query: Jules Dumont d'Urville died on May 8, 1842.

pos: Jules Dumont d'Urville Jules Sébastien César Dumont d'Urville ( 23 May 1790 -- 8 May 1842 ) was a French explorer , naval officer and rear admiral , who explored the south and western Pacific , Australia , New Zealand and Antarctica . As a botanist and cartographer he left his mark , giving his name to several seaweeds , plants and shrubs , and places such as D'Urville Island .

neg: Octave Crémazie Octave Crémazie ( April 16 , 1827 -- January 16 , 1879 ) was a French Canadian poet and bookseller born in Quebec City . Recognized both during and after his lifetime for his patriotic verse and his significant role in the cultural development of Quebec , Crémazie has been called `` the father of French Canadian poetry . ''   Octave was the youngest of the four surviving children of Jacques Crémazie and Marie-Anne Miville . From 1836 to 1844 , he was a student at the Seminary of Quebec , where the priest John Holmes ( American priest ) introduced him to the works of the French Romantic writers . Alfred de Musset , Alphonse de Lamartine , and Victor Hugo , in particular , had a profound influence on the future poet .   After finishing his studies at the Seminary of Quebec , Crémazie went into business with his brother Joseph , a bookseller . Their shop in Quebec City , the J. et O. Crémazie bookstore , was instrumental in the North American dissemination of works by many Romantic writers . It was also a meeting place for the members of what would become known as Quebec 's literary movement of 1860 .   While still in his early twenties , Crémazie helped found the Institut canadien , an organization devoted to the promotion of French Canadian culture . He would later serve as the organization 's president ( from 1857 to 1858 ) .   Crémazie 's first published poems appeared in L'Ami de la religion et de la patrie ( edited by his brother Jacques ) and other Quebec City newspapers . Recognition for his poetry grew throughout the 1850s . As French-Canadian literature scholar Odette Condemine writes :   His nostalgic evocation of the happiness that preceded the Conquest and the miseries that followed roused his compatriots ' fervour . `` Le vieux soldat canadien '' ( 1855 ) and Le Drapeau de Carillon ( 1858 ) were enthusiastically received and won Crémazie his title as `` national bard . ''   The longing for a glorious , vanished past and the sense of estrangement from France in Crémazie 's work has prompted the critic Gilles Marcotte to describe it as a poetry of exile .   Despite the popularity of his bookstore , Octave Crémazie 's extravagant taste for foreign commodities led to large debts and trouble with creditors . By 1862 , his financial situation had become so dire that he fled to France in secret , leaving the bookstore bankrupt . He lived at different times in Paris , Bordeaux , and Le Havre under the name of Jules Fontaine , poor and isolated despite having secured a modest job and the support of a few French friends .   Crémazie 's poetic production stopped when he left Quebec . The documents that survive from his later years include his Journal du siège de Paris , a diary detailing the hardship that Parisians and Crémazie himself endured during the siege of the capital in 1870 and 1871 . Many of his letters to close friends and family members also survive , including his correspondence with the priest Raymond Casgrain , to whom Crémazie often expressed his ideas about literature .   Octave Crémazie died in Le Havre on January 16 , 1879 .   Œuvres complètes , a volume of Crémazie 's poems and letters edited by Raymond Casgrain , was published in 1882 by the Beauchemin bookstore in Montreal and the Institut canadien de Québec . The book included the following remarks : `` In a word , the publishers wanted this book to stand as the most enduring monument that could be raised to the memory of the most patriotic , and indeed the most hapless , of our poets . ''   A statue depicting a French Canadian soldier stands in Montreal 's Saint-Louis Square ( Rue de Malines and Saint-Denis ) with Crémazie 's name across the top and the years 1827-1879 ( his years of birth and death ) . Underneath the soldier are the words : Pour mon drapeau je viens ici mourir ( literally : `` For my flag I come here to die '' ) . There is also a Montreal metro station named for him on the orange line , located on the boulevard likewise named in his honour .

neg: Louis Pouchée Louis John ( or Jean ) Pouchée ( 1782 -- 15 March 1845 ) , was a London type founder and entrepreneur .

neg: Jules Turgan François Julien called Jules or Julien ) Turgan ( 8 February 1824 -- 16 February 1887 ) was an 19th-century French chansonnier , physician and journalist .

neg: Camille Flammarion Nicolas Camille Flammarion FRAS ( 26 February 1842 -- 3 June 1925 ) was a French astronomer and author . He was a prolific author of more than fifty titles , including popular science works about astronomy , several notable early science fiction novels , and works on psychical research and related topics . He also published the magazine L'Astronomie , starting in 1882 . He maintained a private observatory at Juvisy-sur-Orge , France .

neg: Jean d'Outremeuse Jean d'Outremeuse or Jean des Preis ( Liège , 1338-1400 ) was a writer and historian who wrote two romanticised historical works and a lapidary .   La Geste de Liége is an account of the mythical history of his native city , Liège , written partly in prose and partly in verse . It was probably based on an existing text and consists of three books : book one , in 40,000 lines , book two , in 12,224 lines with prose summaries , book three , has been lost , but a few passages have been found .   Ly Myreur des Histors ( `` The Mirror of Histories '' ) is a more ambitious narrative , purporting to be a history of the world from the flood up to the 14th century . It combines Vincent de Beauvais 's early works Ogier le Danois and the Geste de Liège into a universal history , from the fall of Troy to 1340 , mixing real and legendary events .   The Liège herald , Louis Abry ( 1643-1720 ) , refers to the lost fourth book of the Myreur des Hystors of Johans des Preis , styled d'Oultremeuse . In this `` Jean de Bourgogne , dit a la Barbe '' , is said to have revealed himself on his deathbed to d'Oultremeuse , whom he made his executor , and to have described himself in his will as `` messire Jean de Mandeville , chevalier , comte de Montfort en Angleterre et seigneur de l'isle de Campdi et du château Pérouse '' . It is added that , having had the misfortune to kill an unnamed count in his own country , he engaged himself to travel through the three parts of the world , arrived at Liège in 1343 , was a great naturalist , profound philosopher and astrologer , and had a remarkable knowledge of physics . And the identification is confirmed by the fact that in the now destroyed church of the Guillemins was a tombstone of Mandeville , with a Latin inscription stating that he was otherwise named `` ad Barbam '' , was a professor of medicine , and died at Liège on November 17 , 1372 : this inscription is quoted as far back as 1462 .   Tresorier de philosophie naturelle des pierres precieuses ( a lapidary )  This book is a compilation of recipes for making fake gems by coloring glasses by various means . It is of interest to glassworkers or historians seeking to understand the manufacture of ancient glass or fake gems adorning various pieces of goldsmith 's work .

neg: Louis Du Guernier Louis Du Guernier ( 1677 -- 1716 ) was an engraver .   Born in Paris in 1677 , Louis was probably a descendant of the well-known French artists of the same name . He was a pupil of Louis de Chatillon , and came to England in 1708 . He was a member of the academy in Great Queen Street and gained considerable skill as a designer , etcher , and engraver there . He was eventually chosen one of the directors , and remained so until he died . He was specially employed on small historical subjects , as illustrations to books and plays .   In 1714 he was associated with Claude du Bosc in engraving the battles of the Duke of Marlborough , as he was with the same partner in providing six plates for the expanded edition of The Rape of the Lock that year . Among others engraved by him were portraits of the Duke and Duchess of Queensberry after Godfrey Kneller , Dr. Isaac Barrow , Thomas Otway , and others ; also an engraving of `` Lot and his Daughters '' after Caravaggio , done at the request of Charles Montagu , 1st Earl of Halifax , and some plates for John Baskett 's large Bible .   He died of smallpox 19 September 1716 , aged 39 . Vertue says that ` he was of stature rather low than middle size , very obliging , good temper , gentleman-like , and well beloved by all of his acquaintance . ' However , in the view of Edward Hodnett ( English Book Illustration 1988 , p. 75 ) he probably died around 1735 .

neg: J. Floyd King John Floyd King ( April 20 , 1842 -- May 8 , 1915 ) was a U.S. Representative from Louisiana .

neg: Symphony No. 8 (Mozart) The Symphony No. 8 in D major , ( K. 48 ) , by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is dated December 13 , 1768 . It was written in Vienna , at a time when the family were already due to have returned home to Salzburg . In a letter to his friend in Salzburg , Lorenz Hagenauer , Leopold Mozart says of the delay that `` we could not bring our affairs to a conclusion earlier , even though I endeavored strenuously to do so . '' The autograph of the Symphony No. 8 is today preserved in the Staatsbibliothek Preusischer Kulturbesitz in Berlin .

neg: Charles Alexandre Lesueur Charles Alexandre Lesueur ( 1 January 1778 in Le Havre -- 12 December 1846 in Le Havre ) was a French naturalist , artist and explorer .   In 1801 he travelled to Australia as artist on the expedition of Nicolas Baudin . With François Péron he took over the duties as naturalist after the death of the expedition 's zoologist René Maugé . Together they collected over 100,000 zoological specimens . In 1802 he made the only known sketches of the King Island emu in its natural habitat ( the bird became extinct in 1822 ) .   Between 1815 and 1837 he lived in the United States . In 1833 , he visited Vincennes , Indiana , where he sketched the first known drawing of Grouseland , the mansion of William Henry Harrison . The mansion is today a National Historic Landmark .   In the years 1825 -- 1837 Lesueur lived in New Harmony , Indiana , where he filled sketchbooks full of the finds discovered during the utopian adventure funded by his friend William Maclure . He drew the boat `` Philanthropist '' , which arrived full of intellectuals who came to live in the small town of New Harmony , on the Wabash River . He took research trips and sketched the people and the small towns in the area . He was in New Harmony when Prince Maximilian , Prince of Wied-Neuweid , Germany , and artist Karl Bodmer came to spend five months there in 1832 -- 1833 . Prince Maximilian said of Lesueur `` He had explored the country in many directions , was acquainted with everything remarkable , collected and prepared all interesting objects and had already sent considerable collections to France '' ( Elliott & Johansen , p. 6 ) Indeed , Lesueur sent specimens of unique fish , animals and fossils , as well as artifacts he had dug from the Indian Mounds in New Harmony back to France , where they remain .   Lesueur returned to France in 1837 , only after his friends Thomas Say and Joseph Barabino had died and William MacClure had returned to Philadelphia , accompanied by many of his fine books . He had spent 21 years in the United States , but continued his scholarly studies and activities in France , where he resumed his occupation of artist-naturalist and began to catalogue his extensive research and artwork . At last , he was awarded the honor of Chevalier de l'Ordre Royal de la Légion d'honneur for his long years of work in the sciences ( Elliott & Johansen , p. 7 ) .   In March 1846 Lesueur was appointed curator of the Musée d'Histoire Naturelle du Havre . Nine months later , he died suddenly ( 12 December 1846 ) and was buried at Le Havre . In the 1900s , his work was finally published by the Museum , totalling over 60 books , including reports of his zoological , geological , historical and archeological research , as well as studies of his life ( Elliott & Johansen ( Elliott & Johansen , p. 7 ) .   Pictured here is the oil portrait by Charles Willson Peale of Charles-Alexandre Lesueur . The original hangs in the reading room of the Ewell Sale Stewart Library in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia .

neg: Dormeuil Dormeuil is a French textile company founded in 1842 by 22-year-old Jules Dormeuil .

neg: 1842 in literature This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1842 .

neg: 1842 in the United States Events from the year 1842 in the United States .

neg: Sibylle Riqueti de Mirabeau Sibylle Aimée Marie-Antoinette Gabrielle de Riquetti de Mirabeau , Comtesse de Martel de Janville ( 16 August 1849 -- 28 June 1932 ) was a French writer who wrote under the pseudonym Gyp .   She was born at the château de Coëtsal near Plumergat , in the département of the Morbihan , in Brittany , her father , Joseph-Arundel de Riquetti , comte de Mirabeau , 1820 -- 1860 , being the great-grandson of Victor de Riquetti , marquis de Mirabeau ( Mirabeau Père ) , noted 18th-century economist , and grandnephew of Honoré Mirabeau the celebrated revolutionary orator . In view of her later opinions , it is interesting to remember that Sibylle was actually descended from Octave Mirabeau 's royalist younger brother , André-Boniface-Louis de Riquetti , vicomte de Mirabeau , ( 1754 -- 1792 ) known as Mirabeau-Tonneau because of his notorious embonpoint , who famously broke his sword in front of France 's Revolutionary Assembly ( where he represented the nobility of the Limousin ) while bitterly crying out : `` now that The King is giving up his kingdom , a nobleman no longer needs a sword to fight for him ! ''   Although , in her memoires , `` Gyp '' stated that she had been born on August 15 , which happens to have been Napoleon Bonaparte 's birthday , her birth certificate reads `` morning of August 16 , 1849 '' , according to her biographer , W. Z. Silvermann . At her father 's request , the name on her birth certificate was revised to read `` Sibylle Aimée Marie Antoinette Gabrielle '' .   Sibylle 's mother , the comtesse de Mirabeau , née de Gonneville ( 1827 -- 1903 ) was also a writer , who contributed to Le Figaro . In 1869 , Sibylle married count Roger de Martel de Janville , by whom she had three children .   Gyp wrote humorous sketches and novels which brazenly denounced her own fashionable society as well as the French republic 's political class . She hated republicanism , populist democracy , and party shenanigans ; supported Boulanger ; and was a fanatical anti-Semite & anti-Dreyfusard ; in fact , while testifying at a court case in 1899 she gave her profession as `` anti-Semite '' rather than `` writer '' . She began with some articles in La Vie parisienne in February 1877 , then in La Revue des Deux Mondes . Starting in 1880 , she began to publish in book form , under the pseudonym of Gyp , a total of more than 120 works , many highly successful : Petit Bob , ( 1882 ) , Les Chasseurs , Un trio turbulent , Autour du mariage ( 1883 ) , Ce que femme veut ( 1883 ) , Sans voiles ( 1885 ) , Autour du divorce ( 1886 ) , Dans le train ( 1886 ) , Mademoiselle Loulou ( 1888 ) , Bob au salon ( 1889 ) , L'éducation d'un prince ( 1890 ) , Passionette ( 1891 ) , Oh ! la grande vie ( 1891 ) , Une Election à Tigre-sur-mer ( 1890 ) , based on Gyp 's experience supporting a boulangiste candidate , Marriage civil ( 1892 ) , Ces bons docteurs ( 1892 ) De haut en bas ( 1893 ) , Le Mariage de Chiffon ( 1894 ) , Leurs âmes ( 1895 ) , Le Cœur d'Ariane ( 1895 ) , Le Bonheur de Ginette ( 1896 ) , Totote ( 1897 ) , Lune de miel ( 1898 ) , Israel ( 1898 ) , L'Entrevue ( 1899 ) , Le Pays des champs ( 1900 ) , Trop de chic ( 1900 ) , Le Friquet ( 1901 ) , La Fée ( 1902 ) , Un Mariage chic ( 1903 ) , Un Ménage dernier cri ( 1903 ) , Maman ( 1904 ) , Le Cœur de Pierrette ( 1905 ) , Les Flanchards ( 1917 ) , Souvenirs d'une petite fille ( 1927 -- 1928 ) , etc. .   Her best-known work is probably Le Mariage de Chiffon , filmed in 1942 by Claude Autant-Lara .   Because of her unpopular opinions , the comtesse was the victim of several attempts on her life as well as of a sensational kidnapping .   Gyp , self-styled `` last of the Mirabeaus '' , died at Neuilly-sur-Seine on 28 June 1932 .

neg: Joseph Fortuné Théodore Eydoux Joseph Fortuné Théodore Eydoux ( 23 April 1802 -- 6 July 1841 ) was a French naturalist .

neg: Henri Jules, Prince of Condé Henri Jules de Bourbon ( Paris , 29 July 1643 -- Paris , 1 April 1709 ) was prince de Condé , from 1686 to his death . At the end of his life he suffered from clinical lycanthropy and was considered insane .

neg: Great fire of Hamburg The Great fire of Hamburg began early on May 5 , 1842 in Deichstraße and burned until the morning of May 8 , destroying about one third of the buildings in the Altstadt . 51 people were killed and 1,700 residences and several important public buildings were destroyed . The fire required major rebuilding of the city and led to improvements in its infrastructure . The heavy demand on insurance companies also led to the establishment of reinsurance .

neg: Orville Adalbert Derby Orville Adalbert Derby ( -LSB- ˈɔɾviɫ ɐdzawˈbɛɾts ˈdɛɾbi -RSB- ; July 23 , 1851 -- November 27 , 1915 ) was an American geologist who worked in Brazil .

neg: Jules Dalou Aimé-Jules Dalou ( 31 December 1838 , in Paris15 April 1902 , in Paris ) was a French sculptor , recognized as one of the most brilliant virtuosos of nineteenth-century France , admired for his perceptiveness , execution , and unpretentious realism .

neg: Jules Mouquet Jules Mouquet ( July 10 , 1867 - October 25 , 1946 ) was a French composer .


query: Shakira has an eighth album.

pos: Shakira Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll ( -LSB- ( t ) ʃaˈkiɾa isaˈβel meβaˈɾak riˈpol -RSB- ; -LSB- langʃəˈki : rə -RSB- born 2 February 1977 ) is a Colombian singer , songwriter , dancer , and record producer . Born and raised in Barranquilla , she began performing in school , demonstrating Latin American , Arabic , and rock and roll influences and belly dancing abilities . Shakira 's first studio albums , Magia and Peligro , failed to attain commercial success in the 1990s ; however , she rose to prominence in Latin America with her major-label debut , Pies Descalzos ( 1996 ) , and her fourth album , Dónde Están los Ladrones ? ( 1998 ) .   Shakira entered the English-language market with her fifth album , Laundry Service . Its lead single , `` Whenever , Wherever '' , became one of the most successful singles of 2002 . Her success was solidified with her sixth and seventh albums Fijación Oral , Volumen Uno and Oral Fixation , Volume Two ( 2005 ) , the latter of which spawned one of the best-selling songs of the 21st century , `` Hips Do n't Lie '' . Shakira 's eighth and ninth albums , She Wolf ( 2009 ) and Sale el Sol ( 2010 ) , received critical praise . Her official song for the 2010 FIFA World Cup , `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' , became the biggest-selling World Cup song of all time . With over 1.3 billion views , it is one of the most-watched music videos on YouTube . Shakira served as a coach on the fourth and sixth seasons of the American version of The Voice in 2013 and 2014 , respectively . Her tenth album , Shakira ( 2014 ) , is preceded by its lead single , `` Ca n't Remember to Forget You '' .   Shakira has won many awards , including five MTV Video Music Awards , two Grammy Awards , eight Latin Grammy Awards , seven Billboard Music Awards , 28 Billboard Latin Music Awards and has been Golden Globe-nominated . She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , and has sold between 70 and 125 million records worldwide ( depending on the source ) , making her the best selling South American singer and one of the best selling Latin artists of all time . She carries out well-known philanthropic activities through charity work most notably through her Pies Descalzos Foundation . In 2014 , she was listed as the 58th most powerful woman in the world by Forbes .

neg: The Best Hits (Enrique Iglesias album) The Best Hits is the second greatest hits album , and seventh overall release , from pop singer Enrique Iglesias . The album was released by Fonovisa after Iglesias had left them , and is the second of three compilation releases made available following his departure . The collection includes a number of album tracks and popular singles , although due to the release of Bailamos Greatest Hits a few months prior , failed to sell highly in the United States or Latin America . Unlike its predecessor , the album contains more singles than album tracks , and could be seen as more of a greatest hits than Bailamos Greatest Hits . The album was certified gold in u.s for sales of 500,000 copies .

neg: The Untouchable The Untouchable is the fourth studio album by American rapper Scarface . The album was released on March 11 , 1997 , by Rap-a-Lot Records . The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart for the first time in his career with the album ; in addition it peaked at the top of the Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums chart for two weeks , giving Scarface his second number one album there . The effort included the smash hit single , `` Smile '' , featuring Tupac Shakur , released shortly after the shooting deaths of Tupac and Notorious B.I.G. . It peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and is the only single released by Scarface to go Gold .

neg: I Hear a Symphony (album) I Hear a Symphony is the eighth studio album released by Motown girl group the Supremes on the Motown label in 1966 . According to Motown data the album sold over 1,900,000 copies .

neg: Olé (Azúcar Moreno album) Olé is the ninth studio album by Spanish duo Azúcar Moreno , released on Sony International in 1998 .   After the commercial success of the 1996 album Esclava De Tu Piel which had produced five hit singles followed by `` Muévete Salvaje '' from the 1997 hits compilation Mucho Azúcar - Grandes Éxitos , Azúcar Moreno teamed up with producer Ricardo `` Eddy '' Martinez in Miami again for the recording of 1998 album Olé . The album included further original material from Spanish singer Miguel Gallardo and Luis Cabañas , the team that had composed most of the singles on the preceding Esclava De Tu Piel , collaborations between Gallardo and David Ferrero and Pedro del Moral , songs by producer Richardo `` Eddy '' Martinez and it also saw one of the Salazar sisters , Encarna , making her debut as composer on the track `` Dime Que Me Quieres '' . Production-wise Olé followed the winning combination of up-to-date club beats fused with flamenco and rock and contrasting R&B influenced ballads and rumbas , arrangement-wise the album differed slightly to its predecessor as it featured live strings on several titles . The album also closes with the acoustic `` No Pretenderás '' , with instrumentation of just flamenco guitars and palmas - and a guest appearance by the duo 's brothers Los Chunguitos .   The lead single was the title track `` Olé '' , just like `` Sólo Se Vive Una Vez '' musically influenced by contemporary dance genres like reggaeton and dancehall but , as the title suggests , lyrically a tribute to the duo 's native Spain . `` Olé '' was also released as two separate remix singles , the second entitled Olé - The Summer '99 Remixes featuring the track remixed and with additional production by renowned Latin remixer , DJ , music producer and arranger Pablo Flores , best known for being Gloria Estefan 's personal remixer but also for having co-produced major hits for among others Madonna , Chayanne , Shakira and Ricky Martin . Flores ' Club Mix of `` Olé '' was substantially rearranged from the original , not just by speeding up the tempo for the dancefloor but by adding new orchestration of brass , flamenco guitars and castanets to emphasize the song 's lyrics and the track proved to be another big hit single for Azúcar Moreno in both Spain and Latin America .   The second single released and second big hit was '' ¡ Mecachis ! '' ( `` Mechachis en la mar '' a mildly profane expression , roughly translated as `` Damnit ! '' ) , a midtempo dance track again written by Miguel Gallardo and Luis Cabañas and also issued with a series of dance remixes on the ¡ Mechachis ! - The Alabim-Bom-Ba-Remixes release , mixed by co-producers Pedro del Moral and David Ferrero .   Further hit singles from the album include `` Cumbaya '' , the double A-side `` Ese Beso '' / `` No Pretenderás '' and `` Agua Que No Has De Beber '' .   While Olé did n't manage to match the extraordinary sales figures of the preceding Esclava De Tu Piel - half a million in Spain alone - it did sell some two-hundred thousand copies and was later awarded double platinum in Spain .

neg: Major Key (album) Major Key ( stylized as Major ð ''` ) is the ninth studio album by DJ Khaled . It was released on July 29 , 2016 , by We the Best Music Group and Epic Records . The album features guest appearances from Future , Big Sean , Rick Ross , Jay Z , Drake , Nas , Kendrick Lamar , Betty Wright , J. Cole , Bryson Tiller , Nicki Minaj , Chris Brown , August Alsina , Jeremih , Kodak Black , Jeezy , French Montana , YG , Yo Gotti , Gucci Mane , 2 Chainz , Jadakiss , Fabolous , Fat Joe , Busta Rhymes , Kent Jones , Travis Scott , Lil Wayne , Meghan Trainor , Wiz Khalifa , Wale and Mavad   The album was supported by four singles , `` For Free '' , `` I Got the Keys '' , `` Holy Key '' and `` Do You Mind '' . Major Key received generally positive reviews from critics and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 . The album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in November 2016 . It received a Grammy nomination for Best Rap Album .

neg: VII (Teyana Taylor album) VII is the debut studio album by American recording artist Teyana Taylor . The album was released on November 4 , 2014 , by Def Jam Recordings and GOOD Music . Leading up to the album 's release , Teyana released the mixtape The Misunderstanding of Teyana Taylor ( 2012 ) , along with collaborating on the GOOD Music compilation album Cruel Summer ( 2012 ) . The album features guest appearances from Chris Brown , Fabolous , Pusha T and Yo Gotti . The album was executively produced by Che Pope & Teyana Taylor . Recording took place at Jungle City Studios in New York & KMA Studios , NYC , as well as The Kennedy Compound in North Hollywood , California & Labren Studio in Inglewood , CA .   VII was promoted by the release of three official singles : `` Maybe '' featuring Yo Gotti and Pusha T , `` Business '' and `` Do Not Disturb '' featuring Chris Brown .

neg: Tha Truth, Pt. 2 Tha Truth , Pt . 2 is the eighth studio album by American rapper Trae tha Truth . The album was released on February 5 , 2016 , by ABN Entertainment , Grand Hustle Records and Empire Distribution .

neg: 8 Queen of J-pop is the 8th studio album by Cute . It was released on September 4 , 2013 in 3 editions : regular edition and 2 limited editions .

neg: Rising Down Rising Down is the eighth studio album by American hip hop band The Roots , released April 28 , 2008 on Def Jam Recordings . The album 's title is adapted from William T. Vollmann 's book Rising Up and Rising Down : Some Thoughts on Violence , Freedom and Urgent Means ( 2004 ) . Expanding on the dark , dense production and political tone of Game Theory ( 2006 ) , Rising Down features lyrical themes concerning issues of contemporary society , including violence , poverty , social and environmental climate , drugs , police corruption , and the music industry .   The album debuted at number six on the US Billboard 200 chart , selling 54,000 copies in its first week . It charted modestly in other countries and achieved moderate sales success . Upon its release , Rising Down received generally positive reviews from most music critics . Music critic Robert Christgau named it the ninth best album of 2008 . The album has sold 171,000 copies in the United States .

neg: She Wolf She Wolf ( Loba ) is the eighth studio album by Colombian singer-songwriter Shakira . It was released on 9 October 2009 , by Epic Records and Sony Music Latin . As executive producers , Shakira and Amanda Ghost enlisted collaborators including The Neptunes , John Hill , Wyclef Jean , Lukas Burton , Future Cut , Jerry Duplessis and Timbaland . Musically , the record shifts from her traditional Latin pop and pop rock musical styles , instead exploring electropop , with influences of folk and world music . The lyrical themes of the album mostly focus on love and relationships and were based on the conversations Shakira had with her friends .   She Wolf reached number one on the charts of Argentina , Ireland , Italy , Mexico and Switzerland . It also charted inside the top five in Spain , Germany and the United Kingdom . It debuted at number fifteen on the Billboard 200 . She Wolf was certified double-platinum in Colombia and Mexico , platinum in Italy and Spain , and gold in numerous countries including France and the United Kingdom .   The album was supported by four singles . Its lead single , `` She Wolf '' , along with its Spanish-language version `` Loba '' , which reached the top ten in several countries . `` Did It Again '' ( along with its Spanish-language version `` Lo Hecho Está Hecho '' ) was released worldwide as the second single , except in the United States , where its release was substituted by `` Give It Up to Me '' . The fourth single was `` Gypsy '' , along with its Spanish-language version `` Gitana '' . Shakira embarked on The Sun Comes Out World Tour in late-2010 to promote She Wolf .

neg: Día Especial `` Día Especial '' ( Special Day ) is a Latin pop ballad performed by Colombian singer Shakira from her album Fijación Oral Vol . 1 . The song is about how a day is made special from forgiveness . `` Día Especial '' is not an official single to Fijación Oral Vol . 1 , but was popular around the time of the album 's release , peaking at number 26 on the US Billboard Latin Pop Songs . Gustavo Cerati was the lyricist for the track with Shakira and Luis Fernando Ochoa as co-writers for the music . The English version is entitled `` The Day and the Time '' and features on the album Oral Fixation Vol . 2 .

neg: Loca (Shakira song) `` Loca '' ( `` Crazy '' ) is a song by Colombian singer-songwriter Shakira , taken from her seventh studio album , Sale el Sol ( 2010 ) . It was released by Epic Records as the lead single from the album . The Spanish-language version features Dominican rapper El Cata , and was released on 10 September 2010 , while the English-language version features British rapper Dizzee Rascal , and was released on 13 September 2010 . It was written and produced by Shakira , with additional songwriting from Edward Bello , Armando Pérez , and Dylan Mills . The song is a Latin pop and merengue track that lyrically describes Shakira 's eccentric infatuation with a man . In August 2014 , a senior US district judge found `` Loca '' to have been indirectly plagiarised from `` Loca con su Tiguere '' , a mid-1990s song composed by Dominican songwriter Ramon `` Arias '' Vasquez . The case was dismissed in August 2015 after it was found that Vasquez had fabricated the evidence he had presented in court .   Upon its release , `` Loca '' received generally favourable reviews from music critics , who complimented the inclusion of merengue music on the recording . The English version of the song became a worldwide commercial success and peaked inside the top five of the record charts of countries including Austria , Belgium , France , Hungary and Italy . The Spanish version peaked atop the charts of Spain and Switzerland , and became a hit on the Latin record charts in the United States , topping the Billboard Hot Latin Songs , Latin Pop Airplay , and Tropical Songs charts . `` Loca '' received record certifications in various countries around the world , including a diamond certification in Colombia and multi-platinum certifications in Italy , Mexico , and Spain .   Its accompanying music video was filmed in Barcelona , Spain in August 2010 , and was released the following month . It features Shakira interacting with a beach crowd , and dancing in front of the sea wearing a golden bikini . It generated a favourable response from critics , many of whom praised its concept for matching the vibe of the song . For additional promotion , Shakira performed `` Loca '' on several television shows and on her The Sun Comes Out World Tour .

neg: Angel Wings (album) Angel Wings is the eighth Mandarin studio album of Taiwanese Mandopop artist Rainie Yang . The album was released on 23 August 2013 by Sony Music Taiwan in three editions : regular , Love Letter Edition and Fantasy Land Edition . A special edition was released on 20 September 2013 , which includes a new 28-page photo lyric booklet , postcards and magnet .

neg: Truth Rising Truth Rising is the eighth studio album by American Punk rock band Hed PE . The album was released on October 26 , 2010 to mixed reviews . Truth Rising debuted at # 98 on the Billboard 200 . The album also peaked # 13 on the Top Independent albums charts .

neg: Total 8 Kompakt : Total 8 or Total 8 was released on 13 August 2007 . The album is the eighth installment of the Cologne-based microhouse label 's annual compilation of vinyl releases and exclusives from its biggest artists and most promising newcomers . All tracks on the vinyl edition are previously unreleased . As with its predecessor ( Total 7 ) , the CD edition includes all tracks from the vinyl edition , and additionally fourteen tracks taken already available 12 inch singles .

neg: Los Premios 40 Principales for Best Latin Artist The Premios 40 Principales for Best Latin Artist is an honor presented annually at Los Premios 40 Principales , a ceremony that recognizes excellence in music , organised by Spain 's top music radio Los 40 Principales . The award was first seen in 2007 , separated from the Best International Artist category .   Shakira is the most awarded artist in this category , being a four-time winner . Juanes follows her with two awards . In 2013 , Ricky Martin became the first non-Colombian artist to notch the award .

neg: Corey Hart (album) Corey Hart is the eighth album by Corey Hart , released in 1996 . It generated four charted singles .

neg: Shottyo Shottyo is the eighth studio album by the Bangladeshi hard rock band Warfaze , released on 22 October 2012 .

neg: Embrya Embrya is the second studio album by American recording artist Maxwell , released on June 30 , 1998 , by Columbia Records . As on his 1996 debut album Maxwell 's Urban Hang Suite , he collaborated with record producer and Sade collaborator Stuart Matthewman . A neo soul album , Embrya features heavy basslines , string arrangements , and an emphasis on groove over melodies . It has themes of love and spirituality .   Embrya sold more than one million copies and garnered Maxwell a new alternative fanbase , but confounded urban consumers and was not well received by most critics . The album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) .

neg: Edge of the Sun Edge of the Sun is the eighth studio album by indie rock band Calexico . It was released in April 2015 on Anti Records .


query: The Berlin Wall symbolized the border between Western Europe and the Eastern Bloc after World War II.

pos: Berlin Wall The Berlin Wall ( Berliner Mauer ) was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989 . Constructed by the German Democratic Republic ( GDR , East Germany ) , starting on 13 August 1961 , the Wall completely cut off ( by land ) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin until government officials opened it in November 1989 . Its demolition officially began on 13 June 1990 and was completed in 1992 . The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the `` death strip '' ) that contained anti-vehicle trenches , `` fakir beds '' and other defenses . The Eastern Bloc claimed that the Wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the `` will of the people '' in building a socialist state in East Germany . In practice , the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that had marked East Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period .   The Berlin Wall was officially referred to as the Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart ( Antifaschistischer Schutzwall ) by GDR authorities , implying that the NATO countries and West Germany in particular were considered equal to fascists . The West Berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the `` Wall of Shame '' , a term coined by mayor Willy Brandt in reference to the Wall 's restriction on freedom of movement . Along with the separate and much longer Inner German border ( IGB ) , which demarcated the border between East and West Germany , it came to symbolize a physical marker of the `` Iron Curtain '' that separated Western Europe and the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War .   Before the Wall 's erection , 3.5 million East Germans circumvented Eastern Bloc emigration restrictions and defected from the GDR , many by crossing over the border from East Berlin into West Berlin ; from which they could then travel to West Germany and other Western European countries . Between 1961 and 1989 , the Wall prevented almost all such emigration . During this period , around 5,000 people attempted to escape over the Wall , with an estimated death toll ranging from 136 to more than 200 in and around Berlin .   In 1989 , a series of revolutions in nearby Eastern Bloc countries -- Poland and Hungary in particular -- caused a chain reaction in East Germany that ultimately resulted in the demise of the Wall . After several weeks of civil unrest , the East German government announced on 9 November 1989 that all GDR citizens could visit West Germany and West Berlin . Crowds of East Germans crossed and climbed onto the Wall , joined by West Germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . Over the next few weeks , euphoric people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the Wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . Contrary to popular belief the Wall 's actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and was not completed until 1992 . The fall of the Berlin Wall paved the way for German reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 October 1990 .

neg: Continental Europe Continental Europe , also referred to as mainland Europe , or , by Europeans , simply the Continent , is the continuous continent of Europe , excluding surrounding islands .   The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands , encompassing the Greek Islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , the Balearic Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands , Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago , as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard .   The Scandinavian peninsula is sometimes also excluded , as even though it is technically part of `` mainland Europe '' , the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea ( rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland , and then south through north-east Europe ) .   The notion of Europe as a geopolitical or cultural term is centred on core Europe ( Kerneuropa ) , the continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire and the core of Latin Christendom , corresponding to modern France , Italy , Germany ( or German-speaking Europe ) and the Benelux states ( historical Austrasia ) . This historical core of `` Carolingian Europe '' was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration ( see also Multi-speed Europe ) .

neg: Wessi Wessi ( -LSB- ˈvɛsiː -RSB- ; `` westerner '' ) is the informal name that people in Germany call former citizens of West Germany before re-unification , while the counterpart for former citizens of East Germany is Ossi . These names represent the lingering differences between the two pre-reunification cultures , and Germany 's popular culture includes many Ossi-Wessi jokes and cliches . While some people in Germany may consider these names insulting most people , others regard them as part of the German culture .   There is also the name Besserwessi ( besser meaning `` better '' ) which is a pun on Besserwisser ( `` know-it-all '' ) and thus indicates a Wessi who feels superior to Ossis . Some former East Germans feel that former West Germans do not respect their culture and that East Germans were assimilated into West German culture , rather than the two cultures being united as equals . This term was named German Word of the Year in 1991 . Politically speaking , in the German Reunification East Germany was indeed incorporated into West Germany under existing West German law . This solution was taken in order to legally avoid the necessity of creating a new constitution as demanded by the West German Grundgesetz , or Constitution .

neg: Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic The Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic , in German Grenztruppen der DDR , were a military force of the GDR and the primary force guarding the Berlin Wall and the border between East and West Germany . The Border Troops numbered at their peak approximately 47,000 troops . Except the Soviet Union , no other Warsaw Pact country had such a large border guard force .   The border guards were responsible for many deaths at the Berlin Wall . At least 29 border guards were killed in the line of duty .

neg: World Freedom Day (United States) World Freedom Day is a United States federal observance declared by then-President George W. Bush to commemorate the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe . It started in 2001 and is celebrated on November 9 .   For this occasion , conservative youth groups such as Young America 's Foundation and the College Republicans urge students to commemorate this day ( which they mark as the start of `` Freedom Week , '' thus including Veterans Day ) by `` celebrating victory over communism '' through provocative flyer campaigns and activism projects . Many conservative political commentators and activists use World Freedom Day as an occasion in which to acclaim President Ronald Reagan , whom they regard as being responsible for the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War .

neg: United States Army Berlin U.S. Army Berlin ( USAB ) was a command of the United States Army created in December 1961 at the height of the Berlin Wall crisis . USAB was a combined command with the Headquarters , U.S. Command Berlin ( USCOB ) . This combined organization was sometimes called the `` Berlin Command '' . USCOB/USAB was a separate command from the U.S. Army Europe ( USAREUR ) which had previously been in command of American troops in West Berlin .   The major general who commanded this organization held the title of `` Commandant ; U.S. Commander Berlin ; Commander , U.S. Army Berlin '' . A brigadier general served as the `` Commander , Berlin Brigade ( Infantry ) ; Deputy Commander , U.S. Army Berlin and Community Commander '' .   The shoulder sleeve insignia adopted by USAB was the same as the patch used by the Berlin Brigade -- the USAREUR patch with a Berlin tab . By the mid-1960 's , the Berlin tab was incorporated into the patch .   Its headquarters were located at the Clay Headquarters Compound on Clayallee in Berlin 's Zehlendorf district .

neg: Literature of East Germany East German literature is the literature produced in East Germany from the time of the Soviet occupation in 1945 until the end of the communist government in 1990 . The literature of this period was heavily influenced by the concepts of socialist realism and controlled by the communist government . As a result , the literature of the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) was for decades dismissed as nothing more than `` Boy meet Tractor literature '' , but its study is now considered a legitimate field . Because of its language , the literature is more accessible to western scholars and is considered to be one of the most reliable , if not the most reliable , sources about East Germany .

neg: Memorial to Polish Soldiers and German Anti-Fascists The Memorial to Polish Soldiers and German Anti-Fascists ( Denkmal des polnischen Soldaten und deutschen Antifaschisten Pomnik żołnierza polskiego i niemieckiego antyfaszysty ) is a war memorial in Berlin , dedicated in 1972 . Built by the German Democratic Republic during the division of Germany , it is today the principal German monument to the Polish soldiers who died in World War II , as well as an important monument to the German resistance .   The monument is located in Volkspark Friedrichshain , in the borough of Friedrichshain in former East Berlin . It was conceived at a time of improving relations between East Germany and Poland as a monument to the cooperation between the communist Polish People 's Army and German communists in the struggle against fascism . The monument of gray Silesian granite was designed by the Polish sculptors Zofia Wolska and Tadeusz Łodzian and the Germans Arnd Wittig and Günther Merkel . Its centerpiece is a pair of parallel 15-meter stone columns ( which are actually a single structure ) united by a bronze flag . The monument area is in the foot of a hill , and is set off with a wall bearing the motto of Tadeusz Kościuszko , `` For your freedom and ours , '' in Polish ( Za waszą i naszą wolność ) and German ( Für eure und unsere Freiheit ) , and a relief showing figures of a Polish and Red Army soldier together with a German resistance fighter . Below the columns is the dedicatory plaque , in Polish , German , and Russian , where wreath-laying ceremonies take place .   The monument was rededicated in 1995 following German reunification to include non-communist Polish soldiers and victims of the Nazis , as well as all German resistance movements , and plaques in Polish and German were added explaining this . The monument was left otherwise unchanged , and the columns still bear the communist-era coat of arms of the People 's Republic of Poland and the coat of arms of East Germany .   In recent years , concern mounted as to the amount of vandalism and graffiti inflicted on the monument . In 2004 , a German company agreed to sponsor the maintenance of the monument . In 2005 , the memorial was defaced with neo-Nazi slogans .   The monument is frequently used for skateboarding .

neg: Schwerbelastungskörper The Schwerbelastungskörper ( German : `` heavy load-bearing body '' ) ( a.k.a. Großbelastungskörper - GBK ) is a hefty concrete cylinder in Berlin , Germany located at the intersection of Dudenstraße , General-Pape-Straße , and Loewenhardtdamm in the northwestern part of the borough of Tempelhof . It was erected in 1941-1942 by Hitler 's chief architect Albert Speer to determine the feasibility of constructing large buildings on the area 's marshy , sandy ground , specifically a massive triumphal arch on a nearby plot . The arch , which would be in the style of the Nazi architectural movement , was to be about three times as large as the Arc de Triomphe in Paris and was one component of a plan to redesign the center of Berlin as an imposing , monumental capital reflecting the spirit of the Third Reich as envisioned by Hitler .   Built by Dyckerhoff & Widmann AG in 1941 at a cost of 400,000 Reichsmark , the Schwerbelastungskörper consists of a foundation with a diameter of 11 m ( 36 ft ) that reaches 18.2 m ( 59 ft ) into the ground and contains rooms which once housed instruments to measure ground subsidence caused by the weight of the cylinder , which was estimated as equivalent to the load calculated for one pillar of the intended arch . On this foundation a cylinder 14 m ( 46 ft ) high and 21 m ( 69 ft ) in diameter weighing 12,650 tonnes was erected at street level . The entire construction puts a weight of 12.65 kg per cm ² on an area of 100 m ² . If it were to sink less than 6 cm ( 2.5 in ) the soil would be deemed sound enough for further construction without additional stabilization . The cylinder itself was to be subsequently buried under an artificial hill upon which the triumphal arch was to be erected , enabling a panoramic view down a new wide north-south axis to a huge assembly hall to be constructed near , and dwarfing , the Brandenburg Gate .   Work on the new capital was soon discontinued because of World War II and measurements at the cylinder ceased in June 1944 . An analysis of the meticulous measurements only took place in 1948 , revealing that the cylinder had sunk some 19 cm ( ca. 7 inches ) after two and a half years . The arch as conceived by Speer could only have been built after considerable prior stabilization of the ground .   Removal of the cylinder was considered after the war to create new building sites , but because of its mass as well as nearby train tracks and apartment buildings the structure could not be safely demolished with explosives . Measurements of the subsidence were resumed and continued until 1977 under the auspices of the Technical University of Berlin as part of a project to compile data about the city 's geologic foundation . Since 1995 the monumental cylinder has been protected as a historic monument . It is open to the public for viewing and guided tours .

neg: Bernauer Straße Bernauer Straße is a street of Berlin situated between the localities of Gesundbrunnen and Mitte , today both belonging to the Mitte borough . It runs from the Mauerpark at the corner of Prenzlauer Berg to the Nordbahnhof . The street 's name refers to the town of Bernau bei Berlin , situated in Brandenburg .   When Berlin was a divided city , the Berlin Wall erected in 1961 ran along this street . Bernauer Straße became famous for escapes from windows of apartment blocks in the eastern part of the city , down to the street , which was in the West . Several people died here when the border was first enforced .

neg: Fortifications of the inner German border The fortifications of the inner German border comprised a complex system of interlocking fortifications and security zones 1381 km long and several kilometres deep , running from the Baltic Sea to Czechoslovakia . The outer fences and walls were the most familiar and visible aspect of the system for Western visitors to the border zone , but they were merely the final obstacle for a would-be escapee from East Germany . The complexity of the border system increased steadily until it reached its full extent in the early 1980s . The following description and the accompanying diagram describe the border as it was around 1980 .   Travelling notionally from east to west , an escapee would first reach the edge of the restricted zone ( Sperrzone ) , a closely controlled strip of land 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) wide , running parallel with the border . Evading the patrols and watchful inhabitants of the Sperrzone , the escapee would have reached the first of the border fences . The signal fence ( Signalzaun ) , around 500 to from the actual border , was lined with low-voltage electrified barbed wire which activated alarms when touched or cut .   Beyond the signal fence was the `` protective strip '' ( Schutzstreifen ) . It was brightly lit by floodlights in many places to reduce an escapee 's chances of using the cover of darkness . Guard towers , bunkers and dog runs were positioned at frequent intervals to keep a round-the-clock watch over the strip . Crossing the Schutzstreifen , the escapee would next reach the floodlit control strip , often called the `` death strip '' in the West . Tripwire-activated flare launchers were situated at various points to help the border guards pinpoint the location of an escape attempt . The last and most formidable obstacle was the outer fencing . In some places there were multiple parallel rows of fences , each up to several metres high , with minefields in between . The fences were not electrified but were booby-trapped with directional anti-personnel mines at intervals of 10 m , each one of which was capable of killing at a range of up to 120 m. Finally , the escapee had to cross whatever natural obstacles were on the western side of the border fence as well as traversing a strip of cleared ground that was up to 500 meters ( 1640 ft ) wide . While crossing this outer strip , the escapee would appear in clear view and shooting range of the border guards before reaching the safety of West German territory .

neg: Inner German border The inner German border ( innerdeutsche Grenze or deutsch-deutsche Grenze ; initially also Zonengrenze ) was the border between the German Democratic Republic ( GDR , East Germany ) and the Federal Republic of Germany ( FRG , West Germany ) from 1949 to 1990 . Not including the similar and physically separate Berlin Wall , the border was 1393 km long and ran from the Baltic Sea to Czechoslovakia .   It was formally established on 1 July 1945 as the boundary between the Western and Soviet occupation zones of former Nazi Germany . On the eastern side , it was made one of the world 's most heavily fortified frontiers , defined by a continuous line of high metal fences and walls , barbed wire , alarms , anti-vehicle ditches , watchtowers , automatic booby traps and minefields . It was patrolled by 50,000 armed East German guards who faced tens of thousands of West German , British and US guards and soldiers . In the hinterlands behind the border were more than a million North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ( NATO ) and Warsaw Pact troops .   The border was a physical manifestation of Winston Churchill 's metaphorical Iron Curtain that separated the Soviet and Western blocs during the Cold War . It marked the boundary between two ideological systems -- capitalism and communism . Built by East Germany in phases from 1952 to the late 1980s , the fortifications were constructed to stop the large-scale emigration of East German citizens to the West , about 1,000 of whom are said to have died trying to cross it during its 45-year existence . It caused widespread economic and social disruption on both sides ; East Germans living in the region suffered especially draconian restrictions .   The better-known Berlin Wall was a physically separate , less elaborate , and much shorter border barrier surrounding West Berlin , more than 155 km to the east of the inner German border ( Berlin having been similarly divided by the four powers after World War II , despite the entire city being in the Soviet zone , thus creating an exclave of West Germany surrounded by East Germany ) . On 9 November 1989 , the East German government announced the opening of the Berlin Wall and the inner German border . Over the following days , millions of East Germans poured into the West to visit . Hundreds of thousands moved permanently to the West in the following months as more crossings were opened , and ties between long-divided communities were re-established as border controls became little more than a cursory formality . The inner German border was not completely abandoned until 1 July 1990 , exactly 45 years to the day since its establishment , and only three months before German reunification formally ended Germany 's division .   Little remains of the inner German border 's fortifications . Its route has been declared part of a `` European Green Belt '' linking national parks and nature reserves along the course of the old Iron Curtain from the Arctic Circle to the Black Sea . Museums and memorials along the old border commemorate the division and reunification of Germany and , in some places , preserve elements of the fortifications .

neg: Origins of the Cold War The Origins of the Cold War are widely regarded to lie most directly in the relations between the Soviet Union and the allies ( the United States , Great Britain and France ) in the years 1945 -- 1947 . Those events led to the Cold War that endured for just under half a century .   Events preceding the Second World War , and even the Russian Revolution of 1917 , underlay pre -- World War II tensions between the Soviet Union , western European countries and the United States . A series of events during and after World War II exacerbated tensions , including the Soviet-German pact during the first two years of the war leading to subsequent invasions , the perceived delay of an amphibious invasion of German-occupied Europe , the western allies ' support of the Atlantic Charter , disagreement in wartime conferences over the fate of Eastern Europe , the Soviets ' creation of an Eastern Bloc of Soviet satellite states , western allies scrapping the Morgenthau Plan to support the rebuilding of German industry , and the Marshall Plan .

neg: Front (military) A military front or battlefront is a contested armed frontier between opposing forces . It can be a local or tactical front , or it can range to a theater . A typical front was the Western Front in France and Belgium in World War I.   The term `` home front '' has been used to denote conditions in the civilian sector of a country at war , including those involved in the production of matériel .  Both the Soviet and Polish Armies used the term `` front '' to mean an army group during the Polish-Soviet War and World War II . The equivalent of the term established in the header was the `` Theater of military operations '' .  The term `` front line city '' was used by the Germans during their long retreat from Moscow/Stalingrad to refer to metropolitan centres that had become disputed by the two combatants . Designation of a city as such resulted in administrative changes ( largely the imposition of martial law ) . In the film Downfall , the term was briefly referenced .  The term `` transferred to the front '' is often used by soldiers or personnel when their position has been changed from other activities .

neg: Operation Clausewitz Operation Clausewitz was the codeword initiation of the defence of Berlin plan by Nazi Germany during the final stage of the European conflict of World War II , the Battle of Berlin . Clausewitz was established in the 9 March 1945 document , Basic Order for the Preparations for the Defense of the Reich Capital ( Grundsätzlicher Befehl für die Vorbereitungen zur Verteidigung der Reichshauptstadt ) , a 33 page document containing 24 separate points . The second point of the document , in full ( translated ) is : `` The Reich capital will be defended to the last man and to the last bullet . '' It has been referred to as the Nazis ' last stand against the Soviets .   The document divided the city of Berlin into 9 operational defense zones ( A through H , as slices of the outer city of Berlin and Z , its center , corresponding to the government district ) . It further divided the region into four concentric rings : an outer exclusion zone , extending well past Berlin 's city limits ; an outer defense zone extending roughly to the city limits ; an inner defense zone extending out to the Berlin Ringbahn ; and the Citadel ( Zitadelle ) , again , zone Z . In addition to the establishment of defense zones , this document also described the overall mechanism by which Berlin would be converted to a front line city . This included :  The evacuation of all Wehrmacht and SS offices in Berlin  Evacuation of the central command post of the capital from General Command on Hohenzollerndamm to L-Tower of the Zoo bunker no more than six hours after the issuance of Clausewitz  The imposition of martial law for the civilian populace , and offenses under which the death penalty was authorized  Hitler ordered the execution of Fall Clausewitz on 20 April 1945 . This set into motion preparedness according to the Basic Order plan , and would have been followed later by the codeword Kolberg meaning full preparedness should be completed and the battle has started .

neg: Group of Soviet Forces in Germany The Group of Soviet Forces in Germany ( 1954 -- 1988 ) , also known as the Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany ( 1945 -- 1954 ) and the Western Group of Forces ( 1988 -- 1994 ) were the troops of the Soviet Army in East Germany . The Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany was formed after the end of the Second World War from units of the 1st and 2nd Belorussian Fronts . The group helped suppress the Uprising of 1953 in East Germany . After the end of occupation functions in 1954 the group was renamed the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany . The group represented Soviet interests in East Germany during the Cold War . After changes in Soviet foreign policy during the late 1980s , the group shifted to a more defensive role and in 1988 became the Western Group of Forces . Russian forces remained in Eastern Germany after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the reunification of Germany until 1994 .

neg: North West Europe Campaign The North West Europe Campaign was the name given by the British Commonwealth armed forces to the two land campaigns they fought on the Western Front during World War II .   In Commonwealth military history , `` North-West Europe '' refers to land , air and sea campaigns and operations in , over or near Belgium , Denmark , France , Germany , Luxembourg , Netherlands , Norway and the United Kingdom during World War II . It includes many more specific campaigns and/or battle honours .   The North-West Europe Campaign of 1940 , was part of the Battle of France , and was restricted to the Belgium and the French Channel ports . During this campaign , the French Army was responsible for the rest of the Western Front from Luxembourg to Switzerland , much of which was defended by the Maginot Line . The first campaign ended for the British forces with the defeat of the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) and its evacuation from the beaches of Dunkirk .   Between 1940 and 1944 , the Allied armies conducted coastal raids in German-Occupied Europe , the largest of which was the Dieppe raid of 1942 .   British Commonwealth air force units who served over Occupied Europe , between the fall of France and D-Day were awarded the battle honour `` Fortress Europe 1940 -- 1944 . ''   The North-West Europe Campaign of 1944 -- 1945 , was fought by the British Second Army and First Canadian Army  as elements of the British 21st Army Group . The campaign started with the landings in Normandy and ended on 4 May 1945 with Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery taking the German military surrender of all German forces in the Netherlands , north west Germany and Denmark on Lüneburg Heath , ( situated between the cities of Hamburg , Hanover and Bremen ) . As with the first campaign the British Commonwealth forces were on the northern flank of the Western Front . The Twelfth United States Army Group , was to their immediate south , further south still was the Sixth United States Army Group , ( that was also known as the Southern Group of Armies as the French First Army was a constituent part )

neg: Flensburg Government The Flensburg Government ( Flensburger Regierung ) , also known as the Flensburg Cabinet ( Flensburger Kabinett ) , the Dönitz Government ( Regierung Dönitz ) , or the Schwerin von Krosigk Cabinet ( Kabinett Schwerin von Krosigk ) , was the short-lived government of Nazi Germany during a period of three weeks around the end of World War II in Europe . The government was formed following the suicide of Adolf Hitler on 30 April during the Battle of Berlin . It was headed by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz as the Reichspräsident and Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk as the Leading Minister .   The administration was referred to as the `` Flensburg Government '' because Dönitz 's headquarters had been relocated in the port of Flensburg in northern Germany on 3 May 1945 . Due to the rapid Allied advance , its nominal jurisdiction at the outset was limited to a narrow wedge of territory running from the Austrian border through Berlin to the Danish border ; which , since 25 April 1945 , had been cut in two by the American advance to join with Soviet forces at Torgau on the Elbe . Following the capitulation of all German armed forces on 8 May , the Flensburg government lost all direct territorial , military or civil jurisdiction , and all diplomatic relations were withdrawn . The western Allies allowed it to continue to meet and conduct what business it could until 23 May .

neg: German–Soviet Axis talks In October and November 1940 , German -- Soviet Axis talks occurred concerning the Soviet Union 's potential entry as a fourth Axis Power in World War II . The negotiations , which occurred during the era of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact and the German-Soviet Commercial Agreement , included a two-day Berlin conference between Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov , Adolf Hitler and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop , followed by both countries trading written proposed agreements . After two days of negotiations from 12 to 14 November 1940 , Germany presented the Soviets with a draft written Axis pact agreement defining the world spheres of influence of the four proposed Axis powers ( Japan , Germany , Soviet Union , Italy ) . Hitler , Ribbentrop and Molotov tried to set German and Soviet spheres of influence ; Hitler encouraged Molotov to look south to Iran and eventually India while preserving German access to Finland 's resources , and to remove Soviet influence in the Balkans . Molotov remained firm , seeking to remove German troops from Finland and gain a warm water port in the Balkans . Soviet foreign policy calculations were predicated by the idea that the war would be a long - term struggle and therefore German claims that Britain would be defeated swiftly were treated with scepticism . In addition Stalin sought to remain influential in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia . These factors resulted in Molotov taking a firm line . According to a Columbia University academical source , on 25 November 1940 , the Soviets presented a Stalin-drafted written counterproposal where they would accept the four power pact , but it included Soviet rights to Bulgaria and a world sphere of influence centered on the area around modern Iraq and Iran . Germany did not respond , leaving the negotiations unresolved . Regarding the counterproposal , Hitler remarked to his top military chiefs that Stalin `` demands more and more '' , `` he 's a cold-blooded blackmailer '' and that `` a German victory has become unbearable for Russia '' so that `` she must be brought to her knees as soon as possible . '' Germany ended the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in June 1941 by invading the Soviet Union .

neg: Frankfurt Documents thumb | right | 200px | Members of the Frankfurt conference  Frankfurt Documents were a series of documents which were an important step on the way to the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany .   On July 1 , 1948 the representatives of the Western allied occupation forces handed over a number of documents to the prime ministers and two ruling mayors from the western zones of occupation , in which the recommendations were made , including establishing a West German state . The main problem of these recommendations was that they did not provide all-German solution , but only a West German state . The Frankfurt documents formed a working basis for the work on the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany . They were created at the London 6-Power Conference in early 1948 .   The handover took place in the IG Farben Building in Frankfurt am Main , and the documents took the name of this town . The military governors Lucius D. Clay ( United States ) , Marie-Pierre Koenig ( France ) and Sir Brian Robertson ( UK ) issued an order establishing a western German state . Present were Peter Altmeier ( Rhineland-Palatinate ) , Karl Arnold ( North Rhine-Westphalia ) , Lawrence Bock ( Württemberg-Hohenzollern ) , Max Brauer ( Hamburg ) , Hans Ehard ( Bavaria ) , Wilhelm Kaisen ( Bremen ) , Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf ( Lower Saxony ) , Hermann Lüdemann ( Schleswig-Holstein ) , Reinhold Maier ( Württemberg-Baden ) , Christian Stock ( Hessen ) and Leo Wohleb ( Baden ) .   A West German state was to be established under the following conditions :   There should be a constitutional convention ( German : Verfassunggebende Versammlung , literally , `` Constituent Assembly '' ) before September 1 , 1948 , to draft a constitution shaping a federal form of government , while maintaining the rights of people and the participating states .  This constitution should first be approved by the military governments , then a referendum in the countries to ratify the Constitution .  The respective simple majority in two thirds of eleven West German states should be sufficient for ratification . Constitutional amendments must be approved by the military governors .  The German foreign policy should continue to be controlled by the military governors in a minimum , as Ruhr questions , repairs , industrial and rights of the Allied forces .  The boundaries of each state should be reviewed and it should , if necessary , taking into account of traditional forms of new countries are created , none compared to the other should be too large or too small .   The Frankfurt Documents prompted the Prime Minister to hold Rittersturz Conference in Koblenz , on the resolutions that were passed .   Category : Political history of Germany  Category : Political conferences

neg: List of Polish cities damaged in World War II As the German army retreated during the later stages of the Second World War , many of the urban areas of what is now Poland were severely damaged as a result of military action between the retreating forces of the German Wehrmacht and advancing ones of the Soviet Red Army . Other cities were deliberately destroyed by the German forces . One of the most famous of these planned destructions was the razing of Warsaw , the capital of Poland . While extensively damaged by the failed Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and Warsaw Uprising , the city later underwent a planned demolition by German forces under order from Adolf Hitler and high officials within the Nazi government . On 17 October 1944 , SS chief Heinrich Himmler famously stated , `` The city must completely disappear from the surface of the earth and serve only as a transport station for the Wehrmacht . '' Before they were stopped by the advancing Red Army , 85 % of the city had been taken out . Warsaw was far from the worst off after the Nazi retreat ; 97 % of Jasło and 100 % of Polanów were reduced to rubble . Other towns such as Wałcz fared better , with only a quarter of the city being destroyed . Ancient historical buildings in Polish cities were not spared ; for example , Trzemeszno 's Romanesque basilica of 1130-45 was burnt down in 1945 .