query: Sleep can be disrupted by medical conditions.

pos: Sleep Sleep is a naturally recurring state of mind and body characterized by altered consciousness , relatively inhibited sensory activity , inhibition of nearly all voluntary muscles , and reduced interactions with surroundings . It is distinguished from wakefulness by a decreased ability to react to stimuli , but is more easily reversed than the state of being comatose . Sleep occurs in repeating periods , in which the body alternates between two highly distinct modes known as non-REM and REM sleep . Although REM stands for `` rapid eye movement '' , this mode of sleep has many other aspects , including virtual paralysis of the body . A well-known feature of sleep is the dream , an experience typically recounted in narrative form , which resembles waking life while in progress , but which usually can later be distinguished as fantasy .   During sleep , most of the body 's systems are in an anabolic state , helping to restore the immune , nervous , skeletal , and muscular systems ; these are vital processes that maintain mood , memory , and cognitive performance and plays a large role in the function of the endocrine and immune systems . The internal circadian clock promotes sleep daily at night . The diverse purposes and mechanisms of sleep are the subject of substantial ongoing research . The advent of artificial light has substantially altered sleep timing in industrialized countries .   Humans may suffer from various sleep disorders , including dyssomnias , such as insomnia , hypersomnia , narcolepsy , and sleep apnea ; parasomnias , such as sleepwalking and REM behavior disorder ; bruxism ; and circadian rhythm sleep disorders .

neg: Diabetic coma Diabetic coma is a reversible form of coma found in people with diabetes mellitus . It is a medical emergency .   Three different types of diabetic coma are identified :   Severe low blood sugar in a diabetic person  Diabetic ketoacidosis ( usually type 1 ) advanced enough to result in unconsciousness from a combination of a severely increased blood sugar level , dehydration and shock , and exhaustion  Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma ( usually type 2 ) in which an extremely high blood sugar level and dehydration alone are sufficient to cause unconsciousness .   In most medical contexts , the term diabetic coma refers to the diagnostical dilemma posed when a physician is confronted with an unconscious patient about whom nothing is known except that they have diabetes . An example might be a physician working in an emergency department who receives an unconscious patient wearing a medical identification tag saying DIABETIC . Paramedics may be called to rescue an unconscious person by friends who identify them as diabetic . Brief descriptions of the three major conditions are followed by a discussion of the diagnostic process used to distinguish among them , as well as a few other conditions which must be considered .   An estimated 2 to 15 percent of diabetics will suffer from at least one episode of diabetic coma in their lifetimes as a result of severe hypoglycemia .

neg: Parkinson's disease Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system . The symptoms generally come on slowly over time . Early in the disease , the most obvious are shaking , rigidity , slowness of movement , and difficulty with walking . Thinking and behavioral problems may also occur . Dementia becomes common in the advanced stages of the disease . Depression and anxiety are also common occurring in more than a third of people with PD . Other symptoms include sensory , sleep , and emotional problems . The main motor symptoms are collectively called `` parkinsonism '' , or a `` parkinsonian syndrome '' .   The cause of Parkinson 's disease is generally unknown , but believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors . Those with a family member affected are more likely to get the disease themselves . There is also an increased risk in people exposed to certain pesticides and among those who have had prior head injuries while there is a reduced risk in tobacco smokers and those who drink coffee or tea . The motor symptoms of the disease result from the death of cells in the substantia nigra , a region of the midbrain . This results in not enough dopamine in these areas . The reason for this cell death is poorly understood , but involves the build-up of proteins into Lewy bodies in the neurons . Diagnosis of typical cases is mainly based on symptoms , with tests such as neuroimaging being used to rule out other diseases .   There is no cure for Parkinson 's disease . Initial treatment is typically with the antiparkinson medication L-DOPA ( levodopa ) , with dopamine agonists being used once levodopa becomes less effective . As the disease progresses and neurons continue to be lost , these medications become less effective while at the same time they produce a complication marked by involuntary writhing movements . Diet and some forms of rehabilitation have shown some effectiveness at improving symptoms . Surgery to place microelectrodes for deep brain stimulation has been used to reduce motor symptoms in severe cases where drugs are ineffective . Evidence for treatments for the non-movement-related symptoms of PD , such as sleep disturbances and emotional problems , is less strong .   In 2015 , PD affected 6.2 million people and resulted in about 117,400 deaths globally . Parkinson 's disease typically occurs in people over the age of 60 , of which about one percent are affected . Males are more often affected than females . When it is seen in people before the age of 50 , it is called young-onset PD . The average life expectancy following diagnosis is between 7 and 14 years . The disease is named after the English doctor James Parkinson , who published the first detailed description in An Essay on the Shaking Palsy , in 1817 . Public awareness campaigns include World Parkinson 's Day ( on the birthday of James Parkinson , 11 April ) and the use of a red tulip as the symbol of the disease . People with parkinsonism who have increased the public 's awareness of the condition include actor Michael J. Fox , Olympic cyclist Davis Phinney , and late professional boxer Muhammad Ali .

neg: Hypermetabolism Hypermetabolism is the physiological state of increased rate of metabolic activity and is characterized by an abnormal increase in the body 's basal metabolic rate . Hypermetabolism is accompanied by a variety of internal and external symptoms , most notably extreme weight loss , and can also be a symptom in itself . This state of increased metabolic activity can signal underlying issues , especially hyperthyroidism or fatal familial insomnia . The drastic impact of the hypermetabolic state on patient nutritional requirements is often understated or overlooked as well .   Hypermetabolism typically occurs after significant injury to the body . In hospitals and institutions , the most common causes are infections , sepsis , burns , multiple traumas , fever , long-bone fractures , hyperthyroidism , prolonged steroid therapy , surgery and bone marrow transplants . Hypermetabolism may occur in particular in the brain after traumatic brain injury . The cause and location of hypermetabolic symptoms within the body can be accurately detected by PET scan . Symptoms will usually subside once the underlying illness or injury is treated .

neg: Surrogate endpoint In clinical trials , a surrogate endpoint ( or marker ) is a measure of effect of a specific treatment that may correlate with a real clinical endpoint but does not necessarily have a guaranteed relationship . The National Institutes of Health ( USA ) defines surrogate endpoint as `` a biomarker intended to substitute for a clinical endpoint '' .   Surrogate markers are used when the primary endpoint is undesired ( e.g. , death ) , or when the number of events is very small , thus making it impractical to conduct a clinical trial to gather a statistically significant number of endpoints . The FDA and other regulatory agencies will often accept evidence from clinical trials that show a direct clinical benefit to surrogate markers .   Surrogate endpoints can be obtained from different modalities , such as , behavioural or cognitive scores , or biomarkers from Electroencephalography ( qEEG ) , MRI , PET , or biochemical biomarkers .   A correlate does not make a surrogate . It is a common misconception that if an outcome is a correlate ( that is , correlated with the true clinical outcome ) it can be used as a valid surrogate end point ( that is , a replacement for the true clinical outcome ) . However , proper justification for such replacement requires that the effect of the intervention on the surrogate end point predicts the effect on the clinical outcome -- a much stronger condition than correlation .   The term `` surrogate '' should not be used in describing end points . Instead , descriptions of results and interpretations should be formulated in terms that designate the specific nature and category of variable assessed .   A surrogate endpoint of a clinical trial is a laboratory measurement or a physical sign used as a substitute for a clinically meaningful endpoint that measures directly how a patient feels , functions or survives . Changes induced by a therapy on a surrogate endpoint are expected to reflect changes in a clinically meaningful endpoint .   A commonly used example is cholesterol . While elevated cholesterol levels increase the likelihood for heart disease , the relationship is not linear - many people with normal cholesterol develop heart disease , and many with high cholesterol do not . `` Death from heart disease '' is the endpoint of interest , but `` cholesterol '' is the surrogate marker . A clinical trial may show that a particular drug ( for example , simvastatin ( Zocor ) ) is effective in reducing cholesterol , without showing directly that simvastatin prevents death . Proof of Zocor 's efficacy in reducing cardiovascular disease was only presented five years after its original introduction , and then only for secondary prevention . In another case , AstraZeneca has been accused of marketing rosuvastatin ( Crestor ) without providing hard endpoint data , relying instead on surrogate endpoints . The company counters that it had been tested on larger groups of patients than any other drug in the class , and that its effects should be comparable to the other statins .

neg: Sleepless Nights Sleepless Nights may refer to :

neg: Hypochondriasis Hypochondriasis , also known as hypochondria , health anxiety or illness anxiety disorder , refers to worry about having a serious illness . This debilitating condition is the result of an inaccurate perception of the condition of body or mind despite the absence of an actual medical condition . An individual suffering from hypochondriasis is known as a hypochondriac . Hypochondriacs become unduly alarmed about any physical or psychological symptoms they detect , no matter how minor the symptom may be , and are convinced that they have , or are about to be diagnosed with , a serious illness .   Often , hypochondria persists even after a physician has evaluated a person and reassured them that their concerns about symptoms do not have an underlying medical basis or , if there is a medical illness , their concerns are far in excess of what is appropriate for the level of disease . Many hypochondriacs focus on a particular symptom as the catalyst of their worrying , such as gastro-intestinal problems , palpitations , or muscle fatigue . To qualify for the diagnosis of hypochondria the symptoms must have been experienced for at least 6 months .   The DSM-IV-TR defines this disorder , `` Hypochondriasis '' , as a somatoform disorder and one study has shown it to affect about 3 % of the visitors to primary care settings . The newly published DSM-5 replaces the diagnosis of hypochondriasis with the diagnoses of `` somatic symptom disorder '' and `` illness anxiety disorder '' .   Hypochondria is often characterized by fears that minor bodily or mental symptoms may indicate a serious illness , constant self-examination and self-diagnosis , and a preoccupation with one 's body . Many individuals with hypochondriasis express doubt and disbelief in the doctors ' diagnosis , and report that doctors ' reassurance about an absence of a serious medical condition is unconvincing , or short-lasting . Additionally , many hypochondriacs experience elevated blood pressure , stress , and anxiety in the presence of doctors or while occupying a medical facility , a condition known as `` white coat syndrome '' . Many hypochondriacs require constant reassurance , either from doctors , family , or friends , and the disorder can become a disabling torment for the individual with hypochondriasis , as well as his or her family and friends . Some hypochondriacal individuals completely avoid any reminder of illness , whereas others frequently visit medical facilities , sometimes obsessively . Some sufferers may never speak about it .

neg: Lists of diseases __ NOTOC __  A medical condition is a broad term that includes all diseases and disorders .   A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism .   A disorder is a functional abnormality or disturbance .   List of cancer types  List of cutaneous conditions  List of endocrine diseases  List of eye diseases and disorders  List of intestinal diseases  List of infectious diseases  List of human disease case fatality rates  List of notifiable diseases - diseases that should be reported to public health services e.g.hospitals .   Disorders  List of communication disorders  List of genetic disorders  List of neurological disorders  List of voice disorders  List of vulvovaginal disorders  List of liver disorders  List of heart disorders  Mental illness ( alphabetical list )  List of eating disorders  List of mood disorders  List of personality disorders

neg: Neurocognitive Neurocognitive functions are cognitive functions closely linked to the function of particular areas , neural pathways , or cortical networks in the brain substrate layers of neurological matrix at the cellular molecular level . Therefore , their understanding is closely linked to the practice of neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience , two disciplines that broadly seek to understand how the structure and function of the brain relates to perception defragmentation of concepts , memory embed , association and recall both in the thought process and behaviour .   A neurocognitive deficit is a reduction or impairment of cognitive function in one of these areas , but particularly when physical changes can be seen to have occurred in the brain , such as after neurological illness , mental illness , drug use , or brain injury .   A clinical neuropsychologist may specialise in using neuropsychological tests to detect and understand such deficits , and may be involved in the rehabilitation of an affected person . The discipline that studies neurocognitive deficits to infer normal psychological function is called cognitive neuropsychology .

neg: Sleep state misperception Sleep state misperception ( SSM ) is a term in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders ( ICSD ) most commonly used for people who mistakenly perceive their sleep as wakefulness , though it has been proposed that it be applied to those who severely overestimate their sleep time as well ( `` positive '' sleep state misperception ) . While most sleepers with this condition will report not having slept in the previous night at all or having slept very little , clinical recordings generally show normal sleep patterns . Though the sleep patterns found in those with SSM have long been considered indistinguishable from those without , some preliminary research suggest there may be subtle differences ( see Symptoms and diagnosis : Spectral analysis ) .   Patients are otherwise generally in good health , and any ills -- such as depression -- appear to be more associated with fear of negative consequences of insomnia ( `` insomnia phobia '' ) than from any actual loss of sleep .   Sleep state misperception was adopted by the ICSD to replace two previous diagnostic terminologies : `` subjective insomnia complaint without objective findings '' and `` subjective sleepiness complaint without objective findings . ''   Other synonyms of the term include : paradoxical insomnia , pseudo-insomnia , subjective insomnia , subjective sleepiness , and sleep hypochondriasis .

neg: Synactive Theory of Newborn Behavioral Organization and Development The Synactive Theory of Newborn Behavioral Organization and Development ( Synaction n. , or Synactive adj. -LSB- from the Greek syn `` together '' and the Latin actio `` action , '' resulting in : `` together in action '' -RSB- ) suggests that development of the human fetus , and later newborn , proceeds through the constant balancing of approach and avoidance behaviors , leading to : 1 ) a continuous interaction of the subsystems ( i.e. , Autonomic , Motor , State and Attention/Interaction , and Regulatory ) and their increasingly defined delineations within the organism , that is the infant , and 2 ) the organism 's interaction with the environment at large . This process is aimed at bringing about the increasingly well-defined species-unique developmental agenda .   Figure 1 ( below ) , provides a graphic representation of the Synactive Theory of development , as applied to both fetal and newborn stages . It focuses upon the infant 's within-organism , four subsystems of functioning , and their continuous interaction with each other and with the environment across time ( i.e. , `` together in action , '' or synaction ) . The four subsystems include the :   Autonomic Subsystem : Expressed in the pattern of respiration ( e.g. , fast , slow , pauses ) color changes ( e.g. , pink , pale , red ) , neurological indicators ( e.g. , seizures , tremulousness ) , and visceral or gut signals such as bowel movements , gagging , and hiccoughing ;   Motor Subsystem : Observable through the tone , posture and movement patterns of the infant ;   State and Attention/Interaction Subsystem : Expressed via : 1 ) the range of states available to the infant ( i.e. , deep sleep , light sleep , drowsy , alert , hyperalert , and cry ) , 2 ) how clearly it is to observably differentiate one state from the other , and 3 ) the patterns of transitions from one state to another ( e.g. , smooth well-differentiated state transitions versus abrupt unorganized state transitions ) .   The attention/interaction system is set within this state continuum ( i.e. , from deep sleep to cry ) and represented by the infant 's ability to adjust the robustness and increasing refinement of an alert , attentive state . The infant uses this state to take in cognitive and social information from the environment as well as to bring forth and modify inputs from the surrounding world ; and   Regulatory Subsystem : Behaviorally represented via the observable strategies the infant uses ( Self-Regulation ) in maintaining a balanced , relatively stable and relaxed state of subsystem of functioning or in returning to this a state of subsystem functioning if imbalance , or stress has occurred within the subsystems .   An additional component of the regulatory subsystem is observable in the kind and amount of support offered by the caregiver ( e.g. , supporting a soft , tucked , flexed position of the infant 's arms and legs ) or by the environment ( e.g. , dimming the lights in the nursery ) . This Co-Regulation may be necessary to help the infant 's return to balance in situations when his/her own self-regulatory capacities are exceeded .   Reproduced with permission from Als , H. Toward a synactive theory of development : Promise for the assessment of infant individuality . Infant Mental Health Journal . 1982 : ( 3 ) : 229-243 ; p. 234 .   The graphic representation of the Synactive Theory above depicts the developing organism , that is , the infant , in constant interaction with the environment from within the womb to the newborn intensive care unit ( NICU ) , and the caregiving family 's support in the NICU , to the family in their home . Newborn infants are actively striving for their next steps in development , while depending upon `` good enough '' environments and care to assure progress along their developmental agenda .   The Synactive Theory of Development continues to be instrumental in guiding clinicians ( e.g. , neonatologist , nurses , psychologists , developmental specialists , physical/occupational therapists , etc. ) and researchers in their understanding of the often very small steps in development that prematurely born and other high risk newborns attempt to accomplish ( which are major steps for their immature or injured brain ) . This theory gives professionals the framework and tools with which to identify the infant 's strengths , challenges and accomplishments . Such accomplishments may include breathing , sucking and swallowing in a coordinated sequence ; moving food down into and through the stomach and intestinal track instead of upwards , leading to reflux and vomiting ; looking at the caregiver and breathing at the same time , as well as many others .   The Synactive Theory is the foundation of both : 1 ) the Assessment of Preterm Infants ' Behavior ( APIB ) , a standardized comprehensive newborn test , and 2 ) the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program ( NIDCAP ) , which is the care and intervention approach , that focuses on each infant 's behavioral cues ( e.g. , hand ( s ) to mouth , bracing with feet against a supporting surface ) in order to support the infant 's strengths and reduce the infant 's vulnerabilities . The infant 's family is viewed as the infant 's most important nurturer and is integrated in all care from the infant 's birth on throughout the infant 's hospitalization .

neg: Dormant Dormant , `` sleeping '' , may refer to :

neg: Porphyria Porphyria is a group of diseases in which substances called porphyrins build up , affecting the skin or nervous system . The types that affect the nervous system are also known as acute porphyria . Symptoms of acute porphyria include abdominal pain , chest pain , vomiting , confusion , constipation , fever , and seizures . These symptoms typically come and go with attacks that last for days to weeks . Attacks may be triggered by alcohol , smoking , stress , or certain medications . If the skin is affected , blisters or itching may occur with sunlight exposure .   The disease is usually inherited from a person 's parents and is due to a mutation in one of the genes that make heme . Some types are autosomal dominant and others are autosomal recessive . One type , porphyria cutanea tarda , may also be due to increased iron in the liver , hepatitis C , alcohol , or HIV/AIDS . The underlying mechanism results in a decrease in the amount of heme produced and a build-up of substances involved in making heme . Porphyrias may also be classified by whether the liver or the bone marrow is affected . Diagnosis is typically by blood , urine , and stool tests . Genetic testing may be done to determine the specific mutation .   Treatment depends on the type of porphyria and a person 's symptoms . The treatment of porphyria of the skin generally involves the avoidance of sunlight . The treatment for acute porphyria may involve giving intravenous heme or a glucose solution . Rarely a liver transplant may be carried out .   The frequency of porphyria is unclear . It is estimated that it affects 1 to 100 per 50,000 people . Rates vary around the world . Porphyria cutanea tarda is believed to be the most common type . The disease was described at least as early as 370 BC by Hippocrates . The underlying mechanism was first described by Felix Hoppe-Seyler in 1871 . The name porphyria is from the Greek πορφύρα , porphyra , meaning `` purple '' , a reference to the color of the urine that may occur during an attack .

neg: Heart failure Heart failure ( HF ) , often referred to as congestive heart failure ( CHF ) , occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body 's needs . Signs and symptoms commonly include shortness of breath , excessive tiredness , and leg swelling . The shortness of breath is usually worse with exercise , while lying down , and may wake the person at night . A limited ability to exercise is also a common feature . Chest pain , including angina , does not typically occur due to heart failure .   Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease including a previous myocardial infarction ( heart attack ) , high blood pressure , atrial fibrillation , valvular heart disease , excess alcohol use , infection , and cardiomyopathy of an unknown cause . These cause heart failure by changing either the structure or the functioning of the heart . There are two main types of heart failure : heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure with normal ejection fraction depending on whether the ability of the left ventricle to contract is affected , or the heart 's ability to relax . The severity of disease is usually graded by the degree of problems with exercise . Heart failure is not the same as myocardial infarction ( in which part of the heart muscle dies ) or cardiac arrest ( in which blood flow stops altogether ) . Other diseases that may have symptoms similar to heart failure include obesity , kidney failure , liver problems , anemia , and thyroid disease .   The condition is diagnosed based on the history of the symptoms and a physical examination with confirmation by echocardiography . Blood tests , electrocardiography , and chest radiography may be useful to determine the underlying cause . Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the disease . In people with chronic stable mild heart failure , treatment commonly consists of lifestyle modifications such as stopping smoking , physical exercise , and dietary changes , as well as medications . In those with heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction , angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers along with beta blockers are recommended . For those with severe disease , aldosterone antagonists , or hydralazine with a nitrate may be used . Diuretics are useful for preventing fluid retention . Sometimes , depending on the cause , an implanted device such as a pacemaker or an implantable cardiac defibrillator may be recommended . In some moderate or severe cases cardiac resynchronization therapy ( CRT ) may be suggested or cardiac contractility modulation may be of benefit . A ventricular assist device or occasionally a heart transplant may be recommended in those with severe disease despite all other measures .   Heart failure is a common , costly , and potentially fatal condition . In 2015 it affected about 40 million people globally . In developed countries , around 2 % of adults have heart failure and in those over the age of 65 , this increases to 6 -- 10 % . In the year after diagnosis the risk of death is about 35 % after which it decreases to below 10 % each year . This is similar to the risks with a number of types of cancer . In the United Kingdom the disease is the reason for 5 % of emergency hospital admissions . Heart failure has been known since ancient times with the Ebers papyrus commenting on it around 1550 BCE .

neg: Mental distress Mental distress ( or psychological distress ) is a term used , both by some mental health practitioners and users of mental health services , to describe a range of symptoms and experiences of a person 's internal life that are commonly held to be troubling , confusing or out of the ordinary .   Mental distress has a wider scope than the related term mental illness . Mental illness refers to a specific set of medically defined conditions . A person in mental distress may exhibit some of the symptoms described in psychiatry , such as : anxiety , confused emotions , hallucination , rage , depression and so on without actually being ` ill ' in a medical sense .   Life situations such as : bereavement , stress , lack of sleep , use of drugs or alcohol , assault , abuse or accident can induce mental distress . This may be something which resolves without further medical intervention , though people who endure such symptoms longer term are more likely to be diagnosed with mental illness . This definition is not without controversy as some mental health practitioners would use the terms mental distress and mental illness interchangeably .   Some users of mental health services prefer the term mental distress in describing their experience as they feel it better captures that sense of the unique and personal nature of their experience , while also making it easier to relate to , since everyone experiences distress at different times . The term also fits better with the social model of disability .

neg: Comedown (drugs) Comedown or crashing is the deterioration in mood that happens as a psychoactive drug , typically a stimulant , is either decreasing or is cleared from the blood and thus the cerebral circulation . The improvement and deterioration of mood ( euphoria and dysphoria ) are represented in the cognitive schema #Noun as high and low elevations ; thus , after the drug has elevated the mood ( a state known as a high ) , there follows a period of coming back down , which often has a distinct character from withdrawal in stimulants . Generally , a comedown ( `` down , '' `` low , '' sometimes `` crash '' ) can happen to anyone as a transient symptom , but in people who are dependent on the drug ( especially those addicted to it ) , it is an early symptom of withdrawal and thus can be followed by others . Various drug classes , most especially stimulants and to a lesser degree opioids and sedatives , are subject to comedowns . A milder analogous mood cycle can happen even with blood sugar levels ( thus sugar highs and sugar lows ) , which is especially relevant to people with diabetes mellitus and to parents and teachers managing children 's behavior , as well as in adults with ADHD . Stimulant comedowns are unique in that they often appear very abruptly after a period of focus or high , and are typically the more intensely dysphoric phase of withdrawal than that following complete elimination from the bloodstream . Besides general dysphoria , this phase can be marked by frustration , anger , anhedonia , social withdrawal , and other symptoms characteristic to a milder mixed episode in Bipolar Disorder . Alertness and other general stimulant effects are still present .

neg: Neurasthenia Neurasthenia is a term that was first used at least as early as 1829 to label a mechanical weakness of the actual nerves , rather than the more metaphorical `` nerves '' referred to by George Miller Beard later .   As a psychopathological term , neurasthenia was used by Beard in 1869 to denote a condition with symptoms of fatigue , anxiety , headache , heart palpitations , high blood pressure , neuralgia and depressed mood .   Neurasthenia is currently a diagnosis in the World Health Organization 's International Classification of Diseases ( and the Chinese Society of Psychiatry 's Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders ) . However , it is no longer included as a diagnosis in the American Psychiatric Association 's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders .   Americans were said to be particularly prone to neurasthenia , which resulted in the nickname `` Americanitis '' ( popularized by William James ) . Another , rarely used , term for neurasthenia is nervosism .

neg: Pre-lucid dream A pre-lucid dream or near-lucid dream is one in which the dreamer considers the question , `` Am I asleep and dreaming ? '' The dreamer may or may not come to the correct conclusion . Such experiences are liable to occur to people who are deliberately cultivating lucid dreams , but may also occur spontaneously to those with no prior intention to achieve lucidity in dreams .

neg: 5-HT2C receptor agonist Serotonin 5-HT2 receptors are stimulated by monoamine neurotransmitters including serotonin , dopamine and norepinephrine . 5-HT2 receptor stimulation causes a buildup of intracellular inositol triphosphate and thereby an increase of cytosolic Ca2 + . 5-HT2C receptor agonists are attractive drug targets that have potential use in the treatment of a number of conditions including obesity , psychiatric disorders , sexual dysfunction and urinary incontinence .   The 5-HT2C receptors are one of three subtypes that belong to the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor subfamily along with 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors . The development of 5-HT2C agonists has been a major obstacle , because of severe side effects due to a lack of selectivity over 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors . Activation of 5-HT2A receptors can induce hallucinations , and the activation of 5-HT2B receptors has been implicated in cardiac valvular insufficiency and possibly in pulmonary hypertension .

neg: Fatigue (medical) Fatigue is a subjective feeling of tiredness which is distinct from weakness , and has a gradual onset . Unlike weakness , fatigue can be alleviated by periods of rest . Fatigue can have physical or mental causes . Physical fatigue is the transient inability of a muscle to maintain optimal physical performance , and is made more severe by intense physical exercise . Mental fatigue is a transient decrease in maximal cognitive performance resulting from prolonged periods of cognitive activity . It can manifest as somnolence , lethargy , or directed attention fatigue .   Medically , fatigue is a non-specific symptom , which means that it has many possible causes and accompanies many different conditions . Fatigue is considered a symptom , rather than a sign because it is a subjective feeling reported by the patient , rather than an objective one that can be observed by others . Fatigue and ` feelings of fatigue ' are often confused .

neg: Abnormal psychology Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior , emotion and thought , which may or may not be understood as precipitating a mental disorder . Although many behaviors could be considered as abnormal , this branch of psychology generally deals with behavior in a clinical context . There is a long history of attempts to understand and control behavior deemed to be aberrant or deviant ( statistically , functionally , morally or in some other sense ) , and there is often cultural variation in the approach taken . The field of abnormal psychology identifies multiple causes for different conditions , employing diverse theories from the general field of psychology and elsewhere , and much still hinges on what exactly is meant by `` abnormal '' . There has traditionally been a divide between psychological and biological explanations , reflecting a philosophical dualism in regard to the mind body problem . There have also been different approaches in trying to classify mental disorders . Abnormal includes three different categories ; they are subnormal , supernormal and paranormal .   The science of abnormal psychology studies two types of behaviors : adaptive and maladaptive behaviors . Behaviors that are maladaptive suggest that some problem ( s ) exist , and can also imply that the individual is vulnerable and can not cope with environmental stress , which is leading them to have problems functioning in daily life .  Clinical psychology is the applied field of psychology that seeks to assess , understand and treat psychological conditions in clinical practice . The theoretical field known as ` abnormal psychology ' may form a backdrop to such work , but clinical psychologists in the current field are unlikely to use the term ` abnormal ' in reference to their practice . Psychopathology is a similar term to abnormal psychology but has more of an implication of an underlying pathology ( disease process ) , and as such is a term more commonly used in the medical specialty known as psychiatry .


query: Frank is by a person.

pos: Frank (Amy Winehouse album) Frank is the debut studio album by English singer and songwriter Amy Winehouse , released on 20 October 2003 by Island Records . Production for the album took place during 2002 to 2003 and was handled by Winehouse , Salaam Remi , Gordon `` Commissioner Gordon '' Williams , Jimmy Hogarth and Matt Rowe . Its title alludes to the nature and tone of Winehouse 's lyrics on the album , as well as one of her influences , Frank Sinatra .   Upon its release , Frank received generally positive reviews from most music critics and earned Winehouse several accolades , including an Ivor Novello Award . The album has sold over one million copies in the United Kingdom and has been certified triple platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) .

neg: Frankie Frankie ( also spelled Franky ) is a personal name ( or , depending on which definition of `` personal name '' one uses , part of a personal name ) , both male and female . It is sometimes a given name ( or `` first name '' ) , but more often it is hypocorism ( affectionate variation of a personal name ) which takes the place of a given name , usually Frank or Francis ( for males ) or Frances or Francine ( for females ) .   People and things named Frankie ( or variants ) include :

neg: Stop-Time Stop-Time , published in 1967 , is a memoir by American author Frank Conroy , and tells the story of his poor childhood and early adulthood , growing up in New York City and Florida . Focusing on a series of moments from his life , the book combines traditional fictional devices such as scenes while also delving deeply into the author 's psyche . The book established Conroy 's reputation as a writer . In his review , Norman Mailer wrote , `` Stop-Time is unique , an autobiography with the intimate unprotected candor of a novel . What makes it special , however , is the style , dry as an etching , sparse , elegant , modest , cheerful . Conroy has that subtle sense of the proportion of things which one usually finds only in established writers just after the mellowing of their career . '' Many younger writers have cited Stop-Time as an important influence on their writing careers including David Foster Wallace . Conroy published his second book , Midair , 18 years later .

neg: Frank Sinatra Jr. Francis Wayne `` Frank '' Sinatra ( January 10 , 1944 -- March 16 , 2016 ) , professionally known as Frank Sinatra Jr. , was an American singer , songwriter , and conductor .   He was the son of singer and actor Frank Sinatra and his first wife , Nancy Barbato Sinatra ; the younger brother of singer and actress Nancy Sinatra ; and older brother of television producer Tina Sinatra .

neg: An Evening with Wild Man Fischer An Evening with Wild Man Fischer is a 1968 double LP album by Wild Man Fischer . It was produced by Frank Zappa and released on his Bizarre record label .   The album is split into four different areas on each record side for the type of song it was . Some of side one had audio clips of live street performances where he would ask passerby to hear a song for a dime . Side two is a collection of songs with no background band playing , just having Fischer . Side three is filled with Fischer 's first songs , and his stories of making them . The final side included a `` psychedelic '' rock song called Circles , and The Wild Man Fischer Story , which had Fischer sing about his home life by year . The song `` Merry Go Round '' as well as Fischer 's remark of `` You call that doing your thing ? '' during `` New Kind of Songs for Sale '' were later referenced in the spoken dialogue segments of Zappa 's Lumpy Gravy .   The copyright is owned by the estate of Frank Zappa , whose widow Gail had refused to release it on compact disc .  After Gail 's death , the album was finally issued on a double CD in 2016 on the Gonzo Multimedia label . This CD version was copied from a vinyl LP .

neg: Lisa Frank Lisa Frank is an American businesswoman , the founder of Lisa Frank Incorporated , headquartered in Tucson , Arizona . She is known for producing whimsical commercial design for school supplies and other products that are primarily marketed to children , particularly female ones .

neg: Bruno Frank Bruno Frank ( Stuttgart , June 13 , 1887 - Beverly Hills , June 20 , 1945 ) was a German author , poet , dramatist , and humanist .   Frank studied law and philosophy in Munich , where he later worked as a dramatist and novelist until the Reichstag fire in 1933 . Persecuted by the government because of his Jewish heritage , he left Nazi Germany with his wife , Liesl , daughter of famed operetta diva Fritzi Massary . They lived for four years in Austria and England , then in 1937 finally went to the USA , where he was reunited with his friends Heinrich Mann and Thomas Mann . Frank is considered part of the group of anti-nazi writers whose works constitute German Exilliteratur . He continued to write , producing two novels , and worked in the film industry for the rest of his life .   Frank wrote the screenplay for the popular movie version of The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1939 film ) , directed by William Dieterle and starring Charles Laughton , based on the novel by Victor Hugo . Frank 's play , Sturm Im Wasserglas , was posthumously made into a movie directed by Josef von Báky in 1960 .   His nephew Anthony M. Frank became United States Postmaster General in 1988 .   On his death in 1945 of a heart attack , Bruno Frank was interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale , California .

neg: Frank Otto (media entrepreneur) Frank Otto ( born July 7 , 1957 in Hamburg ) is a German media entrepreneur and pioneer in the field of private radio and private television in Germany . About the Frank Otto Medien Beteiligungs GmbH & Co.KG he is involved in various radio and TV stations .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: Shaun Frank Shaun Frank is a Canadian DJ , singer-songwriter and producer .

neg: Frank Luther Frank Luther ( August 4 , 1899 - November 16 , 1980 ) was an American country music singer , dance band vocalist , playwright , songwriter and pianist .

neg: Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright ( born Frank Lincoln Wright , June 8 , 1867 -- April 9 , 1959 ) was an American architect , interior designer , writer , and educator , who designed more than 1,000 structures , 532 of which were completed . Wright believed in designing structures that were in harmony with humanity and its environment , a philosophy he called organic architecture . This philosophy was best exemplified by Fallingwater ( 1935 ) , which has been called `` the best all-time work of American architecture '' . Wright was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture and developed the concept of the Usonian home in Broadacre City , his unique vision for urban planning in the United States . His creative period spanned more than 70 years . In addition to his houses , Wright designed original and innovative offices , churches , schools , skyscrapers , hotels , museums and other structures . He often designed interior elements for these buildings as well , including furniture and stained glass . Wright wrote 20 books and many articles and was a popular lecturer in the United States and in Europe . Wright was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as `` the greatest American architect of all time '' . His colorful personal life often made headlines , notably for his affair with Mamah Borthwick Cheney , the murders at his Taliesin studio in 1914 , his tempestuous marriage and divorce with his second wife , Miriam Noel , and his relationship with Olga ( Olgivanna ) Lazovich Hinzenburg , whom he would marry in 1928 .

neg: Frank Miller Frank Miller may refer to :

neg: Franciscus Franciscus is a Latin given name , originally an epithet meaning `` the Frank , the Frenchman '' .  It was applied to Saint Francis of Assisi ( 1181/82 -- 1226 ) .  Francis had been baptized Giovanni ( John ) ; his father was Italian and his mother Provençale ( at the time not considered French ) ; his father was on business in France when he was born , and when he returned to Assisi , he began to call his son by the nickname Francesco , in the opinion of G. K. Chesterton possibly because out of a general enthusiasm for all things French , or because of his commercial success in France .  After the canonization of Saint Francis of Assisi in 1228 , the custom of naming children after saints led to the popularization of Franciscus as a given name . In the vernaculars of western Europe , the name diversified into the forms Francesco ( Italian ) , Francisco ( Spanish and Portuguese ) , Francesc ( Catalan ) , François ( Old French Franceis , whence English Francis ) , Franz ( German , whence Hungarian Ferenc , Scandinavian and Dutch Frans ) ; besides Frans , the Latin form remains commonly given in Dutch .   Franciscus may serve as the latinization of any of these given names ; conversely , Francis may serve as the anglicization of anyone called Franciscus .   People called Franciscus include :

neg: Franky (Skins series 6) `` Franky '' is the fourth episode of the sixth series of the British teen drama Skins . It premiered on E4 in the UK on 13 February 2012 . The episode is told from the point of view of character Franky Fitzgerald .

neg: Frank Day Frank Day may refer to :   Frank A. Day ( 1855 -- 1928 ) , Minnesota legislator  Frank Day ( artist ) ( 1902 -- 1976 ) , Native American artist  Frank Miles Day ( 1861 -- 1918 ) , Philadelphia-based architect  Frank Parker Day ( 1881 -- 1950 ) , Canadian athlete , academic and author  Frank R. Day ( 1853 -- 1899 ) , entrepreneur and politician in Los Angeles and Monterey , California

neg: Franken (surname) Franken is a Dutch patronymic surname , meaning `` son of Frank '' . People with this name include :   Al Franken ( born 1951 ) , American politician , writer and comedian  Bernard Franken ( 1914 -- 2001 ) , Dutch racing cyclist  Björn Franken ( born 1983 ) , Dutch record producer , songwriter and DJ  Bob Franken ( born 1941 ) , American journalist  Charlotte Franken ( 1894 -- 1969 ) , British feminist author  Christian Franken / Francken ( c. 1550 -- 1610 ) , German Jesuit and later Unitarian  Giovanni Franken ( born 1977 ) , Dutch footballer  Henk Franken ( born 1987 ) , Namibian rugby player  Henry Franken ( born 1966 ) , Dutch engineer and enterprise architect  Lex Franken ( born 1916 ) , Dutch water polo player  Mannus Franken ( 1899 -- 1953 ) , Dutch filmmaker  Max Franken , Dutch rock drummer  Paul Franken ( 1894 -- 1944 ) , German Socialist politician  Peter Franken ( 1928 -- 1999 ) , American physicist  ( 1941 -- 1983 ) , Dutch jazz pianist and organist  Rose Franken ( 1895 -- 1988 ) , American author and playwright  Steve Franken ( 1932 -- 2012 ) , American actor  Tony Franken ( born 1965 ) , Australian soccer goalkeeper  ( 1948 -- 1996 ) , American fashion model  Wilhelm Franken ( 1914 -- 1945 ) , German U-boat commander  Will Franken ( born 1973 ) , American comedian and actor  Wim Franken ( 1922 -- 2012 ) , Dutch composer , pianist and carillonneur

neg: Frank 'n Stuff Frank 'n Stuff was a hot dog stuffed with either cheese or chili and sold in the United States from mid-1986 until the 1990s by Hormel . Frank 'n Stuff used Hormel 's branded line of chili and was one the company 's six major product introductions between 1986 and 1987 . At the time , the company described the product as `` the fun food that features a tunnel of cheese or chili inside a Hormel hot dog '' . Frank 'n Stuff 's eponymous mascot was a friendly Frankenstein type of character and Hormel ran frequent television and print advertisements featuring him . In 1986 , during labor unrest at a production plant , razor blades were found in two packages of the product , but there was no recall .

neg: Cyril Frankel Cyril Frankel ( born 28 December 1921 ) is a retired British film and television director . His career in television began in 1953 and he directed for over 30 TV programmes until 1990 . He was born in Stoke Newington , London . He directed many episodes of popular British TV shows , such as The Avengers , and the pilot episodes of the ITC Entertainment shows Randall and Hopkirk ( Deceased ) and Department S in 1969 . In 1970 , he directed `` Timelash '' , an episode of UFO , which he described as a very interesting script and one of his personal favourites .   Frankel also directed many documentaries and feature films , including Never Take Sweets from a Stranger ( 1960 ) and School for Scoundrels ( 1960 ; taking over from Robert Hamer , who was credited as sole director ) . One of his films , Man of Africa ( 1953 ) - the first film to feature a cast made up of relatively unknown black actors - was not released and was lost for some time . A complete copy has since been discovered and has been screened at a number of international film festivals .   In terms of documentaries , Frankel supervised some of the films that were broadcast for the BBC arts series Monitor ( 1958 -- 65 ) , among which was the first ballet programme to be filmed and edited to the choreography . Prior to his retirement , he became the ceramics expert for Bonhams auction house . A book , Modern Pots : Hans Coper , Lucie Rie and their Contemporaries - The Lisa Sainsbury Collection , was co-authored by Frankel and published in 2000 . His memoir , Eye to Eye , was published by Bank House Books in 2009 .

neg: Joe's Garage Joe 's Garage is a three-part rock opera recorded by American musician Frank Zappa in 1979 . Originally released as two separate studio albums on Zappa Records , the project was later remastered and reissued as a triple album box set , Joe 's Garage , Acts I , II & III , in 1987 . The LPs initially received mixed to positive reviews , with critics praising its innovative and original music , but criticizing the scatological , sexual and profane nature of the lyrics . Since its original release , Joe 's Garage has been reappraised in a better light by some critics .   Zappa self-deprecatingly described the album as a `` stupid little story about how the government is going to do away with music . '' The story is told by a character identified as the `` Central Scrutinizer '' narrating the story of Joe , an average adolescent male who forms a garage rock band , has unsatisfying relationships with women , gives all of his money to a government assisted and insincere religion , explores sexual activities with appliances , and is imprisoned . After being released from prison into a dystopian society in which music itself has been criminalized , he lapses into insanity .   The album encompasses a large spectrum of musical styles , while its lyrics often feature satirical or humorous commentary on American society and politics . It addresses themes of individualism , free will , censorship , the music industry and human sexuality , while criticizing government and religion , and satirizing Catholicism and Scientology . Joe 's Garage is noted for its use of xenochrony , a recording technique that takes guitar solos from older live recordings and overdubs them onto new studio recordings . All of the guitar solos on the album are xenochronous except for `` Crew Slut '' and `` Watermelon in Easter Hay '' , a signature song that Zappa has described as the best song on the album , and according to his son Dweezil , the best guitar solo his father ever played .

neg: Frank Sinatra with the Red Norvo Quintet: Live in Australia, 1959 With the Red Norvo Quintet : Live in Australia , 1959 is a live album by American singer Frank Sinatra , recorded in 1959 but released in 1997 .   These tapes were recorded during two stops on Sinatra 's brief Australian tour of 1959 , during which he was backed by the quintet of jazz vibraphonist Red Norvo . It is considered one of the wildest performances he has ever recorded , as he exhibits great freedom in his lyric choice , often switching and twisting entire phrases . For example , just as Sinatra begins `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' , a woman in the audience screams . He responds between lyrics with `` Get your hand off that broad ! ''


query: A German-American fashion model starred in The Host.

pos: The Host (2013 film) The Host is a 2013 American romantic science fiction thriller film adapted from Stephenie Meyer 's novel of the same name . It tells the story of a young woman , Melanie , who is captured after the human race has been taken over by parasitic aliens called `` Souls '' . After Melanie is infused with a soul called `` Wanderer '' , Melanie and the alien `` Soul '' vie for control of her body . Written and directed by Andrew Niccol , the film stars Saoirse Ronan , Max Irons , Jake Abel , William Hurt , and Diane Kruger . Released in theaters on March 29 , 2013 , the film was poorly received by critics .

pos: Diane Kruger Diane Kruger ( -LSB- diˈa : nə ˈkru : ɡɐ -RSB- ; born Diane Heidkrüger ; 15 July 1976 ) is a German-American actress and former fashion model .   She is known for roles such as Helen in the epic war film Troy ( 2004 ) , Dr. Abigail Chase in the adventure/heist film National Treasure ( 2004 ) and its sequel ( 2007 ) , Bridget von Hammersmark in Quentin Tarantino 's war film Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) , Anna in the sci-fi drama Mr. Nobody ( 2009 ) , Gina in the psychological thriller film Unknown ( 2011 ) , Marie Antoinette in the French-language film Farewell , My Queen ( 2012 ) and Jessie in the drama-thriller Disorder ( 2015 ) . She also starred as Detective Sonya Cross in the FX crime drama series The Bridge .   In 2017 , she made her German-language debut in Fatih Akin 's In the Fade , for which she won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress .

neg: María Del Cerro María Del Cerro ( born 20 March 1985 ) is an Argentine model , actress , TV host , business and fashion designer . She began her modelling career participating in the reality show for models SúperM in 2001 , and became one of Argentine leading modelling figures . Del Cerro spawned her acting career in 2007 , in television series Romeo y Julieta . Her biggest role by now came with the Cris Morena Group series Casi Ángeles . Before that , Del Cierro was also known for being a girlfriend of popular actor Benjamín Rojas .

neg: Fit for Fashion (season 1) Fit for Fashion is a reality TV show on STAR World hosted by Louise Roe , with fashion photographer Todd Anthony Tyler . The show features fitness trainers Christine Bullock and Mitch Chilson . Contestants face challenges and learn new skills while training and transforming their bodies . The show was filmed in Malaysia with the state of Terrenganu as its primary location and contestants ' residence .

neg: Suzanne Sena Suzanne Sena is an American television host , anchor , actress and entrepreneur .

neg: Top Model Top Model or Next Top Model is a fashion-themed reality television show format produced in many countries throughout the world and seen in over 120 countries producing over 200 seasons ( referred to as `` cycles '' ) . The show takes the form of a modeling competition whose winners typically receive a contract with a major modeling agency and a cover shoot and fashion photo spread in a fashion magazine . The format was created by Tyra Banks for the original series , America 's Next Top Model which was first aired in 2003 , produced by Ken Mok 's 10 by 10 Entertainment .

neg: Anwar Hadid Anwar Hadid ( / həˈdiːd / huh-deed ; born June 22 , 1999 ) is an American fashion model and TV personality . He was signed to IMG Models in 2016 .

neg: Amanda Swisten Amanda Swisten ( born December 20 , 1978 ) is an American model and actress who has appeared in various films and TV shows .   Swisten was born in New York City , New York . Her first credited appearance was in the film American Wedding in 2003 while playing Fraulein Brandi . After which she appeared in films such as The Last Run ( 2004 ) , The Girl Next Door ( 2004 ) , and Freezer Burn ( 2005 ) . She has had guest appearances on TV series such as I 'm with Her , Two and a Half Men , Quintuplets , and Joey . She has also appeared in a music video for William Hung 's She Bangs as the artist 's `` new girlfriend '' .

neg: Yael Bar Zohar Yael Bar Zohar ( יעל בר זוהר born January 29 , 1980 ) is an Israeli actress , model and television host .

neg: How Do I Look? How Do I Look ? was a makeover show airing on the Style Network . The show was originally hosted by English soap opera veteran Finola Hughes ; the latest season was hosted by celebrity stylist Jeannie Mai . The show features `` fashion victims , '' purportedly turned in by their friends , coworkers , and family members . Although there are variations in each episode tailored to the individual contestant , every episode follows the same basic pattern .

neg: Anne Lindfjeld Anne Lindfjeld is a Danish Metal-Chick-Pin-up model and presenter on MTV Denmark host .   She was born in 1981 and raised in Haderslev , Denmark . She later moved to the capital Copenhagen , which is her current place of residence . She has been a cover model for magazines like Tattoo , Tattoo Energy , Scandinavian Tattoo Magazine , Nordic Tattoo Life , Skin Deep , NRG , and FHM .   She started modeling for Suicide Girls in early 2004 as Candylac Suicide and went on to do five sets for the site until she left in 2006 .   Anne starred in several music videos , including the video for `` Gør det igen '' by Danish rapper Alias ( a school friend of Anne 's ) ; the first video from the Danish metal band Hatesphere , `` The Sickness Within '' ; and their video for `` Drinking with the King of the Dead '' from their album Serpent Smiles and Killer Eyes . Anne also starred in the 2010 Bring Me The Horizon video for the single `` It Never Ends '' from their album `` There Is a Hell , Believe Me I 've Seen It . There Is a Heaven , Let 's Keep It a Secret . ''   Anne has also done modeling for West Coast Choppers and Chopperdogs and for Lucky 13 Apparel , which has raised her visibility in American costume culture . She is hosting Headbangers Ball and ` News ' on Danish MTV .   She is also a friend of former Horrorpops dancer Kamilla Vanilla , and of both Machine Head guitarist Phill Demmel and West Coast Choppers owner Jesse James .   Anne released her own calendar for 2008 . It was released by the international Tattoo magazine Tattoo Energy , and all photos are by the well known pinup photographer Spooky Sally From Berlin .   In May 2008 , Anne was featured in Inked , Resound , and the Danish edition of FHM magazine where she is now also a column writer , and therefore featured every month .   In April 2008 , Anne did a photoshoot for Lucky 13 Apparel for the third year in a row . These pictures were featured in the fall catalog and in various magazines as advertisements . She also did a shoot for the cover for the CD Bound for the Bar , a compilation made by Lucky 13 and Dirty Devil Clothing ,   Anne is a regular model for , and is sponsored by , the celebrity costume clothing company Junker Designs .   In October 2008 , Playboy ran a single picture of Anne in their Grapevine section ; this was also the month when her third FHM cover and full spread came out .   In February 2009 , Anne hosted and judged the Pinup Contest at the annual Tattoo convention in Milan , and also had a 2-page spread in Italian Playboy .   In 2010 , she appeared as a nurse in Bring Me The Horizon 's video for `` It Never Ends '' .

neg: Barbara Becker Barbara Becker ( born November 1 , 1966 as Barbara Feltus ) is a German-American designer , actress and model .

neg: Bree Condon Bree Condon ( born March 3 , 1986 ) is an American fashion model and actress .

neg: Rebecca Mir Rebecca-Zarah Mir ( born 23 December 1991 ) is a German model and a presenter . She was second in the sixth season of Castingshow Germany 's Next Topmodel .

neg: Christina Lugner Christina Lugner ( born June 2 , 1968 in Vienna , Austria ; nickname : Mausi ( `` Little Mouse '' ) ) is an Austrian television presenter .   She is the former wife of Richard `` Mörtel '' Lugner .   From January 9 to January 24 , 2009 she was a contestant in the German reality TV show Ich bin ein Star -- Holt mich hier raus ! .

neg: Barbara Leigh Barbara Leigh ( born Barbara Ann Kish ; November 16 , 1946 ) is a former American actress and fashion model . Her breakthrough role came in 1972 with the film Junior Bonner , which she starred alongside her then-boyfriend Steve McQueen . She later became the first model to wear the Vampirella costume on the cover of the original Warren Vampirella magazine , # 67 ( March 1975 ) .

neg: Lauren German Lauren Christine German ( born November 29 , 1978 ) is an American actress . She had her first major role in the 2002 romantic drama film A Walk to Remember , followed by roles in the horror films The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ( 2003 ) and Hostel : Part II ( 2007 ) . From 2011 to 2012 , German had a recurring role as DHS agent Lori Weston in the second season of the CBS police drama Hawaii Five-0 , and from 2012 to 2014 , she starred as Leslie Shay in the NBC drama Chicago Fire . In 2016 , she began starring as Det. Chloe Decker in the Fox fantasy comedy-drama Lucifer .

neg: Nadja Auermann Nadja Auermann ( born 19 March 1971 ) is a German model and actress . Fashion designer Valentino once commented on her physical resemblance to Marlene Dietrich . A New York Times fashion columnist , Guy Trebay , wrote of her `` ice maiden visage and pole vaulter 's legs '' . She once held the record for being the model with the longest legs in the world in the Guinness Book of Records .

neg: Caterina Lopez Caterina Marie Lopez ( born December 13 , 1987 ) , is an American model and actress .

neg: Designerspirene Designerspirene was a Norwegian reality television series that focused on fashion design . The show is aired on TV3 and is based on the American format , Project Runway hosted by Heidi Klum . Project Runway has been Emmy-nominated for `` Outstanding reality-competition program '' in 2005 and 2006 . The show has only had one season in 2007 with no plans for a renewal .   Spirene follows similarly to the American format . Each week contestants are given a task and money to create the best outfit under a restricted amount of time . The outfit is shown off at the runway and judged at the end of the show . The judges then deliberate who will be sent home for elimination .   Designerspirene is hosted by supermodel Vendela Kirsebom Thommessen . The regular judges are Vendela Kirsebom Thommessen , fashion designer Peter Løchstøer , and Petra Middelthon fashion director of Norwegian ELLE magazine , with the fourth judge as a new guest judge . Tim Gunn 's mentor role in the American format is done by William Jensen , Norway 's first fashion designer .   The season one awards included a collection showing at Oslo Fashion Week , a trip to Olympus Fashion Week in New York , a fashion spread in ELLE magazine , sewing equipment worth $ 6,500 from Janome , and $ 25,000 in cash .   The title derives from designer which is a borrowed cognate in Norwegian from English and spirene which literally means sprout or bud but here takes on the figurative meaning of a designer budding or growing into a better one .   The show lasted only one season before being canceled .

neg: Danmarks Næste Topmodel Danmarks Næste Topmodel ( Denmark 's Next Top Model ) , or simply Topmodel , was a Danish reality television show and an adaptation of America 's Next Top Model , created by Tyra Banks . It began to be broadcast on Kanal 4 with Caroline Fleming being the host . After the fifth season , Fleming announced that she would not continue hosting the show . She was replaced by Cecilie Lassen for cycle 6 .

neg: The Voice of Germany (season 5) The Voice of Germany ( season 5 ) is a German reality talent show that premiered on 15 October 2015 on ProSieben and Sat .1 . Based on the reality singing competition The Voice of Holland , the series was created by Dutch television producer John de Mol . It is part of an international series . Stefanie Kloß Rea Garvey and Michi & Smudo returned as coaches for season 5 . while Andreas Bourani was a new coach for season 5 . Thore Schölermann Returned as Host for season 5 . Lena Gercke was the co host . The season was won by Jamie-Lee Kriewitz , who had already performed The Hanging Tree , which was her song at the blind auditions , for Jennifer Lawrence at the The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 premiere in Berlin .


query: Robert Redford guest starred on Perry Mason.

pos: Robert Redford Charles Robert Redford Jr. ( born August 18 , 1936 ) is an American actor , director , producer , businessman , environmentalist , and philanthropist . Redford is the founder of the Sundance Film Festival .   Redford 's career began in 1960 as a guest star on numerous TV shows , including : The Untouchables , Perry Mason , Alfred Hitchcock Presents , and The Twilight Zone , among others . He earned an Emmy nomination as Best Supporting Actor for his performance in The Voice of Charlie Pont ( 1962 ) . His greatest Broadway success was as the stuffy newlywed husband of Elizabeth Ashley in Neil Simon 's Barefoot in the Park ( 1963 ) .   Redford made his film debut in War Hunt ( 1962 ) . His role in Inside Daisy Clover ( 1965 ) won him a Golden Globe for best new star . He starred in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1969 ) , which was a huge success and made him a major star . In 1972 , he had a critical and box office hit with Jeremiah Johnson ( 1972 ) , and in 1973 had the greatest hit of his career , the blockbuster crime caper The Sting , for which he was nominated for an Academy Award . The popular and acclaimed All the President 's Men ( 1976 ) was a landmark film for Redford .   The first film that Redford directed , Ordinary People ( 1980 ) , was one of the most critically and publicly acclaimed films of the decade , winning four Oscars , and in the same year , he starred in Brubaker ( 1980 ) . He starred in Out of Africa ( 1985 ) , which was an enormous critical and box office success , and won seven Oscars including Best Picture , proving to be his greatest success of the decade . He released his third film as a director , A River Runs Through It , in 1992 .   Redford won the Academy Award for Best Director in 1981 for directing Ordinary People . He was previously nominated for Best Actor in 1974 for his performance in The Sting , and went on to receive Best Director and Best Picture nominations in 1995 for Quiz Show . He won a second Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement in 2002 . In 2010 , he was made a chevalier of the Légion d'Honneur . He has won BAFTA , Directors Guild of America , Golden Globe , and Screen Actors Guild Awards .   In April 2014 , Time magazine included Redford in their annual Time 100 as one of the `` Most Influential People in the World '' , declaring him the `` Godfather of Indie Film '' . In 2016 , President Barack Obama honored Redford with a Presidential Medal of Freedom .

neg: The Case of the Stuttering Bishop The Case of the Stuttering Bishop is a 1937 drama film directed by William Clemens . It stars Donald Woods as Perry Mason and Ann Dvorak as Della Street , his secretary . Edward McWade plays the role of stuttering Bishop William Mallory . It is the sixth and final film in the Warner Bros. . Perry Mason series . It is based on the novel The Case of the Stuttering Bishop ( 1936 ) by Erle Stanley Gardner .

neg: Frank Faulkner Frank Faulkner may refer to :   Frank Faulkner , pseudonym of Edward S. Ellis  Frank Faulkner , Perry Mason character played by Robert Bice  Frankie Faulkner , character in Alias Nick Beal

neg: Roger M. Bobb Roger Marcellus Bobb is the President and CEO of Bobbcat Films a film and television production company based in Atlanta , GA. . Prior to creating Bobbcat Films , Bobb served as the Executive Vice President of Tyler Perry Studios . He is the producer for hit television shows Tyler Perry 's House of Payne , Meet The Browns , The Rickey Smiley Show , It 's A Manns World and Mann & Wife . He is the producer of eleven Tyler Perry films . .

neg: Red Rover (film) Red Rover ( also known as The Haunting Within ) is a 2003 horror / thriller film directed by Marc S. Grenier . It is about two siblings played by William Baldwin and Jodi Lyn O'Keefe who travel to their families old , ancestral estate upon the death of their father . They soon find out the hard way about their family 's ancient secret of witchcraft and the occult .

neg: Harlan Warde Harlan Warde ( born Harlan Ward Lufkin ; November 6 , 1917 -- March 13 , 1980 ) was a character actor active in television and movies . During World War II , he served in Special Forces .   Warde showed up in supporting roles as detectives , doctors , and ministers . Warde made five guest appearances on Perry Mason between 1958-1966 , primarily in law enforcement roles , such as Assistant District Attorney Harold Hanley in `` The Case of the Haunted Husband '' , and Sgt. Roddin in the only color episode in 1966 entitled , `` The Case of the Twice Told Twist '' . From 1958 -- 62 , he joined Chuck Connors in The Rifleman . Warde played John Hamilton , President of the North Fork Bank . He appeared in 18 episodes of The Rifleman , making his debut in episode 8 , `` The Safeguard . '' Over his 40-year-career in Hollywood , Warde appeared in over 180 films and television series , including multiple westerns .   In 1962 -- 1971 Warde joined the cast of the TV Western series The Virginian in the recurring role of Sheriff Brannon . Warde also appeared on The Big Valley in 1967 as a politician who is murdered in the episode entitled `` Night Of The Executioner '' and on the The Andy Griffith Show episode `` Opie and the Spoiled Kid '' ( 1963 ) as Simon Winkler . Warde 's last role was in the 1979 Rockford Files episode `` A Different Drummer '' playing an aging father of a shady doctor .

neg: List of The Rockford Files episodes The Rockford Files is an American television drama series starring James Garner that aired on the NBC network between September 13 , 1974 , and January 10 , 1980 , and has remained in syndication to the present day . Garner portrays Los Angeles-based private investigator Jim Rockford with Noah Beery , Jr. , in the supporting role of his father , a retired truck driver nicknamed `` Rocky '' .   The series debuted with a made-for-TV movie simply titled The Rockford Files . During the series run , there were a number of two-part episodes , as well as long ( 90 or 120 minutes ) episodes that were split into two parts for syndication ( and on later DVD releases ) . Filming stopped in the middle of the sixth season ( 1979-1980 ) , on the advice of star James Garner 's doctor . Garner , who had filmed many of his own stunts , injured his back and knees .   In the 1990s , Rockford returned to the air in a series of eight TV movies on CBS .

neg: Morris Rudensky Morris `` Red '' Rudensky ( born Macy Motle Friedman ; August 16 , 1898 -- April 21 , 1988 ) was an American prohibition-era gangster , prominent cat burglar and safe-cracker . Later in his life he became an author as well as a spokesman and security consultant for several companies .

neg: Fred Aldrich Fred Aldrich ( December 23 , 1904 - January 25 , 1979 ) was an American character actor of both film and television . He would break into the film industry in 1939 , appearing in two films that year in small roles : My Son Is Guilty , and the notable , Confessions of a Nazi Spy , which starred Edward G. Robinson and George Sanders . In the course of his thirty-year career he would appear in over 170 films , in small and bit roles . With the advent of television , Aldrich would work in that medium as well , making his first small screen appearance on I Love Lucy , on which he would appear multiple times over the life of the series .   Over the course of his film career he would appear in such notable films as : Kitty Foyle ( 1940 ) , starring Ginger Rogers and Dennis Morgan ; 1945 's The Picture of Dorian Gray , starring George Sanders ; Tycoon ( 1947 ) , starring John Wayne and Laraine Day ; A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court , with Bing Crosby and Rhonda Fleming ; Young Man with a Horn , starring Kirk Douglas , Lauren Bacall , and Doris Day ; the Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn vehicle , Pat and Mike ( 1952 ) ; again with Paul Newman in 1956 's Somebody Up There Likes Me ; The Last Angry Man , starring Paul Muni ; with Rock Hudson and Doris Day in Lover Come Back ( 1961 ) ; the spy spoof , Our Man Flint ( 1966 ) , starring James Coburn ; and 1967 's A Big Hand for the Little Lady , starring Henry Fonda , Joanne Woodward , and Jason Robards .   His television credits include appearances on such shows as The Rifleman , Have Gun - Will Travel , Bat Masterson , The Untouchables , Gunsmoke , Rawhide , and Perry Mason . Aldrich died on January 25 , 1979 .

neg: Sears Radio Theater Sears Radio Theater was a radio drama anthology series which ran weeknights on CBS Radio in 1979 , sponsored by the Sears chain . Often paired with The CBS Radio Mystery Theater during its first season , the program offered a different genre of drama for each day 's broadcast .   In January 1980 , the program moved to the Mutual Broadcasting System and became the Mutual Radio Theater . The Mutual series broadcast repeats from the CBS run until September 1980 , when a short season of new dramas was presented . Sears continued as a sponsor during the Mutual run .   Monday was `` Western Night '' and was hosted by Lorne Greene . Tuesday was `` Comedy Night '' , hosted by Andy Griffith . Wednesday was `` Mystery Night '' with Vincent Price as host . Thursday was `` Love and Hate Night '' with Cicely Tyson doing honors as host . Finally , Friday brought `` Adventure Night '' , first hosted by Richard Widmark and later by Howard Duff and then by Leonard Nimoy .   Actors heard on the series included Jim Jordan , Henry Morgan , Daws Butler , June Foray , Parley Baer , Mary Jane Croft , Howard Culver , John Dehner , Virginia Gregg , Janet Waldo , Vic Perrin , Hans Conried , Marvin Miller , Elliott Lewis , Jeff Corey , Lesley Woods , Robert Rockwell , Lurene Tuttle , Eve Arden , Keith Andes , Harriet Nelson , Alan Young , Tom Bosley , Marion Ross , Lloyd Bochner , Rick Jason , Frank Campanella , Toni Tennille , Arthur Hill , Dan O'Herlihy , Jesse White and Frank Nelson . Actress Peggy Webber was heard on 52 episodes .   It was produced and directed by Fletcher Markle and Elliott Lewis . The theme was composed and conducted by Nelson Riddle .   Though less long-lived than NPR 's Earplay or the CBS Radio Mystery Theater , it was an ambitious attempt to reinvigorate a neglected field . Like Earplay , it was broadcast in stereo .

neg: Political Film Society Award for Democracy The Political Film Society Award for democracy is given out each year to a film that promotes , educates , and raises the awareness level of the public in the specific areas of democracy and freedom . This award has been handed out by the Society since 1988 . Depending on the number of movies that qualify , sometimes only one film is nominated for this award , but as many as seven have been nominated in years past .   The film that first won this award was The Milagro Beanfield War in 1988 that was directed by Robert Redford . The only other award nominated in 1988 against The Milagro Beanfield War was Stand and Deliver . The award , as with any other Political Film Society Award , can go to a mainstream film , independent film , or even an international film . The Political Film Society looks at a broad selection of movies before it nominates them for an award .

neg: Redford (surname) Redford is a variant of the toponymic surname `` Radford '' , though it may also arise directly from the placename `` East Retford '' in Nottingham , England which had an alternative spelling of `` Redeford '' .   Notable people sharing this surname include :   born in 16th Century  John Redford ( died 1547 ) , English composer and organist   born in 18th Century  Sebastian Redford ( 1701 -- 1763 ) , English Jesuit   born in 19th Century  Alvin J. Redford ( 1883-1974 ) , American politician  Harry Redford ( 1841 -- 1901 ) , also known as Captain Starlight , Australian stockman and cattle thief  James Redford ( 1821 -- 1909 ) , Canadian businessman and political figure   born in 20th Century  Alison Redford ( born 1965 ) , Former Premier of Alberta , Canada  Angus Redford ( born 1956 ) , Australian politician  Blair Redford ( born 1983 ) , American actor  Donald B. Redford ( born 1934 ) , Canadian Egyptologist  Emmette Redford ( 1904 -- 1998 ) , American political scientist and historian  Ian Redford ( actor ) ( born 1951 ) , British actor  Ian Redford ( born 1960 ) , Scottish footballer  Robert Redford ( born 1936 ) , American film director , actor , producer  Spencer Redford ( born 1983 ) , American actress  William Redford ( born 1958 ) , British corporate executive

neg: Robert Hirschfeld Robert Hirschfeld ( June 8 , 1942 -- December 4 , 2009 ) was an American actor and author . He was best known for playing Officer Leo Schnitz on Hill Street Blues from 1981 to 1985 . He also appeared in the films Cradle Will Rock ( 1999 ) and Escape from Alcatraz ( 1979 ) .   Hirschfeld died in Dobbs Ferry , New York , at the age of 67 .

neg: Malone (film) Malone is a 1987 American film adaptation of William P. Wingate 's novel , written by Christopher Frank , directed by Harley Cokeliss , and stars Burt Reynolds , Cliff Robertson and Lauren Hutton .

neg: Robert Vahey Robert Vahey ( 1932 - 29 October 2013 ) , was a British actor , known for his supporting roles in Samson and Delilah ( 1959 ) , Z-Cars ( 1972 ) , Secret Army ( 1978 ) , Only Fools and Horses ( 1983 & 1986 ) , Mapp and Lucia ( 1985 ) , Wycliffe ( 1996 ) , The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ( 2003 ) , and the Ricky Gervais comedy Derek ( 2013 ) , amongst many others . He is however , probably best remembered for his role as boat builder Bill Sayers , in 75 episodes of the 1980s television series Howards ' Way .   He was married to actress Valerie Griffiths from 4 September 1964 , until his death .   Robert Vahey died peacefully on 29 October 2013 , aged 81 years old , in Brighton , East Sussex , England , UK .

neg: Mason (director) Mason , also known as Sam No , is an American pornographic film director .

neg: Robert Hull Robert Hull is an American television writer and producer .   He is well known for his work on The CW Television Network drama/Mystery `` Veronica Mars '' and `` Gossip Girl '' as well as the Fox Television Network/Bad Robot drama `` Alcatraz '' produced by J.J. Abrams and the ABC fantasy/mystery series Once Upon a Time .

neg: Robert Markowitz Robert Markowitz ( born February 7 , 1935 in Irvington , New Jersey ) is an American film director and television director . He has directed a number of television films that include ( 1983 ) , Too Young to Die ? ( 1990 ) , Decoration Day ( 1990 ) , Because Mommy Works ( 1994 ) , The Tuskegee Airmen ( 1995 ) , The Great Gatsby ( 2000 ) , The Pilot 's Wife ( 2003 ) , Word of Honor ( 2003 ) , Avenger ( 2006 ) and other films .   He also directed episodes of Delvecchio , Serpico , and the anthology series Amazing Stories .   His last directing credit was the TNT television film Avenger ( 2006 ) starring Sam Elliott and Timothy Hutton .

neg: Robin of Sherwood: The Knights Of The Apocalypse Robin of Sherwood : The Knights Of The Apocalypse is a two-hour audio adaptation of the final two episodes of British television series Robin of Sherwood , based on the legend of Robin Hood . Written by Richard ` Kip ' Carpenter , it was produced by British production company Spiteful Puppet and directed by Robert Young , who had also directed episodes of the original series .   The audio play is the continuation of the classic cult series Robin of Sherwood . The series came to an unexpected halt in 1986 due to financial problems . Instead of the planned fourth season , its creator and writer , Richard Carpenter , wrote a feature-length script that followed on from the end of the third season , called The Knights of the Apocalypse . Richard Carpenter died in 2012 , before having been able to bring the script back to the screen . The original cast of the series -- including Jason Connery , Ray Winstone , Clive Mantle , Judi Trott , Nickolas Grace , Mark Ryan , Michael Praed and Phil Rose -- went on to record the audio adaptation of The Knights of the Apocalypse in early 2016 . The audio drama premiered in London in May 2016 . All profits raised are donated to Mr. Carpenter 's chosen charities -- the Sherwood Forest Trust and the British Red Cross .

neg: Bob Delegall Robert W. `` Bob '' Delegall ( July 24 , 1945 -- March 21 , 2006 ) was an American actor , television director and producer . He has guest starred in number of notable television series namely Adam-12 , Good Times , The Six Million Dollar Man , Knots Landing and among other series .

neg: Goodfellas Goodfellas ( stylized as GoodFellas ) is a 1990 American crime film directed by Martin Scorsese . It is an adaptation of the 1986 non-fiction book Wiseguy by Nicholas Pileggi , who co-wrote the screenplay with Scorsese . The film narrates the rise and fall of mob associate Henry Hill and his friends over a period from 1955 to 1980 .   Scorsese initially named the film Wise Guy and postponed making it ; later , he and Pileggi changed the name to Goodfellas . To prepare for their roles in the film , Robert De Niro , Joe Pesci , and Ray Liotta often spoke with Pileggi , who shared research material left over from writing the book . According to Pesci , improvisation and ad-libbing came out of rehearsals wherein Scorsese gave the actors freedom to do whatever they wanted . The director made transcripts of these sessions , took the lines he liked best , and put them into a revised script , which the cast worked from during principal photography .   Made on a budget of $ 25 million , Goodfellas grossed $ 46.8 million . It received positive reviews from critics and was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director , with Pesci winning Best Actor in a Supporting Role . The film won five awards from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , including Best Film and Best Director . Additionally , Goodfellas was named the year 's best film by various critics ' groups .   Goodfellas is widely regarded as one of the greatest films in the crime genre . In 2000 , it was deemed `` culturally , historically , and aesthetically significant '' and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress . Its content and style have been emulated in numerous other films and television shows .