query: Heartland is a show.

pos: Heartland (Canadian TV series) Heartland is a Canadian family drama television series which debuted on CBC on October 14 , 2007 .   The series is based on the Heartland book series by Lauren Brooke . Heartland follows sisters Amy and Lou Fleming , their grandfather Jack Bartlett , and Ty Borden , through the highs and lows of life at the ranch .   As of the episode shown on March 29 , 2015 , Heartland surpassed Street Legal as the longest-running one-hour scripted drama in the history of Canadian television . It celebrated its ten-year anniversary in 2016 , and Season 10 began airing October 2 , 2016 . It was announced on March 22 , 2017 that Heartland was renewed for Season 11 .

neg: The National Farm and Home Hour The National Farm and Home Hour was a variety show which was broadcast in various formats from 1928 to 1958 . Aimed at listeners in rural America , it was known as `` the farmer 's bulletin board '' and was produced by the United States Department of Agriculture with contributions from , and the cooperation of , various farm organizations ( among them the American Farm Bureau , 4-H Club , Farmers Union , Future Farmers of America and the National Grange ) . Raymond Edward Johnson and , later , Don Ameche appeared in dramatic sketches in the role of the Forest Ranger .   With live coverage of livestock expositions , harvest festivals and `` the most spectacular happenings in agricultural America , '' the program offered tips to farmers , music and news , plus advice from agencies and government officials .   The series first aired on Pittsburgh 's KDKA ( 1928-29 ) , moving to the Blue Network ( later ABC ) from September 30 , 1929 to March 17 , 1945 , usually heard Monday through Saturday at 12:30 ( Eastern ) . Under the sponsorship of Allis-Chalmers , it continued on NBC as a 30-minute show on Saturdays at noon ( Eastern ) from September 15 , 1945 to January 25 , 1958 ; in its final three years ( 1955-58 ) , it would be incorporated into the Saturday lineup of NBC 's weekend anthology Monitor .   Host Everett Mitchell opened each broadcast with his trademark line , `` It 's a beautiful day in Chicago ! '' , which became a familiar catch phrase .

neg: Rocket City Rednecks Rocket City Rednecks is an American television show that focuses on engineering .   The show is set in Huntsville , Alabama ( known as `` Rocket City '' for its historic contributions to the American space program ) , and features Travis Taylor , three of his relatives , and his best friend . All five cast members are highly educated ( Travis holds multiple Ph.D. degrees and his brother-in-law also holds a Ph.D. ) but , when not working on technical matters , play the part of stereotypical `` rednecks '' and use their advanced knowledge to solve `` real world '' problems ( such as creating a rocket that uses moonshine as fuel ) .   The show was first broadcast on Wednesday September 28 , 2011 , with Tim Evans as the supervising producer . It is broadcast on the National Geographic Channel , and will be shown in all regions of the United States .

neg: Teen drama A teen drama is a genre or type of drama series with a major focus on teenage and young adult characters . It came into prominence in the early 1990s , especially with the popularity of the Fox series Beverly Hills , 90210 . After 90210 became a success , television writers and producers realized the potential for this new genre to reach out to a previously ignored demographic . In the past , most series that maintained a focus on teenagers had been sitcoms , while adolescents in drama series were usually part of a larger ensemble that included adults and children .   More often than not , teen dramas have soap opera elements , incorporating one or more ongoing story arcs spanning several episodes . The young characters must deal with the dramatic ups and downs of their friendships and romances while facing an array of issues thought to be typical of adolescence . There have also been many successful teen-based series with major science fiction , fantasy and action/adventure themes .

neg: Empire (2015 TV series) Empire is an American musical drama television series created by Lee Daniels and Danny Strong which debuted on January 7 , 2015 on Fox . Although it is filmed in Chicago , the show is set in New York . It centers on a fictional hip hop music and entertainment company , Empire Entertainment , and the drama among the members of the founders ' family as they fight for control of it .   On January 15 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a third season , which premiered on September 21 , 2016 . On January 11 , 2017 , Fox renewed the series for a fourth season , consisting of eighteen episodes .

neg: The Simpsons The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series is a satirical depiction of working-class life epitomized by the Simpson family , which consists of Homer , Marge , Bart , Lisa , and Maggie . The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield and parodies American culture , society , television , and the human condition .   The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks . Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family , substituting Bart for his own name . The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 , 1987 . After a three-season run , the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became an early hit for Fox , becoming the network 's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season ( 1989 -- 90 ) .   Since its debut on December 17 , 1989 , episodes of The Simpsons have been broadcast . Its 28th season began on September 25 , 2016 . It is the longest-running American sitcom and the longest-running American animated program , and , in 2009 , it surpassed Gunsmoke as the longest-running American scripted primetime television series . The Simpsons Movie , a feature-length film , was released in theaters worldwide on July 27 , 2007 , and grossed over $ 527 million . On November 4 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a twenty-ninth and thirtieth season of 22 episodes each , extending the show to 2019 .   The Simpsons received widespread critical acclaim throughout its first nine seasons , which are generally considered its `` Golden Age '' . Time named it the 20th century 's best television series , and Erik Adams of The A.V. Club named it `` television 's crowning achievement regardless of format '' . On January 14 , 2000 , the Simpson family was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series , including 31 Primetime Emmy Awards , 30 Annie Awards , and a Peabody Award . Homer 's exclamatory catchphrase `` D'oh ! '' has been adopted into the English language , while The Simpsons has influenced many adult-oriented animated sitcoms . Despite this , the show has also been criticized for what many perceive as a decline in quality over the years .

neg: Paramount Television Network The Paramount Television Network ( PTN ) was a venture by American film corporation Paramount Pictures to organize a television network in the late 1940s . The company built television stations KTLA in Los Angeles and WBKB in Chicago ; it also invested US$ 400,000 in the DuMont Television Network , which operated stations WABD in New York City , WTTG in Washington , D.C. , and WDTV in Pittsburgh . Escalating disputes between Paramount and DuMont concerning breaches of contract , company control , and network competition erupted regularly between 1940 and 1956 , and culminated in the dismantling of the DuMont Network . Television historian Timothy White called the clash between the two companies `` one of the most unfortunate and dramatic episodes in the early history of the television industry . ''   The Paramount Television Network aired several programs , including the Emmy Award-winning children 's series Time for Beany . Filmed in Hollywood , the programs were distributed to an ad-hoc network of stations across the United States . The network signed affiliation agreements with more than 50 television stations in 1950 ; despite this , most of Paramount 's series were not widely viewed outside the West Coast . The Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) , which filed suit against Paramount for anti-trust violations , prevented the studio from acquiring additional television stations . Paramount executives eventually gave up on the idea of a television network , and continued to produce series for other networks . In 1995 , after four decades of television production for other companies , Paramount re-entered the broadcast network field when the company and Chris-Craft Industries launched the United Paramount Network ( UPN ) , a television network that operated until 2006 . Paramount 's television division is now owned by CBS Television Studios .

neg: Local programming The terms local programme , local programming , local content or local television refers to a television program made by a television station or independent television producer for broadcast only within the station 's transmission area or television market . Local programmes can encompass the whole range of programme genres but will usually only cover subjects or people of particular interest to an audience within the station 's coverage area .   For example , a local sports programme will present results , interviews and coverage of games or matches , just like a network sports programme , but it would only feature teams and players from within the broadcaster 's transmission area .   In some cases a television network programme may include a local element as well . This is particularly the case in the United Kingdom and still happens today with The Politics Show . The BBC regions will all opt-out at the same time from the main programme to present a locally produced segment .   Sometimes locally made programmes that are not too specific to the transmission area , will be sold to other local stations for broadcast in their region .   Historically there was a large percentage of local programming on television . Late in the 20th century this has significantly fallen . In many cases the only local programmes on a television station today will be the local newscast .   The above can also apply to radio . A national radio network may have local studios or affiliates who opt-out at various times to present local programs and content .   In the late-1950s , many of the early Australian television series such as Melbourne Magazine ( 1957 ) , Sydney Tonight ( 1956-1959 ) , and TV Talent Scout ( 1957-1958 ) were broadcast in only a single city .

neg: Crossroads (1992 TV series) Crossroads is an American drama that aired from September 14 , 1992 to July 15 , 1993 .

neg: Ally McBeal Ally McBeal is an American legal comedy-drama television series , originally aired on Fox from September 8 , 1997 to May 20 , 2002 . Created by David E. Kelley , the series stars Calista Flockhart in the title role as a young lawyer working in the fictional Boston law firm Cage and Fish , with other young lawyers whose lives and loves were eccentric , humorous and dramatic . The series received critical acclaim in its early seasons , winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy in 1997 and 1998 , and also winning the Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in 1999 .

neg: Going to California (TV series) Going To California is an American dramedy television series created for Showtime and airing from 2001 to 2002 on that channel . It starred primarily Sam Trammell and Brad William Henke as Kevin `` Space '' Lauglin and Henry `` Hank '' Ungalow respectively , two friends on a road trip across the continental United States . The show focused primarily on what happened to Hank and Space during their stops and detours along the way to California . John Asher played the recurring character `` Insect Bob '' and also served as a director on the series . The tag line for this show was : `` No map . No plan . No rules . No turning back . ''   The show featured guest stars in each episode , including Lindsay Sloane , Jenny McCarthy ( John Asher 's then wife ) , David Faustino , Jaime Pressly , Vince Vaughn , Stacey Dash , Rosanna Arquette and Jerry O'Connell .   Going To California was cancelled in 2002 after 20 episodes despite a positive critical response , and despite a cult following it has never been issued on DVD . In 2007 creator Scott Rosenberg returned with the show October Road , which was loosely based on Going To California ; Evan Jones reprised his role as `` Ikey '' and a new actor played `` Eddie Latekka '' , both of which characters had appeared in the original show , while Brad William Henke played a new character .

neg: Theatre Tulsa Theatre Tulsa , Inc. is a community theatre company in Tulsa , Oklahoma , USA .   Theatre Tulsa , the longest running community theatre west of the Mississippi and seventh in the nation , has had a prosperous but sometimes difficult history . The theatre has survived multiple wars , fires , and economic depressions . Theatre Tulsa started as a small community theatre that played shows in a tent , and grew to the largest community theatre in the nation in the 1970s , followed by years of decline and a recent re-invigoration that includes the new creation of a Broadway Series main stage season , a Next Stage series season composed of new works , and a Family Series season for children , families , and arts education programming .   Tulsa Little Theatre was incorporated December . 10 , 1922 by Mrs. Bonnie Reed and Mrs. Hope Holway . Despite the Great Depression , the group managed to raise money to build a theater which was christened with a performance of The Cradle Song in February 1932 . Two years later , the group incorporated as Tulsa Little Theatre . Struggling through the next few years , the theater survived a threatened bank foreclosure in 1935 after a number of donors stepped in , and in 1940 the theater paid off its mortgage . During World War II , it produced shows for military camps and veterans ' hospitals . Tulsa Little Little Theatre prospered , and by 1959 was the largest non-professional theater company in the country . In 1964 , its membership was 8,000 strong . By 1972 it had the largest community theater membership in the nation and had counted 1.5 million members over the past 50 years . In 1974 Tulsa Little Theatre changed its name to Theatre Tulsa , Inc. . Theatre Tulsa remains active today producing 10 productions a year that include modern and classic dramas , comedies , and musicals .   Theatre Tulsa has had many firsts ; it was the first community theater in the country to premiere Our Town ( 1939 ) and All My Sons ( 1947 ) ; the musical Brownstone ( 1985 ) ; `` Miracle on 34th Street : A Musical Adaptation '' ( a 1993 original musical written for Theatre Tulsa ) ; `` I Love You , You 're Perfect , Now Change '' ( 2003 ) ; and the first American production of Pitmen Painters ( 2011 ) . Theatre Tulsa 's production of Forever Plaid sold out more than 400 shows in 1995 and 1996 . Some noted performers , including Jeanne Tripplehorn , Kristin Chenoweth and Sam Harris , received their first stage experience with Theatre Tulsa .

neg: Florida Heartland The Florida Heartland is a region of Florida located to the north and west of Lake Okeechobee , composed of six inland , non-metropolitan counties -- DeSoto , Glades , Hardee , Hendry , Highlands , and Okeechobee . In 2000 , The US Census Bureau recorded the population of the region at 229,509 . In 2010 , The US Census Bureau recorded the population of the region at 253,399 , a growth rate of 11.0 % . The most populous county in the region is Highlands County , and the region 's largest city is Sebring . Unlike the coastal areas to the east and west , the rural nature of the Florida Heartland is culturally closer to the Deep South than the rest of peninsular Florida and has traditionally been inhabited by Americans of predominately English ancestry . While located in Palm Beach County , the nearby rural cities of Belle Glade and Pahokee , located on the southeastern shore of Lake Okeechobee , are more associated with the Florida Heartland than South Florida .

neg: Into the West (miniseries) Into the West is a 2005 miniseries produced by Steven Spielberg and DreamWorks , with six two-hour episodes ( including commercials ) . The series was first broadcast in the U.S. on Turner Network Television ( TNT ) on six Fridays starting on June 10 , 2005 . It was also shown in the UK on BBC2 and BBC HD from November 4 , 2006 , and in Canada on CBC Television . The series also aired in the U.S. on AMC during the summer ( June/July ) and fall ( autumn , September/October ) of 2012 .   The miniseries begins in the 1820s and is told mainly through the third person narration of Jacob Wheeler ( Matthew Settle ) and Loved By the Buffalo ( Joseph M. Marshall III ) , although episodes outside the direct observation of both protagonists are also shown . The plot follows the story of two families , one white American , one Native American , as their lives become mingled through the momentous events of American expansion . The story intertwines real and fictional characters and events spanning the period of expansion of the United States in the American West , from 1825 to 1890 .   The show has a large cast , with about 250 speaking parts . The series features well known performers including Josh Brolin , Gary Busey , Michael Spears , Tonantzin Carmelo , Skeet Ulrich , Garrett Wang , Steve Reevis , Rachael Leigh Cook , Wes Studi , Irene Bedard , Alan Tudyk , Christian Kane , Russell Means , Jay Tavare , David Midthunder , Keri Russell , Graham Greene , Zahn McClarnon , Tom Berenger , Gil Birmingham , David Paymer , Raoul Trujillo , Eric Schweig , Lance Henriksen , Simon R. Baker , Tyler Christopher , Tatanka Means , Tokala Clifford , Gordon Tootoosis , Sheila Tousey , and Will Patton .   It was filmed in Drumheller , Alberta and Santa Fe , New Mexico .

neg: List of The Middle episodes The Middle is a primetime American comedy series created by DeAnn Heline and Eileen Heisler for the ABC network . The Middle stars Patricia Heaton and Neil Flynn as Frankie and Mike Heck , a used-car saleswoman and the manager of a small mining firm respectively , who struggle to raise their children in the fictional middle-class town of Orson , Indiana . Their three children include the athletic but underachieving , slow-witted Axl ( Charlie McDermott ) , cluelessly unpopular daughter Sue ( Eden Sher ) , and frustrated , odd child-genius Brick ( Atticus Shaffer ) . The Hecks find themselves embroiled in somewhat unusual events as they attempt to navigate their day-to-day lives . The series was met with a positive reception from television critics when it premiered on September 30 , 2009 , with a score of 70 on the aggregated reviews website Metacritic . On March 3 , 2016 , ABC renewed the series for an eighth season . On January 25 , 2017 , ABC renewed the series for a ninth season .

neg: Hometown Sports Indiana Hometown Sports Indiana ( HTSI ) is a division of Webstream Productions , who recently purchased Hometown Television Corporation . HTSI is Indiana 's only 24/7 television network airing ultra-regional sports in partnership with WRTV , Channel 6.2 in Indianapolis . The network is viewable in nearly 1,000,000 digitally cabled homes in the Indianapolis , Lafayette and Terre Haute DMAs . HTSI is the official producer of Indiana High School Athletic Association ( IHSAA ) championship events and has produced many championship events both within Indiana and nationally .   Notable broadcasts in 2009 -- 2010 included :  Indiana Bowling State Championship  Great Lakes Valley Conference Volleyball , Basketball and Baseball Championships  University of Indianapolis Football and Basketball  Wabash College , Franklin College and Marian University Football  State Championships in Volleyball , Softball , Basketball , Football and Soccer .   In 2010 , the Indianapolis Indians announced their home baseball games would be aired live on HomeTown Sports Indiana   The channel is currently now known as Hometown Sports and News ( HTSN ) which features a 24/7 rolling news wheel format with news , weather and sports updates , alongside features from `` The List '' and `` Right This Minute '' , two of Scripps ' syndicated television shows that are carried on WRTV . It also includes `` Call 6 Investigations '' and `` Do n't Waste Your Money '' features . The channel still carries live local and regional high school sports events . The only programming that interrupts HTSN 's format is `` The Outdoorsman with Buck McNeely '' on Saturdays at 11:00 p.m. and 3 hours of weekly E/I programming on Sunday mornings from 7:00 -- 10:00 a.m.   Starting with the team 's 2014 -- 2015 inaugural season , the channel carried coverage of Indy Fuel ECHL hockey . Both the Fuel and Indians retained online streaming rights , meaning that HTSI 's online feed was unable to carry their games .   The network ended operations on October 1 , 2016 and was replaced with a full-time feed of GRIT , due to the cost of sports rights and a chain-wide deal forcing the station to carry that network .

neg: Americana Americana are artifacts , or a collection of artifacts , related to the history , geography , folklore and cultural heritage of the United States . Many kinds of material fall within the definition of Americana : paintings , prints and drawings ; license plates or entire vehicles , household objects , tools and weapons ; flags , plaques and statues , and so on . Patriotism and nostalgia play defining roles in the subject . The things involved need not be old , but need to have the appropriate associations . The Atlantic described the term as `` slang for the comforting , middle-class ephemera at your average antique store -- things like needle-pointed pillows , Civil War daguerreotypes , and engraved silverware sets . '' The term may be used to describe the theme of a museum or collection , or of goods for sale .   The term can also be used to describe studies of American culture , especially studies based in other countries . Americana music is contemporary music that incorporates elements of various American roots music styles , including country , roots-rock , folk , bluegrass and blues , resulting in a distinctive roots-oriented sound .

neg: Toughest Cowboy Toughest Cowboy is an American rodeo competition-based reality television program that follows twelve professional cowboys as they compete in three roughstock rodeo events -- bareback bronc riding , saddle bronc riding , and bull riding in effort to win the Toughest Cowboy championship and the grand prize of a ranch in the American West . Originally created by Jac Sperling and Tommy Joe Lucia , Toughest Cowboy is a combination of athletic competition and personal retrospectives creating a new genre of television , known as `` sports drama . '' The first broadcast aired April 8 , 2007 on the Fox Sports Network ( FSN ) . In 2009 , Mark Burnett signed on to produce the series for Spike TV . Whiskey Falls composed the theme song .   The show follows a group of twelve professional rodeo cowboys through a series of live rodeo tournaments in which they must ride three different disciplines , whereas in most rodeo competitions , competitors ride in one specific discipline or event . This all-around competition adds a significantly higher likelihood of injury . Each week a competitor is eliminated from the competition , until the final four competitors remain . These four final cowboys must ride a total of six animals each ( two bareback broncs , two saddle broncs , two bulls ) during the championship tournament . Throughout the championship round each competitor amasses total ride points , the cowboy with the most total points at the conclusion of the finals is awarded the series championship and grand prize ranch .   Toughest Cowboy also uses a modified point system based on the standard 8-second qualified ride from traditional rodeo . Rather than scoring a `` 0 '' for any ride shorted than eight seconds , Toughest Cowboy competitors are delivered penalty points for the 1/10 of seconds they are short of the full ride mark . Each 1/10 of a second is equal to 1 point . This eliminates the chance of a 0-0 tie between competitors .   In addition to the athletic competition , the broadcast include segments outside of the rodeo arena . These segments give background on the competitor 's lives , most of which include visits to their homes . There are also interviews conducted during the live competition to provide an inside look at the cowboys thoughts during the tournament .

neg: Heartland with John Kasich right | 130px | thumb | Heartland host John Kasich   Heartland with John Kasich ( originally titled From the Heartland with John Kasich ) is an American news/talk television program hosted by John Kasich that appeared on Fox News Channel from 2001 to 2007 .

neg: The Statler Brothers Show The Statler Brothers Show was an American television variety show hosted by country music group The Statler Brothers . The show ran for seven seasons from 1991 to 1998 on The Nashville Network ( TNN ) as part of the network 's Saturday night lineup and became the most popular show on TNN , including being the highest rated show in the network 's history . The show 's theme music is an instrumental of `` The Class of ' 57 , '' one of the Statlers ' biggest hits as performed by the Bill Walker Orchestra , which along with the Statlers ' band , provided all the music for the show .   Each episode of the program opened with a performance by the Statlers of one of their biggest hits , along with comedy interludes from group member Harold Reid . Other regulars on the show over the course of its run included fellow country artists Rex Allen , Jr. , Janie Fricke , Crystal Gayle , and Ronna Reeves , who would also perform their songs on the show . There was also a segment that featured magicians , jugglers , acrobats , etc. .   The show also featured a segment called `` Yesteryear , '' in which a year in history was remembered through songs released in that year as well as description of events that occurred in that year as performed and told by the Statlers and the regulars . The segment became so popular at one point that it developed into a stand-alone spin-off series which also aired on TNN , but was short-lived . After `` Yesteryear , '' a similar segment was introduced called `` Music Mail Time , '' in which viewers could write in and request popular songs to be performed by the Statlers and the regulars .   Each episode also included major country music guest stars who performed their hits of the day , and the show always closed with a gospel song performed by the Statlers with Bill Walker .

neg: Midwest Independent Film Festival The Midwest Independent Film Festival is the nation 's only film festival solely dedicated to the Midwest filmmaker . Only films from the eight-state Midwest region of Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , Ohio and Wisconsin are considered for screening . This film festival is also unique in that it is held throughout the year , presenting audiences with the finest independent films from the Midwest every first Tuesday of the month .   The Midwest Independent Film Festival prides itself on showcasing emerging directors , powerful artistic visions , and strong cinematic stories . These exceptional films combine with an exciting social atmosphere and a state-of-the-art screening venue to create one of the premier festivals in the Midwest .   The Midwest Independent Film Festival is hosted every first Tuesday of the month at Chicago 's Landmark Century Centre Cinema of Landmark Theatres . Sponsors include Resolution Digital Studios , Zacuto , Fletcher Chicago , Orbit Media Studios , O'Connor Casting , Flashpoint The Academy of Media Arts and Sciences , Zipcar , The Chicago Film Office , The Illinois Film Office , Zaroban Design , Crunch Fitness , Getty Images , Screen Magazine and Kodak .   This festival is sometimes referred to as `` The Midwest Film Festival , '' `` The Midwest Indie , '' or simply `` The Midwest . ''


query: Fabian Cancellara was born in Italy.

pos: Fabian Cancellara Fabian Cancellara ( born 18 March 1981 ) , nicknamed `` Spartacus '' , is a Swiss former professional road bicycle racer who last rode for UCI ProTeam . He was born in Wohlen bei Bern , Switzerland . Cancellara began road cycling after falling in love with an old bike at the age of thirteen . After that , he began to take the sport more seriously and won two consecutive World Junior Time Trial Championships in 1998 and 1999 . At age nineteen he turned professional and signed with the team , where he rode as a stagiaire . He is known for being a quality time trialist , a one-day classics specialist , and a workhorse for his teammates that have general classification aspirations .   After winning a few stages and small races in his starting years , Cancellara earned his first major victory at the 2004 Tour de France where he won the opening prologue time trial and wore race leader yellow jersey for one day . The following season saw fewer victories , but his 2006 season saw a victory in the men 's time trial at the UCI Road World Championships , along with victory at the Paris -- Roubaix . Cancellara repeated as world champion in the time trial the next year , along with winning two stages at the Tour de France .   During the 2008 calendar he won gold at the Summer Olympics in the individual time trial event and the Milan -- San Remo . The next season saw Cancellara again become world time trial champion and lead both the Tour de France and the Vuelta a España . In 2010 , he won the Paris -- Roubaix and the Tour of Flanders . Cancellara 's 2011 and 2012 campaigns were both short in number of victories , while the latter was hampered by injuries throughout . After a lackluster two-year period , Cancellara again won the Tour of Flanders and Paris -- Roubaix double in 2013 . In 2014 , Cancellara repeated as winner of the Tour of Flanders .   Since turning professional in 2000 , Cancellara has ridden for four professional teams . He has achieved great success in the classic monuments ; he has won Paris -- Roubaix three times , the Milan -- San Remo once , and the Tour of Flanders three times . Cancellara has won the opening stage of the Tour de France five times and has led the race for 29 days total , which is the most of any rider who has not won the Tour . His success has not been limited to just time trials and classics , as he has won general classification of the Tirreno -- Adriatico , Tour de Suisse , and the Tour of Oman . In 2008 , he won gold in the individual time trial and silver in the men 's road race at the Summer Olympics . In 2016 , he won Olympic gold in the individual time trial for the second time in his career . In addition , Cancellara has been the time trial world champion four times in his career .

neg: Francesca Neri Francesca Neri ( born 10 February 1964 ) is an Italian actress , and daughter of retired actress Rosalba Neri .   Neri was born in Trento , and has twice received the Silver Ribbon Award for Best Actress from the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists , for Pensavo fosse amore invece era un calesse , directed by Massimo Troisi ( 1991 ) and Carne trémula ( Live Flesh ) ( 1997 ) .   She has also received three nominations for the David di Donatello Award ( Italy 's equivalent of the Oscar ) , as Best Actress in Il dolce rumore della vita and Io amo Andrea ( both 1999 ) and as Best Supporting Actress for La felicità non costa niente ( 2003 ) .   Other notable films include her three films in Spain : Live Flesh ( 1997 , by Pedro Almodóvar ) , ¡ Dispara ! ( Outrage , 1993 , by Carlos Saura ) , both with her own voice speaking Spanish , and sex drama film Las edades de Lulú ( The Ages of Lulu , 1990 , by Bigas Luna , where she 's dubbed into Spanish ) .   After years of highly acclaimed work in Europe , she first received widespread notice in America when she played the role of Allegra , wife of the Inspector Rinaldo Pazzi in the Hollywood blockbuster , Hannibal in 2001 . In 2002 , she played the Colombian wife of Claudio Perrini , and co-starred alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger in Collateral Damage .   Neri has one son , Rocco ( born 1999 ) , with actor Claudio Amendola .

neg: Celano Celano is a town and comune in the Province of L'Aquila , central Italy , 120 km east of Rome by rail .

neg: Latina, Lazio Latina ( -LSB- laˈtiːna -RSB- ) is the capital of the province of Latina in the Lazio region , in central Italy . , the city has 115,895 inhabitants and is thus the second-largest city of the region , after the national capital Rome . It was founded in 1932 under the fascist administration , as Littoria , when the area surrounding it , which had been a swamp since antiquity , was drained .

neg: Giraldi Giraldi is a surname , and may refer to :  Bob Giraldi ( born 1939 ) , an American film and television director  Dez Giraldi , an Australian soccer player  Giglio Gregorio Giraldi , an Italian scholar and poet  Giovanni Battista Giraldi , an Italian novelist and poet  Philip Giraldi , a former CIA agent  Riccardo Giraldi ( born 1984 ) , Italian inventor , designer and creative director  Ubaldo Giraldi ( 1692 -- 1775 ) , an Italian canonist  Guglielmo Pecori Giraldi ( 1856-1941 ) , an Italian Field Marshal  The Giraldi Family name traces back to 760a . d. with its first mention in the noble families of Italian Toscana . Owners of expanse regions , castles and land the name belonged to a powerful noble family . During the Middle Ages , as populations grew and travel between regions ensued we find the name extending to northern Italy as early as the 8th century . The Giraldi name was prevalent in land now occupied by the Swiss canton of Ticino which was annexed to Switzerland from northern Italian cities in the 15th Century by various Swiss forces in the last Transalpine Campaigns of the Old Swiss Confederacy . Since then the last name Giraldi has been identified in lands now pertaining to Ticino dating back to the 8th century and is prevalent in modern times although it no longer proliferates in the Italian region of Toscana .

neg: Abruzzo Abruzzo ( -LSB- aˈbruttso -RSB- ) is a region of Italy in Southern Italy , with an area of 10,763 square km ( 4,156 sq mi ) and a population of 1.3 million . Its western border lies 80 km east of Rome . The region is divided into the four provinces of L'Aquila , Teramo , Pescara , and Chieti . Abruzzo borders the region of Marche to the north , Lazio to the west and south-west , Molise to the south-east , and the Adriatic Sea to the east . Geographically , Abruzzo is divided into a mountainous area to the west , which includes the Gran Sasso D'italia , and a coastal area to the east with beaches on the Adriatic sea . Abruzzo is considered culturally , linguistically , and historically a region of Southern Italy , although geographically it may also be considered central . The Italian Statistical Authority ( ISTAT ) deems it to be part of Southern Italy , partially because of Abruzzo 's historic association with the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies .   Abruzzo is known as `` the greenest region in Europe '' as one third of its territory , the largest in Europe , is set aside as national parks and protected nature reserves : there are three national parks , one regional park , and 38 protected nature reserves . These ensure the survival of 75 % of Europe 's living species including rare species , such as the small wading dotterel , golden eagle , the Abruzzo ( or Abruzzese ) chamois , Apennine wolf , and Marsican brown bear . Abruzzo is also home to Calderone , Europe 's southernmost glacier .   Visiting nineteenth-century Italian diplomat and journalist Primo Levi ( to not confuse with the writer and survivor of the Holocaust , Primo Levi ) said that `` forte e gentile '' ( strong and gentle ) best describes the beauty of the region and the character of its people . `` Forte e gentile '' has since become the motto of the region and its inhabitants .

neg: Italian presidential election, 1964 The Italian presidential election of 1964 was held in Italy on 16 -- 28 December 1964 , following the resignation of incumbent President Antonio Segni on 6 December 1964 , because of a thrombosis . Only members of Parliament and regional delegates are entitled to vote . As head of state of the Italian Republic , the President has a role of representation of national unity and guarantees that Italian politics comply with the Italian Constitution , in the framework of a parliamentary system .   At twenty-first round of voting , leader of PSDI and former President of the Constituent Assembly Giuseppe Saragat was elected President with 646 votes out of 963 . Saragat was the first left-wing politician to become President of the Republic .

neg: Budrio Budrio is a town and comune in the province of Bologna , in Emilia-Romagna , Italy ; it is 15 km east of Bologna .   Budrio is the birthplace of Giuseppe Barilli , better known under his pseudonym of Quirico Filopanti , a famous Italian mathematician and politician .

neg: Meda, Lombardy Meda is a city and comune with 23.001 inhabitants of the province of Monza and Brianza , located in the northern Italian region of Lombardy , close to Milan and Como . It is well known as furniture centre .   Meda is served by Meda railway station .

neg: Barbata Barbata is a comune ( municipality ) in the Province of Bergamo in the Italian region of Lombardy , located about 50 km east of Milan and about 25 km southeast of Bergamo . As of 31 December 2004 , it had a population of 628 and an area of 8.0 km2 .   Barbata borders the following municipalities : Antegnate , Camisano , Casaletto di Sopra , Covo , Fontanella , Isso .

neg: Consulate General of the United States, Milan The United States Consulate General in Milan , Italy covers the territory of northern Italy , including the regions of Lombardy , Friuli-Venezia Giulia , Liguria , Piedmont , Trentino-Alto Adige , Val d'Aosta , Veneto , and parts of Emilia Romagna ( Piacenza and Parma ) . This includes the eastern border with France , the northern borders with Switzerland and Austria , and the western border with Slovenia . Within the Consulate General 's district there are two U.S. consular agencies , in Venice and Genoa .   thumb | Ambassador Philip T. Reeker  The Consulate is responsible for the welfare and protection of U.S. citizens abroad , for the issuance of passports and other documentation to citizens and nationals , and for the protection of U.S. border security and the facilitation of legitimate travel to the United States . These far-reaching consular activities have broad foreign policy and domestic political implications and involve serious legal , humanitarian and management concerns .   Ambassador Philip T. Reeker took charge September 5 , 2014 as United States Consul General in Milan , covering northern Italy .

neg: Fabiana Masili Fabiana Masili ( Rio Claro , ) is a Brazilian singer and songwriter . Musical from her earliest years , she started playing the organ at the age of 8 and began working professionally and singing in bands at 15 .   Fabiana Masili studied at the prestigious State University of Campinas - UNICAMP , in Brazil , earning her bachelor 's degree in Popular Music while singing in several bands and producing at a Brazilian recording studio , Fabrica do Som .   Afterwards she started a meteoric international career singing in São Miguel Island ( Portugal ) , in Berkeley ( United States ) and , finally , in New York City ( United States ) . Throughout her career , Fabiana Masili has also participated in several Album recordings .

neg: Formigine Formigine is a town and comune in the province of Modena , Emilia-Romagna , Italy . As of 2007 Formigine had an estimated population of 31,643 .

neg: Fabiana Correra Fabiana Correra ( born 1 October 1967 ) is an Italian footballer who played as a midfielder for the Italy women 's national football team . She was part of the team at the inaugural 1991 FIFA Women 's World Cup . On club level she played for Turris in Italy .

neg: Teatro Filarmonico The Teatro Filarmonico is the main opera theater in Verona , Italy , and is one of the leading Opera Houses in Europe . The Teatro Filarmonico is property of the Accademia Filarmonica di Verona . Having been built in 1716 , and later rebuilt after a fire of January 21 , 1749 , and again after the allied bombing of February 23 , 1945 .

neg: Italian general election, 1979 General elections were held in Italy on June 3 , 1979 . This election was called just a week before the European vote : the lack of matching between the two elections caused much controversy for wasting public money .   Terroristic attacks by the Red Brigades caused a result which was quite opposite than three years before : for the first time the Italian Communist Party lost a lot of votes , delaying that government change that was seeming imminent in 1976 , and the Communist defeat gave a new strength to all the minor parties , a concentration of vote on the Christian Democracy seeming less urgent to stop the red progress . However , the catholic party remained stable , while neo-fascist Italian Social Movement was weakened by its spin-off National Democracy .

neg: Italian presidential election, 1971 The Italian presidential election of 1971 was held in Italy on 9 -- 24 December 1971 . Only members of Parliament and regional delegates are entitled to vote . As head of state of the Italian Republic , the President has a role of representation of national unity and guarantees that Italian politics comply with the Italian Constitution , in the framework of a parliamentary system .   Former Prime Minister and President of the Chamber of Deputies Giovanni Leone was elected President with 518 votes out of 1,008 , the smallest majority ever obtained . With twenty-three rounds of voting , this presidential election was the longest of Italian republican history .

neg: Festa della Repubblica Festa della Repubblica ( -LSB- ˈfɛsta della reˈpubblika -RSB- in English , Republic Day ) is the Italian National Day and Republic Day , which is celebrated on 2 June each year . The day commemorates the institutional referendum held by universal suffrage in 1946 , in which the Italian people were called to the polls to decide on the form of government , following the Second World War and the fall of Fascism . With 12,717,923 votes for a republic and 10,719,284 for the monarchy , the male descendants of the House of Savoy were sent into exile . To commemorate it , a grand military parade is held in central Rome , presided over by the President of the Italian Republic in his role as Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces . The Prime Minister , formally known as the President of the Council of Ministers , and other high officers of state also attend . There are important celebrations in all the Italian embassies and foreign heads of state are invited . Even though the main parade is in Rome , many Italian cities celebrate the day as well .   Prior to the foundation of the Republic , the Italian national day was the first Sunday in June , anniversary of the granting of the Statuto Albertino . From 1977 to 1999 , due to economic reasons , this was the date of the celebrations for the 1946 foundation of the republic . The 2 June date became official in 2000 . The parade was held in Turin in 1961 to mark the centennial year of Italian unification .

neg: Tortora Tortora is a town and comune in the province of Cosenza in the Calabria region of southern Italy .

neg: Fabio Lombardi Fabio Lombardi ( born in 1961 ) is an Italian ethnomusicologist and organologist who studied , at the Bologna University , with Roberto Leydi , Tullia Magrini and the organologist Febo Guizzi .  Born in Meldola , Romagna , in the 1980s he made an ethnic musical field research in Emilia-Romagna , near Forlì and along the Bidente valley ( Meldola , Cusercoli , Bertinoro , Predappio , Forlimpopoli , Civitella , Galeata , Santa Sofia , Bagno di Romagna ) which has contributed to a better knowledge of Italian ethnic music ( music of Italy ) , particularly regarding musical instruments : he discovered some unknown ethnic instruments ( ethnic instrument ) both in Italy and Europe .  For example , see : a type of mirliton improperly named `` Ocarina '' kazoo .  Other Lombardi 's works are on the local history of Meldola , Riccione , Forlì and other topics .

neg: Canegrate Canegrate ( Canegràa , in Insubric ) is a comune ( municipality ) in the Province of Milan in the Italian region Lombardy , located about 20 km northwest of Milan .   The town gave its name to the Canegrate culture , a prehistoric civilization whose main archaeological site has been excavated in the communal territory .


query: Abraham Lincoln ignored all dimensions of the war.

pos: Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln ( -LSB- ˈeɪbrəhæm_ˈlIŋkən -RSB- February 12 , 1809 -- April 15 , 1865 ) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865 . Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War -- its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral , constitutional , and political crisis . In doing so , he preserved the Union , paved the way to the abolition of slavery , strengthened the federal government , and modernized the economy .   Born in Hodgenville , Kentucky , Lincoln grew up on the western frontier in Kentucky and Indiana . Largely self-educated , he became a lawyer in Illinois , a Whig Party leader , and was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives , in which he served for eight years . Elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846 , Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks , tariffs , and railroads . Because he had originally agreed not to run for a second term in Congress , and because his opposition to the Mexican -- American War was unpopular among Illinois voters , Lincoln returned to Springfield and resumed his successful law practice . Reentering politics in 1854 , he became a leader in building the new Republican Party , which had a statewide majority in Illinois . In 1858 , while taking part in a series of highly publicized debates with his opponent and rival , Democrat Stephen A. Douglas , Lincoln spoke out against the expansion of slavery , but lost the U.S. Senate race to Douglas .   In 1860 , Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state . Though he gained very little support in the slaveholding states of the South , he swept the North and was elected president in 1860 . Lincoln 's victory prompted seven southern slave states to form the Confederate States of America before he moved into the White House -- no compromise or reconciliation was found regarding slavery and secession . Subsequently , on April 12 , 1861 , a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union . As the leader of the moderate faction of the Republican Party , Lincoln confronted Radical Republicans , who demanded harsher treatment of the South , War Democrats , who called for more compromise , anti-war Democrats ( called Copperheads ) , who despised him , and irreconcilable secessionists , who plotted his assassination . Politically , Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other , by carefully planned political patronage , and by appealing to the American people with his powers of oratory . His Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism , republicanism , equal rights , liberty , and democracy .   Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war . His primary goal was to reunite the nation . He suspended habeas corpus , leading to the controversial ex parte Merryman decision , and he averted potential British intervention in the war by defusing the Trent Affair in late 1861 . Lincoln closely supervised the war effort , especially the selection of top generals , including his most successful general , Ulysses S. Grant . He also made major decisions on Union war strategy , including a naval blockade that shut down the South 's normal trade , moves to take control of Kentucky and Tennessee , and using gunboats to gain control of the southern river system . Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond ; each time a general failed , Lincoln substituted another , until finally Grant succeeded . As the war progressed , his complex moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 ; Lincoln used the U.S. Army to protect escaped slaves , encouraged the border states to outlaw slavery , and pushed through Congress the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which permanently outlawed slavery .   An exceptionally astute politician deeply involved with power issues in each state , Lincoln reached out to the War Democrats and managed his own re-election campaign in the 1864 presidential election . Anticipating the war 's conclusion , Lincoln pushed a moderate view of Reconstruction , seeking to reunite the nation speedily through a policy of generous reconciliation in the face of lingering and bitter divisiveness . On April 14 , 1865 , five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee , Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth , a Confederate sympathizer .   Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U.S. presidents .

neg: The Lincoln–Douglas Debates (1994 reenactments) The 1994 reenactments of the Lincoln -- Douglas Debates took place between August 20 and October 15 , 1994 and were facilitated and aired by C-SPAN . They featured historical reenactors presenting , in their entireties , the series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas that took place during the 1858 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois . The debate reenactments were held in the same seven cities as were the 1858 debates , and were performed on dates very close to the anniversaries of the original debates . They were broadcast live on C-SPAN , and have been rebroadcast periodically ever since .

neg: Jay Stone Jay Stone ( 1851 -- 1932 ) was the ` Chief of the Correspondence Division ' in the United States War Department in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . In a period without ` Assistant Secretaries ' , this was the second highest-ranking civil service position in this cabinet-level department , under the Chief Clerk ( who sometimes served as Acting Secretary of War ) . Stone retired in 1928 as the department 's longest-serving civilian employee ( 50 years ) .   Born in Bangor , Maine , Stone enlisted in the cavalry at 18 and went west . In 1877 , he was chosen as `` phonographic reporter and Indian interpreter '' to Gen. Alfred H. Terry 's Commission sent to negotiate with Sioux chief Sitting Bull , who had fled to Canada after winning the Battle of the Little Big Horn . Stone had learned the new skill of stenography ( then called phonography ) , and , according to a newspaper report , was the first stenographer ever employed by the War Department . He continued for some time to work at Terry 's headquarters , but by 1881 was listed as the ` private secretary ' to Secretary of War Robert Todd Lincoln ( the President 's son ) in the administration of James Garfield . Stone was on Garfield 's funeral train after his assassination that same year .   Secretary of War Lincoln stayed on in the administration of Chester Arthur , and Stone was promoted to ` Chief of the Correspondence Division ' . In 1882 he became Acting Chief Clerk during a leave of absence of Chief Clerk John Tweedale . Stone would take dictation for three Secretaries of War before being sent to New York to serve as Chief Clerk of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , the post from which he retired .

neg: Abraham Lincoln (Brown) Abraham Lincoln is an outdoor bronze sculpture of Abraham Lincoln by Henry Kirke Brown , located at Union Square in Manhattan , New York . Cast in 1870 and dedicated on September 16 of that year , the statue was originally installed at the southwest corner of Union Square , where the sculpture of Mahatma Gandhi stands today . In 1875 , a stone and bronze rail fence was constructed around the statue of Lincoln ; the fence included an inscription of text from his second inaugural address , `` ... with malice toward none ; charity toward all . '' During the 1930 redesign of Union Square Park , the statue was moved to its current location , but the fence remained . The statue is in axial alignment with the Independence Flagstaff and George Washington . It was conserved in 1992 .

neg: 1860 Republican National Convention The 1860 Republican National Convention , also known as the 2nd Republican National Convention , was a nominating convention of the Republican Party of the United States , held in Chicago , Illinois , from May 16 to 18 , 1860 . The gathering nominated former U.S. Representative Abraham Lincoln of Illinois for President of the United States and Senator Hannibal Hamlin of Maine for Vice President .   Lincoln 's nomination was a surprise , as the favorite before the convention had been former Governor of New York and U.S. Senator William H. Seward . Lincoln 's campaign manager , David Davis , is credited for Lincoln 's victory over Thurlow Weed , Seward 's campaign manager .   Lincoln-Hamlin went on to defeat three other major tickets that year , including Democratic nominee Stephen A. Douglas , U.S. Senator from Illinois .

neg: The Great Abraham Lincoln Pocket Watch Conspiracy The Great Abraham Lincoln Pocket Watch Conspiracy is a historical fiction novel written by Jacopo della Quercia . The plot follows President William Howard Taft , scientist and son of a former president Robert Todd Lincoln , Secret Service Chief John Wilkie , Captain ( later Major ) Archibald Butt and others as they slowly unravel a worldwide conspiracy over a decade in the making .   The book , which was della Quercia 's debut novel , was published in 2014 by St. Martin 's Griffin , an imprint of publishing company St. Martin 's Press . The author described the book 's genre not as singular distinct genre , but as an `` equal parts cocktail '' of adventure , historical fiction , science fiction , thriller and comedy . In 2015 , della Quercia released a spiritual sequel , License to Quill , of a similar nature that concerns the lives of Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare in Reformation-era Europe .   The book has many references to actual events ; some , such as the sinking of the RMS Titanic , are important plot points , while others , such as the destruction of the zeppelin Erbslöh , are passively mentioned as news or memories . The author also includes excerpts from real newspaper articles , which were used to provide exposition in the storyline . Similarly , all of the main characters in the book were real , relevant figures in the 20th century . The characters profiles were fictionalized to fit in with the book 's plot and atmosphere , but their names , positions , occupations and personalities are kept largely intact .

neg: Bleeding Kansas Bleeding Kansas , Bloody Kansas or the Border War was a series of violent political confrontations in the United States involving anti-slavery `` Free-Staters '' and pro-slavery `` Border Ruffian '' , or `` southern '' elements in Kansas . This military conflict happened between 1854 and 1861 , including `` Bleeding Congress '' . The Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 called for `` popular sovereignty '' -- that is , the decision about slavery was to be made by the settlers ( rather than outsiders ) . It would be decided by votes -- or more exactly which side had more votes counted by officials . At the heart of the conflict was the question of whether Kansas would allow or outlaw slavery , and thus enter the Union as a slave state or a free state . Pro-slavery forces said every settler had the right to bring his own property , including slaves , into the territory . Anti-slavery `` free soil '' forces said the rich slaveholders would buy up all the good farmland and work it with black slaves , leaving little or no opportunity for non-slaveholders . As such , Bleeding Kansas was a conflict between anti-slavery forces in the North and pro-slavery forces from the South over the issue of slavery in the United States . The term `` Bleeding Kansas '' was coined by Republican Horace Greeley , editor of the New York Tribune ; its violence indicated that compromise was unlikely , and thus it presaged the Civil War .

neg: Slave Power The Slave Power or Slaveocracy was the perceived political power in the U.S. federal government held by slave owners during the 1840s and 1850s , prior to the Civil War . Antislavery campaigners during this period bitterly complained about what they saw as disproportionate and corrupt influence wielded by wealthy Southerners . The argument was that this small group of rich slave owners had seized political control of their own states and were trying to take over the federal government in an illegitimate fashion in order to expand and protect slavery . The argument was widely used by the Republican Party that formed in 1854 -- 55 to oppose the expansion of slavery .   The main issue expressed by the term slave power was distrust of the political power of the slave-owning class . Such distrust was shared by many who were not abolitionists ; those who were motivated more by a possible threat to the political balance or the impossibility of competing with unwaged slave labor , than by concern over the treatment of slaves . Those who differed on many other issues ( such as hating blacks or liking them , denouncing slavery as a sin or promising to guarantee its protection in the Deep South ) could unite to attack the slaveocracy . The `` Free Soil '' element emphasized that rich slave owners would move into new territory , use their cash to buy up all the good lands , then use their slaves to work the lands , leaving little opportunity room for free farmers . By 1854 the Free Soil Party had largely merged into the new Republican party .   The term was popularized by antislavery writers such as John Gorham Palfrey , Josiah Quincy III , Horace Bushnell , James Shepherd Pike , and Horace Greeley . Politicians who emphasized the theme included John Quincy Adams , Henry Wilson and William Pitt Fessenden . Abraham Lincoln used the concept after 1854 but not the term . They showed through a combination of emotive argument and hard statistical data that the South had long held a disproportionate level of power in the United States . Historian Allan Nevins contends that `` nearly all groups ... steadily substituted emotion for reason . ... Fear fed hatred , and hatred fed fear . ''   The existence of a Slave Power was dismissed by Southerners at the time , and rejected as false by many historians of the 1920s and 1930s , who stressed the internal divisions in the South before 1850 . The idea that the Slave Power existed has partly come back at the hands of neoabolitionist historians since 1970 , and there is no doubt that it was a powerful factor in the Northern anti-slavery belief system . It was standard rhetoric for all factions of the Republican party .

neg: 1939 State of the Union Address The 1939 State of the Union Address was given to the United States Congress , on January 4 , 1939 , by Franklin D. Roosevelt , the 32nd United States President . Foreseeing World War II , he said , `` In Reporting on the state of the nation , I have felt it necessary on previous occasions to advise the Congress of disturbance abroad and of the need of putting our own house in order in the face of storm signals from across the seas . As this Seventy-sixth Congress opens there is need for further warning .  A war which threatened to envelop the world in flames has been averted ; but it has become increasingly clear that world peace is not assured . '' In September 1939 , the War in Europe began .

neg: General officers in the Confederate States Army The general officers of the Confederate States Army ( CSA ) were the senior military leaders of the Confederacy during the American Civil War of 1861 -- 1865 . They were often former officers from the United States Army ( the regular army ) prior to the Civil War , while others were given the rank based on merit or when necessity demanded . Most Confederate generals needed confirmation from the Confederate Congress , much like prospective generals in the modern U.S. armed forces .   Like all of the Confederacy 's military forces , these generals answered to their civilian leadership , in particular Jefferson Davis , the South 's president and therefore commander-in-chief of the Army , Navy , and Marines of the Confederate States .

neg: Emancipation Memorial The Emancipation Memorial , also known as the Freedman 's Memorial or the Emancipation Group , and sometimes referred to as the `` Lincoln Memorial '' before the more prominent so-named memorial was built , is a monument in Lincoln Park in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Washington , D.C.   Designed and sculpted by Thomas Ball and erected in 1876 , the monument depicts Abraham Lincoln in his role of the `` Great Emancipator '' freeing a male African American slave modeled on Archer Alexander . The ex-slave is depicted on one knee , with one fist clenched , shirtless and shackled at the president 's feet .   The statue originally faced west towards the U.S. Capitol until it was rotated east in 1974 in order to face the newly-erected Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial .   The monument has long been the subject of controversy . According to information from American University :   Despite being paid for by African Americans , historian Kirk Savage in 1997 condemned it as `` a monument entrenched in and perpetuating racist ideology '' because of the supplicant and inferior position of the Black figure .   The statue is a contributing monument to the Civil War Monuments in Washington , DC , of the National Register of Historic Places .

neg: Twenty Negro Law The `` Twenty Negro Law '' , also known as the `` Twenty Slave Law '' and the `` Twenty Nigger Law '' , was a piece of legislation enacted by the Confederate Congress during the American Civil War . The law specifically exempted from Confederate military service one white man for every twenty slaves owned on a Confederate plantation , or for two or more plantations within five miles of each other that collectively had twenty or more slaves . Passed as part of the Second Conscription Act in 1862 , the law was a reaction to United States President Abraham Lincoln 's preliminary Emancipation Proclamation , which was issued barely three weeks earlier . The law addressed Confederate fears of a slave rebellion due to so many white men being absent from home , as they were fighting in the Confederate army . The Confederacy enacted the first conscription laws in United States history , and the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were conscripts was nearly double that of United States soldiers .   The law would prove extremely unpopular with poorer white Confederate men , many of whom did not own any slaves at all , and would contribute to the often-repeated adage of the Confederate war effort being `` a rich man 's war , but a poor man 's fight . ''

neg: Copperhead (politics) In the 1860s , the Copperheads comprised a vocal faction of Democrats in the Northern United States of the Union who opposed the American Civil War , wanting an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates . Republicans started calling anti-war Democrats `` Copperheads '' , likening them to the venomous snake . Those Democrats accepted the label , reinterpreting the copper `` head '' as the likeness of Liberty , which they cut from Liberty Head large cent coins and proudly wore as badges . Democratic supporters of the war , by contrast , were called War Democrats .   The Copperheads represented the more extreme wing of the `` Northern Democrats '' . Notable Copperheads included two Democratic congressmen from Ohio : Clement L. Vallandigham and Alexander Long . Republican prosecutors accused some prominent Copperheads of treason in a series of trials in 1864 .   Copperheadism , a highly contentious , grass-roots movement , had its strongest base in the area just north of the Ohio River , as well as in some urban ethnic wards . Some historians have argued that it represented a traditionalistic element alarmed at the rapid modernization of society sponsored by the Republican Party , and that it looked back to Jacksonian Democracy for inspiration . Weber ( 2006 ) argues that the Copperheads damaged the Union war effort by opposing conscription ( the `` draft '' ) , encouraging desertion , and forming conspiracies , but other historians say that the draft was already in disrepute and that the Republicans greatly exaggerated the conspiracies for partisan reasons .   Historians agree that the Copperheads ' goal of restoring the Union with slavery was naive and impractical , for the Confederates refused to consider giving up their independence . The Copperheads became a major target of the Union ( Republican ) party in the 1864 presidential election . Copperhead support increased when Union armies did poorly , and decreased when they won great victories . After the fall of Atlanta in September 1864 , Union military success seemed assured , and Copperheadism collapsed .

neg: Battle of Wilson's Creek The Battle of Wilson 's Creek , also known as the Battle of Oak Hills , was the first major battle of the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War . Fought on August 10 , 1861 , near Springfield , Missouri , between Federal forces and the Missouri State Guard , it is sometimes called the `` Bull Run of the West . ''   At the beginning of the war , Missouri maintained an officially neutral status . However , its governor , Claiborne Fox Jackson , began to work to bring Missouri out of the Union by purchasing arms from and fighting alongside Confederate troops . The two sides repeatedly skirmished , most notably in the Camp Jackson affair , the Battle of Boonville , and the Battle of Carthage . Jackson 's support for secession resulted in his removal by a constitutional convention in July . Jackson refused to accept the maneuver as valid , and continued to act as governor .   In early August 1861 , Confederates under the command of Brig. Gen. Benjamin McCulloch and Missouri State Guard troops under the command of Maj. Gen. Sterling Price approached Brig. Gen. Nathaniel Lyon 's Army of the West , which was camped at Springfield . On August 9 , both sides formulated plans to attack the other . At about 5:00 a.m. on August 10 , Lyon , in two columns commanded by himself and Col. Franz Sigel , attacked the Confederates on Wilson 's Creek about 12 mi southwest of Springfield . Confederate cavalry received the first blow and retreated from the high ground , later referred to as `` Bloody Hill , '' and infantry soon rushed up to stabilize their positions . The Confederates attacked the Union forces three times during the day , but failed to break through . When Lyon was killed during the battle and General Thomas William Sweeny wounded , Major Samuel D. Sturgis assumed command of the Union forces . Meanwhile , the Confederates routed Sigel 's column south of Skegg 's Branch . Following the third Confederate attack , which ended at 11:00 a.m. , the Union withdrew . When Sturgis realized that his men were exhausted and lacking ammunition , he ordered a retreat to Springfield . The Confederates were too disorganized and ill-equipped to pursue the retreating Federal forces .   The Confederate victory buoyed Southern sympathizers in Missouri and served as a springboard for a bold thrust north that carried Sterling Price and his Missouri State Guard as far as Lexington . In late October , a convention organized by Jackson met in Neosho and passed out an ordinance of secession . Although the state remained in the Union for the remainder of the war , the Battle of Wilson 's Creek effectively gave the Confederates control of southwestern Missouri . Today , the National Park Service operates Wilson 's Creek National Battlefield on the site of the original conflict .

neg: The Federal Union The Federal Union : A History of the United States to 1877 ( originally published as The Federal Union : A History of the United States to 1865 ) is history of the United States written by John D. Hicks , George E. Mowry and Robert E. Burke . First published in 1937 , it covered the period from the discovery of the Americas in 1492 to the end of the Civil War in 1865 . Four revised editions followed that also covered the Reconstruction Era up to 1877 , and accordingly were published with an updated subtitle . The fifth and final edition appeared in 1970 .   The Federal Union was primarily written as a university-level textbook , and was published with accompanying manuals for instructors and for students . It was the first of a two-volume set . The second volume was entitled The American Nation : 1865 to the Present . An abridged one-volume edition first appeared in 1946 as A Short History of American Democracy .   The book was aimed at undergraduate students , other readers appreciated its qualities . For example , historian George Fort Milton admired Hicks 's `` capacity for extraordinary compression without at the same time either getting the style too bare-bones for pleasurable reading ; or the facts too black-and-white for the necessary implications of gradations of gray . ''

neg: President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers On April 15 , 1861 , at the start of the American Civil War , the President of the United States , Abraham Lincoln , called for a 75,000-man militia to serve for three months following the bombardment and surrender of Fort Sumter . Some slave states refused to send troops against their neighboring slave states , with the result that most such states also declared secession from the United States and joined the Confederate States .

neg: Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War This timeline of events leading up to the American Civil War describes and links to narrative articles and references about many of the events and issues which historians recognize as origins and causes of the Civil War . The pre-Civil War events can be roughly divided into a period encompassing the long term build-up over many decades and a period encompassing the five-month build to war immediately after the election of Abraham Lincoln as President in the Election of 1860 which culminated in the Fall of Fort Sumter ( April 1861 ) .   Since the early colonial period in Virginia , slavery had been a part of the socioeconomic system of British North America and was recognized in the Thirteen Colonies at the time of the United States ' Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) . Since then , events and statements by politicians and others brought forth differences , tensions and divisions between the people of the slave states of the Southern United States and the people of the free states of the Northern United States ( including Western states ) over the topics of slavery . The large underlying issue from which other issues developed was whether slavery should be retained and even expanded to other areas or whether it should be contained and eventually abolished . Over many decades , these issues and divisions became increasingly irreconcilable and contentious .   Events in the 1850s culminated with the election of the anti-slavery-expansion Republican Abraham Lincoln as President on November 6 , 1860 . This provoked the first round of state secessions as leaders of the Deep South cotton states were unwilling to remain in a second class political status with their way of life threatened by the President himself . Initially , the seven Deep South states seceded , with economies based on cotton ( then in heavy European demand with rising prices ) . They were Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Louisiana , Mississippi , South Carolina and Texas . After the Confederates attacked and captured Fort Sumter , President Lincoln called for volunteers to march south and suppress the rebellion . This pushed the four other Upper South States ( Virginia , North Carolina , Tennessee , and Arkansas ) also to secede . These states completed the formation of the Confederate States of America . Their addition to the Confederacy insured a war would be prolonged and bloody because they contributed territory and soldiers .

neg: Henry Marchmore Shaw Henry Marchmore Shaw ( November 20 , 1817 -- February 1 , 1864 ) was a Congressional Representative from North Carolina , as well as an officer in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . He was killed in action , one of a handful of former U.S. Congressmen to perish during the conflict .   Henry M. Shaw was born in Newport , Rhode Island , November 20 , 1817 . His parents were John Allen and Elizabeth Muchmore Shaw of Newport . His father was a silversmith with interests in the West Indies trade out of Newport . The family moved to North Carolina after his father lost ships and a good portion of his livelihood to the British in the War of 1812 . It 's said that his brother , Silas Gardner Shaw , took the lighthouse Keeper position at Beavertail Lighthouse ( 1858-1862 , 1863-1869 ) to avoid fighting against his brother in the war . Their mother died in 1829 , Silas at 6 years old was sent back to Newport to live with relatives ; Henry stayed in North Carolina with his father . Henry completed preparatory studies and graduated from the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia in 1838 . He began his medical practice in Indiantown , North Carolina .   He was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-third Congress ( March 4 , 1853 -- March 3 , 1855 ) . Shaw was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Thirty-fourth Congress . He was elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress ( March 4 , 1857 -- March 3 , 1859 ) and was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Thirty-sixth Congress .   Henry Debated `` The Kansas Question '' in April 1858 ; his brother Silas would take the government job at Beavertail Lighthouse in December of that same year . He was a vocal secessionist who called for North Carolina 's secession from the Union even prior to Lincoln 's election in 1860 . He signed the North Carolina Ordinance of Secession on May 21 of 1861 with a quill pen he made especially for that purpose . The pen is on display at the North Carolina Museum of History located in Raleigh . The North Carolinians had convened the day before , marking the 86th anniversary of the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence .   With the outbreak of the Civil War , Shaw enlisted in the Confederate army and was appointed as a colonel . He was in command of the Confederate forces at the Battle of Roanoke Island . In January 1862 , General Ambrose E. Burnside leading New England Federal forces ( including many Rhode Islanders ) with about sixty ships and over 13,000 men began to enter Hatteras inlet , and assembled in Pamlico Sound . On February 6 , 1862 Burnside 's forces entered Roanoke Harbor . On the morning of February 8 Burnside 's forces landed on the south end of Roanoke Island and advanced towards the north . From the Fort Raleigh National Historic Site website `` Coming around the turn in the road , the Union forces saw their first view of the island 's main defense -- the three-gun battery . This battery , sitting astride the road , was thirty-five yards wide with a water-filled ditch eight feet wide and three feet deep guarding the front . Supporting the three guns were about 1,000 poorly armed soldiers from various regiments . ''   Colonel Shaw and his men put up a valiant struggle , but were eventually overwhelmed by the Federal forces which had five times the number of men . Colonel Shaw surrendered to avoid a massacre of his men . Although Roanoke was considered a small battle in the larger picture of the Civil War , it was a pivotal turning point in Northern Support for the war ; prior to that the North had not had much success and public support of the war was waning .   Shaw was paroled and the North Carolina Eighth reorganized in the fall of 1862 . Colonel Shaw took command once again leading forces in Charleston , Wilmington , and the trenches of Petersburg , Virginia .   On February 1 , 1864 , in the early morning hours , at Batchelder 's Creek , while assembling on the road for the expedition to New Bern , he was shot from his horse . The bullet entered his cheek and traversed his head killing him instantly . His body was recovered and interred in the cemetery at Shawboro , North Carolina ; the town of Shawboro was named in his honor .

neg: Inauguration of Andrew Johnson The inauguration of Andrew Johnson as the 17th President of the United States was held on April 15 , 1865 at the Kirkwood House in Washington , D.C. , following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln . The inauguration marked the commencement of Andrew Johnson 's only term ( a partial term of ) as President . Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase administered the Oath of office . After the ceremony , President Johnson gave an impromptu inaugural address , which began with him begging the cabinet to remain with him and then attacking the Confederacy with such venom , that one witness remarked `` It would have been better had he been struck dumb . ''   As President Lincoln lay dying , Vice President Johnson visited the room where he lay , and when Mrs. Lincoln saw him , it was reported , she screamed and demanded he be removed . So he went back to his room at the Kirkwood House .   According to newspaper reports , the Vice President had gotten severely inebriated , and when aides to the now-dead president came to fetch the new President they were unable to wake him for several minutes . When he was finally awake , the accounts read , `` he had puffy eyes and his hair was caked with mud from the street , '' and that a barber and doctor were summoned to clean him up for the ten-o'clock ceremony , which most accounts agree went smoothly . However , there are other accounts , believed more reliable by some , which refute this claim .

neg: Cash and carry (World War II) Cash and carry was a policy requested by US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt at a special session of the United States Congress on September 21 , 1939 , subsequent to the outbreak of war in Europe . It replaced the Neutrality Acts of 1936 . The revision allowed the sale of materiel to belligerents , as long as the recipients arranged for the transport using their own ships and paid immediately in cash , assuming all risk in transportation . However , the sale of war materials was not allowed .   Though `` Cash and Carry '' concepts had been introduced in the Neutrality Act of 1936 , it only pertained to materials that could not be used in war efforts , which allowed them to aid warring countries . Originally presented to Congress by Senator Key Pittman ( D-NV ) earlier in 1939 , the bill was designed to replace the Neutrality Act of 1937 , which had lapsed in May 1939 . The bill had been defeated repeatedly by the Senate and the House on more than one occasion as Isolationists feared that passing the bill would draw the US into the conflict in Europe . However , President Roosevelt felt that further help was needed in Europe after Germany invaded Poland in September 1939 . The bill passed in late October , gaining approval from the House on November 5 , 1939 . The President gave his signature the same day .   The purpose of this policy was to maintain neutrality between the United States and European countries while giving aid to Britain by allowing them to buy non war materials . Various policies , such as the Neutrality Acts of 1935 , 1936 , and 1937 , forbade selling implements of war or lending money to belligerent countries under any terms . The U.S. economy was rebounding at this time , following the Great Depression , but there was still a need for industrial manufacturing jobs . The cash and carry program helped to solve this issue and in turn Great Britain benefited from the purchase goods .   This program also prevented US businesses interests backing the success or failure of any warring nation . Because of the conclusion of the Nye Committee , which asserted that United States involvement in World War I was driven by private interests from arms manufacturers , many Americans believed that investment in a belligerent would eventually lead to American participation in war .   U.S. shipping interests were forbidden from entering into conflict zones and US passengers traveling on foreign ships did so at their own risk .   The `` cash and carry '' legislation enacted in 1939 effectively ended the arms embargo that had been in place since the Neutrality Act of 1936 . It paved the way for Lend-Lease .

neg: Edward Everett Edward Everett ( April 11 , 1794 -- January 15 , 1865 ) was an American politician , pastor , educator , diplomat , and orator from Massachusetts . Everett , a Whig , served as U.S. Representative , U.S. Senator , the 15th Governor of Massachusetts , Minister to Great Britain , and United States Secretary of State . He also taught at Harvard University and served as its president .   Everett was one of the great American orators of the antebellum and Civil War eras . He is often remembered today as the featured orator at the dedication ceremony of the Gettysburg National Cemetery in 1863 , where he spoke for over two hoursimmediately before President Abraham Lincoln delivered his famous , two-minute Gettysburg Address .   The son of a pastor , Everett was educated at Harvard , and briefly ministered at Boston 's Brattle Street Church before taking a teaching job at Harvard . The position included preparatory studies in Europe , so Everett spent two years in studies at the University of Göttingen , and another two years traveling around Europe . At Harvard he taught ancient Greek literature for several years before becoming involved in politics , and began an extensive and popular speaking career . He served ten years in the United States Congress before winning election as Governor of Massachusetts in 1835 . As governor he introduced the state Board of Education , the first of its type in the nation .   After being defeated in the 1839 election by one vote , Everett was appointed Minister to Great Britain , serving until 1845 . He next became President of Harvard , a job he quickly came to dislike . In 1849 he became an assistant to longtime friend and colleague Daniel Webster , who had been appointed Secretary of State . Upon Webster 's death Everett served as Secretary of State for a few months until he was sworn in as U.S. Senator from Massachusetts . In the later years of his life Everett traveled , giving speeches all over the country . He supported efforts to maintain the Union before the Civil War , running for Vice President on the Constitutional Union Party ticket in 1860 . He was active in supporting the Union effort during the war and supported Lincoln in the 1864 election .