query: Harley Quinn is a comic book character.

pos: Batman Batman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character was created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger , and first appeared in Detective Comics # 27 ( 1939 ) . Originally named the `` Bat-Man '' , the character is also referred to by such epithets as the Caped Crusader , the Dark Knight , and the World 's Greatest Detective .   Batman 's secret identity is Bruce Wayne , a wealthy American playboy , philanthropist , and owner of Wayne Enterprises . After witnessing the murder of his parents Dr. Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne as a child , he swore vengeance against criminals , an oath tempered by a sense of justice . Bruce Wayne trains himself physically and intellectually and crafts a bat-inspired persona to fight crime .   Batman operates in the fictional Gotham City with assistance from various supporting characters , including his butler Alfred , police commissioner Gordon , and vigilante allies such as Robin . Unlike most superheroes , Batman does not possess any superpowers ; rather , he relies on his genius intellect , physical prowess , martial arts abilities , detective skills , science and technology , vast wealth , intimidation , and indomitable will . A large assortment of villains make up Batman 's rogues gallery , including his archenemy , the Joker .   The character became popular soon after his introduction in 1939 and gained his own comic book title , Batman , the following year . As the decades went on , differing interpretations of the character emerged . The late 1960s Batman television series used a camp aesthetic , which continued to be associated with the character for years after the show ended . Various creators worked to return the character to his dark roots , culminating in 1986 with The Dark Knight Returns by Frank Miller . The success of Warner Bros. ' live-action Batman feature films have helped maintain the public 's interest in the character .   An American cultural icon , Batman has been licensed and adapted into a variety of media , from radio to television and film , and appears on various merchandise sold all over the world , such as toys and video games . The character has also intrigued psychiatrists , with many trying to understand the character 's psyche . In 2015 , FanSided ranked Batman as number one on their list of `` 50 Greatest Super Heroes In Comic Book History '' . Kevin Conroy , Bruce Greenwood , Peter Weller , Anthony Ruivivar , Jason O'Mara , and Will Arnett , among others , have provided the character 's voice for animated adaptations . Batman has been portrayed in both film and television by Lewis Wilson , Robert Lowery , Adam West , Michael Keaton , Val Kilmer , George Clooney , Christian Bale , and Ben Affleck .

pos: Harley Quinn Harley Quinn ( Harleen Frances Quinzel ) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character was created by Paul Dini and Bruce Timm , and first appeared in Batman : The Animated Series in September 1992 . She later appeared in DC Comics ' Batman comic books , with the character 's first comic book appearance in The Batman Adventures # 12 ( September 1993 ) .   Harley Quinn is the frequent accomplice and lover of the Joker , whom she met while working as a psychiatric intern at Gotham City 's Arkham Asylum , where the Joker was a patient . Her name is a play on the name `` Harlequin '' , a character which originated in the commedia dell ` arte .   The character was originally voiced by Arleen Sorkin in various tie-ins to the DC animated universe . Since then , she has also been voiced by Hynden Walch and Tara Strong in either DC Animated Showcases or in various video games . In the Birds of Prey television series , she was portrayed by actress Mia Sara . The character made her live-action cinematic debut in the 2016 film Suicide Squad , portrayed by Margot Robbie .

neg: The World's Greatest Super-Heroes The World 's Greatest Super-Heroes is the name to the oversized slipcased hardcover anthology collection , that reprinted six oversized graphic novels all created by artist Alex Ross and writer Paul Dini . Four graphic novels were originally published to celebrate the 60th anniversary of DC main characters : Superman , Batman , Captain Marvel and Wonder Woman , thus Superman : Peace on Earth were published in 1998 , Batman : War on Crime in 1999 , Shazam ! : Power of Hope in 2000 and finally Wonder Woman : Spirit of Truth in 2001 . Alex Ross original idea was make a statement about the four superhero comics archetypes : Science Fiction ( Superman ) , Crime/Mystery ( Batman ) , Magic ( Captain Marvel ) and Myth ( Wonder Woman ) .   In the following year , DC Comics also published one extra book : JLA : Secret Origins . Not featuring any storyline whatsoever , it only presented the origins of the four main characters already published in the previous books and the origins of other Justice League characters : Green Lantern , Flash , Green Arrow , Black Canary , Martian Manhunter , Hawkman , Hawkgirl and Plastic Man . Every origin was present in two-pages layout based on Joe Shuster 's origin of Superman from Action Comics # 1 .   The final book , published in 2003 , JLA : Liberty and Justice presented a full story featuring the entire group , the first time that Alex Ross was able to use all characters in the current timeline . The artwork is of Ross ' very own photorealism , and the books themselves were created after the success of Ross ' and writer Mark Waid 's famous Kingdom Come .   The World 's Greatest Super-Heroes was released on August 1 , 2005 on dust-jacket slipcase hardcover edition ( 9.6 '' x 13 '' ) and got paperback reprint ( 8.2 '' x 11 '' ) on September 28 , 2010 . Both collected versions are smaller than the original Treasury Editions ( 10 '' x 13.5 '' ) .

neg: Death (comics) Death , in comics , may refer to :   Comic book death , the deaths of characters in comic books and the related entry :  List of dead comic book characters  The personification of death :  Death ( DC Comics )  Death ( Marvel Comics )  Death , a member of the Horsemen of Apocalypse   Other characters :  Death Adder ( comics ) , a Marvel supervillain  Death 's Head , a Marvel UK character  Death 's - Head ( comics ) , a Marvel character and enemy of Daredevil  Death Metal ( comics ) , a Marvel UK character  Death Squad ( comics ) , a Marvel Comics team of supervillains  Death-Stalker , a Marvel character  Death Wreck , a Marvel character  Doctor Death ( comics ) , a DC supervillain  Black Death ( comics ) , a Marvel supervillain  Lady Death  Lady Deathstrike   Storylines :  The Death of Superman  Death of Buffy ( Buffy comic )

neg: Ghost Rider Ghost Rider is the name of several fictional supernatural antiheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Marvel had previously used the name for a Western character whose name was later changed to Phantom Rider .   The first supernatural Ghost Rider is stunt motorcyclist Johnny Blaze , who , in order to save the life of his father , agreed to give his soul to `` Satan '' ( later revealed to be an arch-demon named Mephisto ) . At night and when around evil , Blaze finds his flesh consumed by hellfire , causing his head to become a flaming skull . He rides a fiery motorcycle and wields blasts of hellfire from his body , usually from his skeletal hands . He eventually learns he has been bonded with the demon Zarathos . Blaze starred in the series from 1972 to 1983 . The subsequent Ghost Rider series ( 1990 -- 1998 ) featured Danny Ketch as a new Ghost Rider . After his sister was injured by ninja gangsters , Ketch came in contact with a motorcycle that had somehow been mystically enchanted to contain the essence of a Spirit of Vengeance . Blaze reappeared in this 1990s series as a supporting character , and it was later revealed that Danny and his sister were Johnny Blaze 's long lost siblings . In 2000s comics , Blaze again became the Ghost Rider , succeeding Ketch . In 2013 , Robbie Reyes became Ghost Rider as part of the Marvel NOW ! initiative .   Nicolas Cage starred as the Johnny Blaze iteration of the character in the 2007 film Ghost Rider and the sequel Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance in 2012 . Gabriel Luna plays the Robbie Reyes version in the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.

neg: Gladiatrix (comics) Gladiatrix ( Robin Braxton ) is a fictional heroine appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics .

neg: Dick Grayson Richard John `` Dick '' Grayson is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics , commonly in association with Batman . Created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger and illustrator Jerry Robinson , he first appeared in Detective Comics # 38 in April 1940 as the original incarnation of Robin . In Tales of the Teen Titans # 44 ( July 1984 ) the character retires his role as Robin and assumes the superhero persona of Nightwing , created by Marv Wolfman and artist George Pérez .   The youngest in a family of acrobats known as the `` Flying Graysons '' , Dick watches a mafia boss kill his parents in order to extort money from the circus that employed them . Batman ( Bruce Wayne ) takes him in as a legal ward ( retconned as an adopted son in some cases ) and the crime-fighting partner Robin . He is written by many authors as the first son of Batman . As well as being Batman 's crime-fighting partner , Dick establishes himself as the leader of the Teen Titans , a team of teenage superheroes . As a young man , he retires as Robin and takes on his own superhero identity to assert his independence , becoming Nightwing . As Nightwing , he continues to lead the Teen Titans and later the Outsiders . In the first volume of his eponymous series ( 1996 -- 2009 ) , he becomes the protector of Blüdhaven , Gotham 's economically troubled neighboring city , the locale the character is most closely associated with . He has also served stints protecting the streets of New York , Chicago and Gotham in other runs over the years .   Dick Grayson has taken on the identity of Batman on a few occasions . Following `` Batman : Knightfall '' , Grayson declines taking up the mantle of Batman while the original was recovering from a broken back as he feels Nightwing is a hero in his own right and not Batman 's understudy , but after the events of the Zero Hour miniseries later that year , he replaces Bruce Wayne as Batman , beginning in Robin # 0 ( 1994 ) and extending throughout the Batman : Prodigal storyline in 1995 . Dick again assumes the mantle following the events of `` Batman R.I.P. '' ( 2008 ) and Final Crisis ( 2008 -- 9 ) . As Batman , Dick moves to Gotham City following his mentor 's apparent death and partners with the fifth Robin , Damian Wayne . On Bruce 's return , both men maintained the Batman identity until 2011 , when Dick returned to the Nightwing identity with DC 's The New 52 continuity reboot . In a 2014 comic story , Dick is forced to abandon the Nightwing identity after being unmasked on TV and faking his death , setting up Tim Seeley 's Grayson comic book , Dick becomes Agent 37 , Batman 's mole in the nefarious spy organization Spyral . Following the conclusion of the Grayson series , and the restoration of his secret identity in the series ' final issue , Dick returns to being Nightwing as part of the DC Rebirth relaunch in 2016 .   Dick Grayson has appeared as Robin in several other media adaptations : the 1943 serial played by Douglas Croft , the 1949 serial played by Johnny Duncan , the 1966 -- 1968 live action Batman television series and its motion picture portrayed by Burt Ward , played by Chris O'Donnell in the 1995 film Batman Forever and its 1997 sequel Batman & Robin . Loren Lester voiced the character as Robin in Batman : The Animated Series and later as Nightwing 's first screen adaptation in The New Batman Adventures . In May 2011 , IGN ranked Dick Grayson # 11 on their list of the `` Top 100 Super Heroes of All Time '' . In 2013 , ComicsAlliance ranked Grayson as Nightwing as # 1 on their list of the `` 50 Sexiest Male Characters in Comics '' .

neg: Action Comics Action Comics is an American comic book series that introduced Superman , one of the first major superhero characters as the term is popularly defined . The publisher was originally known as National Allied Publications , and later as National Comics Publications and as National Periodical Publications , before taking on its current name of DC Comics . Its original incarnation ran from 1938 to 2011 and stands as one of the longest-running comic books with consecutively numbered issues . A second volume of Action Comics with issue # 1 ran from 2011 to 2016 . Action Comics returned to its original numbering beginning with issue # 957 ( Aug. 2016 ) .

neg: Hoggoth Hoggoth is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics .

neg: List of Batman Family adversaries The Batman Family adversaries or the rogues gallery are a collective of fictional supervillains appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . These characters are depicted as adversaries of the superhero Batman and his allies .   Since Batman first appeared in Detective Comics # 27 ( May 1939 ) , his supporting cast has expanded to include other superheroes , and has become what is now informally called the Batman Family . As with most superheroes , a cast of recurring enemies to the Batman Family have been introduced throughout the decades , collectively referred to as the rogues gallery . Many characters from Batman 's rogues gallery who are criminally insane become patients at Arkham Asylum after they are apprehended .   The Batman Family 's rogues gallery has widely been well received , considered by many journalists to be one of the greatest superhero rogues galleries in all of comics .

neg: Inferno (Dante Pertuz) Inferno ( Dante Pertuz ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics .

neg: Batman: Anarky Batman : Anarky is a 1999 trade paperback published by DC Comics . The book collects prominent appearances of Anarky , a comic book character created by Alan Grant and Norm Breyfogle . Although all of the collected stories were written by Alan Grant , various artists contributed to individual stories . Dual introductions were written by the creatorsboth of whom introduce the character and give insight into their role in Anarky 's creation and development .   Featured as an antagonist in various Batman comics during the '90s , stories based on the character were highly thematic , political , and philosophical in tone . The majority of the collected stories ( `` Anarky in Gotham City '' , `` Anarky : Tomorrow Belongs to Us '' , `` Anarky '' ) are influenced by the philosophy of anarchism , while the final story ( `` Metamorphosis '' ) is influenced by Frank R. Wallace . Although anti-statism is the overarching theme of the collection , other concepts are explored . Anarky 's characterization was expanded throughout the stories to present him first as a libertarian socialist and anarchist , and in the final story as a vehicle for explorations into atheism , rationalism , and bicameralism . Literary references are also utilized throughout the collected stories to stress the philosophical foundations of the character . The collection also tracks the character 's evolution from a petty , street-crime fighting vigilante , to a competent freedom fighter in opposition to powerful forces of evil .   Critics have positively received some of the stories within the collection , analyzing Anarky as a unique force for political commentary and discussion within DC Comics ' storytelling . However , the expansive growth of the character 's unique abilities and characterization has also fueled criticism as having overpowered the character beyond suspension of disbelief .

neg: Captain Marvel (DC Comics) Captain Marvel , also known as Shazam , is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Artist C. C. Beck and writer Bill Parker created the character in 1939 . Captain Marvel first appeared in Whiz Comics # 2 ( cover-dated Feb. 1940 ) , published by Fawcett Comics . He is the alter ego of Billy Batson , a boy who , by speaking the magic word `` SHAZAM '' ( acronym of 6 Greek `` immortal elders '' - Solomon , Hercules , Atlas , Zeus , Achilles , and Mercury ) , can transform himself into a costumed adult with the powers of superhuman strength , speed , flight , and other abilities .   Based on book sales , the character was the most popular superhero of the 1940s , outselling even Superman . Fawcett expanded the franchise to include other `` Marvels '' , primarily Marvel Family associates Mary Marvel and Captain Marvel Jr. , who can harness Billy 's powers as well . Captain Marvel was also the first comic book superhero to be adapted into film , in a 1941 Republic Pictures serial titled Adventures of Captain Marvel .   Fawcett ceased publishing Captain Marvel-related comics in 1953 , partly because of a copyright infringement suit from DC Comics , alleging that Captain Marvel was a copy of Superman . In 1972 , DC licensed the Marvel Family characters from Fawcett , and returned them to publication . By 1991 , DC had acquired all rights to the characters . DC has since integrated Captain Marvel and the Marvel Family into their DC Universe and has attempted to revive the property several times , with mixed success . Due to trademark conflicts over another character named `` Captain Marvel '' owned by Marvel Comics since 1967 , DC chose to publish the character 's adventures in a comic book titled Shazam ! for many years , leading many to assume that this was the character 's name . DC later officially renamed the character `` Shazam '' when relaunching its comic book properties in 2011 .   In addition , since 1972 , the character has been featured in two television series adaptations , one live action and one animated , by Filmation , and an upcoming Warner Bros. . Shazam ! feature film scheduled for release in 2019 as part of the DC Extended Universe . Captain Marvel was ranked as the 55th greatest comic book character of all time by Wizard magazine . IGN also ranked Captain Marvel as the 50th greatest comic book hero of all time , stating that the character will always be an enduring reminder of a simpler time . UGO Networks ranked him as one of the top heroes of entertainment , saying , `` At his best , Shazam has always been Superman with a sense of crazy , goofy fun '' .

neg: Events from the Modern Age of Comic Books One of the key aspects of the Modern Age of Comic Books was that it was the beginning of big events . In 1984 , Marvel Comics debuted the first large crossover , Secret Wars , a storyline featuring the company 's most prolific superheroes , which overlapped into a 12-issue limited series and many monthly comic books . A year later , DC Comics introduced its first large scale crossover , Crisis on Infinite Earths , which had long-term effects on the `` DC Universe '' continuity .   In the early and mid-1990s , big events were regularly published by Marvel and DC , often leading to extra publicity and sales . These events helped fend-off competition from Image Comics , and such events were more likely to become `` collector 's items . '' Some events , such as DC 's `` Zero Hour '' and Marvel 's `` Onslaught saga '' spanned a publisher 's entire line while others only affected a `` family '' of interrelated titles . The X-Men and Batman franchises featured crossovers almost annually .   Some of the most significant mid-1990s events , such as Spider-Man 's `` Clone Saga , '' Batman 's `` Batman : Knightfall '' and particularly , `` The Death of Superman '' caused dramatic changes to long-running characters and received coverage in the mainstream media .   These events led to significant sales boosts and publicity , but many fans began to criticize them as excessive and lacking compelling storytelling . They also complained that monthly series had become inaccessible because one had to follow a number of comics to understand the full storyline . By the end of the 1990s , the number of large crossovers decreased , but they were still launched sporadically .

neg: List of comics characters which originated in other media This list is for original fictional characters created for adaptations of comic books in other forms of media ( television series , films , books , games and advertising ) .   It includes characters like Firestar and X-23 that were later incorporated into mainstream comics . The category does not include preexisting characters from fiction ( books , film , television , etc. ) such as Dracula , Conan or Rima that were later incorporated into comics . Characters unique to certain movies and television programs such as Rachel Dawes and Max Shreck are not included on this list because they do not have counterparts in any mainstream comic book .   DC Comics :   Nora Fries  Gleek ( Super Friends )  Ethan Bennett  Mercy Graves  Gray Ghost ( fictional character )  Inspector William Henderson  Isis ( DC Comics )  Inque  King Tut ( Batman )  Livewire ( DC Comics )  Lock-Up ( comics )  Lionel Luthor  Batman ( Terry McGinnis )  Renee Montoya  Más y Menos  Non ( DC Comics )  Jimmy Olsen  Harley Quinn  Roxy Rocket  Samurai ( Super Friends )  Chloe Sullivan  Ursa ( comics )  Wendy and Marvin  Kristin Wells  Perry White  Wonder Twins  Cinderblock ( comics )  John Diggle ( Arrow )   Marvel Comics :   Firestar  Lightwave  Ms. Lion  H.E.R.B.I.E.  Hypnotia  Iceberg  Icemaster  Spyke  Abraham Whistler  X-23  Phil Coulson  Erik Selvig  Melinda May  Leo Fitz  Jemma Simmons  Antoine Triplett  Anna Jarvis   Other publishers :   Cammy  Jessica Priest  Launchpad McQuack

neg: Scarlet Witch Scarlet Witch ( Wanda Maximoff ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character first appeared in X-Men # 4 ( March 1964 ) and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby . The character has since starred in two self-titled limited series with husband the Vision , and has historically been depicted as a regular team member in superhero title The Avengers .   Scarlet Witch has the superhuman ability to alter reality in unspecific ways . In most depictions , she is a mutant , a human born with natural superhuman powers . Originally revealed to be the daughter of the Golden Age superhero Whizzer , it was later established she and her twin brother Quicksilver were the children of X-Men villain Magneto , and the half-siblings of his daughter Polaris . This parentage was their status quo until 2014 , when a further retcon revealed that she and Quicksilver were in fact non-mutants who had been kidnapped and experimented on by the High Evolutionary , and then misled to believe that Magneto was their father .   The character was ranked 97th in Wizard 's `` 200 Greatest Comic Book Characters of All Time '' list , 12th in IGN 's list of `` The Top 50 Avengers '' , and 14th in Comics Buyer 's Guide 's `` 100 Sexiest Women in Comics '' list . The character has appeared in other Marvel-endorsed products such as animated films ; arcade and video games ; television series and merchandise such as action figures and trading cards . Elizabeth Olsen portrays Scarlet Witch in the Marvel Cinematic Universe .

neg: Cat Bauer Catherine `` Cat '' Bauer ( born July 27 , 1955 in Greenville , South Carolina ) is the award-winning author of contemporary novels featuring the young protagonist , Harley Columba , and is known for her unique and honest voice . Publishers Weekly said , `` Bauer creates a witty and resilient narrator in ... Harley Columba ... Readers will be rooting for this sympathetic heroine . '' In the Thomson Gale biography , the authors noted that : `` Readers and reviewers often found the strength of Bauer 's novel in the authentic voice of its heroine , Harley . Patricia Morrow , for example , in Voice of Youth Advocates ( VOYA ) , remarked that ` Harley 's voice is true to the experience of many young people , ' and that ` Although the outcomes are not unexpected , they do not follow any formulas . ' ''   Bauer is the oldest of five children . She was born on an Air Force Base where her father was stationed in Greenville , South Carolina . According to family lore , she was struck by ball lightning while sleeping in her bassinet during a thunderstorm . She spent the first five years of her life in Kearney , New Jersey in the same three-family house as her paternal grandparents , and her summers at the Bauer family property on Bodin Lake in Upstate New York . Her grandfather was the foreman of Kearfott , where her father was also an engineer .   When she was nearly five years old , her grandparents relocated to Montreat , North Carolina , while her immediate family moved to Pompton Lakes , New Jersey , a small , suburban town in North Jersey which Bauer has fictionalized in her novels as `` Lenape Lakes '' -- `` only forty-five minutes outside of New York City , if there 's no traffic , although it may as well be four zillion light-years away since no one from here ever goes there . '' Bauer learned to read and use the slide rule before she went to kindergarten , and began writing books at the age of six . She showed musical ability at a young age , and played the clarinet , piano , violin and guitar , and was also active in the theater .   Bauer graduated with honors from Pompton Lakes High School in 1973 .   After a brief marriage to her high school sweetheart , she moved to the West Village in New York City , and studied acting with Stella Adler and the National Shakespeare Conservatory .   She later moved to Los Angeles , California to pursue an acting career , and was active in the LA theater scene as both an actress and a playwright , co-authoring and performing in the cult hit , `` Peacocks . '' She was a close friend and student of the late Don Richardson , whose former students also included Grace Kelly and Anne Bancroft . Bauer assisted Mr. Richardson with his book `` Acting Without Agony , '' and it was in his workshop that she met her future husband , television director , James Quinn , noted for one-hour episode shows such as Law & Order . During this period , Bauer lived in the hills of Los Feliz .   In July , 1993 , Sassy published her first short story , Run Away , which was the inspiration for her first novel , Harley , Like a Person . Under the working title of `` Zee , '' that effort was the recipient of the very first Sue Alexander Most Promising New Work Award given by the Society of Children 's Book Writers and Illustrators ( SCBWI ) . Selected from manuscripts submitted for individual critique at the SCBWI Annual Conference in Los Angeles , the award is given to the manuscript deemed most promising for publication . Another in the list of `` firsts , '' Bauer 's winning entry was critiqued by Walter Dean Myers , the first-ever Michael L. Printz Award winner , a prize which recognizes excellence in young adult literature .   Bauer later changed the title of her first novel to Harley , Like a Person , which was originally published in 2000 by Winslow Press , a boutique publisher that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2002 .   John Lennon 's life and work were major influences on Bauer , and her novels are peppered with references to the former Beatle . For example , Harley Columba was born on the anniversary of John Lennon 's death , December 8 , while her parents were attending a memorial concert in his honor .   In 2004 , Holly Bolstad of White Bear Lake , Minnesota , won her state Level I Letters About Literature competition , a national reading-writing contest sponsored by the Center for the Book in the Library of Congress , together with Target Stores , by writing to Cat Bauer about how Harley , Like a Person had affected her life . To enter , readers write a personal letter to an author , living or dead , from any genre -- fiction or nonfiction , contemporary or classic , explaining how that author 's work changed the student 's way of thinking about the world or themselves .   In April 1998 , Bauer moved to Venice , Italy , where she lives today on the Grand Canal . She is presently divorced .   Bauer was also a regular contributor to International Herald Tribune 's Italian supplement , Italy Daily , writing about the art , culture and architecture of Venice . Her popular blog , Venetian Cat - Venice Blog has been featured in the Financial Times Arts & Weekend Magazine .   On May 27 , 2004 the Honorable Prudence Carter Beatty signed an Order reverting all rights to Harley , Like a Person to Bauer . That book was republished in a slightly different form in 2007 by Alfred A. Knopf , a division of Random House , Inc. , New York , together with a companion novel entitled , Harley 's Ninth , which takes place all on one day , October 9 , John Lennon 's birthday .   AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS for HARLEY , LIKE A PERSON   Booklist Top Ten Youth First Novel  American Library Association Best Books for Young Adults  Two-time Winner American Library Association YALSA Popular Paperback for Young Adults  American Library Association YALSA Quick Pick  New York Public Library Book for the Teen Age  Bookreporter Top Ten Teen First Novel  Book of the Year - First Place YA Fiction - ForeWord Magazine  Oregon Young Adult Network Book Rave  BookSense 76 Pick  teenreads.com Top 10 Teen Book  Teen People Book Club Selection  CosmoGirl Book Club Selection  Selected Adoption-Related Book No . American Council on Adoptable Children Awareness Guide  Winner - SCBWI Sue Alexander Most Promising New Work Award  Novels  Harley , Like a Person  Harley 's Ninth   Collections   Sixteen - Stories About that Sweet and Bitter Birthday , edited by Megan McCafferty  Lines in the Sand , New Writing on War and Peace  Time Out Venice : Verona , Treviso and the Veneto Time Out Guides

neg: Character (arts) A character ( sometimes known as a fictional character ) is a person or other being in a narrative work of art ( such as a novel , play , television series , or film ) . The character may be entirely fictional or based on a real-life person , in which case the distinction of a `` fictional '' versus `` real '' character may be made . Derived from the ancient Greek word χαρακτήρ , the English word dates from the Restoration , although it became widely used after its appearance in Tom Jones in 1749 . From this , the sense of `` a part played by an actor '' developed . Character , particularly when enacted by an actor in the theatre or cinema , involves `` the illusion of being a human person . '' In literature , characters guide readers through their stories , helping them to understand plots and ponder themes . Since the end of the 18th century , the phrase `` in character '' has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor . Since the 19th century , the art of creating characters , as practiced by actors or writers , has been called characterisation .   A character who stands as a representative of a particular class or group of people is known as a type . Types include both stock characters and those that are more fully individualised . The characters in Henrik Ibsen 's Hedda Gabler ( 1891 ) and August Strindberg 's Miss Julie ( 1888 ) , for example , are representative of specific positions in the social relations of class and gender , such that the conflicts between the characters reveal ideological conflicts .   The study of a character requires an analysis of its relations with all of the other characters in the work . The individual status of a character is defined through the network of oppositions ( proairetic , pragmatic , linguistic , proxemic ) that it forms with the other characters . The relation between characters and the action of the story shifts historically , often miming shifts in society and its ideas about human individuality , self-determination , and the social order .

neg: Superpower (ability) Superpower is a popular culture term for a fictional superhuman ability , most commonly used in the American comic book genre .   When a character possesses multiple such abilities , the terms super powers or simply powers are used . It is most frequently used in pulp magazines , comic books , science fiction , television programs , and film as the key attribute of a superhero .   The concept originated in American comic books and pulp magazines of the 1930s and 1940s , and has gradually worked its way into other genres and media .

neg: Zatanna Zatanna Zatara is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published DC Comics . The character was created by Julius Schwartz , Gardner Fox and Murphy Anderson , and first appeared in Hawkman # 4 ( November 1964 ) .   Zatanna is both a stage magician and an actual magician , like her father Giovanni `` John '' Zatara . As such she has many of her father 's powers relating to magic , typically controlled by speaking the words of her incantations spelled backwards .   She is known for her involvement with the Justice League , her retconned childhood association with Batman , and her crossing of the Vertigo line with characters such as romantic partner John Constantine .

neg: Erotic comics Erotic comics are adult comics which focus substantially on nudity and sexual activity , either for their own sake or as a major story element . As such they are usually not permitted to be sold to legal minors . Like other genres of comics , they can consist of single panels , short comic strips , comic books , or graphic novels/albums . Although never a mainstream genre , they have existed as a niche alongside -- but usually separate from -- other genres of comics .   During the mid-twentieth century , most comics were produced for children , and in North America the contents of most comics were constrained by the Comics Code Authority to be suitable for children . Consequently erotic comics have sometimes been subject to criticism and extra scrutiny compared to other forms of erotic art and storytelling . Additionally , the application of laws against child pornography to materials featuring fictional characters with no legal ages , have varied internationally .

neg: Leila Davis Leila Davis is a fictional character , a supervillain and later costumed hero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . She first went by Hardshell and later as the second version of Beetle . She was primarily an enemy of Spider-Man .


query: Cage Warriors staged an MMA event for the first time.

pos: Cage Warriors Cage Warriors Fighting Championship or CWFC is a mixed martial arts promotion , based in London . Cage Warriors was established in 2001 and staged its first MMA event in London in July , 2002 . Currently it has scheduled events in Chechnya , Baghdad and Beirut .   Many of the biggest stars in MMA have made their names under the Cage Warriors banner , including Gegard Mousasi , Conor McGregor and Michael Bisping . CWFC are one of the few top promotions to take their events abroad , travelling throughout countries in Europe , North America and the Middle East . CWFC staged 26 events across 12 different countries in 2012 and 2013 .

neg: UFC 10 UFC 10 : The Tournament was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) on July 12 , 1996 , at the Fairgrounds Arena in Birmingham , Alabama . The event was seen live on pay per view in the United States , and later released on home video . A fictional UFC 10 , staged at the Grand Olympic Auditorium , is featured during one scene in the film Virtuosity , including an appearance from fighter Ken Shamrock .

neg: 1999 in King of the Cage The year 1999 is the 1st year in the history of King of the Cage , a mixed martial arts promotion based in The United States . In 1999 King of the Cage held 1 event , KOTC 1 : Bas Rutten 's King of the Cage .

neg: UFC 172 UFC 172 : Jones vs. Teixeira was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on April 26 , 2014 , at the Baltimore Arena in Baltimore , Maryland .

neg: 2005 in UFC The year 2005 is the 13th year in the history of the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) , a mixed martial arts promotion based in the United States . In 2005 the UFC held 10 events beginning with , UFC 51 : Super Saturday . The reality TV series The Ultimate Fighter and the UFC Ultimate Fight Night both premiered on Spike TV . The Ultimate Fighter 1 Finale was the first ever live UFC broadcast on non-pay-per-view television .

neg: K-1 Premium Dynamite!! K-1 PREMIUM Dynamite !! ( or Dynamite !! ) is an annual kickboxing and mixed martial arts event held in Japan by the Fighting and Entertainment Group . It began as a co-production between PRIDE Fighting Championships and K-1 held on August 28 , 2002 . The event was called K-1 Dynamite ! by K-1 and PRIDE Shockwave by PRIDE Fighting Championships ' , though in Japan it was simply called Dynamite ! . The live audience totaled 91,108 people , and is the largest on record for either organization or any professional fighting event .

neg: 2002 in UFC The year 2002 is the 10th year in the history of the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) , a mixed martial arts promotion based in the United States . In 2002 the UFC held 7 events beginning with , UFC 35 : Throwdown .

neg: EliteXC: Uprising EliteXC : Uprising was a mixed martial arts event promoted by EliteXC and co-promoted by Icon Sport and Rumble World Entertainment . The event took place on Saturday , September 15 , 2007 at the Neal S. Blaisdell Arena in Oahu , Hawaii .

neg: 2012 in mixed martial arts events The year 2012 has seen champions retain their belt , new champions crowned and new promotions begin their campaigns . As of March 30 , 2012 , the Ultimate Fighting Championship has held seven events with another fourteen so far reported to be held throughout the rest of the year . Bellator Fighting Championship began its sixth season containing tournaments in five different weight classes . A new Indian promotion , Super Fight League , arrived on the scene in 2012 with seven events scheduled throughout the year .

neg: 2005 in WEC The year 2005 is the 5th year in the history of World Extreme Cagefighting , a mixed martial arts promotion based in the United States . In 2005 WEC held 5 events beginning with , WEC 13 : Heavyweight Explosion .

neg: UFC Ultimate Fight Night UFC Ultimate Fight Night ( also known as UFC Fight Night 1 ) was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on August 6 , 2005 . The event took place at University of Nevada 's Cox Pavilion , Las Vegas , Nevada and was broadcast live on Spike TV in the United States and Canada .

neg: Phoenix Championship Wrestling Phoenix Championship Wrestling was a short-lived American independent professional wrestling promotion based in Toms River , New Jersey . It was founded by twin brothers Don and Mike Bucci in 2001 and promoted by Don Bucci until its close two years later . The promotion enjoyed a high degree of success during its existence and was home to many independent wrestlers in the Jersey Shore and Mid-Atlantic region later signed to both Total Non-Stop Action and World Wrestling Entertainment .   Stars from both promotions made appearances for PCW such as TNA 's Alexis Laree , Frankie Kazarian , Amazing Red and The S.A.T. ( Jose and Joel Maximo ) . The Wall and the Harris Brothers were also signed to TNA while competing for the promotion . From the World Wrestling Federation included former and then current superstars such as Jimmy Snuka , Gillberg , Gangrel , Eddie Guerrero and Three Minute Warning ( Rosey and Jamal ) . A number of WWE developmental wrestlers from Ohio Valley Wrestling spent time in the promotion including Kara Drew , Charlie Haas , Mike Kruel , Tank Toland and The Basham Brothers ( Doug and Danny Basham ) .   Mike Bucci , a mainstay of Extreme Championship Wrestling , was also able to bring in many of its stars prior to and following the promotion 's close in 2001 . Among these included Prodigy , Chris Chetti , Little Guido , Jerry Lynn , Crowbar , Steve Corino , Julio Dinero , Chris Hamrick , Tommy Dreamer , Raven , Joey Matthews & Christian York and the `` heel '' stable Triple Threat ( `` Franchise '' Shane Douglas , Chris Candido and Bam Bam Bigelow ) . Both Bucci and Prodigy would win titles in the promotion , Prodigy being the first PCW Television Champion .   Despite the fierce competitive environment among independent Mid-Atlantic promotions , the smaller PCW had working relationships with several of its rivals allowing appearances by Nicky Benz and Ric Blade from Combat Zone Wrestling , and Michael Shane , `` Fallen Angel '' Christopher Daniels and Samoa Joe from Ring of Honor . PCW also featured many established independent wrestlers , not only in the Jersey Shore and Mid-Atlantic region , but from throughout the United States and Canada . The mix of wrestlers would occasionally result in unofficial interpromotional matches that would not normally be seen in mainstream companies . The promotion also had a weekly Public-access television cable TV series , Fire Bird TV , and many of its supercards and televised events were later released on VHS/DVD by Smart Mark Video and RF Video .

neg: UFC 49 UFC 49 : Unfinished Business was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on August 21 , 2004 , at the MGM Grand Arena in Las Vegas , Nevada . The event was broadcast live on pay-per-view in the United States , and later released on DVD .

neg: World Combat Games The World Combat Games are an international multi-sport event featuring combat sports and martial arts . Fifteen Olympic and non-Olympic sports are currently on the programme : aikido , boxing , fencing , judo , ju-jitsu , karate , kendo , kickboxing , Muay Thai , sambo , savate , sumo , taekwondo , wrestling and wushu .   The World Combat Games were initiated by SportAccord , the umbrella organisation for international sports federations and organizers of sports events , in order to bring these sports closer to a worldwide public . The World Combat Games are accompanied by a cultural program that reflects the ancient traditions and values of martial arts as well as their contribution to modern society .

neg: Victor Cui Victor Cui is the CEO / Owner of ONE Championship ( ONE ) , a mixed martial arts organization based in Singapore which is widely regarded as being the biggest in Asia and has some of the best MMA fighters in the world on the roster including Shinya Aoki , Bibiano Fernandes , Masakatsu Ueda , Melvin Manhoef and Tatsuya Kawajiri .   Before setting up ONE in 2011 Cui had nearly 15 years of experience in the sports media industry and was also the man behind Martial Combat , a promotion which ran two shows per month at Resorts World Sentosa from May to October in 2010 .   Cui has previously worked as a senior executive at ESPN Star Sports and the PGA Tour and has also been involved in X Games , Olympics Games , Commonwealth Games , and many other sporting events .   The first ONE show , ONE Fighting Championship : Champion vs. Champion , took place at the 12,000 capacity Singapore Indoor Stadium on 3 September 2011 and featured Phil Baroni , Yoshiyuki Yoshida , Gregor Gracie , and Eduard Folayang . According to Cui everyone , including his wife , told him to use a smaller venue but he was determined to prove them wrong . Since then the Singapore based promotion has held sold out events in Kuala Lumpur , Jakarta , Manila , and Singapore , secured a ten-year TV deal with ESPN Star Sports and signed well known fighters including Rolles Gracie , Masakatsu Ueda , Renato Sobral , Andrei Arlovski , Roger Huerta and Tim Sylvia .   Cui has repeatedly been described as ` The most powerful man in Asian MMA ' due to ONE 's rapid success and his relationship with other key players in the industry . He was one of only five candidates to be nominated for ` Leading Man of the Year ' the 2012 World MMA Awards and the only representative of an Asian promotion on this shortlist .   Cui 's family is originally from Cebu and he was a major awardee at the 31st SAC-SMC Cebu Sports Awards on March 17 , 2013 for his work in turning ONE into the biggest MMA organization in Asia and showcasing Filipino fighters .

neg: Jewels 5th Ring Jewels 5th Ring was a mixed martial arts ( MMA ) event held by MMA promotion Jewels . The event took place on at Shinjuku Face in Kabukicho , Tokyo , Japan .

neg: World Series of Fighting 1: Central America World Series of Fighting 1 : Central America was a mixed martial arts event held on in Managua , Managua , Nicaragua .

neg: UFC Fight Night 6 UFC Fight Night : Sanchez vs. Parisyan ( also known as UFC Fight Night 6 ) was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on August 17 , 2006 . The event took place at the Red Rock Resort Spa and Casino in Las Vegas , Nevada , and was broadcast live on Spike TV in the United States and Canada . It acted as a lead-in to the season four premiere of The Ultimate Fighter . The two-hour broadcast of UFC Fight Night 6 on Spike TV drew a 1.5 overall rating .   The main event of the evening -- a welterweight bout between The Ultimate Fighter superstar Diego Sanchez and former title contender Karo Parisyan -- was given heightened interest , as the winner of the bout was rumored to designate the next challenger for the UFC welterweight championship .   The disclosed fighter payroll for this event was $ 173,500 .

neg: List of WEC events This is a list of is of mixed martial arts events held by World Extreme Cagefighting . The first event , WEC 1 , took place on June 30 , 2001 . The first event held under Zuffa management , WEC 25 , took place on January 20 , 2007 . The final event , WEC 53 , took place on December 16 , 2010 .

neg: Kunlun Fight Kunlun Fight ( Chinese : 昆仑决 ; pinyin : Kūnlún Jué ) , is a Chinese kickboxing promotion developed by Kunsun Media . Kunlun Fight debuted in 2014 and is regarded as one of the top kickboxing promotions in the world .   The first event was held in Pattaya , Thailand on January 25 , 2014 . The promotion has since kept on a steady pace of events and in 2015 alone held over 20 events .   Kunlun Fight is broadcast in mainland China on Jiangsu Television and on HKSTV in Hong Kong and Taiwan . In 2017 Kunlun Fight MMA began to broadcast monthly on CCTV-5 .

neg: Jewels 4th Ring Jewels 4th Ring was a mixed martial arts ( MMA ) event hosted by promotion Jewels . The event took place on at Shin-Kiba 1st Ring in Koto , Tokyo , Japan .


query: The Girl on the Train is a statue in Manhattan.

pos: The Girl on the Train (2016 film) The Girl on the Train is a 2016 American mystery thriller drama film directed by Tate Taylor and written by Erin Cressida Wilson , based on Paula Hawkins ' 2015 debut novel of the same name . The film stars Emily Blunt , Rebecca Ferguson , Haley Bennett , Justin Theroux , Luke Evans , Allison Janney , Édgar Ramírez , and Lisa Kudrow , and follows an alcoholic divorcée who becomes involved in a missing persons investigation .   Principal photography began on November 4 , 2015 in New York City . Produced by Marc Platt and DreamWorks Pictures , The Girl on the Train was the first DreamWorks Pictures film to be distributed by Universal Pictures , as part of DreamWorks ' new distribution deal via Amblin Partners . It premiered in London on September 20 , 2016 and was theatrically released in the United States on October 7 , 2016 . The film grossed $ 173 million worldwide , and received mixed reviews , although Blunt 's performance received praise and gained a nomination at the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards , as well as a nomination for BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role at the 70th British Academy Film Awards .

neg: Home Insurance Plaza Home Insurance Plaza is a 630 ft tall skyscraper in New York City , New York . It was completed in 1966 and has 44 floors . Alfred Easton Poor designed the building , which is the 61st tallest in New York . The building 's plaza had a redevelopment in 1987 by Kohn Pedersen Fox .   The plaza is the home of `` Liberty , '' a 75 x 50 foot mural by Julie Harvey ( artist ) . Simple in its concept , it illustrates that New York 's present was built upon the foundations its forefathers placed many years ago . The Statue of Liberty is reflected in the mirrored facade of a skyscraper . Early 19th century New York emerges revealing the cobblestone streets , horses and carriages , gentlemen with top hats , and ships in the seaport . Ms. Harvey has also included the old shipping barrels , lamp posts and even pigs that ran freely around Lower Manhattan . The Liberty Mural was presented to the community as a visual expression of the foundations on which New York was established .

neg: Statue of Responsibility The Statue of Responsibility is a proposed structure to be built on the West Coast of the United States . The prototype , sculpted by project artist Gary Lee Price , consists of a pair of clasped hands oriented vertically , symbolizing the Special : Search/responsibility that comes with liberty .   The original idea of a Statue of Responsibility was the vision of Dr. Viktor E. Frankl , a Holocaust survivor who went on to publish the best-seller Man 's Search for Meaning , which today is considered to be among the top 10 most influential books in the U.S. . In this work published in 1946 , Frankl stated that :   The realization of this vision started when Frankl met Dr. Stephen R. Covey , educator , businessman , and bestselling author of the The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People . They decided it was time to move past conversation . Covey contacted world-renowned sculptor Gary Lee Price and asked him to sculpt the concept of the Statue of Responsibility . Gary , an award-winning sculptor and Fellow of the National Sculpture Society , envisioned a statue depicting a hand reaching up for help with another hand reaching down in a clasping position . The hands are symbolic of Responsibility : in different times of our lives we are the hand reaching up for help or the hand reaching down to lift others .   Covey loved the concept but wished to know whether it met the approval of Frankl . Unfortunately , Frankl had already died at this time ( 1997 ) , but his widow , Dr. Eleonore ( Elly ) Frankl , was living in Vienna , Austria . In 2004 , a select group of representatives of the Statue of Responsibility Foundation , including Gary Lee Price , flew to Vienna to meet with Frankl 's widow and seek approval . When Gary unveiled the sculpture that depicts the two hands clasped together , Elly could not contain her emotions . It was everything Frankl would have hoped , and more . She brought Gary and the others to Frankl 's study to show them one of Viktor 's most prized possessions . In a niche amidst his massive library stood a single sculpture , a bust Viktor called `` The Suffering Man '' , which depicted a man reaching towards the heavens in obvious agony . Elly described how Frankl had found this sculpture just after leaving the death camps of World War II ; he did n't have enough money to buy it at the time so he put it on layaway . She said that Viktor would often use this bust as a metaphor for responsibility , asking , `` Where is the hand reaching down to help this man ? '' She then stated , indicating the sculpture presented to her by Gary , `` You my American friend have brought me the answer to my husband 's question . ''

neg: Abraham Lincoln (Brown) Abraham Lincoln is an outdoor bronze sculpture of Abraham Lincoln by Henry Kirke Brown , located at Union Square in Manhattan , New York . Cast in 1870 and dedicated on September 16 of that year , the statue was originally installed at the southwest corner of Union Square , where the sculpture of Mahatma Gandhi stands today . In 1875 , a stone and bronze rail fence was constructed around the statue of Lincoln ; the fence included an inscription of text from his second inaugural address , `` ... with malice toward none ; charity toward all . '' During the 1930 redesign of Union Square Park , the statue was moved to its current location , but the fence remained . The statue is in axial alignment with the Independence Flagstaff and George Washington . It was conserved in 1992 .

neg: Metropolitan Savings Bank Building The Metropolitan Savings Bank Building opened on May 22 , 1867 at the northeast corner of Third Avenue ( Manhattan ) -- now Cooper Square -- and East 7th Street , in New York City . The building , which was designed by architect Carl Pfeiffer in Second Empire style , is four stories high , 45 ft wide and 75 ft deep , and was considered at the time it opened to be one of the most finely constructed edifices , `` from garret to basement . '' Its facades were composed of white marble , with the upper floor being enclosed by a mansard roof . The building was fireproof , as no combustible materials were used during construction , either internally or externally . The entire cost of the structure was $ 150,000 .   The building was designated a New York City Landmark in 1969 , and was added to the National Register of Historic Place in 1979 . It has an alternate address of 61 Cooper Square .

neg: 110th Street (disambiguation) 110th Street is a major east-west street in Manhattan , New York City .   110th Street may also refer to the following subway stations on the aforementioned street :   Cathedral Parkway -- 110th Street ( IRT Broadway -- Seventh Avenue Line ) , serving the train  Cathedral Parkway -- 110th Street ( IND Eighth Avenue Line ) , serving the trains  Central Park North -- 110th Street ( IRT Lenox Avenue Line ) , serving the trains  110th Street ( IRT Lexington Avenue Line ) , serving the trains  110th Street ( IRT Ninth Avenue Line ) , former station

neg: Westchester Avenue (NYW&B station) Westchester Avenue is a former railroad station located in the borough of the Bronx in New York City , partially suspended over Amtrak 's busy Northeast Corridor line . It was built in 1908 with rich terra cotta detailing to a design by Cass Gilbert , who would later employ similar terra cotta detailing in his 1910 design for the Woolworth Building . Train service to the station ceased in 1937 , and as of 2014 the station was a ruin in poor condition .   The Westchester Avenue station is located just to the southeast of the intersection of Westchester Avenue and the Sheridan Expressway , in the Morrisania section of the South Bronx . The Bronx River is a short distance to the east . The structure consists of a taller entry hall portion that stands on solid ground immediately to the west of the tracks , and a shorter waiting room section that is suspended over the tracks on metal beams . Formerly , this section had staircases that led down to low platforms at track level , but these were removed long ago . The entry hall portion has colorful glazed architectural terra cotta ornamentation , including a caduceus near the eaves , topped with the letters NYH . Though this seems to refer to the New York , New Haven and Hartford Railroad , the original builder of the station , the caduceus was also the symbol of the New York , Westchester and Boston Railroad , a local commuter railroad that also served the station .

neg: Our Lady of Victory Church (Manhattan) __ NOTOC __   The Church of Our Lady of Victory , also known as the War Memorial Church , is a Roman Catholic parish church in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York , located at 60 William Street on the northeast corner of William Street and Pine Street in the Financial District of Manhattan , New York City . It was established in 1944 , during World War II , by Francis Cardinal Spellman , Archbishop of New York and Apostolic Vicar for the U.S. Armed Forces from December 11 , 1939 to December 2 , 1967 , at a time when `` victory in the war was in sight but not yet assured . '' A quote from Cardinal Spellman greets worshipers at the front door : `` This Holy Shrine is dedicated to Our Lady of Victory in Thanksgiving for Victory won by our valiant dead , our soldier 's blood , our country 's tears , shed to defend men 's rights and win back men 's hearts to God . ''   A Soldier 's Shrine is in the lower chapel , and the Teresa Benedicta Auschwitz Memorial in the lobby commemorates a victim of the Holocaust . A 9-11 Remembrance Book is displayed .   Today , the church primarily serves as a place for daytime worship , rather than as a neighborhood church .

neg: Metropolitan Correctional Center, New York The Metropolitan Correctional Center , New York ( MCC New York ) is a United States federal administrative prison in Manhattan , New York which holds male and female prisoners of all security levels . It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons , a division of the United States Department of Justice .   Most prisoners held at MCC New York have pending cases in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York . MCC New York also holds prisoners serving brief sentences .   The Los Angeles Times stated that the prison is often referred to as the `` Guantanamo of New York '' , and The New York Times stated that its administrative segregation units had severe security measures .

neg: Penn Station Access Penn Station Access is a public works project proposed by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority in New York City . The goal of the project is to allow Metro-North Railroad commuter trains to access Penn Station on Manhattan 's West Side , using existing trackage owned by Amtrak . Metro North trains currently terminate exclusively at Grand Central on Manhattan 's East Side . The project would complement the ongoing East Side Access project , and would commence in two separate phases . The first phase would add four new stations on the Northeast Corridor line in the Bronx and route some New Haven Line trains to Penn Station , while the second phase would add two more stations on Manhattan 's West Side on the Empire Connection , which would be served by the Hudson Line .

neg: 42nd Street Shuttle The 42nd Street Shuttle is a New York City Subway shuttle train service that operates in Manhattan . Part of a former Interborough Rapid Transit Company ( IRT ) line , it is sometimes referred to as the Grand Central/Times Square Shuttle , since these are the only two stations served by the shuttle . It runs at all times except late nights , connecting Times Square to Grand Central under 42nd Street . It is the shortest regular service in the system , running about 2700 ft in under two minutes .   The 42nd Street Shuttle is part of the A Division of New York City Transit , and the tracks that it uses opened in 1904 as part of the first subway in the city . In order to distinguish it from the other shuttles in the system , NYCT Rapid Transit Operations internally refers to it as the 0 ( zero ) . Its route bullet is colored on route signs , station signs , and rolling stock with the letter `` S '' on the official subway map .

neg: Manhattan Transfer (novel) Manhattan Transfer is an American novel by John Dos Passos published in 1925 . It focuses on the development of urban life in New York City from the Gilded Age to the Jazz Age as told through a series of overlapping individual stories .   It is considered to be one of Dos Passos ' most important works . The book attacks the consumerism and social indifference of contemporary urban life , portraying a Manhattan that is merciless yet teeming with energy and restlessness . The book shows some of Dos Passos ' experimental writing techniques and narrative collages that would become more pronounced in his U.S.A. trilogy and other later works . The technique in Manhattan Transfer was inspired in part by James Joyce 's Ulysses ( 1922 ) , T. S. Eliot 's The Waste Land , and experiments with film collage by Soviet director Sergei Eisenstein .   Sinclair Lewis described it as `` a novel of the very first importance ... The dawn of a whole new school of writing . '' D. H. Lawrence called it `` the best modern book about New York '' he had ever read , describing it as `` a very complete  film ... of the vast loose gang of strivers and winners and losers which seems to be the very pep of New York . '' In a blurb for a European edition , Ernest Hemingway wrote that , alone among American writers , Dos Passos has `` been able to show to Europeans the America they really find when they come here . ''

neg: East Broadway (IND Sixth Avenue Line) East Broadway is a station on the IND Sixth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway . Located at East Broadway and Rutgers Street in the Lower East Side , it is served by the F train at all times .

neg: Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum , often referred to as The Guggenheim , is an art museum located at 1071 Fifth Avenue on the corner of East 89th Street in the Upper East Side neighborhood of Manhattan , New York City . It is the permanent home of a continuously expanding collection of Impressionist , Post-Impressionist , early Modern and contemporary art and also features special exhibitions throughout the year . The museum was established by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation in 1939 as the Museum of Non-Objective Painting , under the guidance of its first director , the artist Hilla von Rebay . It adopted its current name after the death of its founder , Solomon R. Guggenheim , in 1952 .   In 1959 , the museum moved from rented space to its current building , a landmark work of 20th-century architecture . Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright , the cylindrical building , wider at the top than the bottom , was conceived as a `` temple of the spirit '' . Its unique ramp gallery extends up from ground level in a long , continuous spiral along the outer edges of the building to end just under the ceiling skylight . The building underwent extensive expansion and renovations in 1992 ( when an adjoining tower was built ) and from 2005 to 2008 .   The museum 's collection has grown organically , over eight decades , and is founded upon several important private collections , beginning with Solomon R. Guggenheim 's original collection . The collection is shared with the museum 's sister museums in Bilbao , Spain , and elsewhere . In 2013 , nearly 1.2 million people visited the museum , and it hosted the most popular exhibition in New York City .

neg: Crestwood (Metro-North station) Crestwood ( originally Yonkers Park ) is a Metro-North Railroad station serving the residents of Crestwood and Tuckahoe , New York on the Harlem Line . It is 16.7 mi from Grand Central Terminal . Because of its location at the northern end of the triple-track segment of the Harlem Line , Crestwood is often the first/last stop outside New York City on Harlem Line express trains , and its center island platform is frequently used to short turn local trains during rush hour .   The Harlem Line runs parallel to the Bronx River and has two stations in the village of Tuckahoe . Since both stations could not be named `` Tuckahoe , '' the southern station near the Village Hall is named `` Tuckahoe '' and the northern station `` Crestwood '' after the adjoining residential neighborhood of Crestwood , Yonkers .   As of August 2006 , daily commuter ridership was 1,596 , and there are 283 parking spots . This station is the first/last station in the Zone 3 Metro-North fare zone .

neg: Giuseppe Mazzini (sculpture) Giuseppe Mazzini is an outdoor bronze bust of Giuseppe Mazzini by Giovanni Turini , overlooking Sheep Meadow in Central Park in Manhattan , New York . The sculpture was commissioned by a group of Italian-Americans and was dedicated in 1878 . It sits on a granite pedestal , which includes two inscriptions that translate to `` thought and action '' and `` God and the people '' . In 1994 , the bust was restored by the Central Park Conservancy .

neg: Freedom Tunnel The Freedom Tunnel is the name given to the Amtrak tunnel under Riverside Park in Manhattan , New York City . It got its name because the graffiti artist Chris `` Freedom '' Pape used the tunnel walls to create some of his most notable artwork . The name may also be a reference to the former shantytowns built within the tunnel by homeless populations seeking shelter and freedom to live rent-free and unsupervised by law enforcement .

neg: E (New York City Subway service) The E Eighth Avenue Local is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway . Its route emblem , or `` bullet '' , is since it uses the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan . The E operates at all times between Jamaica Center -- Parsons/Archer in Jamaica , Queens , and Chambers Street -- World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan , running express on the IND Queens Boulevard Line in Queens ( except nights when it serves all stops ) and local in Manhattan . E trains also serve two local stops in eastern Queens ( 75th Avenue and Briarwood ) on evenings and weekends . Limited rush hour service runs fully expressE signs are located above the express tracks at Parsons Boulevard , showing that trains skip 169th Street . Part of one of these signs can be seen in this 2004 photo . to and from 179th Street at the end of the Queens Boulevard Line , due to lack of capacity at Jamaica Center .

neg: Church of St. Mary the Virgin (Manhattan) The Church of Saint Mary the Virgin , colloquially known as `` Smoky Mary 's '' because of the use of incense in the services , is an Episcopal Anglo-Catholic church which is part of the Episcopal Diocese of New York of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America . The church complex is located in the heart of Times Square at 133-145 West 46th Street , with other buildings of the complex at 136-144 West 47th Street , both between Sixth and Seventh Avenues in the borough of Manhattan in New York City .   The church , which has been called `` one of the finest Gothic-inspired designs of New York 's late 19th century '' , was designated a New York City landmark in 1989 , and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 .

neg: July 2013 Spuyten Duyvil derailment On the evening of July 18 , 2013 , a CSX freight train carrying municipal solid waste on tracks of the Hudson Line along the Harlem River Ship Canal in the New York City borough of The Bronx partially derailed between the Marble Hill and Spuyten Duyvil stations . While no one was injured , the derailment caused over US$ 800,000 in damage and took several days to clean up . Commuter rail service by Metro-North Railroad , which owns the line , was suspended for two weekends in order to fully restore normal operations .   After investigating the accident , the National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) found it had been caused by the track stretching to an excessive gauge at the point of derailment . It did not fault the crew , instead criticizing Metro-North for failing to maintain the track and surrounding ballast to the point that the track went out of gauge . Later in the year , in a comprehensive safety review after another derailment of a passenger train nearby resulted in the first passenger fatalities in Metro-North 's history , the NTSB cited the maintenance shortfall as part of an inadequate `` safety culture '' at the railroad .

neg: Manhattan (disambiguation) Manhattan is a borough of New York City , located primarily on Manhattan Island .  Manhattan may also refer to :


query: Shailene Woodley was born in 1812.

pos: Shailene Woodley Shailene Diann Woodley ( born November 15 , 1991 ) is an American actress . Born in San Bernardino County , California and raised in the Simi Valley , she took acting classes with Anthony Meindl and made her screen debut in the television film Replacing Dad ( 1999 ) , followed by numerous guest roles on television , including as Kaitlin Cooper on The O.C. ( 2003-04 ) , and several television films . Her leading roles as California Ford in A Place Called Home ( 2004 ) and Felicity Merriman in Felicity : An American Girl Adventure ( 2005 ) both earned her Young Artist Award nominations and she gained recognition for her starring role as Amy Juergens on the ABC Family television series The Secret Life of the American Teenager ( 2008-2013 ) .   Woodley rose to stardom for performances in various popular and critically acclaimed films such as The Descendants ( 2011 ) , for which she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture and won the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female and was awarded the Cannes Trophée Chopard , The Spectacular Now ( 2013 ) , for which she won the Sundance Film Festival Special Jury Prize for Dramatic Acting , and The Fault in Our Stars ( 2014 ) , for which she earned both popular and critical praise . Her role as Beatrice `` Tris '' Prior in The Divergent Series ( 2014 -- 2016 ) garnered her international recognition . In addition , she portrayed Edward Snowden 's girlfriend Lindsay Mills in Snowden ( 2016 ) , and received critical acclaim for her performance as a single mother on the HBO miniseries Big Little Lies ( 2017 ) .

neg: John Wood (governor) John Wood ( December 20 , 1798 -- June 4 , 1880 ) was the 12th Governor of Illinois , serving from March 18 , 1860 , to January 14 , 1861 . Wood was a founder and the first settler of Quincy , Illinois .

neg: Indian barrier state thumb | 300px | Old Northwest ; the 1792 version included a strip along New York 's northern border  The Indian barrier state or buffer state was a British proposal to establish a Native American state in the portion of the Great Lakes region of North America west of the Appalachian Mountains , and bounded by the Ohio and Mississippi rivers and the Great Lakes . The concept of establishing such a state , first conceived in the late 1750s , was part of a long-term plan to reconcile the Indian tribes to British rule and diminish hostilities between the tribes and the British Army following its victory in the French and Indian War . After the region was assigned to the United States in the 1783 treaty ending the American Revolutionary War , British officials pursued efforts to organize the various tribes within it into a sort of Confederation that would form the basis of an Indian state , independent of the United States and under their tutelage , as a way to protect their fur trade ventures in the region and to block anticipated American attacks upon their remaining North American possessions .   The idea of establishing an Indian barrier state in the Great Lakes region was conceived and developed solely by British officials ; Indian tribal leaders had no role in it . Among the plan 's most ardent proponents was John Graves Simcoe , Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada ( now Ontario ) from 1791 until 1796 . In 1814 the British government abandoned efforts to bring such a state into being .

neg: Pacific Fur Company The Pacific Fur Company ( PFC ) was an American fur trade venture wholly owned and funded by John Jacob Astor that functioned from 1810 to 1813 . It was based in the Pacific Northwest , an area contested over the decades between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , the Spanish Empire , the United States of America and the Russian Empire .   Management , clerks and fur trappers were sent both by land and by sea to the Pacific Coast in the Autumn of 1810 . The base of operations was constructed at the mouth of the Columbia River in 1811 , Fort Astoria ( present-day Astoria , Oregon ) . The destruction of the company vessel the Tonquin later that year off the shore of Vancouver Island took with it the majority of the annual trading goods . Commercial competition with the NWC began soon after the foundation of Fort Astoria . The Canadian competitors maintained several stations in the interior , primarily Spokane House , Kootanae House and Saleesh House . Fort Okanogan was also opened in 1811 , the first of several PFC posts created to counter these locations . The Overland Expedition faced military hostilities from several Indigenous cultures and later had an acute provision crisis leading to starvation . Despite losing men crossing the Great Plains and later at the Snake River , they arrived in groups throughout January and February 1812 at Fort Astoria .   A beneficial agreement with the Russian-American Company was also planned through the regular supply of provisions for posts in Russian America . This was planned in part to prevent the rival Montreal based North West Company ( NWC ) to gain a presence along the Pacific Coast , a prospect neither Russian colonial authorities nor Astor favored .   The lack of military protection during the War of 1812 forced the sale of PFC assets to the NWC . While the transactions were not finalized until 1814 , due to the distance from Fort Astoria to Montreal and New York City , the company was functionally defunct by 1813 . A party of Astorians returning overland to St. Louis in 1813 made the important discovery of the South Pass through the Rocky Mountains . This geographic feature would later be used by hundreds of thousands of settlers traveling over the Oregon , California , and Mormon routes , collectively called the Westward Expansion Trails . The emporium envisioned by Astor was a failure for a number of reasons , including the loss of two supply ships , the material difficulties of crossing the North American continent and competition from the North West Company . Historian Arthur S. Morton concluded that `` The misfortunes which befell the Pacific Fur Company were great , but such as might be expected at the initiation of an enterprise in a distant land whose difficulties and whose problems lay beyond the experience of the traders . ''

neg: Old Fort Duquesne Old Fort Duquesne , or , Captain Jack , the Scout is an historical novel by the American writer Charles McKnight ( 1826 - 1881 ) set in 1750s Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania .   The novel tells the story of Captain Jack , a scout and Indian fighter , who is the protagonist of this retelling of the events of Fort Duquesne during the French and Indian War .

neg: Origins of the War of 1812 The War of 1812 , a war between the United States , Great Britain , and Britain 's Indian allies , lasted from 1812 to 1815 . The U.S. declared war and historians have long debated the multiple factors behind that decision .   There were several immediate stated causes for the U.S. declaration of war : First , a series of trade restrictions introduced by Britain to impede American trade with France , a country with which Britain was at war ( the U.S. contested these restrictions as illegal under international law ) ; second , the impressment ( forced recruitment ) of U.S. seamen into the Royal Navy ; third , the British military support for American Indians who were offering armed resistance to the expansion of the American frontier to the Northwest ; fourth , a possible desire on the part of the United States to annex Canada . An implicit but powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honor in the face of what they considered to be British insults ( such as the Chesapeake affair ) .   American expansion into the Northwest ( Ohio , Indiana , Michigan , Illinois and Wisconsin ) was impeded by Indian raids . Some Canadian historians in the early 20th century maintained that Americans had wanted to seize parts of Canada , a view that many Canadians still share , while others argue that inducing the fear of such a seizure had merely been a U.S. tactic designed to obtain a bargaining chip . Some members of the British Parliament at the time and dissident American politicians such as John Randolph of Roanoke claimed that land hunger rather than maritime disputes was the main motivation for the American declaration . However , some historians , both Canadian and American , retain the view that desire to annex all or part of Canada was an American goal . Although the British made some concessions before the war on neutral trade , they insisted on the right to reclaim their deserting sailors . The British also had the long-standing goal of creating a large `` neutral '' Indian state that would cover much of Ohio , Indiana and Michigan . They made the demand as late as 1814 at the peace conference , but lost battles that would have validated their claims .   The war was fought in four theatres : on the oceans , where the warships and privateers of both sides preyed on each other 's merchant shipping ; along the Atlantic coast of the U.S. , which was blockaded with increasing severity by the British , who also mounted large-scale raids in the later stages of the war ; on the long frontier , running along the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River , which separated the U.S. from Upper and Lower Canada ( Ontario and Quebec ) ; and finally along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico . During the course of the war , both the Americans and British launched invasions of each other 's territory , all of which were unsuccessful or gained only temporary success . At the end of the war , the British held parts of Maine and some outposts in the sparsely populated West while the Americans held Canadian territory near Detroit , but these occupied territories were restored at the end of the war .   In the United States , battles such as New Orleans and the earlier successful defence of Baltimore ( which inspired the lyrics of the U.S. national anthem , The Star-Spangled Banner ) produced a sense of euphoria over a `` second war of independence '' against Britain . It ushered in an `` Era of Good Feelings , '' in which the partisan animosity that had once verged on treason practically vanished . Canada also emerged from the war with a heightened sense of national feeling and solidarity . Britain , which had regarded the war as a sideshow to the Napoleonic Wars raging in Europe , was less affected by the fighting ; its government and people subsequently welcomed an era of peaceful relations with the United States .

neg: Carpenter and Westley Carpenter and Westley were a British optical , mathematical and scientific instrument makers between 1808 and 1914 . The company was founded by Philip Carpenter ( 18 November 1776 , Kidderminster -- 20 April 1833 , London ) and , after his death , was continued by his sister Mary Carpenter alongside former apprentice William Westley . The company 's contribution to the development of magic lanterns was significant and Philip Carpenter pioneered the use of copperplate slides .

neg: Tecumseh's War Tecumseh 's War or Tecumseh 's Rebellion was a conflict between the United States Army and an American Indian confederacy led by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh in the Indiana Territory . Although the war is often considered to have climaxed with William Henry Harrison 's victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 , Tecumseh 's War essentially continued into the War of 1812 , and is frequently considered a part of that larger struggle . The war lasted for two more years , until the fall of 1813 , when Tecumseh , as well as second-in-command Roundhead died fighting Harrison 's Army of the Northwest at the Battle of the Thames in Upper Canada , near present-day Chatham , Ontario , and his confederacy disintegrated . Tecumseh 's War is viewed by some academic historians as being the final conflict of a longer term military struggle for control of the Great Lakes region of North America , encompassing a number of wars over several generations , referred to as the Sixty Years ' War .

neg: Wood County, Ohio Wood County is a county located in the U.S. state of Ohio . As of the 2010 census , the population was 125,488 . Its county seat is Bowling Green . The county was named for Captain Eleazer D. Wood , the engineer for General William Henry Harrison 's army , who built Fort Meigs in the War of 1812 .   Wood County is part of the Toledo , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area . Its diagonnal northwest border is formed by the Maumee River , which has its mouth at Maumee Bay on Lake Erie .

neg: Samuel Leech Samuel Leech ( 1798 -- 1848 ) was a young sailor in the Royal Navy and the United States Navy during the War of 1812 . He became notable as one of very few who wrote an account of his experiences , titled , in the manner of the time , Thirty Years from Home , or a Voice from the Main Deck ; Being the Experience of Samuel Leech , Who Was Six Years in the British and American Navies : Was Captured in the British Frigate Macedonian : Afterwards Entered the American Navy , and Was Taken in the United States Brig Syren , by the British Ship Medway .   Leech 's nautical career began in 1810 , at the age of thirteen , when Lord William FitzRoy agreed to take Samuel into his frigate , as a favor to FitzRoy 's sister Frances , the wife of Francis Spencer , 1st Baron Churchill , Leech being the son of one of her servants .   He was a powder monkey during Macedonian 's duel with the in 1812 , and would later vividly describe the carnage on board the British ship before she struck her colors . As a prisoner of war , he was due to be exchanged at some point , but when Macedonian was brought into New York City , Leech jumped ship .   Soon after he joined the US Navy , where he compared his treatment favorably vs the Royal Navy , and was serving in the when she was captured by in 1814 . His imprisonment seems not to have been too uncomfortable , and did not last long in any case , since the war ended the following year . He was in subsequently .   Around 1816 he went ashore , where he worked at various jobs and joined the Methodist Church . He eventually accumulated enough money to go into business for himself , and became a merchant living in Wilbraham , Massachusetts with a wife and three children .   Many years later he revisited , now a US ship , when it was in port in New York ( probably 1840 ) , and reminisced with the sailors there . Perhaps this encounter inspired his book , which was published by Tappen & Dennet in 1843 .

neg: Woodlake, California Woodlake is a city in the San Joaquin Valley in Tulare County , California , United States . The population was 7,279 at the 2010 census , up from 6,651 at the 2000 census .

neg: John Wood (congressman) John Wood ( September 6 , 1816 -- May 28 , 1898 ) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania .   John Wood ( uncle of Alan Wood , Jr. ) was born in Philadelphia . He attended the Friends Society schools of Philadelphia , and was employed by his father in the manufacture of tools and agricultural machinery from 1832 to 1840 . He was engaged in the manufacture of iron and steel near Wilmington , Delaware , from 1841 to 1844 . He moved to Conshohocken , Pennsylvania , in 1844 and engaged in the milling of iron and steel . He was first burgess of Conshohocken .   Wood was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-sixth Congress . He was not a candidate for renomination in 1860 . He resumed his former manufacturing pursuits and died in Conshohocken in 1898 . He was interred in Montgomery Cemetery in West Norriton Township , Montgomery County , Pennsylvania , near Norristown , Pennsylvania .

neg: Orrin S. Wood Orrin Squire Wood ( December 14 , 1817-June 22 , 1909 ) ( normally referred to as Orrin S. Wood ) was one of early pioneers of the telegraph industry in the United States and Canada .   The brother-in-law of Ezra Cornell , who assisted Samuel Morse in the construction of the Baltimore-Washington telegraph line , Wood was recruited in August 1844 to be a telegraph operator on the line , and was Morse 's first pupil . He was one of the founders of the Magnetic Telegraph Company with Cornell , Morse , and others , in 1845 . He helped set up a telegraph exhibition in lower Manhattan in New York , and built a one-mile line for demonstration at the 1845 New York State Fair in Utica , New York . He also oversaw the building of the line between Albany , New York and Utica which opened in early 1846 , the beginning of the rapid expansion of the telegraph in North America . He then opened the first commercial telegraph office in New York City in the fall of 1846 . In 1847 , he was recruited to be president of the newly formed Montreal Telegraph Company , which rapidly established lines to Toronto and , Quebec City , and then New York in August 1847 . He remained with that company until 1866 , and substantially retired following a few years additional work in the Wisconsin area . Duggan House , a mansion in Montreal now owned by McGill University , was built for Wood in 1861 .   Wood was born in Sherburne , New York on December 14 , 1817 , and died in Turner , New York at age 91 on June 22 , 1909 . Having long outlined Morse , Alfred Vail , and Cornell , he was noted to be the `` oldest living telegrapher '' in his final years .

neg: The New World (newspaper) The New World was a weekly newspaper in New York City , New York , in the United States.The New World was published from October 1839 to 1845 by J. Winchester . The paper was founded and edited by Park Benjamin Sr. . It billed itself as an apolitical `` family newspaper '' , featuring British and American literature and religious discourses . The paper 's masthead reads : `` No pent-up Utica contracts our powers ; The whole unbounded Continent is ours ! , '' a quote originally attributed to Jonathan M. Sewall from his epilogue to Cato , a Tragedy in 1778 .   Notable contributions include :  Charles Dickens ' Barnaby Rudge , reprinted in 1841 in weekly installments after its original appearance in Master Humphrey 's Clock .  Thomas Carlyle 's six-part lecture series On Heroes , Hero-Worship , and The Heroic in History , printed in 1841 .  Thomas Moore 's `` Fifteen Songs , '' a collection of unpublished songs published in 1841 , which were later released in The Poetical Works of Thomas Moore .  Anna Cora Mowatt 's complete play , Gulzara or The Persian Slave : 1 drama in Five Acts , in 1841 .  E.P. Hurlbut 's `` The Rights of Woman , '' later published in his work , Essays on Human Rights and their Political Gauranties in 1845 . Hurlbut knew Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Declaration of Sentiments from the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 follows many of the examples set forth in `` The Rights of Woman . ''  G.P.R. James ' complete novels , The Jacquerie and Morley Ernstein ; or , The Tenants of the Heart , both published in extra editions in 1842 .  Sarah Stickney Ellis ' complete novel , Summer and Winter in the Pyrenees .

neg: Birmingham, Alabama Birmingham ( -LSB- ˈbɜrmɪŋhæm -RSB- ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Alabama and the county seat of Jefferson County . The city 's population was 212,237 in the 2010 United States Census . In the 2010 US Census , the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of about 1,128,047 , which is approximately one-quarter of Alabama 's population .   Birmingham was founded in 1871 , during the post-Civil War Reconstruction period , through the merger of three pre-existing farm towns , notably , former Elyton . It was named for Birmingham , England , one of the UK 's major industrial cities . The Alabama city annexed smaller neighbors and developed as an industrial and railroad transportation center , based on mining , the new iron and steel industry , and railroading . Most of the original settlers who founded Birmingham were of English ancestry . The city was developed as a place where cheap , non-unionized , and African-American labor from rural Alabama could be employed in the city 's steel mills and blast furnaces , giving it a competitive advantage over unionized industrial cities in the Midwest and Northeast .   From its founding through the end of the 1960s , Birmingham was a primary industrial center of the southern United States . Its growth from 1881 through 1920 earned its nicknames as The Magic City and The Pittsburgh of the South . Its major industries were iron and steel production , plus a major component of the railroading industry . Rails and railroad cars were both manufactured in Birmingham . The two primary hubs of railroading in the Deep South have been nearby Atlanta and Birmingham , since the 1860s . The economy diversified in the latter half of the 20th century . Banking , telecommunications , transportation , electrical power transmission , medical care , college education , and insurance have become major economic activities . Birmingham ranks as one of the largest banking centers in the United States and as one of the most important business centers in the Southeast .   In higher education , Birmingham has been the location of the University of Alabama School of Medicine ( formerly the Medical College of Alabama ) and the University of Alabama School of Dentistry since 1947 . Since that time it has also gained the University of Alabama at Birmingham ( founded circa 1969 ) , one of three main campuses of the University of Alabama System . It is also home to three private institutions : Samford University , Birmingham-Southern College , and Miles College . In total , the Birmingham area has major colleges of medicine , dentistry , optometry , physical therapy , pharmacy , law , engineering , and nursing . The city has three of the state 's five law schools : Cumberland School of Law , Birmingham School of Law , and Miles Law School . Birmingham is also the headquarters of the Southwestern Athletic Conference , and Southeastern Conference , one of the major U.S. collegiate athletic conferences .

neg: James Caldwell (Ohio politician) James Caldwell ( November 30 , 1770 -- May 5 , 1838 ) was the first member of the United States House of Representatives to represent Ohio 's 4th congressional district .   Caldwell was born in Baltimore , Maryland , and moved to Wheeling , which was at the time in Virginia .  He came to St. Clairsville , Ohio , in 1799 . He purchased the first lot in the village , and opened a store in 1801 . He became wealthy and was the first president of the Belmont Bank of St. Clairsville . When Belmont County was organized in 1801 , Northwest Territory Governor Arthur St. Clair named him Clerk of Courts .   He was a Belmont county delegate to the 1802 Ohio Constitutional Convention . He was a member of the Ohio Senate from 1809 to 1813 .   He ran for his first term in Congress in 1812 as a captain in the militia supporting the administration and the War of 1812 against Federalist candidate Bezaleel Wells . All six seats in Ohio were won by Democratic-Republicans , but Caldwell was the only one who supported the Tammany wing of the party . He was elected to the 13th and 14th United States Congresses ( 1813-03-04 -- 1817-03-03 ) .   After he retired from Congress , he resumed business in St. Clairsville .   Ohio Presidential elector in 1820 for James Monroe .   Ohio Presidential elector in 1824 for Henry Clay .   Caldwell later moved to Wheeling , where he was president of the Merchants and Mechanics Bank . He died in Wheeling May 5 , 1838 , and was buried in Episcopal Cemetery , St. Clairsville .

neg: Woodruff (surname) Woodruff is a surname . Notable people with the surname include :   Abraham O. Woodruff ( 1872 -- 1904 ) , member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , and son of Wilford Woodruff  Blake Woodruff ( born 1995 ) , actor  Bille Woodruff , video and film director  Bob Woodruff , an American journalist  Bob Woodruff ( American football ) former University of Florida and Baylor University head football coach  Bob Woodruff ( singer ) , American country musician  Bobby Woodruff ( born 1940 ) , former professional footballer  Carle Augustus Woodruff ( 1841 -- 1913 ) , U.S. Army brigadier general and Medal of Honor recipient  C. E. Woodruff , American reverend , educator , and college football coach  Chris Woodruff ( born 1973 ) , American tennis player  Christian B. Woodruff ( born 1829 ) , New york politician  Dwayne Woodruff ( born 1957 ) , American football player  Elvira Woodruff ( born 1951 ) , American children 's writer  Ernest Woodruff ( 1863 -- 1944 ) , Atlanta businessman who took over Coca-Cola  Freddie Woodruff , American officer  George Cecil Woodruff , an American businessman and football coach  George Washington Woodruff , an American football coach as well as a teacher , lawyer and politician  Hale Woodruff ( 1900 -- 1980 ) , American painter  John Woodruff ( representative ) ( 1826 -- 1868 ) , was a U.S. Congressman from Connecticut  John Woodruff ( 1915 -- 2007 ) , American 1936 Olympic gold metal 800 meter runner  JT Woodruff , guitarist and lead vocalist of Hawthorne Heights  Judy Woodruff , a TV journalist  Lewis Bartholomew Woodruff ( 1809 -- 1875 ) , New York judge  Maurice Woodruff ( 1916 -- 1973 ) , a British clairvoyant and astrologer  Michael Woodruff , a pioneer in transplantation biology and surgery  Paul Woodruff , philosophy and classics professor , University of Texas at Austin  Richard Woodruff ( Upper Canada politician ) ( 1784 -- 1872 )  Robert Woodruff ( disambiguation ) , several people  Rosalie Woodruff , Australian politician  Roscoe B. Woodruff ( 1891 -- 1975 ) , American general  Roy O. Woodruff ( 1876 -- 1953 ) , U.S. Representative from Michigan  Sarah Woodruff , the main character of The French Lieutenant 's Woman  Thomas M. Woodruff ( 1804 -- 1855 ) , U.S. Congressman from New York  Thomas Tuttle Woodruff ( 1811 -- 1892 ) , Woodruff Sleeping & Palace Car Company , Central Transportation Company , Woodruff Sleeping & Parlor Coach Company , Union Palace Car Company  Timothy L. Woodruff ( 1858 -- 1913 ) , Lieutenant Governor of New York  William Woodruff ( disambiguation ) , several people  Wilford Woodruff , fourth President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

neg: The Wodehouse The Wodehouse ( formerly also Woodhouse ) is a grade II * listed country house near Wombourne , Staffordshire , notable as the family seat of the Georgian landscape designer and musicologist Sir Samuel Hellier and , a century later , Colonel Thomas Bradney Shaw-Hellier , director of the Royal Military School of Music . For almost 200 years the family owned the Hellier Stradivarius . It is claimed that the Wodehouse has not been sold for over 900 years , though more than once the family has died out .

neg: History of Springfield, Massachusetts The history of Springfield , Massachusetts ( est. 1636 ) springs in large part from its favorable geography , situated on a steep bluff overlooking the Connecticut River 's confluence with three tributaries . It was an ancient Indian crossroad for two major trade routes : Boston-to-Albany and New York City-to-Montreal . Springfield also sits on some of the northeastern United States ' most fertile soil .   Springfield was founded in 1636 as Agawam , the northernmost settlement of the Connecticut Colony . The settlement defected from Connecticut after four years , however , later joining forces with the coastal Massachusetts Bay Colony . The town changed its name to Springfield , and changed the political boundaries among what later became New England States .   Springfield flourished as a trading post and agricultural center until 1675 's King Philip 's War , when a coalition of Indians laid siege to Springfield and later burned it to the ground . Its prosperity waned for the next hundred years but , in 1777 , United States Revolutionary War leaders made it a National Armory to store weapons , and in 1795 it began manufacturing muskets .   Until 1968 , the Armory made small arms . Its first American muskets ( 1794 ) were followed by the famous Springfield rifle and the revolutionary M1 Garand and M14s . The Springfield Armory attracted generations of skilled laborers to the city , making it the United States ' longtime center for precision manufacturing ( comparable to a Silicon Valley of the Industrial Revolution ) . The Armory 's near-capture during Shays Rebellion of 1787 was among the troubles that prompted the U.S. Constitutional Convention later that year .   Innovations in the 19th and 20th centuries include the first American English dictionary ( 1805 , Noah Webster ) , the first use of interchangeable parts and the assembly line in manufacturing ( 1819 , Thomas Blanchard ) , the first American horseless car ( 1825 , again Thomas Blanchard ) , vulcanized rubber ( 1844 , Charles Goodyear ) , the first American gasoline-powered car ( 1893 , Duryea Brothers ) , the first American motorcycle company ( 1901 , `` Indian '' ) , an early commercial radio station ( 1921 , WBZ , and most famously , the world 's third-most-popular sport of basketball ( 1891 , Dr. James Naismith ) .   Throughout the latter half of the 20th century , Springfield endured a protracted decline , accelerated by the decommission of the Springfield Armory in 1969 . Springfield became increasingly like the declining , second tier Northeastern U.S. cities from which it had long been set apart . During the 1980s and 1990s , Springfield developed a new reputation for crime , political corruption , and cronyism . Seeking to overcome its downgrade , the city undertook several large ( but unfinished ) projects , including a $ 1 billion high-speed rail ( New Haven-Hartford-Springfield high-speed rail ) , a proposed $ 1 billion MGM Casino , and others .

neg: Abraham Cowley Abraham Cowley ( -LSB- ˈkuːli -RSB- 161828 July 1667 ) was an English poet born in the City of London late in 1618 . He was one of the leading English poets of the 17th century , with 14 printings of his Works published between 1668 and 1721 .