query: Genghis Khan had an empire.

pos: Genghis Khan Genghis Khan ( -LSB- ˈdʒɛŋɡɪs_ˈkɑːn -RSB- , usually pronounced -LSB- ˈɡɛŋɡɪs_ˈkɑːn -RSB- Чингис хаан , Çingis hán -LSB- t͡ʃʰiŋɡɪs xaːŋ -RSB- , c. 1162 August 18 , 1227 ) , born Temüjin , was the Great Khan and founder of the Mongol Empire , which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death .   He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia . After founding the Empire and being proclaimed `` Genghis Khan '' , he started the Mongol invasions that conquered most of Eurasia . Campaigns initiated in his lifetime include those against the Qara Khitai , Caucasus , and Khwarazmian , Western Xia and Jin dynasties . These campaigns were often accompanied by large-scale massacres of the civilian populations -- especially in the Khwarazmian and Western Xia controlled lands . By the end of his life , the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China .   Before Genghis Khan died he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor . Later his grandsons split his empire into khanates . He died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia . He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia . His descendants extended the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states in all of modern-day China , Korea , the Caucasus , Central Asia , and substantial portions of Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia . Many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations . As a result , Genghis Khan and his empire have a fearsome reputation in local histories .   Beyond his military accomplishments , Genghis Khan also advanced the Mongol Empire in other ways . He decreed the adoption of the Uyghur script as the Mongol Empire 's writing system . He also practiced meritocracy and encouraged religious tolerance in the Mongol Empire , and unified the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia . Present-day Mongolians regard him as the founding father of Mongolia .   Although known for the brutality of his campaigns and considered by many to have been a genocidal ruler , Genghis Khan is also credited with bringing the Silk Road under one cohesive political environment . This brought communication and trade from Northeast Asia into Muslim Southwest Asia and Christian Europe , thus expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas .

neg: Rise of the Ottoman Empire The foundation and rise of the Ottoman Empire is a period of history that started with the emergence of the Ottoman principality in , and ended with the conquest of Constantinople on May 29 , 1453 . This period witnessed the foundation of a political entity ruled by the Ottoman Dynasty in the northwestern Anatolian region of Bithynia , and its transformation from a small principality on the Byzantine frontier into an empire spanning the Balkans and Anatolia . For this reason , this period in the empire 's history has been described as the Proto-Imperial Era . Throughout most of this period , the Ottomans were merely one of many competing states in the region , and relied upon the support of local warlords and vassals to maintain control over their realm . By the middle of the fifteenth century the Ottoman sultans were able to accumulate enough personal power and authority to establish a centralized imperial state , a process which was brought to fruition by Sultan Mehmed II ( r. 1451-1481 ) .   The cause of Ottoman success can not be attributed to any single factor , and they varied throughout the period as the Ottomans continually adapted to changing circumstances .   The earlier part of this period , the fourteenth century , is particularly difficult for historians to study due to the scarcity of sources . Not a single written document survives from the reign of Osman I , and very little survives from the rest of the century . The Ottomans , furthermore , did not begin to record their own history until the fifteenth century , more than a hundred years after many of the events they describe . It is thus a great challenge for historians to differentiate between fact and myth in analyzing the stories contained in these later chronicles , so much so that one historian has even declared it impossible , describing the earliest period of Ottoman history as a `` black hole . ''

neg: Armenian nobility The Armenian nobility was a class of persons which enjoyed certain privileges relative to other members of society under the laws and customs of various regimes of what is now Armenia , also Russia , Iran and Turkey until the beginning of the 20th century . Governments which recognized or conferred nobility were the Orontid Armenia ( 570-331 B.C. ) , Great Armenia ( 331 B.C.-428 A.D. ) , Bagratid Armenia ( 885-1045 ) and the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia ( 1198-1375 ) . Armenian nobility was also recognized by the Sassanid Empire ( Marzpanate Armenia , 428-642 ) , the Byzantine Empire ( Byzantine Armenia , 387-650 ) , the Arab caliphate ( Arminiya 654-884 ) , the Seljuk Empire ( Armenian Kingdoms of Vanand , 963-1065 , Syunik , 987-1170 , and Lori , 978-1113 ) , the Mongol Empire ( Zakarid Armenia , 13th century ) , the Kara Koyunly and Ak Koyunlu ( 14-15th centuries ) , the Ottoman Empire , Safavid Iran , and the Russian Empire .   All legal privileges of the nobility were officially abolished after the Armenian Genocide in Turkey ( 1915 ) and the October Revolution in Russia ( 1917 ) . The few Armenian nobles who lived in Iran lost their noble rights after the Islamic Revolution ( 1979 ) .   The system of nobility in the former Armenian states was similar to the nobility of Cilicia .

neg: Manchu people The Manchu are an ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name . They are sometimes called `` red-tasseled Manchus '' , a reference to the ornamentation on traditional Manchu hats . The Later Jin ( 1616-1636 ) , and Qing dynasty ( 1636 -- 1912 ) are established by Manchus , who are descended from the Jurchen people who earlier established the Jin dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) in China .   Manchus form the largest branch of the Tungusic peoples and are distributed throughout China , forming the fourth largest ethnic group in the country . They can be found in 31 Chinese provincial regions . They also form the largest minority group in China without an autonomous region . Among them , Liaoning has the largest population and Hebei , Heilongjiang , Jilin , Inner Mongolia and Beijing have over 100,000 Manchu residents . About half of the population live in Liaoning and one-fifth in Hebei . There are a number of Manchu autonomous counties in China , such as Xinbin , Xiuyan , Qinglong , Fengning , Yitong , Qingyuan , Weichang , Kuancheng , Benxi , Kuandian , Huanren , Fengcheng , Beizhen and over 300 Manchu towns and townships .

neg: Achaemenid Assyria Athura ( ð ð ° ð cents ð 1/4 ð Aθurā ) , also called Assyria Babylonia , was a geographical area within the Persian Achaemenid Empire held by the last nobility of Aššur ( Akkadian ) , known as Athura ( Neo-Aramaic ) or Atouria ( Greek ) , during the period of 539 BC to 330 BC as a military protectorate state of Persia under the rule of Cyrus the Great . Although sometimes regarded as a satrapy , Achaemenid royal inscriptions list it as a dahyu , a concept generally interpreted as meaning either a group of people or both a country and its people , without any administrati   It mostly incorporated the original Assyrian kingdom , corresponding with modern northern Iraq in the upper Tigris , the middle and upper Euphrates , modern-day north eastern Syria ( Eber-Nari ) and part of south-east Anatolia ( modern Turkey ) . The Neo-Assyrian Empire collapsed after a period of violent civil wars , followed by an invasion by a coalition of some of its former subject peoples , the Iranian peoples ( Medes , Persians and Scythians ) , Babylonians and Cimmerians in the late 7th century BC , culminating in the Battle of Nineveh , and Assyria had fallen completely by 605 BC . Between 605 and 559 BC , Assyria was divided between the Median Empire to the east and the Neo-Babylonian Empire to the west . Both parts were subsumed into the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BC , and it has been argued that they constituted the satrapies of Media and Athura , respectively . In Herodotus ' account the Ninth Tributary District comprised `` Babylonia and the rest of Assyria '' , and excluded Eber-Nari .   Despite a few rebellions , Assyria functioned as an important part of the Achaemenid Empire . The Assyrian people were given the right to govern themselves throughout Achaemenid rule , and the Assyrian ( Aramaic ) language was used diplomatically by the Persians . Known for their combat skills , Assyrian soldiers ( along with the Lydians ) constituted the main heavy infantry of the Achaemenid empire 's military . Due to the major destruction of Assyria during the fall of its empire , some early scholars described the area as an `` uninhabited wasteland . '' Other Assyriologists , however , such as John Curtis and Simo Parpola , have strongly disputed this claim , citing how Assyria would eventually become one of the wealthiest regions among the Achaemenid Empire . This wealth was due to the land 's great prosperity for agriculture that the Persians used effectively for almost 200 years . In contrast to the policy of the Assyrian Empire , the Achaemenid Persians did not intervene in the internal affairs of their ruling satrapies as long as they continued the flow of tribute and taxes back to Persia .

neg: Jasagh A jasagh ( засаг , or засаг ноён ; lit . Power , Authority ) was the head of a Mongol banner or khoshun during the Qing dynasty ( 1644-1911 ) and Boghda Khanate of Mongolia . The term is rendered zhasake in contemporary Chinese documents . The position was held by hereditary succession by certain Mongol princes , most of whom were descendants of Genghis Khan . The princes who did not serve as Jasagh were known as sula ( сул - empty vacant free , loose ) or hohi taiji .   Category : Mongolia under Qing rule

neg: History of Afghanistan The written history of Afghanistan , ( تاریخ افغانستان د افغانستان تاريخ can be traced back to around 500 BCE when the area was under the Achaemenid Empire , although evidence indicates that an advanced degree of urbanized culture has existed in the land since between 3000 and 2000 BCE . The Indus Valley Civilisation stretched up to large parts of Afghanistan in the north , with several sites being known . Alexander the Great and his Macedonian army arrived at what is now Afghanistan in 330 BCE after conquering Persia during the Battle of Gaugamela . Since then , many empires have established capitals inside Afghanistan , including the Greco-Bactrians , Mauryas , Kushans , Hindu Shahi , Saffarids , Samanids , Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Timurids , Mughals , Hotakis and Durranis .   Afghanistan ( meaning `` land of the Afghans '' ) has been a strategically important location throughout history . The land served as `` a gateway to India , impinging on the ancient Silk Road , which carried trade from the Mediterranean to China '' . Sitting on many trade and migration routes , Afghanistan may be called the ` Central Asian roundabout ' since routes converge from the Middle East , from the Indus Valley through the passes over the Hindu Kush , from the Far East via the Tarim Basin , and from the adjacent Eurasian Steppe .   The archaeological manifestation of the Indo-Iranians ( Aryans ) before their split into separate language groups is generally seen as the Andronovo culture to the north of present-day Afghanistan . The Iranian languages were developed by one branch of these people ; the Pashto language spoken today in Afghanistan is one of the Eastern Iranian languages . Elena E. Kuz ` mina argues that the tents of Iranian-speaking nomads of Afghanistan developed from the light surface houses of the Eurasian steppe belt in the Bronze Age .   The Arab invasions influenced the culture of Afghanistan , and its pre-Islamic period of Zoroastrian , Macedonian , Buddhist and Hindu past has long vanished . Turkic empire-builders such as the Ghaznavids and Timurids made the region now called Afghanistan of major importance .   Mirwais Hotak followed by Ahmad Shah Durrani unified Afghan tribes and founded the last Afghan Empire in the early 18th century CE . Afghanistan 's sovereignty has been held during the Anglo-Afghan Wars , the 1980s Soviet war , and the 2001-present war by the country 's many and diverse people : the Pashtuns , Tajiks , Hazaras , Uzbeks , Turkmen , Aimak , Baloch and others . The Pashtuns form the largest group , claiming to be descendants of ancient Israelites or Qais Abdur Rashid but scholars believe that they are a confederation of various peoples from the past who united under Pashtunwali .

neg: Book of the Later Han The Hou Hanshu , or Book of the Later Han , also known as History of the Later Han , is a Chinese court document covering the history of the Han dynasty from 6 to 189 CE . It was compiled by Fan Ye and others in the 5th century during the Liu Song dynasty , using a number of earlier histories and documents as sources .   The book is part of four early historiographies of the Twenty-Four Histories canon , together with the Records of the Grand Historian , Book of Han and Records of the Three Kingdoms . Fan Ye used earlier histories , including accounts by Sima Qian and Ban Gu , along with many others ( some had similar names , such as the Han Records of the Eastern Lodge by various contemporaries throughout the 2nd century , and the Records of Later Han by Yuan Hong from the 4th century ) , most of which did not survive intact .   The section on the Treatise on the Western Regions was based on a report composed by Ban Yong ( with a few later additions ) and presented to Emperor An of Han in around 125 . It presumably includes notes from his father Ban Chao . It forms the 88th chapter ( or 118th chapter in some editions ) of the Book of the Later Han , and is a key source for the cultural and socio-economic data on the Western Regions , including the earliest accounts of Daqin ( the Roman Empire ) , and some of the most detailed early reports on India and Central Asia . It contains a few references to events occurring after the death of Emperor An , including a brief account of the arrival of the first official envoys from Rome in 166 .   Fan Ye , himself , clearly says that the new information contained in this section on the Western Regions , is largely based on information from the report of Ban Yong :   `` Ban Gu has recorded in detail the local conditions and customs of each kingdom in the former book -LSB- Book of Han or ` History of the Former Han Dynasty ' -RSB- . Now , the reports of the Jianwu period -LSB- 25-56 -RSB- onwards recorded in this ` Chapter on the Western Regions ' differ from the earlier -LSB- ones by Ban Gu -RSB- ; they are from Ban Yong 's report -LSB- presented -RSB- at the end of -LSB- the reign of -RSB- Emperor An -LSB- 107-125 -RSB- , and so on . ''

neg: Mongol invasions of Korea The Mongol invasions of Korea ( 1231 -- 1259 ) comprised a series of campaigns between 1231 and 1270 by the Mongol Empire against the Kingdom of Goryeo ( the proto-state of modern-day Korea ) . There were seven major campaigns at tremendous cost to civilian lives throughout the Korean peninsula , ultimately resulting in Korea becoming a vassal state of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty for approximately 80 years .

neg: Kingdom of Mangalai Mangalai was a 13th-century kingdom with its capital in northwest China 's Akesu city . Mentioned by Marco Polo , it was subservant to Genghis Khan from 1224 to his death in 1227 . On the edge of the Yuan Dynasty of China , Mangalai was controlled by the Chagatai Khanate . It 's latter history sees periods of autonomy or inclusion of one of many larger kingdoms including : Mogulistan , Kashgar , and Kingdom of Kashgaria . In 1877 the area came under the control of the Qing Dynasty of China and remains part of the Chinese province of Xinjiang .

neg: Sogdia Sogdia or Sogdiana was an ancient Iranian civilization that at different times included territory located in present-day Tajikistan and Uzbekistan such as : Samarkand , Bukhara , Khujand , Panjikent and Shahrisabz . Sogdiana was also a province of the Achaemenid Empire , eighteenth in the list on the Behistun Inscription of Darius the Great ( i. 16 ) . In the Avesta , Sogdiana is listed as the second best land that the supreme deity Ahura Mazda had created . It comes second , after Airyanem Vaejah , `` homeland of the Aryans '' , in the Zoroastrian book of Vendidad , indicating the importance of this region from ancient times . Sogdiana was conquered by the Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great in 328 BC and later formed part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and Sasanian Empire .   The Sogdian states , although never politically united , were centred on the main city of Samarkand . Sogdiana lay north of Bactria , east of Khwarezm , and southeast of Kangju between the Oxus ( Amu Darya ) and the Jaxartes ( Syr Darya ) , embracing the fertile valley of the Zeravshan ( ancient Polytimetus ) . Sogdian territory corresponds to the modern provinces of Samarkand and Bokhara in modern Uzbekistan as well as the Sughd province of modern Tajikistan . During the High Middle Ages , Sogdian cities included sites stretching towards Issyk Kul such as that at the archeological site of Suyab . Sogdian , an Eastern Iranian language , is no longer a spoken language , but its direct descendant , Yaghnobi , is still spoken by the Yaghnobis of Tajikistan . It was widely spoken in Central Asia as a lingua franca and even served as one of the Turkic Khaganate 's court languages for writing documents .   Sogdians also lived in Imperial China and rose to special prominence in the military and government of the Chinese Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 AD ) . Sogdian merchants and diplomats traveled as far west as the Byzantine Empire . They played an important part as middlemen in the trade route of the Silk Road . While originally following the faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism from Persia , Buddhism from India , and Nestorian Christianity from West Asia , the gradual conversion to Islam among the Sogdians and their descendants began with the Muslim conquest of Transoxiana in the 8th century . The Sogdian conversion to Islam was virtually complete by the end of the Samanid Empire in 999 , coinciding with the decline of the Sogdian language , as it was largely supplanted by Persian .

neg: List of Crimean khans This is a list of khans of the Crimean Khanate , a state which existed in present-day southern Ukraine from 1441 until 1783 . Crimean Tatars , although not a part of the Ukrainian ethnos , are deeply interconnected , having ruled a large part of modern Ukraine over the span of 300 years .   The position of Khan in Crimea was electoral and was picked by beys from four of the most noble families ( also known as Qarachi beys : argyns , kipchaks , shirins , baryns ) at kurultai where the decision about a candidate was adopted . The newly elected Khan was raised on a white felt sheet and over him were read Islamic prayers , after that the Khan was triumphantly enthroned .   The following is the chronological table of reigns of Khans of the Crimean Khanate from the Giray dynasty :

neg: Genghis Khan: To the Ends of the Earth and Sea is a 2007 Japanese - Mongolian historical drama film depicting the life of Genghis Khan .

neg: Tribute A tribute ( from Latin tributum , contribution ) is wealth , often in kind , that a party gives to another as a sign of respect or , as was often the case in historical contexts , of submission or allegiance . Various ancient states exacted tribute from the rulers of land which the state conquered or otherwise threatened to conquer . In case of alliances , lesser parties may pay tribute to more powerful parties as a sign of allegiance and often in order to finance projects that benefited both parties . To be called `` tribute '' a recognition by the payer of political submission to the payee is normally required ; the large sums , essentially protection money , paid by the later Roman and Byzantine Empires to barbarian peoples to prevent them attacking imperial territory , would not usually be termed `` tribute '' as the Empire accepted no inferior political position . Payments by a superior political entity to an inferior one , made for various purposes , are described by terms including `` subsidy '' .   The ancient Persian Achaemenid Empire is an example of an ancient ` tribute empire ; one that made relatively few demands on its non-Persian subjects other than the regular payment of tribute , which might be gold , luxury goods , animals , soldiers or slaves . However failure to keep up the payments had dire consequences . The reliefs at Persepolis show processions of figures bearing varied types of tribute .   The medieval Mongol rulers of Russia likewise only expected tribute from the Russian states , which continued to govern themselves . Athens received tribute from the other cities of the Delian League . The empires of Assyria , Babylon , Carthage and Rome exacted tribute from their provinces and subject kingdoms . Ancient China received tribute from various states such as Japan , Korea , Vietnam , Cambodia , Borneo , Indonesia , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Myanmar and Central Asia . The Aztec Empire is another example . The Roman republic exacted tribute in the form of payments equivalent to proportional property taxes , for the purpose of waging war .   Tribute empires contrast with those like the Roman Empire , which more closely controlled and garrisoned subject territories . A tributary state is one that preserves its political position and such independence as it has only by paying tribute .

neg: Organization of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan

neg: Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World ( 2004 ) is a history book written by Jack Weatherford , Dewitt Wallace Professor of Anthropology at Macalester College . It is a narrative of the rise and influence of Genghis Khan and his successors , and their influence on European civilization . Weatherford provides a different slant on Genghis Khan than has been typical in most Western accounts , attributing positive cultural effects to his rule .   In the last section , he reviews the historiography of Genghis Khan in the West and argues that the leader 's early portrayal in writings as an `` excellent , noble king '' changed to that of a brutal pagan during the Age of Enlightenment . Weatherford made use of three major non-Western sources : The Secret History of the Mongols , the Ta ' rīkh-i jahān-gushā of Juvayni and the Jami al-Tawarikh of Rashid-al-Din Hamadani .

neg: Temüge Temüge ( 1168 -- 1246 ) was the youngest full-brother of Genghis Khan , fourth son of Yesugei and Oelun .  The Secret History of the Mongols tells that `` when Temujin was 9 years of age , Temuge was three years old . '' Being the youngest boy in the family , he received a prefix to the name `` otchigin '' ( diminutive form of '' отгон '' or `` otgon '' meaning `` junior '' ) , who in the family is always a `` guardian of the family and home '' ) , and therefore is often referred to as Temuge-otchigin or simply Otchigin . In childhood and adolescence was somewhat spoiled by his mother and older brothers , inclined to luxury , but was `` courageous , powerful and quick in battle '' that was recognized even by the family 's enemies . When the shaman Kokochu ( Teb-Tengri ) started dragging the power over the Mongols to his own family , Genghis khan sanctioned Temuge to kill Kokochu in a staged wrestling match .   As the youngest male sibling , Temüge and his mother , by Mongol traditions , were allotted the most land and people by Genghis Khan during his coronation . Although he seems to have been the least warlike of the brothers , and was criticized by Genghis himself for being lazy and shiftless , Temüge proved himself to be a skilled politician and capable ruler , who , alongside his mother Hoelun , ruled the Mongol heartland in his eldest brothers ' absence being engaged in war campaigns . He appears to have had intellectual leanings , first coming under the influence of the conquered Xia and Jin cultures and then taking an active interest in the other cultures encompassed in the vast Mongol empire .   Temuge attempted to enter the main political arena after the death of Ögedei Khan , his nephew and son of Genghis Khan , in 1241 . At that time , Ogedei 's son Güyük Khan was engaged in so-called `` Western campaign '' in Russia and Europe , so Temuge-otchigin tried to seize the throne , but he was intervened by Töregene , Ogedei 's widow and Güyük 's mother . After the 1246 kurultai elected Güyük as great khan , Temuge was executed .

neg: Chonos tribe Chonos , one of the Mongolian tribes , can be found in Kalmykia , Buryatia , and the Irkutskaya province in the Russian Federation , and also in Mongolia and the People 's Republic of China . The name of the tribe translates as `` wolves '' or `` wolf 's '' , and it is one of the most ancient Mongolian tribes . It is famous as a first tribe which joined Genghis Khan .   Other names of the tribe in the various Mongolian languages include `` Shono '' , `` Chono '' , `` Shonod '' , and `` Chinos '' .   According to Rashid-al-Din , the founders of the Chonos tribe were two sons of Charake-Lingum , named Gendu-Chino and Ulug-Chino , while the third son of Charake-Lingum , Surkuduku-Chino , was the father of Ambagay-Khan . Rashid-al-Din states that the male line of the Chonos tribe is Bodonchar - Habichi-Baatar - Dutum-Meneen - Haidu - Charake-Lingum - Gendu-Chino and Ulug-Chino . The name of Gendu-Chino is still found among the Chonos `` arvans '' in Kalmykia .   In Mongolia the Chonos tribe is found among the Darkhad .

neg: History of the Byzantine Empire This history of the Byzantine Empire covers the history of the Eastern Roman Empire from late antiquity until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD . Several events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the transitional period during which the Roman Empire 's east and west divided . In 285 , the emperor Diocletian ( r. 284 -- 305 ) partitioned the Roman Empire 's administration into eastern and western halves . Between 324 and 330 , Constantine I ( r. 306 -- 337 ) transferred the main capital from Rome to Byzantium , later known as Constantinople ( `` City of Constantine '' ) and Nova Roma ( `` New Rome '' ) . Under Theodosius I ( r. 379 -- 395 ) , Christianity became the Empire 's official state religion and others such as Roman polytheism were proscribed . And finally , under the reign of Heraclius ( r. 610 -- 641 ) , the Empire 's military and administration were restructured and adopted Greek for official use instead of Latin . Thus , although it continued the Roman state and maintained Roman state traditions , modern historians distinguish Byzantium from ancient Rome insofar as it was oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture , and characterised by Orthodox Christianity rather than Roman polytheism .   The borders of the Empire evolved significantly over its existence , as it went through several cycles of decline and recovery . During the reign of Justinian I ( r. 527 -- 565 ) , the Empire reached its greatest extent after reconquering much of the historically Roman western Mediterranean coast , including north Africa , Italy , and Rome itself , which it held for two more centuries . During the reign of Maurice ( r. 582 -- 602 ) , the Empire 's eastern frontier was expanded and the north stabilised . However , his assassination caused a two-decade-long war with Sassanid Persia which exhausted the Empire 's resources and contributed to major territorial losses during the Muslim conquests of the 7th century . In a matter of years the Empire lost its richest provinces , Egypt and Syria , to the Arabs .   During the Macedonian dynasty ( 10th -- 11th centuries ) , the Empire again expanded and experienced a two-century long renaissance , which came to an end with the loss of much of Asia Minor to the Seljuk Turks after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 . This battle opened the way for the Turks to settle in Anatolia as a homeland .   The final centuries of the Empire exhibited a general trend of decline . It struggled to recover during the 12th century , but was delivered a mortal blow during the Fourth Crusade , when Constantinople was sacked and the Empire dissolved and divided into competing Byzantine Greek and Latin realms . Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople and re-establishment of the Empire in 1261 , Byzantium remained only one of several small rival states in the area for the final two centuries of its existence . Its remaining territories were progressively annexed by the Ottomans over the 15th century . The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 finally ended the Roman Empire .

neg: Hongwu Emperor The Hongwu Emperor ( 21 October 1328 -- 24 June 1398 ) , personal name Zhu Yuanzhang , was the founder and first emperor of China 's Ming dynasty .   In the middle of the 14th century , with famine , plagues , and peasant revolts sweeping across China , Zhu Yuanzhang rose to command the force that conquered China and ended the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty , forcing the Mongols to retreat to the Central Asian steppes . Following his seizure of the Yuan capital , Khanbaliq ( present-day Beijing ) , Zhu claimed the Mandate of Heaven and established the Ming dynasty in 1368 . Trusting only in his family , he made his many sons powerful feudal princes along the northern marches and the Yangtze valley . Having outlived his first successor , the Hongwu Emperor enthroned his grandson via a series of instructions ; this ended in failure , when the Jianwen Emperor 's attempt to unseat his uncles led to the Ming Yongle Emperor ( r. 14021424 ) '' .   Most of the historical sites related to the Hongwu Emperor are located in Nanjing , the original capital of the Ming dynasty .

neg: Northern Liang The Northern Liang ( ; 397-439 ) was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms in China . It was founded by the Xiongnu Juqu family , although they initially supported the Han official Duan Ye as prince , they overthrew him in 401 and took over the state for themselves .   All rulers of the Northern Liang proclaimed themselves `` wang '' ( translatable as `` prince '' or `` king '' ) .   Most Chinese historians view the Northern Liang as having ended in 439 , when its capital Guzang ( 姑臧 , in modern Wuwei , Gansu ) fell to Northern Wei forces and its prince Juqu Mujian was captured . However , some view his cousins Juqu Wuhui and Juqu Anzhou , who subsequently settled with Northern Liang remnants in Gaochang ( 高昌 , in modern Turpan Prefecture , Xinjiang ) , as a continuation of the Northern Liang , and thus view the Northern Liang as having ended in 460 when Gaochang fell to Rouran and was made a vassal .   It was during the Northern Liang that the first Buddhist cave shrine sites appear in Gansu Province . The two most famous sites are Tiandishan ( `` Celestial Ladder Mountain '' ) , which was south of the Northern Liang capital at Yongcheng , and Wenshushan ( `` Manjusri 's Mountain '' ) , halfway between Yongcheng and Dunhuang . Maijishan lies more or less on a main route connecting China and Central Asia ( approximately 150 mi west of modern Xi'an ) , just south of the Weihe ( Wei River ) . It had the additional advantage of located not too distant from a main route that also ran N-S to Chengdu and the Indian subcontinent .   In 439 , remnants of the Northern Liang royal family fled to Gaochang to found a new kingdom , led by Juqu Wuhui and Juqu Anzhou where they would hold on to power until 460 when they were conquered by the Rouran ( Avars ) . The remnants of the Juqu family were slaughtered .


query: Justin Bieber is a musician.

pos: Love Yourself `` Love Yourself '' is a song recorded by Canadian singer Justin Bieber for his fourth studio album Purpose ( 2015 ) . The song was released first as a promotional single on November 9 , 2015 , and later was released as the album 's third single . It was written by Ed Sheeran , Benny Blanco and Bieber , and produced by Blanco . An acoustic pop song , `` Love Yourself '' features an electric guitar and a brief flurry of trumpets as its main instrumentation . During the song , Bieber uses a husky tone in the lower registers . Lyrically , the song is a kiss-off to a narcissistic ex-lover who did the protagonist wrong .   On the US Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart , the song became Bieber 's third consecutive number-one , where in the United States it spent 24 non-consecutive weeks in the top ten ( later named the best-performing single of 2016 ) and was also Bieber 's first number one on the Adult Contemporary chart , while in the United Kingdom it spent six weeks at the top . `` Love Yourself '' topped the charts in fifteen countries , including Australia , Canada , New Zealand , and Sweden . `` Love Yourself '' was nominated for two Grammy Awards : Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance . It was the seventh-best-selling song of 2016 in the US .   The music video for the song was released along with the Purpose : The Movement project on November 14 , 2015 . It features a couple doing an interpretive dance on their house . Bieber promoted the song with performances on TV shows , as well as awards shows throughout 2015-2016 , while adding it on the set list of his Purpose World Tour .

pos: Believe (Justin Bieber album) Believe is the third studio album by Canadian singer Justin Bieber , released on June 15 , 2012 , by Island Records . Looking to transition from the teen pop styles of his two-piece debut effort My World ( 2009 ) and My World 2.0 ( 2010 ) , Bieber opted to create a follow-up record that featured more prominent elements of dance-pop and contemporary R&B . As executive producers , mentor Usher and manager Scooter Braun enlisted collaborators including Darkchild , Hit-Boy , Diplo and Max Martin with the intention of creating a mature-sounding project .   Upon its release , Believe received generally favorable reviews from music critics , who appreciated its progression from Bieber 's earlier works . It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 374,000 copies , and was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for sales exceeding one million units . Internationally , the record enjoyed similar success . It debuted atop the Canadian Albums Chart , where it eventually attained double-platinum recognition . The album additionally debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart , and was later certified gold there . According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) , Believe was the sixth global best-selling album of 2012 with sales of three million copies .   Five singles were released from Believe , several of which became international successes . Its lead single `` Boyfriend '' peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 , and reached number one on the Canadian Hot 100 . Follow-ups `` As Long as You Love Me '' and `` Beauty and a Beat '' performed moderately worldwide , and positioned within the top-ten in the United States and Canada . `` Right Here '' received little promotion , consequentially peaking in the lower end of the Billboard Hot 100 , while the final single `` All Around the World '' performed moderately in most markets . The project was additionally promoted through the Believe Tour in 2012 and 2013 . The remix album Believe Acoustic was released in January 2013 .

pos: My World (EP) My World is the debut extended play ( EP ) by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber . It was released on 17 November 2009 , by Island Records . The album is considered the first half of a two-piece project , later being supplemented by his debut studio album My World 2.0 ( 2010 ) . After signing a recording contract in light of his growing popularity on YouTube , Bieber worked with collaborators including his mentor Usher , in addition to producers Tricky Stewart , The-Dream , and Midi Mafia . Its music incorporates pop and R&B styles , and lyrically discusses teen romance and coming of age situations .   Upon its release , My World received generally favorable reviews from music critics , who complimented its production . It debuted at number six on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 137,000 copies . In doing so , it became the strongest-debuting release for a new artist in 2009 , though it was topped the following week by I Dreamed a Dream by Susan Boyle , which moved 701,000 units . Upon the release of My World 2.0 in March 2010 , its predecessor peaked at number five . Less than two months after its release , the record was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for sales exceeding one million copies . Internationally , the extended play attained similar success . It debuted atop the Canadian Albums Chart , where it was later certified double platinum . It additionally attained double platinum recognition in the United Kingdom .   Two singles were released from My World , both of which became international successes . Its lead single `` One Time '' reached the top twenty in five countries ' singles charts , while its follow-up `` One Less Lonely Girl '' peaked within the top ten in Canada and top fifteen in the United States . The promotional singles `` Love Me '' and `` Favorite Girl '' peaked in the top forty of the US Billboard Hot 100 . The project was additionally promoted through television appearances and the My World Tour in 2010 . The remix album My Worlds Acoustic and compilation album My Worlds : The Collection were released later that November ; the latter packaged My World , My World 2.0 , and My Worlds Acoustic into a two-disc set .   On February 12 , 2016 , the EP was released on vinyl for the first time .

pos: Baby (Justin Bieber song) `` Baby '' is a song by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber . It was released as the lead single from the latter half of Bieber 's debut album , My World 2.0 . The track was written by Bieber with Christopher `` Tricky '' Stewart and Terius `` The-Dream '' Nash , both of whom worked with Bieber on `` One Time '' , and also by R&B singer Christina Milian and labelmate , rapper Ludacris .   It was available for digital download on January 18 , 2010 . The song received airplay directly after release , officially impacting mainstream and rhythmic radio on January 26 , 2010 . The song is uptempo R&B , blending together dance-pop and hip-hop elements , while using influences of doo-wop music .  The song has received positive reviews from critics who complimented the song 's effective lyrics and chorus , and commended Ludacris ' part and the song 's ability to have an urban twist .   The song was a commercial success , peaking at number one in France , and charting in the top ten of the United Kingdom , Canada , the United States , Australia , Norway , Japan , Ireland , Hungary , Belgium ( Flanders ) , Slovakia and New Zealand . The accompanying music video takes place in a mall/bowling-alley setting . The video features several cameos such as Drake , Lil Twist and Tinashe , in which Bieber chases after a girl . As of May 2013 , the song has sold 3.9 million digital downloads in the United States .   The official music video is the twentieth most-viewed video all-time on YouTube , and is also , as of 2017 , the YouTube video with the most dislikes . It had been the most-viewed from July 12 , 2010 until November 24 , 2012 , when it was surpassed by the music video for `` Gangnam Style '' by Psy . Bieber performed the song several times , including Saturday Night Live , and the ninth season of American Idol . Bieber also performed an acoustic rendition of the remix version with Drake at the 2010 Juno Awards . The official remix in the United Kingdom features British hip-hop artist Chipmunk .

pos: Under the Mistletoe Under the Mistletoe is the first Christmas album and second studio album by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber . It was released on November 1 , 2011 , by Island Records .

pos: Where Are Ü Now `` Where Are Ü Now ? '' is a song produced by American EDM artists Skrillex and Diplo under their collaborative effort Jack Ü , with vocals from Canadian singer Justin Bieber . The song was released as the second single from the duo 's debut studio album , Skrillex and Diplo Present Jack Ü ( 2015 ) , on their respective labels OWSLA and Mad Decent , and is also included on Bieber 's fourth album Purpose ( 2015 ) . It was released simultaneously with the album on February 27 , 2015 , later sent to mainstream radio on April 21 , 2015 .   Initially , a demo was written by Nick as a piano ballad titled `` The Most '' , however Bieber decided to send the track to the duo , who transformed the track into electronic dance music , but maintained the original lyrics . The song main 's instrumentation consists in sharp dancehall stabs and an Eastern melody . Bieber 's vocals also suffered alterations in some parts of the song . Lyrically , `` Where Are Ü Now '' talks about caring and praying for an ex who did n't return the favor , and longing for someone who could comfort him in his time of need .   The song was featured on several year-end list of best songs of 2015 , being at the top of two publications . It also won a Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording . Commercially , the song peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 , giving both Skrillex and Diplo their first top 10 single on the chart , also giving Bieber his seventh . Internationally , the song has peaked within the top-ten of the charts in eight countries , including Australia , Canada , and the United Kingdom .

pos: Purpose (Justin Bieber album) Purpose is the fourth studio album by Canadian singer and songwriter Justin Bieber . It was released on November 13 , 2015 by Def Jam Recordings and School Boy Records . It serves as the follow-up to Bieber 's third studio album Believe ( 2012 ) , and it was developed after the release of his collection Journals ( 2013 ) , which saw him in a more R&B direction . The album was created over a period of two years , in which Bieber struggled to find a musical direction for recording , scrapping each of these tracks many times . The album features guest vocals from Travis Scott , Big Sean & Halsey , and production help from Skrillex & Diplo . With the help of his personal friend and frequent collaborator Jason Boyd , Bieber started writing and recording with the idea of making an inspirational album that could encourage people through uplifting messages during a period of all his media scrutiny and his involvement in various misdemeanours ; as well as his relationship with his former girlfriend Selena Gomez .   While working with producer Skrillex , who has also been working along with his then-partner Diplo into their project Jack Ü , releasing their top 10 single `` Where Are Ü Now '' ( 2015 ) , featuring Bieber 's vocals , Bieber found the record 's sonic direction and worked with Skrillex on a handful of the album 's songs . Purpose was described as a mix of dance-pop and EDM music as well as including influences of tropical house in some tracks and live instruments such as acoustic guitars in some others , while lyrically addressing subjects such as apologies and faith . The album received generally favorable reviews from most critics , who praised its sound and deemed it his best album to date . Other critics , however , criticized its lyrical content , felt that the album focused excessively on his requests for apologies , and found him tiring .   The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 , selling 522,000 copies in its first week of release , giving Bieber the largest first-week sales of his career and his sixth number-one album in the United States . Elsewhere , it reached the top of the charts in other eleven countries . Four singles have been released from the album so far : `` What Do You Mean ? '' , `` Sorry '' , `` Love Yourself '' and `` Company '' . The first three singles reached number one on both the US Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart , where the singer broke chart records , and in other countries . To promote the album , Bieber gave several televised interviews and performances , as well as releasing `` dance videos '' for all of the album 's tracks in a project called `` Purpose : The Movement '' . He also embarked on his Purpose World Tour in 2016 . According to the IFPI , Purpose was the fourth best-selling album of 2015 with worldwide sales of 3.1 million copies .   Purpose was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 59th Grammy Awards , while `` Love Yourself '' was nominated for Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance . The previous year he won Best Dance Recording with Diplo and Skrillex for `` Where Are Ü Now '' .

pos: Justin Bieber Justin Drew Bieber ( -LSB- ˈbiːbər -RSB- born March 1 , 1994 ) is a Canadian singer and songwriter . After a talent manager discovered him through his YouTube videos covering songs in 2008 and signed to RBMG , Bieber released his debut EP , My World , in late 2009 . It was certified Platinum in the U.S. . He became the first artist to have seven songs from a debut record chart on the Billboard Hot 100 . Bieber released his first full-length studio album , My World 2.0 , in 2010 . It debuted at or near number one in several countries , was certified triple Platinum in the U.S. , and contained his single `` Baby '' .   Following his debut album , he had his first headlining tour , the My World Tour , released the remix albums My Worlds Acoustic and Never Say Never -- The Remixes -- and the 3D biopic-concert film Justin Bieber : Never Say Never . He released his second studio album , Under the Mistletoe , in November 2011 , when it debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 . Bieber released his third studio album , Believe , in 2012 . His fourth studio album Purpose was released in November 2015 , spawning three number one singles : `` What Do You Mean ? '' , `` Sorry '' , and `` Love Yourself '' . His U.S. album and singles sales total 44.7 million . He has sold an estimated 100 million records , making him one of the world 's best-selling music artists .   Bieber has won numerous awards , including the American Music Award for Artist of the Year in 2010 and 2012 . In his career , he has won one Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording for the song `` Where Are Ü Now '' at the 2016 ceremony . He has been listed four times by Forbes magazine among the top ten most powerful celebrities in the world in 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 . Bieber also became the first artist to surpass 10 billion total video views on Vevo .

neg: Christopher Watson (musician) Christopher Watson is an American musician and designer .

neg: Justin Chart Justin Chart ( born February 6 , 1960 ) is a Los Angeles based singer-songwriter and producer . Chart is known for his song , `` Los Angeles The Song '' .

neg: Clare Bowditch Clare Bowditch ( born 1975 ) is an Australian musician , actor , radio presenter , and business entrepeneur .   She won an ARIA Award in 2006 ( Best Female ) , and was nominated for a Logie Award for her work on Offspring the TV series in 2012 . She 's had Top Ten albums , been named Rolling Stone 's Woman of the Year , YEN Young Woman of the Year ( Music ) , toured with Gotye and Leonard Cohen , written for Harpers Bazaar , Rolling Stone and the Drum , and currently hosts an Australian Music Show on Qantas airlines in-flight audio channel .   Bowditch has released seven albums in total . Her last , The Winter I Chose Happiness , was released on 14 September 2012 . In May 2012 , Bowditch released the single , `` You Make Me Happy '' , her first Top 40 song , which was featured in the TV series Offspring .   Clare is currently an Ambassador for APRA , PPCA and Smiling Mind , and a member of the Victorian State Government 's Live Music Round Table Panel . She was the Secretary of the Music Victoria Board until 2012 .   In May 2015 , she joined forces with Joost Bakker to put on one of the largest food-waste-free Business Conferences in the world , in Melbourne Australia .

neg: Music gym A Music Gym is membership-based club or cooperative community where musicians ( and other artists ) share common resources in a shared facility . Such resources are related to music production , music rehearsal , movie production , art galleries , and tools useful for networking with other creative artists . Typically members of the community share the cost of property through some sort of fee , or make some exchange of services live performance , goods ( music equipment ) or labor to be members of the community .   The Music Gym concept and name were first coined and made popular in 2000 in Boston , Massachusetts by Ryan McVinney , where he and business partner Robert Edward along with a group of musicians and artists converted an old circuit-board factory in a rundown area of Allston into a shared musical facility for a relatively large group of local musicians and artists . McVinney and others have helped spread the concept from Boston to Austin , Texas , New York City , Canada , England , Lima Peru , San Francisco , Los Angeles and other various locations across the world . Some Music Gym 's operate as for-profit businesses , while some operate as private , non-incorporated clubs run by smaller groups of musicians .

neg: CAB (band) CAB is a jazz fusion supergroup founded by Bunny Brunel , Dennis Chambers , and Tony MacAlpine . Since their formation in 2000 , they have released four studio albums and two live albums . Their second album , CAB 2 , received a nomination for Best Contemporary Jazz Album at the 2002 Grammy Awards . Other members who have been a part of CAB include Patrice Rushen , Virgil Donati , David Hirschfelder , and Brian Auger .   When asked about the band 's name , Brunel said :

neg: Justin Moore (disambiguation) Justin Moore is a singer-songwriter .   Justin Moore may also refer to :   Justin Moore ( album )  Justin Moore ( soccer )  Justin Tatch Moore , see Countryman line   Moore , Justin

neg: Justin Edwards (musician) Justin Gruffydd Edwards ( born 19 September 1966 ) is a British musician and composer . He is the great-nephew of Sydney Northcote , British musicologist and arranger .   Primarily a jazz pianist and vocalist , recording and performing both as a solo artist and with Welsh Jazz Fusion band New Jazz Aliens , he has also performed as a drummer , guitarist and saxophonist . His first professional appearance was with Welsh National Opera at the age of eleven , since when he has performed on BBC Television , Thames Radio , Radio France , Men & Motors channel and a special appearance on the Welsh Language version of ` This Is Your Life , ' where he surprised , and performed with , long-time friend Jenny Ogwen in S4C television 's Christmas episode , 1997 .

neg: Change Me (Justin Bieber song) `` Change Me '' is a song by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber from his second compilation album Journals ( 2013 ) discussing his life after the world turned on him was released on December 2 , 2013 . The song is the ninth in Bieber 's series Music Mondays , the first eight being `` Heartbreaker '' ( October 7 , 2013 ) , `` All That Matters '' ( October 14 ) , `` Hold Tight '' ( October 21 ) , `` Recovery '' ( October 28 ) , `` Bad Day '' ( November 4 ) , `` All Bad '' ( November 11 ) , `` PYD '' ( November 18 ) and `` Roller Coaster '' ( November 25 ) . Bieber released a new single every week for 10 weeks from October 7 to December 9 , 2013 .

neg: Unsigned artist An unsigned artist , unsigned band or independent artist is a musician or musical group not under a contract with a record label . The terms are used in the music industry as a marketing technique . Bands that release their own material on self-published CDs can also be considered unsigned bands . Often unsigned bands primarily exist to perform at concerts .   In more recent years , the Internet has helped promote the music of unsigned bands . Artists often post their music as MP3s on websites such as Bandcamp , SoundCloud , Myspace , PureVolume , GarageBand.com and SoundClick .   In 2016 , the Unsigned Music Awards was established in the UK as the first ever televised international awards ceremony to champion artists without the backing of a record label .   UK unsigned bands and musicians are able to use such services as The Unsigned Guide and to gather music industry contact names , phone numbers , websites and social media links , as well as information on how to get signed or market music independently .   Song pitching websites , such as TAXI allow unsigned musicians to see which record labels ( and other music companies ) are currently seeking new music .   Further , companies like Sentric Music and the royalty payment service offered by Last.fm can help in generating income streams for unsigned bands .

neg: My Worlds Acoustic My Worlds Acoustic is the first remix album by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber . It was released on November 26 , 2010 and was initially sold exclusively at Walmart retail stores and Sam 's Club . The album features nine acoustic versions of songs from his debut extended play , My World , and first album My World 2.0 , as well as a new song `` Pray . '' The new versions of the songs were produced by Bieber 's music director , Dan Kanter , his vocal producer Kuk Harrell , and also producer Rob Wells . Internationally , the set is included as a part of the compilation album , My Worlds : The Collection , which included songs from the previous two releases . My Worlds Acoustic was released to iTunes , on February 8 , 2011 .   According to Bieber , he wanted to release the album for the naysayers who critiqued his actual singing ability . The singer said that he wanted to have an acoustic album , to reflect the effect of production on his vocals . Although labeled as an acoustic album , the songs still include subtle usages of electronic sounds such as synthesizers . The album received generally favorable reviews from critics , however most critics were not satisfied that the album was not genuinely acoustic . In Canada , the song debuted at number five , and later peaked at number four on the Canadian Albums Chart and certified Platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association . My Worlds Acoustic debuted at number seven on the US Billboard 200 , selling 115,000 copies in its first week , becoming Bieber 's third consecutive top ten album .

neg: Justin Bieber's Believe Justin Bieber 's Believe is a 2013 American biographical concert film and the sequel to Never Say Never , both centering on Canadian singer Justin Bieber . It was released through Open Road Films in the United States and Canada on December 25 , 2013 . The film received negative reviews from critics and grossed $ 6.2 million in the United States .

neg: Juno Award for Electronic Album of the Year The Juno Award for Electronic Album of the Year is an annual award presented by the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences for the best electronic album released in Canada . It has been awarded since 2011 . The five nominees and eventual winner in the category are chosen by a panel of judges from the music industry across Canada .

neg: Organist An organist is a musician who plays any type of organ . An organist may play solo organ works , play with an ensemble or orchestra , or accompany one or more singers or instrumental soloists . In addition , an organist may accompany congregational hymn-singing and play liturgical music .

neg: This Is... (TV series) This Is ... is a British entertainment show , celebrating the best of British Music . Starring Michael Bublé , JLS , Justin Bieber and Lionel Richie . Presented by various celebrity hosts including Christine Bleakley and Reggie Yates

neg: Sung poetry Sung poetry is a broad and imprecise music genre widespread in European countries , such as Poland and the Baltic States , to describe songs consisting of a poem ( most often a ballad ) and music written specially for that text . The compositions usually feature a delicate melody and scarce musical background , often comprising a guitar or piano . Some sung poetry performers are singer-songwriters , others use known , published poems , or collaborate with contemporary writers . Artists of sung poetry include people of various occupations usually with little or no particular music education , as well as stage actors .   Sung poetry shares much in common with the author 's song in Russia yet differs from it in a significant way : sung poetry performers often do not compose lyrics themselves . Similar artists in other countries are usually classified as bards , folk music or folk rock ( such as Jacques Brel , Lluís Llach , Ovidi Montllor , Georges Brassens , Léo Ferré , Bob Dylan , Simon and Garfunkel , Tom Waits , Leonard Cohen , Djordje Balasevic , Bulat Okudzhava , Vladimir Vysotsky , Paco Ibáñez ) , or chamber pop . Artists of other musical genres may or may not be included into sung poetry category . For instance Czesław Niemen whose many songs are based on works of esteemed Polish poets is usually regarded as either a rock or electronic musician . The common forms of expression are individual and collective public performances , festivals of sung poetry , publication of records online and release of music albums .

neg: Netlabels in Japan Since the mid-2000s , a counterculture has taken place where numerous netlabels , online labels that release their music for free , located in Japan have been formed and garnered a huge amount of publicity which , according to writer Patrick St. Michel , has shaped how popular Japanese music is produced . Japan 's netlabel phenomenon was the first time in the history of the nation 's music industry where underground musicians could produce their works however they wanted to and have their music noticed by the public ; this is an aspect that was previously absent at a time when major labels in the country followed a conservative method where they managed how artists would produce their music . Starting in the 2010s , the netlabel scene has crossed over to the mainstream music landscape and all across the world , with netlabel producers transitioning into working for bigger labels and western producers like Cashmere Cat and Ryan Hemsworth being influenced by the music of Japanese netlabels .

neg: Justin Stanley Justin Stanley is an Australian born , initially Sydney based musician , producer and songwriter .  Toured and recorded two albums with Beck including the soundtrack for Nacho Libre . Has worked with an eclectic range of musicians including Prince , Jimmy Cliff , Leonard Cohen , Paul Mc Cartney and Snoop .  Some of his other production credits include Eric Clapton , Sheryl Crow , Jet , Jamie Lidell , Nikka Costa , Jimmy Fallon , Mark Ronson , Mocky and Ryan Bingham . Justin currently lives in California .

neg: Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance The Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance was an award presented at the 2012 and 2013 Grammy Awards , a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards . According to the 54th Grammy Awards description guide it was designed for solo , duo/groups or collaborative ( vocal or instrumental ) hard rock or metal recordings and was limited to singles or tracks only .   The award was first presented in 2012 , after a major restructuring of Grammy categories . It combined the previous categories Best Hard Rock Performance and Best Metal Performance . The restructuring was a result of the Recording Academy 's wish to decrease the list of categories and awards . However , the Recording Academy announced in June 2013 that the category would split in 2014 , returning the Best Metal Performance category and recognizing quality hard rock performances in the Best Rock Performance category . According to the Academy , `` it was determined that metal has a very distinctive sound , and hard rock more closely aligns with rock and can exist comfortably as one end of the rock spectrum . ''

neg: The Justified World Tour The Justified World Tour ( also known as Lovin ' It Live and Justified World Tour and Lovin ' It Live ) was the debut concert tour by American singer-songwriter Justin Timberlake . The tour showcased material his debut studio album , Justified ( 2002 ) .

neg: Grammy Award for Best New Artist The Grammy Award for Best New Artist has been awarded since 1959 . Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were handed out , for records released in the previous year . The award was not presented in 1967 . The official guidelines are as follows : `` For a new artist who releases , during the Eligibility Year , the first recording which establishes the public identity of that artist . '' Note that this is not necessarily the first album released by an artist .   It is sometimes asserted , with varying degrees of sincerity , that winning the award is a curse , as several award winners ( particularly from the late 1970s and early 1980s ) were never able to duplicate the success they experienced in their debut year . This viewpoint was expressed by former Starland Vocal Band member Taffy Danoff in a 2002 interview for VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders : `` We got two of the five Grammys -- one was Best New Artist . So that was basically the kiss of death and I feel sorry for everyone who 's gotten it since . ''   The category is also notable for being the only one of its kind in which a Grammy Award was vacated . This occurred in 1990 after it was revealed winners Milli Vanilli did not contribute their own vocals on their debut album . The award was revoked , but was not handed out to another artist .   Of the 54 awards presented in the category since its inception , the honor has been presented to 25 solo female artists , 18 duos or groups , and 11 solo male artists . Between 1997 and 2003 , all the winners were solo female artists . Also , from 1993 to 2005 , no winner was a solo male artist . In 2006 , John Legend broke this trend , which started with Marc Cohn in 1992 . Only four artists have won both Best New Artist and Album of the Year in the same year : Bob Newhart in 1961 , Christopher Cross in 1981 , Lauryn Hill in 1999 and Norah Jones in 2003 .   Of all the winners , only three have been country artists . In 1997 , LeAnn Rimes became the first country artist to win the award . She was followed by Carrie Underwood in 2007 and Zac Brown Band in 2010 . Additionally , 2017 marked the first time that two country artists were nominated in this category in the same year .   1984 marked the first time that all of the nominees were from outside of the United States ( Winner Culture Club , Eurythmics , and Musical Youth were from England , Big Country was from Scotland , and Men Without Hats were from Canada ) .


query: The Entire History of You was the only section not penned by Charlie Brooker.

pos: The Entire History of You `` The Entire History of You '' is the third episode of the first series of British science fiction anthology series Black Mirror . It was written by the creator of Peep Show and Fresh Meat , Jesse Armstrong , making it the only episode of the series not written or co-written by creator and showrunner Charlie Brooker . It was directed by Brian Welsh , and first aired on Channel 4 on 18 December 2011 .   The episode , set in an alternative reality where most people have `` grains '' recording everything they do , see , or hear , and allowing them to play back their memories in front of their eyes or on a screen , tells the story of Liam ( Toby Kebbell ) , a man who starts suspecting that his wife Ffion ( Jodie Whittaker ) might have an affair .   `` The Entire History of You '' received positive reviews . In 2013 , Robert Downey , Jr. optioned the episode to potentially be made into a film by Warner Bros. and his own production company Team Downey .

neg: You Instead You Instead ( alternate U.S. title Tonight You 're Mine ) is a 2011 British `` Rock 'n' roll romantic comedy '' written by Thomas Leveritt and directed by David Mackenzie . The film stars Luke Treadaway , Natalia Tena , Gavin Mitchell and Alastair Mackenzie . Set at T in the Park music festival and shot by Sigma Films , two feuding rock stars are handcuffed together at a festival where they are due to perform .

neg: Only a Northern Song `` Only a Northern Song '' is a song by English rock band the Beatles from their 1969 album Yellow Submarine . Written by George Harrison , it was recorded mainly in February 1967 during the sessions for Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band but the Beatles chose not to include it on that album . Instead , it was one of the four new songs that the band provided for the 1968 animated film Yellow Submarine , to meet their contractual obligations to United Artists .   Harrison wrote `` Only a Northern Song '' out of dissatisfaction with his status as a junior songwriter with the Beatles ' publishing company , Northern Songs . The lyrics and music convey his disenchantment at how the company retained the copyright for the songs it published , and at how , following its public listing in 1965 , the major shareholders profited more from his compositions than he did . The recording features Hammond organ , played by Harrison , and an overdubbed montage of assorted sounds including trumpet blasts and spoken voices , anticipating John Lennon 's 1968 sound collage `` Revolution 9 '' . Due to the difficulty in assembling the completed track from two tape sources , `` Only a Northern Song '' remained a rare song from the Beatles ' post-1963 catalogue that was unavailable in true stereo until 1999 . That year , it was remixed for inclusion on the album Yellow Submarine Songtrack .   The song has received a varied response from reviewers ; while Ian MacDonald dismisses the track as a `` self-indulgent dirge '' , the website Ultimate Classic Rock identifies it as one of the Beatles ' best works in the psychedelic rock genre . A version of the song with a different vocal part , and omitting the sound collage overdubs , was issued on the Beatles ' 1996 outtakes compilation Anthology 2 . Gravenhurst and Yonder Mountain String Band are among the artists who have covered `` Only a Northern Song '' .

neg: You are not Alone Foundation The You are Not Alone Foundation is a charitable organization founded and backed by Lola Karimova-Tillyaeva to provide comprehensive help and support to orphaned children and orphanages in Uzbekistan .   The charity was founded in 2002 and one of its top priority tasks is to create conditions close to the home environment in Uzbekistan 's orphanages . To this end , Lola Karimova-Tillyaeva 's Foundation has financed the renovation and refurbishment of a number of orphanages and institutions for people with special needs in the Uzbek capital of Tashkent , in Tashkent Region and the city of Samarkand .  From 2010 to 2014 the Foundation has carried out renovation and refurbishment work in :  The Muruvvat orphanage for children with disabilities in Tashkent ;  Tashkent orphanage for children under the age of three ;  Chirchik Mercy Home ( orphanage ) No. 14  and Samarkand Mercy Home No. 10 .  The Foundation has equipped these charitable institutions with modern furniture and state-of-the-art facilities , thanks to which the children can live and study in comfort .   In 2011 , the Kibray orphanage for children with severe learning disabilities was fully equipped with new furniture and other necessities .  From 2013 to 2015 , the Foundation has overseen major relocation projects for Tashkent Mercy Home No. 23 and Samarkand Mercy Home No. 6 , thanks to which these two orphanages now enjoy brand new premises built and furnished by the `` You are not Alone '' Foundation .   At present , about 2,200 children are brought up in Uzbekistan 's Mercy Homes ( orphanages ) . An important area of the charity 's work is to provide them with books , text books , equipment , school supplies , computers and children 's clothing .

neg: No One Here Gets Out Alive No One Here Gets Out Alive ( 1980 ) was the first biography of Jim Morrison , lead singer and lyricist of the L.A. rock band The Doors , written nearly a decade after Morrison 's death by journalist Jerry Hopkins , with `` insider '' information added by Danny Sugerman . Hopkins had done an extensive interview with Morrison before his death , but his first manuscript was rejected by major publishers . Sugerman began working as an assistant in the Doors office at the age of 13 , and became their manager after Morrison died ( replacing Bill Siddons ) .   A companion video was made featuring interviews with The Doors members , Hopkins , Sugerman , and Paul Rothchild among others . It includes some rare footage , and was the first video released by the band . It helped rekindle interest in the Doors by allowing fans that were too young , or unable to remember , to see The Doors in action .   Taking its title from the Doors song `` Five to One '' , the book is divided into three sections : The Bow is Drawn , The Arrow Flies and The Arrow Falls , for the early years of his life , his rise to fame with the Doors and his final years and death , respectively .

neg: You Won't Be Leaving `` You Wo n't Be Leaving '' is a song written by Tony Hazzard and performed by the Herman 's Hermits . It reached # 9 in Australia and # 20 in the UK in 1966 . It was featured on their 1967 album , There 's a Kind of Hush All Over the World . The song was not released as a single in the United States , but rather the B-side to `` You Wo n't Be Leaving '' , `` Listen People '' , was released as the US single .   The song was produced by Mickie Most .

neg: Set You Free This Time `` Set You Free This Time '' is a song by the American folk rock band The Byrds , written by band member Gene Clark and first released in December 1965 on the group 's Turn ! Turn ! Turn ! album . According to Clark , the song was written in just a few hours during The Byrds ' 1965 British tour , after a night spent carousing with Paul McCartney at the Scotch of St James club in London . The song 's lead vocal is performed by Clark , who also plays acoustic guitar and harmonica on the track . `` Set You Free This Time '' concerns the breakup of a relationship and Clark 's vocal inflections and densely worded lyrics suggest the influence of Bob Dylan . The song also has a vague country rock feel to it , largely due to the song 's melody and Clark 's harmonica solo . The chord progression and rhythm of the song , however , are atypical of country music .   Following its appearance on the Turn ! Turn ! Turn ! album , the song was issued as the A-side of a single on January 10 , 1966 . However , initial sales were relatively poor , with the single only managing to reach # 79 on the Billboard Hot 100 . As a result , Columbia Records in America began promoting the single 's B-side `` It Wo n't Be Wrong '' instead , which resulted in the single eventually climbing to # 63 . In the UK , after a review in the NME stated that the B-side was better than `` Set You Free This Time '' , CBS Records went a step further and actually re-released the single with `` It Wo n't Be Wrong '' as the A-side . This re-issuing of essentially the same single twice within two weeks caused confusion among British radio DJs over which of the two songs they should play and contributed to the single 's failure to chart . To accompany its UK release as a single , the BBC commissioned a short promotional film from The Byrds . However , on the day of filming a physical altercation occurred between the band 's manager Jim Dickson and rhythm guitarist David Crosby and although some footage was shot , the clip was never aired .   Despite its lack of commercial success , the single release of `` Set You Free This Time '' gained mostly positive reviews in the music press . The first edition of Crawdaddy ! magazine described it as `` a lovely , moving song with Dylan-like 20-syllabal lines deckful of well chosen words . '' In the UK , Penny Valentine was complimentary in her review of the song for Disc magazine , commenting `` On first play , I did n't like it - but now I do . It 's rather unByrd-like and very , very Dylan-like . It 's slow and gentle and rather sad about never being a person who had much , and though she laughed at him and has now come for help , he does n't hold a grudge . Ahh ! '' The Beatles ' drummer , Ringo Starr , reviewing the single for Melody Maker , commented `` I only heard it the other day . They can do no wrong in my book . Great record , man , I love the voices . ''   During February 1966 , The Byrds performed `` Set You Free This Time '' on the U.S. television programs Hollywood A Go-Go , Where The Action Is , The Lloyd Thaxton Show , and Shivaree . However , the song disappeared from the band 's live concert repertoire following Clark 's departure from the group in March 1966 . During his solo career , Clark would often return to the song in live concerts and consequently , it appears on his live albums In Concert and Silverado ' 75 : Live & Unreleased . The Byrds ' recording of `` Set You Free This Time '' is included on several of the band 's compilation albums , including The Original Singles : 1965 -- 1967 , Volume 1 , The Essential Byrds , There Is a Season , and the expanded and remastered edition of The Byrds ' Greatest Hits . It has also been included on the Gene Clark compilations , Echoes , American Dreamer 1964 -- 1974 , Flying High , and Set You Free : Gene Clark in The Byrds 1964 -- 1973 .

neg: Who You Are (Pearl Jam song) `` Who You Are '' is a song by American rock band Pearl Jam . Featuring lyrics written by vocalist Eddie Vedder and music co-written by drummer Jack Irons and guitarist Stone Gossard , `` Who You Are '' was released on July 30 , 1996 as the first single from the band 's fourth studio album , No Code ( 1996 ) . The song topped the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart . It peaked at number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100 .   The song was included on Pearl Jam 's 2004 greatest hits album , Rearviewmirror ( Greatest Hits 1991 -- 2003 ) . On Pearl Jam 's greatest hits album , `` Who You Are '' has a slight lyric change . Instead of `` circumstance , clapping hands '' , it 's `` avalanche , falling fast '' .

neg: The Barry Horns The Barry Horns are an eleven-piece brass band , made up of fans of the Welsh national football team . Formed in 2011 , the band 's name is a homage to retired Welsh footballer Barry Horne . The band has a five-point mission statement called the Barryfesto , which notes that the band exists in order  to unite Welsh football with the power of horns  to put tunes on the terraces  to bring hope where there is mathematical impossibility  to replace plastic hooters with brass ones  to win at life when we ca n't win at football .   Musically the band play a variety of songs , many of which are associated with Wales and/or football , including `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' , `` Just Ca n't Get Enough '' and `` Pick Up the Pieces '' .   The Barry Horns ' first public appearance was outside the Wales v England World Cup Qualifying match in Cardiff on 26 March 2011 . They also appeared at the Welsh Cup Final in the same year , which was broadcast on S4C .   Their other media appearances include performing on BBC1 's flagship football programme Football Focus , BBC Radio Five Live and in a short promotional campaign for BBC Wales ' coverage of Welsh national football . In December 2011 , they were the house band on the Jamie and Louise programme on BBC Radio Wales , playing a variety of Christmas related songs including an interpretation of East 17 's ` Stay Another Day ' .   In February 2012 , The Barry Horns released a video for their version of the Rocky theme , which they recorded as the anthem for Wales 's World Cup 2014 qualifying campaign . The video featured members of the band in various training scenarios as a parody of the training montage from the film .   In December 2013 , the band released a cover of the song `` Only You '' , 30 years after the cover by The Flying Pickets had earned a Christmas Number 1 . The recording failed to make the UK charts but proceeds were donated to the charity Prostate Cymru , with a dedication made to the Flying Pickets ' lead vocalist , Brian Hibbard , who died of prostate cancer in 2012 . A music video released on YouTube paid homage to the original Pickets video from 1983 .

neg: Pieces of You Pieces of You is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter Jewel , released on February 28 , 1995 by Atlantic Records . The album was produced by Ben Keith , who has also produced works for artists such as Neil Young and Patsy Cline .   Though it made little impact initially , the single `` Who Will Save Your Soul '' eventually received airplay and the album peaked at # 4 on Billboard 200 almost exactly two years after its release . Other hits included were `` Foolish Games '' and `` You Were Meant for Me '' as well as the UK single `` Morning Song '' . After two years , the album was re-released featuring the re-recorded versions of `` You Were Meant for Me '' and `` Foolish Games '' . Despite a mixed critical response , the album is listed at number 64 of the `` Definitive 200 '' by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame .   As of 2010 , the album had sold 7.3 million copies in US . It was certified 12x Platinum for shipments of 12 million copies in the U.S. , making it one of the best selling debut albums of all time .

neg: Not on Your Love `` Not On Your Love '' is a song written by Tony Martin , Troy Martin , and Reese Wilson , and recorded by American country music artist Jeff Carson . It was released in June 1995 as the second single from his self-titled debut album . The song represents Carson 's only Number One single on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) chart .   The song 's b-side , `` Betty 's Takin ' Judo '' , was also the b-side to Carson 's debut single `` Yeah Buddy '' .

neg: Without You (Badfinger song) `` Without You '' is a song written by Pete Ham and Tom Evans of British rock group Badfinger , and first released on their 1970 album No Dice . The song has been recorded by over 180 artists , and versions released as singles by Harry Nilsson ( 1971 ) and Mariah Carey ( 1994 ) became international best-sellers . Paul McCartney once described the ballad as `` the killer song of all time '' .   In 1972 , writers Ham and Evans received the British Academy 's Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically .

neg: The Wonder of You `` The Wonder of You '' is a song written by Baker Knight . In 1959 , Ray Peterson released it as a single . The song became a Top 40 hit for him on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at # 25 , and also reached # 23 in the UK . That same year it was recorded by Ronnie Hilton . His version was also a hit reaching # 22 on the UK Singles Chart . The Ray Peterson record briefly re-entered the Hot 100 in 1964 . In the early 1960s , the Platters also recorded this song , which appeared on a 1970s compilation The Platters -- 30 Golden Hits . In 1969 , The Sandpipers recorded an album of the same name including the song . An album of instrumentals of the same name by Nelson Riddle was also released in 2000 .

neg: The Whole Funk & Nothing but the Funk: Definitive Funkadelic 1976–1981 The Whole Funk & Nothing But the Funk is a 2005 compilation album by Funkadelic featuring songs recorded for Warner Bros. . Records during the band 's career with that label from 1976 to 1981 . No Funkadelic recordings from any other record labels or time periods are included . The compilation includes two rarities : instrumental versions of `` One Nation Under a Groove '' and `` The Electric Spanking of War Babies '' that had originally appeared as B-sides .   In 2011 , the compilation was re-released as You Got The Funk We Got The Funk .

neg: It's All Up to You `` It 's All Up to You '' is a song by British singer/songwriter Jim Capaldi . It was released as a single in 1974 , and became his first of only two hit singles in his native UK , peaking at # 27 . His other UK hit is the # 4 cover of the Everly Brothers song , `` Love Hurts '' , released the following year . Both songs appear on his 1975 album , Short Cut Draw Blood .

neg: Nearness of You: The Ballad Book Nearness of You : The Ballad Book is the seventh studio album of saxophone player Michael Brecker . Accompanied by Herbie Hancock on piano , Pat Metheny on guitars , Charlie Haden on bass , Jack DeJohnette on drums , and a special guest appearance by James Taylor , the album was released by Verve Records on June 19 , 2001 .   Brecker was awarded his 8th Grammy for Best Jazz Instrumental Solo on `` Chan 's Song '' . James Taylor also won his 4th grammy for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance on `` Do n't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight '' . With his win , he became the first American recording artist to garner a win in that category since Michael Bolton in 1992 .

neg: It's All About You (Not About Me) `` It 's All About You ( Not About Me ) '' is the first single from Tracie Spencer 's third album , Tracie . The single was released on June 27 , 1999 . It was written by Heavynn , Karlin , and Schack . This was Spencer 's first single since `` Love Me '' in 1992 . A remix version features Black Thought from The Roots .

neg: Without You (Hinder song) `` Without You '' is a song by American rock band Hinder , that was the second single released from their 2008 album Take It to the Limit . It was released as a digital download on September 23 , 2008 . A music video was produced for the song , featuring actors Kellan Lutz and Aimee Teegarden . `` I play the bad boyfriend , '' Lutz told MTV . `` Aimee is the sweet cheerleader girl ... who should n't be with me . I lead her life on the wrong track until she gets rid of me , and her life finally goes to where it should go . She graduates high school , while I am left in the dust . ''

neg: The Only Way Out `` The Only Way Out '' is a 2014 song by British rock band Bush , released on 9 September 2014 , through Zuma Rock Records . Produced by Jay Baumgardner and recorded at NRG Recording Studios in North Hollywood , California , it is the lead single from their sixth album Man on the Run . According to songwriter Gavin Rossdale , the song is `` a good gateway into the record ... it gets a bit wider and probably a little darker . This is just the right way in . ''

neg: Just for You (Neil Diamond album) Just for You is the second album by Neil Diamond . Like his debut , it has never been released on CD , though all but two of the tracks were made available on the Classics : The Early Years compilation . All tracks are also available on the compilation album The Bang Years 1966-1968 . At some point or another , every single track on it was released either as an A-side or a B-side of a single , with many of them becoming big hits : `` You Got to Me '' ( # 18 ) , `` Girl , You 'll Be a Woman Soon '' ( # 10 ) , `` Thank the Lord for the Night Time '' ( # 13 ) , `` Red Red Wine '' ( # 62 ) , and `` Shilo '' ( # 24 in 1970 ) . Curiously , the year-old hit `` Cherry Cherry '' ( from Diamond 's first LP ) also appears here , while the then-current hit `` Kentucky Woman '' ( # 22 ) does not . `` Solitary Man '' also re-appears in its 1966 version . This version would be re-released in 1970 and chart at # 21 . This was Diamond 's first album consisting entirely of original material , and his final album for the Bang label .

neg: The Section (band) The Section are a US instrumental rock band formed in the early 1970s by musicians Danny Kortchmar , Craig Doerge , Leland Sklar , and Russ Kunkel . They are best known for both studio and stage work in support of some of the best selling solo singers of that decade . Their frequent appearances on the records of artists signed to Asylum Records made them the label 's de facto house band . Their close association with the singer-songwriter and soft rock genres of the 1970s also led to their alternate moniker of `` The Mellow Mafia . ''   They appeared together and individually on albums by Linda Ronstadt , Crosby & Nash , James Taylor , Carole King , Jackson Browne , Warren Zevon , and acted as back-up band on their tours . Other musicians closely associated with The Section include guitarist Waddy Wachtel , bassist Tim Drummond and multi-instrumentalist David Lindley .   By the 1980s , the group stopped working together collectively , though as individuals they continued to play prominent roles in the studio and on tour with many of the most popular solo acts of the decade , including Phil Collins ( who collaborated with Sklar frequently starting with 1985 's No Jacket Required album and subsequent tour ) , Stevie Nicks ( whose landmark Bella Donna album features guitar work from Wachtel , who continues to work with her as her musical director ) , and Don Henley ( who used Kortchmar 's skills on numerous instruments on his Building the Perfect Beast album ) .   Beside their supporting work for other musicians , The Section also released three albums of their own , consisting of mostly instrumental music .