query: Werner Herzog is an actor from Germany.

pos: Werner Herzog Werner Herzog ( -LSB- ˈvɛɐ̯nɐ ˈhɛɐ̯tsoːk -RSB- ; born 5 September 1942 ) is a German screenwriter , film director , author , actor , and opera director .   Herzog is considered one of the greatest figures of the New German Cinema , along with Rainer Werner Fassbinder , Margarethe von Trotta , Volker Schlöndorff , Werner Schröter , and Wim Wenders . Herzog 's films often feature heroes with impossible dreams , people with unique talents in obscure fields , or individuals who are in conflict with nature .   French filmmaker François Truffaut once called Herzog `` the most important film director alive . '' American film critic Roger Ebert said that Herzog `` has never created a single film that is compromised , shameful , made for pragmatic reasons , or uninteresting . Even his failures are spectacular . ''  He was named one of the 100 most influential people on the planet by Time magazine in 2009 .

neg: Mecklenburg State Theatre The Mecklenburg State Theatre ( Mecklenburgisches Staatstheater Schwerin ) is the principal theatre of Schwerin in Germany . Its main theatre ( or Grosses Haus ) seats 650 people and is used for the performance of plays , opera , musical theatre and ballet . Designed by Georg Daniel , it was built between 1883 and 1886 after the previous theatre had been destroyed by fire in 1882 . The theatre was inaugurated on 3 October 1886 with a performance of Gluck 's Iphigénie en Aulide with Marie Wittich in the title role . The complex also includes the State Museum in Schwerin ( Staatliche Museum Schwerin ) and a 240-seat concert hall , now used for performances of chamber works . All theatres were closed for the Autumn season of 1944 , with the staff drafted wherever possible . By German WW2 standards wartime casualties and destruction by bombing in Schwerin were small , in spite of nightly RAF raids and the droning of massive bomber pulks as silver specks on the sky during the day on their way to Berlin . Americans were the first to enter the town in the spring of 1945 , handing it over to the British until the Russians arrived . These ordered the immediate reopening of the theatre , taking great interest in light operas and operettas as an art they very much appreciated , but until then out of their reach in most parts of Stalin 's Soviet Union . Not familiar with Central European culture , one saw their well-fed ladies wearing night gowns during the invariably full houses as a substitute for an evening dress . In the immediate years to follow , there was a gradual exodus of key staff to the West , where few found equivalent employment . The ensuing vacancies provided new chances for many musicians , who were prepared to stay in East Germany to gain important positions there in their later career .

neg: Fear and Misery of the Third Reich Fear and Misery of the Third Reich ( Furcht und Elend des Dritten Reiches ) , also known as The Private Life of the Master Race , is one of Bertolt Brecht 's most famous plays and the first of his openly anti-Nazi works . It premiered on May 21 , 1938 in Paris . This production was directed by Slatan Dudow and starred Helene Weigel . The production employed Brecht 's epic theatre techniques to defamiliarize the behaviour of the characters and to make explicit the play 's underlying message .   The play consists of a series of playlets , portraying National Socialist Germany of the 1930s as a land of poverty , violence , fear and pretence . Nazi antisemitism is depicted in several of the sketches , including `` the Physicist '' , `` Judicial Process '' , and `` the Jewish Wife '' .   It was followed by many more plays that were openly anti-Nazi ( Arturo Ui , etc. ) and attempted a Marxist analysis . They were written while Brecht was in exile in Denmark and were inspired by a visit to Moscow , where he experienced the growing significance of the anti-Nazi movement there .   In 1974 , the postmodern East German dramatist Heiner Müller wrote an ` answer ' to Brecht 's play , entitled The Battle : Scenes from Germany ( revised from a text first written in the early 1950s ; first theatrical production opened on 10 October 1975 at the Volksbühne ) . Tony Kushner 's 1985 play A Bright Room Called Day was also based on this play .

neg: Operation Eichmann (1961 film) Operation Eichmann is a 1961 American film directed by R.G. Springsteen and starring Werner Klemperer in the title role . The film is based on the true of story of a viewpoint of a war criminal Adolf Eichmann from his career as a member of the SS and an architect of The Holocaust to his capture in Argentina by the Mossad .

neg: Meiningen Court Theatre The Meiningen Court Theatre , today Meininger Staatstheater ( Meiningen State Theatre ) , is a four-division theater in the Thuringian town of Meiningen .  The ensemble of the theater offers music theatre ( opera , operetta , musicals ) , drama , concerts and puppet shows .  In addition , ballet complements and Youth Theatre , from Eisenach State Theatre produced and performed . Connected to the theater continues to be the Meininger Hofkapelle .  The traditional stage operated as `` Südthüringisches Staatstheater '' ( South Thuringian State Theatre ) until 2017 , since then `` Meininger Staatstheater '' ( Meiningen State Theatre ) , and is under the umbrella of the Cultural Foundation Meiningen-Eisenach , Thuringia , jointly funded by the state , city and county of Schmalkalden Meiningen .   The house is the birthplace of the modern practice to date director 's theater , known as the Meininger or Meiningen Ensemble .  At the end of the 19th century than it had Meiningen Court Theatre of the Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen Theatre made this profound reform with numerous guest appearances throughout Europe known . The Meiningen Court Orchestra was conducted between 1880 and 1914 by Hans von Bülow , Richard Strauss , Wilhelm Berger and Max Reger and performed in European concert halls .   This tradition and further flowering times were Meininger Theater in a significant stage are not only in Thuringia and secure her to this day a special place in the theater world .  This further characterizes the self-image as `` Theaterstadt '' , town of theatre .

neg: The Eternal Mask The Eternal Mask ( German : Die ewige Maske ) is a 1935 Austrian-Swiss drama film directed by Werner Hochbaum and starring Peter Petersen , Mathias Wieman and Franz Schafheitlin . The film was amongst the best ten foreign films of the year judged by the 1937 American National Board of Review of Motion Pictures . It also ran in competition at the 3rd Venice International Film Festival .

neg: Max Herrmann (theatrologist) Max Herrmann ( 14 May 1865 -- 17 November 1942 ) was a German literary historian and theorist of theatre studies . He is considered to be the founding father of theatre studies in Germany .   Born in Berlin into a Jewish family , Herrmann , having passed his A-levels , in 1884 began studying Germanic Philology and History at the Universities of Freiburg , Göttingen and Berlin . In 1891 he became Privatdozent for Germanic Philology at the University of Berlin and in 1898 he married Helene Schlesinger . In 1900 he gave his first lectures on theatre studies at the Department of Germanic Studies in Berlin . In his interpretation and analysis of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 's play Jahrmarktsfest in Plundersweilern he not only included results based on research of the original sources but also the stage history of the play . After having been appointed professor in 1903 he continued working as a free-lance lecturer and contributed to a number of literary societies , such as the Society for Theatre Studies . In 1914 he published his most renowned work `` Research on the History of German Theatre in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance '' ( Forschungen zur deutschen Theatergeschichte des Mittelalters und der Renaissance ) in which he further specified his approach . In 1916 he founded the `` Library of German Private and Manuscript Prints '' ( Bibliothek Deutscher Privat - und Manuskriptdrucke ) at Berlin State Library .   Herrmann advocated vehemently the emancipation of theatre studies from German Studies . In 1919 he was offered a chair at the University of Berlin . When , in 1923 , the Institute of Theatre Studies at Berlin University , world-wide the first of its kind , was founded despite much resistance from the more established disciplines , Herrmann was appointed its head , a function he fulfilled alternately with Julius Petersen .   When Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933 , Max Herrmann was deprived of his professorship by being forced to go into retirement . On 8 September 1942 he and his wife were deported to the concentration camp Theresienstadt where Max Herrmann died in November 1942 .   Until his deportation Herrmann worked on `` The Development of the Professional Art of Theatre in Antiquity and Modern Times '' ( Die Entstehung der berufsmässigen Schauspielkunst im Altertum und in der Neuzeit ) irrespective of institutionlised harassment which meant , for example , that he was only allowed to read books while standing . The manuscript of the book was preserved by a student of Herrmann 's , Ruth Mövius , and only published in 1962 .   Berlin State Library awards every year on 10 May , the anniversary of the Nazi book burnings , the Max-Herrmann-Prize .

neg: Ingo Petzke Ingo Petzke ( born 18 September 1947 in Belm near Osnabrück in Germany ) is an internationally acknowledged German film scholar , filmmaker and author .   Ingo Petzke grew up in Osnabrück . He attended the Münster and Bochum universities and received his master 's degree in 1973 ( Journalism , Scandinavian Studies , Modern History ) .   Petzke started his professional career in 1976 in Bad Oeynhausen as one of Germany 's youngest directors of an adult education school but fell more and more to the lure of Film . For several years he worked in the Festivalkommission of Internationale Kurzfilmtage Oberhausen and together with his students ( Heiko Daxl and others ) started the Osnabrück Experimentalfilm Workshop in 1980 which since 1988 is known as European Media Art Festival .   In 1974 he was adjunct lecturer for film at Ruhr Universität Bochum and between 1978 -- 1983 at Universität Osnabrück . Since then he lectured in 29 countries , among them New Zealand , Hong Kong , Chile , Argentina , the US of A and Canada . In 1986 the Philippine government awarded him for „ International Contribution to Philippine Independent Cinema ``   His ( experimental ) shorts screened at numerous domestic and foreign festivals . 1976 -- 2000 his company CINE PRO acted as sole German distributor specialised in Avant-garde/Experimental Film . During the 80s Petzke was a member of the Film Commission of Goethe-Institut - German Culture Institute , for which he curated several packages of Experimental films and Shorts .   Since 1983 Petzke has been Professor for Film at the Design Faculty of the University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt . He lived and worked several turns in Australia : 1992 as Visiting Professor at Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane and 2001 - 2006 as Associate Professor at Bond University on the Gold Coast . In 2004 he earned his `` PhD by Published Works '' about Experimental Film . Additionally , he was awarded a Dr. phil . degree in 2006 at Universität Osnabrück with a film historical dissertation about Hollywood-based Australian feature film director Phillip Noyce . In 2008 he was appointed Adjunct Professor at the James Cook University 's School of Creative Arts and in 2009 appointed Honorary Fellow of the Cairns Institute ( For Research in the Tropics ) , both in Far-North Queensland , Australia .   His main areas of interest are the history of the international Avant-garde ( since 2008 , he is also Director of the ( German ) Research Center for Experimental Film ) and more recently Australian film . Also , he has frequently done research into curriculum development , particularly for the German Federal government .   Petzke is a member of the German Film Critics Association ( VdFk ) and of Screen Producers Association of Australia ( SPAA ) .

neg: Guido Seeber Guido Seeber ( 22 June 1879 in Chemnitz -- 2 July 1940 in Berlin ) was a German cinematographer and pioneer of early cinema .   Seeber 's father , Clemens , was a photographer and therefore Seeber had experience with photography from an early age . In the summer of 1896 , he saw the first films of the Lumière Brothers and became fascinated by this new technology . He bought a film camera and devoted himself to the development of cinematography and of sound films .   In 1908 he became technical manager of the film company Deutsche Bioscop and in 1909 directed his first film . His pioneering work as a cinematographer from this time on laid the foundations which other cameramen of German silent film such as Karl Freund , Fritz Arno Wagner and Carl Hoffman were able to build .   In addition to his technical talents with the camera ( he developed several special effects techniques ) , his use of perspective and skillful contrasts between light and dark are noteworthy . His main collaborators were the directors Urban Gad , Lupu Pick , Georg Wilhelm Pabst und Paul Wegener and among his most important accomplishments are the shots of the Doppelgänger in Wegener 's Der Student von Prag ( The Student of Prague ) of 1913 and the moving camera shots in the films of Lupu Pick , particularly Sylvester ( 1923 ) , which can be seen as anticipating the so-called `` unchained camera '' of Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau 's The Last Laugh ( 1924 ) .   Seeber created several animated works , including an advertisement entitle Kipho or Du musst zur Kipho ( You Must Go to Kino-Photo ) for a film and photography exhibition in Berlin in 1925 .   Seeber continued to work into the sound era , but his work from this period is less significant . He had suffered a stroke in 1932 and after this he largely retired from active camera operation . However , he continued to be involved in the film industry , taking over the management of UFA 's animation department in 1935 and publishing several books for amateur filmmakers .

neg: Alfred Struwe Alfred Struwe ( April 22 , 1927 -- February 13 , 1998 ) was a German actor , best known for his television role as Dr. Alexander Wittkugel in Zahn um Zahn .   Struwe was born in Marienburg , West Prussia ( today Malbork in Poland ) , the son of a postman , and grew up there with five siblings . His first acting experience was in Hitler Youth summer camps . In 1944 he was called up first into the Reich Labour Service , then into the military . After attending officer training school in Hanover , he was sent along with other young contemporaries into battle in the final days of World War II . In 1945 he rejoined his family in Leipzig . Since his father , Gustav , was opposed to his making acting his career , he instead had to attend a police academy , until in 1948 it closed and he was also discharged . From then on , he was able to dedicate himself entirely to acting . He had already performed part-time in amateur productions and taken private acting lessons during his police training . In 1949 he joined the theater company in Greiz and subsequently was engaged in Brandenburg , Zittau , Cottbus , Karl-Marx-Stadt and Dresden .   Struwe made his first appearance before the cameras in 1954 , in the DEFA co-production Leuchtfeuer . Then beginning in the 1960s , his face was often seen on both movie and television screens . Several times he played the part of the would-be assassin of Hitler , Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg . In 1985 he played what would become his signature role , the eccentric dentist Dr. Alexander Wittkugel in the television series Zahn um Zahn ( `` A Tooth for a Tooth '' ) . This was so successful that in response to viewer demand the 7 projected episodes were extended and in the end 21 stories of `` Dr. Wittkugel 's Practices '' were produced .   Struwe 's daughter Catharina Struwe is likewise an actress , with , for example , a longstanding engagement at the Neue Bühne in Senftenberg .   With the dissolution of the Iron Curtain , the popular actor 's life became quieter . Struwe made occasional further appearances on stage and on television , but otherwise enjoyed his retirement . He died in Potsdam in 1998 after a lengthy illness caused by pneumonia and was buried in the Southwest Cemetery in Stahnsdorf .

neg: Herzogenburg Herzogenburg is a town in the district of Sankt Pölten-Land in the Austrian state of Lower Austria .

neg: It (1966 film) It is a 1966 West German film directed by Ulrich Schamoni and starring Sabine Sinjen and .   It was chosen as West Germany 's official submission to the 38th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film , but did not manage to receive a nomination . It was also entered into the 1966 Cannes Film Festival .

neg: Michael Maertens Michael Maertens ( born 30 October 1963 ) is a German actor . He appeared in more than forty films since 1988 . His grandfather Willy Maertens was also an actor .

neg: Martin Semmelrogge Martin Semmelrogge ( born 8 December 1955 in Boll-Eckwälden , Bad Boll , West Germany ) is a German actor , best known for his role as the comical Second Watch Officer in the film Das Boot . His character was based on the real life World War II submarine officer Werner Herrmann .   Semmelrogge is the brother of former actor Joachim Bernhard , who appeared in Das Boot as the religious sailor .   Like many of his Das Boot co-stars , Semmelrogge went on to have a successful career in the German cinema .

neg: Kurt Herzog __ NOTOC __   Kurt Herzog ( 27 March 1889 , Quedlinburg -- 8 May 1948 ) was a German general during World War II . He was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . Herzog surrendered to the Soviet troops in May 1945 and died in captivity on 8 May 1948 .

neg: Hubertus Bengsch Hubertus Bengsch ( born 10 July 1952 in Berlin ) is a German actor , best known for his role as the German First Officer ( 1WO ) in Das Boot .  He also is well known for being the German voice of American actor Richard Gere .

neg: Filmverlag der Autoren Filmverlag der Autoren is a German film distributor that was founded in 1971 to help finance and distribute independent films by German Autorenfilm directors , that is directors who are renowned for predominantly adapting their own screenplays . Many directors of the New German Cinema movement were associated with it such as Werner Herzog , Rainer Werner Fassbinder , Wim Wenders , and Alexander Kluge ; whose films were produced and distributed by the Filmverlag and many of whom were members of the Filmverlag 's board .

neg: Himmelsheim Himmelsheim is a 1989 German comedy film directed by Manfred Stelzer and starring Elke Sommer , Sigi Zimmerschied and Hanns Zischler .

neg: Oskar Werner Oskar Werner ( 13 November 1922 23 October 1984 ) was an Austrian stage and cinema actor whose prominent roles include two 1965 films , The Spy Who Came in from the Cold and Ship of Fools . Other notable films include Decision Before Dawn ( 1951 ) , Jules and Jim ( 1962 ) , Fahrenheit 451 ( 1966 ) , The Shoes of the Fisherman ( 1968 ) and Voyage of the Damned ( 1976 ) . Werner accepted both stage and film roles throughout his career . He won a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor , and had been nominated several times for the Golden Globe , the Academy Award , and the BAFTA Award as well .

neg: Karl Herzog __ NOTOC __   Karl Herzog ( 6 July 1906 -- 25 January 1998 ) was a German officer in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross .   Herzog surrendered to the Red Army in the course of the Soviet April 1945 Zemland Offensive . Convicted as a war criminal in the Soviet Union , he was held until 1955 . Herzog joined the Bundeswehr in 1957 and retired in 1966 as a Generalmajor .

neg: Peter Berling Peter Berling ( born 20 March 1934 in Meseritz-Obrawalde , Posen-West Prussia ) is a German actor and writer . He has worked on several occasions with director Werner Herzog , in his collaborations with actor Klaus Kinski .   In several of his medieval novels , Berling has drawn on conspiracy theories based on the Priory of Sion .


query: Paul Wesley appeared in Everwood.

pos: Paul Wesley Pawel Tomasz Wasilewski ( born July 23 , 1982 ) , known professionally as Paul Wesley , is an American actor , director , and producer . He is known for playing Stefan Salvatore in The CW 's supernatural drama The Vampire Diaries ( 2009 -- 2017 ) and as Aaron Corbett in the ABC Family miniseries Fallen . He appeared on several TV shows such as Guiding Light , Wolf Lake , Smallville , and Everwood .

neg: Wesley Taylor Wesley Taylor ( born August 13 , 1986 ) is an American stage actor and writer , probably best known for his work on Broadway , Television , and his original web content .

neg: Paul Budge Paul Everard Budge ( born May 1955 ) is a British businessman , the finance director of the Arcadia Group since 31 March 2003 .   Paul Everard Budge was born in May 1955 .   In July 2004 , Budge and his then colleague Gillian Hague gave evidence to the Select Committee on Treasury on the issue of store cards .   Since October 2009 , Budge was also finance director of BHS .   In April 2016 , Budge was quoted as describing BHS , `` like Woolworths and Littlewoods ... past its sell-by date '' .

neg: The Ever After The Ever After is a 2014 American drama film directed by Mark Webber and starring Teresa Palmer , Rosario Dawson , Melissa Leo and Webber .

neg: Laurel Avenue Laurel Avenue is an American three-hour television miniseries which aired on HBO on July 10 and 11 , 1993 . It is the story of an eventful weekend in the lives of an extended African American family living in St. Paul , Minnesota . Paul Aaron and actor Charles S. Dutton served as executive producers . The teleplay was written by Michael Henry Brown , based upon a story by Aaron and Brown . The miniseries was directed by Carl Franklin .

neg: Paul Vandervort Paul Jeffrey Vandervort ( born February 5 , 1985 ) is an American actor , film producer , and former model .   Vandervort first appeared on the reality television series `` The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency '' during season 4 . During his time there he was attracted to another model , Traci . He is known on the modeling front , most notably for landing a national modeling campaign for Abercrombie & Fitch in 2008 . Since , he has modeled for Ed Hardy , Zoom ! Whitening , and Nike , as well as other companies .   One year after making his television debut , Vandervort continued to appear in other TV shows and in 2010 made the switch to film appearing in several TV movies .   He currently resides in Los Angeles since 2008 .   Vandervort serves as CEO of the 2013 formed media production company , ( VEI ) Vandervort Entertainment Inc. . VEI shot their first film , Hollywood Miles in April 2014 . VEI 's first full-length feature film , `` Limelight '' , a screenplay written by Vandervort that he also starred in , was filmed in Los Angeles and Bel Air in Summer 2015 and completed post-production in late 2016 . Worldwide sales rights for Limelight were acquired by Taylor & Dodge and the movie is scheduled to premiere and begin distribution in early 2017 .   Vandervort Entertainment Inc. has two new feature films scheduled for pre-production in 2017 . Craigslist Mafia , and an Untitled Thriller written by Paul Vandervort and his Limelight co-star Sean Kanan .   In Summer 2016 , Vandervort took on his first project as director . The project is tentatively titled `` Welcome to my World '' which is a teenage sports drama awaiting a series pickup .

neg: Paul Maxey Paul Maxey ( 1907 -- 1963 ) , was an American actor . Born in Wheaton , Illinois , the rotund Maxey played character roles in films from 1937 , notably as the composer Victor Herbert in Till the Clouds Roll By ( 1946 ) and was in many TV shows from the 1950s onwards , notably in the role of Mayor John Peoples in the sitcom The People 's Choice ( 1955 -- 1958 ) and such other shows as M Squad , Wagon Train , Dennis the Menace , The Untouchables , Perry Mason and Lassie before his death in 1963 at age 56 .

neg: Wes Brown (actor) James Wesley `` Wes '' Brown ( born January 26 , 1982 ) is an American actor .

neg: Open Fire (British film) Open Fire is a 1994 British television film made for ITV which debuted on that channel on 12 November 1994 . The film was written and directed by Paul Greengrass and concerns the 1982/83 police manhunt for David Martin , who escaped from custody following his arrest for shooting a police officer . It starred Rupert Graves as Martin , as well as Douglas Hodge and Kate Hardie .

neg: Blake Wesley Trevor `` Blake '' Wesley ( born July 10 , 1959 in Red Deer , Alberta ) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played parts of seven seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Philadelphia Flyers , Hartford Whalers , Quebec Nordiques and Toronto Maple Leafs . His younger brother Glen also played in the NHL . Wesley 's nephew , Josh Wesley , was drafted by the Carolina Hurricanes in the 2014 NHL Entry Draft .

neg: Christian Paul (actor) Christian Paul ( born May 18 , 1973 ) is a Canadian film and television actor .

neg: Final Mission `` Final Mission '' is the 83rd episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation , and the ninth episode of the fourth season .  After learning that he finally has been accepted into Starfleet Academy , Wesley Crusher welcomes Picard 's invitation to accompany him on an away mission that could resolve a mining dispute on an arid world . But following a shuttle crash and a near disastrous search for water that leaves the captain near death , Wesley finds himself charged with the weighty responsibility of keeping both himself and Picard alive until a rescue team can locate them .

neg: Ever Since Eve Ever Since Eve is a 1937 romantic comedy film starring Marion Davies ( in her final film ) and Robert Montgomery .

neg: Wesley, West Virginia Wesley was an unincorporated community located in Wood County , West Virginia .

neg: Paul Popowich Paul Popowich is a Canadian actor . Popowich made his beginning in the cinematography at age of 15 , when he received his first professional role as Cass in the movie Tommy Tricker and the Stamp Traveller . Beside his theatre appearances , he has performed in many television series ( such as Beverly Hills , 90210 ) and features .   Paul is best known for his portrayal of Mr. Smith in Season 2 of Twice in a Lifetime , where he played an angel who had to help people change their past for a better future .   He also starred as drummer Jesse alongside Neve Campbell on the Canadian TV show Catwalk , about a struggling band of musicians , and as Joe Hardy in the 1995 The Hardy Boys television series .   He made a Star Trek appearance in the Star Trek : Deep Space Nine episode `` Valiant '' , in which he played Tim Watters , a Starfleet cadet who received a field promotion to Captain , which makes Popowich one of the few actors to record a Captain 's Log on Star Trek .   In 2012 , he appeared in Season 12 of Degrassi : The Next Generation as Clare Edwards ' boss , Asher Shostak . In addition , Paul has worked on projects including Angela 's Eyes ( 2006 ) , I Me Wed ( 2007 ) , the Bridge ( CTV , 2010 ) , My Daughter Must Live , Cracked ( 2010 ) , and Hemlock Grove ( 2013 ) .

neg: Walker, Texas Ranger Walker , Texas Ranger is an American action television series created by Leslie Greif and Paul Haggis . It was inspired by the film Lone Wolf McQuade , with both this series and that film starring Chuck Norris as a member of the Texas Ranger Division . The show aired on CBS in the spring of 1993 , with the first season consisting of three pilot episodes . Eight full seasons followed with new episodes airing from September 25 , 1993 , to May 19 , 2001 , and reruns continuing on CBS until July 28 , 2001 . It has been broadcast in over 100 countries and has since spawned a 2005 made-for-television movie entitled Trial By Fire . The movie ended on a cliffhanger , which was never resolved . DVD sets of all seasons have been released ( with the three pilots packaged with the first regular season ) . At various times since 1997 , reruns of the show have aired , in syndication , on the USA Network and Action in Canada . Reruns can currently be seen on CBS Action , WGN America , INSP and Grit .   The series was noted for its moralistic style . The characters refrained from the use of drugs , and they participated in community service . Martial arts were displayed prominently as the primary tool of law enforcement and occasionally as a tool for Walker and company to reach out to the community .

neg: Wesley Douglas Wesley Douglas may refer to :   Wesley Douglas ( footballer ) , a Brazilian footballer  Wesley Douglas ( politician ) , a South African politician

neg: The Beverly Hillbillies The Beverly Hillbillies is an American sitcom originally broadcast on CBS for nine seasons , from September 26 , 1962 , to March 23 , 1971 . The show had an ensemble cast featuring Buddy Ebsen , Irene Ryan , Donna Douglas , and Max Baer Jr. as a poor backwoods family who move to Beverly Hills , California , after striking oil on their land . The show was produced by Filmways and was created by writer Paul Henning . It was followed by two other Henning-inspired country-cousin series on CBS : Petticoat Junction , and its spin-off Green Acres , which reversed the rags-to-riches , country-to-city model of The Beverly Hillbillies .   The Beverly Hillbillies ranked among the top 20 most-watched programs on television for eight of its nine seasons , twice ranking as the number one series of the year , with a number of episodes that remain among the most-watched television episodes in history . It accumulated seven Emmy nominations during its run . The series remains in syndication on MeTV , and its ongoing popularity spawned a 1993 film remake by 20th Century Fox .

neg: Early life and career of Gene Roddenberry Eugene Wesley `` Gene '' Roddenberry ( August 19 , 1921 -- October 24 , 1991 ) was an American television screenwriter , producer and futurist best remembered for creating the original Star Trek television series . He was born in El Paso , Texas , but grew up in Los Angeles , California where his father worked as a police officer . While at school , the young Roddenberry majored in police science and became interested in aeronautical engineering .   He obtained a pilot 's license through the Civilian Pilot Training Program . Following his graduation , he signed up for the United States Army Air Corps and he enlisted after the attack on Pearl Harbor . He was commissioned on August 5 , 1942 , and was posted to the Pacific Theater of Operations where he joined the 394th Bomb Squadron , 5th Bombardment Group , of the Thirteenth Air Force . He flew Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress in an estimated 89 combat missions . After being rotated back to the United States he was promoted to Captain and became an air crash investigator . During his military career , he was involved in two plane crashes and was awarded both the Air Medal and the Distinguished Flying Cross .   Once a civilian , he began to fly long-haul routes for Pan American World Airways . He was involved in a further crash in June 1947 , where the Clipper Eclipse crashed in the Syrian desert . After pulling injured passengers out of the burning plane , he led the party which sought help . After a further incident , he resigned from Pan-Am , seeking to write for television instead . However , he joined the Los Angeles Police Department , initially in the traffic division but transferred to the newspaper unit where he worked with Chief William H. Parker as a speech writer . He landed the role of technical adviser for a television version of Mr. District Attorney , which led to him writing scripts for the series under the pseudonym of `` Robert Wesley '' . This led to a series of collaborations with Ziv Television Programs , and he resigned from the police on June 7 , 1956 , in order to take up a writing position on the staff of The West Point Story .

neg: The Woodsman (2016 film) The Woodsman is a 2016 suspense film directed and written by Paul Leach as his directorial debut , based on Little Red Riding Hood by Charles Perrault . The movie stars Christopher Wolfe as a police detective Alex Whiting who must save Millie Gilson played by Sonya Krueger from a mysterious cult order .

neg: Jonathan Wrather Jonathan Paul Wrather ( born 16 March 1969 ) is an English actor and editor . He is known for his soap opera roles in Coronation Street as Joe Carter from 2002 until 2003 , and in Emmerdale as Pierce Harris from 2016 to onwards .


query: Mauritius was a British colony.

pos: Mauritius Mauritius ( -LSB- məˈrɪʃəs -RSB- or -LSB- məˈrɪʃiːəs -RSB- Maurice ) , officially the Republic of Mauritius ( République de Maurice ) , is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about 2000 km off the southeast coast of the African continent . The country includes the islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues -LSB- 560 km east of Mauritius -RSB- , and the outer islands ( Agaléga , St. Brandon and two disputed territories ) . The islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues form part of the Mascarene Islands , along with nearby Réunion , a French overseas department . The area of the country is 2,040 km2 . The capital and largest city is Port Louis . Formerly a Dutch colony ( 1638 -- 1710 ) and a French colony ( 1715 -- 1810 ) , Mauritius became a British colonial possession in 1810 and remained so until 1968 , the year in which it attained independence . The government uses English as its main language .   The sovereignty over the Chagos Archipelago is disputed between Mauritius and the United Kingdom ( UK ) . The UK excised the archipelago from Mauritian territory in 1965 , three years prior to Mauritian independence . The UK gradually depopulated the archipelago 's indigenous population and leased its biggest island , Diego Garcia , to the United States . Access to the archipelago is prohibited to casual tourists , the media , and its former inhabitants . Mauritius also claims sovereignty over Tromelin Island from France .   The people of Mauritius are multiethnic , multi-religious , multicultural and multilingual . The island 's government is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system , and Mauritius is highly ranked for democracy and for economic and political freedom . Along with the other Mascarene Islands , Mauritius is known for its varied flora and fauna , with many species endemic to the island . The island is widely known as the only known home of the dodo , which , along with several other avian species , was made extinct by human activities relatively shortly after the island 's settlement . Mauritius is the only country in Africa where Hinduism is the largest religion .

neg: Comoros The Comoros ( -LSB- ˈkɒməroʊz -RSB- جزر القمر , ) , officially the Union of the Comoros ( Comorian : Udzima wa Komori , Union des Comores , الاتحاد القمري ) , is a sovereign archipelago island nation in the Indian Ocean located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel off the eastern coast of Africa between northeastern Mozambique and northwestern Madagascar . Other countries near the Comoros are Tanzania to the northwest and the Seychelles to the northeast . Its capital is Moroni , on Grande Comore . The Union of the Comoros has three official languages -- Comorian , Arabic and French . The religion of the majority of the population is Islam .   At 1660 km2 , excluding the contested island of Mayotte , the Comoros is the third-smallest African nation by area . The population , excluding Mayotte , is estimated at 798,000 . As a nation formed at a crossroads of different civilisations , the archipelago is noted for its diverse culture and history . The archipelago was first inhabited by Bantu speakers who came from East Africa , supplemented by Arab and Austronesian immigration .   The country consists of three major islands and numerous smaller islands , all in the volcanic Comoros archipelago . The major islands are commonly known by their French names : northwestern-most Grande Comore ( Ngazidja ) ; Mohéli ( Mwali ) ; and Anjouan ( Nzwani ) . In addition , the country has a claim on a fourth major island , southeastern-most Mayotte ( Maore ) , though Mayotte voted against independence from France in 1974 , has never been administered by an independent Comoros government , and continues to be administered by France ( currently as an overseas department ) . France has vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions that would affirm Comorian sovereignty over the island . In addition , Mayotte became an overseas department and a region of France in 2011 following a referendum passed overwhelmingly .   It became part of the French colonial empire in the 19th century before becoming independent in 1975 . Since declaring independence , the country has experienced more than 20 coups d'état or attempted coups , with various heads of state assassinated . Along with this constant political instability , the population of the Comoros lives with the worst income inequality of any nation , with a Gini coefficient over 60 % , while also ranking in the worst quartile on the Human Development Index . about half the population lived below the international poverty line of US$ 1.25 a day . The Comoros is a member state of the African Union , Francophonie , Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , Arab League ( of which it is the southernmost state , being the only member state of the Arab League with a tropical climate and also entirely within the Southern Hemisphere ) and the Indian Ocean Commission .

neg: East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars The East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars was a series of campaigns related to the major European conflict known as the French Revolutionary Wars , fought between 1793 and 1801 between the new French Republic and its allies and a shifting alliance of rival powers . Although the Indian Ocean was separated by vast distance from the principal theatre of the conflict in Western Europe , it played a significant role due to the economic importance of the region to Great Britain , France 's most constant opponent , of its colonies in India and the Far Eastern trade .   Protection of British interests in the region fell primarily to the Royal Navy , supported by the military forces of the East India Company . Naval strategy sought to eliminate enemy forces in the region and provide convoy protection to the large East Indiamen merchant ships and smaller company ships which transported goods and wealth between Britain and its Asian colonies and trade partners . The French Navy maintained commerce raiding operations in the region throughout the war ; particularly light frigate squadrons and privateers deployed in an effort to disrupt British trade , supported as the conflict developed by the allies the French accrued in the course of the war , particularly the Batavian Republic and Spain .   At the declaration of war on Britain by the newly formed French Republic on 1 February 1793 , British forces in the Indian Ocean held a considerably stronger military position , which was immediately utilised to seize the French territories in India . The remaining French forces continued operating from their base on the remote island of Île de France , privateers in particular conducting a highly disruptive campaign against British commerce . Attempts by the Royal Navy , commanded by Rear-Admiral Peter Rainier , to limit their effectiveness resulted in a number of inconsequential clashes and a partial blockade of the French islands . In 1795 the declaration of war on Britain by the newly formed Batavian Republic led to successful invasions of the Batavian colonies of Dutch Ceylon , the Dutch Cape Colony and operations against the Dutch East Indies .   In 1796 British control of the region was challenged by a large and powerful French frigate squadron sent to the Indian Ocean under Contre-amiral Pierre César Charles de Sercey . Sercey 's squadron operated against British trade for two years with little success ; attempts to raid the China trade and coordinate with a Spanish Navy squadron at Manila in the Philippines all ending in failure . Growing resentment on Île de France at the cost of maintaining the squadron eventually required most of the ships to return to France . The survivors , forced to operate independently , were subsequently defeated and captured by the Royal Navy in a series of individual engagements in 1799 . By 1800 British control of the Indian Ocean was again assured , Rainier deploying his ships in trade protection duties and in the Red Sea to support the invasion of Egypt in 1801 . At the end of the war in 1802 the Peace of Amiens reverted the situation in the region to its pre-war state , Britain returning all seized colonies except for Ceylon .

neg: Mauritian literature The island of Mauritius is home to many languages , and Mauritian literature exists in French , English , Creole and Indian languages . Major themes in Mauritian literature include exoticism , multiracialism and miscegenation , racial and social conflicts , indianocéanisme , and -- more recently -- post-modernism and post-structuralism currents , such as coolitude .   After independence in 1968 writers like Dev Virahsawmy reactivated creole language , then considered as a `` patois , '' and wrote literature , especially drama . The new generation of writers has expressed persistent concern with structure and more global themes .   While Kreol Morisyen is the most spoken language on in Mauritius , most of the literature is written in French , although many authors write in English , Bhojpuri , and Morisyen . Mauritius 's renowned playwright Dev Virahsawmy writes exclusively in Morisyen .   Important authors include Malcolm de Chazal , Ananda Devi , Raymond Chasle , and Edouard Maunick . Lindsey Collen has been able to carve out a meeting of imaginaries in the unique social setup of this multi-faceted country . Other younger writers like Shenaz Patel , Natacha Appanah , Sabah Carrim , Alain Gordon-Gentil and Carl de Souza explore the issues of ethnicity , superstition and politics in the novel . Poet and critic Khal Torabully has put forward the concept of `` coolitude , '' a poetics that results from the blend of Indian and Mauritian cultural diversity . Other poets include Hassam Wachill , Edouard Maunick , Sedley Assone , Yusuf Kadel and Umar Timol .   J. M. G. Le Clézio , who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2008 , is of Mauritian heritage and holds dual French-Mauritian citizenship .   The island plays host to the Le Prince Maurice Prize , a literary award celebrating and recognizing ` writers of the heart ' . The award is designed to highlight the literary love story in all its forms rather than for pure Romantic Fiction . In keeping with the island 's literary culture the prize alternates on a yearly basis between English-speaking and French-speaking writers .

neg: Barclays Bank Mauritius An ancestor of Barclays Bank , National Bank of South Africa , first entered Mauritius in 1919 . In 1925 , National Bank of South Africa was merged with the Anglo-Egyptian Bank and the Colonial Bank in 1925 to form Barclays Bank ( Dominion , Colonial and Overseas ) . This brought the Mauritian operations under Barclays Bank . Since then , Barclays Bank Mauritius has grown to be the third largest bank in Mauritius , after Mauritius Commercial Bank and State Bank of Mauritius , with 25 branches and a market share of about 10-12 % .   In 2002 , Barclays Bank Mauritius bought Banque Nationale de Paris Intercontinentale ( BNPI ) . This acquisition brought with it 6 branches to add to Barclays ' existing 13 branches .   Barclays Bank Mauritius operated as a branch of Barclays Bank Plc until 1 June 2013 when it was locally incorporated as Barclays Bank Mauritius Limited ( `` BBML '' ) .   Mr Ravin Rao Dajee is currently the Managing Director .

neg: Pax Britannica Pax Britannica ( Latin for `` British Peace '' , modelled after Pax Romana ) was the period of relative peace in Europe ( 1815 -- 1914 ) during which the British Empire became the global hegemonic power and adopted the role of a global police force .   Between 1815 and 1914 , a period referred to as Britain 's `` imperial century , '' around 10,000,000 sqmi of territory and roughly 400 million people were added to the British Empire . Victory over Napoleonic France left the British without any serious international rival , other than perhaps Russia in central Asia . When Russia tried expanding its influence in the Balkans , the British and French defeated it in the Crimean War ( 1854 -- 56 ) , thereby protecting the by-then feeble Ottoman Empire .   Britain 's Royal Navy controlled most of the key maritime trade routes and enjoyed unchallenged sea power . Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies , Britain 's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled access to many regions , such as Asia and Latin America . British merchants , shippers and bankers had such an overwhelming advantage over everyone else that in addition to its colonies it had an `` informal empire '' .

neg: MSM/MMM The Militant Socialist Movement/Mauritian Militant Movement ( MSM/MMM ) is coalition party that formed the government of the Republic of Mauritius from September 2000 to July 2005 . The coalition has been reformed in April 2012 after an electoral agreement between the Militant Socialist Movement ( MSM ) and Mauritian Militant Movement ( MMM ) was made with Sir Anerood Jugnauth as leader . The agreements remain the same , 30 seats for the MMM and 30 seats for the MSM . It has also been conveyed that SAJ would be prime minister for 3 years and Paul Berenger would take over for the rest of the parliamentary term if the coalition wins the next general elections . It has also been agreed that Pravind Jugnauth who is leader of the MSM will not be in the Front Bench of the coalition in an eventual government of the MSM/MMM . This is because he has been provisionally charged with using office for gratification by the Independent Commission Against Corruption . He will therefore seat as a back-bencher until he is dismissed from all accusations .   The coalition which was firstly made in 2000 , was known as the `` Medpoint Deal '' and was formed by former Prime Minister and President Sir Anerood Jugnauth on 14 August 2000 . It was the most famous political alliance that Mauritian Politics ever had . It was the first time that the country was experience a social change , Paul Berenger would become Prime Minister out of this deal and would be the first-non Hindu to hold such powerful post .   The deal was to join the two leaders of the two parties . The MSM leader Sir Anerood Jugnauth & MMM leader Paul Berenger . As a misconception and with a battle for the leadership of the MSM after Sir Anerood retired , Pravind Jugnauth and Ashok Jugnauth both fought to become the party 's next leader.At the end Ashock moved out and formed his own party namely National Union ( UN ) and went forward with Paul Berenger and formed the new alliance MMM/UN . In July 2005 , the MSM/MMM coalition went together for general elections and became the opposition party , but in 2006 they ended the deal and MSM became alone party while MMM took hands with UN .   The MMM/MSM coalition won the local council elections held on December 9 , 2012 . They obtained a total of 53 councilors against 36 for the government party Mauritian Labour Party and one for the Mauritian Movement Social Democrats . They will therefore administer the cities namely Port-Louis , Quatre Bornes and Rose Hill while the only city administered by the government will be Vacoas-Phoenix . Please note that the city of Curepipe is under a deadlock with 7 councillors elected from the MMM/MSM coalition , 7 councillors elected under the banner of the Labour Party and 1 elected under the Mauritian Movement Social Democrats . The deadlock will therefore be handled as soon as negotiations are made and an agreement is obtained .

neg: Truth and Justice Commission The Truth and Justice Commission of Mauritius was an independent truth commission established in 2009 , which explored the impact of slavery and indentured servitude in Mauritius . The Commission was tasked to investigate the dispossession of land , and `` determine appropriate measures to be extended to descendants of slaves and indentured laborers . '' It was `` unique in that it -LSB- dealt -RSB- with socio-economic class abuses '' and explored the possibility of reparations . The inclusion of reparations , whether for individuals or communities , was a controversial decision within the country which aimed to correct inequality . The Commission attempted to cover more than 370 years , the longest period of time that a truth commission has ever covered .   The Commission consisted of five members who were appointed by the then President Sir Anerood Jugnauth . The President selected Alex Boraine , the former deputy chair of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission , and four Mauritians to oversea the research and publication of a document consisting of 7 Volumes , and detailing over 3 centuries of Mauritian history .   The Truth and Justice Commission documented the `` economics of colonialism , slavery , and indentured servitude , the experiences of indentured Africans , Indians , and French engagés , and living and working conditions on sugar estates . '' In order to aid Mauritians in reconciling the past the commission recommended : `` 1 ) memorializing slavery ; 2 ) a better understanding and more inclusive account of Mauritian history and culture ; 3 ) a better and increased protections of Mauritian heritage ; 4 ) a less racist and elitist society ; 5 ) a more democratic public life , and ; 6 ) empowerment of Mauritians of African and Malagasy origin , as well as other recommendations to increase economic and social justice , particularly related to land issues and equitable and judicious use of the environment . '' Many of these recommendations have yet to be acted upon .

neg: List of colonial governors and administrators of Grenada This is a list of Viceroys of Grenada from the establishment of French rule in 1649 until its independence from the United Kingdom in 1974 . Following independence , the viceroy of Grenada ceased to represent the British monarch and British government , and ceased to be a British person , instead the new vice regal office , renamed to Governor-General of Grenada represented ( and to this day , represents ) the Monarch of Grenada , and the person holding the office must be a Grenadian citizen .

neg: Colony of Natal The Colony of Natal was a British colony in south-eastern Africa . It was proclaimed a British colony on 4 May 1843 after the British government had annexed the Boer Republic of Natalia , and on 31 May 1910 combined with three other colonies to form the Union of South Africa , as one of its provinces . It is now the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa .   It was originally only about half the size of the present province , with the north-eastern boundaries being formed by the Tugela and Buffalo rivers beyond which lay the independent Kingdom of Zululand ( KwaZulu in Zulu ) .   Fierce conflict with the Zulu population led to the evacuation of Durban , and eventually the Boers accepted British annexation in 1844 under military pressure . A British governor was appointed to the region and many settlers emigrated from Europe and the Cape Colony . The British established a sugar cane industry in the 1860s . Farm owners had a difficult time attracting Zulu labourers to work on their plantations , so the British brought thousands of indentured labourers from India . As a result of the importation of Indian labourers , Durban became the home to the largest concentration of Indians outside of India .

neg: Île de la Passe Île de la Passe is a rocky islet in the bay off Grand Port on the island of Mauritius . Between 20 and 25 August 1810 , during the British campaign to capture the island ( then called Isle de France ) from the French , it was the scene of the Battle of Grand Port . This was a long and very hard-fought action between roughly equal forces of French and British frigates and , on balance , a defeat for the British , who lost four frigates , though one of these was subsequently recaptured . The French squadron did not survive the British invasion of Mauritius .

neg: Mauritius route The Mauritius route is a channel used by foreign investors to invest in India . Mauritius is the main provider of foreign direct investment ( FDI ) to India and also the preferred jurisdiction for Indian outward investments into Africa . In fact 39.6 % of FDI to India came from Mauritius between 2001 and 2011 .

neg: Tromelin Island Tromelin Island ( -LSB- ˌtroʊmlɪn_ˈaɪlənd -RSB- Île Tromelin , -LSB- il tʁɔmlɛ̃ -RSB- ) is a low , flat , island in the Indian Ocean about 500 kilometers north of Réunion , and about 450 km east of Madagascar . Tromelin is administered as a French overseas territory ; however , Mauritius claims sovereignty over the island , on grounds of its absence in the listing of the 8th article of the French version of the 1814 Paris Treaty . France and Mauritius have been negotiating for years in regard to a possible co-management of the island in the future .   Tromelin has facilities for scientific expeditions and a weather station . It is a nesting site for boobies and green sea turtles .

neg: French colonial empire The French colonial empire constituted the overseas colonies , protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward . A distinction is generally made between the `` first colonial empire '' , that existed until 1814 , by which time most of it had been lost , and the `` second colonial empire '' , which began with the conquest of Algiers in 1830 . The second empire came to an end after the loss of bitter wars in Vietnam ( 1955 ) and Algeria ( 1962 ) , and peaceful decolonization elsewhere after 1960 .   Competing with Spain , Portugal , the United Provinces , and later Britain , France began to establish colonies in North America , the Caribbean , and India in the 17th century . A series of wars with Great Britain and other European major powers during the 18th century and early 19th century resulted in France losing nearly all of its conquests . France rebuilt a new empire mostly after 1850 , concentrating chiefly in Africa , as well as Indochina and the South Pacific . Republicans , at first hostile to empire , only became supportive when Germany started to build her own colonial empire . As it developed the new empire took on roles of trade with France , especially supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items , as well as lending prestige to the motherland and spreading French civilization and language , and the Catholic religion . It also provided manpower in the World Wars .   It became a moral mission to lift the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture . In 1884 the leading proponent of colonialism , Jules Ferry declared ; `` The higher races have a right over the lower races , they have a duty to civilize the inferior races . '' Full citizenship rights -- assimilation -- were offered , although in reality `` assimilation was always receding -LSB- and -RSB- the colonial populations treated like subjects not citizens . '' France sent small numbers of settlers to its empire , contrary to Great Britain , and previously Spain and Portugal , with the only notable exception of Algeria , where the French settlers nonetheless always remained a small minority .   At its apex , it was one of the largest empires in history . Including metropolitan France , the total amount of land under French sovereignty reached 11500000 km2 in 1920 , with a population of 110 million people in 1939 . In World War II , Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France . Historian Tony Chafer argues : `` In an effort to restore its world-power status after the humiliation of defeat and occupation , France was eager to maintain its overseas empire at the end of the Second World War . '' However , after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge European authority . The French constitution of October 27 , 1946 ( Fourth Republic ) , established the French Union which endured until 1958 . Newer remnants of the colonial empire were integrated into France as overseas departments and territories within the French Republic . These now total altogether 119,394 km ² ( 46,098 sq. miles ) , which amounts to only 1 % of the pre-1939 French colonial empire 's area , with 2.7 million people living in them in 2013 . By the 1970s , says Robert Aldrich , the last `` vestiges of empire held little interest for the French . '' He argues , `` Except for the traumatic decolonization of Algeria , however , what is remarkable is how few long-lasting effects on France the giving up of empire entailed . ''

neg: White settlement in Zimbabwe before 1923 White people first came to the region in southern Africa today called Zimbabwe in the 16th century , when Portuguese colonials ventured inland from Mozambique and attacked the Kingdom of Mutapa , which then controlled an area roughly equivalent to eastern Zimbabwe and western Mozambique . Portuguese influence over Mutapa endured for about two centuries before fading away during the 1690s and early 1700s ( decade ) .   During the 1880s and 1890s , the British South Africa Company initiated colonisation by whites , backed by a royal charter from Britain 's Queen Victoria : company rule over the country began in 1890 , when the Pioneer Column marched to Mashonaland , founded Fort Salisbury and settled in the area .   The company domain was named `` Rhodesia '' after its founder , Cecil Rhodes , in 1895 ; the portion south of the Zambezi became officially called Southern Rhodesia in 1898 . Concurrently with the expiry of the company 's charter in 1923 , Southern Rhodesia was granted responsible government by Britain , and became a self-governing colony .

neg: Mauritius (Commonwealth realm) The Commonwealth realm of Mauritius , officially known as `` Mauritius '' , was a predecessor to the modern-day Republic of Mauritius and an independent state that existed between 1968 and 1992 .   When British rule ended in 1968 , the Mauritius Independence Act 1968 transformed the British Crown Colony of Mauritius into an independent sovereign Commonwealth realm . The British monarch , Elizabeth II , remained head of state . Mauritius shared the Sovereign with the other Commonwealth realms . The monarch 's constitutional roles were mostly delegated to the Governor-General of Mauritius . The royal succession was governed by the English Act of Settlement of 1701 . During the Commonwealth realm phase , the following governors-general held office :   Sir John Shaw Rennie ( 12 March -- 27 August 1968 )  Sir Michel Rivalland ( 27 August -- 3 September 1968 )  Sir Leonard Williams ( 3 September 1968 -- 27 December 1972 )  Sir Raman Osman ( 27 December 1972 -- 31 October 1977 )  Sir Henry Garrioch ( 31 October 1977 -- 26 April 1979 )  Sir Dayendranath Burrenchobay ( 26 April 1979 -- 28 December 1983 )  Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam ( 28 December 1983 -- 15 December 1985 )  Sir Cassam Moollan ( 15 December 1985 -- 17 January 1986 ) ( acting )  Sir Veerasamy Ringadoo ( 17 January 1986 -- 12 March 1992 )   Seewoosagur Ramgoolam and then Sir Anerood Jugnauth held office as Prime Minister of Mauritius .   Elizabeth II visited Mauritius 24 -- 26 March 1972 in her capacity as Queen of Mauritius .   The Republic of Mauritius was proclaimed on 12 March 1992 . It is the most recent former Commonwealth realm to become a republic within the Commonwealth . Following the abolition of the monarchy , the last Governor General of Mauritius , Sir Veerasamy Ringadoo became the first President of Mauritius .

neg: Road signs in Mauritius Road signs in Mauritius are standardised traffic signs used in Mauritius according to the Traffic Signs Regulations 1990 . They are heavily modelled on road signs in the United Kingdom , since Mauritius is a former British colony . Mauritius has left-hand traffic .

neg: Mauritius Labour Congress The Mauritius Labour Congress is a national trade union center in Mauritius . It was created in 1963 from a merger of the Mauritius Trade Union Congress and the Mauritius Confederation of Free Trade Unions .   The MLC is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation .

neg: Kingdom of Great Britain The United Kingdom of Great Britain , officially Great Britain , was a sovereign state in western Europe from 1 May 1707 to 31 December 1800 . The state came into being following the Treaty of Union in 1706 , ratified by the Acts of Union 1707 , which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands . It did not include Ireland , which remained a separate realm . The unitary state was governed by a single parliament and government that was based in Westminster . The former kingdoms had been in personal union since James VI , King of Scots , became King of England and King of Ireland in 1603 following the death of Queen Elizabeth I , bringing about a `` Union of the Crowns '' . Also after the accession of George I to the throne of Great Britain in 1714 , the kingdom was in a personal union with the Electorate of Hanover .   The early years of the unified kingdom were marked by Jacobite risings which ended in defeat for the Stuart cause at Culloden in 1746 . Later on in 1763 , victory in the Seven Years ' War led to the dominance of the British Empire , which was to become the foremost global power for over a century and later grew to become the largest empire in history .   On 1 January 1801 , the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland were merged to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . In 1922 , five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom and the state was renamed the `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' -- a title it has retained to date .

neg: Demographics of Mauritius This article is about the demographic features of the population of Mauritius , including population density , ethnicity , education level , health of the populace , economic status , religious affiliations and other aspects of the population .   Mauritian society includes people from many different ethnic groups . A majority of the republic 's residents are the descendants of people from the Indian subcontinent . Mauritius also contains substantial populations from continental Africa , China , France , Great Britain , Madagascar and South Africa among other places .

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture .   British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital .   The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine .   The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .