query: Lionel Barrymore is included in Saratoga.

pos: Saratoga (film) Saratoga is a 1937 American romantic comedy film written by Anita Loos and directed by Jack Conway . The film stars Clark Gable and Jean Harlow in their sixth and final film collaboration , and features Lionel Barrymore , Frank Morgan , Walter Pidgeon , Hattie McDaniel , and Margaret Hamilton .   Jean Harlow died before filming was finished , and it was completed using stand-ins . Saratoga was MGM 's biggest moneymaker of 1937 .

neg: Idle Hour Stock Farm Idle Hour Stock Farm was a 400-acre ( 1.6 km ² ) thoroughbred horse breeding and training farm near Lexington , Kentucky , United States established in 1906 by Colonel Edward R. Bradley .   Beginning with the sire , Black Toney , and a roster of quality broodmares , Idle Hour Farm bred great champions such as the 1929 Horse of the Year Blue Larkspur and the Champion Three-Year-Old Colt , Bimelech . In 1931 , the farm acquired the mare La Troienne from noted French breeder Marcel Boussac . La Troienne became one of the most influential mares to be imported into the U.S. in the 20th century . Her offspring produced champions including Idle Hour Farm 's Bimlech , and its own two-year-old Champion Filly of 1944 and the 1945 Horse of the Year , Busher who was sold to movie mogul Louis B. Mayer . Later generation champions such as Buckpasser and Easy Goer trace their line to La Troienne .   As well , under farm manager Olin B. Gentry and future Hall of Fame trainer `` Derby Dick '' Thompson , and later trainer Bill Hurley , the farm raced horses that won numerous major stakes races , including multiple winners in each of the U.S. Triple Crown events .   As part of a program honoring important horse racing tracks and racing stables , the Pennsylvania Railroad named its baggage car # 5846 the `` Idle Hour Stock Farm '' .   After Colonel Bradley 's death in 1946 , Ogden Phipps purchased a group of Idle Hour 's bloodstock that became the basis for what became Phipps ' major horse racing operation . Allen T. Simmons purchased Idle Hour Farm at auction and the property was divided into smaller parcels . The portion on the southern side of Old Frankfort Pike was purchased by King Ranch while a southern parcel was sold to Dan and Ada Rice and became a satellite operation of their Danada Farm in Wheaton , Illinois . The core of the farm , on the north side of Old Frankfort Pike , was bought by Charles W. Moore who called it Circle M Farm . Moore owned it for only a short time before selling it to the John W. Galbreath family in 1949 who renamed it Darby Dan Farm .   Major race victories ( partial list )  Kentucky Derby - ( 1921 , 1926 , 1932 , 1933 )  Preakness Stakes - ( 1932 , 1940 )  Belmont Stakes - ( 1929 , 1940 )  Saratoga Special Stakes - ( 1928 , 1934 , 1939 )  Hopeful Stakes - ( 1933 , 1939 , 1946 )

neg: Stanley Theater (Utica, New York) The Stanley Theatre is a historic Baroque movie palace in Utica , New York . Over the years , it has gone through several changes of ownership , but has always been affiliated with Warner Brothers Pictures .   Originally owned by the Stanley-Mark Strand Corporation chain , the Stanley Theatre ( and entire movie theatre chain ) was purchased three days before opening by Warner Brothers . The company was eager to showcase its products on as many screens as possible . The theatre opened on September 10 , 1928 , with the silent movie Ramona starring Dolores del Río .   Thomas W. Lamb , a prolific theatre architect , designed the 2,963 seat cinema for the Mastbaum chain of theatres . The theatre was named for Stanley , one of the Mastbaum brothers . While Lamb and his firm designed over 300 theatres worldwide , he is considered to be somewhat of a local , having owned a camp in the Adirondacks . ( His great grandson lives in the Albany area today . )   The Stanley was built in less than 13 months on the expanding southern edge of downtown , some four blocks away from Utica 's theatre district . Unfortunately , all the theatres located there were razed during the Urban Renewal era of the 1960s and 70s . The Stanley remained open through all of this , though it suffered many years of benign neglect . In 1974 , when the threat of destruction became very real , the Central New York Community Arts Council ( renamed Stanley Center for the Arts in 2008 ) spearheaded a campaign to acquire the property , which it did for $ 135,000 .   The design motif of the Stanley Theatre is dubbed `` Mexican Baroque '' because of its unique blend of styles . The terra cotta and tiled mosaic exterior shows the Mexican influence , while Habsburg lions , Indian faces , and a multitude of angels and cherubs grace the lavish gold leaf Baroque theatre interior . Moorish influence is also evident in the star-splashed ceiling and twisted columns flanking the stage . Legend has it that the grand entry staircase was designed to resemble the main staircase on the Titanic ocean liner .   While the Stanley Theatre continued to be primarily a movie house , it introduced live events early in its history . Today it is host to the Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute Great Artists Series ( over 75 years ) ; Broadway Theatre League ( 50 years ) ; Utica Symphony ( over 60 years ) ; and the Mohawk Valley Ballet ( over 25 years ) .   Notable early performers included legendary singers Marian Anderson , Ezio Pinza , Lily Pons , Jeanette MacDonald , and Gene Autry . Later illustrious entertainers included Chuck Mangione , Conway Twitty , Third Eye Blind , Diana Ross , Barry Manilow , and Harry Connick Jr. . The Stanley was also host to multiple appearances by Jerry Seinfeld , Wynton Marsalis , George Carlin , Itzhak Perlman , Bob Weir & RatDog ! , and B.B. King . More recent performances include Aretha Franklin and legendary songwriter Burt Bacharach . The Broadway Theatre League brought in National Touring productions of Cats ( musical ) , Annie , Evita , Sweeney Todd , and Barnum .   The theater was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 . It is significant for its relationship to the early movie industry and its distinctive architecture .

neg: Gaelic Park The Gaelic Park Sports Centre ( Páirc na nGael ) , often abbreviated Gaelic Park , is a multi-purpose outdoor athletics facility , located at West 240th Street and Broadway in Riverdale , Bronx , in the U.S. state of New York . Since 1926 the grounds has been used as the venue for Gaelic sports in New York , and since its purchase by Manhattan College in 1991 it has hosted numerous American college athletic events .   Located just west of Broadway and south and west of Van Cortlandt Park in the northernmost part of the Bronx just south of the city border with Westchester , Gaelic Park was purchased in 1926 by the Gaelic Athletic Association of Greater New York . It has been given a few different names over time including Innisfail Park , but since the 1950s it has gone by its current name , Gaelic Park , a reflection of the park 's decidedly Irish flavor . The park includes a playing field and dance hall . In addition to hurling and football matches , a number of other sporting events take place at Gaelic Park . There are also concerts and dances that feature Irish music both old and new . Beginning with `` Summer ' 69 '' and continuing into the early 1970s , rock concerts were also held there , including the Association , Beach Boys , Gary Puckett and the Union Gap , Eagles , Pete Seeger , Rascals , Irish Rovers , Four Tops , Grateful Dead , Chicago , Edgar Winter , Johnny Winter , Jefferson Airplane , Black Oak Arkansas , Allman Brothers Band , Ten Years After , Yes , ELP , Mountain , Humble Pie and Deep Purple .

neg: Twentieth Century (film) Twentieth Century is a 1934 American pre-Code screwball comedy film . Much of the film is set on the 20th Century Limited train as it travels from Chicago to New York City . The film was directed by Howard Hawks , stars John Barrymore and Carole Lombard , and features Walter Connolly , Roscoe Karns and Edgar Kennedy . Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur adapted their Broadway play of the same name -- itself based on the unproduced play Napoleon of Broadway by Charles Bruce Millholland -- with uncredited contributions from Gene Fowler and Preston Sturges .   Along with Frank Capra 's It Happened One Night , also released in 1934 ( which amazingly has exactly the same music over the opening titles ) , Twentieth Century is considered to be a prototype for the screwball comedy . `` Howard Hawks ' rapid-fire romantic comedy established the essential ingredients of the screwball -- a dizzy dame , a charming but befuddled hero , dazzling dialogue and a dash of slapstick . '' Its success propelled Lombard into the front ranks of film comediennes . The film was added to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 2011 .

neg: Of Thee I Sing Of Thee I Sing is a musical with a score by George Gershwin , lyrics by Ira Gershwin and a book by George S. Kaufman and Morrie Ryskind . The musical lampoons American politics ; the story concerns John P. Wintergreen , who runs for President of the United States on the `` love '' platform . When he falls in love with the sensible Mary Turner instead of Diana Devereaux , the beautiful pageant winner selected for him , he gets into political hot water .   The original Broadway production , directed by Kaufman , opened in 1931 and ran for 441 performances , gaining critical and box office success . It has been revived twice on Broadway and in concert stagings in the U.S. and in London . In 1932 , Of Thee I Sing was the first musical to win the Pulitzer Prize for Drama .

neg: Patrick Bedford Patrick Bedford ( May 30 , 1932 , Dublin , Ireland -- November 20 , 1999 ; New York City , United States ) was an Irish stage actor . He began his career in the 1950s at the Gate Theatre in Dublin , including productions of Chekhov , Shaw and Shakespeare , and later worked on the stage and in television in England . He was in the original stage production of Philadelphia , Here I Come ! by Brian Friel , at the Gaiety Theatre Dublin , later in London and then New York which earned him a Tony Award nomination in 1965 for Best Actor ( with Donal Donnelly ) . and an Outer Circle Critics Award .   He had small parts in Orson Welles 's film Chimes at Midnight ( 1965 ) and in 1967 he starred with Sandy Dennis in the film Up the Down Staircase about life in a NYC high school , and in The Next Man ( 1976 ) .   He mainly worked in the theatre in the US on both the east and west coast , but mainly in New York City off Broadway . He was in the premiere of Tennessee Williams 's last play Small Craft Warnings at the New Theatre New York in 1972 .  Other stage appearances included Brian Friel 's The Mundy Scheme in New York in 1969 and as John Adams in the nationwide tour of the musical 1776 .  He died November 20 , 1999 in Manhattan New York City of cancer six weeks after entering the hospital . He was 67 .

neg: Louis Elliman Louis Elliman ( 1906 -- 1965 ) , was an Irish impresario and theatre manager .   Elliman was born in Dublin , a son of Maurice Elliman , who had fled from Tsarist persecution in Russia . He was educated at Synge Street CBS .   His father became involved in cinema by establishing the Theatre De Luxe in Camden St. in 1912 . After university Louis started work at a pharmacy but after a few years gave that up to become a film agent in London . In the meantime Maurice acquired Dublin 's Gaiety Theatre , which was passed on to Louis .   In the early 1930s , Louis Elliman sold a 50 % share in the Gaiety to entrepreneur Patrick Wall , a Clare man . The pair also owned the Metropole and the Savoy cinemas . Along with Patrick Wall , Elliman acquired the Theatre Royal , Dublin in 1936 . With the outbreak of the Second World War , Wall and Elliman were forced to keep the two theatres going with native talent only . This led to the emergence of a raft of Irish acts who were to provide the mainstay of the Royal 's output for the remainder of its existence . These included such Irish household names as Jimmy O'Dea , Harry O'Donovan , Maureen Potter , Danny Cummins , Mike Nolan , Alice Dalgarno , Noel Purcell , Micheál MacLiammoir , Cecil Sheridan , Jack Cruise , Paddy Crosbie and Patricia Cahill . In July 1951 Judy Garland appeared for a series of sold out performances at the Royal and was received with tremendous ovations . The legendary singer sang from her dressing room window to hundreds of people who were unable to get tickets and critics dubbed her `` America 's Colleen '' Popular Irish American entertainer Carmel Quinn also made her singing debut in the Theatre Royal during the early 1950s .   After a spell acquiring cinemas around the country , which were taken over by the Rank Organization , Louis went into film production . In 1957 he opened Ardmore Studios . With managing director Emmet Dalton he travelled to the US to promote the studios and to acquire foreign investment . The studios accordingly landed its first major foreign booking with 1959 's Shake Hands with the Devil , starring Oscar winner James Cagney and Dana Wynter . A year later progress was consolidated when Robert Mitchum appeared in Tay Garnett 's `` A Terrible Beauty '' . In 1961 , Ardmore Studios hosted the controversial `` The Mark '' , directed by Guy Green , which was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival and earned its star , Stuart Whitman , an Oscar nomination . Other films produced at this time include Don Chaffey 's The Webster Boys and `` Johnny Nobody '' with Cyril Cusack . Hammer Films also utilised the studios as a base for their production , The Viking Queen . The studios went into receivership in 1963 but re-opened later .   Under pressure from rising overheads and the increasing popularity of the cinema and the introduction of television , the Theatre Royal closed its doors on 30 June 1962 .   By this time Louis was dogged by bad health and died in 1965 .

neg: Lionel Lionel is a given name which may refer to the following :

neg: Rysher Entertainment Rysher Entertainment was the owner of television and film programming content , primarily distributed around the world by CBS Television Distribution and Paramount Pictures . Select rights are also distributed by Warner Bros. , Universal , Lionsgate , Fox , Columbia Pictures , MGM and other entertainment distribution companies worldwide .   The company has its roots in Bing Crosby Productions ( `` BCP '' ) . Its namesake , actor-singer Bing Crosby , founded BCP in 1949 , and was best known for producing the sitcom Hogan 's Heroes and the medical drama Ben Casey -- in succeeding years , BCP was acquired by Cox Broadcasting .   In 1993 , Cox acquired Rysher Entertainment . Rysher , founded in April 1991 by Keith Samples , had been established as an independently owned company whose original sole product had been the distribution of NBC 's series Saved By The Bell . In 1993 , and later distribution of another NBC series California Dreams in 1994 , Rysher merged with Al Masini 's Television Program Enterprises to form Rysher TPE , its alternate name used from 1993 to 1995 . Through Rysher TPE , they produced and distributed shows such as Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous ( renamed Lifestyles with Robin Leach and Shari Belafonte for its final season ) and Star Search . Later , they produced and distributed George & Alana , which ran for one season in 1995 .  The company was shut down in 1999 and the library was acquired by Viacom who folded it into both the film and television division of Paramount .   Rysher 's library , today distributed by CBS Television Distribution ( CTD ) and Paramount Pictures ( for TV series and films , respectively ) , includes television and feature film classics such as Hogan 's Heroes ( whose partial rights are held by CBS ) , Ben Casey , and Walking Tall , as well as more recent programs and films including Nash Bridges ( 1999 -- 2001 episodes are produced by Paramount Network Television ) , Highlander : The Series , The Opposite of Sex ( with Sony Pictures Classics ) , Kingpin and Big Night .   Rysher also distributes internationally through CTD several of HBO 's award-winning titles including Arli $ $ , Oz and Sex and the City .   Rysher also produced House Arrest and Zeus and Roxanne , both of which were released by MGM and distributed by HBO Home Video for home release .

neg: Theatre Guild The Theatre Guild is a theatrical society founded in New York City in 1918 by Lawrence Langner , Philip Moeller , Helen Westley and Theresa Helburn . Langner 's wife , Armina Marshall , then served as a co-director . It evolved out of the work of the Washington Square Players .   Its original purpose was to produce non-commercial works by American and foreign playwrights . It differed from other theaters at the time in that its board of directors shared the responsibility of choosing plays , management , and production . The Theatre Guild contributed greatly to the success of Broadway from the 1920s throughout the 1970s .   The Guild has produced a total of 228 plays on Broadway , including 18 by George Bernard Shaw and seven by Eugene O'Neill . Other major playwrights introduced to theatre-going Americans include Robert E. Sherwood , Maxwell Anderson , Sidney Howard , William Saroyan , and Philip Barry . In the field of musical theatre , the Guild has promoted works by Richard Rodgers , teamed with both Lorenz Hart and Oscar Hammerstein II , George and Ira Gershwin , Jule Styne , and Meredith Willson , all of which have become classics . Under President John F. Kennedy , the Guild was engaged to assemble a U.S. theatre company , headed by Helen Hayes , to tour the capitals of Europe and South America with works by Tennessee Williams , Thornton Wilder , and William Gibson .   In 1968 , the Guild became involved in the travel field by taking 25 of its subscribers to European capitals to see plays . In 1975 , it instituted its Theatre At Sea program with a 17-day cruise aboard the Rotterdam with Hayes and Cyril Ritchard . Since then they have hosted more than thirty cruises , each with seven or eight performers . Among them have been Alan Arkin , Zoe Caldwell , Anne Jackson , Cherry Jones , Richard Kiley , Eartha Kitt , Patricia Neal , Lynn Redgrave , Gena Rowlands , Jean Stapleton , Eli Wallach , and Lee Roy Reams , who served as the program 's resident director .   The last Broadway play produced by The Theatre Guild was State Fair in 1996 .

neg: Saratoga Dew Saratoga Dew ( foaled 1989 in New York ) is an American Thoroughbred Champion racehorse . Bred by Penny Chenery , owner of Secretariat , and raced by Charles F. Engel , in 1992 Saratoga Dew became the first New York-bred horse to win an Eclipse Award .   Trained by Gary Sciacca and ridden by Herb McCauley in her major races , en route to earning 1992 American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly honors , Saratoga Dew won eight times . In top level races she was second by a nose in the Alabama Stakes then scored wins in the Grade 1 Gazelle Handicap and Beldame Stakes and the Grade 2 Comely Stakes . Sent off as the parimutuel betting favorite in the 1992 Breeders ' Cup Distaff at Florida 's Gulfstream Park , Saratoga Dew had the lead by the half-mile mark but faded badly to finish twelfth in a fourteen-horse field .   Retired to broodmare duty , in 1996 Saratoga Dew was sent to stand at Shinkoh Farm in Japan .

neg: Saratoga Trunk Saratoga Trunk is a 1945 American romantic drama film directed by Sam Wood and starring Gary Cooper , Ingrid Bergman , and Flora Robson . Written by Casey Robinson , and based on the novel Saratoga Trunk by Edna Ferber , the film is about a Texas gambler and a Creole daughter of an aristocratic family who work together to seek justice from a society that has rejected them .

neg: Milton (town), New York Milton is a town in Saratoga County , New York , United States . The population was 17,103 at the 2000 census . Some believe that the town was named after the poet , John Milton , while other sources state that it is a shortening of `` Mill-town '' for the early mill activity .   The Town of Milton is an interior town in the central part of the county . Milton is southwest of Saratoga Springs .

neg: Saratoga Springs (horse) Saratoga Springs ( 21 January 1995 -- after 2004 ) was a Canadian-bred Thoroughbred racehorse and sire . He was sent to race in Europe and was one of the best two-year-olds of his generation in 1997 when he won four of his seven races including the Acomb Stakes , the Beresford Stakes and the Racing Post Trophy . In the following year he won the Dante Stakes but was beaten when favourite for the Prix du Jockey Club and ran unplaced in the Epsom Derby and the Irish Derby . He later raced in the United Arab Emirates and the United States but never won again . He later stood as a breeding stallion in Ireland and Australia with little success .

neg: Bardavon 1869 Opera House The Bardavon 1869 Opera House -LSB- ˈbɑrdəvɒn -RSB- , in the downtown district of Poughkeepsie , New York , United States , is the oldest continuously-operating theater in New York State . Designed by J.A. Wood , it was built in 1869 and served as a venue for various performing arts , community meetings , and celebrations until 1923 ; it largely resumed this heritage by becoming a general performing-arts facility in 1976 . In the interlude period from 1923 to 1975 , it served as a cinema , although there were some live performances , especially vaudeville , during this period . Originally called the Collingwood Opera House after its owner and operator James Collingwood , the theater featured an unusual two-stage dome . Between 1869 and 1921 , many notable figures of the day graced the Bardavon 's stage , including Sarah Bernhardt and John Barrymore .

neg: Woodward Stakes The Woodward Stakes is an American Grade I stakes race and is one of the premier races for older thoroughbred horses in the United States . Named for prominent racehorse owner , William Woodward , it is run at 1 +1 / 8 mi on the dirt for a current purse of $ 600,000 .   The race was first run in 1954 at Aqueduct Racetrack and then at Belmont Park in late September . In 2006 , the Woodward was moved to Saratoga Race Course for its 53rd running and is now run on the Saturday of the Labour Day weekend .   The Woodward was run as a handicap in 1954 , 1955 , and in 1976 and 1977 . From 1957 through 1975 it was a weight-for-age event , and was run as an allowance stakes from 1977 through 1987 . The race returned to being a handicap event in 1988 , 1989 , and 1990 then reverted to a weight-for-age race in 1991 . In 2014 , it was changed to allowance weights , meaning horses that do not meet certain conditions carry less weight .   This race is to honor the memory of Belair Stud 's William Woodward , Sr. , a dedicated horseman , who was chairman of the Jockey Club from 1930 to 1950 .   Since its inception , the Woodward Stakes has been run at a variety of distances :  1 mile - 1954  miles - 1955 , 1976 -- 1977 , 1981 -- 1987 , 1990 to present  miles - 1956-1971 , 1978 -- 1980 , 1988 -- 1989  miles - 1972-1975

neg: Forego Handicap The Forego Stakes is an American Thoroughbred horse race held annually at Saratoga Race Course in Saratoga Springs , New York . Open to horses three years old and up , it is a Grade I event run at a distance of seven furlongs on the dirt . The race can be a prep race for either the Breeders ' Cup Sprint at 6 furlongs , or the Breeders ' Cup Dirt Mile . In 2015 , the purse was increased to $ 700,000 .   Inaugurated in 1980 at the Belmont Park racetrack in Elmont , New York , where it remained through 1983 , the Forego Handicap was initially run a distance of eight furlongs ( one mile ) . From 1982 to 1999 it was raced at seven furlongs , then for 2000 through 2002 at six and a half furlongs before reverting to the seven furlong distance in 2003 .   This race is named for Forego , the American Horse of the Year for three straight years between 1974 and 1976 .   The Forego is part of the Breeders ' Cup Challenge series . The winner receives a `` Win and You 're In '' berth in the Breeders ' Cup Sprint .

neg: All the Hits, All Night Long All the Hits , All Night Long is a concert tour by American singer-songwriter , musician , and record producer , Lionel Richie .

neg: Judgment at Nuremberg Judgment at Nuremberg is a 1961 American courtroom drama film directed by Stanley Kramer , written by Abby Mann and starring Spencer Tracy , Burt Lancaster , Richard Widmark , Maximilian Schell , Werner Klemperer , Marlene Dietrich , Judy Garland , William Shatner , and Montgomery Clift . Set in Nuremberg in 1948 , the film depicts a fictionalized version of the Judges ' Trial of 1947 , one of the twelve U.S. military tribunals during the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials .   The film centers on a military tribunal led by Chief Trial Judge Dan Haywood ( Tracy ) , before which four German judges and prosecutors ( as compared to 16 defendants in the actual Judges ' Trial ) stand accused of crimes against humanity for their involvement in atrocities committed under the Nazi regime . The film deals with non-combatant war crimes against a civilian population , the Holocaust , and examines the post-World War II geopolitical complexity of the actual Nuremberg Trials . An earlier version of the story was broadcast as a television episode of Playhouse 90 . Schell and Klemperer played the same roles in both productions .   In 2013 , Judgment at Nuremberg was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' .

neg: Frank Gillmore Frank Parker Gillmore ( May 14 , 1867 , New York City , New York -- March 29 , 1943 , New York City , New York ) was an American playwright and a stage and early film actor . He was a founder and former President of Actor 's Equity .   He was born to John Parker Gillmore and his actress wife , Emily ( née Thorne : died March 5 , 1907 ) , sister of the actress Sarah Thorne and actors Thomas and George Thorne . At the time of his birth his parents were touring the United States , returning to Great Britain three weeks after their son 's birth . Frank Gillmore was educated at the Chiswick Collegiate School in London and made his stage debut in London in 1879 , then toured the British provinces for three years before returning to the London stage where he remained for a further five years . During this period he shared lodgings with George Arliss . Gillmore then alternated between appearances in Britain and America for a further five years . Aged 17 he appeared with Lillie Langtry .   He married the American actress Laura Margaret MacGillivray whom he met when they both appeared in an American tour of Lady Windermere 's Fan . With her he had two daughters , the actors Ruth Gillmore and Margalo Gillmore . Frank Gillmore appeared as a leading man with the companies of Minnie Fiske , Henrietta Crosman , Mary Mannering , Bertha Kalich and George Fawcett , among others .   Gillmore 's stage appearances included a single matinee performance of The Merchant of Venice on October 17 , 1895 at the Gaiety Theatre in London , when he played Bassanio , The Ghost of Jerry Bundler at the Haymarket Theatre in London in September 1902 , and A Japanese Nightingale which opened at Daly 's Theater in New York in November 1903 .   Gillmore returned to America semi-permanently sometime in the late 1890s , and took his family with him . He and his family were long time summer residents of the Actor 's Colony at Siasconset , and he was a former president of the Siasconset Casino . Gillmore became a founder of the Actors ' Equity Association in 1913 after the Actors Society of America disbanded in 1912 . He made two silent films , The Fairy and the Waif ( 1915 ) and The Lifted Veil ( 1917 ) .   From 1918 to 1929 he was the union 's Executive Secretary and eventual President , a position he held from 1929 to 1937 . He was also the international President of the Associated Actors and Artistes of America from 1938 to 1943 and a Freemason .   As President of Actor 's Equity Gillmore received The American Arbitration Association 's annual gold Commercial Peace Medal in May 1931 `` for distinguished service in the establishment of commercial peace through arbitration ''   Frank Gillmore died of cancer in New York City on March 29 , 1943 , aged 75 .


query: Chester Bennington is a person.

pos: Chester Bennington Chester Charles Bennington ( born March 20 , 1976 ) is an American musician , singer , songwriter and actor . He is best known as the lead vocalist of rock bands Linkin Park , Dead by Sunrise , and live rock cover band Bucket of Weenies . He was originally the lead vocalist for Sean Dowdell And His Friends ? and Grey Daze . Bennington was the lead vocalist for Stone Temple Pilots from 2013 to 2015 .   Bennington became known as a vocalist with Linkin Park 's debut album , Hybrid Theory , in 2000 , which was a massive commercial success . The album was certified Diamond by the RIAA in 2005 , making it the best-selling debut album of the decade , as well as one of the few albums to ever hit that many sales . Linkin Park 's following studio albums , Meteora ( 2003 ) , Minutes to Midnight ( 2007 ) , A Thousand Suns ( 2010 ) , Living Things ( 2012 ) , and The Hunting Party ( 2014 ) , continued the band 's success . Bennington formed his own band , Dead by Sunrise , as a side project in 2005 . The band 's debut album , Out of Ashes , was released on October 13 , 2009 . He worked on new material with Stone Temple Pilots in 2013 to release the EP High Rise on October 8 , 2013 via their own record label , Play Pen . Bennington has been ranked in the Top 100 Heavy Metal Vocalists by Hit Parader ( No. 46 ) .

neg: Chester Biscardi Chester Biscardi ( b. Kenosha , Wisconsin , October 19 , 1948 ; nicknamed Chet ) is an Italian American composer and educator .   He received a B.A. degree in English literature from the University of Wisconsin -- Madison ( 1970 ) ; he studied during 1969-1970 at the University of Bologna and the Conservatorio di Musica `` G. B. Martini '' ; he received an M.A. in Italian literature from the University of Wisconsin -- Madison ( 1972 ) ; he received an M.M. in composition from the University of Wisconsin -- Madison ( 1974 ) ; Major compositional study with Les Thimmig ; electronic music with Burt Levy ; he received a M.M.A. in composition from Yale University ( 1976 ) ; and he received a D.M.A. in composition from Yale University ( 1980 ) .   His composition instructors have included Les Thimmig , Mario Davidovsky , Robert Morris , Yehudi Wyner , Krzysztof Penderecki and Tōru Takemitsu .   He has been a member of the faculty of Sarah Lawrence College since 1977 . He is openly gay .   Biscardi 's music has been released on the CRI label .

neg: Chesterton, Staffordshire Chesterton ( -LSB- ˈtʃɛstətən -RSB- ) is a small , former mining village , located in the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme , Staffordshire , England . It sits near the market town of Newcastle-under-Lyme .   Chesterton is the second largest individual ward in the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme , of which Kidsgrove is the largest . In the 2011 census , Chesterton 's population stood at 7,421 .

neg: Ben Chaplin Ben Chaplin ( born Benedict John Greenwood ; 31 July 1969 ) is an English actor .

neg: Phil Carson Phil Carson is a former record label owner and London-based Senior Vice President of Atlantic Records from 1968 -- 85 . He is known for his association several rock bands , including Yes , AC/DC , and Twisted Sister .   Born in London , he was playing bass guitar in a school band eventually being tapped to play bass for Dusty Springfield . Gravitating toward the business side of music , Carson started at Swedish record label Olga Records . Nesuhi Ertegun hired Carson to run Atlantic in the UK . He cites the Ertegun brothers as mentors , particularly Ahmet , eventually co-producing the Honey Drippers album with Ahmet Ertegun .   Carson spent a great deal of time on the road with bands under his purview , most notably Led Zeppelin . He is one of only a handful of people to have jammed onstage with them and the only person to appear onstage with both Led Zeppelin and AC/DC . Carson 's deep connection to AC/DC can be underscored by the fact that he is the only record executive thanked by name on original pressings of `` Back in Black '' and `` For Those About to Rock '' .   After leaving Atlantic records , he started a management company with clients who have included Jimmy Page , Robert Plant , Paul Rodgers , Yes , Motorhead , Bonham , Asia , Foreigner , Ben E. King , Bad Company , and others . This is where Carson assembled The Firm the super group featuring Jimmy Page and Paul Rodgers .   Carson moved to the US in 1989 to run JVC 's Victory Music . He then headed up the music department at The Shooting Gallery an independent film studio . Here Carson curated the soundtrack for some award-winning films .   In the mid-90s Carson retired but kept a few clients in his management roster including Foreigner and Dee Snider .

neg: Chester Bay (band) Chester Bay is an American alternative rock band formed at The University of Wisconsin , Eau Claire in 2005 with most original band members hailing from Rochester , MN . The band 's music combines aspects of reggae , folk , ska , blues , and rock and roll . The band gained initial regional popularity through energetic live shows built upon technical music ability . The group has been compared to bands like Sublime , Dispatch , Blues Traveler , O.A.R. , Spin Doctors , and Bob Marley .

neg: POETICS list The University of Buffalo POETICS listserv ( informally and variously known as UBPOETICS or the POETICS list ) is one of the oldest and most widely known mailing lists devoted to the discussion of contemporary North American poetry and poetics . It began on 8 December 1993 , although the most easily accessible archive only contains messages from after the middle of 1994 . A number of influential poets and critics associated with various movements in contemporary poetry , including Marjorie Perloff and Charles Bernstein , are list subscribers . Estimates of list membership numbers vary , but are around 1800 readers .   It is run on servers owned by University at Buffalo , and is associated with that school 's graduate program in poetics . It is a closed list with submitted postings selected by the administrator and editor Amy King . The list has undergone numerous controversies over the years ; in 1999 , Bernstein briefly shut down the list allegedly in response to a large number of postings by one subscriber , Henry Gould , who denies his postings as the cause . The list later reopened . Currently the list provides for a mild amount of moderation by the list owners , with most messages `` pre-approved '' ; the new list rules also state that :   `` We generally do not accept postings of creative work not directed toward a discussion of poetics issues on the list . The Poetics List is not a venue for the posting of free-standing , personal poems or journal entries . However , the Poetics List editor may occasionally solicit or approve poems for posting on the list . ''   In the early days of the list , membership , list discussions and even the existence of the list itself were kept private , and members were required not to discuss the contents of list postings or the list itself with `` outsiders . '' People who wished to join the list were asked to provide a short `` personal statement '' before being approved . `` Real names '' were also required . These requirements have been relaxed in recent years , although some remain technically in force .   In 2001 the list served as the main forum for a protest against the appointment of Billy Collins as Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress . Members of the list participated in the election of an anti-laureate run by Robert Archambeau . Anselm Hollo was elected to this honorary position

neg: Thomas Benjamin Kennington Thomas Benjamin Kennington ( 7 April 1856 -- 10 December 1916 ) was an English genre , social realist and portrait painter . He was a founder member of the New English Art Club ( NEAC ) and the Imperial Arts League .

neg: Benge (musician) Benge is the artist name of Ben Edwards ( born 1967 ) , a musician and producer based in London , England . The main focus of his work is within the experimental electronic music field .

neg: History of Chester The history of Chester extends back nearly two millennia , covering all periods of British history in between then and the present day . The city of Chester was founded as a fort , known as Deva , by the Romans in AD 79 . The city was the scene of battles between warring Welsh and Saxon kingdoms throughout the post-Roman years until the Saxons strengthened the fort against raiding Danes .   Following the Norman Conquest in 1066 , Chester came under the Earl of Chester . It became a centre of the defense against Welsh raiders and a launch point for raids on Ireland .   The city grew as a trading port until the power of the Port of Liverpool overtook it . However the city did not decline and during the Georgian and Victorian periods was seen as a place of escape from the more industrial cities of Manchester and Liverpool .

neg: What to Do When You Are Dead What to Do When You Are Dead is the second studio album by American rock band Armor for Sleep . Following the completion of two songs written from the perspective of being dead , vocalist/guitarist Ben Jorgensen created a whole story from this perspective . What to Do When You Are Dead is a concept album , with each song telling the story of the protagonist 's suicide as well as his journey through the afterlife . Recording took place between August and October 2004 with producer Machine . A rough mix of `` Car Underwater '' was made available in November , followed by two US tours in February 2005 . What to Do When You Are Dead was released on February 22 through independent label Equal Vision Records .   In March 2005 , a music video was released for `` Car Underwater '' , and following a couple of US tours in April and May , the song was released as a radio single . The group performed on Warped Tour , before touring across the US in September and November . Later in November a music video was released for `` The Truth About Heaven '' , followed by a UK tour in December . In early 2006 , the group went on a headlining US tour , titled The Invisible Sideshow Tour , for three months , before appearing on Warped Tour again . What to Do When You Are Dead received mixed-to-favourable reviews and went on to sell over 200,000 copies . It peaked at number 101 on the Billboard 200 and reached the top 10 on two other Billboard charts . To celebrate the album 's 10th anniversary , the group reunited to play a series of shows in late 2015 .

neg: USS Bennington Monument The USS Bennington Monument is a 60 ft granite obelisk in the Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery , Point Loma , San Diego , California , United States . It serves as a memorial to the crew of the USS Bennington ( PG-4 ) , a gunboat of the United States Navy , whose boiler exploded on the morning of 21 July 1905 , in San Diego Bay . The explosion showered the vessel with live steam and scalding water , killing 66 men ( 1 officer and 65 other sailors ) and burning an additional 46 . It was the worst peacetime disaster for the U.S. Navy up to that time .   The dead were buried at Fort Rosecrans ; some were later disinterred and shipped home for burial by their families . The monument at the site of the graves was dedicated three years later , on 7 January 1908 .

neg: Chester Aaron Chester Aaron ( born May 9 , 1923 ) is an American writer .

neg: Chester Mojay-Sinclare Chester Mojay-Sinclare ( born c. 1989 ) is a British entrepreneur . He is the founder of social enterprise Charity Checkout and Spudnik , the not-for-profit educational space project which led to the development of Stardust Ashes , a high altitude ash scattering service .

neg: Grammy Award for Best New Artist The Grammy Award for Best New Artist has been awarded since 1959 . Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were handed out , for records released in the previous year . The award was not presented in 1967 . The official guidelines are as follows : `` For a new artist who releases , during the Eligibility Year , the first recording which establishes the public identity of that artist . '' Note that this is not necessarily the first album released by an artist .   It is sometimes asserted , with varying degrees of sincerity , that winning the award is a curse , as several award winners ( particularly from the late 1970s and early 1980s ) were never able to duplicate the success they experienced in their debut year . This viewpoint was expressed by former Starland Vocal Band member Taffy Danoff in a 2002 interview for VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders : `` We got two of the five Grammys -- one was Best New Artist . So that was basically the kiss of death and I feel sorry for everyone who 's gotten it since . ''   The category is also notable for being the only one of its kind in which a Grammy Award was vacated . This occurred in 1990 after it was revealed winners Milli Vanilli did not contribute their own vocals on their debut album . The award was revoked , but was not handed out to another artist .   Of the 54 awards presented in the category since its inception , the honor has been presented to 25 solo female artists , 18 duos or groups , and 11 solo male artists . Between 1997 and 2003 , all the winners were solo female artists . Also , from 1993 to 2005 , no winner was a solo male artist . In 2006 , John Legend broke this trend , which started with Marc Cohn in 1992 . Only four artists have won both Best New Artist and Album of the Year in the same year : Bob Newhart in 1961 , Christopher Cross in 1981 , Lauryn Hill in 1999 and Norah Jones in 2003 .   Of all the winners , only three have been country artists . In 1997 , LeAnn Rimes became the first country artist to win the award . She was followed by Carrie Underwood in 2007 and Zac Brown Band in 2010 . Additionally , 2017 marked the first time that two country artists were nominated in this category in the same year .   1984 marked the first time that all of the nominees were from outside of the United States ( Winner Culture Club , Eurythmics , and Musical Youth were from England , Big Country was from Scotland , and Men Without Hats were from Canada ) .

neg: Chuck D Carlton Douglas Ridenhour ( born August 1 , 1960 ) , known professionally as Chuck D , is an American rapper , author , and producer . As the leader of the rap group Public Enemy , he helped create politically and socially conscious hip hop music in the mid-1980s . About.com ranked him at No. 9 on their list of the Top 50 MCs of Our Time , while The Source ranked him at No. 12 on their list of the Top 50 Hip-Hop Lyricists of All Time .

neg: Chester-le-Street Chester-le-Street ( -LSB- ˈtʃɛstər_li_ˈstriːt -RSB- ) is a town in County Durham , England . Its history goes back to the building of a Roman fort called Concangis . This Roman fort is the `` Chester '' ( from the Latin castra ) of the town 's name ; the `` Street '' refers to the paved Roman road that ran north -- south through the town , and which is now called Front Street ( shown at right ) .   Chester-le-Street is located 7 mi south of Newcastle upon Tyne and 8 mi west of Sunderland on the River Wear . The parish church of St Mary and St Cuthbert is where the body of St Cuthbert remained for 112 years before being transferred to Durham Cathedral , and the site of the first translation of the Gospels into English , Aldred writing the Old English gloss between the lines of the Lindisfarne Gospels there .   A market town , markets are held on Tuesdays , Fridays and Saturdays . Until 2009 the town had its own local government district . This was formed by the amalgamation in 1974 of the former Chester-le-Street Urban and Rural Districts . It was abolished in 2009 when Durham became a unitary authority as part of the 2009 structural changes to local government in England , a move that was controversial at the time .

neg: Ben Ottewell Benjamin Joseph `` Ben '' Ottewell ( born 23 June 1976 ) is an English singer-songwriter . He is one of the three lead singers of the English indie rock band Gomez . He was the recipient of the Mercury Music Award Prize in 1998 , and is well known for his `` deep , raspy voice '' and `` gravelly baritone '' . In 2011 , Ottewell embarked upon a solo-project , with the debut album Shapes & Shadows .

neg: Chester, Nebraska Chester is a village in Thayer County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 232 at the 2010 census .   Chester is notable as being the birthplace of six-man football .

neg: Donnington, Telford For other places named Donnington , see : Donnington   Donnington is located in the borough of Telford and Wrekin and ceremonial county of Shropshire , England . The population of Donnington Ward within the mentioned borough was 6,883 at the 2011 Census . Aside from the rest of urban Telford , which is to the southwest , Donnington is surrounded by fields and countryside .

neg: Ben Black (composer) Ben Black ( 11 December 1889 -- 26 December 1950 ) was an English composer of popular song and an impresario .   Born in Dudley , England , Black worked as music director in Paramount Pictures ' cinemas across the US , before moving on to theatrical production in his own right . He became a member of the American Society of Composers , Authors , and Publishers in 1926 . According to the steamship passenger list of the S.S. Carmania , which documented his arrival at the Port of New York on 10 February 1907 as a steersage passenger with his brothers , Morris and Abe , he was born in Birmingham , England .


query: The Entire History of You was written by Harry S. Truman.

pos: The Entire History of You `` The Entire History of You '' is the third episode of the first series of British science fiction anthology series Black Mirror . It was written by the creator of Peep Show and Fresh Meat , Jesse Armstrong , making it the only episode of the series not written or co-written by creator and showrunner Charlie Brooker . It was directed by Brian Welsh , and first aired on Channel 4 on 18 December 2011 .   The episode , set in an alternative reality where most people have `` grains '' recording everything they do , see , or hear , and allowing them to play back their memories in front of their eyes or on a screen , tells the story of Liam ( Toby Kebbell ) , a man who starts suspecting that his wife Ffion ( Jodie Whittaker ) might have an affair .   `` The Entire History of You '' received positive reviews . In 2013 , Robert Downey , Jr. optioned the episode to potentially be made into a film by Warner Bros. and his own production company Team Downey .

neg: Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 The Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 better known as the Taft -- Hartley Act , ( 80 H.R. 3020 , ) is a United States federal law that restricts the activities and power of labor unions . The act , still effective , was sponsored by Senator Robert A. Taft and Representative Fred A. Hartley , Jr. , and became law by overcoming U.S. President Harry S. Truman 's veto on June 23 , 1947 ; labor leaders called it the `` slave-labor bill '' while President Truman argued that it was a `` dangerous intrusion on free speech , '' and that it would `` conflict with important principles of our democratic society . '' Nevertheless , Truman would subsequently use it twelve times during his presidency . The Taft -- Hartley Act amended the National Labor Relations Act ( NLRA ; informally the Wagner Act ) , which Congress passed in 1935 . The principal author of the Taft -- Hartley Act was J. Mack Swigert , of the Cincinnati law firm Taft , Stettinius & Hollister .   Historian James T. Patterson concludes that :  By the 1950s most observers agreed that Taft-Hartley was no more disastrous for workers than the Wagner Act had been for employers . What ordinarily mattered most in labor relations was not government laws such as Taft-Hartley , but the relative power of unions and management in the economic marketplace . Where unions were strong they usually managed all right ; when they were weak , new laws did them little additional harm .

neg: Earl G. Harrison Earl Grant Harrison ( April 27 , 1899 -- July 28 , 1955 ) was an American attorney , academician , and public servant . He worked on behalf of displaced persons in the aftermath of the Second World War , when he brought attention to the plight of Jewish refugees in a report , commonly known as the Harrison Report , that he produced for President Harry S. Truman . He also had a distinguished career as an attorney in the Philadelphia area and was a name partner in the law firm of Schnader Harrison Segal & Lewis LLP .

neg: McCollum memo The McCollum memo , also known as the Eight Action Memo was a memorandum , dated October 7 , 1940 ( more than a year before the Pearl Harbor attack ) , sent by Lieutenant Commander Arthur H. McCollum , who `` provided the president with intelligence reports on -LSB- Japan -RSB- ... -LSB- and oversaw -RSB- every intercepted and decoded Japanese military and diplomatic report destined for the White House '' in his capacity as director of the Office of Naval Intelligence 's Far East Asia section . It was sent to Navy Captains Dudley Knox , who agreed with the actions described within the memo , and Walter Stratton Anderson .   The memo outlined the general situation of several nations in World War II and recommended an eight-part course of action for the United States to take in regard to the Japanese Empire in the South Pacific , suggesting the United States provoke Japan into committing an `` overt act of war '' . The memo illustrates several people in the Office of Naval Intelligence promoted the idea of goading Japan into war : `` It is not believed that in the present state of political opinion the United States government is capable of declaring war against Japan without more ado -LSB- ... -RSB- If by -LSB- the elucidated eight-point plan -RSB- Japan could be led to commit an overt act of war , so much the better . ''   The McCollum memo was first widely disseminated with the publication of Robert Stinnett 's book Day of Deceit : The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor . Stinnett presents the memo as part of his argument the Roosevelt Administration conspired to secretly provoke the Japanese to attack the United States in order to bring the United States into the European war without generating public contempt over broken political promises . Roosevelt had recently issued a campaign promise the United States would not become entangled in Europe 's war under his watch . Stinnett omits to mention McCollum never had contact with Roosevelt , and Stinnett 's claims to the contrary are false . Moreover , Stinnett attributes to McCollum a position the position , quoting directly from Stinnett ; `` Lieutenant Commander McCollum 's five-page memorandum of October 1940 ( hereafter referred to as the eight-action memo ) put forward a startling plan -- a plan intended to engineer a situation that would mobilize a reluctant America into joining Britain 's struggle against the German armed forces then overrunning Europe . Its eight actions called for virtually inciting a Japanese attack on American ground , air , and naval forces in Hawaii , as well as on British and Dutch colonial outposts in the Pacific region . '' Many hold that McCollum expressly repudiated this position , in both a publication and McCollum 's own sworn testimony .

neg: 1940 State of the Union Address The 1940 State of the Union Address was given by the 32nd President of the United States , Franklin D. Roosevelt , on January 3 , 1940 , to both houses of Congress . It was given right before the United States entered World War II . He said , `` You are well aware that dictatorships -- and the philosophy of force that justifies and accompanies dictatorships -- have originated in almost every case in the necessity for drastic action to improve internal conditions in places where democratic action for one reason or another has failed to respond to modern needs and modern demands . ''

neg: 1939 State of the Union Address The 1939 State of the Union Address was given to the United States Congress , on January 4 , 1939 , by Franklin D. Roosevelt , the 32nd United States President . Foreseeing World War II , he said , `` In Reporting on the state of the nation , I have felt it necessary on previous occasions to advise the Congress of disturbance abroad and of the need of putting our own house in order in the face of storm signals from across the seas . As this Seventy-sixth Congress opens there is need for further warning .  A war which threatened to envelop the world in flames has been averted ; but it has become increasingly clear that world peace is not assured . '' In September 1939 , the War in Europe began .

neg: The Night Letter The Night Letter is a 1978 book by Paul Spike , with a double-layered structure : an anti-Nazi spy thriller on the background of the early part of the Second World War , and an exposure of cynical and machiavellian maneuverings in the American corridors of power .   The book belongs to the subgenre of secret history -- i.e. with a plot in which real historical figures play a substantial part , doing things which are the author 's invention but which supposedly ( for reasons given in the plot ) remained secret and did not come to the knowledge of the public .   In the book , a British doctor meets in 1936 with President Franklin D. Roosevelt , who is unaware that the doctor is a Nazi sympathizer . The visitor manages to secretly photograph the President in a compromising position with his secretary , Missy LeHand ( whom historians widely assume to have been indeed Roosevelt 's mistress ) .   By 1940 , senior Nazi leader Reinhard Heydrich possesses the picture and intends to use the photo for blackmail and prevent Roosevelt from running for a third term -- in the hope that whoever gets elected instead would be more likely to keep the US out of the Second World War .   The President must recover the photo before the Democratic Party Convention which is about to nominate him . What makes the situation more difficult is that Roosevelt also needs to bypass the FBI -- for apprehension that should the photo fall into the hands of J. Edgar Hoover , the FBI Director might use it for his own brand of blackmail . Instead , Roosevelt employs former FBI Agent Jackson , who had left the Bureau under a cloud and incurred Hoover 's personal enmity , and who is completely loyal to the President .   The bulk of the book follows Jackson 's chase after the photo , starting from Paris at the very eve of its fall to the Wehrmacht and concluding with a cataclysmic confrontation at a secret Michigan base of the `` Silver Shirts '' -- a murderous , power-mad American Fascist militia ( which truly existed , though not necessarily doing all that the book describes it as doing ) . The chase ends with a mixed result -- the Nazi agents have been killed or captured , but the negative did fall into the hands of the FBI who caught the scent of what was going on .   The book ends on a cynical note : Hoover meets the President at the White House , claims to have destroyed the negatives ( which is manifestly untrue ) and proceeds to imperiously demand the sacking of Jackson -- obviously he is under the impression that he now holds Roosevelt 's fate in his hand . Upon being shown this , the President presents a photo of his own , showing Hoover in a compromising position with a handsome young FBI agent . Roosevelt and Hoover would henceforth be tied to each other , `` like convicts in chain gang '' , each able to destroy the other but only at the cost of his own destruction .   Category :1978 books  Category : Corruption  Category : Secret histories  Category : Thriller novels

neg: Mutual Defense Assistance Act The Mutual Defense Assistance Act was a United States Act of Congress signed by President Harry S. Truman on 6 October 1949 . For US Foreign policy , it was the first U.S. military foreign aid legislation of the Cold War era , and initially to Europe . The Act followed Truman 's signing of the Economic Cooperation Act ( the Marshall Plan ) , on April 3 , 1948 , which provided non-military , economic reconstruction and development aid to Europe . The Act was reauthorized in 1950 , but in 1951 , it and the Economic Cooperation Act were succeeded by the Mutual Security Act , and its newly created independent agency , the Mutual Security Administration , to supervise all foreign aid programs , including both military assistance programs and non-military , economic assistance programs that bolstered the defense capability of U.S. allies .   About the same time , the Mutual Defense Assistance Control Act of 1951 , also known or referred to as the Battle Act , ( 65 Stat . 644 ; 22 U.S.C. 1611 et seq. ) was also passed ; it banned U.S. assistance to countries doing business with the Soviet Union and was so-named after its sponsor , Representative Laurie C. Battle of Alabama . Strong motivation for this ` control ' act also came from export control concerns , following their tightening by the Export control Act of 1949 over Soviet advances ; export controls were used for both domestic policy and later as an instrument of foreign policy . This is exemplified by the restrictions on export of certain strategic or military items to the Soviet bloc or to other countries which it felt , if permitted , would be detrimental to the foreign policy program of the US . This latter motive became so strong that it brought legislation directing the President to enlist the cooperation of other nations in enacting controls on trade with the Soviet block to parallel those of the United States . The benefits of the various economic and military aid programs were to be withheld from non-cooperating nations . The act covered a wide range of materials needed for the production of weapons , and was especially focused on anything that could aid atomic weapons research and construction .   As the Cold War developed , these acts were part of the American policy of containment of Communism . They importantly provided defense assistance to any ally that might be attacked by the Soviet Union or one of its allies , while other programs provided non-military economic assistance . In Asia the programs expanded with the newly established Maoist People 's Republic of China , and other areas , with the development of specific country missions , including ones in Austria ( 1947 -- 50 ) , China ( 1946 -- 48 ) , Ireland ( 1948 -- 51 ) , and Trieste ( 1947 -- 52 ) .

neg: Truman Smith (officer) Truman Smith ( August 25 , 1893 -- October 3 , 1970 ) was a U.S. Army infantry officer , military attache , and intelligence officer . He collected valuable intelligence on German military capabilities while serving in Berlin before World War II . During the war , he was a personal advisor to General George C. Marshall . He influenced the establishment of the new Bundeswehr to play a role in the Cold War .

neg: The Begatting of the President The Begatting of the President is a satirical album narrated by Orson Welles , summarising the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson and the election of 1968 , leading up to the election of Richard Nixon , delivered in the style of Biblical verse .

neg: Since You Went Away Since You Went Away is a 1944 American film directed by John Cromwell for Selznick International Pictures and distributed by United Artists . It is an epic about the American home front during World War II that was adapted and produced by David O. Selznick from the 1943 novel Since You Went Away : Letters to a Soldier from His Wife by Margaret Buell Wilder . The music score was by Max Steiner and the cinematography by Stanley Cortez , Lee Garmes , George Barnes ( uncredited ) and Robert Bruce ( uncredited ) .   The movie is set in a mid-sized American town , where people with loved ones in the armed forces try to cope with their changed circumstances and make their own contributions to the war effort . The town is near a military base , and some of the characters are troops serving Stateside .   Though famously sentimental in places , Since You Went Away is somber at times about the effects of war on ordinary people . Some characters on the homefront are dealing with grief , loneliness , or fear for the future . Wounded and disabled troops are shown in the hospital scenes .

neg: Jesse Frederick Essary Jesse Frederick Essary ( August 22 , 1881 -- March 11 , 1942 ) was an American journalist , part of the White House press corps in the decades before the Second World War .   Born in Washburn , Tennessee. , north of Knoxville , on August 22 , 1881 , Essary was the son of attorney John Thurman Essary and Maetta Hill Essary . He graduated from Nashville 's Montgomery Bell Academy in 1899 , attended Emory and Henry College , and entered the newspaper trade in 1903 with the Norfolk Ledger in Virginia . With a knack for being in the right place at the right time , Essary was one of just two reporters on hand at Kitty Hawk in April 1908 as the Wright brothers made their first public flights , disproving skeptics who had called them `` better liars than flyers . '' .   Essary moved on to become Washington correspondent for a series of papers before 1912 settling in at the Baltimore Sun , where he remained for the rest of his 39-year career .   Essary went to Versailles with President Wilson for peace negotiations in 1919 .   He was president of the Gridiron Club .   In late 1925 he moved to the Sun '' 's London bureau for a year .   He was the author of Covering Washington ( 1927 ) -- surprisingly familiar accounts of spin and manipulation .   The Post reported that `` President -LSB- Franklin -RSB- Roosevelt came to know Essary so well that he could recognize his deep baritone at crowded White House press conferences and would call him by name even when he could not see him . '' .   He retired as bureau chief in late 1941 , remaining as a correspondent . J. Fred Essary died in his Washington office on March 11 , 1942 , aged 60 .   On his death , President Roosevelt sent personal condolences to the widow , while Secretary of State Cordell Hull , a Tennessean , wrote to her that `` Fred and I were close personal friends for 35 years . '' Senate Majority Leader Alben Barkley paid tribute to him on the Senate floor . Colleague H.L. Mencken was among the active pallbearers .   The Washington Post '' editorialized : `` It was not even because his career as Washington correspondent extended over nine administrations that he was called ` the Dean ' by his colleagues ... . The term was primarily one of affection and respect pinned onto him by younger men who looked up to him as a friend and guide and an exemplar of what a Washington correspondent ought to be . ''   SOURCES :   `` Newspaper Man to Make Change . '' Washington Post , March 3 , 1912 .   `` Newspaper Men Sent ` Leak ' Wires . '' ( Essary 's role in insider trading scandal ) New York Times , Feb. 4 , 1917   '' ` Covering Washington ' Relates Story of Work of Correspondent Here . '' Washington Post , June 26 , 1927 .   `` J. F. Essary Dead ; Noted Journalist . '' New York Times , March 12 , 1942 .   `` J. Fred Essary '' ( editorial ) . Washington Post , March 12 , 1942 .   The American Literary Yearbook . A biographical and bibliographical dictionary of living North American authors . Volume 1 , 1919 . Edited by Hamilton Traub . Henning , MN : Paul Traub , 1919 .   Biography Index . A cumulative index to biographical material in books and magazines . Volume 2 : August , 1949-August , 1952 . New York : H.W. Wilson Co. , 1953 .   Who Was Who in America . A companion biographical reference work to Who 's Who in America . Volume 2 , 1943-1950 . Chicago : A.N. Marquis Co. , 1963 .   List of Liberty ships including one named for Essary .

neg: History of the United States National Security Council 1953–61 This article is about the history of the United States National Security Council during the Eisenhower Administration , 1953 -- 1961 .   Under President Dwight D. Eisenhower , the National Security Council system evolved into the principal arm of the President in formulating and executing policy on military , international , and internal security affairs . Where Harry S. Truman was uncomfortable with the NSC system and only made regular use of it under the pressure of the Korean War , Eisenhower embraced the NSC concept and created a structured system of integrated policy review . Eisenhower had a penchant for careful staff work , and believed that effective planning involved a creative process of discussion and debate among advisers compelled to work toward consensus recommendations .   The genesis of the new NSC system was a report prepared for the President in March 1953 by Robert Cutler , who became the President 's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs . Cutler proposed a systematic flow of recommendation , decision , and implementation that he later described as the `` policy hill '' process . At the bottom of the hill , concerned agencies such as State and Defense produced draft policy recommendations on specific topics and worked for consensus at the agency level . These draft NSC papers went up the hill through the Planning Board , created to review and refine the recommendations before passing them on for full NSC consideration . The NSC Planning Board met on Tuesday and Friday afternoons and was composed of officials at the Assistant Secretary level from the agencies with permanent or standing representation on the Council , as well as advisers from the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Central Intelligence Agency . Hundreds of hours were spent by the Board reviewing and reconstructing proposed papers for the NSC . Cutler resigned in 1958 in exhaustion . The top of the foreign policy-making hill was the NSC itself , chaired by the President , which met regularly on Thursday mornings .   The Council consisted of the five statutory members : the President , Vice President , Secretaries of State and Defense , and Director of the Office of Defense Mobilization . Depending on the subject under discussion , as many as a score of other senior Cabinet members and advisers , including the Secretary of the Treasury , the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and the Director of Central Intelligence , attended and participated . The agenda included regular briefings by the Director of Central Intelligence on worldwide developments affecting U.S. security , and consideration of the policy papers advanced by the Planning Board . The upshot of the discussions were recommendations to the President in the form of NSC Actions . The President , who participated in the discussion , normally endorsed the NSC Action , and the decision went down the hill for implementation to the Operations Coordinating Board .   President Eisenhower created the Operations Coordinating Board ( OCB ) to follow up on all NSC decisions . The OCB met regularly on Wednesday afternoons at the Department of State , and was composed of the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs , Deputy Secretary of Defense , the Directors of the CIA , the United States Information Agency , and ICA , and the Special Assistants to the President for National Security Affairs and Security Operations Coordination . The OCB was the coordinating and implementing arm of the NSC for all aspects of the implementation of national security policy . NSC action papers were assigned to a team from the OCB for follow-up . More than 40 interagency working groups were established with experts for various countries and subjects . This 24-person staff of the OCB supported these working groups in which officials from various agencies met each other for the first time .   The President 's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs , a post held under Eisenhower by Cutler , Dillon Anderson , William Harding Jackson , and finally Gordon Gray , oversaw the flow of recommendations and decisions up and down the policy hill , and functioned in Council meetings to brief the Council and summarize the sense of discussion . The Special Assistant was an essential facilitator of the decision-making system , but , unlike the National Security Adviser created under Kennedy , had no substantive role in the process . The NSC staff managed by the Special Assistant grew during the Eisenhower years , but again had no independent role in the policy process .   President Eisenhower had great confidence in the efficacy of covert operations as a viable supplement or alternative to previous normal foreign policy initiatives . The seeming clear success of the operations to overthrow Iranian populist leader Mossadegeh in 1953 , and overthrow the democratically elected , left-leaning President Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán in Guatemala in 1954 was not without their crisis moments in the White House . In 1954 NSC 5412 provided for the establishment of a panel of designated representatives of the President and the Secretaries of State and Defense to meet regularly to review and recommend covert operations . Gordon Gray assumed the chairmanship of the `` 5412 Committee '' as it was called , and all succeeding National Security Advisers have chaired similar successor committees , variously named `` 303 '' , `` 40 '' , `` Special Coordinating Committee , '' which , in later Presidential administrations , were charged with the review of CIA covert operations .   President Eisenhower also created the position of staff secretary with the responsibility to screen all foreign policy and military documents coming to the President . While Colonel Andrew Goodpaster held this position , he tended to eclipse the Special Assistant for National Security .   The strength of the NSC system under Eisenhower was that it provided for regular , fully staffed , interagency review of major foreign and national security issues , culminating in discussion and decision at the highest level of government . The resulting Presidentially approved NSC papers provided policy guidance at every level of implementation . Eisenhower felt that the regular policy discussions kept his principal advisers fully informed , in step with one another , and prepared to react knowledgeably in the event of crisis . His commitment to the system was such that he chaired every Council meeting he could attend ( 329 of a total of 366 ) . The NSC meetings , including prior briefings and subsequent review of NSC Actions , constituted the largest single item on his weekly agenda .   Secretary of State John Foster Dulles , on the other hand , had reservations about the NSC system . He was the strongest personality in the Eisenhower Cabinet and jealously guarded his role as principal adviser to the President on foreign policy . He had constant , direct access to the President and did not feel that some of the most sensitive issues should be discussed in groups as large as were involved in most NSC meetings . He drew a sharp line between the NSC policy review process and the day-to-day operations of foreign policy , which he maintained were the province of the Department of State . Dulles and his deputies also were not comfortable with the scope the NSC review system gave to Secretary of the Treasury George Humphrey , another strong figure in the Cabinet , to intrude budgetary limitations into policy considerations . Dulles successfully resisted a proposal to substitute the Vice President for the Under Secretary of State as chairman of the OCB , arguing that such a change would impinge on his role as principal adviser to the President on foreign policy .   Critics of the Eisenhower NSC system have argued that it was inflexible , overstaffed , unable to anticipate and react to immediate crises , and weighed down by committees reporting in great detail on long checklists of minor policy concerns . The most thorough critique of the system emerged from the hearings conducted in 1960 ( 1961 by the Senate Subcommittee on National Policy Machinery , known as the Jackson Subcommittee for its chairman , Senator Henry Jackson . Cutler and NSC Executive Secretary James Lay testified in support of the effectiveness of the system , but their testimony was offset by that of former Truman administration officials such as George Kennan , Paul Nitze , and Robert Lovett . They argued that foreign policy was being made by a passive President influenced by a National Security Council rendered virtually useless by ponderous , bureaucratic machinery . Basically , they argued , the NSC was a huge committee , and suffered from all the weaknesses of committees . Composed of representatives of many agencies , its members were not free to adopt the broad , statesmanlike attitude desired by the President , but , rather , were ambassadors of their own departments , clinging to departmental rather than national views . To make matters worse , critics added , the NSC system by its very nature was restricted to continuing and developing already established policies and was incapable of originating new ideas or major innovations . The critics suggested replacement of the formal , `` over-institutionalized '' NSC structure with a smaller , less formal NSC which would offer the President a clear choice of alternatives on a limited number of major problems .   Eisenhower was certainly not a passive President , dominated by his Secretary of State on foreign policy and national security issues . In fact , Eisenhower was actively in command of his administration 's foreign policy , and the established NSC system met his instincts and requirements to the extent he used them . Although there is substance in the criticism that the Eisenhower NSC became to some extent the prisoner of a rigidly bureaucratic process , the criticism misses the point that Eisenhower and Dulles did not attempt to manage fast-breaking foreign policy crises or day-to-day operation through the NSC apparatus . An examination of several of the major foreign policy decisions that confronted the Eisenhower administration reveals that the NSC system was used to manage some , but was essentially bypassed in others . The established NSC process was used when the question involved a policy debate between departments with strongly held , contending positions , as it did in the case of the debate between the Departments of State and Defense in 1956/1957 over whether to introduce a more modern generation of weapons into Korea , where it focused debate and produced the necessary agreed-upon decision after discussion of three draft policy papers .   In fast-breaking crisis situations however , including the concurrent Suez crisis and Hungarian Revolution of 1956 , the first and Second Taiwan Strait Crisis of 1955 and 1958 , and the 1958 Lebanon crisis , these were typically managed through small meetings with the President in the White House , normally involving Dulles and other concerned advisers , and through telephone conversations between Eisenhower , Dulles , and other principal advisers . Eisenhower sometimes used trusted NSC staffers to serve as an intermediary to gain information outside the chain of command as he did with Colonel Goodpaster during the straits crisis in 1955 . There was great similarity between this process of crisis management and that adopted by subsequent Presidents , such as Kennedy , Johnson , and Nixon , except for the fact that the ad hoc meetings in the Eisenhower White House did not involve a National Security Adviser as a substantive participant . And in the event that aspects of crisis management depended on contact with the critical man-on-the-spot , as it did in 1958 when Deputy Under Secretary of State Robert Murphy was dispatched to Lebanon to attempt to defuse the crisis , his instructions came from the Department of State and he reported to the Secretary of State rather than directly to the White House , as became the practice during the height of the Vietnam War .   When Eisenhower briefed President-elect Kennedy on the NSC system , as when Gordon Gray briefed his successor McGeorge Bundy , they both emphasized the importance of the established NSC machinery in the management of foreign policy and national security affairs . They might have been more persuasive in maintaining the system had they pointed to the fact that the NSC apparatus was essentially limited to policy review , but was not used by them to manage foreign policy crises or day-to-day decisions .

neg: The Selling of the President 1968 The Selling of the President 1968 is a non-fiction book written by American author Joe McGinniss and published by Trident Press in October , 1969 .   The book describes the marketing of Richard Nixon during the 1968 presidential campaign . It has been described as `` a classic of political journalism '' and a `` classic of campaign reporting that first introduced many readers to the stage-managed world of political theater . '' It was reprinted in 1988 under the title The Selling of the President .   McGinniss became an overnight success when the book , his first , landed on The New York Times bestseller list . He was 26 years old , making him the youngest living writer with that achievement . The book was on the New York Times non-fiction bestseller list for 31 weeks from October 1969 to May 1970 .   The idea for the book came to McGinniss almost serendipitously :   -LSB- He -RSB- stumbled across his book 's topic while taking a train to New York . A fellow commuter had just landed the Hubert Humphrey account and was boasting that ` in six weeks we 'll have him looking better than Abraham Lincoln . ' McGinniss tried to get access to Humphrey 's campaign first , but they turned him down . So he called up Nixon 's , and they said yes . '' .   The book was very well received by both critics and the public . It `` spent more than six months on best-sellers lists , and McGinniss sold a lot of those books through television , appearing on the titular shows of Merv Griffin , David Frost and Dick Cavett , among others . '' Conservative writer William F. Buckley `` assumed McGinniss had relied on ` an elaborate deception which has brought joy and hope to the Nixon-haters . ' But even Buckley liked the book . ''   In 1972 , the book was adapted into a short-lived Broadway musical .

neg: A Thousand Days A Thousand Days : John F. Kennedy in the White House is a nonfiction book by special assistant to the president , American historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. about the United States Presidency of John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 1963 ) . In that capacity , he was able to bear witness to the people and events which shaped the administration of President Kennedy . The book features the policies , politics , and personalities during Kennedy 's time in office . His cabinet is a focused aspect , as well .   It was first published by Houghton Mifflin in 1965 and won both the National Book Award in History and Biography and the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography in 1966 .

neg: Harry S. Truman Supreme Court candidates During his two terms in office , President Harry S. Truman appointed four members of the Supreme Court of the United States : Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson , Associate Justice Harold Burton , Associate Justice Tom C. Clark , and Associate Justice Sherman Minton .

neg: Surrender of Japan The surrender of Imperial Japan was announced on August 15 and formally signed on September 2 , 1945 , bringing the hostilities of World War II to a close . By the end of July 1945 , the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) was incapable of conducting major operations and an Allied invasion of Japan was imminent . Together with the British Empire and China , the United States called for the unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26 , 1945 -- the alternative being `` prompt and utter destruction '' . While publicly stating their intent to fight on to the bitter end , Japan 's leaders ( the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War , also known as the `` Big Six '' ) were privately making entreaties to the still-neutral Soviet Union to mediate peace on terms more favorable to the Japanese . Meanwhile , the Soviets were preparing to attack Japanese forces in Manchuria and Korea ( in addition to South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands ) in fulfillment of promises they had secretly made to the United States and the United Kingdom at the Tehran and Yalta Conferences .   On August 6 , 1945 , at 8:15 AM local time , the United States detonated an atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima . Sixteen hours later , American President Harry S. Truman called again for Japan 's surrender , warning them to `` expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth . '' Late in the evening of August 8 , 1945 , in accordance with the Yalta agreements , but in violation of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact , the Soviet Union declared war on Japan , and soon after midnight on August 9 , 1945 , the Soviet Union invaded the Imperial Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . Later in the day , the United States dropped a second atomic bomb , this time on the Japanese city of Nagasaki . Following these events , Emperor Hirohito intervened and ordered the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War to accept the terms the Allies had set down in the Potsdam Declaration for ending the war . After several more days of behind-the-scenes negotiations and a failed coup d'état , Emperor Hirohito gave a recorded radio address across the Empire on August 15 . In the radio address , called the , he announced the surrender of Japan to the Allies .   On August 28 , the occupation of Japan by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers began . The surrender ceremony was held on September 2 , aboard the United States Navy battleship , at which officials from the Japanese government signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender , thereby ending the hostilities . Allied civilians and military personnel alike celebrated V-J Day , the end of the war ; however , some isolated soldiers and personnel from Imperial Japan 's far-flung forces throughout Asia and the Pacific islands refused to surrender for months and years afterwards , some even refusing into the 1970s . The role of the atomic bombings in Japan 's unconditional surrender , and the ethics of the two attacks , is still debated . The state of war formally ended when the Treaty of San Francisco came into force on April 28 , 1952 . Four more years passed before Japan and the Soviet Union signed the Soviet -- Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 , which formally brought an end to their state of war .

neg: Truman (2015 film) Truman is a 2015 Spanish-Argentine comedy-drama film directed by Cesc Gay and co-written by Gay and Tomàs Aragay . The film stars Ricardo Darín , Javier Cámara , and Dolores Fonzi .   It was screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival and in the Official Section of the 2015 San Sebastián International Film Festival , where it was awarded the Silver Shell for Best Actor for Darín and Cámara . It won five Goya Awards , including Best Film , Best Director , Best Original Screenplay , Best Actor ( Darín ) , and Best Supporting Actor ( Cámara ) .

neg: Hollywood blacklist The Hollywood blacklist -- as the broader entertainment industry blacklist is generally known -- was the practice of denying employment to screenwriters , actors , directors , musicians , and other American entertainment professionals during the mid-20th century because they were accused of having Communist ties or sympathies . Artists were barred from work on the basis of their alleged membership in or sympathy with the Communist Party USA or refusal to assist investigations into the party 's activities . Even during the period of its strictest enforcement , the late 1940s through the late 1950s , the blacklist was rarely made explicit or verifiable , but it directly damaged the careers of scores of individuals working in the film industry .   The first systematic Hollywood blacklist was instituted on November 25 , 1947 , the day after ten writers and directors were cited for contempt of Congress for refusing to testify to the House Un-American Activities Committee . A group of studio executives , acting under the aegis of the Association of Motion Picture Producers , fired the artists -- the so-called Hollywood Ten -- and made what has become known as the Waldorf Statement .   On June 22 , 1950 , a pamphlet entitled Red Channels was published . Focused on the field of broadcasting , it identified 151 entertainment industry professionals in the context of `` Red Fascists and their sympathizers . '' Soon , most of those named , along with a host of other artists , were barred from employment in most of the entertainment field .   The blacklist lasted until 1960 , when Dalton Trumbo , a Communist Party member from 1943 to 1948  and member of the Hollywood Ten , was credited as the screenwriter of the highly successful film Exodus , and later publicly acknowledged by actor Kirk Douglas for writing the screenplay for the movie Spartacus . A number of those blacklisted , however , were still barred from work in their professions for years afterward .

neg: 1950s The 1950s ( pronounced nineteen-fifties ; commonly abbreviated as the 50s or Fifties ) was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1 , 1950 , and ended on December 31 , 1959 .   By its end , the world had largely recovered from World War II and the Cold War developed from its modest beginning in the late-1940s to a hot competition between the United States and the Soviet Union by the early-1960s .   Clashes between communism and capitalism dominated the decade , especially in the Northern Hemisphere . The conflicts included the Korean War in the beginnings of the decade and the beginning of the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik 1 . Along with increased testing of nuclear weapons ( such as RDS-37 and Upshot -- Knothole ) , this created a politically conservative climate . In the United States , the Second Red Scare caused Congressional hearings by both houses in Congress and anti-communism was the prevailing sentiment in the United States throughout the decade . The beginning of decolonization in Africa and Asia took place in this decade and accelerated in the following decade .

neg: Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia The Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia is a comprehensive project to publish , in one collection , the significant sayings , important conversations and writings ( less his letters ) of the 26th President of the United States , Theodore Roosevelt . Originally conceived by Dr. Albert Bushnell Hart , a history professor at Harvard University , a personal friend of Roosevelt and member of the Roosevelt Memorial Association , now known as the Theodore Roosevelt Association , Hart 's goal was , in his words , to `` present in alphabetical arrangement , extracts sufficiently numerous and comprehensive to display all the phases of ( Theodore ) Roosevelt 's activities and opinions as expressed by him . '' A primitive on-line version of the original work is also maintained by the TRA . Online but quite primitive version of the Cyclopedia at the Theodore Roosevelt Association web site with no look-up features