query: Count Basie formed at least one orchestra.

pos: Count Basie William James `` Count '' Basie ( August 21 , 1904 -- April 26 , 1984 ) was an American jazz pianist , organist , bandleader , and composer . His mother taught him to play the piano and he started performing in his teens . Dropping out of school , he learned to operate lights for vaudeville and to improvise accompaniment for silent films at a local movie theater in his home town of Red Bank , New Jersey . By age 16 , he increasingly played jazz piano at parties , resorts and other venues . In 1924 , he went to Harlem , where his performing career expanded ; he toured with groups to the major jazz cities of Chicago , St. Louis and Kansas City . In 1929 he joined Bennie Moten 's band in Kansas City , and played with them until Moten 's death in 1935 .   In 1935 , Basie formed his own jazz orchestra , the Count Basie Orchestra , and in 1936 took them to Chicago for a long engagement and their first recording . He led the group for almost 50 years , creating innovations like the use of two `` split '' tenor saxophones , emphasizing the rhythm section , riffing with a big band , using arrangers to broaden their sound , and others . Many musicians came to prominence under his direction , including the tenor saxophonists Lester Young and Herschel Evans , the guitarist Freddie Green , trumpeters Buck Clayton and Harry `` Sweets '' Edison and singers Jimmy Rushing and Joe Williams .

neg: World Saxophone Quartet The World Saxophone Quartet is a jazz ensemble founded in 1977 , incorporating elements of free funk and African jazz into their music .   The original members were Julius Hemphill ( alto and soprano saxophone , flute ) , Oliver Lake ( alto and soprano saxophone ) , Hamiet Bluiett ( baritone saxophone , alto clarinet ) , and David Murray ( tenor saxophone , bass clarinet ) . The first three had worked together as members of the Black Artists ' Group in St. Louis , Missouri . In 1989 , Hemphill left the group due to illness , and several saxophonists have filled his chair in the years since . In the late 1980s the quartet used Bluiett 's composition `` Hattie Wall '' ( recorded on W.S.Q. , Live in Zurich , Dances and Ballads and Steppenwolf ) as a signature theme for the group . The group principally recorded and performed as a saxophone quartet , usually with a lineup of two altos , tenor , and baritone ( reflecting the composition of a classical string quartet ) , but were also joined occasionally by drummers , bassists , and other musicians .

neg: The Missourians (band) The Missourians were an American jazz band active in the 1920s , who performed at the Cotton Club in New York City and eventually became the backing band for Cab Calloway .   The Missourians were formed by Wilson Robinson in the early 1920s under the name Wilson Robinson 's Syncopators or Wilson Robinson 's Bostonians . Andrew Preer took leadership of the group in 1925 , which performed at the Cotton Club until 1927 under the name Andrew Preer 's Cotton Club Orchestra . In 1927 the group became the accompanying band for Ethel Waters on tour , and changed its name to The Missourians , since Duke Ellington 's band had become known as the Cotton Club Orchestra . After returning to New York the band took up residency at the Savoy Ballroom from 1928 to 1929 ; reedist George Scott was its leader during this period . In 1929 Cab Calloway led the group intermittently , and assumed leadership of the band in 1930 ; soon after he began recording as Cab Calloway and His Orchestra . Prior to Calloway 's arrival , the group recorded for Gennett Records and Victor Records . The group 's membership in the 1920s included Lammar Wright , Sr. , R.Q. Dickerson , Dewey Jackson , William Thornton Blue , David Jones , Earres Prince , and Andrew Brown .

neg: Youth orchestra A youth orchestra is an orchestra made of young musicians , typically ranging from pre-teens or teenagers to those in their mid-20s . Because young children do not usually start playing double bass until a later age than those playing the smaller instruments , double bass players in youth orchestras tend to be in the early to mid-20s . The typical youth orchestra involves members from across an entire city or town . In some cases , there are national youth orchestras , which consist of the best young musicians in a country , as determined by auditions . More rarely , there may even be international youth orchestras . Youth orchestras are led by an adult conductor who is often a music teacher or orchestral musician . In addition to leading the rehearsals and performances , the conductor teaches orchestral playing techniques , performance practice and music ensemble skills to the children and youth .

neg: Bastien und Bastienne Bastien und Bastienne ( Bastien and Bastienne ) , K. 50 ( revised in 1964 to K. 46b ) is a one-act singspiel , a comic opera , by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart .   Bastien und Bastienne was one of Mozart 's earliest operas , written in 1768 when he was only twelve years old . It was allegedly commissioned by Viennese physician and ` magnetist ' Dr. Franz Mesmer ( who himself would later be parodied in Così fan tutte ) as a satire of the ` pastoral ' genre then prevalent , and specifically as a parody of the opera Le devin du village by Jean-Jacques Rousseau . The German libretto is by Friedrich Wilhelm Weiskern , and Johann Andreas Schachtner , based on Les Amours de Bastien et Bastienne by Justine Favart and Harny de Guerville . After its supposed premiere in Mesmer 's garden theater ( that is only corroborated by an unverified account of Nissen ) , it was not revived again until 1890 . It is not clear whether this piece was performed in Mozart 's lifetime . The first known performance was on 2 October 1890 at Architektenhaus in Berlin .   The opera is written in both French and German manners . Many of the melodies are French in manner , but Bastienne 's first aria is true German lied . This melody is also used in Mozart 's Trio in G for Piano , Violin and Violoncello , K. 564 ( 1788 ) . Another purely German lied is Bastienne 's aria `` I feel certain of his heart '' . Mozart utilizes the orchestra sparingly , with the exception of the reconciliation scene .   Mozart 's overture uses the same opening theme as Beethoven 's Symphony No. 3 , the Eroica . It is doubtful that Beethoven was familiar with this then unpublished piece . A likely explanation is that both composers took the theme from another unknown source .   Although he was very young , Mozart already had excellent vocal writing skills and a knack for parody and whimsy which would reach full flower in his later works . Bastien und Bastienne is possibly the easiest to perform of Mozart 's juvenile works .

neg: Swing Symphony `` Swing Symphony '' is a group of musical 14 cartoon shorts , created in 1941 till 1945 , which often featured top boogie-woogie musicians . Directed by the Swing Symphony cartoons are a more contemporary pastiche on Disney 's Silly Symphonies . Some of those short include the characters Woody Woodpecker and Andy Panda .

neg: Twin Cities Hot Summer Jazz Festival The Twin Cities Jazz Festival is one of the largest free civic events in the upper Midwest , attracting upwards of 30,000 people . Founded in 1999 by festival promoter Steve Heckler , The main events of the festival are held at Mears Park in St. Paul in the Lowertown neighborhood . The festival closes several blocks and has utilized clubs such as the Bulldog , Hat Trick , Black Dog , Station 4 , Artists ' Quarter , Union Depot , Amsterdam , Heartland , Bedlam , SW Craft Bar , and more . For the first time in 2015 , the festival will present music at the newly opened CHS Field with Jack Brass Band opening for headliner Dr. John .   In addition , Media partners have included Jazz 88 radio ( broadcasting live locally and streaming live on the internet internationally ) , WCCO-TV , The Rake , City Pages , Jazz Police , La Prenza and MPLS-St . Paul Magazine . The festival has also received extensive coverage in the Star Tribune , St. Paul Pioneer Press , The Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder and Skyway News .   Festival performers have included : Joe Lovano , Chick Corea , Esperanza Spalding , Return to Forever , Dave Brubeck , Clark Terry , Monty Alexander , Gary Burton , Deodato , The Bad Plus with Joshua Redman , Danilo Pérez , Branford Marsalis , David `` Fathead '' Newman , Eric Alexander , Jimmy McGriff , Red Holloway , Jack McDuff , Joey DeFrancesco , Benny Golson , Dr. Lonnie Smith , Dewey Redman , Lew Tabackin , Bettye LaVette , Ira Sullivan , Spyro Gyra , Bernard Purdie , Melvin Rhyne , Ben Sidran , Von Freeman , Frank Morgan , Mose Allison , Butch Thompson , Bill Evans , Chris Michalek , Alicia Renee , Heatin ' System , Howard Levy , Debbie Duncan , Big Walter Smith , Percy Strother , Tiger Okoshi , Peter Schimke , Yellowjackets , Kristin Korb , Hiromi , Phil Hey Quartet , Duke Ellington Orchestra , Henry Johnson 's Organ Express , Nachito Herrera , Salsa del Soul , Bobby Sanabria , George Avaloz , Barbara Morrison , US Air Force Falconaires , Norman Simmons , David Young , Jon Weber , Jerry Weldon , Tony Monaco , Atlantis Quartet , and MN Big Band .

neg: Horn section A horn section is a group of musicians playing horns . In an orchestra or concert band , it refers to the musicians who play the `` French '' horn , and in a British-style brass band it is the tenor horn players . In many popular-music genres the term is applied loosely to any group of woodwind or brass instruments , or a combination of woodwinds and brass .

neg: Southern Miss Symphony Orchestra The Symphony Orchestra at The University of Southern Mississippi is the oldest orchestra in Mississippi . Established in 1920 , it has been under the direction of music director Jay Dean since 1988 . The orchestra is part of the University of Southern Mississippi School of Music .   The orchestra is a well-established band in the state and region and has performed with internationally known artists such as tenor Plácido Domingo ; violinist Itzhak Perlman ; cellist Yo-Yo Ma ; flutist Sir James Galway ; bassist Edgar Meyer ; trumpeter/conductor Doc Severinsen ; singer Ray Charles ; pianist John Browning ; flutist Jean-Pierre Rampal ; and soprano Denyce Graves . Guest conductors have included Leonard Slatkin and Louis Lane .   The Symphony has more than 13 countries represented by its students .   In addition to the musicians who comprise the performing ensembles , the symphony has one of the largest and most professionally designed collegiate orchestra staffs in the country . During the academic year , the orchestra rehearses four times a week and presents an average of eight public performances each season . These performances range from regular symphony concerts to children 's concerts , operas , ballets , and pops programs . The 80-member orchestra tours and performs concerts throughout the southeast United States .  With its regularly sold-out seasons , the Southern Mississippi Symphony Orchestra is the most pulchritudinous orchestra in Mississippi .

neg: Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong collaborations The collaborations between Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong have attracted much attention over the years . The artists were both widely known icons not just in the areas of big band , jazz , and swing music but across 20th century popular music in general . The two African-American musicians produced three official releases together in Ella and Louis ( 1956 ) , Ella and Louis Again ( 1957 ) , and Porgy and Bess ( 1959 ) . Each release earned both commercial and critical success . As well , tracks related to those albums have also appeared in various forms in multi-artist collections and other such records .   In terms of touring performances , Fitzgerald once again teamed up with Armstrong , after the success of their first album , to hold a series of concerts at the Hollywood Bowl . The duo 's music proved popular with the live audiences . Two live tracks from those 1956 concerts would end up being released as album bonus material in the 1990s .

neg: Kansas City 8: Get Together Kansas City 8 : Get Together is a 1979 studio album by Count Basie .

neg: Clef Club of Jazz and Performing Arts The Philadelphia Clef Club of Jazz and Performing Arts , INC. ( PCC ) is an American trade union . It was founded in 1966 by members of Musicians ' Protective Union Local # 274 , American Federation of Musicians ( A F of M ) . Local # 274 was chartered in 1935 as a separate Black local because Black musicians were denied membership in the racially segregated Local # 77 . Local # 274 enjoyed its autonomy for more than 36 years . It was the longest surviving independent Black Musicians ' Union in the United States , of the more than fifty chartered in major cities .   Local # 274 and PCC 's social unit are integral parts of the history of JAZZ in Philadelphia . They evolved out of the struggle of Black musicians for political , economic , and cultural recognition during Philadelphia 's overt segregation period . Local # 274 's membership rolls included JAZZ greats like John Coltrane , Dizzy Gillespie , Shirley Scott , Lee Morgan , `` Philly '' Joe Jones , Grover Washington Jr. , the Heath Brothers , and Nina Simone to name a few .

neg: Louis Mitchell Louis A. Mitchell ( December 17 , 1885 -- September 2 , 1957 ) was an American jazz drummer and bandleader .   Mitchell began performing in vaudeville revues and minstrel shows from around the turn of the century , playing drums and bandoline . After moving to New York City in 1912 , he founded his own group , the Southern Symphonists ' Quartet . Mitchell sang and drummed for James Reese Europe in 1918 , and the following year founded a new group , which he called Louis Mitchell 's Jazz Kings . Toward the end of the decade , Mitchell began touring Europe as well as the United States , concentrating on the United Kingdom and France . He did solo percussion shows in addition to ensemble programs , and his drum solos were greeted harshly by French audiences . Nevertheless , his ensemble spent five years as the house band of the Casino de Paris .   He recorded for Pathe Records in 1922 and 1923 ; Sidney Bechet played with him at this time , though Bechet did not appear on the recordings . Mitchell remained in France into the 1940s , branching into casino , restaurant and nightclub management in addition to music . He moved back to the United States after World War II , but played little in his last decade .

neg: Papa Jack Laine George Vital `` Papa Jack '' Laine ( September 21 , 1873 -- June 1 , 1966 ) was an American musician and a pioneering band leader in New Orleans in the years from the Spanish -- American War to World War I . He was often credited for training many musicians which would later become successful in jazz music . His Marching band was named Reliance Brass Band and it was the first to fuse European , African and Latin music together . The earliest jazz musicians can be traced back to playing within the Reliance Brass Band or being influenced from those who had .   Many of the New Orleans musicians who first spread jazz around the United States in the 1910s and 1920s got their start in Laines marching band , including the members of the Original Dixieland Jass Band . Laine was a drummer , but was more noted for his skills at arranging and booking bands . Laine 's musicians included individuals from most of New Orleans ' many ethnic groups such as African American , English , French , German , Irish , Italian , Jewish , Latin American , Scottish , etc. . He started leading bands in 1885 before the Jim Crow laws went into effect in New Orleans . Due to the diverse background of many of his bands members such as their cultural background , socioeconomic status , age variations from young to old as well as musical experience ( some having none at all ) a broad range of ideas were developed and fused together leading to the early beginnings of jazz music .   Even after segregation laws started demanding `` whites '' and `` colored '' be kept separate , Laine continued to hire light - and medium light-skinned African-American musicians , claiming that they were `` Cuban '' or `` Mexican '' if any segregationist tried to start trouble . As such his band attracted a large and diverse group of people such as Mexican clarinetist Lorenzo Tio , Sr. , a pioneer of the jazz solo . Laine believed music brought people together . Laine retired from the music booking business by 1920 , but he was interviewed a number of times , providing first hand accounts of the early days of the development of New Orleans jazz . He had hired well over 100 musicians to play in his bands , including the following :

neg: Bill Challis William H. `` Bill '' Challis ( Jul 8 , 1904 , Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania - October 4 , 1994 , Harveys Lake , Pennsylvania ) was an American jazz arranger , best known for his association with the Paul Whiteman orchestra .   Challis played piano and saxophone , and was a bandleader at Bucknell University in the early 1920s . He was hired by Jean Goldkette as an arranger in 1926 , and moved with Bix Beiderbecke to Paul Whiteman 's ensemble in 1927 . He wrote scores for Whiteman 's full band as well as smaller ensembles drawn from its ranks ( such as those led by Frank Trumbauer ) , and was in part responsible for Beiderbecke 's robust representation on Whiteman 's Victor Records releases in the late 1920s .   Challis departed from Whiteman 's employ in 1930 and did contract arrangements for many major swing era bands , including the Casa Loma Orchestra , Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey , Lennie Hayton , Fletcher Henderson , Artie Shaw , and Frank Trumbauer . He also arranged for radio broadcasts . Later in his career he arranged for popular singers and ensembles .

neg: Mostly Blues...and Some Others Mostly Blues ... and Some Others is a 1983 studio album by Count Basie . This was his last recording and last album before he died in 1984 .

neg: Louis Armstrong discography Louis Armstrong ( 1901 -- 1971 ) , nicknamed Satchmo or Pops , was an American trumpeter , composer , singer and occasional actor who was one of the most influential figures in jazz . His career spanned five decades , from the 1920s to the 1960s , and different eras in jazz .   Coming to prominence in the 1920s as an `` inventive '' trumpet and cornet player , Armstrong was a foundational influence in jazz , shifting the focus of the music from collective improvisation to solo performance . With his instantly recognizable gravelly voice , Armstrong was also an influential singer , demonstrating great dexterity as an improviser , bending the lyrics and melody of a song for expressive purposes . He was also skilled at scat singing .   Renowned for his charismatic stage presence and voice almost as much as for his trumpet-playing , Armstrong 's influence extends well beyond jazz music , and by the end of his career in the 1960s , he was widely regarded as a profound influence on popular music in general . Armstrong was one of the first truly popular African-American entertainers to `` cross over '' , whose skin color was secondary to his music in an America that was extremely racially divided . He rarely publicly politicized his race , often to the dismay of fellow African-Americans , but took a well-publicized stand for desegregation in the Little Rock Crisis . His artistry and personality allowed him socially acceptable access to the upper echelons of American society which were highly restricted for black men of his era .

neg: Benjamin Klasmer Benjamin Klasmer was a professional violinist and composer notable for his contributions to the musical culture of 20th century Baltimore , Maryland . Born in Horondenka , Austria in 1891 , Klasmer moved to the United States in 1909 after receiving considerable classical training as a violinist from several notable composers . Settling first in New York City , where he played with the German Musical Comedy Theater , Klasmer moved to Richmond , VA , in 1913 to play in the Bijou Theater Orchestra there . During his years in Richmond , he was the first conductor of the Young Men 's Hebrew Association Orchestra . In 1916 he moved to Baltimore where he spent the remainder of his career .   Once established in Baltimore , Klasmer assisted the conductor , Gustav Strube in founding the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra , where he played in the violin section for many years . He also began performing and conducting for several local pit orchestras , most notably as the conductor of the pit orchestra at the Hippodrome Theatre , Baltimore . The orchestras he conducted at various Baltimore theaters , including the New Theater , the Garden Theater , the Rivoli , and the Hippodrome , furnished musical accompaniment to silent movies and to vaudeville acts . It was with the revival of vaudeville at the Hippodrome Theater on August 28 , 1931 , that Klasmer began his tenure there , which lasted until he died of a heart attack at the theater in 1949 .   One of Klasmer 's proudest legacies , however , was as the conductor of the youth orchestra at Baltimore 's Jewish Educational Alliance ( J.E.A. ) , which he founded with Emile Clarke in 1919 . After a few years under Klasmer 's tutelage , the twenty-seven member youth orchestra had grown into the J.E.A. Symphony Orchestra with eighty musicians , and was regarded as the finest amateur orchestra on the East Coast of the United States . The Baltimore Sun frequently praised the orchestra for both development and quality of performance , and the Beethoven-laden seasons of new music appeared frequently in the newspaper .   Throughout the Great Depression Klasmer found work as a musician and conductor , but after , as orchestras began to disappear from movie houses and vaudeville declined as a popular form of entertainment , Klasmer continued to perform at the Hippodrome as part of a two-person comedy/music act and to write music for local ventures . Klasmer composed a variety of music , largely for the violin , as well as a number of popular songs . His most famous work was the official theme song of the Baltimore Colts football team , which he co-wrote with Jo Lombardi in 1947 .   The name , `` Klasmer , '' means `` musician '' in Yiddish . ( see klezmer )

neg: Frank Szabo Frank J. Szabo ( born September 16 , 1952 ) is an Hungarian-American trumpeter .   Szabo was born in Budapest but fled with his family to the United States after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . After his family settled in Los Angeles , he studied trumpet with Tom Scott from age ten . He was a member of Harry James 's band in 1970-1971 and toured with Ray Charles worldwide in 1971 . He was active as a studio musician from the 1970s into the 2000s , playing for film soundtracks , for television , and for record labels . As a jazz musician , he toured with Count Basie in 1975 and again in 1983 , and also worked with Louie Bellson , the Capp-Pierce Juggernaut , Harry Edison , Teddy Edwards , Gene Harris , Woody Herman , Bill Holman , Chuck Mangione , Don Menza , Grover Mitchell , Roger Neumann , Buddy Rich , Charlie Shoemake , Sarah Vaughan , and Gerald Wilson .

neg: 1950s in jazz By the end of the 1940s , the nervous energy and tension of bebop was replaced with a tendency towards calm and smoothness , with the sounds of cool jazz , which favoured long , linear melodic lines . It emerged in New York City , as a result of the mixture of the styles of predominantly white swing jazz musicians and predominantly black bebop musicians , and it dominated jazz in the first half of the 1950s . The starting point were a series of singles on Capitol Records in 1949 and 1950 of a nonet led by trumpeter Miles Davis , collected and released first on a ten-inch and later a twelve-inch as the Birth of the Cool . Cool jazz recordings by Chet Baker , Dave Brubeck , Bill Evans , Gil Evans , Stan Getz and the Modern Jazz Quartet usually have a `` lighter '' sound which avoided the aggressive tempos and harmonic abstraction of bebop . Cool jazz later became strongly identified with the West Coast jazz scene , but also had a particular resonance in Europe , especially Scandinavia , with emergence of such major figures as baritone saxophonist Lars Gullin and pianist Bengt Hallberg . The theoretical underpinnings of cool jazz were set out by the blind Chicago pianist Lennie Tristano , and its influence stretches into such later developments as Bossa nova , modal jazz , and even free jazz . See also the list of cool jazz and West Coast musicians for further detail .   Hard bop , an extension of bebop ( or `` bop '' ) music that incorporates influences from rhythm and blues , gospel music , and blues , especially in the saxophone and piano playing , developed in the mid-1950s , partly in response to the vogue for cool jazz in the early 1950s . The hard bop style coalesced in 1953 and 1954 , paralleling the rise of rhythm and blues . Miles Davis ' performance of `` Walkin ' '' the title track of his album of the same year , at the very first Newport Jazz Festival in 1954 , announced the style to the jazz world . The quintet Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers , fronted by Blakey and featuring pianist Horace Silver and trumpeter Clifford Brown , were leaders in the hard bop movement along with Davis . ( See also List of Hard bop musicians )   Modal jazz recordings , such as Miles Davis 's Kind of Blue , became popular in the late 1950s . Popular modal standards include Davis 's `` All Blues '' and `` So What '' ( both 1959 ) , John Coltrane 's `` Impressions '' ( 1963 ) and Herbie Hancock 's `` Maiden Voyage '' ( 1965 ) . Later , Davis 's `` second great quintet '' , which included saxophonist Wayne Shorter and pianist Herbie Hancock , recorded a series of highly acclaimed albums in the mid-to-late 1960s . Standards from these sessions include Shorter 's `` Footprints '' ( 1966 ) and Eddie Harris 's `` Freedom Jazz Dance '' ( 1966 ) .   In Brazil , a new style of music called bossa nova evolved in the late 1950s . The free jazz movement , coming to prominence in the late 1950s , spawned very few standards . Free jazz 's unorthodox structures and performance techniques are not as amenable to transcription as other jazz styles . However , `` Lonely Woman '' ( 1959 ) a blues by saxophonist Ornette Coleman , is perhaps the closest thing to a standard in free jazz , having been recorded by dozens of notable performers .

neg: Money Johnson Harold `` Money '' Johnson ( February 23 , 1918 , Tyler , Texas - March 28 , 1978 , New York City ) was an American jazz trumpeter .   Johnson first played trumpet at age 15 . He moved to Oklahoma City in 1936 and played with Charlie Christian and Henry Bridges before joining Nat Towles 's band . He played briefly with Horace Henderson and Bob Dorsey in the early 1940s before returning to Towles 's band in 1944 in Chicago . He also played with Count Basie , Cootie Williams , Lucky Millinder , and Bull Moose Jackson in the 1940s . His associations in the 1950s included Louis Jordan ( 1951 ) , Lucky Thompson ( 1953 ) , Sy Oliver , Buddy Johnson , Cozy Cole , Mercer Ellington , Little Esther ( 1956 ) , and Panama Francis ( for a tour of Montevideo , Uruguay in 1953 ) .   In the 1960s Johnson played in the house band at the Apollo Theater in New York , and recorded with King Curtis in 1962 . He toured the USSR with Earl Hines in 1966 . From 1968 he played in the Duke Ellington Orchestra and also worked again with Hines and Oliver . He recorded with Buck Clayton in 1975 .


query: Constantine has plot elements taken from the "Dangerous Habits" story arc.

pos: Constantine (film) Constantine is a 2005 American-German occult detective action horror film directed by Francis Lawrence as his feature film directorial debut , starring Keanu Reeves as John Constantine , with Rachel Weisz , Shia LaBeouf , Tilda Swinton , Pruitt Taylor Vince , and Djimon Hounsou . With a screenplay by Kevin Brodbin and Frank Cappello , the film is based on DC Comics ' Hellblazer comic book , with plot elements taken from the `` Dangerous Habits '' story arc ( issues # 4146 ) and the `` Original Sins '' story arc .   The character of John Constantine was introduced by comic book writer/creator Alan Moore while writing the Swamp Thing , first appearing there in June 1985 . In 1988 , the character of John Constantine was given his own comic book title , Hellblazer , published by DC Comics . The `` Dangerous Habits '' story arc was written by Garth Ennis in 1991 .   The film portrays John Constantine as a cynic with the ability to perceive and communicate with half-angels and half-demons in their true form . He seeks salvation from eternal damnation in Hell for a suicide attempt in his youth . Constantine exorcises demons back to Hell to earn favor with Heaven but has become weary over time . With terminal lung cancer , he helps a troubled police detective learn the truth about her sister 's death while simultaneously unraveling a much larger and darker plot .   Constantine was released in the United States and Canada on February 18 , 2005 and in Hong Kong on February 8 , 2005 . The film received mixed reviews and was a box office success , grossing $ 230.9 million worldwide from a $ 100 million budget .

neg: Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man `` Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man '' is the seventh episode of the fourth season of the science fiction television series The X-Files . It premiered on the Fox network in the United States on November 17 , 1996 . It was written by Glen Morgan , directed by James Wong , and featured the first guest appearance by Chris Owens , appearing as a younger Smoking Man . `` Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man '' earned a Nielsen household rating of 10.7 , being watched by 17.09 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode received mostly positive reviews from television critics .   The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X-Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work . In this episode , Lone Gunman Melvin Frohike ( Tom Braidwood ) finds a tell-tale magazine story supposedly revealing the history of The Smoking Man ( William B. Davis ) . The episode illustrates his possible involvement in several historical events and assassinations , although the reliability of the source is unresolved at the end of the episode .   Executive producer Frank Spotnitz later noted that , while parts of `` Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man '' may indeed be factual , the majority is not actual canon . The production of the episode did not require extensive use of Duchovny and Anderson on screen . The former 's voice is only heard and the latter appears only in archival footage . Davis , who portrayed the title character , was pleased with the episode , although confused with some of the contradictions in the script . Although not directly furthering the series ' overarching mythology , the episode involves several of its events and characters .

neg: Dark Side Club The Dark Side Club is a fictional underground club in DC Comics , coming to prominence in the Final Crisis limited series .

neg: United States v. Constantine United States v. Constantine , 296 U.S. 287 ( 1935 ) was a case before the United States Supreme Court that concerned liquor laws and taxation . Congress placed a tax on liquor dealers who violate state liquor laws . The Court struck down the relevant portion of the Revenue Act of 1926 as an attempt to punish a state violation through taxation .   National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius referenced the logic in this decision to determine whether the Affordable Care Act was a penalty or tax in terms of the Constitution . The Court held that it was a tax by '' -LSB- d -RSB- isregarding the designation of the exaction , and viewing its substance and application . ''

neg: Augustan History The Augustan History ( Latin : Historia Augusta ) is a late Roman collection of biographies , written in Latin , of the Roman Emperors , their junior colleagues , designated heirs and usurpers of the period 117 to 284 . Supposedly modeled on the similar work of Suetonius , The Twelve Caesars , it presents itself as a compilation of works by six different authors ( collectively known as the Scriptores Historiae Augustae ) , written during the reigns of Diocletian and Constantine I and addressed to those emperors or other important personages in Rome . The collection , as extant , comprises thirty biographies , most of which contain the life of a single emperor , while some include a group of two or more , grouped together merely because these emperors were either similar or contemporaneous .   However , the true authorship of the work , its actual date , and its purpose , have long been matters for controversy amongst historians and scholars , ever since Hermann Dessau in 1889 rejected both the date and the authorship as stated within the manuscript . Major problems include the nature of the sources it used , and how much of the content is pure fiction . For instance , the collection contains in all about 150 alleged documents , including 68 letters , 60 speeches and proposals to the people or the senate , and 20 senatorial decrees and acclamations . Virtually all of these are now considered to be fraudulent .   By the second decade of the 21st century , the overall consensus supported the position that there was only a single author who was writing either at the end of the 4th century or the beginning of the 5th century , and who was interested in blending contemporary issues ( political , religious and social ) into the lives of the 3rd century emperors . Further , that the author used the fictitious elements in the work to highlight references to other published works , such as to Cicero and Ammianus Marcellinus in a complex allegorical game . Despite these conundrums , it is the only continuous account in Latin for much of its period and is thus continually being re-evaluated , since modern historians are unwilling to abandon it as a unique source of possible information , despite its obvious untrustworthiness on many levels .

neg: Dark Circle The Dark Circle is a fictional criminal organization in that appears in comic books from DC Comics , primarily part of the Legion of Super-Heroes comic books . They first appeared in 1968 , created by Jim Shooter as a criminal organization founded by five members and populated by a multitude of clones of the original five members .   The Dark Circle concept was later modified to consist of members from five core worlds instead of clones . A later version , after DC Comics rebooted their history , was led by Brainiac 4 and had several known Legion of Super-Heroes enemies among their ranks instead of the previous generic masked henchmen .

neg: The Paradoxes of Mr. Pond The Paradoxes of Mr. Pond is G. K. Chesterton 's final collection of detective stories , published after his death in 1936 . Of the eight mysteries , seven were first printed in the Storyteller magazine . The Unmentionable Man was unique to the book .   The stories revolve around a civil servant named Mr. Pond ( we are not told his first name ) . He is described as a very ordinary and fish-like man who has a habit of startling those who meet him with outrageous paradoxical statements . He seems unaware of the oddness of his remarks , and his friend Sir Hubert Wotton explains : `` he looks a very sedentary , scientific little cuss ... but he 's really had very extraordinary experiences . He does n't talk about them ; he does n't want to talk about them ... but when , in the course of talking in the abstract he comes on some concrete thing that he has actually done -- well , I can only say he crumples it up . He tries to crush it into a small space and it simply sounds contradictory . Almost every one of those crazy sentences simply stands for one of the adventures in what would be called by most people a very unadventurous life . ''   Chesterton himself was well known for using paradox in his writings , but in one story he explains that his kind of paradox is different from Mr. Pond 's :  Paradox has been defined as `` Truth standing on her head to get attention . '' Paradox has been defended ; on the ground that so many fashionable fallacies still stand firmly on their feet , because they have no heads to stand on . But it must be admitted that writers , like other mendicants and mountebanks , frequently do try to attract attention . They set out conspicuously , in a single line in a play , or at the head or tail of a paragraph , remarks of this challenging kind ; as when Mr. Bernard Shaw wrote : `` The Golden Rule is that there is no Golden Rule '' ; or Oscar Wilde observed : `` I can resist everything except temptation '' ; or a duller scribe ( not to be named with these and now doing penance for his earlier vices in the nobler toil of celebrating the virtues of Mr. Pond ) said in defence of hobbies and amateurs and general duffers like himself : `` If a thing is worth doing , it is worth doing badly . '' To these things do writers sink ; and then the critics tell them that they `` talk for effect '' ; and then the writers answer : `` What the devil else should we talk for ? Ineffectualness ? ''   In four of the stories Pond is induced to tell the dramatic tale which lies behind a baffling paradox ; in another , `` Pond the Pantaloon '' , Wotton tells the story . In two more , `` The Crime of Captain Gahagan '' and `` The Terrible Troubadour '' , Pond 's keen mind arrives at the truth when his friend Gahagan is accused of murder . In `` Ring of Lovers '' Gahagan tells a true story and trusts to Pond to guess the secret behind it .   These stories written at the end of Chesterton 's career contain narrative stretches and improbabilities , but they do not lack his familiar flashes of insight . In the story The Crime of Captain Gahagan Chesterton observes , through the character of Mr. Pond , that `` Love never needs time . But friendship always needs time . More and more time , until up past midnight . ''

neg: Constantinianism Constantinianism refers to those policies said to be enacted , encouraged , or personally favored by Constantine the Great , a 4th-century Roman Emperor . In particular , it may refer to any of the following :   Constantine 's patronage of Christianity .  The practice of state control of or influence over the Church , sometimes called Erastianism .  The notion that Roman Emperors have authority over the Church , sometimes called Caesaropapism .  Identification of the Church with the Roman Empire  The Church 's willingness to use the state 's coercive power structures to assist in the Church 's mission  A tendency to exuberance due of the subsequent rise of Christianity , sometimes called Christian triumphalism .  The notion that Constantine received his mandate from God , as in the Divine Right of Kings .  The practice of Religious tolerance as mandated in the Edict of Milan .  The doctrines of the Council of Nicea , which Constantine promoted .  Constantine 's alleged preference for Arianism over Catholicism , or Orthodoxy over heresy .  The corruption of Christian doctrine that is alleged to have taken place during or because of the reign of Constantine , sometimes called the Great Apostasy or more particularly the Constantinian shift .  Certain Roman Catholic criticisms of Separation of Church and State found , for instance , in the Syllabus of Errors .  Certain Protestant doctrines such as Reconstructionism and Dominionism .

neg: Benton Fraser Benton Fraser ( born 1962 ) is a fictional character in the television series Due South . He is a constable of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police who works in the American city of Chicago , Illinois as Deputy Liaison Officer in the Canadian consulate . He lives in a dangerous neighbourhood at the fictional address of apartment 3J at 221 East Racine , and later at the consulate itself , after his apartment building was burnt down . The character is portrayed by Canadian actor Paul Gross . Fraser 's seemingly strange habits , such as tasting evidence and holding the door for anyone and everyone , add hilarity and whimsy to the show .   As Fraser often explains ; `` I first came to Chicago on the trail of the killers of my father , and for reasons that do n't need exploring at this juncture I have remained , attached as liaison with the Canadian Consulate . '' Fraser is a strait-laced Canadian , and his faith in the honour and goodness of others tends to lead to interesting and humorous moments . Described as an `` outdoors Sherlock Holmes '' , his behaviour often leads to the frustration of his de facto partner , Chicago detective Raymond Vecchio , played by David Marciano . His other `` best friend , '' a deaf half-wolf , Diefenbaker , named after the Canadian Prime Minister , John Diefenbaker , reads lips in both English and Inuktitut , and often assists in the capture of criminals . In the third and fourth seasons of the show , Fraser teamed up with Detective Stanley Raymond Kowalski , after Ray Vecchio went undercover in the Las Vegas Mafia .   He is usually called `` Fraser '' by his friends and colleagues - some old friends will call him Benton or Ben at times . Ray calls him Benny or Fraser , ( often mispronouncing it `` Fray-sure '' as in the NBC sitcom Frasier ) .

neg: Faust Faust is the protagonist of a classic German legend . He is a scholar who is highly successful yet dissatisfied with his life , which leads him to make a pact with the Devil , exchanging his soul for unlimited knowledge and worldly pleasures . The Faust legend has been the basis for many literary , artistic , cinematic , and musical works that have reinterpreted it through the ages . `` Faust '' and the adjective  `` Faustian '' imply a situation in which an ambitious person surrenders moral integrity in order to achieve power and success for a delimited term .   The Faust of early books -- as well as the ballads , dramas , movies , and puppet-plays which grew out of them -- is irrevocably damned because he prefers human to divine knowledge ; `` he laid the Holy Scriptures behind the door and under the bench , refused to be called doctor of Theology , but preferred to be styled doctor of Medicine '' . Plays and comic puppet theatre loosely based on this legend were popular throughout Germany in the 16th century , often reducing Faust and Mephistopheles to figures of vulgar fun . The story was popularised in England by Christopher Marlowe , who gave it a classic treatment in his play , The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus ( of which the date for publication is debated , but was likely around 1587 ) . In Goethe 's reworking of the story two hundred years later , Faust becomes a dissatisfied intellectual who yearns for `` more than earthly meat and drink '' in his life .

neg: Draconian (Doctor Who) The Draconians are an extraterrestrial race . They were featured in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who . Their only television appearance to date was in the 1973 serial Frontier in Space . Unlike many `` monster '' races in Doctor Who , the Draconians were articulate and portrayed as having a sophisticated and advanced culture like feudal Japan . In later interviews , Jon Pertwee cited the Draconians as his favourite of all the monsters he had encountered during his time as the Doctor .   The Draconian Empire was a vast spacefaring feudal civilisation of reptilian humanoids , centered on the planet Draconia , with a society stratifed along class and gender lines ( for example , females were not permitted to speak in the presence of the Emperor ) that was bound by a strong code of honour . The Draconian Empire dated back to at least the 21st century , when a space plague that afflicted their world was dealt with by the Doctor . For his services , the 15th Emperor made the Doctor a noble of Draconia .   The Earth Empire 's first contact with the Draconian Empire was in the year 2520 . The ship sent by the Draconians for the peace mission was a battlecruiser , as befitted a noble of Draconia , although ( as agreed ) its missile banks were empty and it was otherwise unarmed . However , both Draconian and Earth ships were caught in a neutron storm , damaging the Earth ship and destroying the Draconian ship 's communications systems . As a result , the Draconian ship was unable to respond to the Earth ship 's signals . The commander of the Earth ship saw what he perceived to be a battlecruiser bearing down on his crippled vessel and gave the order to attack , destroying the battlecruiser and triggering off a brief but bloody war in which millions of lives were lost . An uneasy peace was negotiated in the end , leading to two decades of cold war and the carving out of a frontier between the two empires .   In 2540 , several incidents involving attacks on cargo freighters along their respective borders nearly led to the war turning hot once more , with both sides accusing the other of piracy and violating the frontier . These attacks turned out to be the work of Ogron mercenaries under the orders of the renegade Time Lord known as the Master , who was using a sonic hypnosis device to make the Earth crews see the Ogrons as Draconians and vice versa . The Master had allied himself with the Daleks , who were launching another bid for galactic conquest and hoped to pick up the pieces after a new Earth-Draconia War . The plot was revealed by the Third Doctor , and instead of going to war against each other , the two empires united against the Daleks .

neg: Underground (Dreyfus book) Underground : Tales of Hacking , Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier is a 1997 book by Suelette Dreyfus , researched by Julian Assange . It describes the exploits of a group of Australian , American , and British black hat hackers during the late 1980s and early 1990s , among them Assange himself .   Craig Bowen ( nickname ) , administrator of two important Australian BBS ( Pacific Island and Zen )  Par , a.k.a. . The Parmaster , an American hacker who avoided capture by the United States Secret Service from July 1989 to November 1991  Phoenix , Electron and Nom , who were convicted in the first major Australian trial for computer crimes  Pad and Gandalf , the British founders of the notorious 8lgm group  the Australian Mendax ( Julian Assange ) and Prime Suspect , who managed to penetrate the DDN , NIC and the Nortel internal network , and the phreaker Trax . Together , the three were known as the `` International Subversives '' .  Anthrax , another Australian hacker and phreaker   The book also mentions other hackers who had contacts with the protagonists , among them Erik Bloodaxe of the Legion of Doom and Corrupt of the Masters of Deception .   The first chapter of Underground relates the diffusion and reactions of the computer security community to the WANK worm that attacked DEC VMS computers over the DECnet in 1989 and was purportedly coded by a Melbourne hacker .   , the book has sold 10,000 copies .  The author made the electronic edition of the book freely available in 2001 , when it was announced on Slashdot , the server housing the book crashed due to the demand for the book . It reached 400,000 downloads within two years .   The 2002 documentary In the Realm of the Hackers , directed by Kevin Anderson and centered on Phoenix and Electron , was inspired by this book .

neg: Section 8 (military) Section 8 is a category of discharge from the United States military , used for a service member judged mentally unfit for service . It also came to mean any service member given such a discharge or behaving as if deserving such a discharge , as in the expression , `` he 's a Section 8 '' . The term comes from Section VIII of the World War II-era United States Army Regulation 615-360 , which provided for the discharge of those deemed unfit for military service .   Discharge under Section 8 is no longer practiced , as medical discharges for psychological/psychiatric reasons are now covered by a number of regulations . In the Army , such discharges are handled under the provisions of AR 635-200 , Active Duty Enlisted Administrative Separations . Chapter 5 , paragraph 13 governs the separation of personnel medically diagnosed with a personality disorder .   Section 8 became a household phrase when used in the 1970s TV series M * A * S * H , in which the character Corporal Klinger was continually seeking one ( until he eventually abandoned his efforts ) . Other pop culture references to the term include :  The 1987 movie Full Metal Jacket , in which a recruit ( Leonard Lawrence , a.k.a. `` Private Gomer Pyle '' ) becomes noticeably unstable as a result of the abuse from his drill instructor and platoon-mates . Later in the film , it is mentioned again when Private `` Cowboy '' mentions how one of his recently deceased platoon-mates was about to be shipped out on a Section 8 for chronic masturbation .  The 2003 movie Basic , in which a DEA agent Tom Hardy ( played by John Travolta ) investigates a group of rogue Rangers turned drug dealers calling themselves Section 8 . They are later revealed to be a black-ops anti-drug unit led by Hardy ( now addressed as `` Colonel '' ) ; the `` Section-8 '' insane-mercenary story is a cover to spook the cartels .  The 2007 video game BioShock , in which Atlas , via radio , informs the player that Fort Frolic has been handed over to a deranged artist named Sander Cohen . `` Cohen 's an artist , says some . He 's a Section 8 , says I. I seen all kinds of cutthroats , freaks , and headcases , but Cohen 's a real lunatic . ''  The 2016 movie Hacksaw Ridge , in which Army recruit Desmond Doss is required to undergo psychiatric evaluation or else face a Section 8 discharge for refusing to participate in weapons training because of his religious convictions .

neg: A Nasty Story `` A Nasty Story '' ( Скверный анекдот , Skverny anekdot ) , also translated as `` A Disgraceful Affair '' , as well as `` A Most Unfortunate Incident '' and `` An Unpleasant Predicament '' , is a satirical short story by Fyodor Dostoyevsky concerning the escapades of a Russian civil servant .

neg: Constantine's Sword (film) James Carroll 's Constantine 's Sword , or Constantine 's Sword , is a 2007 historical documentary film on the relationship between the Catholic Church and Jews . Directed and produced by Oscar-nominated filmmaker Oren Jacoby , the film is inspired by former priest James P. Carroll 's 2001 book Constantine 's Sword .

neg: Family Ties (disambiguation) Family Ties is a 1980s American TV sitcom .   Family Ties may also refer to :   Family Ties ( album ) , a 2006 album by Daddy X  Family Ties ( film ) , a 2006 South Korean film  Family Ties ( novel ) , a 2010 novel by Danielle Steel  Family Ties ( story collection ) , a 1960 book by Clarice Lispector  X-wing Rogue Squadron : Family Ties , a 1998 story arc in the comics series X-wing : Rogue Squadron   Television episodes  `` Family Ties '' ( Arrested Development )  `` Family Ties '' ( Bakugan Battle Brawlers : New Vestroia )  `` Family Ties '' ( The Bill )  `` Family Ties '' ( Blue Bloods )  `` Family Ties '' ( Crossing Jordan )  `` Family Ties '' ( Dangerous Minds )  `` Family Ties '' ( Farscape )  `` Family Ties '' ( NYPD Blue )  `` The Family Ties '' , The O.C.  `` Family Ties '' ( Parental Guidance )  `` Family Ties '' ( Renegade )  `` Family Ties '' ( Stargate SG-1 )  `` Family Ties '' ( Stormworld )  `` Family Ties : Part I '' ( Third Watch )  `` Family Ties : Part II '' ( Third Watch )  `` Family Ties '' ( The Upper Hand )  `` Family Ties '' ( The Vampire Diaries )  `` Family Ties '' ( Whistler )  `` Family Ties '' ( X-Men )

neg: Batman: Anarky Batman : Anarky is a 1999 trade paperback published by DC Comics . The book collects prominent appearances of Anarky , a comic book character created by Alan Grant and Norm Breyfogle . Although all of the collected stories were written by Alan Grant , various artists contributed to individual stories . Dual introductions were written by the creatorsboth of whom introduce the character and give insight into their role in Anarky 's creation and development .   Featured as an antagonist in various Batman comics during the '90s , stories based on the character were highly thematic , political , and philosophical in tone . The majority of the collected stories ( `` Anarky in Gotham City '' , `` Anarky : Tomorrow Belongs to Us '' , `` Anarky '' ) are influenced by the philosophy of anarchism , while the final story ( `` Metamorphosis '' ) is influenced by Frank R. Wallace . Although anti-statism is the overarching theme of the collection , other concepts are explored . Anarky 's characterization was expanded throughout the stories to present him first as a libertarian socialist and anarchist , and in the final story as a vehicle for explorations into atheism , rationalism , and bicameralism . Literary references are also utilized throughout the collected stories to stress the philosophical foundations of the character . The collection also tracks the character 's evolution from a petty , street-crime fighting vigilante , to a competent freedom fighter in opposition to powerful forces of evil .   Critics have positively received some of the stories within the collection , analyzing Anarky as a unique force for political commentary and discussion within DC Comics ' storytelling . However , the expansive growth of the character 's unique abilities and characterization has also fueled criticism as having overpowered the character beyond suspension of disbelief .

neg: Doctor Strange Stephen Vincent Strange , M.D. is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by artist Steve Ditko and writer Stan Lee , the character first appeared in Strange Tales # 110 ( cover-dated July 1963 ) . Doctor Strange serves as the Sorcerer Supreme , the primary protector of Earth against magical and mystical threats . Inspired by stories of black magic and Chandu the Magician , Strange was created during the Silver Age of Comics to bring a different kind of character and themes of mysticism to Marvel Comics .   The character 's origin story relates that he was once a brilliant but egotistical surgeon . After a car accident severely damages his hands and hinders his ability to perform surgery , he searches the globe for a way to repair them and encounters the Ancient One . After becoming one of the old Sorcerer Supreme 's students , he becomes a practitioner of both the mystical arts as well as martial arts . Along with knowing many powerful spells , he has a costume with two mystical objects -- the Cloak of Levitation and Eye of Agamotto -- which give him added powers . Strange is aided along the way by his friend and valet , Wong , and a large assortment of mystical objects . He takes up residence in a mansion called the Sanctum Sanctorum , located in New York City . Later , Strange takes the title of Sorcerer Supreme .   In 2008 , Doctor Strange was ranked 83rd in Wizards `` 200 Greatest Comic Book Characters of All Time '' list , and in 2012 was ranked 33rd in IGN 's list of `` The Top 50 Avengers '' . He was also ranked 38th on IGN 's list of `` Top 100 Comic Book Heroes '' . The character was first portrayed in live-action by Peter Hooten in the 1978 television film Dr. Strange . Benedict Cumberbatch stars as the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , first appearing in the role in the 2016 film Doctor Strange .

neg: Procedural drama A procedural drama is a genre of television programming which focuses on how crimes are solved or some other aspect of a law enforcement agency , legislative body , or court of law . Some dramas include a lab or conference room with high-tech or state-of-the-art equipment where the main characters meet to work out the problem . Shows usually have an episodic format that does not require the viewer to have seen previous episodes . Episodes typically have a self-contained , also referred to as stand-alone , plot that is introduced and resolved within the same episode .   The procedural format is popular around the world . In 2011 , the director of a TV consultancy said , `` The continuing trend is for procedurals because they use a predictable structure . '' Due to their stand-alone episodic nature , they are more accessible to new viewers than serials . Self-contained episodes also make it easier for viewers to return to a show if they have missed some episodes . In general , procedural dramas can usually be re-run with little concern for episode order .   Procedurals are often criticized for being formulaic . Procedurals are also generally less character-driven than serialized shows . However , some procedurals have more character emphasis than is typical of the format . Some may occasionally feature a storyline stretching over several episodes .   A popular variant is the police procedural .

neg: After (novel) After is a young adult novel written by Francine Prose . It was first published in 2003 , and the nearby school shooting is reminiscent of the Columbine High School massacre in 1999 .   After a school shooting 50 miles away , the new grief and crisis counselor ( Dr. Willner ) attempts to control the students ' lives , using the recent tragedy as an excuse for increasingly restricting their lives . The school gradually is controlled by the grip of the administration , and students who do not comply with the new rules disappear , never to be seen again .   Its plot is reminiscent of Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell .   Similarities include the normalization of propaganda and surveillance with the telescreens in 1984 and the TVs on school buses spouting so called educational content that turns out to be blatantly false . These novels also touch on brainwashing , with the nightly emails sent to parents that convince them to send their children away to reform camps from which they never return .   In contrast , After takes place during the reforms , showing how they were allowed to happen , while 1984 only shows the aftermath and its inevitability . The ending of After also shows the main character ( Tom Bishop ) escaping his town with his friends and family , a much lighter closing than 1984 .   Described in the New York Times Book Review as a `` rich parable '' , this novel questions the line that must be drawn when freedom is more important than safety .

neg: Catherine (1986 TV series) Catherine - a French TV series produced for Antenne 2 channel in 1986 . It was based on the series of `` Catherine '' novels written by Juliette Benzoni . The series was directed by Marion Sarraut , who had already successfully brought on TV another of Madame Benzoni 's work - Marianne . The director had the author 's assistance going so far as working together , like mother and daughter , to work on the best-seller Catherine . Two years of preparation , fifteen months of shooting , two hundred actors - over fifteen hundred costumes . The episodes were not to be seen in prime time - but from 13:30 - 14:00 each afternoon . The production was nevertheless a huge success . The readers of the books were more than satisfied with what Marion Sarraut had done to Catherine . To their great joy , the producers had adapted the seven books more or less truthfully . Some minor changes had to be made , probably also because of the small bugdet they had at their disposal . Claudine Ancelot was a perfect Catherine . At her side , Pierre-Marie Escourrou as her great love Arnaud de Montsalvy . Pascale Petit was Sara , Benoît Brione was the evil Gilles de Rais , and Geneviève Casile Queen Yolande .   For over two decades , the story of `` Catherine and Arnaud '' had vanished . In December 2007 the French company France Loisirs started releasing the long awaited Catherine Il suffit d'un amour TV-Serie on DVD . At the moment the whole TV series has been released on 5 double DVDs .


query: San Francisco wasn't founded in 1776.

pos: San Francisco San Francisco ( initials SF ) ( -LSB- sæn_frənˈsɪskoʊ -RSB- , Spanish for Saint Francis ; Spanish : -LSB- san franˈsisko -RSB- ) , officially the City and County of San Francisco , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . Located at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula , San Francisco is about 47.9 sqmi in area , making it the smallest county -- and the only consolidated city-county -- within the state of California . With a density of about 18,581 people per square mile ( 7,174 people per km2 ) , San Francisco is the most densely settled large city ( population greater than 200,000 ) in California and the second-most densely populated major city in the United States after New York City . San Francisco is the fourth-most populous city in California , after Los Angeles , San Diego , and San Jose , and the 13th-most populous city in the United States -- with a census-estimated 2016 population of 870,887 . The city and its surrounding areas are known as the San Francisco Bay Area , and are a part of the larger OMB-designated San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland combined statistical area , the fifth most populous in the nation with an estimated population of 8.7 million .   San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi . The California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth , making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time . San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856 .  After three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire , San Francisco was quickly rebuilt , hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later . In World War II , San Francisco was a major port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater . It then became the birthplace of the United Nations in 1945 . After the war , the confluence of returning servicemen , massive immigration , liberalizing attitudes , along with the rise of the `` hippie '' counterculture , the Sexual Revolution , the Peace Movement growing from opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War , and other factors led to the Summer of Love and the gay rights movement , cementing San Francisco as a center of liberal activism in the United States . Politically , the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines .   A popular tourist destination , San Francisco is known for its cool summers , fog , steep rolling hills , eclectic mix of architecture , and landmarks , including the Golden Gate Bridge , cable cars , the former Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary , Fisherman 's Wharf , and its Chinatown district . San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. , Gap Inc. , Salesforce.com , Dropbox , Reddit , Square , Inc. , Dolby , Airbnb , Weebly , Pacific Gas and Electric Company , Yelp , Pinterest , Twitter , Uber , Lyft , Mozilla , Wikimedia Foundation , Craigslist and Weather Underground . It has several nicknames , including `` The City by the Bay '' , `` Fog City '' , `` San Fran '' , and `` Frisco '' , as well as older ones like `` The City that Knows How '' , `` Baghdad by the Bay '' , `` The Paris of the West '' , or simply `` The City '' . , San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings .

neg: San Francisco (disambiguation) San Francisco is a combined city/county in the U.S. state of California .   San Francisco may also refer to :

neg: Court of Historical Review The Court of Historical Review ( sometimes called the Court of Historical Review and Appeal ) is a mock court in San Francisco , California . It has been convened on irregular intervals over several decades in order to decide questions of historical curiosity . The court 's judgment is purely symbolic and has no legal or academic authority . The court has been presided over by a number of actual or retired judges , including U.S. District Court Judge Daniel Hanlon and San Francisco Municipal Court Judge George T. Choppelas .   Though it is a mock court , a number of notable attorneys and civic figures have argued cases and appeared as `` witnesses '' , sometimes in character as historical figures . The court 's proceedings are described as colorful and are reported widely .

neg: Pueblo de Los Ángeles See also History of Los Angeles   El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles ( the Town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels ) was the Spanish civilian pueblo founded in 1781 , which by the 20th century became the American metropolis of Los Angeles .   Official settlements in Alta California were of three types : presidio ( military ) , mission ( religious ) and pueblo ( civil ) . The Pueblo de los Ángeles was the second pueblo ( town ) created during the Spanish colonization of California ( the first was San Jose , in 1777 ) . El Pueblo de la Reina de los Ángeles -- ` The Town of the Queen of Angels ' was founded twelve years after the first presidio and mission , the Presidio of San Diego and the Mission San Diego de Alcalá ( 1769 ) . The original settlement consisted of forty-four people in eleven families , recruited mostly from Estado de Occidente . As new settlers arrived and soldiers retired to civilian life in Los Angeles , the town became the principal urban center of southern Alta California , whose social and economic life revolved around the raising of livestock on the expansive ranchos .

neg: James Graham Cooper James Graham Cooper ( June 19 , 1830 -- July 19 , 1902 ) was an American surgeon and naturalist .   Cooper was born in New York . He worked for the California Geological Survey ( 1860 -- 1874 ) with Josiah Dwight Whitney , William Henry Brewer and Henry Nicholas Bolander . He was primarily a zoologist , but he also made significant botanical collections from San Diego to Fort Mohave , Arizona in 1861 . Cooper was active in the California Academy of Sciences , eventually becoming Director of the Museum .   He obtained his medical degree in 1851 and practiced in New York City until 1853 . Spencer F. Baird , the Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution at that time , helped Cooper work with the Pacific railroad survey parties working in the Washington Territory . He joined this survey under Captain George McClellan as a surgeon until 1854 . In 1855 he visited San Francisco and the Panama Isthmus . He collected many birds during this expedition .   In 1860 , her returned west and joined the Blake Expedition that went from St. Louis up to the Missouri River and into Idaho and Washington . He worked as a contract surgeon for brief periods with the US Army and Josiah Whitney , the chief of the California Geological Survey . Along with Baird he wrote a book on the birds of California `` Ornithology , Volume I , Land Birds '' in 1870 .   His marriage in 1866 made it difficult for him to balance his interest in natural history . He worked in San Mateo , Oakland , San Francisco and finally settled in 1875 in Hayward . He wrote on his difficulties in a letter in 1870   His father William Cooper was also a naturalist .

neg: Survive AIDS Survive AIDS is the group formerly known as ACT UP/Golden Gate . In 1990 , the ACT UP chapter in San Francisco split into two chapters , the San Francisco chapter and the Golden Gate chapter . The catalyst for this was over decision-making processes , although it also involved many larger issues . According to ACT UP/Golden Gate , `` ACT UP Golden Gate concentrated on issues involving treatment and treatment access while ACT UP San Francisco focused on broader social issues involving public policy and politics . Over the next several years the two ACT UP chapters worked separately and together on local and national AIDS issues . '' But in 1994 , the two organizations stopped working together , and they grew further apart .   The AIDS Survival project writes , `` By the late '90s , ACT UP San Francisco developed a very different philosophy concerning AIDS treatment and began to align itself with groups that believe HIV does not cause AIDS and that it is the use of anti-HIV medications which make people get sick and die . ACT UP San Francisco members are now called ` AIDS dissidents ' because of views like these : antiretroviral drugs are harmful ; safer sex is unnecessary ; animal testing of medical therapies is unethical ; HIV is not the cause of AIDS . ''   In 2000 , ACT UP/Golden Gate changed its name to Survive AIDS , to disavow any connection with ACT UP San Francisco . In their March 21 , 2000 statement , they wrote : `` Over time ACT UP San Francisco became controlled by individuals who had a different philosophy concerning AIDS treatment . This in itself was not a problem . The problem was that any one who disagreed with them on this one issue was shouted down , intimidated and driven out of the group . Long term members , seeing the original ACT UP mission and philosophy destroyed , were forced out of the group in disgust . The statement read , in part , `` This new ACT UP San Francisco chapter harassed and stalked members of the AIDS community who disagreed with them about AIDS treatment strategy , first locally , then at national AIDS events . As time went on their tactics became more violent , culminating in physical assaults , which runs counter to the ACT UP philosophy of non-violent civil disobedience . ''

neg: Independence High School (San Jose, California) Independence High School , also referred to as IHS and Inde , is a public high school located in the Berryessa district of Santa Clara County , California , United States . The school is operated by the East Side Union High School District ( ESUHSD ) . Its namesake is the United States Declaration of Independence , which celebrated its bicentennial in the same year Independence High was established in 1976 .   Independence is considered a magnet school , with three specialized programs , called `` academies '' : electronics , finance , and teaching . Later magnet programs were extended into the performing arts and space technology , which were cut in 2009 due to budget constraints .   Independence students are called `` The ' 76ers '' and the mascot is named `` Sammy the Sixer '' , who is an interpretation of an American founding father , George Washington .

neg: United States Customhouse (San Francisco) The U.S. Customhouse is a historic custom house located in San Francisco , California . It was built to house offices of the United States Customs Service .

neg: Pioneer Monument (San Francisco) Pioneer Monument is a granite monument supporting bronze figures and bas reliefs created by Frank Happersberger and financed by the estate of James Lick , located in Civic Center , San Francisco , California , United States . It was dedicated on November 29 , 1894 .

neg: List of city nicknames in California This partial list of city nicknames in California compiles the aliases , sobriquets , mottos and slogans that cities in California are known by ( or have been known by historically ) , officially and unofficially , to locals , outsiders or their tourism boards or chambers of commerce . City nicknames can help in establishing a civic identity , helping outsiders recognize a community or attracting people to a community because of its nickname ; promote civic pride ; and build community unity . Nicknames and slogans that successfully create a new community `` ideology or myth '' are also believed to have economic value . Their economic value is difficult to measure , but there are anecdotal reports of cities that have achieved substantial economic benefits by `` branding '' themselves by adopting new slogans .   Some unofficial nicknames are positive , while others are derisive . The unofficial nicknames listed here have been in use for a long time or have gained wide currency .

neg: American Fur Company The American Fur Company ( AFC ) was founded in 1808 , by John Jacob Astor , a German immigrant to the United States . During the 18th century , furs had become a major commodity in Europe , and North America became a major supplier . Several British companies , most notably the North West Company and the Hudson 's Bay Company , were eventual competitors against Astor and capitalized on the lucrative trade in furs . Astor capitalized on anti-British sentiments and his commercial strategies to become one of the first trusts in American business and a major competitor to the British commercial dominance in North American fur trade . Expanding into many former British fur-trapping regions and trade routes , the company grew to monopolize the fur trade in the United States by 1830 , and became one of the largest and wealthiest businesses in the country .   Astor planned for several companies planned to function across the Great Lakes , the Great Plains and the Oregon Country to gain control of the North American fur trade . Comparatively inexpensive manufactured goods were to be shipped to commercial stations for trade with various Indigenous nations for fur pelts . The sizable number of furs collected would then be brought to the port of Guangzhou , as pelts were in high demand in the Qing Empire . Chinese products would in turn be purchased for resale throughout Europe and the United States . A beneficial agreement with the Russian-American Company was also planned through the regular supply of provisions for posts in Russian America . This was planned in part to prevent the rival Montreal based North West Company ( NWC ) to gain a presence along the Pacific Coast , a prospect neither Russian colonial authorities or Astor favored .   Demand for furs in Europe began to decline during the early 19th century , leading to the stagnation of the fur trade by the mid-19th century . Astor left his company in 1830 , the company declared bankruptcy in 1842 , and the American Fur Company ultimately ceased trading in 1847 .

neg: Early modern Europe Early modern Europe is the period of European history between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution , roughly the late 15th century to the late 18th century . Historians variously mark the beginning of the early modern period with the invention of moveable type printing in the 1450s , the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , the end of the Wars of the Roses in 1487 , the beginning of the High Renaissance in Italy in the 1490s , the end of the Reconquista and subsequent voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492 , or the start of the Protestant Reformation in 1517 . The precise dates of its end point also vary and are usually linked with either the start of the French Revolution in 1789 or with the more vaguely defined beginning of the Industrial Revolution in late 18th century Britain .   Some of the more notable trends and events of the early modern period included the Reformation and the religious conflicts it provoked ( including the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years ' War ) , the rise of capitalism and modern nation states , and European colonization of the Americas .

neg: Pacific Fur Company The Pacific Fur Company ( PFC ) was an American fur trade venture wholly owned and funded by John Jacob Astor that functioned from 1810 to 1813 . It was based in the Pacific Northwest , an area contested over the decades between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , the Spanish Empire , the United States of America and the Russian Empire .   Management , clerks and fur trappers were sent both by land and by sea to the Pacific Coast in the Autumn of 1810 . The base of operations was constructed at the mouth of the Columbia River in 1811 , Fort Astoria ( present-day Astoria , Oregon ) . The destruction of the company vessel the Tonquin later that year off the shore of Vancouver Island took with it the majority of the annual trading goods . Commercial competition with the NWC began soon after the foundation of Fort Astoria . The Canadian competitors maintained several stations in the interior , primarily Spokane House , Kootanae House and Saleesh House . Fort Okanogan was also opened in 1811 , the first of several PFC posts created to counter these locations . The Overland Expedition faced military hostilities from several Indigenous cultures and later had an acute provision crisis leading to starvation . Despite losing men crossing the Great Plains and later at the Snake River , they arrived in groups throughout January and February 1812 at Fort Astoria .   A beneficial agreement with the Russian-American Company was also planned through the regular supply of provisions for posts in Russian America . This was planned in part to prevent the rival Montreal based North West Company ( NWC ) to gain a presence along the Pacific Coast , a prospect neither Russian colonial authorities nor Astor favored .   The lack of military protection during the War of 1812 forced the sale of PFC assets to the NWC . While the transactions were not finalized until 1814 , due to the distance from Fort Astoria to Montreal and New York City , the company was functionally defunct by 1813 . A party of Astorians returning overland to St. Louis in 1813 made the important discovery of the South Pass through the Rocky Mountains . This geographic feature would later be used by hundreds of thousands of settlers traveling over the Oregon , California , and Mormon routes , collectively called the Westward Expansion Trails . The emporium envisioned by Astor was a failure for a number of reasons , including the loss of two supply ships , the material difficulties of crossing the North American continent and competition from the North West Company . Historian Arthur S. Morton concluded that `` The misfortunes which befell the Pacific Fur Company were great , but such as might be expected at the initiation of an enterprise in a distant land whose difficulties and whose problems lay beyond the experience of the traders . ''

neg: 140 New Montgomery 140 New Montgomery Street , also known as The Pacific Telephone Building , and , after 1984 , as The Pacific Bell Building or The PacBell Building , in San Francisco 's South of Market district , is an Art Deco office tower located close to the St. Regis Museum Tower and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art .   The 26-floor building was designed to consolidate numerous smaller buildings and outdated offices into a modern headquarters for The Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co. . When opened in 1925 , The Pacific Telephone Building was San Francisco 's first significant skyscraper development , and was the tallest building in San Francisco until the Russ Building matched its height in 1927 . The building was the first high-rise south of Market Street , and along with the Russ Building , remained the city 's tallest until it was overtaken by 650 California Street in 1964 . AT&T sold the building in 2007 , and as of 2013 , Internet company Yelp is the main tenant .

neg: Aquatic Park Historic District Aquatic Park Historic District is a National Historic Landmark and building complex located on the San Francisco Bay waterfront within San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park .   The district includes a beach , bathhouse , municipal pier , restrooms , concessions stand , stadia , and two speaker towers .   The District 's San Francisco Maritime Museum building was built as a bathhouse in 1936 by the WPA ; in Streamline Moderne style , its interior is decorated with fantastic and colorful murals . The Steamship Room illustrates the evolution of maritime technology from wind to steam , and there are displays of lithographic stones , scrimshaw , and whaling guns and photo-murals of San Francisco 's early waterfront . A visiting-attractions gallery hosts such exhibition as Sparks ( 2005 ) , which showcased shipboard radio , radiotelephone , and radioteletype equipment from over the years .   In front of the Maritime Museum is a man-made lagoon on the site of the former Black Point Cove . To the west is the horseshoe-shaped Municipal Pier , which was voted SFWeeklys Best Place to Go Fish 2009 . The lagoon is fronted by a sandy beach and a stepped concrete seawall . To the south is a grassy area known as Victorian Park , which contains the Hyde Street cable car turnaround . Hyde Street Pier , though part of the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park , is not part of Aquatic Park Historic District .   It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987 , and added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 26 , 1984 .   The park is located at the foot of Polk Street and is a minute 's walk from the visitor center and Hyde Street Pier . Its beach is one of the cleanest in the state .   Located in the park near the corner of Beach and Larkin Streets is California Historical Landmark marker No. 236 , honoring the Spanish packet San Carlos , which on August 5 , 1775 , became the first ship to enter San Francisco Bay .

neg: 1st California Mountaineers Battalion 1st Battalion California Volunteer Mountaineers was an infantry battalion in the Union Army during the American Civil War . It spent its entire term of service in the western United States , attached to the Department of the Pacific . It was organized from men from the counties of Humboldt , Mendocino , Trinity , Klamath , Siskiyou , and Del Norte , and other parts of California , between May 30 , 1863 , and March 16 , 1864 , for special service in the redwood forests and mountains that was being fought over in the Bald Hills War in Humboldt County within the Humboldt Military District . The Battalion mustered out June 14 , 1865 .   In a report to Lieut. Col. R. C. Drum , Assistant Adjutant-General , Department of the Pacific on October 13 , 1862 , following the escape of Lassic and several hundred other warriors from the Smith River Reservation , Col. Francis J. Lippitt , Commander of the Humboldt Military District :  `` In short , the state of things is far worse than when we arrived . My previous reports will suffice , I think , to show that for this result neither I nor my officers and men are responsible . The truth is , two companies of State volunteers could be raised here , consisting of old hunters and mountaineers familiar with the habits of the Indians and accustomed to hunt them , that would be of far more service than a whole regiment of the finest troops in the world , no matter how active and zealous they might be . '' .   Governor Stanford called for the organization of the Mountaineer Battalion on the recommodation General Wright on February 7 , 1863 , in the following proclamation :   PROCLAMATION .   Whereas , Brigadier-General Wright , of the U. S. Army , commanding the Department of the Pacific , has called upon me for a battalion of six Companies of troops ( infantry ) for special service against the Indians in the Humboldt District , in this State , to serve until discharged by him :   Now , therefore , I , Leland Stanford , Governor of the State of California and commander-in-chief of the militia thereof do call upon the citizens of the frontier counties of Humboldt , Mendocino , Trinity , Klamath , Siskiyou , and Del Norte , of this State , as many as shall be necessary to fill up the foregoing requisition , to organize themselves into companies , to be mustered into the service of the United States as hereby required . The requisite officers for this force will be commissioned by the Governor .   Done at Sacramento , Cal. , this 7th day of February , in the year of our Lord 1863 .   LELAND STANFORD , Governor .  Attest :  WM. H. WEEKS , Secretary of State .  By A. A. H. TUTTLE , Deputy .  EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT , Sacramento , February 7 , 1863 .

neg: City-state A city-state is a sovereign state that consists of a city and its dependent territories . Historically , this included cities such as Rome , Athens , Carthage , and the Italian city-states during the Renaissance -- but today only a handful of sovereign city-states exist , with some disagreement as to which are city-states . A great deal of consensus exists that the term properly applies to Singapore , Monaco , and Vatican City .   A number of other small states share similar characteristics , and therefore are sometimes also cited as modern city-states . Namely , Qatar , Brunei , Kuwait , Bahrain , and Malta , which each have an urban center comprising a significant proportion of the population , though , all have several distinct settlements and a designated or de facto capital city . Occasionally , other small states with high population densities , such as San Marino , are also cited , despite lacking a large urban centre characteristic of traditional city-states .   Several non-sovereign cities enjoy a high degree of autonomy , and are sometimes considered city-states . Hong Kong and Macau , along with independent members of the United Arab Emirates , most notably Dubai and Abu Dhabi , are often cited as such .

neg: History of Springfield, Massachusetts The history of Springfield , Massachusetts ( est. 1636 ) springs in large part from its favorable geography , situated on a steep bluff overlooking the Connecticut River 's confluence with three tributaries . It was an ancient Indian crossroad for two major trade routes : Boston-to-Albany and New York City-to-Montreal . Springfield also sits on some of the northeastern United States ' most fertile soil .   Springfield was founded in 1636 as Agawam , the northernmost settlement of the Connecticut Colony . The settlement defected from Connecticut after four years , however , later joining forces with the coastal Massachusetts Bay Colony . The town changed its name to Springfield , and changed the political boundaries among what later became New England States .   Springfield flourished as a trading post and agricultural center until 1675 's King Philip 's War , when a coalition of Indians laid siege to Springfield and later burned it to the ground . Its prosperity waned for the next hundred years but , in 1777 , United States Revolutionary War leaders made it a National Armory to store weapons , and in 1795 it began manufacturing muskets .   Until 1968 , the Armory made small arms . Its first American muskets ( 1794 ) were followed by the famous Springfield rifle and the revolutionary M1 Garand and M14s . The Springfield Armory attracted generations of skilled laborers to the city , making it the United States ' longtime center for precision manufacturing ( comparable to a Silicon Valley of the Industrial Revolution ) . The Armory 's near-capture during Shays Rebellion of 1787 was among the troubles that prompted the U.S. Constitutional Convention later that year .   Innovations in the 19th and 20th centuries include the first American English dictionary ( 1805 , Noah Webster ) , the first use of interchangeable parts and the assembly line in manufacturing ( 1819 , Thomas Blanchard ) , the first American horseless car ( 1825 , again Thomas Blanchard ) , vulcanized rubber ( 1844 , Charles Goodyear ) , the first American gasoline-powered car ( 1893 , Duryea Brothers ) , the first American motorcycle company ( 1901 , `` Indian '' ) , an early commercial radio station ( 1921 , WBZ , and most famously , the world 's third-most-popular sport of basketball ( 1891 , Dr. James Naismith ) .   Throughout the latter half of the 20th century , Springfield endured a protracted decline , accelerated by the decommission of the Springfield Armory in 1969 . Springfield became increasingly like the declining , second tier Northeastern U.S. cities from which it had long been set apart . During the 1980s and 1990s , Springfield developed a new reputation for crime , political corruption , and cronyism . Seeking to overcome its downgrade , the city undertook several large ( but unfinished ) projects , including a $ 1 billion high-speed rail ( New Haven-Hartford-Springfield high-speed rail ) , a proposed $ 1 billion MGM Casino , and others .

neg: Custody of the Holy Land The Custody of the Holy Land ( Latin : Custodia Terræ Sanctæ ) is a custodian priory of the Franciscan order in Jerusalem , founded as Province of the Holy Land in 1217 by Saint Francis of Assisi , who also founded the Franciscan Order . Its mission is to guard `` the grace of the Holy Places '' of the Holy Land and the rest of the Middle East , `` sanctified by the presence of Jesus '' , as well as pilgrims visiting them , on behalf of the Catholic Church . The Custodial Curia was led by Custos Fr . Pierbattista Pizzaballa since 2004 , with the approval of the Holy See ; since 2016 , the chief custodian is Francesco Patton . Its headquarters are located in the Monastery of Saint Saviour , a 16th-century Franciscan monastery near the New Gate in the Old City of Jerusalem .   The Franciscan presence in the Holy Land traces back to 1217 with Frater Elias of Cortona as Minister . By 1229 , the friars had a small house near the fifth station of the Via Dolorosa . In 1272 , Sultan Baibars of Egypt permitted the Franciscans to settle in the Cenacle on Mount Zion . The Custodian subsequently came to be described as the `` Guardian of Mount Zion in Jerusalem '' . From 1309 settling in Bethlehem and the Holy Sepulchre along with the Canons Regular , in 1342 they were officially declared custodians of the Holy Places in the name of the Catholic Church by the Papal bulls Gratiam agimus and Nuper charissimae by Pope Clement VI .   After the fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1291 , the title of Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem was vested in the Custody ex officio in Rome , while resuming its activities in the Holy Land , including surveiling the accolades of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre 1342-1489 until its Grand Magistry was vested in the papacy . Following the restoration of the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem as residential episcopal see in 1847 , the Patriarch henceforth additionally assumed the position of the order 's ecclesiastical superior , eventually supplanting the Custody of the Holy land as Grand Prior of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre .   The Custody of the Holy Land has repeatedly expressed concern about the survival of the Christians in the Holy Land , including the strained situation for Christians in the rest of the Middle East .

neg: Francisco Partners Francisco Partners is an American private equity firm focused exclusively on investments in technology and technology-enabled services businesses . Francisco Partners Management LLC was founded in August 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco and maintains an additional office in London . Since inception , the firm has raised approximately $ 10 billion in committed capital across four funds and has built an investment portfolio including over 70 companies .

neg: Japanese Tea Garden (San Francisco, California) The Japanese Tea Garden in San Francisco , California , is a popular feature of Golden Gate Park , originally built as part of a sprawling World 's Fair , the California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894 . Though many of its attractions are still a part of the garden today , there have been changes throughout the history of the garden that have shaped it into what it is today .   The oldest public Japanese garden in the United States , this complex of many paths , ponds and a teahouse features plants and trees pruned and arranged in a Japanese style . The garden 's 3 acres contain sculptures and structures influenced by Buddhist and Shinto religious beliefs , as well as many elements of water and rocks to create a calming landscape designed to slow people down .