query: Copyrighted songs taken from other sources are typically included on a mixtape.

pos: Mixtape A mixtape ( also mix-tape or mix tape ) is a home-made compilation of music ( typically copyrighted songs taken from other sources ) recorded in a specific order , traditionally onto a cassette tape , though later replaced by CD or MP3 playlist formats . The songs can be sequential , or by beatmatching the songs and creating overlaps and fades between the end of one song and the beginning of another the tape may become a seamless whole . Compilations may include a selection of favorite songs , or music linked by theme or mood , perhaps tailored to the tape 's intended recipient .   Writing in 2004 , essayist Geoffrey O'Brien called the personal mix tape `` perhaps the most widely practiced American art form '' .   `` Mixtape '' is also used in hip hop to describe certain types of recordings , typically self-produced and independently released albums that are issued free of charge to gain publicity and/or circumvent possible copyright infringement .

neg: The Remix Album (4hero album) The Remix Album is a compilation album featuring tracks produced and remixed by 4hero . The CD version was released as two discs : the first concentrated on remixes by 4hero of work by other artists ; the second featured remixes of music originally produced by 4hero but remixed by other producers .

neg: I Gotta Make It I Got ta Make It is the debut studio album by American R&B recording artist Trey Songz . It was released on July 26 , 2005 , by Atlantic Records . Recording sessions took place from 2004 to 2005 , with Trey Songz ' then mentor Troy Taylor , alongside Mike Caren and Delante Murphy serving as the records executive producers , while the additional production by Warryn Campbell and Bei Maejor ; as well as four guest appearances from American rappers Twista , Juvenile and T.I. , alongside American R&B legend Aretha Franklin .   The album was supported by two singles : `` Got ta Make It '' featuring Twista , and `` Got ta Go '' . The album debuted at number 20 on the US Billboard 200 .

neg: Copyright notice In United States copyright law , a copyright notice is a notice of statutorily prescribed form that informs users of the underlying claim to copyright ownership in a published work .   Copyright is a form of protection provided by U.S. law to authors of `` original works of authorship . '' When a work is published under the authority of the copyright owner , a notice of copyright may be placed on all publicly distributed copies or phonorecords . The use of the notice is the responsibility of the copyright owner and does not require permission from , or registration with , the Copyright Office .   Use of the notice informs the public that a work is protected by copyright , identifies the copyright owner , and shows the year of first publication . Furthermore , in the event that a work is infringed , if the work carries a proper notice , the court will not give any weight to a defendant 's use of an innocent infringement defense -- that is , to a claim that the defendant did not realize that the work was protected . An innocent infringement defense can result in a reduction in damages that the copyright owner would otherwise receive .   U.S. law no longer requires the use of a copyright notice , although placing it on a work does confer certain benefits to the copyright holder . Prior law did , however , require a notice , and the use of a notice is still relevant to the copyright status of older works .   For works first published on or after March 1 , 1989 , use of the copyright notice is optional . Before March 1 , 1989 , the use of the notice was mandatory on all published works . Omitting the notice on any work first published from January 1 , 1978 to February 28 , 1989 could have resulted in the loss of copyright protection if corrective steps were not taken within a certain amount of time . Works published before January 1 , 1978 , are governed by the 1909 Copyright Act . Under that law , if a work was published under the copyright owner 's authority without a proper notice of copyright , all copyright protection for that work was permanently lost in the United States .

neg: The Lost Tape (mixtape) The Lost Tape is the tenth mixtape by American hip hop recording artist 50 Cent . The mixtape , hosted by DJ Drama , is 50 Cent 's first `` Gangsta Grillz '' mixtape . It was released as a free download on May 22 , 2012 .

neg: Synchronization rights A music synchronization license , or `` sync '' for short , is a music license granted by the holder of the copyright of a particular composition , allowing the licensee to synchronize ( `` sync '' ) music with some kind of visual media output ( film , television shows , advertisements , video games , accompanying website music , movie trailers , etc. ) .

neg: Snoop Dogg discography The discography of American rapper Snoop Dogg of fifteen studio albums , four collaborative albums , seventeen compilation albums , one extended play , twenty mixtapes , 127 singles ( including seventy-four as a featured artist ) , and fourteen promotional singles . He has sold over 23.5 million albums in United States and 37 million albums worldwide . He has garnered fourteen top ten singles on the Billboard Hot 100 ( including eight as a featured artist ) .   Snoop Dogg came to attention of the music industry in 1992 , through his vocal contributions on Dr. Dre 's The Chronic . That album is considered to have `` transformed the entire sound of West Coast rap '' by its development of what later became known as the `` G-funk '' sound . The Chronic expanded gangsta rap with profanity , anti-authoritarian lyrics and multi-layered samples taken from 1970 's P-Funk records . Snoop Dogg contributed vocals to Dre 's solo single , `` Deep Cover '' , which led to a high degree of anticipation among hip hop for the release of his own solo album .   Snoop 's debut album , Doggystyle , was released in 1993 under Death Row Records , debuting at number one on both the Billboard 200 and Billboard Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums charts , powered by spectacular first week sales 803,000 units . Doggystyle became certified 4 × platinum in 1994 and spawned several hit singles , including `` What 's My Name ? '' , `` Gin & Juice '' and the European hit `` Doggy Dogg World '' . As of March 2008 , the album has sold 6,137,000 copies in the United States .   In 1994 , Snoop released a soundtrack on Death Row Records for the short film Murder Was The Case , starring himself . Murder Was the Case debuted on the Billboard 200 at number one , selling 329,000 units in the first week sales . The following week it stayed on top with 197,000 copies sold and was certified Gold . The album is certified 2x platinum with 2,030,000 copies sold .   Following to the successful release of his debut album Doggystyle ( 1993 ) , Snoop was charged with a murder . In 1995 , Snoop had been spending much time preparing for the case , which went to trial , which took place later that year . In February 1996 , he was cleared of all charges and began working on his second album , without Dr. Dre as a frequent record producer on the album . This is also Snoop 's final album on Death Row Records , under the name of Snoop Doggy Dogg . His second album Tha Doggfather ( 1996 ) , also debuted at number one on US charts and UK R&B Charts . The album was certified double platinum in 1997 . Preceding the album 's release by European singles ; `` Snoop 's Upside Ya Head '' , `` Vapors '' and `` Doggfather '' .   In 1998 Snoop released Da Game Is to Be Sold , Not to Be Told it was released , by No Limit Records . It is his first album following his departure from Death Row Records . It was also his first album to be released under a slight change to his stage name `` Snoop Dogg '' for contractual reasons . The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart , selling over 520,000 copies in its first week , and remained on top for the second week selling additional 246,000 units according to SoundScan . It remained in the top ten for five weeks ; thus it was quickly certified double platinum later that year . In terms of chart success it is one of his most successful containing the singles Still a G Thang and Woof . As of March 2008 , the album has sold 2,085,000 copies in the United States .   The fourth studio album , No Limit Top Dogg , was released on May 11 , 1999 . The album 's lead single `` Bitch Please '' featuring Xzibit and Nate Dogg , produced by Dr. Dre became a hit . The music video for the album 's second single `` G Bedtime Stories '' which was a success , the song was produced by Meech Wells . No Limit Top Dogg debuted at number 2 on the US Billboard 200 , selling 187,400 copies in its first week . Though it was Snoop Dogg 's first album to not debut at number one and have strong album sales for the first week , it eventually sold 1,100,000 copies by closing the year of 1999 making it the 73rd best selling album of the year . As of March 2008 , the album had sales 1,518,000 copies in the United States .   The third and final album released on No Limit Records and his first album on his newly founded label Doggystyle Records , Tha Last Meal was released on December 19 , 2000 . The album included the singles `` Snoop Dogg ( What 's My Name Pt . 2 ) '' , `` Hennesey n Buddah '' featuring Kokane , `` Lay Low '' featuring Nate Dogg , `` Loosen ' Control '' and `` Wrong Idea '' featuring Bad Azz . The single `` Snoop Dogg ( What 's My Name II ) '' was nominated for Music Video of the Year at The Source Hip-Hop Music Awards 2001 . The album was nominated Album of the Year at the same ceremony . The single `` Wrong Idea '' was also included in Bad Azz 's second album Personal Business released on Doggystyle .  Tha Last Meal debuted at number 9 on the US Billboard 200 , selling 397,238 copies in its first week . In the third week the album reached at number 4 in the US chart . The album topped the Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums for four consecutive weeks .  In 2001 the album has sold 1,200,000 copies in the United States . Has sold over 2,068,000 copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan .   The sixth studio album , Paid tha Cost to Be da Bo $ $ was supported by two singles : `` From tha Chuuuch to da Palace '' featuring Pharrell and the other-Pharrell track `` Beautiful '' also featuring Charlie Wilson . The album debuted at number 12 on the US Billboard 200 , selling 174,000 copies in its first week . The album has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and has sold 1,500,000 copies worldwide . The album 's lead single , titled `` From tha Chuuuch to da Palace '' featuring guest vocals from Pharrell , was released on October 15 , 2002 . The song was produced by The Neptunes . The music video for `` From tha Chuuuch to da Palace '' , was directed by Diane Martel , under the alias Bucky Chrome . The second single , `` Beautiful '' featuring Pharrell and Charlie Wilson , was released on January 28 , 2003 . The song also was produced by The Neptunes . The music video for `` Beautiful '' featuring Pharrell and Charlie Wilson ( who he did not make it to the video ) , was directed by Chris Robinson and it was released in 2003 . The video took place in Brazil . The video helped exceeded the song to become a hit on the Billboard charts .   The seventh studio R&G ( Rhythm & Gangsta ) : The Masterpiece was released 2004 . `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' featuring Pharrell , was released as the album 's lead single on September 14 , 2004 . With the production by The Neptunes , the song gained some critical attention for its very sparse production . The song essentially is just tongue clicks , keyboards and a drum machine beat , which compared to much early 2000s rap , was very minimalist . It was nominated at the Grammy Awards for Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group , though it lost both awards to the songs `` Jesus Walks '' by Kanye West and `` Let 's Get It Started '' by The Black Eyed Peas , respectively . The song reached at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart and number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Snoop 's first US number one single . The song internationally reached the top-ten in a huge 12 countries . The second single , `` Let 's Get Blown '' featuring Pharrell , was released on December 14 , 2004 . The song was produced by The Neptunes . It did not repeat the success of `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' , but it filled the gap between the aforementioned song and the club hit `` Signs '' . Keyshia Cole , who had not garnered a reputation at that time and was therefore left uncredited ( her contribution to the R&G song `` Pass It Pass It '' also went uncredited ) . The song samples and contains interpolations from Slave 's `` Watching You '' , which was also interpolated in `` Gin and Juice . '' The single is one of Snoop Dogg 's biggest hits in the UK for peaking at number 13 and number 54on the US Billboard Hot 100 . `` Signs '' featuring Justin Timberlake and Charlie Wilson , was released on April 25 , 2005 . The song was produced by The Neptunes . In May 2005 , the single reached at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart and number 46 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . However , it was more popular in Australia staying at number one on the Australian Singles Chart for two weeks . Internationally , the song reached the top-ten in 11 countries . The final single , `` Ups & Downs '' featuring Bee Gees , was released on August 15 , 2005 . The song was produced by Warryn Campbell . The song interpolates The Bee Gees ' 1979 hit `` Love You Inside Out '' . The song charted in several countries , but did n't match the success from his previous singles on the album . R&G debuted at number 6 on the US Billboard 200 chart , selling 225,000 copies in its first week .  In its second week , the album fell to number 9 on the Billboard 200 , selling 203,000 copies , for a two-week total of 428,000 units . As of March 2008 , the album sales 1,724,000 copies in the United States .   In 2006 , the song `` I Wan na Love You '' , a collaboration with Akon , became Snoop 's second number one on the Hot 100 . Tha Blue Carpet Treatment Snoop 's eighth studio album , was released in 2006 . Tha Blue Carpet Treatment debuted at number 5 on the US Billboard 200 , selling 264,000 copies in its first week . On the Nielsen SoundScan annual `` Best Sellers Top 100 '' rankings when the album was listed 97th with the 2006 year-end catalog closing sales number of 637,000 copies despite having been released in mid-November and its sales data is accumulated for only one and a half months . As of March 2008 , the album had sales 903,000 copies in the United States . On November 20 , 2007 he released the single `` Sexual Eruption '' peaked at number 7 on The Hot 100 . The ninth studio album Ego Trippin ' , it was released by Geffen Records on March 11 , 2008 . The album sold over 137,000 copies in its first week in the United States , debuting at number 3 on the US Billboard 200 chart . In its second week the album fell to number 7 on the Billboard 200 chart , selling 57,000 copies , for a two-week total of 194,000 units . Ego Trippin was the tenth best selling hip hop album of the year , selling 401,000 copies in the US .   Malice n Wonderland is the tenth studio album by American rapper Snoop 's ; it was released on December 8 , 2009 . The album included the Billboard charts singles `` Gangsta Luv '' and `` I Wan na Rock '' . Malice n Wonderland debuted at number 23 on the US Billboard 200 , selling 61,000 copies in its opening week . It is his first album since Paid tha Cost to Be da Boss ( 2002 ) not to reach the top ten on the Billboard 200 , his lowest charting album on the US R&B / Hip-Hop charts and his only album to miss the British and Australian Top 100 . Malice n Wonderland has sold over 400,000 copies in the United States as of 2011 .   In 2011 , Snoop 's was released top ten album Doggumentary , the album debuted at number eight on the US Billboard 200 chart , selling 50,000 copies in its first week in the United States . Snoop Dogg collaborated with David Guetta for a remix of the latter 's single `` Wet '' , newly titled `` Sweat '' . It topped the charts in countries such as France , Australia and Austria . In 2011 , Snoop released a soundtrack on Mac & Devin Go to High School with Wiz Khalifa . `` Young , Wild & Free '' , the soundtrack 's lead single which features Bruno Mars , and produced by The Smeezingtons , was released on October 11 , 2011 . In its first week it sold 159,000 digital copies , debuting at number 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , and number 44 on the Canadian Hot 100 .   In 2012 , after a trip to Jamaica , Snoop announced a conversion to the Rastafari movement and a new alias , Snoop Lion '' ' . Under the new moniker , he released a reggae album , Reincarnated . As of May 2015 , the album has sold 104,000 copies in the United States . The album topped Billboard Top Reggae Albums for 34 non-consecutive weeks  n  His thirteenth solo studio album , Bush , was released in May 2015 . It was supported by the singles ; `` Peaches N Cream '' featuring Charlie Wilson , `` So Many Pros '' , and `` California Roll '' featuring Stevie Wonder . The album was the eighth best-selling album of the week . Bush was the sixth Snoop 's solo album to debut at number one on the Billboard '' Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums .   Coolaid was released July 1 , 2016 on eOne . His latest album Neva Left was released on Doggystyle and Empire records on May 19 , 2017 .

neg: Freesound Freesound is a collaborative repository of Creative Commons licensed audio samples with more than 230,000 sounds and 4 million registered users ( as of February 2015 ) . Sounds are uploaded to the website by its users , and cover a wide range of subjects , from field recordings to synthesized sound effects . Audio content in the repository can be tagged and browsed by folksonomic means as well as standard text-based search . Audio content in the repository is also analysed using the open-source audio analysis tool Essentia , which powers the similarity search functionality of the site .  Freesound has a RESTful API through which third-party applications can access and retrieve audio content and its metadata .

neg: Legal issues surrounding music sampling Music sampling is the subject of many legal disputes , chiefly in the realm of copyright law as it applies to musical compositions and sound recordings .   Early sampling artists simply used portions of other artists ' recordings without permission , but once music incorporating samples began to make significant money , some sampled artists , publishers , and record companies began to take legal action , claiming copyright infringement . Sometimes , after the threat or initiation of a lawsuit , such disputes are settled out of court , often with the sampling artist obtaining a license at considerable cost and making other concessions to appease the aggrieved party ; other times , the sampling artist contests the infringement claims , such as by arguing in court that the copyright law does not cover their particular use of the work . The outcome of these court cases , primarily in the United States and the United Kingdom , have shaped common law , defining ways statutory law -- which does not directly cover sampling -- can be applied to sampling disputes .   In accordance to the United States constitution , the laws of copyright permit a number of rights to authors so that they may `` Promote the Progress of Science and Useful Arts . '' This principle brings to light the true reason for copyright law - to develop boundaries economically and legally where learning , science , and culture can progress .

neg: Double album A double album ( or double record ) is an audio album which spans two units of the primary medium in which it is sold , typically records and compact discs . A double album is usually though not always released as such , because the recording is longer than the capacity of the medium . Recording artists often think of double albums as comprising a single piece artistically ; however , there are exceptions such as John Lennon 's Some Time in New York City and Pink Floyd 's Ummagumma ( both examples of one studio record and one live album packaged together ) and OutKast 's Speakerboxxx/The Love Below ( effectively two solo albums , one by each member of the duo ) . A classic example of this idea is Works ( Volume One ) by Emerson Lake and Palmer , where side one was Keith Emerson , two Greg Lake , three Carl Palmer while side four was by the entire group .   Since the advent of the compact disc , albums are sometimes released with a bonus disc featuring additional material as a supplement to the main album , with live tracks , studio out-takes , cut songs , or older unreleased material . One innovation is the accompaniment of a CD with a DVD of related material , such as video related to the album or DVD-Audio versions of the same recordings . These could be regarded as a new form of double album ; some such discs were also released on a two-sided format called DualDisc . Due to the limitations of the gramophone record , many albums primarily released on the format were under 40 minutes long . This has led to record labels re-releasing two of these albums on one CD , thus making a double album .   The same principles apply to the triple album , which comprises three units . Packages with more units than three are often packaged as a box set .

neg: Let 'Em Bleed: The Mixxtape, Vol. 1 Let 'Em Bleed : The Mixxtape , Vol . 1 is a mixtape by DJ Clay . Released in 2008 , it is the first installment of a four cd series of mixtapes which contain brand new and remixed songs from artists from the Psychopathic Records and Hatchet House roster .

neg: Indie hip-hop Indie hip hop ( short for independent hip hop ) is hip hop that primarily exists in the independent underground music scene .   The term underground hip hop may be used to describe both indie hip hop ( which is defined by its artists being unsigned or signed to independent record labels , rather than major record labels ) as well as alternative hip hop ( which is defined by music that diverges from mainstream hip hop music such as Gangsta rap . )   As the term `` indie hip hop '' is indicative of the musicians making the music rather than the music itself , it is not strictly a genre but rather covers a range of styles with clearly discernable hip hop characteristics .   Like indie rock artists , many indie hip hop artists place a premium on maintaining complete control of their music and careers , releasing albums on independent record labels ( sometimes their own ) and relying on touring , word-of-mouth , and air play on independent or college radio stations for promotion . Some of its more popular artists , however , may end up moving to major labels , though often on favorable terms won by their prior independent success .   Independent hip hop labels include Babygrande Records , Definitive Jux , Nature Sounds Records and Strange Famous Records . Notable indie hip hop artists include 7L & Esoteric , Bronze Nazareth , Chief Kamachi , Lord Jamar , Mr. Lif , Jedi Mind Tricks , OuterSpace , The Perceptionists , WMR Music Group and The Society of Invisibles .

neg: Country Grammar Country Grammar is the debut studio album by American rapper Nelly . It was released on June 27 , 2000 , by Universal Records ( who released the album after listening to demos by Nelly , before signing a record deal with the rapper in 1999 ) . The production on the album was handled by Jason `` Jay E '' Epperson , with additional production by C-Love , Kevin Law , City Spud , Steve `` Blast '' Wills and Basement Beats . Nelly contributed to all lyrics on the album , with Epperson and City Spud also contributing . The album introduced a unique Saint Louis , Midwestern sound , and introduces Nelly 's vocal style of pop-rap singalongs and Midwestern , Missouri twang . It was supported four successful singles : `` Country Grammar ( Hot Shit ) '' , `` E.I. '' , `` Ride wit Me '' and `` Batter Up '' . Its lead single , `` Country Grammar ( Hot Shit ) '' , peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 and UK Singles Chart . `` E.I. '' charted at number 16 , number 12 and number 11 on the Hot 100 , UK Singles Chart and ARIA Singles Chart , respectively . `` Ride wit Me '' peaked within the top five on the Hot 100 , ARIA Singles Chart , Irish Singles Chart and UK Singles Chart . The album 's fourth and final single , `` Batter Up '' featuring Murphy Lee and Ali , achieved moderate chart success .   Country Grammar received positive reviews , with critics praising Nelly 's vocal style and the album 's production . It topped the US Billboard 200 chart for five consecutive weeks , and the US Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums chart for six consecutive weeks . It peaked in the top five on the New Zealand Albums Chart and Australian Albums Chart , as well as the top ten on the Canadian Albums Chart and Dutch Albums Chart . The album was certified three times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) and Music Canada ( MC ) , denoting shipments of 45,000 and 300,000 copies , respectively .   In 2016 , Country Grammar became the ninth hip hop album to be certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipment of 10 million copies in the US . Its commercial success secured Nelly 's status as one of the most successful hip hop acts of the 2000s decade . On Billboard decade-end chart , Nelly ranked as the third most successful act of the 2000s decade , due largely to the success of Country Grammar and his follow-up album Nellyville ( 2002 ) .

neg: Reissue For the reissuing of print material see Reprint  In the music industry , a reissue ( also re-release , repackage , or re-edition ) is the release of an album which has been released at least once before , sometimes with alterations or additions .

neg: 400 Degreez 400 Degreez is the 3rd studio album by Magnolia Projects , New Orleans , Louisiana-based rapper Juvenile . The album was released on November 3 , 1998 , on Cash Money Records . It remains Juvenile 's best-selling album of his solo career and currently the best-selling album ever released on Cash Money Records along with Drake 's Views ( album ) . The album was certified 4x Platinum by the RIAA , on December 19 , 1999 .   Two singles , `` Ha '' and `` Back That Azz Up '' became hip hop hits in the United States . `` Back That Azz Up '' peaked at # 19 on the Billboard Hot 100 music chart along with `` Ha '' which peaked at # 68 on the hot 100 music chart . The album peaked at # 2 on Billboard 's Top R&B / Hip Hop Albums music chart and at # 9 on the Billboard 200 music chart in 1999 . It also went to claim the # 1 position on the Top R&B / Hip Hop Albums chart on the Billboard Year-End chart for 1999 . As a single , `` Back That Azz Up '' was released , credited , and charted as the more censored `` Back That Thang Up '' . Also the album features a bonus remix of the single `` Ha '' with New York rapper Jay-Z , the only guest appearance outside of Cash Money and the 1st time Ca $ h Money collaborated with an east coast rapper on a song . As of 2013 , 400 Degreez has sold well over 5 million copies worldwide . The album won R&B Album Of The Year at the 1999 Billboard Music Awards .

neg: Mixtape (disambiguation) A mixtape is a compilation of songs recorded in a specific order , traditionally onto an audio compact cassette .   Mixtape or The Mix Tape may also refer to :

neg: 05 Fuck Em 05 Fuck Em is a mixtape by American rapper Lil B . It was independently released on December 24 , 2013 , through Lil B 's own record label , BasedWorld Records . Intended to be spread across six discs , the mixtape is one of the longest mixtape releases by Lil B after the 676-track Free Music : The Complete MySpace Collection ( 2011 ) and 855 Song Based Freestyle Mixtape ( 2012 ) , verging on nearly six hours with 101 tracks .

neg: Hidden track In the field of recorded music , a hidden track ( sometimes called a secret track or ghost track ) is a piece of music that has been placed on a CD , audio cassette , LP record or other recorded medium in such a way as to avoid detection by the casual listener . In some cases , the piece of music may simply have been left off the track listing , while in other cases more elaborate methods are used . In rare cases a `` hidden track '' is actually the result of an error that occurred during the mastering stage of the record 's production .

neg: Dub music Dub is a genre of music that grew out of reggae in the 1960s , and is commonly considered a subgenre , though it has developed to extend beyond the scope of reggae . Music in this genre consists predominantly of instrumental remixes of existing recordings and is achieved by significantly manipulating and reshaping the recordings , usually by removing the vocals from an existing music piece , and emphasizing the drum and bass parts ( this stripped-down track is sometimes referred to as a riddim ) . Other techniques include dynamically adding extensive echo , reverb , panoramic delay , and occasional dubbing of vocal or instrumental snippets from the original version or other works . It was an early form of popular electronic music .   Dub was pioneered by Osbourne `` King Tubby '' Ruddock , Lee `` Scratch '' Perry , Errol Thompson and others in the late 1960s . Augustus Pablo is credited with bringing the melodica to dub , and is also among the pioneers and creators of the genre . Similar experiments with recordings at the mixing desk outside of the dancehall environment were also done by producers Clive Chin and Herman Chin Loy . These producers , especially Ruddock and Perry , looked upon the mixing console as an instrument , manipulating tracks to come up with something new and different .  Dub has influenced many genres of music , including rock ( most significantly the subgenre of post-punk and other kinds of punk ) , pop , hip hop , disco , and later house , techno , ambient , electronic dance music , and trip hop . Dub has become a basis for the genres of jungle and drum and bass Traditional dub has survived , and some of the originators , such as Lee `` Scratch '' Perry and Mad Professor , continue to produce new material .

neg: Paid in Full (album) Paid in Full is the debut album of American hip hop duo Eric B. & Rakim , released on July 7 , 1987 , by Island-subsidiary label 4th & B'way Records . The duo recorded the album at hip hop producer Marley Marl 's home studio and Power Play Studios in New York City , following Rakim 's response to Eric B. 's search for a rapper to complement his disc jockey work in 1985 . The album peaked at number fifty-eight on the Billboard 200 chart and produced five singles , `` Eric B. Is President '' , `` I Ai n't No Joke '' , `` I Know You Got Soul '' , `` Move the Crowd '' , and `` Paid in Full '' .   Paid in Full is credited as a benchmark album of golden age hip hop . Rakim 's rapping , which pioneered the use of internal rhymes in hip hop , set a higher standard of lyricism in the genre and served as a template for future rappers . The album 's heavy sampling by Eric B. became influential in hip hop production . The record has sold over a million copies and the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified it platinum in 1995 . In 2003 , the album was ranked number 228 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time .

neg: This Is the Remix (Destiny's Child album) This Is the Remix is a remix album by American R&B group Destiny 's Child . Released in the United States on March 12 , 2002 by Columbia Records , the album contains a blend of R&B and dance remixes from the band 's previously released three albums Destiny 's Child ( 1998 ) , The Writing 's on the Wall ( 1999 ) and Survivor ( 2001 ) as well as solo material . The album 's name is a self-explanatory message taken from the first track `` No , No , No Part 2 '' .   Upon its release , the album reached number 19 on the US Top R&B / Hip Hop Albums chart and entered the top thirty of the Billboard 200 , while reaching the top ten of the New Zealand Albums Chart . Critical reception was generally positive with Allmusic remarking that `` these versions are n't only different ; usually , they 're better than the originals . ''


query: Charles Mackay is only German.

pos: Charles Mackay (author) Charles Mackay ( 27 March 1814 -- 24 December 1889 ) was a Scottish poet , journalist , author , anthologist , novelist , and songwriter , remembered mainly for his book Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds .

neg: Barry MacKay (actor) Barry MacKay ( 8 January 1906 -- 12 December 1985 ) was a British actor .   He was most prominently seen in light comedic roles in the British cinema of the 1930s and is perhaps best known as Jessie Matthews ' leading man in Evergreen ( 1934 ) , Gangway ( 1937 ) and Sailing Along ( 1938 ) .   Other notable roles include Lieutenant Somerville in Brown on Resolution ( 1935 ) and as Fred , Scrooge 's nephew , in MGM 's film A Christmas Carol ( 1938 ) , the latter being one of two films he made in the US ; the other was the lead role in a B-picture , Smuggled Cargo ( 1939 ) . After these films there was a long gap in his film career until he reappeared as a character actor in the 1950s , making his last film ( Timeslip ) in 1955 .   Barry also appeared in the 1954 Sheldon Reynolds produced Sherlock Holmes television series . He portrayed Reggie `` Sardines '' Taunton in episode 17 ; `` The Case of the Laughing Mummy '' .

neg: Schrecklichkeit Schrecklichkeit ( German `` terror '' or `` frightfulness '' ) is a word used by English speakers to describe an assumed military policy of the German Army towards civilians in World War I.  It was the basis of German actions during their march through Belgium in 1914 . Similar policies were followed later in France , the Russian-held area of Poland , and in Russia .   Under the traditional `` laws of war '' in Europe , military activity was to be confined to the regular , uniformed armies of each side . Civilians were to take no part in fighting , neither attacking or being attacked . Thus , when the uniformed army troops in a nation or region were all defeated , resistance was supposed to end . In practice , informal resistance by `` partisans '' , `` guerrillas '' , or `` francs-tireurs '' often continued after the `` regular '' troops had given up or withdrawn . These fighters , never officially enrolled in an army , and not wearing uniforms to identify them as combatants , attacked occupying troops by ambushes , surprises , and sniping . Conducting such operations out of uniform was considered perfidy , and those involved could be executed .   Occupying armies sometimes responded to such attacks by reprisals against the local population : execution of local inhabitants , whether known to be guerrillas or not , or destruction ( usually by burning ) of homes and other structures .   German army doctrine in force at the time called for such reprisals to be performed immediately and severely in any case of civilian resistance . It was argued that such schrecklichkeit would end resistance quickly with relatively little bloodshed , whereas restraint would encourage resistance , leading to greater destruction and death .   When Germany invaded Belgium in 1914 , the German high command expected to sweep through the country with negligible opposition . The German army was many times larger and stronger than the Belgian army , and the Germans therefore thought that any resistance by Belgium would be futile . German leaders had even suggested to the Belgian government that in the event of war , the Belgians should just line up along the roads and watch the Germans march through . Belgium 's refusal to accept these German presumptions and its resistance to the German advance came as a surprise , and disrupted the German timetable for advancing into France .   This frustration was communicated to the German troops in Belgium . Anything which delayed the German advance was to be crushed mercilessly . The Belgians were viewed as irrational and even treacherous for their opposition .   This led to exaggerated suspicions among German commanders of Belgian civilian resistance . It is possible that some Belgian civilians engaged in resistance , though none is documented . It is certain that on several occasions , German commanders declared ( probably in unconscious error ) that such acts had occurred when they had not .   The Germans responded to these perceived acts of resistance with harsh measures . In several villages and towns , hundreds of civilians were executed . Many buildings were put to the torch . Priests thought guilty of encouraging the resistance were killed . Violence by German soldiers against Belgians , such as rape , was ignored or not seriously punished . The Belgian city of Leuven was largely destroyed . One German officer later wrote about the town , `` We shall wipe it out ... Not one stone will stand upon another . We will teach them to respect Germany . For generations people will come here and see what we have done '' .   These actions , taken in a period of near-panic as the German forces desperately tried to carry out their flanking march before Allied forces could respond , proved to be a propaganda disaster for Germany . The reports of them caused a wave of indignation which aided the Allied cause .

neg: Angus Mackay (historian) Angus Mackay ( born 1939 in Lima , Peru ) is a Scottish historian and Hispanist , specialising in Later Medieval Spain .   Having spent four years as a lecturer in history at the University of Reading , most of his career has been at University of Edinburgh , where he became a Doctor of Philosophy in 1970 . He became Professor of Medieval History there in 1986 , taking over the Chair from his mentor , Denys Hay .   He is considered , together with Raymond Carr and John Elliott , a major figure in developing Spanish historiography .

neg: Malcolm Mackay (writer) Malcolm Mackay ( born 1 September 1981 , Stornoway on the Isle of Lewis , Scotland ) is a Scottish crime writer . In 2013 he won the Deanston Scottish Crime Book of the Year for his novel How a Gunman Says Goodbye .

neg: Priscilla Studd Priscilla `` Scilla '' Studd ( before 1887 -- 1929 , née Priscilla Livingstone Stewart ) was a Protestant Christian missionary and wife of Charles Studd .   Born in Lisburn , near Belfast , Ireland , ( modern-day Northern Ireland ) Priscilla Stewart arrived in Shanghai in 1887 as part of The Hundred missionaries of the China Inland Mission and was one of a large party to arrive together . She was reported as being both Irish in her looks and in her spirit with blue eyes and golden hair . After a while in Shanghai she moved with three other women to work inland at the city of Ta-Ku-Tang .   Of her new-found calling she said ,   In China , after praying whilst kneeling in the snow , she became seriously ill with a serious bout of pneumonia - so much so that she sent for her then fiancé Charles - who was himself recovering from an attack of pleurisy . After a while she started to recover but the local Chinese said that having sent for Charles from so far - that they must marry and Charles agreed ! They went through a wedding ceremony with Pastor Xi Shengmo - who was unlicensed - but it pleased the locals . After their wedding the Studds moved to another inland city - Lungang-Fu .   Priscilla Studd was married to the English cricketer and missionary Charles Studd whom she met in China when she was a missionary with the China Inland Mission as had Charles as one of the Cambridge Seven under the direction of Hudson Taylor . The Studds were married in 1888 and had four daughters - Grace , Dorothy , Edith , Pauline ; in addition two sons died in infancy .   In 1894 the couple returned to England and then between 1900 and 1906 they moved to India . After India and another return to England Charles ' missionary work took him alone to Africa and the last sixteen years of their married life was spent apart , with Charles remaining in Africa and Priscilla in England - here she laboured with the newly formed Worldwide Evangelization Crusade . She died in 1929 .

neg: Caroli Church, Malmö Caroli Church is a church in Malmö , Sweden . It was built in 1880 . The church is named after king Charles XI of Sweden .   The first Caroli Church was built in 1680 , in the same place as the current building . The church was also known as `` The German Church '' and the services was held in the German language for the German merchants and craftsmen of Malmö .

neg: Charles Régnier Karl Friedrich Anton Hermann ` Charles ' Regnier ( 22 July 1914 -- 13 September 2001 ) was a German actor , director , radio actor and translator .   He appeared in more than 135 films between 1949 and 2000 . In the 1950s and 1960s , he was one of the busiest German theatre and film actors .

neg: Dennis MacKay Dennis MacKay ( born 1942 ) is a former Canadian politician , who represented the electoral district of Bulkley Valley-Stikine in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 2001 to 2009 .   MacKay moved into the riding in 1981 . Before becoming an MLA , MacKay worked as a private investigator , a provincial coroner , and a security patrol agent . He served with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) for more than 30 years , including two years with the RCMP 's Musical Ride .

neg: Max and Moritz Max and Moritz ( A Story of Seven Boyish Pranks ) ( original : Max und Moritz - Eine Bubengeschichte in sieben Streichen ) is a German language illustrated story in verse . This highly inventive , blackly humorous tale , told entirely in rhymed couplets , was written and illustrated by Wilhelm Busch and published in 1865 . It is among the early works of Busch , nevertheless it already features many substantial , effectually aesthetic and formal regularities , procedures and basic patterns of Busch 's later works . Many familiar with comic strip history consider it to have been the direct inspiration for the Katzenjammer Kids and Quick & Flupke . The German title satirizes the German custom of giving a subtitle to the name of dramas in the form of `` Ein Drama in ... Akten '' ( A Drama in ... Acts ) , which became dictum in colloquial usage for any event with an unpleasant or dramatic course , e.g. `` Bundespräsidentenwahl - Drama in drei Akten '' ( Federal Presidential Elections - Drama in Three Acts ) .

neg: Kleine Schriften Kleine Schriften is a German phrase ( `` short writings '' or `` minor works '' ; Opuscula ) often used as a title for a collection of articles and essays written by a single scholar over the course of a career . `` Collected Papers '' is an English equivalent . These shorter works were usually published previously in various periodicals or in collections of papers ( such as a Festschrift ) written by multiple scholars . A scholar 's Kleine Schriften may be contained in a single volume , or several volumes published at once or ( more commonly ) in series within a period of a few years . Multi-volume collections may contain a scholar 's minor or lesser-known book-length works as well .   The title is usually reserved for the collected works of a scholar who wrote primarily in German or whose first language was German . The collection of a scholar who worked or taught internationally will often contain essays in more than one language ; the multi-volume Kleine Schriften of Walter Burkert , for instance , includes work in German , English , and French . In the case of expatriates , articles in the host language may outnumber those in German . This is particularly true of German philologists who emigrated in the 1930s , many of whom published much of their research in English or French ; Friedrich Solmsen 's three-volume Kleine Schriften , in which English articles outnumber German , is an example .   Kleine Schriften may also appear as an explanatory subtitle ; for example , Gotica : kleine Schriften zur gotischen Philologie , a collection of papers on the extinct Gothic language by Ernst A. Ebbinghaus .

neg: German New Guinea German New Guinea ( Deutsch-Neuguinea ) was the first part of the German colonial empire . It was a protectorate from 1884 until 1914 when it fell to Australian forces following the outbreak of the First World War . It consisted of the northeastern part of New Guinea and several nearby island groups . The mainland part of German New Guinea and the nearby islands of the Bismarck Archipelago and the North Solomon Islands are now part of Papua New Guinea . The Micronesian islands of German New Guinea are now governed as the Federated States of Micronesia , the Marshall Islands , Nauru , the Northern Mariana Islands and Palau .   The mainland portion , Kaiser-Wilhelmsland , was formed from the northeastern part of New Guinea . The islands to the east of Kaiser-Wilhelmsland , on annexation , were renamed the Bismarck Archipelago ( formerly the New Britannia Archipelago ) and the two largest islands renamed Neu-Pommern ( `` New Pomerania '' , today 's New Britain ) and Neu-Mecklenburg ( `` New Mecklenburg , now New Ireland ) . Due to their accessibility by water , however , these outlying islands were , and have remained , the most economically viable part of the territory .   With the exception of German Samoa , the German islands in the Western Pacific formed the `` Imperial German Pacific Protectorates '' . These were administered as part of German New Guinea and they included the German Solomon Islands ( Buka , Bougainville , and several smaller islands ) , the Carolines , Palau , the Marianas ( except for Guam ) , the Marshall Islands , and Nauru . The total land area of German New Guinea was 249500 km ² .

neg: Chic Murray Charles Thomas McKinnon `` Chic '' Murray ( 6 November 1919 -- 29 January 1985 ) , was a Scottish comedian and actor . He appeared in various roles on British television and film -- most notably in the 1967 version of Casino Royale -- and portrayed Liverpool Football Club manager Bill Shankly in a musical . In 2005 , he was named in The Comedian 's Comedian .

neg: George Henschel Sir Isidor George Henschel ( 18 February 185010 September 1934 ) was a German-born British baritone , pianist , conductor , and composer .   Henschel was born at Breslau , in Silesia , now part of Poland , then part of Germany , of Polish-Jewish parentage , and educated as a pianist , making his first public appearance in Berlin in 1862 . He subsequently took up singing , initially and briefly as a basso profundo but developing a fine baritone voice . In 1868 , he sang the part of Hans Sachs in a concert performance of Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg at Munich . With one minor and unplanned exception , he never sang on stage , confining himself to concert appearances .   He was a close friend of Johannes Brahms , whom he met in May 1874 at the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Cologne , where Henschel sang the role of Harapha in Handel 's oratorio Samson . The friendship lasted until Brahms 's death ; Henschel reports in his memoirs that he arrived in Vienna only hours too late to see Brahms before his passing , and that their last meeting had been at a restaurant in Leipzig in 1896 , where they were joined by Edvard Grieg and Arthur Nikisch .   In 1877 , Henschel began a successful career in England , singing at the principal concerts and , in 1881 , he married the American soprano , Lilian June Bailey ( 1860-1901 ) , who was associated with him in a number of vocal recitals throughout the United States and nearly all Europe until 1884 . Henschel 's very highly developed sense of interpretation and style made him an ideal concert singer , while he was no less distinguished as accompanist . In fact he sometimes combined both functions ; he can be heard on records made as late as 1928 for the Columbia Graphophone Company , singing Lieder by Schubert and Schumann to his own accompaniment .   Henschel was also a prominent conductor , in America and England . He became the first conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra in 1881 ( he used the name `` Georg Henschel '' ) ; on his appointment , he sent his ideas for an innovative seating chart to Brahms , who replied and commented in an approving letter of mid-November 1881 . In 1886 , he started a series known as the London Symphony Concerts ( no connection with the later London Symphony Orchestra ) , and in 1893 became the conductor of the Royal Scottish National Orchestra .   His compositions include instrumental works , a fine Stabat Mater ( Birmingham Festival , 1894 ) , an opera , Nubia ( Dresden , 1899 ) , and a Requiem ( Boston , 1903 ) . In 1907 he published a collection of his journals and correspondence in Personal Recollections of Johannes Brahms and in 1918 Musings and Memories of a Musician . A Mass in eight parts a cappella was first sung in 1916 .   He was knighted in 1914 and at a farewell concert that year , was presented with a lute engraved with `` A token of gratitude for forty years ' song '' . He taught at the Institute of Musical Art in New York , where he met his second wife , Amy Louis , who was one of his students .

neg: Karl Wilhelm Posselt Karl/Carl Wilhelm Posselt ( 20 June 1815 Diekow , Berlinchen , Neumark , Prussia -- 12 May 1885 Christianenburg , Natal ,  South Africa ) , was a German missionary from the Berlin Missionary Society and was active in South Africa where he became known as `` the missionary with the violin '' .   Posselt initially trained as a teacher at Neuzelle , but became inspired by mission work during his training and attended a seminary in Berlin from  1834-39 . On 21 December 1839 he disembarked at Table Bay after a voyage from Hamburg on the Devonshire . He arrived as a member of  the Berlin Missionary Society and in the company of fellow missionaries Ludwig Liefeldt and Johannes Winter .   Posselt served his apprenticeship under Carl Friedrich Schultheiss ( 1815-1855 ) at the Itemba mission station on the Kubusie River near  Stutterheim in Kaffraria . Here he also learnt the rudiments of the Xhosa language . Itemba was razed during the  Frontier War of 1846-47 , rebuilt and redestroyed in  1850 . Posselt and Liefeldt started a new mission station Emmaus , which was renamed Wartburg , on the Indwe  River , only to have that sacked as well . Posselt then started work among the Zulu people living below the Drakensberg in Natal and near the modern-day Bergville . With Wilhelm Guldenpfennig he founded a new station there , again named Emmaus , and existing to this day . In 1856 when hostilities again broke out , Posselt fled to Pietermaritzburg . There he served the community of Neu-Deutschland which had been founded in 1848 with the arrival of 182 German settlers from Bremen , and whose main activity was growing cotton . Then it was located just outside Port Natal , but today forms part of Westville in Durban . The settlers had been recruited from Bramsche near Osnabrück by a director of the `` Natal Cotton Company '' , Jonas Bergtheil in order to cultivate cotton . The cotton-growing project soon failed and the colonists started growing vegetables to supply the demand in Port Natal . Some of the Germans moved inland and started the settlement of Neu-Hanover or New Hanover near Pietermaritzburg .   Posselt returned to Emmaus when the community of Neu-Deutschland seemed to be on the point of dissolving , but went back when the rifts were healed . In 1858 he settled at the mission station he had founded in 1854 and named Christianenburg after his first wife , situated close to Neu-Deutschland and forming part of present-day Clermont Township .

neg: Marc Schubring Marc Schubring ( born 13 April 1968 in Berlin ) is a German composer .   Marc Schubring was born in Berlin , studied composition with Theo Brandmüller at the University of the Saarland , was Head of Theatrical Music at the Saarland State Theatre , Saarbrücken from 1994 to 1999 and is a member of the BMI Lehman Engel Musical Theatre Workshop , New York and the Dramatists Guild of America .   He has been associated with the author Wolfgang Adenberg since 1990 in a productive collaboration which has given birth to two of the most frequently produced German-language musicals : Fletsch -- Saturday Bite Fever ( 1993 , book : Holger Hauer ) and Emil und die Detektive , which was premiered at the Theater am Potsdamer Platz in Berlin in 2001 . The partnership also created Cyrano de Bergerac ( 1995 , revised 2009 ) , Moulin Rouge Story ( 2008 ) , Der Mann , der Sherlock Holmes war ( 2009 ) , Tell ( 2012 , book : Hans Dieter Schreeb ) and Zum Sterben schön ( 2013 ) . Most recently , the latest Schubring-Adenberg musical , '' Pünktchen und Anton `` after Erich Kästner , was given its first performance at the Junges Theater Bonn in September 2014 .   In 2000 Marc Schubring wrote the chamber opera nimmerlandmensch based on texts by Birger Sellin , and in 2003 he adapted the music of Das Feuerwerk by Paul Burkhard for the Burgtheater in Vienna , for which he also created the arrangements . For the Friedrichstadt-Palast in Berlin , he produced compositions for the review Rhythmus Berlin ( 2003 ) and the score for the children 's review Der Zauberer von Camelot ( 2007 , book/lyrics : Lutz Hübner ) . He wrote additional songs for the musical Friedrich -- Mythos und Tragödie ( 2012 ) and for Kolpings Traum ( 2013 ) . For the Koblenz Theatre , he created the music for the family musicals Das Dschungelbuch ( 2012 ) and Jim Knopf ( 2013 ) . The Hanau Brothers Grimm Festival commissioned him to write the musical Aschenputtel ( 2014 ) .   In addition , Marc Schubring regularly writes film music for feature films and documentaries for television stations such as ZDF , KiKa , WDR and arte . In 2015 he wrote musicals such as `` Gefährliche Liebschaften ( Dangerous Liaisons ) `` for the Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz , Munich , Der gestiefelte Kater ( Puss in Boots ) for Hanau and Double Trouble based on Kästner 's Das doppelte Lottchen for Washington , D.C.

neg: Austro-German Postal Union The Austro-German Postal Union ( Deutsch-Österreichischer Postverein , literally `` German -- Austrian Postal Association '' ) was a union of the postal systems of the Austrian Empire and the pre-Empire German states . The union was established on July 1 , 1850 . The administrative prerequisites were already provided by the German Zollverein established in 1834 . On October 18 , 1847 the representatives convened to the German Postal Conference in Dresden on a suggestion of Prussia and Austria . Not until April 6 , 1850 Prussia and Austria , slowed down by political circumstances , closed a contract establishing a German -- Austrian Postal Association in Berlin .

neg: Karlsburg Karlsburg ( German for `` Charles 's castle '' ) may refer to :   Karlsburg , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , municipality in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , Germany  Karlsburg Castle in Durlach in Baden-Württemberg , Germany  a castle in Karlstadt am Main in Bavaria , Germany  a German name of Alba Iulia in Romania

neg: Christopher Schindler Christopher Schindler ( -LSB- ˈkʀɪstɔfɐ ˈʃɪndlɐ -RSB- ; born 29 April 1990 ) is a German footballer who plays as a centre back for Huddersfield Town in the Premier League in England . He has also played for Germany U21 's .

neg: Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung ( -LSB- gəˈzɛlʃaft mɪt bəˈʃʁɛŋktɐ ˈhaftʊŋ -RSB- , abbreviated GmbH -LSB- geː ʔɛm beː haː -RSB- , in Austria also GesmbH or Ges.m.b.H . ) , which is German for `` company with limited liability '' , is a type of legal entity  very common in Germany , Austria , Switzerland ( where it is equivalent to a S.à r.l. ) and Liechtenstein . The name of the GmbH form emphasizes the fact that the owners ( Gesellschafter , also known as members ) of the entity are not personally liable for the company 's debts . GmbHs are considered legal persons under German and Austrian law . Other variations include mbH ( used when the term Gesellschaft is part of the company name itself ) , and gGmbH ( gemeinnützige GmbH ) for non-profit companies .   The GmbH has become the most common corporation form in Germany , since the AG ( Aktiengesellschaft ) , the other major company form corresponding to a stock corporation , was much more complicated to form and operate until recently .

neg: Commonwealth Bank Building, Mackay Commonwealth Bank Building is a heritage-listed bank building at 63 Victoria Street , Mackay , Mackay Region , Queensland , Australia . It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built in 1880 by Southall & Tracey . It is also known as Australian Bank of Commerce Limited and Australian Joint Stock Bank . It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 .