query: A subtype of anti-nuclear antibodies are anti-nRNP antibodies.

pos: Anti-nuclear antibody Antinuclear antibodies ( ANAs , also known as antinuclear factor or ANF ) are autoantibodies that bind to contents of the cell nucleus . In normal individuals , the immune system produces antibodies to foreign proteins ( antigens ) but not to human proteins ( autoantigens ) . In some individuals , antibodies to human antigens are produced .   There are many subtypes of ANAs such as anti-Ro antibodies , anti-La antibodies , anti-Sm antibodies , anti-nRNP antibodies , anti-Scl-70 antibodies , anti-dsDNA antibodies , anti-histone antibodies , antibodies to nuclear pore complexes , anti-centromere antibodies and anti-sp100 antibodies . Each of these antibody subtypes binds to different proteins or protein complexes within the nucleus . They are found in many disorders including autoimmunity , cancer and infection , with different prevalences of antibodies depending on the condition . This allows the use of ANAs in the diagnosis of some autoimmune disorders , including systemic lupus erythematosus , Sjögren 's syndrome , scleroderma , mixed connective tissue disease , polymyositis , dermatomyositis , autoimmune hepatitis and drug induced lupus .   The ANA test detects the autoantibodies present in an individual 's blood serum . The common tests used for detecting and quantifying ANAs are indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) . In immunofluorescence , the level of autoantibodies is reported as a titre . This is the highest dilution of the serum at which autoantibodies are still detectable . Positive autoantibody titres at a dilution equal to or greater than 1:160 are usually considered as clinically significant . Positive titres of less than 1:160 are present in up to 20 % of the healthy population , especially the elderly . Although positive titres of 1:160 or higher are strongly associated with autoimmune disorders , they are also found in 5 % of healthy individuals . Autoantibody screening is useful in the diagnosis of autoimmune disorders and monitoring levels helps to predict the progression of disease . A positive ANA test is seldom useful if other clinical or laboratory data supporting a diagnosis are not present .

neg: Primer extension Primer extension is a technique whereby the 5 ' ends of RNA can be mapped .   Primer extension can be used to determine the start site of transcription ( the end site can not be determined by this method ) by which its sequence is known . This technique requires a radiolabelled primer ( usually 20 - 50 nucleotides in length ) which is complementary to a region near the 3 ' end of the mRNA . The primer is allowed to anneal to the RNA and reverse transcriptase is used to synthesize cDNA from the RNA until it reaches the 5 ' end of the RNA . By denaturing the hybrid and using the extended primer cDNA as a marker on an electrophoretic gel , it is possible to determine the transcriptional start site . It is usually done so by comparing its location on the gel with the DNA sequence ( e.g. Sanger sequencing ) , preferably by using the same primer on the DNA template strand . The exact nucleotide by which the transcription starts at can be pinpointed by matching the labelled extended primer with the marker nucleotide , who are both sharing the same migration distance on the gel .   Primer extension offers an alternative to a nuclease protection assay ( S1 nuclease mapping ) for quantifying and mapping RNA transcripts . The hybridization probe for primer extension is a synthesized oligonucleotide , whereas S1 mapping requires isolation of a DNA fragment . Both methods provide information where a mRNA starts and provide an estimate of the concentration of a transcript by the intensity of the transcript band on the resulting autoradiograph . Unlike S1 mapping , however , primer extension can only be used to locate the 5 ' - end of an mRNA transcript because the DNA synthesis required for the assay relies on reverse transcriptase ( only polymerizes in the 5 ' → 3 ' direction ) .   Primer extension is unaffected by splice sites and is thus preferable in situations where intervening splice sites prevent S1 mapping . Finally , primer extension is more accurate than S1 mapping because the S1 nuclease used in S1 mapping can `` nibble off '' ends of the RNA-DNA hybrid or fail to degrade the single-stranded regions completely , making a transcript either appear shorter or longer .

neg: List of Nuclear Medicine Societies This is a list of nuclear medicine societies worldwide , mentioned in SNM and/or in EANM .   American Society of Nuclear Cardiology ( ASNC )  Armenian College of Nuclear Medicine ( ACNM )  Arab Society of Nuclear Medicine ( ARSNM )  Asia Oceania Federation of Nuclear Medicine and Biology ( AOFNMB )  Asian Regional Cooperative Council for Nuclear Medicine ( ARCCNM )  Asociación Latinoamericana de Sociedades de Biología y Medicina Nuclear ( ALASBIMN )  Associação Portuguesa de Técnicos de Medicina Nuclear ( APTMN )  Associazione Italiana di Medicina Nucleare  Australian and New Zealand Association of Physicians in Nuclear Medicine ( ANZAPNM )  Australia-New Zealand Society of Nuclear Medicine ( ANZSNM )  Austrian Society of Nuclear Medicine  Belgian Society of Nuclear Medicine ( BELNUC )  Bosnian Society of Nuclear Medicine  Brazilian Society of Biology and Nuclear Medicine  British Nuclear Medicine Society ( BNMS )  British Nuclear Cardiology Society ( BNCS )  Bulgarian Society of Nuclear Medicine  Canadian Association of Nuclear Medicine ( CANM )  Chinese Society of Nuclear Medicine ( CSNM )  Colegio Internacional de Médicos Nucleares ( ICNP ) ( Mexico )  Croatian Society of Nuclear Medicine  Cyprus Society of Nuclear Medicine  Czech Society of Nuclear Medicine ( ČSNM )  Dansk Selskab For Klinisk Fysiologi og Nuklear Medicin  Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nuklearmedizin  Dutch Society of Nuclear Medicine ( NVNG )  Egyptian Society of Nuclear Medicine Specialists ( ESNMS )  Estonian Nuclear Medicine Society ( ENMS )  European Association of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging ( EANMMI )  Finnish Society of Nuclear Medicine ( FSNM )  French Society of Nuclear Medicine  Greek Society of Nuclear Medicine and Biology  Hong Kong Society of Nuclear Medicine  Icelandic Society of Nuclear Medicine  Iranian Society of Nuclear Medicine  Irish Nuclear Medicine Association ( INMA )  Israeli Society of Nuclear Medicine ( ISNM )  Japan Society for Molecular Imaging  Japanese Society of Nuclear Medicine  Jordanian Society of Nuclear Medicine ( JOSNM )  Korean Society of Nuclear Medicine ( KSNM )  Kuwait Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging ( KSNMMI )  Latvian Association of Radiologist ( LRA )  Lithuanian Society of Nuclear Medicine  National Society of Nuclear Medicine of the Republic of Kazakhstan  Nigerian Association of Nuclear Medicine  Norwegian Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging ( NSNM )  Nuclear Cardiological Society of India ( NCSI )  Nuclear Medicine Society of Tajikistan  Pakistan Society of Nuclear Medicine ( PSNM )  Philippines National Society of Nuclear Medicine ( PSNM )  Polish Society of Nuclear Medicine  Romanian Society of Nuclear Medicine ( SRNM )  Russian Society of Nuclear Medicine ( RSNM )  Serbian Nuclear Medicine Society ( UNMS )  Slovak Society of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Hygiene ( SSNM&RH )  Sociedade Portugesa de Medicina Nuclear ( SPMN )  Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging ( SNMMI )  Society of Nuclear Medicine Bangladesh  Society of Nuclear Medicine India  South African Society of Nuclear Medicine  Spanish Society of Nuclear Medicine ( SEMN )  Swedish Society of Nuclear Medicine  Swiss Society of Nuclear Medicine ( SSMN )  Tunisian Society of Nuclear Medicine ( STMN )  Turkish Society of Nuclear Medicine  Ukrainian Society of Nuclear Medicine ( USNM )  World Federation of Nuclear Medicine & Biology ( WFNMB )

neg: Germ cell nuclear factor The germ cell nuclear factor ( GCNF ) , also known as RTR ( retinoid receptor-related testis-associated receptor ) or NR6A1 ( nuclear receptor subfamily 6 , group A , member 1 ) , is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR6A1 gene . GCNF is a member of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular transcription factors .   In adults , GCNH is expressed mainly in the germ cells of gonads and is involved in the regulation of embryogenesis and germ cell differentiation .   Its expression pattern suggests that it may be involved in neurogenesis and germ cell development . The protein can homodimerize and bind DNA , but in vivo targets have not been identified . The gene expresses three alternatively spliced transcript variants .

neg: RNAi-Based Identification System and interference of Specific Cancer Cells A `` classifier '' was created to classify cells by identifying specific characteristics of Cervical Cancer . These characteristics were consistent with HeLa cells , which served as the target cell line for cell death . Upon identifying these cells the Classifier would release specific proteins within the HeLa cell that would trigger apoptosis without killing or endangering neighboring , healthy cells .   The defining characteristics of these Classifiers were defined by elements whose levels within the cells created markers that could be measured . High markers and low markers were established and a `` classifier molecule '' was created to insert into prospective cells , and would induce apoptosis only when cells exhibit the threshold level of High or Low markers . These classifiers would use a small interfering RNA which targeted the repressor and activator in the Lac operon . The potential for therapeutic use , providing that an efficient delivery system can be established for in vivo DNA . In vitro applications are possible provided the classifier molecule can be safely integrated into cultured cells .

neg: Nucleon In chemistry and physics , nucleons are the proton and the neutron , which are the constituents of the atomic nucleus , and are themselves composed of down and up quarks . The number of nucleons defines an isotope 's mass number ( nucleon number ) . The atom is made up of a nucleus surrounded by electrons .   Until the 1960s , nucleons were thought to be elementary particles , not made up of smaller parts . Now they are known to be composite particles , made of three quarks bound together by the so-called strong interaction . The interaction between two or more nucleons is called internucleon interactions or nuclear force , which is also ultimately caused by the strong interaction . ( Before the discovery of quarks , the term `` strong interaction '' referred to just internucleon interactions . )   Nucleons sit at the boundary where particle physics and nuclear physics overlap . Particle physics , particularly quantum chromodynamics , provides the fundamental equations that explain the properties of quarks and of the strong interaction . These equations explain quantitatively how quarks can bind together into protons and neutrons ( and all the other hadrons ) . However , when multiple nucleons are assembled into an atomic nucleus ( nuclide ) , these fundamental equations become too difficult to solve directly ( see lattice QCD ) . Instead , nuclides are studied within nuclear physics , which studies nucleons and their interactions by approximations and models , such as the nuclear shell model . These models can successfully explain nuclide properties , for example , whether or not a certain nuclide undergoes radioactive decay .   The proton and neutron are both baryons and both fermions . One carries a positive net charge and the other carries a zero net charge ; the proton 's mass is only 0.1 % less than the neutron 's . Thus , they can be viewed as two states of the same nucleon , and together form an isospin doublet . In isospin space , neutrons can be transformed into protons via SU ( 2 ) symmetries , and vice versa . These nucleons are acted upon equally by the strong interaction , which is invariant under rotation in isospin space . According to the Noether theorem , isospin is conserved with respect to the strong interaction .

neg: Nuclide A nuclide ( from nucleus ) is an atomic species characterized by the specific constitution of its nucleus , i.e. , by its number of protons Z , its number of neutrons N , and its nuclear energy state .   The word nuclide was proposed by Truman P. Kohman in 1947 . Kohman originally suggested nuclide as referring to a `` species of nucleus '' defined by containing a certain number of neutrons and protons . The word thus was originally intended to focus on the nucleus .

neg: IgG deficiency IgG deficiency ( Selective deficiency of immunoglobulin G ) is a form of dysgammaglobulinemia where the proportional levels of the IgG isotype are reduced relative to other immunoglobulin isotypes . IgG deficiency is often found in children as transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy ( THI ) , which may occur with or without additional decreases in IgA or IgM .   IgG has four subclasses : IgG1 , IgG2 , IgG3 , and IgG4 . It is possible to have either a global IgG deficiency , or a deficiency of one or more specific subclasses of IgG . The main clinically relevant form of IgG deficiency is IgG2 . IgG3 deficiency is not usually encountered without other concomitant immunoglobulin deficiencies , and IgG4 deficiency is very common but usually asymptomatic .   IgG1 is present in the bloodstream at a percentage of about 60-70 % , IgG2-20-30 % , IgG3 about 5-8 % , and IgG4 1-3 % . IgG subclass deficiencies affect only IgG subclasses ( usually IgG2 or IgG3 ) , with normal total IgG and IgM immunoglobulins and other components of the immune system being at normal levels . These deficiencies can affect only one subclass or involve an association of two subclasses , such as IgG2 and IgG4 . IgG deficiencies are usually not diagnosed until the age of 10 . Some of the IgG levels in the blood are undetectable and have a low percentage such as IgG4 , which makes it hard to dertermine if a deficiency is actually present . IgG subclass deficiencies are sometimes correlated with bad responses to pneumoccal polyscaccharides , especially IgG2 and or IgG4 deficiency . Some of these deficiencies are also involved with pancreatitis and have been linked to IgG4 levels .

neg: Retinoic acid receptor gamma Retinoic acid receptor gamma ( RAR-γ ) , also known as NR1B3 ( nuclear receptor subfamily 1 , group B , member 3 ) is a nuclear receptor encoded by the RARG gene .

neg: Superantigen Superantigens ( SAgs ) are a class of antigens that cause non-specific activation of T-cells resulting in polyclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release . SAgs are produced by some pathogenic viruses and bacteria most likely as a defense mechanism against the immune system . Compared to a normal antigen-induced T-cell response where 0.0001-0 .001 % of the body 's T-cells are activated , these SAgs are capable of activating up to 20 % of the body 's T-cells . Furthermore , Anti-CD3 and Anti-CD28 Antibodies ( CD28-SuperMAB ) have also shown to be highly potent superantigens ( and can activate up to 100 % of T cells ) .   The large number of activated T-cells generates a massive immune response which is not specific to any particular epitope on the SAg thus undermining one of the fundamental strengths of the adaptive immune system , that is , its ability to target antigens with high specificity . More importantly , the large number of activated T-cells secrete large amounts of cytokines , the most important of which is Interferon gamma . This excess amount of IFN-gamma in turn activates the macrophages . The activated macrophages , in turn , over-produce proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 , IL-6 and TNF-alpha . TNF-alpha is particularly important as a part of the body 's inflammatory response . In normal circumstances it is released locally in low levels and helps the immune system defeat pathogens . However , when it is systemically released in the blood and in high levels ( due to mass T-cell activation resulting from the SAg binding ) , it can cause severe and life-threatening symptoms , including shock and multiple organ failure .

neg: Nucleoporin 155 Nucleoporin 155 ( Nup155 ) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NUP155 gene .

neg: Inverse polymerase chain reaction Inverse polymerase chain reaction ( Inverse PCR ) is a variant of the polymerase chain reaction that is used to amplify DNA with only one known sequence . One limitation of conventional PCR is that it requires primers complementary to both termini of the target DNA , but this method allows PCR to be carried out even if only one sequence is available from which primers may be designed .   Inverse PCR is especially useful for the determination of insert locations . For example , various retroviruses and transposons randomly integrate into genomic DNA . To identify the sites where they have entered , the known , `` internal '' viral or transposon sequences can be used to design primers that will amplify a small portion of the flanking , `` external '' genomic DNA . The amplified product can then be sequenced and compared with DNA databases to locate the sequence which has been disrupted .   The inverse PCR method involves a series of restriction digests and ligation , resulting in a looped fragment that can be primed for PCR from a single section of known sequence . Then , like other polymerase chain reaction processes , the DNA is amplified by the temperature-sensitive DNA polymerase :   A target region with an internal section of known sequence and unknown flanking regions is identified  Genomic DNA is digested into fragments of a few kilobases by a usually low-moderate frequency ( 6-8 base ) cutting restriction enzyme .  Under low DNA concentrations , self-ligation is induced to give a circular DNA product .  PCR is carried out as usual , with primers complementary to sections of the known internal sequence . *   Finally the sequence is compared with the sequence available in the data base .   Note : although the figure suggests that the circularized ligation product is digested prior to PCR , this is not the case . PCR does not require linear products and the use of another restriction enzyme to cut the known sequence could also cut within the unknown region , resulting in a failed PCR .

neg: Inactivated vaccine An inactivated vaccine ( or killed vaccine ) is a vaccine consisting of virus particles , bacteria , or other pathogens that have been grown in culture and then killed using a method such as heat or formaldehyde . In contrast , live vaccines ( which are nearly always attenuated vaccines ) use pathogens that are still alive ( but are almost always attenuated , that is , weakened ) . Pathogens for inactivated vaccines are grown under controlled conditions and are killed as a means to reduce infectivity ( virulence ) and thus prevent infection from the vaccine .   Inactivated vaccines are further classified depending on the method used to inactivate the virus . Whole virus vaccines use the entire virus particle , fully destroyed using heat , chemicals , or radiation . Split virus vaccines are produced by using a detergent to disrupt the virus . Subunit vaccines are produced by purifying out the antigens that best stimulate the immune system to mount a response to the virus , while removing other components necessary for the virus to replicate or survive or that can cause adverse reactions .   Because inactivated viruses tend to produce a weaker response by the immune system than live viruses , immunologic adjuvants and multiple `` booster '' injections may be required to provide an effective immune response against the inactivated pathogen . Attenuated vaccines are often preferable for generally healthy people because a single dose is often safe and very effective . However , some people can not take attenuated vaccines because the pathogen poses too much risk for them ( for example , elderly people or people with immunodeficiency ) . For those patients , an inactivated vaccine can provide protection .

neg: HNRPU Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HNRNPU gene .

neg: Nuclear chain cell A nuclear chain cell is a type of cell that is found in the human body .

neg: Epitope An epitope , also known as antigenic determinant , is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system , specifically by antibodies , B cells , or T cells . For example , the epitope is the specific piece of the antigen to which an antibody binds . The part of an antibody that binds to the epitope is called a paratope . Although epitopes are usually non-self proteins , sequences derived from the host that can be recognized ( as in the case of autoimmune diseases ) are also epitopes .   The epitopes of protein antigens are divided into two categories , conformational epitopes and linear epitopes , based on their structure and interaction with the paratope . A conformational epitope is composed of discontinuous sections of the antigen 's amino acid sequence . These epitopes interact with the paratope based on the 3-D surface features and shape or tertiary structure of the antigen . The proportion of epitopes that are conformational is unknown .   By contrast , linear epitopes interact with the paratope based on their primary structure . A linear epitope is formed by a continuous sequence of amino acids from the antigen .

neg: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Autoimmune hemolytic anemia ( or autoimmune haemolytic anaemia ; AIHA ) occurs when antibodies directed against the person 's own red blood cells ( RBCs ) cause them to burst ( lyse ) , leading to an insufficient number of oxygen-carrying red blood cells in the circulation . The lifetime of the RBCs is reduced from the normal 100 -- 120 days to just a few days in serious cases . The intracellular components of the RBCs are released into the circulating blood and into tissues , leading to some of the characteristic symptoms of this condition . The antibodies are usually directed against high-incidence antigens , therefore they also commonly act on allogenic RBCs ( RBCs originating from outside the person themselves , e.g. in the case of a blood transfusion ) . AIHA is a relatively rare condition , affecting one to three people per 100,000 per year .   The terminology used in this disease is somewhat ambiguous . Although MeSH uses the term `` autoimmune hemolytic anemia '' , some sources prefer the term `` immunohemolytic anemia '' so drug reactions can be included in this category . The National Cancer Institute considers `` immunohemolytic anemia '' , `` autoimmune hemolytic anemia '' , and `` immune complex hemolytic anemia '' to all be synonyms .

neg: Anti-nuclear groups in the United States More than eighty anti-nuclear groups are operating , or have operated , in the United States . These include : Abalone Alliance , Clamshell Alliance , Greenpeace USA , Institute for Energy and Environmental Research , Musicians United for Safe Energy , Nevada Desert Experience , Nuclear Control Institute , Nuclear Information and Resource Service , Public Citizen Energy Program , Shad Alliance , and the Sierra Club . These are direct action , environmental , health , and public interest organizations who oppose nuclear weapons and/or nuclear power . In 1992 , the chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission said that `` his agency had been pushed in the right direction on safety issues because of the pleas and protests of nuclear watchdog groups '' .   Some of the most influential groups in the anti-nuclear movement have had members who included Nobel Laureates ( e.g. , Linus Pauling and Hermann Joseph Muller ) . These scientists have belonged primarily to two groups : the Federation of American Scientists , and the Committee for Nuclear Responsibility .

neg: Nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies The nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies is a naming scheme for assigning generic , or nonproprietary , names to monoclonal antibodies . An antibody is a protein that is produced in B cells and used by the immune system of humans and other vertebrate animals to identify a specific foreign object like a bacterium or a virus . Monoclonal antibodies are those that were produced in identical cells , often artificially , and so share the same target object . They have a wide range of applications including medical uses .   This naming scheme is used for both the World Health Organization 's International Nonproprietary Names ( INN ) and the United States Adopted Names ( USAN ) for pharmaceuticals . In general , word stems are used to identify classes of drugs , in most cases placed word-finally . All monoclonal antibody names end with the stem - mab . Unlike most other pharmaceuticals , monoclonal antibody nomenclature uses different preceding word parts ( morphemes ) depending on structure and function . These are officially called substems and sometimes erroneously infixes , even by the USAN Council itself .

neg: Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin 's lymphoma ( NLPHL ) is a form of lymphoma .   Some people no longer classified it as a form of classic Hodgkin 's lymphoma ( HL ) . This is because the Reed-Sternberg Cell ( RSC ) variants ( popcorn cells ) that characterize this form of the disease invariably express B lymphocyte markers such as CD20 ( thus making NLPHL an unusual form of B cell lymphoma ) , and that ( unlike classic HL ) NLPHL may progress to diffuse large B cell lymphoma .   There are small but clear differences in prognosis between the various forms . Lymphocyte predominant HL is an uncommon subtype composed of vague nodules of numerous reactive lymphocytes admixed with large popcorn-shaped RSC . Unlike classic RSC , the non-classic popcorn-shaped RS cells of NLPHL are CD15 and CD30 negative while positive for the B cell marker CD20 . The anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody Rituximab has been used in lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin 's lymphoma with encouraging results .   BCL6 gene rearrangements have been frequently observed .

neg: Synactive Theory of Newborn Behavioral Organization and Development The Synactive Theory of Newborn Behavioral Organization and Development ( Synaction n. , or Synactive adj. -LSB- from the Greek syn `` together '' and the Latin actio `` action , '' resulting in : `` together in action '' -RSB- ) suggests that development of the human fetus , and later newborn , proceeds through the constant balancing of approach and avoidance behaviors , leading to : 1 ) a continuous interaction of the subsystems ( i.e. , Autonomic , Motor , State and Attention/Interaction , and Regulatory ) and their increasingly defined delineations within the organism , that is the infant , and 2 ) the organism 's interaction with the environment at large . This process is aimed at bringing about the increasingly well-defined species-unique developmental agenda .   Figure 1 ( below ) , provides a graphic representation of the Synactive Theory of development , as applied to both fetal and newborn stages . It focuses upon the infant 's within-organism , four subsystems of functioning , and their continuous interaction with each other and with the environment across time ( i.e. , `` together in action , '' or synaction ) . The four subsystems include the :   Autonomic Subsystem : Expressed in the pattern of respiration ( e.g. , fast , slow , pauses ) color changes ( e.g. , pink , pale , red ) , neurological indicators ( e.g. , seizures , tremulousness ) , and visceral or gut signals such as bowel movements , gagging , and hiccoughing ;   Motor Subsystem : Observable through the tone , posture and movement patterns of the infant ;   State and Attention/Interaction Subsystem : Expressed via : 1 ) the range of states available to the infant ( i.e. , deep sleep , light sleep , drowsy , alert , hyperalert , and cry ) , 2 ) how clearly it is to observably differentiate one state from the other , and 3 ) the patterns of transitions from one state to another ( e.g. , smooth well-differentiated state transitions versus abrupt unorganized state transitions ) .   The attention/interaction system is set within this state continuum ( i.e. , from deep sleep to cry ) and represented by the infant 's ability to adjust the robustness and increasing refinement of an alert , attentive state . The infant uses this state to take in cognitive and social information from the environment as well as to bring forth and modify inputs from the surrounding world ; and   Regulatory Subsystem : Behaviorally represented via the observable strategies the infant uses ( Self-Regulation ) in maintaining a balanced , relatively stable and relaxed state of subsystem of functioning or in returning to this a state of subsystem functioning if imbalance , or stress has occurred within the subsystems .   An additional component of the regulatory subsystem is observable in the kind and amount of support offered by the caregiver ( e.g. , supporting a soft , tucked , flexed position of the infant 's arms and legs ) or by the environment ( e.g. , dimming the lights in the nursery ) . This Co-Regulation may be necessary to help the infant 's return to balance in situations when his/her own self-regulatory capacities are exceeded .   Reproduced with permission from Als , H. Toward a synactive theory of development : Promise for the assessment of infant individuality . Infant Mental Health Journal . 1982 : ( 3 ) : 229-243 ; p. 234 .   The graphic representation of the Synactive Theory above depicts the developing organism , that is , the infant , in constant interaction with the environment from within the womb to the newborn intensive care unit ( NICU ) , and the caregiving family 's support in the NICU , to the family in their home . Newborn infants are actively striving for their next steps in development , while depending upon `` good enough '' environments and care to assure progress along their developmental agenda .   The Synactive Theory of Development continues to be instrumental in guiding clinicians ( e.g. , neonatologist , nurses , psychologists , developmental specialists , physical/occupational therapists , etc. ) and researchers in their understanding of the often very small steps in development that prematurely born and other high risk newborns attempt to accomplish ( which are major steps for their immature or injured brain ) . This theory gives professionals the framework and tools with which to identify the infant 's strengths , challenges and accomplishments . Such accomplishments may include breathing , sucking and swallowing in a coordinated sequence ; moving food down into and through the stomach and intestinal track instead of upwards , leading to reflux and vomiting ; looking at the caregiver and breathing at the same time , as well as many others .   The Synactive Theory is the foundation of both : 1 ) the Assessment of Preterm Infants ' Behavior ( APIB ) , a standardized comprehensive newborn test , and 2 ) the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program ( NIDCAP ) , which is the care and intervention approach , that focuses on each infant 's behavioral cues ( e.g. , hand ( s ) to mouth , bracing with feet against a supporting surface ) in order to support the infant 's strengths and reduce the infant 's vulnerabilities . The infant 's family is viewed as the infant 's most important nurturer and is integrated in all care from the infant 's birth on throughout the infant 's hospitalization .


query: Dirt (TV Series) is produced by ABC.

pos: Dirt (TV series) Dirt ( styled d!rt for logos ) is an American television serial broadcast on the FX network . It premiered on January 2 , 2007 and starred Courteney Cox as Lucy Spiller , the editor-in-chief of the first-of-its-kind `` glossy tabloid '' magazine DirtNow , which was previously two separate publications : dirt ( a tabloid ) and Now ( a glossy magazine with a more respectable reputation ) .   A 13-episode second and final season was announced on May 8 , 2007 . Only seven episodes were produced prior to the 2007 WGA strike shut down production . The shortened second season began airing on March 2 , 2008 .   The show was created by Matthew Carnahan and produced by Coquette Productions and ABC Studios .   On June 8 , 2008 , FX canceled the series after two seasons .

neg: Border Security: Australia's Front Line Border Security : Australia 's Front Line is an Australian factual television program that airs on the Seven Network . The show follows the work of officers of the Department of Immigration and Border Protection , Australian Border Force , and the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service , as they enforce Australian immigration , customs , quarantine and finance laws . It also shows scenes from Sydney mail centre .   Most of the programme is filmed at Sydney and Melbourne airports . Occasionally , the program features other locations such as Brisbane Airport , Perth Airport , seaports , international mail centres , raids on workplaces suspected of employing persons contrary to the restrictions of their visa or immigrant status and the work of Australian Border Force vessels and aircraft in the waters of Northern Australia .

neg: Red Dirt Radio Red Dirt Radio is a radio station that broadcasts to the Childers , Queensland community on the frequency of 88.0 MHz .   Red Dirt Radio is a narrow-bandwidth radio station with a signal range of 5 km . The station is fully automated .

neg: Bed of Roses (TV series) Bed of Roses is an Australian comedy drama television series which first screened on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) from 10 May 2008 . It stars Kerry Armstrong ( SeaChange and Lantana ) and was created by Jutta Goetze and Elizabeth Coleman ; produced by Mark Ruse ( Kath & Kim , The Games ) and Stephen Luby ( Crackerjack ) .

neg: Toughest Cowboy Toughest Cowboy is an American rodeo competition-based reality television program that follows twelve professional cowboys as they compete in three roughstock rodeo events -- bareback bronc riding , saddle bronc riding , and bull riding in effort to win the Toughest Cowboy championship and the grand prize of a ranch in the American West . Originally created by Jac Sperling and Tommy Joe Lucia , Toughest Cowboy is a combination of athletic competition and personal retrospectives creating a new genre of television , known as `` sports drama . '' The first broadcast aired April 8 , 2007 on the Fox Sports Network ( FSN ) . In 2009 , Mark Burnett signed on to produce the series for Spike TV . Whiskey Falls composed the theme song .   The show follows a group of twelve professional rodeo cowboys through a series of live rodeo tournaments in which they must ride three different disciplines , whereas in most rodeo competitions , competitors ride in one specific discipline or event . This all-around competition adds a significantly higher likelihood of injury . Each week a competitor is eliminated from the competition , until the final four competitors remain . These four final cowboys must ride a total of six animals each ( two bareback broncs , two saddle broncs , two bulls ) during the championship tournament . Throughout the championship round each competitor amasses total ride points , the cowboy with the most total points at the conclusion of the finals is awarded the series championship and grand prize ranch .   Toughest Cowboy also uses a modified point system based on the standard 8-second qualified ride from traditional rodeo . Rather than scoring a `` 0 '' for any ride shorted than eight seconds , Toughest Cowboy competitors are delivered penalty points for the 1/10 of seconds they are short of the full ride mark . Each 1/10 of a second is equal to 1 point . This eliminates the chance of a 0-0 tie between competitors .   In addition to the athletic competition , the broadcast include segments outside of the rodeo arena . These segments give background on the competitor 's lives , most of which include visits to their homes . There are also interviews conducted during the live competition to provide an inside look at the cowboys thoughts during the tournament .

neg: WRTV WRTV , virtual channel 6 ( UHF digital channel 25 ) , is an ABC-affiliated television station located in Indianapolis , Indiana , USA , owned by the broadcasting division of the E. W. Scripps Company . WRTV maintains primary studio facilities on Meridian Street in northwestern Indianapolis ( in the middle of Indianapolis ' Television Row ) , with a secondary studio located at Monument Circle in downtown Indianapolis ; its transmitter is located on the city 's northwest side ( near Meridian Hills ) .   On cable , WRTV is carried on Comcast channel 5 , on Charter Communications channel 7 , and AT&T U-Verse channel 6 in standard definition , and on Comcast and AT&T U-Verse channel 1006 , and Charter channel 1007 in high definition .

neg: Cowboys, Sisters, Rascals & Dirt Cowboys , Sisters , Rascals & Dirt is an album by Waylon Jennings , released in 1993 through RCA Nashville and Ode 2 Kids Records . A concept album , it features Jennings singing compositions intended for children . All but one of the tracks on the record were written by the singer himself . The final song is dedicated to Jennings ' son , Shooter . While a music video for `` Cowboy Movies '' was filmed , the album itself did not chart . The album was produced by Cliff `` Barny '' Robertson , whose daughters , Becky , Emily and Joanna , sing backing vocals on it . In the mid-2000s , the daughters founded a group called Carter 's Chord .

neg: Nothing Sacred (TV series) Nothing Sacred is an American drama series that aired from 1997 to 1998 on ABC . The series was created by a Jesuit priest named Bill Cain and producer David Manson .

neg: Shitsville Express Shitsville Express is an Australian factual television series , produced by Cordell Jigsaw Zapruder Productions and broadcast in 2013 on ABC2 .   The six-part series examines political issues such as the explosion of alcohol fuelled violence , the gambling epidemic , substandard transport systems , the current housing crisis and the pros and cons of coal seam gas mining . Journalist Joe Hildebrand takes four budding politicians on a confronting and thought-provoking journey into some of Australia 's thorniest issues . At the end , all four will put their ideas to a former Prime Minister who has dealt with many issues and who knows the difficulty of making change happen .

neg: Local programming The terms local programme , local programming , local content or local television refers to a television program made by a television station or independent television producer for broadcast only within the station 's transmission area or television market . Local programmes can encompass the whole range of programme genres but will usually only cover subjects or people of particular interest to an audience within the station 's coverage area .   For example , a local sports programme will present results , interviews and coverage of games or matches , just like a network sports programme , but it would only feature teams and players from within the broadcaster 's transmission area .   In some cases a television network programme may include a local element as well . This is particularly the case in the United Kingdom and still happens today with The Politics Show . The BBC regions will all opt-out at the same time from the main programme to present a locally produced segment .   Sometimes locally made programmes that are not too specific to the transmission area , will be sold to other local stations for broadcast in their region .   Historically there was a large percentage of local programming on television . Late in the 20th century this has significantly fallen . In many cases the only local programmes on a television station today will be the local newscast .   The above can also apply to radio . A national radio network may have local studios or affiliates who opt-out at various times to present local programs and content .   In the late-1950s , many of the early Australian television series such as Melbourne Magazine ( 1957 ) , Sydney Tonight ( 1956-1959 ) , and TV Talent Scout ( 1957-1958 ) were broadcast in only a single city .

neg: Disney–ABC Domestic Television Disney -- ABC Domestic Television , also operating as ABC Syndication ( formerly known as Buena Vista Television and also known as Disney Domestic Television and Disney-ABC Home Entertainment and Television Distribution ) , is the in-home sales and content distribution firm of the Disney -- ABC Television Group , a division of The Walt Disney Company . Content distribution responsibilities include domestic television syndication , domestic pay TV , Internet and cable video-on-demand ( VOD ) , and pay-per-view outlets .

neg: List of programs broadcast by ETC This is a list of programs broadcast by ETC , a commercial broadcast television network owned by Solar Entertainment Corporation through its subsidiary Southern Broadcasting Network . Its local programming includes lifestyle , infotainment , infomercials and reality shows produced by the network itself . The channel also provides drama series , sitcoms , reality , movies and entertainment news programs .   Most of American TV shows are from broadcast networks such as CBS , ABC , Fox , NBC , and The CW , and cable channels such as Bravo , E! , Lifetime , Freeform , VH1 and MTV . Several Australian shows are from Seven Network , and Network Ten .   For the previously aired shows of SBN/ETC , see List of programs previously broadcast by Southern Broadcasting Network .

neg: Moon Over Miami (TV series) Moon Over Miami is an American drama and crime series that aired on ABC .

neg: Tombstone Territory Tombstone Territory is an American Western series starring Pat Conway and Richard Eastham . The series ' first two seasons aired on ABC from 1957 to 1959 . The first season was sponsored by Bristol-Myers ( Consumer Products ) and the second season by Lipton ( Tea/Soup ) and Philip Morris ( Marlboro Cigarettes ) . The third and final season aired in syndication from 1959 until 1960 . The program was produced by Ziv Television , the company responsible for other 1950s hit TV series such as first-run syndicated Sea Hunt and Highway Patrol and NBC 's Bat Masterson .

neg: Desperate Housewives Desperate Housewives is an American television comedy-drama and mystery series created by Marc Cherry , and produced by ABC Studios and Cherry Productions . It originally aired for eight seasons on ABC , from October 3 , 2004 to May 13 , 2012 . Executive producer Cherry served as showrunner . Other executive producers since the fourth season included Bob Daily , George W. Perkins , John Pardee , Joey Murphy , David Grossman , and Larry Shaw .   Set on Wisteria Lane , a street in the fictional town of Fairview in the fictional Eagle State , Desperate Housewives follows the lives of a group of women as seen through the eyes of their late friend and neighbor who committed suicide in the pilot episode . The storyline covers 13 years of the women 's lives over eight seasons , set between the years 2004 -- 2008 , and later 2013 -- 2017 ( the story arc includes a five-year passage of time , as well as flashbacks ranging from the 1980s to the 2020s ) . They work through domestic struggles and family life , while facing the secrets , crimes and mysteries hidden behind the doors of their -- on the surface -- beautiful and seemingly perfect suburban neighborhood .   The series features an ensemble cast , headed by Teri Hatcher as Susan Mayer , Felicity Huffman as Lynette Scavo , Marcia Cross as Bree Van de Kamp , and Eva Longoria as Gabrielle Solis . Brenda Strong narrates the series as the late Mary Alice Young , appearing sporadically in flashbacks or dream sequences .   Desperate Housewives was well received by viewers and critics alike . It won multiple Primetime Emmy , Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Awards . From the 2004 -- 05 through the 2008 -- 09 television seasons , its first five seasons were rated amongst the top ten most-watched series . In 2007 , it was reported to be the most popular show in its demographic worldwide , with an audience of approximately 120 million and was also reported as the third most watched television series in a study of ratings in twenty countries . In 2012 , it remained the most-watched comedy series internationally based on data from Eurodata TV Worldwide , which measured ratings across five continents ; it has held this position since 2006 . Moreover , it was the third highest revenue earning series for 2010 , with $ 2.74 million per half an hour . The show was ranked at number fifty-six on Entertainment Weekly `` New TV Classics '' list .   In 2011 , it was confirmed that Desperate Housewives would conclude after its eighth season ; the series finale aired on May 13 , 2012 . By the end of the series , it had surpassed Charmed as the longest running hour-long television series featuring all female leads by two episodes .

neg: ABC News ABC News is the news division of the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . Its flagship program is the daily evening newscast ABC World News Tonight ; other programs include morning news-talk show Good Morning America , newsmagazine series Nightline , Primetime and 20/20 , and Sunday morning political affairs program This Week with George Stephanopolous .

neg: OzTAM OzTAM is an Australian audience measurement research firm that collects and markets television ratings data . It is jointly owned by the Seven Network , the Nine Network and Network Ten , and is the official source of television ratings data for all metropolitan television in Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth as well as subscription services ( such as Foxtel ) on a national basis .   OzTAM was created in 1999 after the Seven and Ten Networks led a call for a re-tendering of the contract to provide audience ratings . Executives from both networks were concerned that the previous ratings service did not accurately reflect viewing levels for their channels .   Prior to OzTAM , the dominant metropolitan ratings company was Nielsen Media Research . The two companies competed for a short time , before Nielsen pulled out . Nielsen continues to be active in some regional areas .   There are ten official survey periods , of four weeks each , cover 40 weeks of the year , excluding 2 weeks over Easter and 10 weeks over summer .   In total , OzTAM measures ratings from 3,500 homes , with 950 homes in Sydney , 900 in Melbourne , 650 in Brisbane and 500 each in Adelaide and Perth , with these ratings commonly referred to as ` five city metro ratings ' . A further 2,000 homes outside these five cities are measured by Regional TAM , and an additional 1,200 homes monitor viewing of subscription television in Australia . Nielsen are contracted to provide the audience measurement services to both OzTAM and Regional TAM having previously operated their own measurement service .   The Nine Network , traditionally the ratings leader in Australia for many years , carried over its dominance into the OzTam era , winning six consecutive ratings seasons between 2001 and 2006 inclusive . However , in recent years , it has languished in second position behind the Seven Network , which as of 2016 has won the last ten ratings seasons consecutively .   In 2017 , the metropolitan homes measured will increase to 5,250 , Regional TAM homes will increase to over 3,000 and subscription viewing homes to 2,120 . Additionally , OzTAM 's renewed its contract with Neilsen as a sub-contractor through until 2020 .

neg: List of The Middle episodes The Middle is a primetime American comedy series created by DeAnn Heline and Eileen Heisler for the ABC network . The Middle stars Patricia Heaton and Neil Flynn as Frankie and Mike Heck , a used-car saleswoman and the manager of a small mining firm respectively , who struggle to raise their children in the fictional middle-class town of Orson , Indiana . Their three children include the athletic but underachieving , slow-witted Axl ( Charlie McDermott ) , cluelessly unpopular daughter Sue ( Eden Sher ) , and frustrated , odd child-genius Brick ( Atticus Shaffer ) . The Hecks find themselves embroiled in somewhat unusual events as they attempt to navigate their day-to-day lives . The series was met with a positive reception from television critics when it premiered on September 30 , 2009 , with a score of 70 on the aggregated reviews website Metacritic . On March 3 , 2016 , ABC renewed the series for an eighth season . On January 25 , 2017 , ABC renewed the series for a ninth season .

neg: Greenhouse Mafia Greenhouse Mafia is the title of a TV program aired by the ABC on the 13 February 2006 episode of its weekly current affairs program Four Corners . The program says the term greenhouse mafia is the `` in house '' name used by Australia 's carbon lobby for itself . The program featured former Liberal Party member Guy Pearse and Four Corners host Janine Cohen , while others concerned about the influence exerted by the fossil fuel lobby also participated . The report was based on a thesis Pearse wrote at the Australian National University between 1999 and 2005 regarding the response of Australian business to global warming . According to the program , lobby groups representing the coal , car , oil , and aluminium industries have wielded their power to prevent Australia from reducing its greenhouse gas emissions , which were already among the highest per capita in the world in 1990 .

neg: Internet television in Australia Internet television in Australia is the digital distribution of movies and television content via the Internet . In Australia , Internet television is provided by five major pay-per-view providers , in addition to several niche television streaming services . Australia 's five major free-to-air television networks all offer catch up TV of previously broadcast content to watch via the Internet or via podcasts - drawing on both domestic and foreign content . A feature of Internet television is that a user can view TV or video on demand . Some distributors provide content as downloads , whiles other streaming media ; the main difference being that with downloads the end-user must have storage capacity for the content on their device and must wait for the download to be completed before the content can be viewed , while streamed content can be viewed almost immediately , but is not stored for a later second viewing .   Whether downloaded or streamed , video files over the Internet are usually metered in Australia , with most ISPs setting download quotas which can limit the downloads that a subscriber can make without incurring additional costs . ISPs also provide plans with unlimited downloads . Some ISPs offer downloads on a quota-free basis for partnered television services , which is also known as `` unmetered '' content .

neg: Worst Year of My Life Again Worst Year of My Life Again is an Australian children 's television series that premiered on 26 April 2014 on ABC3 . It was produced by the Australian Children 's Television Foundation ( ACTF ) and Reflective Pictures for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Filming for the show began on 23 April 2013 at Camberwell High School , Victoria and ended on 15 November 2013 . The show is also played on CBBC .


query: The United Kingdom does not have a parliamentary system.

pos: United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK ) or Britain , is a sovereign country in western Europe . Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland.Although Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state , two of its Overseas Territories also share land borders with other sovereign countries . Gibraltar shares a border with Spain , while the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia share borders with the Republic of Cyprus , the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and the UN buffer zone separating the two Cypriot polities . Apart from this land border , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to its east , the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland . With an area of 242500 km2 , the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe . It is also the 21st-most populous country , with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants . Together , this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union ( EU ) .   The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance . The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 6 February 1952 . The capital of the United Kingdom and its largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million , the fourth-largest in Europe and second-largest in the European Union . Other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the conurbations centred on Birmingham , Leeds , Glasgow , Liverpool and Manchester . The United Kingdom consists of four countries -- England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland . The last three have devolved administrations , each with varying powers , based in their capitals , Edinburgh , Cardiff and Belfast , respectively . The nearby Isle of Man , Bailiwick of Guernsey and Bailiwick of Jersey are not part of the United Kingdom , being Crown dependencies with the British Government responsible for defence and international representation .   The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time . Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain , which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922 , leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed on 6 December 1921 to resolve the Irish War of Independence . When it took effect one year later , it established the Irish Free State as a separate dominion within the Commonwealth . The UK 's current name was adopted to reflect the change . There are fourteen British Overseas Territories . These are the remnants of the British Empire which , at its height in the 1920s , encompassed almost a quarter of the world 's land mass and was the largest empire in history . British influence can be observed in the language , culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies .   The United Kingdom is a developed country and has the world 's fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest economy by purchasing power parity . The UK is considered to have a high-income economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index , ranking 16th in the world . It was the world 's first industrialised country and the world 's foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries . The UK remains a great power with considerable economic , cultural , military , scientific and political influence internationally . It is a recognised nuclear weapons state and is seventh in military expenditure in the world . The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 . It has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor , the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , since 1973 . However , on 23 June 2016 , a national referendum on the UK 's membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave , and its exit from the EU is currently being negotiated . The UK is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , the Council of Europe , the G7 finance ministers , the G7 forum , the G20 , NATO , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , and the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) .

neg: Church of England The Church of England ( C of E ) is the state church of England . The Archbishop of Canterbury ( currently Justin Welby ) is the most senior cleric , although the monarch is the supreme governor . The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . It dates its establishment as a national church to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury .   The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in the 1530s . The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip . The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course whereby the English church was to be both Catholic and Reformed :  Catholic in that it views itself as a part of the universal church of Jesus Christ in unbroken continuity with the early apostolic church . This is expressed in its emphasis on the teachings of the early Church Fathers , as formalised in the Apostles ' , Nicene , and Athanasian creeds .  Reformed in that it has been shaped by some of the doctrinal principles of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation , in particular in the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion and the Book of Common Prayer .   In the earlier phase of the English Reformation there were both Catholic martyrs and radical Protestant martyrs . The later phases saw the Penal Laws punish Roman Catholic and nonconforming Protestants . In the 17th century , political and religious disputes raised the Puritan and Presbyterian faction to control of the church , but this ended with the Restoration . Papal recognition of George III in 1766 led to greater religious tolerance .   Since the English Reformation , the Church of England has used a liturgy in English . The church contains several doctrinal strands , the main three known as Anglo-Catholic , Evangelical and Broad Church . Tensions between theological conservatives and progressives find expression in debates over the ordination of women and homosexuality . The church includes both liberal and conservative clergy and members .   The governing structure of the church is based on dioceses , each presided over by a bishop . Within each diocese are local parishes . The General Synod of the Church of England is the legislative body for the church and comprises bishops , other clergy and laity . Its measures must be approved by both Houses of Parliament .

neg: Monarchy A monarchy is a form of government in which a group , usually a family called the dynasty , embodies the country 's national identity and one of its members , called the monarch , exercises a role of sovereignty . The actual power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic ( crowned republic ) , to partial and restricted ( constitutional monarchy ) , to completely autocratic ( absolute monarchy ) . Traditionally and in most cases , the monarch 's post is inherited and lasts until death or abdication , but there are also elective monarchies where the monarch is elected . Each of these has variations : in some elected monarchies only those of certain pedigrees are , whereas many hereditary monarchies impose requirements regarding the religion , age , gender , mental capacity , etc. . Occasionally this might create a situation of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective election . Finally , there have been cases where the term of a monarch 's reign is either fixed in years or continues until certain goals are achieved : an invasion being repulsed , for instance . Thus there are widely divergent structures and traditions defining monarchy .   Monarchy was the most common form of government until the 19th century , but it is no longer prevalent . Where it exists , it is now usually a constitutional monarchy , in which the monarch retains a unique legal and ceremonial role , but exercises limited or no official political power : under the written or unwritten constitution , others have governing authority . Currently , 47 sovereign nations in the world have monarchs acting as heads of state , 19 of which are Commonwealth realms that recognise Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state . All European monarchies are constitutional ones , with the exception of the Vatican City which is an elective monarchy , but sovereigns in the smaller states exercise greater political influence than in the larger . The monarchs of Cambodia , Japan , and Malaysia `` reign , but do not rule '' although there is considerable variation in the degree of authority they wield . Although they reign under constitutions , the monarchs of Brunei , Morocco , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Swaziland appear to continue to exercise more political influence than any other single source of authority in their nations , either by constitutional mandate or by tradition .

neg: Centre points of the United Kingdom There has long been debate over the exact location of the geographical centre of the United Kingdom , and its constituent countries , due to the complexity and method of the calculation , such as whether to include offshore islands , and the fact that erosion will cause the position to change over time . There are two main methods of calculating this `` centre '' : either as the centroid of the two-dimensional shape made by the country ( projected to the Airy ellipsoid then flattened using the Transverse Mercator projection ) , or as the point farthest from the boundary of the country ( either the sea , or , in the case of constituent countries , a land border ) . These two methods give quite different answers .

neg: List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, 1980–99 This is a complete list of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the years 1980 -- 1999 . Note that the first parliament of the United Kingdom was held in 1801 ; parliaments between 1707 and 1800 were either parliaments of Great Britain or of Ireland ) . For Acts passed up until 1707 see List of Acts of the Parliament of England and List of Acts of the Parliament of Scotland . For Acts passed from 1707 to 1800 see List of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain . See also the List of Acts of the Parliament of Ireland .   For Acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom , see the List of Acts of the Scottish Parliament from 1999 , the List of Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly , and the List of Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales ; see also the List of Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland .   The number shown after each Act 's title is its chapter number . Acts passed before 1963 are cited using this number , preceded by the year ( s ) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held ; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as `` 39 & 40 Geo . 3 c. 67 '' , meaning the 67th Act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign . Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations ( thus `` 41 Geo . 3 '' rather than `` 41 Geo . III '' ) . Note also that Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as `` 41 Geo . 3 '' . Acts passed from 1963 onwards are simply cited by calendar year and chapter number .  __ NOTOC __

neg: New Zealand House of Representatives The New Zealand House of Representatives is a component of the New Zealand Parliament , along with the Sovereign ( represented by the Governor-General ) . The House passes all laws , provides ministers to form a Cabinet , and supervises the work of the Government . It is also responsible for adopting the state 's budgets and approving the state 's accounts .   The House of Representatives is a democratically elected body , usually consisting of 120 members ( currently 119 though recently had 121 with an overhang ) known as members of Parliament ( MPs ) . Members are elected for limited terms , holding office until Parliament is dissolved ( a maximum of three years ) . A government is formed from the party or coalition with the majority of MPs . If no majority is possible then a minority government can be formed with a confidence and supply arrangement .   The House of Representatives was created by the British New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 , which established a bicameral legislature ; however the upper chamber , the Legislative Council , was abolished in 1951 . Parliament received full control over all New Zealand affairs in 1947 with the passage of the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act .   The debate chamber of the House of Representatives is located inside Parliament House in Wellington , the capital city . Sittings of the House are usually open to the public , but the House may at any time vote to sit in private .

neg: Coronations in Europe Note : this article is one of a set , describing coronations around the world .  For general information related to all coronations , please see the umbrella article Coronation .   Coronations in Europe were previously held in the monarchies of Europe . The United Kingdom is the only monarchy in Europe that still practices coronation . Current European monarchies have either replaced coronations with simpler ceremonies to mark an accession ( e.g. Denmark ) or have never practiced coronations ( e.g. . The Netherlands and Belgium ) . Most monarchies today only require a simple oath to be taken in the presence of the country 's legislature .

neg: British Overseas Territories The 14 British Overseas Territories ( BOT ) are territories under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United Kingdom . They are the parts of the British Empire that have not been granted independence or have voted to remain British territories . These territories do not form part of the United Kingdom and , with the exception of Gibraltar , are not part of the European Union . Most of the inhabited territories are internally self-governing , with the UK retaining responsibility for defence and foreign relations . The rest are either uninhabited or have a transitory population of military or scientific personnel . They share the British monarch ( Elizabeth II ) as head of state .   The term `` British Overseas Territory '' was introduced by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 , replacing the term British Dependent Territory , introduced by the British Nationality Act 1981 . Prior to 1 January 1983 , the territories were officially referred to as British Crown Colonies . With the exceptions of the British Antarctic Territory and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( which host only officials and research station staff ) and the British Indian Ocean Territory ( used as a military base ) , the Territories retain permanent civilian populations . Permanent residency for the 7,000 or so civilians living in the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia is limited to citizens of the Republic of Cyprus .   Collectively , the Territories encompass a population of about 250,000 people and a land area of about 667018 sqmi . The vast majority of this land area , 660000 sqmi , constitutes the almost uninhabited British Antarctic Territory , while the largest territory by population , Bermuda , accounts for almost a quarter of the total BOT population . At the other end of the scale , three territories have no civilian population ; the Antarctic territory , the British Indian Ocean Territory ( from which the Chagos Islanders were controversially removed ) and South Georgia . Pitcairn Islands , settled by the survivors of the Mutiny on the Bounty , is the smallest settled territory with 49 inhabitants , while the smallest by land area is Gibraltar on the southern tip of the Iberian peninsula . The United Kingdom participates in the Antarctic Treaty System and , as part of a mutual agreement , the British Antarctic Territory is recognised by four of the other sovereign nations making claims to Antarctic territory .   Although the Crown dependencies of Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man are also under the sovereignty of the British monarch , they are in a different constitutional relationship with the United Kingdom . The British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies are themselves distinct from the Commonwealth realms , a group of 15 independent countries ( and the United Kingdom ) which each also have Elizabeth II as their reigning monarch , and from the Commonwealth of Nations , a voluntary association of 52 countries mostly with historic links to the British Empire ( which also includes all Commonwealth realms ) .   the Minister responsible for the Territories excluding the Falkland Islands , Gibraltar and the Sovereign Base Areas is Baroness Anelay , Minister of State for the Commonwealth and the UN . The other three territories are the responsibility of Sir Alan Duncan MP , Minister of State for Europe and the Americas .

neg: West Lothian question The West Lothian question , also known as the English question , refers to whether MPs from Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales , sitting in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom , should be able to vote on matters that affect only England , while MPs from England are unable to vote on matters that have been devolved to the Northern Ireland Assembly , the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh Assembly . The term `` West Lothian question '' was coined by Enoch Powell MP in 1977 after Tam Dalyell , the Labour MP for the Scottish constituency of West Lothian , raised the matter repeatedly in House of Commons debates on devolution .   In 2011 the Government of the United Kingdom set up a commission to examine the question . The Commission on the consequences of devolution for the House of Commons , chaired by former Clerk of the House of Commons Sir William McKay , published a report in 2013 which proposed various procedural changes , including that legislation which affects only England should require the support of a majority of MPs representing English constituencies ( `` English votes for English laws '' ) . Following the election of a Conservative government in the 2015 general election , new parliamentary procedures and a Legislative Grand Committee were enacted .

neg: Parliamentary privilege in the United Kingdom Parliamentary privilege in the United Kingdom is a legal immunity enjoyed by Members of the House of Commons and House of Lords designed to ensure that Parliamentarians are able to carry out their duties free from interference . The privileges are freedom of speech , freedom from arrest on civil matters , freedom of access to the sovereign and that ` the most favourable construction should be placed on all the Houses 's proceedings ' . Parliamentary privilege is however something that forms part of the law rather than putting Members of Parliament above the law . The doctrine of Parliamentary privilege was unsuccessfully used to try and prevent details of 2010 MPs expenses scandal from emerging . In recent years the doctrine of Parliamentary privilege has made headlines in relation to the arrest of Damian Green and several cases relating to super-injunctions such as RJW & SJW v The Guardian newspaper & Person or Persons Unknown ( ` Trafigura ' ) and CTB v News Group Newspapers leading to calls to reform the law relating to privilege .

neg: European Parliament (Representation) Act 2003 The European Parliament ( Representation ) Act 2003 ( c. 7 ) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . The long title is `` An Act to make provision enabling alterations to be made to the total number of Members of the European Parliament to be elected for the United Kingdom and to their distribution between the electoral regions ; to make provision for and in connection with the establishment of an electoral region including Gibraltar for the purposes of European Parliamentary elections ; and for connected purposes . ''   The Act made provision for a reduction in the number of Members of the European Parliament who represent the United Kingdom ( see Treaty of Nice ) . Gibraltar was enfranchised by adding it to the South West England constituency after taking the British Government to the European Court of Justice .   The number of seats each region was allocated is as follows :   East Midlands 6  Eastern 8  London 10  North East 4  North West 10  South East 11  South West 7  West Midlands 8  Yorkshire and the Humber 7  Scotland 8  Wales 5  Northern Ireland 3   The addition of Gibraltar to the English constituency gave rise to some problems concerning the jurisdiction of the Courts of England and Wales and the Courts of Gibraltar over which would have power to hear election petitions , this can be seen by some of the discussions held in the Standing Committee during the bill stage .

neg: Politics of France The politics of France take place with the framework of a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French Fifth Republic . The nation declares itself to be an `` indivisible , secular , democratic , and social Republic '' . The constitution provides for a separation of powers and proclaims France 's `` attachment to the Rights of Man and the principles of national sovereignty as defined by the Declaration of 1789 . ''   The political system of France consists of an executive branch , a legislative branch , and a judicial branch . Executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government . The Government consists of the Prime Minister and ministers . The Prime Minister is appointed by the President , and is responsible to Parliament . The government , including the Prime Minister , can be revoked by the National Assembly , the lower house of Parliament , through a `` censure motion '' ; this ensures that the Prime Minister is always supported by a majority of the lower house ( which , on most topics , has prominence over the upper house ) .   Parliament comprises the National Assembly and the Senate . It passes statutes and votes on the budget ; it controls the action of the executive through formal questioning on the floor of the houses of Parliament and by establishing commissions of inquiry . The constitutionality of the statutes is checked by the Constitutional Council , members of which are appointed by the President of the Republic , the President of the National Assembly , and the President of the Senate . Former presidents of the Republic also are members of the Council .   The independent judiciary is based upon civil law system which evolved from the Napoleonic codes . It is divided into the judicial branch ( dealing with civil law and criminal law ) and the administrative branch ( dealing with appeals against executive decisions ) , each with their own independent supreme court of appeal : the Court of Cassation for the judicial courts and the Conseil d'Etat for the administrative courts . The French government includes various bodies that check abuses of power and independent agencies .   France is a unitary state . However , its administrative subdivisions -- regions , departments and communes -- have various legal functions , and the national government is prohibited from intruding into their normal operations .   France was a founding member of the European Coal and Steel Community , later the European Union . As such , France has transferred part of its sovereignty to European institutions , as provided by its constitution . The French government therefore has to abide by European treaties , directives and regulations .

neg: Reform of the House of Lords Certain governments in the United Kingdom have , for more than a century , attempted to find a way to reform the House of Lords , the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . This process was started by the Parliament Act 1911 introduced by the then Liberal Government which stated :   ... whereas it is intended to substitute for the House of Lords as it at present exists a Second Chamber constituted on a popular instead of hereditary basis , but such substitution can not be immediately brought into operation   When the Labour Party came to power in the 1997 general election , it had in its manifesto the promise to reform the House of Lords :  The House of Lords must be reformed . As an initial , self-contained reform , not dependent on further reform in the future , the right of hereditary Peers to sit and vote in the House of Lords will be ended by statute . . '' .  The Blair government subsequently passed the House of Lords Act 1999 . On 7 November 2001 the government undertook a public consultation . This helped to create a public debate on the issue of Lords reform , with 1,101 consultation responses and numerous debates in Parliament and the media . However , no consensus on the future of the upper chamber emerged .   All three of the main parties promised to take action on Lords reform in the 2010 general election , and following it the Coalition Agreement included a promise to `` establish a committee to bring forward proposals for a wholly or mainly elected upper chamber on the basis of proportional representation '' . Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg introduced the House of Lords Reform Bill 2012 on 27 June 2012 which built on proposals published on 17 May 2011 . However , this Bill was abandoned by the Government on 6 August 2012 following opposition from within the Conservative Party . A successful attempt to pursue minor reform of the House was made on 14 May 2014 when the House of Lords Reform Act 2014 gained Royal Assent .

neg: Crown Estate The Crown Estate is a collection of lands and holdings in the United Kingdom belonging to the British monarch as a corporation sole , making it the `` Sovereign 's public estate '' , which is neither government property nor part of the monarch 's private estate . As a result of this arrangement , the sovereign is not involved with the management or administration of the estate , exercising only very limited control of its affairs . Instead , the estate 's extensive portfolio is overseen by a semi-independent , incorporated public body headed by the Crown Estate Commissioners , who exercise `` the powers of ownership '' of the estate , although they are not `` owners in their own right '' . The revenues from these hereditary possessions have been placed by the monarch at the disposition of Her Majesty 's Government and thus proceed directly to Her Majesty 's Treasury for the benefit of the British nation . The Crown Estate is formally accountable to the Parliament of the United Kingdom , where it is legally mandated to make an annual report to the sovereign , a copy of which is forwarded to the House of Commons .   The Crown Estate is one of the largest property managers in the United Kingdom , overseeing property worth # 12 billion , with urban properties valued at # 9.1 billion representing the majority of the estate by value . These include a large number of properties in central London , but the estate also controls 792000 ha of agricultural land and forest , more than half of the UK 's foreshore , and retains various other traditional holdings and rights , including Ascot Racecourse and Windsor Great Park . Naturally occurring gold and silver in the UK , collectively known as `` Mines Royal '' , are managed by The Crown Estate and leased to mining operators .   Historically , Crown Estate properties were administered by the reigning monarch to help fund the business of governing the country . However , in 1760 , George III surrendered control over the Estate 's revenues to the treasury , thus relieving him of the responsibility of personally paying for the costs of the civil service , defence costs , the national debt , and his own personal debts . In return , he received an annual grant known as the Civil list . By tradition , each subsequent monarch agreed to this arrangement upon his or her accession . However , from 1 April 2012 , under the terms of the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 ( SSG ) , the Civil List was abolished and the monarch was thenceforth provided with a stable source of revenue indexed to a percentage of the Crown Estate 's annual net revenue ( currently set at 15 % ) . This was intended to provide a long-term solution and remove the politically sensitive issue of Parliament having to debate the Civil List allowance every ten years . Subsequently , the Sovereign Grant Act allows for all future monarchs to simply extend these provisions for their reigns by Order in Council . The act does not imply any legal change on the nature of the estate 's ownership , but is simply a benchmark by which the sovereign grant is set as a grant by Parliament .

neg: List of MPs for constituencies in England 2015–17 This is a list of Members of Parliament ( MPs ) elected to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom by English constituencies for the Fifty-Sixth Parliament of the United Kingdom ( 2015-2017 ) .   It includes both MPs elected at the 2015 general election , held on 7 May 2015 , and those subsequently elected in by-elections .   The list is sorted by the name of the MP , and MPs who did not serve throughout the Parliament are italicised . New MPs elected since the general election are noted at the bottom of the page .

neg: List of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain, 1720–39 This is an incomplete list of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain for the years 1720 -- 1739 . For Acts passed up until 1707 see List of Acts of the Parliament of England and List of Acts of the Parliament of Scotland . See also the List of Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 and the List of Acts of the Parliament of Ireland , 1701 -- 1800 .   For Acts passed from 1801 onwards see List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . For Acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom , see the List of Acts of the Scottish Parliament from 1999 , the List of Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly , and the List of Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales ; see also the List of Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland .   The number shown after each Act 's title is its chapter number . Acts are cited using this number , preceded by the year ( s ) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held ; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as `` 39 & 40 Geo . 3 c. 67 '' , meaning the 67th Act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign . Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations ( thus `` 41 Geo . 3 '' rather than `` 41 Geo . III '' ) . Note also that Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as `` 41 Geo . 3 '' .   Acts passed by the Parliament of Great Britain did not have a short title ; however , some of these Acts have subsequently been given a short title by Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom ( such as the Short Titles Act 1896 ) .   Before the Acts of Parliament ( Commencement ) Act 1793 came into force on 8 April 1793 , Acts passed by the Parliament of Great Britain were deemed to have come into effect on the first day of the session in which they were passed . Because of this , the years given in the list below may in fact be the year before a particular Act was passed .

neg: Clerk of the House of Commons The Clerk of the House of Commons is the chief executive of the House of Commons in the Parliament of the United Kingdom , and before 1707 of the House of Commons of England .   The formal name for the position held by the Clerk of the House of Commons is Under Clerk of the Parliaments . The chief clerk of the House of Lords is the Clerk of the Parliaments .

neg: Crown dependencies The Crown dependencies are the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea , and the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel . They are independently administered jurisdictions , and do not form part of either the United Kingdom or the British Overseas Territories . They are self-governing possessions of the Crown ( defined uniquely in each jurisdiction ) . Internationally , the dependencies are considered `` territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible '' , rather than sovereign states . As a result , they are not member states of the Commonwealth of Nations . However , they do have relationships with the Commonwealth , the European Union , and other international organisations , and are members of the British -- Irish Council . They have their own teams in the Commonwealth Games . They are not part of the European Union ( EU ) , although they are within the EU 's customs area .   As the Crown dependencies are not sovereign states , the power to pass legislation affecting the islands ultimately rests with the government of the United Kingdom . However they each have their own legislative assemblies , with the power to legislate on many local matters with the assent of the Crown ( Privy Council , or in the case of the Isle of Man in certain circumstances the Lieutenant-Governor ) . In each case , the head of government is referred to as the Chief Minister .

neg: Politics of Andorra The politics of Andorra take place in a framework of a parliamentary constitutional diarchy , and a multi-party system . Executive power is exercised by the government , with the Head of Government of Andorra as chief executive . Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament . The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature .   Before 1993 , Andorra 's political system had no clear division of powers into executive , legislative , and judicial branches . A constitution ratified and approved in 1993 establishes Andorra as a sovereign parliamentary democracy that retains the President of France and Bishop of Urgell as co-princes and heads of state . However , the head of government retains executive power . The two co-princes serve coequally with limited powers that do not include an individual veto over government acts ( however , a bill can in effect be `` vetoed '' if both do not sign the legislation ) . They are each represented in Andorra by a personal representative .   The fundamental impetus for this political transformation was a recommendation by the Council of Europe in 1990 that , if Andorra wished to attain full integration in the European Union ( EU ) , it should adopt a modern constitution that guarantees the rights of those living and working there . A Tripartite Commission -- made up of representatives of the co-princes , the General Council , and the Executive Council -- was formed in 1990 and finalized the draft constitution in April 1991 , making the new constitution a fact .   One remaining , though symbolic , legacy of Andorra 's special relationship with France and Spain , is that the Principality has no postal service of its own -- French and Spanish postal services operate side by side , although each of them issues separate stamps for Andorra , instead of using their own .

neg: Political party affiliation in the United Kingdom Membership and supporter status within political parties in the United Kingdom typically contain restrictions including :   Age restrictions  Citizenship restrictions  A commitment to the party 's principles  Limiting holding membership of other political parties  Limiting standing against officially endorsed candidates  Membership of specifically prohibited political parties  Personal conduct expectations and party rule compliance   Practically , involvement in a political party without membership may limit an individual 's involvement . Parties that offer a lower level of affiliation , such as supporter status tend to have looser constraints .

neg: Liberal democracy Liberal democracy is a liberal political ideology and a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of classical liberalism . It is also called western democracy . It is characterised by fair , free , and competitive elections between multiple distinct political parties , a separation of powers into different branches of government , the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society , and the equal protection of human rights , civil rights , civil liberties , and political freedoms for all people . To define the system in practice , liberal democracies often draw upon a constitution , either formally written or uncodified , to delineate the powers of government and enshrine the social contract . After a period of sustained expansion throughout the 20th century , liberal democracy became the predominant political system in the world .   A liberal democracy may take various constitutional forms : it may be a constitutional monarchy ( Australia , Belgium , Canada , Japan , Norway , Spain and the United Kingdom ) or a republic ( France , India , Ireland , the United States ) . It may have a parliamentary system ( Australia , India , Ireland , the United Kingdom ) , a presidential system ( Indonesia , the United States ) , or a semi-presidential system ( France ) .   Liberal democracies usually have universal suffrage , granting all adult citizens the right to vote regardless of race , gender or property ownership . Historically , however , some countries regarded as liberal democracies have had a more limited franchise , and some do not have secret ballots . There may also be qualifications such as voters being required to register before being allowed to vote . The decisions made through elections are made not by all of the citizens , but rather by those who choose to participate by voting .   The liberal democratic constitution defines the democratic character of the state . The purpose of a constitution is often seen as a limit on the authority of the government . Liberal democracy emphasises the separation of powers , an independent judiciary , and a system of checks and balances between branches of government . Liberal democracies are likely to emphasise the importance of the state being a Rechtsstaat , i.e. , a state that follows the principle of rule of law . Governmental authority is legitimately exercised only in accordance with written , publicly disclosed laws adopted and enforced in accordance with established procedure . Many democracies use federalism -- also known as vertical separation of powers -- in order to prevent abuse and increase public input by dividing governing powers between municipal , provincial and national governments ( e.g. , Germany where the federal government assumes the main legislative responsibilities and the federated Länder assume many executive tasks ) .