query: Twitter has more than 25 offices globally.

pos: Twitter Twitter ( -LSB- ˈtwɪtər -RSB- ) is an online news and social networking service where users post and interact with messages , `` tweets '' , restricted to 140 characters . Registered users can post tweets , but those who are unregistered can only read them . Users access Twitter through its website interface , SMS or a mobile device app . Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco , California , United States , and has more than 25 offices around the world .   Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey , Noah Glass , Biz Stone , and Evan Williams and launched in July . The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity . In 2012 , more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day , and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day . In 2013 , it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has been described as `` the SMS of the Internet '' . As of 2016 , Twitter had more than 319 million monthly active users . On the day of the 2016 U.S. presidential election , Twitter proved to be the largest source of breaking news , with 40 million election-related tweets sent by 10 p.m. ( Eastern Time ) that day .

neg: TIBCO Software TIBCO ( The Information Bus Company ) Software Inc. is an American company that provides integration , analytics and events processing software for companies to use on-premises or as part of cloud computing environments . The software manages information , decisions , processes and applications for over customers .   It has headquarters in Palo Alto , California , and offices in North America , Europe , Asia , the Middle East , Africa and South America .   Clients include AirFrance/KLM , Conway , ING , Marks and Spencer , Nielsen , Shell , University of Chicago Medicine , Western Union

neg: Wunderman Wunderman is a network of advertising , marketing and consulting companies with offices in 60 countries . Headquartered in New York City , Wunderman is part of Young & Rubicam Brands and a member of WPP Group .

neg: Translation Cloud Translation Cloud is a translation technology company headquartered in Jersey City , New Jersey . The company has developed a number of popular online translation platforms such as Ackuna and TranslationCloud.net , as well as providing traditional human translation services .

neg: NewsWhip NewsWhip is a technology company which tracks and predicts the spread of stories on social networks .   As of July 2014 , the company 's technology tracked the spread of stories on Facebook , Twitter , LinkedIn and Pinterest , including content published in 12 languages : English , French , German , Portuguese , Spanish , Flemish , Estonian , Finnish , Swedish , and Italian . The company provides content discovery and monitoring services to news companies , blogs , PR firms , marketers and other media producers .

neg: Esri Esri ( -LSB- ˈɛzriː -RSB- , a.k.a. Environmental Systems Research Institute ) is an international supplier of geographic information system ( GIS ) software , web GIS and geodatabase management applications . The company is headquartered in Redlands , California .   The company was founded as Environmental Systems Research Institute in 1969 as a land-use consulting firm . Esri products ( particularly ArcGIS Desktop ) have 40.7 % of the global market share . In 2014 , Esri had approximately a 43 percent share of the GIS software market worldwide , more than any other vendor .   The company has 10 regional offices in the U.S. and a network of 80 + international distributors , with about a million users in 200 countries . The firm has 3,200 employees in the U.S. , and is still privately held by the founders . In 2006 , revenues were about $ 660 million . In a 2016 Investor 's Business Daily article , Esri 's annual revenues were indicated to be $ 1.1 Billion , from 300,000 customers ( $ 4000/customer/year ) .   The company hosts an annual International User 's Conference , which was first held on the Redlands campus in 1981 with 16 attendees . The User 's Conference has been held in San Diego at the San Diego Convention Center since 1997 . An estimated 15,000 users from 131 countries attended in 2012 .

neg: Twitdom Twitdom is a Twitter applications directory service that lists and promotes Twitter applications . Twitdom was launched to promote apps written using the Twitter API and also to make it easier for Twitter users to find apps that they might like .

neg: Social graph The social graph in the Internet context is a graph that depicts personal relations of internet users . In short , it is a model or representation of a social network , where the word graph has been taken from graph theory . The social graph has been referred to as `` the global mapping of everybody and how they 're related '' .   The term was popularized at the Facebook F8 conference on May 24 , 2007 , when it was used to explain how the newly introduced Facebook Platform would take advantage of the relationships between individuals to offer a richer online experience . The definition has been expanded to refer to a social graph of all Internet users .   Since explaining the concept of the social graph , Mark Zuckerberg , one of the founders of Facebook , has often touted Facebook 's goal of offering the website 's social graph to other websites so that a user 's relationships can be put to use on websites outside of Facebook 's control . This can be accomplished through the Facebook Open Graph API .   One of the earliest known forms of the social graph was created in 2002 by Harvard student Philippe Bouzaglou in a paper published on the Harvard Department of Economics website . The paper replicated the Kevin Bacon Game using Harvard students and for the first time , gave an overview of an entire social graph , allowing the analysis of the characteristics of the network using graph theory . This paper was written for a seminar that was attended by Dustin Moskovitz who later became a Facebook co-founder .

neg: China International Publishing Group The China International Publishing Group ( CIPG ) ,  also known as the China Foreign Languages Publishing Administration ,  is the largest foreign-language publishing organisation in China .  Established in October 1949 , it has developed into a global media corporation , providing up-to-date information about China to readers worldwide through books , magazines and the Internet .   CIPG owns seven subordinate publishing houses , i.e. Foreign Languages Press , New World Press , Morning Glory Publishers , Sinolingua , China Pictorial Publishing House , Dolphin Books and New Star Publishers .  The organisation annually publishes over 3,000 titles of books and around 50 journals in more than 10 languages .  Notable periodicals include Beijing Review , China Today , China Pictorial , People 's China and China Report .  Its subsidiary , the China International Book Trading Corporation is in charge of the distribution .   It also runs 20 overseas branches in countries and regions , including the United States , Britain , Germany , Japan , Belgium , Egypt , Mexico and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , with about 3,000 staff members including around 100 foreign workers .   In addition to publishing , CIPG operates a number of websites , including china.org.cn and chinagate.com.cn ,  releasing news in nine languages , including Chinese ( both in simplified and traditional characters ) , English , French , German , Japanese , Spanish , Arabic , Russian , Korean and Esperanto .  It is also responsible for the implementation and management of the national translation test and appraisal for the Chinese Ministry of Personnel .   Prominent people who have worked in the CIPG include Nobel Literature Prize-winning novelist and playwright Gao Xingjian , Nobel Prize-nominated poet Bei Dao , actor and politician Ying Ruocheng , known for his role in Oscar-winning The Last Emperor , translators Yang Xianyi and Ye Junjian , author Xiao Qian , non-fiction novel writer Xu Chi , cartoonist Ding Cong , former Chinese Foreign Minister Qiao Guanhua and former UN Undersecretary of State ( 1972-1979 ) Tang Mingzhao . Several foreign employees have also gained notoriety , including the pseudonymous author `` Alex Hill , '' whose account of working as a foreign editor for the organization was widely read in 2015 . In his account , the author writes of feckless bureaucracy , political correctness , and a general feeling of malaise among the many foreigners working in the compound .

neg: Google Calendar Google Calendar is a time-management and scheduling calendar service developed by Google . It became available as a limited beta release on April 13 , 2006 , and exited the beta stage in July 2009 . It is available on the web and as mobile apps for the Android and iOS mobile operating systems .   Google Calendar allows users to create and edit events . Reminders can be enabled for events , with options available for type and time . Event locations can also be added , and other users can be invited to events . Users can enable or disable the visibility of special calendars , including Birthdays , where the app retrieves dates of births from Google contacts and displays birthday cards on a yearly basis , and Holidays , a country-specific calendar that displays dates of special occasions . Over time , Google has added functionality that makes use of machine learning , including `` Events from Gmail '' , where event information from a user 's Gmail messages are automatically added to Google Calendar ; `` Reminders '' , where users add to-do activities that can be automatically updated with new information ; `` Smart Suggestions '' , where the app recommends titles , contacts , and locations when creating events ; and `` Goals '' , where users enter information on a specified personal goal , and the app automatically schedules the activity at optimal times .   Google Calendar 's mobile apps have received polarized reviews . 2015 reviews of the Android and iOS apps both praised and criticized the design . While some critics praised the design for being `` cleaner '' , `` bold '' and making use of `` colorful graphics '' , other reviewers asserted that the graphics took up too much space . The Smart Suggestions feature was also liked and disliked , with varying levels of success in the app actually managing to suggest relevant information upon event creation . The integration between Google Calendar and Gmail was praised , however , with critics writing that `` all of the relevant details are there '' . The iOS app has been criticized for its lack of iPad support , and for the lack of a widget in the iOS Notification Center . An update in March 2017 added iPad support , and a blog post by Google announced that a Notification Center widget is coming in a future update .

neg: TELUS International Europe TELUS International Europe is a European provider of multilingual contact centre and business process outsourcing ( BPO ) solutions and a member of TELUS International . TELUS International is a global business process outsourcing company with about 25 000 employees around the world , including in Canada , the United States , Europe , Latin America , the Philippines , and the United Kingdom .   As the global arm of TELUS , TELUS International is backed by a leading national telecommunications company in Canada , with about USD $ 10 billion of annual revenue and 12.6 million customer connections .

neg: Bytemark Bytemark is a UK-based server hosting and datacentre provider , headquartered in York , United Kingdom . Founded in 2002 as Bytemark Computer Consulting Ltd , Bytemark was the first provider of virtual machines and cloud hosting through User-Mode Linux in 2003 .   In 2012 , Bytemark launched BigV their public cloud platform designed completely in-house using open source software . In 2013 , Bytemark moved into their own # 1.2 million datacentre and headquarters in York , `` YO26 '' . The datacentre uses fresh-air cooling , not common in the UK and was shortlisted for Innovation in Medium Data Center at the DatacenterDynamics Awards EMEA 2013 . In 2014 , Bytemark was named one of the Top 50 Fastest Grown Tech Companies in the North at the Northern Tech Awards with revenue growth of 44 % . Financially , Bytemark turned over # 2.5 million in 2013 . In 2014 , this grew to # 3 million . Bytemark has a history of contributing to and support free software . Bytemark offer an ongoing discount to Free software publishers of at least 5 % . Bytemark support LibreOffice through provision of a build server . In 2009 , Bytemark became a supporter of XBMC with the same . In 2012 , Bytemark started supporting Cyanogenmod with build servers . In 2013 , Bytemark contributed hosting services worth # 150,000 to the Debian project having used Debian since the company was founded . Bytemark also supports OpenStreetMap with DNS services and servers to support version control , mailing lists and help pages . Bytemark also support projects for social good including sponsoring servers for mySociety including FixMyStreet , TheyWorkForYou and WhatDoTheyKnow .

neg: Eurotra Eurotra was an ambitious machine translation project established and funded by the European Commission from 1978 until 1992 .   Emboldened by modest success with an older , commercially developed machine translation system SYSTRAN , a large network of European computational linguists embarked upon the Eurotra project with the hope of creating a state-of-the-art MT system for the then seven , later nine , official languages of the European Community .   However , as time passed , expectations became tempered ; `` Fully Automatic High Quality Translation '' was not a reasonably attainable goal . The true character of Eurotra was eventually acknowledged to be in fact pre-competitive research rather than prototype development .   The project was motivated by one of the founding principles of the EU : that all citizens had the right to read any and all proceedings of the Commission in their own language . As more countries joined , this produced a combinatorial explosion in the number of language pairs involved , and the need to translate every paper , speech and even set of meeting minutes produced by the EU into the other eight languages meant that translation rapidly became the overwhelming component in the administrative budget . To solve this problem Eurotra was devised .   The project was unusual in that rather than consisting of a single research team , it had member groups distributed around the member countries , organised along language rather than national lines ( for example , groups in Leuven and Utrecht worked closely together ) , and the secretariat was based at the European Commission in Luxembourg . While this contributed significantly to the culture of the project , it also demonstrated graphically Brooks ' assertion in The Mythical Man-Month that adding personnel to a project results in it taking longer to complete ; the more the number of groups involved , the more time is spent on administration and communication rather than actual research per se .   The actual design of the project was unusual as MT projects go . Older systems , such as SYSTRAN , were heavily dictionary-based , with minor support for rearranging word order . More recent systems have often worked on a probabilistic approach , based on parallel corpora . Eurotra addressed the constituent structure of the text to be translated , going through first a syntactic parse followed by a second parse to produce a dependency structure followed by a final parse with a third grammar to produce what was referred to internally as Intermediate Representation ( IR ) . Since all three modules were implemented as Prolog programs , it would then in principle be possible to put this structure backwards through the corresponding modules for another language to produce a translated text in any of the other languages . However , in practice this was not in fact how language pairs were implemented .   The first `` live '' translation occupied a 4Mb Microvax running Ultrix and C-Prolog for a complete weekend some time in early 1987 . The sentence , translated from English into Danish , was `` Japan makes computers '' . The main problem faced by the system was the generation of so-called `` Parse Forests '' - often a large number of different grammar rules could be applied to any particular phrase , producing hundreds , even thousands of ( often identical ) parse trees . This used up huge quantities of computer store , slowing the whole process down unnecessarily .   While Eurotra never delivered a `` working '' MT system , the project made a far-reaching long-term impact on the nascent language industries in European member states , in particular among the southern countries of Greece , Italy , Spain , and Portugal . There is at least one commercial MT system ( developed by an academic/commercial consortium in Denmark ) derived from Eurotra technology .

neg: Time Matters Time Matters is practice management software , produced by LexisNexis which was purchased by Reed Elsevier in March , 2004 . It differs from contact management software such as ACT ! or GoldMine because in addition to contacts , it manages calendaring , email , documents , research , billing , accounting , and matters or projects . It integrates with a variety of other software products from both LexisNexis and other vendors . Some of these vendors are Quicken , Microsoft , Palm , Mozilla , Corel , and Adobe . Developed originally for law firms , Time Matters competes with Gavel , Amicus , Tabs , and other legal practice management products . It also may be used in conjunction with Document modelling and Document assembly software products like HotDocs and Deal Builder .   Time Matters was developed by DATA.TXT Corporation originally of Coral Gables , Florida , later of Cary , North Carolina ( Cary is part of the Research Triangle Area of Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill ... the `` Silicon Valley of the East '' ) . Since its inception , DATA.TXT Corporation focused on making Time Matters an all-encompassing professional office software package , providing Calendar , Tickler , Contact , Matter , Document , and Messaging Management for personal computers and networks of all sizes . Founded in December 1989 by Robert Butler who was later joined as co-founder by Kevin Stilwell in 1992 , the entire management and programming staff that began Time Matters ' development in 1989 remained on the team until 2004 , providing continuity and reliability rarely seen in software developed for specialized markets .   Time Matters became the number one seller of this type of Windows legal software , with nearly 60,000 users of the Windows version in all 50 US States , plus additional users in Canada , Europe , the Caribbean , Australia and New Zealand , Africa , and Southeast Asia .   Time Matters for Windows has been shipping since 1994 ( The DOS version of Time Matters started shipping in 1989 ) .   Time Matters was previously available in three editions : Professional , Enterprise , and World . The Enterprise edition used Microsoft SQL Server as its database engine . Time Matters Browser Edition ( formerly World Edition ) served up Time Matters in Web browsers for remote access to a law firm 's data . An international network of Certified Independent Consultants ( `` CICs '' ) support , train , and customize this product for end users .   Time Matters Professional , discontinued with the release of Time Matters 10.0 in 2009 , was based on the TPS file system developed by Softvelocity . Time Matters Enterprise , now simply Time Matters , is based on SQL for its database and currently is limited to Microsoft SQL Server and SQL Express ( also from Microsoft ) . None of the open-source SQL programs such as Postgresql and MySQL are currently supported .   With the release of Version 10 in October 2009 , Time Matters became available only in the Enterprise Edition ( but is sold as Time Matters ) . In May 2010 , LexisNexis released their new Annual Maintenance Plan policy , which required users to be on the Annual Maintenance Plan to receive technical support , product upgrades and access to online training and support resources .

neg: WeeWorld WeeWorld is a game and messaging content company based in Glasgow , Scotland , with offices in London and Boston , USA . The company is the creator of WeeWorld.com , a social network targeted towards teens and tweens . The company is also well known for its brand of instant messaging and chat-based avatars , WeeMees . Which the company has released on a variety of digital platforms and services . Approximately 182 million WeeMees have been created worldwide . WeeWorld is currently funded by Accel Partners and Benchmark Capital .

neg: TextRecruit TextRecruit is a San Jose-based recruitment and human resources communication software company co-founded by Erik Kostelnik ( CareerBuilder , Identified ) and Jed Danner in 2014 .   TextRecruit 's self-titled mobile recruiting platform helps recruiters communicate with candidates via two-way text messaging to announce job openings , screen job applicants , and schedule job interviews . In 2015 , TextRecruit launched TextApply which uses recruiting short code and keywords to attract talent to organizations ( i.e. Text ` Jobs ' to 55555 to Learn More About Career Opportunities ) . In 2016 , TextRecruit announced the release of TextHR , a platform used by HR teams to communicate with employees via text messaging for onboarding , open enrollment , payroll , emergency preparedness , and more . These cloud-based platforms are accessible via the web or the IOS/Google Play mobile applications and are built to centralize team texting and ensure legal compliance . TextRecruit and TextHR can integrate with applicant tracking systems , human resource management systems , or can be used independently .   Active clients include Cracker Barrel , Con-way Truckload , VMware , Six Flags , Liberty Mutual , Next plc , inVentiv Health , Farmers Insurance Group , Aramark , CenturyLink , The Cheesecake Factory , and others . Strategic partners include iCIMS , Bullhorn , Greenhouse , and Beyond Career Network .   In 2015 , TextRecruit won `` Best Mobile Employee Engagement Platform '' at the Mobile Recruitment Awards . In 2016 , TextRecruit won Human Capital Software of the Year , B2B Startup of the Year and Tech Startup of the Year at the Stevie Awards hosted by the American Business Association . TextRecruit also won Startup of the Year at the International Best in Biz Awards .

neg: Colin Crowell Colin Crowell is the Head of Global Public Policy at Twitter . He is a telecommunications and Internet technology policy expert in Washington , D.C. , who worked for over two decades for Congressman Ed Markey ( D-Mass . ) the former chairman of the Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet of the House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce . From 2009 to 2010 , Crowell served as Senior Counselor to Julius Genachowski , the Chairman of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) . In 2010 , he founded Crowell Strategies , a strategic consulting and public relations firm specializing in high-tech issues .   Crowell has been profiled in the Washington Post , and has been quoted widely regarding technology and telecommunications policy .   He has been called `` one of the most influential tech policy operatives you 've never heard of '' whose `` fingerprints are all over some of the biggest technology and telecommunications statutes of the last two decades '' ; `` an influential expert in the politics and policy of technology '' ; `` a walking encyclopedia on the arcane details of tech and telecom statutes '' ; with `` an unrivaled understanding of telecommunications law and history '' and knowledge of `` telecommunications and Congress unrivaled in Washington . ''   Crowell is considered to be `` a major architect of the FCC '' s broadband plan , '' and a key participant in drafting the Telecommunications Act of 1996 .   In lawmaking , he was considered `` a leading figure in ... developing compromise , '' and an advocate for consumers and the public interest .   FCC Chairman Genachowski said : `` No government staffer has done more to positively shape federal telecommunications policy over the past 25 years . '' Genachowski called Crowell `` indispensable to every key decision we 've made , '' possessing a `` rare combination of policy smarts , wise counsel , and communications expertise . ''   While consulting at Crowell Strategies , Crowell advised tech companies as well as nonprofits and foundations on telecommunications policy . Beyond telecommunications policy , Crowell advised Google on green technology and clean energy issues .   Crowell speaks widely on high technology policy , addressing the SXSW Interactive conference in March 2011 , and scheduled to speak at the National Conference on Media Reform in Boston in April .   Crowell graduated from Boston College with a BA in Political Science and a minor in Computer Science .

neg: United States Strategic Communication According to the author Christopher Paul ( RAND ) , Strategic Communication is the `` coordinated actions , messages , images , and other forms of signaling or engagement intended to inform , influence , or persuade selected audiences in support of national objectives . '' There is often debate and discussion concerning what makes strategic communication . Regarding definition , psychological operations , public or civil affairs , information operations and public diplomacy are seemingly the least contested components of U.S. strategic communication . With those components , the most important factor that separates strategic communication from other types of communication is the synchronization and coordination of U.S. efforts . For example , in the National Strategy for Public Diplomacy and Strategic Communication , all strategic communication efforts activities should :   underscore our commitment to freedom , human rights and the dignity and equality of every human being ;  reach out to those who share our ideals ;  support those who struggle for freedom and democracy ; and  counter those who espouse ideologies of hate and oppression   Strategic communication can be a major tool against adversaries that threaten values supported by the United States . U.S. strategic communication promotes democratization and good governance . It proved vital in winning the Cold War . In the 21st Century , it is critical in countering the radical ideologies of the Islamic Republic of Iran , the Muslim Brotherhood , al - Qaeda and other extremist organizations .

neg: Truphone Truphone is a global mobile network that operates its service internationally . It has headquarters in London , and offices in Australia , Germany , Hong Kong , Philippines , Poland , Spain , the Netherlands , Portugal , and the United States .   Truphone offers three main products :  Truphone , a SIM-based GSM mobile service that offers customers improved voice and data performance , as well as local rates ( rather than roaming rates ) in 66 countries . In eight ( 8 ) of these countries , an area the company calls the Truphone Zone users can purchase additional local mobile phone numbers , so their contacts in these countries are able to reach them with a local call .  Truphone Mobile Recording , which enables businesses to seamlessly record and securely store mobile communications .  The Truphone App , which allows free VoIP capabilities , in addition to other features , for iOS , Android and BlackBerry devices .

neg: Technical translation Technical translation is a type of specialized translation involving the translation of documents produced by technical writers ( owner 's manuals , user guides , etc. ) , or more specifically , texts which relate to technological subject areas or texts which deal with the practical application of scientific and technological information . While the presence of specialized terminology is a feature of technical texts , specialized terminology alone is not sufficient for classifying a text as `` technical '' since numerous disciplines and subjects which are not `` technical '' possess what can be regarded as specialized terminology . Technical translation covers the translation of many kinds of specialized texts and requires a high level of subject knowledge and mastery of the relevant terminology and writing conventions .   The importance of consistent terminology in technical translation , for example in patents , as well as the highly formulaic and repetitive nature of technical writing makes computer-assisted translation using translation memories and terminology databases especially appropriate . In his book Technical Translation Jody Byrne argues that technical translation is closely related to technical communication and that it can benefit from research in this and other areas such as usability and cognitive psychology .   In addition to making texts with technical jargon accessible for a wider ranging audience , technical translation also involves linguistic features of translating technological texts from one language to another .   Translation as a whole is a balance of art and science influenced by both theory and practice . Having knowledge of both the linguistic features as well as the aesthetic features of translation applies directly to the field of technical translation .

neg: Big data Big data is a term for data sets that are so large or complex that traditional data processing application software is inadequate to deal with them . Challenges include capture , storage , analysis , data curation , search , sharing , transfer , visualization , querying , updating and information privacy . The term `` big data '' often refers simply to the use of predictive analytics , user behavior analytics , or certain other advanced data analytics methods that extract value from data , and seldom to a particular size of data set . `` There is little doubt that the quantities of data now available are indeed large , but that 's not the most relevant characteristic of this new data ecosystem . ''  Analysis of data sets can find new correlations to `` spot business trends , prevent diseases , combat crime and so on . '' Scientists , business executives , practitioners of medicine , advertising and governments alike regularly meet difficulties with large data-sets in areas including Internet search , fintech , urban informatics , and business informatics . Scientists encounter limitations in e-Science work , including meteorology , genomics , connectomics , complex physics simulations , biology and environmental research .   Data sets grow rapidly - in part because they are increasingly gathered by cheap and numerous information-sensing Internet of things devices such as mobile devices , aerial ( remote sensing ) , software logs , cameras , microphones , radio-frequency identification ( RFID ) readers and wireless sensor networks . The world 's technological per-capita capacity to store information has roughly doubled every 40 months since the 1980s ; , every day 2.5 exabytes ( 2.5 × 1018 ) of data are generated . One question for large enterprises is determining who should own big-data initiatives that affect the entire organization .   Relational database management systems and desktop statistics - and visualization-packages often have difficulty handling big data . The work may require `` massively parallel software running on tens , hundreds , or even thousands of servers '' . What counts as `` big data '' varies depending on the capabilities of the users and their tools , and expanding capabilities make big data a moving target . `` For some organizations , facing hundreds of gigabytes of data for the first time may trigger a need to reconsider data management options . For others , it may take tens or hundreds of terabytes before data size becomes a significant consideration . ''


query: Berlin's significant industries include construction.

pos: Berlin Berlin ( -LSB- bəɹˈlɪn -RSB- , -LSB- bɛɐ̯ˈliːn -RSB- ) is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its 16 constituent states . With a population of approximately 3.7 million , Berlin is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union . Located in northeastern Germany on the banks of the rivers Spree and Havel , it is the centre of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region , which has roughly 6 million residents from more than 180 nations . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . Around one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes .   First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 14171701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701 -- 1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871 -- 1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919 -- 1933 ) and the Third Reich ( 1933 -- 1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world . After World War II and its subsequent occupation by the victorious countries , the city was divided ; East Berlin was declared capital of East Germany , while West Berlin became a de facto West German exclave , surrounded by the Berlin Wall ( 1961 -- 1989 ) and East German territory . Following German reunification in 1990 , Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany .   Berlin is a world city of culture , politics , media and science . Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the service sector , encompassing a diverse range of creative industries , research facilities , media corporations and convention venues . Berlin serves as a continental hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network . The metropolis is a popular tourist destination . Significant industries also include IT , pharmaceuticals , biomedical engineering , clean tech , biotechnology , construction and electronics .   Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities , orchestras , museums , entertainment venues and is host to many sporting events . Its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions . The city is well known for its festivals , diverse architecture , nightlife , contemporary arts and a high quality of living . Since the 2000s Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene .

neg: Zero-energy building A zero-energy building , also known as a zero net energy ( ZNE ) building , net-zero energy building ( NZEB ) , or net zero building , is a building with zero net energy consumption , meaning the total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is roughly equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the site , or in other definitions by renewable energy sources elsewhere . These buildings consequently contribute less overall greenhouse gas to the atmosphere than similar non-ZNE buildings . They do at times consume non-renewable energy and produce greenhouse gases , but at other times reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas production elsewhere by the same amount . A similar concept approved and implemented by the European Union and other agreeing countries is nearly Zero Energy Building ( nZEB ) , with the goal of having all buildings in the region under nZEB standards by 2020 .   Most zero net energy buildings get half or more of their energy from the grid , and return the same amount at other times . Buildings that produce a surplus of energy over the year may be called `` energy-plus buildings '' and buildings that consume slightly more energy than they produce are called `` near-zero energy buildings '' or `` ultra-low energy houses '' .   Traditional buildings consume 40 % of the total fossil fuel energy in the US and European Union and are significant contributors of greenhouse gases . The zero net energy consumption principle is viewed as a means to reduce carbon emissions and reduce dependence on fossil fuels and although zero-energy buildings remain uncommon even in developed countries , they are gaining importance and popularity .   Most zero-energy buildings use the electrical grid for energy storage but some are independent of the grid . Energy is usually harvested on-site through energy producing technologies like solar and wind , while reducing the overall use of energy with highly efficient HVAC and lighting technologies . The zero-energy goal is becoming more practical as the costs of alternative energy technologies decrease and the costs of traditional fossil fuels increase .   The development of modern zero-energy buildings became possible not only through the progress made in new energy and construction technologies and techniques , but it has also been significantly improved by academic research , which collects precise energy performance data on traditional and experimental buildings and provides performance parameters for advanced computer models to predict the efficacy of engineering designs . Zero-energy buildings can be part of a smart grid . Some advantages of these buildings are as follows :  Integration of renewable energy resources  Integration of plug-in electric vehicles  Implementation of zero-energy concepts   The net zero concept is applicable to a wide range of resources due to the many options for producing and conserving resources in buildings ( e.g. energy , water , waste ) . Energy is the first resource to be targeted because it is highly managed , expected to continually become more efficient , and the ability to distribute and allocate it will improve disaster resiliency .

neg: Moscow International Business Center The Moscow International Business Center ( MIBC ) , also known as `` Moscow City '' , ( Московский международный деловой центр `` Москва-Сити '' , Moskovskiy mezhdunarodnıy delovoy tsentr `` Moskva-Citi '' ) is a commercial district in central Moscow , Russia . Located east of the Third Ring Road in the Presnensky District of Central Administrative Okrug , the Moscow City area is currently under development . Construction of the MIBC takes place on the Presnenskaya embankment of the Moscow River , approximately 4 km west of Red Square , and just east of the Third Ring Road . The project occupies an area of 60 hectares , with the territory chosen being the only area in central Moscow that can accommodate such a project .   The MIBC is expected to become the first zone in Russia to combine business activity , living space and entertainment in one single development . The Moscow government first conceived the project in 1992 . An estimated 250,000 -- 300,000 people will be working in , living in , or visiting the complex at any given time . MIBC includes 6 skyscrapers with maximum height of 300 meters or more ( Shanghai has 5 , Hong Kong has 6 , Chicago has 6 , New York has 8 ) . Europe 's tallest building , the Federation Tower , is in the MIBC . The complex also includes the second-tallest , third-tallest , fifth-tallest , sixth-tallest , and seventh-tallest buildings in Europe . By 2016 twelve of twenty-three planned facilities of MIBC were already built , seven buildings are in construction and four are in the design stage .   __ TOC __

neg: Post-industrial economy A post-industrial economy refers to a period of growth within an industrialized economy or nation in which the relative importance of manufacturing reduces and that of services , information , and research grows .  Such economies are often marked by :  A declining manufacturing sector , resulting in deindustrialization ,  a large service sector , and  an increase in the amount of information technology , often leading to an `` information age '' . Information , knowledge , and creativity are the new raw materials of such an economy .   The industry aspect of a post-industrial economy is sent into less developed nations which manufacture what is needed at lower costs ( see outsourcing ) . This occurrence is typical of nations that industrialized in the past such as the United States and most Western European countries .

neg: Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung ( -LSB- gəˈzɛlʃaft mɪt bəˈʃʁɛŋktɐ ˈhaftʊŋ -RSB- , abbreviated GmbH -LSB- geː ʔɛm beː haː -RSB- , in Austria also GesmbH or Ges.m.b.H . ) , which is German for `` company with limited liability '' , is a type of legal entity  very common in Germany , Austria , Switzerland ( where it is equivalent to a S.à r.l. ) and Liechtenstein . The name of the GmbH form emphasizes the fact that the owners ( Gesellschafter , also known as members ) of the entity are not personally liable for the company 's debts . GmbHs are considered legal persons under German and Austrian law . Other variations include mbH ( used when the term Gesellschaft is part of the company name itself ) , and gGmbH ( gemeinnützige GmbH ) for non-profit companies .   The GmbH has become the most common corporation form in Germany , since the AG ( Aktiengesellschaft ) , the other major company form corresponding to a stock corporation , was much more complicated to form and operate until recently .

neg: Friedrichshain Friedrichshain is a district of Berlin , Germany . From its creation in 1920 until 2001 , it was a freestanding city borough . Formerly part of East Berlin , it is adjacent to Mitte , Prenzlauer Berg , Kreuzberg and Lichtenberg .   Friedrichshain is named after the Volkspark Friedrichshain , a vast green park at the northern border with Prenzlauer Berg . In the Nazi era , the borough was called Horst-Wessel-Stadt . Friedrichshain is one of the trendy districts of Berlin and has experienced gentrification .

neg: Berlin-Blankenheim railway The Berlin-Blankenheim railway or Wetzlarer Bahn ( `` Wetzlar Railway '' ) is a railway line in the German states of Berlin , Brandenburg and Saxony-Anhalt . It is a section of the Kanonenbahn ( Cannons Railway ) between Berlin and Metz , built between 1877 and 1882 . Wetzlar used to be an important rail junction on the Kanonenbahn . The Berlin-Blankenheim line originally ran from Berlin , via Bad Belzig , Güsten , Sandersleben to Blankenheim , where a remnant of it still joins the Halle -- Kassel line . The Wiesenburg -- Güsten section has carried no traffic since 2004 and is now closed . Only the Berlin -- Wiesenburg section is electrified . The Sandersleben -- Blankenheim section has only a single track , while the remainder of the still-operating parts of the line is duplicated .

neg: Berliner Berliner is most often used to designate a citizen of Berlin , Germany , but may also refer to :   The Berliner ( film ) , a 1948 German motion picture directed by Robert A. Stemmle  Berliner ( doughnut ) , a pastry  Berliner ( format ) , a paper size in newspapers  Berliner ( surname )  Berliner ( train ) , the CityNightLine line on the Zürich-Berlin Ostbahnhof route  Ich bin ein Berliner , a famous speech by John F. Kennedy  Berliner Gramophone , a record label  Berliner Aircraft Company , now Berliner-Joyce Aircraft  Berliner Lake , a lake in Minnesota  Berliner Zeitung , a newspaper  Berliner Motor Corporation , a defunct US motorcycle distributor of the 1950s through 1980s

neg: Friedrichstraße The Friedrichstraße ( -LSB- ˈfʁiːdʁɪçˌʃtʁaːsə -RSB- ) ( lit . Frederick Street ) is a major culture and shopping street in central Berlin , forming the core of the Friedrichstadt neighborhood and giving the name to Berlin Friedrichstraße station . It runs from the northern part of the old Mitte district ( north of which it is called Chausseestraße ) to the Hallesches Tor in the district of Kreuzberg .   This downtown area is known for its posh real estate market and the campus of the Hertie School of Governance . Due to its north-southerly direction , it forms important junctions with the east-western axes , most notably with Leipziger Straße and Unter den Linden . The U6 U-Bahn line runs underneath . During the Cold War it was bisected by the Berlin Wall and was the location of Checkpoint Charlie .

neg: Treptowers The Treptowers is a complex of buildings with a distinctive high-rise in the Alt-Treptow district of Berlin , Germany . Completed in 1998 , the complex is located on the Spree River . The name `` Treptowers '' is a portmanteau word from Treptow and the English word `` tower . ''

neg: Bauer Group BAUER Aktiengesellschaft is a stock-market-listed construction and machinery manufacturing concern based in Schrobenhausen in Upper Bavaria , Germany .   Bauer is a leader in the execution of complex excavation pits , foundations and vertical seals , as well as in the development and manufacture of related machinery for this dynamic market . The Group also uses its expertise in the exploration , mining and safeguarding of valuable natural resources . In 2016 , the companies of the BAUER Group employed some 10,800 people in around 70 countries and achieved total Group revenues of EUR 1.6 billion .

neg: Saxony The Free State of Saxony ( der Freistaat Sachsen -LSB- ˈfʁaɪ̯ʃtaːt ˈzaksn̩ -RSB- Swobodny stat Sakska ) is a landlocked federal state of Germany , bordering the federal states of Brandenburg , Saxony Anhalt , Thuringia , and Bavaria , as well as the countries of Poland ( Lower Silesian and Lubusz Voivodeships ) and the Czech Republic ( Karlovy Vary , Liberec and Ústí nad Labem Regions ) . Its capital is Dresden , and its largest city is Leipzig .   Saxony is the tenth largest of Germany 's sixteen states , with an area of 18,413 km2 , and the sixth most populous , with 4 million people .   Located in the middle of a large , formerly all German-speaking part of Europe , the history of the state of Saxony spans more than a millennium . It has been a medieval duchy , an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire , a kingdom , and twice a republic .   The area of the modern state of Saxony should not be confused with Old Saxony , the area inhabited by Saxons . Old Saxony corresponds approximately to the modern German states of Lower Saxony , Saxony-Anhalt and the Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia .

neg: Republikflucht `` Republikflucht '' ( `` desertion from the republic '' ) and `` Republikflüchtling ( e ) '' ( `` deserters from the republic '' ) were the terms used by authorities in the German Democratic Republic ( GDR -- East Germany ) to describe the process of and the person ( s ) leaving the GDR for a life in West Germany or any other Western ( non-Warsaw Pact ) country ( Eastern Bloc emigration and defection ) .   The term applies both to the mass desertion of millions who could leave the GDR rather easily before the Berlin Wall was erected on 13 August 1961 , as well as those few thousands who made a dangerous attempt to cross over the Iron Curtain ( e.g. the Berlin Wall , the Inner German border , or the western border of another country of the Eastern Bloc ) , or who managed to obtain temporary exit visas and subsequently did not return , from 1961 to 1989 .   Some estimates put the number of those who left the Soviet sector of Berlin , the Soviet occupation zone , and the GDR between 1945 and 1961 between 3 and 3.5 million . Close to one million of those who left were refugees and expellees from World War II and the post-war era initially stranded in the Soviet zone or East Berlin .   The numbers leaving the GDR following the construction of the Wall dropped sharply to several hundred a year as an attempt to flee the GDR via its fortified borders involved considerable personal risk of injury or death ( see : List of deaths at the Berlin Wall ) . Several hundred Republikflüchtlinge were shot ; about 75,000 were caught and imprisoned .   A propaganda booklet published by the Socialist Unity Party of Germany ( SED ) in 1955 for the use of party agitators outlined the seriousness of ` flight from the republic ' :   Article 213 of the GDR Penal Code of 1979 also made it quite clear that crossing the border without first obtaining government authorization would not be taken lightly :   The former East German party leader Erich Honecker was charged in 1993 for ordering soldiers to kill people trying to escape . The trial was postponed due to his bad health , and he died in 1994 . Former Stasi chief Erich Mielke was also put on trial for the same charge . In November 1994 , however , the presiding judge closed the proceedings , ruling that the defendant was not mentally fit to stand trial .   Refugees from the Soviet sector of Berlin , the Soviet zone , or East Germany could apply to be accepted as Vertriebene ( expellees ) of the sub-group of Soviet Zone Refugees ( Sowjetzonenflüchtlinge ) under the Federal Expellee Law ( BVFG § 3 ) , and thus receive support from the West German government . They must have fled before 1 July 1990 in order to rescue themselves from an emergency created by the political conditions imposed by the regime there , especially a danger for one 's health , life , personal freedom , or freedom of conscience ( BVFG § 3 ) . The law did not apply for former supporters of the eastern political system of considerable influence , perpetrators against legality and humanity during the Nazi rule or afterwards within East Berlin or East Germany , and finally not for those who had fought against the democracy in West Germany or West Berlin ( BVFG § 3 ( 2 ) ) .

neg: Mossehaus Mossehaus is an office building on 18-25 Schützenstrasse in Berlin , renovated and with a corner designed by Erich Mendelsohn in 1921 -- 1923 .   The original Mosse building housed the printing press and offices of the newspapers owned by Rudolf Mosse , mainly liberal newspapers such as the Berliner Tageblatt . The sandstone-fronted historicist 1901 building by Cremer & Wolffenstein was badly damaged in 1919 , during the Spartacist uprising -- held by the insurrectionists , it was laid under siege by government troops .   In 1921 , on the strength of his Einstein Tower , Mendelsohn was hired to add extra storeys and a new entrance to the building . The new frontage made prominent use of aluminum and modern typography , and the new upper floors were made from ferro-concrete . The experimental nature of the structure led to a disaster during construction in 1923 , when one of the slabs of the new extension fell into the newspaper offices which were still in use , killing 14 people .   The use of strips and sculpted elements in the fenestration gave it a dynamic , futuristic form , emphasised by the contrast with the Wilhelmine style below . It was perhaps the first example of a streamlined building , and hence a great influence on Streamline Moderne . The effect on American architecture is perhaps unsurprising , as Mendelsohn 's partner on the Mossehaus and the designer of the interiors was Richard Neutra .   The building was very close to the Berlin wall , so it became dilapidated after World War Two . Though Mossehaus was at one time the tallest non-church building in Berlin , it is now dwarfed by the nearby Fischerinsel tower blocks on the former East side and the Axel Springer AG buildings on the former West side . The building was restored in the 1990s .

neg: SMS Berlin SMS Berlin ( `` His Majesty 's Ship Berlin '' ) was the third member of the seven-vessel , built by the Imperial German Navy . Throughout her over 40-year-long career , she served with the Imperial Navy , the Reichsmarine , and the Kriegsmarine . She was built by the Imperial Dockyard in Danzig , laid down in 1902 , launched in September 1903 , and commissioned into the High Seas Fleet in April 1905 . Armed with a main battery of ten 10.5 cm guns and two 45 cm torpedo tubes , Berlin was capable of a top speed of 22 kn .   Berlin served in the reconnaissance forces of the High Seas Fleet from her commissioning to 1911 , when she was sent abroad for overseas duties . She returned to the scouting forces the following year , where she remained through the first two years of World War I . She spent 1916 as a minelayer , and was disarmed in 1917 . She was one of six cruisers permitted to Germany by the Treaty of Versailles , and she remained in service with the new Reichsmarine through the 1920s as a training ship . She was withdrawn from active duty in 1929 , and later used as a barracks ship by the Kriegsmarine , a role she filled through World War II . After the end of the war , she was loaded with chemical weapons and scuttled in the Skagerrak .

neg: Labour power Labour power ( in German : Arbeitskraft ; in French : force de travail ) is a crucial concept used by Karl Marx in his critique of capitalist political economy . Marx distinguished between the capacity to do work , labour power , from the physical act of working , labour . Labour power exists in any kind of society , but on what terms it is traded or combined with means of production to produce goods and services has historically varied greatly .   Under capitalism , according to Marx , the productive powers of labour appear as the creative power of capital . Indeed , `` labour power at work '' becomes a component of capital , it functions as working capital . Work becomes just work , workers become an abstract labour force , and the control over work becomes mainly a management prerogative .

neg: Bundesdruckerei Bundesdruckerei ( `` Federal Printing Office '' ) is a German manufacturer of banknotes , stamps , identity cards , passports , visas , driving licences , and vehicle registration certificates .   It was founded as Reichsdruckerei ( `` Reich printer '' ) in 1879 and existed under this name until 1945 . In 1951 , it became Bundesdruckerei . It expanded into multiple security-related fields after being privatized in 2000 . In 2009 it became a state owned enterprise again . In September 2014 , Bundesdruckerei succeeded , in a case referred to the European Court of Justice , in obtaining a preliminary ruling that the City of Dortmund could not require tenderers for a document digitalisation contract to commit to paying German minimum wage levels to the workforce when they were intending to sub-contract the performance of the contract to a firm based in Poland outside the scope of the German minimum wage law .   In 2015 , Bundesdruckerei won the request for tender of the International Civil Aviation Organization to provide the International Civil Aviation Organization Public Key Directory ( ICAO PKD ) .

neg: Altes Stadthaus, Dortmund Altes Stadthaus in Dortmund , North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany , is an office block which was built in 1899 , and was designed by `` master builder '' Friedrich Kullrich ( a German architect , urban planner and construction officer from Berlin ) . It was built in the Renaissance Revival architecture ( Neo-Renaissance ) style . After the office block was severely damaged in World War II , it was rebuilt in a simplified form .   At the top of the gable is an eagle emblem , representing the city of Dortmund . The façades are made of Old or New Red Sandstone and the lateral parts have plastered surfaces . Kullrich said that the Stadthaus was in the shape of -LSB- Altes Rathaus , Dortmund , Altes Rathaus -RSB- . The Stadthaus is a short distance from -LSB- Alter Markt ( Dortmund ) , Alter Markt -RSB- , which houses the Rathaus on the south . The Rathaus was restored shortly after the Stadthaus was built , under the direction of the Commissioner of City Planning , for the City of Imperial visit to Dortmund in 1899 . A new hall was built in 2002 ( the Berswordt Hall ) , at Peace Square in Dortmund . Directly opposite of Peace Square is the -LSB- Rathaus ( Dortmund ) , Rathaus -RSB- ( town hall ) . The Berswordt Hall includes citizen services , a café and a shop , and was named after the Berswordt , one of the oldest families in Dortmund , who were first mentioned in 1249 . The Stadthaus is mainly used by the Dortmund city administration , and has been since it was built . The office block is listed on the Denkmalliste der Stadt Dortmund ( Monument list of Dortmund ) , which contains 1,015 monuments , many of them being listed buildings .

neg: Fibre cement Fibre cement is a composite building and construction material , used mainly in roofing and facade products because of its strength and durability .

neg: Berlin School of Economics and Law The Berlin School of Economics and Law ( BSEL , German : Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Recht , HWR ) is a leading German business school founded on 1 April 2009 through the merger of the Berlin School of Economics ( BSE ) and the FHVR Berlin . The BSEL portfolio provides a wide range of professional qualifications . BSEL is specialised in business and administration for the public and private sector , as well as public security , the law and engineering . The majority of programmes lead to a bachelor 's or master 's degree . Degrees have been quality controlled and are accredited by the German state . BSEL has an international approach with close working relationship with over 90 partner universities all over the world and has a very strict and selective admission policy .   The school offers a 5-year dual degree with France 's ESCE Business School ( Paris ) , enabling selected bilingual students to have the `` Master in Management '' from ESCE and the Master of Arts from HWR Berlin . This program is supported by The Franco-German University ( FGU ) .

neg: Factory Berlin Factory Berlin is a campus in Berlin that brings new startups together with mature high tech companies .   It has housed renowned startup companies including 6Wunderkinder , SoundCloud , Twitter , UBER and Zendesk . These companies cooperate as business incubators for other entrepreneurs and new startups , offering them workspace , networking , creative input , consulting services ( legal , business plans , financing , pitching etc. ) and other support at the Factory Berlin campus for free . Factory calls this model `` organic acceleration '' , as opposed to seed accelerators , which usually ask for shares in participating companies .   In February 2015 , Factory Berlin was the location of the first Startup Europe Summit .


query: The scientific name of a lion is Panthera leo.

pos: Lion The lion ( Panthera leo ) is one of the big cats in the genus Panthera and a member of the family Felidae . The commonly used term African lion collectively denotes the several subspecies in Africa . With some males exceeding 250 kg in weight , it is the second-largest living cat after the tiger , barring hybrids like the liger . Wild lions currently exist in sub-Saharan Africa and in India ( where an endangered remnant population resides in and around Gir Forest National Park ) . In ancient historic times , their range was in most of Africa , including North Africa , and across Eurasia from Greece and southeastern Europe to India . In the late Pleistocene , about 10,000 years ago , the lion was the most widespread large land mammal after humans : Panthera leo spelaea lived in northern and western Europe and Panthera leo atrox lived in the Americas from the Yukon to Peru . The lion is classified as a vulnerable species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) , having seen a major population decline in its African range of 30 -- 50 % over two decades during the second half of the twentieth century . Lion populations are untenable outside designated reserves and national parks . Although the cause of the decline is not fully understood , habitat loss and conflicts with humans are the greatest causes of concern . Within Africa , the West African lion population is particularly endangered .   In the wilderness , males seldom live longer than 10 to 14 years , as injuries sustained from continual fighting with rival males greatly reduce their longevity . In captivity they can live more than 20 years . They typically inhabit savanna and grassland , although they may take to bush and forest . Lions are unusually social compared to other cats . A pride of lions consists of related females and offspring and a small number of adult males . Groups of female lions typically hunt together , preying mostly on large ungulates . Lions are apex and keystone predators , although they are also expert scavengers obtaining over 50 percent of their food by scavenging as opportunity allows . While lions do not typically hunt humans , some have . Sleeping mainly during the day , lions are active primarily at night ( nocturnal ) , although sometimes at twilight ( crepuscular ) .   Highly distinctive , the male lion is easily recognised by its mane , and its face is one of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture . Depictions have existed from the Upper Paleolithic period , with carvings and paintings from the Lascaux and Chauvet Caves in France dated to 17,000 years ago , through virtually all ancient and medieval cultures where they once occurred . It has been extensively depicted in sculptures , in paintings , on national flags , and in contemporary films and literature . Lions have been kept in menageries since the time of the Roman Empire , and have been a key species sought for exhibition in zoos over the world since the late eighteenth century . Zoos are cooperating worldwide in breeding programs for the endangered Asiatic subspecies .

neg: Zeta Leonis Zeta Leonis ( ζ Leonis , abbreviated Zeta Leo , ζ Leo ) , also named Adhafera , is a third-magnitude star in the constellation of Leo , the lion . It forms the second star ( after Gamma Leonis ) in the blade of ` the Sickle ' , which is an asterism formed from the head of Leo .

neg: Primate A primate ( -LSB- ˈpraɪmeɪt -RSB- ) is a mammal of the order Primates ( Latin : `` prime , first rank '' ) . In taxonomy , primates include two distinct lineages , strepsirrhines and haplorhines . Primates arose from ancestors that lived in the trees of tropical forests ; many primate characteristics represent adaptations to life in this challenging three-dimensional environment . Most primate species remain at least partly arboreal .   With the exception of humans , who inhabit every continent , most primates live in tropical or subtropical regions of the Americas , Africa and Asia . They range in size from Madame Berthe 's mouse lemur , which weighs only 30 g , to the eastern gorilla , weighing over 200 kg ; that is , without taking into account the weight of particular human individuals , reaching up to 635 kg . Based on fossil evidence , the earliest known true primates , represented by the genus Teilhardina , date to 55.8 million years old . An early close primate relative known from abundant remains is the Late Paleocene Plesiadapis , c. 55 -- 58 million years old . Molecular clock studies suggest that the primate branch may be even older , originating near the Cretaceous -- Paleogene boundary or around 63 -- 74 mya .   The order Primates was traditionally divided into two main groupings : prosimians and anthropoids ( simians ) . Prosimians have characteristics more like those of the earliest primates , and include the lemurs of Madagascar , lorisoids , and tarsiers . Simians include monkeys , apes and hominins . More recently , taxonomists have preferred to split primates into the suborder Strepsirrhini , or wet-nosed primates , consisting of non-tarsier prosimians , and the suborder Haplorhini , or dry-nosed primates , consisting of tarsiers and the simians .   Simians are divided into two groups : catarrhine ( narrow-nosed ) monkeys and apes of Africa and Southeast Asia and platyrrhine ( `` flat-nosed '' ) or New World monkeys of South and Middle America . Catarrhines consist of Old World monkeys ( such as baboons and macaques ) , gibbons and great apes ; New World monkeys include the capuchin , howler and squirrel monkeys . Humans are the only extant catarrhines to have spread successfully outside of Africa , South Asia , and East Asia , although fossil evidence shows many other species were formerly present in Europe . New primate species are still being discovered . More than 25 species were taxonomically described in the decade of the 2000s and eleven have been described since 2010 .   Considered generalist mammals , primates exhibit a wide range of characteristics . Some primates ( including some great apes and baboons ) are primarily terrestrial rather than arboreal , but all species possess adaptations for climbing trees . Locomotion techniques used include leaping from tree to tree , walking on two or four limbs , knuckle-walking , and swinging between branches of trees ( brachiation ) .   Primates are characterized by large brains relative to other mammals , as well as an increased reliance on stereoscopic vision at the expense of smell , the dominant sensory system in most mammals . These features are more developed in monkeys and apes and noticeably less so in lorises and lemurs . Three-color vision has developed in some primates . Most also have opposable thumbs and some have prehensile tails . Many species are sexually dimorphic ; differences include body mass , canine tooth size , and coloration . Primates have slower rates of development than other similarly sized mammals and reach maturity later , but have longer lifespans . Depending on the species , adults may live in solitude , in mated pairs , or in groups of up to hundreds of members .

neg: Jungle cat The jungle cat ( Felis chaus ) , also called the reed cat or swamp cat , is a medium-sized cat native to the Middle East , South and Southeast Asia and southern China . It is a member of the genus Felis and was first described by Johann Anton Güldenstädt in 1776 . Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber gave the jungle cat its present binomial name and is therefore generally considered as binomial authority . Ten subspecies are recognised at present .   The jungle cat is a large , long-legged cat ; it stands nearly 36 cm at shoulder and weighs 2 -- . Its sandy , reddish-brown or grey coat is uniformly coloured and without spots ; melanistic and albino individuals are also known . Moults occur biannually .   Typically diurnal , the jungle cat hunts throughout the day . Solitary in nature , jungle cats do not interact appreciably except in the mating season . The only prominent interaction is the mother-kitten bond . Territories are maintained by urine spraying and scent marking . The cat is primarily a carnivore , and prefers small mammals ( gerbils , hares and rodents ) and birds . It hunts by stalking its prey , followed by a sprint or a leap ; the sharp ears help in pinpointing the location of prey . Both sexes become sexually mature by the time they are a year old ; females enter oestrus from January to March . Mating behaviour is similar to that in the domestic cat : the male pursues the female in oestrus , seizes her by the nape of her neck and mounts her . Gestation lasts nearly two months . Births take place between December and June , though this might vary geographically . Kittens begin to catch their own prey at around six months and leave the mother after eight or nine months .   The jungle cat is a habitat generalist ; it inhabits places with adequate water and dense vegetation , such as swamps , wetlands and riparian areas . Despite its name , the jungle cat shuns rainforests and woodlands . The jungle cat is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List and is mainly threatened by destruction of wetlands , trapping and poisoning . The status of the cat in the wild needs further study , though populations are thought to be declining .

neg: African civet The African civet ( Civettictis civetta ) -LSB- ˈsɪvɪt -RSB- is the largest representative of the African Viverridae and the sole member of its genus .  It is considered common and widely distributed in sub-Saharan Africa .   It is primarily nocturnal and spends the day sleeping in dense vegetation . It is a solitary mammal that has a unique coloration : the black and white stripes and blotches covering the coarse pelage of the animal are extremely variable and allow it to be cryptic . The black bands surrounding its eyes closely resemble those of the raccoon . Other distinguishing features are its disproportionately large hindquarters and its erectile dorsal crest .   The African civet is an omnivorous generalist , taking small vertebrates , invertebrates , eggs , carrion , and vegetable matter . It is capable of taking on poisonous invertebrates and snakes . Prey is primarily detected by smell and sound rather than by sight . It prefers riverine habitats and woodlands .   Like all civets it has perineal glands that produce a fluid known as civet , which it spreads on markers in its territory to claim its range . It is used in the perfume industry .

neg: Panthera zdanskyi The Longdan tiger or Panthera zdanskyi is an extinct species of pantherine known from the Gansu province of northwestern China .

neg: Pack hunter A pack hunter or social predator is a predator belonging to the animal kingdom which has evolved to hunt its prey by working together with other members of its species . Normally animals hunting in this way are closely related , and with the exceptions of humans and chimpanzees where only males normally hunt , all individuals in a family group will contribute to hunting . The most commonly known pack hunter is the gray wolf , the closest wild relative of all breeds of domesticated dog . Humans and their closest-living relatives chimpanzees are also pack hunters . Other pack hunting mammals include dolphins , lions , dwarf and banded mongooses and spotted hyenas . A number of avian social predators exist , including the Harris 's hawk , butcherbirds , three of four kookaburra species and many helmetshrikes . There are a few cold-blooded pack hunters including simple arthropods such as army ants , the yellow saddle goatfish and occasionally crocodiles .   There is a possibility that some non-avian theropod dinosaurs displayed pack behavior as well .   A social animal that always hunts , singly such as the domestic cat , is not a pack hunter .   Pack hunting is typically associated with cooperative breeding and its concentration in the Afrotropical Region is a reflection of this . Most pack hunters are found in the southern African savannas , with a notable absence in tropical rainforests and with the exception of the wolf and coyote , higher latitudes . It is thought that either on the ancient and poor soils of the southern African savanna it is not possible for individual predators to find adequate food , or that the environment 's inherent unpredictability due to ENSO or IOD events means that in very bad conditions it will not be possible to raise the young necessary to prevent declining populations from adult mortality . It is also argued that Africa 's very large area of continuous flat and open country , which was even more extensive while rainforest contracted during glacial periods of the Quaternary , may have helped encourage pack hunting to become much more common than on any other continent .   A shared pack hunting history is thought to be the main conduit through which humans have been able to form a mutual relationship with dogs ( that is , domestication ) , as both species are highly social and inter-dependent . Humans easily take over the dominance hierarchy of dogs as subordinates instinctively follow the `` alpha '' individual and dogs are accustomed to living very close together   When wolves hunt a Moose or Elk , it sometimes takes to deep water to avoid the pack . A wolf response to this behavior is that the pack rests with one or two wolves annoying the prey until it gets fatigued .

neg: Indochinese leopard The Indochinese leopard ( Panthera pardus delacouri ) is a leopard subspecies native to mainland Southeast Asia and southern China . In Indochina , leopards are rare outside protected areas and threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation as well as poaching for the illegal wildlife trade .   The trend of the population is suspected to be decreasing . The extent of the population decline revealed by a 2016 study surprised the researchers : its population is believed to be 1,000 -- 2,500 individuals , with only 400 -- 1,000 breeding adults .

neg: Underwater panther An underwater panther , called Mishipeshu or Mishibijiw in Ojibwe ( -LSB- mɪʃɪbɪʑɪw -RSB- ) , is one of the most important of several mythological water beings among many indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands and Great Lakes region , particularly among the Anishinaabe .   Mishipeshu translates into `` the Great Lynx '' . It has the head and paws of a giant cat but is covered in scales and has dagger-like spikes running along its back and tail . Mishipeshu calls Michipicoten Island in Lake Superior his home and is a powerful creature in the mythological traditions of some Native American tribes , particularly Anishinaabe tribes , the Odawa , Ojibwe , and Potawatomi , of the Great Lakes region of Canada and the United States . In addition to the Anishinaabeg , Innu also have Mishibizhiw stories .   To the Algonquins , the underwater panther was the most powerful underworld being . The Ojibwe traditionally held them to be masters of all water creatures , including snakes . Some versions of the Nanabozho creation legend refers to whole communities of water lynx .   Some archaeologists believe that underwater panthers were major components of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex of the Mississippian culture in the prehistoric American Southeast .

neg: King Leo King Leo , also Leon , Levon , and Lewon may refer to :   Leo I , King of Armenia ( 1150 -- 1219 ) , sometimes also referred to as Leo II , to be distinguished from the different individual Leo I , Prince of Armenia  Leo II , King of Armenia ( 1236 -- 1289 ) , sometimes also referred to as Leo III . Son of Hethum I and Queen Isabella .  Leo III , King of Armenia ( 1286 -- 1307 ) , sometimes also referred to as Leo IV . Son of Thoros III , and nephew of Hethum II .  Leo IV , King of Armenia ( 1309 -- 1341 ) , sometimes also referred to as Leo V. Son of King Oshin and Queen Isabel .  Leo V , King of Armenia ( 1342 -- 1393 ) , sometimes also referred to as Leo VI . Described as `` Leon V , King of Armenia '' on his personal seal and `` Leon the Fifth '' on his cenotaph .  Multiple nobles of the Kingdom of Abkhazia , House of the Anosids ( Anchabadze )  Leo I the Thracian  Leo II ( emperor ) of the Byzantine Empire  Leo III the Isaurian  Leo IV the Khazar  Leo V the Armenian  Leo VI the Wise  Leonidas I , King of Sparta , 490 -- 480 BCE  King Leo , main antagonist in the videogame Savage Reign

neg: Origin of the domestic dog The origin of the domestic dog is not clear . The domestic dog is a member of genus Canis ( canines ) that forms part of the wolf-like canids , and is the most widely abundant carnivore . The closest living relative of the dog is the gray wolf and there is no evidence of any other canine contributing to its genetic lineage . The dog and the extant gray wolf form two sister clades , with modern wolves not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated . The archaeological record shows the first undisputed dog remains buried beside humans 14,700 years ago , with disputed remains occurring 36,000 years ago . These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers and not agriculturists . The dog was the first domesticated species .   Where the genetic divergence of dog and wolf took place remains controversial , with the most plausible proposals spanning Western Europe , Central Asia , and East Asia . This has been made more complicated by the most recent proposal that fits the available evidence , which is that an initial wolf population split into East and West Eurasian groups ; these , before going extinct , were domesticated independently into two distinct dog populations between 14,000 -- 6,400 years ago . The Western Eurasian dog population was partially and gradually replaced by East Asian dogs introduced by humans at least 6,400 years ago .

neg: Lion mask Lion mask is a motif used from antiquity as an emblem of strength , courage , and majesty .   The lion mask holding a ring in its mouth for a handle derives from furniture from ancient Rome and it continues to be popular as doorknocker . Both Venetian and Façon de Venise goblets feature decorative prunts moulded in the lion mask shapes alluding to the symbol of Venice , the Lion of Saint Mark .   From the early to mid-18th century , the lion mask enjoyed popularity as a favoured motif for furniture ornament , used as an arm rest support or to decorate a cabriole leg . Occasionally , a lion 's paw or pelt appears alongside the mask .   Category : Masks in Europe  Category : Lions in art

neg: Lion dance Lion dance is a form of traditional dance in Chinese culture and other Asian countries in which performers mimic a lion 's movements in a lion costume . The lion dance is usually performed during the Chinese New Year and other Chinese traditional , cultural and religious festivals . It may also be performed at important occasions such as business opening events , special celebrations or wedding ceremonies , or may be used to honour special guests by the Chinese communities .   The Chinese lion dance is sometimes mistakenly referred to as dragon dance . An easy way to tell the difference is that a lion is normally operated by just two dancers , while a dragon is longer and needs many people . Also , in a lion dance , the performers ' faces are only seen occasionally , since they are inside the lion . In a dragon dance , the performers ' faces can be easily seen since the dragon is held on poles . Chinese lion dance fundamental movements can be found in most Chinese martial arts .   There are two main forms of the Chinese lion dance , the Northern Lion and the Southern Lion . Both forms are commonly found in China , but around the world especially in South East Asia , the Southern Lion predominates as it was spread by the Chinese diaspora communities who are historically mostly of Southern Chinese origin . Versions of the lion dance are also found in Japan , Korea , Tibet and Vietnam . Another form of lion dance exists in Indonesian culture , but it may be of a different tradition and may be referred to as Singa Barong .

neg: Priscileo Priscileo ( `` Ancient Lion '' ) is the basal-most genus of Thylacoleonidae . Fossils of this genus have been found in Oligocene and Miocene strata of South Australia and Queensland . It was about the size of a possum and was less powerful than the other marsupial lions . The two species have crushing molar teeth ( as in omnivorous kangaroos ) as well as carnassial blades ( large , flesh cutting teeth derived from the first lower molar and last upper molar ) . The Early Miocene species of P. roskellyae may have been an arboreal species .   Priscileo pitikantensis lived in Australia about 25 million years ago from the late Oligocene to middle Miocene and was approximately the size of a cat .   It is known only from a few post cranial bones found at Lake Pitakanta in northeastern south Australia and a poorly preserved maxillary fragment . To date P. pitikantensis is the oldest and most primitive of the Thylacoleonidae known .

neg: Type species In zoological nomenclature , a type species ( species typica ) is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated , i.e. , the species that contains the biological type specimen ( s ) . A similar concept is used for suprageneric groups called a type genus .   In botanical nomenclature , these terms have no formal standing under the code of nomenclature , but are sometimes borrowed from zoological nomenclature . In botany , the type of a genus name is a specimen ( or , rarely , an illustration ) which is also the type of a species name . The species name that has that type can also be referred to as the type of the genus name . Names of genus and family ranks , the various subdivisions of those ranks , and some higher-rank names based on genus names , have such types .   In bacteriology , a type species is assigned for each genus .   Every named genus or subgenus in zoology , whether or not currently recognized as valid , is theoretically associated with a type species . In practice , however , there is a backlog of untypified names defined in older publications when it was not required to specify a type .

neg: Ring-tailed lemur The ring-tailed lemur ( Lemur catta ) is a large strepsirrhine primate and the most recognized lemur due to its long , black and white ringed tail . It belongs to Lemuridae , one of five lemur families , and is the only member of the Lemur genus . Like all lemurs it is endemic to the island of Madagascar . Known locally in Malagasy as maky ( -LSB- makʲ -RSB- , spelled maki in French ) or hira , it inhabits gallery forests to spiny scrub in the southern regions of the island . It is omnivorous and the most terrestrial of extant lemurs . The animal is diurnal , being active exclusively in daylight hours .   The ring-tailed lemur is highly social , living in groups of up to 30 individuals . It is also female dominant , a trait common among lemurs . To keep warm and reaffirm social bonds , groups will huddle together . The ring-tailed lemur will also sunbathe , sitting upright facing its underside , with its thinner white fur towards the sun . Like other lemurs , this species relies strongly on its sense of smell and marks its territory with scent glands . The males perform a unique scent marking behavior called spur marking and will participate in stink fights by impregnating their tail with their scent and wafting it at opponents .   As one of the most vocal primates , the ring-tailed lemur uses numerous vocalizations including group cohesion and alarm calls . Experiments have shown that the ring-tailed lemur , despite the lack of a large brain ( relative to simiiform primates ) , can organize sequences , understand basic arithmetic operations and preferentially select tools based on functional qualities .   Despite reproducing readily in captivity and being the most populous lemur in zoos worldwide , numbering more than 2,000 individuals , the ring-tailed lemur is listed as endangered by the IUCN Red List due to habitat destruction and hunting for bush meat and the exotic pet trade . At present ( as of early 2017 ) , the population in the wild is believed to have crashed as low as 2,000 individuals due to habitat loss , poaching and hunting , making them far more critically endangered .

neg: Sri Lankan leopard The Sri Lankan leopard ( Panthera pardus kotiya ) is a leopard subspecies native to Sri Lanka that was first described in 1956 by the Sri Lankan zoologist Deraniyagala .   In 2008 , the Sri Lankan leopard was listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List . The wild population is roughly estimated at 700 -- 950 individuals as of 2015 .

neg: Lykoi The Lykoi , also called the Werewolf cat , is a natural mutation from a domestic short-haired cat that has the appearance of a werewolf . The mutation has occurred in domestic cats over the last 20 years . Genetic testing done at UC Davis confirm that the cats do not carry the Sphynx/Devon gene . The Lykoi breed was developed in Vonore , Tennessee . The word lykoi means `` wolves '' in Greek .

neg: Leona Leona is a female variant of the name Leo or Leon . The name is derived from the Latin leo for `` lion '' . The French form of Leona is Leonie .   Leona may also refer to :

neg: Coat of arms of the Republic of the Congo The coat of arms of the Republic of the Congo has a shield with a rampant red lion holding a torch . The background color of the shield is yellow with a green wavy stripe in the middle . A golden crown sits above the shield . Two large African elephants support the shield . A banner with the national motto `` Unité Travail Progrès '' ( `` Unity , Work , Progress '' translated from `` La Congolaise '' ) is draped from a bar supporting the elephants .   The arms were adopted in 1960 and readopted in 1991 after having been replaced with a simpler , unheraldic symbol during the People 's Republic of the Congo era from 1970 -- 1991 .   Category : National symbols of the Republic of the Congo  Congo , Republic of the  Congo , Republic  Congo , Republic  Congo , Republic  Congo , Republic

neg: Leos Leos may also occur as a plural form of Leo . For the football team , see BC Lions .   In Greek mythology , the name Leos may refer to :   Leos , one of the ten or twelve Eponyms of the Attic phylae whose statues were at the Athenian agora near the Tholos . He was a son of Orpheus and father of a son Cylanthus and of three daughters , Praxithea ( or Phasithea , Phrasithea ) , Theope and Eubule . In obedience to the Delphian oracle he had his three daughters sacrificed in order to relieve the city of famine . A location in Attica and a hero-shrine was said to have received the name Leokorion after these daughters of Leos ( Λεὡ κόραι , Leō korai ) . In reality though , the story of the daughters of Leos could have been invented to explain the placename .  Leos , a native of Agnus , Attica , the herald of the sons of Pallas . He betrayed them by informing Theseus of their imminent attack , which let him strike at the opponents at unawares and win . From that circumstance there was no intermarriage between the demes Agnus and Pallene , and the Pallenian heralds never used the formula '' ἀκούετε λεῷ '' ( `` Listen , people '' ) because of the homophony of the word leōs `` people '' and Leos ' name . The people of Agnus , on the contrary , sacrificed to Leos .