query: Indiana Jones has been portrayed by Corey Carrier.

pos: Indiana Jones Henry Walton `` Indiana '' Jones Jr. ( also shortened to Indy ) is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Indiana Jones franchise . George Lucas created the character in homage to the action heroes of 1930s film serials . The character first appeared in the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark , to be followed by Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom in 1984 , Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade in 1989 , The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles from 1992 to 1996 , and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull in 2008 . The character is also featured in novels , comics , video games , and other media . Jones is also featured in the Disney theme park attraction , Indiana Jones Adventure at Disneyland and Tokyo DisneySea , as well as the Disneyland Paris attraction Indiana Jones et le Temple du Péril .   Jones is most famously played by Harrison Ford and has also been portrayed by River Phoenix ( as the young Jones in The Last Crusade ) and in the television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles by Corey Carrier , Sean Patrick Flanery , and George Hall . Doug Lee has supplied the voice of Jones for two LucasArts video games , Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis and Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine , David Esch supplied his voice for Indiana Jones and the Emperor 's Tomb , and John Armstrong for Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings .   The character is distinguished by his appearance ( bullwhip , fedora , satchel and leather jacket ) , sense of humor , deep knowledge of many ancient civilizations and languages , and fear of snakes .   Since his first appearance in Raiders of the Lost Ark , Indiana Jones has become one of cinema 's most famous characters . In 2003 , the American Film Institute ranked him the second greatest film hero of all time . He was also named the 6th Greatest Movie Character by Empire magazine . Entertainment Weekly ranked Indy 2nd on their list of The All-Time Coolest Heroes in Pop Culture . Premiere magazine also placed Indy at number 7 on their list of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time .

neg: Lash LaRue Alfred `` Lash '' LaRue ( June 15 , 1917 -- May 21 , 1996 ) was a popular western motion picture star of the 1940s and 1950s . He had exceptional skill with the bullwhip and taught Harrison Ford how to use a bullwhip for the Indiana Jones movies . LaRue was one of the first recipients of the Golden Boot Awards in 1983 .

neg: Alien (film) Alien is a 1979 British-American science-fiction horror film directed by Ridley Scott , and starring Sigourney Weaver , Tom Skerritt , Veronica Cartwright , Harry Dean Stanton , John Hurt , Ian Holm and Yaphet Kotto . The film 's title refers to a highly aggressive extraterrestrial creature that stalks and kills the crew of a spaceship . Dan O'Bannon wrote the screenplay from a story he wrote with Ronald Shusett , drawing influence from previous works of science fiction and horror . The film was produced by Gordon Carroll , David Giler and Walter Hill through their Brandywine Productions and distributed by 20th Century Fox . Giler and Hill made revisions and additions to the script . Shusett was executive producer . The eponymous Alien and its accompanying elements were designed by Swiss artist H. R. Giger , while concept artists Ron Cobb and Chris Foss designed the human aspects of the film . Alien launched the Alien franchise and is chronologically the first of the main series , with the prequel series set in an earlier timeframe .   Alien received both critical acclaim and box office success , receiving an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects , Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film , Best Direction for Scott , and Best Supporting Actress for Cartwright , and a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , along with numerous other award nominations . It has remained highly praised in subsequent decades , being considered one of the greatest films of all time . In 2002 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . In 2008 , it was ranked as the seventh-best film in the science fiction genre by the American Film Institute , and as the 33rd greatest film of all time by Empire magazine .   The success of Alien spawned a media franchise of novels , comic books , video games , and toys . It also launched Weaver 's acting career by providing her with her first lead role , and the story of her character Ellen Ripley 's encounters with the Alien creatures became the thematic thread that ran through the sequels Aliens ( 1986 ) , Alien 3 ( 1992 ) and Alien : Resurrection ( 1997 ) . , a crossover with the Predator franchise produced the Alien vs. Predator series , which includes Alien vs. Predator ( 2004 ) and Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem ( 2007 ) , and also a prequel series of films , which includes Prometheus ( 2012 ) and Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) .

neg: Leonard Nimoy Leonard Simon Nimoy ( -LSB- ˈniːmɔɪ -RSB- March 26 , 1931 -- February 27 , 2015 ) was an American actor , film director , photographer , author , singer and songwriter . He was known for his role as Spock of the Star Trek franchise , a character he portrayed in television and film from a pilot episode shot in late 1964 to his final film performance released in 2013 .   Nimoy began his career in his early twenties , teaching acting classes in Hollywood and making minor film and television appearances through the 1950s , as well as playing the title role in Kid Monk Baroni . Foreshadowing his fame as a semi-alien , he played Narab , one of three Martian invaders , in the 1952 movie serial Zombies of the Stratosphere .   In December 1964 , he made his first appearance in the rejected Star Trek pilot `` The Cage '' , and went on to play the character of Spock until the end of the production run in early 1969 , followed by eight feature films and guest slots in the various spin-off series . The character has had a significant cultural impact and garnered Nimoy three Emmy Award nominations ; TV Guide named Spock one of the 50 greatest TV characters . After the original Star Trek series , Nimoy starred in Mission : Impossible for two seasons , hosted the documentary series In Search of ... , narrated Civilization IV , and made several well-received stage appearances . He also had a recurring role in the science fiction series Fringe .   Nimoy 's public profile as Spock was so strong that both of his autobiographies , I Am Not Spock ( 1975 ) and I Am Spock ( 1995 ) , were written from the viewpoint of sharing his existence with the character . In 2015 an asteroid was named 4864 Nimoy in his honor .   In September 2016 , For the Love of Spock , a feature-film documentary that covered his life and career , was released .

neg: Ethan Wayne Ethan Wayne ( born February 22 , 1962 ) is an American actor , son of actor John Wayne and his third wife Pilar Pallete Wayne . Ethan grew up in Newport Beach , where he shared his father 's love of the ocean and outdoors . His name was chosen in direct relation to John Wayne 's character in The Searchers , Ethan Edwards .   He played Little Jake , the grandson of his father 's title character in Big Jake . Ethan started doing stunt work after the death of his father in 1979 . His first film was The Blues Brothers . He then went back to work as an actor . His next two major film appearances were in 1981 , in the comedy Longshot , and the slasher film Scream . Later works included a role , in the NBC TV movie The Alamo : 13 Days to Glory , as Edward Taylor in 1986 , Storm Logan on the CBS soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful ( with Robert Mitchum 's granddaughter Carrie Mitchum , whom he had met on the Big Jake set ) , 1987 through 1988 which led to a lot of work overseas , and his role as Officer Matt Doyle on The New Adam-12 ( Universal Studios ) 1989 through 1991 . He appeared as an expert on John Wayne memorabilia on History Channel 's Pawn Stars in the episode `` Dog Day Afternoon '' which aired January 14 , 2014 .   He now manages John Wayne Enterprises ( www.johnwayne.com ) and serves as the director of the John Wayne Cancer Foundation and created its Team DUKE fundraising program ( www.teamduke.org ) .   He is the brother of Aissa and Marisa , and the half-brother of Patrick , Toni , Melinda , and Michael Wayne .

neg: Egghead (DC Comics) Egghead is a fictional character created for the 1960s Batman television series . Played by horror film mainstay Vincent Price , the character was identifiable by his pale bald head and white and yellow suit . He believes himself to be `` the world 's smartest criminal , '' and his crimes usually have an egg motif to them ; he also includes egg-related puns in his speech ( `` egg-zactly '' , `` egg-cellent '' , etc. ) . Additionally , he would use a wide assortment of egg-shaped weapons , such as laughing gas eggs and tear gas eggs ( laid by chickens on a diet of onions ) .

neg: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction fantasy film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Henry Thomas , Dee Wallace , Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , Peter Coyote and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a lonely boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed `` E.T. '' , who is stranded on Earth . He and his siblings help it return home while attempting to keep it hidden from their mother and the government .   The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was shot from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of US$ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast .   Released on June 11 , 1982 by Universal Pictures , E.T was an immediate blockbuster , surpassing Star Wars to become the highest-grossing film of all time -- a record it held for eleven years until Jurassic Park , another Spielberg-directed film , surpassed it in 1993 . It is the highest-grossing film of the 1980s . Widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time , critics acclaimed it as a timeless story of friendship , and it ranks as the greatest science fiction film ever made in a Rotten Tomatoes survey . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . It was re-released in 1985 , and then again in 2002 to celebrate its 20th anniversary , with altered shots and additional scenes .

neg: Robert Watts Robert Watts ( born 23 May 1938 ) is a British film producer who is best known for his involvement with the Star Wars and Indiana Jones film series .

neg: Billy Dee Williams William December `` Billy Dee '' Williams Jr. ( born April 6 , 1937 ) is an American actor , artist , singer , and writer . He is best known for his role as Lando Calrissian in the Star Wars film franchise , as well as acting in the movies Brian 's Song , Nighthawks , The Last Angry Man , Carter 's Army , and for playing Harvey Dent in Tim Burton 's Batman ( 1989 ) .

neg: Indiana Jones Adventure The Indiana Jones Adventure is an enhanced motion vehicle dark ride attraction at Disneyland and Tokyo DisneySea , based on the Indiana Jones film series . Guests accompany intrepid archaeologist Dr. Indiana Jones on a turbulent quest , aboard military troop transport vehicles , through a dangerous lost temple guarded by a supernatural power .   The attraction premiered as Temple of the Forbidden Eye at Disneyland in Anaheim , California on March 3 , 1995 , and opened to the general public on March 4 , 1995 . A second , and nearly identical , version of the ride opened as Temple of the Crystal Skull on September 4 , 2001 at Tokyo DisneySea in Chiba , Japan , unrelated to the 2008 film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull .

neg: Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean) Davy Jones is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series , portrayed by Bill Nighy . He appears in the second and third films , Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End , respectively , and cameos in the series ' fifth installment , Dead Men Tell No Tales . He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman ( based on the ghost ship of the same name ) .   The computer-generated imagery used to complete Jones was named by Entertainment Weekly as the tenth favorite computer generated film character in film history , only behind King Kong in 2007 . The work on Davy Jones by Industrial Light and Magic earned them the 2006 Academy Award for Visual Effects for Dead Man 's Chest '' .   The character is based on the superstition of Davy Jones ' Locker . In contrast to the historical legends , the film 's Jones is a villain .

neg: Jake Busey William Jacob `` Jake '' Busey ( born June 15 , 1971 ) is an American actor , musician and film producer . He is sometimes credited as Jacob Busey or William Busey . Busey was born in Los Angeles , and raised in Malibu , California , the son of photographer Judy Lynn Helkenberg , and actor Gary Busey . Busey spent his childhood on film sets and touring with bands in which his father played . He began considering his career choices at the age of five when he took up the two hobbies that grew into professions : acting and playing drums .

neg: Doug Jones (actor) Doug Jones ( born May 24 , 1960 ) is an American actor and former contortionist known for roles in the science fiction , fantasy , and horror genres , often wearing heavy makeup to play nonhuman characters . He is perhaps best known for his collaborations with filmmaker Guillermo del Toro , starring in Mimic , as Abe Sapien in Hellboy and Hellboy II : The Golden Army , the Faun and the Pale Man in Pan 's Labyrinth , Crimson Peak and The Shape of Water . He has appeared in films such as Tank Girl , Hocus Pocus and The Bye Bye Man . He also portrayed the titular Silver Surfer in the superhero film Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer , as well as appearing in the TV series Falling Skies , Buffy the Vampire Slayer and del Toro 's The Strain . He is currently a series regular in Star Trek : Discovery , as Lt. Saru .

neg: List of cities in Indiana Indiana is a state located in the Midwestern United States . Except as noted , all cities are `` third-class '' cities with a seven-member city council and an elected clerk-treasurer . `` Second-class '' cities had a population of at least 35,000 and up to 600,000 at time of designation , and have a nine-member city council and an elected clerk . Indianapolis is the only `` first-class '' city in Indiana under state law , making it subject to a consolidated city-county government known as Unigov . To become a city of any class , however , a settlement must have a population of at least 2,000 .

neg: Déjà Vu (2006 film) Déjà Vu ( stylised onscreen without accents ) is a 2006 American science fiction thriller film directed by Tony Scott , written by Bill Marsilii and Terry Rossio , and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer . The film stars Denzel Washington , Paula Patton , Jim Caviezel , Val Kilmer , Adam Goldberg and Bruce Greenwood . It involves an ATF agent who travels back in time in attempts to prevent a domestic terrorist attack that takes place in New Orleans and to save a woman with whom he falls in love . Filming took place in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina .   The film was premiered in New York City on November 20 , 2006 , and released widely in the United States and Canada two days later on November 22 , 2006 . It received mixed reviews from critics , and earning $ 64 million in the United States and $ 180 million worldwide . It was the 23rd most successful film worldwide for 2006 . The film was nominated for five awards , and also won the Golden Reel Award .

neg: Robert Dunham Robert Dunham ( July 6 , 1931 -- August 6 , 2001 ) was an American actor , entrepreneur , writer , racecar driver , journalist , and a US Marine .   He is probably best known for his role as Antonio , Emperor of Seatopia in Godzilla vs. Megalon ( 1973 ) ; Dunham 's biggest role would be that of Mark Jackson in the Japanese film , Dogora ( 1964 ) and Captain Martin in The Green Slime ( 1968 ) . Dunham was an American living in Japan during most of the country 's `` Golden Age '' of cinema , and worked in films directed by Ishiro Honda , Jun Fukuda , and Kinji Fukasaku . He sometimes was billed as Dan Yuma or Danny Yuma .   Born in Maine , to an affluent family , his parents were Earl and Charlotte Dunham . He has a sister named Patricia June . Robert grew up in Wellesley Hills , Massachusetts . He attended Noble and Greenough School in Dedham , Massachusetts . Dunham was later accepted into Williams College , in Williamstown , Massachusetts , where he received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Art History .   After graduating college , Dunham joined the United States Marine Corps . He was stationed in Yokohama , Japan and served for two years as a Lieutenant . Later , he attended correspondence school to learn how to speak Japanese . After being honorably discharged from the Marine Corps. , Dunham decided to stay in Japan and opened up his own import/export business .   Dunham lived in Tokyo for 22 years , with a Japanese wife Keiko , and their two children , Barbara Ann and Daniel . They later divorced . He met a Japanese model , Setsuko Sazawa , whom he married in 1969 . They had two children , Emiko ( Emmy ) and Marcia . Dunham and his wife Setsuko , moved to Den-en-chōfu , an affluent suburb of Tokyo , where they lived from 1970 -- 75 .   In 1975 , Dunham decided to move his family to the United States and moved to Cape Cod , Massachusetts . He became a freelance writer , often contributing material to magazines such as Car and Driver .   Unlike many other Westerners in Japanese films at the time , Dunham spoke fluent Japanese and as such , was one of few foreign actors who would maintain their real voice in the released product without the need of over-dubbing by a Japanese actor . Dunham admitted to having had a `` torrid love affair '' with his co-star of many films , Linda Miller . The relationship ended after Miller moved back to the United States and Dunham claimed to have `` lost track of her '' after having kept up correspondence via postal mail for a time .

neg: Stephenson v. State Stephenson v. State , Supreme Court of Indiana , 179 N.E. 633 ( Ind. 1932 ) , is a criminal case involving causation in criminal law , significant for its political and legal consequences . David Curtiss Stephenson , leader of the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana abducted Madge Oberholtzer , injured her , and repeatedly raped her . She ingested poison and later died . Publicity for the case may have reversed ascendency of the Klan nationally . The case is legally significant in that it found `` if a defendant engaged in the commission of a felony such as rape ... inflicts upon his victim both physical and mental injuries , the natural and probable result of which would render the deceased mentally irresponsible and suicide followed , we think he would be guilty of murder '' .

neg: Jan Tříska Jan Triska or Jan Tříska ( -LSB- ˈjan ˈtr̝̊iːska -RSB- ; 4 November 1936 ) is a Czech actor , most notable for portraying Captain Henry Wirz in the American television film Andersonville .

neg: Raiders of the Lost Ark (disambiguation) Raiders of the Lost Ark is a 1981 adventure film in the Indiana Jones franchise .   Raiders of the Lost Ark may also refer to :   Raiders of the Lost Ark ( soundtrack ) , the soundtrack to the film  Raiders of the Lost Ark ( video game ) , a 1982 video game based on the film  Raiders of the Lost Ark : The Adaptation , a 1989 fan film

neg: Indiana Jones in the Lost Kingdom Indiana Jones in the Lost Kingdom is a puzzle video game developed by Michael J. Hanson and published by Mindscape for the Commodore 64 . The game is based on the Indiana Jones series , and was released in North America around January 1985 , while a U.K. version was released in March 1985 .   Gameplay requires the player to think like fictional archaeologist Indiana Jones to solve the puzzles of each level , as the game does not provide the player with any rules or gameplay information ; the game 's cover advertised , `` Nobody told Indiana Jones the rules . And no one will tell you . ''


query: Umbrella is a single.

pos: Umbrella (song) `` Umbrella '' is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna from her third studio album Good Girl Gone Bad ( 2007 ) . It features American rapper Jay Z , who co-wrote the song with its producers Tricky Stewart and Kuk Harrell , with additional writing from The-Dream . The song was originally written with Britney Spears in mind , but her label rejected it . `` Umbrella '' is a pop and R&B song with hip-hop and rock touches referring to a romantic and platonic relationship and the strength of that relationship .   Entertainment Weekly ranked the song number one on the 10 Best Singles of 2007 , while Rolling Stone and Time listed the song at number three on the 100 Best Songs of 2007 . The song has earned Rihanna several awards and nominations . In 2007 , the song won two awards at the MTV Video Music Awards , when it was nominated for four . At the 2008 Grammy Awards , `` Umbrella '' also earned Rihanna and Jay Z a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration in addition to receiving nominations for Record of the Year and Song of the Year . The song is also listed on Rolling Stones The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time at 412 .   The song serves as the lead single to the album , and was released worldwide on March 29 , 2007 through Def Jam Recordings . `` Umbrella '' was a commercial success , topping the charts in Australia , Canada , Germany , Spain , the Republic of Ireland , Sweden , Switzerland , the United Kingdom , and the United States . In the United Kingdom , where the song 's chart performance generated controversy when the country was experiencing excessive flooding and large amounts of rain at the time , it was one of the most played songs on radio in the 2000s ( decade ) . It managed to stay at number one on the UK Singles Chart for 10 consecutive weeks , the longest run at number one for any single of that decade , and is also one of the few songs to top the chart for at least 10 weeks . The single was one of the highest digital debuts in the United States and remained at the top of the US Billboard Hot 100 for seven consecutive weeks .   The single 's accompanying music video was directed by Chris Applebaum and features , among all , Rihanna 's nude body covered in silver paint . The video earned Rihanna a Video of the Year at the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards and Most Watched Video on MuchMusic.com at MuchMusic Video Awards . Along with countless amateurs , `` Umbrella '' has been covered by several notable performers from a variety of musical genres , including All Time Low , the Baseballs , Biffy Clyro , Manic Street Preachers , McFly , Mike Shinoda of Linkin Park , OneRepublic , Taylor Swift , and Vanilla Sky . Rihanna performed the song at the 2007 MTV Movie Awards , 2008 BRIT Awards and was the closing song of the `` Good Girl Gone Bad Tour '' ( 2008 ) , the `` Last Girl on Earth '' ( 2010 ) , and the `` Loud Tour '' ( 2011 ) . It was included in the `` Diamonds World Tour '' ( 2013 ) , and the `` Anti World Tour '' ( 2016 ) .

neg: Summarize `` Summarize '' is the first single released from Australian indie rock band Little Birdy 's third studio album , Confetti . It was released on 10 April 2009 and the single made it to number 54 on the ARIA charts .   Two versions were released : a CD single featuring the track `` One in a Million '' , and an iTunes version which featured the track `` Sorrow '' instead . Additionally , the song `` Brother '' was moved from Track 5 ( CD ) to Track 4 ( iTunes ) .

neg: Wipe Out (instrumental) `` Wipe Out '' is an instrumental composed by Bob Berryhill , Pat Connolly , Jim Fuller , and Ron Wilson . It is a twelve bar blues first performed and recorded by the Surfaris , who were elevated to international status with the release of the `` Surfer Joe '' and `` Wipe Out '' single in 1963 .   The single was first issued on the tiny DFS label ( # 11/12 ) in January 1963 . It was reissued on the tiny Princess label ( # 50 ) in February 1963 , and finally picked up for national distribution on Dot 45-16479 in April 1963 . Dot reissued the single in April 1965 as 45-144 .   The song -- both the Surfaris ' version as well as cover versions -- has been featured in over 20 films and television series since 1964 , appearing at least once a decade .   The term `` wipe out '' refers to a fall from a surfboard , especially one that looks painful .

neg: Umbrella title An umbrella title is a formal or informal name connecting a number of individual items with a common theme . It is most often used in lieu of listing separately the separate components or providing a convenient `` label '' for a collection of disciplines .

neg: Rain Shower `` Rain Shower '' , also `` Shower '' or `` Sonagi , '' is a Korean short story written by Korean writer Hwang Sun-won in 1959 . `` Rain Shower '' is a translation of the Korean title `` Sonagi . '' A sonagi is a brief but heavy rain shower that starts suddenly , usually on a hot afternoon . In Hwang 's story , the rain shower symbolizes the short but heart-rending love between the boy and the girl . The story begins with the boy encountering the girl playing by the stream on his way back home .   Although many of Hwang 's short stories are notable , `` Rain Shower '' is cited as his timeless Korean classic by Koreans . Koreans of all ages are acquainted with this story . It is famous for its poignant depiction of the Korean countryside and of innocent adolescent love . The picturesque scenes from this story stir nostalgia for many people .   `` Rain Shower , '' like many of Hwang 's other stories , was written while he lived as a refugee with his family during the Korean War .   The scene from the story where the boy and the girl avoid the rain shower together has become a favorite in many Korean romantic films . There is a 1979 Korean film based on the short story ( also called Sonagi ) . Two notable films that heavily reference the story include the 2001 Korean romantic comedy , My Sassy Girl , and the 2003 Korean melodrama , The Classic .

neg: Wavelength (song) `` Wavelength '' is the title song from the 1978 album by Northern Irish singer-songwriter Van Morrison . Released as a single in 1978 , it climbed to number forty two in the US charts , and stayed in the Hot 100 for eleven weeks . According to Howard A. Dewitt , this `` was the song which re-established Morrison 's hit making abilities '' .

neg: Cinematic (Illy album) Cinematic is the fourth studio album by Australian rapper Illy , first released in November 2013 through ONETWO records .   Recorded at M-Phazes ' studio in Melbourne , Australia the album serves as Illy 's first release under his independent label , ONETWO and includes collaborations with Hilltop Hoods , Drapht , Daniel Merriweather and Kira Puru among others . During one particular interview , Illy commented on the album by saying , `` This will be my fourth album in five years ; I 've learned a lot and directed this experience into Cinematic . The concepts are tighter , the hooks are more finessed and the beats are off the chart ! ''   Cinematic was a critical and commercial success upon release , garnering positive reviews from most critics and debuting and peaking at number-four on the Australian ARIA Albums Chart , thus becoming Illy 's first top five album and his highest charting studio release to date . The album was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments exceeding 35,000 copies . In October 2014 , Cinematic received an ARIA Award nomination in the `` Best Urban Album '' category . However , it lost to the Hilltop Hoods ' Walking Under Stars .   Cinematic was preceded by the singles , `` On & On '' , `` Youngbloods '' and `` Cinematic '' , with the second single debuting and peaking at number thirty-eight on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart , thereby becoming Illy 's first top forty hit . The album 's fourth single , `` Tightrope '' meanwhile , became Illy 's most successful release ( album or single ) to date , peaking at number eighteen on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart and attaining a platinum certification .   The album was re-released on 21 November 2014 under the title Cinematic : Uncut , including six new tracks .

neg: Umbrella (film) Umbrella or San is a Chinese documentary film directed by Du Haibin and released in 2007 . The film documents the experiences of modern rural China , particularly five social groups : students , soldiers , tradespeople , and peasants . Du 's stated goal with the film was to highlight the growing disparity between China 's prosperous cities and its stagnating countryside .

neg: The Only One (The Cure song) `` The Only One '' is a single by the British band The Cure which was released on 13 May 2008 on Geffen Records in the United Kingdom . The single was released in the United States on 20 May 2008 . It is the first single to be released by The Cure in over three and a half years -- their last single being 2004 's `` Taking Off '' / `` alt.end '' . It is also the first single from the 2008 album , 4:13 Dream . The single was produced by Robert Smith and Keith Uddin . The song debuted live on 7 October 2007 in Mountain View , California at a festival and was also played in Mexico City the next week . During that time , the song was known as `` Please Project '' . It was n't until early on in the European tour in early 2008 was `` The Only One '' established as the title .   The B-side , `` NY Trip '' , does not appear on the new album .

neg: Walking in the Rain (Modern Romance song) `` Walking in the Rain '' is a Top 10 single and an uncharacteristic ballad from UK salsa music band Modern Romance . It was released in 1983 as a 7-inch single and 12-inch single by WEA . A Japanese version was also released .

neg: Chillwave Chillwave ( originally called `` glo-fi '' or `` hypnagogic pop '' ; also `` dream-beat '' ) is a style of music characterized by a faded or dreamy retro pop sound , mellow vocals , a low-to-moderate tempo , escapist lyrics about the beach or summertime , psychedelic or lo-fi textures , effects processing ( reverb especially ) , vintage synthesizers , and other attempts to loosely emulate 1980s electronic pop aesthetics as well as engage with notions of memory and nostalgia . Sometimes regarded as a `` made-up '' genre , the movement 's vanguard was represented by Neon Indian , Washed Out , and Toro y Moi , who gained critical attention through what was termed the 2009 `` Summer of Chillwave '' .   Coinciding with the economic turmoil of the late 2000s and early 2010s recession , chillwave was one of the first music genres to develop by being linked and defined through various outlets on the Internet rather than geographic location . The style draws from elements in dream pop and shoegaze , as well as the work of artists such as Panda Bear , Animal Collective , and lo-fi musician Ariel Pink . The term `` hypnagogic pop '' was coined at virtually the same time as `` chillwave '' to describe similar artists . Other elements related to drug-induced mind states and idyllic summer fantasies were drawn from the Beach Boys ' Brian Wilson . Washed Out 's 2009 track `` Feel It All Around '' remains the genre 's definitive and best-known song .   The term `` chillwave '' , which originated from the satirical blog Hipster Runoff in 2009 , was ultimately criticized for being nebulous and contrived . Some artists rejected the tag , while hundreds of others exploited the style 's low-budget simplicity , one of the major reasons for its decline . Media coverage usually derided the genre 's name , its reliance on nostalgia , and the ubiquitous mention of `` the summer '' in its writings . After chillwave was the subject of much discourse on websites like Gorilla vs. Bear and Pitchfork , the movement dissipated , and the style effectively fell out of vogue . The Internet-based microgenre vaporwave would be inspired by chillwave .

neg: One shot (music video) A `` one-shot '' is any music video which consists of action , continuous in time and space , from the perspective of a single camera -- a single long take . In order to be able to make one-shot videos several special techniques are used . Most commonly the stage props which are not currently caught on cameras are changed during the shot . For other videos some parts are filmed before the final shot and then replayed on screens in the video .   One of the most famous music video directors for this genre is Michel Gondry , who has done many of his videos in this style .   This differs from the meaning of two shot , etc. .

neg: Leave it Alone `` Leave it Alone '' is a song by Canadian alternative rock group Moist . It was released in September 1996 as the lead single from their second studio album , Creature . It is the band 's highest charted single ever in Canada , reaching number 3 on Canada 's RPM Singles Chart and also reached number 6 on the Alternative chart .

neg: Shine (Camouflage song) `` Shine '' is the lead single released from Greyscale , the eight studio album by German synthpop band Camouflage . The record was released on February 20 , 2015 via Bureau B label . The composition features strings and orchestra parts performed by Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg .

neg: List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 2007 The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the United States . Published by Billboard magazine , the data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single 's weekly physical and digital sales , and airplay . In 2007 , 17 singles reached the top spot on the chart . An 18th single , Beyoncé Knowles ' `` Irreplaceable '' , began a run at the top in 2006 which continued into 2007 .   In 2007 , eight acts achieved their first US number-one single , either as a lead artist or featured guest : Maroon 5 , Avril Lavigne , Mims , Plain White T 's , Sean Kingston , Soulja Boy Tell 'Em , T-Pain , and Yung Joc . Producer Timbaland earned his first number-one single as lead artist with `` Give It to Me '' ; he had previously appeared as featured guest on singer Nelly Furtado 's number-one single `` Promiscuous '' . T-Pain , Justin Timberlake , Nelly Furtado and Fergie each earned two number-one singles , either as a lead artist or featured guest .   Three number-one singles tied for the longest run on the chart in 2007 : Knowles ' `` Irreplaceable '' , Rihanna 's `` Umbrella '' , and Soulja Boy Tell 'Em 's `` Crank That ( Soulja Boy ) '' all topped the chart for seven weeks ; the last of these was non-consecutive . However , `` Irreplaceable '' , which started its peak position in three issues the previous year , is credited to by Billboard magazine as 2006 's longest-running single . To this effect , `` Umbrella '' and `` Crank That ( Soulja Boy ) '' are the longest-running singles of 2007 . Other singles with extended chart runs include singer Alicia Keys ' `` No One '' which stayed at number one for five straight weeks .   `` Irreplaceable '' is the best-performing single of the calendar year , topping the Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2007 for seven consecutive weeks . Band Maroon 5 's `` Makes Me Wonder '' is noted for its jump from 64th to 1st place on the Billboard Hot 100 , making it the largest leap of 2007 . `` Umbrella '' , which occupied the top slot for seven of summer 's thirteen weeks , has been credited by the music press as 2007 's Song of the Summer .

neg: Milord (song) `` Milord '' ( -LSB- milɔʁ -RSB- ) or `` Ombre de la Rue '' -LSB- ɔ̃bʁə də la ʁy -RSB- ( `` Shadow of the Street '' ) is a 1959 song ( lyrics by Georges Moustaki , music by Marguerite Monnot ) , famously sung by Édith Piaf . It is a chanson that recounts the feelings of a lower-class `` girl of the port '' ( perhaps a prostitute ) who develops a crush on an elegantly attired apparent upper-class British traveller ( or `` milord '' ) , whom she has seen walking the streets of the town several times ( with a beautiful young woman on his arm ) , but who has not even noticed her . The singer feels that she is nothing more than a `` shadow of the street '' ( ombre de la rue ) . Nonetheless , when she talks to him of love , she breaks through his shell ; he begins to cry , and she has the job of cheering him up again . She succeeds , and the song ends with her shouting `` Bravo ! Milord '' and `` Encore , Milord '' .   The song was a # 1-hit in Germany in July 1960 . In UK it reached # 24 ( 1960 ) , in Sweden # 1 during 8 weeks ( 15/6 -1 / 8 1960 ) , in Norway # 6 ( 1959 ) , and in the United States # 88 ( Billboard Hot 100 in 1961 ) .

neg: Sunshine & the Rain `` Sunshine & the Rain '' is a song by American singer Joi , released in 1994 . It is the lead single from her debut album , The Pendulum Vibe . The song was released in the UK in 1994 .

neg: Single Girl, Married Girl Single Girl , Married Girl is a folk song made famous by The Carter Family , about the differences in lifestyle between the two title characters . The song was originally released on Victor Records in 1928 as the a-side of Victor 20937 , the Carter Family 's second 78-rpm record for the label . It was recorded on August 2 , 1927 , the second day of their first session with producer and engineer Ralph Peer , and released in January 1928 . This version was later included in Harry Smith 's Anthology of American Folk Music , Vol . 3 . Notably , the song does not feature A.P. Carter , but is instead a duet between cousins Sara and Maybelle .   The song was re-recorded during the last months of Sara and A.P. Carter 's marriage , on May 8 , 1935 , during a 4-day recording session with Ralph Peer . The tempo of this version is much slower , and Sara Carter sings at a much lower pitch . This version was first released on Arc Records , along with the song `` No Other 's Bride I 'll Be , '' as ARC 8733 .

neg: Summer Is Crazy `` Summer Is Crazy '' is a song recorded by Italian singer Alexia . Like Alexia 's previous single , it reached number one on the Italian charts . This was the first of two singles to feature radio jingles of the track on the CD . `` Summer Is Crazy '' would be featured as a B-side on the UK edition 's of `` Gim me Love '' although due to a misprint , writing credits went only to Alexia .

neg: Splitting the Atom Splitting the Atom is an EP by Massive Attack . It was released as a download on 4 October 2009 , and on vinyl ( limited to 1,000 copies worldwide ) on 19 October 2009 . The EP contains four new songs , two of which are remixes and all of which contain guest vocalists .   The title track features guest vocals by Horace Andy and keyboards by Damon Albarn and was premiered on BBC Radio 1 on 25 August 2009 . The track is featured on the band 's fifth album Heligoland . `` Bulletproof Love '' also appears on the album under the name `` Flat of the Blade . ''   The `` Splitting the Atom '' track appears on the soundtrack of FIFA 11 , and was used as the opening theme song of the HBO series Luck .

neg: One Way or Another `` One Way or Another '' is a song by American new wave band Blondie from the album Parallel Lines . The song was released as the fourth single in the US and Canada as the follow-up to the no. 1 hit `` Heart of Glass '' . `` One Way or Another '' reached No. 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 7 on the RPM 100 Singles .


query: Sandra Bullock stars in The Proposal.

pos: The Proposal (film) The Proposal is a 2009 American romantic comedy film directed by Anne Fletcher and written by Peter Chiarelli . The film stars Sandra Bullock and Ryan Reynolds , Betty White , Mary Steenburgen and Craig T. Nelson . The film was produced by Mandeville Films and released on June 19 , 2009 , in North America by Touchstone Pictures . The plot centers on a Canadian executive , Margaret Tate , who learns that she may face deportation from the U.S. because of her expired visa . Determined to retain her position as editor in chief of a publishing house , Tate convinces her assistant , Andrew Paxton , to temporarily act as her fiancé . Initially planning on resuming their lives after Tate resolves her visa issues , they appear to abandon those plans as their relationship intensifies .   Development on the film began in 2005 , when Chiarelli wrote the film 's script . Principal filming occurred over a period of two months from March to May 2008 . The film received mixed reviews from critics , who criticized its script , but praised the chemistry between Bullock and Reynolds . The film was a box office success , grossing over $ 317 million worldwide , becoming the highest grossing romantic comedy film of 2009 .

neg: Premonition (2007 film) Premonition is a 2007 American supernatural thriller film directed by Mennan Yapo and starring Sandra Bullock , Julian McMahon , and Amber Valletta . The film 's plot depicts a housewife named Linda who experiences the days surrounding her husband 's death in a non-chronological order , and how she attempts to save him from his impending doom .

neg: 28 Days (film) 28 Days is a 2000 American comedy-drama film directed by Betty Thomas . Sandra Bullock plays Gwen Cummings , a newspaper columnist obliged to enter rehabilitation for alcoholism . The film costars Viggo Mortensen , Dominic West , Elizabeth Perkins , Steve Buscemi , and Diane Ladd .

neg: Golden Boot Awards The Golden Boot Awards is an American acknowledgment of achievement honoring actors , actresses , and crew members who have made significant contributions to the genre of Western television and movies . The award is sponsored and presented by the Motion Picture & Television Fund . Money raised at the award banquet is used to help finance various services offered by the Fund to those in the entertainment industry .   Actor Pat Buttram conceived the idea of the Golden Boot Award , and the first ones were presented in 1983 . The awards appear to have been discontinued since 2007 .

neg: American Beauty (1999 film) American Beauty is a 1999 American drama film directed by Sam Mendes and written by Alan Ball . Kevin Spacey stars as Lester Burnham , a 42-year-old advertising executive who has a midlife crisis when he becomes infatuated with his teenaged daughter 's best friend , Angela ( Mena Suvari ) . Annette Bening co-stars as Lester 's materialistic wife , Carolyn , and Thora Birch plays their insecure daughter , Jane . Wes Bentley , Chris Cooper , and Allison Janney also feature . The film is described by academics as a satire of American middle-class notions of beauty and personal satisfaction ; analysis has focused on the film 's explorations of romantic , and paternal love , sexuality , beauty , materialism , self-liberation , and redemption .   Ball began writing American Beauty as a play in the early 1990s , partly inspired by the media circus around the Amy Fisher trial in 1992 . He shelved the play after realizing the story would not work on stage . After several years as a television screenwriter , Ball revived the idea in 1997 when attempting to break into the film industry . The modified script had a cynical outlook that was influenced by Ball 's frustrating tenures writing for several sitcoms . Producers Dan Jinks and Bruce Cohen took American Beauty to DreamWorks ; the then-fledgling film studio bought Ball 's script for $ 250,000 , outbidding several other production bodies . DreamWorks financed the $ 15 million production and served as its North American distributor . American Beauty marked acclaimed theater director Mendes ' film debut ; courted after his successful productions of the musicals Oliver ! and Cabaret , Mendes was , nevertheless , only given the job after 20 others were considered and several `` A-list '' directors turned down the opportunity .   Spacey was Mendes ' first choice for the role of Lester , though DreamWorks had urged the director to consider better-known actors ; similarly , the studio suggested several actors for the role of Carolyn until Mendes offered the part to Bening without DreamWorks ' knowledge . Principal photography took place between December 1998 and February 1999 on soundstages at the Warner Bros. backlot in Burbank , California , and on location in Los Angeles . Mendes ' dominant style was deliberate and composed ; he made extensive use of static shots and slow pans and zooms to generate tension . Cinematographer Conrad Hall complemented Mendes ' style with peaceful shot compositions to contrast with the turbulent on-screen events . During editing , Mendes made several changes that gave the film a less cynical tone than the script .   Released in North America on September 17 , 1999 , American Beauty was positively received by critics and grossed over $ 356 million worldwide . Reviewers praised most aspects of the production , with particular emphasis on Mendes , Spacey , and Ball ; criticism focused on the familiarity of the characters and setting . DreamWorks launched a major campaign to increase the film 's chances of Academy Award success ; at the 72nd Academy Awards the following year , the film won Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor ( for Spacey ) , Best Original Screenplay , and Best Cinematography . It was nominated for and won many other awards and honors , mainly for the direction , writing , and acting .

neg: Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close (film) Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close is a 2011 American drama film adaptation of the novel of the same name by Jonathan Safran Foer , directed by Stephen Daldry and written by Eric Roth . It stars Thomas Horn , Tom Hanks , Sandra Bullock , Max von Sydow , Viola Davis , John Goodman , Jeffrey Wright , and Zoe Caldwell . Production took place in New York City . The film had a limited release in the United States on December 25 , 2011 by Warner Bros. . Pictures , and a wide release on January 20 , 2012 . Despite mixed reviews , the film was nominated for two Academy Awards , Best Picture and Best Supporting Actor for von Sydow . The film earned $ 55.2 million . The film was released in Blu-ray , DVD , and digital download formats in Region 1 on March 27 , 2012 .

neg: Alexander Payne Alexander Payne ( born Constantine Alexander Payne ; February 10 , 1961 ) is an American film director , screenwriter , and producer , known for the films Citizen Ruth ( 1996 ) , Election ( 1999 ) , About Schmidt ( 2002 ) , Sideways ( 2004 ) , The Descendants ( 2011 ) , and Nebraska ( 2013 ) . His films are noted for their dark humor and satirical depictions of contemporary American society . Payne is a two-time winner of the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay , and a three-time nominee of the Academy Award for Best Director .

neg: Apartment Hunting Apartment Hunting is a Canadian romantic comedy film , released in 2000 .   Written and directed by Bill Robertson , the film stars Andrew Tarbet as Ben Riddick , an unhappily married journalist forced to confront his feelings for his wife Sarah ( Kari Matchett ) when he is assigned by his employer to write a story about telephone personals services .   The film 's cast also includes Valérie Jeanneret , Tracy Wright , Linda Kash , Rosemary Radcliffe , Ralph Benmergui , Ed Sahely and Mary Margaret O'Hara . O'Hara wrote and composed the film 's soundtrack .

neg: There's Something About Marrying `` There 's Something About Marrying '' is the tenth episode of the sixteenth season of The Simpsons . In the episode , Springfield legalizes same-sex marriage to increase tourism . After becoming a minister , Homer starts to wed people to make money . Meanwhile , Marge 's sister Patty comes out as a lesbian and reveals that she is going to marry a woman named Veronica . Marge originally disapproves of this , making Patty frustrated . When Marge accidentally discovers that Veronica is a man cross-dressed as a woman , she decides to keep quiet about it knowing that Patty will be marrying a man . However , at the ceremony , she is so moved by Patty 's vow that she is forced to reveal Veronica 's secret . After the ceremony is abruptly cancelled , Marge tells Patty that she now accepts her sexuality .   This was the third time that an episode of The Simpsons focused on homosexuality . The episode -- written by J. Stewart Burns and directed by Nancy Kruse -- was inspired by the 2004 same-sex weddings that occurred in San Francisco . According to executive producer Al Jean , the staff wanted the episode to explore what the different characters ' stances on same-sex marriage were . Around the time of the episode 's original airdate , February 20 , 2005 , the same-sex marriage question was a hot political issue in the United States and the episode became controversial . `` There 's Something About Marrying '' received a lot of criticism from conservative groups , including the Parents Television Council and the American Family Association , that claimed it was promoting gay marriage . Jean stated in response that the staff was not taking a side on the issue and that they were just examining all sides of it . Positive reaction to the episode came from , among others , the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation and the gay-oriented website AfterEllen.com .   During the first airing , 10.5 million people watched `` There 's Something About Marrying '' and it became the highest rated episode of the season . The episode had received a lot of publicity in the media before its broadcast -- not only because of the same-sex marriage controversy but also because of Patty 's outing . It was revealed in July 2004 , that a character would come out as gay in the episode , leading to much speculation from fans and the press . Bookmaker websites were even posting odds on which character it would be , with Patty receiving the best odds .

neg: Duets (film) Duets is a 2000 American road trip film co-produced and directed by Bruce Paltrow and written by John Byrum . The motion picture features an ensemble cast co-starring Gwyneth Paltrow , Paul Giamatti , Maria Bello , Scott Speedman , Andre Braugher , Huey Lewis and Angie Dickinson , among others . The movie `` revolves around the little known world of karaoke competitions and the wayward characters who inhabit it . ''

neg: Proposal (business) A business proposal is a written offer from a seller to a prospective buyer .  Business proposals are often a key step in the complex sales process -- i.e. , whenever a buyer considers more than price in a purchase .   A proposal puts the buyer 's requirements in a context that favors the seller 's products and services , and educates the buyer about the capabilities of the seller in satisfying their needs .   The professional organization devoted to the advancement of the art and science of proposal development is the Association of Proposal Management Professionals .

neg: Hugh Grant Hugh John Mungo Grant ( born 9 September 1960 ) is an English actor and film producer . Grant has received a Golden Globe , a BAFTA , and an Honorary César for his work . His films have earned more than US$ 2.4 billion from 25 theatrical releases worldwide . Grant first received attention after earning the Volpi Cup for his performance in James Ivory 's Maurice ( 1987 ) but achieved international success after appearing in the Richard Curtis-scripted Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) . Grant used this breakthrough role as a frequent cinematic persona during the 1990s , delivering comic performances in films such as Mickey Blue Eyes ( 1999 ) and Notting Hill ( 1999 ) . One of the best known figures in 1990s British popular culture , Grant was in a high-profile relationship with Elizabeth Hurley , which was the focus of much attention in the British and international media .   By the turn of the 21st century , Grant had established himself as a leading man , skilled with a satirical comic talent . Grant has expanded his oeuvre with critically acclaimed turns as a cad in Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) , About a Boy ( 2002 ) , and American Dreamz ( 2006 ) . Grant later played against type with multiple cameo roles in the epic sci-fi drama film , Cloud Atlas ( 2012 ) . He 's also known for appearing in period pieces such as The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) , Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) and Florence Foster Jenkins ( 2016 ) .   Within the film industry , Grant is cited as an anti-star who approaches his roles like a character actor , and attempts to make his acting appear spontaneous . Hallmarks of his comic skills include a nonchalant touch of irony/sarcasm and studied physical mannerisms , as well as his precisely-timed dialogue delivery and facial expressions . The entertainment media 's coverage of Grant 's life off the big screen has often overshadowed his work as an actor . Grant has been outspoken about his antipathy towards the profession of acting , and in his disdain towards the culture of celebrity and hostility towards the media . In a career spanning 30 years , Grant has repeatedly claimed that acting was not his true calling , but rather a career that unintentionally developed by happenstance .

neg: Ceremony (film) Ceremony is a 2010 American film directed by Max Winkler , in his feature film directorial debut . The film stars Michael Angarano , Uma Thurman , Lee Pace , Rebecca Mader and Reece Thompson . It premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2010 . The film was released on VOD on March 4 , 2011 and opened in theaters April 8 , 2011 .

neg: Bullet to the Head Bullet to the Head is a 2012 American action thriller film directed by Walter Hill . The screenplay by Alessandro Camon was based on the French graphic novel Du Plomb Dans La Tête written by Matz and illustrated by Colin Wilson . The film stars Sylvester Stallone , Sung Kang , Sarah Shahi , Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje , Christian Slater , and Jason Momoa . Alexandra Milchan , Alfred Gough , Miles Millar , and Kevin King-Templeton produced the film . The movie follows a hitman and a cop who are forced to work together to bring down a corrupt businessman and mafia boss after they are targeted by the latter 's associates .   The film premiered at the International Rome Film Festival on November 14 , 2012 . The film received a wide United States release on February 1 , 2013 .

neg: Working Girl (TV series) Working Girl is an American sitcom that aired on NBC from April to July 1990 . Loosely based on the 1988 film of the same name starring Melanie Griffith , the series stars Sandra Bullock as Tess McGill ( Melanie Griffith 's character in the film ) , in a role that was initially meant for Nancy McKeon .

neg: A Certain Sacrifice A Certain Sacrifice is a 1985 American drama film co-written and directed by Stephen Jon Lewicki and starring Madonna , Jeremy Pattnosh and Charles Kurtz . It was Madonna 's first movie , filmed around September 1979 , but not released until 1985 .   The film is an `` oddball '' independent film , shot on-and-off over two years in New York City for just $ 20,000 . Madonna finished her scenes in the Fall of 1980 . Almost all of the cast were unpaid .

neg: Hugo Pool Hugo Pool ( also known as Pool Girl in the UK ) is a 1997 American romantic comedy film , directed by Robert Downey Sr. , starring Alyssa Milano and Patrick Dempsey .

neg: Sandra Dee Sandra Dee ( born Alexandra Zuck ; April 23 , 1942 -- February 20 , 2005 ) was an American actress . Dee began her career as a child model , working in commercials before transitioning to film in her teenage years . Best known for her portrayal of ingénues , Dee earned a Golden Globe Award as one of the year 's most promising newcomers for her performance in Robert Wise 's Until They Sail ( 1958 ) . She became a teenage star for her subsequent performances in Imitation of Life and Gidget ( both 1959 ) , which made her a household name .   By the late 1960s , her career had started to decline , and a highly publicized marriage to Bobby Darin ( m. 1960 -- 1967 ) ended in divorce . She rarely acted after this time , and her final years were marred by illness . She died in 2005 at age 62 of complications from kidney disease , brought on by a lifelong struggle with anorexia nervosa .

neg: Michael Bullock Michael Bullock ( 1918 -- 2008 ) was a British poet , novelist and translator .   He was born in London and studied at the Hornsey College of Art . He went to Canada in 1968 as a Commonwealth Fellow at the University of British Columbia , where he later taught creative writing and translation , finally retiring as emeritus professor in 1983 .   He translated nearly 200 literary works from French and German into English , and won many awards in the process . These included the Canada Council French Translation Award ( 1979 ) for his translation of Michel Tremblay 's short story collection Stories for Late Night Drinkers , and the inaugural Schlegel-Tieck Prize . He was the principal English translator of Swiss playwright Max Frisch .   He also published numerous works of prose and poetry under his own name . His novella Randolph Cranstone and the Glass Thimble ( 1977 ) was named British New Fiction Society Book of the Month .   He died in London .

neg: Supporting Healthy Marriage Project The Supporting Healthy Marriage Project , SHM , is part of the Healthy Marriage Initiative funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Administration for Children and Families , that was launched in 2003 as `` the first large-scale , multisite , multiyear , rigorous test of marriage education programs for low-income married couples . '' The project is motivated by research that `` indicates that married adults and children raised by both parents in stable , low-conflict households do better on a host of outcomes . '' The evaluation is led by MDRC , in collaboration with Abt Associates and other partners . USASpending.gov reports payments of more than $ 30 million from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to MDRC for work on the Supporting Healthy Marriage Project from 2009 to 2012 .   Major study questions of the Supporting Healthy Marriage Project include :  What are the experiences , issues and challenges in designing , implementing and operating healthy marriage education and related services for lower-income couples with children ?  What are the net impacts of the programs on : marital stability and relationship quality ; attitudes and expectations regarding their marriage ; parenting attitudes and behaviors ; measures of adult well-being and child well-being and development ( e.g. , cognitive , social , emotional , health ) , and economic outcomes for families ?   Limited federal funding for a Healthy Marriage Initiative began in 2001 to `` help couples who choose to get married gain greater access to marriage education services that will enable them to acquire the skills and knowledge necessary to form and sustain a healthy marriage . '' In 2005 , Wade Horn , Assistant Secretary for the Administration for Children and Families , highlighted plans for a significant expansion of funding in testimony before the Subcommittee on 21st Century Competitiveness , House Committee on Education and the Workforce :   `` Although I have focused on the areas of primary interest to your committee , I would be remiss if I did not briefly highlight other key areas of our proposal that play a critical role in the well-being of children , teenagers , and families . Indeed , we establish improving the well-being of children as the overarching purpose of TANF ... . In support of that overarching purpose , our proposal seeks to improve child well-being through programs aimed at encouraging responsible fatherhood and healthy marriages . By discontinuing the Out of Wedlock Birth Reduction Bonus and redirecting part of the High Performance Bonus Funding , we provide $ 200 million for programs aimed at promoting family formation and healthy marriages . We also provide $ 40 million in funding for the support of responsible fatherhood and healthy marriage programs to reverse the rise in father absence and its subsequent impact on children . ''

neg: We Do (film) We Do is an award-winning 56 minute documentary film about marriage equality , produced and directed by independent filmmaker Rebecca Rice . We Do reveals the stories of three LGBT couples , their journeys for legal recognition of their relationships and the impact that the pursuit of marriage equality has had on their lives before and after the Supreme Court ruling on June 26 , 2015 .   The film features an introduction by LGBT activist and pastor Jim Mitulski , former pastor at Cathedral of Hope ( Dallas ) who provides the backstory on same-sex unions . We Do then tells the stories of Leta and Anne , with a cameo by their son Jaxson , Mariel and Viviana and Michael and Michael . All three couples had to travel to other states to be legally married even when they knew at the time that their unions would not be legally recognized in the states where they lived .   We Do had its world premiere at AGLIFF , the Austin Gay and Lesbian Film Festival in September 2015 . And the film was an official selection of Palm Springs Cinema Diverse and QCinema -- the Ft. Worth Gay and Lesbian Film Festival .   We Do was honored with the Shawn A. Moore Award at QCinema and is distributed by CT Media Distribution .


query: Martin Luther King Jr. worked on segregated housing in earnest.

pos: Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. ( born Michael King Jr. , January 15 , 1929 -- April 4 , 1968 ) was an American Baptist minister and activist who was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement . He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs .   King became a civil rights activist early in his career . He led the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) in 1957 , serving as its first president . With the SCLC , King led an unsuccessful 1962 struggle against segregation in Albany , Georgia , and helped organize the 1963 nonviolent protests in Birmingham , Alabama . King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington , where he delivered his famous `` I Have a Dream '' speech .   On October 14 , 1964 , King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance . In 1965 , he helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches , and the following year he and SCLC took the movement north to Chicago to work on segregated housing . In the final years of his life , King expanded his focus to include opposition towards poverty and the Vietnam War , alienating many of his liberal allies with a 1967 speech titled `` Beyond Vietnam '' .   In 1968 , King was planning a national occupation of Washington , D.C. , to be called the Poor People 's Campaign , when he was assassinated by James Earl Ray on April 4 in Memphis , Tennessee . King 's death was followed by riots in many U.S. cities . Ray , who fled the country , was arrested two months later at London Heathrow Airport . Ray was sentenced to 99 years in prison for King 's murder , and died in 1998 from hepatitis while serving his sentence .   King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal . Martin Luther King Jr. . Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971 , and as a U.S. federal holiday in 1986 . Hundreds of streets in the U.S. have been renamed in his honor , and a county in Washington State was also renamed for him . The Martin Luther King Jr. . Memorial on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , was dedicated in 2011 .

neg: Charles Hamilton Houston Charles Hamilton Houston ( September 3 , 1895 -- April 22 , 1950 ) was a prominent African-American lawyer , Dean of Howard University Law School , and NAACP first special counsel , or Litigation Director . A graduate of Amherst College and Harvard Law School , Houston played a significant role in dismantling Jim Crow laws , especially attacking segregation in schools and racial housing convenants . He earned the title `` The Man Who Killed Jim Crow '' .   Houston is also well known for having trained and mentored a generation of black attorneys , including Thurgood Marshall , future director of the NAACP 's Legal Defense Fund and appointed as Supreme Court Justice . He recruited young lawyers to work on the NAACP 's litigation campaigns , building connections between Howard 's and Harvard 's university law schools .

neg: Intellectual Properties Management Intellectual Properties Management is a for-profit corporation based in Atlanta , Georgia . It is the exclusive licensor of the estate of Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. and its CEO is Dexter Scott King .   Its administrative offices are located at Freedom Hall on the campus of The King Center in Atlanta . It has licensed the use of Dr. King 's words and image for various projects , including the Martin Luther King , Jr. . Memorial and an Alcatel commercial .

neg: John Wesley Dobbs John Wesley Dobbs ( March 26 , 1882 -- August 30 , 1961 ) , an African-American civic and political leader , was often referred to as unofficial `` mayor '' of Auburn Avenue in Atlanta , Georgia .   Dobbs , educated at Atlanta Baptist College ( which later became Morehouse College ) , passed a civil service exam and became a railway mail clerk for the Post Office in 1903 , a position he held for 32 years . Dobbs married Irene Ophelia Thompson in 1906 , and they had six daughters , all of whom graduated from Spelman College . One daughter , Mattiwilda Dobbs , became a notable opera singer while another daughter , Ophelia Josephine Dobbs Clement was on the city board of education in Durham , NC where she led integration and discussions about race . Dobbs became a member of the Prince Hall Masons in 1911 . In 1932 , he was elected Grand Master of the Prince Hall Masons ( a post he held for the rest of his life ) .   Believing that enfranchisement was the key to overcoming segregation , Dobbs started a voter registration drive in 1936 with a goal of registering 10,000 voters . That year , Dobbs founded the Atlanta Civic and Political League , and in 1946 along with A.T. Walden , he co-founded the Atlanta Negro Voters League . During the 1930s and 1940s , laws keeping blacks from voting were found to be unconstitutional . Between 1936 and 1946 , 20,000 African-American voters were registered in Atlanta . With the power of the black vote behind him , Dobbs convinced Atlanta mayor William B. Hartsfield to integrate Atlanta 's police force in 1948 and install gas lights along Auburn Avenue in 1949 .   In 1948 , Dobbs accompanied Ray Sprigle , a Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter for the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , when the reporter disguised himself as a black man and traveled in the South . The 21-part syndicated newspaper series entitled I Was a Negro in the South for 30 Days was later released as the book , In the Land of Jim Crow .   John Wesley Dobbs died on August 30 , 1961 , aged 79 , the same week the Atlanta city schools desegregated . His family home still stands at 540 John Wesley Dobbs Avenue ( formerly Houston Street ) .   Houston Street was renamed in Dobbs 's honor by Maynard Jackson in 1994 . Jackson , the first African-American mayor of Atlanta , was Dobbs ' grandson . A statue of Dobbs , erected in 1996 , stands along Auburn Avenue .

neg: Segregation in Seattle While Seattle is probably the furthest place in the continental United States from where the Civil Rights movement is typically associated , typically the Deep South , segregation and racial prejudices effected the northwest just as much as it did other regions in the United States .   Before World War II Seattle 's population was predominantly Caucasian . After the war Seattle 's population increased by about 100,000 people , from all over the country , causing many neighborhoods and schools to go up in numbers and diversity ) . As the number of people increased so did the need of new school buildings . While Seattle , in the later years -- the 1960s through 1980s -- made strides to accommodate decisions like the Brown vs. Board of Education things like White flight made it difficult to fully integrate schools because of the de facto segregation happening in the communities .   As a result , African-Americans in Seattle were concentrated into one area which was labeled The Central District . It was here that a majority of the black population lived and went to school . In the 1960s , Seattle was home to only nine black schools in The Central District , and almost 100 white schools on outside parts of town . On March 31 and April 1 , 1966 thousands of Seattle Public School students boycotted the Central District in search for equality in the school systems . Many believed that the problems in the schools stemmed from almost 10,000 students being pushed into a limited amount of space . These locations were often underfunded and understaffed which resulted in poor test schools and low graduation rates . The number of protesters soon grew , including thousands of white students , and three public school teachers . The outpouring support for the issue forced the Seattle School Board to grant the public with a real solution to the problem . Today , Seattle recognizes this protest as the Seattle Public Schools Boycott of 1966   Segregation was also found in the Seattle neighborhood hospitals that refused treatment to African Americans . For example , if a black patient wanted treatment at Providence Hospital they would need to pay for a private room . Swedish Medical Center used the statement : `` will not receive Negroes at this time . '' While Virginia Mason Nursing school wrote : `` In regards to our policy , we do not accept Negroes , Japanese , etc. . ''   While de jure segregation enforced by law is no longer practiced , Seattle remains a highly racially segregated city . This is both from the aftermath of legalized segregation and the result of a continued practice of de facto segregation .

neg: James Farmer James Leonard Farmer Jr. ( January 12 , 1920 -- July 9 , 1999 ) was a civil rights activist and leader in the Civil Rights Movement `` who pushed for nonviolent protest to dismantle segregation , and served alongside Martin Luther King Jr. '' He was the initiator and organizer of the 1961 Freedom Ride , which eventually led to the desegregation of inter-state transportation in the United States .   In 1942 , Farmer co-founded the Committee of Racial Equality in Chicago with George Houser and Bernice Fisher . It was later called the Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) , and was dedicated to ending racial segregation in the United States through nonviolence . Farmer served as the national chairman from 1942 to 1944 . He was an honorary vice chairman in the Democratic Socialists of America .   By the 1960s , Farmer was known as `` one of the Big Four civil rights leaders in the 1960s , together with King , NAACP chief Roy Wilkins and Urban League head Whitney Young . ''

neg: York Center, Illinois York Center is an unincorporated community in York Township , DuPage County , Illinois , United States . York Center is located by Meyers Road and 16th Street , near the southern border of Lombard , and the western border of Oakbrook Terrace . York Center has an elementary school which was originally named Stevenson Elementary School after a founding teacher , Ethel Stevenson . A fire protection district , which covers unincorporated areas of Lombard , Villa Park , Oak Brook , and Oakbrook Terrace .   The York Center Cooperative ( Co-op ) community was founded immediately after World War II as a co-op on the principles of shared ownership `` to promote and develop good will , high moral values , wholesome cooperative activities and healthy civic spirit . '' Louis Shirky , who also established a Church of the Brethren in York Center , purchased the Goltermann farm for the housing cooperative .  At its founding the co-op was an experiment in what was then considered radical living . Chicagoans who wanted to escape the prejudice and confinement of the city to build affordable homes in the suburbs flocked to what was then a bucolic farm , which the people of the co-op purchased and subdivided . Members learned to tout the 100 acres of communally-owned property as an economically mixed community that was tolerant of all races , religions and ethnicities . Many , but not all , of early residents , including Louis Shirky , were members of the York Center Church of the Brethren . The purpose was to establish a new kind of community , a housing cooperative based on open membership `` to all persons of good will . ''   Archivist Dennis Bilger of the Truman Library in Independence , Mo. , has stated , `` It is probably true that the York Center Cooperative was , if not the first , one of the very earliest integrated housing developments in the United States . ` In 1949 , President Harry Truman issued an executive order declaring racial discrimination illegal in the granting of Federal Housing Administration loans . The watershed edict came after York Center Co-op members teamed up with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in a test case .   Girl Scouting was an important aspect of life in York Center . The Northern Illinois Council now serves the area which was led by R. Hopley `` Hop '' Roberts in the days it was part of the DuPage County Council .

neg: Atlanta compromise The Atlanta compromise was an agreement struck in 1895 between Booker T. Washington , president of the Tuskegee Institute , and other African-American leaders , and Southern white leaders . It was first supported , and later opposed by W. E. B. Du Bois and other African-American leaders .   The agreement was that Southern blacks would work and submit to white political rule , while Southern whites guaranteed that blacks would receive basic education and due process in law . Blacks would not agitate for equality , integration , or justice , and Northern whites would fund black educational charities .

neg: Oak Grove-Freedman's Cemetery The Oak Grove-Freedman 's Cemetery is a historic cemetery located at the corner of Liberty Street and North Church Street in downtown Salisbury , North Carolina . The cemetery has served as a burial ground for African Americans since it was deeded to the city in 1770 . More than one hundred fifty known and unknown African Americans , both enslaved and free , are buried at the cemetery .   The Freedman cemetery is part of a larger cemetery parcel known now as the Old English Cemetery , which is home to the graves of soldiers who died in the Battle of Camden in 1780 and to British soldiers who died in Salisbury during Cornwallis ' occupation of the city . The two cemeteries were not separated physically until 1842 when a wooden fence was erected around the Old English Cemetery per the will of William Gay . This fence effectively separated the burial sites of African Americans and whites for the first time . In 1855 , the fence was replaced with a granite wall , which remains standing today . Between 1903-1940 , portions of the Freedman 's Cemetery have been violated causing bodies to disintegrate and markers to be removed . The last standing markers were noted in 1940 . The City of Salisbury assumed ownership of the cemetery in 1975 , at which time the cemetery was closed to future burials .   In 1998 the Waterworks Visual Arts Center , under the support of the National Endowment for the Arts and other local organizations , embarked on an eight-year effort to restore parts of the cemetery and erect a public art memorial to honor the historic site . Artist Maggie Smith and landscape architect Sam Reynolds were hired to design and create the memorial which was dedicated on Martin Luther King , Jr. . Day , January 16 , 2006 . Maggie Smith said of the project that , `` the restoration and memorialization of the Oak Grove-Freedman 's Cemetery has one primary goal : to symbolically and literally bring the desecrated part of the cemetery back into the community 's embrace . ''

neg: Second Great Migration (African American) In the context of the 20th-century history of the United States , the Second Great Migration was the migration of more than five million African Americans from the South to the North , Midwest and West . It took place from 1941 , through World War II , and lasted until 1970 . It was much larger and of a different character than the first Great Migration ( 1910 -- 1940 ) .   In the Second Great Migration , more than five million African Americans moved to cities in states in the North , Midwest and West , including California , where Los Angeles , Oakland , Richmond , and Long Beach offered skilled jobs in the defense industry . Most of these migrants were already urban laborers who came from the cities of the South . In addition , African Americans were still treated with discrimination in parts of the country , and many sought to escape this .

neg: Conscience for Change Conscience for Change is a book of transcribed lectures by Martin Luther King Jr. that includes five talks King gave in late 1967 for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 's Massey Lectures . First published by the CBC , the book was later republished as The Trumpet of Conscience with a foreword by his widow , Coretta Scott King .   Dr. King 's lectures included in the book are `` Impasse in Race Relations , '' `` Conscience and the Vietnam War '' , `` Youth and Social Action , '' `` Nonviolence and Social Change , '' and a live broadcast of Dr. King 's 1967 sermon at Ebenezer Baptist Church , `` A Christmas Sermon on Peace . ''

neg: John Lewis (civil rights leader) John Robert Lewis ( born February 21 , 1940 ) is an American politician and civil rights leader . He is the U.S. Representative for , serving since 1987 , and is the dean of the Georgia congressional delegation . His district includes three quarters of Atlanta .   Lewis , who as chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) was one of the `` Big Six '' leaders of groups who organized the 1963 March on Washington , played many key roles in the Civil Rights Movement and its actions to end legalized racial segregation in the United States . A member of the Democratic Party , Lewis is a member of the Democratic leadership of the U.S. House of Representatives and has served as a Chief Deputy Whip since 1991 and Senior Chief Deputy Whip since 2003 .   Lewis has been awarded many honorary degrees and is the recipient of numerous awards from eminent national and international institutions , including the highest civilian honor , the Presidential Medal of Freedom .

neg: Desegregation busing Desegregation busing in the United States ( also known as forced busing or simply busing ) is the practice of assigning and transporting students to schools in such a manner as to redress prior racial segregation of schools , or to overcome the effects of residential segregation on local school demographics .   In 1954 , the U.S. Supreme Court landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional . The process of integrating public schools met fierce resistance in the South where segregation laws took hold after the American Civil War and the Reconstruction Era of the United States . In Northern and Western states , de facto segregation was the customary practice . Due to patterns of residential segregation , a principal tool for racial integration was the use of busing . In the 1971 Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education ruling , the Supreme Court ruled that the federal courts had the discretion to include busing as a desegregation tool to achieve racial balance . While the Swann decision addressed de jure segregation in the South , it failed to address de facto segregation which persisted elsewhere in the country . In Georgia , Governor Jimmy Carter saw that Swann was `` clearly a one-sided decision ; the Court is still talking about the South , the North is still going free '' . In the 1974 Milliken v. Bradley decision , the U.S. Supreme Court placed an important limitation on Swann when they ruled that students could be bused across district lines only when evidence of de jure segregation across multiple school districts existed .   In the 1970s and 1980s , under federal court supervision , many school districts implemented mandatory busing plans within their district . A few of these plans are still in use today . An example of stiff resistance to desegregation busing was the Restore Our Alienated Rights movement in Boston .   Since the 1980s , desegregation busing has been in decline . Even though school districts provided zero-fare bus transportation to and from students ' assigned schools , those schools were in some cases many miles away from students ' homes , which often presented problems to them and their families . In addition , many families were angry about having to send their children miles to another school in an unfamiliar neighborhood when there was an available school a short distance away . The movement of large numbers of white families to suburbs of large cities , so-called white flight , reduced the effectiveness of the policy . Many whites who stayed moved their children into private or parochial schools ; these effects combined to make many urban school districts predominantly nonwhite , reducing any effectiveness mandatory busing may have had . In addition , school districts started using magnet schools , new school construction , and more detailed computer-generated information to refine their school assignment plans .   Due to these efforts and the fact that housing patterns had changed , by the early 1990s , most school districts had been released from court supervision and ceased using mandatory busing to try to desegregate schools . However , many continued to provide a similar level of school bus services , because families had become accustomed to the transportation and to the school choice available in recent assignment programs .

neg: John Culmer Father John Edwin Culmer ( May 22 , 1891 -- June 18 , 1963 ) was a minister and leader during the Civil Rights Movement , most notable for his work in Miami , Florida , United States .   An accomplished musician , Culmer attended Oskaloosa College , where he received a B.A. in music . He received a bachelor of divinity degree from Bishop Payne Divinity School . He has also received honorary doctorates from Bethune-Cookman College and the Virginia Theological Seminary .   After leading a ministry in Tampa , in 1929 , Culmer was transferred to the Saint Agnes Church in Miami . At the church , Father Culmer helped the poorly established church become one of the most acclaimed congregations in the American South .   During his tenure as minister , he served on the Dade County Senior Citizens Board , and headed Miami 's Peaceful Integration committee . Culmer also was chairman of the Fact-Finding Committee of the Greater Miami Negro Civic League , where he brought national attention to the deplorable housing and sanitation conditions of African Americans in Miami ; this led to the building of the Liberty Square housing project , which opened in 1937 .   The Culmer Metrorail station is named in his honor .

neg: Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr. The sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr. , comprise an extensive catalog of American writing and oratory -- some of which are internationally well-known , while others remain unheralded , and some await re-discovery .   Martin Luther King Jr. was a prominent African-American clergyman , a civil rights leader , and a Nobel laureate .   King himself observed , `` In the quiet recesses of my heart , I am fundamentally a clergyman , a Baptist preacher . ''

neg: Ella Little-Collins Ella Little-Collins ( 1914 - 1996 ) was an American civil rights activist and the half-sister of Malcolm X . She was born in Butler , Georgia , to Earl Little and Daisy Mason-Little ; her paternal grandparents were John ( Big Pa ) Lee Little and Ella Gray-Little , and her siblings , including half-siblings , were Mary , Earl Lee Jr. , Wilfred , Philbert , Hilda , Reginald , Malcolm , Wesley , and Evonne . She worked as congressman Adam Clayton Powell 's secretary , the manager of her mother 's grocery store , and an investor in house property , which she let out as rooming houses . She joined the Nation of Islam in the mid-1950s and helped establish its mosque in Boston and a day-care center attached to it , although she left the Nation in 1959 to become a Sunni Muslim . She supported black and ethnic studies programs in universities across the United States and founded the Sarah A. Little School of Preparatory Arts in Boston .   In his autobiography , Malcolm X wrote about the impact his first meeting with his half-sister had on him . She came to visit when he was in seventh grade , and he described her as `` the first really proud black woman I had ever seen '' and wrote `` I had never been so impressed with anybody . '' At the end of the school year , he moved to Roxbury to live with her , and she was his guardian until he turned 21 . Her home , the Malcolm X -- Ella Little-Collins House , is the last known surviving childhood home of Malcolm X. Its exterior was designated a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission in 1998 .   When Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam in 1964 , Little-Collins paid for him to make the Hajj . She also paid his funeral and business expenses after his assassination , and took over his Organization of Afro-American Unity , including his project of giving 35 scholarships from Al-Azhar University in Cairo , Egypt , and from the University of Ghana to students wishing to study overseas .   In 1988 , both of Little-Collins ' legs were amputated due to gangrene . She died in 1996 .   The Ella Collins Institute at the Islamic Society of Boston Cultural Center is named after her ; its goal is `` to establish a vibrant community by joining a classical understanding of Islam with modern scholarship and a healthy understanding of the current cultural context . ''

neg: Joseph H. Jackson Joseph Harrison Jackson ( 1900 -- August 1990 ) was an American pastor and the longest serving President of the National Baptist Convention , USA , Inc. .   The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s was highly controversial in many black churches , where the minister preached spiritual salvation rather than political activism . The National Baptist Convention became deeply split ; Jackson had supported the Montgomery bus boycott of 1956 , but by 1960 he told his denomination they should not become involved in civil rights activism . Jackson was based in Chicago and was a close ally of Mayor Richard J. Daley and the Chicago Democratic machine against the efforts of Martin Luther King , Jr. . In the end , Jackson prevailed . Yet , surprisingly , it was a former son of Olivet -LSB- pastored by J. H. Jackson -RSB- L. Venchael Booth , whom Jackson would later install as pastor of First Baptist Church of Gary in September 1944 , who issued the founding call for what became a rival group , Progressive National Baptist Convention . The PNBC became the `` household of the civil rights movement among Black Baptists , '' and the frontline supporters of the extensive activism of the King 's Southern Christian Leadership Conference . Jackson 's vocal stance for `` civil rights through law and order '' went in direct opposition to the methods of civil disobedience advocated by King .

neg: Civil rights movements Civil rights movements are a worldwide series of political movements for equality before the law , that peaked in the 1960s . In many situations they have been characterized by nonviolent protests , or have taken the form of campaigns of civil resistance aimed at achieving change through nonviolent forms of resistance . In some situations , they have been accompanied , or followed , by civil unrest and armed rebellion . The process has been long and tenuous in many countries , and many of these movements did not , or have yet to , fully achieve their goals , although the efforts of these movements have led to improvements in the legal rights of some previously oppressed groups of people , in some places .   The main aim of the successful Civil Rights Movement and other social movements for civil rights included ensuring that the rights of all people were and are equally protected by the law . These include but are not limited to the rights of minorities , women 's rights , and LGBT rights .

neg: Emancipation Memorial The Emancipation Memorial , also known as the Freedman 's Memorial or the Emancipation Group , and sometimes referred to as the `` Lincoln Memorial '' before the more prominent so-named memorial was built , is a monument in Lincoln Park in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Washington , D.C.   Designed and sculpted by Thomas Ball and erected in 1876 , the monument depicts Abraham Lincoln in his role of the `` Great Emancipator '' freeing a male African American slave modeled on Archer Alexander . The ex-slave is depicted on one knee , with one fist clenched , shirtless and shackled at the president 's feet .   The statue originally faced west towards the U.S. Capitol until it was rotated east in 1974 in order to face the newly-erected Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial .   The monument has long been the subject of controversy . According to information from American University :   Despite being paid for by African Americans , historian Kirk Savage in 1997 condemned it as `` a monument entrenched in and perpetuating racist ideology '' because of the supplicant and inferior position of the Black figure .   The statue is a contributing monument to the Civil War Monuments in Washington , DC , of the National Register of Historic Places .

neg: South Carolina's 6th congressional district The 6th Congressional District of South Carolina is a congressional district in central and eastern South Carolina . It includes all of Allendale , Bamberg , Barnwell , Clarendon , Colleton , Hampton and Williamsburg counties and parts of Beaufort , Berkeley , Calhoun , Charleston , Dorchester , Georgetown , Orangeburg and Richland counties . The district borders were shifted south in the 2012 redistricting . It lost its share of the North Carolina border , and now takes in part of the area near the South Carolina-Georgia border .   The district was defined in the early 1990s in a deal between state Republicans ( mostly white ) and Democrats ( mostly black ) in the South Carolina General Assembly to ensure a majority-black population , known as a majority-minority district . The rural counties of the historical black belt in South Carolina make up much of the district , but it sweeps south to include most of the majority-black precincts in and around Charleston , and sweeps west to include most of the majority-black precincts in and around Columbia . In all of its configurations , its politics have been dominated by black voters in the Columbia and Charleston areas .   Following the Reconstruction era , the white Democratic-dominated legislature passed Jim Crow laws , as well as a new constitution in 1895 that effectively disfranchised blacks , crippling the Republican Party in the state . For most of the next 60 years , South Carolina was essentially a one-party state dominated by the Democrats , and blacks were nearly excluded from the political system .   Demographic and political changes have included the Great Migration ( African American ) of blacks out of the state during the Jim Crow era in the first half of the 20th century . At the same time , many white Democrats felt chagrin at the national party 's greater support of civil rights for blacks from the 1940s onward , and began splitting their tickets in federal elections . After successes of the Civil Rights Movement in gaining passage of federal legislation in the mid-1960s to enforce their constitutional rights and ability to vote , blacks in South Carolina supported national Democratic candidates . This prompted a massive wave of party-switching in which white conservatives began moving into the Republican Party .   Since the late 20th century , South Carolina politics have been very racially polarized . Republicans in South Carolina have been mostly white , and most African Americans in the state continue to support the Democrats . In the 21st century , the 6th is considered the only `` safe '' Democratic district in the state .   Before 1993 , this district included the northeastern part of the state , from Darlington to Myrtle Beach . It was a classic `` Yellow Dog '' Democratic district ; in this configuration it only elected two Republicans , both for a single term . In 2012 , the new 7th congressional district was created ; it includes much of the territory that was in the 6th for most of the 20th century .   Jim Clyburn , a Democrat and the current Assistant House Minority Leader , has represented this district since first being elected in 1992 .

neg: Clarence Benjamin Jones Clarence B. Jones ( born January 8 , 1931 ) is the former personal counsel , advisor , draft speech writer and close friend of Martin Luther King Jr. . He is a Scholar in Residence at the Martin Luther King , Jr. . Institute at Stanford University . He is the author of What Would Martin Say ? ( HarperCollins , 2008 ) and `` Behind the Dream : The Making of the Speech that Transformed a Nation '' ( Palgrave-Macmillan , 2011 )   In 1962 , Martin Luther King Jr. wrote a letter recommending his lawyer and advisor , Clarence B. Jones , to the New York State Bar , stating : `` Ever since I have known Mr. Jones , I have always seen him as a man of sound judgment , deep insights , and great dedication . I am also convinced that he is a man of great integrity '' .