a member of the European Economic Area , the WTO and the OECD ; and is also a part of the Schengen Area .   The country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system . Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum , natural gas , minerals , lumber , seafood , fresh water and hydropower . The petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the country 's gross domestic product ( GDP ) . On a per-capita basis , Norway is the world 's largest producer of oil and natural gas outside the Middle East .   The country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists . On the CIA 's GDP ( PPP ) per capita list ( 2015 estimate ) which includes territories and some regions , Norway ranks as number eleven . From 2001 to 2006 , and then again from 2009 to 2017 , Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world . It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking . Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report , the OECD Better Life Index , the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index .

neg: Norway–Sweden relations Norway -- Sweden relations are foreign relations between Norway and Sweden . The countries have a very long history together . They were both part of the Kalmar Union between 1397 and 1523 . The countries established diplomatic relations in 1905 , after the dissolution of the union between them in 1905 .   Sweden has an embassy in Oslo and 14 consulates , in Ålesund , Arendal , Bergen , Bodø , Hamar , Hammerfest , Kirkenes , Mandal , Moss , Narvik , Porsgrunn , Stavanger , Tromsø and Trondheim . Norway has an embassy in Stockholm and three consulates , in Gothenburg , Malmö and Sundsvall .   Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Nordic Council . There are around 44,773 Swedes living in Norway and around 18,000 Norwegians living in Sweden .

neg: Rail transport in Norway The Norwegian railway system comprises 4,087 km of ( standard gauge ) track of which 2,622 km is electrified and 242 km double track . There are 696 tunnels and 2760 bridges .   The Norwegian Railway Directorate manages the railway network in Norway on behalf the Ministry of Transport and Communications . Bane NOR is a state enterprise which builds and maintains all railway tracks , while other companies operate them . These companies include Norges Statsbaner , NSB Anbud , CargoNet , Flytoget , Hector Rail , Tågåkeriet and Ofotbanen .   Norway is a member of the International Union of Railways ( UIC ) . The UIC Country Code for Norway is 76 .

neg: Norwegian Dakotan A Norwegian Dakotan is a Norwegian American ( a person with Norwegian ancestry ) in the U. S. states of North and South Dakota . One in three of all North Dakotans is of Norwegian heritage , which is the highest among all U.S. states . South Dakota is number three , behind Minnesota . The immigrants settled primarily between 1870 and 1920 .   As of 2009 , 312,697 Dakotans claim Norwegian ancestry , 21.4 % of the region 's population ( 30.8 % of North Dakota 's population and 14.0 % of South Dakota 's population ) , or 6.7 % of the total Norwegian American population .

neg: Fisheries case The United Kingdom v Norway -LSB- 1951 -RSB- ICJ 3 also known as the Fisheries Case was the culmination of a dispute , originating in 1933 , over how large an area of water surrounding Norway was Norwegian waters ( that Norway thus had exclusive fishing rights to ) and how much was ` high seas ' ( that the UK could thus fish ) .

neg: Norwegian Financial Services Association The Norwegian Financial Services Association ( Finansnæringens Hovedorganisasjon ) is an employers ' organisation in Norway .   It was established in 2000 as a merger between the Norwegian Bankers ' Association and the Association of Norwegian Insurance Companies .  In 2010 it founded the cooperation organization Finance Norway together with the Norwegian Savings Banks Association . Both organizations still exist , but not their respective `` service offices '' , whose tasks were taken over by Finance Norway . The headquarters are in Oslo .   The board currently consists of Rune Bjerke ( leader ) , Helge Leiro Baastad ( deputy chair ) , Kirsten Idebøen , Idar Kreutzer , Kjerstin Fyllingen , Line M. Hestvik , Stein Ole Larsen , Sverre Thornes , Gunn Wærsted , Dag Tjernsmo and Trond F. Mellingsæter .

neg: Royal Standard of Norway The Royal Standard of Norway ( Kongeflagge ) is used by the King of Norway . Of historical origin , it was introduced by Cabinet Decision of 15 November 1905 , following the plebiscite confirming the election of Prince Carl of Denmark to the vacant throne after the dissolution of the union between Sweden and Norway . Under his chosen name of Haakon VII , the new king arrived in the capital Kristiania on 25 November 1905 on a ship flying the royal standard for the first time . That first royal standard was charged with a lion designed by the Danish expert on heraldry Anders Thiset , complying with the blazon decided by the Cabinet . It differed from the definitive version of the royal standard , which was charged with the lion designed by the painter Eilif Peterssen   The flag is the coat of arms of Norway in banner form . It is based on the 1905 version of the coat of arms , at least 750 years old . The present design of the coat of arms for government use was changed in 1937 to fit a medieval style , but the king has kept the 1905 design by Peterssen for the royal arms and standard .   The flag was referred to as the `` ancient royal standard '' of Norway when it was introduced . It is the earliest known flag of Norway , originally only a flag for the king , as it is today . During the early period of the union with Denmark , it was occasionally flown from castles and naval vessels until it was gradually phased out during the 17th and 18th centuries . Its earliest certain depiction is on the seal of Duchess Ingebjørg in 1318 . In 1748 a decree stated that the Dannebrog should be the only legal merchant flag for ships of the united kingdoms of Denmark-Norway .   The flag of the King is also used by the Queen .   Between 1844 and 1905 , the kings of Norway used a royal standard on the same pattern as Denmark and Sweden . It was a war flag with the union mark in the canton and the royal union arms in the centre of the cross .

neg: Nordmøre Nordmøre ( English : North-Møre ) is a traditional district in the Norwegian county of Møre og Romsdal . The 6059 km2 area comprises the northern third of the county including the municipalities of Kristiansund , Averøy , Tingvoll , Surnadal , Rindal , Aure , Halsa , Eide , Sunndal , Gjemnes , and Smøla . The only city in Nordmøre is Kristiansund .   Of these eleven municipalities , three are located ( mainly ) on islands : Kristiansund , Averøy , and Smøla ; seven lie on the coast ( including between , adjacent to , or at the end of , fjords ) : Tingvoll , Surnadal , Aure , Halsa , Eide , Sunndal , and Gjemnes ; while only one is landlocked : Rindal .   In the early Viking Age , before Harald Fairhair , Nordmøre was a petty kingdom whose ruler was known as the Mørejarl ( literally : `` Møre-Earl '' ) . Then , Nordmøre also included the municipalities north and west of Orkdal municipality , Sør-Trøndelag .

neg: History of the Jews in Norway The Jews in Norway are one of the country 's smallest ethnic and religious minorities . The largest synagogue is in Oslo . A smaller synagogue in Trondheim ( 63 ° 25 ' N ) is the world 's second northernmost synagogue .

neg: Electricity sector in Norway The electricity sector in Norway relies predominantly on hydroelectricity . A significant share of the total electrical production is consumed by national industry .

neg: Scandinavian Peninsula The Scandinavian Peninsula ( Skandinaviska halvön Den skandinaviske halvøy Skandinavian niemimaa ? Скандинавский полуостров , Skandinavsky poluostrov ) is a peninsula in Northern Europe , which generally comprises the mainland of Sweden , the mainland of Norway ( with the exception of a small coastal area bordering Russia ) , the northwestern area of Finland , as well as a narrow area in the west of the Pechengsky District of Russia .   The name of the peninsula is derived from the term Scandinavia , the cultural region of Denmark , Norway and Sweden . That cultural name is in turn derived from the name of Scania , the region at the southern extremity of the peninsula which has during periods been part of Denmark , which is the ancestral home of the Danes , and which is now part of Sweden . The derived term `` Scandinavian '' also refers to the Germanic peoples who speak North Germanic languages , considered to be a dialect continuum derived from Old Norse . These modern North Germanic languages found in Scandinavia are Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish ; additionally Faroese and Icelandic belong to the same language group , but they are not part of the modern Scandinavian dialect continuum and are not intelligible with the other languages .   The Scandinavian Peninsula is the largest peninsula of Europe , larger than the Balkan , the Iberian and the Italian peninsulas . During the Ice Ages , the sea level of the Atlantic Ocean dropped so much that the Baltic Sea , the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland disappeared , and the countries now surrounding them , including Germany , Poland , the other Baltic countries and Scandinavia , were directly joined by land .

neg: Nord-Trøndelag Nord-Trøndelag -LSB- ˈnuːɽ ˈtrœndəˈlɑːɡ -RSB- ( `` North Trøndelag '' ) is a county constituting the northern part of Trøndelag in Norway . As of January 1 , 2014 , the county had 135,142 inhabitants , making it the country 's fourth-least populated county . The largest municipalities are Stjørdal , Steinkjer -- the county seat , Levanger , Namsos and Verdal , all with between 21,000 and 12,000 inhabitants . The economy is primarily centered on services , although there are significant industries in agriculture , fisheries , hydroelectricity and forestry . It has the lowest gross domestic product per capita of any county in the country .   Nord-Trøndelag covers 22412 km2 , making it the sixth-largest county , and consists of 23 municipalities . The district of Innherred runs along the east side of the Trondheimsfjord , and is the most populated area , with much farming . To the south lies the district of Stjørdalen , while in the north , the larger district of Namdalen stretches from the Norwegian Sea to the mountains bordering Sweden . West of the Trondheimsfjord lays Fosen . Nord-Trøndelag borders Sør-Trøndelag to the south and Nordland to the north . The western part of the county has several large valleys and consists largely of unpopulated wilderness , including four national parks . Snåsavatnet is the largest lake , while major rivers include Namsen , Verdalselva and Stjørdalselva .   Innherred was an important area during the Viking Age and featured the Battle of Stiklestad . The county was created in 1804 and was known as `` Nordre Trondhjems amt '' until 1919 . Since the 1950s , the county has experienced a population growth below national levels . The axis north -- south through the country past Grong and along the west side of Trondheim Fjord is a main transport artery , including the European Route E6 and the Nordland Line .   The regions was divided into two administrative counties in 1804 . In 2016 , the two county councils voted to merge into a single county in 2018 .

neg: Military history of Norway The military history of Norway commences before the Viking age with the internal wars fought between regional kings to obtain the supreme kingship of the whole of Norway . The most famous period of Norwegian history and thus military history is the Viking age , but the early Middle Ages was the era when Norwegian military power in Europe reached its peak . Since then the Norwegian military has experienced long periods of neglect , but also rearmament and victories .

neg: Norwegian Tax Administration The Norwegian Tax Administration ( Skatteetaten ) is a government agency responsible for resident registration and tax collection in Norway . The agency is subordinate to the Ministry of Finance and is based at Helsfyr in Oslo . It is organized in five regional organizations , based in Oslo , Skien , Bergen , Trondheim and Tromsø , in addition to local tax offices .

neg: Nordic Innovation Nordic Innovation is an institution that works to promote cross-border trade and innovation between the Nordic countries . Among the institution 's goas are removng barriers and building relations through Nordic cooperation . Nordic Innovation works under the auspices of the Nordic Council of Ministers , and is located in Oslo . The institution is seen as a key player in implementing the Nordic trade , industry and innovation partnership programme.Nordic Innovation has an ambition to establish the Nordic countries as a world-leading region for innovation and sustainable growth . Nordic Innovation works with both private and public stakeholders , and has projects and partners in all the Nordic countries .

neg: Culture of Norway The culture of Norway is closely linked to the country 's history and geography . The unique Norwegian farm culture , sustained to this day , has resulted not only from scarce resources and a harsh climate but also from ancient property laws . In the 14th century , it brought about a strong romantic nationalistic movement , which is still visible in the Norwegian language and media . In the 19th century , Norwegian culture blossomed as efforts continued to achieve an independent identity in the areas of literature , art and music . This continues today in the performing arts and as a result of government support for exhibitions , cultural projects and artwork .

neg: Northern North Sea basin The North Sea is part of the Atlantic Ocean in northern Europe . It is located between Norway and Denmark in the east , Scotland and England in the west , Germany , the Netherlands , Belgium and France in the south .   The geology of the North Sea describes the geological features such as channels , trenches , and ridges today and the geological history , plate tectonics , geological events that created them .   A geological basin is a large low-lying area or depression . It is often below sea level . Depressions are typically formed by tectonic processes acting on the lithosphere , providing `` accommodation space '' for sediment to be preserved . Basins are formed in a variety of tectonic settings : extensional , compressional , strike-slip and intraplate .   Geological basins are one of the most common places which collect sediment . The type of rocks which form there tell about the palaeoclimate of the continent . The geology is of interest to oil prospectors , hydrologists and palaeontologists . Exploration in the North Sea was initiated in May 1964 when the first well was spudded and the area has now become one of the most prolific hydrocarbon provinces in the world . Total recoverable reserves found to date , including adjacent land areas , amount to over 100 billion barrels of oil and natural gas .   Geologically speaking , the North Sea is divided into four main basins : Northern , Moray Firth , Central , and Southern . Each has a long and complex geologic history with unique structural and stratigraphic developments driven by tectonic events over the last 400 Million years . The northern North Sea Paleorift system , including the Viking and Sogn graben , is an approximately 150-200 km wide zone of extended upper crust with preserved strata from pre-Triassic to Tertiary . It is bounded by the Shetland Platform to the west and the Norwegian mainland to the east .

neg: Nordic Council The Nordic Council is a geo-political inter-parliamentary forum for co-operation between the Nordic countries . It was formed after the Second World War in 1952 to promote co-operation between the five Nordic countries . Its first concrete result was the introduction in 1952 of a common labour market and free movement across borders without passports for the countries ' citizens .   The Council consists of 87 representatives from Denmark , Finland , Iceland , Norway and Sweden as well as the autonomous areas of the Faroe Islands , Greenland and the Åland Islands . The representatives are members of parliament in their respective country/area and are elected by those parliaments . The Council holds ordinary sessions each year in October/November and usually one extra session per year with a specific theme . Since 1991 Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania participate with observer status , as well as the German state of Schleswig-Holstein since 2016 .   In 1971 , the Nordic Council of Ministers , an intergovernmental forum , was established to complement the Council .

neg: Emergency medical services in Norway Emergency medical services in Norway are operated both by the government ( financed through the four Service Delivery Regions , each with its own regional health authority ) and private organizations such as the Norwegian People 's Aid and Red Cross and commercial transportation companies . In most circumstances , emergency ambulance service is organized by a local Health Trust , and may be operated directly , or contracted to private providers , such as national transportation companies , for which ambulances are just a part of their business operations . Private organisations are also used frequently by the police in search & rescue operations .

neg: Ministry of Climate and Environment (Norway) The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment ( Norwegian : Klima - og miljødepartementet ) is a Norwegian ministry established on May 8 , 1972 . The Ministry of Climate and Environment has a particular responsibility for carrying out the climate and environmental policies of the Government . Before 2014 the name was `` Ministry of the Environment '' ( Norwegian : Miljøverndepartementet ) .   It is led by the Minister of Climate and Environment , Vidar Helgesen ( Conservative Party ) . The department report to the legislature ( Stortinget ) .

neg: List of twin towns and sister cities in Norway __ NOTOC __  This is a list of places in Norway having standing links to local communities in other countries . In most cases , the association , especially when formalised by local government , is known as `` town twinning '' ( though other terms , such as `` partner towns '' , `` sister cities '' , or `` friendship municipalities '' are sometimes used instead ) , and while most of the places included are towns , the list also comprises villages , cities , districts , counties , etc. with similar links .


query: Charles Mackay is a poet and an author.

pos: Charles Mackay (author) Charles Mackay ( 27 March 1814 -- 24 December 1889 ) was a Scottish poet , journalist , author , anthologist , novelist , and songwriter , remembered mainly for his book Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds .

neg: Novel in Scotland The novel in Scotland includes all long prose fiction published in Scotland and by Scottish authors since the development of the literary format in the eighteenth century . The novel was soon a major element of Scottish literary and critical life . Tobias Smollett 's picaresque novels , such as The Adventures of Roderick Random and The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle mean that he is often seen as Scotland 's first novelist . Other Scots who contributed to the development of the novel in the eighteenth century include Henry Mackenzie and John Moore .   There was a tradition of moral and domestic fiction in the early nineteenth century that included the work of Elizabeth Hamilton , Mary Brunton and Christian Johnstone . The outstanding literary figure of the early nineteenth century was Walter Scott , whose Waverley is often called the first historical novel . He had a major worldwide influence . His success led to a publishing boom in Scotland . Major figures that benefited included James Hogg , John Galt , John Gibson Lockhart , John Wilson and Susan Ferrier . In the mid-nineteenth century major literary figures that contributed to the development of the novel included David Macbeth Moir , John Stuart Blackie , William Edmondstoune Aytoun and Margaret Oliphant . In the late nineteenth century , a number of Scottish-born authors achieved international reputations , including Robert Louis Stevenson and Arthur Conan Doyle , whose Sherlock Holmes stories helped found the tradition of detective fiction . In the last two decades of the century the `` kailyard school '' ( cabbage patch ) depicted Scotland in a rural and nostalgic fashion , often seen as a `` failure of nerve '' in dealing with the rapid changes that had swept across Scotland in the industrial revolution . Figures associated with the movement include Ian Maclaren , S. R. Crockett and J. M. Barrie , best known for his creation of Peter Pan , which helped develop the genre of fantasy , as did the work of George MacDonald .   Among the most important novels of the early twentieth century was The House with the Green Shutters by George Douglas Brown , which broke with the Kailyard tradition . John Buchan played a major role in the creation of the modern thriller with The Thirty-Nine Steps and Greenmantle . The Scottish literary Renaissance attempted to introduce modernism into art and create of a distinctive national literature . It increasingly focused on the novel . Major figures included Neil Gunn , George Blake , A. J. Cronin , Eric Linklater and Lewis Grassic Gibbon . There were also a large number of female authors associated with the movement , who included Catherine Carswell , Willa Muir , Nan Shepherd and Naomi Mitchison . Many major Scottish post-war novelists , such as Robin Jenkins , Jessie Kesson , Muriel Spark , Alexander Trocchi and James Kennaway spent most of their lives outside Scotland , but often dealt with Scottish themes . Successful mass-market works included the action novels of Alistair MacLean and the historical fiction of Dorothy Dunnett . A younger generation of novelists that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s included Allan Massie , Shena Mackay and Alan Spence . Working class identity continued to be explored by Archie Hind , Alan Sharp , George Friel and William McIlvanney .   From the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major revival , with figures including Alasdair Gray , James Kelman , Irvine Welsh , Alan Warner , Janice Galloway , A. L. Kennedy , Iain Banks , Candia McWilliam , Frank Kuppner and Andrew O'Hagan . In genre fiction Iain Banks , writing as Iain M. Banks , produced ground-breaking science fiction and Scottish crime fiction has been a major area of growth with the success of novelists including Frederic Lindsay , Quintin Jardine , Val McDermid , Denise Mina , Christopher Brookmyre , and particularly Ian Rankin and his Inspector Rebus novels . The most successful author of Scottish origins in recent years has been J. K. Rowling , author of the Harry Potter series .

neg: Colin Mackay Colin Mackay may refer to :   Colin Mackay ( writer ) ( 1951 -- 2003 ) , poet and novelist  Colin Mackay ( jounalist ) , Scottish journalist ( Holyrood Editor , STV News )  Colin Mackay ( judge ) ( born 1943 ) , British judge  Colin B. Mackay ( 1920 -- 2003 ) , president of the University of New Brunswick , 1953 -- 1969

neg: Margaret Murray Robertson Margaret Murray Robertson ( 22 April 1823 -- 14 February 1897 ) was a Scottish-Canadian teacher and writer .   Margaret was born in Stuartfield , Scotland , the daughter of Reverend James Robertson and Elizabeth Murray . She had a sister Mary and brothers John , Joseph , and Andrew . In 1832 her mother died , whereupon the devout family emigrated to Derby , Vermont . Four years later they moved to Sherbrooke in Quebec . Both Mary and Margaret attended Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in Massachusetts . Afterward , they became instructors at the Sherbrooke Ladies ' Academy , where Margaret remained until 1865 .   In 1864 she won the Galt Prize essay competition with an essay titled `` An Essay on Common School Education . '' At the age of 42 , Margaret now left her teaching career to become a full-time writer . Her first novel , Christie Redfern 's Troubles , was published in 1866 . During her writing career , she had 14 or more novels published up through 1890 . Most of the protagonists in her novels were female , and the themes were of home and family .   She died in Montreal , unmarried .

neg: Taladh Chriosda Tàladh Chrìosda ( Christ 's lullaby ) is the popular name for the Scottish Gaelic Christmas carol Tàladh ar Slànaigheir ( the Lullaby of our Saviour ) . It is traditionally sung at Midnight Mass in the Outer Hebrides in Scotland . The 29 verses of the hymn date from the 19th century and are intended to represent a lullaby for the Christ Child by the Blessed Virgin . The words are recorded as being composed by Fr . Ranald Rankin of Fort William for the children of Moidart and were originally entitled Tàladh ar Slànuighear ( the Lullaby of our Saviour ) and sung to a tune called Cumha Mhic Àrois ( the Lament for Mac Àrois ) . The song was popularised among English speakers in the early 20th century by Marjory Kennedy-Fraser under the title The Christ-Child 's Lullaby .   Donald MacLean 's Typographia Scoto-Gadelica ( 1915 ) p329 documents the existence of the first publication of this hymn as follows .   RANKIN ( Rev. RONALD , R.C ) , THE SAVIOUR 'S LULLABY . 1855 . `` Taladh Ar Slanuighear . Air Fonn ` Cumha Mhic Arois ' '' and at the end `` Cuimhneachan do Chloinn Mhuideart bho Raonall Mac-Raing . An T-8mh Mios . 1855 . '' ' 12mo . 4 pp . These copies were circulated among the Parishioners on the emigration of the Author to Australia .   The Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness Vol . XV ( 1988 -- 89 ) gives the following information concerning Fr . Rankin ( 1798/99 -1863 ) and the hymn .   The following memento , or `` cuimhneachan , '' was written by the Rev. Ranald Rankin , C.C. , and given by him to the children of his congregation at Moidart , when he was parting with them for Australia , in 1855 . ... The Rev. Ranald Rankin ( W.D. ) , Australia , died in 1863 , aged 64 .   The lyric appears as item 10 in Glasgow University Library 's Bàrd na Ceapaich manuscript where it is entitled Taladh ar Slanuighir ( Cuimhneachan do Chloinn Mhuideart ) which can be translated as Our Saviour 's Lullaby ( Memento to the Children of Moidart ) . The same manuscript again gives the same title for the tune as Cumha Mhic Arois ( lament for Mac Àrois ) and supplies the same information regarding the author of the lyric and , presumably , date of publication -- An t-Urramach Raonall Mac Raing . An t-8mh Mios , 1855 ( Fr . Ronald Rankin , August 1855 ) .   Fr . Rankin was documented by the succeeding parish priest , Fr . Hugh Chisholm , as serving in the parish of Moidart between 1838 and 25 July 1855 . It is therefore possible that the hymn was composed before the latter date . He sailed from Scotland on the James Baines to Australia and , in 1857 , he was made parish priest of St Michael 's Little River , near Geelong , Victoria . He died there in 1863 .   `` Mac Fir Àrois '' ( the son of the Man of Aros ) -- i.e. , an heir of Aros in the isle of Mull in Scotland -- is traditionally held to have drowned in Loch Friosa ( Loch Frisa ) in Mull . The Rev. John Gregorson Campbell , in his Superstitions of the Highlands of Scotland , pp205 -- 206 , states the following .   The heir of Aros , a young man of great personal activity , and , it is said , of dissolute manners , having an opinion of himself that there was no horse he could not ride , was taken by a Water-horse into Loch Frisa , a small lake about a mile in length in the north-west of Mull and devoured . This occurred between his espousal and marriage , and the Lament composed by his intended bride is still and deservedly a popular song in Mull . There seems to be this much truth in the story , that the young man was dragged into Loch Frisa by a mare which he was attempting to subdue and drowned . It would appear from the song that his body was recovered .   However , ` Mhic Àrois ' appears to be a garbling of a term like ` mac Fir Àrasaig ' ( son of the Man of Arisaig ) . The medieval title ` Fear Àrasaig ( Man of Arisaig ) belonged to the Mackintosh clan . In p168 of An Gaidheal Vol II ( 1873 ) , Donald C MacPherson wrote the words for what he titled ` Cumha Mhic a Arois . No Cumha Mhic-an-Tòisich . ' ( the Lament for the Son of a-Arois . Or the Lament for Mackintosh . ) The lyric he provides is a variant of the lyric for Cumha Mhic an Tòisich but contains a line ` Dheagh mhic a Arois ' ( Good son of a-Arois ) . The tune of Tàladh ar Slànaigheir bears similarities to the group of songs related to the pipe lament Cumha Mhic an Tòisich ( Mackintosh 's Lament ) , which has another alternative title of Cumha Mhic Rìgh Aro ( Lament for the Son of the King of Aro ) . However , these similarities are only in general melodic structure and poetic metre , but not in musical mode or scale . It is therefore possible that the tune used in the Outer Hebrides for Tàladh ar Slànaigheir is a substitute related melody .   In the article The Sources of the Gaelic Hymnal 1893 in The Innes Review Vol . VII ( 1956 ) at p108 , John Lorne Campbell states the following concerning the melody of Tàladh ar Slànaigheir , which has survived only in the Outer Hebrides.The tune is said to be `` Cumha Mhic Arois '' in all these early printed sources , but the hymn is now sung to an air which appears to be derived from the chorus of an old waulking song.In p155 of Folksongs and Folklore of South Uist ( 1986 ) , the waulking song concerned is identified by Margaret Fay Shaw as An cuala sibh mar dh ' éirich dhòmhs ' . Recordings exist of two versions of the tune for this .   The variants of the tune of Tàladh ar Slànaigheir differ in mode from each other in a similar fashion to variants of the song Chaidh mo Dhunnchadh dhan Bheinn '' ( my Duncan went to the hill ) . In the case of both songs , the major third of the scale is weakened in one melodic variant and strengthened in another .

neg: Caroline Caddy Caroline Mavis Caddy ( born 20 January 1944 ) is an Australian poet .

neg: List of works by John Buchan John Buchan , 1st Baron Tweedsmuir ( 1875 -- 1940 ) was a Scottish novelist , historian , biographer and editor . Outside the field of literature he was , at various times , a barrister , a publisher , a lieutenant colonel in the Intelligence Corps , the Director of Information -- reporting directly to prime minister David Lloyd George -- during the First World War and a Unionist MP who served as Governor General of Canada , the 15th since Canadian Confederation .   Born in Perth , Scotland , Buchan was admitted to the University of Glasgow in 1892 to study classics ; during his first year at university he edited the works of Francis Bacon , which were published in 1894 . The following year he was awarded a scholarship to Brasenose College , Oxford ; shortly after his arrival he also published his first novel , Sir Quixote of the Moors , which he dedicated to Gilbert Murray , his university tutor . By the time he left the university he had published five books , including Scholar-Gipsies , the first work of non-fiction he wrote .   Much of Buchan 's non-fiction mirrored his circumstances : his time in South Africa resulted in The African Colony , the First World War led to a series of books about the war in general , and the Scottish and South African forces in particular . He interspersed his non-fiction with further novels , and also wrote ten biographies and four volumes of poetry , as well as numerous articles and stories for magazines and journals . During the war he wrote The Thirty-Nine Steps , the novel which has been adapted for film and television more than any of his other work , ( film versions in 1935 ; 1959 ; and 1978 , as well as a 2008 version for British television ) .

neg: Makar A makar ( -LSB- pronaudio = Makar.oggˈmækər -RSB- ) is a term from Scottish literature for a poet or bard , often thought of as a royal court poet .   In literary history , the term The Makars is specifically used to refer to a number of poets of fifteenth and sixteenth century Scotland , in particular Robert Henryson , William Dunbar and Gavin Douglas , who wrote a diverse genre of works in Middle Scots in the period of the Northern Renaissance .   The Makars have often been referred to by literary critics as Scots Chaucerians . In the more general application of the term which is current today the word can be applied to poets of the Scots revival in the 18th century , such as Allan Ramsay and Robert Fergusson .   Since 2002 , the term `` makar '' has been revived as the name for a publicly funded poet , first in Edinburgh , followed by Glasgow , Stirling and Dundee , and in 2004 the position of The Scots Makar , in the sense of a Scottish poet laureate , was introduced by the Scottish Parliament .

neg: Nicolas-Germain Léonard Nicolas-Germain Léonard ( 16 March 1744 -- 26 January 1793 ) was a poet and one of Guadeloupe 's first writers .   Léonard was born in Guadeloupe , but spent most of his life in France , travelling back and forth frequently . He first moved to France while young , receiving his education there , and was spurred to return later in life by the political situation in the French colonies during the period of the French Revolution . Slavery was an important issue in the colonies , and Léonard was white . He died in Nantes , aged 48 .   His fairly conventional poetry is most interesting today for its `` astonishing evidence for the experience of living through revolutionary France during the months after the declaration of the republic and the trials against Louis XVI '' ( Gumbrecht , 213 ) .   O lovely place ! O Happy Land !  O France , sanctuary of the fine arts !  I bewail the people whose fate  distances them so far from you   They will come , those Days of Darkness ,  Where the heavy Finger of Age  Will cover the Images of my Spring  With the Veil of Death .   The French minister Chauvelin was interested in Léonard 's poetry and appointed him chargé d'affaires at Liege . There Léonard wrote `` Les lettres de deux amants habitants de Lyon '' ( 1783 ) , a popular romance that was translated into English and Italian . In 1787 , he published the fourth edition of his work in three volumes . His work would later attract literary critic Charles-Augustin Sainte-Beuve .

neg: Sweet Afton Sweet Afton is a lyrical poem describing the Afton Water in Ayrshire , Scotland . It was written by Robert Burns in 1791 and set to music by Jonathan E. Spilman in 1837 , under the title Flow gently , sweet Afton .   Sweet Afton contains a lot of monosyllables , which contribute to a gentle , soothing rhythm . It can be seen as a hymn for peace . The poem is in the metre 11 - 11 - 11 - 11 , and is often sung to the tune of the popular Christmas carol Away in a Manger called Cradle Song .   In the town of New Cumnock in East Ayrshire there is a bridge across Afton Water on the A76 upon which there is a plaque commemorating Robert Burns and this great poem .  The Afton of New Cumnock gives its name to the Glen of Afton , which has connections with William Wallace , Robert the Bruce , Mary Queen of Scots ( 1568 ) , and Robert Burns . The Wallace seal attached to the Lubeck Letter of 1297 gives substance to the theory that Wallace 's father was from Kyle Regis ( this area ) and a rock formation `` up the glen '' is named Castle William , supposedly after the Scottish patriot 's fortification .

neg: Canadian poetry Canadian poetry is poetry of or typical of Canada . The term encompasses poetry written in Canada or by Canadian people in other languages versus those written in Canadian languages . They are written in English , French , Gaelic and Aboriginal languages .

neg: Don Juan (Byron) Don Juan ( ; see below ) is a satiric poem by Lord Byron , based on the legend of Don Juan , which Byron reverses , portraying Juan not as a womaniser but as someone easily seduced by women . It is a variation on the epic form . Byron himself called it an `` Epic Satire '' ( Don Juan , c. xiv , st. 99 ) . Byron completed 16 cantos , leaving an unfinished 17th canto before his death in 1824 . Byron claimed that he had no ideas in his mind as to what would happen in subsequent cantos as he wrote his work .   When the first two cantos were published anonymously in 1819 , the poem was criticised for its `` immoral content '' , but it was also immensely popular .

neg: Ian MacKaye Ian Thomas Garner MacKaye ( -LSB- məˈkaɪ -RSB- born April 16 , 1962 ) is an American singer , songwriter , guitarist , musician , record label owner and producer . Active since 1979 , MacKaye is best known as the co-founder and owner of Dischord Records , a Washington , D.C.-based independent record label and the frontman of the influential hardcore punk band Minor Threat and the post-hardcore band Fugazi . MacKaye was also the frontman for the short lived bands The Teen Idles , Embrace and Pailhead , a collaboration with the band Ministry . MacKaye is a member of The Evens , a two-piece indie rock group he formed with his wife Amy Farina in 2001 .   Along with his seminal band Minor Threat , he is credited with coining the term `` straight edge '' to describe a personal ideology that promotes independence by countering the popular appeal of drug and alcohol abuse , though MacKaye has stated that he did not intend to turn it into a movement .   A key figure in the development of hardcore punk and an independent-minded , do-it-yourself punk ethic , MacKaye has produced releases by Q and Not U , John Frusciante , 7 Seconds , Nation of Ulysses , Bikini Kill , Rites of Spring , Dag Nasty and Rollins Band , among others .

neg: C. J. Dennis Clarence Michael James Stanislaus Dennis , better known as C. J. Dennis , ( 7 September 1876 -- 22 June 1938 ) was an Australian poet known for his humorous poems , especially `` The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke '' , published in the early 20th century . Though Dennis 's work is less well known today , his 1916 publication of The Sentimental Bloke sold 65,000 copies in its first year , and by 1917 he was the most prosperous poet in Australian history .   Together with Banjo Paterson and Henry Lawson , both of whom he collaborated with , he is often considered among Australia 's three most famous poets .   When he died at the age of 61 , the Prime Minister of Australia Joseph Lyons suggested he was destined to be remembered as the `` Australian Robert Burns '' .

neg: Dickens' Women Dickens ' Women is a one person show written by Miriam Margolyes and Sonia Fraser and starring Margolyes .   The play includes 23 different characters ( male and female ) based on or inspired by characters in Charles Dickens ' novels .   The Sydney Morning Herald wrote that the `` elegantly crafted production puts the focus on the storyteller '' ( Dickens ) , highlighting his `` obsession with youthful beauty and his baffling relationships with his sisters-in-law '' . The Age noted that it `` combines character sketches , short readings , biographical material and mordant commentary '' .   The show was developed in 1989 for the Edinburgh Festival , and Margolyes has taken it on tour worldwide , including a 2007 tour to Australia and New Zealand . Margolyes was nominated for an Olivier Award in 1992 for her original West End season of the show .   Dickens ' Women was taken on a world tour in 2012 as part of the 200th anniversary celebrations of Dickens ' birth .

neg: Cavalier poet The cavalier poets was a school of English poets of the 17th century , that came from the classes that supported King Charles I during the English Civil War . Charles , a connoisseur of the fine arts , supported poets who created the art he craved . These poets in turn grouped themselves with the King and his service , thus becoming Cavalier Poets .   A cavalier was traditionally a mounted soldier or knight , but when the term was applied to those who supported Charles it was meant to portray them as roistering gallants . The term was thus meant to belittle and insult . However , it became the term applied to those who supported Charles . They were separate in their lifestyle and divided on religion from the Roundheads , who supported Parliament , consisting often of Puritans ( either Presbyterians or Independents ) .   The best known of the cavalier poets are Robert Herrick , Richard Lovelace , Thomas Carew , and Sir John Suckling . Most of the cavalier poets were courtiers , with notable exceptions . For example , Robert Herrick was not a courtier , but his style marks him as a cavalier poet .

neg: George Scott-Moncrieff George Scott-Moncrieff ( 1910 , Edinburgh -- 1974 , Peeblesshire ) was a Scottish novelist , playwright , poet , journalist , editor , and author of several well-known books on Scotland .   George Scott-Moncrieff , a nephew of the famous translator C. K. Scott Moncrieff , was educated at Edinburgh Academy and Aldenham School in Hertfordshire , England . His first novel Café Bar was published in 1932 . He married his first wife Ann Shearer in 1936 , having met her in London where they both worked as journalists . Under her influence he converted from Episcopalianism to Catholicism . He lived with his first wife in Breakacky near Kingussie , then Dalwhinnie , and finally Edinburgh . After her death at the age of 29 , he moved to the Isle of Eigg in 1945 and lived there a hermit-like existence in a simple cottage for about five years . His novel Death 's Bright Shadow ( 1948 ) is a fictional account of his grief . He moved back to Edinburgh in 1951 and eventually married Eileen née Ward , only daughter of the American illustrator Keith Ward . Upon his death he was survived by Eileen and seven children from the two marriages .   The defense of tradition runs through all of Scott-Moncrieff 's writings -- his books about Scottish architecture and Scottish religions , his plays , his novels , his poems , his short history of the Catholic faith in Scotland , his many book reviews , his moving little volume of religious meditations . He coined the term `` Balmorality '' to describe the cultural manifestations of Scotland 's accommodation with the British Empire . In 1951 , he wrote Living Traditions of Scotland , a booklet published on behalf of the Council of Industrial Design Scottish Committee to accompany the Living Traditions exhibition of architecture and crafts held in Edinburgh as part of the Festival of Britain .

neg: Southern Ontario Gothic Southern Ontario Gothic is a subgenre of the Gothic novel genre and a feature of Canadian literature that comes from Southern Ontario . This region includes Toronto , Southern Ontario 's major industrial cities ( Windsor , London , Hamilton , St. Thomas , Oshawa , St. Catharines ) , and the surrounding countryside . While the genre may also feature other areas of Ontario , Canada , and the world as narrative locales , this region provides the core settings .   The term was first used in Graeme Gibson 's Eleven Canadian Novelists ( 1972 ) to recognize an existing tendency to apply aspects of the Gothic novel to writing based in and around Southern Ontario . In an interview with Timothy Findley , Gibson commented that Findley 's novel The Last of the Crazy People shared similarities with the American Southern Gothic genre , to which Findley replied , '' ... sure , it 's Southern Gothic : Southern Ontario Gothic . ''   Notable writers of this subgenre include Alice Munro , Margaret Atwood , Robertson Davies , Jane Urquhart , Marian Engel , James Reaney and Barbara Gowdy .   Like the Southern Gothic of American writers such as William Faulkner , Flannery O'Connor and Eudora Welty , Southern Ontario Gothic analyzes and critiques social conditions such as race , gender , religion and politics , but in a Southern Ontario context . Southern Ontario Gothic is generally characterized by a stern realism set against the dour small-town Protestant morality stereotypical of the region , and often has underlying themes of moral hypocrisy . Actions and people that act against humanity , logic , and morality all are portrayed unfavourably , and one or more characters may be suffering from some form of mental illness . In a review of Alice Munro 's Dear Life for Quill & Quire , literary critic James Grainger writes that `` Violence , illness , and reputations ruined by a single indiscretion are accepted in Munro 's secretive , repressed communities as a kind of levelling mechanism , rough justice for those who dare to strive for something finer . ''   The Gothic novel has traditionally examined the role of evil in the human soul , and has incorporated dark or horrific imagery to create the desired setting . Some ( but not all ) writers of Southern Ontario Gothic use supernatural or magic realist elements ; a few deviate from realism entirely , in the manner of the fantastical gothic novel . Virtually all dwell to a certain extent upon the grotesque .   Notable works of the genre include Davies ' Deptford Trilogy , Findley 's Headhunter , Atwood 's Alias Grace and The Blind Assassin , and Munro 's Selected Stories .   The genre has been criticised as having `` little or nothing to distinguish it from everyday , garden-variety type realism . ''

neg: William Sharp (writer) William Sharp ( 12 September 1855 -- 12 December 1905 ) was a Scottish writer , of poetry and literary biography in particular , who from 1893 wrote also as Fiona Macleod , a pseudonym kept almost secret during his lifetime . He was also an editor of the poetry of Ossian , Walter Scott , Matthew Arnold , Algernon Charles Swinburne and Eugene Lee-Hamilton .

neg: Jock Scot John Graham Manson Leslie ( 21 September 1952 -- 13 April 2016 ) , known as Jock Scot , was a Scottish poet and recording artist .   Born in Leith , one of seven children , he was raised on a tough housing estate in Musselburgh , where he was nicknamed `` Pooch '' Leslie because of his small size . He sold soft drinks locally and worked as a labourer on building sites , until , in 1978 , he threw his tam o'shanter on to the stage at an Ian Dury concert in Edinburgh , and was invited backstage . Dury invited him to join his tour party , ending up in London where he moved in with Dury and Clash associate and publicity officer Kosmo Vinyl . He worked for Stiff Records and later Charisma Records , and befriended many of the luminaries of the London punk rock scene , including the members of the Clash , Shane MacGowan , Billy Bragg , and Vivian Stanshall ( formerly of the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band ) .   Described as a `` supplier of good vibes '' to his friends , he began going on stage as a warm-up act for bands , reciting his poems . He regularly performed at the Edinburgh Fringe , toured with the band Rip Rig + Panic , and published a book of verse , Where Is My Heroine ? , in 1993 . The book drew on his earlier experience of heroin addiction in Scotland . In 1997 he recorded an album , My Personal Culloden , made with Davy Henderson of the band The Nectarine No. 9 , and described at Allmusic as `` a rich , fascinating travelogue through Scot 's id , ego , history , and city , all delivered in his robust musical brogue against a backdrop of experimental rock pastiches and grooves . '' The album was reissued on CD in 2015 .   According to his obituary in The Daily Telegraph : `` He had startling presence , and a way of investing words with broad and deep meaning , and , with his interest in the Beat poets , horse racing and popular culture , straddled the worlds of London 's pub-land and the aristocratic demi-monde . '' He was diagnosed with cancer in 2014 , but refused chemotherapy and died in 2016 , aged 63 .   Scot had a child with the actress Anna Chancellor .

neg: The Lady of the Lake (poem) The Lady of the Lake is a narrative poem by Sir Walter Scott , first published in 1810 . Set in the Trossachs region of Scotland , it is composed of six cantos , each of which concerns the action of a single day . The poem has three main plots : the contest among three men , Roderick Dhu , James Fitz-James , and Malcolm Graeme , to win the love of Ellen Douglas ; the feud and reconciliation of King James V of Scotland and James Douglas ; and a war between the lowland Scots ( led by James V ) and the highland clans ( led by Roderick Dhu of Clan Alpine ) . The poem was tremendously influential in the nineteenth century , and inspired the Highland Revival .   By the late nineteenth century , however , the poem was much less popular . ( It continued , however , to be a standard reading in elementary schools until the early twentieth century . ) Its influence is indirect : Schubert 's Ellens Dritter Gesang ( later adapted to use the full lyrics of the Latin Ave Maria ) , Rossini 's La Donna del Lago ( 1819 ) , the Ku Klux Klan custom of cross burning , the last name of U.S. abolitionist Frederick Douglass , and the song `` Hail to the Chief '' , were all inspired by the poem .   It shares its name with the Arthurian character , the Lady of the Lake . Other allusions to the legend are scant .