query: Streptococcus belongs to an order.

pos: Streptococcus Streptococcus is a genus of coccus ( spherical ) Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes and the order Lactobacillales ( lactic acid bacteria ) . Cell division in this genus occurs along a single axis in these bacteria , thus they grow in chains or pairs , hence the name -- from Greek στρεπτός streptos , meaning easily bent or twisted , like a chain ( twisted chain ) . ( Contrast this with staphylococci , which divide along multiple axes and generate grape-like clusters of cells . )   Most are oxidase-negative and catalase-negative , and many are facultative anaerobes .   In 1984 , many bacteria formerly considered Streptococcus were separated out into the genera Enterococcus and Lactococcus . Currently , over 50 species are recognised in this genus . This genus has been found to be part of the salivary microbiome .

neg: Dothideomycetes Dothideomycetes is the largest and most diverse class of ascomycete fungi . It comprises 11 orders 90 families , 1300 genera and over 19,000 known species . Traditionally , most of its members were included in the loculoascomycetes , which is not part of the currently accepted classification . This indicates that several traditional morphological features in the class are not unique and DNA sequence comparisons are important to define the class .   The designation loculoascomycetes was first proposed for all fungi which have ascolocular development . This type of development refers to the way in which the sexual structure , bearing the sexual spores ( ascospores ) forms . Dothideomycetes mostly produce flask-like structures referred to as pseudothecia , although other shape variations do exist ( e.g. see structures found in Hysteriales ) . During ascolocular development pockets ( locules ) form first within the vegetative cells of the fungus and then all the subsequent structures form . These include the asci which , superficially , have a thicker outer layer through which a thinner inner layer ` bursts ' , like a jack-in-a-box to release the spores . These asci are therefore referred to as bitunicate ( superficially , two layers ) or fissitunicate ( referring to spore release ) . After several DNA sequence comparisons it is now clear that another group of fungi which share these characteristics are distantly related . These are the `` black yeasts '' in subclass Chaetothyriomycetidae ( Eurotiomycetes ) . This means that loculoascomycetes did not constitute a natural group .   The best known members of this class are several important plant pathogens ( like Phaeosphaeria nodorum and Venturia inaequalis ) . However , a majority of described species are either found as endophytes or saprobes growing on woody debris , decaying leaves or dung . A smaller number exist as lichens and a single species , Cenococcum geophilum , can form mycorrhizal associations with plant roots .

neg: Chlorococcum Chlorococcum is a genus of green algae , in the family Chlorococcaceae .

neg: Streptococcus mutans Streptococcus mutans is a facultatively anaerobic , gram-positive coccus ( round bacterium ) commonly found in the human oral cavity and is a significant contributor to tooth decay .  It is part of the `` streptococci '' ( plural , non-italic lowercase ) , an informal general name for all species in the genus Streptococcus.The microbe was first described by J Kilian Clarke in 1924 .   This bacterium , along with the closely related species Streptococcus sobrinus , can cohabit the mouth : Both contribute to oral disease , and the expense of differentiating them in laboratory testing is often not clinically necessary . Therefore , for clinical purposes they are often considered together as a group , called the mutans streptococci ( plural , non-italic due to it being an informal group name ) . This grouping of similar bacteria with similar tropism can also be seen in the viridans streptococci , another group of Streptococcus species .

neg: Caulobacteraceae Caulobacteraceae is a family of proteobacteria , given its own order ( Caulobacterales ) within the alpha subgroup . Like all Proteobacteria , the Caulobacteraceae are gram-negative . Caulobacteraceae includes the genera Asticcacaulis , Brevundimonas , Phenylobacterium and Caulobacter .   The typespecies Caulobacter gives its name also to the recently proposed subclass , the Caulobacteridae , which includes the orders Caulobacterales , Parvularculales , Rhizobiales , Rhodobacterales , Rhodospirillales , Sneathiellales , Sphingomonadales , Kiloniellales , Kordiimonadales and controversially the Holosporales .

neg: Cellulosome Cellulosomes are multi-enzyme complexes . The cellulosomes are associated with the cell surface and mediate cell attachment to the insoluble substrate and degrade it to soluble products which are then absorbed . Cellulosome complexes are intricate multi-enzyme machines produced by many cellulolytic microorganisms ( cellulosome producing bacteria are listed below ) . They are designed by the microorganisms for efficient degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides , notably cellulose -- the most abundant organic polymer on Earth . The multiple subunits of cellulosomes are composed of numerous functional domains which interact with each other and with the cellulosic substrate . One of these subunits , a large glycoprotein , which we called `` scaffoldin '' , comprises a distinctive new class of non-catalytic scaffolding polypeptide . The scaffoldin subunit selectively integrates the various cellulases and xylanase subunits into the cohesive complex , by combining its `` cohesin '' domains with a typical `` dockerin '' domain present on each of the subunit enzymes . The scaffoldin of some cellulosomes , an example being that of Clostridium thermocellum , contains a carbohydrate-binding module that adheres cellulose to the cellulosomal complex .   Cellulosomes exist as extracellular complexes that are either attached to the cell wall of bacteria or free in solution , where the insoluble substrate can be broken down into soluble products and taken up by the cell . The large size and heterogeneity of cellulosomes from the best-characterized organisms ( i.e. , C. thermocellum , C. cellulolyticum , and C. cellulovorans ) have greatly complicated efforts to probe cellulosome structure and function . Other cellulosome systems ( such as those from Acetivibrio cellulolyticus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens ) appear to be even more intricate .   The cellulosome consists of a multi-functional integrating subunit ( called scaffoldin ) , responsible for organizing the various cellulolytic subunits ( e.g. , the enzymes ) into the complex . Within a cellulosome , multiple endoglucanases , cellobiohydrolases , xylanases and other degradative enzymes work synergistically to attack heterogeneous , insoluble cellulose substrates . This is accomplished by the interaction of two complementary classes of module , located on the two separate types of interacting subunits , i.e. , a cohesin module on the scaffoldin and a dockerin module on each enzymatic subunit . The high-affinity cohesin-dockerin interaction defines the cellulosome structure . Attachment of the cellulosome to its substrate is mediated by a scaffoldin-borne cellulose-binding module ( CBM ) that comprises part of the scaffoldin subunit . Much of our understanding of its catalytic components , architecture , and mechanisms of attachment to the bacterial cell and to cellulose , has been derived from the study of Clostridium thermocellum .   Applications : Intelligent application of cellulosome hybrids and chimeric constructs ( `` nanosomes '' ) of cellulosomal domains should enable better use of cellulosic biomass and may offer a wide range of novel applications .

neg: Kytococcus Kytococcus is a genus of Actinomycete bacteria , including the sequenced species Kytococcus sedentarius .

neg: Lactobacillaceae The Lactobacillaceae are a family of lactic acid bacteria .

neg: Mucorales The Mucorales is the largest and best studied order of Zygomycete fungi . Members of this order are sometimes called pin molds .

neg: Coprococcus eutactus Coprococcus ( ATCC 27759 ) is a genus of anaerobic cocci which are all part of the human faecal flora , but rarely seen in human clinical specimens . `` Coprococcus includes those gram-positive , anaerobic cocci that actively ferment carbohydrates , producing butyric and acetic acids with formic or propionic and/or lactic acids . Fermentable carbohydrates are either required or are highly stimulatory for growth and continued subculture . '' - Lillian V. Holdeman & W. E. C. Moore . The genus is bio-chemically closely related to Ruminococcus , and phylogenetically to the genus Lachnospira .   Coprococcus eutactus is an obligately anaerobic , nonmotile , gram-positive coccus occurring in pairs or chains of pairs . Cells may lose colour readily and acquire a slightly elongate shape in a medium containing a fermentable carbohydrate , but are normally round , and 0.7 to 1.3 µm in diameter .   Coprococcus may be used as a microbial biomarker to assess the health of the human gastro-intestinal tract . Gut microorganisms maintain gastro-intestinal health and the mounting evidence of gastro-intestinal problems in autistic children makes a link between autism and intestinal microbiota highly probable , but the paucity of data on intestinal microflora means a definite link has not yet been demonstrated . Early studies overlooked potentially beneficial gut flora missing in autistic children .

neg: Methanocorpusculaceae In taxonomy , the Methanocorpusculaceae are a family of the Methanomicrobiales .

neg: Palaeococcus In taxonomy , Palaeococcus is a genus of the Thermococcaceae .

neg: Endosphaeraceae Endosphaeraceae is a family of green algae , in the order Chlorococcales .

neg: Pelobacteraceae Pelobacteraceae is a bacterial family in the order Desulfuromonadales . The species are anaerobic and have a fermentative metabolism .

neg: Desulfobacterales The Desulfobacterales are an order of sulfate-reducing bacteria , included among the Proteobacteria . There are three families . They are sulfate-reducing bacteria , reducing sulfates to sulfides to obtain energy . They are strictly anaerobe .

neg: Streptococcus thermophilus Streptococcus thermophilus also known as Streptococcus salivarius subsp . thermophilus is a gram-positive bacterium , and a fermentative facultative anaerobe , of the viridans group . It tests negative for cytochrome , oxidase , and catalase , and positive for alpha-hemolytic activity . It is non-motile and does not form endospores . S. thermophilus is fimbriated . It has an optimal growth temperature range of 35 - 42 ° C while L. bulgaricus has an optimal range of 43 - 46 ° C.   It is also classified as a lactic acid bacterium . S. thermophilus is found in fermented milk products , and is generally used in the production of yogurt , alongside Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp . bulgaricus . The two species are synergistic , and S. thermophilus probably provides L. d. bulgaricus with folic acid and formic acid which it uses for purine synthesis .

neg: Streptomyces thermoviolaceus Streptomyces thermoviolaceus is a thermophilic bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from composts . Streptomyces thermoviolaceus produces chitinase and peroxidase .

neg: Streptomyces actuosus Streptomyces actuosus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces . Streptomyces actuosus produces nosiheptide and staurosporin .

neg: Prokaryote A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus ( karyon ) , mitochondria , or any other membrane-bound organelle . The word prokaryote comes from the Greek πρό ( pro ) `` before '' and κάρυον ( karyon ) `` nut or kernel '' . Prokaryotes can be divided into two domains , archaea and bacteria . In contrast , species with nuclei and organelles are placed in the domain Eukaryota .   In the prokaryotes , all the intracellular water-soluble components ( proteins , DNA and metabolites ) are located together in the cytoplasm enclosed by the cell membrane , rather than in separate cellular compartments . Bacteria , however , do possess protein-based bacterial microcompartments , which are thought to act as primitive organelles enclosed in protein shells . Some prokaryotes , such as cyanobacteria may form large colonies . Others , such as myxobacteria , have multicellular stages in their life cycles .   Molecular studies have provided insight into the evolution and interrelationships of the three domains of biological species . Eukaryotes are organisms , including humans , whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus ( containing chromosomal DNA ) and organelles . The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization . Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens ; these are common in some extreme environments .

neg: Adelococcus Adelococcus is a genus of fungi in the family Adelococcaceae .

neg: Streptomyces griseoviridis Streptomyces griseoviridis is a filamentous bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil in Texas in the United States . Streptomyces griseoviridis produces etamycin , griseoviridin , bactobolin , prodigiosin R1 and rosophilin . Streptomyces griseoviridis inhibits the growth of fungal pathogens and can be used to protect plants from those .


query: Melanie Griffith is a person.

pos: Melanie Griffith Melanie Richards Griffith ( born August 9 , 1957 ) is an American actress . Griffith began her career as an adolescent in nonspeaking film roles before making her credited debut opposite Gene Hackman in Arthur Penn 's Night Moves ( 1975 ) . She rose to prominence for her role in Brian De Palma 's Body Double ( 1984 ) , which earned her a National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress . Griffith 's subsequent performance in Something Wild ( 1986 ) garnered critical acclaim before she was cast in 1988 's Working Girl , which earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress and won her a Golden Globe .   The 1990s saw Griffith in a series of roles which received varying critical reception : she received Golden Globe nominations for her performances in Buffalo Girls ( 1995 ) , and as Marion Davies in RKO 281 ( 1999 ) , while also earning a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress for her performances in Shining Through ( 1992 ) , as well as receiving nominations for Crazy in Alabama ( 1999 ) and John Waters ' cult film Cecil B. Demented ( 2000 ) . Other roles include in John Schlesinger 's Pacific Heights ( 1990 ) , Milk Money ( 1994 ) , the neo-noir film Mulholland Falls ( 1996 ) , as Charlotte Haze in Adrian Lyne 's Lolita ( 1997 ) , and Another Day in Paradise ( 1998 ) .   She later starred as Barbara Marx in The Night We Called It a Day ( 2003 ) , and has appeared on the television series Nip/Tuck , Raising Hope , and Hawaii Five-0 . After acting on stage in London , in 2003 she made her Broadway debut in a revival of the musical Chicago , receiving celebratory reviews that made it a box office success .

neg: The Good Book (album) The Good Book is a 1971 album released by Melanie and featuring the Top 40 hit `` Nickel Song '' . The album also features `` Birthday of the Sun '' , a track Melanie originally performed at Woodstock in 1969 .   The album was the last ` official ' Melanie release from Buddah Records - she left the company to form her own label ; however several Buddah albums were later issued featuring ` leftover ' material from earlier sessions ; in addition to several compilation albums .

neg: Theatre of Australia Theatre of Australia refers to the history of the performing arts in Australia , or produced by Australians . There are theatrical and dramatic aspects to a number of Indigenous Australian ceremonies such as the corroboree . During its colonial period , Australian theatrical arts were generally linked to the broader traditions of English literature and to British and Irish theatre . Australian literature and theatrical artists ( including Aboriginal as well as Anglo-Celtic and multicultural migrant Australians ) have over the last two centuries introduced the culture of Australia and the character of a new continent to the world stage .   Individuals who have contributed to theatre in Australia and internationally include Sir Robert Helpmann , Dame Joan Sutherland , Barry Humphries , David Williamson , Cate Blanchett , Geoffrey Rush , Judy Davis , Jim Sharman , Tim Minchin and Baz Luhrmann . Notable theatrical institutions include the Sydney Opera House , and the National Institute of Dramatic Art in Sydney .

neg: Melanie Griffin Melanie Griffin is a politician in The Bahamas who was elected as a member of Parliament of the Bahamas for the Yamacraw Constituency , and was Minister of Social Services and Community Development .

neg: Melanie Fiona discography The discography of Canadian R&B recording artist Melanie Fiona comprises two studio album and 12 singles .   Fiona 's debut album The Bridge was released in 2009 ; she collaborated with Future Cut , Vada Nobles , Stereotypes , J. Phoenix and Peter Wade Keusch . The debut single `` Give It to Me Right '' was sent to radio stations on February 28 , 2009 , and peaked at number 20 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart and number 41 on the UK Singles Chart . The second single , `` It Kills Me '' , became her breakout song on the Billboard Hot 100 , where it entered the Top 50 , along with topping the Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Songs chart . The song earned Fiona a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance . The Bridge also earned her a NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding New Artist . In 2012 , Fiona won two Grammy Awards for Best Traditional R&B Performance for the song `` Fool for You '' with CeeLo Green .   In 2011 , Hallim began recording her second studio album . The lead single was entitled `` Gone and Never Coming Back '' . The single peaked at 37 on the US R&B chart , becoming her second highest peaking song on the R&B chart so far . Later that year , Fiona released her second single , `` 4 AM '' ; it was sent to urban stations on August 30 , 2011 . `` 4 AM '' peaked on the US R&B chart at # 8 ; the song was about a lover who had gone out and was cheating on her . She released her second studio album The MF Life on March 20 , 2012 .

neg: Melanie Nathan Melanie Nathan is a South African born attorney , a mediator , equality activist , and human rights advocate , who advocates , speaks and writes on issues impacting LGBTI communities around the world , with a focus on the United States and Africa . She immigrated to the US in 1985 . She publishes the LGBTI advocacy blog O-Blog-Dee-O-Blog-Da ( Life goes on ... ) . She is the executive director of the African Human Rights Coalition ( African HRC ) . She was appointed a community grand marshal for San Francisco Pride 2014 , in recognition of her global human rights advocacy work for LGBTI people .   She is also a director of the Peacemaker Museum World Tour .   She is co-producing Armagayddon , `` a documentary that exposes the historical anti-gay crusades of right-wing movements and their influence on the Republican Party through a critical examination of national figures , social movements , and conservative organizations and think tanks , focusing on the anti-gay rhetoric and policies of the Republican Party , as well as the use of homosexuality as a political weapon and wedge issue . ''

neg: Melitta Schmideberg Melitta Schmideberg ( 1904-1983 ) was a psychoanalyst and author who was the only daughter of Melanie Klein .

neg: Griffith (name) Griffith , and its Welsh form Gruffudd or Gruffydd , is a name of Welsh origin that may be used as a personal name or surname , with or without the s as in Griffiths . The name has many variations as a result of the natural evolution of the name in Welsh , as well as the translation of the name from Welsh into both Latin and English . The anglicized and Welsh forms are treated as different spellings of the same name in Wales . The name can also be associated with the Irish surname Griffin .

neg: Working Girl (TV series) Working Girl is an American sitcom that aired on NBC from April to July 1990 . Loosely based on the 1988 film of the same name starring Melanie Griffith , the series stars Sandra Bullock as Tess McGill ( Melanie Griffith 's character in the film ) , in a role that was initially meant for Nancy McKeon .

neg: Mel (given name) Mel can be the abbreviated version of the given names Melvyn , Melvin , Melanie , Melina , Melinda , Melissa , Melody , Melitta , Melchior or Melville . It is also a standalone name from the Gaelic Maol , meaning bald ; this was used to refer to tonsured men to mean servant , as in `` Maol-Iosa '' - Servant of Jesus .

neg: Madrugada (Melanie album) Madrugada is a 1974 album released by Melanie featuring the singles `` Lover 's Cross '' and `` Love To Lose Again '' . In November 1973 , `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' became a Top 40 hit in the United Kingdom and was subsequently added to the British release of the album .   As with Gather Me the album featured arrangements and conduction by Roger Kellaway .   The word madrugada is Portuguese for `` daybreak '' .

neg: Mayberry (disambiguation) Mayberry is a fictional community that was the setting for The Andy Griffith Show and Mayberry R.F.D.   Mayberry may also refer to :

neg: Ballroom Streets Ballroom Streets is a 1978 double album released by Melanie . The album is essentially a live album but recorded in the studio with a small audience . It mixed new recordings of old songs with some new songs . When first issued on CD in 1989 , it did not contain `` Holding Out '' , `` Any Guy '' , `` Groundhog Day '' or `` Friends and Company '' . These songs were re-added on the 1994 CD pressings .   The album is available for download at iTunes and Melanie 's website .

neg: D. W. Griffith David Wark Griffith ( January 22 , 1875 -- July 23 , 1948 ) was an American director , writer , and producer who pioneered modern filmmaking techniques .   Griffith is best remembered for The Birth of a Nation ( 1915 ) and Intolerance ( 1916 ) . The Birth of a Nation made use of advanced camera and narrative techniques , and its popularity set the stage for the dominance of the feature-length film in the United States . Since its release , the film has sparked significant controversy surrounding race in the United States , focusing on its negative depiction of African Americans and its glorification of the Ku Klux Klan . Today , it is both noted for its radical technique and condemned for its inherently racist philosophy . The film was subject to boycotts by the NAACP and , after screenings of the film had caused riots at several theaters , the film was censored in many cities , including New York City . Intolerance , his next film , was , in part , an answer to his critics .   Several of Griffith 's later films , including Broken Blossoms ( 1919 ) , Way Down East ( 1920 ) , and Orphans of the Storm ( 1921 ) , were also successful , but his high production , promotional , and roadshow costs often made his ventures commercial failures . By the time of his final feature , The Struggle ( 1931 ) , he had made roughly 500 films .   Griffith is one of the founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and widely considered among the most important figures in the history of cinema . He is credited with popularizing the use of the close-up shot .

neg: Ralph Griffith Ralph Griffith may refer to :   Ralph T. H. Griffith ( 1826 -- 1906 ) , scholar of indology  Ralph Griffith ( governor ) ( 1882 -- 1963 ) , administrator in British India

neg: Melanie Papalia Melanie Rose Papalia ( born July 11 , 1984 ) is a Canadian actress . She is known for her role as Dana in American Pie Presents : The Book of Love , as well as for her roles in films such as Postal ( 2007 ) , Frankie and Alice ( 2010 ) . In 2011 , she starred as Pippa in the Showcase original series Endgame . She has also appeared in several television programs including Painkiller Jane . She appeared in the 2012 film Smiley .

neg: Edmond (film) Edmond is a 2005 American drama film directed by Stuart Gordon and starring William H. Macy , based on the 1982 play Edmond by David Mamet . Mamet also wrote the screenplay for the film . Edmond features Julia Stiles , Rebecca Pidgeon , Denise Richards , Mena Suvari , Joe Mantegna , Bai Ling , Jeffrey Combs , Dylan Walsh and George Wendt in supporting roles . It was screened at several film festivals from September 2005 to May 2006 , and had a limited release on July 14 , 2006 .

neg: Melanie Chandra Melanie Chandra is an American actress , model , and co-founder of Hospital for Hope .

neg: Melanie Verwoerd Melanie Verwoerd ( -LSB- fɛrvurt -RSB- ; née Fourie ; born 18 April 1967 ) is a South Africa-born politician , ambassador and former director of UNICEF Ireland .   Verwoerd was elected as a Member of Parliament for the African National Congress ( ANC ) during the first democratic elections in South Africa in 1994 . She was the youngest woman ever to be elected . She was re-elected in 1999 . In 2001 she was appointed as South African Ambassador to Ireland a position she held until 2005 . Between 2007 and 2011 she was the Executive Director of UNICEF Ireland . In 2007 Melanie was awarded with the Irish Tatler , International Woman of the Year award .

neg: Melanie Sumner Melanie Sumner ( born December 30 , 1963 Middletown , Ohio ) is an American novelist .   She grew up in Rome , Georgia as a child and graduated from University of North Carolina and Boston University . Currently , she is an assistant professor of English at Kennesaw State University . She was acclaimed as one of `` America 's Best Young Novelists '' in 1995 .

neg: John L. Griffith John L. Griffith ( August 20 , 1877 -- December 7 , 1944 ) was an American football , basketball , and baseball player , track athlete , coach , and college athletics administrator . He served as the first commissioner of the Big Ten Conference from 1922 until his death in 1944 . His career football coaching record was 49 wins , 31 losses , and 7 ties .


query: Kitti's hog-nosed bat has a scientific name.

pos: Kitti's hog-nosed bat Kitti 's hog-nosed bat ( Craseonycteris thonglongyai ) , also known as the bumblebee bat , is a vulnerable species of bat and the only extant member of the family Craseonycteridae . It occurs in western Thailand and southeast Burma , where it occupies limestone caves along rivers .   Kitti 's hog-nosed bat is the smallest species of bat and arguably the world 's smallest mammal . It has a reddish-brown or grey coat , with a distinctive pig-like snout . Colonies range greatly in size , with an average of 100 individuals per cave . The bat feeds during short activity periods in the evening and dawn , foraging around nearby forest areas for insects . Females give birth annually to a single offspring .   Although the bat 's status in Burma is not well known , the Thai population is restricted to a single province and may be at risk for extinction . Its potential threats are primarily anthropogenic , and include habitat degradation and the disturbance of roosting sites .

neg: Mouse-eared bat The mouse-eared bats ( Myotis ) are a diverse and widespread genus of bats within the family Vespertilionidae .

neg: Ophiocordyceps unilateralis Ophiocordyceps unilateralis is an entomopathogen , or insect-pathogenising fungus , discovered by the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace in 1859 , and currently found predominantly in tropical forest ecosystems . O. unilateralis , also referred to as a zombie fungus , infects ants of the Camponotini tribe , with the full pathogenesis being characterized by alteration of the behavioral patterns of the infected ant . Infected hosts leave their canopy nests and foraging trails for the forest floor , an area with a temperature and humidity suitable for fungal growth ; they then use their mandibles to affix themselves to a major vein on the underside of a leaf , where the host remains until its eventual death . The process leading to mortality takes 4 -- 10 days , and includes a reproductive stage where fruiting bodies grow from the ant 's head , rupturing to release the fungus 's spores . O. unilateralis is in turn also susceptible to fungal infection itself , an occurrence which can limit its impact on ant populations , which has otherwise been known to devastate ant colonies .   O. unilateralis and related species are known to engage in an active secondary metabolism , among other reasons , for the production of substances active as antibacterial agents that protect the fungus-host ecosystem against further pathogenesis during fungal reproduction . Because of this secondary metabolism , an interest in the species has been taken by natural products chemists , with corresponding discovery of small molecule agents ( e.g. of the polyketide family ) of potential interest for use as human immunomodulatory , antiinfective , and anticancer agents .

neg: Giant forest hog The giant forest hog ( Hylochoerus meinertzhageni ) , the only member of its genus , is native to wooded habitats in Africa and generally is considered the largest wild member of the pig family , Suidae ; a few subspecies of the wild boar can reach an even larger size . Despite its large size and relatively wide distribution , it was first described only in 1904 . The specific name honours Richard Meinertzhagen , who shot the type specimen in Kenya and had it shipped to the Natural History Museum in England .

neg: Afrocimex constrictus Afrocimex constrictus , also called the African bat bug , is an insect parasite of Egyptian fruit bats in bat caves in East Africa . Population sizes can comprise millions of individuals and in a cave there can be one to 15 bugs per bat . It was estimated that adult African bat bugs feed approximately once per week thus withdrawing 1-28 microlitre blood per day per bat .   As in many other cimicids , Afrocimex constrictus reproduce through traumatic insemination . During mating , the male pierces the female 's abdomen with his genitals , and ejaculates into her body cavity , into a special organ called the spermalege . While females do have external genitalia , they are used for egg laying but not for mating . Afrocimex constrictus males also pierce and inseminate other males . Male-male stabbings were originally probably harmful to males and so it was speculated that male-male stabbings were the reason that Afrocimex constrictus males have - like females - evolved a spermalege . The male spermalege looks similar but not identical to the typical female spermalege and males receive fewer stabbings than females . In one cave around 80 % of the females were found to mimic the male version of the spermalege and such females receive fewer stabbings from males than females that have the original spermalege type .   The species also had a brief appearance in fiction . In French writer Bernard Werber 's novel Le Jour des fourmis ( 1997 ) , the mating habits of A. constrictus are employed in the torture chambers of the ants .

neg: Myotis alcathoe The Alcathoe bat ( Myotis alcathoe ) is a European bat in the genus Myotis . Known only from Greece and Hungary when it was first described in 2001 , its known distribution has since expanded to Spain , England , Sweden , and Azerbaijan , among other countries . It is similar to the whiskered bat ( Myotis mystacinus ) and other species and is difficult to distinguish from them . However , its brown fur is distinctive and it is clearly different in characters of its karyotype and DNA sequences . Although some genetic data suggest that it is related to Geoffroy 's bat ( Myotis emarginatus ) , other analyses do not support a close relationship between M. alcathoe and any other species .   With a forearm length of 30.8 to and body mass of 3.5 to , Myotis alcathoe is a small bat . The fur is usually reddish-brown on the upperparts and brown below , but more grayish in juveniles . The tragus ( a projection on the inner side of the ear ) is short , as is the ear itself , and the inner side of the ear is pale at the base . The wings are brown and the baculum ( penis bone ) is short and broad . M. alcathoe has a very high-pitched echolocation call , with a frequency that falls from 120 kHz at the beginning of the call to about 43 kHz at the end .   Usually found in old-growth deciduous forest near water , Myotis alcathoe forages high in the canopy and above water and mostly eats flies . The animal roosts in cavities high in trees . Although there are some winter records from caves , it may also spend the winter in tree cavities . Several parasites have been recorded on M. alcathoe . The IUCN Red List assesses Myotis alcathoe as `` data deficient '' , but it is considered threatened in several areas because of its rarity and vulnerability to habitat loss .

neg: Great tit The great tit ( Parus major ) is a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae . It is a widespread and common species throughout Europe , the Middle East , Central and Northern Asia , and parts of North Africa where it is generally resident in any sort of woodland ; most great tits do not migrate except in extremely harsh winters . Until 2005 this species was lumped with numerous other subspecies . DNA studies have shown these other subspecies to be distinctive from the great tit and these have now been separated as two distinct species , the cinereous tit of southern Asia , and the Japanese tit of East Asia . The great tit remains the most widespread species in the genus Parus .   The great tit is a distinctive bird with a black head and neck , prominent white cheeks , olive upperparts and yellow underparts , with some variation amongst the numerous subspecies . It is predominantly insectivorous in the summer , but will consume a wider range of food items in the winter months , including small hibernating bats . Like all tits it is a cavity nester , usually nesting in a hole in a tree . The female lays around 12 eggs and incubates them alone , although both parents raise the chicks . In most years the pair will raise two broods . The nests may be raided by woodpeckers , squirrels and weasels and infested with fleas , and adults may be hunted by sparrowhawks . The great tit has adapted well to human changes in the environment and is a common and familiar bird in urban parks and gardens . The great tit is also an important study species in ornithology .

neg: Glossophaginae Glossophaginae is a subfamily of leaf-nosed bats .

neg: Pthirus gorillae Pthirus gorillae or gorilla louse is a species of parasitic sucking louse that afflicts gorillas . It is found in the African continent , specifically in Rwanda and Democratic Republic of the Congo . Pthirus gorillae and Pthirus pubis ( the crab louse ) are the only known species that belong to the genus Pthirus , often incorrectly spelled as Phthirus ( the Latin for louse is phthir ) . It is suggested that it is transmitted among its hosts by social grooming , shared bedding and sexual contact .   All species of sucking lice feed on blood . They live in close association with their hosts and complete their entire life cycle on the host . Pthirus gorillae infests the same parts of the bodies of gorillas as Pthirus pubis does in humans , but since the gorilla is hairier , the lice tend to range over the whole body . The two also resemble each other with the exception that Pthirus gorillae has large eyes that are placed on large lateral protuberances . A short and broad sucking louse , it is about 2.20 mm long with sprawling legs and not more than 20 small abdominal setae . While morphologically these species are indistinguishable , they are clearly different in terms of behaviour , microhabitat preference and vector status .   It was first identified from specimens of mountain gorillas in 1927 by Henry Ellsworth Ewing during a game hunting trip in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Molecular phylogenetics suggests that Pthirus gorillae jumped from gorillas to early humans 3.3 million years ago and diverged into the present-day pubic louse . Researchers theorize that humans acquired the parasite while butchering or scavenging on gorilla corpses , or sleeping in the abandoned sleeping nests of gorillas .

neg: Ghost bat The ghost bat ( Macroderma gigas ) , also known as the false vampire bat , is a bat native to Australia . The bat is named for the extremely thin membrane of its wings that makes it appear ghostly at night . Ghost bats have grey fur on their backs and pale grey or white fur on their undersides . They have long , narrow wings , but no tail , averaging 11 cm in length . Females are generally smaller than males . Ghost bats have large ears for long distance hearing , and very sharp teeth so they can attack prey .

neg: Henipavirus Henipavirus is a genus of RNA viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae , order Mononegavirales containing five established species . Henipaviruses are naturally harboured by pteropid fruit bats ( flying foxes ) and microbats of several species . Henipaviruses are characterised by long genomes and a wide host range . Their recent emergence as zoonotic pathogens capable of causing illness and death in domestic animals and humans is a cause of concern .   In 2009 , RNA sequences of three novel viruses in phylogenetic relationship to known henipaviruses were detected in African straw-colored fruit bats ( Eidolon helvum ) in Ghana . The finding of these novel henipaviruses outside Australia and Asia indicates that the region of potential endemicity of henipaviruses may be worldwide . These African henipaviruses are slowly being characterised .

neg: Cynopterus Cynopterus is a genus of megabats . The Cynopterine section is represented by 11 genera , five of which occur in Malaysia , namely , Chironx , Balionycteris , Penthetor , Dyacopterus and Cynopterus . 30 names for Cynopterus species have been proposed , but only 16 are taxonomically valid forms .   Species within this genus are :   Genus Cynopterus  Lesser short-nosed fruit bat ( Cynopterus brachyotis )  Horsfield 's fruit bat ( Cynopterus horsfieldii )  Peters 's fruit bat ( Cynopterus luzoniensis )  Minute fruit bat ( Cynopterus minutus )  Nusatenggara short-nosed fruit bat ( Cynopterus nusatenggara )  Greater short-nosed fruit bat ( Cynopterus sphinx )  Indonesian short-nosed fruit bat ( Cynopterus titthaecheilus )

neg: Type species In zoological nomenclature , a type species ( species typica ) is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated , i.e. , the species that contains the biological type specimen ( s ) . A similar concept is used for suprageneric groups called a type genus .   In botanical nomenclature , these terms have no formal standing under the code of nomenclature , but are sometimes borrowed from zoological nomenclature . In botany , the type of a genus name is a specimen ( or , rarely , an illustration ) which is also the type of a species name . The species name that has that type can also be referred to as the type of the genus name . Names of genus and family ranks , the various subdivisions of those ranks , and some higher-rank names based on genus names , have such types .   In bacteriology , a type species is assigned for each genus .   Every named genus or subgenus in zoology , whether or not currently recognized as valid , is theoretically associated with a type species . In practice , however , there is a backlog of untypified names defined in older publications when it was not required to specify a type .

neg: Micronomus Micronomus is a subgenus of the Mormopterus genus of bats . It is Australasian and contains three species :  Beccari 's Mastiff Bat ( M. beccarii )  Eastern Little Mastiff Bat ( M. norfolkensis )  Southern Free-Tailed Bat ( M. planiceps )

neg: Little free-tailed bat The little free-tailed bat ( Chaerephon pumilus ) is a species of the genus Chaerephon in the family Molossidae . It is widely distributed across Africa and islands around the continent .

neg: Big-eared brown bat The big-eared brown bat ( Histiotus macrotus ) is a species of vesper bat in the family Vespertilionidae .  It can be found in Argentina , Bolivia , Chile , Paraguay and Uruguay .

neg: Kitti Kitti may refer to  Kitti 's hog-nosed bat  Kitti ( municipality )  The KITTI Vision Benchmark Suite  Kitti ( name )  Marko Kitti  Kitti Thonglongya  Kitti Kudor  Kitti Gróz  Kitti Becséri  Kitti Sri Megha

neg: Ring-tailed lemur The ring-tailed lemur ( Lemur catta ) is a large strepsirrhine primate and the most recognized lemur due to its long , black and white ringed tail . It belongs to Lemuridae , one of five lemur families , and is the only member of the Lemur genus . Like all lemurs it is endemic to the island of Madagascar . Known locally in Malagasy as maky ( -LSB- makʲ -RSB- , spelled maki in French ) or hira , it inhabits gallery forests to spiny scrub in the southern regions of the island . It is omnivorous and the most terrestrial of extant lemurs . The animal is diurnal , being active exclusively in daylight hours .   The ring-tailed lemur is highly social , living in groups of up to 30 individuals . It is also female dominant , a trait common among lemurs . To keep warm and reaffirm social bonds , groups will huddle together . The ring-tailed lemur will also sunbathe , sitting upright facing its underside , with its thinner white fur towards the sun . Like other lemurs , this species relies strongly on its sense of smell and marks its territory with scent glands . The males perform a unique scent marking behavior called spur marking and will participate in stink fights by impregnating their tail with their scent and wafting it at opponents .   As one of the most vocal primates , the ring-tailed lemur uses numerous vocalizations including group cohesion and alarm calls . Experiments have shown that the ring-tailed lemur , despite the lack of a large brain ( relative to simiiform primates ) , can organize sequences , understand basic arithmetic operations and preferentially select tools based on functional qualities .   Despite reproducing readily in captivity and being the most populous lemur in zoos worldwide , numbering more than 2,000 individuals , the ring-tailed lemur is listed as endangered by the IUCN Red List due to habitat destruction and hunting for bush meat and the exotic pet trade . At present ( as of early 2017 ) , the population in the wild is believed to have crashed as low as 2,000 individuals due to habitat loss , poaching and hunting , making them far more critically endangered .

neg: Lucilia illustris Lucilia illustris is a member of the Calliphoridae family of flies commonly known as a blow fly . Along with several other species , L. illustris is commonly referred to as the green bottle fly . L. illustris is typically 6 -- 9 mm in length and has a metallic blue-green thorax . The larvae develop in three instars , each with unique developmental properties . The adult fly typically will feed on flowers , but the females need some sort of carrion protein in order to breed and lay eggs .   Due to the predictable nature of development , Lucilia illustris is often used by forensic entomologists to determine time and place of death . Medically , L. illustris is often used for Maggot Debridement Therapy because it only causes myiasis in necrotic tissue . Lucilia illustris was first described by the German entolomogist Johann Wilhelm Meigen in 1826 . Its specific epithet is derived from the Latin illustris ` brilliant ' .

neg: Lesser mouse-tailed bat The lesser mouse-tailed bat ( Rhinopoma hardwickii ) is a species of bat in the family Rhinopomatidae . Also referred to as Hardwicke 's lesser mouse-tailed bat and long-tailed bat , it is named after Major General Thomas Hardwicke ( 1755 -- 1835 ) , an English soldier and naturalist who served many years in India . It is found in North Africa , some parts of central and eastern Africa , West Asia and east to the Indian subcontinent .

neg: Ornithodoros savignyi Ornithodoros savignyi aka Sand tampan or African eyed tampan or Kalahari sand tampan , is one of some 37 species in the genus Ornithodoros and is a soft tick with a leathery , mammillated integument , causing paralysis and tampan toxicosis , two unrelated conditions . The sand tampan is an ectoparasite on humans , their livestock and wild animals , including birds and bats . Occurring in semi-desert areas of Africa , Saudi Arabia and other parts of the Persian Gulf , India , Sri Lanka and into Asia , it is able to survive for lengthy periods without feeding , spending most of its life burrowed under sand or loose soil , often in wait for animals that rest or sleep under trees or in the lee of rocks , but also in places where people or their animals congregate such as marketplaces , places of worship , cattle kraals and village squares . The timing of its activity is geared to coincide with that of potential hosts , but hot sunny conditions are usually avoided . Because of its habit of feeding and dropping from its host , adult dispersal is limited , whereas larvae may remain attached to their hosts for several days . During its life cycle it will feed on multiple hosts between moults .   This species is of interest because of the pathogens it carries , and its salivary apyrases which prevent platelet activation and aggregation , that is , blood-clotting . In humans the tick may cause dermatitis , fever and lymphadenitis . It is also a carrier of Borrelia , a spirochaete bacterium , and is a carrier of a flavivirus causing Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever ( AHFV ) . The closely related Kyasanur Forest disease virus ( KFDV ) is endemic to certain regions of India . That AHFV and KFDV diverged some 700 years ago would suggest that unknown tick-borne hemorrhagic/encephalitic viruses may exist between Saudi Arabia and India .   Soft ticks of the family Argasidae lack the hard scutum or shield present in hard ticks of the family Ixodidae . Their gnathosoma or mouth structure is located on the underside of the body and is not readily visible . Their feeding method differs from that of the hard ticks in that they do not embed a capitulum in the host , but make an incision through the skin and sip the oozing blood . The feeding lasts up to 30 minutes during which time their body weight may increase as much as tenfold . Sand tampans by their concerted attack in large numbers are able to paralyse and kill sizeable mammals , especially penned livestock , by introducing toxins during feeding , mainly through coxal gland secretions , leading to symptoms similar to those of anaphylactic shock in older animals . These toxins affect the cardiac system , causing Mobitz type atrial-ventricular blocks and ventricular tachycardia . The defensins employed by O. savignyi are being studied for developing multifunctional peptides - shorter peptides derived from the defensin isoform 2 ( OsDef2 ) have useful antibacterial , antioxidant , and cytotoxic properties .   Ornithodoros spp are found worldwide in semi-arid regions , living in burrows , caves , dens , cliffsides , and bird colonies . O. savignyi and O. coriaceus are exceptional in having eyes . O. coriaceus occurs under hillside scrub oak from northern California and Nevada to Mexico , in deer beds under trees and in the lee of large rocks . O. gurneyi favours tree-shaded sand in the deserts of Australia , resting places of kangaroos and people . O. porcinus is found on warthogs , bushpigs and other pig species and occurs throughout Africa in suitable habitats - it plays a role in transmitting the virus causing African swine fever which in 2013 was found 35 km north of Pretoria . A salticid spider , Phidippus rimator , has been recorded from northern California as predating Ornithodoros coriaceus and is only the second predator recorded for this species .   O. savignyi was named after the zoologist Marie Jules César Lelorgne de Savigny , a contemporary of Jean Victoire Audouin 's .   Since they are attracted by carbon dioxide , dry ice may be used for their collection , or they may be sifted from the soil . Ornithodoros tampans also fluoresce under ultraviolet light .


query: Paul Newman is incapable of road racing.

pos: Paul Newman Paul Leonard Newman ( January 26 , 1925 -- September 26 , 2008 ) was an American actor , IndyCar driver , entrepreneur , and philanthropist . He won and was nominated for numerous awards , winning an Academy Award for his performance in the 1986 film The Color of Money , a BAFTA Award , a Screen Actors Guild Award , a Cannes Film Festival Award , an Emmy Award , and many others . Newman 's other films include The Hustler ( 1961 ) , Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1969 ) as Butch Cassidy , The Sting ( 1973 ) , and The Verdict ( 1982 ) . However , he is perhaps best remembered for his role as the title character in Cool Hand Luke ( 1967 ) .   Despite being colorblind , Newman won several national championships as a driver in Sports Car Club of America road racing , and his race teams won several championships in open wheel IndyCar racing . He was a co-founder of Newman 's Own , a food company from which he donated all post-tax profits and royalties to charity . As of January 2017 , these donations have totaled over US$ 485 million . He was also a co-founder of Safe Water Network , a nonprofit that develops sustainable drinking water solutions for those in need . In 1988 , Newman founded the SeriousFun Children 's Network , a global family of summer camps and programs for children with serious illness which has served 290,076 children since its inception .

neg: ART Grand Prix ART Grand Prix is a French motor racing team that competes in formula single-seaters in Europe . In 2012 , it competed in the GP2 Series and GP3 Series as Lotus GP to reflect sponsorship from British sports and racing car manufacturer Lotus . The team competed as Lotus ART in 2011 .   Notable ART drivers include Lewis Hamilton , Jamie Green , Olivier Pla , Sebastian Vettel , Adrian Sutil , Paul di Resta , Romain Grosjean , Lucas di Grassi , Nico Hülkenberg , Jules Bianchi , Valtteri Bottas , Esteban Gutiérrez , Nico Rosberg , Jack Harvey , Stoffel Vandoorne , Esteban Ocon and Charles Leclerc .

neg: Schumacher Menace GTR The Schumacher Menace GTR is a radio-controlled car made by Schumacher Racing Products , powered by a nitro fuel engine . It is essentially a Schumacher Menace made into an on-road car . This is accomplished using lower shock towers , shorter dampers , different tires , wheels and other small adjustments . The end result is an on-road car that is just as fast as the Schumacher Fusion in a straight line speed but that can corner a lot faster due to its wider chassis and more stable nature .   Schumacher also produce an electric powered version , the Schumacher GTRe , which is similar in design but with a 540-size electric motor . The GTRe also includes the three-speed gearbox and disc brake system , something which is highly unusual for an electric RC-car of this type -- electric on-road cars usually use motor braking and no gearbox .

neg: 1986 French Grand Prix The 1986 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Paul Ricard on July 6 , 1986 .   Following Elio de Angelis 's fatal testing crash on the full 5.809 km ( 3.610 mi ) circuit 2 months before , Formula One used the 3.812 km ( 2.369 mi ) `` Club '' version of the circuit . This cut the 1.8 km long Mistral straight down to 1 km , though top speeds were still reaching over 330 km/h .

neg: Motocross des Nations The Motocross des Nations is an annual team motocross race , where riders representing their country meet at what is billed as the `` Olympics of Motocross '' . The event has been staged since 1947 , where the team of Bill Nicholson , Fred Rist and Bob Ray , representing Great Britain , took home the Chamberlain Trophy for the first time .   The event as it stands today is an amalgamation of three separate events , the original Motocross des Nations , raced with 500cc motorcycles , the Trophée des Nations , raced with 250cc motorcycles , and the Coupe des Nations , for 125cc motorcycles . Before 1984 , the three events were held in different locations on different weekends , whereafter they were combined into a single event with one rider per class .   The scoring for the event works on the position system , i.e. first place is awarded one point , second place two , etc. . Each class ( currently MXGP , MX2 and Open ) races twice , each time against one of other two classes , for a total of three races . The worst score of three races is dropped , and the lowest combined score wins .   The event 's name has been officially anglicised ( as Motocross of Nations `` MXON '' ) since 2004 , when Youthstream was awarded promotional rights for the World Motocross Grand Prix , although the general moniker Des Nations or MXDN is still very much in use .   Historically Great Britain dominated the early years , before the competition became more fierce . With the rise of motocross in North America from the 1970s , the USA embarked on a famous winning streak , lasting 13 years from 1981 to 1993 .

neg: 1991 Australian Grand Prix The 1991 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 3 November 1991 at the Adelaide Street Circuit . It was the 16th and final race of the 1991 Formula One World Championship . Torrential rain resulted in the race being stopped after 16 of the scheduled 81 laps had been completed . Confusion caused the official results to be declared from the end of the 14th lap . It holds the record for being the shortest Formula One race ever held .   The race was won by Ayrton Senna , with Nigel Mansell in second position , and Gerhard Berger 's third-place finish plus Senna 's victory meant that the McLaren team clinched the Constructor 's championship . Mansell was unable to take part in the post race podium ceremony , following a crash at the end of the race that left him requiring hospital treatment . Gerhard Berger , Senna 's McLaren teammate , finished in third position . Because less than seventy-five percent of the scheduled race distance had been completed , only half the normal World Championship points were awarded . This was also the final Formula One race for three time World Champion Nelson Piquet . It was the 60th pole position for Ayrton Senna .

neg: Six-day racing A six or six-day is a track cycling race that lasts six days . Six-day races started in Britain , spread to many regions of the world , were brought to their modern style in the United States and are now mainly a European event . Initially , individuals competed alone , the winner being the individual who completed the most laps . However , the format was changed to allow teams ( usually of two riders each ) , one rider racing while the other rested . The 24-hours a day regime has also been relaxed , so that most six-day races involve six nights of racing , typically from 6pm to 2am , on indoor tracks ( velodromes ) .   The overall winner is the team which completes most laps . In the event of teams completing the same number of laps , the winner is the team with most points won in intermediate competitions ( see points race ) . As well as the ` chase ' to gain laps over competitors , a typical six-day programme will include time trials , motor-paced , intermediate sprint and elimination races . In the main ` chase ' or madison events ( so-called after Madison Square Garden in New York City where the two-man format was devised ) , both riders may be on the track at the same time , taking it in turns to race , hand-slinging each other back into action .

neg: SCCA Continental Championship The SCCA Continental Championship was an annual , professional , open-wheel motor racing series organized by the Sports Car Club of America ( SCCA ) , under various names , from 1967 to 1976 .   The inaugural series was staged in 1967 as the SCCA Grand Prix Championship . It was open to the SCCA 's existing Formula A , Formula B and Formula C cars , which were restricted to maximum engine capacities of 3 liters , 1.6 liters and 1.1 liters respectively . For 1968 , the SCCA amended their Formula A regulations to allow the use of production-based V8 engines , restricted to a 5-liter maximum engine capacity , in addition to the existing 3 liter engines .   For 1969 the series was renamed to the SCCA Continental Championship , with the Formula A cars now contesting a separate feature race at each championship event and the Formula B & C cars competing in their own race for separate points . The championship received substantial sponsorship from L&M Cigarettes for 1970 . Increased support from L&M saw the championship renamed to become the SCCA L&M Continental 5000 Championship for 1971 , the 5000 component of the name chosen to give the 5 liter formula greater international recognition . As of 1972 , the Formula A regulations still permitted both 5000cc restricted and 3000cc unrestricted engines . Sponsorship by the L&M cigarette brand was not carried forward from the 1973 championship .   An agreement was reached between the Sports Car Club of America ( SCCA ) and the United States Auto Club ( USAC ) to jointly sanction the championship from 1974 . The championship was renamed to the SCCA/USAC Formula 5000 Championship and was now open to both SCCA Formula 5000 cars and USAC Championship Division cars . The latter could be powered by supercharged engines of up to 2650cc , non - supercharged overhead camshaft engines of up to 4,200 cc or production , non - supercharged , non-overhead camshaft engines of up to 5,250 cc .   During 1976 USAC announced their intention to withdraw from the co-sanctioning arrangement at the end of the year . The SCCA proposed to stage a ten race championship in 1977 but subsequently decided to replace the Formula 5000 Championship with a revived Can Am Series . Regulations permitted the existing Formula 5000 cars , with fully enveloping bodywork , to compete in the new series .

neg: Winning Winning is a 1969 American motion picture starring Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward . The film is about a racecar driver who aspires to win the Indianapolis 500 . A number of racecar drivers and people associated with racing appear in the film , including Bobby Unser , Tony Hulman , Bobby Grim , Dan Gurney , Roger McCluskey , and Bruce Walkup .

neg: Indianapolis 500 pace cars The Indianapolis 500 auto race has used a pace car every year since 1911 . The pace car is utilized for two primary purposes . At the start of the race , the pace car leads the assembled starting grid around the track for a predetermined number of unscored warm-up laps . Then if the officials deem appropriate , it releases the field at a purposeful speed to start the race . In addition , during yellow flag caution periods , the pace car enters the track and picks up the leader , bunching the field up at a reduced speed .   Prior to the first `` 500 '' in 1911 , in the interest of safety , Indianapolis Motor Speedway founder Carl G. Fisher is commonly credited with the concept of a `` rolling start '' led by a pace car . Nearly all races at the time , as well as all Formula One races even to the present , utilize a standing start .   In almost every year since 1936 , it has been a tradition that the winner of the Indianapolis 500 be presented with one of that year 's pace cars ( or a replica ) . In most years since 1911 , the driver of the pace car at the start of the race has been an invited celebrity , a former racing driver , or notable figure in the automotive industry . Historically , the honor of supplying the pace car was , and continues to be , a coveted honor by the respective automobile manufactures and a marketing showcase for the particular make/model .

neg: 1928 Indianapolis 500 The 16th International 500-Mile Sweepstakes Race was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Wednesday , May 30 , 1928 . This was the first Indianapolis 500 presided over by new Speedway president Eddie Rickenbacker . Rain threatened to wash out the day , but the showers stopped and the race started on time . One brief shower slowed the race around the 400-mile mark , bringing out the yellow flag for a few laps .   It was the third year contested with the supercharged 91 cu . in . ( 1.5 L ) displacement engine formula . A total of seven supercharged front-wheel drive cars were entered , and they swept the front row during time trials . Leon Duray in a Miller took the pole position with an average speed of 122.391 mi/h , a new track record . Duray dominated much of the first half of the race , setting a blistering pace . He dropped out in the second half , however , due to an overheating engine .   With twenty laps to go , Tony Gulotta led Jimmy Gleason and Louis Meyer . All three cars were running nose-to-tail . On lap 181 , Gulotta slowed with a leaking fuel tank and a clogged fuel line . Gleason and Meyer then battled for the lead . On lap 196 Gleason headed for the pits to take on water for the radiator . A crew member missed the radiator and accidentally doused the car 's magneto with water . The engine was ruined with a cracked water jacket in sight of victory .   Rookie driver Louis Meyer ( though he had appeared as a relief driver in 1927 ) took the first of what would be three career Indy victories . Meyer did not even land his ride until one week before the race . Car owner Phil `` Red '' Shafer entered a rear-wheel drive Miller Special for Wilbur Shaw with initial backing from a fuel pump manufacturer . The deal fell through , and Shafer abruptly sold the car to Alden Sampson II four days before time trials were scheduled to begin . Sampson hired Louis Meyer to drive the car , the same machine that Tony Gulotta drove to a third place in 1927 . Meyer put the car safely in the field in 13th starting position . He drove a steady , consistent pace , and led only once , the final 19 laps of the race . Despite predictions of record speed , and an early blistering pace , Meyer 's average speed of 99.482 mph for the 500 miles fell short of the record set in 1926 .

neg: 1 (2013 film) 1 or 1 : Life On The Limit is a 2013 documentary film directed by Paul Crowder and narrated by Michael Fassbender . The film traces the history of Formula One auto racing from its early years , in which some seasons had multiple fatalities , to the 1994 death of Ayrton Senna , the sport 's most recent death at the time of production . Extensive and often rare archival footage is used throughout .

neg: 2008 Daytona 500 The 2008 Daytona 500 was the 50th annual running of the event . It was held on February 17 , 2008 at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach , Florida . The race was the 50th to be run since the first in 1959 , won by Lee Petty . To commemorate the event , the Harley J. Earl Trophy , which goes to the winner of the race , was plated in gold instead of silver . In addition , the winning car was placed on display for one year at the Daytona 500 Experience attraction just outside Turn Four . Ryan Newman won the race , his only win in the 2008 season .

neg: Endurance racing (motorsport) Endurance racing is a form of motorsport racing which is meant to test the durability of equipment and endurance of participants . Teams of multiple drivers attempt to cover a large distance in a single event , with participants given a break with the ability to change during the race . Endurance races can be run either to cover a set distance in laps as quickly as possible , or to cover as much distance as possible over a preset amount of time .   One of the more common lengths of endurance races has been running for 1000 km , or roughly six hours . Longer races can run for 1000 mi , 12 hours , or even 24 hours . Teams can consist of anywhere from two to four drivers per event , which is dependent on the driver 's endurance abilities , length of the race , or even the rules for each event .

neg: Lewis–Mogridge Position The Lewis -- Mogridge Position , named after David Lewis and Martin J. H. Mogridge , was formulated in 1990 and observes that the more roads are built , the more traffic there is to fill these roads . Speed gains from some new roads can disappear within months , if not weeks . Sometimes , new roads help to reduce traffic jams , but in most cases , the congestion is only shifted to another junction .   The position reads traffic expands to meet the available road space ( Mogridge , 1990 ) . It is generally referred to as induced demand in the transport literature , and was posited as the `` Iron Law of Congestion '' by Anthony Downs . It is a special case of Jevons paradox ( where the resource in question is traffic capacity ) , and relates to the Marchetti 's constant ( average commute times are similar in widely varying conditions ) .   Following the Lewis -- Mogridge Position , it is not generally concluded that new roads are never justified but that their development needs to consider the whole traffic system , which means understanding the movement of goods and people in detail as well as the motivation behind the movement .   The Lewis -- Mogridge Position is often used to understand problems caused by private transport such as congested roads in cities and on motorways . It can also be used to explain the success of schemes such as the London congestion charge .   The position , however , is not confined to private transport . Mogridge , a British transport researcher , concluded also that all road investment in a congested urban area will have the effect of reducing the average speed of the transport system as a whole : road and public transport . The relationship and overall equilibria is also known as the `` Downs -- Thomson paradox '' . However , according to Downs , the link between average speeds on public transport and private transport applies only `` to regions in which the vast majority of peak-hour commuting is done on rapid transit systems with separate rights of way . Central London is an example , since in 2001 around 85 percent of all morning peak-period commuters into that area used public transit ( including 77 percent on separate rights of way ) and only 11 percent used private cars . When peak-hour travel equilibrium has been reached between the subway system and the major commuting roads , then the travel time required for any given trip is roughly equal on both modes . ''

neg: Coppa d' Oro delle Dolomiti The Coppa d' Oro delle Dolomiti ( translation : Gold Cup of the Dolomites ) was a car race on public roads open to traffic , which was run in the Dolomite Mountains of northern Italy for ten years from 1947 to 1956 . It took place along an anti-clockwise circuit that was 304 km ( 188 miles ) long and usually took about 3 to 4 hours to complete the one lap that made up the race distance , with the start and finish in the town of Cortina d'Ampezzo . The circuit went through many Italian towns , and it had nearly 2,000 meters ( 2 km , 1.25 miles , or 6,600 feet ) of elevation change - more than 6 1/2 times that of the Nürburgring and the Isle of Man TT track . It was established by the Automobile Club of Belluno , which is still the runner of the now historic event , since 1972 . The race is included in the international calendar FIA as `` Big Event CSAI '' classic regularity .   The official name of the race has changed over the years . In 1947 , it was known as the `` Cup of the Dolomites '' , from 1948 to 1950 it was known as the `` International Cup of the Dolomites '' , and in 1951 it was renamed the `` Gold Cup of the Dolomites '' .

neg: FIA Formula Two Championship (2009–2012) The FIA Formula Two Championship was a one-make class of auto racing for Formula Two open wheeled single seater racing cars . It was a revival of the former European Formula Two Championship that was previously run from 1967 to 1984 , and was organised by MotorSport Vision . Drivers competed in identical Williams F1 built cars with an Audi supplied and Mountune Racing developed 400 bhp engine , over 16 rounds at eight venues . The championship was contested each year from 2009 to 2012 .   Formula Two was revived due to the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile 's concern that the cost of competing in motor racing at a level to progress directly to Formula One was becoming unreachable for many participants , and the category was re-introduced as a lower-cost alternative for drivers . The FIA tender to supply and operate the Championship was awarded to the British MotorSportVision Racing company , owned by former Formula One racer Jonathan Palmer .   Compared to rival series such as GP2 and Formula Renault 3.5 , Formula Two cost significantly less per season whilst allowing drivers to prove their skill and develop their racecraft , in identical vehicles designed by a six-man team from WilliamsF1 , led by Director of Engineering Patrick Head . The F2 vehicles were assembled and prepared between races at MotorSport Vision 's Bedford Autodrome facility , prior to each championship event .   In December 2012 , MotorSport Vision announced that the series would not be run in 2013 .

neg: 1964 Mexican Grand Prix The 1964 Mexican Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Ciudad Deportiva Magdalena Mixhuca in Mexico City on October 25 , 1964 . It was the final round of the 1964 Formula One season .   It was perhaps the most dramatic finale in the history of the Formula One World Championship . Championship points could only be scored by the first six place finishers ( 9-6-4-3-2-1 ) . Arriving to the race , three drivers had a chance of winning the title : Graham Hill ( BRM ) with 39 points , John Surtees ( Ferrari ) with 34 points and Jim Clark ( Lotus-Climax ) with 30 points . In order to win the title Clark had to win the race and hope that John Surtees would finish not higher than third and Graham Hill not higher than fourth . Surtees could only win the title by finishing first , in each case , or second , unless Hill finished as high as third .   The race began with Clark leading from pole position with Dan Gurney running second in the Brabham-Climax ( Gurney had only ten points going into this race having won the French Grand Prix and scored a sixth place at the Belgian Grand Prix ) . Hill and Lorenzo Bandini , Surtees ' teammate at Ferrari , were duelling for third place with Surtees running a distant fifth , seemingly with no chance at winning the title . Then Bandini ran into the back of Hill 's car causing him to spin and lose a few places . Thereafter Hill 's car ran with a crimped exhaust pipe causing him to lose power . The championship was now firmly in Clark 's grasp . If the positions remained the same , he would be champion with four victories to Hill 's two victories , although they would be tied on points at 39 . But on the penultimate lap , Clark 's engine seized and the positions were now Gurney-Bandini-Surtees . The title was back in Hill 's grasp . Realizing that Surtees could win the title by finishing second , the Ferrari team manager frantically signalled Bandini to slow down as he passed the pits to enter the last lap so as to let Surtees through . Bandini dutifully did so and Surtees finished second , thus winning the World Championship by one point over Hill ( 40 to 39 ) .

neg: 1972 Formula One season The 1972 Formula One season was the 26th season of the FIA 's Formula One motor racing . It featured the 23rd World Championship of Drivers , the 15th International Cup for F1 Manufacturers and numerous non-championship Formula One races . The World Championship season commenced on 23 January and ended on 8 October after twelve races .   For 1972 Team Lotus focused again on the type 72 chassis . Imperial Tobacco continued its sponsorship of the team under its new John Player Special brand . The cars , now often referred to as ` JPS ' , were fielded in a new black and gold livery . Lotus took the championship by surprise in 1972 with 25-year-old Brazilian driver Emerson Fittipaldi who became the youngest world champion at that point . Stewart came second in the championship .   This was the first year where all the races were run on circuits with safety features on them , and considerable progress had been made since 1968 , the last year where all races were run on circuits with no safety features .   The British Racing Motors ( BRM ) team took its last victory when Jean-Pierre Beltoise won the rain-affected 1972 Monaco Grand Prix in a BRM P160 .   The Dutch Grand Prix was cancelled this year because of safety arrangements that were not completed for the race . It was supposed to be held between the Belgian and French Grand Prix 's at the usual location , Zandvoort . Also , a second American motor race called the United States Grand Prix West , originally supposed to be held in April at the Ontario Motor Speedway near Los Angeles , was cancelled . The Mexican Grand Prix was scheduled to be the last race of the season , but it was cancelled after local interest dissipated after the death of Pedro Rodríguez .

neg: Centenary 1000 The Centenary 1000 cycling race was a one-week road bicycle race over seven stages covering 1102 mi . The race was run in 1934 as part of the celebrations of the Centenary of Victoria . The race was originally conceived along the lines of the Dunlop Grand Prix , won by Hubert Opperman then aged 23 , by 1h 20 ' and the concept for the race was covering 1000 mi with prizes exceeding # 1,000 , including a climb over Mount Hotham .   The race attracted the top riders from Australia and New Zealand as well as Frenchmen Paul Chocque and Fernand Mithouard and Italian Nino Borsari . The Australian riders included Opperman , Richard `` Fatty '' Lamb , Ossie Nicholson , Hefty Stuart , Ern Milliken , Horrie Marshall and Ken Ross . Also competing were riders who would come to prominence in the following years , including Alan Angus , Dean Toseland , Clinton Beasley and Bill Moritz . The only notable Australian absentee was Frankie Thomas who had been suspended for 18 months . Nicholson had been suspended for 12 months for interfering with a rider making a record attempt but was able to have the suspension lifted in time to ride . . Efforts were made to also have Thomas ' suspension lifted , but to no avail . The New Zealand riders were Harry Watson , who had finished 2nd in the 1927 Dunlop Grand Prix , L W Hill and Alby Ralston .

neg: Neppis Neppis is a competitive outdoor sport played in Finland , simulating race driving . It is played with small toy cars on sand .   The `` official '' neppis car is made of plastic and resembles a 1950s racing car , with metal axles and sturdy black plastic wheels . The `` golden era '' of neppis , in the sandpits of Finnish residential areas , was the late 1970s . The sport was especially popular among boys .   Retro-spirited adults have warmed up the sport again . It is advertised as the cleanest motor sport . For example , the counterevent to Rally Finland ( Jyväskylän Suurajot ) , called `` Small Rally Finland '' ( Jyväskylän Pienajot ) was based on neppis . Originally intended as a game for children , the sport has been fit into an adult taste : the size of the cars has increased and they can be self-made , bringing rise to the challenging side of the sport , for example MRC neppis . Neppis cars can also be tuned by cutting away parts of the chassis or adding weight to the bottom , however in some instances , the local rules forbid tuning .   Neppis is played on a race track made of sand , which is typically made by smoothing out the sand with the sole . This makes the width of the track approximately equal to the length of an adult foot . The track can include spring-outs and pits . On his/her turn , each competitor `` neps '' his/her car by tapping it with the side of a bent index finger . Most commonly , there are three `` neps '' per turn . The person to circle the entire track the fastest wins . If the car runs off the track or is turned upside down ( goes into a so-called kelli ) , or turns a full circle by passing through an upside-down position ( a so-called half-kelli ) , the car has to be replaced where the turn started , or into a special kelli place .