query: Nike, Inc. does not sponsor high-profile athletes.

pos: Nike, Inc. Nike , Inc. ( official , -LSB- ˈnaɪki -RSB- also , non-US -LSB- ` naɪk -RSB- ) is an American multinational corporation that is engaged in the design , development , manufacturing , and worldwide marketing and sales of footwear , apparel , equipment , accessories , and services . The company is headquartered near Beaverton , Oregon , in the Portland metropolitan area . It is one of the world 's largest suppliers of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment , with revenue in excess of US$ 24.1 billion in its fiscal year 2012 ( ending May 31 , 2012 ) . As of 2012 , it employed more than 44,000 people worldwide . In 2014 the brand alone was valued at $ 19 billion , making it the most valuable brand among sports businesses .   The company was founded on January 25 , 1964 , as Blue Ribbon Sports , by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight , and officially became Nike , Inc. on May 30 , 1971 . The company takes its name from Nike , the Greek goddess of victory . Nike markets its products under its own brand , as well as Nike Golf , Nike Pro , Nike + , Air Jordan , Nike Blazers , Air Force 1 , Nike Dunk , Air Max , Foamposite , Nike Skateboarding , and subsidiaries including Brand Jordan , Hurley International and Converse . Nike also owned Bauer Hockey ( later renamed Nike Bauer ) between 1995 and 2008 , and previously owned Cole Haan and Umbro . In addition to manufacturing sportswear and equipment , the company operates retail stores under the Niketown name . Nike sponsors many high-profile athletes and sports teams around the world , with the highly recognized trademarks of `` Just Do It '' and the Swoosh logo .

neg: Nike Award The Nike Literary Award ( Nagroda Literacka Nike ) is one of the most prestigious awards for Polish literature . Established in 1997 and funded by Gazeta Wyborcza , Poland 's second largest daily paper , and the consulting company NICOM , it is conferred annually in October for the best book of a single living author writing in Polish published the previous year . It is open for nominees from all literary genres , including non-fiction essays and autobiographies . Each year , a nine-member jury selects the laureate in a three-stage process . Twenty official nominees are accepted in May , out of which seven finalists are declared in September . The final decision does not take place until the day of the award ceremony in October . The award consists of a statuette designed by the prominent Polish sculptor Gustaw Zemła and a cash prize of currently PLN 100,000 .   In addition to the main jury award , there is an audience award based on the outcome of a vote on the seven official finalists conducted by Gazeta Wyborcza . The verdicts of the audience and jury have converged only occasionally ( 2000 , 2001 and 2004 ) .

neg: NFL Films NFL Films is a Mount Laurel , New Jersey-based company devoted to producing commercials , television programs , feature films , and documentaries on the National Football League , as well as other unrelated major events and awards shows . Founded as Blair Motion Pictures by Ed Sabol in 1962 , and run by his son Steve Sabol until his death , it is currently owned by the NFL and produces most of its videotaped content except its live game coverage , which is handled separately by the individual networks .

neg: Sports Collectors Digest Sports Collectors Digest ( SCD ) is an American advertising weekly paper published at Iola , Wisconsin . The magazine provides an avenue through which sellers , traders and avid buyers of sports memorabilia may interact .   SCD was started in 1973 by the Stommen family . In 1981 it was purchased by Krause Publications ; Krause was acquired by F+W Media , its current publisher , in 2002 .   The thickness of the magazine has varied throughout the years , and could arguably be seen as a reflection of the sports collecting market . For example , the July 13 , 1990 issue contained 332 pages ; however , the January 22 , 2010 issue was only 36 pages long . Accounts of some athletes of the past and their activities festoon some of the pages . Other issues are written similarly . Pages are 11x14 inches ( 28x35 .5 cm ) .   SCD has long billed itself as `` The Voice of the Hobby '' and mixes hobby news with features , collecting stories , athlete profiles and opinion . The magazine is one of the few publications that have been successful in the sports card and memorabilia hobby . It 's accompanying website , , offers content similar to the magazine , with a handy Auction Prices Realized database that is the only one of its kind in the hobby and a tool that has become very popular among collectors looking for prices on memorabilia and vintage cards . The site also offers videos , blogs , features and a forum .   Classified ads remain a staple of the magazine , although it is rare when classifieds fill a full page . Many collectors have relied on the SCD classifieds over the years to build and maintain their collections . Before the Internet , it was a major source for buyers and sellers in the hobby to network .   Recently , political pundit and cable TV lightning rod Keith Olbermann penned an exclusive series of stories for SCD about Topps proofs cards . Olbermann is one of the country 's leading authorities on tobacco era baseball cards and rare Topps proof cards .   SCD now hosts an online radio program for sports collecting New programs are added weekly .   The magazine remains the sports collecting hobby 's leading news publication with a loyal subscriber base . SCD has been effected by the trend toward selling collectibles on the Internet . Issues have shrunk , and the publication rarely features fresh editorial product . In recent issues , editors have recycled 10-year-old , previously-published interviews . Correspondents who provided columns and features were dropped for budgetary reasons and most of the limited editorial content is produced in-house .

neg: Blue Book Top 20 Network Rankings The Performance Marketing Blue Book , owned by privately held mThink LLC , provides online affiliates and merchants with an independently researched ranking of affiliate networks worldwide .  It is published in the form of two `` Top 20 '' league tables , one for CPA networks and one for networks using a revenue sharing business model , cost-per-sale . The tables are updated each year from the results of an annual research-based process that includes a survey of over 20,000 online publishers and advertisers .  The Blue Book has been produced each year since 2009 and is a recognized information resource within the performance marketing industry .   Methodology  The Blue Book is based upon a research process that incorporates multiple sources of affiliate marketing industry data and includes over 500 affiliate networks each year . One major component is an annual survey of over 20,000 online publishers and merchants . The survey includes anti-fraud security measures to prevent multiple responses from a single individual as well question structured to avoid selection-bias .  In addition to the survey , the research process aggregates industry expert views , traffic data , measures of industry influence and other information .   The Blue Ribbon Panel  The Blue Ribbon Panel is a group of performance marketing industry experts representing each of the three core parts of the industry : advertisers , publishers and networks . Members are selected on the basis of their experience and reputation . Their opinions are collected via interviews and online survey , and are incorporated into the research process for the Performance Marketing Blue Book .

neg: 3v3 Soccer 3v3 Soccer is a variety of soccer played between two teams . Each team may only have 3 players on the field at a time ( hence providing the name , `` 3 v 3 '' , `` 3 versus 3 '' , or `` 3 on 3 '' ) . This style of soccer is more commonly referred to as a `` small-sided '' game , as compared to a full game with larger teams . The field used is smaller than a regulation soccer pitch , instead it typically is 30 yards wide by 40 yards long , although these dimensions vary quite a bit when the game is played indoors due to the varied styles and sizes of indoor pitches . It uses a much smaller goal than fullsided soccer . In most 3v3 there is no keeper , although one variant , 3v3 Micro Soccer , does use a keeper .   `` 3v3 Soccer '' is claimed to be the fastest growing form of soccer in the World . Its greatest popularity is in the United States , where hundreds , and perhaps thousands of Tournaments take place each year , however it is also now begun to catch on in many other countries . Nike helped to popularize it with its international Joga3 Joga Bonito Tour back in 2006 , in which teams qualified at local events around the World , culminating in a big 3v3 World Cup played in Brazil .   It is a much faster paced , and higher scoring game than traditional full sided soccer . The speed of the attack , the use of triangulation , and the strategies bring aspects of Hockey into the game . The quick shift from one end of the field to the other after a goal is scored , or upon loss of possession is reminiscent of Basketball . It requires the blending of individual skills with teamwork .   Its gain in popularity is largely because every member of the team gets equal playing time , and equal touches on the ball . All players on the field are a part of the play . Because of the speed of the game , and the fact that players are constantly in motion , there are frequent substitutions . A typical player may be rotated on six times or more in one game . There are no permanently assigned positions as there are in full sided soccer , giving each team member equal status and equal importance . This helps to develop individual skills .   Currently there are Four major tours in the United States , Colorado based Kick it 3v3 Soccer http://www.kickit3v3.com/ with their World Championship 's held at the ESPN Wide World Of Sports Complex in Florida , Utah based 3v3 Live , Florida based Challenge3v3 and 3v3 World Tour , a 3v3 soccer tour that offers a 3v3 ranking system . There is also a new California based US 3v3 Soccer is promoting 3v3 soccer throughout California and the West . Canada also finally has its own home grown tour attempting to promote 3v3 there . Ontario based Ultimate 3 on 3 Soccer is the first Canadian based 3v3 Soccer Tour .

neg: World championship A world championship is generally an international sports competition open to elite competitors from across the world , representing their nations , and winning such an event will be considered the highest or near highest achievement in the sport or contest .   The title is usually awarded through a combination of specific contests or , less commonly , ranking systems ( e.g. the ICC Test Championship ) , or a combination of the two ( e.g. World Triathlon Championships in Triathlon ) . This determines a ` world champion ' , who or which is commonly considered the best nation , team , individual ( or other entity ) in the world in a particular field , although the vagaries of sport ensure that the competitor recognised at the best in an event is not always the ` world champion ' ( see Underdog ) .   Certain sports do not have a world championship . Instead , they may organise a world cup competition , or they may organize both , for example cycling ( UCI World Championships and UCI World Cups ) ) . Often , the use of the term cup or championship in this sense is just a choice of words . Some sports have multiple champions because of multiple organizations , such as boxing , mixed martial arts and wrestling .   Certain sports do not have a world championship or a world cup as such , but may have one or several world champions . Professional boxing , for example , has several world champions at different weights , but each one of them is decided by a `` title fight '' , not a tournament .   A certain number of sports hold world championships or world cups which are overshadowed , in terms of prestige , by the same events in the Olympic Games , the most prestigious multi-sports event .   Still other sports may or may not have a true world championship but may designate the winners of a domestic competition to be `` world champions . '' This is especially true of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada ; world cups and championships exist in all of the major sports , but the domestic U.S. and Canadian leagues are generally recognized as the world professional championships or the equivalent of a world club championship . ( In American football , although an IFAF World Championship exists , the United States is so far above and beyond the other nations it faces that the winner of the U.S.-based Super Bowl , a competition limited to the 32 teams in the National Football League , is commonly recognized as the world champion . )   Finally , certain professional sports do not have a world championship or world cup , but rather hold a series of events recognised as the elite level in their field ( e.g. tennis has a series of four Grand Slam events recognised as the pinnacle of the game , in addition to key team events , world tour finals and the Olympic Games , but no world championship or world cup ) .

neg: Tapout (clothing brand) Tapout is an American multinational corporation that designs and manufactures sports clothing , casual apparel , and accessories headquartered in Baltimore , Maryland . It is one of the largest sportswear manufacturers in the United States , and one of the biggest in the world .   Tapout was registered in 1997 in San Bernardino County , California , by Charles Lewis , Jr. , Dan Caldwell and Tim Katz . The company was founded after the trio began selling mixed martial arts clothing from the back of their Ford Mustang . Selling the merchandise during a period where MMA solely reached a niche market , Lewis , Caldwell and Katz branded the company around the sport , distributing the merchandise in cities where the sport was prevalent . However , following the growing popularity of mixed martial arts in the United States , and its later nationwide mainstream acceptance , the company became the largest MMA-related merchandise company in the world , accruing revenues of over $ 22.5 million .   In March 2015 , the company was relaunched following its joint-ventured acquisition by pro-wrestling company WWE , and development firm Authentic Brands Group . The venture saw the former MMA-related brand transformed into a more general `` lifestyle fitness '' one . The apparel , for men and women , is expected to be released in spring of 2016 . Throughout 2015 , WWE marketed the brand through various products , including beverages , supplements and gyms . WWE will hold a 50 % stake in the brand , and so will advertise it regularly across all its platforms , hoping to give it one billion impressions a month , and attempting to rival sports-clothing giant , Under Armour . All employees and students of the WWE Performance Center will also wear the clothing .

neg: Daily fantasy sports Daily fantasy sports ( DFS ) are a subset of fantasy sport games . As with traditional fantasy sports games , players compete against others by building a team of professional athletes from a particular league or competition while remaining under a salary cap , and earn points based on the actual statistical performance of the players in real-world competitions . Daily fantasy sports are an accelerated variant of traditional fantasy sports that are conducted over short-term periods , such as a week or single day of competition , as opposed to those that are played across an entire season . Daily fantasy sports are typically structured in the form of paid competitions typically referred to as a `` contest '' ; winners receive a share of a pre-determined pot funded by their entry fees . A portion of entry fee payments go to the provider as rake revenue .   In the United States , the daily fantasy sports industry is dominated by two competing services : the New York-based FanDuel , and the Boston-based DraftKings . Both companies were established as venture capital-backed startup companies , received funding from investment firms , sports broadcasters , leagues , and team owners , and became known for the aggressive marketing of their services . As of September 2015 , both companies have an estimated value of at least $ 1 billion , and control 95 % of the U.S. DFS market . The two primarily compete against smaller DFS services , such as Fantasy Aces and Yahoo! Sports . The popularity of the daily fantasy format has been credited to its convenience in comparison to season-length games , as well as the focus on major cash prizes in the promotion of these services . Daily fantasy has also been credited with helping to improve television viewership and engagement with sports .   Daily fantasy sports have faced notable legal challenges , including disputes over whether DFS constitutes gambling . Politicians and other critics have argued that due to their format , players are essentially making proposition wagers on the varying performance of individual athletes in specific games , and not managing the performance of their selections on a week-to-week basis . Proponents have defended DFS as being a game of skill , as the required familiarity with the players and teams , as well as salary cap management , rewards skilled players . Local laws have varying definitions of gambling games , such as whether a game 's elements of chance are predominant over those or skill , or how much control the player has over the outcome of the game .   In the United States , the legality of DFS has been determined on a state-by-state basis based on local gambling laws and other rulings . The federal Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act ( UIEGA ) contains language dictating that fantasy sports are not considered an unlawful wager under the act ; however , the act only prohibits the electronic transfer of funds from unlawful gambling as defined under state laws . A number of state attorneys general have issued opinions concluding that DFS is a form of illegal gambling , while the state of Nevada declared that DFS games must be licensed as a sports pool . The New York State ruling , which resulted from an investigation of DFS services after it was alleged that employees working for DraftKings and FanDuel had used inside information to win cash prizes from each other , spawned retaliatory lawsuits from the companies which alleged that the rulings were the result of a misinterpretation of the nature of their services . The state has since joined other states , such as Massachusetts and Virginia , in choosing to legalize and regulate DFS rather than prohibit it .

neg: Draft (sports) A draft is a process used in some countries and sports to allocate certain players to teams . In a draft , teams take turns selecting from a pool of eligible players . When a team selects a player , the team receives exclusive rights to sign that player to a contract , and no other team in the league may sign the player .   The best-known type of draft is the entry draft , which is used to allocate players who have recently become eligible to play in a league . Depending on the sport , the players may come from college , high school or junior teams or teams in other countries .   An entry draft is intended to prevent expensive bidding wars for young talent and to ensure that no one team can sign contracts with all of the best young players and make the league uncompetitive . To encourage parity , teams that do poorly in the previous season usually get to choose first in the postseason draft , sometimes with a `` lottery '' factor to discourage teams from deliberately losing .   Other types of drafts include the expansion draft , in which a new team selects players from other teams in the league ; and the dispersal draft , in which a league 's surviving teams select players from the roster of a newly defunct franchise .   Drafts are usually permitted under anti-trust or restraint of trade laws because they are included in collective bargaining agreements between leagues and labor unions representing players . These agreements generally stipulate that after a certain number of seasons , a player whose contract has expired becomes a free agent and can sign with any team . They also require minimum and sometimes maximum salaries for newly drafted players .   National Football League President Joseph Carr instituted a draft in 1935 as a way to restrain teams ' payrolls and reduce the dominance of the league 's perennial contenders . It was adopted by the precursor of the National Basketball Association in 1947 ; by the National Hockey League in 1963 ; and by Major League Baseball in 1965 , although draft systems had been used in baseball since the 19th century .   Drafts are uncommon outside the U.S. and Canada , and most professional football clubs obtain young players through transfers from smaller clubs or by developing youth players through their own academies . The youth system is operated directly by the teams themselves , who develop their players from childhood . Parity in these leagues is instead maintained through promotion and relegation , which automatically expels the weakest teams from a league in exchange for the strongest teams in the next lower league . The result is a drastically different endgame for poor teams : a North American sports team may see the opportunity to get better through the draft after a poor season , but a European club will instead be relegated down to a league with less money and prestige , potentially exacerbating the problems .

neg: Hurley International Hurley is an American multinational corporation that is engaged in the design , development , manufacturing , worldwide marketing and selling of surf apparel and accessories . The company is headquartered in Costa Mesa , California . Since 2002 , Hurley has been owned by Nike , Inc. .

neg: Sports marketing Sports marketing is a subdivision of marketing which focuses both on the promotion of sports events and teams as well as the promotion of other products and services through sporting events and sports teams . It is a service in which the element promoted can be a physical product or a brand name . The goal is to provide the client with strategies to promote the sport or to promote something other than sport through sports . Sport marketing is also designed to meet the needs and wants of the consumer through exchange processes . These strategies follow the traditional four `` P '' 's of general marketing Product , Price , Promotion and Place , another four `` P '' 's are added to sport marketing , relating to the fact sports are considered to be a service . The additional 4 P 's are : Planning , Packaging , Positioning and Perception . The addition of the four extra elements is called the `` sport marketing mix . ''   Sports marketing is an element of sports promotion which involves a wide variety of sectors of the sport industry including broadcasting , advertising , social media , digital platforms , ticket sales , and community relations .   Sports marketing is divided into three sectors . The first is the advertising of sport and sports associations such as the Olympics , Spanish Football league and the NFL , as well as sport teams like Real Madrid and the New York Yankees . The second concerns the use of sporting events , sporting teams and individual athletes to promote various products . The third category is the promotion of sport to the public in order to increase participation .   In the first case , the promotion is directly related to sports . In the second case , the products can but do not have to be directly related to sports . When the promotion is about sports in general , the use of this kind of strategy is called `` Marketing of Sports . '' When the promotion is not about the sports but sports events , athletes , teams or leagues are used to promote different products , the marketing strategy is denominated `` Marketing through sports . '' When the promotion is about increasing participation among the public , it is called `` Grassroots Sports Marketing . '' To promote the products or services , the companies and associations use different channels such as sponsorships of teams or athletes , television or radio advertisement during the different broadcast sports events and celebrations , and/or advertisement on sporting venues .   `` Street marketing of sport '' considers sport marketing through billboards on the street and also through urban elements ( street lighters and sidewalks , etc. ) to help promote and gain publicity during major worldwide sporting events such as the Football World Cup , the Olympic Games , or the Super Bowl .

neg: Sports betting Sports betting is the activity of predicting sports results and placing a wager on the outcome . The frequency of sports bet upon varies by culture , with the vast majority of bets being placed on association football , American football , basketball , baseball , hockey , mixed martial arts , track cycling , and boxing at both the amateur and professional levels . Sports betting can also extend to non-athletic events , such as reality show contests and political elections , and non-human contests such as horse racing , greyhound racing and illegal , underground dog fighting .   Sports bettors place their wagers either legally , through a bookmaker/sportsbook , or illegally through privately run enterprises referred to as `` bookies '' . The term `` book '' being a reference to the books used by wagebrokers to track wagers , payouts , and debts . The majority of legal sportsbooks are found online , operated over the internet from jurisdictions separate from the clients they serve , usually to get around various gambling laws ( such as the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 in the United States ) in select markets , such as Las Vegas , Nevada , or on gambling cruises through self-serve kiosks . They take bets `` up-front '' , meaning the bettor must pay the sportsbook before placing the bet . Illegal bookies , due to the nature of their business , can operate literally anywhere but only require money from losing bettors and do n't require the wagered money up front , creating the possibility of debt to the bookie from the bettor . This creates a number of other criminal elements , thus furthering their illegality .   Sportsbetting has resulted in a number of scandals in sport , affecting the integrity of sports events through various acts including point shaving ( players affecting the score by missing shots ) , spot-fixing ( a player action is fixed ) , bad calls from officials at key moments , and overall match fixing ( the overall result of the event is fixed ) . Examples are the 1919 World Series , the alleged ( and later admitted ) illegal gambling of former MLB player Pete Rose , and former NBA referee Tim Donaghy .

neg: Burger King Burger King ( BK ) is an American global chain of hamburger fast food restaurants . Headquartered in the unincorporated area of Miami-Dade County , Florida , the company was founded in 1953 as InstaBurger King , a Jacksonville , Florida-based restaurant chain . After Insta-Burger King ran into financial difficulties in 1954 , its two Miami-based franchisees David Edgerton and James McLamore purchased the company and renamed it `` Burger King '' . Over the next half-century , the company would change hands four times , with its third set of owners , a partnership of TPG Capital , Bain Capital , and Goldman Sachs Capital Partners , taking it public in 2002 . In late 2010 , 3G Capital of Brazil acquired a majority stake in the company , in a deal valued at US$ 3.26 billion . The new owners promptly initiated a restructuring of the company to reverse its fortunes . 3G , along with partner Berkshire Hathaway , eventually merged the company with the Canadian-based doughnut chain Tim Hortons , under the auspices of a new Canadian-based parent company named Restaurant Brands International .   The 1970s were the `` Golden Age '' of the company 's advertising , but beginning in the early-1980s , Burger King advertising began losing focus . A series of less successful advertising campaigns created by a procession of advertising agencies continued for the next two decades . In 2003 , Burger King hired the Miami-based advertising agency Crispin Porter + Bogusky ( CP+B ) , who completely reorganized its advertising with a series of new campaigns centered on a redesigned Burger King character nicknamed `` The King '' , accompanied by a new online presence . While highly successful , some of CP+B 's commercials were derided for perceived sexism or cultural insensitivity . Burger King 's new owner , 3G Capital , later terminated the relationship with CP+B in 2011 and moved its advertising to McGarryBowen , to begin a new product-oriented campaign with expanded demographic targeting .   Burger King 's menu has expanded from a basic offering of burgers , French fries , sodas , and milkshakes to a larger and more diverse set of products . In 1957 , the `` Whopper '' became the first major addition to the menu , and it has become Burger King 's signature product since . Conversely , BK has introduced many products , which failed to catch hold in the marketplace . Some of these failures in the United States have seen success in foreign markets , where BK has also tailored its menu for regional tastes . From 2002 to 2010 , Burger King aggressively targeted the 18 -- 34 male demographic with larger products that often carried correspondingly large amounts of unhealthy fats and trans-fats . This tactic would eventually damage the company 's financial underpinnings , and cast a negative pall on its earnings . Beginning in 2011 , the company began to move away from its previous male-oriented menu and introduce new menu items , product reformulations and packaging , as part of its current owner 3G Capital 's restructuring plans of the company .   As of December 31 , 2016 , Burger King reported it had 15,738 outlets in 100 countries . Of these , 47.5 % are in the United States and 99.5 % are privately owned and operated , with its new owners moving to an almost entirely franchised model in 2013 . BK has historically used several variations of franchising to expand its operations . The manner in which the company licenses its franchisees varies depending on the region , with some regional franchises , known as master franchises , responsible for selling franchise sub-licenses on the company 's behalf . Burger King 's relationship with its franchises has not always been harmonious . Occasional spats between the two have caused numerous issues , and in several instances , the company 's and its licensees ' relations have degenerated into precedent-setting court cases . Burger King 's Australian franchise Hungry Jack 's is the only franchise to operate under a different name , due to a trademark dispute and a series of legal cases between the two .

neg: Helmet-to-helmet collision Helmet-to-helmet collisions are occurrences in American football when two players ' helmets make head-to-head contact with a high degree of force . Despite its long association with the sport , this type of contact is now considered to be dangerous play by league authorities due to the potential of causing serious injury . Major football leagues , such as the National Football League ( NFL ) , and NCAA , have taken a tougher stance on helmet-to-helmet collisions after the US Congress launched an investigation into the effects repeated concussions have on football players and the new discoveries of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy . Other possible injuries include head traumas , spinal cord injuries , and even death ; nevertheless helmet manufacturers are constantly improving their designs in order to best protect their users against injuries from such collisions . Intentionally causing a helmet-to-helmet collision is banned in most , if not all , football leagues .   The crackdown on helmet-to-helmet collisions has resulted in reappraisals of the sport . An image of two helmets smashing together -- which had been a staple for 20 years -- was dropped in 2006 from Monday Night Football on ESPN . The NFL also ordered Toyota Motor Company to stop using a similar helmet collision in its advertisements .   However , despite the safety concerns , some professional football players have criticized bans on helmet-to-helmet collisions on the basis that gridiron football is a game that is supposed to be composed of the world 's biggest and best athletes , and placing such restrictions `` waters down '' the game .

neg: The Temptations of Jean-Claude Killy `` The Temptations of Jean-Claude Killy '' is an article published in the premiere issue of Scanlan 's Monthly in March 1970 , written by Hunter S. Thompson .   The subject of the article is Jean-Claude Killy , the alpine skiing champion who , in the 1968 Winter Olympics , became the second alpine skier ever to win three gold medals in a single olympic games . By the time of the article Killy , then 26 , was retired from skiing and had embarked on the next phase of his career -- endorsements .   Thompson 's article follows Killy around the United States during his marketing tour for the Chevrolet automotive company . As he attends automotive shows , holds press conferences , and makes appearances for television ( all in conjunction with fellow Chevrolet spokesman , O.J. Simpson ) Thompson chronicles the newly flush world of celebrity sports endorsements . Though endorsement by a sports figure was not an entirely new concept , the world-wide magnitude of Killy 's stardom made his Chevrolet contract something of a fascination for Thompson .   The article 's focus on the relative depths of the new pitch-man status obtained by Killy so shortly after the incredible heights he had achieved develops through acerbic descriptions of the settings Killy finds himself in , the automotive executives that profit by him , and the fans and onlookers who make him such a valuable spokesman . Through it all , Killy 's focus on his own enormous profit is a source of worry to Thompson . The trend he sees developing is one of larger-than-life stars -- athletes of the highest physical standards who have achieved feats unimaginable by normal people -- demeaning themselves and their accomplishments by agreeing to shill for a few extra dollars . An enormous sports fan himself , Thompson is distraught by this turn of events and wonders that Killy was never quite sure `` why I was embarrassed for him in those scenes . ''   Thompson compares Killy to F. Scott Fitzgerald 's Gatsby : although , unlike that character , Killy 's dollars are earned honestly , the author concludes while watching Killy 's selling of himself that `` nothing in his narrow , high-powered experience can allow him to understand how I can watch his act and say that it looks , to me , like a very hard dollar -- maybe the hardest . ''   The article was later included in Thompson 's collection The Great Shark Hunt ( 1979 ) .

neg: List of Kansas City Royals no-hitters The Kansas City Royals are a Major League Baseball franchise based in Kansas City , Missouri . Formed in 1969 , they play in the American League Central division . Pitchers for the Royals have thrown 4 no-hitters in franchise history . A no-hitter is officially recognized by Major League Baseball only `` when a pitcher ( or pitchers ) retires each batter on the opposing team during the entire course of a game , which consists of at least nine innings '' . No-hitters of less than nine complete innings were previously recognized by the league as official ; however , several rule alterations in 1991 changed the rule to its current form . A no-hitter is rare enough that one team in Major League Baseball , the San Diego Padres , has never had a pitcher accomplish the feat . No perfect games , a special subcategory of no-hitter , have been thrown in Royals history . As defined by Major League Baseball , `` in a perfect game , no batter reaches any base during the course of the game . ''   The umpire is also an integral part of any no-hitter . The task of the umpire in a baseball game is to make any decision `` which involves judgment , such as , but not limited to , whether a batted ball is fair or foul , whether a pitch is a strike or a ball , or whether a runner is safe or out ... -LSB- the umpire 's judgment on such matters -RSB- is final . '' Part of the duties of the umpire making calls at home plate includes defining the strike zone , which `` is defined as that area over homeplate ( sic ) the upper limit of which is a horizontal line at the midpoint between the top of the shoulders and the top of the uniform pants , and the lower level is a line at the hollow beneath the kneecap . '' These calls define every baseball game and are therefore integral to the completion of any no-hitter .   The manager is another integral part of any no-hitter . The tasks of the manager include determining the starting rotation as well as batting order and defensive lineup every game .

neg: List of college athletic programs in Ohio The main article is College sports .   Notes :  This list is in a tabular format , with columns arranged in the following order , from left to right :  Athletic team description ( short school name and nickname ) , with a link to the school 's athletic program article if it exists . When only one nickname is listed , it is used for teams of both sexes . ( Note that in recent years , many schools have chosen to use the same nickname for men 's and women 's teams even when the nickname is distinctly masculine . ) When two nicknames are given , the first is used for men 's teams and the other is used for women 's teams . Different nicknames for a specific sport within a school are noted separately below the table .  Full name of school .  Location of school .  Conference of the school ( if conference column is left blank , the school is either independent or the conference is unknown ) .  Apart from the ongoing conversions , the following notes apply :  Following the normal standard of U.S. sports media , the terms `` University '' and `` College '' are ignored in alphabetization , unless necessary to distinguish schools ( such as Boston College and Boston University ) or are actually used by the media in normally describing the school ( formerly the case for the College of Charleston , but media now use `` Charleston '' for that school 's athletic program ) .  Schools are also alphabetized by the names they are most commonly referred to by sports media , with non-intuitive examples included in parentheses next to the school name . This means , for example , that campuses bearing the name `` University of North Carolina '' may variously be found at `` C '' ( Charlotte ) , `` N '' ( North Carolina , referring to the Chapel Hill campus ) , and `` U '' ( the Asheville , Greensboro , Pembroke , and Wilmington campuses , all normally referred to as UNC - -LCB- campus name -RCB- ) .  The prefix `` St. '' , as in `` Saint '' , is alphabetized as if it were spelled out .

neg: Athletic trainer An athletic trainer is a certified and licensed health care professional who practices in the field of sports medicine . Athletic training has been recognized by the American Medical Association ( AMA ) as an allied health care profession since 1990 .   As defined by the Strategic Implementation Team of the National Athletic Trainers ' Association ( NATA ) in August 2007 :   `` Athletic training is practiced by athletic trainers , health care professionals who collaborate with physicians to optimize activity and quality of life for patients both of the physically active and sedentary population . Athletic training encompasses the prevention , diagnosis and intervention of emergency , acute and chronic medical conditions involving impairment , functional limitations and disabilities . ''   To become an athletic trainer one must have a master 's degree from an accredited professional level education program and then sit for and pass the Board of Certification ( BOC ) examination . Each state then has their own regulatory agencies that control the practice of athletic training in their state . Most states ( 42 ) require an athletic trainer to obtain a license in order to practice in that state , 5 states ( Colorado , Hawaii , Minnesota , Oregon , West Virginia ) require registration , 2 states ( New York , South Carolina ) require certification , while California has no state regulations on the practice of athletic training .  Areas of expertise of certified athletic trainers include :  Apply protective or injury-preventive devices such as tape , bandages , and braces  Recognize and evaluate injuries  Provide first aid or emergency care  Develop and carry out rehabilitation programs for injured athletes  Plan and implement comprehensive programs to prevent injury and illness among athletes  Perform administrative tasks such as keeping records and writing reports on injuries and treatment programs   Services rendered by the athletic trainer take place in a wide variety of settings and venues , including actual athletic training facilities , primary schools , universities , inpatient and outpatient physical rehabilitation clinics , hospitals , physician offices , community centers , workplaces , and even the military . Emerging settings for athletic training include surgical fellowship opportunities .

neg: Sports in Boston Boston , the capital city of the U.S. state of Massachusetts and largest city in the New England region of the northeastern United States , is home to several major league sports teams , including the Red Sox ( baseball ) , the Celtics ( basketball ) and the Bruins ( ice hockey ) . The New England Patriots ( American football ) and the New England Revolution ( soccer ) play at Gillette Stadium in nearby Foxborough , Massachusetts . Several Boston-area colleges and universities are also active in college athletics .   Sports are a major part of the city 's culture ( as well as the culture of the Greater Boston area ) . Boston sports fans are known for their fanatical devotion to the Red Sox and knowledge of the team 's history . Fenway Park , home of the Red Sox , is the oldest ballpark in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) and holds a legendary status among baseball fans .   Boston is the only city in professional sports in which all facilities are privately owned and operated . The Patriots own Gillette Stadium , the Red Sox own Fenway Park , and TD Garden is owned by Delaware North , owner of the Bruins . The Celtics rent TD Garden from Delaware North .   In the 2000s , Boston 's professional teams had arguably the most successful decade in sports history , winning ten championships ( five by the Patriots , three by the Red Sox and one each by the Celtics and Bruins ) . When the Bruins won the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals , the city of Boston became the first city in the 21st century to have all four of its major professional league teams win a league championship , and it is the only city ever to have championships in all four major professional leagues within a ten-year span ( from the Patriots ' victory in February 2002 to the Bruins ' in June 2011 ) . In just ten years , between February 2002 and June 2011 , Boston 's teams completed what Sports Illustrated dubbed as the `` Grand Slam of North American sports . '' With the Patriots ' victory over the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLIX , the four major Boston-area sports teams completed a grand-slam in six years ( the 2008 Celtics , the 2011 Bruins , the 2013 Red Sox and the 2014 Patriots ) . Beyond that , several of the teams were league finalists : the Revolution four times , the Patriots twice and the Bruins and Celtics once apiece .   With the Bruins reaching the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals , this allowed Boston to join Philadelphia as being the only cities to have had all of their teams play in each of the four major North American professional sports leagues ' title rounds since 2000 , following the Patriots in Super Bowls XXXVI in 2002 , XXXVIII in 2004 , XXXIX in 2005 , XLII in 2008 , XLVI in 2012 , XLIX in 2015 , and LI in 2017 and winning all of them , except Super Bowl XLII and XLVI , the Red Sox winning World Series titles in ( ending the Curse of the Bambino ) , , and , and the Celtics in the NBA Finals in and and winning in 2008 . In addition , Boston beat out Philadelphia for playing in all of the `` big '' league championship rounds in the shortest time in the new millennium , as it took 9 years for Philadelphia to achieve this feat ; Boston needed only three years and eight months . From 2004 to 2015 , all four Boston major league teams have each reached the championship rounds two times or more .

neg: Best International Athlete ESPY Award The Best International Athlete ESPY Award is an award given to the sportsperson , irrespective of gender or sport contested , adjudged to have been the best or most outstanding of those born outside , or not possessing citizenship , of the United States who contest a major international individual sport primarily in the United States or a North American professional team sport in a given calendar year . The award was discontinued after 2009 , but was reinstated in 2012 .   Balloting for the award was conducted over the Internet by fans from amongst choices selected by the ESPN Select Nominating Committee . The ESPY Awards ceremony has been conducted in June or July since the 2002 ceremony ; all awards conferred in that period reflect performance and achievement over the twelve months previous to presentation , which may span one or two seasons depending upon the recipient 's particular sport .


query: Duleep Singh was also called Dalip Singh.

pos: Duleep Singh Maharaja Duleep Singh , GCSI ( 6 September 1838 -- 22 October 1893 ) , also known as Dalip Singh and later in life nicknamed the Black Prince of Perthshire , was the last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire . He was Maharaja Ranjit Singh 's youngest son , the only child of Maharani Jind Kaur .   After the assassinations of four of his predecessors , he came to power in September 1843 , at the age of five . For a while , his mother ruled as Regent , but in December 1846 , after the First Anglo-Sikh War , she was replaced by a British Resident and imprisoned . Mother and son were not allowed to meet again for thirteen and a half years . In April 1849 ten-year-old Duleep was put in the care of Dr John Login .   He was exiled to Britain at age 15 and was befriended and much admired by Queen Victoria , who is reported to have written of the Punjabi Maharaja : `` Those eyes and those teeth are too beautiful '' . The Queen was godmother to several of his children .   In 1856 , he tried to contact his mother , but his letter and emissaries were intercepted by the British in India , and did not reach her . However , he persisted and , with help from Login , was allowed to meet her on 16 January 1861 at Spence 's Hotel in Calcutta and return with her to the United Kingdom . During the last two years of her life , his mother told the Maharaja about his Sikh heritage and the Empire which once had been his to rule .

neg: Bhojpur, Nepal Bhojpur Municipality is a town in Eastern Nepal . It was established on 18 May 2014 merging the existing Bhaisipankha , Bokhim , Bhojpur , Taksar Village Development Committees It is the district headquarters of Bhojpur district , a hilly/mountainous district in Kosi Zone . At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5823 people living in 1199 households .   Bhojpur bazaar is home to many Newar businessmen as well as skilled Newar craftsmen , and is famous for its metalwork , particularly khukuri knives . Other major towns in the district include Dingla to the north , Ghoretar to the south , and Taksar near the airstrip , from where flights connect to Biratnagar and Kathmandu . A road is currently under construction to link Bhojpur bazaar with Hile , Dhankuta , Dharan , and the rest of Nepal 's North-South Koshi Highway .   Historically it is a part of Majh Kirat ( middle Kirat / Khambuwan ) , and used to be called `` east number 4 '' . Middle Kirat consists mainly of Bhojpur and Khotang districts , the traditional home of kirat Rai people , an indigenous ethnic group of Nepal . In addition to Rais , other ethnic groups include Magars , Gurungs , and Tamangs , as well as castes like Chhetris , Bahuns , and Dalits .   Bhojpur was recently the site of a major incident involving Maoist rebels and the Nepali national security forces on March 3 , 2004 . An estimated 1,500 Maoists attacked the camps of the security forces at the district headquarters . This incident was the most serious one since the Maoists called off the cease-fire on August 24 , 2003 . 32 security personnel were killed ( both army and police ) , as well as 42 Maoists rebels , including some women . The telephone tower and the buildings of the District Administrative Office were completely destroyed , while those buildings housing the District Land Revenue Office , Rashtriya Banijya Bank and some private houses were partially destroyed .   Tensions between Maoists and security forces emerged in February 2001 when the Bhojpur VDC headquarters were destroyed . The Khumbuwan Liberation Front ( KLF ) , destroyed the 250-kilowatt micro-hydropower project built by the Chinese on the Pikhuwa river on January 26 , 2002 . On April 18 , 2002 , a group of 50-60 rebels destroyed the airport tower by breaking through the gate of the tower , setting it ablaze by pouring kerosene , and destroying important devices by hurling a powerful bomb . Several minor skirmishes had also occurred in northern areas of the district , leading up to the deadly clash in March 2004 .

neg: Devnarayan Devnarayan was a Gurjar warrior from Rajasthan , India , who founded the Baisla clan . Mythology has it that he was an incarnation of Vishnu and he is worshipped as a folk deity , mostly in Rajasthan and north-western Madhya Pradesh . According to tradition , he was born to Sri Savai Bhoj and Sadu mata Gurjari on the seventh day of the bright half ( shukla saptami ) of the month of Maagh in the Hindu Calendar in Vikram Samvat 968 ( 911 AD ) . According to one view historical Devnarayan belonged to 10th century of Vikram Samvat , according another view , he lived in between 1200-1400 ( Vikram Samvat era ) . First view is endorsed by many scholars .   The epic of Devnarayan is one of the longest and most popular religious oral narratives of Rajasthan . The epic of Devnarayan has been classified under the category of ` martial '' epics .

neg: Vijay Sampla Vijay Sampla ( born 6 July 1961 ) , Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment in India , is a member of parliament from Hoshiarpur ( Lok Sabha constituency ) . He won the Indian general election , 2014 as a Bharatiya Janata Party candidate .   Sampla , a 53-year-old leader from Punjab , has worked as farm hand , labourer and plumber .   Sampla , who studied till Class 10 , joined the party in 1998 . He is the second minister from Punjab after Akali Dal 's Harsimrat Kaur Badal . His political journey began after he was elected the Sarpanch or head of his Sofi village ( Jalandhar District ) . He has held several key posts in the BJP 's Punjab unit .   When he was a 27-year-old bereaved dalit , Sampla was trying to find his feet against the oppressive landlords of Jalandhar 's Sofi Pind . His brother and he were left to fend for themselves after their father 's death and Sampla went off to Saudi Arabia in 1979 to work for a plumbing company .   On his swearing-in as BJP 's first minister from Punjab in NDA-II , he says , `` I often recall one incident that shaped my life . While I was in Saudi Arabian city of Damam , I was asked to clean human excreta and repair a bathroom . I was young and flatly refused to do the cleaning part while telling the building owner that I was a plumber . On my insistence , the man put on plastic gloves and cleaned the muck himself . It taught me the difference between oppression against dalits and the will to work '' , Sampla recalled .

neg: Lalji Singh Lalji Singh ( born 5 July 1947 ) is an Indian scientist who has worked in the field of DNA fingerprinting technology in India , where he is popularly known as the `` Father of Indian DNA fingerprinting '' . Singh has also worked in the areas of molecular basis of sex determination , Wildlife conservation forensics and evolution and migration of humans . In 2004 , he received the Padma Shri in recognition of his contribution to Indian science and technology .   Singh founded various institutes and laboratories in India , including the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics in 1995 , Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species ( LaCONES ) in 1998 , and Genome Foundation in 2004 , aiming to diagnose and treat genetic disorders affecting the Indian population , in particular the under-privileged people residing in rural India .   Singh also served as the 25th Vice Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University ( BHU ) and Chairman of Board of Governors of Indian Institute of Technology ( BHU ) Varanasi from August 2011 to August 2014 . Before his term as Vice Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University , he also served as director of the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology ( CCMB ) from May 1998 to July 2009 and Officer on Special Duty ( OSD ) of Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics ( CDFD ) , Hyderabad , India in 1995 -- 1999 .

neg: Khudania Khudaniya is a village in Jhunjhunu district , Rajasthan , India . The village is famous for being resident of Shekhawat rajputs . Most of the residents of this village works in Porbandar , Delhi , Mumbai , Jamnagar and other cities mostly in Birla group companies.there is a temple of -LCB- NET JI DADA -RCB- which is famous . Most young people are educated . Schools of khudania , GOVERNMENT SCHOOL OF KHUDANIA , is a famous school And balutedar 's like GOLDSMITH , BLACKSMITH , FARMERS AND MUCH MORE . medical festility is good . in the center of this village SINGH FAMILY , THAKUR FAMILY , SONI FAMILY is living.but village does n't have any English medium school . pilani is the nearest city.The Most Famous and First Birla Institute is Sitiuated In Pilani cricket is most playing game of this village .   Khudania was established in 1637 by Khudaramji Indoria , who immigrated from Sidhpith ( Sri Ganganagar ) with Chahar Jats and Dhanakas .   The most famous place in khudania is Netji Dada Temple , which is under the ground .   Khudaniya is a capital of Shekhawats Near About Pilani area Many Indstrialists are from here Like Ranjeet Singh Gudar Singh ( Hydrabad ) , Ranjeet Singh Shekhawat ( Jamnagar ) , Mahadev Singh ( Chandigarh ) . Some Capitlist Rajveer Singh ( Property dealer in Deshnok ) , Jangir Family ( Chitorghar ) , Lokendra Singh ( Advocate ) , Virandra Singh ( Murtikar ) & Sanjay Sharma ( Indoria ) in ludhiana  during the mughal emperor aurangjeb once Turks inveded khudania , on that time our brave rajputs fought with them , still there is a large well known turkania kuwan , here u can still find the remnant of there dead bodies in this well ( kuwan )   There Is a soni FAMILY and the head of FAMILY   Late Shree Basesar lal Soni

neg: Gopal Singh Nepali Gopal Singh Nepali ( 1902 -- 17 April1963 ) was an eminent Bihari Indian poet of Hindi literature and a famous lyricist of Bollywood . His association with Bollywood spanned around two decades , beginning in 1944 and ended with his death in 1963 . He was a poet of post-Chhayavaad period , and he wrote several collections of Hindi poems including `` Umang '' ( published in 1933 ) . He was also a journalist and edited at least four Hindi magazines , namely , Ratlam Times , Chitrapat , Sudha , and Yogi .  He was born in Bettiah in the state of Bihar . Although he was of Nepali descent , he did not have much of his heritage .  During Sino-Indian War of 1962 , he wrote many patriotic songs and poems which include Savan , Kalpana , Neelima , Naveen Kalpana Karo , etc. .  He is also known for his seminal volume `` The Newars : An Ethno-Sociological Study of a Himalayan Community '' ( 1965 ) , made into a book from his doctoral dissertation .

neg: Sikh scriptures The principal Sikh scripture is the Adi Granth ( First Scripture ) , more commonly called the Guru Granth Sahib . The Sikhs do not regard this as their `` holy book '' but as their perpetual and current `` guru '' , guide or master . It was called Adi Granth until Guru Gobind Singh , the tenth and final guru in human form , conferred on it the title of the guru in 1708 , after which it was called Sri Guru Granth Sahib , or Guru Granth Sahib for short . The Granth has 1430 pages and is divided into 39 chapters . All copies are exactly alike . The Sikhs are forbidden from making any changes to the text within this scripture .   The Guru Granth Sahib was compiled by Guru Arjan Dev , the fifth guru of the Sikhs . The work of compilation was started in 1601 and finished in 1604 . The Granth , called `` Pothi Sahib '' by Guru Arjan , was installed at Harmandir Sahib ( House of God ) with much celebration .

neg: Thapa Thapa ( थापा pronunciation : -LSB- t̪ʰāpā -RSB- ) is the surname commonly used by Nepali people belonging to the Chhetri caste of Khas group , an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group and Magar people , a Sino-Tibetan ethno-linguistic group . Kshetri Thapa of Kshatriya Varna are addressed as Thapa Kaji while Thapa Magar are addressed as general Magar .   Kshatriya Thapa dynasty were one of the four noble family to be involved in active politics of Nepal together with Shah dynasty , Basnyat/Basnets and Pandes before rise of Rana dynasty . and ruled between 1806 to 1837 and 1843 to 1845 . Thapas played important role in Unification of Nepal and had held many prestigious post in the Malla Court and Bijayapur Court . This family grew prominent during the rule of King Prithvi Narayan Shah and were established as dominant faction during reign of King Rana Bahadur Shah .  After the assassination of King Rana Bahadur Shah , Bhimsen Thapa rose to the event killing all his enemies and catapulting the Thapa family as most dominant faction in the Royal Court of Nepal .   Thapa family were strengthened in the Royal court by including family members of the another Thapa Bharadar Amar Singh Thapa . Bada ( Elder ) Kaji Amar Singh Thapa was a legendary military commander and National Hero of Nepal . Thapas have important role in Anglo-Nepalese War where Colonial Power British India Company had major loss at First Campaign . Colonel Ujir Singh Thapa was sector commander at Jitgadh , Kaji Ranajor Singh Thapa at Jaithak , Sardar Bhakti Thapa at Deuthal , Colonel Ranabir Singh Thapa at Makawanpurgadhi and Bada Kaji ( Elder Kaji ) Amar Singh Thapa at Malaon .   Bhimsen 's nephew PM Mathabarsingh Thapa was known for his charisma from whom Jung Bahadur Rana rose to power . Thus , the state of administrative Thapa rule in Nepal is politically termed as Thapadom .   Kshetri Thapa was divided into clans ( subgroups ) like Bagale Thapa , Godar Thapa , Deoja Thapa , Thakuryal Thapa , Mugali ( Lamichhane ) Thapa , Kalikote Thapa , Suyal Thapa , Punwar Thapa , Khulal Thapa , Sonal Thapa , Bhandare Thapa , Achhami Thapa , Ghimire Thapa , Maharaji Thapa , Patkheti Thapa , Gaunle Thapa and others .   Modern day Thapas are prominent in wide professions . Manjushree Thapa , an English language author is known for Forget Kathmandu : An Elegy for Democracy ( 2005 ) , was shortlisted for the Lettre Ulysses Award in 2006 . Gagan Thapa , a popular 40-year-old minister is in the Nepalese cabinet . Ujwal Thapa , the President of Bibeksheel Nepali is a leading youth activist and entrepreneur .

neg: Atan Burhagohain Atan Burhagohain ( Assamese : আতন বৰগোহাঁই ) was one of the most influential Burhagohains in the nearly 600 years of the Ahom kingdom . Atan Burhagohain Rajmantri Dangaria was the Prime Minister of Assam for more than seventeen years , from January 1662 to March 1679 . During this period Assam passed through a series of crises in the form of foreign invasions and internal disruptions ; and Atan Burhagohain conducted the affairs with rare foresight , probity , judgment , and patriotism . The versatile qualities of the Burhagoain , and the proof that he gave of his lofty and noble ideals , made him the darling of the people . Kings , potentates and the populace were united in showering tokens of their admiration and respect on this man of their country 's destiny . Twice the crown was offered to him which he did twice refuse , saying , `` It does not behove a minister to become a monarch ; kingship should go to the scion of a royal family , and saintship to the descendant of a saint . ''   He was appointed as the Prime Minister in January 1662 , at the time Garhgaon was occupied by Mir Jumla . He oversaw the military resistance to the Mughal general , negotiated the Treaty of Ghilajharighat , planned the rejuvenation of the Ahom kingdom and was one of the architects of the Ahom victory at the Battle of Saraighat . He was known for his military tactics of guerrilla warfare that came to be known as daga juddha , and also for his statesmanship and wise counsel . He was appointed the Rajmantri Dangaria ( Prime Minister ) by the Ahom king Chakradhwaj Singha , and in the turmoil following the excesses of Debera Borbarua , he was offered the Ahom throne itself , which he refused . Despite his wisdom and keen political sense , he was unable to see through the treachery of Laluk Sola Borphukan , and was murdered by the Borphukan 's henchmen in 1679 .   According to the Buranjis , the Burhagohain was tall in stature and his strides resembled that of a goose . His face was broad , and he had two moles on the forehead . He was ruddy in complexion . He wore a buffalo-coloured gati or a cloth tightly wrapped round the body with two ends made into a knot near the waist and he carried a big hengdang or sword . Since he belonged to the Bahgaria clan , he is generally referred to as Bahgaria Atan Burhagohain .

neg: Giani Gurdit Singh Giani Gurdit Singh ( 24 February 1923 -- 17 January 2007 ) was born in Mithewal village ( Sangrur district ) in the state of Punjab , India . He was considered one of the greatest contemporary writers in Punjabi and his book Mera Pind is regarded as a classic . It is now in its 10th edition and celebrates 50 years of publication this year . He was also a pioneering journalist , the Owner-Editor of Parkash ( a Punjabi language newspaper ) 1947 -- 1978 . He was also the Editor of Singh Sabha Patrika a monthly magazine of Sikh history and divinity ( from 1973 -- 1988 ) .  Giani Gurdit Singh graduated as `` Giani '' from Punjab University , Lahore in 1945 and he specialised in literature , divinity , history and folklore . He was a member of the Punjab Legislative Council from 1956 to 1962 . He contributed to the debates at that time and in the creation of Punjabi University , Patiala and in the recognition of Takht Sri Damdama Sahib , Talwandi Sabo , as the 5th Takht of the Sikhs . He was General Secretary of the Singh Sabha Shatabadi Committee , Amritsar , which was renamed Kendriya Sri Guru Singh Sabha .  As the Editor of the magazine Singh Sabha Patrika he focused on issues of importance to the Sikhs .  He also established two Guru Granth Vidya Kendras , one in Chandigarh and another in Mehrauli , Delhi .

neg: Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh Bilaspur is a city in Bilaspur District in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh , situated 133 km ( 83 miles ) north of the state capital , Naya Raipur . With a population of 693,851 , it is the second-largest city after Raipur-Bhilai-Durg Tri City Metro area . The Chhattisgarh State High Court , located at village Bodri , District Bilaspur has privileged it with the title ` Nyayadhani ' Law Capital ) of the state . The Bilaspur High Court is the largest High Court of Asia . Bilaspur is the administrative headquarters of Bilaspur District . This city is the commercial center and business hub of North East Chhattisgarh region . It is also an important city for the Indian Railways , as it is the headquarters for South East Central Railway Zone and the Bilaspur Railway Division . Bilaspur is 3rd cleanest and 4th longest railway station in India . Approximately 20 % of the total earnings of Indian railways come from South East Central Railway . Bilaspur is also the headquarters of South Eastern Coalfields Limited .   Bilaspur is known for its aromatic rice variety named Doobraj rice , handloom woven colourful soft Kosa silk saris . It is well known for its rich , varied and colorful -LSB- -LSB- culture

neg: Punjabis The Punjabis ( Punjabi : , ਪ ਜਾਬੀ ) , or Punjabi people , are an ethno-linguistic group associated with the Punjab , who speak Punjabi , an Indo-Aryan language . Punjab literally means the land of five waters ( Persian : panj ( `` five '' ) āb ( `` waters '' ) . The name of the region was introduced by the Greeksas Pentapotamia , which was later translated into Persian by the Turko-Persian conquerors of South Asia and more formally popularised during the Mughal Empire . Punjab is often referred to as the breadbasket in both Pakistan and India .   The coalescence of the various tribes , castes and the inhabitants of the Punjab into a broader common `` Punjabi '' identity initiated from the onset of the 18th century CE . Prior to that the sense and perception of a common `` Punjabi '' ethno-cultural identity and community did not exist , even though the majority of the various communities of the Punjab had long shared linguistic , cultural and racial commonalities .   Traditionally , Punjabi identity is primarily linguistic , geographical and cultural . Its identity is independent of historical origin or religion , and refers to those who reside in the Punjab region , or associate with its population , and those who consider the Punjabi language their mother tongue . Integration and assimilation are important parts of Punjabi culture , since Punjabi identity is not based solely on tribal connections . More or less all Punjabis share the same cultural background .   Historically , the Punjabi people were a heterogeneous group and were subdivided into a number of clans called biradari ( literally meaning `` brotherhood '' ) or tribes , with each person bound to a clan . However , Punjabi identity also included those who did not belong to any of the historical tribes . With the passage of time , tribal structures are coming to an end and are being replaced with a more cohesive and holistic society , as community building and group cohesiveness form the new pillars of Punjabi society .

neg: Suraj Parkash The book Gur Partap Suraj , popularly known as the Suraj Parkash is detailed work of 51,829 verses describing the lives of the last nine Sikh Gurus and Banda Bahadur . It was finished in 1843 by Bhai Santokh Singh . It is a sequel to his own Nanak Prakash , describing the life of the first Guru .   The lives of the Gurus , are divided into twelve Raas or sections . The life of the tenth Guru is presented in six Ruts ( literally six seasons ) , and into two Ayans , the ascending and descending phases of the year . The whole work is written Braj dialect of classical Hindi , with a significant use of Sanskrit words .   Bhai Santokh Singh is said to have drawn from the writings of Bhai Gurbaksh Singh , who had been one of Guru Gobind Singh 's teachers and passed on his history to Bhai Sahib Singh .   Suraj Parkash is one of the most revered Sikh scriptures which is recited regularly in the afternoon in a katha form ( story telling manner ) in all the gurdwaras .   Suraj Parkash was first edited by Bhai Vir Singh during 1926-1935 . On the direction of the SGPC , Professor Kirpal Singh has started the re-editing of Suraj Parkash to remove `` mythological content '' , which shows Hindu influence and place it in an appendix . The editing has been criticised by some as amounting to `` poetic as well as religious sacrilege ''

neg: Frederick Duleep Singh Prince Frederick Victor Duleep Singh , MVO , TD , FSA ( 23 January 1868 -- 15 August 1926 ) , also known as Prince Freddy , was a younger son of Duleep Singh , the last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire .

neg: Dikwal Dikwal is a village in Malvan Taluka of district Sindhudurg , Maharashtra , India . It is a cool , quiet and beautiful historical area surrounded by hills on three sides , about 10 km from the Arabian Sea . Its total area covered about 560 hectares . It is owned by the Gawade family , who are known as gaonkar ( `` owner of village '' ) . The Gawade family settled here from the village of Chowke and prior to that had come from the Gauda district of Karnataka . The local spoken language is Malvani .   This village has more water area , so it was muddy , and while walking in this area mud used to stick to legs and hence the area was introduced as dik which means `` gum '' ( sticky glue ) and wal means `` wet '' . In this way the area is known as Dik-wal , i.e. Dikwal .   As per the old and official record , the village of Dikwal had plenty of plants called dinda . In this village before the temple of local deity Gangeshwar , where villagers traditionally played a game , on every ` New Moon Day ' called Bhavai . They used to dig deep in soil where a man sat with a coconut in his hand and others were taken away or snatched away and then went for wash on stream . Then again they came back to play a game , the part of starting God rituals , called dindwal ( a game played with the stick of dinda ) . A group of those trees ( forest ) were called dindwan . So this way dindwal became dikwal .   Villagers residing in this village are all farmers . Rice is a primary crop and supporting crops are taken with gardening , i.e. plantation . Most of them work in a city like Mumbai , Pune , or Delhi . Some of them are doing business . Most of them visit their native place in the month of May . This is a month of hot summer when in India it is a holiday for school students .   In the month of December they perform a god worship festival called Dahikalo . On this occasion all villagers come together to enjoy the celebration . Dahikalo is a drama based on happenings in the life of god . Different stories are performed in the front of the temple on a permanent stage built for this purpose .   Education is also one of the reasons which make them settle in cities . The nearest market to Dikwal is Katta on the way to Malwan via Kasal . The walking distance is more than one and a half hours . The school at Dikwal is up to 4th standard . After that for next study students walk towards Katta , where they can study up to twelfth standard .   The village started developing in 1971 since when government started lookafter with the efforts of villagers . Villagers are able to build roads which helped to develop transport facilities . Now students can go to school with State Transport Bus ( MSRTC ) .   The nearest railway station is Sindhudurg situated on the route of the Konkan Railway . This station area is also known as Oras . Oras is the city near Sindhudurg Station .   Families who live in Dikwal include Parab , Dhuri , Patade , Malar , and Teli . Some of them have changed their last name and started introducing themselves by the village name , Dikwalkar .   Some of the inhabitants were in Pakistan for service . A few of them returned to India after the partition of India and settled in Maharashtra in different villages . Gawade can be found in the whole of India . Many Gawade families have changed their name as they like . Most have changed their names to local village name . These all Gawade are 96 Kuli Maratha of Kashyap ( Dhampal ) Gotra . Family God is Jyotiba . Devak is Kalamb ( Kalam ) . Shiva descendant and Preceptor saint Aatri . Incantation Gayatri Mantra and Veda followed is Yajurveda .

neg: Dalip Singh (athlete) Dalip Singh Grewal ( born April 27 , 1899 , date of death unknown ) was an Indian track and field athlete who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1928 Summer Olympics .

neg: Vivek Kumar Vivek Kumar is an Indian sociologist and a public intellectual . At present he is professor of sociology at the Centre for the Study of Social System , School of Social Sciences , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi . His areas of interest include methodology of social sciences , sociology of marginalized sections , dependent and independent Dalit political leadership , sociology of Indian diaspora , sociology of South Asia , social movements , globalization and social change . Professor Kumar has coined the terms `` Dalit Diaspora '' , Arohi mobilization , a human distress index for Dalits , and an exclusion index from a sociological point of view . He has analyzed the process and mechanism involved in strengthening the democracy by the ` Independent Dalit Movements ' in the largest populated state of India i.e. Uttar Pradesh . Kumar has also examined how the Dalit movement has diversified its demands for inclusion in the modern institutions of governance and other spheres of day-to-day life after India became a democracy . Now , Kumar is studying internal differences within the Indian diaspora and its relationship with Indian democracy . He also writes in newspapers and participates in debates on television channels regularly .

neg: Dhanka The Dhanka are a tribe of India who believe themselves to be aboriginal , although they are unable to assert from whence they came . They are historically neither Hindu nor Muslim and their occupations have changed over time , as circumstances have dictated for survival . Although similar groups in India are often referred to as adivasi , the Dhanka generally reject this term .   They are a sub-division of the Bhil tribe . Dhanka do craft work on bamboo and prepare different items of basketry , winnowing fans , bow-arrows , sticks , and guns . Dhanka females make strings and ropes of forest grass , jute and similar materials .   Historically , Dhanka were soldiers and forest hunters of the northwestern part of India . Since they used to prepare bows ( Dhanush ) they are called Dhanka . Another interpretation about its origin is that the word Dhanka consists of ` Dhan ' which means ` Paddy ' and the person who grows paddy is known as ` Dhanka ' . In the pre-independence period , some Dhanka were engaged in the services of jagirdars / landowners as farmers and cultivators in paddy fields . They used to do agricultural activities and cattle breeding . Some were soldiers too .

neg: Dharamraj Singh Raja Dharamraj Singh was an Indian ruler and politician from the state of the Madhya Pradesh . He represented Kawardha Vidhan Sabha constituency of undivided Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by winning General election of 1957 .

neg: Bhutia The Bhutia བ ད ར གས ( in Sikkim : Denzongpa / Drejongpa ; ; `` inhabitants of Denzong ; '' in Bhutan : Dukpa ) are a community of people of Tibetan ancestry , who speak Lhopo or Sikkimese , a Tibetan dialect fairly mutually intelligible to standard Tibetan . In 2001 , the Bhutia numbered around 70,300 . Bhutia here refers to Sikkimese and Nepalese of Tibetan ancestry ; in contrast , the Bhotiya are a larger family of related Tibetan peoples in northeastern Nepal of which the Bhutia are one member group .