query: The Promise is not set in the Ottoman Empire.

pos: The Promise (2016 film) The Promise is a 2016 American historical drama film directed by Terry George and starring Oscar Isaac , Charlotte Le Bon and Christian Bale , set in the final years of the Ottoman Empire . The film premiered on September 11 , 2016 , at the Toronto International Film Festival and was released in the United States on April 21 , 2017 , by Open Road Films .   The Promise is about a love triangle that develops between Armenian medical student Mikael ( Isaac ) , an American journalist based in Paris named Chris ( Bale ) and an Armenian-born woman raised in France , Ana ( Le Bon ) , during the final years of the Ottoman Empire , and during the Armenian Genocide . The film was a box office bomb , grossing just $ 8 million against its $ 90 million budget , although the studio noted the main purpose of the film was to bring attention to the story , not make money .

neg: History of slavery The history of slavery spans many cultures , nationalities , and religions from ancient times to the present day . However the social , economic , and legal positions of slaves were vastly different in different systems of slavery in different times and places .   Slavery can be traced back to the earliest records , such as the Mesopotamian Code of Hammurabi ( c. 1860 BC ) , which refers to it as an established institution , and it was common among ancient peoples .   Slavery is rare among hunter-gatherer populations , because it is developed as a system of social stratification . Slavery was known in the very first civilizations such as Sumer in Mesopotamia which dates back as far as 3500 BC , as well as in almost every other civilization . The Byzantine -- Ottoman wars and the Ottoman wars in Europe resulted in the taking of large numbers of Christian slaves . Slavery became common within much of Europe during the Dark Ages and it continued into the Middle Ages . The Dutch , French , Spanish , Portuguese , British , Arabs and a number of West African kingdoms played a prominent role in the Atlantic slave trade , especially after 1600 . David P. Forsythe wrote : `` The fact remained that at the beginning of the nineteenth century an estimated three-quarters of all people alive were trapped in bondage against their will either in some form of slavery or serfdom . '' Denmark-Norway was the first European country to ban the slave trade in 1802 .   Although slavery is no longer legal anywhere in the world , human trafficking remains an international problem and an estimated 25-40 million people are enslaved today . During the 1983 -- 2005 Second Sudanese Civil War people were taken into slavery . Although Slavery in Mauritania was criminalized in August 2007 , in Mauritania it is estimated that up to 600,000 men , women and children , or 20 % of the population , are currently enslaved , many of them used as bonded labor . Evidence emerged in the late 1990s of systematic slavery on cacao plantations in West Africa ; see the chocolate and slavery article .

neg: Mediterranean Agreements (1887) The Mediterranean Agreements ( German Mittelmeerentente ; French Entente de la Méditerranée ) were a series of treaties signed in 1887 by the United Kingdom with the Italy on 12 February ( through the mediation of Germany ) , with Austria-Hungary on March 24 and with Spain on May 4 . Further notes were exchanged between Britain , Italy and Austria-Hungary on 12 December .   On the face of it the treaties recognised the status quo in the Mediterranean Sea . In fact , one of the objectives was to halt the expansion of the Russian Empire in the Balkans and her wish to control the straits of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles . From that perspective it also assured the survival of the Ottoman Empire . It also protected Italian interests against France . Thus it united forces hostile to Russia in the Balkans and to France in North Africa .   From the point of view of the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck , the benefit of these agreements to which Germany was not a party , was in bringing Britain closer to the Triple Alliance of Germany , Italy and Austria-Hungary . This advantage proved short-lived since Britain achieved a rapprochement with Russia . The Alliance was dissolved in 1896 when Wilhelm II , German Emperor alienated Great Britain with his `` Kruger telegram '' .   The treaty potentially conflicted with the Reinsurance Treaty of 1888 , between Germany and Russia . In the secret protocol to the Reinsurance Treaty , Bismarck lent support to Russia 's expansion efforts . Thus the Mediterranean Agreement , while not a de jure contradiction of the Reinsurance Treaty was at least contrary to its spirit .

neg: Règlement Organique (Mount Lebanon) The Règlement Organique ( `` Organic Regulation '' ) was a series of international conventions , between 1860 and 1864 , between the Ottoman Empire and the European Powers , which led to the creation of the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate .   The 1860 Lebanon conflict led France to intervene and stop the massacre after Ottoman troops had been aiding Islamic forces by either direct support or by disarming Christian forces . France , led by Napoleon III , recalled its ancient role as protector of Christians in the Ottoman Empire which was established in a treaty in 1523 . Following the massacre and an international outcry , the Ottoman Empire agreed on 3 August 1860 to the dispatch of up to 12,000 European soldiers to reestablish order . The region of Syria was then part of the Ottoman Empire . The agreement was further formalized in a convention on 5 September 1860 with Austria , Great Britain , France , Prussia and Russia . France was to supply half of that number , and other countries were to send supplementary forces as needed . The agreement was signed in Paris on 5 September 1860 .   An important consequence of the French expedition was the establishment of the autonomy of the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate from Syria , with the nomination by the Sultan of an Armenian Christian Governor from Constantinople named Daud Pasha on 9 June 1861 . On the same day , through a further agreement , termed the Beyoglu Protocol , signed between the Ottoman Empire and the European Powers in Beyoğlu , Istanbul , gave that agreement international recognition . The protocol was introduced initially for a period of three years .   In September 1864 , a further convention was signed , which confirmed the permanent character of the statute and made minor changes to it . An additional Maronite district was formed and the council under the governor was reorganised ( it now had twelve members-four Maronites , three Druzes , three Greek Orthodoxes and Greek Uniates , one Sunnite and one Shi'a ) . The Règlement Organique of Lebanon remained in that form up till 1914 .

neg: Deed A deed ( anciently `` an evidence '' ) is any legal instrument in writing which passes , affirms or confirms an interest , right , or property and that is signed , attested , delivered , and in some jurisdictions , sealed . It is commonly associated with transferring ( conveyancing ) title to property . The deed has a greater presumption of validity and is less rebuttable than an instrument signed by the party to the deed . A deed can be unilateral or bilateral . Deeds include conveyances , commissions , licenses , patents , diplomas , and conditionally powers of attorney if executed as deeds . The deed is the modern descendant of the medieval charter , and delivery is thought to symbolically replace the ancient ceremony of livery of seisin .   The traditional phrase signed , sealed and delivered refers to the practice of seals ; however , attesting witnesses have replaced seals to some extent . Agreements under seal are also called contracts by deed or specialty ; in the United States , a specialty is enforceable without consideration . In some jurisdictions , specialties have a liability limitation period of double that of a simple contract and allow for a third party beneficiary to enforce an undertaking in the deed , thereby overcoming the doctrine of privity . Specialties , as a form of contract , are bilateral and can therefore be distinguished from covenants , which , being also under seal , are unilateral promises .

neg: Tribute A tribute ( from Latin tributum , contribution ) is wealth , often in kind , that a party gives to another as a sign of respect or , as was often the case in historical contexts , of submission or allegiance . Various ancient states exacted tribute from the rulers of land which the state conquered or otherwise threatened to conquer . In case of alliances , lesser parties may pay tribute to more powerful parties as a sign of allegiance and often in order to finance projects that benefited both parties . To be called `` tribute '' a recognition by the payer of political submission to the payee is normally required ; the large sums , essentially protection money , paid by the later Roman and Byzantine Empires to barbarian peoples to prevent them attacking imperial territory , would not usually be termed `` tribute '' as the Empire accepted no inferior political position . Payments by a superior political entity to an inferior one , made for various purposes , are described by terms including `` subsidy '' .   The ancient Persian Achaemenid Empire is an example of an ancient ` tribute empire ; one that made relatively few demands on its non-Persian subjects other than the regular payment of tribute , which might be gold , luxury goods , animals , soldiers or slaves . However failure to keep up the payments had dire consequences . The reliefs at Persepolis show processions of figures bearing varied types of tribute .   The medieval Mongol rulers of Russia likewise only expected tribute from the Russian states , which continued to govern themselves . Athens received tribute from the other cities of the Delian League . The empires of Assyria , Babylon , Carthage and Rome exacted tribute from their provinces and subject kingdoms . Ancient China received tribute from various states such as Japan , Korea , Vietnam , Cambodia , Borneo , Indonesia , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Myanmar and Central Asia . The Aztec Empire is another example . The Roman republic exacted tribute in the form of payments equivalent to proportional property taxes , for the purpose of waging war .   Tribute empires contrast with those like the Roman Empire , which more closely controlled and garrisoned subject territories . A tributary state is one that preserves its political position and such independence as it has only by paying tribute .

neg: The New World (newspaper) The New World was a weekly newspaper in New York City , New York , in the United States.The New World was published from October 1839 to 1845 by J. Winchester . The paper was founded and edited by Park Benjamin Sr. . It billed itself as an apolitical `` family newspaper '' , featuring British and American literature and religious discourses . The paper 's masthead reads : `` No pent-up Utica contracts our powers ; The whole unbounded Continent is ours ! , '' a quote originally attributed to Jonathan M. Sewall from his epilogue to Cato , a Tragedy in 1778 .   Notable contributions include :  Charles Dickens ' Barnaby Rudge , reprinted in 1841 in weekly installments after its original appearance in Master Humphrey 's Clock .  Thomas Carlyle 's six-part lecture series On Heroes , Hero-Worship , and The Heroic in History , printed in 1841 .  Thomas Moore 's `` Fifteen Songs , '' a collection of unpublished songs published in 1841 , which were later released in The Poetical Works of Thomas Moore .  Anna Cora Mowatt 's complete play , Gulzara or The Persian Slave : 1 drama in Five Acts , in 1841 .  E.P. Hurlbut 's `` The Rights of Woman , '' later published in his work , Essays on Human Rights and their Political Gauranties in 1845 . Hurlbut knew Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Declaration of Sentiments from the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 follows many of the examples set forth in `` The Rights of Woman . ''  G.P.R. James ' complete novels , The Jacquerie and Morley Ernstein ; or , The Tenants of the Heart , both published in extra editions in 1842 .  Sarah Stickney Ellis ' complete novel , Summer and Winter in the Pyrenees .

neg: Budapest Convention of 1877 The Budapest Convention ( Budapester Vertrag ) was a secret agreement between Austria-Hungary and Russia in 1877 to agree on policies and the division of powers in Southeast Europe in the eventuality of war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire . The so-called Eastern Question ( Orientalische Frage ) , the division of the declining Ottoman Empire in the Balkans ( Southeast Europe ) , was a priority of the European great powers in the nineteenth century . For Russia , obtaining assurances of Austro-Hungarian neutrality was also a priority .   The agreement was made between the Emperor Franz Joseph and the Russian Tsar Alexander II initially during the Constantinople Conference ( 1876-1877 ) and was subsequently finalised in Budapest on January 15 , 1877 .

neg: Rise of the Ottoman Empire The foundation and rise of the Ottoman Empire is a period of history that started with the emergence of the Ottoman principality in , and ended with the conquest of Constantinople on May 29 , 1453 . This period witnessed the foundation of a political entity ruled by the Ottoman Dynasty in the northwestern Anatolian region of Bithynia , and its transformation from a small principality on the Byzantine frontier into an empire spanning the Balkans and Anatolia . For this reason , this period in the empire 's history has been described as the Proto-Imperial Era . Throughout most of this period , the Ottomans were merely one of many competing states in the region , and relied upon the support of local warlords and vassals to maintain control over their realm . By the middle of the fifteenth century the Ottoman sultans were able to accumulate enough personal power and authority to establish a centralized imperial state , a process which was brought to fruition by Sultan Mehmed II ( r. 1451-1481 ) .   The cause of Ottoman success can not be attributed to any single factor , and they varied throughout the period as the Ottomans continually adapted to changing circumstances .   The earlier part of this period , the fourteenth century , is particularly difficult for historians to study due to the scarcity of sources . Not a single written document survives from the reign of Osman I , and very little survives from the rest of the century . The Ottomans , furthermore , did not begin to record their own history until the fifteenth century , more than a hundred years after many of the events they describe . It is thus a great challenge for historians to differentiate between fact and myth in analyzing the stories contained in these later chronicles , so much so that one historian has even declared it impossible , describing the earliest period of Ottoman history as a `` black hole . ''

neg: London Protocol (1877) The London Protocol was signed on 21 March 1877 between Russia and the United Kingdom . The Russians agreed not to establish any client states in case they attained victory in the looming Russo -- Turkish War . In return , the British agreed to remain neutral in any conflict between the Ottoman Empire and Russia . The agreement was an effort to maintain a balance of power in the Balkans and to avoid intervention by the other Great Powers . Russian attempts to create a large Bulgaria in the Treaty of San Stefano led to the British withdrawal from the Protocol and threatened military intervention , quieted only by the Congress of Berlin .   Category : London protocols

neg: French colonial empire The French colonial empire constituted the overseas colonies , protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward . A distinction is generally made between the `` first colonial empire '' , that existed until 1814 , by which time most of it had been lost , and the `` second colonial empire '' , which began with the conquest of Algiers in 1830 . The second empire came to an end after the loss of bitter wars in Vietnam ( 1955 ) and Algeria ( 1962 ) , and peaceful decolonization elsewhere after 1960 .   Competing with Spain , Portugal , the United Provinces , and later Britain , France began to establish colonies in North America , the Caribbean , and India in the 17th century . A series of wars with Great Britain and other European major powers during the 18th century and early 19th century resulted in France losing nearly all of its conquests . France rebuilt a new empire mostly after 1850 , concentrating chiefly in Africa , as well as Indochina and the South Pacific . Republicans , at first hostile to empire , only became supportive when Germany started to build her own colonial empire . As it developed the new empire took on roles of trade with France , especially supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items , as well as lending prestige to the motherland and spreading French civilization and language , and the Catholic religion . It also provided manpower in the World Wars .   It became a moral mission to lift the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture . In 1884 the leading proponent of colonialism , Jules Ferry declared ; `` The higher races have a right over the lower races , they have a duty to civilize the inferior races . '' Full citizenship rights -- assimilation -- were offered , although in reality `` assimilation was always receding -LSB- and -RSB- the colonial populations treated like subjects not citizens . '' France sent small numbers of settlers to its empire , contrary to Great Britain , and previously Spain and Portugal , with the only notable exception of Algeria , where the French settlers nonetheless always remained a small minority .   At its apex , it was one of the largest empires in history . Including metropolitan France , the total amount of land under French sovereignty reached 11500000 km2 in 1920 , with a population of 110 million people in 1939 . In World War II , Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France . Historian Tony Chafer argues : `` In an effort to restore its world-power status after the humiliation of defeat and occupation , France was eager to maintain its overseas empire at the end of the Second World War . '' However , after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge European authority . The French constitution of October 27 , 1946 ( Fourth Republic ) , established the French Union which endured until 1958 . Newer remnants of the colonial empire were integrated into France as overseas departments and territories within the French Republic . These now total altogether 119,394 km ² ( 46,098 sq. miles ) , which amounts to only 1 % of the pre-1939 French colonial empire 's area , with 2.7 million people living in them in 2013 . By the 1970s , says Robert Aldrich , the last `` vestiges of empire held little interest for the French . '' He argues , `` Except for the traumatic decolonization of Algeria , however , what is remarkable is how few long-lasting effects on France the giving up of empire entailed . ''

neg: Macedonia naming dispute The Macedonia naming dispute is a political dispute regarding the use of the name Macedonia between the southeastern European countries of Greece and the Republic of Macedonia , formerly a federal unit of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Pertinent to its background is an early 20th century multifaceted dispute and armed conflict that formed part of the background to the Balkan Wars . The specific naming dispute , although an existing issue in Yugoslav -- Greek relations since World War II , was reignited after the breakup of Yugoslavia and the newly gained independence of the former Socialist Republic of Macedonia in 1991 . Since then , it has been an ongoing issue in bilateral and international relations .   Citing historical and territorial concerns resulting from the ambiguity between the Republic of Macedonia , the adjacent Greek region of Macedonia and the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon which falls mostly within Greek Macedonia , Greece opposes the use of the name `` Macedonia '' by the Republic of Macedonia without a geographical qualifier such as `` Northern Macedonia '' for use by all and for all purposes . As millions of ethnic Greeks identify themselves as Macedonians , unrelated to the Slavic people who are associated with the Republic of Macedonia , Greece further objects to the use of the term `` Macedonian '' for the neighboring country 's largest ethnic group and its language . The Republic of Macedonia is accused of appropriating symbols and figures that are historically considered part of Greek culture such as the Vergina Sun and Alexander the Great , and of promoting the irredentist concept of a United Macedonia , which involves territorial claims on Greece , Bulgaria , Albania , and Serbia .   The dispute has escalated to the highest level of international mediation , involving numerous attempts to achieve a resolution . In 1995 , the two countries formalised bilateral relations and committed to start negotiations on the naming issue , under the auspices of the United Nations . Until a solution is found , the provisional reference `` the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' ( sometimes unofficially abbreviated as FYROM ) is used by international organisations and states which do not recognise translations of the constitutional name Republic of Macedonia ( Република Македонија , Republika Makedonija ) . UN members , and the UN as a whole , have agreed to accept any final agreement on a new name resulting from negotiations between the two countries . The parties are represented by Ambassadors Vasko Naumovski and Adamantios Vassilakis , under the mediation of Matthew Nimetz .

neg: Kararname Kararname is a Turkish word for a proclamation , or a government decree .   There have been several notable kararnameler in the history of the Ottoman empire and , later , Turkey . These include :  Kararname of 1296 , on the Ottoman monetary system ;  Annual decrees on army conscription levels , following the reforms of sultan Mahmud II ;  Ali Kararname , the Decree of Ali issued in 1867 during the Tanzimat era ;  Kararname ( League of Prizren ) , Issued by the Prizren League in 1878 ;  Hukuk-i Aile Kararnamesi , the Ottoman Family Code of 1917 .  Kur ' a Kararnamesi , an 1870 decree reorganising the Ottoman army .  `` Kararname '' may also refer to a decision by a court .

neg: Greek National Awakening The concept and term `` National Awakening '' ( in Greek Εθνική αφύπνιση ) is used by many historians , intellectuals and lay authors to refer to the revival of the Greek national self-conscious , or modern Greek nationalism , which paved the way to the Greek Revolution of 1821 . Whereas most authors do not define the exact time-frame of this period , it is generally agreed that this awakening ( or revival ) occurred in the 18th century . According to the Greek historian Nikos Svoronos ( 1911-1989 ) , the period of the Greek National Awakening is 1715-1821 . The periodization of exhibits in the National Historical Museum of Athens sets the beginning of the Awakening era at 1670 . Other authors put the onset of this period in the mid 18th century . For example , a series of historical presentations by academic historians in the Greek State Television ( ERT ) , defined as `` National Awakening '' period the years 1750-1821 .   The Greek -- as well as other Balkan nations ' -- awakening was generated by internal and external forces . Opposition to the Ottomans was the main internal impetus . The main external factor was the assistance from Russia , on the ground of the common religion and long historical bonds . Since the fall of Constantinople to the Turks , the Greek national aspirations for liberation were expressed in the form of popular oracle and prophecies , some of them alleging to the intervention of fair-haired people ( xanthon genos ) to help Greeks . In 1656 a prominent Greek clergyman interpreted the `` fair-haired people '' as the Russians . With the emergence of Russia as a big power in Eastern Europe , the Greek-Russian ties assumed a military and political dimension . Beginning with the 1711 Pruth Campaign , Peter the Great called for the cooperation of all Orthodox people under the Russian leadership , to fight for `` the belief and the fatherland '' . After this campaign , the sultan appointed Greek Phanariots as governors of the Ottoman vassal territories of Wallachia and Moldavia . The Phanariots introduced an enlighted reform in their principalities , and produced a line of educated Greek and Balkan scholars who contributed to the national awakening of their respective countries .  The Greek communities in Russia , as well as in the Western and Central Europe , were also a key factor to the Greek awakening .  After the Treaty of Kutchuk-Kainardji ( 1774 ) Russia assumed the role of protector of the Orthodox people subjects of the Ottoman Empire . After Peter the Great , Catherine II envisaged a `` Greek Project '' which involved a revival of a Greek state with Constantinople as capital , to be ruled by her grandson Constantine . The Russian expansionist policy greatly facilitated the modern Greek awakening , catalyzing key components such as military resistance , political activism , commercial growth , educational and cultural progress .  Russia 's wars against the Ottoman Empire in 18th early 19th century ( 1711 , 1737 -- 39 , 1768 -- 74 , 1787 -- 92 , 1806 -- 12 ) , as well as the short-lived Russian occupation of the Ionian islands after the Napoleonic wars , nourished the Greek tradition of armed resistance to the Ottomans and helped Greeks to receive fighting experience . The most important Russian influenced revolutionary activities of the Greeks in 18th c. were the failed Orlov expedition in 1769-1770 and the Lambros Katsonis ' flotilla raids against the Turks in 1778-1792 . Other independence movements of the 18th century , were those of the Souli and Souliotes .   Counter to the `` national awakening '' historiographic view is the one that emphasizes the importance of the French Revolution and Napoleon in the Greek and other Balkan national movements . Among the eminent works of this school in the 20th century are those of the Romanian historian N. Iorga ( 1934 ) and the Greeks A. Daskalakis ( 1937 ) , N. Moschopoulos ( 1939 ) and other subsequent .

neg: Jewish peoplehood Jewish peoplehood ( Hebrew : עמיות יהודית , Amiut Yehudit ) is the conception of the awareness of the underlying unity that makes an individual a part of the Jewish people .   The concept of peoplehood has a double meaning . The first is descriptive , as a concept factually describing the existence of the Jews as a people . The second is normative , as a value that describes the feeling of belonging and commitment to the Jewish people .   Some believe that the concept of Jewish peoplehood is a paradigm shift in Jewish life . Insisting that the mainstream of Jewish life is focused on Zionism , Jewish nationalism , they argue that Jewish life should instead focus on Jewish peoplehood .   Others maintain that the concept of peoplehood , or `` Klal Yisrael '' has permeated Jewish life for millennia , and to focus on it does not constitute a shift from the focus on Jewish nationhood . Jews have been extremely effective in sustaining a sense of joint responsibility towards their people and its members for over 2,000 years .   At the same time , the concepts of Jews as a nation and as a peoplehood are not necessarily at odds with one another . The very concept of defining Judaism as a people or a `` civilization '' suggests a wide variety of values within the context of Judaism .

neg: London Protocol (1852) On 8 May 1852 , after the First War of Schleswig , an agreement called the London Protocol was signed . This international treaty was the revision of an earlier protocol , which had been ratified on 2 August 1850 , by the major Germanic powers of Austria and Prussia . The second London Protocol was recognised by the five major European powers -- Austria , France , Prussia , Russia , and the United Kingdom -- as well as by the Baltic Sea powers of Denmark and Sweden .   The Protocol affirmed the integrity of the Danish federation as a `` European necessity and standing principle '' . Accordingly , the duchies of Schleswig ( a Danish fief ) , and Holstein and Lauenburg ( German fiefs ) were joined by personal union with the Kingdom of Denmark . However , Frederick VII of Denmark was childless , so a change in dynasty was imminent and the lines of succession for the duchies and Denmark diverged . That meant that , contrary to the Protocol , the new King of Denmark would not also be the new Duke of Holstein and Duke of Lauenburg . So for this purpose , the line of succession to the duchies was modified . Further , it was affirmed that the duchies were to remain as independent entities , and that Schleswig would have no greater constitutional affinity to Denmark than Holstein did .   The major powers primarily wanted to ensure , by guaranteeing Denmark 's territorial integrity , that the strategically significant port of Kiel would not fall into Prussian hands . Eleven years later , this treaty became the trigger for the German -- Danish war of 1864 . Prussia and Austria declared that Denmark had violated the Protocol by introducing the November Constitution , which Christian IX of Denmark signed on 18 November 1863 . After an initial period of joint Austro -- Prussian administration , Kiel was ultimately delivered to Prussia in 1867 .

neg: Frankfurt proposals The Frankfurt proposals or Frankfurt memorandum was a Coalition peace initiative designed by Austrian minister Metternich . It was offered to French Emperor Napoleon I in November 1813 after he had suffered a decisive military defeat at the Battle of Leipzig . The goal was a peaceful end to the War of the Sixth Coalition . The Allies had reconquered most of Germany up to the Rhine , but they had not decided on the next step . Metternich took the initiative . The Allies , meeting in Frankfurt , drafted the proposals under Metternich 's close supervision . The British diplomat in attendance , Lord Aberdeen , misunderstood London 's position and accepted the moderate terms .   The proposal was that Napoleon would remain as Emperor of France , but France would be reduced to its `` natural frontiers . '' The natural frontiers in this case were the Pyrenees mountains , the Alps mountains , and the Rhine River . France would retain control of Belgium , Savoy and the Rhineland ( the west bank of the Rhine River ) , while giving up control of all the rest , including all of Spain , Poland and the Netherlands , and most of Italy and Germany .   Metternich and Napoleon , meeting privately at Dresden in June had already discussed the terms . The final version was relayed to Napoleon by the Baron de Saint-Aignon in November .  Metternich told Napoleon these were the best terms the Allies were likely to offer ; after further victories , the terms would become harsher and harsher . Metternich 's motivation was to maintain France as a balance against Russian threats , while ending the highly destabilizing series of wars .   Napoleon , expecting to win the war , delayed too long and lost this opportunity . By December Austria had signed treaties with the Allies , and London rejected the terms because they might allow Belgium to become a base for the invasion of England . The offer was withdrawn . When the Allies invaded France in late 1813 Napoleon was heavily outnumbered ; he tried to reopen peace negotiations on the basis of accepting the Frankfurt proposals . The Allies now had new , harsher terms that included the retreat of France to its 1791 boundaries , which meant the loss of Belgium . Napoleon adamantly refused . He was finally forced to abdicate and lost his throne .

neg: Immigration to Turkey Since the 19th century , an exodus by the large portion of Turkish ( Turkic ) and Muslim peoples ( who are termed `` Muhacir '' under a general definition ) from the Balkans ( Balkan Turks , Albanians , Bosniaks , Pomaks ) , Caucasus ( Abkhazians , Ajarians , ` Circassians ' , Chechens ) , Crimea ( Crimean Tatar diaspora ) , Crete ( Cretan Turks ) , took refuge in present-day Turkey and moulded the country 's fundamental features .   Trends of immigration towards Turkey continue to this day , although the motives are more varied and are usually in line with the patterns of global immigration movements -- Turkey , for example , receives many economic migrants from nearby countries such as Armenia , the Republic of Moldova , Georgia , Iran , and Azerbaijan , but also from Central Asia .

neg: Slavery in Sudan Slavery in Sudan began in ancient times , and recently had a resurgence during the 1983 to 2005 Second Sudanese Civil War . During the Trans-Saharan slave trade , many Nilotic peoples from the lower Nile Valley were purchased as slaves and brought to work elsewhere in North Africa and the Orient by Nubians , Egyptians , Berbers and Arabs .   Starting in 1995 , many human rights organizations have reported on contemporary practice , especially in the context of the Second Sudanese civil war .  According to reports of Human Rights Watch and others , during the war the government of Sudan was involved in backing and arming numerous slave-taking militias in the country as part of its war against the SPLA . It also found the government failed to enforce Sudanese laws against kidnapping , assault and forced labor , or to help victims ' families locate their children . )   Another report ( by the International Eminent Persons Group ) found both the government-backed militias and the rebels ( led by the SPLA ) guilty of abducting civilians , though the abducting civilians by pro-government militias was `` of particular concern '' and `` in a significant number of cases '' , led to slavery `` under the definition of slavery in the International Slavery Convention of 1926 . The Sudanese government maintained that the slavery is the product of inter-tribal warfare , over which it had no control .   According to the Rift Valley Institute , slave raiding and abduction `` effectively ceased '' in 2002 , although an `` unknown number '' of slaves remain in captivity .

neg: Near East The Near East is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia . Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles , the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire . The term has fallen into disuse in English and has been replaced by the terms Middle East and Western Asia .   According to the National Geographic Society , the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories and are `` generally accepted as comprising the countries of the Arabian Peninsula , Cyprus , Egypt , Iraq , Iran , Israel , Jordan , Lebanon , Palestinian territories , Syria , and Turkey '' . The Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) of the United Nations defines the region similarly , but also includes Afghanistan while excluding the countries of North Africa and the Palestinian territories .

neg: London Declaration for Global Peace and Resistance against Extremism 2011 On 24 September 2011 , Minhaj-ul-Quran organised a major `` Peace for Humanity Conference '' at Wembley Arena in London at which , under the auspices of Pakistani Islamic scholar Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri , its 12,000 attendees announced a global declaration denouncing racism , interfaith intolerance , extremism and terrorism . Minhaj-ul-Quran strategist Joel Hayward wrote the declaration text for Qadri and was its second formal signatory after Qadri himself . Notably , senior Al-Azhar University leaders and dignitaries then signed it before Minhaj-ul-Quran opened it up via the internet for public signing . They aim to get one million signatures within a year . The London Declaration for Global Peace and Resistance against Extremism is intended as an interfaith document which unequivocally condemns all extremism and terrorism , '' because at the heart of all religions is a belief in the sanctity of the lives of the innocent . '' The Declaration adds : `` The indiscriminate nature of terrorism , which has in recent years killed far more civilians and other non-combatants than it has combatants , is un-Islamic , un-Judaic , un-Christian and it is indeed incompatible with the true teachings of all faiths . '' The London Declaration also `` unequivocally condemn -LSB- s -RSB- anti-Semitism ( including when sometimes it is disingenuously clothed as anti-Zionism ) , Islamophobia ( including when it is sometimes disingenuously dressed up as patriotism ) and all other forms of racism and xenophobia . '' Muslim extremists tried to prevent the success of the Declaration via cyber-attacks on the website hosting it .


query: Yangon is in a place also recognized as Burma.

pos: Yangon Yangon ( ရန က န , MLCTS rankun mrui , -LSB- jàɴɡòʊɴ mjo̰ -RSB- ; formerly known as Rangoon , literally : `` End of Strife '' ) is the capital of the Yangon Region of Myanmar , also known as Burma . Yangon served as the capital of Myanmar until 2006 , when the military government relocated the capital to the purpose-built city of Naypyidaw in central Myanmar . With over 7 million people , Yangon is Myanmar 's largest city and is its most important commercial centre .   Yangon boasts the largest number of colonial-era buildings in the region , and has a unique colonial-era urban core that is remarkably intact . The colonial-era commercial core is centred around the Sule Pagoda , which reputed to be over 2,000 years old . The city is also home to the gilded Shwedagon Pagoda -- Myanmar 's most sacred Buddhist pagoda . The mausoleum of the last Mughal Emperor is located in Yangon , where he had been exiled following the Indian Mutiny of 1857 .   Yangon suffers from deeply inadequate infrastructure , especially compared to other major cities in Southeast Asia . Though many historic residential and commercial buildings have been renovated throughout central Yangon , most satellite towns that ring the city continue to be profoundly impoverished and lack basic infrastructure .

pos: Myanmar Myanmar ( -LSB- mjəmà -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar ( ပ ည ထ င စ သမ မတ မ န မ န င င တ , , -LSB- pjìdàʊɴzṵ θàɴməda̰ mjəmà nàɪɴŋàɴdɔ̀ -RSB- ) , also known as Burma , is a sovereign state in the region of Southeast Asia . Myanmar is bordered by India and Bangladesh to its west , Thailand and Laos to its east , and China to its north and northeast . To its south , about one third of Myanmar 's total perimeter of 5,876 km ( 3,651 miles ) forms an uninterrupted coastline of 1,930 km along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea . The country 's 2014 census counted a much lower population than expected , with 51 million people recorded . Myanmar is 676,578 square kilometres ( 261,227 sq mi ) in size . Its capital city is Naypyidaw and its largest city and former capital city is Yangon ( Rangoon ) . Myanmar has been a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) since 1997 .   Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma . In the 9th century , the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and , following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s , the Burmese language , culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country . The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged . In the 16th century , reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty , the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Mainland Southeast Asia . The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well . The British took over the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony . Myanmar was granted independence in 1948 , initially as a democratic nation and then , following a coup d'état in 1962 , a military dictatorship .   For most of its independent years , the country has been engrossed in rampant ethnic strife and Burma 's myriad ethnic groups have been involved in one of the world 's longest-running ongoing civil wars . During this time , the United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systematic human rights violations in the country . In 2011 , the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election , and a nominally civilian government was installed . This , along with the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and political prisoners , has improved the country 's human rights record and foreign relations , and has led to the easing of trade and other economic sanctions . There is , however , continuing criticism of the government 's treatment of ethnic minorities , its response to the ethnic insurgency , and religious clashes . In the landmark 2015 election , Aung San Suu Kyi 's party won a majority in both houses . However , the Burmese military remains as a powerful force in politics .   Myanmar is a country rich in jade and gems , oil , natural gas and other mineral resources . In 2013 , its GDP ( nominal ) stood at US$ 56.7 billion and its GDP ( PPP ) at US$ 221.5 billion . The income gap in Myanmar is among the widest in the world , as a large proportion of the economy is controlled by supporters of the former military government . , according to the Human Development Index ( HDI ) , Myanmar had a medium level of human development , ranking 145 out of 188 countries .

neg: Manipur River Manipur River is a river of Myanmar ( Burma ) and India .

neg: 2011 Yangon explosion On December 29 , 2011 police in Myanmar ( also known as Burma ) reported a fire followed by several explosions killing at least 17 people and injuring 83 in Yangon . The dead included five firefighters who were caught in an explosion during the blaze .   The blasts occurred as firefighters were putting out the blaze that had started in a state-owned warehouse before spreading to other buildings and nearby homes before dawn . The earthshaking explosion hit and destroyed over 100 houses , 26 warehouses and two monasteries as well as four fire engines . The explosions rocked the entire city , jolting residents from sleep . A 40 ft wide and 15 ft deep crater was visible at the site .   The two owners leased the warehouses from the state for storing electronic goods , chemicals and herbal materials which remained as the highly accessed cause of the violent fire and blast .

neg: Kayan people (Myanmar) The Kayan are a sub-group of Red Karen ( Karenni people ) , Tibeto-Burman ethnic minority of Myanmar ( Burma ) . The Kayan consists of the following groups : Kayan Lahwi ( also called Padaung , -LSB- bədàʊɴ -RSB- ) , Kayan Ka Khaung ( Gekho ) , Kayan Lahta , Kayan Ka Ngan . Kayan Gebar , Kayan Kakhi and , sometimes , Bwe people ( Kayaw ) .   Padaung ( Yan Pa Doung ) is a Shan term for the Kayan Lahwi ( the group in which women wear the brass neck coils ) . The Kayan residents in Mae Hong Son Province in Northern Thailand refer to themselves as Kayan and object to being called Padaung . In The Hardy Padaungs ( 1967 ) Khin Maung Nyunt , one of the first authors to use the term `` Kayan '' , says that the Padaung prefer to be called Kayan .  On the other hand , Pascal Khoo Thwe calls his people Padaung in his 2002 memoir , From the Land of Green Ghosts : A Burmese Odyssey .   In the late 1980s and early 1990s due to conflict with the military regime in Myanmar , many Kayan tribes fled to the Thai border area . Among the refugee camps set up there was a Long Neck section , which became a tourist site , self-sufficient on tourist revenue and not needing financial assistance .   According to U Aung Roe ( 1993:21 ss ) Kayan number about 40,000 in Shan State ( around the Pekon Township area ) and 20,000 in Kayah State ( around Demawso and Loikaw ) . A 2004 estimate puts the population at approximately 130,000 . About 600 Kayan reside in the three villages open to tourists in Mae Hong Sorn , or in the Ban Mai Nai Soy refugee camp .

neg: Taunggyi Taunggyi ( -LSB- tàʊɴdʑí mjo̰ -RSB- Shan : -LSB- - shnwéŋ tɔ̀ŋ kjí -RSB- ) is the capital of Shan State , Myanmar ( Burma ) and lies within the Myelat region . Taunggyi has an estimated population of 380,665 as of 2014 , making it the fifth largest city in Myanmar ( with Naypyidaw , Bago ) , and is at an elevation of 4712 ft above sea level . The name Taunggyi means `` huge mountain '' in the Burmese language , and is named after the ridge on the east of the city , part of the Shan Hills system , whose prominent high point is called Taung-chun or `` The Spur . '' Locally this spur is popularly known as Phaya Taung . The ridge has a more prominent and more popular feature known as Chauk Talone , meaning the Craigs .   Recently there has been a flood of Chinese immigrants .

neg: Myanmar International Myanmar International Television is a Burmese state-owned national and international English-language television channel based in Yangon , Myanmar . The channel was first launched in August 2001 as MRTV-3 , the third ever television channel in Myanmar . It was rebranded as Myanmar International Television in April 2010 .

neg: Music of Myanmar The music of Burma ( or Myanmar ) has similarities with and is related to many other musical traditions in the region .

neg: Myanmar Badminton Federation The Myanmar Badminton Federation is the badminton organization of Myanmar . It was founded in the late 1950s and later on it became a member of the Badminton World Federation and the Badminton Asia Confederation . The MBF 's main court is located in 320/332 , Anawrahta Street West Gymnasium , Lanmadaw Township , Yangon , Myanmar .   Currently , players from MBF are not permitted to enter any of their players in any BWF sanctioned tournaments until outstanding penaltiy fees are paid .

neg: Yangon City Development Committee Yangon City Development Committee ( ရန က န မ တ စည ပင သ ယ ရ က မတ , abbreviated YCDC ) is the administrative body of Yangon , the largest city and former capital of Myanmar ( Burma ) . It consists of 20 departments , with headquarters in the Yangon City Hall . The committee 's chairman also acts as the city 's mayor .   On 14 May 1990 , the Yangon City Development Law formally established the present incarnation of YCDC , delegating wide responsibilities to this body , including city planning , land administration , tax collection , and development . However , the YCDC is also responsible for duties stipulated in the 1922 Rangoon Municipal Act   The YCDC is technically independent of the government , and raises its own revenues through tax collection , fees , licenses and property development . In the 2011-2012 budget year , YCDC had an estimated deficit of K 5 billion , because of high spending on road construction and purchase of waste collection vehicles .

neg: List of social and non-governmental organisations in Myanmar Myanmar , also known as Burma , has many organisations and societies set up by the government . Although they are loosely termed NGOs , they are partly under the supervision and receive funding from the government . The Myanmar Red Cross , for example , does carry out red cross related duties , but is also considered as a potential reserve force in times of conflict , while the War Veterans ' Organisation is a quasi-political society .   The following is a list of social and non-governmental organisations in Myanmar :  Foreign Correspondents ' Club of Myanmar  Forest Resource Environment Development and Conservation Association  Manaung Township Association ( Yangon )  Myanmar Auxiliary Fire Brigade  Myanmar Computer Federation  Myanmar Computer Industry Association  Myanmar Computer Professionals Association  Myanmar Dental Association  Myanmar Engineering Society  Myanmar Floriculturists Association  Myanmar Health Assistant Association  Myanmar Hiking and Mountaineering Association  Myanmar Library Association  Myanmar Maternal and Child Welfare Association  Myanmar Medical Association  Myanmar Motion Picture Organisation  Myanmar Music Organisation  Myanmar National Committee for Women 's Affairs  Myanmar Nurses Association  Myanmar Overseas Seafarers Association  Myanmar Photographic Society  Myanmar Printing and Publishing Association  Myanmar Red Cross Society  Myanmar Sports Writers Federation  Myanmar Thabin Organisation  Myanmar Theatrical Organisation  Myanmar Traditional Artist and Artisans Organisation  Myanmar Veterans ' Organisation  Myanmar Women 's Affairs Federation  Myanmar Women 's Development Association  Myanmar Women 's Entrepreneurs Association  Myanmar Writers and Journalists Association  The Central Committee for Drug Abuse Control  Union of Myanmar Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry  Union Solidarity and Development Association  World Vision for HIV and AIDS project in Myanmar

neg: Burmese Indians Burmese Indians are a group of people of Indian origin who live in Burma . While Indians have lived in Burma for many centuries , most of the ancestors of the current Burmese Indian community emigrated to Burma from the start of British rule in the mid-19th century to the separation of British Burma from British India in 1937 . During British times , ethnic Indians formed the backbone of the government and economy serving as soldiers , civil servants , merchants and moneylenders . A series of anti-Indian riots beginning in 1930 and mass emigration during the Japanese occupation of Burma followed by the forced expulsion of 1962 left ethnic Indians with a much reduced role in Burma .   Ethnic Indians today account for approximately 2 % ( about 950,000 ) of the population of Burma and are concentrated largely in the two major cities ( Yangon and Mandalay ) and old colonial towns ( Pyin U Lwin and Kalaw ) . They are largely barred from the civil service and military and are disenfranchised by being labeled as ` foreigners ' and ` non-citizens ' of Burma . Amongst the well-known Burmese Indians is S. N. Goenka , a leading practitioner and teacher of vipassanā meditation and Helen , a well-known Bollywood film actress who is also of Anglo-Burmese descent .

neg: National symbols of Myanmar The national symbols of Burma ( also known as Myanmar ) are icons , symbols and other cultural expressions which are seen as representative of the Burmese people . These have been accumulated over centuries and are mainly from the Bamar majority , while other ethnic groups also maintain their own symbols .   No official codification or de jure recognition exists , but most of these symbols are seen as de facto representative of the Burmese people . The use of much of these symbols were cultivated during the Konbaung dynasty which ruled Burma from 1761 to 1885 .

neg: Yangon Japanese School The , previously the , is a Japanese international school in Dagon Township , Yangon , Burma .

neg: Naypyidaw Union Territory Naypyidaw Union Territory ( န ပ ည တ , also spelt Naypyitaw ) is an administrative division in central Burma ( Myanmar ) . The Union Territory encompasses the administrative capital of Burma , Naypyidaw .

neg: Mandalay Region Mandalay Region ( မန တလ တ င ဒ သက , -LSB- máɴdəlé táiɴ dèθa̰ dʑí -RSB- , formerly Mandalay Division ) is an administrative division of Myanmar . It is located in the center of the country , bordering Sagaing Region and Magway Region to the west , Shan State to the east , and Bago Region and Kayin State to the south . The regional capital is Mandalay . In the south of the division lies the national capital of Naypyitaw . The division consists of seven districts , which are subdivided into 30 townships and 2,320 wards and village-tracts .   Mandalay Region is important in Myanmar 's economy , accounting for 15 % of the national economy . It is under the administration of the Mandalay Region Government .

neg: National Museum of Myanmar The National Museum ( Yangon ) , , located in Dagon , Yangon , is the one of the national museum of Burmese art , history and culture in Myanmar . Founded in 1952 , the five-story museum has an extensive collection of ancient artifacts , ornaments , works of art , inscriptions and historic memorabilia , related to history , culture and civilization of Burmese people .

neg: Burmese passport The Burmese passport or the Myanmar passport is the passport issued to citizens and nationals of Burma ( officially called `` the Republic of the Union of Myanmar '' ) .   In 2002 , Myanmar began issuing electronic passports . Burmese passports contain a microchip embedded in them that carries identifying information about the passport holder . UN special envoy Razali Ismail , part owner of Iris corporation , which won the contract to install the new system , dismissed security concerns , and said , `` Must you think of things in such sinister terms ? Anyway , it 's only for those people who want to travel outside . In most cases , those will be government people . ''

neg: List of Burmese dishes The following is a list of dishes found in Burmese cuisine . Burmese cuisine includes dishes from various regions of Burma ( now officially known as Myanmar ) . The diversity of Myanmar 's cuisine has also been contributed to by the myriad of local ethnic minorities . The Bamars are the most dominant group , but other groups including the Chin people also have distinct cuisines . Burmese cuisine is characterized by extensive use of fish products like fish sauce and ngapi ( fermented seafood ) . Owing to the geographic location of Myanmar , Burmese cuisine has been influenced by Chinese cuisine , Indian cuisine and Thai cuisine .

neg: List of ecoregions in Myanmar The following is a list of ecoregions in Myanmar ( also known as Burma ) .

neg: National Theatre of Yangon The National Theatre of Yangon , located in Yangon , is a national theatre of Myanmar . The theatre is used for cultural exchange programs with foreign countries , for departmental workshops , religious ceremonies , prize giving ceremonies , performing arts competitions , and for musical stage shows .

neg: Mu River Mu River ( ; -LSB- mú mjɪʔ -RSB- ) is a river in upper central Myanmar ( Burma ) , and a tributary of the country 's chief river the Ayeyarwady . It drains the Kabaw valley and part of the Dry Zone between the Ayeyarwady to the east and its largest tributary Chindwin River to the west , flows directly north to south for about 275 km and enters the Ayeyarwady west of Sagaing near Myinmu .   Its catchment area above the Kabo weir is 12,355 km2 . River flow and rainfall are both seasonal and erratic , at its lowest from January to April , rising sharply during May and June , and high from August to October . Because the Mu lies within the Dry Zone in the rain shadow of Rakhine Yoma , it receives scanty summer monsoon rainfall with a total streamflow of 350 mm . An old popular expression in Burmese goes thus : Ma myinbu , Mu myit htin - If you have n't seen a river before , you 'd think the Mu is it . It may also be called Mu Chaung ( creek ) rather than Mu Myit ( river ) by some .   The wooded upper Mu valley is populated by the Kadu and Kanan minorities whereas the fertile lower valley constitutes part of the heartlands of the ethnic majority Bamar .


query: The Royal Pavilion was designed by John Nash.

pos: Royal Pavilion The Royal Pavilion , also known as the Brighton Pavilion , is a former royal residence located in Brighton , England . Beginning in 1787 , it was built in three stages as a seaside retreat for George , Prince of Wales , who became the Prince Regent in 1811 . It is built in the Indo-Saracenic style prevalent in India for most of the 19th century . The current appearance of the Pavilion , with its domes and minarets , is the work of architect John Nash , who extended the building starting in 1815 .

pos: John Nash (architect) John Nash ( 18 January 1752 -- 13 May 1835 ) was a British architect responsible for much of the layout of Regency London under the patronage of the Prince Regent , and during his reign as George IV . Nash was also a pioneer in the use of the Picturesque in architecture . His best-known buildings are the Royal Pavilion , Brighton , and Buckingham Palace ( though the facade facing The Mall is an early 20th-century remodelling by Aston Webb of an 1850s wing by Edward Blore , and thus is not Nash 's work ) . Many of his buildings were built by the property developer James Burton , who also lent him financial assistance when he encountered financial problems during his projects on Regent Street . In return , Nash promoted the career of Burton 's son , Decimus Burton , who assisted him with several of his designs and later became a famous architect in his own right .

neg: The Menin Road (painting) The Menin Road is a large oil painting by Paul Nash completed in 1919 that depicts a First World War battlefield . Nash was commissioned by the British War Memorials Committee to paint a battlefield scene for the proposed national Hall of Remembrance . The painting is considered one of the most iconic images of the First World War and is held by the Imperial War Museum .

neg: Art Nouveau furniture Furniture created in the Art Nouveau style was prominent from the late 19th century to the advent of the First World War . Unlike furniture made by the British Arts and Crafts movement , from which it emerged in stylistic respects , most Art Nouveau furniture was produced in factories by normal manufacturing techniques , which led to tensions with Arts and Crafts figures in England , who criticised continental Art Nouveau furniture for not being '' ` honestly ' constructed . It also tended to be expensive , as a fine finish , usually polished or varnished , was regarded as essential , and continental designs were usually very complex , with curving shapes that were expensive to make . It by no means entirely replaced other styles of furniture , which continued to be popular , with Art Nouveau styles largely restricted to an expensive `` art furniture '' category . The style was named for Siegfried Bing 's Maison de l'Art Nouveau gallery and shop in Paris , which opened in 1895 , and in France and Belgium furniture designers took up the style with more enthusiasm than those of most countries .   Several notable designers were architects who designed furniture for specific buildings they had also designed , a way of working inherited from the Arts and Crafts movement ; these include Charles Rennie Mackintosh , Antoni Gaudí , Hector Guimard and Victor Horta . Mackintosh 's furniture was relatively austere and geometrical , marked by elongated dimensions and right-angles . Continental designs were much more elaborate , often using curved shapes both in the basic shapes of the piece , and in applied decorative motifs . In many ways the old vocabulary and techniques of classic French 18th-century Rococo furniture were re-interpreted in a new style . Luxury veneers were used in the furniture of leading cabinetmakers Georges de Feure and others .   Alphonse Mucha produced a few designs , but was little involved with production . The École de Nancy ( School of Nancy in France ) , the Wiener Werkstätte in Vienna and the Deutscher Werkbund were groupings including many designers of Art Nouveau furniture . The Exposition Universelle de Paris in 1900 was an important showcase for designers , and the Prima Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Decorativa Moderna at Turin in 1902 heavily featured the work of furniture designer Carlo Bugatti of Milan .

neg: Raymond Erith Raymond Charles Erith RA FRIBA ( 7 August 1904 -- 30 November 1973 ) was a leading classical architect in England during the period dominated by the modern movement after the Second World War . His work demonstrates his continual interest in expanding the classical tradition to establish a progressive modern architecture , drawing on the past .   Erith was appointed architect for the reconstruction of Downing Street ( 1958 ) , elected a Royal Academician ( 1959 ) and served on the Royal Fine Art Commission ( 1960 -- 73 ) . Since his death , exhibitions of his work have been held by the Royal Academy of Arts ( 1976 ) , Gainsborough 's House , Sudbury ( 1979 ) , Niall Hobhouse ( 1986 ) and Sir John Soane 's Museum ( 2004 ) .

neg: Festival of Britain The Festival of Britain was a national exhibition and fair that reached millions of visitors throughout the United Kingdom in the summer of 1951 . Historian Kenneth O. Morgan says the Festival was a `` triumphant success '' as people :  flocked to the South Bank site , to wander around the Dome of Discovery , gaze at the Skylon , and generally enjoy a festival of national celebration . Up and down the land , lesser festivals enlisted much civic and voluntary enthusiasm . A people curbed by years of total war and half-crushed by austerity and gloom , showed that it had not lost the capacity for enjoying itself ... Above all , the Festival made a spectacular setting as a showpiece for the inventiveness and genius of British scientists and technologists .   Labour cabinet member Herbert Morrison was the prime mover ; in 1947 he started with the original plan to celebrate the centennial of the Great Exhibition of 1851 . However it was not to be another World Fair , for international themes were absent , as was the British Commonwealth . Instead the 1951 festival focused entirely on Britain and its achievements ; it was funded chiefly by the government , with a budget of # 12 million . The Labour government was losing support and so the implicit goal of the festival was to give the people a feeling of successful recovery from the war 's devastation , as well as promoting British science , technology , industrial design , architecture and the arts .   The Festival 's centrepiece was in London on the South Bank of the Thames . There were events in Poplar ( Architecture ) , Battersea ( The Festival Pleasure Gardens ) , South Kensington ( Science ) and Glasgow ( Industrial Power ) . Festival celebrations took place in Cardiff , Stratford-upon-Avon , Bath , Perth , Bournemouth , York , Aldeburgh , Inverness , Cheltenham , Oxford , Norwich , Canterbury and elsewhere and there were touring exhibitions by land and sea .   The Festival became a `` beacon for change '' that proved immensely popular with thousands of elite visitors and millions of popular ones . It helped reshape British arts , crafts , designs and sports for a generation . Journalist Harry Hopkins highlights the widespread impact of the `` Festival style '' . They called it `` Contemporary '' . It was :  clean , bright and new ... . It caught hold quickly and spread first across London and then across England ... In an island hitherto largely given up to gravy browns and dull greens , `` Contemporary '' boldly espoused strong primary colors .

neg: James Moore (furniture designer) ïJames Moore ( c. 1670 - October 1726 ) was an 18th-century cabinet maker in London who worked for George I . He was in partnership with John Gumley from 1714 . As royal cabinet-maker he supplied walnut and mahogany furniture for the royal household , the royal yacht , and the king 's servants and mistresses , as well as the rich gilt gesso furniture for which he is best known but which constituted a small part of his output .   Early references to Moore are in the Duke of Montagu 's domestic expenses , 1708 , and the entry in the accounts of Lord Hervey , soon created Earl of Bristol , for `` glass piers & sconces '' , 1710 . Moore and his son , James Moore the younger , were among craftsmen furnishing Cannons for James Brydges , 1st Duke of Chandos A gilt gesso table from Stowe House , now at the Victoria and Albert is in the unmistakable style of James Moore ; it bears the cypher and baron 's coronet of Richard Temple , Lord Cobham , and can be dated 1714-18 on that basis .   James Moore assumed the position of clerk of the works at Blenheim Palace , completing and furnishing the house after Sarah Churchill , Duchess of Marlborough , quarreled with her architect , John Vanbrugh ; Moore had first appeared as the Duchess 's `` glass man '' , providing pier glasses in the house . By 1714 the Duchess referred to him as `` my oracle , Mr. Moore '' who `` certainly has very good sense and I think him very honest and understanding in many trades besides his own . ''   Moore is especially known for gilt gesso furniture , tables looking-glass frames and candlestands . A pair of gilt gesso side tables bearing the crowned cypher of George I in the Royal Collection and the pair of candlestands en suite are incised with his name , an unusual practice at the time . At Erddig , gilt gesso furniture by Moore can be linked to surviving bills receipted by James Moore and John Belchier , 1722-26 .   The succeeding royal cabinet-maker , Benjamin Goodison , trained in Moore 's workshop .

neg: James Lonsdale (painter) James Lonsdale ( 16 May 1777 Lancaster -- 17 January 1839 London ) was a fashionable and prolific English portrait painter who exhibited some 138 works at the Royal Academy between 1802 and 1838 , and was one of the founders of the Society of British Artists . His work was influenced and overshadowed by his more successful contemporary Sir Thomas Lawrence ( 1769 -- 1830 ) . Lonsdale was a pupil of George Romney ( 1734 -- 1802 ) .   Lonsdale , who started off as a pattern designer at Margerison and Glover 's print-works in Catterall , was encouraged as an artist by the Lancaster architect Richard Threlfall , of whom he exhibited a portrait in 1809 . Lord Archibald , impressed by the quality of his painting and drawing , invited him to Ashton Hall . Here he met two of Lord Archibald 's daughters , Lady Anne Hamilton and Lady Susan , the Countess of Dunmore . Feeling that his future would hold more promise in the city , he moved to London , becoming a favourite pupil of Romney 's , accompanying him abroad on several occasions . He enrolled in the Royal Academy Schools on 23 October 1801 . Lonsdale married a Lancastrian , Miss Thornton , and set up a residence in Southgate . The marriage produced three sons who became portrait painter , the second was James John Lonsdale , recorder of Folkestone , and the last a surgeon .   Highly respected , his growing list of clients enabled him to purchase John Opie 's studio at 8 Berners Street in the City of Westminster , where he remained until his death . After settling into his new studio he made the acquaintance of the Duke of Norfolk , who commissioned him to do a large historical painting of King John and the Magna Carta , which later was rendered in stained glass in Arundel Castle . Besides the Duke of Norfolk , his sitters included the Duke of Sussex , the Grand Duke Nicholas , the Archibald Douglas-Hamilton , 9th Duke of Hamilton and the Marquess of Downshire . In 1820 the Lord Mayor of London commissioned him to do a portrait of Queen Caroline , after which he was appointed her official portrait painter . Through the Duke of Norfolk he was introduced to the Beefsteak Club , where he met with the most distinguished persons of the time .  His portraits reflected accurate details of his sitters that may have been regarded as unflattering .

neg: Edward Robert Robson Edward Robert Robson FRIBA FSA FSI ( 2 March 1836 -- 19 January 1917 ) was an English architect famous for the progressive spirit of his London state-funded school buildings of the 1870s and early 1880s .   Born in Durham , he was the elder son of Robert Robson , a Durham Justice of the Peace . He apprenticed in Newcastle upon Tyne with John Dobson , who worked in a classicising , Italianate manner ; he then worked under Sir George Gilbert Scott ( 1854 -- 59 ) during the restoration of Durham Cathedral 's tower , taking a break in 1858 for `` extensive Continental travel '' , and went on to serve as architect in charge of the Cathedral for six years . He was also in partnership for a time prior to 20 August 1862 with John Wilson Walton ( c. 1822 -- 1910 ) . His first church , St. Cuthbert 's , Durham ( 1863 ) , was inspired in part by the plain 13th-century church at Formigny , Normandy . For some time he served as architect and surveyor to the city of Liverpool , which served to give him sufficient experience when he was the surprising choice as chief architect for the newly erected School Board of London , in 1871 . He became a fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects . Under the terms of the reforming Elementary Education Act 1870 , a great number of new state-funded schools had to be built as quickly as possible , especially in the East End . Robson 's experience , for which he travelled in the Continent for the most up-to-date school-planning ideas , was encapsulated in his School Architecture ( 1874 ) . For the workload , he formed a partnership with J. J. Stevenson from 1871 until 1876 . The schools themselves were of brick and architectural terracotta in the many-gabled free Anglo-Flemish Renaissance style known at the time as `` Queen Anne style '' , which Robson chose as more suitably enlightened and secular than Gothic Revival and in which Stevenson had already shown himself proficient .   During his years with the School Board , Robson designed several hundred schools in London , and after leaving the Board in 1884 he remained as consulting architect to the Education Department .   His early connections with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood may have made him an obvious choice in 1888 for remodelling some market buildings with great dispatch for the New Gallery , Regent Street , a venue for art of the Brotherhood and other progressive arts .   Robson also built the People 's Palace , Stepney ( 1886 , now a part of Queen Mary , University of London ) as well as working on new school structures , notably Primrose Hill Infants ' School and the Cheltenham Ladies ' College ( 1896 ) and the Jews ' Free School in Spitalfields ( 1904 ) .   He is also credited with design of some residential houses . For example , Glenwood ( 99 Mycenae Road in Westcombe Park , London SE3 ) is described as `` an impressive late-Victorian red brick mansion with half-timbered gable ends , and fine joinery detailing . ''   He married Marian , daughter of Henry Longden , of Sheffield , and Who 's Who notes his recreations as `` golf , bicycling , billiards '' . At the time of his death , he was a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects , the Society of Antiquaries of London , and the Chartered Surveyors ' Institution .   In his later years he worked with his son , Philip Appleby Robson . He was twice offered a knighthood , which he refused . He died in London .

neg: Apollo Pavilion The Apollo Pavilion , also known as the Pasmore Pavilion , is a piece of public art in the new town of Peterlee in County Durham in the North East of England , designed by British artist and architect Victor Pasmore .   In December 2011 English Heritage gave the pavilion a Grade-II * listing .

neg: Crown Estate The Crown Estate is a collection of lands and holdings in the United Kingdom belonging to the British monarch as a corporation sole , making it the `` Sovereign 's public estate '' , which is neither government property nor part of the monarch 's private estate . As a result of this arrangement , the sovereign is not involved with the management or administration of the estate , exercising only very limited control of its affairs . Instead , the estate 's extensive portfolio is overseen by a semi-independent , incorporated public body headed by the Crown Estate Commissioners , who exercise `` the powers of ownership '' of the estate , although they are not `` owners in their own right '' . The revenues from these hereditary possessions have been placed by the monarch at the disposition of Her Majesty 's Government and thus proceed directly to Her Majesty 's Treasury for the benefit of the British nation . The Crown Estate is formally accountable to the Parliament of the United Kingdom , where it is legally mandated to make an annual report to the sovereign , a copy of which is forwarded to the House of Commons .   The Crown Estate is one of the largest property managers in the United Kingdom , overseeing property worth # 12 billion , with urban properties valued at # 9.1 billion representing the majority of the estate by value . These include a large number of properties in central London , but the estate also controls 792000 ha of agricultural land and forest , more than half of the UK 's foreshore , and retains various other traditional holdings and rights , including Ascot Racecourse and Windsor Great Park . Naturally occurring gold and silver in the UK , collectively known as `` Mines Royal '' , are managed by The Crown Estate and leased to mining operators .   Historically , Crown Estate properties were administered by the reigning monarch to help fund the business of governing the country . However , in 1760 , George III surrendered control over the Estate 's revenues to the treasury , thus relieving him of the responsibility of personally paying for the costs of the civil service , defence costs , the national debt , and his own personal debts . In return , he received an annual grant known as the Civil list . By tradition , each subsequent monarch agreed to this arrangement upon his or her accession . However , from 1 April 2012 , under the terms of the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 ( SSG ) , the Civil List was abolished and the monarch was thenceforth provided with a stable source of revenue indexed to a percentage of the Crown Estate 's annual net revenue ( currently set at 15 % ) . This was intended to provide a long-term solution and remove the politically sensitive issue of Parliament having to debate the Civil List allowance every ten years . Subsequently , the Sovereign Grant Act allows for all future monarchs to simply extend these provisions for their reigns by Order in Council . The act does not imply any legal change on the nature of the estate 's ownership , but is simply a benchmark by which the sovereign grant is set as a grant by Parliament .

neg: Hampton Court Park Hampton Court Park , adjacent to Hampton Court Palace and Gardens in South London , England , is a royal park managed by the Historic Royal Palaces . In 2014 , part of it was designated a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest together with Bushy Park and Hampton Court Golf Course .   It is a walled deer park of around 700 acre , with a herd of fallow deer , and has been open to the public since 1894 . The A308 road and the River Thames form its boundaries . North of the A308 is Bushy Park . The Royal Mews still graze some of their horses on the park in the summer .   The Long Water runs roughly eastward from the back of Hampton Court Palace and at the eastern end is the Golden Jubilee Fountain .

neg: Fisher & Fisher Fisher & Fisher was an architectural firm based in Denver , Colorado named for partners William Ellsworth Fisher ( 1871 -- 1937 ) and Arthur Addison Fisher ( 1878 -- 1965 ) .   The firm was founded in 1892 by William Ellsworth Fisher as William Fisher , Architect . After ten years in practice alone , mainly designing starter homes , he partnered with Daniel Riggs Huntington from 1901 to 1905 as Fisher & Huntington , during which time the firm designed increasingly expensive residences and also commercial buildings . The firm then once more became William Fisher , Architect until 1907 , when William was joined by his younger brother Arthur Addison Fisher ; they worked together as William Fisher Architect and Brother until 1910 and then as William E. Fisher and Arthur A. Fisher , Architects until William 's death in 1937 . William 's son Alan B. Fisher , who had previously joined the firm , then became his uncle 's partner and the firm was renamed Arthur A. Fisher and Alan B. Fisher , Architects . From 1956 to 1959 they were joined by Rodney S. Davis as Fisher , Fisher and Davis ; on Arthur 's retirement the firm became Fisher and Davis . Finally beginning in 1967 , Alan Fisher was in partnership with John D. Reece and Hilary M. Johnson as Fisher , Reece and Johnson until his retirement in 1978 .   In Colorado , the firm worked on dozens of notable buildings , and has left a legacy unique in the state . Of 67 surviving buildings in Denver identifiable as being by Fisher & Fisher , 50 are either listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) , individually or as part of historic districts , or are eligible for listing . Although most work by Fisher & Fisher was in Denver , buildings by them elsewhere in the state and outside it are also listed . For example , William and Arthur Fisher planned the town of Parco , Wyoming ( now Sinclair ) and designed its public buildings .   The Fisher brothers were unusually innovative , and the firm 's buildings are in a variety of styles . The Railway Exchange Addition of 1909/13 and the connected Railway Exchange New Building of 1937 ( now the Hotel Monaco ) in downtown Denver show contrasting styles by the same firm . The New Building , by Fisher , Fisher & Hubbell , is one of Denver 's best Art Moderne works , although the architects denied at the time that it was `` modernistic '' .   In April 2011 one of their works , the Cowperthwaite home , was the 2011 Denver Designer Show House , a fundraiser involving interior decorators prior to the house coming to market .   Among lost works by the firm are the Lafayette Hughes and Gerald Hughes mansions .   Surviving works include ( with attribution ) :  Ashland Public Library , 207 N. 15th St. Ashland , NE ( Shankland , W.R. / Fisher & Fisher ) , NRHP-listed  Belcaro , 3400 Belcaro Dr. Denver , CO ( Fisher & Fisher ) , NRHP-listed  Copperthwaite Home  Ideal Building , 821 17th St. Denver , CO ( Fisher & Fisher ) , NRHP-listed  Lorraine Lodge , SW of Golden Golden , CO ( Fisher & Fisher ) , NRHP-listed  McPhee and McGinnity Building , 2301 Blake St. Denver , CO ( Fisher & Fisher ) , NRHP-listed  Neusteter Building , 720 Sixteenth St. Denver , CO ( Fisher & Fisher ) , NRHP-listed  St. Thomas Episcopal Church , 607 Fourth St. Alamosa , CO ( Fisher , William Ellsworth ; Fisher , Arthur Addison ) , NRHP-listed  Tower of Memories , 8500 W. 29th Ave. Wheat Ridge , CO ( Charles A. Smith , Fisher & Fisher , John Monroe ) , NRHP-listed  Tramway Building , 1100 14th St. Denver , CO ( Fisher & Fisher ) , NRHP-listed  Original public buildings in Parco Historic District , roughly bounded by Monroe Ave. , N. Fourth St. , Union and Lincoln Aves. , and N. Ninth St. Sinclair , WY ( Fisher & Fisher ) , NRHP-listed

neg: Haga Palace Haga Palace ( Haga slott ) , formerly known as the Queen 's Pavilion ( Drottningens paviljong ) , is located in the Haga Park , Solna Municipality in Metropolitan Stockholm , Sweden . The palace , built in 18021805 , was modelled after ballet-master Gallodiers Italian villa in Drottningholm by architect Carl Christoffer Gjörwell on appointment by King Gustaf IV Adolf for the royal children . It has been the home or summerhouse for several members of the Swedish royal family -- most notably it was the birthplace of the present King -- until 1966 when King Gustaf VI Adolf transferred its disposal to the government and it was turned into a guesthouse for distinguished foreign official visitors . In 2009 , it was announced by Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt that the rights of disposal to the palace would be transferred back to the royal court to be used by Victoria , Crown Princess of Sweden , and her husband , Prince Daniel , Duke of Västergötland , as a wedding gift in 2010 . They moved into Haga Palace after their wedding on 19 June that year .

neg: Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Grounds Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop 's Grounds is an 1823 painting by the nineteenth-century landscape painter John Constable ( 1776 -- 1837 ) . This image of Salisbury Cathedral , one of England 's most famous medieval churches , is one of his most celebrated works , and was commissioned by one of his closest friends , John Fisher , The Bishop of Salisbury .   Constable visited Salisbury in 1820 and made a series of oil sketches of the cathedral , which served as the model for this composition . The artist selected a viewpoint from the bishop 's garden and included figures of Dr. Fisher and his wife at the bottom left . Following its exhibition at the 1823 Royal Academy , Constable observed : `` My Cathedral looks very well ... It was the most difficult subject in Landscape I ever had upon my Easel . I have not flinched at the work of the windows , buttresses , & c. - but I have as usual made my escape in the Evanescence of the Chiaro-Oscuro '' . His patron took exception to the dark cloud over the cathedral , and when he commissioned a smaller replica , requested `` a more serene sky '' .   The painting embodies the full range of qualities of a quintessentially British landscape painting -- the clouds , trees , a water meadow , cattle drinking at the edge of the pasture and the glorious architecture of a medieval cathedral -- but all on a human scale . Paintings like this one have so conditioned our view of rural Britain that it is now difficult to imagine a time when the countryside and country life were not held in such high regard .   A version of the painting also resides at the Frick Collection in New York City . It is slightly different in that it shows different weather and hence light . Whereas the London version depicts the cathedral with an overcast sky , the version in the Frick shows the cathedral with a clear , bright sky .   A small version of the painting resides at the Huntington Library in San Marino , California . John Fisher gave it to his daughter as a wedding present .   There is an earlier , homonymous version ( 1821-1822 ) of this painting at São Paulo Museum of Art in São Paulo . It is said that Fisher , seeing its sombre and grave colors , disliked it and asked for a happier , lighter one .

neg: John D. Lord Pavilion John D. Lord Pavilion is located at 433 Rodgers Street , Lowell , Massachusetts , in the Belvidere section of the city of Lowell Massachusetts . The John Lord Pavilion was built in 1927 when the city received $ 100,000 from the estate of Freeman B. Shedd . His wife , Amy , died in 1924 and his daughter had died in 1921 without having any children . This money allowed the city to develop the park which he had donated in 1910 .   On October 29 , 2016 the Shedd Park Field House was named the John D. Lord Pavilion . John was a life long resident of the city of Lowell , Vietnam Veteran , and worked for the city of Lowell Parks Department as groundskeeper for over 20 years .   John was born May 11 , 1947 , to Leo Lord and Irene Lamoureux . John married Marilyn Thompson and they had 4 children . John served in the Vietnam war from 1966 - 1968 and was a decorated soldier , receiving multiple military medals , including the Bronze Star and Purple Heart .   John visited Shedd Park regularly after his retirement . John died on February 4 , 2016 .   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMaCYCPN0X0   Category : Pavilions in the United States  Category : Buildings and structures in Lowell , Massachusetts

neg: Ahmad Shahi Pavilion Ahmad Shahi Pavilion ( -LSB- ) is in Niavaran Palace , in the Niavaran complex in north of Tehran , Iran . Ahmad Shahi Pavilion is beside Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 's dwelling , Niavaran Palace and the oldest building there , Sahebgheranieh Palace . The Pavilion was built at the end of the Qajar era as Ahmad Shah 's dwelling among Niavaran garden . Ahmad Shahi Pavilion was constructed as a two story building in the surrounds of 800 m2 of land .   The Ahmad Shahi pavilion , after refurbishment and interior additions , was utilized as the house and workplace of Reza Pahlavi by wholly altering its furniture during the Mohammad Reza Pahlavi . The first floor of the pavilion includes of a hallway with a pond made of marble stone in the middle with six rooms and two corridors around . ornamental items made of silver , bronze , ivory , wood and souvenirs from different countries such as India , paintings , medals , etc. have been exhibited in this palace . Also other items plus decorative mineral stones , a stone from Moon , different plant and animal fossils are kept in this pavilion . The 2nd floor of this building includes of a middle hallway and a four sided veranda . All around the major hall , which was used as the song room , wooden shelves have been set . Surrounding the veranda , shelter is provided by six square brick columns and 26 round gypsum columns . The gypsum work pattern of lion and sun can be visible on the northern wall of the veranda . Ahmad Shahi Pavilion is open to public visitors .

neg: Nottingham Daily Express The Nottingham Daily Express was a local newspaper published in Nottingham between 1860 and 1918 . It was a radical , Liberal and strongly Nonconformist newspaper .   It was published from 4 January 1860 to 6 April 1918 . It continued as the Nottingham Journal and Express 8 April 1918 -- 5 September 1953 ( incorporating the long dormant copyright of the Nottingham Journal which had been purchased from William Bradshaw in 1887 ) . It was amalgamated with the Nottingham Guardian and subsequently published as the Guardian Journal .   The Nottingham Daily Express was based in a building on Upper Parliament Street in Nottingham designed by the Nottingham-based architect Watson Fothergill . The ethos of the paper was marked by the inclusion over the door of images of the Liberal politicians Richard Cobden , William Gladstone and John Bright . With their prominence as leaders of the Anti-Corn Law League ( 1838 -- 46 ) these were suitable subjects for the Liberal newspaper to commemorate . Inside the entrance are rows of tiles ( originally on the Parliament Street front ) . The first row depicts Queen Victoria and Prince Albert , while the second row shows Lord Palmerston and Lord John Russell .   The building was completed in 1876 with three floors . In 1899 it was extended towards King Street and a fourth floor added .

neg: Jon Hunt Jonathan Michael Hunt ( born June 1953 ) , is a British billionaire property entrepreneur . He is best known as the founder of UK estate agency Foxtons and is more recently known as the founder of Pavilion , the restaurant and business members club in Kensington , London .

neg: All Souls Church, Langham Place All Souls Church is an evangelical Anglican church in central London , situated in Langham Place in Marylebone , at the north end of Regent Street . It was designed in regency style by John Nash and consecrated in 1824 .   As it is very near BBC Broadcasting House , the BBC often broadcasts from the church . As well as the core church membership , many hundreds of visitors come to All Souls , bringing the average number of those coming through the doors for services on Sundays to around 2,500 every week . All Souls has an international congregation , with all ages represented .

neg: John R. Hamilton (architect) John R. Hamilton was an English architect who moved to Cincinnati , Ohio . In England Hamilton designed the Lincoln and Worcester Insane Asylums ; the Birmingham , Plymouth , and Leicester Cemeteries ; and churches in London and Oxford ( according to an affidavit ) . He is believed to have come to the U.S. in approximately 1850 and to Cincinnati in approximately 1852 . According to the Architectural Foundation of Cincinnati 's Biographical Dictionary of Cincinnati Architects : `` relatively little is known about Hamilton 's American career , but he seems to have been a fine designer , willing to explore new technology , and with a significant influence through his pupils on later 19th-century Cincinnati-area architecture . ''   He is listed on his own in 1853-1855 , with Rankin , 1856 -- 1857 , and with James W. McLaughlin in 1857-1858 . Prominent Cincinnati architect Samuel Hannaford , born in England and brought to the Cincinnati area as a child , got his start in Hamilton 's office in 1857 .   Hamilton won a silver medal at the Ohio Mechanics ' Institute for his ` Paintings , Lithographic , Architectural , and other Drawings . ' He may have been in New York City at 36 Wall Street by 1859 ( or 1858 , according to Haverstock ) , and was `` made a Fellow of the fledgling American Institute of Architects in 1860 . '' According to Haverstock , page 369 , `` he served during the Civil War as special artist for Harper 's Weekly , traveling as far south as Port Hudson , Louisiana , '' and was in Richmond , Virginia , from about 1864 to 1866 . Hamilton was an early member of the Literary Club of Cincinnati ( 1857 ) .   In 1854 Hamilton won a design competition for the Henry Clay Monument in the Lexington , Kentucky Cemetery , a Gothic dome `` constructed entirely and innovatively of cast-iron '' , but it was not built and a `` more conventional ( if provincial ) column , raised on an Egyptoid mausoleum base , supported a statue of Clay . ''   The Horticultural Review and Botanical Magazine ( published in Cincinnati by H.W. Derby -LSB- a Hamilton & Rankin client -RSB- and edited by John Aston Warder and James W. Ward ) published Hamilton 's Charles Anderson House ( later Broadwell House ) at SEC Fifth and Pike streets in downtown Cincinnati , and ran a series of signed articles on architecture by Hamilton . The article about `` rural architecture '' are `` perhaps '' the earliest known architectural writings by a Cincinnati-based architect , announced by the publication 's editor in the first issue of the volume , IV , 1 ( 1/1854 ) , 47 .

neg: Renaissance Revival architecture Renaissance Revival ( sometimes referred to as `` Neo-Renaissance '' ) is an all-encompassing designation that covers many 19th century architectural revival styles which were neither Grecian ( see Greek Revival ) nor Gothic ( see Gothic Revival ) but which instead drew inspiration from a wide range of classicizing Italian modes . Under the broad designation `` Renaissance architecture '' nineteenth-century architects and critics went beyond the architectural style which began in Florence and central Italy in the early 15th century as an expression of Humanism ; they also included styles we would identify as Mannerist or Baroque . Self-applied style designations were rife in the mid - and later nineteenth century : `` Neo-Renaissance '' might be applied by contemporaries to structures that others called `` Italianate '' , or when many French Baroque features are present ( Second Empire ) .   The divergent forms of Renaissance architecture in different parts of Europe , particularly in France and Italy , has added to the difficulty of defining and recognizing Neo-Renaissance architecture . A comparison between the breadth of its source material , such as the English Wollaton Hall , Italian Palazzo Pitti , the French Château de Chambord , and the Russian Palace of Facets -- all deemed `` Renaissance '' -- illustrates the variety of appearances the same architectural label can take .