query: Empress Ki stars Ha Ji-won.

pos: Empress Ki (TV series) Empress Ki is a television series starring Ha Ji-won as the titular Empress Gi . It aired on MBC from October 28 , 2013 to April 29 , 2014 on Mondays and Tuesdays at 21:55 for 51 episodes .   The early working title was Hwatu ( ; lit . `` Battle of Flowers '' ) but the title was changed to prevent confusion with the similarly named playing cards .

neg: Han Ji-sang Han Ji-sang ( born July 25 , 1982 ) is a South Korean actor . Han debuted as a stage actor in the musical Grease . In 2013 , Han was one of the busiest actors in Korea 's performing arts scene , starring in a total of seven shows , including Jesus Christ Superstar , Bonnie & Clyde , The Scarlet Pimpernel and Next to Normal . One of the reasons why he could not reject the offers was because he simply could not resist the characters he was given to play . `` I just wanted to play them all . '' he said .   Year 2013 also marked the 10th anniversary of Han 's debut . Though he is now one of the most wanted actors in the musical theatre scene , he only became interested in acting after failing to score well on the Suneung -- the Korean equivalent of the SAT -- for three consecutive years . He found acting almost therapeutic in many ways , especially after his struggles with the competitive education system , and wants to think of acting as his destiny . Calling himself an `` extreme introvert '' , he believes it is the very essence of acting -- becoming someone else -- that liberates him and makes his acting career possible .   On July 25 , 2014 , Han successfully held his concert Han Ji Sang Premium Concert in Tokyo at Tokyo Hall in Tokyo , Japan .

neg: Women of the Sun (2008 TV series) Women of the Sun is a 2008 South Korean television series starring Kim Ji-soo , Lee Ha-na , Han Jae-suk and Jung Gyu-woon . It aired on KBS2 from May 28 to July 31 , 2008 on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 for 20 episodes .

neg: Ha Chi-chun Ha Chi Chun is a Hong Kong actress .

neg: Palace (TV series) Palace , also known as Gong , Gong Suo Xin Yu , and Palace : The Locked Heart Jade , is a Chinese television series produced by Yu Zheng ; starring Yang Mi , Feng Shaofeng and Mickey He . The series was directed by Lee Wai-chu and starred cast members from mainland China , Taiwan and Hong Kong . The series was first broadcast on Hunan TV in China in 2011 . It is later followed by Palace 2 .

neg: Empress dowager Empress dowager ( also dowager empress or empress mother ) is the English language translation of the title given to the mother or widow of a Chinese , Japanese , Korean or Vietnamese emperor .   The title was also given occasionally to another woman of the same generation , while a woman from the previous generation was sometimes given the title of grand empress dowager . Numerous empress dowagers held regency during the reign of underage emperors . Many of the most prominent empress dowagers also extended their control for long periods after the emperor was old enough to govern . This was a source of political turmoil according to the traditional view of Chinese history .   The title dowager empress was given to the wife of a deceased emperor of Russia or Holy Roman emperor .

neg: Da Qing Fengyun Da Qing Fengyun , alternatively known as Qing Gong Fengyun , is a 2006 Chinese television series directed by Chen Jialin , starring Zhang Fengyi , Xu Qing and Jiang Wen . Set in the early Qing dynasty , the story focuses on the romance between Dorgon and Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang .

neg: Jung Hye-sun Jung Hye-sun ( born Jung Young-ja ; February 21 , 1942 ) is a South Korean actress . Jung made her entertainment debut as a voice actress with the KBS Daejeon Radio in 1960 , then began acting onscreen through the first KBS public audition in 1961 . She has been active in Korean film , television and theater for more than five decades .

neg: Shin Heike Monogatari (film) is a 1955 Japanese film directed by Kenji Mizoguchi . It is based on the Eiji Yoshikawa historical novel Shin Heike Monogatari . It is one of his two films in color , the other being Princess Yang Kwei-Fei ( Yōkihi ) of the same year .

neg: Radiant Office Radiant Office is a 2017 South Korean television series starring Go Ah-sung and Ha Seok-jin . The series is written by a rookie screenwriter who won the 2016 MBC TV Drama Screenplay Competition in Miniseries category . It aired on MBC from March 15 to May 4 , 2017 on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 22:00 ( KST ) for 16 episodes .

neg: Jung So-min Jung So-min ( born Kim Yoon-ji on March 16 , 1989 ) is a South Korean actress .

neg: Birth of a Beauty Birth of a Beauty is a 2014 South Korean television series starring Joo Sang-wook , Han Ye-seul , Jung Gyu-woon and Wang Ji-hye . It aired on SBS from November 1 , 2014 to January 11 , 2015 for 21 episodes .

neg: Empress Cao (Han dynasty) Cao Jie ( 197-260 ) , formally known as Empress Xianmu , was an empress of the Eastern Han dynasty . She was the second wife of Emperor Xian , the last Han emperor , and became known as the Duchess of Shanyang after her husband 's abdication . She was a half-sister of Cao Pi , who ended the Han dynasty by forcing Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne in his favour and established the state of Cao Wei .

neg: Ji Soo Kim Ji-soo ( ; March 30 , 1993 ) , professionally known as Ji Soo , is a South Korean actor .

neg: The Empress's Tomb The Empress 's Tomb ( 2007 ) is a young adult novel by Kirsten Miller , the second in the Kiki Strike series .

neg: Kim Hye-ok Kim Hye-ok ( born May 9 , 1958 ) is a South Korean actress .

neg: Shangguan Wan'er (TV series) Shangguan Wan ` er is a Chinese television series based on the life of Shangguan Wan ` er , a female official in the court of Wu Zetian , the only female emperor in Chinese history . Starring Ruan Danning as the titular character , the series was first aired in mainland China in December 1998 . The series was broadcast again in March 2003 on Sichuan Satellite TV .

neg: Becoming a Billionaire Becoming a Billionaire ( ; lit . `` Birth of the Rich '' ) is a 2010 South Korean television series starring Ji Hyun-woo , Lee Bo-young , Lee Si-young and Namgung Min . It aired on KBS2 from March 1 to May 4 , 2010 on Mondays and Tuesdays at 21:55 for 20 episodes .

neg: Hee-kyung Hee-kyung , also spelled Hui-gyeong or Hi-kyung , is a Korean unisex given name . The meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name . There are 25 hanja with the reading `` hee '' and 54 hanja with the reading `` kyung '' on the South Korean government 's official list of hanja which may be registered for use in given names .   People with this name include :   Artists and writers  Song Hui-gyeong ( 1376 -- 1446 ) , Joseon Dynasty male scholar and official  Hi Kyung Kim ( born 1954 ) , South Korean female composer  Eun Hee-kyung ( born 1959 ) , South Korean female writer   Film and television personalities  Yang Hee-kyung ( born 1954 ) , South Korean actress  Moon Hee-kyung ( born 1965 ) , South Korean actress  Noh Hee-kyung ( born 1966 ) , South Korean female television writer  Jin Hee-kyung ( born 1968 ) , South Korean actress   Sportspeople  Jae Hee-kyung ( born 1969 ) , South Korean male volleyball player  Wang Hee-kyung ( born 1970 ) , South Korean female archer  Park Hui-gyeong ( born 1976 ) , South Korean male fencer who competed in the 2004 Olympics  Kim Hee-kyung ( born 1978 ) , South Korean female volleyball player  Seo Hee-kyung ( born 1986 ) , South Korean female professional golfer

neg: Brain (TV series) Brain is a 2011 South Korean medical drama , starring Shin Ha-kyun , Choi Jung-won , Jung Jin-young and Jo Dong-hyuk . The series revolves around a top neurosurgeon who is obsessed with success and dreams of becoming the hospital director , then finds himself embroiled in professional rivalries and an unexpected romance . The series received positive reviews , particularly for Shin Ha-kyun 's performance .   It aired on KBS2 from November 14 , 2011 to January 17 , 2012 on Mondays and Tuesdays at 21:55 for 20 episodes .

neg: Empress He (Han dynasty) Empress He ( died 189 ) , personal name unknown , formally known as Empress Lingsi ( 靈思皇后 ; literally : `` the Unattentive and Deep-thinking Empress '' ) was an empress of the Han Dynasty period of Chinese history . She was Emperor Ling 's second wife . Along with her brother He Jin , she was able to temporarily dominate power at the imperial court after the death of Emperor Ling in 189 as empress dowager .


query: Noam Chomsky studied philosophy.

pos: Noam Chomsky Avram Noam Chomsky ( -LSB- æ ` vrɑːm _ ` noʊm_ˈtʃɒmski -RSB- ; born December 7 , 1928 ) is an American linguist , philosopher , cognitive scientist , historian , social critic , and political activist . Sometimes described as `` the father of modern linguistics '' , Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy and one of the founders of the field of cognitive science . He is Institute Professor Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , where he has worked since 1955 , and is the author of over 100 books on topics such as linguistics , war , politics , and mass media . Ideologically , he aligns with anarcho-syndicalism and libertarian socialism .   Born to middle-class Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants in Philadelphia , Chomsky developed an early interest in anarchism from alternative bookstores in New York City . At the age of sixteen he began studies at the University of Pennsylvania , taking courses in linguistics , mathematics , and philosophy . From 1951 to 1955 he was appointed to Harvard University 's Society of Fellows , where he developed the theory of transformational grammar for which he was awarded his doctorate in 1955 . That year he began teaching at MIT , in 1957 emerging as a significant figure in the field of linguistics for his landmark work Syntactic Structures , which remodeled the scientific study of language , while from 1958 to 1959 he was a National Science Foundation fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study . He is credited as the creator or co-creator of the universal grammar theory , the generative grammar theory , the Chomsky hierarchy , and the minimalist program . Chomsky also played a pivotal role in the decline of behaviorism , being particularly critical of the work of B. F. Skinner .   An outspoken opponent of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War , which he saw as an act of American imperialism , in 1967 Chomsky attracted widespread public attention for his anti-war essay `` The Responsibility of Intellectuals '' . Associated with the New Left , he was arrested multiple times for his activism and placed on President Richard Nixon 's Enemies List . While expanding his work in linguistics over subsequent decades , he also became involved in the Linguistics Wars . In collaboration with Edward S. Herman , Chomsky later co-wrote an analysis articulating the propaganda model of media criticism , and worked to expose the Indonesian occupation of East Timor . However , his defense of unconditional freedom of speech -- including for Holocaust deniers -- generated significant controversy in the Faurisson affair of the early 1980s . Following his retirement from active teaching , he has continued his vocal political activism , including opposing the War on Terror and supporting the Occupy movement .   One of the most cited scholars in history , Chomsky has influenced a broad array of academic fields . He is widely recognized as a paradigm shifter who helped spark a major revolution in the human sciences , contributing to the development of a new cognitivistic framework for the study of language and the mind . In addition to his continued scholarly research , he remains a leading critic of U.S. foreign policy , neoliberalism and contemporary state capitalism , the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict , and mainstream news media . His ideas have proved highly significant within the anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist movements , but have also drawn criticism , with some accusing Chomsky of anti-Americanism .

neg: A History of Philosophy (Copleston) A History of Philosophy is an eleven-volume history of Western philosophy written by English Jesuit priest Frederick Charles Copleston .   Copleston 's History provides extensive coverage of Western philosophy from the Pre-Socratics through Dewey , Russell , Moore , Sartre and Merleau-Ponty . The first nine volumes , originally published between 1946 and 1974 , were written for Catholic seminary students with the goal `` of supplying Catholic ecclesiastical seminaries with a work that should be somewhat more detailed and of wider scope than the textbooks , commonly in use , and which at the same time should endeavour to exhibit the logical development and interconnection of philosophical systems . '' A tenth volume was added in 1986 , and the eleventh is actually a collection of essays which appeared in 1956 as Contemporary Philosophy .   Throughout the eleven volumes Copleston 's Roman Catholic ( Thomist ) point of view is never hidden . All the same , it seems generally accepted that Copleston 's treatment is fair and complete , even for philosophical positions that he does not support .

neg: Intellectual An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking , research , and reflection about the reality of society , and proposes solutions for the normative problems of society , and thus he or she gains authority as a public intellectual . Coming from the world of culture , either as a creator or as a mediator , the intellectual participates in politics , either to defend a concrete proposition or to denounce an injustice , usually by producing or by extending an ideology , and by defending a system of values .

neg: Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal The Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal is an academic journal sponsored by the philosophy department of The New School in New York City . The focus of this journal is recent European work in phenomenology , hermeneutics , critical theory , and the history of philosophy . The journal is edited by committee of graduate philosophy students at The New School . It is published twice yearly on a non-profit basis in cooperation with the Philosophy Documentation Center . All issues are available online .

neg: Randall Auxier Randall E. Auxier ( born August 7 , 1961 ) is a professor of philosophy at Southern Illinois University .   Born in Leitchfield , Kentucky , Auxier , the younger of two children , is the son of a veterinarian and a professional church musician . Educated in the public schools of Memphis , Tennessee , he received an undergraduate degree in philosophy and criminal justice in 1986 and a master 's degree in philosophy in 1988 , both from the University of Memphis . He went on to receive his Ph.D. in philosophy from Emory University in 1992 . He chaired the philosophy department at Oklahoma City University from 1992 to 1997 and was founding director of the OCU Institute of Liberal Arts from 1994 to 1999 . While at OCU , he also established and taught philosophy courses for several years at the nearby public high school Classen School of Advanced Studies .   He accepted a position at Southern Illinois University in 2000 and in 2001 was appointed the editor of the Library of Living Philosophers , the third in its history , following series founder Paul Arthur Schilpp ( 1938 -- 1981 ) , and Lewis Edwin Hahn ( 1981 -- 2001 ) . Since taking the post he has completed volumes on Seyyed Hossein Nasr ( 2001 ) , Marjorie Grene ( 2003 ) , Jaakko Hintikka ( 2006 ) , Michael Dummett ( 2007 ) , and Richard Rorty ( 2010 ) . Auxier 's interest in philosophical personalism led him to become editor of the scholarly journal The Personalist Forum in 1997 , later renamed The Pluralist in 2005 . The Pluralist became the official journal of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy in 2010 .   He has authored or co-authored more than 100 papers and presentations around the United States and in several other countries , written many scholarly articles , book chapters , and encyclopedia entries , and edited numerous books . Subjects on which he has published range from John Dewey and Alfred North Whitehead to the limits of evolution , biker bars , and ministries related to homosexuality . His current work includes a book , Time , Will and Purpose : Living Ideas from the Philosophy of Josiah Royce , in press with Open Court to appear in 2010 , and as co-editor of Bruce Springsteen and Philosophy , and The Wizard of Oz and Philosophy , both published in 2008 in the Popular Culture and Philosophy Series with Open Court . Auxier 's creative works also include short stories , occasional poetry , and three music CDs . Auxier is the editor-in-chief of The Library of Living Philosophers . Since 1938 , the Library of Living Philosophers has provided a forum for criticism and analysis of the world 's greatest living philosophers , as well as a space for dialogue between these philosophers and their critics . Under his editorship , the journal has produced volumes on the philosophy of Marjorie Grene , Jaakko Hintikka , Michael Dummett , Richard Rorty , and Arthur C. Danto . Auxier writes a weekly blog for Radically Empirical , an online magazine that features essays and commentary on current and literary affairs .   Auxier 's areas of specialization are American philosophy , post-Kantian continental philosophy , process and systematic philosophy/theology , history of philosophy , metaphysics , moral philosophy , and theology , political theory , and philosophy of education . He has been awarded the Jacobsen Prize in Process Metaphysics from the International Society for Universalism and the Douglas Greenlee Prize from the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy .

neg: Deterring Democracy Deterring Democracy is a book published in 1991 by Noam Chomsky , which explores the differences between the humanitarian rhetoric and imperialistic reality of United States foreign policy and how it affects various countries around the world .   In the book , Chomsky explores the idea that the US is the only remaining world superpower that works to maintain its dominance , even ruthlessly employing violence such as outright invasions and overthrowing governments pursuing independent economic policies . He also discusses the large difference between public opinion on the Cold War , establishment American educated opinion and reality .   The book also contains criticism aimed at the Soviet Union and other communist states , but its major point centres on the fact that although the United States claimed to support freedom in the Cold War , it still supported authoritarian regimes . The conclusion that Chomsky comes to is that , despite U.S claims of supporting freedom , their actual aim was maintaining dominance over resources and geopolitical power .

neg: Onora O'Neill Onora Sylvia O'Neill , Baroness O'Neill of Bengarve ( born 23 August 1941 ) is a philosopher and a crossbench member of the House of Lords .   The daughter of Sir Con Douglas Walter O'Neill , she was educated partly in Germany and at St Paul 's Girls ' School , London before studying philosophy , psychology and physiology at Oxford University . She went on to complete a doctorate at Harvard University , with John Rawls as supervisor . During the 1970s she taught at Barnard College , the women 's college in Columbia University , New York City . In 1977 she returned to Britain and took up a post at the University of Essex ; she was Professor of Philosophy there when she became Principal of Newnham College , Cambridge in 1992 .   She is an Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Cambridge , a former President of the British Academy 1988 -- 1989 and chaired the Nuffield Foundation 1998 -- 2010 . In 2003 , she was the founding President of the British Philosophical Association ( BPA ) . In 2013 she held the Spinoza Chair of Philosophy at the University of Amsterdam . Until October 2006 , she was the Principal of Newnham College , Cambridge , and she was chair the Equality and Human Rights Commission until April 2016 .

neg: Taylor Carman Taylor Carman is an American philosopher . He is Professor of Philosophy at Barnard College , Columbia University .

neg: Social philosophy Social philosophy is the study of questions about social behavior and interpretations of society and social institutions in terms of ethical values rather than empirical relations . Social philosophers place new emphasis on understanding the social contexts for political , legal , moral , and cultural questions , and to the development of novel theoretical frameworks , from social ontology to care ethics to cosmopolitan theories of democracy , human rights , gender equity and global justice .

neg: Philosophy in Canada The study and teaching of philosophy in Canada date from the time of New France . There has since developed no particular `` Canadian '' school of philosophy . Rather , Canadian philosophers have reflected particular views of established European and later American schools of philosophical thought , be it Thomism , Objective Idealism , or Scottish Common Sense Realism . Since the mid-twentieth century the depth and scope of philosophical activity in Canada has increased dramatically . This article focuses on the evolution of epistemology , logic , the philosophy of mind , metaphysics , ethics and metaethics , and continental philosophy in Canada .

neg: Orthodox Marxism Orthodox Marxism is the body of Marxist thought that emerged following the death of Karl Marx which became the official philosophy of the socialist movement as represented in the Second International until the First World War . Orthodox Marxism aims to simplify , codify and systematize Marxist methodology and theory , ironing out the perceived ambiguities and contradictions of Classical Marxism .   The `` orthodoxy '' in orthodox Marxism specifically refers to the methodology of historical materialism and dialectical materialism employed and not to any of the normative aspects inherent to classical Marxism . `` Orthodox '' does not imply adherence to the results of Marx 's own investigations .   The fundamental characteristics of orthodox Marxism include the understanding that material development ( advances in technology in the productive forces ) is the primary agent of change in the structure of society and human social relations , and that social systems and their relations ( e.g. : feudalism , capitalism , etc. ) become increasingly contradictory and inefficient as the productive forces advance , resulting in some form of social revolution arising in response to these mounting contradictions . This revolutionary change serves as the vehicle for fundamental society-wide changes and ultimately leads to the emergence of new economic systems .

neg: American Radical: The Trials of Norman Finkelstein American Radical : The Trials of Norman Finkelstein is a 2009 documentary film about the life of the American academic Norman Finkelstein , directed and produced by David Ridgen and Nicolas Rossier . The documentary features Finkelstein and several of his supporters and opponents , including Noam Chomsky and Alan Dershowitz .

neg: Open individualism Open individualism is the view in the philosophy of personal identity , according to which there exists only one numerically identical subject , which is everyone at all times . It is a theoretical solution for the question of personal identity , being contrasted with empty individualism , the view that personal identities correspond to a fixed pattern that instantaneously disappears with the passage of time , and with closed individualism , the common view that personal identities are particular to subjects and yet survive time .   The term was coined by philosopher Daniel Kolak , though this view has been described at least since the time of the Upanishads , in the late Bronze Age . Its sentence `` Tat tvam asi , '' meaning `` You are that , '' is an example . Notable people having expressed similar views ( in various forms ) include the Sufi thinker Aziz al-Nasafi , Averroes , German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer , Indian mystic Meher Baba , Alan Watts , as well as renowned physicists Erwin Schrödinger , Freeman Dyson , and Fred Hoyle .

neg: Language of thought hypothesis The language of thought hypothesis ( LOTH ) , sometimes known as Thought Ordered Mental Expression ( TOME ) , is a view in linguistics , philosophy of mind and cognitive science , forwarded by American philosopher Jerry Fodor . It describes the nature of thought as possessing `` language-like '' or compositional structure ( sometimes known as mentalese ) . On this view , simple concepts combine in systematic ways ( akin to the rules of grammar in language ) to build thoughts . In its most basic form , the theory states that thought , like language , has syntax .   Using empirical data drawn from linguistics and cognitive science to describe mental representation from a philosophical vantage-point , the hypothesis states that thinking takes place in a language of thought ( LOT ) : cognition and cognitive processes are only ` remotely plausible ' when expressed as a system of representations that is `` tokened '' by a linguistic or semantic structure and operated upon by means of a combinatorial syntax . Linguistic tokens used in mental language describe elementary concepts which are operated upon by logical rules establishing causal connections to allow for complex thought . Syntax as well as semantics have a causal effect on the properties of this system of mental representations .   These mental representations are not present in the brain in the same way as symbols are present on paper ; rather , the LOT is supposed to exist at the cognitive level , the level of thoughts and concepts . The LOTH has wide-ranging significance for a number of domains in cognitive science . It relies on a version of functionalist materialism , which holds that mental representations are actualized and modified by the individual holding the propositional attitude , and it challenges eliminative materialism and connectionism . It implies a strongly rationalist model of cognition in which many of the fundamentals of cognition are innate .

neg: Gabriel Nuchelmans Gabriel Nuchelmans ( 15 May 1922 Oud Gastel -- 6 August 1996 , Wassenaar ) was a Dutch philosopher , focusing on the history of philosophy , especially philosophy of the Middle Ages , as well as logic and philosophy of language .   After completing high school at the Episcopal School of Roermond , Nuchelmans studied at the Catholic University of Nijmegen , where he made his PhD in 1947 . During the PhD he spent a year in Freiburg / Switzerland with Olof Gigon and Joseph Maria Bocheński . In 1947/48 he attended courses by Alfred Ayer and Stuart Hampshire , at University College London . He also heard , at the London School of Economics , Karl Popper and O.J. Wisdom . After admission to the Ph.D Nuchelmans taught for fourteen years Latin and Greek in Velsen . From 1964 he taught Ancient Philosophy and Analytic Philosophy and its History at the Philosophical Institute of the University of Leiden until his retirement on 10 September 1987 . In this occasion a volume of essays ( Logos and Pragma ) was dedicated to him to celebrate his scholarly achievements . Nuchelmans had since 1975 been a member of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen . His great work in three volumes on the history of the theories of proposition ( 1973 , 1980 , 1983 ) will remain for a long time the standard work on the subject .

neg: Marxist philosophy Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are works in philosophy that are strongly influenced by Karl Marx 's materialist approach to theory , or works written by Marxists . Marxist philosophy may be broadly divided into Western Marxism , which drew out of various sources , and the official philosophy in the Soviet Union , which enforced a rigid reading of Marx called dialectical materialism , in particular during the 1930s .  Marxist philosophy is not a strictly defined sub-field of philosophy , because the diverse influence of Marxist theory has extended into fields as varied as aesthetics , ethics , ontology , epistemology , theoretical psychology and philosophy of science , as well as its obvious influence on political philosophy and the philosophy of history . The key characteristics of Marxism in philosophy are its materialism and its commitment to political practice as the end goal of all thought .   Marxist theorist Louis Althusser , for example , defined philosophy as `` class struggle in theory '' , thus radically separating himself from those who claimed philosophers could adopt a `` God 's eye view '' as a purely neutral judge .

neg: Harvey Mansfield Harvey Claflin Mansfield , Jr. ( born March 21 , 1932 ) is the William R. Kenan , Jr. . Professor of Government at Harvard University , where he has taught since 1962 . He has held Guggenheim and NEH Fellowships and has been a Fellow at the National Humanities Center ; he also received the National Humanities Medal in 2004 and delivered the Jefferson Lecture in 2007 . He is a Carol G. Simon Senior Fellow at Stanford University 's Hoover Institution . He is notable for his generally conservative stance on political issues in his writings .   Mansfield is the author and co-translator of studies of and/or by major political philosophers such as Aristotle , Edmund Burke , Niccolò Machiavelli , Alexis de Tocqueville , and Thomas Hobbes , of Constitutional government , and of Manliness ( 2006 ) . In interviews Mansfield has acknowledged the work of Leo Strauss as the key modern influence on his own political philosophy .   Among his most notable former students include : Andrew Sullivan , Alan Keyes , William Kristol , Clifford Orwin , Paul Cantor , Delba Winthrop , Mark Lilla , Francis Fukuyama , Julius Krein and Shen Tong .

neg: Conditions on Transformations `` Conditions on Transformations '' is an influential linguistics article by Noam Chomsky , published in 1973 . In it , Chomsky attempted to formulate constraints on transformational rules used in Transformational Generative Grammar ( TGG ) , a new kind of syntactic theory that Chomsky first proposed in the 1950s . These constraints , or `` conditions '' , helped decrease the number of possible generative grammars , with a goal to account for the process of language acquisition in children .   Chomsky 's attempt to greatly constrain the power of transformational rules found a common ground with a new generation of generative linguists in Europe , as evidenced by the quote below :

neg: Comparative history Comparative history is the comparison of different societies which existed during the same time period or shared similar cultural conditions .   The comparative history of societies emerged as an important specialty among intellectuals in the Enlightenment in the 18th century , as typified by Montesquieu , Voltaire , Adam Smith , and others . Sociologists and economists in the 19th century often explored comparative history , as exemplified by Alexis de Tocqueville , Karl Marx , and Max Weber .   In the first half of the 20th century , a large reading public followed the comparative histories of ( German ) Oswald Spengler , ( Russian-American ) Pitirim Sorokin , and ( British ) Arnold J. Toynbee . Since the 1950s , however , comparative history has faded from the public view , and is now the domain of specialized scholars working independently .   Besides the people mentioned above , recent exemplars of comparative history include American historians Herbert E. Bolton and Carroll Quigley , and British historian Geoffrey Barraclough . Several sociologists are also prominent in this field , including Barrington Moore , S. N. Eisenstadt , Seymour Martin Lipset , Charles Tilly , and Michael Mann .   Historians generally accept the comparison of particular institutions ( banking , women 's rights , ethnic identities ) in different societies , but since the hostile reaction to Toynbee in the 1950s , generally do not pay much attention to sweeping comparative studies that cover wide swaths of the world over many centuries .

neg: Dialectic Dialectic or dialectics ( διαλεκτική , dialektikḗ ) , also known as the dialectical method , is a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned arguments .   The term dialectic is not synonymous with the term debate . While in theory debaters are not necessarily emotionally invested in their point of view , in practice debaters frequently display an emotional commitment that may cloud rational judgment . Debates are won through a combination of persuading the opponent , proving one 's argument correct , and proving the opponent 's argument incorrect . Debates do not necessarily require promptly identifying a clear winner or loser ; however , clear winners are frequently determined by a judge , a jury or group consensus . The term dialectics is also not synonymous with the term rhetoric , a method or art of discourse that seeks to persuade , inform , or motivate an audience . Concepts , like `` logos '' or rational appeal , `` pathos '' or emotional appeal , and `` ethos '' or ethical appeal , are intentionally used by rhetoricians to persuade an audience .   Socrates favoured truth as the highest value , proposing that it could be discovered through reason and logic in discussion : ergo , dialectic . Socrates valued rationality ( appealing to logic , not emotion ) as the proper means for persuasion , the discovery of truth , and the determinant for one 's actions . To Socrates , truth , not aretē ( moral virtue ) , was the greater good , and each person should , above all else , seek truth to guide one 's life . Therefore , Socrates opposed the Sophists and their teaching of rhetoric as art and as emotional oratory requiring neither logic nor proof . Different forms of dialectical reasoning have emerged throughout history from the Indosphere ( Greater India ) and the West ( Europe ) . These forms include the Socratic method , Hindu , Buddhist , Medieval , Hegelian dialectics , Marxist , Talmudic , and Neo-orthodoxy .

neg: African philosophy African philosophy is philosophy produced by African people , philosophy that presents African worldviews , or philosophy that uses distinct African philosophical methods . Although African philosophers may be found in the various academic fields of philosophy , such as metaphysics , epistemology , moral philosophy , and political philosophy , much of the modern African philosophy has been concerned with defining the ethnophilosophical parameters of African philosophy and identifying what differentiates it from other philosophical traditions . One of the implicit assumptions of ethnophilosophy is that a specific culture can have a philosophy that is not applicable and accessible to all peoples and cultures in the world , however this concept is disputed by traditional philosophers .  Furthermore , in A Discourse on African Philosophy : A New Perspective on Ubuntu and Transitional Justice in South Africa , Christian B. N. Gade argues that the ethnophilosophical approach to African philosophy as a static group property is highly problematic . His research on ubuntu presents an alternative collective discourse on African philosophy ( `` collective '' in the sense that it does not focus on any individual in particular ) that takes differences , historical developments , and social contexts seriously .   Father of African Philosophy , Uzodinma Nwala , prior to his employment to teach at UNN , there was nothing called African Philosophy as course of study in any university . `` All we were taught as students were Western philosophy . Nothing like African philosophy existed anywhere . In fact , many years after the introduction of the courses , there still remained arguments among experts , whether there was really African Philosophy '' . He was awarded the Aime Cesiare award in 2013 at the University of Abuja .  African Philosophy can be formally defined as a critical thinking by Africans on their experiences of reality . Nigerian born Philosopher K.C. Anyanwu defined African philosophy as `` that which concerns itself with the way in which African people of the past and present make sense of their destiny and of the world in which they live . '' In this regard , African philosophy is a critical reflection on African leaderships in the administration of their duties towards their citizens ; the morally blameworthiness or praiseworthiness of it . It will also provide possible solutions to the problems experienced in African governances .   As a rational critical inquiry on Africans and their worlds , it is consequently the task of African philosophy and of African philosophers to make the uncoordinated coordinated , the uncritical critical and the inarticulate articulate , particularly of the preliterate Africa .   One of the most basic disagreements concerns what exactly the term ` African ' qualifies : the content of the philosophy and the distinctive methods employed , or the identities of the philosophers . On the former view , philosophy counts as African if it involves African themes such as perceptions of time , personhood , space and other subjects , or uses methods that are defined as distinctively African . In the latter view , African philosophy is any philosophy produced by Africans or by people of African descent , and others engaged in critiques or analysis of their works .   Nigerian philosopher Joseph I. Omoregbe broadly defines a philosopher as one who attempts to understand the world 's phenomena , the purpose of human existence , the nature of the world , and the place of human beings in that world . This form of natural philosophy is identifiable in Africa even before individual African philosophers can be distinguished in the sources .


query: Vince Vaughn appeared in at least one movie.

pos: The Watch (2012 film) The Watch ( previously known as Neighborhood Watch ) is a 2012 American science fiction comedy film directed by Akiva Schaffer and written by Jared Stern , Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg . It stars Ben Stiller , Vince Vaughn , Jonah Hill and Richard Ayoade . The film follows Evan ( Stiller ) , Bob ( Vaughn ) , Franklin ( Hill ) , and Jamarcus ( Ayoade ) , a group of neighbors who form a suburban neighborhood watch group . When they uncover an alien plot threatening the world , they are forced into action .   The film began its development in 2008 under producer Shawn Levy as a teen-targeted project written by Jared Stern . Between 2009 and late 2010 it saw different directors and stars join the project until November 2010 , when it moved in a new direction under Rogen and Goldberg ( who rewrote the script for an adult audience ) . Filming began in October 2011 in the state of Georgia , concluding in January 2012 .   The film 's marketing campaign was affected by the 2012 shooting of Trayvon Martin by a neighborhood-watch member . As a result , the campaign was refocused on the alien premise instead of the film leads and the film 's name was changed from Neighborhood Watch to The Watch . Released on July 27 , 2012 , the film received generally negative reviews , with critics focusing on the plot , frequent `` vulgar and offensive '' jokes and numerous product placements . However , the lead cast was more positively received .

pos: Swingers (1996 film) Swingers is a 1996 American comedy-drama film about the lives of single , unemployed actors living on the ` eastside ' of Hollywood , California during the 1990s swing revival . Written by Jon Favreau and directed by Doug Liman , the film starred Favreau and Vince Vaughn , and also featured performances by Ron Livingston and Heather Graham .   A critical and commercial hit , the film helped propel Favreau , Vaughn and Livingston to stardom , while also launching Liman 's directing career as he won the award for Best New Filmmaker at the 1997 MTV Movie Awards .   This film was rated # 58 on Bravo 's `` 100 Funniest Movies '' . The film was honored on the 2007 Spike TV Guys ' Choice Awards .

pos: Old School (film) Old School is a 2003 American comedy film released by DreamWorks Pictures and The Montecito Picture Company and directed by Todd Phillips . The story was written by Court Crandall , and the film was written by Phillips and Scot Armstrong . The film stars Luke Wilson , Vince Vaughn , and Will Ferrell as three depressed thirty-somethings who seek to re-live their college days by starting a fraternity , and the tribulations they encounter in doing so .

pos: Vince Vaughn Vincent Anthony Vaughn ( born March 28 , 1970 ) is an American actor , producer , screenwriter , activist , and comedian .   Vaughn began acting in the late 1980s , appearing in minor television roles before attaining wider recognition with the 1996 comedy-drama film Swingers . He has appeared in a number of films in the 1990s , including the sports film Rudy ( 1993 ) , the sci-fi adventure dinosaur film The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) , and the drama-thriller Return to Paradise ( 1998 ) .   In the 2000s , he acted in several comedies , including Old School ( 2003 ) , Dodgeball : A True Underdog Story ( 2004 ) , Wedding Crashers ( 2005 ) , The Break-Up ( 2006 ) , and Fred Claus ( 2007 ) . He continued his comedic roles in the 2010s with The Dilemma ( 2011 ) , The Watch ( 2012 ) , and The Internship ( 2013 ) . In 2015 , he starred as Frank Semyon in the second season of the HBO anthology crime drama television series True Detective alongside Colin Farrell , Taylor Kitsch and Rachel McAdams .

neg: Jimmywork Jimmywork is a 2004 mockumentary film written and directed by Simon Sauvé and produced by Atopia .   On the eve of his 50th birthday Jimmy W finds himself at the cross roads of his existence . For him it 's now or never . The time has come to become rich and maybe even famous . Pretending to be an American Producer , he offers his services to the St-Tite Rodeo to develop an ad campaign to attract American tourists . Charmed as much by his demeanor as well as by his proposition , the Rodeo organizers call him in for a meeting to present his project . The meeting turns out to be a complete fiasco . Suspicious about Jimmy , they politely turn him down . Jimmy returns home furious and determined to get his revenge . Operating from his kitchen , he plans an elaborate scheme to extort the beer stock from the Rodeo valued at a quarter of million dollars .

neg: All Hallows' Eve (2016 film) All Hallows ' Eve is an 2016 indie family halloween film directed by Charlie Vaughn . The film stars Lexi Giovagnoli , John DeLuca , Ashley Argota , Diane Salinger , and Martin Klebba .

neg: Clay Pigeons Clay Pigeons is a 1998 crime-comedy film written by Matt Healy and directed by David Dobkin . The film stars Joaquin Phoenix , Vince Vaughn , and Janeane Garofalo .

neg: The Cell The Cell is a 2000 American science fiction horror film directed by Tarsem Singh in his directorial debut , and starring Jennifer Lopez , Vince Vaughn and Vincent D'Onofrio . It received mixed reviews upon its release , with critics praising its visuals , direction , make-up , costumes and D'Onofrio 's performance , while criticizing its Silence of the Lambs-inspired plot , an emphasis on style rather than substance , and masochistic imagery .

neg: Unfinished Business (2015 film) Unfinished Business is a 2015 American comedy film directed by Ken Scott and written by Steven Conrad . The film stars Vince Vaughn , Tom Wilkinson , Dave Franco , Sienna Miller , Nick Frost , and James Marsden . It was released on March 6 , 2015 . The film received negative reviews and was a box office bomb .

neg: The Vegas Strip War The Vegas Strip Wars ( also called The Las Vegas Strip Wars ) is a 1984 American made-for-television drama film directed by George Englund and starred Rock Hudson ( his final television film ) , Sharon Stone , James Earl Jones and Pat Morita .

neg: Déjà Vu (2006 film) Déjà Vu ( stylised onscreen without accents ) is a 2006 American science fiction thriller film directed by Tony Scott , written by Bill Marsilii and Terry Rossio , and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer . The film stars Denzel Washington , Paula Patton , Jim Caviezel , Val Kilmer , Adam Goldberg and Bruce Greenwood . It involves an ATF agent who travels back in time in attempts to prevent a domestic terrorist attack that takes place in New Orleans and to save a woman with whom he falls in love . Filming took place in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina .   The film was premiered in New York City on November 20 , 2006 , and released widely in the United States and Canada two days later on November 22 , 2006 . It received mixed reviews from critics , and earning $ 64 million in the United States and $ 180 million worldwide . It was the 23rd most successful film worldwide for 2006 . The film was nominated for five awards , and also won the Golden Reel Award .

neg: Willie Dynamite Willie Dynamite is a 1974 American blaxploitation film , starring Roscoe Orman , Diana Sands , Thalmus Rasulala , Joyce Walker , and was released by Universal Pictures . The eponymous Willie Dynamite is a pimp in New York City , who strives to be number one in the city . As he is trying to do so , a social worker named Cora , is trying to change his ways - as well as those of the women who work for him - for the better . It was the first film produced by the Zanuck-Brown Company .

neg: Blast (2004 film) Blast was a 2004 action comedy film directed by Anthony Hickox . It was written by Steven E. de Souza and starring Eddie Griffin , Vinnie Jones , Breckin Meyer , and Vivica A. Fox .

neg: Beverly Hills Cop III Beverly Hills Cop III is a 1994 American action comedy film starring Eddie Murphy and directed by John Landis , who had previously worked with Murphy on Trading Places and Coming to America . It is the third film in the Beverly Hills Cop trilogy , and a sequel to Beverly Hills Cop II .   Murphy again plays Detroit cop Axel Foley , who once again returns to Beverly Hills , California , to stop a gang of counterfeiters who are responsible for the death of his boss . Foley teams up with his friend , Beverly Hills detective Billy Rosewood ( Judge Reinhold ) , and his investigation leads him to an amusement park known as Wonder World . The film features a number of cameo appearances by well-known film personalities , including Robert B. Sherman , Arthur Hiller , John Singleton , Joe Dante , special effects legend Ray Harryhausen , and George Lucas as a ride patron .   Beverly Hills Cop III was released on May 25 , 1994 and grossed $ 42 million in the United States , and over $ 77 million in the foreign box office . The film was considered by critics and Murphy himself as the weakest film in the series .

neg: Flashfire (film) Flashfire is a 1994 film directed by Elliot Silverstein . It stars Billy Zane and Louis Gossett Jr. .   Gh oiu drt sawetg .

neg: Johnny Stecchino Johnny Stecchino is an Italian comedy film starring Roberto Benigni as the protagonist and director . This film is one of Benigni 's many collaborations with co-star and wife , Nicoletta Braschi . During its release in 1991 , it was the highest-grossing film in Italy .   This film follows the life of Dante , a quirky school bus driver ( Benigni ) for students with Down syndrome , who bears a striking resemblance to Johnny Stecchino , an Italian mafioso who is wanted by Sicilian mobsters for treason and murder . The film 's plot begins to unravel when Dante meets Maria , the wife of Stecchino , who begins her plan into tricking mobsters to kill Dante thinking he is Stecchino . The film takes several unexpected twists when Maria begins to fall for Dante , and it becomes clear that Dante can not possibly be the cold blooded killer , Johnny Stecchino .   The U.S. version released in theaters and on VHS is about 20 minutes shorter that the full Italian version . It trims several conversations including the final scene with Lillo sniffing cocaine .

neg: Playing It Cool Playing It Cool ( formerly known as A Many Splintered Thing ) is an American romantic comedy film directed by Justin Reardon and written by Chris Shafer and Paul Vicknair . The film stars Chris Evans , Michelle Monaghan , Anthony Mackie , Aubrey Plaza , Patrick Warburton , Ashley Tisdale , Ioan Gruffudd , and Topher Grace . The film was released on video on demand starting on March 31 , 2015 before a limited release on May 8 , 2015 by Vertical Entertainment .

neg: Die Hard with a Vengeance Die Hard with a Vengeance is a 1995 American action film and the third in the Die Hard film series . It was co-produced and directed by John McTiernan ( who directed Die Hard ) , written by Jonathan Hensleigh , and stars Bruce Willis as New York City Police Department Lieutenant John McClane , Samuel L. Jackson as McClane 's reluctant partner Zeus Carver , and Jeremy Irons as Simon Peter Gruber . It was released on May 19 , 1995 , five years after Die Hard 2 , becoming the highest-grossing film at the worldwide box-office that year , but received mixed reviews . It was followed by Live Free or Die Hard and A Good Day to Die Hard in 2007 and 2013 , respectively .

neg: French Connection II French Connection II is a 1975 crime drama film starring Gene Hackman and directed by John Frankenheimer . It is a fictional sequel to the initially true story of the 1971 Academy Award winning picture The French Connection . The film expands on the central character of Det. Jimmy `` Popeye '' Doyle who travels to Marseille , France where he is attempting to track down French drug-dealer Alain Charnier , who got away at the end of the first film . Hackman won an Academy Award for Best Actor for the original The French Connection and he and Fernando Rey are the only returning cast members .

neg: Linda Vaughn Linda Vaughn ( born August 11 , 1943 in Dalton , Georgia , United States ) is an American motor racing personality who has been described as the `` premminent beauty queen of stock car racing '' . Vaughn was named `` Miss Queen of Speed at Atlanta International Raceway '' aged 18 and has acquired many other titles since then . Vaughan has been a notable ambassador and promoter of various forms of American motor racing for several decades . She was chosen to be the queen of the 1961 Dixie 400 .   She appeared in the 1976 film The Gumball Rally .

neg: Invincible (2001 TV film) Invincible is a 2001 fantasy/martial arts film starring Billy Zane .

neg: Blackout (2007 film) Blackout is a 2007 American television film that takes place in New York City during the Northeast Blackout of 2003 . Written and directed by Jerry LaMothe , it stars Jeffrey Wright , Zoe Saldana , Prodigy , Michael B. Jordan , and LaTanya Richardson . The film premiered at the 2007 Zurich Film Festival . It debuted on BET on February 1 , 2008 . It was released to DVD on February 4 , 2008 .

neg: Buffalo '66 Buffalo '66 is a 1998 comedy-drama film that is writer-director Vincent Gallo 's full-length motion picture debut . Vincent Gallo and Christina Ricci star in the lead roles and the supporting cast includes Mickey Rourke , Rosanna Arquette , Ben Gazzara , and Anjelica Huston . Gallo also composed and performed much of the music for the film .   The film received critical acclaim and Empire listed it as the 36th-greatest independent film ever made . It was filmed in and around Gallo 's native Buffalo , New York in winter . The film uses British progressive rock music in its soundtrack , notably King Crimson and Yes .   The title refers to the Buffalo Bills football team , with the number referring to the statement , `` They have n't won a championship since 1966 . '' This is critical to the plot which focuses on the Super Bowl in which the Bills , in the early 1990s , came very close to winning , but the game was blown with a missed field goal .

neg: Tripwire (film) Tripwire is a 1989 American film directed by James Lemmo .   It is an action/adventure movie about a terrorist and government secret agent personal vendetta that began when a train hijacking goes badly awry and the terrorist 's son is accidentally killed . The original music score was composed by Richard Stone . Originally intended for a theatrical release ( it did get releases only in Europe between 1989 and 1990 ) , the movie was released directly to video and laserdisc on March 21 , 1990 in the U.S. by RCA/Columbia and in Canada on video only by Cineplex Odeon . The movie has not been released on DVD and as of December 26 , 2009 , Sony has not announced any plans to release the movie on DVD .


query: Marilyn Burns was a European.

pos: Marilyn Burns Marilyn Burns ; ( born Mary Lynn Ann Burns ; May 7 , 1949 -- August 5 , 2014 ) was an American actress who became known for her role as Sally Hardesty in the Texas Chainsaw Massacre film series . Her other film roles included Eaten Alive ( 1977 ) and Future-Kill ( 1985 ) . She is also known for portraying Linda Kasabian in the three-time Emmy-nominated television film Helter Skelter ( 1976 ) .

neg: Interstate (Mike Burns & Mark Lewis) Interstate is an LA-based electronic music production duo made up of Mike Burns ( born 1972 in Miami Beach ) and Mark Lewis ( born in South London ) . The production pair became known to fans and the industry back in 2005 when Armin Van Buuren 's Netherlands based record label Armada Music signed them to a 3 track deal . Their breakthrough single `` I Found U '' was later featured on Paul Oakenfold 's Grammy nominated Creamfields compilation . They have had releases on Paul Van Dyk 's Vandit Records as well as System Recordings in the US .

neg: Eaux d'Artifice Eaux d'artifice ( 1953 ) is a short experimental film by Kenneth Anger . The film was shot in the Villa d'Este in Tivoli , Italy . The film consists entirely of a woman dressed in eighteenth-century clothes who wanders amidst the garden fountains of the Villa d'Este ( `` a Hide and Seek in a night-time labyrinth '' ) to the sounds of Vivaldi 's `` Four Seasons '' , until she steps into a fountain and momentarily disappears . The actress , Carmilla Salvatorelli ( not `` Carmello '' ) , was `` a little midget '' Anger had met through Federico Fellini . Anger used a short actress to suggest a different sense of scale , whereby the monuments seemed bigger ( a technique he said was inspired by etchings of the gardens in the Villa d'Este by Giovanni Battista Piranesi ) .   The title , a play on words , is meant to suggest Feux d'artifice ( Fireworks ) , in obvious reference to Anger 's earlier 1947 work . Film critic Scott MacDonald has suggested that Fireworks was a film about the repression of ( the filmmaker 's ) gay sexuality in the United States , whereas Eaux d'Artifice `` suggests an explosion of pleasure and freedom . ''   In 1993 , this short film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' .

neg: Marilyn (1963 film) Marilyn is a 1963 documentary film based on the life of the 1950s sex symbol Marilyn Monroe . The film , directed by Harold Medford , was released by 20th Century Fox , and was narrated by Rock Hudson .

neg: Black Sunday (1960 film) Black Sunday ( Italian : La maschera del demonio ) -- also known as The Mask of Satan and Revenge of the Vampire -- is a 1960 Italian gothic horror film directed by Mario Bava , from a screenplay by Ennio de Concini , Mario Serandrei and Marcello Coscia ( who was uncredited ) . The film stars Barbara Steele , John Richardson , Arturo Dominici and Ivo Garrani . It was Bava 's directorial debut , although he had completed several previous feature films without credit . Based very loosely on Nikolai Gogol 's short story `` Viy '' , the narrative concerns a witch who is put to death by her own brother , only to return 200 years later to seek revenge on her descendants .   By the social standards of the 1960s , Black Sunday was considered unusually gruesome , and was banned in the UK until 1968 because of its violence . In the U.S. , some of the gore was censored , in-house , by the distributor American International Pictures before its theatrical release to the country 's cinemas , where it was shown as a double feature with Roger Corman 's The Little Shop of Horrors . Despite the censorship , Black Sunday was a worldwide critical and box office success , and launched the careers of director Mario Bava and movie star Barbara Steele . In 2004 , one of its sequences was voted number 40 among the `` 100 Scariest Movie Moments '' by the Bravo TV network .

neg: The Prince and the Showgirl The Prince and the Showgirl ( originally called The Sleeping Prince ) is a 1957 British-American romantic comedy film starring Marilyn Monroe and Laurence Olivier . Olivier also served as director and producer . The screenplay by Terence Rattigan was based on his 1953 stage play The Sleeping Prince . It was filmed in London .

neg: Four Seasons of Love Four Seasons of Love is the fourth studio album by American singer-songwriter Donna Summer . Released on October 11 , 1976 , this concept album became her third consecutive successful album to be certified gold in the US . It peaked at # 29 on the Billboard 200 . In addition , all the cuts on this album went to number one on the disco chart .   This was the third concept album Summer had made , though unlike the previous two which had contained one long track on side one and a small selection of slightly shorter ones on side two , Four Seasons Of Love was more equally balanced . The album told the story of a love affair by relating it to the four seasons . Side One contained `` Spring Affair '' and `` Summer Fever '' , both disco tracks , and Side Two contained `` Autumn Changes '' ( a slightly slower disco number ) and `` Winter Melody '' ( which had an even slower beat ) , plus a reprise of `` Spring Affair '' . This concept was reflected in the four photos of Summer , one for each season of the year , in a pull-out 1977 calendar included with the original LP album . The photo on the cover was , fittingly , the Summer photograph . Summer 's `` first lady of love '' image came across strongly on this album , though her trademark moans and groans were slightly less evident than on previous work . Pics included `` Winter '' in a fur with a tear on her cheek ; `` Spring '' in a Scarlett O'Hara style hoop skirt on a swing ; and `` Autumn '' re-enacting Marilyn Monroe 's famous scene from The Seven Year Itch with the billowing white dress over the subway grate - an allusion to her song `` Love to Love You Baby '' , which she has been quoted as using Monroe for inspiration on her recording of it .   As with the previous two albums , Four Seasons of Love was distributed by different record labels in different countries , including Casablanca Records in the U.S. Edited versions of `` Spring Affair '' and `` Winter Melody '' were released in various places , but neither had a big impact on any charts ( although the latter made the Top 30 on the UK singles chart ) . The album was also released as a Club Special Edition / Club Sonderauflage in West Germany on the Atlantic Records Label .

neg: Isabella Summers Isabella Janet Florentina Summers ( born 31 October 1980 ) is an English musician , songwriter , producer , remixer and member of English indie rock band Florence and the Machine . As well as being the keyboard player for the group , Summers has five co-writing credits on the critically acclaimed , BRIT Award-winning Lungs and three on the album Ceremonials . She has three songs on the album How Big , How Blue , How Beautiful : `` Delilah '' , `` How Big , How Blue , How Beautiful '' and `` Which Witch '' , including two productions on the deluxe version .   When not on tour with Florence and the Machine , Summers writes , produces and remixes tracks for artists including Beyoncé , Juliette Lewis , Iggy Azalea , Jasmine Thompson , Nas , Cara Delevingne , Izzy Bizu , Pablo Dylan , Mondo Cosmo , Kacy Hill , Jessica Simpson , Chloe and Halle , Flux Pavilion , Maxine Ashley , Rita Ora , Judith Hill , and The Game .

neg: Marilyn McLeod Marilyn McLeod ( born 1939 ) is an American songwriter and singer .   She was born in Detroit , into a musical family -- her half-brother Ernie Farrow became a noted jazz performer , and her sister Alice married John Coltrane and recorded many albums as a jazz keyboard player and harpist . Marilyn McLeod began working as a songwriter for the Jobete publishing company at Motown in 1968 . She wrote songs with Johnny Bristol before being teamed with lyricist Pam Sawyer , and the pair co-wrote Diana Ross 's 1976 hit `` Love Hangover '' , and the High Inergy hit `` You Ca n't Turn Me Off ( in the Middle of Turning Me On ) '' the following year . In 1982 , she co-wrote Jermaine Jackson 's hit with Devo , `` Let Me Tickle Your Fancy '' , written with Sawyer , Jermaine Jackson , and Paul Jackson , Jr. . As a recording artist , she released some singles under her own name , and fronted the group Pure Magic .   McLeod left Motown in 1985 , and , in the early 1990s , co-wrote several songs for Northern Soul DJ Ian Levine and his Motown revival label Motorcity Records . In 2010 she released the album I Believe In Me , a set of songs co-written with veteran Motown songwriter Janie Bradford .   Her grandson is the musician , producer and rapper Flying Lotus .

neg: European Capital of Culture The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one calendar year during which it organises a series of cultural events with a strong European dimension .   Preparing a European Capital of Culture can be an opportunity for the city to generate considerable cultural , social and economic benefits and it can help foster urban regeneration , change the city 's image and raise its visibility and profile on an international scale .   In 1985 , former actress Melina Mercouri , then Greece 's minister of culture , and her French counterpart Jack Lang came up with the idea of designating an annual Capital of Culture to bring Europeans closer together by highlighting the richness and diversity of European cultures and raising awareness of their common history and values .   The Commission of the European Union manages the title and each year the Council of Ministers of the European Union formally designates European Capitals of Culture : more than 40 cities have been designated so far .   An international panel of cultural experts is in charge of assessing the proposals of cities for the title according to criteria specified by the European Union .   A 2004 study conducted for the European Commission , known as the `` Palmer report '' , demonstrated that the choice of European Capital of Culture served as a catalyst for the cultural development and the transformation of the city . Consequently , the beneficial socio-economic development and impact for the chosen city are now also considered in determining the chosen cities .

neg: Remo Camerota Remo Camerota ( born on 17 April in Coventry , England ) is an English-Australian visual artist and film director .   He has been exhibiting in the arts since 1992 when he also started a fine art degree at Swinburne University , Melbourne . 1992 and 1993 saw him win the VEVA award for animation , and the St Kilda Film Festival facility award . See awards below for more details . He also completed a BA in Film and Television at Victorian College of the Arts - 1995 .   From 1996 to 1998 Camerota directed and edited for Foxtel/Sportsworld on the TV show Extreme Sports .  Camerota 's style of editing and direction became popular in youth culture TV shows , using techniques such as fast cutting , SFX and juxtaposition of sound with image .   From 1994 to 2000 , Camerota continued to exhibit video , painting and photography installations including `` Trade '' , at the world trade centre Melbourne , titled `` Loophole '' consisting of a wall of television sets creating a visual and sound loop through the use of feedback , Neo Ethnic at MYU Gallery Tokyo comprising stencil paintings , video-photography installations at Experimenta and collaborating with artist `` Stelarc '' in his short film Scar .  From 2000 to 2003 , Camerota edited feature film Narcosys and video directed , photographed and edited `` Speaking In Tongues '' DVD , Gene Simmons .  In 2003 , Camerota started a production company - Whitewall Studios   2003 Camerota directed the Kiss Symphony tour DVD extras and B roll . Also Camerota 's photographs became published first in magazines and also included in Kiss Alive 4 package , Kiss and Make up Book and Speaking in Tongues DVD .   Camerota co0founds Raven with Kumicho and is currently creating the Manga graphic novel for the Horror feature film SCAR and Sci Fi feature Origami Moon .   2008 - 2010 Camerota authored two books featuring Japanese pop culture , titled Graffiti Japan and Drainspotting http://drainspottingbook.blogspot.com , both are published by Mark Batty Publisher New York .   Remo has book signing tours throughout USA and Tokyo in 2008 - 2011 .   2005 - 2011 urban painting and photography exhibited at galleries in New York , london , Bristol , Tokyo , Sydney and murals painted at Bristol in collaboration with Kid zoom and Rory Doona , Cargo Club London UK , Bondi Beach facade Sydney , Shibuya Tokyo , Revolt Club Melbourne .   2010 - 2011 - Camerota is creating iPad/iPhone apps in conjunction with his authored books . Titles so far are Drainspotting Extras , Graffiti Japan Extras , Graffiti New York , Graphic Novel - Scar Vol 1 and 2 .  2011 - Camerota teamed up with Kiyoshi Kohatsu and created Kit Robot - LoveBots iPad/iPhone app , an avatar maker of robots . www.kit-robot.com

neg: Mr. Burns Charles Montgomery Burns , known as C. Montgomery Burns and Monty Burns , but usually referred to simply as Mr. Burns , is a recurring character in the animated television series The Simpsons , and is voiced by Harry Shearer . Burns is the evil owner of the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant and is also Homer Simpson 's boss . He is assisted at almost all times by Waylon Smithers , his loyal and sycophantic aide , adviser , confidant and secret admirer .   Although originally conceived as a one-dimensional , recurring villain who might occasionally enter the Simpsons ' lives and wreak some sort of havoc , Burns ' popularity has led to his repeated inclusion in episodes . He is a stereotype of corporate America in his unquenchable desire to increase his own wealth and power , inability to remember his employees ' names ( including Homer 's , despite frequent interactions -- which has become a recurrent joke ) and lack of concern for their safety and well-being . Reflecting his advanced age , Burns is given to expressing dated humor , making references to Jazz Age popular culture , and aspiring to apply obsolete technology to everyday life . Conan O'Brien has called Burns his favorite character to write for , due to his arbitrarily old age and extreme wealth .   Burns ' trademark expression is the word `` Excellent '' , muttered slowly in a low , sinister voice while steepling his fingertips . He occasionally orders Smithers to `` release the hounds '' , so as to let his vicious guard dogs attack any intruders , enemies or even invited guests . Burns is Springfield 's richest and most powerful citizen ( and also the richest person in Springfield 's state ; his current net worth has been given as $ 7.3 billion by Forbes , though it fluctuates wildly depending on the episode ) . He uses his power and wealth to do whatever he wants , usually without regard for consequences and without interference from the authorities . These qualities led Wizard Magazine to rate him the 45th greatest villain of all time . TV Guide named him # 2 in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time . In 2016 , Rolling Stone ranked him # 8 of their `` 40 Greatest TV Villains of All Time '' .

neg: This Year's Blonde This Year 's Blonde is a 1980 low-budgeted American television drama film , based on the Garson Kanin novel Moviola about 1950s sex symbol Marilyn Monroe . The movie starred Constance Forslund as Monroe Lloyd Bridges as Johnny Hyde and Norman Fell and was presented as part of a 3-night TV special event on NBC called Moviola : A Hollywood Saga .   This Year 's Blonde was the first of two TV movies about Monroe in 1980 . The second being , Marilyn : The Untold Story , starring Catherine Hicks . Both movies have been overshadowed by more big-budgeted theatrical films about the star .

neg: Liam (film) Liam is a 2000 British-German film directed by Stephen Frears and written by novelist/screenwriter Jimmy McGovern . McGovern ( perhaps best known as the creator of British TV crime drama Cracker ) adapted Joseph Mckeown 's novel Back Crack Boy into this emotionally raw meditation on innocence and pain . Frears in turn was influenced by James Joyce 's accounts of his stern childhood in late 19th century Catholic Dublin .   Megan Burns won the Marcello Mastroianni Award at the 57th Venice International Film Festival for her performance .

neg: Continental Europe Continental Europe , also referred to as mainland Europe , or , by Europeans , simply the Continent , is the continuous continent of Europe , excluding surrounding islands .   The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands , encompassing the Greek Islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , the Balearic Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands , Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago , as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard .   The Scandinavian peninsula is sometimes also excluded , as even though it is technically part of `` mainland Europe '' , the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea ( rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland , and then south through north-east Europe ) .   The notion of Europe as a geopolitical or cultural term is centred on core Europe ( Kerneuropa ) , the continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire and the core of Latin Christendom , corresponding to modern France , Italy , Germany ( or German-speaking Europe ) and the Benelux states ( historical Austrasia ) . This historical core of `` Carolingian Europe '' was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration ( see also Multi-speed Europe ) .

neg: Marilyn Manson discography American industrial metal band Marilyn Manson has released nine studio albums , one live album , one compilation album , two EPs , twenty-four singles , nine promo singles , five DVDs , and thirty-four music videos .   After forming in 1989 and signing a contract with Nothing Records and Interscope in 1993 , the band released their first studio album , Portrait of an American Family ( 1994 ) . Although initially not a commercial success , the album would eventually be certified gold by the RIAA for shipments in excess of 500,000 copies . Spurred by their hit single -- a version of the Eurythmics 's `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' -- the band 's first EP , Smells Like Children ( 1995 ) , became a commercial success , selling over a million copies in the US alone . In 1996 , the band released their second studio album , Antichrist Superstar , which reached No. 3 on the Billboard 200 and has sold over 1.9 million copies in the US . The album went on to sell over 7 million copies worldwide , and was supported by the release of 1997 's Remix & Repent EP . Their third studio album , Mechanical Animals ( 1998 ) , was a commercial and critical success , reaching No. 1 on the Billboard 200 , as well topping the charts in as Australia and Canada . Mechanical Animals was later followed by their first live album , The Last Tour on Earth ( 1999 ) , which included the promotional single `` Astonishing Panorama of the Endtimes '' .   In 2000 , the band released Holy Wood ( In the Shadow of the Valley of Death ) , which managed to sell more than 9 million copies worldwide . Their fifth studio album , The Golden Age of Grotesque ( 2003 ) , was a modest commercial success in their native US , debuting at No. 1 with sales of 118,000 copies . As of November 2008 , the album has sold 526,000 copies in the US . In contrast , the album was , by far , Manson 's most successful internationally , peaking within the top five in most of the major European markets . Their sixth album , Eat Me , Drink Me , was released in 2007 and debuted at No. 8 on the Billboard 200 . The High End of Low ( 2009 ) , reached No. 4 on both the US and Canadian album charts , but was their last album released by Interscope . After signing a deal with Cooking Vinyl , the band released Born Villain in 2012 . Their ninth studio album , The Pale Emperor , was released on January 20 , 2015 , debuting at No. 8 in the US with their highest first week sales since Eat Me , Drink Me in 2007 .

neg: Marilyn Monroe in popular culture Marilyn Monroe 's life and persona have been used in film , television , music , the arts , and by other celebrities .

neg: Martha Schlamme Martha Schlamme ( born Martha Haftel , September 25 , 1923 -- October 6 , 1985 ) was an Austrian-born American singer and actress .   She was born to a Jewish family in Vienna , Austria in 1923 . Her father was Meier Haftel and her mother the former Gisa Braten , both Orthodox Jews . Forced to flee to France in 1938 after the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany , Haftel soon after joined her family in England , where they were then interned as ` enemy aliens ' on the Isle of Man . It was in the camp that she made her performance debut , appearing in a German-language production of As You Like It . In the camp , she heard a concert of the Danish-Icelandic folk singer Engel Lund , and it was exposure to Lund 's repertoire , which included traditional Yiddish songs , that inspired Haftel to pursue a musical career . Living in London after the war , she supported herself doing office work while studying voice and piano and occasionally performing on stage and radio .   Emigrating to the United States in 1948 , Haftel married her first husband , Hans Schlamme . She supported herself performing an ever-increasing repertoire of folk songs in multiple languages in nightclubs and concert venues in the Catskills and elsewhere . Her early recorded work began during this period and was recorded in collaboration with the Israeli composer Nachum Nardi . In 1954 , she recorded the album German Folk-Songs with the then blacklisted singer Pete Seeger . Besides this album for Folkways Records , she would later record for the Vanguard , Columbia and MGM labels . In 1959 , her performance of songs from the operas and musicals of the German composer Kurt Weill at the Edinburgh Festival led to much wider awareness of her work ; she herself said it made her `` a star overnight . '' MGM released her albums The World of Kurt Weill in Song in 1962 and A Kurt Weill Cabaret in 1963 . The label further issued ( Martha Schlamme says :) Kissin 's No Sin in the latter year .   Among her stage performances were Weill 's Mahagonny ( Stratford Festival , Ontario , 1965 ) , A Kurt Weill Cabaret ( Ravinia Festival , 1967 ) , Fiddler on the Roof ( as Golde , Broadway , 1968 ) and several one-woman shows , including A Woman Without a Man Is ... . Her television appearances as herself include the series Hootenanny ( 1963 ) , Rainbow Quest ( 1965 ) , Talk of the Town ( 1965 ) and the America 's Musical Theater episode `` Happy End '' ( 1985 ) ; as well , she appeared in the 1980 television movie Playing for Time ( as `` Woman on train '' ) . She continued to perform until her death two months after suffering a stroke , while onstage , in 1985 in Jamestown , New York .

neg: Mondo Topless Mondo Topless is a 1966 pseudo documentary directed by Russ Meyer , featuring Babette Bardot and Lorna Maitland among others . It was Meyer 's first color film following a string of black and white `` roughie nudies '' , including Faster , Pussycat ! Kill ! Kill ! While a straightforward sexploitation film , the film owes some debt to the French new wave and cinéma vérité traditions , and is known to some under the titles Mondo Girls and Mondo Top .   Its tagline : `` Two Much For One Man ... Russ Meyer 's Busty Buxotic Beauties ... Titilating ... Torrid ... Untopable ... Too Much For One Man ! ''   The film was banned in Finland .

neg: The Magic Flute (2006 film) The Magic Flute is Kenneth Branagh 's English-language film version of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 's singspiel Die Zauberflöte . The film is a co-production between France & the UK , produced by Idéale Audience and in association with UK 's The Peter Moores Foundation .   In November 2005 , it was announced that , as part of the 250th anniversary celebration of Mozart 's birthday , a new film version of The Magic Flute , set during World War I , was to be made , directed by Kenneth Branagh , with a translation by Stephen Fry . The film was presented at the Toronto International Film Festival on 7 September 2006 , at the Venice Film Festival on 8 September of that year , and released in Switzerland on 5 April 2007 . It has played in many European countries .   The film , with a soundtrack performed by the Chamber Orchestra of Europe conducted by James Conlon , is the first motion picture version of the opera specifically intended for cinemas . Ingmar Bergman 's 1975 film version was made for Swedish television and only later released to theatres . Branagh 's version was shot in Super 35 and released in anamorphic widescreen , while Bergman 's was filmed in Academy ratio for television sets of the 1970s .   A DVD of the film was released in France in August 2007 with a bonus soundtrack CD ( lasting around 79 minutes ) and a `` Making of '' featurette ( 50 minutes ) . The film has also been released on DVD in the Netherlands ( in a three-disc set ) , Finland , Argentina , and Japan .   Revolver Entertainment is giving the film a theatrical release in the United States in June 2013 , seven years after its premiere in Europe .

neg: United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1979 The United Kingdom held a national preselection to choose the song that would go to the Eurovision Song Contest 1979 . A Song for Europe 1979 was planned to take place at the Royal Albert Hall in London on 8 March .   After a day 's rehearsals at the Royal Albert Hall a strike by BBC technicians stopped the show . Audio recordings of the songs were voted on by 14 regional juries : Bristol , Bangor , Leeds , Norwich , Newcastle , Aberdeen , Birmingham , Belfast , Cardiff , Plymouth , Glasgow , Southampton and London . The jury in Manchester could not be contacted and since the winner had a more than 12 point winning margin , their scores were not included . This led to an immaterial tie for second place . The following day , the 12 songs were broadcast on Terry Wogan 's Radio 2 show and a recap of the top places , plus an interview with the winners took place on the BBC TV Show Nationwide the same evening . The Manchester scores were eventually verified , with song 12 ` Fantasy ' being awarded 2nd place ahead of song 6 ` Call My Name ' .   Black Lace were the winners of A Song for Europe with `` Mary Ann '' and went on to place 7th at the 1979 Eurovision Song Contest in Jerusalem , Israel .   This was also the first Eurovision since 1972 in which Terry Wogan did not provide either the television or radio commentary . Wogan had originally been scheduled to provide the television commentary but opted out of going to Israel following comments he made of the 1978 winner `` A-Ba-Ni-Bi '' sounding like `` I Wan na Be a Polar Bear '' . Instead his Radio 2 colleague John Dunn provided the television commentary . Ray Moore provided the radio commentary on both BBC Radio 1 and Radio 2 .