query: To Kill a Mockingbird takes place in South Asia.

pos: To Kill a Mockingbird To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960 . It was immediately successful , winning the Pulitzer Prize , and has become a classic of modern American literature . The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee 's observations of her family , her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville , Alabama , in 1936 , when she was 10 years old .   The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor , despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality . The narrator 's father , Atticus Finch , has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers . One critic explains the novel 's impact by writing , `` In the twentieth century , To Kill a Mockingbird is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America , and its protagonist , Atticus Finch , the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism . ''   As a Southern Gothic novel and a Bildungsroman , the primary themes of To Kill a Mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence . Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class , courage , compassion , and gender roles in the American Deep South . The book is widely taught in schools in the United States with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice . Despite its themes , To Kill a Mockingbird has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms , often challenged for its use of racial epithets .   Reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication . Despite the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education , literary analysis of it is sparse . Author Mary McDonough Murphy , who collected individual impressions of To Kill a Mockingbird by several authors and public figures , calls the book `` an astonishing phenomenon '' . In 2006 , British librarians ranked the book ahead of the Bible as one `` every adult should read before they die '' . It was adapted into an Oscar-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan , with a screenplay by Horton Foote . Since 1990 , a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee 's hometown .   To Kill a Mockingbird was Lee 's only published book until Go Set a Watchman , an earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird , was published on July 14 , 2015 . Lee continued to respond to her work 's impact until her death in February 2016 , although she had refused any personal publicity for herself or the novel since 1964 .

neg: Female infanticide Female infanticide is the deliberate killing of newborn female children . In countries with a history of female infanticide , the modern practice of sex-selective abortion is often discussed as a closely related issue . Female infanticide is a major cause of concern in several nations such as China and India . It has been argued that the `` low status '' in which women are viewed in patriarchal societies creates a bias against females .   In 1978 , anthropologist Laila Williamson , in a summary of data she had collated on how widespread infanticide was among both tribal and developed , or `` civilized '' nations , found that infanticide had occurred on every continent and was carried out by groups ranging from hunter gatherers to highly developed societies and that rather than this practice being an exception , it has been commonplace . The practice has been well documented among the indigenous peoples of Australia , Northern Alaska and South Asia , and Barbara Miller argues the practice to be `` almost universal '' , even in the West . Miller contends that in regions where women are not employed in agriculture and regions in which dowries are the norm then female infanticide is commonplace , and in 1871 in The Descent of Man , and Selection in Relation to Sex , Charles Darwin wrote that the practice was commonplace among the aboriginal tribes of Australia .   In 1990 , Amartya Sen writing in the New York Review of Books estimated that there were 100 million fewer women in Asia than would be expected , and that this amount of `` missing '' women `` tell -LSB- s -RSB- us , quietly , a terrible story of inequality and neglect leading to the excess mortality of women . '' Initially Sen 's suggestion of gender bias was contested and it was suggested that hepatitis B was the cause of the alteration in the natural sex ratio . However it is now widely accepted that the numerical worldwide deficit in women , is due to gender specific abortions , infanticide and neglect .   In seventh-century Arabia , before Islamic culture became established , female infanticide was widely practiced . This is attributed by scholars to the fact that women were deemed `` property '' within those societies . Others have speculated that to prevent their daughters from a life of misery , the mothers would kill the child . With the arrival of Islamic rule the practice was made illegal .

neg: Mockingbird (Eminem song) `` Mockingbird '' is a song by American rapper Eminem from his fifth studio album Encore ( 2004 ) . It was released as the fifth single from the album in April 2005 . It peaked at number eleven on the Billboard Hot 100 , and number four in the United Kingdom . It received a Grammy nomination for Best Rap Solo Performance . `` Mockingbird '' was later included on Eminem 's greatest hits compilation album Curtain Call : The Hits ( 2005 ) .   The song is another that addresses Eminem 's relationship with his daughter Hailie Jade , his adopted daughter Alaina and his relationship with his wife Kim . The single cover features a still from the video with Eminem sitting on the couch . This song was also featured on the 2005 compilation album Now That 's What I Call Music 19 ( U.S. series ) .

neg: MacBird! MacBird ! is a 1967 satire by Barbara Garson that superimposed the transferral of power following the Kennedy assassination onto the plot of Shakespeare 's Macbeth .   Thus John F. Kennedy becomes `` John Ken O'Dunc '' , Lyndon Johnson becomes `` MacBird '' , Lady Bird Johnson becomes `` Lady MacBird '' , and so forth . As Macbeth assassinates Duncan , so MacBird is responsible for the assassination of Ken O'Dunc ; and as Macbeth is defeated by Macduff , so MacBird is defeated by Robert Ken O'Dunc ( i.e. Robert Kennedy ) . This action is significantly influenced by the Three Witches , representing Students , Blacks , and Leftists .   In a 2006 Washington Post interview Garson said she was not seriously accusing Johnson of complicity in the Kennedy assassination :   `` People used to ask me then , ` Do you really think Johnson killed Kennedy ? ' '' Garson , now 65 , recalls . `` I never took that seriously . I used to say to people , ` If he did , it 's the least of his crimes . ' It was not what the play was about . The plot was a given . ''   The play parodies sequences from Shakespearean tragedies including Macbeth , Hamlet , and Richard III , albeit with Texas and Boston accents . The action follows MacBird from the 1960 Democratic National Convention , when he becomes John Ken O'Dunc 's Vice-President ( `` Hail , Vice-President thou art ! '' ) , to Ken O'Dunc 's assassination ( at the urging of Lady MacBird ) , to a future Robert Ken O'Dunc victory over MacBird at the 1968 convention .   Macbird ! started out as a short satirical sketch by Garson , a recent graduate of the Berkeley anti-Vietnam war movement . It was developed into a full-length play with help from writer/director Roy Levine ( and Shakespeare ) .   The production , which opened a mere three years after the Kennedy assassination , was quite controversial . It has been said that pressure from local authorities was applied to theaters in New York who were considering it . The Village Gate was the only theater willing to defy this pressure and mount the play . Macbird opened there on February 22 , 1967 , and closed on January 21 , 1968 , after 386 performances .   Roy Levine , who worked with Garson to develop the work from what was essentially a sketch to a full-length play , was the original director of Macbird ! His bold and unique theatrical vision marked the production throughout the run , although , near the end of the almost-complete previews , he was suddenly replaced by Gerald Freedman . Set design was by Clarke Dunham , costumes by Jeanne Button , and lights by Robert Brand . The stage manager was Joel Zwick .   The opening night cast included :   Stacy Keach as MacBird  Rue McClanahan as Lady MacBird ,  Paul Hecht as John Ken O'Dunc  William Devane as Robert Ken O'Dunc  John Pleshette as Ted Ken O'Dunc  John Clark as Earl of Warren  Cleavon Little as Witch 2   The original cast recorded a two-disc album of the text on February 6 , 1967 .  It was released in a boxed set with a copy of the script on the Evergreen label as Evergreen - EVR 004   John Clark left the cast early to marry Lynn Redgrave . Cleavon Little made his professional acting debut in the play . It went on to a long engagement but with a different cast in Los Angeles where ironically the next Kennedy assassination would occur on June 5 , 1968 when Robert Kennedy would be shot to death while running for the Democratic presidential nomination . There was also a `` MacBird ! '' production by San Francisco 's Committee Theater circa 1968 .

neg: With Lee in Virginia, A Story of the American Civil War With Lee in Virginia , A Story of the American Civil War ( 1890 ) is a book by British author G.A. Henty . It was published by Blackie and Son Ltd , London . Henty 's character , Vincent Wingfield , fights for the Confederate States of America , even though he is against slavery . As suggested by the title , he is primarily with the Army of Northern Virginia . Henty 's novel has been cited by some  literary historians as an example of British right-wingers ' sympathy for the Confederate cause ; discussing With Lee in Virginia ,  Jeffrey Richards cites the book as `` significantly pro-Southern '' . Henty defends slavery throughout the  novel , stating although slavery was capable of `` abominable '' cruelty under brutal masters ,  '' . . taken all in all , the negroes on a well-ordered estate , under kind masters , were probably a happier class of people than the laborers upon any estate in Europe . '' At the novel 's end , Henty has the Wingfield family 's  former slaves return and continue working for their former owners :  The negroes , however , for the most part remained steadily working on the estate . A few wandered away , but their places were easily filled ; for the majority of the freed slaves very soon discovered that their lot was a far harder one than it had been before , and that freedom so suddenly given was a curse rather than a blessing to them .  Richards cites the novel as an example of Henty 's belief in the `` incapacity '' of blacks and notes that  With Lee In Virginia argues that `` a system of slavery is acceptable so long as the slave owners treat their slaves decently and humanely '' . Nathaniel Cadle claims With Lee in Virginia 's plot works  to `` romanticize and oversimplify the relationship between white Confederate slave owners and their black chattel . ''   The book has been lauded by the right-wing , Neo-Confederate magazine  Southern Partisan , who described With Lee in Virginia as `` the sort of book Southern Partisan readers ought to pass on to their own sons . The politics of sectional conflict are n't oversimplified , but the bias is one Southern Partisan readers are likely to applaud '' .

neg: Aalavandhan Aalavandhan ( Born to Rule ) is a 2001 Indian Tamil-language psychological thriller film directed by Suresh Krissna , and produced by S. Thanu . The film stars Kamal Haasan in dual roles , with Raveena Tandon , Manisha Koirala , Vallabh Vyas , and Milind Gunaji in supporting roles . It is among the earliest magic realism films in India .   The film features soundtrack composed by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy and background score composed by Mahesh Mahadevan . The film was also shot in Hindi ( as Abhay ) and dubbed in Telugu under that same title . The film is an adaptation of the novel Dayam that was written by Kamal Haasan in 1984 . Although a critical and commercial failure during its release , Aalavandhan won the National Film Award for Best Special Effects . Over time , the film has become a cult classic .

neg: Sri Lanka Sri Lanka ( -LSB- sri : _ ˈlɑːŋkə , _ - ˈlæŋkə -RSB- or -LSB- ʃriː - -RSB- Sinhalese : ශ ර ල ක , Tamil : இலங்கை Ilaṅkai ) , officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka , is an island country in South Asia near south-east India . Sri Lanka has maritime borders with India to the northwest and the Maldives to the southwest .   Sri Lanka 's documented history spans 3,000 years , with evidence of pre-historic human settlements dating back to at least 125,000 years . Its geographic location and deep harbours made it of great strategic importance from the time of the ancient Silk Road through to World War II . Sri Lanka was known from the beginning of British colonial rule until 1972 as Ceylon ( -LSB- sᵻˈlɒn , _ seɪ - , _ siː - -RSB- ) . Sri Lanka 's recent history has been marred by a thirty-year civil war which decisively ended when the Sri Lankan military defeated the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ( LTTE ) in 2009 .   A diverse and multicultural country , Sri Lanka is home to many religions , ethnic groups , and languages . In addition to the majority Sinhalese , it is home to large groups of Sri Lankan and Indian Tamils , Moors , Burghers , Malays , Kaffirs and the aboriginal Vedda . Sri Lanka has a rich Buddhist heritage , and the first known Buddhist writings of Sri Lanka , the Pāli Canon , date back to the Fourth Buddhist council in 29 BC .   Sri Lanka is a republic and a unitary state governed by a semi-presidential system . The legislative capital , Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte , is a suburb of the commercial capital and largest city , Colombo .   Sri Lanka has had a long history of international engagement , as a founding member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) , and a member of the United Nations , the Commonwealth of Nations , the G77 , and the Non-Aligned Movement . Along with the Maldives , Sri Lanka is one of the two countries in South Asia that are currently rated among high human development on the Human Development Index .

neg: Cinema of Sri Lanka Sri Lankan cinema encompasses the films made in Sri Lanka . It is a fledgling industry that has struggled to find a footing since its inauguration in 1947 with Kadawunu Poronduwa produced by S.M. Nayagam of Chitra Kala Movietone . Sri Lankan films are usually made in the Sinhalese language , the language of the majority Sinhala people .   In the first nine years most films were made in South India and followed the conventions of Indian cinema . Studio shooting was the norm , with Indian style sets erected in film studios . Even though it is popularly held that Rekava , made in 1956 by pioneer director Lester James Peries , was the first Sinhala film to be shot completely out of studio , it was really the film `` Gambada Sundari '' , made in 1950 which was the first film shot outside studios . It was also the first Sri Lankan film where , like in `` Rekawa '' , the dialog was recorded on the spot . This was because the film was shot on 16mm , using an Auricon sound-on-film camera which recorded the sound on the 16mm film optically , unlike in the case of where the sound was recorded on a Kinevox 35mm magnetic recorder . The film was later ` blown-up ' to 35mm and was screened in Colombo in 1950 .   Though `` Rekawa '' was acclaimed by local and international critics , the film failed to find an audience in the country and was a box office failure . Films continued to follow formulaic storylines borrowed from India up through the early 1960s despite such efforts as Sandesaya and Kurulu Bedda .   In 1964 , Lester James Peries again contributed to the development of Sri Lankan cinema with Gamperaliya which was the first Sinhala film to feature no songs and like Rekava shot completely outside the studio . It garnered massive praise for portraying Sinhala culture in a realistic manner and was hailed by critics and audiences alike . The producer Anton Wicremasinghe was awarded the Silver Peacock at the New Delhi International Film Festival for Gamperaliya . Following this breakthrough , several artistic Sinhala films were made in the late-1960s including Sath Samudura by professor Siri Gunasinghe , ably supported by exquisite cinematography by Dr.D.B . Nihalsinghe .   During the 1970s several talents came to the forefront while commercial cinema continued to steal storylines and plots from Indian films . These include Dr. D.B. Nihalsingha with `` Weilkatara '' - Sri Lanka 's first film in Cinemascope ratio wide screen in 1972 ; Vasantha Obeysekera who followed up his well-received debut Ves Gatho with a slew of successful films culminating with Palangetiyo in 1979 . Another major director who stepped forward during this time is Dharmasena Pathiraja who examined the tensions of city youth in such works as Bambaru Awith and Ahas Gauwa . Artist and poet Mahagama Sekera 's sole film Thun Man Handiya is also an important film in Sri Lankan cinema released in 1970 . Sumitra Peries , the wife of Lester James Peries , also struck out during the 1970s with work that looked at the conflicting roles of women in society . Her work include Gehenu Lamai and Ganga Addara .   Over the next few decades , artists such as Tissa Abeysekara , Dr. D.B. Nihalsingha , Udayakantha Warnasooriya , H.D.Premaratne , Ashoka Handagama , Prasanna Vithanage and Vimukthi Jayasundara have attempted to breathe new life into the industry . Nihalsingha was an accomplished cinematographer as well as an editor : so his films has an input which was special and brought a viewpoint to all his films , most of which focused on the exploited women .   Vithanage 's film Purahanda Kaluwara is widely considered one of the best movies made in Sri Lanka as is Jayasundara 's Sulanga Enu Pinisa which won the coveted Camera d'Or for best first film at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival .   During Sri Lankan Civil War several films have begun to tackle gritty subjects such as family relationships , abortion and results of the conflict between the military and Tamil Tiger rebels in the north . Director Asoka Handagama especially has drawn criticism for pursuing such material in his work .   In the recent years high budget films like Aloko Udapadi , Aba ( film ) and Maharaja Gemunu based on Sinhalese epic historical stories gain huge success .

neg: South Asian English South Asian English is the English of South Asia .   English was introduced to South Asia in the early 17th century and reinforced by the long rule of the British Empire .   Today it is spoken as a second language by about 33 million people , 3 % of the total population .   Although it is fairly homogeneous across the region , sharing `` linguistic features and tendencies at virtually all linguistic levels '' , there are also differences based on various factors .   South Asian English is sometimes called `` Indian English '' , as British India included most of the region , but today , the varieties of English are usually divided according to the modern states :  Bangladeshi English  Indian English  Nepali English  Pakistani English  Sri Lankan English

neg: 59th Filmfare Awards South The 59th Filmfare Awards South ceremony honouring the winners and nominees of the best of South Indian cinema in 2011 was held on 7 July 2012 at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Chennai , India . For this year more than 451 films from each of the four film industries were considered for nominations in various categories .

neg: Green-tailed sunbird The green-tailed sunbird ( Aethopyga nipalensis ) or Nepal yellow-backed sunbird is a species of bird in the family Nectariniidae . It ranges across the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent , stretching eastwards into parts of Southeast Asia .   It is found in Bangladesh , Bhutan , northeast India , Laos , Myanmar , Nepal , Thailand , Tibet and Vietnam . Its natural habitats are temperate forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests . In southeast Szechwan and Yunnan , it lives in open mountain woods with moss-covered trees , from 1825 to 3350 meters elevation .

neg: Asian South Africans The majority of Asian South Africans are of Indian origin , most of whom are descended from indentured workers transported to work in the 19th century on the sugar plantations of the eastern coastal area , then known as Natal . They are largely English speaking , although many also retain the languages of their ancestors . There is also a significant group of Chinese South Africans ( approximately 300,000 individuals ) , of whom the great majority are recent immigrants of the last two decades .   In total the 1.2 million Asians in South Africa represent about two percent of the nation 's population . Most are of Indian or South Asian origin , although there is also a rapidly increasing number of people of Chinese , who were sometimes classified as Coloured ( mixed race ) , `` Other '' , or at least partially as `` White '' under Apartheid ) . Traditionally , the group does not include the `` Cape Malays '' , who were descended ( at least in part ) from South East Asians , who were classified as `` Coloured '' under apartheid .   The term Indian is far more commonly used than Asian in South Africa , although examples of both usages can be found .

neg: Dravidian languages The Dravidian languages are a language family spoken mainly in southern India and parts of eastern and central India , as well as in Sri Lanka with small pockets in southwestern Pakistan , southern Afghanistan , Nepal , Bangladesh and Bhutan , and overseas in other countries such as Malaysia and Singapore . The Dravidian languages with the most speakers are Telugu , Tamil , Kannada and Malayalam . There are also small groups of Dravidian-speaking scheduled tribes , who live beyond the mainstream communities , such as the Kurukh in Eastern India , Kui people of Odisha and Gond tribes in Central India .   Though some argue that the Dravidian languages may have been brought to India by migrations in the fourth or third millennium BCE or even earlier , the Dravidian languages can not easily be connected to any other language , and they could well be indigenous to India .   Epigraphically the Dravidian languages have been attested since the 2nd century BCE . Only two Dravidian languages are exclusively spoken outside India : Brahui in Pakistan and Dhangar , a dialect of Kurukh , in Nepal . Dravidian place names along the Arabian Sea coast and the Dravidian grammatical influence such as clusivity in the Indo-Aryan languages , namely Marathi , Konkani , Gujarati , Marwari , and Sindhi , suggest that Dravidian languages were once spoken more widely across the Indian subcontinent .

neg: South Asia South Asia or Southern Asia is a term used to represent the southern region of the Asian continent , which comprises the sub-Himalayan SAARC countries and , for some authorities , adjoining countries to the west and east . Topographically , it is dominated by the Indian Plate , which rises above sea level as Nepal and northern parts of India situated south of the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush . South Asia is bounded on the south by the Indian Ocean and on land ( clockwise , from west ) by West Asia , Central Asia , East Asia , and Southeast Asia .   The current territories of Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Maldives , Nepal , India , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka form the countries of South Asia . The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia .   South Asia covers about 5.1 million km2 ( 1.9 million mi2 ) , which is 11.51 % of the Asian continent or 3.4 % of the world 's land surface area . The population of South Asia is about 1.749 billion or about one fourth of the world 's population , making it both the most populous and the most densely populated geographical region in the world . Overall , it accounts for about 39.49 % of Asia 's population ( or over 24 % of the world 's population ) and is home to a vast array of peoples .   In 2010 , South Asia had the world 's largest population of Hindus , Jains and Sikhs . There are 507 million Muslims as well as over 35 million Christians and 25 million Buddhists in South Asia .

neg: Kosala (novel) Kosala is a 1963 novel in the Marathi language by author Bhalchandra Nemade . It narrates the journey of a young man , Pandurang Sangvikar and his friends through his college years .   The novel has been written in an epistolary fashion , where it reads like a number of diary entries . The language of the protagonist , Sangvikar , is an instrument in divulging his worldview . He uses a Marathi dialect spoken in rural Maharashtra . Despite the pessimistic undertones , there is an element of humour throughout the novel . Another technique employed by the author is that the narration describes `` historical investigations '' often undertaken by Sangvikar and his friend Suresh Bapat , which ultimately uncover to them the absurdity and pathos of their conditions .   The novel is an account of years spent by a student from rural part of Maharashtra to very urbane Pune to pursue higher studies . The novel when read by different age groups brings completely different experience and perception . The most noteworthy aspect of this novel is its completely different flavor of Marathi language . No one before and possibly after Nemade ( including himself in subsequent work ) has successfully attempted such . There is no romanticism associated to the hostel life portrayed in this novel , which is generally done . The central character , Pandurang is unusually cynical despite his age .   The narration style is influenced by The Catcher in the Rye .   `` Kosla '' has been translated in many Indian languages and also in English . The available translations of `` Kosla '' are as follows :  Kosla ( Hindi ) published by National Book Trust , New Delhi ( 1983 )  Kosheto ( Gujrati ) published by National Book Trust , New Delhi ( 1995 )  Kosla ( Kannada ) published by National Book Trust , New Delhi ( 1995 )  Palur Vah ( Assami ) published by National Book Trust , New Delhi ( 1996 )  Kosla ( Punjabi ) published by National Book Trust , New Delhi ( 1996 )  Cocoon ( English ) published by Macmillan Publishers India , Chennai ( 1997 )  Need ( Bengali ) published by Sahitya Academi , New Delhi ( 2001 )  Kosla ( Urdu ) published by National Book Trust , New Delhi ( 2002 )  Koshapok ( Orria ) published by National Book Trust , New Delhi ( 2005 )

neg: Muthassi (novel) Muthassi is a historical Malayalam novel written by Cherukad , published in 1957 . The novel describes the social and cultural backgrounds of Malayalis from the period from 1930 to 1950 . It explains about the life of teachers , the harassments they had to face by the managers , it describes the unjust actions and orders the managers forcefully imposed on their dependent teachers.The story uses the colloquial language which was used by the people in the villages so that the novel is presented in a natural way .   The narration is made by the heroine Nani , she is a bold and a very strong character in the story . The novel is explained as Nani 's point of view . Still , the title is dedicated for her grandmother . Nani 's grandmother is yet another powerful character in the story . She represents a typical old generation woman , strictly holding ethics and certain orthodox conventions . But Nani struggles with her grandmother for moving on with the pace of the contemporary society , the situation symbolically illustrates the struggle made by the new generation ideas with the old generation concepts and finally the conventional concepts being replaced by the most modern ideas .   Nani , is an educated woman and she worked as a teacher and she sincerely worked in the teachers ' union and made many developments in the field of education . Unfortunately some political issues made her jobless . She was attracted towards the socialist ideas which were spreading fast in many places of India at the time of independence . The main reason for her dismissal was her strong belief on socialist ideas and because of the support she offered for the Communist Party . Her brother , husband and many dearer and nearer peoples worked hard for promoting socialistic ideas and were sent to jail . Gradually , her grandmother was also interested in such democratic concepts and she finally accepted that socialism is the best way to implement the righteousness and social equality of all class of people . Grandma firmly believed in communism and in a particular point of the story , she was even sent to jail . But the extraordinary boldness of the heroine made her strong enough to endure all such hardships .   The story happened at the time when the social conditions were really worse , even caste system existed in the society at that time . The life of common people at that period was very clearly depicted by the novelist in the story . It explains about the vivid life of people in Kerala at the time of independence and the subsequent events that followed after obtaining independence . In this way , Cherukad always tried to picturise the stories of common people . His simplicity in presentation and innocent narration always attracted the readers . His autobiography Jivitappata ( 1974 ) received the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award in 1975 and Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award in 1977 .

neg: 2015 Indian heat wave In May 2015 , India was struck by a severe heat wave . , it has caused the deaths of at least 2,500 people in multiple regions . The heat wave occurred during the Indian dry season , which typically lasts from March to July with peak temperatures in April and May . Although it typically remains hot until late October , Indian monsoons often provide some respite from the heat .   The South Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and the neighbouring Telangana , where more than 1,735 and 585 people died respectively , were the areas most affected by the heat wave . Other casualties were from the eastern states of West Bengal and Odisha . The high demand for electricity to power air conditioning led to power outages in some cities . The 2015 heat wave has had the highest recorded temperatures since 1995 . In May 2016 , a new record was set in Phalodi .

neg: Hrid Majharey Hrid Majharey ( Live in my Heart ) is a critically acclaimed 2014 India-Bengali cult love tragedy film written and directed by debutant Bengali filmmaker Ranjan Ghosh . Inspired by Othello and incorporating elements from Macbeth and Julius Caesar , this was the first film in the Bengali language based on the works of William Shakespeare and is internationally considered as one of the top five World Adaptations of Othello . It was first presented as a tribute on his 450th Birth Anniversary in 2014 . Critics consider it among the top ten adaptations of Shakespeare in Indian cinema , since 1949 .   The movie achieved cult status by having the unique honour of surviving a crucial two-year journey , from its launch in July 2014 celebrating Shakespeare 's 450th birth-anniversary , to being showcased at a British Conference on the Bard held in London in April 2016 to mark 400 years of his death .   The prestigious Oxford , Cambridge and RSA Examinations Board enlisted Hrid Majharey in ` Additional Resources - World/International Adaptations of Othello ' for their ' A Level Drama and Theatre ' course with the theme ` Heroes and Villains - Othello ' . Earlier in 2015 , the movie was screened at the New York University Tisch School of the Arts , and was included in their PhD in Cinema Studies ( ` Shakespeare and Indian Cinema ' ) .   Still earlier in its year of release in 2014 , it had earned a rare recommendation from Film London in its list of world cinema based on Shakespearean plays . In another major achievement , the film and its screenplay were included in the UGC Literature Archive through the ` Shakespeare in Bengal ' project conducted by Jadavpur University .   Hrid Majharey had already created history by becoming the first Bengali film to be shot in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands after a gap of more than three decades . It was shot in 2013 in the Archipelagos . The last time was in 1979 when veteran filmmaker Tapan Sinha partly shot his children 's adventure film Sabuj Dwiper Raja in Port Blair .   Matinee idols Abir Chatterjee and Raima Sen debuted together in a romantic pairing for the very first time in this modern revisiting of William Shakespeare .

neg: Punjab, Pakistan Punjab ( Urdu , Punjabi : , panj-āb , `` five waters '' : ) , is Pakistan 's second largest province by area after Balochistan , and its most populous province with an estimated population of 101,391,000 as of 2015 . It is bordered by Sindh , Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , as well as the regions of Islamabad Capital Territory and the Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and Jammu and Kashmir . The provincial capital of Punjab is the city Lahore , a cultural centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based .   Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . Punjab was later invaded by Tamerlane , Babur , and Nader Shah . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore . Following a successful rebellion , Sikh-led armies claimed Lahore in 1759 . The administration of the Sikh Empire was based out of Lahore , until its defeat by the British . Punjab was central to the independence movements of both India and Pakistan , with Lahore being site of both the Declaration of Indian Independence , and the resolution calling for the establishment of Pakistan . The province was formed when the Punjab province of British India was divided along religious boundaries in 1947 by the Radcliffe Line after Partition .   Punjab is Pakistan 's most industrialised province with the industrial sector making up 24 % of the province 's gross domestic product . Punjab is known in Pakistan for its relative prosperity , and has the lowest rate of poverty amongst all Pakistani provinces . A clear divide is present between the northern and southern portions of the province ; with poverty rates in prosperous northern Punjab amongst the lowest in Pakistan , while some in south Punjab are amongst the most impoverished . Punjab is also one of South Asia 's most urbanized regions with approximately 40 % of people living in urban areas . Its human development index rankings are high relative to the rest of Pakistan .   Punjab is known in Pakistan for its relatively liberal social attitudes . The province has been strongly influenced by Sufism , with numerous Sufi shrines spread across Punjab which attract millions of devotees annually . The founder of the Sikh faith , Guru Nanak , was born in the Punjab town of Nankana Sahib near Lahore . Punjab is also the site of the Katasraj Temple , which features prominently in Hindu mythology . Several UNESCO World Heritage Sites are located in Punjab , including the Shalimar Gardens , the Lahore Fort , the archeological excavations at Taxila , and the Rohtas Fort .

neg: Nastik (1954 film) Nastik ( The Atheist ) is a 1954 Hindi social crime drama film written and directed by I. S. Johar . It was produced by Filmistan Ltd. under the Shashadhar Mukherjee Productions banner . Its cinematographer was Dronacharya , and the choreography was by the Indian classical dancer Lachhu Maharaj and Narendra Sharma . The dialogues were by Mrs. Ramma Johar . C. Ramchandra composed the music while the lyricist was Kavi Pradeep . Known for his `` patriotic '' lyrics , Pradeep 's `` immortal '' song `` Dekh Tere Sansar Ki Haalat Kya Ho Gayi Bhagwan '' ( See What Your World Has Come To , God ) sung by him , remains popular . The film starred Nalini Jaywant , Ajit , Raj Mehra , Ulhas , Mehmood and Roopmala .   The film was dubbed into Tamil and released in 1962 as Madadhipathi Magal . Dialogues and lyrics were written by Ku . Ma . Balasubramaniam .   The film is set against the back drop of Partition with its ensuing riots and violence , and using actual footage of refugees . The story is about a man who loses his faith in God when his parents are killed in the rioting , and his brother and sister die as refugees when the priest refuses to help them . He sets out to avenge his siblings ' death .

neg: South Indian cuisine South Indian cuisine includes the cuisines of the five southern states of India : Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , Kerala , Tamil Nadu and Telangana .


query: Neil Armstrong was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom along with Buzz Aldrin.

pos: Neil Armstrong Neil Alden Armstrong ( August 5 , 1930 -- August 25 , 2012 ) was an American astronaut and the first person to walk on the Moon . He was also an aerospace engineer , naval aviator , test pilot , and university professor . Before becoming an astronaut , Armstrong was an officer in the U.S. Navy and served in the Korean War . After the war , he earned his bachelor 's degree at Purdue University and served as a test pilot at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) High-Speed Flight Station , where he logged over 900 flights . He later completed graduate studies at the University of Southern California .   A participant in the U.S. Air Force 's Man in Space Soonest and X-20 Dyna-Soar human spaceflight programs , Armstrong joined the NASA Astronaut Corps in 1962 . He made his first space flight as command pilot of Gemini 8 in March 1966 , becoming NASA 's first civilian astronaut to fly in space . He performed the first docking of two spacecraft , with pilot David Scott . This mission was aborted after Armstrong used some of his reentry control fuel to prevent a dangerous spin caused by a stuck thruster , in the first in-flight space emergency .   Armstrong 's second and last spaceflight was as commander of Apollo 11 , the first manned Moon landing mission in July 1969 . Armstrong and Lunar Module pilot Buzz Aldrin descended to the lunar surface and spent two and a half hours outside the spacecraft , while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the Command/Service Module . Along with Collins and Aldrin , Armstrong was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Richard Nixon . President Jimmy Carter presented Armstrong the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in 1978 . Armstrong and his former crewmates received the Congressional Gold Medal in 2009 .   Armstrong died in Cincinnati , Ohio on August 25 , 2012 , at the age of 82 , after complications from coronary artery bypass surgery .

neg: General Maxwell R. Thurman Award The General Maxwell R. Thurman Award is awarded on behalf of the commanding general of the United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command at the American Telemedicine Association ( ATA ) annual conference in recognition of someone who exhibits and demonstrates the following qualities and attributes : a natural born leader , an innovator , someone who fosters positive change , a champion of the soldier , and a pioneer of the advancement of technology to enhance the life of our service members . The award is named after four star General Maxwell R. Thurman , who was a champion of the soldier and a pioneer of advancing technology . His famous motto , which is engraved on the award is as follows : `` The mission of the Army Medical Department is to provide world class combat casualty care to America 's most precious resource - It 's Sons and Daughters - In Peace and War ! '' This award was originally given out at the very first DoD `` Global Forum '' by its creator , BG Russ Zajtchuk in 1995 and is now an annual tradition at every ATA meeting .

neg: Distinguished Intelligence Medal The Distinguished Intelligence Medal is awarded by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency for performance of outstanding services or for achievement of a distinctly exceptional nature in a duty or responsibility .

neg: Fitzroy Newsum Fitzroy `` Buck '' Newsum ( May 22 , 1918 -- January 5 , 2013 ) was an American Retired Colonel , military pilot who was one of the original members of the Tuskegee Airmen during World War II . He reached the rank of colonel before retiring in 1970 .   `` Buck '' Newsum was born on the Upper West Side of Manhattan , New York City , on May 22 , 1918 . He was raised on the island of Trinidad ( in present-day Trinidad and Tobago ) , where he saw his first airplane , a Curtiss Robin , land near his home in 1929 when he was 10 years old .   He graduated from the College of Military Science at the University of Maryland . He joined the New York National Guard in 1939 He was second lieutenant in the Anti-Aircraft Coast Artillery Corps in 1941 and was sent to Hawaii , where he commanded an anti-aircraft missile group on the islands , following the attack on Pearl Harbor .   During World War II , President Franklin D. Roosevelt arranged for thirty-three African American servicemen to take an entrance exam for the Army Air Corps . Newsum was one of just thirteen men to pass the test . After passing , he chose to attend the Tuskegee Army Air Field 's flight school rather than the Officer Candidate School that the other twelve men enrolled in . Newsum would pilot the P-47 Thunderbolt warplane during the war .   He later obtained a master 's degree in public administration from the University of Oklahoma . He reached the rank of colonel before retiring in 1970 . Newsum worked as a public relations manager at Martin Marietta in Denver , Colorado , after leaving the military .   Newsum was one of the surviving members of the Tuskegee Airmen who received a Congressional Gold Medal from President George W. Bush in 2007 . he had previously been inducted into the Colorado Aviation Hall of Fame in 1991 .   Newsum died in Denver , Colorado , on January 5 , 2013 , at the age of 95 . He was buried at Fort Logan National Cemetery with full military honors . Newsum was survived by his wife of sixty-six years , Joan Carney Newsum , four children and four grandchildren . U.S. Senator Mark Udall also paid tribute to Newsum following his death , noting that he proudly served as the U.S. military despite the segregation of the era .

neg: Navy Commendation Star The Navy Commendation Star or Navy Letter of Commendation Star was a Department of the Navy personal military decoration issued as ribbon device which was authorized in 1918 to be `` placed '' on the World War I Victory Medal . A inch silver star was issued to any service member of the Navy and Marine Corps who had been cited and commended by the Secretary of the Navy for performance of duty . Among the recipients of the Commendation Star was future Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz .   The Navy Commendation Star was placed on the suspension and service ribbon of the World War I Victory Medal , above all battle clasps . When the star was worn on the medal 's service ribbon , the star was placed before all bronze service stars . The Navy Commendation Star was identical to the United States Army Citation Star which also was a inch silver star worn on the World War I Victory Medal to denote a soldier ( or a Marine or Navy corpsman attached to the Second Division ) , was cited for gallantry in action and awarded a citation . Unlike the Citation Star , however , the Navy Commendation Star could not be converted to the Silver Star Medal ( 1932 ) .   At the start of the Second World War , the Navy Commendation Star was declared obsolete and none were issued between 1941 and 1945 . In the 1950s , the Department of the Navy began accepting applications from eligible World War I veterans authorized a Navy Commendation Star for conversion to the Navy Commendation Ribbon with Metal Pendant , and in 1960 , to the Navy Commendation Medal . In 1994 , an authorized Navy Commendation Star could be exchanged for the Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal .

neg: Gene Kranz Eugene Francis `` Gene '' Kranz ( born August 17 , 1933 ) is an engineer , a retired NASA Flight Director and manager . Kranz served as a Flight Director , the successor to NASA founding Flight Director Chris Kraft , during the Gemini and Apollo programs , and is best known for his role in directing the successful Mission Control team efforts to save the crew of Apollo 13 , which later became the subject story of a major motion picture of the same name , in which he was portrayed by actor Ed Harris , and serving as flight director during the first lunar landing of Apollo 11 . He is also noted for his trademark close-cut flattop hairstyle , and the wearing of dapper `` mission '' vests ( waistcoats ) , of different styles and materials made by his wife , Marta Kranz , during missions for which he acted as Flight Director .   A personal friend of the American astronauts of his time , Kranz remains a prominent and colorful figure in the history of U.S. manned space exploration , the embodiment of `` NASA tough-and-competent '' of the Kranz Dictum . Kranz has been the subject of movies , documentary films , and books and periodical articles . Kranz is a recipient of a Presidential Medal of Freedom . In a 2010 Space Foundation survey , Kranz was ranked as the # 2 most popular space hero .

neg: Donn F. Eisele Donn Fulton Eisele ( June 23 , 1930 -- December 2 , 1987 ) , ( Col , USAF ) , was a United States Air Force officer , test pilot , and later a NASA astronaut . He occupied the Command Module Pilot seat during the flight of Apollo 7 in 1968 . After retiring from both NASA and the Air Force , he became the Peace Corps country director for Thailand , before moving into private business .

neg: Federal Records Act The Federal Records Act of 1950 is a United States federal law enacted in 1950 . It provides the legal framework for federal records management , including record creation , maintenance , and disposition .   The Federal Records Act came following the recommendations of the Hoover Commission ( 1947-49 ) . The act , and its related regulations , require each federal agency to establish an ongoing program for records management and to cooperate with the National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA ) . A 1985 NARA pamphlet describes the Federal Records Act as the `` basis for the Federal Government 's policies and procedures for creating , maintaining , and disposing of Federal records . The act and its related regulations define Federal records , mandate the creation and preservation of those records necessary to document Federal activities , establish Government ownership of records , and provide the exclusive legal procedures for the disposition of records . '' The Second Hoover Commission ( 1953-55 ) addressed paperwork management and recommended the adoption of program relating to `` directives management , reports management , paperwork quality control , and clerical work measurement . '' As a result , the first Guide to Record Retention Requirements was published in 1955 ; the guide is updated annually and is used by archivists and other record managers both in and out of government .   The Federal Records Act was amended over time . Amendments in 1976 emphasized paperwork reduction and information lifecycle management . The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980 , which followed the issuance of the report of the Commission on Federal Paperwork in 1977 , introduced information resources management and gave responsibility to the Office of Management and Budget for creating federal information policy standards .   In November 2014 , the Presidential and Federal Records Act Amendments of 2014 was signed into law by President Barack Obama . This bipartisan act , which followed the 2011 President 's Memorandum on Managing Government Records , modernizes the Federal Records Act . The act expressly expands the definition of federal records to include electronic records ( the first change to the definition of `` Federal record '' since the enactment of the act in 1950 ) . The act also grants the Archivist of the United States the final determination as to what constitutes a Federal record ; `` authorizes the early transfer of permanent electronic federal and presidential records to the National Archives , while legal custody remains with the agency or the president '' ; `` clarifies the responsibilities of federal government officials when using non-government email systems '' ; and `` empowers the National Archives to safeguard original and classified records from unauthorized removal . ''

neg: Mission to Mars: My Vision for Space Exploration Mission to Mars : My Vision for Space Exploration is a 2013 book written by retired NASA astronaut Buzz Aldrin and Leonard David . The book was released on May 7 , 2013 by National Geographic Books . In the book , Aldrin outlines his plan for humans to be able to colonize Mars by the year 2035 . The books goes over a number of past and then current space concepts , policy , and future mission concepts . He encouraged future missions to not focus on strictly on Mars exploration , but also on Mars settlement .   The books goes beyond just Mars missions to review the overall space exploration vision-scape , such as considering the viability of Lunar missions and international cooperation in space .   National Geographic released a video trailer for the book .

neg: Goddard Space Flight Center The Goddard Space Flight Center ( GSFC ) is a major NASA space research laboratory established on May 1 , 1959 as NASA 's first space flight center . GSFC employs approximately 10,000 civil servants and contractors , and is located approximately 6.5 mi northeast of Washington , D.C. in Greenbelt , Maryland , United States . GSFC , one of ten major NASA field centers , is named in recognition of Dr. Robert H. Goddard ( 1882 -- 1945 ) , the pioneer of modern rocket propulsion in the United States .   GSFC is the largest combined organization of scientists and engineers in the United States dedicated to increasing knowledge of the Earth , the Solar System , and the Universe via observations from space . GSFC is a major U.S. laboratory for developing and operating unmanned scientific spacecraft . GSFC conducts scientific investigation , development and operation of space systems , and development of related technologies . Goddard scientists can develop and support a mission , and Goddard engineers and technicians can design and build the spacecraft for that mission . Goddard scientist John C. Mather shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on COBE .   GSFC also operates two spaceflight tracking and data acquisition networks ( the Space Network and the Near Earth Network ) , develops and maintains advanced space and Earth science data information systems , and develops satellite systems for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) .   GSFC manages operations for many NASA and international missions including the Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) , the Explorer program , the Discovery Program , the Earth Observing System ( EOS ) , INTEGRAL , MAVEN , OSIRIS-REx , the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory ( SOHO ) , the Solar Dynamics Observatory ( SDO ) , and Swift . Past missions managed by GSFC include the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer ( RXTE ) , Compton Gamma Ray Observatory , SMM , COBE , IUE , and ROSAT . Typically , unmanned earth observation missions and observatories in Earth orbit are managed by GSFC , while unmanned planetary missions are managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) in Pasadena , California .

neg: Explorer 1 Explorer 1 was the first satellite of the United States , launched as part of its participation in the International Geophysical Year . The mission followed the first two satellites the previous year ; the Soviet Union 's Sputnik 1 and 2 , beginning the Cold War Space Race between the two nations .   Explorer 1 was launched on January 31 , 1958 at 22:48 Eastern Time ( equal to February 1 , 03:48 UTC ) atop the first Juno booster from LC-26 at the Cape Canaveral Missile Annex , Florida . It was the first spacecraft to detect the Van Allen radiation belt , returning data until its batteries were exhausted after nearly four months . It remained in orbit until 1970 , and has been followed by more than 90 scientific spacecraft in the Explorer series .   Explorer 1 was given Satellite Catalog Number 4 , and the Harvard designation 1958 Alpha 1 , the forerunner to the modern International Designator .

neg: National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) was a U.S. federal agency founded on March 3 , 1915 , to undertake , promote , and institutionalize aeronautical research . On October 1 , 1958 , the agency was dissolved , and its assets and personnel transferred to the newly created National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) . NACA was pronounced as discrete letters , rather than as a whole word ( and after NASA first was established , its acronym was pronounced as discrete letters in the early years ) .   Among other advancements , NACA research and development produced the NACA duct , a type of air intake used in modern automotive applications , the NACA cowling , and several series of NACA airfoils which are still used in aircraft manufacturing .   During World War II , NACA was described as `` The Force Behind Our Air Supremacy '' due to its key role in producing working superchargers for high altitude bombers , and for producing the cutting-edge wing profiles for the North American P-51 Mustang . NACA was also key in developing the area rule that is used on all modern supersonic aircraft , and conducted the key compressibility research that enabled the Bell X-1 to break the sound barrier .

neg: Prix d'Astronautique The Prix d'Astronautique ( Astronautics Prize ) was an international award of the Société astronomique de France , the French astronomical society , given in recognition of the study of interplanetary travel and astronautics . Specifically , the award was given `` to recognize the best original scientific work , theoretical or experimental , that is able to advance one of the questions related to the realisation of space travel , or to increase human understanding of one of the branches related to the science of astronautics . ''   Established by aviation and astronautical pioneer Robert Esnault-Pelterie and André-Louis Hirsch , a sponsor for early astronautics in France , it was the first prize for astronautics in the world .   The idea for establishing the prize originated during a dinner Hirsch and Esnault-Pelterie organised in Paris on 26 December 1927 . Their guests discussed the emerging science of space travel , which they called `` astronautics '' at the suggestion of science fiction writer J.H. Rosny the elder . Hirsch and Esnault-Pelterie provided funds -- 5,000 francs annually for 1928 , 1929 , and 1930 -- to the Société astronomique de France , for an annual award in astronautics in their names : the Prix REP-Hirsch .   A Comité d'Astronautique was established within the Société astronomique de France to manage the prize . In addition to Hirsch , Esnault-Pelterie and Rosny the elder , the committee was composed of :  President : General Gustave-Auguste Ferrié  Vice-Presidents : Jean Perrin and Eugène Fichot  Members : Henri-Alexandre Deslandres , G. Urbain , Charles Fabry , Jules Baillaud , Em . Belot , Jos. Bethenod , Dr André Bing , général Charbonnier , H. Chrétien , Ernest Esclangon , Léon Gaumont , A. Lambert , Charles Maurain , Rodolphe Soreau .   The prize was awarded for 10 years , from 1929 to 1939 . In 1936 , the name of the award changed from the Prix REP-Hirsch to the Prix d'Astronautique .

neg: NASA Exceptional Bravery Medal The NASA Exceptional Bravery Medal is a NASA award for exemplary and courageous handling of an emergency by an individual who , independent of personal danger , has acted to prevent the loss of human life or U.S. government property . The award is open to government and non-government employees .   The first two medals were awarded in 1969 to NASA engineers Bill B. McClure and Charles J. `` Jack '' Beverlin , who prevented the collapse and explosion of an Atlas rocket at great risk to their own lives . A feature on Mars was later named after them .   Exceptional Bravery Medals were also awarded to Herbert W. Grandy in 1970 , and to Paul D. Sebesta in 1974 . Subsequently , thirty eight workers at the Michoud Assembly Facility were awarded this medal for protecting the facility from flooding due to Hurricane Katrina in 2005 .

neg: Leon W. Johnson General Leon William Johnson ( 13 September 1904 -- 10 November 1997 ) was a United States Air Force general who was awarded the Medal of Honor for leading the attack on the Ploesti oil fields during World War II .   A graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point , New York , Johnson was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry in 1926 . He joined the United States Army Air Corps in 1929 , and qualified as a pilot . He earned a master of science degree in meteorology from California Institute of Technology in 1936 .   During World War II , Johnson was one of the first four flying officers of the Eighth Air Force , and served on it staff during its formative period at Savannah , Georgia . In 1943 , he assumed command of the 44th Bombardment Group , which flew the Consolidated B-24 Liberator . Johnson led the attack on the German naval installations at Kiel in May 1943 and the attack on the Ploesti oil fields in August 1943 , for which the 44th Bombardment Group received Distinguished Unit Citations . He commanded the 14th Combat Bombardment Wing from September 1943 until May 1945 .   After the war , Johnson commanded the Strategic Air Command 's Fifteenth Air Force . He returned to England in 1948 to lead the 3rd Air Division , and then the Third Air Force , as it was redesignated in 1951 . Despite his lowly rank of major general , he was able to hold his own in dealings with more senior British officers and officials , and performed his duties with diplomacy and sensitivity . He returned to the United States in 1952 as head of the Continental Air Command . He was air deputy to the Supreme Allied Commander Europe , at SHAPE Headquarters from 1958 until he retired in 1961 , but on later that year he was recalled to active duty to become director of the National Security Council 's Net Evaluation Subcommittee Staff at the Pentagon . He finally retired in 1965 .

neg: NASA Space Flight Medal The NASA Space Flight Medal is a decoration of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . According to its statutes , it is awarded `` for significant achievement or service during individual participation as a civilian or military astronaut , pilot , mission specialist , payload specialist , or other space flight participant in a space flight mission . '' In practice , the medal is bestowed upon any astronaut ( US or foreign ) who flies aboard a United States space mission , and typically every subsequent flight is honored with an additional award .   Multiple awards of the decoration are annotated either by award stars or oak leaf clusters ( depending on the civilian or military status of the recipient and , if military , the branch of service ) . The NASA Space Flight Medal is also authorized for wear on active uniforms of the United States military and is worn after all military decorations .   For those who perform an act of gallantry or heroic action while engaged in a U.S. space mission , NASA also presents an award known as the Congressional Space Medal of Honor . This is separate award from the Medal of Honor which is a U.S. military decoration for extreme bravery .

neg: James L. Green James Lauer Green is an American physicist who received his Ph.D. in Space Physics from the University of Iowa in 1979 and who worked at NASA since then .   He began working in the Magnetospheric Physics Branch at NASA 's Marshall Space Flight Center in 1980 . At Marshall , Green developed and managed the Space Physics Analysis Network that provided scientists with access to data . From 1985 to 1992 he was the head of the National Space Science Data Center ( NSSDC ) at Goddard Space Flight Center . The NSSDC is NASA 's largest space science data archive . He was the Chief of the Space Science Data Operations Office from 1992 until 2005 , when he became the Chief of the Science Proposal Support Office . While at Goddard , Green was a co-investigator and the Deputy Project Scientist on the IMAGE mission . He has written over 100 scientific articles in refereed journals involving various aspects of the Earth 's and Jupiter 's magnetospheres and over 50 technical articles on various aspects of data systems and networks . In August 2006 , Green became the Director of the Planetary Science Division at NASA Headquarters . In that role he serves as a spokesman for NASA for planetary missions , for instance announcing the likelihood that there was once flowing water on Mars in September 2015 . Under his leadership at the Planetary Science Division , several missions have been successfully completed or launched , including the New Horizons probe to Pluto , the MESSENGER probe to Mercury , the launch of Juno probe to Jupiter , the launch of Grail A and B to the Moon , the Dawn probe to Vesta , and the landing of the Mars Science Laboratory and Curiosity rover on Mars .   In 1988 , he received the Arthur S. Flemming award given for outstanding individual performance in the federal government and was awarded Japan 's Kotani Prize in 1996 in recognition of his international science data management activities . In 2016 , Green was named an Alumni Fellow of the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences ( CLAS ) at the University of Iowa .   In a 2015 TED presentation , he offered a survey of the places in our solar system that are most likely to harbor alien life .   In 2015 Green was a part of the NASA involvement with the film The Martian .   Green , a Civil War Trust member , has written about Civil War ballooning and has spoken at the 150th anniversary of the first tether balloon ascension . He served as an advisor on the Intrepid project , an initiative to construct and fly the world 's first replica of a Civil War manned balloon , and presented a talk for its official first lift-off at the Genesee Country Village & Museum celebration in Mumford , New York on July 4 , 2012 .

neg: Space Shuttle design process See also Space Shuttle program - Conception and development   Even before the Project Apollo moon landing in 1969 , NASA began studies of space shuttle designs as early as October 1968 . The early studies were denoted `` Phase A '' , and in June 1970 , `` Phase B '' , which were more detailed and specific . The primary intended use of the space shuttle was supporting the future space station , ferrying a minimum crew of four and about 20000 lb of cargo , and able to be rapidly turned around for future flights .   Two designs emerged as front-runners . One was designed by engineers at the Manned Spaceflight Center , and championed especially by George Mueller . This was a two-stage system with delta-winged spacecraft , and generally complex . An attempt to re-simplify was made in the form of the DC-3 , designed by Maxime Faget , who had designed the Mercury capsule among other vehicles . Numerous offerings from a variety of commercial companies were also offered , but generally fell by the wayside as each NASA lab pushed for its own version .   All of this was taking place in the midst of other NASA teams proposing a wide variety of post-Apollo missions , a number of which would cost as much as Apollo or more . As each of these projects fought for funding , the NASA budget was at the same time being severely constrained . Three were eventually presented to Vice President Agnew in 1969 . The shuttle project rose to the top , largely due to tireless campaigning by its supporters . By 1970 the shuttle had been selected as the one major project for the short-term post-Apollo time frame .   When funding for the program came into question , there were concerns that the project might be cancelled . This led to an effort to interest the US Air Force in using the shuttle for their missions as well . The Air Force was mildly interested , but demanded a much larger vehicle , far larger than the original concepts . To lower the development costs of the resulting designs , boosters were added , a throw-away fuel tank was adopted , and many other changes made that greatly lowered the reusability and greatly added to vehicle and operational costs . With the Air Force 's approval , the system emerged in its operational form .

neg: List of Medal of Honor recipients The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces . The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States . Due to the nature of this medal , it is commonly presented posthumously .   The President of the United States , in the name of the United States Congress , has awarded more than 3500 Medals of Honor including 19 second awards to the nation 's soldiers , sailors , airmen , Marines , and coast guardsmen since the decoration 's creation in 1861 .   The citations highlighting acts of gallantry that received the Medal of Honor have been and continue to be regularly released by book publishers . After the Second World War both the Army and Navy produced hardbound Medal of Honor compilations . Between 1964 and 1979 , the United States Senate Subcommittee on Veterans ' Affairs of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare and later the Committee on Veterans ' Affairs produced a number of consolidated compilations of all Medal of Honor citations to date . Additions and changes to the list of recipients of the medal since the 1979 have been regularly published by the Congressional research Service .   The first Army Medal of Honor was awarded to Private Jacob Parrott during the American Civil War for his role in the Great Locomotive Chase . The first African American recipient for this award was William Harvey Carney who , despite being shot in the face , shoulders , arms , and legs , refused to let the American flag touch the ground . The only female Medal of Honor recipient is Mary Edwards Walker , a Civil War surgeon . Her medal was rescinded in 1917 along with many other non-combat awards , but it was restored by President Jimmy Carter in 1977 .   While current law , , beginning in 1918 , explicitly state that recipients must be serving in the U.S. Armed Forces at the time of performing a valorous act that warrants the award , exceptions have been made . For example , Charles Lindbergh , while a reserve member of the U.S. Army Air Corps , received his Medal of Honor as a civilian pilot . In addition , the Medal of Honor was presented to the British Unknown Warrior by General Pershing on October 17 , 1921 ; later the U.S. Unknown Soldier was reciprocally awarded the Victoria Cross , Britain 's highest award for gallantry , on November 11 , 1921 . Although being a U.S. citizen is not a prerequisite for eligibility to receive the medal , apart from a few exceptions , Medals of Honor can only be awarded to members of the U.S. armed forces . Sixty-one Canadians who were serving in the United States armed forces have received the Medal of Honor ; most received it for actions in the American Civil War . Since 1900 , only four have been awarded to Canadians . In the Vietnam War , Peter C. Lemon was the only Canadian recipient of the Medal of Honor .

neg: Lauren "Deac" Lyman Lauren Dwight `` Deac '' Lyman ( April 24 , 1891 -- July 12 , 1972 ) was an American reporter and aviation writer . He worked for The New York Times from 1919 to 1937 and from 1937 to 1959 as a public relations executive for United Aircraft , a predecessor to United Technologies Corporation . He won a Pulitzer Prize in 1936 for `` his exclusive story revealing that the Charles A. Lindbergh family was leaving the United States to live in England . ''   Born Lauren Dwight Lyman on a farm in Easthampton , Massachusetts , he was known all his life by the nickname `` Deac '' , which he inherited from his father and grandfather who were both New England church deacons . In 1917 he dropped out of Yale University to join the Army when the United States entered World War I . After two years of service in France , he was discharged in 1919 and joined The New York Times as an assistant real estate editor and general assignment reporter . In 1927 Lyman was named aviation editor and one of the first stories he covered was Charles Lindbergh 's non-stop `` New York to Paris '' solo flight in May 1927 ; the two remained friends for 45 years , to Lyman 's death in 1972 . Late in December 1935 , Lyman provided exclusive coverage of the Lindbergh family flight from the U.S. , made in secret , to live in self-imposed exile.For that coup , he won the annual Pulitzer Prize for Reporting . In 1938 Lyman and Carl B. Allen co-wrote The Wonder Book of the Air ( John C. Winston Co. , 1939 ) , a 340-page illustrated volume for children and young adults , covering all aspects of aviation .   Following his death in 1972 , the former Aviation/Space Writers Association established the Lauren D. Lyman Award in his honor to be presented annually `` for distinguished , career-long achievements in aviation journalism or public relations '' . The Award is now administered by the Aerospace Industries Association .

neg: Apollo 9 Apollo 9 was the third manned mission in the United States Apollo space program and the first flight of the Command/Service Module ( CSM ) with the Lunar Module ( LM , pronounced `` lem '' ) . Its three-person crew , consisting of Commander James McDivitt , Command Module Pilot David Scott , and Lunar Module Pilot Rusty Schweickart , spent ten days in low Earth orbit testing several aspects critical to landing on the Moon , including the LM engines , backpack life support systems , navigation systems , and docking maneuvers . The mission was the second manned launch of a Saturn V rocket .   After launching on March 3 , 1969 , the crewmen performed the first manned flight of a LM , the first docking and extraction of a LM , two spacewalks ( EVA ) , and the second docking of two manned spacecraft -- two months after the Soviets performed a spacewalk crew transfer between Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 . The mission proved the LM worthy of manned spaceflight . Further tests on the Apollo 10 mission would prepare the LM for its ultimate goal , landing on the Moon . They returned to Earth on March 13 , 1969 .


query: Ben Whishaw was in productions.

pos: Ben Whishaw Benjamin John `` Ben '' Whishaw ( born 14 October 1980 ) is an English actor . He is known for his stage role as Hamlet ; his roles in the television series Nathan Barley , Criminal Justice , The Hour and London Spy ; and film roles including Perfume : The Story of a Murderer ( 2006 ) , I 'm Not There ( 2007 ) , Bright Star ( 2009 ) , Brideshead Revisited ( 2008 ) , Cloud Atlas ( 2012 ) , The Lobster ( 2015 ) , Suffragette ( 2015 ) and The Danish Girl ( 2015 ) . He has also played the role of Q in the James Bond films starting with Skyfall ( 2012 ) , and was the voice of Paddington Bear in the 2014 film , Paddington .

neg: English Shakespeare Company The English Shakespeare Company was an English theatre company founded in 1986 by Michael Bogdanov and Michael Pennington to present and promote the works of William Shakespeare on both a national and an international level .   Its inaugural production ( 1986 ) was an anthology entitled The Henrys ( Henry IV , Part 1 , Henry IV , Part 2 , and Henry V ) which opened at the Theatre Royal , Plymouth in December 1986 . A year later , several more plays ( Richard II , Henry VI : House of Lancaster , Henry VI : House of York and Richard III ) were added to the original productions and were presented as a complete history cycle under the title of The Wars of the Roses . The production toured for two years in seventeen venues in the UK including the Old Vic in London , as well as appearing at several international venues , including the Hong Kong Festival , opening the new Tokyo Globe Theatre , being the centrepiece of The World Theatre Festival of Chicago , and touring to Stamford , Connecticut , the Spoleto Festival , Melbourne , the Adelaide Festival , Brisbane , The Netherlands , Hamburg , Berlin and Frankfurt .   In addition to The Wars of the Roses , productions of many individual Shakespeare plays were also presented . They included Twelfth Night , Macbeth , The Tempest , Romeo & Juliet , Antony and Cleopatra and As You Like It .   The last production of ROMEO AND JULIET . indeed the closing production ended in Plymouth after touring the world .

neg: Earplay Earplay was the longest-running of the formal series of radio drama anthologies on National Public Radio , produced by WHA in Madison , Wisconsin and heard from 1972 into the 1990s . It approached radio drama as an art form with scripts written by such leading playwrights as Edward Albee , Arthur Kopit , Archibald MacLeish and David Mamet .   Airing in stereo , Earplay provided a showcase for original and adapted work . Eventually , the less-sustained successor series NPR Playhouse drew episodes from the Earplay run . Often presented by NPR member stations on a weekly basis , Earplay episodes were produced with much attention to recording technique and sound-effects .   In 1975 , it scored a triumph with Listening , an original play written by Edward Albee for stereo radio , employing one speaker for one character and another speaker for another character . Since both characters are seated in a room , the illusion is created that they are in the same room as the listener . After its premiere on radio , Listening was later performed on stage .   Along with the CBS Radio Mystery Theater , Sears Radio Theater , The General Mills Radio Adventure Theater , Christian radio 's Unshackled and Public Radio 's The National Radio Theater of Chicago , Earplay was among the most ambitious nationwide projects in the medium in the U.S. during the 1970s and 1980s .

neg: Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play The Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play is an annual award presented by The Society of London Theatre in recognition of achievements in commercial British theatre . The awards were established as the Society of West End Theatre Awards in 1976 , and renamed in 1984 in honour of English actor Laurence Olivier .   The award was originally entitled Play of the Year but was later renamed in 2001 .

neg: Theatre World Theatre World is the only ( first published in 1945 ) , comprehensive , annual pictorial and statistical record of American theatre in print publication , including Broadway , Off-Broadway , Off-Off-Broadway , and regional theatre , as well as a complete national theatrical awards section and obituaries . Including over 750 photographs , it is the definitive pictorial and statistical reference to each American theatrical season , and is referenced daily by industry professionals , students , historians , and theatre fans worldwide .   Until 1998 , the Theatre World editorial staff administered the Theatre World Awards for Outstanding Broadway and off-Broadway debuts . First under the supervision of Theatre World founder Daniel Blum and then under John Willis , who took over the production of the Awards following Blum 's death in 1964 , the Theatre World Awards were first given to those recipients considered `` Promising Personalities . '' In 1998 , the Theatre World Awards were incorporated as a 501 ( c ) 3 nonprofit organization and are currently overseen by a board of directors independent of `` Theatre World . ''   Theatre World is the recipient of a 2001 Tony Honor for Excellence in Theatre , presented by the American Theatre Wing , and on behalf of the publication , longtime editor-in-chief John Willis ( 1916-2010 ) accepted honors including the first Special Lucille Lortel Award , a Special Drama Desk Award , and the Broadway Theatre Institute ( now The Theatre Museum ) Lifetime Achievement Award .   Theatre World is published annually by Theatre World Media and distributed by Applause Theatre and Cinema Books . The permanent editorial staff currently consists of Ben Hodges , editor in chief , and coeditor Scott Denny . Current editorial staff includes Adam Feldman of Time Out New York ( Broadway ) , Linda Buchwald TDF Stages ( Off-Broadway ) , Shay Gines New York Innovative Theatre Awards ( Off-Off-Broadway ) , and Diep Tran American Theatre Magazine ( Regional theatre ) .

neg: Ben Power Ben Power is a British dramaturg and playwright . Since 2010 he has been an associate director of the National Theatre .   He studied English at Cambridge University . He often collaborates with Rupert Goold and his Headlong company . He was dramaturg and Literary Associate on A Disappearing Number for Complicite , which won the 2007 Evening Standard , Critics ' Circle and Olivier awards for Best Play .   In 2011 he wrote the adaptation of Henrik Ibsen 's epic Emperor and Galiean for the National Theatre . He also participated that year in the Bush Theatre 's project Sixty Six Books , for which he wrote a piece based on a book of the King James Bible .   Since it opened in 2013 he has overseen the National Theatre 's temporary space , The Shed . His new version of Euripides ' Medea , starring Helen McCrory in the eponymous role , ran at the National Theatre from July to September 2014 .   In 2015 he was appointed deputy artistic director of the National Theatre ; the role had not previously existed . Since that appointment he has condensed three works by D. H. Lawrence into a single play , presented as Husbands and Sons in the National 's Dorfman theatre .

neg: Stagecraft Stagecraft is the technical aspect of theatrical , film , and video production . It includes constructing and rigging scenery ; hanging and focusing of lighting ; design and procurement of costumes ; make-up ; stage management ; audio engineering ; and procurement of props . Stagecraft is distinct from the wider umbrella term of scenography . Considered a technical rather than an artistic field , it is primarily the practical implementation of a scenic designer 's artistic vision .   In its most basic form , stagecraft may be executed by a single person ( often the stage manager of a smaller production ) who arranges all scenery , costumes , lighting , and sound , and organizes the cast . Regional theatres and larger community theatres will generally have a technical director and a complement of designers , each of whom has a direct hand in their respective designs .  Within significantly larger productions , for example a modern Broadway show , effectively bringing a show to opening night requires the work of skilled carpenters , painters , electricians , stagehands , stitchers , wigmakers , and the like . Modern stagecraft is highly technical and specialized : it comprises many sub-disciplines and a vast trove of history and tradition .

neg: Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical The Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical is an annual award presented by The Society of London Theatre in recognition of achievements in commercial British theatre . The awards were established as the Society of West End Theatre Awards in 1976 , and , renamed in 1984 in honour of English actor Lord Olivier . The Olivier Awards are the most prestigious theatrical awards in the United Kingdom and are the UK equivalent of the Tony Awards .   Until 2015 , the Olivier Awards did not honour supporting musical performances separately and was therefore a unisex category , honouring both male and female actors . Starting with the 2015 ceremony , the awards have been separated into Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical and Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical

neg: Ishia Bennison Ishia Bennison is a British actress , best known for her television appearances , although she is also a veteran stage actress . Bennison is originally from Hull in Yorkshire .

neg: Rookery Nook (1953 TV drama) Rookery Nook was a 1953 British live television production of the comedy play by Ben Travers broadcast on 23 May 1953 . Featuring in this version were Peter Cushing , David Stoll and Lally Bowers .   It was based on Travers ' play Rookery Nook , one of the Aldwych Farces , and is believed not to have telerecorded as it was transmitted and is therefore lost .

neg: Thirty-Minute Theatre Thirty-Minute Theatre is an anthology drama series of short plays shown on BBC Television between 1965 and 1973 , which was used in part at least as a training ground for new writers , on account of its short running length , and which therefore attracted many writers who later became well known . It was initially produced by Graeme MacDonald .   Thirty-Minute Theatre began on BBC2 in 1965 with an adaptation of the black comedy Parson 's Pleasure ( author , Roald Dahl ) . Dennis Potter contributed Emergency -- Ward 9 ( 1966 ) , which he partially recycled in the much later The Singing Detective ( 1986 ) . In 1967 BBC2 launched the UK 's first colour service , with the consequence that Thirty-Minute Theatre became the first drama series in the country to be shown in colour .   As well as single plays , the series showed several linked collections of plays , including a group of four plays by John Mortimer named after areas of London in 1972 , two three-part Inspector Waugh series starring Clive Swift in the title role , and a trilogy of plays by Jean Benedetti , broadcast in 1969 , focusing on infamous historical figures such as Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin . Other plays were broadcast by writers like Charlotte and Denis Plimmer ( The Chequers Manoeuvre , 1968 ) , David Rudkin ( Bypass , 1972 , and Atrocity , 1973 ) and Jack Rosenthal ( And For my Next Trick , 1972 ) .   Thirty-Minute Theatre was cancelled in August 1973 . Second City Firsts , also of 30 minutes duration , fulfilled much the same role .

neg: Stratford Shakespeare Festival production history This page describes the production history of the Stratford Shakespeare Festival .   The Stratford Shakespeare Festival ( formerly known as the Stratford Shakespearean Festival and the Stratford Festival of Canada ) is a summer-long celebration of theatre held each year in Stratford , Ontario . Theatre-goers , actors , and playwrights flock to Stratford to take part -- many of the greatest Canadian , American and British actors have played roles at Stratford . It was one of the first and is still one of the most prominent arts festivals in Canada .   The Festival 's primary mandate is to present productions of Shakespeare 's plays , but it also produces a wide variety of theatre from Greek tragedy to Broadway musicals to contemporary works . By 2017 , only three of the 14 productions were based on Shakespeare 's works . The following is a chronological list of the productions that have been staged as part of the Stratford Festival since its inception .   On February 17 , 2015 , AP News reported that the Stratford Shakespeare Festival plans to film all of Shakespeare 's plays .

neg: Ben Stephenson Ben Stephenson is an English-born television executive . He was appointed in March 2015 as the Head of Television at J. J. Abrams ' Bad Robot production company in the United States . Formerly he was controller of drama at the BBC from September 2008 , and was succeeded by Polly Hill in May 2015 .

neg: Fulwell 73 Fulwell 73 is a television , film and music Production Company based in London . It was founded in 2005 by brothers Gabe and Ben Turner , Leo Pearlman and Ben Winston . Fulwell 73 operates across a wide range of genres and across all media platforms ; theatrical , broadcast and digital .   Originally operating within the UK , Fulwell 73 now operates internationally , across a range of television genres , including scripted comedy , factual entertainment , sport and music .

neg: Stage Right! Stage Right ! is a professional theatre company and performing arts school located in Greensburg , Pennsylvania . Established in 1998 as an organization for young people to take classes in musical theatre by Chris Rizk , Stage Right ! also became a professional theatre company in 1999 , established by artistic director Anthony Marino , Rizk 's brother . The company produces a full season of musicals , utilizing professional actors from the Pittsburgh theatre scene as well as students from their classes .   In spring 2013 , Stage Right moved its studio a few blocks to a larger space at 105 W Fourth Street , Greensburg .   The season is supplemented with many other opportunities to utilize the talents of the students , including an `` all-county musical '' featuring students from local high school theatre programs , children 's plays , summer camp productions , and Books Come Alive ! , a series of adaptations of children 's books performed at libraries throughout the area . The company is also notable for its annual production of The Rocky Horror Show every Halloween . Many of Stage Right ! 's students have had success in Pittsburgh Public Theater 's Shakespeare Monologue and Scene Contest , as well as going on to well-respected college theatre programs such as Carnegie Mellon University , Point Park University , New York University , Seton Hill University , Syracuse University , and Shenandoah University . Stage Right ! alums have also had success in professional theatre , working in such venues as York Theatre , Off the Wall Productions , Bricolage Production Company , Pittsburgh Irish and Classical Theatre , Prime Stage Theatre , Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera , Pittsburgh Musical Theater , St. Vincent Summer Theatre , City Theatre , Terra Nova Theatre Group , MCC Theater , and 12 Peers Theater , as well as having had their work featured in the Pittsburgh New Works Festival .

neg: List of Broom Street Theater Theatrical Productions

neg: Little Britain Productions Little Britain Productions is a television production company founded in 2006 . Little Britain Productions mainly produces comedies and documentaries about comedy .

neg: Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical The Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical is an annual award presented by The Society of London Theatre in recognition of achievements in commercial British theatre . The awards were established as the Society of West End Theatre Awards in 1976 , and , renamed in 1984 in honour of English actor Lord Olivier .

neg: Globe of the Great Southwest The Globe of the Great Southwest is a theater in Odessa , Texas whose design was inspired by that of William Shakespeare 's original Globe Theatre . In addition , the complex also features a replica of Anne Hathaway 's Cottage . Both buildings are located on the campus of Odessa College .   The Globe Theatre is a non-profit organization presenting classical and modern plays on an Elizabethan stage . It hosts community theater performances , monthly country-western shows called The Brand New Opree , and other community activities . The nearby Anne Hathaway Library , a replica of the cottage in which Shakespeare 's wife lived , houses displays of special interest to Shakespeare fans . Full-time theatre activity began in the fall of 1968 .   The current Executive Director of the Globe of the Great Southwest is Katryna Engebretson .

neg: A Chorus of Disapproval (play) A Chorus of Disapproval is a 1984 play written by English playwright Alan Ayckbourn .

neg: Commonwealth Shakespeare Company Commonwealth Shakespeare Company ( CSC ) was formed in 1996 by artistic director Steven Maler and associate Joan Moynagh to bring free , outdoor Shakespeare to the people of the city of Boston . Since 1996 , CSC has produced one full Shakespeare production each summer starting with A Midsummer Night 's Dream in 1996 at Copley Square . All subsequent productions have taken place in Boston Common , first at the Parkman Bandstand and now at the Parade Ground . In addition to the annual Boston Common productions , CSC presents several free play-reading events during the year : Theatre in the Rough , Shakespeare and Law , as well as Shakespeare and Leadership . CSC has actor-training programs for both high school students and pre-professional actors with its Summer Academy . Throughout the year , CSC partners with area high schools and Boys & Girls Clubs to provide in and after-school theater activities to inner-city youth . In 2013 , CSC became the theatre in residence at Babson College .