query: 96.5% of Earth is covered in water.

pos: Water Water is a transparent and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth 's streams , lakes , and oceans , and the fluids of most living organisms . Its chemical formula is H2O , meaning that its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms , that are connected by covalent bonds . Water strictly refers to the liquid state of that substance , that prevails at standard ambient temperature and pressure ; but it often refers also to its solid state ( ice ) or its gaseous state ( steam or water vapor ) . It also occurs in nature as snow , glaciers , ice packs and icebergs , clouds , fog , dew , aquifers , and atmospheric humidity .   Water covers 71 % of the Earth 's surface . It is vital for all known forms of life . On Earth , 96.5 % of the planet 's crust water is found in seas and oceans , 1.7 % in groundwater , 1.7 % in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland , a small fraction in other large water bodies , and 0.001 % in the air as vapor , clouds ( formed of ice and liquid water suspended in air ) , and precipitation . Only 2.5 % of this water is freshwater , and 98.8 % of that water is in ice ( excepting ice in clouds ) and groundwater . Less than 0.3 % of all freshwater is in rivers , lakes , and the atmosphere , and an even smaller amount of the Earth 's freshwater ( 0.003 % ) is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products . A greater quantity of water is found in the earth 's interior .   Water on Earth moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation and transpiration ( evapotranspiration ) , condensation , precipitation , and runoff , usually reaching the sea . Evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land . Large amounts of water are also chemically combined or adsorbed in hydrated minerals .   Safe drinking water is essential to humans and other lifeforms even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients . Access to safe drinking water has improved over the last decades in almost every part of the world , but approximately one billion people still lack access to safe water and over 2.5 billion lack access to adequate sanitation . There is a clear correlation between access to safe water and gross domestic product per capita . However , some observers have estimated that by 2025 more than half of the world population will be facing water-based vulnerability . A report , issued in November 2009 , suggests that by 2030 , in some developing regions of the world , water demand will exceed supply by 50 % .   Water plays an important role in the world economy . Approximately 70 % of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture . Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world . Much of long-distance trade of commodities ( such as oil and natural gas ) and manufactured products is transported by boats through seas , rivers , lakes , and canals . Large quantities of water , ice , and steam are used for cooling and heating , in industry and homes . Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances ; as such it is widely used in industrial processes , and in cooking and washing . Water is also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment , such as swimming , pleasure boating , boat racing , surfing , sport fishing , and diving .

neg: Sea surface temperature Sea surface temperature ( SST ) is the water temperature close to the ocean 's surface . The exact meaning of surface varies according to the measurement method used , but it is between 1 mm and 20 m below the sea surface . Air masses in the Earth 's atmosphere are highly modified by sea surface temperatures within a short distance of the shore . Localized areas of heavy snow can form in bands downwind of warm water bodies within an otherwise cold air mass . Warm sea surface temperatures are known to be a cause of tropical cyclogenesis over the Earth 's oceans . Tropical cyclones can also cause a cool wake , due to turbulent mixing of the upper 30 m of the ocean . SST changes diurnally , like the air above it , but to a lesser degree . There is less SST variation on breezy days than on calm days . In addition , ocean currents such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation ( AMO ) , can effect SST 's on multi-decadal time scales , a major impact results from the global thermohaline circulation , which affects average SST significantly throughout most of the world 's oceans .   Coastal SSTs can cause offshore winds to generate upwelling , which can significantly cool or warm nearby landmasses , but shallower waters over a continental shelf are often warmer . Onshore winds can cause a considerable warm-up even in areas where upwelling is fairly constant , such as the northwest coast of South America . Its values are important within numerical weather prediction as the SST influences the atmosphere above , such as in the formation of sea breezes and sea fog . It is also used to calibrate measurements from weather satellites .

neg: Hydrology Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement , distribution , and quality of water on Earth and other planets , including the water cycle , water resources and environmental watershed sustainability . A practitioner of hydrology is a hydrologist , working within the fields of earth or environmental science , physical geography , geology or civil and environmental engineering . Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques , they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation , natural disasters , and water management .   Hydrology subdivides into surface water hydrology , groundwater hydrology ( hydrogeology ) , and marine hydrology . Domains of hydrology include hydrometeorology , surface hydrology , hydrogeology , drainage-basin management and water quality , where water plays the central role .   Oceanography and meteorology are not included because water is only one of many important aspects within those fields .   Hydrological research can inform environmental engineering , policy and planning .   The term hydrology comes from Greek : ὕδωρ , hýdōr , `` water '' ; and λόγος , lógos , `` study '' .

neg: 100-year flood A one-hundred-year flood is a flood event that has a 1 % probability of occurring in any given year . The 100-year flood is also referred to as the 1 % flood , since its annual exceedance probability is 1 % . For river systems , the 100-year flood is generally expressed as a flowrate . Based on the expected 100-year flood flow rate , the flood water level can be mapped as an area of inundation . The resulting floodplain map is referred to as the 100-year floodplain . Estimates of the 100-year flood flowrate and other streamflow statistics for any stream in the United States are available . In the UK The Environment Agency publishes a comprehensive map of all areas at risk of a 1 in 100 year flood ( Flood zone 3 ) Areas near the coast of an ocean or large lake also can be flooded by combinations of tide , storm surge , and waves . Maps of the riverine or coastal 100-year floodplain may figure importantly in building permits , environmental regulations , and flood insurance .

neg: Habitat A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal , plant , or other type of organism . The term typically refers to the zone in which the organism lives and where it can find food , shelter , protection and mates for reproduction . It is the natural environment in which an organism lives , or the physical environment that surrounds a species population .   A habitat is made up of physical factors such as soil , moisture , range of temperature , and light intensity as well as biotic factors such as the availability of food and the presence or absence of predators . Every organism has certain habitat needs for the conditions in which it will thrive , but some are tolerant of wide variations while others are very specific in their requirements . A habitat is not necessarily a geographical area , it can be the interior of a stem , a rotten log , a rock or a clump of moss , and for a parasitic organism it is the body of its host , part of the host 's body such as the digestive tract , or a single cell within the host 's body .   Habitat types include polar , temperate , subtropical and tropical . The terrestrial vegetation type may be forest , steppe , grassland , semi-arid or desert . Fresh water habitats include marshes , streams , rivers , lakes , ponds and estuaries , and marine habitats include salt marshes , the coast , the intertidal zone , reefs , bays , the open sea , the sea bed , deep water and submarine vents .   Habitats change over time . This may be due to a violent event such as the eruption of a volcano , an earthquake , a tsunami , a wildfire or a change in oceanic currents ; or the change may be more gradual over millennia with alterations in the climate , as ice sheets and glaciers advance and retreat , and as different weather patterns bring changes of precipitation and solar radiation . Other changes come as a direct result of human activities ; deforestation , the ploughing of ancient grasslands , the diversion and damming of rivers , the draining of marshland and the dredging of the seabed . The introduction of alien species can have a devastating effect on native wildlife , through increased predation , through competition for resources or through the introduction of pests and diseases to which the native species have no immunity .

neg: Coral reef fish Coral reef fish are fish which live amongst or in close relation to coral reefs . Coral reefs form complex ecosystems with tremendous biodiversity . Among the myriad inhabitants , the fish stand out as colourful and interesting to watch . Hundreds of species can exist in a small area of a healthy reef , many of them hidden or well camouflaged . Reef fish have developed many ingenious specialisations adapted to survival on the reefs .   Coral reefs occupy less than one percent of the surface area of the world oceans , but still they provide a home for 25 percent of all marine fish species . Reef habitats are a sharp contrast to the open water habitats that make up the other 99 % of the world oceans .   However , loss and degradation of coral reef habitat , increasing pollution , and overfishing including the use of destructive fishing practices , are threatening the survival of the coral reefs and the associated reef fish .

neg: Oceanic plateau An oceanic or submarine plateau is a large , relatively flat elevation that is higher than the surrounding relief with one or more relatively steep sides .   There are 184 oceanic plateaus covering an area of 18,486,600 km2 , or about 5.11 % of the oceans . The South Pacific region around Australia and New Zealand contains the greatest number of oceanic plateaus ( see map ) .   Oceanic plateaus produced by large igneous provinces are often associated with hotspots , mantle plumes , and volcanic islands -- such as Iceland , Hawaii , Cape Verde , and Kerguelen . The three largest plateaus , the Caribbean , Ontong Java , and Mid-Pacific Mountains , are located on thermal swells . Other oceanic plateaus , however , are made of rifted continental crust , for example Falkland Plateau , Lord Howe Rise , and parts of Kerguelen , Seychelles , and Arctic ridges .  Plateaus formed by large igneous provinces were formed by the equivalent of continental flood basalts such as the Deccan Traps in India and the Snake River Plain in the United States .   In contrast to continental flood basalts , most igneous oceanic plateaus erupt through young and thin ( 6 - ) mafic or ultra-mafic crust and are therefore uncontaminated by felsic crust and representative for their mantle sources .  These plateaus often rise 2 - above the surrounding ocean floor and are more buoyant than oceanic crust . They therefore tend to withstand subduction , more-so when thick and when reaching subduction zones shortly after their formations . As a consequence , they tend to `` dock '' to continental margins and be preserved as accreted terranes . Such terranes are often better preserved than the exposed parts of continental flood basalts and are therefore a better record of large-scale volcanic eruptions throughout Earth 's history . This `` docking '' also means that oceanic plateaus are important contributors to the growth of continental crust . Their formations often had a dramatic impact on global climate , such as the most recent plateaus formed , the three , large , Cretaceous oceanic plateaus in the Pacific and Indian Ocean : Ontong Java , Kerguelen , and Caribbean .

neg: Melt pond Melt ponds are pools of open water that form on sea ice in the warmer months of spring and summer . The ponds are also found on glacial ice and ice shelves . Ponds of melted water can also develop under the ice .   Melt ponds are usually darker than the surrounding ice , and their distribution and size is highly variable . They absorb solar radiation rather than reflecting it as ice does and , thereby , have a significant influence on Earth 's radiation balance . This differential , which had not been scientifically investigated until recently , has a large effect on the rate of ice melting and the extent of ice cover .   Melt ponds can melt through to the ocean 's surface . Seawater entering the pond increases the melt rate because the salty water of the ocean is warmer than the fresh water of the pond . The increase in salinity also depresses the water 's freezing point .   Water from melt ponds over land surface can run into crevasses or moulins -- tubes leading under ice sheets or glaciers -- turning into meltwater . The water may reach the underlying rock . The effect is an increase in the rate of ice flow to the oceans , as the fluid behaves like a lubricant in the basal sliding of glaciers .

neg: National Fish Habitat Partnership The National Fish Habitat Partnership ( NFHP ) is an attempt to conserve ( protect , restore , enhance ) freshwater , estuarine and marine waterways and fisheries in the United States . The National Fish Habitat Partnership was established as the National Fish Habitat Action Plan in 2006 . The National Partnership is the umbrella for 20 Fish Habitat Partnerships established across the country that focus on regions , species or systems ( example : Reservoirs ) .   The Partnership has brought together fisheries professionals and other partners with a shared interest in restoring waterways and fisheries in the United States . This partnership is diverse and focused on achieving national awareness and obtaining resources for conserving fish habitats .   There are a variety of on-the-ground projects that are coordinated through the Action Plan every year . However the Action Plan has a yearly initiative , called 10 `` Waters to Watch '' that focuses on 10 conservation projects through partnerships under NFHP .   These waters represent a snapshot of this year 's voluntary habitat conservation efforts in progress . These and other locally driven conservation projects are prioritized and implemented by regional Fish Habitat Partnerships that have formed throughout the country to implement the National Fish Habitat Action Plan . The objective of the Action Plan is to conserve freshwater , estuarine and marine habitats essential to the many fish and wildlife species that call these areas home .   The fish habitat partnerships , under the National Partnership , are composed of local and regional community groups , non-profit organizations , watershed groups , Native American tribes , local , state and federal agencies , and individuals all working to implement the National Fish Habitat Action Plan . Examples of conservation actions include planting stream-side vegetation important to sustaining the health of riparian and aquatic plants and animals , protecting and restoring fish passage and other voluntary measures that help avoid and minimize negative effects that could result from industrial and agriculture practices and livestock .   The 10 `` Waters to Watch '' are representative of freshwater to marine habitats across the country including rivers , lakes , reservoirs and estuaries that benefit through the conservation efforts of these Fish Habitat Partnerships formed under the Action Plan -- a bold initiative implemented in 2006 to avoid and reverse persistent declines in our nation 's aquatic habitats .   The initial Action Plan 's 10 `` Waters to Watch '' list was unveiled in 2007 . Since 2006 , the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has provided $ 16 million to support 341 on-the-ground Action Plan projects in 46 states , leveraging $ 40 million in partner match , to address the priorities of Fish Habitat Partnerships . Additional funds have been provided by several other State and Federal agencies and conservation organizations .

neg: Pelagic zone Any water in a sea or lake that is neither close to the bottom nor near the shore can be said to be in the pelagic zone . The word `` pelagic '' is derived . The pelagic zone can be thought of in terms of an imaginary cylinder or water column that goes from the surface of the sea almost to the bottom . Conditions differ deeper in the water column such that as pressure increases with depth , the temperature drops and less light penetrates . Depending on the depth , the water column , rather like the Earth 's atmosphere , may be divided into different layers .   The pelagic zone occupies 1,330 million km3 ( 320 million mi3 ) with a mean depth of 3.68 km and maximum depth of 11 km . Fish that live in the pelagic zone are called pelagic fish . Pelagic life decreases with increasing depth . It is affected by light intensity , pressure , temperature , salinity , the supply of dissolved oxygen and nutrients , and the submarine topography , which is called bathymetry . In deep water , the pelagic zone is sometimes called the open-ocean zone and can be contrasted with water that is near the coast or on the continental shelf . In other contexts , coastal water not near the bottom is still said to be in the pelagic zone .   The pelagic zone can be contrasted with the benthic and demersal zones at the bottom of the sea . The benthic zone is the ecological region at the very bottom of the sea . It includes the sediment surface and some subsurface layers . Marine organisms living in this zone , such as clams and crabs , are called benthos . The demersal zone is just above the benthic zone . It can be significantly affected by the seabed and the life that lives there . Fish that live in the demersal zone are called demersal fish , and can be divided into benthic fish , which are denser than water so they can rest on the bottom , and benthopelagic fish , which swim in the water column just above the bottom . Demersal fish are also known as bottom feeders and groundfish .

neg: Water mass An oceanographic water mass is identifiable body of water with a common formation history which has physical properties distinct from surrounding water . Properties include temperature , salinity , chemical - isotopic ratios , and other physical quantities .   Water masses are generally distinguished not only by their respective tracers ( see above ) but also by their location in the Worlds ' oceans . Water masses are also distinguished by their vertical position , so that there are surface water masses , intermediate water masses and deep water masses . Common water masses in the world ocean are : Antarctic Bottom Water ( AABW ) , North Atlantic Deep Water ( NADW ) , Circumpolar Deep Water ( CDW ) , Antarctic Intermediate Water ( AAIW ) , Subantarctic Mode Water ( SAMW ) , Arctic Intermediate Water ( AIW ) , the central waters of various oceanic basins , and various ocean surface waters .

neg: Desalination Desalination is a process that extracts minerals from saline water . More generally , desalination refers to the removal of salts and minerals from a target substance , as in soil desalination , which is an issue for agriculture .   Saltwater is desalinated to produce water suitable for human consumption or irrigation . One by-product of desalination is salt . Desalination is used on many seagoing ships and submarines . Most of the modern interest in desalination is focused on cost-effective provision of fresh water for human use . Along with recycled wastewater , it is one of the few rainfall-independent water sources .   Due to its energy consumption , desalinating sea water is generally more costly than fresh water from rivers or groundwater , water recycling and water conservation . However , these alternatives are not always available and depletion of reserves is a critical problem worldwide . Currently , approximately 1 % of the world 's population is dependent on desalinated water to meet daily needs , but the UN expects that 14 % of the world 's population will encounter water scarcity by 2025 .   Desalination is particularly relevant in dry countries such as Australia , which traditionally have relied on collecting rainfall behind dams for water .   According to the International Desalination Association , in June 2015 , 18,426 desalination plants operated worldwide , producing 86.8 million cubic meters per day , providing water for 300 million people . This number increased from 78.4 million cubic meters in 2013 , a 10.71 % increase in 2 years . The single largest desalination project is Ras Al-Khair in Saudi Arabia , which produced 1,025,000 cubic meters per day in 2014 , although this plant is expected to be surpassed by a plant in California . Kuwait produces a higher proportion of its water than any other country , totaling 100 % of its water use .

neg: Water on Earth Water on Earth may refer to :   Origin of water on Earth  Water distribution on Earth   Category : Water

neg: Laurentide Ice Sheet The Laurentide Ice Sheet was a massive sheet of ice that covered millions of square kilometers , including most of Canada and a large portion of the northern United States , multiple times during the Quaternary glacial epochs -- from 2.588 ± 0.005 million years ago to the present . < ref  name = `` ICS2013 '' > </ref> The last advance covered most of northern North America between c. 95,000 and c. 20,000 years before the present day , and among other geomorphological effects , gouged out the five Great Lakes and the hosts of smaller lakes of the Canadian shield . These lakes extend from the eastern Northwest Territories , through most of northern Canada , and the upper Midwestern United States ( Minnesota , Wisconsin , and Michigan ) to the Finger Lakes , through Lake Champlain and Lake George areas of New York , across the northern Appalachians into and through all of New England and Nova Scotia . At times , the ice sheet 's southern margin included the present-day sites of northeastern coastal towns and cities such as Portsmouth , New Hampshire , Boston , New York City , and Great Lakes coastal cities and towns as far south as Chicago and St. Louis , Missouri -- and then followed quite precisely the present course of the Missouri River up to the northern slopes of the Cypress Hills , beyond which it merged with the Cordilleran Ice Sheet . The ice coverage extended approximately as far south as 38 degrees latitude in the mid-continent .

neg: Maritime Continent Maritime Continent is the name given primarily by meteorologists and oceanographers to the region of Southeast Asia which comprises , amongst other countries , Indonesia , Philippines and Papua New Guinea . Located between the Indian and Pacific Oceans , it is situated within a warm ocean region known as the Tropical Warm Pool .   The maritime continent consists of many islands , peninsulas and shallow seas . The region is significant in meteorology because it is considered the most important energy source region in the entire global circulation system owing to a number of coincident factors , the most significant being geographic location and topography , both of which contribute to the development of the Tropical Warm Pool , which is the warmest large area of ocean on Earth .   Coined by Colin Ramage in 1968 , the name combines the terms maritime and continent normally used as opposites in the description of climate . Maritime air is humid , and continental air is dry .   In the Southeast Asia region , land masses and bodies of water are , roughly-speaking , evenly distributed . Moreover , the land masses are characterized by high mountains , and the seas are among the warmest on the earth . This produces a widespread area of diurnal thunderstorms which pump huge quantities of moisture and heat high up into the atmosphere which in turn feeds the upper level winds which circle the globe .

neg: Humboldt Current The Humboldt Current System ( HCS ) , also called the Peru Current , is a major Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystem that flows north along the western coast of South America . It is an eastern boundary current flowing in the direction of the equator , and extend 500-1 ,000 kilometers offshore . The Humboldt Current is named after the Prussian naturalist Alexander von Humboldt . In 1846 , von Humboldt reported measurements of the cold-water current in his book Cosmos .   The current extends from the southern Chile ( ~ 45 'S ) to northern Peru ( ~ 4 'S ) where cold , upwelled waters intersect warm tropical waters to form the Equatorial Front . Sea surface temperatures off the coast of Peru , around 5 'S , reach temperatures as low as 16 ' C . This is highly uncharacteristic of tropical waters , as most other regions have temperatures measuring above 25 ' C. Upwelling brings nutrients to the surface , which support phytoplankton and ultimately increase biological productivity .   Upwelling within the current is not uniform across the entire system . Three notable upwelling subsystems are produced by this current : i ) seasonal upwelling in Chile , ii ) upwelling `` shadow '' that is less productive , but still large in northern Chile and Southern Peru , and iii ) year-round upwelling in Peru .   The Humboldt Current is considered a Class I , highly productive ( > 300 gC/m2-yr ) , ecosystem . It is the most productive eastern boundary current system . It accounts for roughly 18-20 % of the total worldwide marine fish catch . The species are mostly pelagic : sardines , anchovies and jack mackerel . The system 's high productivity supports other important fishery resources as well as marine mammals ( eared seals and cetaceans ) and seabirds . The cold , nutrient-rich water brought to the surface by upwelling drives the system 's extraordinary productivity.Periodically , the upwelling that drives the system 's productivity is disrupted by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) event . When this occurs , fish abundance and distribution are significantly affected , often leading to stock crashes and cascading social and economic impacts . These events have led to sequential changes , where sardines and anchovies have replaced each other periodically as the dominant species in the ecosystem . These species changes can have negative consequences for the fishing industry and the economies of the countries that fish the system .   The Humboldt has a considerable cooling influence on the climate of Chile , Peru and Ecuador . It is also largely responsible for the aridity of Atacama Desert in northern Chile and coastal areas of Peru and also of the aridity of southern Ecuador . Marine air is cooled by the current and thus is not conducive to generating precipitation ( although clouds and fog are produced ) .

neg: Antarctic ice sheet The Antarctic ice sheet is one of the two polar ice caps of the Earth . It covers about 98 % of the Antarctic continent and is the largest single mass of ice on Earth . It covers an area of almost 14 e6km2 and contains 26.5 e6km3 of ice . Approximately 61 percent of all fresh water on the Earth is held in the Antarctic ice sheet , an amount equivalent to about 58 m of sea-level rise . In East Antarctica , the ice sheet rests on a major land mass , but in West Antarctica the bed can extend to more than 2,500 m below sea level . Much of the land in this area would be seabed if the ice sheet were not there .   In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice , sea ice around Antarctica was expanding . The reasons for this are not fully understood , but suggestions include the climatic effects on ocean and atmospheric circulation of the ozone hole , and/or cooler ocean surface temperatures as the warming deep waters melt the ice shelves .

neg: Shore A shore or a shoreline is the fringe of land at the edge of a large body of water , such as an ocean , sea , or lake . In physical oceanography , a shore is the wider fringe that is geologically modified by the action of the body of water past and present , while the beach is at the edge of the shore , representing the intertidal zone where there is one . In contrast to a coast , a shore can border any body of water , while the coast must border an ocean ; in that sense a coast is a type of shore ; however , coast often refers to an area far wider than the shore , often streaching miles into the interior .   Shores are influenced by the topography of the surrounding landscape , as well as by water induced erosion , such as waves . The geological composition of rock and soil dictates the type of shore which is created .

neg: Venus Venus is the second planet from the Sun , orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days . It has the longest rotation period ( 243 days ) of any planet in the Solar System and rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets . It has no natural satellites . It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty . It is the second-brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon , reaching an apparent magnitude of − 4.6 , bright enough to cast shadows at night and , though rare , occasionally be visible in broad daylight . Because Venus orbits within Earth 's orbit it is an inferior planet and never appears to venture far from the Sun ; its maximum angular distance from the Sun ( elongation ) is 47.8 ° .   Venus is a terrestrial planet and is sometimes called Earth 's `` sister planet '' because of their similar size , mass , proximity to the Sun , and bulk composition . It is radically different from Earth in other respects . It has the densest atmosphere of the four terrestrial planets , consisting of more than 96 % carbon dioxide . The atmospheric pressure at the planet 's surface is 92 times that of Earth , or roughly the pressure found 900 m underwater on Earth . Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System , with a mean surface temperature of 735 K , even though Mercury is closer to the Sun . Venus is shrouded by an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of sulfuric acid , preventing its surface from being seen from space in visible light . It may have had water oceans in the past , but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect . The water has probably photodissociated , and the free hydrogen has been swept into interplanetary space by the solar wind because of the lack of a planetary magnetic field . Venus 's surface is a dry desertscape interspersed with slab-like rocks and is periodically resurfaced by volcanism .   As one of the brightest objects in the sky , Venus has been a major fixture in human culture for as long as records have existed . It has been made sacred to gods of many cultures , and has been a prime inspiration for writers and poets as the `` morning star '' and `` evening star '' . Venus was the first planet to have its motions plotted across the sky , as early as the second millennium BC .   As the closest planet to Earth , Venus has been a prime target for early interplanetary exploration . It was the first planet beyond Earth visited by a spacecraft ( Mariner 2 in 1962 ) , and the first to be successfully landed on ( by Venera 7 in 1970 ) . Venus 's thick clouds render observation of its surface impossible in visible light , and the first detailed maps did not emerge until the arrival of the Magellan orbiter in 1991 . Plans have been proposed for rovers or more complex missions , but they are hindered by Venus 's hostile surface conditions .

neg: Properties of water Water is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid , nearly colorless with a hint of blue . This simplest hydrogen chalcogenide is by far the most studied chemical compound and is described as the `` universal solvent '' for its ability to dissolve many substances . This allows it to be the `` solvent of life '' . It is the only common substance to exist as a solid , liquid , and gas in nature .   Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other and are strongly polar . This polarity allows it to separate ions in salts and strongly bond to other polar substances such as alcohols and acids , thus dissolving them . Its hydrogen bonding causes its many unique properties , such as having a solid form less dense than its liquid form , a relatively high boiling point of 100 ° C for its molar mass , and a high heat capacity .   Water is amphoteric , meaning it is both an acid and a base -- it produces and ions by self ionization . This regulates the concentrations of and ions in water .   Due to water being a very good solvent , it is rarely pure and some of the properties of impure water can vary from those of the pure substance . However , there are also many compounds that are essentially , if not completely , insoluble in water , such as fats , oils and other non-polar substances .

neg: Geography of Antarctica The geography of Antarctica is dominated by its south polar location and , thus , by ice . The Antarctic continent , located in the Earth 's southern hemisphere , is centered asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle . It is washed by the Southern ( or Antarctic ) Ocean or , depending on definition , the southern Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans . It has an area of more than 14 million km ² .   Some 98 % of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet , the world 's largest ice sheet and also its largest reservoir of fresh water . Averaging at least 1.6 km thick , the ice is so massive that it has depressed the continental bedrock in some areas more than 2.5 km below sea level ; subglacial lakes of liquid water also occur ( e.g. , Lake Vostok ) . Ice shelves and rises populate the ice sheet on the periphery .


query: Frank Ocean released albums in 2016.

pos: Frank Ocean Christopher Francis `` Frank '' Ocean ( born Christopher Edwin Breaux ; October 28 , 1987 ) , is an American singer , songwriter , and rapper . Known for his idiosyncratic musical style , Ocean first embarked on a career as a ghostwriter , and in 2010 he became a member of hip hop collective Odd Future . He released his breakout mixtape , Nostalgia , Ultra , to critical acclaim in 2011 . It generated his first charting single `` Novacane '' . In 2012 , Ocean finished in second place in BBC 's Sound of 2012 poll .   His debut studio album , Channel Orange , was released in July 2012 to critical acclaim and reached No. 2 on the Billboard 200 . It was promoted with three singles : `` Thinkin Bout You '' , `` Pyramids '' and `` Sweet Life '' . In 2016 , Ocean released the visual album Endless alongside his second studio album Blonde , following several years of delays . Blonde was acclaimed by critics , and debuted at number one in the United States and the United Kingdom .

neg: The Wind and The Wave Dwight A. Baker and Patricia Lynn , The Wind and The Wave ( Stylized as The Wind + The Wave ) respectively , played their first show opening for Bob Schneider , on July 4 , 2013 in Austin , Texas , United States .   Previously , Lynn had been the lead singer of Soldier Thread and Baker worked both in front of the microphone as well as in the recording studio for Alpha Rev , Brandi Carlile , Blue October , and Bob Schneider . In addition , Baker has also written music for Kelly Clarkson , and is the owner/operator of Matchbox Studios in Austin .   Signed to RCA Records in 2013 , their debut album , From the Wreckage , was released on August 5 , 2014 .   The band 's cover of `` Chasing Cars '' by Snow Patrol was featured on the episode , `` She 's Leaving Home '' , in season eleven of Grey 's Anatomy . The placement propelled the cover song to the number one spot on Shazam 's USA future hits chart .   The band has also had other limited success on television , having various songs featured on Nashville ( season 4 ) , Hart of Dixie , and The Vampire Diaries .   The band signed with Island Records in March 2016 and released their first single `` Grand Canyon '' from their upcoming sophomore album , Happiness is Not a Place on May 13 , 2016 . The band premiered their official music video for `` Grand Canyon '' on American Songwriter on June 24 , 2016 .   On October 28 , 2016 , the band released their first album under Island Records titled Happiness is Not a Place . The album was produced by Butch Walker and features a more raw , less polished sound than the band 's freshman album .

neg: World Be Gone World Be Gone '' is the seventeenth studio album by English synthpop duo Erasure . The album was released through Mute Records on 19 May 2017 in the UK , and 20 May 2017 in North America .

neg: Dreamless Dreamless is the third studio album by American death metal band Fallujah , released on April 29 , 2016 . It was produced by Zack Ohren at Sharkbite Studios in Oakland , California , and Mark Lewis of Audio Hammer Studios . The artwork was made by Peter Mohrbacher .

neg: 2016 in South Korean music The following is a list of notable events and releases that happened in 2016 in music in South Korea .

neg: Frankie Miller's Double Take Frankie Miller 's Double Take is the eleventh studio album by Scottish singer-songwriter Frankie Miller . It was released on 30 September 2016 by Universal Music .

neg: Kiss Rocks Vegas Kiss Rocks Vegas is a live album and DVD/Blu-ray Disc by the American hard rock band Kiss released on August 26 , 2016 . The album was recorded from November 5 -- 23 , 2014 during the band 's residency at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino ( Las Vegas ) during their 40th anniversary tour .   Kiss Rocks Vegas was released in cinemas worldwide on May 25 , 2016 , and later released on pay-per-view on June 14 , 2016 .

neg: Ocean Drive (song) `` Ocean Drive '' is a song written by British duo Lighthouse Family , for their debut album , Ocean Drive ( 1996 ) . The song was produced by Mike Peden . It was released as the second single in October 1995 and reached the top 40 in the United Kingdom . It was later re-released in May 1996 and reached the top 20 in the United Kingdom . The song was slightly remixed for this single release , with new vocals . This version also appeared on their 2002 greatest hits album .

neg: Hit n Run Phase Two Hit n Run Phase Two is the thirty-ninth and final studio album by American recording artist Prince and the last to be released before his death on April 21 , 2016 . It was initially released exclusively on the Tidal streaming service on December 12 , 2015 for streaming and purchase as a continuation of his previous album , Hit n Run Phase One .   Prince confirmed on Twitter that a physical CD would be released during a weekend of Paisley Park shows in January 2016 . The CD was given away to attendees of the shows on the Australian and New Zealand leg of the Piano & A Microphone Tour . The album was finally given a worldwide CD release on May 6 , 2016 through Universal Music Group .

neg: Cycles (Frank Sinatra album) Cycles is a studio album by American singer Frank Sinatra , released in 1968 .   Released just before Christmas in 1968 , there was a ten-month gap between this album and the release of Francis A. & Edward K. , which was the longest period in Sinatra 's Reprise years in which he did not commercially record music ( barring his contributions to The Sinatra Family Wish You a Merry Christmas ) .   Sinatra sang a variety of folk-rock oriented songs , including Judy Collins ' `` Both Sides Now '' ( written by Joni Mitchell ) and the Glen Campbell hits `` Gentle on My Mind '' ( written by John Hartford ) and `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix '' ( written by Jimmy Webb ) . The title song was released as a single , reaching # 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and # 2 on the Easy Listening chart , while the album peaked at # 18 on the Billboard 200 chart .

neg: Night Sports Night Sports is the fifth studio album by American duo 3OH ! 3 . The album is their first album released under Fueled By Ramen , where the band signed in February 2016 . The album was released on May 13 , 2016 .

neg: 2016 in hip hop music This article summarizes the events , album releases , and album release dates in hip hop music for the year 2016 .

neg: Sunset Sons Sunset Sons are a four-piece British-Australian indie band , based out of the town of Hossegor , in the Landes region of the South West of France , known as ` The European Surfing Capital ' .   The band have released four EPs and their debut album Very Rarely Say Die was released on 1 April 2016 . They have toured throughout the UK , Ireland , Europe and the west coast of the US .

neg: Ocean Beach (album) Ocean Beach is the fourth studio album by Red House Painters , released in 1995 by 4AD . The album saw the group and Mark Kozelek move toward a more pastoral and folk-influenced arrangement style , in contrast to the lengthy , droning epics that featured on their early albums . Ocean Beach was also the last album to feature founding guitarist Gorden Mack , as well as being the band 's last studio album released by 4AD . The album features an unlisted hidden track , referred to as `` Brockwell Park ( Part 2 ) '' less than 20 seconds after `` Drop '' ends . The double 10 '' vinyl release of the album ( now long out of print ) features the band 's acoustic cover of Yes ' 1971 hit `` Long Distance Runaround . '' Kozelek would go on to record another version of the song ( with electric guitars and an extended outro ) for Red House Painters ' next album , Songs for a Blue Guitar .   A rarely seen music video was produced for the song `` Summer Dress . ''   An original idea for the album 's front cover artwork was a photo of what could be broken pews in an abandoned church , or old beds in an abandoned hospital ward .

neg: Elemental Evolution Elemental Evolution is the debut EP by American alternative rock artist D. S. Bradford . The seven-track collection of songs is a concept album , focused on Bradford 's personal story , as well as the broader idea of illustrating a world of peace and tolerance for humanity . Recording took place between the years 2015 and 2016 at Equinox By Fireside Music in Horsham , Pennsylvania , with the exception of the original recording of `` Oceans '' , which occurred between 2012 and 2014 . Subsequently , the lead single was re-recorded to match the production value of the EP . The album was released and distributed by Sony Music and Sugo Music Group .

neg: The Marshall Mathers LP The Marshall Mathers LP is the third studio album by American rapper Eminem . It was released on May 23 , 2000 , by Aftermath Entertainment , Interscope Records , and Eminem 's newly founded label , Shady Records in the United States , and on September 11 , 2000 , by Polydor Records in the United Kingdom . The album was produced mostly by Dr. Dre and Eminem , along with The 45 King , the Bass Brothers , and Mel-Man . Released a year after Eminem 's breakout album The Slim Shady LP , the record features more introspective lyricism including the rapper 's response to his sudden rise to fame and controversy surrounding his lyrics .   The album sold more than 1.78 million copies in the US in its first week alone , becoming the fastest-selling studio album by any solo artist in American music history . In 2001 , the album won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album and was nominated for Album of the Year . Eminem lost the latter to jazz-rock duo Steely Dan and their album Two Against Nature . The album was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America in March 2011 for shipping 10 million copies in the United States . By December 2016 , the album had sold over 11 million copies in the United States and more than 32 million copies worldwide . A sequel to the album , The Marshall Mathers LP 2 , was released on November 5 , 2013 .

neg: Ocean over head Ocean Over Head are a 3-piece Irish punk rock band from Limerick city , Ireland . Starting in 2006 , Ocean Over Head have already made an impact on their local scene and the surrounding areas playing with bands like Scuba Dice , Little Nightmare , Fox Jaw Bounty Hunters , The Sick Dastardlys , and American Hardcore Legends Gang Green with friends The Demise .   Winners of The 2008 `` Garageland ' band competition in the ` Best Song ' category with their song ` If It Aint Broke , Do n't Crucifix It ' , But unfortunately were runner up in the ` Best Band ' category , just losing out in 3rd place to friends Jesus In A Can and Zounds ! .   In August 2008 , They were asked by ` Blastspace : LA or Busk ' to play as Special Guests in the Limerick heat in local venue Dolans Warehouse . Acts that played were Hogan & Mr Lightweight   Their Debut EP ` The City Belongs To Me Again ... ' was recorded by Owen Lewis ( Flogging Molly , REM , Snow Patrol ) and is due for release in Summer 09 . Watch out for the debut single ` If It Aint Broke , Do n't Crucifix It ' which will be available for digital download in September 2009

neg: Oceansize Oceansize were an English rock band from Manchester , formed in 1998 . The band consisted of Mike Vennart ( vocals , guitar ) , Steve Durose ( guitar , backing vocals ) , Richard `` Gambler '' Ingram ( guitar , keyboards ) , Mark Heron ( drums ) and Jon Ellis ( bass guitar ) for the majority of its career , with Steve Hodson replacing Ellis on bass guitar in 2006 .   The band released four studio albums , in addition to a number of minor EPs and singles , displaying a wide array of influences from several genres including post-rock , math rock , psychedelic rock , space rock , and post-hardcore . Following a twelve-year career , Oceansize announced their split in February 2011 , with the members moving on to different projects .

neg: 22, A Million 22 , A Million is the third studio album by American indie folk band Bon Iver , released on September 30 , 2016 . It was recorded in Justin Vernon 's April Base studio in Eau Claire , Wisconsin , and marked a shift in the band 's sound -- incorporating elements of electronic music , hip-hop , and soul and making extensive use of samples , synths , and effects .   First premiered at Vernon 's Eaux Claires Music Festival , the album debuted at number 2 on the Billboard 200 and received widespread acclaim from critics , who praised its original sound and colorful lyricism . Several publications , including Pitchfork , Rolling Stone , and The Guardian , listed 22 , A Million as one of the best albums of 2016 . It also received nominations for Best Alternative Music Album and Best Recording Package at the 2017 Grammy Awards .

neg: A Tab in the Ocean A Tab in the Ocean is the second album from German-based English progressive rock band Nektar .

neg: Revolution Radio Tour The Revolution Radio Tour is a concert tour by American punk rock band Green Day in support of the group 's twelfth studio album , Revolution Radio . The tour is currently set to have 112 dates in North America , Europe , Australia , and New Zealand from September 2016 through November 2017 .