query: Marshall McLuhan attended a university.

pos: Marshall McLuhan Herbert Marshall McLuhan , ( July 21 , 1911 -- December 31 , 1980 ) was a Canadian professor , philosopher , and public intellectual . His work is viewed as one of the cornerstones of the study of media theory , as well as having practical applications in the advertising and television industries . He was educated at the University of Manitoba and the University of Cambridge ; he began his teaching career as a Professor of English at several universities in the U.S. and Canada before moving to the University of Toronto , where he remained for the rest of his life .   McLuhan is known for coining the expression `` the medium is the message '' and the term global village , and for predicting the World Wide Web almost thirty years before it was invented . He was a fixture in media discourse in the late 1960s , though his influence began to wane in the early 1970s . In the years after his death , he continued to be a controversial figure in academic circles . With the arrival of the internet , however , interest has renewed in his work and perspective .

neg: Grambling State University Grambling State University ( GSU ) is a historically black , public , coeducational university , located in Grambling , Louisiana . The university is home of College Football Hall of Fame inductee and former head football coach Eddie Robinson , and is listed on the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail . The university is a member-school of the University of Louisiana System and Thurgood Marshall College Fund .

neg: List of state universities in the United States In the United States , a state college or state university is one of the public colleges or universities funded by or associated with the state government . In some cases , these institutions of higher learning are part of a state university system , while in other cases they are not . Several U.S. territories also administer public colleges and universities . The U.S. federal government does not run colleges or universities except for the service academies , the Community College of the Air Force , the Naval Postgraduate School , the Air Force Institute of Technology , the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , military war colleges and staff colleges , and Haskell Indian Nations University . Additionally , Georgetown University , Gallaudet University , Howard University , and American University are private universities that are federally chartered . However , the federal government does make grants to state universities .   These state , as well as private , universities are accredited by different regional , not national , accreditation agencies , including the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools , the New England Association of Schools and Colleges , the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities , the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools , the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools , and the Western Association of Schools and Colleges , depending on which region of the United States the university is located in . These accreditation agencies ' approvals are critical to a university 's operations and public reputation . If a university loses accreditation or is not accredited in the first place , students will be reluctant to either continue or enroll at the school because the degree will be seen as being worthless . In a worst-case scenario , a university can shut down completely . The aforementioned agencies are all recognized by the United States Department of Education .   Most state universities receive at least part of their funding from the state , although many have substantial income from tuition and fees , endowment proceeds , donations ( such as from alumni or philanthropists ) , and revenue from royalties . State universities usually offer lower tuition costs to in-state residents . According to the College Board , public four-year colleges charge on average $ 7,605 per year in tuition and fees for full-time in-state students and $ 11,990 for out-of-state students .   In some states , e.g. Maryland , Tennessee , Indiana , and Washington , there is a campus designated as the `` flagship '' campus in the state 's university system , which generally is the most prestigious campus and the largest campus in student population , e.g. the University of Maryland College Park campus in the University System of Maryland , the Indiana University Bloomington campus in the Indiana University System , the University of Tennessee Knoxville campus in the University of Tennessee System , and the University of Washington 's Seattle campus in the University of Washington System .   However , in some other states , the state universities are treated as equal partners ; therefore there is no officially recognized flagship campus in the state 's university system .   There are a number of states that have more than one university system , e.g. California with 2 ; Colorado with 2 ; New York with 2 ; and Texas with 6 ( the most ) .   Notes :  As a general rule , schools are not alphabetized by their complete names , but rather by the names by which they are normally called . For example , in a list alphabetized by normal rules , `` Auburn University '' would precede `` University of Alabama , '' but the schools are virtually always referred to in popular conversation as `` Auburn '' and `` Alabama '' ( followed by a campus identifier if required by the context ) . Therefore , in this article , `` Alabama '' precedes `` Auburn '' .  The list includes some of the more common academic nicknames or acronyms used for certain colleges or universities , e.g. `` Ole Miss '' for the University of Mississippi , `` Idaho State '' for Idaho State University , or `` UNF '' for the University of North Florida , not the `` Rebels '' , `` Bengals '' , or `` Ospreys '' , respectively .  To minimize any confusion regarding acronyms , either the first school listed or the school that is more nationally known having an acronym the same as another has the acronym provided , e.g. San Diego State University has the acronym `` SDSU '' included because it is listed before South Dakota State University , and Arizona State University has the acronym `` ASU '' given because it is better known nationally than Alabama State . In addition , only acronyms that are unique are given , e.g. `` UW Tacoma '' for the University of Washington 's Tacoma campus or `` UNH '' for the University of New Hampshire .  The list also includes schools that grant first-professional doctorates only ( e.g. , medical schools , law schools , or veterinary schools ) that are independent of any other school in a state system .  To see a list of community colleges and technical centers in the United States that offer only associate 's degrees , visit the community colleges list .  To see a list of tribal colleges and universities in the United States , visit the tribal colleges and universities list .

neg: University of South Dakota The University of South Dakota ( or informally USD or the U ) is a public coeducational research university located in the small town community of Vermillion , South Dakota . USD was established by the Dakota Territory legislature in 1862 , 27 years before the establishment of the state of South Dakota ( first classes held 1882 in the Clay County Courthouse ) , USD is the oldest public university in the state .   On a 274 acre campus , USD is situated in the southeastern portion of South Dakota , approximately 63 mile southwest of Sioux Falls , South Dakota , 39 mile northwest of Sioux City , Iowa and north of the Missouri River .   The University of South Dakota is home to South Dakota 's only medical school , law school , and accredited business school . It is also home to the National Music Museum , with over 15,000 American , European , and non-western instruments . USD is governed by the South Dakota Board of Regents , and its current president is Jim Abbott . The university has been accredited by the North Central Association of College and Schools since 1913 . Nine alumni have been selected as Rhodes Scholars ; Ernest Lawrence , B.A. 1922 , received the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics .   The athletic teams compete in the NCAA 's Division I as members of The Summit League , except football , which competes in the Missouri Valley Football Conference .

neg: List of McMaster University people McMaster University , located in Hamilton , Ontario , Canada , is a public research university that was founded in 1887 through funds bequeathed by Canadian Senator , William McMaster . It has grown into an institution of more than 32,000 students , faculty , and staff . The school is consistently ranked as one of the best in Canada . The list is drawn from faculty , alumni and staff .

neg: University of Richmond The University of Richmond ( UR or U of R ) is a private , nonsectarian , liberal arts college located in the city of Richmond , Virginia , with small portions of the campus extending into surrounding Henrico County . University of Richmond is a primarily undergraduate , residential university with approximately 4,350 undergraduate and graduate students in five schools : the School of Arts and Sciences , the E. Claiborne Robins School of Business , the Jepson School of Leadership Studies , the University of Richmond School of Law and the School of Professional & Continuing Studies .

neg: University A university ( universitas , `` a whole '' , `` a corporation '' ) is an institution of higher ( or tertiary ) education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines . Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education .   The word `` university '' is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium , which roughly means `` community of teachers and scholars . '' Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages .

neg: Hollins University Hollins University is a four-year private institution of higher education located on a 475 acre campus on the border of Roanoke and Botetourt counties in the U.S. state of Virginia . Founded in 1842 as Valley Union Seminary in the historical settlement of Botetourt Springs , it is one of the oldest institutions of higher education for women in the United States .   Hollins has since evolved into a full university with approximately 800 enrolled undergraduate and graduate students . As Virginia 's first chartered women 's college , all undergraduate programs are female-only . Men are admitted to the graduate-level programs .   Hollins is known for its undergraduate and graduate writing programs , which have produced Pulitzer Prize -- winning authors Annie Dillard , current U.S. poet laureate Natasha Trethewey , and Henry S. Taylor . Other prominent alumnae include pioneering sportswriter Mary Garber , 2006 Man Booker Prize winner Kiran Desai , UC-Berkeley 's first tenured female physicist ( and a principal contributor to theories for detecting the Higgs boson ) Mary K. Gaillard , Goodnight Moon author Margaret Wise Brown , Lee Smith , photographer Sally Mann , and Ellen Malcolm , founder of EMILY 's List .

neg: Sam Houston State University Sam Houston State University ( known as SHSU or Sam ) was founded in 1879 and is the third oldest public institution of higher learning in the State of Texas . It is located approximately 70 minutes north of downtown Houston , in Huntsville , Texas . It is one of the oldest purpose-built institutions for the instruction of teachers west of the Mississippi River and the first such institution of its type in Texas . The school is named for Sam Houston , who made his home in the city and is buried there .   SHSU is a member of the Texas State University System and has an enrollment of more than 20,000 students across over 80 undergraduate , 59 masters ' , and 8 doctoral degree programs . The university also offers more than 20 online bachelor 's and graduate degrees , and its online programs are ranked high by U.S. News & World Report . It was the first institution classified as a Doctoral Research University by the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education within the Texas State University System , and while education continues to be the most popular major among students at the university , SHSU has nationally recognized programs in banking , performing arts , mathematics and criminal justice .

neg: Hampton University Hampton University ( also HU , or Home by the Sea ) is a private historically black university located in Hampton , Virginia , United States . It was founded in 1868 by black and white leaders of the American Missionary Association after the American Civil War to provide education to freedmen . In 1878 , it established a program for teaching Native Americans , which lasted until 1923 .

neg: Liberal arts college A liberal arts college is a college with an emphasis on undergraduate study in the liberal arts and sciences . A liberal arts college aims to impart a broad general knowledge and develop general intellectual capacities , in contrast to a professional , vocational , or technical curriculum . Students in a liberal arts college generally major in a particular discipline while receiving exposure to a wide range of academic subjects , including sciences as well as the traditional humanities subjects taught as liberal arts . Although it draws on European antecedents , the liberal arts college is strongly associated with American higher education , and most liberal arts colleges around the world draw explicitly on the American model .   There is no formal definition of liberal arts college , but one American authority defines them as schools that `` emphasize undergraduate education and award at least half of their degrees in the liberal arts fields of study . '' Other researchers have adopted similar definitions .   Although many liberal arts colleges are exclusively undergraduate , some also offer graduate programs that lead to a master 's degree or doctoral degree in subjects such as business administration , nursing , medicine , and law . Similarly , although the term `` liberal arts college '' most commonly refers to an independent institution , it may also sometimes refer to a university college within or affiliated with a larger university . Most liberal arts colleges outside of the United States follow this model .

neg: Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai University ( CMU ) is a public research university in northern Thailand founded in 1964 . It has a strong emphasis on engineering , science , agriculture , and medicine . Its instructional mission includes undergraduate , graduate , professional and continuing education offered through resident instruction . Its main campus lies between Chiang Mai downtown and Doi Suthep in Chiang Mai , Chiang Mai Province .   The university was the first institution of higher education in northern Thailand , and the first provincial university in Thailand .

neg: University of Karachi The University of Karachi ( جامعۂ كراچى or KU ) is a public research university located in Karachi , Sindh , Pakistan . It is one of the oldest universities in Pakistan being established as a federal university in 1951 under the leadership of Oxford trained Dr. ABA Haleem .   With a student body of 24,000 full-time students and a campus size spanning over 1200 acres , Karachi University is Pakistan 's largest university with a distinguished reputation for multi-disciplinary research in science and technology , medical research , and social sciences . The university spans over 53 Departments and 19 world-class research institutes operating under nine faculties . There are over 800 academic 's and more than 2500 supporting staff working for the university .   In 2009 , the university was named by now defunct THE-QS World University Rankings for the top 500 universities in the world , while it is ranked by QS ranking 's in 2016 as among to the top 250 in Asia and among 701st in the world , the research at the university is ranked as ` high ' . The university has been affiliated with world-renowned and notable scholars have been associated and affiliated with the university as faculty , researchers , or alumni since its establishment .   The university is a member of Association of Commonwealth Universities of the United Kingdom .

neg: Lesley University Lesley University is a private , coeducational university in Cambridge , Massachusetts . It offers education , expressive therapies , creative writing , counseling , and fine arts programs .   The university is a member of the New England Association of Schools and Colleges , National Association of Schools of Art and Design , New England Collegiate Conference , and the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design .

neg: John Marshall High School (Los Angeles) John Marshall High School is a high school located in the Los Feliz district of the City of Los Angeles at 3939 Tracy Street in Los Angeles , California .   Marshall , which serves grades 9 through 12 , is a part of the Los Angeles Unified School District . Marshall is named after jurist John Marshall , who served as the fourth Chief Justice of the United States for three decades .   Students at Marshall primarily come from Los Feliz , Atwater Village , East Hollywood , northeastern Koreatown , Elysian Valley , and Silver Lake .   John Marshall High School offers a good number of Advanced Placement and honors courses on top of the regular curriculum . The variety of AP courses offered makes it possible to take almost every major subject offered in grades 9 -- 12 in the AP system . Entry to these courses in the past has been granted to students with high grades or letters of recommendation from their previous teachers . Many of the students who have taken AP courses move on to campuses of the University of California , with some top students achieving admission to Ivy League universities or other universities in the Top 25 , as ranked by U.S. News & World Report .   Within the school , there are many Small Learning Communities , including the School for Environmental Studies , the school 's only California Partnership Academy , the Performing Arts Academy , the Artistic Vision Academy , the STARS Academy , the Renaissance Academy , and the Social Justice Academy . The School also houses a School for Advanced Studies and a Gifted/High Ability Magnet .

neg: Duke Kunshan University Duke Kunshan University is a university organized as a collaboration between Duke University ( located in Durham , North Carolina , United States ) , Wuhan University ( Wuhan , Hubei , China ) , and the city of Kunshan , China . The university has a 200-acre campus in Kunshan . On September 17 , 2013 , the Chinese Ministry of Education granted final approval . First classes started on August 25 , 2014 . Duke Kunshan University currently offers an Undergraduate Global Learning Semester program and Master 's programs in Medical Physics , Global Health , Environmental Policy and Management Studies .   The first chancellor of the new university is Liu Jingnan , formerly president of Wuhan University . Mary Brown Bullock , formerly president of Agnes Scott College , is the first executive vice chancellor .   Duke first attempted to collaborate with Shanghai Jiao Tong University to build its Kunshan campus in 2010 , but the Chinese university withdrew before reaching an agreement .

neg: Public university A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government , as opposed to private universities . Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country ( or region ) to another , largely depending on the specific education landscape .

neg: Mahamakut Buddhist University Mahamakut Buddhist University or MBU is one of the two public Buddhist universities in Thailand . Founded in 1893 as an educational institute for monks , by King Chulalongkorn in remembrance of his late father King Mongkut . The Thai government granted the university a status of public university in 1997 , integrating MBU into the Thai higher education system .   Mahamakut Buddhist University is composed of four academic faculties : Religion and Philosophy Faculty , Humanities Faculty , Social Sciences Faculty , and Education Faculty . In addition , the university also offer a teachers ' training program as well as various academic services to the public .   The university began offering master 's degree programs in 1987 . The Ph.D. program of Buddhist Studies was established in 2005 .

neg: Medical University of South Carolina The Medical University of South Carolina ( MUSC ) opened in Charleston , South Carolina in 1824 as a small private college for the training of physicians . It is one of the oldest continually operating schools of medicine in the United States and the oldest in the Deep South . The school 's main building was designed by Charleston architect Albert W. Todd .   The school has expanded into a state university with a medical center and six colleges for the education of health professionals , biomedical scientists and other health care personnel . It also operates as a center for research and has a public hospital .

neg: Lehigh University Lehigh University is an American private research university located in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania . It was established in 1865 by businessman Asa Packer and has grown to include studies in a wide variety of disciplines . Its undergraduate programs have been coeducational since the 1971 -- 72 academic year . As of 2014 , the university had 4,904 undergraduate students and 2,165 graduate students . Lehigh is considered one of the twenty-four Hidden Ivies in the Northeastern United States .   Lehigh has four colleges : the P.C. Rossin College of Engineering and Applied Science , the College of Arts and Sciences , the College of Business and Economics , and the College of Education . The College of Arts and Sciences is the largest college today , home to roughly 40 % of the university 's students . The university offers a variety of degrees , including Bachelor of Arts , Bachelor of Science , Master of Arts , Master of Science , Master of Business Administration , Master of Engineering , Master of Education , and Doctor of Philosophy .   Lehigh has produced Pulitzer Prize winners , Fulbright Fellows , members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and of the National Academy of Sciences , and National Medal of Science winners .

neg: List of colleges and universities in West Virginia There are forty-four colleges and universities in the U.S. state of West Virginia that are listed under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . These institutions include one research university , five master 's universities , and fourteen baccalaureate colleges , as well as twenty-one associate 's colleges . In addition , there are three institutions classified as special-focus institutions .   West Virginia 's oldest surviving post-secondary institution is Bethany College , founded on March 2 , 1840 by Alexander Campbell . Marshall University and West Liberty University were both established in 1837 , but as private subscription schools . Founded in 1867 , West Virginia University is the state 's largest public institution of higher learning in terms of enrollment , as it had 29,707 students as of spring 2013 . Eastern West Virginia Community and Technical College is the state 's smallest , with an enrollment of 822 . With an enrollment of 1,549 students , Wheeling Jesuit University is West Virginia 's largest traditional private post-secondary institution , while Valley College -- Princeton is the state 's smallest , with an enrollment of 72 . The American Public University System , a private for-profit , distance education institution based in Charles Town , has the largest enrollment of any post-secondary institution in West Virginia , with 31,331 students .   West Virginia has two land-grant universities : West Virginia State University and West Virginia University . West Virginia University is also the state 's sole participant university in the National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program . In addition , West Virginia has two historically black colleges and universities that are members of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund : Bluefield State College and West Virginia State University .   West Virginia has three medical schools : Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine , West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine , and West Virginia University School of Medicine . It has one law school , West Virginia University College of Law , which is accredited by the American Bar Association . The majority ( thirty-three ) of West Virginia 's post-secondary institutions are accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools ( NCA ) . Most are accredited by multiple agencies , such as the Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing ( ACEN ) , the American Physical Therapy Association ( APTA ) , the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education ( CCNE ) , and the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education ( NCATE ) .


query: Minneapolis was once the world's sugar milling capital.

pos: Minneapolis Minneapolis ( -LSB- mɪniˈæpəlɪs -RSB- ) is the county seat of Hennepin County , and the larger of the Twin Cities , the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States . As of 2015 , Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of Minnesota and 46th-largest in the United States with a population of 410,939 . Minneapolis and Saint Paul anchor the second-largest economic center in the Midwest , after Chicago .   Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River , just north of the river 's confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Saint Paul , the state 's capital . The city is abundantly rich in water , with thirteen lakes , wetlands , the Mississippi River , creeks and waterfalls , many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway . It was once the world 's flour milling capital and a hub for timber . The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle , with Minneapolis proper containing America 's fifth-highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies . As an integral link to the global economy , Minneapolis is categorized as a global city . Noted for its strong music and performing arts scenes , Minneapolis is home to both the award-winning Guthrie Theater and the historic First Avenue nightclub . Reflecting the region 's status as an epicenter of folk , funk , and alternative rock music , the city served as the launching pad for several of the 20th century 's most influential musicians , including Bob Dylan and Prince .   The name Minneapolis is attributed to Charles Hoag , the city 's first schoolteacher , who combined mni , a Dakota Sioux word for water , and polis , the Greek word for city .

neg: Stone Arch Bridge (Minneapolis) The Stone Arch Bridge is a former railroad bridge crossing the Mississippi River at Saint Anthony Falls in downtown Minneapolis , Minnesota . It is the only arched bridge made of stone on the entire length of Mississippi River , and also the second oldest next to Eads Bridge . The bridge was built to connect the railway system to the new Union Depot , which at that time was planned to be built between Hennepin Avenue and Nicollet Avenue . The bridge was completed on 1883 , costing an amazing sum of $ 650,000 during the time ( $ today ) . 117 Portland Avenue is the general address of the historic complex .   For a time , the bridge was dubbed `` Hill 's Folly '' until the value of Hill 's new bridge as a passenger rail link became evident .   Positioned between the 3rd Avenue Bridge and the I-35W Saint Anthony Falls Bridge , the Stone Arch Bridge was built in 1883 by railroad tycoon James J. Hill for his Great Northern Railway , and accessed the former passenger station located about a mile to the west , on the west bank of the river . The structure is now used as a pedestrian and bicycle bridge . It is an Historic Civil Engineering Landmark , and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 as a part of the Saint Anthony Falls Historic District , ( District # 71000438 ) .

neg: History of Springfield, Massachusetts The history of Springfield , Massachusetts ( est. 1636 ) springs in large part from its favorable geography , situated on a steep bluff overlooking the Connecticut River 's confluence with three tributaries . It was an ancient Indian crossroad for two major trade routes : Boston-to-Albany and New York City-to-Montreal . Springfield also sits on some of the northeastern United States ' most fertile soil .   Springfield was founded in 1636 as Agawam , the northernmost settlement of the Connecticut Colony . The settlement defected from Connecticut after four years , however , later joining forces with the coastal Massachusetts Bay Colony . The town changed its name to Springfield , and changed the political boundaries among what later became New England States .   Springfield flourished as a trading post and agricultural center until 1675 's King Philip 's War , when a coalition of Indians laid siege to Springfield and later burned it to the ground . Its prosperity waned for the next hundred years but , in 1777 , United States Revolutionary War leaders made it a National Armory to store weapons , and in 1795 it began manufacturing muskets .   Until 1968 , the Armory made small arms . Its first American muskets ( 1794 ) were followed by the famous Springfield rifle and the revolutionary M1 Garand and M14s . The Springfield Armory attracted generations of skilled laborers to the city , making it the United States ' longtime center for precision manufacturing ( comparable to a Silicon Valley of the Industrial Revolution ) . The Armory 's near-capture during Shays Rebellion of 1787 was among the troubles that prompted the U.S. Constitutional Convention later that year .   Innovations in the 19th and 20th centuries include the first American English dictionary ( 1805 , Noah Webster ) , the first use of interchangeable parts and the assembly line in manufacturing ( 1819 , Thomas Blanchard ) , the first American horseless car ( 1825 , again Thomas Blanchard ) , vulcanized rubber ( 1844 , Charles Goodyear ) , the first American gasoline-powered car ( 1893 , Duryea Brothers ) , the first American motorcycle company ( 1901 , `` Indian '' ) , an early commercial radio station ( 1921 , WBZ , and most famously , the world 's third-most-popular sport of basketball ( 1891 , Dr. James Naismith ) .   Throughout the latter half of the 20th century , Springfield endured a protracted decline , accelerated by the decommission of the Springfield Armory in 1969 . Springfield became increasingly like the declining , second tier Northeastern U.S. cities from which it had long been set apart . During the 1980s and 1990s , Springfield developed a new reputation for crime , political corruption , and cronyism . Seeking to overcome its downgrade , the city undertook several large ( but unfinished ) projects , including a $ 1 billion high-speed rail ( New Haven-Hartford-Springfield high-speed rail ) , a proposed $ 1 billion MGM Casino , and others .

neg: Illinois Illinois ( -LSB- ɪlᵻˈnɔɪ -RSB- ) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States , achieving statehood in 1818 . It is the 6th-most populous state and 25th-largest state in terms of land area , and is noted as a microcosm of the entire country . The word `` Illinois '' comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word . With Chicago in the northeast , small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois , and natural resources like coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base and is a major transportation hub . The Port of Chicago connects the state to other global ports from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean , as well as the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway . For decades , O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics .   Although today the state 's largest population center is around Chicago in the northern part of the state , the state 's European population grew first in the west , with French Canadian colonists who settled along the Mississippi River in the 17th and 18th century , and gave the area the name , `` Pays des Illinois '' or Illinois Country a region that was known as part of New France . After the American Revolutionary War established the United States , American settlers began arriving crossing the Appalachians barrier range in the 1810s via the gaps of the Allegheny to boat building centers in Pittsburgh , from Cumberland , Maryland via the Cumberland Narrows pass to outfit in Brownsville , Pennsylvania , from North Carolina and Virginia via the Cumberland Gap to Kentucky and Tennessee , all on the Ohio River .   With the War of 1812 , the growth of Illinois slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier . After the war 's end , the federal government re-established forts such as Fort Dearborn ( in 1816 -- now the site is within Chicago ) and army patrols west of the Mississippi diminished the threat from Amerindian raids , so settlers were able to move into all of Illinois from the eastern and southern emigrant trails .   Mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration -- by the 1810s , the Eastern U.S. had exhausted most timber stands close to the established cities creating a hard felt first energy crisis by the late-1790s , and after 1818 , the industrial revolution was being fueled by new canals such as the Lehigh Canal feeding the furnaces of the rapidly industrializing east coast . Also in 1818 , Illinois achieved statehood and its growth , as yet untroubled by the speed of as yet unrefined railway technology , would be fueled by the new religion of industrialized forward thinking .   After construction of the Erie Canal with increasing traffic and trade through the Great Lakes , Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River , at one of the few natural harbors on southern Lake Michigan . John Deere 's invention of the self-scouring steel plow turned Illinois ' rich prairie into some of the world 's most productive and valuable farmlands , attracting new immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden . Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s , and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois , as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets . Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other mid-western states from the tyranny of water transport ; no longer was a location near a river or canal a need to ship bulk goods .   By 1900 , the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants , from Eastern and Southern Europe . Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars . The Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago , who created the city 's famous jazz and blues cultures .   Three U.S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois : Abraham Lincoln , Ulysses S. Grant , and most recently Barack Obama . Additionally , Ronald Reagan , whose political career was based in California , was the only U.S. president born and raised in Illinois . Today , Illinois honors Lincoln with its official state nickname `` The Land of Lincoln , '' which has been displayed on its license plates since 1954 . The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the state capital of Springfield , and the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be completed in Chicago by 2020 .

neg: Imperial Sugar Imperial Sugar is a major U.S. sugar producer and marketer based in Sugar Land , Texas , with sugar refinery operations in California , Georgia , and Louisiana . The company was established in 1843 and has undergone ownership changes multiple times . The current name , Imperial Sugar Company , was established after a change in ownership in 1907 . The company went through major expansion through acquisitions beginning in 1988 , but filed for bankruptcy in 2001 , emerging in the same year and embarking on a downsizing strategy . , the company was in the process of being purchased once more and converted from a public to a private company by Louis Dreyfus Group of the Netherlands .

neg: Alexander Ramsey House The Alexander Ramsey House is a historic house museum in Saint Paul , Minnesota , United States ; the former residence of Alexander Ramsey , who served as the first governor of Minnesota Territory and the second governor of the state of Minnesota . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969 . It is also a contributing property to the Irvine Park Historic District .   It is located at 265 Exchange St. S. in the Irvine Park area , which was one of the first trendy neighborhoods in Minnesota . Designed by noted early Minnesota architect Monroe Sheire , the house is one of the nation 's best-preserved Victorian homes , featuring carved walnut woodwork , marble fireplaces , crystal chandeliers and many original furnishings .   The Ramsey family began building the house in 1868 , including innovations like hot water radiators , gas lights and hot and cold running water , and when it was completed in 1872 , the total cost of construction was nearly $ 41,000 . To furnish the house , Ramsey 's wife Anna filled two boxcars with fashionable and expensive Renaissance-revival furniture from the A.T. Stewart Company Store in New York to bring home to Minnesota .   The Ramseys ' daughter Marion married Charles Furness in a lavish wedding in the parlor in 1875 .   The 15-room house remained in the Ramsey family until the death of Alexander Ramsey 's last surviving granddaughter Anita in 1964 . The house and its contents were left to the Minnesota Historical Society , which now operates it as a museum with tours offered year-round . They offer special programs such as `` A Victorian Christmas at the Ramsey House '' in which the house is decorated for the holidays and visitors can discover how the Ramseys would have prepared for and celebrated Christmas . Tours show the dining table set with the family 's china and crystal , with a Christmas tree decorated with the family 's own ornaments .

neg: South Dakota South Dakota ( -LSB- saʊθ_dəˈkoʊtə -RSB- -LSB- -LSB- ˌsɑʊθ dəˈko̞ɾə -RSB- -RSB- ) is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States . It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes , who compose a significant portion of the population and historically dominated the entire territory . South Dakota is the 17th most expansive , but the 5th least populous and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States . Once the southern portion of the Dakota Territory , South Dakota became a state on November 2 , 1889 , simultaneously with North Dakota . Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls , with a population of about 171,000 , is South Dakota 's largest city .   South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota ( on the north ) , Minnesota ( to the east ) , Iowa ( to the southeast ) , Nebraska ( on the south ) , Wyoming ( on the west ) , and Montana ( to the northwest ) . The state is bisected by the Missouri River , dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves , known to residents as `` East River '' and `` West River '' . Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the state 's population , and fertile soil in this area is used to grow a variety of crops . West of the Missouri , ranching is the predominant agricultural activity , and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending . Most of the Native American reservations are located in West River . The Black Hills , a group of low pine-covered mountains sacred to the Sioux , are located in the southwest part of the state . Mount Rushmore , a major tourist destination , is located there . South Dakota experiences a temperate continental climate , with four distinct seasons and precipitation ranging from moderate in the east to semi-arid in the west . The ecology of the state features species typical of a North American grassland biome .   Humans have inhabited the area for several millennia , with the Sioux becoming dominant by the early 19th century . In the late 19th century , European-American settlement intensified after a gold rush in the Black Hills and the construction of railroads from the east . Encroaching miners and settlers triggered a number of Indian wars , ending with the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890 . Key events in the 20th century included the Dust Bowl and Great Depression , increased federal spending during the 1940s and 50s for agriculture and defense , and an industrialization of agriculture that has much reduced family farming .   While several Democratic senators have represented South Dakota for multiple terms at the federal level , the state government is largely controlled by the Republican Party , whose nominees have carried South Dakota in each of the last 13 presidential elections . Historically dominated by an agricultural economy and a rural lifestyle , South Dakota has recently sought to diversify its economy in areas to attract and retain residents . South Dakota 's history and rural character still strongly influence the culture of the state .

neg: Mexico City Mexico City , or the City of Mexico ( Ciudad de México , -LSB- sjuˈða ðe ˈmexiko -RSB- ; abbreviated as `` CDMX '' ) , is the capital and most populous city of Mexico . As an `` alpha '' global city , Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in the Americas . It is located in the Valley of Mexico ( Valle de México ) , a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico , at an altitude of 2240 m . The city consists of sixteen municipalities ( previously called boroughs ) .   The 2009 estimated population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people , with a land area of 1485 km2 . According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments , the Greater Mexico City population is 21.2 million people , making it the second-largest metropolitan area of the western hemisphere , behind New York City , the tenth-largest agglomeration , and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world .   The Greater Mexico City has a gross domestic product ( GDP ) of US$ 411 billion in 2011 , making Mexico City urban agglomeration one of the economically largest metropolitan areas in the world . The city was responsible for generating 15.8 % of Mexico 's Gross Domestic Product and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22 % of total national GDP . As a stand-alone country , in 2013 , Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America -- five times as large as Costa Rica 's and about the same size as Peru 's .   Mexico 's capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by Amerindians ( Native Americans ) , the other being Quito . The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan , which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan , and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards . In 1524 , the municipality of Mexico City was established , known as México Tenochtitlán , and as of 1585 it was officially known as Ciudad de México ( Mexico City ) . Mexico City served as the political , administrative and financial center of a major part of the Spanish colonial empire . After independence from Spain was achieved , the federal district was created in 1824 .   After years of demanding greater political autonomy , residents were given the right to directly elect a Head of Government and the representatives of the unicameral Legislative Assembly by popular vote in 1997 . Ever since , the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution ( PRD ) has controlled both of them . In recent years , the local government has passed a wave of liberal policies , such as abortion on request , a limited form of euthanasia , no-fault divorce , and same-sex marriage . On January 29 , 2016 , it ceased to be called the Federal District ( Spanish : Distrito Federal or D.F. ) and is now in transition to become the country 's 32nd federal entity , giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state . Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution , however , as the seat of the powers of the federation , it can never become a state , lest the capital of the country be relocated elsewhere .

neg: São Paulo (state) São Paulo ( -LSB- sɐ̃w ˈpawlu -RSB- ) is one of the 26 states of the Federative Republic of Brazil and is named after Saint Paul of Tarsus . As the richest Brazilian state and a major industrial complex , often dubbed the `` locomotive of Brazil '' , the state alone is responsible for 33.9 % of the Brazilian GDP . São Paulo also has the second highest Human Development Index ( HDI ) and GDP per capita , the fourth lowest infant mortality rate and the third lowest rate of illiteracy among the federative units of Brazil . São Paulo alone is richer than Argentina , Uruguay , Paraguay and Bolivia combined . If São Paulo were an independent country , its nominal GDP would be ranked among the top 20 in the world ( 2010 estimate ) . The economy of São Paulo State is the most developed in Brazil   With more than 45 million inhabitants in 2014 , São Paulo is the most populous Brazilian state , the most populous national subdivision in the Americas , and the third most populous political unit of South America , surpassed only by the rest of the Brazilian Federation and Colombia . The local population is one of the most diverse in the country and descended mostly from Italians , who began immigrating to the country in the late 19th century ; of the Portuguese , who colonized Brazil and installed the first European settlements in the region ; indigenous peoples , a large number of distinct ethnic groups ; Africans , who were brought from Africa as slaves in the colonial era and migrants from other regions of the country . In addition , Arabs , Germans , Spanish , Japanese and Chinese also are present in the ethnic composition of the local population .   The area that today corresponds to the state territory was already inhabited by indigenous peoples from approximately 12,000 B.C. . In the early 16th century , the coast of the region was visited by Portuguese and Spanish explorers and navigators . In 1532 Martim Afonso de Sousa would establish the first Portuguese permanent settlement in the Americas -- the village of São Vicente , in the Baixada Santista . In the 17th century , the paulistas bandeirantes intensified the exploration of the interior of the colony , which eventually expanded the territorial domain of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire in South America . In the 18th century , after the establishment of the Province of São Paulo , the region began to gain political weight . After independence in 1820 , São Paulo began to become a major agricultural producer ( mainly coffee ) in the newly constituted Empire of Brazil , which ultimately created a rich regional rural oligarchy , which would switch on the command of the Brazilian government with Minas Gerais 's elites during the early republican periodin the 1880s . Under the Vargas Era , the state was one of the first to initiate a process of industrialization and its population became one of the most urban of the federation .   The city of São Paulo , the homonymous state capital , is ranked as the world 's 12th largest city and its metropolitan area , with 20 million inhabitants , is the 9th largest in the world and second in the Americas , after Greater Mexico City . Regions near the city of São Paulo are also metropolitan areas , such as Campinas , Santos , Sorocaba and São José dos Campos . The total population of these areas coupled with the state capital -- the so-called `` Expanded Metropolitan Complex of São Paulo '' -- exceeds 30 million inhabitants , i.e. approximately 75 percent of the population of São Paulo statewide , the first macro-metropolis in the southern hemisphere , joining 65 municipalities that together are home to 12 percent of the Brazilian population .

neg: Mary Millicent Miller Mary Millicent Miller ( 1846 -- October 30 , 1894 ) was the first American woman to acquire a steamboat master 's license .   Miller was born in 1846 in Louisville , Kentucky to Andrew Garretson , a steamboat engineer . She became the wife of widower George Miller of the Portland area of Louisville , and bore him four children . She also became the mother of the three George Miller already had .   Competitors of George Miller 's in the New Orleans shipping market tried to put him in legal trouble by alleging to the Steamboat Inspection Service ( SIS ) that George was acting as both pilot and master of his steamboat , a criminal offense . In response , George told the SIS that while he was the pilot , Mary was the one acting as master . This did nothing to quell George 's competitors , so in November 1883 the SIS in Washington , D.C. began to decide if it was `` proper '' for a woman to serve as a master on a steamboat . When it came to the attention of the reigning United States Secretary of the Treasury , Charles J. Folger , he asked `` has Mrs. Miller a living husband ? '' Despite protestations from George L. Norton about the improprieties of the situation , who served in New Orleans as supervising inspector of the SIS Tenth District , Folger proclaimed that she should be allowed a master 's license if she could do the expected work of a master with no allowance for her sex .   Miller took the tests required for a master 's license , and took the required oath on February 16 , 1884 . That same day , Harper 's Weekly ran a cartoon entitled , `` By All Means Commission The Ladies , '' and her picture appeared in the same publication on March 8 , 1884 . From then on she was the captain of their ship , the Saline . Respected steamboat masters publicly proclaimed her great skill in the New Orleans newspapers , while her accomplishment allowed for other females to become steamboat pilots and masters . The rivers she sailed include the Mississippi River , Ohio River , Ouachita River and Red River .   By the 1890s , the railroads made the steamboat business less profitable , causing George Miller to seek retirement in 1891 . Making one last trip to New Orleans from Portland , the Millers took their sailboat Swan to spend the winter touring the jetties of the Mississippi River 's mouth , and dredge for oysters . Mary became ill from the trip , and the Swan had to be towed back to Portland . Mary would eventually die in 1894 . She was buried in Portland Cemetery .   Mary Miller was twice recognize in the 1990s for her pioneering effort . The American Merchant Marine Hall of Fame inducted her in 1993 . In 1995 she was recognized by the National Rivers Hall of Fame . The Portland Museum keeps a permanent exhibit about her .

neg: Midtown, Minneapolis Midtown is a loosely defined region in south Minneapolis , Minnesota . There are no hard-set boundaries to the midtown area , but it is generally agreed to include the area in the vicinity of Lake Street between Interstate 35W and Hiawatha Avenue . Lake Street is the border between the Phillips and Powderhorn communities of Minneapolis . Lake Street/Midtown LRT Station , with service on the METRO Blue Line , is located on the eastern edge of the area .   The midtown area was historically known as being somewhat of a run-down area . However , in the past decade or two , there has been a large revitalization effort along Lake Street , driven largely by an insurgence of new Latino and Northeast African businesses .   Near the intersection of Chicago Avenue and Lake Street is the Midtown Exchange building , which was a Sears department store and mail-order catalog facility until the company closed it in 1994 . After sitting vacant for a decade , the building was fully redeveloped . It features office space , residential units , and the Midtown Global Market , a large marketplace featuring an ethnically diverse variety of restaurants , grocers , and retailers .   Other indoor markets that have opened in the midtown area include the Mercado Central ( at Bloomington Ave and Lake St ) , which houses numerous Latino businesses , and the Lake Plaza ( at 3rd Ave and Lake St ) , which houses Somali and Latino businesses . As of January 2009 , a new market has opened in the former True Value Hardware site at the Hi-Lake Shopping Center ( 21st Ave and Lake St ) , housing Somali businesses .   At 22nd Ave and Lake Street ( in the parking lot of Anishinabe Academy School ) the Midtown Farmers ' Market operates on Tuesdays and Saturdays from late spring to early autumn .   Many places and groups use the `` midtown '' descriptor in their names . Examples include :  The Midtown Greenway , a major bicycling and walking trail paralleling Lake Street  The Midtown Exchange and the Midtown Global Market  The Midtown Freewheel Bike Center , a bike shop on the Midtown Greenway  The Midtown YWCA ( Lake Street and 22nd Ave )  The Lake Street/Midtown light rail station on the METRO Blue Line  The Sheraton Minneapolis Midtown Hotel  The Midtown Church Project , a church plant utilizing principles of self-organization and community development

neg: Sugar Bush Lake Sugar Bush Lake is a lake in Mahnomen County , in the U.S. state of Minnesota .   Sugar Bush Lake was named for the sugar maple trees near the lake .

neg: Glucose Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6 . Glucose circulates in the blood of animals as blood sugar . It is made during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide , using energy from sunlight . It is the most important source of energy for cellular respiration . Glucose is stored as a polymer , in plants as starch and in animals as glycogen .   With 6 carbon atoms , it is classed as a hexose , a subcategory of the monosaccharides . D-Glucose is one of the 16 aldohexose stereoisomers . The D-isomer , D-glucose , also known as dextrose , occurs widely in nature , but the L-isomer , L-glucose , does not . Glucose can be obtained by hydrolysis of carbohydrates such as milk sugar , cane sugar , maltose , cellulose , glycogen , etc. . It is commonly commercially manufactured from cornstarch by hydrolysis via pressurized steaming at controlled pH in a jet followed by further enzymatic depolymerization .   In 1747 , Andreas Marggraf was the first to isolate glucose . Glucose is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most important medications needed in a basic health system . The name glucose derives through the French from the Greek γλυκός , which means `` sweet , '' in reference to must , the sweet , first press of grapes in the making of wine . The suffix '' - ose '' is a chemical classifier , denoting a carbohydrate .

neg: Minnetonka, Minnesota Minnetonka -LSB- ˌmɪnᵻˈtɒŋkə -RSB- is a suburban city in Hennepin County , Minnesota , United States , eight miles ( 13 km ) west of Minneapolis . The population was 49,734 at the 2010 census . The name comes from the Dakota Indian mni tanka , meaning `` great water '' . The city is the home of Cargill , the country 's largest privately owned company , and United Healthcare , the state 's largest publicly owned company .

neg: Neighborhoods in Saint Paul, Minnesota Saint Paul , Minnesota is noted for its neighborhoods . The city has been called `` fifteen small towns with one mayor '' , owing to the neighborhood-based life of much of the city . Saint Paul is partially governed by not 15 but 17 City Districts .   On Saint Paul 's largely blue-collar East Side alone there are more than two dozen well-known , historically significant neighborhoods within four City Districts . District 4 , for example , has three historic neighborhoods : Dayton 's Bluff , Swede Hollow , and Mounds Park . The most populous districts , 2 and 5 , have more than a dozen neighborhoods between them .   While Saint Paul has long been recognized for its citizen activism , some neighborhoods receive more individual planning attention than others , because tax funds are doled out to annually elected volunteer neighborhood boards based on City District boundaries , not neighborhood boundaries . These boards are called District Councils .   The District Council system was established in 1975 to encourage grass-roots involvement . The Councils were also created to help spend federal funds through the recently created Community Development Block Grants . The District Councils share $ 1.2 million from the city of Saint Paul . In 2015 , community participation funds given to the District Councils ranged from $ 51,873 to $ 109,475 . The councils also have other revenue streams , such as grants and donations . Most councils have significant power on land-use issues .   Besides providing advisory recommendations to city officials on development issues , district councils also identify neighborhood needs , initiate community programs and recruit and nurture neighborhood leaders and volunteers .

neg: Urban beekeeping Urban beekeeping is the practice of keeping bee colonies in urban areas . It may also be referred to as hobby beekeeping or backyard beekeeping . Bees from city apiaries are said to be `` healthier and more productive than their country cousins '' . Their presence also provides cities with environmental and economic benefits .   Most cities in North America at one time prohibited the keeping of bees , but in recent years beekeepers have had success in overturning bee bans . Bees pollinate a wide variety of plants , and the honey they produce is often sold to local restaurants and in local shops . Many urban areas now regulate beekeeping , and while registering beehives is often mandatory , a high proportion of urban beekeepers fail to inform the city .   The popularity of urban beekeeping was growing rapidly c. 2012 perhaps due to its inclusion in the local food movement . Between 1999 and 2012 , London saw a 220 % increase in beekeepers . The number of urban beehives varies greatly from city to city , and official counts may be inaccurate as hives are often not registered . As cities have limited greenspaces , the increasing popularity of the hobby may lead to lower honey yields as has been reported in London and New York City . According to a 2015 research study , urban environments favor viability and transmission of some disease agents that affect honey bees and may be a contributing factor to their diseases .   Besides upset urbanites complaining of numerous painful stings , another problem created by a surfeit of bees is swarming , when a queen leaves an overcrowded colony with a retinue of workers to start her own .

neg: William D. Washburn William Drew `` W.D. '' Washburn , Sr. ( January 14 , 1831 -- July 29 , 1912 ) was an American politician . He served in both the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate as a Republican from Minnesota . Three of his seven brothers became politicians : Elihu B. Washburne , Cadwallader C. Washburn , and Israel Washburn , Jr. . He was also cousin of Dorilus Morrison , the first mayor of Minneapolis . He served in the 46th , 47th , 48th , 51st , 52nd , and 53rd congresses .   Washburn was born in Livermore , Maine . A graduate of Bowdoin College , he first studied law in the office of John A. Peters in Bangor , Maine before moving to Minneapolis , Minnesota around 1857 . There he practiced law , and worked for the Minneapolis Milling Company ( founded by his brother Cadwallader ) . His business ventures in lumber and flour milling allowed him to amass a large fortune , and by the 1880s , he was among the wealthiest men in Minnesota . Washburn served as the first president from 1883 to 1889 of what was to become Soo Line Railroad . He also founded the Pillsbury-Washburn Milling Company , which later became the Pillsbury Company , and was eventually absorbed by his brother 's firm , General Mills .   Washburn built a mansion known as `` Fair Oaks '' in 1883 . It was designed by E. Townsend Mix , who also designed Minneapolis 's Metropolitan Building , and the outdoor landscape was laid out by Frederick Law Olmsted . The grounds included an artificial stream leading to a pond , a rustic footbridge , a greenhouse , and a carriage house . The home was demolished in 1924 to make way for a park , although the region is now part of the Washburn-Fair Oaks Mansion District , which was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 .   Washburn served in the Minnesota House of Representatives in 1871 . He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1878 and served from March 4 , 1879 to March 3 , 1885 . He was elected to the Senate in 1888 and served from March 4 , 1889 to March 4 , 1895 .   Washburn was a founder of the First Universalist Church of Minneapolis in 1859 . A major benefactor , he served as a trustee and President for much of his remaining life . He died in Minneapolis in 1912 . His grandson C. Langhorne Washburn was to be active in the Republican Party from the 1950s through the 1970s .   William Washburn 's son , Cadwallader Lincoln Washburn , was born in 1866 . Cad became deaf as a child . His talent as an artist was noticed at an early age . Cad eventually became a noted artist and news correspondent who pioneered many new painting techniques in the west . The arts center at his alma mater , Gallaudet University , is named for Cad Washburn . Another son William Drew Washburn , Jr. also served in the Minnesota House of Representatives .

neg: Maple sugar Maple sugar is a traditional sweetener in Canada and the northeastern United States , prepared from the sap of the maple tree .

neg: Henry Adoniram Swift Henry Adoniram Swift ( March 23 , 1823February 25 , 1869 ) was an American politician who was the third Governor of Minnesota . He served as Governor from July 10 , 1863 to January 11 , 1864 after serving as the third Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota when Governor Alexander Ramsey resigned to enter the United States Congress . Prior to that he had served in the Minnesota Senate . Swift was a Republican .   Described by peers as gentle , self-effacing , and ambivalent toward politics , Henry Swift was Minnesota 's third governor for less than a year , completing the second term of Alexander Ramsey , who had been elected United States Senator . With little time or apparent inclination to effect major change , this un-elected governor concentrated on assuring the welfare of Civil War veterans .   After graduation with honors from Western Reserve College in his native Ohio , Swift tutored the children of a slave owner in Mississippi , an experience that reinforced his commitment to abolition . He returned to Ohio , earned a law degree , and began a career in business and government service .   He and his family journeyed to Minnesota in 1853 , settling first in St. Paul then St. Peter . With his partners in the St. Peter Land Company , he campaigned , unsuccessfully , to relocate the state capital in their burgeoning Minnesota River town .   Swift left his commercial enterprises in 1861 for the state senate seat that propelled him into the governorship . Later he served two more terms in the senate and was a reluctant candidate for the U.S. Senate . `` I shall be ten times happier with my family in St. Peter than as Senator at Washington , '' he declared characteristically upon learning he had lost the Republican senatorial nomination in 1865 . Four years later , he succumbed to typhoid fever at age 45 .   Swift County , Minnesota was named after him in 1870 .

neg: Paulistas Paulistas are the inhabitants of the state of São Paulo , Brazil , and of its antecessor the Capitaincy of São Vicente , whose capital early shifted from the village of São Vicente to the one of São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga .   The early population of São Paulo consisted mainly of indigenous Amerindian with few Portuguese settlers . The Portuguese settlements were small .   As the Bandeirantes gained power and the vice-kingdom of Brazil developed , the Portuguese element predominated in the population , the Indians being either absorbed or killed . But the province of São Paulo , enlarged by the Bandeiras to include Mato Grosso , Goiás , Paraná and Santa Catarina , remained undeveloped , having neither the gold of Minas Gerais nor the sugar cane of Pernambuco . As a consequence , it did not receive the same influx of black slaves during the 16th and 17th centuries as the more prosperous provinces of Brazil . Nevertheless , the number of black slaves increased substantially in São Paulo during the Brazilian Empire , as the slave traffic reached its peak during the first half of the 19th century . After the abolition of the international slave trade in 1850 , many more slaves were transferred from declining regions of Brazil ( such as the Northeast ) to work in coffee plantations .   The economic development of São Paulo only really took off with the founding of coffee plantations in the nineteenth century . Those coffee plantations were manned , from the beginning , by slaves , and remained so during most of the 19th century . Not even the abolition of the transatlantic trade changed this , with the coffee barons resorting to the import of slaves from the Northeastern and Southern regions . Both the coffee planters and the Brazilian government , however , were aware that the abolition of slavery could be postponed but not avoided at all ; as a result , a few experiments in immigration were tried during this period , and some ideas were discussed , including the immigration of Chinese workers . Only in the 1880s , however , did immigration start in earnest .   From then on , immigration was the solution adopted to what was seen as a labour shortage , and Italian and Spanish immigrants made the bulk of the workers brought to coffee plantations ; the reasons why ex-slaves were not employed , or were only marginally employed , are unclear and subject to debate . Much is made of a supposed `` whitening '' ideology , or even `` program '' , but the cold fact is that , when faced with the impossibility of obtaining European manpower , the coffee barons had no qualms about resorting to Japanese immigrants . A curious fact from this period was the immigration of US Southerners moving from a country where slavery had been abolished to one where it still existed . Of course , those were not manual workers and did n't come to work in coffee plantations .   The wealth produced by coffee culture eventually sparked urbanisation and industrialisation ; the growing urban environment attracted even more immigrants , especially Armenians and other Europeans , Syrians and Lebanese . Later , as the foreign immigration declined , a strong chain of internal migration from the Brazilian Northeast developed .

neg: Midwest Federal Savings & Loan Midwest Federal Savings and Loan was an American bank headquartered in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Starting in the mid-1960s , its headquarters were located at 801 Nicollet Mall in what is now called McGladrey Plaza . Midwest Federal was in business for ninety-nine years until its failure in 1989 . Its collapse was due mostly to bad real estate loans . On April 22 , 1991 the St. Paul Pioneer Press called the bank 's failure the `` largest financial disaster in Minnesota history '' and was part of the savings and loan crisis of the 1980s . Midwest Federal had assets of $ 3.5 billion , was liquidated by the Government at a cost of $ 1 billion to taxpayers . Midwest was $ 1 billion in debt when it was seized by regulators in February 1989 .   The former chairman , Harold W. Greenwood Jr. , Donald J. Snede , Charlotte E. Masica , and Robert A. Mampel were indicted on Federal fraud and conspiracy charges involving financial losses at the failed institution . After its collapse , Midwest Savings was eventually placed under the `` conservatorship '' of the Resolution Trust Corporation ( RTC ) until its deposits were sold to various parties . The largest share of Midwest 's deposits - $ 638 million - went to Minneapolis banker Carl Pohlad , whose Marquette Bank Minneapolis bought the deposits of eight branches for US$ 3.2 million .


query: Timber is the title of a work.

pos: Timber (Pitbull song) `` Timber '' is a song by American rapper Pitbull featuring American recording artist Kesha . The song was released on October 7 , 2013 , as the lead single from Pitbull 's extended play ( EP ) Meltdown . The song was produced by Dr. Luke , Cirkut , and Sermstyle , with additional production by Nick Seeley . The song interpolates Lee Oskar 's 1978 single `` San Francisco Bay '' and features harmonica player Paul Harrington , who plays through the entire song and was told to emulate Oskar .   The song peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for three consecutive weeks and also topped the charts in many other countries , including Canada ( where it stood at No. 1 for eight consecutive weeks ) , Denmark , Germany , the Netherlands , and the United Kingdom . According to the IFPI , the song sold 12.6 million units worldwide in 2014 , including single-track downloads and track-equivalent streams , becoming the sixth best-selling song of that year .

neg: Forestry in Canada The Canadian forestry industry is a major contributor to the Canadian economy . With 42 percent of the land acreage of Canada covered by forests , the country contains 10 percent of the world 's forested land , made up mostly of spruce , poplar and pine . Forests and forestry in Canada are managed by Natural Resources Canada and the Canadian Forest Service , in cooperation with several organizations which represent government officials , policy experts and numerous other stakeholders . Extensive deforestation by European settlers during the 18th and 19th centuries has been halted by more modern policies , and today less than 1 percent of Canada 's forests are affected by logging each year . Despite the low amount of land that is logged , Canada is the world 's second-largest exporter of forestry goods , and the industry contributes significantly to Canada 's surplus global balance of trade . Economic concerns related to forestry include greenhouse gas emissions , biotechnology , biological diversity and infestations of pests , such as the mountain pine beetle .

neg: The Notion Club Papers The Notion Club Papers is the title of an abandoned novel by J. R. R. Tolkien , written during 1945 and published posthumously in Sauron Defeated , the 9th volume of The History of Middle-earth . It is a space/time/dream travel story , written at the same time as The Lord of the Rings was being developed . The story itself revolves around the meetings of an Oxford arts discussion group called the Notion Club , a fictionalization of ( and a play on words on the name of ) Tolkien 's own such club , The Inklings .   During these meetings , Alwin Arundel Lowdham discusses his lucid dreams about Númenor ; through these dreams , he `` discovers '' much about the Númenor story and the languages of Middle-earth ( notably Quenya , Sindarin , and Adûnaic -- the last being the sole source of most of the material on Adûnaic ) . While not finished , at the end of the given story it becomes clear Lowdham himself is a reincarnation of sorts of Elendil . ( Alwin is a modernization of the name Ælfwine , Old English for Elf-friend , or Elendil in Quenya . ) Other members of the Club also mention their vivid dreams of other times and places .   Tolkien not only created fictional meetings for these papers but also created a fictional history for the manuscript of the papers . According to the papers , the meetings occurred in the 1980s ; they even mention events that occurred in the 1970s and 1980s . About one-quarter of the papers were found among sacks of waste paper in 2012 at Oxford by a Mr. Green . Mr. Green published a first edition containing excerpts from these papers , indicating that they were written during the 1980s by one of the participants . Two scholars read the first edition , asked to examine the manuscripts , and then submitted a full report . The `` Notes to the Second Edition '' mentions the contradictory evidence in dating the manuscripts , and an alternative date is presented : they may have been written in the 1940s .   These papers , which make a number of comments on Lewis ' Space Trilogy , are similar to C. S. Lewis ' commentary to Tolkien 's poem The Lay of Leithian , in which Lewis created a fictional history of scholarship of the poem and even referred to other manuscript tradition to recommend changes to the poem .   The Notion Club Papers may be seen as an attempt to re-write The Lost Road , published and discussed in The Lost Road and Other Writings , as being another attempt to tie the Númenórean legend in with a more modern tale . There is , however , no direct connection between the modern settings of the two stories within the fictional frame .   Jane Stanford links The Notion Club Papers to The Johnson Club Papers in her biography of John O'Connor Power , That Irishman . The two books have a similar title page . The Johnson Club was a ` Public House School ' and met in taverns like the Inklings . The purpose was ` Fellowship and free Exchange of Mind . ' The two clubs presented papers ` which were read before the members and discussed ' . Samuel Johnson , like Tolkien , had a strong connection with Pembroke College , Oxford . Stanley Unwin , Tolkien 's publisher , was a nephew of Fisher Unwin , the founding member of The Johnson Club .   According to Christopher Tolkien , had his father continued The Notion Club Papers , he would have linked the real world of Alwin Lowdham with his eponymous ancestor Ælfwine of England ( who compiled the Lost Tales ) and with Atlantis . One of the members of the Notion Club , one Michael George Ramer , combines lucid dreams with time-travel and experiences the tsunami that sank Númenor . He ca n't tell if its history , or fantasy , or something in between .   The Notion Club Papers mentions a great storm occurring during 1987 in England , on 12 June . This can be seen as an odd coincidence , since the actual Great Storm of 1987 occurred in October of that year .

neg: Bob Timberlake (artist) Bob Timberlake ( born January 22 , 1937 ) is an American realist artist primarily known for his watercolor paintings as well as for designing and licensing lines of home furnishings , clothing and various other products . He began his career as an artist in 1970 and began his home furnishings line in 1990 . He founded Linwood Furniture , LLC in 2006 . In the fall of 2004 , the Manor House Estate House at the Chetola Resort at Blowing Rock was renamed the Bob Timberlake Inn at Chetola Resort . His primary studio was created from a historic barn built in 1809 and moved to its current location in 1986 .

neg: Pulpwood Pulpwood refers to timber with the principal use of making wood pulp for paper production .

neg: Illegal logging Illegal logging is the harvest , transportation , purchase or sale of timber in violation of laws . The harvesting procedure itself may be illegal , including using corrupt means to gain access to forests ; extraction without permission , or from a protected area ; the cutting down of protected species ; or the extraction of timber in excess of agreed limits ( see Box 1 ) .   Illegality may also occur during transport , such as illegal processing and export ; fraudulent declaration to customs ; the avoidance of taxes and other charges , and fraudulent certification .

neg: Oldfieldia africana Oldfieldia africana , also known as the African oak , is a large tree which can grow to 36 metres or more in height . It is to be found across West Africa in such countries as Ivory Coast , Liberia , Sierra Leone , Gabon , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Congo Republic .   Numbers have decreased as its timber is very heavy and hard , comparable to teak . John MacCormac an Irish businessman who settled on the banks of the Rokel River , Sierra Leone for example , established the local timber trade in 1816 , and for a while enjoyed a substantial income from it .

neg: Green World Green World is a literary concept defined by critic Northrop Frye in The Anatomy of Criticism . In some comedies by William Shakespeare , the main characters escape the order of a city for a forested and wild setting adjacent to the city . This natural environment is often described as a green world . It is in this more loosely structured , fantastic environment that issues surrounding social order , romantic relationships , and inter-generational strife , which are a prominent part of the `` city world '' , become resolved , facilitating a return to the normal order . Recent literary critics drawn to ecocriticism have occasionally found the concept valuable to their work as well .

neg: Bressummer A bressummer , breastsummer , summer beam ( somier , sommier , sommer , somer , cross-somer , summer , summier , summer-tree , or dorman , dormant tree ) are load bearing beams in a timber framed building . The word summer derived from sumpter or French sommier , `` a pack horse `` , meaning `` bearing great burden or weight `` . `` To support a superincumbent wall '' , `` any beast of burden '' , and in this way is similar to a wall plate .   The use and definition of these terms vary but generally a bressummer is a jetty sill and a summer is an interior beam supporting ceiling joists , see below :   ( U. K. ) In the outward part of the building , and the middle floors ( not in the garrets or ground floors ) into which the girders are framed . In the inner parts of a building , such beams are called `` summers '' . It is part of the timber frame construction in the over-hanging upper story in jettying .  ( U. K. ) `` Horizontal beam over a fireplace opening ( alternatively lintel , mantel beam ) , or set forward from the lower part of a building to support a jettied wall , a jetty bressummer '' .  ( U. K. ) '' ... usually the sill of the upper wall above a jetty ; otherwise any beam spanning an opening and supporting a wall above . '' also called a `` jetty sill '' .  ( U. K. ) Breastsummer is a beam in a wall which carries the load over a large opening derived from breast being in the front , mid-level and summer : `` A horizontal , bearing beam in a building ; spec . the main beam supporting the girders or joists of a floor ... '' .  `` a main piece of timber that supports a building , an architrave between two pillars ``  `` Breast-Summer , an architectural term for a beam employed like a lintel to support the front of a building , is a corruption of bressumer ... ''  ( U.S.A. ) `` Summer beam : A large timber spanning a room and supporting smaller floor joists on both sides . ''  ( U.S.A. ) `` Summer beam . Heavy main horizontal beam , anchored in gable foundation walls , that supports forebay beams and barn frame above . ''

neg: Timberland (board game) Timberland is a German-style woodland management board game by Klaus Teuber , which came 9th in the Deutscher Spiele Preis .   References :   Category : Board games introduced in 1989  Category : Klaus Teuber games  Category : Children 's board games

neg: Hoppus The hoppus cubic foot ( or ` hoppus cube ' or ` h cu ft ' ) was the standard volume measurement used for timber in the British Empire and countries in the British sphere of influence before the introduction of metric units . It is still used in the hardwood trade of some countries .  This volume measurement was developed to estimate what volume of a round log would be usable timber after processing , in effect attempting to ` square ' the log and allow for waste .  The hoppus ton ( HT ) was also a traditionally used unit of volume in British forestry . One hoppus ton is equal to 50 hoppus feet or 1.8027 cubic metres . Some shipments of tropical hardwoods , especially shipments of teak from Myanmar ( Burma ) , are still stated in hoppus tons .

neg: Lymexylidae The Lymexylidae ( historically often spelled Lymexylonidae ) , also known as ship-timber beetles , are a family of wood-boring beetles . Lymexylidae belong to the suborder Polyphaga and are the sole member of the superfamily Lymexyloidea .

neg: Post (structural) A post is a main vertical or leaning support in a structure similar to a column or pillar but the term post generally refers to a timber but may be metal or stone . A stud in wooden or metal building construction is similar but lighter duty than a post and a strut may be similar to a stud or act as a brace . In the U.K. a strut may be very similar to a post but not carry a beam . In wood construction posts normally land on a sill , but in rare types of buildings the post may continue through to the foundation called an interrupted sill or into the ground called earthfast , post in ground , or posthole construction . A post is also a fundamental element in a fence . The terms `` jack '' and `` cripple '' are used with shortened studs and rafters but not posts , except in the specialized vocabulary of shoring .

neg: Drawing-in frame A Drawing-in frame was a piece of equipment used in the cotton industry . It was the drawers-in job to thread each of ends on a new beam through the correct healds , and then though the reed . On a Lancashire loom weaving grey cloth this was a simple but time consuming task , but for a complex pattern on a Jacquard tapestry loom , great care was needed . To do this , the new beam was mounted on the back of a drawing-in frame , the healds were held next in a vertical position , and in front the reed would be clamped . This job was done by a reacher-in and a loomer . The reacher-in , who would be young and usually a boy , passed each end in order to the loomer who threaded it through the healds and the reed .   A ` drawer-in ' was sometimes referred to as a beamer . The drawers-in sat between the two beams on low three legged stool , head and shoulders at beam height and so surrounded was humorously given the nickname `` Yutick 's nest . ''

neg: Philippine mahogany Philippine mahogany is a common name for several different species of trees and their wood .   Botanically , the name refers to Toona calantas in the mahogany family , Meliaceae . It is endemic to the Philippines .  In the US timber trade , it is often applied to wood of the genus Shorea in the family Dipterocarpaceae .  Rarely , it may also refer to the narra tree ( Pterocarpus indicus ) in the legume family , Fabaceae .

neg: For a Breath I Tarry `` For a Breath I Tarry '' is a highly regarded 1966 post-apocalyptic novelette by Roger Zelazny . Taking place long after the self-extinction of Man , it recounts the tale of Frost , a sentient machine ( '' ... a silver-blue box , 40x40x40 feet , ... featured in whatever manner he chose . '' ) Though Man has disappeared , his robotic creations ( and their creations in turn ) continue to function .   For ten thousand years Frost sat at the North Pole of the Earth , aware of every snowflake that fell . He monitored and directed the activities of thousands of reconstruction and maintenance machines . He knew half the Earth , as gear knows gear , as electricity knows its conductor , as a vacuum knows its limits . At the South Pole , the Beta-Machine did the same for the southern hemisphere .   Along the way , the story explores the differences between Man and Machine , the former experiencing the world qualitatively , while the latter do so quantitatively . `` A machine is a Man turned inside-out , because it can describe all the details of a process , which a Man can not , but it can not experience that process itself as a Man can . '' This is illustrated by a conversation Frost has with another machine named Mordel .   `` Regard this piece of ice , mighty Frost . You can tell me its composition , dimensions , weight , temperature . A Man could not look at it and do that . A Man could make tools which would tell Him these things , but He still would not know measurement as you know it . What He would know of it , though , is a thing that you can not know . '' `` What is that ? '' `` That it is cold . ''   Driving the plot and setting its tone are allusions to other literature , most specifically the first chapter of the Book of Job , both in situation and language , as verses are both quoted directly and paraphrased . Additionally , echoes of the first three chapters of the Book of Genesis appear . Finally , Frost and Mordel enter into a Faustian bargain , with , however , better results than in the original .   The novelette has appeared in collections of Zelazny 's works and in anthologies .   The title is from a phrase in A. E. Housman 's collection A Shropshire Lad .

neg: Iroko Iroko is a large hardwood tree from the west coast of tropical Africa that can live up to 500 years . The tree is known to the Yoruba as ìrókò , logo or loko and is believed to have supernatural properties . Iroko is known to the Igbo people as oji wood . It is one of the woods sometimes referred to as African teak , although it is unrelated to the teak family . The wood colour is initially yellow but darkens to a richer reddish brown over time .  It is yielded mostly ( probably ) by Milicia excelsa . In much of the literature on this timber the names of the trees that yields it are given as Chlorophora excelsa and Chlorophora regia .  The tree is feared in some cultures where it originates and hence is shunned or revered with offerings . Yoruba people believe that the tree is inhabited by a spirit , and anybody who sees the Iroko-man face to face becomes insane and speedily dies . According to the Yoruba , any man who cuts down any Iroko tree causes devastating misfortune on himself and all of his family , although if they need to cut down the tree they can make a prayer afterwards to protect themselves . They also claim that the spirit of the Iroko can be heard in houses which use Iroko wood , as the spirit of the Iroko is trapped in the wood . In Nigeria the iroko wood is of much lower quality due to soil conditions as well as root-rot . Some Westerners refer to the wood as `` poor man 's teak '' .

neg: Wood (song) `` Wood '' is a song by English post-trip hop band Second Person , which will be on the band 's second album : `` The Elements '' - the follow-up to their debut album `` Chromatography '' . Released on 9 August 2007 , this song has a music video created by a collaboration of artists , animators and the band . This video is the first chapter in a story spanning five videos that make up a short animated film also called `` The Elements '' . These video along with the album were created for `` believers '' in the band on Sellaband.com who helped the band raise $ 50,000 to record their album . These videos and songs can be download from their site .

neg: Post-and-plank The method of building wooden buildings with a traditional timber frame with horizontal plank or log infill has many names , the most common of which are piece sur piece ( French . Also used to describe log building ) , corner post construction , post-and-plank , standerbohlenbau ( German ) and skiftesverk ( Swedish ) . This traditional building method is believed to be the predecessor to half-timber construction widely known by its German name fachwerkbau which has wall infill of wattle and daub , brick , or stone . This carpentry was used from parts of Scandinavia to Switzerland to western Russia . Though relatively rare now , two types are found in a number of regions in North America , more common are the walls with planks or timbers which slide in a groove in the posts and less common is a type where horizontal logs are tenoned into individual mortises in the posts . This method is not the same as the plank-frame buildings in North America with vertical plank walls .

neg: Markwald A Markwald is an area of woodland that is jointly managed by several villages or towns . It is an historic term that is used in German-speaking Europe and roughly means `` common forest . ''   The woods in a Markwald do not therefore belong to the territory ( Gemarkung ) of the individual villages , but were part of a joint territory , run by a co-operative , the so-called Markgenossenschaft . Even when a Markgenossenschaft is dissolved , the term Markwald often continues to be used today as the name of the woodland .   Inhabitants of the surrounding municipalities , so long as they are part of the Markgenossenschaft , have the right to fell timber in the Markwald , to leave their cattle to graze in the forest ( e.g. droving or pannage ) and so on . Hunting rights were not included however . Members of the Markgenossenschaft have a percentage share in the woods , but no specific claim to ownership . They have the right of co-determination and the type of management to be carried out , is jointly agreed , on the advice of the forester responsible , at their annual general meetings . They can , for example , decide if and where plantations are established and whether wind generators may be built within the forest area . They also benefit for example if the income from timber sales or hunting licences exceeds the expenditure .

neg: International Tropical Timber Agreement, 2006 The International Tropical Timber Agreement ( ITTA , 2006 or ITTA3 ) is to `` promote the expansion and diversification of  international trade in tropical timber from sustainably managed and legally harvested forests  and to promote the sustainable management of tropical timber producing forests '' .   It entered into force on 7 December 2011 and replaces the International Tropical Timber Agreement , 1994 . As of November 2016 , there are 73 parties to the agreement . Nigeria and Paraguay have signed the agreement but have not ratified it . Canada ratified the agreement in 2009 but has since denounced it .