query: Warren Casey worked with writer and composer Jim Jacobs.

pos: Warren Casey Warren Casey ( April 20 , 1935 -- November 8 , 1988 ) was an American theatre composer , lyricist , writer , and actor . He is best known for being the writer and composer , with Jim Jacobs , of the stage and film musical Grease .

neg: Jackson Gillis Jackson Clark Gillis ( August 21 , 1916 -- August 19 , 2010 ) was an American radio and television scriptwriter whose career spanned more than 40 years and encompassed a wide range of genres .   Gillis was born in Kalama , Washington to a highway engineer and a piano teacher . His family moved to California when he was a teenager . He attended California State University , Fresno , but transferred to Stanford University , where he earned his undergraduate degree in English in 1938 . He worked in England after graduating from college . After returning to the United States , he performed with the Barter Theatre in Virginia , together with Gregory Peck . George Bernard Shaw attended a performance of one of his plays , in which Gillis acted . Gillis received a note from Shaw that critiqued his exit , a postcard Gillis retained for decades . He enlisted in the United States Army and worked as an intelligence officer during World War II in the Pacific Theater .   After completing his military service , Gillis moved to Los Angeles and took a job writing for radio shows , including the dramas The Whistler and Let George Do It . He moved into television scriptwriting and earned his first credit -- for an episode of Racket Squad , a series that starred Reed Hadley -- in 1952 . He wrote for The Adventures of Superman from 1953 to 1957 and also spent several years writing for Perry Mason and Lassie . His scriptwriting was prolific and varied , and over the years , he worked on shows such as Lost in Space , Hawaii Five-O , and Knight Rider . He wrote for the series Columbo , starring Peter Falk , from 1971 to 1992 . He also wrote a pair of detective novels , The Killers of Starfish and Chainsaw .   After retiring from Hollywood in the 1990s , Gillis and his wife moved to Moscow , Idaho , to be near their daughter . Gillis was married to the former Patricia Cassidy , a fellow actor whom he met during his brief acting career at the Barter Theatre , until her death in 2003 . He died at age 93 on August 19 , 2010 , of pneumonia in Moscow , Idaho . His daughter recalled that her father watched little on television other than football , as `` he thought most of what was on TV was junk '' .

neg: Ernest Thayer Ernest Lawrence Thayer ( August 14 , 1863 -- August 21 , 1940 ) was an American writer and poet who wrote the poem `` Casey '' ( or `` Casey at the Bat '' ) , which is `` the single most famous baseball poem ever written '' according to the Baseball Almanac , and `` the nation 's best-known piece of comic verse -- a ballad that began a native legend as colorful and permanent as that of Johnny Appleseed or Paul Bunyan . ''

neg: Warren Lee (pianist) Warren Wai On Lee is a Hong Kong-born pianist , Steinway Artist , an artist of the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra , composer and a music educator . He was awarded the Ten Outstanding Young Persons Award ( Hong Kong ) in 2012 and elected an Associate of the Royal Academy of Music in 2015 in recognition of his achievements in the performing arts and contribution to the community .   At the age of six , he made his début with the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra . Following his Macau début with the Macau Chamber Orchestra at the age of ten , the South China Morning Post wrote ,  `` Warren Lee 's performance bore out the insight ... that exceptional artists are not so much people to be praised as phenomena to be treasured , bearers of a power altogether greater than the poor vessels that contain it . '' He went on to become the first prize winner of the 1995 Stravinsky Awards International Piano Competition and the Grand Prix Ivo Pogorelich . In 2000 , he graduated from the Royal Academy of Music and Yale School of Music with the highest of honors .   As a music educator , he released in 2008 his educational CD album , `` From Bach To Gershwin : A Musical Journey '' ( Universal Music Hong Kong 480102-0 ) . The Audio Land Magazine calls it a `` rare successful album that Hong Kong can be proud of . '' He has also been appointed a Guest Professor by the Central Conservatory of Music EOS Orchestra Academy and an Honorary Artist-in-Residence by the Hong Kong Institute of Education . He is also co-currently serving as the Music Director of his alma mater , St. Paul 's Co-educational College in Hong Kong .   His latest recording `` Ebony and Ivory '' ( 2013 ) , with clarinetist Andrew Simon on Naxos garnered no fewer than nine favourable reviews worldwide . The Fanfare Magazine calls it `` a winner '' .   As a composer , his choral works are published by Pavane Publishing ( USA ) , Profiri & Horvath ( Germany ) ; and his series of Piano Sight-reading Method is due for release by Brio Music Press ( Hong Kong ) . His a cappella choral work , `` House Rules '' won the Second Prize of the Gianni Bergamo Awards in 2013 in Switzerland .   Warren Lee also holds a MBA degree from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and is elected to the Beta Gamma Sigma .   As a renowned pianist , Warren was hailed by critics as a pianist :

neg: Tod Dockstader Tod Dockstader ( March 20 , 1932 -- February 27 , 2015 ) was an American composer of electronic music , and particularly musique concrète .   Dockstader was born in Saint Paul , Minnesota , United States . He studied painting and film while at the University of Minnesota , before moving to Hollywood in 1955 , to become an apprentice film editor . He moved into work as a sound engineer in 1958 , and apprenticed at Gotham Recording Studios , where he first started composing . Around this same time he also worked for Terrytoons alongside Gene Deitch . From 1961 to 1962 , when Deitch directed thirteen new Tom and Jerry shorts , Dockstader was responsible for creating the unusual , heavily reverberated sound effects heard throughout them ; he also wrote the shorts Mouse into Space and Landing Stripling .   Dockstader 's first record , Eight Electronic Pieces , was released in 1960 , and was later used as the soundtrack to Federico Fellini 's Fellini Satyricon ( 1969 ) . He continued to create music throughout the first half of that decade , working principally with tape manipulation effects . In 1966 Owl Records released four albums of his work from this period including what many consider to be Dockstader 's masterpiece , Quatermass . He achieved modest recognition and radio play alongside the likes of Karlheinz Stockhausen , Edgard Varèse , and John Cage .   In 1961 he applied to use the facilities at the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center and was denied access by Vladimir Ussachevsky . Ussachevsky 's official reason was the `` overstrained '' scheduling of the studios , although many suspect that Dockstader 's lack of academic training was a factor in the decision . After leaving Gotham Recording Studios in the late 1960s he formed the audio-visual service Westport Communications Group along with business partner , and former Gotham executive , Fred Hertz . The company focused on corporate clients and produced award-winning educational films for the American Heritage series .   Dockstader was also a prolific writer , with several articles published by Electronic Music Review and The Musical Quarterly .   In the early 1990s , Starkland re-released most of the content of Dockstader 's out-of-print Owl records , along with previously unreleased material . The two CDs brought new , significant acclaim to the composer . The Washington Post called Dockstader `` a highly imaginative pioneer , '' and The Wire concluded , `` The obsessive care with which Starkland have compiled these extraordinary recordings should ensure that Dockstader will be remembered as the innovative , visionary figure he undoubtedly was . '' Reinvigorated , Dockstader returned to music at the start of the 21st century , adopting computer composition in favor of tapes . New CDs appeared from Sub Rosa and ReR Megacorp .   Work on a documentary about his life , Unlocking Dockstader , was begun in 2011 , however lack of funding has stalled the project .   He died in Arlington , Massachusetts , on February 27 , 2015 , at the age of 82 .   In 2016 , Starkland released `` Tod Dockstader : From the Archives , '' a CD that premiered 15 works selected from the unexpected discovery of 4,200 sound files found on Dockstader 's private computer after his death . Created from 2000-2008 , these were among the last pieces composed by Dockstader , before dementia put an end to his studio work .

neg: John Casey (climate change author) John L. Casey is an American author . Casey 's literary works include Dark Winter and Cold Sun . His current residence is Orlando , Florida .

neg: Ken Casey Kenneth William `` Ken '' Casey Jr. ( born April 15 , 1969 ) is the bass guitarist , primary songwriter , and one of the lead singers of the Boston Celtic punk group the Dropkick Murphys . Casey was one of the original members , starting the band in 1996 with guitarist Rick Barton and singer Mike McColgan . He is the only original member of the Dropkick Murphys left in the band , though drummer Matt Kelly joined shortly after formation in 1997 . He is known for his melodic vocal parts and solid punk rock bass playing . Dropkick Murphys released their ninth album 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory on January 6 , 2017 . Casey also founded the charity group The Claddagh Fund , owns his own bar in Boston and runs his own boxing promotion called Murphys Boxing . Casey has a small role in the 2016 film Patriots Day which is about the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing and the subsequent terrorist manhunt .

neg: J. T. Harding John Thomas `` J. T. '' Harding is an American country music songwriter . He has written songs for Uncle Kracker and Kenny Chesney .

neg: James Cohn James Cohn is an American composer born February 12 , 1928 in Newark , New Jersey . After taking violin and piano lessons in his native town , he studied composition with Roy Harris , Wayne Barlow and Bernard Wagenaar , and majored in Composition at Juilliard , graduating in 1950 .   He has written solo , chamber , choral and orchestral works , among them 3 string quartets , 5 piano sonatas and 8 symphonies . He was awarded a Queen Elisabeth of Belgium Prize for his Symphony No. 2 ( premiered at Brussels ) and an A.I.D.E.M. prize for his Symphony No. 4 ( premiered in Florence at the Maggio Musicale ) .   His Symphony No. 3 and Variations on `` The Wayfaring Stranger '' were premiered by the Detroit Symphony Orchestra under Paul Paray . The Detroit Free Press observed in the Symphony No. 3 `` an economy of means ... but no yielding of inventiveness or imaginative composition . Indeed , the work throughout is marked strongly by individuality , and comes as a refreshing experience in modern music . ''   Among his earlier works ( 1946 , preceding the 1948 second symphony ) is a concertino for piano and orchestra .   In 1966 he composed a three-movement Concerto for Concertina and Strings , as his Op. 44 .   In 2008 his 2nd and 7th symphonies were issued on compact disc by the Naxos label . In 2012 his 3rd , 4th and 8th symphonies , recorded by the Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra conducted by Kirk Trevor , were published on compact disc by the MSR ( Musicians Showcase Recordings ) label .

neg: Leigh Harline Leigh Adrian Harline ( March 26 , 1907 -- December 10 , 1969 ) was a film composer and songwriter . He was known for his `` musical sophistication that was uniquely ` Harline-esque ' by weaving rich tapestries of mood-setting underscores and penning memorable melodies for animated shorts and features . ''

neg: Al Casey (rock guitarist) Alvin Wayne `` Al '' Casey ( October 26 , 1936 -- September 17 , 2006 ) was an American guitarist . He was mainly noted for his work as a session musician , but also released his own records and scored three Billboard Hot 100 hits in the United States . His contribution to the rockabilly genre has been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame .

neg: David Warren (director) David Warren is an American theatre and television director .

neg: America's Top 10 America 's Top 10 ( commonly abbreviated to AT10 ) was a television program of music hits based on the Billboard Hot 100 , with the exception of the last season in 1992 which used the Radio and Records chart . It aired in syndication by Gold Key Media from 1980 -- 1982 and by All American Television from 1982-1992 . The show was hosted by Casey Kasem , the host of American Top 40 and Casey 's Top 40 , until 1991 . After that point , the show was hosted by Siedah Garrett and then Tommy Puett ; Kasem later returned as host until he closed down the show in 1992 to focus on launching `` Casey 's Countdown , '' an adult contemporary music spinoff of Casey 's Top 40 . From around 1987 onwards , the show was also transmitted by various regions of ITV in the United Kingdom , where it was often broadcast as part of the network 's then-new overnight service .   Charlie Tuna served as announcer , and Syd Vinnedge was producer .

neg: Raymond Warren Raymond Warren ( born 7 November 1928 ) is a British composer and university teacher .   He studied at Cambridge , and taught at Queen 's University Belfast before becoming Stanley Hugh Badock Professor of Music at the University of Bristol from 1972 until his retirement in 1994 .   His works include a choral Passion , a Violin Concerto , and the oratorio Continuing Cities . He has also written six operas .   He currently lives in Clifton in Bristol .

neg: Jim Stanton Jim Stanton is an American composer and political writer .

neg: Buddy Sheffield Morris Taylor `` Buddy '' Sheffield is an American comedy writer , producer and composer . He is probably best known as Emmy-nominated head writer on Fox TV 's breakthrough sketch comedy series , In Living Color , having written such favorites as `` Homey Claus '' , `` Homeboy Shopping Network '' , `` This Old Box '' and `` Men on Books '' . Sheffield , who is white and was raised in the rural south , won an NAACP Image Award for his work on the show . Prior to that he had spent 10 years writing for dozens of performers ranging from Dolly Parton to the Smothers Brothers .   Sheffield co-created the teen hit Roundhouse on Nickelodeon in the 1990s , often cited as revolutionary for its frenetically paced staging and sophisticated satire involving real teen issues . Roundhouse was shot in real-time before a live audience and was described by one critic as `` like seeing all the high points of a smash Broadway show in half an hour . '' Sheffield created the show with his former wife , Rita Hester , with whom he had founded a children 's theatre company when they were students at The University of Southern Mississippi . That venture , Sheffield Ensemble Theatre , lasted 13 years and had become the number one touring children 's theatre in the country prior to going bankrupt as a major contractor to the failed New Orleans World 's Fair . Sheffield paid off his cast and crew and moved to Los Angeles . His years in live theatre are apparent in `` Roundhouse '' and all his work . In 2016 Nick began rerunning episodes of Roundhouse to the delight of fans .   In 1982 , his musical Cleavage , for which he had written book , music and lyrics , opened on Broadway . Though it had been playing successfully in New Orleans , it closed after one performance . One day after it closed it received a favorable review from the NY Times .   Sheffield is again targeting Broadway with a musical send-up of Rodgers and Hammerstein 's Oklahoma ! called IDAHO ! for which he also wrote book , music and lyrics ( with additional music and arrangements by long-time friend and collaborator Keith Thompson ) . IDAHO ! premiered at the NY Musical Festival winning several awards including the `` Best of Fest '' Audience Prize for best-received show . In July 2016 IDAHO ! will be presented on the main stage at the magnificent Smith Center in Las Vegas .   In 2007 , Sheffield sued Disney for breach of implied contract over a musical sitcom called `` Rock and Roland '' that he pitched to the Disney Channel in late 2001 . Sheffield 's detailed pitch was about a junior high kid with a widowed parent who is a regular kid by day and secretly a pop superstar by night . The lawsuit claims that Disney executives showed great interest , requested more material , passed on the project and then misappropriated it . The lawsuit also claimed Disney did little more than switch the genders of all the main characters , an option Sheffield gave them during the pitch . Disney went on to produce the show under the name Hannah Montana and it became a worldwide mega-hit generating millions for the company . An August 26 , 2008 court date was set in Los Angeles Superior Court , but prior to that date the case was quietly settled .

neg: William F. Brown (writer) William Ferdinand Brown ( born April 16 , 1928 in Jersey City , New Jersey ) is an American playwright best known for writing the book of the musical , The Wiz ( 1974 ) , an adaptation of L. Frank Baum 's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz with music and lyrics by Charlie Smalls , for which he received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical .   His other works include The Girl in the Freudian Slip ( 1967 ) based on his 1959 novel , which played on Broadway for three days in May after a tour ; How to Steal an Election ( 1968 ) , A Single Thing in Common ( 1978 ) , and A Broadway Musical with Lee Adams and Charles Strouse , which had only one non-preview performance on December 21 , 1978 . Other plays include Damon 's Song , Twist , The Nutley Papers , and numerous revues . His work for television includes episodes of That Was The Week That Was , Love American Style , As the World Turns , and Jackie Gleason 's American Scene Magazine . He is also a cartoonist who wrote and drew the syndicated comic strip , Boomer .   Although The Wiz and A Broadway Musical are written for black casts using black street slang , Brown himself is white . He is married to writer Tina Tippit and has two children .

neg: Jim Jarmusch James Robert `` Jim '' Jarmusch ( -LSB- ˈdʒɑrməʃ -RSB- born January 22 , 1953 ) is an American film director , screenwriter , actor , producer , editor , and composer . He has been a major proponent of independent cinema since the 1980s , directing such films as Stranger Than Paradise ( 1984 ) , Down by Law ( 1986 ) , Mystery Train ( 1989 ) , Dead Man ( 1995 ) , Ghost Dog : The Way of the Samurai ( 1999 ) , Coffee and Cigarettes ( 2003 ) , Broken Flowers ( 2005 ) , Only Lovers Left Alive ( 2013 ) , and Paterson ( 2016 ) . Stranger Than Paradise was added to the National Film Registry in December 2002 . As a musician , Jarmusch has composed music for his films and released two albums with Jozef van Wissem .

neg: Tony Lee Tony Lee is a British comics writer , screenwriter , audio playwright , and novelist .

neg: Lawyers, Guns and Money `` Lawyers , Guns and Money '' is a song by Warren Zevon , the closing track on his 1978 album Excitable Boy .   The lyrics describe going home with a waitress who is `` with the Russians , too '' . The narrative goes on to speak of `` gambling in Havana '' , with the request that `` Dad '' send `` lawyers , guns and money '' to `` get me out of this '' . The lyrics then claim that the speaker is an `` innocent bystander '' who is down on his luck . Finally the narrative relates that the speaker is `` hiding in Honduras '' and that he is a `` desperate man '' . The lyrics repeat the refrain to `` send lawyers , guns and money '' , with the final comment that `` the shit has hit the fan '' .   The song was first covered by Rick Derringer on the 1978 album `` If I Were n't So Romantic , I 'd Shoot You '' and was released as a single . It was later covered by The Wallflowers on the album Enjoy Every Sandwich : The Songs of Warren Zevon in 2004 . It was also a hit for Hank Williams , Jr. in 1983 and regularly played live by Widespread Panic .  The song also lent its title to a light-hearted radio program on the Melbourne community radio station 3RRR which looked at the legal fraternity in the city . The program started in 1985 and ran for several years hosted by the pseudonymous duo `` Donoghue & Stevenson '' - Dennis Connell and Ross Stevenson . The song was used as both intro and exit music for the program . The chorus was changed to `` send robots , bears and Lincolns '' in a parody song set to past sketches on the Late Night With Conan O'Brien show .

neg: Arthur Zorn Arthur Zorn is a musician and artist from Montpelier , Vermont . Zorn is a composer of vocal and piano music . His major pieces , `` January 25th , 1945 '' ( about the liberation of Auschwitz ) and `` Garden Sketches '' ( a suite for piano ) have been performed all around New England . Currently , Zorn resides in Montpelier , Vermont and teaches vocal music at Spaulding High School .   In addition to being a musician , Zorn has received praise from all around the United States and Canada for his impressionist and abstract artwork . In July 2007 , Zorn 's newest artwork will be featured in the third installment of the Bundy Gallery 's powerful series based on Zorn 's creations ; the third installment will be called `` Zorn 3 . ''   Arthur Zorn has won several awards for his teaching : he was elected Spaulding High School Teacher of the Year in 1994 , and also won the Jaycee Outstanding Young Educator earlier in his career . Zorn has been a finalist in the Vermont State Teacher of the Year .


query: Bernie Sanders describes himself as a democratic socialist.

pos: Bernie Sanders Bernard Sanders ( born September 8 , 1941 ) is an American politician who has been the junior United States Senator from Vermont since 2007 . Sanders is the longest serving independent in U.S. congressional history . Since his election to the House of Representatives in 1991 , he has caucused with the Democratic Party , which has entitled him to congressional committee assignments and at times given Democrats a majority . Sanders became the ranking minority member on the Senate Budget Committee in January 2015 ; he had previously been chair of the Senate Veterans ' Affairs Committee for two years . Since January 2017 , he has been Chair of the Senate Democratic Outreach Committee . Sanders 's campaign against Hillary Clinton for the party 's 2016 U.S. presidential nomination raised more money in small , individual contributions than any other in American history , and helped him rise to international recognition . A self-described democratic socialist , Sanders is pro-labor and emphasizes reversing economic inequality . Many scholars consider his views to be more in line with social democracy and New Deal-era American progressivism than democratic socialism .   Sanders was born and raised in the Brooklyn borough of New York City and graduated from the University of Chicago in 1964 . While a student he was an active protest organizer for the Congress of Racial Equality and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee during the Civil Rights Movement . After settling in Vermont in 1968 , Sanders ran unsuccessful third-party campaigns for governor and U.S. senator in the early to mid-1970s . As an independent , he was elected mayor of Burlington -- Vermont 's most populous city of 42,417 in 2010 -- in 1981 , by a margin of ten votes . He went on to be reelected as mayor three times . In 1990 , he was elected to represent Vermont 's at-large congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives , where he co-founded the Congressional Progressive Caucus in 1991 . He served as a congressman for 16 years before being elected to the U.S. Senate in 2006 . In 2012 , he was reelected with 71 % of the popular vote . Polls indicate that he is among the senators most popular with their constituents , ranking third in 2014 and first in both 2015 and 2016 .   Sanders rose to national prominence following his 2010 filibuster against the Middle Class Tax Relief Act of 2010 , which extended the Bush tax cuts that favored the wealthiest Americans . He has built a reputation as a leading progressive voice on issues such as campaign finance reform , corporate welfare , global warming , income inequality , LGBT rights , parental leave , and universal healthcare . Sanders has long been critical of U.S. foreign policy and was an early and outspoken opponent of the Iraq War , the First Gulf War , and U.S. support for the Contras in Nicaragua . He is also outspoken on civil liberties and civil rights , particularly criticizing racial discrimination in the criminal justice system as well as advocating for privacy rights against mass surveillance policies such as the USA PATRIOT Act and the NSA surveillance programs .   Sanders announced his campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination on April 30 , 2015 . Initially considered a long shot , Sanders won 23 primaries and caucuses and approximately 43 % of pledged delegates to Clinton 's 55 % . His campaign was noted for the enthusiasm of its supporters , as well as his rejection of large donations from corporations , the financial industry , and any associated Super PAC . On July 12 , 2016 , Sanders formally endorsed Clinton against her Republican general election opponent Donald Trump , while urging his supporters to continue the `` political revolution '' his campaign had begun . In November 2016 , Sanders 's book Our Revolution : A Future to Believe In was released ; upon its release , it was on The New York Times best-seller list at number 3 . In 2016 Sanders formed a political organization , Our Revolution , to educate voters about issues , get people involved in the political process , and work to organize and elect progressive candidates . In February 2017 , Sanders began webcasting The Bernie Sanders Show on Facebook .

neg: History of democracy A democracy is a political system , or a system of decision-making within an institution or organization , in which all members have an equal share of power . Modern democracies are characterized by two capabilities that differentiate them fundamentally from earlier forms of government : the capacity to intervene in their own societies and the recognition of their sovereignty by an international legalistic framework of similarly sovereign states . -LSB- 2 -RSB- Democratic government is commonly juxtaposed with oligarchic and monarchic systems , which are rule by a minority and a sole monarch respectively .   Democracy in its earliest forms is generally associated with the efforts of the ancient Greeks and Romans , who were themselves considered the founders of Western civilization by the 18th century intellectuals who attempted to leverage these early democratic experiments into a new template for post-monarchical political organization . The extent to which these 18th century democratic revivalists succeeded in turning the democratic ideals of the ancient Greeks and Romans into the dominant political institution of the next 300 years is hardly debatable , even if the moral justifications they often employed might be . Nevertheless , the critical historical juncture catalyzed by the resurrection of democratic ideals and institutions fundamentally transformed the ensuing centuries and has dominated the international landscape since the dismantling of the final vestige of empire following the end of the Second World War .   Modern representative democracies attempt to bridge the gulf between the Hobbesian ` state of nature ' and the grip of authoritarianism through ` social contracts ' that enshrine the rights of the citizens , curtail the power of the state , and grant agency through the right to vote .

neg: Socialist Party of Illinois The Socialist Party of Illinois ( SPIL ) is a political party in the state of Illinois . It was affiliated with the Socialist Party of America . It was founded in September 1901 , though the grouping met in 1900 at a convention in Chicago and supported Eugene V. Debs for president in 1900 . It was the successor to the Social Democratic Party of America .   In 1915 , the party had 6,004 members . 44 party members held public office in that year , including one mayor , 18 aldermen and 2 members of the Illinois House of Representatives among others . The Chicago Socialist was the newspaper of the Socialist Party of Illinois .   The Chicago Socialist Party was the most active local in the SPIL and one of the most active in the United States . It is now an affiliate of the Socialist Party USA .

neg: Communist revolution A communist revolution is a proletarian revolution often , but not necessarily inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with communism , typically with socialism as an intermediate stage . The idea that a proletarian revolution is needed is a cornerstone of Marxism ; Marxists believe that the workers of the world must unite and free themselves from capitalist oppression to create a world run by and for the working class . Thus , in the Marxist view , proletarian revolutions need to happen in countries all over the world .   Leninism argues that a communist revolution must be led by a vanguard of `` professional revolutionaries '' , men and women who are fully dedicated to the communist cause and who can then form the nucleus of the revolutionary movement . Some Marxists disagree with the idea of a vanguard as put forth by Lenin , especially left communists . Some who continue to consider themselves Marxist -- Leninists also oppose the vanguard despite disagreeing with the majority of left communism . These critics insist that the entire working class -- or at least a large part of it -- must be deeply involved and equally committed to the socialist or communist cause in order for a proletarian revolution to be successful . To this end , they seek to build massive communist parties with very large memberships .

neg: Socialist Appeal (US, 1935) Socialist Appeal was the name of a newspaper published by American Trotskyists from 1935 to 1941 . It was started by supporters of the Trotskyist Workers Party of the United States in Chicago who had entered the Socialist Party of America in 1935 and was edited by Albert Goldman . In 1936 , when the Workers Party formerly dissolved and entered en masse into the SPA and in August 1937 the publication moved to New York City and was re-launched as the organ of the `` Left Wing Branches of the Socialist Party '' but was effectively controlled by the unofficial Trotskyist faction within the SPA . The `` Socialist Appeal tendency '' split from the Socialist Party to form the Socialist Workers Party in 1938 . The publication became the official organ of the SWP and continued as Socialist Appeal until 1941 when it was renamed The Militant , reverting to the name of the original ( 1928-1934 ) Communist League of America publication .

neg: Swedish Social Democratic Party The Swedish Social Democratic Party , ( Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti , SAP ; literally , `` Social Democratic Workers ' Party of Sweden '' ) , contesting elections as the Arbetarepartiet -- Socialdemokraterna ( ` The Workers ' Party -- The Social Democrats ' ) , usually referred to just as the ` Social Democrats ' ( Socialdemokraterna ) ; is the oldest and largest political party in Sweden . The current party leader since 2012 is Stefan Löfven ; he has also been Prime Minister of Sweden since 2014 .

neg: Christian Social Party (Switzerland) The Christian Social Party ( CSP ) ( German : Christlich-soziale Partei ; French : Parti chrétien-social ) is a political party in Switzerland . The CSP is more social democratic than the Christian Democratic People 's Party of Switzerland ( CVP ) . With the moderate Christian left as its background , the CSP commits itself to social democratic and environmentalist political solutions . The core principles of the CSP contain , among others `` solidarity with the socially and economically disadvantaged and the preservation of the environment . ''   The party should not be confused with the Christian Social Party of Obwalden , which is affiliated with the Christian Democratic People 's Party and holds a seat in the National Council .

neg: Welsh Socialist Alliance The Welsh Socialist Alliance ( WSA ) was a socialist political organisation in Wales . It was closely related to , but separate from the Socialist Alliance .   It was founded by the Socialist Party and Cymru Goch and some independents . From the start this seemed to many an unlikely alliance given that the two principal groups involved have major disagreements over many issues , mainly over the national question . Cymru Goch called for an independent socialist republic whereas Socialist Party Wales at the time supported a Welsh parliament with law making powers short of independence . However they agreed to discuss the issue while the WSA called for the Welsh Assembly to have the same powers as the Scottish parliament . The WSA ensured that no one party could `` control '' it through the self-denying 40 % ordinance which limited members of any organisation to no more than 40 % of the Alliance committees .   The Welsh Socialist Alliance stood on a joint United Socialist ticket with the Socialist Workers Party at the Welsh Assembly election , 1999 .   The Socialist Workers Party has originally declined to accept the invitation to join the WSA because the SWP was opposed in principle to standing in elections . In 2000 it changed its position and entered the WSA . The attempts by the SWP to dominate the WSA destabilised the organisation and by the end of 2002 both Cymru Goch and Socialist Party Wales had left .   The SWP ignored the 40 % rule and packed meetings with members to ensure that its position prevailed and its supporters were selected as candidates . Cymru Goch left when any opportunity to argue for its pro-independence position was closed off and the Socialist Party left when the SWP packed a selection meeting in Swansea to ensure that no Socialist Party candidates would be selected for Swansea seats in the General Election . The Socialist Party 's open letter of resignation ( http://www.socialistparty.org.uk/CampaignsSocialistAlliances.htm#SPW ) blamed the SWP : `` To lose one founding organisation could be unfortunate ; to lose both can only mark the decline of the WSA as a genuine alliance ''   The WSA is now largely inactive and was regarded by some as being little more than a front for the SWP standing in elections until the launch of the Respect Coalition .

neg: Social Democratic Federation (U.S., 1889) The Social Democratic Federation ( SDF ) was an American political party established as a result of a factional split in the Socialist Labor Party in 1889 . Moving its headquarters through a succession of cities , the organization landed in Cleveland , Ohio , merging with the Social Democracy of America -- forerunner of the Socialist Party of America -- in the summer of 1897 .

neg: Democratic and Social Centre Democratic and Social Centre may refer to :   Democratic and Social Center - People 's Party ( Portuguese : Centro Democrático e Social - Partido Popular ) , a Portuguese centre-right political party , with an ideological foundation on Christian democracy , Conservatism and Classical liberalism , founded on 19 July 1974 .  Centre of Social Democrats , a French Christian-democratic and centrist party , which existed from 1976 to 1995 .  Democratic and Social Centre ( Spain ) , a Spanish moderate , social democratic and centrist political party , which was founded in 1982 .

neg: Socialist Party of Ohio The Socialist Party of Ohio ( SPOH ) is a socialist political party in the U.S. state of Ohio . Founded in 1901 , the SPO was an affiliate of the Socialist Party of America . Since the 1972 renaming of the SPA to Social Democrats , USA , it has been the state chapter of the Socialist Party USA ( SPUSA ) .

neg: Eugene V. Debs Eugene Victor `` Gene '' Debs ( November 5 , 1855 -- October 20 , 1926 ) was an American union leader , one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW or the Wobblies ) , and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States . Through his presidential candidacies , as well as his work with labor movements , Debs eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States .   Early in his political career , Debs was a member of the Democratic Party . He was elected as a Democrat to the Indiana General Assembly in 1884 . After working with several smaller unions , including the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen , Debs was instrumental in the founding of the American Railway Union ( ARU ) , one of the nation 's first industrial unions . After workers at the Pullman Palace Car Company organized a wildcat strike over pay cuts in the summer of 1894 , Debs signed many into the ARU . He called a boycott of the ARU against handling trains with Pullman cars , in what became the nationwide Pullman Strike , affecting most lines west of Detroit , and more than 250,000 workers in 27 states . To keep the mail running , President Grover Cleveland used the United States Army to break the strike . As a leader of the ARU , Debs was convicted of federal charges for defying a court injunction against the strike and served six months in prison .   In jail , Debs read various works of socialist theory and emerged six months later as a committed adherent of the international socialist movement . Debs was a founding member of the Social Democracy of America ( 1897 ) , the Social Democratic Party of America ( 1898 ) , and the Socialist Party of America ( 1901 ) .   Debs ran as a Socialist candidate for President of the United States five times , including 1900 ( earning 0.63 % of the popular vote ) , 1904 ( 2.98 % ) , 1908 ( 2.83 % ) , 1912 ( 5.99 % ) , and 1920 ( 3.41 % ) , the last time from a prison cell . He was also a candidate for United States Congress from his native state Indiana in 1916 .   Debs was noted for his oratory , and his speech denouncing American participation in World War I led to his second arrest in 1918 . He was convicted under the Sedition Act of 1918 and sentenced to a term of 10 years . President Warren G. Harding commuted his sentence in December 1921 . Debs died in 1926 , not long after being admitted to a sanatorium due to cardiovascular problems that developed during his time in prison . He has since been cited as the inspiration for numerous politicians .

neg: Social Democratic Party (Bolivia) The Social Democratic Party ( Spanish : Partido Social Demócrata , PSD ) was a conservative , small and elitist , but influential Bolivian political party formed by middle-class intellectuals .   The Social Democratic Party was founded in 1944 by younger , conservative Bolivians committed to modernization and the technological and technocratic strategies they believed necessary to achieve it .   Led by Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas ( Hernán Siles Zuazo 's half-brother ) , Roberto Arce , Manfredo Kempf Mercado , Gastón Arduz Eguia , Alberto Crespo Gutiérrez , Tomás Guillermo Elio , and Mario Estenssoro , the party embraced developmentalist , nominally Christian-Democratic principles .   For the 1947 general elections the Party allied with the Liberal Party and Revolutionary Left Party and backed Liberal Luis Femando Guachalla as the coalition 's presidential candidate .   For the 1951 general elections the PSD allied with the Republican Socialist Unity Party and backed PURS ' presidential candidate Gabriel Gosalvez .   During the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement regime ( 1952 -- 1964 ) , the Social Democratic Party was a minor force , allied electorally with the Bolivian Socialist Falange . It was generally regarded as an ideological relic of the prerevolutionary period , surviving only because its leaders were relatively young .   After Víctor Paz Estenssoro 's overthrow in 1964 , the Social Democratic Party obtained a new lease on life and cooperated with the military regime of General René Barrientos Ortuño . Their influence no doubt was stimulated by the growing prominence of `` technocrats '' in the military dictatorships of Brazil and Argentina .  For the 1966 general elections PSD allied with the Revolutionary Left Party , Authentic Revolutionary Party and Popular Christian Movement and backed Barrientos as the coalition 's presidential candidate . The PSD 's leader , Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas was chosen as vice-presidential candidate .   The PSD withdrew support Barrientos in 1968 , but returned to a pro-government stance , when René Barrientos Ortuño died in a helicopter crash on 27 April 1969 and Siles Salinas became president , serving with conspicuous dedication and honesty for five months until overthrown by General Alfredo Ovando Candía .   In succeeding years , the Social Democratic Party became inactive after that , although Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas continued to pursue his presidential ambitions .

neg: Socialist democracy Socialist democracy can refer to mainly two things ; ( 1 ) any of several political parties . Groups using this name tend to have a connection to the reunified Fourth International , reflecting its distinctive position on socialist democracy and ( 2 ) a form of democracy espoused by parties espousing communism or political groups who supports socialist one-party states .  Alternative 1  Socialist Democracy ( Australia )  Socialist Democracy ( Brazil )  Socialist Democracy ( Ireland )  Socialist Democracy Group ( England )  Socialist Democracy Party ( Canada )  Socialist Democracy Party ( Turkey )  Alternative 2  Dictatorship of the proletariat  Democratic centralism  Democratic socialism   Category : Political party disambiguation pages  Category : Democracy

neg: Larry Sanders (politician) Lawrence `` Larry '' Sanders ( born 25 April 1935 ) is an American-British academic , social worker , and Health Spokesperson of the Green Party of England and Wales . Sanders is the elder brother of United States Senator and former 2016 Democratic presidential candidate Bernie Sanders .

neg: Frank Llewellyn Frank Llewellyn is the former National Director of the Democratic Socialists of America ( DSA ) , which is the largest U.S. organization advocating democratic socialism . DSA is an affiliate of the Socialist International , which is the international association of socialist and social-democratic parties .   Llewellyn has criticized the Republican Party 's use of the term `` socialist '' as a negative epithet , particularly since the Barack Obama 's presidential campaign . Llewellyn has also criticized the liberalism of the Democratic Party leadership . Llewellyn has spoken and written to support a social democratic agenda , which includes strengthened unions and a government-sponsored system of health care .   In October 1983 , Frank Llewellyn was a New York delegate to the DSA conference in New York City . He was a member of the DSA 's Racial-Diversity Task-Force in 1992 , and a member of DSA 's steering committee in 1994 . He was also a member of the DSA 's delegation to the 12th and 13th congresses of the Socialist International .   In 2011 , Llewellyn was succeeded as national director by Maria Svart .

neg: Deputy Chair of the Democratic National Committee The Deputy Chair of the Democratic National Committee is a position within the United States Democratic Party that was created by Tom Perez in February 2017 after the 2017 DNC Chair race , won by Perez .   After a close victory over Minnesota Congressman Keith Ellison , Perez appointed Ellison as Deputy Chair to lessen the divide in the Democratic Party after the contentious 2016 Democratic presidential primaries , which saw conflicts between supporters of Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders . Perez was seen as being more in line with the Clinton wing ( liberal ) , while Ellison was more in line with the Sanders wing ( progressive ) .   The role has been described as largely ceremonial .

neg: Democratic Socialist Movement (South Africa) The Democratic Socialist Movement ( DSM ) is a Trotskyist organisation in South Africa , affiliated to the Committee for a Workers ' International , and a founding member of the Workers and Socialist Party ( WASP ) .

neg: Orthodox Marxism Orthodox Marxism is the body of Marxist thought that emerged following the death of Karl Marx which became the official philosophy of the socialist movement as represented in the Second International until the First World War . Orthodox Marxism aims to simplify , codify and systematize Marxist methodology and theory , ironing out the perceived ambiguities and contradictions of Classical Marxism .   The `` orthodoxy '' in orthodox Marxism specifically refers to the methodology of historical materialism and dialectical materialism employed and not to any of the normative aspects inherent to classical Marxism . `` Orthodox '' does not imply adherence to the results of Marx 's own investigations .   The fundamental characteristics of orthodox Marxism include the understanding that material development ( advances in technology in the productive forces ) is the primary agent of change in the structure of society and human social relations , and that social systems and their relations ( e.g. : feudalism , capitalism , etc. ) become increasingly contradictory and inefficient as the productive forces advance , resulting in some form of social revolution arising in response to these mounting contradictions . This revolutionary change serves as the vehicle for fundamental society-wide changes and ultimately leads to the emergence of new economic systems .

neg: Third Way In politics , the Third Way is a position akin to centrism that tries to reconcile right-wing and left-wing politics by advocating a varying synthesis of right-wing economic and left-wing social policies . The Third Way was created as a serious re-evaluation of political policies within various centre-left progressive movements in response to international doubt regarding the economic viability of the state ; economic interventionist policies that had previously been popularized by Keynesianism and contrasted with the corresponding rise of popularity for economic liberalism and the New Right . The Third Way is promoted by some social democratic and social liberal movements .   Major Third Way social democratic proponent Tony Blair claimed that the socialism he advocated was different from traditional conceptions of socialism . Blair said `` My kind of socialism is a set of values notions of social justice ... Socialism as a rigid form of economic determinism has ended , and rightly '' . Blair referred to it as `` social-ism '' that involves politics that recognized individuals as socially interdependent , and advocated social justice , social cohesion , equal worth of each citizen , and equal opportunity . Third Way social democratic theorist Anthony Giddens has said that the Third Way rejects the traditional conception of socialism , and instead accepts the conception of socialism as conceived of by Anthony Crosland as an ethical doctrine that views social democratic governments as having achieved a viable ethical socialism by removing the unjust elements of capitalism by providing social welfare and other policies , and that contemporary socialism has outgrown the Marxian claim for the need of the abolition of capitalism . Blair in 2009 publicly declared support for a `` new capitalism '' .   It supports the pursuit of greater egalitarianism in society through action to increase the distribution of skills , capacities , and productive endowments , while rejecting income redistribution as the means to achieve this . It emphasizes commitment to balanced budgets , providing equal opportunity combined with an emphasis on personal responsibility , decentralization of government power to the lowest level possible , encouragement of public-private partnerships , improving labour supply , investment in human development , protection of social capital , and protection of the environment .   The Third Way has been criticized by some conservatives and libertarians who advocate laissez-faire capitalism . It has also been heavily criticized by many social democrats , democratic socialists , anarchists and communists in particular as a betrayal of left-wing values . Specific definitions of Third Way policies may differ between Europe and America .

neg: Socialist Party (San Marino) The Socialist Party ( Partito Socialista , PS ) is a Moderate and social-democratic political party in San Marino . The party was founded on 30 May 2012 as a merger of the New Socialist Party and Sammarinese Reformist Socialist Party .   During the Sammarinese election of 2012 the party joined the unsuccessful centrist coalition of the Agreement for the Country , even if the party itself obtained quite good results gaining 7 seats .


query: WALL-E had a budget of $180 million.

pos: WALL-E WALL-E ( stylized with an interpunct as WALL · E ) is a 2008 American computer-animated dystopian science fiction comedy film directed and co-written by Andrew Stanton , produced by Jim Morris , and co-written by Jim Reardon . It stars the voices of Ben Burtt , Elissa Knight , Jeff Garlin , Fred Willard , John Ratzenberger , Kathy Najimy , Sigourney Weaver and the MacInTalk system . It was produced by Pixar Animation Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures , and was the overall ninth feature film produced by the company .   After directing Finding Nemo , Stanton felt Pixar had created believable simulations of underwater physics and was willing to direct a film set largely in space . WALL-E has minimal dialogue in its early sequences ; many of the characters do not have voices , but instead communicate with body language and robotic sounds designed by Ben Burtt . The film criticizes consumerism , corporatism , nostalgia , waste management , human environmental impact and concerns , obesity , and global catastrophic risk . It is also Pixar 's first animated film with segments featuring live-action characters . Following Pixar tradition , WALL-E was paired with a short film titled Presto for its theatrical release .   WALL-E was released in the United States and Canada on June 27 , 2008 , by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It was an instant blockbuster , grossing $ 533.3 million worldwide over a $ 180 million budget , receiving overwhelming acclaim from critics and winning the 2008 Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film , the 2009 Hugo Award for Best Long Form Dramatic Presentation , the final Nebula Award for Best Script , the Saturn Award for Best Animated Film and the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature with five nominations . The film also topped Times `` Best Movies of the Decade '' .

neg: National Infrastructure Reinvestment Bank The creation of a National Infrastructure Reinvestment Bank was first proposed by United States Senator Christopher J. Dodd and Senator Chuck Hagel in 2007 . However , several other iterations of a National Infrastructure Bank have been proposed and considered and it is likely that implementing legislation for the Bank will look quite different from that which was proposed in the original legislation .   Barack Obama backed the proposed legislation in February 2008 and repeated his call in September 2010 , although he did not provide specifics about how the Bank should operate . In 2008 , Obama suggested that the Bank would borrow US$ 60 billion of federal funding to invest in infrastructure over 10 years , while leveraging `` up to $ 500 billion '' of private investment . It would invest in high-speed trains to provide an alternative to air travel , energy efficiency , and clean energy , among other kinds of public infrastructure . According to Obama , the Bank 's `` work will be determined by what will maximize our safety and security and ability to compete '' and it would `` create nearly two million new jobs '' , mainly in the construction industry . According to the text of the proposed legislation , funding for the bank would be taken from borrowed funds not to exceed one percent .   The Bank would complement existing federal programs to fund infrastructure , such as the Highway Trust Fund or State Revolving Funds . It is expected to invest primarily in surface transport infrastructure , which is likely to include highways and mass transit . Obama did not mention investments in water supply and sanitation as an area of activity for the new Bank . The American Water Works Association ( AWWA ) estimates that investment in water supply and sanitation in the United States will have to be `` over $ 250 billion above current levels of spending in the next 20 to 30 years '' to replace aging infrastructure . The original version of the bill expired with the 110th Congress ; a different version of the bill was introduced into the 112th Congress by U.S. Representative Rosa L. DeLauro ( D - Connecticut 3rd District ) as H.R. 402 .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: Executive Order 13772 Executive Order 13772 , titled `` Core Principles for Regulating the United States Financial System '' , is an executive order signed by U.S. President Donald Trump on February 3 , 2017 . The eighth executive action by the president during his first 100 days in office , it establishes the `` core principles '' of regulation under the Trump Administration and tasks the United States Department of the Treasury to review the Financial Stability Oversight Council , originally established under the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act , and report to the President in 120 days on current regulations and their effectiveness in carrying out these core principles .

neg: Working Group on Financial Markets The Working Group on Financial Markets ( also , President 's Working Group on Financial Markets , the Working Group , and colloquially the Plunge Protection Team ) was created by Executive Order 12631 , signed on March 18 , 1988 , by United States President Ronald Reagan .   As established by the executive order , the Working Group has three purposes and functions :   '' ( a ) Recognizing the goals of enhancing the integrity , efficiency , orderliness , and competitiveness of our Nation 's financial markets and maintaining investor confidence , the Working Group shall identify and consider :  ( 1 ) the major issues raised by the numerous studies on the events in the financial markets surrounding October 19 , 1987 , and any of those recommendations that have the potential to achieve the goals noted above ; and  ( 2 ) the actions , including governmental actions under existing laws and regulations ( such as policy coordination and contingency planning ) , that are appropriate to carry out these recommendations .  ( b ) The Working Group shall consult , as appropriate , with representatives of the various exchanges , clearinghouses , self-regulatory bodies , and with major market participants to determine private sector solutions wherever possible .  ( c ) The Working Group shall report to the President initially within 60 days ( and periodically thereafter ) on its progress and , if appropriate , its views on any recommended legislative changes . ''   The Working Group consists of :  The Secretary of the Treasury , or his or her designee ( as Chairperson of the Working Group ) ;  The Chairperson of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , or his or her designee ;  The Chairperson of the Securities and Exchange Commission , or his or her designee ; and  The Chairperson of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission , or his or her designee .

neg: The Global Dow The Global Dow ( GDOW ) is a 150-stock index of corporations from around the world , created by Dow Jones & Company . Only blue-chip stocks are included in the index .   Like its progenitor , the Dow Jones Industrial Average ( INDU ) , stocks in The Global Dow are selected by senior editors of The Wall Street Journal . Joining them for this new index were Dow Jones Newswires senior editors in the three major regions of the globe . The Global Dow is bigger -- 150 stocks rather than 30 -- and its components are weighted equally rather than by price . All 30 Dow industrial stocks are included , as well as some from the Dow Jones Transportation and Utility averages .   The Global Dow tracks leading companies from around the world in all industries , selected not just for current size and reputation but also for their potential . It covers both developed and emerging markets . In addition , it includes companies from emerging sectors , such as alternative energy . The components are equally weighted , which means that price movements of the larger stocks have no greater impact on index performance than those of the smaller stocks .   The Global Dow is calculated and disseminated in real time by Dow Jones Indexes . Current and closing values can be accessed daily in The Wall Street Journal , and real time at www.djindexes.com . The Base Value is 1000 as of December 31 , 2000 .

neg: Doug Lowenstein Douglas Lowenstein is the founder and former President of the Entertainment Software Association ( ESA ) . He resigned on February 12 , 2007 to head up the newly formed Private Equity Council .   Doug started his career as a reporter for The Buffalo Courier Express from 1973-74 . He was awarded the Buffalo newspaper Guild 's Rookie of the Year award in 1974 . He moved to Washington , DC in 1974 to take a position as a reporter for the Capitol Hill News Service . In 1976 , he joined the Cox Newspapers Washington Bureau . After six years at Cox , Lowenstein joined the Senate staff of U.S. Sen. Howard M. Metzenbaum , Democrat of Ohio . He served the last two years of his five-year stint on the Hill as Metzenbaum 's Legislative Director .   Doug became the first president of the ESA , then called the Interactive Digital Software Association ( IDSA ) , in June 1994 . Creator and owner of the E3 Tradeshow , the Entertainment Software Rating Board ( ESRB ) , and the Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences , the ESA is the only association exclusively dedicated to serving the business and public affairs needs of companies that publish video and computer games , for video game consoles , personal computers , and the Internet . As president , Lowenstein was responsible for the association 's operations and for sector-wide initiatives that affect the nation 's fastest growing entertainment industry .   Doug worked cooperatively with parallel industry trade associations including the Video Software Dealers Association ( VSDA ) and Interactive Entertainment Merchants Association ( IEMA ) to defeat hundreds of anti-games legislation across the United States . He was the industry 's go-to person in Washington , D.C. on all legislative matters ranging from piracy to censorship and was frequently called upon as the trade 's spokesperson , representing the software publisher 's perspective .   Lowenstein was a very public figure in his service of the games business - along with Patricia Vance , ESRB head and Hal Halpin , IEMA boss - and as such had both his supporters and detractors in the industry and media . Critics were vocal about his passivity with regard to anti-games advocates , most notably Jack Thompson , who repeatedly attacked Lowenstein personally and professionally , even going so far as to liken him to `` Hitler '' . Doug did however , deliver a very pointed speech in his final days in the job which drew the ire of many in the interactive entertainment business .   Prior to joining the staff of the ESA , Lowenstein was an Executive Vice President in the Washington , D.C. and New York strategic communications firm Robinson Lake Sawyer Miller , Inc. . From 1986 to 1991 , Lowenstein was a principal in National Strategies , Inc. , a Washington , D.C. public policy consulting firm . In 1982 , he began a five year-stint in the office of U.S. Sen. Howard Metzenbaum ( D-Ohio ) , including two as Legislative Director . From 1976 to 1982 , Lowenstein was a Washington , D.C. correspondent in the Cox Newspapers Washington bureau . Lowenstein is also the author of `` Lowenstein : Acts of Courage and Belief '' about his late uncle , political and civil rights activist and former Congressman Allard Lowenstein .

neg: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction fantasy film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Henry Thomas , Dee Wallace , Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , Peter Coyote and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a lonely boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed `` E.T. '' , who is stranded on Earth . He and his siblings help it return home while attempting to keep it hidden from their mother and the government .   The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was shot from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of US$ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast .   Released on June 11 , 1982 by Universal Pictures , E.T was an immediate blockbuster , surpassing Star Wars to become the highest-grossing film of all time -- a record it held for eleven years until Jurassic Park , another Spielberg-directed film , surpassed it in 1993 . It is the highest-grossing film of the 1980s . Widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time , critics acclaimed it as a timeless story of friendship , and it ranks as the greatest science fiction film ever made in a Rotten Tomatoes survey . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . It was re-released in 1985 , and then again in 2002 to celebrate its 20th anniversary , with altered shots and additional scenes .

neg: Lawrence A. Gordon Lawrence A. Gordon is the EY Alumni Professor of Managerial Accounting and Information Assurance at the University of Maryland 's Robert H. Smith School of Business . He is also an Affiliate Professor in the University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies . Dr. Gordon earned his Ph.D. in Managerial Economics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute . An internationally known scholar in the areas of managerial accounting ( often called management accounting ) and cybersecurity economics , Dr. Gordon 's research focuses on such issues as economic aspects of information security ( including cybersecurity or computer security ) , corporate performance measures , cost management systems , and capital investments . He is the author of approximately 100 articles , published in such journals as The Accounting Review , ACM Transactions on Information and System Security , Communications of the ACM , Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis , Journal of Computer Security , MIS Quarterly , Accounting , Organizations and Society , and the Journal of Accounting and Public Policy . Dr. Gordon 's current research emphasizes the importance of applying concepts from economics and managerial accounting to an information-based economy . Dr. Gordon is the co-creator ( with Martin P. Loeb ) of the Gordon-Loeb Model , which provides a mathematical economic model for deriving an organization 's optimal investment level in cyber/information security . The Gordon-Loeb Model has been featured in The Wall Street Journal and The Financial Times . For a 3-minute video that provides a non-mathematical overview of the Model , go to : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cd8dT0FuqQ4 . Dr. Gordon also is the author of several books , including Managerial Accounting : Concepts and Empirical Evidence , Managing Cybersecurity Resources : A Cost-Benefit Analysis and Improving Capital Budgeting : A Decision Support System Approach . In addition , he is the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Accounting and Public Policy and serves on the editorial boards of several other journals . Dr. Gordon 's research has over 6,400 citations in Google Scholar .   The recipient of numerous research and teaching awards , Dr. Gordon has been an invited speaker at various universities throughout the world . He also has served as a consultant to several private sector and public sector organizations . In October 2007 , he was invited to provide Congressional Testimony concerning his research on cybersecurity economics before a Subcommittee of the U.S. House Committee on Homeland Security . In addition to the Smith School of Business support , Dr. Gordon 's research on cybersecurity economics has been supported by the United States National Security Agency and the United States Department of Homeland Security .

neg: Goodfellas Goodfellas ( stylized as GoodFellas ) is a 1990 American crime film directed by Martin Scorsese . It is an adaptation of the 1986 non-fiction book Wiseguy by Nicholas Pileggi , who co-wrote the screenplay with Scorsese . The film narrates the rise and fall of mob associate Henry Hill and his friends over a period from 1955 to 1980 .   Scorsese initially named the film Wise Guy and postponed making it ; later , he and Pileggi changed the name to Goodfellas . To prepare for their roles in the film , Robert De Niro , Joe Pesci , and Ray Liotta often spoke with Pileggi , who shared research material left over from writing the book . According to Pesci , improvisation and ad-libbing came out of rehearsals wherein Scorsese gave the actors freedom to do whatever they wanted . The director made transcripts of these sessions , took the lines he liked best , and put them into a revised script , which the cast worked from during principal photography .   Made on a budget of $ 25 million , Goodfellas grossed $ 46.8 million . It received positive reviews from critics and was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director , with Pesci winning Best Actor in a Supporting Role . The film won five awards from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , including Best Film and Best Director . Additionally , Goodfellas was named the year 's best film by various critics ' groups .   Goodfellas is widely regarded as one of the greatest films in the crime genre . In 2000 , it was deemed `` culturally , historically , and aesthetically significant '' and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress . Its content and style have been emulated in numerous other films and television shows .

neg: Chewco Chewco Investments L. P. , was a limited partnership associated with the Enron scandal , which resulted in the bankruptcy of Enron . It was named after the Star Wars character Chewbacca , because it was created to hide losses from the Joint Energy Development Investment Limited , known by its acronym `` JEDI '' . Like Chewbacca , the Jedi Knights were prominent characters in Star Wars .   Enron created Chewco as a limited partnership which would help keep the JEDI project off its books . It wanted to buy out the California Public Employees ' Retirement System 's interest in JEDI , but it did not want to be forced , by accepted accounting principles , to consolidate JEDI in the Enron financial statements and thus reflect debt and/or financial losses . Enron wanted to keep JEDI afloat , but it needed a partner to take at least a 3 % stake , or the partnership 's results would have to be included in Enron 's financial statements . Chewco was created to be that partner .   The Chewco structure did not meet the SPE consolidation rules . The three basic rules for nonconsolidation of an SPE require that the independent equity investor --   continuously invest at least 3 % of the SPE 's assets ;  exercise control of and assume risks of the SPE ; and  like all other transactions , provide real ( potential ) economic benefits to Enron .   Chewco appeared to meet these tests , because it was financed by an unsecured loan from Barclay 's Bank ; in reality , however , the loan had been guaranteed by Enron stock held by Enron itself . Additionally , as investors became more wary of Chewco , Michael Kopper , an Enron employee who reported to CFO Andrew Fastow , took over the titular management role and was used to hide actual ownership . With Enron thus assuming practical control over Chewco , the structure did not meet an additional requirement for a non-consolidated SPE . More prosaically , this was one of many ways in which Enron `` cooked the books '' , failing to disclose corporate debt that SEC regulations require to be disclosed .   Over the course of three years , Kopper received between $ 1.5 and $ 2 million in management fees from Chewco , some of which was kicked back to Fastow in the form of checks written to members of his family . According to the Powers Report ( the report of the investigative committee chaired by William Powers , Jr ) Kopper did little actual work , aside from time spent manipulating the books . Chewco itself did little actual work other than moving funds from one account to another , and that was done with minor expenditure of labor by lower-level employees .   After all was said and done , Enron used Chewco to report roughly $ 400 million in profits which did not exist , while concealing $ 600 million in debt . Enron 's requirement to restate its earnings to remove this fake $ 400 million profit was a primary catalyst of Enron 's downfall .

neg: PIMCO Pacific Investment Management Company , LLC ( commonly called PIMCO ) , is an American investment management firm headquartered in Newport Beach , California , with over 2,000 employees working in 13 offices across 12 countries , and $ 1.51 trillion in assets under management as of 30 June 2016 . The company provides mutual funds and other portfolio management and asset allocation solutions for millions of investors worldwide . PIMCO offers a broad list of investment strategies that encompass the entire risk spectrum and capital structure , including core bonds and credit , structured credit , alternatives , real assets , equities and currencies .   PIMCO oversees investments on behalf of millions of clients , including retirement savers , public and private pension plans , educational institutions , central banks and government agencies , foundations and endowments and financial intermediaries among others .   The firm , a prominent thought leader in the financial markets , is known to have coined and popularized the phrase `` The New Normal '' in the aftermath of the subprime mortgage crisis in 2009 . `` The new normal '' as a standalone phrase has a long history dating to the post-First World War era and then seeing a new resurgence in use in the post 9/11 era . More recently , PIMCO introduced `` The New Neutral '' thesis to characterize a period of lower but stable economic growth , and interest rates to remain lower than historically for a longer period of time .   In April 2015 , PIMCO announced the hire of former Federal Reserve Chairman , Dr. Ben Bernanke as a Senior Advisor , following in the footsteps of predecessor Federal Reserve Chairman , Alan Greenspan .

neg: Scot J. Paltrow Scot J. Paltrow is an American journalist . A financial journalist , Paltrow currently works for Reuters .   Paltrow is from New York . He received his bachelor 's degree from the Cornell University College of Arts and Sciences and a master 's degree from the London School of Economics .   Paltrow 's journalism career began in 1977 when he joined the Memphis Commercial Appeal as a reporter . The following year , he joined the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner , where his investigative series on corruption in Industry , California , `` The City of Insiders , '' resulted in federal and state criminal probes and several convictions .   In 1981 , Paltrow moved to the Washington Star , where he covered federal courts . After the Star shut down the same year , Paltrow moved to the Wall Street Journal , where he was a reporter in the Los Angeles bureau . In 1985 , Paltrow became a European correspondent for the Journal based in Brussels . In April 1988 , Paltrow returned to the United States as New York financial bureau chief for the Los Angeles Times . During this period he did numerous investigative stories on Wall Street investment banks , markets and the insurance industry . '' While at the Times , Paltrow won a 1993 George Polk Award for Financial Reporting . Paltrow returned to the Wall Street Journal in May 1997 and served as senior special writer based in New York and writes for the paper 's Washington bureau .   In 2007 , following Rupert Murdoch 's purchase of Dow Jones & Company ( which owns the Wall Street Journal ) , Paltrow left the paper and joined Condé Nast 's Portfolio.com as a contributing editor , starting September 1 , 2007 , following another longtime Journal journalist who moved to Portfolio.com , Peter Waldman .   In September 2010 , Paltrow moved to Reuters , where he and fellow financial journalist Mark Hosenball were brought on as `` key hires '' in an effort to expand Reuters ' `` coverage of business , Wall Street and Washington . '' Paltrow joined Reuters to cover `` financial crimes , specifically covering criminal and civil investigations related to the financial crisis , as well as the effort to more closely regulate and police the financial world . '' In 2012 , Paltrow won a Society of American Business Editors and Writers Best in Business Awards in the Explanatory/News Agency category for his investigation into banks ' use of robo-signing .   Paltrow has written a report , The Case for a Stronger Federal Role in Insurance Regulation : Weak State Regulation Highlights the Need for Federal Oversight of Health Premiums , for the Center for American Progress Action Fund .   Paltrow has received a Gerald Loeb Award . Paltrow won 1992 and 1993 John Hancock Awards for Excellence in Business & Financial Journalism , the 1994 Los Angeles Times Editorial Award , the Unity Award in Media , and a 2001 Deadline Club Award from New York City Chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists .

neg: Set piece In film production , a set piece is a scene or sequence of scenes whose execution requires serious logistical planning and considerable expenditure of money . The term set piece is often used more broadly to describe any important dramatic or comedic highpoint in a film or story , particularly those that provide some kind of dramatic payoff , resolution , or transition . Thus the term is often used to describe any scenes that are so essential to a film that they can not be edited out or skipped in the shooting schedule without seriously damaging the integrity of the finished product . Often , screenplays are written around a list of such set pieces , particularly in high-budget `` event movies '' .   Set pieces are very often planned meticulously using storyboards , screentests , and rehearsals , in contrast to smaller scenes where the director and actors may be more improvisational . Each action requires the combined efforts of different departments : set builders , physical effects , and special visual effects . On most films , different groups of people will work on different set pieces individually since they can take a long time to prepare before shooting . For example , the car chase in The Matrix Reloaded took months to prepare and cost $ 30 million , including $ 5 million to build the freeway set .

neg: The Simpsons The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series is a satirical depiction of working-class life epitomized by the Simpson family , which consists of Homer , Marge , Bart , Lisa , and Maggie . The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield and parodies American culture , society , television , and the human condition .   The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks . Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family , substituting Bart for his own name . The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 , 1987 . After a three-season run , the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became an early hit for Fox , becoming the network 's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season ( 1989 -- 90 ) .   Since its debut on December 17 , 1989 , episodes of The Simpsons have been broadcast . Its 28th season began on September 25 , 2016 . It is the longest-running American sitcom and the longest-running American animated program , and , in 2009 , it surpassed Gunsmoke as the longest-running American scripted primetime television series . The Simpsons Movie , a feature-length film , was released in theaters worldwide on July 27 , 2007 , and grossed over $ 527 million . On November 4 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a twenty-ninth and thirtieth season of 22 episodes each , extending the show to 2019 .   The Simpsons received widespread critical acclaim throughout its first nine seasons , which are generally considered its `` Golden Age '' . Time named it the 20th century 's best television series , and Erik Adams of The A.V. Club named it `` television 's crowning achievement regardless of format '' . On January 14 , 2000 , the Simpson family was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series , including 31 Primetime Emmy Awards , 30 Annie Awards , and a Peabody Award . Homer 's exclamatory catchphrase `` D'oh ! '' has been adopted into the English language , while The Simpsons has influenced many adult-oriented animated sitcoms . Despite this , the show has also been criticized for what many perceive as a decline in quality over the years .

neg: Banking in the United States Banking in the United States is regulated by both the federal and state governments . The five largest banks in the United States at December 31 , 2011 were JPMorgan Chase , Bank of America , Citigroup , Wells Fargo , and Goldman Sachs . In December 2011 , the five largest banks ' assets were equal to 56 percent of the U.S. economy , compared with 43 percent five years earlier .   The U.S. finance industry comprised only 10 % of total non-farm business profits in 1947 , but it grew to 50 % by 2010 . Over the same period , finance industry income as a proportion of GDP rose from 2.5 % to 7.5 % , and the finance industry 's proportion of all corporate income rose from 10 % to 20 % . The mean earnings per employee hour in finance relative to all other sectors has closely mirrored the share of total U.S. income earned by the top 1 % income earners since 1930 . The mean salary in New York City 's finance industry rose from $ 80,000 in 1981 to $ 360,000 in 2011 , while average New York City salaries rose from $ 40,000 to $ 70,000 . In 1988 , there were about 12,500 U.S. banks with less than $ 300 million in deposits , and about 900 with more deposits , but by 2012 , there were only 4,200 banks with less than $ 300 million in deposits in the U.S. , and over 1,800 with more . American banking is closely linked to the UK ; in 2014 , the biggest US banks held almost 70 percent of their on and off-balance sheet foreign assets there .

neg: Office of Net Assessment The United States Department of Defense 's Office of Net Assessment ( ONA ) was created in 1973 by Richard Nixon to serve as the Pentagon 's `` internal think tank '' that `` looks 20 to 30 years into the military 's future , often with the assistance of outside contractors , and produces reports on the results of its research '' . The Director of Net Assessment is the principal staff assistant and advisor to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary of Defense on net assessment .   According to Defense Directive 5111.11 , the Director shall develop and coordinate net assessments of the standing , trends , and future prospects of U.S. military capabilities and military potential in comparison with those of other countries or groups of countries in order to identify emerging or future threats or opportunities for the United States . Paul Bracken explains that it is important to have a good grasp of net assessment because it is an `` important part of the language spoken by leaders in the higher levels of DOD '' and officers who lack familiarity `` will be at a disadvantage in communicating with the civilian leadership '' .   Andrew Marshall was named its first director , a position he continued to hold under succeeding administrations . In October 2014 , Marshall announced plans to retire in January 2015 . He was replaced by Jim Baker in May 2015 .   Staff members have included :  David S. Yost  John Milam , strategic analyst  Donald Henry , `` special assistant to the director of net assessment in the Office of Net Assessment within OSD ''  Stephen Michael Meyer  Andrew D. May  Andrew F. Krepinevich , Jr. , formerly the president of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments  Keith Bickel , currently Director of Corporate Strategy for Freddie Mac  Tim Graczewski , currently Director of Strategic Alliances & Corporate Development for Intuit  Larry Seaquist , recently a member of Washington State 's House of Representatives

neg: Reuters Insider Reuters Insider is a website provided by Thomson Reuters that offers financial videos for viewing online , and launched on May 11 , 2010 . Visitors can view videos free-of-charge during the current promotional period , after which the website will only be accessible to Reuters subscribers , who typically pay about US$ 2,000 per month . The website has been described as `` YouTube for traders '' . Video from the website is created by Thomson Reuters ' own reporters , as well as the company 's roughly 150 partners .   Thomson Reuters spent about $ 100 million to develop the website . Reuters Insider is targeted towards financial experts , while Thomson Reuter 's primary competitor , Bloomberg L.P. , has begun to focus more on targeting the average consumer by purchasing business magazine BusinessWeek . The website is part of an overall $ 1 billion plan by the company to update its technology to make financial information accessible to more users .

neg: Private equity firm A private equity firm is an investment management company that provides financial backing and makes investments in the private equity of startup or operating companies through a variety of loosely affiliated investment strategies including leveraged buyout , venture capital , and growth capital . Often described as a financial sponsor , each firm will raise funds that will be invested in accordance with one or more specific investment strategies .   Typically , a private equity firm will raise pools of capital , or private equity funds that supply the equity contributions for these transactions . Private equity firms will receive a periodic management fee as well as a share in the profits earned ( carried interest ) from each private equity fund managed .   Private equity firms , with their investors , will acquire a controlling or substantial minority position in a company and then look to maximize the value of that investment . Private equity firms generally receive a return on their investments through one of the following avenues :  an initial public offering ( IPO ) -- shares of the company are offered to the public , typically providing a partial immediate realization to the financial sponsor as well as a public market into which it can later sell additional shares ;  a merger or acquisition -- the company is sold for either cash or shares in another company ;  a recapitalization -- cash is distributed to the shareholders ( in this case the financial sponsor ) and its private equity funds either from cash flow generated by the company or through raising debt or other securities to fund the distribution .   Private equity firms characteristically make longer-hold investments in target industry sectors or specific investment areas where they have expertise . Private equity firms and investment funds should not be confused with hedge fund firms which typically make shorter-term investments in securities and other more liquid assets within an industry sector but with less direct influence or control over the operations of a specific company . Where private equity firms take on operational roles to manage risks and achieve growth through long term investments , hedge funds more frequently act as short-term traders of securities betting on both the up and down sides of a business or of an industry sector 's financial health .

neg: Wall Street Warriors Wall Street Warriors is a documentary and reality TV series that details the lives of various Wall Street entrepreneurs . A MOJO HD channel original series , each episode is 30 minutes long and shot in high definition video . Currently two seasons have aired and a third season is in production . MOJO HD recently announced it will be going dark in December , 2008 and it is uncertain which network will air the current season of the series .   On February 18 , 2009 the opening scenes surfaced on the web for the Wall Street Warriors Season 3 . Even though it was a very brief video it seems to have been made during the peak of the October 2008 stockmarket turmoil .

neg: B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity .   In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics .   Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie .   From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .