query: Hippocrates also went by Hippocrates of Kos.

pos: Hippocrates Hippocrates of Kos ( -LSB- hɪˈpɒkrəˌtiːz -RSB- Ἱπποκράτης Hippokrátēs ; 460 -- 370 BC ) , also known as Hippocrates II , was a Greek physician of the Age of Pericles ( Classical Greece ) , and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine . He is referred to as the `` Father of Modern Medicine '' in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic School of Medicine . This intellectual school revolutionized medicine in ancient Greece , establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields with which it had traditionally been associated ( theurgy and philosophy ) , thus establishing medicine as a profession .   However , the achievements of the writers of the Corpus , the practitioners of Hippocratic medicine , and the actions of Hippocrates himself were often commingled ; thus very little is known about what Hippocrates actually thought , wrote , and did . Hippocrates is commonly portrayed as the paragon of the ancient physician , and credited with coining the Hippocratic Oath , still relevant and in use today . He is also credited with greatly advancing the systematic study of clinical medicine , summing up the medical knowledge of previous schools , and prescribing practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Corpus and other works .

neg: Therapeutae The Therapeutae were a Jewish sect which flourished in Alexandria and other parts of the Diaspora of Hellenistic Judaism in the final years of the Second Temple period . The primary source concerning the Therapeutae is the account De vita contemplativa ( `` The Contemplative Life '' ) , purportedly by the Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria ( c. 20 BCE -- 50 CE ) . The authorship has been called into question because of the different stance on Greek philosophy of this work from that of other works that were written by Philo and because elsewhere Philo makes no mention of the Therapeutae although this article will refer to the author as Philo . The author appears to have been personally acquainted with them . The pseudepigraphic Testament of Job is possibly also a Therapeutae text , although this possibility is mostly based on the text being noticeably less misogynist than many other early apocryphal texts .   Philo records that they were `` philosophers '' ( cf. I. 2 ) and speaks specifically about a group that lived on a low hill by the Lake Mareotis close to Alexandria in circumstances resembling lavrite life ( cf. III .22 ) , and were `` the best '' of a kind given to `` perfect goodness '' that `` exists in many places in the inhabited world '' ( cf. III .21 ) . Philo was unsure of the origin of the name and derives the name Therapeutae/Therapeutides from Greek θεραπεύω in the sense of `` cure '' or `` worship '' ( cf. I. 2 ) .

neg: Moritz Heinrich Romberg Moritz Heinrich Romberg ( 11 November 1795 -- 16 June 1873 ) was a Jewish physician from Berlin who published his classic textbook in sections between 1840 and 1846 ; Edward Henry Sieveking translated it into English in 1853 . His nephew was Eduard Heinrich Henoch , who was known for describing Henoch -- Schönlein purpura .   He described what is now universally recognised as `` Romberg 's sign '' in his original account of tabes dorsalis ( a disease caused by syphilis damaging the back of the spinal cord ) . He related early symptoms as : `` The feet feel numbed in standing , walking or lying down , and the patient has the sensation as if they were covered in fur ; the resistance of the ground is not felt ... ''   Romberg 's sign he described as : `` The gait begins to be insecure ... he puts down his feet with greater force ... The individual keeps his eyes on his feet to prevent his movements from becoming still more unsteady . If he is ordered to close his eyes while in the erect posture , he at once commences to totter and swing from side to side ; the insecurity of his gait also exhibits itself more in the dark . '' Romberg had not observed this in other paralyses .   The unsteadiness with eyes closed ( sensory ataxia ) , relates to loss of sense of position in the legs and feet that are normally compensated for by the patient who uses vision to provide that information . But when the eyes are closed or in the dark , the loss of sense of position causes unsteadiness and sometimes falls , as Romberg described .   He was one of a tiny number of truly innovative neurologists in Europe who in the 1820-50 period introduced order and clinical observation and deduction into what was then an elementary discipline . He is credited with having been `` the first clinical neurologist ''   According to Pearce , Romberg acquired much of the wisdom and attitudes prevailing in English medicine when in 1820 he translated into German , Andrew Marshall 's ( 1742 -- 1813 ) The Morbid Anatomy of the Brain and Charles Bell 's The Nervous System of the Human Body . He revolutionised European neurology , publishing his Lehrbuch der Nervenkrankheiten des Menschen : the first systematic textbook in neurology . Romberg 's contribution to neurology , and his establishing tabes dorsalis as a distinctive disease were of crucial importance . Romberg 's sign , once synonymous with tabes dorsalis , became recognised as common to all proprioceptive disorders of the legs . His several major clinical contributions included : a classic description of achondroplasia ( on which he wrote his graduation thesis entitled `` Congenital rickets '' in 1817 ) , progressive facial hemiatrophy , and an unmistakable description of the pupils in tertiary syphilis before E.J. Remak and Argyll Robertson .

neg: Georges Gilles de la Tourette Georges Albert Édouard Brutus Gilles de la Tourette ( 30 October 1857 -- 26 May 1904 ) was a French physician and the namesake of Tourette 's syndrome , a neurological condition characterized by physical and verbal tics . He was born in the small town of Saint-Gervais-les-Trois-Clochers in the district of Châtellerault , near the city of Loudun . He could be retrospectively classified as a neurologist , but the field did not exist in his time .   During 1873 Tourette began medical studies at Poitiers . He later relocated to Paris where he became a student , amanuensis , and house physician of his mentor , the influential contemporary neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot , director of the Salpêtrière Hospital . Charcot also helped him to advance in his academic career . Tourette studied and lectured in psychotherapy , hysteria and medical and legal ramifications of mesmerism ( modern-day hypnosis ) .   Tourette described the symptoms of Tourette 's syndrome in nine patients in 1884 , using the name `` maladie des tics '' . Charcot renamed the syndrome `` Gilles de la Tourette 's illness '' in his honor .   In 1893 , a former female patient shot Tourette in the head , claiming he had hypnotized her against her will . Both Tourette and many modern hypnologists state that this is impossible . His mentor , Charcot , had died recently , and his young son had also died recently . After these events , Tourette began to experience mood swings between depression and hypomania . Nevertheless , he organized public lectures in which he spoke about literacy , mesmerism and theatre .   Tourette published an article on hysteria in the German Army , which angered Bismarck , and a further article about unhygienic conditions in the floating hospitals on the river Thames . With Gabriel Legué he analyzed abbess Jeanne des Anges ' account of her hysteria that was allegedly based on her unrequited love for a priest Urbain Grandier , who was later burned for witchcraft .   Around 1902 , Tourette 's condition worsened and he was dismissed from his post . Gilles de la Tourette died on 26 May 1904 in a psychiatric hospital in Lausanne , Switzerland .

neg: Aeschines (physician) Aeschines ( Gr . Αἰσχίνης ) was an ancient physician who lived in the latter half of the 4th century . He was born on the island of Chios , and settled at Athens , where he appears to have practiced with very little success , but acquired great fame by a happy cure of Eunapius Sardianus , who on his voyage to Athens had been seized with a fever of a very violent kind , which yielded only to treatment of a peculiar nature .   Another Athenian physician of this name is quoted by Pliny , of whom it is only known that he must have lived some time before the middle of the 1st century AD .

neg: Aleksei Kozhevnikov Aleksei Yakovlevich Kozhevnikov ( 5 March 1836 - 23 October 1902 ) was a Russian neurologist and psychiatrist who was a native of Ryazan .   From 1853 until 1858 he studied medicine at the University of Moscow , and furthered his education in Germany , Switzerland , England and France . At Jean Martin Charcot 's laboratory in Paris he made important pathological correlations in the study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) . In 1869 he returned to Moscow , where he worked at the Novo-Ekaterininskii Hospital , and gave classes in neurologic and psychiatric diseases . From 1870 to 1884 he was in charge of the clinic for neurologic diseases , becoming professor extraordinarius in 1873 .   In 1880 Kozhevnikov attained the chair of special pathology and therapy at the University of Moscow , and in 1886 founded the university clinic of psychiatry . In 1890 he founded the Moscow Society of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists .   Kozhevnikov was a pioneer of Russian psychiatry , and was an advocate for humane treatment of the mentally insane . His name is lent to the eponymous `` Kozhevnikov 's epilepsy '' , also known as epilepsia continua , which is an epilepsy characterized by almost continuous , rhythmic muscular contractions that affect a limited portion of the body . He provided a comprehensive description of progressive familial spastic diplegia , and made contributions in the neuropathological study of nuclear ophthalmoplegia and asthenic bulbar paralysis .   Among his students and assistants were Sergei Korsakoff ( 1853-1900 ) , Grigory Ivanovich Rossolimo ( 1860-1928 ) , Liverij Osipovich Darkshevich ( 1858-1925 ) , Vladimir Karlovich Roth ( 1848-1916 ) and Lazar Salomonovich Minor ( 1855-1942 ) .

neg: Körmendy Körmendy in the Hungarian language , due to its form and implied meaning , is understood to be a family name . Literally it means : a person or family of or originating or associated with the place called Körmend , now one of the smaller townships in Western Hungary , near the Austrian border .   It is evident in some public records that the same family name may have been spelled `` Körmendi '' as compared to `` Körmendy '' . It is generally understood in the Hungarian tradition that the use of the form `` Körmendy '' is an entitlement of some sort due to the formerly official title of nobility , received as granted in a traditional European meaning and process . The `` Körmendi '' name , form or usage , may mean in some cases , simply a spelling variation due to whatever reasons , but in some other cases `` Körmendi '' may be just an adopted name , not entitled to the `` Körmendy '' form of spelling .   There seem to exist many people in the world with these family names , however to this writer at this point it may be highly speculative to guess how many of these may be related at any distance , or whether there are one or more greater families covered by all these names . On the other hand , as an example , this writer has information of a document and public record granting the nobility title to a `` Körmendy Márton '' and his descendants ( and the same to a companion by a different name ) by `` King Ferdinánd I '' of Hungary , in the year 1549 . This above cited record also refers to an official transcript of another record of the same subject , originating in `` Szentmarja '' of Bács Vármegye , formerly part of the Hungarian Kingdom , ( now called Szabadka in Hungarian , and is now part of modern Serbia ) . This later transcript was sent to the Hungarian National Museum and is deposited under `` Aldányi Antal , LXI 1549 január 5 . ''   The above cited granting of nobility to said `` Körmendy Márton '' and his descendants is due to , according to the contents of the cited document ( s ) , a certain incident of his heroic behavior during the Hungarian defensive wars against the Turkish invaders . The said heroic act occurred in a battle at the Hungarian town Győr , rescuing some Christians from the Turks . Along with the title of nobility this `` Körmendy Márton '' and his descendants were granted the right to use a certain coat of arms , described in detail within the above said letter of grant of nobility ( nemeslevél in Hungarian ) .   These records at least provide a glimpse into the background and history connected with the name ( s ) Körmendy .

neg: Ludolf von Krehl Albrecht Ludolf von Krehl ( December 26 , 1861 -- May 26 , 1937 ) was a German internist and physiologist who was a native of Leipzig . He was the son of Orientalist Christoph Krehl ( 1825 -- 1901 )   He studied at the Universities of Heidelberg and Leipzig , and later was an assistant to Ernst Leberecht Wagner ( 1829 -- 1888 ) and Heinrich Curschmann ( 1846 -- 1910 ) at the medical clinic in Leipzig . In 1888 he obtained his habilitation , becoming head of the medical clinic at Jena in 1892 . In 1899 he became director of the clinic at the University of Marburg , and soon afterwards served as professor of special pathology and therapy of internal diseases in Greifswald ( 1900 -- 02 ) .   From 1902 to 1904 he was a professor at the University of Tübingen , and in 1904 he succeeded Bernhard Naunyn ( 1839 -- 1925 ) at the University of Strasbourg . While at Strasbourg , he provided the necessary facilities to Albert Fraenkel ( 1864 -- 1938 ) for the latter 's testing of intravenous strophanthin . From 1907 until 1932 he was a professor and director of the medical clinic at the University of Heidelberg . One of his better known assistants at Heidelberg was Viktor von Weizsäcker ( 1886 -- 1957 ) .   Krehl made contributions in the field of cardiac pathology and in his research of metabolic diseases . Also , he admired the psychoanalytic work of Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer , and had a keen interest in psychopathological aspects of disease from an individualized , psychosomatic standpoint .   Among his written works was a landmark textbook on pathological physiology that laid a scientific basis for clinical medicine . This textbook was first published in 1893 as Grundriß der allgemeinen klinischen Pathologie ( Later known as Pathologische Physiologie ) , and eventually ran to fourteen editions . Krehl was a catalyst behind the founding of the `` Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research '' , which today is known as the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg .

neg: Kokos Kokos ( Greek : Κόκος ) or Kokoui ( Greek : Κοκούι ) is the diminutive form of the name George ( Greek : Γιώργος ) . It is widely used in Cyprus .   Category : Greek masculine given names

neg: Assos Assos ( -LSB- ˈæsɒs -RSB- Ἄσσος ) , also known as Behramkale or for short Behram , is a small historically rich town in the Ayvacık district of the Çanakkale Province , Turkey .   After leaving the Platonic Academy in Athens , Aristotle ( joined by Xenocrates ) went to Assos , where he was welcomed by King Hermias , and opened an Academy in this city . Aristotle also married Pythias , the adopted daughter of Hermias . In the Academy of Assos , Aristotle became a chief to a group of philosophers , and together with them , he made innovative observations on zoology and biology . When the Persians attacked Assos , King Hermias was caught and put to death . Aristotle fled to Macedonia , which was ruled by his friend King Philip II of Macedon . There , he tutored Philip 's son , Alexander the Great . There is a modern statue of Aristotle at the town entrance .   The Acts of the Apostles refers to visits by Luke the Evangelist and Paul the Apostle to Assos  .   Today , Assos is an Aegean-coast seaside retreat amid ancient ruins .

neg: Schooliosis Schooliosis , a pun on `` school '' and `` scoliosis '' , is a term for a type of medical misdiagnosis . The word was coined by Petr Skrabanek and James McCormick .   The authors asserted that there is some degree of overdiagnosis of scoliosis in school , which causes ethical , social , and economic damage to the welfare of children . Such overdiagnosis is called `` schooliosis '' by some academics . Schooliosis is a type of disease mongering .   Preventative medical screening in school or college may lead to an incorrect diagnosis of scoliosis that triggers a series of unnecessary medical interventions on adolescents . There can be diagnostic and therapeutic cascades involving several specialists , which can end with iatrogenic damage to a healthy child with a normal back . The risks are unnecessary overexposure to X-rays ( repeated diagnostic X-rays ) , rehabilitation techniques with side effects ( traction ) , stigmatizing orthopaedic treatment ( braces for back injury ) and costs in time , travel , etc. .   The term has also been used in a non-medical sense for students ' inability to imagine themselves as graduates .

neg: Zeno (physician) Zeno ( or Zenon , Ζήνων 3rd and 2nd centuries BC ) was a Greek physician .   He was one of the most eminent of the followers of Herophilus , whom Galen calls `` no ordinary man , '' and who is said by Diogenes Laërtius to have been better able to think than to write . He lived probably at the end of the 3rd and beginning of the 2nd centuries BC , as he was a contemporary of Apollonius Empiricus , with whom he carried on a controversy concerning the meaning of certain marks that are found at the end of some of the chapters of the third book of the Epidemics of Hippocrates . He gave particular attention to the materia medica , and is perhaps the physician whose medical formulae are quoted by Galen , in which case he must have been a native of Laodicea . He is mentioned in several other passages by Galen , and also by Erotianus ; perhaps also by Pliny , Caelius Aurelianus , Alexander of Aphrodisias , and Rufus of Ephesus , but this is uncertain .

neg: Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (33–717) This is a timeline of the presence of Orthodoxy in Greece . The history of Greece traditionally encompasses the study of the Greek people , the areas they ruled historically , as well as the territory now composing the modern state of Greece .   Christianity was first brought to the geographical area corresponding to modern Greece by the Apostle Paul , although the church 's apostolicity also rests upon St. Andrew who preached the gospel in Greece and suffered martyrdom in Patras , Titus , Paul 's companion who preached the gospel in Crete where he became bishop , Philip who , according to the tradition , visited and preached in Athens , Luke the Evangelist who was martyred in Thebes , Lazarus of Bethany , Bishop of Kition in Cyprus , and John the Theologian who was exiled on the island of Patmos where he received the Revelation recorded in the last book of the New Testament . In addition , the Theotokos is regarded as having visited the Holy Mountain in 49 AD according to tradition . Thus Greece became the first European area to accept the gospel of Christ . Towards the end of the 2nd century the early apostolic bishoprics had developed into metropolitan sees in the most important cities . Such were the sees of Thessaloniki , Corinth , Nicopolis , Philippi and Athens .   By the 4th century almost the entire Balkan peninsula constituted the Exarchate of Illyricum which was under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome . Illyricum was assigned to the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople by the emperor in 732 . From then on the Church in Greece remained under Constantinople till the fall of the Byzantine empire to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 . As an integral part of the Ecumenical Patriarchate , the church remained under its jurisdiction until Greek independence . Under Ottoman rule , up to `` 6,000 Greek clergymen , ca. 100 Bishops , and 11 Patriarchs knew the Ottoman sword '' .   The Greek War of Independence of 1821 -- 28 created an independent southern Greece , but created anomalies in ecclesiastical relations since the Ecumenical Patriarch remained under Ottoman tutelage , and in 1850 the Endemousa Synod in Constantinople declared the Church of Greece autocephalous .   The cultural roots of both Byzantine and modern Greece can not be separated from Orthodoxy . Therefore , it was natural that in all Greek Constitutions the Orthodox Church was accorded the status of the prevailing religion .   In the 20th century , during much of the period of communism , the Church of Greece saw itself as a guardian of Orthodoxy . It cherishes its place as the cradle of the primitive church and the Greek clergy are still present in the historic places of Istanbul and Jerusalem , and Cyprus . The autocephalous Church of Greece is organised into 81 dioceses , however 35 of these -- known as the Metropolises of the New Lands -- are nominally under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople but are administered as part of the Church of Greece ; although the dioceses of Crete , the Dodecanese , and Mount Athos are under the direct jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople . `` Codified in the 1928 Patriarchal and Synodical Act , the `` New Lands '' were entrusted to the temporary stewardship of the Church of Greece , provided that the Church respected the terms of the Act . The Act subsequently has been incorporated into several pieces of Greek legislation ( Laws 3615/1928 , 5438/1932 , 599/1977 , and Article 3 , paragraph 1 of the current Greek Constitution ) , thereby recognizing the ecclesiastical agreement between the two sides . ''   The Archbishop of Athens and All Greece presides over both a standing synod of twelve metropolitans ( six from the new territories and six from southern Greece ) , who participate in the synod in rotation and on an annual basis , and a synod of the hierarchy ( in which all ruling metropolitans participate ) , which meets once a year .   The government observes several religious holidays as national holidays including Epiphany , Clean Monday ( the start of Great Lent ) , Good Friday , Easter Sunday , Easter Monday , Holy Spirit Day , the Dormition of the Theotokos and Christmas .   Among the current concerns of the Church of Greece are the Christian response to globalization , to interreligious dialogue , and a common Christian voice within the framework of the European Union .   The population of Greece is 11.4 million ( 2011 ) , of which 95 % to 98 % are Greek Orthodox .

neg: Philonides (physician) Philonides was the name of two physicians in the time of Ancient Greece and Rome :   A physician of Catana in Sicily , the tutor of Paccius Antiochus , who lived about the beginning of the 1st century . He is probably the physician who is quoted by Dioscorides , and said by him to have been a native of Enna in Sicily ; by Erotianus ; and also by Galen , who refers to his eighteenth book , Περὶ Ἰατρικῆς , De Medicina .  A physician of Dyrrachium in Illyricum , who was a pupil of Asclepiades of Bithynia in the 1st century BC , practised in his own country with some reputation , and wrote as many as 45 books .   One of these physicians wrote a work , Περὶ μύρων καὶ Στεφάνων , De Unguentis et Coronis , which is quoted by Athenaeus , and one on Pharmacy quoted by Andromachus , and by Marcellus Empiricus .

neg: Body politic The body politic is a metaphor that regards a nation as a corporate entity , likened to a human body . Here the word `` politic '' is a postpositive adjective : this is `` a body of a politic nature '' , rather than `` a politic of a bodily nature '' . A body politic comprises all the people in a particular country , considered as a single group . The analogy typically includes reference to the top of the government as head of state , though the analogy may also be extended to other anatomical parts , as in political readings of Aesop 's fable of `` The Belly and the Members '' .   A later European reference to the concept appears in The Book of the Body Politic ( 1407 ) by poet and court writer Christine de Pizan , in which she admits having borrowed the concept from a letter of Plutarch 's to the Roman Emperor Trajan but does not mention John of Salisbury 's work , Policraticus . The metaphor appears in the French language as the corps-état .  The metaphor was elaborated in the Renaissance , and subsequently , as medical knowledge based on Galen was challenged by thinkers such as William Harvey . Analogies were drawn between supposed causes of disease and disorder and their equivalents in the political field , viewed as plagues or infections that might be remedied with purges and nostrums .

neg: Michael Nikoletseas Michael M. Nikoletseas is a medical scientist , philosopher , classicist , poet . He was born in Androussa , Messinia , Greece in 1943 . After graduating from high school in Greece , he came to America where he studied Psychology ( B.A. with Honors , 1969-1973 ) , Psychobiology ( Rutgers University , M.S. , PhD , 1973-1978 ) , and continued with postdoctoral studies at the Medical College of Pennsylvania and University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey . He taught at the School of Medicine of the University of Wisconsin in Madison , WI , and UPR . Visiting professor at the University of Texas at Houston School of Medicine . He has written books spanning a wide range : medicine , neuroscience , mathematics , philosophy , the classics , and literature . His outstanding accomplishment is his groundbreaking work on presocratic philosophers in relation to philosophy of science and his interpretation of Homer 's Iliad from an anthropological , psychoanalytic perspective . Awards : Franklin Honors Society .   Parents : Johannes Peter Müller ( Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin ) - > Hermann von Helmholtz ( Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin ) - > Wilhelm Max Wundt ( Universität Leipzig ) - > Edward B. Titchener ( Cornell University ) - > John Paul Nafe - > Clarence Graham ( Columbia University ) - > William S. Verplank , Jr. ( Indiana University Bloomington ) - > George H. Collier ( Rutgers University ) - > Michael M. Nikoletseas

neg: Heta Heta is a conventional name for the historical Greek alphabet letter Eta and several of its variants , when used in their original function of denoting the consonant / h / . The letter Η had been adopted by Greek from the Phoenician letter Heth originally with this consonantal sound value , and Hēta was its original name . The Italic alphabets , and ultimately Latin , adopted the letter H from this Greek usage . However , Greek dialects progressively lost the sound / h / from their phonological systems . In the Ionic dialects , where this loss of / h / happened early , the name of the letter naturally changed to Ēta , and the letter was subsequently turned from a consonant to a new use as a vowel , denoting the long half-open -LSB- / ɛː / -RSB- sound . In this function it later entered the classical orthography adopted across the whole of Greece . According to traditional accounts , the new vowel , Ēta , was originally the innovation of the poet Simonides of Ceos ( 556-468 BC ) .   In dialects that still had the / h / sound as part of their phonological systems , including early Athens , the same letter continued to be used in its consonantal function . Just like vocalic Eta , it could occur in a number of glyph variants in different local varieties of the alphabet , including one shaped like a square `` 8 '' similar to the original Phoenician , but also a plain square , a crossed square , shapes with two horizontal or with diagonal bars .   During the classical era , more dialects adopted the new Ionian vocalic Eta ( as Athens did around c. 400 BC ) . As many of these dialects nevertheless still also pronounced / h / , they faced the problem of distinguishing between their own old consonantal symbol and the new vocalic symbol . Some dialects , including classical Attic , simply omitted the marking of the / h / - sound . In others ( for instance Rhodes ) , the same symbol was used in both functions . Others distinguished between glyph variants , for instance in Delphi by using the closed square sign for / h / , and the open H for the vowel . In the southern Italian colonies of Heracleia and Tarentum , a new innovative shape for / h / was invented , consisting of a single vertical stem and a rightward-pointing horizontal bar , like a half H . From this sign , later scholars developed the rough breathing or spiritus asper , which brought back the marking of the old / h / sound into the standardized post-classical ( polytonic ) orthography of Greek in the form of a diacritic .   From scholia to the grammar of Dionysius Thrax , it appears that the memory of the former consonantal value of the letter Η was still alive in the era of the Alexandrine Koiné insofar as the name of the vocalic η was still pronounced `` heta '' and accordingly written with a rough breathing . The later standard spelling of the name eta , however , has the smooth breathing .     Under the Roman emperor Claudius in the mid-1st century AD , Latin briefly re-borrowed the letter in the shape of the half-H tack glyph , as one of the so-called Claudian letters . It denoted the sonus medius , a short close vowel sound of a quality between i and u.   In modern transcriptions and editions of ancient Greek epigraphic text that use consonantal Heta , in any of its shapes , the letter is most often rendered simply with a Latin h , both in Latin transliteration and in Greek scholarly transcriptions ( using lowercase in Greek , so that Latin h and Greek η are distinct ) . Some authors have also adopted the Heracleian `` tack '' Heta for use in modern transcription . Jeffery ( 1961 ) uses the tack symbol also as a modern label for the abstract grapheme , i.e. as a cover label for any letter shape denoting / h / in any given local alphabet .

neg: Hippias Hippias of Elis ( -LSB- ˈhɪpiəs -RSB- Ἱππίας ὁ Ἠλεῖος late 5th century BC ) was a Greek sophist , and a contemporary of Socrates . With an assurance characteristic of the later sophists , he claimed to be regarded as an authority on all subjects , and lectured on poetry , grammar , history , politics , mathematics , and much else . Most of our knowledge of him is derived from Plato , who characterizes him as vain and arrogant .

neg: Porphyria Porphyria is a group of diseases in which substances called porphyrins build up , affecting the skin or nervous system . The types that affect the nervous system are also known as acute porphyria . Symptoms of acute porphyria include abdominal pain , chest pain , vomiting , confusion , constipation , fever , and seizures . These symptoms typically come and go with attacks that last for days to weeks . Attacks may be triggered by alcohol , smoking , stress , or certain medications . If the skin is affected , blisters or itching may occur with sunlight exposure .   The disease is usually inherited from a person 's parents and is due to a mutation in one of the genes that make heme . Some types are autosomal dominant and others are autosomal recessive . One type , porphyria cutanea tarda , may also be due to increased iron in the liver , hepatitis C , alcohol , or HIV/AIDS . The underlying mechanism results in a decrease in the amount of heme produced and a build-up of substances involved in making heme . Porphyrias may also be classified by whether the liver or the bone marrow is affected . Diagnosis is typically by blood , urine , and stool tests . Genetic testing may be done to determine the specific mutation .   Treatment depends on the type of porphyria and a person 's symptoms . The treatment of porphyria of the skin generally involves the avoidance of sunlight . The treatment for acute porphyria may involve giving intravenous heme or a glucose solution . Rarely a liver transplant may be carried out .   The frequency of porphyria is unclear . It is estimated that it affects 1 to 100 per 50,000 people . Rates vary around the world . Porphyria cutanea tarda is believed to be the most common type . The disease was described at least as early as 370 BC by Hippocrates . The underlying mechanism was first described by Felix Hoppe-Seyler in 1871 . The name porphyria is from the Greek πορφύρα , porphyra , meaning `` purple '' , a reference to the color of the urine that may occur during an attack .

neg: Kaposi's sarcoma Kaposi 's sarcoma or Kaposi sarcoma ( -LSB- ˈkæpəʃi_sɑrˈkoʊmə -RSB- KS ) is a tumor caused by infection with human herpesvirus 8 ( HHV8 ) , also known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ( KSHV ) or KS agent . It was originally described by Moritz Kaposi , a Hungarian dermatologist practicing at the University of Vienna in 1872 . It became more widely known as one of the AIDS-defining illnesses in the 1980s . The viral cause for this cancer was discovered in 1994 . Although KS is now well-established to be caused by a viral infection , there is widespread lack of awareness of this even among persons at risk for KSHV/HHV -8 infection .   Kaposi sarcoma ( KS ) is a systemic disease that can present with cutaneous lesions with or without internal involvement . Four subtypes have been described : Classic KS , affecting middle aged men of Mediterranean descent ; African endemic KS ; KS in iatrogenically immunosuppressed patients ; and AIDS-related KS . The erythematous to violaceous cutaneous lesions seen in KS have several morphologies : macular , patch , plaque , nodular , and exophytic . The cutaneous lesions can be solitary , localized or disseminated . KS can involve the oral cavity , lymph nodes , and viscera . Classic KS tends to be indolent , presenting with erythematous or violaceous patches on the lower extremities . African endemic KS and AIDS-related KS tend to be more aggressive . The AIDS-related KS lesions often rapidly progress to plaques and nodules affecting the upper trunk , face , and oral mucosa . The diagnosis can be made with a tissue biopsy and , if clinically indicated , internal imaging should be done .   Once the diagnosis of KS has been made , treatment is based on the subtype and the presence of localized versus systemic disease . Localized cutaneous disease can be treated with cryotherapy , intralesional injections of vinblastine , alitretinoin gel , radiotherapy , topical immunotherapy ( Imiquimod ) , or surgical excision . Extensive cutaneous disease or internal disease may require intravenous chemotherapy and immunotherapy . Discontinuation or reduction of immunosuppressive therapy is recommended when KS arises in the setting of iatrogenic immunosuppression . However , with AIDS-related KS , highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) has been shown to prevent , or induce regression of , KS . Some AIDS patients have complete resolution of the lesions and prolonged remission while continuing the therapy . Therefore , HAART should be considered first-line treatment for these patients , though they may require other treatments at the same time .


query: Lady Gaga's debut album was The Fame.

pos: Lady Gaga Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta ( -LSB- ˈstɛfəniː_dʒɜrməˈnɒtə -RSB- ; born March 28 , 1986 ) , known professionally as Lady Gaga , is an American singer , songwriter , and actress . At the beginning of her career , Gaga became known for her unconventionality and provocative work . A popular contemporary recording artist , she is noted for constantly experimenting with new musical ideas and images .   Gaga initially played roles in high school plays , and studied at CAP21 through NYU 's Tisch School of the Arts before dropping out to pursue a musical career . After leaving a rock band , participating in a performance art circuit , and being dropped from a contract with Def Jam Recordings , Gaga worked as a songwriter for Sony/ATV Music Publishing . From there , Akon noticed her vocal abilities and helped her sign a joint deal with Interscope Records and his own KonLive Distribution in 2007 . Gaga rose to prominence with the release of her successful debut album The Fame ( 2008 ) and its international chart-topping singles `` Just Dance '' and `` Poker Face '' . A follow-up EP , The Fame Monster ( 2009 ) , was met with a similar reception and the singles `` Bad Romance '' , `` Telephone '' , and `` Alejandro '' were also successful .   Gaga 's second full-length album Born This Way ( 2011 ) topped the charts in more than 20 countries , including the US , where it sold over one million copies in its first week . The album produced the number-one single `` Born This Way '' . Gaga 's third album Artpop , released in 2013 , topped the US charts and included the successful single `` Applause '' . In 2014 , Gaga released a collaborative jazz album with Tony Bennett titled Cheek to Cheek , her third consecutive number one in the US . For her work in the television series American Horror Story : Hotel , Gaga won a Golden Globe Award in 2016 . With her fifth studio album Joanne ( 2016 ) , she became the first woman to have four US number one albums in the 2010s . In February 2017 , Gaga headlined the Super Bowl LI halftime show , which had over 150 million audience across various platforms worldwide , making it the most viewed musical event in history .   With global album and single sales of 27 million and 146 million respectively , as of January 2016 , she is one of the best-selling musicians of all time . Her achievements include twelve Guinness World Records , three Brit Awards , and six Grammy Awards . She has also received awards from the Songwriters Hall of Fame and the Council of Fashion Designers of America . Gaga regularly appears on Billboards Artists of the Year lists and Forbess power and earnings rankings . She was ranked at number four on VH1 's Greatest Women in Music , finished second on Times 2011 readers ' poll of the most influential people of the past ten years , and was named Billboards Woman of the Year ( 2015 ) . She is known for her philanthropic work and social activism , including LGBT rights and her own non-profit organization , the Born This Way Foundation , which focuses on promoting youth empowerment and combating bullying .

neg: Hall of Fame (song) `` Hall of Fame '' is a song by Irish pop rock band The Script . It is the lead single from their third studio album # 3 . The track features hip-hop artist will.i.am of The Black Eyed Peas . The track was given its first radio play on Capital on 23 July 2012 . Written and co-produced by the band , the song is about following dreams and making an impact on the world . The song has been licensed for use in various media since its release .

neg: Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance The Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance ( previously called Best Rhythm and Blues Solo Vocal Performance , Female ) was an honor presented at the Grammy Awards , a ceremony established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards , to female recording artists for quality R&B songs . Awards in several categories are distributed annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to `` honor artistic achievement , technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry , without regard to album sales or chart position . ''   According to the category description guide for the 52nd Grammy Awards , the award was presented to artists that performed `` newly recorded solo R&B vocal performances '' . Solo numbers by members of an established group were not eligible for the award as `` separate entries from the duo or group performances . '' Albums were also considered for the accolade until 1992 .   As a part of the major overhaul of Grammy categories , the award was discontinued in 2011 . The Female R&B Vocal Performance category , Male R&B Vocal Performance category and all duo/group vocal performances in the R&B category shifted to the Best R&B Performance category in 2012 .   The award for the Best Female R&B Vocal Performance was first presented to Aretha Franklin at the 10th Grammy Awards ceremony in 1968 for the song `` Respect '' . Franklin received the most wins with eleven , followed by Anita Baker with five . Franklin also holds the record for the most nominations with twenty-three , while Chaka Khan is second with eight nominations . Fantasia Barrino became the final recipient of the award , when her song `` Bittersweet '' won the award in 2011 . The award was presented to artists from the United States each year .

neg: The Cure (song) `` The Cure '' is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Lady Gaga . She co-wrote the song with Paul Blair , Nick Monson , Lukas Nelson , and Mark Nilan ; Detroit City , Gaga , and Monson produced the song . Following `` Perfect Illusion '' and `` Million Reasons '' as singles from Gaga 's fifth album Joanne ( 2016 ) , `` The Cure '' was released as a single on April 16 , 2017 , after her live debut performance of the song at the Coachella music festival where she was a main headliner . It has reached the top 10 of the record charts in Australia , France , Hungary , Scotland , Slovakia and Spain as well as the top 20 in Czech Republic , United Kingdom , Lebanon and Latvia .

neg: Grammy Award for Best New Artist The Grammy Award for Best New Artist has been awarded since 1959 . Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were handed out , for records released in the previous year . The award was not presented in 1967 . The official guidelines are as follows : `` For a new artist who releases , during the Eligibility Year , the first recording which establishes the public identity of that artist . '' Note that this is not necessarily the first album released by an artist .   It is sometimes asserted , with varying degrees of sincerity , that winning the award is a curse , as several award winners ( particularly from the late 1970s and early 1980s ) were never able to duplicate the success they experienced in their debut year . This viewpoint was expressed by former Starland Vocal Band member Taffy Danoff in a 2002 interview for VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders : `` We got two of the five Grammys -- one was Best New Artist . So that was basically the kiss of death and I feel sorry for everyone who 's gotten it since . ''   The category is also notable for being the only one of its kind in which a Grammy Award was vacated . This occurred in 1990 after it was revealed winners Milli Vanilli did not contribute their own vocals on their debut album . The award was revoked , but was not handed out to another artist .   Of the 54 awards presented in the category since its inception , the honor has been presented to 25 solo female artists , 18 duos or groups , and 11 solo male artists . Between 1997 and 2003 , all the winners were solo female artists . Also , from 1993 to 2005 , no winner was a solo male artist . In 2006 , John Legend broke this trend , which started with Marc Cohn in 1992 . Only four artists have won both Best New Artist and Album of the Year in the same year : Bob Newhart in 1961 , Christopher Cross in 1981 , Lauryn Hill in 1999 and Norah Jones in 2003 .   Of all the winners , only three have been country artists . In 1997 , LeAnn Rimes became the first country artist to win the award . She was followed by Carrie Underwood in 2007 and Zac Brown Band in 2010 . Additionally , 2017 marked the first time that two country artists were nominated in this category in the same year .   1984 marked the first time that all of the nominees were from outside of the United States ( Winner Culture Club , Eurythmics , and Musical Youth were from England , Big Country was from Scotland , and Men Without Hats were from Canada ) .

neg: The Barbra Streisand Album The Barbra Streisand Album is the debut album by Barbra Streisand , released February 25 , 1963 , on Columbia Records , catalogue CL 2007 in mono and CS 8807 in stereo . It peaked at # 8 on the Billboard pop albums chart , and has been certified a gold album by the RIAA .   The album won Grammy awards for Album of the Year and Best Female Vocal Performance . In January 2006 , the album was inducted in Grammy Hall of Fame .

neg: MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song The MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song is the main award of the EMA 's . It was first awarded in 1994 , when `` 7 Seconds '' won it , and has been given out since . Lady Gaga , Pink and Beyoncé have been the big winners with two awards . In 2007 and 2008 the category was named Most Addictive Track , but in 2009 called again Best Song .

neg: Get Lifted Get Lifted is the debut studio album by American singer John Legend , released via Kanye West 's GOOD Music label on December 28 , 2004 in the United States . Featuring production by West , John Legend , Dave Tozer and will.i.am , the album sold over three million units worldwide , with a total of 2.1 million copies in the U.S. , where it was certified double platinum . The album won the 2006 Grammy Award for Best R&B Album , and earned Legend another two awards , for Best New Artist and Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for his single `` Ordinary People '' .

neg: Before Your Love `` Before Your Love '' is a song recorded by American pop singer Kelly Clarkson . It was released as her debut single alongside `` A Moment Like This '' on September 17 , 2002 , following her win as the first American Idol winner . It went on to become the best-selling single of 2002 in the United States . A new mix of song was later included on her debut album , Thankful ( 2003 ) .

neg: Colby O'Donis Colby O'Donis ( born Colby O'Donis Colón ; March 14 , 1989 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actor and record producer . He is best known as a featured artist in the Lady Gaga single `` Just Dance '' , which spent more than eleven months on the Billboard Hot 100 . He is also well known for his lead single on his debut album Colby O titled `` What You Got '' featuring Akon , which peaked at number 14 on the Hot 100 , and being featured on Akon 's song `` Beautiful '' , which peaked at number 19 on the Hot 100 .

neg: Purpose (Algebra album) Purpose is the debut album by contemporary R&B singer , Algebra . It stayed on the Billboard Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums chart for 14 weeks , peaking at No. 56 .

neg: Poker Face (Lady Gaga song) `` Poker Face '' is a song by American singer Lady Gaga from her debut studio album , The Fame ( 2008 ) . It was released on September 26 , 2008 as the album 's second single . `` Poker Face '' is a synthpop song in the key of G minor , following in the footsteps of her previous single `` Just Dance '' , but with a darker musical tone . The main idea behind the song is bisexuality and was a tribute by Gaga to her rock and roll boyfriends . The song 's lyrics feature various sexual innuendos .   `` Poker Face '' was acclaimed by most critics , who praised the robotic hook and the chorus . The song attained worldwide success , topping the charts in twenty countries including the United States , United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , Canada and many European countries . `` Poker Face '' is the best-selling single of 2009 worldwide , with over 9.5 million in sales . It is among the best-selling singles of all time , having sold over 14 million copies . The accompanying music video for the song portrays Gaga singing it in various costumes and playing strip poker in a getaway villa .   Gaga performed the song for the eighth season of the television show American Idol as well as the Fame Ball and Monster Ball tours . The live performances included an electronic version and an acoustic version , which she played on the piano . It was nominated for both Song of the Year and Record of the Year at the 52nd Grammy Awards , and won the Award for Best Dance Recording .

neg: Radio (LL Cool J album) Radio is the debut studio album by American rapper LL Cool J , released November 18 , 1985 on Def Jam Recordings in the United States . It serves as the label 's first full-length album release . Recording sessions for the album took place during 1984 to 1985 at Chung King House of Metal in New York City . The album was primarily produced by Rick Rubin , who provided a sparse and minimal production style . Radio also features a sound that is punctuated by DJ scratching , mostly brief samples , and emphasis of the downbeat . LL Cool J 's b-boy lyricism conveys themes of inner city culture , teenage promiscuity , and braggadocio raps .   The album experienced a significant amount of commercial success and sales for a hip hop record at the time , earning U.S. Billboard chart success and selling over 500,000 copies within its first five months of release . On April 19 , 1989 , Radio was certified platinum in sales by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , following sales in excess of one million copies in the United States . Initial criticism of the album was generally positive , as LL Cool J 's lyricism and Rick Rubin 's production were praised by several music critics . It has since been recognized by critics as LL Cool J 's greatest work .   Reflecting the new school and ghettoblaster subculture in the U.S. during the mid-1980s , Radio belongs to a pivotal moment in the history and culture of hip hop . Its success contributed to the displacement of the old school with the new school form and to the genre 's mainstream success during the period . Its success also served as a career breakthrough for LL Cool J and Rick Rubin . Radio has been recognized by music writers as one of the first cohesive and commercially successful hip hop albums .

neg: Selena Gomez & the Scene: Live in Concert The Selena Gomez & the Scene : Live in Concert was the debut concert tour by American pop band Selena Gomez & the Scene . Beginning in the fall of 2009 , the trek supported the band 's first studio album , Kiss & Tell . The tour primarily reached the United States and England .

neg: Dance/Electronic Digital Songs Dance/Electronic Digital Songs is a weekly chart that ranks the best-selling digital dance and electronic singles in the United States , according to Billboard . Although it originally started tracking singles the week of January 2 , 2010 , it did not become an official chart until the issue dated April 3 , 2010 .   The Dance/Electronic Digital Songs chart tracks the 50 most popular downloaded dance music singles , including tracks that are exclusively available online only . This chart also includes previously released dance and disco songs that became available for downloading , which means that songs like `` You Spin Me Round ( Like a Record ) '' by Dead or Alive are eligible to chart .   On January 17 , 2013 , Billboard added a new chart , Dance/Electronic Songs , which tracks the 50 most popular Dance and Electronic singles and tracks based on club play , single sales , radio airplay , digital downloads , and online streaming . As such , this chart serves as the main component for the Dance Club Songs , Dance/Mix Show Airplay , Dance Single Sales , and Dance/Electronic Digital Songs charts .   The chart 's first number one was `` Bad Romance '' by Lady Gaga in the January 23 , 2010 issue and Gaga 's songs spent so far ( as December , 2014 ) a total of 1025 weeks on the chart . The chart 's longest running number-one is `` Bulletproof '' by La Roux , reigning at the lead position for 18 consecutive weeks .

neg: Nothing Gold Can Stay (album) Nothing Gold Can Stay is the debut studio album by American rock band New Found Glory , released on October 19 , 1999 through independent record label Eulogy Recordings . At the time , the band was then named `` A New Found Glory '' , but later dropped the indefinite article `` A '' due to some fans struggling to find their records in stores . The original pressings of the album contained samplings from several films including The Outsiders ( 1983 ) , Weird Science ( 1985 ) , and That Thing You Do ! ( 1996 ) , as well as Robert Frost 's poem `` Nothing Gold Can Stay '' , after which the album is named .   On the strength of the release , Richard Reines , co-founder of Drive-Thru Records , signed the band after paying Eulogy a $ 5,000 license fee in order to re-release the album . Propelled by debut single `` Hit or Miss '' , Nothing Gold Can Stay garnered a cult following and sold in excess of 300,000 copies . The record was responsible for breaking the band in the United States and has been noted for its influence on contemporary pop punk music .

neg: Appetite for Destruction Appetite for Destruction is the debut studio album by American hard rock band Guns N ' Roses . It was released on July 21 , 1987 , by Geffen Records to massive commercial success . It topped the Billboard 200 and became the best-selling debut album as well as the 11th best-selling album in the United States . With about 30 million copies sold worldwide , it is also one of the best-selling records ever . Although critics were ambivalent toward the album when it was first released , Appetite for Destruction has since received retrospective acclaim and been viewed as one of the greatest albums of all time .

neg: Grace (Mandy Capristo album) Grace is the debut studio album by German singer Mandy Capristo . The album was released on April 27 , 2012 under the recordings of EMI , Capitol Records and Starwatch Entertainment . The project is Capristo 's first solo release following the disbandment with her band Monrose whom after four years have enjoyed four successful albums and seven consecutive top-ten singles .   Recorded in Hamburg , Cologne and Berlin , Germany , Capristo had mainly collaborated with David Jost , Twin , Lamb , Julie Frost and Will Simms , among others for the album . Upon the release of the album , the album charted debuted at number-eight on the German Albums Chart in the first week . She became the first German television talent show contestant in history to reach a top ten album .

neg: Records and achievements of Madonna American singer Madonna , throughout her career , spanning three decades , has obtained a remarkable series of statistical achievements , setting and breaking several world records with her participation in entrepreneurial activities , of acting and her performance in the musical scene for her videos , singles , albums , and tours .   Her first appearance in the Guinness Book of World Records was in 1986 with her third studio album , True Blue . Since then , she has earned multiple appearances , some 20 at least in February 2012 , including her insigne record title as the top-selling female recording artist of all time . Madonna 's commerciality has achieved scrutiny studies and analysis from different point of view in the academia world or by marketers , through her marketing strategies , controversies and reinvention , surpassing to others new or contemporary artists . In popular culture , many international artists have been called `` Madonna '' , many times , by their impact and success in their respective countries or genres . Also , her presence in popular culture , has been led to create world records about Madonna . Dubbed as the most successful and most influential female artist of all time , Madonna 's music is defined in several occasions , for changing contemporary music history for women 's , mainly rock , dance and pop scene .

neg: Alexandra Burke discography The discography of British R&B and pop recording artist Alexandra Burke , which consists of one studio album , seven singles as a main artist , two as a featured artist and nine music videos . All songs which have been released under the recording label of Sony BMG and Syco Music .   Alexandra made her debut in 2008 when she auditioned for British reality talent show , The X Factor during the fifth series , and ultimately won the show on 12 December 2008 . During the series she dueted with Beyoncé Knowles on Knowles ' `` Listen '' . After winning the show , she instantly had a record deal with Sony BMG and Syco Music and released debut single , `` Hallelujah '' . `` Hallelujah '' peaked at number-one on the UK Singles Chart and the Irish Singles Chart . The song became the current European record holder for single sales over a period of 24 hours , selling 105,000 copies in one day . It was also the top-selling song of the year in the UK , and became the 2008 UK Christmas number one single . By January 2009 , UK sales of Burke 's version had passed one million copies , a first for a British female soloist . The music video for the song was directed by Max and Dania who directed the charity single Burke released with fellow X Factor Finalists 2008 , `` Hero '' which also charted at number-one on the UK Singles Chart and Irish Singles Chart .   Burke returned in late 2009 with follow up single , `` Bad Boys '' which featured vocals from American rapper , Flo Rida . She performed the song on the first live show of the sixth series of The X Factor . The R&B single debuted at number-one on the UK Singles Chart and Irish Singles Chart as well as Burke gaining international success with the single . `` Bad Boys '' went on to gain a Platinum certification and Burke was nominated for a BRIT Award , it was the second time Burke was nominated for the Best British Single , first time with `` Hallelujah '' . In the UK , `` Bad Boys '' is the 18th Biggest Download of all time .   She released her debut album Overcome in October 2009 . It was described as `` edgy '' and `` beaty '' . The album was said to resemble artists such as Rihanna or Lady Gaga . Upon the release of the album , the album went straight to number one on the UK Albums Chart selling 132,065 in its first week . Its first-week numbers were the fourth largest first-week sales by a female artist in 2009 behind releases by Susan Boyle , Lily Allen and Leona Lewis and was the twenty-second best-selling album of 2009 , and the forty-third best-selling album of 2010 . The album spent 60 weeks on the UK Albums Chart and has been certified double platinum by The British Recorded Music Industry for shipments over 600,000 copies . `` Broken Heels '' was released as the album third single and `` All Night Long '' featuring Pitbull as the fourth . `` All Night Long '' received a platinum certification and Burke was nominated for another BRIT Award in 2010 . `` Start Without You '' was released in mid-2010 and the song went on to top the UK Singles Chart , `` The Silence '' was released as the final single from the album .   Work began in 2011 on a second studio album , titled Heartbreak on Hold - was released on the 4 June 2012 . The lead single , `` Elephant '' - featuring Erick Morillo - was released on 11 March 2012 through RCA Records , where it debuted at number three in the United Kingdom ; marking Burke 's sixth top ten single as a solo artist . A second single , `` Let It Go '' was released and underperformed peaking at 33 . The album then debuted and peaked at 18

neg: Fame Looks At Music '83 Fame Looks At Music '83 was a special concert episode for the third season of the hit TV series Fame . The concert took place on December 27 , 1983 at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica , California before a live capacity audience . The broadcast was aired on January 28 , 1984 . This special features the cast of Fame , billed as `` The Kids from Fame , '' along with the season three regular dancers . The concert is the second of the season , their first concert in the U.S. , and their third overall . The concert featured performances of popular music by the cast taking a look back at popular music in the year 1983 ( See 1983 in music ) . Guest starring was Irene Cara , who sang `` Fame '' -- the song an Academy Award winner -- originally for the film of the same title in which she also starred as the original Coco .


query: Michael Phelps used to hold 2 long course world records.

pos: Michael Phelps Michael Fred Phelps II ( born June 30 , 1985 ) is an American former competitive swimmer and the most decorated Olympian of all time , with a total of 28 medals . Phelps also holds the all-time records for Olympic gold medals ( 23 ) , Olympic gold medals in individual events ( 13 ) , and Olympic medals in individual events ( 16 ) . In winning eight gold medals at the 2008 Beijing Games , Phelps broke fellow American swimmer Mark Spitz 's 1972 record of seven first-place finishes at any single Olympic Games . At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , Phelps won four gold and two silver medals , and at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , he won five gold medals and one silver . This made him the most successful athlete of the Games for the fourth Olympics in a row .   Phelps is the long course world record holder in the 100 meter butterfly , 200 meter butterfly , and 400 meter individual medley as well as the former long course world record holder in the 200 meter freestyle and 200 meter individual medley . He has won 83 medals in major international long course competition , of which 66 were gold , 14 silver , and 3 bronze , spanning the Olympics , the World , and the Pan Pacific Championships . Phelps 's international titles and record-breaking performances have earned him the World Swimmer of the Year Award eight times and American Swimmer of the Year Award eleven times , as well as the FINA Swimmer of the Year Award in 2012 and 2016 . His unprecedented Olympic success in 2008 earned Phelps Sports Illustrated magazine 's Sportsman of the Year award .   After the 2008 Summer Olympics , Phelps started the Michael Phelps Foundation , which focuses on growing the sport of swimming and promoting healthier lifestyles . Phelps retired following the 2012 Olympics , but in April 2014 he made a comeback . At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , his fifth Olympics , he won five golds and one silver . Phelps was chosen to be a captain of the 2016 US Olympic team , and was also voted by his team to be the flag bearer of the United States at the 2016 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations .

neg: Melbourne Vicentre Melbourne Vicentre is a swimming club based at the Melbourne Sports and Aquatic Centre ( MSAC ) , Melbourne , Australia . Its head coach is Ian Pope , supported by Craig Jackson , Alex Hirschauer , Matt King and Brad Harris and others . Vicentre is one of the largest clubs in Victoria , and Swimming Australia Podium Performance Centre .   Amongst the swimmers who train currently with Vicentre are 2014 Commonwealth Games team members Mack Horton and Kotuku Ngawati , Paralympians Ahmed Kelly , Tanya Huebner and Matthew Haanappel as well as Masters World Record holder Linley Frame . Past club members include Giaan Rooney , Matt Welsh , Grant Hackett , Daniel Kowalski , Marieke Guehrer and Nicole Livingstone . Nicole Livingstone has been CEO of the club since July 2014 .   The club was formed in 1988 following the amalgamation of Melbourne Aquatic and ACI Vicentre swimming clubs . In 1996 , the club amalgamated with Malvern Swimming Club Inc. . The club is an incorporated association under the Associations Incorporation Act 1986 ( Vic ) and is an affiliate of Swimming Victoria and Metro South District .   Melbourne Vicentre won the Australian Open Longcourse Championships points score every year since 2004 Athens Olympic trials to 2008 , and 2011-2013 .

neg: 2016 FINA Swimming World Cup The 2016 FINA Swimming World Cup was a series of nine two-day meets in nine different cities between August and October 2016 . After switching to long-course ( 50 meter ) pools in the previous year 's pre-Olympic season , this edition returned to the usual short-course ( 25 meter pool ) format . Like the previous short course World Cup in 2014 , 36 events were scheduled . The total amount of prize money was US$ 2,178,000 . The first meet started 13 days after the final day of the Olympic pool swimming program .

neg: Misty Hyman Misty Dawn Marie Hyman ( born March 23 , 1979 ) is an American former competition swimmer , Olympic gold medalist , and former world record-holder . Hyman won the gold medal in the women 's 200-meter butterfly at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney .   In March 1996 , she just missed making the U.S. Olympic team for the 1996 Games , finishing third and fourth at the U.S. Olympic Trials in the 100 - and 200-meter butterfly events .   Hyman competed as a member of the U.S. Finswimming Team at the 8th World Championship held in Hungary during August 1996 .   At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Australia , Hyman was only expected to contend for silver in women 's 200-meter butterfly on the night of September 20 , 2000 , as Australian Susie O'Neill was expected to repeat her title ( O'Neill had been undefeated in the 200-meter butterfly for the previous 3 -- 4 years ; and was swimming in her home country ) . Hyman was so shocked that she looked at the scoreboard three times just to make sure that she had won . Hyman 's victory was largely credited to her expert use of the very difficult fish kick on turns .   Also in 2000 , Hyman was ranked 35th in the world in the 50-meter butterfly , twelfth in the 100-meter butterfly , and second in the 200-meter butterfly .   Hyman failed to qualify for the 2004 Summer Olympics after finishing a disappointing 8th place in the 100-meter and 200-meter butterfly at the U.S. Olympic Trials . She retired from the sport of swimming shortly after .

neg: Six-day racing A six or six-day is a track cycling race that lasts six days . Six-day races started in Britain , spread to many regions of the world , were brought to their modern style in the United States and are now mainly a European event . Initially , individuals competed alone , the winner being the individual who completed the most laps . However , the format was changed to allow teams ( usually of two riders each ) , one rider racing while the other rested . The 24-hours a day regime has also been relaxed , so that most six-day races involve six nights of racing , typically from 6pm to 2am , on indoor tracks ( velodromes ) .   The overall winner is the team which completes most laps . In the event of teams completing the same number of laps , the winner is the team with most points won in intermediate competitions ( see points race ) . As well as the ` chase ' to gain laps over competitors , a typical six-day programme will include time trials , motor-paced , intermediate sprint and elimination races . In the main ` chase ' or madison events ( so-called after Madison Square Garden in New York City where the two-man format was devised ) , both riders may be on the track at the same time , taking it in turns to race , hand-slinging each other back into action .

neg: List of high schools producing multiple Olympic gold medalists The Olympic Gold medal is the mark of achievement of the highest level in a particular sport . Many high schools proudly point to an alumnus who has been to the Olympics . Relatively few high schools have the depth to have produced more than one Olympic Gold medalist .   Notes : T = team gold medalist WR = also hold the current world record   Bedford School ( Bedford , Bedfordshire , England ) Harold Abrahams 1924 , Jack Beresford 1924 , 1932 , 1936 , Edward Vaughan Bevan 1928 , Sven Meinhardt 1992 , Stefan Tewes 1992 , Phelan Hill 2016  Eton College ( Berkshire , England ) Guy Nickalls 1908 , Ewart Horsfall 1912 , Robin Dixon 1964 , Matthew Pinsent 1992-2004 , Andrew Lindsay 2000 , Ed Coode 2004  Jefferson High School ( Los Angeles , California ) Mal Whitfield 1948 Charles Dumas 1956  John Muir High School ( Pasadena , California ) Alice Brown 1984T Inger Miller 1996T Linetta Wilson 1996 T  Jordan High School ( Los Angeles , California ) Hayes Edward Sanders 1952 , Florence Griffith Joyner 1988 & WR Kevin Young 1992 & WR  Lincoln High School , East St. Louis , Illinois Al Joyner 1984 Jackie Joyner-Kersee 1988 & WR , 1992 brother and sister  Mount Albert Grammar School , ( Auckland , New Zealand ) Peter Snell ( runner ) 1960 & 1964 ; Shane O'Brien ( rower ) 1984T .  North Salinas High School Calvin Harrison 2000T ( team later disqualified ) Alvin Harrison 1996T , 2000T ( team later disqualified ) identical twin brothers  Oakland Catholic High School ( Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) Amanda Polk ( rower ) 2016 , Leah Smith ( swimmer ) 2016  President William McKinley High School , Honolulu , Hawaii , Duke Kahanamoku 1912 , 1920 Ford Konno 1952  St. Patrick 's High School ( Kenya ) Peter Rono 1988 Matthew Birir 1992 , David Rudisha 2012 Note : Between Wilson Kipketer and David Rudisha the school has also held the world record for 800 metres since August 13 , 1997  Samuel F. B. Morse High School , ( San Diego ) Arnie Robinson 1976 Monique Henderson 2004T , 2008T  San Gorgonio High School and John F. Kennedy High School ( Los Angeles ) Sherri Howard and Denean Howard , sisters who both won a Gold medal on the same 1984 4x400 relay team ( Denean ran in the preliminary round ) . The sisters transferred to Kennedy in 1981 after setting the NFHS National High School Record in the 4x440y relay at San Gorgonio with two other sisters ( Howard , Howard , Howard , Howard )  Santa Clara High School ( Santa Clara , California ) Donna de Varona 1964 Don Schollander 1964 , 1968T Claudia Kolb 1968 Mark Spitz 1968T , 1972 Joe Bottom 1976T Brian Boitano 1988 Heather Simmons-Carrasco 1996T  Silver Creek High School ( San Jose , California ) Millard Hampton 1976T Andre Phillips 1988  Tulare Union High School ( Tulare , California ) Bob Mathias 1948 , 1952 Sim Iness 1952

neg: NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships – Men's two-mile run This is a list of the NCAA outdoor champions in the 2 mile run until the event was terminated in 1958 in favor of the 5000 meters . Starting in 1936 , the event was substituted for the 5000 meters Olympic distance . Hand timing was used throughout the duration of this event .

neg: Track & Field News Track & Field News is an American monthly sports magazine founded in 1948 by brothers Bert Nelson and Cordner Nelson , focused on the world of track and field .   The magazine provides coverage of athletics in the U.S.A. from the high school to national level as well as covering the sport on an international bases . The magazine has given itself the motto of `` The Bible of the Sport '' .   E. Garry Hill is the magazine 's editor and Sieg Lindstrom is the managing editor . Ed Fox is publisher and Janet Vitu is executive publisher .   Each year , the magazine produces world and US rankings of top track & field athletes , selected by the magazine 's editors along with an international team of experts .   Many of the standard abbreviations used throughout the sport , like WR = World Record ; WJR = World Junior Record ; AR = American Record , started as print saving abbreviations in the magazine .

neg: Obea Moore William Obea Moore ( born January 10 , 1979 ) is a former American sprinter . Particularly excelling in the 400 metres , Moore holds the World Youth Best in this event . He was expected to be the next great American quarter miler , to follow Michael Johnson as Olympic champion , but never lived up to the expectations .   Starting as an eight-year-old , running for the Los Angeles Jets youth club under coach James Robertson , Moore went on to set American youth records in the Bantam ( 9 -- 10 ) , the Midget ( 11 -- 12 ) , the Youth ( 13 -- 14 ) , and the Intermediate division ( 15 -- 16 ) -- some of which are still standing -- , adding the 200 metres record in the Intermediate division , and was part of the 4 × 400 metres relay team in the Youth division .   Moore ran for John Muir High School in Pasadena , California , though his mother arranged for him to continue to run under Robinson . His freshman year , his team won the CIF California State Meet 4x400 relay . In 1995 , his sophomore year , Moore won the 400 , beating future World Champion , Tyree Washington by a half a second . He was also second in the 200 and again anchored his team to winning the relay in remarkable come from behind fashion . Later in the season , he represented the United States at the 1995 Pan American Junior Athletics Championships in Santiago , Chile , where he set the still standing World Youth Best in the 400 metres at 45.14 .   And the following year Moore won both the 400 , 200 and anchored the relay to the state meet record . At major relay events around the country , including the Penn Relays , Moore became a trackside legend as one of the best , a high school junior being clocked doing 45 second laps . He was Track and Field News `` High School Athlete of the Year '' in 1996 .   With high expectations of having a chance to be the first high school athlete to qualify for the Olympics since Dwayne Evans and Lam Jones in 1976 , Moore qualified for the 1996 U.S. Olympic Trials . Those dreams were dashed by a 7th place finish in the semi-finals . Later in 1996 , Moore won the World Junior Championships in Sydney , Australia under cool conditions . Moore expected many better things to come .   Moore looked at 1997 , his senior year of high school , as the chance to set records out of sight . Instead , he suffered a minor injury early in the season . Still focused on setting records , Moore ignored the problem and continued to press . Some have also suggested Moore lost focus . However , the effects of expectations and celebrity certainly were a factor on the 17 year old 's life . Moore aspired to go to nearby powerhouse University of Southern California , but his SAT and then ACT scores left him .1 point away from eligibility . In order to improve his academic standing Moore went first to Pasadena City College , then Long Beach City College . Further attempts took him across the continent to Morehouse College Moore spent his time in injury rehabilitation . His heart and aspirations were still in Southern California . He left Morehose a year later . The following year , Moore ended up at Life University , an NAIA college . After a successful and healthy fall training season , he entered the Pomona Pitzer Invitational , a tune up meet before the Mt. SAC Relays . Facing serious competition from people with marks equivalent to Moore 's high school junior accomplishments , Moore pulled out of the race at the last minute .  `` He could n't go to the line , '' recalls then Life University head coach Mark Spino . `` If he just was even around , people had such high expectations of him , it was hard for him to start anyplace and very hard for him to have intermediary goals . ''   The psychological effects from this event led to a crushing stigma about high level racing . He next moved to Wallace State Community College where Moore regained eligibility and ran impressively in practice . But when he went to the first Indoor meet of the season again the psychological pressure got to him , scratching from the race 10 minutes before the gun . Moore eventually disappeared from the college . Back in California , Moore has made repeated starts at regaining form , seeking help from his youth coach Robinson and others . After showing flashes of his original brilliance .   `` I 'm just hoping and praying he does get the stability , because people all across the country are still pulling for him and want him to be successful , '' Robertson says . `` I 'm at a loss what to do . But I believe inside he 's a great kid , he 's always been a great kid , he 's always done everything that I 've asked him to do on the track ''   `` One thing I know for sure , if he really wanted to , he could still be the greatest quartermiler in the world today -- just off of talent . Every time I worked with him , what I did see was that the talent is still there . If he really worked and did what he needs to do , in my mind , there 's still nobody better . All these guys I see going around the track today would n't have a chance of beating him if he really did what he was supposed to do . ''   Currently , Obea Moore resides in Los Angeles , California . He owns Sirius Body and Wellness where he trains youth and adults full time in track and fitness . He enjoys giving back to the community . In his spare time , he has perfected cooking healthy gourmet dishes and has become quite the culinary savant .   In 2014 he began talks with a writer to tell his story in the form of a biography/training manual to inspire others , scheduled to be released in late 2015 .

neg: United States at the Olympics The United States of America have sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games , except the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States .   U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,521 medals ( 1,022 of them being gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games and another 282 at the Winter Olympic Games . Most medals have been won in athletics ( track and field ) ( 801 , 32 % ) and swimming ( 553 , 22 % ) . Thomas Burke was the first athlete to represent the United States at the Olympics . He took first place in both the 100 meters and the 400 meters of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece . American track and field athlete James Connolly was the first modern Olympic champion . He took first place in the triple jump which was the first opening day final event at the 1896 Summer Olympics . American swimmer Michael Phelps is the most-decorated Olympic athlete of any nation , with 28 medals ( including 23 golds ) .   The United States has won gold at every games at which it has competed , more gold and overall medals than any other country in the Summer Games and also has the second-most gold and overall medals at the Winter Games , trailing only Norway . From the mid-20th century to the late 1980s , the United States mainly competed with the Soviet Union at Summer Games and with the Soviet Union , Norway , and East Germany at the Winter Games . However , after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , it now primarily contends with China at the Summer Games for both the overall medal count and the gold medal count and with Norway at the Winter Games for the overall medal count . The United States has topped the total medal count at two Winter Olympics : 1932 in Lake Placid and 2010 in Vancouver . At the 2010 games , the United States set a record for the most total medals ( 37 ) of any country at a single Winter Olympics .

neg: Melbourne Cup The Melbourne Cup is Australia 's most prestigious annual Thoroughbred horse race . It is a 3,200 metre race for three-year-olds and over . It is the richest `` two-mile '' handicap in the world , and one of the richest turf races . Conducted by the Victoria Racing Club on the Flemington Racecourse as part of the spring carnival in Melbourne , Victoria , the event starts at 3pm on the first Tuesday in November and is known locally as `` the race that stops a nation '' .   The Melbourne Cup has a long tradition with the first race held in 1861 over 2 mi but was shortened to 3,200 m in 1972 when Australia adopted the metric system . This reduced the distance by 18.688 m , and Rain Lover 's 1968 race record of 3:19.1 was accordingly adjusted to 3:17.9 . The present record holder is the 1990 winner Kingston Rule with a time of 3:16.3 .

neg: Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre freestyle The men 's 200 metre freestyle event at the 2012 Summer Olympics took place on 29 -- 30 July at the London Aquatics Centre in London , United Kingdom .   After overhauling the Americans in the 4x100 freestyle relay with a stunning anchor leg , France 's Yannick Agnel pulled away from a star-studded field by over a full body length to earn his second Olympic gold in swimming at these Games . Billed as the `` Race of the Century '' , he came up again with a spectacular swim on the final stretch to hit the wall first in 1:43.14 , posting a textile best in the process and moving rapidly to third in the world 's all time rankings . Meanwhile , South Korea 's Park Tae-Hwan and China 's Sun Yang tied for the silver medal in a matching time of 1:44.93 , following a dramatic rivalry in the 400 m freestyle final two days earlier .   U.S. swimmer Ryan Lochte , the reigning world champion , missed the podium by 11-hundredths of a second with a fourth-place time in 1:45.04 . Germany 's world-record holder Paul Biedermann faded down the stretch to pick up a fifth spot in 1:45.53 , edging out British home favorite Robbie Renwick by a full body length with a highly-creditable , sixth-place effort ( 1:46.53 ) . Australia 's Thomas Fraser-Holmes ( 1:46.93 ) and Russia 's Danila Izotov ( 1:47.75 ) also vied for an Olympic medal to round out the stellar championship field .   Notable swimmers missed out the final roster featuring Lochte 's teammate Ricky Berens , who replaced Michael Phelps to fill out the slot for the Americans but placed ninth ( 1:46.87 ) ; and Switzerland 's Dominik Meichtry , a sixth-place finalist in Beijing four years earlier , who finished fifteenth in the semifinals ( 1:48.25 ) .

neg: Lindsay Benko Lindsay Dianne Benko ( born November 29 , 1976 ) , also known by her married name as Lindsay Mintenko , is an American former competition swimmer , Olympic gold medalist , and former world record-holder . She represented the United States at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics . She held the short-course world record in the 400-meter freestyle ( at 3:59.53 ) for nearly three years from January 2003 to December 2005 .   At the 2000 Olympics , she was a member of the USA 's gold-medal-winning 4 × 200-meter freestyle relay . Four years later , at the 2004 Olympics , she earned gold swimming in the heats of the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay and silver swimming the heats of the 4 × 100-meter freestyle relay .   In 2005 , she married Canadian swimmer Mike Mintenko . She works for USA Swimming as the national team managing director and uses her married name professionally .

neg: Eric Heiden Eric Arthur Heiden ( born June 14 , 1958 ) is an American physician and a former long track speed skater , road cyclist and track cyclist . Heiden won an unprecedented five individual gold medals , and set four Olympic records and one world record at the 1980 Winter Olympic Games in Lake Placid , New York , United States . He was the most successful athlete at those Olympic Games , single-handedly winning more gold medals than all nations except for the Soviet Union ( 10 ) and East Germany ( 9 ) . He is the most successful Winter Olympian from a single edition of any Winter Olympics . He delivered the Athlete 's Oath at those same 1980 Games .   Heiden is an icon in the speed skating community . His victories are significant , as few speed skaters ( and athletes in general ) have won competitions in both sprint and long-distance events . Heiden is the only athlete in the history of speed skating to have won all five events in a single Olympic tournament and the only one to have won a gold medal in all events . He is considered by some to be the best overall speed skater ( short and long distances ) in the sport 's history . Heiden ranked No. 46 in ESPN 's SportsCentury 50 Greatest Athletes of the 20th Century in 1999 , the only speed skater to make the list . In 2000 , a Dutch newspaper called him the greatest skater ever .

neg: 2012 Olympic Marathon Course The 2012 Olympic Marathon Course is that of both the men 's and women 's marathon races at the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games in London .   The 42.195 km route consists of one short circuit of 3.571 km followed by three circuits of 12.875 km . The course , which was designed to pass many of London 's well-known landmarks , starts and finishes on The Mall , within sight of Buckingham Palace , and extends as far as the Tower of London in the east and the Victoria Memorial in the west .   The route of the marathon had been changed , for various logistical reasons , from that originally envisaged in London 's original 2005 bid for the Games and now breaks with the normal Olympic tradition that the race finishes inside the main Olympic Stadium .   The 2012 Summer Olympics is the third to be held in London . The stated distance of the marathon at the London 1908 Summer Olympics 26 miles and 385 yards , later converted to metric units as 42.195 kilometres formed the basis of the standard distance adopted by International Association of Athletics Federations in 1921 .

neg: James Beckford (athlete) James Beckford ( born 9 January 1975 in Saint Mary , Jamaica ) is a Jamaican track and field athlete competing in the long jump . He represented Jamaica at the Olympic level in 1996 , 2000 and 2004 . He was the silver medallist in the long jump at the 1996 Olympics and also has two silvers from the World Championships in Athletics ( from 1995 and 2003 ) . He was chosen as the Jamaica Sportsman of the Year for 1995 , 1996 and 2003 . He is the current holder of the Jamaican record for both the long jump and triple jump with marks of 8.62 m and 17.92 m , respectively .   Beckford was educated in the United States and began his athletics career there , specialising in the horizontal jumps . He took the triple jump title at Florida 's Class AAAA championship , representing William R. Boone High School . He moved to Texas to study at Blinn College . While there he improved Delroy Poyser 's Jamaican record with a jump of 17.29 metres ( 56 ft 8 3/4 in ) -- a mark which was also the world-leading outdoor jump at that point in April 1994 .   He was banned from competition for three months in 1997 after he tested positive for ephedrine , a banned stimulant .   He has competed at the World Championships on five occasions and the IAAF World Indoor Championships on six occasions . Aside from his global performances , he has won medals at the Summer Universiade , the Goodwill Games , the IAAF Grand Prix Final , as well as a silver medal from the 1998 CAC Games .

neg: List of Commonwealth Games records in athletics The Commonwealth Games is a quadrennial event which began in 1930 as the British Empire Games . The Commonwealth Games Federation accepts only athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations and recognises records set at editions of the Commonwealth Games . The athletics events at the Games are divided into four groups : track events ( including sprints , middle - and long-distance running , hurdling and relays ) , field events ( including javelin , discus , hammer , pole vault , long and triple jumps ) , road events and combined events ( triathlon , heptathlon and decathlon ) . There are also several track and field events held for disabled athletes .   Many Commonwealth Games records were set over distances using imperial measurements , such as the 100-yard dash , and ( as a result of metric standardisation in 1966 ) many records belong to defunct events . The oldest record is George Bailey 's 9:52.0 minutes in the seldom used men 's two mile steeplechase , which was set at the inaugural Games . The two longest lasting records in current events were both set at the 1974 edition of the Games : Englishman Ian Thompson 's record of 2:09:12 hours in the Marathon , and Tanzanian Filbert Bayi 's record of 3:32.16 minutes in the 1500 metres , which was also a world record .   Nathan Deakes holds two Commonwealth Games records : the 20 km and 50 km walk events . Adekunle Adesoji and Chantal Petitclerc also hold two records each in the para-sports events .

neg: Paul MacDonald Christopher Paul MacDonald , MBE ( born 8 January 1960 ) , is a New Zealand sprint canoeist who competed from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s . He is widely regarded as one of New Zealand 's most successful international athletes and holds innumerable international speed records in canoeing .   Competing in three Summer Olympics , MacDonald won five medals . This included three golds ( K-2 500 m : 1984 , 1988 ; K-4 1000 m : 1984 ) , one silver ( K-2 1000 m : 1988 ) , and one bronze ( K-1 500 m : 1988 ) . His five Olympic medals is the record for the most Olympic medals won by a New Zealander , a record he shares with fellow canoeist Ian Ferguson , and equestrian Mark Todd .   He also won six medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with three golds ( K-1 500 m : 1987 , K-2 500 m : 1985 , K-2 1000 m : 1987 ) and three silvers ( K-2 500 m : 1982 , 1987 , K-2 10000 m : 1990 ) .   In retirement from professional competition , MacDonald has produced many television sports events and programmes including Clash of the Codes ( the ultimate sporting challenge ) and annually presents the Dragon Boat Festival .   In the 1988 New Year Honours , MacDonald was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire , for services to canoeing .

neg: UAE Healthy Kidney 10K The UAE Healthy Kidney 10K is an annual road running event over 10 kilometers ( 6.2 miles ) that takes place in May in New York City in the United States . The event features both an elite-level men 's race and a general mass race for fun runners . Almost 8000 runners take part in the event each year . Its course is situated entirely within Manhattan 's Central Park . It is one of two major annual 10K races held at the venue by the New York Road Runners Club , alongside the women-only New York Mini 10K .   The event was launched in May 2005 by New York Road Runners with the sponsorship of the Embassy of the United Arab Emirates . Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , a former president of the country , received treatment and a kidney transplant at the Cleveland Clinic in 2000 . He lived until November 2004 and the event was created in his honour soon after , with proceeds from the race going towards the National Kidney Foundation .   The course for the race is a single-looped circuit on the paths and roads within the park , comprising a little over one full lap of the park in a clockwise direction . Runners start in the south-west corner of Central Park , heading north past Sheep Meadow and The Ramble and Lake via West Park Drive . It loops southwards past Harlem Meer at the 5 km ( 3-mile ) mark and goes south on East Park Drive , passing the Reservoir and Great Lawn and Turtle Pond . The course reaches the 5-mile mark just before Central Park 's Bandshell . Runners turn back north after Wollman Rink , reach the 6-mile mark at the start line , then cross the finish line near the Tavern on the Green .   The first two editions of the men 's race were won by Craig Mottram . Dathan Ritzenhein became the first American to win the race and Patrick Makau became the first African the year after . Ethiopians Tadese Tola and Gebre Gebremariam ran course records under 28 minutes to win in 2009 and 2010 . The 10K world record holder Leonard Patrick Komon set the current record at 27:35 minutes in 2011 . The event does not actively invite an elite women 's field , due to the proximity of June 's New York Mini 10K women 's race , but elite level female athletes who are resident in the area typically take part . Ethiopia 's Bizunesh Deba holds the women 's course record of 33:09 minutes , set in 2010 .

neg: Mike Powell (long jumper) Michael `` Mike '' Anthony Powell ( born November 10 , 1963 ) is an American former track and field athlete , and the holder of the long jump world record . He is a two-time world champion in this event and two-time Olympic silver medallist .

neg: John Halstead John Preston Halstead ( August 15 , 1886 - November 15 , 1951 ) was an American athlete . At the Olympic trials held at Franklin Field , Philadelphia , in June 1908 , he established the North American record for the 1500 meters of 4:01.2 , besting the then Olympic record of 4:05.4 . At the summer Olympics held in London in July 1908 , owing to the English system of a blind draw for the preliminary heats , he was paired in the 2nd heat with America 's other best miler , Mel Sheppard . Nauseated by an upset stomach just before the heat , Halstead was unable to produce his customary final sprint and lost the heat by a yard to Sheppard in a time of 4:05 , thus disqualifying him for the finals . Sheppard went on to win the gold in a time of 4:03.4 . Halstead upheld the American team 's reputation for good sportsmanship by never uttering a word of complaint about the English system of a blind draw .   In the 800 metres , held a week later , Halstead won his first round heat with a time of 2:01.4 . He then placed sixth in the final .   He graduated from Cornell University the same year with a degree in Mechanical Engineering . During the latter part of 1908 and 1909 he was one of the engineers who worked on the construction of the Pennsylvania Railroad Station in New York City . He held the rank of Major in World War I and served as Commanding Officer of the Field Training Battalion at the Field Artillery Officers ' Central Training School , Camp Zachary Taylor , Louisville , KY. . He was married on August 17 , 1922 to Frances Lewis Underwood , at Hutchinson , Kansas . He died on November 15 , 1951 in Buffalo , New York . His ashes are buried in the Rome ( NY ) Cemetery .