query: There are zero actors in Pitch Perfect 3.

pos: John Michael Higgins John Michael Higgins ( born February 12 , 1963 ) is an American actor and voice actor whose film credits include Christopher Guest 's mockumentaries , the role of David Letterman in HBO 's The Late Shift , and a starring role in the American version of Kath & Kim . He portrayed Peter Lovett in the TV Land original sitcom Happily Divorced , and provided the voice of Iknik Blackstone Varrick in The Legend of Korra . He currently stars in the NBC sitcom Great News as Chuck Pierce .

pos: Pitch Perfect 3 Pitch Perfect 3 is an upcoming American musical comedy film directed by Trish Sie and written by Kay Cannon , Mike White , and Dana Fox . A sequel to 2015 's Pitch Perfect 2 and the third installment in the Pitch Perfect series , the film will star Anna Kendrick , Anna Camp , Rebel Wilson , Brittany Snow , Hailee Steinfeld , Alexis Knapp , Ester Dean , Hana Mae Lee , Chrissie Fit , Kelley Jakle , and Shelley Regner as the Bellas and Elizabeth Banks and John Michael Higgins . The film is scheduled to be released on December 22 , 2017 .

neg: Jonas L.A. (soundtrack) Jonas L.A. is the third soundtrack by the American pop rock group Jonas Brothers and their only soundtrack for Jonas L.A. '' . It was released on July 20 , 2010 to positive reviews and debuted at # 7 on the Billboard 200 . It has sold 132,000 copies in the United States .

neg: When You Wish Upon a Weinstein `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein '' is the twenty-second episode of Family Guys third season , and the original series finale . It originally aired on Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim on November 9 , 2003 , and on Fox on December 10 , 2004 . In the episode , Peter prays for a Jew to help him with his financial woes . After befriending a Jewish accountant , Max Weinstein , and discovering the wonders of their religion , Peter gets the idea of converting Chris to Judaism so he will be successful in life . Lois attempts to stop him , believing that success is not based on religion .   `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein '' was written by Ricky Blitt and directed by Dan Povenmire . The episode was intended to air in 2000 as the beginning of the third season way after production was made years ago , but Fox executives were concerned about its content , believing it could be interpreted as anti-Semitic , and did not allow it to air on television . Due to popular demand , it was instead aired on Adult Swim in 2003 . This episode features guest performances from Andrea Beutener , Mark Hamill , Phil LaMarr , Ed McMahon , Peter Riegert , Mary Scheer , Ben Stein , and Nicole Sullivan .

neg: Perfect Strangers Perfect Strangers may refer to :

neg: Shameless (season 3) The third season of Shameless , an American comedy-drama television series based on the award-winning British series of the same name by Paul Abbott , premiered on January 13 , 2013 , at Sunday 9:00 p.m. EST on the Showtime television network . Executive producers are John Wells , Paul Abbott and Andrew Stearn , with producer Michael Hissrich . The season concluded after 12 episodes on April 7 , 2013 . The shows season premiere brought in 2.00 million viewers , becoming the show highest rated episode ever to-date . The episode airing February 17 , `` The Sins of My Caretaker '' , received 1.31 million total viewers , its lowest rated episode of the season . The season finale scored 1.82 million viewers .

neg: Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2010 The 4th Houston Film Critics Society Awards were presented on December 18 , 2010 . These awards for `` extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Houston Film Critics Society ( HFCS ) based in Houston , Texas . The organization , founded in 2007 , includes 22 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications in the greater Houston area . The awards are co-sponsored by the Houston Film Commission , Southwest Alternate Media Project , Women in Film and Television/Houston , WorldFest , and the Houston Cinema Arts Society .   The nominations for the 2010 awards were announced on December 12 , 2010 . Eligible films do not need to have played or opened in a Houston film theater prior to the nomination deadline , merely made available to the HFCS membership at a screening or on DVD . Along with the 13 `` best of '' category awards , this year also saw the introduction of a new category for `` Worst Movies of the Year '' . The Social Network , True Grit , and 127 Hours each received six nominations , all including the Best Picture , Actor , Direction , and Original Score categories .   The Social Network was the HFCS 's most awarded film of 2010 taking top honors in the Best Picture , Best Director ( David Fincher ) , Best Actor ( Jesse Eisenberg ) , and Best Screenplay ( Aaron Sorkin ) categories . Inception was the only other film to garner multiple awards , winning both the Best Original Score ( Hans Zimmer ) and Best Cinematography ( Wally Pfister ) prizes . The other acting awards went to Natalie Portman as Best Actress for Black Swan , Hailee Steinfeld as Best Supporting Actress for True Grit , and Christian Bale as Best Supporting Actor for The Fighter . The remaining film honors went to Toy Story 3 as Best Animated Film , Restrepo as Best Documentary , and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo as Best Foreign Language Film . `` We Are Sex Bob-Omb '' by Beck from Scott Pilgrim vs. the World was named the Best Original Song . The HFCS 's first-ever award for `` Worst Picture '' was given to Jonah Hex starring Josh Brolin .   In addition to the category awards , the HFCS presented their annual Lifetime Achievement Award to Sissy Spacek and its Humanitarian Award to George Clooney . Clooney was selected for `` selflessly using his celebrity for greater good '' . The HFCS award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinema awards were presented to Charles Dove , director of the Rice University Media Center , and Hector Luna , the founder and editor of C-47 Houston .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: Ryan O'Quinn Ryan O'Quinn ( born March 6 , 1972 ) is an American television , film and voice actor , author and comedian .

neg: Nobody's Perfect (1990 film) Nobody 's Perfect is a 1990 American comedy film directed by Robert Kaylor and starring Chad Lowe and Gail O'Grady .

neg: Freddie Stroma Frederic Wilhelm C.J. Sjöström ( born 8 January 1987 ) is an English actor and model of Swedish and German descent , best known for playing Cormac McLaggen in the Harry Potter film series and Luke in the 2011 musical comedy film Pitch Perfect . He starred as Adam Cromwell on the dramedy series Unreal , which premiered on Lifetime in June 2015 . He starred as Brit Vayner in the 2016 Michael Bay war film , 13 Hours : The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi . In 2016 , he played Dickon Tarly in the sixth season of the HBO fantasy drama series Game of Thrones and H.G. Wells in the ABC series , Time After Time .

neg: P.N.03 P.N. 03 , short for Product Number Zero Three , is a 2003 third-person shooter video game developed and published by Capcom for the Nintendo GameCube . Set in a science-fictional space colony compound , the game stars Vanessa Z. Schneider , a mercenary controlled by the player to combat berserk robots . The game was directed by Shinji Mikami as part of the Capcom Five . To avoid similarities with Devil May Cry and Resident Evil , the P.N. 03 team emphasized defensive and rhythmic maneuvers and a `` delicate '' , `` feminine '' game world .   P.N. 03 was developed on a tight schedule in an attempt to offset Capcom 's poor fiscal year . However , the game received mixed reviews and failed commercially . Several critics found the game repetitive and unintuitive . They were divided on its gameplay mechanics : some disliked its controls -- specifically the inability to move and shoot simultaneously -- while others compared it favorably to golden age arcade games . Mikami repurposed ideas from P.N. 03 in his 2010 game Vanquish .

neg: Adam Elliot Adam Elliot ( born 2 January 1972 in Berwick , Victoria , Australia ) is an independent Australian stop-motion animation writer , director and producer based in Melbourne , Australia . His five films have collectively participated in over seven hundred film festivals and have received over one hundred awards , including an Academy Award for Harvie Krumpet and five Annecy Cristals . Elliot calls himself an auteur filmmaker and each of his films have a bittersweet nature to them . He does not engage with commercial work and works exclusively on his own film projects . Based loosely on his family and friends , Elliot calls each of his works a Clayography -- clay animated biography . Each film takes up to five years to complete . He is noted for his use of traditional ` in-camera ' techniques , which means every prop set and character is a ` real ' miniature handcrafted object . Elliot does not use digital additions or computer generated imagery to enhance his visual aesthetic . His company , Adam Elliot Clayographies , produce the films and Elliot 's work practices adhere to the French auteur methodology . Each film has been voiced by notable actors including , Philip Seymour Hoffman , Toni Collette , Geoffrey Rush , Eric Bana , William McInnes , Barry Humphries and John Flaus . Elliot is also a voting member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and in 1999 was awarded The Young Achiever of the Year for Victoria .

neg: Patricia Arquette Patricia Arquette ( born April 8 , 1968 ) is an American actress . She made her film debut in A Nightmare on Elm Street 3 : Dream Warriors ( 1987 ) at the age of eighteen . Her notable films include Tony Scott 's True Romance ( 1993 ) , Tim Burton 's Ed Wood ( 1994 ) , David O. Russell 's Flirting with Disaster ( 1996 ) , David Lynch 's Lost Highway ( 1997 ) , Stephen Frears 's The Hi-Lo Country ( 1998 ) , Martin Scorsese 's Bringing Out the Dead ( 1999 ) , and Andrew Davis 's Holes ( 2003 ) .   For her performance in Richard Linklater 's Boyhood ( 2014 ) , which was filmed from 2002 until 2014 , she received widespread critical praise and won the Academy Award , BAFTA Award , Critics ' Choice Award , Golden Globe Award , Independent Spirit Award , and SAG Award for Best Supporting Actress . Arquette 's Academy Award acceptance speech , which she used to bring female wage inequality to attention , received widespread news coverage .   On television , she played the character Allison DuBois -- based on the author and medium Allison DuBois , who claims to have psychic abilities -- in the supernatural drama series Medium ( 2005 -- 11 ) . She received three Golden Globe nominations and two Emmy Award nominations , winning the Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama in 2005 . Arquette also appeared in the CSI franchise as Avery Ryan , the Deputy Director of the FBI , starring in CSI : Cyber ( 2015 -- 16 ) .

neg: Child actor The term child actor or child actress is generally applied to a child acting on stage or in motion pictures or television , but also to an adult who began his or her acting career as a child ; to avoid confusion , the latter is also called a former child actor . Closely associated is teenage actor or teen actor , an actor who reached popularity as a teenager .   Many child actors find themselves struggling to adapt as they become adults . Lindsay Lohan and Macaulay Culkin are two particular famous child actors who eventually experienced much difficulty with the fame they acquired at a young age ; Lohan 's career resumed after an interruption of several years . Many child actors also become successful adult actors as well , an example being Mickey Rooney 's career that included both the popular 1935 film A Midsummer Night 's Dream and the popular 2011 film The Muppets .

neg: Perfect crime Perfect crime is a colloquial term used in law and fiction ( especially crime fiction ) to characterize crimes that are undetected , unattributed to a perpetrator , or else unsolved as a kind of technical achievement on the part of the perpetrator . In certain contexts , the concept of perfect crime is limited to just undetected crimes ; if an event is ever identified as a crime , some investigators say it can not be called `` perfect '' .   A perfect crime should be distinguished from one that has merely not been solved yet or where everyday chance or procedural matters frustrate a conviction . There is an element that the crime is ( or appears likely to be ) unable to be solved .

neg: Flawless Flawless may refer to :  Flawless ( 1999 film ) , a film starring Robert De Niro and Philip Seymour Hoffman  Flawless ( 2007 film ) , a film starring Michael Caine and Demi Moore  Flawless ( novel ) , a Pretty Little Liars novel by Sara Shepard  Flawless ( dance troupe ) , a UK street-dance group

neg: Episode 3 (Twin Peaks) `` Episode 3 '' , later also known as `` Rest in Pain '' , is the fourth episode of the first season of the American mystery television series Twin Peaks . The episode was written by Harley Peyton , and directed by Tina Rathborne . `` Episode 3 '' features series regulars Kyle MacLachlan , Michael Ontkean and Ray Wise , and introduces Sheryl Lee 's second role , Maddy Ferguson .   Rathborne has highlighted the episode 's introduction of Jungian analytical psychology to the series . She also described MacLachlan 's character Dale Cooper as not only a wholesome , grounded anchor against which the series ' more bizarre elements could be contrasted ; but as the central component of the series ' coming-of-age `` Bildungsroman '' narrative .   `` Episode 3 '' was first broadcast on April 26 , 1990 , and was viewed by approximately 18 percent of the available audience in its initial airing . The episode received positive reviews from critics , with its mix of comedy and tragedy seen as a highlight , and Miguel Ferrer 's character Albert Rosenfield singled out as a particularly successful example of this . The episode also drew praise from The New York Times for its compelling and unusual cast of characters .

neg: Patrick Pinney Patrick Pinney ( born June 30 , 1952 ) is an American voice actor and actor .   Pinney has provided voices for a number of animated characters , including Mighty Mouse in the short-lived Mighty Mouse : The New Adventures ( 1987 -- 1988 ) , Pa Gorg , Uncle Traveling Matt , Flange Doozer , and `` Additional Voices '' in the animated version of Fraggle Rock , Chico the Bouncer in the hybrid live-action/animated film Cool World ( 1992 ) , the speaking voice of Painty the Pirate from the opening theme of SpongeBob SquarePants ( 1999 -- present ) and Wormguy and Idikiukup in Men in Black : The Series .   He supplied the voice of the Fish Ghoulie in the 1987 film Ghoulies III : Ghoulies Go To College and voiced Stan in the video game The Curse of Monkey Island .   Pinney has appeared on the stop-motion animation show Robot Chicken as He-Man , Arnold Schwarzenegger , Sylvester , Monterey Jack , Ted Kennedy , Dick Cheney , and O. J. Simpson .

neg: Shake It Up (season 3) The third and final season of Shake It Up premiered on Disney Channel on October 14 , 2012 . Bella Thorne , Zendaya , and Davis Cleveland appeared in every episode . Adam Irigoyen was absent for four episodes , Roshon Fegan was absent for five , and Caroline Sunshine was absent for nine . Kenton Duty is not a main cast member in this season and has been removed from the opening credits . This is the final season of the series , with the series finale airing on November 10 , 2013 .

neg: Persona 3 The Movie: No. 1, Spring of Birth is a 2013 Japanese animated film and the first installment in a film series based on the Shin Megami Tensei : Persona 3 video game by Atlus . Directed by Noriaki Akitaya and written by Jun Kumagai , it is based on the original story by Atlus and distributed by Aniplex . It stars voice actors Akira Ishida , Megumi Toyoguchi , Kōsuke Toriumi , Rie Tanaka , Hikaru Midorikawa and Mamiko Noto . Set in 2009 , the film follows the exploits of transfer student Makoto Yuki who , upon moving to Iwatodai City , discovers the Shadow creatures which feed on human psyche during the Dark Hour midnight phenomenon . After awakening to an ability called Persona , Yuki finds himself intertwined in the battle against the Shadows with his new schoolmates .   Development of the film was first announced in a teaser trailer during the limited theatrical release of Persona 4 The Animation : The Factor of Hope on June 9 , 2012 . Aniplex later announced a Fall 2013 release date and that the main voice acting cast of the original PlayStation 2 game would reprise their roles in the film . The committee that was involved in Persona 4 : The Animation was selected for the film and included music composer Shoji Meguro and supervisor Seiji Kishi , both veterans in works of the Megami Tensei franchise . The film was animated by AIC ASTA . The characterization of Makoto Yuki was noted as being particularly difficult during production due to his concept in the original game .   A promotional campaign was launched by Aniplex which also included the release of trailers and merchandise by making use of various mechanisms of the Persona 3 game as they applied to the real world . The film premiered at Tokyo 's Shinjuku Wald 9 cinema on November 16 , 2013 followed by its release across Japan on November 23 , 2013 . It made a gross earning of over US$ 1.9 million at the end of 2013 . Critics praised the animation techniques used in the film with focus on its dark visual style . However it was described as being a simple and straightforward movie which lacked a suitable sense of closure . The film was released in Japan on Blu-ray and DVD editions on May 14 , 2014 , and internationally on imported editions on May 20 , 2014 . A sequel titled Persona 3 The Movie : # 2 Midsummer Knight 's Dream was released on June 7 , 2014 .

neg: Courtney Love Courtney Michelle Love ( born Courtney Michelle Harrison ; born July 9 , 1964 ) is an American singer , actress , writer , and visual artist . Prolific in the punk and grunge scenes of the 1990s , Love has enjoyed a career that spans four decades . She rose to prominence as the frontwoman of the alternative rock band Hole , which she formed in 1989 . Love has drawn public attention for her uninhibited live performances and confrontational lyrics , as well as her highly publicized personal life following her marriage to Kurt Cobain .   The daughter of Hank Harrison and psychotherapist Linda Carroll , Love had an itinerant early life . She spent her formative years in San Francisco and Portland , Oregon , where she was in a series of short-lived bands before being cast in two films by British director Alex Cox . After forming Hole in 1989 , she received substantial attention from underground rock press for the group 's debut album , produced by Kim Gordon . Hole 's second release , Live Through This ( 1994 ) , gave her high-profile renown with critical accolades and multi-platinum sales . In 1995 , Love returned to acting , earning a Golden Globe Award nomination for her performance as Althea Leasure in Miloš Forman 's The People vs. Larry Flynt ( 1996 ) , which established her as a mainstream actress . The following year , she saw further mainstream success with the release of Hole 's third album , Celebrity Skin ( 1998 ) , which was nominated for multiple Grammy Awards .   Love continued to work as an actress into the early 2000s , appearing in big-budget pictures such as Man on the Moon ( 1999 ) and Trapped ( 2002 ) , before releasing her first solo album , America 's Sweetheart , in 2004 . The next few years were marked by publicity surrounding Love 's legal troubles and drug addiction , which resulted in a mandatory lockdown rehabilitation sentence in 2005 while she was in the process of writing a second planned solo album . That project became Nobody 's Daughter , which was released in 2010 as a Hole album but without any other members of the original lineup . Between 2014 and 2015 , she released two solo singles and returned to acting in the network series Sons of Anarchy and Empire .   Love has also had endeavors in writing , co-creating and co-authoring three volumes of a manga , Princess Ai , between 2004 and 2006 , as well as a memoir , Dirty Blonde : The Diaries of Courtney Love ( 2006 ) . In 2012 , she premiered an exhibit of mixed media visual art titled And She 's Not Even Pretty .


query: Francois de Belleforest translated the works of Achilles Tatius and he was French.

pos: François de Belleforest François de Belleforest ( 1530 -- 1 January 1583 ) was a prolific French author , poet and translator of the Renaissance .   He was born in Comminges , into a poor family , and his father ( a soldier ) was killed when he was seven . He spent some time in the court of Marguerite of Navarre , traveled to Toulouse and Bordeaux ( where he met George Buchanan ) , and then to Paris where he came into contact with members of the young literary generation , including Pierre de Ronsard , Jean Antoine de Baïf , Jean Dorat , Remy Belleau , Antoine Du Verdier and Odet de Turnèbe . In 1568 he became historiographer to the king . He died in Paris .   Belleforest wrote on cosmography , morals , literature and history , and he translated the works of Matteo Bandello , Boccaccio , Antonio de Guevara , Lodovico Guicciardini , Polydore Vergil , Saint Cyprian , Sebastian Münster , Achilles Tatius , Cicero and Demosthenes into French . He is also the author of the first French pastoral novel , La Pyrénée ( or La Pastorale amoureuse ) ( 1571 ) modeled on the Diana of Jorge de Montemayor . His Grandes Annales are a polemic tract against François Hotman . His total output comprises more than 50 volumes .   His most successful work was most likely his translation and adaptation of the `` histoires tragiques '' by the Italian Matteo Bandello , which built on the work of Pierre Boaistuau and eventually amounted to seven volumes ( 1564-1582 ) . One of these tales might be the source for Shakespeare 's Hamlet .

neg: Les Liaisons dangereuses Les Liaisons dangereuses ( -LSB- le ljɛ.zɔ̃ dɑ̃.ʒə.ʁøz -RSB- ; Dangerous Liaisons ) is a French epistolary novel by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos , first published in four volumes by Durand Neveu from March 23 , 1782 .   It is the story of the Marquise de Merteuil and the Vicomte de Valmont , two rivals ( and ex-lovers ) who use seduction as a weapon to humiliate and degrade others , all the while enjoying their cruel games and boasting about their manipulative talents . It has been claimed to depict the decadence of the French aristocracy shortly before the French Revolution , thereby exposing the perversions of the so-called Ancien Régime . However , it has also been described as an amoral story .   As an epistolary novel , the book is composed entirely of letters written by the various characters to each other . In particular , the letters between Valmont and the Marquise drive the plot , with those of their victims and other characters serving as contrasting figures to give the story its depth .   It is often claimed to be the source of the saying `` Revenge is a dish best served cold '' , a paraphrased translation of `` La vengeance est un plat qui se mange froid '' ( more literally , `` Revenge is a dish that is eaten cold '' ) . However , the expression does not actually occur in the original novel in any form .

neg: Antoine Halley Antoine Halley ( 1593 -- 3 June 1675 ) was a French professor and poet .   Halley was born at Bazenville near Bayeux . A professor of belles-lettres and Principal of the Collège du Bois , at the University of Caen , he succeeded Antoine Gosselin and distinguished himself from the age of twenty-two , by his eloquence and the brilliance of his teaching . He taught Latin poetry at the University of Caen , for nearly forty years . He cultivated Latin and French poetry and won the prize of the Immaculate Conception time and again so that the Académie des Sciences , Arts et Belles-Lettres de Caen pleaded with him to quit competing .   Halley had ties with Charles de la Rue and Huet , the bishop of Avranches . The latter urged him to publish his poems . Huet , in his Origines de Caen , hailed him as mentor : `` I am obliged to give this testimony of gratitude to Mr. Halley . I deem it one of the greatest joys of my life to have been his disciple at his home for five years . He trained my mind , he refined my taste , he gave me an understanding of good authors . He taught me an infinite number of rare and curious things . '' Halley , in the meantime , professed no less esteem for his former student , sending him a poem a propos his book De Interpretatione . He also published a Traité sur la grammaire latine , at Caen in 1652 .   His collection of Poems is dedicated to the Duke of Montausier , the tutor of the dauphin and governor of Normandy . Cadomus , a play in which he paid tribute to all the literary celebrities born in his city , from Nicole Oresme , tutor of Charles V , to Pierre Patrix , the favorite poet of Gaston d'Orleans , is amongst his best .   When the chancellor Pierre Séguier , who had subdued the Harelle revolt of 1640 with undue harshness , made his way to Caen , Halley sent him far too flattering a couplet for the occasion . In 1642 , he thanked him for having increased the privileges of the Académie de Caen , founded by Moisant de Brieux . He addressed the Dauphin a long letter in Latin verse reminding him about the origins of the kings of France and celebrating the Trojan kings Dardanus , Erichthonius , Tros , Ilus , Laomedon and Priam , the supposed ancestors of Louis XIV .   A few letters written at Lisieux by Jean-Pierre Camus , the bishop of Belley have been found in his works . One of them is dated thus : `` At Lisieux , on November 22nd , the day of St. Cecilia , patron saint of music , sister of poetry .   When the Duchesse de Longueville came to Caen in 1648 , Halley was commissioned to compose the verses that decorated the tables placed at city 's expense on the way of the Duchess and her two children . In 1649 , during the famous Jobelins and Uranists Quarrel , Aubert , the princess ' chaplain , sent him the Voiture and Benserade 's sonnets , to get his opinion , as the French Academy had refused to get involved . That grave matter had been evoked before the very king , queen and princes , who were not able to settle it . It was then agreed that it was necessary to submit it to Halley whose decision would be final . The latter found in favor of Voiture against Benserade , i.e. in favor of the Duchesse de Longueville .   Pierre Bayle has proclaimed Halley to be `` one of the greatest poets of his century '' ; even if his French poetry is weak , his Latin rhymes lack neither ease nor elegance . La Rue , Huet , Gilles Ménage , Lesueur de Pétiville , Pierre Cailly , and Michel Gonfrey have composed Latin verses in his honor .

neg: Paul Stapfer Paul Stapfer ( 1840 -- 1917 ) was a French essayist , born in Paris , and educated at the Bonaparte Lyceum . After serving as tutor in the family of François Guizot , he became a professor at Grenoble . In 1883 , he accepted a similar professorship at Bordeaux . Stapfer 's essays are remarkable for their clarity of style , perfection of finish and accuracy of detail . He edited the Grands écrivains series . Among his works are :  Petite comédie de la critique littéraire de Molière selon les trois écoles philosophiques ( 1866 )  Causeries guernesiaises ( 1881 )  Laurence Sterne , sa personne et ses ouvrages ( second edition , Paris , 1882 )  Shakespeare et l'antiquité ( 1883 ) , which revealed to anti-Stratfordians the depth of its subject 's knowledge of Latin and his formidable acquaintance with Greek .  Goethe et ses deux chefs-d'œuvre classiques ( 1881 )  Racine et Victor Hugo ( 1886 )  Rabelais , sa personne , son génie , son œuvre ( 1889 )  Montaigne ( 1894 )  La grande prédication chrétienne en France : Bossuet , Adolphe Monod ( 1898 )  Des réputations littéraires and Victor Hugo et la grande poésie satirique en France ( 1901 )  Questions esthétiques et religieuses ( 1906 )  Vers la vérité '' ( 1909 )

neg: Latin poetry The history of Latin poetry can be understood as the adaptation of Greek models . The verse comedies of Plautus are considered the earliest surviving examples of Latin literature and are estimated to have been composed around 205-184 BC .   The start of Latin literature is conventionally dated to the first performance of a play in verse by a Greek slave , Livius Andronicus , at Rome in 240 BC . Livius translated Greek New Comedy for Roman audiences , using meters that were basically those of Greek drama , modified to the needs of Latin . His successors Plautus and Terence further refined the borrowings from the Greek stage and the prosody of their verse is substantially the same as for classical Latin verse .   The traditional meter of Greek epic , the dactylic hexameter , was introduced into Latin literature by Ennius ( 239-169 BC ) , virtually a contemporary of Livius , who substituted it for the jerky Saturnian meter in which Livius had been composing epic verses . Ennius moulded a poetic diction and style suited to the imported hexameter , providing a model for ` classical ' poets such as Virgil and Ovid .   The late republic saw the emergence of Neoteric Poets , notably Catullusrich young men from the Italian provinces , conscious of metropolitan sophistication , and looking to the scholarly Alexandrian poet Callimachus for inspiration . Catullus shared the Alexandrian 's preference for short poems and wrote within a variety of meters borrowed from Greece , including Aeolian forms such as hendecasyllabic verse , the Sapphic stanza and Greater Asclepiad , as well as iambic verses such as the choliamb and the iambic tetrameter catalectic ( a dialogue meter borrowed from Old Comedy ) .   Horace , whose career crossed the divide between republic and empire , followed Catullus ' lead in employing Greek lyrical forms , identifying with Alcaeus of Mytilene , composing Alcaic stanzas , and also with Archilochus , composing poetic invectives in the Iambus tradition ( in which he adopted the metrical form of the Epode or ` Iambic Distich ' ) . Horace was a contemporary of Virgil and , like the epic poet , he wrote verses in dactylic hexameter , but in a conversational and epistolary style . Virgil 's hexameters are generally regarded as `` the supreme metrical system of Latin literature . ''

neg: Edme Jeaurat Edme Jeaurat ( 1688 -- 1738 ) was a French engraver from Vermenton , near Auxerre .   Jeaurat was the son of an engraver and the elder brother of Etienne Jeaurat . His father took young Edme to Paris and apprenticed him to Bernard Picart . After working there many years , Jeaurat moved to the Netherlands , where he made his living producing engravings of the great paintings in Amsterdam and The Hague , while studying Dutch painting .   Upon his return to Paris , he was reunited with his brother , whom he had not seen in many years . He began engraving Etienne 's paintings and became known for his accurate work . Jeaurat was also employed by Pierre Crozat to engrave pictures for his famous collection . In 1722 in Paris , he married Marie-Charlotte Le Clerc , the sister of the artist Le Clerc , and many of his engravings are of the religious pictures painted by his brother-in-law . He had two sons , Nicholas Henry , a painter , usually known as Jeaurat de Bertry or Berty , and Edme-Sébastien , who devoted himself to science .   There is a fine collection of Edme Jeaurat 's engravings in the British Museum , and they can also be studied in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris . His finest work is said to be `` Achilles discovered among the Daughters of Lycomedes '' from 1713 , and he also made engravings of works by Poussin , Veronese , and Watteau .   Category :1688 births  Category :1738 deaths  Category :17 th-century engravers  Category :18 th-century engravers  Category : French engravers  Category :17 th-century French painters  Category : French male painters  Category :18 th-century French painters

neg: Claude Maltret Claude Maltret ( October 3 , 1621 -- January 3 , 1674 ) was a French Jesuit .   Maltret was born at Puy in Savoy , Kingdom of France . He entered the Society of Jesus on October 12 , 1637 . Upon the completion of his studies , he was engaged for eleven years in teaching belles-lettres and rhetoric and became widely known as a classical scholar . He was then appointed to a professorship in Sacred Scripture , a position which he held for the next nine years .   In 1662 , he was made rector of the College of Montauban . In the following year , he brought out his greatest and best-known work , an edition of the histories of Procopius , with a critical commentary . This work went through many editions , being edited and augmented with notes by other scholars , and was included in the Synopsis Historiae Byzantinae , published at Venice . From 1672 to 1674 Father Maltret was rector of the novitiate of Toulouse , where he died .

neg: Dictionnaire universel The Dictionnaire universel , contenant generalement tous les mots françois ( originally Dictionaire universel ) was a dictionary and encyclopedia compiled by Antoine Furetière and published posthumously in 1690 . Unlike the rival dictionary of the Académie française , finally published in 1694 , Furetière 's Dictionnaire included specialized technical and scientific vocabulary . It was also an encyclopedia of sorts in dealing with things as well as words . Despite having been banned in France , it was a commercial success and exerted an enormous influence on eighteenth-century French dictionaries and encyclopedias .

neg: Martin le Franc Martin le Franc ( c. 1410 -- 1461 ) was a French poet of the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance .   He was born in Normandy , and studied in Paris . He entered clerical orders , becoming an apostolic prothonotary , and later becoming secretary to both Antipope Felix V and Pope Nicholas V.   He was named provost at Lausanne in 1443 , became canon of the Church of Geneva in 1447 . In 1451 he was employed by the Duke of Savoy , and he became administrator of the abbey of Novalèse in 1459 .   Le Franc 's most famous work was his huge , 24,000-verse composition Le Champion des Dames ( The Champion of Women ) , dedicated to Philip the Good and dating from 1440 or 1442 ( first printed in Lyon in 1485 and again in Paris in 1530 ) . It recounts the nobility and deeds of many women throughout history , including Joan of Arc , and also fiercely attacks corruption in government as well as the hedonistic luxury of the aristocratic class . It was illuminated by Peronet Lamy .   Martin le Franc is famous in music history for penning the phrase `` la contenance angloise '' , the English countenance , a much-debated phrase referring to a characteristically English sound found in the music of composers such as John Dunstaple . The `` countenance '' -- probably consonant , sweet intervals ( 3rds and 6ths ) which were predominant in the music of contemporary English composers -- was massively influential on the music of the Burgundian School during the period that Burgundy was allied with England .   Another long poem by Le Franc is L'Estrif de Fortune et Vertu ( 1447-1448 ) , which was also moralistic and didactic , presenting a debate between Fortune and Virtue .

neg: Livius Andronicus Not to be confused with Livy , the Augustan-era historian whose Latin name is Livius .   Lucius Livius Andronicus ( c. 284 -- c. 205 BC ) was a Greco-Roman dramatist and epic poet of the Old Latin period . He began as an educator in the service of a noble family at Rome by translating Greek works into Latin , including Homer 's Odyssey . They were meant at first as educational devices in the school he founded . He wrote works for the stage -- both tragedies and comedies -- which are regarded as the first dramatic works written in the Latin language of ancient Rome . His comedies were based on Greek New Comedy and featured characters in Greek costume . Thus , the Romans referred to this new genre by the term comoedia palliata ( fabula palliata ) . The Roman biographer Suetonius later coined the term `` half-Greek '' of Livius and Ennius ( referring to their genre , not their ethnic backgrounds ) . The genre was imitated by the next dramatists to follow in Andronicus ' footsteps and on that account he is regarded as the father of Roman drama and of Latin literature in general ; that is , he was the first man of letters to write in Latin . Varro , Cicero , and Horace , all men of letters during the subsequent Classical Latin period , considered Livius Andronicus to have been the originator of Latin literature . He is the earliest Roman poet whose name is known .

neg: Karel van de Woestijne Carolus Petrus Eduardus Maria `` Karel '' van de Woestijne ( -LSB- ˈkaːrəl vɑn də ʋuˈstɛinə -RSB- ; Ghent , 10 March 1878 -- Zwijnaarde , 24 August 1929 ) was a Flemish writer and brother of the painter Gustave van de Woestijne . He went to highschool at the Koninklijk Athenaeum ( E : Royal Athenaeum ) at the Ottogracht in Ghent . He also studied Germanic philology at the University of Ghent , where he came into contact with French symbolism . He lived at Sint-Martens-Latem from April 1900 up to January 1904 , and from April 1905 up to November 1906 . Here he wrote Laetemsche brieven over de lente , for his friend Adolf Herckenrath ( 1901 ) . In 1907 he moved to Brussels , and in 1915 he moved to Pamel , where he wrote De leemen torens together with Herman Teirlinck .    From 1906 he was correspondent of the Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant in Brussels . Between 1920 and 1929 he taught history of Dutch literature at the University of Ghent . He was editor of successively the illustrated magazines of Van Nu en Straks ( second range , 1896-1901 ) and Vlaanderen ( 1903-1907 ) . Of the illustrated magazine Vlaanderen he became secretary of the redaction in 1906 . From 1925 until his death in 1929 , he lived in Zwijnaarde , nearby Ghent . He was buried in the Cemetery of Campo Santo .

neg: François Villon François Villon ( pronounced -LSB- fʁɑ̃swa vijɔ̃ -RSB- in modern French ; in fifteenth-century French , -LSB- -LSB- frɑnswɛ vilɔn -RSB- -RSB- ) , born in Paris in 1431 and disappeared from view in 1463 , is the best known French poet of the late Middle Ages . A ne'er - do-well who was involved in criminal behavior and had multiple encounters with law enforcement authorities , Villon wrote about some of these experiences in his poems .

neg: Christine de Pizan Christine de Pizan ( also seen as de Pisan ; -LSB- kʁistin də pizɑ̃ -RSB- ; 1364 -- c. 1430 ) was an Italian French late medieval author . She served as a court writer for several dukes ( Louis of Orleans , Philip the Bold of Burgundy , and John the Fearless of Burgundy ) and the French royal court during the reign of Charles VI . She wrote both poetry and prose works such as biographies and books containing practical advice for women . She completed forty-one works during her 30-year career from 1399 to 1429 . She married in 1380 at the age of 15 , and was widowed 10 years later . Much of the impetus for her writing came from her need to earn a living to support her mother , a niece and her two surviving children . She spent most of her childhood and all of her adult life in Paris and then the abbey at Poissy , and wrote entirely in her adopted language , Middle French .   Her early courtly poetry is marked by her knowledge of aristocratic custom and fashion of the day , particularly involving women and the practice of chivalry . Her early and later allegorical and didactic treatises reflect both autobiographical information about her life and views and also her own individualized and humanist approach to the scholastic learned tradition of mythology , legend , and history she inherited from clerical scholars and to the genres and courtly or scholastic subjects of contemporary French and Italian poets she admired . Supported and encouraged by important royal French and English patrons , she influenced 15th-century English poetry . Her success stems from a wide range of innovative writing and rhetorical techniques that critically challenged renowned writers such as Jean de Meun , author of the Romance of the Rose , which she criticized as immoral .   In recent decades , Christine de Pizan 's work has been returned to prominence by the efforts of scholars such as Charity Cannon Willard , Earl Jeffrey Richards and Simone de Beauvoir . Certain scholars have argued that she should be seen as an early feminist who efficiently used language to convey that women could play an important role within society . This characterization has been challenged by other critics , who say that it is either an anachronistic use of the word or a misinterpretation of her writing and intentions .

neg: Jean-Étienne Girard Maurice Jean Auguste Girard ( 13 September 1822 -- 8 September 1886 ) was a French entomologist .   Girard was born in Givet , Ardennes , and entered École normale supérieurein 1844 . In 1847 he taught physics in Périgueux . After having obtained his agrégation , he left for Dijon where he taught from 1853 to 1873 . during this time he obtained his `` licence '' and his `` doctorat ès-sciences naturelles '' with a thesis entitled Étude sur la chaleur libre dégagée par les animaux invertébrés et spécialement les insectes .   He edited L'Insectologie agricole , journal traitant des insectes utiles ... et des insectes nuisibles ... from 1867 to 1870 . He wrote more than 200 publications on insects and a book on François Péron - François Péron , naturaliste voyageur aux australes ( 1800-1804 ) ( J.-B . Baillière , Paris , 1856 )   He was president of Société entomologique de France in 1867 . He died at Lion-sur-Mer , aged 63 .   Les Métamorphoses des insectes ( Hachette , Paris , 1866 , réédité en 1879 ) .  Catalogue raisonné des animaux utiles et nuisibles de la France . I. Animaux utiles , leurs services et leur conservation ; II . Animaux nuisibles , dégâts qu'ils produisent , moyens de les détruire ( Hachette , 1874 , réédité en 1878 et en 1879 ) .  Histoire naturelle . Zoologie ( C. Delagrave , Paris , deux volumes , 1883-1887 ) .  Le Phylloxéra de la vigne , son organisation , ses mœurs , choix des procédés de destruction ( Hachette , Paris , 1878 , réédité en 1880 et en 1883 ) .  Les Abeilles , organes et fonctions , éducation et produits , miel et cire ( J.-B . Baillière et fils , Paris , réédité en 1887 et en 1890 ) .   Source  Jean Lhoste ( 1987 ) . Les Entomologistes français . 1750-1950 . INRA Éditions : 351 p.  Translation from French Wikipedia   Category : French entomologists  Category :1822 births  Category :1886 deaths

neg: Philippe du Contant de la Molette Philippe du Contant de La Molette ( 1737-1793 ) was a theologian and biblical scholar , born at La Côte-Saint-André , in Dauphiné , France , August 29 , 1737 .   He studied at the Sorbonne , and , in 1765 , defended a thesis on Job , in six languages . Louis XV was so well pleased that he allowed him to pass the examinations for the licentiate without the required delays , a privilege , however , which de la Molette did not use . Later on , he became Vicar-General of the diocese of Vienne , France .   As a biblical author , he shows great erudition and is well versed in the Oriental languages , but he lacked originality , and his criticism is often misleading . His works , all published in Paris , are the following . Essai sur l'Ecriture Sainte , ou Tableau historique des avantages que l'on peut tirer des langues orientales pour la parfaite intelligence des Livres Saints ( 1775 ) ; Nouvelle méthode pour entrer dans le vrai sens de l'Ecriture sainte ( 1777 ) ; La Genèse expliquée d'après les textes primitifs , etc. ( 1777 ) , 3 vols. , a work intended especially as a refutation of Voltaire ; L'Exode expliqué , 3 vols . ( 1780 ) ; the thesis that he had defended in 1765 is printed in the beginning of this work ; Les Psaumes expliqués , etc. , 3 vols . ( 1781 ) ; Traité sur la poésie et la musique des Hébreux ( 1781 ) , a continuation of the preceding ; Le Lévitique expliqué , 2 vols . ( 1785 ) . He had also done considerable work as a preparation for a Nouvelle Bible polyglotte , but it is doubtful whether he ever published it .   He died on the scaffold during the Reign of Terror in 1793 .   Category :1737 births  Category :1793 deaths  Category : University of Paris alumni  Category :18 th-century French Catholic theologians  Category : French scholars

neg: Edward Blount Edward Blount ( or Blunt ) ( 1562 -- 1632 ) was a London publisher of the Elizabethan , Jacobean , and Caroline eras , noted for his publication , in conjunction with William and Isaac Jaggard , of the First Folio of Shakespeare 's plays in 1623 .   He was baptised in London on 31 January 1562 ; the Stationers ' Register states that he was the son of Ralph Blount or Blunt , merchant tailor of London , and apprenticed himself in 1578 for ten years to the stationer William Ponsonby . Blount became a `` freeman '' ( a full member ) of the Stationers ' Company on 25 June 1588 .   Among the most important of his publications are Giovanni Florio 's Italian-English dictionary and his translation of Montaigne , plus Marlowe 's Hero and Leander ( 1598 ) , and the Six Court Comedies of John Lyly ( 1632 ) . He himself translated Ars Aulica , or the Courtier 's Arte ( 1607 ) from the Italian of Lorenzo Ducci , and Christian Policie ( 1632 ) from the Spanish of Juan de Santa María .   Though best remembered for the First Folio , Blount also published works by Miguel de Cervantes , Ben Jonson , Samuel Daniel , William Camden , José de Acosta and other important authors . Blount has been described as `` a genuine lover of literature , with discriminating and generous taste . '' Beyond the Folio , Blount had other minor connections with the Shakespearean canon . In 1601 he published Robert Chester 's Love 's Martyr , the volume that contained The Phoenix and the Turtle ; he entered both Antony and Cleopatra and Pericles , Prince of Tyre in the Stationers ' Register in 1608 , though he published neither . Blount was also a close friend and professional colleague of Thomas Thorpe , the publisher of Shakespeare 's sonnets . He was dead by October 1632 .

neg: François Vatable thumb | right | 250px | `` Hebrew latin Sacred Bible '' , ten editions published between 1584 and 1729  François Vatable ( late 15th century -- 16 March 1547 ) was a French humanist scholar , a Hellenist and Hebraist .

neg: Jean d'Outremeuse Jean d'Outremeuse or Jean des Preis ( Liège , 1338-1400 ) was a writer and historian who wrote two romanticised historical works and a lapidary .   La Geste de Liége is an account of the mythical history of his native city , Liège , written partly in prose and partly in verse . It was probably based on an existing text and consists of three books : book one , in 40,000 lines , book two , in 12,224 lines with prose summaries , book three , has been lost , but a few passages have been found .   Ly Myreur des Histors ( `` The Mirror of Histories '' ) is a more ambitious narrative , purporting to be a history of the world from the flood up to the 14th century . It combines Vincent de Beauvais 's early works Ogier le Danois and the Geste de Liège into a universal history , from the fall of Troy to 1340 , mixing real and legendary events .   The Liège herald , Louis Abry ( 1643-1720 ) , refers to the lost fourth book of the Myreur des Hystors of Johans des Preis , styled d'Oultremeuse . In this `` Jean de Bourgogne , dit a la Barbe '' , is said to have revealed himself on his deathbed to d'Oultremeuse , whom he made his executor , and to have described himself in his will as `` messire Jean de Mandeville , chevalier , comte de Montfort en Angleterre et seigneur de l'isle de Campdi et du château Pérouse '' . It is added that , having had the misfortune to kill an unnamed count in his own country , he engaged himself to travel through the three parts of the world , arrived at Liège in 1343 , was a great naturalist , profound philosopher and astrologer , and had a remarkable knowledge of physics . And the identification is confirmed by the fact that in the now destroyed church of the Guillemins was a tombstone of Mandeville , with a Latin inscription stating that he was otherwise named `` ad Barbam '' , was a professor of medicine , and died at Liège on November 17 , 1372 : this inscription is quoted as far back as 1462 .   Tresorier de philosophie naturelle des pierres precieuses ( a lapidary )  This book is a compilation of recipes for making fake gems by coloring glasses by various means . It is of interest to glassworkers or historians seeking to understand the manufacture of ancient glass or fake gems adorning various pieces of goldsmith 's work .

neg: Charles Simon Favart Charles Simon Favart ( 13 November 1710 -- 12 May 1792 ) was a French playwright .   Born in Paris , the son of a pastry-cook , he was educated at the college of Louis-le-Grand , and after his father 's death he carried on the business for a time . His first success in literature was La France delivrée par la Pucelle d'Orléans , a poem about Joan of Arc which obtained a prize of the Académie des Jeux Floraux . After the production of his first vaudeville , Les Deux Jumelles ( 1734 ) , circumstances enabled him to relinquish business and devote himself entirely to the drama . He provided many pieces anonymously for the lesser theatres , and first put his name to La Chercheuse d'esprit , which was produced in 1741 .   Among his most successful works were Annette et Lubin , Le Coq du milage ( 1743 ) , Ninette à la cour ( 1753 ) , Les Trois Sultanes ( 1761 ) and L'Anglais de Bordeaux ( 1763 ) . Favart became director of the Opéra-Comique , and in 1745 married Marie Justine Benoîte Duronceray , a beautiful young dancer , singer and actress , who as `` Mlle Chantilly '' had made a successful début the year before . By their united talents and labours , the Opéra-Comique rose to such a height of success that it aroused the jealousy of the rival Comédie-Française and was suppressed .   Favart , left thus without resources , accepted the proposal of Maurice , comte de Saxe , and became director of a troupe of comedians which was to accompany Maurice 's army into Flanders . It was part of his duty to compose from time to time impromptu verses on the events of the campaign , amusing and stimulating the spirits of the men . So popular were Favart and his troupe that the enemy became desirous of hearing his company and sharing his services , and permission was given to gratify them , battles and comedies thus curiously alternating with each other .   The marshal , an admirer of Mme Favart , began to pay her unwanted attentions . To escape him she went to Paris , and the wrath of Saxe fell upon the husband . A lettre de cachet was issued against him , but he fled to Strasbourg and found concealment in a cellar .   Favart survived his wife by twenty years . After the marshal 's death in 1750 he returned to Paris and resumed his pursuits as a dramatist . It was at this time that he became friendly with the abbé de Voisenon , who helped him with his work , to what extent is uncertain . He had grown nearly blind in his last days , and died in Paris .   His plays have been republished in various editions and selections ( 1763-1772 , 12 vols. ; 1810 , 3 vols. ; 1813 ; 1853 ) . His correspondence ( 1759-1763 ) with Count Durazzo , director of theatres at Vienna , was published in 1808 as Mémoires et correspondance littéraire , dramatique et anecdotique de CS Favart . It furnishes valuable information on the state of the literary and theatrical worlds in the 18th century .

neg: Mauritian literature The island of Mauritius is home to many languages , and Mauritian literature exists in French , English , Creole and Indian languages . Major themes in Mauritian literature include exoticism , multiracialism and miscegenation , racial and social conflicts , indianocéanisme , and -- more recently -- post-modernism and post-structuralism currents , such as coolitude .   After independence in 1968 writers like Dev Virahsawmy reactivated creole language , then considered as a `` patois , '' and wrote literature , especially drama . The new generation of writers has expressed persistent concern with structure and more global themes .   While Kreol Morisyen is the most spoken language on in Mauritius , most of the literature is written in French , although many authors write in English , Bhojpuri , and Morisyen . Mauritius 's renowned playwright Dev Virahsawmy writes exclusively in Morisyen .   Important authors include Malcolm de Chazal , Ananda Devi , Raymond Chasle , and Edouard Maunick . Lindsey Collen has been able to carve out a meeting of imaginaries in the unique social setup of this multi-faceted country . Other younger writers like Shenaz Patel , Natacha Appanah , Sabah Carrim , Alain Gordon-Gentil and Carl de Souza explore the issues of ethnicity , superstition and politics in the novel . Poet and critic Khal Torabully has put forward the concept of `` coolitude , '' a poetics that results from the blend of Indian and Mauritian cultural diversity . Other poets include Hassam Wachill , Edouard Maunick , Sedley Assone , Yusuf Kadel and Umar Timol .   J. M. G. Le Clézio , who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2008 , is of Mauritian heritage and holds dual French-Mauritian citizenship .   The island plays host to the Le Prince Maurice Prize , a literary award celebrating and recognizing ` writers of the heart ' . The award is designed to highlight the literary love story in all its forms rather than for pure Romantic Fiction . In keeping with the island 's literary culture the prize alternates on a yearly basis between English-speaking and French-speaking writers .

neg: Franciscus Franciscus is a Latin given name , originally an epithet meaning `` the Frank , the Frenchman '' .  It was applied to Saint Francis of Assisi ( 1181/82 -- 1226 ) .  Francis had been baptized Giovanni ( John ) ; his father was Italian and his mother Provençale ( at the time not considered French ) ; his father was on business in France when he was born , and when he returned to Assisi , he began to call his son by the nickname Francesco , in the opinion of G. K. Chesterton possibly because out of a general enthusiasm for all things French , or because of his commercial success in France .  After the canonization of Saint Francis of Assisi in 1228 , the custom of naming children after saints led to the popularization of Franciscus as a given name . In the vernaculars of western Europe , the name diversified into the forms Francesco ( Italian ) , Francisco ( Spanish and Portuguese ) , Francesc ( Catalan ) , François ( Old French Franceis , whence English Francis ) , Franz ( German , whence Hungarian Ferenc , Scandinavian and Dutch Frans ) ; besides Frans , the Latin form remains commonly given in Dutch .   Franciscus may serve as the latinization of any of these given names ; conversely , Francis may serve as the anglicization of anyone called Franciscus .   People called Franciscus include :


query: Providence, Rhode Island was founded by a Puritan.

pos: Providence, Rhode Island Providence is the capital of and most populous city in the U.S. state of Rhode Island , founded in 1636 , and one of the oldest cities in the United States . It is located in Providence County and is the third most populous city in New England , after Boston and Worcester . Providence has a city population of 179,154 ; it is also part of the Providence metropolitan area which extends into southern Massachusetts . The Providence metropolitan area has an estimated population of 1,604,291 , which exceeds that of Rhode Island as a whole by about 60 % . This can be considered , in turn , to be part of the Greater Boston commuting area , which contains 7.6 million people .   Providence was founded by Roger Williams , a religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony . He named the area in honor of `` God 's merciful Providence '' , which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him and his followers to settle . The city is situated at the mouth of the Providence River at the head of Narragansett Bay .   Providence was one of the first cities in the country to industrialize and became noted for its textile manufacturing and subsequent machine tool , jewelry , and silverware industries . Today , the city of Providence is home to eight hospitals and seven institutions of higher learning which have shifted the city 's economy into service industries , though it still retains some manufacturing activity . The city was once nicknamed the `` Beehive of Industry '' ; it began rebranding itself as the `` Creative Capital '' in 2009 to emphasize its educational resources and arts community .

pos: Roger Williams Roger Williams ( c. 21 December 1603 -- between 27 January and 15 March 1683 ) was a Puritan , an English Reformed theologian , and later a Reformed Baptist who was expelled by the Puritan leaders from the colony of Massachusetts because local officials thought that he was spreading `` new and dangerous ideas '' to his congregants . Williams fled the Massachusetts colony under the threat of impending arrest and shipment to an English prison ; he began the settlement of Providence Plantation in 1636 as a refuge offering freedom of conscience .   Williams was the 1638 founder of the First Baptist Church in America , also known as the First Baptist Church of Providence .   Williams was also a student of Native American languages , an early advocate for fair dealings with American Indians , and one of the first abolitionists in North America , having organized the first attempt to prohibit slavery in any of the British American colonies . He is best remembered as the originator of the principle of separation of church and state .

neg: Bevis (ship) The Bevis , also known as the Bevis of Hampton was a ship that brought `` Emigrants '' from England to New England in 1638 at a time when thousands of Puritans left England seeking freedom of religious practice . The ship master was named Robert Batten . One voyage carried 61 settlers from Southampton , England , leaving on 16 May 1638 , to `` Newengland '' , all one word . The ship 's destinations included : Newbury , Weymouth , Wells , Maine , Newport , Salisbury , and Charlestown .   The passengers on the Bevis were mostly Puritans , leaving England for the New World driven by the quest for religious freedom at a time when England was moving toward ardent Catholicism . Scholar David B. Gracy , II , notes that some in the hierarchy of the King of England noticed the Bevis was almost entirely composed of Puritans and agents of the Kingdom sought to prevent the ship from setting sail in May 1638 , but alas failed to prevent the sailing .   The burthen ( weight bearing capacity ) of the Bevis was 150 tons . The goods were loaded on 12 May 1638 . The shippers of the goods were Richard Dumer & Co. . Henry Byles & Co. .   A noteworthy passenger on the Bevis was Richard Austin , whose descendants of the same surname name would include Moses Austin , Stephen F. Austin , and Emily Austin Perry who collectively are credited with settling the State of Texas .

neg: Arnold Burying Ground Arnold Burying Ground ( also known as the Governor Arnold Burying Ground ) is a historic cemetery on Pelham Street just east of Spring Street in Newport , Rhode Island . It is the burial place of Benedict Arnold , Rhode Island 's first governor under the Royal Charter of 1663 .

neg: Edward Hutchinson (captain) Edward Hutchinson ( 1613 -- 1675 ) ( sometimes referred to as junior to differentiate him from his uncle ) was the oldest child of Massachusetts and Rhode Island magistrate William Hutchinson and his wife , the dissident minister Anne Hutchinson . He is noted for making peace with the authorities following his mother 's banishment from Massachusetts during the Antinomian Controversy , returning to Boston , and ultimately dying in the service of the colony that had treated his family so harshly .   Born in Alford , in eastern England , Hutchinson sailed to New England at the age of 20 , a year ahead of the remainder of his family . Following the events of the Antinomian Controversy , he , his father , and his uncle Edward were among 23 signers of a compact for a new government which they soon established at Portsmouth on Rhode Island . Young Hutchinson only remained there a short while , and had returned to Boston to occupy the family house . Here he had 11 children with two wives .   He became a charter member of the Military Company of Massachusetts ( today known as the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts in 1638 and became its lieutenant ( second in command ) in 1654 . He was elected the Company 's captain ( commanding officer ) in 1657 and served a one-year term .   He also served as a Deputy to the General Court in 1658 , and in this capacity voiced his opposition to the persecution of the Quakers that took place in the late 1650s .   During King Phillips War , in 1675 , Captain Hutchinson and Captain Thomas Wheeler were given an assignment to negotiate with the Nipmuck Indians to keep them out of the war . While searching for the tribal chief , Muttawmp , the two captains , with a company of men , were ambushed , and both were wounded . Two weeks later Hutchinson died from his wounds , and was interred in a cemetery in Marlborough , Massachusetts .   Hutchinson is the ancestor of three United States presidents , as well as the loyalist governor of Massachusetts , Thomas Hutchinson .

neg: Stephen Northup Stephen Northup ( roughly 1630 -- after 1687 ) was an early settler of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , and built what may be the oldest house still standing in Rhode Island . Northup was a fairly early settler of Providence in the Rhode Island colony , but accounts claiming that he settled the area with Roger Williams are inaccurate , since Northup was an infant or child when Williams first came to Providence in the spring of 1636 . Northup lived in Providence from 1655 to 1666 , after which he moved to the Narragansett country ( what is now North Kingstown , Rhode Island ) , which land was claimed by both the Rhode Island and Connecticut colonies . He may have owned or operated a grist mill , and is credited with building a house that still stands and is used as a private residence . Northup was married , had six known children , and lived until at least 1687 , when he was taxed . He was the great grandfather of Capt. Henry Northup who left Rhode Island to settle in Hoosick , New York , and took his slave Mintus who was manumitted in 1797 . Mintus assumed the surname Northup , and had a free-born son , Solomon Northup , the subject of the Academy Award winning film 12 Years a Slave .

neg: Puritan House The Puritan House is a historic hotel building at 3 Washington Street and 2 Main Street in Gloucester , Massachusetts . It was the first brick building to be built in the city . It was built in 1810 form James Tappan , a schoolteacher from New Hampshire who once had Daniel Webster as a student . Tappan operated Tappan 's Hotel on the premises , and it served as a major social center for the community . Later owners also operated it as a hotel space , including one who gave it the name `` Puritan House '' . It now houses other businesses .   The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 , and was included in the Central Gloucester Historic District in 1982 .

neg: New Providence New Providence is the most populous island in the Bahamas , containing more than 70 % of the total population . It is the location of the national capital city of Nassau . The island was originally under Spanish control following Christopher Columbus 's discovery of the New World , but the Spanish government showed little interest in developing the island ( and the Bahamas as a whole ) . Nassau , the island 's largest city , was formerly known as Charles-town , but it was burned to the ground by the Spanish in 1684 . It was laid out and renamed Nassau in 1695 by Nicholas Trott , the most successful Lord Proprietor , in honor of the Prince of Orange-Nassau who became William III of England . The three branches of Bahamian Government : the executive , the legislative , and the judiciary , are all headquartered on New Providence . New Providence functions as the main commercial hub of the Bahamas . It is also home to more than 400 banks and trust companies , and its hotels and port account for more than two thirds of the four million-plus tourists who visit the Bahamas annually . Other settlements on New Providence include Grants Town , Bain Town , Fox Hill , Adelaide , Yamacraw , South Beach , Coral Harbour , Lyford Cay , Paradise Island , Sea Breeze , Centreville , The Grove ( South ) and The Grove ( West Bay ) , Cable Beach , Delaporte , Gambier , and Love Beach .

neg: Henry Bull (governor) Henry Bull ( 1610 -- 1694 ) was an early colonial Governor of Rhode Island , serving for two separate terms , one before and one after the tenure of Edmund Andros under the Dominion of New England . Sailing from England as a young man , Bull first settled in Roxbury in the Massachusetts Bay Colony , but soon became a follower of the dissident ministers John Wheelwright and Anne Hutchinson , and was excommunicated from the Roxbury church . With many other followers of Hutchinson , he signed the Portsmouth Compact , and settled on Aquidneck Island in the Narragansett Bay . Within a year of arriving there , he and others followed William Coddington to the south end of the island where they established the town of Newport .   Bull was a corporal and sergeant on the island , and kept the prison for the colony . He also built a house shortly after his arrival that continued to stand in Newport for nearly three centuries , until destroyed by fire . Late in life , Bull became active in the service of the colony , fulfilling roles as commissioner , deputy , and assistant . In 1685 , during a chaotic period in Rhode Island 's history when the colony was being accused of irregularities , and its charter was being threatened under a new King , the 75-year-old Henry Bull stepped into the office of governor , serving for a year . Soon after he left office , Edmund Andros was appointed royal governor of all the New England colonies , remaining in this position for three years , until another change in England 's monarchy resulted in Rhode Island 's return to its former charter . Uncertainty prevailed in the colony , and two other individuals refused to serve as governor , until Bull , as an octogenarian , once again assumed the governorship in 1690 , returning Rhode Island to its previous form of government under its charter .   Considered to be as fearless as he was honest , Bull was elected to the highest position in the gift of the colony , despite the fact that he could not sign his name ( he used a mark for his signature in the Portsmouth Compact ) . He became a Quaker after his arrival in the Rhode Island colony , and , following a long life , was buried in the Coddington Cemetery in Newport where several other Quaker governors of the colony were also interred .

neg: Providence: The Story of a Fifty-Year Vision Quest Providence : The Story of a Fifty-Year Vision Quest is a book by Daniel Quinn , published in 1994 , and written largely as an autobiography blended with additional philosophical reflections . It details how Quinn arrived at the ideas behind his 1992 novel Ishmael and articulates upon some of these ideas .   Although primarily nonfiction in content , Providence is written with a fictional backdrop , in which the reader is presented as someone who has read Ishmael and sneaked into Daniel Quinn 's house at night to ask Quinn for further information regarding his inspirations for the novel and its philosophical ideas . Quinn , though tired , welcomes the reader into his house and opens himself up to the reader 's questions . Throughout the story , Quinn narrates as though replying to questions asked by ( the character of ) the reader , which Quinn `` restates '' in his answers and explanations ; the voice of the reader is never directly heard .

neg: Timeline of Providence, Rhode Island The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Providence , Rhode Island , United States .

neg: Puritans The Puritans were a group of English Reformed Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to `` purify '' the Church of England from its `` Catholic '' practices , maintaining that the Church of England was only partially reformed .

neg: Aristopia Aristopia : A Romance-History of the New World is an 1895 utopian novel by Castello Holford , considered the first novel-length alternate history in English ( and among the earliest alternate histories in general ) .   Though part of the major wave utopian and dystopian literature that distinguished the final decades of the nineteenth century , Holford 's book reverses the normal stance of utopian projection : instead of imagining a better society at a future time or in a far-off place , he supposes that the founding of the United States occurred under different conditions and follows its development forward to a superior society in his own day .   In Aristopia ( Greek for `` the best place '' ) , Ralph Morton , an early settler in Virginia , discovers a reef made of solid gold . He cannily uses his wealth to build a planned society , based on the Utopia of Sir Thomas More , with innovations and adaptations of his own . In Aristopia , all the land is owned by the government , and only leased to businesses and private citizens . Large-scale trade is also monoplized by the state , and inherited wealth is limited . Morton welcomes productive refugees from European conflicts -- Huguenots , Irish fugitives from Cromwell 's wars , and northern Italian and Swiss artisans .   The colony prospers , buys more land from the Indians , and spreads westward . Morton dies at the age of 100 ; his descendants and successors carry his policies forward .   The Aristopians support the American Revolution , and on their own initiative conquer Canada . Aristopia comes to dominate the new nation , eventually ruling all of North America north of Mexico .   Holford loads his description of Aristopia with satirical remedies for what he saw as contemporary problems and circumstances . In Aristopian jurisprudence , for example , the Court for Assessing the Value of Abstract Words and Phrases polices the language to prevent abuses ; it is the largest and busiest function in the Palace of Justice .   The English playwright Henry Arthur Jones was taken with the idea of Aristopia , and used it in his own polemical writings , as in his `` The Tax-Wise Men of Aristopia '' and his My Dear Wells .   Holford was not the first writer in English to employ the term `` Aristopia . '' The eighteenth-century freethinker John Fransham ( 1730 -- 1810 ) left a posthumous manuscript titled Memorablilia Classica , which contains a piece called `` The Code of Aristopia , or Scheme for a Perfect Government . ''

neg: Puritan Village: The Formation of a New England Town Puritan Village : The Formation of a New England Town is a book by American historian Sumner Chilton Powell published in 1963 by Wesleyan University Press , which won the 1964 Pulitzer Prize for History . It minutely examines the records of Sudbury , Massachusetts from 1638-1660 to show how the town developed mainly from emigrants from Watertown , Massachusetts , tracing every settler back to England , concluding that there were no typical `` English '' towns and no typical `` Puritans . ''

neg: Quakers Quakers ( or Friends ) are members of a historically Christian group of religious movements generally known as the Religious Society of Friends . The Evangelical Friends Church International uses the phrase Friends Church . Members of the various Quaker movements are all generally united in a belief in the ability of each human being to experientially access `` that of God in every person , '' and therefore they profess the priesthood of all believers , a doctrine derived from the First Epistle of Peter . They include those with evangelical , holiness , liberal , and traditional Quaker understandings of Christianity . To differing extents , the different movements that make up the Religious Society of Friends/Friends Church avoid creeds and hierarchical structures . In 2007 , there were about 359,000 adult Quakers . In 2012 , there were 377,055 adult Quakers .   Around 79 % of Quakers worldwide belong to the `` evangelical '' and `` programmed '' branches of Quakerism -- these Quakers worship in services with singing and a prepared message from the Bible , coordinated by a pastor . Around 11 % of Friends practice waiting worship , or unprogrammed worship ( more commonly known today as Meeting for Worship ) , where the order of service is not planned in advance , is predominantly silent , and may include unprepared vocal ministry from those present . Some meetings of both types have Recorded Ministers in their meetings -- Friends recognised for their gift of vocal ministry .   The first Quakers lived in mid-17th century England . The movement arose from the Legatine-Arians and other dissenting Protestant groups , breaking away from the established Church of England . The Quakers , especially the ones known as the Valiant Sixty , attempted to convert others to their understanding of Christianity , travelling both throughout Great Britain and overseas , preaching the gospel of Jesus Christ . Some of these early Quaker ministers were women . They based their message on the religious belief that `` Christ has come to teach his people himself '' , stressing the importance of a direct relationship with God through Jesus Christ , and a direct religious belief in the universal priesthood of all believers . They emphasized a personal and direct religious experience of Christ , acquired through both direct religious experience and the reading and studying of the Bible . Quakers focused their private life on developing behaviour and speech reflecting emotional purity and the light of God .   In the past , Quakers were known for their use of thee as an ordinary pronoun , refusal to participate in war , plain dress , refusal to swear oaths , opposition to slavery , and teetotalism . Described as `` natural capitalists '' by the BBC journalist Peter Jackson , some Quakers founded banks and financial institutions , including Barclays , Lloyds , and Friends Provident ; manufacturing companies , including shoe retailer C. & J. Clark and the big three British confectionery makers Cadbury , Rowntree and Fry 's ; and philanthropic efforts , including abolition of slavery , prison reform , and social justice projects .

neg: Middletown (New Rochelle) Middletown is a former hamlet of the Town of New Rochelle in Westchester County , New York .   The hamlet took shape in the central portion of New Rochelle , extended along North Avenue from the vicinity of Rochelle Park to the southerly boundary of the Wykagyl Country Club grounds . The origin of the name is traceable to a division of the town road districts . As early as 1747 , there were two main districts : `` upper '' and `` below '' . An increase in population after the Revolutionary War warranted the further subdivision of the town into five road districts in 1787 .   One was named `` Middle '' to distinguish it from the `` Upper '' , `` Waterside '' and `` Town '' districts . By this time the district had become quite well built up so as to make the term `` town '' appropriate . Hence it became `` Middletown '' .   The name was so appropriate to the hamlet that it was indicated on road maps beginning in 1789 .   There was at least one tavern in the hamlet , the Bayeux Tavern , which was located opposite the entrance to present day Paine Avenue . The tavern was of considerable importance to the community at the time . Just across the road was the farm and cottage of Thomas Paine . There were several minor industries in the hamlet as well . Jacob Coutant had a chair factory located west of North Avenue which was powered by water from Stephenson Brook which flowed into Huguenot Lake .   A number of mechanics operated shops on their small farms , and in the vicinity of the present Fifth Avenue where the houses were quite close together .   A school had been established just above the present Paine Avenue before the Revolution , and in 1809 it was removed to the junction of Eastchester Road . There being no public school law in the State of New York in force at the time , this new `` Middle School '' was erected by popular subscription pursuant to a resolution adopted by the citizens living within the hamlet , many of whom contributed the necessary labor , materials and financing . Upon the enactment of a new school law by the State in 1812 it was appropriated for a legalized public school for the hamlet . By 1815 the ' Middle School District ' boundaries were laid out , significantly extending the town limits of `` Middletown '' .   The school was removed out of the hamlet in 1829 to a new building on Mechanic Street , and , from that point on , the growth of the Village of New Rochelle along the Turnpike Road ( now Main Street ) came at the expense of other parts of the town . `` Middletown '' gradually lapsed back into a farming district .

neg: History of Springfield, Massachusetts The history of Springfield , Massachusetts ( est. 1636 ) springs in large part from its favorable geography , situated on a steep bluff overlooking the Connecticut River 's confluence with three tributaries . It was an ancient Indian crossroad for two major trade routes : Boston-to-Albany and New York City-to-Montreal . Springfield also sits on some of the northeastern United States ' most fertile soil .   Springfield was founded in 1636 as Agawam , the northernmost settlement of the Connecticut Colony . The settlement defected from Connecticut after four years , however , later joining forces with the coastal Massachusetts Bay Colony . The town changed its name to Springfield , and changed the political boundaries among what later became New England States .   Springfield flourished as a trading post and agricultural center until 1675 's King Philip 's War , when a coalition of Indians laid siege to Springfield and later burned it to the ground . Its prosperity waned for the next hundred years but , in 1777 , United States Revolutionary War leaders made it a National Armory to store weapons , and in 1795 it began manufacturing muskets .   Until 1968 , the Armory made small arms . Its first American muskets ( 1794 ) were followed by the famous Springfield rifle and the revolutionary M1 Garand and M14s . The Springfield Armory attracted generations of skilled laborers to the city , making it the United States ' longtime center for precision manufacturing ( comparable to a Silicon Valley of the Industrial Revolution ) . The Armory 's near-capture during Shays Rebellion of 1787 was among the troubles that prompted the U.S. Constitutional Convention later that year .   Innovations in the 19th and 20th centuries include the first American English dictionary ( 1805 , Noah Webster ) , the first use of interchangeable parts and the assembly line in manufacturing ( 1819 , Thomas Blanchard ) , the first American horseless car ( 1825 , again Thomas Blanchard ) , vulcanized rubber ( 1844 , Charles Goodyear ) , the first American gasoline-powered car ( 1893 , Duryea Brothers ) , the first American motorcycle company ( 1901 , `` Indian '' ) , an early commercial radio station ( 1921 , WBZ , and most famously , the world 's third-most-popular sport of basketball ( 1891 , Dr. James Naismith ) .   Throughout the latter half of the 20th century , Springfield endured a protracted decline , accelerated by the decommission of the Springfield Armory in 1969 . Springfield became increasingly like the declining , second tier Northeastern U.S. cities from which it had long been set apart . During the 1980s and 1990s , Springfield developed a new reputation for crime , political corruption , and cronyism . Seeking to overcome its downgrade , the city undertook several large ( but unfinished ) projects , including a $ 1 billion high-speed rail ( New Haven-Hartford-Springfield high-speed rail ) , a proposed $ 1 billion MGM Casino , and others .

neg: St. Adalbert's Parish (Providence, Rhode Island) St. Adalbert Parish - designated for Polish immigrants in Providence , Rhode Island , United States .

neg: Trinity Church (Newport, Rhode Island) Trinity Church , on Queen Anne Square in Newport , Rhode Island , is a historic parish church in the Episcopal Diocese of Rhode Island . Founded in 1698 , it is the oldest Episcopal parish in the state . The current Georgian building was designed by architect Richard Munday and constructed in 1725 -- 26 . It is a National Historic Landmark .

neg: Metacomet Country Club Metacomet Country Club is a private golf club in East Providence , Rhode Island in the United States . It was incorporated in 1901 by five Rhode Island Businessmen . The playing grounds were , at that time , in the Rumford section of East Providence .   As for the name , Metacomet , it was the fashion at the turn of the 20th century for golf clubs organizing in New England to select Native American names . Metacomet was a great Indian Chief of the Wampanoag Tribe , a friend of the Pilgrim settlers of the 17th century who was later named King Philip by the English after he succeeded his father as leader of the Wampanoag tribe .   The course was originally designed by Leonard Byles , but , in 1924 , Donald Ross was hired to consult and re-design the golf course which currently stands . The new layout was opened on August 7 , 1926 . Known as a challenging course with lots of character , it is widely considered to have among the best putting greens in New England .

neg: Atlantic Northeast The Atlantic Northeast is a region of North America , which includes the US states of Connecticut , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , New Hampshire , Vermont , and Maine , as well as the Canadian Maritimes .   The Atlantic Northeast region is noted for its cultural unity , stark climate , landscape of dense forests , and a shared economic history in the exploitation of logging and the regional fishery . Further uniting this area is the `` Gray Zone '' which is an area of land and sea which is claimed by both Canada and the United States . It is located off the coasts of New Brunswick and Maine . The only land within this area are two islands , Machias Seal Island and North Rock . The `` Gray Zone '' is one of four areas between the two countries whose sovereignty is still in dispute , but is the only one of the disputed areas containing land . In 1979 , both countries filed a joint application to the International Court of Justice to avoid having the dispute settled when oceanic boundaries in the area were set for mineral and fishing rights . Canadians have had a continuous presence in the area since 1832 when a lighthouse was built .   Since the Atlantic Northeast is such a large region , it is home to many different types of wildlife , sports teams , and geographical locations . The Atlantic Northeast is home to the Boston Celtics , Boston Bruins , New England Patriots , Halifax Hurricanes , Boston Red Sox and many more . It also includes many notable species including the Bald Eagle , Atlantic Salmon , and the Swamp Pink . Lastly , the Atlantic Northeast includes many geographical places of interest including the Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument and Salem , Massachusetts , home of the Salem Witch Trials .   Though cross-border connections are widely acknowledged , the area has rarely been given a single name . `` Atlantic Northeast '' is a term that has been used most prominently in discussions of regional folk culture , another name that is used is Atlantica . ''   These names are often tied to various proposals for greater economic or political integration of the region

neg: Boston martyrs The Boston martyrs is the name given in Quaker tradition to the three English members of the Society of Friends , Marmaduke Stephenson , William Robinson and Mary Dyer , and to the Friend William Leddra of Barbados , who were condemned to death and executed by public hanging for their religious beliefs under the legislature of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1659 , 1660 and 1661 . Several other Friends lay under sentence of death at Boston in the same period , but had their punishments commuted to that of being whipped out of the colony from town to town .   `` The hanging of Mary Dyer on the Boston gallows in 1660 marked the beginning of the end of the Puritan theocracy and New England independence from English rule . In 1661 King Charles II explicitly forbade Massachusetts from executing anyone for professing Quakerism . In 1684 England revoked the Massachusetts charter , sent over a royal governor to enforce English laws in 1686 , and in 1689 passed a broad Toleration act . ''