query: Earth is the least dense planet in the Solar System.

pos: Earth Earth ( from Eorðe -LSB- Γαῖα , Gaia -RSB- Terra ) , otherwise known as the World or the Globe , is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life . It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets .   According to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence , Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago . Earth 's gravity interacts with other objects in space , especially the Sun and the Moon , Earth 's only natural satellite . During one orbit around the Sun , Earth rotates about its axis over 365 times ; thus , an Earth year is about 365.26 days long . Earth 's axis of rotation is tilted , producing seasonal variations on the planet 's surface . The gravitational interaction between the Earth and Moon causes ocean tides , stabilizes the Earth 's orientation on its axis , and gradually slows its rotation .   Earth 's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years . About 71 % of Earth 's surface is covered with water , mostly by its oceans . The remaining 29 % is land consisting of continents and islands that together have many lakes , rivers and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere . The majority of Earth 's polar regions are covered in ice , including the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack . Earth 's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core , a liquid outer core that generates the Earth 's magnetic field , and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics .   Within the first billion years of Earth 's history , life appeared in the oceans and began to affect the Earth 's atmosphere and surface , leading to the proliferation of aerobic and anaerobic organisms . Some geological evidence indicates that life may have arisen as much as 4.1 billion years ago . Since then , the combination of Earth 's distance from the Sun , physical properties , and geological history have allowed life to evolve and thrive . In the history of the Earth , biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion , occasionally punctuated by mass extinction events . Over 99 % of all species that ever lived on Earth are extinct . Estimates of the number of species on Earth today vary widely ; most species have not been described . Over 7.4 billion humans live on Earth and depend on its biosphere and minerals for their survival . Humans have developed diverse societies and cultures ; politically , the world has about 200 sovereign states .

neg: Venus snow Venus snow is a brightening of the radar reflection from the surface of Venus at high elevations . The `` snow '' appears to be a mineral condensate of lead sulfide and bismuth sulfide precipitated from the atmosphere at altitudes above 2600 metres .   The nature of the `` snow '' was initially unknown . In radar images , smooth surfaces such as lava plains generally appear dark , while rough surfaces such as impact debris appear bright . The composition of the rock also alters the radar return : conductive material , or material with a high dielectric constant , appears brighter . It was therefore initially difficult to determine whether the high-altitude areas of Venus were different from the lowlands in chemical composition or in texture . Possible explanations included loose soil , different rates of weathering at high and low elevations , and chemical deposition at high elevation . It could not be water ice , which can not exist in the extremely hot , dry conditions of the Venusian surface .   Data from the radar mapper on the Pioneer Venus orbiter suggested an explanation in terms of chemical composition . It was hypothesized that the underlying rock contained iron pyrite or other metallic inclusions that would be very reflective . At the high temperatures found on the surface of Venus , these minerals would gradually evaporate . Faster weathering at high elevation might continually expose new material , causing the highlands to appear brighter than lowlands .  High-resolution radar observations by the Magellan probe by 1995 began to favor the hypothesis that metallic compounds sublimate in lower , warmer altitudes and deposit in higher , cooler areas .  Candidates included tellurium , pyrite , and other metal sulfides .

neg: Supercontinent In geology , a supercontinent is the assembly of most or all of Earth 's continental blocks or cratons to form a single large landmass . However , the definition of a supercontinent can be ambiguous . Many earth scientists use the term `` supercontinent '' to mean `` a clustering of nearly all continents '' . This definition leaves room for interpretation when labeling a continental body and is easier to apply to Precambrian times . Using the first definition provided here , Gondwana is not considered a supercontinent , because the landmasses of Baltica , Laurentia and Siberia also existed at the same time but physically separate from each other . The landmass of Pangaea is the collective name describing all of these continental masses when they were most recently in proximity to one another . This would classify Pangaea as a supercontinent . According to the modern definitions , a supercontinent does not exist today . Supercontinents have assembled and dispersed multiple times in the geologic past ( see table ) . The positions of continents have been accurately determined back to the early Jurassic . However , beyond , continental positions are much less certain .

neg: Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage) A blue dwarf is a predicted class of star that develops from a red dwarf after it has exhausted much of its hydrogen fuel supply . Because red dwarfs fuse their hydrogen slowly and are fully convective ( allowing their entire hydrogen supply to be fused , instead of merely that in the core ) , the Universe is currently not old enough for any blue dwarfs to have formed yet , but their future existence is predicted based on theoretical models .   Stars increase in luminosity as they age , and a more luminous star needs to radiate energy more quickly to maintain equilibrium . Stars larger than red dwarfs do this by increasing their size and becoming red giants with larger surface areas . Rather than expanding , however , red dwarfs with less than 0.25 solar masses are predicted to increase their radiative rate by increasing their surface temperatures and becoming `` bluer '' . This is because the surface layers of red dwarfs do not become significantly more opaque with increasing temperature .   Blue dwarfs eventually evolve into white dwarfs once their hydrogen fuel is completely exhausted , which in turn will eventually cool to become a black dwarf .

neg: Nine Views Nine Views ( Devet pogleda ) is an ambiental installation in Zagreb , Croatia which , together with the sculpture Prizemljeno Sunce ( The Grounded Sun ) , makes up a consistent model of the Solar System .   Prizemljeno Sunce by Ivan Kožarić was first displayed in 1971 by the building of the Croatian National Theatre , and since then changed location a few times . Since 1994 it has been situated in the Bogovićeva Street . It is simply a bronze sphere around 2 metres in diameter .   In 2004 , artist Davor Preis had a two-week exhibition in the Josip Račić Exhibition Hall in Margaretska Street in Zagreb , and afterwards he placed 9 models of the planets of the Solar System around Zagreb , to complete a model of the entire solar system . The models ' sizes as well as their distances from the Prizemljeno Sunce are all in the same scale as the Prizemljeno Sunce itself .   Preis did this installation with very little or no publicity , so his installation is n't well known among citizens of Zagreb . On a few occasions individuals or small groups of people , particularly physics students , `` discovered '' that there was a model of the solar system in Zagreb . One of the earliest efforts to find all of the planets was started in November 2004 on the web forum of the student section of Croatian Physics Society .   The locations of the planets are as follows :   Mercury - 3 Margaretska Street  Venus - 3 Ban Josip Jelačić Square  Earth - 9 Varšavska Street  Mars - 21 Tkalčićeva Street  Jupiter - 71 Voćarska Street  Saturn - 1 Račićeva Street  Uranus - 9 Siget ( not at the residential building but at the garage across the street )  Neptune - Kozari Way 48  Pluto - Bologna Alley ( underpass ) - included in the installation before being demoted to dwarf planet   The system is at scale 1:680 000 000 . Earth 's model is about 1.9 cm in size and at 225 m distance from the sun 's model , while Pluto 's model is 7.7 km away from it .

neg: Kepler (spacecraft) Kepler is a space observatory launched by NASA to discover Earth-size planets orbiting other stars . Named after astronomer Johannes Kepler , the spacecraft was launched on March 7 , 2009 , into an Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit .   Designed to survey a portion of our region of the Milky Way to discover Earth-size exoplanets in or near habitable zones and estimate how many of the billions of stars in the Milky Way have such planets , Kepler sole scientific instrument is a photometer that continually monitors the brightness of over 145,000 main sequence stars in a fixed field of view . These data are transmitted to Earth , then analyzed to detect periodic dimming caused by exoplanets that cross in front of their host star .   Kepler is part of NASA 's Discovery Program of relatively low-cost , focused primary science missions . The telescope 's construction and initial operation were managed by NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory , with Ball Aerospace responsible for developing the Kepler flight system . The Ames Research Center is responsible for the ground system development , mission operations since December 2009 , and scientific data analysis . The initial planned lifetime was 3.5 years , but greater-than-expected noise in the data , from both the stars and the spacecraft , meant additional time was needed to fulfill all mission goals . Initially , in 2012 , the mission was expected to be extended until 2016 , but on July 14 , 2012 , one of the spacecraft 's four reaction wheels used for pointing the spacecraft stopped turning , and completing the mission would only be possible if all other reaction wheels remained reliable . Then , on May 11 , 2013 , a second reaction wheel failed , disabling the collection of science data and threatening the continuation of the mission .   On August 15 , 2013 , NASA announced that they had given up trying to fix the two failed reaction wheels . This meant the current mission needed to be modified , but it did not necessarily mean the end of planet hunting . NASA had asked the space science community to propose alternative mission plans `` potentially including an exoplanet search , using the remaining two good reaction wheels and thrusters '' . On November 18 , 2013 , the K2 `` Second Light '' proposal was reported . This would include utilizing the disabled Kepler in a way that could detect habitable planets around smaller , dimmer red dwarfs . On May 16 , 2014 , NASA announced the approval of the K2 extension .   , Kepler and its follow-up observations had found 1,013 confirmed exoplanets in about 440 star systems , along with a further 3,199 unconfirmed planet candidates . Four planets have been confirmed through Kepler K2 mission . In November 2013 , astronomers estimated , based on Kepler space mission data , that there could be as many as 40 billion rocky , Earth-size exoplanets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way . It is estimated that 11 billion of these planets may be orbiting Sun-like stars . The nearest such planet may be 12 ly away , according to the scientists .   On January 6 , 2015 , NASA announced the 1,000 th confirmed exoplanet discovered by the Kepler Space Telescope . Four of the newly confirmed exoplanets were found to orbit within habitable zones of their related stars : three of the four , Kepler-438b , Kepler-442b and Kepler-452b , are almost Earth-size and likely rocky ; the fourth , Kepler-440b , is a super-Earth . On May 10 , 2016 , NASA verified 1,284 new exoplanets found by Kepler , the single largest finding of planets to date .   Since 1988 , over 3,000 exoplanets have been confirmed by all detection methods , including the Kepler mission ( specifically , planets in planetary systems , including multiple planetary systems , have been confirmed , as of ) .

neg: Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons The timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their natural satellites charts the progress of the discovery of new bodies over history . Each object is listed in chronological order of its discovery ( multiple dates occur when the moments of imaging , observation , and publication differ ) , identified through its various designations ( including temporary and permanent schemes ) , and the discoverer ( s ) listed .   Historically the naming of moons did not always match the times of their discovery . Traditionally , the discoverer enjoys the privilege of naming the new object ; however , some neglected to do so ( E. E. Barnard stated he would `` defer any suggestions as to a name '' -LSB- for Amalthea -RSB- `` until a later paper '' but never got around to picking one from the numerous suggestions he received ) or actively declined ( S. B. Nicholson stated `` Many have asked what the new satellites '' -LSB- Lysithea and Carme -RSB- `` are to be named . They will be known only by the numbers X and XI , written in Roman numerals , and usually prefixed by the letter J to identify them with Jupiter . '' ) . The issue arose nearly as soon as planetary satellites were discovered : Galileo referred to the four main satellites of Jupiter using numbers while the names suggested by his rival Simon Marius gradually gained universal acceptance . The International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) eventually started cleaning up the naming business in the late 1970s .

neg: Saharan Air Layer The Saharan Air Layer ( SAL ) is an extremely hot , dry and sometimes dust-laden layer of the atmosphere that often overlies the cooler , more-humid surface air of the Atlantic Ocean . In the Sahara Desert region of North Africa , where it originates , it is the prevalent atmosphere , extending from the surface upwards several kilometers . As it drives , or is driven , out over the ocean , it is lifted above the denser marine air . This arrangement is an inversion where the temperature increases with height . The boundary between the SAL and the marine layer suppresses or `` caps '' any convection originating in the marine layer . Since it is dry air , the lapse rate within the SAL itself is steep , that is , the temperature falls rapidly with height .   Disturbances such as large thunderstorm complexes over North Africa periodically result in vast dust and sand storms , some of which extend as high as 6,000 meters . These can be driven out to sea within the SAL as far west as North America .   In the case of Africa , winds blow twenty percent of dust from a Saharan storm out over the Atlantic Ocean , and twenty percent of that , or four percent of a single storm 's dust , reaches all the way to the western Atlantic . The remainder settles out into the ocean or washes out of the air with rainfall . Scientists think that the July 2000 measurements made in Puerto Rico , nearly 8 million tonnes , equaled about one-fifth of the total year 's dust deposits .   The SAL passes over the Canary Islands where the phenomenon is named `` Calima '' and manifests as a fog that reduces visibility and deposits a layer of dust over everything .   These clouds of dust are visible in satellite photos as a milky white to gray shade , similar to haze .   Findings to date indicate that the iron-rich dust particles that often occur within the SAL reflect solar radiation , thus cooling the atmosphere . The particles also reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the ocean , thus reducing the amount of heating of the ocean . They also tend to increase condensation as they drift into the marine layer below , but not precipitation as the drops formed are too small to fall and tend not to readily coelesce . These tiny drops are subsequently more easily evaporated as they move into drier air laterally or dry air mixes down from the SAL aloft . Research on aerosols also shows that the presence of small particles in air tends to suppress winds . The SAL has also been observed to suppress the development and intensifying of tropical cyclones , which may be related directly to these factors .   The SAL is a subject of ongoing study and research .

neg: Desert A desert is a barren area of land where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life . The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to the processes of denudation . About one third of the land surface of the world is arid or semi-arid . This includes much of the polar regions where little precipitation occurs and which are sometimes called polar deserts or `` cold deserts '' . Deserts can be classified by the amount of precipitation that falls , by the temperature that prevails , by the causes of desertification or by their geographical location .   Deserts are formed by weathering processes as large variations in temperature between day and night put strains on the rocks which consequently break in pieces . Although rain seldom occurs in deserts , there are occasional downpours that can result in flash floods . Rain falling on hot rocks can cause them to shatter and the resulting fragments and rubble strewn over the desert floor is further eroded by the wind . This picks up particles of sand and dust and wafts them aloft in sand or dust storms . Wind-blown sand grains striking any solid object in their path can abrade the surface . Rocks are smoothed down , and the wind sorts sand into uniform deposits . The grains end up as level sheets of sand or are piled high in billowing sand dunes . Other deserts are flat , stony plains where all the fine material has been blown away and the surface consists of a mosaic of smooth stones . These areas are known as desert pavements and little further erosion takes place . Other desert features include rock outcrops , exposed bedrock and clays once deposited by flowing water . Temporary lakes may form and salt pans may be left when waters evaporate . There may be underground sources of water in the form of springs and seepages from aquifers . Where these are found , oases can occur .   Plants and animals living in the desert need special adaptations to survive in the harsh environment . Plants tend to be tough and wiry with small or no leaves , water-resistant cuticles and often spines to deter herbivory . Some annual plants germinate , bloom and die in the course of a few weeks after rainfall while other long-lived plants survive for years and have deep root systems able to tap underground moisture . Animals need to keep cool and find enough food and water to survive . Many are nocturnal and stay in the shade or underground during the heat of the day . They tend to be efficient at conserving water , extracting most of their needs from their food and concentrating their urine . Some animals remain in a state of dormancy for long periods , ready to become active again when the rare rains fall . They then reproduce rapidly while conditions are favorable before returning to dormancy .   People have struggled to live in deserts and the surrounding semi-arid lands for millennia . Nomads have moved their flocks and herds to wherever grazing is available and oases have provided opportunities for a more settled way of life . The cultivation of semi-arid regions encourages erosion of soil and is one of the causes of increased desertification . Desert farming is possible with the aid of irrigation and the Imperial Valley in California provides an example of how previously barren land can be made productive by the import of water from an outside source . Many trade routes have been forged across deserts , especially across the Sahara Desert , and traditionally were used by caravans of camels carrying salt , gold , ivory and other goods . Large numbers of slaves were also taken northwards across the Sahara . Some mineral extraction also takes place in deserts and the uninterrupted sunlight gives potential for the capture of large quantities of solar energy .

neg: Atomic orbital In quantum mechanics , an atomic orbital is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of either one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom . This function can be used to calculate the probability of finding any electron of an atom in any specific region around the atom 's nucleus . The term , atomic orbital , may also refer to the physical region or space where the electron can be calculated to be present , as defined by the particular mathematical form of the orbital .   Each orbital in an atom is characterized by a unique set of values of the three quantum numbers , , and , which respectively correspond to the electron 's energy , angular momentum , and an angular momentum vector component ( the magnetic quantum number ) . Each such orbital can be occupied by a maximum of two electrons , each with its own spin quantum number . The simple names s orbital , p orbital , d orbital and f orbital refer to orbitals with angular momentum quantum number and respectively . These names , together with the value of , are used to describe the electron configurations of atoms . They are derived from the description by early spectroscopists of certain series of alkali metal spectroscopic lines as sharp , principal , diffuse , and fundamental . Orbitals for > 3 continue alphabetically , omitting j ( g , h , i , k , ... ) because some languages do not distinguish between the letters `` i '' and `` j '' .   Atomic orbitals are the basic building blocks of the atomic orbital model ( alternatively known as the electron cloud or wave mechanics model ) , a modern framework for visualizing the submicroscopic behavior of electrons in matter . In this model the electron cloud of a multi-electron atom may be seen as being built up ( in approximation ) in an electron configuration that is a product of simpler hydrogen-like atomic orbitals . The repeating periodicity of the blocks of 2 , 6 , 10 , and 14 elements within sections of the periodic table arises naturally from the total number of electrons that occupy a complete set of s , p , d and f atomic orbitals , respectively , although for higher values of the quantum number , particularly when the atom in question bears a positive charge , the energies of certain sub-shells become very similar and so the order in which they are said to be populated by electrons ( e.g. Cr = -LSB- Ar -RSB- 4s13d5 and Cr2 + = -LSB- Ar -RSB- 3d4 ) can only be rationalized somewhat arbitrarily .

neg: Planet (disambiguation) A planet , in astronomy , is one of a class of celestial bodies that orbit stars . ( A dwarf planet is a similar , but officially mutually exclusive , class of body . )   For articles on specific types of planet , see List of planets   Planet or Planets may also refer to :  Planets in astrology , another concept referring to celestial bodies but as used in prophecy

neg: Earth (Jefferson Starship album) Earth is a 1978 album by Jefferson Starship . The album was recorded in 1977 , with the same band lineup as the previous album , Spitfire . The band had not toured in 1977 , partly due to Marty Balin 's reluctance to commit fully to the band . The song `` Count on Me '' became a Top-10 single , peaking at # 8 . The album itself hit # 5 on the Billboard charts . A US and European tour followed which resulted in an audience riot in Germany after the band decided not to play without Grace Slick who was ill . They lost all their guitars and equipment during the riot and played one more tense show on German TV in Hamburg after which Grace left the band for one album . Marty Balin fronted the band for one more show at a Genesis concert at the Knebworth Festival in England using rented equipment . When they returned to the USA drummer John Barbata left the band after a serious car accident . This would be the end of the 1970s line-up and several new members joined the band , as well as a new record producer . Success of this album led to Jefferson Starship being contracted to provide a song for the Star Wars Holiday Special .

neg: Distant minor planet The term distant minor planet is used by the International Astronomical Union 's Minor Planet Center to refer collectively to those minor planets found in the outer Solar System that are not commonly thought of as `` asteroids '' . Included are the populations centaurs , Neptune trojans , and trans-Neptunian objects . All distant objects have a semi-major axis ( average distance from the Sun ) greater than 6 AU , which is just beyond the planet Jupiter .

neg: Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia is an astronomy website , founded in Paris , France at the Meudon Observatory by Jean Schneider in February 1995 , which maintains a database of all the currently known and candidate extrasolar planets , with individual `` note '' pages for each planet and a full list interactive catalog spreadsheet . The main catalogue comprises databases of all of the currently confirmed extrasolar planets as well as a database of unconfirmed planet detections . The databases are frequently updated with new data from peer-reviewed publications and conferences .   In their respective pages , the Planets are listed along with their basic properties such as the year of planet 's discovery , mass , radius , orbital period , semi-major axis , eccentricity , inclination , longitude of periastron , time of periastron , maximum time variation , and time of transit , including all error range values .   The individual planet data pages also contain the data on the parent star such as Name , Distance ( pc ) , Spectral Type , Effective Temperature , Apparent Magnitude V , Mass , Radius , Age , Right Asc . Coord. , Decl . Coord . Even when they are known , not all of these figures are listed in the interactive spreadsheet catalog . And many missing planet figures that would simply require the application of Kepler 's third law of motion are left blank . Most notably absent on all pages is the star 's luminosity .   As of June 2011 , the catalog aims to include objects up to 25 Jupiter masses , an increase on the previous inclusion criteria of 20 Jupiter masses .

neg: Modern Mars habitability One of the central questions of modern Astrobiology is whether there is , or ever has been life on Mars . Mars probably had oceans in the past , and it definitely had lakes and a thicker atmosphere . Modern Mars has become cold , dry , and almost uninhabitable , yet , if life did ever arise on Mars , some hardy microbes and perhaps even multicellular life might survive there right through to the present . The only missions to search for life on Mars , the two Viking missions , returned results that were inconclusive  . However the instruments were not designed to cope with the unusual conditions which Viking discovered on Mars , which may have confused the results of the experiments . Also , they did n't know enough about Mars at that time to target the regions we now think are most likely to have present day life .   Life would meet many challenges on present day Mars . Liquid water boils at 0 ° C , over much of its surface . Even at the depths of the Hellas basin , any water is close to its boiling point of 10 ° C and will dry out quickly . Ice also evaporates into the atmosphere over geological timescales - and most of the equatorial regions are thought to be dry to depths of tens of meters . As its axial tilt varies , Mars atmosphere is sometimes thicker , and liquid water may then form on the surface - but any dormant life in the top few meters of soil would be destroyed over periods of millions of years by cosmic radiation .   However , in 2008 , droplets were observed on the landing legs of Phoenix . Sadly , there was no way to analyse them , but the leading hypothesis is that they were droplets of salty water . Phoenix also made isotopic measurements which show that the Mars atmosphere has exchanged oxygen molecules with liquid on the surface in the recent geological past . This could indicate either recent episodic occurrences of liquid water ( for instance after a meteorite strike ) or water present every year , in contact with the atmosphere .   We now know of many seasonal changes in the surface of Mars which are only visible in high resolution photographs . Most of these are now thought to be caused by dry ice or wind effects . However , the `` Recurrent slope lineae '' , and some of the `` flow like features '' form in conditions that suggest the occasional presence of small quantities of water on Mars . The evidence of flowing brines in the RSLs is strong , though it 's not known if they are habitable . Curiosity has also found indirect evidence of a brine layer 15 cm below the sands that it drives over , though most scientists think that this layer is not habitable for Earth life . Recent Mars surface simulations by Nilton Renno and his team have shown that small droplets of water can form on salt / ice interfaces for a few hours per day almost anywhere on the surface of Mars , and this may explain the Phoenix leg droplets observations .   In a separate development , research by the German aerospace company DLR in Mars simulation chambers and on the ISS show that some Earth life can survive simulated Mars surface conditions without any water at all , and photosynthesize and metabolize , slowly . It can do this using the high relative humidity of the Mars atmosphere at night . All of this work was done after the Phoenix discoveries in 2008 .   Other potential habitats include lakes formed in the higher latitudes after cometary or meteorite impacts , or as a result of volcanism . Covered by ice , these may remain liquid for centuries , or up to a few thousand years for the largest impacts . The planet may also have underground trapped layers of water heated by geothermal hotspots . Also there are suggestions that Mars may have a deep hydrosphere , a liquid layer below its cryosphere , a few kilometers below the surface . Deep rock habitats on Earth are inhabited by life so if this layer exists , it may also be habitable on Mars .   The main questions are   Do these potential habitats exist ?  Are they habitable ? For instance , liquid water , if present , could be too cold , or too salty for Earth life  Are they in fact inhabited by any forms of life ? As Mars is so inhospitable , life might not be able to spread to new habitats easily . So there might be life in some of the habitats and not in others . Or life on Mars may have gone extinct , or never evolved at all , in which case none of the habitats would be inhabited .   These discoveries have renewed interest in this topic , with many astrobiologists saying that they think present day Mars may be more habitable than previously thought . The first conference on the Present Day Habitability of Mars was held in 2013 in UCLA . The 2017 conference session on Modern Mars Habitability will run from April 24 -- 28 in Mesa , Arizona

neg: Earth-like planet Earth-like planet is used as a synonym for either of the following :   Earth analog , denoting another world that is very similar to Earth  Terrestrial planet , denoting a planet that is composed of the same materials as Earth , i.e. , primarily of silicate rocks or metals

neg: Hydrostatic equilibrium In fluid mechanics , a fluid is said to be in hydrostatic equilibrium or hydrostatic balance when it is at rest , or when the flow velocity at each point is constant over time . This occurs when external forces such as gravity are balanced by a pressure gradient force . For instance , the pressure-gradient force prevents gravity from collapsing Earth 's atmosphere into a thin , dense shell , whereas gravity prevents the pressure gradient force from diffusing the atmosphere into space .   Hydrostatic equilibrium is the current distinguishing criterion between dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies , and has other roles in astrophysics and planetary geology . This qualification typically means that the object is symmetrically rounded into a spheroid or ellipsoid shape , where any irregular surface features are due to a relatively thin solid crust . There are 31 observationally confirmed such objects ( apart from the Sun ) , sometimes called planemos , in the Solar System , seven more that are virtually certain , and a hundred or so more that are likely .

neg: Proterozoic The Proterozoic ( -LSB- pronˌproʊtərəˈzoʊɪk , _ prɔː - , _ - trə - -RSB- ) is a geological eon representing the time just before the proliferation of complex life on Earth . The name Proterozoic comes from Greek and means `` earlier life '' , the Greek root protero - , means `` former , earlier '' and zoic - , means `` animal , living being '' . The Proterozoic Eon extended from to ( million years ago ) , and is the most recent part of the Precambrian Supereon . It is subdivided into three geologic eras ( from oldest to youngest ) : the Paleoproterozoic , Mesoproterozoic , and Neoproterozoic .   The well-identified events of this eon were the transition to an oxygenated atmosphere during the Paleoproterozoic ; several glaciations , which produced the hypothesized Snowball Earth during the Cryogenian Period in the late Neoproterozoic Era ; and the Ediacaran Period ( 635 to 541 Ma ) which is characterized by the evolution of abundant soft-bodied multicellular organisms and provides us with the first obvious fossil evidence of life on earth .

neg: Black dwarf A black dwarf is a theoretical stellar remnant , specifically a white dwarf that has cooled sufficiently that it no longer emits significant heat or light . Because the time required for a white dwarf to reach this state is calculated to be longer than the current age of the universe ( 13.8 billion years ) , no black dwarfs are expected to exist in the universe yet , and the temperature of the coolest white dwarfs is one observational limit on the age of the universe .   The name `` black dwarf '' has also been applied to substellar objects that do not have sufficient mass , less than approximately 0.08 , to maintain hydrogen-burning nuclear fusion . These objects are now generally called brown dwarfs , a term coined in the 1970s . Black dwarfs should not be confused with black holes , black stars , or neutron stars .

neg: Carbon Carbon ( from carbo `` coal '' ) is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6 . It is nonmetallic and tetravalent -- making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds . Three isotopes occur naturally , C and C being stable , while C is a radioactive isotope , decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years . Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity .   Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth 's crust , and the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen , helium , and oxygen . Carbon 's abundance , its unique diversity of organic compounds , and its unusual ability to form polymers at the temperatures commonly encountered on Earth enables this element to serve as a common element of all known life . It is the second most abundant element in the human body by mass ( about 18.5 % ) after oxygen .   The atoms of carbon can bond together in different ways , termed allotropes of carbon . The best known are graphite , diamond , and amorphous carbon . The physical properties of carbon vary widely with the allotropic form . For example , graphite is opaque and black while diamond is highly transparent . Graphite is soft enough to form a streak on paper ( hence its name , from the Greek verb '' γράφειν '' which means `` to write '' ) , while diamond is the hardest naturally occurring material known . Graphite is a good electrical conductor while diamond has a low electrical conductivity . Under normal conditions , diamond , carbon nanotubes , and graphene have the highest thermal conductivities of all known materials . All carbon allotropes are solids under normal conditions , with graphite being the most thermodynamically stable form . They are chemically resistant and require high temperature to react even with oxygen .   The most common oxidation state of carbon in inorganic compounds is +4 , while +2 is found in carbon monoxide and transition metal carbonyl complexes . The largest sources of inorganic carbon are limestones , dolomites and carbon dioxide , but significant quantities occur in organic deposits of coal , peat , oil , and methane clathrates . Carbon forms a vast number of compounds , more than any other element , with almost ten million compounds described to date , and yet that number is but a fraction of the number of theoretically possible compounds under standard conditions . For this reason , carbon has often been referred to as the `` king of the elements '' .

neg: Venus Venus is the second planet from the Sun , orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days . It has the longest rotation period ( 243 days ) of any planet in the Solar System and rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets . It has no natural satellites . It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty . It is the second-brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon , reaching an apparent magnitude of − 4.6 , bright enough to cast shadows at night and , though rare , occasionally be visible in broad daylight . Because Venus orbits within Earth 's orbit it is an inferior planet and never appears to venture far from the Sun ; its maximum angular distance from the Sun ( elongation ) is 47.8 ° .   Venus is a terrestrial planet and is sometimes called Earth 's `` sister planet '' because of their similar size , mass , proximity to the Sun , and bulk composition . It is radically different from Earth in other respects . It has the densest atmosphere of the four terrestrial planets , consisting of more than 96 % carbon dioxide . The atmospheric pressure at the planet 's surface is 92 times that of Earth , or roughly the pressure found 900 m underwater on Earth . Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System , with a mean surface temperature of 735 K , even though Mercury is closer to the Sun . Venus is shrouded by an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of sulfuric acid , preventing its surface from being seen from space in visible light . It may have had water oceans in the past , but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect . The water has probably photodissociated , and the free hydrogen has been swept into interplanetary space by the solar wind because of the lack of a planetary magnetic field . Venus 's surface is a dry desertscape interspersed with slab-like rocks and is periodically resurfaced by volcanism .   As one of the brightest objects in the sky , Venus has been a major fixture in human culture for as long as records have existed . It has been made sacred to gods of many cultures , and has been a prime inspiration for writers and poets as the `` morning star '' and `` evening star '' . Venus was the first planet to have its motions plotted across the sky , as early as the second millennium BC .   As the closest planet to Earth , Venus has been a prime target for early interplanetary exploration . It was the first planet beyond Earth visited by a spacecraft ( Mariner 2 in 1962 ) , and the first to be successfully landed on ( by Venera 7 in 1970 ) . Venus 's thick clouds render observation of its surface impossible in visible light , and the first detailed maps did not emerge until the arrival of the Magellan orbiter in 1991 . Plans have been proposed for rovers or more complex missions , but they are hindered by Venus 's hostile surface conditions .


query: The Smurfs is a TV series.

pos: The Smurfs (film) The Smurfs is a 2011 American 3D live-action/computer-animated comedy film loosely based on the comic book series of the same name created by the Belgian comics artist Peyo . It was directed by Raja Gosnell and stars Hank Azaria , Neil Patrick Harris , Jayma Mays and Sofía Vergara , with Jonathan Winters and Katy Perry as the voices of Papa Smurf and Smurfette . It is the first CGI/live-action hybrid film produced by Sony Pictures Animation , and the first in The Smurfs duology . The film tells the story of the Smurfs as they get lost in New York , and try to find a way to get back home before Gargamel catches them .   After five years of negotiations , Jordan Kerner bought the rights in 2002 , and the film entered development with Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies , until Columbia Pictures and Sony Pictures Animation obtained the film rights in 2008 . Filming began in March 2010 in New York City .   After having the release date changed three times , Columbia Pictures released The Smurfs on July 29 , 2011 . Box office analysts initially predicted the film would tie with Cowboys & Aliens , but The Smurfs ultimately came in second , grossing $ 35.6 million against Cowboys & Aliens $ 36.4 million gross . The Smurfs reached the $ 500 million milestone in the weekend of September 23 -- 25 , 2011 .   A sequel , titled The Smurfs 2 , was released on July 31 , 2013 .

neg: Samson & Goliath Samson & Goliath ( also known as Young Samson ) is an animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions for NBC , where it debuted on September 9 , 1967 . Primarily sponsored by General Mills , who controlled the distribution rights through its agency Dancer Fitzgerald Sample , Samson & Goliath was retitled Young Samson in April 1968 to avoid confusion with the stop-motion Christian television series Davey and Goliath .   Twenty-six 12-minute episodes of the series were produced ( six of which no longer exist ) ; Samson & Goliath cartoons were paired with other General Mills-sponsored shows such as Tennessee Tuxedo and Go Go Gophers to form a full half-hour for their original network broadcasts . Young Samson was later shown in syndication with The Space Kidettes as The Space Kidettes and Young Samson , distributed by The Program Exchange . The rights today belong to Warner Bros. . Television Distribution , current rights owner of the Hanna-Barbera catalog .   The series was the only Dancer Fitzgerald Sample-sponsored cartoon to be outsourced to Hanna-Barbera ; the agency 's in-house studio , Gamma Productions , had closed shortly before the series began . ( It was also the only cartoon in the DFS portfolio not to be created by Jay Ward Productions or Total Television ) .

neg: Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( SMPTE ( -LSB- ˈsɪmptiː -RSB- , rarely -LSB- ˈsʌmptiː -RSB- ) , founded in 1916 as the Society of Motion Picture Engineers or SMPE , is an international professional association , based in the United States of America , of engineers working in the motion imaging industries . An internationally recognized standards organizations , SMPTE has more than 600 Standards , Recommended Practices , and Engineering Guidelines for television production , filmmaking , digital cinema , audio recording , information technology , and medical imaging . In addition to development and publication of technical standard documents , SMPTE publishes the SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal , provides networking opportunities for its members , produces academic conferences and exhibitions , and performs other industry-related functions .   SMPTE Membership is open to any individual or organization with interest in the subject matter .   SMPTE standards documents are copyrighted and may be purchased from the SMPTE website , or other distributors of technical standards . Standard documents may be purchased by the general public . Significant standards promulgated by SMPTE include :   All film and television transmission formats and media , including digital .  Physical interfaces for transmission of television signals and related data ( such as SMPTE time code and the Serial Digital Interface ) ( SDI )  SMPTE color bars  Test card patterns and other diagnostic tools  The Material eXchange Format , or MXF   SMPTE 's educational and professional development activities include technical presentations at regular meetings of its local Sections , annual and biennial conferences in the US and Australia and the SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal . The society sponsors many awards , the oldest of which are the SMPTE Progress Medal , the Samuel Warner Memorial Medal , and the David Sarnoff Medal . SMPTE also has a number of student Chapters and sponsors scholarships for college students in the motion imaging disciplines .   Related organizations include  National Television System Committee ( NTSC )  Moving Picture Experts Group ( MPEG )  ITU Radiocommunication Sector ( formerly known as the CCIR )  ITU Telecommunication Sector ( formerly known as the CCITT )  Digital Video Broadcasting  BBC Research Department  European Broadcasting Union ( EBU )

neg: Film series A film series ( also referred to as a film franchise ) is a collection of related films in succession that share the same fictional universe , or are marketed as a series .   Sometimes the work is conceived from the beginning as a multiple-film work , for example the Three Colours series , but in most cases the success of the original film inspires further films to be made . Individual sequels are relatively common , but are not always successful enough to spawn further installments .   The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the highest grossing film series in unadjusted US Dollar figures surpassing the Harry Potter , Star Wars , James Bond , and Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings series . However , `` Star Wars '' has the highest when adjusted for inflation .

neg: Big Fantastic Big Fantastic , LLC is a filmmaking collective and production company located in Santa Monica , California which creates , develops and produces online video entertainment . The company is currently most known for their popular web series Sam Has 7 Friends and Prom Queen . Recent project include the web experiment Control TV , the web sitcom Cockpit , Foreign Body , a prequel to the Robin Cook novel , and Sorority Forever for The WB .

neg: Out of Control (TV series) Out of Control is an American comedy television series that ran on Nickelodeon from 1984 to 1985 , and was one of the first series produced specifically for Nickelodeon .

neg: Sesame Street research In 1969 , the children 's television show Sesame Street premiered on the National Educational Television network ( later succeeded by PBS ) in the United States . Unlike earlier children 's programming , the show 's producers used research and over 1,000 studies and experiments to create the show and test its impact on its young viewers ' learning . By the end of the program 's first season , the organization founded to oversee Sesame Street production , Children 's Television Workshop ( CTW ) , had developed what came to be called `` the CTW model '' : a system of planning , production , and evaluation that combined the expertise of researchers and early childhood educators with that of the program 's writers , producers , and directors .   CTW conducted research in two ways : in-house formative research that informed and improved production , and independent summative evaluations conducted by the Educational Testing Service ( ETS ) during the show 's first two seasons to measure the program 's educational effectiveness . CTW researchers invented tools to measure young viewers ' attention to the program . Based on these findings , the researchers compiled a body of data and the producers changed the show accordingly . The formative research on Sesame Street was the first time children 's television viewing was studied scientifically .   Summative research conducted over the years , including two landmark evaluations in 1970 and 1971 , demonstrated that viewing the program had positive effects on young viewers ' learning , school readiness , and social skills . Subsequent studies have replicated these findings , such as the effect of the show in countries outside of the US , several longitudinal studies , the effects of war and natural disasters on young children , and studies about how the show affected viewers ' cognition . As CTW researcher Gerald S. Lesser stated in 1974 , early tests conducted on the show ( both formative and summative ) `` suggested that Sesame Street was making strides towards teaching what it had set out to teach '' .

neg: List of The Middle episodes The Middle is a primetime American comedy series created by DeAnn Heline and Eileen Heisler for the ABC network . The Middle stars Patricia Heaton and Neil Flynn as Frankie and Mike Heck , a used-car saleswoman and the manager of a small mining firm respectively , who struggle to raise their children in the fictional middle-class town of Orson , Indiana . Their three children include the athletic but underachieving , slow-witted Axl ( Charlie McDermott ) , cluelessly unpopular daughter Sue ( Eden Sher ) , and frustrated , odd child-genius Brick ( Atticus Shaffer ) . The Hecks find themselves embroiled in somewhat unusual events as they attempt to navigate their day-to-day lives . The series was met with a positive reception from television critics when it premiered on September 30 , 2009 , with a score of 70 on the aggregated reviews website Metacritic . On March 3 , 2016 , ABC renewed the series for an eighth season . On January 25 , 2017 , ABC renewed the series for a ninth season .

neg: South Park (season 13) The thirteenth season of South Park , an American animated television comedy series , originally aired in the United States on Comedy Central between March 11 and November 18 , 2009 . The season was headed by the series creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone , who served as executive producers along with Anne Garefino . The season continued to focus on the exploits of protagonists Stan , Kyle , Cartman , Kenny and Butters in the fictional Colorado mountain town of South Park .   The season was the first of three new seasons Parker and Stone agreed to produce for the network under a renewal deal . It consisted of fourteen 22-minute episodes , which aired in two groups of seven episodes separated by a six-month gap . Prior to the season 's premiere , all South Park episodes were made available for free viewing on the official series website , South Park Studios . The 13th season was the first to be broadcast in high definition and in widescreen . Continuing their practice from previous seasons , Parker and Stone wrote and produced each episode within the week before its broadcast date .   The 13th season satirized such topics as the ACORN scandal , Japanese whaling , piracy in Somalia and the marketing tactics of the Walt Disney Company . Celebrities were spoofed throughout the season , including the Jonas Brothers , Kanye West , Carlos Mencia , Paul Watson and Glenn Beck , all of whom publicly responded to their portrayals . The episode `` Fishsticks '' attracted particular media attention due to rapper Kanye West 's declaration that its jokes about his arrogance were funny but hurt his feelings . `` The F Word '' , in which the central characters attempt to change the definition of the word `` fag '' , was especially controversial and prompted complaints from the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation . A broadcast of `` Pinewood Derby '' in Mexico was pulled , allegedly due to its depiction of Mexican President Felipe Calderón . `` Fatbeard '' was praised by the crew of the USS Bainbridge , which was involved in the 2009 rescue of the MV Maersk Alabama from Somali pirates .   The 13th season received mixed reviews : some critics called it one of South Park 's strongest seasons , while others claimed the series was starting to decline in quality . The season maintained the average Nielsen rating viewership for the series , around 3 million viewers per episode . The episode `` Margaritaville '' , which satirized the global recession then affecting much of the industrialized world , won the 2009 Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program ( for Programming Less Than One Hour ) .

neg: Marvel Productions Marvel Productions Ltd. , later known as New World Animation Ltd. , was the television and film studio subsidiary of the Marvel Entertainment Group , based in Hollywood , Los Angeles , California . It later became a subsidiary of New World Entertainment and eventually of News Corporation ( Fox Entertainment Group ) .   Marvel Productions produced animated television series , motion pictures , and television specials such as Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends , The Incredible Hulk , My Little Pony : The Movie , The Transformers : The Movie , and G.I. Joe : The Movie as well as the Transformers and G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero television series . Most of Marvel Productions ' back catalog ( mostly non-Hasbro related productions ) is currently owned by The Walt Disney Company .

neg: Teen drama A teen drama is a genre or type of drama series with a major focus on teenage and young adult characters . It came into prominence in the early 1990s , especially with the popularity of the Fox series Beverly Hills , 90210 . After 90210 became a success , television writers and producers realized the potential for this new genre to reach out to a previously ignored demographic . In the past , most series that maintained a focus on teenagers had been sitcoms , while adolescents in drama series were usually part of a larger ensemble that included adults and children .   More often than not , teen dramas have soap opera elements , incorporating one or more ongoing story arcs spanning several episodes . The young characters must deal with the dramatic ups and downs of their friendships and romances while facing an array of issues thought to be typical of adolescence . There have also been many successful teen-based series with major science fiction , fantasy and action/adventure themes .

neg: List of The Simpsons video games The Simpsons is an American animated television sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series is a satirical parody of a middle class American lifestyle epitomized by its eponymous family , which consists of Homer , Marge , Bart , Lisa and Maggie . It is set in the fictional town of Springfield , and lampoons American culture , society and television , and many aspects of the human condition . The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a pitch for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks . Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family , substituting Bart for his own name . The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 , 1987 and after a three-season run , the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became a hit series for Fox . The growing popularity of the series motivated video game developers to create video games based on the series . Two pinball machines have also been produced ; one self-titled , that was only made available for a limited time after the first season finale ( 1990 ) and The Simpsons Pinball Party ( 2003 ) . Additionally , several handheld device games have been released , such as Bartman : Avenger of Evil ( 1990 ) and Bart Simpson 's Cupcake Crisis ( 1991 ) .   Video games based on the series have reached multiple platforms since their debut in 1991 . The Simpsons '' ' first video game release , The Simpsons , developed and published by Konami , saw a release on the Commodore 64 and DOS , while Bart vs. the Space Mutants ( 1991 ) , developed by Imagineering , expanded the franchise into new platforms , including the Amstrad CPC , NES and Master System . Over the next few years , the franchise would continue to expand , releasing system-exclusive games , such as the PC 's Cartoon Studio ( 1996 ) and the PlayStation 's The Simpsons Wrestling ( 2001 ) . The release of The Simpsons Game ( 2007 ) , developed by EA Redwood Shores ( Visceral Games ) , further expanded the franchise , appearing on new platforms including the Wii , Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 . Due to the series ' longevity , The Simpsons video games have also spanned across many genres , such as the puzzle game Krusty 's Fun House ( 1992 ) , the sports game Itchy & Scratchy in Miniature Golf Madness ( 1994 ) and racing game Road Rage ( 2001 ) . The Simpsons is also one of the franchises spotlighted in the toys-to-life video game Lego Dimensions '' ( 2015 ) .

neg: Sesame Street Sesame Street is a long-running American children 's television series , produced by Sesame Workshop ( formerly known as the Children 's Television Workshop ) and created by Joan Ganz Cooney and Lloyd Morrisett . The program is known for its educational content , and images communicated through the use of Jim Henson 's Muppets , animation , short films , humor , and cultural references . The series premiered on November 10 , 1969 , to positive reviews , some controversy , and high viewership ; it has aired on the U.S. 's national public television provider ( PBS ) since its debut , with its first run moving to premium channel HBO on January 16 , 2016 .   The show has undergone significant changes throughout its history . The format of Sesame Street consists of a combination of commercial television production elements and techniques which have evolved to reflect the changes in American culture and the audience 's viewing habits . With the creation of Sesame Street , producers and writers of a children 's television show used , for the first time , educational goals and a curriculum to shape its content . It was also the first time a show 's educational effects were studied .   Shortly after creating Sesame Street , its producers developed what came to be called the `` CTW model '' ( after the production company 's previous name ) , a system of television show planning , production , and evaluation based on collaborations between producers , writers , educators , and researchers . The show was initially funded by government and private foundations but has become somewhat self-supporting due to revenues from licensing arrangements , international sales , and other media . By 2006 , there were independently produced versions , or `` co-productions '' , of Sesame Street broadcast in twenty countries . In 2001 there were over 120 million viewers of various international versions of Sesame Street , and by the show 's 40th anniversary in 2009 , it was broadcast in more than 140 countries .   By its 40th anniversary in 2009 , Sesame Street was the fifteenth-highest-rated children 's television show in the United States . A 1996 survey found that 95 % of all American preschoolers had watched the show by the time they were three years old . In 2008 , it was estimated that 77 million Americans had watched the series as children . As of 2014 , Sesame Street has won 167 Emmy Awards and 8 Grammy Awards -- more than any other children 's show .

neg: The Comedians (1971 TV series) The Comedians is a British television show of the 1970s ( later reprised in the mid-1980s and early 1990s ) produced by Johnnie Hamp of Granada Television . The show gave a stage to nightclub and working men 's club comedians of the era , including Russ Abbot , Lennie Bennett , Stan Boardman , Jim Bowen , Jimmy Bright , Duggie Brown , Mike Burton , Dave Butler , Brian Carroll , Frank Carson , Mike Coyne , Jimmy Cricket , Colin Crompton , Pauline Daniels , Charlie Daze , Vince Earl , Steve Faye , Eddie Flanagan , Stu Francis , Ken Goodwin , Jackie Hamilton , Jerry Harris , George King , Bobby Knutt , Bernard Manning , Mike McCabe , Paul Melba , Mick Miller , Hal Nolan , Tom O'Connor , Tom Pepper , Bryn Phillips , Mike Reid , George Roper , Harry Scott , Sammy Thomas , Johnny Wager , Roy Walker , Charlie Williams , Lee Wilson and Lenny Windsor .   Also featured on the TV show , were Shep 's Banjo Boys , a 7-piece band comprising ( for the first 5 series ) Charlie Bentley ( tenor banjo ) , John Drury ( sousaphone ) , Andy Holdorf ( trombone ) , John Orchard ( piano ) , John Rollings ( drums ) , Graham Shepherd ( banjo ) and Howard Shepherd ( lead banjo ) . In 1973 , the line up was Mike Dexter ( banjo ) , Tony `` Tosh '' Kennedy ( sousaphone ) , Ged Martin ( drums ) , Tony Pritchard ( trombone ) , Graham Shepherd ( banjo ) and Howard `` Shep '' Shepherd ( lead banjo ) .   The Comedians began as an experiment for Granada TV . Filmed before a live audience in Manchester , comics each performed 20-minute sets , which were then edited together into half-hour shows . Each edition featured up to ten stand-up comics .   Working men 's clubs are numerous in Britain , especially in North East England and have been a useful training ground for artists , especially comedians . Most of these clubs are affiliated to the CIU ( Working Men 's Club and Institute Union ) founded in 1862 by the Rev. Henry Solly . There are also political clubs , as well as Servicemen 's Clubs affiliated to the Royal British Legion .   It was remarkably popular during the earlier series . An LP recording of the show reached the best-seller charts , several sell-out national tours followed , including a season at the London Palladium , and the programme won the Critics ' circle Award .   The comedy frequently took the form of anecdotes or jokes and often involved racist or sexist stereotypes . Like other British comedy successes of the day , notably , Love Thy Neighbour , this kind of entertainment was acceptable on British television during this period but would not be so today . Viewing the series in retrospect it stands as a major social document of the times .   In recent years , the series has been repeated on the ( now defunct ) British satellite television channel Plus , and can now be bought on DVD , having been released by Network .

neg: The Young Ones (TV series) The Young Ones is a British sitcom , broadcast in the United Kingdom from 1982 to 1984 in two six-part series . Shown on BBC2 , it featured anarchic , offbeat humour which helped bring alternative comedy to television in the 1980s and made household names of its writers and performers . In 1985 , it was shown on MTV , one of the first non-music television shows on the fledgling channel . In a 2004 poll , it ranked at number 31 in the BBC 's list of Britain 's Best Sitcoms .

neg: It Hits the Fan `` It Hits the Fan '' is the first episode of the fifth season of the American animated television series South Park , and the 66th episode of the series overall . It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on June 20 , 2001 . In the episode , the word `` shit '' is said uncensored on television on the crime show Cop Drama . After this , everyone starts saying `` shit '' over and over , which eventually brings over a mysterious plague that unleashes the ancient Knights of Standards and Practices , and only Chef and the boys can save the world .   The episode was written by series co-creator Trey Parker and is rated TV-MA-LV in the United States . Throughout the episode , the profanity `` shit '' or `` shitty '' are exclaimed uncensored a total of 162 separate times ; in syndicated or re-aired versions of this episode , a counter in the bottom left corner of the screen counts the number of times the word has been uttered . The written occurrences are not counted , but `` shit '' is written 38 times , which puts the `` shit `` s up to an even 200 . `` Shit '' is uttered roughly once every eight seconds ; one such count includes the episode 's theme song in the calculation .

neg: FM (1989 TV series) FM is an American television sitcom , which aired on NBC in 1989 and 1990 . The series title was a pun , referring both to the show 's setting at an FM radio station and to its themes of female-male interaction .

neg: LightSurf Philippe Kahn and Sonia-Lee founded LightSurf in 1998 , shortly after Kahn created the first camera phone for sharing pictures on public networks in 1997 . LightSurf was formed to take advantage of the explosive convergence of wireless messaging technology , the Internet , and digital media .   LightSurf 's core technology , the LightSurf 6 Open Standards MMS Platform , is a suite of hosted and managed MMS services that allows users to capture , view , annotate , and share multimedia messages with any handset or e-mail address , regardless of device , file type , or network operator .   LightSurf 's products include the first mobile picture messaging solution in North America ( GSM ) , the first mobile picture messaging solution on a GPRS carrier network , the first commercially deployed inter-carrier MMS solution in North America , the highest volume of picture and video messaging in North America and over 400 million media messages shared on Sprint 's network ( powered by LightSurf ) .   In 2005 , LightSurf was acquired by VeriSign . LightSurf was offered for sale as a part of a group of `` Messaging Assets '' purchased and developed by VeriSign in late 2008 . The group was divested to Syniverse Technologies in late 2009 .

neg: Canned Film Festival The Canned Film Festival is a comedy-based motion picture television series that was nationally syndicated during the late night hours in the United States for a single season in the summer of 1986 . With only a one-letter difference in the spelling , the name is an intentional play on the name for the Cannes Film Festival , the annual world-renowned film-screening celebration in Cannes , France . Not to be confused with the latter , the Canned Film Festival featured B movies as the centerpiece for each television episode , and was composed of short vignettes interwoven throughout the films . Boasting the tagline `` late night with the best of the worst '' , the series was promoted and sponsored by the Dr Pepper Company , whose then-tagline `` out-of-the-ordinary '' echoed the show 's collection of odd and strange movies . The series was created by Young & Rubicam , developed for television by Chelsea Communications , and distributed by LBS Communications .   Although similar in style to the successful Mystery Science Theater 3000 series that aired a few years later , the Canned Film Festival differed in that its comedy scenes occurred strictly during the commercial intermissions instead of adding peanut gallery type satire during the actual run of the movies . In addition , the script , although comedic in nature , often reflected upon the serious contextual and cultural subjects contained in the featured movies , sometimes providing historical insight into their production . An example is seen during the episode featuring Project Moonbase , where female spaceship commanders were discussed as an accurate future prediction by the 1950s era movie , as were cordless telephones and big screen televisions . The featured B movies of the series were not full-length , and edited to fit the show 's approximately two-hour timeframe per episode .

neg: He-Man and the Masters of the Universe He-Man and the Masters of the Universe is an American animated television series produced by Filmation based on Mattel 's toy line Masters of the Universe . The show , often referred to as simply He-Man , was one of the most popular animated children 's shows of the 1980s , and has retained a heavy cult following to this day .   It made its television debut in 1983 and ran until 1985 , consisting of two seasons of 65 episodes each . Reruns continued to air in syndication until 1988 , at which point USA Network bought the rights to the series . USA aired He-Man until September 1990 . Reruns of the show are no longer being broadcast on the Qubo Night Owl nor on Retro Television Network in the US , but the show is now available on Netflix .

neg: Daily fantasy sports Daily fantasy sports ( DFS ) are a subset of fantasy sport games . As with traditional fantasy sports games , players compete against others by building a team of professional athletes from a particular league or competition while remaining under a salary cap , and earn points based on the actual statistical performance of the players in real-world competitions . Daily fantasy sports are an accelerated variant of traditional fantasy sports that are conducted over short-term periods , such as a week or single day of competition , as opposed to those that are played across an entire season . Daily fantasy sports are typically structured in the form of paid competitions typically referred to as a `` contest '' ; winners receive a share of a pre-determined pot funded by their entry fees . A portion of entry fee payments go to the provider as rake revenue .   In the United States , the daily fantasy sports industry is dominated by two competing services : the New York-based FanDuel , and the Boston-based DraftKings . Both companies were established as venture capital-backed startup companies , received funding from investment firms , sports broadcasters , leagues , and team owners , and became known for the aggressive marketing of their services . As of September 2015 , both companies have an estimated value of at least $ 1 billion , and control 95 % of the U.S. DFS market . The two primarily compete against smaller DFS services , such as Fantasy Aces and Yahoo! Sports . The popularity of the daily fantasy format has been credited to its convenience in comparison to season-length games , as well as the focus on major cash prizes in the promotion of these services . Daily fantasy has also been credited with helping to improve television viewership and engagement with sports .   Daily fantasy sports have faced notable legal challenges , including disputes over whether DFS constitutes gambling . Politicians and other critics have argued that due to their format , players are essentially making proposition wagers on the varying performance of individual athletes in specific games , and not managing the performance of their selections on a week-to-week basis . Proponents have defended DFS as being a game of skill , as the required familiarity with the players and teams , as well as salary cap management , rewards skilled players . Local laws have varying definitions of gambling games , such as whether a game 's elements of chance are predominant over those or skill , or how much control the player has over the outcome of the game .   In the United States , the legality of DFS has been determined on a state-by-state basis based on local gambling laws and other rulings . The federal Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act ( UIEGA ) contains language dictating that fantasy sports are not considered an unlawful wager under the act ; however , the act only prohibits the electronic transfer of funds from unlawful gambling as defined under state laws . A number of state attorneys general have issued opinions concluding that DFS is a form of illegal gambling , while the state of Nevada declared that DFS games must be licensed as a sports pool . The New York State ruling , which resulted from an investigation of DFS services after it was alleged that employees working for DraftKings and FanDuel had used inside information to win cash prizes from each other , spawned retaliatory lawsuits from the companies which alleged that the rulings were the result of a misinterpretation of the nature of their services . The state has since joined other states , such as Massachusetts and Virginia , in choosing to legalize and regulate DFS rather than prohibit it .


query: Juana la virgen is a telenovela written by George R. R. Martin.

pos: Juana la virgen Juana la Virgen ( English : Juana the Virgin ) is a 2002 Venezuelan telenovela written by Perla Farias and produced by RCTV . It was distributed worldwide by RCTV International .   Daniela Alvarado and Ricardo Álamo star as the protagonists , while Roxana Diaz , Norkys Batista and Eduardo Serrano play the antagonists .   In the United States a loose adaptation of the telenovela titled Jane the Virgin premiered on The CW . It is produced by Warner Bros. . Television and CBS Television Distribution .

neg: La fiera (1978 telenovela) La fiera is a Venezuelan telenovela written by Julio César Mármol and produced by Radio Caracas Television in 1978 .   Doris Wells and José Bardina starred as the protagonists .

neg: Juana Bacallao Juana Bacallao ( born May 26 , 1925 ) , also known as Juana la Cubana , is a Cuban singer and musician . She started her professional singing career under the aegis of Obdulio Morales , who composed the famous guaracha `` Juana Bacallao '' , which became her stage name .   Throughout her career she has toured around the world and performed with such artists as Nat King Cole , Rita Montaner and Celeste Mendoza .   She appeared in the September 2015 Cuba episode of the CNN series Anthony Bourdain : Parts Unknown .

neg: Gente bien (telenovela) Gente bien ( English title : People well ) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Lucy Orozco for Televisa in 1997 .   On April 28 , 1997 , Canal de las Estrellas started broadcasting Gente bien weekdays at 7:00 pm , replacing Mi querida Isabel . The last episode was broadcast on August 15 , 1997 with Amada enemiga replacing it the following day .   Patricia Manterola and Mario Cimarro starred as protagonists , while the leading actors César Évora and Julián Pastor starred as antagonists . The leading actresses María Rivas , Isela Vega , Helena Rojo and Ana Martín starred as stellar performances .

neg: Amor a Palos Amor a Palos is a Venezuelan telenovela made by Radio Caracas Television in 2005 and distributed internationally by RCTV International . Its protagonists , Norkys Batista and Lucian D'Alessandro , won the Dos de Oro award for Best actress/actor in a telenovela . It was written by Martín Hahn and executive produced by Jhony Pulido Mora .

neg: La duda La Duda ( The Doubt ) is a telenovela broadcast in Mexico by the TV Azteca network .

neg: ¡Viva Hollywood! ¡ Viva Hollywood ! is a VH1 reality television program . Twelve Latino actors and Latina actresses compete for the role of `` America 's Numero Uno Telenovela Star '' . The winner will also receive a contract with Telemundo , the biggest telenovela production company in the United States .

neg: Victoria (Colombian telenovela) Victoria is the title of a Spanish-language telenovela about a woman who falls in love with a dashing younger man , when her marriage collapses around her . It is produced by the United States-based television network Telemundo and RTI Colombia . This limited-run series debuted in the U.S. on December 4 , 2007 , after La Esclava Isaura finished . Filmed in Bogotá , it stars Victoria Ruffo , Mauricio Ochmann , Arturo Peniche , and Andrea López .

neg: Elizabeth Borton de Treviño Mary Elizabeth Victoria Borton de Treviño ( September 2 , 1904 -- December 2 , 2001 ) was an American author .   Elizabeth was born in Bakersfield , California , to Carrie Louise Christensen and attorney Fred Ellsworth Borton . Her family were all enthusiastic readers ; Fred had published short stories and poems before becoming a lawyer . Elizabeth always wanted to become an author . She began writing poetry at age 6 , and had her first poem published at 8 . Her parents strongly encouraged her ambitions .   She attended Stanford University , graduating Phi Beta Kappa in 1925 with a bachelor 's degree in Latin American History . After finishing college , she moved to Massachusetts to study violin at the Boston Conservatory , then worked as a reporter .   On August 10 , 1935 she married Luis Treviño Arreola y Gómez Sánchez de la Barquera ( b. August 5 , 1902 ) and moved to his hometown of Monterrey , Mexico . After their two sons , Luis Federico and Enrique Ricardo Treviño-Borton , were born , they lived in Monterrey for a time , then moved to Mexico City in 1941 . Their final move was to Cuernavaca , Morelos , known popularly as the `` City of Eternal Spring '' .   Her book I , Juan de Pareja ( 1965 ) won the Newbery Medal in 1966 . It was inspired by her elder son Luis ' interest in art , particularly painting . Luis told her the story of the artist Diego Velázquez and his slave Juan de Pareja , model for one of Velázquez ' most famous paintings , whom Velázquez instructed in painting and later freed . After seeing the original of Velázquez ' painting of Juan , she was inspired to write about their relationship . Her younger son Enrique was the translator of the Spanish edition of the novel .   Among her other novels are Nacar the White Deer , The Greek of Toledo , Casilda of the Rising Moon , El Güero : A True Adventure Story , Beyond the Gates of Hercules , and The Fourth Gift . She also wrote five of the `` Pollyanna '' books : Pollyanna in Hollywood , Pollyanna 's Castle in Mexico , Pollyanna 's Door To Happiness , Pollyanna 's Golden Horseshoe , and Pollyanna and the Secret Mission .   Borton later wrote several memoirs of her life as an American who had married into a traditional Mexican family : the best-seller My Heart Lies South and its sequels , Where the Heart Is and The Hearthstone of My Heart . Her last book , Leona : A Love Story , was published in 1994 , when she was 90 .   She died at 97 on December 2 , 2001 in Cuernavaca , Mexico .   Her elder son Luis , an artist , never married . His brother Enrique , an attorney who lived in London for many years , married Sonia Rodríquez Vargas and had three children , Daniel Enrique , Elizabeth Victoria , and León Ricardo .   Treviño 's novel The Music Within inspired American novelist Ray Downs ( Wind Across The Amazon ; One More Mission ) to become a writer . He was an English teacher at the Colegio Americano de Cuernavaca and visited Treviño often . Two of his students were Daniel Enrique and Elizabeth Victoria Treviño - Borton .

neg: El premio mayor El premio mayor , is a Mexican telenovela produced by Emilio Larrosa and written by Verónica Suárez and Alejandro Pohlenz .   Carlos Bonavides , Laura León , Sergio Goyri and Sasha Sokol star as the main protagonists , while Claudio Báez , Lorena Herrera , Martha Julia and Rodrigo Vidal as the main antagonists .

neg: La familia La familia , ( English : The Family ) is a 1969 Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa and originally transmitted by Telesistema Mexicano .

neg: En nombre del amor En nombre del amor ( English : In the Name of Love ) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Carlos Moreno Laguillo for Televisa . It is a remake of Cadenas de amargura , produced in 1991 .   Allisson Lozz and Sebastián Zurita starring as the main protagonists , with Victoria Ruffo and Arturo Peniche as co-protagonists , while Leticia Calderón and Altaír Jarabo are the main antagonists .

neg: Villa Paraíso Villa Paraíso , is an American telenovela produced by Xfinity for Telemundo , which will begin airing from October 6 , 2014 , through Telemundo . Starring Ximena Duque and David Chocarro as the main protagonists , while Silvana Arias and Ricardo Chávez star as the main antagonists .

neg: La Cenicienta (TV show) La Cenicienta is one of Telemundo 's highest rated telenovelas . It is Telemundo 's early entries in reality television . La Cenicienta ( Cinderella ) creator and executive producer is Nely Galán former President of Telemundo .

neg: La Viuda de la Mafia La Viuda de la Mafia was a Colombian series , produced by Coestrellas for RCN Televisión   The series protagonists were Carolina Gómez and the cuban actor Abel Rodríguez , the series antagonist were Patrick Delmas and the telenovelas debut of Katherine Porto .   Careful counseling that included interviews with real wives of drug lords gives a touch of reality to this Colombian telenovela that has little to envy to an action series . A woman discovers , after the murder of her husband , who profits from drug trafficking family , your children are in danger , that society identifies as criminal and that the man who just falling in love is an undercover agent .

neg: La cruz de Marisa Cruces La cruz de Marisa Cruces ( English title : The Cross of Marisa Cruces ) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Ernesto Alonso and transmitted by Teleprogramas Acapulco , SA in 1970 .

neg: Lo imperdonable (2015 telenovela) Lo imperdonable ( English : Unforgivable ) , is a Mexican telenovela produced by Salvador Mejía Alejandre for Televisa . Based on the telenovela La mentira ( 1998 ) .   Ana Brenda Contreras and Iván Sánchez star as the protagonists , with Sebastián Zurita , Gaby Mellado , Claudia Ramírez and Sergio Sendel star as the co-protagonists , while Grettell Valdéz , Juan Ángel Esparza and Guillermo García Cantú star as the antagonists .   Final

neg: List of Los Rey episodes Los Rey ( It All Stays in the Family ) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Elisa Salinas for Azteca . It stars Leonardo Garcia , with Michel Brown and Rossana Najera as the protagonists , both dubbed as `` La pareja '' in the face card , alongside Juan Alfonso Baptista , Ana Belena , Fernando Alonso , Cecilia Ponce , Jose Alonso , Ofelia Medina , Fernando Lujan , Ariel Lopez Padilla , Victor Huggo Martin and Elizabeth Cervantes . Rafael Gutiérrez and Rodrigo Cachero serve as the directors . Los Rey is written by Luis Felipe Ybarra who is also the associate producer . From 3 September 2012 to 22 February 2013 , Azteca 13 broadcast Los Rey , replacing La Mujer de Judas .

neg: Alondra (telenovela) Alondra is a Mexican telenovela produced by Carla Estrada for Televisa in 1995 . The story based on Casandra created by Yolanda Vargas Dulché . For personal reasons Yolanda Vargas Dulché change the name of Casandra to Alondra in honor of her granddaughter Alondra de la Parra .   Ana Colchero , Ernesto Laguardia and Gonzalo Vega starred as protagonists , while Beatriz Sheridan starred as main antagonist . Verónica Merchant , Fernando Colunga , Mónica Sánchez , Ernesto Godoy , Joel Núñez , Juan Manuel Bernal and the leading actors Marga López , Eric del Castillo , Jorge Martínez de Hoyos , Beatriz Aguirre , Héctor Gómez , Amparo Arozamena , Blanca Torres , Queta Carrasco , Dina de Marco Guillermo Murray , Sergio Klainer and Queta Lavat starred as stellar performances .

neg: American Heiress American Heiress is a telenovela which debuted on March 13 , 2007 at 8 p.m. ET/7 p.m. CT on the American television network MyNetworkTV . This romantic melodrama tells the story of a roughneck pilot and a pampered heiress who survive a plane crash . The show was produced by Twentieth Television , based on the 2004 TV Azteca series La Heredera ( `` The Heiress '' ) .   Heiress was the last series produced for MyNetworkTV 's original all-telenovela format . When the network dropped the serial after the July 18 , 2007 broadcast , most episodes were left unaired . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment has not announced plans to release this series on DVD and/or Blu-ray . All 65 episodes aired overseas .

neg: Llovizna (telenovela) Llovizna is a Venezuelan telenovela produced by RCTV in 1997 based on a story written by José Simón Escalona .   Scarlet Ortiz and Luis Fernandez starred as the main protagonists .