query: John Constantine is a real person.

pos: John Constantine John Constantine ( -LSB- ˈkɒnstəntaɪn -RSB- ) is a fictional antihero , appearing in comic books published by DC Comics and the DC Comics imprint Vertigo . The character first appeared in Swamp Thing Vol . 2 No. 25 ( June 1984 ) , and was created by Alan Moore , Steve Bissette and John Totleben . He serves as the lead character of the comic books Hellblazer ( 1988 -- 2013 ) , Constantine ( 2013 -- 15 ) , Constantine : The Hellblazer ( 2015 -- 16 ) , and The Hellblazer ( 2016 -- ) .   The titular Hellblazer , Constantine is a working class occult detective and con man stationed in London . He is known for his endless cynicism , deadpan snarking , ruthless cunning and constant chain smoking , but is also a passionate humanist driven by a heartfelt desire to do some good in his life . Originally a supporting character who played a pivotal role in the `` American Gothic '' Swamp Thing storyline , Constantine received his own comic in 1988 . Pop artist Sting served as visual inspiration for the character .   A live-action film was released in 2005 entitled Constantine , in which an Americanized version of the character is played by actor Keanu Reeves . Welsh actor Matt Ryan was cast in the role of Constantine for the 2014 NBC television series Constantine , a role he reprised on The CW series Arrow , the animated film Justice League Dark and is set to reprise again in an upcoming animated continuation of his series on CW Seed .   The Hellblazer series was the longest-running and most successful title of DC 's Vertigo imprint . Empire ranked Constantine third in their 50 Greatest Comic Characters of All Time , while IGN ranked him No. 29 in their Top 100 Comic Book Heroes , and the character ranked No. 10 in Wizard '' s Top 200 Comic Book Characters of All Time .

neg: Monkeyman superhero hoax On 2 May 2003 local newspapers in Tunbridge Wells , Kent , England , published a story about mysterious `` caped crusader '' who appeared to be a real-life superhero . He was wearing a monkey mask and a cape , and had a large brown `` O '' emblazoned on his chest . He helped old ladies to cross the road , escorted people home from a pub , and saved people from harassing youths .   British media had a field day and even international news organizations got interested . The would-be-superhero was also mentioned on Have I Got News For You .   On 16 May 2003 the superhero was revealed to be a hoax , created by B3ta member `` ccc '' ( Chris Shaw ) . He gives the details of his hoax in this interview , and admits that there never was a `` Monkeyman '' performing good deeds .   In a BBC interview , he reveals that the `` O '' on his chest was , in fact , a ` zero ' meaning nothing at all .

neg: Constantine the Great and Christianity While the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great reigned ( 306 -- 337 AD ) , Christianity began to transition to the dominant religion of the Roman Empire . Historians remain uncertain about Constantine 's reasons for favoring Christianity , and theologians and historians have argued about which form of Early Christianity he subscribed to . There is no consensus among scholars as to whether he adopted his mother Helena 's Christianity in his youth , or ( as claimed by Eusebius of Caesarea ) encouraged her to convert to the faith himself . Some scholars question the extent to which he should be considered a Christian emperor : `` Constantine saw himself as an 'em peror of the Christian people ' . If this made him a Christian is the subject of ... debate . '' , although he allegedly received a baptism shortly before his death .   Constantine 's decision to cease the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire was a turning point for Early Christianity , sometimes referred to as the Triumph of the Church , the Peace of the Church or the Constantinian shift . In 313 , Constantine and Licinius issued the Edict of Milan decriminalizing Christian worship . The emperor became a great patron of the Church and set a precedent for the position of the Christian emperor within the Church and the notion of orthodoxy , Christendom , ecumenical councils and the state church of the Roman Empire declared by edict in 380 . He is revered as a saint and isapostolos in the Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodox Church for his example as a `` Christian monarch . ''

neg: Josephus on Jesus The extant manuscripts of the writings of the 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian Flavius Josephus include references to Jesus and the origins of Christianity . Josephus ' Antiquities of the Jews , written around 93 -- 94 AD , includes two references to the biblical Jesus Christ in Books 18 and 20 and a reference to John the Baptist in Book 18 .   Scholarly opinion varies on the total or partial authenticity of the reference in Book 18 , Chapter 3 , 3 of the Antiquities , a passage that states that Jesus the Messiah was a wise teacher who was crucified by Pilate , usually called the Testimonium Flavianum . The general scholarly view is that while the Testimonium Flavianum is most likely not authentic in its entirety , it is broadly agreed upon that it originally consisted of an authentic nucleus , which was then subject to Christian expansion/alteration . Although the exact nature and extent of the Christian redaction remains unclear , there is broad consensus as to what the original text of the Testimonium by Josephus would have looked like .   Modern scholarship has largely acknowledged the authenticity of the reference in Book 20 , Chapter 9 , 1 of the Antiquities to `` the brother of Jesus , who was called Christ , whose name was James '' and considers it as having the highest level of authenticity among the references of Josephus to Christianity .   Almost all modern scholars consider the reference in Book 18 , Chapter 5 , 2 of the Antiquities to the imprisonment and death of John the Baptist also to be authentic and not a Christian interpolation .   The references found in Antiquities have no parallel texts in the other work by Josephus such as the Jewish War , written 20 years earlier , but some scholars have provided explanations for their absence . A number of variations exist between the statements by Josephus regarding the deaths of James and John the Baptist and the New Testament accounts . Scholars generally view these variations as indications that the Josephus passages are not interpolations , for a Christian interpolator would have made them correspond to the New Testament accounts , not differ from them .

neg: Corporate personality Corporate personality is a concept in Christian theology that was articulated by H. Wheeler Robinson . As originally formulated , it dealt with areas of the Old Testament where the relationships between individuals and the groups that they were part of were treated . For example , Achan 's family was ( at least in some interpretations of the text ) collectively punished for a sin that is viewed as primarily Achan 's alone . It has since fallen out of favour with theologians , who now favour other interpretations of the Old Testament . However , some theologians still use the idea , construed in a more narrow sense , to explain the use of '' ἐν '' for `` in Christ '' ( amongst others ) in the New Testament writings of Paul the Apostle .   The notion of Old Testament corporate personality encompasses four things :  identificationIndividuals are never considered to be isolated from the groups that they belong to , and are often treated as representatives for , or even as wholly identified with , those groups .  extensionThe boundaries of the individual are extended to additionally encompass other people that belong to that individual . This extension can be both in space , from a king to a kingdom , and in time , from a parent to his descendants . Examples of extension include Achan ( mentioned earlier ) , Korah ( Izhar 's son ) , and David , where a leader is punished or rewarded by punishing or rewarding those whom he leads .  realismThe relationship between the group and the individual is a real one .  oscillationThere exists an oscillation back and forth between the group and the individual .   In Pauline theology , the notion of corporate personality is largely restricted to its representational aspect . Paul 's comparison between Jesus Christ and Adam is viewed , by those theologians that adhere to the notion , as an identification of Christ as the king and those people in the kingdom that he leads . Similarly , in his Epistle to the Galatians , Paul speaks of Gentiles being blessed both `` in '' Abraham and also `` with '' him -- which these theologians hold to be another example of corporate personality in Paul 's writings .

neg: John of Cappadocia John II , surnamed Cappadox or the Cappadocian , was Patriarch of Constantinople in 518 -- 520 , during the reign of Byzantine emperor Anastasius I after an enforced condemnation of the Council of Chalcedon . His short patriarchate is memorable for the celebrated Acclamations of Constantinople , and the reunion of East and West after a schism of 34 years . At the death of Timothy I , John of Cappadocia , whom he had designated his successor , was presbyter and chancellor of the Church of Constantinople .

neg: REAL Women of Canada REAL Women of Canada ( Vraies Femmes du Canada in French ) is a socially conservative advocacy group in Canada . The organization was founded in 1983 .   REAL stands for `` Realistic , Equal , Active , for Life '' . The group believes that the nuclear family is the most important unit in Canadian society , and that the fragmentation of the Canadian family is a primary cause of social disorder . It lobbies the Government of Canada in favour of legislation to promote what it believes to be the Judeo-Christian model of family life , and to support homemaking . It is also opposed to feminism , abortion and LGBT rights ( and same-sex marriage in Canada as well ) .   The group has intervened in Supreme Court of Canada cases such as R. v. Morgentaler ( 1993 ) and M. v. H. ( 1999 ) . In R. v. Sullivan ( 1991 ) it argued that a fetus is a person .   Its objectives are , according to its website :   To reaffirm that the family is society 's most important unit , since the nurturing of its members is best accomplished in the family setting .  To promote the equality , advancement and well being of women , recognizing them as interdependent members of society , whether in the family , workplace or community .  To promote , secure and defend legislation which upholds what it considers the Judeo-Christian understanding of marriage and family life .  To support government and social policies that make homemaking possible for women who , out of necessity , would otherwise have to take employment outside the home .  To support the right to life of all innocent individuals from conception to natural death .   Part of their economic policies to help meet their objectives are increased tax relief for single-income families , families with children , and individuals with children .   REAL Women is similar in political and social outlook to Phyllis Schlafly 's Eagle Forum and to Concerned Women for America in the United States .   The organization has also heavily criticized individuals who have spoken out against Uganda 's criminalization of homosexual relations . On August 7 , 2013 , the group issued a statement criticizing Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird for speaking out on LGBT human rights issues in both Uganda and Russia as part of Canada 's foreign policy .

neg: John Howard (author) John Howard is an English author , born in London in 1961 . His fiction has appeared in anthologies , magazines , and the collections The Silver Voices , Written by Daylight , and Cities and Thrones and Powers . The majority of Howard 's stories have central and eastern European settings ; many are set in the fictional Romanian town of Steaua de Munte . The Defeat of Grief is a novella set in Steaua de Munte and the real Black Sea resort of Balcic ; the novellas `` The Fatal Vision '' ( in Cities and Thrones and Powers ) and The Lustre of Time form part of an ongoing series with Steaua de Munte architect and academic Cristian Luca as protagonist . Numbered as Sand or the Stars attempts a ` secret history ' of Hungary between the World Wars .   Secret Europe is a collection jointly written with Mark Valentine comprising 25 short stories set in a variety of real and fictional European locations . Ten of the stories are by Howard and fifteen by Valentine . The expanded edition published in 2014 added an introduction and an extra story by Mark Valentine .   Howard contributed a story to Dreams of Ourselves , an anthology published in tribute to the Portuguese writer Fernando Pessoa . Contributors and editor used Pessoa heteronyms , with the authors ' names only revealed in the sealed envelope supplied with each copy of the book .   Since 2003 John Howard has occasionally collaborated on short stories with Mark Valentine . Seven have featured Valentine 's long-running series character The Connoisseur , an occult detective whose real name is never revealed . All tales of The Connoisseur then extant , including the collaborations , were reprinted in The Collected Connoisseur ( Tartarus Press , 2010 ) .   John Howard has written essays for numerous magazines including Book and Magazine Collector , Supernatural Tales , Wormwood , Studies in Australian Weird Fiction , and All Hallows for the Ghost Story Society . He contributed essays to the Fritz Leiber special issue of Fantasy Commentator ( No. 57/58 , 2004 ) and to the books Black Prometheus : A Critical Study of Karl Edward Wagner ( Gothic Press , 2007 ) , Fritz Leiber : Critical Essays ( McFarlane , 2008 ) , and The Man Who Collected Psychos : Critical Essays on Robert Bloch ( McFarlane , 2009 ) , all edited by Benjamin Szumskyj . Most of these essays were included in Touchstones : Essays on the Fantastic ( 2014 ) , which was a British Fantasy Award nominee the following year . In 2013 Howard took over the review column Camera Obscura in Tartarus Press ' journal Wormwood .

neg: Constantinianism Constantinianism refers to those policies said to be enacted , encouraged , or personally favored by Constantine the Great , a 4th-century Roman Emperor . In particular , it may refer to any of the following :   Constantine 's patronage of Christianity .  The practice of state control of or influence over the Church , sometimes called Erastianism .  The notion that Roman Emperors have authority over the Church , sometimes called Caesaropapism .  Identification of the Church with the Roman Empire  The Church 's willingness to use the state 's coercive power structures to assist in the Church 's mission  A tendency to exuberance due of the subsequent rise of Christianity , sometimes called Christian triumphalism .  The notion that Constantine received his mandate from God , as in the Divine Right of Kings .  The practice of Religious tolerance as mandated in the Edict of Milan .  The doctrines of the Council of Nicea , which Constantine promoted .  Constantine 's alleged preference for Arianism over Catholicism , or Orthodoxy over heresy .  The corruption of Christian doctrine that is alleged to have taken place during or because of the reign of Constantine , sometimes called the Great Apostasy or more particularly the Constantinian shift .  Certain Roman Catholic criticisms of Separation of Church and State found , for instance , in the Syllabus of Errors .  Certain Protestant doctrines such as Reconstructionism and Dominionism .

neg: Constantine Harmenopoulos Constantine Harmenopoulos ( Κωνσταντῖνος Ἁρμενόπουλος , 1320 -- ca. 1385 ) was a Byzantine jurist from Greece who held the post of katholikos kritēs ( `` universal judge '' ) of Thessalonica , one of the highest judicial offices in the Byzantine Empire .   He is best known for his Hexabiblos ( 1344 -- 45 ) , a law book in six volumes in which he compiles a wide range of Byzantine legal sources . First printed 1540 in Paris , the Hexabiblos was widely adopted in the Balkans under the Ottoman Empire . In 1828 , it was also adopted as the interim civil code in the newly independent Greek state .

neg: Protasekretis The prōtasēkrētis , also found as prōtoasēkrētis and Latinized as protasecretis or protoasecretis , was a senior official in the Byzantine bureaucracy . The title means `` first asēkrētis '' , illustrating his position as the head of the order of the asēkrētis , the senior class of imperial notaries .   The post evolved gradually . The first asēkrētis are attested from the 6th century , and several patriarchs of Constantinople and one emperor , Anastasios II ( r. 713 -- 715 ) , were drawn from their ranks . Aside from possibly anachronistic references to Maximus the Confessor being a prōtasēkrētis under Emperor Heraclius ( r. 610 -- 641 ) , the earliest confirmed occurrence ( as proto a secreta ) comes from the Liber Pontificalis for the year 756 . As head of the imperial chancery ( the effective successor of the late Roman primicerius notariorum ) , the position was highly influential : in the 899 Klētorologion of Philotheos , a list of precedence of Byzantine imperial officials , he is placed seventh among the sekretikoi , the financial ministers of the state . From documents and sigillographic evidence , the prōtasēkrētai held the dignities of prōtospatharios , patrikios and anthypatos . Among others , the Patriarch Photios ( 858 -- 867 and 877 -- 886 ) held the post .   His subordinates included not only the asēkrētis , but also the inferior class of the imperial notarioi , under their head , the prōtonotarios , as well as the official known as dekanos , placed `` in charge of the imperial papers '' according to the De Ceremoniis of Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus ( r. 913 -- 959 ) . The prōtasēkrētis seems also to have been in charge of preparing the imperial chrysobulls . After 1106 , however , he was moved from the chancery and assumed judicial duties , heading one of the highest courts of the Byzantine Empire , along with the eparchos , the megas droungarios tēs viglas , the dikaiodotēs , the koiaistōr , the epi tōn kriseōn , and the katholikos , who headed the court for fiscal affairs ( dēmosiaka pragmata ) . Although the class of the asēkrētis is not attested after the 12th century , the post of prōtasēkrētis survived into the Palaiologan period .

neg: John I of Trebizond John I Axouchos ( Ιωάννης Α΄ Αξούχος , Iōannēs I Axoukhos ) was Emperor of Trebizond from 1235 to 1238 . One editor reads the text of the chronicle of Michael Panaretos as stating that John ruled six years ; although William Miller follows Fallmerayer in assuming this was a mistake for three years , another possible solution is that John was co-ruler with his predecessor Andronikos I Gidos for three years then ruled alone for three more .   He was the eldest son of Alexios I of Trebizond and a woman the primary sources do not identify ; some writers have named her Theodora Axuchina . Miller suggests that he was perhaps a minor at the time of his father 's death in 1222 , for his father was succeeded by the throne passed to Alexis ' son-in-law , Andronikos I Gidos . During the Siege of Sinope , one of the sources states that Alexios has `` grown sons in Trebizond who are capable of governing '' , so it is clear John was born before 1214 .   Little is recorded of John 's reign , except that John died while playing tzykanion , a variant of polo fashionable among the Byzantine nobility , when he fell from his horse and trampled him to death . His heir apparent was one Ioannikios , who was confined to a monastery and John 's second brother Manuel I ascended the throne . Since Fallmerayer , most historians have assume that Ioannikios was John Axouchos ' son , but Panaretos ' Chronicle does not state how Ioannikios was related to John Axouchos . Rustam Shukurov has argued that Ioannikios was the brother of both John and Manuel .   Older authorities credited John Axouchos with issuing the first silver coins , or aspers of the Empire of Trebizond , but more recent authorities believe these coins better fit with the aspers struck during John II Megas Komnenos on numismatic grounds .

neg: Cena (disambiguation) Cena is an ancient Roman meal .   Cena may also refer to :   John Cena , an American professional wrestler  Cena River , a river in Latvia  Cena , Ozolnieki municipality , a village in Latvia  The Spanish and Italian word for dinner

neg: United States v. Constantine United States v. Constantine , 296 U.S. 287 ( 1935 ) was a case before the United States Supreme Court that concerned liquor laws and taxation . Congress placed a tax on liquor dealers who violate state liquor laws . The Court struck down the relevant portion of the Revenue Act of 1926 as an attempt to punish a state violation through taxation .   National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius referenced the logic in this decision to determine whether the Affordable Care Act was a penalty or tax in terms of the Constitution . The Court held that it was a tax by '' -LSB- d -RSB- isregarding the designation of the exaction , and viewing its substance and application . ''

neg: Jewish Christian Jewish Christians , also Hebrew Christians or Judeo-Christians , were the original members of the Jewish movement that later became Christianity . In the earliest stage the community was made up of all those Jews who accepted Jesus as a venerable person or the Messiah ( Christ ) . As Christianity grew and developed , Jewish Christians became only one strand of the early Christian community , characterised by combining the confession of Jesus as Christ with continued adherence to Jewish traditions such as Sabbath observance , observance of the Jewish calendar , observance of Jewish laws and customs , circumcision , and synagogue attendance , and by a direct genetic relationship to the earliest Jewish Christians .   The term `` Jewish Christian '' appears in historical texts contrasting Christians of Jewish origin with Gentile Christians , both in discussion of the New Testament church and the second and following centuries . It is also a term used for Jews who converted to Christianity but kept their Jewish heritage and traditions .   1st century `` Jewish Christians '' were totally faithful religious Jews . They differed from other contemporary Jews only in their acceptance of Jesus as the Messiah . Those that taught that Gentile converts to Christianity ought to adopt more Jewish practices than the Church had already included , however , were called `` Judaizers '' . Though the Apostle Peter was initially sympathetic , the Apostle Paul opposed the teaching at the Incident at Antioch and at the Council of Jerusalem , where Paul 's teaching was accepted by the whole Church . Nevertheless , Judaizing continued for several centuries , particularly among Jewish Christians .   As Christianity grew throughout the Gentile world , Christians diverged from their Jewish and Jerusalem roots . Jewish Christianity , initially strengthened despite persecution by Jerusalem Temple officials , fell into decline during the Jewish-Roman wars ( 66-135 ) and the growing anti-Judaism perhaps best personified by Marcion ( c. 150 ) . With persecution by the orthodox Christians from the time of the Roman Emperor Constantine in the 4th century , Jewish Christians sought refuge outside the boundaries of the Empire , in Arabia and further afield . Within the Empire and later elsewhere it was dominated by the Gentile based Christianity which became the State church of the Roman Empire and which took control of sites in the Holy Land such as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and the Cenacle and appointed subsequent Bishops of Jerusalem .

neg: Constantine's Sword (film) James Carroll 's Constantine 's Sword , or Constantine 's Sword , is a 2007 historical documentary film on the relationship between the Catholic Church and Jews . Directed and produced by Oscar-nominated filmmaker Oren Jacoby , the film is inspired by former priest James P. Carroll 's 2001 book Constantine 's Sword .

neg: John, the Lord Chamberlain series The John , the Lord Chamberlain series is a series of historical mystery novels by Mary Reed and Eric Mayer . Also known as the `` John the Eunuch '' mysteries , the novels feature John , Emperor Justinian 's Lord Chamberlain , a eunuch who solves mysteries in 6th-century Constantinople . Publishers Weekly praises the series ' `` Subtle , well-drawn characters , from the ascetic John to the capricious and enigmatic Justinian ; deft descriptive detail revealing life in the late Roman Empire ; and sharp dialogue make this another winner in this outstanding historical series . ''

neg: Constantine (British saint) Saint Constantine is the name of one or many British or Pictish saints .

neg: John of Damascus Saint John of Damascus ( Medieval Greek Ἰωάννης ὁ Δαμασκηνός , Ioánnis o Damaskinós , Byzantine -LSB- ioˈanis o ðamasciˈnos -RSB- ; Ioannes Damascenus , يوحنا الدمشقي , ALA-LC : Yūḥannā ad-Dimashqī ) ; also known as John Damascene and as Χρυσορρόας / Chrysorrhoas ( literally `` streaming with gold '' -- i.e. , `` the golden speaker '' ; c. 675 or 676 -- 4 December 749 ) was a Syrian monk and priest . Born and raised in Damascus , he died at his monastery , Mar Saba , near Jerusalem .   A polymath whose fields of interest and contribution included law , theology , philosophy , and music , he is said by some sources to have served as a Chief Administrator to the Muslim caliph of Damascus before his ordination . He wrote works expounding the Christian faith , and composed hymns which are still used both liturgically in Eastern Christian practice throughout the world as well as in western Lutheranism at Easter . He is one of the Fathers of the Eastern Orthodox Church and is best known for his strong defense of icons . The Catholic Church regards him as a Doctor of the Church , often referred to as the Doctor of the Assumption due to his writings on the Assumption of Mary .   The most common source of information for the life of John of Damascus is a work attributed to one John of Jerusalem , identified therein as the Patriarch of Jerusalem . This is an excerpted translation into Greek of an earlier Arabic text . The Arabic original contains a prologue not found in most other translations , and was written by an Arab monk , Michael . Michael explained that he decided to write his biography in 1084 because none was available in his day . However , the main Arabic text seems to have been written by an earlier author sometime between the early 9th and late 10th centuries AD . Written from a hagiographical point of view and prone to exaggeration and some legendary details , it is not the best historical source for his life , but is widely reproduced and considered to contain elements of some value . The hagiographic novel Barlaam and Josaphat , traditionally attributed to John , is in fact a work of the 10th century .

neg: Judge Cal Chief Judge Cal is a fictional character in the Judge Dredd comic strip in 2000 AD . He was loosely based on the Roman emperor Caligula as portrayed by John Hurt in the 1976 television show I , Claudius . The footnote caption in 2000 AD # 88 even called the upcoming story Judge Caligula . He was the villain in the story The Day the Law Died ! ( 1978 -- 79 ) .

neg: Michael Constantine Michael Constantine ( born May 22 , 1927 ) is an American actor of Greek descent .   He is most widely recognized for his portrayal of Kostas `` Gus '' Portokalos , the Windex bottle-toting Greek father of Toula Portokalos ( Nia Vardalos ) , in the surprise hit film My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( 2002 ) . Earlier , he earned much acclaim for his extensive television work , especially as the long-suffering high school principal , Seymour Kaufman , on ABC 's sitcom , Room 222 , for which he won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series in 1970 ; he was again recognized by the Emmys , as well as the Golden Globes , the following year . After the conclusion of Room 222 , Constantine portrayed night court magistrate Matthew J. Sirota on the 1976 sitcom Sirota 's Court , receiving his second Golden Globe nomination . Constantine reprised his role as Gus Portokalos in My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 ( 2016 ) .


query: The Portuguese Empire was one of world history's largest empires.

pos: Portuguese Empire The Portuguese Empire ( Império Português ) , also known as the Portuguese Overseas ( Ultramar Português ) , was one of the largest and longest-lived empires in world history and the first colonial empire of the Renaissance . It existed for almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the grant of sovereignty to East Timor in 2002 .   The first era of the Portuguese empire originated at the beginning of the Age of Discovery . Initiated by the Kingdom of Portugal , it would eventually expand across the globe . Portuguese sailors began exploring the coast of Africa and the Atlantic archipelagos in 1418 -- 19 , using recent developments in navigation , cartography and maritime technology such as the caravel , in order that they might find a sea route to the source of the lucrative spice trade . In 1488 , Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope , and in 1498 , Vasco da Gama reached India . In 1500 , either by an accidental landfall or by the crown 's secret design , Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil on the South American coast .   Over the following decades , Portuguese sailors continued to explore the coasts and islands of East Asia , establishing forts and factories as they went . By 1571 , a string of naval outposts connected Lisbon to Nagasaki along the coasts of Africa , the Middle East , India and South Asia . This commercial network and the colonial trade had a substantial positive impact on Portuguese economic growth ( 1500-1800 ) , when it accounted for about a fifth of Portugal 's per capita income .   When Philip II of Spain , I of Portugal , inherited the Portuguese crown in 1580 , this began a 60-year union between Spain and Portugal that has since been given the historiographic term of the Iberian Union . Though the realms continued to be administered separately , the Council of Portugal ruled the country and its empire from Madrid . As the King of Spain was also King of Portugal , Portuguese colonies became the subject of attacks by three rival European powers hostile to Spain : the Dutch Republic , England , and France . With its smaller population , Portugal was unable to effectively defend its overstretched network of trading posts , and the empire began a long and gradual decline . Eventually , Brazil became the most valuable colony of the second era until , as part of the wave of independence movements that swept the Americas during the early 19th century , it broke away in 1822 .   The third era represents the final stage of Portuguese colonialism after the decolonization of the Americas of the 1820s . The colonial possessions had been reduced to the African coastline ( expanded inland during the Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century ) , Portuguese Timor , and enclaves in India ( Goa ) and China ( Macau ) . The disastrous 1890 British Ultimatum led to the contraction of Portuguese ambitions in Africa .   Under António Salazar , the Second Portuguese Republic made some ill-fated attempts to hold on to its last remaining colonies and overseas provinces after the 1961 Indian annexation of Goa , embarking on the Portuguese Colonial War in Africa which lasted until the final overthrow of the regime in the Carnation Revolution of 1974 . Macau was returned to China in 1999 .

neg: Póvoa de Varzim Póvoa de Varzim ( -LSB- ˈpɔvwɐ ðɨ vɐɾˈzĩ -RSB- , locally -LSB- -LSB- ˈpɔβwə ðɨ βəɾˈzĩŋ -RSB- -RSB- ) , also spelled Povoa de Varzim , is a Portuguese city in Northern Portugal and sub-region of Greater Porto . It sits in a sandy coastal plain , a cuspate foreland , halfway between the Minho and Douro rivers . The population of the municipality was 63,408 at the time of the 2011 census . According to the 2001 census , there were 63,470 inhabitants , with 42,396 living in the city proper . The city expanded , southwards , to Vila do Conde , and there are about 100,000 inhabitants in the urban area alone . It is the seventh-largest urban agglomeration in Portugal and the third largest in Northern Portugal .   Permanent settlement in Póvoa de Varzim dates back to around four to six thousand years ago ; around 900 BC , unrest in the region led to the establishment of Cividade de Terroso , a fortified city , which developed maritime trade routes with the civilizations of classical antiquity . Modern Póvoa de Varzim emerged after the conquest by the Roman Republic of the city by 138 BC , fishing and fish processing units soon developed , which turned out to be the foundations of the local economy . By the 11th century , the fish industry and fertile farmlands were the economic base of a feudal lordship and Varzim was fiercely disputed between the local overlords and the early Portuguese kings , which resulted in the establishment of the present day 's municipality in 1308 and being subdued to monastic power some years later . Póvoa de Varzim 's importance reemerged with the Age of Discovery due to its shipbuilders and merchants proficiency and wealth , who traded around the globe in complex trade routes . By the 17th century , the fish processing industry rebounded and , some time later , Póvoa became the dominant fishing port in northern Portugal .   Póvoa de Varzim has been a well-known beach resort for over three centuries , the most popular in Northern Portugal , which unfolded an influential literary culture and historical artistic patronage in music and theater . Casino da Póvoa is one of the few and prominent gambling venues in Portugal . Leisure and health benefits provided in large sandy beaches attracts national and international visitors . Póvoa de Varzim holds other landmarks , especially the traditional Junqueira shopping street , Garrett Theatre , the Ethnography and History Museum , Cividade de Terroso , the Medieval Rates Monastery , Baroque Matriz Church , city Hall and Portuguese vernacular architecture in Praça do Almada , and numerous Portuguese cuisine restaurants that make Póvoa de Varzim popular in all Northern Portugal , which started to attract an international following . Farol da Lapa , Farol de Regufe , the main breakwater of the Port of Póvoa de Varzim , Carvalhido and São Félix Hill are preferred for sightseeing . The city has significant textile and food industries . The town has retained a distinct cultural identity and ancient customs such as the writing system of siglas poveiras , the masseira farming technique and festivals .

neg: History of Panama (to 1821) In the history of Panama , the earliest known inhabitants were the Cueva and Coclé tribes , but they were drastically reduced by disease and fighting when the Spanish arrived in the 16th century . But \ some moved out of Panama to have children and increase population .   Rodrigo de Bastidas , sailing westward from Venezuela in 1501 in search of gold , was the first European to explore the Isthmus of Panama . 10 years later , Vasco Núñez de Balboa visited the Isthmus and established a short-lived settlement in the Darién . Vasco Núñez de Balboa 's torturous trek from the Atlantic to the Pacific in 1513 demonstrated that the Isthmus was , indeed , the path between the seas , and Panama quickly became the crossroads and marketplace of Spain 's empire in the New World . Gold and silver were brought by ship from South America , hauled across the Isthmus , and loaded aboard ships for Spain . The route became known as the Camino Real , or Royal Road , although it was more commonly known as Camino de Cruces ( Road of the Crosses ) because the road led to the TOWN of Venta Cruces located on the Rio Chagres .   Panama was part of the Spanish empire for nearly 300 years , from 1538 to 1821 . From the outset , Panamanian identity was based on a sense of `` geographic destiny '' , and Panamanian fortunes fluctuated with the geopolitical importance of the Isthmus . The colonial experience also spawned Panamanian nationalism as well as a racially complex and highly stratified society , the source of internal conflicts that ran counter to the unifying force of nationalism .

neg: Padrão A padrão ( -LSB- pɐˈðɾɐ̃w̃ -RSB- , standard ; plural : padrões ) was a large stone cross inscribed with the coat of arms of Portugal that was placed as part of a land claim by numerous Portuguese explorers during the Portuguese Age of Discovery . Notable explorers known to have erected padrões were Diogo Cão , Bartolomeu Dias , Vasco da Gama , and Jorge Álvares .   The Lisbon Geographic Society managed to restore in the 20th century three padrões erected by Diogo Cão and one by Bartolomeu Dias .   At the Dias Cross Memorial on the coast of South Africa 's Eastern Cape province , there is a padrão replica on a spectacular outcrop ( False Island -- Kwaaihoek in Afrikaans , meaning `` Nasty corner '' ) ; it marks the site of Dias ' most easterly landfall , after becoming the first European navigator to round the Cape of Good Hope . The original padrão was discovered by Arthur Axelson in the 1930s -- it had fallen , or was pushed , off the top of Kwaaihoek , and was in pieces in the gullies below . Axelson recovered these pieces and was able to reconstruct the padrão the reconstructed original now stands in the William Cullen Library of the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg .   Indonesia National Museum hosts the Luso Sundanese padrão erected by Henrique Leme in 1522 in Sunda Kalapa port ( present day Tugu , sub-district of Jakarta , Indonesia ) .

neg: History of the Byzantine Empire This history of the Byzantine Empire covers the history of the Eastern Roman Empire from late antiquity until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD . Several events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the transitional period during which the Roman Empire 's east and west divided . In 285 , the emperor Diocletian ( r. 284 -- 305 ) partitioned the Roman Empire 's administration into eastern and western halves . Between 324 and 330 , Constantine I ( r. 306 -- 337 ) transferred the main capital from Rome to Byzantium , later known as Constantinople ( `` City of Constantine '' ) and Nova Roma ( `` New Rome '' ) . Under Theodosius I ( r. 379 -- 395 ) , Christianity became the Empire 's official state religion and others such as Roman polytheism were proscribed . And finally , under the reign of Heraclius ( r. 610 -- 641 ) , the Empire 's military and administration were restructured and adopted Greek for official use instead of Latin . Thus , although it continued the Roman state and maintained Roman state traditions , modern historians distinguish Byzantium from ancient Rome insofar as it was oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture , and characterised by Orthodox Christianity rather than Roman polytheism .   The borders of the Empire evolved significantly over its existence , as it went through several cycles of decline and recovery . During the reign of Justinian I ( r. 527 -- 565 ) , the Empire reached its greatest extent after reconquering much of the historically Roman western Mediterranean coast , including north Africa , Italy , and Rome itself , which it held for two more centuries . During the reign of Maurice ( r. 582 -- 602 ) , the Empire 's eastern frontier was expanded and the north stabilised . However , his assassination caused a two-decade-long war with Sassanid Persia which exhausted the Empire 's resources and contributed to major territorial losses during the Muslim conquests of the 7th century . In a matter of years the Empire lost its richest provinces , Egypt and Syria , to the Arabs .   During the Macedonian dynasty ( 10th -- 11th centuries ) , the Empire again expanded and experienced a two-century long renaissance , which came to an end with the loss of much of Asia Minor to the Seljuk Turks after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 . This battle opened the way for the Turks to settle in Anatolia as a homeland .   The final centuries of the Empire exhibited a general trend of decline . It struggled to recover during the 12th century , but was delivered a mortal blow during the Fourth Crusade , when Constantinople was sacked and the Empire dissolved and divided into competing Byzantine Greek and Latin realms . Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople and re-establishment of the Empire in 1261 , Byzantium remained only one of several small rival states in the area for the final two centuries of its existence . Its remaining territories were progressively annexed by the Ottomans over the 15th century . The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 finally ended the Roman Empire .

neg: Name of Brazil The name Brazil is a shortened from of Terra do Brasil , land of Brazil , a reference to brazilwood , given in the early 16th century to the territories leased to the merchant consortium led by Fernão de Loronha for commercial exploitation of brazilwood for the production of wood dyes for the European textile industry .   The term for the brazilwood tree in Portuguese , pau-brasil , is derived from brasa ( ember ) , a reference to the colour , formed from medieval Latin brasa , from Old French brese , `` ember , glowing charcoal '' , in turn from a West Germanic * brasa ) .

neg: Portuguese inventions The Portuguese inventions are the inventions created by people born in Portugal ( continent or overseas ) or whose nationality is Portuguese . These inventions were created mainly during the age of Portuguese Discoveries , but as well , during modernity .   Relying on trade secret explains , in part , the difficulty often experienced by researchers in documenting Portuguese inventions , as many are not described in patent documents , or other technical documents . On the other hand , there are cases , like some types of swords , where the inventions themselves or the underlying documents were lost , having been destroyed , for example , during the French invasions . There are as well documentation and objects of Portuguese origin in private collections or museums outside of Portugal .

neg: Paulistas Paulistas are the inhabitants of the state of São Paulo , Brazil , and of its antecessor the Capitaincy of São Vicente , whose capital early shifted from the village of São Vicente to the one of São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga .   The early population of São Paulo consisted mainly of indigenous Amerindian with few Portuguese settlers . The Portuguese settlements were small .   As the Bandeirantes gained power and the vice-kingdom of Brazil developed , the Portuguese element predominated in the population , the Indians being either absorbed or killed . But the province of São Paulo , enlarged by the Bandeiras to include Mato Grosso , Goiás , Paraná and Santa Catarina , remained undeveloped , having neither the gold of Minas Gerais nor the sugar cane of Pernambuco . As a consequence , it did not receive the same influx of black slaves during the 16th and 17th centuries as the more prosperous provinces of Brazil . Nevertheless , the number of black slaves increased substantially in São Paulo during the Brazilian Empire , as the slave traffic reached its peak during the first half of the 19th century . After the abolition of the international slave trade in 1850 , many more slaves were transferred from declining regions of Brazil ( such as the Northeast ) to work in coffee plantations .   The economic development of São Paulo only really took off with the founding of coffee plantations in the nineteenth century . Those coffee plantations were manned , from the beginning , by slaves , and remained so during most of the 19th century . Not even the abolition of the transatlantic trade changed this , with the coffee barons resorting to the import of slaves from the Northeastern and Southern regions . Both the coffee planters and the Brazilian government , however , were aware that the abolition of slavery could be postponed but not avoided at all ; as a result , a few experiments in immigration were tried during this period , and some ideas were discussed , including the immigration of Chinese workers . Only in the 1880s , however , did immigration start in earnest .   From then on , immigration was the solution adopted to what was seen as a labour shortage , and Italian and Spanish immigrants made the bulk of the workers brought to coffee plantations ; the reasons why ex-slaves were not employed , or were only marginally employed , are unclear and subject to debate . Much is made of a supposed `` whitening '' ideology , or even `` program '' , but the cold fact is that , when faced with the impossibility of obtaining European manpower , the coffee barons had no qualms about resorting to Japanese immigrants . A curious fact from this period was the immigration of US Southerners moving from a country where slavery had been abolished to one where it still existed . Of course , those were not manual workers and did n't come to work in coffee plantations .   The wealth produced by coffee culture eventually sparked urbanisation and industrialisation ; the growing urban environment attracted even more immigrants , especially Armenians and other Europeans , Syrians and Lebanese . Later , as the foreign immigration declined , a strong chain of internal migration from the Brazilian Northeast developed .

neg: Estoria de España The Estoria de España , also known in the 1906 edition of Ramón Menéndez Pidal as the Primera Crónica General , is a history book written on the initiative of Alfonso X of Castile `` El Sabio '' ( `` the Wise '' ) , who was actively involved in the editing . It is believed to be the first extended history of Spain in Old Spanish , a West Iberian Romance language that forms part of the lineage from Vulgar Latin to modern Spanish . Many prior works were consulted in constructing this history .   The book narrates a history beginning in Biblical and legendary origins and continues  through the history of Castile under Fernando III of Castile . In the style of chronicles of its time , it begins by retelling the stories of remote origins found in the Bible . From the time of Moses onward , the mix begins to include Greek sources on ancient history . However , as the story continues , the details become increasingly detailed , especially from the Germanic invasions to the time of Alfonso 's father Fernando III .   The work is divided into four large parts . The first includes a history of Ancient Rome : the medieval European monarchs considered themselves heirs to the Roman Empire . The second tells the history of the barbarian and Gothic kings , treated as antecedents within the Iberian Peninsula . The third is a history of the Kingdom of Asturias from which the Reconquista ( the Christian reconquest of Iberia from Muslim rule ) began . The fourth and final part is a history of the Kingdoms of León and Castile .

neg: Norte Region, Portugal Norte ( Região Norte , -LSB- ʁɨʒiˈɐ̃w ˈnɔɾtɨ -RSB- ; `` North Region '' ) is a region in the northern part of Portugal . It is a land of dense vegetation and profound historic and cultural wealth . Its capital is the city of Porto . The region has 3,689,173 inhabitants according to the 2011 census , and its area is 21,278 km ² ( density of 173 inhabitants per square kilometre ) . It is one of five regions of Mainland Portugal ( NUTS II subdivisions ) . Northern Portugal is a culturally varied region , thus historical rivalries between different neighbouring cities and towns are common , unlike other Portuguese regions where every city and town is culturally very similar .

neg: António Lavradio Luís de Almeida Soares de Portugal , Marquis of Lavradio , governor of the colony of Brazil , born in Lisbon , Portugal 27 June 1729 ; died in Porto , Portugal 2 March 1790 .   He entered the Portuguese navy in 1747 , and served in South America . In 1760 he became governor-general of Brazil , and during his administration of twenty years he greatly improved the colony . He developed the culture of indigo and rice , and introduced the first coffee-trees into the colony .   He also endeavored to civilize the Indians instead of persecuting them like most of his predecessors , and founded villages in countries where formerly no European had dared to travel .   Under his administration Brazil grew rich and prosperous . He first conceived the idea of making the culture of the Ipecacuanha meaning `` sick making plant '' - Ipecac Syrup of ipecac tree a source of profit to the colony and had thousands of them planted , thus opening to Brazil a new branch of trade .   He also did much to ameliorate the condition of the poorer classes and to check the insolence of the aristocracy toward the people . Alfonso de Varnhagen , in his Historia geral do Brazil , praises him as a benefactor of the colony , and his name has been given recently ( circa 1892 ) to one of the principal streets of Rio Janeiro .   In 1781 he was relieved of his command in Brazil and appointed vice-admiral .   In 1782 he commanded the Portuguese fleet in South America , and in the following year became president of the admiralty and privy councillor of the king , which post he held till his death .

neg: Edward, King of Portugal Duarte ( -LSB- duˈaɾt -RSB- ; 31 October 1391 -- 9 September 1438 ) , known in English as Edward and called the Philosopher ( o Rei-Filósofo ) or the Eloquent ( o Eloquente ) , was King of Portugal and the Algarve and Lord of Ceuta from 1433 until his death . He was born in Viseu , the son of John I of Portugal and his wife , Queen Philippa of Portugal , a daughter of John of Gaunt . Edward was the oldest member of the `` Illustrious Generation '' of accomplished royal children who contributed to the development of Portuguese civilization during the 15th century . As a cousin of several English kings , he became a Knight of the Garter .

neg: Mozambique Mozambique ( -LSB- moʊzæmˈbiːk -RSB- or -LSB- mɔːzæmˈbiːk -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Mozambique ( Moçambique or República de Moçambique , -LSB- rɛˈpublikɐ dɨ musɐ̃ˈbikɨ -RSB- ) is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east , Tanzania to the north , Malawi and Zambia to the northwest , Zimbabwe to the west , and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest . It is separated from Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east . The capital and largest city is Maputo ( known as `` Lourenço Marques '' before independence ) .   Between the 1st and 5th centuries AD , Bantu-speaking peoples migrated from farther north and west . Swahili ( and later Arab ) commercial ports existed along the coasts until the arrival of Europeans . The area was explored by Vasco da Gama in 1498 and colonised by Portugal from 1505 . The country was an important place where Somali merchants enslaved the local population , starting what is now known as the Somali slave trade . After over four centuries of Portuguese rule , Mozambique gained independence in 1975 , becoming the People 's Republic of Mozambique shortly thereafter . After only two years of independence , the country descended into an intense and protracted civil war lasting from 1977 to 1992 . In 1994 , Mozambique held its first multiparty elections and has remained a relatively stable presidential republic . However , since 2013 , following more than 20 years of peace , a renewed insurgency by RENAMO has been occurring .   Mozambique is one of the poorest and most underdeveloped countries in the world . Mozambique is endowed with rich and extensive natural resources . The country 's economy is based largely on agriculture , but industry is growing , mainly food and beverages , chemical manufacturing , and aluminium and petroleum production . The country 's tourism sector is also growing . South Africa is Mozambique 's main trading partner and source of foreign direct investment . Belgium , Brazil , Portugal , and Spain are also among the country 's most important economic partners . Since 2001 , Mozambique 's annual average GDP growth has been among the world 's highest . However , the country ranks among the lowest in GDP per capita , human development , measures of inequality , and average life expectancy .   The only official language of Mozambique is Portuguese , which is spoken mostly as a second language by about half of the population . Common native languages include Makhuwa , Sena , and Swahili . The country 's population of around 24 million is composed overwhelmingly of Bantu people . The largest religion in Mozambique is Christianity , with significant minorities following Islam and African traditional religions . Mozambique is a member of the African Union , the Commonwealth of Nations , the Community of Portuguese Language Countries , the Latin Union , the Non-Aligned Movement , and the Southern African Development Community , and is an observer at La Francophonie .

neg: Manuel de Faria e Sousa Manuel de Faria e Sousa ( -LSB- mɐnuˈɛɫ dɨ fɐˈɾiɐ i ˈsozɐ -RSB- ; Faria y Sousa 18 March 1590 -- 3 June 1649 ) was a Portuguese historian and poet , frequently writing in Spanish .   He was born of an ancient Portuguese family , probably at Pombeiro , studied in Braga for some years , and when about fourteen entered the service of the Bishop of Porto . With the exception of about four years , from 1631 to 1634 , during which he was a member of the Portuguese embassy in Rome , the greater part of his later life was spent at Madrid , and there he died in June 1649 .   He was married to Catarina Machado , the `` Albania '' of his poems , enabled him to lead a studious domestic life , dividing his cares and affections between his children and his books . His first important work , an Epitome de las historias Portuguezas ( Madrid , 1628 ) , was favorably received ; but some passages in his enormous commentary upon Portuguese epic Os Lusíadas , the poem of Luís de Camões , excited the suspicion of the inquisitors , caused his temporary incarceration , and led to the permanent loss of his official salary . In spite of the enthusiasm which is said to have prescribed to him the daily task of twelve folio pages , death overtook him before he had completed his greatest enterprise , a history of the Portuguese in all parts of the world .   Several portions of the work appeared at Lisbon after his death , under the editorship of Captain Faria e Sousa : Europa Portugueza ( 1667 , 3 vols . ) ; Ásia Portugueza ( 1666 -- 1675 , 3 vols . ) ; África Portugueza ( 1681 ) . As a poet Faria e Sousa was nearly as prolific ; but his poems are vitiated by the prevailing Gongorism of his time . They were for the most part collected in the Noches claras ( Madrid , 1624 -- 1626 ) , and the Fuente de Aganipe , of which four volumes were published at Madrid in 1644-1646 . He also wrote , from information supplied by P. A. Semmedo , Imperio de China i cultura evangelica en ~ l ( Madrid , 1642 ) ; and translated and completed the Nobiliário of the Count of Barcelos .   There are English translations by J. Stevens of the History of Portugal ( London , 1698 ) , and of Portuguese Asia ( London , 1695 ) .

neg: History of slavery The history of slavery spans many cultures , nationalities , and religions from ancient times to the present day . However the social , economic , and legal positions of slaves were vastly different in different systems of slavery in different times and places .   Slavery can be traced back to the earliest records , such as the Mesopotamian Code of Hammurabi ( c. 1860 BC ) , which refers to it as an established institution , and it was common among ancient peoples .   Slavery is rare among hunter-gatherer populations , because it is developed as a system of social stratification . Slavery was known in the very first civilizations such as Sumer in Mesopotamia which dates back as far as 3500 BC , as well as in almost every other civilization . The Byzantine -- Ottoman wars and the Ottoman wars in Europe resulted in the taking of large numbers of Christian slaves . Slavery became common within much of Europe during the Dark Ages and it continued into the Middle Ages . The Dutch , French , Spanish , Portuguese , British , Arabs and a number of West African kingdoms played a prominent role in the Atlantic slave trade , especially after 1600 . David P. Forsythe wrote : `` The fact remained that at the beginning of the nineteenth century an estimated three-quarters of all people alive were trapped in bondage against their will either in some form of slavery or serfdom . '' Denmark-Norway was the first European country to ban the slave trade in 1802 .   Although slavery is no longer legal anywhere in the world , human trafficking remains an international problem and an estimated 25-40 million people are enslaved today . During the 1983 -- 2005 Second Sudanese Civil War people were taken into slavery . Although Slavery in Mauritania was criminalized in August 2007 , in Mauritania it is estimated that up to 600,000 men , women and children , or 20 % of the population , are currently enslaved , many of them used as bonded labor . Evidence emerged in the late 1990s of systematic slavery on cacao plantations in West Africa ; see the chocolate and slavery article .

neg: Patuleia The Patuleia , Guerra da Patuleia , or Little Civil War was a civil war in Portugal , so called to distinguish it from the ` great ' civil war between Dom Pedro and Dom Miguel that ended in 1834 . The Patuleia occurred after the Revolution of Maria da Fonte , and was closely associated with her . It was caused by the nomination , as a result of the palace coup of 6 October 1846 , known as the `` Emboscada '' , to set up a clearly Cartista government presided over by marshal João Oliveira e Daun , Duque de Saldanha .   The war lasted 8 months , pitting the Cartistas ( with the support of queen Maria II ) against an unnatural coalition of Septembrists and Miguelists . The focus of resistance to the new government was the Septembrist ` Junta of Porto ' , whose military leader , the First Count of Bonfim , was defeated by Marshal Saldanha at the siege of Torres Vedras on 22 -- 23 December 1846 , and sent into exile in Angola . The war ended in a clear Cartista victory , as shown in the signing of the resulting Convention of Gramido on 30 June 1847 , but only just , after the intervention of foreign military forces of the Quadruple Alliance .   Category :1846 in Portugal  Category : Wars involving Portugal  Category : Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe  Category : Civil wars of the Industrial era  Category : Revolution-based civil wars  Category : Conflicts in 1846  Category :1847 in Portugal

neg: Chinese people in Portugal Chinese people in Portugal ( Chinese : 葡萄牙華人 , Cantonese Yale : pòuh tòuh ngàh wàh yàhn ) form the country 's largest Asian community , but only the twelfth-largest foreign community overall . Despite forming only a small part of the overseas Chinese population in Europe , the Chinese community in Portugal is one of the continent 's oldest due to the country 's colonial and trade history Macau dating back to the 16th century .

neg: Anglo-Portuguese Alliance The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance ( or Aliança Luso-Britânica ) , ratified at the Treaty of Windsor in 1386 , between England ( succeeded by the United Kingdom ) and Portugal is the oldest alliance in the world that is still in force -- with the earliest treaty dating back to the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373 .   This alliance , which goes back to the Middle Ages , has served both countries . It was very important throughout history , influencing the participation of the United Kingdom in the Iberian Peninsular War , the UK 's major land contribution to the Napoleonic Wars and the establishment of an Anglo-American base in Portugal . Portugal aided England ( and later the UK ) in times of need , for example , in the First World War .

neg: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish Portuguese and Spanish , although closely related sister languages , differ in many details of their phonology , grammar , and lexicon . Both are part of a broader group known as West Iberian Romance , which also includes several other languages or dialects with fewer speakers , all of which are mutually intelligible to some degree .   The most obvious differences are in pronunciation . Mutual intelligibility is generally greater for the written languages than for their spoken forms . Compare , for example , the following sentences :  Al buen entendedor pocas palabras bastan ( Spanish : -LSB- -LSB- al ˈβwen entendeˈðor ˈpokas paˈlaβɾaz ˈβastan -RSB- -RSB- )  Ao bom entendedor poucas palavras bastam ( European Portuguese : -LSB- -LSB- ɐw ˈβõ ẽtẽdɨˈðoɾ ˈpo ( w ) kɐʃ pɐˈlavɾɐʒ ˈβaʃtɐ̃w -RSB- -RSB- , Brazilian Portuguese : -LSB- -LSB- aw ˈbõw ĩtẽdeˈdoʁ ˈpo ( w ) kas paˈlavɾaz ˈbastɐ̃w -RSB- -RSB- )  -- roughly equivalent to the English proverb `` A word to the wise is sufficient , '' or , a more literal translation , `` To a good listener , a few words are enough . ''   There are also some significant differences between Brazilian Portuguese and European Portuguese as there are between British and American English or Peninsular and Latin American Spanish . This article notes these differences below only where :  both Brazilian and European Portuguese differ not only from each other , but from Spanish as well ;  both Peninsular ( i.e. European ) and Latin American Spanish differ not only from each other , but also from Portuguese ; or  either Brazilian or European Portuguese differs from Spanish with syntax not possible in Spanish ( while the other dialect does not ) .  notice

neg: São Paulo (state) São Paulo ( -LSB- sɐ̃w ˈpawlu -RSB- ) is one of the 26 states of the Federative Republic of Brazil and is named after Saint Paul of Tarsus . As the richest Brazilian state and a major industrial complex , often dubbed the `` locomotive of Brazil '' , the state alone is responsible for 33.9 % of the Brazilian GDP . São Paulo also has the second highest Human Development Index ( HDI ) and GDP per capita , the fourth lowest infant mortality rate and the third lowest rate of illiteracy among the federative units of Brazil . São Paulo alone is richer than Argentina , Uruguay , Paraguay and Bolivia combined . If São Paulo were an independent country , its nominal GDP would be ranked among the top 20 in the world ( 2010 estimate ) . The economy of São Paulo State is the most developed in Brazil   With more than 45 million inhabitants in 2014 , São Paulo is the most populous Brazilian state , the most populous national subdivision in the Americas , and the third most populous political unit of South America , surpassed only by the rest of the Brazilian Federation and Colombia . The local population is one of the most diverse in the country and descended mostly from Italians , who began immigrating to the country in the late 19th century ; of the Portuguese , who colonized Brazil and installed the first European settlements in the region ; indigenous peoples , a large number of distinct ethnic groups ; Africans , who were brought from Africa as slaves in the colonial era and migrants from other regions of the country . In addition , Arabs , Germans , Spanish , Japanese and Chinese also are present in the ethnic composition of the local population .   The area that today corresponds to the state territory was already inhabited by indigenous peoples from approximately 12,000 B.C. . In the early 16th century , the coast of the region was visited by Portuguese and Spanish explorers and navigators . In 1532 Martim Afonso de Sousa would establish the first Portuguese permanent settlement in the Americas -- the village of São Vicente , in the Baixada Santista . In the 17th century , the paulistas bandeirantes intensified the exploration of the interior of the colony , which eventually expanded the territorial domain of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire in South America . In the 18th century , after the establishment of the Province of São Paulo , the region began to gain political weight . After independence in 1820 , São Paulo began to become a major agricultural producer ( mainly coffee ) in the newly constituted Empire of Brazil , which ultimately created a rich regional rural oligarchy , which would switch on the command of the Brazilian government with Minas Gerais 's elites during the early republican periodin the 1880s . Under the Vargas Era , the state was one of the first to initiate a process of industrialization and its population became one of the most urban of the federation .   The city of São Paulo , the homonymous state capital , is ranked as the world 's 12th largest city and its metropolitan area , with 20 million inhabitants , is the 9th largest in the world and second in the Americas , after Greater Mexico City . Regions near the city of São Paulo are also metropolitan areas , such as Campinas , Santos , Sorocaba and São José dos Campos . The total population of these areas coupled with the state capital -- the so-called `` Expanded Metropolitan Complex of São Paulo '' -- exceeds 30 million inhabitants , i.e. approximately 75 percent of the population of São Paulo statewide , the first macro-metropolis in the southern hemisphere , joining 65 municipalities that together are home to 12 percent of the Brazilian population .

neg: House of Sousa The House of Sousa ( Casa de Sousa ) is a noble family of Portugal , descendants of the marriage of Martim Afonso Chichorro and Inês Lourenço de Sousa .   The House of Souza is one of the eldest and nobler houses of Portugal . Its origin starts with the Visigoth Kings and the name was first used in the 11th century , by Lord Egas Gomes de Sousa , heir to the house and to several royal lineages . There are three main lineages of this noble house , but we shall only focus on the one represented to left ( Sousa of Arronches ) .   The field of the shield is divided in four quarters ( quarterly or party per cross ) with the Royal Arms of Portugal in the first and fourth quarters , and the Ancient Arms of Sousa , a quartet of silver crescents ( Argent ) over a field of red ( Gules ) , in the second and third quarters . This grouping known as the Sousa of Arronches ( because of the title of Lords of Arronches ) , is still borne by many of the noble houses of Portugal , like the Dukes of Palmela .   The Head of the House of Sousa today is the Duke of Lafões . Some say that there is n't a single noble man ( or woman ) in Portugal that does not have the blood of the Sousas.The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of Garcia Homem de Sousa , which was dated 1420 , christened at Funchal , Portugal , during the reign of King John I of Portugal . Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation . In England this was known as Poll Tax . Throughout the centuries , surnames in every country have continued to `` develop '' often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling . The House of Sousa played a significant role in the creation of the Portuguese Empire . Martim Afonso de Sousa was the first Governor of Brazil , Pedro Lopes de Sousa was the 1st Governor of Portuguese Ceylon and Thome de Sousa Arronches was a Captain of the Portuguese Navy in the Portuguese India Armadas .   The family motto ( Better to break than to bend ) .   Lords of the House of Sousa   D. Egas Gomes de Sousa ( 1035 - ? )  D. Mem Viegas de Sousa ( 1070 - 1130 )  D. Gonçalo Mendes de Sousa , `` the good '' ( 1120 -- 1190 )  D. Mendo de Sousa , `` the sousão '' ( 1140 - ? )  D. Constança Mendes de Sousa ( 1245 - Santarém , 1298 )  D. Martim Afonso Chichorro ( 1250-1313 )  D. Martim Afonso Chichorro II or Martin Afonso de Sousa Chichorro ( 1280 - ? )  D. Maria Pais Ribeira , 15ª Lady of House of Sousa * c. 1285  D. Vasco Martins de Sousa Chichorro ( 1320 - 1387 )  D. Lopo Dias de Sousa , Lord of Mafra , Ericeira and Enxara dos Cavaleiros * 1350  D. Afonso Vasques de Sousa ( 1370 )  Diogo Lopes de Sousa , 18º Lord of House of Sousa * c. 1380  D.Afonso Vasques de Sousa II ( 1400 ) ,  Álvaro de Sousa , Lord of Miranda e mayor of Arronches * c. 1410  D. Luis de Sousa Chichorro ( 1440 )  Diogo Lopes de Sousa * c. 1440  André de Sousa * c. 1465  D. Henrique de Sousa ( 1480 )  Manuel de Sousa , mayor of Arronches * c. 1495  André de Sousa , 23º Lord of House of Sousa * c. 1515  D. António de Sousa Chichorro ( 1520 )  Manuel de Sousa  D. Matias de Sousa ( 1550 )  Diogo Lopes de Sousa , 2nd Count of Miranda * c. 1595  D. Pedro de Sousa Chichorro  Henrique de Sousa Tavares , first Marquis of Arronches * 1626  D. Maria de Sousa e Mesquita  D. António Sousa Chíchorro balio `` ad honorem '' .  Mariana Luísa Francisca de Sousa Tavares Mascarenhas e Silva , 2nd Marquess of Arronches * 1672  Luísa Casimira de Sousa Nassau and Ligne , duchess of Lafões * 1694