query: Jackie Robinson died in the seventies.

pos: Jackie Robinson Jack Roosevelt Robinson ( January 31 , 1919 -- October 24 , 1972 ) was an American professional baseball second baseman who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) in the modern era . Robinson broke the baseball color line when the Brooklyn Dodgers started him at first base on April 15 , 1947 . The Dodgers , by signing Robinson , heralded the end of racial segregation in professional baseball that had relegated black players to the Negro leagues since the 1880s . Robinson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962 .   Robinson had an exceptional 10-year baseball career . He was the recipient of the inaugural MLB Rookie of the Year Award in 1947 , was an All-Star for six consecutive seasons from 1949 through 1954 , and won the National League Most Valuable Player Award in 1949 -- the first black player so honored . Robinson played in six World Series and contributed to the Dodgers ' 1955 World Series championship .   In 1997 , MLB `` universally '' retired his uniform number , 42 , across all major league teams ; he was the first pro athlete in any sport to be so honored . MLB also adopted a new annual tradition , `` Jackie Robinson Day '' , for the first time on April 15 , 2004 , on which every player on every team wears No. 42 .   Robinson 's character , his use of nonviolence , and his unquestionable talent challenged the traditional basis of segregation which then marked many other aspects of American life . He influenced the culture of and contributed significantly to the Civil Rights Movement . Robinson also was the first black television analyst in MLB , and the first black vice president of a major American corporation , Chock full o'Nuts . In the 1960s , he helped establish the Freedom National Bank , an African-American-owned financial institution based in Harlem , New York . After his death in 1972 , in recognition of his achievements on and off the field , Robinson was posthumously awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and Presidential Medal of Freedom .

neg: 1969 Ryder Cup The 18th Ryder Cup Matches were held 18 -- 20 September 1969 at the Royal Birkdale Golf Club in Southport , England . The competition ended in a draw at 16 points each , when America 's Jack Nicklaus conceded a missable three-foot ( 0.9 m ) putt to Britain 's Tony Jacklin at the 18th hole , in one of the most famous gestures of sportsmanship in all of sport . It was the first draw in Ryder Cup history , and the United States team retained the Cup .   The matches were marred by considerable acrimony and unsportsmanlike behavior by players on both sides . Britain 's captain Eric Brown had instructed his players not to search for the opposition 's ball if it ended up in the rough . American Ken Still , in the first-day foursomes , had deliberately and regularly stood too close to Briton Maurice Bembridge as he was putting . During one of the fourballs on the second day , both captains had to come out and calm down the warring players . This led to Nicklaus conceding Jacklin 's final putt with the knowledge that the overall competition would end in a draw . On the previous hole , Jacklin sank a long eagle putt while Nicklaus missed his from 15 ft and the match was squared .   Jacklin had won the Open Championship two months earlier at nearby Royal Lytham & St Annes to become the first British champion in eighteen years . After holing his final putt for par , Nicklaus picked up Jacklin 's ball marker and told him , `` I do n't think you would have missed it , but I was n't going to give you the chance , either . ''   Playing in his first Ryder Cup at age 29 , Nicklaus ' gesture became known as `` the concession '' and marked the beginning of a lasting friendship between the two that has spanned nearly a half century . It was the inspiration for The Concession Golf Club in Florida near Sarasota , which was co-designed by Nicklaus and Jacklin . The two were opposing captains in the competition in 1983 and 1987 .   The U.S. team had only two players with previous Ryder Cup experience , Billy Casper and Gene Littler . On the previous four teams , Arnold Palmer did not participate in 1969 , but returned in 1971 and 1973 .

neg: Baby, Baby Don't Cry `` Baby , Baby Do n't Cry '' , released in December 1968 , is a single recorded by The Miracles for Motown Records ' Tamla label . The composition was written by Miracles lead singer Smokey Robinson , Motown staff writers Al Cleveland and Terry Johnson , a former member of The Flamingos . Robinson , Johnson , and Miracles member Warren `` Pete '' Moore were the song 's producers .   `` Baby Baby Do n't Cry '' was a top 10 pop hit for The Miracles , peaking at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States , and at a Top 10 R&B hit as well , peaking as number three on Billboard 's R&B singles chart.It sold over one million copies , and has inspired cover versions by Gerald Wilson and His Orchestra , and Projekt . The song is noted for Smokey 's spoken recitation at the beginning as well as before the second verse . The spoken lines are : `` Nothing so blue as a heart in pain/Nothing so sad as a tear in vain '' , and `` You trusted him and gave him your love/A love he proved unworthy of '' . The song uses an extended bridge that repeats the minor and diminished chords before going up half a step for the final repeated Choruses .   Although not given writing credit on this particular tune , Miracle Marv Tarplin 's outstanding guitar work plays an important role in this song , his gentle but effective riffs being evident from the song 's beginning , giving a `` raindrop '' effect reminiscent of someone crying ( the song 's main theme ) .   The Miracles performed this song on a 1969 Telecast of The Mike Douglas Show , a performance that was re-broadcast many years later on VH-1 . The success of this song ended a period of relatively mediocre chart action for The Miracles during 1968 , and set the stage for their biggest hit ever with Smokey as lead singer , 1970 's multi-million selling # 1 hit The Tears of a Clown .

neg: 1968 Los Angeles Dodgers season The 1968 Los Angeles Dodgers had a 76 -- 86 record and finished in seventh place in the National League standings , 21 games behind the St. Louis Cardinals . After the season , the Dodgers underwent some changes among the team management when long time general manager Buzzie Bavasi resigned to take over the expansion San Diego Padres . He was replaced by team vice-president Fresco Thompson . However , Thompson was diagnosed with cancer weeks after taking the job and died in November . Al Campanis became the new general manager for the following season .

neg: Farewell My Love `` Farewell My Love '' is a 1963 single by The Temptations for the Gordy ( Motown ) label . It was the last single that was written and produced by Motown president Berry Gordy for well over a decade , and the last released during the period of the `` Original 5 '' lineup ( before member Elbridge `` Al '' Bryant was fired ) . It is also noted as the group 's last single to miss the Billboard pop chart 's Top 40 until 1971 's `` It 's Summer '' ( and the last to not make it on any U.S. music charts for the next 23 years ) . Up until now the group was jokingly referred to at this time as the `` Hitless Temptations '' by the Motown staff , much like their `` sister '' group , The Supremes , were called the `` no-hit Supremes '' . However , their next single , the Smokey Robinson-produced `` The Way You Do the Things You Do '' , would reach the Top 20 of the U.S. pop chart , breaking the group 's streak of being `` hitless '' .

neg: Jackie Jackson (album) Jackie Jackson is the self-titled debut album from Jackie Jackson , the eldest member of The Jackson 5 , released on Motown Records . It was arranged by Eddy Manson , Gene Page and The Corporation .   Released on October 14 , 1973 , the album suffered from a lack of promotion and did not chart . It was his only full-length solo release for more than 15 years and his only solo album with Motown .   `` Love Do n't Want to Leave '' has appeared on several Jackson 5 compilations ( including Anthology 76 , Anthology 86 and Soulsation ! ) , but the other tracks only appeared on the 33 rpm vinyl LP , which ranks among the more obscure releases in the Jackson family catalogue . The album features background vocals from the Jackson 5 on `` Did n't I ( Blow Your Mind This Time ) '' and the B-side opener `` Do I Owe '' .   `` Is It Him or Me '' was sampled by Nas for his song `` War '' on his Street 's Disciple album .

neg: James W. Robinson Jr. James William `` Jim '' Robinson Jr. ( August 30 , 1940 -- April 11 , 1966 ) was an American soldier and a posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor . Robinson earned the award while serving with the U.S. Army in Vietnam . He was a Sergeant ( E-5 ) in the infantry when he was killed under heroic circumstances on April 11 , 1966 , at age 25 .

neg: Boeing 707 The Boeing 707 is a mid-sized , long-range , narrow-body , four-engine jet airliner built by Boeing Commercial Airplanes from 1958 to 1979 . Its name is commonly pronounced as `` seven oh seven '' . Versions of the aircraft have a capacity from 140 to 219 passengers and a range of 2500 to .   Developed as Boeing 's first jet airliner , the 707 is a swept-wing design with podded engines . Although it was not the first jetliner in service , the 707 was the first to be commercially successful . Dominating passenger air transport in the 1960s and remaining common through the 1970s , the 707 is generally credited with ushering in the Jet Age . It established Boeing as one of the largest manufacturers of passenger aircraft , and led to the later series of airliners with `` 7x7 '' designations . The later 720 , 727 , 737 , and 757 share elements of the 707 's fuselage design .   The 707 was developed from the Boeing 367-80 , a prototype jet first flown in 1954 . A larger fuselage cross-section and other modifications resulted in the initial-production 707-120 , powered by Pratt & Whitney JT3C turbojet engines , which first flew on December 20 , 1957 . Pan American World Airways began regular 707 service on October 26 , 1958 . Later derivatives included the shortened long-range 707-138 and the stretched 707-320 , both of which entered service in 1959 . A smaller short-range variant , the 720 , was introduced in 1960 . The 707-420 , a version of the stretched 707 with Rolls-Royce Conway turbofans , debuted in 1960 , while Pratt & Whitney JT3D turbofans debuted on the 707-120B and 707-320B models in 1961 and 1962 , respectively .   The 707 has been used on domestic , transcontinental , and transatlantic flights , and for cargo and military applications . A convertible passenger-freighter model , the 707-320C , entered service in 1963 , and passenger 707s have been modified to freighter configurations . Military derivatives include the E-3 Sentry airborne reconnaissance aircraft and the C-137 Stratoliner VIP transports . Boeing produced and delivered 1,011 airliners including the smaller 720 series ; over 800 military versions were also produced . Ten Boeing 707s were in commercial service in July 2013 .

neg: Chris Robinson (singer) Christopher Mark `` Chris '' Robinson ( born December 20 , 1966 ) is an American musician . He was the singer of the rock and roll band The Black Crowes and brother of its guitarist Rich Robinson .

neg: Bill Robinson (author) William Wheeler `` Bill '' Robinson ( October 4 , 1918 -- April 3 , 2007 ) was an American sailor , author and editor well known in the national and international sailing community for his 27 nautical books , speaking engagements , and contributions to nautical publications .   Robinson was born in Elizabeth , New Jersey , and attended Princeton University from 1935 to 1939 , graduating with a degree in English . He received a commission in the United States Naval Reserve in 1941 and served as an officer until 1945 . He commanded a 110-foot wooden Navy subchaser - hull number SC 743 - in the Pacific theater during World War II - serving honorably in troop and ship convoys and in the invasions of Arawe , New Britain and Hollandia . LTjg Robinson was awarded the Bronze Star ( with gold star denoting a second award ) for his command 's performance under air attack . He was a sportswriter at the Newark Evening News ( 1947 -- 1955 ) and then the Newark Star Ledger ( 1955 -- 1957 ) following his return to civilian life . He developed a nationally syndicated boating column while at the Star Ledger .   Robinson was an associate editor of Yachting magazine from 1957 to 1967 and executive editor from 1967 to 1978 . He served as an editor-at-large for Yachting from 1978 to 1986 , when the publisher was sold . He then served as an editor-at-large for the competing Cruising World magazine from 1987 to 1996 .   Throughout his career and his retirement Robinson traveled extensively as a writer , sailing cruiser and racer . He wrote sailing and nautical-themed books and contributed articles to numerous professional journals . He served as a speaker and featured guest on cruises and at sailing events worldwide . With his late wife , Jane Dimock Robinson ( deceased 1997 ) , he lived in Rumson , New Jersey from 1946 to 2002 and maintained a boat and winter residence in Tortola , British Virgin Islands throughout his retirement .

neg: Leonidas D. Robinson Leonidas Dunlap Robinson ( April 22 , 1867 -- November 7 , 1941 ) was a U.S. Representative from North Carolina .   Born in Gulledge Township , North Carolina , Robinson attended the common schools .  He moved to Wadesboro in 1888 .  He studied law .  He was admitted to the bar in 1889 and practiced in Wadesboro .  He served as delegate to every Democratic State convention 1888-1941 .  He served as mayor of Wadesboro 1890-1893 .  He served as member of the State house of representatives in 1894 and 1900 .  He was appointed solicitor of the thirteenth judicial district in 1901 .   Robinson was elected to the same office in 1902 and served in that capacity until 1910 , when he resigned .  He became president of the Bank of Wadesboro in 1910 .  He served as delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1912 , 1920 , and 1924 .   Robinson was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-fifth and Sixty-sixth Congresses ( March 4 , 1917 -- March 3 , 1921 ) .  He declined to be a candidate for renomination .  He resumed banking and also engaged in agricultural pursuits .  He died in Wadesboro , North Carolina , November 7 , 1941 .  He was interred in Eastview Cemetery .

neg: U.S. Route 70 U.S. Route 70 ( US 70 ) is an east -- west United States highway that runs for 2,385 miles ( 3,838 km ) from eastern North Carolina to east-central Arizona . As can be derived from its number , it is a major east -- west highway of the Southern and Southwestern United States . It formerly ran from coast to coast , with the current Eastern terminus near the Atlantic Ocean in North Carolina , and the former Western terminus near the Pacific Ocean in California .  Before the completion of the Interstate system , U.S. Highway 70 was sometimes referred to as the `` Broadway of America '' , due to its status as one of the main east -- west thoroughfares in the nation . It was also promoted as the `` Treasure Trail '' by the U.S. Highway 70 Association as of 1951 .

neg: I Don't Blame You at All `` I Do n't Blame You At All '' was a 1971 R&B hit by The Miracles ( AKA Smokey Robinson & The Miracles ) on Motown Records ' Tamla label . It was composed by Miracles lead singer , William `` Smokey '' Robinson , and produced by Robinson and Terry `` Buzzy '' Johnson , and was taken from their album , One Dozen Roses . This song was actually the follow-up hit to their # 1 smash , `` The Tears of a Clown '' , and reached the Top 20 of the Billboard Hot 100 , charting at # 18 , and the Top 10 of the Billboard R&B chart , peaking at # 7 . It was also a Top 20 hit in the UK , reaching # 11 on the British charts that year . It is also noted as the group 's last Top 20 pop hit before Smokey Robinson 's departure from The Miracles the following year , and was performed by the group on Dick Clark 's American Bandstand on an episode dated July 10 , 1971 .   In this sad , mournful tune , belying its up-tempo nature , Smokey , as the song 's narrator , tells a girl that he obviously wants ( that does n't share his feelings ) that he does n't blame her for `` playing it cool '' when she decides to call off the relationship .   Lamenting the fact that his attraction to her covered the fact that she had just casual feelings for him , he sings :   `` I dont blame you at all , 'cause you played it cool  You do n't owe me a thing 'cause I was a fool  I 'm only paying the price  For a trip I took to Paradise  'Cause I looked into a pair of eyes , and what I thought was The Look Of Love  Was only hurt in disguise ''   `` I Do n't Blame You At All '' was the group 's final big hit with Robinson , though the Miracles did continue to chart several times before his departure , with songs including `` Satisfaction '' , `` I Ca n't Stand To See You Cry '' , and `` We 've Come Too Far to End It Now '' . This song has inspired a cover version by Rosetta Hightower , and appears on many Miracles ' `` Greatest Hits '' album and CD compilations .

neg: Bad Girl (The Miracles song) `` Bad Girl '' is a 1959 doo-wop single by The Miracles . Issued locally on the Motown Records label , it was licensed to and issued nationally by Chess Records because the fledgling Motown Record Corporation did not , at that time , have national distribution . It was the first single released ( and the only one released by this group ) on the Motown label - all previous singles from the company ( and all following ones from the group ) were released on Motown 's Tamla label . Although The Miracles had charted regionally and on the R&B charts with several earlier songs , including `` Got a Job '' , `` I Cry '' , `` I Need a Change '' , and '' ( You Can ) Depend on Me '' , `` Bad Girl '' was their first national chart hit , reaching # 93 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Written by Miracles lead singer Smokey Robinson and Motown Records ' President and Founder Berry Gordy , `` Bad Girl '' is a sad , remorseful ballad about a young woman , whom Robinson , as the narrator , says `` was so good at the start '' , but who later in the song `` is breaking my heart '' . It is in the popular doo-wop style , as several of The Miracles ' songs were during the late 1950s . The record 's success , coupled with the distributor 's failure to pay Gordy and The Miracles properly for its sales , prompted Robinson to urge Gordy to `` go national '' with it , meaning that Motown should do its own national distribution of its songs , and eliminate the middleman , to ensure that all money from sales of its records would go directly to the label .   On the Motown/Universal DVD Smokey Robinson and The Miracles : The Definitive Performances 1963-1987 , Robinson and fellow Miracles Bobby Rogers and Pete Moore commented that the song 's success allowed the group to tour nationally for the first time , and to play New York 's legendary Apollo Theatre during the Ray Charles Show . The group was not ready for the appearance : it lacked performance experience and failed to produce professional big band arrangements to the satisfaction of theatre manager Honi Coles . Ray Charles intervened , took the group under his wing , and , with his band , created arrangements for their songs . Charles was one of the first to help them on their climb to eventual success .   `` Bad Girl '' has since become a doo-wop classic and was named one of the 100 Greatest Doo-Wop Songs of All Time by Doo Wop Nation . It appears on several Miracles ' compilations , including Greatest Hits from the Beginning . The song was also performed by the group on their final live album , 1957 -- 1972 . It has been covered by the Dazz Band and by Motown artist Mary Wells , whose version was called `` Bad Boy '' and appeared on her debut album , Bye Bye Baby I Do n't Want to Take a Chance .

neg: Bobby Joe Hill Tyrone Bobby Joe Hill ( June 12 , 1943 -- December 8 , 2002 ) was an American basketball player and was the leading scorer of the 1965 -- 66 Texas Western College ( now the University of Texas at El Paso ) team , helping the Miners win the 1966 NCAA basketball championship . The victory is considered one of the most important wins in sports history -- Texas Western started an all-black starting lineup , against the all-white University of Kentucky .   Bobby Joe Hill was the 5 '10 point guard from Highland Park , Michigan on the Texas Western college basketball team that won the national title in 1966 . Texas Western 's win over the top-ranked Kentucky team , nicknamed `` Rupp 's Runts , '' in the title game in College Park , Maryland , is considered one of the most historic games in the annals of college basketball . The school 's all-black starting five defeated a white Kentucky team , 72 -- 65 . Bobby Joe Hill was one of the most prominent players on the court . In the first half , he stole the ball from both Louie Dampier and Tommy Kron twice within the span of a minute and converted both steals into easy layups . He led all scorers with twenty points , and his plays were complemented by talented teammates Harry Flournoy , Nevil Shed , David Lattin , and Willie Worsley . Don Haskins coached Texas Western , and Adolph Rupp directed Kentucky . The Miners ' victory over the Kentucky Wildcats was a landmark event in the history of civil right and sports desegregation , comparable to Jackie Robinson 's baseball tenure with the Brooklyn Dodgers , decisively proving that color of skin has no bearing on talent and ability . Of note is that Don Haskins and the entire Texas Western squad rose above racial threats , insults , vandalism , and violence throughout the 1965 -- 1966 season to their against-all-odds triumph .   Bobby Joe Hill stayed in El Paso after his Texas Western career , married his college sweetheart , and retired as an executive with El Paso Natural Gas . He died in 2002 of a heart attack at age 59 , the first player from the starting lineup to die . Bobby Joe Hill is interred at Restlawn Memorial Park in El Paso , Texas .   The story of Bobby Joe Hill and the 1966 Texas Western national championship has been immortalized in the film Glory Road , which was released in the U.S. in January , 2006 , forty years after the `` fabulous five '' forever altered the landscape of college basketball . Derek Luke was cast to play Bobby Joe in the movie .

neg: Elmer Robinson Elmer Edwin `` Rob-Rob '' Robinson ( October 3 , 1894 -- June 9 , 1982 ) was the 33rd mayor of San Francisco , California . A Republican , he served as San Francisco 's mayor from January 1948 until January 1956 .   Robinson was born in the Richmond District of San Francisco , but primarily grew up in the northern California town of Fort Bragg . He moved back to San Francisco to attend night law school , after which he was admitted to the bar in 1915 . He served as a deputy district attorney of San Francisco County , 1915 to 1921 . He worked for 15 years , as a civil and criminal attorney in private practice .   In 1933 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Robinson to direct adjustment of claims of World War I veterans , at the request of the Disabled American Veterans .   In January 1935 , he became a Municipal Court judge , nine months later a Superior Court judge . Elected to two six-year terms on the San Francisco County Superior bench , 1936 and 1942 .   During World War II , Judge Robinson served as California State Chairman of a national salvage committee .   Elmer Robinson was elected mayor of San Francisco in November 1947 , taking office the following January . He was reelected to another four-year term as mayor in 1951 .   While Robinson was mayor , he promoted and oversaw numerous development projects , including an expansion of San Francisco International Airport and the construction of new schools , libraries , police stations , parking garages , and the modernization of the San Francisco Municipal Railway . San Francisco , although relatively prosperous in the boom years after World War II , experienced some population loss to outlying suburban areas during Robinson 's terms in office .   He returned to his law practice and served as president and general manager of Woodlawn Memorial Park .   While a resident of San Francisco , Judge Robinson died in Paradise , Butte County , California , on June 8 , 1982 at age 87 .   Category :1894 births  Category :1982 deaths  Category : Mayors of San Francisco  Category : California lawyers  Category : American Episcopalians  Category : People from Fort Bragg , California  Category : California Republicans  Category :20 th-century American politicians

neg: Jackie (magazine) Jackie was a weekly British magazine for girls . The magazine was published by D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd of Dundee from 11 January 1964 until its closure on 3 July 1993 -- a total of 1534 issues .   The name was chosen from a list of girls ' names , although it was nearly dropped due to the association with Jackie Kennedy following her husband 's assassination in 1963 . An urban legend exists that it was named after Jacqueline Wilson who worked there at the time , before she became a notable children 's author . Although the author has attempted to perpetuate this claim , this has been denied by those who were involved in the launch .   Ex-RAF Engine Fitter Gordon Small was the first editor . TV critic Nina Myskow was a former editor .   Jackie was the best-selling teen magazine in Britain for ten years , with sales rising from an initial 350,000 to 605,947 in 1976 . The best ever selling issue was the 1972 special edition to coincide with the UK tour of American singer David Cassidy . During the 1970s , `` Jackie '' published a mix of fashion and beauty tips , gossip , short stories and comic strips . The latter were usually illustrated with line drawings or posed photographs , especially if the story involved a `` reader 's true life experience '' . Both the comics and the short stories invariably dealt with either romance or family issues . The centre pages of the magazine usually contained a pull-out poster of a popular band or film star .   Jackie became very popular with young teenage girls , not least because of the `` Cathy and Claire '' problem page , which received 400 reader letters a week and dealt with controversial issues that were nonetheless relevant to the readership . However , the subjects covered in the column were not reflective of the majority of readers ' letters , which focused on sex-related issues -- DC Thomson as a result kept the editorial brief , but created a series of help leaflets which they sent to letter writers . In 1974 the NHS made the contraceptive pill free on prescription , and so under editor Myskow the magazine introduced a `` Dear Doctor '' column , which covered what were termed as `` below the waist issues '' .   Sales declined after the 1970s , and by 1993 circulation had dropped to 50,000 weekly . Deciding not to follow the more sexual and high-fashion orientation of newer teenage magazines , DC Thomson chose to shut the magazine down . It was one of several Thomson papers to close that year . More recently , the company has started issuing every year a historic Jackie annual . BBC Radio invited Jackie Clune to do an epitaph for Jackie and , in 2007 , the BBC produced an hour long programme devoted to the magazine 's 1970s heyday , called Jackie Magazine : A Girl 's Best Friend , with contributions from former readers , writers , staff and publishers .   The magazine also inspired a musical .

neg: Jackie Edwards (athlete) Jacqueline ( `` Jackie '' ) Lois Elizabeth Edwards ( born 14 April 1971 in Falmouth , Trelawny Parish ) is a Bahamian long jumper , who was born in Jamaica .

neg: The Seventies (miniseries) The Seventies is a documentary miniseries which premiered on CNN on June 11 , 2015 . Produced by Tom Hanks and Gary Goetzman ' studio Playtone , and serving as a follow-up to The Sixties , the 8-part series chronicled events and popular culture of the United States during the 1970s .   In February 2016 , CNN announced that it would premiere a third installment in the franchise , The Eighties , on March 31 , 2016 .

neg: As the Years Go Passing By `` As the Years Go Passing By '' is a song penned by Peppermint Harris for Fenton Robinson , who first recorded it in 1959 on Duke Records , Duke # 312 . Flamboyant pianist James Booker also played on the session . It is credited to have been written by ` Deadric Malone ' ( a pseudonym of Don Robey ) , owner of Duke , which was a customary practice for some producers and label owners at that time . It was originally titled `` As the Years Go By ''   Robinson rerecorded the song for his 1977 album I Hear Some Blues Downstairs , which was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 2010 .

neg: Juan Carlos Lectoure Juan Carlos Lectoure ( June 10 , 1936March 2 , 2002 ) , nicknamed `` Tito '' , was an Argentine businessman , mainly involved in boxing events and former owner of Buenos Aires 's Luna Park stadium .   He was born and raised in the Balvanera section of Buenos Aires , and at the age of 14 , took up boxing at the Buenos Aires Gymnastics and Fencing Club ; an injury , however , resulted in his mother 's insistence that he abandon the pastime .   The Lectoures had been partners in the Luna Park coliseum since 1941 , and he inherited the lucrative business from his father , who died in 1950 . Mentored by Juan Manuel Morales , Lectoure took control of the venue at age 20 , and during the era from 1956 to 2000 , well-known figures in Argentine boxing , such as Horacio Accavallo , Ringo Bonavena , Pedro Décima , Víctor Galíndez , Nicolino Locche , Carlos Monzón , Pascual Pérez and Juan Roldán all either debuted or fought title bouts promoted by Lectoure at Luna Park . The venue was also well known for its variety of music recitals , hosting musicians from Argentine tango bandoneonist Aníbal Troilo to the Godfather of Soul , James Brown .   Lectoure later promoted boxing in Miami , Florida .   A chain smoker until 1982 , Lectoure developed heart disease and underwent four bypasses in 1990 , performed by noted cardiac specialist Dr. René Favaloro . He died in 2002 , at age 65 .


query: Eric Trump's father's birthday is June 14.

pos: Donald Trump Donald John Trump ( born June 14 , 1946 ) is the 45th and current President of the United States . Before entering politics , he was a businessman and television personality .   Trump was born and raised in Queens , New York City , and earned an economics degree from the Wharton School . He then took charge of The Trump Organization , the real estate and construction firm founded by his paternal grandmother , which he ran for 45 years until 2016 . During his real estate career , Trump built , renovated , and managed numerous office towers , hotels , casinos , and golf courses . Besides real estate , he started several side ventures and has licensed the use of his name for the branding of various products and properties , including Trump Entertainment Resorts , Trump Steaks , and Trump Vodka . He was the founder of Trump University . He owned the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants from 1996 to 2015 , and he produced and hosted The Apprentice , a reality television series on NBC , from 2004 to 2015 . His net worth was estimated to be $ 3.5 billion , making him the 544th richest person in the world .   Trump first publicly expressed interest in running for political office in 1987 . He won two Reform Party presidential primaries in 2000 , but withdrew his candidacy early on . In June 2015 , he launched his campaign for the 2016 presidential election and quickly emerged as the front-runner among seventeen candidates in the Republican primaries . His remaining opponents all suspended their campaigns by the end of May 2016 , and in July he was formally nominated at the Republican National Convention along with Indiana governor Mike Pence as his running mate . Many of his campaign statements were controversial or false , generating much free media coverage .   Trump won the general election on November 8 , 2016 , in a surprise victory against Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton and commenced his presidency on January 20 , 2017 . He became the oldest and wealthiest person ever to assume the presidency , the first without prior military or government service , and the fifth to have won the election while losing the popular vote . His political positions have been described by scholars and commentators as populist , protectionist , and nationalist .

pos: Eric Trump Eric Frederick Trump ( born January 6 , 1984 ) is an American businessman , philanthropist , and former reality TV personality . He is the third child and second son of the President of the United States , Donald Trump , and Ivana Trump . Alongside his older brother Donald Trump Jr. , he serves as a trustee of The Trump Organization . A longtime executive vice president of the firm , Trump and his brother are running the company during their father 's administration . From 2007 to 2016 , he founded and led The Eric Trump Foundation , a charity that raised money for St. Jude Children 's Research Hospital .

neg: Irvine Company The Irvine Company is an American private company focused on real estate development . It is headquartered in Newport Center , California , with a large portion of its operations centered in and around Irvine , California , a planned city of 250,000 people mainly designed by the Irvine Company . The company was founded by the Irvine family and is currently wholly owned by Donald Bren . Since the company is private , its financials are not released to the public . However , Donald Bren is the richest real estate developer in the United States , valued at $ 15.2 billion .

neg: Eric Hilton Eric Michael Hilton ( July 1 , 1933 -- December 10 , 2016 ) was an American heir , hotelier , and philanthropist .

neg: List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama during 2014 This is a list of presidential trips made by Barack Obama during 2014 , the sixth year of his presidency as the 44th President of the United States .   This list excludes trips made within Washington , D.C. , the U.S. federal capital in which the White House , the official residence and principal workplace of the President , is located . Additionally excluded are trips to Camp David , the country residence of the President , and to the private home of the Obama family in Kenwood , Chicago .

neg: Trump Ocean Club International Hotel and Tower The Trump International Hotel & Tower Panama ( formerly Trump Ocean Club or Trump Ocean Club International Hotel and Tower ) is a 70-story , 2500000 sqft , mixed-use waterfront condominium tower development in Panama City , Panama .   The project was designed by Colombian architects Arias - Serna - Saravia S.A. . The building is situated on a beachfront lot with views of the Pacific Ocean and Panama Bay , in the area of Punta Pacifica . The building was developed by real estate tycoon Donald Trump of the Trump Organization and Roger Khafif , President of the K Group , a Panama resort developer . The project includes 369 hotel condominium units , 700 condominium units , 1500 parking spaces , retail shops , casino , use of a private beach club on Viveros Island , yacht club and pier , wellness spa , gym , pool deck , meeting and event spaces , and a business center .   The hotel opened on July 6 , 2011 . On September 21 , 2011 , it was indicated by Bloomberg.com that Fitch Ratings downgraded $ 220 million in bonds that Newland International Properties , Corp. is using to finance construction of the Trump International Hotel & Tower in Panama . The downgrade to CCsf from B-sf , resulted from `` continued uncertainty over the willingness and ability '' of buyers to take possession of apartment units , according to Fitch documents .   In November 2012 , Sun International announced plans to open a 75000 sqft casino at the property with 600 slot machines and 32 table games . The company paid $ 45.5 million for the rights to the space , and planned to spend another $ 60 million to develop it for an opening in mid-2014 .   Its similar style to the Burj Al Arab , a hotel in Dubai , United Arab Emirates , has been noticed , and court proceedings over the similarities took place .

neg: United States presidential election, 2016 The United States presidential election of 2016 was the 58th quadrennial American presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 8 , 2016 . The Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana Governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and U.S. Senator from Virginia Tim Kaine . Trump took office as the 45th President , and Pence as the 48th Vice President , on January 20 , 2017 . Concurrent with the presidential election , Senate , House , and many gubernatorial and state and local elections were also held on November 8 .   Voters selected members of the Electoral College in each state , in most cases by `` winner-takes-all '' plurality ; those state electors in turn voted for a new president and vice president on December 19 , 2016 . While Clinton received about million more votes nationwide , a margin of % , Trump won 30 states worth a total of 306 electors , or 57 % of the 538 available . He won the perennial swing states of Florida , North Carolina , Ohio , and Iowa , as well as Clinton 's `` blue wall '' states of Michigan , Pennsylvania and Wisconsin , which had been Democratic strongholds in presidential elections for decades . Leading up to the election , a Trump victory was considered unlikely by almost all media forecasts .   In the Electoral College vote on December 19 , seven electors voted against their pledged candidates : two against Trump and five against Clinton . A further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again . Ultimately , Trump received 304 electoral votes and Clinton garnered 227 , while Colin Powell won three , and John Kasich , Ron Paul , Bernie Sanders , and Faith Spotted Eagle each received one .   Trump is the fifth person in U.S. history to become president while losing the nationwide popular vote . He is the first president without any prior experience in public service or the military , as well as the wealthiest and the oldest at inauguration , while Clinton was the first woman to be the presidential nominee of a major party and the first woman to win the popular vote .   This was the first time since the 1984 re-election of Ronald Reagan that Wisconsin voted for a Republican , and the first time since 1988 that the Republican nominee won the states of Pennsylvania and Michigan , as well as Maine 's second congressional district . It was also the first time since the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson that an electoral vote split occurred in Maine .   On January 6 , 2017 , the United States government 's intelligence agencies concluded that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 United States elections . A joint U.S. intelligence review stated with high confidence that `` Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election . Russia 's goals were to undermine public faith in the US democratic process , denigrate Secretary Clinton , and harm her electability and potential presidency . '' Investigations about potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials were started by the FBI , the Senate Intelligence Committee and the House Intelligence Committee . Donald Trump has criticized these conclusions by citing a lack of evidence , calling it a `` hoax '' and `` fake news , '' stating in a tweet : `` The Russia-Trump collusion story is a total hoax , when will this taxpayer funded charade end ? ''

neg: Great America PAC Great America PAC is a Super PAC that supported Donald Trump in the 2016 Presidential Election .   Great America PAC was founded in 2016 by Eric Beach , a political strategist who is a veteran of presidential campaigns . Beach soon brought on Ed Rollins , a long time Republican campaign consultant and strategist who served as the campaign manager for Ronald Reagan 's 1984 presidential campaign .

neg: Edward Nixon Edward Calvert Nixon ( born May 3 , 1930 ) is an American entrepreneur and the youngest and last surviving brother of former United States President Richard Nixon . He coauthored his memoir , The Nixons : A Family Portrait , with Karen L. Olson . The book was published in 2009 .

neg: Arden Hayes Arden Hayes ( born January 30 , 2008 ) is an American child prodigy . From Southern California , he became known at age 5 for his knowledge of American and geopolitics . Reciting Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address , and being able to identify the countries of the world and name the capitals of each .   His interest in American presidents was sparked by Arden 's learning that he shares a birthday with former United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt .   On May 4 , 2013 , Arden was featured in an article and video in the Los Angeles Times . This spurred many additional newspaper articles and blogs and Arden appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on July 2 , 2013 , to demonstrate his knowledge regarding U.S. presidents . On November 5 , 2013 , Arden again appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , and displayed his knowledge of the nations of the world and their capitals and rejected a free Sony Xperia Tablet Z because he preferred the Apple iPad and would rather wait until Christmas to receive it . He appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! for the third time on April 2 , 2014 , and showed his interest and knowledge about chemical elements in the periodic table . He appeared on the show again on November 23 , 2015 , when he won a shut-out victory against the cast of Star Wars : The Force Awakens in a Star Wars trivia contest .

neg: The Visionary The Visionary ( or The Entrepreneur ) is a 1989 painting of the American businessman and politician Donald Trump by the American artist Ralph Wolfe Cowan . It hangs in Trump 's Palm Beach , Florida , residence of Mar-a-Lago .

neg: Eric Bellinger Eric Bellinger , Jr. ( born March 28 , 1986 ) is an American singer , songwriter , record producer and engineer . His co-writing credits include Lem me See ft. Rick Ross ( 2012 ) for Usher , New Flame for Chris Brown ( 2014 ) , You Do n't Know ( 2016 ) for Tank , Right Here ( 2012 ) ft. Drake for Justin Bieber , and Disrespectful ft. Mila J ( 2012 ) for Trey Songz . He 's released 9 projects since 2013 , including Born II Sing Vol . 1 , Born II Sing Vol . 2 , Born II Sing Vol . 3 , The Rebirth , Cuffing Season , Cuffing Season Part 2 , Eventually , Eric B for President : Term 1 , and Eric B for President : Term 1 ( Acoustic ) .

neg: Trump Home Trump Home is a brand of furniture and home items marketed by American businessman and now President of the United States Donald Trump and owned by Trump 's company , The Trump Organization .   Trump Home was launched in July 2007 , with two furniture lines manufactured by Lexington Home Brands . A third furniture line was made available in 2008 , at which point the brand was available in more than 18 international territories . A year later , the company partnered with Serta to produce mattresses under the Trump Home name . A line of Trump-branded tabletop crystal , manufactured by a Slovenian company , was launched in 2010 . Trump Home has also sold light fixtures , rugs , bath and bedding collections , and a candle and fragrance diffuser collection .   In 2011 , Lexington chose not to renew its licensing agreement with Trump Home . Two years later , Trump Home entered a partnership with furniture company Dorya International to manufacture Trump-branded furniture . Serta ended its affiliation with Trump Home after Donald Trump described Mexican immigrants as `` rapists '' while announcing his 2016 presidential campaign . Lifestyle , a Dubai-based retailer of Trump Home products , also ended their affiliation with the company in 2015 , after Trump announced his plan to ban all Muslims from entering the United States . Other retailers have discontinued sales of Trump Home products since Trump was elected in November 2016 .

neg: John Whitman John Russell Whitman ( June 8 , 1944 -- July 2 , 2015 ) was an American businessman and investment banker who served as First Gentleman of New Jersey from January 18 , 1994 to January 31 , 2001 . Whitman has had a long career in banking and financial services , including working at Citigroup . Whitman is the grandson of Charles S. Whitman , 41st Governor of New York . He was the husband of former Governor of New Jersey Christine Todd Whitman .

neg: List of Donald Trump presidential campaign primary endorsements, 2016 This is a list of notable individuals and organizations who voiced their endorsement of Donald Trump as the Republican Party 's presidential nominee for the 2016 U.S. presidential election .

neg: List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump This is a list of presidential trips made by Donald Trump as the 45th President of the United States .   This list excludes trips made within Washington , D.C. , the U.S. federal capital in which the White House , the official residence and principal workplace of the President , is located . Also excluded are trips to Camp David , the country residence of the President , and to the private home of the Trump family in Trump Tower , New York City . International trips are included .

neg: Residences of Donald Trump U.S. President Donald Trump currently has seven residences .   During his time at the New York Military Academy , he lived on campus ; he later rented row houses in college . In 1971 , Trump moved to a studio on 75th Street in Manhattan . Since the completion of Trump Tower in 1983 , Trump has lived in a three-level penthouse on the top floors . He purchased the Seven Springs mansion in Bedford , New York in 1995 . Upon Trump 's election to the US presidency , he moved into the White House in Washington , D.C. while First Lady Melania and their son will stay at Trump Tower in Manhattan until the end of the school year before moving to the White House as well .

neg: Imperial Klans of America The Imperial Klans of America , Knights of the Ku Klux Klan is a white supremacist paramilitary organization styled after the original Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) . In 2008 , it was reported that the IKA had the nation 's second largest KKK membership .   The IKA , headed by Ron Edwards , claims to be the sixth era of the Ku Klux Klan . Members of the 6th era , like members of previous eras , claim constitutional rights as part of the `` Unorganized Militia '' . The IKA claims to stand upon Supreme Court decisions in favor of previous Klans . They are headquartered near Dawson Springs , Kentucky and claim external Imperial Klan offices in Australia , Canada , England , Scotland , and South Africa , as well as throughout Europe and South America .   In 2011 , a recurring hoax concerning the IKA endorsing Barack Obama was once again exposed as a farce based on a parody website 's humorous reporting . In fact , in 2008 , Ron Edwards was quoted as supporting John McCain .

neg: Strauss–Howe generational theory The Strauss -- Howe generational theory , created by authors William Strauss and Neil Howe , describes a theorized recurring generation cycle in American history . Strauss and Howe laid the groundwork for their theory in their 1991 book Generations , which discusses the history of the United States as a series of generational biographies going back to 1584 . In their 1997 book The Fourth Turning , the authors expanded the theory to focus on a fourfold cycle of generational types and recurring mood eras in American history . They have since expanded on the concept in a variety of publications .   The theory was developed to describe the history of the United States , including the 13 colonies and their British antecedents , and this is where the most detailed research has been done . However , the authors have also examined generational trends elsewhere in the world and described similar cycles in several developed countries .   Eric Hoover ( 2009 ) has called the authors pioneers in a burgeoning industry of consultants , speakers and researchers focused on generations . Steve Bannon , adviser to President Donald Trump , is a prominent proponent of Strauss -- Howe generational theory .   Academic response to the theory has been mixed -- some applauding Strauss and Howe for their `` bold and imaginative thesis '' , and others criticizing the theory . Criticism has focused on the lack of rigorous empirical evidence for their claims , and a perception that aspects of the argument gloss over real differences within the population .


query: Ethiopia is a state.

pos: Ethiopia Ethiopia ( -LSB- ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə -RSB- ኢትዮጵያ , , ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ( የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ , yeʾĪtiyoṗṗya Fēdēralawī Dēmokirasīyawī Rīpebilīk ) , is a country located in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north and northeast , Djibouti and Somalia to the east , Sudan and South Sudan to the west , and Kenya to the south . With over 100 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world , as well as the second-most populous nation on the African continent after Nigeria . It occupies a total area of 1,100,000 km2 , and its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa .   Some of the oldest evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BC , Ethiopia was a monarchy for most of its history . During the first centuries AD , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . Ethiopia derived prestige with its uniquely successful military resistance during the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , becoming the only African country to defeat a European colonial power and retain its sovereignty . Subsequently , many African nations adopted the colors of Ethiopia 's flag following their independence . It was the first independent African member of the 20th-century League of Nations and the United Nations . In 1974 , at the end of Haile Selassie 's reign , power fell to a communist military dictatorship known as the Derg , backed by the Soviet Union , until it was defeated by the Ethiopian People 's Revolutionary Democratic Front , which has ruled since about the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 .   Ethiopia 's ancient Ge'ez script , also known as Ethiopic , is one of the oldest alphabets still in use in the world . The Ethiopian calendar , which is approximately seven years and three months behind the Gregorian calendar , co-exists alongside the Borana calendar . A majority of the population adheres to Christianity ( mainly the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and P'ent ` ay ) , while around a third follows Islam ( primarily Sunni Islam ) . The country is the site of the Migration to Abyssinia and the oldest Muslim settlement in Africa at Negash . A substantial population of Ethiopian Jews , known as Bete Israel , resided in Ethiopia until the 1980s , but most of them have since emigrated to Israel . Ethiopia is a multilingual nation with around 80 ethnolinguistic groups , the four largest of which are the Oromiffa , Amhara , Somali , and Tigrayans . Most people in the country speak Afroasiatic languages of the Cushitic or Semitic branches . Additionally , Omotic languages are spoken by ethnic minority groups inhabiting the southern regions . Nilo-Saharan languages are also spoken by the nation 's Nilotic ethnic minorities .   Ethiopia is the place of origin for the coffee bean which originated from the place called Kefa ( which was one of the 14 provinces in the old Ethiopian administration ) . It is a land of natural contrasts , with its vast fertile West , jungles , and numerous rivers , and the world 's hottest settlement of Dallol in its north . The Ethiopian Highlands are Africa 's largest continuous mountain ranges , and Sof Omar Caves contain Africa 's largest cave . Ethiopia has the most UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa .   Ethiopia is one of the founding members of the UN , the Group of 24 ( G-24 ) , the Non-Aligned Movement , G-77 and the Organisation of African Unity . Ethiopia 's capital city Addis Ababa serves as the headquarters of the African Union , the Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry , the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa , African Aviation Training HQ , the African Standby Force , and many of the global NGOs focused on Africa . In the 1970s and 1980s , Ethiopia suffered from civil wars and communist purges which devastated its economy . The country has begun to recover recently however , and now has the largest economy ( by GDP ) in East Africa and Central Africa . According to Global Fire Power , Ethiopia has the 42nd most powerful military in the world , and the third most powerful in Africa .

neg: Regional state A regional state is a unitary state in which authority has been decentralized to subnational regions . This term has yet to become widely used . One such example of a state is Ethiopia , which has been divided into ethnic-based regions .   Subnational regions are intermediate level between local and national government .

neg: Postage stamps and postal history of Ethiopia This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Ethiopia . Long an independent state in Africa , messages were originally carried by couriers called méléktegnas , who held the letters attached to a stick .

neg: Mekelle University Mekelle University ( abbreviated as MU ) is a higher education and training public institution located in the city of Mekelle , situated in the northern Tigray Regional State of Ethiopia . It is 783 kilometers north of Addis Ababa , the country 's capital .

neg: Catholic Church in Ethiopia The Catholic Church in Ethiopia is part of the worldwide Catholic Church , under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome .   The Oriental Ethiopian Catholic Church , the primary organization of Catholicism in the country , is especially close to the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church , whose doctrine and liturgical tradition it shares . While separated by their understanding of the primacy of the Bishop of Rome , the Ethiopian Catholic and Orthodox Churches have basically the same sacraments and liturgy . As of 2010 , there were 610,714 members of the Ethiopian Catholic Church . There are also a small number of Latin-Rite Catholics in the country , primarily Italian Ethiopians .

neg: Ethiopia at the Olympics Ethiopia first participated at the Olympic Games in 1956 , and has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then , except for the 1976 , 1984 and 1988 Games . Ethiopia also participated in the Winter Olympic Games for the first time at the 2006 Games in Turin .   Ethiopian athletes have won a total of 45 medals , all in athletics .   Ethiopia 's participation in the Olympics is organized by the Ethiopian Olympic Committee , founded in 1948 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1954 .

neg: List of conflicts in Ethiopia This is a list of conflicts in Ethiopia arranged chronologically from medieval to modern times . This list includes both nation-wide and international types of war , including ( but not limited to ) the following : wars of independence , liberation wars , colonial wars , undeclared wars , proxy wars , territorial disputes , and world wars . Also listed might be any battle that occurred within the territory of what is today known as the , `` Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia '' but was itself only part of a operation of a campaign of a theater of a war . There may also be periods of violent civil unrest listed , such as : riots , shootouts , spree killings , massacres , terrorist attacks , and civil wars . The list might also contain episodes of : human sacrifice , mass suicide , massacres , and genocides .

neg: List of airports in Sudan This is a list of airports in Sudan , sorted by location .   Sudan , officially the Republic of the Sudan , sometimes called North Sudan is an Arab state in North Africa . It is bordered by Egypt to the north , the Red Sea to the northeast , Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east , South Sudan to the south , the Central African Republic to the southwest , Chad to the west , and Libya to the northwest . The Nile divides the country into eastern and western halves . The capital city is Khartoum . The country is divided into 17 states .   __ TOC __

neg: Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa is , geographically , the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara . According to the UN , it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara . It contrasts with North Africa , whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world . Somalia , Djibouti , Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub-Saharan Africa , but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world .   The Sahel is the transitional zone between the Sahara and the tropical savanna ( the Sudan region ) and forest-savanna mosaic to the south .   Since probably 3500 BCE , the Saharan and Sub-Saharan regions of Africa have been separated by the extremely harsh climate of the sparsely populated Sahara , forming an effective barrier interrupted by only the Nile in Sudan , though the Nile was blocked by the river 's cataracts . The Sahara pump theory explains how flora and fauna ( including Homo sapiens ) left Africa to penetrate the Middle East and beyond . African pluvial periods are associated with a `` wet Sahara '' phase during which larger lakes and more rivers existed .   The use of the term has been criticized because it refers to the South only by cartography conventions and projects a connotation of inferiority ; a vestige of colonialism , which some say , divided Africa into European terms of homogeneity .

neg: Politics of Ethiopia The politics of Ethiopia arise from the way the government of Ethiopia is structured as well as socioeconomic factors .

neg: Imperial Academy (Ethiopia) The Imperial Academy was the national academy of Ethiopia , first established by the Ministry of Education and Fine Arts in 1942 . It was tasked with preserving the `` traditional genius '' of the country ; among other things , the native Ethiopic script and the literary and scholarly tradition it enabled , as well as the `` promotion of research in languages and fine arts '' .   In 1956 Emperor Haile Selassie promulgated a decree chartering the Academy as an independent organisation . The Academy , as a single body , eventually ceased to operate during the time of the Derg regime in the 1980s , although some of its constituent organizations have persisted - directly or indirectly - to the present .

neg: Famines in Ethiopia Subjectively the Economy of Ethiopia was based on subsistence agriculture , with an aristocracy that consumed the surplus . Due to a number of causes , the peasants lacked incentives to either improve production or to store their excess harvest ; as a result , they lived from harvest to harvest .   Despite the extensive modernization of Ethiopia in the last 120 years , as of 2016 , about 80 % of the population are peasants who still live from harvest to harvest , and are vulnerable to crop failures .

neg: Kale Heywet Word of Life Church Kale Heywet ( Word of Life ) Church ( KHC ) is the largest evangelical denomination in Ethiopia . Started in the early 1920s by pioneering Serving In Mission , formerly , Sudan Interior Mission , ( SIM ) missionaries , Kale Heywet Church thrived in the south-central and south-western corners of the country during the five-year Italian occupation in the 1930s .   Dr. Thomas Alexander Lambie ( 1885-1954 ) is one of the prominent of early missionaries towards the establishment of the KHC . His entry and stay for some seven years and re-entry with a group of the first batch of SIM missionaries into the country , his fast friendship with the commoner as well as the high-level officials , including the emperor himself , his brave commitment even to relinquish his birth citizenship to be an Ethiopian in order to get the right to buy and retain land titles and build mission stations with less bureaucracy , is a story in its own right . Articles such as this one and his books testify to his life and ministry . In the first decade of the missionary endeavor the mission itself was known locally as `` Lambie 's Mahber '' - Lambie 's association .   The first missionaries had initially planned a trip into the western part of Ethiopia , but after prayer felt they were being led to the South Central area . The early missionary work was concentrated among the Welayta , Kambaata , and Sidama peoples , which are the three most densely populated awrajas ( regions ) in Ethiopia . This area was , as fertile spiritually as it is geographically . At Dembi Dollo Lambie worked with an Ethiopian evangelist named Gidada Solon .   The few missionaries that entered the country had all to exit the country during the country 's invasion by the Italians . They left a handful of believers with the translation of portions of Scriptures and the Gospel of Mark . What the missionaries found when they came back after the five-year occupation of the country was astounding . The handful believers were multiplied by thousands and the fledgling congregation was very strong . The price of planting this church in Ethiopia was at a very great cost , even cost of the lives of three of the earliest missionaries . Nearly 100 missionaries toiled hard for about ten years before they left the country during the invasion . The Italians were not friendly to the Orthodox Church and treated the new Evangelical believers very harshly .   Changed lives were very evident among the converts who had followed the animist way of life . The congregations that grew in the absence of the church planting missionaries was n't lacking anything . In fact , their unprecedented absence was a boon in a way as it gave birth to a church with an indigenous local texture . The devotion of the believers was pure and their worship biblical as well as culture-sensitive . Returning missionaries , aside from church planting in unreached areas , provided needed biblical and theological teachings to the growing church . It was this unwavering commitment to the teaching of the Word of God , that kept KHC healthy and strong .   Kale Heywet Church grew and matured in its primal years not without persecution and challenges . The long established and state supported Ethiopian Orthodox Church tried from long before not to permit missionaries into the country . What crystallized this was the church 's unfortunate experience with the Jesuit missionaries some four centuries earlier . The missionaries were limited in their effort to preach the good news . The nationals were tried and imprisoned .   It was thus that Kale Heywet Church , numerically by far the largest Evangelical denomination , was started and developed . In the seventy years of its history the church has witnessed not a few ups and downs . In the 1950s together with like denominations of the Baptist Church and the Church of Christ , the Yewongel Amagnotch Andnet Mahber ( Gospel Believers ' Fellowship ? ) was established . This body served as the voice of the Evangelical believers in Ethiopia for no less than three decades .   Currently KHC has about or more than 7,774 local congregation and estimated 6,7 million members and adherents . Its 300 + intermediate and higher level Bible Schools , 3 ministers ' training centers , 1 theological college , and 1 seminary ( a consortium ) teach and equip tens of thousands and graduate thousands each year . The multi-faceted ministries of KHC include Evangelism , theological training , Women 's ministry , Youth ministry , Children 's ministry and Children 's Centre , Missions , Urban and Rural Integrated ministries , and diverse training ministries .   The Head Office of Kale Heywet Church is located south of Mexico Square , near the Africa Union Head Office .

neg: Ethiopian Democratic Party The Ethiopian Democratic Party is a political party in Ethiopia . The result of no less than five mergers of liberal and conservative liberal opposition parties , it can trace its roots to the Ethiopian Democratic Union , which mounted armed monarchist resistance to the Derg in the immediate aftermath of the overthrow of Haile Selassie I.In the legislative elections held on 15 May 2005 , the United Ethiopian Democratic Party - Medhin , as it was then known , was part of the United Ethiopian Democratic Forces , that won 52 out of 527 seats in the Council of People 's Representatives . It won no seats in the 2010 elections .

neg: Agawmeder Agawmeder was a historical state and region in the northwestern part of Ethiopia . Its most likely etymology is from Agew ( Ge'ez , አገው Agaw ) , a people living in the area , plus meder ( land ) , thus meaning `` Land of the Agaw '' . The western neighbor of Gojjam , it was located where the Agew Awi Zone now lies .

neg: Ethiopian Patriotic Association The Ethiopian Patriotic Association is a national organization of all Ethiopians that is created to honour the gallant sons and daughters of Ethiopia who fought and defeated the Italian invading colonial power during the period of World War II . The association has been serving this purpose the past 60 years and stayed a symbol of national sovereignty .

neg: List of companies based in Eritrea Eritrea , officially the State of Eritrea , is a country in the Horn of Africa . The economy of Eritrea has experienced considerable growth in recent years , indicated by an improvement in Gross domestic product ( GDP ) in October 2012 of 7.5 percent over 2011 . However , worker remittances from abroad are estimated to account for 32 percent of gross domestic product . Eritrea has an extensive amount of resources such as copper , gold , granite , marble , and potash . The Eritrean economy has undergone extreme changes due to the War of Independence . In 2011 , Eritrea 's GDP grew by 8.7 percent making it one of the fastest growing economies in the world . The Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) expects it to maintain a high growth rate of 8.5 percent in 2013 .

neg: Tembien Province Tembien is a historic region in Ethiopia and one of the former provinces of Ethiopia . It is a mountainous area of that country . During the reforms in 1994-95 , the old provinces were replaced with regions , zones and woredas . The area of the former province is now split over the woredas of Dogua Tembien and Kola Tembien .   It was located east of the Semien Province and north of Abergele , a historic district of the Begemder province . On the east , it was bordered by the Enderta Province .   The former capital of the province was Abi Addi , nowadays located in Kola Tembien ( Lower Tembien ) . The region reached a highpoint in the Tembien mountains at 2828 meters above sea level , just south of the town of Hagere Selam , Tigray .

neg: Hadar, Ethiopia Hadar ( also spelled Adda Da'ar ; Afar `` treaty -LSB- ahdi -RSB- stream -LSB- d'ar -RSB- '' ) is a village in Ethiopia , on the southern edge of the Afar Triangle . The village is known for the nearby archaeological digs which have yielded some well-known hominin fossils .   According to Jon Kalb , early maps show caravan routes passing within 10 or 15 kilometers of Hadar but not through it . The British explorer L.M. Nesbitt passed 15 kilometres west of Hadar in 1928 .


query: On February 18, 1949, Gary Ridgway was born.

pos: Gary Ridgway Gary Leon Ridgway ( born February 18 , 1949 ) is an American serial killer known as the Green River Killer . He was initially convicted of 48 separate murders and later confessed to nearly twice that number . As part of his plea bargain , an additional conviction was added , bringing the total number of convictions to 49 , making him the most prolific American serial killer in history according to confirmed murders . He murdered numerous women and girls in Washington State during the 1980s and 1990s . Most of his victims were alleged to be sex workers and other women in vulnerable situations , including underage runaways . The press gave him his nickname after the first five victims were found in the Green River before his identity was known . He strangled the women , usually by hand but sometimes using ligatures . After strangling them , he would dump their bodies in forested and overgrown areas in King County , often returning to the dead bodies to have sexual intercourse with them .   On November 30 , 2001 , as he was leaving the Kenworth truck factory where he worked in Renton , Washington , he was arrested for the murders of four women whose cases were linked to him through DNA evidence . As part of a plea bargain wherein he agreed to disclose the locations of still-missing women , he was spared the death penalty and received a sentence of life imprisonment without parole .

neg: Gary, Minnesota Gary is a city in Norman County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 214 at the 2010 census .

neg: 1950s The 1950s ( pronounced nineteen-fifties ; commonly abbreviated as the 50s or Fifties ) was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1 , 1950 , and ended on December 31 , 1959 .   By its end , the world had largely recovered from World War II and the Cold War developed from its modest beginning in the late-1940s to a hot competition between the United States and the Soviet Union by the early-1960s .   Clashes between communism and capitalism dominated the decade , especially in the Northern Hemisphere . The conflicts included the Korean War in the beginnings of the decade and the beginning of the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik 1 . Along with increased testing of nuclear weapons ( such as RDS-37 and Upshot -- Knothole ) , this created a politically conservative climate . In the United States , the Second Red Scare caused Congressional hearings by both houses in Congress and anti-communism was the prevailing sentiment in the United States throughout the decade . The beginning of decolonization in Africa and Asia took place in this decade and accelerated in the following decade .

neg: Audax Minor Audax Minor ( 1887 -- October 8 , 1979 ) , the pen name of George F. T. Ryall , was a Canadian writer who worked as the horse racing columnist for The New Yorker for 52 years .   Born in Toronto , Ryall was sent to England to be educated in 1900 . In England , he began working as a general reporter for the newspaper London Exchange-Telegraph and began writing racing reports from England for New York World .   Ryall afterwards went to New York City , and his first column for The New Yorker was published on July 10 , 1926 . The New Yorker had been launched on February 21 , 1925 . Ryall chose a pen name because at the time he was still writing for New York World ; he used this name in honor of Audax , the nom de plume of British racing journalist Arthur Fitzhardinge Berkeley Portman . ( Ryall 's full name was George Francis Trafford Ryall . His son , a horse-racing photographer , and grandson , an art photographer , both received the same name , designated as generations II and III . )   He was the writer of longest record in the history of the magazine , and his column , `` The Race Track , '' ran from 1926 to 1978 . He wrote on various aspects of horse racing , from starting barriers to horse training , from the Saratoga Special Stakes to the names given horses . `` Being one of those peevish fellows who believe that every horse deserves a good name ( and you 'll find that , on the whole , the better racers are well named ) , '' Ryall wrote in 1960 , `` I 'm sorry to say this year 's crop of two-year-olds has fared pretty badly ... Ambiopoise ... Nassue ... Rulamyth ... ''   He also wrote for PM , The Blood-Horse , Town & Country , The Sportsman , Polo , and Country Life . Ryall won the Walter Haight Award in 1972 .   Ryall also wrote on automobiles , polo and men 's fashions .   He died at Columbia , Maryland . His obituary in Time magazine described him as a `` jaunty , tweedy Canadian . ''

neg: K. Gary Sebelius Keith Gary Sebelius ( born November 8 , 1949 ) , known professionally as K. Gary Sebelius or Gary Sebelius , is an American magistrate judge and a former federal judicial nominee to the United States District Court for the District of Kansas . He is the husband of former United States Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius and also served as the First Gentleman of Kansas from 2003 to 2009 , while his wife was governor .

neg: Roman Catholic Diocese of Gary The Roman Catholic Diocese of Gary ( Dioecesis Gariensis ) is a particular church of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States of America . It was founded on December 17 , 1956 , by Pope Pius XII . It is one of four suffragan dioceses of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Indianapolis . Its ecclesiastic territory includes Lake , Porter , LaPorte , and Starke counties in northwestern Indiana . The mother church of the diocese is the Cathedral of the Holy Angels in Gary , Indiana .

neg: 1949 French Championships (tennis) The 1949 French Championships ( now known as the French Open ) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris , France . The tournament ran from 18 May until 28 May . It was the 48th staging of the French Championships , and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1949 .

neg: Leon Gary Leon J. Gary , Sr. ( July 27 , 1912 -- December 5 , 2000 ) , was a Democratic politician who served from 1946 to 1962 as the mayor of Houma , the seat of government of Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana .

neg: Riddell Riddell is an American company specializing in sports equipment for American football . It is headquartered in Rosemont , Illinois ; in 2017 the company will relocate to a new facility in adjacent Des Plaines , Illinois .   The company was started by John Tate Riddell . Riddell first invented the removable cleat and then went on to invent the first ever plastic suspension helmet in 1939 . In 2008 , Dan Arment was appointed president of Riddell . Arment previously worked as executive vice-president and general manager of mass-market business for BRG Sports , Riddell 's parent company , which is owned by private equity firm Fenway Partners . Fenway acquired the company in 2003 from Lincolnshire Management . In 2008 , Riddell sued competitor Schutt Sports . Two years later , Schutt filed a lawsuit , also for patent-infringement , against Riddell . Riddell ended up winning , leading to Schutt filing for bankruptcy .

neg: G.I. (military) G.I. is a noun used to describe the soldiers of the United States Army and airmen of the United States Army Air Forces -- and for U.S. Marines and sailors -- and also for general items of their equipment . The term G.I. has been used as an initialism of `` Government Issue '' or `` General Issue '' , but it originally referred to `` galvanized iron '' , as used by the logistics services of the United States Armed Forces . The letters `` G.I. '' were used to denote equipment made from galvanized iron , such as metal trash cans , in U.S. Army inventories and supply records .   During World War I , American soldiers sardonically referred to incoming German artillery shells as `` G.I. cans '' . Also during that war , `` G.I. '' started being interpreted as `` Government Issue '' or `` General Issue '' for the general items of equipment of soldiers and airmen . The term `` G.I. '' came into widespread use in the United States with the start of the Selective Service System ( `` the draft '' ) in 1940 , extending into 1941 . Next , the use of `` G.I. '' expanded from 1942 through 1945 . The American Five-star General Dwight D. Eisenhower said in 1945 that `` the truly heroic figure of this war -LSB- is -RSB- G.I. Joe and his counterpart in the air , the navy , and the Merchant Marine of every one of the United Nations . ''   `` G.I. '' was also used as an adjective for anything having to do with the Army or Army Air Force .

neg: Gary Green (musician) Gary Green ( born Gary William Green , 20 November 1950 in Stroud Green , North London , England ) is a British musician . During the 1970s , he was the guitarist for the progressive rock band Gentle Giant . Green was with the band from the debut album Gentle Giant all the way to the last album Civilian . Green 's style was different from most of his peers , being a more blues-based guitarist . Like his other band members , Green was also adept at other instruments , including mandolin and recorder among others . According to a 2008 interview , founding member Phil Shulman said that , despite Green 's blues influences , he fitted in well with the band 's progressive style since Green was `` quick on the up-take . ''   Later on , he was a member of the band Mother Tongue , and also recorded on Zinc -- The Green Album with Eddie Jobson . In recent years , Green has been working with Billy Sherwood on a number of projects , including Back Against The Wall ( 2005 ) and Return to the Dark Side of the Moon ( 2006 ) . He is now a member of a band called Three Friends with fellow Gentle Giant member Malcolm Mortimore .   Green currently lives in Princeton , Illinois with his wife , Judy .   Gary Green 's brother , Jeff Green , was a roadie for Soft Machine in the early 1970s and later played with Elton Dean .

neg: Genesis Convention Center The Genesis Convention Center is a 7,000 seat multi-purpose arena located in Gary , Indiana , United States . It is home to the Gary Splash of the Independent Basketball Association . It was formerly home to the Gary Steelheads basketball team . It has also held the Miss USA pageant twice , in 2001 and 2002 .   The venue is also a convention center , with a 24,472-square-foot arena floor and a 49-foot ceiling height . Attached to the arena is Indiana Hall , which is used as a theater and ballroom seating up to 1,200 for small concerts , plays , banquets and other special events .

neg: Gary Thorne Gary Thorne ( born June 9 , 1948 ) is the lead play-by-play announcer for MASN . He has also worked for ESPN and ABC , including National Hockey League , Major League Baseball , college football , and the Frozen Four hockey tournament . He also works for World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) , where he is the narrator for the WrestleMania Rewind program on its WWE Network streaming video service .

neg: 1949 Ford The 1949 Ford was an American automobile produced by Ford . It was the first all-new automobile design introduced by the Big Three after World War II , civilian production having been suspended during the war , and the 1946-1948 models from Ford , GM , and Chrysler being updates of their pre-war models . Popularly called the `` Shoebox Ford '' for its slab-sided , `` ponton '' design , the 1949 Ford is credited both with saving Ford and ushering in modern streamlined car design with changes such as integrated fenders and more . The design would continue through the 1951 model year .   After sticking with its well-received previous model through model year 1948 , Ford completely redesigned its namesake car for the year 1949 . Save for its drive-train , this was an all-new car in every way , with a modern ladder frame now supporting a coil spring independent suspension in front and longitudinal semi-elliptical springs in back . The engine was moved forward to make more room in the passenger compartment and the antiquated `` torque tube '' was replaced by a modern drive shaft . Ford 's popular 226 CID ( 3.7 L ) L-head straight-6 and 239 CID ( 3.9 L ) Flathead V8 remained , now rated at 90 hp ( 67 kW ) and 100 hp ( 75 kW ) , respectively .

neg: Gary Giddins Gary Giddins ( born March 21 , 1948 ) is an American jazz and film critic , author , and director , best known for his longtime work with The Village Voice . Born in Brooklyn , and raised on Long Island , Giddins graduated from Grinnell College , Iowa , in 1970 . After some freelance work as a music and film critic , in 1974 he started writing his column `` Weather Bird '' for the Village Voice , which he ended in December 2003 . In 1986 Gary Giddins and John Lewis created the American Jazz Orchestra which presented concerts using a jazz repertory with musicians such as Tony Bennett .   Giddins has received the National Book Critics Circle Award , the Ralph J. Gleason Music Book Award , and the Bell Atlantic Award for Visions of Jazz : The First Century in 1998 . His other books include Bing Crosby : A Pocketful of Dreams -- The Early Years , 1903 -- 1940 , which won the Ralph J. Gleason Music Book Award and the ARSC Award for Excellence in Historical Sound Research ; Weatherbird : Jazz at the Dawn of Its Second Century ; Faces in the Crowd ; Natural Selection ; and biographies of Louis Armstrong and Charlie Parker . He has won six ASCAP -- Deems Taylor Awards , a Guggenheim Fellowship , and a Peabody Award in Broadcasting . He is the Executive Director of the Leon Levy Center for Biography at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York .

neg: Alan Osmond Alan Ralph Osmond ( born June 22 , 1949 ) is a member of the family musical group The Osmonds .

neg: Gary King (director) Gary R. King ( born November 15 , 1972 ) is an American director and writer .

neg: Gary Hallgren Gary Hallgren ( born October 28 , 1945 ) is an American illustrator and underground cartoonist .

neg: Gary/Chicago International Airport Gary/Chicago International Airport is a joint civil-military public airport in Gary , in Lake County , Indiana , United States . It is three miles northwest of the city center and 25 miles ( 40 km ) southeast of the Chicago Loop . It is operated by the Gary/Chicago International Airport Authority , the basis for which was formed by the Chicago Gary Airport Compact signed in 1995 . Nearby highway connections include I-90 , I-80 , I-94 , I-65 and the Chicago Skyway .   Federal Aviation Administration records say the airport had 4,353 passenger boardings ( enplanements ) in calendar year 2008 , 1,633 in 2009 and 2,143 in 2010 . It is in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011 -- 2015 , which called it a non-primary commercial service airport based on enplanements in 2008 ( between 2,500 and 10,000 per year ) but would be categorized as general aviation based on enplanements in 2010 .

neg: 1950s American automobile culture 1950s American automobile culture has had an enduring influence on the culture of the United States , as reflected in popular music , major trends from the 1950s and mainstream acceptance of the `` hot rod '' culture . The American manufacturing economy switched from producing war-related items to consumer goods at the end of World War II , and by the end of the 1950s , one in six working Americans were employed either directly or indirectly in the automotive industry . The United States became the world 's largest manufacturer of automobiles , and Henry Ford 's goal of 30 years earlier -- that any man with a good job should be able to afford an automobile -- was achieved . A new generation of service businesses focusing on customers with their automobiles sprang up during the decade , including drive-through or drive-in restaurants and more drive-in theaters ( cinemas ) .   The decade began with 25 million registered automobiles on the road , most of which predated World War II and were in poor condition ; no automobiles or parts were produced during the war owing to rationing and restrictions . By 1950 , most factories had made the transition to a consumer-based economy , and more than 8 million cars were produced that year alone . By 1958 , there were more than 67 million cars registered in the United States , more than twice the number at the start of the decade .   As part of the U.S. national defenses , to support military transport , the National Highway System was expanded with Interstate highways , beginning in 1955 , across many parts of the United States . The wider , multi-lane highways allowed traffic to move at faster speeds , with few or no stoplights on the way . The wide-open spaces along the highways became a basis for numerous billboards showing advertisements .   The dawning of the Space Age and Space Race were reflected in contemporary American automotive styling . Large tailfins , flowing designs reminiscent of rockets , and radio antennas that imitated Sputnik 1 were common , owing to the efforts of design pioneers such as Harley Earl .