query: Financial crimes may involve the crime of taking or attempting to take anything of value by force, threat of force or by putting the victim in fear also called robbery.

pos: Financial crimes Financial crimes are crimes against property , involving the unlawful conversion of the ownership of property ( belonging to one person ) to one 's own personal use and benefit . Financial crimes may involve fraud ( cheque fraud , credit card fraud , mortgage fraud , medical fraud , corporate fraud , securities fraud ( including insider trading ) , bank fraud , insurance fraud , market manipulation , payment ( point of sale ) fraud , health care fraud ) ; theft ; scams or confidence tricks ; tax evasion ; bribery ; embezzlement ; identity theft ; money laundering ; and forgery and counterfeiting , including the production of Counterfeit money and consumer goods .   Financial crimes may involve additional criminal acts , such as computer crime , elder abuse , burglary , armed robbery , and even violent crime such as robbery or murder . Financial crimes may be carried out by individuals , corporations , or by organized crime groups . Victims may include individuals , corporations , governments , and entire economies .

pos: Robbery Robbery is the crime of taking or attempting to take anything of value by force , threat of force or by putting the victim in fear . At common law , robbery is defined as taking the property of another , with the intent to permanently deprive the person of that property , by means of force or fear . Precise definitions of the offence may vary between jurisdictions . Robbery is differentiated from other forms of theft ( such as burglary , shoplifting or car theft ) by its inherently violent nature ( a violent crime ) ; whereas many lesser forms of theft are punished as misdemeanors , robbery is always a felony in jurisdictions that distinguish between the two . Under English law , most forms of theft are triable either way , whereas robbery is triable only on indictment . The word `` rob '' came via French from Late Latin words ( e.g. deraubare ) of Germanic origin , from Common Germanic raub -- `` theft '' .   Among the types of robbery are armed robbery involving use of a weapon and aggravated robbery involving use of a deadly weapon or something that appears to be a deadly weapon . Highway robbery or `` mugging '' takes place outside or in a public place such as a sidewalk , street , or parking lot . Carjacking is the act of stealing a car from a victim by force . Extortion is the threat to do something illegal , or the offer to not do something illegal , in the event that goods are not given , primarily using words instead of actions .  Criminal slang for robbery includes `` blagging '' ( armed robbery , usually of a bank ) or `` stick-up '' ( derived from the verbal command to robbery targets to raise their hands in the air ) , and `` steaming '' ( organized robbery on underground train systems ) .

neg: Flash rob A flash rob , also known as a multiple offender crime or flash mob robbery , is an organized form of theft in which a group of participants enter a retail shop or convenience store en masse and steal goods and other items . Typically , store workers and employees in these cases quickly become overwhelmed by the large number of participants and thus , are unable to stop the theft .   The National Retail Federation does not classify these crimes as `` flash mobs '' but rather `` multiple offender crimes '' that utilize `` flash mob tactics '' . In a report , the NRF noted , `` multiple offender crimes tend to involve groups or gangs of juveniles who already know  each other , which does not earn them the term `` flash mob '' . ''

neg: Selling away Selling away in the U.S. securities brokerage industry is the inappropriate practice of an investment professional ( such as a registered representative , stockbroker , or financial adviser ) who sells , or solicits the sale of , securities not held or offered by the brokerage firm with which he is associated ( affiliated ) . An example of the term expressed in a sentence is , `` The broker was selling investments away from the firm . '' Brokers marketing securities must have obtained the appropriate securities licenses for various types of investments . Brokers in the U.S. may be `` associated '' with only one Brokerage firm and they obtain such licenses or `` series '' by passing standardized Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ( FINRA ) exams such as the Series 6 or Series 7 exam . See List of Securities Examinations for types of securities licenses in the U.S.   More specifically , selling away describes the situation where the transaction or securities in question are not approved for sale by the firm , they are not on the firm 's approved product list . The approved product list identifies the types of securities and investments that are approved for brokers to sell after the securities have been subjected to the brokerage firm 's due diligence process which includes receiving the necessary risk and compliance department reviews and approvals , and so forth .   Selling away often involves investment securities that are in the form of a private placement or other non-public investment , though not always . Sometimes a transaction may not be an obvious or apparent ` investment ' or security . Selling away may not always be deliberate or intentional or with even intent to deceive an investor , but in many cases , the broker knew what he or she was doing . Selling away is often associated with a broker 's other ( `` outside '' ) business activities ( those other businesses or activities that a broker conducts outside or separate from his/her securities brokerage activities . )   Selling away situations result from a broker 's desire to not pass up on earning a commission on an investment his client is willing to buy , and further , to not have to share any of the commission with his/her associated firm . Selling away schemes are particularly dangerous for investors because they usually end up becoming victims of theft , securities fraud , or some other loss related to the investment . These schemes also often involve the sale of promissory notes which are essentially loan investments wherein the borrower promises to pay investors high interest rates in exchange for the loan amount from the investor . Once the investor ( client ) pays the money , the borrower sooner or later stops ( or never begins ) paying interest payments and the client 's investment vanishes .

neg: Gasoline theft Gasoline theft can be applied to cases when fuel is stolen from a station without payment or when a vehicle driver takes it from a company 's vehicle to use the gasoline personally .

neg: Landlord harassment Landlord harassment is the willing creation , by a landlord or his agents , of conditions that are uncomfortable for one or more tenants in order to induce willing abandonment of a rental contract . Such a strategy is often sought because it avoids costly legal expenses and potential problems with eviction . This kind of activity is common in regions where rent control laws exist , but which do not allow the direct extension of rent-controlled prices from one tenancy to the subsequent tenancy , thus allowing landlords to set higher prices . Landlord harassment carries specific legal penalties in some jurisdictions , but enforcement can be very difficult or even impossible in many circumstances . However , when a crime is committed in the process and motives similar to those described above are subsequently proven in court , then those motives may be considered an aggravating factor in many jurisdictions , thus subjecting the offender ( s ) to a stiffer sentence .

neg: Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units The Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units is an informal network of national financial intelligence units ( FIUs ) . National FIUs collect information on suspicious or unusual financial activity from the financial industry and other entities or professions required to report transactions suspected of being money laundering or terrorism financing . FIUs are normally not law enforcement agencies , with their mission being to process and analyze the information received . If sufficient evidence of unlawful activity is found , the matter is passed to the public prosecution agencies .   The Egmont Group defines an FIU as a central , national agency responsible for receiving ( and , as permitted , requesting ) , analyzing and disseminating to the competent authorities , disclosures of financial information :   concerning suspected proceeds of crime and potential financing of terrorism , or  required by national legislation or regulation , in order to counter money laundering and terrorism financing .

neg: Hard money loan A hard money loan is a specific type of asset-based loan financing through which a borrower receives funds secured by real property . Hard money loans are typically issued by private investors or companies . Interest rates are typically higher than conventional commercial or residential property loans , starting at 7.7 % , because of the higher risk and shorter duration of the loan . Most hard money loans are used for projects lasting from a few months to a few years . Hard money is similar to a bridge loan , which usually has similar criteria for lending as well as cost to the borrowers . The primary difference is that a bridge loan often refers to a commercial property or investment property that may be in transition and does not yet qualify for traditional financing , whereas hard money often refers to not only an asset-based loan with a high interest rate , but possibly a distressed financial situation , such as arrears on the existing mortgage , or where bankruptcy and foreclosure proceedings are occurring .   Hard Money is a term that is used almost exclusively in the United States and Canada where these types of loans are most common . In commercial real estate , hard money developed as an alternative `` last resort '' for property owners seeking capital against the value of their holdings . The industry began in the late 1950s when the credit industry in the U.S. underwent drastic changes .   From inception , the hard money field has always been formally unregulated by state or federal laws , although some restrictions on interest rates ( usury laws ) by state governments restrict the rates of hard money such that operations in several states , including Tennessee and Arkansas are virtually untenable for lending firms .

neg: Money burning Money burning or burning money is the purposeful act of destroying money . In the prototypical example , banknotes are destroyed by literally setting them on fire . Burning money decreases the wealth of the owner without directly enriching any particular party . However , according to the quantity theory of money , because it reduces the supply of money it increases by the same amount the collective wealth of everyone else who holds money .   Money is usually burned to communicate a message , either for artistic effect , as a form of protest , or as a signal . In some games , a player can sometimes benefit from the ability to burn money ( battle of the sexes ) . Burning money is illegal in some jurisdictions .

neg: Hate crime A hate crime ( also known as a bias-motivated crime ) is a prejudice-motivated crime , usually violent , which occurs when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her membership ( or perceived membership ) in a certain social group .   Examples of such groups can include and are almost exclusively limited to : sex , ethnicity , disability , language , nationality , physical appearance , religion , gender identity or sexual orientation . Non-criminal actions that are motivated by these reasons are often called `` bias incidents '' .   `` Hate crime '' generally refers to criminal acts which are seen to have been motivated by bias against one or more of the types above , or of their derivatives . Incidents may involve physical assault , damage to property , bullying , harassment , verbal abuse or insults , mate crime or offensive graffiti or letters ( hate mail ) .   A hate crime law is a law intended to deter bias-motivated violence . Hate crime laws are distinct from laws against hate speech : hate crime laws enhance the penalties associated with conduct which is already criminal under other laws , while hate speech laws criminalize a category of speech . Hate speech laws exist in many countries . In the US , hate crime laws have been upheld by both the Supreme Court and lower courts , especially in the case of ` fighting ' words and other violent speech , but they are thought by some people to be in conflict with the first amendment right to freedom of speech , so they have occasionally been overturned as unconstitutional .

neg: Burglar (disambiguation) A burglar is someone who commits the crime of burglary   Burglar may also refer to :

neg: Robber baron (industrialist) `` Robber baron '' is a derogatory metaphor of social criticism originally applied to certain late 19th-century American businessmen who used unscrupulous methods to get rich .

neg: Possession of stolen goods Possession of stolen goods is a crime in which an individual has bought , been given , or acquired stolen goods anyway .   In many jurisdictions , if an individual has accepted possession of goods or property and knew they were stolen , then the individual is typically charged with a misdemeanor or felony , depending on the value of the stolen goods . If the individual did not know the goods were stolen , then the goods are returned to the owner and the individual is not prosecuted . However , there are often exceptions , due to the difficulty of proving or disproving an individual 's knowledge that the goods were stolen .

neg: Ponzi scheme A Ponzi scheme ( -LSB- ˈpɒn.zi -RSB- also a Ponzi game ) is a fraudulent investment operation where the operator , an individual or organization , pays returns to its investors from new capital paid to the operators by new investors , rather than from profit earned through legitimate investments or business activities . Operators of Ponzi schemes usually entice new investors by offering higher returns than other investments , in the form of short-term returns that are either abnormally high or unusually consistent .   Ponzi schemes occasionally begin as legitimate businesses , until the business fails to achieve the returns expected . The business becomes a Ponzi scheme if it then continues to operate under fraudulent terms . Whatever the initial situation , the perpetuation of the high returns requires an ever-increasing flow of money from new investors to sustain the scheme .   The scheme is named after Charles Ponzi , who became notorious for using the technique in the 1920s . The idea , present in novels ( for example , Charles Dickens ' 1844 novel Martin Chuzzlewit and 1857 novel Little Dorrit each described such a scheme ) , was actually performed in real life by Ponzi with his operation which took in so much money that it was the first to become known throughout the United States . Ponzi 's original scheme was based on the arbitrage of international reply coupons for postage stamps ; however , he soon diverted investors ' money to make payments to earlier investors and himself .

neg: Job fraud Job fraud refers to fraudulent or deceptive activity or representation on the part of an employee or prospective employee toward an employer . It is not to be confused with employment fraud , where an employer scams job seekers or fails to pay wages for work performed . There are several types of job frauds that employees or potential employees commit against employers . While some may be illegal under jurisdictional laws , others do not violate law but may be held by the employer against the employee or applicant .

neg: Accounting scandals Accounting scandals are business scandals which arise from intentional manipulation of financial statements with the disclosure of financial misdeeds by trusted executives of corporations or governments . Such misdeeds typically involve complex methods for misusing or misdirecting funds , overstating revenues , understating expenses , overstating the value of corporate assets or underreporting the existence of liabilities . It involves an employee , account or corporation itself and is misleading to investor and shareholders .   This type of `` creative accounting '' can amount to fraud , and investigations are typically launched by government oversight agencies , such as the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) in the United States . Employees who commit accounting fraud at the request of their employers are subject to personal criminal prosecution .

neg: Criminal conversion Criminal conversion is a crime , limited to parts of common law systems outside England and Wales , of exerting unauthorized use or control of someone else 's property , at a minimum personal property , but in some jurisdictions also applying to types of real property , such as land ( to squatting or holding over ) or to patents , design rights and trademarks . It differs from theft in that it does not include the element of intending to deprive the owner of permanent possession of that property . As such , it is a lesser offense than the crime of theft . Criminal conversion specifies a type of conversion in that it involves criminal law , not civil law .   An example might be tapping someone 's secured wireless LAN or public utility line ( which could also amount to theft of services ) . Another example might be taking a joy ride in a car , never intending to keep it from the owner . Some have redefined such conduct as a specific type of theft .   Note that the `` unauthorized '' use may begin after a period of authorized use , where , for example , a person rents a car then keeps it for an extra week without permission from the rental company . Another common example occurs when a person fails to report finding lost goods ( including animals ) , intending only to keep them until someone asks for their return . When the intent becomes one of keeping the property , it is a theft .

neg: Criminal investigation Criminal investigation is an applied science that involves the study of facts , used to identify , locate and prove the guilt of an accused criminal . A complete criminal investigation can include searching , interviews , interrogations , evidence collection and preservation and various methods of investigation . Modern-day criminal investigations commonly employ many modern scientific techniques known collectively as forensic science .   Criminal investigation is an ancient science that may have roots as far back as c. 1700 BCE in the writings of the Code of Hammurabi . In the code it is suggested that both the accuser and accused had the right to present evidence they collected . In the modern era criminal investigations are most often done by government police forces . Private investigators are also commonly hired to complete or assist in criminal investigations .   An early recorded professional criminal investigator was the English constable . Around 1250 CE it was recorded that the constable was to '' ... record ... matters of fact , not matters of judgment and law . ''

neg: Corporate crime In criminology , corporate crime refers to crimes committed either by a corporation ( i.e. , a business entity having a separate legal personality from the natural persons that manage its activities ) , or by individuals acting on behalf of a corporation or other business entity ( see vicarious liability and corporate liability ) . Some negative behaviours by corporations may not actually be criminal ; laws vary between jurisdictions . For example , some jurisdictions allow insider trading .   Corporate crime overlaps with :  white-collar crime , because the majority of individuals who may act as or represent the interests of the corporation are white-collar professionals ;  organized crime , because criminals may set up corporations either for the purposes of crime or as vehicles for laundering the proceeds of crime . The world 's gross criminal product has been estimated at 20 percent of world trade . ( de Brie 2000 ) ; and  state-corporate crime because , in many contexts , the opportunity to commit crime emerges from the relationship between the corporation and the state .

neg: Crime in Israel Crime in Israel is present in various forms which include drug trafficking , arms trafficking , burglary , car theft , human trafficking , etc. .

neg: Endangerment Endangerment is a type of crime involving conduct that is wrongful and reckless or wanton , and likely to produce death or grievous bodily harm to another person . There are several kinds of endangerment , each of which is a criminal act that can be prosecuted in a court . In some U.S. states , such as Florida , substantially similar language is used for the crime of Culpable negligence .   The offense is intended to prohibit and therefore deter reckless or wanton conduct that wrongfully creates a substantial risk of death or serious injury to others .   Various laws specify several types of endangerment :   Child endangerment and animal endangerment : placing a child or animal in a potentially harmful situation , either through negligence or misconduct .  Reckless endangerment : A person commits the crime of reckless endangerment if the person recklessly engages in conduct which creates a substantial risk of serious physical injury to another person . `` Reckless '' conduct is conduct that exhibits a culpable disregard of foreseeable consequences to others from the act or omission involved . The accused need not intentionally cause a resulting harm . The ultimate question is whether , under all of the circumstances , the accused 's conduct was of that heedless nature that made it actually or imminently dangerous to the rights or safety of others .  Public endangerment is usually applied to crimes which place the public in some form of danger , although that danger can be more or less severe according to the crime . It is punished most frequently in Canada .   Endangerment can range from a misdemeanor to a felony . For example , the New York Penal Code § 120.20 defines reckless endangerment in the second degree ( class A misdemeanor ) as conduct that `` creates a substantial serious risk of injury to another person '' , and § 120.25 deals with reckless endangerment in the first degree ( class D felony ) , which is conduct that shows a `` depraved indifference to human life '' and `` creates a grave risk of death to another person '' . In addition , § 145.25 codifies reckless endangerment to property as a class B misdemeanor .

neg: Human trafficking in the United States Human trafficking is the modern form of slavery , with illegal smuggling and trading of people , for forced labor or sexual exploitation .   Trafficking is officially defined as the recruitment , transportation , transfer , harboring , or receipt of persons by means of coercion , abduction , fraud , deception , or abuse of power of a position of vulnerability for the purpose of exploitation . Human trafficking is not synonymous with forced migration or smuggling .   In the U.S. , human trafficking tends to occur around international travel-hubs with large immigrant populations , notably California and Texas . The U.S. Justice Department estimates that 14,500 -- 17,500 people are trafficked into the country every year . The 2016 Global Slavery Index estimates that including U.S. citizens and immigrants 57,700 people are victims of human trafficking . Those being trafficked include young children , teenagers , men and women and can be domestic citizens or foreign nationals . According to the Department of State 's statistics from 2000 , there are approximately 244,000 American children and youth that are at risk for sex trafficking each year .   Under federal law ( 18 USC § 1589 ) , it is a crime to make people work by use of force , coercion or fear .


query: Just the Way You Are is a Bruno Mars single.

pos: Just the Way You Are (Bruno Mars song) `` Just the Way You Are '' is the debut solo single recorded by American singer-songwriter Bruno Mars . It is the lead single from his debut studio album , Doo-Wops & Hooligans ( 2010 ) . The song was written by The Smeezingtons , Khalil Walton and Needlz and produced by The Smeezingtons , and Needlz . It was released in the United States to Contemporary hit radio on August 10 , 2010 . The track was added to BBC Radio 1 A Playlist in the United Kingdom , and was released in the United Kingdom on September 19 , 2010 as `` Just the Way You Are ( Amazing ) '' .   The debut single received positive reviews from critics , who considered it a stand-out track on Doo-Wops & Hooligans and praised The Smeezington 's production . It won a Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 2011 ceremony . The song peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 and Mainstream Top 40 charts and charted in the top five in other countries . It was certified 9 times Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and 6 times by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . Worldwide , it was the best selling digital single of 2011 with sales of 12.2 million copies . So far , it has sold over 13.7 million copies worldwide becoming one of the best selling digital singles of all time .   The music video , directed by Ethan Lader , was released on September 8 , 2010 and features Peruvian born Australian actress Nathalie Kelley . The official remix features rapper Lupe Fiasco and is included on the deluxe edition of Doo-Wops & Hooligans . Mars performed `` Just The Way You Are '' on The Doo-Wops & Hooligans Tour ( 2010 -- 2012 ) , on the Moonshine Jungle Tour ( 2013 -- 2014 ) and on the 24K Magic World Tour ( 2017-2018 ) . He also include it during his performance at the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show . The song has been covered by various recording artists . `` Just the Way You Are '' also inspired Meghan Trainor 's debut single `` All About That Bass '' . The song is featured in the movie Pitch Perfect .

neg: Chris Barz Chris Barz ( stylized as `` x | | z '' , pronounced X Z ) is an American musician .  Chris began his love for music on a piano at the age of 3 . At the age of 11 he developed a passion for rapping , and freestyle cyphers which created a love for bars , rhyming and clever wordplay . Chris started recording songs on a boombox tape recorder . At the age of 12 he was introduced to an MPC2000 XL and started producing beats and writing songs in middle school . Chris played in many popular young go-go bands growing up in Prince George 's County , Maryland and the District of Columbia , including his own Go-Go band called `` Total Assault '' . One day , while headed to shoot a video , Chris was riding passenger of a vehicle that was struck by a truck and totaled . Surviving with minor injuries , only to be involved in a similar accident with a truck totaling the vehicle while riding to band practice in Washington D.C. a second time . Feeling like he had a third shot at life , Chris began to live a life dedicated to leaving a legacy through music . His first hip-hop/rap mixtape landed him as Complex magazine 's 10 New DMV Rappers to Watch Out For , XXL Magazine 's 15 DMV Artists You Need To Know , and The Washington Post . . His love for piano and composition has led him to score songs for movies and stage plays . The stage play `` 7 Layers Captive '' by Stacy Jewell Lewis won Best Play & Performance in Professional Theater and premiered at the John F Kennedy Center for Performing Arts . On Friday , November 27 , his collaboration with Chris Brown , the airy and sensual `` Just So You Know '' was released which was produced and written by the young virtuoso . Chris is planning to release his self-produced debut project `` Angels & Jets '' in 2016 .

neg: Where You Are (Jessica Simpson song) `` Where You Are '' is a song by American recording artist Jessica Simpson from her debut studio album Sweet Kisses . The single was released after strong commercial interest in her first single `` I Wan na Love You Forever '' . Written by Louis Biancaniello , Sam Watters , A. Stamatopoulou , Nick Lachey and produced by Louis Biancaniello , Sam Watters , the song ( which is a collaboration with Nick Lachey ) was released as Simpson ' second single on May 2 , 2000 by Columbia .   The song reached number 62 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Simpson 's third Hot 100 chart entry . The single is most known for being the first single that Simpson professionally recorded with Lachey . ( The couple recorded several other duets , including , `` A Whole New World '' and `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' . )

neg: Gorilla Preacher Cartel Gorilla Preacher Cartel is the forty-fourth album by Omar Rodríguez-López as a solo artist , released on March 24 , 2017 . It is the nineteenth release in the album series initiated by Ipecac Recordings , the seventh of the 2017 series .   Original release schedule listed a different title , Scrapyard Handshakes . It 's unknown whether this title was meant for this album , or a different release altogether . The record serves as a sort of compilation gathering vastly different types of recordings and songs / `` scraps '' from various times throughout the 2000s in the vein of 2016 's Some Need It Lonely , although this record has a much greater emphasis on instrumental tracks , even featuring lengthy guitar solos on most songs .   `` Buying Friendships '' was uploaded in advance as the album 's single . It features recorded tracks from two former Mars Volta drummers , Jon Theodore & Deantoni Parks , fused together as an entirely new song with Omar adding a vocal track . Parts of the 2008 records Absence Makes the Heart Grow Fungus & Minor Cuts and Scrapes in the Bushes Ahead are revisited here from their 2001 sessions prior to the formation of The Mars Volta featured on the first track .

neg: Because of You (Kelly Clarkson song) `` Because of You '' is a song recorded by American pop singer Kelly Clarkson for her second studio album , Breakaway ( 2004 ) . It was written by Clarkson along with its producers David Hodges and Ben Moody . It was released on August 16 , 2005 by RCA Records , as the third single from Breakaway . Clarkson originally wrote `` Because of You '' when she was 16 years old to cope with the emotional distress caused by her parents ' divorce . She wanted the song to be included on her debut studio album , Thankful ( 2003 ) , but her record label rejected the song . She then polished the song with Hodges and Moody before successfully convincing her label to include it on Breakaway .   Lyrically , `` Because of You '' explores the pain of a deteriorating relationship with her father . Critics noted that the lyrics are Clarkson 's ode to her father . The song begins with a piano-led melody and as it launches into the chorus , the sound of a roaring guitar becomes apparent . `` Because of You '' received acclaim from music critics , who complimented its expressive lyrics , creative arrangement and Clarkson 's vocal prowess . It peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 1.5 million digital downloads in the United States . It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . `` Because of You '' became Clarkson 's biggest success in Europe , topping the European Hot 100 Singles chart . It also reached number one in the Netherlands , Denmark and Switzerland , as well as the top ten in Australia , Austria , Canada , Germany , Belgium , Hungary , Ireland , and the United Kingdom .   The song 's accompanying music video was directed by Vadim Perelman . Clarkson wrote the treatment for the video herself in order to reflect the pain that she felt due to her parents ' divorce . The video 's plot centers on Clarkson engaging in a heated argument with her husband in front of her child before realizing that she was repeating her parents ' mistake . It won in the category for Best Female Video at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards . `` Because of You '' was performed live at numerous venues , including the My December Tour ( 2007 ) as well as the All I Ever Wanted Tour ( 2009 ) . It was covered by several artists including Ronan Parke , who was a runner-up in the fifth series of Britain 's Got Talent , and added to the international soundtrack of Brazilian soap opera Belíssima . In 2007 , the song was recorded by Reba McEntire as a duet with Clarkson , which was released as a lead single for McEntire 's twenty-fourth studio album Reba : Duets . `` Piece by Piece '' , the title track from Clarkson 's seventh studio album , serves as the canonical sequel to `` Because of You '' .

neg: Dance/Electronic Digital Songs Dance/Electronic Digital Songs is a weekly chart that ranks the best-selling digital dance and electronic singles in the United States , according to Billboard . Although it originally started tracking singles the week of January 2 , 2010 , it did not become an official chart until the issue dated April 3 , 2010 .   The Dance/Electronic Digital Songs chart tracks the 50 most popular downloaded dance music singles , including tracks that are exclusively available online only . This chart also includes previously released dance and disco songs that became available for downloading , which means that songs like `` You Spin Me Round ( Like a Record ) '' by Dead or Alive are eligible to chart .   On January 17 , 2013 , Billboard added a new chart , Dance/Electronic Songs , which tracks the 50 most popular Dance and Electronic singles and tracks based on club play , single sales , radio airplay , digital downloads , and online streaming . As such , this chart serves as the main component for the Dance Club Songs , Dance/Mix Show Airplay , Dance Single Sales , and Dance/Electronic Digital Songs charts .   The chart 's first number one was `` Bad Romance '' by Lady Gaga in the January 23 , 2010 issue and Gaga 's songs spent so far ( as December , 2014 ) a total of 1025 weeks on the chart . The chart 's longest running number-one is `` Bulletproof '' by La Roux , reigning at the lead position for 18 consecutive weeks .

neg: When I Was Your Man `` When I Was Your Man '' is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Bruno Mars for his second studio album , Unorthodox Jukebox ( 2012 ) . Atlantic Records released the song as the third promotional single and as the second official single , taken from the album , to mainstream radio in the United States on January 15 , 2013 . `` When I Was Your Man '' was written by Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence , Ari Levine and Andrew Wyatt ; with Mars , Lawrence and Levine credited for composing the song as well .   The pop song is an emotional piano ballad with lyrics describing the heartbreak and regret Mars felt from letting his lover get away , and his expressed hope that her new man will give her all the love and attention that he failed to provide . It features Mars singing and a piano accompaniment as the sole instrumentation . `` When I Was Your Man '' received mostly positive reviews from music critics , who generally praised Mars ' vocal prowess ; calling it a `` vulnerable and emotional ballad '' . The song won `` Favorite Hit '' at the 2013 Premios Juventud and was nominated for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards . `` When I Was Your Man '' topped the US Billboard Hot 100 singles chart , and reached the top ten on the singles chart of Australia , Canada , Denmark , France , Ireland , Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , South Korea and the United Kingdom . It was certified quadruple-platinum in Australia and in the US ; while in Canada , it was certified six times platinum . `` When I Was Your Man '' was the worlds eighth best selling digital single of 2013 , with sales of 8.3 million copies ; joining an elite group of the best-selling singles worldwide .   Cameron Duddy and Mars directed the ballad 's accompanying music video . It portrays Mars as a `` lonely balladeer '' who sits at his piano donned in a pair of sunglasses while setting a half-full glass of whiskey atop it . Critics resoundingly complimented the simplicity of the video 's production . The song has been covered by artists , including Mike Ward , who released a studio version of the song after he performed it on The Voice UK . Ward 's cover peaked at number 60 in the UK Singles Chart . `` When I Was Your Man '' was also added to the soundtrack of the Brazilian soap opera Amor à Vida . Mars performed the song on the Moonshine Jungle Tour ( 2013 -- 14 ) and at the 24K Magic World Tour ( 2017-18 ) .

neg: The Only Way Out `` The Only Way Out '' is a 2014 song by British rock band Bush , released on 9 September 2014 , through Zuma Rock Records . Produced by Jay Baumgardner and recorded at NRG Recording Studios in North Hollywood , California , it is the lead single from their sixth album Man on the Run . According to songwriter Gavin Rossdale , the song is `` a good gateway into the record ... it gets a bit wider and probably a little darker . This is just the right way in . ''

neg: Never Gonna Let You Go (Sérgio Mendes song) `` Never Gon na Let You Go '' is a popular song from 1983 credited to Brazilian musician and bandleader Sérgio Mendes and sung by Joe Pizzulo and Leza Miller . Songwriters Cynthia Weil ( lyrics ) and Barry Mann ( music ) composed the song , which appears on Mendes ' 1983 self-titled album .   Weil and Mann originally submitted `` Never Gon na Let You Go '' to American funk band Earth , Wind & Fire , but they decided not to record the song . Dionne Warwick had previously recorded the song , which appears on her 1982 album Friends in Love . Stevie Woods had also recorded the song for his 1982 album The Woman in My Life .   Mendes , preparing for the release of his 1983 album , was quoted as saying , `` All the other songs on the album were up and festive . I needed a ballad on the album , just to change the pace a bit . '' Mendes ' version was a hit , matching the No. 4 peak of his previous best showing on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , `` The Look of Love '' , in 1968 . It spent four weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart and peaked at No. 28 on the Billboard R&B chart .  On the Radio & Records airplay chart the song debuted # 26 on the May 13 , 1983 issue ; after six weeks it reached and peaked at # 7 for one week ; the single stayed on the top 10 for three weeks and remained on the chart for twelve weeks .

neg: I Was Born This Way `` I Was Born This Way '' is a disco song by Valentino , released in 1975 , then by Carl Bean in 1977 ( both artists for Motown ) . It was written by Chris Spierer and Bunny Jones . The record was first released on the Motown-distributed Gaiee Records and performed by Valentino ( real name Charles Harris ) .  Frankie Crocker of WBLS Radio in New York first aired the song and it was an instant hit . The writers , Spierer and Jones , wanted to write a Gay anthem and make the plight on Gay issues known and bring it to the forefront .   The song 's lyrics are about a man who proclaims that he 's a homosexual and that he was `` born this way '' . It was one of the first gay disco songs written specifically for the Gay community , before the Village People wave .   It was also sampled in 1999 by Stuart Price , using the alias Pour Homme , as `` Born this Way '' . It was a tremendous hit in Europe .   In 2008 , Magnus Carlsson , Sweden 's popular gay male vocalist re-recorded 3 versions of `` I Was Born This Way '' in addition to Paul Oskar of Norway . Magnus Carlsson can be seen performing `` I Was Born This Way '' on YouTube as well as Marty Thomas of the Broadway hit show `` Wicked ''

neg: MTV Unplugged (Thirty Seconds to Mars EP) MTV Unplugged is an extended play ( EP ) and live album by American rock band Thirty Seconds to Mars , released in the United States on August 19 , 2011 by Virgin Records . It features an acoustic performance taped at Sony Music Studios in New York City on May 13 of that year for the television series MTV Unplugged . The show 's purpose is to present name artists , and feature them stripped of studio equipment . The performance was accompanied by musicians from the Vitamin String Quartet , a gospel choir and included the contribution of the band 's fans .   The extended play includes rearranged versions of three songs extracted from Thirty Seconds to Mars ' third studio album , This Is War ( 2009 ) , and a cover version of a song by U2 . Upon release , MTV Unplugged received universal acclaim from music critics , many of whom complimented the band 's musicianship and the album 's production . Commercially , it debuted at number 76 on the Billboard 200 and experienced moderate success in some international markets .

neg: Make Your Own Kind of Music (song) `` Make Your Own Kind of Music '' is a pop song written by Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil , first recorded in 1968 by the New York City-based trio the Will-O-Bees ( Janet Blossom , Steven Porter , and Robert Merchanthouse ) , who regularly performed Mann/Weil compositions . After Cass Elliot had a hit in the summer of 1969 with Mann/Weil 's `` It 's Getting Better '' , she recorded `` Make Your Own Kind of Music '' as the follow-up single , and her album Bubblegum , Lemonade , and ... Something for Mama was re-released as `` Make Your Own Kind Of Music/It 's Getting Better , '' the title cut having been added to the original track listing . However , Elliot 's `` Make Your Own Kind of Music '' single only just reached the Top 40 at # 36 . The similar chart impact of the follow-up single , another Mann/Weil composition entitled `` New World Coming , '' which reached # 42 , signaled Elliot 's challenges in maintaining a profile as a current hitmaker , as the 1960s turned into the 1970s . The Cass Elliot track is in the key of E major .

neg: Frances the Mute Frances the Mute is the second studio album by American progressive rock band The Mars Volta released in February 2005 on Gold Standard Laboratories and Universal . Produced by guitarist and songwriter Omar Rodriguez-Lopez , the album incorporates dub , ambient , Latin and jazz influences , and is the first to feature bassist Juan Alderete and percussionist Marcel Rodriguez-Lopez . The album also includes contributions from future saxophonist Adrián Terrazas-González , who joined the band during its subsequent tour .   Frances the Mute sold 123,000 copies in its opening week and has sold 465,000 copies as of September 2006 . The album made multiple `` Best of '' lists at the end of 2005 . In the Q & Mojo Classic Special Edition Pink Floyd & The Story of Prog Rock , the album came # 18 in its list of `` 40 Cosmic Rock Albums '' and the album was named as one of Classic Rock 's 10 essential progressive rock albums of the decade .

neg: Mr. V Mr. V ( born Victor Font , 1974 in Manhattan , New York ) is an American house and Latin music DJ , producer , and rapper . He is a regular collaborator of Louie Vega and is also the owner of SOLE Channel Music .   Mr. V started DJing at the age of 14 on the Lower East Side , but it would not be for many years that he would sign with the Vega Records label , & MAW Records , assisting Louie Vega .   In 2001 , he founded SOLE Channel , a weekly party with Alix Alvarez in New York City , In 2003 the pair would start a record label called Sole Channel Music releasing several tracks with their own Sound .  In 2013 the pair would part ways with the label and Alix Alvarez would pursue different endeavours while Mr. V would maintain the record label , In 2012 Mr. V would launch the first sister label to Sole Channel Music called Muzik 4 Tomorrow ( M4T ) .   His most famous tracks have been `` Da Bump '' , released in 2006 , and `` Put Your Drink Down '' , released in 2007 , both included in the album Welcome Home & is best known for his breakout hit with Fedde Le Grand Entitled `` Back N ' Forth '' amongst many other tracks & collaborations today .   Experiencing Mr. V 's DJ sets , original productions or remixes is like taking a trip back in time to dance music 's golden age . Before superstar DJs took over the spotlight , dance music was a cultural phenomenon that did what no other form of music could do -- bring people together . It did n't matter what race or sexual orientation you came from because dance music was all about embracing our differences and creating a homogeneous vibe . The music was built heavily on traditional song structures and lots of heart and soul . DJs played whatever it took to get the party going and the music was never predictable . It is with this classic spirit and enthusiasm that New York City 's Mr. V targets today 's dance music world .   Mr. V is a throwback in the purest sense .  Growing up in the 1980s the open-minded Mr. V was heavily influenced by House , Hip-Hop , Latin , Garage and Disco classics , Rhythm & Blues and Jazz . Mr. V was enamored by the role a DJ commanded over a crowd and was taken by the talents of his friend Lord G. , who had a weekly Thursday night party in New York City . Despite wanting to be a professional DJ , it was n't until he met the legendary Louie Vega that he found his calling . `` Louie used to have his party called `` Underground Network , '' and that 's where I discovered a deeper taste for house music . I always wanted to be a DJ , but Louie 's type of music -- that whole soulful sound -- is what I wanted to play , '' says Mr. V.   Louie Vega saw the drive and potential in Mr. V and hired the young Nuyorican DJ / producer as his assistant at the world famous Masters At Work label . In this position Mr. V was given a rare glimpse into the global dance scene and before long was taking to the decks alongside his mentor . Currently , Mr. V is one of the most recognizable names on the circuit . Stylistically , Mr. V has a wildly eclectic sound that brings spontaneity back to the art of DJing .   In addition to his busy DJ schedule -- Mr. V has displayed his turntable talents at many popular nightclubs across the globe -- he has also made a name for himself as a Producer , Remixer & Artist . Mr. V launched his own label Sole Channel Music ( Along with then partner Alix Alvarez ) as a way to release music with complete control and artistic freedom . To date , he has many singles , remixes & collaborations on many labels including his most famous track `` Jus Dance '' , `` Something ( Wit ' Jazz ) '' , `` Put Your Drink Down '' & more .   Mr. V has also released original productions , collaborations & remixes for other labels including Vega Records , Flamingo Records , Play It Down , Dessous Recordings , King Street Sounds , Large Music , Strictly Rhythm , Airplane Records , Defected Records and many more . Combining his multifaceted skills as a DJ / Artist / Producer / Remixer and with an ear towards dance music 's roots , Mr. V is a name to watch out for !

neg: I Should've Never Let You Go `` I Should 've Never Let You Go '' is a pop song by Australian female group Bardot , and was the second single from their debut album Bardot ( 2000 ) . It was co-written by Lotti Golden , Hinda Hicks and Tommy Faragher and produced by Tommy Faragher .   This mid-tempo , soulful song was dominated by Katie Underwood who provided most of the main vocals , with Sophie Monk 's high-pitched and off-key backing vocals providing harmonies throughout the track . Bardot did not perform the song after Underwood 's mid-2001 departure for this reason . The single debuted at number 15 on the ARIA Singles Chart , peaking one place higher at number 14 and was certified gold . It was the 96th highest selling single in Australia for 2000 . The single was a number 1 hit for Bardot in Singapore , but only spent three weeks in the New Zealand Top 40 , peaking at number 25 .   The B-side `` Do It for Love '' is a cover version of a 1992 single by Dannielle Gaha , written by Paul Gray ( ex-Wa Wa Nee ) and R. Feldman . It was also recorded in Chinese by Prudence Liew as `` Bei Ni Zong Huai '' in 1993 .   The music video is semi-animated . It features the group in a recording studio flying through space before transforming into animated superheroes whose mission must defeat a giant green monster . In the end , they succeed , and once their mission is complete , return to their real-life selves . Bardot 's then-manager Michael Napthali , makes a small cameo , rounding up the girls back into the recording studio before the end of the song .

neg: List of songs recorded by Thirty Seconds to Mars American rock band Thirty Seconds to Mars has recorded material for four studio albums . The band was formed in Los Angeles , California , in 1998 by brothers Jared and Shannon Leto . The duo later expanded to a four-piece when they added guitarist Solon Bixler and bassist Matt Wachter to the line-up . After signing a contract with record label Immortal Records in 1998 , the band began to work with producers Bob Ezrin and Brian Virtue on their debut album , 30 Seconds to Mars , which was released in August 2002 . The album produced two singles , `` Capricorn ( A Brand New Name ) '' and `` Edge of the Earth '' . In early 2003 , Bixler left the band due to issues primarily related to touring and was replaced by Tomo Miličević . Thirty Seconds to Mars released their second studio album , A Beautiful Lie , in August 2005 . The record , produced by Josh Abraham , was preceded by the single `` Attack '' and spawned two Kerrang ! Award-winning singles , `` The Kill '' and `` From Yesterday '' . The album 's title track , `` A Beautiful Lie '' , was released as the fourth single in selected territories . `` Hunter '' , a song originally performed by Björk , was covered by the band and added to the track listing of the album . In March 2007 , Wachter left the group to spend more time with his family and was replaced by Tim Kelleher , performing live only .   Thirty Seconds to Mars returned to the studio in August 2008 to begin work on their third album This Is War ( 2009 ) , with Flood and Steve Lillywhite producing . `` Kings and Queens '' , the album 's lead single , was written by Jared Leto across the United States and South Africa . `` This Is War '' became the band 's third number one single on the US Alternative Songs . `` Closer to the Edge '' was released as the album 's third single . Thirty Seconds to Mars collaborated with rapper Kanye West on the song `` Hurricane '' , which was released on the deluxe edition of This Is War and became the album 's fourth single in some territories . Drummer Shannon Leto wrote the instrumental track `` L490 '' and played every instrument on it , including all guitars and a singing bowl . This Is War moved away from the band 's typical sound to experiment with different musical genres ; a trend which became much more pronounced on the 2013 album Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams , produced by Jared Leto with previous collaborator Steve Lillywhite . The first single released from the album was `` Up in the Air '' , which was followed by `` Do or Die '' and `` City of Angels '' .

neg: Way of the World (Cheap Trick song) `` Way of the World '' is a single by American rock band Cheap Trick , released from their 1979 album Dream Police . The song was written by Rick Nielsen and Robin Zander and produced by Tom Werman . In February 1980 it was released as a 7 '' vinyl single in the UK only , backed by `` Oh , Candy , '' from the first Cheap Trick album , and peaked at # 73 . It attempted to capitalize on the success of the mid-1979 single `` I Want You to Want Me '' and the live album Cheap Trick at Budokan which both entered the top 30 .   In some countries `` Way of the World '' was released as the B-side to Cheap Trick 's 1980 single `` Everything Works if You Let It . ''   `` Way of the World '' was produced by American producer Tom Werman who produced the entire Dream Police album as well the band 's 1977 album In Color and the 1978 album Heaven Tonight .   No artwork was created for the single , with the 7 '' vinyl itself being packaged in an official Epic Records sleeve .

neg: Just a Little While `` Just a Little While '' is a song by American recording artist Janet Jackson , released as the lead single from her eighth studio album , Damita Jo ( 2004 ) . Written by Jackson and Dallas Austin , the song fuses pop with elements of rock , dance , and funk , and is a reflection of Jackson 's new-found happiness . The song leaked ahead of its scheduled release , causing Jackson 's record company to rush with a music video and promotion . It was released following Jackson 's controversial Super Bowl Halftime Show performance incident on February 2 , 2004 , as the lead single from Damita Jo .   `` Just a Little While '' received favorable reception from critics , who felt its elements of rock and dance-pop would ensure success . However , following the Super Bowl incident , Jackson 's singles and music videos were blacklisted on many radio formats and music channels worldwide , affecting the song 's performance . Although its success in the US was limited , peaking at number 45 on the Billboard Hot 100 , it peaked atop the Hot Dance Club Songs chart . Internationally , it was more successful , reaching the top ten in Belgium , Canada , and Spain and the top twenty in Australia and The United Kingdom . It peaked at number one in Japan for five weeks , and was the year 's second-biggest hit on Japan 's international airplay chart .   The song 's music video , directed by Dave Meyers , was released exclusively in international territories due to the controversy surrounding Jackson at the time . It portrays Jackson filming a DVD for her boyfriend in a futuristic apartment setting , displaying her multiple personae . An alternate live video , filmed in London , was included on Jackson 's From janet . to Damita Jo compilation . Jackson performed the song on television shows including Top of the Pops , Hey ! Hey ! Hey ! , and Festivalbar .

neg: Just for You (Neil Diamond album) Just for You is the second album by Neil Diamond . Like his debut , it has never been released on CD , though all but two of the tracks were made available on the Classics : The Early Years compilation . All tracks are also available on the compilation album The Bang Years 1966-1968 . At some point or another , every single track on it was released either as an A-side or a B-side of a single , with many of them becoming big hits : `` You Got to Me '' ( # 18 ) , `` Girl , You 'll Be a Woman Soon '' ( # 10 ) , `` Thank the Lord for the Night Time '' ( # 13 ) , `` Red Red Wine '' ( # 62 ) , and `` Shilo '' ( # 24 in 1970 ) . Curiously , the year-old hit `` Cherry Cherry '' ( from Diamond 's first LP ) also appears here , while the then-current hit `` Kentucky Woman '' ( # 22 ) does not . `` Solitary Man '' also re-appears in its 1966 version . This version would be re-released in 1970 and chart at # 21 . This was Diamond 's first album consisting entirely of original material , and his final album for the Bang label .

neg: Mark Ronson Mark Daniel Ronson ( born 4 September 1975 ) is an English musician , DJ , singer , songwriter and record producer . Although his debut album Here Comes the Fuzz failed to make an impact on the charts , his second album Version reached number two in the UK and included three top 10 singles . This earned him a Brit Award for Best British Male Solo Artist in 2008 . His third studio album , Record Collection , was released on 27 September 2010 , peaking at number two in the UK .   In 2014 , Ronson achieved his first UK and US number one single with `` Uptown Funk , '' which featured vocals from Bruno Mars . The song earned Ronson the 2015 Brit Award for British Single of the Year , and the 2016 Grammy Award for Record of the Year and Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance . His fourth studio album , Uptown Special , was released in January 2015 , and became his first UK number one album and also peaked at number 5 in the US .   Ronson produced `` Cold Shoulder '' on Adele 's first album , 19 . He received acclaim for producing Amy Winehouse 's album Back to Black , for which he won the Grammy Awards for Producer of the Year , Non-Classical , Best Pop Vocal Album and Record of the Year for the single `` Rehab '' . He has won Record of the Year twice , in 2008 as a producer and in 2016 as a performing artist . One of the most successful musicians in contemporary British popular culture , Ronson appeared on Debrett 's 2017 list of the most influential people in Britain .

neg: Christmas on Mars Christmas on Mars is a science fiction film from the alternative rock band The Flaming Lips , written and directed by the band 's frontman , Wayne Coyne , and featuring the entire band in the cast , as well as many of their associates , including Steve Burns , Adam Goldberg , and Fred Armisen .   The film began development in 2001 , filming was completed in October 2005 , and the film premiered on May 25 , 2008 at the Sasquatch ! Music Festival . For its general release in the United States , Christmas on Mars was booked into several dozen cities for unconventional screenings , in venues which included a former Ukrainian Socialist Social Club in New York City . The film was released in three different packages on November 11 , 2008 through conventional retailers as well as through the band 's website . A vinyl edition was released November 25 , 2008 .


query: Today, elephants are exploited for entertainment in circuses.

pos: Elephant Elephants are large mammals of the family Elephantidae and the order Proboscidea . Three species are recognised , the African bush elephant ( Loxodonta africana ) , the African forest elephant ( L. cyclotis ) , and the Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus ) . Elephants are scattered throughout sub-Saharan Africa , South Asia , and Southeast Asia . Elephantidae is the only surviving family of the order Proboscidea ; other , now extinct , members of the order include deinotheres , gomphotheres , mammoths , and mastodons . Male African elephants are the largest extant terrestrial animals and can reach a height of 4 m and weigh 7000 kg . All elephants have several distinctive features , the most notable of which is a long trunk or proboscis , used for many purposes , particularly breathing , lifting water , and grasping objects . Their incisors grow into tusks , which can serve as weapons and as tools for moving objects and digging . Elephants ' large ear flaps help to control their body temperature . Their pillar-like legs can carry their great weight . African elephants have larger ears and concave backs while Asian elephants have smaller ears and convex or level backs .   Elephants are herbivorous and can be found in different habitats including savannahs , forests , deserts , and marshes . They prefer to stay near water . They are considered to be keystone species due to their impact on their environments . Other animals tend to keep their distance from elephants while predators , such as lions , tigers , hyenas , and any wild dogs , usually target only young elephants ( or `` calves '' ) . Females ( `` cows '' ) tend to live in family groups , which can consist of one female with her calves or several related females with offspring . The groups are led by an individual known as the matriarch , often the oldest cow . Elephants have a fission -- fusion society in which multiple family groups come together to socialise . Males ( `` bulls '' ) leave their family groups when they reach puberty and may live alone or with other males . Adult bulls mostly interact with family groups when looking for a mate and enter a state of increased testosterone and aggression known as musth , which helps them gain dominance and reproductive success . Calves are the centre of attention in their family groups and rely on their mothers for as long as three years . Elephants can live up to 70 years in the wild . They communicate by touch , sight , smell , and sound ; elephants use infrasound , and seismic communication over long distances . Elephant intelligence has been compared with that of primates and cetaceans . They appear to have self-awareness and show empathy for dying or dead individuals of their kind .   African elephants are listed as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) while the Asian elephant is classed as endangered . One of the biggest threats to elephant populations is the ivory trade , as the animals are poached for their ivory tusks . Other threats to wild elephants include habitat destruction and conflicts with local people . Elephants are used as working animals in Asia . In the past , they were used in war ; today , they are often controversially put on display in zoos , or exploited for entertainment in circuses . Elephants are highly recognisable and have been featured in art , folklore , religion , literature , and popular culture .

neg: Illegal logging in Madagascar Illegal logging has been a problem in Madagascar for decades and is perpetuated by extreme poverty and government corruption . Often taking the form of selective logging , the trade has been driven by high international demand for expensive , fine-grained lumber such as rosewood and ebony . Historically , logging and exporting in Madagascar have been regulated by the Malagasy government , although the logging of rare hardwoods was explicitly banned from protected areas in 2000 . Since then , government orders and memos have intermittently alternated between permitting and banning exports of precious woods . The most commonly cited reason for permitting exports is to salvage valuable wood from cyclone damage , although this reasoning has come under heavy scrutiny . This oscillating availability of Malagasy rosewood and other precious woods has created a market of rising and falling prices , allowing traders or `` timber barons '' to stockpile illegally sourced logs during periodic bans and then flood the market when the trade windows open and prices are high .   The unsustainable exploitation of these tropical hardwoods , particularly rosewood from the SAVA Region , has escalated significantly since the start of the 2009 Malagasy political crisis . Thousands of poorly paid Malagasy loggers have flooded into the national parks -- especially in the northeast -- building roads , setting up logging camps , and cutting down even the most difficult to reach rosewood trees . Illegal activities are openly flaunted , armed militia have descended upon local villages , and a rosewood mafia easily bribe government officials , buying export permits with ease . These illegal operations are funded in part by advance payments for future shipments ( financed by Chinese expatriates and Chinese importers ) and by loans from large , international banks . Demand is fueled mostly by a growing Chinese middle class and their desire for exotic imperial-style furniture . European and American demand for high-end musical instruments and furniture have also played a role . However , public scrutiny has put significant pressure on shipping companies involved in the trade , and the United States is starting to enforce the Lacey Act by investigating companies with suspected involvement in the illegal trade of Malagasy precious woods .   Logging in Madagascar 's tropical rainforests has had many secondary effects , beyond the risk of depletion of rare , endemic trees . Habitat has been disturbed , illegal mining has begun , local people have turned in desperation to the forests for resources , and poaching of endangered wildlife has escalated . Lemurs , the most well-known faunal group from the island , have been captured for the exotic pet trade as well as killed for food . Even the most critically endangered species have been targeted , primarily to feed a growing demand for delicacy food in up-scale restaurants . The local villagers have also suffered as tourism has declined sharply or ceased almost entirely . Some have resorted to working as loggers for minimal pay , while others have spoken out against it , often receiving death threats from the rosewood mafia in return .

neg: Hollywood Animal Crusaders Hollywood Animal Crusaders is an American television documentary that captured live-action animal cruelty investigations by actor turned animal activist Chris DeRose and his organization , Last Chance for Animals . It premiered on the Animal Planet network on June 14 , 1999 .   The group faced pet theft , abuse of circus elephants , horses sold for slaughter , and companion animal neglect . Viewers saw the emotional reaction of the investigation team as they struggled through difficult situations . Hollywood Animal Crusaders was said to be `` the first mainstream television show dedicated to animals and their rights . ''

neg: Barely Legal (Banksy) '' ` Barely Legal '' was a show by graffiti artist Banksy , held in an industrial warehouse in Los Angeles , California in 2006 . The free show was held over the weekend of the 16th September 2006 .   Part of the exhibition was a 37-year old Indian elephant which was painted to match the wallpaper in the room it was placed . As the show was meant to address important issues such as poverty , which is ignored by most people , the animal refers to the metaphor of the elephant in the room .   While in Los Angeles the artist also targeted Disneyland in Anaheim , where he left a figure dressed up as a prisoner from the Guantanamo Bay detention camp behind on one of the rides . Meant to draw attention to the situation in the camp , where several months earlier three inmates had committed suicide , it was taken down after approximately 90 minutes . A video of the artist placing the figure in the theme park could also be seen at the exhibition .

neg: Stock horse A stock horse is a horse of a type that is well suited for working with livestock , particularly cattle . The related cow pony or cow horse is a historic phrase , still used colloquially today , referring to a particularly small agile cattle-herding horse ; the term dates to 1874 . The word `` pony '' in this context has little to do with the animal 's size . though the traditional cow pony could be as small as 700 to and less than high .   Such horses are characterized by agility , quickness , and powerful hindquarters . They are usually noted for intelligence and `` cow sense , '' having an instinctive understanding of how to respond to the movement of cattle so as to move livestock in a desired manner with minimal or no guidance from their rider . Such horses are used both as working animals on livestock ranches or stations , and are also seen in competition where horses are evaluated on their ability to work cattle .   The term may refer to any of the following :  A horse used for ranch work or for competition based on the movements of a working ranch horse , including :  campdrafting  cutting ( sport )  ranch sorting  reining  rodeo , particularly calf roping and team roping  team penning  working cow horse  An outdated term for reining or working cow horse competition .  Any breed used for ranch or cattle work in the United States , or work on cattle stations in Australia , including :  Australian Stock Horse  American Quarter Horse  American Paint Horse  Appaloosa  Banker horse  Carolina Marsh Tacky  Florida Cracker Horse  Any other breed of horse used for western riding , ranch work or for stock horse types of competition .  Any breed or type of light riding horse of a phenotype that includes a powerful build with heavily muscled hindquarters that appears suitable for work as a stock horse . This includes some representatives of a variety of breeds and crossbreeds . Among breeds with stock horse-type representatives include :  Arabian horse  Morab  Morgan horse  Mustang  Pony of the Americas  Quarab

neg: History of slavery The history of slavery spans many cultures , nationalities , and religions from ancient times to the present day . However the social , economic , and legal positions of slaves were vastly different in different systems of slavery in different times and places .   Slavery can be traced back to the earliest records , such as the Mesopotamian Code of Hammurabi ( c. 1860 BC ) , which refers to it as an established institution , and it was common among ancient peoples .   Slavery is rare among hunter-gatherer populations , because it is developed as a system of social stratification . Slavery was known in the very first civilizations such as Sumer in Mesopotamia which dates back as far as 3500 BC , as well as in almost every other civilization . The Byzantine -- Ottoman wars and the Ottoman wars in Europe resulted in the taking of large numbers of Christian slaves . Slavery became common within much of Europe during the Dark Ages and it continued into the Middle Ages . The Dutch , French , Spanish , Portuguese , British , Arabs and a number of West African kingdoms played a prominent role in the Atlantic slave trade , especially after 1600 . David P. Forsythe wrote : `` The fact remained that at the beginning of the nineteenth century an estimated three-quarters of all people alive were trapped in bondage against their will either in some form of slavery or serfdom . '' Denmark-Norway was the first European country to ban the slave trade in 1802 .   Although slavery is no longer legal anywhere in the world , human trafficking remains an international problem and an estimated 25-40 million people are enslaved today . During the 1983 -- 2005 Second Sudanese Civil War people were taken into slavery . Although Slavery in Mauritania was criminalized in August 2007 , in Mauritania it is estimated that up to 600,000 men , women and children , or 20 % of the population , are currently enslaved , many of them used as bonded labor . Evidence emerged in the late 1990s of systematic slavery on cacao plantations in West Africa ; see the chocolate and slavery article .

neg: Bovidae in Chinese mythology Bovidae in Chinese mythology include various myths and legends about a group of biologically-distinct animals which form important motifs within Chinese mythology . There are many myths about the animals modernly classified as Bovidae , referring to oxen , sheep , goats , and mythological types such as `` unicorns '' ( though perhaps not Bovidae , in the strict scientific sense ) . Chinese mythology refers to those myths found in the historical geographic area of China , a geographic area which has evolved or changed somewhat through history . Thus this includes myths in Chinese and other languages , as transmitted by Han Chinese as well as other ethnic groups ( of which fifty-six are officially recognized by the current administration of China , according to Lihui Yang , 2005:4 ) . There are various motifs of animals of the Bovidae biological family in Chinese mythology . These have often served as allusions in poetry and other literature . Some species are also used in the traditional Chinese calendar and time-keeping system .

neg: Horse slaughter Horse slaughter is the practice of slaughtering horses to produce meat for consumption .   Human beings have consumed horse meat since the earliest days of human history : the oldest known cave art , the thirty-thousand-year-old paintings in the Chauvet Cave of modern France , show horses prominently alongside other wild animals hunted by humans . The later domestication of the horse is widely held to have been initiated for the purposes of raising horses for slaughter for human consumption .   In modern times , horse slaughter has become controversial in some parts of the world , based on a various of concerns : e.g. whether horses are or can be managed humanely in industrial-style slaughter ; whether horses not purpose-raised for consumption are likely to yield safe meat ; whether it is appropriate to consume a creature that has become a companion animal .

neg: Ox An ox ( plural oxen ) , also known as a bullock in Australia and India , is a bovine trained as a draft animal . Oxen are commonly castrated adult male cattle ; castration makes the animals easier to control . Cows ( adult females ) or bulls ( intact males ) may also be used in some areas .   Oxen are used for plowing , for transport ( pulling carts , hauling wagons and even riding ) , for threshing grain by trampling , and for powering machines that grind grain or supply irrigation among other purposes . Oxen may be also used to skid logs in forests , particularly in low-impact , select-cut logging .   Oxen are usually yoked in pairs . Light work such as carting household items on good roads might require just one pair , while for heavier work , further pairs would be added as necessary . A team used for a heavy load over difficult ground might exceed nine or ten pairs .

neg: Asian South Africans The majority of Asian South Africans are of Indian origin , most of whom are descended from indentured workers transported to work in the 19th century on the sugar plantations of the eastern coastal area , then known as Natal . They are largely English speaking , although many also retain the languages of their ancestors . There is also a significant group of Chinese South Africans ( approximately 300,000 individuals ) , of whom the great majority are recent immigrants of the last two decades .   In total the 1.2 million Asians in South Africa represent about two percent of the nation 's population . Most are of Indian or South Asian origin , although there is also a rapidly increasing number of people of Chinese , who were sometimes classified as Coloured ( mixed race ) , `` Other '' , or at least partially as `` White '' under Apartheid ) . Traditionally , the group does not include the `` Cape Malays '' , who were descended ( at least in part ) from South East Asians , who were classified as `` Coloured '' under apartheid .   The term Indian is far more commonly used than Asian in South Africa , although examples of both usages can be found .

neg: Theatre of Cruelty (Discworld) `` Theatre of Cruelty '' is a short Discworld story by Terry Pratchett written in 1993 . The name derives from a concept of Antonin Artaud ( Theatre of Cruelty ) .   It was originally written for W. H. Smith Bookcase magazine and was then slightly modified and extended , being published again in the programme of the OryCon 15 convention , and then again in The Wizards of Odd , a compilation of fantasy short stories .   It has since been made available on the Internet along with dozens of translations by fans , with Pratchett having stated , `` I do n't want to see it distributed in print anywhere but do n't mind people downloading it for their own enjoyment . ''   The story involves both the Ankh-Morpork City Watch and a parallel of Punch and Judy .   A murder has been committed : a street entertainer , found apparently battered to death with a very small blunt object , on him bite marks from a very small crocodile . Investigating the incident in his typically direct manner , Carrot Ironfoundersson discovers the death was an accident , the man having choked on a swazzle . It emerges that the entertainer had invented a parallel , live-action version of Punch and Judy , using -- and abusing -- a troupe of gnomes as the live cast . Carrot asserts that such brutal theatre could never find favour in Ankh-Morpork : `` That 's not the way to do it '' .

neg: Aggregation (ethology) In ethology , an aggregation is any form of gathering of organisms and the process of coming together . In some forms groups of unrelated species might form , in which interaction between members of the aggregation might be minimal ; for example herds of grazing zebra and antelopes might combine , both the better to observe the approach of predators , and to improve the odds of escape in the event of attack by predators . Sometimes there might be some interaction , such as mixed flocks of birds that observe each other 's foraging behaviour in searching for food . Sometimes there might be quite orderly common action , such as the queuing up for a resource ; for example different species of fishes may aggregate around a cleaning station where cleaner wrasse and cleaner shrimp are active , more or less taking turns for attention . Such aggregations , where there is no particular association of species or sizes , may be referred to loosely as unstructured aggregations . Commonly they are very temporary and may be loose , with flocks or herds associating casually and separating equally casually within hours .   Structured aggregations tend to be longer-term and of a specific life-cycle function and context . Typically , though not necessarily , they will be of a single species . Often they will be of a single age and possibly of a single sex , such as shoals of fish fry that have specific ecological requirements that are not compatible with those of the mature species . One class of such aggregations comprises groups of adult , but immature `` bachelor '' males of elephants , seals , lions and other animals in which the mature herd will not tolerate males that would begin to compete with the dominant males . Another is when aposematic larvae of certain insects such as some Lepidoptera and Hemiptera form a flock that feed together and may migrate in `` processions '' until they are mature after which some kinds disperse . Most species of migrating birds and mammals flock on a large scale , partly for protection and partly for greater reliability of navigation . In some species of Hemiptera the adults remain with their aggregated immature offspring , sometimes in protective roles .   The range of functions is very wide in detail , but among the more important classes of function are security against predators , success in food location , wide range of mate choice , with concomitant increase of outbreeding opportunities , location with other members of the same species ( sometimes adherence to separate communities can almost amount to parapatric residence when say , different communities of rats or chimpanzees have violent mutual antipathy ) . There also are various forms of educational function , such as in some species where the young must learn the correct mate recognition skills , and in highly intelligent species such as crows and elephants , must learn the necessary social skills and the necessary traditional foraging techniques in their region .   Aggregation activities are not restricted to the animal kingdom ; for one example , a fundamental class of aggregations occurs in the various groups of slime molds , in which separate cells actually aggregate in the process of constructing their reproductive structure .   Category : Ethology

neg: Entertainment Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention and interest of an audience , or gives pleasure and delight . It can be an idea or a task , but is more likely to be one of the activities or events that have developed over thousands of years specifically for the purpose of keeping an audience 's attention . Although people 's attention is held by different things , because individuals have different preferences in entertainment , most forms are recognisable and familiar . Storytelling , music , drama , dance , and different kinds of performance exist in all cultures , were supported in royal courts , developed into sophisticated forms and over time became available to all citizens . The process has been accelerated in modern times by an entertainment industry that records and sells entertainment products . Entertainment evolves and can be adapted to suit any scale , ranging from an individual who chooses a private entertainment from a now enormous array of pre-recorded products ; to a banquet adapted for two ; to any size or type of party , with appropriate music and dance ; to performances intended for thousands ; and even for a global audience .   The experience of being entertained has come to be strongly associated with amusement , so that one common understanding of the idea is fun and laughter , although many entertainments have a serious purpose . This may be the case in the various forms of ceremony , celebration , religious festival , or satire for example . Hence , there is the possibility that what appears as entertainment may also be a means of achieving insight or intellectual growth .   An important aspect of entertainment is the audience , which turns a private recreation or leisure activity into entertainment . The audience may have a passive role , as in the case of persons watching a play , opera , television show , or film ; or the audience role may be active , as in the case of games , where the participant/audience roles may be routinely reversed . Entertainment can be public or private , involving formal , scripted performance , as in the case of theatre or concerts ; or unscripted and spontaneous , as in the case of children 's games . Most forms of entertainment have persisted over many centuries , evolving due to changes in culture , technology , and fashion . Films and video games , for example , although they use newer media , continue to tell stories , present drama , and play music . Festivals devoted to music , film , or dance allow audiences to be entertained over a number of consecutive days .   Some activities that were once considered entertaining , particularly public punishments , have been removed from the public arena . Others , such as fencing or archery , once necessary skills for some , have become serious sports and even professions for the participants , at the same time developing into entertainment with wider appeal for bigger audiences . In the same way , other necessary skills , such as cooking , have developed into performances among professionals , staged as global competitions and then broadcast for entertainment . What entertainment is for one group or individual may be regarded as work by another .   The familiar forms of entertainment have the capacity to cross over different media and have demonstrated a seemingly unlimited potential for creative remix . This has ensured the continuity and longevity of many themes , images , and structures .

neg: Cattle count In Ancient Egypt , the cattle count was one of the two main means of evaluating the amount of taxes to be levied , the other one being the height of the annual inundation . A very important economic event , the cattle count was controlled by high officials , and was connected to several cultic feasts . In addition it served as a means of dating other events , with the entire year when it occurred being called `` year of the Xth cattle count under the person of the king Y '' . The frequency of cattle counts varied through the history of Ancient Egypt ; in the Old Kingdom it was most likely biennial , i.e. occurring every two years , and became more frequent subsequently .

neg: Eunuchs in popular culture Eunuchs have appeared many times in popular culture .   The Eunuch , a comedy by Roman playwright Terence .  In The Country Wife , the main character , Mr. Horner , pretends to be a man turned eunuch by impotence caused by syphilis in order to gain access to the bedrooms of married women .  Being proud of not being a eunuch is the subject of the song `` At Least You 're Not a Eunuch '' in the play Life and Death in Jaffna ( The Musical ! ) '' by Edward Cress  Eunuchs appear often as villains in Hong Kong kung fu and wuxia films set in ancient China . For example , the films `` Dragon Inn ( Xin long men ke zhan ) '' , `` Butterfly and Sword ( Xin liu xing hu die jian ) '' , and `` A Touch of Zen ( Hsia nu ) '' all feature a eunuch or a group of eunuchs as the main villain . A popular eunuch villain used in ancient China stories is Eunuch Wei , who is based on a historical figure named Wei Zhongxian . Eunuch villains are usually in charge of powerful political posts , such as being the leader of the East Chamber .  The Queen Salmissra , in David Eddings ' The Belgariad and The Malloreon , is only allowed to be served by eunuchs . Her Chief Eunuch Sadi becomes a principal character in The Malloreon , and is referred to in `` The Prophecy '' as `` The Man who is no Man . ''  The character and narrator Taita in Wilbur Smith 's `` Egyptian '' ( 1991 - ) series of novels is a eunuch ( performed as a punishment while a slave ) .  Bagoas was the eunuch favorite of Alexander the Great ( referenced above ) . Bagoas is the main character and narrator of The Persian Boy , a 1972 historical novel by Mary Renault .  Punk rock band the Descendents wrote a song about a eunuch called `` Eunuch Boy '' , which was on their 1996 comeback album Everything Sucks .  Eunuchs feature prominently in Montesquieu 's 1722 novel Lettres persanes , supposedly about Persian visitors to eighteenth-century France .  Varys , a character in George R. R. Martin 's series A Song of Ice and Fire , later made into the HBO series Game of Thrones , is a eunuch by castration .  A historical mystery series written by Mary Reed and Eric Mayer , beginning in 1999 , details investigations carried out by John , the eunuch Lord Chamberlain to Emperor Justinian I , in and around the sixth-century imperial court in Constantinople .  In the 2006 film One Night With the King , Hadassah 's ( Esther 's ) would-be boyfriend , Jesse , is captured by the Persian empire and castrated .  The 2002 historical science fiction novel The Years of Rice and Salt features many eunuchs in its opening section , including the character Kyu and the historical Chinese admiral Zheng He .  Three best-selling novels by Jason Goodwin , The Janissary Tree , The Snake Stone and The Bellini Card , chronicle the investigations of Yashim Togalu , a Turkish eunuch detective to the Sultan 's royal court , in the Ottoman Empire of the 1830s .  The historical novel Memoirs of a Byzantine Eunuch , by Christopher Harris ( 2002 Dedalus Books , ISBN 1-903517-03-6 )  The Japanese novel ( and later anime series ) Ai no Kusabi has within their caste system `` Furniture '' , or eunuchs who act as servants to the highest social class . The character Katze was once Furniture , but now works on the black market .  In the Japanese anime Code Geass : Lelouch of the Rebellion ( R2 ) the de facto rulers of the communist Chinese Federation are a group of eight eunuchs called `` High Eunuchs . ''  The character Naboo the Enigma from the British comedy act and television series The Mighty Boosh is a eunuch .  For the greater part of Iain Banks 's 1984 novel The Wasp Factory , the 16-year-old narrator Frank Cauldhame claims to be a eunuch , the result of being savaged by a dog when he was an infant . At the novels climax , Frank discovers that she was in fact born female .  In the TV show Major Dad , a eunuch was in charge of the Security wives of Emir of Katodd .  One of the characters that Voltaire 's Candide meets on his adventures is a eunuch .  The Vampire Eli in John Ajvide Lindqvist 's novel Let The Right One In is a eunuch . However , this detail is not made abundantly clear in the book 's 2008 Film adaptation of the same title .  The Yellow Bastard of the Sin City franchise .  In the Red Dwarf episode `` Quarantine '' , Rimmer is said to have been Alexander the Great 's chief eunuch in a past life .  In the manga `` Red River ( manga ) '' one of the main villains , Urhi , is a eunuch .  The eunuch Manan is a major character in The Tombs of Atuan , the second book from Ursula K. Le Guin 's Earthsea series . The story largely takes place in a large convent where no men are allowed , so a number of other eunuchs are mentioned .  In Robert E. Howard 's short story The Scarlet Citadel , the main antagonist has a eunuch prison guard named Shukeli . It is stated that in him , normal human passions have been replaced by extreme sadism .  In William Shakespeare 's play `` Twelfth Night '' , Viola initially decides to disguise herself as a eunuch named Cesario in order to serve Duke Orsino .  In the 2015 video game The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt , the loyal servant and bookie of head Redanian Intelligence Sigismund Dijkstra is a eunuch , called Happen the Eunuch . He takes care of the Bathhouse in Novigrad , which is open to both sexes .   Category : Topics in popular culture

neg: Theatrical jousting Coined in the late 20th century by American stunt performer Kent Shelton , the term theatrical jousting refers to a form of live entertainment in which a medieval jousting tournament is recreated in conjunction with a scripted performance .  Alternative terms are `` jousting reenactment '' or `` choreographed jousting '' .   The Hanlon-Lees Action Theater is credited with developing the theatrical joust format in 1979 ; its first appearance was at the New York Renaissance Faire in Tuxedo , New York .  This type of performance has become very popular at various renaissance fairs by the early 2000s .   Typically a three-act affair , the theatrical joust consists of  a display of skill ;  a mock battle which results in a verbal challenge ;  an armed joust on horseback , often `` to the death . ''   A variety of colorful characters , either villainous or heroic , give the audience ( which is usually divided into sectors based upon the number of `` knights '' ) a particular person to root for or against .   As the show must be repeated on a daily or weekly basis , all fights are carefully choreographed and rehearsed .  Horses must be trained to withstand such peculiarities as the clatter of steel weaponry , the occurrence of a rider being knocked from the saddle , and the roar of large crowds . Special makeup and/or property effects are often incorporated into the performance to provide the illusion of violent death or shattering equipment .

neg: Puppet A puppet is an object , often resembling a human , animal or mythical figure , that is animated or manipulated by a person called a puppeteer . The puppeteer uses movements of their hands , arms , or control devices such as rods or strings to move the body , head , limbs , and in some cases the mouth and eyes of the puppet . The puppeteer often speaks in the voice of the character of the puppet , and then synchronizes the movements of the puppet 's mouth with this spoken part . The actions , gestures and spoken parts acted out by the puppeteer with the puppet are typically used in storytelling . Puppetry is a very ancient form of theatre which dates back to the 5th century BC in Ancient Greece . There are many different varieties of puppets , and they are made from a wide range of materials , depending on their form and intended use . They range from very simple in construction and operation to very complex .   Two simple types of puppets are the finger puppet , which is a tiny puppet that fits onto a single finger , and the sock puppet , which is formed and operated by inserting one 's hand inside a sock , with the opening and closing of the hand simulating the movement of the puppet 's `` mouth . '' The sock puppet is a type of hand puppet , which is controlled using one hand that occupies the interior of the puppet and moves the puppet around . A `` live-hand puppet '' is similar to a hand puppet but is larger and requires two puppeteers for each puppet . A Marionette is a much more complicated type of puppet that is suspended and controlled by a number of strings connected to the head , back and limbs , plus sometimes a central rod attached to a control bar held from above by the puppeteer .   A rod puppet is constructed around a central rod secured to the head . A shadow puppet is a cut-out figure held between a source of light and a translucent screen . Bunraku puppets are a type of Japanese wood-carved puppet . A ventriloquist 's dummy is a human-shaped puppet operated by a ventriloquist performer 's hand ; the performer produces the puppets voice with little or no movement of her mouth , which creates the illusion that the puppet is alive . Carnival puppets are large puppets , typically bigger than a human , designed to be part of a large spectacle or parade .

neg: Elephant goad The elephant goad , bullhook , or ankus ( from Sanskrit or ankusha ) is a tool employed in the handling and training of elephants . It consists of a hook ( usually bronze or steel ) which is attached to a 60 - handle , ending in a tapered end . The bullhook is associated with the abuse of elephants , when it has been used to injure or beat elephants . California ( USA ) has banned the use of bullhooks .   A relief at Sanchi and a fresco at the Ajanta Caves depict a three-person crew on the war elephant , the driver with an elephant goad , what appears to be a noble warrior behind the driver and another attendant on the posterior of the elephant . </blockquote>   Nossov and Dennis ( 2008 p 19 ) report that two perfectly preserved elephant goads were recovered from an archaeological site at Taxila and are dated from 3rd century BCE to the 1st century CE according to Marshall . The larger of the two is 65 cm long . </blockquote>   Nossov and Dennis ( 2008 : p. 16 ) state :  An ankusha , a sharpened goad with a pointed hook , was the main tool for managing an elephant . The ankusha first appeared in India in the 6th-5th century BC and has been used ever since , not only there , but wherever elephants served man .

neg: Musth Musth or must -LSB- ˈmʌsth -RSB- is a periodic condition in bull ( male ) elephants , characterized by highly aggressive behavior and accompanied by a large rise in reproductive hormones . Testosterone levels in an elephant in musth can be as much as 60 times greater than in the same elephant at other times . However , whether this hormonal surge is the sole cause of musth , or merely a contributing factor , is unknown . Scientific investigation of musth is problematic because even the most placid elephants become highly violent toward humans and other elephants during musth .

neg: Wildlife smuggling Wildlife smuggling or trafficking involves the illegal gathering , transportation , and distribution of animals and their derivatives . This can be done either internationally or domestically . Estimates of the money generated by wildlife smuggling vary , in part because of its illegal nature . Wildlife smuggling is estimated at $ 7.8 bn to $ 10bn a year , but the illegal nature of such activities make determining the amount of money involved incredibly difficult . When considered with illegal timber and fisheries , wildlife trafficking is a major illegal trade along with narcotics , human trafficking , and counterfeit products .   Products demanded by the trade include exotic pets , food , traditional medicine , clothing , and jewellery made from animals ' tusks , fins , skins , shells , horns , and internal organs . Smuggled wildlife is an increasing global demand ; it is estimated that the US , China , and the European Union are the places with the highest demand .

neg: Pack hunter A pack hunter or social predator is a predator belonging to the animal kingdom which has evolved to hunt its prey by working together with other members of its species . Normally animals hunting in this way are closely related , and with the exceptions of humans and chimpanzees where only males normally hunt , all individuals in a family group will contribute to hunting . The most commonly known pack hunter is the gray wolf , the closest wild relative of all breeds of domesticated dog . Humans and their closest-living relatives chimpanzees are also pack hunters . Other pack hunting mammals include dolphins , lions , dwarf and banded mongooses and spotted hyenas . A number of avian social predators exist , including the Harris 's hawk , butcherbirds , three of four kookaburra species and many helmetshrikes . There are a few cold-blooded pack hunters including simple arthropods such as army ants , the yellow saddle goatfish and occasionally crocodiles .   There is a possibility that some non-avian theropod dinosaurs displayed pack behavior as well .   A social animal that always hunts , singly such as the domestic cat , is not a pack hunter .   Pack hunting is typically associated with cooperative breeding and its concentration in the Afrotropical Region is a reflection of this . Most pack hunters are found in the southern African savannas , with a notable absence in tropical rainforests and with the exception of the wolf and coyote , higher latitudes . It is thought that either on the ancient and poor soils of the southern African savanna it is not possible for individual predators to find adequate food , or that the environment 's inherent unpredictability due to ENSO or IOD events means that in very bad conditions it will not be possible to raise the young necessary to prevent declining populations from adult mortality . It is also argued that Africa 's very large area of continuous flat and open country , which was even more extensive while rainforest contracted during glacial periods of the Quaternary , may have helped encourage pack hunting to become much more common than on any other continent .   A shared pack hunting history is thought to be the main conduit through which humans have been able to form a mutual relationship with dogs ( that is , domestication ) , as both species are highly social and inter-dependent . Humans easily take over the dominance hierarchy of dogs as subordinates instinctively follow the `` alpha '' individual and dogs are accustomed to living very close together   When wolves hunt a Moose or Elk , it sometimes takes to deep water to avoid the pack . A wolf response to this behavior is that the pack rests with one or two wolves annoying the prey until it gets fatigued .