query: Muhammad Ali was ranked third greatest athlete of the 20th century by an ESPN biography program.

pos: SportsCentury SportsCentury is an ESPN biography program that reviews the people and athletic events that defined sports in North America throughout the 20th and 21st centuries . Using stock footage , on-camera interviews , and photographs of their athletic lives , who grew up .   In 1999 , ESPN counted down the Top 50 Athletes of the 20th Century , selected from North American athletes and voted on by a panel of sports journalists and observers , premiering a new biography highlighting each top athlete every week throughout the year . The episodes for the top two athletes , Michael Jordan and Babe Ruth , appeared on a special combined edition broadcast on Christmas Day on ABC . The top two names were announced in no particular order , and the final positioning was announced at the conclusion of the two episodes . An additional list of numbers 51-100 were announced on the ESPN SportsCentury website . Themed specials such as Greatest Games , Greatest Coaches , Greatest Dynasties , and Most Influential Individuals were premiered throughout the year , as well as six SportsCenter of the Decade programs .   After the initial run was complete , the episodes were rerun at various times on ESPN , ESPN2 and ESPN Classic . The original plan for the series was to expand to include # 51 through # 100 . Ultimately , the series featured just over half of the athletes from # 51 to # 100 , and instead expanded to include over 150 other athletes , coaches , owners , personalities , and notable moments in sports history . Acknowledgements were given to athletes that were notable for more recent accomplishments , even if they spent only a small part of their career in the 20th century ( e.g. , Tiger Woods , Tom Brady ) , or were recently deceased ( e.g. Pat Tillman , Dale Earnhardt ) . Special subsets of episodes were created revolving around a particular event , including athletes associated with the particular sport . They would typically air in the days leading up to those events . ( e.g. , Winter Olympics , golf majors , Indianapolis 500 , etc. . )   ESPN Classic began to feature the program with host , Chris Fowler , as the highlight of its weeknight prime-time programing , airing five nights a week . After cycling through the entire series several times , and after debuting several new episodes , it was removed as a nightly program . , reruns of the documentary series airs Monday through Friday at 4 p.m. Eastern time . The last original program was that of Shaquille O'Neal , which aired in November 2007 .

pos: Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali ( -LSB- ɑːˈliː -RSB- born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr. ; January 17 , 1942 -- June 3 , 2016 ) was an American professional boxer and activist . He is widely regarded as one of the most significant and celebrated sports figures of the 20th century . From early in his career , Ali was known as an inspiring , controversial , and polarizing figure both inside and outside the ring .   Cassius Clay was born and raised in Louisville , Kentucky , and began training as an amateur boxer when he was 12 years old . At age 18 , he won a gold medal in the light heavyweight division at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome and turned professional later that year . At age 22 in 1964 , he won the WBA , WBC , and lineal heavyweight titles from Sonny Liston in a big upset . Clay then converted to Islam and changed his name from Cassius Clay , which he called his `` slave name '' , to Muhammad Ali . He set an example of racial pride for African Americans and resistance to white domination during the Civil Rights Movement .   In 1966 , two years after winning the heavyweight title , Ali further antagonized the white establishment by refusing to be drafted into the U.S. military , citing his religious beliefs and opposition to American involvement in the Vietnam War . He was eventually arrested , found guilty of draft evasion charges , and stripped of his boxing titles . He successfully appealed the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court , which overturned his conviction in 1971 , by which time he had not fought for nearly four years and thereby lost a period of peak performance as an athlete . Ali 's actions as a conscientious objector to the war made him an icon for the larger counterculture generation .   Ali is regarded as one of the leading heavyweight boxers of the 20th century . He remains the only three-time lineal heavyweight champion , having won the title in 1964 , 1974 , and 1978 . Between February 25 and September 19 , 1964 , Ali reigned as the undisputed heavyweight champion . He is the only boxer to be named The Ring magazine Fighter of the Year six times . He was ranked as the greatest athlete of the 20th century by Sports Illustrated , the Sports Personality of the Century by the BBC , and the third greatest athlete of the 20th century by ESPN SportsCentury . Nicknamed `` The Greatest '' , he was involved in several historic boxing matches . Notable among these were the first Liston fight ; the `` Fight of the Century '' , `` Super Fight II '' , the `` Thrilla in Manila '' versus his rival Joe Frazier , and `` The Rumble in the Jungle '' versus George Foreman .   At a time when most fighters let their managers do the talking , Ali thrived in and indeed craved the spotlight , where he was often provocative and outlandish . He was known for trash talking , and often freestyled with rhyme schemes and spoken word poetry , both for his trash talking in boxing and as political poetry for his activism , anticipating elements of rap and hip hop music . As a musician , Ali recorded two spoken word albums and a rhythm and blues song , and received two Grammy Award nominations . As an actor , he performed in several films and a Broadway musical . Additionally , Ali wrote two autobiographies , one during and one after his boxing career .   As a Muslim , Ali was initially affiliated with Elijah Muhammad 's Nation of Islam ( NOI ) and advocated their black separatist ideology . He later disavowed the NOI , adhering initially to Sunni Islam and later to Sufism , and supporting racial integration , like his former mentor Malcolm X.   After retiring from boxing in 1981 , Ali devoted his life to religious and charitable work . In 1984 , Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson 's syndrome , which his doctors attributed to boxing-related brain injuries . As the condition worsened , Ali made limited public appearances and was cared for by his family until his death on June 3 , 2016 , in Scottsdale , Arizona .

neg: 2001 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position -- who in turn are given the honorific `` All-America '' and typically referred to as `` All-American athletes '' , or simply `` All-Americans '' . Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit , the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media . Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889 .   The NCAA recognizes four different All-America selectors for the 2001 college baseball season : the American Baseball Coaches Association ( since 1947 ) , Baseball America ( since 1981 ) , Collegiate Baseball ( since 1991 ) , and the National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association ( since 2001 ) .

neg: Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times Muhammad Ali : His Life and Times is an award-winning biography of the boxer Muhammad Ali , written in 1991 by Thomas Hauser . It won the William Hill Sports Book of the Year award in that year .   A review of the book in the Chicago Tribune states :

neg: List of WBC world champions This is a list of WBC world champions , showing every world champion certificated by the World Boxing Council ( WBC ) . The WBC is one of the four major governing bodies in professional boxing , and certifies world champions in 10 different weight classes . In 1963 , the year of its foundation , the WBC inaugurated titles in all divisions with the exception of light flyweight , super flyweight , super bantamweight , super middleweight and cruiserweight , which were inaugurated in the subsequent decades . The most recent title inaugurated by the WBC is in the minimumweight ( also called strawweight ) division in 1987 .

neg: 3v3 Soccer 3v3 Soccer is a variety of soccer played between two teams . Each team may only have 3 players on the field at a time ( hence providing the name , `` 3 v 3 '' , `` 3 versus 3 '' , or `` 3 on 3 '' ) . This style of soccer is more commonly referred to as a `` small-sided '' game , as compared to a full game with larger teams . The field used is smaller than a regulation soccer pitch , instead it typically is 30 yards wide by 40 yards long , although these dimensions vary quite a bit when the game is played indoors due to the varied styles and sizes of indoor pitches . It uses a much smaller goal than fullsided soccer . In most 3v3 there is no keeper , although one variant , 3v3 Micro Soccer , does use a keeper .   `` 3v3 Soccer '' is claimed to be the fastest growing form of soccer in the World . Its greatest popularity is in the United States , where hundreds , and perhaps thousands of Tournaments take place each year , however it is also now begun to catch on in many other countries . Nike helped to popularize it with its international Joga3 Joga Bonito Tour back in 2006 , in which teams qualified at local events around the World , culminating in a big 3v3 World Cup played in Brazil .   It is a much faster paced , and higher scoring game than traditional full sided soccer . The speed of the attack , the use of triangulation , and the strategies bring aspects of Hockey into the game . The quick shift from one end of the field to the other after a goal is scored , or upon loss of possession is reminiscent of Basketball . It requires the blending of individual skills with teamwork .   Its gain in popularity is largely because every member of the team gets equal playing time , and equal touches on the ball . All players on the field are a part of the play . Because of the speed of the game , and the fact that players are constantly in motion , there are frequent substitutions . A typical player may be rotated on six times or more in one game . There are no permanently assigned positions as there are in full sided soccer , giving each team member equal status and equal importance . This helps to develop individual skills .   Currently there are Four major tours in the United States , Colorado based Kick it 3v3 Soccer http://www.kickit3v3.com/ with their World Championship 's held at the ESPN Wide World Of Sports Complex in Florida , Utah based 3v3 Live , Florida based Challenge3v3 and 3v3 World Tour , a 3v3 soccer tour that offers a 3v3 ranking system . There is also a new California based US 3v3 Soccer is promoting 3v3 soccer throughout California and the West . Canada also finally has its own home grown tour attempting to promote 3v3 there . Ontario based Ultimate 3 on 3 Soccer is the first Canadian based 3v3 Soccer Tour .

neg: Bill Kazmaier William Kazmaier ( born December 30 , 1953 ) is an American former world champion powerlifter , world champion strongman and professional wrestler . During the 1970s and 1980s , he set numerous powerlifting and strongman world records , and won two International Powerlifting Federation ( IPF ) World Championships and three World 's Strongest Man titles . In the 1980s , Kazmaier became famous for his claim to be `` the strongest man who ever lived '' by equaling and surpassing spectacular and versatile feats of strength of famous strongmen of the 20th century . He is widely considered to be one of the all-time greatest competitors in strength competitions .

neg: Ohio State Football All-Century Team The Ohio State Football All-Century Team was chosen in early 2000 by the Touchdown Club of Columbus . It was selected to honor the greatest Ohio State Buckeyes football players of the 20th century . No effort was made to distinguish a first team or second team , the organization instead choosing only to select an 80-man roster and a five-man coaching staff .   Members selected to the team were honored at a banquet on February 19 , 2000 . Living members of the team elected all-century captains and an all-century Most Valuable Player . As captains they chose Archie Griffin and Rex Kern on offense , and Chris Spielman and Jack Tatum on defense . Archie Griffin was selected as MVP .

neg: Greatest Sports Legends Greatest Sports Legends is a sports anthology series on the lives and careers of noted athletes . First aired in 1972 , the series was produced with 10 new episodes per year nestled amongst 42 reruns . 207 episodes were produced , with athlete hosts including Michael Jordan and Reggie Jackson interviewing the featured athlete . The series won one Emmy award out of three nominations .   After production , the series continued to air in reruns . In 2012 , it was announced that Steve Rotfeld Productions would offer one-hour editions.As of 2015 , the series airs sporadically on the cable network Decades .

neg: Utah Sports Hall of Fame The Utah Sports Hall of Fame is an athletics hall of fame in the U.S. state of Utah . The Utah Sports Hall of Fame Foundation , organized in 1967 as The Old Time Athletes Association , was founded `` to celebrate and preserve Utah 's storied sports heritage . '' The charter class of 18 members was inducted in 1970 and included Jack Dempsey , Gene Fullmer , and Frank Christensen . Other inductees include professional basketball player Fred Sheffield ( 1975 ) , Major League Baseball pitcher Kent Peterson ( 1977 ) , and rodeo champion Earl W. Bascom ( 1985 ) .   In 2015 , the hall inducted former Major League Baseball pitcher Kelly Downs , former Olympic marathoner Ed Eyestone , former National Football League quarterback Scott Mitchell , Olympic gold medalist wrestler and wrestling coach Cael Sanderson , and former college basketball player Wayne Estes .   The fall 2016 class , inducted on October 18 in Salt Lake City , comprised women 's college basketball coach Elaine Elliott , former National Basketball Association player Devin Durrant , philanthropist Jon Huntsman Sr. , volleyball player Annette Cottle , and NCAA steeplechase champion Farley Gerber .

neg: History of American football The history of American football can be traced to early versions of rugby football and association football . Both games have their origin in varieties of football played in Britain in the mid-19th century , in which a football is kicked at a goal or kicked over a line , which in turn were based on the varieties of English public school football games .   American football resulted from several major divergences from association football and rugby football , most notably the rule changes instituted by Walter Camp , a Yale University and Hopkins School graduate who is considered to be the `` Father of American Football '' . Among these important changes were the introduction of the line of scrimmage , of down-and-distance rules and of the legalization of interference . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , gameplay developments by college coaches such as Eddie Cochems , Amos Alonzo Stagg , Parke H. Davis , Knute Rockne , and Glenn `` Pop '' Warner helped take advantage of the newly introduced forward pass . The popularity of college football grew as it became the dominant version of the sport in the United States for the first half of the 20th century . Bowl games , a college football tradition , attracted a national audience for college teams . Boosted by fierce rivalries and colorful traditions , college football still holds widespread appeal in the United States .   The origin of professional football can be traced back to 1892 , with William `` Pudge '' Heffelfinger 's $ 500 contract to play in a game for the Allegheny Athletic Association against the Pittsburgh Athletic Club . In 1920 the American Professional Football Association was formed . This league changed its name to the National Football League ( NFL ) two years later , and eventually became the major league of American football . Primarily a sport of Midwestern industrial towns in the United States , professional football eventually became a national phenomenon .   The modern era of American football can be considered to have begun after the 1932 NFL Playoff game , which was the first American football game to feature hash marks , the legalization of the forward pass anywhere behind the line of scrimmage , the first indoor game since 1902 , and the movement of the goal posts back to goal line . Other innovations to occur immediately after 1932 , were the introduction of the AP Poll in 1934 , the tapering of the ends of the football in 1934 , the awarding of the first Heisman Trophy in 1935 , the first NFL draft in 1936 and the first televised game in 1939 . Another important event was the American football game at the 1932 Summer Olympics , which combined with a similar demonstration game at 1933 World 's Fair , led to the first College All-Star Game in 1934 , which in turn was an important factor in the growth of professional football in the United States . American football 's explosion in popularity during the second half of the 20th century can be traced to the 1958 NFL Championship Game , a contest that has been dubbed the `` Greatest Game Ever Played '' . A rival league to the NFL , the American Football League ( AFL ) , began play in 1960 ; the pressure it put on the senior league led to a merger between the two leagues and the creation of the Super Bowl , which has become the most watched television event in the United States on an annual basis .

neg: The Greatest Love of All `` The Greatest Love of All '' is a song written by composers Michael Masser ( music ) and Linda Creed ( lyrics ) . It was originally recorded in 1977 by American singer and guitarist George Benson , who made the song a substantial hit , peaking at number 2 on the R&B chart that year , the first R&B chart Top Ten hit for Arista Records . The song was written and recorded to be the main theme of the 1977 film The Greatest , a biopic of the boxer Muhammad Ali . Eight years after Benson 's original recording , the song became even more well known for a version by Whitney Houston , whose 1985 cover ( with the slightly amended title `` Greatest Love of All '' ) eventually topped the charts , peaking at number 1 in Australia , Canada , U.S. and on the R&B chart in 1986 .   The original recording by Benson was released in 1977 in the U.S. , Japan , France , Germany , New Zealand , Australia , Italy , Brazil , Netherlands , U.K. and in Thailand , on an extended play ( EP ) .

neg: The Ring magazine Prospect of the Year The Ring magazine was established in 1922 . Since 1983 , it has named a boxer who had the most potential to become a future star in the sport as Prospect of the Year , based on the magazine 's writers ' criteria . However , it had been discontinued between 1989 and 2010 . Here is a list of The Ring magazine 's Prospects of the Year :   1983 Kenny Baysmore  1984 Mark Breland  1985 Mike Tyson  1986 Michael Williams  1987 Engels Pedroza  1988 Michael Moorer  2011 Gary Russell , Jr. .  2012 Keith Thurman  2013 Vasyl Lomachenko  2014 Anthony Joshua  2015 Takuma Inoue  2016 Erickson Lubin

neg: World championship A world championship is generally an international sports competition open to elite competitors from across the world , representing their nations , and winning such an event will be considered the highest or near highest achievement in the sport or contest .   The title is usually awarded through a combination of specific contests or , less commonly , ranking systems ( e.g. the ICC Test Championship ) , or a combination of the two ( e.g. World Triathlon Championships in Triathlon ) . This determines a ` world champion ' , who or which is commonly considered the best nation , team , individual ( or other entity ) in the world in a particular field , although the vagaries of sport ensure that the competitor recognised at the best in an event is not always the ` world champion ' ( see Underdog ) .   Certain sports do not have a world championship . Instead , they may organise a world cup competition , or they may organize both , for example cycling ( UCI World Championships and UCI World Cups ) ) . Often , the use of the term cup or championship in this sense is just a choice of words . Some sports have multiple champions because of multiple organizations , such as boxing , mixed martial arts and wrestling .   Certain sports do not have a world championship or a world cup as such , but may have one or several world champions . Professional boxing , for example , has several world champions at different weights , but each one of them is decided by a `` title fight '' , not a tournament .   A certain number of sports hold world championships or world cups which are overshadowed , in terms of prestige , by the same events in the Olympic Games , the most prestigious multi-sports event .   Still other sports may or may not have a true world championship but may designate the winners of a domestic competition to be `` world champions . '' This is especially true of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada ; world cups and championships exist in all of the major sports , but the domestic U.S. and Canadian leagues are generally recognized as the world professional championships or the equivalent of a world club championship . ( In American football , although an IFAF World Championship exists , the United States is so far above and beyond the other nations it faces that the winner of the U.S.-based Super Bowl , a competition limited to the 32 teams in the National Football League , is commonly recognized as the world champion . )   Finally , certain professional sports do not have a world championship or world cup , but rather hold a series of events recognised as the elite level in their field ( e.g. tennis has a series of four Grand Slam events recognised as the pinnacle of the game , in addition to key team events , world tour finals and the Olympic Games , but no world championship or world cup ) .

neg: Jim Thorpe James Francis Thorpe ( Sac and Fox ( Sauk ) : Wa-Tho-Huk , translated as `` Bright Path '' ; May 22 or 28 , 1887March 28 , 1953 ) was an American athlete and Olympic gold medalist . A member of the Sac and Fox Nation , Thorpe became the first Native American to win a gold medal for his home country . Considered one of the most versatile athletes of modern sports , he won Olympic gold medals in the 1912 pentathlon and decathlon , and played American football ( collegiate and professional ) , professional baseball , and basketball . He lost his Olympic titles after it was found he had been paid for playing two seasons of semi-professional baseball before competing in the Olympics , thus violating the amateurism rules that were then in place . In 1983 , 30 years after his death , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) restored his Olympic medals .   Thorpe grew up in the Sac and Fox Nation in Oklahoma , and attended Carlisle Indian Industrial School , where he was a two-time All-American for the school 's football team . After his Olympic success in 1912 , which included a record score in the decathlon , he added a victory in the All-Around Championship of the Amateur Athletic Union . In 1913 , Thorpe signed with the New York Giants , and he played six seasons in Major League Baseball between 1913 and 1919 . Thorpe joined the Canton Bulldogs American football team in 1915 , helping them win three professional championships ; he later played for six teams in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played as part of several all-American Indian teams throughout his career , and barnstormed as a professional basketball player with a team composed entirely of American Indians .   From 1920 to 1921 , Thorpe was nominally the first president of the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) , which became the NFL in 1922 . He played professional sports until age 41 , the end of his sports career coinciding with the start of the Great Depression . He struggled to earn a living after that , working several odd jobs . He suffered from alcoholism , and lived his last years in failing health and poverty . He was married three times and had eight children , before suffering from heart failure and dying in 1953 .   Thorpe has received various accolades for his athletic accomplishments . The Associated Press named him the `` greatest athlete '' from the first 50 years of the 20th century , and the Pro Football Hall of Fame inducted him as part of its inaugural class in 1963 . A Pennsylvania town was named in his honor and a monument site there is the site of his remains , which were the subject of legal action . Thorpe was portrayed in the 1951 film Jim Thorpe -- All-American , and appeared in several films himself .

neg: Ali Baba (wrestler) Arteen Ekizian ( September 28 , 1901 -- November 16 , 1981 ) , better known by the ring name Ali Baba , was an Turkish professional wrestler and World Heavyweight Champion who was active in the early portion of the twentieth century .

neg: Sports marketing Sports marketing is a subdivision of marketing which focuses both on the promotion of sports events and teams as well as the promotion of other products and services through sporting events and sports teams . It is a service in which the element promoted can be a physical product or a brand name . The goal is to provide the client with strategies to promote the sport or to promote something other than sport through sports . Sport marketing is also designed to meet the needs and wants of the consumer through exchange processes . These strategies follow the traditional four `` P '' 's of general marketing Product , Price , Promotion and Place , another four `` P '' 's are added to sport marketing , relating to the fact sports are considered to be a service . The additional 4 P 's are : Planning , Packaging , Positioning and Perception . The addition of the four extra elements is called the `` sport marketing mix . ''   Sports marketing is an element of sports promotion which involves a wide variety of sectors of the sport industry including broadcasting , advertising , social media , digital platforms , ticket sales , and community relations .   Sports marketing is divided into three sectors . The first is the advertising of sport and sports associations such as the Olympics , Spanish Football league and the NFL , as well as sport teams like Real Madrid and the New York Yankees . The second concerns the use of sporting events , sporting teams and individual athletes to promote various products . The third category is the promotion of sport to the public in order to increase participation .   In the first case , the promotion is directly related to sports . In the second case , the products can but do not have to be directly related to sports . When the promotion is about sports in general , the use of this kind of strategy is called `` Marketing of Sports . '' When the promotion is not about the sports but sports events , athletes , teams or leagues are used to promote different products , the marketing strategy is denominated `` Marketing through sports . '' When the promotion is about increasing participation among the public , it is called `` Grassroots Sports Marketing . '' To promote the products or services , the companies and associations use different channels such as sponsorships of teams or athletes , television or radio advertisement during the different broadcast sports events and celebrations , and/or advertisement on sporting venues .   `` Street marketing of sport '' considers sport marketing through billboards on the street and also through urban elements ( street lighters and sidewalks , etc. ) to help promote and gain publicity during major worldwide sporting events such as the Football World Cup , the Olympic Games , or the Super Bowl .

neg: Religious views of Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali evolved considerably in his religious and spiritual views throughout his life . Ali was introduced to the Nation of Islam in 1962 , and officially became a member of the organization shortly after his first bout with Liston . He converted to Sunni Islam after the death of the Nation 's leader , Elijah Muhammad , in 1975 , following which the organization 's leader Wallace D. Muhammad had aligned the ideology of the Nation with Sunni Islam . Around 2005 , Ali again converted , this time to Sufism .

neg: Sports betting Sports betting is the activity of predicting sports results and placing a wager on the outcome . The frequency of sports bet upon varies by culture , with the vast majority of bets being placed on association football , American football , basketball , baseball , hockey , mixed martial arts , track cycling , and boxing at both the amateur and professional levels . Sports betting can also extend to non-athletic events , such as reality show contests and political elections , and non-human contests such as horse racing , greyhound racing and illegal , underground dog fighting .   Sports bettors place their wagers either legally , through a bookmaker/sportsbook , or illegally through privately run enterprises referred to as `` bookies '' . The term `` book '' being a reference to the books used by wagebrokers to track wagers , payouts , and debts . The majority of legal sportsbooks are found online , operated over the internet from jurisdictions separate from the clients they serve , usually to get around various gambling laws ( such as the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 in the United States ) in select markets , such as Las Vegas , Nevada , or on gambling cruises through self-serve kiosks . They take bets `` up-front '' , meaning the bettor must pay the sportsbook before placing the bet . Illegal bookies , due to the nature of their business , can operate literally anywhere but only require money from losing bettors and do n't require the wagered money up front , creating the possibility of debt to the bookie from the bettor . This creates a number of other criminal elements , thus furthering their illegality .   Sportsbetting has resulted in a number of scandals in sport , affecting the integrity of sports events through various acts including point shaving ( players affecting the score by missing shots ) , spot-fixing ( a player action is fixed ) , bad calls from officials at key moments , and overall match fixing ( the overall result of the event is fixed ) . Examples are the 1919 World Series , the alleged ( and later admitted ) illegal gambling of former MLB player Pete Rose , and former NBA referee Tim Donaghy .

neg: J.H. McLaughlin James Hiram McLaughlin ( June 8 , 1844 -- September 11 , 1905 ) ( also known as Colonel J.H. McLaughlin or simply J.H. McLaughlin ) was a wrestling champion in the United States in the 19th century . He is generally considered the first American professional wrestling champion , and along with William Muldoon , was one of the two key people to establish and popularize professional wrestling in the United States . The 6-foot-1 McLaughlin weighed between 215 and 265 pounds , depending on whether he 'd kept himself in fighting shape . He was born in Oriskany , New York .   McLaughlin was known for his superior Irish-style `` collar-and-elbow '' standing skills , in which throwing an opponent was the aim . However , he also excelled at the rougher , undisciplined catch-as-catch-can style which was then prominent , and three opponents are known to have died as a result of wrestling McLaughlin .   Newspaper accounts of the time are sometimes exaggerated , and even in the late 19th century , numerous fans and reporters already regarded the burgeoning sport 's credibility with skepticism . However , contemporary reports of McLaughlin 's earnings , including the side bets that were commonly several multiples of his official pay , indicate that he was phenomenally well-compensated . Adjusting for inflation , it is possible that he was the highest-paid wrestler in history .   McLaughlin 's wrestling career began in earnest with a few matches just before the U.S. Civil War . His first was in 1859 against the irascible Hiram McKee . Though half McKee 's age , McLaughlin may have outweighed his opponent , who he successfully pinned . When McKee angrily demanded a rematch , McLaughlin lost his temper and threw McKee to the ground , fracturing McKee 's leg . McKee fought for the Union Army during the war , while continuing to pursue wrestling , which was a popular pastime among the troops . After defeating Louis Ainsworth in 1866 or 1867 , McLaughlin declared himself to be the collar-and-elbow champion of America . Even after losing a bout to Homer Lane in 1868 , the public still regarded McLaughlin 's claim to the title .   In March 1870 , a tournament was held , and is believed to have been wholly legitimate . McLaughlin emerged as the winner , and was awarded a belt with a gold buckle , which he would later put at stake in matches . In the tournament final , McLaughlin was safely ahead in a match against Barney Smith , but the referee declined to end the match . McLaughlin ended the match by either slamming Smith on his head or off the stage ( accounts differ ) , delivering an impact which led to Smith 's mental incapacitation and eventual death from cranial trauma . The remorseful McLaughlin gave his tournament winnings to Smith 's widow , saying `` I forgot I was so wicked strong . ''   McLaughlin successfully defended his golden belt for the next year , before announcing his retirement in mid-1871 . Despite remaining inactive for nearly four years , he was generally considered the reigning champion . His next match came in February 1875 , with a decisive win over Mike Whalen in which he collected $ 2,500 for the match itself , and another $ 15,000 by betting on himself , more than half a million dollars in today 's money . McLaughlin did not fight again for a year , winning a January 1876 rematch against Joe Benjamin , who he 'd beaten five years earlier . He fought several times that year , including two draws and a win against James H. Martin . But the year took its toll on McLaughlin 's opponents . Dutch Hogan died after wrestling McLaughlin , and Charles Meier was paralyzed . It was at this point that McLaughlin publicly declared his intention to restrict his future fights to collar-and-elbow rules , rather than the anything-goes style that led to those in-ring tragedies .   In December 1876 , McLaughlin injured his heel in an exhibition tune-up match , leaving him at a disadvantage for a title match against James Owens a few weeks later . That bout lasted more than five hours , with McLaughlin protecting his injured foot , and Owens being reluctant to press the advantage against the larger and stronger McLaughlin . Ultimately Owens won the title in two straight falls .   McLaughlin spent a few months healing before winning three matches in the spring , then retired again . McLaughlin gained a substantial amount of weight during his sabbatical , but was lured out of retirement in November 1878 against the formidable John McMahon . McLaughlin defeated McMahon in a rematch three weeks later , and a third contest the following March resulted in a draw .   Almost four years later , at the end of 1882 , McLaughlin beat Canadian champion Edras Lambert . In 1884 , he reentered the competition with a series of bouts . In January , he beat top star H.M. Dufur to capture his third collar-and-elbow championship . In March , he lost to Duncan C. Ross , then beat Ross three weeks later , then lost a rematch to Dufur three weeks after that . A month later , in June , he defeated Dufur for his fourth title , before relinquishing it to Dufur at the end of July . Wrestling reporter/historian Dave Meltzer believes the back-and-forth results and the shortened time between the matches suggests that the sequence and outcomes of these matches were most likely deliberately prearranged by the wrestlers to excite public interest , and maximize the payout . Four months later , McLaughlin split a pair of matches with William Muldoon in November and December . Muldoon won the rematch , and assumed McLaughlin 's spot as the nation 's preeminent wrestling star .   The second Muldoon match marked the effective end of McLaughlin 's professional career and title hopes . However , in 1901 , McLaughlin emerged in the Yukon territory as part of a threesome of wrestlers , travelling from town to town pretending to confront and challenge one another over the `` real '' championship . The other wrestlers , primarily future star Frank Gotch and Joe Carroll , used pseudonyms , but McLaughlin 's name was still a draw after forty years . Their alleged antipathy included the first high-profile `` three way '' match , in which McLaughlin , Gotch and Carroll wrestled one another in five different styles , purportedly to determine which of the three was the most versatile . Gotch would emerge the winner of these round robin challenges .   McLaughlin died four years later , aged 61 , on September 11 , 1905 , in Fairmont , Alaska .   He was an inductee into the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame class of 2016 .

neg: All-America This article is about the concept in sports teams . For similarly-named articles , see All American .  An All-America team is a hypothetical American sports team composed of outstanding amateur players . These players are broadly considered by media and other relevant commentators as the best players in a particular sport , of a specific season , for each team position .   Such athletes at the high school and college level are given the honorific title and typically referred to as `` All-American athletes '' or simply `` All-Americans '' .

neg: Walter Beach Walter Beach , III ( born January 31 , 1933 ) is a former American football player . As a safety , he played college football at the Central Michigan University , where he was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1986 . He also played professionally in the American Football League for the Boston Patriots in 1960 and 1961 , and in the National Football League for the Cleveland Browns from 1962 through 1966 . He was part of the Cleveland Browns team which won the NFL Championship in 1964 . Beach was also part of a group of black athletes who publicly supported Muhammad Ali 's refusal to be inducted into the United States Army , as a conscientious objector to the Vietnam War .   Beach is the CEO of Amer-I-Can of New York , a life skills management program founded by his friend and teammate , Jim Brown . In 2014 , Beach authored the book , Consider This .


query: Francois de Belleforest translated works.

pos: François de Belleforest François de Belleforest ( 1530 -- 1 January 1583 ) was a prolific French author , poet and translator of the Renaissance .   He was born in Comminges , into a poor family , and his father ( a soldier ) was killed when he was seven . He spent some time in the court of Marguerite of Navarre , traveled to Toulouse and Bordeaux ( where he met George Buchanan ) , and then to Paris where he came into contact with members of the young literary generation , including Pierre de Ronsard , Jean Antoine de Baïf , Jean Dorat , Remy Belleau , Antoine Du Verdier and Odet de Turnèbe . In 1568 he became historiographer to the king . He died in Paris .   Belleforest wrote on cosmography , morals , literature and history , and he translated the works of Matteo Bandello , Boccaccio , Antonio de Guevara , Lodovico Guicciardini , Polydore Vergil , Saint Cyprian , Sebastian Münster , Achilles Tatius , Cicero and Demosthenes into French . He is also the author of the first French pastoral novel , La Pyrénée ( or La Pastorale amoureuse ) ( 1571 ) modeled on the Diana of Jorge de Montemayor . His Grandes Annales are a polemic tract against François Hotman . His total output comprises more than 50 volumes .   His most successful work was most likely his translation and adaptation of the `` histoires tragiques '' by the Italian Matteo Bandello , which built on the work of Pierre Boaistuau and eventually amounted to seven volumes ( 1564-1582 ) . One of these tales might be the source for Shakespeare 's Hamlet .

neg: Père Goriot Le Père Goriot ( -LSB- lə pɛʁ ɡɔʁjo -RSB- , Old Goriot or Father Goriot ) is an 1835 novel by French novelist and playwright Honoré de Balzac ( 1799 -- 1850 ) , included in the Scènes de la vie privée section of his novel sequence La Comédie humaine . Set in Paris in 1819 , it follows the intertwined lives of three characters : the elderly doting Goriot ; a mysterious criminal-in-hiding named Vautrin ; and a naive law student named Eugène de Rastignac .   Originally published in serial form during the winter of 1834/35 , Le Père Goriot is widely considered Balzac 's most important novel . It marks the first serious use by the author of characters who had appeared in other books , a technique that distinguishes Balzac 's fiction . The novel is also noted as an example of his realist style , using minute details to create character and subtext .   The novel takes place during the Bourbon Restoration , which brought profound changes to French society ; the struggle by individuals to secure a higher social status is a major theme in the book . The city of Paris also impresses itself on the characters -- especially young Rastignac , who grew up in the provinces of southern France . Balzac analyzes , through Goriot and others , the nature of family and marriage , providing a pessimistic view of these institutions .   The novel was released to mixed reviews . Some critics praised the author for his complex characters and attention to detail ; others condemned him for his many depictions of corruption and greed . A favorite of Balzac 's , the book quickly won widespread popularity and has often been adapted for film and the stage . It gave rise to the French expression `` Rastignac '' , a social climber willing to use any means to better his situation .

neg: Octave Mirbeau Octave Mirbeau ( 16 February 1848 -- 16 February 1917 ) was a French journalist , art critic , travel writer , pamphleteer , novelist , and playwright , who achieved celebrity in Europe and great success among the public , while still appealing to the literary and artistic avant-garde . His work has been translated into thirty languages .

neg: Translations of The Devil's Dictionary Ambrose Bierce 's book of satirical definitions The Devil 's Dictionary has acquired an international reputation as an entertaining and important work of satire , and so has been translated from its original American English into other languages many times .   In addition , writers in several countries have made critical observations in non-English languages about The Devil 's Dictionary in their introductions and afterwords to Bierce 's book , and in scholarly essays .   Some translations , with the first year of publication and of reprints ( as well as new printings by other publishers of existing editions ) , include :

neg: Jean d'Outremeuse Jean d'Outremeuse or Jean des Preis ( Liège , 1338-1400 ) was a writer and historian who wrote two romanticised historical works and a lapidary .   La Geste de Liége is an account of the mythical history of his native city , Liège , written partly in prose and partly in verse . It was probably based on an existing text and consists of three books : book one , in 40,000 lines , book two , in 12,224 lines with prose summaries , book three , has been lost , but a few passages have been found .   Ly Myreur des Histors ( `` The Mirror of Histories '' ) is a more ambitious narrative , purporting to be a history of the world from the flood up to the 14th century . It combines Vincent de Beauvais 's early works Ogier le Danois and the Geste de Liège into a universal history , from the fall of Troy to 1340 , mixing real and legendary events .   The Liège herald , Louis Abry ( 1643-1720 ) , refers to the lost fourth book of the Myreur des Hystors of Johans des Preis , styled d'Oultremeuse . In this `` Jean de Bourgogne , dit a la Barbe '' , is said to have revealed himself on his deathbed to d'Oultremeuse , whom he made his executor , and to have described himself in his will as `` messire Jean de Mandeville , chevalier , comte de Montfort en Angleterre et seigneur de l'isle de Campdi et du château Pérouse '' . It is added that , having had the misfortune to kill an unnamed count in his own country , he engaged himself to travel through the three parts of the world , arrived at Liège in 1343 , was a great naturalist , profound philosopher and astrologer , and had a remarkable knowledge of physics . And the identification is confirmed by the fact that in the now destroyed church of the Guillemins was a tombstone of Mandeville , with a Latin inscription stating that he was otherwise named `` ad Barbam '' , was a professor of medicine , and died at Liège on November 17 , 1372 : this inscription is quoted as far back as 1462 .   Tresorier de philosophie naturelle des pierres precieuses ( a lapidary )  This book is a compilation of recipes for making fake gems by coloring glasses by various means . It is of interest to glassworkers or historians seeking to understand the manufacture of ancient glass or fake gems adorning various pieces of goldsmith 's work .

neg: Mikhail Lozinsky Mikhail Leonidovich Lozinsky ( Russian : Михаил Леонидович Лозинский , 20 July 1886 -- 31 January 1955 ) is deemed to be the most accomplished Russian translator of the 20th century . `` In the difficult and noble art of translation , '' said Anna Akhmatova , `` Lozinsky was for the twentieth century what Zhukovsky was for the nineteenth . '' Lozinsky 's granddaughters include writers Tatyana Tolstaya and Natalia Tolstaya .   Lozinsky was born in Gatchina and spent his life in St. Petersburg . His uncle was married to an aunt of Alexander Blok , who was one of the first to appreciate Lozinsky 's highly polished verse . During the Silver Age of Russian Poetry he was close to the Acmeist circle of Nikolay Gumilyov ; he was briefly arrested and interrogated following the latter 's execution .   Despite his impeccable craftsmanship , Lozinsky 's poetry failed to attract public attention owing to its lack of substance and originality . Lozinsky therefore began applying his literary skills to the translation of works by notable non-Russian literary figures such as Benvenuto Cellini , Lope de Vega , Richard Brinsley Sheridan , and others . In his diary , Blok noted that some of Lozinsky 's translations were superior to those of Zhukovsky , who had been regarded as a model for Russian verse translators for generations .   Lozinsky 's greatest feat was his translation of Dante 's The Divine Comedy which he completed between 1939 and 1945 in spite of poor health . This accomplishment won him the Stalin Prize in 1946 .   Lozinsky 's copious translations of Shakespeare have been somewhat less popular than contemporary translations by Boris Pasternak and Samuil Marshak . Unlike them , Lozinsky did not strive to modernise Shakespeare by stripping him of obscure details and puns . Soviet critics tended to dismiss his Shakespeare translations as `` obscure , heavy , and unintelligible '' ; Akhmatova , however , felt that Lozinsky brilliantly achieved his aim of `` conveying the age of Shakespeare 's language and the complexity about which even the English complain '' .

neg: Mingxin baojian The Mingxin baojian is an ancient Chinese book containing `` a collection of aphorisms and quotations form the Chinese classics and other works '' The author and date of authorship are not reliably known , although later references suggest that it was compiled in 1393 by Fan Liben . The quotations and aphorisms in the book appear to be from scholarly writings of Confucianism , Buddhism , and Taoism , with `` a great many of the quotations ... taken from Taoist writings '' , suggesting that the author was a follower of Taoism .   The Mingxin baojian was the first book translated from Chinese into a Western language . `` The Ming-hsin pao-chien seems to have widely circulated among the people in Fukien in the late Ming period . It was brought by the Chinese to the Philippines '' . It was translated into Spanish by a Dominican friar named Juan Cobo who arrived in the Philippines in 1588 . In 1595 , the Dominicans presented this translation , along with a copy of the original , to Philip III of Spain , then Crown Prince . Prior to its acquisition by westerners , the work had already been translated and circulated in other Asian countries . It is known as the Myeongsim Bogam in Korean , and the Minh tâm bửu giám Vietnamese . It was included in The Chinese Repository , translated by William Milne .

neg: Clara Bell Clara Bell , née Poynter ( 1835 -- 1927 ) , was an English translator fluent in French , German , Danish , Dutch , Italian , Norwegian , Russian , and Spanish , noted for her translations of works by Henrik Ibsen , Balzac , Georg Ebers , Huysmans , Maupassant , and others . She was educated in France , where she became fluent in French and German ; she did not acquire her knowledge of the other languages until after her fortieth birthday . She spent most of her life in London .   Bell was born in Westminster to architect Ambrose Poynter and Emma Forster ; her brother was Sir Edward Poynter , a director of the National Gallery . She was a distant relation of Edward Burne-Jones and Rudyard Kipling . She was married to banker Robert Courtenay Bell ( 1816 -- 1896 ) with whom she had six children , one of whom was Charles Francis Bell , who oversaw the Fine Art Department of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford .   Under the direction of George Saintsbury , Bell , Ellen Marriage , and Rachel Scott were responsible for translating the vast majority of Balzac 's Human Comedy into English , superseding earlier translations that had generally been regarded as stilted . The low pay that translators received at that time required Bell and her colleagues to complete work quickly , but her translations have nonetheless been noted for their close adherence to the source texts , and their high degree of readability .

neg: Jean-François de Bastide Jean-François de Bastide ( 15 July 1724 , Marseille -- 4 July 1798 , Milan aged 73 ) was an 18th-century French writer and playwright .   The son of a magistrate from Provence , Bastide was a polygraph : he wrote novels ( Histoire d'une religieuse par elle-même , `` Bibliothèque universelle des romans '' , May 1786 , 24 p. in-16 ) , theatre plays , critics , and was also a journalist and a compilator . As a journalist , he published Le Nouveau spectateur ( 1758 -- 60 ) , Le Monde tel qu'il est ( 1760 -- 61 ) , Journal de Bruxelles ou le Penseur ( 1766 -- 67 ) , etc. . He also directed the `` Bibliothèque universelle des romans '' from 1779 to 1789 .   As a playwright , he composed :  1749 : Le Désenchantement inespéré  1762 : L'Épreuve de la probité  1763 : Les Caractères de la musique  1763 : Les Deux talents , opéra comique presented at Comédie Italienne 11 August ( music by chevalier d'Herbain )  1764 : Le Jeune homme , comedy presented in Bordeaux  1766 : Les Amants opposés , comedy presented in The Hague 11 March  La Majorité , comedy presented the same day in the same theatre  1766 : Le Soldat par amour , opéra comique presented in Brussel , at Théâtre de la Monnaie , 4 November ( music by Pierre Van Maldere and Ignaz Vitzthumb )  Gésoncourt et Clémentine , tragedy presented the same day in the same theatre .  La Petite-Maison , published in Contes de M. de Bastide , Paris , L. Cellot , 1763 , II , 1 , p. 47-88

neg: Ettore Balestrero Ettore Balestrero ( 21 December 1966 ) is the current apostolic nuncio to Colombia since his appointed was announced on 22 February 2013 . He had previously served as Undersecretary for Relations with States , the deputy to Archbishop Dominique Mamberti .   Monsignor Balestrero will take his position as under-secretary in the section for relations with states . The Genoa-born monsignor was already serving as an advisor in that department .   After attending law school , he entered the Almo Collegio Capranica and was ordained a priest on 18 September 1993 for the diocese of Rome by Cardinal Camillo Ruini . He earned a degree in theology and a doctorate in Canon Law . After serving in the Parish of Santa Maria Mater Ecclesiae al Torrino in Rome , he became a student at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy .   He entered the Holy See 's diplomatic service in 1996 , serving in Korea , Mongolia and the Netherlands . Since 2001 he has served in the Secretariat of State . He was appointed as Undersecretary for Relations with States replacing Pietro Parolin who was appointed as Apostolic Nuncio to Venezuela on the same day .   Msgr. Balestrero 's task will be to oversee the work of the office of Relations with States and maintain contacts with ambassadors around the world . Msgr. Balestrero has an American mother and speaks fluent English as well as French , Spanish , German and Dutch .   In July 2012 the Council of Europe released a report that marked a milestone in the Holy See 's efforts to shed its reputation as a tax haven long mired in secrecy and scandal . The report showed the Vatican had received compliant or largely compliant grades on nine of the 16 `` key and core '' internationally recognised recommendations to fight money laundering and terrorist financing . However , seven other areas were found lacking , particularly its anti-terror finance measures and the Vatican 's financial oversight agency . The report found the agency had yet to conduct any inspections , and that its role , authority and independence needed clarification . The so-called Moneyval committee praised the Holy See for making so much progress in a short amount of time , but said more needs to be done . `` We take both the praise and criticism contained in the report with seriousness '' said Monsignor Balestrero , head of the Vatican delegation to the Moneyval committee .   He went on to say that the `` report released today is not an end , but a milestone in our continuing efforts . In regards to the actual findings , simply stated we obviously wish to strengthen the overall system ; in particular out of the 16 key and core recommendations of the international standards to fight ML/FT there are 7 areas where the Holy See must and will focus on . In this light , the report released today is not the end , but is rather an important passage of our continuing efforts to marry moral commitments to technical excellence . We have taken a definitive step to lay the foundations to a structure -- a house if you will -- that is to a robust and sustainable system to combat money laundering and the financing of terrorism . Now it is our wish to fully construct a building that effectively shows the Holy See 's and Vatican City State 's desire to be a reliable partner in the international community '' .   On 22 February 2013 , in the last week of the papacy of Pope Benedict XVI Msgr Balestrero was appointed apostolic nuncio to Colombia and at the same time Titular Archbishop of Vittoriana . He was replaced by Antoine Camilleri a priest of the diocese of Malta . Camilleri had previously served as a former personal secretary to Archbishop Dominique Mamberti .   Balestrero 's name was prominently mentioned in a sensational story in the Italian daily La Repubblica about the `` Vatileaks '' scandal . As the Vatican 's chief negotiator in talks with European banking officials , Msgr. Balestrero was caught up in a heated intramural debate about Vatican procedures for ensuring transparency in financial transactions . The sharp differences among members of the Roman Curia were reportedly cited by a commission of investigating cardinals as one motivation for the unauthorized leaks of confidential Vatican correspondence . However Father Federico Lombardi , the director of the Vatican press office , denied that the new assignment for Msgr. Balestrero was connected with new reports on the `` Vatileaks '' investigation . The Vatican spokesman reminded reporters that the appointment of an apostolic nuncio is a time-consuming matter , since it entails obtaining approval from the government of the country to which he will be posted .

neg: Dictionnaire universel The Dictionnaire universel , contenant generalement tous les mots françois ( originally Dictionaire universel ) was a dictionary and encyclopedia compiled by Antoine Furetière and published posthumously in 1690 . Unlike the rival dictionary of the Académie française , finally published in 1694 , Furetière 's Dictionnaire included specialized technical and scientific vocabulary . It was also an encyclopedia of sorts in dealing with things as well as words . Despite having been banned in France , it was a commercial success and exerted an enormous influence on eighteenth-century French dictionaries and encyclopedias .

neg: Bible translations into Bulgarian The royal Tetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander is an illuminated manuscript Gospel Book in Middle Bulgarian , prepared and illustrated in 1355 -- 1356 for Tsar Ivan Alexander of the Second Bulgarian Empire . The manuscript is regarded as one of the most important manuscripts of medieval Bulgarian culture . The manuscript , now in the British Library ( Add . MS 39627 ) , contains the text of the Four Gospels illustrated with 366 miniatures and consists of 286 parchment folios , 33 by 24.3 cm in size .   Bible translations into modern Bulgarian date from the 1820s and were largely organised by Protestant missionaries . The Bulgarian Orthodox Church initially preferring the continued use of Old Church Slavonic .   The archimandrite Theodosius , abbot of the Bistritsa Monastery in Romania , translated the New Testament for the British and Foreign Bible Society , which was printed at St. Petersburg in 1823 . `` It was begun by the Archimandrite Theodosius , with the sanction of Gregory , Patriarch of Constantinople . ( St. Matthew 's Gospel in Church Slavic and Bulgarian 1823 ) was published by the Russian Bible Society . '' This attempt to translate the Bible into modern Bulgarian was characterized with poor grammatical style and was greatly influenced by the Church-Slavonic version . The entire edition was sent to Saint Petersburg and is said to have been destroyed there . The BFBS had also contracted nationalist journalist Konstantin Fotinov who translated the New Testament but the BFBS did not approve it because `` it was neither Slav -LSB- onic -RSB- nor Bulgarian '' .   An independent attempt to publish a Bulgarian translation of the New Testament occurred in 1828 , as Petar Sapunov and his brother Father Serafim published a translation of the four gospels at the Bucharest metropolitan press in Wallachia ( Romania ) . This translation was completed in the Eastern Bulgarian dialect .   In 1835 Bulgarian monk Neofit Rilski started a new translation of the New Testament . The translation was completed on April 18 , 1838 . The translation was done in the Bulgarian dialect from the area of Gorna Dzhumaya ( present day Blagoevgrad in the region of Macedonia ) . In 1840 5,000 copies of the first complete translation of the New Testament were printed in Smyrna by the British and Foreign Bible Society . A second edition which was printed in Smyrna in 1850 was an almost exact reprint of the 1840 edition . A third edition followed in 1853 with 15,000 copies . The fourth edition was published in 1857 in Bucharest , and for the first time civil characters type was used . In 1859 , two more editions were published . In 1866 , a new `` pocket '' edition with text revised by Elias Riggs and Dr. Albert Long was printed in Constantinople . The New Testament was revised and reprinted a total of nine times .   In the period from 1840 to 1860 the Eastern ( Tarnovo ) dialect was adopted as literary Bulgarian language and the Macedonian dialect , in which the New Testament had been translated , was widely rejected . By 1858 Neofit Rilski had finished large portion of the Old Testament . Riggs met with Neofit Rilski and discussed a possible revision of the Bulgarian New Testament to remove the Macedonian dialect elements . Neofit objected the revision , so Riggs took the translation and returned to Constantinople . In January 1859 Riggs invited the Bulgarian teacher Hristodul Kostovich to help him with the revision .   In 1862 Long and Riggs visited the noted Bulgarian writer and poet Petko Rachov Slaveykov in Tryavna . Slaveykov agreed to help with the translation and began the work on the revising of Neofit 's New Testament at once . Long joined the revision of the New Testament into the Eastern dialect in 1863 and later assisted with the translation of the Old Testament . In June 1871 , after more than 12 years of revision and translation , 36,000 copies of the complete Bible translation in Bulgarian were published in Constantinople . The translation came to be known as the Tsarigrad ( Constantinople ) edition .   The decision to revise and publish the Bible in the Eastern dialect was the historical factor based on which the modern Bulgarian language departed from the Macedonian dialect to adopt the Eastern/Thracian dialect .   With the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 , several organizations attempted to provide a new translation of the Bible in Bulgarian . In 1993 a Protestant New Testament was printed . A complete new Orthodox translation was published in 1995 , followed by three new Protestant revisions of the Bulgarian Bible in the period of 2000 -- 2001 by publishing houses of Veren ( Faithful ) , Nov Chovek ( New Man ) and the Bible League .   Jáni Vasilčin published in 1998 the New Testament in Banat Bulgarian language . The Banat Bulgarians are a Catholic minority group in western Romania and northeastern Serbia .   Jehovah 's Witnesses have translated their New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures into Bulgarian .

neg: André Goosse André Goosse ( born 16 April 1926 in Liège ) is a Belgian grammarian . The son-in-law of Maurice Grevisse , he took over editing and updating Grevisse 's last book , Le Bon Usage . In 1988 , he married the Belgian writer France Bastia . Professor at the Université Catholique de Louvain , he is also the president of the Conseil international de la langue française .   His earliest research was carried out on the work of the 14th century writer from Liège , Jean d'Outremeuse . His work , carried out under the direction of Omer Jodogne , turned into a thesis which he defended in 1959 , which was published in 1965 .   Notable among his publications is a work exposing and commenting on the Les rectifications de l'orthographe ( `` corrections to orthography '' ) , which was a report published on 6 December 1990 in the Journal officiel de la République française . Goosse 's book , trying to make the debate less personal , was titled La `` nouvelle '' orthographe , Exposé et commentaires , published by Ed.Duculot in 1991 . ISBN 2-8011-0976-2 . The topic , according to Goosse , was less of a `` reform '' than of `` developments '' aimed at eliminating certain `` anomalies and absurdities '' as well as `` contradictions existing among dictionaries '' .   Also noteworthy is Une langue , une communauté . Le français en Belgique , published in 1997 with Daniel Blampain , Jean-Marie Klinkenberg , Marc Wilmet ( `` One language , one community . French in Belgium '' ) .   In Novembre 2007 , Goosse was the editor , at De Boeck , of the 14th edition of Le Bon Usage . This edition was a complete rewrite . `` This time '' , he told Belgian newspaper Le Soir , `` it 's like 2,000 pieces of a puzzle have been thrown into the air . Then , we had to rebuild . ''   André Goosse was the secretary of the Académie de Langue et de Littérature françaises de Belgique ( Royal Academy of French Language and Literature in Belgium ) from 1996 until 2001 .

neg: Eurotra Eurotra was an ambitious machine translation project established and funded by the European Commission from 1978 until 1992 .   Emboldened by modest success with an older , commercially developed machine translation system SYSTRAN , a large network of European computational linguists embarked upon the Eurotra project with the hope of creating a state-of-the-art MT system for the then seven , later nine , official languages of the European Community .   However , as time passed , expectations became tempered ; `` Fully Automatic High Quality Translation '' was not a reasonably attainable goal . The true character of Eurotra was eventually acknowledged to be in fact pre-competitive research rather than prototype development .   The project was motivated by one of the founding principles of the EU : that all citizens had the right to read any and all proceedings of the Commission in their own language . As more countries joined , this produced a combinatorial explosion in the number of language pairs involved , and the need to translate every paper , speech and even set of meeting minutes produced by the EU into the other eight languages meant that translation rapidly became the overwhelming component in the administrative budget . To solve this problem Eurotra was devised .   The project was unusual in that rather than consisting of a single research team , it had member groups distributed around the member countries , organised along language rather than national lines ( for example , groups in Leuven and Utrecht worked closely together ) , and the secretariat was based at the European Commission in Luxembourg . While this contributed significantly to the culture of the project , it also demonstrated graphically Brooks ' assertion in The Mythical Man-Month that adding personnel to a project results in it taking longer to complete ; the more the number of groups involved , the more time is spent on administration and communication rather than actual research per se .   The actual design of the project was unusual as MT projects go . Older systems , such as SYSTRAN , were heavily dictionary-based , with minor support for rearranging word order . More recent systems have often worked on a probabilistic approach , based on parallel corpora . Eurotra addressed the constituent structure of the text to be translated , going through first a syntactic parse followed by a second parse to produce a dependency structure followed by a final parse with a third grammar to produce what was referred to internally as Intermediate Representation ( IR ) . Since all three modules were implemented as Prolog programs , it would then in principle be possible to put this structure backwards through the corresponding modules for another language to produce a translated text in any of the other languages . However , in practice this was not in fact how language pairs were implemented .   The first `` live '' translation occupied a 4Mb Microvax running Ultrix and C-Prolog for a complete weekend some time in early 1987 . The sentence , translated from English into Danish , was `` Japan makes computers '' . The main problem faced by the system was the generation of so-called `` Parse Forests '' - often a large number of different grammar rules could be applied to any particular phrase , producing hundreds , even thousands of ( often identical ) parse trees . This used up huge quantities of computer store , slowing the whole process down unnecessarily .   While Eurotra never delivered a `` working '' MT system , the project made a far-reaching long-term impact on the nascent language industries in European member states , in particular among the southern countries of Greece , Italy , Spain , and Portugal . There is at least one commercial MT system ( developed by an academic/commercial consortium in Denmark ) derived from Eurotra technology .

neg: Comte de Gabalis Comte de Gabalis is a 17th-century French text by Abbé Nicolas-Pierre-Henri de Montfaucon de Villars ( 1635-1673 ) . The titular `` Comte de Gabalis '' ( `` Count of Cabala '' ) is an occultist who explains the mysteries of the world to the author . It first appeared in Paris in 1670 , anonymously , though the identity of the author came to be known . The original title as published by Claude Barbin was Le comte de Gabalis , ou entretiens sur les sciences secrètes , `` The Count of Cabala , Or Dialogs on the Secret Sciences '' .   The book was widely read in France and abroad , and is a source for many of the `` marvelous beings '' that populate later European literature . French readers include Charles Baudelaire and Anatole France -- it was the main source for his At the Sign of the Reine Pédauque ( 1892 ) . In English literature , it influenced Alexander Pope , who borrowed from it to create the sylphs in The Rape of the Lock ( 1714 ) , and in German , it is a likely source for Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué 's Undine . In recent times it has been considered by some to have been intended as a satire of occult philosophy , though in its time it was taken seriously by many readers . Many later authors have also taken it to be a serious source , including Edward Bulwer-Lytton and prominent occult writers such as Eliphas Levi , Helena Blavatsky , and M.P Hall .

neg: Grand Ricci Le Grand Ricci ( or Grand dictionnaire Ricci de la langue chinoise , Simplified Chinese : 利氏汉法辞典 ; Traditional Chinese : 利氏漢法辭典 ; pinyin : Lìshì Hàn-Fǎ cídiǎn ; literally : `` Dictionnaire chinois-français Ricci '' ( 2001 ) , from the name of the 15th century Italian missionary , Matteo Ricci .   It is composed of seven volumes of more than 1,200 pages each , identifying 13,500 characters , and about 300,000 entries of terms and expressions . It is , therefore , the largest Chinese-French dictionary yet , and probably the largest dictionary of Chinese into a Western language .   It has become widely known since its publication in 2001 , Le Grand Ricci is the most comprehensive up-to-date dictionary of Chinese into a modern Western language . Though it covers the whole history of Chinese language development , most of the dictionary deals with early and imperial period Chinese language usage . `` It is difficult to imagine any scholar in Chinese studies who will not eagerly welcome this new digital incarnation of the Le Grand Ricci . Le Grand Ricci is to all purposes the most comprehensive bilingual dictionary of Chinese in the Western world . It covers three millennia of the Chinese language , from the Classics to the modern age , and is encyclopedic in its scope . The compilers were able to draw on the full range of French sinological expertise in completing the project . Since its publication Le Grand Ricci has established itself as an indispensable reference tool . Now available online , and easily searchable , its functionality has only further increased . `` Wilt L. Idema . Research Professor of Chinese Literature , HarvardOn the 11th of May , 2010 , the DVD version was presented for the first time at the Shanghai Museum . The resources of the Ricci dictionary are available on Android phones and tablets and Apple IOS via Pleco Software .

neg: Translations of One Thousand and One Nights The translations of One Thousand and One Nights have been made into virtually every major language of the world . They began with the French translation by Antoine Galland ( titled Les mille et une nuits , finished in 1717 ) . Galland 's translation was essentially an adapted Arabic manuscript of Syrian origins and oral tales recorded by him in Paris from a Maronite Arab from Aleppo named Youhenna Diab or Hanna Diab .   The first English translation appeared in 1706 and was made from Galland 's version ; being anonymous , it is known as the Grub Street edition . It exists in two known copies kept in the Bodleian Library and in the Princeton University Library . Since then several English reissues appeared simultaneously in 1708 . As early as the end of the 18th century the English translation based on Galland was brought to Halifax , Montreal , Philadelphia , New York and Sydney . Galland-based English translations were superseded by that made by Edward William Lane in 1839 -- 41 . In the 1880s an unexpurgated and complete English translation , The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night , was made by Richard Francis Burton .   The original scattered Arabic texts were collected in four corpuses : the so-called Calcutta I or the Shirwanee Edition ( 1814 -- 18 , 2 volumes ) , Bulaq or the Cairo Edition ( 1835 , 2 volumes ) , Breslau Edition ( 1825 -- 38 , 8 volumes ) and Calcutta II or the W.H. Macnaghten Edition ( 1839 -- 42 , 4 volumes ) . Some translations starting from Galland were censored due to lewd content .

neg: Martin le Franc Martin le Franc ( c. 1410 -- 1461 ) was a French poet of the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance .   He was born in Normandy , and studied in Paris . He entered clerical orders , becoming an apostolic prothonotary , and later becoming secretary to both Antipope Felix V and Pope Nicholas V.   He was named provost at Lausanne in 1443 , became canon of the Church of Geneva in 1447 . In 1451 he was employed by the Duke of Savoy , and he became administrator of the abbey of Novalèse in 1459 .   Le Franc 's most famous work was his huge , 24,000-verse composition Le Champion des Dames ( The Champion of Women ) , dedicated to Philip the Good and dating from 1440 or 1442 ( first printed in Lyon in 1485 and again in Paris in 1530 ) . It recounts the nobility and deeds of many women throughout history , including Joan of Arc , and also fiercely attacks corruption in government as well as the hedonistic luxury of the aristocratic class . It was illuminated by Peronet Lamy .   Martin le Franc is famous in music history for penning the phrase `` la contenance angloise '' , the English countenance , a much-debated phrase referring to a characteristically English sound found in the music of composers such as John Dunstaple . The `` countenance '' -- probably consonant , sweet intervals ( 3rds and 6ths ) which were predominant in the music of contemporary English composers -- was massively influential on the music of the Burgundian School during the period that Burgundy was allied with England .   Another long poem by Le Franc is L'Estrif de Fortune et Vertu ( 1447-1448 ) , which was also moralistic and didactic , presenting a debate between Fortune and Virtue .

neg: Antoine Halley Antoine Halley ( 1593 -- 3 June 1675 ) was a French professor and poet .   Halley was born at Bazenville near Bayeux . A professor of belles-lettres and Principal of the Collège du Bois , at the University of Caen , he succeeded Antoine Gosselin and distinguished himself from the age of twenty-two , by his eloquence and the brilliance of his teaching . He taught Latin poetry at the University of Caen , for nearly forty years . He cultivated Latin and French poetry and won the prize of the Immaculate Conception time and again so that the Académie des Sciences , Arts et Belles-Lettres de Caen pleaded with him to quit competing .   Halley had ties with Charles de la Rue and Huet , the bishop of Avranches . The latter urged him to publish his poems . Huet , in his Origines de Caen , hailed him as mentor : `` I am obliged to give this testimony of gratitude to Mr. Halley . I deem it one of the greatest joys of my life to have been his disciple at his home for five years . He trained my mind , he refined my taste , he gave me an understanding of good authors . He taught me an infinite number of rare and curious things . '' Halley , in the meantime , professed no less esteem for his former student , sending him a poem a propos his book De Interpretatione . He also published a Traité sur la grammaire latine , at Caen in 1652 .   His collection of Poems is dedicated to the Duke of Montausier , the tutor of the dauphin and governor of Normandy . Cadomus , a play in which he paid tribute to all the literary celebrities born in his city , from Nicole Oresme , tutor of Charles V , to Pierre Patrix , the favorite poet of Gaston d'Orleans , is amongst his best .   When the chancellor Pierre Séguier , who had subdued the Harelle revolt of 1640 with undue harshness , made his way to Caen , Halley sent him far too flattering a couplet for the occasion . In 1642 , he thanked him for having increased the privileges of the Académie de Caen , founded by Moisant de Brieux . He addressed the Dauphin a long letter in Latin verse reminding him about the origins of the kings of France and celebrating the Trojan kings Dardanus , Erichthonius , Tros , Ilus , Laomedon and Priam , the supposed ancestors of Louis XIV .   A few letters written at Lisieux by Jean-Pierre Camus , the bishop of Belley have been found in his works . One of them is dated thus : `` At Lisieux , on November 22nd , the day of St. Cecilia , patron saint of music , sister of poetry .   When the Duchesse de Longueville came to Caen in 1648 , Halley was commissioned to compose the verses that decorated the tables placed at city 's expense on the way of the Duchess and her two children . In 1649 , during the famous Jobelins and Uranists Quarrel , Aubert , the princess ' chaplain , sent him the Voiture and Benserade 's sonnets , to get his opinion , as the French Academy had refused to get involved . That grave matter had been evoked before the very king , queen and princes , who were not able to settle it . It was then agreed that it was necessary to submit it to Halley whose decision would be final . The latter found in favor of Voiture against Benserade , i.e. in favor of the Duchesse de Longueville .   Pierre Bayle has proclaimed Halley to be `` one of the greatest poets of his century '' ; even if his French poetry is weak , his Latin rhymes lack neither ease nor elegance . La Rue , Huet , Gilles Ménage , Lesueur de Pétiville , Pierre Cailly , and Michel Gonfrey have composed Latin verses in his honor .

neg: François de La Rochefoucauld François de La Rochefoucauld may refer to :   François de La Rochefoucauld ( writer ) ( 1613 -- 1680 ) , French author  François de La Rochefoucauld ( cardinal ) ( 1558 -- 1645 ) , French cardinal of the Catholic Church  François de La Rochefoucauld , marquis de Montendre ( 1672 -- 1739 ) , Field Marshal of the British Army  François Alexandre Frédéric de La Rochefoucauld , Duke of La Rochefoucauld ( 1747 -- 1827 ) , French social reformer  François , duc de La Rochefoucauld ( 1765 -- 1848 )

neg: Christine de Pizan Christine de Pizan ( also seen as de Pisan ; -LSB- kʁistin də pizɑ̃ -RSB- ; 1364 -- c. 1430 ) was an Italian French late medieval author . She served as a court writer for several dukes ( Louis of Orleans , Philip the Bold of Burgundy , and John the Fearless of Burgundy ) and the French royal court during the reign of Charles VI . She wrote both poetry and prose works such as biographies and books containing practical advice for women . She completed forty-one works during her 30-year career from 1399 to 1429 . She married in 1380 at the age of 15 , and was widowed 10 years later . Much of the impetus for her writing came from her need to earn a living to support her mother , a niece and her two surviving children . She spent most of her childhood and all of her adult life in Paris and then the abbey at Poissy , and wrote entirely in her adopted language , Middle French .   Her early courtly poetry is marked by her knowledge of aristocratic custom and fashion of the day , particularly involving women and the practice of chivalry . Her early and later allegorical and didactic treatises reflect both autobiographical information about her life and views and also her own individualized and humanist approach to the scholastic learned tradition of mythology , legend , and history she inherited from clerical scholars and to the genres and courtly or scholastic subjects of contemporary French and Italian poets she admired . Supported and encouraged by important royal French and English patrons , she influenced 15th-century English poetry . Her success stems from a wide range of innovative writing and rhetorical techniques that critically challenged renowned writers such as Jean de Meun , author of the Romance of the Rose , which she criticized as immoral .   In recent decades , Christine de Pizan 's work has been returned to prominence by the efforts of scholars such as Charity Cannon Willard , Earl Jeffrey Richards and Simone de Beauvoir . Certain scholars have argued that she should be seen as an early feminist who efficiently used language to convey that women could play an important role within society . This characterization has been challenged by other critics , who say that it is either an anachronistic use of the word or a misinterpretation of her writing and intentions .