query: Battle Studies World Tour was a global tour.

pos: Battle Studies World Tour Battle Studies World Tour was a worldwide tour by American singer John Mayer . The tour spanned across the United States , Canada , Denmark , Australia , and the Netherlands , promoting his 2009 album Battle Studies .

neg: Strategic depth Strategic depth is a term in military literature that broadly refers to the distances between the front lines or battle sectors and the combatants ' industrial core areas , capital cities , heartlands , and other key centers of population or military production . The key precepts any military commander must consider when dealing with strategic depth are how vulnerable these assets are to a quick , preemptive attack or to a methodical offensive and whether a country can withdraw into its own territory , absorb an initial thrust , and allow the subsequent offensive to culminate short of its goal and far from its source of power .   Commanders must be able to plan for both eventualities , and have measures and resources in place on both tactical and strategic levels to counter any and all stages of a minor or major enemy attack . These measures do not need to be limited to purely military assets , either -- the ability to reinforce civilian infrastructure or make it flexible enough to withstand or evade assault is very valuable in times of war . The issue was the trade-off between space and time as witnessed by Germany 's failure to defeat the Soviet Union in 1942 . In the face of a German invasion , the Soviet military retreating from occupied Poland in June 1941 to the outskirts of Moscow in December 1941 allowed the Soviet Union to move its industrial base to the east of the Ural Mountains . Thus the industries that had been moved could build the resources needed for the Soviet counter-attack .

neg: World Magnetic Tour World Magnetic Tour was a 2008 -- 2010 concert tour by American thrash metal band Metallica in support of the band 's ninth studio album , Death Magnetic '' , which was released on September 12 , 2008 .   The tour officially kicked off in October 2008 in Glendale , Arizona , United States , following three European promotional dates in September and two U.S. rehearsal shows . By September 2009 , the tour had reached North America , Europe , South America , Asia and Oceania .   The tour culminated with three dates in Melbourne , Australia in late November 2010 . The tour ended up being the most successful by Metallica , grossing roughly $ 217.2 million ( the 18th highest grossing tour of all time ) , with the top grossing location , Acer Arena in Sydney , Australia , taking more than $ 14 million over 4 shows .

neg: Tank classification Tank classification is a taxonomy of identifying either the intended role or weight class of tanks . The classification by role was used primarily during the developmental stage of the national armoured forces , and referred to the doctrinal and force structure utility of the tanks based on design emphasis . The weight classification is used in the same way truck classification is used , and is intended to accommodate logistic requirements of the tanks .   Many classification systems have been used over a hundred years of tank history . An early division in the definition of roles was between Infantry tanks intended to focus on supporting infantry in the assault , and cruiser tanks intended for classic cavalry missions of exploitation , screening and reconnaissance . As World War II progressed , the separation of `` infantry '' and `` cruiser '' roles generally disappeared and the `` universal tank '' started to take over .   Classification has always been determined by the prevailing theories of armoured warfare , which have been altered in turn by rapid advances in technology . No one classification system works across all periods or all nations ; in particular , weight-based classification was inconsistent between countries and eras .   With the world-wide adoption of the modern main battle tank designs , which favour a modular universal design , these sorts of classifications are mostly eliminated from modern terminology . All main battle tanks are typically armed with weapons with similar characteristics but some may be armoured more than others . These are complemented with light tanks , typically in the role of ( armed ) reconnaissance .

neg: Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War The Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War was a three volume set of books , based on the wartime work of the Historical Section of the General Staff . The Canadian Army had a dedicated set of officers in the Second World War who studied and recorded various facets of wartime history for posterity .   During the war , Colonel C.P. Stacey headed the overseas effort of chronicling the history of the army , and produced a large number of reports . These reports , known as `` CMHQ Reports '' are largely available in electronic form from the Directorate of History and Heritage .   Some historical information was also compiled in book form during the war , and some introductory volumes were released soon after the war .   Canada 's Battle In Normandy was released in 1946 . Authored by Colonel Stacey , the book was a 159-page look at Canada 's experiences in the Battle of Normandy from the perspective of the Canadian Army .   In 1948 , The Canadian Army 1939-1945 : A Historical Summary was published . The book was described in Stacey 's own words in his autobiography , A Date With History :   The first of the three volume Official History did not appear in print until 1955 at the earliest . This was not unusual , in as an Official History of the First World War had also been many years in coming . Though the first of a projected eight volumes by Colonel Duguid first saw print in 1938 , 20 years after the Armistice , the remaining 7 volumes were never completed . G.W.L. Nicholson published a one-volume Official History in 1964 . The Royal Canadian Air Force 's official Second World War history was not published until the 1990s . In Stacey 's words :

neg: North West Europe Campaign The North West Europe Campaign was the name given by the British Commonwealth armed forces to the two land campaigns they fought on the Western Front during World War II .   In Commonwealth military history , `` North-West Europe '' refers to land , air and sea campaigns and operations in , over or near Belgium , Denmark , France , Germany , Luxembourg , Netherlands , Norway and the United Kingdom during World War II . It includes many more specific campaigns and/or battle honours .   The North-West Europe Campaign of 1940 , was part of the Battle of France , and was restricted to the Belgium and the French Channel ports . During this campaign , the French Army was responsible for the rest of the Western Front from Luxembourg to Switzerland , much of which was defended by the Maginot Line . The first campaign ended for the British forces with the defeat of the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) and its evacuation from the beaches of Dunkirk .   Between 1940 and 1944 , the Allied armies conducted coastal raids in German-Occupied Europe , the largest of which was the Dieppe raid of 1942 .   British Commonwealth air force units who served over Occupied Europe , between the fall of France and D-Day were awarded the battle honour `` Fortress Europe 1940 -- 1944 . ''   The North-West Europe Campaign of 1944 -- 1945 , was fought by the British Second Army and First Canadian Army  as elements of the British 21st Army Group . The campaign started with the landings in Normandy and ended on 4 May 1945 with Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery taking the German military surrender of all German forces in the Netherlands , north west Germany and Denmark on Lüneburg Heath , ( situated between the cities of Hamburg , Hanover and Bremen ) . As with the first campaign the British Commonwealth forces were on the northern flank of the Western Front . The Twelfth United States Army Group , was to their immediate south , further south still was the Sixth United States Army Group , ( that was also known as the Southern Group of Armies as the French First Army was a constituent part )

neg: Glo-Bus The Global Business Simulation Strategy Game , or `` Glo-Bus , '' by McGraw-Hill Irwin is a Business simulation game .   It was developed in 2008 to help educate students in the field of Business Strategy . Glo-Bus is the sister game to its old brother Business Strategy Game that dates back to the early 1990s .   The strategy game focuses upon aspects such as Production design , marketing , assembly ( for both entry-level and multi-featured ) , compensation and labor , discount bids , corporate citizenship , and finance and cash flow .   Every player makes decisions in their respective companies which is submitted before a due date in which the game `` turns '' one year . The next financial year shows who has met investor expectations or who is clearly the most profitable in the industry .   The five criteria which companies are ranked on are earnings per share , credit rating , stock price , return on equity , and image rating .   The Business Strategy Game is used in many post secondary Bachelor of Business programs in North America . It is usually a cornerstone assignment in a strategic management class . Those who are able to beat their entire class are crowned Industry Champions and are invited to attend the Glo-Bus Invitational ( BSI ) . Roughly 8 % of all students who play Glo-Bus become Industry Champions . Those who win the BSI ( Less than half a percent of all students who have played Glo-Bus ) , become Grand Champions which is the highest level of accomplishment in the Business Strategy Game .

neg: Honda Battle of the Bands The Honda Battle of the Bands ( sometimes abbreviated The Honda or HBOB ) is an annual marching band exhibition in the United States which features performances by bands from historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) . Sponsored by the American Honda Motor Company , the Invitational Showcase takes place in the Georgia Dome in Atlanta , Georgia in late January .   The Honda Battle of the Bands Celebration Tour takes place between the months of September and November at regular season football games , although Honda Battle of the Bands ( and its abbreviations ) is often intended to refer only to the invitational showcase , which first took place in 2003 . Seemingly contradictory to the name , Honda 's `` battle '' is not a competition in the traditional sense ; that is , no winner is crowned during the event . Rather , the bands compete for the favor of the audience , each other , and the greater community . The 2016 event had a nearly sold out crowd with 63,000 + fans and spectators in attendance .

neg: I Am... World Tour I Am ... World Tour ( sometimes referred to as the I Am ... Tour ) was the fourth concert tour by American recording artist Beyoncé . It was launched in support of her third studio album , I Am ... Sasha Fierce ( 2008 ) . The tour was announced in October 2008 and the first dates were revealed in December 2008 . It kicked off in late-March 2009 with five rehearsal shows in North America , officially commencing in late April 2009 . The tour visited the Americas , Europe , Asia , Africa , and Australia with 108 shows in total . Preparations for the shows began eight months prior to the beginning of the tour with twelve-hour rehearsals for two months . Knowles described the shows as her best and most theatrical from all of her tours . Pre-concert food drives were held during several stops of the I Am ... World Tour as part of a campaign by General Mills ' Hamburger Helper entitled , `` Show Your Helping Hand '' where fans were asked to bring food during the concerts .   The set list for the concerts included songs from Knowles ' three studio albums as well as several covers of other artists and a Destiny 's Child medley . The central theme of the tour was to showcase the difference between Knowles ' dual personality ; her emotional side and her onstage persona , Sasha Fierce which was also demonstrated in the dual album I Am ... Sasha Fierce . The show featured two stages -- the main one and a smaller B-stage where Knowles was transferred during the middle of the show . She was backed by an all-female band , female background dancers and a big LED screen . Thierry Mugler collaborated with Knowles on the costumes and had a creative advisor role further working on the choreography , lighting and production . Chris March made the costumes usable for stage and helped in their making . For the ballads , Knowles wore longer dresses while for the performances of the up-tempo songs , more make-up and more revealing outfits were worn . The fashion and Knowles ' look and figure received praise from critics .   I Am ... World Tour received critical acclaim from music critics who praised Knowles ' performance abilities calling her the best female performer and chose the performances of `` Ave Maria '' , `` Listen '' and `` At Last '' as highlights during the shows . A concert in Malaysia was cancelled by Knowles after several Muslim groups tried to ban it although she agreed to tone down her look according to the country 's standards . The tour was commercially successful grossing $ 86.0 million from 93 shows in total . Separate performances of several songs were broadcast on different channels and two concerts were released as live albums ; the live performance at the I Am ... Yours revue was released in a CD/DVD format in 2009 and footage of the tour was released on an eponymous titled live album in 2010 .

neg: Greatest Hits Tour (Elton John) The Greatest Hits Tour is a concert tour by Elton John . The tour started on February 2011 in Victoria , British Columbia , Canada and has visited the Americas , Europe , Asia and Australasia . The tour placed ninth on Pollstar 's `` Top 50 Worldwide Tours ( Mid-Year ) '' , earning over $ 40 million with 57 shows .

neg: Front (military) A military front or battlefront is a contested armed frontier between opposing forces . It can be a local or tactical front , or it can range to a theater . A typical front was the Western Front in France and Belgium in World War I.   The term `` home front '' has been used to denote conditions in the civilian sector of a country at war , including those involved in the production of matériel .  Both the Soviet and Polish Armies used the term `` front '' to mean an army group during the Polish-Soviet War and World War II . The equivalent of the term established in the header was the `` Theater of military operations '' .  The term `` front line city '' was used by the Germans during their long retreat from Moscow/Stalingrad to refer to metropolitan centres that had become disputed by the two combatants . Designation of a city as such resulted in administrative changes ( largely the imposition of martial law ) . In the film Downfall , the term was briefly referenced .  The term `` transferred to the front '' is often used by soldiers or personnel when their position has been changed from other activities .

neg: Official World Golf Ranking The Official World Golf Ranking is a system for rating the performance level of male professional golfers ( although there is no rule prohibiting women from being ranked ) . It was introduced in 1986 and is endorsed by the four major championships and six major professional tours , five of which are charter members of the International Federation of PGA Tours :  PGA Tour  European Tour  Asian Tour ( not a charter member of the Federation )  PGA Tour of Australasia  Japan Golf Tour  Sunshine Tour   Points are also awarded for high finishes on other tours :  Web.com Tour , the official developmental tour for the PGA Tour  Challenge Tour , the official developmental tour for the European Tour  PGA Tour Canada , which became a full member of the Federation in 2009 under its former name of the Canadian Professional Golf Tour  OneAsia Tour , not a member of the Federation , but a joint venture between two charter members and two other tours that became full members in 2009  Korean Tour , from 2011  PGA Tour Latinoamérica , from 2012  Asian Development Tour , the official developmental tour for the Asian Tour , from 2013  PGA Tour China , from 2014  Alps Tour , from July 2015  Nordic Golf League , from July 2015  PGA EuroPro Tour , from July 2015  ProGolf Tour , from July 2015  MENA Golf Tour , from April 2016

neg: United States Strategic Communication According to the author Christopher Paul ( RAND ) , Strategic Communication is the `` coordinated actions , messages , images , and other forms of signaling or engagement intended to inform , influence , or persuade selected audiences in support of national objectives . '' There is often debate and discussion concerning what makes strategic communication . Regarding definition , psychological operations , public or civil affairs , information operations and public diplomacy are seemingly the least contested components of U.S. strategic communication . With those components , the most important factor that separates strategic communication from other types of communication is the synchronization and coordination of U.S. efforts . For example , in the National Strategy for Public Diplomacy and Strategic Communication , all strategic communication efforts activities should :   underscore our commitment to freedom , human rights and the dignity and equality of every human being ;  reach out to those who share our ideals ;  support those who struggle for freedom and democracy ; and  counter those who espouse ideologies of hate and oppression   Strategic communication can be a major tool against adversaries that threaten values supported by the United States . U.S. strategic communication promotes democratization and good governance . It proved vital in winning the Cold War . In the 21st Century , it is critical in countering the radical ideologies of the Islamic Republic of Iran , the Muslim Brotherhood , al - Qaeda and other extremist organizations .

neg: Race to the Sea The Race to the Sea took place from about 1914 , after the Battle of the Frontiers ( 7 August -- 13 September ) and the German advance into France , which had been stopped at the First Battle of the Marne and was followed by the First Battle of the Aisne a Franco-British counter-offensive . The term described reciprocal attempts by the Franco-British and German armies to envelop the northern flank of the opposing army through Picardy , Artois and Flanders , rather than an attempt to advance northwards to the sea . The `` race '' ended on the North Sea coast of Belgium around 19 October , when the last open area from Dixmude to the North Sea was occupied by Belgian troops , who had been withdrawn from the Siege of Antwerp ( 28 September -- 10 October ) . The outflanking attempts had resulted in a number of encounter battles but neither side was able to gain a decisive victory .   After the opposing forces had reached the North Sea , both tried to conduct offensives , leading to the mutually costly and indecisive Battle of the Yser ( 16 October -- 2 November ) and the First Battle of Ypres ( 19 October -- 22 November ) . After mid-November , local operations were carried out by both sides and preparations were made to take the offensive in the spring of 1915 . Erich von Falkenhayn , Chief of the German General Staff ( Oberste Heeresleitung ) since 14 September , concluded that a decisive victory could not be achieved on the Western Front and that it was equally unlikely in the east . Falkenhayn abandoned Vernichtunsstrategie ( strategy of annihilation ) and attempted to create the conditions for peace with one of Germany 's enemies , by Ermattungsstrategie ( strategy of exhaustion ) , to enable Germany to concentrate its resources decisively to defeat the remaining opponents .   Over the winter lull , the French army established the theoretical basis of offensive trench warfare , originating many of the methods which became standard for the rest of the war . Infiltration tactics were developed , in which dispersed formations of infantry were followed by nettoyeurs de tranchée ( trench cleaners ) , to capture strong-points that had been by-passed . Artillery observation from aircraft and creeping barrages , were first used systematically in the Second Battle of Artois Falkenhayn issued memoranda on 1915 , to govern defensive battle on the Western Front , in which the existing front line was to be fortified and to be held indefinitely with small numbers of troops , to enable more divisions to be sent to the Eastern Front . New defences were to be built behind the front line to contain a breakthrough until the position was restored by counter-attacks . The Westheer began the huge task of building field fortifications , which were not complete until the autumn of 1915 .

neg: Hastings 2000 Hastings 2000 was a major re-enactment of the Battle of Hastings which took place on the 14 and 15 October 2000 .   It was staged on the site of the original battle near the town of Battle , East Sussex .   Unlike the previous major re-enactments of the battle in 1984 , 1990 , and 1995 a large number of overseas re-enactors attended and this brought the number of costumed participants up to about 1500 from 16 different countries .   The next major re-enactment of the event , Hastings 2006 , took place on the 14 and 15 October 2006 . Before the official dates were announced , speculation led to many re-enactors using the acronym TNBO ( `` The Next Big One '' ) .

neg: Be Here Now Tour The Be Here Now World Tour was a world concert tour by English rock band Oasis in support of their third album Be Here Now . The tour , which spanned the UK , Europe , the US , Canada , Japan , Australia , Asia , and Latin America , included 85 shows over a period of several months in 1997 and 1998 . The tour started on 14 June 1997 in support of U2 at the KROQ Weenie Roast in Irvine , California , United States , and ended on 25 March 1998 at the Sports Palace in Mexico City , Mexico . With most shows being played during the autumn and winter months , a majority of the concerts were staged at indoor arenas and halls , in contrast to the larger outdoor venues typically featured on Oasis ' summer tours .   Many performances were audio recorded by either broadcast media or concert attendees and have since been made available on various file-sharing outlets and fan web sites . A handful of performances were also carried by various television outlets throughout the world , including the 14 December concert at the G-Mex in Manchester , England .   Fueled partly by worldwide stardom and drug use , the tour and corresponding album became `` infamous '' for the amount of excess and spectacle they provided . Accordingly , they marked the end of the cocaine era for Noel Gallagher . He would later say about the craziness and wild year on tour : `` I kid you not , there was a sound guy who quit because there was too much ` food ' ... and I thought ` sure it 's not the fucking coke you 've been taking ' '' .   As the tour came to an end , the album 's reception had changed from rave and outstandingly positive to less-than satisfied and below average reviews with many critics restating that it was weak in comparison to the group 's first two records . They did , however , manage to maintain a large cult following in many countries such as Argentina , Brazil , Peru , Russia , Italy , Spain , South Korea and Japan where their public persona would strengthen even more over the subsequent decade .

neg: Battlefield archaeology Battlefield archaeology is a sub-discipline of archaeology that began in North America with Dr. Douglas D. Scott 's , National Park Service , metal detecting of Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument in 1983 . It is not considered distinct from Military archaeology or Recceology ( i.e. , the recovery of surface finds and non-invasive site surveying ) .   Battlefield archaeology also refers to the specific study of a particular archaeological horizon in which a military action occurred . This may include both ` bounded ' battlefields where troop dispositions , numbers and the order of battle are known from textual records , and also from undocumented evidence of conflict . The discipline is distinct from military history in that it seeks to answer different questions , including the experiences of ordinary soldiers in wider political frameworks . Therefore , battlefield archaeology is not concerned , primarily , with the causes of conflict but of the sites where conflict actually took place , and of the archaeology of the event .   Whilst the battlefield is a contemporary concept , the archaeology of battlefields incorporates the study of both ancient and modern military technologies , features and conflicts . It may also incorporate events such as civil unrest , including public demonstrations and riots . The discipline , therefore , applies the approaches and techniques of archaeology to military and civil conflict . Conflicts in the twentieth century in particular have been characterised by wars of ethnicity , nationality and identity , where civilians and civilian environments ( i.e. , domestic buildings , urban centres ) have become involved in warfare , and are often inseparable from it . This is also known as ` Total War ' , understood by the engagement of entire populations and economies within the sphere of warfare . The archaeology of contemporary conflict , therefore , is a ` total ' project , considering the impact of conflict and modern weapons systems on civilian as well as military targets .   The study of the relationships and contexts of the material by-products of war give an alternate account to the version recorded in a history book , poem , or witness account , which may be constructed though bias , or may present only a limited perspective of the events .

neg: Battle Force Tactical Training Battle Force Tactical Trainer or BFTT ( pronounced `` bee-fit '' ) ( Navy designation AN/USQ-T 46 ) is a highly flexible , interactive single ship , group , or force level tactical combat system trainer in the US military . The purpose of BFTT is to `` provide training to enhance naval combat readiness . '' BFTT provides a critical overarching training capability for developing and maintaining proficiencies required to fight a complex modern shipboard combat system in today 's warfighting environment . BFTT wraps around the ships combat system to provide a comprehensive and coordinated training environment .   BFTT simulates combat scenarios for the training of the operators of most current shipboard combat systems including Aegis and the newly introduced SSDS . BFTT is subdivided into different components , each with its own specific function that contribute to the overall operation of the system .   The BFTT Operator Processing Console ( BOPC ) provides a human-machine interface to the rest of BFTT . The BOPC is used to create scenarios which vary in location , environmentals ( e.g. sea state , weather ) , contacts , functions and operations by using a monitor , keyboard and trackball .   BFTT uses the current Department of Defense standard Distributed Interactive Simulation ( DIS ) interface , and is evolving to the newer High Level Architecture ( simulation ) ( HLA ) . The system connects to other ships , Joint Forces , and Coalition Forces for large scale force level training events via the Navy Continuous Training Environment ( NCTE ) .   Formalized in April 1992 , the then CNO Admiral Frank Kelso launched a new era in the US Navy 's combat systems training by approving the development of BFTT . As an outgrowth of BFTT the US Navy developed the BFTT Electronic Warfare Trainer ( BEWT ) and the Trainer Simulator Stimulator System ( TSSS ) . Over 100 US Navy warships have the BFTT system installed . The follow-on to BFTT , Total Ship Training System ( TSTS ) , has been cancelled and a partial , incremental , improvement program labelled `` BFTT mod '' has been initiated .

neg: Ring of Honor Ring of Honor ( ROH ) is an American professional wrestling promotion , founded in 2002 by RF Video owner Rob Feinstein . From 2004 to 2011 , the promotion was under the ownership of Cary Silkin before being sold to the Sinclair Broadcast Group ( SBG ) , an American telecommunications company that operates the largest number of local television stations in the United States .   ROH holds TV tapings , pay-per-view events , live events , and Internet pay-per-view events throughout the United States and Canada . It has also held shows in the United Kingdom and Japan . Annual shows include the Anniversary Show , Supercard of Honor ( held annually during WrestleMania weekend ) , Best in the World , Global Wars , Death Before Dishonor , Glory By Honor , and Final Battle ( the last show of the calendar year and ROH 's marquee event ) .   ROH records all of its shows and sells them on DVD through mail order via its online store , and the DVDs have developed a fanbase for the promotion in the United States and beyond . In 2009 , ROH signed a television deal with HDNet , which aired shows every week until 2011 . As of September 2011 , ROH 's flagship broadcast Ring of Honor Wrestling has been syndicated by parent company Sinclair Broadcasting , and airs on Sinclair owned stations across the country . ROH is also broadcast on Samurai TV in Japan , and is the third-largest professional wrestling promotion in the United States , behind WWE and after Impact Wrestling .   On June 22 , 2014 , ROH had its first live pay-per-view broadcast , Best in the World , from Nashville , Tennessee . It was followed-up on December 7 with their biggest show of the year Final Battle , from Terminal 5 in New York City . Their next pay-per-view aired March 1 , 2015 , which was their 13th Anniversary Show , from Las Vegas , Nevada .

neg: Policy studies Policy studies is the combination of policy analysis and program evaluation . It `` involves systematically studying the nature , causes , and effects of alternative public policies , with particular emphasis on determining the policies that will achieve given goals . ''   Policy Studies also examines the conflicts and conflict resolution that arise from the making of policies in civil society , the private sector , or more commonly , in the public sector ( e.g. government ) .   It is frequently focused on the public sector but is equally applicable to other kinds of organizations ( e.g. , the not-for-profit sector ) . Some policy study experts graduate from public policy schools with public policy degrees . Alternatively , experts may have backgrounds in policy analysis , program evaluation , sociology , psychology , philosophy , economics , anthropology , geography , law , political science , social work , environmental planning and public administration .   Traditionally , the field of policy studies focused on domestic policy , with the notable exceptions of foreign and defense policies . However , the wave of economic globalization , which ensued in the late 20th and early 21st centuries , created a need for a subset of policy studies that focuses on global governance , especially as it relates to issues that transcend national borders such as climate change , terrorism , nuclear proliferation , and economic development . This subset of policy studies , which is often referred to as international policy studies , typically requires mastery of a second language and attention to cross-cultural issues in order to address national and cultural biases . For example , the Monterey Institute of International Studies at Middlebury College offers Master of Arts programs that focus exclusively on international policy through a mix of interdisciplinary and cross-cultural analysis called the `` Monterey Way '' .

neg: Grand Tour The Grand Tour was the traditional trip of Europe undertaken by mainly upper class European young men of sufficient means and rank ( or those of more humble origin who could find a sponsor ) , as well as young women if they were also of sufficient means , and accompanied by a chaperone , such as other family members , when they had come of age ( about the age of 21 years old ) . The custom flourished from about 1660 , until the advent of large-scale rail transport in the 1840s , and was associated with a standard itinerary . It served as an educational rite of passage . Though primarily associated with the British nobility and wealthy landed gentry , similar trips were made by wealthy young men of Protestant Northern European nations , and from the second half of the 18th century , by some South and North Americans . The tradition declined with the lapse of neo-classical enthusiasm and after rail and steamship travel made the journeys much easier when Thomas Cook made the `` Cook 's Tour '' of early mass tourism a byword .   The New York Times in 2008 described the Grand Tour in this way :   The primary value of the Grand Tour , it was believed , lay in the exposure both to the cultural legacy of classical antiquity and the Renaissance , and to the aristocratic and fashionably polite society of the European continent . In addition , it provided the only opportunity to view specific works of art , and possibly the only chance to hear certain music . A Grand Tour could last from several months to several years . It was commonly undertaken in the company of a Cicerone , a knowledgeable guide or tutor . The Grand Tour had more than superficial cultural importance ; as E. P. Thompson stated , `` ruling-class control in the 18th century was located primarily in a cultural hegemony , and only secondarily in an expression of economic or physical ( military ) power . '' The legacy of the Grand Tour lives on to the modern day and is still evident in works of travel and literature . From its aristocratic origins and the permutations of sentimental and romantic travel to the age of tourism and globalization , the Grand Tour still influences the destinations tourists choose and shapes the ideas of culture and sophistication that surround the act of travel .   In essence , the Grand Tour was neither a scholar 's pilgrimage nor a religious one , though a pleasurable stay in Venice and a cautious residence in Rome were essential . Catholic Grand Tourists followed the same routes as Protestant Whigs . Since the 17th century , a tour to such places was also considered essential for budding young artists to understand proper painting and sculpture techniques , though the trappings of the Grand Tour -- valets and coachmen , perhaps a cook , certainly a `` bear-leader '' or scholarly guide -- were beyond their reach . The advent of popular guides , such as the Richardsons ' , did much to popularise such trips , and following the artists themselves , the elite considered travel to such centres as necessary rites of passage . For gentlemen , some works of art were essential to demonstrate the breadth and polish they had received from their tour : in Rome , antiquaries like Thomas Jenkins provided access to private collections of antiquities , among which enough proved to be for sale that the English market raised the price of such things , and for coins and medals , which formed more portable souvenirs and a respected gentleman 's guide to ancient history . Pompeo Batoni made a career of painting English milordi posed with graceful ease among Roman antiquities . Many continued on to Naples , where they viewed Herculaneum and Pompeii , but few ventured far into southern Italy or Malta , and fewer still to Greece , still under Turkish rule .


query: Samuel L. Jackson was in the M. Night Shyamalan film Unbreakable.

pos: Samuel L. Jackson Samuel Leroy Jackson ( born December 21 , 1948 ) is an American actor and film producer . He achieved prominence and critical acclaim in the early 1990s with films such as Jungle Fever ( 1991 ) , Patriot Games ( 1992 ) , Amos & Andrew ( 1993 ) , True Romance ( 1993 ) , Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) and his collaborations with director Quentin Tarantino including Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) , Jackie Brown ( 1997 ) , Django Unchained ( 2012 ) , and The Hateful Eight ( 2015 ) . He is a highly prolific actor , having appeared in over 100 films , including Die Hard with a Vengeance ( 1995 ) , Unbreakable ( 2000 ) , Shaft ( 2000 ) , The 51st State ( 2001 ) , Black Snake Moan ( 2006 ) , Snakes on a Plane ( 2006 ) , and the Star Wars prequel trilogy ( 1999 -- 2005 ) , as well as the Marvel Cinematic Universe .   With Jackson 's permission , his likeness was used for the Ultimate version of the Marvel Comics character Nick Fury . He later cameoed as the character in a post-credits scene from Iron Man ( 2008 ) , and went on to sign a nine-film commitment to reprise this role in future films , including major roles in Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , Marvel 's The Avengers ( 2012 ) , Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) and Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) and minor roles in Thor ( 2011 ) and Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) . He has also portrayed the character in the second and final episodes of the first season of the TV show Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. .   He has provided his voice to several animated films , television series and video games , including the roles of Lucius Best / Frozone in Pixar Animation Studios ' film The Incredibles ( 2004 ) , Mace Windu in Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) , Afro Samurai in the anime television series Afro Samurai ( 2007 ) , and Frank Tenpenny in the video game Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas ( 2004 ) .   Jackson has achieved critical and commercial acclaim , surpassing Frank Welker as the actor with the highest-grossing film total of all time in October 2011 , and he has received numerous accolades and awards . He is married to LaTanya Richardson , with whom he has a daughter , Zoe . Samuel L. Jackson is ranked as the highest all-time box office star with over $ 4.9053 billion total box office gross , an average of $ 69.1 million per film .

neg: The Remix Suite The Remix Suite ( digital title : Michael Jackson : The Remix Suite ) is a compilation of remixed hits by Michael Jackson . Although labeled as a Michael Jackson release , the majority of remixes are of hits during his tenure with The Jackson 5 . Starting from August 25 , five remixes each were released digitally as `` suites '' via iTunes , AmazonMP3 and Rhapsody every two weeks . It is the fifth album to be released since Jackson 's death . The first suite leaked online two weeks before its intended digital release .

neg: Sam Golzari Sam Golzari ( سام گلزاری born 12 July 1979 ) is a British actor of Iranian descent active in the United States . He is known for his debut role in American Dreamz .   Golzari was born in Hammersmith , London , England , to parents of Persian origin . He received his BA from UCLA in 2003 , where he worked in the Conservatory Acting Program .   Golzari got his start at the age of four as a Michael Jackson impersonator . Besides his work at UCLA , Golzari has also been a lab member of the Latino Theater Company under Jose Luis Valenzuela . Golzari 's plans were to stay in the theater , but while at college he started working on student films . It was there that he began to find a love for the craft of filmmaking . His short film The Break won an award for the `` best ensemble cast '' at the Method Fest film festival . After this , he got his TV debut when the Showtime network aired his film The Invisible Man , directed by UCLA film student Angela Mrema .   After college graduation , Golzari landed the first Hollywood film for which he auditioned , American Dreamz . In the film he stars alongside Hugh Grant , Mandy Moore and Dennis Quaid . Since that film , he plays the role of Kameron in the film 21 alongside Jim Sturgess and Kevin Spacey . He has also worked with Tony Shalhoub on the film AmericanEast , as well as an all-improv mockumentary , Juan Francis : Live , produced by Norman Lear .   Golzari is also a founding member of the LA-based band the Elevaters , who have released a self-titled EP as well as a full-length album entitled `` Rising . ''   He has also appeared in 2016 American film , Jimmy Vestvood : Amerikan Hero .

neg: Jonas L.A. (soundtrack) Jonas L.A. is the third soundtrack by the American pop rock group Jonas Brothers and their only soundtrack for Jonas L.A. '' . It was released on July 20 , 2010 to positive reviews and debuted at # 7 on the Billboard 200 . It has sold 132,000 copies in the United States .

neg: List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 1983 The Billboard 200 , published in Billboard magazine , is a weekly chart that ranks the highest-selling music albums and EPs in the United States . In 1983 , the name of the chart was Top LPs & Tape . Before Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales in 1991 , Billboard estimated sales from a representative sampling of record stores nationwide , using telephone , fax or messenger service . Data were based on rankings made by the record stores of the best-selling records , not on actual sales figures .   There were six number-one albums on this chart in 1983 , including the debut album of the Australian band Men at Work , Business as Usual , which spent the last seven weeks of 1982 and the first eight weeks of 1983 at number one , and was certified quadruple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in 1984 . Thriller , the sixth studio album by recording artist Michael Jackson , was released on November 1982 . It peaked at number one for twenty-two non-consecutive weeks in 1983 with another fifteen consecutive weeks at the top into the following year , and seven songs from the album became top ten singles between late 1982 and early 1984 . Two of them : `` Billie Jean '' and `` Beat It '' , reached the top position of the Billboard Hot 100 . Thriller won eight Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year at the 26th Grammy Awards , and was the best-selling album of 1983 with more than fifteen million copies sold . In 2008 , twenty-five years after its release , the record was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame , and a few weeks later , it was among twenty-five recordings preserved by the Library of Congress to the National Recording Registry as `` culturally significant '' .   Flashdance , the soundtrack to the 1983 musical and romance film of the same name , peaked at number one for two weeks and won the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture . The two singles released from the album , `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' by Irene Cara , and `` Maniac '' by Michael Sembello , reached the top of the singles chart in 1983 . The New York Times considered the British band The Police to be the year 's most influential rock band . Australian , British , and American bands copied the white-reggae formula of their ( The Police 's ) earlier successes . The group released their fifth and final studio album , Synchronicity , in 1983 . The album , a varied accomplished blend of rock , funk , and third-world rhythms , stayed at number one for seventeen weeks and was certified four times platinum by the RIAA in 1984 . Metal Health , the third album by heavy metal band Quiet Riot , peaked at number one for one week , becoming the first heavy metal record to reach the top of the Billboard 200 . Singer-songwriter Lionel Richie released his second album Ca n't Slow Down in 1983 , which spent three weeks at the top and won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year at the 27th Grammy Awards .

neg: Xscape (album) Xscape is the second posthumous album of previously unreleased tracks by American singer Michael Jackson . It is his eighth album released through Epic Records , and it was released on May 13 , 2014 by Epic Records and MJJ Music . It is the fifth album released by Sony and Motown since Jackson 's death in June 2009 . L.A. Reid , chairman of Epic Records , curated and served as executive producer for the album enlisting Timbaland to lead a team of record producers , including StarGate , Jerome `` J-Roc '' Harmon , John McClain , and Rodney Jerkins , to remix and contemporize the eight selected tracks . Jerkins produced the title song and is the only original song producer to work on the final productions .   Xscape was promoted across the Sony group of companies ; Sony Mobile used a snippet of `` Slave to the Rhythm '' in their advertising campaign for the Xperia Z2 mobile phone . `` Love Never Felt So Good '' was announced as the official lead single to premiere on May 1 , 2014 . The deluxe edition of the album includes all of the songs in their original forms as well as one bonus track and two videos .

neg: West Side Story (soundtrack) West Side Story is the soundtrack to the 1961 film West Side Story . Released in 1961 , the soundtrack spent 54 weeks at No. 1 on Billboard 's album charts , giving it the longest run at No. 1 of any album in history , although some lists instead credit Michael Jackson 's Thriller , on the grounds that West Side Story was listed on a chart for stereo albums only at a time when many albums were recorded in mono . In 1962 , it won a Grammy award for `` Best Sound Track Album -- Original Cast '' and Johnny Richards orchestrations of the movie score ( on Kenton 's West Side Story ) also winning a Grammy in 1962 for `` Best Large Ensemble Jazz Album '' further bolstering the popularity of the movie and soundtrack . In the United States , it was the best-selling album of the 1960s , certifying three times platinum by the RIAA on November 21 , 1986 .   Though the album was released just a few years after the release of the original broadway cast recording , it is according to Broadway Babies preferred by some to the earlier version both sentimentally , as the film succeeded in establishing the musical as a `` popular masterpiece '' , and musically , as it contains `` beefier orchestration '' .

neg: La Roux discography English singer and songwriter La Roux has released two studio albums , one mix album , two extended plays , one mixtape , five singles , two promotional singles and seven music videos . La Roux was originally formed as a duo in 2006 , consisting of Elly Jackson and Ben Langmaid . They first collaborated on the acoustic project Automan before opting to switch to a musical style similar to that of Prince , David Bowie and The Knife , naming their new project La Roux .   The duo 's eponymous debut studio album was released in June 2009 , reaching number two on the UK Albums Chart and number seven on the Irish Albums Chart . The album was eventually certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) and the Irish Recorded Music Association ( IRMA ) . In 2011 , La Roux won a Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album . Four singles were released from the album : `` Quicksand '' , `` In for the Kill '' , `` Bulletproof '' and `` I 'm Not Your Toy '' . `` Bulletproof '' peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart and was certified gold by the BPI . Following Langmaid 's departure from La Roux , Jackson released her second studio album , Trouble in Paradise , in July 2014 .

neg: Just a Little While `` Just a Little While '' is a song by American recording artist Janet Jackson , released as the lead single from her eighth studio album , Damita Jo ( 2004 ) . Written by Jackson and Dallas Austin , the song fuses pop with elements of rock , dance , and funk , and is a reflection of Jackson 's new-found happiness . The song leaked ahead of its scheduled release , causing Jackson 's record company to rush with a music video and promotion . It was released following Jackson 's controversial Super Bowl Halftime Show performance incident on February 2 , 2004 , as the lead single from Damita Jo .   `` Just a Little While '' received favorable reception from critics , who felt its elements of rock and dance-pop would ensure success . However , following the Super Bowl incident , Jackson 's singles and music videos were blacklisted on many radio formats and music channels worldwide , affecting the song 's performance . Although its success in the US was limited , peaking at number 45 on the Billboard Hot 100 , it peaked atop the Hot Dance Club Songs chart . Internationally , it was more successful , reaching the top ten in Belgium , Canada , and Spain and the top twenty in Australia and The United Kingdom . It peaked at number one in Japan for five weeks , and was the year 's second-biggest hit on Japan 's international airplay chart .   The song 's music video , directed by Dave Meyers , was released exclusively in international territories due to the controversy surrounding Jackson at the time . It portrays Jackson filming a DVD for her boyfriend in a futuristic apartment setting , displaying her multiple personae . An alternate live video , filmed in London , was included on Jackson 's From janet . to Damita Jo compilation . Jackson performed the song on television shows including Top of the Pops , Hey ! Hey ! Hey ! , and Festivalbar .

neg: Unbreakable (James Cottriall song) `` Unbreakable '' is the debut single by English musician James Cottriall , from his first studio album Sincerely Me . It was released in Austria as a digital download on 9 April 2010 , it received massive support from almost every local and national Austrian radio station . The song was written by James Cottriall and produced by Alexander Kahr . It entered the Austrian Singles Chart at number 47 and peaked to number 16 , It reached number 1 in the Ö3 Hörercharts ( Most Requested Charts for Austria ) and remained in the Top 40 Charts for 20 weeks . The song was also featured on the Ö3 Greatest Hits vol . 50 and AustroPop Forever Vol . 4 compilation albums .

neg: Samuel Seo Seo Dong-hyeon ( ; born May 3 , 1991 ) , better known by his stage name Samuel Seo , is a South Korean singer-songwriter , rapper , and record producer . Born in Seoul , he spent his youth living in his home country , as well as Japan , the United States , and Canada . An aspiring pianist , Seo 's exposure to hip hop music in his teens led him to pursue the genre . He released a series of singles before enlisting and serving two years in military service .   Seo released his first studio album Frameworks ( 2015 ) , which earned him the award for Best R&B & Soul Album at the Korean Music Awards in 2016 . He released his second album Ego Expand ( 100 % ) in May of that year , which earned him nominations for Best R&B & Soul Album , as well as Best R&B & Soul Song for its lead single `` B L U E '' .

neg: Mindhunters Mindhunters is a 2004 American-British crime thriller film directed by Renny Harlin and starring Kathryn Morris , LL Cool J , Jonny Lee Miller , Patricia Velásquez , Clifton Collins , Jr. , Christian Slater and Val Kilmer . It was written by Wayne Kramer and Kevin Brodbin ( with an uncredited rewrite by Ehren Kruger ) . Unusually , the last country to receive this film was the United States in 2005 , because of the film 's distribution rights being changed from 20th Century Fox to Dimension Films .

neg: Live in Bucharest: The Dangerous Tour Live in Bucharest : The Dangerous Tour is a live concert DVD by American recording artist Michael Jackson released on July 25 , 2005 . The DVD was previously included with The Ultimate Collection box set in 2004 . The concert took place during Jackson 's first leg on his Dangerous World Tour on October 1 , 1992 at the Bucharest National Stadium , with a sold-out attendance of 90,000 . This concert is the first concert by Jackson that has been officially released on DVD in the United States , also released in Asia market on double Video CD . The other official releases by Michael Jackson is a VHS of his HIStory World Tour concert in Seoul , South Korea , and it was released only in South Korea in 1996 , and Live at Wembley July 16 , 1988 , which is the second leg of his Bad World Tour .   There are various versions of the footage of the same concert that exist . The first version was broadcast the next day by BBC ; following Jackson 's death , this version was rebroadcast on BNN/Ned3 . All the footage in this version is from the Bucharest concert . The version that appears on the DVD was broadcast on HBO in 1992 , which became the highest audience in the channel 's history for a single broadcast . This version , while mostly having footage of Jackson performing at the Bucharest Concert ( some in alternate camera angles in comparison to the BBC version ) , also consisted of footage from concerts in other locations such as Madrid and London . Also missing were the `` Brace Yourself '' video introduction and the `` We Are the World Interlude , '' which were included in the original BBC Telecast . The crowd screaming and intro before `` Wan na Be Startin ' Somethin' '' is featured in Michael 's 2010 song `` Behind the Mask '' .

neg: Invincible (Michael Jackson album) Invincible is the final studio album by American recording artist Michael Jackson , released on October 30 , 2001 , by Epic Records . Similar to Jackson 's previous material , Invincible explores themes such as love , romance , isolation , media criticism , and social issues . It was his sixth studio album released through Epic label .   An extensive and laborious album to make , Jackson started production in 1997 , and did not finish until eight weeks before the album 's October 2001 release . Jackson recorded in over 10 different studios , and the final cost was over thirty million dollars . Combined with twenty five million toward the cost of promoting the album , Invincible is the most expensive album ever made .   The album peaked at number one in eleven territories worldwide , including the United States ( with first-week sales of 363,000 units ) , the United Kingdom , Australia , France and Switzerland . Invincible charted within the top ten in six other territories . Upon release , the album received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics .   Invincible was one of the best-selling of 2001 , being ranked at # 9 on the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry 's ( IFPI ) Top 50 Global Best Selling Albums for 2001 .

neg: Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson Unforgivable Blackness : The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson is a documentary by filmmaker Ken Burns based on the nonfiction book of the same name by Geoffrey C. Ward ( 2004 ) . In Burns ' signature style the 220-minute film serves as a biography of Jack Johnson , the first African-American Heavyweight Boxing Champion of the World , as well as a documentary of racism and social inequality during the Jim Crow era against which Jack Johnson lived in defiant opposition .   The documentary was first broadcast on PBS in two parts on January 17 and January 18 , 2005 . The film is narrated by Keith David and features a soundtrack by Wynton Marsalis and Samuel L. Jackson as the voice of Jack Johnson . Alan Rickman also contributed his voice to the documentary . Stanley Crouch appears offering commentary , including a quote from Johnson responding a question from a white woman about black people , `` We eat cold eels and think distant thoughts . ''   In 2005 , the film earned Burns an Emmy Award for Directing for Non-Fiction Programming . David won an Emmy for Best Voice Over Performance .   The film was produced by David Schaye , Paul Barnes and Ken Burns ( Executive Producer ) for Florentine Films .

neg: Michael Jackson (linebacker) Michael Jackson ( born July 15 , 1957 ) is a former professional American football player who played linebacker in eight NFL seasons for the Seattle Seahawks .   Jackson was born in Pasco , Washington . A 1975 graduate of Pasco High School , he has enjoyed greater success and accumulated more career achievements than any other Bulldog . A three-year/three-sport letterman , he was the team captain in both football and baseball while garnering All-State honors and receiving the Denning Award for Outstanding Athlete by the Pasco Jaycees as a senior .   At the University of Washington , Jackson earned four varsity letters and was named to their All-Centennial Football Team . He was also selected as the Inland Empire Amateur Athlete of the Year in 1977 , a season in which he helped lead the Huskies to the Rose Bowl . The eyes of the nation were on him during that game as he made a vital end zone interception that helped seal Washington 's victory over the University of Michigan .   Jackson holds several defensive school records for the Huskies , including single season ( 210 ) and career ( 569 ) tackles . Among the several honors he received for the U of W include Sports Illustrated Player of the Week ( 11-12-77 ) , Husky Team Captain ( 1978 ) , All Pac-8 & Pac-10 Linebacker ( 1977 -- 78 ) and several All-American selections .   In 1979 , he was selected by the Seattle Seahawks in the third round of the NFL Draft , where he began an eight-year career as a starting linebacker . One of the team 's all-time defensive greats , he led the Seahawks in tackles for a number of seasons and is among the career leaders in that category . He also earned 21 game balls for his outstanding play and has received numerous other awards including team MVP , Most Improved Player and the Seattle P.I. 's Sports Star of the Year .   Jackson is active off the field with charities including the March of Dimes , Special Olympics , and the United Way . He has had 14 movie and television roles and was voted into the Pasco High School Hall of Fame in 1996 .

neg: Cry (Michael Jackson song) `` Cry '' is a song recorded by American recording artist Michael Jackson that features on his tenth and final studio album , Invincible ( 2001 ) . The song was written by R&B singer-songwriter R. Kelly , who had previously written Jackson 's 1995 single `` You Are Not Alone '' . `` Cry '' was produced by Jackson and Kelly . It was released in December 2001 under Epic Records as the second single from Invincible . `` Cry '' is a R&B ballad , with lyrics that highlight problems with the planet . The lyrics also urge people to unite to make the world a better place . The track , thus , recalls previous Jackson songs that promote peace and environmentalism .   The song was released with two B-side tracks ; `` Shout '' and `` Streetwalker '' . `` Cry '' received mixed reviews from music critics . The single had a moderate chart performance internationally , with its highest peak being number sixteen in Denmark , and its least successful charting country being Austria . The track was promoted with a music video , which was filmed by Nicholas Brandt . The video does not feature Jackson but shows people holding hands and standing side by side in a variety of settings , including a beach and a forest .

neg: Michael Jackson's Vision Michael Jackson 's Vision is a deluxe DVD box set by American recording artist Michael Jackson . It was released on November 22 , 2010 by Epic Records , Legacy Recordings , and Jackson 's own label , MJJ Productions . It includes three DVDs , featuring 4.5 hours of content of 42 music videos with newly restored color and remastered audio . Jackson referred to each of these productions as a `` short film '' and not a music video . This is the first time that all of Jackson 's videos have been released on DVD . According to a statement by the producers , the video recognizes Jackson 's `` pioneering short films that transformed the entertainment industry with timeless , pop culture classics '' .   Disc one features videos from the albums Off the Wall , Thriller and Bad and disc two features videos from the albums Dangerous , HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I , Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix and Invincible . The third disc , which is a bonus disc , features seven videos . Michael Jackson 's Vision includes the full-length versions of the John Landis-directed `` Thriller '' and `` Black or White '' as well as the classic `` Bad '' directed by Academy Award winning filmmaker Martin Scorsese . Also included in the boxed set are Jackson 's collaborations with other noted film directors such as John Singleton , Spike Lee and David Fincher as well as `` Ghosts , '' his rarely seen collaboration with special effects legend Stan Winston . Michael Jackson 's Vision is available in a limited edition boxed set featuring a 60-page glossy hard-bound book that includes behind-the-scenes photos from Jackson 's videos , which includes information for each video including : songwriter , album , director , production date , location and photography .   Ten music videos previously unavailable on DVD including `` One More Chance '' are included . It was also released on the iTunes Store and has iTunes LP features . The videos `` Smooth Criminal '' , `` Speed Demon '' , `` Come Together '' , and `` Leave Me Alone '' come from Jackson 's 1988 film Moonwalker . The `` Smooth Criminal '' segment is actually over 40 minutes long but only the 10-minute song and dance scene is featured . The video `` Another Part of Me '' is from Jackson 's Bad World Tour and `` Will You Be There '' is from the Dangerous World Tour .   The `` HIStory '' video is the only short film that is not included in this box set . The original music video of `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' is replaced with the Refugee Camp Mix for unknown reasons . The videos for The Jacksons ' songs `` Torture '' and `` Body '' are also not included , because Michael did not appear in either of them , despite having a verse in each of them . Also not included is the music video for The Jacksons ' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' .   On February 15 , 2011 , Michael Jackson 's Vision was certified 5 × Platinum by RIAA for the sales of over 0.5 million units in the United States . On December 31 , 2010 , it was also certified Diamond in France ( for the sales of over 60 000 units ) and 2 × Platinum in Australia . On May 29 , 2011 , it was also certified Gold in New Zealand . It has been also certified Gold in Austria and Platinum in Poland .   Reception over the video and audio quality of the box set has been mixed . As the videos are played in 16:9 , videos with a 4:3 aspect ratio are pillarboxed and as a result the resolution is lower than some previous DVDs . Also , the audio is mixed in PCM stereo instead of 5.1 Surround as in many previous DVDs .

neg: Sam Raimi Samuel M `` Sam '' Raimi ( -LSB- ˈreɪmi -RSB- born October 23 , 1959 ) is an American film director , producer , screenwriter and actor , famous for creating the cult horror Evil Dead series , as well as directing the original Spider-Man trilogy ( 2002 -- 07 ) and the 1990 superhero film Darkman . His most recent work is the 2013 Disney fantasy film Oz the Great and Powerful .   Raimi has also produced several successful television series and founded his own production company , Renaissance Pictures , in 1979 . Recently , he worked as the producer of The Possession , and the 2013 remake of Evil Dead .

neg: Come Back to Me (Janet Jackson song) `` Come Back to Me '' is a song by American singer Janet Jackson from her fourth studio album Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 ( 1989 ) . It was written by Jackson , while James Harris III , and Terry Lewis co-wrote and produced the song . The R&B ballad talks about a lover trying to rekindle a romance that faded away a long time ago . It was released as the fifth single from the album in June 18 , 1990 . Jackson also recorded a Spanish version of the song titled `` Vuelve a Mí '' .   The song received positive reviews from most music critics , who praised Jackson 's sweet delivery and the song 's instrumentation ; it was also called a sexy and silky ballad . It became a commercial success on the charts , reaching the top three in Canada and the United States , while also reaching the top twenty in the United Kingdom . The music video for the song was directed by Dominic Sena and it was set in Paris . The romantic video features Jackson 's former husband René Elizondo , Jr. . Jackson has performed the track in all of her tours , with the exception of The Velvet Rope Tour ( 1998 ) .

neg: Bad (album) Bad is the seventh studio album by American singer and songwriter Michael Jackson , released on August 31 , 1987 in the United States by Epic Records and internationally by CBS Records . It was released nearly five years after Jackson 's previous solo studio album , Thriller ( 1982 ) . Bad was recorded during the first half of 1987 . The lyrical themes include media bias , paranoia , racial profiling , romance , self-improvement and world peace . The album cemented Jackson 's status as one of the most successful artists of the 1980s .   Bad saw Jackson exercise even more artistic freedom than he did with his two previous Epic releases ( Off the Wall and Thriller ) ; Jackson composed nine of the album 's eleven tracks , and received co-producer credit for the entire album . Nine of the eleven songs on Bad were released as singles ; one was a promotional single , and another was released outside of the United States and Canada . Five of the singles hit No. 1 in the United States , while a sixth charted within the top ten , and a seventh charted within the top twenty on the Hot 100 . Bad peaked at No. 1 in thirteen countries and charted within the top twenty in other territories . The only songs on the album which were not released as a single were `` Speed Demon '' and `` Just Good Friends '' , the latter being the only song on the album to also not have a music video accompanying it .   The album continued Jackson 's commercial success in the late 1980s , and garnered six Grammy Award nominations , winning two . Aside from commercial success , the album was well received by contemporary critics . The album produced a record five Billboard Hot 100 number one singles , the first of two albums to do so , the second being Katy Perry 's 2010 album Teenage Dream . Bad was ranked No. 43 in the 100 Greatest Albums of All Time of the MTV Generation in 2009 by VH1 and number 202 in Rolling Stone magazine 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . As of 2012 , Bad had reportedly sold between 30 and 45 million copies worldwide and has been cited as one of the 30 best-selling albums of all time . In 2017 , the album was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America , denoting sales of over ten million copies in the United States . The album marked the final collaboration between Jackson and producer Quincy Jones .


query: Singapore is south of Indonesia.

pos: Singapore Singapore ( -LSB- ˈsɪŋgəpɔr -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , sometimes referred to as the Lion City , the Garden City or the Little Red Dot , is a sovereign city-state in Southeast Asia . It lies one degree ( 137 km ) north of the equator , at the southern tip of peninsular Malaysia , with Indonesia 's Riau Islands to the south . Singapore 's territory consists of one main island along with 62 other islets . Since independence , extensive land reclamation has increased its total size by 23 % ( 130 km2 ) , and its greening policy has covered the densely populated island with tropical flora , parks and gardens .   Stamford Raffles founded colonial Singapore in 1819 as a trading post of the East India Company ; after its collapse and the eventual establishment of the British Raj , the islands were ceded to Britain and became part of its Straits Settlements in 1826 . During the Second World War , Singapore was occupied by Japan . It gained independence from the UK in 1963 by federating with other former British territories to form Malaysia , but separated two years later over ideological differences , becoming a sovereign nation in 1965 . After early years of turbulence , and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland , the nation developed rapidly as an Asian Tiger economy , based on external trade and its workforce .   Singapore is a global commerce , finance and transport hub . Its standings include : the most `` technology-ready '' nation ( WEF ) , top International-meetings city ( UIA ) , city with `` best investment potential '' ( BERI ) , second-most competitive country , third-largest foreign exchange market , third-largest financial centre , third-largest oil refining and trading centre , and the second-busiest container port . The country has also been identified as a tax haven .   Singapore ranks 5th on the UN Human Development Index and the 3rd highest GDP per capita . It is ranked highly in education , healthcare , life expectancy , quality of life , personal safety , and housing . Although income inequality is high , 90 % of homes are owner-occupied . 38 % of Singapore 's 5.6 million residents are permanent residents and other foreign nationals . There are four official languages : English ( common and first language ) , Malay , Mandarin , Tamil ; almost all Singaporeans are bilingual .   Singapore is a unitary multiparty parliamentary republic , with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government . The People 's Action Party has won every election since self-government in 1959 . The dominance of the PAP , coupled with a low level of press freedom and restrictions on civil liberties and political rights , has led to Singapore being classified by some as a semi-authoritarian regime . One of the five founding members of the ASEAN , Singapore is also the host of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) Secretariat , and a member of the East Asia Summit , Non-Aligned Movement , and the Commonwealth of Nations .

neg: Port of Singapore The Port of Singapore refers to the collective facilities and terminals that conduct maritime trade handling functions in harbours and which handle Singapore 's shipping . Currently the world 's second-busiest port in terms of total shipping tonnage , it also trans-ships a fifth of the world 's shipping containers , half of the world 's annual supply of crude oil , and is the world 's busiest transshipment port . It was also the busiest port in terms of total cargo tonnage handled until 2005 , when it was surpassed by the Port of Shanghai . Thousands of ships drop anchor in the harbour , connecting the port to over 600 other ports in 123 countries and spread over six continents .   The Port of Singapore is not a mere economic boon , but an economic necessity because Singapore is lacking in land and natural resources . The Port is critical for importing natural resources , and then later re-exporting products after they have been refined and shaped in some manner , for example wafer fabrication or oil refining to generate revenue . The service industries such as hospitality services typical of a port of call restock the food and water supplies on ships . Ships pass between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean through the Singapore Strait . The Straits of Johor on the country 's north are impassable for ships due to the Johor-Singapore Causeway , built in 1923 , which links the city of Woodlands , Singapore to Johor Bahru in Malaysia .

neg: Singapore School Kelapa Gading Singapore School , Kelapa Gading ( SIS-KG ) , sometimes referred to as SIS Kelapa Gading , is a private , early childhood to Junior College school in North Jakarta , Indonesia and a member of the SIS Group of Schools . '' It is a Cambridge International School and an IB World School as well as being fully registered with the Ministry of Education and Culture ( Indonesia ) for the Indonesian national examinations .

neg: India–Singapore relations Bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Republic of Singapore have traditionally been strong and friendly , with the two nations enjoying extensive cultural and commercial relations . India and Singapore have signed the Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement ( CECA ) and strategic-relationship agreement in order to increase trade , investments and economic cooperation , and expanded bilateral cooperation on maritime security , training forces , joint naval exercises , developing military technology and fighting terrorism .   According to a 2010 Gallup poll , 40 % of Singaporeans approve of India 's leadership , with 23 % disapproving and 37 % uncertain .

neg: Singapore (disambiguation) Singapore , Singapur , Singapura , Singhapura , Singhpur , Singhpura and Singpur may refer to :

neg: Indonesia–Italy relations Indonesia -- Italy relations refers to the bilateral relations of Indonesia and Italy . Italy has shown strong desire to improve its relations with Indonesia , especially in intercultural understanding and trade . Indonesia recognizes Italy 's strategic location and important role in the middle of Mediterranean region , while Italy has favoured relations with Indonesia , and sees Indonesia as the leader in Southeast Asia . The relations between two countries not only important to bridge the two regional communities ; European Union and ASEAN , but also vital as intercultural and interfaith dialog , since Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in the world , and Italy is the heart of the Catholic faith .   Indonesia has an embassy in Rome , that also accredited to Malta , Cyprus , San Marino , and international organizations such as FAO , IFAD , WFP , and UNIDROIT , while Italy has an embassy in Jakarta .

neg: Mediacorp Suria Mediacorp Suria or more commonly known as Suria ( Malay : `` Sun '' ) is a Singaporean Malay language channel owned by Mediacorp , broadcasting via digital cable , terrestrial , IPTV and satellite platforms . The channel broadcasts popular Malay television programmes whether they are made locally in-house or acquired from neighbouring countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia .

neg: 1993 Southeast Asian Games The 1993 Southeast Asian Games , officially known as the 17th Southeast Asian Games , was a multi-sport event held in Singapore from 12 to 20 June 1993 with 29 sports featured in the games . The games were opened by Wee Kim Wee , the President of Singapore .   This was the third time Singapore hosted the games and its first since 1983 . Previously , Singapore also hosted the games for the first time in 1973 .   The final medal tally was led by Indonesia , followed by Thailand , the Philippines and host Singapore . Several World , Asian , Games and National Records were broken during the games . With little or no controversies at all , the games were deemed generally successful with the rising standard of competition amongst the Southeast Asian nations .

neg: Traditions of Indonesia Traditions of Indonesia are traditions , beliefs , values , and customs that belong within the culture of Indonesian people .  Indonesia is a vast country of sprawling archipelago with a diverse demographic range of over 300 ethnic groups , and speaking more than 700 living languages .   With 202.9 million Muslim s ( 88.2 % of the total population as of 2009 ) , Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in the world . Indonesia also has significant numbers of Christians . Protestant and Catholics population are the majority , with other Christian groups existing as well . The majority of Hindu demographics in Indonesia living in the island of Bali . Buddhist Indonesian are located throughout the country , and are ethnically identified as Chinese Indonesians .

neg: Mexico–Singapore relations The United Mexican States and the Republic of Singapore have had diplomatic and other bilateral relations since 1975 . Current annual trade between the two countries totals over 3 billion dollars .

neg: Lombok Lombok is an island in West Nusa Tenggara province , Indonesia . It forms part of the chain of the Lesser Sunda Islands , with the Lombok Strait separating it from Bali to the west and the Alas Strait between it and Sumbawa to the east . It is roughly circular , with a `` tail '' ( Sekotong Peninsula ) to the southwest , about 70 km across and a total area of about 4,514 km ² . The provincial capital and largest city on the island is Mataram . It is somewhat similar in size and density with neighboring Bali and shares some cultural heritage , but is administratively part of Nusa Tenggara Barat along with sparsely populated Sumbawa . It is surrounded by a number of smaller islands locally called Gili .   The island was home to some 3.17 million Indonesians as recorded in the decennial 2010 census ; the latest estimate ( for January 2014 ) gives the population as 3,311,044 .

neg: Politics of Indonesia The Politics of Indonesia take place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic , whereby the President of Indonesia is both head of state and head of government , and of a multi-party system . Executive power is exercised by the government . Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two People 's Representative Councils . The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature .   The 1945 constitution provided for a limited separation of executive , legislative and judicial power . The governmental system has been described as `` presidential with parliamentary characteristics . '' Following the Indonesian riots of May 1998 and the resignation of President Suharto , several political reforms were set in motion via amendments to the Constitution of Indonesia , which resulted in changes to all branches of government .

neg: Japanese occupation of Singapore The Japanese occupation of Singapore in World War II took place from 1942 to 1945 , following the fall of the British colony on 15 February 1942 . Military forces of the Empire of Japan occupied it after defeating the combined British , Indian , Australian , and Malayan garrison in the Battle of Singapore . The occupation was to become a major turning point in the histories of several nations , including those of Japan , Britain , and the then-colonial state of Singapore . Singapore was renamed , meaning `` Light of the South '' .   Singapore was officially returned to British colonial rule on 12 September 1945 , following the formal signing of the surrender instrument at the Municipal Building .

neg: Malay Peninsula The Malay Peninsula ( Semenanjung Tanah Melayu , سمننجوڠ تانه ملايو คาบสมุทรมลายู , , -LSB- kʰâːp.sā.mùt mā.lāː.jūː -RSB- ) is a peninsula in Southeast Asia . The land mass runs approximately north-south and , at its terminus , is the southernmost point of the Asian mainland . The area contains the southernmost tip of Myanmar , Peninsular Malaysia , and Southern Thailand .   The Titiwangsa Mountains are part of the Tenasserim Hills system , and form the backbone of the Peninsula . They form the southernmost section of the central cordillera which runs from Tibet through the Kra Isthmus ( the Peninsula 's narrowest point ) into the Malay Peninsula . The Strait of Malacca separates the Malay Peninsula from the Indonesian island of Sumatra while the south coast is separated from the island of Singapore by the Straits of Johor .

neg: Geography of Singapore Singapore is a small , heavily urbanised , island city-state in Southeast Asia , located at the end of the Malayan Peninsula between Malaysia and Indonesia . Singapore has a total land area of 719.1 km2 .   The Singapore area comprises mainland and other islands . The mainland of Singapore measures 50 km from east to west and 27 km from north to south with 193 km of coastline . These figures are based on 2.515 m High Water Mark cadastral survey boundaries .   Singapore is separated from Indonesia by the Singapore Strait and from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor .

neg: List of diplomatic missions in Singapore This is a list of diplomatic missions in Singapore . Presently , there are 69 Embassies/High Commissions , several foreign Consular posts and 11 International Organisations in Singapore . In addition , countries without any forms of diplomatic representations in Singapore have accredited non-resident Ambassadors or High Commissioners to the island city-state .   As a result of the high cost of land rental Singapore due to the limited availabilities of land area in the compact city-state , many countries operates their Embassies and High Commissions in an office unit within an shopping and office apartment . However , there are some countries that have their own mission buildings . Australia , Brunei , China , France , India , Indonesia , Israel , Japan , Malaysia , Myanmar , Philippines , Russia , Switzerland , Thailand , United Kingdom , United States and Vietnam are all operating their own Embassies and High Commissions within their own diplomatic compound .   Cuba opened its embassy in Singapore on 4 November 2015 , which is the latest country to have launched a new diplomatic mission . The city-state is the 125th country to have a diplomatic presence from the subtropical Caribbean island . It is currently located on the 8th floor of the King 's Centre at 390 Havelock Road .   The list below excludes Honorary Consulates .

neg: Colony of Singapore The Colony of Singapore was a British Crown colony that existed from 1946 until 1963 , when Singapore became part of Malaysia . When the Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies at the end of World War II , the island was handed back to the British in 1945 . In 1946 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved and Singapore together with the Cocos-Keeling and Christmas islands became a separate Crown colony . The colony was governed by the British Empire until it gained partial internal self-governance in 1955 .

neg: Aceh Aceh ( -LSB- ˈɑːtʃeɪ -RSB- ) ; ( Acehnese : Acèh ( -LSB- - aceʔaˈtɕɛh -RSB- ) ; Jawi : ; Dutch : Atjeh or Acheh ; Indonesian : Provinsi Aceh ) is a special region of Indonesia . The territory is located at the northern end of Sumatra . Its capital is Banda Aceh . It is close to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India and separated from them by the Andaman Sea . It has the highest proportion of Muslims in Indonesia , who mostly live according to Sharia customs and laws .   There are 10 indigenous ethnic groups in this region , the largest being the Acehnese people , accounting for approximately 80 % to 90 % of the region 's population . Aceh is thought to have been the place where the spread of Islam in Indonesia began , and was a key factor of the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia . Islam reached Aceh ( Kingdoms of Fansur and Lamuri ) around 1250 AD . In the early seventeenth century the Sultanate of Aceh was the most wealthy , powerful and cultivated state in the Malacca Straits region . Aceh has a history of political independence and resistance to control by outsiders , including the former Dutch colonists and the Indonesian government .   Aceh has substantial natural resources of oil and natural gas with some estimates that Aceh gas reserves are one of the largest in the world . Relative to most of Indonesia , it is a religiously conservative area . Aceh was the closest point of land to the epicenter of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami , which devastated much of the western coast of the province . Approximately 170,000 Indonesians were killed or went missing in the disaster . The disaster helped precipitate the peace agreement between the government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement ( GAM ) .   Aceh was first known as Aceh Darussalam ( 1511 -- 1959 ) and then later as the Daerah Istimewa Aceh ( 1959 -- 2001 ) , Nanggroë Aceh Darussalam ( 2001 -- 2009 ) and Aceh ( 2009 -- present ) . Past spellings of Aceh include Acheh , Atjeh , and Achin .

neg: Chief Secretary, Singapore The Chief Secretary , Singapore , known as the Colonial Secretary , Singapore , before 1955 , and the Colonial Secretary , Straits Settlements , before 1946 , was a high ranking government civil position in colonial Singapore ( the Straits Settlements before 1946 ) between 1867 and 1959 . It was second only to the Governor of Singapore ( formerly the Governor of the Straits Settlements ) in the colonial government .   The Straits Settlements , which mainly comprised Singapore , Penang and Malacca , became a crown colony in 1867 . The position of the Colonial Secretary ( CS ) was subsequently created with a view to replacing the Resident Councillor in Singapore . During the Second World War , the position was vacant and suspended following the downfall of the Malay Peninsula into the hands of the Japanese invaders . In 1946 , Singapore parted from Penang and Malacca , forming itself into a crown colony , so the jurisdiction of CS was reduced to Singapore only . The name `` Colonial Secretary '' was later changed to `` Chief Secretary '' in 1955 when the crown colony adopted the Rendel Constitution . Having been in existence for 92 years , the position was abolished in 1959 with the complete introduction of internal self-rule for Singapore .   Being the head of the CS 's Office , the CS was an ex-officio member of both the Executive and Legislative Councils , and at the same time the head of the Colonial Secretariat from 1867 to 1955 . When Singapore adopted its new constitution in 1955 , although the Colonial Secretariat was abolished , the CS remained an ex-officio member of the Council of Ministers and the Legislative Assembly . The workplace of CS was located at Empress Place Building while Sri Temasek , which was next to the Government House ( Istana ) , was the official residence of the CS .

neg: Germany–Singapore relations Germany -- Singapore relations refers to bilateral relations between the two countries , Singapore and Germany . Singapore has an embassy in Berlin and Germany has an embassy in Singapore .

neg: Indonesia–Vietnam relations Indonesia -- Vietnam relations are foreign bilateral relations between Indonesia and Vietnam . Indonesia and Vietnam are neighboring nations that have a maritime border which lies on the South China Sea . Both countries are the member of ASEAN and APEC .