query: Cricket is followed in a region of Europe.

pos: Great Britain Great Britain , also known as Britain , is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe . With an area of 209,331 km2 , Great Britain is the largest of the British Isles , the largest European island , and the ninth-largest island in the world . In 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people , making it the world 's third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan . The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it , and together these islands , along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands , comprise the British Isles archipelago .   The island is dominated by a maritime climate with quite narrow temperature differences between seasons . Politically , the island is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , and constitutes most of its territory . Most of England , Scotland , and Wales are on the island . The term `` Great Britain '' often extends to include surrounding islands that form part of England , Scotland , and Wales , and is also sometimes loosely applied to the UK as a whole .   A single Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the union of the Kingdom of England ( which had already comprised the present-day countries of England and Wales ) and the Kingdom of Scotland by the 1707 Acts of Union . More than a hundred years before , in 1603 , King James VI , King of Scots , had inherited the throne of England , but it was not until 1707 that the two countries ' parliaments agreed to form a political union . In 1801 , Great Britain united with the neighbouring Kingdom of Ireland , forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , which was renamed the `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' after the Irish Free State seceded in 1922 .

pos: Cricket Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a cricket field , at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard-long pitch with a wicket ( a set of three wooden stumps ) at each end . One team bats , attempting to score as many runs as possible , whilst their opponents field . Each phase of play is called an innings . After either ten batsmen have been dismissed or a fixed number of overs have been completed , the innings ends and the two teams then swap roles . The winning team is the one that scores the most runs , including any extras gained , during their innings .   At the start of each game , two batsmen and eleven fielders enter the field of play . The play begins when a member of the fielding team , known as the bowler , delivers the ball from one end of the pitch to the other , towards the wicket at that end , in front of which stands one of the batsmen , known as the striker . The striker `` takes guard '' on a crease drawn on the pitch four feet in front of the wicket . His role is to prevent the ball from hitting the stumps by use of his bat , and simultaneously to strike it well enough to score runs . The other batsman , known as the non-striker , waits at the opposite end of the pitch near the bowler . A dismissed batsman must leave the field , and a teammate replaces him . The bowler 's objectives are to prevent the scoring of runs and to dismiss the batsman . An over is a set of six deliveries bowled by the same bowler . The next over is bowled from the other end of the pitch by a different bowler .   The most common forms of dismissal are bowled , when the bowler hits the stumps directly with the ball ; leg before wicket , when the batsman prevents the ball from hitting the stumps with his body instead of his bat ; and caught , when the batsman hits the ball into the air and it is intercepted by a fielder before touching the ground . Runs are scored by two main methods : either by hitting the ball hard enough for it to cross the boundary , or by the two batsmen swapping ends by each simultaneously running the length of the pitch in opposite directions whilst the fielders are retrieving the ball . If a fielder retrieves the ball quickly enough to put down the wicket with a batsman not having reached the crease at that end of the pitch , that batsman is dismissed ( a run-out occurs ) . Adjudication is performed on the field by two umpires .   The laws of cricket are maintained by the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) and the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) . There are various formats ranging from Twenty20 , played over a few hours with each team having a single innings of 20 overs ( i.e. 120 deliveries ) , to Test cricket , played over five days with unlimited overs and the teams playing two innings apiece . Traditionally cricketers play in all-white kit , but in limited overs cricket they wear club or team colours . In addition to the basic kit , some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball , which is a hard , solid object made of compressed leather enclosing a cork core .   Although cricket 's origins are uncertain , it is first recorded in south-east England in the 16th century . It spread globally with the expansion of the British Empire , leading to the first international matches in the mid-19th century . ICC , the game 's governing body , has over 100 members , ten of which are full members who play Test cricket . The sport is followed primarily in Australasia , Britain , the Indian subcontinent , southern Africa and the West Indies . Women 's cricket , which is organised and played separately , has also achieved international standard .

neg: 1756 English cricket season The 1756 cricket season was the 159th in England since the earliest known definite reference to cricket in January 1597 ( i.e. , Old Style -- 1598 New Style ) . Details have survived of five important eleven-a-side and one single wicket matches . The season may be said to mark the beginning of the so-called `` Hambledon Era '' . The Hambledon team , then probably run by a parish organisation rather than the famous club which is believed to have been formed in about 1765 , makes its first recorded appearances in three matches against Dartford .   The Seven Years ' War began in 1756 and ended in 1763 . It is possible this reduced the number of `` great matches '' , as did the Napoleonic and the two World Wars later . It is probable that cricket 's first bowling revolution occurred sometime between 1756 and 1763 . Bowlers were certainly pitching the ball by 1770 , but there are no surviving reports to describe the reception that pitching had when it was tried and implemented .

neg: Corley Corley ( and the associated hamlets of Corley Ash and Corley Moor ) is a village and civil parish in the North Warwickshire district of Warwickshire , England . The population at the 2011 census was 668 . It is located about 8 km northwest of Coventry and is adjacent to the village of Fillongley . The M6 motorway runs close by , and the village is familiar to motorists as it is the site of Corley Services . Other significant buildings in the area include Corley Hall , which was built in the 16th century .   The parish church of St Mary dates from the 12th century and is a Grade II * listed building .   Corley is also home to Corley Cricket Club , which entered its 65th season in 2012 . One of the club 's most notable former players is James Ormond , who went on to represent England . The club has also seen many of its players compete at county level , including Race Williams and John Wilson , the latter representing Leicestershire young cricketers .   Following a nationwide competition in 2012 Corley beat over 1500 other cricket clubs to be awarded the title of `` Biggest Little Cricket Club '' - The most loved and worthy in England and Wales . Club representatives have been invited to the National Outstanding Contribution to Cricket Awards ceremony at Lord 's Cricket Ground on two separate occasions since 2011 following nominations from the Warwickshire Cricket Board . On July 14 , 2013 Corley CC hosted the famous Lashings World XI , one the biggest games in the club 's history .

neg: Follow-on In cricket , a follow-on is where the team that bats second is forced to take its second batting innings immediately after its first , because the team was not able to get close enough to the score achieved by the first team batting in the first innings . If the second team to bat scores substantially fewer runs than the first team , the first team have the option of enforcing the follow-on , that is , instructing the second team to bat again immediately . In this case the sequence of batting innings will be first team , second team , second team and then , if required , the first team again . This is in contrast to the normal progression of batting innings which is first team , second team , first team , second team . The first team may choose not to enforce the follow-on , and bat themselves instead .   The rules governing the circumstances in which the follow-on may be enforced are found in Law 13 of the Laws of Cricket .

neg: Overview of English cricket (1816–1863) This article presents an overview of English cricket from 1816 to 1863 . For more detailed coverage of the period , see the series of season reviews in : Category : English cricket seasons from 1816 to 1863 .   Although the article mentions some events in other countries , these are connected with the introduction of cricket from England and into those countries . For additional information about the development of the game in the main cricket-playing countries outside England during the period , see :  History of Australian cricket to 1876  History of Canadian cricket  History of cricket in India to 1918  History of cricket in New Zealand to 1890  History of cricket in South Africa to 1918  History of cricket in Sri Lanka  History of United States cricket  History of cricket in the West Indies to 1918   The Napoleonic Wars had deprived cricket of investment and manpower , particularly after 1810 as the conflict in the Peninsular War reached its height and the invasion of France followed . A recovery began in 1815 , the year of the Battle of Waterloo , and a more widespread return to normality can be observed from 1816 , although it was not until 1825 that inter-county matches were resurrected when Kent played Sussex .

neg: Leg before wicket Leg before wicket ( lbw ) is one of the ways in which a batsman can be dismissed in the sport of cricket . Following an appeal by the fielding side , the umpire may rule a batsman out lbw if the ball would have struck the wicket , but was instead intercepted by any part of the batsman 's body ( except the hand holding the bat ) . The umpire 's decision will depend on a number of criteria , including where the ball pitched , whether the ball hit in line with the wickets , and whether the batsman was attempting to hit the ball .   Leg before wicket first appeared in the laws of cricket in 1774 , as batsmen began to use their pads to prevent the ball hitting their wicket . Over several years , refinements were made to clarify where the ball should pitch and to remove the element of interpreting the batsman 's intentions . The 1839 version of the law used a wording that remained in place for nearly 100 years . However , from the latter part of the 19th century , batsmen became increasingly expert at `` pad-play '' to reduce the risk of their dismissal . Following a number of failed proposals for reform , in 1935 the law was expanded , such that batsmen could be dismissed lbw even if the ball pitched outside the line of off stump . Critics felt this change made the game unattractive as it encouraged negative tactics at the expense of leg spin bowling .   After considerable debate and various experiments , the law was changed again in 1972 . In an attempt to reduce pad-play the new version , which is used to this day , allowed batsmen to be out lbw in some circumstances if they did not attempt to hit the ball with their bat . Since the 1990s , the availability of television replays and , later , ball-tracking technology to assist umpires has increased the percentage of lbws in major matches . However , the accuracy of the technology and the consequences of its use remain controversial .   In his 1995 survey of cricket laws , Gerald Brodribb states : `` No dismissal has produced so much argument as lbw ; it has caused trouble from its earliest days '' . Owing to its complexity , the law is widely misunderstood among the general public and has proven controversial among spectators , administrators and commentators ; lbw decisions have sometimes caused crowd trouble . Since the law 's introduction , the proportion of lbw dismissals has risen steadily through the years . Statistics reveal that the probability of a batsman being dismissed lbw in a Test match varies depending on where the match is played and which teams are playing .

neg: History of Test cricket from 1884 to 1889 The history of Test cricket between 1884 and 1889 was one of English dominance over the Australians . England won every Test series that was played . The period also saw the first use of the word `` Test '' to describe a form of cricket when the Press used it in 1885 . It has remained in common usage ever since .   In 1883 England had won the first Ashes series by beating Australia 2 -- 1 away , though they had lost a fourth extra Test played at the end of their Australian tour . However , this last Test proved to be a blip as English dominance remained for the rest of the 1880s . Of the 19 England-Australia Tests played in the period from 1884 to 1889 , England won 14 , Australia 3 , with 2 draws .   1889 saw the first English team to tour South Africa . England won both representative matches easily . These matches , and those on the other early English tours of South Africa , were only recognised as Tests retrospectively , the first official tour not taking place till 1905-6 .

neg: Sport in Tasmania Sport in Tasmania is participation in and attendance at organised sports events in the state of Tasmania in Australia . Sport is an important part of Tasmanian culture ; though , while spectator sports have grown in recent decades , overall participation in sports has declined and is currently lower than the national average .   The most popular spectator sports are Cricket ( summer ) and Australian rules football ( winter ) . Both sports have very long histories in the state and important roles in the culture and are widely covered by the media . In participation Tasmania 's most popular sport for men is Association football ( known locally as `` soccer '' ) and for women is swimming . The fastest growing sport in terms of participation in the state is junior and women 's soccer .   There are significant regional differences and regional rivalries , particularly between the north and south of the state which have an effect on the sport participation and attendances .

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture .   British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital .   The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine .   The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .

neg: Ormia ochracea Ormia ochracea is a small yellow nocturnal fly , a parasitoid of crickets . It is notable because of its exceptionally acute directional hearing . The female is attracted by the song of the male cricket and deposits larvae on or around him , as was discovered in 1975 by the zoologist William H. Cade . The fly is found throughout the southern US and into Mexico , though its exact range is not known .   The mating call of the male field cricket is used by Ormia ochracea in locating the cricket . Once a female fly finds a host ( male cricket ) she deposits a larva which then quickly burrows into the host , emerging about 7 -- 10 days later , killing the host . Flies have been observed responding to various cricket songs , but seem to be limited to the family Gryllidae .   The prey cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus has recently shown adaptation by evolving flat wings without sound-producing structures . The flat wing was first observed in 2003 on the Hawaiian island of Kauai , and was also found on neighbouring Oahu two years later . Genetic studies of crickets from each island show that the mutations arose from different genomic variations .   Ormia ochracea has become a model organism in sound localization experiments because of its unique `` ears '' , which are complex structures inside the fly 's prothorax near the bases of their front legs . The animal is too small for the time difference of sound arriving at the two ears to be calculated in the usual way , yet it can determine the direction of sound sources with exquisite precision . The tympanic membranes of opposite ears are directly connected mechanically , allowing resolution of nanosecond time differences and requiring a new neural coding strategy .   In April 2015 , a group from the University of Strathclyde and the MRC/CSO Institute for Hearing Research ( IHR ) announced that it had created a microphone based on the Ormia ochracea 's hearing system , and had been awarded a # 430,000 grant by the U.K. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council to build and test the hearing aid for three years .

neg: The Ashes The Ashes is a Test cricket series played between England and Australia . The Ashes are regarded as being held by the team that most recently won the Test series . The term originated in a satirical obituary published in a British newspaper , The Sporting Times , immediately after Australia 's 1882 victory at The Oval , their first Test win on English soil . The obituary stated that English cricket had died , and `` the body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia '' . The mythical ashes immediately became associated with the 1882 -- 83 series played in Australia , before which the English captain Ivo Bligh had vowed to `` regain those ashes '' . The English media therefore dubbed the tour the quest to regain the Ashes .   After England had won two of the three Tests on the tour , a small urn was presented to Bligh by a group of Melbourne women including Florence Morphy , whom Bligh married within a year . The contents of the urn are reputed to be the ashes of a wooden bail , and were humorously described as `` the ashes of Australian cricket '' . It is not clear whether that `` tiny silver urn '' is the same as the small terracotta urn given to the MCC by Bligh 's widow after his death in 1927 .   The urn has never been the official trophy of the Ashes series , having been a personal gift to Bligh . However , replicas of the urn are often held aloft by victorious teams as a symbol of their victory in an Ashes series . Since the 1998 -- 99 Ashes series , a Waterford Crystal representation of the Ashes urn ( called the Ashes Trophy ) has been presented to the winners of an Ashes series as the official trophy of that series . Irrespective of which side holds the tournament , the urn remains in the MCC Museum at Lord 's ; it has however been taken to Australia to be put on touring display on two occasions : as part of the Australian Bicentenary celebrations in 1988 , and to accompany the Ashes series in 2006 -- 07 .   An Ashes series is traditionally of five Tests , hosted in turn by England and Australia at least once every four years . , England holds the Ashes , having won three of the five Tests in the 2015 Ashes series . Australia and England have won 32 series each and five series have been drawn .

neg: Life zones of central Europe Central Europe contains several life zones , depending on location and elevation .   Geographically , Central Europe lies between the Baltic Sea and the Apennine and Balkan peninsulas . It includes the plains of Germany and Poland ; the Alps ; and the Carpathian Mountains . The Central European Flora region stretches from Central France to Central Romania and Southern Scandinavia . The lowlands of Central Europe contain the Central European mixed forests ecoregion , while the mountains host the Alps conifer and mixed forests and Carpathian montane conifer forests ecoregions .   An important factor in the local climate and ecology of Central Europe is the elevation : an increase of elevation by 1000 m causes the average air temperature to drop by 5 C and decreases the amount of water that can be held by the atmosphere by 30 % . This decrease in temperature and increase in rainfall result in altitudinal zonation , where the land can be divided into life zones of similar climate and ecology , depending on elevation .

neg: ICC Americas ICC Americas is an international body which oversees cricket in countries in North and South America , and the Caribbean islands . It is a subordinate body to the International Cricket Council . The organisation currently has 17 members , located in North America , Central America , South America , and the Caribbean , and is responsible for the development , promotion and administration of the game in the above regions .   The body is also responsible for the ICC Americas Championship , which is the premier international competition in the region , and allows teams to compete for World Cup qualification . The World Cup itself has only been held in the region on a single occasion , when the 2007 World Cup was hosted by the West Indies . The organisation is also responsible for hosting the ICC Americas Under-19 Championship , which fills a similar role in qualification for the Under-19 World Cup . A separate South American Cricket Championship exists , but is not organised by the ICC .   Currently the regional office is located in Toronto , but was scheduled to be relocated to Colorado Springs , Colorado later in 2016 .

neg: Ensifera Ensifera is a suborder of the order Orthoptera , including insects in the families Gryllidae ( true crickets ) , Prophalangopsidae ( grigs ) , Stenopelmatidae ( Jerusalem crickets , king crickets , tree and giant wetas ) , Gryllacrididae ( leaf-rolling and raspy crickets ) , Cooloolidae ( cooloola monsters ) , Rhaphidophoridae ( cave and camel crickets ) , Schizodactylidae ( dune or splay-footed crickets ) and Tettigoniidae ( bush crickets or katydids ) . The Tettigoniidae are sometimes known as the long-horned grasshoppers to distinguish them from the other suborder of Orthoptera , the Caelifera or short-horned grasshoppers . Ensifera is believed to be a more ancient group than Caelifera , with its origins in the Carboniferous period , the split having occurred at the end of the Permian period .   `` Ensifer '' means `` sword bearer '' in Latin , and refers to the typically elongated and blade-like ovipositor of the females .

neg: Cyprus Cricket Association The Cyprus Cricket Association ( CCA ) ( Greek : Κυπριακή Κρίκετ Ποδοσφαίρου ) ( Kıbrıs Kriket Federasyonu ) is the governing body of cricket in Cyprus . It is a member of the European Cricket Council and an affiliate member of the International Cricket Council since 1999 . It organises the Cyprus cricket league which has 10 participating teams including some from the British military bases of Akrotiri and Dekhelia . It is also responsible for the Cyprus National Cricket team .   Cricket has been played in Cyprus for many years , but has mainly been confined to the British Army bases .   The European Cricket Council , given the task of promoting cricket throughout Europe , encouraged Cyprus Cricket to form its own organisation , the Cyprus Cricket Association , with its own committee and constitution .   From 2003 the CCA have been organising cricket on the island , extending the game into the towns , setting up a league , starting youth cricket in the schools , and forming a national team to enter European competitions . The European Cricket Council provides the CCA with funds to promote youth cricket and train coaches to go out into the schools .   The British Army has been helpful to the CCA , giving them access to its facilities , and entering teams into the newly formed league . In fact the 2005 league champions were a military side , WSBA .   The best player for the last 8 years running , as voted for by the CCA officials , has been George Ioannou .

neg: Women's Cricket Association The Women 's Cricket Association ( WCA ) was responsible for the running of women 's cricket in England between 1926 and 1998 . It was formed by a group of enthusiasts following a cricket holiday in Malvern . Forty-nine games were arranged in that first season , and the popular cricket festival at Stowe Lane , Colwall , which is still held today , was launched .   By the following season there were ten affiliated clubs , by 1934 there were eighty , and by 1938 the number had reached 123 . At its peak there were 208 affiliated clubs and 94 school and junior teams .   By 1931 the first county associations had been formed , and Durham played a combined Cheshire and Lancashire XI . Four years later the country was divided into five regional associations : East , Midlands , North , South and West .   The WCA handed over the running of women 's cricket in England to the England and Wales Cricket Board ( ECB ) in 1998 and disbanded .

neg: 1601 to 1725 in sports 1601 to 1725 in sports describes the period 's events in world sport .   Sport becomes increasingly popular in England during this period . Boxing is revived and village cricket develops in the 17th century with the interest of gamblers giving rise to the introduction of professionalism . The first attempts to organise football take place .

neg: Club cricket Club cricket is a mainly amateur , but still formal , form of the sport of cricket , usually involving teams playing in competitions at weekends or in the evening . There is a great deal of variation in game format although the Laws of Cricket are always observed . The main nations that club cricket is played in are Pakistan , England , Australia , South Africa , Sri Lanka , West Indies , New Zealand , Bangladesh , Nepal , Zimbabwe , Kenya , Zambia , Namibia , Uganda , Tanzania , Ireland , Wales , Scotland , Netherlands , Hong Kong and in some of the major cities in India . Club cricket is played virtually all over the world . Club cricket is also now played in the United States and Canada , as both countries have large communities of immigrants from mainstream cricket-playing regions such as the Caribbean , Europe , Asia , Africa and Australasia .

neg: National sport A national sport or national pastime is a sport or game that is considered to be an intrinsic part of the culture of a nation . Some sports are de facto ( not established by law ) national sports , as baseball is in the United States and cricket is in England , while others are de jure ( established by law ) national sports , as lacrosse and ice hockey are in Canada . These sports do not have to be necessarily the most played or most followed , which would be either association football , baseball or basketball in all but a few countries , but are widely considered to be important to the country or significant for its culture .

neg: History of the West Indian cricket team The history of the West Indian cricket team begins in the 1880s when the first combined West Indian team was formed and toured Canada and the United States . In the 1890s , the first representative sides were selected to play visiting English sides . Administered by the West Indies Cricket Board ( `` WICB '' ) , and known colloquially as The Windies , the West Indies cricket team represents a sporting confederation of English-speaking Caribbean countries .   The WICB joined the sport 's international ruling body , the Imperial Cricket Council , in 1926 , and played their first official international match , which in cricket is called a Test , in 1928 . Although blessed with some great players in their early days as a Test nation , their successes remained sporadic until the 1960s , by which time the side had changed from a white-dominated to a black-dominated side . By the late 1970s , the West Indies had a side recognised as unofficial world champions , a title they retained throughout the 1980s . Their team from the 1970s and 1980s is now widely regarded as having been one of the best in test cricket 's history , alongside Don Bradman 's Invincibles . During these glory years , the Windies were noted for their four-man fast bowling attack , backed up by some of the best batsmen in the world . The 1980s saw them set a then-record streak of 11 consecutive Test victories in 1984 , which was part of a still-standing record of 27 tests without defeat ( the other tests being draws ) , as well as inflicting two 5 -- 0 `` blackwashes '' against the old enemy of England . Throughout the 1990s and 2000s , however , West Indian cricket declined , in part due to the rise in popularity of athletics and football in West Indian countries , and the team today is struggling to regain its past glory .   In their early days in the 1930s , the side represented the British colonies of the West Indies Federation plus British Guyana . The current side represents the now independent states of Antigua and Barbuda , Barbados , Dominica , Grenada , Guyana , Jamaica , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago , and the British dependencies of Anguilla , Montserrat and the British Virgin Islands along with the U.S. Virgin Islands and St. Maarten . National teams also exist for the various islands , which , as they are all separate countries , very much keep their local identities and support their local favourites . These national teams take part in the West Indian first-class competition , the Stanford 20/20 , the Carib Beer Cup ( earlier known as the Busta Cup , Shell Shield and various other names ) . It is also common for other international teams to play the island teams for warm-up games before they take on the combined West Indies team .

neg: Continental Europe Continental Europe , also referred to as mainland Europe , or , by Europeans , simply the Continent , is the continuous continent of Europe , excluding surrounding islands .   The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands , encompassing the Greek Islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , the Balearic Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands , Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago , as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard .   The Scandinavian peninsula is sometimes also excluded , as even though it is technically part of `` mainland Europe '' , the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea ( rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland , and then south through north-east Europe ) .   The notion of Europe as a geopolitical or cultural term is centred on core Europe ( Kerneuropa ) , the continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire and the core of Latin Christendom , corresponding to modern France , Italy , Germany ( or German-speaking Europe ) and the Benelux states ( historical Austrasia ) . This historical core of `` Carolingian Europe '' was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration ( see also Multi-speed Europe ) .


query: Life After Death is by the American rapper The Notorious B.I.G.

pos: Life After Death Life After Death is the second and final studio album by American rapper The Notorious B.I.G. , released on March 25 , 1997 , on Bad Boy Records . A double album , it was released posthumously following his death on March 9 , 1997 . It features collaborations with guest artists such as 112 , Jay-Z , Lil ' Kim , Mase , Bone Thugs-n-Harmony , Too $ hort , Angela Winbush , D.M.C. of Run-D.M.C . , R. Kelly , The LOX and Puff Daddy . Life After Death exhibits The Notorious B.I.G. further delving into the mafioso rap subgenre . The album is a sequel to his first album , Ready to Die , and picks up where the last song , `` Suicidal Thoughts '' , ends .   The album was nominated for three Grammy Awards in 1998 including Best Rap Album , Best Rap Solo Performance for its first single `` Hypnotize '' , and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for its second single `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' .   Life After Death has been considered by music writers as one of the seminal mafioso rap albums , along with Raekwon 's Only Built 4 Cuban Linx ... ( 1995 ) and Jay-Z 's Reasonable Doubt ( 1996 ) . In 2003 , the album was ranked number 476 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time .

neg: Busta Rhymes Trevor George Smith Jr. ( born May 20 , 1972 ) , better known by his stage name Busta Rhymes , is an American rapper , actor , record producer and record executive . Chuck D of Public Enemy gave him the moniker Busta Rhymes , after NFL wide receiver George `` Buster '' Rhymes . He is widely known for his outlandish style and fashion sense depicted in several highly innovative music videos as well as his intricate rhyming technique , rapping at a high rate of speed with heavy use of internal rhyme and half rhyme , and to date has received 11 Grammy Award nominations for his musical work .   About.com included him on its list of the 50 Greatest MCs of Our Time ( 1987 -- 2007 ) , while Steve Huey of AllMusic called him one of the best and most prolific rappers of the 1990s . In 2012 , The Source placed him on their list of the Top 50 Lyricists of All Time . MTV has called him `` one of hip-hop 's greatest visual artists . ''   Busta Rhymes was an original member of Leaders of the New School . He later went on and founded the record label Conglomerate ( initially Flipmode Entertainment ) and production crew The Conglomerate ( formerly Flipmode Squad ) . In November 2011 , Busta Rhymes signed a deal with Cash Money Records . On July 23 , 2014 , Busta Rhymes announced that he left Cash Money Records due to creative differences and was no longer on Republic . In 2016 Rhymes signed with Epic for his upcoming album due to be released in early 2017 .   He has so far released nine studio albums , with the first being the 1996 platinum-selling album The Coming . His list of hit singles include `` Woo Hah !! Got You All in Check '' , `` Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See '' , `` Dangerous '' , `` Turn It Up ( Remix ) / Fire It Up '' , `` Gim me Some More '' , `` What 's It Gon na Be ?! '' , `` Pass the Courvoisier , Part II '' , `` I Know What You Want '' and `` Touch It '' , among several others .

neg: Radio (LL Cool J album) Radio is the debut studio album by American rapper LL Cool J , released November 18 , 1985 on Def Jam Recordings in the United States . It serves as the label 's first full-length album release . Recording sessions for the album took place during 1984 to 1985 at Chung King House of Metal in New York City . The album was primarily produced by Rick Rubin , who provided a sparse and minimal production style . Radio also features a sound that is punctuated by DJ scratching , mostly brief samples , and emphasis of the downbeat . LL Cool J 's b-boy lyricism conveys themes of inner city culture , teenage promiscuity , and braggadocio raps .   The album experienced a significant amount of commercial success and sales for a hip hop record at the time , earning U.S. Billboard chart success and selling over 500,000 copies within its first five months of release . On April 19 , 1989 , Radio was certified platinum in sales by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , following sales in excess of one million copies in the United States . Initial criticism of the album was generally positive , as LL Cool J 's lyricism and Rick Rubin 's production were praised by several music critics . It has since been recognized by critics as LL Cool J 's greatest work .   Reflecting the new school and ghettoblaster subculture in the U.S. during the mid-1980s , Radio belongs to a pivotal moment in the history and culture of hip hop . Its success contributed to the displacement of the old school with the new school form and to the genre 's mainstream success during the period . Its success also served as a career breakthrough for LL Cool J and Rick Rubin . Radio has been recognized by music writers as one of the first cohesive and commercially successful hip hop albums .

neg: To Live and Die in CA To Live and Die in CA is the second compilation album by rapper Daz Dillinger . It was released on October 1 , 2002 through D.P.G. Recordz .

neg: Big Ed (rapper) Edward Lee Knight ( 1971 -- July 8 , 2001 ) , best known by his stage name Big Ed the Assassin ( or briefly Lil Big Ed , Big Lil Ed , Lil Lil Ed , & Big Big Ed ) , was an American rapper who was signed to Master P 's No Limit Records in 1992 , although releasing his first and only solo album The Assassin on No Limit in 1998 .

neg: I Get Around (Tupac Shakur song) `` I Get Around '' is the second single from 2Pac 's second album Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. , and features Shock G and Money-B of Digital Underground , the group that introduced him to the world . It was produced by Shock G. Allmusic notes that in the song 2Pac `` brags about his sexual conquests '' .

neg: The D.O.C. Tracy Lynn Curry ( born June 10 , 1968 ) , better known by his stage name The D.O.C. , is an American rapper from Dallas . In addition to a solo career , he was a member of the hip hop group Fila Fresh Crew and later collaborated with gangsta rap group N.W.A , where he co-wrote many of their releases as well as Eazy-E 's solo debut album Eazy-Duz-It . He has also worked with Dr. Dre , who is one of the founding members of N.W.A and produced two of his solo albums .   After Fila Fresh Crew split up in 1987 , The D.O.C. went on to pursue a successful solo career . In 1989 , he released his debut album , No One Can Do It Better , which reached number-one on the US Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums chart for two weeks and spawned two number one hits on the Hot Rap Songs chart : `` It 's Funky Enough '' and `` The D.O.C. & The Doctor '' . The album went platinum five years after its release . In late 1989 , months after the release of No One Can Do It Better , The D.O.C. almost died when a car accident resulted in the crushing of his larynx , permanently changing his voice . Since his recovery , he has released two more albums , Helter Skelter in 1996 and Deuce in 2003 . Since 2006 , The D.O.C. has been working on new material for his fourth album Voices .

neg: Big Mello Curtis Donnell Davis ( August 7 , 1968 -- June 15 , 2002 ) , better known by his stage name Big Mello , was an American rapper from Houston , Texas . He debuted as Big Mello in 1992 with the album `` Bone Hard Zaggin ' '' on the Rap-A-Lot Records label .   Shea Serrano of the Houston Press said that Big Mello was famous for `` repping Hiram Clarke in the 90 's -LSB- ... -RSB- ''   On June 15 , 2002 Davis along with a passenger died after Davis lost control of his vehicle and hit a pillar in the 4500 block of South Loop West ( South Interstate Highway 610 ) .

neg: Time Is Money (Styles P album) Time Is Money is the second studio album by American rapper Styles P . The album was released on December 19 , 2006 , by Ruff Ryders Entertainment and Interscope Records .   The album suffered several pushbacks starting from spring 2005 . It was originally scheduled to be released on November 14 , 2006 but was delayed for a month . It peaked at number 19 on the Billboard Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums chart , number ten on the Top Rap Albums chart , and number 79 on the Billboard 200 .   `` Can You Believe It '' , `` I 'm Black '' and `` Favorite Drug '' were released as singles . The clean version of `` Favorite Drug '' is titled `` Favorite One '' . A track called `` All My Life '' which is featuring Akon ( who featured Styles P on his hit `` Locked Up '' two years before ) was supposed to be on the album but it did n't make the final cut .

neg: Life as a Rider Life as a Rider is the 7th studio album by American rapper C-Bo , released January 29 , 2002 on West Coast Mafia and Warlock Records . It peaked at number 41 on the Billboard Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums and at number 8 on the Billboard Top Independent Albums . It was produced by Bosko , Floss P , Mike Mosley and Rhythm D . The album features guest performances by West Coast heavy-weights : Kokane , Outlawz , Killa Tay , CJ Mac , Dresta , Tray Dee and Yukmouth .

neg: Immortal Technique Felipe Andres Coronel ( born February 19 , 1978 ) , better known by the stage name Immortal Technique , is an American hip hop recording artist and activist . Most of his lyrics focus on controversial issues in global politics . His lyrics are largely commentary on issues such as politics , socialism , class struggle , poverty , religion , government , imperialism , economics and institutional racism .   Immortal Technique has aims to retain control over his production , and has stated in his music that record companies , not artists themselves , profit the most from mass production and marketing of music . He claimed in an interview to have sold close to a combined total of 200,000 copies of his first three official releases .

neg: Tru Life Roberto Guzmán Rosado , Jr. ( born March 19 , 1976 ) , better known by his stage name Tru Life , is an American rapper of Puerto Rican descent . He was signed to Jay-Z 's Roc-A-Fella Records briefly but was incarcerated soon after . Before signing he had spent time with various other labels , featured on numerous songs and had already generated quite a buzz due to prominent beefs , appearances on mixtapes and Smack DVD .   He was released from prison in 2016 .   Since his release from prison he has actively protested his innocence , and stated that he pled guilty to a criminal charge only because of the situation being effectively stacked against him in such a way that he felt he could not win a trial , despite the fact that he did n't participate in any crime . In his eyes , it was a better choice to plead guilty and accept the sentence than to risk a trial , which would have not only put him at risk of being convicted of a more serious crime but also at risk of a much longer sentence . He has also indicated since his release that he is a changed man and has left his previous life of crime and drama long behind him and is moving on in a positive direction .   Soon after his release Tru Life featured on a song with Rick Ross which was received well . The music video for the song , released on YouTube , gathered over 1 million views within one month .   As of January 2017 Tru Life has featured on a few mixtape tracks but has not released a single nor has he indicated any signs of signing to a record label . He has stated that he is working on his own record and starting his own label .

neg: Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath Dr. Dre Presents ... The Aftermath is a compilation album produced and released by American rapper and producer , Dr. Dre . The album was released on November 26 , 1996 , a week after the release of the lead single , `` East Coast , West Coast , Killas '' featuring Group Therapy . The album is Dre 's first release after leaving Death Row Records , and was the first release on his then newly established Aftermath Entertainment . In spite of Dr. Dre 's name being on the album , and it being certified platinum , it received mixed reviews and was not amongst the year 's more commercially successful releases . The album was later followed by the second single , the Dr. Dre solo track `` Been There , Done That '' .

neg: The Untouchable The Untouchable is the fourth studio album by American rapper Scarface . The album was released on March 11 , 1997 , by Rap-a-Lot Records . The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart for the first time in his career with the album ; in addition it peaked at the top of the Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums chart for two weeks , giving Scarface his second number one album there . The effort included the smash hit single , `` Smile '' , featuring Tupac Shakur , released shortly after the shooting deaths of Tupac and Notorious B.I.G. . It peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and is the only single released by Scarface to go Gold .

neg: Do or Die (Ant Banks album) Do or Die is the third studio album by American rapper and producer , Ant Banks .

neg: Runnin' from tha Police `` Runnin ' From tha Police '' is a 1995 song by rapper Tupac Shakur , featuring The Notorious B.I.G. , Stretch , Buju Banton , and Dramacydal . The song is significant , being one of very few compositions 2Pac and The Notorious B.I.G. created together , as later hostility arose between the two rappers , ending all possible collaborations and inciting the East-West Coast Rivalry .   The first verse is performed by three of the four members of the rap group Dramacydal who would go on to join 2Pac 's Outlawz group ( Young Hollywood , K-Dog , and Big Malcolm , in that order ) , the second by Stretch and the Notorious B.I.G. , and the third and last by 2Pac .   Four of the artists on the song have since been murdered , 2Pac , Notorious B.I.G. , Yaki Kadafi and Stretch .

neg: After Sics After Sics is the compilation album from rappers Lord Infamous and II Tone . It was released on January 27 , 2009 . It is Black Rain Entertainment .

neg: Życie po śmierci Życie po śmierci ( -LSB- ˈʐɨt͡ɕɛ pɔ ˈɕmjɛrt͡ɕi -RSB- , English : Life After Death ) , stylized as Życie po śmierci ) is an album by Polish hip-hop rapper and producer O.S.T.R. , released on February 26 , 2016 on Asfalt Records . O.S.T.R. said that the main factor that made him record Życie po śmierci was his disease he had had at the beginning of 2015 . He had had to have his lung removed , due to the fact that he had been smoking for most of his life . He also claimed that this album is the most personal project he had ever recorded . The main inspiration for the title of the album was the Notorious B.I.G. 's 1997 project Life After Death . A special website was created to promote the album . On the website O.S.T.R. left a letter written to his fans , when he recalls a story of his disease and informs that Życie po śmierci is going to be a soundtrack for a `` book or rap musical '' .   Życie po śmierci was entirely produced by O.S.T.R. and Dutch duo Killing Skills . The first single `` We krwi ( Since I Saw You ) '' was released on February 1 , 2016 . There was an extra CD entitled Życie po śmierci ( Snap Jazz Edition ) that could be bought only through Asfalt Records ' official website and at the Asfalt Shop in Warsaw . The extra CD consists of jazz remixes produced by Killing Skills themselves and played by various jazz musician .   The album debuted at number 1 on Polish chart and having sold 90 000 copies up to February 8 , 2017 .

neg: Danny Boy (singer) Danny Boy Steward ( born October 31 , 1977 ) is a Chicago native known by his stage name Danny Boy or DB . He is a contemporary African-American soul singer originally signed for a five-year run with Death Row Records by Suge Knight . He made his debut on 1994 's Murder Was the Case soundtrack with the R&B charter Come When I Call ( Produced by DJ Quik ) . In 1995 , he released his first single entitled Slip N Slide ( Produced by Reggie Moore and co-produced by DeVante Swing ) with then unknown artist Ginuwine singing the chorus . The video was shot in Cabo , and also features scenes with 2Pac , Snoop Dogg , Nate Dogg and Tha Dogg Pound . Danny is best known for singing the choruses of the 2Pac songs `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' , `` What ' z Ya Phone # '' , `` Picture Me Rollin ' '' and `` Heaven Ai n't Hard 2 Find '' on All Eyez on Me , as well as `` Toss It Up '' on The Don Killuminati : The 7 Day Theory . He had recorded several albums ' worth of music while on Death Row Records , but none were released during his time there .   Danny Boy also made an appearance on Tha Row 's soundtrack to Eddie Griffin 's Dysfunktional Family movie and also appeared on American Idol , but was disqualified due to continued internet promotion by his former label . He is currently working on some projects for his own label `` Eclectic Soul Music Group '' and resides in the suburbs of Atlanta , Georgia . On April 20 , 2010 Death Row Records , under new management , finally released Danny Boy 's 1996 debut album It 's About Time featuring production by DJ Quik & DeVante Swing .

neg: One More Chance (The Notorious B.I.G. song) `` One More Chance / Stay with Me ( Remix ) '' is a song written and recorded by American rapper The Notorious B.I.G. , featuring additional vocals sung by his wife Faith Evans and an uncredited appearance by Mary J. Blige . It was certified platinum by the RIAA on July 31 , 1995 and sold 1.1 million copies .   The original version of the song appears on B.I.G. 's album , Ready to Die . The remix features new lyrics , a new chorus , and a different beat than the original . There is also a `` hip hop mix '' which samples Marley Marl 's `` Droppin Science '' ( featuring rapper Craig G ) . Evans was an up-and-coming R&B artist at the time . The remix , produced by the Trackmasters samples DeBarge 's 1983 song `` Stay with Me '' .   The song peaked at # 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 and topped the Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Songs chart . It was the highest debuting single of all time , tying with Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson song `` Scream '' when it entered the Hot 100 at # 5 at the time . ( This record stood until later that year , when Michael Jackson 's `` You Are Not Alone '' debuted at number one . ) It remained the highest debuting single for a rap song on the Hot 100 until Puff Daddy 's tribute song `` I 'll Be Missing You '' debuted at # 1 . ( Lauryn Hill , Eminem and DJ Khaled would later equal this feat , with the former 's `` Doo Wop ( That Thing ) '' entering in the top spot in 1998 , the aforementioned with `` Not Afraid '' in 2010 and the latter with `` I 'm The One '' in 2017 . )

neg: Blood Money (Mobb Deep album) Blood Money is the seventh studio album by hip-hop duo Mobb Deep , released on May 2 , 2006 . It is the group 's first and only album on G-Unit & Interscope Records . It features guest appearances by several G-Unit artists , including G-Unit members 50 Cent , Lloyd Banks , Tony Yayo , Young Buck and affiliate Nyce . The album also features artists such as Mary J. Blige and Nate Dogg . Blood Money is the first Mobb Deep studio album to not feature rapper Big Noyd .


query: Las Vegas is a city.

pos: Las Vegas Las Vegas ( -LSB- lɑːs_ˈveɪɡəs -RSB- , Spanish for `` The Meadows '' ) , officially the City of Las Vegas and often known simply as Vegas , is the 28th-most populated city in the United States , the most populated city in the state of Nevada , and the county seat of Clark County . The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert . Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city known primarily for its gambling , shopping , fine dining , entertainment , and nightlife . It is the leading financial , commercial , and cultural center for Nevada .   The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World , and is famous for its mega casino -- hotels and associated activities . It is a top three destination in the United States for business conventions and a global leader in the hospitality industry , claiming more AAA Five Diamond hotels than any city in the world . Today , Las Vegas annually ranks as one of the world 's most visited tourist destinations . The city 's tolerance for numerous forms of adult entertainment earned it the title of Sin City , and has made Las Vegas a popular setting for literature , films , television programs , and music videos .   Las Vegas was settled in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911 . At the close of the 20th century , it was the most populated American city founded within that century ( a similar distinction earned by Chicago in the 1800s ) . Population growth has accelerated since the 1960s , and between 1990 and 2000 the population nearly doubled , increasing by 85.2 % . Rapid growth has continued into the 21st century , and according to a 2013 estimate , the population is 603,488 with a regional population of 2,027,828 .   `` Las Vegas '' is often used to describe areas beyond official city limits -- especially the areas on and near the Las Vegas Strip , which is actually located within the unincorporated communities of Paradise , Winchester , and Enterprise .

pos: Resort town A resort town , often called a resort city or resort destination , is an urban area where tourism or vacationing is the primary component of the local culture and economy . A typical resort town has one or more actual resorts in the surrounding area . Sometimes the term resort town is used simply for a locale popular among tourists . The term can also refer to either an incorporated or unincorporated contiguous area where the ratio of transient rooms , measured in bed units , is greater than 60 % of the permanent population .   Generally , tourism is the main export in a resort town economy , with most residents of the area working in the tourism or resort industry . Shops and luxury boutiques selling locally themed souvenirs , motels , and unique restaurants often proliferate the downtown areas of a resort town .   In the case of the United States , resort towns were created around the late 1800s and early 1900s with the development of early town-making . Consistent , however , throughout many resort towns includes elements of ambitious architecture , romanticizing a location , and dependence on cheap labor .

neg: Seal of Nevada The Great Seal of the State of Nevada is derived from the Seal of the Territory of Nevada . As Nevada prepared for statehood in 1864 , its Constitutional Convention began to formalize the features of the state 's official seel . Nevada was admitted as a state on October 31 , 1864 by proclamation of President Abraham Lincoln . On February 24 , 1866 , the motto `` Volens et Potens '' ( `` Willing and Able '' ) was replaced by `` All for Our Country '' . The design of the seal was formalized , and Nevada 's mineral resources are featured with a silver miner and his team moving a carload of ore from a mountain in the foreground . A quartz mill stands before another mountain . Transportation and communication are symbolized by a train steaming across the background , with telegraph poles spanning the distance . Agriculture is represented by a sheaf of wheat , a sickle , and a plow in the foreground . Nevada 's natural environment is symbolized by a brilliant sun rising over snow-capped peaks . The inner circle of the seal carries the motto `` All for Our Country '' , and Nevada 's entry into the Union as the 36th state is shown with 36 stars completing the inner ring . The perimeter of the seal proclaims `` The Great Seal of the State of Nevada '' . Mark Twain was said to have convinced the designer to make the two trails of smoke blow in opposite directions as a prank , which was later rectified when the mistake was realized .

neg: List of city nicknames in California This partial list of city nicknames in California compiles the aliases , sobriquets , mottos and slogans that cities in California are known by ( or have been known by historically ) , officially and unofficially , to locals , outsiders or their tourism boards or chambers of commerce . City nicknames can help in establishing a civic identity , helping outsiders recognize a community or attracting people to a community because of its nickname ; promote civic pride ; and build community unity . Nicknames and slogans that successfully create a new community `` ideology or myth '' are also believed to have economic value . Their economic value is difficult to measure , but there are anecdotal reports of cities that have achieved substantial economic benefits by `` branding '' themselves by adopting new slogans .   Some unofficial nicknames are positive , while others are derisive . The unofficial nicknames listed here have been in use for a long time or have gained wide currency .

neg: Nevada State Museum, Las Vegas The Nevada State Museum , Las Vegas located at the Springs Preserve , in Las Vegas , Nevada is one of 6 Nevada State Museums operated by the Nevada Department of Tourism and Cultural Affairs . The name was changed from the Nevada State Museum and Historical Society in 2008 when the museum moved from Lorenzi Park in Las Vegas to the Springs Preserve . The museum houses items from the development of Las Vegas as well as the natural history of the area .

neg: Panorama Towers Panorama Towers is a high-rise residential condominium complex located in Paradise , Nevada . Developed by Laurence Hallier and Andrew Sasson , the $ 600 million aqua-blue glass 635-unit complex sits on 8.5 acres on Dean Martin Drive and is centrally located across from the Las Vegas Strip 1/4 mile from CityCenter .   The complex consists of two towers , completed in 2006 and 2007 . A third tower was completed in 2008 , and was later rebranded as The Martin in 2011 . A fourth tower had been planned , but was never built . With the opening of Tower I in 2006 , the 420 ft structure was the 16th tallest in Las Vegas Valley at the time of construction and is currently ranked 35th along with the Marriott 's Grand Chateau .

neg: Christian Schoyen Christian Schoyen ( born February 13 , 1966 ) is a headhunter , expert in human behavior and futurist with speciality in human behavior futurology . He has since 1997 been the CEO for a successful international headhunting company that he founded , with offices in the U.S. and Europe .   On October 7 , 2015 Christian received the honorary award ; ` Recognition of Your Contribution to the Community '  from Las Vegas Mayor Carolyn G. Goodman and the City Council as the founder for Heroes United and his work in Sierra Oeste .   On November 14 , 2014 the film Vegas Vikings by Christian Schoyen was announced as the Best Nevada Film for 2014 by the Nevada International Film Festival , then on May 1 , 2015 as winner of the 2015 Golden Palm Award at Mexico International Film Festival and on May 5 , 2015 as winner of the Golden Kahuna Award at Honolulu Film Awards . The Vegas Vikings film documents the activities conducted in Las Vegas over 21 field days by Schoyen , taken place over a time period of two years , starting with Introduction of the Leif Erikson Day and ending with the Hometown Heroes United project in Sierra Oeste , which resulted in violent crime being reduced with 75 % . Christian said in an interview with Las Vegas Review Journal ; '' Making the community safer helped bring the neighborhood together . To us , it 's been exciting that we 've been able to change a situation that 's been so bleak . '' In an interview with Romerikes Blad , Schoyen said ; `` The success we achieved in Sierra Oeste means a lot to not just Nevada and Las Vegas , but also to the rest of America , as we through this collaborative initiative have proven what is possible , and that our blue-print can be applied to also other US cities . ``   On December 19 , 2013 the parade and block party for the children of Sierra Oeste took place , launching the initiative of Hometown Heroes United , a group with Christian Schoyen as the project director , formed by the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department and Hometown Heroes to fight crime and improve the conditions for children in poverty . The block party which had Christmas music , free food , gifts and a drawing contest gathered hundreds of children in Sierra Oeste , which is considered to be the most dangerous place to live in Las Vegas . Over several weeks Christian and others involved in the project knocked on every door to get to know the families and better understand what troubles the community . Christian said in an interview with Las Vegas Review Journal ; '' We want to reduce crime and reach out to the children . We hope to bring a strong community spirit to the area , something that is vital for children to thrive and to break the cycle of violence that has plagued the neighborhood for years and hope we can alter that life path . Transforming a neighborhood known to many as the `` baby ghetto '' wo n't be easy . A drastic situation needs drastic measures . ''   On October 8 , 2013 the Hometown Heroes Leif Erikson Awards took place at South Point Hotel , Casino & Spa in Las Vegas hosted by Christian Schoyen with awards presented by Las Vegas Mayor Pro Tem Stavros Anthony , where the good deeds of nine Nevadans where recognized with the Hometown Heroes Leif Erikson Award and Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department with the Leif Erikson `` Viking of honor '' lifetime award . The recipients have been featured on the `` Hometown Heroes '' television show appearing on KCLV Channel 2 . The celebration of the modern day Vikings of Las Vegas was done in conjunction with the 50-year celebration of when Leif Erikson Day was first suggested in Congress as a national observance .   On April 29 , 2013 Hometown Heroes ( talk show ) , hosted by Christian , which spotlights individuals in the Las Vegas community , who have made a difference in others ' lives premiered on KCLV Channel 2 . Christian said in an interview with Las Vegas Review Journal ; `` I 'm out to raise the social consciousness of the community by highlighting those who help others '' . I found the same patterns in every person I interviewed for the show . They all had a mental fortitude that shrugged off temporary setbacks to continue moving forward . They saw their work not as a chore , but as their passion . With any recognition , they were quick to deflect the praise and characterize it as a team effort . They were meant to be here in Las Vegas . They 're high-energy , driven people who feel a responsibility to help others . '' `` I hope by showcasing people who have helped others , `` Hometown Heroes '' could inspire more people to become role models .   On October 3 , 2012 Christian accepted from Las Vegas Mayor Carolyn G. Goodman on behalf of the Vegas Viking Lodge . of Sons of Norway and the more than 50,000 Scandinavians in Las Vegas proclamation of October 9 being the official Leif Erikson Day throughout the city . The ceremony took place at City Hall and was televised live on KCLV Channel 2 . To nurture the core Viking traits in children growing up in Las Vegas represented by Leif Erikson 's legacy a drawing competition sponsored by Vegas Viking lodge was in conjunction with the day announced . The lodge works with the Clark County School District and Christian said in an interview with Las Vegas Review-Journal ; `` We can influence young minds , especially when they 're the most open ( under age 12 ) as eighty-five percent of your conditioning is fixed before you 're 12 . We want to further the understanding of what it meant to be a Viking and how that approach to life can apply to their lives . The Vikings represent role models , and we believe everybody needs role models . What stops people is fear ; if you can overcome fear , your potential as a human being is much greater ; it can open doors . ''   In 2011 , Christian 's futuring project ; `` Las Vegas 2020 '' was selected for presentation at World Future Society international Conference in Vancouver , Canada . The project which was done in conjunction with futurist Nils Rasmussen introduced a new model for city government , together with a vision of how to ensure optimal allocation of resources to provide a higher quality of life for the citizens of Las Vegas .   He has written several books , this including ; Can People Change ? - When trapped in a bubble , which has its basis in his 17-year study in human behavior and predictability . His docudrama Living the Dream linking childhood conditioning to adulthood plays an important part of his behavior study . Christian is also the author of the US bestselling book for companies on how to recruit ; Secrets of the Executive Search Experts , The Hidden Job Market : Secrets of an International Headhunter , Recruitment in the European Economic Area ( EEA ) : Forecast of Future Labour Market ( The Norwegian Government Research Council / ISBN 978-1-4675-2151-2 ) , How to Get the Job : A Handbook for International Job Seekers and A Second Life : Your Second Chance at Life .   Christian graduated with a BBA from Pacific Lutheran University , Tacoma , WA in 1991 and conducted his ethnic studies at California State University , Northridge .

neg: Bonanza Gift Shop Bonanza Gift Shop is a landmark located on the Las Vegas Strip between the SLS Las Vegas and the Stratosphere Las Vegas . It is billed as the World 's Largest Gift Shop with over 40000 sqft of shopping space .   According to British Airways , the shop `` wo n't let you down when looking for the perfect souvenir . '' However Fodor 's says `` Ok , so it may not , in fact , be the world 's largest , but it 's the city 's largest -- and for that matter , the city 's best -- souvenir store . ''

neg: Nevada Senate The Nevada Senate is the upper house of the Nevada Legislature , the state legislature of U.S. state of Nevada . The Senate currently ( 2012-2021 ) consists of 21 members from single-member districts . In the previous redistricting ( 2002-2011 ) there were 19 districts , two of which were multimember . Since 2012 , there have been 21 districts , each formed by combining two neighboring Assembly districts . Each senator represented approximately 128,598 as of the 2010 census . Article Four of The Nevada Constitution sets that Senators serve staggered four-year terms . In addition , the size of the Senate is set to be no less than one-third and no greater than one-half of the size of the Assembly . Term limits , limiting senators to three 4-year terms ( 12 years ) , took effect in 2010 . Because of the change in Constitution , seven senators were termed out in 2010 , four were termed out in 2012 , and one is to be termed out in 2014 . The Senate met at the Nevada State Capitol in Carson City until 1971 , when a separate Legislative Building was constructed south of the Capitol . The Legislative Building was expanded in 1997 to its current appearance to accommodate the growing Legislature .

neg: Río Dulce Airport Las Vegas Airport is an airport serving the town of Río Dulce in Izabal Department , Guatemala .

neg: Nevada, Texas Nevada ( -LSB- nᵻˈveɪdə -RSB- , unlike the state of Nevada ) is a city in Collin County , Texas , United States . The population was 822 at the 2010 census . First settled in 1835 by John McMinn Stambaugh and named `` McMinn Chapel '' , the area was settled by Granville Stinebaugh , who named it after the Nevada Territory . Nevada enjoyed some prosperity after becoming a stop on the St. Louis Southwestern Railway , and the town incorporated in 1889 .   On 9 May 1927 , a half-mile-wide F4 tornado ripped through Nevada , leaving 19 dead , 100 injured , and property damage exceeding $ 650,000 . The town had a difficult recovery ; citizens voted to unincorporate , and placed the restoration of the community in the hands of the Collin County authorities . However , the growing mechanisation involved in agriculture , along with the Great Depression , caused the town to fall into stagnation . The railroad later removed its tracks from the area .   Recent growth in Collin County during the last 25 years has moderately improved life in Nevada . The population has again reached the heights of 1927 , and the town reincorporated in 1988 .

neg: Downtown Grand The Downtown Grand Las Vegas , formerly the Lady Luck Hotel & Casino , is a hotel and casino in Downtown Las Vegas , Nevada , owned by the CIM Group and operated by Fifth Street Gaming . The Downtown Grand is the centerpiece of Downtown3rd , a new neighborhood and entertainment district under development in downtown Las Vegas .

neg: Las Vegas Nevada Temple The Las Vegas Nevada Temple is the 43rd operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) .   Located in the Sunrise Manor CDP near Las Vegas , Nevada , the temple sits on 10.3 acre of land at the base of Frenchman Mountain . A groundbreaking ceremony and site dedication for the temple were held in November 1985 . Gordon B. Hinckley , then a counselor in the church 's First Presidency , presided and gave the dedication prayer . Construction began soon after the ceremony .   After construction was completed , the temple was open to the public for tours between November 16 and December 9 , 1989 . Almost 300,000 toured the temple and its grounds during these three weeks . The temple has six spires , the highest of which is 119 ft. At the top of this tower stands a ten-foot statue of the angel Moroni . The exterior is a white finish of pre-cast stone walls with a copper roof . The temple has 192 rooms , which includes four ordinance rooms , a Celestial room , six sealing rooms , a baptismal font , and other facilities to meet the needs of the purposes of the temple .   Hinckley dedicated the Las Vegas Nevada Temple in sessions held December 16 -- 18 , 1989 . Eleven sessions were held and more than 30,000 Latter-day Saints attended the dedicatory services .

neg: Lani Misalucha Lani Bayot Misalucha ( born Lani Dimalanta Bayot on August 3 , 1972 ) is a Filipino singer who performs pop , rock , jazz , soul , rhythm and blues , and operatic arias . Her ability to sing across several genres gave her the title `` Asia 's Nightingale '' by MTV Southeast Asia .   Since arriving in Las Vegas in 2004 , Misalucha has been called `` New Siren of the Strip . '' During her stint in Las Vegas , Misalucha performed with the Society of Seven at Bally 's Las Vegas and the Flamingo Las Vegas , making her the first Asian to headline in a main showroom at the Las Vegas Strip . She also performed alongside Earl Turner at the Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino . In March 2008 , she was voted the `` Best Singer '' ( staff pick ) in the `` 27th Annual Best of Las Vegas '' poll by the Las Vegas Review-Journal . In 2009 , Las Vegas Mayor Oscar Goodman proclaimed December 4 as `` Lani Misalucha Day '' in the city . In 2014 , Misalucha returned to the Philippines and signed a recording contract with Star Records , releasing an album entitled The Nightingale Returns .

neg: Downtown Oklahoma City Downtown Oklahoma City is located at the geographic center of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area and contains the principal , central business district of the region . The CBD has over 51,000 workers and over 12000000 sqft of leasable office space to-date . Downtown Oklahoma City is the legal , financial , economic , nightlife , and entertainment center of the region .   Downtown Oklahoma City consists of several urban districts that ring the Central Business District ; including the retail oriented A-Alley , the Arts District , the Bricktown Entertainment District , the Deep Deuce residential neighborhood , and the Flatiron District . Unofficial/new areas of downtown OKC include `` Lower Bricktown '' , MidTown urban neighborhood , SOSA ( South of Saint Anthony ` hospital ' ) , WestTown , Film Row urban district , Farmer 's Market , and the new Downtown South `` Core-2-Shore '' neighborhoods .

neg: Springs Preserve Las Vegas Springs Preserve consists of 180 acre dedicated to nature walks and displays and is owned and operated by the Las Vegas Valley Water District . The Preserve is located approximately three miles west of downtown Las Vegas , Nevada . The Preserve is built around the original water source for Las Vegas , the Las Vegas Springs .   The Springs Preserve includes colorful desert botanical gardens , museum galleries , outdoor concert and event venues , an indoor theater , historic photo gallery and a series of walking trails that meander through a wetland habitat .   The Gardens at the Las Vegas Springs Preserve , previously known as the Desert Demonstration Gardens opened in 1980 at another location . The gardens now occupy 8 acre within the Springs Preserve site .

neg: History of Las Vegas This history of Las Vegas covers both the city of Las Vegas , Nevada , and the Las Vegas Valley .   The name Las Vegas was given to the area in 1829 by an Australian scout named Richard , a member of the Antonio Armijo trading party that was traveling to Los Angeles , and stopped for water there while heading north and west on the Old Spanish Trail from New Mexico . At that time , several parts of the valley contained artesian wells surrounded by extensive green areas ; Las Vegas means the meadows in Spanish . The flows from the wells fed the Las Vegas Wash , which runs to the Colorado River .

neg: Crime in Washington, D.C. Crime in Washington , D.C. , is directly related to the city 's changing demographics , geography , and unique criminal justice system . The District 's population reached a peak of 982,178 in 1950 . However , shortly thereafter , the city began losing residents and by 1980 Washington had lost one-quarter of its population . The population loss to the suburbs also created a new demographic pattern , which divided affluent neighborhoods west of Rock Creek Park from more crime-ridden and blighted areas to the east .   Despite being the headquarters of multiple federal law enforcement agencies , such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and United States Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) , the nationwide crack epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s greatly affected the city and led to large increases in crime . The number of homicides in Washington peaked in 1991 at 897 ( a rate of nearly 60.8 homicides per 100,000 residents ) , and the city eventually became known as the `` murder capital '' of the United States .   The crime rate started to fall in the mid-1990s as the crack cocaine epidemic gave way to economic revitalization projects . Gentrification efforts have also started to transform the demographics of distressed neighborhoods , recently leading to the first rise in the District 's population in 60 years .   By the mid-2000s , crime rates in Washington dropped to their lowest levels in over 20 years . As in many major cities , crime remains a significant factor in D.C. , especially in the city 's northwestern neighborhoods , which tend to be more affluent , draw more tourists , and have more vibrant nightlife . Violent crime also remains a problem in Ward 8 , which has the city 's highest concentration of poverty .

neg: Opera Las Vegas Opera Las Vegas ( OLV ) is an opera company serving the Las Vegas Valley . Founded in April 1999 , Opera Las Vegas is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit corporation with a volunteer board of directors from the fields of law , accounting , planning and marketing as well as the musical and theatrical arts .

neg: City-state A city-state is a sovereign state that consists of a city and its dependent territories . Historically , this included cities such as Rome , Athens , Carthage , and the Italian city-states during the Renaissance -- but today only a handful of sovereign city-states exist , with some disagreement as to which are city-states . A great deal of consensus exists that the term properly applies to Singapore , Monaco , and Vatican City .   A number of other small states share similar characteristics , and therefore are sometimes also cited as modern city-states . Namely , Qatar , Brunei , Kuwait , Bahrain , and Malta , which each have an urban center comprising a significant proportion of the population , though , all have several distinct settlements and a designated or de facto capital city . Occasionally , other small states with high population densities , such as San Marino , are also cited , despite lacking a large urban centre characteristic of traditional city-states .   Several non-sovereign cities enjoy a high degree of autonomy , and are sometimes considered city-states . Hong Kong and Macau , along with independent members of the United Arab Emirates , most notably Dubai and Abu Dhabi , are often cited as such .

neg: Tamares Real Estate Investments Tamares Real Estate Investments is a global , privately owned real estate investment company based in London . It is a subsidiary of Tamares Group , headed by Poju Zabludowicz . Tamares is the largest landholder in downtown Las Vegas , owning 40 % of the land . Tamares acquires and operates its properties .   Today , Tamares Group holds a $ 3 billion portfolio . Its real estate holdings encompass 2.3 million square feet of office space .

neg: Las Vegas Grammar School (Washington and D Streets, Las Vegas, Nevada) The Las Vegas Grammar School on Washington and D Streets in Las Vegas , Nevada , also known as the Westside School , Branch No. 1 , Las Vegas Grammar School , and Las Vegas Grammar School Branch No. 1 , is a Registered Historic Place in Nevada . It is Las Vegas ' oldest remaining schoolhouse and currently houses KCEP-FM , a community center and the Economic Opportunity Board .