query: The French Revolution happened after the American Revolutionary War.

pos: French Revolution The French Revolution ( Révolution française -LSB- ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz -RSB- ) was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799 , and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire . The Revolution overthrew the monarchy , established a republic , experienced violent periods of political turmoil , and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond . Inspired by liberal and radical ideas , the Revolution profoundly altered the course of modern history , triggering the global decline of absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics and liberal democracies . Through the Revolutionary Wars , it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the Middle East . Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history .   The causes of the French Revolution are complex and are still debated among historians . Following the Seven Years ' War and the American Revolutionary War , the French government was deeply in debt and attempted to restore its financial status through unpopular taxation schemes . Years of bad harvests leading up to the Revolution also inflamed popular resentment of the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and the aristocracy . Demands for change were formulated in terms of Enlightenment ideals and contributed to the convocation of the Estates-General in May 1789 . The first year of the Revolution saw members of the Third Estate taking control , the assault on the Bastille in July , the passage of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in August , and a women 's march on Versailles that forced the royal court back to Paris in October . A central event of the first stage , in August 1789 , was the abolition of feudalism and the old rules and privileges left over from the Ancien Régime . The next few years featured political struggles between various liberal assemblies and right-wing supporters of the monarchy intent on thwarting major reforms . The Republic was proclaimed in September 1792 after the French victory at Valmy . In a momentous event that led to international condemnation , Louis XVI was executed in January 1793 .   External threats closely shaped the course of the Revolution . The Revolutionary Wars beginning in 1792 ultimately featured French victories that facilitated the conquest of the Italian Peninsula , the Low Countries and most territories west of the Rhine -- achievements that had eluded previous French governments for centuries . Internally , popular agitation radicalised the Revolution significantly , culminating in the rise of Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins . The dictatorship imposed by the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror , from 1793 until 1794 , established price controls on food and other items , abolished slavery in French colonies abroad , dechristianised society through the creation of a new calendar and the expulsion of religious figures , and secured the borders of the new republic from its enemies . Large numbers of civilians were executed by revolutionary tribunals during the Terror , with estimates ranging from 16,000 to 40,000 . After the Thermidorian Reaction , an executive council known as the Directory assumed control of the French state in 1795 . The rule of the Directory was characterised by suspended elections , debt repudiations , financial instability , persecutions against the Catholic clergy , and significant military conquests abroad . Dogged by charges of corruption , the Directory collapsed in a coup led by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799 . Napoleon , who became the hero of the Revolution through his popular military campaigns , went on to establish the Consulate and later the First Empire , setting the stage for a wider array of global conflicts in the Napoleonic Wars .   The modern era has unfolded in the shadow of the French Revolution . Almost all future revolutionary movements looked back to the Revolution as their predecessor . Its central phrases and cultural symbols , such as La Marseillaise and Liberté , égalité , fraternité , became the clarion call for other major upheavals in modern history , including the Russian Revolution over a century later .   The values and institutions of the Revolution dominate French politics to this day . The Revolution resulted in the suppression of the feudal system , the emancipation of the individual , the greater division of landed property , the abolition of the privileges of noble birth and the establishment of equality . The French Revolution differed from other revolutions in being not merely national , for it aimed at benefiting all humanity .   Globally , the Revolution accelerated the rise of republics and democracies . It became the focal point for the development of all modern political ideologies , leading to the spread of liberalism , radicalism , nationalism , socialism , feminism , and secularism , among many others . The Revolution also witnessed the birth of total war by organising the resources of France and the lives of its citizens towards the objective of military conquest . Some of its central documents , like the Declaration of the Rights of Man , expanded the arena of human rights to include women and slaves , leading to movements for abolitionism and universal suffrage in the next century .

pos: Causes of the French Revolution The causes of the French revolution can be attributed to several intertwining factors :  Cultural : The Enlightenment philosophy desacralized the authority of the monarchy and the Catholic Church , and promoted a new society based on reason instead of traditions .  Social : The emergence of an influential bourgeoisie which was formally part of the Third Estate ( commoners ) but had evolved into a caste with its own agenda and aspired to political equality with the clergy ( First Estate ) and the aristocracy ( Second Estate ) .  Financial : France 's debt , aggravated by French involvement in the American Revolution , led Louis XVI to implement new taxations and to reduce privileges .  Political : Louis XVI faced virulent opposition from provincial parlements which were the spearheads of the privileged classes ' resistance to royal reforms .  Economic : The deregulation of the grain market , advocated by liberal economists , resulted in an increase in bread prices . In periods of bad harvests , it would lead to food scarcity which would prompt the masses to revolt .   All these factors created a revolutionary atmosphere and a tricky situation for Louis XVI . In order to resolve the crisis , the king summoned the Estates-General in May 1789 and , as it came to an impasse , the representatives of the Third Estates formed a National Assembly , against the wishes of the king , signaling the outbreak of the French Revolution .

neg: List of place names of French origin in the United States Several thousand place names in the United States have names of French origin , some a legacy of past French exploration and rule over much of the land and some in honor of French help during the American Revolution and the founding of the country ( see also : New France and French in the United States ) . Others were named after early Americans of French , especially Huguenot , ancestry ( Marion , Revere , Fremont , Lanier , Sevier , Macon , Decatur , etc. ) . Some places received their names as a consequence of French colonial settlement ( e.g. Baton Rouge , Detroit , New Orleans , Saint Louis ) . Nine state capitals are French words or of French origin ( Baton Rouge , Boise , Des Moines , Juneau , Montgomery , Montpelier , Pierre , Richmond , Saint Paul ) - not even counting Little Rock ( originally `` La Petite Roche '' ) or Cheyenne ( a French rendering of a Lakota word ) , compared to only two that are Spanish ( Sacramento and Santa Fe ) . Fifteen state names are either French words / origin ( Delaware , New Jersey , Louisiana , Maine , Oregon , Vermont ) or Native American words rendered by French speakers ( Arkansas , Illinois , Iowa , Kansas , Michigan , Mississippi , Mississippi , Ohio , Wisconsin ) , versus nine state names that are Spanish or Spanish rendered ( Montana , California , Colorado , Florida , Montana , Nevada , New Mexico , Texas , Utah ) .   The suffix '' - ville , '' from the French word for `` city '' is common for town and city names throughout the United States . Many originally French place names , possibly hundreds , in the Midwest and Upper West were replaced with directly translated English names once American settlers became locally dominant ( e.g. `` La Petite Roche '' became Little Rock ; `` Baie Verte '' became Green Bay ; `` Grandes Fourches '' became Grand Forks ) . In contrast , Spanish place names in the Southwest were generally not replaced by English names .

neg: Frankfurt proposals The Frankfurt proposals or Frankfurt memorandum was a Coalition peace initiative designed by Austrian minister Metternich . It was offered to French Emperor Napoleon I in November 1813 after he had suffered a decisive military defeat at the Battle of Leipzig . The goal was a peaceful end to the War of the Sixth Coalition . The Allies had reconquered most of Germany up to the Rhine , but they had not decided on the next step . Metternich took the initiative . The Allies , meeting in Frankfurt , drafted the proposals under Metternich 's close supervision . The British diplomat in attendance , Lord Aberdeen , misunderstood London 's position and accepted the moderate terms .   The proposal was that Napoleon would remain as Emperor of France , but France would be reduced to its `` natural frontiers . '' The natural frontiers in this case were the Pyrenees mountains , the Alps mountains , and the Rhine River . France would retain control of Belgium , Savoy and the Rhineland ( the west bank of the Rhine River ) , while giving up control of all the rest , including all of Spain , Poland and the Netherlands , and most of Italy and Germany .   Metternich and Napoleon , meeting privately at Dresden in June had already discussed the terms . The final version was relayed to Napoleon by the Baron de Saint-Aignon in November .  Metternich told Napoleon these were the best terms the Allies were likely to offer ; after further victories , the terms would become harsher and harsher . Metternich 's motivation was to maintain France as a balance against Russian threats , while ending the highly destabilizing series of wars .   Napoleon , expecting to win the war , delayed too long and lost this opportunity . By December Austria had signed treaties with the Allies , and London rejected the terms because they might allow Belgium to become a base for the invasion of England . The offer was withdrawn . When the Allies invaded France in late 1813 Napoleon was heavily outnumbered ; he tried to reopen peace negotiations on the basis of accepting the Frankfurt proposals . The Allies now had new , harsher terms that included the retreat of France to its 1791 boundaries , which meant the loss of Belgium . Napoleon adamantly refused . He was finally forced to abdicate and lost his throne .

neg: French legislative election, 2002 The French legislative elections took place on 9 June and 16 June 2002 to elect the 12th National Assembly of the Fifth Republic , in a context of political crisis .   The Socialist Prime Minister Lionel Jospin announced his political retirement after his elimination at the first round of the 2002 French presidential election . President Jacques Chirac was easily reelected , all the Republican parties having called to block far-right leader Jean-Marie Le Pen . Chirac 's conservative supporters created the Union for the Presidential Majority ( Union pour la majorité présidentielle or UMP ) to prepare for the legislative elections .   The first round of the presidential election was a shock for the two main coalitions . The candidates of the parliamentary right obtained 32 % of votes , and the candidates of the `` Plural Left '' only 27 % . In the first polls , for the legislative elections , they were equal .   The UMP campaigned against `` cohabitation '' , which is blamed for causing confusion profitable to the far-right and far-left . Jean-Pierre Raffarin , a relatively low-profile politician who said he would listen to `` France at the bottom '' , was chosen as the party 's candidate for Prime Minister .   Without a real leader , and staggered by the results of 21 April , the left was in difficulty . The Socialist chairman François Hollande tried to revive the `` Plural Left '' under the name of `` United Left '' ; but the effort was undermined by the fact that it did n't have a real programme . Furthermore , the left-wing parties could not motivate their voters against an unrecognized and apparently uncontroversial politician like Jean-Pierre Raffarin . In addition part of the left-wing electorate did not want a new `` cohabitation '' . Finally , the polls indicated a growing advantage for the Presidential Majority .   The right won the elections and the UMP obtained a large parliamentary majority of 394 seats . For the third time under the Fifth Republic , a party acquired an absolute majority ( the `` blue surge '' ) . Five months later , it became the Union for a Popular Movement .   On the left , the Socialist Party achieved a better result than at the winning 1997 elections , but its allies were crushed . The far-left returned towards its usual level . In far-right , the National Front lost the half of its 5 May voters .

neg: Politics of France The politics of France take place with the framework of a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French Fifth Republic . The nation declares itself to be an `` indivisible , secular , democratic , and social Republic '' . The constitution provides for a separation of powers and proclaims France 's `` attachment to the Rights of Man and the principles of national sovereignty as defined by the Declaration of 1789 . ''   The political system of France consists of an executive branch , a legislative branch , and a judicial branch . Executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government . The Government consists of the Prime Minister and ministers . The Prime Minister is appointed by the President , and is responsible to Parliament . The government , including the Prime Minister , can be revoked by the National Assembly , the lower house of Parliament , through a `` censure motion '' ; this ensures that the Prime Minister is always supported by a majority of the lower house ( which , on most topics , has prominence over the upper house ) .   Parliament comprises the National Assembly and the Senate . It passes statutes and votes on the budget ; it controls the action of the executive through formal questioning on the floor of the houses of Parliament and by establishing commissions of inquiry . The constitutionality of the statutes is checked by the Constitutional Council , members of which are appointed by the President of the Republic , the President of the National Assembly , and the President of the Senate . Former presidents of the Republic also are members of the Council .   The independent judiciary is based upon civil law system which evolved from the Napoleonic codes . It is divided into the judicial branch ( dealing with civil law and criminal law ) and the administrative branch ( dealing with appeals against executive decisions ) , each with their own independent supreme court of appeal : the Court of Cassation for the judicial courts and the Conseil d'Etat for the administrative courts . The French government includes various bodies that check abuses of power and independent agencies .   France is a unitary state . However , its administrative subdivisions -- regions , departments and communes -- have various legal functions , and the national government is prohibited from intruding into their normal operations .   France was a founding member of the European Coal and Steel Community , later the European Union . As such , France has transferred part of its sovereignty to European institutions , as provided by its constitution . The French government therefore has to abide by European treaties , directives and regulations .

neg: Illinois Illinois ( -LSB- ɪlᵻˈnɔɪ -RSB- ) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States , achieving statehood in 1818 . It is the 6th-most populous state and 25th-largest state in terms of land area , and is noted as a microcosm of the entire country . The word `` Illinois '' comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word . With Chicago in the northeast , small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois , and natural resources like coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base and is a major transportation hub . The Port of Chicago connects the state to other global ports from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean , as well as the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway . For decades , O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics .   Although today the state 's largest population center is around Chicago in the northern part of the state , the state 's European population grew first in the west , with French Canadian colonists who settled along the Mississippi River in the 17th and 18th century , and gave the area the name , `` Pays des Illinois '' or Illinois Country a region that was known as part of New France . After the American Revolutionary War established the United States , American settlers began arriving crossing the Appalachians barrier range in the 1810s via the gaps of the Allegheny to boat building centers in Pittsburgh , from Cumberland , Maryland via the Cumberland Narrows pass to outfit in Brownsville , Pennsylvania , from North Carolina and Virginia via the Cumberland Gap to Kentucky and Tennessee , all on the Ohio River .   With the War of 1812 , the growth of Illinois slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier . After the war 's end , the federal government re-established forts such as Fort Dearborn ( in 1816 -- now the site is within Chicago ) and army patrols west of the Mississippi diminished the threat from Amerindian raids , so settlers were able to move into all of Illinois from the eastern and southern emigrant trails .   Mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration -- by the 1810s , the Eastern U.S. had exhausted most timber stands close to the established cities creating a hard felt first energy crisis by the late-1790s , and after 1818 , the industrial revolution was being fueled by new canals such as the Lehigh Canal feeding the furnaces of the rapidly industrializing east coast . Also in 1818 , Illinois achieved statehood and its growth , as yet untroubled by the speed of as yet unrefined railway technology , would be fueled by the new religion of industrialized forward thinking .   After construction of the Erie Canal with increasing traffic and trade through the Great Lakes , Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River , at one of the few natural harbors on southern Lake Michigan . John Deere 's invention of the self-scouring steel plow turned Illinois ' rich prairie into some of the world 's most productive and valuable farmlands , attracting new immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden . Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s , and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois , as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets . Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other mid-western states from the tyranny of water transport ; no longer was a location near a river or canal a need to ship bulk goods .   By 1900 , the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants , from Eastern and Southern Europe . Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars . The Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago , who created the city 's famous jazz and blues cultures .   Three U.S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois : Abraham Lincoln , Ulysses S. Grant , and most recently Barack Obama . Additionally , Ronald Reagan , whose political career was based in California , was the only U.S. president born and raised in Illinois . Today , Illinois honors Lincoln with its official state nickname `` The Land of Lincoln , '' which has been displayed on its license plates since 1954 . The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the state capital of Springfield , and the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be completed in Chicago by 2020 .

neg: Early modern Europe Early modern Europe is the period of European history between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution , roughly the late 15th century to the late 18th century . Historians variously mark the beginning of the early modern period with the invention of moveable type printing in the 1450s , the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , the end of the Wars of the Roses in 1487 , the beginning of the High Renaissance in Italy in the 1490s , the end of the Reconquista and subsequent voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492 , or the start of the Protestant Reformation in 1517 . The precise dates of its end point also vary and are usually linked with either the start of the French Revolution in 1789 or with the more vaguely defined beginning of the Industrial Revolution in late 18th century Britain .   Some of the more notable trends and events of the early modern period included the Reformation and the religious conflicts it provoked ( including the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years ' War ) , the rise of capitalism and modern nation states , and European colonization of the Americas .

neg: French Guiana French Guiana ( pronounced -LSB- giːˈɑːnə -RSB- or -LSB- giːˈænə -RSB- , Guyane française -LSB- ɡɥijan fʁɑ̃sɛz -RSB- ) , officially called Guiana ( Guyane ) , is an overseas department and region of France , located on the north Atlantic coast of South America in the Guyanas . It borders Brazil to the east and south , and Suriname to the west . Its 83,534 km2 area has a very low population density of only 3 inhabitants per km2 , with half of its 244,118 inhabitants in 2013 living in the metropolitan area of Cayenne , its capital . By land area , it is the second largest region of France and the largest outermost region within the European Union .   Both the region and the department have been ruled since December 2015 by a single assembly within the framework of a new territorial collectivity , the French Guiana Territorial Collectivity ( French : collectivité territoriale de Guyane ) . This assembly , the French Guiana Assembly ( French : assemblée de Guyane ) , has replaced the former regional council and departmental council , which were both disbanded . The French Guiana Assembly is in charge of regional and departmental government . Its president is Rodolphe Alexandre .   The area was originally inhabited by Native Americans . The first French establishment is recorded in 1503 but the French presence did n't really become durable until 1643 and the foundation of Cayenne . Guiana then became a slave colony and saw its population increase until the official abolition of slavery at the time of the French revolution . Guiana temporarily became a French department in 1797 but was gradually transformed into a penal colony with the establishment of a network of camps and penitentiaries spread over the coast where prisoners were sentenced to forced labor . During World War II , the Guianan Félix Éboué was one of the first to stand behind General de Gaulle as early as June 18 , 1940 . Guiana officially rallied Free France in 1943 . It definitively abandoned its status as a colony and became again a French department in 1946 . De Gaulle , who became president , decided to establish the Guiana Space Center in 1965 . It is now operated by the CNES , Arianespace and the European Space Agency ( ESA ) . Several thousand Hmong refugees from Laos migrated to French Guiana in the late 1970s and early 1980s .   Nowadays fully integrated in the French central state , Guiana is a part of the European Union , and its official currency is the euro . The region is the most prosperous territory in South America with the highest GDP per capita . A large part of Guiana 's economy derives from the presence of the Guiana Space Centre , now the European Space Agency 's primary launch site near the equator . As elsewhere in France , the official language is French , but each ethnic community has its own language , of which Guianan Creole is the most widely spoken .

neg: Democratic Republican Alliance The Democratic Alliance ( Alliance démocratique , AD ) , originally called Democratic Republican Alliance ( Alliance républicaine démocratique , ARD ) , was a French political party ( 1901 -- 1978 ) created in 1901 by followers of Léon Gambetta , such as Raymond Poincaré who would be president of the Council in the 1920s . The party was at first conceived by members of the Radical-Socialist Party tied to the business world who united themselves in May 1901 , along with many moderates , as gathering center-left liberals and `` Opportunist '' Republicans ( Gambetta , etc. ) . However , after World War I and the parliamentary disappearance of monarchists and Bonapartists , it quickly became the main center-right party of the Third Republic . It was part of the National Bloc right-wing coalition which won the elections after the end of the war . The ARD successively took the name Parti Républicain Démocratique ( Democratic Republican Party , PRD ) then Parti Républicain Démocratique et Social ( `` Social and Republican Democratic Party '' ) , before becoming again the AD .   The ARD was largely discredited after supporting the Vichy regime during World War II , an option strongly supported by its major leader Pierre-Étienne Flandin and other members such as Joseph Barthélémy . The center-right party tried to reform itself under the direction of Joseph Laniel , who had taken part in the Resistance . It temporarily joined the RGR ( Rassemblement des gauches républicaines ) , before merging into the Centre national des indépendants et paysans ( CNIP , National Center of Independents and Peasants ) . The AD , which in contrast to the French Section of the Workers ' International ( SFIO ) or the French Communist Party ( PCF ) never became a mass political party founded on voting discipline ( in these left-wing parties , deputies usually vote in agreement with the party 's consensus ) , turned at that time in little more than an intellectual circle , whose members met during suppers . However , it was dissolved in only 1978 , long after its effective disappearance from the political scene .   Under the Third Republic , the majority of the AD 's deputies sat in the `` Left Republicans '' ( Républicain de Gauche ) group , the main center-right parliamentary formation ( due to a particularity called `` sinistrisme '' , French right-wing politicians have for a very long time refused to admit belonging to the right-wing , as the Republic was traditionally associated with the left-wing and the right-wing with monarchists such as the Legitimists or the Orleanists ) .

neg: Right-wing politics Right-wing politics hold that certain social orders and hierarchies are inevitable , natural , normal , or desirable , typically supporting this position on the basis of natural law , economics or tradition . Hierarchy and inequality may be viewed as natural results of traditional social differences or the competition in market economies . The term right-wing can generally refer to `` the conservative or reactionary section of a political party or system . ''   The political terms Right and Left were first used during the French Revolution ( 1789 -- 99 ) , and referred to seating arrangements in the French parliament ; those who sat to the right of the chair of the parliamentary president were broadly supportive of the institutions of the monarchist Ancien Régime . The original Right in France was formed as a reaction against the Left , and comprised those politicians supporting hierarchy , tradition , and clericalism . The use of the expression la droite ( the right ) became prominent in France after the restoration of the monarchy in 1815 , when it was applied to the Ultra-royalists . The people of English-speaking countries did not apply the terms `` right '' and `` left '' to their own politics until the 20th century .   Although the right-wing originated with traditional conservatives , monarchists and reactionaries , the term extreme right-wing has also been applied to movements including fascists , Nazis , and racial supremacists . From the 1830s to the 1880s , there was a shift in the Western world of social class structure and the economy , moving away from nobility and aristocracy towards capitalism . This general economic shift toward capitalism affected centre right movements such as the British Conservative Party , which responded by becoming supportive of capitalism . In the United States , the Right includes both economic and social conservatives . In Europe , economic conservatives are usually considered liberal , and the Right includes nationalists , nativist opposition to immigration , religious conservatives , and historically a significant presence of right-wing movements with anti-capitalist sentiments including conservatives and fascists who opposed what they saw as the selfishness and excessive materialism inherent in contemporary capitalism .

neg: 1910s The 1910s ( pronounced `` nineteen-tens '' , also abbreviated as the `` teens '' ) was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1 , 1910 , and ended on December 31 , 1919 . The 1910s represented the culmination of European militarism which had its beginnings during the second half of the 19th century . The conservative lifestyles during the first half of the decade , as well as the legacy of military alliances , was forever changed by the assassination , on June 28 , 1914 , of Archduke Franz Ferdinand , the heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne . The murder triggered a chain of events in which , within 33 days , World War I broke out in Europe on August 1 , 1914 . The conflict dragged on until a truce was declared on November 11 , 1918 , leading to the controversial , one-sided Treaty of Versailles , which was signed on June 28 , 1919 .   The war 's end triggered the abdication of various monarchies and the collapse of five of the last modern empires of Russia , Germany , China , Ottoman Turkey and Austria-Hungary , with the latter splintered into Austria , Hungary , southern Poland ( who acquired most of their land in a war with Soviet Russia ) , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia , as well as the unification of Romania with Transylvania and Moldavia . However , each of these states ( with the possible exception of Yugoslavia ) had large German and Hungarian minorities , there creating some unexpected problems that would be brought to light in the next two decades . ( See Dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Empire : Successor States for better description of composition of names of successor countries/states following the splinter . )   The decade was also a period of revolution in a number of countries . The Mexican Revolution spearheaded the trend in November 1910 , which led to the ousting of dictator Porfirio Diaz , developing into a violent civil war that dragged on until mid-1920 , not long after a new Mexican Constitution was signed and ratified . Russia also had a similar fate , since World War I led to a collapse in morale as well as to economic chaos . This atmosphere encouraged the establishment of Bolshevism , which was later renamed as communism . Like the Mexican Revolution , the Russian Revolution of 1917 , known as the October Revolution , immediately turned to Russian Civil War that dragged until approximately late 1922 .   Much of the music in these years was ballroom-themed . Many of the fashionable restaurants were equipped with dance floors . Prohibition in the United States began January 16 , 1919 , with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution .

neg: Salle du Manège The indoor riding academy called the Salle du Manège ( -LSB- sal dy manɛʒ -RSB- ) was the seat of deliberations during most of the French Revolution , from 1789 to 1798 .   Before the revolution , the Salle du Manège ( `` Riding Hall '' ) , situated along the north end of the Tuileries Gardens to the west of the Tuileries Palace in Paris , was home to the royal equestrian academy . Built during the minority of Louis XV , when it lay conveniently close to the Regent 's Palais Royal , it was allowed to pass afterwards from hand to hand as the site of privately conducted riding schools , though it was never formally sold .   On 9 November 1789 the National Constituent Assembly , formerly the Estates-General of 1789 , moved its deliberations from Versailles to the Tuileries in pursuit of Louis XVI of France and installed itself in the Salle du Manège on the palace grounds . Having nationalised the goods of the Church , the Assemblée nationale , requiring more space than the Manège alone could provide , extended its occupation to two adjacent convents , those of the Capuchins , which soon housed the Revolutionary printing presses in its former refectory , and of the Feuillants , whose handsome library received the archives of the Assemblée .   The proportions of the Salle du Manège , ten times as long as it was wide , offered poor acoustics for the debates that went on continually under its high vaults . Six tiers of banquettes permitted space for the deputies , ranged on either side of the central tribune , initially planned for the orators ' podium . Seated together for solidarity , the deputies seated themselves according to their political opinions , to right and to left of the president 's desk , The Mountain and the Girondins , with The Plain seated in the lowest rank of banquettes , from which they were wont to cross to the opposite side , as their opinions dictated . The public found places to witness the spectacle at either end of the hall and in the loge seats above .   In 1792 the Salle du Manège became the venue for the National Convention . In 1795 under the French Directory , the Council of 500 sat in the structure until the body moved to the Palais-Bourbon in 1798 . In 1799 , the Jacobin Club du Manège had its headquarters there .   It would seem that 19th century references to the art of `` manège , '' to describe a style of equestrian riding , derive from here . A March 1847 edition of The Illustrated London News described a performance of Pablo Fanque , the 19th century equestrian and circus performer thus : `` This extraordinary feat of the manège has proved very attractive , as we anticipated in our Journal of last week ; and we have judged the success worthy of graphic commemoration ... '' Further , the paper said , `` Mr. Pablo has trained his black mare to do the most extraordinary feats of the manege , an art hitherto considered to belong only to the French and German professors of equitation , and her style certainly far exceeds anything that has ever yet been brought from the Continent . ''

neg: Origins of the War of 1812 The War of 1812 , a war between the United States , Great Britain , and Britain 's Indian allies , lasted from 1812 to 1815 . The U.S. declared war and historians have long debated the multiple factors behind that decision .   There were several immediate stated causes for the U.S. declaration of war : First , a series of trade restrictions introduced by Britain to impede American trade with France , a country with which Britain was at war ( the U.S. contested these restrictions as illegal under international law ) ; second , the impressment ( forced recruitment ) of U.S. seamen into the Royal Navy ; third , the British military support for American Indians who were offering armed resistance to the expansion of the American frontier to the Northwest ; fourth , a possible desire on the part of the United States to annex Canada . An implicit but powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honor in the face of what they considered to be British insults ( such as the Chesapeake affair ) .   American expansion into the Northwest ( Ohio , Indiana , Michigan , Illinois and Wisconsin ) was impeded by Indian raids . Some Canadian historians in the early 20th century maintained that Americans had wanted to seize parts of Canada , a view that many Canadians still share , while others argue that inducing the fear of such a seizure had merely been a U.S. tactic designed to obtain a bargaining chip . Some members of the British Parliament at the time and dissident American politicians such as John Randolph of Roanoke claimed that land hunger rather than maritime disputes was the main motivation for the American declaration . However , some historians , both Canadian and American , retain the view that desire to annex all or part of Canada was an American goal . Although the British made some concessions before the war on neutral trade , they insisted on the right to reclaim their deserting sailors . The British also had the long-standing goal of creating a large `` neutral '' Indian state that would cover much of Ohio , Indiana and Michigan . They made the demand as late as 1814 at the peace conference , but lost battles that would have validated their claims .   The war was fought in four theatres : on the oceans , where the warships and privateers of both sides preyed on each other 's merchant shipping ; along the Atlantic coast of the U.S. , which was blockaded with increasing severity by the British , who also mounted large-scale raids in the later stages of the war ; on the long frontier , running along the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River , which separated the U.S. from Upper and Lower Canada ( Ontario and Quebec ) ; and finally along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico . During the course of the war , both the Americans and British launched invasions of each other 's territory , all of which were unsuccessful or gained only temporary success . At the end of the war , the British held parts of Maine and some outposts in the sparsely populated West while the Americans held Canadian territory near Detroit , but these occupied territories were restored at the end of the war .   In the United States , battles such as New Orleans and the earlier successful defence of Baltimore ( which inspired the lyrics of the U.S. national anthem , The Star-Spangled Banner ) produced a sense of euphoria over a `` second war of independence '' against Britain . It ushered in an `` Era of Good Feelings , '' in which the partisan animosity that had once verged on treason practically vanished . Canada also emerged from the war with a heightened sense of national feeling and solidarity . Britain , which had regarded the war as a sideshow to the Napoleonic Wars raging in Europe , was less affected by the fighting ; its government and people subsequently welcomed an era of peaceful relations with the United States .

neg: Regions of France France is divided into 18 administrative regions ( région , -LSB- ʁe.ʒjɔ̃ -RSB- ) , including 13 metropolitan regions and 5 overseas regions . The 13 metropolitan regions ( including 12 mainland regions and Corsica ) are each further subdivided into 2 to 13 departments , while the overseas regions consist of only one department each and hence are also referred to as `` overseas departments '' . The current legal concept of region was adopted in 1982 , and in 2016 what had been 27 regions was reduced to 18 .

neg: History of the United States The date of the start of the history of the United States is a subject of debate among historians . Older textbooks start with the arrival of Christopher Columbus on October 12 , 1492 and emphasize the European background of the colonization of the Americas , or they start around 1600 and emphasize the American frontier . In recent decades American schools and universities typically have shifted back in time to include more on the colonial period and much more on the prehistory of the Native Americans .   Indigenous people lived in what is now the United States for thousands of years before European colonists began to arrive , mostly from England , after 1600 . The Spanish built small settlements in Florida and the Southwest , and the French along the Mississippi River and the Gulf Coast . By the 1770s , thirteen British colonies contained two and a half million people along the Atlantic coast east of the Appalachian Mountains . After the end of the French and Indian Wars in the 1760s , the British government imposed a series of new taxes , rejecting the colonists ' argument that any new taxes had to be approved by them ( see Stamp Act 1765 ) . Tax resistance , especially the Boston Tea Party ( 1773 ) , led to punitive laws ( the Intolerable Acts ) by Parliament designed to end self-government in Massachusetts . American Patriots ( as they called themselves ) adhered to a political ideology called republicanism that emphasized civic duty , virtue , and opposition to corruption , fancy luxuries and aristocracy .   Armed conflict began in 1775 as Patriots drove the royal officials out of every colony and assembled in mass meetings and conventions . In 1776 , the Second Continental Congress declared that there was a new , independent nation , the United States of America , not just a collection of disparate colonies . With large-scale military and financial support from France and the military leadership of General George Washington , the American Patriots won the Revolutionary War . The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River ( except Florida and Canada ) . The central government established by the Articles of Confederation proved ineffectual at providing stability , as it had no authority to collect taxes and had no executive officer . Congress called a convention to meet secretly in Philadelphia in 1787 . It wrote a new Constitution , which was adopted in 1789 . In 1791 , a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights . With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief political and financial adviser , a strong central government was created . When Thomas Jefferson became president he purchased the Louisiana Territory from France , doubling the size of the United States . A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812 .   Encouraged by the notion of Manifest Destiny , federal territory expanded all the way to the Pacific . The U.S. always was large in terms of area , but its population was small , only 4 million in 1790 . Population growth was rapid , reaching 7.2 million in 1810 , 32 million in 1860 , 76 million in 1900 , 132 million in 1940 , and 321 million in 2015 . Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even faster . However , compared to European powers , the nation 's military strength was relatively limited in peacetime before 1940 . The expansion was driven by a quest for inexpensive land for yeoman farmers and slave owners . The expansion of slavery was increasingly controversial and fueled political and constitutional battles , which were resolved by compromises . Slavery was abolished in all states north of the Mason -- Dixon line by 1804 , but the South continued to profit off the institution , producing high-value cotton exports to feed increasing high demand in Europe . The 1860 presidential election of Republican Abraham Lincoln was on a platform of ending the expansion of slavery and putting it on a path to extinction .   Seven cotton-based deep South slave states seceded and later founded the Confederacy four months before Lincoln 's inauguration . No nation ever recognized the Confederacy , but it opened the war by attacking Fort Sumter in 1861 . A surge of nationalist outrage in the North fueled a long , intense American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . It was fought largely in the South as the overwhelming material and manpower advantages of the North proved decisive in a long war . The war 's result was restoration of the Union , the impoverishment of the South , and the abolition of slavery . In the Reconstruction era ( 1863 -- 1877 ) , legal and voting rights were extended to the freed slave . The national government emerged much stronger , and because of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 , it gained the explicit duty to protect individual rights . However , when white Democrats regained their power in the South during the 1870s , often by paramilitary suppression of voting , they passed Jim Crow laws to maintain white supremacy , and new disfranchising constitutions that prevented most African Americans and many poor whites from voting , a situation that continued for decades until gains of the civil rights movement in the 1960s and passage of federal legislation to enforce constitutional rights .   The United States became the world 's leading industrial power at the turn of the 20th century due to an outburst of entrepreneurship in the Northeast and Midwest and the arrival of millions of immigrant workers and farmers from Europe . The national railroad network was completed with the work of Chinese immigrants and large-scale mining and factories industrialized the Northeast and Midwest . Mass dissatisfaction with corruption , inefficiency and traditional politics stimulated the Progressive movement , from the 1890s to 1920s , which led to many social and political reforms . In 1920 , the 19th Amendment to the Constitution guaranteed women 's suffrage ( right to vote ) . This followed the 16th and 17th amendments in 1913 , which established the first national income tax and direct election of US senators to Congress . Initially neutral during World War I , the US declared war on Germany in 1917 and later funded the Allied victory the following year .   After a prosperous decade in the 1920s , the Wall Street Crash of 1929 marked the onset of the decade-long worldwide Great Depression . Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt ended the Republican dominance of the White House and implemented his New Deal programs for relief , recovery , and reform . The New Deal , which defined modern American liberalism , included relief for the unemployed , support for farmers , Social Security and a minimum wage . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , the United States entered World War II along with Britain , the Soviet Union , China , and the smaller number of Allied nations . The U.S. financed the Allied war effort and helped defeat Nazi Germany in the European theater . Its involvement culminated in using the newly invented nuclear weapons on Japanese cities that helped defeat Imperial Japan in the Pacific theater .   The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as rival superpowers after World War II . During the Cold War , the US and the USSR confronted each other indirectly in the arms race , the Space Race , proxy wars , and propaganda campaigns . US foreign policy during the Cold War was built around the support of Western Europe and Japan along with the policy of containment , stopping the spread of communism . The US joined the wars in Korea and Vietnam to try to stop its spread . In the 1960s , in large part due to the strength of the civil rights movement , another wave of social reforms were enacted by enforcing the constitutional rights of voting and freedom of movement to African-Americans and other racial minorities . Native American activism also rose . The Cold War ended when the Soviet Union officially dissolved in 1991 , leaving the United States as the world 's only superpower .   After the Cold War , the United States focused on international conflicts around the Middle East in response to the Gulf War in the early 1990s . The beginning of the 21st century saw the September 11 attacks by Al-Qaeda in 2001 , which would later followed by the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . In 2008 , the United States had its worst economic crisis since the Great Depression , which has been followed by slower than usual rates of economic growth during the 2010s .

neg: America's Critical Period The term America 's Critical Period , popularized by John Fiske in 1888 with his book The Critical Period of American History , refers to the period of United States history in the 1780s , right after the American Revolution , where the future of the newly formed nation was in the balance . More specifically , the `` Critical Period '' refers to the period of time following the end of the American Revolutionary War in 1783 to the inauguration of George Washington as President in 1789 . The phrase was first used to describe this era ( unbeknownst to Fiske ) by William Henry Trescot in his 1857 book The Diplomatic History of the Administrations of Washington and Adams .   During the 1780s , the loose confederation of states was beset with a wide array of foreign and domestic problems . Some historians believe it was a bleak , terrible time for Americans , while others such as Merrill Jensen believe the term `` Critical Period '' is exaggerated , and that , while the decade a time of dispute and change , they were also a time of economic growth and political maturation .

neg: Post-industrial economy A post-industrial economy refers to a period of growth within an industrialized economy or nation in which the relative importance of manufacturing reduces and that of services , information , and research grows .  Such economies are often marked by :  A declining manufacturing sector , resulting in deindustrialization ,  a large service sector , and  an increase in the amount of information technology , often leading to an `` information age '' . Information , knowledge , and creativity are the new raw materials of such an economy .   The industry aspect of a post-industrial economy is sent into less developed nations which manufacture what is needed at lower costs ( see outsourcing ) . This occurrence is typical of nations that industrialized in the past such as the United States and most Western European countries .

neg: L'Ami du peuple L'Ami du peuple ( -LSB- lami dy pœpl -RSB- , The Friend of the People ) was a newspaper written by Jean-Paul Marat during the French Revolution . `` The most celebrated radical paper of the Revolution '' , according to historian Jeremy D. Popkin , L'Ami du peuple was a vocal advocate for the rights of the lower classes against those Marat believed to be enemies of the people , which he had no hesitation mentioning in his writings . These papers were considered dangerous because they often ignited violent and rebellious behavior .

neg: 18th century The 18th century lasted from January 1 , 1701 to December 31 , 1800 in the Gregorian calendar . During the 18th century , the Enlightenment culminated in the French and American revolutions . Philosophy and science increased in prominence . Philosophers dreamed of a brighter age . This dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789 - , though later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror ( 1793-1794 ) under Maximilien Robespierre . At first , many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals , but with the French Revolution they feared losing their power and formed broad coalitions for the counter-revolution . The Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion , taking part in no European wars from 1740 to 1768 . As a consequence the empire did not share in Europe 's military improvements during the Seven Years ' War ( 1756-1763 ) , causing its military to fall behind and suffer defeats against Russia in the second half of the century .   The 18th century also marked the end of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth as an independent state . The once-powerful and vast kingdom , which had once conquered Moscow and defeated great Ottoman armies , collapsed under numerous invasions . Its semi-democratic government system was not robust enough to rival the neighboring monarchies of the Kingdom of Prussia , the Russian Empire and the Archduchy of Austria which divided the Commonwealth territories between themselves , changing the landscape of Central European politics for the next hundred years .   European colonization of the Americas and other parts of the world intensified and associated mass migrations of people grew in size as the Age of Sail continued . Great Britain became a major power worldwide with the defeat of France in North America in the 1760s and the conquest of large parts of India . However , Britain lost many of its North American colonies after the American Revolution , which resulted in the formation of the newly independent United States of America . The Industrial Revolution started in Britain in the 1770s with the production of the improved steam engine . Despite its modest beginnings in the 18th century , steam-powered machinery would radically change human society and the environment .   Western historians have occasionally defined the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work . For example , the `` short '' 18th century may be defined as 1715 -- 1789 , denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution , with an emphasis on directly interconnected events . To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements , the `` long '' 18th century may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 or even later .

neg: Paris Commune (French Revolution) The Paris Commune during the French Revolution was the government of Paris from 1792 until 1795 . Established in the Hôtel de Ville just after the storming of the Bastille , it consisted of 144 delegates elected by the 48 divisions of the city . The Paris Commune became insurrectionary in the summer of 1792 , essentially refusing to take orders from the central French government . It took charge of routine civic functions but is best known for mobilizing extreme views and actions among the people and for its campaign to dechristianize the churches and the people . It lost much power in 1794 and was replaced in 1795 .   The first mayor was Jean Sylvain Bailly ; he was succeeded on November 1791 by Pétion de Villeneuve after Bailly 's unpopular use of the National Guard to disperse a riotous assembly in the Champ de Mars ( 17 July 1791 ) .   In 1792 , the Commune was dominated by those Jacobins who were not in the Legislative Assembly due to the Self-Denying Ordinance .   On the night of 9 August 1792 a new revolutionary Commune , led by Georges Danton , Camille Desmoulins and Jacques Hébert took possession of the Hôtel de Ville ; the next day insurgents assailed the Tuileries , where the royal family resided . During the ensuing constitutional crisis , the collapsing Legislative Assembly of France was heavily dependent on the Commune for the effective power that allowed it to continue to function as a legislature . The all-powerful Commune demanded custody of the royal family , imprisoning them in the Temple fortress . A list of `` opponents of the Revolution '' was drawn up , the gates to the city were sealed , and on 28 August the citizens were subjected to domiciliary visits , ostensibly in a search for muskets .   It was not until 1792 that the government had a formal cabinet in place , with the appointment of the Ministers of the French National Convention and the decision of the Commissioners of the Committee of Public Safety in 1794 to take charge of administrative departments .   The government of the republic was succeeded by the French Directory in November 1795 .

neg: Demographics of France The demography of France is monitored by the Institut national d'études démographiques ( INED ) and the Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques ( INSEE ) . As of the 1 January 2017 , almost 67 million people lived in the French Republic ( 66,991,000 ) , including all the five overseas departments ( 2,132,000 ) , but excluding the overseas collectivities and territories ( 604,000 ) . 64,859,000 of these lived in Metropolitan France , the part of France located in Europe .   In March 2017 the population of France officially reached the 67 million mark . The 66 million mark was reached in the beginning of 2014 .   Between the years 2010 and 2017 the population of France grew from 64,613 million to 66,991 million or with about 2,4 million people for a span of 7 years , making France one of the fastest growing countries in Europe . The population of France is growing with 1 million people every 3 years . For an average annual growth of 340,000 people , or a grow rate of +0,6 % .   France was historically Europe 's most populous nation . During the Middle Ages , more than one quarter of Europe 's total population was French ; by the 17th century , this had decreased slightly to one fifth . By the beginning of the 20th century , other European nations , such as Germany and Russia , had caught up with and overtaken it . However , the country 's population sharply increased with the baby boom following World War II .   According to INSEE , since 2004 , 200,000 immigrants entered annually into the country . One out of two was born in Europe and one in three in Africa . Between 2009 and 2012 , the number of Europeans entering France increased sharply ( + 12 % per year on average ) .   The national birth rate , after dropping for a time , began to rebound in the 1990s and currently the country 's fertility rate is close to the replacement level . According to a 2006 INSEE study , `` The natural increase is close to 300,000 people , a level that has not been reached in more than thirty years . ''   Among the 802,000 newborns in metropolitan France in 2010 , 80.1 % had two French parents , 13.3 % had one French parent , and 6.6 % had two non-French parents . For the same year , 27.3 % of newborns in metropolitan France had at least one foreign-born parent and 23.9 % had at least one parent born outside of Europe ( parents born in overseas territories are considered as born in France ) . Between 2006 and 2008 , about 40 % of newborns in France had one foreign-born grandparent ( 11 % born in another European country , 16 % born in the Maghreb and 12 % born in another region of the world ) .   Racial and ethnic censuses have been banned by the French government since 1978 , since the term `` race '' in France invokes associations with Nazi Germany .


query: Jon Pertwee was in a series and he acted.

pos: Jon Pertwee John Devon Roland Pertwee ( 7 July 1919 -- 20 May 1996 ) , known professionally as Jon Pertwee , was an English actor , entertainer and cabaret performer .   Pertwee is most known for starring as the Third Doctor in the science-fiction series Doctor Who between 1970 and 1974 . Pertwee also spent 18 years ( 1959 -- 1977 ) playing Chief petty officer Pertwee in The Navy Lark on BBC Radio . He later played the title character in the series Worzel Gummidge from 1979 to 1981 , and again from 1987 to 1989 .   As an actor , Pertwee appeared in many comedy roles and was once described as having `` rubbery features and ability to affect silly voices '' . Earlier in his career , Pertwee had worked as a vaudeville comedian , performed at the Glasgow Empire Theatre and shared a bill with Max Wall and Jimmy James . Towards the end of his life , he performed to audiences in a one-man show called Who Is Jon Pertwee ? .

neg: The Thin Blue Line (TV series) The Thin Blue Line ( a colloquial term for police forces ) is a British sitcom starring Rowan Atkinson and written by Ben Elton . It aired on the BBC from 1995 to 1996 .

neg: Prime Suspect Prime Suspect is a British police procedural television drama series . It stars Helen Mirren as Jane Tennison , one of the first female Detective Chief Inspectors in Greater London 's Metropolitan Police Service , as she rises to rank of Detective Superintendent whilst confronting the institutionalised sexism that exists within her job .

neg: ITV Sunday Night Theatre ITV Sunday Night Theatre , originally titled ITV Saturday Night Theatre , is a UK television anthology series screened on ITV , and produced by London Weekend Television ( LWT ) . Some episodes were produced with Kestrel Productions .   Around 200 episodes aired on ITV from 1969-1974 , including productions of the plays Long Day 's Journey into Night by Eugene O'Neill , A Doll 's House by Henrik Ibsen , and Arms and the Man by George Bernard Shaw . Other episodes included adaptions of the works of William Shakespeare , James Joyce , Wilkie Collins , Simon Gray , Sam Shepard , Israel Horovitz , Arthur Miller , August Strindberg , J.B. Priestley , Lanford Wilson , and John Mortimer .   Among its directors were Michael Lindsay-Hogg , Anthony Page , Mike Newell , Fielder Cook , Ted Kotcheff , Peter Wood , and Vivian Matalon .   The actors involved included Helen Mirren , Laurence Olivier , Sean Connery , Anthony Hopkins , Michael Caine , Paul Scofield , George C. Scott , Laurence Harvey , Ralph Richardson , Diana Rigg , Trevor Howard , Glenda Jackson , Diane Cilento , Alec Guinness , Jane Asher , Martin Sheen , Colleen Dewhurst , Jean Marsh , Shelley Winters , Ian Holm , Richard Chamberlain , Edith Evans , John Gielgud , Shirley Knight , Ian McKellen , George Sanders and Margaret Whiting .

neg: Step Dave Step Dave is a New Zealand comedy-drama television series written by Kate McDermott . It began airing its first series in New Zealand on 11 February 2014 . It was renewed for a second series , which began airing on 1 September 2015 . Jono Kenyon announced the show would not be returning for a third series .

neg: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series This is a list of winners and nominees of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series . In early Primetime Emmy Award ceremonies , the supporting categories were not always genre , or even gender , specific . Beginning with the 22nd Primetime Emmy Awards , supporting actors in comedy have competed alone . However , these comedic performances often included actors from miniseries , telefilms , and guest performers competing against main cast competitors . Such instances are marked below :   # -- Indicates a performance in a Miniseries or Television film , prior to the category 's creation .  § -- Indicates a performance as a guest performer , prior to the category 's creation .

neg: Bodyguards (TV series) Bodyguards is a British television crime drama/action series , broadcast on ITV , that focuses on the cases of a specialized bodyguard unit , the Close Protection Group , in service of the British government . The series starred Sean Pertwee and Louise Lombard as protagonists Ian Worrell and Liz Shaw . Pertwee 's father , Jon , notably also starred alongside a character called Liz Shaw , played by Caroline John , who was his first companion during his time playing the Third Doctor in Doctor Who . The series was the brainchild of Jeffrey Caine , known as the creator of The Chief and script editor of the James Bond movie GoldenEye .   A total of seven episodes were broadcast : a feature-length pilot which aired in 1996 , which guest starred Josette Simon as a visiting dignitary , followed by a single series of six episodes in 1997 . The series has never been released on VHS or DVD , but was uploaded in full to YouTube in March 2016 by a member of the original production crew . The series was also broadcast by GBC TV ( Gibraltar ) as part of it 's relaunch in early 1999 . The series aired on Monday evenings at 9:30 pm , and the series received a full repeat run later on in the year .

neg: Thirty-Minute Theatre Thirty-Minute Theatre is an anthology drama series of short plays shown on BBC Television between 1965 and 1973 , which was used in part at least as a training ground for new writers , on account of its short running length , and which therefore attracted many writers who later became well known . It was initially produced by Graeme MacDonald .   Thirty-Minute Theatre began on BBC2 in 1965 with an adaptation of the black comedy Parson 's Pleasure ( author , Roald Dahl ) . Dennis Potter contributed Emergency -- Ward 9 ( 1966 ) , which he partially recycled in the much later The Singing Detective ( 1986 ) . In 1967 BBC2 launched the UK 's first colour service , with the consequence that Thirty-Minute Theatre became the first drama series in the country to be shown in colour .   As well as single plays , the series showed several linked collections of plays , including a group of four plays by John Mortimer named after areas of London in 1972 , two three-part Inspector Waugh series starring Clive Swift in the title role , and a trilogy of plays by Jean Benedetti , broadcast in 1969 , focusing on infamous historical figures such as Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin . Other plays were broadcast by writers like Charlotte and Denis Plimmer ( The Chequers Manoeuvre , 1968 ) , David Rudkin ( Bypass , 1972 , and Atrocity , 1973 ) and Jack Rosenthal ( And For my Next Trick , 1972 ) .   Thirty-Minute Theatre was cancelled in August 1973 . Second City Firsts , also of 30 minutes duration , fulfilled much the same role .

neg: Wings (BBC TV series) Wings is a drama series about the Royal Flying Corps that ran on BBC television from 1977 to 1978 . It stars Tim Woodward as Alan Farmer , a young blacksmith turned fighter pilot in World War I.   Nicholas Jones played his teacher and mentor , Captain Triggers , and Michael Cochrane played his upper-class friend , Charles Gaylion , who began a relationship with Farmer 's girlfriend while Farmer was believed dead , shot down over France .   The series reveals that the British pilots are struggling with aeroplanes which are both unreliable and inferior to the German machines , and with an Establishment that classes voicing an opinion to that effect as being tantamount to cowardice . The airmen must also face the resentment of British soldiers who see them having an ` easy ' life . The rigidity of the British class structure is highlighted when Farmer becomes an officer in the second series - he faces resentment both from some COs because of his class and NCOs because of his new rank . The series takes great care with historical accuracy , covering the early days of the parachute , the fitting of weaponry to British biplanes ( lacking the Germans ' interruptor gear , they had to be fired at an angle rather than through the propellers ) and the horrors of trench warfare . Wings depicts a Britain that is , in some areas , struggling to adapt in the face of change , at a period that was a turning point for many people 's way of life .   The series was created by Barry Thomas . Twenty-five episodes were made in all .

neg: The Singing Detective The Singing Detective is a BBC television serial drama , written by Dennis Potter , which stars Michael Gambon and was directed by Jon Amiel . The six episodes were `` Skin '' , `` Heat '' , `` Lovely Days '' , `` Clues '' , `` Pitter Patter '' and `` Who Done It '' .   The serial was broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC1 in 1986 on Sunday nights from 16 November to 21 December with later PBS and cable television showings in the United States . It won a Peabody Award in 1989 . It ranks 20th on the British Film Institute 's list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes , as voted by industry professionals in 2000 . It was included in the 1992 Dennis Potter retrospective at the Museum of Television & Radio and became a permanent addition to the Museum 's collections in New York and Los Angeles . There was co-production funding from the Australian Broadcasting Corporation . It was released on DVD in the US on 15 April 2003 and in the UK on 8 March 2004 .

neg: Deep Trouble (radio comedy series) Deep Trouble is a BBC radio comedy series , written by and starring Jim Field Smith and Ben Willbond , which first aired on BBC Radio 4 in October 2005 .   It takes place in the year 2012 , aboard HMS Goliath , a Royal Navy stealth nuclear submarine , and follows the trials and tribulations of the submarine 's chaotic crew , underneath their inept commanding officer , Captain Paul Wade ( played by Jim Field Smith ) and his officers Lieutenant Trainor , Weapons Officer ( played by Ben Willbond ) , Commander Alison Fairbanks , second-in-command ( played by Katherine Jakeways ) . The series has also included a fourth regular character - in season one only this was Petty Officer Lucy Radcliffe ( played by Miranda Raison ) and in season two this was Alice Barry , Computer and Weapons Expert ( played by Alice Lowe ) .   The series parodies several features of the submarine genre established by The Hunt for Red October and Crimson Tide and as such its announcer is a version of Tom Clancy .   Series One started on Thursday 20 October 2005 , and the series contains four episodes in total : `` Startled Deer '' , `` Special Relationship '' , `` Prize Hamper '' , and `` Crispy Duck '' .   Series Two started on Thursday 24 May 2007 .   Writing for The Times , Chris Campling compared the programme favourably to the famous Naval radio sitcom The Navy Lark and called Deep Trouble `` hilarious '' . It was also selected as a ` Pick of the Day ' by Phil Daoust of the Guardian on 24 May 2007 .   The series was produced and directed by David Tyler at Pozzitive Television for BBC Radio 4 .

neg: Heroes of Comedy Heroes of Comedy is a British television series , produced by Thames Television , and broadcast on Channel 4 , which devotes each episode to a legend of British comedy . It was produced by John Fisher . Beginning in 1995 , it followed a 2 1/2 hour more general programme from 1992 .

neg: Hustle (TV series) Hustle is a British television drama series made by Kudos Film and Television and broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom . Created by Tony Jordan and first broadcast in 2004 , the series follows a group of con artists who specialise in `` long cons '' -- extended deceptions which require greater commitment , but which return a higher reward than simple confidence tricks . The eighth and last series ended on 17 February 2012 .

neg: The Springheel Saga The Springheel Saga is an audio drama series about the Victorian bogeyman , Spring-heeled Jack , written by Jack Bowman and Robert Valentine , and produced by The Wireless Theatre Company . The first series , The Strange Case Of Springheel 'd Jack , released in 2011 and starring Julian Glover , is based on the original 1837 -- 38 Spring-heeled Jack sightings . Nicholas Parsons features in the second series , The Legend Of Springheel 'd Jack , which was released in 2013 and focuses on Spring-heeled Jack 's absorption into popular culture in the 1840s . The third and final series , The Secret Of Springheel 'd Jack , released over 2015 and 2016 , features Jenny Runacre and Matthew Kelly , and deals with the 1877 Aldershot barracks incident . The production was Wireless Theatre 's first audio series , and is distributed as a digital download in MP3 format .

neg: Ralf Little Ralf Alastair John Little ( born 8 February 1980 ) is an English actor , writer and semi-professional footballer , working mainly in television comedy . He has played Antony Royle in The Royle Family and Jonny Keogh in the first six series of Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps .

neg: Doctor Who Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963 . The programme depicts the adventures of a Time Lord called `` The Doctor '' , an extraterrestrial being from the planet Gallifrey . He explores the universe in a time-travelling space ship called the TARDIS . Its exterior appears as a blue British police box , which was a common sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired . Accompanied by a number of companions , the Doctor combats a variety of foes , while working to save civilisations and help people in need .   The show is a significant part of British popular culture , and elsewhere it has gained a cult following . It has influenced generations of British television professionals , many of whom grew up watching the series . The programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989 . There was an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot , in the form of a television film titled Doctor Who . The programme was relaunched in 2005 , and since then has been produced in-house by BBC Wales in Cardiff . Doctor Who has also spawned numerous spin-offs , including comic books , films , novels , audio dramas , and the television series Torchwood ( 2006 -- 2011 ) , The Sarah Jane Adventures ( 2007 -- 2011 ) , K-9 ( 2009 -- 2010 ) , and Class '' ( 2016-present ) , and has been the subject of many parodies and references in popular culture .   Twelve actors have headlined the series as the Doctor . The transition from one actor to another is written into the plot of the show with the concept of regeneration into a new incarnation -- an idea introduced in 1966 to allow the show to continue after the departure of original lead William Hartnell who was becoming very ill at the time . The concept is that this is a Time Lord trait through which the character of the Doctor takes on a new body and personality to recover from a severe injury or anything that would otherwise kill a normal person . Each actor 's portrayal differs , but all represent stages in the life of the same character and form a single narrative . The time-travelling feature of the plot means that different incarnations of the Doctor occasionally meet . The current lead , Peter Capaldi , took on the role after Matt Smith 's exit in the 2013 Christmas special `` The Time of the Doctor '' . In 2017 , Capaldi confirmed he would be leaving at the end of the tenth series , with his final appearance being the 2017 Christmas Special .

neg: Drama (UK TV series) Drama is a one-hour UK television anthology series produced by Open City Productions . It consists of seven episodes of abridged productions of classic plays that were aired on the British Broadcasting Company in 1977 . Episode titles are Oedipus Tyrannus , MacBeth , Medieval Mystery Plays , The Venetian Twins , The Way of the World , The Wild Duck , and Six Characters in Search of an Author .   Actors included Patrick Stewart , Leo McKern , and Nigel Stock .

neg: Press Gang Press Gang is a British children 's television comedy-drama consisting of 43 episodes across five series that were broadcast from 1989 to 1993 . It was produced by Richmond Film & Television for Central , and screened on the ITV network in its regular weekday afternoon children 's strand , Children 's ITV , typically in a 4:45 pm slot ( days varied over the course of the run ) .   Aimed at older children and teenagers , the programme was based on the activities of a children 's newspaper , the Junior Gazette , produced by pupils from the local comprehensive school . In later series it was depicted as a commercial venture . The show interspersed comedic elements with the dramatic . As well as addressing interpersonal relationships ( particularly in the Lynda-Spike story arc ) , the show tackled issues such as solvent abuse , child abuse and firearms control .   Written by ex-teacher Steven Moffat , more than half the episodes were directed by Bob Spiers , a noted British comedy director who had previously worked on classics such as Fawlty Towers . Critical reception was very positive , particularly for the quality of the writing , and the series has attracted a cult following with a wide age range .

neg: Spitting Image Spitting Image is a British satirical puppet show , created by Peter Fluck , Roger Law and Martin Lambie-Nairn . The series was produced by ` Spitting Image Productions ' for Central Independent Television over 18 series which aired on the ITV network . The series was nominated and won numerous awards during its run including 10 BAFTA Television Awards , including one for editing in 1989 and two Emmy Awards in 1985 and 1986 in the Popular Arts Category .   The series featured puppet caricatures of celebrities prominent during the 1980s and 1990s , including British Prime Ministers Margaret Thatcher and John Major and other politicians , US president Ronald Reagan , and the British Royal Family ; the series was the first to caricature Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ( as an elderly gin-drinker with a Beryl Reid voice ) .   One of the most-watched shows of the 1980s and early 1990s , the series was a satire of politics , entertainment , sport and British culture of the era , and at its peak it was watched by 15 million people . The series was cancelled in 1996 , after viewing figures declined . ITV had plans for a new series in 2006 , but these were scrapped after a dispute over Ant & Dec puppets used to host Best Ever Spitting Image , which were created against Roger Law 's wishes .

neg: Tom Wright (actor) Tom Wright ( born Harold Thomas Wright ; November 29 , 1952 ) is an American television and theatre actor .

neg: Tracey Ullman: A Class Act Tracey Ullman : A Class Act is a sketch-comedy special starring actress-comedian Tracey Ullman , along with Michael Palin playing a variety of original characters . It originally aired on ITV ; subsequently HBO in the United States on 23 November 1993 .