query: Nigeria is not Africa's largest economy.

pos: Nigeria The Federal Republic of Nigeria -LSB- naɪˈdʒɪəriə -RSB- , commonly referred to as Nigeria , is a federal republic in West Africa , bordering Benin in the west , Chad and Cameroon in the east , and Niger in the north . Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . It comprises 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja is located . Nigeria is officially a democratic secular country .   Modern-day Nigeria has been the site of numerous kingdoms and tribal states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 . The British set up administrative and legal structures whilst practising indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms . Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 , and plunged into a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It has since alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships , until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential elections considered the first to be reasonably free and fair .   Nigeria is often referred to as the `` Giant of Africa '' , owing to its large population and economy . With approximately 184 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has one of the largest populations of youth in the world . The country is viewed as a multinational state , as it is inhabited by over 500 ethnic groups , of which the three largest are the Hausa , Igbo and Yoruba ; these ethnic groups speak over 500 different languages , and are identified with wide variety of cultures . The official language is English . Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Christians , who live mostly in the southern part of the country , and Muslims in the northern part . A minority of the population practise religions indigenous to Nigeria , such as those native to the Igbo and Yoruba ethnicities .   , Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity respectively . It overtook South Africa to become Africa 's largest economy in 2014 . The 2013 debt-to-GDP ratio was 11 percent . Nigeria is considered to be an emerging market by the World Bank ; it has been identified as a regional power on the African continent , a middle power in international affairs , and has also been identified as an emerging global power . Nigeria is a member of the MINT group of countries , which are widely seen as the globe 's next `` BRIC-like '' economies . It is also listed among the `` Next Eleven '' economies set to become among the biggest in the world . Nigeria is a founding member of the African Union and a member of many other international organizations , including the United Nations , the Commonwealth of Nations and OPEC .

neg: Ghana–Nigeria relations Ghana -- Nigeria relations are the bilateral diplomatic relations between the Republic of Ghana and the Federal Republic of Nigeria .

neg: Ogun State Ògùn '' ' is a state in southwestern Nigeria . Created in 1976 , it borders Lagos State to the south , Oyo and Osun states to the north , Ondo to the east and the Republic of Benin to the west . Abeokuta is the capital and largest city in the state . The state 's nickname is `` Gateway to Nigeria '' . It was created in February 1976 from the former Western State . The 2006 census recorded a total population of 3,751,140 residents .   Other cities and towns in the Ogun State are Ijebu Ode , Sagamu , Ijebu Igbo , Ogere Remo , Iperu , Ilaro Ayetoro and Ota . The state is notable for having a high concentration of industrial estates and being a major manufacturing hub in Nigeria . Major factories in Ogun include : Dangote Cement factory in Ibese , Nestle , Lafarge Cement factory in Ewekoro and Coleman Cables in Sagamu and Arepo , Procter & Gamble in Agbara , amongst others .

neg: Union of African States The Union of African States ( Union des Etats africains ) , sometimes called the Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union , was a short-lived and loose regional organization formed 1958 linking the West African nations of Ghana and Guinea as the Union of Independent African States . Mali joined in 1960 . It disbanded in 1963 .   The union planned to develop a common currency and unified foreign policy amongst members ; however , none of these proposals were implemented by the countries . The union was the first organization in Africa to bring together former colonies of the British and the French . Although the union was open to all independent states in Africa , no other states joined . The union had a limited impact on politics as there was never any administration or permanent meetings to support the goals of unity . Its legacy was largely limited to longstanding political relationships between Kwame Nkrumah ( President and Prime Minister of Ghana 1957 -- 1966 ) , Ahmed Sékou Touré ( President of Guinea 1958 -- 1984 ) , and Modibo Keïta ( President of Mali 1960 -- 1968 ) . The union again came into the news when Nkrumah was named as the co-president of Guinea after he was deposed as President of Ghana by a military coup in 1966 .

neg: Nigerian Conservation Foundation The Nigerian Conservation Foundation is a prominent environmental non-governmental organization which works to preserve the natural resources and biodiversity of Nigeria . The Foundation was founded in 1980 by Shafi Edu and has worked since then on a number of resource management and conservation projects across Nigeria . Chief Ede Dafinone is the current Chairman of the Foundation and Mr. Adeniyi Karunwi is its Director General .   One of the founders was Akintola Williams .  The Akintola Williams Arboretum at the Nigerian Conservation Foundation headquarters in Lagos is named in his honor .  The Foundation 's is involved in conservation efforts on a number of fronts . It engages in lobbying work both at the national and state levels . It also has a number of educational initiatives both to raise awareness of environmental issues in Nigeria and to encourage sustainable practices . It works with higher education , primary and secondary schools , and with the general public through local initiatives in target areas . It 's scientific staff is engaged in research and management plans in reserves , parks , and wildlife habitats across the country . It also advises industry on sustainable development and environmental impacts for their projects in Nigeria . The foundation also promotes environmental tourism with the goal of expanding awareness of Nigeria 's natural resources and also creating economic incentives for continued and expanded preservation .   The NCF has partnerships with a number of international environmental groups including the World Wildlife Fund , the International Union for the Conservation of Nature , BirdLife International , Wetlands International , Fauna and Flora International , and the Wildlife Conservation Society . It has also partnered with several industry groups including Chevron and BG Group on issues involving Nigeria 's growing oil and gas industry . The NCF established Lekki Conservation Centre in 1990 .   In 1992 , the NCF was recognized by the UN Environmental Program , which added it to its Global 500 Roll of Honour , a group of individuals and organizations making important contributions to the environment .

neg: Zimbabwe Zimbabwe ( -LSB- zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Zimbabwe , is a landlocked country located in southern Africa , between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers . It is bordered by South Africa to the south , Botswana to the west and southwest , Zambia to the northwest , and Mozambique to the east and northeast . Although it does not border Namibia , less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates it from that country . The capital and largest city is Harare . A country of roughly 13 million people , Zimbabwe has 16 official languages , with English , Shona , and Ndebele the most commonly used .   Since the 11th century , present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a major route for migration and trade . The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s ; it became the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923 . In 1965 , the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia . The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces ; this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and de jure sovereignty in April 1980 . Zimbabwe then rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations -- which it withdrew from in 2003 . It is a member of the United Nations , the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) , the African Union ( AU ) , and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) .   Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980 , when his ZANU-PF party won the elections following the end of white minority rule ; he has been the president of Zimbabwe since 1987 . Under Mugabe 's authoritarian regime , the state security apparatus has dominated the country and been responsible for widespread human rights violations . Mugabe has maintained the revolutionary socialist rhetoric from the Cold War era , blaming Zimbabwe 's economic woes on conspiring Western capitalist countries , while still executing conservative policies . Burnished by his anti-imperialist credentials , contemporary African political leaders have been reluctant to criticise Mugabe , though Archbishop Desmond Tutu has called him `` a cartoon figure of an archetypal African dictator '' .

neg: Church of Nigeria The Church of Nigeria is the Anglican church in Nigeria . It is the second-largest province in the Anglican Communion , as measured by baptized membership ( but not by attendance ) , after the Church of England . It gives its current membership as `` over 18 million '' , out of a total Nigerian population of 140 million . Other statistics reveal that the Church of Nigeria has 2 million active attendees on a Sunday .   Since 2002 the Church of Nigeria has been organised into 14 ecclesiastical provinces . It has rapidly increased the number of its dioceses and bishops from 91 in 2002 to 161 as at January 2013 . The administrative headquarters are located in Abuja . Its primate is Archbishop Nicholas Okoh .

neg: Benin Empire The Benin Empire was a pre-colonial empire located in what is now southern Nigeria . Its capital was Edo , now known as Benin City , Edo . It should not be confused with the modern-day country called Benin , formerly called Dahomey . The Benin Empire was `` one of the oldest and most highly developed states in the coastal hinterland of West Africa , dating perhaps to the eleventh century CE '' , until it was annexed by the British Empire in 1897 .   The original people and founders of the Benin Empire , the Edo people , were initially ruled by the Ogiso ( Kings of the Sky ) dynasty who called their land Igodomigodo . The rulers or kings were commonly known as Ogiso . Igodo , the first Ogiso , wielded much influence and gained popularity as a good ruler . He died after a long reign and was succeeded by Ere , his eldest son . In the 12th century , a great palace intrigue and battle for power erupted between the warrior crown prince Ekaladerhan son of the last Ogiso and his young paternal uncle . In anger over an oracle , Prince Ekaladerhan left the royal court with his warriors . When his old father the Ogiso died , the Ogiso dynasty was ended as the people and royal kingmakers preferred their king 's son as natural next in line to rule .   The exiled Prince Ekaladerhan later became Izoduwa or Oduduwa the first Oni in uhe ( ile ife ) . Oranmiyan , grand son of Oduduwa took up his abode in the palace built for him at Usama by the elders ( now a coronation shrine ) . Soon after his arrival he married a beautiful lady , Erinmwinde , daughter of Osa-nego , was the ninth Enogie ( Duke ) of Ego , by whom he had a son . After some years residence here he called a meeting of the people and renounced his office , remarking that the country was a land of vexation , Ile-Ibinu ( by which name the country was afterward known ) and that only a child born , trained and educated in the arts and mysteries of the land could reign over the people . He caused his son born to him by Erinmwinde to be made King in his place , and returned to Yoruba land Ile-Ife . After some years in Ife , he left for Oyo , where he also left a son behind on leaving the place , and his son Ajaka ultimately became the first Alafin of Oyo of the present line , while Oranmiyan himself was reigning as Oni of Ife . Therefore , Oranmiyan of Ife , the father of Eweka I , the Oba of Benin , was also the father of Ajaka , the first Alafin of Oyo . Oni of Ife and Alafe of Oyo .   By the 15th century , Edo as a system of protected settlements expanded into a thriving city-state . In the 15th century , the twelfth Oba in line , Oba Ewuare the Great ( 1440 -- 1473 ) would expand the city-state to an empire .   It was not until the 15th century during the reign of Oba Ewuare the Great that the kingdom 's administrative centre , the city Ubinu , began to be known as Benin City by the Portuguese , and would later be adopted by the locals as well . Before then , due to the pronounced ethnic diversity at the kingdom 's headquarters during the 15th century from the successes of Oba Ewuare , the earlier name ( ` Ubinu ' ) by a tribe of the Edos was colloquially spoken as `` Bini '' by the mix of Itsekhiri , Esan , Ika , Ijaw Edo , Urhobo living together in the royal administrative centre of the kingdom . The Portuguese would write this down as Benin City . Though , farther Edo clans , such as the Itsekiris and the Urhobos still referred to the city as Ubini up till the late 19th century , as evidence implies .   Aside from Benin City , the system of rule of the Oba in his kingdom , even through the golden age of the kingdom , was still loosely based after the Ogiso dynasty , which was military and royal protection in exchange of use of resources and implementation of taxes paid to the royal administrative centre . Language and culture was not enforced but remained heterogeneous and localized according to each group within the kingdom , though a local `` Enogie '' ( duke ) was often appointed by the Oba for specified ethnic areas .

neg: North Region (Cameroon) The North Region ( Région du Nord ) makes up 66,090 km ² of the northern half of The Republic of Cameroon . Neighbouring territories include the Far North Region to the north , the Adamawa Region to the south , Nigeria to the west , Chad to the east , and Central African Republic to the southeast . The city of Garoua is both the political and industrial capital . Garoua is Cameroon 's third largest port , despite the fact that the Bénoué River upon which it relies is only navigable for short periods of the year .   Major ethnic groups include the Fula or Fulani ( Fulɓe links = no ) , who are Islamic pastoralists , and numerous Muslim and animist speakers of Adamawa , Chadic , and Nilo-Saharan languages . French is the language of formal education , and Fulfulde , the language of the Fulbe , is widespread as a lingua franca .

neg: India–Nigeria relations The bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Federal Republic of Nigeria have considerably expanded in recent years with both nations building strategic and commercial ties .   Oil-rich Nigeria stated recently that India has replaced the United States as its largest crude importer 20 -25 percent of India 's domestic oil demand.India , however , now purchases some 30 % of Nigeria 's daily crude production which currently hovers around 2.5 million barrels With bilateral oil trade valued at US$ 10 billion , Indian oil companies are also involved in oil drilling operations in Nigeria and have plans to set up refineries there .

neg: List of companies of the Republic of the Congo The Republic of the Congo is a country located in Central Africa . It is bordered by Gabon , Cameroon , the Central African Republic , the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda . In the early 1980s , rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5 % annually , one of the highest rates in Africa . The government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings , contributing to a shortage of revenues . The January 12 , 1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50 % resulted in inflation of 46 % in 1994 , but inflation has subsided since .

neg: Energy in Nigeria Nigeria 's primary energy consumption was about 108 Mtoe in 2011 . Most of the energy comes from traditional biomass and waste , which account for 83 % of total primary production . The rest is from fossil fuels ( 16 % ) and hydropower ( 1 % ) .   Nigeria has oil reserves of about 35 Goilbbl and gas reserves of about 5 trillion cubic metres , ranking 10th and 9th in the world , respectively . Global production in 2009 reached 29 Goilbbl of oil and 3 trillion cubic meters of natural gas . Nigeria is a member of the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries .

neg: List of country groupings This is a list of groupings of countries or of intergovernmental organisations , formal or informal , organisational or economic category .   African Union ( AU ) is a continental union consisting of all fifty-five countries on the African continent  Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim member economies that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region  Arab League , a regional organization of Arab countries in and around North Africa , the Horn of Africa and Arabia , Algeria , Bahrain , Comoros , Djibouti , Egypt , Iraq , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Mauritania , Morocco , Oman , Palestine , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Somalia , Sudan , Syria , Tunisia , United Arab Emirates , Yemen , to draw closer the relations between member States and co-ordinate collaboration between them , to safeguard their independence and sovereignty , and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries  ASEAN , The Association of Southeast Asian Nations , a regional organisation comprising ten Southeast Asian states  BASIC countries , four large newly industrialized countries , Brazil , South Africa , India , China , to act jointly on climate change and emissions reduction  Benelux Union is a politico-economic union of three neighbouring states in western Europe : Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg .  BRIC , Brazil , Russia , India and China , which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development  BRICS , Brazil , Russia , India , China and South Africa , leading developing or newly industrialized countries , and are distinguished by their large , sometimes fast-growing economies and significant influence on regional affairs  CIVETS , six emerging markets countries , Colombia , Indonesia , Vietnam , Egypt , Turkey and South Africa , a diverse and dynamic economy and a young , growing population  Commonwealth of Nations , fifty-two member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire  Development Assistance Committee ( DAC ) , to discuss issues surrounding aid , development and poverty reduction in developing countries , the world 's major donor countries , Australia , European Union , Iceland , New Zealand , South Korea , Austria , Finland , Ireland , Norway , Spain , Belgium , France , Italy , Poland , Sweden , Canada , Germany , Japan , Portugal , Switzerland , Czech Republic , Greece , Luxembourg , Slovakia , United Kingdom , Denmark , Hungary , Netherlands , Slovenia , United States  Economic Cooperation Organisation ( ECO ) , Afghanistan , Azerbaijan , Iran , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyz , Pakistan , Tajikistan , Turkey , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , a political and economic organization , a platform to discuss ways to improve development and promote trade and investment opportunities , the objective is to establish a single market for goods and services  EAEU , Eurasian Economic Union , an economic union of Belarus , Kazakhstan , Russia , Armenia , Kyrgyzstan  EU , The European Union , a political and economic union of twenty-eight member states that are located primarily in Europe  Four Asian Tigers , economies of Hong Kong , Singapore , South Korea , Taiwan , underwent rapid industrialization and maintained exceptionally high growth rates , now developed into advanced and high-income economies  G4 nations , Brazil , Germany , India , and Japan , four countries which support each other 's bids for permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council  Group of Eight ( G8 ) , Canada , France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , and Russia , the world 's major highly industrialized economies in countries that view themselves as democracies  G8 +5 , the G8 nations , plus the five leading emerging economies ( Brazil , China , India , Mexico , and South Africa )  G20 , or Group of Twenty , twenty major economies , Argentina , Australia , Brazil , Canada , China , European Union , France , Germany , India , Indonesia , Italy , Japan , South Korea , Mexico , Russia , Saudi Arabia , South Africa , Turkey , United Kingdom , United States , for studying , reviewing , and promoting high-level discussion of policy issues pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability  Group of 7 ( G7 ) , Canada , France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , and the United States , the seven major advanced economies as reported by the International Monetary Fund  Group of 77 ( G77 ) , a loose coalition of developing nations , designed to promote its members ' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations  Gulf Cooperation Council , Bahrain , Kuwait , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia and the UAE . A regional intergovernmental political and economic union consisting of all Arab states of the Persian Gulf , except for Iraq .  IBSA Dialogue Forum , India , Brazil , South Africa , an international tripartite grouping for promoting international cooperation among these countries  Mercosur ( Southern Common Market ) , Argentina , Brazil , Paraguay , Uruguay , Venezuela , Bolivia , Chile , Peru , Colombia , Ecuador , Suriname , to promote free trade and the fluid movement of goods , people , and currency  MIKTA , an informal partnership between Mexico , Indonesia , Republic of Korea , Turkey , Australia , to support effective global governance  MINT , the economies of Mexico , Indonesia , Nigeria , and Turkey  NACAr , Norway , Australia , Canada , Argentina , countries characterized by middle to high income per capita , a low population density and a concentration of exports in natural resources  North American Free Trade Agreement , NAFTA is an agreement signed by Canada , Mexico , and the United States , creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America  Next Eleven ( Nll ) , Bangladesh , Egypt , Indonesia , Iran , Mexico , Nigeria , Pakistan , the Philippines , Turkey , South Korea and Vietnam -- identified as having a high potential of becoming , along with the BRICS countries , among the world 's largest economies in the 21st century  OECD , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , to stimulate economic progress and world trade , countries committed to democracy and the market economy , most OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index ( HDI ) and are regarded as developed countries  OPEC , Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries , thirteen countries accounting for an estimated 42 percent of global oil production and 73 percent of the world 's proven oil reserves  P5 , permanent members of the United Nations Security Council , China , France , Russia , the United Kingdom , the United States  PIGS , the economies of the countries of Portugal , Italy and or Ireland , Greece , and Spain  United Nations ( UN ) , an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation , 193 member states .  VISTA ( Vietnam , Indonesia , South Africa , Turkey , Argentina ) is an emerging markets grouping proposed in 2006 by BRICs Economic Research Institute of Japan .

neg: Transport in Niger Transport in Niger is composed of the transportation systems and methods used in this landlocked nation , with cities separated by huge uninhabited deserts , mountain ranges , and other natural features . A poor nation , Niger 's transport system was little developed during the colonial period ( 1899 -- 1960 ) , relying upon animal transport , human transport , and limited river transport in the far south west and south east . No railways were constructed in the colonial period , and roads outside the capital remained unpaved . The Niger River is unsuitable for large-scale river transport , as it lacks depth for most of the year and is broken by rapids at many spots . Camel caravan transport was historically important in the Sahara desert and Sahel regions which cover most of the north .

neg: Akwa Ibom State Akwa Ibom '' ' is a state in Nigeria . It is located in the coastal southern part of the country , lying between latitudes 4 ° 32 ′ N and 5 ° 33 ′ N , and longitudes 7 ° 25 ′ E and 8 ° 25 ′ E . The state is located in the South-South geopolitical zone , and is bordered on the east by Cross River State , on the west by Rivers State and Abia State , and on the south by the Atlantic Ocean and the southernmost tip of Cross River State .   Akwa Ibom is one of Nigeria 's 36 states , with a population of over five million people . The state was created in 1987 from the former Cross River State and is currently the highest oil - and gas-producing state in the country . The state 's capital is Uyo , with over 500,000 inhabitants . Akwa Ibom has an airport and two major seaports on the Atlantic Ocean with a proposed construction of a world-class seaport Ibaka Seaport at Oron . The state also boasts of a 30,000-seat ultramodern sports complex . Akwa Ibom state is also home to the Ibom E-Library , a world-class information centre . In addition to English , the main spoken languages are Ibibio , Annang , Eket and Oron .

neg: Economy of Mali The economy of Mali is based to a large extent upon agriculture , with a mostly rural population engaged in subsistence agriculture .   Mali is among the ten poorest nations of the world , is one of the 37 Heavily Indebted Poor Countries , and is a major recipient of foreign aid from many sources , including multilateral organizations ( most significantly the World Bank , African Development Bank , and Arab Funds ) , and bilateral programs funded by the European Union , France , United States , Canada , Netherlands , and Germany . Before 1991 , the former Soviet Union , China and the Warsaw Pact countries had been a major source of economic and military aid .   The per capita gross domestic product ( GDP ) of Mali was $ 820 in 1999 . Mali 's great potential wealth lies in mining and the production of agricultural commodities , livestock , and fish . The most productive agricultural area lies along the banks of the Niger River , the Inner Niger Delta and the southwestern region around Sikasso .

neg: Foreign relations of Cameroon Cameroon 's noncontentious , low-profile approach to foreign relations puts it squarely in the middle of other African and developing country states on major issues . It supports the principles of non-interference in the affairs of third world countries and increased assistance to underdeveloped countries . Cameroon is an active participant in the United Nations , where its voting record demonstrates its commitment to causes that include international peacekeeping , the rule of law , environmental protection , and Third World economic development . In the UN and other human rights fora , Cameroon 's non-confrontational approach has generally led it to avoid criticizing other countries .   Cameroon enjoys good relations with the United States and other developed countries . Cameroon enjoys generally good relations with its African neighbors . It supports UN peacekeeping activities in Central Africa .

neg: African philosophy African philosophy is philosophy produced by African people , philosophy that presents African worldviews , or philosophy that uses distinct African philosophical methods . Although African philosophers may be found in the various academic fields of philosophy , such as metaphysics , epistemology , moral philosophy , and political philosophy , much of the modern African philosophy has been concerned with defining the ethnophilosophical parameters of African philosophy and identifying what differentiates it from other philosophical traditions . One of the implicit assumptions of ethnophilosophy is that a specific culture can have a philosophy that is not applicable and accessible to all peoples and cultures in the world , however this concept is disputed by traditional philosophers .  Furthermore , in A Discourse on African Philosophy : A New Perspective on Ubuntu and Transitional Justice in South Africa , Christian B. N. Gade argues that the ethnophilosophical approach to African philosophy as a static group property is highly problematic . His research on ubuntu presents an alternative collective discourse on African philosophy ( `` collective '' in the sense that it does not focus on any individual in particular ) that takes differences , historical developments , and social contexts seriously .   Father of African Philosophy , Uzodinma Nwala , prior to his employment to teach at UNN , there was nothing called African Philosophy as course of study in any university . `` All we were taught as students were Western philosophy . Nothing like African philosophy existed anywhere . In fact , many years after the introduction of the courses , there still remained arguments among experts , whether there was really African Philosophy '' . He was awarded the Aime Cesiare award in 2013 at the University of Abuja .  African Philosophy can be formally defined as a critical thinking by Africans on their experiences of reality . Nigerian born Philosopher K.C. Anyanwu defined African philosophy as `` that which concerns itself with the way in which African people of the past and present make sense of their destiny and of the world in which they live . '' In this regard , African philosophy is a critical reflection on African leaderships in the administration of their duties towards their citizens ; the morally blameworthiness or praiseworthiness of it . It will also provide possible solutions to the problems experienced in African governances .   As a rational critical inquiry on Africans and their worlds , it is consequently the task of African philosophy and of African philosophers to make the uncoordinated coordinated , the uncritical critical and the inarticulate articulate , particularly of the preliterate Africa .   One of the most basic disagreements concerns what exactly the term ` African ' qualifies : the content of the philosophy and the distinctive methods employed , or the identities of the philosophers . On the former view , philosophy counts as African if it involves African themes such as perceptions of time , personhood , space and other subjects , or uses methods that are defined as distinctively African . In the latter view , African philosophy is any philosophy produced by Africans or by people of African descent , and others engaged in critiques or analysis of their works .   Nigerian philosopher Joseph I. Omoregbe broadly defines a philosopher as one who attempts to understand the world 's phenomena , the purpose of human existence , the nature of the world , and the place of human beings in that world . This form of natural philosophy is identifiable in Africa even before individual African philosophers can be distinguished in the sources .

neg: List of companies based in Eritrea Eritrea , officially the State of Eritrea , is a country in the Horn of Africa . The economy of Eritrea has experienced considerable growth in recent years , indicated by an improvement in Gross domestic product ( GDP ) in October 2012 of 7.5 percent over 2011 . However , worker remittances from abroad are estimated to account for 32 percent of gross domestic product . Eritrea has an extensive amount of resources such as copper , gold , granite , marble , and potash . The Eritrean economy has undergone extreme changes due to the War of Independence . In 2011 , Eritrea 's GDP grew by 8.7 percent making it one of the fastest growing economies in the world . The Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) expects it to maintain a high growth rate of 8.5 percent in 2013 .

neg: Cinema of Africa African cinema is film production in Africa . It dates back to the early 20th century , when film reels were the primary cinematic technology in use . The Nigerian film industry is the largest in Africa in terms of value , number of annual films , revenue and popularity . It is also the second and third largest national film industry in the world , based on the number of annual films and revenue respectively .

neg: Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa is , geographically , the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara . According to the UN , it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara . It contrasts with North Africa , whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world . Somalia , Djibouti , Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub-Saharan Africa , but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world .   The Sahel is the transitional zone between the Sahara and the tropical savanna ( the Sudan region ) and forest-savanna mosaic to the south .   Since probably 3500 BCE , the Saharan and Sub-Saharan regions of Africa have been separated by the extremely harsh climate of the sparsely populated Sahara , forming an effective barrier interrupted by only the Nile in Sudan , though the Nile was blocked by the river 's cataracts . The Sahara pump theory explains how flora and fauna ( including Homo sapiens ) left Africa to penetrate the Middle East and beyond . African pluvial periods are associated with a `` wet Sahara '' phase during which larger lakes and more rivers existed .   The use of the term has been criticized because it refers to the South only by cartography conventions and projects a connotation of inferiority ; a vestige of colonialism , which some say , divided Africa into European terms of homogeneity .


query: Christina Applegate died before the production of the film Bad Moms began.

pos: Christina Applegate Christina Applegate ( born November 25 , 1971 ) is an American actress and dancer who as an adolescent actress started playing the role of Kelly Bundy on the Fox sitcom Married ... with Children ( 1987 -- 97 ) . In her adult years , Applegate established a film and television career , winning an Emmy and earning Tony and Golden Globe nominations . She is also known for doing the voice of Brittany in the Alvin and the Chipmunks film series .   She has had major roles in several films , including Do n't Tell Mom the Babysitter 's Dead ( 1991 ) , The Big Hit ( 1998 ) , Prince Charming ( 2001 ) , The Sweetest Thing ( 2002 ) , Grand Theft Parsons ( 2003 ) , Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy ( 2004 ) and its sequel , Anchorman 2 : The Legend Continues ( 2013 ) , Farce of the Penguins ( 2007 ) , Hall Pass ( 2011 ) , Vacation ( 2015 ) and Bad Moms ( 2016 ) . She has also starred in numerous Broadway theatre productions such as the 2005 revival of the musical Sweet Charity . She played the lead role in the television sitcoms Jesse ( 1998 -- 2000 ) and Samantha Who ? ( 2007 -- 09 ) and starred in the NBC comedy Up All Night ( 2011 -- 12 ) .

neg: Jennifer Grant Jennifer Diane Grant ( born February 26 , 1966 ) is an American actress , the only child of actors Cary Grant and Dyan Cannon . She is best known for roles in the television series Beverly Hills , 90210 and Movie Stars .

neg: Silver Linings Playbook Silver Linings Playbook is a 2012 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by David O. Russell . It was adapted from the novel The Silver Linings Playbook , by Matthew Quick . The film stars Bradley Cooper and Jennifer Lawrence , with Robert De Niro , Jacki Weaver , Chris Tucker , Anupam Kher , and Julia Stiles in supporting roles .   Cooper plays Patrick `` Pat '' Solitano , Jr. , a man with bipolar disorder who is released from a psychiatric hospital and moves back in with his parents , played by Robert De Niro and Jacki Weaver . Determined to win back his estranged wife , Pat meets recently widowed Tiffany Maxwell , portrayed by Jennifer Lawrence , who offers to help him get his wife back if he enters a dance competition with her . The two become closer as they train and Pat , his father , and Tiffany examine their relationships with each other as they cope with their problems .   Silver Linings Playbook premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8 , 2012 , and was released in the United States on November 16 , 2012 . The film opened to major critical success and earned numerous accolades . It received eight Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay . It became the first film since 1981 's Reds to be Oscar-nominated for the four acting categories and the first since 2004 's Million Dollar Baby to be nominated for the Big Five Oscars , with Lawrence winning the Academy Award for Best Actress . It also achieved four Golden Globe Award nominations , with Lawrence winning Best Actress ; three BAFTA nominations , with Russell winning for Best Adapted Screenplay ; four Screen Actors Guild nominations ; and five Independent Spirit Award nominations , winning in four categories , including Best Film . The film was a success at the box office , grossing over $ 236 million worldwide , more than eleven times its budget .

neg: Beverly Long Beverly Powell Long ( April 18 , 1933 -- May 8 , 2014 ) was an American film and television actress , notable credits include Rebel Without a Cause ( 1955 ) , Cavalcade of America ( 1957 ) and Father Knows Best ( 1958 -- 1960 ) . She later worked as a casting director with her own company Beverly Long Casting .

neg: Mom (season 3) The third season of the television comedy series Mom began airing on November 5 , 2015 , on CBS in the United States . The season is produced by Chuck Lorre Productions and Warner Bros. . Television , with series creators Chuck Lorre , Eddie Gorodetsky and Gemma Baker serving as executive producer .   The series was created by Chuck Lorre , Eddie Gorodetsky and Gemma Baker . It follows Christy Plunkett ( Anna Faris ) , a single mother who -- after dealing with her battle with alcoholism and drug addiction -- decides to restart her life in Napa , California 's wine country working as a waitress at the restaurant Rustic Fig and attending Alcoholics Anonymous meetings . She lives with her mother Bonnie Plunkett ( Allison Janney ) , who is also a recovering drug and alcohol addict , as well as her teenage daughter Violet ( Sadie Calvano ) , who was born when Christy was 16 . Christy also has a younger son Roscoe ( Blake Garrett Rosenthal ) by her deadbeat ex-husband Baxter ( Matt L. Jones ) . Other prominent character in the series include the co-Alcoholics Anonymous member , Marjorie ( Mimi Kennedy ) . Jaime Pressly and Beth Hall , who play co-Alcoholics Anonymous members Jill and Wendy , respectively , were upgraded to series regular status for this season . The episodes are usually titled with two odd topics that are mentioned in that episode .

neg: Freaks and Geeks Freaks and Geeks is an American teen comedy-drama television series , created by Paul Feig , with Judd Apatow as executive producer , that aired on NBC during the 1999 -- 2000 television season . Eighteen episodes were completed , but the series was canceled after only 12 had aired .   A fan-led campaign persuaded NBC to broadcast three more episodes in July 2000 ; the three remaining unaired episodes , for a total of 18 , aired that September on the cable network Fox Family Channel .   The series appeared on Time magazine 's 2007 `` 100 Greatest Shows of All Time '' list , and placed third on the magazine 's list of greatest television shows of the 2000s ( decade ) . In 2007 , Freaks and Geeks ranked # 21 on TV Guides Top Cult Shows Ever . In 2008 , Entertainment Weekly ranked it the 13th-best series of the past 25 years . The same year , AOL TV named it the Best School Show of All Time . In 2013 TV Guide included it in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time , and ranked it # 1 on their list of 60 shows that were `` Cancelled Too Soon '' . It launched several of its young actors into successful television and film careers .

neg: Christina Ricci Christina Ricci ( born February 12 , 1980 ) is an American actress .   Ricci began her career appearing in commercials and received early recognition as a child star . Her debut performance in Mermaids ( 1990 ) was followed by a breakthrough role as Wednesday Addams in The Addams Family ( 1991 ) and its sequel Addams Family Values ( 1993 ) when she was eleven and thirteen years old , respectively . Following her success with the Addams Family films , she earned something of a `` teen icon '' status thanks to appearances in various big budget productions , notably Now and Then ( 1995 ) and Casper ( 1995 ) , which were marketed for younger audiences , before making a successful transition into adult-oriented roles with the art house drama The Ice Storm ( 1997 ) , at the age of seventeen .   Ricci continued acting in small-scale independent films such as Buffalo '66 ( 1998 ) and The Opposite of Sex ( 1998 ) , for which she received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress . She made a departure from independent cinema with Tim Burton 's big-budget Gothic horror Sleepy Hollow ( 1999 ) and later received praise for her performance in the drama Monster ( 2003 ) , portraying the girlfriend of a notorious female serial killer . Although she has developed a reputation for being a prominent independent film actress , Ricci has appeared in many box office hitsto date , the films in which she has starred have amassed a gross in excess of $ 743 million .   Ricci has also acted in various television productions . In 2006 , she was nominated for an Emmy Award for her role as a paramedic in the ABC drama Grey 's Anatomy . From 2011 to 2012 , she starred as a stewardess in the short-lived series Pan Am . In 2014 , she starred in the titular role of the Lifetime film Lizzie Borden Took an Ax , marking a return to the darker roles she had generated attention for earlier in her career . In 2015 , she reprised the role in the limited series The Lizzie Borden Chronicles , chronicling the aftermath of the events that took place in the biopic .   Ricci married dolly grip James Heerdegen in October 2013 and gave birth to a son in August 2014 . She is also the national spokesperson for the Rape , Abuse and Incest National Network ( RAINN ) .

neg: Bad (album) Bad is the seventh studio album by American singer and songwriter Michael Jackson , released on August 31 , 1987 in the United States by Epic Records and internationally by CBS Records . It was released nearly five years after Jackson 's previous solo studio album , Thriller ( 1982 ) . Bad was recorded during the first half of 1987 . The lyrical themes include media bias , paranoia , racial profiling , romance , self-improvement and world peace . The album cemented Jackson 's status as one of the most successful artists of the 1980s .   Bad saw Jackson exercise even more artistic freedom than he did with his two previous Epic releases ( Off the Wall and Thriller ) ; Jackson composed nine of the album 's eleven tracks , and received co-producer credit for the entire album . Nine of the eleven songs on Bad were released as singles ; one was a promotional single , and another was released outside of the United States and Canada . Five of the singles hit No. 1 in the United States , while a sixth charted within the top ten , and a seventh charted within the top twenty on the Hot 100 . Bad peaked at No. 1 in thirteen countries and charted within the top twenty in other territories . The only songs on the album which were not released as a single were `` Speed Demon '' and `` Just Good Friends '' , the latter being the only song on the album to also not have a music video accompanying it .   The album continued Jackson 's commercial success in the late 1980s , and garnered six Grammy Award nominations , winning two . Aside from commercial success , the album was well received by contemporary critics . The album produced a record five Billboard Hot 100 number one singles , the first of two albums to do so , the second being Katy Perry 's 2010 album Teenage Dream . Bad was ranked No. 43 in the 100 Greatest Albums of All Time of the MTV Generation in 2009 by VH1 and number 202 in Rolling Stone magazine 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . As of 2012 , Bad had reportedly sold between 30 and 45 million copies worldwide and has been cited as one of the 30 best-selling albums of all time . In 2017 , the album was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America , denoting sales of over ten million copies in the United States . The album marked the final collaboration between Jackson and producer Quincy Jones .

neg: Daniel Wayne Smith Daniel Wayne Smith ( January 22 , 1986 -- September 10 , 2006 ) was the son of the American model and actress Anna Nicole and Billy Wayne Smith . He occasionally appeared in his mother 's E! Network reality TV show .

neg: Applegate (surname) Applegate is an English surname . Notable people with the surname include :   Andrew J. Applegate ( 1833 -- 1870 ) , American politician  Celia Applegate , American historian  Christina Applegate ( born 1971 ) , American actress  Colleen Applegate , American actress known as Shauna Grant  Dan Applegate , American engineer  Debby Applegate ( born 1968 ) , American historian and biographer  Dick Applegate , British army general  Douglas Applegate ( born 1928 ) , American politician  Eddie Applegate ( born 1935 ) , American actor  Fred Applegate ( 1879 -- 1968 ) , American baseball player  Fred Applegate ( actor ) ( born 1953 ) , American actor , singer and dancer  Jeremy Applegate ( 1965 -- 2000 ) , American actor  Jesse Applegate ( 1811-1888 ) , American pioneer  Jessica-Jane Applegate ( born 1996 ) , British swimmer  Jodi Applegate ( born 1964 ) , American news anchor  Joseph R. Applegate ( 1925 -- 2003 ) , American linguist  K. A. Applegate ( born 1956 ) , American author  Lindsay Applegate ( 1808 -- 1892 ) , American pioneer  Oliver Cromwell Applegate ( 1845-1938 ) , American politician  Red Applegate ( 1921 -- 1965 ) , American boxer  Rex Applegate ( 1914-1998 ) , American military close combat instructor in World War II  Royce D. Applegate ( 1939-2003 ) , American actor and screenwriter  Shannon Applegate , American historian   Category : English-language surnames

neg: Oh Mother `` Oh Mother '' is a song recorded by American singer Christina Aguilera for her fifth studio album , Back to Basics ( 2006 ) . The song was released on November 23 , 2007 by RCA Records as the fourth and final single from the album in European territories , while `` Slow Down Baby '' was serviced as the final single in Oceania . It was written by Aguilera , Derryck Thornton , Mark Rankin , Liz Thornton , Christophe Barratier , Bruno Coulais and Kara DioGuardi . Production was done by Big Tank and Q , with L Boggie credited as co-producer and Aguilera serviced as additional producer .   `` Oh Mother '' is a downtempo pop and R&B piano ballad that talks about Aguilera 's abusive childhood . It incorporates various musical instruments , from strings to keyboards . It contains a sample from `` Vois Sur Ton Chemin '' , written by Bruno Coluais and Christopher Barratler . Upon its release , the song was met with mainly positive reviews from contemporary music critics . It also managed to enter charts in Europe with moderate success .

neg: Anna Nicole Smith Vickie Lynn Hogan professionally known as Anna Nicole Smith ( born November 28 , 1967 -- February 8 , 2007 ) was an American model , actress and television personality . Smith first gained popularity in Playboy , winning the title of 1993 Playmate of the Year . She modeled for fashion companies including Guess , H&M , Heatherette , and Lane Bryant .   Smith dropped out of high school and was married three years later in 1985 . Her highly publicized second marriage to J. Howard Marshall resulted in speculation that she married the octogenarian mainly for his money , which she denied . Following Marshall 's death , Smith began a lengthy legal battle over a share of his estate . Her case , Marshall v. Marshall , reached the U.S. Supreme Court on a question of federal jurisdiction , and again on a question of bankruptcy court authority ( now called Stern v. Marshall ) .   Smith died on February 8 , 2007 , in a Hollywood , Florida , hotel room as a result of an overdose of prescription drugs . During the final six months of her life , Smith was the focus of renewed press coverage surrounding the death of her son , Daniel , and the paternity and custody battle over her newborn daughter , Dannielynn .

neg: Matthew Cooke (filmmaker) Matthew Cooke ( born 1973 , Washington , D.C. ) is the writer-director of How to Make Money Selling Drugs , a documentary film which criticizes the war on drugs in the United States . Cooke was also the narrator , editor , cinematographer and visual effects artist . Cooke was the producer and editor of Amy Berg 's Oscar -- nominated documentary Deliver Us from Evil , his first feature film , and writer , director , editor and actor on Fuel TV 's Stupidface . He produced Adrian Grenier 's 2010 HBO documentary Teenage Paparazzo which premiered at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival . Cooke also contributed editing , motion graphics and cinematography work to the picture . He is producing American Race , an upcoming documentary directed by Amy Berg , who Cooke previously worked with on Deliver Us from Evil .   Cooke graduated magna cum laude with a B.A. in film from Pitzer College in 1996 . He was engaged to actress Maggie Grace from February 2015 to February 2016 .

neg: Paula Wagner Paula Wagner ( born December 12 , 1946 ) is an American film producer and film executive . She currently sits on the National Board of Directors for the Producers Guild of America .

neg: Andrea Berloff Andrea Berloff ( born 1974 ) is an American screenwriter , actress , and producer . Berloff is best known for writing the 2006 disaster drama film World Trade Center , and co-writing the 2015 biographical drama Straight Outta Compton .

neg: Bad (2007 film) Bad , stylized as bAd , is a 2007 drama film directed and written by Vincenzo Giammanco about a young boy who is dyslexic .   John Reed ( Remy Thorne ) is in the fifth grade and is failing in school as `` his teacher thinks that he 's just too lazy to study , and the local bully takes every opportunity to humiliate him . '' After the intervention of his mother , she and John work to overcome the difficulties he faces due to dyslexia .

neg: Hygienic Productions Hygienic Productions was a film production company based out of Wilmington , Ohio . Formed by exploitation film producer Kroger Babb , the company was in charge of promotion and production for a number of Babb 's films , including the infamous Mom and Dad .   Later , following the success of Mom and Dad , Babb would rename the company to a more general name , Hallmark Productions , and later , the `` Hallmark Big-6 . '' They would continue presenting the sexual education and medical-style films , but expand to more genres , including drug message films such as `` She Shoulda Said ` No ' ! '' and shock films like Karamoja .

neg: Lisa Blount Lisa Suzanne Blount ( July 1 , 1957 -- October 27 , 2010 ) was an American film and television actress , and Oscar-winning producer .

neg: 2006 MTV Movie Awards The 2006 MTV Movie Awards were hosted by Jessica Alba and featured performances by Christina Aguilera , AFI and Gnarls Barkley . In addition to the below awards , MTV gave lifetime achievement awards to Jim Carrey ( The MTV Generation Award ) and Spike Lee ( The Silver Bucket of Excellence , for Do the Right Thing ) .  MTV held its 15th annual movie awards show on Saturday , June 3 , at the Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City , California . MTV first broadcast the award show on 8 June at 9:00 pm ET . Tenth Planet Productions produced the awards , and Joel Gallen was the executive-producer and director for the 12th consecutive year .   This is also the second MTV Movie Awards show to have a host win an award . The first show was in 2004 with Lindsay Lohan winning an award . The host for the MTV Movie Awards in 2006 was Jessica Alba . Christina Aguilera performed , for the very first time , her lead single of her latest release Back to Basics , `` Ai n't No Other Man '' .  Pre-recorded parodies include The Da Vinci Code , Mission : Impossible III , and King Kong .

neg: Anna Pump Anna Pump ( April 11 , 1934 -- October 5 , 2015 ) was a German-born American chef , cookbook author , baker , and innkeeper best known for her bakery and gourmet takeout shop in The Hamptons , Loaves & Fishes . She was the author of four cookbooks and the owner of the Bridgehampton Inn . Pump was a mentor to Ina Garten , of Food Network , who wrote the forward to Pump 's final cookbook Summer on a Plate . She was sometimes a guest on Garten 's Barefoot Contessa .   She moved to the US with her husband in 1960 , where they lived in Frenchtown , New Jersey , before moving to the Hamptons more than a decade later .   A resident of Sag Harbor , New York , Pump was killed while crossing to the north side of Montauk Highway in Bridgehampton , near the post office , when she was struck by a pickup truck heading west on the evening of October 5 , 2015 . She was taken to Southampton Hospital by ambulance , where she succumbed to her injuries . She was 81 .

neg: The Best Bad Thing The Best Bad Thing was originally a book authored by Yoshiko Uchida . A screenplay was developed and a film released in 1997 . The story is set on the U.S. west coast during 1935 when the U.S. economy was still recovering from the effects of the Great Depression . It opens in a city , then moves to a rural Cucumber farm , where the majority of the action takes place . The farm is described as along California 's central coast .


query: Hubert Humphrey helped found a political party.

pos: Hubert Humphrey Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr. ( May 27 , 1911January 13 , 1978 ) was an American politician who served as the 38th Vice President of the United States under President Lyndon B. Johnson from 1965 to 1969 . Humphrey twice served in the United States Senate , representing Minnesota from 1949 to 1964 and 1971 to 1978 . He was the nominee of the Democratic Party in the 1968 presidential election , losing to the Republican nominee Richard M. Nixon .   Born in Wallace , South Dakota in 1911 , Humphrey attended the University of Minnesota before earning his pharmacist license from the Capitol College of Pharmacy in 1931 . He helped run his father 's pharmacy until 1937 when he returned to academia , graduating with a master 's degree from Louisiana State University in 1940 , where he was a political science instructor . He returned to Minnesota during World War II and became a supervisor for the Works Progress Administration . He was then appointed state director of the Minnesota war service program before becoming the assistant director of the War Manpower Commission . In 1943 , Humphrey became a professor of Political Science at Macalester College and ran a failed campaign for mayor of Minneapolis . Humphrey helped found the Minnesota Democratic -- Farmer -- Labor Party ( DFL ) in 1944 , and in 1945 , became the DFL candidate for mayor of Minneapolis for a second time , winning with 61 % of the vote . Humphrey served as mayor from 1945 to 1948 , he was reelected and became the co-founder of the liberal anti-communist group Americans for Democratic Action in 1947 .   Humphrey was elected to the Senate in 1948 , the year his proposal of ending racial segregation was included in the party platform at the Democratic National Convention , where he gave one of his most notable speeches on the convention floor , suggesting the Democratic Party `` walk into the sunshine of human rights . '' He served three terms in the Senate from 1949 to 1964 and was the Democratic Majority Whip from 1961 to 1964 . During his tenure , Humphrey was the lead author of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , introduced the first initiative to create the Peace Corps , sponsored the clause of the McCarran Act to threaten concentration camps for ` subversives ' , proposed making Communist Party membership a felony and chaired the Select Committee on Disarmament .   Humphrey ran for two failed Presidential campaigns in the 1952 and 1960 Democratic primaries . After Lyndon B. Johnson inherited the presidency after John F. Kennedy 's assassination in November 1963 , he chose Humphrey to be his running mate in 1964 against Republican Barry Goldwater and the Democratic ticket was elected in a landslide in 1964 .   After Johnson made the surprise announcement that he would not seek reelection in March 1968 , Humphrey launched his campaign for the presidency the following month . Humphrey 's main Democratic challengers were anti-Vietnam War Senators Eugene McCarthy and Robert F. Kennedy . Humphrey , who was loyal to the Johnson administration 's policies on the Vietnam War as Vice President , saw opposition from many within his own party and avoided the primaries to focus on receiving the delegates of non-primary states at the Democratic Convention . Humphrey 's delegate strategy succeeded in clinching the nomination , choosing Senator Edmund Muskie as his running mate . With the assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. and the assassination of Robert Kennedy that year , and heightened opposition to the Vietnam War , the convention saw major protests which later proved costly to Humphrey 's campaign . On November 5 , 1968 , Humphrey lost to former Vice President Richard Nixon in the general election .   Humphrey then returned to teaching in Minnesota before returning to the Senate in 1971 . He became the first Deputy President pro tempore of the United States Senate and served until his death in 1978 . Humphrey died of bladder cancer at his home in Waverly , Minnesota , and is buried at the Lakewood Cemetery in Minneapolis . He was succeeded by his wife of 41 years Muriel Humphrey as interim Senator for Minnesota .

neg: Alberta Social Credit Party The Alberta Social Credit Party is a provincial political party in Alberta , Canada , that was founded on social credit monetary policy put forward by Clifford Hugh Douglas and on conservative Christian social values . The Canadian social credit movement was largely an out-growth of the Alberta Social Credit Party . The Social Credit Party of Canada was strongest in Alberta , before developing a base in Quebec when Réal Caouette agreed to merge his Ralliement créditiste movement into the federal party . The British Columbia Social Credit Party formed the government for many years in neighbouring British Columbia , although this was effectively a coalition of centre-right forces in the province that had no interest in social credit monetary policies .   The Alberta Social Credit party won a majority government in 1935 , in the first election it contested , barely months after its formation . During its first years , when led by William Aberhart , it was a radical monetary reform party , at least in theory if not in effect . After Aberhart 's death in 1943 and the rise to leadership of Ernest Manning , followed quickly by the discovery of oil in north-central Alberta and its accompanying wealth for many , Social Credit changed to a pro-business , anti-union , anti-government-interventionist style of governing . It stayed in power until 1971 , one of the longest unbroken runs in government at the provincial level in Canada . However , it has held no seats since 1982 , and finished a distant seventh in the 2012 and 2015 general elections .

neg: Raza Unida Party Partido Nacional de La Raza Unida ( National United Peoples Party or United Race Party ) is a former Hispanic political party centered on Chicano ( Mexican-American ) nationalism . It was born in the early 1970s and became prominent throughout Texas and Southern California . It was started to combat growing inequality and dissatisfaction with the Democratic Party that was typically supported by Mexican-American voters . After its establishment in Texas , the party launched electoral campaigns in Colorado , Arizona , New Mexico , and California , though it only secured official party status for statewide races in Texas . It did poorly in the 1978 Texas elections and leaders and members dropped away .   La Raza , as it was usually known , experienced most of its success at the local level in Southwest Texas , most notably when the party swept city council , school board , and mayoralty elections in Crystal City , Cotulla , and Carrizo Springs . Much of the success was attributed to the aggressive grassroots organizing that was concentrated in cities that had the lowest income and education levels .

neg: Politics (magazine 1944–1949) politics was a journal founded and edited by Dwight Macdonald from 1944 to 1949 .   Macdonald had previously been editor at Partisan Review from 1937 to 1943 , but after falling out with its publishers , quit to start politics as a rival publication , first on a monthly basis and then as a quarterly .   politics published essays on politics and culture and included among its contributors James Agee , John Berryman , Bruno Bettelheim , Paul Goodman , C. Wright Mills , Mary McCarthy , Marianne Moore , Irving Howe , Daniel Bell , Hannah Arendt .   The journal reflected Macdonald 's interest in European culture . He used politics to introduce US readers to the thinking of the French philosopher Simone Weil , publishing several articles by her , including `` A Poem of Force '' , her reflections on the Iliad . He also printed work by Albert Camus . Another European , the Italian political and literary critic Nicola Chiaromonte , was also given space in the journal .   politics was also Macdonald 's vehicle for his repeated and energetic attacks against Henry Wallace and his Progressive Party campaign for President .   In a letter to Philip Rahv at the end of December 1943 , George Orwell mentioned that Macdonald had written asking him to contribute to his forthcoming journal . Orwell had replied telling him he might `` do something ` cultural ' '' but not ` political ' as he was already writing his `` London Letters '' to Partisan Review .   In his `` As I Please '' article for the 16 June 1944 issue of Tribune , George Orwell recommended politics . He stated that he disagreed with its policy but admired `` its combination of highbrow political analysis with intelligent literary criticism . '' He went on to add that there were no monthly or quarterly magazines in England `` to come up to '' the American ones , of which there were several .   Macdonald , in an editorial comment for the November 1944 issue of politics referred to a letter from Orwell which cast interesting light on the ` russification ' of English political thought over the last two years . Orwell had read the May issue 's review of Harold Laski 's Faith , Reason and Civilisation and mentioned that the Manchester Evening News , the evening edition of the Manchester Guardian , had refused to print his own review because of its anti-Stalin implications . Despite considering the book `` pernicious tripe '' , Orwell had praised the author for being `` aware that the USSR is the real dynamo of the Socialist movement in this country and everywhere else . '' , but criticized him for shutting his eyes to `` purges , liquidations '' , etc. . Macdonald pointed out that the fact that such a review should be considered `` too hot '' shows how much the feats of the Red Army had misled the English public opinion about Russia . He added that the `` English liberal press had been far more honest about the Moscow Trials than our own liberal journals '' and that Trotsky had been able to write in the Guardian .

neg: United States House of Representatives elections, 1934 The 1934 United States House of Representatives elections were held in the middle of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's first term . The Democratic Party continued its progress , gaining another 9 net seats from the opposition Republican Party , who also lost seats to the Progressive Party . The Republicans were reduced below one-fourth of the chamber for the first time since the creation of the party . The Wisconsin Progressive Party , a liberal group which allied with the Democrats , also became a force in Wisconsin politics .   The 1934 elections can be seen as a referendum on New Deal policies . While conservatives and people among the middle class who did not bear the brunt of the depression saw New Deal programs as radical , ordinary people overwhelmingly voted in this election cycle to continue implementation of Roosevelt 's agenda . In addition , this was the first time in modern history that the President 's party gained seats in a midterm year when historically the President 's party usually loses seats . ( This would n't happen again until 1998 and 2002 . )

neg: Unified Party of Haitian Communists The Unified Party of Haitian Communists ( Parti unifié des communistes haitiens ) was a political party in Haiti . PUCH was established in 1968 by the mergers the Popular Entente Party ( founded in 1959 ) and the Party of Union of Haitian Democrats ( founded in 1954 and was until 1965 called the People 's Party of National Liberation ) . The declaration of merger of the two parties stated : `` PUCH is the conscious and organized vanguard of the working class , fighting under the banner of the Marxist-Leninist ideology . The path of the Haitian revolution , as defined in the documents of PUCH - is the path of armed struggle , which must be carried out in response to the reactionary violence '' . PUCH was a clandestine party from its foundation . The party initiated a lot of work for agrarian reform amongst the peasantry in the villages .   In 1969 the François Duvalier regime launched a crackdown on the party . Various urban and regional party organizations were dismantled . Hundreds of PUCH activists were jailed and tortured . The Central Committee secretaries Gérald Brisson and Raymond Jean Francois were killed , as were the members of the Port-au-Prince committee Jacques Jeannot and Adrien Sansarik . The party was however , able to rebuild illegal party organs and mass organizations . In June 1971 the party leadership put forward an action programme for unity of all progressive forces fighting against the Haitian regime . In the 1980s , the party leadership was exiled in France .   The PUCH sent a delegation to the 1969 International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties held in Moscow . The party endorsed the documents adopted at the meeting .

neg: United States presidential election in North Carolina, 1968 The 1968 United States presidential election in North Carolina took place on November 5 , 1968 throughout all 50 states and D.C. , which was part of the 1968 United States presidential election . Voters chose 13 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   The vote in North Carolina was split three ways , between Republican nominee Richard Nixon , Democratic nominee Hubert Humphrey , and American Independent Party nominee George Wallace . Nixon won the state , with 39.5 % of the vote , while Wallace 's 31.3 % pushed Humphrey into third on 29.2 % . Nixon won twelve of the state 's electoral votes , while one faithless elector that had been pledged to Nixon voted instead for Wallace .

neg: List of political parties by region This page is a directory to various pages that will list political parties , from around the world , according to their respective regions . All of the pages linked from here include a table listing the sub-pages of countries/jurisdiction in the given region , showing which party system is dominant in each country .   A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues with the aim to participate in power , usually by participating in elections . Individual parties are properly listed in separate articles under the page for each nation .   __ TOC __

neg: South Carolina's 6th congressional district The 6th Congressional District of South Carolina is a congressional district in central and eastern South Carolina . It includes all of Allendale , Bamberg , Barnwell , Clarendon , Colleton , Hampton and Williamsburg counties and parts of Beaufort , Berkeley , Calhoun , Charleston , Dorchester , Georgetown , Orangeburg and Richland counties . The district borders were shifted south in the 2012 redistricting . It lost its share of the North Carolina border , and now takes in part of the area near the South Carolina-Georgia border .   The district was defined in the early 1990s in a deal between state Republicans ( mostly white ) and Democrats ( mostly black ) in the South Carolina General Assembly to ensure a majority-black population , known as a majority-minority district . The rural counties of the historical black belt in South Carolina make up much of the district , but it sweeps south to include most of the majority-black precincts in and around Charleston , and sweeps west to include most of the majority-black precincts in and around Columbia . In all of its configurations , its politics have been dominated by black voters in the Columbia and Charleston areas .   Following the Reconstruction era , the white Democratic-dominated legislature passed Jim Crow laws , as well as a new constitution in 1895 that effectively disfranchised blacks , crippling the Republican Party in the state . For most of the next 60 years , South Carolina was essentially a one-party state dominated by the Democrats , and blacks were nearly excluded from the political system .   Demographic and political changes have included the Great Migration ( African American ) of blacks out of the state during the Jim Crow era in the first half of the 20th century . At the same time , many white Democrats felt chagrin at the national party 's greater support of civil rights for blacks from the 1940s onward , and began splitting their tickets in federal elections . After successes of the Civil Rights Movement in gaining passage of federal legislation in the mid-1960s to enforce their constitutional rights and ability to vote , blacks in South Carolina supported national Democratic candidates . This prompted a massive wave of party-switching in which white conservatives began moving into the Republican Party .   Since the late 20th century , South Carolina politics have been very racially polarized . Republicans in South Carolina have been mostly white , and most African Americans in the state continue to support the Democrats . In the 21st century , the 6th is considered the only `` safe '' Democratic district in the state .   Before 1993 , this district included the northeastern part of the state , from Darlington to Myrtle Beach . It was a classic `` Yellow Dog '' Democratic district ; in this configuration it only elected two Republicans , both for a single term . In 2012 , the new 7th congressional district was created ; it includes much of the territory that was in the 6th for most of the 20th century .   Jim Clyburn , a Democrat and the current Assistant House Minority Leader , has represented this district since first being elected in 1992 .

neg: Industrial Union Party The Industrial Union Party ( IUP ) was a US DeLeonist political party . The party proclaimed itself on 7 July 1933 at 1032 Prospect Avenue , Bronx , Branch headquarters of its predecessor Industrial Union League ( IUL ) . The new IUP immediately announced candidates in the New York City elections : Adolph Silver for Mayor , Irving Oring for Comptroller , and Sam Brandon for President of Alderman .   The party 's publication , the Industrial Unionist , was published first in May 1932 with its final issue in 1950 . Most of the IUP would later reconstitute itself as the League for Socialist Reconstruction   Noting the roots of IUP in the Socialist Labor Party ( SLP ) , IUP 's split from the SLP reflected the impact of the Great Depression and the inability of the SLP to adjust to new events . Yet the immediate roots of the Industrial Union League were in the SLP 's mass expulsion of Section Bronx during the 1920s . ( Industrial Unionist did not appear until 1932 , but its first issue included Louis Lazarowitz ' review of Walter H. Senior 's The Bankruptcy of Reform , published by the Industrial Union League itself ) .   In November 1933 a furniture union in Jamestown , New York , the United Workers of America , was founded on industrial unionist principles compatible with the views of the IUP . The union affiliated with the Bronx-based party in December of that year , and soon formed a `` mixed trades '' local in Erie , Pennsylvania .

neg: Conscience Whigs The `` Conscience '' Whigs were a faction of the Whig Party in the state of Massachusetts noted for their moral opposition to slavery . They were noted as opponents of the more conservative `` Cotton '' Whigs who dominated the state party , led by such figures as Edward Everett , Robert C. Winthrop , and Abbott Lawrence , whose close association with the New England textile industry led them to de-emphasize the slavery issue . Leaders of the `` Conscience Whigs '' included Charles Sumner , Henry Wilson , and Charles Francis Adams . The group split from the Whig party in 1848 , when the national party nominated the slave-owning General Zachary Taylor for President , and played a role in the creation of the new Free Soil Party , which nominated Adams for Vice President on a ticket with anti-slavery former Democratic President Martin Van Buren .   Following the failure of the Free Soil Party in the election that year , most Conscience Whigs would return to the Whig fold . More followed after the Compromise of 1850 temporarily neutralized the issue of slavery . During the mid 1850s , several Conscience leaders played an important role later in the foundation of the Republican Party .   The term `` Conscience Whig '' is sometimes used more broadly to refer to Whigs in other states noted for their opposition to slavery .

neg: The Selling of the President 1968 The Selling of the President 1968 is a non-fiction book written by American author Joe McGinniss and published by Trident Press in October , 1969 .   The book describes the marketing of Richard Nixon during the 1968 presidential campaign . It has been described as `` a classic of political journalism '' and a `` classic of campaign reporting that first introduced many readers to the stage-managed world of political theater . '' It was reprinted in 1988 under the title The Selling of the President .   McGinniss became an overnight success when the book , his first , landed on The New York Times bestseller list . He was 26 years old , making him the youngest living writer with that achievement . The book was on the New York Times non-fiction bestseller list for 31 weeks from October 1969 to May 1970 .   The idea for the book came to McGinniss almost serendipitously :   -LSB- He -RSB- stumbled across his book 's topic while taking a train to New York . A fellow commuter had just landed the Hubert Humphrey account and was boasting that ` in six weeks we 'll have him looking better than Abraham Lincoln . ' McGinniss tried to get access to Humphrey 's campaign first , but they turned him down . So he called up Nixon 's , and they said yes . '' .   The book was very well received by both critics and the public . It `` spent more than six months on best-sellers lists , and McGinniss sold a lot of those books through television , appearing on the titular shows of Merv Griffin , David Frost and Dick Cavett , among others . '' Conservative writer William F. Buckley `` assumed McGinniss had relied on ` an elaborate deception which has brought joy and hope to the Nixon-haters . ' But even Buckley liked the book . ''   In 1972 , the book was adapted into a short-lived Broadway musical .

neg: Half-Breed (politics) The `` Half-Breeds '' were a political faction of the United States Republican Party in the late 19th century . The Half-Breeds were a moderate-wing group , and were the opponents of the Stalwarts , the other main faction of the Republican Party . The main issue that divided the Stalwarts and the Half-Breeds was political patronage . The Stalwarts were in favor of political machines and spoils system-style patronage , while the Half-Breeds , led by Maine senator James G. Blaine , were in favor of civil service reform and a merit system . The epithet `` Half-Breed '' was invented in derision by the Stalwarts to denote those whom they perceived as being only half Republican .   In the 1880 Republican National Convention , the Stalwart candidate , former president Ulysses S. Grant , was pitted against Half-Breed James G. Blaine for the party nomination . Grant 's campaign was led by Stalwart leader Roscoe Conkling of New York , the state with the biggest split between Stalwarts and Half-Breeds . Despite Conkling 's attempts at imposing a unit-rule in the Republican National Convention by which a state 's votes would be grouped together for only one candidate , a number of Stalwarts went against him by vocalizing their support for the Half-Breed Blaine . The Half-Breeds united to defeat the unit-rule in a vote , and elected Half-Breed George Frisbie Hoar to the position as temporary chairman of the convention .   Both sides knew there was no chance of victory for either candidate , and the Half-Breeds chose James Garfield as a compromise candidate . Garfield won the party 's nomination on the thirty-sixth ballot , and won the 1880 presidential election . Blaine was chosen as Garfield 's Secretary of State , and carried heavy influence over the political appointments Garfield issued for congressional approval . After Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau , a Stalwart , who proclaimed , `` I am a Stalwart of the Stalwarts and Arthur will be President '' , the new Stalwart president Chester A. Arthur surprised those in his own faction by promoting civil service reform and issuing government jobs based on a merit system .   The Half-Breeds put through Congress the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act ( authored by Democrat George H. Pendleton ) , and Arthur signed the bill into law on January 16 , 1883 . The act put an end to the spoils system , at least symbolically , placing a significant number of federal employees under the merit system and putting the government on the road to true reform . The act also set up the United States Civil Service Commission , banished political tests , denied jobs to alcoholics and created competitive measures for some federal positions .   The Half-Breed and Stalwart factions both dissociated towards the end of the 1880s .

neg: New Democrats New Democrats , also called Centrist Democrats , Clinton Democrats or Moderate Democrats , are a relatively `` centrist '' ideological faction within the Democratic Party that emerged after the victory of Republican George H. W. Bush in the 1988 presidential election . Describing themselves as `` centrist '' , they are an economically conservative and `` Third Way '' faction which dominated the party for around 20 years , starting in the late 1980s after the US populace turned much further to the political right . They are represented by organizations such as the New Democrat Network and the New Democrat Coalition .

neg: National Party (United States) The National Party was an early-20th-century national political organization in the United States founded by pro-war defectors from the Socialist Party of America in 1917 . These adherents of the SPA Right first formed a non-partisan national society to propagandize the socialist idea called the Social Democratic League of America . Many of these individuals were eager for the formation of an alternative political organization to both the so-called `` old '' parties and the anti-war Socialist Party of America and eagerly latched on to a burgeoning movement for a new party that sprouted in 1917 .

neg: American Republican Party (1843) The American Republican Party was a minor nativist political organization that was launched in New York in June 1843 , largely as a protest against immigrant voters and officeholders . In 1844 , it carried municipal elections in New York City and Philadelphia and expanded so rapidly that by July , 1845 , a national convention was called . This convention changed the name to the Native American Party and drafted a legislative program calling for a twenty-one-year period preceding naturalization and other sweeping reforms in the immigration policy . Failure to force congressional action on these proposals , combined with the growing national interest in the Mexican problem before the Mexican -- American War , led to the party 's rapid decline .

neg: Slave Power The Slave Power or Slaveocracy was the perceived political power in the U.S. federal government held by slave owners during the 1840s and 1850s , prior to the Civil War . Antislavery campaigners during this period bitterly complained about what they saw as disproportionate and corrupt influence wielded by wealthy Southerners . The argument was that this small group of rich slave owners had seized political control of their own states and were trying to take over the federal government in an illegitimate fashion in order to expand and protect slavery . The argument was widely used by the Republican Party that formed in 1854 -- 55 to oppose the expansion of slavery .   The main issue expressed by the term slave power was distrust of the political power of the slave-owning class . Such distrust was shared by many who were not abolitionists ; those who were motivated more by a possible threat to the political balance or the impossibility of competing with unwaged slave labor , than by concern over the treatment of slaves . Those who differed on many other issues ( such as hating blacks or liking them , denouncing slavery as a sin or promising to guarantee its protection in the Deep South ) could unite to attack the slaveocracy . The `` Free Soil '' element emphasized that rich slave owners would move into new territory , use their cash to buy up all the good lands , then use their slaves to work the lands , leaving little opportunity room for free farmers . By 1854 the Free Soil Party had largely merged into the new Republican party .   The term was popularized by antislavery writers such as John Gorham Palfrey , Josiah Quincy III , Horace Bushnell , James Shepherd Pike , and Horace Greeley . Politicians who emphasized the theme included John Quincy Adams , Henry Wilson and William Pitt Fessenden . Abraham Lincoln used the concept after 1854 but not the term . They showed through a combination of emotive argument and hard statistical data that the South had long held a disproportionate level of power in the United States . Historian Allan Nevins contends that `` nearly all groups ... steadily substituted emotion for reason . ... Fear fed hatred , and hatred fed fear . ''   The existence of a Slave Power was dismissed by Southerners at the time , and rejected as false by many historians of the 1920s and 1930s , who stressed the internal divisions in the South before 1850 . The idea that the Slave Power existed has partly come back at the hands of neoabolitionist historians since 1970 , and there is no doubt that it was a powerful factor in the Northern anti-slavery belief system . It was standard rhetoric for all factions of the Republican party .

neg: Dean Dozen The `` Dean Dozen '' in American politics , was the collective term for six groups of 12 candidates endorsed by Democracy for America , the political action committee led by former Vermont governor and presidential candidate Howard Dean , in the 2004 elections .   Those chosen to be in the Dean Dozens were Democrats . Governor Dean called the Dean Dozen `` the progressive movement 's best chance at taking back Congress . '' Candidates Selected received significant promotion by progressive groups through emails , fundraisers , and speeches . Democracy for America also fundraisers for the candidates directly , using their membership of over a million citizens to seek contributions for candidates directly   They came from across the U.S. and ran for widely varying positions , from county sheriff to U.S. Senator . No incumbents were chosen , and members of Dean Dozens also tended to target key districts .   Candidates in bold won .   In the 2012 elections Governor Dean selected a new Dean Dozen to receive the endorsement of DFA .

neg: Labor Party (United States, 1996) The Labor Party was an American social democratic political party advocating workers ' interests . Membership at one point reached about 5,000 .   The party was formed in 1996 by the United Mine Workers , International Longshore and Warehouse Union , American Federation of Government Employees , California Nurses Association , and hundreds of other local labor unions . From the beginning a dispute over the Party 's running of candidates arose with many of the official unions totally opposed to running candidates that might cause the defeat of their normal Democratic allies . Smaller locals and left union activists on the other had pushed for a clean break with the Democratic Party . This issue was debated internally for years until 1999 when the Party 's leadership agreed to some endorsements of Labor Party members running . In 2001 the Labor Party endorsed labor sponsored independent candidates in San Francisco and Ohio local elections . After the 2000 elections even symbolic support dripped away . The future of the party remains uncertain , particularly after the 2002 death of Tony Mazzocchi , the founding national organizer . All of the founding unions continued to actively support Democratic Party candidates .   In December 2005 , the South Carolina Labor Party announced that it would seek ballot status in South Carolina and run a candidate in the 2006 legislative elections . Labor Party News quoted Leonard Riley , President of the Charleston International Longshoremen 's Association Local 1422 as saying , `` Given the results of the past few elections , I think the workers of South Carolina would jump at the opportunity to consider a Labor Party which would guarantee an uncompromising voice for working people on their issues . '' Although South Carolina law permitted electoral fusion , the Labor Party pledged not to endorse candidates of any other party .   Party officials acknowledged that the choice of South Carolina may have seemed unusual due to the fact that the state had the second lowest concentration of union workers in the United States . However , party officials said that the relatively high unemployment rate , the decline in the textile industry , and the indifference of the state Democratic and Republican parties to the interests of working people , African-Americans and women created a political space for the Labor Party . The party submitted 16,500 signatures on July 11 , 2006 . If 10,000 of the signatures were valid , the party would be qualified for the 2007 and 2008 elections . This effort was apparently unrelated to the concurrent attempt of the Working Families Party to gain ballot access in South Carolina , a state that allows electoral fusion . In July 2007 Ballot Access News reported that the SCLP was attempting to recruit candidates .   The party suspended active operations in 2007 but a group said to affiliated with the party nominated one candidate for the South Carolina State House for 2010 . The candidate , Brett Bursey , received 442 votes , or 3.06 % .   In December 2012 Mark Dudzic wrote an article in which he said confirmed that the party had suspended operations in 2007 . While some have taken this to mean that he said that the time was currently not right for the Labor Party to exist , others have seen this as a start of a discussion about the future of the Labor Party .

neg: Don Yarborough Donald Howard Yarborough ( December 15 , 1925 - September 23 , 2009 ) , was a liberal Democratic politician who was the first Southern politician to endorse the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Yarborough , an attorney in Houston , Texas , ran for governor of Texas in 1962 , 1964 , and 1968 . In 1962 , he came close to winning the primary runoff election against John B. Connally , Jr. , having polled 49 percent of the ballots . Other intraparty rivals , considered conservatives , included the state attorney general , Will Wilson , highway commissioner Marshall Formby , and General Edwin A. Walker , who made anticommunism the centerpiece of his race . The Republican gubernatorial nominee , Jack Cox , an oil equipment executive from Houston , was also a strong conservative and a former Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives .   Although Yarborough never became governor , his campaigns contributed strongly to the reform of the Texas Democratic Party , uniting , behind Yarborough 's candidacy , traditional New Deal loyalists , organized labor , African Americans , Mexican Americans , and reform-seeking liberals , thereby enabling this coalition to capture local constituencies in the Texas House and Senate and build organizations later drawn upon by Mark White and Ann Richards .   Yarborough was born in New Orleans on December 15 , 1925 . His father was the president of a bank in New Orleans that went bust in the Great Depression , so Don was sent temporarily to spend part of his boyhood living with an aunt in Mississippi , where he helped out picking cotton in the fields of his family 's farm with the laborers . His father eventually got a job with the government and moved the family to Washington , D.C. His family also spent time during the years after the Depression living with relatives in Coral Gables , Florida . The family eventually moved together to Houston when he was 12 . His mother , Inez Black Yarborough , served as head of the Women in Yellow volunteer corps at the Jefferson Davis Hospital in Houston .   Upon graduating from San Jacinto High School at 17 , Yarborough enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps , entered officer 's training school and became a Company Commander at the age of 19 . He served one year in China at the close of World War II . After the war , Yarborough entered the University of Texas , where he belonged to Kappa Alpha fraternity , and worked part-time to supplement the money he received under the G.I. bill . He earned his law degree in 1950 .   Yarborough re-entered the Marine Corps to serve during the Korean War as a member of the Judge Advocate General 's Corp ( JAG Corps ) . He then returned to Texas to found his own law firm and take part in civic affairs . In 1956 , as president of the Houston Junior Chamber of Commerce , Yarborough won the national debating championship for the organization due to his passionate speaking skills . In 1960 , Yarborough married his first wife , Katherine Edwards .   In 1963 , Yarborough was named by LIFE magazine as one of the 100 young Americans who were `` distinguished by their dedication to something larger than private success , because they had the courage to act against old problems , the boldness to try out new ideas , and a hard-bitten , undaunted hopefulness about man . ''   In his first run for political office , Yarborough ran for Lieutenant Governor of Texas in 1960 . In 1962 , he ran for the first time for governor , and in a field of five Democratic candidates , he reached a run-off with John Connally and came within 28,000 votes of winning the nomination , a nationally-noted near-upset in a state long dominated by the conservative faction of the Democratic Party . He ran for governor again in 1964 and 1968 . In political life he supported civil rights , economic justice , environmental protection , and women 's equality , and he challenged the big business establishment that had long dominated Texas politics .   After leaving politics , Yarborough promoted science as a means to ease suffering and cure aging , which he considered to be a disease that affected everyone . He worked as a lobbyist for Paraplegia Cure Research in Washington , D.C. , where lived for many years on Capitol Hill and in Mclean , Va. . He also played a role in the Council for a Livable World and was a founding member of biotech research companies .   Yarborough died of Parkinson 's disease on September 23 , 2009 . Yarborough was married three times , to Katherine Edwards Yarborough in 1960 , to Gail Lind in 1978 , and Houston realtor Charity O'Connell Yarborough in 1984 .

neg: Minnesota Progressive Party The Minnesota Progressive Party is the name of a minor political party in Minnesota . It was first formed as a branch of the national Progressive Party during the 1948 election , supporting Henry A. Wallace for president and also running a candidate for Governor of Minnesota . The name was later reused by Eugene McCarthy as one of three minor state political parties supporting his independent campaign for president in 1988 ( the other two being the Consumer Parties of Pennsylvania and New Jersey ) .