query: Bed-ins were intended to be violent protests against peace.

pos: Bed-In As the Vietnam War raged in 1969 , Yoko Ono and her husband John Lennon held two week-long Bed-Ins for Peace , one at the Hilton Hotel in Amsterdam and one at Fairmont The Queen Elizabeth in Montreal , each of which were intended to be non-violent protests against wars , and experimental tests of new ways to promote peace . The idea is derived from a `` sit-in '' , in which a group of protesters remains seated in front of an establishment until they are evicted , arrested , or their demands are met .   The public proceedings were filmed , and later turned into a documentary movie . The film Bed Peace was made available for free on YouTube in August 2011 by Yoko Ono , as part of her website `` Imagine Peace '' .

neg: Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014) Protests against the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état erupted in July 2013 . Immediately following the removal of President Mohamed Morsi by the Egyptian Armed Forces on 3 July 2013 amid demonstrations against Morsi 's rule , many protesters amassed near the Rabia Al-Adawiya Mosque to call for Morsi 's return to power and condemn the military , while others demonstrated in support of the military and interim government . Deadly clashes such as Rabaa massacre continued for several days , with three particularly bloody incidents being described by Muslim Brotherhood officials as `` massacres '' perpetrated by security forces . During the month of Ramadan ( 10 July - 7 August ) , prime minister Hazem al-Beblawy threatened to disperse the ongoing Pro-Morsi sit-ins in Rabaa al-Adaweya square and al-Nahda square . The government crackdown of these protests occurred in a violent dispersal on 14 August 2013 . In mid-August , the violence directed by the army towards the protesters escalated , with hundreds killed , and the government declaring a month-long nighttime curfew .

neg: War against Islam War against Islam , also called the War on Islam or Attack on Islam , is a conspiracy theory narrative in Islamist discourse to describe an alleged conspiracy to harm , weaken or annihilate the societal system of Islam , using military , economic , social and cultural means . The perpetrators of the conspiracy are alleged to be non-Muslims ( kuffār ) , particularly the Western world and `` false Muslims '' , allegedly in collusion with political actors in the Western world . While the contemporary conspiracy theory narrative of the `` War against Islam '' mostly covers general issues of societal transformations in modernization and secularization as well as general issues of international power politics among modern states , the crusades are often narrated as its alleged starting point .   The phrase or similar phrases have been used by Islamists such as Sayyid Qutb , Ayatollah Khomeini , Anwar al-Awlaki , Osama bin Laden , Chechen militant Dokka Umarov , cleric Anjem Choudary , and Fort Hood murderer Nidal Malik Hasan . The English-language political neologism of `` War on Islam '' was coined in Islamist discourse in the 1990s and popularized as a conspiracy theory only after 2001 .   Jonathan Schanzer has argued that the historical Muslim indifference to the West turned to `` alarmed dislike '' with the beginning of Western military superiority in the 17th century . However , with the end of the era of Western colonialism , Islamist rage against non-Muslims and the governments of Muslim-majority countries stems not from alleged non-Muslim aggression and enmity , but from frustration over the unrelenting encroachment of western culture , technology , economies , and from a yearning for a `` return to the glorious days when Islam reigned supreme . ''

neg: Schrecklichkeit Schrecklichkeit ( German `` terror '' or `` frightfulness '' ) is a word used by English speakers to describe an assumed military policy of the German Army towards civilians in World War I.  It was the basis of German actions during their march through Belgium in 1914 . Similar policies were followed later in France , the Russian-held area of Poland , and in Russia .   Under the traditional `` laws of war '' in Europe , military activity was to be confined to the regular , uniformed armies of each side . Civilians were to take no part in fighting , neither attacking or being attacked . Thus , when the uniformed army troops in a nation or region were all defeated , resistance was supposed to end . In practice , informal resistance by `` partisans '' , `` guerrillas '' , or `` francs-tireurs '' often continued after the `` regular '' troops had given up or withdrawn . These fighters , never officially enrolled in an army , and not wearing uniforms to identify them as combatants , attacked occupying troops by ambushes , surprises , and sniping . Conducting such operations out of uniform was considered perfidy , and those involved could be executed .   Occupying armies sometimes responded to such attacks by reprisals against the local population : execution of local inhabitants , whether known to be guerrillas or not , or destruction ( usually by burning ) of homes and other structures .   German army doctrine in force at the time called for such reprisals to be performed immediately and severely in any case of civilian resistance . It was argued that such schrecklichkeit would end resistance quickly with relatively little bloodshed , whereas restraint would encourage resistance , leading to greater destruction and death .   When Germany invaded Belgium in 1914 , the German high command expected to sweep through the country with negligible opposition . The German army was many times larger and stronger than the Belgian army , and the Germans therefore thought that any resistance by Belgium would be futile . German leaders had even suggested to the Belgian government that in the event of war , the Belgians should just line up along the roads and watch the Germans march through . Belgium 's refusal to accept these German presumptions and its resistance to the German advance came as a surprise , and disrupted the German timetable for advancing into France .   This frustration was communicated to the German troops in Belgium . Anything which delayed the German advance was to be crushed mercilessly . The Belgians were viewed as irrational and even treacherous for their opposition .   This led to exaggerated suspicions among German commanders of Belgian civilian resistance . It is possible that some Belgian civilians engaged in resistance , though none is documented . It is certain that on several occasions , German commanders declared ( probably in unconscious error ) that such acts had occurred when they had not .   The Germans responded to these perceived acts of resistance with harsh measures . In several villages and towns , hundreds of civilians were executed . Many buildings were put to the torch . Priests thought guilty of encouraging the resistance were killed . Violence by German soldiers against Belgians , such as rape , was ignored or not seriously punished . The Belgian city of Leuven was largely destroyed . One German officer later wrote about the town , `` We shall wipe it out ... Not one stone will stand upon another . We will teach them to respect Germany . For generations people will come here and see what we have done '' .   These actions , taken in a period of near-panic as the German forces desperately tried to carry out their flanking march before Allied forces could respond , proved to be a propaganda disaster for Germany . The reports of them caused a wave of indignation which aided the Allied cause .

neg: Israeli–Palestinian conflict The Israeli -- Palestinian conflict ( -LSB- Ha'Sikhsukh Ha'Yisraeli - Falestini ; -LSB- al-Niza ' a al ` Filastini al ` Israili ) is the ongoing struggle between Israelis and Palestinians that began in the mid-20th century . The conflict is wide-ranging , and the term is sometimes also used in reference to the earlier sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine , between the Jewish yishuv and the Arab population under British rule . It has been referred to as the world 's `` most intractable conflict '' , with the ongoing Israeli occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip reaching years .   Despite a long-term peace process and the general reconciliation of Israel with Egypt and Jordan , Israelis and Palestinians have failed to reach a final peace agreement . The key issues are : mutual recognition , borders , security , water rights , control of Jerusalem , Israeli settlements , Palestinian freedom of movement , and Palestinian right of return . The violence of the conflict , in a region rich in sites of historic , cultural and religious interest worldwide , has been the object of numerous international conferences dealing with historic rights , security issues and human rights , and has been a factor hampering tourism in and general access to areas that are hotly contested .   Many attempts have been made to broker a two-state solution , involving the creation of an independent Palestinian state alongside the State of Israel ( after Israel 's establishment in 1948 ) . In 2007 , the majority of both Israelis and Palestinians , according to a number of polls , preferred the two-state solution over any other solution as a means of resolving the conflict . Moreover , a majority of Jews see the Palestinians ' demand for an independent state as just , and thinks Israel can agree to the establishment of such a state . The majority of Palestinians and Israelis in the West Bank and Gaza Strip have expressed a preference for a two-state solution . Mutual distrust and significant disagreements are deep over basic issues , as is the reciprocal scepticism about the other side 's commitment to upholding obligations in an eventual agreement .   Within Israeli and Palestinian society , the conflict generates a wide variety of views and opinions . This highlights the deep divisions which exist not only between Israelis and Palestinians , but also within each society . A hallmark of the conflict has been the level of violence witnessed for virtually its entire duration . Fighting has been conducted by regular armies , paramilitary groups , terror cells , and individuals . Casualties have not been restricted to the military , with a large number of fatalities in civilian population on both sides . There are prominent international actors involved in the conflict .   The two parties engaged in direct negotiation are the Israeli government , currently led by Benjamin Netanyahu , and the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) , currently headed by Mahmoud Abbas . The official negotiations are mediated by an international contingent known as the Quartet on the Middle East ( the Quartet ) represented by a special envoy , that consists of the United States , Russia , the European Union , and the United Nations . The Arab League is another important actor , which has proposed an alternative peace plan . Egypt , a founding member of the Arab League , has historically been a key participant .   Since 2006 , the Palestinian side has been fractured by conflict between the two major factions : Fatah , the traditionally dominant party , and its later electoral challenger , Hamas . After Hamas 's electoral victory in 2006 , the Quartet conditioned future foreign assistance to the Palestinian National Authority ( PA ) on the future government 's commitment to non-violence , recognition of the State of Israel , and acceptance of previous agreements . Hamas rejected these demands , which resulted in the Quartet 's suspension of its foreign assistance program , and the imposition of economic sanctions by the Israelis . A year later , following Hamas 's seizure of power in the Gaza Strip in June 2007 , the territory officially recognized as the PA was split between Fatah in the West Bank , and Hamas in the Gaza Strip . The division of governance between the parties had effectively resulted in the collapse of bipartisan governance of the PA. . However , in 2014 , a Palestinian Unity Government , composed of both Fatah and Hamas , was formed . The latest round of peace negotiations began in July 2013 and was suspended in 2014 .

neg: True threat A true threat is a threatening communication that can be prosecuted under the law . It is distinct from a threat that is made in jest . The U.S. Supreme Court has held that true threats are not protected under the U.S. Constitution based on three justifications : preventing fear , preventing the disruption that follows from that fear , and diminishing the likelihood that the threatened violence will occur . There is some concern that even satirical speech could be regarded as a `` true threat '' due to concern over terrorism .   The true threat doctrine was established in the 1969 Supreme Court case Watts v. United States . In that case , an eighteen-year-old male was convicted in a Washington , D.C. District Court for violating a statute prohibiting persons from knowingly and willfully making threats to harm or kill the President of the United States . The conviction was based on a statement made by Watts , in which he said , '' -LSB- i -RSB- f they ever make me carry a rifle the first man I want to get in my sights is L.B.J. '' Watts appealed , leading to the Supreme Court finding the statute constitutional on its face , but reversing the conviction of Watts .   In reviewing the lower court 's analysis of the case , the Court noted that `` a threat must be distinguished from what is constitutionally protected speech . '' The Court recognized that `` uninhibited , robust , and wideopen '' political debate can at times be characterized by `` vehement , caustic , and sometimes unpleasantly sharp attacks on government and public officials . '' In light of the context of Watts ' statement - and the laughter that it received from the crowd - the Court found that it was more `` a kind of very crude offensive method of stating a political opposition to the President '' than a `` true threat . '' In so holding , the Court established that there is a `` true threat '' exception to protected speech , but also that the statement must be viewed in its context and distinguished from protected hyperbole . The opinion , however , stopped short of defining precisely what constituted a `` true threat . ''

neg: Military macho-violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Military-macho violence is a militarized view of masculinity that associates manliness with the excessive use of aggression , force and violence . Weapons are used as status symbols and to acquire social and economic hierarchy by employing power over unarmed civilians . Soldiers who exude any qualities deemed to be feminine are seen as weak and often end up being attacked and ostracized .   Many societies , such as the Democratic Republic of Congo generally place the means of violence -- military training , and weapons -- in the hands of men , while promoting a direct link between the idea of a real man and the practice of dominance and violence .

neg: Protest and dissent in China In spite of restrictions on freedom of association and of speech , a wide variety of protests and dissident movements have proliferated in China , particularly in the decades since the death of Mao Zedong . Among the most notable of these were the 1959 Tibetan uprising against Communist Party rule , the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests , which was put down with military force , and the 25 April 1999 demonstration by 10,000 Falun Gong practitioners at Zhongnanhai . Protesters and dissidents in China espouse a wide variety of grievances , including corruption , forced evictions , unpaid wages , human rights abuses , environmental degradation , ethnic protests , petitioning for religious freedom and civil liberties , protests against one-party rule , as well as nationalist protests against foreign countries .   The number of annual protests has grown steadily since the early 1990s , from approximately 8700 `` mass group incidents '' in 1993 to over 87,000 in 2005 . In 2006 , the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences estimated the number of annual mass incidents to exceed 90,000 , and Chinese sociology professor Sun Liping estimated 180,000 incidents in 2010 . Mass incidents are defined broadly as `` planned or impromptu gathering that forms because of internal contradictions '' , and can include public speeches or demonstrations , physical clashes , public airings of grievances , and other group behaviors that are seen as disrupting social stability .   Despite the increase in protests , some scholars have argued that they may not pose an existential threat to Communist Party rule because they lack `` connective tissue ; '' the preponderance of protests in China are aimed at local-level officials , and only a select few dissident movements seek systemic change .

neg: 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict The 2014 Israel -- Gaza conflict also known as Operation Protective Edge ( , Miv ` tza Tzuk Eitan , lit . `` Operation Strong Cliff '' ) and sometimes referred to as the 2014 Gaza war ,  was a military operation launched by Israel on 8 July 2014 in the Hamas-ruled Gaza Strip.Though Hamas governs the Gaza Strip , the majority of the international community ( including the UN General Assembly , the United Nations Security Council , the European Union , the International Criminal Court , and many human rights organizations ) consider Israel to be occupying Gaza , as it controls the region 's airspace , coastline and most of its borders . Following the kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teenagers by Hamas members , the IDF conducted Operation Brother 's Keeper to arrest militant leaders , Hamas fired rockets into Israel and a seven-week conflict broke out . The Israeli strikes , the Palestinian rocket attacks and the ground fighting resulted in the death of thousands of people , the vast majority of them Gazans .   The stated aim of the Israeli operation was to stop rocket fire from Gaza into Israel , which increased after an Israeli crackdown on Hamas in the West Bank was launched following the 12 June kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teenagers by two Hamas members . Conversely , Hamas 's goal was to bring international pressure to bear to lift Israel 's blockade of the Gaza Strip , end Israel 's offensive , obtain a third party to monitor and guarantee compliance with a ceasefire , release Palestinian prisoners and overcome its political isolation . Some claim Israel was the first , on 13 June , to break the ceasefire agreement with Hamas that had been in place since November 2012 . However , Israel argues its air raids on Gaza are responses to rocket fire from the Gaza Strip .   On 7 July , after seven Hamas militants died in a tunnel explosion in Khan Yunis which was caused by an Israeli airstrike ( per Hamas , Nathan Thrall , BBC and a senior IDF official ) or an accidental explosion of their own munitions ( per the IDF ) , Hamas assumed responsibility for rockets fired into Israel and launched 40 rockets towards Israel .   The operation officially began the following day , and on 17 July , the operation was expanded to an Israeli ground invasion of Gaza with the stated aim of destroying Gaza 's tunnel system ; Israeli ground forces withdrew on 5 August . On 26 August , an open-ended ceasefire was announced . By that date , the IDF reported that Hamas , Islamic Jihad and other militant groups had fired 4,564 rockets and mortars from Gaza into Israel , with over 735 intercepted in flight and shot down by Iron Dome . Most Gazan mortar and rocket fire hit open land . More than 280 fell on areas in Gaza , and 224 struck residential areas . Militant rocketry also killed 13 Gazan civilians , 11 of them children . The IDF attacked 5,263 targets in Gaza ; at least 34 known tunnels were destroyed and two-thirds of Hamas 's 10,000-rocket arsenal was used up or destroyed .

neg: Armed Islamic Group of Algeria The Armed Islamic Group ( GIA , from Groupe Islamique Armé الجماعة الإسلامية المسلّحة , ) was one of the two main Islamist insurgents groups that fought the Algerian government and army in the Algerian Civil War . It was created from smaller armed groups following the 1992 military coup and arrest and internment of thousands of officials in the Islamist Islamic Salvation Front ( FIS ) party after that party won the first round of parliamentary elections in December 1991 . It was led by a succession of amirs ( commanders ) who were killed or arrested one after another .   Unlike the other main armed groups , the MIA and later the AIS , in its pursuit of an Islamic state the GIA sought not to pressure the government into concessions but to destabilise and overthrow it , to `` purge the land of the ungodly '' . Its slogan inscribed on all communiques was : `` no agreement , no truce , no dialogue '' .  The group desired to create `` an atmosphere of general insecurity '' and employed kidnapping , assassination , and bombings , including car bombs and targeted not only security forces but civilians .   Between 1992 and 1998 , the GIA conducted a violent campaign of civilian massacres , sometimes wiping out entire villages in its area of operation , ( notably the Bentalha and Rais ) . It attacked and killed other Islamists that left the GIA or attempted to negotiate with the government . It also targeted foreign civilians living in Algeria , killing more than 100 expatriate men and women in the country . The group established a presence outside Algeria , in France , Belgium , Britain , Italy and the United States , and launched terror attacks in France in late 1994 .   The `` undisputed principal Islamist force '' in Algeria in 1994 , by 1996 , militants were deserting `` in droves '' , alienated by its execution of civilians and Islamists leaders . In 1999 , a government amnesty law motivated large numbers of jihadis to `` repent '' . The remnants of the GIA proper were hunted down over the next two years , leaving a splinter group the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat ( GSPC ) , which announced its support for Al-Qaeda in October 2003 .   The GIA was and is considered a terrorist organisation by the governments of Algeria and France . To what extent the group was infiltrated and manipulated by Algerian security services is disputed . The GIA remains a Proscribed Organisation in the United Kingdom under the Terrorism Act 2000 .

neg: School-related gender-based violence in Vietnam School-related gender-based violence in Viet Nam refers to physical , sexual , psychosocial and verbal violence that takes place in the Vietnamese education system . Different forms of School-related gender-based violence ( SRGBV ) interact and overlap . Bullying , for instance , occurs when there is an imbalance of power between the `` bully '' and the `` bullied '' and can happen through physical contact , verbal attacks , social exclusion , and psychological manipulation . Students are bullied when they are repeatedly and intentionally exposed to harmful and/or aggressive behaviour that results in injury or discomfort .

neg: Heavy metal lyrics Heavy metal lyrics are the words used in songs by heavy metal music bands , groups and artists . Given that there are many genres of heavy metal , it is difficult to make generalizations about the lyrics and lyrical themes . In 1989 , two metal scholars wrote that heavy metal lyrics concentrate `` on dark and depressing subject matter to an extent hitherto unprecedented '' in any form of popular music . Jeffrey Arnett states that metal songs are `` overwhelmingly dominated '' by `` ugly and unhappy '' themes which express `` no hope '' for the future . Deena Weinstein has proposed one way to analyze metal song themes is loosely grouping them into two categories : the Dionysian theme ( a reference to the Roman God of wine ) , which celebrates `` sex , drugs and rock and roll '' , partying , and enjoyment of life and the Chaotic theme , which involves dark subjects such as Hell , injustice , mayhem , carnage and death . Not all metal genres fall into Weinstein 's two theme model ; for example power metal 's lyrical themes often focus on fantasy and mythology , camaraderie and hope , personal struggles and emotions , among other themes . Another exception is pop metal bands , which replaced `` gloom and doom '' themes with `` positive , upbeat '' songs about romantic love and relationships , part of their goal of appealing more to female listeners . In metal overall , the small number of metal songs about relationships are typically about unions that have `` gone sour '' long ago .   The thematic content of heavy metal lyrics has long been a target of criticism . According to Jon Pareles , `` Heavy metal 's main subject matter is simple and virtually universal . With grunts , moans and subliterary lyrics , it celebrates ... a party without limits ... -LSB- T -RSB- he bulk of the music is stylized and formulaic . '' Music critics have often deemed metal lyrics juvenile and banal , and others have objected to what they see as advocacy of misogyny and the occult . During the 1980s , the Parents Music Resource Center ( PMRC ) petitioned the U.S. Congress to regulate the popular music industry due to what the group asserted were objectionable lyrics , particularly those in heavy metal songs . The PMRC used music professor Joe Stuessy to testify against metal . Professor Stuessy alleged that heavy metal songs focus on violence , substance abuse , perversion , S&M , and Satanism . Robert Walser analyzed 88 metal songs ' themes to determine if Professor Stuessy 's claims were valid . In Walser 's analysis , the dominant theme in the metal songs was `` longing for intensity '' ; he found that the negative themes described by Stuessy and the PMRC were uncommon . Jeffrey Arnett analysed the lyrics from 115 metal songs : he found that the top three messages were `` grim ... themes '' about violence , angst and protest .   Metal artists have had to defend their lyrics in front of the U.S. Senate and in courtrooms . In 1985 , Twisted Sister frontman Dee Snider was asked to defend his song Under the Blade at a U.S. Senate hearing . In 1986 , Ozzy Osbourne was sued because of the lyrics of his song Suicide Solution . In 1990 , Judas Priest was sued in American court by the parents of two young men who had shot themselves five years earlier , allegedly after hearing the subliminal statement `` do it '' in a Priest song . While the case attracted a great deal of media attention , it was ultimately dismissed . In some predominantly Muslim countries , heavy metal has been officially denounced as a threat to traditional values . In countries such as Morocco , Egypt , Lebanon , and Malaysia , there have been incidents of heavy metal musicians and fans being arrested and incarcerated .

neg: Hate crime A hate crime ( also known as a bias-motivated crime ) is a prejudice-motivated crime , usually violent , which occurs when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her membership ( or perceived membership ) in a certain social group .   Examples of such groups can include and are almost exclusively limited to : sex , ethnicity , disability , language , nationality , physical appearance , religion , gender identity or sexual orientation . Non-criminal actions that are motivated by these reasons are often called `` bias incidents '' .   `` Hate crime '' generally refers to criminal acts which are seen to have been motivated by bias against one or more of the types above , or of their derivatives . Incidents may involve physical assault , damage to property , bullying , harassment , verbal abuse or insults , mate crime or offensive graffiti or letters ( hate mail ) .   A hate crime law is a law intended to deter bias-motivated violence . Hate crime laws are distinct from laws against hate speech : hate crime laws enhance the penalties associated with conduct which is already criminal under other laws , while hate speech laws criminalize a category of speech . Hate speech laws exist in many countries . In the US , hate crime laws have been upheld by both the Supreme Court and lower courts , especially in the case of ` fighting ' words and other violent speech , but they are thought by some people to be in conflict with the first amendment right to freedom of speech , so they have occasionally been overturned as unconstitutional .

neg: Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel Since 2001 , Palestinian militants have launched thousands of rocket and mortar attacks on Israel from the Gaza Strip as part of the continuing Arab -- Israeli conflict . From 2004 to 2014 , these attacks have killed 27 Israeli civilians , 5 foreign nationals , 5 IDF soldiers , and at least 11 Palestinians and injured more than 1900 people , but their main effect is their creation of widespread psychological trauma and disruption of daily life among the Israeli populace . Medical studies in Sderot , the Israeli city closest to the Gaza Strip , have documented a post-traumatic stress disorder incidence among young children of almost 50 % , as well as high rates of depression and miscarriage . A public opinion poll conducted in March 2013 found that most Palestinians do not support firing rockets at Israel from the Gaza Strip . Another poll conducted in September 2014 found that 80 % of Palestinians support firing rockets against Israel if it does not allow unfettered access to Gaza . These rocket attacks have caused flight cancellations at Ben Gurion airport .   The weapons , often generically referred to as Qassams , were initially crude and short-range , mainly affecting Sderot and other communities bordering the Gaza Strip . In 2006 , more sophisticated rockets began to be deployed , reaching the larger coastal city of Ashkelon , and by early 2009 major cities Ashdod and Beersheba had been hit by Katyusha , WS-1B and Grad rockets . In 2012 , Jerusalem and Israel 's commercial center Tel Aviv were targeted with locally made `` M-75 '' and Iranian Fajr-5 rockets , respectively , and in July 2014 , the northern city of Haifa was targeted for the first time . A few projectiles have contained white phosphorus said to be recycled from unexploded munitions used by Israel in bombing Gaza .   Attacks have been carried out by all Palestinian armed groups , and , prior to the 2008 -- 2009 Gaza War , were consistently supported by most Palestinians , although the stated goals have been mixed . The attacks , widely condemned for targeting civilians , have been described as terrorism by United Nations , European Union and Israeli officials , and are defined as war crimes by human rights groups Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch . The international community considers indiscriminate attacks on civilians and civilian structures that do not discriminate between civilians and military targets illegal under international law .   Israeli defenses constructed specifically to deal with the weapons include fortifications for schools and bus stops as well as an alarm system named Red Color . Iron Dome , a system to intercept short-range rockets , was developed by Israel and first deployed in the spring of 2011 to protect Beersheba and Ashkelon , but officials and experts warned that it would not be completely effective . Shortly thereafter , it intercepted a Palestinian Grad rocket for the first time .   In the cycle of violence , rocket attacks alternate with Israeli military actions . From the outbreak of the Al Aqsa Intifada ( September 30 , 2000 ) through March 2013 , 8,749 rockets and 5,047 mortar shells were fired on Israel , while Israel has conducted several military operations in the Gaza Strip , among them Operation Rainbow ( 2004 ) , Operation Days of Penitence ( 2004 ) , Operation Summer Rains ( 2006 ) , Operation Autumn Clouds ( 2006 ) , Operation Hot Winter ( 2008 ) , Operation Cast Lead ( 2009 ) , Operation Pillar of Defense ( 2012 ) , and Operation Protective Edge ( 2014 ) .

neg: Profanity Profanity is socially offensive language , which may also be called bad language , strong language , coarse language , foul language , bad words , vulgar language , lewd language , choice words or expletives . The use of such language is swearing , cursing or cussing .   Used in this sense , profanity is a subset of a language 's lexicon that is generally considered to be strongly impolite , rude or offensive . It can show a debasement of someone or something , or show intense emotion . Linguistically , profanity takes the form of words or verbal expressions that fall into the category of formulaic language .   In its older , more literal sense , `` profanity '' refers to a lack of respect for things that are held to be sacred , which implies anything inspiring deserving of reverence , as well as behaviour showing similar disrespect or causing religious offense .

neg: Legislative violence Legislative violence broadly refers to any violent clashes between members of a legislature , often physically inside the legislature and triggered by divisive issues and tight votes . Such clashes have occurred in many countries across time , and notable incidents still regularly occur .   Although the sight of brawling politicians is incongruous with a legislature 's stately image , its occupants , like in any other workplace , are still prone to stress and anger . The confrontational nature of politics and the high stakes often add to the simmering tensions .

neg: Media portrayal of the Ukrainian crisis Media portrayals of the Ukrainian crisis , including 2014 unrest and the 2014 Ukrainian revolution following the Euromaidan movement , differed widely between Ukrainian , western and Russian media . In particular , the Russian media was accused of propagandizing , and of waging an information war during its coverage of the events . Russian channels were repeatedly criticized for the use of misleading images , false narratives , misrepresentation , suppression , and fabricated news stories , such as a child 's crucifixion and the death of a 10-year-old in shelling . The BBC reported that Russian state television `` appears to employ techniques of psychological conditioning designed to excite extreme emotions of aggression and hatred in the viewer '' , which , according to The Guardian , is part of a coordinated `` informational-psychological war operation '' .   A regular theme in the Russian media was that the Ukrainian army , which has many Russian-speaking members , was committing `` genocide '' against Russian-speakers and that they strongly desired Russia to `` protect '' them against Kiev . This presentation contradicted a poll showing that less than 20 % of eastern residents wanted Russia 's protection . There was also no refugee exodus from Kiev , which has a large Russian-speaking population . While asserting that Ukraine was overrun by fascists whom the western media was `` ignoring '' , Russia has forged close relationships with far-right politicians in the West . Its claims about Ukraine were contradicted by Ukrainian election results . Russian media have also denied the Holodomor , a Soviet-organised famine that killed millions of Ukrainians . They supported Russia 's denials of involvement in the Crimean crisis , until Vladimir Putin boasted about the key role of Russian soldiers , and continue denying its involvement in the war in Donbass , despite evidence that Russia regularly shelled across the border .

neg: Settler violence Settler violence may refer to the following :  French settler violence in Algeria ( 1830 -- 1962 )  Israeli settler violence

neg: National Islamic Front The National Islamic Front ( الجبهة الإسلامية القومية transliterated : al-Jabhah al-Islamiyah al-Qawmiyah ) was an Islamist political organization founded in 1976 and led by Dr. Hassan al-Turabi that influenced the Sudanese government starting in 1979 , and dominated it from 1989 to the late 1990s . It was one of only two Islamic revival movements to secure political power in the 20th century ( the other being the followers of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in the Islamic Republic of Iran ) .   The NIF emerged from Muslim student groups that first began organizing in the universities during the 1940s , and its main support base has remained the college educated . It supported the maintenance of an Islamic state run on sharia and rejected the concept of a secular state . It took a `` top down '' or `` Islamisation from above '' approach of `` infiltrating Sudan 's state apparatus , army , and financial system '' . It demonstrated itself to be both politically adept and ruthless in its use of violence , in particular in the internal conflicts of the Second Sudanese Civil War and the Darfur conflict , as well in the provisioning of proxy forces such as the Lord 's Resistance Army , West Nile Bank Front and Uganda National Rescue Front II against Uganda .   In the late 1990s , the Front changed its name to National Congress , and the `` gross human rights violations '' of the regime 's early years gave way to `` more subtle methods of social control such as restrictions on the right to freedom of expression , opinion , religion , association , and movement . '' In 1999 al-Turabi and his supporters were expelled from the Congress by Sudan 's ruler Omar Hassan al-Bashir ,   and subsequently founded the rival Popular Congress Party which has remained in opposition .

neg: Farhud Farhud refers to the pogrom or `` violent dispossession '' carried out against the Jewish population of Baghdad , Iraq , on June 1 -- 2 , 1941 , immediately following the British victory in the Anglo-Iraqi War . The riots occurred in a power vacuum following the collapse of the pro-Nazi government of Rashid Ali , while the city was in a state of instability . The violence came immediately after the rapid defeat by the British of Rashid Ali , whose earlier coup had generated a short period of national euphoria , and was charged by allegations that Iraqi Jews had aided the British . Over 180 Jews were killed and 1,000 injured , and up to 300-400 non-Jewish rioters were killed in the attempt to quell the violence . Looting of Jewish property took place and 900 Jewish homes were destroyed .   The Farhud took place during the Jewish holiday of Shavuot . Because of rioters lamenting the losses of the outgoing regime of Rashid Ali al-Gaylani , who was an ally of Hitler 's , it has been referred to as a pogrom which was part of the Holocaust , although such comparison has been disputed . It has also been called `` the beginning of the end of the Jewish community of Iraq '' , propagating the migration of Iraqi Jews out of the country , although a direct connection to the 1951-2 Jewish exodus from Iraq is disputed . as many Jews who left Iraq immediately following the Farhud returned to the country and permanent emigration did not accelerate significantly until 1950-51 . According to Hayyim Cohen , the Farhud `` was the only -LSB- such event -RSB- known to the Jews of Iraq , at least during their last hundred years of life there '' .

neg: Political violence Political violence is a broad term used to describe violence perpetrated by either persons or governments to achieve political goals . Many groups and individuals believe that their political systems will never respond to their demands . As a result , they believe that violence is not only justified but also necessary in order to achieve their political objectives . Similarly , many governments around the world believe they need to use violence in order to intimidate their populace into acquiescence . At other times , governments use force in order to defend their country from outside invasion or other threats of force and to coerce other governments or conquer territory . Political violence can take a number of forms including but not limited to those listed below . Non-action on the part of the government can also be characterized as a form of political violence .


query: Outfit (retailer) forms part of a company.

pos: Outfit (retailer) Outfit is a UK company which forms part of the Arcadia Group and began life in the 1990s . It sells a range of clothing , footwear and accessories for both men and women .   The company began life in the 1990s when Sears plc saw a gap in the market . The 1990s saw a big growth in out of town retail parks which seemed to be the new alternative to town centre shopping . Sears saw this as an opportunity to house all their fashion brands under one roof .   The first Outfit store opened in 1995 at Riverside Retail Park in Nottingham . The Nottingham store proved such a success that more stores soon opened .   In 1999 Outfit became part of Arcadia Group Ltd and is continually growing .

pos: Arcadia Group Arcadia Group Ltd. ( formerly Arcadia Group plc and Burton Group plc ) is a British multinational retailing company headquartered in London , United Kingdom . It owns the high street clothing retailers Burton , Dorothy Perkins , Evans , Miss Selfridge , Topman , Topshop , Wallis and the out of town chain Outfit , which sells lines from the other group chains . The group has more than 2,500 outlets in the UK , concessions in UK department stores such as Debenhams , Selfridges and House of Fraser , as well as several hundred franchises in other countries .   The company is majority owned by Taveta Investments , itself owned by Tina Green , the wife of Sir Philip Green .

neg: Marshalls Marshalls , Inc. , is a chain of American and Canadian off-price department stores owned by TJX Companies . Marshalls has over 975 American stores , including larger stores named Marshalls Mega Store , covering 42 states and Puerto Rico , and 38 stores in Canada . Marshalls first expanded into Canada in March 2011 . Marshalls is the U.S. 's second largest off-price family apparel and home fashion retailer , behind its sister company , T.J. Maxx .

neg: Lenta (retail) Lenta is one of the largest retail chains in Russia and the country 's second largest hypermarket chain . The company was founded in 1993 in St. Petersburg .  Founded by Oleg Zherebtsov , Lenta opened its first `` Cash & Carry '' store in St. Petersburg , Russia , in October 1993 . Lenta then registered its trademark in 1994 . And , by 1999 , it opened its first big-box hypermarket format and has expanded ever since . Now Lenta operates 122 hypermarkets in 63 cities across Russia and 27 supermarkets in the Moscow region with a total of approximately 787,807 sq. m. of selling space . The average Lenta hypermarket store has selling space of 6,200 sq m . The company operates five distribution centres for hypermarkets . The company 's stores base themselves on price-led hypermarkets and supermarket scheme . Lenta employs around 35,100 people .   Lenta 's largest shareholders include TPG Capital , the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and VTB Capital . Global Depository Receipts ( GDRs ) of Lenta Ltd. are listed on the London Stock Exchange and on the Moscow Exchange .   The parent company of the chain -- Lenta LLC -- 100 % belongs to Lenta LTD , that registered in British Virgin Islands . 41,3 % of shares belong to investment - TPG Capital and `` VTB Capital '' ( 35,5 % and 4 % respectively ) , 15,3 % -- belongs to EBRD , minor shareholders share the rest .  CEO of the chain -- Jan Dunning .

neg: Music store A music store or musical instrument store is a retail business that sells musical instruments and related equipment and accessories . In United States and Canada , most music stores in the 2010s sell a range of electric instruments ( e.g. , electric guitars ) , instrument amplifiers ( e.g. , guitar amplifiers ) ; electronic instruments ( e.g. , synthesizers ) ; drum kits ( including drums , cymbals and percussion instruments ) and acoustic classical , concert band and jazz musical instruments such as saxophones , trumpets and violins . In addition , stores typically sell ( and sometimes rent ) the sound reinforcement system and PA system gear used in live concert performances and the sound recording equipment used to record music , such as microphones and digital recorders .   In the 2010s , music stores can be `` bricks and mortar '' stores ( either individual small businesses or chain stores , which may be a regional or national chain ) ; online musical instrument stores , which consist of a website describing the merchandise , various online payment systems , and shipping or delivery systems ; or hybrid stores that have both `` bricks and mortar '' stores and an online store . Some `` bricks and mortar '' music stores also provide services for a fee , such as music lessons , musical instrument repair and guitar amplifier repair .

neg: Fopp (retailer) Fopp is a Scottish chain of retail stores selling music , film , books and other entertainment products in the United Kingdom .

neg: Companies law Company law ( or the law of business associations ) is the field of law concerning companies and other business organizations . This includes corporations , partnerships and other associations which usually carry on some form of economic or charitable activity . The most prominent kind of company , usually referred to as a `` corporation '' , is a `` juristic person '' , i.e. it has separate legal personality , and those who invest money into the business have limited liability for any losses the company makes , governed by corporate law . The largest companies are usually publicly listed on stock exchanges around the world . Even single individuals , also known as sole traders may incorporate themselves and limit their liability in order to carry on a business . All different forms of companies depend on the particular law of the particular country in which they reside .   The law of business organizations originally derived from the common law of England , but has evolved significantly in the 20th century . In common law countries today , the most commonly addressed forms are :   Corporation  Limited company  Unlimited company  Limited liability partnership  Limited partnership  Not-for-profit corporation  Company limited by guarantee  Partnership  Sole Proprietorship   The proprietary limited company is a statutory business form in several countries , including Australia .   Many countries have forms of business entity unique to that country , although there are equivalents elsewhere . Examples are the limited liability company ( LLC ) and the limited liability limited partnership ( LLLP ) in the United States .   Other types of business organizations , such as cooperatives , credit unions and publicly owned enterprises , can be established with purposes that parallel , supersede , or even replace the profit maximization mandate of business corporations .   For a country-by-country listing of officially recognized forms of business organization , see Types of business entity .   There are various types of company that can be formed in different jurisdictions , but the most common forms of company are :   a company limited by guarantee . Commonly used where companies are formed for non-commercial purposes , such as clubs or charities . The members guarantee the payment of certain ( usually nominal ) amounts if the company goes into insolvent liquidation , but otherwise they have no economic rights in relation to the company .  a company limited by guarantee with a share capital . A hybrid entity , usually used where the company is formed for non-commercial purposes , but the activities of the company are partly funded by investors who expect a return .  a company limited by shares . The most common form of company used for business ventures .  an unlimited company either with or without a share capital . This is a hybrid company , a company similar to its limited company ( Ltd. ) counterpart but where the members or shareholders do not benefit from limited liability should the company ever go into formal liquidation .   There are , however , many specific categories of corporations and other business organizations which may be formed in various countries and jurisdictions throughout the world .

neg: Etam Développement Etam Développement is a French clothing ( lingerie ) company .

neg: Dunnes Stores Dunnes Stores is an Irish multinational retail chain that primarily sells food , clothes and household wares .   In addition to its main customer base in both parts of Ireland , the chain also has operations in England , Scotland and Spain . The format of the chain 's stores include a grocery supermarket operating alongside a clothing/textiles store . The grocery operation only operates in Irish stores and some Northern Irish stores , although some limited grocery ranges can be found in the Spanish stores . However some stores contain only textiles , while some ( more rarely ) contain only a supermarket . Many products are sold under the St. Bernard brand later being rebranded as `` My Family Favourites '' in 2013 .

neg: Economic operator An economic operator is a business or other organisation which supplies goods , works or services within the context of market operations . The term is used in public procurement to cover suppliers , contractors and service providers .   The term is defined in the UK 's Public Contracts Regulations as :   `` any person or public entity or group of such persons and entities , including any temporary association of undertakings , which offers the execution of works or a work , the supply of products or the provision of services on the market '' .   Early European Union legislation on public procurement was contained within three separate Directives on purchasing of services , goods and works , but once a single directive was adopted in 2004 , a term was needed which would cover suppliers , contractors and service providers without implying or being limited to private sector operations . The terms ` business ' or ` undertaking ' would therefore have been inappropriate and the term ` economic operator ' was therefore adopted . In introducing the new term within the 2004 Directive , the text explained that the terms `` contractor '' , `` supplier '' and `` service provider '' ( as used within the Directive ) would mean ` any natural or legal person or public entity or group of such persons and/or bodies which offers on the market , respectively , the execution of works and/or a work , products or services ' and the term `` economic operator '' shall cover equally the concepts of contractor , supplier and service provider . It is used merely in the interest of simplification . '

neg: Toy store A toy store , or toy shop , is a retail business specializing in selling toys .   No longer held to the limitations of a physical outlet , many toy stores now transact business over the Internet in addition to shops on the street . Many department stores also have toy sections .   Among the most widely known toy retailers are Toys `` R '' Us and FAO Schwarz . The flagship store of Hamleys in London is the world 's largest toy shop .

neg: AMP Limited AMP is a financial services company in Australia and New Zealand with superannuation and investment products , insurance , financial advice and banking products including home loans and savings accounts .   AMP formed in 1849 as the Australian Mutual Provident Society , a non-profit life insurance company and mutual society .   In 1998 , it was demutualised and listed on the Australian and New Zealand stock exchanges . AMP has one of Australia 's largest shareholder registers , with most shareholders living in Australia and New Zealand . This is because when the society demutualised , all policy holders received shares in the new company . Its UK operation was the subject of a demerger in 2003 , separating out the Henderson Group .

neg: Avenue (store) Avenue Stores LLC is a specialty retailer in the United States , offering plus-size clothing . The company serves a target audience of women aged between 25 and 55 years of age , wearing apparel sized 14 or larger . The group operates five-hundred stores in 37 states , all under the name The Avenue .   The company was purchased by Redcats USA , part of the French group Kering , in November 2007 .   Early in 2012 , United Retail Group , Inc. , Avenue 's parent company , filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy and was acquired by Versa Capital Management .

neg: USC (clothing retailer) USC is a clothing retailer that sells branded clothing across the United Kingdom . The company was founded in 1989 in Edinburgh and has been owned by Sports Direct since 2011 .

neg: Moores Moores the Suit People Inc. , is a Canadian brand specialized in tailor-made clothing for men similar to Tip Top Tailors or Classys . It is an affiliate to Men 's Wearhouse , from the U.S.  The store was founded by Martin Prosserman and David Moore , who as a minority shareholder was bought out in 1982 . In 1980 they opened the first location in Mississauga in the Greater Toronto Area . Moores is owned by the Moores Retail Group , which also owns GoldenBrand clothing in Montreal . In 1999 the Moores Retail Group was acquired by Men 's Wearhouse . Today , Moores has 126 retail locations situated all over Canada and employs over 1200 people . Its current headquarters are in Toronto .   The stores sell a wide variety of footwear , tuxedo rentals , office wear , outerwear , ties and many more articles for workers or special occasions .   Its ad slogan is : `` Well made , Well Priced , Well Dressed ''   In September 2008 Men 's Wearhouse selected the New York advertising agency DeVito/Verdi to handle its national advertising and marketing communications account . The assignment called for the agency to provide full service marketing support and to develop strategic planning , advertising , public relations , market planning , promotions , and P-O-S programs . In addition to the Men 's Wearhouse brand , DeVito/Verdi handled marketing for the company 's other retail brands : K&G , MW Tux , Moores Clothing For Men ( Canada ) , as well as new projects in development . '' Reuters '' ' , `` http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS129874+23-Sep-2008+BW20080923 '' , 23 September 2008 , retrieved 18 June 2009

neg: Rainbow Shops Rainbow Shops , commonly referred to as just Rainbow is a privately held , moderately priced American retail apparel chain comprising several lifestyle brands primarily targeting teens and young women . The company is headquartered in Brooklyn , NY .

neg: Jeanswest Jeanswest is an Australian apparel chain store that is owned and operated by Glorious Sun . It operates in the market of casual clothes with denim playing an integral part in the product range . Its main rival is Just Jeans which has a similar range of clothing and denim .

neg: Addition Elle Addition Elle is a Canadian clothing store chain that sells plus-size clothing .

neg: Storefront A storefront or shopfront is the facade or entryway of a retail store located on the ground floor or street level of a commercial building , typically including one or more display windows . A storefront functions to attract visual attention to a business and its merchandise .   Before the middle of the 19th century , shop fronts did not have large display windows , but often included features such as awnings and bay windows to attract the attention of passersby . Modern storefronts with display windows developed at mid-century after architectural cast iron became widely available and glass manufacturers began producing large panes of glass at relatively low cost .   The storefronts of commercial buildings often are substantially altered even when other architectural elements remain intact . Such alterations can adversely affect a historic building 's architectural and historic character .   E-commerce websites are sometimes called `` online storefronts '' or `` virtual storefronts '' .

neg: Tasco Tasco ( also known as Tasco Worldwide ) is a major international distributor of telescopes . Tasco mainly makes telescopes for amateur astronomers but has expanded into other optical products such as spotting scopes , microscopes , binoculars , and telescopic sights and other rifle accessories . Tasco sells via specialty outlets , catalogues , and online retailers .   Tasco is based in Miramar , Florida . George Rosenfield founded the firm as the Tanross Supply Company in 1954 . It started as a distributor of fishing tackle and hardware . The name was later shortened to Tasco as inventory expanded to include binoculars and eyepieces .

neg: Mark's Mark 's ( known as L'Équipeur in Quebec ) is a Canadian clothing and footwear retailer specializing in casual and industrial wear . A subsidiary of Canadian Tire operating over 300 branches nationally , Mark 's Work Wearhouse first opened in 1977 in Calgary , Alberta , evolving from an industrial accessories dealer to the most widely known men 's casual and industrial retailer . The company rebranded in 2012 as Mark 's to appeal to a wider customer base and reflect its expanded product offerings .

neg: Today's Man Today 's Man ( Ticker : TMAN ) was a retailer chain of Apparel ( men 's wear ) .   Today 's Man , Inc. was a chain of men 's apparel stores that operated 25 retail stores in the New York City , Philadelphia , and Washington , D.C. metropolitan areas . They offered a wide selection of low-cost , but good-quality merchandise . The store offered a large selection of suits in the price range between $ 50 and $ 200 . In addition to suits , they also sold many other items like shirts , ties , socks , leather jackets and belts .   During the 1970s Today 's Man grew steadily , and gradually Today 's Man opened larger and larger stores . About one-third of all its clothing was private label . By 1990 Today 's Man had converted all its existing stores to superstores and sales had reached $ 100 million . To continue expanding , raise working capital , and pay some debts , Today 's Man became a public corporation in 1992 ( symbol TMAN ) . The stock prospectus described the average superstore as having about 25000 sqft with the following merchandise : 8,000 men 's suits , 3,000 sports coats , 15,000 ties , 15,000 dress shirts , and 10,000 pairs of casual or dress pants .   In the early 1990s , as Today 's Man entered the New York City area , it did well financially . Sales continued to increase until 1993 , despite of an overall negative trend in men 's apparel . Starting in 1993 , Today 's Man experienced some real setbacks . By November 1995 the company had reversed its expansion position and began retreating . In early February 1996 the firm filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy . A combination of soft demand for men 's business attire , management 's overambitious plans and mistakes , money problems , and tough competition led to Today 's Man decline . The company continued to downsize and restructure , but did not succeed . They went out of business on April 24 , 2003 .


query: Nigeria is in Australia.

pos: African Union The African Union ( AU ) is a continental union consisting of all 55 countries on the African continent . It was established on 26 May 2001 in Addis Ababa , Ethiopia , and launched on 9 July 2002 in South Africa , with the aim of replacing the Organisation of African Unity ( OAU ) . The most important decisions of the AU are made by the Assembly of the African Union , a semi-annual meeting of the heads of state and government of its member states . The AU 's secretariat , the African Union Commission , is based in Addis Ababa .

pos: Nigeria The Federal Republic of Nigeria -LSB- naɪˈdʒɪəriə -RSB- , commonly referred to as Nigeria , is a federal republic in West Africa , bordering Benin in the west , Chad and Cameroon in the east , and Niger in the north . Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . It comprises 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja is located . Nigeria is officially a democratic secular country .   Modern-day Nigeria has been the site of numerous kingdoms and tribal states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 . The British set up administrative and legal structures whilst practising indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms . Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 , and plunged into a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It has since alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships , until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential elections considered the first to be reasonably free and fair .   Nigeria is often referred to as the `` Giant of Africa '' , owing to its large population and economy . With approximately 184 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has one of the largest populations of youth in the world . The country is viewed as a multinational state , as it is inhabited by over 500 ethnic groups , of which the three largest are the Hausa , Igbo and Yoruba ; these ethnic groups speak over 500 different languages , and are identified with wide variety of cultures . The official language is English . Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Christians , who live mostly in the southern part of the country , and Muslims in the northern part . A minority of the population practise religions indigenous to Nigeria , such as those native to the Igbo and Yoruba ethnicities .   , Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity respectively . It overtook South Africa to become Africa 's largest economy in 2014 . The 2013 debt-to-GDP ratio was 11 percent . Nigeria is considered to be an emerging market by the World Bank ; it has been identified as a regional power on the African continent , a middle power in international affairs , and has also been identified as an emerging global power . Nigeria is a member of the MINT group of countries , which are widely seen as the globe 's next `` BRIC-like '' economies . It is also listed among the `` Next Eleven '' economies set to become among the biggest in the world . Nigeria is a founding member of the African Union and a member of many other international organizations , including the United Nations , the Commonwealth of Nations and OPEC .

neg: Gunnedah Gunnedah -LSB- ˈɡʌnədɑː -RSB- is a town in north-eastern New South Wales , Australia and is the seat of the Gunnedah Shire local government area . In the the town recorded a population of 7,888 . Gunnedah is situated within the Liverpool Plains , a fertile agricultural region , with 80 % of the surrounding shire area devoted to farming . The Namoi River flows west then north-west through the town providing water beneficial to agricultural operations in the area .   The Gunnedah area is a significant producer of cotton , coal , beef , lamb and pork , and cereal and oilseed grains . Gunnedah is also home to AgQuip , Australia 's largest annual agricultural field day .   Gunnedah is located on the Oxley and Kamilaroi Highways providing convenient road links to much of the northern sector of the state including to the regional centre Tamworth , 75 km distant . The town has a station on the Mungindi railway line and is served by the daily NSW TrainLink Xplorer passenger service to and from Sydney and Moree .   It claims the title `` Koala Capital of World '' . That title is also claimed by the Port Stephens area north of Newcastle and Port Macquarie .

neg: Nigerian literature Nigerian literature is the literature of Nigeria which is written by Nigerians , for Nigerians and addresses Nigerian issues . It is written in English , Igbo , Urhobo , Yoruba , Hausa , and the other languages of the country . The languages used by authors in Nigeria are based in part on geography , with authors in the northern part of the country writing in Hausa . Nigerian authors have won numerous accolades , including the Nobel Prize in Literature and the Man Booker .

neg: North East (Nigeria) North East is one of the geopolitical zones of Nigeria , consisting of the following states :  Adamawa  Bauchi  Borno  Gombe  Taraba  Yobe   It occupies slightly less than one-third of Nigeria 's total area and had a projected population for 2011 of 23,558,674 or 13.5 % of the country 's population .

neg: Australian migration zone The Australian migration zone is a legal device created by the Australian government for the purpose of Australia 's visa policy and immigration policy . In the Australian migration zone , which covers such Australian controlled territories as the government may determine , a non-citizen must hold an Australian visa . Without such a visa , or a bridging visa , the alien is treated as an `` unauthorised arrival '' . Prior to 2001 , the Australian migration zone consisted of the mainland , and some external territories .   To stem the flow of unauthorised arrivals into Australia , in September 2001 , the Australian government passed the Migration Amendment ( Excision from Migration Zone ) Act 2001 and the Migration Amendment ( Excision from Migration Zone ) ( Consequential Provisions ) Act 2001 which removed ( `` excised '' ) a number of external territories from the Australian migration zone for purposes relating to unauthorised arrivals . The effect of this change was to limit the ability of `` offshore entry persons '' to apply for a visa on arrival . The territories excised were Ashmore Island , Cartier Islands , Christmas Island , and Cocos Islands .   After Australian Indian Ocean territories were excised , increasing numbers of asylum seekers attempted to reach the Australian mainland by-passing those islands , which are closer to Indonesia . To combat this tactic , on 30 October 2012 , the Australian government excised the entire Australian mainland from the Australian migration zone . The legislation to excise the mainland itself from the migration zone was passed by Parliament on 16 May 2013 . Before the excise , asylum seekers who reached the mainland by boat could not be sent offshore to Australian immigration detention facilities on Nauru or Papua New Guinea 's Manus Island for immigration processing .

neg: Oyo State Ọyọ , usually referred to as Oyo State to distinguish it from the city of Oyo , is an inland state in south-western Nigeria , with its capital at Ibadan . It is bounded in the north by Kwara State , in the east by Osun State , in the south by Ogun State and in the west partly by Ogun State and partly by the Republic of Benin .

neg: Nigeria at the 2016 Summer Paralympics Nigeria competed at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from 7 September to 18 September 2016 . Nigeria 's delegation of 23 sportspeople was mostly composed of powerlifters , with the country sending 14 lifters to Rio . Ahead of the Rio Games , the National Sports Commission promised Paralympic medals to erase the country 's Olympic shame .   Nigeria had issues with qualifying a bigger team for Rio because of a lack of funding available to its elite sportspeople . This was particularly true for table tennis , one of the three sports Nigeria competed in in Rio . The other two sports were athletics and powerlifting .

neg: British Cameroons British Cameroons was a British Mandate territory in British West Africa . Today , the territory forms parts of Northern Nigeria in West Africa and Cameroon in Central Africa .

neg: Iron ore in Australia Iron ore in Australia is mined mostly in two states and one territory of the six states and two territories of Australia .  The two leading major producers are BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto .   There are twelve substantial mines in the Pilbara region of Western Australia , while smaller mines are scattered elsewhere .

neg: Anioma people Anioma people are the indigenous Igbo people located primarily in Delta State , Nigeria . They make up about one-third of Delta State and , for administrative purposes , are referred to as `` Delta North , '' thus contrasting Delta Central and Delta South , areas densely inhabited by the Urhobo , Isoko , Ijaw , and Itsekiri , the other ethnic groups inhabiting Delta State . The Anioma region has a total population of 1,114,055 , not including those Anioma communities located outside of Delta State .   The Anioma populace make up small numbers in neighbouring Edo State , specifically in Igbanke ( Igbo Akiri ) , Ozo and Ekpon . The term `` Anioma '' means `` good land '' in Igbo and , coincidentally , is also an acronym derived from the four original local government areas , i.e. , ( A ) for Aniocha , ( N ) for Ndokwa , ( I ) for Ika and ( O ) for Oshimili , M and A being common denominators found in the original four local government areas . The coinage was made by the founding father , Chief Dennis Osadebay , in 1951 and has remained the preferred indigenous name by which the people collectively refer to themselves . Sentimentally , there are also Anioma communities in parts of certain towns in Anambra State , namely Onitsha , Ogbaru , Akwukwu Obosi , Ozobulu and Ogidi . They can also be found in the Oguta and Ndoni areas of Imo and Rivers States , respectively . Anioma people , who had one identity prior to the coming of the Europeans , were balkanized after they lost the Ekumeku War against the British imperialism , in 1914 , after 31 years of fighting .   The Ekemeku War was the longest resistance against British imperialism in Nigeria .

neg: Maryland National Park Maryland is a national park in New South Wales , Australia , 746.2 km north of Sydney .

neg: Akwa Ibom State Akwa Ibom '' ' is a state in Nigeria . It is located in the coastal southern part of the country , lying between latitudes 4 ° 32 ′ N and 5 ° 33 ′ N , and longitudes 7 ° 25 ′ E and 8 ° 25 ′ E . The state is located in the South-South geopolitical zone , and is bordered on the east by Cross River State , on the west by Rivers State and Abia State , and on the south by the Atlantic Ocean and the southernmost tip of Cross River State .   Akwa Ibom is one of Nigeria 's 36 states , with a population of over five million people . The state was created in 1987 from the former Cross River State and is currently the highest oil - and gas-producing state in the country . The state 's capital is Uyo , with over 500,000 inhabitants . Akwa Ibom has an airport and two major seaports on the Atlantic Ocean with a proposed construction of a world-class seaport Ibaka Seaport at Oron . The state also boasts of a 30,000-seat ultramodern sports complex . Akwa Ibom state is also home to the Ibom E-Library , a world-class information centre . In addition to English , the main spoken languages are Ibibio , Annang , Eket and Oron .

neg: Monarchy of Australia The monarchy of Australia is a form of government in which a hereditary king or queen serves as the nation 's sovereign . Australia is governed under a form of constitutional monarchy , largely modelled on the Westminster system of parliamentary government , while incorporating features unique to the Constitution of Australia .   The present monarch is Elizabeth II , styled Queen of Australia , who has reigned since 6 February 1952 . She is represented in Australia by the Governor-General , in accordance with the Australian Constitution and letters patent from the Queen . In each of the states , the monarch is represented by a governor , appointed directly by the Queen on the advice of each of her respective state governments .   The Australian monarch , besides reigning in Australia , separately serves as monarch for each of 15 other Commonwealth nations known as realms . This developed from the former colonial relationship between these countries and the United Kingdom , but they are now independent of each other and are legally distinct .

neg: Federalism in Australia Federalism in Australia was formally adopted on 1 January 1901 when the six self-governing Australian colonies federated as the Commonwealth of Australia . To this day Australia remains a federation of those six `` original States '' under the Commonwealth Constitution . Australia is the seventh oldest federation in the world after the United States ( 1789 ) , Mexico ( 1824 ) , Switzerland ( 1848 ) , Canada ( 1867 ) , the German Empire ( 1871 ) and Brazil ( 1891 ) and the only one of those to have remained entirely unchanged in its composition . In formal constitutional terms , little has been altered since Australians made that decision over a century ago ; in practice , however , the way Australian federalism functions has changed enormously over the intervening years . The most significant respect in which it has changed is in the degree to which the Commonwealth government has assumed a position of dominance .

neg: Aso Villa The Aso Villa ( officially known as State House , Nigerian Presidential Complex and The Aso Rock Presidential Villa and known informally as The Rock , or The Villa ) is the office and residence of the Nigerian President . It is located in Abuja , the capital city of Nigeria .

neg: European Australians European Australians , or White Australians , are citizens or residents of Australia whose ancestry originates from the peoples of Europe and the Caucasus .   Since the early 19th century , people of European descent have formed the vast majority of the population in Australia . The majority of European Australians are of British Isles -- English , Irish , Scottish , Welsh or Cornish ( Anglo-Celtic ) -- ancestral origin . In 2010 , it was estimated that around 74 % of the Australian population were Anglo-Celtic Australians .   Other significant ancestries include Italian , German , Greek , Dutch , New Zealanders ( European New Zealanders ) , Polish , Maltese and Croatian . Today , Australians of British and other European ancestries are the dominant majority in Australia , estimated at 92 % of the total population .   Historically , European immigrants had great influence over Australian history and society , which resulted in the perception of Australia as a European country .

neg: Oko Town For the 2012 album by Swiss band 77 Bombay Street , see Oko Town ( album )   Oko ( Ana Oko ) is an Igbo speaking town in south eastern Nigeria . It is one of the 16 major towns that make up the geo-political area called Orumba North Local Government Area of Anambra state . Oko has five villages commonly referred to as EBENESE , and forty-five wards known as Umunna . The names of the villages are Ezioko , Eziabor , Okeani , Ihengwu and Ifite . It has the geographical coordinates of 6 ° 3 ' 0 '' North , 7 ° 06 ' 0 '' East . Oko is regarded as a citadel of learning due to the early embrace of western educations and establishment of first Polytechnic in the old Anambra ( present Anambra , Enugu and part of Ebonyi ) State in the town . It is also widely recognized because of its erosion site which has baffled geologists for many years and records have it that it is supposedly deeper than the Grand Canyon . The importance of Oko in the old Aguata Local Government Area ( comprising Aguata , Orumba North and South ) can not be overemphasized when one notes that among the prominent sons of Aguata of colonial era inscribed on a marble wall within the Local Government secretariat , Oko has the highest number . These include the late Chiefs John Ifeakor , Ebenezer Otaluka ( Aharinta ) , and Jerry Nwosu . The inscription is still there to date . Chief Otaluka was reputed to be the first person to own and drive a private car in the whole of Aguata Division . He was also said to have built the `` first one story house '' in the Division . His one story house has glass windows . People from far and near came to see this mansion of those days . Today a road he pioneered is named after him in Oko and is called Ezi-Ahari .

neg: Australian Capital Territory The Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ; formerly , `` The Territory for the Seat of Government '' and , later , the `` Federal Capital Territory '' ) is the federal district in the south east of Australia , enclaved within New South Wales . Its only city is Canberra , the capital city of Australia .   Geographically , the territory is bounded by the Goulburn-Cooma railway line in the east , the watershed of Naas Creek in the south , the watershed of the Cotter River in the west , and the watershed of the Molonglo River in the north-east . The ACT also has a small strip of territory around the southern end of the Beecroft Peninsula , which is the northern headland of Jervis Bay .   The need for a national territory was flagged by colonial delegates during the Federation conventions of the late 19th century . Section 125 of the Australian Constitution provided that , following Federation in 1901 , land would be ceded freely to the new Federal Government . The territory was transferred to the Commonwealth by the state of New South Wales in 1911 , two years prior to the naming of Canberra as the national capital in 1913 . The floral emblem of the ACT is the royal bluebell and the bird emblem is the gang-gang cockatoo .   The economic activity of the Australian Capital Territory is heavily concentrated around Canberra . A stable housing market , steady employment and rapid population growth in the 21st century have led to economic prosperity and in 2011 CommSec ranked the ACT as the second best performing economic region in the country . This trend continued into 2016 , when the territory was ranked the third best performing out of all of Australia 's states and territories . There is a higher proportion of young adults in the region compared with other Australian states or territories . Approximately one-fifth of ACT residents were born outside of Australia , mainly in the United Kingdom . Almost one-fifth speak a language other than English at home , the most common being Chinese .

neg: Racial violence in Australia Various examples of violence have been attributed to racial factors during the recorded history of Australia since white settlement , and a level of intertribal rivalry and violence among Indigenous Australians pre-dates the arrival of white settlers from Britain in 1788 .   During the period of British colonisation , various incidents of inter-racial tension and competition for land and resources between Europeans and Indigenous peoples involved violence , becoming a factor in the decline of indigenous populations during the 19th century . Incidents of racial violence between settler communities followed the large scale multi-ethnic immigration of the Australian goldrushes of the mid-19th century - notably white miners targeting Chinese miners - which contributed to the development of the White Australia Policy which preferenced British and `` white '' immigration to Australia for some decades . The policy resulted in a largely racially homogenous population by the mid-20th century .   Australia 's large scale , Post-World War Two , multi-ethnic immigration program has seen Australia develop into one of the most ethnically diverse nations , with relatively little racial violence , and in which incitement to racial violence is a crime . Nevertheless , incidents and examples of violence between the various ethnicities of modern Australia have continued to be attributed to racial motivations up to the present time .

neg: Australia–United Arab Emirates relations Australia -- United Arab Emirates relations refer to the bilateral ties between Australia and the United Arab Emirates . The UAE maintains an embassy in Canberra whilst Australia has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai .

neg: National Church of Nigeria The National Church of Nigeria ( previously known as the National Ecumenical Centre and officially known as the National Christian Centre ) is the primary Christian place of worship in Nigeria , a country with a substantial Christian population .   It is located in Abuja , the capital city . The National Church of Nigeria is an inter-denominational church building .