query: Sense and Sensibility continued in publication.

pos: Sense and Sensibility Sense and Sensibility is a novel by Jane Austen , published in 1811 . It was published anonymously ; By A Lady appears on the cover page where the author 's name might have been . It tells the story of the Dashwood sisters , Elinor and Marianne , both of age to marry .   The novel follows the young women to their new home with their widowed mother , a meagre cottage on the property of a distant relative , where they experience love , romance and heartbreak . The novel is set in southwest England , London and Sussex between 1792 and 1797 .   The novel sold out its first print run of 750 copies in the middle of 1813 , marking a success for its author , who then had a second print run later that year . The novel continued in publication throughout the 19th , 20th and 21st centuries .

neg: Old English literature Old English literature or Anglo-Saxon literature , encompasses literature written in Old English , in Anglo-Saxon England from the 7th century to the decades after the Norman Conquest of 1066 . `` Cædmon 's Hymn '' , composed in the 7th century , according to Bede , is often considered the oldest extant poem in English , whereas the later poem , The Grave is one of the final poems written in Old English , and presents a transitional text between Old and Middle English . The Peterborough Chronicle can also be considered a late-period text , continuing into the 12th century .   The poem Beowulf , which often begins the traditional canon of English literature , is the most famous work of Old English literature . The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle has also proven significant for historical study , preserving a chronology of early English history .   In descending order of quantity , Old English literature consists of : sermons and saints ' lives ; biblical translations ; translated Latin works of the early Church Fathers ; Anglo-Saxon chronicles and narrative history works ; laws , wills and other legal works ; practical works on grammar , medicine , geography ; and poetry . In all there are over 400 surviving manuscripts from the period , of which about 189 are considered `` major '' .   Besides Old English literature , Anglo-Saxons wrote a number of Anglo-Latin works .

neg: Encore Theatre Magazine Encore Theatre Magazine is an online magazine relating to contemporary theatre published in the United Kingdom . A monthly internet publication begun in May 2003 , it was inspired by the defunct magazine of the same title ( Encore ) , which had a brief but influential life from 1954 to 1965 : Articles published in the original Encore have been reprinted in a volume entitled The Encore Reader : A Chronicle of New Drama . According to Robert Brustein , the original magazine Encore embodied both the virtues and the failings of the movement it examined ; he criticizes it for being `` bursting with energy , vigor , and excitement '' but being `` seriously lacking in balanced judgments or penetrating ideas . ''

neg: The Leisure Hour The Leisure Hour was a British general-interest periodical of the Victorian era which ran weekly from 1852 to 1905 . It was the most successful of several popular magazines published by the Religious Tract Society , which produced Christian literature for a wide audience . Each issue mixed multiple genres of fiction and factual stories , historical and topical .   The magazine 's title referred to campaigns that had decreased work hours , giving workers extra leisure time . Until 1876 , it carried the subtitle `` A Family Journal of Instruction and Recreation '' ; after that , the subtitle changed to `` An illustrated magazine for home reading '' .   Each issue cost one penny and comprised 16 pages . The layout typically included approximately six long articles , formatted in two columns per page , and five or six illustrations . The articles were a mix , including biographies , poetry , essays , and fiction . Each issue usually started with a piece of serialised fiction .   The creation of the magazine was partly a response to non-religious popular magazines that the Religious Tract Society saw as delivering a `` pernicious '' morality to the working classes . The ethos of the magazine was guided by Sabbatarianism : the campaign to keep Sunday as a day of rest . It aimed to treat its diverse subjects `` in the light of Christian truth '' . Despite this , The Leisure Hour carried far fewer statements of Christian doctrine than the Society 's other publications . Compared to other popular magazines of the time , The Leisure Hour had a greater emphasis on fiction .   Two days before the magazine 's launch in 1852 , a warehouse fire destroyed the first batch of The Leisure Hour , so replacement copies had to be printed .   The magazine was edited by William Haig Miller until 1858 , James Macaulay from 1858 to 1895 , and William Stevens from 1895 to 1900 . Harold Copping was one of its illustrators . Authors were initially only credited by initials rather than by name , giving the writing a collective rather than individual authority , though naming of authors became more common from the 1870s onwards . In its jubilee issue , published in 1902 , the magazine identified 111 authors who had contributed .

neg: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Philosophical Transactions , titled Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society ( Phil . Trans . ) from 1776 , is a scientific journal published by the Royal Society . In its earliest days , it was a private venture of the Royal Society 's secretary . It became an official society publication in 1752 . It was established in 1665 , making it the first journal in the world exclusively devoted to science , and therefore also the world 's longest-running scientific journal . The use of the word `` Philosophical '' in the title refers to `` natural philosophy '' , which was the equivalent of what would now be generally called `` science '' .

neg: Chiron Review Chiron Review is a literary journal based in St. John , Kansas . It was founded as The Kindred Spirit in February 1982 , by Michael Hathaway shortly after graduating high school and taking a job as typesetter at a local daily newspaper . In March , 1989 , the title was changed to Chiron Review .   Jane Hathaway served as assistant editor until her death on Feb. 20 , 2000 at age 63 . In March 1989 , Gerald Locklin became poetry editor and Rafael Zepeda became fiction editor . In September , 2003 , John Brantingham joined the staff as a second editor in fiction . In March , 2008 , Zachary Locklin joined as a second editor in poetry and resigned in 2015 . In 2014 , Wendy Rainey joined the staff as a poetry editor , and Sarah Daugherty as a fiction editor .   Chiron Review is printed in tabloid format with photos of featured poets . It is noted for publishing the widest possible range of contemporary creative writing . It is also known for fostering a sense of `` community '' in small press circles .   Chiron Review '' 's archives are collected by and housed at Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University . The journal is indexed by Humanities Index International Complete , Averill Park , NY . Issues 18-81 were indexed by Index of American Periodical Verse.Chiron Review '' has published work by authors such as Charles Bukowski , William Stafford ( poet ) , Jan Kerouac , Marge Piercy , James Broughton , Edward Field , Elizabeth Swados , Antler ( poet ) , Richard Kostelanetz , Robert Peters , Leslea Newman , Lyn Lifshin , D.A. Levy , Charles Harper Webb , Erskine Caldwell , Wilma Elizabeth McDaniel , Janice Eidus , Denise Duhamel , Wanda Coleman , Charles Plymell , S.A. Griffin , Harry Northup , Hugh Fox , A.D. Winans , Nilda Cepero , Clifton Snider , Felice Picano , Will Inman , Quentin Crisp , Lorri Jackson , James Valvis and Tony Barnstone .

neg: Magazine A magazine is a publication , usually a periodical publication , which is printed or electronically published ( sometimes referred to as an online magazine ) . Magazines are generally published on a regular schedule and contain a variety of content . They are generally financed by advertising , by a purchase price , by prepaid subscriptions , or a combination of the three . At its root , the word `` magazine '' refers to a collection or storage location . In the case of written publication , it is a collection of written articles . This explains why magazine publications share the word root with gunpowder magazines , artillery magazines , firearms magazines , and , in French , retail stores such as department stores .

neg: Essay of Dramatick Poesie Essay of Dramatic Poesy by John Dryden was published in 1668 . It was probably written during the plague year of 1666 . Dryden takes up the subject that Philip Sidney had set forth in his Defence of Poesie ( 1580 ) and attempts to justify drama as a legitimate form of `` poetry '' comparable to the epic , as well as defend English drama against that of the ancients and the French .   The treatise is a dialogue between four speakers : Eugenius , Crites , Lisideius , and Neander . The four speakers represented , respectively Charles Sackville ( Lord Buchhurst and later sixth Earl of Dorset ) , Sir Robert Howard -LSB- playwright and Dryden 's brother-in-law -RSB- , Sir Charles Sedley ( Edward Malone identified him as Lisideius ) and Dryden himself ( neander means `` new man '' and implies that Dryden , as a respected member of the gentry class , is entitled to join in this dialogue on an equal footing with the three older men who are his social superiors ) . On the day that the English fleet encounters the Dutch at sea near the mouth of the Thames , the four friends take a barge downriver towards the noise from the battle . Rightly concluding , as the noise subsides , that the English have triumphed , they order the bargeman to row them back upriver as they begin a dialogue on the advances made by modern civilization . They agree to measure progress by comparing ancient arts with modern , focusing specifically on the art of drama ( or `` dramatic poesy '' ) . The four men debate a series of three topics : ( 1 ) the relative merit of classical drama ( upheld by Crites ) vs. modern drama ( championed by Eugenius ) ; ( 2 ) whether French drama , as Lisideius maintains , is better than English drama ( supported by Neander , who famously calls Shakespeare `` the greatest soul , ancient or modern '' ) ; and ( 3 ) whether plays in rhyme are an improvement upon blank verse drama -- a proposition that Neander , despite having defended the Elizabethans , now advances against the skeptical Crites ( who also switches from his original position and defends the blank verse tradition of Elizabethan drama ) . Invoking the so-called unities from Aristotle 's Poetics ( as interpreted by Italian and refined by French scholars over the last century ) , the four speakers discuss what makes a play `` a just and lively imitation '' of human nature in action . This definition of a play , supplied by Lisideius/Orrery ( whose rhymed plays had dazzled the court and were a model for the new drama ) , gives the debaters a versatile and richly ambiguous touchstone . To Crites ' argument that the plots of classical drama are more `` just , '' Eugenius can retort that modern plots are more `` lively '' thanks to their variety . Lisideius shows that the French plots carefully preserve Aristotle 's unities of action , place , and time ; Neander replies that English dramatists like Ben Jonson also kept the unities when they wanted to , but that they preferred to develop character and motive . Even Neander 's final argument with Crites over whether rhyme is suitable in drama depends on Aristotle 's Poetics : Neander says that Aristotle demands a verbally artful ( `` lively '' ) imitation of nature , while Crites thinks that dramatic imitation ceases to be `` just '' when it departs from ordinary speech -- i.e. prose or blank verse . A year later , the two brothers-in-law quarreled publicly over this third topic . See Dryden 's `` Defense of An Essay of Dramatic Poesy '' ( 1669 ) , where Dryden tries to persuade the rather literal-minded Howard that audiences expect a play to be an imitation of nature , not a surrogate for nature itself .

neg: Theatre World Theatre World is the only ( first published in 1945 ) , comprehensive , annual pictorial and statistical record of American theatre in print publication , including Broadway , Off-Broadway , Off-Off-Broadway , and regional theatre , as well as a complete national theatrical awards section and obituaries . Including over 750 photographs , it is the definitive pictorial and statistical reference to each American theatrical season , and is referenced daily by industry professionals , students , historians , and theatre fans worldwide .   Until 1998 , the Theatre World editorial staff administered the Theatre World Awards for Outstanding Broadway and off-Broadway debuts . First under the supervision of Theatre World founder Daniel Blum and then under John Willis , who took over the production of the Awards following Blum 's death in 1964 , the Theatre World Awards were first given to those recipients considered `` Promising Personalities . '' In 1998 , the Theatre World Awards were incorporated as a 501 ( c ) 3 nonprofit organization and are currently overseen by a board of directors independent of `` Theatre World . ''   Theatre World is the recipient of a 2001 Tony Honor for Excellence in Theatre , presented by the American Theatre Wing , and on behalf of the publication , longtime editor-in-chief John Willis ( 1916-2010 ) accepted honors including the first Special Lucille Lortel Award , a Special Drama Desk Award , and the Broadway Theatre Institute ( now The Theatre Museum ) Lifetime Achievement Award .   Theatre World is published annually by Theatre World Media and distributed by Applause Theatre and Cinema Books . The permanent editorial staff currently consists of Ben Hodges , editor in chief , and coeditor Scott Denny . Current editorial staff includes Adam Feldman of Time Out New York ( Broadway ) , Linda Buchwald TDF Stages ( Off-Broadway ) , Shay Gines New York Innovative Theatre Awards ( Off-Off-Broadway ) , and Diep Tran American Theatre Magazine ( Regional theatre ) .

neg: Hurst and Blackett Hurst and Blackett was a publisher founded in 1852 by Henry Blackett ( May 26 , 1825 - March 7 , 1871 ) , the grandson of a London shipbuilder , and Daniel William Stow Hurst ( February 17 , 1802 - July 6 , 1870 ) . Shortly after the formation of their partnership Hurst and Blackett took over the business of the long established publisher Henry Colburn , for whom Daniel Hurst had worked for some years , and their earliest publications displayed `` Successors to Henry Colburn '' on the title pages . This was subsequently replaced by the epithet `` Publishers since 1812 '' , probably in reference to the date when Henry Colburn had commenced publishing .   Four of Henry Blackett 's sons became publishers . Hurst and Blackett were located on Great Marlborough Street , where Henry Colburn had maintained his premises , and later at Paternoster House , Paternoster Row , London and had offices in New York and Melbourne . They were taken over by Hutchinson , which later became part of Random House .

neg: London Figaro The London Figaro was a London periodical devoted to politics , literature , art , criticism and satire during the Victorian era . It was founded as a daily paper in 1870 with the backing of Napoleon III but after a year re-established itself as a general interest weekly magazine and is chiefly remembered nowadays for its highly independent drama criticism .   The first issue was published by James Mortimer on May 17 , 1870 from a small shop at 199 Strand . It was initially a daily periodical and continued to be published daily until March 18 , 1871 . At this point it changed format from a newspaper to a weekly magazine owing to the withdrawal of its financial support as a result of French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War .   Among those who contributed to it were William Archer ( writing as Almaviva , drama critic ) , Ernest Bendall , Faustin Betbeder ( Faustin , caricaturist ) , Percy Betts ( Cherubino , musical critic ) , Ambrose Bierce ( Passing Showman , Town Crier ) , Edward Bradley ( Cuthbert Bede ) , Aglen Dowty ( Young and Happy Husband , OPQ Philander Smiff ) , John Baker Hopkins , Frank Marshall , Edwin Milliken , Clement Scott ( Almaviva , drama critic ) , and Edward Blanchard ( drama critic ) . Mortimer was a chess master and so the Figaro had a chess column , which from 1872 until 1876 was contributed by Johann Löwenthal and from 1876 to 1882 by Wilhelm Steinitz .   The magazine became very popular during the mid-1870s and for several years was published twice a week . Mortimer was very supportive of his writers and in particular strove to shield the identities of his drama critics , Clement Scott , and later William Archer , both of whom wrote under the pseudonym , Almaviva . Mortimer suffered much personal abuse from actors and promoters as a result .   In 1879 Mortimer was the defendant in a libel case brought against him by William Henry Weldon as a result of the serial which the Figaro had run on the topic of Georgina Weldon , his wife , who claimed that she had been unjustly confined under the lunacy laws of the time . Owing to a combination of misfortune and bad decisions Mortimer lost the case and was sentenced to three months in prison and a heavy fine .   In 1882 Mortimer sold the Figaro . Writing in Journalistic London later in the year , Joseph Hatton , said ,  The Figaro once prospered exceedingly . Its founder , Mr. James Mortimer , an American with a French training in journalism , first introduced it to London as a daily paper . He was unfortunate in challenging attention for a light , chatty , and serio-comic treatment of current news and literature at a time when the public mind was excited with the tragedies of a great war . Otherwise the daily Figaro might possibly have been alive now . A weekly edition reached an enormous circulation . Its chief leader-writer was Mr. John Baker Hopkins , a journalist who for many years was associated with The Law Journal . Mr. Hopkins is the author of '' Nihilism ; or , The Terror Unmasked , '' and several works of fiction . `` The Smiff Papers '' did much to extend the circulation of The Figaro , as did also the dramatic criticisms signed `` Alma Viva . '' Mr. Doughty was the author of the first mentioned feature , Mr. Clement Scott of the second . Recently the paper has been taken over by a limited liability company , and Mr. Mortimer appears to be giving more attention to play-writing than to journalism .   The magazine continued in publication for another 15 years . By the late 1890s however it had lost a lot of its readership and at a shareholders ' Extraordinary General Meeting in December 1897 , it was agreed to wind it up .

neg: The Anglican Digest The Anglican Digest is a quarterly religious magazine which provides devotional material , book reviews , and other information related to Anglicanism . It is published by SPEAK , the Society for Promoting and Encouraging Arts and Knowledge ( of the Church ) , which was founded as the Episcopal Book Club in 1953 by Howard Lane Foland , an Episcopal priest in Nevada , Missouri . Since 1960 , it has been based on a former dairy farm in the Ozarks called Hillspeak near Eureka Springs , Arkansas .   When it began in 1958 , it described itself as `` A quarterly miscellany reflecting the words and work of the Churches of the Anglican Communion :  some things old  many things new  most things borrowed  everything true . ''   James B. Simpson became executive director after its founder retired in 1980 . At that time , it reported a paid circulation of over 100,000 worldwide . By 1989 , subscriptions had increased to almost 250,000 with six issues per year . However , in 2012 it reported 45,000 readers .   Edward L. Salmon , Jr. chaired the publication 's board for 41 years .

neg: Tait's Edinburgh Magazine Tait 's Edinburgh Magazine was a monthly periodical founded in 1832 . It was an important venue for liberal political views , as well as contemporary cultural and literary developments , in early-to-mid-nineteenth century Britain .   The magazine was founded by William Tait ( 1792 -- 1864 ) , the son of a builder and an inheritor of a large fortune . Tait was an `` independent radical '' in politics ; he strongly favored the Whig party . 1832 was a time of great political ferment , with the first Reform Bill the dominant subject of discourse . Tait 's periodical was intended as a `` Radical riposte '' to `` the politically revanchist but culturally avant-garde Blackwood 's Edinburgh Magazine . '' Tait 's welcomed many new and unknown writers like Robert Nicoll , as well as established voices like James Henry Leigh Hunt , and figures of future fame like Harriet Martineau and John Stuart Mill .   From 1833 on , Tait 's Magazine was a regular venue for the essays of Thomas De Quincey . De Quincey 's series of biographical essays on the Lake Poets ( later collected as Recollections of the Lake Poets ) were featured in Tait 's between 1834 and 1840 . Tait published a range of other selections by De Quincey , including , somewhat surprisingly , `` A Tory 's Account of Toryism , Whiggism and Radicalism '' ( December 1835 , January 1836 ) . That article , however , was supplied with many sarcastic footnotes disagreeing with its points -- `` objecting foot-notes from the pen , presumably , of Tait himself . ''   In 1834 Tait 's Magazine was combined with Johnstone 's Edinburgh Magazine , a liberal periodical started two years earlier by husband and wife John Johnstone and Christian Isobel Johnstone . She was an early feminist who wrote extensively for Tait 's in the following years , becoming the magazine 's `` chief contributor and director '' under William Tait himself . Christian Johnstone was `` the first woman to serve as paid editor of a major Victorian periodical , '' to which she brought `` fresh life and popularity . '' In the same year Alexander Bailey Richmond took the magazine 's London agents to court , for reviewing a work calling Richmond a government spy : the defence was successful .   Christian Johnstone died in 1857 ; Tait 's Magazine ceased publication in 1861 .

neg: The Spectator The Spectator is a weekly British conservative magazine on politics , culture , and current affairs . It was first published on 6 July 1828 . It is currently owned by David and Frederick Barclay who also own The Daily Telegraph newspaper , via Press Holdings . Its principal subject areas are politics and culture . Its editorial outlook is generally supportive of the Conservative Party , although regular contributors include some outside that fold , such as Frank Field , Rod Liddle and Martin Bright . The magazine also contains arts pages on books , music , opera , and film and TV reviews . In late 2008 , Spectator Australia was launched . This offers 12 pages of `` Unique Australian Content '' ( including a separate editorial page ) in addition to the full UK contents .   Editorship of The Spectator has often been a step on the ladder to high office in the Conservative Party in the UK -- past editors include Boris Johnson ( 1999-2005 ) , the incumbent Foreign Secretary , and former cabinet members Iain Macleod , Ian Gilmour , and Nigel Lawson .

neg: The Bookseller The Bookseller is a British magazine reporting news on the publishing industry . Philip Jones is editor-in-chief of the weekly print edition of the magazine and the website . The magazine is home to the Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year , a humorous award given annually to the book with the oddest title . The award is organised by The Bookseller '' 's diarist , Horace Bent , and had been administered in recent years by the former deputy editor , Joel Rickett , and former charts editor , Philip Stone . We Love This Book is its quarterly sister consumer website and email newsletter .   The subscription-only magazine is read by around 30,000 persons each week , in over 90 countries , and contains the latest news from the publishing and bookselling worlds , in-depth analysis , pre-publication book previews and author interviews . It is the first publication to publish official weekly bestseller lists in the UK . It has also created the first UK-based e-book sales ranking . The website is visited by 160,000 unique users each month .   The magazine also produces approximately a dozen specials on an annual basis including its Books of The Year and four `` Buyers Guides '' . The Bookseller '' also publishes three daily newspapers at the annual London Book Fair , in April , the Bologna Children 's Book Fair and the Frankfurt Book Fair , in October .

neg: Celestina (novel) Celestina is an eighteenth-century English novel and poet Charlotte Turner Smith 's third novel . Published in 1791 by Thomas Cadell , the novel tells the story of an adopted orphan who discovers the secret of her parentage and marries the man she loves . It is a courtship novel that follows the typical Cinderella plot while still commenting on contemporary political issues .   Celestina is a satire of traditional English class and gender assumptions , particularly the idea that nobility is connected to rank or wealth . The heroine 's worth lies in her `` enlightened human soul '' ; she is valuable in and of herself . As a model for young readers , Celestina was liberating -- she was independent and assertive . While Celestina is a heroine of sensibility who relies on her feelings to develop sympathy for others , it is the hero , Willoughby , who is the most sentimental of all , reversing the stereotypical association of strong emotions with femininity . In this novel , it is the women who remain strong and the men who are prey to their feelings .   Throughout the novel , Smith included portraits of herself and her husband . Readers were interested in her personal story and bought her works to discover what was happening in her life , therefore she included barely disguised autobiographical details in the novel .   The novel was well received by reviewers and eventually ran to four editions during the 1790s ; however , the novel was not published again until the 2000s . Jane Austen , who read Smith 's novels as they were published , responded to her description of sensibility with Sense and Sensibility .

neg: Monthly Anthology The Monthly Anthology and Boston Review was a miscellaneous magazine published by the Anthology Club of Boston , Massachusetts from 1804-1811 . The more famous North American Review is generally considered to be its successor .   Oliver Wendell Holmes describes the magazine thus , in his disquisition on Ralph Waldo Emerson : `` The Anthology was the literary precursor of the North American Review , and the theological herald of the Christian Examiner . Like all first beginnings it showed many marks of immaturity . It mingled extracts and original contributions , theology and medicine , with all manner of literary chips and shavings . It had Magazine ways that smacked of Sylvanus Urban ; leading articles with balanced paragraphs which recalled the marching tramp of Johnson ; translations that might have been signed with the name of Creech , and Odes to Sensibility , and the like , which recalled the syrupy sweetness and  languid trickle of Laura Matilda 's sentimentalities . It talked about ` the London Reviewers ' with a kind of provincial deference . It printed articles with quite too much of the license of Swift and Prior for the Magazines of to-day . But it had opinions of its own , and would compare well enough with The Gentleman 's Magazine ... '' ''

neg: List of The New York Times Manga Best Sellers The New York Times Best Seller list for manga published in the United States was introduced on March 5 , 2009 , along with two additional lists for hardcover and paperback graphic novels . The three lists are grouped under the `` Graphic Books '' category . Deborah Hoffman , an editor for the Best Seller lists , explained that the term `` Graphic Books '' was selected to create an `` inclusive and expansive '' list which can extend to works of both fiction and non-fiction . Journalist George Gustines announced , in his introduction of the new lists , `` Comics have finally joined the mainstream . '' The announcement was made the week the film Watchmen , based on the comic book of the same name , was released in movie theaters throughout the U.S. . The Best Seller lists are printed weekly in The New York Times Book Review magazine , which is published in the Sunday edition of The New York Times and as a stand-alone publication .   Gustines explained the methodology used to determine the rankings :   Rankings reflect sales of graphic novels -LSB- ... -RSB- at many thousands of venues where a wide range of books are sold nationwide . These include hundreds of independent book retailers ( statistically weighted to represent all such outlets ) ; national , regional and local chains ; online and multimedia entertainment retailers ; university , gift , supermarket , discount department stores and newsstands . In addition , these rankings also include unit sales reported by retailers nationwide that specialize in graphic novels and comic books .   On multiple occasions , manga have been listed outside its designated list . Mike Kiley , then-Senior Vice President of the publisher Tokyopop , explained in 2010 that it has become more difficult to draw a distinguishing line between works that are manga and manga-inspired , such as Korean manhwa and American original English language ( OEL ) manga . A Drifting Life , an autobiographical manga by Yoshihiro Tatsumi , appeared on the May 3 , 2009 , Best Seller list for paperback graphic novels , where it ranked third . X-Men : Misfits , an original English manga based on the X-Men comic book franchise , ranked fifth at its debut on the August 30 , 2009 , paperback graphic novels list , and stayed on the chart for five consecutive weeks . The first volume of a manhwa adaptation of the popular vampire-themed Twilight novels by Stephenie Meyer remained on the hardcover graphic novels Best Seller list for 27 consecutive weeks in 2010 .   In January 2017 , the Times decided to stop producing the separate manga best seller list .

neg: Gramophone (magazine) Gramophone is a magazine published monthly in London devoted to classical music , particularly to reviews of recordings . It was founded in 1923 by the Scottish author Compton Mackenzie . It was acquired by Haymarket in 1999 . In 2013 the Mark Allen Group became the publisher   The magazine presents the Gramophone Awards each year to the classical recordings which it considers the finest in a variety of categories .   In the title bar of its website Gramophone claims to be : `` The world 's authority on classical music since 1923 . '' This used to appear on the front cover of every issue ; recent editions have changed the wording to `` The world 's best classical music reviews . ''   Its circulation , including digital subscribers , was 24,380 in 2014

neg: Listings magazine A listings magazine is a magazine which is largely dedicated to information about the upcoming week 's events such as broadcast programming , music , clubs , theatre and film information .   The BBC 's Radio Times was the world 's first listings magazine when it was founded in 1923 to compete with daily newspapers , which had hitherto fulfilled the role . .   With the expansion of broadcast media many others have followed , expanding the format to include columns about media production and personalities , such as TV Hebdo ( Québec ) in Canada , TV Guide in the US and hundreds of others worldwide . Broadcast guides are normally published either with a Saturday or Sunday newspaper or are published weekly or fortnightly . It has become a highly competitive area of publishing .   Other listings magazines have started from a primary base in cultural events , such as Time Out magazine in the UK . Most major cities worldwide have one or many more such publications .   During the politically charged 1970s and 1980s , many of these magazines , in the UK at least , played a progressive role as part of the alternative press and had a reputation for leftward leaning investigative and campaigning journalism . They were some of the first consumer magazines to carry lists of `` agitprop '' events . City Limits was probably the most outspoken of all UK-based listings magazines but almost all followed Time Out 's lead of including space for lesbian and gay events and clubs . In certain areas of the UK which were previously dominated by the old guard of regional newspapers , which were traditionally more conservative in outlook , this was the first time that gay issues were put on a par with others - this was particularly true of Bristol 's Venue ( magazine ) , Southampton 's Due South Magazine , and to a lesser extent Manchester 's City Life where the local press ( Manchester Evening News ) had been at times at least , a little more tolerant .

neg: Dandy A dandy historically , is a man who places particular importance upon physical appearance , refined language , and leisurely hobbies , pursued with the appearance of nonchalance in a cult of self . A dandy could be a self-made man who strove to imitate an aristocratic lifestyle despite coming from a middle-class background , especially in late 18th - and early 19th-century Britain .   Previous manifestations of the petit-maître ( French for small master ) and the Muscadin have been noted by John C. Prevost , but the modern practice of dandyism first appeared in the revolutionary 1790s , both in London and in Paris . The dandy cultivated cynical reserve , yet to such extremes that novelist George Meredith , himself no dandy , once defined cynicism as `` intellectual dandyism . '' Some took a more benign view ; Thomas Carlyle wrote in Sartor Resartus that a dandy was no more than `` a clothes-wearing man '' . Honoré de Balzac introduced the perfectly worldly and unmoved Henri de Marsay in La fille aux yeux d'or ( 1835 ) , a part of La Comédie Humaine , who fulfils at first the model of a perfect dandy , until an obsessive love-pursuit unravels him in passionate and murderous jealousy .   Charles Baudelaire defined the dandy , in the later `` metaphysical '' phase of dandyism , as one who elevates æsthetics to a living religion , that the dandy 's mere existence reproaches the responsible citizen of the middle class : `` Dandyism in certain respects comes close to spirituality and to stoicism '' and `` These beings have no other status , but that of cultivating the idea of beauty in their own persons , of satisfying their passions , of feeling and thinking ... . Dandyism is a form of Romanticism . Contrary to what many thoughtless people seem to believe , dandyism is not even an excessive delight in clothes and material elegance . For the perfect dandy , these things are no more than the symbol of the aristocratic superiority of mind . ''   The linkage of clothing with political protest had become a particularly English characteristic during the 18th century . Given these connotations , dandyism can be seen as a political protest against the levelling of egalitarian principles , often including nostalgic adherence to feudal or pre-industrial values , such as the ideals of `` the perfect gentleman '' or `` the autonomous aristocrat '' . Paradoxically , the dandy required an audience , as Susann Schmid observed in examining the `` successfully marketed lives '' of Oscar Wilde and Lord Byron , who exemplify the dandy 's roles in the public sphere , both as writers and as personae providing sources of gossip and scandal . Nigel Rodgers in The Dandy : Peacock or Enigma ? questions Wilde 's status as a genuine dandy , seeing him as someone who only assumed a dandified stance in passing , not a man dedicated to the exacting ideals of dandyism .


query: Friendship has been studied in academic fields such as sociology.

pos: Friendship Friendship is a relationship of mutual affection between people . Friendship is a stronger form of interpersonal bond than an association . Friendship has been studied in academic fields such as communication , sociology , social psychology , anthropology , and philosophy . Various academic theories of friendship have been proposed , including social exchange theory , equity theory , relational dialectics , and attachment styles . A World Happiness Database study found that people with close friendships are happier .   Although there are many forms of friendship , some of which may vary from place to place , certain characteristics are present in many types of bond . Such characteristics include affection ; sympathy ; empathy ; honesty ; altruism ; mutual understanding and compassion ; enjoyment of each other 's company ; trust ; and the ability to be oneself , express one 's feelings , and make mistakes without fear of judgment from the friend .   While there is no practical limit on what types of people can form a friendship , friends tend to share common backgrounds , occupations , or interests and have similar demographics .

neg: Privacy regulation theory Privacy regulation theory was developed by social psychologist Irwin Altman in 1975 . This theory aims to explain why people sometimes prefer staying alone but at other times like get involved in social interactions . Traditionally , privacy is regarded as a state of social withdrawal ( i.e. , avoiding people ) .  Altman , however , regards it as a dialectic and dynamic boundary regulation process  where privacy is not static but `` a selective control of access to the self or to one 's  group '' ( p. 18 ) . According to Altman , `` dialectic '' refers to the openness and closeness  of self to others ( i.e. , seeking and avoiding social interaction ) ; while `` dynamics ''  indicates that the desired privacy level ( i.e. , the ideal level of contact at a particular  time ) , which varies due to individual and cultural differences , continuously moves along  the continuum of openness and closeness in response to different circumstances over time .  In other words , the desired privacy level changes with time according to environment . Therefore , we might want to avoid people at a particular time but desire contact at another time .   Altman also believes the goal of privacy regulation is to achieve the optimum level  of privacy ( i.e. , the ideal level of social interaction ) . In this optimizing process , we all strive to match the achieved privacy ( i.e. the actual level of contact at a specific time )  with the desired one . At the optimum level of privacy , we can experience the desired solitude when we want to be alone or enjoy the desired social contact when we want to be with people . However , if our actual level of privacy is greater than the desired one , we will feel lonely  or isolated ; on the other hand , if our actual level of privacy is smaller than the desired  one , we will feel annoyed or crowded .  According to Altman , if we effectively control the openness and closedness of self  to others ( i.e. , make ourselves more or less available to others ) in response to our  desire and the environment , we can function better in society than those who can not .  In order to regulate our privacy ( i.e. , social interaction ) successfully , we need to  use a variety of behavioral mechanisms such as verbal , paraverbal and non-verbal behavior ,  environmental mechanisms of territoriality and personal space , etc. .  By combining these behavioral mechanisms ( i.e. , techniques ) , we can effectively express  our desired privacy level to others in order to achieve the optimum level of privacy .

neg: Electronic Journal of Sociology .   The Electronic Journal of Sociology was an online open access academic journal of sociology . It was established in 1994 by Michael Sosteric . Andreas Scheider was editor-in-chief until 2004 , when Sosteric returned and Adam Rafalovich became co-editor-in-chief . The journal implemented a new approach in 2004 whereby it decided to publish three tiers of articles : fully reviewed original articles at tier 1 , editorially-reviewed reviews and commentaries at tier 2 , and editorially-reviewed other works , including original papers , at tier 3 . Although the journal `` achieved international recognition '' , as an electronic journal it faced barriers .   In 1996 , the journal was criticized by its rival , Sociological Research Online , which suggested that its conventional approach to reviewing articles was more rigorous . The Electronic Journal of Sociology had adopted a forum with which an author could respond to the feedback or criticism of the reviewer . Its editorial board responded , speculating that the rival journal , which was affiliated with SAGE Publishing , might feel threatened by their open access and lack of traditional publishing ties . In 2008 , publication was suspended .   The journal was indexed in SocINDEX .

neg: Comparative sociology Comparative sociology involves comparison of the social processes between nation-states , or across different types of society ( for example capitalist and socialist ) . There are two main approaches to comparative sociology : some seek similarity across different countries and cultures whereas others seek variance . For example , structural Marxists have attempted to use comparative methods to discover the general processes that underlie apparently different social orderings in different societies . The danger of this approach is that the different social contexts are overlooked in the search for supposed universal structures .   One sociologist who employed comparative methods to understand variance was Max Weber , whose studies attempted to show how differences between cultures explained the different social orderings that had emerged ( see for example The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism and Sociology of Religion ) .   There is some debate within sociology regarding whether the label of ` comparative ' is suitable . Emile Durkheim argued in The Rules of Sociological Method ( 1895 ) that all sociological research was in fact comparative since social phenomenon are always held to be typical , representative or unique , all of which imply some sort of comparison . In this sense , all sociological analysis is comparative and it has been suggested that what is normally referred to as comparative research , may be more appropriately called cross-national research .

neg: Comparative history Comparative history is the comparison of different societies which existed during the same time period or shared similar cultural conditions .   The comparative history of societies emerged as an important specialty among intellectuals in the Enlightenment in the 18th century , as typified by Montesquieu , Voltaire , Adam Smith , and others . Sociologists and economists in the 19th century often explored comparative history , as exemplified by Alexis de Tocqueville , Karl Marx , and Max Weber .   In the first half of the 20th century , a large reading public followed the comparative histories of ( German ) Oswald Spengler , ( Russian-American ) Pitirim Sorokin , and ( British ) Arnold J. Toynbee . Since the 1950s , however , comparative history has faded from the public view , and is now the domain of specialized scholars working independently .   Besides the people mentioned above , recent exemplars of comparative history include American historians Herbert E. Bolton and Carroll Quigley , and British historian Geoffrey Barraclough . Several sociologists are also prominent in this field , including Barrington Moore , S. N. Eisenstadt , Seymour Martin Lipset , Charles Tilly , and Michael Mann .   Historians generally accept the comparison of particular institutions ( banking , women 's rights , ethnic identities ) in different societies , but since the hostile reaction to Toynbee in the 1950s , generally do not pay much attention to sweeping comparative studies that cover wide swaths of the world over many centuries .

neg: Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences The Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences is a specialized fifteen-volume Encyclopedia first published in 1930 and last published in 1967 . It was envisaged in the 1920s by scholars working in disciplines which increasingly were coming to be known as `` Human - '' or `` Social Sciences . '' The goal was to create a comprehensive synthesis of the study of human affairs as undertaken by practitioners of all fields involved in such study . The parameters of what would come to be known as `` Social Science '' were in many ways initially established and defined by this publication .   The Encyclopaedia 's founding organizations included the American Anthropological Association , the American Association of Social Workers , the American Economic Association , the American Historical Association , the American Political Science Association , the American Psychological Association , the American Sociological Society , the American Statistical Association , the Association of American Law Schools , and the National Education Association . It was edited by American economists Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman and Alvin Saunders Johnson . Seligman and Johnson solicited contributions from many of the most known and respected scholars in their fields , and established many links with European scholars in the process . The Rockefeller Foundation , Carnegie Foundation , and Russell Sage Foundation provided initial financial support , and Macmillan was selected as publisher .   The international network of social scientists developed in the process of creating the Encyclopaedia would prove especially important during the Nazi occupation of Europe , during which many contributing scholars fled persecution for their ideas . Under Johnson 's invitation , several of these scholars would come to New York City and form the `` University in Exile , '' a specialized graduate school now known as the New School for Social Research .   The Encyclopaedia was last printed in 1967 , then in its 16th edition . It was succeeded by the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences , edited by David L. Sills , and also published by MacMillan .

neg: Political sociology Contemporary political sociology involves , but is not limited to , the study of the relations between state , society , and citizens . Where a typical research question in political sociology might have been `` Why do so few American or European citizens choose to vote ? '' or even `` What difference does it make if women get elected ? '' , political sociologists also now ask : `` How is the body a site of power ? '' , `` How are emotions relevant to global poverty ? '' , or `` What difference does knowledge make to democracy ? ''

neg: Social Science History Association The Social Science History Association , formed in 1976 , brings together scholars from numerous disciplines interested in social history .   Statement of Purpose : To bring together members of various disciplines ( including economics , sociology , demography , anthropology , and history ) who work with historical materials .   Social Science History is a quarterly , peer-reviewed academic journal . It is the official journal of the Social Science History Association . Its articles bring an analytic , theoretical , and often quantitative approach to historical evidence . The journal 's founders intended to `` improve the quality of historical explanation '' with `` theories and methods from the social science disciplines '' and to make generalizations across historical cases . The first issue came out in the fall of 1976 . The journal 's articles that are most-accessed and cited through JSTOR are about social and political movements and associated narratives .   The `` Social Science History Association '' was formed in 1976 as an interdisciplinary group with a journal Social Science History and an annual convention . The goal was to incorporate in historical studies perspectives from all the social sciences , especially political science , sociology and economics . The pioneers shared a commitment to quantification . However , by the 1980s the first blush of quantification had worn off , as critics complained that quantification undervalued the role of contingency , and warned against a naive positivism . Meanwhile quantification became well-established inside economics , in the field of cliometrics , as well as in political science . In history , quantification remained central to demographic studies , but slipped behind in political and social history .

neg: Social multiplier effect The social multiplier effect is a term used in economics , economic geography , sociology , public health and other academic disciplines to describe certain social externalities . It is based on the principle that high levels of one attribute amongst one 's peers can have spillover effects on an individual . `` This social multiplier can also be thought of as a ratio ∆ P / ∆ I where ∆ I is the average response of an individual action to an exogenous parameter ( that affects only that person ) and ∆ P is the ( per capita ) response of the peer group to a change in the same parameter that affects the entire peer group . '' In other words , it is the ratio of an individual action to an exogenous parameter to the aggregate effect of the same parameter on the individual 's peers .   For example , we know that health outcomes strongly correlate with education level . Given the social multiplier effect , we know that in the aggregate , if a poorly educated individual moves into a highly educated area they will experience some of the positive health effects associated with being more educated . It is important however to distinguish between 1 ) a local-average model or social norms , whereby certain attributes are adopted based on them being the socially normal behavior , and 2 ) a local-aggregate model or social multiplier effect whereby `` peer effects are captured by the sum of friends ' efforts in some activity . '' In the former an individual pays a price for deviating from a norm . In the latter , as an individual gains more peers who have a certain attribute , they will experience greater utility for adopting this attribute as well . The following are some examples of research on the social multiplier effect .

neg: Sociometer Sociometer theory is a theory of self-esteem from an evolutionary psychological perspective that proposes that state self-esteem is a gauge ( or sociometer ) of interpersonal relationships . This theoretical perspective was first introduced by Mark Leary and colleagues in 1995 and later expanded on by Kirkpatrick and Ellis .  In Leary 's research , the idea of self-esteem as a sociometer is discussed in depth . This theory was created as a response to psychological phenomenon i.e. social emotions , inter - and intra - personal behaviors , self-serving biases , and reactions to rejection . Based on this theory , self-esteem is a measure of effectiveness in social relations and interactions that monitors acceptance and/or rejection from others . With this , an emphasis is placed on relational value , which is the degree to which a person regards his or her relationship with another , and how it affects day-to-day life . Confirmed by various studies and research , if a person is deemed having relational value , they are more likely to have higher self-esteem . According to Leary , there are five main groups associated with relational value that are classified as those affording the greatest impact on an individual . They are : 1 ) macro-level , i.e. , communities , 2 ) instrumental coalitions , i.e. , teams , committees , 3 ) mating relationships , 4 ) kin relationships , and 5 ) friendships . A study was conducted to see just how much people depend on peers and outside factors and relational values to regulate their life . The objective of the study was to pick groups for an activity based on the evaluations given by the students . In the study , two groups were assigned . Both groups consisted of college students that submitted and were subjected to a peer evaluation . The difference being that the control group of students chose if they 1 ) wanted to interact with the person or 2 ) dissociated from the person . Previously asked , some students stated that they were indifferent or did not care what others ' opinions of them were . However , when results were analyzed there was a great deal of fluctuation in overall self-esteem . Those who were placed in the second group ( of dissociation ) , receiving a low relational value , displayed a lowered self-esteem . As a result , this compromised the way they assessed a/the situation . In the first group , where perceived relational value was high , self-esteem was also high . This provides some evidence for an evolutionary basis in the fundamental human need for inclusion in a group , and the burden of being on the outskirts of social acceptance .

neg: Affection Exchange Theory Affection Exchange Theory ( AET ) was introduced in 2001 by Kory Floyd . The theory was first presented in two of Floyd 's research projects . The first was in a paper presented to the Western States Communication Association in Coeur d'Alene , ID in February 2001 . The paper was titled `` Elements of an affection exchange theory : Socioevolutionary paradigm for understanding affectionate communication '' . The second was in an article titled `` Human Affection Exchange I : Reproductive probability as a predictor of men 's affection with their sons , '' published in The Journal of Men 's Studies in Fall 2001 . When this theory was constructed , Floyd was working as a professor at Arizona State University in Tempe , Arizona in the Hugh Downs School of Human Communication . Many studies had been done up to this point ( including some of Floyd 's own research pieces ) regarding affection and its involvement in interpersonal relationships , particularly between romantic partners and between parents and their children . In 2001 , Floyd introduced AET , which was the first theory to address some of the short and long-term effects of the exchange of affection .

neg: Interpersonal reflex Interpersonal reflex is a term created by Timothy Leary and explained in the book , Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality : A functional theory and methodology for personality evaluation ( 1957 ) .   While examining recorded protocols of communications in adults , Leary discovered that typical patterns of interaction existed . Individual units of these behaviors were called interpersonal mechanisms or interpersonal reflexes . ( p 96 ) ; `` They are defined as the observable , expressive units of face-to-face social behavior . ''   These reflexes are automatic and involuntary responses to interpersonal situations . They are independent of the content of the communication . They are the individual 's spontaneous methods of reacting to others .   Leary states , `` The reflex manner in which human beings react to others and train others to respond to them in selective ways is , I believe , the most important single aspect of personality . The systematic estimates of a patient 's repertoire of interpersonal reflexes is a key factor in functional diagnosis . '' ( p 97 ) .   Examining interpersonal reflexes helps to explain communication and behavioral patterns in healthy and unhealthy relationships . For example , tender , supportive operations tend to train others to agree , conciliate , and depend . Rigid autocratic individuals seek out docile admiring followers . Competitive , self-enhancing behavior pulls envy , distrust , inferiority feelings , and at times respectful admiration from others .

neg: Social intelligence Social intelligence is the capability to effectively navigate and negotiate complex social relationships and environments . Social scientist Ross Honeywill believes social intelligence is an aggregated measure of self - and social-awareness , evolved social beliefs and attitudes , and a capacity and appetite to manage complex social change . Psychologist Nicholas Humphrey believes that it is social intelligence , rather than quantitative intelligence , that defines humans .   The original definition by Edward Thorndike in 1920 is `` the ability to understand and manage men and women and girls , to act wisely in human relations '' . It is equivalent to interpersonal intelligence , one of the types of intelligence identified in Howard Gardner 's theory of multiple intelligences , and closely related to theory of mind . Some authors have restricted the definition to deal only with knowledge of social situations , perhaps more properly called social cognition or social marketing intelligence , as it pertains to trending socio-psychological advertising and marketing strategies and tactics . According to Sean Foleno , social intelligence is a person 's competence to understand his or her environment optimally and react appropriately for socially successful conduct .

neg: Communitarianism Communitarianism is a philosophy that emphasizes the connection between the individual and the community . Its overriding philosophy is based upon the belief that a person 's social identity and personality are largely molded by community relationships , with a smaller degree of development being placed on individualism . Although the community might be a family unit , communitarianism usually is understood , in the wider , philosophical sense , as a collection of interactions , among a community of people in a given place ( geographical location ) , or among a community who share an interest or who share a history .

neg: Sociology of leisure Sociology of leisure is the study of how humans organize their free time . Leisure includes a broad array of activities , such as sport , tourism , and the playing of games . The sociology of leisure is closely tied to the sociology of work , as each explores a different side of the work-leisure relationship . More recent studies in the field move away from the work-leisure relationship and focus on the relation between leisure and culture .   Studies of leisure have determined that observable patterns can not be easily explained by socioeconomic variables such as income , occupation or education . The type of leisure activity is substantially influenced by the individual 's immediate situation ( presence or lack of family , age , and other factors ) .

neg: Social pedagogy Social pedagogy describes a holistic and relationship-centred way of working in care and educational settings with people across the lifecourse . In many countries across Europe ( and increasingly beyond ) , it has a long-standing tradition as a field of practice and academic discipline concerned with addressing social inequality and facilitating social change by nurturing learning , well-being and connection both at an individual and community level . The term ` pedagogy ' originates from the Greek pais ( child ) and agein ( to bring up , or lead ) , with the prefix ` social ' emphasising that upbringing is not only the responsibility of parents but a shared responsibility of society . Social pedagogy has therefore evolved in somewhat different ways in different countries and reflects cultural and societal norms , attitudes and notions of education and upbringing , of the relationship between the individual and society , and of social welfare provision for its marginalised members . Social pedagogues ( professionals who have completed a qualification in social pedagogy ) work within a range of different settings , from early years through adulthood to working with disadvantaged adult groups as well as older people . To achieve a holistic perspective within each of these settings , social pedagogy draws together theories and concepts from related disciplines such as sociology , psychology , education , philosophy , medical sciences , and social work .

neg: Computational sociology Computational sociology is a branch of sociology that uses computationally intensive methods to analyze and model social phenomena . Using computer simulations , artificial intelligence , complex statistical methods , and analytic approaches like social network analysis , computational sociology develops and tests theories of complex social processes through bottom-up modeling of social interactions .   It involves the understanding of social agents , the interaction among these agents , and the effect of these interactions on the social aggregate . Although the subject matter and methodologies in social science differ from those in natural science or computer science , several of the approaches used in contemporary social simulation originated from fields such as physics and artificial intelligence . Some of the approaches that originated in this field have been imported into the natural sciences , such as measures of network centrality from the fields of social network analysis and network science .   In relevant literature , computational sociology is often related to the study of social complexity . Social complexity concepts such as complex systems , non-linear interconnection among macro and micro process , and emergence , have entered the vocabulary of computational sociology . A practical and well-known example is the construction of a computational model in the form of an `` artificial society '' , by which researchers can analyze the structure of a social system .

neg: Sociology of emotions The sociology of emotion applies sociological theorems and techniques to the study of human emotions . As sociology emerged primarily as a reaction to the negative effects of modernity , many normative theories deal in some sense with emotion without forming a part of any specific subdiscipline : Karl Marx described capitalism as detrimental to personal ` species-being ' , Georg Simmel wrote of the deindividualizing tendencies of ` the metropolis ' , and Max Weber 's work dealt with the rationalizing effect of modernity in general .

neg: Primary socialisation Primary socialization ( or primary socialisation ) in sociology is the period of a person 's life in which they initially learn and build their selves through experiences and interactions around them when they are young . This process starts at home through the family in which one learns what is or is not accepted in society , social norms , and cultural practices that eventually one is likely to take up . Primary socialization through the family teaches children how to bond , create relationships , and understand important concepts including love , trust , and togetherness . There are several agents of primary socialization which involve institutions such as the family , childhood friends , the educational system , and social media . All of these agents influence the socialization process of a child which he or she will build on for the rest of his or her life . Although these agents are limited to people who immediately surround a person such as friends and family , other agents such as social media and the educational system have a big influence on people as well . The media is an influential agent of socialization because it can provide vast amounts of knowledge about different cultures and society . It is through these processes that children learn how to behave in public versus at home , and eventually learn how they should behave as people under different circumstances ; this is known as secondary socialization . A vast variety of people have contributed to the theory of primary socialization , of those including Sigmund Freud , George Herbert Mead , Charles Cooley , Jean Piaget and Talcott Parsons . However , Parson 's theories are the earliest and most significant contributions to socialization and cognitive development .

neg: Family and Kinship in East London Family and Kinship in East London was a 1957 sociological study of an urban working class tight-knit community , and the effects of the post-war governments ' social housing policy leading to their rehousing . Many East Londoners by rigid slum clearance moved out into the new estates of the Home Counties ( some of which is now outer Greater London ) . The study was carried out in the Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green , in the East End of London and a new housing estate in Essex . The research was carried out by Michael Young and Peter Willmott , who had been an integral part of building the welfare state in Britain during the tenure of Clement Attlee and the Labour government between 1945-51 .   The study itself has been acknowledged by many sociologists and in its authors ' critiques as being one of the most influential sociological studies of the twentieth century . It is argued by some that it has inspired British sociology to take new paths away from the more traditional broad Functionalist versus Marxist dichotomy . It used social observation as its means to do so , going away from statistical information that had been previously preferred . In this sense , it counters the Structuralist ( Positivist ) model that posits statistics can always be found to prove cause and effect within society .   The idea was to interact and understand a post-war community , to determine its aspirations , worries , doubts and insecurities . This key understanding moves the study into a more Interactionist line , about each individual 's role within society . Indeed , it could also be linked to Max Weber 's idea of empathy and `` going deep '' to comprehend the complexity of communities .   In 1992 , Michael Young and the Institute of Community Studies he founded commenced on a new survey of the area to examine the changes to the area and in particular to examine the conflict between the white working class and Bangladeshi immigrants which had become a major feature of the area . This was eventually published in 2005 after his death as The New East End : Kinship , Race and Conflict by Michael Young , Kate Gavron , Geoff Dench .   On Wednesday 25 April 2007 , The Guardian society section reported on the 50th Anniversary of the study . Madeleine Bunting expressed how `` the voices they found described a world rich in social relationships , networks of dependence and mutual support that were central to the people 's resilience in facing the adversity of insecure and low paid employment . ''  Bunting also mentions how the pair were amongst the first to discover `` social capital '' and its role in shaping community life .   It was the first British sociological study that really investigated deeply people 's attitudes , beliefs and feelings . Using detailed prose and limited statistical analysis , it charted how decisions from the top affected ordinary people in their day-to-day and prospective lives .   ISBN 978-0-14-020595-4

neg: Self-concept One 's self-concept ( also called self-construction , self-identity , self-perspective or self-structure ) is a collection of beliefs about oneself that includes elements such as academic performance , gender identity , sexual identity , and racial identity . Generally , self-concept embodies the answer to `` Who am I ? '' .   Self-concept is distinguishable from self-awareness , which refers to the extent to which self-knowledge is defined , consistent , and currently applicable to one 's attitudes and dispositions . Self-concept also differs from self-esteem : self-concept is a cognitive or descriptive component of one 's self ( e.g. `` I am a fast runner '' ) , while self-esteem is evaluative and opinionated ( e.g. `` I feel good about being a fast runner '' ) .   Self-concept is made up of one 's self-schemas , and interacts with self-esteem , self-knowledge , and the social self to form the self as whole . It includes the past , present , and future selves , where future selves ( or possible selves ) represent individuals ' ideas of what they might become , what they would like to become , or what they are afraid of becoming . Possible selves may function as incentives for certain behavior .   The perception people have about their past or future selves is related to the perception of their current selves . The temporal self-appraisal theory argues that people have a tendency to maintain a positive self-evaluation by distancing themselves from their negative self and paying more attention to their positive one . In addition , people have a tendency to perceive the past self less favorably ( e.g. `` I 'm better than I used to be '' ) and the future self more positively ( e.g. `` I will be better than I am now '' ) .


query: Mark Zuckerberg was born in 1984.

pos: Mark Zuckerberg Mark Elliot Zuckerberg ( born May 14 , 1984 ) is an American computer programmer and Internet entrepreneur . He is a co-founder of Facebook , and currently operates as its chairman and chief executive officer . His net worth is estimated to be US$ 63.3 billion as of May 2017 , and he is ranked by Forbes as the fifth richest person in the world .   Zuckerberg launched Facebook from his Harvard University dormitory room on February 4 , 2004 . He was assisted by his college roommates and fellow Harvard students Eduardo Saverin , Andrew McCollum , Dustin Moskovitz , and Chris Hughes . The group then introduced Facebook to other college campuses . Facebook expanded rapidly , reaching one billion users by 2012 . Meanwhile , Zuckerberg was involved in various legal disputes brought by others in the group , who claimed a share of the company based upon their involvement during the development phase of Facebook .   In December 2012 , Zuckerberg and his wife Priscilla Chan announced that over the course of their lives they would give the majority of their wealth to `` advancing human potential and promoting equality '' in the spirit of The Giving Pledge . On December 1 , 2015 , they announced they would eventually give 99 percent of their Facebook shares ( worth about US$ 45 billion at the time ) to the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative .   Since 2010 , Time magazine has named Zuckerberg among the 100 wealthiest and most influential people in the world as a part of its Person of the Year award . In December 2016 , Zuckerberg was ranked 10th on Forbes list of The World 's Most Powerful People . According to Forbes Magazine , Zuckerberg has a net worth of US$ 63.3 billion as of May 2017 .

neg: The Entrepreneurial State The Entrepreneurial State : Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths is a 2013 book written by Mariana Mazzucato which argues that the United States ' economic success is a result of public and state funded investments in innovation and technology , rather than a result of the small state , free market doctrine that often receives credit for the country 's strong economy . Mazzucato argues that understanding the difference between the `` myth '' and the reality of this success is particularly important saying : `` If the rest of the world wants to emulate the US model , they should do as the United States actually did , not as they say they did '' . The book was listed among the Financial Times best books of the year , and was reviewed in several publications including The New York Times and The Wall Street Jornal . It is both praised and criticized by several social science journals , and has started numerous discussions among economists and social scientists around the world about the role of the state in the world of technological innovations .

neg: Peter Thiel Peter Andreas Thiel ( -LSB- ` tiːl -RSB- born October 11 , 1967 ) is an American entrepreneur , venture capitalist , philanthropist , political activist , and author . He was ranked No. 4 on the Forbes Midas List of 2014 , with a net worth of $ 2.2 billion , and No. 246 on the Forbes 400 in 2016 , with a net worth of $ 2.7 billion .   Thiel was born in Frankfurt , and holds German citizenship . He moved with his family to the United States as an infant , and spent a portion of his upbringing in Africa before returning to the U.S. . He studied philosophy at Stanford University , graduating with a B.A. in 1989 . He then went on to the Stanford Law School , and received his J.D. in 1992 . After graduation , he worked as a judicial clerk for Judge James Larry Edmondson , a securities lawyer for Sullivan & Cromwell , a speechwriter for former-U.S. Secretary of Education William Bennett and as a derivatives trader at Credit Suisse prior to founding Thiel Capital in 1996 . He then co-founded PayPal in 1999 , and served as chief executive officer until its sale to eBay in 2002 for $ 1.5 billion .   After the sale of PayPal , he founded Clarium Capital , a global macro hedge fund . He launched Palantir Technologies , an analytical software company , in 2004 and continues to serve as its chairman as of 2016 . His Founders Fund , a venture capital firm , was launched in 2005 along with PayPal partners Ken Howery and Luke Nosek . Earlier , Thiel became Facebook 's first outside investor when he acquired a 10.2 % stake for $ 500,000 in August 2004 . He sold the majority of his shares in Facebook for over $ 1 billion in 2012 , but remains on the board of directors . He also co-founded Valar Ventures in 2010 and operates as its chairman , co-founded Mithril Capital , of which he is investment committee chair , in 2012 , and has served as a partner at Y Combinator since 2015 .   Thiel is involved with a variety of philanthropic and political pursuits . Through the Thiel Foundation , he governs the grant-making bodies Breakout Labs and Thiel Fellowship , and supports life extension , seasteading and other speculative research . A founder of The Stanford Review , he is a conservative libertarian who is critical of excessive government spending , high debt levels , and foreign wars . He has donated to numerous political figures , and provided financial support to Hulk Hogan in Bollea v. Gawker .

neg: David W. Zucker David W. Zucker is President of Television for Scott Free , and Executive Producer of the landmark series adaptation of Philip K. Dick 's classic `` The Man in the High Castle '' for Amazon , esteemed Civil War medical drama `` Mercy Street '' on PBS , the forthcoming first season of the Amazon half-hour action-comedy starring Jean-Claude Van Damme as `` Jean-Claude Van Johnson , '' the AMC anthological psychological thriller `` The Terror , '' `` The Good Fight , '' the widely acclaimed CBS all-access spin-off of `` The Good Wife , '' and `` Killing Reagan , '' the fourth in the acclaimed National Geographic channel series of `` Killing '' telefilms ( which include `` Killing Jesus '' and `` Killing Kennedy , '' both Emmy-nominated , plus the docudrama `` Killing Lincoln '' ) . During his tenure , Scott Free has produced a steady stream of highly acclaimed programs including the Emmy and Golden Globe-nominated , Peabody-winning drama , `` The Good Wife , '' which recently concluded its 7th and final season on CBS , as well as `` Numb3rs , '' which ran for six successful seasons on the same network . Notable long form programs include `` Klondike '' for Discovery , the Emmy and Golden Globe-nominated `` The Pillars of the Earth '' for Starz , `` World Without End '' for Reelz , Emmy-nominated `` Into the Storm '' for HBO , Emmy-nominated `` The Andromeda Strain '' and `` Coma '' for A&E , the Golden Globe-nominated `` The Company '' at TNT and a feature-length digital series for X-Box/Microsoft , `` Halo : Nightfall . '' Acclaimed non-fiction programs include `` Crimes of the Century '' and the Emmy-winning documentary special `` Gettysburg '' for History Channel . Previously , Zucker worked as a Story Editor on the CBS series , Judging Amy , wrote pilot scripts for CBS and ABC , as well as various stage plays , and served as VP of Drama Series for CBS in addition to VP of Drama Series & Current Programs at Warner Bros. . TV .

neg: Sergey Brin Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin ( Серге́й Миха́йлович Брин born August 21 , 1973 ) is a Russian American computer scientist , internet entrepreneur , and philanthropist . Together with Larry Page , he co-founded Google . Brin is the President of Google 's parent company Alphabet Inc. .   , Brin is the 13th richest person in the world , with an estimated net worth of US$ 39.8 billion .   Brin immigrated to the United States with his family from the Soviet Union at the age of 6 . He earned his bachelor 's degree at the University of Maryland , following in his father 's and grandfather 's footsteps by studying mathematics , as well as computer science . After graduation , he moved to Stanford University to acquire a PhD in computer science . There he met Page , with whom he later became friends . They crammed their dormitory room with inexpensive computers and applied Brin 's data mining system to build a web search engine . The program became popular at Stanford , and they suspended their PhD studies to start up Google in a rented garage .   The Economist referred to Brin as an `` Enlightenment Man '' , and as someone who believes that `` knowledge is always good , and certainly always better than ignorance '' , a philosophy that is summed up by Google 's mission statement , `` Organize the world 's information and make it universally accessible and useful , '' and unofficial yet sometimes controversial motto , `` Do n't be evil '' .

neg: Gregory Zuckerman Gregory Zuckerman is a special writer at The Wall Street Journal and a non-fiction author .

neg: Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1984 The 1984 Democratic presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1984 U.S. presidential election . Former Vice President Walter Mondale was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1984 Democratic National Convention held from July 16 to July 19 , 1984 , in San Francisco , California .   As of 2017 , this is the earliest Democratic primary in which all primary winners ( of at least one contest ) are still living .

neg: Bloomberg L.P. Bloomberg L.P. is a privately held financial software , data , and media company headquartered in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . Bloomberg L.P. was founded by Michael Bloomberg in 1981 with the help of Thomas Secunda , Duncan MacMillan , Charles Zegar , and a 30 % ownership investment by Merrill Lynch .   Bloomberg L.P. provides financial software tools such as an analytics and equity trading platform , data services , and news to financial companies and organizations through the Bloomberg Terminal ( via its Bloomberg Professional Service ) , its core revenue-generating product . Bloomberg L.P. also includes a wire service ( Bloomberg News ) , a global television network ( Bloomberg Television ) , digital websites , a radio station ( WBBR ) , subscription-only newsletters , and three magazines : Bloomberg Businessweek , Bloomberg Markets , and Bloomberg Pursuits . In 2014 , Bloomberg L.P. launched Bloomberg Politics , a multiplatform media property that merged the company 's political news teams , and has recruited two veteran political journalists , Mark Halperin and John Heilemann , to run it .

neg: Mark M. Ford Mark Morgan Ford , also Mark Ford and Michael Masterson , is an American author , entrepreneur , publisher , real estate investor , filmmaker , art collector , and consultant to the direct marketing and publishing industries .   Ford is the author of essays and books on entrepreneurship , wealth-building , economics , and copywriting . He has also written a book of poetry and a book on word use titled Words that Work .   Ford 's business writing is published under the pen name Michael Masterson . His books , Automatic Wealth and Ready , Fire , Aim , were recognized on the Wall Street Journal and New York Times Best Sellers lists .   Ford is active in real estate development both in the United States and abroad .   Since 1993 , he has been the chief growth strategist for Agora , Inc. , a publisher of newsletters and books .   In 2014 , Ford co-wrote the comedic coming-of-age film After Midnight with Steve Cabrera .

neg: Chan Zuckerberg Initiative The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative ( CZI ) is a limited liability company founded by Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan with an investment of `` up to $ 1 billion in -LSB- Facebook -RSB- shares in each of the next three years '' . Its creation was announced on December 1 , 2015 , for the birth of their daughter , Maxima Chan Zuckerberg .   The aim of the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative is to `` advance human potential and promote equality in areas such as health , education , scientific research and energy '' .

neg: StartX StartX is a non-profit business incubator associated with Stanford University .   It was founded by Cameron Teitelman in 2011 .  it began as a spin-off of Stanford Student Enterprises , the non-profit financial arm of the Associated Students of Stanford University , which sponsored earlier events called SSE Labs in 2009 and then SSE Ventures . The StartX incubator differentiates itself from other incubators in Silicon Valley , such as Y Combinator , in that it is an educational non-profit 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) organization that takes no equity in the companies it helps start .   At least one member of each company must have some Stanford connection , but undergraduates , graduates , faculty and staff are involved in the seminars and advise program .  One of its first ventures , Alphonso Labs , developed the Pulse App .  WifiSlam was acquired by Apple Inc for about $ 20 million .   StartX 's staff is primarily composed of student volunteers from Stanford .  StartX received a $ 800,000 grant from the Kauffman Foundation in August 2012 ( which allowed Teitelman to earn a salary ) , and $ 400,000 from Silicon Valley companies in February 2012 .   In May 2012 , StartX created a specialized track , called StartX Med , for medical-related startup companies .   In September 2013 , Stanford announced a grant of $ 1.2 million every year for three years to StartX .  Along with Stanford Hospital and Clinics , it created a new Stanford-StartX fund ( of uncapped amount ) to invest in current and alumni StartX companies . To receive the investment from Stanford , StartX companies must raise at least $ 500,000 on their own from professional angel investors or venture capitalists .  Stanford-StartX approved 6 companies by 2013 .

neg: Daniel Koren Daniel Koren is a Brooklyn-based musician , comedian and director . Koren was born in Israel on January 23 , 1984

neg: T-Platforms T-Platforms is a Russian supercomputer company .   Founded in 2002 , T-Platforms Group is headquartered in Moscow , Russia with regional offices in Hanover , Germany , Hong Kong , China and Taipei , Taiwan . The company has implemented more than 300 integrated projects , six of which were included in the Top500 list of the world 's most powerful supercomputers . T-Platforms owns patents on a number of supercomputer technologies and electronic components . T-Platforms ' solutions are used for fundamental and applied research in various fields of science , including life sciences , physics , chemistry and mathematics , as well as for calculation-intensive tasks in engineering , computer graphics and many other disciplines . In 2011 , HPCWire named Vsevolod Opanasenko , CEO of T-Platforms , one of 12 most famous and respected people of the global HPC community .   In November 2011 , the 33,072 processor Lomonosov supercomputer in Moscow developed by T-Platforms ranked number 18 in the world , and the fastest in Russia . It placed 3rd in Europe . In October 2012 , T-Platforms delivered its first supercomputer in the US to the State University of New York at Stony Brook ( SBU ) .   T-Platforms is part of the plan of the Russian government to focus on larger supercomputers by 2020 .   In April 2013 , the United States Department of Commerce added T-Platforms to their `` list of organizations and individuals acting contrary to the national security or foreign policy interests of the United States '' , preventing the company from buying computer chips produced anywhere in the world if the factories producing them use American technology . The decision was based on US concerns that T-Platforms work includes `` the development of computer systems for military end-users , and the production of computers for nuclear research '' .   T-Platforms was delisted from the list in December 2013/January 2014 , after removal request from the company   The main competitor is RSC Group .

neg: Tony Berg Anthony Rains `` Tony '' Berg ( born October 21 , 1954 in Connecticut ) is an American musician , record producer , and A&R man , in which role he has been described as an `` industry guru '' .   Berg 's music career began in the late 1970s , when he was a session guitarist who appeared on several notable releases including Air Supply , Debby Boone , The Rocky Horror Picture Show and several Muppet Show releases . It the early 1980s , Berg founded Zeitgeist Studios . His first major success was with Michael Penn 's 1989 debut March . From there Berg went on to produce Edie Brickell , Public Image Limited , Altered State , and Aimee Mann as well as an extensive collection of other artists .   In the early 1990s , Berg became an A&R exec with Geffen Records where he played a role in signing artists such as Beck , Wild Colonials , Black Rebel Motorcycle Club , At the Drive-In etc. . During this time he continued to produce records and play on a wide variety of releases including Peter Gabriel 's Up .   In 2004 Berg founded Three Records with industry veteran Michael Rosenblatt and super producer Eric Valentine . Their first release was Mellowdrone 's Box .

neg: Marc Stiegler Marc Stiegler ( born 1 August 1954 ) is a science fiction author and software developer . He co-authored Valentina : Soul in Sapphire ( 1984 ) with Joseph H. Delaney . The computer program , Valentina , was one of science fiction 's earliest examples of sentient computer software , completely unlike mainframe AI 's such as HAL and Colossus .   Stiegler also wrote the short story , `` The Gentle Seduction '' based on Vinge 's ideas about a technological `` singularity , '' the exponential growth of future technology that will drastically affect the human condition . The story 's characters are augmented with molecular nanotechnology . The ` seducer ' is the technology itself , and perhaps the programmers of the technology . He realized the majority of mankind is more willing to swallow a pill that fixes one 's back ( this happens in the story ) than take a pill that installs a computer in one 's forehead ( also from the story ) . He also realized that many humans do not have the mental fortitude to survive the Technological singularity . The heroine of `` The Gentle Seduction '' is a normal woman whose very elemental connection with her own identity is key in soothing humanity 's jarring experience of finally meeting an alien mind .   Stiegler 's software development career partly parallels his science fiction . His non-fiction work , `` Hypermedia and the Singularity '' predates the development of the Web and predicts that hypertext will play a key role in accelerating the evolution of knowledge . Shortly after writing this article , he took over development of Project Xanadu , the hypertext system envisioned by Ted Nelson . Later software development efforts included the development of DecideRight ( 1995 ) which won the Software Publishing Association 's CODIE Award for Best New Business Software . In the late 1990s his attention turned to computer security , then writing the web page Introduction to Capability Based Security that became the top Google hit for capability-based security . Later he wrote the online book E in a Walnut about the programming language <strong> E </strong> , specifically designed for developing secure distributed systems . He also developed CapDesk , a capability-based desktop resistant to cyberattack , and invented the principles underlying Polaris , an overlay for the Windows operating system that secures the system against several important kinds of computer viruses and trojan horses . His sf book EarthWeb takes place in a future where computers have been secured from attack , the Web has evolved to largely supplant government as the underpinning fabric of human civilization , and idea futures are used to make decisions about important future events .

neg: F+W F+W , formerly F+W Publications and F+W Media , is a media and e-commerce company headquartered in New York City .   Founded in 1913 , F+W publishes magazines , books , digital products including e-books and e-magazines , produces online video , offers online education , and owns and operates 21 e-stores , as well as consumer and trade shows .   The company grew though a series of acquisitions , including book publisher David & Charles , Krause Publications in 2002 , Horticulture magazine , and Adams Media in 2003 . The private equity firm ABRY Partners purchased F+W in 2005 . On August 1 , 2012 F+W Media acquired Interweave , an arts and crafts media company based in Loveland , Colorado . In 2014 , F+W Media acquired New Track Media , renamed itself F+W , and was acquired by the private equity company Tinicum .

neg: Alex Zucker Alex Zucker ( born September 1 , 1964 ) is an American literary translator .

neg: History of Facebook Facebook is a social networking service launched on February 4 , 2004 . It was founded by Mark Zuckerberg with his college roommates and fellow Harvard University student Eduardo Saverin . The website 's membership was initially limited by the founders to Harvard students , but was expanded to other colleges in the Boston area , the Ivy League , and gradually most universities in Canada and the United States , corporations , and by September 2006 , to everyone of age 13 and older with a valid email address .

neg: MarkMonitor MarkMonitor Inc. is an American software company founded in 1999 . It develops software intended to protect corporate brands from Internet counterfeiting , fraud , piracy , and cybersquatting . It also develops and publishes reports on the prevalence of brand abuse on the Internet . MarkMonitor acquired AllDomains in 2001 and DtecNet in 2010 . MarkMonitor was then purchased by Thomson Reuters in 2012 . In 2016 , the IP division of Reuters , including MarkMonitor was sold to two venture capital companies , under the new parent company `` Clarivate Analytics '' .

neg: Will Dean (businessman) Will Dean , MBE ( born November 8 , 1980 ) is a British businessman and former counter-terrorism officer and Harvard Business School MBA , who is the co-founder and CEO of Tough Mudder , and often is called `` The Mark Zuckerberg of Extreme Sports '' . Dean was named to Sports Business Journals prestigious 2017 `` Top 40 Under 40 List . '' Tough Mudder currently employs over 150 people worldwide . The company repeatedly has been identified as one of the live streaming industry 's content leaders .

neg: Social graph The social graph in the Internet context is a graph that depicts personal relations of internet users . In short , it is a model or representation of a social network , where the word graph has been taken from graph theory . The social graph has been referred to as `` the global mapping of everybody and how they 're related '' .   The term was popularized at the Facebook F8 conference on May 24 , 2007 , when it was used to explain how the newly introduced Facebook Platform would take advantage of the relationships between individuals to offer a richer online experience . The definition has been expanded to refer to a social graph of all Internet users .   Since explaining the concept of the social graph , Mark Zuckerberg , one of the founders of Facebook , has often touted Facebook 's goal of offering the website 's social graph to other websites so that a user 's relationships can be put to use on websites outside of Facebook 's control . This can be accomplished through the Facebook Open Graph API .   One of the earliest known forms of the social graph was created in 2002 by Harvard student Philippe Bouzaglou in a paper published on the Harvard Department of Economics website . The paper replicated the Kevin Bacon Game using Harvard students and for the first time , gave an overview of an entire social graph , allowing the analysis of the characteristics of the network using graph theory . This paper was written for a seminar that was attended by Dustin Moskovitz who later became a Facebook co-founder .