query: Glacier is affected by the fraction of the sky obscured by clouds when observed from a particular location called cloud cover.

pos: Glacier A glacier ( -LSB- pronˈɡleɪʃər -RSB- or -LSB- ˈɡlæsiə -RSB- ) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight ; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation ( melting and sublimation ) over many years , often centuries . Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight , creating crevasses , seracs , and other distinguishing features . They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines . Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water .   On Earth , 99 % of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions , but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia , and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands . Between 35 ° N and 35 ° S , glaciers occur only in the Himalayas , Andes , Rocky Mountains , a few high mountains in East Africa , Mexico , New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran . Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth 's land surface . Continental glaciers cover nearly 5 e6sqmi or about 98 percent of Antarctica 's 5.1 e6sqmi , with an average thickness of 7,000 ft. Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers .   Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of fresh water on Earth . Many glaciers from temperate , alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt , creating a water source that is especially important for plants , animals and human uses when other sources may be scant . Within high altitude and Antarctic environments , the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater .   Because glacial mass is affected by long-term climatic changes , e.g. , precipitation , mean temperature , and cloud cover , glacial mass changes are considered among the most sensitive indicators of climate change and are a major source of variations in sea level .   A large piece of compressed ice , or a glacier , appears blue as large quantities of water appear blue . This is because water molecules absorb other colors more efficiently than blue . The other reason for the blue color of glaciers is the lack of air bubbles . Air bubbles , which give a white color to ice , are squeezed out by pressure increasing the density of the created ice .

neg: Arête thumb | right | Clouds Rest in Yosemite National Park is an arête .   An arête is a narrow ridge of rock which separates two valleys . It is typically formed when two glaciers erode parallel U-shaped valleys . Arêtes can also form when two glacial cirques erode headwards towards one another , although frequently this results in a saddle-shaped pass , called a col. The edge is then sharpened by freeze-thaw weathering , and the slope on either side of the arete steepened through mass wasting events and the erosion of exposed , unstable rock . The word ` arête ' is actually French for edge or ridge ; similar features in the Alps are described with the German equivalent term Grat .   Where three or more cirques meet , a pyramidal peak is created .

neg: Laurentide Ice Sheet The Laurentide Ice Sheet was a massive sheet of ice that covered millions of square kilometers , including most of Canada and a large portion of the northern United States , multiple times during the Quaternary glacial epochs -- from 2.588 ± 0.005 million years ago to the present . < ref  name = `` ICS2013 '' > </ref> The last advance covered most of northern North America between c. 95,000 and c. 20,000 years before the present day , and among other geomorphological effects , gouged out the five Great Lakes and the hosts of smaller lakes of the Canadian shield . These lakes extend from the eastern Northwest Territories , through most of northern Canada , and the upper Midwestern United States ( Minnesota , Wisconsin , and Michigan ) to the Finger Lakes , through Lake Champlain and Lake George areas of New York , across the northern Appalachians into and through all of New England and Nova Scotia . At times , the ice sheet 's southern margin included the present-day sites of northeastern coastal towns and cities such as Portsmouth , New Hampshire , Boston , New York City , and Great Lakes coastal cities and towns as far south as Chicago and St. Louis , Missouri -- and then followed quite precisely the present course of the Missouri River up to the northern slopes of the Cypress Hills , beyond which it merged with the Cordilleran Ice Sheet . The ice coverage extended approximately as far south as 38 degrees latitude in the mid-continent .

neg: Melt pond Melt ponds are pools of open water that form on sea ice in the warmer months of spring and summer . The ponds are also found on glacial ice and ice shelves . Ponds of melted water can also develop under the ice .   Melt ponds are usually darker than the surrounding ice , and their distribution and size is highly variable . They absorb solar radiation rather than reflecting it as ice does and , thereby , have a significant influence on Earth 's radiation balance . This differential , which had not been scientifically investigated until recently , has a large effect on the rate of ice melting and the extent of ice cover .   Melt ponds can melt through to the ocean 's surface . Seawater entering the pond increases the melt rate because the salty water of the ocean is warmer than the fresh water of the pond . The increase in salinity also depresses the water 's freezing point .   Water from melt ponds over land surface can run into crevasses or moulins -- tubes leading under ice sheets or glaciers -- turning into meltwater . The water may reach the underlying rock . The effect is an increase in the rate of ice flow to the oceans , as the fluid behaves like a lubricant in the basal sliding of glaciers .

neg: Peyto Glacier The Peyto Glacier is situated in the Canadian Rockies in Banff National Park , Alberta , Canada , approximately 90 km northwest of the town of Banff , and can be accessed from the Icefields Parkway . Peyto Glacier is an outflow glacier from the Wapta Icefield , which rests along the Continental divide . The glacier snout is subject to high melt rates from season to season and there is marked surface lowering on several parts of the glacier . Glacial silt , which is carried from the glacier by streams , ensures a turquoise appearance to Peyto Lake , a popular tourist destination . As is true for the vast majority of glaciers worldwide , Peyto Glacier has been retreating rapidly , especially since the last half of the 20th century , and has reportedly lost 70 % of its mass since it was first researched ( Demuth and Keller , 2006 ) . Between 1896 and 1966 , the total volume loss of the Peyto Glacier was 1088.5 x 106 m3 ( Wallace , 1995 ) . In 1987 , an automatic weather station was constructed near the glacier that monitors temperature changes , radiation , and precipitation   Peyto Glacier provides the most direct access to Peyto Hut , a base of both summer and winter mountaineering .

neg: Antarctic ice sheet The Antarctic ice sheet is one of the two polar ice caps of the Earth . It covers about 98 % of the Antarctic continent and is the largest single mass of ice on Earth . It covers an area of almost 14 e6km2 and contains 26.5 e6km3 of ice . Approximately 61 percent of all fresh water on the Earth is held in the Antarctic ice sheet , an amount equivalent to about 58 m of sea-level rise . In East Antarctica , the ice sheet rests on a major land mass , but in West Antarctica the bed can extend to more than 2,500 m below sea level . Much of the land in this area would be seabed if the ice sheet were not there .   In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice , sea ice around Antarctica was expanding . The reasons for this are not fully understood , but suggestions include the climatic effects on ocean and atmospheric circulation of the ozone hole , and/or cooler ocean surface temperatures as the warming deep waters melt the ice shelves .

neg: Glacial boundary A glacial boundary is a line on a map representing the farthest advance of a glacier that has retreated . It generally refers to the extent of continental , rather than alpine , glaciers .   In the northern hemisphere , glaciers advanced from the north during the Pleistocene epoch . The glacial boundary thus represents the farthest southern extent of the glaciers at that time .   In North America , the boundary from the most recent ice sheet passes through the states of New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Ohio , Kentucky , Indiana , Illinois , Missouri , Kansas , Nebraska , South Dakota , Montana , and Washington . It also crosses the Canada -- US border in several locations .   See Timeline of glaciation .   See the U.S. National Atlas for a map of the boundary in North America .   Category : Cartography   Category : Glaciology

neg: Geology of the Himalaya The geology of the Himalaya is a record of the most dramatic and visible creations of modern plate tectonic forces . The Himalayas , which stretch over 2400 km between the Namche Barwa syntaxis in Tibet and the Nanga Parbat syntaxis in India , are the result of an ongoing orogeny -- the result of a collision between two continental tectonic plates . This immense mountain range was formed by tectonic forces and sculpted by weathering and erosion . The Himalaya-Tibet region supplies fresh water for more than one-fifth of the world population , and accounts for a quarter of the global sedimentary budget . Topographically , the belt has many superlatives : the highest rate of uplift ( nearly 10 mm/year at Nanga Parbat ) , the highest relief ( 8848 m at Mt. Everest Chomolangma ) , among the highest erosion rates at 2 -- 12 mm/yr , the source of some of the greatest rivers and the highest concentration of glaciers outside of the polar regions . This last feature earned the Himalaya its name , originating from the Sanskrit for `` the abode of the snow '' .

neg: Paleoflooding The phenomenon of paleoflooding is apparent in the geologic record over various spatial and temporal scales . It often occurred on a large scale , and was the result of either glacial ice melt causing large outbursts of freshwater , or high sea levels breaching bodies of freshwater . If a freshwater outflow event was large enough that the water reached the ocean system , it caused changes in salinity that potentially affected ocean circulation and global climate . Freshwater flows could also accumulate to form continental glacial lakes , and this is another indicator of large-scale flooding . In contrast , periods of high global sea level ( often during interglacials ) could cause marine water to breach natural dams and flow into bodies of freshwater . Changes in salinity of freshwater and marine bodies can be detected from the analysis of organisms that inhabited those bodies at a given time , as certain organisms are more suited to live in either fresh or saline conditions .

neg: Venus snow Venus snow is a brightening of the radar reflection from the surface of Venus at high elevations . The `` snow '' appears to be a mineral condensate of lead sulfide and bismuth sulfide precipitated from the atmosphere at altitudes above 2600 metres .   The nature of the `` snow '' was initially unknown . In radar images , smooth surfaces such as lava plains generally appear dark , while rough surfaces such as impact debris appear bright . The composition of the rock also alters the radar return : conductive material , or material with a high dielectric constant , appears brighter . It was therefore initially difficult to determine whether the high-altitude areas of Venus were different from the lowlands in chemical composition or in texture . Possible explanations included loose soil , different rates of weathering at high and low elevations , and chemical deposition at high elevation . It could not be water ice , which can not exist in the extremely hot , dry conditions of the Venusian surface .   Data from the radar mapper on the Pioneer Venus orbiter suggested an explanation in terms of chemical composition . It was hypothesized that the underlying rock contained iron pyrite or other metallic inclusions that would be very reflective . At the high temperatures found on the surface of Venus , these minerals would gradually evaporate . Faster weathering at high elevation might continually expose new material , causing the highlands to appear brighter than lowlands .  High-resolution radar observations by the Magellan probe by 1995 began to favor the hypothesis that metallic compounds sublimate in lower , warmer altitudes and deposit in higher , cooler areas .  Candidates included tellurium , pyrite , and other metal sulfides .

neg: Fellfield A fellfield or fell field comprises the environment of a slope , usually alpine or tundra , where the dynamics of frost ( freeze and thaw cycles ) and of wind give rise to characteristic plant forms in scree interstices .

neg: Logan Glacier (Montana) Logan Glacier is in Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana . The glacier is situated in a cirque to the northeast of Mount Logan . Just east of the Continental Divide , Logan Glacier is northwest of Red Eagle Glacier . Estimated in 2005 to cover an area of 75 acre , Logan Glacier covered almost 125 acre in 1966 , a reduction in area of 40 percent in about 40 years . Comparing images of the glacier taken in 1914 with those from 2009 , indicates that the glacier has experienced extensive retreat .

neg: Fast ice Fast ice ( also called land-fast ice , landfast ice , and shore-fast ice ) is sea ice that is `` fastened '' to the coastline , to the sea floor along shoals or to grounded icebergs . Fast ice may either grow in place from the sea water or by freezing pieces of drifting ice to the shore or other anchor sites . Unlike drift ( or pack ) ice , fast ice does not move with currents and winds .   The width ( and the presence ) of this ice zone is usually seasonal and depends on ice thickness , topography of the sea floor and islands . It ranges from a few meters to several hundred kilometers . Seaward expansion is a function of a number of factors , notably water depth , shoreline protection , time of year and pressure from the pack ice . The topography of the fast ice varies from smooth and level to rugged ( when submitted to large pressures ) . The ice foot refers to ice that has formed at the shoreline , through multiple freezing of water between ebb tides , and is separated by the remainder of the fast ice surface by tidal cracks . Further away from the coastline , the ice may become anchored to the sea bottom -- it is then referred to as bottomfast ice . Fast ice can survive one or more melting seasons ( i.e. summer ) , in which case it can be designated following the usual age-based categories : first-year , second-year , multiyear . The fast ice boundary is the limit between fast ice and drift ( or pack ) ice -- in places , this boundary may coincide with a shear ridge . Fast ice may be delimited or enclose pressure ridges which extend sufficiently downward so as to be grounded -- these features are known as stamukhi .

neg: Drift ice Drift ice is any sea ice other than fast ice , the latter being attached ( `` fastened '' ) to the shoreline or other fixed objects ( shoals , grounded icebergs , etc. ) . Drift ice is carried along by winds and sea currents , hence its name . When drift ice is driven together into a large single mass ( > 70 % coverage ) , it is called pack ice . Wind and currents can pile up that ice to form ridges up to several metres in height . These represent a challenge for icebreakers and offshore structures operating in cold oceans and seas .   Drift ice consists of floes , individual pieces of sea ice 20 m or more across . There are names for various floe sizes : small -- 20 m to 100 m ; medium -- 100 m to 500 m ; big -- 500 m to 2000 m ; vast -- 2 km to 10 km ; and giant -- more than 10 km .   Seasonal ice drift in the Sea of Okhotsk by the northern coast of Hokkaidō , Japan has become a tourist attraction of this area with harsh climate , and is one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan . The Sea of Okhotsk is the southernmost area in the Northern hemisphere where drift ice may be observed .   Drift ice affects :  Security of navigation  Climatic impact ( see Polar ice packs )  Geological impact  Biosphere influence ( see Ecology of sea ice )   The two major ice packs are the Arctic ice pack and the Antarctic ice pack . The most important areas of pack ice are the polar ice packs formed from seawater in the Earth 's polar regions : the Arctic ice pack of the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic ice pack of the Southern Ocean . Polar packs significantly change their size during seasonal changes of the year . Because of vast amounts of water added to or removed from the oceans and atmosphere , the behavior of polar ice packs has a significant impact on global changes in climate .

neg: Mendenhall Glacier Mendenhall Glacier ( also Sitaantaagu ) is a glacier about 13.6 miles long located in Mendenhall Valley , about 12 mi from downtown Juneau in the southeast area of the U.S. state of Alaska . The glacier and surrounding landscape is protected as part of the 5,815-acre Mendenhall Glacier Recreation Area , a federally designated unit of the Tongass National Forest .   The Juneau Icefield Research Program has monitored the outlet glaciers of the Juneau Icefield since 1942 , including Mendenhall Glacier . The glacier has also retreated 1.75 mi since 1929 , when Mendenhall Lake was created , and over 2.5 mi since 1500 . The end of the glacier currently has a negative glacier mass balance and will continue to retreat in the foreseeable future .   Given that average yearly temperatures are currently increasing , and the outlook is for this trend to continue , it is actually possible that the glacier might experience a period of stabilization or slight advance during its retreating march . This is because increasing amounts of warm , moist air will be carried up to the head of the icefield , where colder ambient temperatures will cause it to precipitate as snow . The increased amount of snow will feed the icefield , possibly enough to offset the continually increasing melting experienced at the glacier 's terminus . However , this interesting phenomenon will fade away if temperatures continue to climb , since the head of the glacier will no longer have cold enough ambient temperatures to cause snow to precipitate .

neg: Dusty Glacier Dusty Glacier is located on northeast slopes of Glacier Peak in the U.S. state of Washington . The glacier descends from 9022 ft to 6430 ft and in places along its length is connected to North Guardian Glacier which lies to its south and Ermine Glacier to the north . As is true with all the glaciers found on Glacier Peak , Dusty Glacier is retreating . During the Little Ice Age , Dusty Glacier extended down to an altitude of 4800 ft , but since approximately the year 1850 , the glacier has been in a general state of retreat and has lost more than 1500 m of its length . Dusty Glacier is heavily crevassed and the glacier ends in an ice fall at its terminus .

neg: Agassiz Glacier Agassiz Glacier is in Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana . It is named after Louis Agassiz , a Swiss-American glaciologist . The glacier is situated in a cirque to the southeast of Kintla Peak west of the Continental Divide . Agassiz Glacier is one of several glaciers that have been selected for monitoring by the U.S. Geological Survey 's Glacier Monitoring Research program , which is researching changes to the mass balance of glaciers in and surrounding Glacier National Park .   The glacier is being monitored using remote sensing equipment and repeat photography , where images of the glacier are taken from identical locations periodically . Tree ring samples have also been used previously to determine the extent of glacier retreat . Between 1966 and 2005 , Agassiz Glacier lost a third of its surface area .

neg: Taylor Glacier The Taylor Glacier is an Antarctic glacier about 54 km long , flowing from the plateau of Victoria Land into the western end of Taylor Valley , north of the Kukri Hills , south of the Asgard Range . The middle part of the glacier is bounded on the north by the Inland Forts and on the south by Beacon Valley .   The glacier was discovered by the British National Antarctic Expedition ( 1901 -- 04 ) and at that time thought to be a part of Ferrar Glacier . The Western Journey Party of the British Antarctic Expedition 1910 determined that the upper and lower portions of what was then known as Ferrar Glacier are apposed , i.e. , joined in Siamese-twin fashion north of Knobhead . With this discovery Scott named the upper portion for Griffith Taylor , geologist and leader of the Western Journey Party .   The Taylor Glacier has been the focus of a measurement and modeling effort carried out by researchers from the University of California at Berkeley and the University of Texas at Austin .   Like other glaciers in the McMurdo Dry Valleys , Taylor Glacier is `` cold-based , '' meaning its bottom is frozen to the ground below . The rest of the world 's glaciers are `` wet-based , '' meaning they scrape over the bedrock , picking up and leaving obvious piles of debris ( moraines ) along their edges .   Cold-based glaciers flow more like putty , pushed forward by their own weight . Cold-based glaciers pick up minimal debris , cause little erosion , and leave only small moraines . They also look different from above . Instead of having surfaces full of crevasses , cold-based glaciers are comparatively flat and smooth .

neg: Corona (optical phenomenon) In meteorology , a corona ( plural coronae ) is an optical phenomenon produced by the diffraction of light from the Sun or the Moon ( or , occasionally , bright stars or planets ) by individual small water droplets and sometimes tiny ice crystals of a cloud or on a foggy glass surface . In its full form , a corona consists of several concentric , pastel-colored rings around the celestial object and a central bright area called aureole . The aureole is often ( especially in case of the Moon ) the only visible part of the corona and has the appearance of a bluish-white disk which fades to reddish-brown towards the edge . The angular size of a corona depends on the diameters of the water droplets involved : Smaller droplets produce larger coronae . For the same reason , the corona is the most pronounced when the size of the droplets is most uniform . Coronae differ from halos in that the latter are formed by refraction ( rather than diffraction ) from comparatively large rather than small ice crystals .

neg: Saharan Air Layer The Saharan Air Layer ( SAL ) is an extremely hot , dry and sometimes dust-laden layer of the atmosphere that often overlies the cooler , more-humid surface air of the Atlantic Ocean . In the Sahara Desert region of North Africa , where it originates , it is the prevalent atmosphere , extending from the surface upwards several kilometers . As it drives , or is driven , out over the ocean , it is lifted above the denser marine air . This arrangement is an inversion where the temperature increases with height . The boundary between the SAL and the marine layer suppresses or `` caps '' any convection originating in the marine layer . Since it is dry air , the lapse rate within the SAL itself is steep , that is , the temperature falls rapidly with height .   Disturbances such as large thunderstorm complexes over North Africa periodically result in vast dust and sand storms , some of which extend as high as 6,000 meters . These can be driven out to sea within the SAL as far west as North America .   In the case of Africa , winds blow twenty percent of dust from a Saharan storm out over the Atlantic Ocean , and twenty percent of that , or four percent of a single storm 's dust , reaches all the way to the western Atlantic . The remainder settles out into the ocean or washes out of the air with rainfall . Scientists think that the July 2000 measurements made in Puerto Rico , nearly 8 million tonnes , equaled about one-fifth of the total year 's dust deposits .   The SAL passes over the Canary Islands where the phenomenon is named `` Calima '' and manifests as a fog that reduces visibility and deposits a layer of dust over everything .   These clouds of dust are visible in satellite photos as a milky white to gray shade , similar to haze .   Findings to date indicate that the iron-rich dust particles that often occur within the SAL reflect solar radiation , thus cooling the atmosphere . The particles also reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the ocean , thus reducing the amount of heating of the ocean . They also tend to increase condensation as they drift into the marine layer below , but not precipitation as the drops formed are too small to fall and tend not to readily coelesce . These tiny drops are subsequently more easily evaporated as they move into drier air laterally or dry air mixes down from the SAL aloft . Research on aerosols also shows that the presence of small particles in air tends to suppress winds . The SAL has also been observed to suppress the development and intensifying of tropical cyclones , which may be related directly to these factors .   The SAL is a subject of ongoing study and research .

neg: Geography of Antarctica The geography of Antarctica is dominated by its south polar location and , thus , by ice . The Antarctic continent , located in the Earth 's southern hemisphere , is centered asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle . It is washed by the Southern ( or Antarctic ) Ocean or , depending on definition , the southern Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans . It has an area of more than 14 million km ² .   Some 98 % of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet , the world 's largest ice sheet and also its largest reservoir of fresh water . Averaging at least 1.6 km thick , the ice is so massive that it has depressed the continental bedrock in some areas more than 2.5 km below sea level ; subglacial lakes of liquid water also occur ( e.g. , Lake Vostok ) . Ice shelves and rises populate the ice sheet on the periphery .


query: Ted Kaczynski failed academically.

pos: Ted Kaczynski Theodore John Kaczynski ( -LSB- kəˈzɪnski -RSB- born May 22 , 1942 ) , also known as the `` Unabomber '' , is an American serial killer , domestic terrorist , and self-professed anarchist . A mathematical prodigy , he abandoned a promising academic career in 1969 , then between 1978 and 1995 killed three people , and injured 23 others , in a nationwide bombing campaign targeting people involved with modern technology . In conjunction with this campaign he issued a wide-ranging social critique opposing industrialization and modern technology , and advancing a nature-centered form of anarchism .   Kaczynski was born and raised in Evergreen Park , Illinois . While growing up in Evergreen Park he was a child prodigy , excelling academically from an early age . Kaczynski was accepted into Harvard University at the age of 16 , where he earned an undergraduate degree . He subsequently earned a PhD in mathematics from the University of Michigan . He became an assistant professor at the University of California , Berkeley in 1967 at age 25 . He resigned two years later .   As a Harvard undergraduate , Kaczynski was among twenty-two students who were research subjects in ethically questionable experiments conducted by psychology professor Henry Murray from late 1959 to early 1962 .   In 1971 , he moved to a remote cabin without electricity or running water in Lincoln , Montana , where he lived as a recluse while learning survival skills in an attempt to become self-sufficient . Seventeen years after beginning his mail bomb campaign , Kaczynski sent a letter to The New York Times on April 24 , 1995 and promised `` to desist from terrorism '' if the Times or The Washington Post published his manifesto , Industrial Society and Its Future ( the `` Unabomber Manifesto '' ) , in which he argued that his bombings were extreme but necessary to attract attention to the erosion of human freedom necessitated by modern technologies requiring large-scale organization .   The Unabomber was the target of one of the Federal Bureau of Investigation 's costliest investigations . Before Kaczynski 's identity was known , the FBI used the title `` UNABOM '' ( UNiversity & Airline BOMber ) to refer to his case , which resulted in the media calling him the Unabomber . The FBI ( as well as Attorney General Janet Reno ) pushed for the publication of Kaczynski 's `` Manifesto '' , which led to his sister-in-law , and then his brother , recognizing Kaczynski 's style of writing and beliefs from the manifesto , and tipping off the FBI . Kaczynski tried unsuccessfully to dismiss his court-appointed lawyers because they wanted to plead insanity in order to avoid the death penalty , as Kaczynski did not believe he was insane . When it became clear that his pending trial would entail national television exposure for Kaczynski , the court entered a plea agreement , under which he pleaded guilty and was sentenced to life in prison with no possibility of parole . He has been designated a `` domestic terrorist '' by the FBI . Some anarcho-primitivist authors , such as John Zerzan and John Moore , have come to his defense , while also holding some reservations about his actions and ideas .

neg: Johns Hopkins Writing Seminars The Johns Hopkins Writing Seminars is an academic program offering undergraduate and graduate degrees in writing in the Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences at Johns Hopkins University .   Founded in 1947 , notable faculty of the program have included Edward Albee , John Barth , Madison Smartt Bell , J. M. Coetzee , Mary Jo Salter , Stephen Dixon , Mark Hertsgaard , Brad Leithauser , John Irwin , David Yezzi , J.D. McClatchy , Alice McDermott , Mark Crispin Miller , Wyatt Prunty , David St. John , Mark Strand , and Robert Stone .   Writers Jean McGarry and Mary Jo Salter currently co-chair the program , the reputation of which has risen and fallen over the years . In 1997 , US News and World Report ranked the program second in the United States out of sixty-five eligible full-residency MFA programs , though as the Baltimore City Paper reported , `` What is interesting about the U.S. News rankings is that they are based on reputation -- not test scores , job-placement rates , or student satisfaction . '' In 2011 , Poets & Writers ranked Hopkins seventeenth nationally out of 157 eligible full-residency MFA programs . The long respected Science Writing program was closed down in 2013 as an on-campus program , but was re-established as an online/low residency program shortly thereafter .

neg: Kansas evolution hearings The Kansas evolution hearings were a series of hearings held in Topeka , Kansas , United States from May 5 to May 12 , 2005 by the Kansas State Board of Education and its State Board Science Hearing Committee to change how evolution and the origin of life would be taught in the state 's public high school science classes . The hearings were arranged by the Board of Education with the intent of introducing intelligent design into science classes via the Teach the Controversy method .   The hearings raised the issues of creation and evolution in public education and were attended by all the major participants in the intelligent design movement but were ultimately boycotted by the scientific community over concern of lending credibility to the claim , made by proponents of intelligent design , that evolution is purportedly the subject of wide dispute within the scientific and science education communities .   The Discovery Institute , hub of the intelligent design movement , played a central role in starting the hearings by promoting its Critical Analysis of Evolution lesson plan which the Kansas State Board of Education eventually adopted over objections of the State Board Science Hearing Committee , and campaigning on behalf of conservative Republican candidates for the Board .   Local science advocacy group Kansas Citizens for Science organized a boycott of the hearings by mainstream scientists , who accused it of being a kangaroo court and argued that their participation would lend an undeserved air of legitimacy to the hearings .   Kansas Board of Education member Kathy Martin declared at the beginning of the hearings , `` Evolution has been proven false . ID ( Intelligent Design ) is science-based and strong in facts . '' At their conclusion she proclaimed that evolution is `` an unproven , often disproven '' theory . `` ID has theological implications . ID is not strictly Christian , but it is theistic , '' asserted Martin .   The scientific community rejects teaching intelligent design as science ; a leading example being the United States National Academy of Sciences , which issued a policy statement saying `` Creationism , intelligent design , and other claims of supernatural intervention in the origin of life or of species are not science because they are not testable by the methods of science . '' ( See also List of scientific societies explicitly rejecting intelligent design )   On February 13 , 2007 , the Board voted 6 to 4 to reject the amended science standards enacted in 2005 .

neg: Jacek Karpiński Jacek Karpiński ( 9 April 1927 -- 21 February 2010 ) was a Polish pioneer in computer engineering and computer science .   During WW2 , he was a soldier in the Batalion Zośka of the Polish Home Army , during which he was awarded multiple times with a Cross of Valour . Among the others , he took part in Operation Kutschera ( intelligence ) and the Warsaw Uprising , where he was heavily wounded .   Later , he became a developer of one of the first machine learning algorithms , techniques for character and image recognition .   After receiving a UNESCO award in 1960 , he travelled for several years around the academic centres in the United States , during which he visited MIT , Harvard , Caltech , and many others .   In 1971 , he designed one of the first minicomputers , the K-202 . Because of the policy on computer development in the People 's Republic of Poland , belonging to the Comecon that time , the K-202 was never mass-produced . Karpiński later became a pig farmer , and in 1981 , after receiving a passport , emigrated to Switzerland .   He also founded the Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence of the Polish Academy of Sciences in the early 1960s .

neg: Tarski's axiomatization of the reals In 1936 , Alfred Tarski set out an axiomatization of the real numbers and their arithmetic , consisting of only the 8 axioms shown below and a mere four primitive notions : the set of reals denoted R , a binary total order over R , denoted by infix < , a binary operation of addition over R , denoted by infix + , and the constant 1 .   The literature occasionally mentions this axiomatization but never goes into detail , notwithstanding its economy and elegant metamathematical properties . This axiomatization appears little known , possibly because of its second-order nature . Tarski 's axiomatization can be seen as a version of the more usual definition of real numbers as the unique Dedekind-complete ordered field ; it is however made much more concise by using unorthodox variants of standard algebraic axioms and other subtle tricks ( see e.g. axioms 4 and 5 , which combine together the usual four axioms of abelian groups ) .   The term `` Tarski 's axiomatization of real numbers '' also refers to the theory of real-closed fields , which Tarski showed completely axiomatizes the first-order theory of the structure R , + , · , < .

neg: Failure Failure is the state or condition of not meeting a desirable or intended objective , and may be viewed as the opposite of success . Product failure ranges from failure to sell the product to fracture of the product , in the worst cases leading to personal injury , the province of forensic engineering .

neg: Decker College Decker College was a proprietary ( investor-owned and for-profit ) college located in Louisville , Kentucky , U.S.A. at 981 South Third Street . It closed in October 2005 , following a disagreement with the United States Department of Education about accreditation of its construction-related courses and online instruction . According to former U.S. Senator Alfonse D'Amato during the 2006 Republican primary for Governor of New York , William Weld , former Governor of Massachusetts and chief executive of the college from January to October 2005 , was responsible and oversaw `` multimillion dollar looting '' .   On June 10 , 2009 , the Associated Press reported that the case against Decker College had been dropped , and no charges had been filed . Robert Keats , bankruptcy trustee for Decker College , disclosed the status of the investigation to a federal bankruptcy judge in a filing made public June 9 . `` There are no indictments , no further investigation , '' he stated . According to the AP , U.S. Attorney spokeswoman Dawn Masden confirmed that the investigation was closed with no indictments .   On March 27 , 2016 , the Wall Street Journal reported as part of an opinion article that `` Bankruptcy trustee Robert Keats alleged -LSB- Ralph -RSB- LoBosco '' , a Department of Education employee , `` was trying to exact revenge against Decker CEO William Weld '' . The article continued : `` Education Department administrative law judge Robert Layton recently affirmed a 2012 bankruptcy court finding that the Council on Occupational Education had failed to tell the truth in stating that Decker 's online programs were never accredited . The Council 's ` factually erroneous ' assertion caused the Education Department to withdraw federal student aid in 2005 , which precipitated Decker 's bankruptcy . ''

neg: James A. Berlin James A. Berlin ( 7 January 1942 -- 2 February 1994 ) was a theorist in the field of composition studies known for his scholarship on the history of rhetoric and composition theory .   Berlin was born in Hamtramck , Michigan and attended St. Florian High School . He earned his BA from Central Michigan University and his Ph.D. from the University of Michigan in Victorian literature in 1975 . He served as a professor of English at Wichita State University , at the University of Cincinnati , where he directed first-year English from 1981 -- 85 , and at Purdue University from 1987-1994 . Between Cincinnati and Purdue , Berlin served as visiting professor at the University of Texas and at Penn State University .   Along with other leading figures in contemporary rhetorical theory such as Lisa Ede , Robert Inkster , Charles Kneupper , Linda Flower , Janice Lauer , and Victor Vitanza , Berlin participated in an NEH fellowship-in-residence to work with Richard Young on the topic of rhetorical invention . It was at this stage in his career that Berlin invested heavily in the work of Karl Marx , which it was said was perhaps one of the most joyous periods in his professional life . Later , Berlin would draw upon Göran Therborn 's version of Marxist ideology , particularly because Berlin found in Therborn a comrade who recognized the power and function of rhetorical principles .   On the evening of 2 February 1994 , Berlin suffered a fatal heart attack shortly after completing a five-mile run .

neg: Sesame Street research In 1969 , the children 's television show Sesame Street premiered on the National Educational Television network ( later succeeded by PBS ) in the United States . Unlike earlier children 's programming , the show 's producers used research and over 1,000 studies and experiments to create the show and test its impact on its young viewers ' learning . By the end of the program 's first season , the organization founded to oversee Sesame Street production , Children 's Television Workshop ( CTW ) , had developed what came to be called `` the CTW model '' : a system of planning , production , and evaluation that combined the expertise of researchers and early childhood educators with that of the program 's writers , producers , and directors .   CTW conducted research in two ways : in-house formative research that informed and improved production , and independent summative evaluations conducted by the Educational Testing Service ( ETS ) during the show 's first two seasons to measure the program 's educational effectiveness . CTW researchers invented tools to measure young viewers ' attention to the program . Based on these findings , the researchers compiled a body of data and the producers changed the show accordingly . The formative research on Sesame Street was the first time children 's television viewing was studied scientifically .   Summative research conducted over the years , including two landmark evaluations in 1970 and 1971 , demonstrated that viewing the program had positive effects on young viewers ' learning , school readiness , and social skills . Subsequent studies have replicated these findings , such as the effect of the show in countries outside of the US , several longitudinal studies , the effects of war and natural disasters on young children , and studies about how the show affected viewers ' cognition . As CTW researcher Gerald S. Lesser stated in 1974 , early tests conducted on the show ( both formative and summative ) `` suggested that Sesame Street was making strides towards teaching what it had set out to teach '' .

neg: Ellington University Ellington University is an unaccredited higher education institution . It has no status or recognition with the United States Department of Education . University Consulting Inc. ( UCI ) is the operator of Ellington University and Higher Education Services Association .   The East Carolinian noted `` On its Web site , Ellington says it 's proud to be accredited by HESA , the Higher Education Services Association , which it describes as an international accrediting agency formed by University Consulting Inc. . But it appears that Ellington and HESA are both creations of University Consulting , according to information compiled by the Oregon Office of Degree Authorization . ''   Furthermore , `` UCI 's Web site opens with a three-page disclaimer . The company says its colleges and universities are located online and owned by firms outside the United States , namely Dominica , Belize , Cyprus , and Panama . '' Indeed , `` in the fine print , however , it says that HESA is not recognized by the Council for Higher Education Accreditation nor is it recognized by the United States Department of Education , '' which `` recognition by both is generally the standard in determining whether an institution is legitimate . ''   In 2004 , The East Carolinian explained `` no books , no tests , no classes and no expertise in the subject . '' Likewise , `` Ellington , which says it 's in Belize , is one of the hundreds , if not thousands , of diploma mills thriving on the Internet . They sell everything from high school to postgraduate diplomas at fees ranging from $ 39 to $ 5,000 . ''

neg: Too big to fail The `` too big to fail '' theory asserts that certain corporations , particularly financial institutions , are so large and so interconnected that their failure would be disastrous to the greater economic system , and that they therefore must be supported by government when they face potential failure . The colloquial term `` too big to fail '' was popularized by U.S. Congressman Stewart McKinney in a 1984 Congressional hearing , discussing the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 's intervention with Continental Illinois . The term had previously been used occasionally in the press .   Proponents of this theory believe that some institutions are so important that they should become recipients of beneficial financial and economic policies from governments or central banks . Some economists such as Paul Krugman hold that economies of scale in banks and in other businesses are worth preserving , so long as they are well regulated in proportion to their economic clout , and therefore that `` too big to fail '' status can be acceptable . The global economic system must also deal with sovereign states being too big to fail .   Opponents believe that one of the problems that arises is moral hazard whereby a company that benefits from these protective policies will seek to profit by it , deliberately taking positions ( see asset allocation ) that are high-risk high-return , as they are able to leverage these risks based on the policy preference they receive . The term has emerged as prominent in public discourse since the 2007 -- 08 global financial crisis . Critics see the policy as counterproductive and that large banks or other institutions should be left to fail if their risk management is not effective . Some critics , such as Alan Greenspan , believe that such large organisations should be deliberately broken up : `` If they 're too big to fail , they 're too big '' . More than fifty prominent economists , financial experts , bankers , finance industry groups , and banks themselves have called for breaking up large banks into smaller institutions .   In 2014 , the International Monetary Fund and others said the problem still had not been dealt with . While the individual components of the new regulation for systemically important banks ( additional capital requirements , enhanced supervision and resolution regimes ) likely reduced the prevalence of TBTF , the fact that there is a definite List of systemically important banks considered TBTF has a partly offsetting impact .

neg: Ted Meredith James Edwin `` Ted '' Meredith ( November 14 , 1891 -- November 2 , 1957 ) was an American athlete , winner of two gold medals at the 1912 Summer Olympics .   Meredith made the 1912 Olympic team shortly after his graduation from Williamson Free School of Mechanical Trades in 1911 , whilst he was a student at Mercersburg Academy under Scots-American coach Jimmy Curran . In Stockholm , he won a gold medal in the 800 m run with a world record 1:51.9 . He ran on to the 880 yard mark and also set a world record for that distance , with a 1:52.5 . He won another gold medal on the 4 × 400 m relay team , also taking fourth in the 400 metres competition .   Williamson Free School of Mechanical Trades now has the largest repository of Olympic great James `` Ted '' Meredith memorabilia in existence thanks to Jack Lemon , author of the book `` Immortal of the Cinder Path , The Saga of James ` Ted ' Meredith , '' who donated his entire collection of Meredith memorabilia recently .   After Stockholm , Meredith entered the University of Pennsylvania . He was the IC4A 440 yards champion from 1914 to 1916 and the 880 yard champion in 1914 and 1915 . He also won the AAU 440 yard title in 1914 and 1915 . In 1916 , he set a world record in the 440 yards of 47.4 , which was n't broken until 1928 . At the same year he lowered his own world 880 yard record to 1:52.2 .   Meredith retired from competition in 1917 and served in the army during World War I . He made a comeback for the 1920 Summer Olympics , where he was eliminated in the semifinal of the 400 metres competition and ran on the relay team that finished fourth in the 4 × 400 m relay event .   After the second retiring from competition , he became a real estate broker , but retained an active interest in athletics . In 1924 he attended the Olympic Games in Paris as a reporter , working for the Christy Walsh Syndicate . In 1928 he was hired as an assistant coach at the University of Pennsylvania , under Lawson Robertson . In 1936 he attended the Olympic Games in Berlin as the coach of the Czechoslovakia team . During 1937 and 1938 he trained the Cuban team for the Central American Games .

neg: The Real Global Warming Disaster The Real Global Warming Disaster ( Is the Obsession with ` Climate Change ' Turning Out to Be the Most Costly Scientific Blunder in History ? ) is a 2009 book by English journalist and author Christopher Booker in which he asserts that global warming can not be attributed to humans , and then alleges how the scientific opinion on climate change was formulated .   From a standpoint of environmental scepticism , Booker seeks to combine an analysis of the science of global warming with the consequences of political decisions to reduce emissions and claims that , as governments prepare to make radical changes in energy policies , the scientific evidence for global warming is becoming increasingly challenged . He asserts that global warming is not supported by a significant number of climate scientists , and criticises how the UN 's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) presents evidence and data , in particular citing its reliance on potentially inaccurate global climate models to make temperature projections . Booker concludes , `` it begins to look very possible that the nightmare vision of our planet being doomed '' may be imaginary , and that , if so , `` it will turn out to be one of the most expensive , destructive , and foolish mistakes the human race has ever made '' .   The book 's claims were strongly criticised by science writer Philip Ball , but the book was praised by several columnists . The book opens with an erroneous quotation , which Booker subsequently acknowledged and promised to correct in future editions .   The book was Amazon UK 's fourth bestselling environment book of the decade 2000 -- 10 .

neg: Theodore S. Weiss Theodore S. `` Ted '' Weiss ( September 17 , 1927 -- September 14 , 1992 ) was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from New York serving from 1977 until his death from heart failure in New York City in 1992 .   Weiss was born in Gáva , Hungary and emigrated to the United States in 1938 as his family fled the Nazi invasion of Hungary . He grew up in Perth Amboy , New Jersey . Weiss served in the United States Army from 1946 until 1947 . He graduated from Syracuse University in 1951 , earning a law degree from Syracuse University College of Law in 1952 . In 1953 , Weiss became a naturalized citizen of the United States . Between 1955 and 1959 , he served as assistant New York County , New York ( Manhattan ) district attorney , before leaving the position to return to private practice .   From 1962 until 1976 , Weiss was a member of the New York City Council . He was a delegate to the 1972 Democratic National Convention . Weiss was elected to Congress in 1976 , representing most of Manhattan 's West Side , and served from January 3 , 1977 , until his death . Weiss was known for his avid support of liberal causes , including civil rights , open government , and the arts . He served on the House Committee on Banking , Finance , and Urban Affairs , the House Committee on Government Operations , and the House Committee on Foreign Affairs . In 1985 Weiss headed a committee that found 90 percent of the twenty to thirty thousand new drugs used on farm animals had not been approved by the FDA in violation of the Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act . They also found that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) failed to remove several drugs already known to be carcinogens .   Weiss died three days before the state 's Democratic primary election . Due to the Congressman 's ailing health , five Democrats appeared on the ballot to challenge him . Nonetheless , Weiss posthumously won the primary by a huge margin . State Assemblyman Jerry Nadler was named to replace Weiss on the ballot and was handily elected in November ; Nadler still holds the seat .   The Ted Weiss Federal Building in Lower Manhattan , adjacent to the African Burial Ground National Monument , has been named in Weiss ' honor .

neg: Edmund Cieczkiewicz Edmund Cieczkiewicz ( 1872-1958 ) was a Polish painter and graphic designer . Best known for his Romantic landscapes , he is often dubbed `` the last student of Matejko '' .   Born in Barszczowice near Lwów ( modern Lviv , then in Austro-Hungarian Galicia ) , Cieczkiewicz graduated from a gymnasium in Nowy Sącz and in 1887 joined the Kraków Academy of Fine Arts . There he studied painting under the tutelage of Florian Cynk , Władysław Łuszczkiewicz and Leon Wyczółkowski , as well as Jan Matejko and Teodor Axentowicz . He graduated in 1898 , along his better-known colleagues : Józef Mehoffer , Stanisław Wyspiański , Xawery Dunikowski and Wojciech Weiss .   Although a skilled painter , his personal situation prevented him from devoting his life solely to art . Instead upon graduation he started working for Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways as a railway clerk . He continued to paint though , notably portraits and mountain landscapes of the Beskides and Tatra Mountains , as well as Volhynia and Białowieża Forest .   Among the best-known of his works are a series of paintings adorning the train stations of Tarnów and Nowy Sącz ( finished around 1910 ) . The Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways were so impressed with the series that it ordered a similar series of Alpine landscapes for the Salzburg Hauptbahnhof , however the outbreak of World War I prevented their completion . Apart from paintings , Cieczkiewicz also painted a series of promotional posters for the 1929 Polish General Exhibition in Poznań ( 1929 ) and numerous postcards .   After the war Cieczkiewicz retired and settled in Wierchomla before moving to Kamionka Wielka , Piwniczna and finally to Rytro , where he spent the remainder of his life . He died 31 January 1958 in Rytro and was buried at the local Catholic cemetery .

neg: Ted Ladd Edward Lowell `` Ted '' Ladd is an American entrepreneur and professor of entrepreneurship .

neg: Technological unemployment Technological unemployment is the loss of jobs caused by technological change . Such change typically includes the introduction of labour-saving `` mechanical-muscle '' machines or more efficient `` mechanical-mind '' processes ( automation ) . Just as horses employed as prime movers were gradually made obsolete by the automobile , humans ' jobs have also been affected throughout modern history . Historical examples include artisan weavers reduced to poverty after the introduction of mechanised looms . During World War II , Alan Turing 's Bombe machine compressed and decoded thousands of man-years worth of encrypted data in a matter of hours . A contemporary example of technological unemployment is the displacement of retail cashiers by self-service tills .   That technological change can cause short-term job losses is widely accepted . The view that it can lead to lasting increases in unemployment has long been controversial . Participants in the technological unemployment debates can be broadly divided into optimists and pessimists . Optimists agree that innovation may be disruptive to jobs in the short term , yet hold that various compensation effects ensure there is never a long-term negative impact on jobs . Whereas pessimists contend that at least in some circumstances , new technologies can lead to a lasting decline in the total number of workers in employment . The phrase `` technological unemployment '' was popularised by John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s . Yet the issue of machines displacing human labour has been discussed since at least Aristotle 's time .   Prior to the 18th century both the elite and common people would generally take the pessimistic view on technological unemployment , at least in cases where the issue arose . Due to generally low unemployment in much of pre-modern history , the topic was rarely a prominent concern . In the 18th century fears over the impact of machinery on jobs intensified with the growth of mass unemployment , especially in Great Britain which was then at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution . Yet some economic thinkers began to argue against these fears , claiming that overall innovation would not have negative effects on jobs . These arguments were formalised in the early 19th century by the classical economists . During the second half of the 19th century , it became increasingly apparent that technological progress was benefiting all sections of society , including the working class . Concerns over the negative impact of innovation diminished . The term `` Luddite fallacy '' was coined to describe the thinking that innovation would have lasting harmful effects on employment .   The view that technology is unlikely to lead to long term unemployment has been repeatedly challenged by a minority of economists . In the early 1800s these included Ricardo himself . There were dozens of economists warning about technological unemployment during brief intensifications of the debate that spiked in the 1930s and 1960s . Especially in Europe , there were further warnings in the closing two decades of the twentieth century , as commentators noted an enduring rise in unemployment suffered by many industrialised nations since the 1970s . Yet a clear majority of both professional economists and the interested general public held the optimistic view through most of the 20th century .   In the second decade of the 21st century , a number of studies have been released suggesting that technological unemployment may be increasing worldwide . Further increases are forecast for the years to come . While many economists and commentators still argue such fears are unfounded , as was widely accepted for most of the previous two centuries , concern over technological unemployment is growing once again . A report in Wired in 2017 quotes knowledgeable people such as economist Gene Sperling and management professor Andrew McAfee on the idea that handling existing and impending job loss to automation is a `` significant issue '' . Regarding a recent claim by a political appointee that automation is not `` going to have any kind of big effect on the economy for the next 50 or 100 years , '' says McAfee , `` I do n't talk to anyone in the field who believes that . '' Innovations like Watson have the potential to render humans obsolete with the professional , white-collar , low-skilled , creative fields , and other `` mental jobs '' .

neg: American University of Tirana The American Higher School of Tirana , also incorrectly referred to as `` American University of Tirana '' ( Albanian : `` Universiteti Amerikan i Tiranës '' ) , ( UAT ) , is a defunct Higher education institution ( HEI ) in Tirana , Albania . On 6 August 2014 its licence was permanently revoked by the Albanian Ministry of Education and Sports ( MAS ) , through decision no. 539 of the Albanian Council of Ministers , for not fulfilling the minimum legal requirements of higher education . The Albanian state authorities often compared the closed HEIs to Ponzi schemes , which have caused `` extraordinary financial damage '' to Albanian students and their parents .   The cessation of the American Higher School of Tirana , also meant the end of the Albanian American Education Group ( AAEG ) . The other two member companies of this group , namely Medicom and the American College of Tirana ( Albanian : Kolegji Amerikan i Tiranës ) ( ACT ) are also defunct . Medicom 's licence was permanently revoked by the same decision of MAS , on 6 August 2014 . ACT , which was a primary and secondary education private school in Tirana , went bankrupt in 2013 , after months of not paying its staff .

neg: Ted Curson Theodore `` Ted '' Curson ( June 3 , 1935 -- November 4 , 2012 ) was an American jazz trumpeter .   Curson was born in Philadelphia . He became interested in playing trumpet after watching a newspaper salesman play a silver trumpet . Curson 's father , however , wanted him to play alto saxophone like Louis Jordan . When he was ten , he got his first trumpet .   He attended Granoff School of Music in Philadelphia . At the suggestion of Miles Davis , he moved to New York in 1956 . He performed and recorded with Cecil Taylor in the late 1950s and early 1960s . His composition `` Tears for Dolphy '' has been used in numerous films .   He was a familiar face in Finland , having performed at the Pori Jazz festival every year since it began in 1966 . In 2007 , he performed at Finland 's Independence Day Ball at the invitation of president Tarja Halonen .   Curson died on November 4 , 2012 in Montclair , New Jersey .

neg: Chris Korwin-Kuczynski Chris Korwin-Kuczynski ( born 1953 ) is a former Canadian municipal politician . He served as a councillor in Toronto from 1981 to 2003 , and was the city 's deputy mayor for a time .   He was born in Toronto , and holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science from York University . He has been a director of the Polish-Canadian Congress , and has served as a special assistant to the federal Minister of State for Multiculturalism . He ran unsuccessfully for city council in 1980 as Chris Korwin but was successful on his second attempt , in a 1981 by-election .   In 1992 , Korwin-Kuczynski successfully urged that the music group Barenaked Ladies be banned from performing a concert in Nathan Phillips Square because he believed their name objectified women ( Toronto Star , 20 July 2005 ) . This decision was widely ridiculed , and gave considerable publicity to the then-obscure band .   Korwin-Kuczynski was a member of the council 's right-wing , and was a frequent ally of fellow councillor Tom Jakobek ( Toronto Star , 29 November 1994 ) . Kyle Rae has suggested that Korwin-Kuczynski became isolated on council when Jakobek left in 2000 ( Globe and Mail , 16 September 2003 ) .   In 1993 , Korwin-Kuczynski was removed as chair of the Toronto Board of Health after criticizing a strongly worded AIDS prevention pamphlet published by the AIDS Committee of Toronto ( Toronto Star , 23 January 1993 ) . He had suggested that the Committee , which received significant support from Toronto 's gay community , be denied city funding if it continued publishing such materials ( Globe and Mail , 25 January 1995 ) . Referring to his dismissal after the vote , he commented , '' -LSB- t -RSB- he only real issue I think this all stems from is AIDS , the whole issue surrounding the gay issue '' ( Toronto Star , 22 January 1993 ) .   Kyle Rae , who is openly gay , has said that Korwin-Kuczynski was anti-gay during the early 1990s but later changed his views . In 2003 , Rae was quoted as saying , `` He 's now generally supportive of these issues , but that did n't come easily . ''   He opposed a 1996 municipal bill that banned smoking in restaurants and bars , and requested that provincial Premier Mike Harris veto the measure ( Montreal Gazette , 8 July 1996 ) .   Korwin-Kuczynski considered running for the Liberal nomination in Parkdale -- High Park in the 1997 federal election , but ultimately declined ( Toronto Star , 16 February 1997 ) . He retired from the council in 2003 , amid rumours that he would move into consulting work ( Toronto Star , 24 December 2003 ) .   He endorsed Dennis Mills 's bid for re-election in the 2004 federal election , and a newspaper report from the period suggest that he was considering running as a Liberal candidate in the next federal election ( Globe and Mail , 22 December 2003 ) .   On September 27 , 2006 , he filed papers to run in the Toronto municipal election , 2006 in Ward 14 . However the next day he withdrew his nomination . This allowed him to retain a fundraising surplus of $ 21,742 leftover from his last campaign . If he had n't done this the money would have flowed into the city coffers .   Korwin-Kuczynski is a former honorary captain of the Canadian Navy , and once served as a director on the board of the Royal Canadian Military Institute in Toronto . His nickname is K-K .

neg: Vincent Kaminski Vincent Julian Kaminski was born in Poland and worked as the Managing Director for Research at the failed energy trading corporation Enron until 2002 . In this capacity he led a team of approximately fifty analysts who developed quantitative models to support energy trading . In the months preceding Enron 's bankruptcy Kaminski repeatedly raised strong objections to the financial practices of Enron 's Chief Financial Officer , Andrew Fastow , designed to fraudulently conceal the company 's burgeoning debt .   The primary practice involved hiding Enron 's debt in partnership companies managed by Fastow and financed by outside creditors . The debt was then secured against stock in the Enron Corporation itself , which was strongly valued at that time . To induce creditors to assume the risk of financing this debt certain `` trigger events '' were built into the contracts which would require immediate repayment of the full loan amount , such as the decline of the stock value used as collateral below a prearranged level . During the course of a company-wide comprehensive risk assessment Kaminski and his team of analysts pointed out that there existed many such arrangements , and if one were triggered the rest would be activated like dominoes as the stock price fell in response to the bad news , effectively ending the financial viability of the company . Kaminski 's strident opposition to these practices was one of the last chances to avert the implosion which soon followed .   Dr. Kaminski holds an M.S. degree in International Economics and a Ph.D. degree in Mathematical Economics from the Main School of Planning and Statistics in Warsaw ( which has since been renamed Warsaw School of Economics ) , and an MBA from Fordham University in New York City . He teaches at the business school of Rice University in Houston , Texas , and is the author of several books on risk management and energy trading . Books by Dr. Kaminski :   Energy Modelling : Advances in the Management of Uncertainty , published by Risk Books in 2005 , ISBN 1-904339-42-5   Managing Energy Price Risk : The New Challenges and Solutions , published by Risk Books in 2004 , ISBN 1-904339-19-0   Energy Markets http://riskbooks.com/energy-markets , published by Risk Books on 18 January 2013 , ISBN 9781906348793


query: Gunday is a thriller action film.

pos: Gunday Gunday ( English : Outlaws ) is a 2014 Indian action thriller film written and directed by Ali Abbas Zafar and produced by Aditya Chopra . The film features Ranveer Singh , Arjun Kapoor , Priyanka Chopra and Irrfan Khan in the principal roles . The film starts off in the 1970s , with the introduction of 2 young boys : Bikram and Bala , who initially become gun carriers and later coal bandits . They ultimately grow up to become the most powerful goons of Calcutta . The film was released on 14 February 2014 .   The film also released in Bengali with a full Bengali soundtrack also composed by Sohail Sen. Though , in some of the Bengali songs , the singers differ from the original . This was also the first Indian film to have its trailer premiere at the Dubai International Film Festival .

neg: Top Gun Top Gun is a 1986 American romantic military action drama film directed by Tony Scott , and produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer , in association with Paramount Pictures . The screenplay was written by Jim Cash and Jack Epps , Jr. , and was inspired by an article titled `` Top Guns '' published in California magazine three years earlier . The film stars Tom Cruise , Kelly McGillis , Val Kilmer , Anthony Edwards , and Tom Skerritt . Cruise plays Lieutenant Pete `` Maverick '' Mitchell , a young Naval aviator aboard the aircraft carrier . He and his Radar Intercept Officer ( RIO ) Nick `` Goose '' Bradshaw ( Edwards ) are given the chance to train at the Navy 's Fighter Weapons School at Miramar in San Diego .   Top Gun was released on May 16 , 1986 . Upon its release , the film received generally mixed reviews from film critics but many particularly praised the action sequences , the effects , the aerial stunts , and the acting performances with Cruise and McGillis receiving the most praise . Four weeks after release , the number of theaters showing it increased by 45 % . Despite its initial mixed critical reaction , the film was a huge commercial hit grossing $ 356 million against a production budget of only $ 15 million . With its success , the film became a cult film over the years and earned an IMAX 3D re-release in 2013 . Additionally , the film won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for `` Take My Breath Away '' performed by Berlin .   In 2015 , the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry , finding it `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: Gunhed (film) is a 1989 Japanese science fiction and action film .

neg: Lethal Weapon (disambiguation) Lethal Weapon is a 1987 American action film .   Lethal Weapon may also refer to :  Lethal Weapon ( franchise ) , a media franchise spawned by the 1987 film  Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 )  Lethal Weapon 3 ( 1992 )  Lethal Weapon 4 ( 1998 )  Lethal Weapon ( TV series ) , based on the film series  Lethal Weapon ( soundtrack ) , soundtrack to the 1987 film  Lethal Weapon ( video game ) , based on the film series  Lethal Weapon ( professional wrestling ) , a Japanese professional wrestling stable  `` Lethal Weapon '' ( song ) , a 1989 hip-hop single by Ice-T

neg: D-Day (military term) In the military , D-Day is the day on which a combat attack or operation is to be initiated . The best known D-Day is during World War II , on June 6 , 1944 -- the day of the Normandy landings -- initiating the Western Allied effort to liberate mainland Europe from Nazi Germany . However , many other invasions and operations had a designated D-Day , both before and after that operation .   The terms D-Day and H-Hour are used for the day and hour on which a combat attack or operation is to be initiated . They designate the day and hour of the operation when the day and hour have not yet been determined , or where secrecy is essential . For a given operation , the same D-Day and H-Hour apply for all units participating in it . When used in combination with numbers , and plus or minus signs , these terms indicate the point of time preceding or following a specific action . Thus , H − 3 means 3 hours before H-Hour , and D +3 means 3 days after D-Day . ( By extension , H +75 minutes is used for H-Hour plus 1 hour and 15 minutes . ) Planning papers for large-scale operations are made up in detail long before specific dates are set . Thus , orders are issued for the various steps to be carried out on the D-Day or H-Hour minus or plus a certain number of days , hours , or minutes . At the appropriate time , a subsequent order is issued that states the actual day and times .   Other days such as A-Day ( Battle of Leyte ) , L-Day ( Battle of Okinawa ) etc. have different meanings for the military .   Other languages have terms equivalent to D-Day such as `` Hari H '' ( Indonesian ) , Час Ч ( Russian ) , Dagen D ( Swedish ) , Dan D ( Slovenian ) , E eguna ( Basque ) , Jour J ( French ) , Lá L ( Irish ) , Tag X ( German ) , and Ziua-Z ( Romanian ) . The initial D in D-Day has been given various meanings in the past , while more recently it has obtained the connotation of `` Day '' itself , thereby creating the phrase `` Day-Day '' , or `` Day of Days '' .

neg: Lethal Weapon (franchise) Lethal Weapon is an American buddy cop action comedy franchise created by Shane Black that focuses on two Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) detectives , Martin Riggs and Roger Murtaugh . The franchise consists of four films released during the 1980s and 1990s , as well as a television series in 2016 . All four films in the series were directed by Richard Donner and also share many of the same core cast members , while the television series recast the main roles with younger actors instead .

neg: Déjà Vu (2006 film) Déjà Vu ( stylised onscreen without accents ) is a 2006 American science fiction thriller film directed by Tony Scott , written by Bill Marsilii and Terry Rossio , and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer . The film stars Denzel Washington , Paula Patton , Jim Caviezel , Val Kilmer , Adam Goldberg and Bruce Greenwood . It involves an ATF agent who travels back in time in attempts to prevent a domestic terrorist attack that takes place in New Orleans and to save a woman with whom he falls in love . Filming took place in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina .   The film was premiered in New York City on November 20 , 2006 , and released widely in the United States and Canada two days later on November 22 , 2006 . It received mixed reviews from critics , and earning $ 64 million in the United States and $ 180 million worldwide . It was the 23rd most successful film worldwide for 2006 . The film was nominated for five awards , and also won the Golden Reel Award .

neg: Payday 2 Payday 2 '' ' is a cooperative first-person shooter video game developed by Overkill Software and published by 505 Games has former published by Sony . The game is a sequel to 2011 's Payday : The Heist . It was released on 13 August 2013 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . An improved version of the game , subtitled Crimewave Edition , was released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in June 2015 ( on 12 June in the UK and Europe and on 16 June in North America ) . The game has been announced for the Nintendo Switch and will come out in the fall of 2017 .   Two years after the events of the previous game , a new gang comes to the Washington , D.C. area to perform another heisting spree . The player takes control of one of the gang 's seventeen members and can perform heists alone , with up to two AI players , or with ( up to ) 3 other players . The player can participate in a variety of heists , including but not limited to robberies of banks , shops and armored cars , and producing and distributing narcotics . The game differs on the previous by allowing much more customization of the player ( aesthetically and gameplay-wise ) , more variety in levels , and has reworked stealth mechanics .   An accompanying web series was produced to promote the game . The game was profitable from pre-orders alone and received positive reviews . Payday 2 : Crimewave Edition '' which offers improved graphics , new content and all previous DLCs , was released on 12 June 2015 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One .

neg: Starting pistol A starting pistol or starter pistol is a blank handgun that is fired to start track and field races , as well as competitive swimming races at some meets . The sound of the gun going off serves as the signal for the athletes to begin the event . Starter guns `` can not fire real ammunition or be modified to fire real ammunition . '' Beside sporting events , they are also used in films and in TV or stage shows . Blank shells or caps are used to prevent expelling projectiles , and only small amount of smoke can be seen when shot . Starting pistols may also include modified versions of standard pistols incapable of firing bullets , most commonly achieved by welding an obstruction into the barrel . This is less common nowadays , especially in Western countries . When electronic timing is used , a sensor is often affixed to the gun , which sends an electronic signal to the timing system upon firing . For deaf competitors or for modern electronic systems , a light may be used instead .   An issue with the use of starting pistols is that , since the report of the pistol is carried to the competitors at the speed of sound , which takes about 3 milliseconds to travel one metre , positions nearest the starter hear the report a few milliseconds before further positions . This issue is exaggerated in races where the runners begin in a stagger , putting a significant distance between the nearest and furthest runners . To avoid this problem , the pistol is in all major competitions wired with a microphone that transmits the sound virtually instantaneously to loudspeakers directly behind each competitor .   With security after the September 11 attacks on the US becoming prevalent , causing issues with starting pistols , a trend developed to use electronic starting systems that do not use pistols , but use a `` dummy '' prop pistol which can not function as a firearm that is wired to the timing system . When the starter presses the button , they emit a signal to play a simulated gunshot that is broadcast to loudspeakers behind each lane , show a flash , emit simulated smoke , and start the timing clock . Many venues have switched to the new format . Beyond the security concerns , it has also been observed that even with the use of loudspeakers , some competitors still wait for the actual sound of the gun to reach them , and since the new all-electronic starting pistols have no such problems , they became the official way of starting games at the 2012 Summer Olympics .

neg: American Gun (2002 film) American Gun is a 2002 drama film written and directed by Alan Jacobs . It stars James Coburn ( in his final film ) , Virginia Madsen , Barbara Bain and Alexandra Holden .

neg: Smoking gun The term `` smoking gun '' is a reference to an object or fact that serves as conclusive evidence of a crime or similar act , just short of being caught in flagrante delicto .  Its name originally came from the idea of finding a smoking ( i.e. , very recently fired ) gun on the person of a suspect wanted for shooting someone , which in that situation would be nearly unshakable proof of having committed the crime .  The phrase originated in the Sherlock Holmes story , `` The Adventure of the Gloria Scott '' ( 1893 ) .   In addition to this , its meaning has evolved in uses completely unrelated to criminal activity : for example , scientific evidence that is highly suggestive in favor of a particular hypothesis is sometimes called smoking gun evidence .  A piece of evidence that falls just short of being conclusive is sometimes referred to as a `` smoldering gun . ''

neg: Hold'em (film) Hold 'em is a 2014 American thriller film directed by Clay DuMaw . The film 's plot combines Texas hold 'em with elements from horror and thriller films such as Battle Royale and Saw .

neg: Erotic thriller An Erotic thriller is a film genre defined by a thriller with a thematic basis in illicit romance or erotic fantasy . Most erotic thrillers contain scenes of softcore sex and nudity , but the frequency and explicitness of those scenes varies .   Though similar films appeared as early as the 1960s , erotic thrillers emerged as a distinct genre in the late 1980s , bolstered by the popular success of Adrian Lyne 's Fatal Attraction in 1987 and a quickly expanding domestic and international market for softcore adult entertainment on cable television and home video . The genre had a classic period of growth and expansion in the 1990s , but by the early 2000s declined in production and popular appeal .   The potent combination of danger and romance , catering to both male and female audiences simultaneously , was the primary selling point for erotic thriller films during their classic period . The half-naked bodies displayed on posters , newspaper ads , and video box covers were accompanied by log lines that capture the unmistakable duality of the erotic thriller film :   If you think you can handle her , you 're dead wrong . -- Body Chemistry 3 : Point of Seduction  He was hired to watch . Now he 's tempted to touch . -- Night Eyes  Twin sisters cross the line into a deadly erotic fantasy land . -- Mirror Images   In all , over 300 erotic thriller films were produced in the 1990s , which is comparable to the number of thriller films made in the noir decade of the 1940s . The total number of films in the erotic thriller genre from 1985 to 2005 may number as high as over 500 . Like film noir , the genre has evolved and modernized , and new films continue to be made that are influenced by the classic style .

neg: Death Warrant (film) Death Warrant is a 1990 American action crime mystery-thriller film directed by Deran Sarafian and produced by Mark DiSalle . The film was written by David S. Goyer while a student at USC , and was Goyer 's first screenplay to be sold and produced commercially . In the film , the police detective Louis Burke is going into a prison facility at California as an undercover cop in order to find out who stands behind a mysterious series of murders , and finds himself locked up with his arch-nemesis ; Christian Naylor , a psychotic serial killer who calls himself `` The Sandman '' whom sets out to exact revenge upon him after getting into prison .   Death Warrant was released on September 14 , 1990 . Upon its release , the film grossed $ 46 million against production budget of only $ 6 million . The film received general mixed to poor critical reaction from critics who found the direction , its storyline , villain , and the plot poor , but highly praised the acting as well as the action scenes and the thrilling atmosphere .

neg: Gun (2011 film) Gun is a 2011 Kannada film in the action genre starring Harish Raj and Mallika Kapoor in the lead roles . Nikitha also plays an important role . The film has been directed and written by Harish Raj and is jointly produced by K. Murali under Nishanth Constructions . The music was composed by Ronnie Raphel . Kalyan and Kaviraj wrote the lyrics for the songs . The film was released on 25 February 2011 .

neg: Bop Gun (Homicide: Life on the Street) `` Bop Gun '' is the second season premiere of the American police drama television series Homicide : Life on the Street , and the tenth overall episode of the series . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on January 6 , 1994 . In the episode , the Baltimore homicide unit investigates the shooting death of the wife of a tourist , played by guest star Robin Williams .   The episode was written by David Mills and David Simon based on a story by executive producer Tom Fontana , and directed by Stephen Gyllenhaal . In response to network feedback and poor ratings from the first season , `` Bop Gun '' marked several changes in the series , including a less bleak visual style and a greater focus on one plot , rather than multiple subplots . It was also the first episode to focus primarily on a homicide victim , rather than on the detectives . Simon felt the dialogue was realistic , especially that of the dark humor employed by detectives as a coping mechanism for dealing with the horrors of the job .   Williams previously worked with Homicide executive producer Barry Levinson on the films Good Morning , Vietnam ( 1987 ) and Toys ( 1992 ) . This led to speculation that Williams took the role on `` Bop Gun '' as a favor to Levinson , but the actor insisted it was out of admiration for the series itself . A young Jake Gyllenhaal , the son of the episode 's director , makes an appearance as Williams ' son . The episode was the first to feature Chris Tergesen as music coordinator , which resulted in the use of more songs than previous episodes , including `` Killer '' by Seal and `` Feels Like Rain '' by Buddy Guy .   `` Bop Gun '' was seen by 16.3 million viewers , one of the highest Nielsen ratings of the week , thanks in large part due to interest in Williams ' appearance . The episode received generally positive reviews , with several particularly complimenting the dramatic performance by Williams . `` Bop Gun '' won a Writers Guild of America Award for Best Screenplay of an Episodic Drama . Williams also received an Emmy Award nomination for Guest Actor in a Drama Series . The episode , along with the rest of the first and second seasons of Homicide : Life on the Street was released on DVD in the United States on May 27 , 2003 .

neg: Officer Down Officer Down is a 2013 American action thriller film , directed by Brian A. Miller .

neg: Redacted (film) Redacted is a 2007 American war film written and directed by Brian De Palma . It is a fictional dramatization , loosely based on the 2006 Mahmudiyah killings in Mahmoudiyah , Iraq , when U.S. Army soldiers raped an Iraqi girl and murdered her along with her family . This film , which is a companion to an earlier film by De Palma , 1989 's Casualties of War , was shot in Jordan .   Redacted premiered at the 2007 Venice Film Festival , where it earned a Silver Lion `` best director '' award . It was also shown at the Toronto International Film Festival , the New York Film Festival and the Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema . The film opened in Spain , and in fifteen theaters in limited release in the United States on November 16 , 2007 . The film received mixed reactions from critics and a poor financial response in its limited U.S. release .

neg: Assault on Wall Street Assault on Wall Street ( also known as Attack on Wall Street and formerly known as Bailout : The Age of Greed ) is a 2013 action thriller film written and directed by Uwe Boll , and starring Dominic Purcell . The film stars Purcell as a security guard who struggles to pay for his wife 's medical bills and loses his investments in the 2007 -- 08 financial crisis , prompting a shooting spree on Wall Street after his wife takes her own life .