query: Nazi Germany happened after Hitler's death.

pos: Nazi Germany Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945 , when Germany was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) . Under Hitler 's rule , Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over nearly all aspects of life . The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich from 1933 to 1943 and Großdeutsches Reich ( `` Greater German Reich '' ) from 1943 to 1945 . The period is also known under the names the Third Reich ( Drittes Reich ) and the National Socialist Period ( Zeit des Nationalsozialismus , abbreviated as NS-Zeit ) . The Nazi regime came to an end after the Allied Powers defeated Germany in May 1945 , ending World War II in Europe .   Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933 . The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all political opposition and consolidate its power . Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934 , and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the powers and offices of the Chancellery and Presidency . A national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer ( leader ) of Germany . All power was centralised in Hitler 's person , and his word became above all laws . The government was not a coordinated , co-operating body , but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitler 's favour . In the midst of the Great Depression , the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy . Extensive public works were undertaken , including the construction of Autobahnen ( motorways ) . The return to economic stability boosted the regime 's popularity .   Racism , especially antisemitism , was a central feature of the regime . The Germanic peoples ( the Nordic race ) were considered by the Nazis to be the purest branch of the Aryan race , and were therefore viewed as the master race . Millions of Jews and other peoples deemed undesirable by the state were murdered in the Holocaust . Opposition to Hitler 's rule was ruthlessly suppressed . Members of the liberal , socialist , and communist opposition were killed , imprisoned , or exiled . Christian churches were also oppressed , with many leaders imprisoned . Education focused on racial biology , population policy , and fitness for military service . Career and educational opportunities for women were curtailed . Recreation and tourism were organised via the Strength Through Joy program , and the 1936 Summer Olympics showcased the Third Reich on the international stage . Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels made effective use of film , mass rallies , and Hitler 's hypnotic oratory to control public opinion . The government controlled artistic expression , promoting specific art forms and banning or discouraging others .   Beginning in the late 1930s , Nazi Germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands , threatening war if they were not met . It seized Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939 . Hitler made a non-aggression pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September 1939 , launching World War II in Europe . In alliance with Italy and smaller Axis powers , Germany conquered most of Europe by 1940 and threatened Great Britain . Reichskommissariats took control of conquered areas , and a German administration was established in what was left of Poland . Jews and others deemed undesirable were imprisoned , murdered in Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps , or shot .   Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 , the tide gradually turned against the Nazis , who suffered major military defeats in 1943 . Large-scale aerial bombing of Germany escalated in 1944 , and the Axis powers were pushed back in Eastern and Southern Europe . Following the Allied invasion of France , Germany was conquered by the Soviet Union from the east and the other Allied powers from the west and capitulated within a year . Hitler 's refusal to admit defeat led to massive destruction of German infrastructure and additional war-related deaths in the closing months of the war . The victorious Allies initiated a policy of denazification and put many of the surviving Nazi leadership on trial for war crimes at the Nuremberg trials .

neg: Free Society of Teutonia The Free Society of Teutonia was one of the earliest National Socialist organizations to appear in America . It was a German American organization that was associated with a strong support for Nazism .   The Society was formed in 1924 by four German immigrants , including Nazi Party members Fritz and Peter Gissibl and their brother Andrew . The organization was originally led by German immigrant and non-citizen Fritz Gissibl , who made his headquarters in Chicago and from there it set about recruiting ethnic Germans who supported German nationalist aims .  The Teutonia Society initially functioned as a club , but soon raised a group of militants based on the SA and , with membership increasing , became vocal critics of Jews , communism and the Treaty of Versailles . Alongside this however it retained a social function , with Teutonia Society meetings frequently ending up in heavy beer drinking sessions .   The group changed its name to the Nationalistic Society of Teutonia in 1926 , at which point Peter Gissibil was advising members to also seek Nazi Party membership . The group gained a strong , if fairly small following , and was able to establish units in Milwaukee , St. Louis , Missouri , Detroit , New York City , Cincinnati and Newark , New Jersey The group 's treasurer was Fritz Gissibil , who was also the main Nazi Party representative in the United States and who regularly collected money for the Nazis through the Society . A `` thank you '' letter from Adolf Hitler to the Society would cause a stir during the Second World War when the Gissibil brothers were brought to trial following an FBI investigation .   The group accepted Hitler as its titular leader and members adopted the Nazi salute , the Society changed its name again in October 1932 to become the Friends of the Hitler Movement .   Under orders of German immigrant and German Nazi Party member Heinz Spanknöbel , the Society was dissolved in March 1933 . In May 1933 , Nazi Deputy Führer Rudolf Hess gave Heinz Spanknöbel authority to form an American Nazi organization . Shortly thereafter , with help from the German consul in New York City , Spanknöbel created the Friends of New Germany by merging two older organizations in the United States , Gau-USA and the Free Society of Teutonia , which were both small groups with only a few hundred members each . The Friends of New Germany in turn formed the basis of the German American Bund in 1936 , the latter name being chosen to emphasise the group 's American credentials after press criticism that the Society was unpatriotic .   One of the leaders of the Teutonia Society was Walter Kappe . Kappe ( b. 1904 ) arrived in the United States in 1925 and worked in a farm implement factory in Kankakee , Illinois . Later he moved to Chicago and began to write for German language newspapers . Kappe was fluent in English and later became the press secretary for the German American Bund . He founded their paper Deutscher Weckruf und Beobachter and its predecessor Deutsche Zeitung . In 1936 , when the German American Bund was established , Kappe organized the AV Publishing Company and five other Bund corporations . Fritz Kuhn ousted Kappe from his position in the Bund seeing him as a dangerous rival . In 1937 , Kappe returned to Germany , where he was attached to Abwehr II ( the sabotage branch of German intelligence ) where he obtained a Naval commission with the rank of lieutenant . He was designated by Adolf Hitler to launch a sabotage operation against America shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor . Known as Operation Pastorius , Kappe recruited men for the mission by reviewing records from the Ausland Institute ( German Foreign Institute ) of those who were paid to return to Germany from America . He established a sabotage school on the outskirts of Berlin to train the new recruits . Once the sabotage network was established and transferred to America , Kappe planned to slip into the US with a new identity and direct operations . On June 13 , 1942 , Richard Quirin , George John Dasch , Heinrich Harm Heinck and Ernst Peter Burger landed on a beach near Amagansett , Long Island , New York on a U-boat . A similar group landed on Ponte Vedra Beach , near Jacksonville , Florida on June 17 , 1942 .

neg: Surrender of Japan The surrender of Imperial Japan was announced on August 15 and formally signed on September 2 , 1945 , bringing the hostilities of World War II to a close . By the end of July 1945 , the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) was incapable of conducting major operations and an Allied invasion of Japan was imminent . Together with the British Empire and China , the United States called for the unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26 , 1945 -- the alternative being `` prompt and utter destruction '' . While publicly stating their intent to fight on to the bitter end , Japan 's leaders ( the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War , also known as the `` Big Six '' ) were privately making entreaties to the still-neutral Soviet Union to mediate peace on terms more favorable to the Japanese . Meanwhile , the Soviets were preparing to attack Japanese forces in Manchuria and Korea ( in addition to South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands ) in fulfillment of promises they had secretly made to the United States and the United Kingdom at the Tehran and Yalta Conferences .   On August 6 , 1945 , at 8:15 AM local time , the United States detonated an atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima . Sixteen hours later , American President Harry S. Truman called again for Japan 's surrender , warning them to `` expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth . '' Late in the evening of August 8 , 1945 , in accordance with the Yalta agreements , but in violation of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact , the Soviet Union declared war on Japan , and soon after midnight on August 9 , 1945 , the Soviet Union invaded the Imperial Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . Later in the day , the United States dropped a second atomic bomb , this time on the Japanese city of Nagasaki . Following these events , Emperor Hirohito intervened and ordered the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War to accept the terms the Allies had set down in the Potsdam Declaration for ending the war . After several more days of behind-the-scenes negotiations and a failed coup d'état , Emperor Hirohito gave a recorded radio address across the Empire on August 15 . In the radio address , called the , he announced the surrender of Japan to the Allies .   On August 28 , the occupation of Japan by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers began . The surrender ceremony was held on September 2 , aboard the United States Navy battleship , at which officials from the Japanese government signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender , thereby ending the hostilities . Allied civilians and military personnel alike celebrated V-J Day , the end of the war ; however , some isolated soldiers and personnel from Imperial Japan 's far-flung forces throughout Asia and the Pacific islands refused to surrender for months and years afterwards , some even refusing into the 1970s . The role of the atomic bombings in Japan 's unconditional surrender , and the ethics of the two attacks , is still debated . The state of war formally ended when the Treaty of San Francisco came into force on April 28 , 1952 . Four more years passed before Japan and the Soviet Union signed the Soviet -- Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 , which formally brought an end to their state of war .

neg: Wiedergutmachung The German word Wiedergutmachung after World War II refers to the reparations that the German government agreed to pay in 1953 to the direct survivors of the Holocaust , and to those who were made to work as forced labour or who otherwise became victims of the Nazis . The sum would amount , through the years , to over 100 billion Deutsche Mark . Historian Tony Judt writes about Wiedergutmachung :  In making this agreement Konrad Adenauer ran some domestic political risk : in December 1951 , just 5 percent of West Germans surveyed admitted feeling ` guilty ' towards Jews . A further 29 percent acknowledged that Germany owed some restitution to the Jewish people . The rest were divided between those ( some two-fifths of respondents ) who thought that only people ` who really committed something ' were responsible and should pay , and those ( 21 percent ) who thought ` that the Jews themselves were partly responsible for what happened to them during the Third Reich . ' When the restitution agreement was debated in the Bundestag on March 18th 1953 , the Communists voted against , the Free Democrats abstained and both the Christian Social Union and Adenauer 's own CDU were divided , with many voting against any Wiedergutmachung ( reparations ) .   The noun Wiedergutmachung is the general term for `` restitution '' or `` reparation '' . The noun is made up of wieder ( `` again '' ) , gut ( `` good '' or `` well '' ) , and machung , a verbal noun of machen ( `` to make '' ) . The verb wiedergutmachen means literally `` to make good again '' or to compensate . Wiedergutmachungsgeld means `` Wiedergutmachung money '' .   In the former East Germany , Wiedergutmachung was mostly directed to Poland and the former USSR .   The German federal office currently in charge of this issue is the Bundesamt für zentrale Dienste und offene Vermögensfragen ( BADV ) ( Federal Office for Central Services and Unresolved Property Issues ) . It applies the `` Federal Compensation Laws '' ) and took these responsibilities over from the Verwaltungsamt für innere Restitutionen which , in its charter , states :   Individuals who were persecuted for political , racial , religious or ideological reasons by the wartime German regime are eligible for money from the German government under the terms of the Federal Compensation Law ( BEG ) of 1953 and 1956 . This includes Jews who were interned in camps or ghettos , were obliged to wear the star badge , or who lived in hiding .   Only people who were directly victimised are eligible for Wiedergutmachung , and not , for example , offspring born after the war or grandchildren . Statistics concerning Wiedergutmachung payments were released by the BEG through the mid-1980s , but have not since been publicly released . As of the mid-1980s , over four million claims had been filed and paid . Approximately 40 % of the claims were from Israel , where many Holocaust survivors live , 20 % were from Germany , and 40 % were from other countries .   An unusual compensation was to the Republic of Ireland , a neutral country , for bombings in 1941 .   On 3 December 1998 , Germany was a signer of the `` Washington Principles on Nazi-Confiscated Art '' . Adherence to these principles is strictly voluntary and not a legal requirement . The Washington Principles cover only items in the possession of public institutions , and not items in the possession of private individuals . Germany has no law in effect which actively requires institutions to have their possessions searched for Nazi-looted goods , unlike the 1998 restitution law in Austria .

neg: Origins of the Cold War The Origins of the Cold War are widely regarded to lie most directly in the relations between the Soviet Union and the allies ( the United States , Great Britain and France ) in the years 1945 -- 1947 . Those events led to the Cold War that endured for just under half a century .   Events preceding the Second World War , and even the Russian Revolution of 1917 , underlay pre -- World War II tensions between the Soviet Union , western European countries and the United States . A series of events during and after World War II exacerbated tensions , including the Soviet-German pact during the first two years of the war leading to subsequent invasions , the perceived delay of an amphibious invasion of German-occupied Europe , the western allies ' support of the Atlantic Charter , disagreement in wartime conferences over the fate of Eastern Europe , the Soviets ' creation of an Eastern Bloc of Soviet satellite states , western allies scrapping the Morgenthau Plan to support the rebuilding of German industry , and the Marshall Plan .

neg: The State (book) __ NOTOC __   The State ( Der Staat ) is a book by German sociologist Franz Oppenheimer first published in Germany in 1908 . Oppenheimer wrote the book in Frankfurt am Main during 1907 , as a fragment of the four-volume System of Sociology , an intended interpretative framework for the understanding of social evolution on which he laboured from the 1890s until the end of his life . The work summarizes Oppenheimer 's general theory on the origin , development and future transformation of the state . The State , which Oppenheimer 's missionary zeal pervades , was widely read and passionately discussed in the early 20th century . It was well received by -- and influential on -- as diverse an audience as Israeli halutzim , American and Slavic communitarians , West German Chancellor Ludwig Erhard , and anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard .   A classical liberal and socialist sympathiser , Oppenheimer regarded capitalism as `` a system of exploitation and capital revenues as the gain of that exploitation '' , but placed the blame not on the genuinely free market , but on the intervention of the state . Oppenheimer 's view of the state is profoundly opposed to the then dominant characterisation propounded by G. W. F. Hegel of the state as an admirable achievement of modern civilisation . Proponents of this view tend to accept the social contract view that the State came about as every larger groups of people agreed to subordinate their private interests for the common good .   In contrast , Opphenheimer 's view was an advancement of the `` conquest theory '' of the state that developed during the late 19th century by Ludwig Gumplowicz . According to conquest theory , the state came into being through war and conquest , a consequence of which was the establishment of social classes ; the dominant conquerors and the subordinate conquered . This , in turn , led to the emergence of a political system to consolidate the power of the conquerors , to perpetuate and regulate class divisions . Oppenheimer 's views led the American essayist , Albert Jay Nock , writing in the first half of the 20th century , to remark that in his own book , Our Enemy , the State :

neg: Lebensraum The German concept of Lebensraum ( -LSB- ˈleːbənsˌʁaʊm -RSB- , `` living space '' ) refers to policies and practices of settler colonialism which proliferated in Germany from the 1890s to the 1940s . First popularized around 1901 , Lebensraum became a geopolitical goal of Imperial Germany in World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) originally , as the core element of the Septemberprogramm of territorial expansion . The most extreme form of this ideology was supported by the Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) and Nazi Germany until the end of World War II .   Following Adolf Hitler 's rise to power Lebensraum became an ideological principle of Nazism , and provided justification for the German territorial expansion into East-Central Europe . The Nazi Generalplan Ost policy ( the Master Plan for the East ) was based on its tenets . It stipulated that most of the indigenous populations of Eastern Europe would have to be removed permanently ( either through mass deportation to Siberia , death , or enslavement ) including Polish , Ukrainian , Russian , and other Slavic nations considered racially inferior and non-Aryan . The Nazi government aimed at repopulating these lands with Germanic colonists in the name of Lebensraum during World War II and thereafter . The entire populations were to be decimated by starvation , allowing for their own agricultural surplus to feed Germany .   Hitler 's strategic program for world domination was based on the belief in the power of Lebensraum , pursued by a racially superior society . People deemed to be part of inferior races , within the territory of Lebensraum expansion , were subjected to expulsion or destruction . The eugenics of Lebensraum assumed the right of the German Aryan master race ( Herrenvolk ) to remove indigenous people they considered to be of inferior racial stock ( Untermenschen ) in the name of their own living space . Nazi Germany also supported other ` Aryan ' nations ' pursuing their own Lebensraum , including Fascist Italy 's Spazio vitale .

neg: Schrecklichkeit Schrecklichkeit ( German `` terror '' or `` frightfulness '' ) is a word used by English speakers to describe an assumed military policy of the German Army towards civilians in World War I.  It was the basis of German actions during their march through Belgium in 1914 . Similar policies were followed later in France , the Russian-held area of Poland , and in Russia .   Under the traditional `` laws of war '' in Europe , military activity was to be confined to the regular , uniformed armies of each side . Civilians were to take no part in fighting , neither attacking or being attacked . Thus , when the uniformed army troops in a nation or region were all defeated , resistance was supposed to end . In practice , informal resistance by `` partisans '' , `` guerrillas '' , or `` francs-tireurs '' often continued after the `` regular '' troops had given up or withdrawn . These fighters , never officially enrolled in an army , and not wearing uniforms to identify them as combatants , attacked occupying troops by ambushes , surprises , and sniping . Conducting such operations out of uniform was considered perfidy , and those involved could be executed .   Occupying armies sometimes responded to such attacks by reprisals against the local population : execution of local inhabitants , whether known to be guerrillas or not , or destruction ( usually by burning ) of homes and other structures .   German army doctrine in force at the time called for such reprisals to be performed immediately and severely in any case of civilian resistance . It was argued that such schrecklichkeit would end resistance quickly with relatively little bloodshed , whereas restraint would encourage resistance , leading to greater destruction and death .   When Germany invaded Belgium in 1914 , the German high command expected to sweep through the country with negligible opposition . The German army was many times larger and stronger than the Belgian army , and the Germans therefore thought that any resistance by Belgium would be futile . German leaders had even suggested to the Belgian government that in the event of war , the Belgians should just line up along the roads and watch the Germans march through . Belgium 's refusal to accept these German presumptions and its resistance to the German advance came as a surprise , and disrupted the German timetable for advancing into France .   This frustration was communicated to the German troops in Belgium . Anything which delayed the German advance was to be crushed mercilessly . The Belgians were viewed as irrational and even treacherous for their opposition .   This led to exaggerated suspicions among German commanders of Belgian civilian resistance . It is possible that some Belgian civilians engaged in resistance , though none is documented . It is certain that on several occasions , German commanders declared ( probably in unconscious error ) that such acts had occurred when they had not .   The Germans responded to these perceived acts of resistance with harsh measures . In several villages and towns , hundreds of civilians were executed . Many buildings were put to the torch . Priests thought guilty of encouraging the resistance were killed . Violence by German soldiers against Belgians , such as rape , was ignored or not seriously punished . The Belgian city of Leuven was largely destroyed . One German officer later wrote about the town , `` We shall wipe it out ... Not one stone will stand upon another . We will teach them to respect Germany . For generations people will come here and see what we have done '' .   These actions , taken in a period of near-panic as the German forces desperately tried to carry out their flanking march before Allied forces could respond , proved to be a propaganda disaster for Germany . The reports of them caused a wave of indignation which aided the Allied cause .

neg: Final Solution The Final Solution ( Endlösung ) or the Final Solution to the Jewish Question ( die Endlösung der Judenfrage , -LSB- diː ˈɛntˌløːzʊŋ deːɐ̯ ˈjuːdn̩ˌfʁaːɡə -RSB- ) was a Nazi plan for the extermination of the Jews during World War II . The `` Final Solution of the Jewish Question '' was the Nazi code name for the plan to murder all Jews within reach , and was not limited to the European continent . This policy of deliberate and systematic genocide started across German-occupied Europe was formulated in procedural and geo-political terms by Nazi leadership in January 1942 at the Wannsee Conference near Berlin , and culminated in the Holocaust which saw the killing of 90 percent of Jewish Poles , and two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe .   The nature and timing of the decisions that led to the Final Solution is an intensely studied and debated aspect of the Holocaust . The program evolved during the first 25 months of war leading to the attempt at `` murdering every last Jew in the German grasp . '' Most historians agree , wrote Christopher Browning , that the Final Solution can not be attributed to a single decision made at one particular point in time . `` It is generally accepted the decision-making process was prolonged and incremental . '' In 1940 , following the Fall of France , the Madagascar Plan was devised by Adolf Eichmann in order to relocate Europe 's Jewish population to the French colony ; but the plan was abandoned for logistical reasons mainly due to a naval blockade . There were also preliminary plans to deport Jews to Palestine and Siberia . In 1941 , wrote Raul Hilberg , in the first phase of the mass murder of Jews , the mobile killing units began to pursue their victims across occupied eastern territories ; in the second phase , stretching across all of German-occupied Europe , the Jewish victims were sent on death trains to centralized extermination camps built for the purpose of systematic implementation of the Final Solution .

neg: Minister of Intra-German Relations The Federal Minister of Intra-German Relations ( Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen ) was a federal cabinet minister of the Federal Republic of Germany ( West Germany ) . The office was created under the title of Federal Minister of All-German Affairs ( Bundesminister für gesamtdeutsche Fragen ) in 1949 , being also in charge of the German lands east of the Oder -- Neisse line which had been put under Polish or Soviet administration . In 1951 , the first Minister of All-German Affairs Jakob Kaiser openly raised claim to even greater territories including Austria , parts of Switzerland , the Saar area and Alsace-Lorraine .   The ministry was renamed in 1969 because `` All German '' might have evoked irredentist associations . The change of the name was supported by left and right wing politicians .   The ministry was abolished in 1991 when a new government was established after the federal election of December 1990 , some months after German reunification , having supported the transition .   Since West Germany maintained an exclusive mandate for all of Germany , and the legal pretense that the authorities of the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) or Soviet occupation zone ( SBZ ) should not be recognized , it could not handle relations with East Germany through the Federal Foreign Office , since this would acknowledge that the GDR was a separate country . Hence , a separate ministry for relations within Germany had to be created . Since this ministry had very limited competence and virtually no political power , it soon became a post used by chancellors to block rivals without publicly offending them . One of the main tasks of the ministry was the publication of information material about the situation in the East , to keep the idea of German unity alive and to inform the public about actions of the East German government .   When German reunification became a possibility after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the opening of the inner German border on 9 November 1989 , the ministry was completely disempowered by Chancellor Helmut Kohl ; all intra-German affairs were now handled by the Ministry of the Interior under Wolfgang Schäuble . Formally , the ministry continued to exist until 1991 in order to facilitate transition .

neg: Extermination camp The German extermination camps or death camps and killing centers were designed and built by Nazi Germany during World War II ( 1939 -- 45 ) to systematically kill millions of Jews , Slavs , Communists , and others whom the Nazis considered `` Untermenschen '' , primarily by gassing , but also in mass executions and through extreme work under starvation conditions .   The idea of mass extermination with the use of stationary facilities built exclusively for that purpose was a result of earlier Nazi experimentation with the chemically manufactured poison gas during the secretive Action T4 euthanasia programme against Germans with mental and physical disabilities . The technology was adapted , expanded and applied in wartime to unsuspecting victims of many ethnic and national groups ; the Jews however were the primary targets accounting for over 90 percent of the extermination camp death toll . This genocide of the Jewish people of Europe was the Third Reich 's `` Final Solution to the Jewish question '' . It is now collectively known as the Holocaust .   Extermination camps were also set up by the fascist Ustaše regime of the Independent State of Croatia allied with Germany , carrying out genocidal policy between 1941 and 1945 against Serbs , Jews , Roma and its Croat and Muslim political opponents .

neg: Hitlerjugendführer Hitlerjugendführer was a paramilitary title of the Hitler Youth which existed within the Nazi Party from approximately 1928 to the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945 .

neg: Operation Clausewitz Operation Clausewitz was the codeword initiation of the defence of Berlin plan by Nazi Germany during the final stage of the European conflict of World War II , the Battle of Berlin . Clausewitz was established in the 9 March 1945 document , Basic Order for the Preparations for the Defense of the Reich Capital ( Grundsätzlicher Befehl für die Vorbereitungen zur Verteidigung der Reichshauptstadt ) , a 33 page document containing 24 separate points . The second point of the document , in full ( translated ) is : `` The Reich capital will be defended to the last man and to the last bullet . '' It has been referred to as the Nazis ' last stand against the Soviets .   The document divided the city of Berlin into 9 operational defense zones ( A through H , as slices of the outer city of Berlin and Z , its center , corresponding to the government district ) . It further divided the region into four concentric rings : an outer exclusion zone , extending well past Berlin 's city limits ; an outer defense zone extending roughly to the city limits ; an inner defense zone extending out to the Berlin Ringbahn ; and the Citadel ( Zitadelle ) , again , zone Z . In addition to the establishment of defense zones , this document also described the overall mechanism by which Berlin would be converted to a front line city . This included :  The evacuation of all Wehrmacht and SS offices in Berlin  Evacuation of the central command post of the capital from General Command on Hohenzollerndamm to L-Tower of the Zoo bunker no more than six hours after the issuance of Clausewitz  The imposition of martial law for the civilian populace , and offenses under which the death penalty was authorized  Hitler ordered the execution of Fall Clausewitz on 20 April 1945 . This set into motion preparedness according to the Basic Order plan , and would have been followed later by the codeword Kolberg meaning full preparedness should be completed and the battle has started .

neg: History of Austria The history of Austria covers the history of Austria and its predecessor states , from the early Stone Age to the present state . The name Ostarrîchi ( Austria ) has been in use since 996 AD when it was a margravate of the Duchy of Bavaria and from 1156 an independent duchy ( later archduchy ) of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation ( Heiliges Römisches Reich 962 -- 1806 ) .   Austria was dominated by the House of Habsburg ( Haus Österreich ) from 1273 to 1806 , when the Holy Roman Empire came to an end . Austria then became the Austrian Empire , a part of the German Confederation until the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 , which Austria lost and was subsequently excluded from German affairs . In 1867 Austria formed with Hungary as a dual monarchy the Austro-Hungarian Empire ( 1867 -- 1918 ) . When this empire collapsed after the end of World War I in 1918 , Austria was reduced to the main German speaking areas of the empire ( its current frontiers ) , and adopted the name The Republic of German-Austria , with hope of joining the new German Weimar Republic . However the union and name were forbidden by the Allies at the Treaty of Versailles . This led to the creation of the First Austrian Republic ( 1918-1933 ) .   Following the First Republic , Austrofascism tried to keep Austria independent from the German Reich . Engelbert Dollfuss accepted that Austrians were Germans but wanted Austria to remain independent from a Protestant Germany . In 1938 Austrian-born Adolf Hitler annexed Austria to the German Reich with the Anschluss , which was supported by a large majority of the Austrian people . After the Second World War Austria again became an independent republic as the Second Republic in 1955 and joined the European Union in 1995 .

neg: Ideology of the SS The ideology espoused by the Schutzstaffel ( `` Protection Squadron '' ; SS ) , a paramilitary force and instrument of terror of the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany , emphasized a racist vision of `` racial purity '' , antisemitism , and loyalty to Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany .   SS men were indoctrinated with the belief they were members of a `` master race '' . The ideology of the SS was , even more so than in Nazism in general , built on the belief in a superior `` Aryan race '' . This led to the SS playing the main role in political violence and crimes against humanity , including the Holocaust and `` mercy killing '' of those with congenital illnesses . After the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II , the SS and Nazi Party were found to be criminal organizations at the Nuremberg Trials .

neg: Flensburg Government The Flensburg Government ( Flensburger Regierung ) , also known as the Flensburg Cabinet ( Flensburger Kabinett ) , the Dönitz Government ( Regierung Dönitz ) , or the Schwerin von Krosigk Cabinet ( Kabinett Schwerin von Krosigk ) , was the short-lived government of Nazi Germany during a period of three weeks around the end of World War II in Europe . The government was formed following the suicide of Adolf Hitler on 30 April during the Battle of Berlin . It was headed by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz as the Reichspräsident and Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk as the Leading Minister .   The administration was referred to as the `` Flensburg Government '' because Dönitz 's headquarters had been relocated in the port of Flensburg in northern Germany on 3 May 1945 . Due to the rapid Allied advance , its nominal jurisdiction at the outset was limited to a narrow wedge of territory running from the Austrian border through Berlin to the Danish border ; which , since 25 April 1945 , had been cut in two by the American advance to join with Soviet forces at Torgau on the Elbe . Following the capitulation of all German armed forces on 8 May , the Flensburg government lost all direct territorial , military or civil jurisdiction , and all diplomatic relations were withdrawn . The western Allies allowed it to continue to meet and conduct what business it could until 23 May .

neg: Zweites Buch The Zweites Buch ( -LSB- ˈtsvaɪ̯təs buːχ -RSB- , `` Second Book '' ) , unofficially published in English as Hitler 's Secret Book and then officially Hitler 's Second Book , is an unedited transcript of Adolf Hitler 's thoughts on foreign policy written in 1928 ; it was written after Mein Kampf and was not published in his lifetime . The Zweites Buch was not published in 1928 because Mein Kampf did not sell well at that time and Hitler 's publisher , Franz-Eher-Verlag , told Hitler that a second book would hinder sales even more .

neg: Inner German border The inner German border ( innerdeutsche Grenze or deutsch-deutsche Grenze ; initially also Zonengrenze ) was the border between the German Democratic Republic ( GDR , East Germany ) and the Federal Republic of Germany ( FRG , West Germany ) from 1949 to 1990 . Not including the similar and physically separate Berlin Wall , the border was 1393 km long and ran from the Baltic Sea to Czechoslovakia .   It was formally established on 1 July 1945 as the boundary between the Western and Soviet occupation zones of former Nazi Germany . On the eastern side , it was made one of the world 's most heavily fortified frontiers , defined by a continuous line of high metal fences and walls , barbed wire , alarms , anti-vehicle ditches , watchtowers , automatic booby traps and minefields . It was patrolled by 50,000 armed East German guards who faced tens of thousands of West German , British and US guards and soldiers . In the hinterlands behind the border were more than a million North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ( NATO ) and Warsaw Pact troops .   The border was a physical manifestation of Winston Churchill 's metaphorical Iron Curtain that separated the Soviet and Western blocs during the Cold War . It marked the boundary between two ideological systems -- capitalism and communism . Built by East Germany in phases from 1952 to the late 1980s , the fortifications were constructed to stop the large-scale emigration of East German citizens to the West , about 1,000 of whom are said to have died trying to cross it during its 45-year existence . It caused widespread economic and social disruption on both sides ; East Germans living in the region suffered especially draconian restrictions .   The better-known Berlin Wall was a physically separate , less elaborate , and much shorter border barrier surrounding West Berlin , more than 155 km to the east of the inner German border ( Berlin having been similarly divided by the four powers after World War II , despite the entire city being in the Soviet zone , thus creating an exclave of West Germany surrounded by East Germany ) . On 9 November 1989 , the East German government announced the opening of the Berlin Wall and the inner German border . Over the following days , millions of East Germans poured into the West to visit . Hundreds of thousands moved permanently to the West in the following months as more crossings were opened , and ties between long-divided communities were re-established as border controls became little more than a cursory formality . The inner German border was not completely abandoned until 1 July 1990 , exactly 45 years to the day since its establishment , and only three months before German reunification formally ended Germany 's division .   Little remains of the inner German border 's fortifications . Its route has been declared part of a `` European Green Belt '' linking national parks and nature reserves along the course of the old Iron Curtain from the Arctic Circle to the Black Sea . Museums and memorials along the old border commemorate the division and reunification of Germany and , in some places , preserve elements of the fortifications .

neg: Kingdom of Italy The Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ) was a state founded from 1861 , when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy , to 1946 , when a constitutional referendum led civil discontent to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic . The state was founded as a result of the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia , which can be considered its legal predecessor state .   Italy declared war on Austria in alliance with Prussia in 1866 and received the region of Veneto following their victory . Italian troops entered Rome in 1870 , ending more than one thousand years of Papal temporal power . Italy entered into a Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1882 , following strong disagreements with France about the respective colonial expansions . However , even if relations with Berlin became very friendly , the alliance with Vienna remained purely formal , as the Italians were keen to acquire Trentino and Trieste , corners of the Austria-Hungary populated by Italians . So , in 1915 , Italy accepted the British invitation to join the Allies in World War I because the western allies promised territorial compensation ( at the expense of Austria-Hungary ) for participation that were more generous than Vienna 's offer in exchange for Italian neutrality . Victory in the war gave Italy a permanent seat in the Council of the League of Nations .   `` Fascist Italy '' is the era of National Fascist Party government from 1922 to 1943 with Benito Mussolini as head of government . The fascists imposed authoritarian rule and crushed the political and intellectual opposition , while promoting economic modernization , traditional social values , and a rapprochement with the Roman Catholic Church . According to Payne ( 1996 ) , '' -LSB- the -RSB- Fascist government passed through several relatively distinct phases '' . The first phase ( 1923 -- 1925 ) was nominally a continuation of the parliamentary system , albeit with a `` legally-organized executive dictatorship '' . Then came the second phase , `` the construction of the Fascist dictatorship proper , from 1925 to 1929 '' . The third phase , with less activism , was 1929 to 1934 . The fourth phase , 1935 -- 1940 , was characterized by an aggressive foreign policy ; war against Ethiopia , which was launched from Eritrea and Italian Somaliland ; confrontations with the League of Nations sanctions ; growing economic autarchy ; and semi-National Socialization . The war itself ( 1940 -- 1943 ) was the fifth phase with its disasters and defeats , while the rump Salò government under German control was the final stage ( 1943 -- 1945 ) .   Italy was allied with National Socialist Germany in World War II until 1943 . It switched sides to the Allies after ousting Mussolini and shutting down the Fascist party in areas ( south of Rome ) controlled by the Allied invaders . The remnant fascist state in northern Italy that continued fighting against the Allies was a puppet state of Germany , the `` Italian Social Republic '' , still led by Mussolini and his Fascist loyalists . Shortly after the war , civil discontent led to the constitutional referendum of 1946 on whether Italy would remain a monarchy or become a republic . Italians decided to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic , the present-day Italian state .

neg: German federal election, 1928 Federal elections were held in Germany on 20 May 1928 . The Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) remained the largest party in the Reichstag after winning 153 of the 491 seats . Voter turnout was 75.6 % .   The only two parties to gain significantly were the SPD , who polled almost a third of votes , and the Communist Party of Germany ( KPD ) , completing a thorough victory of the left wing . However , although the SPD now had 153 seats , it still failed to gain a clear majority , resulting in another coalition government led by Hermann Müller . Following his appointment , Müller , who had already been Germany 's Chancellor for 4 months in 1920 , created a grand coalition of members of the SPD , the German Democratic Party , the Centre Party and the German People 's Party . The coalition was plagued by internal divisions right from the beginning , with each party more concerned with their self-interest than the interest of the government and eventually Müller asked President Paul von Hindenburg for emergency powers . When Hindenburg refused , Müller resigned , marking the end of the ` last genuinely democratic government of the Weimar Republic ' on 27 March 1930 .   The recently-reformed Nazi Party contested the elections after the ban on the party was lifted in 1925 . However , the party received less than 3 % of the vote and won just 12 seats in the Reichstag . Adolf Hitler , who had been incarcerated in Landsberg prison for his involvement in the Beer Hall Putsch until Christmas 1924 , had concentrated on re-establishing himself as the leader of the Nazi Party following his release rather than on the party 's electability .

neg: Republikflucht `` Republikflucht '' ( `` desertion from the republic '' ) and `` Republikflüchtling ( e ) '' ( `` deserters from the republic '' ) were the terms used by authorities in the German Democratic Republic ( GDR -- East Germany ) to describe the process of and the person ( s ) leaving the GDR for a life in West Germany or any other Western ( non-Warsaw Pact ) country ( Eastern Bloc emigration and defection ) .   The term applies both to the mass desertion of millions who could leave the GDR rather easily before the Berlin Wall was erected on 13 August 1961 , as well as those few thousands who made a dangerous attempt to cross over the Iron Curtain ( e.g. the Berlin Wall , the Inner German border , or the western border of another country of the Eastern Bloc ) , or who managed to obtain temporary exit visas and subsequently did not return , from 1961 to 1989 .   Some estimates put the number of those who left the Soviet sector of Berlin , the Soviet occupation zone , and the GDR between 1945 and 1961 between 3 and 3.5 million . Close to one million of those who left were refugees and expellees from World War II and the post-war era initially stranded in the Soviet zone or East Berlin .   The numbers leaving the GDR following the construction of the Wall dropped sharply to several hundred a year as an attempt to flee the GDR via its fortified borders involved considerable personal risk of injury or death ( see : List of deaths at the Berlin Wall ) . Several hundred Republikflüchtlinge were shot ; about 75,000 were caught and imprisoned .   A propaganda booklet published by the Socialist Unity Party of Germany ( SED ) in 1955 for the use of party agitators outlined the seriousness of ` flight from the republic ' :   Article 213 of the GDR Penal Code of 1979 also made it quite clear that crossing the border without first obtaining government authorization would not be taken lightly :   The former East German party leader Erich Honecker was charged in 1993 for ordering soldiers to kill people trying to escape . The trial was postponed due to his bad health , and he died in 1994 . Former Stasi chief Erich Mielke was also put on trial for the same charge . In November 1994 , however , the presiding judge closed the proceedings , ruling that the defendant was not mentally fit to stand trial .   Refugees from the Soviet sector of Berlin , the Soviet zone , or East Germany could apply to be accepted as Vertriebene ( expellees ) of the sub-group of Soviet Zone Refugees ( Sowjetzonenflüchtlinge ) under the Federal Expellee Law ( BVFG § 3 ) , and thus receive support from the West German government . They must have fled before 1 July 1990 in order to rescue themselves from an emergency created by the political conditions imposed by the regime there , especially a danger for one 's health , life , personal freedom , or freedom of conscience ( BVFG § 3 ) . The law did not apply for former supporters of the eastern political system of considerable influence , perpetrators against legality and humanity during the Nazi rule or afterwards within East Berlin or East Germany , and finally not for those who had fought against the democracy in West Germany or West Berlin ( BVFG § 3 ( 2 ) ) .


query: Keturah was Abraham's wife.

pos: Keturah Keturah was a concubine and wife of the Biblical patriarch Abraham . According to the Book of Genesis , Abraham married Keturah after the death of his first wife , Sarah ; Abraham and Keturah had six sons .   One modern commentator on the Hebrew Bible has called Keturah `` the most ignored significant person in the Torah '' . Some Jewish scholars have believed Keturah to be the same person as Abraham 's concubine Hagar , but this view is not universally held .

neg: Lilith (Lurianic Kabbalah) In the teachings of Rabbi Isaac Luria , it is said that there are many Liliths . Manasseh Matlub Sithon said `` many Liliths and demons are abroad , and go up and down . ''   The greatest of these is the wife of Adam Qadmon , a being that God used as an avatar to create the Universe in all its ten or more dimensions , hence a multiverse .   Another , more demonic Lilith , known as the woman of whoredom , is found in the Zohar book 1:5 a . She is Samael ( Satan ) 's feminine counterpart .   The Lilith that most are familiar with is the wife of Adam in the Alphabet of Ben Sira ( 8th to 10th centuries CE ) , known as Adam ha Rishon , `` the common man , '' among kabbalists .   There are mixed views of Lilith in the Zohar . In one account she is Samael 's counterpart and a mother of demons . In another she is seen seducing the fallen angels as Naamah ; the angels Azza and Azazael after they challenge the Shekhinah ( the feminine dwelling presence of God ) over the creation of man . This is alluded in the Zohar book 1 :19 a-b , 23a-b , 27a-b respectively . When Lilith and Naamah ( another aspect of Lilith ) were with Adam in his 130-year separation from Eve after the fall , they had daughters born from their union . These were the nashiym , the lilim , the liloth spirits who were the ones who seduced the Watchers . These daughters along with Lilith and Naamah are restored to Adam through the Wisdom of Solomon , the aspect of the Shekhinah , ( referred to as the two prostitutes and the Nashiym in chapters 4 and 5 in the Zohar the Book of Concealment the Sifri D Tsri-nita ) .   Luria interpreted Book of Isaiah chapter 34:14 -15 to mean Lilith would find her rest . From these passages rabbi Isaac Luria believed that Lilith was to be restored to Adam through the marriage of Leah to Jacob -- Jacob was Adam , Leah was Lilith , and Rachel was Eve .  It must be understood this one of many interpretations concerning the Zohar and of Lilith .

neg: Vayeira Vayeira , Vayera , or ( -- Hebrew for `` and He appeared , '' the first word in the parashah ) is the fourth weekly Torah portion ( , parashah ) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading . It constitutes . The parashah has the most words ( but not the most letters or verses ) of any of the weekly Torah portions in the Book of Genesis , and is made up of 7,862 Hebrew letters , 2,085 Hebrew words , and 147 verses , and can occupy about 252 lines in a Torah Scroll ( , Sefer Torah ) . ( In the Book of Genesis , Parashah Miketz has the most letters , and Parashiyot Noach and Vayishlach have the most verses . )   Jews read it on the fourth Sabbath after Simchat Torah , in October or November . Jews also read parts of the parashah as Torah readings for Rosh Hashanah . is the Torah reading for the first day of Rosh Hashanah , and is the Torah reading for the second day of Rosh Hashanah . In Reform Judaism , is the Torah reading for the one day of Rosh Hashanah .   The parashah tells the stories of Abraham 's three visitors and Abraham 's bargaining with God over Sodom and Gomorrah , Lot 's two visitors and Lot 's bargaining with the Sodomites , the flight of Lot and the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah , how Abraham once again passed off his wife Sarah as his sister , the birth of Isaac , the expulsion of Hagar , disputes over wells , and the binding of Isaac .

neg: Mary in Islam Mary ( -LSB- مريم , translit = Maryam -RSB- ) , the mother of Jesus ( Isa ) , holds a singularly exalted place in Islam as the only woman named in the Qur ' an , which refers to her seventy times and explicitly identifies her as the greatest of all women , stating , with reference to the angelic saluation during the annunciation , `` O Mary , God has chosen you , and purified you ; He has chosen you above all the women of creation . '' In the Quran , her story is related in three Meccan chapters ( 19 , 21 , 23 ) and four Medinan chapters ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 66 ) , and the nineteenth chapter of the scripture , the Chapter of Mary ( Surat Maryam ) , is named after her . The Quran refers to Mary more than the entire New Testament .   According to the Qur ' an , divine grace surrounded Mary from birth , and , as a young woman , she received a message from God through the archangel Gabriel that God had chosen her , purified her , and had preferred her above all `` the women of the worlds . '' This event , according to the same narrative , was followed by the annunciation of a child who was to be miraculously conceived by her through the intervention of the divine spirit while she was still virgin , whose name would be Jesus and who would be the `` anointed one , '' the Promised Messiah . As such , orthodox Islamic belief `` has upheld the tenet of the virgin birth of Jesus , '' and although the classical Islamic thinkers never dwelt on the question of the perpetual virginity of Mary at any great length , it was generally agreed in traditional Islam that Mary remained virgin through the entirety of her life , with the Qur ' an 's mention of Mary 's purification `` from the touch of men '' implying perpetual virginity in the minds of many of the most prominent Islamic fathers .

neg: Abraham Samuel Bacharach Abraham Samuel Bacharach was a Rabbi , born about 1575 ; died in Gernsheim , Grand Duchy of Hesse , May 26 , 1615 . He seems to have come from the city of Worms , but is first met with at Prague , where , in 1600 , he married Eva , the granddaughter of the chief rabbi of Prague , Judah Loew ben Bezalel . He was rabbi in Turbin , Kolín ( Bohemia ) , and in Pohrlitz ( Moravia ) ; and was subsequently called to the ministry of the very important congregation of Worms . One of the frequent riots against the Jews , instigated by the guilds , caused him to flee from the city . He died during exile , and was buried in Alsbach . Bacharach was respected for his learning and piety . He took a firm stand against the rabbis of Frankfurt , who arrogated to themselves preeminence over all the other rabbis of Germany . A few of his responsa were published by his grandson , Jair Ḥayyim , in the collected '' Ḥut ha-Shani '' ( Frankfurt-am-Main , 1679 ) . Bacharach was the author of an essay on the Jewish calendar , a number of apologetic works against Christianity , liturgical poems , and casuistic treatises . Some of his works are still extant in manuscript .

neg: Achish Achish is a name used in the Hebrew Bible for two Philistine rulers of Gath . It is perhaps only a general title of royalty , applicable to the Philistine kings . The two kings of Gath , which is identified by most scholars as Tell es-Safi , are :   The monarch , described as `` Achish the king of Gath '' , with whom David sought refuge when he fled from Saul . He is called Abimelech ( meaning `` father of the king '' ) in the superscription of . It was probably this same king , or his son with the same name , described as `` Achish , the son of Maoch '' , to whom David repaired a second time at the head of a band of 600 warriors . The king assigned David to Ziklag , whence he carried on war against the surrounding tribes . Achish had great confidence in the valour and fidelity of David , but at the instigation of his courtiers did not permit him to go to battle along with the Philistine hosts . David remained with Achish a year and four months .  Another king of Gath , described as `` Achish , son of Maacah '' , probably a grandson of the foregoing king , is referred to during Solomon 's reign . mentions two servants of Shimei fleeing to this king in Gath , and Shimei going to Gath to bring them back , in breach of Solomon 's orders , and the consequence was that Solomon put Shimei to death .   The Latin transliteration `` Achish '' represents the `` Begadkefat '' aspiration over a medial stop , in later Aramaic and post-Biblical Hebrew . Before the strong influence of this dialect of Aramaic over Hebrew , which occurred after the Babylonian invasion , אָכִישׁ would ( if the vowels are right ) have been pronounced `` Akîsh '' .   In the seventh-century B.C. Ekron inscription the name `` Akîsh '' appears as `` son of Padi , son of Ysd , son of Ada , son of Ya'ir '' ; Akîsh by then held enough authority in Ekron to dedicate a temple . A similar name ( IKAUSU ) appears as a king of Ekron in seventh-century B.C. Assyrian inscriptions , as does Padi . Scholars agree that these two are the same men , although a royal status can not yet be confirmed for their ancestors Ysd , Ada , and Ya'ir .   This appears to indicate that either the name `` Akish '' was a common name for Philistine kings , used both at Gath and Ekron , or , as Naveh has suggested , that the editor of the biblical text used a known name of a Philistine king from the end of the Iron Age ( Achish of Ekron ) as the name of a king ( s ) of Gath in narratives relating to earlier periods .

neg: Book of generations The Book of generations is an hypothesized text which the modern documentary hypothesis claims was used by the redactor of the Torah to connect up parts of the priestly source and the JE source . The text is no longer extant , but according to the hypothesis , portions of it survive as part of the Torah . In particular , the text is believed to be fragmented across several portions of the Torah , since it was used as a filler for several joins . It was Frank Moore Cross who first demonstrated that the text could be separated from the other sources , which are substantially larger in comparison .   The standard reconstructed version of the text , formed by collecting together the various fragments , indicates that its presence is usually announced in the Torah by the words `` and these are the generations of -LSB- insert name of biblical figure here -RSB- '' . The text itself appears to be a basic genealogy of the main ancestors of the Israelites , putting emphasis on the main line that leads from Adam , to Noah , then to Abraham , Jacob , and to Moses . However , there also appear to be a few asides to detail significant lines apart from this , such as that concerning Edom .

neg: Kingship of God (Judaism) For an overview see Kingship and kingdom of God  The concept of kingship of God appears in the Hebrew Bible with references to `` his Kingdom '' and `` your Kingdom '' while the term `` kingdom of God '' is not directly used . `` Yours is the kingdom , O Lord '' is used in and `` His kingdom is an everlasting kingdom '' in , for example . It is tied to Jewish understanding that through the messiah , God will restore the Kingdom of Israel , following the Davidic covenant .   The `` enthronement psalms '' ( Psalms 45 , 93 , 96 , 97-99 ) provide a background for this view with the exclamation `` The Lord is King '' . However , in later Judaism ( after the destruction of the First Temple ) a more `` national '' view was assigned to God 's kingship in which the awaited messiah may be seen as a liberator and the founder of a new state of Israel .   , , and all speak of the Throne of God , although some philosophers such as Saadia Gaon and Maimonides interpreted such mention of a `` throne '' as allegory .

neg: Names of God in Judaism The name of God used most often in the Hebrew Bible is the Tetragrammaton YHWH . It is frequently anglicized as Jehovah and Yahweh and written in most English editions of the Bible as `` the '' owing to the Jewish tradition of reading it as Adonai ( `` My Lords '' ) out of respect .   Rabbinic Judaism describes seven names which are so holy that , once written , should not be erased : The Tetragrammaton ( whether written YHWH or Adonai ) , El ( `` God '' ) , Eloah ( `` God '' ) , Elohim ( `` Gods '' ) , Shaddai ( `` God Almighty '' ) , Ehyeh , and Tzevaot ( '' -LSB- of -RSB- Hosts '' ) . Other names are considered mere epithets or titles reflecting different aspects of God , but chumrah sometimes dictates special care such as the writing of `` G-d '' instead of `` God '' in English or saying Ṭēt-Vav ( -LSB- , `` 9-6 '' ) instead of Yōd-Hē ( -LSB- , `` 10-5 '' but also `` Jah '' ) for the number fifteen in Hebrew .   The documentary hypothesis proposes that the Torah was compiled from various original sources , two of which ( the Jahwist and the Elohist ) are named for their usual names for God ( YHWH and Elohim respectively ) .  In early versions of the King James Bible the book of Psalms 68:4 clearly states that the name is Yah and not God . In later versions they began to add the letter j in place of the letter y to make it more `` English friendly '' .  The same King James Bible Psalms 82:6 -7 states that the gods will be judged :  I have said , Ye are gods ; and all of you are the children of the most High .  But ye shall die like men and fall like one of the princes . ''  Yah in Hebrew according to the tetragrammaton would be shown as יָהּ ( Yah ) which means `` self existing one '' .  God , or El was used to describe the fallen angels that caused themselves to be worshipped as deities before the flood in Noah 's time . ( See Genesis 6:2 . Best to read in its entirety . )  As in the reference to who `` the sons of god '' are read Job 1:6 -7 and Job 38:7 .

neg: Generations of Noah The Generations of Noah or Table of Nations ( of the Hebrew Bible ) is a genealogy of the sons of Noah and their dispersion into many lands after the Flood , focusing on the major known societies . The term `` nations '' to describe the descendants is a standard English translation of the Hebrew word `` goy '' , following the 400 CE Latin Vulgate 's `` nationes '' / `` nationibus '' , and does not have the same political connotations that the word entails today .   The list of 70 names introduces for the first time a number of well known ethnonyms and toponyms important to biblical geography such as Noah 's three sons Shem , Ham and Japheth , from which were derived Semites , Hamites and Japhetites , certain of Noah 's grandsons including Elam , Ashur , Aram , Cush , and Canaan , from which the Elamites , Assyrians , Arameans , Cushites and Canaanites , as well as further descendants including Eber ( from which `` Hebrews '' ) , the hunter-king Nimrod , the Philistines and the sons of Canaan including Heth , Jebus and Amorus , from which Hittites , Jebusites and Amorites .   As Christianity took over the Roman world , it adopted the idea that all the world 's peoples were descended from Noah . But the tradition of Hellenistic Jewish identifications of the ancestry of various peoples , which concentrates very much on the East Mediterranean and the Near East and is described below , became stretched and its historicity questioned . Not all Near Eastern people were covered , and northern peoples important to the Late Roman and medieval world , such as the Celtic , Slavic , Germanic and Nordic peoples were not covered , nor were others of the world 's peoples , such as sub-Saharan Africans , Native Americans and peoples of Central Asia , the Indian subcontinent , the Far East and Australasia . A variety of arrangements were devised by scholars in order to make the table fit , with for example the Scythians , who do feature in the tradition , being claimed as the ancestors of much of northern Europe .   According to Joseph Blenkinsopp , the 70 names in the list express symbolically the unity of the human race , corresponding to the 70 descendants of Israel who go down into Egypt with Jacob at and the 70 elders of Israel who visit God with Moses at the covenant ceremony in .

neg: Hadoram Hadoram is the son of Joktan mentioned in the Book of Genesis of the Hebrew Bible . Noah had three sons : Shem , Ham , and Japheth . One of Shem 's sons was Arpachshad . One of Arpachshad 's sons was Eber . Eber had two sons : Peleg and Joktan .   Joktan had many sons including Hadoram as the Book of Genesis ( 10:26 -30 ) states :   Yoktan ( Joktan ) was the father of Almodad , Shelef , Chatzarmaveth , Yerach , Hadoram , Uzal , Diklah , Obhal , Abhimael , Sh ` bha , Ophir , Havilah , and Yovav . All these were the sons of Yoktan . Their settlements extended from Meshah toward Sepher , the eastern mountain .   According to Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan 's footnotes : `` Hadarom : Some interpret this as denoting ` the south . ' This was a fortress to the south of ( Yemen 's ) Sana'a ( Kesseth HaSofer ) . See 1 Chronicles 18:10 ; Zechariah 12:11 . ''

neg: Zerahiah the Greek Rabbi Zerachiah the Greek ( in Hebrew , Zerachiah ha-Yavani or ha-Yewani ; sometimes known by the acronymistic nickname `` Ra'Za ` H '' ) was a Greek-Jewish ethicist who resided in the Byzantine Empire in the thirteenth or fourteenth century . Of his life no details are known , except that he was the author of an ethical work entitled Sefer ha-Yashar ( not to be confused with the many other Jewish writings of the same name ) ; this work was confused with Jacob Tam 's halakhic work of the same name and erroneously attributed to the renowned tosafist . This error was detected by Menahem Lonzano , who , in his poem `` Derek Ḥayyim '' ( `` Shete Yadot , '' p. 122 ) , expressly states that the ethical work in question belonged to Zerahiah . Lonzano did not succeed , however , in correctly establishing the identity of its author , for a second error immediately arose . Since Zerahiah ha-Yewani had the same initials as Zerachiah Ha-Levi Gerondi , the author of the well-known Sefer ha-Ma ` or , the Sefer ha-Yashar was attributed by some bibliographers to the latter .   The Sefer ha-Yashar is divided into eighteen short chapters , and treats the ethical principles which underlie the relation of man to God . It is an imitation of Bahya ibn Paquda 's Hobot ha-Lebabot , which Zerahiah acknowledges in his preface that he had studied , although he found it too long and too profound for the average reader . The indebtedness of the Sefer ha-Yashar to the `` Hobot ha-Lebabot '' is especially evident in the first chapter , entitled Sod Beri'at ` Olam , which is simply a brief summary of the chapters called Sha'ar ha-Yihud and Sha'ar ha-Behinah in Bahya 's work . The Sefer ha-Yashar was first published at Constantinople in 1526 , and since then has passed through twenty-four editions .

neg: Moses in Islam Mûsâ al ibn Amram ( -LSB- ٰمُوسَى , Mūsa -RSB- ) known as Moses in the Hebrew Bible , considered a prophet , messenger , and leader in Islam , is the most frequently mentioned individual in the Quran . In Islamic tradition , instead of introducing a new religion , Musa is regarded by Muslims as teaching and practicing the religion of his predecessors and confirming the scriptures and prophets before him . The Quran states that Moses was sent by God to the Pharaoh of Egypt and the Israelites for guidance and warning . Moses is mentioned more in the Quran than any other individual , and his life is narrated and recounted more than that of any other prophet . According to Islam , all Muslims must have faith in every prophet ( nabi ) and messenger ( rasul ) which includes Moses and his brother Aaron ( Harun ) . The Quran states :   Moses is considered to be a prophetic predecessor to Muhammad . Generally attributed the tale of Moses as a spiritual parallel to the life of Muhammad , considering many aspects of their lives to be shared . Islamic literature also describes a parallel between their believers and the incidents which occurred in their lifetimes . The exodus of the Israelites from Egypt is considered similar to the migration ( hijra ) made by the followers of Muhammad .   Moses ( Musa ) is also very important in Islam for having been given the revelation of the Torah , which is considered to be one of the true revealed scriptures in Muslim theology , and Muslims generally hold that much of the Torah is confirmed and repeated in the Qur ` an . Moreover , according to Islamic tradition , Moses was one of the many prophets Muhammad met in the event of the Mi ` raj , when he ascended through the seven heavens . In Muslim belief , Moses is regarded as having urged Muhammad during his Mi ` raj to reduce the number of prayers until they were only five remaining , which are regarded as being the five obligatory prayers . Moses is further revered in Islamic literature , which expands upon the incidents of his life and the miracles attributed to him in the Qur ` an and hadith , such as his direct conversation with God .

neg: Avim The Avim , Avvim ( Hebrew : עוים ) or Avvites of Philistia , in the Old Testament were a people dwelling in Hazerim , or `` the villages '' or `` encampments '' on the south-west corner of the sea-coast . Their name is first used in in a description of the conquests that had taken place in the Land of Israel during the Israelite sojourn in Egypt . The passage relates that they were conquered by the Caphtorites who usurped their land .   And as for the Avvites who lived in villages as far as Gaza , the Caphtorites coming out from Caphtor destroyed them and settled in their place .   David Rohl surmises that after the Inachids were conquered by Caphtor the Avim , whom he identifies as Aamu , moved to adopt Hathor as patron setting themselves up in lesser Hyksos Egypt as petty rulers such as Yakbim Sekhaenre , Ya'ammu Nubwoserre , Qareh Khawoserre and Ammu Aahotepre . He suggests Ahhotep II who drove the Greater Hyksos Caphtorim out of Egypt was an important descendant of this earlier Palestinian group and became the inspiration behind the legend of Io . Rabbinical tradition equates them with the earlier Philistines of Abimelech who were subdued and driven away by the Caphtorim .   The Talmud ( Chullin 60b ) notes that the Avvites were the Philistine people in the days of Abraham . Their capital city was Gerar and their king both in the days of Abraham and Isaac bore the name Abimelech . These Philistines are mentioned several times in Genesis . The Table of Nations in Genesis 10 and 1 Chronicles 1 lists them as a people distinct from the Caphtorites noting that they were an offshoot of the Casluhites . Genesis Rabba 26:16 states that they were related to the Rephaites . The Talmud explains that originally the Israelites were not entitled to conquer the land of the Avvites because of an oath that Abraham had sworn to Abimelech but that this oath no longer applied after the Caphtorites had destroyed them . This view is reiterated in Rashi 's commentary on Deuteronomy .   A trace of them is afterwards found in , where they are called Avvites . These verses mentions that their land was considered part of the Canaanite land to be conquered by the Israelites :   This is the land that yet remaineth : all the regions of the Philistines , and all the Geshurites ; from the Shihor , which is before Egypt , even unto the border of Ekron northward , which is reckoned to the Canaanites ; the five lords of the Philistines ; the Gazites , and the Ashdodites , the Ashkelonites , the Gittites , and the Ekronites ; also the Avvim .

neg: Bosom of Abraham Trinity The Bosom of Abraham Trinity , also known as the Trinity with souls , is a rare iconography apparently unique to English medieval alabaster sculpture , of which only twelve examples are known to have survived , although there were undoubtedly many more made . They adapt an earlier convention where a figure of Abraham himself held tiny figures of souls in a cloth between his hands representing the Bosom of Abraham .   In a composition showing the `` Throne of Mercy '' type of the Trinity , a group of tiny figures are seen in a cloth or `` napkin '' held or supported between the hands of God the Father . These represent the souls of the saved . There are five examples of free-standing statues known , in the Burrell Collection Museum in Glasgow , the Museum of Fine Arts , Boston and elsewhere , and seven high relief panels . The Burrel statue is 89 cm tall , and the Boston one 95 cm . The panels are presumably the usual size for such works , typically 40 x 25 cm , perhaps larger if they are the central panel in an altarpiece group . Both terms for the subject are the invention of modern art historians .   In the Boston figure , dated 1420 -- 50 , nine `` souls '' are seen , in two rows , with a king and bishop in the centre of the top row , distinguishable by their crown and mitre . The napkin is not held by God , whose two hands are raised in a blessing gesture ; it seems tied around the souls and to rest on God 's lap . Male and female donor figures with banderoles kneel beside God 's feet ; they are at an intermediate scale between God and the souls . The Burrell figure , dated as 14th century , also has nine `` souls '' but the figures themselves are apparently restored ; God holds an end of the napkin in either hand .   There were earlier images , common in the great French Gothic cathedrals of the 13th century , illustrating Abraham himself with small souls represented as children in his cloak , or held in a napkin in the same way as in the alabasters . By `` about the early fourteenth century '' such images ceased to be `` theologically acceptable '' , though it seems this news had not reached Cornwall by the early 16th century , when a stained glass Abraham with a napkin of souls was installed in the parish church at St Neot , Cornwall ( picture below ) .    In a detached miniature of about 1150 , from a work of Hildegard of Bingen , a figure usually described as `` Synagogue '' , of youngish appearance with closed eyes , holds a group , with Moses carrying the Tablets above the others , held in the large figure 's folded arms .   In addition , the theme combines elements of the Western Virgin of Mercy and the Russian Pokrov icons , though these are not necessarily direct influences . It was probably associated with the feast of All Saints , and used on altars with this dedication . In the Virgin of Mercy , a standing Mary spreads her cloak wide , sheltering a crowd of figures , representing the living . In the Pokrov icons , she holds a small `` veil '' in her hands in a similar gesture to the Burrell figure , but this represents the vision of a Byzantine saint , where she spread her veil over the world as a protection .   Although no examples of the Bosom of Abraham Trinity have survived in other media , they probably once existed . English alabasters were exported across Europe and have survived in relatively large numbers on the Continent , especially France , while other publicly displayed artistic media from the period have mostly been destroyed since the Protestant Reformation . The English alabaster industry is a rather unlikely place for such a bold iconographic innovation in contemporary terms , since it concentrated on turning out large numbers of standard figures and sets of panels that closely followed more high-status forms of art in their iconography .   The type was first published in 1933 by the art historian Walter Leo Hildburgh , the leading authority on , and collector of , English alabasters .

neg: Muhammad's wives Muhammad 's wives or Wives of Muhammad were the eleven women ( not including his two concubines ) married to the Islamic prophet Muhammad . Muslims refer to them as Mothers of the Believers ( Arabic : أمهات المؤمنين Ummahāt al-Muʾminīn ) . Muslims use the term prominently before or after referring to them as a sign of respect . The term is derived from :   Muhammad 's life is traditionally delineated as two epochs : pre-hijra ( emigration ) in Mecca , a city in western Arabia , from the year 570 to 622 , and post-hijra in Medina , from 622 until his death in 632 . All but two of his marriages were contracted after the Hijra ( migration to Medina ) . Of Muhammad 's thirteen `` wives '' , at least two , Rayhana bint Zayd and Maria al-Qibtiyya , were actually only concubines ; however , there is debate among Muslims as to whether these two became his wives . Of his thirteen wives and/or concubines only two bore him children , a fact which has been described as `` curious '' by Cornell University Professor of Near Eastern Studies David S. Powers .

neg: Kallah Yarchei Kallah ( Hebrew : ירחי כלה ) is the name of a teachers ' convention that was held twice a year in Babylonian Academies , by the Jews then in captivity in Babylon , after the beginning of the amoraic period , in the two months Adar and Elul .   For each year 's convention of the Kallah , a treatise of the Mishnah was written forming the subject of explanation and discussion at the convention , according to Ta'anit 10b ( see R. Hananeel in Kohut , l.c. iv . 227b ) . cites opinions attributing authorship to either Jehudai Gaon ( 8th century ) or to Eliezer ben Hyrcanus ( c. 100 CE ) with later additions and redaction .   The regular Kallah conventions concerned issues related to marriage , chastity , and moral purity . The subject matter was largely taken from the Babylonian Talmud .   In the land of Israel there was no Kallah . A. Schwarz ( Jahrbuch für Jüdische Gesch . und Litteratur , 1899 , ii . 102 ) claims that this can not be asserted with certainty , but available historical records show that the Kallah was purely an institution practiced in the Babylone 's diaspora .

neg: Abraham's family tree Abraham is known as the patriarch of the Jewish people through Isaac , the son born to him and Sarah in their old age and the patriarch of Islam through his son Ishmael , born to Abraham and his wife 's servant Hagar .   According to the biblical narrative , although Abraham 's forefathers were from southern Mesopotamia ( in present-day Iraq ) the Lord led Abraham on a journey to the land of Canaan , which he promised to his descendants .

neg: Sefer Torah A Sefer Torah ( ; plural : Sifrei Torah ; `` Book ( s ) of Torah '' or `` Torah scroll ( s ) '' ) is a handwritten copy of the Torah , the holiest book in Judaism . It must meet extremely strict standards of production . The Torah scroll is mainly used in the ritual of Torah reading during Jewish prayers . At other times , it is stored in the holiest spot within a synagogue , the Torah ark , which is usually an ornate curtained-off cabinet or section of the synagogue built along the wall that most closely faces Jerusalem , the direction Jews face when praying .   The text of the Torah is also commonly printed and bound in book form for non-ritual functions . It is then known as a Chumash ( `` five-part '' , for the five books of Moses ) , and is often accompanied by commentaries or translations .

neg: Hagar in Islam Hājar , the Arabic name for the biblical Hagar , was the wife of the patriarch and Islamic prophet Ibrāhīm ( Abraham ) and the mother of Ismā ' īl ( Ishmael ) . She is a revered woman in the Islamic faith . According to Muslim belief , she was the daughter of an Egyptian king and she was gifted to the prophet Abraham from the king of Egypt . Although not mentioned by name in the Qur ` an , she is referenced and alluded to via the story of her husband . She eventually settled in the Desert of Paran with her son Ishmael . Hagar is honoured as an especially important matriarch of monotheism , as it was through Ishmael that Muhammad would come .

neg: Tamar (name) Tamar is a female name of Hebrew origin , meaning `` date '' ( the fruit ) , `` date palm '' or just `` palm tree '' . There are three characters in the Bible with this name . The pronunciation of Tamar depends on each so-named person 's language , culture , and idiolectic preference ; typical pronunciations in English are -LSB- ˈtɑːmər -RSB- and -LSB- ˈteɪmər -RSB- . Variants include `` Tamara '' .   The name was not often used in traditional Jewish societies , possibly because both Biblical characters bearing the name are depicted as involved in controversial sexual affairs . It was , however , among the Biblical names revived and actively promoted by the Zionist pioneers , and is a common female name in contemporary Israel ( often shortened , as in other languages , to `` Tammy '' -- which is sometimes treated as name on its own ) .   It is also a popular name among Armenians , sometimes nicknamed `` Tamarik '' , meaning `` Little Tamar '' . According to Armenian folklore , the name of Akhtamar Island in Lake Van is attributed to a peasant boy 's longing cries of `` Akh ( Oh ) , Tamar ! '' as he drowns trying to reach his beloved Princess Tamar imprisoned on the island .   Tamar is common among Georgians , where its origin can be traced either to the above-mentioned Biblical Hebrew characters , to the sky goddess Tamar , who had an important role in the Georgians ' mythology before their conversion to Christianity or to a convergence of both .   In turn , the popularity of the name ( especially in the version `` Tamara '' ) among Russians and other Slavic peoples can in part be traced to the centuries-long political and cultural contacts between Russians and Georgians . In particular , Russia was touched by the fame of the medieval queen regnant Tamar of Georgia , reckoned among the greatest of her country 's monarchs and who had a Russian husband .   Tamar was also among the Biblical names used by Puritans in the American Colonial Era in the 17th and 18th centuries . Puritan families sometimes used names of Biblical characters seen as sinful as a reminder of man 's fallen state .


query: Game of Thrones (season 1) featured Scottish stage and television actor Iain Glen.

pos: Game of Thrones (season 1) The first season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 17 , 2011 , at 9.00 pm in the U.S. , and concluded on June 19 , 2011 . It consists of ten episodes , each of approximately 55 minutes . The series is based on A Game of Thrones , the first novel in the A Song of Ice and Fire series by George R. R. Martin , adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss . HBO had ordered a television pilot in November 2008 ; filming began the following year . However , it was deemed unsatisfactory and later reshot with some roles being recast . In March 2010 , HBO ordered the first season , which began filming in July 2010 , primarily in Belfast , Northern Ireland , with additional filming in Malta .   The story takes place in a fictional world , primarily upon a continent called Westeros , with one storyline occurring on another continent to the east known as Essos . Like the novel , the season initially focuses on the family of nobleman Eddard Stark , who is asked to become chief advisor to his king and longtime friend , Robert Baratheon . Ned must find out who killed the previous Hand of the King , Jon Arryn , while trying to protect his family from their rivals the Lannisters . He uncovers the dark secrets about the Lannisters that his predecessor died trying to expose . Meanwhile , in Essos , the exiled Viserys Targaryen , son of the former king , believes he still has the rightful claim to the throne .   Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Bean , Addy , Peter Dinklage , Lena Headey , Nikolaj Coster-Waldau , Michelle Fairley and Iain Glen . Newer actors were cast as the younger generation of characters , such as Kit Harington , Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams .   Critics praised the show 's production values and cast , with specific accolades for Dinklage 's portrayal of Tyrion Lannister . The first season won two of the thirteen Emmy Awards for which it was nominated , for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage ) and Outstanding Main Title Design . It also received a nomination for Outstanding Drama Series . Bean and Emilia Clarke also received individual accolades , as did Ramin Djawadi for music . U.S. viewership rose by approximately 33 % over the course of the season , from 2.2 million to over 3 million by the finale .

pos: Iain Glen Iain Glen ( born 24 June 1961 ) is a Scottish film , television , and stage actor . Glen is best known for his roles as Dr. Alexander Isaacs / Tyrant in the Resident Evil films and for portraying Ser Jorah Mormont on Game of Thrones . Other notable roles include John Hanning Speke in Mountains of the Moon , Sir Richard Carlisle in Downton Abbey , the title role in Jack Taylor and Jarrod Slade in Cleverman .

neg: Gilly (A Song of Ice and Fire) Gilly is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin , and its television adaptation Game of Thrones .   Introduced in 1998 's A Clash of Kings , she is a wildling from the wild lands north of the Wall . She subsequently appeared in Martin 's A Storm of Swords , A Feast for Crows , A Dance with Dragons and will appear in the upcoming novel The Winds of Winter .   Gilly is portrayed by Hannah Murray in the HBO television adaptation .

neg: Iain Paterson Iain Paterson ( born 1973 ) is a Scottish bass-baritone singer who has appeared in opera and concert .   He was born in Glasgow . His first study was the violin , but his voice was recognised as his more important calling by his teachers at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama . He sang in the chorus of Opera North for four years .   He sang as a bass for ten years , later extending his range to bass-baritone .   Paterson has sung with the English National Opera in a number of productions , including Mozart 's Don Giovanni . He made his debut at the Salzburg Festival in 2007 as Fasolt in Wagner 's Das Rheingold under Sir Simon Rattle . He first appeared at the Metropolitan Opera as Günther in Wagner 's Götterdämmerung in 2009 , under James Levine .   He sang in the Australian premiere of Shostakovich 's 13th Symphony in 2008 . His other concert repertoire includes Beethoven 's 9th Symphony , Elgar 's The Dream of Gerontius , Mendelssohn 's Elijah , Verdi 's Requiem and Handel 's Messiah .   He has also sung in his native Scotland with various companies , the Paris Opera , the Chicago Opera Theater , at the Bregenz Festival , and at the Royal Opera , Covent Garden .

neg: Ron Donachie Ron Donachie ( born 26 April 1956 ) is a Scottish actor . He is known for starring as DI John Rebus in the BBC Radio 4 dramatisations of the Ian Rankin `` Rebus '' mystery novels and for his supporting roles in films The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) , Titanic and television series Doctor Who and Game of Thrones .

neg: Hugh Ross (actor) Hugh Ross ( born 28 April 1945 ) is a Scottish actor , with a wide variety of British TV , film and theatre credits . He is known for his supporting roles in the films Trainspotting and Bronson ; and for his performances as Major Mungo Munro in the Sharpe TV series , and as Narcisse in Clive Barker 's Nightbreed .

neg: Roger Allam Roger William Allam ( born 26 October 1953 ) is an English actor , known primarily for his stage career , although he has performed in film , television and radio .   He has played Inspector Javert in the original London production of the stage musical Les Misérables , Douglas Richardson in the award-winning radio series Cabin Pressure , and DI Fred Thursday in the TV series Endeavour . He is also known for his roles as Illyrio Mopatis in the HBO series Game of Thrones and as Peter Mannion MP in The Thick Of It .

neg: Gethin Anthony Gethin David L. Anthony ( born 9 October 1983 ) is an English television and film actor best known for his role as Renly Baratheon in Game of Thrones .

neg: Gavin Lee Gavin Lee ( born 15 October 1971 ) is an English actor who has appeared on the stage in musical theatre , notably in the musical Mary Poppins , in both the West End and on Broadway .

neg: Game of Thrones (season 6) The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 24 , 2016 , and concluded on June 26 , 2016 . It consists of ten episodes , each of approximately 50 -- 60 minutes , largely of original content not found in George R. R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series . Some material is adapted from the upcoming sixth novel The Winds of Winter and the fourth and fifth novels , A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss . HBO ordered the season on April 8 , 2014 , together with the fifth season , which began filming in July 2015 primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia , Iceland and Canada . Each episode cost over $ 10 million .   The season follows the continuing struggle between the Starks and other noble families of Westeros for the Iron Throne . The Starks defeat the Bolton forces in battle , and Jon Snow is proclaimed the King in the North . Tyrion attempts to rule Meereen while Daenerys is held captive by a Dothraki tribe . At King 's Landing , the Tyrell army attempts to liberate Margaery and Loras , but Margaery capitulates to the High Sparrow , who becomes more powerful by influencing King Tommen . At her trial , Cersei burns the Great Sept , killing her rivals , while Tommen kills himself . Unopposed , Cersei is crowned Queen of Westeros . Ellaria Sand and three of Oberyn Martell 's daughters kill Doran and Trystane Martell and seize control of Dorne , and Olenna discusses an alliance with Ellaria . In Essos , Daenerys Targaryen is captured by Khal Moro who takes her before the khals ; she burns them alive and takes command of the Dothraki .   Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster-Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke and Kit Harington . The season introduced new cast members , including Max von Sydow , Pilou Asbæk and James Faulkner .   Critics praised its production values , writing , plot development , and cast . Game of Thrones received most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards , with 23 nominations , and won twelve , including that for Outstanding Drama Series for the second year in a row . U.S. viewership rose compared to the previous season , and by approximately 13 % over its course , from 7.9 million to 8.9 million by the finale .

neg: Rory MacGregor Rory MacGregor ( born 2 August 1976 ) is a British actor , who has played a variety of roles on television , generally in the 2000s .   MacGregor was born in London , England . He trained at Rose Bruford College of Speech and Drama , graduating in 1999 .   He is best known as Colin Wells in the BBC television series Spooks , a part he performed from 2002-2006 .

neg: Iain Blair Iain Blair ( 12 August 1942 -- 3 July 2011 ) was a Scottish actor and author who , using the pen name Emma Blair wrote a series of romantic novels .

neg: Martin Ledwith Martin Ledwith is a Scottish actor and acting coach , best known for his work in theatre and television .

neg: Sean Scanlan Sean Scanlan ( 18 August 1948 -- 17 April 2017 ) was a Scottish actor . He is known primarily for his many television and stage roles .

neg: Adam Sinclair (actor) Adam Sinclair ( born 18 April 1977 ) is a Scottish film and television actor . He starred in the television series Mile High and has appeared in supporting roles in films like Van Wilder 2 : The Rise of Taj .

neg: Ned Stark Eddard `` Ned '' Stark is a fictional character in the first book of George R. R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels and the first season of its television adaptation . Introduced in 1996 's A Game of Thrones , Ned is the honorable lord of Winterfell , an ancient fortress in the North of the fictional continent of Westeros . Though the character is established as a primary character in the novel and the TV adaptation , Martin 's plot twist at the end involving Ned shocked both readers of the book and viewers of the TV series .   Ned is portrayed by Sean Bean in the first season of HBO 's adaptation of the series , Game of Thrones , and as a child and young man by Sebastian Croft and Robert Aramayo respectively in the sixth season . Bean was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television and a Scream Award for Best Fantasy Actor for the role . He and the rest of the cast were nominated for Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2011 .

neg: Adam Campbell (actor) Adam Campbell ( born Adam Jones ; 19 August 1980 ) is an English actor . He has appeared in films such as Date Movie and Epic Movie , and portrayed Cal Vandeusen in the horror miniseries Harper 's Island . He currently appears in the sitcom Great News as Greg Walsh .

neg: Alex Norton Alexander Hugh `` Alex '' Norton ( born 27 January 1950 ) is a Scottish television , film and voice actor . He is perhaps best known for his roles as DCI Matt Burke in the STV detective drama series Taggart , Eric Baird in BBC Two Sitcom Two Doors Down , DCS Wallace in Extremely Dangerous , Gerald Finlay in Waterloo Road and Eddie in the Renford Rejects . He has also had roles in internationally successful films including Braveheart , Local Hero and Les Misérables .

neg: Sean Teale Sean James Teale ( born 18 June 1992 ) is an English actor , best known for his role of Prince Condé in the CW series Reign . He also featured as Nick Levan in the E4 teen drama Skins . He plays the lead role of Ben Larson in the Syfy series Incorporated .

neg: Scottish Theatre Company The Scottish Theatre Company was started in 1980 under the direction of Dundee-born actor Ewan Hooper who had revived the Greenwich Theatre , London in 1969 , but for most of its 8 years it was directed by his successor Tom Fleming . From its production base in Glasgow , where its home theatre was the Theatre Royal , it set out its policy of presenting Scottish and international classic drama , and commissioned new plays of Scottish drama . It toured nationally and appeared at the Edinburgh International Festival . The company represented British Theatre at the International Theatre Biennale in Warsaw in 1986 with Sir David Lyndsay 's Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaites .   Despite attracting large audiences and its success in securing commercial sponsorship , including Scottish Television , it was brought to an end when the Scottish Arts Council stopped its annual funding . Papers relating to the administration and productions of the Scottish Theatre Company , including papers relating to administration , productions , finance , sponsorship and publicity , 1980-1987 are deposited in Glasgow University Library Special Collections Scottish Theatre Archive .

neg: Ben Crompton Benjamin `` Ben '' Lorton Crompton ( born 1974 ) is an English actor , best known as one of the stars of the BBC sketch show Man Stroke Woman and Eddison Tollett in the HBO series Game of Thrones . In addition he appeared as Colin in the BBC Three sitcom Ideal with Johnny Vegas .

neg: David Nutter David Nutter ( born 1960 ) is an American television and film director and television producer . He is best known for directing pilot episodes for television . In 2015 , he received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series , for his work on the HBO series , Game of Thrones .