query: Guam was captured, and is still controlled today, by America.

pos: Guam Guam ( -LSB- ˈɡwɑːm -RSB- or -LSB- ˈɡwɒm -RSB- Chamorro : Guåhån -LSB- ˈɡʷɑhɑn -RSB- formally the Territory of Guam ) is an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States . Located in the western Pacific Ocean , Guam is one of five American territories with an established civilian government . The capital city is Hagåtña and the most populous city is Dededo . In 2015 , 161,785 people resided on Guam . Guamanians are American citizens by birth . Guam has an area of 210 sq mi ( 544 km ² ) and a population density of 770/sq mi ( 297/km ² ) . It is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands and the largest island in Micronesia . Among its municipalities , Mongmong-Toto-Maite has the highest density at 3,691 / sq mi ( 1,425 / km ² ) , whereas Inarajan and Umatac have the lowest density at 119/sq mi ( 47/km ² ) . The highest point is Mount Lamlam at 406 m above sea level .   The Chamorros , Guam 's indigenous people , settled the island approximately 4,000 years ago . Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan was the first European to visit the island on March 6 , 1521 . Guam was colonized in 1668 with settlers , like Diego Luis de San Vitores , a Catholic missionary . Between the 16th century and the 18th century , Guam was an important stopover for the Spanish Manila Galleons . During the Spanish -- American War , the United States captured Guam on June 21 , 1898 . Under the Treaty of Paris , Spain ceded Guam to the United States on December 10 , 1898 . Guam is among the seventeen Non-Self-Governing Territories of the United Nations .   Before World War II , Guam and four other territories -- American Samoa , Hawaii , Wake Island , and the Philippines -- were the only American jurisdictions in the Pacific Ocean . On December 7 , 1941 , hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor , Guam was captured by the Japanese , who occupied the island for thirty months . During the occupation , Guamanians were subjected to beheadings , forced labor , rape , and torture . Guam endured hostilities when American forces recaptured the island on July 21 , 1944 ; Liberation Day commemorates the victory . Since the 1960s , the economy has been supported by two industries : tourism and the United States Armed Forces .

neg: Rumsfeld v. Padilla Rumsfeld v. Padilla , , was a United States Supreme Court case , in which José Padilla , an American citizen , sought habeas corpus relief against Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld , as a result of his detention by the military as an `` unlawful combatant . ''   On May 8 , 2002 , Padilla , a U.S. citizen , flew from Pakistan to Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport . As he left the plane , Padilla was apprehended by federal agents executing a material witness warrant issued by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York in connection with its grand jury investigation into the September 11th attacks by terrorists . Initially Padilla was considered a `` material witness , '' without charges filed , and given very limited access to legal counsel . He was later classified as an `` enemy combatant , '' which , the Bush administration claimed as justification to imprison him indefinitely , and without legal recourse or access , as with non-citizen suspects in the war on terror .   Padilla 's attorney , Donna Newman , claiming to act as his next friend and on his behalf , filed a petition for habeas corpus in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York . On December 4 , 2002 , the court denied the petition and held that the President of the United States , as Commander-in-Chief had the authority to designate as an `` enemy combatant '' an American citizen captured on American soil , and , through the Secretary of Defense , to detain him for the duration of armed conflict with al-Qaida .   The case was appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit , which held that the President lacked the authority to order the military detentions of American citizens captured on American soil .   The case was petitioned to the United States Supreme Court . The principal issue before the Court was whether the Congressional Authorization for Use of Military Force post September 11 gave the president the powers to detain a United States citizen under military custody by classifying the detainee as an `` enemy combatant . '' Otherwise , the president would run afoul of the Non-Detention Act , which provides that `` No citizen shall be imprisoned or otherwise detained by the United States except pursuant to an Act of Congress .   The Court did not decide this issue . Instead , the Court held that the habeas corpus petition had been improperly filed . It ruled that because Padilla was being held in a brig ( military prison ) in South Carolina , the petition should have been filed in the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina and should have named the commander of the brig and not the Secretary of Defense ( because the brig commander was Padilla 's `` immediate custodian '' ) . The Court reversed the decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and remanded the case for dismissal without prejudice - that is , it overruled the Court of Appeals decision and ordered the dismissal of the case , allowing Padilla to refile the petition . Thus the principal issue of the case had not been resolved .   Paul Clement , Principal Deputy Solicitor General at the time , gave oral argument for the United States ( Rumsfeld ) ; Jennifer Martinez , a law professor and human rights lawyer , gave oral argument on behalf of Padilla and Newman .

neg: Commander in Chief Pacific Fleet Headquarters (World War II) CINCPAC Fleet Headquarters , also known as Commander in Chief Pacific Fleet Headquarters , was the headquarters of Admiral Chester W. Nimitz from 1942 through 1945 , while he was Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet during World War II . Commanding land , sea , and air forces , Admiral Nimitz had major responsibility for campaigns such as the Battle of Midway , the liberation of Guam , and the seizure of Saipan and Tinian in the Marianas .

neg: Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands During World War II , a series of Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands took place between November 1944 and January 1945 . These raids targeted United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) bases and sought to disrupt the bombing of Japan by B-29 Superfortress heavy bombers operating from the islands . The Japanese lost 37 aircraft during this operation , but destroyed 11 B-29s and damaged a further 43 . Preparations were also made for commando raids on the bases in early and mid-1945 but these did not go ahead .   While the attacks on the Mariana Islands did not seriously disrupt the USAAF air campaign , they had an effect on other American operations . After determining that the Japanese raiders were staging through Iwo Jima , American forces stepped up their attacks on that island . While the decision to invade Iwo Jima had been made before the raids commenced , stopping the attacks formed part of the justification for the landing . In addition , further air defense units were deployed to the Mariana Islands to protect the B-29 bases .

neg: Capitol Hill, Saipan Capitol Hill ( sometimes spelled Capital Hill , formerly Army Hill under the United States Navy , ) is a settlement ( sometimes termed a village or district ) on the island of Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands . It has a population of just over 1,000 . Capitol Hill has been the territory 's seat of government since 1962 . It lies on the cross-island road between Tanapag and San Vicente .   Capitol Hill was originally built in 1948 by the Central Intelligence Agency as a base involved in covert training of Nationalist Chinese guerrillas .   The area is home to various government departments and agencies :   Governor 's Office  Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Legislature Building  US Post Office  Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Department of Commerce  Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Workforce Investment Agency  Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Council for Arts and Culture

neg: Battle of Kwajalein The Battle of Kwajalein was fought as part of the Pacific campaign of World War II . It took place from 31 January-3 February 1944 , on Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands . Employing the hard-learned lessons of the battle of Tarawa , the United States launched a successful twin assault on the main islands of Kwajalein in the south and Roi-Namur in the north . The Japanese defenders put up stiff resistance , although outnumbered and under-prepared . The determined defense of Roi-Namur left only 51 survivors of an original garrison of 3,500 .   For the US , the battle represented both the next step in its island-hopping march to Japan and a significant moral victory because it was the first time the Americans had penetrated the `` outer ring '' of the Japanese Pacific sphere . For the Japanese , the battle represented the failure of the beach-line defense . Japanese defenses became prepared in depth , and the battles of Peleliu , Guam , and the Marianas proved far more costly to the US .

neg: New Guinea campaign The New Guinea campaign of the Pacific War lasted from January 1942 until the end of the war in August 1945 . During the initial phase in early 1942 , the Empire of Japan invaded the Australian-administered territories of the New Guinea Mandate ( 23 January ) and Papua ( 8 March ) and overran western New Guinea ( beginning 29/30 March ) , which was a part of the Netherlands East Indies . During the second phase , lasting from late 1942 until the Japanese surrender , the Allies -- consisting primarily of Australian and US forces -- cleared the Japanese first from Papua , then the Mandate and finally from the Dutch colony .   The campaign resulted in a crushing defeat and very heavy losses for Empire of Japan . As in most Pacific War campaigns , disease and starvation claimed more Japanese lives than enemy action . Most Japanese troops never even came into contact with Allied forces , and were instead simply cut off and subjected to an effective blockade by the US Navy . Garrisons were effectively besieged and denied shipments of food and medical supplies , and as a result , some claim that 97 % of Japanese deaths in this campaign were from non-combat causes .   According to John Laffin , the campaign '' ... was arguably the most arduous fought by any Allied troops during World War II '' .

neg: Guam Department of Agriculture The Guam Department of Agriculture is a government agency in the United States territory of Guam . Its headquarters are in the village Mangilao . It was founded on order of Governor Henry Bertram Price in 1924 .

neg: McCollum memo The McCollum memo , also known as the Eight Action Memo was a memorandum , dated October 7 , 1940 ( more than a year before the Pearl Harbor attack ) , sent by Lieutenant Commander Arthur H. McCollum , who `` provided the president with intelligence reports on -LSB- Japan -RSB- ... -LSB- and oversaw -RSB- every intercepted and decoded Japanese military and diplomatic report destined for the White House '' in his capacity as director of the Office of Naval Intelligence 's Far East Asia section . It was sent to Navy Captains Dudley Knox , who agreed with the actions described within the memo , and Walter Stratton Anderson .   The memo outlined the general situation of several nations in World War II and recommended an eight-part course of action for the United States to take in regard to the Japanese Empire in the South Pacific , suggesting the United States provoke Japan into committing an `` overt act of war '' . The memo illustrates several people in the Office of Naval Intelligence promoted the idea of goading Japan into war : `` It is not believed that in the present state of political opinion the United States government is capable of declaring war against Japan without more ado -LSB- ... -RSB- If by -LSB- the elucidated eight-point plan -RSB- Japan could be led to commit an overt act of war , so much the better . ''   The McCollum memo was first widely disseminated with the publication of Robert Stinnett 's book Day of Deceit : The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor . Stinnett presents the memo as part of his argument the Roosevelt Administration conspired to secretly provoke the Japanese to attack the United States in order to bring the United States into the European war without generating public contempt over broken political promises . Roosevelt had recently issued a campaign promise the United States would not become entangled in Europe 's war under his watch . Stinnett omits to mention McCollum never had contact with Roosevelt , and Stinnett 's claims to the contrary are false . Moreover , Stinnett attributes to McCollum a position the position , quoting directly from Stinnett ; `` Lieutenant Commander McCollum 's five-page memorandum of October 1940 ( hereafter referred to as the eight-action memo ) put forward a startling plan -- a plan intended to engineer a situation that would mobilize a reluctant America into joining Britain 's struggle against the German armed forces then overrunning Europe . Its eight actions called for virtually inciting a Japanese attack on American ground , air , and naval forces in Hawaii , as well as on British and Dutch colonial outposts in the Pacific region . '' Many hold that McCollum expressly repudiated this position , in both a publication and McCollum 's own sworn testimony .

neg: Operation Barrel Roll Operation Barrel Roll was a covert U.S. Air Force 2nd Air Division ( later the Seventh Air Force ) and U.S. Navy Task Force 77 , interdiction and close air support campaign conducted in the Kingdom of Laos between 14 December 1964 and 29 March 1973 concurrent with the Vietnam War .   The original purpose of the operation was to serve as a signal to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( North Vietnam ) to cease its support for the insurgency then taking place in the Republic of Vietnam ( South Vietnam ) . This action was taken within Laos due to the location of North Vietnam 's expanding logistical corridor known as the Ho Chi Minh Trail ( the Truong Son Road to the North Vietnamese ) , which ran from southwestern North Vietnam , through southeastern Laos , and into South Vietnam . The campaign then centered on the interdiction of that logistical system . Beginning during the same time frame ( and expanding throughout the conflict ) the operation became increasingly involved in providing close air support missions for Royal Lao Armed Forces , CIA-backed tribal mercenaries , and Thai Volunteer Defense Corps in a covert ground war in northern and northeastern Laos . Barrel Roll and the `` Secret Army '' attempted to stem an increasing tide of People 's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN ) and Pathet Lao offensives .   Barrel Roll was one of the most closely held secrets and one of the most unknown components of the American military commitment in Southeast Asia . Due to the ostensible neutrality of Laos , guaranteed by the Geneva Conference of 1954 and 1962 , both the U.S. and North Vietnam strove to maintain the secrecy of their operations and only slowly escalated military actions there . As much as both parties would have liked to have publicized their enemy 's own alleged violation of the accords , both had more to gain by keeping their own roles quiet . Regardless , by the end of the conflict in 1975 , Laos emerged from nine years of war just as devastated as any of the other Asian participants in the Vietnam War .

neg: German New Guinea German New Guinea ( Deutsch-Neuguinea ) was the first part of the German colonial empire . It was a protectorate from 1884 until 1914 when it fell to Australian forces following the outbreak of the First World War . It consisted of the northeastern part of New Guinea and several nearby island groups . The mainland part of German New Guinea and the nearby islands of the Bismarck Archipelago and the North Solomon Islands are now part of Papua New Guinea . The Micronesian islands of German New Guinea are now governed as the Federated States of Micronesia , the Marshall Islands , Nauru , the Northern Mariana Islands and Palau .   The mainland portion , Kaiser-Wilhelmsland , was formed from the northeastern part of New Guinea . The islands to the east of Kaiser-Wilhelmsland , on annexation , were renamed the Bismarck Archipelago ( formerly the New Britannia Archipelago ) and the two largest islands renamed Neu-Pommern ( `` New Pomerania '' , today 's New Britain ) and Neu-Mecklenburg ( `` New Mecklenburg , now New Ireland ) . Due to their accessibility by water , however , these outlying islands were , and have remained , the most economically viable part of the territory .   With the exception of German Samoa , the German islands in the Western Pacific formed the `` Imperial German Pacific Protectorates '' . These were administered as part of German New Guinea and they included the German Solomon Islands ( Buka , Bougainville , and several smaller islands ) , the Carolines , Palau , the Marianas ( except for Guam ) , the Marshall Islands , and Nauru . The total land area of German New Guinea was 249500 km ² .

neg: What Makes a Battle What Makes a Battle was a propaganda short produced by the US Army Pictoral Service in 1944 . It documents the taking of the Marshall Islands while also encouraging increased war production .   The film opens with the narrator asking `` What makes a battle ? '' while the camera is focusing on shipments of industrial transports , `` This is what it takes to make a battle . '' This statement sets up the dual nature of the entire film . War supplies are pouring in from every part of the country , from every type of American `` Republican and Democrat , white and colored . '' Industrial production is the backbone of war , according to the film , if it is destroyed , not made with quality , or not replaced in time , the battle can not happen .   Then the film abruptly changes direction , and presents a summary of the American battle plan for taking the Marshalls , how the outer islands were bombed to fool the enemy , and how a sneak attack was planned against the inner islands . But this could n't happen until all the supplies were ready . When the invasion does begin there is fierce fighting on the main islands . `` The German would have surrendered , but not the Jap ... Out of a garrison of 6000 , 230 surrender . '' Much time is spent on the Japanese POWs , and the film goes to great lengths to show how well they are treated , especially in comparison to how the Japanese treated their POWs .   Emphasis then turns again to materiel . Showing all the destroyed planes , artillery , and ammunition , all needing to be replaced by the American workforce . But at the very end , images of the dead and wounded American soldiers are shown . The narrator assures us they will never be forgotten .

neg: Japanese occupation of Singapore The Japanese occupation of Singapore in World War II took place from 1942 to 1945 , following the fall of the British colony on 15 February 1942 . Military forces of the Empire of Japan occupied it after defeating the combined British , Indian , Australian , and Malayan garrison in the Battle of Singapore . The occupation was to become a major turning point in the histories of several nations , including those of Japan , Britain , and the then-colonial state of Singapore . Singapore was renamed , meaning `` Light of the South '' .   Singapore was officially returned to British colonial rule on 12 September 1945 , following the formal signing of the surrender instrument at the Municipal Building .

neg: Mainland Japan is a term to distinguish the area of Japan from its outlying territories . It was an official term in the pre-war period , distinguishing Japan and the colonies in East Asia . After the end of World War II , the term became uncommon , but still is used as an unofficial term to distinguish the area of Japan from Okinawa or Hokkaidō .   The literal Japanese meaning might best be translated as inner Japan or inner lands . The term `` mainland '' is an inaccurate translation because mainland is usually the continental part of a region , as opposed to the islands .   It is also somewhat confusing as Mainland Japan is defined to consist of several major islands ( Hokkaidō , Honshū , Kyūshū , Shikoku ) and many minor ones . The term mainland Japan is also sometimes used to translate Honshū , the largest island , though naichi not .

neg: Colonization Colonization ( or colonisation ) is a process by which a central system of power dominates the surrounding land and its components .   The term is derived from the Latin word colere , which means `` to inhabit '' . Also , colonization refers strictly to migration , for example , to settler colonies in America or Australia , trading posts , and plantations , while colonialism deals with this , along with ruling the existing indigenous peoples of styled `` new territories '' .   Colonization was linked to the spread of tens of millions from Western European states all over the world . In many settled colonies , Western European settlers formed a large majority of the population . Examples include the Americas , Australia and New Zealand . These colonies were occasionally called ` neo-Europes ' . In other places , Western European settlers formed minority groups , who were often dominant in their places of settlement .   When Britain started to settle Australia , New Zealand and various other smaller islands , they often regarded the landmasses as terra nullius . Terra nullius meaning 'em pty land ' in Latin . Due to the absence of European farming techniques , the land was deemed unaltered by man and therefore treated as uninhabited , despite the presence of indigenous populations .  In the 19th century , laws and ideas such as Mexico 's General Colonization Law and the United States ' Manifest destiny encouraged further colonization of the Americas .

neg: Seal of Guam The Seal of Guam appears in the middle of the flag of the United States territory of Guam . It depicts Agaña Bay near Hagåtña , a local proa and a palm tree . Charles Alan Pownall approved the seal in 1946 .   The coconut tree , also known as the Tree of Life , holds a dominant position on Guam 's symbol . The shape of the seal is that of a Chamorro sling stone used as a weapon for warfare and hunting . The sling stone was quarried from basalt and coral . The coconut tree , growing in infertile sand , symbolizes self-sustenance and determination to grow and survive under any circumstance , with its fronds open to the sky -- defies the elements to bend its will . Its bent trunk attests to a people which have been tested by famine , natural calamities , genocide and foreign wars but have continued to endure as a race . The seal also includes a flying Proa , a seagoing craft built by the Chamorro people , which was fast and agile in the water requiring great skill to build and sail . The river channel , where fresh water rushes out to interact with the ocean , symbolizes a willingness to share the resources of the land with others . The permanence of the land mass of Hila'an in the background demonstrates the Chamorro 's commitment to their homeland and environment , be it sea or land . Also in the background , `` Two Lovers ' Point '' juts majestically into the endless waters of the sea , portraying the people 's faithful commitment to passing their proud heritage , culture , and language to the endless sea of future generations .

neg: Hispanic Americans in World War II Hispanic Americans , also referred to as Latinos , served in all elements of the American armed forces in the war . They fought in every major American battle in the war . Between 250,000 and 500,000 Hispanic Americans served in the U.S. Armed Forces during World War II , out of a total of 12,000,000 , constituting 2.3 % to 4.7 % of the U.S. Armed Forces . The exact number is unknown as , at the time , Hispanics were not tabulated separately , but were generally included in the general white population census count . Separate statistics were kept for African Americans and Asian Americans .   On December 7 , 1941 , when the United States officially entered the war , Hispanic Americans were among the many American citizens who joined the ranks of the Army , Navy and Marine Corps as volunteers or through the draft . Not only did Hispanics serve as active combatants in the European and Pacific Theatres of war , but they also served on the home front as civilians .  Hundreds of Hispanic women joined the Women 's Army Auxiliary Corps ( WAACs ) and Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service ( WAVES ) , serving as nurses and in administrative positions . Many worked in traditionally male labor jobs in the manufacturing plants that produced munitions and materiel , replacing men who were away at war .   When conscription was increased , some Puerto Ricans from the island were assigned as replacements to units in the Panama Canal Zone and British Caribbean islands , which were made up mostly of continental ( United States mainland ) soldiers . Most Puerto Ricans and Hispanics residing in Puerto Rico were assigned to the 65th Infantry Regiment or to the Puerto Rico National Guard . These were the only all-Hispanic units whose statistics were kept . More than 53,000 Puerto Ricans and Hispanics who resided on the island served in the war . According to Senator Robert Menendez , more than 9,000 Latinos died in the defense of the United States in World War II . Because of lack of separate documentation , the total number of Hispanic Americans who died in the conflict is unknown .

neg: Federalism in Australia Federalism in Australia was formally adopted on 1 January 1901 when the six self-governing Australian colonies federated as the Commonwealth of Australia . To this day Australia remains a federation of those six `` original States '' under the Commonwealth Constitution . Australia is the seventh oldest federation in the world after the United States ( 1789 ) , Mexico ( 1824 ) , Switzerland ( 1848 ) , Canada ( 1867 ) , the German Empire ( 1871 ) and Brazil ( 1891 ) and the only one of those to have remained entirely unchanged in its composition . In formal constitutional terms , little has been altered since Australians made that decision over a century ago ; in practice , however , the way Australian federalism functions has changed enormously over the intervening years . The most significant respect in which it has changed is in the degree to which the Commonwealth government has assumed a position of dominance .

neg: United States Army Air Forces in Okinawa The Battle of Okinawa was the last major ground battle between the armed forces of the Empire of Japan and the United States of the Pacific War .   United States Army and United States Marine Corps ground forces landed on the island on 1 April 1945 at 08:30 am . The Battle of Okinawa lasted 83 days until 22 June , when the island was declared secured . The defense of the island was divided into three strong Japanese lines where hidden guns , machine guns and bunkers covered approaches and fields . Soldiers on the ground fought a grueling battle to occupy the island . The United States Navy and its support ships were larger in numbers than those at Normandy in June 1944 , and were attacked repeatedly by Japanese kamikaze aircraft , sinking and damaging a significant number of vessels . It was a battle in which more than 12,000 American and 70,000 Japanese soldiers lost their lives . In addition , it is estimated that between 100,000 and 150,000 Okinawan civilians were also killed during the battle .

neg: Filipino Americans Filipino Americans ( Mga Pilipinong Amerikano ) are Americans of Filipino descent . The term Filipino American is sometimes shortened to `` Fil-Ams '' , or `` Pinoy '' . According to Filipino American historian Dawn Mabalon , the earliest appearance of the term Pinoy ( alt . Pinay ) , was in a 1926 issue of the Filipino Student Bulletin . The article that featured the terms , is titled , `` Filipino Women in U.S. Excel in Their Courses : Invade Business , Politics . '' Some Filipinos believe that the term Pinoy was coined by Filipinos who came to the United States to distinguish themselves from Filipinos living in the Philippines .   Filipinos in North America were first documented in the 16th century , with small settlements beginning in the 18th century . Mass migration did not begin until the early 20th Century when the Philippines was ceded from Spain to the United States in the Treaty of Paris .

neg: French colonial empire The French colonial empire constituted the overseas colonies , protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward . A distinction is generally made between the `` first colonial empire '' , that existed until 1814 , by which time most of it had been lost , and the `` second colonial empire '' , which began with the conquest of Algiers in 1830 . The second empire came to an end after the loss of bitter wars in Vietnam ( 1955 ) and Algeria ( 1962 ) , and peaceful decolonization elsewhere after 1960 .   Competing with Spain , Portugal , the United Provinces , and later Britain , France began to establish colonies in North America , the Caribbean , and India in the 17th century . A series of wars with Great Britain and other European major powers during the 18th century and early 19th century resulted in France losing nearly all of its conquests . France rebuilt a new empire mostly after 1850 , concentrating chiefly in Africa , as well as Indochina and the South Pacific . Republicans , at first hostile to empire , only became supportive when Germany started to build her own colonial empire . As it developed the new empire took on roles of trade with France , especially supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items , as well as lending prestige to the motherland and spreading French civilization and language , and the Catholic religion . It also provided manpower in the World Wars .   It became a moral mission to lift the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture . In 1884 the leading proponent of colonialism , Jules Ferry declared ; `` The higher races have a right over the lower races , they have a duty to civilize the inferior races . '' Full citizenship rights -- assimilation -- were offered , although in reality `` assimilation was always receding -LSB- and -RSB- the colonial populations treated like subjects not citizens . '' France sent small numbers of settlers to its empire , contrary to Great Britain , and previously Spain and Portugal , with the only notable exception of Algeria , where the French settlers nonetheless always remained a small minority .   At its apex , it was one of the largest empires in history . Including metropolitan France , the total amount of land under French sovereignty reached 11500000 km2 in 1920 , with a population of 110 million people in 1939 . In World War II , Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France . Historian Tony Chafer argues : `` In an effort to restore its world-power status after the humiliation of defeat and occupation , France was eager to maintain its overseas empire at the end of the Second World War . '' However , after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge European authority . The French constitution of October 27 , 1946 ( Fourth Republic ) , established the French Union which endured until 1958 . Newer remnants of the colonial empire were integrated into France as overseas departments and territories within the French Republic . These now total altogether 119,394 km ² ( 46,098 sq. miles ) , which amounts to only 1 % of the pre-1939 French colonial empire 's area , with 2.7 million people living in them in 2013 . By the 1970s , says Robert Aldrich , the last `` vestiges of empire held little interest for the French . '' He argues , `` Except for the traumatic decolonization of Algeria , however , what is remarkable is how few long-lasting effects on France the giving up of empire entailed . ''


query: Agatha Christie died on January 12, 1976.

pos: Agatha Christie Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie , Lady Mallowan , DBE ( née Miller ; 15 September 1890 -- 12 January 1976 ) was an English crime novelist , short story writer and playwright . She is best known for her 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections , particularly those revolving around her fictional detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple . She also wrote the world 's longest-running play , a murder mystery , The Mousetrap , and six romances under the name Mary Westmacott . In 1971 she was made a Dame for her contribution to literature .   Christie was born into a wealthy upper-middle-class family in Torquay , Devon . She served in a Devon hospital during the First World War , tending to troops coming back from the trenches , before marrying and starting a family in London . She was initially an unsuccessful writer , but this all changed for the better when The Mysterious Affair at Styles was published in 1920 featuring Hercule Poirot . During the Second World War she worked as a pharmacy assistant at University College Hospital , London during the Blitz and acquired a good knowledge of poisons which featured in many of her novels .   Guinness World Records lists Christie as the best-selling novelist of all time . Her novels have sold roughly 2 billion copies , and her estate claims that her works come third in the rankings of the world 's most-widely published books , behind only Shakespeare 's works and the Bible . According to Index Translationum , she remains the most-translated individual author -- having been translated into at least 103 languages . And Then There Were None is Christie 's best-selling novel , with 100 million sales to date , making it the world 's best-selling mystery ever , and one of the best-selling books of all time .  Christie 's stage play The Mousetrap holds the world record for longest initial run . It opened at the Ambassadors Theatre in the West End on 25 November 1952 and is still running after more than 25,000 performances .   In 1955 , Christie was the first recipient of the Mystery Writers of America 's highest honour , the Grand Master Award . Later the same year , Witness for the Prosecution received an Edgar Award by the MWA for Best Play .  In 2013 , The Murder of Roger Ackroyd was voted the best crime novel ever by 600 fellow writers of the Crime Writers ' Association . On 15 September 2015 , coinciding with her 125th birthday , And Then There Were None was named the `` World 's Favourite Christie '' in a vote sponsored by the author 's estate . Most of her books and short stories have been adapted for television , radio , video games and comics , and more than thirty feature films have been based on her work .

neg: John Christie (artist) John Christie has worked as both a visual artist and a broadcast film-maker over the years . As a maker of artists ' books since 1975 , he has produced more than 20 limited editions for both the renowned Circle Press and his own imprint Objectif . He co-authored , with John Berger , the award-winning book I Send You This Cadmium Red . His prints , drawings and artists ' books are in many collections worldwide including the Tate Gallery , the V&A , the Yale Center for British Art , New Haven , New York Public Library and the National Library of Australia .   As a director/cameraman his art-related TV programmes include Another Way of Telling , a BBC series on photography made in collaboration with John Berger and Jean Mohr ; Salvage of Soho Photographer , a C4 documentary on John Deakin and First Hand , a series of seven films based on literary manuscripts from the British Library . As a lighting cameraman he filmed Ian Breakwell 's Continuous Diary ( C4 ) , 40 Years of Modern Art ( Tate ) , Ian Breakwell 's Public Face/Private Eye ( C4 ) , David Mach - From Hill to Castle ( BBC2 ) , `` David Nash - At the Edge of the Forest ( BBC Wales ) and The Other Side '' Ian Breakwell 's installation produced by Anna Ridley and shown at the De La Warr Pavilion and Tate Britain .   John Christie was one of the four founder members of the award-winning East Anglian publisher Full Circle Editions and also of the FlipSide literary and music festival held at the Aldeburgh Music complex , Snape Maltings , every autumn .

neg: Sleeping Murder Sleeping Murder : Miss Marple 's Last Case is a work of detective fiction by Agatha Christie and first published in the UK by the Collins Crime Club in October 1976 and in the US by Dodd , Mead and Company later in the same year . The UK edition retailed for # 3.50 and the US edition for $ 7.95 .   The book features Miss Marple . It was the last Christie novel , published posthumously , although not the last one Christie wrote featuring Miss Marple . The story is set in the 1930s , though written during the Second World War . She aids a young couple who choose to uncover events in the wife 's past life , and not let sleeping murder lie .

neg: Witness for the Prosecution (1982 film) Witness for the Prosecution is a 1982 television film version of Agatha Christie 's short story and play , and also a remake of the Billy Wilder film Witness for the Prosecution ( 1957 ) .

neg: Dumb Witness Dumb Witness is a detective fiction novel by British writer Agatha Christie , first published in the UK by the Collins Crime Club on 5 July 1937 and in the US by Dodd , Mead and Company later in the same year under the title of Poirot Loses a Client . The UK edition retailed at seven shillings and sixpence ( 7/6 ) and the US edition at $ 2.00 .   The book features the Belgian detective Hercule Poirot and is narrated by his friend Arthur Hastings . One novel published after this one features Hastings as narrator , 1975 's Curtain : Poirot 's Last Case .

neg: Christie Malry's Own Double-Entry Christie Malry 's Own Double-Entry ( 1973 ) is the penultimate novel by the late British avant-garde novelist B. S. Johnson . It is the metafictional account of a disaffected young man , Christie Malry , who applies the principles of double-entry bookkeeping to his own life , `` crediting '' himself against society in an increasingly violent manner for perceived `` debits '' .

neg: Timothy Evans Timothy John Evans ( 20 November 1924 -- 9 March 1950 ) was a Welshman falsely accused of murdering his wife and infant daughter at their residence at 10 Rillington Place in Notting Hill , London . In January 1950 , Evans was tried and convicted of the murder of his daughter and was sentenced to death and hanged . During his trial , Evans accused his downstairs neighbour , John Christie , of committing the murders .   Three years after Evans 's execution , Christie was found to be a serial killer who had murdered six other women in the same house , including his own wife . Before his own execution , Christie confessed to murdering Mrs. Evans . An official inquiry concluded in 1966 that Christie had also murdered Evans 's daughter , and Evans was granted a posthumous pardon . ''   The case generated much controversy and is acknowledged as a serious miscarriage of justice . Along with those of Derek Bentley and Ruth Ellis , the case played a major part in the abolition of capital punishment in the United Kingdom in 1965 .

neg: Ian Christie Ian Christie may refer to :   Ian Christie ( musician ) ( 1927 -- 2010 ) , British jazz clarinetist and film critic for the Daily Express  Ian Christie ( film scholar ) ( born 1945 ) , British film academic  I. R. Christie ( 1919 -- 1998 ) , British historian

neg: The Famous Five (series) The Famous Five is the name of a series of children 's adventure novels written by English author Enid Blyton . The first book , Five on a Treasure Island , was published in 1942 . The novels feature the adventures of a group of young children -- Julian , Dick , Anne and Georgina ( George ) -- and their dog Timmy .   The stories take place in the children 's school holidays after they have returned from their respective boarding schools . Each time they meet they get caught up in an adventure , often involving criminals or lost treasure . Sometimes the scene is set close to George 's family home at Kirrin Cottage in Dorset , such as the picturesque Kirrin Island , owned by George and her family in Kirrin Bay . George 's own home and various other houses the children visit or stay in are hundreds of years old and often contain secret passages or smugglers ' tunnels .   In some books the children go camping in the countryside , on a hike or holiday together elsewhere . The settings , however , are almost always rural and enable the children to discover the simple joys of cottages , islands , the English and Welsh countryside and sea shores , as well as an outdoor life of picnics , lemonade , bicycle trips and swimming .   Blyton intended to write only six or eight books in the series , but owing to their high sales and immense commercial success she went on to write twenty-one full-length Famous Five novels , as well as a number of other series in similar style following groups of children discovering crime on holiday in the countryside . By the end of 1953 more than six million copies had been sold . Today , more than two million copies of the books are sold each year , making them one of the biggest-selling series for children ever written , with sales totalling over a hundred million . All the novels have been adapted for television , and several have been adapted as films in various countries .   Blyton 's publisher , Hodder & Stoughton , first used the term `` The Famous Five '' in 1951 , after nine books in the series had been published . Before this , the series was referred to as `` The ` Fives ' Books '' .

neg: Maundy Gregory John Arthur Maundy Gregory ( 1 July 1877 -- 28 September 1941 ) was a British theatre producer and political fixer who is best remembered for selling honours for Prime Minister David Lloyd George . He may also have been involved with the Zinoviev Letter , the disappearance of Victor Grayson , and the suspicious death of his platonic companion , Edith Rosse . Gregory claimed to have been a spy for British intelligence .

neg: List of journalists killed in Russia The dangers to journalists in Russia have been well known since the early 1990s but concern over the number of unsolved killings soared after Anna Politkovskaya 's murder in Moscow on 7 October , 2006 . While international monitors mentioned dozen deaths , some sources within Russia talked of over two hundred fatalities .  The evidence has since been examined and documented in two reports , published in Russian and English , by international organizations . These revealed a basic confusion in terminology that explained the seemingly enormous numerical discrepancy : statistics of premature death among journalists ( from work accidents , crossfire incidents , and purely criminal or domestic cases of manslaughter ) were repeatedly equated with the much smaller number of targeted ( contract ) killings or work-related murders .  The Remembrance Day of Journalists Killed in the Line of Duty in Russia is observed on 15 December every year .

neg: The Road of Dreams The Road of Dreams is a book of poetry by crime writer Agatha Christie . It was published at her own expense by Geoffrey Bles in January 1925 priced at five shillings ( 5 / - ) . Only one edition of the 112-page volume was ever published and this was undated .   Christie wrote poetry for most of her life ; her first traceable published works are three poems from 1919 : World Hymn in The Poetry Review issue for March/April , Dark Sheila in Poetry Today issue for May/June and A Passing in the same journal for November/December . All three poems are reprinted in The Road of Dreams ( with the first under the slightly amended title of World Hymn , 1914 ) .   The book is divided into four sections :  A Masque from Italy  Ballads  Dreams and Fantasies  Other Poems   The final section includes a poem titled In a Dispensary which mentions many of the poisons that Christie would use in her long fictional career .

neg: Margaret Hogg Margaret Hogg ( c. 1939 -- October 1976 ) was a manslaughter victim whose body was preserved in Wast Water , Lake District National Park , Cumbria , for eight years . Married to Peter Hogg , she had worked as an airline stewardess for Air Europe ; her husband was a pilot .   Peter was 19 years older than Margaret , and briefly achieved front-page news on 16 August 1974 when he landed at Luton Airport as the captain of a Lockheed L-1011 Tristar of Court Line that he had piloted overnight from a refuelling stop at Gander , Canada , bringing Clarksons holidaymakers back from St. Lucia . This was the airline 's last flight as Court Line had ceased trading the previous day .   Margaret had a three-year affair with banker Graham Ryan , and often flaunted it before Peter . One night in October 1976 , Mrs Hogg attacked her husband , hitting and kicking until he `` grabbed her round the neck and squeezed hard '' . Margaret Hogg suffocated and Peter wrapped her body in a carpet , tied it to a block of concrete , drove north overnight from Surrey and dumped the body in Wast Water lake in the Wasdale valley in the Lake District National Park , England .   The body settled at a depth of 34 metres ( 110 ft ) , only a short distance away from much deeper parts of the deepest lake in England . Due to the lack of oxygen , her body did not decompose , but over time was preserved by the formation of adipocere .   In 1983 , the lake was searched for the body of Veronique Mireille Marre , a missing French student . Subsequently , the remains of Margaret Hogg were found by a diver , Neil Pritt , in March 1984 , who initially thought them to be just a roll of old carpet . Shortly after the recovery , the body was identified by friends . The police investigation was made easier by noting the two sets of initials engraved on the inside of the gold wedding ring recovered from Margaret 's body .   Her husband Peter , the prime suspect , initially denied the murder before giving a confession . He was sentenced to four years for manslaughter , obstructing a coroner , and perjury in his divorce proceedings .   The body of Veronique Mireille Marre was eventually found in April 1984 . Her remains were found on a mountain at the bottom of a cliff , but no cause of death could be officially given .

neg: Arthur Koestler Arthur Koestler , CBE ( -LSB- ˈkɛstlər , _ ˈkɛslər -RSB- -LSB- ˈkœstlɐ -RSB- ; Kösztler Artúr 5 September 1905 -- 1 March 1983 ) was a Hungarian-British author and journalist . Koestler was born in Budapest and , apart from his early school years , was educated in Austria . In 1931 Koestler joined the Communist Party of Germany until , disillusioned by Stalinism , he resigned in 1938 . In 1940 he published his novel Darkness at Noon , an anti-totalitarian work that gained him international fame . Over the next 43 years , from his residence in Britain , Koestler espoused many political causes , and wrote novels , memoirs , biographies and numerous essays . In 1968 he was awarded the Sonning Prize `` for -LSB- his -RSB- outstanding contribution to European culture '' and in 1972 he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) . In 1976 he was diagnosed with Parkinson 's disease and in 1979 with terminal leukaemia . In 1983 he and his wife killed themselves at their home in London .

neg: Barbara Cartland Dame Barbara Cartland DBE CStJ ( 9 July 1901 -- 21 May 2000 ) , born as Mary Barbara Hamilton Cartland , was an English author of romance novels , one of the best-selling authors as well as one of the most prolific and commercially successful worldwide of the twentieth century . Her 723 novels were translated into 38 languages and she continues to be referenced in the Guinness World Records for the most novels published in a single year in 1976 . As Barbara Cartland she is known for her numerous romantic novels but she also wrote under her married name of Barbara McCorquodale and briefly under the pseudonym of Marcus Belfry . She wrote more than 700 books , as well as plays , music , verse , drama , magazine articles and operetta , and was a prominent philanthropist . She reportedly sold more than 750 million copies . Other sources estimate her book sales at more than two billion copies . She specialised in 19th-century Victorian era pure romance . Her novels all featured portrait-style artwork , particularly the cover art , usually designed by Frances Marshall .   As head of Cartland Promotions , she also became one of London 's most prominent society figures , of the latter always presenting herself in pink gown and plumed hat , she was one of Britain 's most popular media personalities , right up until her death in 2000 .

neg: Say It with Poison Say It With Poison ( 1991 ) is a whodunnit or mystery novel by Ann Granger . It is the first in a series of 15 ( as of 2004 ) Mitchell and Markby Mysteries .   Although they feel curiously attracted to each other , the two protagonists who solve the case , Mitchell and Markby , are not a team . Rather , they work against each other . Meredith Mitchell , aged 35 at the beginning of the series , is a British civil servant who , unmarried and without relatives to take care of , embarks on a career in the diplomatic service and , at the beginning of the novel , has spent many years abroad , most recently in Yugoslavia . On her arrival back home , she metamorphoses into an amateur sleuth . Chief Inspector Alan Markby is a 42-year-old divorced policeman working from the fictitious town of Bamford somewhere in the Cotswolds . The two meet when the police have to investigate a death in a small village near Bamford where Mitchell is staying .   Granger is renowned for writing traditional detective fiction but also for bringing the classic whodunnit up to date . As opposed to , say , Miss Marple 's St. Mary Mead , the village of Westerfield is a soulless place with a dwindling population , with all the young people leaving . There is no village shop ; no village school ; no doctor 's practice ; no vicarage , with the old church boarded up and only to be opened for special occasions . In spite of all that , the villagers are reluctant to accept , and suspicious of , any newcomers to their rural community .

neg: Southern Ontario Gothic Southern Ontario Gothic is a subgenre of the Gothic novel genre and a feature of Canadian literature that comes from Southern Ontario . This region includes Toronto , Southern Ontario 's major industrial cities ( Windsor , London , Hamilton , St. Thomas , Oshawa , St. Catharines ) , and the surrounding countryside . While the genre may also feature other areas of Ontario , Canada , and the world as narrative locales , this region provides the core settings .   The term was first used in Graeme Gibson 's Eleven Canadian Novelists ( 1972 ) to recognize an existing tendency to apply aspects of the Gothic novel to writing based in and around Southern Ontario . In an interview with Timothy Findley , Gibson commented that Findley 's novel The Last of the Crazy People shared similarities with the American Southern Gothic genre , to which Findley replied , '' ... sure , it 's Southern Gothic : Southern Ontario Gothic . ''   Notable writers of this subgenre include Alice Munro , Margaret Atwood , Robertson Davies , Jane Urquhart , Marian Engel , James Reaney and Barbara Gowdy .   Like the Southern Gothic of American writers such as William Faulkner , Flannery O'Connor and Eudora Welty , Southern Ontario Gothic analyzes and critiques social conditions such as race , gender , religion and politics , but in a Southern Ontario context . Southern Ontario Gothic is generally characterized by a stern realism set against the dour small-town Protestant morality stereotypical of the region , and often has underlying themes of moral hypocrisy . Actions and people that act against humanity , logic , and morality all are portrayed unfavourably , and one or more characters may be suffering from some form of mental illness . In a review of Alice Munro 's Dear Life for Quill & Quire , literary critic James Grainger writes that `` Violence , illness , and reputations ruined by a single indiscretion are accepted in Munro 's secretive , repressed communities as a kind of levelling mechanism , rough justice for those who dare to strive for something finer . ''   The Gothic novel has traditionally examined the role of evil in the human soul , and has incorporated dark or horrific imagery to create the desired setting . Some ( but not all ) writers of Southern Ontario Gothic use supernatural or magic realist elements ; a few deviate from realism entirely , in the manner of the fantastical gothic novel . Virtually all dwell to a certain extent upon the grotesque .   Notable works of the genre include Davies ' Deptford Trilogy , Findley 's Headhunter , Atwood 's Alias Grace and The Blind Assassin , and Munro 's Selected Stories .   The genre has been criticised as having `` little or nothing to distinguish it from everyday , garden-variety type realism . ''

neg: They Came to Baghdad They Came to Baghdad is an adventure novel by Agatha Christie , first published in the United Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 5 March 1951 and in the United States by Dodd , Mead and Company later in the same year . The UK edition retailed at eight shillings and sixpence ( 8/6 ) and the US edition at $ 2.50 .   The book was inspired by Christie 's own trips to Baghdad with her second husband , archaeologist Sir Max Mallowan , and is also one of few Christie novels belonging to the action and spy fiction genres , rather than to mysteries and whodunnits .

neg: Agatha Christie's fictional universe In Agatha Christie 's novels several characters cross over different sagas , creating a fictional universe in which most of her stories are set . The most notable example is the novel The Pale Horse , which features Ariadne Oliver , Major Despard and his wife Rhoda ( all had previously appeared on Cards on the Table ) and Mrs Dane Calthrop ( from The Moving Finger ) .

neg: Arthur Hastings Captain Arthur J. M. Hastings , OBE , is a fictional character created by Agatha Christie as the companion-chronicler and best friend of the Belgian detective , Hercule Poirot . He is first introduced in Christie 's 1920 novel The Mysterious Affair at Styles and appears as a character in eight other Poirot novels and plays , in addition to being the narrator of several others .

neg: Agatha Christie Award (Japan) The is a Japanese literary award established in 2010 in commemoration of the 120th anniversary of Agatha Christie 's birth . The award is presented by Hayakawa Publishing Corporation in association with the Agatha Christie Society , which is chaired by Mathew Pritchard , the grandson of Agatha Christie .   It is the literary award for unpublished mystery novels . The winning work , which is selected from more than 100 entries , is published by Hayakawa Publishing Corporation and the winner receives a prize of 1,000,000 yen .


query: Carrie Fisher was featured in a non-fiction book.

pos: Carrie Fisher Carrie Frances Fisher ( October 21 , 1956 -- December 27 , 2016 ) was an American actress , writer and humorist who first became known for playing Princess Leia in the Star Wars film series . Her other film roles included Shampoo ( 1975 ) , The Blues Brothers ( 1980 ) , Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) , The ` Burbs ( 1989 ) , and When Harry Met Sally ... ( 1989 ) .   Fisher wrote several semi-autobiographical novels , including Postcards from the Edge and the screenplay for the film of the book , as well as an autobiographical one-woman play , and its non-fiction book , Wishful Drinking , based on the play . She worked on other writers ' screenplays as a script doctor . In later years , she earned praise for speaking publicly about her experiences with bipolar disorder and drug addiction .   The daughter of the singer Eddie Fisher and actress Debbie Reynolds , Fisher and her mother appear in Bright Lights : Starring Carrie Fisher and Debbie Reynolds , a 2016 documentary about their relationship . It premiered at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival . Fisher died of cardiac arrest on December 27 , 2016 , at age 60 , four days after experiencing a medical emergency during a transatlantic flight from London to Los Angeles . Her final film , Star Wars : The Last Jedi , is scheduled to be released on December 15 , 2017 .

pos: Wishful Drinking Wishful Drinking is an autobiographical humor book by American actress and author Carrie Fisher , published by Simon & Schuster in 2008 . Fisher 's book was based on her one-woman stage show , which she developed with writer/director Joshua Ravetch .   The show debuted at The Geffen Playhouse with Ravetch directing . It enjoyed a successful Broadway run and then toured in other cities . In 2010 , HBO filmed a feature-length documentary of the stage play .

neg: Caren Lissner Caren Lissner is an American novelist , essayist , and newspaper editor . Her published novels include Carrie Pilby ( 2003 ) and Starting from Square Two ( 2004 ) . She has also published humorous essays and satire in The New York Times , The Philadelphia Inquirer , and McSweeney 's Internet Tendency . She is editor-in-chief of the Hudson Reporter group of newspapers based in Hoboken , New Jersey . Her novel Carrie Pilby was re-released July 1 , 2010 by Harlequin Teen and is being made into an independent film starring Bel Powley and Nathan Lane   Lissner was born in 1973 , grew up in Freehold Township , New Jersey , and attended Laura Donovan School and Barkalow Middle School . She graduated from Cedar Ridge High School in Old Bridge Township , New Jersey and the University of Pennsylvania , where she wrote for the student newspaper , the Daily Pennsylvanian , and was a member of the Philomathean Society .

neg: The Science of Interstellar The Science of Interstellar is a non-fiction book by American theoretical physicist Kip Thorne with the foreword by Christopher Nolan . The book was initially published on November 7 , 2014 by W. W. Norton & Company . This is his second full-size book for non-scientists after Black Holes and Time Warps , released in 1994 . The Science of Interstellar is a follow-up text for the 2014 movie Interstellar , starring Matthew McConaughey , Anne Hathaway , and Jessica Chastain .

neg: Laurence James Ludovici Laurence James Ludovici is an American non-fiction author .

neg: Carrie Anne `` Carrie Anne '' is a song written by Allan Clarke , Graham Nash , and Tony Hicks and released by British pop rock group The Hollies . The song was recorded on 1 May 1967 and was released as a single in the same month by Parlophone Records in the United Kingdom and Epic Records in the United States . It became a hit in 1967 , reaching # 3 on the UK Singles Chart . It was also a hit in the US and Canada , peaking at # 9 on both pop charts . It also reached No. 4 in the Irish charts .   Actress Carrie-Anne Moss was named ( by her mother ) in honor of the song , which was released three months before her birth .

neg: Firebrand Books Firebrand Books is a publishing house established in 1984 by Nancy K. Bereano -- a lesbian/feminist activist in Ithaca , NY . Karen Oosterhouse , publisher since 2003 , describes Firebrand as `` the independent publisher of record for feminist and lesbian fiction and nonfiction , '' championing `` authors whose work has been marginalized : women of color , women coming out of poverty , transwomen , the genderqueer , and other underrepresented voices . '' It is among the many feminist and lesbian publishing houses that grew out of the Women 's Press Movement ; other presses of that period include Naiad Books , Persephone and Kitchen Table : Women of Color Press .   From 1984 to 2000 , Firebrand Books published literary fiction , nonfiction , and poetry on lesbian and feminist themes , placing publisher Nancy Bereano `` at the forefront of lesbian and small press publishing . '' Firebrand was the first publisher of Dorothy Allison 's short story collection Trash , which subsequently won double Lambda Literary Awards in the categories of Lesbian Fiction and Small Press , and of the `` Dykes to Watch Out For '' series by Alison Bechdel .   The press has published poetry , fiction , and non-fiction by many luminary authors , including Jewelle Gomez , Leslie Feinberg , Cheryl Clarke , Ruthann Robson , Lesléa Newman , Mab Segrest , Leslie Feinberg , Judith Katz , Audre Lorde , and Minnie Bruce Pratt , earning four American Library Association Gay/Lesbian/Bisexual Book Awards and 12 Lambda Literary Awards , including the Publisher 's Service Award for Bereano , in 1996 . On Bereano 's influential role as an editor and publisher , Alison Bechdel writes : `` she discovered me and published my first book when I was a punk kid ... She also urged me to write a graphic novel long before the current craze , and that was the beginning of Fun Home . ''   Bereano has emphasized the importance of small independent presses in supporting and promoting `` new ways of thinking , '' especially for readers marginalized by large publishing houses . Citing her experiences publishing the work of Audre Lorde , Bereano writes : The fact that -LSB- Lorde 's -RSB- prose was published exclusively by small independently owned women 's presses was both a result of the major houses ' narrow perspective and the fact that Audre Lorde 's prose , particularly her myth-shattering essays , was instrumental in framing a changing reality for many women , primarily lesbian women ( a readership long dismissed by the mainstream publishing world ) . After Bereano 's retirement in 1994 , Firebrand Books was sold , first to distributor LPC Group , and eventually to Karen Oosterhouse , who relocated the press from Ithaca to Ann Arbor , Michigan , in 2003 . In a 2009 interview , Oosterhouse stated that , `` perhaps there will come a day when there is no longer a need for a specifically lesbian and feminist press , but for now Firebrand is that press . ''

neg: The Cancer Journals The Cancer Journals is a 1980 book of non-fiction by Audre Lorde . It deals with her struggle with breast cancer .

neg: Carrie Pilby Carrie Pilby is a coming-of-age novel by Caren Lissner , first published by Red Dress Ink in 2003 , then re-released on July 1 , 2010 for teenage readers under the new imprint Harlequin Teen . It was among the first novels published by Harlequin Enterprises 's Red Dress Ink imprint , an imprint created primarily to take advantage of the then-burgeoning `` chick lit '' phenomenon that included humorous books about young single women like Bridget Jones ' Diary .   In its first incarnation , Carrie Pilby was noted in various newspaper articles as one of the smarter and more original novels in the genre . It proved successful , selling more than 50,000 copies . Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times referred to the novel as `` hilarious '' in an August 10 , 2003 story . After the chick lit market became saturated , Harlequin stopped publishing novels under the Red Dress Ink imprint in 2009 , but Carrie Pilby was selected to be re-published on July 1 , 2010 as one of the first books in the new Harlequin Teen line for teenagers . It was republished with a new cover for teens and some of the technology referred to in the novel was slightly modernized ( Carrie was now renting DVDs instead of videos ) . The novel was released in France on June 1 , 2010 as one of the first four titles released under the French Harlequin imprint for teens , Darkiss .

neg: Cathleen Miller Cathleen Miller is an internationally best-selling American nonfiction writer based in California . Her 2013 book , Champion of Choice , is the biography of United Nations leader Nafis Sadik .   She is also the author of Desert Flower ( 1998 ) , co-written with Waris Dirie -- a Somali nomad turned model turned activist -- who shared her experience with female genital mutilation to bring about global awareness . The book has been cited by the United Nations as having played a major role in the advocacy against female genital mutilation . Desert Flower was made into a feature film in 2009 and released in 34 countries . The print version sold over 11 million copies worldwide and has been translated into more than 55 languages .

neg: The New York Times Non-Fiction Best Sellers of 1984 This is a list of adult non-fiction books that topped The New York Times Non-Fiction Best Seller list in 1984 .   The distinct list for `` Advice , How-To , and Miscellaneous '' debuted January 1 , 1984 . Its number one bestseller ( The Body Principal by Victoria Principal ) had been number ten and number twelve on the non-fiction lists for the two preceding weeks .

neg: Requiem (Fisher novel) Requiem is a novel by the American writer A. E. Fisher set during the Great Depression in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . It tells the story of a week in the life of a family of six struggling to survive .

neg: Girl Trouble (book) Girl Trouble : Panic and Progress in the History of Young Women is a book about the media hysteria that accompanied the behavior of young women in the 20th century , written by Carol Dyhouse and published by Fernwood Publishing in 2014 . Upon publication the book was positively reviewed by critics .

neg: LGBT topics in Singaporean literature This article deals with writing that deals with LGBT themes in a Singapore context . It covers literary works of fiction , such as novels , short stories , plays and poems . It also includes non-fiction works , both scholarly and targeted at the general reader , such as dissertations , journal or magazine articles , books and even web-based content . Although Singapore lacks a dedicated gay book publisher or gay bookshop , it does have at least one dedicated gay library , Pelangi Pride Centre , which is open weekly to the public . Many of the works cited here may be found both in Pelangi Pride Centre , as well as the National Library or other academic libraries in Singapore , as well as in some commercial bookshops under ` gender studies ' sections .

neg: Frederick Douglass Prize The Frederick Douglass Book Prize is awarded annually by the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History at Yale University .   It is a $ 25,000 award for the most outstanding non-fiction book in English on the subject of slavery , abolition or antislavery movements .

neg: Nora Fisher McMillan Born Eleanor Fisher , the first of Ernest and Janet Fisher 's two daughters , in Belfast on 16 March 1908 , but known even then as `` Nora '' , Nora Fisher McMillan , as she became , was a larger-than-life self-taught expert in natural history , especially conchology , specialising in post-glacial fresh-water Mollusca , but with broad academic interests in the history of natural history , geology and other areas , as well as being a keen amateur botanist , naturalist and local historian . She wrote prolifically , with over 400 publications to her name .   She moved to Liverpool in 1933 and , with a short interruption due to her marriage in 1937 , worked for the Liverpool Museum until her retirement in 2000 at the age of 92 . By the time of her death in 2003 , she had become almost the last direct link with two generations of Irish and British Victorian conchologists who brought distinction to the subject through their personal research and field collecting . Largely self-taught , she was conferred an Honorary MSc by the University of Liverpool in 1991 , was President of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland , and was elected a Member of the Royal Irish Academy in 1970 . She received an MBE for her life 's work in 1992 .

neg: What Mrs. Fisher Knows About Old Southern Cooking What Mrs. Fisher Knows About Old Southern Cooking is a cookbook published in 1881 by former slave Abby Fisher , who had moved from Mobile , Alabama , to San Francisco . It is one of the first cookbooks written by an African-American .

neg: Silent Cinema in India Silent Cinema in India - A Pictorial Journey is a 2012 Indian English language non-fiction book , written by B D Garga and published by Harper Collins India .  It won the 2012 National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema

neg: Summer and the City Summer and the City is a young-adult novel written by Candace Bushnell . The sequel to The Carrie Diaries and the prequel to Sex and the City , it was first released as a hardcover on April 26 , 2011 .

neg: Science book A science book is a work of nonfiction , usually written by a scientist , researcher , or professor like Stephen Hawking ( A Brief History of Time ) , or sometimes by a non-scientist such as Bill Bryson ( A Short History of Nearly Everything ) . Usually these books are written for a wide audience presumed to have a general education rather than a specifically scientific training , as opposed to the very narrow audience that a scientific paper would have , and are therefore referred to as popular science . As such , they require considerable talent on the part of the author to sufficiently explain difficult topics to  people who are totally new to the subject , and a good blend of storytelling and technical writing . In the UK , the Royal Society Prizes for Science Books are considered to be the most prestigious awards for science writing . In the US , the National Book Awards briefly had a category for science writing in the 1960s , but now they just have the broad categories of fiction and nonfiction .   There are many disciplines that are well explained to lay people through science books . A few examples include Carl Sagan on astronomy , Jared Diamond on geography , Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Dawkins on evolutionary biology , David Eagleman on neuroscience , Donald Norman on usability and cognitive psychology , Steven Pinker , Noam Chomsky , and Robert Ornstein on linguistics and cognitive science , Donald Johanson and Robert Ardrey on paleoanthropology , and Desmond Morris on zoology and anthropology , and Fulvio Melia on black holes .

neg: Food Fray Food Fray is a 2009 non-fiction book by molecular biologist Lisa H. Weasel that details the story of genetically modified food in the United States .

neg: On Directing Film On Directing Film is a non-fiction book by American playwright and filmmaker David Mamet ( ISBN 0-670-83033-X ) published in 1991 .