query: The 84th Academy Awards winners included The Help.

pos: 84th Academy Awards The 84th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 2011 in the United States and took place on February 26 , 2012 , at the Hollywood and Highland Center Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST. . During the ceremony , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC , and produced by Brian Grazer and Don Mischer , with Mischer also serving as director . Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the ninth time . He first presided over the 62nd ceremony held in 1990 and had last hosted the 76th ceremony held in 2004 .   On June 14 , 2011 , Academy president Tom Sherak announced at a press conference that , in an attempt to further revitalize interest surrounding the awards , the 2012 ceremony would feature between five and ten Best Picture nominees depending on voting results , as opposed to a set number of nominees . In related events , the Academy held its third annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 12 , 2011 . On February 11 , 2012 , in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Milla Jovovich .   The Artist won five awards , including Best Actor for Jean Dujardin , Best Director for Michel Hazanavicius , and Best Picture , the first silent feature to win an Academy Award for Best Picture since 1927 's Wings , the inaugural winner in 1929 . Other winners included Hugo also with five awards , The Iron Lady with two awards , and Beginners , The Descendants , The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore , The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , The Help , Midnight in Paris , The Muppets , Rango , Saving Face , A Separation , The Shore , and Undefeated with one . The telecast garnered more than 39 million viewers in the United States .

neg: 1988 Academy Awards 1988 Academy Awards may refer to :   60th Academy Awards , the Academy Awards ceremony that took place in 1988  61st Academy Awards , the 1989 ceremony honoring the best in film for 1988

neg: Golden Raspberry Awards The Golden Raspberry Awards ( often shortened to Razzies and Razzie Awards ) is an award in recognition of the worst in film . Co-founded by UCLA film graduates and film-industry veterans , John J. B. Wilson and Mo Murphy , the annual Razzie Awards ceremony in Los Angeles precedes the corresponding Academy Awards ceremony by one day . The term raspberry in the name is used in its irreverent sense , as in `` blowing a raspberry '' . The awards themselves are in the form of a `` golf ball-sized raspberry '' which sits atop a Super 8 mm film reel , the whole of which is spray painted gold .   The first Golden Raspberry Awards ceremony was held on March 31 , 1981 , at John J. B. Wilson 's living-room alcove in Los Angeles , to honor the worst in film of the 1980 film season . The 37th ceremony was held on February 25 , 2017 .

neg: List of Belgian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film Belgium has submitted films for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film since 1967 . The award is handed out annually by the United States Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to a feature-length motion picture produced outside the United States that contains primarily non-English dialogue . It was not created until the 1956 Academy Awards , in which a competitive Academy Award of Merit , known as the Best Foreign Language Film Award , was created for non-English speaking films , and has been given annually since .   Seven Belgian films have been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . Of these films , two have been directed by Gérard Corbiau : The Music Teacher and Farinelli . The five other Belgian directors to have films accepted as nominees are Jacques Boigelot , Stijn Coninx , Dominique Deruddere , Michaël R. Roskam and Felix Van Groeningen . Boigelot 's Peace in the Fields was accepted as a nominee at the 43rd Academy Awards , Stijn Coninx 's Daens was a nominee in 1993 , Deruddere 's Everybody 's Famous ! was a nominee at the 73rd Academy Awards , Roskam 's Bullhead for the 84th and Van Groeningen 's The Broken Circle Breakdown for the 86th .

neg: List of submissions to the 78th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film The following 63 films , all from different countries , were submitted for the 78th Academy Awards in the category Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ( release at the country of origin October 2004 - September 2005 , ceremony March 2006 ) .   Costa Rica , Iraq and Fiji submitted films for the first time .

neg: 1939 Academy Awards 1939 Academy Awards may refer to :   11th Academy Awards , the Academy Awards ceremony that took place in 1939  12th Academy Awards , the 1940 ceremony honoring the best in film for 1939

neg: 25th Academy Awards The 25th Academy Awards ceremony was held on March 19 , 1953 . It took place at the RKO Pantages Theatre in Hollywood , California , and the NBC International Theatre in New York City .   It was the first Academy Awards ceremony to be televised , and the first ceremony to be held in Hollywood and New York City simultaneously . It was also the only year that the New York ceremonies were to be held in the NBC International Theatre on Columbus Circle , which was shortly thereafter demolished and replaced by the New York Coliseum convention center .   A major upset occurred in the category of Best Picture . The heavily favored High Noon lost to Cecil B. DeMille 's The Greatest Show on Earth , eventually considered among the worst films to have won the Academy Award for Best Picture . The American film magazine Premiere placed the movie on its list of the 10 worst Oscar winners and the British film magazine Empire rated it # 3 on their list of the 10 worst Oscar winners . It has the lowest spot on Rotten Tomatoes ' list of the 81 films to win Best Picture . Of all the films nominated for the Oscar this year , only High Noon and Singin ' in the Rain would show up 46 years later on the American Film Institute list of the greatest American films of the 20th Century . For a film that only received two nominations , Singin ' in the Rain went on to be named as the greatest American musical film of all time and in the 2007 American Film Institute updated list as the fifth greatest American film of all time , while High Noon was ranked twenty-seventh on the same 2007 list , as well .   The Bad and the Beautiful won five awards , the most wins ever for a film not nominated for Best Picture . It was also the second Academy Awards in which a film not nominated for Best Picture received the most awards of the evening , excluding years where there were ties for the most wins . The only other film to do this was The Thief of Bagdad at the 13th Academy Awards ; as of the 87th Academy Awards , it has not happened since .   Until Spotlight won only Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay at the 88th Academy Awards , this was the last year in which the Best Picture winner won just two Oscars . It was also the second of three years to date in which two films not nominated for Best Picture received more nominations than the winner ( The Bad and the Beautiful and Hans Christian Andersen , both with six ) . This occurred again at the 79th Academy Awards .   Shirley Booth also became the last person to win an Oscar in a Leading Role to be born in the 19th century . She also holds the distinction of being the first woman in her 50s to win the award , at the age of 54 ( the second woman in her 50s to win , Julianne Moore , was 54 when awarded at the 87th Academy Awards ) .   John Ford 's fourth win for Best Director set a record for the most wins in this category that remains unmatched to this day .   For the first time since the introduction of Supporting Actor and Actress awards in 1936 , Best Picture , Best Director , and all four acting Oscars went to six different films . This has happened only three times since , at the 29th Academy Awards for 1956 , the 78th for 2005 , and the 85th for 2012 .

neg: 1999 Academy Awards 1999 Academy Awards may refer to :   71st Academy Awards , the Academy Awards ceremony that took place in 1999  72nd Academy Awards , the 2000 ceremony honoring the best in film for 1999

neg: 48th Academy Awards The 48th Academy Awards were presented March 29 , 1976 at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion , Los Angeles . The ceremonies were presided over by Walter Matthau , Robert Shaw , George Segal , Goldie Hawn , and Gene Kelly . This year , ABC took over broadcast rights from NBC , and continues to broadcast them today . ( NBC 's coverage of the 1976 NCAA Final Four aired opposite the ceremony ; during the presentation of the Best Film Editing award , the winner was jokingly announced ( by presenter Elliott Gould ) as `` Indiana , 86 -- 68 '' ; the Indiana Hoosiers had won the NCAA Final Four that night . )   Miloš Forman 's One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest made a `` clean sweep '' of the major categories : Best Picture , Best Actor , Best Actress , Best Director and Best Screenplay ( Adapted ) . It was the second of three films to date to accomplish the sweep , following It Happened One Night in 1934 and preceding The Silence of the Lambs in 1991 .   French actress Isabelle Adjani received her first nomination for Best Actress this year , making Adjani , 20 at the time , the youngest actress to be nominated in the leading actress category , breaking the record set by 22-year-old Elizabeth Hartman in 1967 . This record would later be surpassed by 13-year-old Keisha Castle-Hughes in 2004 , and again in 2013 by nine-year old Quvenzhane Wallis . Adjani also presented the Best Film Editing award that night along with Gould who delivered the Indiana joke during the presentation .   At age 80 , George Burns became the oldest acting and Best Supporting Actor awardee , a record which stood until Jessica Tandy won Best Actress in 1989 . For males , Burns was succeeded by Christopher Plummer , who won Best Supporting Actor in 2012 for Beginners at the age of 82 .   Jaws was followed 25 years later by Traffic for a film that won all its nominations except Best Picture . Jaws is one of the few films to be nominated for Best Picture but not for directing , acting , or writing .

neg: List of accolades received by Dallas Buyers Club Dallas Buyers Club is a 2013 American biographical drama film directed by Jean-Marc Vallée based on a screenplay written by Craig Borten and Melisa Wallack . Matthew McConaughey stars as Ron Woodroof , an AIDS patient who smuggles unapproved AIDS drug treatments into Texas and establishes the titular club where he distributes them amongst other AIDS sufferers whilst opposed by the Food and Drug Administration . Jared Leto and Jennifer Garner feature in supporting roles .   Dallas Buyers Club premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 7 , 2013 . Focus Features initially gave the film a limited release at nine theaters on November 1 before expanding it on November 22 to over 600 theaters in the United States and Canada . The film grossed a worldwide total of over $ 55 million on a production budget of $ 5 million . Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , surveyed 234 reviews and judged 94 % to be positive .   Dallas Buyers Club garnered awards and nominations in a variety of categories with particular praise for the performances of actors , McConaughey and Leto . At the 86th Academy Awards , the film received six nominations , including Best Picture , Best Original Screenplay , Best Actor for McConaughey , and Best Supporting Actor for Leto . McConaughey and Leto went on to win their respective categories -- only the fifth film in Oscars history to win both awards . Hairstylist Adruitha Lee , and makeup artist Robin Mathews won for Best Makeup and Hairstyling . Mathews ' makeup budget for the film was only $ 250 . At the 71st Golden Globe Awards , McConaughey won for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , and Leto won for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture .   At the Screen Actors Guild Awards the film had three nominations ; winning Best Actor for McConaughey and Best Supporting Actor for Leto . Borten and Wallack 's screenplay was also nominated for Best Original Screenplay at the Writers Guild of America Awards . The National Board of Review named Dallas Buyers Club one of the top ten independent films of 2013 .

neg: Black Reel Awards of 2012 The 2012 Black Reel Awards , which annually recognize and celebrate the achievements of black people in feature , independent and television films , took place in Washington , D.C. on February 9 , 2012 . While the film Pariah had the most nominations with nine , The Help was the big winner taking home six out of the seven awards for which it was nominated . Attack the Block and Shame were also multiple winners , with each winning two awards . Octavia Spencer , Viola Davis and Steve McQueen also won two awards apiece .

neg: Golden Boot Awards The Golden Boot Awards is an American acknowledgment of achievement honoring actors , actresses , and crew members who have made significant contributions to the genre of Western television and movies . The award is sponsored and presented by the Motion Picture & Television Fund . Money raised at the award banquet is used to help finance various services offered by the Fund to those in the entertainment industry .   Actor Pat Buttram conceived the idea of the Golden Boot Award , and the first ones were presented in 1983 . The awards appear to have been discontinued since 2007 .

neg: 1988 New York Film Critics Circle Awards 54th New York Film Critics Circle Awards  January 15 , 1989   Best Film :  The Accidental Tourist  The 54th New York Film Critics Circle Awards honored the best filmmaking of 1988 . The winners were announced on 15 December 1988 and the awards were given on 15 January 1989 .

neg: 8th Academy Awards The 8th Academy Awards were held on March 5 , 1936 , at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles , California . They were hosted by Frank Capra . This was the first year in which the gold statuettes were called `` Oscars '' .   The category of Best Dance Direction was introduced this year . The DGA successfully lobbied for its elimination three years later .   Mutiny on the Bounty became the last film to date to win Best Picture and nothing else ( following The Broadway Melody and Grand Hotel ) , and the only film to receive three nominations for Best Actor .   This was the second and last year that write-in votes were allowed at the Oscars . A Midsummer Night 's Dream became the only film to win a write-in Oscar , taking Best Cinematography .

neg: 78th Academy Awards The 78th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on March 5 , 2006 , at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:00 p.m. PST / 8:00 p.m. EST. . The ceremony was scheduled one week later than usual to avoid conflicting with the 2006 Winter Olympics . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories honoring films released in 2005 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actor Jon Stewart hosted the show for the first time . Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California held on February 18 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Rachel McAdams .   Crash won three awards including Academy Award for Best Picture . Other winners included Brokeback Mountain , King Kong , and Memoirs of a Geisha also with three awards apiece , and Capote , The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , The Constant Gardener , Hustle and Flow , March of the Penguins , The Moon and the Son : An Imagined Conversation , A Note of Triumph : The Golden Age of Norman Corwin , Six Shooter , Syriana , Tsotsi , Walk the Line , and Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were-Rabbit with one each . The telecast garnered nearly 39 million viewers in the United States .

neg: Help! (magazine) Help ! is an American satire magazine published by James Warren from 1960 to 1965 . It was Harvey Kurtzman 's longest-running magazine project after leaving Mad and EC Publications , and during its five years of operation it was chronically underfunded , yet innovative .   In starting Help ! , Kurtzman brought along several artists from his Mad collaborations , including Will Elder , Jack Davis , John Severin and Al Jaffee .   Kurtzman 's assistants included Charles Alverson , Terry Gilliam and Gloria Steinem ; the latter was helpful in gathering the celebrity comedians who appeared on the covers and the fumetti strips the magazine ran along with more traditional comics and text pieces . Among the then little-known performers in the fumetti were John Cleese , Woody Allen and Milt Kamen ; better-known performers such as Orson Bean were also known to participate . Some of the fumetti were scripted by Bernard Shir-Cliff .   At Help ! , Gilliam met Cleese for the first time , resulting in their collaboration years later on Monty Python 's Flying Circus . Cleese appeared in a Gilliam fumetto written by David Crossley , `` Christopher 's Punctured Romance '' . The tale concerns a man who is shocked to learn that his daughter 's new `` Barbee '' doll has `` titties '' ; however , he falls in love with the doll and has an affair . Gilliam appeared on two covers of Help ! and along with the rest of the creative team , appeared in crowd scenes in several fumetti .   The magazine introduced young talents who went on to influential careers in underground comix as well as the mainstream : among them Robert Crumb , Gilbert Shelton and Jay Lynch . Algis Budrys and other science fiction writers were regular contributors of prose and scripts to the magazine .   Working with a minimal budget , Kurtzman relied on a combination of cheap up-and-coming talent , favors called in to `` name '' friends ( such as cover poses by Jackie Gleason , Mort Sahl or Jerry Lewis ) and inexpensive page-fillers ( such as inserting dialogue balloons into news photos and publicity stills ) .   Somewhat more adult and risque than Mad , Help ! was nonetheless less sexually explicit or taboo-breaking than the contemporaneous The Realist or the later underground comix and National Lampoon were or would be . Nonetheless , it had its moments and served as a locus and starting point for a wide range of talent .   A total of 26 issues were printed before the magazine folded in 1965 . Volume one ( Aug. 1960 -- Sept. 1961 ) had 12 issues , and 14 issues comprised the second volume ( Feb. 1962 -- Sept. 1965 ) .

neg: 26th Academy Awards The 26th Academy Awards honored the best in films of 1953 .   The second national telecast of the Awards show drew an estimated 43 million viewers . Shirley Booth , appearing in a play in Philadelphia , presented the Best Actor award through a live broadcast cut-in , and privately received the winner 's name over the telephone from co-host Donald O'Connor . ( Actor Fredric March co-hosted from New York City . ) Gary Cooper filmed his presentation of the Best Actress award in advance on a set in Mexico , with O'Connor announcing the winner 's name .   All the major winners in this year were black-and-white films . The big winner was Fred Zinnemann 's From Here to Eternity , with thirteen nominations and eight awards including Best Picture , Best Supporting Actor , Best Supporting Actress , Best Director , Best Screenplay ( Daniel Taradash ) , Best Cinematography ( Burnett Guffey ) , Best Sound , and Best Film Editing . All five of its major actors and actresses were nominated , with secondary players Donna Reed and Frank Sinatra taking home Oscars . The candid film was based on James Jones ' controversial , best-selling novel about Army life on a Hawaiian ( Oahu ) military base just prior to the Pearl Harbor attack and World War II , illustrating the conflict between an individualistic private ( Montgomery Clift ) and rigid institutional authority ( exemplified by the Army ) . Its achievement of eight awards matched the then record held by Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . The record would be tied again the following year by On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) . Walt Disney won four awards , which remains the record for the most Oscars won in the same year .   William Holden 's speech for Best Actor for his role in Stalag 17 was simply `` Thank You '' , making it one of the shortest speeches ever ; the TV broadcast had a strict cutoff time which forced Holden 's quick remarks . The frustrated Holden personally paid for advertisements in the Hollywood trade publications to thank everyone he wanted to on Oscar night . He also remarked that he felt that either Burt Lancaster or Montgomery Clift should have won the Best Actor Oscar for From Here to Eternity , instead of him .

neg: List of submissions to the 66th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film The 66th Academy Awards , which were held on March 21 , 1994 , saw 35 countries submit films for competition in the Best Foreign Language Film category . The Academy had initially invited 57 countries to send their best films , and the submission deadline was set on November 22 , 1993 . While the rules were basically unchanged , the applications for the 66th Academy Awards included a new form requesting information about the nationalities of the film 's creative team , due to the controversy that had led to the disqualification of A Place in the World at the 65th Academy Awards .   The bolded titles were the five nominated films , which came from Hong Kong , Spain , Taiwan , the United Kingdom and Vietnam . It was the first time that the majority of the nominees in this category came from outside Europe ( it happened again in 1997 , 2006 and 2011 ) and is the only time when there have been three Asian nominees . Vietnam made history by becoming the only Southeast Asian country ever to be nominated in this category ( accurate as of 2013 ) . The prize was ultimately awarded to Spain for the romantic comedy , Belle Epoque .

neg: List of Malaysian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film Malaysia is one of more than a hundred countries that have sent films to compete for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film since 2004 . The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film is handed out annually by the United States Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to a feature-length motion picture produced outside the United States that contains primarily non-English dialogue .   As of 2016 , a total of four films have been submitted for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film , but none has yet received an Oscar nomination . The Princess of Mount Ledang was the first film to be submitted in 2003 , since then no other films that was submitted until 2012 , a film directed by Dain Said Bunohan was sent to compete , but it failed to set out as the nominee .   For the 88th Academy Awards , Men Who Save the World was decided by National Film Development Corporation Malaysia ( FINAS ) to be submitted , affiliated with Malaysian Ministry of Communications and Multimedia .

neg: List of film awards This is a list of groups , organizations and festivals that recognize achievements in cinema , usually by awarding various prizes . The awards sometimes also have popular unofficial names ( such as the ` Oscar ' for Hollywood 's Academy Awards ) , which are mentioned if applicable . Many awards are simply identified by the name of the group presenting the award .   Awards have been divided into four major categories : Critics ' Awards , voted on ( usually annually ) by a group of critics ; Festival Awards , awards presented to the best film shown in a particular film festival ; Industry Awards , which are selected by professionals working in some branch of the movie industry ; and Audience Awards , which are voted by the general public .

neg: Gordon E. Sawyer Award The Gordon E. Sawyer Award is an Honorary Award given by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to `` an individual in the motion picture industry whose technological contributions have brought credit to the industry . '' The award is named in honour of Gordon E. Sawyer , the former Sound Director at Samuel Goldwyn Studio and three-time Academy Award winner who claimed that a listing of past Academy Awards , arranged both chronologically and by category , represents a history of the development of motion pictures . It was first presented at the 54th Academy Awards , in April 1982 . The Gordon E. Sawyer Award is voted upon and given by the Scientific and Technical Awards Committee of the Academy .


query: Rabat is a city.

pos: Rabat Rabat ( الرِّبَاط , ; Eṛṛbaṭ , ⴻⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ) is the capital city of Morocco and its second largest city with an urban population of approximately 580,000 ( 2014 ) and a metropolitan population of over 1.2 million . It is also the capital city of the Eṛṛbaṭ-Sla-Qniṭra administrative region .   The city is located on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the river Bou Regreg . On the facing shore of the river lies Salé , the city 's main commuter town . Rabat , Temara , and Salé form a conurbation of over 1.8 million people . Silt-related problems have diminished Rabat 's role as a port ; however , Rabat and Salé still maintain important textile , food processing and construction industries . In addition , tourism and the presence of all foreign embassies in Morocco serve to make Rabat one of the most important cities in the country .   Once a reputed corsair haven , Rabat served as one of the many ports in North Africa for the Barbary pirates , who were particularly active from the 16th through the 18th centuries .   Rabat is accessible by train through the ONCF system and by plane through the nearby Rabat -- Salé Airport .   The Moroccan capital was ranked at second place by CNN in its `` Top Travel Destinations of 2013 '' . It is one of four Imperial cities of Morocco , and the medina of Rabat is listed as a World Heritage Site .

neg: Sidi Kacem Sidi Kacem ( -LSB- سيدي قاسم , sidi qasəm -RSB- ) is a city in Rabat-Salé-Kénitra , Morocco . It is the capital of Sidi Kacem Province .

neg: Republicanism in Morocco In the history of Morocco , there have been a few attempts to establish republican forms of government :  Moor refugees from Andalusia formed in Salé and Rabat the Republic of Bou Regreg , a base for piracy ( 1627-1668 ) .  Berber natives in the Rif Region first established the Rif Republic for six years ( 1921-1926 ) under Abd el-Krim against Spanish and French invasions of Morocco . The Berber Rif republic lasted until 1925 when the rebels tried to take the city of Fes , in a failed attempt to expand the republic into French-occupied Morocco .  In 1971 army cadets under General Mohamed Medbouh and Lieutenant-colonel M'hamed Ababou attacked king Hassan II in the Shkirat palace . A republic was proclaimed on Radio Rabat , was but suppressed by General Mohamed Oufkir . However , in 1972 Oufkir initiated his own coup d'état ; the Air Force tried multiple times to bring down the king 's airplane , attacked the Rabat airport and bombed the royal palace in Rabat . The coup ultimately failed .  During the 2011 -- 12 Moroccan protests , a few protesters chanted republican slogans . They were mainly from the Al Adl Wa Al Ihssane Islamist movement and the Ila Al Amame Communist party . These slogans were n't repeated by the vast majority of the protesters .

neg: 1985 Pan Arab Games The 6th Pan Arab Games were held in Rabat , Morocco between August 8 and August 16 , 1985 . 3442 athletes from 17 countries participated in events in 18 sports .

neg: Oujda Oujda is the capital city of the Oriental region of eastern Morocco . It is located about 15 km west of the Algerian border and about 55 km south of the Mediterranean Sea .

neg: Harb tribe Harb `` War '' is a large Sunni Tribe in the Arabian peninsula . There is no official tribe population count but it is estimated to be approximately four million in Saudi Arabia . It is originally a Qahtani tribe . Several authentic sources on Arab tribes genealogy state that the great-grandfather of Harb tribe is Harb ibn Saad ibn Saad ibn Khawlan ibn Amr ibn Qadha'ah ibn Himyar ibn Qahtan . Harb tribal lands extend from the Red Sea coast in Tihamah ( Western Part of Saudi Arabia ) to the heart of Najd in the central region of Saudi Arabia , and from North the Harbi lands extend from Madinah ( a holy city for Muslims ) to Al Qunfudhah in the south . The tribe 's reach extends to other countries like Kuwait , Iraq , Egypt and UAE .   The origins of Harb tribe came from the 2nd century of the Islamic calendar . When Qahtani tribes emigrated from the south of Arabian Peninsula to Hijaz around 131 AH for water and land space after some battles with their cousins Banu Ar-Rabi ` ah bin Saad . As a result , this caused several tribal conflicts with the native and mostly Adnani Arab tribes of Hijaz and Tihamah such as Juhainah , Inazah , Muzianah , and Sulaim over land and water . After around three centuries in Hijaz , Harb tribe became a dominant tribe in the heart of Hijaz with territories surrounding the holy city of Medina . It is important to note that Harb now , like many other Arabian tribes , is a federation of tribes and families , a good example is that Muzaynah in Saudi Arabia are considered from Harb but it is well known that it was a tribe of its own with a known presence in Hijaz in the Pre-Islamic Arabia as well as the time of the Prophet Muhammed -- i.e. , before the origin of Harb tribe in Hijaz .   Currently , many of the tribe sons have migrated in recent decades to the three major metropolitan centers of Saudi Arabia , namely Riyadh , Jeddah , and Dammam , in search of better education and employment . One of the main branches of the tribe such as Banu Shaker left al Hejaz and set off to the west coasts of Palestine to start business in agriculture . For the coast of Palestine is well known all around the world for its fertile soil . Banu Shaker that trace there ancestry to Al Hassan Al Muthana are also known to be the Abunamous and Al Shaker Families from Yaffa or Jaffa have developed their reputation of being prominent landowners in Yaffa city   In the Arab World outside of Saudi Arabia , the Harb family became prominent in the Christian population of Ramallah , Palestine .

neg: Sidi Slimane Province Sidi Slimane Province is a province of Morocco in the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra economic region . It covers an area of 1492 sqkm and its population in the 2004 census was 292,877 . The province was created in 2009 by Decree number 2-09-319 , out of the southwestern part of Kénitra Province . The province has two major urban areas : Sidi Slimane and Sidi Yahya . Sidi Slimane is the administrative headquarters .

neg: Taroudant Taroudant is a city in the Sous Valley in southern Morocco . It is situated east of Agadir on the road to Ouarzazate and the Sahara desert and south of Marrakesh . The town is known as the `` Grandmother of Marrakesh '' because it looks like a smaller Marrakesh with its surrounding ramparts . In the sixteenth century , the Saadians briefly used Taroudant as a capital before they moved onwards to Marrakesh . Today , the city has the feel of a small fortified market town on a caravan route .   Taroudant is known for its local crafts , including jewellery and carpets .   Unlike Marrakesh , almost the entire city of Taroudant is located inside its walls . A new part of the city is being developed outside the city walls around the campus of a faculty of the Ibn Zohr University of Agadir .

neg: Rabbel II Soter Rabel II Soter ( ar-Rabil ) was the last ruler of the Nabataean kingdom , ruling from 70 to 106 .   After the death of his father , Malichus II , ar-Rabil still a child , ascended to the throne . His mother , Shaqilath , assumed control of the government in the early years . His sister Gamilath became queen of the Nabataeans . Ar-Rabil gave himself the Greek title `` Soter '' , meaning `` Savior '' , or `` the one who has given life and deliverance to his people '' .   After his death in 106 , the Roman emperor Trajan faced practically no resistance and conquered the kingdom on 22 March 106 . It became the Roman province of Arabia Petraea , with Bosra becoming its provincial capital .

neg: Ksar el-Kebir El-Ksar el Kebir ( Arabic : القصر الكبير ; Berber : ⵍⵇⵚⵔ ⵍⴽⴱⵉⵔ ) is a city in northwest of Morocco with 110,000 inhabitants , about 160 km from Rabat , 32 km from Larache and 110 km from Tangier .   The city is also known as Alcazarquivir in Spanish or Alcácer-Quibir in Portuguese . The name means `` the big castle '' .  The city is located nearby the Loukous river that makes El-Ksar-el-Kebir one of Morocco 's richest agricultural regions . El-Ksar el-Kebir provides almost 20 % of the needed sugar of Morocco .  Neighbouring cities and towns include Larache , Chefchaouen , Arbawa and Tateft .   Recently , the city was developed in many directions with the upcoming of the new party at the municipality `` al-adala wa-t-tanmiya '' , they have worked on improving the infrastructure of the old Medina .

neg: Palestinian territories `` Palestinian territories '' and `` occupied Palestinian territories '' ( OPT or oPt ) are descriptions often used to describe the West Bank ( including East Jerusalem ) and the Gaza Strip , which are occupied or otherwise under the control of Israel . Israeli governments have maintained that the area involved is within territorial dispute . The extent of the territories , while subject to future negotiations , have frequently been defined by the Green Line .   The term `` Palestinian Territory , Occupied '' was used by the United Nations ( UN ) and other international organizations between 1998 to 2013 in order to refer to areas controlled by the Palestinian National Authority . In December 2012 , UN Secretariat communications replaced this by the term State of Palestine . The ISO adopted the name change in 2013 . But , as of August 2015 , the UN Security Council continues to treat Palestine as a non-sovereign entity ; This prevents its admission to UN General Assembly membership .   Israel occupied the territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip in the Six-Day War of 1967 and has since maintained control . Previously , these territories had been occupied by Jordan and Egypt , respectively , since the 1948 founding of Israel . In 1980 , Israel officially absorbed East Jerusalem and has proclaimed the whole of Jerusalem to be its capital . The inclusion , though never formally amounting to legal annexation , was condemned internationally and declared `` null and void '' by the United Nations Security Council . The Palestinian National Authority , the United Nations , the international legal and humanitarian bodies and the international community regard East Jerusalem as part of the West Bank , and consequently a part of the Palestinian territories . The Palestinian National Authority never exercised sovereignty over the area , although it housed its offices in Orient House and several other buildings as an assertion of its sovereign interests .   Israel shut them down in response to the Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing . Israeli sovereignty , however , has not been recognized by any country , since the unilateral annexation of territory occupied during war contravenes the Fourth Geneva Convention . The cost of the occupation for Israel over four decades ( 1967 -- 2007 ) is estimated to amount to $ 50 billion . The World Bank estimates the annual cost in 2013 to the Palestinian economy of Israeli occupation at $ 3.4 billion .   In 1988 , with the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) intention to declare a Palestinian State , Jordan renounced all territorial claims to the West Bank , including East Jerusalem . Since the Palestinian Declaration of Independence in 1988 , 135 UN Member Nations have recognized the State of Palestine , comprising the Palestinian territories . It has not been recognized by Israel and some Western nations , including the United States .   In 1993 , following the Oslo Accords , parts of the territories politically came under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian National Authority ( Areas A and B ) . Israel still exercises full military control and , civil control over 61 % of the West Bank ( Area C ) . The Oslo Accords established access to the sea for Gaza within 20 nautical miles from the shore . The Berlin Commitment of 2002 reduced this to 12 mi . In October 2006 Israel imposed a 6-mile limit , and at the conclusion of the Gaza War restricted access to a 3-nautical-mile limit , beyond which a no-go zone exists . As a result , more than 3,000 Palestinian fishermen are denied access to 85 % of the maritime areas agreed to in 1995 . The majority of the Dead Sea area is off-limits to Palestinian use , and Palestinians are denied access to its coast line .   Israel disengaged from the Gaza Strip in 2005 , however the international community considers the West Bank and the Gaza Strip still to be occupied by Israel . The Hamas takeover of Gaza in 2007 divided the Palestinian territories politically . Abbas 's Fatah largely ruled the West Bank and was recognized internationally as the official Palestinian Authority ( see : Fatah-Hamas conflict ) . In 2014 , the two political groups agreed to hold elections and form a compromise unity government . The 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict intervened ; however , the unity government survived .

neg: Regraga The Regraga are a sub-tribe of the Masmuda Berber tribal confederacy . They are also one of three tribes that formed the population of Essaouira , Morocco . The Regraga came from the Jbel Hadid mountains and introduced Islam to the region ; the other tribes were the Berber Haha and the Chiadma . In Tachelhit , the term Regraga refers to those who are imbued with the spiritual force called Baraka . The tribe became known by this name because in pre-Islamic times they held a prominent religious role in the region , and because of it were considered nobility .   In modern times , the term also refers to a pilgrimage made annually by the Chiadma tribes of the Jbel Hadid and the Haha tribes who live southeast of Essaouira . It takes place in spring and lasts 40 days . During those weeks , pilgrims visit a series of local shrines , from the mouth of the Tensift river south of Safi to the northern outskirts of the High Atlas , including the city of Essaouira itself . They join either of two different groups on a tour of the shrines , stopping at each shrine on the way . One group must adorn at every shrine a holy tent made of fan palm fibres and dyed with henna , the other group arrives in a procession with a muqaddim ( religious leader ) riding a white horse .

neg: Sahara International Film Festival The Sahara International Film Festival , also known as FiSahara , is an annual event which takes place in the Sahrawi refugee camps , at the South West corner of Algeria , near the border with Western Sahara . It is the only film festival in the world taking place in a refugee camp . The first three years the festival was held alternately in the Wilaya of Smara , Wilaya of Ausserd and Wilaya of El Aaiun , but since 2007 the FiSahara had stayed in the Wilaya of Dakhla . The event is backed by the Polisario Front , but largely organised and funded by donors from Spain , the former colonial power in Western Sahara , attracting support from Spanish film celebrities as Penélope Cruz , Javier Bardem and Pedro Almodóvar . This Festival is an initiative to bring film as an entertainment and cultural form to the thousands of Sahrawis whose community has lived for more than thirty years in relative isolation in the Algerian desert , being the only film festival in the world taking place in a refugee camp .  The first festival was in large part organised by Peruvian film director Javier Corcuera .   The festival has the two-fold aim of providing cultural entertainment and educational opportunities to refugees , and of raising awareness of the plight of the Sahrawi people , who have been exiled from their native Western Sahara for more than three decades . Western Sahara , `` Africa 's last colony , '' was given to Morocco and Mauritania by the Spanish when they withdrew in 1976 . The Moroccans subsequently annexed the entire territory in 1979 , in defiance of a ruling from the International Court of Justice . A sixteen-year war ensued between the Moroccans and the native Sahrawi independence movement , the Polisario Front . Under the terms of a 1991 UN ceasefire agreement , a referendum for self-determination was promised , but has been blocked by Morocco . In the meantime an estimated 165,000 refugees continue to live in four large camps in the inhospitable Algerian desert .   Home to around 30,000 refugees , Dakhla is the most remote of the camps , located 175 km away from the nearest city , Tindouf . It has no electricity or paved roads and is dependent on outside supplies of food and water .   Musicians like Fermín Muguruza , Manu Chao , Macaco , Iván Ferreiro , El Chojin or Tomasito had also performed in concerts during the festival .   In 2010 , a twinning agreement was signed between the FiSahara and the San Sebastian Human Rights Film Festival .

neg: Morocco World News Morocco World News is an Arabic , French and English language e-newspaper with its headquarters in New York City . It was founded in 2011 by Samir Bennis and Adnane Bennis . It operates from Rabat in Morocco . ''

neg: Ir David Foundation Ir David Foundation , commonly known as Elad -LSB- El ` ad -RSB- ( אלע '' ד , an acronym for '' אל עיר דוד '' , meaning `` to the City of David '' ) is a Jerusalem-based , Israeli association which aims to strengthen the Jewish connection to Jerusalem , create a Jewish majority in Arab neighborhoods of East Jerusalem and renew the Jewish community in the City of David , which is also part of the neighborhood of Silwan . The foundation works to achieve its goals by tourism , education , archaeological excavations and obtaining homes in the area to establish a Jewish presence .

neg: Arab League The Arab League , formally the League of Arab States , is a regional organization of Arab countries in and around North Africa , the Horn of Africa and Arabia . It was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 with six members : Kingdom of Egypt , Kingdom of Iraq , Transjordan ( renamed Jordan in 1949 ) , Lebanon , Saudi Arabia , and Syria . Yemen joined as a member on 5 May 1945 . Currently , the League has 22 members , but Syria 's participation has been suspended since November 2011 , as a consequence of government repression during the Syrian Civil War .   The League 's main goal is to `` draw closer the relations between member States and co-ordinate collaboration between them , to safeguard their independence and sovereignty , and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries '' .   Through institutions , such as the Arab League Educational , Cultural and Scientific Organization ( ALECSO ) and the Economic and Social Council of the Arab League 's Council of Arab Economic Unity ( CAEU ) , the Arab League facilitates political , economic , cultural , scientific , and social programmes designed to promote the interests of the Arab world . It has served as a forum for the member states to coordinate their policy positions , to deliberate on matters of common concern , to settle some Arab disputes and to limit conflicts such as the 1958 Lebanon crisis . The League has served as a platform for the drafting and conclusion of many landmark documents promoting economic integration . One example is the Joint Arab Economic Action Charter , which outlines the principles for economic activities in the region .   Each member state has one vote in the League Council , and decisions are binding only for those states that have voted for them . The aims of the league in 1945 were to strengthen and coordinate the political , cultural , economic and social programs of its members and to mediate disputes among them or between them and third parties . Furthermore , the signing of an agreement on Joint Defence and Economic Cooperation on 13 April 1950 committed the signatories to coordination of military defence measures . In March 2015 , the Arab League General Secretary announced the establishment of a Joint Arab Force with the aim of counteracting extremism and other threats to the Arab States . The decision was reached while Operation Decisive Storm was intensifying in Yemen . Participation in the project is voluntary , and the army intervenes only at the request of one of the member states . The growing militarization of the region and the increase in violent civil wars as well as terrorist movements are the reason behind the creation of the JAF , financed by the rich Gulf countries .   In the early 1970s , the Economic Council of the League of Arab States put forward a proposal to create the Joint Arab Chambers of Commerce across the European states . That led , under the decree of the League of Arab States no . K1175/D52/G , to the decision by the Arab governments to set up the Arab British Chamber of Commerce which was mandated to `` promote , encourage and facilitate bilateral trade '' between the Arab world and its major trading partner , the United Kingdom .

neg: Marrakesh-Safi Marrakesh-Safi is one of the twelve regions of Morocco . Its population in 2014 was 4,520,569 . The capital is Marrakesh .

neg: Jorf Lasfar Jorf Lasfar ( Arabic for `` Yellow Cliffs '' ) is a deepwater commercial port located on the Atlantic coast of Morocco . In terms of the volume of product processed , as of 2004 , it was considered the second most important port in Morocco ( just after Casablanca ) . It is home to a swiftly expanding industrial quarter , which includes both major artificial fertilizer and petrochemical factories . Its harbor is well equipped for the exportation of phosphate rock ( transported from Gantour and Ouled Abdoun ) and various chemicals such as pure sulphur , ammonia , and sulphuric acid . The city is home to the largest independent power station in the country -- primarily funded by investments from the Swedish-Swiss company ABB Group and the American company CMS Energy -- which was thought to be capable of creating a third of Morocco 's total power output . The investment , numbering $ 1.5 billion , was the single largest foreign investment on Moroccan soil up until that point .   In 2002 the Moroccan company Office Chérifien des Phosphates ( OCP ) -- a state-owned phosphate exporter -- started the building of an air quality research laboratory at Jorf Lasfar . It was announced in 2008 that the Abu Dhabi-based International Petroleum Investment Company ( IPIC ) was in the beginning stages of preparations for the construction of an oil refinery at Jorf Lasfar at a cost of $ 5 billion . With a proposed production capacity of 200 , 000 barrels per day ( bpd ) , the refinery is set to be completed in 2013 . In the beginning of 2010 , OCP began accepting proposals for the building of a desalination plant . The Moroccan government was interested in building the plant at least since 2001 , when the United States Trade and Development Agency supplied $ 250,000 for preliminary studies . The plant , which will provide drinking water for the city of El Jadida , has a planned capacity of 200,000 m3/d and was scheduled to be finished in 2012 . OCP also has plans for the erection of 4 additional phosphate fertilizer factories , specializing in diammonium and monoammonium phosphate.Samsung and Daewoo were awarded the contracts for carrying out the construction of these 4 additional units ( 2 each )   Since December , 2006 the management of the port has been transferred to Marsa Maroc , a state-owned public company responsible for the management of 9 ports in Morocco and the Western Sahara .   Cap Blanc du Nord , the lighthouse at the entrance of the port , is not known to be reliable , with its light occasionally going out .

neg: Mechra Bel Ksiri Mechra Bel Ksiri is a town in Sidi Kacem Province , Rabat-Salé-Kénitra , Morocco . According to the 2010 census it has a population of 29,601 .

neg: TAS de Casablanca Tihad Athlétique Sport de Casablanca is a Moroccan football club based in Casablanca . Of the 3 clubs in Casablanca they are the most popular in the city behind Wydad Casablanca and Raja Casablanca .   Category : Football clubs in Morocco  Category : Football clubs in Casablanca  Category :1947 establishments in Morocco  Category : Sports clubs in Morocco

neg: Flag of Morocco The flag of Morocco ( علم المغرب Acenyal n Umerruk ) is made of a red field with a black-bordered green pentagram representing the Seal of Solomon .   Red has considerable historic significance in Morocco , proclaiming the descent of the royal Alaouite family from the Islamic prophet Muhammad via Fatimah , the wife of Ali , the fourth Muslim Caliph . Red is also the color that was used by the sharifs of Mecca and the imams of Yemen . From the 17th century on , when Morocco was ruled by the Alaouite dynasty , the flags of the country were plain red . In 1915 , during the reign of Mulay Yusef , the green interlaced pentangle was added to the national flag . While Morocco was under French and Spanish control , the red flag with the seal in the center remained in use , but only inland . Its use at sea was prohibited . When independence was restored in 1955 , it once again became the national flag .   The red background on the Moroccan flag represents hardiness , bravery , strength and valour , while the green represents love , joy , wisdome , peace and hope , it also represents the color of Islam , whereas the five-pointed star represents the five pillars of Islam .


query: Mao Zedong was born in 1993.

pos: Mao Zedong Mao Zedong or Mao Tse-tung ( -LSB- ˈmaʊ_dzəˈdʊŋ , _ zə - , _ - dɒŋ -RSB- December 26 , 1893September 9 , 1976 ) , also known as Chairman Mao , was a Chinese communist revolutionary and founding father of the People 's Republic of China , which he governed as the Chairman of the Communist Party of China from its establishment in 1949 , until his death in 1976 . His Marxist -- Leninist theories , military strategies , and political policies are collectively known as Maoism or Marxism-Leninism-Maoism .   Born the son of a wealthy farmer in Shaoshan , Hunan , Mao adopted a Chinese nationalist and anti-imperialist outlook in early life , particularly influenced by the events of the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 and May Fourth Movement of 1919 . Mao adopted Marxism -- Leninism while working at Peking University and became a founding member of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) , leading the Autumn Harvest Uprising in 1927 . During the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang ( KMT ) and the CPC , Mao helped to found the Chinese Workers ' and Peasants ' Red Army , led the Jiangxi Soviet 's radical land policies and ultimately became head of the CPC during the Long March . Although the CPC temporarily allied with the KMT under the United Front during the Second Sino-Japanese War ( 1937 -- 45 ) , after Japan 's defeat China 's civil war resumed and in 1949 Mao 's forces defeated the Nationalists who withdrew to Taiwan .   On 1 October 1949 , Mao proclaimed the foundation of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , a one-party state controlled by the CPC . In the following years Mao solidified his control through a campaign of classicide against landlords , and a mass purge of perceived enemies of the state he termed as `` counter-revolutionaries '' alleged to have caused between 2,000,000 to 6,000,000 deaths . ( Mao himself admitting 800,000 deaths in the classicide and 712,000 in the suppression of Counterrevolutionaries ) In 1957 , he launched the Great Leap Forward campaign that aimed to rapidly transform China 's economy from an agrarian economy to an industrial one . The campaign contributed to a widespread famine , whose death toll is estimated at between 15,000,000 and 55,000,000 . In 1966 , he initiated the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution , a program to remove `` counter-revolutionary '' elements of Chinese society that lasted 10 years and which was marked by violent class struggle that killed 400,000 to 10,000,000 people , widespread destruction of cultural artifacts and unprecedented elevation of Mao 's personality cult . In 1972 , Mao welcomed American President Richard Nixon in Beijing , signalling a policy of opening China , which was furthered under the rule of Deng Xiaoping ( 1978 -- 1992 ) . Mao suffered a series of heart attacks in 1976 , and died in September , aged 82 . He was succeeded as Paramount leader by Hua Guofeng ( 1976 -- 1978 ) , who was quickly sidelined and replaced by Deng .   A controversial figure , Mao is regarded as one of the most important individuals in modern world history , and is also known as a theorist , military strategist , poet and visionary . Supporters credit him with driving imperialism out of China , modernising China and building it into a world power , promoting the status of women , improving education and health care , and increasing life expectancy as China 's population grew from around 550 million to over 900 million under his leadership . In contrast , critics consider him a dictator comparable to Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin who damaged traditional Chinese culture , as well as considering him a perpetrator of human rights abuses , and they estimate that Mao was responsible for 40 to 70 million deaths through starvation , prison labour and executions , which would rank his tenure as the top incidence of excess mortality in human history .

neg: School attacks in China (2010–12) A series of uncoordinated mass stabbings , hammer attacks , and cleaver attacks in the People 's Republic of China began in March 2010 . The spate of attacks left at least 25 dead and some 115 injured . As most cases had no known motive , analysts have blamed mental health problems caused by rapid social change for the rise in these kinds of mass murder and murder-suicide incidents .   As the Chenpeng school attack was followed by the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in the United States hours later comparisons were drawn between the two . The difference in gun control laws between the two countries was used to explain the disparity in casualties of the school attacks by journalists and politicians , including U.S. Representative Jerry Nadler , and an article in the Associated Press noted that despite the different outcomes , an underlying commonality between the attacks was the increased frequency of school attacks because , `` attackers often seek out the vulnerable , hoping to amplify their outrage before they themselves often commit suicide . ''

neg: History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present) The People 's Republic of China became more influential economically in the 1990s and 2000s and was beginning to be widely recognized as an emerging superpower . In 2010 , China became the world 's second largest economy by GDP . At the same time , numerous social problems emerged and intensified . As Paramount leader Jiang Zemin , NPCSC Chairman Li Peng and PRC Premier Zhu Rongji , gradually retired from their position of power , `` fourth-generation '' leaders , led by CPC General Secretary Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao , faced with increasing social unrest , attempted to steer the country towards a new direction . From the path of focusing solely on economic development , Hu and Wen placed focus on creating an overall balance under the idea of the Scientific Outlook on Development to create a socialist harmonious society . In this process , there was an unprecedented shift in stance towards favouring rural development and farmers , as well as other generally populist policies . The Hu-Wen government , on the same token , attempted to restrict some personal freedoms , especially those associated with political content on the Internet .   China 's increased prominence on the global stage has also brought with it general skepticism and intense scrutiny , especially in the lead up to the 2008 Summer Olympics and after the March 2008 protests in Tibet . The government continues to be criticized on human rights abuses and the various product quality scandals that have increasingly damaged the country 's integrity and continues to raise suspicions about the country 's safety standards . The majority of China 's population , however , point to the immense progress the country has made and generally discredit criticisms of China as being embedded in cultural and historical misunderstandings and rooted in paranoia of China 's potential dominance on the world stage . These ideological clashes , fused with rhetoric from Beijing , has led to an intense wave of nationalism ( or Socialist patriotism ) surfacing in Chinese populations around the world .   As of mid-2012 , government statistics show that for the first time ever over 50 % of the Chinese population now live in urban areas , marking a milestone in the urbanization of China . The majority of modern city dwellers are migrants and their children who moved to cities during the economic boom of the last 30 years started by Deng Xiaoping 's policy of economic liberalization .

neg: Protest and dissent in China In spite of restrictions on freedom of association and of speech , a wide variety of protests and dissident movements have proliferated in China , particularly in the decades since the death of Mao Zedong . Among the most notable of these were the 1959 Tibetan uprising against Communist Party rule , the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests , which was put down with military force , and the 25 April 1999 demonstration by 10,000 Falun Gong practitioners at Zhongnanhai . Protesters and dissidents in China espouse a wide variety of grievances , including corruption , forced evictions , unpaid wages , human rights abuses , environmental degradation , ethnic protests , petitioning for religious freedom and civil liberties , protests against one-party rule , as well as nationalist protests against foreign countries .   The number of annual protests has grown steadily since the early 1990s , from approximately 8700 `` mass group incidents '' in 1993 to over 87,000 in 2005 . In 2006 , the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences estimated the number of annual mass incidents to exceed 90,000 , and Chinese sociology professor Sun Liping estimated 180,000 incidents in 2010 . Mass incidents are defined broadly as `` planned or impromptu gathering that forms because of internal contradictions '' , and can include public speeches or demonstrations , physical clashes , public airings of grievances , and other group behaviors that are seen as disrupting social stability .   Despite the increase in protests , some scholars have argued that they may not pose an existential threat to Communist Party rule because they lack `` connective tissue ; '' the preponderance of protests in China are aimed at local-level officials , and only a select few dissident movements seek systemic change .

neg: Chen Yun Chen Yun ( , pronounced -LSB- - cmnchen2-yun2 -RSB- 13 June 1905 -- 10 April 1995 ) was one of the most influential leaders of the People 's Republic of China during the 1980s and 1990s . He was also known as Liao Chengyun ; it is unclear whether this was his original name or a pseudonym he used during his underground work in Shanghai . He was one of the major political leaders of China both during and after the Chinese Civil War along with Mao Zedong , Liu Shaoqi , Zhou Enlai , Zhu De and Ren Bishi and was later considered to be one of the Eight Elders of the Communist Party of China .

neg: Mao Xiaofeng Mao Xiaofeng ( ; born 1972 ) is a Chinese banking executive , best known for his tenure as a senior executive of Minsheng Banking Corp. . In January 2015 , Mao abruptly resigned as President of Minsheng Bank for `` personal reasons '' ; it was reported that he was undergoing investigation by the Communist Party 's top anti-corruption body , with suspected links to disgraced official Ling Jihua .

neg: April 26 Editorial The April 26 Editorial was a front-page article published in People 's Daily on April 26 , 1989 , during the Tiananmen Square protests . The editorial effectively defined the student movement as a destabilizing anti-party revolt that should be resolutely opposed at all levels of society . As the first authoritative document from the top leadership on the growing movement , it was widely interpreted as having communicated the party 's position of `` no-tolerance '' to student protesters and their sympathizers .   The contents of the editorial were derived from a Politburo Standing Committee ( PSC ) meeting at the residence of Deng Xiaoping on the morning of April 25 . During the meeting , the PSC came to the general agreement that the students aimed to overthrow Communist rule and were being heavily influenced by similar anti-Communist movements in Eastern Europe . As such , it threatened the survival of the existing senior leadership , the Communist Party , and the political system itself . Deputy chief of propaganda Zeng Jianhui wrote the draft , while Hu Qili and Li Peng served as editors . On the evening of April 25 , the finished editorial could be heard on national radio and television news stations .   The editorial enraged the student protesters , widened the chasm between the students and the party leadership , and emerged as a sore point of contention for the rest of the movement . Students protested in large numbers on April 27 , and thereafter continuously asked for the editorial to be retracted . Within the party leadership , Zhao Ziyang advocated for the editorial to be `` toned down '' or rescinded , but faced significant opposition and was unsuccessful .

neg: 1993 World Taekwondo Championships The 1993 World Taekwondo Championships were the 11th edition of the World Taekwondo Championships , and were held in New York City , United States from August 19 to August 21 , 1993 , with 669 athletes participating from 83 countries .   The success of the 1993 World Championships was a determining factor in the IOC 's decision to grant full medal status to Taekwondo for the 2000 Summer Olympics .

neg: National People's Congress The National People 's Congress ( usually abbreviated NPC ) is the national legislature of the People 's Republic of China . With 2,987 members in 2013 , it is the largest parliamentary body in the world . Under China 's current Constitution , the NPC is structured as a unicameral legislature , with the power to legislate , the power to oversee the operations of the government , and the power to elect the major officers of state . The NPC and the National Committee of the People 's Political Consultative Conference ( CPPCC ) , a consultative body whose members represent various social groups , are the main deliberative bodies of China , and are often referred to as the Lianghui ( Two Assemblies ) .   The NPC is elected for a term of five years . It holds annual sessions every spring , usually lasting from 10 to 14 days , in the Great Hall of the People on the west side of Tiananmen Square in Beijing . The NPC 's sessions are usually timed to occur with the meetings of the CPPCC , and these annual meetings provide an opportunity for the officers of state to review past policies and present future plans to the nation . The fourth session of the 12th NPC was held from March 5 to March 16 , 2016 .   In theory , the NPC is the highest organ of state power in China , and all four PRC constitutions have vested it with great lawmaking powers . However , in practice it usually acts as a rubber stamp for decisions already made by the state 's executive organs and the Communist Party of China . One of its members , Hu Xiaoyan , told the BBC in 2009 that she has no power to help her constituents . She was quoted as saying , `` As a parliamentary representative , I do n't have any real power . '' In 2014 , the participating party pledged to `` unswervingly adhere to the leadership of Chinese Communist Party . '' Since the 1990s , the NPC has become a forum for mediating policy differences between different parts of the Party , the government , and groups of society .

neg: 2010 Nobel Peace Prize The 2010 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to imprisoned Chinese human rights activist `` for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China '' . The laureate , once an eminent scholar , was reportedly little-known inside the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) at the time of the award due to official censorship ; he is a veteran of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 , and a co-author of the Charter 08 manifesto for which he was sentenced to 11 years in prison on 25 December 2009 . Liu , who was backed by Václav Havel and Desmond Tutu , received the award among a record field of more than 200 nominees .   The decision , while widely praised by foreign intellectuals and politicians , was attacked by the Chinese government and the state media . A number of countries , including Saudi Arabia and Russia , also denounced the award and what they regarded as interference in China 's domestic affairs . Following the announcement , official censorship was applied within China -- on the Internet , television , and in print media . The government strongly denounced the award , and summoned the Norwegian ambassador in Beijing to make a formal protest . The Chinese authorities arrested citizens who attempted to celebrate . Liu 's wife was put under house-arrest before the decision of the Nobel Committee was announced .   Chinese diplomats moved to pressure other countries not to attend the award ceremony , which was scheduled for 10 December . Western missions in Oslo received warning letters from their Chinese counterparts ; the deputy foreign minister also warned countries of `` the consequences '' . In December , the Chinese foreign ministry continued the rhetorical assault , claiming `` more than 100 countries and international organisations -LSB- had -RSB- expressed explicit support of China 's position '' . In the end , 46 countries attended of the 65 invited ( People 's Republic of China and 19 other nations declined invitations ) . China 's official news agency , Xinhua , attacked the West for its `` Cold-War or even colonial mentality '' , and for daring to `` regard themselves as the judge , the teacher -LSB- who -RSB- assume that they can forever distort the fact and block the truth by using political maneuvers . '' Strong rhetoric and denunciations of the West continued from official sources until after the ceremony .   Liu is the first person of Chinese nationality to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize , and the first to be awarded a Nobel Prize of any kind while residing in China . Liu is the third person to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize while in prison or detention after Germany 's Carl von Ossietzky ( 1935 ) and Burma 's Aung San Suu Kyi ( 1991 ) . As the laureate was absent , Liu 's place on the podium was unoccupied ; Norwegian actress Liv Ullmann read I Have No Enemies , an essay that Liu had written for his trial in December 2009 , in place of the acceptance speech .

neg: New Left in China The New Left in the People 's Republic of China is a school of intellectual thought that is critical of capitalism and aspects of the Chinese economic reforms and in favour of elements of Maoist-style socialism , which includes significant role for state planning , the preservation of state-owned enterprises , and a renewed spirit of collectivism . It is also correlated with increased Chinese nationalism after a period of ` low-profile ' presence on the world stage during Deng Xiaoping 's era . It is seen as a response to problems faced by China during its modernization drive since the 1980s , which has led to mounting social inequality between the coast and the hinterlands , as well as between the rich and the poor .   Its relationship with Maoism and capitalism is complex . Some schools of thought suggest that the New Left wants to return to the mass political movements of the Mao Zedong era and an abandonment of capitalist practices , while others believe that it blends the open markets of capitalism while still maintaining socialist aspects of the community , particularly in rural China .

neg: Mao Jianqing Máo Jiànqīng ( ; born August 8 , 1986 ) is a Chinese international football player . He currently plays for Chinese Super League club Shanghai Shenhua .

neg: Mao Tse-tung: Ruler of Red China Mao Tse-tung : Ruler of Red China is a book written by Robert Payne and published by Henry Schuman , New York in 1950 , shortly after Mao Zedong ( here his name is transliterated as Mao Tse-tung ) came to power . Fifteen years before the Cultural Revolution , Payne anticipated Mao 's wider interests :   Mao holds all the arts of China in his hands . Lenin had neither the learning nor the inclination to assume the role of transformer of culture . Mao , far more widely read and with a comparable subtlety of mind , has clearly determined to accept the position thrust on him , and no one can foresee the changes in the basic structure of Chinese culture which will derive ultimately from his will .   Though lacking some of the documents and details that were available in later years , the book discusses the party 's history , including its foundation , in detail . In chapter three , Payne explains how Pravda in 1920 had wrongly reported the formation of a Communist Party of China . This was actually a conference consisting of a mixed bag of anarchists and non-Leninist socialists which `` ended in a fiasco '' .   A revised and updated edition was published in 1961 as Portrait of a Revolutionary : Mao Tse-tung . The original edition has been republished several times in recent years : as a paperback in 2007 , as a hardback in 2008 and on Kindle in 2011 .

neg: China International Publishing Group The China International Publishing Group ( CIPG ) ,  also known as the China Foreign Languages Publishing Administration ,  is the largest foreign-language publishing organisation in China .  Established in October 1949 , it has developed into a global media corporation , providing up-to-date information about China to readers worldwide through books , magazines and the Internet .   CIPG owns seven subordinate publishing houses , i.e. Foreign Languages Press , New World Press , Morning Glory Publishers , Sinolingua , China Pictorial Publishing House , Dolphin Books and New Star Publishers .  The organisation annually publishes over 3,000 titles of books and around 50 journals in more than 10 languages .  Notable periodicals include Beijing Review , China Today , China Pictorial , People 's China and China Report .  Its subsidiary , the China International Book Trading Corporation is in charge of the distribution .   It also runs 20 overseas branches in countries and regions , including the United States , Britain , Germany , Japan , Belgium , Egypt , Mexico and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , with about 3,000 staff members including around 100 foreign workers .   In addition to publishing , CIPG operates a number of websites , including china.org.cn and chinagate.com.cn ,  releasing news in nine languages , including Chinese ( both in simplified and traditional characters ) , English , French , German , Japanese , Spanish , Arabic , Russian , Korean and Esperanto .  It is also responsible for the implementation and management of the national translation test and appraisal for the Chinese Ministry of Personnel .   Prominent people who have worked in the CIPG include Nobel Literature Prize-winning novelist and playwright Gao Xingjian , Nobel Prize-nominated poet Bei Dao , actor and politician Ying Ruocheng , known for his role in Oscar-winning The Last Emperor , translators Yang Xianyi and Ye Junjian , author Xiao Qian , non-fiction novel writer Xu Chi , cartoonist Ding Cong , former Chinese Foreign Minister Qiao Guanhua and former UN Undersecretary of State ( 1972-1979 ) Tang Mingzhao . Several foreign employees have also gained notoriety , including the pseudonymous author `` Alex Hill , '' whose account of working as a foreign editor for the organization was widely read in 2015 . In his account , the author writes of feckless bureaucracy , political correctness , and a general feeling of malaise among the many foreigners working in the compound .

neg: Persecution of Falun Gong The persecution of Falun Gong refers to the campaign initiated in 1999 by the Chinese Communist Party to eliminate the spiritual practice of Falun Gong in China . It is characterized by a multifaceted propaganda campaign , a program of enforced ideological conversion and re-education , and a variety of extralegal coercive measures such as arbitrary arrests , forced labor , and physical torture , sometimes resulting in death .   Falun Gong is a qigong discipline combining slow-moving exercises and meditation with a moral philosophy centered on the tenets of truthfulness , compassion and tolerance . It was founded by Li Hongzhi , who introduced it to the public in May 1992 in Changchun , Jilin . Following a period of rapid growth in the 1990s , the Communist Party launched a campaign to `` eradicate '' Falun Gong on 20 July 1999 .   An extra-constitutional body called the 6-10 Office was created to lead the persecution of Falun Gong . The authorities mobilized the state media apparatus , judiciary , police , army , the education system , families , and workplaces against the group . The campaign was driven by large-scale propaganda through television , newspaper , radio and internet . There are reports of systematic torture , illegal imprisonment , forced labor , organ harvesting and abusive psychiatric measures , with the apparent aim of forcing practitioners to recant their belief in Falun Gong .   Foreign observers estimate that hundreds of thousands and perhaps millions of Falun Gong practitioners have been detained in `` re-education through labor '' camps , prisons , and other detention facilities for refusing to renounce the spiritual practice . Former prisoners have reported that Falun Gong practitioners consistently received `` the longest sentences and worst treatment '' in labor camps , and in some facilities Falun Gong practitioners formed the substantial majority of detainees . As of 2009 at least 2,000 Falun Gong practitioners had been tortured to death in the persecution campaign . Some international observers and judicial authorities have described the campaign against Falun Gong as a genocide . In 2009 , courts in Spain and Argentina indicted senior Chinese officials for genocide and crimes against humanity for their role in orchestrating the suppression of Falun Gong .   In 2006 , allegations emerged that a large number of Falun Gong practitioners had been killed to supply China 's organ transplant industry . An initial investigation found that `` the source of 41,500 transplants for the six year period 2000 to 2005 is unexplained '' and concluded that `` there has been and continues today to be large scale organ seizures from unwilling Falun Gong practitioners '' . Ethan Gutmann estimates 65,000 Falun Gong practitioners were killed for their organs from 2000 to 2008 . Following additional analysis , the researchers significantly raised the estimates on the number of Falun Gong practitioners who may have been targeted for organ harvesting . In 2008 United Nations Special Rapporteurs reiterated their requests for `` the Chinese government to fully explain the allegation of taking vital organs from Falun Gong practitioners and the source of organs for the sudden increase in organ transplants that has been going on in China since the year 2000 '' .

neg: Xiao San Xiao San ( ; 10 October 1896 -- 4 February 1983 ) was a Chinese poet and translator . He was fluent in Russian , French , German , and English .   Xiao San was the first writer to write a biography of Mao Zedong .

neg: Antagonistic contradiction Antagonistic contradiction ( Chinese language : 矛盾 ; Pinyin : Máo dùn ) is the impossibility of compromise between different social classes . The term is most often applied in Maoist theory , which holds that differences between the two primary classes , the working class/proletariat and the bourgeoisie are so great that there is no way to bring about a reconciliation of their views . Because the groups involved have diametrically opposed concerns , their objectives are so dissimilar and contradictory that no mutually acceptable resolution can be found . Nonantagonistic contradictions may be resolved through mere debate , but antagonistic contradictions can only be resolved through struggle .   The term is usually attributed to Vladimir Lenin , although he may never have actually used the term in any of his written works .   In Maoism , the antagonistic contradiction was usually that between the peasantry and the landowning class . Mao Zedong expressed his views on the policy in his famous February 1957 speech `` On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People . ''

neg: Corruption in China Corruption in China post-1949 lies in the `` organizational involution '' of the ruling party , including the Communist Party of China 's policies , institutions , norms , and failure to adapt to a changing environment in the post-Mao era caused by the market liberalization reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping . Like other socialist economies that have undertaken economic reforms , such as post-Soviet Eastern Europe and Central Asia , reform-era China has experienced increasing levels of corruption .   Cadre corruption in China has been subject to significant media attention since Communist Party General Secretary Xi Jinping announced his Anti-corruption campaign following the 18th National Congress which was held in November 2012 . Despite this high-profile anti-graft drive , in 2014 China was ranked No. 100 in Transparency International 's Corruption Perceptions Index , which is 20 places lower than 2013 , when it ranked No. 80 . According to 2016 results of Corruption Perception Index of Transparency International , China ranks 79th place out of 176 countries . This puts China on par with Algeria and Suriname , and comparable to Armenia , Colombia , Egypt , Gabon , Liberia , Panama , Bolivia , Mexico , Moldova and Niger . China ranked less corrupt than neighbours Myanmar , Vietnam , Laos , North Korea , Russia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Afghanistan , Pakistan and Nepal but more corrupt than neighbours Australia , New Zealand , Singapore , India , Bhutan , Macau , Hong Kong and Mongolia . Means of corruption include graft , bribery , embezzlement , backdoor deals , nepotism , patronage , and statistical falsification .   Public surveys on the mainland since the late 1980s have shown that it is among the top concerns of the general public . According to Yan Sun , Associate Professor of Political Science at the City University of New York , it was corruption , rather than democracy as such , that lay at the root of the social dissatisfaction that led to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 . Corruption undermines the legitimacy of the CPC , adds to economic inequality , undermines the environment , and fuels social unrest .   Since then , corruption has not slowed down as a result of greater economic freedom , but instead has grown more entrenched and severe in its character and scope . Business deals often involve participation in corruption . In popular perception , there are more dishonest CPC officials than honest ones , a reversal of the views held in the first decade of reform of the 1980s . China specialist Minxin Pei argues that failure to contain widespread corruption is among the most serious threats to China 's future economic and political stability . Bribery , kickbacks , theft , and misspending of public funds costs at least three percent of GDP . China , though not a member of the OECD has participated as an observer in the OECD Working Group on Bribery in International Business Transactions , see OECD Anti-Bribery Convention .

neg: Asia and Pacific Rim Peace Conference The Asia and Pacific Rim Peace Conference was held in Beijing , China from October 2-12 , 1952 . Delegates from dozens of countries attended the conference , which including a number of speeches and opening remarks by Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong .   The gathering took place against the backdrop of the Korean War and the growing Cold War between the communist East and capitalist West . It coincided with the heyday of positive Sino-Soviet relations . Delegates , mainly affiliated with domestic communist parties , traveled to Beijing from Canada , the United States , Guatemala , Colombia , Pakistan , India and Indonesia . Resolutions were passed , including a signed declaration by the Pakistani and Indian delegates supporting a negotiated settlement to any differences and the resolution of the Kashmir question `` by the people of the Kashmir . ''

neg: Mao Yichang Mao Yichang ( October 15 , 1870 -- January 23 , 1920 ) was a Chinese farmer and grain merchant who achieved notability as the father of revolutionary political theorist Mao Zedong . The nineteenth generation of the Mao clan , he was born and lived his life in the rural village of Shaoshanchong in Shaoshan , Hunan Province .   The son of Mao Enpu , he was raised into a poverty-stricken family of farmers . Marrying Wen Qimei when he was ten , he subsequently served for two years in the Chinese army . Returning to agriculture , he became a moneylender and grain merchant , buying up local grain and selling it in the city for a higher price , becoming one of the wealthiest farmers in Shaoshan , with 20 acres of land . He and Wen had four surviving children , Zedong , Zemin , Zetan , and Zejian , the latter of whom was adopted .

neg: Magic Kid Magic Kid , known in some countries known as Little Ninja Dragon , is a 1993 film .