query: The Vietnam War started in November of 1955.

pos: Vietnam War The Vietnam War ( Chiến tranh Việt Nam ) , also known as the Second Indochina War , and known in Vietnam as Resistance War Against America ( Kháng chiến chống Mỹ ) or simply the American War , was a war that occurred in Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975 . It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam . The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet Union , China and other communist allies and the South Vietnamese army was supported by the United States , South Korea , Australia , Thailand and other anti-communist allies . The war is therefore considered a Cold War-era proxy war .   The Viet Cong ( also known as the National Liberation Front , or NLF ) , a South Vietnamese communist common front aided by the North , fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region , while the People 's Army of Vietnam , also known as the North Vietnamese Army ( NVA ) , engaged in more conventional warfare , at times committing large units to battle . As the war continued , the military actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role and engagement of the NVA grew . U.S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations , involving ground forces , artillery , and airstrikes . In the course of the war , the U.S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam .   The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam . They viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States . The U.S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam . This was part of the domino theory of a wider containment policy , with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism worldwide .   Beginning in 1950 , American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina.The Military Assistance Advisory Group , Indochina ( with an authorized strength of 128 men ) was set up in September 1950 with a mission to oversee the use and distribution of US military equipment by the French and their allies . U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s , with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962 . U.S. involvement escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident , in which a U.S. destroyer clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft , which was followed by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution , which gave the U.S. president authorization to increase U.S. military presence . Regular U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965 . Operations crossed international borders : bordering areas of Laos and Cambodia were heavily bombed by U.S. forces as American involvement in the war peaked in 1968 , the same year that the communist side launched the Tet Offensive . The Tet Offensive failed in its goal of overthrowing the South Vietnamese government , but became the turning point in the war , as it persuaded a large segment of the U.S. population that its government 's claims of progress toward winning the war were illusory despite many years of massive U.S. military aid to South Vietnam .   Gradual withdrawal of U.S. ground forces began as part of `` Vietnamization '' , which aimed to end American involvement in the war while transferring the task of fighting the communists to the South Vietnamese themselves . Despite the Paris Peace Accord , which was signed by all parties in January 1973 , the fighting continued . In the U.S. and the Western world , a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture . The war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs , and altered North -- South relations .   Direct U.S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973 . The capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war , and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year . The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities ( see Vietnam War casualties ) . Estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million . Some 240,000 -- 300,000 Cambodians , 20,000 -- 62,000 Laotians , and 58,220 U.S. service members also died in the conflict , and a further 1,626 remain missing in action .

neg: 1950s American automobile culture 1950s American automobile culture has had an enduring influence on the culture of the United States , as reflected in popular music , major trends from the 1950s and mainstream acceptance of the `` hot rod '' culture . The American manufacturing economy switched from producing war-related items to consumer goods at the end of World War II , and by the end of the 1950s , one in six working Americans were employed either directly or indirectly in the automotive industry . The United States became the world 's largest manufacturer of automobiles , and Henry Ford 's goal of 30 years earlier -- that any man with a good job should be able to afford an automobile -- was achieved . A new generation of service businesses focusing on customers with their automobiles sprang up during the decade , including drive-through or drive-in restaurants and more drive-in theaters ( cinemas ) .   The decade began with 25 million registered automobiles on the road , most of which predated World War II and were in poor condition ; no automobiles or parts were produced during the war owing to rationing and restrictions . By 1950 , most factories had made the transition to a consumer-based economy , and more than 8 million cars were produced that year alone . By 1958 , there were more than 67 million cars registered in the United States , more than twice the number at the start of the decade .   As part of the U.S. national defenses , to support military transport , the National Highway System was expanded with Interstate highways , beginning in 1955 , across many parts of the United States . The wider , multi-lane highways allowed traffic to move at faster speeds , with few or no stoplights on the way . The wide-open spaces along the highways became a basis for numerous billboards showing advertisements .   The dawning of the Space Age and Space Race were reflected in contemporary American automotive styling . Large tailfins , flowing designs reminiscent of rockets , and radio antennas that imitated Sputnik 1 were common , owing to the efforts of design pioneers such as Harley Earl .

neg: Sigma II-64 war game The Sigma II-64 war game was one of a series of classified high level war games played in The Pentagon during the 1960s to strategize the conduct of the burgeoning Vietnam War . The games were designed to replicate then-current conditions in Indochina , with an aim toward predicting future foreign affairs events . They were staffed with high-ranking officials standing in to represent both domestic and foreign characters ; stand-ins were chosen for their expertise concerning those they were called upon to represent . The games were supervised by a Control appointed to oversee both sides . The opposing Blue and Red Teams customary in war games were designated the friendly and enemy forces as was usual ; however , several smaller teams were sometimes subsumed under Red and Blue Teams . Over the course of the games , the Red Team at times contained the Yellow Team for the Peoples Republic of China , the Brown Team for the Democratic Republic of Vietnam , the Black Team for the Viet Cong , and Green for the USSR .   Preparation for these simulations was quite extensive . A game staff of as many as 45 people researched and developed the scenarios . The actual play of the war game involved 30 to 35 participants . There were four or five simulations per year , solicited secretively from the State Department , the Central Intelligence Agency , and major military commands .

neg: Nhân Văn–Giai Phẩm affair The Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm affair ( Phong Trào Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm ) was a cultural-political movement in North Vietnam in the late 1950s . Two periodicals were established during that time , Nhân Văn ( -LSB- ɲən van -RSB- , Humanities ) and Giai Phẩm ( -LSB- zaːj fə m -RSB- , Masterpieces ) , many issues of which were published demanding freedom of speech , creativity and human rights . Following a loosening of political restrictions with some similarities to the Chinese Hundred Flowers Campaign , there was a hardening of attitudes . After those two major journals were closed down , their political associates were imprisoned or reeducated . Moreover , the agenda of Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm was linked to `` reactionary '' political projects by North Vietnamese government .

neg: DESOTO patrol DESOTO patrols ( DeHaven Special Operations off TsingtaO )  were patrols conducted by U.S. Navy destroyers equipped with a mobile `` van '' of signals intelligence equipment used for intelligence collection in hostile waters . The is the namesake for these patrols . De Haven performed the first patrol off the coast of China in April 1962 . The first patrol to target North Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin was the in December 1962 .   These patrols were initially a response to the Chinese Communists ' unexpected re-definition of their territorial waters to include all waters shoreward from lines drawn tangentially to , and between , twelve mile circles drawn around their offshore islands . Such a declaration represented a huge expansion of their claims . This inhibited the lawful navigation of international waters as defined by US interests and increased the likelihood and frequency of formal diplomatic `` serious warnings '' issued by Beijing when any Seventh Fleet units navigated through these areas . This became a situation to which Commander Seventh Fleet felt compelled to respond .   These types of patrols had previously been conducted off the coasts of the Soviet Union , China , and North Korea , but are widely recognized for their role in the Vietnam War . There were three components to the purpose of these patrols . First , they would establish and maintain the presence of the  U.S. Seventh Fleet in the international waters off the China coast and later the Vietnamese coast . Second , they would serve as a minor Cold War irritant to the Chinese Communists . Third , they would collect as much intelligence  as possible during the patrols .   The tactical purpose of the patrols in Vietnam was to intercept North Vietnamese Army intelligence and relay it to South Vietnamese Army forces . With the intercepted communications , the South Vietnamese were able to more effectively coordinate their raids . The destroyers taking part in the DESOTO patrols in Vietnam were accompanied by air support provided by the aircraft carrier .   The DESOTO patrols were part of a larger scheme known as Operation 34A . Run by the Department of Defense at the time , Operation 34A , or `` OPLAN 34Alpha '' was a top secret program consisting primarily of covert actions against the North Vietnamese .

neg: Battle of Dien Bien Phu The Battle of Dien Bien Phu ( Bataille de Diên Biên Phu Chiến dịch Điện Biên Phủ , -LSB- ɗîəˀn ɓīən fû -RSB- ) was the climactic confrontation of the First Indochina War between the French Union 's French Far East Expeditionary Corps and Viet Minh communist-nationalist revolutionaries . It was , from the French view before the event , a set piece battle to draw out the Vietnamese and destroy them with superior firepower . The battle occurred between March and May 1954 and culminated in a comprehensive French defeat that influenced negotiations underway at Geneva among several nations over the future of Indochina .   As a result of blunders in French decision-making , the French began an operation to insert , then support the soldiers at Điện Biên Phủ , deep in the hills of northwestern Vietnam . Its purpose was to cut off Viet Minh supply lines into the neighboring Kingdom of Laos , a French ally , and tactically draw the Viet Minh into a major confrontation in order to cripple them . The plan was to resupply the French position by air , and was based on the belief that the Viet Minh had no anti-aircraft capability . The Viet Minh , however , under General Võ Nguyên Giáp , surrounded and besieged the French . The Viet Minh brought in vast amounts of heavy artillery ( including antiaircraft guns ) . They moved these weapons through difficult terrain up the rear slopes of the mountains surrounding the French positions , dug tunnels through the mountain , and placed the artillery pieces overlooking the French encampment . This positioning of the artillery made it nearly impervious to French counter-battery fire .   The Viet Minh opened fire with a massive artillery bombardment in March . After several days the French artillery commander , Charles Piroth , unable to respond with any effective counterbattery fire , committed suicide . The Viet Minh occupied the highlands around Điện Biên Phủ and bombarded the French positions . Tenacious fighting on the ground ensued , reminiscent of the trench warfare of World War I . The French repeatedly repulsed Viet Minh assaults on their positions . Supplies and reinforcements were delivered by air , though as the key French positions were overrun , the French perimeter contracted and the air resupply on which the French had placed their hopes became impossible . As the Viet Minh antiaircraft fire took its toll , fewer and fewer of those supplies reached the French . The garrison was overrun in May after a two-month siege , and most of the French forces surrendered . A few of them escaped to Laos . The French government then resigned , and the new Prime Minister , the left-of-centre Pierre Mendès France , supported French withdrawal from Indochina .   The war ended shortly after the Battle of Dien Bien Phu and the signing of the 1954 Geneva Accords . France agreed to withdraw its forces from all its colonies in French Indochina , while stipulating that Vietnam would be temporarily divided at the 17th parallel , with control of the north given to the Viet Minh as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh , and the south becoming the State of Vietnam , nominally under Emperor Bảo Đại , preventing Ho Chi Minh from gaining control of the entire country . The refusal of Ngô Đình Diệm ( the US-supported President of the first Republic of Vietnam ( RVN ) ) to allow elections in 1956 , as had been stipulated by the Geneva Conference , eventually led to the first phase of the Second Indochina War . This is better known as the Vietnam War , which was waged largely by the United States after 1963 . ( see War in Vietnam ( 1959 -- 63 ) ) .

neg: Operation Barrel Roll Operation Barrel Roll was a covert U.S. Air Force 2nd Air Division ( later the Seventh Air Force ) and U.S. Navy Task Force 77 , interdiction and close air support campaign conducted in the Kingdom of Laos between 14 December 1964 and 29 March 1973 concurrent with the Vietnam War .   The original purpose of the operation was to serve as a signal to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( North Vietnam ) to cease its support for the insurgency then taking place in the Republic of Vietnam ( South Vietnam ) . This action was taken within Laos due to the location of North Vietnam 's expanding logistical corridor known as the Ho Chi Minh Trail ( the Truong Son Road to the North Vietnamese ) , which ran from southwestern North Vietnam , through southeastern Laos , and into South Vietnam . The campaign then centered on the interdiction of that logistical system . Beginning during the same time frame ( and expanding throughout the conflict ) the operation became increasingly involved in providing close air support missions for Royal Lao Armed Forces , CIA-backed tribal mercenaries , and Thai Volunteer Defense Corps in a covert ground war in northern and northeastern Laos . Barrel Roll and the `` Secret Army '' attempted to stem an increasing tide of People 's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN ) and Pathet Lao offensives .   Barrel Roll was one of the most closely held secrets and one of the most unknown components of the American military commitment in Southeast Asia . Due to the ostensible neutrality of Laos , guaranteed by the Geneva Conference of 1954 and 1962 , both the U.S. and North Vietnam strove to maintain the secrecy of their operations and only slowly escalated military actions there . As much as both parties would have liked to have publicized their enemy 's own alleged violation of the accords , both had more to gain by keeping their own roles quiet . Regardless , by the end of the conflict in 1975 , Laos emerged from nine years of war just as devastated as any of the other Asian participants in the Vietnam War .

neg: Ronald Humphrey Ronald Humphrey was a United States Information Agency ( USIA ) official who was convicted of spying for North Vietnam . He and co-conspirator David Truong ( born Truong Dinh Hung ) , the son of a South Vietnamese politician Truong Nhu Tang , were arrested in 1977 and charged with conspiracy , espionage , theft of classified information and failing to register as foreign agents . They were convicted of spying for the North Vietnamese and both given a 15-year prison sentence .   Truong was a South Vietnamese expatriate living in the United States and who as active in the anti-Vietnam War movement . His father had run against Nguyen Van Thieu on a peace platform and was a member of the anti-Thieu Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam . Supplied with information by Humphrey , Truong passed on diplomatic cables and classified information to North Vietnam and the successor Socialist Republic of Vietnam government . The intermediary was the wife of a naval attache , Yung Krall , codenamed `` Agent Keyseat '' , who was a double agent for the U.S. intelligence services . Some of the documents were used by the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong negotiators at the Paris Peace Conference . It is the only case of military espionage to come out of the Vietnam War .

neg: Ho Chi Minh trail The Hồ Chí Minh trail ( also known in Vietnam as the `` Trường Sơn trail '' ) was a logistical system that ran from the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( North Vietnam ) to the Republic of Vietnam ( South Vietnam ) through the kingdoms of Laos and Cambodia . The system provided support , in the form of manpower and materiel , to the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam ( called the Vietcong or `` VC '' by its opponents ) and the People 's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN ) , or North Vietnamese Army , during the Vietnam War .   It was named by the Americans after North Vietnamese president Hồ Chí Minh . Although the trail was mostly in Laos , the communists called it the Trường Sơn Strategic Supply Route ( Đường Trường Sơn ) , after the Vietnamese name for the Annamite Range mountains in central Vietnam . According to the United States National Security Agency 's official history of the war , the Trail system was `` one of the great achievements of military engineering of the 20th century . ''

neg: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states The Guerrilla war in the Baltic states or the Forest Brothers resistance movement was the armed struggle against Soviet rule that spanned from 1944 to the mid-1950s . After the occupation of the Baltic territories by the Soviets in 1944 , an insurgency started . According to some estimates , 10,000 partisans in Estonia , 10,000 partisans in Latvia and 30,000 partisans in Lithuania and many more supporters were involved . This war continued as an organised struggle until 1956 when the superiority of the Soviet military caused the native population to adopt other forms of resistance . While estimates related to the extent of partisan movement vary , but there seems to be a consensus among researchers that by international standards , the Baltic guerrilla movements were extensive . Proportionally , the partisan movement in the post-war Baltic states was of a similar size as the Viet Cong movement in South Vietnam .

neg: China–Vietnam relations The bilateral relations between the People 's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam ( 中越关系 , Quan hệ Trung Quốc -- Việt Nam ) have been turbulent , despite their common socialist background . Centuries of conquest by modern China 's imperial predecessor have given Vietnam an entrenched suspicion of Chinese attempts to dominate it . Though the PRC assisted North Vietnam during the Vietnam War , relations between the two nations soured following Vietnam 's reunification in 1975 . China and Vietnam fought a prolonged border war from 1979 to 1990 , but have since worked to improve their diplomatic and economic ties . However , the two countries remain in dispute over territorial issues in the South China Sea . A 2014 survey conducted by the Pew Research Center showed 84 % of Vietnamese were concerned that territorial disputes between China and neighbouring countries could lead to a military conflict .   Once , Vietnam had a territorial control even to the territory of modern-day Guangxi and Guangdong , due to historical wars with China , the border between China and Vietnam has been defined like today .

neg: Conflict in Vietnam and at Home `` Conflict in Vietnam and at Home '' was a speech given on March 18 , 1968 by U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy at Kansas State University . Having only declared his candidacy for president two days before , the address was Kennedy 's first official campaign speech . He discussed student protests , consequences of the Vietnam War , and Lyndon B. Johnson 's leadership of the country .

neg: Mayaguez incident The Mayaguez incident took place between the Democratic Kampuchea and the United States from May 12 -- 15 , 1975 , less than a month after the Khmer Rouge took control of the capital Phnom Penh ousting the U.S. backed Khmer Republic . It was the last official battle of the Vietnam War . The names of the Americans killed , as well as those of three U.S. Marines who were left behind on the island of Koh Tang after the battle and were subsequently executed by the Khmer Rouge , are the last names on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . The merchant ship 's crew , whose seizure at sea had prompted the U.S. attack , had been released in good health , unknown to the U.S. Marines or the U.S. command of the operation before they attacked . Nevertheless , the Marines boarded and recaptured the ship anchored offshore a Cambodian island , finding it empty .

neg: Operation Cedar Falls Operation Cedar Falls was a military operation of the Vietnam War conducted primarily by US forces . The aim of this massive search and destroy operation was to eradicate the so-called `` Iron Triangle '' , an area located in close proximity to Saigon which had become a major stronghold of the communist National Liberation Front ( NLF ) or Viet Cong . The operation began on January 8 , 1967 , and ended on January 28 , 1967 .   Operation Cedar Falls was the largest American ground operation of the Vietnam war : Two Army divisions , one infantry and one paratrooper brigade , as well as one armored cavalry regiment participated in the operation ; altogether , Operation Cedar Falls involved 30,000 US and South Vietnamese troops . The Viet Cong , however , chose to evade this massive military force by either fleeing across the border to Cambodia or hiding in a complex system of underground tunnels . Nevertheless , the Allied forces uncovered and destroyed some of the tunnel complexes as well as large stockpiles of Viet Cong supplies . In the course of the operation , so-called tunnel rats were introduced to infiltrate Viet Cong tunnel systems .   In an attempt to permanently destroy the Iron Triangle as a Viet Cong stronghold , Operation Cedar Falls also entailed the complete deportation of the region 's civilian population to so-called New Life Villages , the destruction of their homes , as well as the defoliation of whole areas .   Most senior officers involved in planning and executing the operation later evaluated it as a success . Most journalists and military historians , however , paint a bleaker picture . They argue that Cedar Falls failed to achieve its main goal since the Viet Cong 's setback in the Iron Triangle proved to be only temporary . Moreover , critics argue that the harsh treatment of the civilian population was both morally questionable as well as detrimental to the US effort to win Vietnamese hearts and minds driving many into the ranks of the Viet Cong instead . Therefore , some authors cite Operation Cedar Falls as a major example for the misconceptions of the American strategy in Vietnam and for its morally troublesome consequences .

neg: Dirty thirty (Vietnam) The first American soldiers to take an official role in the Vietnam War were a group of pilots called the Dirty Thirty .   They were U.S. Air Force pilots sent to Vietnam in 1962 and 1963 , to assist the South Vietnamese Air Force ( VNAF ) in military airlift and transport missions . They primarily flew as co-pilots alongside VNAF pilots on these missions .   Other G.I.s had survived in Vietnam and had participated in combat operations . Officially , however the Dirty Thirty ( an unofficial adopted nickname ) pilots were classed as `` advisors '' , not combatants .   The original group of pilots deployed in 1962 rotated home during early 1963 , and were replaced by a second contingent . During the 20-month period they were on loan to the VNAF , the total of sixty Dirty Thirty pilots flew approximately 25,000 hours , earning 97 Air Medals and two Distinguished Flying Crosses .   Richard W. Hudson wrote a book about the pilots , entitled `` The Dirty Thirty '' .

neg: Origins of the Cold War The Origins of the Cold War are widely regarded to lie most directly in the relations between the Soviet Union and the allies ( the United States , Great Britain and France ) in the years 1945 -- 1947 . Those events led to the Cold War that endured for just under half a century .   Events preceding the Second World War , and even the Russian Revolution of 1917 , underlay pre -- World War II tensions between the Soviet Union , western European countries and the United States . A series of events during and after World War II exacerbated tensions , including the Soviet-German pact during the first two years of the war leading to subsequent invasions , the perceived delay of an amphibious invasion of German-occupied Europe , the western allies ' support of the Atlantic Charter , disagreement in wartime conferences over the fate of Eastern Europe , the Soviets ' creation of an Eastern Bloc of Soviet satellite states , western allies scrapping the Morgenthau Plan to support the rebuilding of German industry , and the Marshall Plan .

neg: Red Cross of Viet Nam The Viet Nam Red Cross Society is a member ( National Society ) of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and has its headquarters in Hanoi . The organisation was established during the First Indochina War , and originally had two branches . The Northern branch was established in Hanoi in 1946 , and the Southern branch was established by Dr Ho Van Nhut in Saigon in 1951 .   The Southern branch functioned separately from the Northern Branch and was officially recognized by the International Committee of the Red Cross , to address the increasing needs for assistance to Vietnamese civilians caught in the conflict between North and South Vietnam during the Indochina War and to those affected by natural disasters . The official name of the organization was Vietnamese Red Cross ( VRC ) , with its headquarters at an avenue in central Saigon named after the organization . The VRC played an important role in the program of aid to the million refugees from North to South Vietnam , following the Geneva Agreement in 1954 .

neg: History of the Communist Party of Vietnam This article describes the history of the Communist Party of Vietnam , which ruled all or part of Vietnam beginning in 1945 .

neg: Tĩnh Hải quân Tĩnh Hải quân or the Jinghai regiments ( Chinese : 靜海軍 , pinyin : Jìnghǎi-jūn ) was the name of Viet Nam from 866 to 968 . It was the reconstituted Chinese military protectorate of Annam in northern Vietnam during the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam . The area of the commandery is sometimes referred to as `` Circuit '' ( 道 dao ) in Jinghai the term Jinghai-jun was used .   This was the fifth section of the third domination commencing with Giao Châu ( or Jiaozhou , 602 -- 679 ) , then An Nam ( or Annam , 679 -- 757 ) , Trấn Nam ( 757 -- 766 ) , An Nam again ( 766 -- 866 ) and then Tĩnh Hải quân ( or Jinghai-jun , 866 -- 967 ) .   During the period until 939 , Vietnam was governed by jiedushi , including finally the three generations of the Khuc family who briefly asserted autonomy from China . With the proclamation of independence by Ngo Quyen , this name was retain throughout the Ngo Dynasty and the Anarchy of the 12 Warlords . In 968 , Dinh Bo Linh vanquished the warlords and renamed the country as Đại Cồ Việt .

neg: Ba Cụt Lê Quang Vinh ( 1923 -- 13 July 1956 ) , popularly known as Ba Cụt ( -LSB- ɓāː kût -RSB- ) was a military commander of the Hòa Hảo religious sect , which operated from the Mekong Delta and controlled various parts of southern Vietnam during the 1940s and early 1950s .   Ba Cụt and his forces fought the Vietnamese National Army ( VNA ) , the Việt Minh , and the Cao Đài religious movement from 1943 until his capture in 1956 . Known for his idiosyncrasies , he was regarded as an erratic and cruel leader who fought with little ideological purpose . His sobriquet came from the self-amputation of his left index finger ( although it was erroneously reported that it was his middle or `` third cut finger '' ) . He later swore not to cut his hair until the communist Việt Minh were defeated . Ba Cụt frequently made alliances with various Vietnamese factions and the French . He invariably accepted the material support offered in return for his cooperation , and then broke the agreement -- nevertheless , the French made deals with him on five occasions . The French position was weak because their military forces had been depleted by World War II , and they had great difficulty in re-establishing control over French Indochina , which had been left with a power vacuum after the defeat of Japan .   In mid-1955 , the tide turned against the various sects , as Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm of the State of Vietnam and his VNA began to consolidate their grip on the south . Ba Cụt and his allies were driven into the jungle , and their position was threatened by government offensives . After almost a year of fighting , Ba Cụt was captured . He was sentenced to death and publicly beheaded in Cần Thơ .

neg: Republic of Vietnam Military Forces The Republic of Vietnam Military Forces or RVNMF ( -- QLVNCH ) , were the official armed defense forces of the Republic of Vietnam ( RVN ) , a state that existed from 1955 to 1975 in the southern half of what is now the Socialist Republic of Vietnam . The QLVNCH was responsible for the defense of South Vietnam since its independence from France in October 1955 .


query: Julian Assange expressed concern that he would be extradited.

pos: Julian Assange Julian Paul Assange ( -LSB- əˈsɒnʒ -RSB- born Julian Paul Hawkins , 3 July 1971 ) is an Australian computer programmer and the founder of WikiLeaks , an organisation which he founded in 2006 . He has won accolades including the Sam Adams Award and Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism .   Assange founded WikiLeaks in 2006 , but came to global prominence in 2010 , when WikiLeaks published a series of leaks provided by Chelsea Manning . These leaks included the Collateral Murder video ( April 2010 ) , the Afghanistan war logs ( July 2010 ) , the Iraq war logs ( October 2010 ) , and CableGate ( November 2010 ) . Following the 2010 leaks , the United States government launched a criminal investigation into WikiLeaks and asked allied nations for assistance .   In November 2010 , a request was made for Assange 's extradition to Sweden , where he had been questioned months earlier over allegations of sexual assault and rape . Assange continued to deny the allegations , and expressed concern that he would be extradited from Sweden to the United States because of his perceived role in publishing secret American documents . Assange surrendered himself to UK police on 7 December 2010 , and was held for ten days in solitary confinement before being released on bail . He sought and was granted asylum by Ecuador in August 2012 . He has since remained in the Embassy of Ecuador in London , and is unable to leave without being arrested for breaching his bail conditions . On 19 May 2017 , the Swedish prosecutors dropped the investigation into rape accusations against Assange and applied to revoke his arrest warrant , although the Metropolitan Police have indicated that an arrest warrant is still in force for Assange 's failure to surrender himself to the British court .

neg: London Declaration for Global Peace and Resistance against Extremism 2011 On 24 September 2011 , Minhaj-ul-Quran organised a major `` Peace for Humanity Conference '' at Wembley Arena in London at which , under the auspices of Pakistani Islamic scholar Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri , its 12,000 attendees announced a global declaration denouncing racism , interfaith intolerance , extremism and terrorism . Minhaj-ul-Quran strategist Joel Hayward wrote the declaration text for Qadri and was its second formal signatory after Qadri himself . Notably , senior Al-Azhar University leaders and dignitaries then signed it before Minhaj-ul-Quran opened it up via the internet for public signing . They aim to get one million signatures within a year . The London Declaration for Global Peace and Resistance against Extremism is intended as an interfaith document which unequivocally condemns all extremism and terrorism , '' because at the heart of all religions is a belief in the sanctity of the lives of the innocent . '' The Declaration adds : `` The indiscriminate nature of terrorism , which has in recent years killed far more civilians and other non-combatants than it has combatants , is un-Islamic , un-Judaic , un-Christian and it is indeed incompatible with the true teachings of all faiths . '' The London Declaration also `` unequivocally condemn -LSB- s -RSB- anti-Semitism ( including when sometimes it is disingenuously clothed as anti-Zionism ) , Islamophobia ( including when it is sometimes disingenuously dressed up as patriotism ) and all other forms of racism and xenophobia . '' Muslim extremists tried to prevent the success of the Declaration via cyber-attacks on the website hosting it .

neg: Yaser Esam Hamdi Yaser Esam Hamdi ( born September 26 , 1980 ) is a former American citizen who was captured in Afghanistan in 2001 . The United States government claims that he was fighting with the Taliban against U.S. and Afghan Northern Alliance forces . He was declared an `` illegal enemy combatant '' by the Bush administration and detained for almost three years without charge . Born in Louisiana , he was a U.S. citizen . On October 9 , 2004 , on the condition that he renounce his U.S. citizenship and commit to travel prohibitions and other conditions , the government released him and deported him to Saudi Arabia , where he had been raised .   Hamdi was initially detained at Camp X-Ray at Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , along with eventually hundreds of other detainees . After officials learned that he was a U.S. citizen , Hamdi was transferred to military jails in Virginia and South Carolina . He continued to be detained without trial or legal representation .   Critics of his imprisonment claimed his civil rights were violated and that he was denied due process of law under the U.S. Constitution . They said his imprisonment without formal charges and denial of legal representation was illegal .   On June 28 , 2004 , in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld , the United States Supreme Court rejected the U.S. government 's attempts to detain him indefinitely without trial . It said he had the right as a U.S. citizen to due process under habeas corpus : to confront his accusers and contest the grounds of detention in an impartial forum .

neg: Sovereign default A sovereign default ( -LSB- ˈsɒvrᵻn , _ - vərᵻn -RSB- ) is the failure or refusal of the government of a sovereign state to pay back its debt in full . Cessation of due payments ( or receivables ) may either be accompanied by formal declaration ( repudiation ) of a government not to pay ( or only partially pay ) its debts , or it may be unannounced . A credit rating agency will take into account in its gradings capital , interest , extraneous and procedural defaults , failures to abide by the terms of bonds or other debt instruments . Countries have at times escaped the real burden of some of their debt through inflation . This is not `` default '' in the usual sense because the debt is honored , albeit with currency of lesser real value . Sometimes governments devalue their currency . This can be done by printing more money to apply toward their own debts , or by ending or altering the convertibility of their currencies into precious metals or foreign currency at fixed rates . Harder to quantify than an interest or capital default , this often is defined as an extraneous or procedural default ( breach ) of terms of the contracts or other instruments .   If potential lenders or bond purchasers begin to suspect that a government may fail to pay back its debt , they may demand a high interest rate in compensation for the risk of default . A dramatic rise in the interest rate faced by a government due to fear that it will fail to honor its debt is sometimes called a sovereign debt crisis . Governments may be especially vulnerable to a sovereign debt crisis when they rely on financing through short-term bonds , since this creates a situation of maturity mismatch between their short-term bond financing and the long-term asset value of their tax base .   They may also be vulnerable to a sovereign debt crisis due to currency mismatch : if few bonds in their own currency are accepted abroad , and so the country issues mainly foreign-denominated bonds , decrease in the value of their own currency can make it prohibitively expensive to pay back their foreign-denominated bonds ( see original sin ) .   Since a sovereign government , by definition , controls its own affairs , it can not be obliged to pay back its debt . Nonetheless , governments may face severe pressure from lending countries . In a few extreme cases , a major creditor nation , before the establishment of the UN Charter Article 2 ( 4 ) prohibiting use of force by states , made threats of war or waged war against a debtor nation for failing to pay back debt to seize assets to enforce its creditor 's rights . For example , Britain invaded Egypt in 1882 . Other examples include the United States ' `` gunboat diplomacy '' in Venezuela in the mid-1890s and the United States occupation of Haiti beginning in 1915 .   Today a government which defaults may be widely excluded from further credit , some of its overseas assets may be seized ; and it may face political pressure from its own domestic bondholders to pay back its debt . Therefore , governments rarely default on the entire value of their debt . Instead , they often enter into negotiations with their bondholders to agree on a delay ( debt restructuring ) or partial reduction of their debt ( a ` haircut or write-off ' ) .   Some economists have argued that , in the case of acute insolvency crises , it can be advisable for regulators and supranational lenders to preemptively engineer the orderly restructuring of a nation 's public debt - also called `` orderly default '' or `` controlled default '' . In the case of Greece , these experts generally believe that a delay in organising an orderly default would hurt the rest of Europe even more .   The International Monetary Fund often lends for sovereign debt restructuring . To ensure that funds will be available to pay the remaining part of the sovereign debt , it has made such loans conditional on acts such as reducing corruption , imposing austerity measures such as reducing non-profitable public sector services , raising the tax take ( revenue ) or more rarely suggesting other forms of revenue raising such as nationalization of inept or corrupt but lucrative economic sectors . A recent example is the Greek bailout agreement of May 2010 .

neg: Plame affair The Plame affair ( also known as the CIA leak scandal and Plamegate ) was a political scandal that revolved around journalist Robert Novak 's public identification of Valerie Plame as a covert Central Intelligence Agency officer in 2003 .   In 2002 , Plame wrote a memo to her superiors in which she expressed hesitation in recommending her husband , former diplomat Joseph C. Wilson , to the CIA for a mission to Niger to investigate claims that Iraq had arranged to purchase and import uranium from the country , but stated that he `` may be in a position to assist '' . After President George W. Bush stated that `` Saddam Hussein recently sought significant quantities of uranium from Africa '' during the run-up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq , Wilson published a July 2003 op-ed in The New York Times stating his doubts during the mission that any such transaction with Iraq had taken place .   A week after Wilson 's op-ed was published , Novak published a column which mentioned claims from `` two senior administration officials '' that Plame had been the one to suggest sending her husband . Novak had learned of Plame 's employment , which was classified information , from State Department official Richard Armitage . David Corn and others suggested that Armitage and other officials had leaked the information as political retribution for Wilson 's article .   The scandal led to a criminal investigation ; no one was charged for the leak itself . Scooter Libby was convicted of lying to investigators . His prison sentence was ultimately commuted by President Bush .

neg: Enemies of the People `` Enemies of the People '' was the headline to an article by the political editor James Slack , published in the British newspaper Daily Mail on 4 November 2016 . The headline and associated article were about the three judges who had ruled that the UK Government would require the consent of Parliament to give notice of Brexit . The headline was widely criticised as being inappropriately critical and attracted numerous complaints , given that the British judiciary is independent of the Government . The court had ruled on the question of whether the Constitution of the United Kingdom permitted the government to use the royal prerogative to invoke Article 50 ( or whether it would need to be authorised by an explicit act of Parliament to do so ) .

neg: In re Sealed Case No. 02-001 In re : Sealed Case No. 02-001 , 310 F. 3d 717 ( 2002 ) , is a per curiam decision by the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review in which it reviewed restrictions that were placed upon a Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act ( FISA ) application by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court ( FISC ) on May 17 , 2002 . The Court of Review reversed the FISC 's restrictions , stating that they `` are not required by FISA or the Constitution '' . This opinion represents the first meeting of and first opinion by the Court of Review . For the purposes of review , the FISC 's modification of the requested application worked as a `` denial '' , thus giving the Court of Review jurisdiction to take the case .   The Court noted that the case raised important questions of statutory interpretation and the constitutionality of provision of FISA . In particular , the opinion addressed changes made in the act due to the passage of the Patriot Act . The Court addressed these questions in the context of a single request for an order authorizing electronic surveillance made by the government to the FISC . The FISC approved the requested order but `` imposed certain requirements and limitations '' on the government . The government appealed to the Court of Review .   The Court first stated that there appeared to be no disagreement between the government and the FISC as to the propriety of the requested surveillance because the FISC found that the government had shown probable caused to believe that the target is an agent of a foreign power . The government therefore only appealed the restrictions imposed . The restrictions include orders that   law enforcement officials shall not make recommendations to intelligence officials concerning the initiation , operation , continuation or expansion of FISA searches or surveillances . Additionally , the FBI and the Criminal Division -LSB- of the Department of Justice -RSB- shall ensure that law enforcement officials do not direct or control the use of the FISA procedures to enhance criminal prosecution , and that advice intended to preserve the option of a criminal prosecution does not inadvertently result in the Criminal Division 's directing or controlling the investigation using FISA searches and surveillances toward law enforcement objectives .   The FISC also created what the court referred to as a `` chaperone requirement '' , which required that a unit of the Justice Department ( the Office of Intelligence Policy and review ( OIPR ) ) `` be invited '' to all meetings between the FBI and the Criminal Division involving coordination of efforts to investigate and respond to potential hostile acts . The Court of Review stated that the lower opinion establishing these restrictions did not clearly set forth the basis for its decision . Instead , the restrictions `` appear -LSB- -RSB- to proceed from the assumption that FISA constructed a barrier between counterintelligence/intelligence officials and law enforcement officers in the Executive Branch , '' but the opinion did not support such an assumption . This `` wall '' between the intelligence officials and law enforcement officers was created by the FISC in reliance on `` its statutory authority to approve ` minimization procedures ' designed to prevent the acquisition , retention , and dissemination within the government of material gathered in an electronic surveillance that is unnecessary to the government 's need for foreign intelligence information . ''   Two arguments were presented by the government in opposition to these restrictions . First , the government argued that the pre-Patriot Act limitation in FISA that restricts the government 's use of intelligence information is `` an illusion . '' Alternatively , the government argued that even if the `` primary purpose '' limitation exists , the passage of the Patriot Act eliminated that concept from FISA . As a corollary , the government argued that the restrictions imposed by the FISC below were a misconstruction of the FISA provisions and `` an end run around '' the amendments added by the Patriot Act .   The American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) and the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers ( NACDL ) submitted amicus curiae briefs in support of the restrictions . The briefs argued primarily that the FISA statute ( and the amendments of the Patriot Act ) are unconstitutional under the Fourth Amendment unless they are construed to prohibit the government from obtaining a FISA surveillance order if its `` primary purpose '' is criminal prosecution .   Among other things , the Court of Review found that FISA is constitutional , that the minimization requirements of FISA are not grounds to limit the purpose of the FISA application , and that FISA may be used to collect evidence for criminal prosecution . The Court also noted ( but made no judgment regarding ) `` the President 's inherent constitutional authority to conduct warrantless foreign intelligence surveillance '' which relates to part of the government justification in the NSA warrantless surveillance controversy .

neg: Embassy of Ecuador, London The Embassy of Ecuador in London is the diplomatic mission of Ecuador in the United Kingdom . It is headed by the ambassador of Ecuador to the United Kingdom . It is located in the Knightsbridge district in a building it shares with the Embassy of Colombia , near Harrods , Hyde Park , and Hans Place , precisely at 3 Hans Crescent at the intersection of Basil Street , and it is served by the Knightsbridge station .   The Ecuadorian embassy is the temporary home of the Australian editor , activist , publisher and journalist Julian Assange , who initially entered it on 19 June 2012 claiming diplomatic asylum , which was granted by the Ecuadorian government on 16 August 2012 .   The embassy is charged with representing the interests of the president and government of Ecuador , improving diplomatic relations between Ecuador and the accredited countries , promoting and improving the image and standing of Ecuador in the accredited nations , promoting the culture of Ecuador , encouraging and facilitating tourism to and from Ecuador , and ensuring the safety of Ecuadorians abroad .   The structure that houses the embassy is a white stucco-fronted red-brick building on Hans Crescent in the Knightsbridge area of London . The embassy is a suite of rooms occupying part of the ground floor of the building , which has been described as an `` apartment block '' .   Ecuador also maintains a consulate at 144-146 Kings Cross Road , London WC1X 9DU and an Office of the Naval Assistant and Permanent Representative to the International Maritime Organization at 61 Wimbledon Hill Road , Wimbledon , London .

neg: Prospect (magazine) Prospect is a monthly British general interest magazine , specialising in politics , economics and current affairs . Topics include British , European , and US politics , social issues , art , literature , cinema , science , the media , history , philosophy , and psychology . It features a mixture of lengthy analytic articles , first-person reportage , one-page columns , and shorter , quirky items .   Notable features of the magazine include head-to-head debates between two writers with opposing views on a subject ; roundtable discussions , in which a series of experts with varying views on a given topic meet for a discussion , an edited transcript of which is published in the magazine ; and interviews with major political and cultural figures ( recent examples include Orhan Pamuk , Paul Wolfowitz , and Hilary Mantel ) .   The magazine prizes independence over ideology and its articles and authors span the political spectrum . In recent years the magazine 's founding editor , David Goodhart , has stirred controversy with a series of articles arguing that the increasing diversity of the United Kingdom may weaken the bonds of solidarity on which the welfare state depends . The debate fed into the broader discussions of `` Britishness '' that have become increasingly common in the public sphere .   Contributors include Lionel Shriver , A. C. Grayling , Gordon Brown , Mohamed ElBaradei , Michael Lind , Michael Ignatieff , Geoff Dyer , Francis Fukuyama , Roger Scruton , Andrew Marr , John Kay , and J. M. Coetzee .   Prospect received worldwide attention in October 2005 when it published its list of the world 's top 100 public intellectuals , which included Noam Chomsky , Umberto Eco , Richard Dawkins , Steven Pinker and Christopher Hitchens . The magazine asked readers to vote for their top intellectual from the longlist ; Chomsky was the eventual winner . Subsequent lists have continued to attract attention . Dawkins claimed the top spot in 2013 .   In August 2009 in a roundtable interview in Prospect , Adair Turner supported the idea of new global taxes on financial transactions , warning that a `` swollen '' financial sector paying excessive salaries has grown too big for society . Lord Turner 's suggestion that a `` Tobin tax '' - named after the economist James Tobin -- should be considered for financial transactions reverberated around the world .   Prospect has also attempted to revitalise the art of the short story in Britain , by publishing the winning story of the Royal Society of Literature 's V.S. Pritchett Memorial Prize since 2009 .

neg: Rumsfeld v. Padilla Rumsfeld v. Padilla , , was a United States Supreme Court case , in which José Padilla , an American citizen , sought habeas corpus relief against Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld , as a result of his detention by the military as an `` unlawful combatant . ''   On May 8 , 2002 , Padilla , a U.S. citizen , flew from Pakistan to Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport . As he left the plane , Padilla was apprehended by federal agents executing a material witness warrant issued by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York in connection with its grand jury investigation into the September 11th attacks by terrorists . Initially Padilla was considered a `` material witness , '' without charges filed , and given very limited access to legal counsel . He was later classified as an `` enemy combatant , '' which , the Bush administration claimed as justification to imprison him indefinitely , and without legal recourse or access , as with non-citizen suspects in the war on terror .   Padilla 's attorney , Donna Newman , claiming to act as his next friend and on his behalf , filed a petition for habeas corpus in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York . On December 4 , 2002 , the court denied the petition and held that the President of the United States , as Commander-in-Chief had the authority to designate as an `` enemy combatant '' an American citizen captured on American soil , and , through the Secretary of Defense , to detain him for the duration of armed conflict with al-Qaida .   The case was appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit , which held that the President lacked the authority to order the military detentions of American citizens captured on American soil .   The case was petitioned to the United States Supreme Court . The principal issue before the Court was whether the Congressional Authorization for Use of Military Force post September 11 gave the president the powers to detain a United States citizen under military custody by classifying the detainee as an `` enemy combatant . '' Otherwise , the president would run afoul of the Non-Detention Act , which provides that `` No citizen shall be imprisoned or otherwise detained by the United States except pursuant to an Act of Congress .   The Court did not decide this issue . Instead , the Court held that the habeas corpus petition had been improperly filed . It ruled that because Padilla was being held in a brig ( military prison ) in South Carolina , the petition should have been filed in the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina and should have named the commander of the brig and not the Secretary of Defense ( because the brig commander was Padilla 's `` immediate custodian '' ) . The Court reversed the decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and remanded the case for dismissal without prejudice - that is , it overruled the Court of Appeals decision and ordered the dismissal of the case , allowing Padilla to refile the petition . Thus the principal issue of the case had not been resolved .   Paul Clement , Principal Deputy Solicitor General at the time , gave oral argument for the United States ( Rumsfeld ) ; Jennifer Martinez , a law professor and human rights lawyer , gave oral argument on behalf of Padilla and Newman .

neg: Societal security Societal security is a concept developed by the Copenhagen School of security studies that refers to ` the ability of a society to persist in its essential character under changing conditions and possible or actual threats ' .   The end of the Cold War prompted scholars to rethink the paradigm of security independently from the state and the military . In Europe , the collapse of the Soviet Union led to the emergence of new states and sustained efforts to pursue the European Union ( EU ) integration . The new order called for a ( re ) conceptualisation of Europe and European security , which challenged classic understandings of security , as something that took place between states . The move towards an EU security was , thus , closely articulated around questions of EU identity , free movement of people and borders .  The concept of societal security , developed by scholars associated with the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute , is situated within this context . Societal security relates to : `` the ability of a society to persist in its essential character under changing conditions and possible or actual threats . ''   In ` Identity , Migration , and the New Security Agenda in Europe ' , Wæver notes the emergence of different conceptions of the nation-state , and further establishes a distinction between Western and Eastern Europe . In the West , a `` decoupling of state and nation '' takes place , as Member States , by seeking more integration , accept to relinquish some of their sovereignty . This move towards a `` post-sovereign '' nation-state is due to `` internationalisation and Europeanization '' processes , as international institutions assume increased influence over domestic affairs . Subsequently , communities , perceiving their identities to be threatened by this integration , can no longer call upon the state to protect them . A duality occurs between the security needs of the state and of society , where `` state security has sovereignty as its ultimate criterion , and societal security has identity '' . In the East , the emergence of new states , formed after the dismantlement of the Soviet Union , leads to more traditional attempts at merging the nation and the state ; thus , conflicts arise when the coupling can not be done ( i.e. Yugoslavia ) .   In ` Security : a new framework for analysis ' , Buzan et al. formalise their broader understanding of security by introducing five sectors , each governed by `` distinctive characteristics and dynamics '' , and conceptualised around particular referent objects and actors ( i.e. military , environmental , economic , societal and political ) . Societal security is about the survival of a community as a cohesive unit ; its referent object is '' large scale collective identities that can function independent of the state . ''  Societal insecurities arise when `` a society fears it would not be able to live as itself '' , and stem from :  migration : the influx of people will `` overrun or dilute '' a group 's identity e.g. the need to define Britishness ;  vertical competition : the integration of a group within a broader organisation e.g. euroscepticism with regards to EU integration , national-separatist claims ; and ,  horizontal competition : group is forced to integrate more influential identities within their own e.g. France 's cultural exception defending itself against American influences .   Societal security is not tied to a territory , as is state security , e.g. Kurds , where security matters of state and society widely diverge and enter into conflict .   Societal security in sociological viewpoint is :   Regarding security as an `` independent phenomenon '' :   So , societal security is n't threat , no opportunity . But it is a center and base , upon it the reliability and certainty of collective life could be gained .   Rereading of security from `` social '' perspective :   It means that security is based on collective life , the life of common people , instead of looking at differences and insisting on disagreement between groups and states that is key factor in determining threats and distinguish friend and foe .   Viewing security as `` social phenomenon '' :   Hence , societal security does n't need military weapons and soft power solutions . In other words , societal security does n't integrate with power and remain by converting links to social capitals .   Finally , threats and opportunities could be considered as deterrent or impeller factors .   So the final goal of societal security is comfort and understanding the beauty of collective life -- not an interest for government , not eliminating enemies , not confronting a threat for nation .

neg: Sub judice In law , sub judice , Latin for `` under judgment '' , means that a particular case or matter is under trial or being considered by a judge or court . The term may be used synonymously with `` the present case '' or `` the case at bar '' by some lawyers .   In England and Wales , Ireland , New Zealand , Australia , South Africa , Bangladesh , India , Pakistan , Canada , Sri Lanka , and Israel it is generally considered inappropriate to comment publicly on cases sub judice , which can be an offence in itself , leading to contempt of court proceedings . This is particularly true in criminal cases , where publicly discussing cases sub judice may constitute interference with due process .   In English law , the term was correctly used to describe material which would prejudice court proceedings by publication before 1981 . Sub judice is now irrelevant to journalists because of the introduction of the Contempt of Court Act 1981 . Under Section 2 of the Act , a substantial risk of serious prejudice can only be created by a media report when proceedings are active . Proceedings become active when there is an arrest , oral charge , issue of a warrant , or a summons .   In the United States , there are First Amendment concerns about stifling the right of free speech which prevent such tight restrictions on comments sub judice . However , State Rules of Professional Conduct governing attorneys often place restrictions on the out-of-court statements an attorney may make regarding an ongoing case . Furthermore , there are still protections for criminal defendants , and those convicted in an atmosphere of a media circus have had their convictions overturned for a fairer trial .

neg: International Association of Prosecutors The International Association of Prosecutors ( IAP ) is the only global non-governmental organisation of prosecutors , established by the United Nations in 1995 , Vienna .   Organisation includes about 200,000 members from over 120 states .   It was established due to rapid growth in transnational crime like drug trafficking , money laundering and fraud .  From its website , `` The IAP is the only worldwide organization of prosecutors . It was established in 1995 and now has more than 145 organizational members from over 96 different jurisdictions , representing every continent , as well as many individual members .   The website sets out the objects of the IAP . All organizational members of the IAP are expected to commit to the Standards of Professional Responsibility and Statement of the Essential Duties and Rights of Prosecutors adopted by the IAP in 1999 . In April 2013 a complaint was lodged against an Executive Committee member , Dr. Ali bin Fadhel Al - Buainain who as head of the Office of Public Prosecution in Bahrain has acted contrary to these standards by prosecuting Bahraini nationals for activities protected by the rights to freedom expression and assembly and for failing to adhere to fair procedures and due process standards , as asserted by Ceartas Irish lawyers for Human Rights . On April 22nd 2013 , IAP President James Hamilton acknowledged receipt of the complaint and stated that it is `` something we 're going to look very carefully at '' , and the outcome `` will certainly set a precedent for how we deal with a complaint '' . Nevertheless , Dr. Ali bin Fadhel Al - Buainain has sought to be re-elected to the IAP Executive Committee at the 18th Annual General Meeting of the IAP on September 11 , 2013 , and it has been reported by the Bahrain State News Agency that he has already been re-elected to it for another three years .   Membership brings many advantages and opportunities , including the chance to attend the annual conference . As well as providing lively and interesting discussion on questions which are of practical concern to prosecutors , the annual conferences provide excellent opportunities for networking and getting to know colleagues from other countries . Annual conferences takes place in different venues each year .   Regional conferences in Africa , Latin America , Western Europe , Eastern Europe/Central Asia , North America and the Caribbean and the Asia-Pacific region are now regular events in the IAP , and are mainly aimed at front line prosecutors . Information concerning these and other events can be found on the website .   The Association also produces regular newsletters which are distributed to members . In addition a considerable amount of information on the website is available only to members including a members forum where members can exchange information and experiences . A Global Prosecutors E-Crime Network is accessible through the website and contains much information of interest to prosecutors concerning cyber crime . Similarly the ` Forum for International Criminal Justice ' is also accessible via the website for those seeking information and contacts in that area . ''

neg: Periodic Review Board The Periodic Review Boards administrate a US `` administrative procedure '' for recommending whether certain individuals held in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps , in Cuba are safe to release or transfer , or whether they should continue to be held without charge .  The boards are authorized by and overseen by the Periodic Review Secretariat , which President Barack Obama set up with Executive Order 13567 on March 7 , 2011 .   Senior Civil Service officials from six agencies sit on the Board : the United States Department of Defense , Homeland Security , Justice and State , and the offices of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Director of National Intelligence . Each member has a veto over any recommendation . Although Obama authorized the Secretariat to conduct periodic reviews in early 2011 , the first review was not conducted until late 2013 .   On July 21 , 2013 , Carol Rosenberg , writing in the Miami Herald , reported that the announcement that the Boards would finally be convened followed a `` flurry of emails '' to the captives attorneys -- after years of delay . Rosenberg noted that the announcement from Norton C. Joerg , a former officer and senior lawyer with the United States Navy , came at the height of the most widespread Guantanamo hunger strike .   Individuals who have faced charges , become eligible to have their status reviewed by a Periodic Review Board , if the charges they faced are dropped . In 2013 , 24 new individuals who the Guantanamo Review Task Force had recommended should face charges , had those charges dropped , and became eligible for review , when appeals courts had overturned convictions for `` providing material support for terrorism '' .   During the second review , on January 28 , 2014 , that of Abdel Malik al Rahabi , nine reporters and four human rights workers were allowed to observe a video-link to the 19 minute unclassified portion of the hearing .  69 other individuals can expect to have their status reviewed .   Almost half of the individuals still at Guantanamo have already been cleared for release or transfer -- some as long ago as 2005 , so critics have questioned how meaningful it had been to clear Mahmud Abd Al Aziz Al Mujahid for release .   Under the Obama Administration , the Board examined 63 detainees , recommending 37 of those to be transferred .   Of the 693 total former detainees transferred out of Guantanamo , 30 % are suspected or confirmed to have reengaged in terrorist activity . Of those detainees that were transferred out under President Obama , 5.6 % are confirmed and 6.8 % are suspected of reengaging in terrorist activity .   The Board held its first hearing under President Donald Trump on February 9 , 2017 . Warning of the danger of recidivism , that same day eleven Republican Senators wrote a letter encouraging the President to immediately suspend the Board and to prohibit the transfer of any detainees .

neg: Maksud Ibragimov Maksud Muhidinovich Ibragimov ( born 3 November 1977 , Dushanbe , Tajikistan ) is a Tajikistan-born opposition politician , Chairman of the Russian-registered organization `` Youth for the Revival of Tajikistan '' and member of the governing board of the opposition coalition New Tajikistan , which includes Group 24 .   Up until December 2014 , Maksud Ibragimov was a citizen of Russia who renounced his Tajikistan citizenship in 2004 . He had been living in Russia for 10 years before establishing the movement `` Youth for the Revival of Tajikistan '' in October 2014 . As part of the New Tajikistan coalition , the movement called for peaceful protests to be held on October 10 in Dushanbe . Reacting to this , Tajikistan announced the movement illegal on October 7 and requested an extradition of Ibragimov from Russia . Complying with the request , Russia 's authorities arrested Ibragimov on October 9 but the Russian court denied Tajikistan 's request and he was freed on October 11 , 2014 .   A stream of threats followed this denial of extradition , including threats from Tajik law enforcement services . This was documented in Ibrahimov 's statement to the Russian police , which refused to register his complaints . On 26 November 2014 , Ibragimov was attacked in Moscow by two persons who left him with 6 knife wounds . His condition was severe but he survived . In December 2014 Ibragimov suddenly discovered that the Russian Federation stripped him of his Russian citizenship .   On 20 January 2015 , Ibragimov was arrested by Russian authorities again and immediately extradited to Tajikistan . Ibragimov 's Russian lawyer Nikolay Nikolayev said the extradition was illegal and expressed his plans to appeal the case in the European Court of Human Rights .

neg: Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy On December 7 , 2006 , the George W. Bush administration 's Department of Justice ordered the unprecedented midterm dismissal of seven United States Attorneys . Congressional investigations focused on whether the Department of Justice and the White House were using the U.S. Attorney positions for political advantage . Allegations were that some of the attorneys were targeted for dismissal to impede investigations of Republican politicians or that some were targeted for their failure to initiate investigations that would damage Democratic politicians or hamper Democratic-leaning voters .  The U.S. attorneys were replaced with interim appointees , under provisions in the 2005 USA PATRIOT Act reauthorization .   A subsequent report by the Justice Department Inspector General in October 2008 found that the process used to fire the first seven attorneys and two others dismissed around the same time was `` arbitrary '' , `` fundamentally flawed '' , and `` raised doubts about the integrity of Department prosecution decisions '' . In July 2010 , the Department of Justice prosecutors closed the two-year investigation without filing charges after determining that the firing was inappropriately political , but not criminal , saying `` Evidence did not demonstrate that any prosecutable criminal offense was committed with regard to the removal of David Iglesias . The investigative team also determined that the evidence did not warrant expanding the scope of the investigation beyond the removal of Iglesias . ''

neg: Stasi 2.0 The phrase Stasi 2.0 is the catchphrase of a civil rights campaign in Germany .   The term originated in the blogosphere , combining the name of East Germany 's former Ministry of State Security , commonly known as the `` Stasi '' , with the concept of software versioning as used in the popular phrase `` Web 2.0 '' . The implication is that Stasi 2.0 is the modernized , updated and contemporary successor ( or `` version '' in the software usage ) of Stasi . The campaign focuses on the proposals of Wolfgang Schäuble , at that time Secretary of the Interior of Germany . Schäuble then proposed a preemptive security strategy , which critics contend bears similarities to the practices of the Stasi , but using current technology . His most disputed ideas involve his proposals for telecommunications data retention , his proposal to legalize military action of the Bundeswehr inside German borders , and his support for covert `` online searches '' of suspects ' computer equipment . His latest proposal in particular has met stiff opposition from many prominent German netizens , as well as the Chaos Computer Club .   Though Schäuble claims his proposals serve to protect a `` Right to Security '' , no such right is recognized under the German constitution .   The phrase Stasi 2.0 has been used by protestors criticising Barack Obama by likening him to a Stasi figure in The Lives of Others during the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures about the involvement of the National Security Agency in monitoring German communications , including those of chancellor Angela Merkel .

neg: Country of Particular Concern Country of Particular Concern ( CPC ) is a designation by the United States Secretary of State ( under authority delegated by the President ) of a nation guilty of particularly severe violations of religious freedom under the International Religious Freedom Act ( IRFA ) of 1998 ( H.R. 2431 ) and its amendment of 1999 ( Public Law 106-55 ) . The term `` particularly severe violations of religious freedom '' means systematic , ongoing , egregious violations of religious freedom , including violations such as :   a ) Torture or cruel , inhuman , or degrading treatment or punishment ;  b ) Prolonged detention without charges ;  c ) Causing the disappearance of persons by the abduction or clandestine detention of those persons ; or  d ) Other flagrant denials of the right to life , liberty , or the security of persons . Nations so designated are subject to further actions , including economic sanctions , by the United States .   Issuing recommendations as to countries it believes should be designated as countries of particular concern for their religious liberty violations is the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom , a separate agency created by IRFA ( along with the U.S. Department of State 's Office of International Religious Freedom ) to monitor the state of religious freedom around the world . Both entities provide policy recommendations to the president , the secretary of state and US Congress . Its recommendations are not always followed by the Secretary of State .   The latest report from February 29 , 2016 , designated each of the following nations as a CPC :   Each of these states was included on the previous year 's report except Tajikistan .

neg: The Night Letter The Night Letter is a 1978 book by Paul Spike , with a double-layered structure : an anti-Nazi spy thriller on the background of the early part of the Second World War , and an exposure of cynical and machiavellian maneuverings in the American corridors of power .   The book belongs to the subgenre of secret history -- i.e. with a plot in which real historical figures play a substantial part , doing things which are the author 's invention but which supposedly ( for reasons given in the plot ) remained secret and did not come to the knowledge of the public .   In the book , a British doctor meets in 1936 with President Franklin D. Roosevelt , who is unaware that the doctor is a Nazi sympathizer . The visitor manages to secretly photograph the President in a compromising position with his secretary , Missy LeHand ( whom historians widely assume to have been indeed Roosevelt 's mistress ) .   By 1940 , senior Nazi leader Reinhard Heydrich possesses the picture and intends to use the photo for blackmail and prevent Roosevelt from running for a third term -- in the hope that whoever gets elected instead would be more likely to keep the US out of the Second World War .   The President must recover the photo before the Democratic Party Convention which is about to nominate him . What makes the situation more difficult is that Roosevelt also needs to bypass the FBI -- for apprehension that should the photo fall into the hands of J. Edgar Hoover , the FBI Director might use it for his own brand of blackmail . Instead , Roosevelt employs former FBI Agent Jackson , who had left the Bureau under a cloud and incurred Hoover 's personal enmity , and who is completely loyal to the President .   The bulk of the book follows Jackson 's chase after the photo , starting from Paris at the very eve of its fall to the Wehrmacht and concluding with a cataclysmic confrontation at a secret Michigan base of the `` Silver Shirts '' -- a murderous , power-mad American Fascist militia ( which truly existed , though not necessarily doing all that the book describes it as doing ) . The chase ends with a mixed result -- the Nazi agents have been killed or captured , but the negative did fall into the hands of the FBI who caught the scent of what was going on .   The book ends on a cynical note : Hoover meets the President at the White House , claims to have destroyed the negatives ( which is manifestly untrue ) and proceeds to imperiously demand the sacking of Jackson -- obviously he is under the impression that he now holds Roosevelt 's fate in his hand . Upon being shown this , the President presents a photo of his own , showing Hoover in a compromising position with a handsome young FBI agent . Roosevelt and Hoover would henceforth be tied to each other , `` like convicts in chain gang '' , each able to destroy the other but only at the cost of his own destruction .   Category :1978 books  Category : Corruption  Category : Secret histories  Category : Thriller novels

neg: True threat A true threat is a threatening communication that can be prosecuted under the law . It is distinct from a threat that is made in jest . The U.S. Supreme Court has held that true threats are not protected under the U.S. Constitution based on three justifications : preventing fear , preventing the disruption that follows from that fear , and diminishing the likelihood that the threatened violence will occur . There is some concern that even satirical speech could be regarded as a `` true threat '' due to concern over terrorism .   The true threat doctrine was established in the 1969 Supreme Court case Watts v. United States . In that case , an eighteen-year-old male was convicted in a Washington , D.C. District Court for violating a statute prohibiting persons from knowingly and willfully making threats to harm or kill the President of the United States . The conviction was based on a statement made by Watts , in which he said , '' -LSB- i -RSB- f they ever make me carry a rifle the first man I want to get in my sights is L.B.J. '' Watts appealed , leading to the Supreme Court finding the statute constitutional on its face , but reversing the conviction of Watts .   In reviewing the lower court 's analysis of the case , the Court noted that `` a threat must be distinguished from what is constitutionally protected speech . '' The Court recognized that `` uninhibited , robust , and wideopen '' political debate can at times be characterized by `` vehement , caustic , and sometimes unpleasantly sharp attacks on government and public officials . '' In light of the context of Watts ' statement - and the laughter that it received from the crowd - the Court found that it was more `` a kind of very crude offensive method of stating a political opposition to the President '' than a `` true threat . '' In so holding , the Court established that there is a `` true threat '' exception to protected speech , but also that the statement must be viewed in its context and distinguished from protected hyperbole . The opinion , however , stopped short of defining precisely what constituted a `` true threat . ''

neg: Hillary Clinton email controversy In March 2015 , it became publicly known that Hillary Clinton , during her tenure as United States Secretary of State , had used her family 's private email server for official communications , rather than official State Department email accounts maintained on federal servers . Those official communications included thousands of emails that would retroactively be marked classified by the State Department .   The controversy unfolded against the backdrop of Clinton 's 2016 presidential election campaign and hearings held by the United States House Select Committee on Benghazi . Some experts , officials , and members of Congress have contended that her use of private messaging system software and a private server violated State Department protocols and procedures , as well as federal laws and regulations governing recordkeeping . In response , Clinton has said that her use of personal email was in compliance with federal laws and State Department regulations , and that former secretaries of state had also maintained personal email accounts , though not their own private email servers .   After allegations were raised that some of the emails in question contained classified information , the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) initiated an investigation regarding the origin and handling of classified emails on Clinton 's server . The FBI Report found that some of the emails originated in five other intelligence agencies . The FBI found that all classified emails on Clinton 's server were stored and sent from `` unclassified systems '' , violating the same policies as those on Clinton 's personal server .   FBI Director James Comey identified 110 emails as containing information that was classified at the time it was sent , including 65 emails deemed `` Secret '' and 22 deemed `` Top Secret '' . None of these had classification markings . However , as noted in Clinton 's non-disclosure agreement , unmarked classified information should be treated the same as marked classified information . An additional three email chains contained `` portion markings '' , simply a '' ( C ) '' indicating `` Confidential '' in front of one or more paragraphs . These were not included in Comey 's list of 110 because the State Department failed to confirm they were classified at the time they were sent . Clinton told the FBI she did not know the meaning of '' ( C ) '' . Nearly 2,100 emails on the server were retroactively marked as classified by the State Department .   In May 2016 , the State Department 's Office of the Inspector General released an 83-page report about the State Department 's email practices , including Clinton 's . On July 5 , 2016 , Comey announced that the FBI 's investigation had concluded that Clinton was `` extremely careless '' in handling her email system but recommended that no charges be filed against her . On July 6 , 2016 , Attorney General Loretta Lynch announced that no charges would be filed .   On July 7 , the State Department reopened its probe into the email controversy . On October 28 , 2016 , Comey notified Congress that the FBI had started looking into newly discovered emails that may be pertinent to the case . Law enforcement officials stated the emails were found on a laptop belonging to Clinton aide Huma Abedin 's husband , Anthony Weiner , during an investigation of his sexting scandals . On November 6 , Comey notified Congress that the FBI had not changed its conclusion , reached in July , regarding Clinton 's emails .


query: Zach Galifianakis starred in 2016's Masterminds.

pos: Zach Galifianakis Zachary Knight Galifianakis ( -LSB- ˌgælᵻfəˈnækᵻs -RSB- born October 1 , 1969 ) is an American actor , writer and comedian . He came to prominence with his Comedy Central Presents special in 2001 and presented his own show called Late World with Zach on VH1 the following year . He has also starred in films , such as The Hangover trilogy ( 2009 -- 2013 ) , Due Date ( 2010 ) , The Campaign ( 2012 ) , Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) , Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) , Masterminds ( 2016 ) and The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) .   He currently hosts the Emmy Award-winning talk show Between Two Ferns with Zach Galifianakis on the Funny or Die website and executive produces , writes , and stars in the dark comedy series Baskets on FX .

neg: Jonah Meyerson Jonah Meyerson ( born September 20 , 1991 ) is an American actor . He has worked with actors such as Gene Hackman , Pierce Brosnan , Robin Williams , Ben Stiller , Dermot Mulroney , Alison Pill , and Aidan Quinn . He was born in New York City , where he currently lives . He is a graduate of Stuyvesant High School , and the University of Pennsylvania as a member of the class of 2013 . At UPenn , he was the head writer for and a cast member of Penn 's Mask and Wig Club , the nation 's oldest collegiate all-male musical comedy troupe . Meyerson also performed with Penn 's improv comedy troupe , Without a Net . and was a 2013 member of Penn 's Friars Senior Society .   Meyerson made his acting debut in Wes Anderson 's 2001 award-winning film The Royal Tenenbaums . He played Uzi , the red-suited older son of Chas , played by Ben Stiller , and the grandson of characters played by Gene Hackman and Anjelica Huston . Meyerson was nominated for a Young Artists ' award for his work on that film . He also starred in Griffin and Phoenix , a new movie shown on the Lifetime channel and released on DVD . His work on that film earned him his second Young Artist Award nomination . In 2005 , he was in the movies Little Manhattan and The Matador , and in 2004 , David Duchovny 's House of D. Playing computer genius Yoda who helps Alison Pill 's character in Book of Daniel ( 2006 ) , Jonah was set to appear in eight episodes , but only one of his episodes aired before the series was cancelled . His work on that series is available on the show 's DVD .   He is represented by -LSB- Paradigm -RSB- in New York City .

neg: Pet (film) Pet is an American/Spanish psychological thriller film written by Jeremy Slater , directed by Carles Torrens , and starring Dominic Monaghan , Ksenia Solo , Jennette McCurdy , and Nathan Parsons . The film premiered at South by Southwest on March 11 , 2016 and was released to theaters on December 2 , 2016 .

neg: The REAL Rudy The REAL Rudy is a series of four viral videos by documentary film director and activist Robert Greenwald .   The videos criticize former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani 's preparedness for , and handling of , the September 11 , 2001 attacks . They were released on September 4 and September 6 , 2007 . John Nichols , the Washington , D.C. correspondent for The Nation , described the videos as `` a powerful series of video exposes that have gone after Giuliani 's bitter disputes with 9-11 rescue workers -- especially firefighters -- over his exploitation of the 2001 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center for political purposes and a host of other scandals involving the GOP frontrunner . '' . The Democratic National Committee posted a summary of the series on its website .

neg: Masterminds (2016 film) Masterminds is a 2016 American comedy film based on the 1997 Loomis Fargo Robbery in North Carolina . Directed by Jared Hess and written by Chris Bowman , Hubbel Palmer and Emily Spivey , the film stars Zach Galifianakis , Kate McKinnon , Owen Wilson , Kristen Wiig , Jason Sudeikis and Leslie Jones .   It premiered in Los Angeles on September 26 , 2016 , and was theatrically released in the United States on September 30 , 2016 , by Relativity Media . The film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $ 29 million .

neg: The American Side The American Side is a 2016 film starring Greg Stuhr and Matthew Broderick .

neg: Oscar Velasquez Oscar Velasquez ( born September 5 , 1988 ) is an American film director , screenwriter and producer .

neg: Sleight Sleight is a 2016 American drama film about a street magician in Los Angeles . The film is directed by J.D. Dillard , written by Dillard and Alex Theurer and stars Jacob Latimore , Seychelle Gabriel , Dulé Hill , Storm Reid , Sasheer Zamata and Michael Villar . The film was released on April 28 , 2017 , by WWE Studios and BH Tilt . The film received positive reviews from critics and has grossed $ 3 million worldwide , against its $ 250,000 budget .

neg: Blake Masters Blake Masters is an American writer , director , and producer of films and television series . He is the creator of the Showtime television series Brotherhood , developer of the NBC television series Law & Order : LA , and co-executive producer and writer of the NBC television series Crossbones .

neg: Alex Kurtzman Alex Kurtzman ( born September 7 , 1973 ) is an American film and television writer , producer and director .

neg: Mindhunters Mindhunters is a 2004 American-British crime thriller film directed by Renny Harlin and starring Kathryn Morris , LL Cool J , Jonny Lee Miller , Patricia Velásquez , Clifton Collins , Jr. , Christian Slater and Val Kilmer . It was written by Wayne Kramer and Kevin Brodbin ( with an uncredited rewrite by Ehren Kruger ) . Unusually , the last country to receive this film was the United States in 2005 , because of the film 's distribution rights being changed from 20th Century Fox to Dimension Films .

neg: Chokeslam (film) Chokeslam is a 2016 wrestling/comedy film directed by Robert Cuffley and starring Chris Marquette , Amanda Crew , Niall Matter , Michael Eklund and Mick Foley . It premiered at the Calgary International Film Festival in October 2016 .

neg: G-Force (film) G-Force is a 2009 American family comedy adventure film produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films . Written by Cormac Wibberley and Marianne Wibberley and directed by Hoyt Yeatman , the film is the directorial debut of Hoyt Yeatman , whose earlier work includes contributions in the area of visual effects . It was released in the United States on July 24 , 2009 . G-Force is based on a story also by Hoyt Yeatman . The film was shown in competing 3-D technologies like Dolby 3D . This is also Jerry Bruckheimer 's first 3-D film . The movie stars Zach Galifianakis , Bill Nighy , and Will Arnett and it features the voices of Sam Rockwell , Tracy Morgan , Penélope Cruz , Nicolas Cage , Steve Buscemi , and Jon Favreau . The film received generally negative reviews , with critics praising its action , but criticizing its plot and character development and it earned $ 292.8 million on a $ 150 million budget .

neg: Allied (film) Allied is a 2016 romantic thriller film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Steven Knight . It stars Brad Pitt as a Canadian intelligence officer and Marion Cotillard as a French Resistance fighter and collaborator , who fall in love during a mission in Casablanca . Jared Harris , Simon McBurney and Lizzy Caplan also star .   Principal photography began in February 2016 in London . The film was released in the United States on November 23 , 2016 by Paramount Pictures , receiving mixed reviews from critics , although Pitt and particularly Cotillard 's performances were praised , and grossed $ 119 million worldwide . It received an Academy Award nomination for Best Costume Design .

neg: Jeff Garlin Jeffrey Todd `` Jeff '' Garlin ( born June 5 , 1962 ) is an American comedian , actor , producer , voice artist , director , writer , podcast host and author . He has acted in many television shows and some movies , is an expert in magic , and is known for his role as Jeff Greene on the HBO show Curb Your Enthusiasm , for which he was nominated for seven Emmys in his role as Executive Producer and two wins for Producing from the PGAs . He currently stars in the ABC sitcom The Goldbergs .

neg: How to Become a Criminal Mastermind How to Become a Criminal Mastermind is a British comedy crime film .   The film was made on a budget of # 10,000 and was released in September 2013 . The film was directed by Henry Scriven . It stars Sam Massey , Philip Weddell and Joerg Stadler and was written by Henry Scriven and Michael Delwiche .

neg: Hayes Davenport Hayes Davenport ( born March 23 , 1986 ) is an American writer , comedian , and television producer . Hayes grew up in Massachusetts . He is best known as the co-host of the Earwolf production Hollywood Handbook alongside Sean Clements . Davenport has also appeared as a contestant on the game show Jeopardy! .   He has written for Family Guy , Eastbound & Down , Allen Gregory , and Nick Swardson 's Pretend Time . He is currently a writer for the show Vice Principals .

neg: Sam Rockwell Samuel Rockwell ( born November 5 , 1968 ) is an American actor known for independent and mainstream films .   He is known for his leading roles in Lawn Dogs ( 1997 ) , Confessions of a Dangerous Mind ( 2002 ) , Matchstick Men ( 2003 ) , The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 2005 ) , Choke ( 2008 ) , Moon ( 2009 ) , Seven Psychopaths ( 2012 ) , and Mr. Right ( 2015 ) , as well as for his supporting roles in The Green Mile ( 1999 ) , Galaxy Quest ( 1999 ) , The Assassination of Jesse James ( 2007 ) , Frost/Nixon ( 2008 ) , Conviction ( 2010 ) , Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) , The Way , Way Back ( 2013 ) , and Poltergeist ( 2015 ) .

neg: The Great Indoors (TV series) The Great Indoors was an American sitcom television series starring Joel McHale that aired on CBS from October 27 , 2016 to May 8 , 2017 . The network placed a pilot order on January 29 and a series order on May 13 , 2016 . The series premiered in the 2016 -- 17 United States network television schedule and aired at 8:30 pm . On November 14 , 2016 , CBS picked up the series for a full season of 19 episodes . An additional three episodes were added on January 6 , 2017 , for a 22 episode season .   On May 13 , 2017 , CBS canceled the series after one season .

neg: Garden State (film) Garden State is a 2004 American romantic comedy-drama film , written and directed by Zach Braff and starring Braff , Natalie Portman , Peter Sarsgaard , and Ian Holm . The film centers on Andrew Largeman ( Braff ) , a 26-year-old actor/waiter who returns to his hometown in New Jersey after his mother dies . Braff based the film on his real life experiences . It was filmed in April and May 2003 and released on July 28 , 2004 . New Jersey was the main setting and primary shooting location . Garden State received positive reviews upon its release and has garnered a cult following . It was an official selection of the Sundance Film Festival . The film also spawned a soundtrack for which Braff , who picked the music himself , won a Grammy Award .

neg: Joel Schumacher Joel T. Schumacher ( born August 29 , 1939 ) is an American film director , screenwriter , and producer .   Schumacher rose to fame after directing hit films of his decade St. Elmo 's Fire ( 1985 ) , The Lost Boys ( 1987 ) and Flatliners ( 1990 ) . He later went on to direct John Grisham adaptations The Client ( 1994 ) and A Time to Kill ( 1996 ) . His films Falling Down ( 1993 ) and 8mm ( 1999 ) were competed for Palme d'Or and Golden Bear respectively .   In 1993 , he signed on to direct the next installments of Batman film series . Schumacher-directed Batman films Batman Forever ( 1995 ) and particularly Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) received negative reactions from both public and critics . After Batman films , Schumacher pulled back from blockbusters and returned to making minimalist films such as Tigerland ( 2000 ) and Phone Booth ( 2002 ) , both earning positive reviews . He also directed The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) , The Number 23 ( 2007 ) and several episodes of House of Cards .   Known for casting young actors , Schumacher helped actors like Colin Farrell , Kiefer Sutherland , and Matthew McConaughey to launch careers .