query: England became the first industrialized nation.

pos: England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west . The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain ( which lies in the North Atlantic ) in its centre and south ; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly , and the Isle of Wight .   The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law -- the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world -- developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation .   England 's terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there are uplands in the north ( for example , the mountainous Lake District , and the Pennines ) and in the southwest ( for example , Dartmoor and the Cotswolds ) . The capital is London , which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union.According to the European Statistical Agency , London is the largest Larger Urban Zone in the EU , a measure of metropolitan area which comprises a city 's urban core as well as its surrounding commuting zone . London 's municipal population is also the largest in the EU . England 's population of over 53 million comprises 84 % of the population of the United Kingdom , largely concentrated around London , the South East , and conurbations in the Midlands , the North West , the North East , and Yorkshire , which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century .   The Kingdom of England -- which after 1535 included Wales -- ceased being a separate sovereign state on 1 May 1707 , when the Acts of Union put into effect the terms agreed in the Treaty of Union the previous year , resulting in a political union with the Kingdom of Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain . In 1801 , Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .

neg: List of English inventions and discoveries English inventions and discoveries are objects , processes or techniques invented or discovered , partially or entirely , by a person from England . ( That is , someone born in England - including to non-English parents - or born abroad with at least one English parent and who had the majority of their education or career in England . ) Often , things discovered for the first time are also called inventions and in many cases , there is no clear line between the two .   The following is a list of inventions or discoveries known or generally recognised to be English .

neg: United Kingdom company law The United Kingdom company law regulates corporations formed under the Companies Act 2006 . Also governed by the Insolvency Act 1986 , the UK Corporate Governance Code , European Union Directives and court cases , the company is the primary legal vehicle to organise and run business . Tracing their modern history to the late Industrial Revolution , public companies now employ more people and generate more of wealth in the United Kingdom economy than any other form of organisation . The United Kingdom was the first country to draft modern corporation statutes , where through a simple registration procedure any investors could incorporate , limit liability to their commercial creditors in the event of business insolvency , and where management was delegated to a centralised board of directors . An influential model within Europe , the Commonwealth and as an international standard setter , UK law has always given people broad freedom to design the internal company rules , so long as the mandatory minimum rights of investors under its legislation are complied with .   Company law , or corporate law , can be broken down into two main fields . Corporate governance in the UK mediates the rights and duties among shareholders , employees , creditors and directors . Since the board of directors habitually possesses the power to manage the business under a company constitution , a central theme is what mechanisms exist to ensure directors ' accountability . UK law is `` shareholder friendly '' in that shareholders , to the exclusion of employees , typically exercise sole voting rights in the general meeting . The general meeting holds a series of minimum rights to change the company constitution , issue resolutions and remove members of the board . In turn , directors owe a set of duties to their companies . Directors must carry out their responsibilities with competence , in good faith and undivided loyalty to the enterprise . If the mechanisms of voting do not prove enough , particularly for minority shareholders , directors ' duties and other member rights may be vindicated in court . Of central importance in public and listed companies is the securities market , typified by the London Stock Exchange . Through the Takeover Code the UK strongly protects the right of shareholders to be treated equally and freely trade their shares .   Corporate finance concerns the two money raising options for limited companies . Equity finance involves the traditional method of issuing shares to build up a company 's capital . Shares can contain any rights the company and purchaser wish to contract for , but generally grant the right to participate in dividends after a company earns profits and the right to vote in company affairs . A purchaser of shares is helped to make an informed decision directly by prospectus requirements of full disclosure , and indirectly through restrictions on financial assistance by companies for purchase of their own shares . Debt finance means getting loans , usually for the price of a fixed annual interest repayment . Sophisticated lenders , such as banks typically contract for a security interest over the assets of a company , so that in the event of default on loan repayments they may seize the company 's property directly to satisfy debts . Creditors are also , to some extent , protected by courts ' power to set aside unfair transactions before a company goes under , or recoup money from negligent directors engaged in wrongful trading . If a company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due , UK insolvency law requires an administrator to attempt a rescue of the company ( if the company itself has the assets to pay for this ) . If rescue proves impossible , a company 's life ends when its assets are liquidated , distributed to creditors and the company is struck off the register . If a company becomes insolvent with no assets it can be wound up by a creditor , for a fee ( not that common ) , or more commonly by the tax creditor ( HMRC ) .

neg: Wars of the Roses The Wars of the Roses were a series of wars for control of the throne of England fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet : the House of Lancaster ( associated with a red rose ) , and the House of York ( whose symbol was a white rose ) . The conflict lasted through many sporadic episodes between 1455 and 1487 ; however , there was fighting before and after this period between the houses . The power struggle ignited around social and financial troubles following the Hundred Years ' War , combined with the mental infirmity and weak rule of Henry VI which revived interest in Richard of York 's claim to the throne . Historians disagree about whether the Wars of the Roses were caused by the structural problems of bastard feudalism or Henry VI 's ineffectiveness as king .   With the Duke of York 's death , the claim transferred to his heir , Edward , who later became the first Yorkist king of England , as Edward IV . His son reigned for 86 days as Edward V , but Parliament then decided that Edward and his brother Richard were illegitimate and offered the crown to Edward IV 's younger brother , who became Richard III . The two young princes disappeared within the confines of the Tower of London .   The final victory went to a claimant of the Lancastrian party , Henry Tudor , Earl of Richmond , who defeated the last Yorkist king , Richard III , at the Battle of Bosworth Field . After assuming the throne as Henry VII , he married Elizabeth of York , the eldest daughter and heir of Edward IV , thereby uniting the two claims . The House of Tudor ruled the Kingdom of England until 1603 , with the death of Elizabeth I , granddaughter of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York .

neg: Culture of New England The culture of New England comprises a shared heritage and culture primarily shaped by its indigenous peoples , early English colonists , and waves of immigration from Europe , Asia , Africa , and the Americas . In contrast to other American regions , many of New England 's earliest Puritan settlers came from eastern England , contributing to New England 's distinctive accents , foods , customs , and social structures .

neg: Hundred Years' War The Hundred Years ' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet , rulers of the Kingdom of England , against the House of Valois , rulers of the Kingdom of France , over the succession of the French throne . Each side drew many allies into the war . It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages , in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe . The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline , and the development of strong national identities in both countries .   After the Norman Conquest , the kings of England were vassals of the kings of France for their possessions in France . The French kings had endeavored , over the centuries , to reduce these possessions , to the effect that only Gascony was left to the English . The confiscation or threat of confiscating this duchy had been part of French policy to check the growth of English power , particularly whenever the English were at war with the Kingdom of Scotland , an ally of France .   Through his mother , Isabella of France , Edward III of England was the grandson of Philip IV of France and nephew of Charles IV of France , the last king of the senior line of the House of Capet . In 1316 , a principle was established denying women succession to the French throne . When Charles IV died in 1328 , Isabella , unable to claim the French throne for herself , claimed it for her son . The French rejected the claim , maintaining that Isabella could not transmit a right that she did not possess . For about nine years ( 1328 -- 1337 ) , the English had accepted the Valois succession to the French throne , but the interference of the French king , Philip VI , in Edward III 's war against Scotland permitted Edward III to reassert his claim to the French throne . Several overwhelming English victories in the war -- especially at Crecy , Poitiers , and Agincourt -- raised the prospects of an ultimate English triumph . However , the greater resources of the French monarchy precluded a complete conquest . Starting in 1429 , decisive French victories at Orléans , Patay , Formigny , and Castillon concluded the war in favour of France , with England permanently losing most of its major possessions on the continent .   Historians commonly divide the war into three phases separated by truces : the Edwardian Era War ( 1337 -- 1360 ) ; the Caroline War ( 1369 -- 1389 ) ; and the Lancastrian War ( 1415 -- 1453 ) . Local conflicts in neighbouring areas , which were contemporarily related to the war , including the War of the Breton Succession ( 1341 -- 1364 ) , the Castilian Civil War ( 1366 -- 1369 ) , the War of the Two Peters ( 1356 -- 1375 ) in Aragon , and the 1383 -- 85 Crisis in Portugal , were availed by the parties to advance their agendas . Later historians adopted the term `` Hundred Years ' War '' as a historiography periodization to encompass all of these events , thus constructing the longest military conflict in European history .   The war owes its historical significance to multiple factors . By its end , feudal armies had been largely replaced by professional troops , and aristocratic dominance had yielded to a democratisation of the manpower and weapons of armies . Although primarily a dynastic conflict , the war gave impetus to ideas of French and English nationalism . The wider introduction of weapons and tactics supplanted the feudal armies where heavy cavalry had dominated , and artillery became important . The war precipitated the creation of the first standing armies in Western Europe since the time of the Western Roman Empire and thus helping to change their role in warfare . With respect to the belligerents , in France , civil wars , deadly epidemics , famines , and bandit free-companies of mercenaries reduced the population drastically . English political forces over time came to oppose the costly venture . The dissatisfaction of English nobles , resulting from the loss of their continental landholdings , became a factor leading to the civil wars known as the Wars of the Roses ( 1455 -- 1487 ) .

neg: Early modern Europe Early modern Europe is the period of European history between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution , roughly the late 15th century to the late 18th century . Historians variously mark the beginning of the early modern period with the invention of moveable type printing in the 1450s , the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , the end of the Wars of the Roses in 1487 , the beginning of the High Renaissance in Italy in the 1490s , the end of the Reconquista and subsequent voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492 , or the start of the Protestant Reformation in 1517 . The precise dates of its end point also vary and are usually linked with either the start of the French Revolution in 1789 or with the more vaguely defined beginning of the Industrial Revolution in late 18th century Britain .   Some of the more notable trends and events of the early modern period included the Reformation and the religious conflicts it provoked ( including the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years ' War ) , the rise of capitalism and modern nation states , and European colonization of the Americas .

neg: Colonial period of South Carolina The history of the colonial period of South Carolina focuses on the English colonization that created one of the original Thirteen Colonies . Major settlement began after 1651 as the northern half of the British colony of Carolina attracted frontiersmen from Pennsylvania and Virginia , while the southern parts were populated by wealthy English planters who set up large plantations dependent on slave labor , for the cultivation of cotton , rice , and indigo .   The colony was separated into the Province of South Carolina and the Province of North Carolina in 1712 . South Carolina 's capital city of Charleston became a major port for traffic on the Atlantic Ocean , and South Carolina developed indigo , rice and Sea Island cotton as commodity crop exports , making it one of the most prosperous of the colonies . A strong colonial government fought wars with the local Indians , and with Spanish imperial outposts in Florida , while fending off the threat of pirates . Birth rates were high , food was abundant , and these offset the disease environment of malaria to produce rapid population growth among whites . With the expansion of plantation agriculture , the colony imported numerous African slaves , who comprised a majority of the population by 1708 . They were integral to its development .   The colony developed a system of laws and self-government and a growing commitment to Republicanism , which patriots feared was threatened by the British Empire after 1765 . At the same time , men with close commercial and political ties to Great Britain tended to be Loyalists when the revolution broke out . South Carolina joined the American Revolution in 1775 , but was bitterly divided between Patriots and Loyalists . The British invaded in 1780 and captured most of the state , but were finally driven out .

neg: 18th century The 18th century lasted from January 1 , 1701 to December 31 , 1800 in the Gregorian calendar . During the 18th century , the Enlightenment culminated in the French and American revolutions . Philosophy and science increased in prominence . Philosophers dreamed of a brighter age . This dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789 - , though later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror ( 1793-1794 ) under Maximilien Robespierre . At first , many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals , but with the French Revolution they feared losing their power and formed broad coalitions for the counter-revolution . The Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion , taking part in no European wars from 1740 to 1768 . As a consequence the empire did not share in Europe 's military improvements during the Seven Years ' War ( 1756-1763 ) , causing its military to fall behind and suffer defeats against Russia in the second half of the century .   The 18th century also marked the end of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth as an independent state . The once-powerful and vast kingdom , which had once conquered Moscow and defeated great Ottoman armies , collapsed under numerous invasions . Its semi-democratic government system was not robust enough to rival the neighboring monarchies of the Kingdom of Prussia , the Russian Empire and the Archduchy of Austria which divided the Commonwealth territories between themselves , changing the landscape of Central European politics for the next hundred years .   European colonization of the Americas and other parts of the world intensified and associated mass migrations of people grew in size as the Age of Sail continued . Great Britain became a major power worldwide with the defeat of France in North America in the 1760s and the conquest of large parts of India . However , Britain lost many of its North American colonies after the American Revolution , which resulted in the formation of the newly independent United States of America . The Industrial Revolution started in Britain in the 1770s with the production of the improved steam engine . Despite its modest beginnings in the 18th century , steam-powered machinery would radically change human society and the environment .   Western historians have occasionally defined the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work . For example , the `` short '' 18th century may be defined as 1715 -- 1789 , denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution , with an emphasis on directly interconnected events . To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements , the `` long '' 18th century may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 or even later .

neg: History of Springfield, Massachusetts The history of Springfield , Massachusetts ( est. 1636 ) springs in large part from its favorable geography , situated on a steep bluff overlooking the Connecticut River 's confluence with three tributaries . It was an ancient Indian crossroad for two major trade routes : Boston-to-Albany and New York City-to-Montreal . Springfield also sits on some of the northeastern United States ' most fertile soil .   Springfield was founded in 1636 as Agawam , the northernmost settlement of the Connecticut Colony . The settlement defected from Connecticut after four years , however , later joining forces with the coastal Massachusetts Bay Colony . The town changed its name to Springfield , and changed the political boundaries among what later became New England States .   Springfield flourished as a trading post and agricultural center until 1675 's King Philip 's War , when a coalition of Indians laid siege to Springfield and later burned it to the ground . Its prosperity waned for the next hundred years but , in 1777 , United States Revolutionary War leaders made it a National Armory to store weapons , and in 1795 it began manufacturing muskets .   Until 1968 , the Armory made small arms . Its first American muskets ( 1794 ) were followed by the famous Springfield rifle and the revolutionary M1 Garand and M14s . The Springfield Armory attracted generations of skilled laborers to the city , making it the United States ' longtime center for precision manufacturing ( comparable to a Silicon Valley of the Industrial Revolution ) . The Armory 's near-capture during Shays Rebellion of 1787 was among the troubles that prompted the U.S. Constitutional Convention later that year .   Innovations in the 19th and 20th centuries include the first American English dictionary ( 1805 , Noah Webster ) , the first use of interchangeable parts and the assembly line in manufacturing ( 1819 , Thomas Blanchard ) , the first American horseless car ( 1825 , again Thomas Blanchard ) , vulcanized rubber ( 1844 , Charles Goodyear ) , the first American gasoline-powered car ( 1893 , Duryea Brothers ) , the first American motorcycle company ( 1901 , `` Indian '' ) , an early commercial radio station ( 1921 , WBZ , and most famously , the world 's third-most-popular sport of basketball ( 1891 , Dr. James Naismith ) .   Throughout the latter half of the 20th century , Springfield endured a protracted decline , accelerated by the decommission of the Springfield Armory in 1969 . Springfield became increasingly like the declining , second tier Northeastern U.S. cities from which it had long been set apart . During the 1980s and 1990s , Springfield developed a new reputation for crime , political corruption , and cronyism . Seeking to overcome its downgrade , the city undertook several large ( but unfinished ) projects , including a $ 1 billion high-speed rail ( New Haven-Hartford-Springfield high-speed rail ) , a proposed $ 1 billion MGM Casino , and others .

neg: Industrial school In England , the 1857 Industrial Schools Act was intended to solve problems of juvenile vagrancy , by removing poor and neglected children from their home environment to a boarding school . The Act allowed magistrates to send disorderly children to a residential industrial school . An 1876 Act led to non-residential day schools of a similar kind .   There were similar arrangements in Scotland , where the Industrial Schools Act came into force in 1866 . The schools cared for neglected children and taught them a trade , with an emphasis on preventing crime . Glasgow Industrial School for Girls is an example formed in 1882 .   They were distinct from reformatories set up under the 1854 Youthful Offenders Act ( the Reformatory Schools Act ) which included an element of punishment . Both agreed in 1927 to call themselves approved schools .   In Ireland , the Industrial Schools Act of 1868 established industrial schools ( scoileanna saothair ) to care for `` neglected , orphaned and abandoned children '' . By 1884 there were 5,049 children in such institutions .

neg: Faversham explosives industry The Faversham explosives industry : Faversham , in Kent , England , has claims to be the cradle of the UK 's explosives industry : it was also to become one of its main centres . The first gunpowder plant in the UK was established in the 16th century , possibly at the instigation of Faversham Abbey . With their estates and endowments , monasteries were keen to invest in promising technology .   Faversham was well-placed . It had a stream which could be dammed at intervals to provide power for watermills . On its outskirts were low-lying areas ideal for the culture of alder and willow to provide charcoal -- one of the three key gunpowder ingredients . The stream fed into a tidal creek where sulphur , another key ingredient , could be imported , and the finished product loaded for dispatch to Thames-side magazines . The port was also near the Continent where in warfare demand for gunpowder was brisk .

neg: History of the United States The date of the start of the history of the United States is a subject of debate among historians . Older textbooks start with the arrival of Christopher Columbus on October 12 , 1492 and emphasize the European background of the colonization of the Americas , or they start around 1600 and emphasize the American frontier . In recent decades American schools and universities typically have shifted back in time to include more on the colonial period and much more on the prehistory of the Native Americans .   Indigenous people lived in what is now the United States for thousands of years before European colonists began to arrive , mostly from England , after 1600 . The Spanish built small settlements in Florida and the Southwest , and the French along the Mississippi River and the Gulf Coast . By the 1770s , thirteen British colonies contained two and a half million people along the Atlantic coast east of the Appalachian Mountains . After the end of the French and Indian Wars in the 1760s , the British government imposed a series of new taxes , rejecting the colonists ' argument that any new taxes had to be approved by them ( see Stamp Act 1765 ) . Tax resistance , especially the Boston Tea Party ( 1773 ) , led to punitive laws ( the Intolerable Acts ) by Parliament designed to end self-government in Massachusetts . American Patriots ( as they called themselves ) adhered to a political ideology called republicanism that emphasized civic duty , virtue , and opposition to corruption , fancy luxuries and aristocracy .   Armed conflict began in 1775 as Patriots drove the royal officials out of every colony and assembled in mass meetings and conventions . In 1776 , the Second Continental Congress declared that there was a new , independent nation , the United States of America , not just a collection of disparate colonies . With large-scale military and financial support from France and the military leadership of General George Washington , the American Patriots won the Revolutionary War . The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River ( except Florida and Canada ) . The central government established by the Articles of Confederation proved ineffectual at providing stability , as it had no authority to collect taxes and had no executive officer . Congress called a convention to meet secretly in Philadelphia in 1787 . It wrote a new Constitution , which was adopted in 1789 . In 1791 , a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights . With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief political and financial adviser , a strong central government was created . When Thomas Jefferson became president he purchased the Louisiana Territory from France , doubling the size of the United States . A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812 .   Encouraged by the notion of Manifest Destiny , federal territory expanded all the way to the Pacific . The U.S. always was large in terms of area , but its population was small , only 4 million in 1790 . Population growth was rapid , reaching 7.2 million in 1810 , 32 million in 1860 , 76 million in 1900 , 132 million in 1940 , and 321 million in 2015 . Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even faster . However , compared to European powers , the nation 's military strength was relatively limited in peacetime before 1940 . The expansion was driven by a quest for inexpensive land for yeoman farmers and slave owners . The expansion of slavery was increasingly controversial and fueled political and constitutional battles , which were resolved by compromises . Slavery was abolished in all states north of the Mason -- Dixon line by 1804 , but the South continued to profit off the institution , producing high-value cotton exports to feed increasing high demand in Europe . The 1860 presidential election of Republican Abraham Lincoln was on a platform of ending the expansion of slavery and putting it on a path to extinction .   Seven cotton-based deep South slave states seceded and later founded the Confederacy four months before Lincoln 's inauguration . No nation ever recognized the Confederacy , but it opened the war by attacking Fort Sumter in 1861 . A surge of nationalist outrage in the North fueled a long , intense American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . It was fought largely in the South as the overwhelming material and manpower advantages of the North proved decisive in a long war . The war 's result was restoration of the Union , the impoverishment of the South , and the abolition of slavery . In the Reconstruction era ( 1863 -- 1877 ) , legal and voting rights were extended to the freed slave . The national government emerged much stronger , and because of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 , it gained the explicit duty to protect individual rights . However , when white Democrats regained their power in the South during the 1870s , often by paramilitary suppression of voting , they passed Jim Crow laws to maintain white supremacy , and new disfranchising constitutions that prevented most African Americans and many poor whites from voting , a situation that continued for decades until gains of the civil rights movement in the 1960s and passage of federal legislation to enforce constitutional rights .   The United States became the world 's leading industrial power at the turn of the 20th century due to an outburst of entrepreneurship in the Northeast and Midwest and the arrival of millions of immigrant workers and farmers from Europe . The national railroad network was completed with the work of Chinese immigrants and large-scale mining and factories industrialized the Northeast and Midwest . Mass dissatisfaction with corruption , inefficiency and traditional politics stimulated the Progressive movement , from the 1890s to 1920s , which led to many social and political reforms . In 1920 , the 19th Amendment to the Constitution guaranteed women 's suffrage ( right to vote ) . This followed the 16th and 17th amendments in 1913 , which established the first national income tax and direct election of US senators to Congress . Initially neutral during World War I , the US declared war on Germany in 1917 and later funded the Allied victory the following year .   After a prosperous decade in the 1920s , the Wall Street Crash of 1929 marked the onset of the decade-long worldwide Great Depression . Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt ended the Republican dominance of the White House and implemented his New Deal programs for relief , recovery , and reform . The New Deal , which defined modern American liberalism , included relief for the unemployed , support for farmers , Social Security and a minimum wage . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , the United States entered World War II along with Britain , the Soviet Union , China , and the smaller number of Allied nations . The U.S. financed the Allied war effort and helped defeat Nazi Germany in the European theater . Its involvement culminated in using the newly invented nuclear weapons on Japanese cities that helped defeat Imperial Japan in the Pacific theater .   The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as rival superpowers after World War II . During the Cold War , the US and the USSR confronted each other indirectly in the arms race , the Space Race , proxy wars , and propaganda campaigns . US foreign policy during the Cold War was built around the support of Western Europe and Japan along with the policy of containment , stopping the spread of communism . The US joined the wars in Korea and Vietnam to try to stop its spread . In the 1960s , in large part due to the strength of the civil rights movement , another wave of social reforms were enacted by enforcing the constitutional rights of voting and freedom of movement to African-Americans and other racial minorities . Native American activism also rose . The Cold War ended when the Soviet Union officially dissolved in 1991 , leaving the United States as the world 's only superpower .   After the Cold War , the United States focused on international conflicts around the Middle East in response to the Gulf War in the early 1990s . The beginning of the 21st century saw the September 11 attacks by Al-Qaeda in 2001 , which would later followed by the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . In 2008 , the United States had its worst economic crisis since the Great Depression , which has been followed by slower than usual rates of economic growth during the 2010s .

neg: Dual revolution The Dual Revolution was a term first coined by Eric Hobsbawm . It refers specifically to the time period between 1789 and 1848 in which the political and ideological changes of the French Revolution fused with and reinforced the technological and economic changes of the Industrial Revolution . The French Revolution , inspired by the ideals of Enlightenment philosophy , spread ideas of Democracy , Nationalism , and Liberalism . These political ideas were fused with the new technological advances of the industrial revolution such as the spinning jenny , steam engines , and the puddling process . With the defeat of the French Revolution and subsequently the Congress of Vienna , Metternich constructed a balance of power in Europe that would prevent one country from gaining too much power . This set the framework for a strong conservative , reactionary stance against the ideas of nationalism and liberalism spread by the dual revolution . The Holy Alliance , formed by Austria , Prussia and Russia in September 1815 became a symbol of oppression to the ideas spread by the Dual Revolution .

neg: Geography of London London is the largest urban area and capital city of the United Kingdom , located in southeastern Great Britain . The London region covers an area of 1579 km2 , and had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 4,542 people per square kilometre . A larger area , referred to as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration covers an area of 8382 km2 , and had a population of 12,653,500 and a population density of 1,510 people per square kilometre . London is a port on the Thames ( see main article Port of London ) , a navigable river . The river has had a major influence on the development of the city . London began on the Thames ' north bank and for a long time the main focus of the city remained on the north side of the Thames . For many centuries London Bridge was the only bridge in or close to the city . When more bridges were built in the 18th century , the city expanded in all directions as the mostly flat or gently rolling countryside presented no obstacle to growth .

neg: Church of England The Church of England ( C of E ) is the state church of England . The Archbishop of Canterbury ( currently Justin Welby ) is the most senior cleric , although the monarch is the supreme governor . The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . It dates its establishment as a national church to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury .   The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in the 1530s . The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip . The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course whereby the English church was to be both Catholic and Reformed :  Catholic in that it views itself as a part of the universal church of Jesus Christ in unbroken continuity with the early apostolic church . This is expressed in its emphasis on the teachings of the early Church Fathers , as formalised in the Apostles ' , Nicene , and Athanasian creeds .  Reformed in that it has been shaped by some of the doctrinal principles of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation , in particular in the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion and the Book of Common Prayer .   In the earlier phase of the English Reformation there were both Catholic martyrs and radical Protestant martyrs . The later phases saw the Penal Laws punish Roman Catholic and nonconforming Protestants . In the 17th century , political and religious disputes raised the Puritan and Presbyterian faction to control of the church , but this ended with the Restoration . Papal recognition of George III in 1766 led to greater religious tolerance .   Since the English Reformation , the Church of England has used a liturgy in English . The church contains several doctrinal strands , the main three known as Anglo-Catholic , Evangelical and Broad Church . Tensions between theological conservatives and progressives find expression in debates over the ordination of women and homosexuality . The church includes both liberal and conservative clergy and members .   The governing structure of the church is based on dioceses , each presided over by a bishop . Within each diocese are local parishes . The General Synod of the Church of England is the legislative body for the church and comprises bishops , other clergy and laity . Its measures must be approved by both Houses of Parliament .

neg: History of education in England The history of education in England can be documented to the Anglo-Saxons ' settlement of England . During the Middle Ages , schools were established to teach Latin grammar to the sons of the aristocracy , as part of preparation also for the entry of some into the clergy and religious orders . The church preserved literacy and learning during this period , and education was closely tied to the religious vocation , in order to read the Bible and related documents . Apprenticeship was the main way for youths to enter practical occupations . Two universities were established in affiliation with the church : the University of Oxford , followed by the University of Cambridge , both related closely to training for clergy . A reformed system of `` free grammar schools '' was established in the reign of Edward VI .   The Protestant Reformation had a major influence on education and literacy in England , as it encouraged the reading of the Bible in the vernacular of the people . ( Formerly , the Bible was printed only in Latin , the official language of the Catholic Church . ) Counties in the east of England , which had frequent interaction with the Low Countries , where the Reformation movement had flourished , developed a higher rate of literacy in the early years of the Reformation than did other areas of England .   In the 19th century the Church of England sponsored most formal education until the government established free , compulsory education towards the end of that century . University College London was established as the first secular college in England , open to students of all religions ( or none , ) followed by King 's College London ; the two institutions formed the University of London . Durham University was also established in the early nineteenth century . Towards the end of the century , the `` redbrick '' universities , new public universities , were founded .   The 1944 Education Act established the Tripartite System of grammar schools and secondary modern schools . The school leaving age was raised to 16 in 1972 .

neg: First Anglo-Dutch War Dates in this article are given in the Gregorian calendar , then ten days ahead of the Julian calendar in use in England .   The First Anglo-Dutch War ( Eerste Engels-Nederlandse oorlog ) ( 1652 -- 54 ) was a conflict fought entirely at sea between the navies of the Commonwealth of England and the United Provinces of the Netherlands . Caused by disputes over trade , the war began with English attacks on Dutch merchant shipping , but expanded to vast fleet actions . Ultimately , it resulted in the English Navy gaining control of the seas around England , and forced the Dutch to accept an English monopoly on trade with England and her colonies . It was the first of the Anglo-Dutch Wars .

neg: Dutch East India Company The United East India Company or the United East Indian Company , also known as the United East Indies Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie in modern spelling ; VOC ) , referred to by the British as the Dutch East India Company , or sometimes known as the Dutch East Indies Company , was originally established as a chartered company in 1602 , when the Dutch government granted it a 21-year monopoly on the Dutch spice trade . It is often considered to be the world 's first truly transnational corporation and the first company in history to issue bonds and shares of stock to the general public . In other words , the VOC was officially the first publicly traded company of the world , because it was the first company to be ever actually listed on an official stock exchange . As the first historical model of the quasi-fictional concept of the megacorporation , the VOC possessed quasi-governmental powers , including the ability to wage war , imprison and execute convicts , negotiate treaties , strike its own coins , and establish colonies .   The company was also considered by many to be the very first major and the most successful corporation in history . Statistically , the VOC eclipsed all of its rivals in international trade for almost 200 years of existence . Between 1602 and 1796 the VOC sent almost a million Europeans to work in the Asia trade on 4,785 ships , and netted for their efforts more than 2.5 million tons of Asian trade goods . By contrast , the rest of Europe combined sent only 882,412 people from 1500 to 1795 , and the fleet of the English ( later British ) East India Company , the VOC 's nearest competitor , was a distant second to its total traffic with 2,690 ships and a mere one-fifth the tonnage of goods carried by the VOC . The VOC enjoyed huge profits from its spice monopoly through most of the 17th century .   Having been set up in 1602 , to profit from the Malukan spice trade , in 1619 the VOC established a capital in the port city of Jayakarta , changing the name to Batavia ( now Jakarta ) . Over the next two centuries the Company acquired additional ports as trading bases and safeguarded their interests by taking over surrounding territory . It remained an important trading concern and paid an 18 % annual dividend for almost 200 years .   Due to structural changes , the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War and French invasion of the Netherlands , the company was nationalised in 1800 , its possessions and the debt being taken over by the government of the Dutch Batavian Republic . The VOC 's territories became the Dutch East Indies and were expanded over the course of the 19thcentury to include the whole of the Indonesian archipelago , which would later become the modern Republic of Indonesia .

neg: Kingdom of Great Britain The United Kingdom of Great Britain , officially Great Britain , was a sovereign state in western Europe from 1 May 1707 to 31 December 1800 . The state came into being following the Treaty of Union in 1706 , ratified by the Acts of Union 1707 , which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands . It did not include Ireland , which remained a separate realm . The unitary state was governed by a single parliament and government that was based in Westminster . The former kingdoms had been in personal union since James VI , King of Scots , became King of England and King of Ireland in 1603 following the death of Queen Elizabeth I , bringing about a `` Union of the Crowns '' . Also after the accession of George I to the throne of Great Britain in 1714 , the kingdom was in a personal union with the Electorate of Hanover .   The early years of the unified kingdom were marked by Jacobite risings which ended in defeat for the Stuart cause at Culloden in 1746 . Later on in 1763 , victory in the Seven Years ' War led to the dominance of the British Empire , which was to become the foremost global power for over a century and later grew to become the largest empire in history .   On 1 January 1801 , the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland were merged to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . In 1922 , five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom and the state was renamed the `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' -- a title it has retained to date .

neg: France France ( -LSB- fʁɑ̃s -RSB- ) , officially the French Republic ( -LSB- ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz -RSB- ) , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . France spans 643801 km2 and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux .   During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome , which held Gaul until 486 , when the Germanic Franks conquered the region and formed the Kingdom of France . France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , with its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 to 1453 ) strengthening state-building and political centralisation . During the Renaissance , French culture flourished and a global colonial empire was established , which by the 20th century would be the second largest in the world . The 16th century was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots ) . France became Europe 's dominant cultural , political , and military power under Louis XIV . In the late 18th century , the French Revolution overthrew the absolute monarchy , established one of modern history 's earliest republics , and saw the drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , which expresses the nation 's ideals to this day .   In the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire , whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe . Following the collapse of the Empire , France endured a tumultuous succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870 . France was a major participant in the First World War , from which it emerged victorious , and was one of the Allied Powers in the Second World War , but came under occupation by the Axis Powers in 1940 . Following liberation in 1944 , a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War . The Fifth Republic , led by Charles de Gaulle , was formed in 1958 and remains to this day . Algeria and nearly all the other colonies became independent in the 1960s and typically retained close economic and military connections with France .   France has long been a global centre of art , science , and philosophy . It hosts Europe 's fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually , the most of any country in the world . France is a developed country with the world 's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity . In terms of aggregate household wealth , it ranks fourth in the world . France performs well in international rankings of education , health care , life expectancy , and human development . France remains a great power in the world , being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state . It is a leading member state of the European Union and the Eurozone . It is also a member of the Group of 7 , North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and La Francophonie .


query: Anna Paquin was unable to perform the role of Flora McGrath.

pos: Anna Paquin Anna Helene Paquin ( -LSB- ˈpækwɪn -RSB- born 24 July 1982 ) is a Canadian-born New Zealand actress . Born in Manitoba and brought up in Wellington , New Zealand , Paquin studied at Hutt Intermediate School and the Wellington Girls ' College in New Zealand before moving to Los Angeles during her youth where she studied at Windward School and went on to complete a year at Columbia University before leaving post-secondary to focus on her acting career . As a child , she beat 5000 candidates for the role of Flora McGrath in Jane Campion 's romantic drama film The Piano ( 1993 ) , despite having had little to no acting experience prior to getting the role . For her performance , she received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress at the age of 11 , making her the second-youngest Academy Award winner in Oscar history .   Paquin went on to become a successful child actress , receiving multiple Young Artist Award nominations for her roles in Fly Away Home ( 1996 ) , The Member of the Wedding ( 1997 ) , and A Walk on the Moon ( 1999 ) , and was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture for appearing in Cameron Crowe 's comedy-drama film Almost Famous ( 2000 ) . She played mutant superheroine Rogue in multiple films of the X-Men franchise and was nominated for a Saturn Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for her performance in the first instalment .   Paquin is also known for playing the lead role of Sookie Stackhouse in the HBO vampire drama television series True Blood ( 2008 -- 2014 ) . For her performance in the series , Paquin won the Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series -- Drama in 2009 and was nominated for an additional Golden Globe Award in 2010 , as well as three Saturn Awards and a Screen Actors Guild Award in 2010 . Among other accolades , Paquin has been nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award , a Golden Globe Award , and a Screen Actors Guild Award for her work on the 2007 television film Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee and a Golden Globe Award for her work on the 2009 television film The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler . Paquin has been married since 2010 to actor Stephen Moyer , with whom she has two children .

neg: Thérèse Raquin (1928 film) Thérèse Raquin is a 1928 drama film directed by Jacques Feyder . It is the third silent film adaptation of the novel of the same name by Émile Zola . The film stars Gina Manès as Thérèse Raquin , Wolfgang Zilzer as Monsieur Raquin , and Jeanne Marie Laurent as Madame Raquin . The décors of the Paris suburbs for the film were built by André Andrejew . The film was produced by Deutsche Film Union in Germany , with German and French actors , in a French-German co-production , to be later released at the same time in France as Thérèse Raquin and Germany as Du sollst nicht ehebrechen ! . As no words were spoken , both versions differed only with the language of intertitles . The British title at the time of the film 's original release was Thou Shalt Not . This is last silent film imports distributed by Warner Bros. ' newly acquired First National subsidiary . No dialong with music score and sound effects .   Thérèse Raquin is now considered a lost film , and only some production stills have survived .

neg: Alternative Miss Ireland The Alternative Miss Ireland ( AMI ) was an annual gay event which took place in Dublin , Ireland , on the Sunday closest to St. Patrick 's Day , 17 March . It occurred over three-and-a-half hours and featured a pastiche of the beauty pageant rounds inspired by Andrew Logan 's Alternative Miss World , with day-wear , swimwear and evening-wear rounds . It is commonly shortened to AMI , both as its initials and a wordplay on the French for `` friend '' . It began in 1987 and ended in 2012 .   The event promotional material states : `` Alternative Miss Ireland ( AMI ) is an annual beauty pageant that is open to men , women and animals . It is also a non-profit collective dedicated to raising money for Irish HIV/AIDS organisations ( over $ 235,000.00 raised since 1996 ) . ''   It features on the front cover each year of the March issue of Gay Community News magazine and is the highlight of Ireland 's calendar of gay-themed events . Coverage by mainstream news media is muted , possibly because it clashes with reporting of St. Patrick 's Day , with occasional pieces in The Irish Times , and a documentary A Bit of the Other commissioned by RTÉ television .

neg: Cactus Flower (play) Cactus Flower is a farce by Abe Burrows . It played for years on Broadway before being adapted by I.A.L. Diamond into a 1969 feature film directed by Gene Saks .   Based on the play Fleur de cactus by Pierre Barillet and Jean-Pierre Gredy , the comedy focuses on the relationship between young , wild Toni and her older , married lover Julian , a dentist . Convinced the two have no future together , Toni attempts suicide , and a guilt-ridden Julian rashly proposes he leave his wife so the couple can be together . However , Julian has never revealed to Toni that his `` marriage '' is actually an elaborate lie concocted to keep Toni at arm 's length . Toni refuses to break up his household without first meeting and talking with Julian 's soon-to-be-ex , so Julian enlists the aid of his shy spinster assistant Stephanie to pose as his non-existent wife . Complications arise when Toni decides the two must find her a new beau so everyone concerned can live happily ever after .   After two previews , the Broadway production , directed by Burrows , opened on December 8 , 1965 at the Royale Theatre , where it ran for two years and nine months before transferring to the Longacre , for a total run of 1234 performances , ending on November 23 , 1968 . The original cast included Lauren Bacall , Barry Nelson , Brenda Vaccaro , and Burt Brinckerhoff . Lloyd Bridges , Kevin McCarthy , and Betsy Palmer were replacements later in the run .   Both Vaccaro and Brinckerhoff were nominated for Tony Awards for their featured performances .   Later adapted for film as : Cactus Flower with Walter Matthau , Ingrid Bergman and Goldie Hawn ( for which Hawn won an Academy Award ) and again in 2011 , as Just Go With It starring Adam Sandler , Jennifer Aniston and Brooklyn Decker .

neg: Anna Cymmerman Anna Cymmerman is a Polish operatic soprano . She studied at the Academy of Music in Łódź where she majored in Vocal Acting and Performance and graduated with honors in June , 2000 . While a student , she debuted as a soloist in the Grand Theatre , Łódź . There , she performed in Polish as Blanche in Poulenc 's Dialogues of the Carmelites directed by Christopher Kelm . Her performance was appreciated both by critics and viewers . She won a competition whose judges included Ewa Podleś and Andrzej Drabowicz . She has since performed in opera productions in Austria , Denmark , Holland , and Germany . Her performance in Karol Szymanowski 's Stabat Mater at Chicago 's International Music Theater was considered a great success .   Cymmerman 's repertoire of leading roles includes Elvira in Verdi 's Ernani ; the Second Lady in Mozart 's The Magic Flute ( touring to Germany , Denmark , Netherlands , Belgium ) ; Corinna in Rossini 's Il viaggio a Reims for the Polish National Opera , the Grand Theatre , Warsaw ; Neddy in Leoncavallo 's Pagliacci ( Grand Theatre ) ; Margaret in Gounod 's Faust for the Baltic State Opera in Gdańsk , the title role in the Polish premiere of Cilea 's Adriana Lecouvreur ( Grand Theatre ) , the Countess in Mozart 's The Marriage of Figaro and the title role in Stanisław Moniuszko 's The Countess . In the lighter repertoire , her roles include Sylva in Kálmán 's Die Csárdásfürstin , Hanna Glawari in Lehár 's The Merry Widow , Rosalinde in Strauss ' Die Fledermaus , the Widow in Kander 's Zorba , and Clara in Gershwin 's Porgy and Bess .

neg: Motherland (TV series) Motherland is a British sitcom , all about navigating the trials and traumas of middle-class motherhood .   A pilot episode , written by a team including Graham Linehan and Sharon Horgan , was first broadcast on BBC Two on 6 September 2016 as part of BBC 2 's `` Sitcom Season '' . It starred Anna Maxwell Martin as Julia an overstressed working mother , trying to juggle the demands of her children , her husband and her job .   The BBC subsequently ordered a full series .

neg: Desperate Housewives Desperate Housewives is an American television comedy-drama and mystery series created by Marc Cherry , and produced by ABC Studios and Cherry Productions . It originally aired for eight seasons on ABC , from October 3 , 2004 to May 13 , 2012 . Executive producer Cherry served as showrunner . Other executive producers since the fourth season included Bob Daily , George W. Perkins , John Pardee , Joey Murphy , David Grossman , and Larry Shaw .   Set on Wisteria Lane , a street in the fictional town of Fairview in the fictional Eagle State , Desperate Housewives follows the lives of a group of women as seen through the eyes of their late friend and neighbor who committed suicide in the pilot episode . The storyline covers 13 years of the women 's lives over eight seasons , set between the years 2004 -- 2008 , and later 2013 -- 2017 ( the story arc includes a five-year passage of time , as well as flashbacks ranging from the 1980s to the 2020s ) . They work through domestic struggles and family life , while facing the secrets , crimes and mysteries hidden behind the doors of their -- on the surface -- beautiful and seemingly perfect suburban neighborhood .   The series features an ensemble cast , headed by Teri Hatcher as Susan Mayer , Felicity Huffman as Lynette Scavo , Marcia Cross as Bree Van de Kamp , and Eva Longoria as Gabrielle Solis . Brenda Strong narrates the series as the late Mary Alice Young , appearing sporadically in flashbacks or dream sequences .   Desperate Housewives was well received by viewers and critics alike . It won multiple Primetime Emmy , Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Awards . From the 2004 -- 05 through the 2008 -- 09 television seasons , its first five seasons were rated amongst the top ten most-watched series . In 2007 , it was reported to be the most popular show in its demographic worldwide , with an audience of approximately 120 million and was also reported as the third most watched television series in a study of ratings in twenty countries . In 2012 , it remained the most-watched comedy series internationally based on data from Eurodata TV Worldwide , which measured ratings across five continents ; it has held this position since 2006 . Moreover , it was the third highest revenue earning series for 2010 , with $ 2.74 million per half an hour . The show was ranked at number fifty-six on Entertainment Weekly `` New TV Classics '' list .   In 2011 , it was confirmed that Desperate Housewives would conclude after its eighth season ; the series finale aired on May 13 , 2012 . By the end of the series , it had surpassed Charmed as the longest running hour-long television series featuring all female leads by two episodes .

neg: Heller in Pink Tights Heller In Pink Tights is a 1960 Technicolor western film adapted from Louis L'Amour 's novel , Heller with a Gun . It stars Sophia Loren and Anthony Quinn and was directed by George Cukor .   The movie is noted for its lavishly ornate costumes by Edith Head and its impressive photography and use of Technicolor . Though not a commercial success , Heller In Pink Tights is thought by some film historians to be George Cukor 's most lavishly visual film .   Cukor had never been pleased with the `` look '' of most westerns and he hired George Hoyningen-Huene , a famous Russian-born fashion photographer and 1920s illustrator who was an expert at art and design . The final result is a unique film that looks like a cross between a Frederic Remington painting and a Toulouse-Lautrec rendering of music hall performers .   Heller in Pink Tights co-stars Margaret O'Brien , Ramon Novarro and Eileen Heckart . It also marks Loren 's lowest weight on film . The normally voluptuous and full-figured star lost almost twenty pounds at Cukor 's request and donned a blonde wig .

neg: Anna Fantastic Anna Garcia , whose legal name is Anna Florence and is professionally known as Anna Fantastic ( a name given to her by Prince ) , is an English actress , singer and model .

neg: Casualty (series 27) The twenty-seventh series of Casualty began airing on BBC One on 18 August 2012 with an episode featuring a disaster at a music festival . Filming series 26 was completed in April 2012 and filming series 27 began a week later . The first episode was in the normal formata 50-minute episode . This season is 44 episodes , increasing from 42 for the previous one . Viewing figures for the first episode were 5.19 million viewers , continuing to be one of the most watched programmes of a Saturday night .   This series saw the departures of Dylan Keogh ( William Beck ) , Linda Andrews ( Christine Tremarco ) , Lloyd Asike ( Michael Obiora ) , and long-standing character Nick Jordan ( Michael French ) ; as well as the returns of former nurse , now consultant Martin `` Ash '' Ashford ( Patrick Robinson ) who last appeared fifteen years previously and former ambulance dispatcher , now receptionist Louise Tyler ( Azuka Oforka ) . This series also saw the introduction of four new student nurses : Ally Hunter ( Rebecca Newman ) , Aoife O'Reilly ( Gemma-Leah Devereux ) , Robyn Miller ( Amanda Henderson ) , and Jamie Collier ( Daniel Anthony ) - with only the latter two receiving a promotion to staff nurse and continuing into the next series .

neg: Sciantosa In Italian theatrical culture , the term sciantosa ( pl. : `` sciantose '' ) refers to a stock character that developed from the late 19th Century through the early 20th Century in such popular genres such as café-concert , variety show , avanspettacolo , and revue . The term is a distortion of the French word chanteuse ( feminine form of `` singer '' ) , and was originally used for female singers that performed opera or operetta arias in café-chantant venues . As such , the `` sciantosa '' was a sort of scaled-down version of the opera `` diva '' . Later on , the term acquired further implications , most notably that of femme fatale . Popular sciantose often had ( or pretended to have ) mysterious and exotic traits , such as a foreign accent , a turbulent past , or romantic affairs with lovers from the jet set . To emphasize their reputation of divas , prominent sciantose hired a claque to follow their shows .   Some of the most well known sciantose were Anna Fougez , Gilda Mignonette , Olimpia D'Avigny , and Yvonne De Fleuriel .   With the advent of cinema and television , many forms of popular theatrical shows faded , and so did the `` sciantosa '' archetype , whose traits were partially transferred to new roles such as the soubrette or the showgirl .   The 1971 film La Sciantosa , by director Alfredo Giannetti , portrays a typical sciantosa ( played by Anna Magnani ) .

neg: Maurice Paquin Maurice Paquin , ( born in June 1947 in Dauphin , Manitoba , Canada ) , is a Franco-Manitoban comedian and singer . In 1959 Paquin completed Provencher Elementary School in St. Boniface , Manitoba and High School in 1963 at West Hill Collegiate High School in Toronto , Ontario . In 1967 he earned a Baccalaureat en Arts at Université de Montréal followed by a Bachelor of Science degree at McGill University in 1970 . The following three years were spent in San Gerardo de Dota , Costa Rica , where his first daughter Ligia Rosairis was born in 1972 . Marisol Denieve , his second daughter , was born in Montreal in 1974 ; Maurice worked as Marketing Analyst for Miracle Mart ( 1975 ) and Val Royal LaSalle Building Materials ( 1976 ) . In 1983 he wrote , composed and recorded the musical album La Garantie , with hits such as `` Ya Rien Là '' , `` Motel Henry '' , and `` Maman , Maman '' . Over the next fifteen years , Paquin performed thousands of shows throughout Quebec , Canada and the United States ; appeared in hundreds of television variety shows and commercials , and starred in the CBC short film `` Buried Treasure '' . In 2000 , he obtained an International Concierge Diploma at the ICI Institute in Montreal , Quebec , which led him to work as Chief Concierge in South Florida hotels such as the Ritz Carlton Coconut Grove , the Bentley Beach , Le Meridien , the Mutiny , Quantum on the Bay and 500 Brickell West in Miami , Florida . He is now Housekeeping Supervisor at Mont Tremblant Ski Resort in Quebec .

neg: Anna Karenina (1975 film) Anna Karenina is a 1975 Soviet film directed by Margarita Pilikhina . It was first shown at the 1975 Cannes Film Festival where it premiered out of competition .   The film is a Bolshoi Ballet version of Leo Tolstoy 's Anna Karenina with choreography by Maya Plisetskaya who also took on the titular role .

neg: Kerry Film Festival The Kerry Film Festival is an annual music film festival in County Kerry , Republic of Ireland , taking place in October .   The Kerry Film Festival is funded by Kerry County Council , Fáilte Ireland , the Ireland Funds as well as having corporate sponsorship .   Kerry Film Festival was established in 2000 but remained a small regional festival throughout its first years , with a mere 1,700 attendees at the 2006 festival . Then , in 2007 , the festival exploded becoming the fastest growing festival in all of Ireland , with audiences increasing by nearly 600 % from 2006 to 2011 when its audience topped 10,000 for the first time .   The main feature of the festival is a short film competition which focuses on young filmmakers . Past adjudicators of the Kerry Film Festival Short Film Competition have included Jeremy Irons , Liam Neeson , Michael Fassbender and Gabriel Byrne . The festival also screens feature films .   In 2008 Kerry Film Festival instigated the Maureen O'Hara Award for women that have excelled in film and Brenda Fricker was the inaugural recipient . The award was presented to her by Jim Sheridan , who directed her in the Oscar-winning My Left Foot ( 1989 ) . In 2009 the award was presented to Rebecca Miller who was in Kerry to pick up the award with her husband , Daniel Day-Lewis at a ceremony with Dave Fanning as MC .   In 2010 Maureen O'Hara attended the festival and presented the award in person to Juliette Binoche Fionnula Flanagan picked up the award in 2011 while Saoirse Ronan won the award in 2012 .   KFF has previously featured successful short films such as the Oscar short-listed animation Head over Heels in 2012 , the 2014 Oscar winner Mr. Hublot and in 2015 the highly acclaimed Academy Award winner S t u t t e r e r by Ben Cleary .

neg: Matt McGrath (actor) Matt McGrath ( born June 11 , 1969 ) is an American actor .   McGrath 's film appearances include roles in The Notorious Bettie Page , Boys Do n't Cry , The Broken Hearts Club : A Romantic Comedy , and The Impostors . On television , McGrath has appeared in episodes of Law & Order : Criminal Intent , Now and Again , and New York Undercover , he also had a role on the short-lived My Life and Times . On Broadway , as a child , McGrath performed in Peter Pan and the original musical Working . As an adult , he played in A Streetcar Named Desire , and portrayed the Emcee , originated by Alan Cumming , in the Roundabout Theatre Company 's production of Kander and Ebb 's musical Cabaret .   He is openly gay .

neg: Mary Ellis Mary Ellis ( June 15 , 1897 -- January 30 , 2003 ) was an American star of the stage , as well as radio , television and film and opera singer , best known for her roles in the genre of musical theatre , particularly those of Ivor Novello . After appearing with the Metropolitan Opera beginning in 1918 , later appearing opposite Enrico Caruso , she acted on Broadway , creating the title role in Rose-Marie . In 1930 , she emigrated to England , where she gained additional fame and continued to perform into the 1990s . She was also well known for her film roles , including The 3 Worlds of Gulliver in 1960 .

neg: AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role The AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role is an award presented by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts ( AACTA ) , a non-profit organisation whose aim is to `` identify , award , promote and celebrate Australia 's greatest achievements in film and television . '' The award is presented at the annual AACTA Awards , which hands out accolades for achievements in feature films , television , documentaries and short films . From 1971 -- 2010 , the category was presented by the Australian Film Institute ( AFI ) , the Academy 's parent organisation , at the annual Australian Film Institute Awards ( known as the AFI Awards ) . When the AFI launched the Academy in 2011 , it changed the annual ceremony to the AACTA Awards , with the current award being a continuum of the AFI Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role .   It was presented as a special award , from 1971 -- 1975 , and was accompanied with a cash prize , before it became a competitive award from 1976 , onward . Judy Davis is the most nominated actress in this category , with five wins from eight nominations , most recently for her role in The Eye of the Storm ( 2011 ) .   Candidates for this award must be human and female , and can not be nominated for the same role in the supporting actress category .

neg: Cate Blanchett on screen and stage Cate Blanchett is an Australian actress who has extensively appeared in film and stage . She made her stage debut in 1992 by playing Electra in the National Institute of Dramatic Art production of the same name . She followed it with performances in Timothy Daly 's Kafka Dances ( 1993 ) and the Sydney Theatre Company stage production of Oleanna ( 1993 ) opposite Geoffrey Rush . Blanchett won the Sydney Theatre Critics Award for Best Newcomer for the former and Best Actress for the latter , making her the first person to win both awards at once . She went on to perform several roles on stage , notably Susan Traherne in Plenty ( 1999 ) , Hedda Gabler in Hedda Gabler ( 2004 ) , Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire ( 2009 ) , Yelena in Uncle Vanya ( 2011 ) and Claire in The Maids ( 2013 ) .   In 1997 , Blanchett made her feature film debut in a supporting role in the World War II drama Paradise Road . The same year , she had her first leading role in Oscar and Lucinda , which earned her an AACTA Award nomination for Best Actress . Blanchett received worldwide attention for playing Queen Elizabeth I of England in the acclaimed drama Elizabeth ( 1998 ) . Her performance garnered her a Golden Globe and a BAFTA Award for Best Actress and her first Academy Award nomination for Best Actress . Elizabeth and her next film , the thriller The Talented Mr. Ripley ( 1999 ) , performed well at the box office . However , her other 1999 releasesthe widely praised An Ideal Husband and the largely panned Pushing Tinwere unsuccessful .   Blanchett found greater success for portraying Galadriel in Peter Jackson 's epic fantasy trilogy The Lord of the Rings ( 2001-03 ) . During this period , she also appeared in several films which had mixed reception and performed poorly at the box office . She won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , among other honors for portraying Katharine Hepburn in Martin Scorsese 's 2004 drama The Aviator , making her the only actor to win an Oscar for portraying another Oscar-winning actor . Her only screen appearance in 2005 was in Little Fish , for which she won the AACTA Award for Best Actress . Blanchett 's performance in the 2006 thriller Notes on a Scandal garnered her another Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress . In 2007 , she received both Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress Oscar nominations for her roles in Elizabeth : The Golden Age and I 'm Not There , becoming one of the few actors to achieve this feat .   In 2008 , Blanchett appeared in Steven Spielberg 's action adventure Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull and David Fincher 's fantasy drama The Curious Case of Benjamin Button . She briefly reprised her role of Galadriel in the The Hobbit trilogy ( 2012-14 ) . For her performance as the titular socialite in Woody Allen 's 2013 drama Blue Jasmine , Blanchett won the Golden Globe , the BAFTA Award , the SAG Award and the Academy Award for Best Actress . In 2014 , she voiced Valka in the $ 620 million-grossing animated fantasy How to Train Your Dragon 2 . In 2015 , she received praise for playing Lady Tremaine in Disney 's live action film Cinderella , Mary Mapes in Truth and the titular character in Todd Haynes 's romantic drama Carol . Cinderella was a notable box office success while Carol garnered her seventh Oscar nomination . Blanchett made her Broadway debut in 2017 with The Present , receiving her first Tony Award nomination for the Best Actress in a Play .

neg: Melbourne City Opera CitiOpera , originally known as Melbourne City Opera , is a semi-professional opera company based in Melbourne , Australia . Formed in 1997 , it was the successor of Globe Opera . In 2007 the company began performing at the BMW Edge , a 450-seat indoor amphitheatre located in Federation Square .   Initially the company made its home at the National Theatre , the Comedy Theatre and later at the Melbourne Athenaeum , and featured Suzanne Steele , Ronald Dowd , Margaret Nisbett , Maureen Howard , and Ron Stevens in productions of La bohème , Faust , Carmen , Pagliacci , Cavalleria rusticana , Madama Butterfly , The Merry Widow , Die Fledermaus , The Student Prince , and many others .   The 2007 season began with productions of Verdi 's Il corsaro , Attila and The Pavarotti Story , devised and narrated by director Joseph Talia and conducted by Erich Fackert . In 2008 the season commenced with a concert production of Beethoven 's Fidelio at Melba Hall , University of Melbourne . The company presented The Puccini Story in honour of the 150th anniversary of the birth of Giacomo Puccini . This program was an analysis of how Puccini 's personal characteristics impacted on the creation of his characters and the composition of his music . In March 2009 , the company staged Verdi 's Ernani .   Melbourne City Opera staged Verdi 's Luisa Miller in September 2009 , Andrea Chénier in June 2010 , La rondine in November 2010 and presented a tribute to Dame Joan Sutherland in November 2011 at the BMW Edge .

neg: Anna Friel Anna Louise Friel ( born 12 July 1976 ) is an English actress . Born in Rochdale , Greater Manchester , England , she has been acting since the age of 13 , appearing in a number of British television programmes . She played Beth Jordache in the Channel 4 soap Brookside , and portrayed the first lesbian kiss in a British soap opera in January 1994 . She made her West End theatre debut in London in 2001 and has subsequently appeared in several productions , including in an adaptation of Breakfast at Tiffany 's and as Yelena in a 2012 production of Chekhov 's Uncle Vanya .   Friel made her film debut in 1998 in David Leland 's Land Girls and has since made a number of films such as A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1999 ) , Timeline ( 2003 ) , Land of the Lost ( 2009 ) and Limitless ( 2011 ) . Outside of film , she played the role of Charlotte `` Chuck '' Charles in the ABC comedy series Pushing Daisies , for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 2008 .   She is the recipient of a number of awards , including National Television Award ( 1995 ) , Drama Desk Award ( 1999 ) , and the Royal Television Society Award ( 2009 ) . She has also appeared in music videos and television and print media advertising campaigns and is the recipient of an honorary degree from the University of Bolton .

neg: Bailey Noble Bailey Ann Noble ( born October 13 , 1990 ) is an American actress , perhaps best known for portraying Adilyn Bellefleur , the half-fairy daughter of sheriff Andy Bellefleur , on HBO 's vampire drama series True Blood ( 2013 -- 2014 ) and as Anna Assaoui in the 2015 remake of Martyrs .