query: Sociology is the study of society's organization.

pos: Sociology Sociology is the study of social behavior or society , including its origins , development , organization , networks , and institutions . It is a social science that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about social order , disorder , and change . Many sociologists aim to conduct research that may be applied directly to social policy and welfare , while others focus primarily on refining the theoretical understanding of social processes . Subject matter ranges from the micro-sociology level of individual agency and interaction to the macro level of systems and the social structure .   The traditional focuses of sociology include social stratification , social class , social mobility , religion , secularization , law , sexuality and deviance . As all spheres of human activity are affected by the interplay between social structure and individual agency , sociology has gradually expanded its focus to further subjects , such as health , medical , military and penal institutions , the Internet , education , social capital and the role of social activity in the development of scientific knowledge .   The range of social scientific methods has also expanded . Social researchers draw upon a variety of qualitative and quantitative techniques . The linguistic and cultural turns of the mid-twentieth century led to increasingly interpretative , hermeneutic , and philosophic approaches towards the analysis of society . Conversely , the end of the 1990s and the beginning of 2000s have seen the rise of new analytically , mathematically and computationally rigorous techniques , such as agent-based modelling and social network analysis .   Social research informs politicians and policy makers , educators , planners , legislators , administrators , developers , business magnates , managers , social workers , non-governmental organizations , non-profit organizations , and people interested in resolving social issues in general . There is often a great deal of crossover between social research , market research , and other statistical fields .

neg: Environmental social science Environmental social science is the broad , transdisciplinary study of interrelations between humans and the natural environment . Environmental social scientists work within and between the fields of anthropology , communication studies , economics , geography , history , political science , psychology , and sociology ; and also in the interdisciplinary fields of environmental studies , human ecology and political ecology , among others .

neg: Agency (sociology) In social science , agency is the capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices . By contrast , structure is those factors of influence ( such as social class , religion , gender , ethnicity , ability , customs , etc. ) that determine or limit an agent and his or her decisions . The relative difference in influences from structure and agency is debated -- it is unclear to what extent a person 's actions are constrained by social systems .   One 's agency is one 's independent capability or ability to act on one 's will . This ability is affected by the cognitive belief structure which one has formed through one 's experiences , and the perceptions held by the society and the individual , of the structures and circumstances of the environment one is in and the position they are born into . Disagreement on the extent of one 's agency often causes conflict between parties , e.g. parents and children .

neg: Mass communication Mass communication is the study of how people exchange information through mass media to large segments of the population at the same time . In other words , mass communication refers to the imparting and exchanging of information on a large scale to a wide range of people . It is usually understood to relate newspaper , magazine , and book publishing , as well as radio , television and film , even via internet as these mediums are used for disseminating information , news and advertising . Mass communication differs from the studies of other forms of communication , such as interpersonal communication or organizational communication , in that it focuses on a single source transmitting information to a large number of receivers . The study of mass communication is chiefly concerned with how the content of mass communication persuades or otherwise affects the behavior , attitude , opinion , or emotion of the person or people receiving the information .

neg: Center for the Sociology of Organizations The Center for the Sociology of Organizations ( CSO ) ( Centre de Sociologie des Organisations ) is a research laboratory in social sciences located in Paris . At first the Center focused on topics related to the state and the French government ; soon after , it expanded its range of research into public and private organizations , both French and international .

neg: Electronic Journal of Sociology .   The Electronic Journal of Sociology was an online open access academic journal of sociology . It was established in 1994 by Michael Sosteric . Andreas Scheider was editor-in-chief until 2004 , when Sosteric returned and Adam Rafalovich became co-editor-in-chief . The journal implemented a new approach in 2004 whereby it decided to publish three tiers of articles : fully reviewed original articles at tier 1 , editorially-reviewed reviews and commentaries at tier 2 , and editorially-reviewed other works , including original papers , at tier 3 . Although the journal `` achieved international recognition '' , as an electronic journal it faced barriers .   In 1996 , the journal was criticized by its rival , Sociological Research Online , which suggested that its conventional approach to reviewing articles was more rigorous . The Electronic Journal of Sociology had adopted a forum with which an author could respond to the feedback or criticism of the reviewer . Its editorial board responded , speculating that the rival journal , which was affiliated with SAGE Publishing , might feel threatened by their open access and lack of traditional publishing ties . In 2008 , publication was suspended .   The journal was indexed in SocINDEX .

neg: Comparative sociology Comparative sociology involves comparison of the social processes between nation-states , or across different types of society ( for example capitalist and socialist ) . There are two main approaches to comparative sociology : some seek similarity across different countries and cultures whereas others seek variance . For example , structural Marxists have attempted to use comparative methods to discover the general processes that underlie apparently different social orderings in different societies . The danger of this approach is that the different social contexts are overlooked in the search for supposed universal structures .   One sociologist who employed comparative methods to understand variance was Max Weber , whose studies attempted to show how differences between cultures explained the different social orderings that had emerged ( see for example The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism and Sociology of Religion ) .   There is some debate within sociology regarding whether the label of ` comparative ' is suitable . Emile Durkheim argued in The Rules of Sociological Method ( 1895 ) that all sociological research was in fact comparative since social phenomenon are always held to be typical , representative or unique , all of which imply some sort of comparison . In this sense , all sociological analysis is comparative and it has been suggested that what is normally referred to as comparative research , may be more appropriately called cross-national research .

neg: Social Science History Association The Social Science History Association , formed in 1976 , brings together scholars from numerous disciplines interested in social history .   Statement of Purpose : To bring together members of various disciplines ( including economics , sociology , demography , anthropology , and history ) who work with historical materials .   Social Science History is a quarterly , peer-reviewed academic journal . It is the official journal of the Social Science History Association . Its articles bring an analytic , theoretical , and often quantitative approach to historical evidence . The journal 's founders intended to `` improve the quality of historical explanation '' with `` theories and methods from the social science disciplines '' and to make generalizations across historical cases . The first issue came out in the fall of 1976 . The journal 's articles that are most-accessed and cited through JSTOR are about social and political movements and associated narratives .   The `` Social Science History Association '' was formed in 1976 as an interdisciplinary group with a journal Social Science History and an annual convention . The goal was to incorporate in historical studies perspectives from all the social sciences , especially political science , sociology and economics . The pioneers shared a commitment to quantification . However , by the 1980s the first blush of quantification had worn off , as critics complained that quantification undervalued the role of contingency , and warned against a naive positivism . Meanwhile quantification became well-established inside economics , in the field of cliometrics , as well as in political science . In history , quantification remained central to demographic studies , but slipped behind in political and social history .

neg: Harvard Department of Social Relations The Department of Social Relations for Interdisciplinary Social Science Studies , more commonly known as the `` Department of Social Relations '' was an interdisciplinary collaboration among three of the social science departments at Harvard University ( anthropology , psychology , and sociology ) beginning in 1946 . Originally , the program was headquartered in Emerson Hall at Harvard before moving to William James Hall in 1965 . While the name `` Social Relations '' is often associated with the program 's long-time chair and guiding spirit , sociologist Talcott Parsons , many major figures of mid-20th-century social science also numbered among the program 's faculty , including psychologists Gordon Allport ( personality and motivation ) , Jerome Bruner ( cognitive psychology and narrative analysis ) , Roger Brown ( social psychology and psycholinguistics ) , and Henry Murray ( personality ) ; anthropologists Clyde and Florence Kluckhohn ( value orientations ) , John and Beatrice Whiting ( cross-cultural child development ) , Evon Z. Vogt ( comparative religion ) ; and sociologist Alex Inkeles ( Soviet studies and national character ) . Many of its graduate students also went on to be major figures in U.S. social sciences during the latter part of the twentieth century ; their work tends towards strong interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary approaches .   Allport and Boring discussed the origins of the department 's name in the April 1946 issue of the American Psychologist :  While -LSB- academic -RSB- departmental lines have remained rigid , there has been developing during the last decade , a synthesis of socio-cultural and psychological sciences which is widely recognized within the academic world in spite of the fact that there is no commonly accepted name to designate the synthesis . We propose that Harvard adopt , and thus help establish , the term Social Relations to characterize the emerging discipline which deals not only with the body of fact and theory traditionally recognized as the subject matter of sociology , but also with that portion of psychological science that treats the individual within the social system , and that portion of anthropological science that is particularly relevant to the social and cultural patterns of literate societies .   Social Relations sponsored or collaborated in a number of research studies characterized by explicit cross-cultural comparisons and multidisciplinary approaches to problems of policy or social theory . Major projects included the Six Cultures Study ( headed by John and Beatrice Whiting , an anthropological study of child development in six different cultures , including a New England Baptist community ; a Philippine barrio ; an Okinawan village ; an Indian village in Mexico ; a northern Indian caste group ; and a rural tribal group in Kenya ) ; a multidisciplinary analysis of Soviet culture and society , published in part as How the Soviet System Works ; and the Comparative Study of Values in Five Cultures during the 1950s , which examined five very different communities living in the same region of Texas : Zuni , Navajo , Mormon ( LDS ) , Spanish-American ( Mexican-American ) , and Texas Homesteaders .   The curriculum of the Harvard Social Relations had four inter-related components :  Sociology ;  Social Psychology ;  Social Anthropology ; and  Personality Theory .   The program disaggregated into its component departments around 1972 , though a certain interdisciplinarity remained throughout the 1970s .   A similar program at Yale , the Institute for Human Relations , also now disbanded , developed the Human Relations Area Files ( HRAF ) , a cross-cultural database for comparative research , administered by Carol and Melvin Ember .

neg: Political sociology Contemporary political sociology involves , but is not limited to , the study of the relations between state , society , and citizens . Where a typical research question in political sociology might have been `` Why do so few American or European citizens choose to vote ? '' or even `` What difference does it make if women get elected ? '' , political sociologists also now ask : `` How is the body a site of power ? '' , `` How are emotions relevant to global poverty ? '' , or `` What difference does knowledge make to democracy ? ''

neg: Societal marketing The societal marketing is a marketing concept that holds that a company should make marketing decisions by considering consumers ' wants , the company 's requirements , and society 's long-term interests .   The social marketing concept holds that the organization 's task is to determine the needs , wants , and interests of a target market and to deliver the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors in a way that preserves or enhances the consumer 's and the society 's well-being . Therefore , marketers must endeavor to satisfy the needs and wants of their target markets in ways that preserve and enhance the well-being of consumers and society as a whole . It is closely linked with the principles of corporate social responsibility and of sustainable development .

neg: Age stratification In critical sociology , age stratification refers to the hierarchical ranking of people into age groups within a society . Age stratification could also be defined as a system if inequalities linked to age . In Western societies , for example , both the old and the young are perceived and treated as relatively incompetent and excluded from much social life . See also AGEISM . Age stratification which is based on an ascribed status is a major source inequality , and thus may lead to ageism . The resources are unevenly distributed to the elderly because they are sometimes looked down upon and treated unfairly . Ageism is a social inequality that is the result of age stratification . This is a sociological concept that comes with studying aging population . Some of the advantages of Age Stratification are labour force calculation , estimating dependents , population growth estimation , forming appropriate government policies & planning ( e.g. Budgeting more on health care when aging population is found , increase university capacity to serve increasing numbers of young children ) etc. .

neg: Groupism Groupism is a term used to describe the sociological experience of an individual in a society who is trying to be in sync or conform to a group 's standards or culture rather than keeping one 's own culture and standards . The individual thinks and acts in accordance with the group rather than on his own judgment . Groupism results in the diminution of the individual , creating a lack in cultural diversity , on a macro scale .

neg: Computational sociology Computational sociology is a branch of sociology that uses computationally intensive methods to analyze and model social phenomena . Using computer simulations , artificial intelligence , complex statistical methods , and analytic approaches like social network analysis , computational sociology develops and tests theories of complex social processes through bottom-up modeling of social interactions .   It involves the understanding of social agents , the interaction among these agents , and the effect of these interactions on the social aggregate . Although the subject matter and methodologies in social science differ from those in natural science or computer science , several of the approaches used in contemporary social simulation originated from fields such as physics and artificial intelligence . Some of the approaches that originated in this field have been imported into the natural sciences , such as measures of network centrality from the fields of social network analysis and network science .   In relevant literature , computational sociology is often related to the study of social complexity . Social complexity concepts such as complex systems , non-linear interconnection among macro and micro process , and emergence , have entered the vocabulary of computational sociology . A practical and well-known example is the construction of a computational model in the form of an `` artificial society '' , by which researchers can analyze the structure of a social system .

neg: Branches of science The branches of science ( also referred to as `` sciences '' , `` scientific fields '' , or `` scientific disciplines '' ) are commonly divided into three major groups :  Natural sciences : the study of natural phenomena ( including fundamental forces and biological life )  Formal sciences : the study of mathematics and logic , which use an a priori , as opposed to factual , methodology )  Social sciences : the study of human behavior and societies .   Natural and social sciences are empirical sciences , meaning that the knowledge must be based on observable phenomena and must be capable of being verified by other researchers working under the same conditions .   Natural , social , and formal science make up the fundamental sciences , which form the basis of interdisciplinary and applied sciences such as engineering and medicine . Specialized scientific disciplines that exist in multiple categories may include parts of other scientific disciplines but often possess their own terminologies and expertises .

neg: Rhetoric of social intervention model The `` rhetoric of social intervention '' ( RSI ) model is a systemic communication theory of how human beings symbolically constitute , maintain , and change social systems ( e.g. , organizations , societies , and cultures ) . The RSI model was developed in the writings of communication theorist William R. Brown . The model provides a framework for analyzing and interpreting social system change and its side effects from a communication perspective . It also suggests a methodology for acting as an intervener to encourage and/or discourage social system change . The model offers an alternative approach to understanding social system change by its emphasis on communication as the driver of change in contrast to models that focus on social , political , economic , and technological forces as catalysts for change . The RSI model is envisioned as three communication subsystems that function as starting points for interpreting or enacting social system change . The subsystems , known as attention , power , and need , form the RSI model framework . This entry describes the assumptive foundations of the RSI model . Then it discusses the attention , power , and need patterns of communication that that model identifies as points for generating social system change and continuity .

neg: Group entity In individualist anarchist discourse , a group entity is usually distinguished from an individual hominid , or animal groups from a single living being of any sexual species . All group-entities are assumed to have certain characteristics in common , most of them sociopathic or destructive to the interests of individuals .   Some support exists for this political view in modern human sciences . Mainstream psychological and sociological research identifies characteristics of human groups including groupthink , peer pressure and mass hysteria that support this view , but fall short of identifying all group-entities as malignant . Political science identifies phenomena such as mob rule , mass hysteria and moral panic but of course also studies positive cooperation such as social capital and political virtues but also more debatable phenomena such as the political party . See below for references to fields and authorities supporting this view .   Users of the term group entity effectively signal a critical view of group actions and skepticism of positive claims for human group achievements , usually preferring to attribute group success to underlying individual leadership and relationships .

neg: Philosophy and economics Philosophy and economics , also philosophy of economics , studies topics such as rational choice , the appraisal of economic outcomes , institutions and processes , and the ontology of economic phenomena and the possibilities of acquiring knowledge of them .   Although these inquiries overlap in many ways , it is useful to divide philosophy of economics in this way into three subject matters which can be regarded respectively as branches of action theory , ethics ( or normative social and political philosophy ) , and philosophy of science . Economic theories of rationality , welfare , and social choice defend substantive philosophical theses often informed by relevant philosophical literature and of evident interest to those interested in action theory , philosophical psychology , and social and political philosophy .   Economics is of particular interest to those interested in epistemology and philosophy of science both because of its detailed peculiarities and because it possesses many of the overt features of the natural sciences , while its object consists of social phenomena .

neg: Political socialization Political socialization is the `` process by which individuals learn and frequently internalize a political lens framing their perceptions of how power is arranged and how the world around them is ( and should be ) organized ; those perceptions , in turn , shape and define individuals ' definitions of who they are and how they should behave in the political and economic institutions in which they live . '' Political socialization also encompasses the way in which people acquire values and opinions that shape their political stance and ideology : it is a `` study of the developmental processes by which people of all ages and adolescents acquire political cognition , attitudes , and behaviors . '' It refers to a learning process by which norms and behaviors acceptable to a well running political system are transmitted from one generation to another . It is through the performance of this function that individuals are inducted into the political culture and their orientations towards political objects are formed . Schools , media , and the state have a major influence in this process .

neg: Sociology of leisure Sociology of leisure is the study of how humans organize their free time . Leisure includes a broad array of activities , such as sport , tourism , and the playing of games . The sociology of leisure is closely tied to the sociology of work , as each explores a different side of the work-leisure relationship . More recent studies in the field move away from the work-leisure relationship and focus on the relation between leisure and culture .   Studies of leisure have determined that observable patterns can not be easily explained by socioeconomic variables such as income , occupation or education . The type of leisure activity is substantially influenced by the individual 's immediate situation ( presence or lack of family , age , and other factors ) .

neg: Organizational studies Organizational studies is `` the examination of how individuals construct organizational structures , processes , and practices and how these , in turn , shape social relations and create institutions that ultimately influence people '' , organizational studies comprise different areas that deal with the different aspects of the organizations , many of the approaches are functionalist but critical research also provide alternative frame for understanding in the field .


query: Shallow Hal is a Canadian film.

pos: Shallow Hal Shallow Hal is a 2001 American romantic comedy film starring Gwyneth Paltrow and Jack Black about a shallow man who falls in love with an overweight woman . The motion picture was directed by the Farrelly brothers and filmed in and around Charlotte , North Carolina as well as Sterling and Princeton , Massachusetts at Wachusett Mountain . The supporting cast features Jason Alexander , Tony Robbins ( as himself ) , and Laura Kightlinger .

neg: Bunker 6 Bunker 6 is a Canadian psychological thriller film set in an alternate timeline in which a nuclear holocaust takes place during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Most of the film 's action is set a decade later , inside a very large fallout shelter , in which a group of survivors are faced with the dilemma of continuing life in the shelter or facing the uncertainty of life in a world contaminated by radiation . Theatrically released , the film was also destined for television and `` direct-to-video '' release . Directed by Canadian writer and director Greg Jackson , in his first feature film , it stars Andrea Lee Norwood and Molly Dunsworth . The supporting cast includes Jim Fowler , Glen Matthews and Shelley Thompson . The film was shot in an actual fallout shelter in Nova Scotia .

neg: Sam & Me Sam & Me is a 1991 Canadian film directed by well-known Indo-Canadian filmmaker Deepa Mehta . It was her debut movie as a director . The film went on to win an honourable mention at the Cannes Film Festival .

neg: Never Too Late (1997 film) Never Too Late is a 1997 Canadian comedy-drama film , starring Olympia Dukakis , Jean Lapointe and Corey Haim . It was filmed in Montreal , Quebec .

neg: Sarah Polley Sarah Ellen Polley ( born January 8 , 1979 ) is a Canadian actress , writer , director and political activist . Polley first garnered attention as a child actress for her role as Sara Stanley in the Canadian television series Road to Avonlea ( 1990 -- 1996 ) . She has starred in many feature films , including Exotica ( 1994 ) , The Sweet Hereafter ( 1997 ) , Guinevere ( 1999 ) , Go ( 1999 ) , The Weight of Water ( 2000 ) , My Life Without Me ( 2003 ) , Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) , Splice ( 2009 ) , and Mr. Nobody ( 2009 ) .   Polley made her feature film directorial debut with Away from Her ( 2006 ) , for which she won a Genie Award for Best Achievement in Direction and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . Polley 's second film , Take This Waltz ( 2011 ) , premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival .   Her film Stories We Tell ( 2012 ) is a feature-length documentary . It had its world premiere at the 2012 Venice Film Festival , and its North American premiere followed at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival . The Toronto Film Critics Association awarded it the $ 100,000 prize for best Canadian film of the year .

neg: Saskatchewan Film and Video Classification Board The Saskatchewan Film and Video Classification Board is a board of the Saskatchewan Department of Justice responsible for providing film and video classification documents to movie theatres in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan . The Board was formerly responsible for reviewing films and granting film ratings , but since 1 October 1997 these duties have been done by the British Columbia Film Classification Office on Saskatchewan 's behalf .   In 1994 , the Board briefly achieved international notoriety when it banned the BDSM-based comedy film Exit to Eden from being shown in Saskatchewan theaters . This was the first time a major Hollywood film had been banned in Canada since Pretty Baby was temporarily banned in some jurisdictions in 1978 . After a significant public outcry , the ban was lifted a few days later .   The Board is empowered by Saskatchewan 's Film and Video Classification Act .

neg: Jeff Kopas Jeff Kopas ( born January 23 , 1975 ) is a Canadian writer , director , and producer , who released his first feature film An Insignificant Harvey in 2011 . The film was picked up by Film Movement for US release at the Sundance Film Festival , it is distributed internationally by Shoreline Entertainment , and in Canada by KinoSmith . The film premiered at the Busan International Film Festival in South Korea .

neg: Pontypool (film) Pontypool is a 2008 Canadian horror film directed by Bruce McDonald and written by Tony Burgess , based on his novel Pontypool Changes Everything .

neg: Canadian Home Video Rating System The Canadian Home Video Rating System ( CHVRS ) is a voluntary rating classification system applied to home video products such as VHS and DVDs . It is administered by the Motion Picture Classification Corporation of Canada , a subsidiary of the Motion Picture Association -- Canada ( MPA -- C ) . Ratings are `` averaged '' from those assigned by participating provincial film boards : Alberta , British Columbia , Manitoba , Maritimes ( New Brunswick , Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island ) , Ontario and Saskatchewan ( whose ratings are determined by British Columbia ) and applied by the distributor to home video packaging .

neg: The Other Half (2016 film) The Other Half is a 2016 Canadian romantic drama film , written and directed by Joey Klein . It stars Tatiana Maslany , Tom Cullen , Henry Czerny , and Suzanne Clément . The film had its world premiere at South by Southwest on March 12 , 2016 .

neg: Arctic Blast Arctic Blast is a 2010 Australian-Canadian disaster film . Its world premiere took place at the 2010 Canadian Film Festival in Sydney , at the Dendy Opera Quays cinema , on 4 August .

neg: Harrison Bay (British Columbia) Harrison Bay is a lake-like expansion of the Harrison River , located west of its main course adjacent to the communities of Chehalis and Harrison Mills in the Canadian province of British Columbia . Extremely shallow , the bay outlets to the Fraser at Harrison Mills , where in pre-gold rush times there had been a `` riffle '' , which was dredged to enable easier steamer traffic to Harrison Lake and Port Douglas . The bay has been used as a log sort but is primarily recreational in use today , with the Scowlitz Indian Band running a beach and campground at its western end , on Squawkum Creek Indian Reserve No. 3 , which is at the southwest corner of Harrison Bay . Between it and the Fraser lies Harrison Hill , known in Upriver Halkomelem as Qithyll , which is an ancient burial ground currently under investigation by the First Nation in a joint effort with Simon Fraser University 's archaeology department . . Adjacent to Kilby Provincial Park and the site of Harrison Mills are Williams Indian Reserve No. 2 and Scowlitz Indian Reserve No. 1

neg: Hooper Bay (album) Hooper Bay is purportedly an EP by Boards of Canada , issued in both vinyl and cassette formats . The title refers to the small city of that name in Alaska , and all track titles on the album share a similar Alaskan theme . Only 200 copies were said to have been produced and shared amongst the band 's friends and family , and although none have publicly surfaced , an excerpt roughly 35 seconds long of the track `` Circle '' was held on a website hosting early material from the group . This sample showcases a melancholy kind of ambient electronica similar to that of the band 's following release . The site has since gone down , though the sample has since been uploaded to YouTube .   Mislabeled MP3 files claiming to be copies of Hooper Bay are in wide circulation on peer to peer networks , but are understood to be fakes . As with other rare Boards of Canada releases , some of these fakes are mostly mislabeled tracks by other musicians and bands . For example , a track purported to be `` Geiser '' was revealed to actually be the experimental Icelandic group múm 's `` Smell Memory '' , and `` Seward Leaf '' was revealed to be `` Slow Bicycle '' , another múm track .   Track 7 from the Live @ ATP performance is sometimes believed to be Noatak , due to a processed voice saying something sounding phonetically similar throughout the song , a latter half containing dark ambient sounds akin to that of `` Circle '' , as well as a similar track length . This has yet to be confirmed by the band , however .

neg: The Wet Season The Wet Season is a 2002 Canadian short film directed and written by Martha Ferguson , and produced by Laura Clunie . The Wet Season stars Ellen Page and Maury Chaykin , and follows Jocelyn , a young girl working at her uncle 's crying booths in the countryside , in a world where crying is forbidden in the cities . The film debuted on September 8 , 2002 , at the Montreal World Film Festival .

neg: Hal Jackman Henry Newton Rowell `` Hal '' Jackman , ( born June 10 , 1932 in Toronto , Ontario ) served as the 25th Lieutenant Governor of Ontario from 1991 to 1997 . He is the son of former Member of Parliament Harry Jackman and philanthropist Mary Rowell Jackman . His mother was the daughter of another former Member of Parliament , Newton Wesley Rowell . His sister , Nancy Ruth , is a philanthropist who was appointed to the Senate in 2005 .   Jackman was educated at Pickering College , the University of Toronto Schools , Upper Canada College ( where he was a member of Jackson 's House ) , the University of Toronto Faculty of Law , and the London School of Economics .   He was chairman of the board of National Trust Company and The Empire Life Insurance Company , plus several other prominent Canadian corporations . In 1964 he married Maruja Trinidad Duncan .   Jackman was a longtime fundraiser for the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada , and became a supporter of the Canadian Alliance when it was formed prior to the 2000 election . He was also an advocate of the Unite the Right movement , which resulted in the creation of the Conservative Party of Canada .

neg: Groundhog Day (film) Groundhog Day is a 1993 American fantasy-comedy film directed by Harold Ramis , starring Bill Murray , Andie MacDowell , and Chris Elliott . It was written by Ramis and Danny Rubin , based on a story by Rubin . Murray plays Phil Connors , an arrogant Pittsburgh TV weatherman who , during an assignment covering the annual Groundhog Day event in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , finds himself caught in a time loop , repeating the same day again and again . After indulging in hedonism and committing suicide numerous times , he begins to re-examine his life and priorities .   On its release , Groundhog Day was a modest success and garnered generally positive reviews . It gained stronger appreciation among critics and film historians over time , and is now often listed among the best comedy films ever . It further entered into the public consciousness , where the term `` Groundhog Day '' can represent a situation that seems to repeat over and over in government and military arenas , as well as influencing other entertainment . In 2006 , the film was added to the United States National Film Registry as being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . A stage musical version of the film premiered in 2016 .

neg: Hal Hinson Hal Hinson is an American film critic who writes for The Washington Post . As of July 2015 he has 887 reviews collected on the website Rotten Tomatoes . Hinson has been cited as a critic who is unpopular with his fellow critics , as he is not afraid to give a polarized review ; he lauded Hudson Hawk ( 1991 ) for instance , which was universally panned . Hinson wrote an essay on Montgomery Clift , entitled `` Some Notes on Method Acting '' for Sight & Sound in 1984 . He also reviewed for Film Comment in the mid 1980s .

neg: Shallow Lake Shallow Lake is an alpine lake in Custer County , Idaho , United States , located in the White Cloud Mountains in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area . While no trails lead to the lake , it can be accessed from Sawtooth National Forest trail 047 .   Shallow Lake is northeast of Merriam Peak and upstream of Baker Lake , Noisy Lakes , and Scree Lakes .

neg: Shallow frying Shallow frying is an oil-based cooking technique . It is typically used to prepare portion-sized cuts of meat and fish , and patties such as fritters . Shallow frying can also be used to cook vegetables . Shallow-fried foods are often battered . It is a high-heat process , promoting browning and , in some cases , a Maillard reaction . Since the food is only partly submerged , it must be turned over partway through the cooking process . Some cooks recommend cooking the `` presentation '' side of the food first , since this side will be better browned .

neg: Lie with Me Lie with Me is a Canadian drama film with graphic , unsimulated sexual content that played at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival . It is based on the novel of the same name by Tamara Faith Berger . The film features Lauren Lee Smith and Eric Balfour . Its plot concerns an outgoing , sexually aggressive young woman who meets and begins a torrid affair with an equally aggressive young man , which brings a strain on their personal lives . The backdrop of a very hot summer in the city adds to the steamy nature of the relationship .   Set and shot in Toronto ( primarily The Annex ) , the film was directed by Clement Virgo .   Included in the soundtrack is music by Broken Social Scene and Annelise Noronha .

neg: Shallow Believer Shallow Believer is an EP by American rock band The Used that was released digitally on February 19 , 2008 . The EP is a compilation of b-sides from their first 3 studio albums . The artwork was done by Bert McCracken and Alex Pardee . It gets its title from a lyric in the song `` Slit Your Own Throat '' . On Record Store Day ( April 18 , 2015 ) the EP received a physical release on royal blue vinyl , limited to 3,000 copies .


query: Jennifer Hudson is alive.

pos: Jennifer Hudson Jennifer Kate Hudson ( born September 12 , 1981 ) is an American singer , actress and spokesperson . She rose to fame in 2004 as a finalist on the third season of American Idol , coming in seventh place .   As an actress , she made her film debut portraying Effie White in Dreamgirls , for which she gained worldwide acclaim and won an Academy Award , a Golden Globe Award , a BAFTA Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Supporting Actress . She has also appeared in such films as Sex and the City , The Secret Life of Bees and Black Nativity . She has made numerous television appearances , including guest roles on Smash , Empire and Inside Amy Schumer . In 2015 she made her Broadway debut in the role of Shug Avery in the 2015 revival of The Color Purple .   As a singer , Hudson has released three studio albums . Her debut album Jennifer Hudson , released in 2008 , debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 and was certified gold by the RIAA , with sales exceeding a million copies worldwide . The record was nominated for four Grammy Awards , winning the 2009 Grammy Award for Best R&B Album . Her second album I Remember Me , released in 2011 , also debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 and was certified gold by the RIAA . Her third and most recent album JHUD peaked in the top ten and featured the Grammy-nominated track `` It 's Your World '' . She also became the principal singer of The Color Purple musical album , which earned her the 2017 Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album and a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Musical Performance in a Daytime Program ( shared with the cast of The Color Purple ) .   In October 2008 , after Hudson 's mother , brother and nephew were killed in a shooting , Hudson stepped out of the public eye for three months . Hudson resumed her public appearances in 2009 , with high-profile performances at Super Bowl XLIII , the Grammy Awards , American Idol , and The Oprah Winfrey Show . Hudson has been described as a friend of former President Barack Obama , who invited her to appear with him at a fundraiser in Beverly Hills during his first term in May 2009 . She also performed at the White House at the `` Celebration of Music from the Civil Rights Movement '' event . In 2013 , she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . In 2016 , Hudson was announced as a coach on the 2017 Series of The Voice UK . The following year , Hudson was announced as a coach on the thirteenth season of The Voice .

neg: Yvonne Hudson Yvonne Hudson ( born July 9 , 1954 ) is an American television actress who is best known for being the first African-American female cast member on Saturday Night Live . She joined the cast as a featured player in the show 's 1980-1981 season . ( The first black female repertory player was Danitra Vance . ) She is also the third African-American to become an SNL cast member following Garrett Morris and Eddie Murphy . ( Murphy joined one week before her . ) Hudson first appeared on the show in 1978 as an uncredited extra in many episodes .   Hudson rarely had a role of significance and was fired along with most of the cast at the end of the troubled season . However , she continued to appear occasionally in uncredited small roles until her final appearance on the show in 1984 . Apart from her stint on SNL , Hudson has not appeared in any other television or film role .

neg: Hudson County Courthouse The Hudson County Courthouse or Justice William J. Brennan Jr. . Courthouse is located in Jersey City , Hudson County , New Jersey , United States . The six-story structure was originally built between 1906 and 1910 at a cost of $ 3,328,016.56 . It is considered to be an outstanding example of the Beaux-Arts architectural style in the United States .   The courthouse was used as the primary seat of government for Hudson County from its opening on September 20 , 1910 until the construction of the Hudson County Administration Building in 1966 . The courthouse was vacant for many years and was scheduled for demolition . The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 25 , 1970 . Restoration began in the mid-1970s , and the building was reopened in 1985 . In 1984 , the Hudson County Board of Chosen Freeholders renamed the building in honor of Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan Jr. . The restoration of the courthouse was acknowledged by a Victorian Society in America Preservation Award in 1988 .   As of 2017 the courthouse has eight working courtrooms and also houses the offices of the County Executive , the Hudson County Surrogate and the Hudson County Bar Association ; in the past it has been used in a number of television programs and movies , including scenes in the television series Law & Order , and for commercials .

neg: List of bridges, tunnels, and cuts in Hudson County, New Jersey This is a list of vehicular and rail bridges , tunnels , and cuts in Hudson County , New Jersey . Located in the northeastern part of New Jersey Hudson lies at the heart of the Port of New York and New Jersey and is a major crossroads of the New York Metropolitan area and Northeast Megalopolis . Located on two peninsulas , formerly known as Bergen Neck and New Barbadoes Neck , it has extensive waterfront along the Hudson River , Upper New York Bay , Kill van Kull , Newark Bay and the Hackensack and Passaic Rivers . The main part of Hudson lies on Bergen Hill , the southern emergence of the Hudson Palisades , starting at sea level at Bergen Point and rising to 260 feet travelling through Bayonne , Jersey City and North Hudson . Secaucus and most of West Hudson are part of the New Jersey Meadowlands . Listings are generally from south to north .   __ TOC __

neg: Portrait of Hudson Portrait of Hudson is a painting by Lois Mailou Jones . It is in the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts , Boston ( MFA ) in Boston , Massachusetts in the United States .

neg: Grace Hudson Grace Carpenter Hudson ( 1865 -- 1937 ) was an American painter .  She was nationally known during her lifetime for a numbered series of more than 684 portraits of the local Pomo Indians . She painted the first , `` National Thorn '' , after her marriage in 1891 , and the last in 1935 .

neg: Jennifer Love Hewitt (album) Jennifer Love Hewitt is the self-titled third studio album by actress and recording artist Jennifer Love Hewitt . It was released on September 3 , 1996 by Atlantic Records .

neg: Hudson, Texas Hudson is a city in Angelina County , Texas , United States . The population was 4,731 at the 2010 census .

neg: It's Your World (Jennifer Hudson song) `` It 's Your World '' is a song by American recording artist Jennifer Hudson featuring fellow singer R. Kelly , recorded for her third studio album JHUD ( 2014 ) . It was written by R. Kelly and produced by DJ Terry Hunter . Released worldwide on July 8 , 2014 as the album 's third single , Hudson sang it for the first time at BET Awards 2014 on June 29 , 2014 . No music video was made for the single . The song was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance .

neg: Live at the Wolf Live at the Wolf is the first live album by The Band 's member Garth Hudson , and his wife Maud . It 's only a Piano-Accordion-vocal album .   This album is a recording of an intimate performance by the Hudsons , who were there to celebrate the opening weekend of the new London Public Library 's wonderful Wolf Performance Hall in London , Ontario , Canada .   Hudson displays a virtuosity on the piano that is reminiscent of Art Tatum . He weaves in and out of jazz standards , quoting from a wide range of jazz piano history . He is a master of the idiom and is as at home in Teddy Wilson style walking tenths , as in Harlem stride . During the concert , Hudson was on a wheeled secretary chair , and would wheel over to his wife Maud between numbers to confer on the next song they would play .   This CD is one of a series of recordings on Canada 's Make It Real Records ( MIR ) , which is a boutique label , that specializes in recording real music , in real time on real instruments . `` Live at the Wolf '' is the only non-studio recording on the label . Other recordings by MIR include 2B3 The Toronto Sessions - various Hammond organ artists , My Regeneration - The Prima Donnas , Brotherhood - Blackburn , Footwork - Anderson & Sloski , Shorthanded - Lance Anderson .

neg: Upper Hudson River Valley The northern portion of the Hudson River valley in Upstate New York , generally that region extending from the first town below the headwaters of the Hudson River at North River to the last substantive waterfall preventing the passage of vessels at Fort Edward . Downstream from Fort Edward , northbound boat traffic exits the Hudson River onto the Champlain Canal .   The largest population center in the Upper Hudson River Valley is that of Glens Falls . Other towns include North Creek , Hadley , Lake Luzerne , Corinth , and Hudson Falls . The region is characterized by a series of small glens and valleys surrounded by the Adirondack Mountains on all sides . At Corinth the river deepens and widens as it approaches the `` big bend '' where Interstate 87 crosses near Glens Falls .   Category : River valleys of the United States  Category : Hudson River  Category : Valleys of New York  Category : Landforms of Warren County , New York  Category : Landforms of Washington County , New York  Category : Landforms of Saratoga County , New York

neg: Jennifer Grant Jennifer Diane Grant ( born February 26 , 1966 ) is an American actress , the only child of actors Cary Grant and Dyan Cannon . She is best known for roles in the television series Beverly Hills , 90210 and Movie Stars .

neg: Hudson Global Hudson Global Inc. ( HSON ) is a global talent solutions company headquartered in New York , NY . The company 's core service offerings include Permanent Recruitment , Temporary Contracting , Recruitment Process Outsourcing ( `` RPO '' ) and Talent Management Solutions .   Hudson 's Q1 2017 financial results were as follows :  • Revenue of $ 103.4 million increased 2.2 percent from the first quarter of 2016 and increased 5.4 percent in constant currency .  • Gross margin of $ 42.4 million increased 2.8 percent from the first quarter of 2016 and increased 6.0 percent in constant currency .   • Net loss of $ 1.3 million , or $ 0.04 per basic and diluted share , compared with net loss of $ 3.5 million , or $ 0.10 per basic and diluted share , for the first quarter of 2016 .  • Adjusted EBITDA ( non-GAAP earnings before interest , income taxes , depreciation and amortization , non-operating income , goodwill and other impairment charges , business reorganization expenses , stock-based compensation expense and other expenses ) of $ 0.4 million , compared with an adjusted EBITDA loss of $ 2.0 million in the first quarter of 2016 .

neg: Evelyn Handler Evelyn Erika Handler ( née Sass ; May 5 , 1933 -- December 23 , 2011 ) served from 1980 to 1983 as the University of New Hampshire 's fourteenth , and first female , president . Handler was the first woman in the country to be named president of a publicly supported land grant university . She was credited with bringing in $ 15 million in federal grants for a science and engineering research center .   In 1983 , Handler was inaugurated as President of Brandeis University , where she was also the first woman to hold that position . Notable achievements during her tenure include the initiation of The Volen National Center for Complex Systems , the strengthening of life sciences at Brandeis , admission to the Association of American Universities , and founding membership in the University Athletic Association . After leaving Brandeis in 1991 , Handler was a research fellow and associate of the Graduate School of Education at Harvard University , and a senior fellow at The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . From 1994 to 1997 , she served as California Academy of Sciences ' executive director and CEO .   Earlier in her career , she was Dean of Sciences and Mathematics , and professor of biological sciences at Hunter College , where she had earned her undergraduate degree . Dr. Handler earned M.Sc . and Ph.D. degrees from New York University , and a J.D. from Franklin Pierce Law Center . Her scholarly work includes many publications on myelogenous leukemia .   Handler was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science , and a fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences . Additionally , she was elected to the Board of Governors of the New York Academy of Sciences in 1979 , and served as a director of the Student Loan Corporation ( Stamford , CT ) . She held honorary degrees from the University of Pittsburgh , Rivier College and Hunter College . She was killed when she was struck by a car on December 23 , 2011 .

neg: Thomas J. Hudson Thomas James Hudson , O.C. , M.D. , ( born June 12 , 1961 ) is a Canadian genome scientist noted for his leading role in the generation of physical maps of the human and mouse genomes and also his role in the International HapMap Project whose goal is to develop a haplotype map of the human genome .   As director of the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre , which he established , Hudson and his team have made a number of discoveries in human genetics . These include genes mutated in rare diseases and genes involved in complex diseases such as asthma , type II diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease .   In July 2006 , he was appointed president and scientific director of the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research . He is also editor-in-chief of the journal Human Genetics .   Thomas Hudson is married and has five children .

neg: Whitney Houston discography The discography of American singer Whitney Houston ( 1963 -- 2012 ) consists of seven studio albums , six compilations , two soundtrack albums , five box sets , six extended plays , and fifty-seven singles . In 1985 , Houston released her self-titled debut album . It spent fourteen weeks at number one on the Billboard 200 and was certified thirteen times platinum ( Diamond ) by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , with global sales of 25 million copies . The album produced four US top 5 singles , including three Billboard Hot 100 number-ones . In 1987 , Houston released her second album Whitney . The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and was supported by four US number-one singles : `` I Wan na Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' , `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' , `` So Emotional '' , and `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' , which established an unprecedented seven consecutive number one hits by a performer . Whitney was certified 9 × Platinum by the RIAA and topped the charts in numerous countries , having sold in excess of 20 million copies worldwide . Houston 's third studio album , I 'm Your Baby Tonight ( 1990 ) , peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 chart and yielded two number-one singles ; `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' and `` All the Man That I Need '' , selling 10 million units worldwide . In February 1991 , Houston released `` The Star Spangled Banner '' performance from Super Bowl XXV as a single , becoming the highest-charting rendition of the national anthem on the Billboard Hot 100 chart .   The Bodyguard soundtrack from her film debut , was released in November 1992 . The album contains tracks by other recording artists but is considered a Houston album by Billboard . It topped the Billboard 200 for twenty non-consecutive weeks , one of the longest tenures by an album in the Nielsen SoundScan era . The album was certified 17 × Platinum the United States and sold over 45 million copies worldwide , becoming the best-selling soundtrack album and one of the top 5 best-selling albums of all time . The lead single from the soundtrack , `` I Will Always Love You '' , topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for a then-record-breaking fourteen weeks and was certified 6 × Platinum by the RIAA , peaked at number one on the charts in nearly every country and sold 12 million copies worldwide , becoming one of the best-selling singles of all time . Houston contributed three songs , including her eleventh number-one single `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' on the 7x platinum soundtrack album , Waiting to Exhale ( November 1995 ) . The following year she released The Preacher 's Wife in November 1996 . The soundtrack was certified 3x Platinum by the RIAA and became the biggest selling gospel album of all time . In 1998 , she released her first studio album in eight years , My Love Is Your Love . The album failed to match the commercial status of her previous albums , peaking at number thirteen , her lowest chart position on the Billboard 200 among her studio albums . Despite initial weak sales , the album went on to achieve multi-platinum status with 11 million units sold worldwide , being certified 4 × Platinum in the United States . From late 1998 to early 2000 , the album generated five singles ; `` When You Believe '' ( duet with Mariah Carey ) , `` Heartbreak Hotel '' , `` It 's Not Right but It 's Okay '' , `` My Love Is Your Love '' , and `` I Learned from the Best '' .   Houston entered the 2000s with her first greatest hits compilation , Whitney : The Greatest Hits , released in May 2000 . The double-disc was certified 3 × Platinum by the RIAA in 2002 and earned 5 × Platinum award posthumously , recognizing 2.6 million in sales throughout the United States . The album hit the top position on the UK Albums Chart and sold over 1.66 million copies in the UK alone . Also , it reached the top ten in many worldwide markets , selling 10 million copies globally . Just Whitney , released in December 2002 , became her first album after renewing her contract with Arista for a record $ 100 million in 2001 . The album failed to earn multi-platinum status , receiving only Platinum award in the US , and became her lowest-selling studio album to date . She released a holiday album , One Wish : The Holiday Album in November 2003 . In September 2009 , Houston returned to the top position of the Billboard 200 with I Look to You , becoming her fourth number-one album on the chart ; which was her first non-soundtrack number-one in 22 years , since 1987 's Whitney . It also topped the album charts of several European countries and was certified Platinum by the RIAA . Her albums Whitney Houston , Whitney , The Bodyguard and Whitney : The Greatest Hits are among the top 100 certified albums according to the RIAA .   According to the RIAA , Houston is the top-selling R&B female artist of the 20th century , and the fourth best-selling female artist in the United States , with shipments of 57 million albums . In addition , until the launch of the RIAA 's digital certification program in 2004 , she had sold 16.5 million physical singles more than any other female solo artist in history . According to the Official UK Charts Company in October 2012 , Houston is at number four in the top 10 biggest selling female singles artists of all-time list with a sales total of 8.5 million singles . Whitney Houston is one of pop music 's best-selling music artists of all-time , with an estimated 170 -- 200 million records sold worldwide .

neg: Jennifer Smith (General Hospital) Jennifer Smith is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera , General Hospital . She is the daughter of notorious mobster , Frank Smith , and known for her broken engagement with Luke Spencer . Lisa Marie portrayed the character in 1980 , Roseanne Arnold in 1994 , Sally Struthers in February 2002 , and Holly Gagnier in June 2015 .

neg: Jersey City Reporter The Jersey City Reporter is a weekly community newspaper serving Jersey City , in Hudson County , New Jersey . The paper is one of eight weekly publications produced by The Hudson Reporter Assoc. , L.P. along with community lifestyle magazines , Jersey City Magazine , 07030 Hoboken and Bayonne , Life on the Peninsula . The company 's main office is located in Hoboken .   Hudson Reporter publications focus on Community news , sports and local politics , and have won numerous investigative reporting awards . In addition to articles written by the staff , the papers print readers ' letters to the editor .

neg: America: A Tribute to Heroes America : A Tribute to Heroes was a benefit concert created by the heads of the four major American broadcast networks ; Fox , ABC , NBC and CBS . Joel Gallen was selected by them to produce and run the show . Actor George Clooney organized celebrities to perform and to staff the telephone bank . The marketing and public relations was headed by Warner Bros. . EVP Corp Comm with assistance from the marketing and publicity departments of all four broadcast networks . It was broadcast live by the four major American television networks and all of the cable networks in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001 . Done in the style of a telethon , it featured a number of national and international entertainers performing to raise money for the victims and their families , particularly the New York City firefighters and New York City police officers . It aired September 21 , 2001 , uninterrupted and commercial-free , for which it won a Peabody Award . It was released on December 4 , 2001 , on compact disc and DVD .   On a dark stage illuminated by hundreds of candles , twenty-one artists performed songs of mourning and hope , while various actors and other celebrities delivered short spoken messages . The musical performances took place at three studios in Los Angeles ( CBS Television City ) , New York , and London , while the celebrity messages took place at Los Angeles . Some of the musicians including Neil Young and Eddie Vedder were heard working the phone banks taking pledges . The money raised amounted to over $ 200 million , and was given to the United Way 's September 11 Telethon Fund .   In 2004 , Rolling Stone magazine selected this concert , along with the later The Concert for New York City , as one of the 50 moments that changed rock and roll .   The show was also simulcast in Canada ; Young and another Canadian singer , Celine Dion , performed .

neg: Seconds (1966 film) Seconds is a 1966 American science fiction drama film directed by John Frankenheimer and starring Rock Hudson . The screenplay by Lewis John Carlino was based on Seconds , a novel by David Ely . The film was entered into the 1966 Cannes Film Festival and released by Paramount Pictures . The cinematography by James Wong Howe was nominated for an Academy Award .   In 2015 , the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry , finding it `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . ''

neg: Jennifer Young Jennifer Young ( born August 21 , 1969 ) is an American film producer and photographer .


query: Mirka Federer was also known as another name.

pos: Mirka Federer Miroslava `` Mirka '' Federer ( born Miroslava Vavrincová on 1 April 1978 , later Miroslava Vavrinec ) is a Slovak-born Swiss former professional tennis player . She reached her career-high WTA singles ranking of World No. 76 on 10 September 2001 and a doubles ranking of World No. 215 on 24 August 1998 . She is the wife of professional tennis player Roger Federer , having first met him at the 2000 Summer Olympics . She retired from the game in 2002 due to a persistent foot injury . She has since frequently been seen on the ATP circuit attending her husband 's matches .

neg: 2013 Australian Open The 2013 Australian Open was a tennis tournament that took place in Melbourne Park in Melbourne , Australia , from 14 to 27 January 2013 . It was the 101st edition of the Australian Open , and the first Grand Slam event of the year . The tournament consisted of events for professional players in singles , doubles and mixed doubles play . Junior and wheelchair players competed in singles and doubles tournaments .   All four of the main events in singles and same-sex doubles were won by the top seeds -- Novak Djokovic in men 's singles , Victoria Azarenka in women 's singles , Bob and Mike Bryan in men 's doubles , and Sara Errani and Roberta Vinci in women 's doubles . This year 's Australian Open was the first Grand Slam event since that tournament 's 2004 edition in which the women 's singles and doubles were won by the top seeds , and the first Grand Slam event since the 1997 Wimbledon Championships in which the men 's and women 's singles and doubles were all won by the top seeds .

neg: Grand Slam Cup The Grand Slam Cup was a tennis tournament held annually at the Olympiahalle in Munich in Germany from 1990 through 1999 . The event was organized by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) , which invited the best-performing players in the year 's Grand Slam events to compete in the Grand Slam Cup .   The tournament was created in 1990 and was played on indoor carpet courts . From 1990 to 1996 , it was held in December but was moved to the middle of autumn from 1997 to 1999 . From 1990 to 1997 the tournament was limited to male players . A women 's Cup was added in 1998 and was held simultaneously with the men 's Cup .   Throughout its existence , the Grand Slam Cup was famous for paying out the highest prize money of any tournament in tennis . The winner for the first three years of the Cup received US$ 2 million in prize money , which dipped to $ 1.625 million in 1993 , rose to $ 1.875 million in 1996 and back to $ 2 million in 1997 before falling to $ 1.3 million in 1998 . If the Cup was won by a player who had also won a Grand Slam event that year they received a bonus of $ 1 million . Prize money for the winner of the two women 's Cups was fixed at $ 800,000 .   The Cup was not recognized by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) for the course of its run , and participants did not receive points in the ATP computer rankings nor have it credited as an official career title . Following the discontinuation of the Cup in 1999 , the ATP decided to give the event full recognition and added it to players ' lists of official titles .   A compromise between the ITF and the ATP was announced on December 9 , 1999 which merged the Cup with the ATP Tour World Championship , the ATP 's year-end tournament also held annually in Germany , giving birth to the ATP World Tour Finals , an official tour event .   A direct result of the merging of the two competitions can still be seen in the qualification rules for the ATP World Tour Finals , which included one notable difference from those of the ATP Tour World Championship . The Tour World Championship was meant to include the top eight players on the ATP computer rankings at the end of a season , even though this could mean the exclusion of a Grand Slam champion who had not been able to earn sufficient ranking points in the rest of the year . Present Finals rules ensure the participation of a Grand Slam champion who is unable to earn a top eight ranking at the end of the season and automatic qualification for the top seven players in the computer rankings . The eighth ranked player , however , qualifies only if all Grand Slam singles champions are among the top eight . Any Grand Slam event champion who is not in the top eight but is still in the top twenty is included to the detriment of the eighth ranked player . This situation occurred at the 2004 Tennis Masters Cup , where Andre Agassi , the 8th ranked player in the ATP Champions Race , was excluded from the event in favor of Gastón Gaudio , who had won that year 's French Open but was ranked 10th at the end of the year .   Pete Sampras was the most successful player at this event winning two titles out of three final appearances .

neg: Branka Branka ( Cyrillic script : Бранка ) is Serbian and Croatian version of the Portuguese name Branca meaning white ( Casablanca was originally called Casabranca ) .  The name Branka became popular in the territory of former Yugoslavia some hundred years ago . There are few names of Slavic origin with the same root Bran -- Branislava , Branimir -- however their meaning is `` to defend or protect '' . The name Branka may refer to :

neg: Miki Janković Miki Janković ( Мики Јанковић born 26 September 1994 ) is a Serbian tennis player . He participated as a doubles player in a Serbian squad that won 2012 World Team Cup .

neg: Novak Djokovic Novak Djokovic ( Новак Ђоковић , Novak Đoković , -LSB- nôʋaːk d͡ʑôːkoʋit͡ɕ -RSB- ; born 22 May 1987 ) , often referred to by the hypocorism Nole , is a Serbian professional tennis player who is currently ranked world No. 2 in men 's singles tennis by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) . He is considered one of the greatest tennis players of all time . Djokovic holds the highest match winning rate ( 82.8 % ) in the Open Era , as of May 2017 .   Djokovic has won 12 Grand Slam singles titles , the fourth most in history , and held the No. 1 spot in the ATP rankings for a total of 223 weeks . In majors , Djokovic has won six Australian Open titles , three Wimbledon titles , two US Open titles and one French Open title . In 2016 , he became the eighth player in history to achieve the Career Grand Slam ; by winning the 2016 French Open , Djokovic became the third man to hold all four major titles at once , the first since Rod Laver in 1969 , and the first ever to do so on three different surfaces .   Djokovic has won an all-time record of 30 Masters 1000 series titles , tied with Rafael Nadal . Djokovic 's records include breaking the single-season record with six masters titles in 2015 , winning 31 consecutive ATP World Tour Masters 1000 series matches , playing in the finals at all nine ATP Masters 1000 tournaments ( shared with Roger Federer and Nadal , and being the only player to win eight of the nine events ( and at least twice ) . Among other titles , he has won the ATP World Tour Finals five times and was on the Serbian team which won the 2010 Davis Cup . He also won the Bronze medal in men 's singles at the 2008 Summer Olympics .   Djokovic is the first Serbian player to be ranked No. 1 by the ATP and the first male player representing Serbia to win a Grand Slam singles title . Djokovic has won numerous awards , including the 2012 , 2015 , and 2016 Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year , 2011 BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year , five-time ITF World Champion , and four-time ATP year-end number 1 . He is a recipient of the Order of St. Sava , the Order of Karađorđe 's Star and the Order of the Republika Srpska .

neg: Top Spin 4 Top Spin 4 is a tennis video game developed by 2K Czech and published by 2K Sports released on the PlayStation 3 , Wii , and Xbox 360 consoles . The game features licensed professional players , venues and equipment with professional players like Roger Federer , Rafael Nadal , Novak Djokovic , Andy Murray , Pete Sampras and Andre Agassi . The game was released on March 15 , 2011 in America , and was released on March 18 in UK/Europe . A downloadable demo was released on March 1 for the PS3 and Xbox 360 . The PS3 version supports the PlayStation Move and is also compatible in 3D . The Xbox 360 version does not support the Kinect but is 3D compatible .

neg: US Open Series The US Open Series is the seven-week summer tennis season linking twelve ATP World Tour and WTA Tour tournaments together . The Series leads to the US Open . It is often referred to as the U.S. or North American hard court season . From 2012 until 2018 , the series will be sponsored by Emirates .   It was organized in 2004 as a way to focus more attention on American tennis tournaments by getting more of them on domestic television . Until 2004 , most summer North American tournaments were not on television , the exceptions being the highly televised ATP World Tour Masters 1000 events in Canada and Cincinnati .   The eight non-Masters tournaments now enjoy about 50 hours of television combined -- about two hours on each day of their final weekends , chiefly on ESPN2 , which is where ESPN shows its tennis programming .

neg: Tsvetana Pironkova Tsvetana Pironkova ( Цветана Кирилова Пиронкова -LSB- tsvɛˈtana pirɔnˈkɔva -RSB- ) ( born 13 September 1987 ) is a Bulgarian tennis player and the current no. 1 Bulgarian in the WTA rankings . She is right-handed and plays with a two-handed backhand . Born in Plovdiv , Pironkova started playing tennis at the age of four on being introduced to the sport by her father , who later coached her . After playing at a junior level and winning Atlantic Cup , she made her senior international tournament debut in 2002 at the International Tennis Federation circuit . Early in her career , Pironkova won six international singles titles at the ITF circuit .   Pironkova made her WTA tour debut at the İstanbul Cup in 2005 , and achieved moderate success earlier in her career . That changed in 2010 , when she entered Wimbledon with a 1 -- 4 career record at the event , and went on reach the semifinals of the tournament , becoming the second Bulgarian tennis player in history to reach the semifinal stage of a Grand Slam in singles . She garnered wide recognition for her performance , and after her semifinal finish reached her highest WTA Singles ranking at no. 31 in September 2010 . Pironkova followed it up with a quarterfinal run at the event the following year , earning her the nickname `` The Wimbledon Darkhorse '' . She is also known defeating Venus Williams three times at Grand Slam tournaments , twice at Wimbledon .   Pironkova won her first WTA title at the 2014 Apia International , defeating three top-10 ranked players in a row . She defeated the world no. 2 Agnieszka Radwańska in the fourth round of the 2016 French Open , reaching her quarterfinal at a Grand Slam other than Wimbledon . In addition to this , Pironkova has a total of twelve wins over other top-10 ranked players to her name . She also holds the second longest active streak of the most consecutive Grand Slam appearances at 45 , only behind Jelena Jankovic . Pironkova has been recognized by The New York Times for her `` cerebral '' grass-court abilities and named one of the most beautiful women in sports by MSN .

neg: Rafael Nadal Rafael `` Rafa '' Nadal Parera ( -LSB- rəfəˈɛɫ nəˈðaɫ pəˈɾeɾə -RSB- , -LSB- rafaˈel naˈðal paˈɾeɾa -RSB- ; born 3 June 1986 ) is a Spanish professional tennis player . He is widely regarded as the greatest clay-court player in history , and owing to his dominance and success on the surface , he has been called `` The King of Clay '' . His evolution into an all-court threat has established him as one of the greatest players in tennis history , with some considering Nadal to be the greatest male player of all time .   Nadal has won 14 Grand Slam singles titles , the 2008 Olympic gold medal in singles , an all-time record of 30 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 titles , tied with Novak Djokovic , and a record 18 ATP World Tour 500 tournaments . He was also a member of the winning Spain Davis Cup team in 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , and 2011 . In 2010 , he became the seventh male player in history and youngest of four in the Open Era to achieve the Career Grand Slam at age 24 . He is the second male player , after Andre Agassi , to complete the singles Career Golden Slam . In 2011 , Nadal was named the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year . The left-hander is the sixth player in the Open Era to reach more than 100 finals on the ATP World Tour .   Nadal and Mats Wilander are the only two male players who have won at least two Grand Slam titles on three different surfaces -- hard court , grass , and clay . By winning the 2014 French Open , Nadal became the third player to win a single Grand Slam tournament nine times ( Martina Navratilova 9 , Margaret Court 11 ) and the first male to win at least one Grand Slam tournament for ten consecutive years , breaking the record of eight consecutive years previously shared by Björn Borg , Pete Sampras , and Roger Federer . By winning the Monte-Carlo Masters in 2012 , Nadal became the only male player in the open era to win a tournament eight consecutive times . Nadal is the only male player in tennis history to win one Grand Slam and at least one Masters 1000 title for ten consecutive years from 2005 -- 2014 . He beat Guillermo Vilas 's Open Era record of 49 clay-court titles by winning the Monte-Carlo Masters in 2017 . Nadal became the first man to win the same tournament 10 times by wining the Monte-Carlo Masters in 2017 . He repeated this historic achievement by winning the Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell for a 10th time just a few weeks later .

neg: 2017 Australian Open The 2017 Australian Open was a tennis tournament that took place at Melbourne Park between 16 -- 29 January 2017 . It was the 105th edition of the Australian Open , and the first Grand Slam tournament of the year . The tournament consisted of events for professional players in singles , doubles and mixed doubles play . Junior and wheelchair players competed in singles and doubles tournaments . As in previous years , the tournament 's title sponsor was Kia .   Novak Djokovic and Angelique Kerber were the defending champions and both were unsuccessful in their title defense ; they lost to Denis Istomin and Coco Vandeweghe in the second and fourth rounds , respectively . For the first time since the 2004 French Open , both No. 1 seeds lost before the quarterfinals , with both Andy Murray and Kerber defeated in the fourth round .   Roger Federer won his eighteenth men 's singles Grand Slam title by defeating Rafael Nadal in a five-set final . It was his first major title since 2012 Wimbledon and a rematch of the 2009 Australian Open final , which Nadal won in five sets . Serena Williams overcame her sister Venus in the women 's singles final , surpassing Steffi Graf to become the player with the most major wins in the women 's game in the Open Era .

neg: UAE Royals The UAE Royals is a tennis team based in Dubai , United Arab Emirates that competes in the International Premier Tennis League ( IPTL ) . It is one of four charter franchises that participated in the IPTL 's inaugural 2014 season where it finished as runners-up . The team is all set to start its 2015 season with marquee signings in Roger Federer and Ana Ivanovic .

neg: Petits As Les Petits As ( English : Small champions ) is a premier junior tennis tournament for players aged 12 -- 14 . It is held in Tarbes , France . It is often considered to be the European equivalent of the Junior Orange Bowl in Florida , United States due to the high number of international players that it attracts .   The event has seen a number of its champions go on to become slam winners , including Rafael Nadal , Michael Chang , Martina Hingis , and Kim Clijsters . Due to the relatively restrictive age range , few players have won the title more than once , although Hingis and Timea Bacsinszky have both done so . Most recently , upcoming Spanish player Carlos Boluda became the first boy to do so .   The tournament is played on indoor Green Set ( hard ) courts . Roughly 7,000 players enter the pre-qualifying tournaments held across France , with that number being narrowed down to 350 for the final qualifying stage , and 64 for the final tournament . The event is regulated by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) and has businesses such as Head , Eurosport , Coca-Cola , and Peugeot amongst its portfolio of partners .

neg: Yuka (name) and are feminine Japanese given names .

neg: 2009 Serbia Open The 2009 Serbia Open ( also known as Serbia Open powered by Telekom Srbija for sponsorship reasons ) was a men 's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts . It was the first edition of the event known that year as the Serbia Open , and was a part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the 2009 ATP World Tour . It took place at the Milan Gale Muškatirović complex in Belgrade , Serbia , from May 2 through May 10 , 2009 .   The singles draw was headlined by the tournament 's host , Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) No. 3 , 2008 Tennis Masters Cup , Dubai winner and recent Miami , Monte Carlo and Rome runner-up Novak Djokovic from Serbia . Other featured stars included reigning Nottingham champion Ivo Karlović , and Gstaad and Umag finalist Igor Andreev . Other seeds included Andreas Seppi from Italy , Belgrade Challenger winner Viktor Troicki , Ivan Ljubičić , Arnaud Clément and Christophe Rochus .   The doubles draw was headlined by 2008 year-end World No. 1 doubles team , 2008 Tennis Masters Cup , Rotterdam , Monte Carlo , Barcelona and Rome champions Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić , both born in Belgrade ( although Nestor grew up from early childhood in Canada and represents that country ) . Also competing were Acapulco runners-up Łukasz Kubot and Oliver Marach , Stephen Huss and Ross Hutchins , and Simon Aspelin and Paul Hanley .

neg: 2014 Stan Wawrinka tennis season The 2014 Stan Wawrinka tennis season began at the Chennai Open , where he won the title for the second time in his career . This was followed by victory at the Australian Open , where he defeated defending champion Novak Djokovic in the quarterfinals , followed by victory over world no. 1 Rafael Nadal in the final , to win his first ever Grand Slam title , launching him to a career-high no. 3 in the world , and the Swiss no. 1 ( ahead of Roger Federer ) for the first time in his career . Additionally , he won his first Masters 1000 title , defeating compatriot Federer in the final after coming back from a set down . During the first half of the season , Wawrinka went a perfect 6 -- 0 against top-10 opponents , including wins against three of the `` Big Four '' ( Djokovic , Nadal , and Federer ) . He also reached the semifinals of the ATP World Tour Finals for the second time in a row and finished the year helping Switzerland win their first Davis Cup .   He was defending champion in Oeiras , but withdrew before the tournament began .

neg: Fed Cup Fed Cup is the premier international team competition in women 's tennis , launched in 1963 to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) . The competition was known as the Federation Cup until 1995 . The Fed Cup is the world 's largest annual women 's international team sports competition , in terms of the number of nations that compete .   The men 's equivalent of the Fed Cup is the Davis Cup . Australia , Czech Republic and the United States are the only countries that have held both the Fed Cup and Davis Cup at the same time .

neg: Sabine Lisicki Sabine Katharina Lisicki ( -LSB- zaˈbɪnə lɪˈzɪki -RSB- ; born 22 September 1989 ) is a German professional tennis player . She turned professional in 2006 and her breakthrough came in 2009 when she reached the quarterfinals of the Wimbledon Championships and won her first WTA title , the Family Circle Cup , against Caroline Wozniacki . In March 2010 , she suffered an ankle injury at the Indian Wells Masters that kept her out of competition for five months and saw her fall out of the top 200 .   Lisicki rebounded in 2011 and won the Aegon Classic before entering the Wimbledon Championships as a wildcard and going on to reach the semifinals , where she lost to Maria Sharapova . In doing so she became only the second woman in Wimbledon history to make it to the semifinals while entering the tournament as a wildcard . She followed that two months later by winning her third WTA tournament , the Texas Open . In 2012 , she achieved her highest career world ranking , 12th , and again reached the quarterfinals of Wimbledon . Again , in 2012 she suffered from another ankle injury that prevented her from having better results on tour . Lisicki reached the final of the 2013 Wimbledon Championships , losing to Marion Bartoli . The following year , she reached another quarterfinal at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships and won her first title in three years when she won the 2014 Hong Kong Tennis Open .   In doubles , Lisicki won the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix in 2011 with Samantha Stosur and in 2013 with Mona Barthel and the 2014 Sony Open with coach Martina Hingis . She also reached the doubles final at Wimbledon in 2011 with Stosur and came fourth in the mixed doubles event at the 2012 London Olympics with Christopher Kas .   Lisicki currently holds the world record for the fastest serve by a female tennis player . She clocked a 131.0 mph serve during her first-round encounter against Ana Ivanovic at the 2014 Bank of the West Classic . She also held the record for the most aces in a singles match , hitting 27 aces during her second-round encounter against Belinda Bencic at the 2015 Aegon Classic , until it was surpassed by Kristýna Plíšková at the 2016 Australian Open .

neg: 2009 Sony Ericsson Open The 2009 Sony Ericsson Open ( also known as 2009 Miami Masters ) was a men 's and women 's tennis tournament held from March 23 to April 5 , 2009 . It was the 25th edition of the Miami Masters event and was played on outdoor hard courts at the Tennis Center at Crandon Park in Key Biscayne , Florida , located near Miami . The tournament was part of 2009 ATP World Tour and 2009 WTA Tour , classified as ATP World Tour Masters 1000 and Premier Mandatory event respectively .   The men 's singles event was won by British player Andy Murray , who defeated Novak Djokovic in the final . Victoria Azarenka of Belarus won the women 's singles event by defeating defending champion Serena Williams . Both Murray and Azarenka were first-time winners at the tournament and also the first to win from their respective countries . In the doubles events , Max Mirnyi and Andy Ram won the men 's title by defeating the team of Ashley Fisher and Stephen Huss . The women 's doubles title was won by Svetlana Kuznetsova and Amélie Mauresmo who overcame Květa Peschke and Lisa Raymond in the final match .

neg: 2016 Australian Open – Main Draw Wildcard Entries The 2016 Australian Open Wildcard Playoffs and Entries was a group of events and internal selections to choose the eight men and eight women singles wildcard entries for the 2016 Australian Open , as well as seven male and seven female doubles teams plus eight mixed doubles teams .   One wildcard each was given to the winners of the Australian Open Wildcard Playoff , a tournament between Australian players who did not receive direct entry into the draw . This took place from 14 to 20 December 2015 .   In an agreement with the United States Tennis Association and the French Tennis Federation , Tennis Australia gives one man and one woman from the United States and France each a wildcard into the Australian Open . The French players were chosen by internal selection , while USTA awarded the entry to the player with the most points over three pre-selected events in USA over October and November 2015 .   Since the Australian Open is promoted as the `` Grand Slam of Asia/Pacific '' , one male and one female player from this geographical area were awarded a wildcard . This was decided through the Asia-Pacific Australian Open Wildcard Playoff . At the same event , one male and one female doubles team won wildcards , and one wildcard each was contested in boys and girls singles . This took pace from 2 to 6 December 2015 .   Remaining wildcards were awarded by internal Australian selection .   For the first time , a new initiative was put in place for rewarding women 's wildcards . A wildcard race was put in place by Tennis Australia to offer the highest Australian points earner from the 2015 Canberra Tennis International and 2015 Bendigo Women 's International a main draw wildcard . The singles wildcard was won by Tammi Patterson and the doubles wildcard was won by Jessica Moore and Storm Sanders . Also for the first time , the winner of the girls ' 18 and under national championships was rewarded a main draw wildcard .

neg: Shuzo Matsuoka is a retired Japanese professional tennis player . A former Wimbledon quarter-finalist , Matsuoka won one singles title during his career , in Seoul in 1992 . In the same year , he reached a career-high ranking of World No. 46 .