query: The Illuminati have been included in written works.

pos: Illuminati The Illuminati ( plural of Latin illuminatus , `` enlightened '' ) is a name given to several groups , both real and fictitious . Historically , the name usually refers to the Bavarian Illuminati , an Enlightenment-era secret society founded on 1 May 1776 . The society 's goals were to oppose superstition , obscurantism , religious influence over public life and abuses of state power . `` The order of the day , '' they wrote in their general statutes , `` is to put an end to the machinations of the purveyors of injustice , to control them without dominating them '' . The Illuminati -- along with Freemasonry and other secret societies -- were outlawed through edict , by the Bavarian ruler , Charles Theodore , with the encouragement of the Roman Catholic Church , in 1784 , 1785 , 1787 and 1790 . In the several years following , the group was vilified by conservative and religious critics who claimed that they continued underground and were responsible for the French Revolution .   Many influential intellectuals and progressive politicians counted themselves as members , including Ferdinand of Brunswick and the diplomat Xavier von Zwack , who was the Order 's second-in-command . It attracted literary men such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Johann Gottfried Herder and the reigning dukes of Gotha and Weimar .   In subsequent use , `` Illuminati '' refers to various organisations which claim or are purported to have links to the original Bavarian Illuminati or similar secret societies , though these links are unsubstantiated . They are often alleged to conspire to control world affairs , by masterminding events and planting agents in government and corporations , in order to gain political power and influence and to establish a New World Order . Central to some of the most widely known and elaborate conspiracy theories , the Illuminati have been depicted as lurking in the shadows and pulling the strings and levers of power in dozens of novels , films , television shows , comics , video games , and music videos .

neg: IHS Press IHS Press is a publishing house based in Virginia whose mission is to promote the social teaching of the Catholic Church . The name `` IHS '' is a truncation of the first three letters of the Greek name of Jesus Christ . IHS Press has been particularly concerned with the promotion of the social teaching as laid down by Pope Leo XIII in his encyclical Rerum novarum . IHS Press has thus been primarily focused on reprinting the rarer works of authors who promote a third way between capitalism and socialism such as G. K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc , along with those of such older guild theorists as Arthur Penty and Heinrich Pesch .   IHS Press is currently chaired by John Sharpe .   In 2005 , IHS Press launched a new imprint , Light in the Darkness Publications ( LID ) , to print more miscellany works for a more general audience but still serving the larger goal of promoting the social teaching . LID will also be particularly dedicated to bringing about a well defined perspective on contemporary politics which might also serve as a basis for serious organization . LID 's first publication has been Neo-Conned ! , a two volume compendium of essays opposing the Iraq War containing a vast array of authors from Noam Chomsky and Alexander Cockburn on the left to Pat Buchanan and the late Samuel T. Francis on the right . Neo-Conned ! contains the last original published work of both Francis and Jude Wanniski .   IHS Press is designated as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center .

neg: Contemporary imprints of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is a fabricated antisemitic text purporting to describe a Jewish plan to achieve global domination . The text was fabricated in the Russian Empire , and was first published in 1903 . While there is continued popularity of The Protocols in nations from South America to Asia , since the defeat of Nazi Germany and fascist Italy in WWII , governments or political leaders in most parts of the world have generally avoided claims that The Protocols represent factual evidence of a real Jewish conspiracy . The exception to this is the Middle East , where a large number of Arab and Muslim regimes and leaders have endorsed them as authentic . Past endorsements of The Protocols from Presidents Gamal Abdel Nasser and Anwar Sadat of Egypt , one of the President Arifs of Iraq , King Faisal of Saudi Arabia , and Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi of Libya , among other political and intellectual leaders of the Arab world , are echoed by 21st century endorsements from the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem , Sheikh Ekrima Sa'id Sabri , and Hamas , to the education ministry of Saudi Arabia .

neg: The Complex: An Insider Exposes the Covert World of the Church of Scientology The Complex : An Insider Exposes the Covert World of the Church of Scientology is a non-fiction book about the organization and practices of the Church of Scientology , written by former Scientologist John Duignan with Nicola Tallant . The book was published in Ireland on October 7 , 2008 by Merlin Publishing . Both of Duignan 's parents died when he was very young and as a result he had difficult experiences as a teenager . He met an attractive female Scientologist on the streets of Germany , who convinced him to take a free personality test from Scientology . After the test , he was told he had a result of `` Urgent Action Required '' , and he began to take Scientology courses . Duignan was recruited into Scientology 's elite paramilitary organization called the `` Sea Org '' , and spent a total of 22 years in the organization . After attending an event where actor and Scientologist Tom Cruise was given the award of `` Most Dedicated Follower '' , Duignan began to examine the organization more closely and had doubts about remaining . He left the organization in 2006 , after taking measures to avoid investigation by Scientology 's intelligence agency the Office of Special Affairs .   The Church of Scientology has responded to the publication of The Complex by sending legal letters to several bookstore retailers that were selling the book , claiming the book contains libelous statements about a member of the organization . Merlin Publishing `` emphatically denied '' these allegations , and an editorial director at the publishing company called Scientology 's claim `` vexatious '' . The United Kingdom branch of Amazon.com , Amazon.co.uk , stopped selling copies of the book after receiving legal letters from the Church of Scientology ; booksellers Waterstone 's and W H Smith also received the legal letter , and Borders Books may have also been `` warned off '' selling the book . A representative for Amazon.com in the United States said that the U.S. branch of the company will be selling copies of the book , but is `` awaiting arrival of the inventory '' to their networks .

neg: Lawsuits against the Devil Lawsuits against the devil ( or Satan ) have occurred in reality and in fiction .

neg: The Great Abraham Lincoln Pocket Watch Conspiracy The Great Abraham Lincoln Pocket Watch Conspiracy is a historical fiction novel written by Jacopo della Quercia . The plot follows President William Howard Taft , scientist and son of a former president Robert Todd Lincoln , Secret Service Chief John Wilkie , Captain ( later Major ) Archibald Butt and others as they slowly unravel a worldwide conspiracy over a decade in the making .   The book , which was della Quercia 's debut novel , was published in 2014 by St. Martin 's Griffin , an imprint of publishing company St. Martin 's Press . The author described the book 's genre not as singular distinct genre , but as an `` equal parts cocktail '' of adventure , historical fiction , science fiction , thriller and comedy . In 2015 , della Quercia released a spiritual sequel , License to Quill , of a similar nature that concerns the lives of Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare in Reformation-era Europe .   The book has many references to actual events ; some , such as the sinking of the RMS Titanic , are important plot points , while others , such as the destruction of the zeppelin Erbslöh , are passively mentioned as news or memories . The author also includes excerpts from real newspaper articles , which were used to provide exposition in the storyline . Similarly , all of the main characters in the book were real , relevant figures in the 20th century . The characters profiles were fictionalized to fit in with the book 's plot and atmosphere , but their names , positions , occupations and personalities are kept largely intact .

neg: The New Avengers (comics) The New Avengers is a fictional team of superheroes appearing in comic books published by Marvel Comics . The title has been used for four American comic book series . The first two were written by Brian Michael Bendis and depicted a version of Marvel 's premiere superhero team , the Avengers . The third was written by Jonathan Hickman and depicted a group of characters called the Illuminati ( formerly introduced in New Avengers Vol . 1 # 7 -LSB- July 2005 -RSB- ) . The fourth is written by Al Ewing and depicts the former scientific terrorist group A.I.M. , reformed as `` Avengers Idea Mechanics '' , whose field team has appropriated the name `` New Avengers '' for itself .

neg: Pseudonym A pseudonym ( -LSB- pronˈsjuːdənɪm -RSB- and -LSB- pronˈsuːdənɪm -RSB- ) or alias is a name that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose , which can differ from their original or true name ( orthonym ) . Pseudonyms include stage names and user names ( both called screen names ) , ring names , pen names , nicknames , aliases , superhero or villain identities and code names , gamer identifications , and regnal names of emperors , popes , and other monarchs . Historically , they have often taken the form of anagrams , Graecisms , and Latinisations , although there are many other methods of choosing a pseudonym .   Pseudonyms should not be confused with new names that replace old ones and become the individual 's full-time name . Pseudonyms are `` part-time '' names , used only in certain contexts - usually adopted to hide an individual 's real identity , as with writers ' pen names , graffiti artists ' tags , resistance fighters ' or terrorists ' noms de guerre , and computer hackers ' handles . Actors , musicians , and other performers sometimes use stage names , for example , to mask their ethnic backgrounds .   In some cases , pseudonyms are adopted because they are part of a cultural or organisational tradition : for example devotional names used by members of some religious institutes , and `` cadre names '' used by Communist party leaders such as Trotsky and Lenin .   A pseudonym may also be used for personal reasons : for example , an individual may prefer to be called or known by a name that differs from their given or legal name , but is not ready to take the numerous steps to get their name legally changed ; or an individual may simply feel that the context and content of an exchange offer no reason , legal or otherwise , to provide their given or legal name .   A collective name or collective pseudonym is one shared by two or more persons , for example the co-authors of a work , such as Ellery Queen , or Nicolas Bourbaki .

neg: William Hamling (publisher) William Lawrence Hamling ( born 1921 ) was a Chicago-based publisher active from the 1950s into the 1970s .   Hamling began as an author . His Shadow of the Sphinx is a horror novel about an ancient Egyptian sorceress . First published during the 1940s in Fantastic Adventures , it was described by Lin Carter as `` the best story of its kind I read in many a moon . The character of Zaleikka was done to perfection . This is the type of yarn we have all too few of nowadays . ''   After work as an editor at Ziff-Davis , Hamling started his company , Greenleaf Publishing ( which was at different times known as Greenleaf Classics , Reed Enterprises , Corinth Publications , Regency Publications , Blake Pharmaceuticals , Phenix Publishing and Freedom Publishing ) in the early 1950s with Imagination . His wife , science fiction author Frances Deegan Yerxa Hamling , worked closely with him in the early years of his publishing company .   According to L. Sprague de Camp 's 1953 Science-Fiction Handbook , Hamling was at that time a `` slim , dark man who looks too young to be not only an independent publisher but also the father of five . ''   In the late 1950s , he began Rogue , and in 1959 , he launched Nightstand Books , an imprint for paperback original sex novels by authors working under house names . ( Later imprints included Leisure Books , Ember Library , Midnight Readers , and others ) . From 1961 on his primary editor was Earl Kemp . Pseudonymous writers for Kemp/Hamling included Lawrence Block , Marion Zimmer Bradley , Harlan Ellison , Evan Hunter , Robert Silverberg , and Donald E. Westlake .   Hamling helped finance the defense of bookstore clerk Robert Redrup . His appeal of his conviction on obscenity charges for selling two Greenleaf Books ( Lust Pool and Shame Agent ) in 1965 went to the Supreme Court of the United States , where it was overturned in Redrup v. New York in 1967 .   During the Nixon Administration , Hamling published an illustrated edition of the Presidential Report of the Commission on Obscenity and Pornography . The book was `` replete with the sort of photographs the commission examined . '' Hamling and editor Kemp were hit with a one-year prison sentence for distributing the book ( it has been suggested that this prosecution was in part retaliation for Hamling and Kemp 's part in Redrup v. New York ) , but served only the federal minimum of three months and one day . The story of their arrest and prison time was covered in Gay Talese 's Thy Neighbor 's Wife .   Hamling published gay-themed books while at Greenleaf , one of the earliest publishers to do so . Novelist Victor J. Banis , one of Hamling 's authors , says that once Greenleaf proved how much of a market there was for erotic gay fiction , other publishers soon joined in .

neg: List of organizations described as Communist fronts by the US government This list of organizations described as Communist fronts by the US government includes the names of groups included in various reports of the Attorney General of the United States or House Un-American Activities Committee listing `` subversive '' or `` Communist '' front groups . While most of these were documentable mass organizations of the Communist Party , USA , others were included out of convenience or political expedience .   Inclusion on any of these lists should not be regarded as definitive proof of covert organizational ties or actual subversive intent .

neg: Conjuring Arts Research Center Conjuring Arts Research Center is a not-for-profit organization , based in New York City in the United States , dedicated to the preservation and interpretation of magic and its allied arts .   Established by magician David Blaine and consultant William `` Bill '' Kalush in 2003 , the Conjuring Arts Research Center has over 12,000 volumes of books , journals and rare documents related to magic and magic allied arts ( e.g. , ventriloquism , mentalism , juggling , Theatrical Séances , puppetry , circus arts , escapology , psychic and occult phenomenon , hypnosis and deceptive gambling . )   The collection contains several incunabula including several rare variations of the 15th century magic classic Reginald Scot 's Discovery of Witchcraft and 500 books written before the 18th century including those written in Latin , Dutch , Portuguese , Spanish , Italian , French , Japanese , German , Russian , Swedish . Many of these works are currently being translated into English .   Conjuring Arts Research Center serves magic performers , collectors , historians , writers and magic enthusiasts by making rare books , documents and ephemera available to them .   The Conjuring Arts Research Center also holds special events , publishes two volumes per year of the Gibeciere , a research journal with articles contributed by internationally recognized magic authors .   An important research tool of the Conjuring Arts Research Center is an on-line search engine called Ask Alexander . It is a magic-dedicated search tool . Bill Kalush and Larry Sloman 's book , The Secret Life of Houdini was researched on Ask Alexander .   The International Brotherhood of Magicians ' Board of Trustees recently granted the Conjuring Arts Research Center permission to provide the Linking Ring magazine files to its subscribing members through Ask Alexander .

neg: Utopian and dystopian fiction The utopia and its derivative , the dystopia , are genres of literature that explore social and political structures . Utopian fiction portrays a setting that agrees with the author 's ethos , having various attributes of another reality intended to appeal to readers . Dystopian ( or dystopic ) fiction ( sometimes combined with , but distinct from apocalyptic literature ) is the opposite : the portrayal of a setting that completely disagrees with the author 's ethos . Many novels combine both , often as a metaphor for the different directions humanity can take , depending on its choices , ending up with one of two possible futures . Both utopias and dystopias are commonly found in science fiction and other speculative fiction genres , and arguably are by definition a type of speculative fiction .   More than 400 utopian works were published prior to the year 1900 in the English language alone , with more than a thousand others during the twentieth century .

neg: Hasidic Judaism Hasidism , sometimes Hasidic Judaism ( , hasidut , Ashkenazi pronunciation : -LSB- χaˈsidus -RSB- ; originally , `` piety '' ) , is a Jewish religious sect . It arose as a spiritual revival movement in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , what is now contemporary Western Ukraine , during the 18th century and spread rapidly throughout Eastern Europe . Today , most affiliates reside in the United States , Israel , and Britain . Israel Ben Eliezer , the `` Baal Shem Tov '' , is regarded as its founding father , and his disciples developed and disseminated it . Present-day Hasidism is a sub-group within Ultra-Orthodox ( `` Haredi '' ) Judaism and is noted for its religious conservatism and social seclusion . Its members adhere closely both to Orthodox Jewish practice -- with the movement 's own unique emphases -- and the traditions of Eastern European Jews , so much that many of the latter , including various garments or the use of the Yiddish language , are nowadays associated almost exclusively with Hasidism .   Hasidic thought draws heavily on Lurianic Kabbalah and to an extent is a popularization of it . Teachings emphasize God 's immanence in the universe , the need to cleave and be one with Him at all times , the devotional aspect of religious practice , and the spiritual dimension of corporeality and mundane acts . Hasidim , the adherents of Hasidism , are organized in independent sects known as `` courts '' or dynasties , each headed by its own hereditary leader , a Rebbe . Reverence and submission to the Rebbe are key tenets , as he is considered a spiritual authority with whom the follower must bond to gain closeness to God . The various `` courts '' share basic convictions , but operate apart and possess unique traits and customs . Affiliation is often retained in families for generations , and being Hasidic is as much a sociological factor , entailing birth into a specific community and allegiance to a dynasty of Rebbes , as it is a purely religious one . There are several `` courts '' with many thousands of member households each , and dozens of smaller ones . The total number of Hasidim , both adults and children , is estimated to be above 400,000 .

neg: Gerald Gardner (Wiccan) Gerald Brosseau Gardner ( 1884 -- 1964 ) , also known by the craft name Scire , was an English Wiccan , as well as an author and an amateur anthropologist and archaeologist . He was instrumental in bringing the Contemporary Pagan religion of Wicca to public attention , writing some of its definitive religious texts and founding the tradition of Gardnerian Wicca .   Born into an upper-middle-class family in Blundellsands , Lancashire , Gardner spent much of his childhood abroad in Madeira . In 1900 , he moved to colonial Ceylon , and then in 1911 to Malaya , where he worked as a civil servant , independently developing an interest in the native peoples and writing papers and a book about their magical practices . After his retirement in 1936 , he travelled to Cyprus , penning the novel A Goddess Arrives before returning to England . Settling down near the New Forest , he joined an occult group , the Rosicrucian Order Crotona Fellowship , through which he claimed to have encountered the New Forest coven into which he was initiated in 1939 . Believing the coven to be a survival of the pre-Christian Witch-Cult discussed in the works of Margaret Murray , he decided to revive the faith , supplementing the coven 's rituals with ideas borrowed from Freemasonry , ceremonial magic and the writings of Aleister Crowley to form the Gardnerian tradition of Wicca .   Moving to London in 1945 , following the repeal of the Witchcraft Act of 1736 he became intent on propagating this religion , attracting media attention and writing about it in High Magic 's Aid ( 1949 ) , Witchcraft Today ( 1954 ) and The Meaning of Witchcraft ( 1959 ) . Founding a Wiccan group known as the Bricket Wood coven , he introduced a string of High Priestesses into the religion , including Doreen Valiente , Lois Bourne , Patricia Crowther and Eleanor Bone , through which the Gardnerian community spread throughout Britain and subsequently into Australia and the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s . Involved for a time with Cecil Williamson , Gardner also became director of the Museum of Magic and Witchcraft on the Isle of Man , which he ran until his death .   Gardner is internationally recognised as the `` Father of Wicca '' among the Pagan and occult communities . His claims regarding the New Forest coven have been widely scrutinised , with Gardner being the subject of investigation for historians and biographers such as Aidan Kelly , Ronald Hutton and Philip Heselton .

neg: Aesopian language Aesopian language is communications that convey an innocent meaning to outsiders but hold a concealed meaning to informed members of a conspiracy or underground movement . For instance , if Person X is known for exposing secrets in an organization , the organization leaders announce that `` any members who have dirty talking habits will be dealt with '' to warn Person X . It refers to the ancient Greek fabulist Aesop .   The term `` Aesopian language '' was first used by the nineteenth-century Russian writer Mikhail Saltykov-Schedrin to describe the writing technique he began using late in his career , which he compared to Aesop 's Fables . His purpose was to satirize the social ills of the time but evade the harsh censorship of late Tsarist Russia of which he was a particular target .   The Soviet-era writer Lev Loseff noted that the use of Aesopian language remained a favorite technique of writers ( including himself ) under Soviet censorship . Maliheh Tyrell defines the term in the Soviet context and observes that the use of Aesopian language extended to other national literatures under Soviet rule :  `` In short , this form of literature , like Aesop 's animal fables , veils itself in allegorical suggestions , hints , and euphemisms so as to elude political censorship . ` Aesopian language ' or literature is a technical term used by Sovietologists to define allegorical language used by Russian or nationality -LSB- that is : non-Russian -RSB- nonconformist publicists to conceal antiregime sentiments . Under Soviet rule , this ` Aesopian ' literature intended to confuse the Soviet authorities , yet illuminate the truth for native readers . ''  According to one critic , `` Censorship ... had a positive , formative impact upon the Aesopian writers ' style by obliging them to sharpen their thoughts . ''   The German-American philosopher Herbert Marcuse uses the term in his book One-Dimensional Man somewhat interchangeably with Orwellian language . In that context , `` Aesopian Language '' refers to the idea that certain usages of language work to ` suppress certain concepts or keep them out of the general discourse within society ' . An example of such a technique is the use of abbreviations to possibly prevent undesirable questions from arising : `` AFL-CIO entombs the radical political differences which once separated the two organizations . ''   Within the context of politics , a term with a very similar meaning is called dog-whistle politics , which describes the use of coded language to address voters ' interests . Certain sections of the electorate will react strongly to controversial content if spoken of overtly but may not be so attuned that they notice statements that appear neutral to outsiders .

neg: List of Book of the Dead spells The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead contained a group of magical and religious texts known as spells . The spells are meant to help the dead progress through the many challenges in the Duat , or underworld , to the afterlife . Spells to protect the dead from harm are mixed with those ensuring the different parts of their being would be preserved , along with copies of religious myths and ritual texts , for instance at a funeral . Many spells were illustrated with drawings known as vignettes , which in some manuscripts are very lavish . Only rich Egyptians owned a copy usually and it was buried with them .   Some 200 spells are known from the Book of the Dead . The combination of spells used in a particular papyrus varied , very likely depending on the texts the scribe had access to , as well as the inclinations and wealth of the owner . Some spells were developed during the 1500-year period the Book of the Dead was used , while others fell into disuse . Some of the spells derive from earlier funerary texts , for instance the Coffin Texts . From the Late Period of Ancient Egypt onward , the spells were arranged in a standard order .   Here the spells are presented according to the modern numbering system used by Egyptologists . This derives from the work of Karl Richard Lepsius , who published the first translation of a Book of the Dead papyrus , and accords with the Late Period ordering of spells .

neg: Alien abduction The terms alien abduction or abduction phenomenon describe `` subjectively real memories of being taken secretly against one 's will by apparently nonhuman entities and subjected to complex physical and psychological procedures '' . Such abductions have sometimes been classified as close encounters of the fourth kind . People claiming to have been abducted are usually called `` abductees '' or `` experiencers '' .   Due to a lack of objective physical evidence , most scientists and mental health professionals dismiss the phenomenon as `` deception , suggestibility ( fantasy-proneness , hypnotizability , false memory syndrome ) , personality , sleep paralysis , psychopathology , psychodynamics -LSB- and -RSB- environmental factors '' . Skeptic Robert Sheaffer sees similarity between the aliens depicted in science fiction films , in particular , Invaders From Mars , and some of those reported to have actually abducted people .   Typical claims involve being subjected to forced medical examinations that emphasize abductee reproductive systems . Abductees sometimes claim to have been warned against environmental abuse and the dangers of nuclear weapons . While many of these claimed encounters are described as terrifying , some have been viewed as pleasurable or transformative .   The first alleged alien abduction claim to be widely publicized was the Betty and Barney Hill abduction in 1961 . Reports of the abduction phenomenon have been made around the world , but are most common in English speaking countries , especially the United States . The contents of the abduction narrative often seem to vary with the home culture of the alleged abductee .   Alien abductions have been the subject of conspiracy theories and science fiction storylines ( notably The X-Files ) that have speculated on stealth technology required if the phenomenon were real , the motivations for secrecy , and that alien implants could be a possible form of physical evidence .

neg: Aristopia Aristopia : A Romance-History of the New World is an 1895 utopian novel by Castello Holford , considered the first novel-length alternate history in English ( and among the earliest alternate histories in general ) .   Though part of the major wave utopian and dystopian literature that distinguished the final decades of the nineteenth century , Holford 's book reverses the normal stance of utopian projection : instead of imagining a better society at a future time or in a far-off place , he supposes that the founding of the United States occurred under different conditions and follows its development forward to a superior society in his own day .   In Aristopia ( Greek for `` the best place '' ) , Ralph Morton , an early settler in Virginia , discovers a reef made of solid gold . He cannily uses his wealth to build a planned society , based on the Utopia of Sir Thomas More , with innovations and adaptations of his own . In Aristopia , all the land is owned by the government , and only leased to businesses and private citizens . Large-scale trade is also monoplized by the state , and inherited wealth is limited . Morton welcomes productive refugees from European conflicts -- Huguenots , Irish fugitives from Cromwell 's wars , and northern Italian and Swiss artisans .   The colony prospers , buys more land from the Indians , and spreads westward . Morton dies at the age of 100 ; his descendants and successors carry his policies forward .   The Aristopians support the American Revolution , and on their own initiative conquer Canada . Aristopia comes to dominate the new nation , eventually ruling all of North America north of Mexico .   Holford loads his description of Aristopia with satirical remedies for what he saw as contemporary problems and circumstances . In Aristopian jurisprudence , for example , the Court for Assessing the Value of Abstract Words and Phrases polices the language to prevent abuses ; it is the largest and busiest function in the Palace of Justice .   The English playwright Henry Arthur Jones was taken with the idea of Aristopia , and used it in his own polemical writings , as in his `` The Tax-Wise Men of Aristopia '' and his My Dear Wells .   Holford was not the first writer in English to employ the term `` Aristopia . '' The eighteenth-century freethinker John Fransham ( 1730 -- 1810 ) left a posthumous manuscript titled Memorablilia Classica , which contains a piece called `` The Code of Aristopia , or Scheme for a Perfect Government . ''

neg: The Night Letter The Night Letter is a 1978 book by Paul Spike , with a double-layered structure : an anti-Nazi spy thriller on the background of the early part of the Second World War , and an exposure of cynical and machiavellian maneuverings in the American corridors of power .   The book belongs to the subgenre of secret history -- i.e. with a plot in which real historical figures play a substantial part , doing things which are the author 's invention but which supposedly ( for reasons given in the plot ) remained secret and did not come to the knowledge of the public .   In the book , a British doctor meets in 1936 with President Franklin D. Roosevelt , who is unaware that the doctor is a Nazi sympathizer . The visitor manages to secretly photograph the President in a compromising position with his secretary , Missy LeHand ( whom historians widely assume to have been indeed Roosevelt 's mistress ) .   By 1940 , senior Nazi leader Reinhard Heydrich possesses the picture and intends to use the photo for blackmail and prevent Roosevelt from running for a third term -- in the hope that whoever gets elected instead would be more likely to keep the US out of the Second World War .   The President must recover the photo before the Democratic Party Convention which is about to nominate him . What makes the situation more difficult is that Roosevelt also needs to bypass the FBI -- for apprehension that should the photo fall into the hands of J. Edgar Hoover , the FBI Director might use it for his own brand of blackmail . Instead , Roosevelt employs former FBI Agent Jackson , who had left the Bureau under a cloud and incurred Hoover 's personal enmity , and who is completely loyal to the President .   The bulk of the book follows Jackson 's chase after the photo , starting from Paris at the very eve of its fall to the Wehrmacht and concluding with a cataclysmic confrontation at a secret Michigan base of the `` Silver Shirts '' -- a murderous , power-mad American Fascist militia ( which truly existed , though not necessarily doing all that the book describes it as doing ) . The chase ends with a mixed result -- the Nazi agents have been killed or captured , but the negative did fall into the hands of the FBI who caught the scent of what was going on .   The book ends on a cynical note : Hoover meets the President at the White House , claims to have destroyed the negatives ( which is manifestly untrue ) and proceeds to imperiously demand the sacking of Jackson -- obviously he is under the impression that he now holds Roosevelt 's fate in his hand . Upon being shown this , the President presents a photo of his own , showing Hoover in a compromising position with a handsome young FBI agent . Roosevelt and Hoover would henceforth be tied to each other , `` like convicts in chain gang '' , each able to destroy the other but only at the cost of his own destruction .   Category :1978 books  Category : Corruption  Category : Secret histories  Category : Thriller novels

neg: Comte de Gabalis Comte de Gabalis is a 17th-century French text by Abbé Nicolas-Pierre-Henri de Montfaucon de Villars ( 1635-1673 ) . The titular `` Comte de Gabalis '' ( `` Count of Cabala '' ) is an occultist who explains the mysteries of the world to the author . It first appeared in Paris in 1670 , anonymously , though the identity of the author came to be known . The original title as published by Claude Barbin was Le comte de Gabalis , ou entretiens sur les sciences secrètes , `` The Count of Cabala , Or Dialogs on the Secret Sciences '' .   The book was widely read in France and abroad , and is a source for many of the `` marvelous beings '' that populate later European literature . French readers include Charles Baudelaire and Anatole France -- it was the main source for his At the Sign of the Reine Pédauque ( 1892 ) . In English literature , it influenced Alexander Pope , who borrowed from it to create the sylphs in The Rape of the Lock ( 1714 ) , and in German , it is a likely source for Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué 's Undine . In recent times it has been considered by some to have been intended as a satire of occult philosophy , though in its time it was taken seriously by many readers . Many later authors have also taken it to be a serious source , including Edward Bulwer-Lytton and prominent occult writers such as Eliphas Levi , Helena Blavatsky , and M.P Hall .

neg: Encyclopedia An encyclopedia or encyclopaedia is a reference work or compendium providing a comprehensive summary of information from either all branches of knowledge or from a particular field or discipline .  Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries that are often arranged alphabetically by article name and sometimes by thematic categories . Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries . Generally speaking , unlike dictionary entries which focus on linguistic information about words , such as their meaning , pronunciation , use , and grammatical forms , encyclopedia articles focus on factual information concerning the subject named in the article 's title .   Encyclopedias have existed for around 2,000 years and have evolved considerably since that time as to language ( written in a major international or a vernacular language ) , size ( few or many volumes ) , intent ( presentation of a global or a limited range of knowledge ) , cultural perceptions ( authoritative , ideological , didactic , utilitarian ) , authorship ( qualifications , style ) , readership ( education level , background , interests , capabilities ) , and the technologies available for their production and distribution ( hand-written manuscripts , small or large print runs , internet production ) . As a valued source of reliable information compiled by experts , printed versions found a prominent place in libraries , schools and other educational institutions .   The appearance of digital and open-source versions in the 20th century has vastly expanded the accessibility , authorship , readership , and variety of encyclopedia entries and called into question the idea of what an encyclopedia is and the relevance of applying to such dynamic productions the traditional criteria for assembling and evaluating print encyclopedias .


query: Above the Law was released before 1990.

pos: Above the Law (film) Above the Law ( also known as Nico ) is a 1988 American action film written , produced and directed by Andrew Davis , and also produced by and starring Steven Seagal in his film debut . The film co-stars Pam Grier , Sharon Stone , Daniel Faraldo and Henry Silva . This came about after a successful screen test , financed by Michael Ovitz , leading to Seagal being offered a contract by Warner Bros. . The film was set and filmed on location in Chicago . The film was released in the United States on April 8 , 1988 .

neg: Law enforcement Law enforcement is any system by which some members of society act in an organized manner to enforce the law by discovering , deterring , rehabilitating , or punishing people who violate the rules and norms governing that society . Although the term may encompass entities such as courts and prisons , it is most frequently applied to those who directly engage in patrols or surveillance to dissuade and discover criminal activity , and those who investigate crimes and apprehend offenders , a task typically carried out by the police or another law enforcement agency . Furthermore , although law enforcement may be most concerned with the prevention and punishment of crimes , organizations exist to discourage a wide variety of non-criminal violations of rules and norms , effected through the imposition of less severe consequences .

neg: Glanville Davies affair The Glanville Davies affair was a scandal in the English legal profession which resulted in greater reform of the regulatory processes for solicitors and was one of the justifications for the Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 . Glanville Davies was a well-respected solicitor and a member of the Council of the Law Society of England and Wales who massively overcharged his client , Leslie Persons , sending him a bill for # 197,000 that was reduced on taxation to # 67,000 . Davies was not punished by the Law Society 's internal regulatory committees , which allowed him to resign from the council on the grounds of ill-health with his reputation intact . Following litigation and public criticism , the Law Society commissioned an internal report that found `` administrative failures , wrong decisions , mistakes , errors of judgement , failures in communication and insensitivity '' . A private member 's bill reformed the way in which the Law Society investigated disciplinary complaints , although not to the extent initially proposed , and paved the way for the Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 that created an independent disciplinary body .

neg: Unsimulated sex Unsimulated sex is the presentation in a film of sex scenes where the actors engage in an actual sex act , and are not just miming or simulating the actions . At one time in the United States such scenes were restricted by law and self-imposed industry standards such as the Motion Picture Production Code . Films showing explicit sexual activity were confined to privately distributed underground films , such as stag films or `` porn loops '' . Beginning in the late 1960s , most notably with Blue Movie by Andy Warhol , mainstream cinemas began pushing boundaries in terms of what was presented on screen . Although the vast majority of sexual situations depicted in mainstream cinema are simulated ( in early pornography , the main actors engaged in simulated sex , with inserts placed in the film ) , on rare occasions actors engage in real sex . The difference between these films and pornography is that , while such scenes might be considered erotic , the intent of these films is not solely pornographic .   Notable examples include two of the eight Bedside-films and the six Zodiac-films from the 1970s , all of which were produced in Denmark and had many pornographic sex scenes , but were nevertheless considered mainstream films ( they all had mainstream casts and crews , and premiered in mainstream cinemas ) . The last of these films , Agent 69 Jensen i Skyttens tegn , was made in 1978 . From the end of the 1970s until the late 1990s it was rare to see hardcore scenes in mainstream cinema , but this changed with the success of Lars von Trier 's The Idiots ( 1998 ) , which heralded a wave of art-house films with explicit content , such as Romance ( 1999 ) , Baise-moi ( 2000 ) , Intimacy ( 2001 ) , Vincent Gallo 's The Brown Bunny ( 2003 ) , and Michael Winterbottom 's 9 Songs ( 2004 ) . Some simulated sex scenes are sufficiently realistic that critics mistakenly believe that they are real , such as the cunnilingus scene in the 2006 film Red Road .

neg: Pastime (film) Pastime is a 1990 American drama film directed by Robin B. Armstrong and written by David Eyre Jr. . The film stars William Russ , Glenn Plummer , Noble Willingham , Jeffrey Tambor and Scott Plank . The film was released on August 23 , 1991 , by Miramax Films .

neg: Above the Law Above the Law may refer to :   legibus solutus , doctrine of Roman Law  Above the Law ( website ) , a law blog  Righting Wrongs , a 1986 Hong Kong film titled `` Above the Law '' for international release  Above the Law ( film ) , a 1988 action film starring Steven Seagal  Above the Law ( group ) , an American hip hop group  Above the Law ( TV series ) , an Australian television series  `` Above the Law '' , a song by Bad Meets Evil from Hell : The Sequel  `` Above the Law '' is third episode of The Walking Dead : A New Frontier

neg: The Word as Law The Word as Law is the second studio album by Californian band Neurosis . It was released in 1990 through Lookout ! Records , originally on LP only . In 1991 , the album was released on CD with several re-recorded tracks from previous releases as bonus material .

neg: Tripwire (film) Tripwire is a 1989 American film directed by James Lemmo .   It is an action/adventure movie about a terrorist and government secret agent personal vendetta that began when a train hijacking goes badly awry and the terrorist 's son is accidentally killed . The original music score was composed by Richard Stone . Originally intended for a theatrical release ( it did get releases only in Europe between 1989 and 1990 ) , the movie was released directly to video and laserdisc on March 21 , 1990 in the U.S. by RCA/Columbia and in Canada on video only by Cineplex Odeon . The movie has not been released on DVD and as of December 26 , 2009 , Sony has not announced any plans to release the movie on DVD .

neg: List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 1983 The Billboard 200 , published in Billboard magazine , is a weekly chart that ranks the highest-selling music albums and EPs in the United States . In 1983 , the name of the chart was Top LPs & Tape . Before Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales in 1991 , Billboard estimated sales from a representative sampling of record stores nationwide , using telephone , fax or messenger service . Data were based on rankings made by the record stores of the best-selling records , not on actual sales figures .   There were six number-one albums on this chart in 1983 , including the debut album of the Australian band Men at Work , Business as Usual , which spent the last seven weeks of 1982 and the first eight weeks of 1983 at number one , and was certified quadruple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in 1984 . Thriller , the sixth studio album by recording artist Michael Jackson , was released on November 1982 . It peaked at number one for twenty-two non-consecutive weeks in 1983 with another fifteen consecutive weeks at the top into the following year , and seven songs from the album became top ten singles between late 1982 and early 1984 . Two of them : `` Billie Jean '' and `` Beat It '' , reached the top position of the Billboard Hot 100 . Thriller won eight Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year at the 26th Grammy Awards , and was the best-selling album of 1983 with more than fifteen million copies sold . In 2008 , twenty-five years after its release , the record was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame , and a few weeks later , it was among twenty-five recordings preserved by the Library of Congress to the National Recording Registry as `` culturally significant '' .   Flashdance , the soundtrack to the 1983 musical and romance film of the same name , peaked at number one for two weeks and won the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture . The two singles released from the album , `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' by Irene Cara , and `` Maniac '' by Michael Sembello , reached the top of the singles chart in 1983 . The New York Times considered the British band The Police to be the year 's most influential rock band . Australian , British , and American bands copied the white-reggae formula of their ( The Police 's ) earlier successes . The group released their fifth and final studio album , Synchronicity , in 1983 . The album , a varied accomplished blend of rock , funk , and third-world rhythms , stayed at number one for seventeen weeks and was certified four times platinum by the RIAA in 1984 . Metal Health , the third album by heavy metal band Quiet Riot , peaked at number one for one week , becoming the first heavy metal record to reach the top of the Billboard 200 . Singer-songwriter Lionel Richie released his second album Ca n't Slow Down in 1983 , which spent three weeks at the top and won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year at the 27th Grammy Awards .

neg: Murphy's Law (film) Murphy 's Law is an American 1986 thriller film directed by J. Lee Thompson from a screenplay by Gail Morgan Hickman . It was released by Cannon Films to the United States on April 18 , 1986 . The film stars Charles Bronson and Kathleen Wilhoite in lead roles with a supporting cast that includes Carrie Snodgress , Robert F. Lyons , and Richard Romanus .   The movie marks the sixth collaboration between Bronson and director J. Lee Thompson ( following 1976 's St. Ives , 1977 's The White Buffalo , 1980 's Caboblanco , 1983 's 10 to Midnight , and 1984 's The Evil That Men Do ) .

neg: Sentencing Act of 1987 The Sentencing Act of 1987 ( Pub.L . 100-182 ) enacted some changes to the federal sentencing regime in the United States . The legislation amended to permit expressly departures based on circumstances of an exceptional `` kind '' or `` degree . '' The insertion of this new language was described by the manager of the House bill , Representative John Conyers , as `` clarifying '' in nature because it simply made explicit in the law that which was previously described in the Senate Committee Report as implicit and intended . There is evidence that under the new regime , sentences may not have increased as much as expected : although the average prison term for trial sentences increases post‐reforms , there is no systematic increase in the average length of the pleas .   Additionally , the law abolished parole for federal prisoners and created the United States Sentencing Commission . The commission makes the guidelines used by federal judges when sentencing people convicted of a federal crime .   The bill was introduced by Senator Joseph Biden on October 27 , 1987 . It was signed into law on December 7 , 1987 , by President Ronald Reagan .

neg: FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives The FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives is a most wanted list maintained by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) . The list arose from a conversation held in late 1949 between J. Edgar Hoover , Director of the FBI , and William Kinsey Hutchinson , International News Service ( the predecessor of the United Press International ) editor-in-chief , who were discussing ways to promote capture of the FBI 's `` toughest guys '' . This discussion turned into a published article , which received so much positive publicity that on March 14 , 1950 , the FBI officially announced the list to increase law enforcement 's ability to capture dangerous fugitives .   Individuals are generally only removed from the list if the fugitive is captured , dies , or if the charges against them are dropped ; they are then replaced by a new entry selected by the FBI . In nine cases , the FBI removed individuals from the list after deciding that they were no longer a `` particularly dangerous menace to society '' . Machetero member Víctor Manuel Gerena , added to the list in 1984 , was on the list for 32 years , which was longer than anyone else . Billie Austin Bryant spent the shortest amount of time on the list , being listed for two hours in 1969 . The oldest person to be added to the list was William Bradford Bishop on April 10 , 2014 at 77 years old . On rare occasions , the FBI will add a `` Number Eleven '' if that individual is extremely dangerous but the Bureau does not feel any of the current ten should be removed . Despite occasional references in the media , the FBI does not rank their list ; no suspect is considered '' # 1 on the FBI 's Most Wanted List '' or `` The Most Wanted . ''   The list is commonly posted in public places such as post offices . In some cases , fugitives on the list have turned themselves in on becoming aware of their listing . As of December 4 , 2014 , 504 fugitives have been listed , eight of them women , and 473 ( 94 % ) captured or located , 155 ( 31 % ) of them due to public assistance . On May 19 , 1996 , Leslie Isben Rogge became the first person on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list to be apprehended due to the internet . The FBI maintains other lists of individuals , including the Most Wanted Terrorists , along with crime alerts , missing persons , and other fugitive lists .   On June 17 , 2013 , the list reached the quantity of 500 fugitives .

neg: Copyright notice In United States copyright law , a copyright notice is a notice of statutorily prescribed form that informs users of the underlying claim to copyright ownership in a published work .   Copyright is a form of protection provided by U.S. law to authors of `` original works of authorship . '' When a work is published under the authority of the copyright owner , a notice of copyright may be placed on all publicly distributed copies or phonorecords . The use of the notice is the responsibility of the copyright owner and does not require permission from , or registration with , the Copyright Office .   Use of the notice informs the public that a work is protected by copyright , identifies the copyright owner , and shows the year of first publication . Furthermore , in the event that a work is infringed , if the work carries a proper notice , the court will not give any weight to a defendant 's use of an innocent infringement defense -- that is , to a claim that the defendant did not realize that the work was protected . An innocent infringement defense can result in a reduction in damages that the copyright owner would otherwise receive .   U.S. law no longer requires the use of a copyright notice , although placing it on a work does confer certain benefits to the copyright holder . Prior law did , however , require a notice , and the use of a notice is still relevant to the copyright status of older works .   For works first published on or after March 1 , 1989 , use of the copyright notice is optional . Before March 1 , 1989 , the use of the notice was mandatory on all published works . Omitting the notice on any work first published from January 1 , 1978 to February 28 , 1989 could have resulted in the loss of copyright protection if corrective steps were not taken within a certain amount of time . Works published before January 1 , 1978 , are governed by the 1909 Copyright Act . Under that law , if a work was published under the copyright owner 's authority without a proper notice of copyright , all copyright protection for that work was permanently lost in the United States .

neg: The Capitol Years (1990 Frank Sinatra album) The Capitol Years is a 1990 compilation album of the U.S. singer Frank Sinatra .   Released to coincide with Sinatra 's 75th birthday , this three-disc set has an abundance of classic Sinatra performances from his career with Capitol Records , which spanned the years 1953 to 1961 .

neg: Eminent Domain (film) Eminent Domain is a film released in 1990 . It stars Donald Sutherland and Anne Archer and is directed by John Irvin .   The film is based on the true story of a senior member of the Polish Politburo ( played by Donald Sutherland ) and his wife ( played by Anne Archer ) who both become banished from their own business . While they both struggle to figure out why , things start to take a turn when the wife is sent to a mental asylum and their 15-year-old daughter is kidnapped .

neg: L.A. Law L.A. Law is an American television legal drama series that ran for eight seasons on NBC , from September 15 , 1986 , to May 19 , 1994 .   Created by Steven Bochco and Terry Louise Fisher , it contained many of Bochco 's trademark features including an ensemble cast , large number of parallel storylines , social drama , and off-the-wall humor . It reflected the social and cultural ideologies of the 1980s and early 1990s , and many of the cases featured on the show dealt with hot-topic issues such as capital punishment , abortion , racism , gay rights , homophobia , sexual harassment , AIDS , and domestic violence . The series often also reflected social tensions between the wealthy senior lawyer protagonists and their less well-paid junior staff .   In addition to its main cast , L.A. Law was also well known for featuring then relatively unknown actors and actresses in guest starring roles , who later went on to greater success in film and television including : Don Cheadle , Jeffrey Tambor , Kathy Bates , David Schwimmer , Jay O. Sanders , James Avery , Gates McFadden , Bryan Cranston , C.C.H. Pounder , Kevin Spacey , Richard Schiff , Carrie-Anne Moss , William H. Macy , Stephen Root , Christian Slater , and Lucy Liu . Several episodes of the show also included celebrities such as Vanna White , Buddy Hackett and Mamie Van Doren appearing as themselves in cameo roles .   The show was popular with audiences and critics , and won 15 Emmy Awards throughout its run , four of which were for Outstanding Drama Series .

neg: A Lawman Is Born A Lawman Is Born is a 1937 American film directed by Sam Newfield .

neg: Q&A (film) Q & A is a 1990 American crime film written and directed by Sidney Lumet , based on a novel by New York State Supreme Court judge Edwin Torres . It stars Nick Nolte , Timothy Hutton and Armand Assante .

neg: Black Mafia Life Black Mafia Life is the second studio album by American hip hop group Above the Law.This Album Is What Would Be Considered The Blue Print Sound Similar To Dr Dre 's The Chronic.The Sound What would be later Named as G-Funk by 2pac . Recorded in 1991 into 1992 but was held back due Legal Issues With Epic And Dr. Dre 's Departure from Ruthless Records . It was released on February 2 , 1993 via Ruthless Records . The album peaked at number 6 on the Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums and number 37 on the US Billboard 200 . Rolling Stone gave the album 4.5 stars of 5 .   As on the group 's previous works , Livin ' Like Hustlers and Vocally Pimpin ' , this album 's audio production was mostly handled by A.T.L. themselves , but this one excluded any contributions from Lay Law . It featured guest appearances from Kokane , Eazy-E , 2pac , MC Ren , and Digital Underground . Its lead single `` V.S.O.P. '' peaked at number 9 on the Hot Rap Singles and number 97 on the Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks .   Above the Law member Go Mack left the group after release of this album .

neg: Land Beyond the Law Land Beyond the Law is a 1937 American Western film directed by B. Reeves Eason and written by Luci Ward and Joseph K. Watson . The film stars Dick Foran , Linda Perry , Wayne Morris , Harry Woods , Irene Franklin and Frank Orth . The film was released by Warner Bros. on March 13 , 1937 .

neg: Death Warrant (film) Death Warrant is a 1990 American action crime mystery-thriller film directed by Deran Sarafian and produced by Mark DiSalle . The film was written by David S. Goyer while a student at USC , and was Goyer 's first screenplay to be sold and produced commercially . In the film , the police detective Louis Burke is going into a prison facility at California as an undercover cop in order to find out who stands behind a mysterious series of murders , and finds himself locked up with his arch-nemesis ; Christian Naylor , a psychotic serial killer who calls himself `` The Sandman '' whom sets out to exact revenge upon him after getting into prison .   Death Warrant was released on September 14 , 1990 . Upon its release , the film grossed $ 46 million against production budget of only $ 6 million . The film received general mixed to poor critical reaction from critics who found the direction , its storyline , villain , and the plot poor , but highly praised the acting as well as the action scenes and the thrilling atmosphere .


query: James A. Woods starred in a film that won an award at The Comedy Festival.

pos: James A. Woods James Andre Woods ( born 30 October 1979 ) is a Canadian actor , who has appeared in films , television and video games .   Woods trained at New York City 's Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute before returning to his native Montreal to pursue an acting career . Woods starred in Hatley High , distributed in Canada by Seville Films and winner of Best Director and Best Screenplay awards at The Comedy Festival . Additional film credits include the TVA Films theatrical release Eternal and the Ed Solomon directed Levity . He also starred in The Watch ( 2008 ) .   Woods ' television credits include Seriously Weird ( YTV/ITV ) , Big Wolf on Campus ( Fox Family ) , Undressed ( MTV ) , Fries with That ? ( Télé-Action ) , Naked Josh ( Showcase/Oxygen ) and Galidor ( Fox Kids ) .

neg: New Year's Day (1989 film) New Year 's Day is a 1989 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Henry Jaglom . It was entered into the main competition at the 46th Venice International Film Festival .

neg: Canned Film Festival The Canned Film Festival is a comedy-based motion picture television series that was nationally syndicated during the late night hours in the United States for a single season in the summer of 1986 . With only a one-letter difference in the spelling , the name is an intentional play on the name for the Cannes Film Festival , the annual world-renowned film-screening celebration in Cannes , France . Not to be confused with the latter , the Canned Film Festival featured B movies as the centerpiece for each television episode , and was composed of short vignettes interwoven throughout the films . Boasting the tagline `` late night with the best of the worst '' , the series was promoted and sponsored by the Dr Pepper Company , whose then-tagline `` out-of-the-ordinary '' echoed the show 's collection of odd and strange movies . The series was created by Young & Rubicam , developed for television by Chelsea Communications , and distributed by LBS Communications .   Although similar in style to the successful Mystery Science Theater 3000 series that aired a few years later , the Canned Film Festival differed in that its comedy scenes occurred strictly during the commercial intermissions instead of adding peanut gallery type satire during the actual run of the movies . In addition , the script , although comedic in nature , often reflected upon the serious contextual and cultural subjects contained in the featured movies , sometimes providing historical insight into their production . An example is seen during the episode featuring Project Moonbase , where female spaceship commanders were discussed as an accurate future prediction by the 1950s era movie , as were cordless telephones and big screen televisions . The featured B movies of the series were not full-length , and edited to fit the show 's approximately two-hour timeframe per episode .

neg: Life Itself (film) Life Itself is a 2014 American biographical documentary film about film critic Roger Ebert , directed by Steve James and produced by Zak Piper , Steve James and Garrett Basch . The film is based on Ebert 's 2011 memoir of the same name . It premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival and was an official selection at the 67th Cannes Film Festival . The 41st Telluride Film Festival hosted a special screening of the film on August 28 , 2014 . Magnolia Pictures released the film theatrically in the United States and simultaneously via video on demand platforms on July 4 , 2014 .   On December 2 , 2014 , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced that the film was 1 of 15 films shortlisted in the Documentary Feature category for the 87th Academy Awards , but it was not nominated . It was also nominated for two News & Documentary Emmy Awards , winning the award for Outstanding Editing : Documentary & Long-Form .

neg: The Boys (1998 film) The Boys is a 1998 Australian drama film directed by Rowan Woods . The screenplay by Stephen Sewell is based on the play by Gordon Graham ( loosely based on the murder of Anita Cobby ) , first performed by Griffin Theatre Company directed by Alex Galeazzi .

neg: Barry Award (for comedy) The Barry Award is an annual prize presented to the most outstanding comedy act at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival . It has been awarded since 1998 , when it was introduced as the Stella Award , and was renamed in 2000 in honour of Barry Humphries , one of the festival 's founding patrons . The Barry is generally regarded as the most prestigious award of the festival , and the winner receives a trophy and cash  prize .

neg: Goodfellas Goodfellas ( stylized as GoodFellas ) is a 1990 American crime film directed by Martin Scorsese . It is an adaptation of the 1986 non-fiction book Wiseguy by Nicholas Pileggi , who co-wrote the screenplay with Scorsese . The film narrates the rise and fall of mob associate Henry Hill and his friends over a period from 1955 to 1980 .   Scorsese initially named the film Wise Guy and postponed making it ; later , he and Pileggi changed the name to Goodfellas . To prepare for their roles in the film , Robert De Niro , Joe Pesci , and Ray Liotta often spoke with Pileggi , who shared research material left over from writing the book . According to Pesci , improvisation and ad-libbing came out of rehearsals wherein Scorsese gave the actors freedom to do whatever they wanted . The director made transcripts of these sessions , took the lines he liked best , and put them into a revised script , which the cast worked from during principal photography .   Made on a budget of $ 25 million , Goodfellas grossed $ 46.8 million . It received positive reviews from critics and was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director , with Pesci winning Best Actor in a Supporting Role . The film won five awards from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , including Best Film and Best Director . Additionally , Goodfellas was named the year 's best film by various critics ' groups .   Goodfellas is widely regarded as one of the greatest films in the crime genre . In 2000 , it was deemed `` culturally , historically , and aesthetically significant '' and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress . Its content and style have been emulated in numerous other films and television shows .

neg: James Mullinger James Mullinger is an English alternative comedian and finalist in the comedy competition `` Jimmy Carr 's Comedy Idol '' . He now lives in Atlantic Canada and has been nominated for a Canadian Comedy Award for Best Live Solo Show and a Just For Laughs Best Comedy Show Award . He is the star of Bell Aliant 's Blimey ! An Englishman In Atlantic Canada which has been nominated for and won numerous awards . Mullinger is also the co-writer and co-producer of the movie The Comedian 's Guide to Survival , a British and Canadian co-production about Mullinger 's early struggles as a comedian . Mullinger is played in the film by James Buckley and it also stars Jimmy Carr , Omid Djalili , Paul Kaye , Gilbert Gottfried , MyAnna Buring , Kevin Eldon and many more comedians . In 2015 , Mullinger began co-hosting the genre and cult film podcast Field & Mullinger 's Underground Nights , where he has interviewed filmmakers such as Troma Entertainment 's Lloyd Kaufman , Lowell Dean and Joshua Ligairi .

neg: Jane's House Jane 's House is a 1994 drama television film starring James Woods , Anne Archer and Melissa Lahlitah Crider . It was directed by Glenn Jordan , who had previously worked with Woods on the 1986 TV movie Promise and the 1991 TV movie The Boys . The film first aired on the CBS network on January 2 , 1994 .   The film was based on the 1982 novel of the same name by Robert Kimmel Smith . The book is an American Library Association Best Book for Young Adults and a nationwide best-seller .

neg: Kicked in the Head (film) Kicked in the Head is a 1997 American comedy film directed by Matthew Harrison and written by Kevin Corrigan and Matthew Harrison . The film stars Kevin Corrigan , Linda Fiorentino , Michael Rapaport , Lili Taylor , James Woods and Burt Young . The film was released on September 26 , 1997 , by October Films .

neg: Getting Away with Murder (film) Getting Away with Murder is a 1996 American comedy film written and directed by Harvey Miller . The film stars Dan Aykroyd , Jack Lemmon , Lily Tomlin and Bonnie Hunt .   This was the final project for veteran writer and director Harvey Miller . It received poor reviews and was panned by critics .

neg: This Is the End This Is the End is a 2013 American disaster comedy film directed by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg and stars Rogen , James Franco , Jonah Hill , Jay Baruchel , Danny McBride , Craig Robinson , Michael Cera and Emma Watson . The story features real life actors playing fictionalized versions of themselves in the aftermath of a global biblical apocalypse . The film premiered at the Fox Village Theater on June 3 , 2013 and was released in the United States on June 14 , 2013 by Columbia Pictures , before being re-released on September 6 , 2013 . The film grossed $ 126 million on a $ 32 million budget . The film makes references to the past movies of the cast , including Spider-Man , Million Dollar Baby , Forrest Gump , Superbad , Pineapple Express , Moneyball , Your Highness , The Green Hornet , 127 Hours and the Harry Potter film series .

neg: The Comedy Festival The Comedy Festival , formerly known as the US Comedy Arts Festival , was a comedy festival that ran from 1995 to 2008 . The festival included stand-up comedy performances , appearances by the casts of television shows , and has a film component called the Film Discovery Program .   The first 13 editions of the US Comedy Arts Festival were held annually at the Wheeler Opera House and other venues in Aspen , Colorado . Comedian Joe Rogan says the festival 's location at the time was for the `` Executives to ski '' . The primary sponsor of the festival was HBO , with co-sponsorship by Caesars Palace ( the primary venue ) , TBS , GEICO Insurance , Twix candy bars and Smirnoff Vodka . In-between , HBO had started a spin-off version simply named The Comedy Festival , which was held in Las Vegas , Nevada , since 2006 in collaboration with the Anschutz Entertainment Group . The Aspen event folded in 2007 once HBO exited the festival business , considering the expenditures too high . TBS picked up the Las Vegas event in 2008 , and organized a follow-up edition that year , also arranging for other comedy festivals in collaboration with Just For Laughs . In turn , Aspen replaced the festival with similar events , the Aspen RooftopComedy Festival and the Aspen Laff Festival .

neg: When Jews Were Funny When Jews Were Funny is a 2013 documentary film by Canadian director Alan Zweig , which explores the role of Jewish comedians in the history of North American comedy and humour from the Borscht Belt to the present day .   The film features interviews with and/or performance clips of a wide variety of Jewish comedy performers and writers of the 20th and 21st centuries , including Howie Mandel , Gilbert Gottfried , Rodney Dangerfield , Eugene Mirman , Marc Maron , Bob Einstein , Andy Kindler , Shelley Berman , Alan King , Judy Gold , Elon Gold , David Steinberg , Jackie Mason , Jack Carter , Norm Crosby , Henny Youngman , David Brenner , Shecky Greene , Mark Breslin , Cory Kahaney , Harrison Greenbaum , Simon Rakoff , Lisa Lambert , Larry Josephson and Michael Wex .   The film premiered on September 10 , 2013 at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival . It subsequently won the festival award for the year 's best Canadian feature film .

neg: Peeples (film) Peeples is a 2013 American comedy film written and directed by Tina Gordon Chism and produced by Tyler Perry . It stars Craig Robinson and Kerry Washington and was released by Lionsgate on May 10 , 2013 .

neg: Straight Talk Straight Talk is an 1992 American romantic comedy film directed by Barnet Kellman and starring Dolly Parton and James Woods . Parton did not receive solo star-billing in any other theatrically released films until the 2012 film Joyful Noise , alongside Queen Latifah . Her previous starring films had been 9 to 5 ( 1980 ) , The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas ( 1982 ) , Rhinestone ( 1984 ) , and Steel Magnolias ( 1989 ) .

neg: Golden Raspberry Awards The Golden Raspberry Awards ( often shortened to Razzies and Razzie Awards ) is an award in recognition of the worst in film . Co-founded by UCLA film graduates and film-industry veterans , John J. B. Wilson and Mo Murphy , the annual Razzie Awards ceremony in Los Angeles precedes the corresponding Academy Awards ceremony by one day . The term raspberry in the name is used in its irreverent sense , as in `` blowing a raspberry '' . The awards themselves are in the form of a `` golf ball-sized raspberry '' which sits atop a Super 8 mm film reel , the whole of which is spray painted gold .   The first Golden Raspberry Awards ceremony was held on March 31 , 1981 , at John J. B. Wilson 's living-room alcove in Los Angeles , to honor the worst in film of the 1980 film season . The 37th ceremony was held on February 25 , 2017 .

neg: Whistling Woods International Institute Whistling Woods International is a film , communication and media arts institute located in Mumbai , India . The institute is promoted by Indian Filmmaker Subhash Ghai , Mukta Arts Limited and Film City Mumbai . In July 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named Whistling Woods on its list of `` The best film schools in the world '' . The school was first ranked among the top 10 film schools by The Hollywood Reporter in 2010 .   The Institute has affiliations with several film schools , including international student co-productions and credits transfer . Some of the affiliations are with Deakin University and Griffith University in Australia , Bradford College in the UK , Syracuse University in the United States and New York University Tisch School of the Arts , Asia .

neg: The Simpsons Movie The Simpsons Movie is a 2007 American animated comedy film based on the Fox television series The Simpsons . The film was directed by David Silverman , and stars the regular television cast of Dan Castellaneta , Julie Kavner , Nancy Cartwright , Yeardley Smith , Hank Azaria , Harry Shearer , Tress MacNeille , Pamela Hayden , Marcia Wallace , and Russi Taylor with guest appearances by Tom Hanks , Green Day , and Albert Brooks . The film follows Homer Simpson , whose irresponsibility gets the better of him when he pollutes the lake in Springfield after the town has cleaned it up following receipt of a warning from the Environmental Protection Agency . As the townspeople exile him and eventually his family abandons him , Homer works to redeem his folly by stopping Russ Cargill , the fictional head of the EPA , when he intends to destroy Springfield .   Previous attempts to create a The Simpsons film failed due to the lack of a script of appropriate length and production crew members . Eventually , producers James L. Brooks , Matt Groening , Al Jean , Richard Sakai , and Mike Scully began development of the film in 2001 . A writing team consisting of Brooks , Groening , Jean , Scully , Ian Maxtone-Graham , George Meyer , David Mirkin , Mike Reiss , Matt Selman , John Swartzwelder , and Jon Vitti was assembled . They conceived numerous plot ideas , with Groening 's being the one developed into a film . The script was re-written over a hundred times , and this creativity continued after the animation had begun in 2006 . This meant hours of finished material was cut , which included cameo roles from Erin Brockovich , Minnie Driver , Isla Fisher , Kelsey Grammer , and Edward Norton . Hanks and Green Day appeared in the final cut as themselves .   Tie-in promotions were made with several companies , including Burger King and 7-Eleven , the latter which transformed selected stores into Kwik-E-Marts . The film premiered in Springfield , Vermont , which had won the right to hold it through a competition organized by Fox . The film was a critical and commercial success , grossing over $ 527 million worldwide .

neg: Street Trash Street Trash is a 1987 American body horror-black comedy film directed by J. Michael Muro ( credited as Jim Muro ) . It won the Silver Raven at the Brussels International Festival of Fantasy Film . The film has acquired a status as a cult classic independent horror-comedy and is one of a number of films known as `` melt movies '' .

neg: Saturday Night (2010 film) Saturday Night is a 2010 documentary directed by James Franco . The film examines the production process of the NBC late-night live television sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live . Shot over a period of six days from December 1 -- 6 , 2008 , the film was originally a school assignment for Franco at New York University .   The film premiered at the 2010 South by Southwest Film Festival on March 14 , 2010 , but was shelved for several years due to legal matters regarding its distributor and NBC . It was released on September 26 , 2014 on Hulu .