query: Northeast megalopolis includes Washington, D.C. and Baltimore.

pos: Northeast megalopolis The Northeast megalopolis ( also Boston -- Washington Corridor or Bos-Wash Corridor ) is the most heavily urbanized region of the United States , running primarily northeast to southwest from the northern suburbs of Boston , Massachusetts , to the southern suburbs of Washington , D.C. , in Northern Virginia . It includes the major cities of Boston , Providence , Hartford , New York City , Philadelphia , Baltimore , and Washington , D.C. , along with their metropolitan areas and suburbs as well as many smaller urban centers .   On a map , the Northeast megalopolis appears almost as a straight line . As of the year 2000 , the region contained 49.6 million people , about 17 % of the U.S. population on less than 2 % of the nation 's land area , with a population density of 931.3 people per square mile ( 359.6 people/km2 ) , compared to the U.S. average of 80.5 per square mile 2 ( 31 people/km2 ) . America 2050 projections expect the area to grow to 58.1 million people by 2025 .   French geographer Jean Gottmann popularized the term in his landmark 1961 study of the region , Megalopolis : The Urbanized Northeastern Seaboard of the United States . Gottmann concluded that the region 's cities , while discrete and independent , are uniquely tied to each other through the intermeshing of their suburban zones , taking on some characteristics of a single , massive city : a megalopolis .

neg: Interstate 476 Interstate 476 ( I-476 ) is a 132.1 mi auxiliary Interstate Highway in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania designated between Interstate 95 near Chester and Interstate 81 near Scranton , serving as the primary north -- south Interstate corridor through eastern Pennsylvania . It consists of both the 20 mi Mid-County Expressway , locally referred to as the `` Blue Route '' ( although no signs exist with that designation ) , through the suburban Philadelphia-area counties of Delaware and Montgomery , and the 110.6 mi Northeast Extension of the Pennsylvania Turnpike connecting the Philadelphia metropolitan area with the Lehigh Valley , the Poconos , and the Wyoming Valley . The Blue Route passes through suburban areas , while the Northeast Extension predominantly runs through rural areas of mountains and farmland , with development closer to Philadelphia and in the Lehigh Valley and the Wyoming Valley . I-476 intersects many major roads including Interstate 76 ( the Schuylkill Expressway ) in West Conshohocken , Interstate 276 ( the Pennsylvania Turnpike ) in Plymouth Meeting , U.S. Route 22 near Allentown , and Interstate 80 near Hickory Run State Park .   While proposed as early as 1929 , the construction of the Mid-County Expressway did not begin until 1967 and was not completed until 1992 due to massive community and environmental opposition during the freeway revolts of the 1960s and 1970s , leading The Philadelphia Inquirer to dub it `` the most costly , most bitterly opposed highway in Pennsylvania history . '' In order to get the route through Delaware County , it was built with many environmental compromises such as a parkway design and four lanes south of the Pennsylvania Route 3 interchange . The Mid-County Expressway received its `` Blue Route '' nickname from the chosen route through Delaware County on planning maps on which it was differentiated from the other proposed routes by its color .   Following the completion of the Mid-County Expressway , in 1996 the Interstate 476 designation was extended to include the entire length of the existing Northeast Extension , replacing PA 9 . The Northeast Extension was built between 1955 and 1957 and was originally projected to continue past Clarks Summit to the New York border ; however , I-81 was built between these two points instead . Since the extension , I-476 has been the longest auxiliary Interstate Highway in the United States ( surpassing Interstate 495 in Massachusetts ) , but it may someday be surpassed in length by Interstate 369 in Texas . In fact , it is longer than some mainline interstates ( such as Interstate 83 in Maryland and Pennsylvania , Interstate 99 in Pennsylvania , Interstate 12 in Louisiana , Interstate 19 in Arizona , Interstate 97 in Maryland , and Interstate 2 in Texas ) . Additionally , its numbering is unusual , since auxiliary interstates beginning in even numbers are typically bypasses or loops rather than spurs .

neg: Ivy City Ivy City is a small neighborhood in Northeast Washington , D.C. , in the United States . About half the neighborhood is industrial or formerly industrial , dominated by warehouses . The Ivy City Yard , a railroad coach yard and maintenance facility for the passenger railroad Amtrak , is situated northwest across New York Avenue NE . Ivy City was laid out as a suburban development for African Americans in 1873 . Development was slow . From 1879 to 1901 , the neighborhood hosted the Ivy City Racetrack , a major horse racing facility in the District of Columbia . Construction on the rail yard began in 1907 and was complete within a year , although much of the facilities there were demolished in 1953 and 1954 as railroads switched from coal-fired locomotives to diesel-fueled or electric engines . The Alexander Crummell School , a major focal point of the community , opened in 1911 . After some years of enrollment decline , it closed in 1972 but has not been demolished . The area has undergone some gentrification in the 21st century , although people living in the residential core of Ivy City remain very poor and unemployment is high .

neg: Crime in Washington, D.C. Crime in Washington , D.C. , is directly related to the city 's changing demographics , geography , and unique criminal justice system . The District 's population reached a peak of 982,178 in 1950 . However , shortly thereafter , the city began losing residents and by 1980 Washington had lost one-quarter of its population . The population loss to the suburbs also created a new demographic pattern , which divided affluent neighborhoods west of Rock Creek Park from more crime-ridden and blighted areas to the east .   Despite being the headquarters of multiple federal law enforcement agencies , such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and United States Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) , the nationwide crack epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s greatly affected the city and led to large increases in crime . The number of homicides in Washington peaked in 1991 at 897 ( a rate of nearly 60.8 homicides per 100,000 residents ) , and the city eventually became known as the `` murder capital '' of the United States .   The crime rate started to fall in the mid-1990s as the crack cocaine epidemic gave way to economic revitalization projects . Gentrification efforts have also started to transform the demographics of distressed neighborhoods , recently leading to the first rise in the District 's population in 60 years .   By the mid-2000s , crime rates in Washington dropped to their lowest levels in over 20 years . As in many major cities , crime remains a significant factor in D.C. , especially in the city 's northwestern neighborhoods , which tend to be more affluent , draw more tourists , and have more vibrant nightlife . Violent crime also remains a problem in Ward 8 , which has the city 's highest concentration of poverty .

neg: Mason Neck, Virginia Mason Neck is a peninsula jutting into the Potomac River to the south of Washington , D.C. , in the U.S. state of Virginia . It is surrounded by Belmont Bay to the west , the Potomac River to the south and east , Gunston Cove to the northeast , and Pohick Bay to the north-northeast . The census-designated place ( CDP ) of Mason Neck forms the southernmost section of Fairfax County , in northern Virginia , and comprises an area of 51.8 sqkm , two-thirds of which is preserved as parkland by regional , state , and national authorities . The population of the Mason Neck CDP was 2,005 as of the 2010 census .

neg: List of Maryland area codes The state of Maryland is served by the following area codes :   240/301 , which serve western Maryland , including its suburbs of Washington , D.C.  410/443/667 , which serve eastern Maryland including Baltimore and Annapolis .  A new area code 667 activated on March 24 , 2012 for the eastern part of Maryland currently served by area codes 410 and overlay area code 443 and covering cities such as Aberdeen , Baltimore , Ellicott City and Dundalk . The introduction of the new code was decided back in 2001 . Because this part of Maryland has 2 area codes already and , therefore , 10 digit dialing has been mandatory since the introduction of area code 443 in 1997 , no permissive 10 digit dialing will be needed .   Area code list  *  Maryland  Area codes

neg: Statistical area (United States) The United States federal government defines and delineates the nation 's metropolitan areas for statistical purposes , using a set of standard statistical area definitions . As of 2013 , the U.S. Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) defined and delineated 388 metropolitan statistical areas ( MSAs ) and 541 micropolitan statistical areas ( μSAs ) in the United States and Puerto Rico . Many of these 929 MSAs and μSAs are , in turn , components of larger combined statistical areas ( CSAs ) consisting of adjacent MSAs and μSAs that are linked by commuting ties ; as of 2013 , 524 metropolitan and micropolitan areas are components of the 169 defined CSAs .   Metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas are defined as consisting of one or more adjacent counties or county equivalents with at least one urban core area meeting relevant population thresholds , plus adjacent territory that has a high degree of social and economic integration with the core , as measured by commuting ties . A metropolitan statistical area has at least one urban core with a population of at least 50,000 . In a micropolitan statistical area , the largest urban core has a population of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000 . __ TOC __

neg: Piedmont Crescent The Piedmont Crescent , also known as the Piedmont Urban Crescent , is a large , polycentric urbanized region in the U.S. state of North Carolina that forms the northern section of the rapidly developing Piedmont Atlantic megalopolis ( or `` megaregion '' ) , a conurbation also known as the `` I-85 Boombelt '' , which extends from the Raleigh area ) to Atlanta , Georgia in the southeastern United States .   Residents commonly attribute development of the Crescent communities to the Indian Trading Path and related settlements established by indigenous peoples long before European contact . The Trading Path was also used by European traders , and later by settlers entering the backcountry regions of the piedmont of North Carolina , South Carolina and Georgia .   Forming the shape of a crescent in North Carolina , the region is located in the central Piedmont area of the state . European-American settlement progressed generally from the east to the west , from what is now metropolitan Raleigh-Durham and the Research Triangle area at its eastern edge , through the Piedmont Triad cities of Greensboro and Winston-Salem at its center , and southwest to metropolitan Charlotte . This region has undergone sustained population and economic growth ( acutely in the Charlotte and Raleigh areas ) since the late 19th century , a trend that has accelerated since the late 20th century . It is notable as the fourth-largest manufacturing region in the country , as well as an international center of banking and finance , textiles , biotech and high technology .   The region includes seven of North Carolina 's eight largest cities and encompasses many smaller cities , towns and suburban areas , as well as the metropolitan centers of the Research Triangle , Piedmont Triad , and Charlotte Metropolitan Area . It is home to almost two-thirds of North Carolina 's population . Ten major universities -- Duke , NC State , UNC Chapel Hill , UNC Charlotte , NC Central , Wake Forest , UNC-Greensboro , NC A&T State University , Elon University and High Point University -- and three international airports ( CLT , RDU and GSO ) , as well as the world-renowned Research Triangle Park , also are located in the region . Its three Combined Statistical Areas have a total population of about 6 million people ( Raleigh-Durham , 1.98 million ; Greensboro , High Point , Winston-Salem , 1.66 million ; and Charlotte , 2.62 million ) , together representing over 63 % of the state 's total population .   The Piedmont Crescent name is thought to have been coined when the North Carolina Railroad company first laid tracks through the area in 1855-56 . The railway , which was named the `` Piedmont Crescent Railroad '' , brought extensive growth to the communities along its route . These evolved to comprise today 's interlinked urbanized region . Although the freight and passenger rail corridor remains of critical importance , the region 's Interstate 85 and Interstate 40 freeway system serves as its primary transportation link today .

neg: Baltimore riot of 1861 The Baltimore riot of 1861 ( also called the `` Pratt Street Riots '' and the `` Pratt Street Massacre '' ) was a civil conflict on Friday , April 19 , 1861 , on Pratt Street , ( beginning at the President Street Station and President Street and continuing ending on Howard Street at the Camden Street Station ) in Baltimore , Maryland , between antiwar `` Copperheads '' Democrats ( the largest party in Maryland ) , as well as Southern / Confederate sympathizers , and members of the primarily Massachusetts and some Pennsylvania state militia regiments en route to the national capital at Washington called up for Federal service . It produced the first deaths by hostile action in the American Civil War and is nicknamed the `` First Bloodshed of the Civil War '' .

neg: Outline of Philadelphia The following outline of Philadelphia is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Philadelphia topics on Wikipedia .   Philadelphia -- largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , the second largest city on the East Coast of the United States , and the fifth-most-populous city in the United States . It is located in the Northeastern United States along the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers , and it is the only consolidated city-county in Pennsylvania . As of the , the city had a population of 1,526,006 , growing to 1,547,607 in 2012 by Census estimates . Philadelphia is the economic and cultural center of the , home to over 6 million people and the country 's sixth-largest metropolitan area .

neg: District of Columbia statistical areas The statistical areas of the United States of America comprise the metropolitan statistical areas ( MSAs ) , the micropolitan statistical areas ( μSAs ) , and the combined statistical areas ( CSAs ) currently defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) .   Most recently on December 1 , 2009 , the Office of Management and Budget defined 1067 statistical areas for the United States , including a combined statistical area and a metropolitan statistical area in the District of Columbia . The district has no counties or other legal subdivisions . The table below shows the recent population of these statistical areas .  thumb | 578px | An enlargeable map of the Washington-Baltimore-Northern Virginia , DC-MD-VA-WV Combined Statistical Area  __ TOC __

neg: Ethnic groups in Baltimore There have been various ethnic groups in Baltimore , Maryland and its surrounding area since it was founded as a British colony in 1661 . Native Americans lived in the Baltimore territory for millennia before European colonization , and some still reside in the city .   Since the first English settlers arrived , substantial immigration from all over Europe , migration of African-Americans from the Deep South , out-migration of White Southerners from Appalachia , and new waves of more recent immigrants from Latin America , the Caribbean , Asia and Africa have added layers of complexity to the workforce and culture of Baltimore , as well as the religious and ethnic fabric of the city .

neg: Beacon Hill, Seattle Beacon Hill is a hill and neighborhood in southeast Seattle , Washington . The municipal government subdivides it into North Beacon Hill , Mid-Beacon Hill , Holly Park , and South Beacon Hill , though most people who live there simply call it `` Beacon Hill . '' Former home to the world headquarters of Amazon.com and present home to the Seattle Division of the Department of Veterans Affairs ' Puget Sound Health Care System , the hill offers views of downtown , the Industrial District , Elliott Bay , First Hill , Rainier Valley , and , when the weather is good , Mount Rainier and the Olympic Mountains . It is roughly bounded on the west by Interstate 5 , on the north by Interstate 90 , on the east by Rainier Avenue South , Cheasty Boulevard South , and Martin Luther King Junior Way South , and on the south by the Seattle city boundary . It is part of Seattle 's South End . Homes on the northern part of the hill were mostly built in the early 1900s ; thus , North Beacon Hill contains many excellent examples of Craftsman bungalows and Seattle box houses , a local variant of the Foursquare style .   The American Planning Association ( APA ) , an organization of `` planners , citizens and elected officials - committed to making great communities happen '' , named Beacon Hill as one of the 30 Great Places in America . The features of Beacon Hill that constitute an APA Great Place include urban design and aesthetics , multi-modal transportation , a variety of uses within the neighborhood , sustainability , community participation and involvement , and memorable character . Beacon Hill was also recognized for having the largest Olmsted-planned green space in Seattle , known as Jefferson Park . The neighborhood is highly treasured by its businesses and residents , and the neighborhood is highly involved in local planning affairs such as open space , public safety , and transportation .   The Beacon Hill neighborhood prides itself on many fine foods and restaurants , a highly rated hair salon , the best live music venue , and a place for kids activities , all voted for as some of the `` Best of 2012 '' by Seattle Magazine ( online version not currently available ) . The City of Seattle , in partnership with Beacon BIKES , created the Beacon Hill Family Bicycle and Pedestrian Circulation Plan , a ten-year plan to increase pedestrian bicycle networks serving highly used greenways , intersections , and cycle tracts within the neighborhood as a measure to increase safety for all users . The plan was awarded the 2012 VISION 2040 Award from the Puget Sound Regional Council .   Beacon Hill is home to the `` Beacon Rocks ! '' performance series , beginning its 5th season in 2014 on the last Sunday of June , July and August . This event featuring a variety of types of performances is held on the Roberto Maestas Festival Street and produced by Beacon Hill 's neighborhood community arts group `` ROCKiT Community Arts '' .   Beacon Hill has recently become known for their Food Forest , a new project that has created neighborhood urban farming west of Jefferson Park . The Beacon Food Forest has gained national attention in the news , receiving recognition from the Associated Press , CBS , Gawker , and HLN , to name a few . A 2012 article in Seattle Weekly stated that Beacon Hill was soon to `` boast the biggest public food forest in the country '' with seven lush acres containing a community park and an edible landscape , including such plantings as walnuts , chestnuts , berry shrubs and vegetables . The idea started with a community-led group that secured $ 22,000 in Neighborhood Matching Funds from the Department of Neighborhoods .

neg: Metropolitan Subdivision The Metropolitan Subdivision is a railroad line owned and operated by CSX Transportation in the District of Columbia and the U.S. state of Maryland . The line runs from Washington , D.C. northwest to Weverton , Maryland along the former Metropolitan Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad .   At its southeast end , north of Union Station , the Metropolitan Subdivision meets the Capital Subdivision ( formerly called the B&O Washington Branch ) and Amtrak 's Northeast Corridor . It meets the Old Main Line Subdivision at Point of Rocks , Maryland , and at its northwest end in Weverton , the line joins the Cumberland Subdivision .   MARC Train 's Brunswick Line uses the entire subdivision , as does Amtrak 's Capitol Limited . The Red Line of the Washington Metro shares right-of-way with the subdivision along two separate stretches in Maryland and DC : from the junction with the Capital Subdivision to north of Silver Spring , and from south of Twinbrook to the end of the Red Line at Shady Grove .

neg: Atlantic Northeast The Atlantic Northeast is a region of North America , which includes the US states of Connecticut , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , New Hampshire , Vermont , and Maine , as well as the Canadian Maritimes .   The Atlantic Northeast region is noted for its cultural unity , stark climate , landscape of dense forests , and a shared economic history in the exploitation of logging and the regional fishery . Further uniting this area is the `` Gray Zone '' which is an area of land and sea which is claimed by both Canada and the United States . It is located off the coasts of New Brunswick and Maine . The only land within this area are two islands , Machias Seal Island and North Rock . The `` Gray Zone '' is one of four areas between the two countries whose sovereignty is still in dispute , but is the only one of the disputed areas containing land . In 1979 , both countries filed a joint application to the International Court of Justice to avoid having the dispute settled when oceanic boundaries in the area were set for mineral and fishing rights . Canadians have had a continuous presence in the area since 1832 when a lighthouse was built .   Since the Atlantic Northeast is such a large region , it is home to many different types of wildlife , sports teams , and geographical locations . The Atlantic Northeast is home to the Boston Celtics , Boston Bruins , New England Patriots , Halifax Hurricanes , Boston Red Sox and many more . It also includes many notable species including the Bald Eagle , Atlantic Salmon , and the Swamp Pink . Lastly , the Atlantic Northeast includes many geographical places of interest including the Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument and Salem , Massachusetts , home of the Salem Witch Trials .   Though cross-border connections are widely acknowledged , the area has rarely been given a single name . `` Atlantic Northeast '' is a term that has been used most prominently in discussions of regional folk culture , another name that is used is Atlantica . ''   These names are often tied to various proposals for greater economic or political integration of the region

neg: North Florida North Florida is a region of the U.S. state of Florida , comprising the northern parts of the state . It is one of Florida 's three most common `` directional '' regions , along with South Florida and Central Florida . It includes Jacksonville and nearby localities in Northeast Florida , an interior region known as North Central Florida , and the Florida Panhandle .

neg: NFC East The NFC East is a division of the National Football League ( NFL ) 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) . It currently has four members : the Philadelphia Eagles , the New York Giants , the Dallas Cowboys , and the Washington Redskins .   The division was formed in 1967 as the National Football League Capitol Division , keeping with the theme of having all of the league 's divisions starting with the letter `` C. '' The division was so named because it was centered on the capital of the United States , Washington , D.C. . In 1967 and 1969 the teams in the NFL Capitol Division were Dallas , Philadelphia , Washington and the expansion New Orleans Saints , which had been replaced by the New York Giants for the 1968 season . Its most recent Super Bowl champions are the New York Giants .

neg: East Harlem East Harlem , also known as Spanish Harlem or El Barrio , is a neighborhood of Upper Manhattan , New York City roughly encompassing the area north of the Upper East Side and East 96th Street up to about the 140s , east of Fifth Avenue to the East and Harlem Rivers . It lies within Manhattan Community District 11 . Despite its name , it is generally not considered to be a part of Harlem .   The neighborhood is one of the largest predominantly Latino communities in New York City , mostly made up of Puerto Ricans , as well as sizeable numbers of Dominican , Cuban and Mexican immigrants . It includes the area formerly known as Italian Harlem , in which the remnants of a once predominantly Italian community remain . The Chinese population has increased dramatically in East Harlem since 2000 .   East Harlem has historically suffered from many social issues , such as the highest jobless rate in New York City , teenage pregnancy , AIDS , drug abuse , homelessness , and an asthma rate five times the national average . It has the second highest concentration of public housing in the United States , closely following Brownsville , Brooklyn . Police services to the neighborhood are divided between the 23rd and the 25th Precincts . Conversely , East Harlem is notable for its contributions to Latin freestyle and salsa music .   However , East Harlem is now undergoing some gentrification . In February 2016 , East Harlem was one of four neighborhoods featured in an article in The New York Times about `` New York 's Next Hot Neighborhoods '' . Beginning in 2016 , the New York City government was seeking to rezone East Harlem `` to facilitate new residential , commercial , community facility , and manufacturing development . ''

neg: St Helena, Baltimore St Helena is the southeasternmost neighborhood in the city of Baltimore , Maryland . St. Helena is a neighborhood within the community of Dundalk . The Baltimore City/Baltimore County boundary line runs through St. Helena . So , St. Helena is located in both Baltimore County and Baltimore City . It has a mix of rowhouses and detached homes . It is divided by railroad tracks from the Point Breeze Industrial Park .   Category : East Baltimore  Category : Neighborhoods in Baltimore

neg: Washington Dulles International Airport Washington Dulles International Airport is an international airport in Loudoun and Fairfax counties in Virginia , United States , 26 miles ( 42 km ) west of downtown Washington , D.C. . The airport serves the Baltimore -- Washington metropolitan area , centered on the District of Columbia . The airport is named after John Foster Dulles , the 52nd Secretary of State who served under President Dwight D. Eisenhower . The Dulles main terminal is a well-known landmark designed by Eero Saarinen . Operated by the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority , Dulles Airport occupies 13,000 acres ( 52.6 km2 ) straddling the Loudoun-Fairfax line . Most of the airport is in the unincorporated community of Dulles , in Loudoun County , with a small portion in the unincorporated community of Chantilly in Fairfax County .   Dulles is the one of the three major airports in the larger Baltimore -- Washington metropolitan area with more than 21 million passengers a year . Dulles has the most international passenger traffic of any airport in the Mid-Atlantic outside of the New York metropolitan area , including approximately 90 % of the international passenger traffic in the Baltimore-Washington region . On a typical day , more than 60,000 passengers pass through Washington Dulles to and from more than 125 destinations around the world . However , Dulles Airport now ranks behind both Baltimore-Washington International Airport ( BWI ) and Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport ( DCA ) in total annual passenger boardings .

neg: List of counties in Maryland There are twenty-four counties and county-equivalents in the U.S. state of Maryland . Though an independent city rather than a county , the City of Baltimore is considered the equal of a county for most purposes and is a county-equivalent . Many of the counties in Maryland were named for relatives of the Barons Baltimore who were the proprietors of the Maryland colony from its founding in 1634 through 1771 . The Barons Baltimore were Catholic , and George Calvert , 1st Baron Baltimore , originally intended that the colony be a haven for English Catholics , though for most of its history Maryland has had a majority of Protestants .


query: Nikola Tesla received an education in physics.

pos: Nikola Tesla Nikola Tesla ( Никола Тесла 10 July 1856 -- 7 January 1943 ) was a Serbian-American inventor , electrical engineer , mechanical engineer , physicist , and futurist who is best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current ( AC ) electricity supply system .   Born and raised in the Austrian Empire , Tesla received an advanced education in engineering and physics in the 1870s and gained practical experience in the early 1880s working in telephony and at Continental Edison in the new electric power industry . He emigrated to the United States in 1884 , where he would become a naturalized citizen . He worked for a short time at the Edison Machine Works in New York City before he struck out on his own . With the help of partners to finance and market his ideas , Tesla set up laboratories and companies in New York to develop a range of electrical and mechanical devices . His alternating current ( AC ) induction motor and related polyphase AC patents , licensed by Westinghouse Electric in 1888 , earned him a considerable amount of money and became the cornerstone of the polyphase system which that company would eventually market .   Attempting to develop inventions he could patent and market , Tesla conducted a range of experiments with mechanical oscillators/generators , electrical discharge tubes , and early X-ray imaging . He also built a wireless-controlled boat , one of the first ever exhibited . Tesla became well known as an inventor and would demonstrate his achievements to celebrities and wealthy patrons at his lab , and was noted for his showmanship at public lectures .   Throughout the 1890s , Tesla would pursue his ideas for wireless lighting and worldwide wireless electric power distribution in his high-voltage , high-frequency power experiments in New York and Colorado Springs . In 1893 , he made pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication with his devices . Tesla tried to put these ideas to practical use in his unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower project , an intercontinental wireless communication and power transmitter , but ran out of funding before he could complete it .   After Wardenclyffe , Tesla went on to try and develop a series of inventions in the 1910s and 1920s with varying degrees of success . Having spent most of his money , he lived in a series of New York hotels , leaving behind unpaid bills . The nature of his earlier work and the pronouncements he made to the press later in life earned him the reputation of an archetypal `` mad scientist '' in American popular culture . Tesla died in New York City in January 1943 . His work fell into relative obscurity following his death , but in 1960 , the General Conference on Weights and Measures named the SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla in his honor . There has been a resurgence in popular interest in Tesla since the 1990s .

neg: A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism is a two-volume treatise on electromagnetism written by James Clerk Maxwell in 1873 . Maxwell was revising the Treatise for a second edition when he died in 1879 . The revision was completed by William Davidson Niven for publication in 1881 . A third edition was prepared by J. J. Thomson for publication in 1892 .   According to one historian ,  The Treatise was notoriously hard to read ; it teemed with ideas but lacked the clear focus and orderly presentation that might have enabled it to win converts more readily . Rather than simply expounding his own system , Maxwell had set out to write a comprehensive treatise on electrical science , and so he had allowed his own new distinctive ideas , notably that of the displacement current , to be almost buried under long accounts of miscellaneous phenomena discussed from several points of view . Except for a fuller treatment of the Faraday effect ( in which he again invoked the molecular vortices ) , Maxwell added little to his earlier work on the electromagnetic theory of light ; he said nothing , for example , about how electromagnetic waves might be generated , nor did he attempt to derive laws governing reflection and refraction .   Maxwell introduced the use of vector fields , and his labels have been perpetuated :  A ( vector potential ) , B ( magnetic induction ) , C ( electric current ) , D ( displacement ) , E ( electric field -- Maxwell 's electromotive intensity ) , F ( mechanical force ) , H ( magnetic field -- Maxwell 's magnetic force ) .   Maxwell 's work is considered an exemplar of rhetoric of science :  Lagrange 's equations appear in the Treatise as the culmination of a long series of rhetorical moves , including ( among others ) Green 's theorem , Gauss 's potential theory and Faraday 's lines of force -- all of which have prepared the reader for the Lagrangian vision of a natural world that is whole and connected : a veritable sea change from Newton 's vision .

neg: James Franck James Franck ( 26 August 1882 -- 21 May 1964 ) was a German physicist who won the 1925 Nobel Prize for Physics with Gustav Hertz `` for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom '' . He completed his doctorate in 1906 and his habilitation in 1911 at the Frederick William University in Berlin , where he lectured and taught until 1918 , having reached the position of professor extraordinarius . He served as a volunteer in the German Army during World War I . He was seriously injured in 1917 in a gas attack and was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class .   Franck became the Head of the Physics Division of the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft for Physical Chemistry . In 1920 , Franck became professor ordinarius of experimental physics and Director of the Second Institute for Experimental Physics at the University of Göttingen . While there he worked on quantum physics with Max Born , who was Director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics . His work included the Franck -- Hertz experiment , an important confirmation of the Bohr model of the atom . He promoted the careers of women in physics , notably Lise Meitner , Hertha Sponer and Hilde Levi .   After the NSDAP came to power in Germany in 1933 , Franck resigned his post in protest against the dismissal of fellow academics . He assisted Frederick Lindemann in helping dismissed Jewish scientists find work overseas , before he left Germany in November 1933 . After a year at the Niels Bohr Institute in Denmark , he moved to the United States , where he worked at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore and then the University of Chicago . During this period he became interested in photosynthesis .   Franck participated in the Manhattan Project during World War II as Director of the Chemistry Division of the Metallurgical Laboratory . He was also the chairman of the Committee on Political and Social Problems regarding the atomic bomb , which is best known for the compilation of the Franck Report , which recommended that the atomic bombs not be used on the Japanese cities without warning .

neg: Technological momentum Technological momentum is a theory about the relationship between technology and society over time . The term was originally developed by the historian of technology Thomas P. Hughes .   Hughes 's thesis is a synthesis of two separate models for how technology and society interact . One , technological determinism , claims that society itself is modified by the introduction of a new technology in an irreversible and irreparable way -- for example , the introduction of the automobile has influenced the manner in which American cities are designed , a change that can clearly be seen when comparing the pre-automobile cities on the East Coast to the post-automobile cities on the West Coast . Technology , under this model , self-propagates as well -- there is no turning back once adoption has taken place , and the very existence of the technology means that it will continue to exist in the future .   The other model , social determinism , claims that society itself controls how a technology is used and developed -- for example , the rejection of nuclear power technology in the USA amid the public fears after the Three Mile Island incident .   Technological momentum takes the two models and adds time as the unifying factor . In Hughes 's theory , when a technology is young , deliberate control over its use and scope is possible and enacted by society . However , as a technology matures , and becomes increasingly enmeshed in the society where it was created , its own deterministic force takes hold . In other words , Hughes 's says that the relationship between technology and society always starts with a social determinism model , but evolves into a form of technological determinism over time and as its use becomes more prevalent and important .   Since its introduction by Hughes , the technological momentum concept has been applied by a number of other historians of technology .

neg: Leo Szilard Leo Szilard ( -LSB- ˈsɪlɑːrd -RSB- Szilárd Leó -LSB- ˈsila : rd ˈlɛo : -RSB- ; Leo Spitz until age 2 ; February 11 , 1898 -- May 30 , 1964 ) was a Hungarian-born physicist and inventor . He conceived the nuclear chain reaction in 1933 , patented the idea of a nuclear reactor with Enrico Fermi , and in late 1939 wrote the letter for Albert Einstein 's signature that resulted in the Manhattan Project that built the atomic bomb .   Szilard initially attended Palatine Joseph Technical University in Budapest , but his engineering studies were interrupted by service in the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I . He left Hungary for Germany in 1919 , enrolling at Technische Hochschule ( Institute of Technology ) in Berlin-Charlottenburg , but became bored with engineering and transferred to Friedrich Wilhelm University , where he studied physics . He wrote his doctoral thesis on Maxwell 's demon , a long-standing puzzle in the philosophy of thermal and statistical physics . Szilard was the first to recognize the connection between thermodynamics and Information theory .   In addition to the nuclear reactor , Szilard submitted patent applications for a linear accelerator in 1928 , and a cyclotron in 1929 . He also conceived the idea of an electron microscope . Between 1926 and 1930 , he worked with Einstein on the development of the Einstein refrigerator . After Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933 , Szilard urged his family and friends to flee Europe while they still could . He moved to England , where he helped found the Academic Assistance Council , an organization dedicated to helping refugee scholars find new jobs . While in England he discovered a means of isotope separation known as the Szilard -- Chalmers effect .   Foreseeing another war in Europe , Szilard moved to the United States in 1938 , where he worked with Enrico Fermi and Walter Zinn on means of creating a nuclear chain reaction . He was present when this was achieved on December 2 , 1942 . He worked for the Manhattan Project 's Metallurgical Laboratory on aspects of nuclear reactor design . He drafted the Szilard petition advocating a demonstration of the atomic bomb , but the Interim Committee chose to use them against cities without warning .   After the war , Szilard switched to biology . He invented the chemostat , discovered feedback inhibition , and was involved in the first cloning of a human cell . He publicly sounded the alarm against the possible development of salted thermonuclear bombs , a new kind of nuclear weapon that might annihilate mankind . Diagnosed with bladder cancer in 1960 , he underwent treatment using a cobalt-60 treatment that he had designed . He helped found the Salk Institute for Biological Studies , where he became a resident fellow . Szilard founded Council for a Livable World in 1962 to deliver `` the sweet voice of reason '' about nuclear weapons to Congress , the White House , and the American public . He died in his sleep of a heart attack in 1964 .

neg: Konstantin Konstantinov Konstantin Ivanovich Konstantinov ( Константин Иванович Константинов , 1817 or 1819 -- 12 January 1871 ) was a Russian artillery officer and scientist in the fields of artillery , rocketry and instrument making . He completed his military career at the rank of Lieutenant General .   He was an illegitimate son of Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia and a French actress .   Konstantinov graduated from Mikhailovskoye Artillery School in St. Petersburg in 1836 . In 1844 , he invented a device for measuring the flight speed of projectiles at any point of their trajectory . In 1847 Konstantinov created a ballistic rocket pendulum , which would allow to establish a law of changing rocket motion in time . With the help of this device , he was able to determine the influence of the form and design of a rocket on its ballistic characteristics , thereby laying the foundations for calculated rocket designs . In 1849 he was appointed commander of the Petersburg Rocketry Department . In 1861 , he supervised the construction of a rocket factory in Nikolayev , which he would head six years later .   Konstantinov is known to have created structurally perfect missiles ( for the 19th century ) with a range of 4 to 5 km , launch pads , and rocket-making machines . He authored a number of works on rocket science , artillery , firearms , pyrotechnics , and aeronautics . A crater on the far side of the Moon is named after him .

neg: Giovanni Battista Beccaria Giovanni Battista Beccaria ( -LSB- bekkaˈriːa -RSB- ; 3 October 1716 -- 27 May 1781 ) , Italian physicist , was born at Mondovì , and entered the religious Order of the Pious Schools or Piarists , in 1732 , where he studied , and afterward taught , grammar and rhetoric . At the same time , he applied himself with success to mathematics .   He became professor of experimental physics , first at Palermo and then at Rome , and was appointed to a similar position at Turin in 1748 . He was afterwards made tutor to the young princes de Chablais and de Carignan , and continued to reside principally at Turin during the remainder of his life . In May 1755 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London , and published several papers on electrical subjects in the Phil . Trans . . In 1759 , King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia , who had invited him to Turin , employed him to measure the degree of meridian arc in Piedmont .   Beccaria did much , in the way both of experiment and exposition , to spread a knowledge of the electrical researches of Benjamin Franklin and others . His principal work was the treatise Dell ' Elettricismo Naturale ed Artificiale ( 1753 ) , which was translated into English in 1776 .

neg: Victor Della-Vos Victor Karlovich Della-Vos ( 1829-1890 ) was a Russian educationalist and proponent of manual training .   Della-Vos graduated from Moscow University in 1853 with a degree in physical and mathematical sciences and soon embarked on his teaching career . In 1858 he went to Paris to study machine tool manufacture . After also visiting London where he studied agricultural machinery he returned to Russia in 1864 to take up the post of professor of mechanics at the Petrovsky Academy . By 1868 he was appointed director of the Moscow Imperial Technical Academy . He became widely known for his combination of both theoretical and practical approaches to education .   Following his participation in the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition in 1876 , his approach was taken up by John Runkle of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Calvin Woodward of Washington University . This combination of tool and job analysis provided a basis of what would eventually become Taylorism .

neg: Vsevolod Frederiks Vsevolod Konstantinovich Frederiks ( or Fréedericksz ; Всеволод Константинович Фредерикс -LSB- ˈvʲsʲɛvəɫəd fʲrʲɪdʲɪˈrʲiks -RSB- ; April 29 , 1885 , Warsaw -- January 6 , 1944 , Gorkiy ) was a Russian/Soviet physicist . His primary contribution to physics was in the field of liquid crystals . The Frederiks transition was named after him .   After high school Frederiks attended Geneva University and for one semester attended the lectures of Paul Langevin in Paris . After defending his thesis and obtaining his PhD , Fredericks decided to continue his studies at Göttingen University . He was there for more than eight years , and with the outbreak of World War I he became a civil prisoner . During that period he became personal assistant to David Hilbert .   In the summer of 1918 Frederiks returned to Russia , and worked at the Institute of Physics and Biophysics in Moscow . In 1919 he became a lecturer at the University of Petrograd .   He was arrested by the NKVD in 1937 , and although released before the war he died before reaching home .

neg: Institute for Advanced Study The Institute for Advanced Study ( IAS ) in Princeton , New Jersey , in the United States , is an independent , postdoctoral research center for theoretical research and intellectual inquiry founded in 1930 by American educator Abraham Flexner , together with philanthropists Louis Bamberger and Caroline Bamberger Fuld .   The IAS is perhaps best known as the academic home of Albert Einstein , Hermann Weyl , John von Neumann and Kurt Gödel , after their immigration to the United States . Although it is close to and collaborates with Princeton University , Rutgers University , and other nearby institutions , it is independent and does not charge tuition or fees .   Flexner 's guiding principle in founding the Institute was the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake . There are no degree programs or experimental facilities at the Institute . Research is never contracted or directed ; it is left to each individual researcher to pursue their own goals . Established during the rise of European fascism , the IAS played a key role in the transfer of intellectual capital from Europe to America and soon acquired a reputation at the pinnacle of academic and scientific life -- a reputation it has retained .   It is supported entirely by endowments , grants , and gifts , and is one of the eight American mathematics institutes funded by the National Science Foundation . It is the model for the other eight members of the consortium Some Institutes for Advanced Study .   The institute consists of four schools -- Historical Studies , Mathematics , Natural Sciences , and Social Sciences ; there is also a program in theoretical biology .

neg: Electron The electron is a subatomic particle , symbol or , with a negative elementary electric charge . Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family , and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no known components or substructure . The electron has a mass that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton . Quantum mechanical properties of the electron include an intrinsic angular momentum ( spin ) of a half-integer value , expressed in units of the reduced Planck constant , ħ . As it is a fermion , no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state , in accordance with the Pauli exclusion principle . Like all elementary particles , electrons exhibit properties of both particles and waves : they can collide with other particles and can be diffracted like light . The wave properties of electrons are easier to observe with experiments than those of other particles like neutrons and protons because electrons have a lower mass and hence a longer De Broglie wavelength for a given energy .   Electrons play an essential role in numerous physical phenomena , such as electricity , magnetism , and thermal conductivity , and they also participate in gravitational , electromagnetic and weak interactions . Since an electron has charge , it has a surrounding electric field , and if that electron is moving relative to an observer it will generate a magnetic field . Electromagnetic fields produced from other sources ( not those self-produced ) will affect the motion of an electron according to the Lorentz force law . Electrons radiate or absorb energy in the form of photons when they are accelerated . Laboratory instruments are capable of trapping individual electrons as well as electron plasma by the use of electromagnetic fields . Special telescopes can detect electron plasma in outer space . Electrons are involved in many applications such as electronics , welding , cathode ray tubes , electron microscopes , radiation therapy , lasers , gaseous ionization detectors and particle accelerators .   Interactions involving electrons with other subatomic particles are of interest in fields such as chemistry and nuclear physics . The Coulomb force interaction between the positive protons within atomic nuclei and the negative electrons without , allows the composition of the two known as atoms . Ionization or differences in the proportions of negative electrons versus positive nuclei changes the binding energy of an atomic system . The exchange or sharing of the electrons between two or more atoms is the main cause of chemical bonding . In 1838 , British natural philosopher Richard Laming first hypothesized the concept of an indivisible quantity of electric charge to explain the chemical properties of atoms . Irish physicist George Johnstone Stoney named this charge ` electron ' in 1891 , and J. J. Thomson and his team of British physicists identified it as a particle in 1897 . Electrons can also participate in nuclear reactions , such as nucleosynthesis in stars , where they are known as beta particles . Electrons can be created through beta decay of radioactive isotopes and in high-energy collisions , for instance when cosmic rays enter the atmosphere . The antiparticle of the electron is called the positron ; it is identical to the electron except that it carries electrical and other charges of the opposite sign . When an electron collides with a positron , both particles can be totally annihilated , producing gamma ray photons .

neg: Telecommunication Telecommunication is the transmission of signs , signals , messages , words , writings , images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire , radio , optical or other electromagnetic systems . Telecommunication occurs when the exchange of information between communication participants includes the use of technology . It is transmitted either electrically over physical media , such as cables , or via electromagnetic radiation . Such transmission paths are often divided into communication channels which afford the advantages of multiplexing . The term is often used in its plural form , telecommunications , because it involves many different technologies .   Early means of communicating over a distance included visual signals , such as beacons , smoke signals , semaphore telegraphs , signal flags , and optical heliographs . Other examples of pre-modern long-distance communication included audio messages such as coded drumbeats , lung-blown horns , and loud whistles . 20th and 21st century technologies for long-distance communication usually involve electrical and electromagnetic technologies , such as telegraph , telephone , and teleprinter , networks , radio , microwave transmission , fiber optics , and communications satellites .   A revolution in wireless communication began in the first decade of the 20th century with the pioneering developments in radio communications by Guglielmo Marconi , who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 . Other notable pioneering inventors and developers in the field of electrical and electronic telecommunications include Charles Wheatstone and Samuel Morse ( inventors of the telegraph ) , Alexander Graham Bell ( inventor of the telephone ) , Edwin Armstrong and Lee de Forest ( inventors of radio ) , as well as Vladimir K. Zworykin , John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth ( some of the inventors of television ) .

neg: Magnetic field A magnetic field is the magnetic effect of electric currents and magnetic materials . The magnetic field at any given point is specified by both a direction and a magnitude ( or strength ) ; as such it is represented by a vector field.Strictly speaking , a magnetic field is a pseudo vector ; pseudo-vectors , which also include torque and rotational velocity , are similar to vectors except that they remain unchanged when the coordinates are inverted . The term is used for two distinct but closely related fields denoted by the symbols and , where is measured in units of amperes per meter ( symbol : A ⋅ m − 1 or A/m ) in the SI . is measured in teslas ( symbol : T ) and newtons per meter per ampere ( symbol : N ⋅ m − 1 ⋅ A − 1 or N / ( m ⋅ A ) ) in the SI . is most commonly defined in terms of the Lorentz force it exerts on moving electric charges .   Magnetic fields can be produced by moving electric charges and the intrinsic magnetic moments of elementary particles associated with a fundamental quantum property , their spin . In special relativity , electric and magnetic fields are two interrelated aspects of a single object , called the electromagnetic tensor ; the split of this tensor into electric and magnetic fields depends on the relative velocity of the observer and charge . In quantum physics , the electromagnetic field is quantized and electromagnetic interactions result from the exchange of photons .   In everyday life , magnetic fields are most often encountered as a force created by permanent magnets , which pull on ferromagnetic materials such as iron , cobalt , or nickel , and attract or repel other magnets . Magnetic fields are widely used throughout modern technology , particularly in electrical engineering and electromechanics . The Earth produces its own magnetic field , which is important in navigation , and it shields the Earth 's atmosphere from solar wind . Rotating magnetic fields are used in both electric motors and generators . Magnetic forces give information about the charge carriers in a material through the Hall effect . The interaction of magnetic fields in electric devices such as transformers is studied in the discipline of magnetic circuits .

neg: Michael Nikoletseas Michael M. Nikoletseas is a medical scientist , philosopher , classicist , poet . He was born in Androussa , Messinia , Greece in 1943 . After graduating from high school in Greece , he came to America where he studied Psychology ( B.A. with Honors , 1969-1973 ) , Psychobiology ( Rutgers University , M.S. , PhD , 1973-1978 ) , and continued with postdoctoral studies at the Medical College of Pennsylvania and University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey . He taught at the School of Medicine of the University of Wisconsin in Madison , WI , and UPR . Visiting professor at the University of Texas at Houston School of Medicine . He has written books spanning a wide range : medicine , neuroscience , mathematics , philosophy , the classics , and literature . His outstanding accomplishment is his groundbreaking work on presocratic philosophers in relation to philosophy of science and his interpretation of Homer 's Iliad from an anthropological , psychoanalytic perspective . Awards : Franklin Honors Society .   Parents : Johannes Peter Müller ( Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin ) - > Hermann von Helmholtz ( Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin ) - > Wilhelm Max Wundt ( Universität Leipzig ) - > Edward B. Titchener ( Cornell University ) - > John Paul Nafe - > Clarence Graham ( Columbia University ) - > William S. Verplank , Jr. ( Indiana University Bloomington ) - > George H. Collier ( Rutgers University ) - > Michael M. Nikoletseas

neg: Helmholtz Institute Jena The Helmholtz Institute Jena was founded as an outstation of the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung on June 25 , 2009 and is located on the campus of the Friedrich Schiller University ( FSU ) in the city of Jena , Germany . Its purpose is to unite the research activities of the FSU in the fields of high intensity laser physics and x-ray spectroscopy with the expertise of the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron ( DESY ) , GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf in the fields of accelerator physics , laser physics and x-ray technology .  The research profile of the Helmholtz Institute Jena is focused on the physics occurring at the border between conventional particle-acceleration technology and the fast-evolving field of laser-induced particle acceleration . ( e.g. wakefield accelerator ) . It is concerned with advancing these new laser-induced accelerator concepts , as well as with the production and investigation of intense photon and particle beams , including their interaction with matter . Therefore the main activities of the institute are emphasized on the development of high intensity lasers , new concepts for laser-driven particle acceleration , x-ray spectroscopy and strong-field quantum electrodynamics , as well as on the physics of hot dense plasmas . Apart from that the Helmholtz Institute Jena aims to contribute to the further development of the research facilities at the Helmholtz center GSI , especially the future project FAIR ( Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research ) , and DESY with the free-electron laser ( FEL ) photon sources FLASH and XFEL ( European XFEL ) .  In cooperation with the FSU Jena a completely diode-pumped laser system of the high energy petawatt class ( HEPW ) with the POLARIS laser is realized in the building of the Helmholtz Institute Jena . First measurements are done since 2008 . Due to the missing last amplifier stage the pulse strength of 1 PW could n't be reached yet .  The graduate school `` Research School for Advanced Photon Science '' ( RS-APS ) was established at the Helmholtz Institute Jena in July 2012 . The RS-APS supports up to 25 PhD students and provides a structured graduation program in cooperation with facilities of the FSU Jena and the Helmholtz Graduate School for Hadron and Ion Research ( HGS-HIRe ) .

neg: List of engineering schools Engineering education at the higher education level includes both undergraduate and graduate levels . Schools which provide such education are typically part of a university , institute of technology , or polytechnic institute . Such scholastic divisions for engineering are generally referred to by several different names , the most common being College of Engineering or School of Engineering , and typically consist of several departments , each of which has its own faculty and teaches a certain branch of engineering . Students frequently specialize in specific branches of engineering , such as mechanical engineering , electrical engineering , chemical engineering , or civil engineering , or others .

neg: Milan Kurepa Milan V. Kurepa ( 1933 -- 2000 ) was a renowned Serbian atomic physicist .   Kurepa was born on 1 May 1933 in town of Bačka Palanka , Vojvodina , Serbia . In 1956 , he began his working at the Vinca Nuclear Institute in Belgrade . Kurepa graduated from the University of Belgrade Faculty of Mathematics under Aleksandar Milojević , and later electrical engineering in the United Kingdom , under J. D. Craggs . His thesis topic was slow electron scattering off atoms and molecules .   Kurepa then joined the University of Belgrade physics department as an assistant professor . He became a professor in 1981 and continued in that position until his retirement in 1998 . Kurepa often worked at Universities abroad , including Germany and the UK . Kurepa 's pedagogical work at the undergraduate and graduate levels was highly valued . He was a coauthor of 12 university and 4 high-school textbooks .   In 1964 , Kurepa joined the newly founded Institute of Physics at the University of Belgrade as a research scientist . There , he started the Atomic Physics Laboratory . Due primarily to Kurepa 's leadership , the Atomic Physics Laboratory gained an international reputation in the field of electron collisions with atoms or molecules . At present , about a dozen of Kurepa 's students are scientists and professors at leading universities in Australia , Belgium , the UK , France , Germany , Slovenia , Sweden , and the United States .   He was an outstanding organizer , coordinating numerous domestic and international conferences . He served as president of many Yugoslavian academic institutions .   In 1994 , Kurepa was elected the corresponding member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts . During the isolation of Yugoslavian scientists from the rest of the world due to United Nations sanctions , Kurepa organized a very successful meeting of SANU in 1997 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the discovery of the electron .   Kurepa fought for democracy in Yugoslavia . A vigorous adversary of Slobodan Milosevic 's regime , Kurepa founded in 1997 the Association of University Professors and Scientists , with the principal aim of fighting for the recovery of basic university freedoms in Serbia . He was AUPR 's first president . The association has been especially active since 1998 , when the University Act was introduced to abolish the autonomy of Serbian universities . AUPR has organized protest meetings at Serbian universities , published statements regarding university autonomy and freedom of opinion , appealed to international academic associations for intervention with the Serbian government , and engaged in similar activities .   During the 2000 electoral campaign , Kurepa traveled around Serbia with the students ' movement Otpor ! . Otpor awarded him a certificate , acknowledging him as `` the most resistive professor . ''

neg: Treatise on Natural Philosophy Treatise on Natural Philosophy was an 1867 text book by William Thomson ( later Lord Kelvin ) and Peter Guthrie Tait , published by Oxford University Press .   The Treatise was often referred to as T and T '' ' , as explained by Alexander Macfarlane :  Maxwell had facetiously referred to Thomson as T and Tait as T ' . Hence the Treatise on Natural Philosophy came to be commonly referred to as T and T '' ' in conversation with mathematicians .

neg: Mechanics Mechanics ( Greek μηχανική ) is an area of science concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements , and the subsequent effects of the bodies on their environment .  The scientific discipline has its origins in Ancient Greece with the writings of Aristotle and Archimedes ( see History of classical mechanics and Timeline of classical mechanics ) . During the early modern period , scientists such as Khayaam , Galileo , Kepler , and Newton , laid the foundation for what is now known as classical mechanics .  It is a branch of classical physics that deals with particles that are either at rest or are moving with velocities significantly less than the speed of light .  It can also be defined as a branch of science which deals with the motion of and forces on objects .

neg: Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences The Institute of Philosophy was founded as the Institute of Scientific Philosophy in 1921 by Gustav Shpet , who was its first director until 1923 . The philosophy department of the University of Moscow had been disbanded in the summer of 1921 , however philosophers such as Semyon Frank and Ivan Ilyin attempted to set up temporary courses at the new institute . However , the Bolsheviks soon put a stop to this and Frank and Ilyin where amongst the deportees sent into exile on the philosophers ' ships . Shpet 's name was put forward for deportation but Anatoli Lunacharsky , the People 's Commissar for Education , intervened and he was allowed to remain in Russia .

neg: Electromagnetic mass Electromagnetic mass was initially a concept of classical mechanics , denoting as to how much the electromagnetic field , or the self-energy , is contributing to the mass of charged particles . It was first derived by J. J. Thomson in 1881 and was for some time also considered as a dynamical explanation of inertial mass per se . Today , the relation of mass , momentum , velocity and all forms of energy , including electromagnetic energy , is analyzed on the basis of Albert Einstein 's special relativity and mass -- energy equivalence . As to the cause of mass of elementary particles , the Higgs mechanism in the framework of the relativistic Standard Model is currently used . In addition , some problems concerning the electromagnetic mass and self-energy of charged particles are still studied .


query: Randy Orton has a nickname.

pos: Randy Orton Randal Keith Orton ( born April 1 , 1980 ) is an American professional wrestler and actor . He is currently signed to WWE , where he performs on the SmackDown brand .   Orton is a 13-time world champion . Orton has held the WWE Championship nine times ( eighth reign was as WWE World Heavyweight Champion ) and WWE 's World Heavyweight Championship four times , and was the final holder of the World Heavyweight Championship , which he unified with the WWE Championship to become the WWE World Heavyweight Champion . Orton is a third-generation professional wrestler ; his grandfather Bob Orton , Sr. , his father `` Cowboy '' Bob Orton , and his uncle Barry Orton all competed in the professional wrestling business . Before being promoted to the main World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) roster , Orton trained in and wrestled for Mid-Missouri Wrestling Association-Southern Illinois Conference Wrestling for a month . He was then sent to Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) , where he held the OVW Hardcore Championship twice .   Orton became a member of the stable Evolution shortly after his WWE debut , which quickly led to an Intercontinental Championship reign , his first title with the company . He also acquired the moniker `` The Legend Killer '' during a storyline where he began disrespecting and then physically attacking WWE Hall of Famers and wrestling veterans . At age 24 , he became the youngest world champion in WWE history after he won the World Heavyweight Championship . With this win , he departed from Evolution and a feud with his former stablemates began . In 2006 , Orton joined forces with Edge in a tag team known as Rated-RKO . Together , they held the World Tag Team Championship . After Rated-RKO disbanded in mid-2007 , Orton gained two WWE Championship reigns in one night , when at 27 he became the youngest two-time WWE Champion . He formed the group The Legacy with Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase in 2008 . It disbanded in 2010 and Orton returned to singles competition . From 2013 to 2015 , Orton was aligned with The Authority , who named him the `` face of the WWE '' . In late 2016 he joined The Wyatt Family , winning the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship with stablemates Bray Wyatt and Luke Harper before turning on Wyatt in February 2017 .   Overall , Orton has won 16 total championships in WWE . He is the winner of the 2013 Money in the Bank ladder match , both the 2009 and 2017 Royal Rumble matches , and has headlined multiple pay-per-view events for WWE , including WrestleMania XXV and WrestleMania XXX .

pos: Nickname A nickname is a substitute for the proper name of a familiar person , place , or thing , for affection or ridicule .   The term hypocoristic is used to refer to a nickname of affection between those in love or with a close emotional bond , compared with a term of endearment . The term diminutive name refers to nicknames that convey smallness , hence something regarded with affection or familiarity ( e.g. , referring to children ) , or contempt .   The distinction between the two is often blurred . It is a form of endearment and amusement . As a concept , it is distinct from both pseudonym and stage name , and also from a title ( for example , City of Fountains ) , although there may be overlap in these concepts .   A moniker also means a nickname or personal name .  The word often distinguishes personal names from nicknames that became proper names out of former nicknames . English examples are Bob and Rob , nickname variants for Robert .   A nickname is often considered desirable , symbolising a form of acceptance , but can sometimes be a form of ridicule .

neg: WWE One Night Stand WWE One Night Stand was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event , produced every June by WWE , a professional wrestling promotion based in Connecticut . The event was created in 2005 , with its inaugural event taking place in June of that year . The event 's name refers to its original format , that being a one night reunion show for former Extreme Championship Wrestling alumni . The first two shows were promoted under the ECW acronym ; this however was changed for the 2007 and 2008 events . As WWE launched their own version of ECW in 2006 , these two shows were promoted under the WWE acronym . The final event under the One Night Stand name was in 2008 before being renamed to Extreme Rules in 2009 . This event was noted by WWE to be a direct continuation of the One Night Stand chronology . However , the 2010 event was later promoted as only the second event under a new chronology , one that is no longer a direct continuation of the One Night Stand event .

neg: No Mercy (2007) No Mercy ( 2007 ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) , which took place on October 7 , 2007 , at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont , Illinois . It was the 10th annual No Mercy event and involved wrestlers from the Raw , SmackDown ! , and ECW brands .   Nine professional wrestling matches were scheduled on the event 's supercard . In the main event matches , Randy Orton defeated WWE Champion Triple H in a Last Man Standing match , and World Heavyweight Champion Batista defeated challenger The Great Khali in a Punjabi Prison match . Also on the undercard , WWE Champion Triple H defeated Umaga to retain his title and Finlay and Rey Mysterio fought to a no contest .   The 2007 No Mercy event had an approximate attendance of 12,500 and received approximately 271,000 pay-per-view buys . This event helped WWE obtain a pay-per-view revenue of $ 19.9 million . When the event was released on DVD , it reached a peak position of nineteenth on Billboard 's DVD Sales Chart .

neg: El Gran Luchadore El Gran Luchadore is the name of a masked Mexican professional wrestling character in World Wrestling Entertainment , seen on its SmackDown ! brand in 2004 . El Gran Luchadore ( loosely translated from Spanish to `` The Great Fighter/Wrestler , '' `` Luchadore '' is also an incorrect spelling , luchador is the correct spelling ) was mainly used as a jobber gimmick to put over other wrestlers .   The first WWE wrestler to wrestle as the El Gran Luchadore was Paul London on April 22 , 2004 in a squash match against John Bradshaw Layfield ( JBL ) , Paul Heyman convinced Bradshaw to accept a match with the `` Mexican Heavyweight Champion '' after hearing that El Gran Luchadore punked out Bradshaw at an airport .   Next up was Shannon Moore on July 8 , 2004 , billed as the `` champion of Mexico '' , would face WWE Champion JBL in a champion vs. champion match ( no titles on the line ) . A second squash match for JBL took an unexpected turn when El Gran Luchadore pulled a switcharoo with Eddie Guerrero ( in El Gran 's costume ) who came back fighting . When JBL finally clued that it was Guerrero , he ran away from the ring getting counted out in the process , allowing El Gran Luchadore to pick up his first victory .   The next appearance of El Gran Luchadore was on July 15 , 2004 edition of SmackDown ! . During a Steel Cage match between Guerrero and JBL which saw both men sat on top of the Cage , exchanging punches until El Gran Luchadore ran down and climbed into the cage . This El Gran Luchadore held Eddie Guerrero 's leg , allowing Bradshaw to climb down the side of the cage to win . After the match El Gran Luchadore tried to get out of the locked door , but then decided to climb out the way he came in . Eddie Guerrero got to his feet and climbed up the cage struggling to get him back into the cage . Luchadore was able to get away , but in the struggle Guerrero pulled the mask off of him , revealing him to be the supposedly injured Kurt Angle .

neg: List of city nicknames in Wisconsin This list of city nicknames in Wisconsin compiles the aliases , sobriquets and slogans that Wisconsin 's cities and towns are known by ( or have been known by historically ) , officially and unofficially , to municipal governments , local people , outsiders or their tourism boards or chambers of commerce . City nicknames can help in establishing a civic identity , helping outsiders recognize a community or attracting people to a community because of its nickname ; promote civic pride ; and build community unity . Nicknames and slogans that successfully create a new community `` ideology or myth '' are also believed to have economic value . Their economic value is difficult to measure , but there are anecdotal reports of cities that have achieved substantial economic benefits by `` branding '' themselves by adopting new slogans .   Some unofficial nicknames are positive , while others are derisive . The unofficial nicknames listed here have been in use for a long time or have gained wide currency .

neg: Ring of Honor Ring of Honor ( ROH ) is an American professional wrestling promotion , founded in 2002 by RF Video owner Rob Feinstein . From 2004 to 2011 , the promotion was under the ownership of Cary Silkin before being sold to the Sinclair Broadcast Group ( SBG ) , an American telecommunications company that operates the largest number of local television stations in the United States .   ROH holds TV tapings , pay-per-view events , live events , and Internet pay-per-view events throughout the United States and Canada . It has also held shows in the United Kingdom and Japan . Annual shows include the Anniversary Show , Supercard of Honor ( held annually during WrestleMania weekend ) , Best in the World , Global Wars , Death Before Dishonor , Glory By Honor , and Final Battle ( the last show of the calendar year and ROH 's marquee event ) .   ROH records all of its shows and sells them on DVD through mail order via its online store , and the DVDs have developed a fanbase for the promotion in the United States and beyond . In 2009 , ROH signed a television deal with HDNet , which aired shows every week until 2011 . As of September 2011 , ROH 's flagship broadcast Ring of Honor Wrestling has been syndicated by parent company Sinclair Broadcasting , and airs on Sinclair owned stations across the country . ROH is also broadcast on Samurai TV in Japan , and is the third-largest professional wrestling promotion in the United States , behind WWE and after Impact Wrestling .   On June 22 , 2014 , ROH had its first live pay-per-view broadcast , Best in the World , from Nashville , Tennessee . It was followed-up on December 7 with their biggest show of the year Final Battle , from Terminal 5 in New York City . Their next pay-per-view aired March 1 , 2015 , which was their 13th Anniversary Show , from Las Vegas , Nevada .

neg: Davey Boy Smith David `` Davey Boy '' Smith ( 27 November 1962 -- 18 May 2002 ) was a British professional wrestler . Born in Golborne , Lancashire , Smith is best known for his appearances in the United States with the World Wrestling Federation under his own name and under the ring name The British Bulldog .   He was trained by Ted Betley in Winwick , England before relocating to Calgary , Alberta , Canada to further his training under Stu Hart . While training with Hart , Smith met Stu and Helen Hart 's youngest daughter Diana , whom he married in 1984 . One of their two children , Harry , is also a professional wrestler .   Smith won titles within the WWF in three decades , from the 1980s to the 2000s . Never a world champion , Smith nevertheless headlined multiple pay-per-view events in the WWF and WCW , in which he challenged for the WWF - and WCW World Heavyweight championships . He defeated Bret Hart for the WWF Intercontinental Championship in the main event of SummerSlam 1992 at London 's original Wembley Stadium ; he also has the distinction of being the inaugural and longest reigning WWF European Champion in a total of 206 days , and to have held the title on the sole occasion where a match for that championship headlined a pay-per-view event , at One Night Only in 1997 . Prior to finding singles success , Smith achieved stardom as one half of The British Bulldogs tag team , alongside the Dynamite Kid .

neg: She Cries Your Name `` She Cries Your Name '' is a song by Beth Orton , released as her third single and found on her 1996 release Trailer Park . It was re-released in 1997 , with a different set of b-sides . Both releases contain 4 songs , and were released on CD and vinyl . The initial release peaked at # 76 , and the re-release at # 40 in the UK official singles chart .   A very different version of the song also featuring Beth Orton appears on the William Orbit album Strange Cargo Hinterland .

neg: Royal Rumble (2014) Royal Rumble ( 2014 ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by WWE and presented by Jackson Hewitt which took place on January 26 , 2014 at the Consol Energy Center in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . It was the twenty-seventh annual Royal Rumble , the first to be held in the city of Pittsburgh and the first WWE pay-per-view in 2014 .   The event featured four professional wrestling matches and one pre-show match , two of which were for championships . The main event was the Royal Rumble match , a battle royal in which wrestlers enter the ring at regular intervals . Batista won by last eliminating Roman Reigns to become a two-time Royal Rumble winner . Elsewhere on the event 's card , Randy Orton successfully defended the WWE World Heavyweight Championship against John Cena , Bray Wyatt defeated Daniel Bryan , and Brock Lesnar defeated Big Show . On the event 's pre-show , The New Age Outlaws defeated Goldust and Cody Rhodes to become the new WWE Tag Team Champions .   The event is known for the overwhelmingly negative crowd response during the Orton-Cena title match , as well as towards the end of ( and after ) the Royal Rumble match , when the fans booed the Rumble winner Batista and repeatedly chanted for Daniel Bryan ( who had competed earlier in the night and was not involved in the main event ) . Fans worldwide ( including retired wrestler Mick Foley ) voiced their displeasure over social media , and the event was covered by many major news outlets as one of the worst Royal Rumble pay-per-views . However , the bout between Daniel Bryan and Bray Wyatt was highly praised by fans and critics . The event also marked the final wrestling appearance of CM Punk , who walked out on WWE the next day despite still being under contract and subsequently signed a contract to compete in the UFC .   The event received 467,000 buys , down 8.8 % from the 512,000 buys for the previous year 's event .

neg: Bad Blood (2003) Bad Blood ( 2003 ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) and presented by Maxim Hair Color , which took place on June 15 , 2003 , at the Compaq Center in Houston , Texas . It was the second event produced under the Bad Blood name and starred wrestlers from the Raw brand . This event marked the beginning of worldwide pay-per-views ( with the exception of the older and more significant Royal Rumble , WrestleMania , SummerSlam and Survivor Series pay-per-views ) being brand exclusive ( UK-only pay-per-views had been brand exclusive since Insurrextion 2002 ) .   The main event was a Hell in a Cell match , featuring wrestlers fighting in a ring surrounded by a steel structure . In this match , World Heavyweight Champion Triple H defeated Kevin Nash to retain his title . Two predominant bouts were featured on the undercard ; in respective singles matches , Ric Flair defeated Shawn Michaels and Goldberg defeated Chris Jericho .   The event marked the second time the Hell in a Cell format was used by WWE in a Bad Blood event ; the first was at In Your House : Badd Blood in 1997 . The 2003 Bad Blood event grossed over $ 500,000 ticket sales from an attendance of 10,000 and received about 285,000 pay-per-view buys , which was more than the following year 's event . This event helped WWE increase its yearly pay-per-view revenue by $ 6.2 million from the previous year . When the event was released on DVD , it reached a peak position of second on Billboard 's DVD Sales Chart .

neg: Backlash (2003) Backlash ( 2003 ) was the fifth annual Backlash professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It was presented by Castrol GTX , and took place on April 27 , 2003 , at the Worcester Centrum in Worcester , Massachusetts and starred talent from the promotion 's Raw and SmackDown ! brands .   The main event and featured match of the Raw brand was the encounter of Goldberg and The Rock , where Goldberg , in his first WWE Pay-Per-View , defeated Rock by pinfall , following a spear and a Jackhammer . The featured match on the undercard was a WWE Championship match from the SmackDown ! brand , between John Cena and the reigning champion , Brock Lesnar , where Lesnar defeated Cena by pinfall after an F-5 . The other predominant match on the undercard was a six-man tag team match from the Raw brand , between the team of Triple H , Ric Flair , and Chris Jericho facing Shawn Michaels , Kevin Nash , and Booker T. Triple H , Flair , and Jericho won the match by pinfall , after Triple H hit Nash with a sledgehammer . The predominant undercard match from the SmackDown ! brand was the encounter of The Big Show and Rey Mysterio , where Big Show pinned Mysterio after a chokeslam .   The event grossed $ 450,000 with 10,000 ticket sales and had a 0.67 buyrate . Following the event , Goldberg began a feud with Chris Jericho . At Bad Blood , Goldberg defeated Jericho via pinfall after a Jackhammer . Brock Lesnar began a storyline with The Big Show over the WWE Championship . At Judgment Day , Lesnar defeated The Big Show in a Stretcher match to retain the WWE Championship . Triple H engaged in a storyline with Kevin Nash over the World Heavyweight Championship . At Judgment Day , Nash defeated Triple H via disqualification ; due to WWE regulations , Triple H retained the championship .

neg: Professional wrestling tournament On various occasions in professional wrestling , a single-elimination tournament of varying match types are held , often to determine a championship or number-one contendership therein . It has been known for promotions to use title tournament that are fictitious in nature ( that is , the title may have been simply awarded under the pretext of winning a tournament elsewhere ) - notable ones include the tournaments that established the WWE World Heavyweight Championship , the WWE Intercontinental Championship , and the WWE United States Championship ( the latter when it was the NWA United States Championship ) .   In tournaments with a fixed bracket , a multiple-disqualification or a multiple-countout eliminates all parties involved , and those who are slated to face the winner of such a match simply partakes in a match with one less opponent ( or simply does not wrestle , if no opponents remain ) . Tournaments , however , rarely have a final match where only one such finalist remain , with no others qualifying for the final round .   Tournaments may employ a single match type throughout , or may vary match by match or round by round .

neg: No Way Out (2008) No Way Out ( 2008 ) was the tenth annual No Way Out professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It took place on February 17 , 2008 , at the Thomas & Mack Center in Las Vegas , Nevada . It starred wrestlers from the Raw , SmackDown , and ECW brands .   The main match on the Raw brand was an Elimination Chamber match to determine the number one contender for the WWE Championship at WrestleMania XXIV . Triple H won the match after last eliminating Jeff Hardy . The predominant match on the SmackDown brand was Edge versus Rey Mysterio for the World Heavyweight Championship , in which Edge won after spearing Mysterio in mid-air . The primary match on the ECW brand was Chavo Guerrero versus CM Punk for the ECW Championship . Guerrero won the match and retained the title after pinning Punk following a frog splash . The predominant match on the Raw brand was Randy Orton versus John Cena for the WWE Championship , which Cena won after Orton disqualified himself . The featured match on the undercard was an Elimination Chamber match to determine the number one contender to the World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania XXIV .   Presented by THQ 's Frontlines : Fuel of War , the event had 329,000 buys , up on the No Way Out 2007 figure of 218,000 buys .

neg: Tony Borne Anthony Wayne `` Tony '' Osborne ( July 13 , 1926 -- August 27 , 2010 ) was an American professional wrestler , better known by his ring name , `` Tough '' Tony Borne .

neg: WWE Cruiserweight Championship (1991–2007) The WWE Cruiserweight Championship was a professional wrestling championship originally used in World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) and later , World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment ( WWF/WWE ) . It was challenged by cruiserweights at a maximum weight of 225lbs . Following the acquisition of WCW by the then-WWF in 2001 , it became a WWF ( and later , WWE ) championship and replaced the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship . During the first WWE brand extension , it was the only title to be exclusive to the SmackDown ! brand during its entire tenure .   The championship was created in WCW in 1996 , with Shinjiro Otani as the inaugural champion . However , following WCW 's purchase , the WWF/E considered the title to be a continuation of the earlier WCW Light Heavyweight Championship , which had been created in 1991 with Brian Pillman as the inaugural champion . The Cruiserweight Championship was retired in 2007 with Hornswoggle as its final holder .   A new WWE Cruiserweight Championship was created in 2016 , and although both championships share the same name , the new championship does not carry the lineage of the original . The new WWE Cruiserweight Championship also has a different weight limit of 205lbs ( 93kg )

neg: Moonsault A moonsault , moonsault press , or back flip splash is a professional wrestling aerial technique . It was innovated by Mando Guerrero . Much of its popularity in both Japanese and American wrestling is attributed to The Great Muta , despite it being used in North America by `` Leaping '' Lanny Poffo years before Muta came from Japan .  In a standard moonsault , which is generally attempted from the top rope , a wrestler faces away from the supine opponent and executes a backflip landing on the opponent in a splash/press position but facing towards the elevated position . Though this move is generally attempted from the top rope to an opponent lying face up in the mat , myriad variations exist , including moonsaults that see the wrestler land on a standing opponent and forcing them down to the mat . The move is considered a higher-impact version of a splash , since the wrestler utilizes rotational speed .   A less common variation sees the wrestler perform a moonsault on a standing opponent , with the torso of the wrestler striking the torso of the opponent ( albeit upside down ) , forcing the opponent backwards and to the ground with the opponent on top of them , usually placing the opponent in a pinning predicament . Most of the variations listed below can also be performed on standing opponents .

neg: Armageddon (2006) Armageddon ( 2006 ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) and presented by Activision 's Call of Duty 3 , which took place on December 17 , 2006 , at the Richmond Coliseum in Richmond , Virginia . The event starred wrestlers from the SmackDown ! brand .   The main event was a tag team match , in which the team of Batista and John Cena defeated the team of King Booker and Finlay . Two featured bouts were scheduled on the undercard , including The Undertaker versus Mr. Kennedy , in a match where the objective was to place an opponent in a hearse located on the entrance stage and drive them out of the arena , which Undertaker won . The other match was an Inferno match featuring wrestlers attempting to set the opponent on fire with flames surrounding the ring . Kane defeated Montel Vontavious Porter .   The event grossed over $ 423,500 in ticket sales from an attendance of 8,200 . Canadian Online Explorer 's professional wrestling section rated the WWE Tag Team Championship match a nine out of ten stars , the highest match rating . The event was released on DVD on January 16 , 2007 by Sony Music Entertainment . The DVD reached second on Billboard 's DVD Sales Chart for recreational sports during the week of February 18 , 2007 , and it dropped to the tenth spot the following week .

neg: Bret "Hit Man" Hart: The Best There Is, the Best There Was, the Best There Ever Will Be Bret `` Hit Man '' Hart : The Best There Is , The Best There Was , The Best There Ever Will Be also known as The Bret Hart Story : The Best There Is , The Best There Was , The Best There Ever Will Be is a best selling DVD documentary film released as part of a three-DVD set on November 15 , 2005 , by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . The documentary chronicles the career of popular WWE wrestler Bret Hart . Hart collaborated with WWE to make the documentary , contributing hours of interview content to the film . This collaboration marked the first time Hart had worked in an on camera capacity with WWE since the Montreal Screwjob , which was Hart 's last in-ring appearance with the company until his return on January 4 , 2010 . The documentary chronicles Bret Hart 's wrestling career , from how he broke into the business as a member of the Hart family to his run in World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) . Highlights of matches from his days in his father 's Stampede Wrestling promotion , as well as his time in the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) and WCW are shown while insight is provided from Hart about what went on behind the scenes .   This is the second documentary about Bret Hart , the first being Hitman Hart : Wrestling with Shadows ( which was produced with cooperation by the WWF , but not released by WWF/E Home Video ) which chronicles Hart 's last days wrestling in the WWF and talks about his relationship with his brother Owen .

neg: Ric Savage Frank Huguelet ( born June 5 , 1969 ) is an American retired professional wrestler , better known by his ring name , `` Heavy Metal '' Ric Savage . He is the host of Savage Family Diggers , a reality treasure hunting show airing on Spike TV . He also conducts haunted `` ghost tours '' in Gettysburg , Pennsylvania .   Huguelet wrestled across the eastern seaboard of the U.S. from 1990 until 1997 . While spending much of his career in the independent circuits , he also wrestled for the National Wrestling Alliance , United States Wrestling Association , Extreme Championship Wrestling , World Championship Wrestling and National Championship Wrestling .

neg: WrestleMania 23 WrestleMania 23 was the twenty-third annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It was presented by 360 OTC and took place on April 1 , 2007 , at Ford Field in Detroit , Michigan . The event was the first WrestleMania at Ford Field and the second to take place in the Detroit metropolitan area ( following WrestleMania III , at the Pontiac Silverdome , in Pontiac , Michigan ) .   The event was a joint-brand pay-per-view , featuring performers from the Raw , SmackDown ! , and ECW brands . Eight professional wrestling matches were featured on the event 's supercard , a scheduling of more than one main event . The main match on the Raw brand was John Cena versus Shawn Michaels for the WWE Championship , in which Cena won . The predominant match on the SmackDown ! brand was Batista versus The Undertaker for the World Heavyweight Championship , in which The Undertaker was victorious . The primary match on the ECW brand was an eight-man tag team match between The ECW Originals and The New Breed ; The ECW Originals claimed victory in the match . Other featured matches on the card included ECW Champion Bobby Lashley ( representing Donald Trump ) versus Intercontinental Champion Umaga ( representing Vince McMahon ) in a match where either Trump or McMahon would be shaved bald if their wrestler lost , and an eight-man interpromotional Money in the Bank ladder match .   Tickets for the event went on sale on November 11 , 2006 . The all-time Ford Field attendance record of 80,103 consisted of people from all fifty U.S. states , twenty-four countries , and nine Canadian provinces . WrestleMania 23 grossed US$ 5.38 million in ticket sales , breaking the previous record of $ 3.9 million held at WrestleMania X8 . WWE estimated that $ 25 million was pumped into the Detroit economy . With about 1.2 million buys , the event was the highest WWE pay-per-view buyrate in history . WrestleMania XXVIII in 2012 passed 1.2 million buys with 1.21 million buys . It also has the fourth highest attendance in WrestleMania history behind only WrestleMania III and later WrestleMania 29 , and WrestleMania 32 which drew 80,676 fans in 2013 and 101,763 in 2016 , respectively .

neg: Randi Randi is both a given name , and a nickname in the English language , popular in North America and Norway . It is primarily a feminine name , although there is recorded usage of the name by men . It may have originated as a pet form of Miranda or as a feminine form of Randy . In turn , Randy was originally derived from the names Randall , Randolf , Randolph , Bertrand and Andrew .   In Norway , Randi is a feminine name that emerged in the 1400s as a short form of Ragnfrid ( Ragnfríðr ) . The original meaning in Old Norse is `` God-loving '' . Ragnfríðr was famously used about three different people in runic inscriptions from the Viking era . Later the variant Rangdid was common in the Middle Ages . Over 20 different people with the name was mentioned in the Regesta Norvegica . By the 1600s the variant Randi was a common feminine name in Norway .