query: In 2011, the world's sixth fastest-growing economy was Papua New Guinea.

pos: Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea ( PNG ; -LSB- ˈpæpuə_njuː_ˈgɪniː , _ ˈpɑː - , _ - pju - -RSB- , -LSB- ˈpæpjuə , _ pɑːˈpuːə -RSB- Papua Niugini Hiri Motu : Papua Niu Gini ) , officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea , is an Oceanian country that occupies the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia , a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean north of Australia . Its capital , located along its southeastern coast , is Port Moresby . The western half of New Guinea forms the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua .   At the national level , after being ruled by three external powers since 1884 , Papua New Guinea established its sovereignty in 1975 . This followed nearly 60 years of Australian administration , which started during World War I . It became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1975 with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state and became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in its own right .   Papua New Guinea is one of the most culturally diverse countries in the world . There are 852 known languages in the country , of which 12 now have no known living speakers . Most of the population of more than 7 million people live in customary communities , which are as diverse as the languages . It is also one of the most rural , as only 18 percent of its people live in urban centres . The country is one of the world 's least explored , culturally and geographically . It is known to have numerous groups of uncontacted peoples , and researchers believe there are many undiscovered species of plants and animals in the interior .   Papua New Guinea is classified as a developing economy by the International Monetary Fund . Strong growth in Papua New Guinea 's mining and resource sector led to the country becoming the sixth fastest-growing economy in the world in 2011 . Growth was expected to slow once major resource projects came on line in 2015 . Mining remains a major economic factor , however . Local and national governments are discussing the potential of resuming mining operations in Panguna mine in Bougainville Province , which has been closed since the civil war in the 1980s -- 1990s . Nearly 40 percent of the population lives a self-sustainable natural lifestyle with no access to global capital .   Most of the people still live in strong traditional social groups based on farming . Their social lives combine traditional religion with modern practices , including primary education . These societies and clans are explicitly acknowledged by the Papua New Guinea Constitution , which expresses the wish for `` traditional villages and communities to remain as viable units of Papua New Guinean society '' and protects their continuing importance to local and national community life .

neg: Economy of Cambodia The economy of Cambodia at present follows an open market system ( market economy ) and has seen rapid economic progress in the last decade . Cambodia had a GDP of $ 18.05 billion in 2015 . Per capita income , although rapidly increasing , is low compared with most neighboring countries . Cambodia 's two largest industries are textiles and tourism , while agricultural activities remain the main source of income for many Cambodians living in rural areas . The service sector is heavily concentrated on trading activities and catering-related services . Recently , Cambodia has reported that oil and natural gas reserves have been found off-shore .   In 1995 , with a GDP of $ 2.92 billion the government transformed the country 's economic system from a planned economy to its present market-driven system . Following those changes , growth was estimated at a value of 7 % while inflation dropped from 26 % in 1994 to only 6 % in 1995 . Imports increased due to the influx of foreign aid , and exports , particularly from the country 's garment industry , also increased .   After four years of improving economic performance , Cambodia 's economy slowed in 1997-98 due to the regional economic crisis , civil unrest , and political infighting . Foreign investments declined during this period . Also , in 1998 the main harvest was hit by drought . But in 1999 , the first full year of relative peace in 30 years , progress was made on economic reforms and growth resumed at 4 % .   Currently , Cambodia 's foreign policy focuses on establishing friendly borders with its neighbors ( such as Thailand and Vietnam ) , as well as integrating itself into regional ( ASEAN ) and global ( WTO ) trading systems . Some of the obstacles faced by this emerging economy are the need for a better education system and the lack of a skilled workforce ; particularly in the poverty-ridden countryside , which struggles with inadequate basic infrastructure . Nonetheless , Cambodia continues to attract investors because of its low wages , plentiful labor , proximity to Asian raw materials , and favorable tax treatment .

neg: List of companies of Mozambique Mozambique , officially the Republic of Mozambique , is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east , Tanzania to the north , Malawi and Zambia to the northwest , Zimbabwe to the west , and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest .   The economy of Mozambique has developed since the end of the Mozambican Civil War ( 1977 -- 1992 ) , but the country is still one of the world 's poorest and most underdeveloped . The resettlement of civil war refugees and successful economic reform have led to a high growth rate : the country enjoyed a remarkable recovery , achieving an average annual rate of economic growth of 8 % between 1996 and 2006 and between 6 % -- 7 % from 2006 to 2011 . Also , more than 1,200 state-owned enterprises ( mostly small ) have been privatised . Preparations for privatisation and/or sector liberalisation are underway for the remaining parastatal enterprises , including telecommunications , energy , ports , and railways.done

neg: Economy of Bangladesh The market-based economy of Bangladesh is the 41st largest in the world in nominal terms , and 29th largest by purchasing power parity ; it is classified among the Next Eleven emerging market economies and a Frontier market . According to the IMF , Bangladesh 's economy is the second fastest growing major economy of 2016 , with a rate of 7.1 % . Dhaka and Chittagong are the principal financial centers of the country , being home to the Dhaka Stock Exchange and the Chittagong Stock Exchange . The financial sector of Bangladesh is the second largest in the subcontinent .   In the decade since 2004 , Bangladesh averaged a GDP growth of 6.5 % , that has been largely driven by its exports of ready made garments , remittances and the domestic agricultural sector . The country has pursued export-oriented industrialisation , with its key export sectors include textiles , shipbuilding , fish and seafood , jute and leather goods . It has also developed self-sufficient industries in pharmaceuticals , steel and food processing . Bangladesh 's telecommunication industry has witnessed rapid growth over the years , receiving high investment from foreign companies . Bangladesh also has substantial reserves of natural gas and is Asia 's seventh largest gas producer . Offshore exploration activities are increasing in its maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal . It also has large deposits of limestone . The government promotes the Digital Bangladesh scheme as part of its efforts to develop the country 's growing information technology sector .   Bangladesh is strategically important for the economies of Northeast India , Nepal and Bhutan , as Bangladeshi seaports provide maritime access for these landlocked regions and countries . China also views Bangladesh as a potential gateway for its landlocked southwest , including Tibet , Sichuan and Yunnan .   In 2016 , per-capita income was estimated as per IMF data at US$ 3,840 ( PPP ) and US$ 1,466 ( Nominal ) . Bangladesh is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation , the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation , the International Monetary Fund , the World Bank , the World Trade Organisation and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank . The economy faces challenges of infrastructure bottlenecks , insufficient power and gas supplies , bureaucratic corruption , political instability , natural calamities and a lack of skilled workers .

neg: New Ireland Province New Ireland Province , formerly New Mecklenburg ( Neu-Mecklenburg ) , is the most northeastern province of Papua New Guinea .

neg: The Scout Association of Papua New Guinea The Scout Association of Papua New Guinea is a Scouting organisation in Papua New Guinea . The Scout Association of Papua New Guinea had its origins in 1926 as a branch of The Boy Scouts Association of the United Kingdom . The Scout Association of Papua New Guinea claimed an unaudited membership of 6,284 in 2011 .

neg: Economy of Brazil Brazil has the world 's ninth largest economy by nominal GDP , and the eighth largest by purchasing power parity . The Brazilian economy is characterized by an inward-oriented economy .   Brazil 's economy is the largest of Latin America and the second largest in the Americas . From 2000 to 2012 , Brazil was one of the fastest-growing major economies in the world , with an average annual GDP growth rate of over 5 % , with its economy in 2012 surpassing that of the United Kingdom , temporarily making Brazil the world 's sixth largest economy . However , Brazil 's economy growth decelerated in 2013  and the country entered a recession in 2014 .   According to the World Economic Forum , Brazil was the top country in upward evolution of competitiveness in 2009 , gaining eight positions among other countries , overcoming Russia for the first time , and partially closing the competitiveness gap with India and China among the BRIC economies . Important steps taken since the 1990s toward fiscal sustainability , as well as measures taken to liberalize and open the economy , have significantly boosted the country 's competitiveness fundamentals , providing a better environment for private-sector development .   In 2012 Forbes ranked Brazil as having the 5th largest number of billionaires in the world , a number much larger than what is found in other Latin American countries , and even ahead of United Kingdom and Japan . Brazil is a member of diverse economic organizations , such as Mercosur , Unasul , G8 +5 , G20 , WTO , and the Cairns Group .

neg: Economy of Costa Rica The economy of Costa Rica it is very stable and has evolved from an economy that depended solely on tourism , agriculture , to one more diverse , based on electronics exports , medical manufacturing and IT services .   According to a study conducted by ADEN Business School ( which included 18 other countries in the region ) , Costa Rica is the fourth most competitive country in Latin America in 2012 and is part of a block of countries rated as having a `` very good competitive level , with advances and developments in infrastructure , technology and macroeconomic stability '' . The nation scored a 71.8 out of 100 on a study which measured competitiveness based on 10 criteria . Compared to the 2011 rank , Costa Rica went up by one position ( from 5th to 4th ) .   The CIA World Factbook states that Costa Rica 's Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) per capita is US$ 12,900 ( 2013 est. ) ; the reported GDP summed in 2012 to US$ 45.1 bn with a population of 4,805,000 . The World Bank General Government Public Sector Debt ( PSDGG ) statistics showed a linear rise from US$ 8bn in 2009 to US$ 18bn in 2014 , which translates to a growth rate of 12 % . The Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos is charged with measuring other economic performance measures . Poverty has remained around 15-20 % for nearly 20 years , and the strong social safety net that had been put into place by the government has eroded due to increased financial constraints on government expenditures .   According to the CIA World Factbook , foreign investors remain attracted by the country 's political stability and relatively high education levels , as well as the incentives offered in the free-trade zones . Costa Rica has attracted one of the highest levels of foreign direct investment per capita in Latin America . However , many business impediments remain such as high levels of bureaucracy , legal uncertainty due to overlapping and at times conflicting responsibilities between agencies , difficulty of enforcing contracts , and weak investor protection .  Inflation rose to 22.5 % in 1995 , dropped to 11.1 % in 1997 , 12 % in 1998 , 11 % in 1999 and 13 % in 2008 . Measures taken by the Central Bank have reduced inflation substantially to 4.3 % in 2009 , and a projected 5.8 % for 2010 . Curbing inflation , reducing the deficit , and improving public sector efficiency through an anti-corruption drive , remain key challenges to the government . Previous political resistance to privatization had stalled liberalization efforts . However , after the signing of CAFTA , Costa Rica is now open to competition with its Central American partners in its insurance and telecommunications markets .   Costa Rica 's economy emerged from recession in 1997 and has shown strong aggregate growth since then . After 6.2 % growth in 1997 , GDP grew a substantial 8.3 % in 1999 , led by exports . Costa Rica had a US$ 6.64 bn trade deficit in 2013 , on exports of US$ 11.48 bn and imports of US$ 18.13 bn . Hybrid electronic circuits was the leading durable export category in 2013 , followed by pineapple , banana , medical equipment , medical bioproducts , and coffee , juices , prosthetics , and surgery tools ; these categories added up to over 50 % of exports . Miscellaneous circuits including telephones and miscellaneous petroleum products added to just under 25 % of imports .   The strength in the nontraditional export and tourism sector is masking a relatively lackluster performance by traditional sectors , including agriculture . The central government deficit decreased to 3.2 % of GDP in 1999 , down from 3.3 % from the year before . On a consolidated basis , including Central Bank losses and parastatal enterprise profits , the public sector deficit was 2.3 % of GDP . Costa Rica had a formal line of credit with the World Bank valued at US$ 947M in April 2014 , of which US$ 645M had been accessed and US$ 600M remained outstanding .

neg: Post-industrial economy A post-industrial economy refers to a period of growth within an industrialized economy or nation in which the relative importance of manufacturing reduces and that of services , information , and research grows .  Such economies are often marked by :  A declining manufacturing sector , resulting in deindustrialization ,  a large service sector , and  an increase in the amount of information technology , often leading to an `` information age '' . Information , knowledge , and creativity are the new raw materials of such an economy .   The industry aspect of a post-industrial economy is sent into less developed nations which manufacture what is needed at lower costs ( see outsourcing ) . This occurrence is typical of nations that industrialized in the past such as the United States and most Western European countries .

neg: Marienburg, Papua New Guinea A town located near the mouth of the Sepik River in the East Sepik province of Papua New Guinea .   In 1913 , in what was then German New Guinea , missionaries of the Catholic Society of the Divine Word established at settlement here . It was the first European settlement on the Sepik . The settlement 's main industry was milling timber floated downriver and , to aid this , one of the first railways in the country was built to transport timber from the river to the sawmill . It was drawn by buffalo .   The town was occupied during the Japanese invasion of Papua New Guinea in 1942 . Bombing and subsequent re-occupation of the town by Allied forces led to the destruction of the sawmill , houses and church constructed there . These were rebuilt and , by the 1960s the area had a thriving milling business again .   Shortly before independence in 1975 , labour disputes led to the mismanagement and decline of the business and ultimately all industry ceased there .   Category : Populated places in East Sepik Province

neg: Agriculture in Papua New Guinea Agriculture in Papua New Guinea has a more than 7,000 years old history . Currently around 85 % of Papua New Guinea 's population lives from semi-subsistence agriculture .

neg: The World Development Report 2011 The 2011 World Development Report : Conflict , Security and Development ( WDR ) is a document by the World Bank on the challenges organised violence poses to the advancement of less developed countries . The report finds that over the last 30 years poverty has been reduced for most of the world 's population - but this is not the case for the estimated 1.5 billion people living in countries blighted by on-going conflict . Not one low income country suffering from on-going violence has achieved a single Millennium Development Goal . Once mass violence takes root in a society , it can take a generation or more to restore stability .   Organised violence as defined by the report includes civil and inter-state war as well as the violence resulting from criminal activity , especially drug and human trafficking . The WDR does not address interpersonal and domestic violence , though it acknowledges they are also relevant to development .   The report finds that overall mass conflict has become less prevalent over recent decades , with the average number of worldwide battle deaths dropping from 164,000 per year in the 1980s to only 42,000 in the 2000s . But the 1.5 billion living in conflict wracked states have not benefited from this trend . A new form of mass violence plagues their countries , with cycles of political violence alternating with periods where as many or more die from criminal activity .   Despite the difficulties in overcoming a legacy of conflict , violence or authoritarian rule , several countries have made impressive progress including Chile , Colombia , Ghana , Indonesia , Mozambique , South Africa and Timor-Leste . The report offers lessons drawn from these past successes . The World Bank stress that their report does not proscribe standard fixes suitable for all , and that efforts to resolve conflicts should be nationally led from within affected countries . Workable solutions will have to be tailored to each set of individual circumstance . Yet the WDR does find that previous successful efforts share many common features , which are reflected in the report 's WDR framework .

neg: Environmental Performance Index The Environmental Performance Index ( EPI ) is a method of quantifying and numerically marking the environmental performance of a state 's policies . This index was developed from the Pilot Environmental Performance Index , first published in 2002 , and designed to supplement the environmental targets set forth in the United Nations Millennium Development Goals .   The EPI was preceded by the Environmental Sustainability Index ( ESI ) , published between 1999 and 2005 . Both indexes were developed by Yale University ( Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy ) and Columbia University ( Center for International Earth Science Information Network ) in collaboration with the World Economic Forum and the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission . The ESI was developed to evaluate environmental sustainability relative to the paths of other countries . Due to a shift in focus by the teams developing the ESI , the EPI uses outcome-oriented indicators , then working as a benchmark index that can be more easily used by policy makers , environmental scientists , advocates and the general public . Other leading indices like the Global Green Economy Index ( GGEI ) provide an integrated measure of the environmental , social and economic dynamics of national economies . The GGEI utilizes EPI data for the environmental dimension of the index while also providing a performance assessment of efficiency sectors ( e.g. transport , buildings , energy ) , investment , green innovation and national leadership around climate change .   As of January 2012 four EPI reports have been released - the Pilot 2006 Environmental Performance Index , and the 2008 , 2010 , and 2012 Environmental Performance Index . For the 2012 report , a new `` Pilot Trend EPI '' was developed to rank countries based on the environmental performance changes occurred during the last decade , allowing to establish which countries are improving and which are declining .   In the 2014 EPI ranking , the top five countries were Switzerland , Luxembourg , Australia , Singapore , and the Czech Republic . The bottom five countries in 2014 were Somalia , Mali , Haiti , Lesotho , and Afghanistan . The United Kingdom was ranked in 12th place , Japan 26th place , the United States 33rd , Brazil 77th , China 118th , and India came in 155th . The top five countries based on their 2012 Pilot Trend EPI were Estonia , Kuwait , El Salvador , Namibia and Congo .

neg: Timor Timor is an island at the southern end of Maritime Southeast Asia , north of the Timor Sea . The island is divided between the sovereign states of East Timor on the eastern part and Indonesia , on the western part . The Indonesian part , also known as West Timor , constitutes part of the province of East Nusa Tenggara . Within West Timor lies an exclave of East Timor called Oecusse District . The island covers an area of 30,777 km2 . The name is a variant of timur , Malay for `` east '' ; it is so called because it lies at the eastern end of the Lesser Sunda Islands .

neg: Natural Resource Charter The Natural Resource Charter is a global initiative to assist governments and societies of countries rich in non-renewable natural resources to effectively govern those resources in a way that generates economic growth , promotes the welfare of the population and is environmentally sustainable .   The Charter is made up of 12 best practice principles , which cover the sequence of choices faced by governments in relation to resource extraction . These range from how to create the right environment for responsible investment , to fiscal terms , contracts , institutions and regulations , to macroeconomic management and strategies for sustainable development .   The Natural Resource Charter has also developed an assessment framework , allowing governments and societies to assess their performance in natural resource governance according to the 12 precepts . In 2012 this assessment framework was piloted in Nigeria by a group of Nigerian civil society specialists on the petroleum sector , leading to the publication of an assessment report with traffic light scoring according to the precepts of the Charter .   In 2011 the Charter was adopted by the African Union Heads of State steering committee for the New Partnership for Africa 's Development as a flagship Natural Resource Governance Programme starting in 2012 .

neg: New international division of labour In economics , the new international division of labor ( NIDL ) is an outcome of globalization . The term was coined by theorists seeking to explain the spatial shift of manufacturing industries from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries -- an ongoing geographic reorganization of production , which finds its origins in ideas about a global division of labor . It is a spatial division of labor which occurs when the process of production is no longer confined to national economies . Under the `` old '' international division of labor , until around 1970 , underdeveloped areas were incorporated into the world economy principally as suppliers of minerals and agricultural commodities . However , as developing economies are merged into the world economy , more production takes place in these economies .   This has led to a trend of transference , or what is also known as the `` global industrial shift '' , in which production processes are relocated from developed countries ( such as the US , European countries , and Japan ) to developing countries in Asia ( such as China , Vietnam , and India ) and Latin America . This is because companies search for the cheapest locations to manufacture and assemble components , so low-cost labor-intensive parts of the manufacturing process are shifted to the developing world where costs are substantially lower . Companies do so by taking advantage of transportation and communications technology , as well as fragmentation and locational flexibility of production . From 1953 to the late 1990s , the industrialized economies ' share of world manufacturing output declined from 95 % to 77 % , and the developing economies ' share more than quadrupled from 5 % to 23 % .   The resultant division of labor across continents closely follows the North -- South socio-economic and political divide , wherein the North -- with one quarter of the world population -- controls four fifths of the world income , while the South -- with three quarters of the world population -- has access to one fifth of the world income .

neg: Government Broadband Index The Government Broadband Index ( gBBi ) is a report compiled by the Economist Intelligence Unit that assesses countries on the basis of government planning , as opposed to current broadband capability . With ambitious targets for both the speed and coverage of next-generation broadband networks , the developed countries of East Asia scored highest in the Economist Intelligence Unit 's first government broadband index .   According to the index Greece is the worst-performing country measured , owing to its relatively low coverage target and drawn-out deployment schedule . Greece also suffers due to the considerable size of its public-funding commitment as a percentage of overall government budget revenues , and because its plan does little to foment competition in the high-speed broadband market .   Australia , with the most ambitious targets in the world for both speed and coverage , ranks in the bottom half of the index , because its National Broadband Network ( NBN ) program is partially funded by the Australian government and the rankings ignore plans to privatize the network in year 9 . South Korea , by comparison , was also a government initiative 15 years ago but has now been privatized , hence its high ranking .

neg: Economy of Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau is among the world 's least developed nations and one of the 10 poorest countries in the world , and depends mainly on agriculture and fishing . Cashew crops have increased remarkably in recent years , and the country now ranks sixth in cashew production .   Guinea-Bissau exports non-fillet frozen fish and seafood , peanuts , palm kernels , and timber . License fees for fishing provide the government with some revenue . Rice is the major crop and staple food .

neg: Economy of Iceland The economy of Iceland is small and subject to high volatility . In 2011 , gross domestic product was US$ 12.3 bn . With a population of 321,000 , this is $ 38,000 per capita , based on purchasing power parity ( PPP ) estimates . The financial crisis of 2007 -- 2010 produced a decline in GDP and employment , although the magnitude of this decline remains to be determined .   Iceland has a mixed economy with high levels of free trade and government intervention . However , government consumption is less than other Nordic countries . Geothermal power is the primary source of home and industrial energy in Iceland .   In the 1990s Iceland undertook extensive free market reforms , which initially produced strong economic growth . As a result , Iceland was rated as having one of the world 's highest levels of economic freedom as well as civil freedoms . In 2007 , Iceland topped the list of nations ranked by Human Development Index and was one of the most egalitarian , according to the calculation provided by the Gini coefficient .   From 2006 onwards , the economy faced problems of growing inflation and current account deficits . Partly in response , and partly as a result of earlier reforms , the financial system expanded rapidly before collapsing entirely in a sweeping financial crisis . Iceland had to obtain emergency funding from the International Monetary Fund and a range of European countries in November 2008 .

neg: List of companies of the Republic of the Congo The Republic of the Congo is a country located in Central Africa . It is bordered by Gabon , Cameroon , the Central African Republic , the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda . In the early 1980s , rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5 % annually , one of the highest rates in Africa . The government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings , contributing to a shortage of revenues . The January 12 , 1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50 % resulted in inflation of 46 % in 1994 , but inflation has subsided since .

neg: Wiwa Korowi Sir Wiwa Korowi , GCMG ( born July 7 , 1948 ) was the sixth Governor-General of Papua New Guinea .   Sir Wiwa is from the Southern Highlands . He was a member of the Nationalist Party and was voted by the Parliament to the position of Governor-General on November 18 , 1991 , to fill the position which Serei Eri had vacated roughly one and a half months earlier . He served in that position through 1997 .


query: Spider-Man appears on Broadway.

pos: Spider-Man Spider-Man is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character was created by writer-editor Stan Lee and writer-artist Steve Ditko , and first appeared in the anthology comic book Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( Aug. 1962 ) in the Silver Age of Comic Books . Lee and Ditko conceived the character as an orphan being raised by his Aunt May and Uncle Ben , and as a teenager , having to deal with the normal struggles of adolescence in addition to those of a costumed crime-fighter . Spider-Man 's creators gave him super strength and agility , the ability to cling to most surfaces , shoot spider-webs using wrist-mounted devices of his own invention , which he calls `` web-shooters '' , and react to danger quickly with his `` spider-sense '' , enabling him to combat his foes .   When Spider-Man first appeared in the early 1960s , teenagers in superhero comic books were usually relegated to the role of sidekick to the protagonist . The Spider-Man series broke ground by featuring Peter Parker , the high school student behind Spider-Man 's secret identity and with whose `` self-obsessions with rejection , inadequacy , and loneliness '' young readers could relate . While Spider-Man had all the makings of a sidekick , unlike previous teen heroes such as Bucky and Robin , Spider-Man had no superhero mentor like Captain America and Batman ; he thus had to learn for himself that `` with great power there must also come great responsibility '' -- a line included in a text box in the final panel of the first Spider-Man story but later retroactively attributed to his guardian , the late Uncle Ben .   Marvel has featured Spider-Man in several comic book series , the first and longest-lasting of which is titled The Amazing Spider-Man . Over the years , the Peter Parker character has developed from shy , nerdy New York City high school student to troubled but outgoing college student , to married high school teacher to , in the late 2000s , a single freelance photographer . In the 2010s , he joins the Avengers , Marvel 's flagship superhero team . Spider-Man 's nemesis Doctor Octopus also took on the identity for a story arc spanning 2012 -- 2014 , following a body swap plot in which Peter appears to die . Separately , Marvel has also published books featuring alternate versions of Spider-Man , including Spider-Man 2099 , which features the adventures of Miguel O'Hara , the Spider-Man of the future ; Ultimate Spider-Man , which features the adventures of a teenaged Peter Parker in an alternate universe ; and Ultimate Comics Spider-Man , which depicts the teenager Miles Morales , who takes up the mantle of Spider-Man after Ultimate Peter Parker 's supposed death .   Spider-Man is one of the most popular and commercially successful superheroes . As Marvel 's flagship character and company mascot , he has appeared in countless forms of media , including several animated and live action television series , syndicated newspaper comic strips , and in a series of films . The character was first portrayed in live action by Danny Seagren in Spidey Super Stories , a The Electric Company skit which ran from 1974 to 1977 . In films , Spider-Man has been portrayed by actors Tobey Maguire ( 2002 -- 2007 ) and Andrew Garfield ( 2012 -- 2014 ) , while Tom Holland portrays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , first appearing in Captain America : Civil War in 2016 . Reeve Carney starred as Spider-Man in the 2010 Broadway musical Spider-Man : Turn Off the Dark . Spider-Man has been well received as a superhero and comic book character , and he is often ranked as one of the most popular comic book characters of all time , alongside DC Comics ' most famous superheroes , Batman and Superman .

neg: Egyptian Theatre Egyptian-style theatres are based on the traditional and historic design elements of Ancient Egypt .   The first Egyptian Theatre to be constructed in the US -- which inspired many of the identically-named theatres that followed it -- was Grauman 's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood , California . For several years , Hollywood developer Charles E. Toberman attempted to convince Sid Grauman to locate in Hollywood . During a meeting , Sid told Mr. Toberman of his desire to build a theatre of Egyptian design . Mr. Toberman then secured a piece of property on Hollywood Boulevard , just east of McCadden Place . The architectural firm of Meyer & Holler were hired to design the theatre . The result was Grauman 's Egyptian Theatre with a seating of 1770 . The approach to the theatre was through a courtyard . Inside , the stage was flanked by carved columns and models of the Sphinx . The theatre was opened on October 19 , 1922 with the grand premiere of `` Robin Hood '' starring Douglas Fairbanks . `` In a 1983 article in Hollywood Studio Magazine , Mike Hughes wrote of the Egyptian : `` A survivor of the decay that unfortunately characterizes the Hollywood Boulevard of today , the Egyptian is a reminder of the glamour that once made the Boulevard famous . Perhaps through the dedicated efforts of such citizens as Bruce Torrence , author of Hollywood : The First 100 Years and grandson of Mr. Charles Toberman , who built the Egyptian , the Hollywood Boulevard of yesteryear will reappear some great day in the future . When that happens , the Egyptian Theatre , jewel that it is , will be there to herald in the new age of film town . '' '' United Artists was the last owner of the Egyptian Theatre before it closed in 1992 . The American Cinematheque purchased the theatre from the city for $ 1 with the provision that this historical landmark would be restored to its original grandeur and re-opened as a movie theatre showcasing the organizations celebrated , public programming . ''   The Eldorado Theatre located in Eldorado Amusement Park , Weehawken , New Jersey opened in 1891 and featured ` Egypt Through Centuries ' each evening . The creators of the park , Palisades Amusement and Exhibition Company , published a book titled `` Egypt Through the Centuries '' in 1892 .   Many of the other theatres that copied Grauman 's Egyptian Theatre were part of the wave of Egyptian revival architecture that occurred after the November 1922 discovery of King Tut 's tomb by Howard Carter .   Unlike the many theatres that followed in its wake , Grauman 's Egyptian Theatre was designed , built , named and opened before the 1922 discovery of King Tut 's tomb . The news of the tomb 's discovery reached the US a few weeks after the theatre opened .   Early in the 20th century , it is estimated that up to 100 of these theatre types were constructed across the US . Many of them no longer exist , but there are many fine examples of this style still in use today . Conrad Schmitt Studios has played a big part in the restoration of these atmospheric theatres , including Egyptian Theatres in Park City , Utah , Ogden , Utah , Boise , Idaho , Delta , Colorado , and DeKalb , Illinois .

neg: Knickerbocker Theatre (Broadway) The Knickerbocker Theatre , previously known as Abbey 's Theatre and Henry Abbey 's Theatre , was a Broadway theatre located at 1396 Broadway ( West 38th Street ) in New York City . It operated from 1893 to 1930 . In 1906 , the theatre introduced the first moving electrical sign on Broadway to advertise its productions .

neg: Drat! The Cat! Drat ! The Cat ! is a musical with a book and lyrics by Ira Levin and music by Milton Schafer .   Originally called Cat and Mouse , this spoof of late-Victorian melodrama has at its core Alice Van Guilder , who wants to be a career girl at a time when nice young ladies marry well instead of having careers . Frustrated by the obstacles standing in her way , she becomes a cat burglar and plunders the homes of Manhattan 's high society in the 1890s .   After 11 previews , the Broadway production , directed and choreographed by Joe Layton , opened on October 10 , 1965 at the Martin Beck Theatre , where it ran for eight performances . The cast included Lesley Ann Warren , Elliott Gould , Charles Durning , Jane Connell , and Beth Howland . Conductor Herbert Grossman served as Music Director and Clare Grundman wrote the orchestra score . Warren won the Theatre World Award for her performance , and the show was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Scenic Design .   Long after the show closed , Blue Pear issued an original cast album from a recording surreptitiously made during a live performance . Gould 's wife at the time , Barbra Streisand , had a hit with her recording of a gender-reversal version of one of the show 's tunes : `` He Touched Me , '' which went to number two on the Easy Listening chart . On the B-side of that single , Streisand also recorded , `` I Like Him . '' In 1997 , Varèse Sarabande released a studio recording featuring Susan Egan , Jason Graae , Judy Kaye , Bryan Batt , Jonathan Freeman , and Elaine Stritch . The recording was produced by Bruce Kimmel .

neg: Lyceum Theatre (Broadway) The Lyceum Theatre ( pronounced ly-CEE-um ) is a Broadway theatre located at 149 West 45th Street near Times Square between Seventh and Sixth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan , New York City .

neg: Golda's Balcony Golda 's Balcony is a play by William Gibson .   It follows the trajectory of the life of Golda Meir from Russian immigrant to American schoolteacher to a leader of international politics as the fourth Prime Minister of Israel . Much of its focus is on the period surrounding the 1973 Yom Kippur War , when Israel was attacked by Egypt and Syria . Gibson 's drama suggests Meir threatened Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger with the launch of nuclear weapons against her enemies , conceivably starting World War III , unless the U.S. came to her country 's aid .   Gibson first explored Meir in 1977 in his multi-character work Golda , which was produced on Broadway with Anne Bancroft in the title role . Never fully satisfied with the piece , he decided to tackle the subject matter , this time in the form of a one-woman play .   Golda 's Balcony , produced by David Fishelson , opened Off-Broadway at Manhattan Ensemble Theatre ( `` MET '' ) on March 26 , 2003 , where it sold out its entire 16-week run . Three months after closing Off-Broadway , the MET production , also starring Tovah Feldshuh and produced by Fishelson ( directed by Scott Schwartz ) , opened on October 15 , 2003 at the Helen Hayes Theatre , where it ran for 14 previews and 493 performances , making it the longest-running one-woman show in Broadway history .   Feldshuh was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play and won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Solo Performance .   In 2006 the play was adapted into a film of the same title , starring Valerie Harper .   The term `` Golda 's Balcony '' refers to the nickname given to an area inside the secretive Dimona nuclear weapons facility from which visiting VIPs can observe some of the activity taking place in the underground portion of the facility .

neg: Belasco Theatre The Belasco Theatre is a Broadway theatre opened in 1907 at 111 West 44th Street in midtown-Manhattan . Originally known as the Stuyvesant Theatre , it was designed by architect George Keister for impresario David Belasco . The interior featured Tiffany lighting and ceiling panels , rich woodwork and expansive murals by American artist Everett Shinn , and a ten-room duplex penthouse apartment that Belasco utilized as combination living quarters/office space .

neg: Broadway (Portland, Oregon) Broadway is a street in Portland , Oregon that runs from the Southwest Hills into the Rose City Park area of Portland . It is north-south in Downtown Portland , crosses the Willamette River over the Broadway Bridge , and is east-west on the east side of the river . The Memorial Coliseum and Lloyd Center are located on or near Broadway . Many old movie theaters are on Broadway in the Hollywood District . The street also runs through historic Irvington and Sullivan 's Gulch . Portland State University is also located on Broadway .   The section west of the Willamette was the most vibrant street in downtown Portland even before it was renamed , in 1913 , from 7th Avenue to Broadway , and this continued for decades . During the day , it was a bustling shopping street , and remains a busy shopping street today . The street hosted several movie theaters and vaudeville playhouses , and at night their many neon signs and lighted marquees gave the area a look that was similar to Manhattan 's more-famous Broadway . Almost all of the movie theaters have since closed , most in the 1960s and 1970s , but the street remains the center of downtown 's nightlife . Theaters still located on Broadway in downtown include the Arlene Schnitzer Concert Hall ( in a former Paramount Theatre ) and the Antoinette Hatfield Hall .   Over a dozen buildings on Broadway are listed on the National Register of Historic Places , but the street is meant to be a busy and commercial , and to provide a route through which Portlanders could commute . Due to an advanced lighting system installed in 1925 , it was once called `` the brightest street in the world . ''

neg: Spider-Girl Spider-Girl ( May `` Mayday '' Parker ) is a fictional superheroine in Marvel Comics ' MC2 universe . The character was created by Tom DeFalco and Ron Frenz as the teenage daughter of Peter Parker ( Spider-Man ) and Mary Jane Watson , and first appeared in What If ( vol . 2 ) # 105 ( February 1998 ) . She later acquired her own ongoing comic book , Spider-Girl , written by DeFalco and drawn by Frenz and Pat Olliffe , which was the longest-running superhero book with a lead female character ever published by Marvel before being relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Girl , and later The Spectacular Spider-Girl .

neg: Theatre World Theatre World is the only ( first published in 1945 ) , comprehensive , annual pictorial and statistical record of American theatre in print publication , including Broadway , Off-Broadway , Off-Off-Broadway , and regional theatre , as well as a complete national theatrical awards section and obituaries . Including over 750 photographs , it is the definitive pictorial and statistical reference to each American theatrical season , and is referenced daily by industry professionals , students , historians , and theatre fans worldwide .   Until 1998 , the Theatre World editorial staff administered the Theatre World Awards for Outstanding Broadway and off-Broadway debuts . First under the supervision of Theatre World founder Daniel Blum and then under John Willis , who took over the production of the Awards following Blum 's death in 1964 , the Theatre World Awards were first given to those recipients considered `` Promising Personalities . '' In 1998 , the Theatre World Awards were incorporated as a 501 ( c ) 3 nonprofit organization and are currently overseen by a board of directors independent of `` Theatre World . ''   Theatre World is the recipient of a 2001 Tony Honor for Excellence in Theatre , presented by the American Theatre Wing , and on behalf of the publication , longtime editor-in-chief John Willis ( 1916-2010 ) accepted honors including the first Special Lucille Lortel Award , a Special Drama Desk Award , and the Broadway Theatre Institute ( now The Theatre Museum ) Lifetime Achievement Award .   Theatre World is published annually by Theatre World Media and distributed by Applause Theatre and Cinema Books . The permanent editorial staff currently consists of Ben Hodges , editor in chief , and coeditor Scott Denny . Current editorial staff includes Adam Feldman of Time Out New York ( Broadway ) , Linda Buchwald TDF Stages ( Off-Broadway ) , Shay Gines New York Innovative Theatre Awards ( Off-Off-Broadway ) , and Diep Tran American Theatre Magazine ( Regional theatre ) .

neg: Stage Right! Stage Right ! is a professional theatre company and performing arts school located in Greensburg , Pennsylvania . Established in 1998 as an organization for young people to take classes in musical theatre by Chris Rizk , Stage Right ! also became a professional theatre company in 1999 , established by artistic director Anthony Marino , Rizk 's brother . The company produces a full season of musicals , utilizing professional actors from the Pittsburgh theatre scene as well as students from their classes .   In spring 2013 , Stage Right moved its studio a few blocks to a larger space at 105 W Fourth Street , Greensburg .   The season is supplemented with many other opportunities to utilize the talents of the students , including an `` all-county musical '' featuring students from local high school theatre programs , children 's plays , summer camp productions , and Books Come Alive ! , a series of adaptations of children 's books performed at libraries throughout the area . The company is also notable for its annual production of The Rocky Horror Show every Halloween . Many of Stage Right ! 's students have had success in Pittsburgh Public Theater 's Shakespeare Monologue and Scene Contest , as well as going on to well-respected college theatre programs such as Carnegie Mellon University , Point Park University , New York University , Seton Hill University , Syracuse University , and Shenandoah University . Stage Right ! alums have also had success in professional theatre , working in such venues as York Theatre , Off the Wall Productions , Bricolage Production Company , Pittsburgh Irish and Classical Theatre , Prime Stage Theatre , Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera , Pittsburgh Musical Theater , St. Vincent Summer Theatre , City Theatre , Terra Nova Theatre Group , MCC Theater , and 12 Peers Theater , as well as having had their work featured in the Pittsburgh New Works Festival .

neg: Broadway Line Broadway Line refers to the following transit lines :   In Brooklyn  Broadway Line ( Brooklyn elevated ) ( rapid transit , now the BMT Jamaica Line ) ; served by the trains  Broadway Line ( Brooklyn surface ) ( bus , formerly streetcar )   In Manhattan  BMT Broadway Line ( rapid transit ) ; served by the trains  IRT Broadway -- Seventh Avenue Line ( rapid transit ) ; served by the trains  Broadway Line ( Lower Manhattan surface ) , Broadway and Amsterdam Avenue Line , Broadway and Columbus Avenue Line , and Broadway and Lexington Avenue Line ( bus , formerly streetcar ) on Broadway below Times Square  Broadway and University Place Line , an older streetcar line using Broadway between Union Square and Times Square  Broadway Line ( Midtown Manhattan surface ) ( bus , formerly streetcar ) on Broadway from 42nd Street to 125th Street  Broadway-Kingsbridge Line ( bus , formerly streetcar ) on Broadway from near 169th Street to the Bronx  Broadway and 145th Street Line ( bus , formerly streetcar ) on Broadway from near 169th Street to the city line   Elsewhere  Broadway Line ( Queens surface ) ( bus , formerly streetcar )  Broadway Bus ( Bayonne ) , New Jersey  Broadway Line ( Baltimore ) ( bus , formerly streetcar )

neg: Booth's Theatre Booth 's Theatre was a theatre in Manhattan built by actor Edwin Booth . Located on the southeast corner of 23rd Street and Sixth Avenue , Booth 's Theatre opened on February 3 , 1869 .   The Theatre featured a grand vestibule with Italian marble floors and a large statue of Edwin Booth 's father , the Shakespearean actor , Junius Brutus Booth by the sculptor Thomas Ridgeway Gould . The auditorium was similarly elaborate in its decor , and featured a large chandelier , as well as a stage that incorporated the most modern machinery in use at the time , such hydraulic rams to raise and lower scenery , and stage lights that could be completely extinguished during the performance , a first in the United States .   Despite the appearances by important talent of the times , Booth could not make the Theatre a financially viable enterprise . It was sold in December 1881 , and was converted into McCreery & Co. department store until 1965 , when it was demolished to make room for a parking lot .

neg: Soul Doctor Soul Doctor - Journey of a Rockstar Rabbi is a Broadway musical that details the life of Rabbi Shlomo Carlebach , with music and lyrics by Shlomo Carlebach and David Schechter , and book and direction by Daniel Wise . The Soul Doctor show debuted at Le Petit Theatre du Vieux Carre in New Orleans , and had subsequent runs at The Colony Theater in Miami , The Parker Playhouse in Ft Lauderdale , and The New York Theatre Workshop in New York City . The Broadway production started previews on July 2013 with its official opening night taking place August 15 , 2013 at Broadway 's Circle in the Square Theatre .

neg: Spider-Man (pinball) Spider-Man is a pinball machine designed by Steve Ritchie and manufactured by Stern Pinball that was first released in June 2007 . The table encompasses all three films in Sam Raimi 's Spider-Man trilogy , which in turn were based on the prior comics and television series .   In 2016 , the game was remanufactured as part of its `` Vault '' series of re-releases , this time with all the movie elements of the machine replaced with an Ultimate Spider-Man-based theme .

neg: York Theatre York Theatre is an Off-Broadway theatre company base in East Midtown Manhattan , New York City . In its 48th year , York Theatre is dedicated to the production of new musicals and concert productions of forgotten musicals from the past . Each season consists of three or four mainstage productions , six or more concert presentations and dozens of developmental readings . It has had several transfers of its work to larger off-Broadway theatres and to Broadway . The company was awarded a special Drama Desk Award in 1996 to its artistic director Janet Hayes Walker and in 2006 for its `` vital contributions to theater by developing and presenting new musicals '' .   Since 1993 the company has performed in an intimate theatre that is part of St. Peter 's Church , in the Citigroup Center Complex at 619 Lexington Avenue at the corner of East 54th Street .   The Oscar Hammerstein Award  is named in honor of the legendary lyricist and librettist who helped shape American musical theatre through his collaborations with a number of different composers and writers . The award was created in 1988 by Janet Hayes Walker , the Founding Artistic Director of The York Theatre Company , and is presented with the endorsement of the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization and the Hammerstein family . The Oscar Hammerstein Award Gala is the major annual fundraising event of The York , a mainstay of the Off-Broadway scene for more than 45 years .   Past recipients include Stephen Sondheim , Betty Comden & Adolph Green , Harold Prince , Cy Coleman , Charles Strouse , Arthur Laurents , Jerry Herman , Stephen Schwartz , Peter Stone , David Merrick , John Kander & Fred Ebb , Terrence McNally , Sir Cameron Mackintosh , Carol Channing , Tony Walton , Joseph Stein , Thomas Meehan , Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick , Barbara Cook , Paul Gemignani , Lynn Ahrens & Stephen Flaherty . In November , 2015 , the 24th Oscar Hammerstein Award was presented to Angela Lansbury in a star-studded tribute evening .

neg: Theatre Guild The Theatre Guild is a theatrical society founded in New York City in 1918 by Lawrence Langner , Philip Moeller , Helen Westley and Theresa Helburn . Langner 's wife , Armina Marshall , then served as a co-director . It evolved out of the work of the Washington Square Players .   Its original purpose was to produce non-commercial works by American and foreign playwrights . It differed from other theaters at the time in that its board of directors shared the responsibility of choosing plays , management , and production . The Theatre Guild contributed greatly to the success of Broadway from the 1920s throughout the 1970s .   The Guild has produced a total of 228 plays on Broadway , including 18 by George Bernard Shaw and seven by Eugene O'Neill . Other major playwrights introduced to theatre-going Americans include Robert E. Sherwood , Maxwell Anderson , Sidney Howard , William Saroyan , and Philip Barry . In the field of musical theatre , the Guild has promoted works by Richard Rodgers , teamed with both Lorenz Hart and Oscar Hammerstein II , George and Ira Gershwin , Jule Styne , and Meredith Willson , all of which have become classics . Under President John F. Kennedy , the Guild was engaged to assemble a U.S. theatre company , headed by Helen Hayes , to tour the capitals of Europe and South America with works by Tennessee Williams , Thornton Wilder , and William Gibson .   In 1968 , the Guild became involved in the travel field by taking 25 of its subscribers to European capitals to see plays . In 1975 , it instituted its Theatre At Sea program with a 17-day cruise aboard the Rotterdam with Hayes and Cyril Ritchard . Since then they have hosted more than thirty cruises , each with seven or eight performers . Among them have been Alan Arkin , Zoe Caldwell , Anne Jackson , Cherry Jones , Richard Kiley , Eartha Kitt , Patricia Neal , Lynn Redgrave , Gena Rowlands , Jean Stapleton , Eli Wallach , and Lee Roy Reams , who served as the program 's resident director .   The last Broadway play produced by The Theatre Guild was State Fair in 1996 .

neg: Mr. Broadway Mr. Broadway is an American 13-episode CBS adventure and drama television series starring Craig Stevens as New York City public relations specialist Mike Bell . The program aired at 9 p.m. Eastern time Saturdays from September 26 to December 26 , 1964 . Also featured were Bell 's assistant , Toki , portrayed by Lani Miyazaki , and his police contact , Hank McClure , played by Horace McMahon . Mr. Broadway , a Talent Associates Production , was created by Garson Kanin and produced by David Susskind and Daniel Melnick . Dave Brubeck supplied the music and theme . It was shot on location in New York City .   Although ` Mr. Broadway ' was only aired 13 episodes , it featured some notable guest stars , including Jason Robards , Lauren Bacall , Tuesday Weld , Jill St. John , Art Carney and Liza Minnelli in her first dramatic TV role . Notable episodes include guest appearances by Liza Minnelli as Minnie in `` Nightingale for Sale '' ; Sandy Dennis in `` Do n't Mention My Name in Sheboygan '' , and Lauren Bacall as Barbara Lake , with Martin Balsam as Nate Bannerman , in `` Something to Sing About '' . Other episodes are `` Keep an Eye on Emily '' ( the series ' pilot ) with Tuesday Weld as Emily and Oleg Cassini as himself , `` Take a Walk Through a Cemetery '' with Lauren Bacall , again , but also with Jason Robards , Jr. , and Jill St. John , `` Try to Find a Spy '' with Barbara Feldon and Simon Oakland , `` Between the Rats and the Finks '' with Larry Hagman , Dyan Cannon , Bruce Gordon , and Patrick McVey , `` The He-She Chemistry '' with Tammy Grimes , `` Maggie , Queen of the Jungle '' , with Nina Foch in the title role , `` Smelling Like a Rose '' with Art Carney , Hal Roach , and Tina Louise , `` Bad Little Rich Girl '' with Diana Van der Vlis as Mary Beth Warren and Larry Pennell as John Chambers , `` Sticks and Stones May Break My Bones '' with Philip Abbott as Geoffrey Karr and Lola Albright as Duff Daniels . Albright had been Stevens 's co-star on Peter Gunn , and `` Pay Now , Die Later '' , the series finale , with David Wayne as John Zeck and John Ireland as Jimmy King . In the latter episode the wealthy Zeck hires Mike Bell to write his obituary ahead of his death .   Mr. Broadway aired following the new sitcom Gilligan 's Island and preceding the durable Western , Gunsmoke . Its competition was the Saturday Night Movie on NBC , and the second half of The Lawrence Welk Show and the first half of The Hollywood Palace on ABC .

neg: Stanley Theater (Utica, New York) The Stanley Theatre is a historic Baroque movie palace in Utica , New York . Over the years , it has gone through several changes of ownership , but has always been affiliated with Warner Brothers Pictures .   Originally owned by the Stanley-Mark Strand Corporation chain , the Stanley Theatre ( and entire movie theatre chain ) was purchased three days before opening by Warner Brothers . The company was eager to showcase its products on as many screens as possible . The theatre opened on September 10 , 1928 , with the silent movie Ramona starring Dolores del Río .   Thomas W. Lamb , a prolific theatre architect , designed the 2,963 seat cinema for the Mastbaum chain of theatres . The theatre was named for Stanley , one of the Mastbaum brothers . While Lamb and his firm designed over 300 theatres worldwide , he is considered to be somewhat of a local , having owned a camp in the Adirondacks . ( His great grandson lives in the Albany area today . )   The Stanley was built in less than 13 months on the expanding southern edge of downtown , some four blocks away from Utica 's theatre district . Unfortunately , all the theatres located there were razed during the Urban Renewal era of the 1960s and 70s . The Stanley remained open through all of this , though it suffered many years of benign neglect . In 1974 , when the threat of destruction became very real , the Central New York Community Arts Council ( renamed Stanley Center for the Arts in 2008 ) spearheaded a campaign to acquire the property , which it did for $ 135,000 .   The design motif of the Stanley Theatre is dubbed `` Mexican Baroque '' because of its unique blend of styles . The terra cotta and tiled mosaic exterior shows the Mexican influence , while Habsburg lions , Indian faces , and a multitude of angels and cherubs grace the lavish gold leaf Baroque theatre interior . Moorish influence is also evident in the star-splashed ceiling and twisted columns flanking the stage . Legend has it that the grand entry staircase was designed to resemble the main staircase on the Titanic ocean liner .   While the Stanley Theatre continued to be primarily a movie house , it introduced live events early in its history . Today it is host to the Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute Great Artists Series ( over 75 years ) ; Broadway Theatre League ( 50 years ) ; Utica Symphony ( over 60 years ) ; and the Mohawk Valley Ballet ( over 25 years ) .   Notable early performers included legendary singers Marian Anderson , Ezio Pinza , Lily Pons , Jeanette MacDonald , and Gene Autry . Later illustrious entertainers included Chuck Mangione , Conway Twitty , Third Eye Blind , Diana Ross , Barry Manilow , and Harry Connick Jr. . The Stanley was also host to multiple appearances by Jerry Seinfeld , Wynton Marsalis , George Carlin , Itzhak Perlman , Bob Weir & RatDog ! , and B.B. King . More recent performances include Aretha Franklin and legendary songwriter Burt Bacharach . The Broadway Theatre League brought in National Touring productions of Cats ( musical ) , Annie , Evita , Sweeney Todd , and Barnum .   The theater was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 . It is significant for its relationship to the early movie industry and its distinctive architecture .

neg: Whole World Theatre The Whole World Theatre is an improvisational theatre located in Atlanta , Georgia .   Whole World Theatre ( WWT ) is a non-profit theatre company that began in Atlanta , Georgia in late 1993 , when David Webster began teaching a group of student actors whom he would train to become the hottest improv company in town . Jennifer Horne and David Webster were co-founding members .   The original students of Whole World Theatre performed their first show in front of 25 people in September 1994 . Specializing in experiential improv and unconventional scripted works , and using a unique approach to improv , which put more emphasis on acting , character and atmosphere than on cheap laughs , Webster wrote and directed original ground breaking pieces such as , Blood Bath Bingo and Pimps , Queens , and Dope Fiends . Webster also produced scripted works included , Balm in Gillead , Bitches , Women Behind Bars , Four Dogs and a Bone and The House of Yes , among many others .   In June 1995 , Jennifer Horne and David Webster spent their honeymoon money to open Whole World Theatre at their current location at 1214 Spring Street in mid-town Atlanta . As their popularity grew , the cast of Whole World Theatre were given the opportunity to produce their live improv comedy show for television when Webster sold the show to television . `` Whole World Comedy '' - Whole World 's premier TV show - helped to launch the southern based Turner South Network .   David Webster taught every actor at Whole World Theater until 2001 . He wrote , directed and emceed every show for over 1000 shows . He won several awards including an Emmy award for writing .   In 2003 Managing Director , Emily Reily Russell , created a youth summer camp program and an improvisational acting program for teens and young adults at Whole World Theatre that still exists to this day . Many of the graduates of this program have entered the `` Performance Ready Group '' that hosts a more family oriented show the first Saturday of every month November through May . The Performance Ready Group is directed and mentored by Assistant Artistic Director , Eric Goins . Russell , in conjunction with Callanwolde Fine Arts Center and The Starlight Starbright Foundation has also created `` Improv in Dialysis . '' Providing monthly improvisational acting workshops to patients and their families at Egleston Children 's Hospital in Atlanta .   Lance Krall , one of Webster 's original students , eventually moved to Hollywood and went on to produce his own television show , The Lance Krall Show , which aired Spike TV , and Free Radio , which aired on Vh1 . Lance has hired several alumni from Whole World Theatre to guest star in his projects .   In 2004 , Webster moved on to write and direct independent movies and Jennifer Horne moved on to begin her own improv troupe in Charlottesville , Va. . That same year , a complete change in management occurred at Whole World Theatre .   In 2004 , Chip Powell became Artistic Director of Whole World Theatre . The Company continues to perform improv shows and remains one of Atlanta 's most successful theater companies . Under Powell 's leadership the company has produced Improv in the Park : an annual free improv show in Atlanta 's Piedmont Park and Central Park at Atlantic Station . Improv in the Park was voted `` Best Outdoor Event '' by Creative Loafing . Powell also went on to launch Whole World 's 3rd Space Theatre by Producing and Directing scripted works such as Sordid Lives and Southern Baptist Sissies by Del Shores .   In 2005 , the theatre started a television show for a network called MAV TV and is currently broadcast in over 200,000 homes across the U.S. . The show features Whole World 's Improv Comedy and is geared towards a more mature audience .  Official Website   Category : Theatres in Atlanta

neg: The Amazing Spider-Man (comic strip) The Amazing Spider-Man is a daily comic strip featuring the character Spider-Man .


query: The Chronicles of Narnia is an original story with no basis on any other creative works.

pos: The Chronicles of Narnia (film series) The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of fantasy films from Walden Media , based on The Chronicles of Narnia , a series of novels by C. S. Lewis . From the seven novels , there have been three film adaptations so far -- The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) , Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) -- which have grossed over $ 1.5 billion worldwide among them .   The series revolves around the adventures of children in the world of Narnia , guided by Aslan , a wise and powerful lion that can speak and is the true king of Narnia . The children heavily featured in the films are the Pevensie siblings , and a prominent antagonist is the White Witch ( also known as Jadis ) .   The first two films were directed by Andrew Adamson and the third film was directed by Michael Apted . The fourth film will be directed by Joe Johnston .

neg: Genesis creation narrative The Genesis creation narrative is the creation myth of both Judaism and Christianity . Two creation stories are found in the first two chapters of the Book of Genesis . In the first Elohim , the Hebrew generic plural word for God , creates the heavens and the earth in six days , starting with light on the first day and ending with mankind on the sixth ( creating man and woman independently and at the same time ) , then rests on , blesses and sanctifies the seventh . In the second story , God , now referred to by the personal name Yahweh , creates Adam , the first man , from dust and places him in the Garden of Eden , where he is given dominion over the animals . Eve , the first woman , is created from Adam and as his companion .   Borrowing themes from Mesopotamian mythology , but adapting them to the Israelite people 's belief in one God , the first major comprehensive draft of the Pentateuch ( the series of five books which begins with Genesis and ends with Deuteronomy ) was composed in the late 7th or the 6th century BCE ( the Jahwist source ) and was later expanded by other authors ( the Priestly source ) into a work very like the one we have today . The two sources can be identified in the creation narrative : is Priestly and is Jahwistic . The combined narrative is a critique of the Mesopotamian theology of creation : Genesis affirms monotheism and denies polytheism . Robert Alter described the combined narrative as `` compelling in its archetypal character , its adaptation of myth to monotheistic ends '' .   Misunderstanding the genre of the Genesis creation narrative , meaning the intention of the author/s and the culture within which they wrote , can result in a misreading . Reformed evangelical scholar Bruce Waltke cautions against one such misreading , the approach which reads it as history rather than theology and so leads to Creationism and the denial of evolution . As noted scholar of Jewish studies , Jon D. Levenson , puts it : `` How much history lies behind the story of Genesis ? Because the action of the primeval story is not represented as taking place on the plane of ordinary human history and has so many affinities with ancient mythology , it is very far-fetched to speak of its narratives as historical at all . ''

neg: Medieval literature Medieval literature is a broad subject , encompassing essentially all written works available in Europe and beyond during the Middle Ages ( that is , the one thousand years from the fall of the Western Roman Empire ca . AD 500 to the beginning of the Florentine Renaissance in the late 15th century ) . The literature of this time was composed of religious writings as well as secular works . Just as in modern literature , it is a complex and rich field of study , from the utterly sacred to the exuberantly profane , touching all points in-between . Works of literature are often grouped by place of origin , language , and genre .

neg: The Last Battle The Last Battle is a high fantasy novel for children by C. S. Lewis , published by The Bodley Head in 1956 . It was the seventh and final novel in The Chronicles of Narnia ( 1950 -- 1956 ) . Like the others it was illustrated by Pauline Baynes and her work has been retained in many later editions .   The Last Battle is set almost entirely in the Narnia world and the English children who participate arrive only in the middle of the narrative . The novel is set some 200 Narnian years after The Silver Chair and about 2500 years since the creation of the world narrated in The Magician 's Nephew . A false Aslan is set up in the north-western borderlands and conflict between true and false Narnians merges with that between Narnia and Calormen , whose people worship Tash . It concludes with termination of the world by Aslan , after a `` last battle '' that is practically lost .   Macmillan US published an American edition within the calendar year .   Lewis and The Last Battle won the annual Carnegie Medal from the Library Association , recognising the year 's best children 's book by a British subject . The author wrote to illustrator Baynes , `` is it not rather ` our ' medal ? I 'm sure the illustrations were taken into account as well as the text . ''

neg: Boxen (C. S. Lewis) Boxen is a fictional world that C. S. Lewis ( `` Jack '' ) and his brother W. H. Lewis ( `` Warren '' ) created as children . The world of Boxen was created when Jack 's stories about Animal-Land and Warnie 's stories about India were brought together . In Surprised by Joy , Jack explains that the union of Animal-Land and India took place `` sometime in the late eighteenth century ( their eighteenth century , not ours ) '' .   During a time when influenza was ravaging many families , the Lewis brothers were forced to stay indoors and entertain themselves by reading . They read whatever books they could find , both those written for children and adults . Influenced by Beatrix Potter 's animals , C.S. Lewis wrote about Animal-Land , complete with details about its economics , politics/government , and history , as well as illustrations of buildings and characters .   The stories were published posthumously as Boxen : The Imaginary World of the Young C. S. Lewis Edited by Walter Hooper and first published by London : Collins May 28 , 1985 . First American edition : San Diego : Harcourt , Brace , Javanovich , October 17 , 1985 . ( republished as Boxen : Childhood Chronicles Before Narnia ) .

neg: Theme (narrative) In contemporary literary studies , a theme is the central topic a text treats . Themes can be divided into two categories : a work 's thematic concept is what readers `` think the work is about '' and its thematic statement being `` what the work says about the subject '' .   The most common contemporary understanding of theme is an idea or point that is central to a story , which can often be summed in a single word ( e.g. love , death , betrayal ) . Typical examples of themes of this type are conflict between the individual and society ; coming of age ; humans in conflict with technology ; nostalgia ; and the dangers of unchecked ambition . A theme may be exemplified by the actions , utterances , or thoughts of a character in a novel . An example of this would be the thematic idea of loneliness in John Steinbeck 's Of Mice and Men , wherein many of the characters seem to be lonely . It may differ from the thesis -- the text 's or author 's implied worldview .   A story may have several themes . Themes often explore historically common or cross-culturally recognizable ideas , such as ethical questions , and are usually implied rather than stated explicitly . An example of this would be whether one should live a seemingly better life , at the price of giving up parts of one 's humanity , which is a theme in Aldous Huxley 's Brave New World . Along with plot , character , setting , and style , theme is considered one of the components of fiction .

neg: Legal fiction A legal fiction is a fact assumed or created by courts which is then used in order to apply a legal rule . Typically , a legal fiction allows the court to ignore a fact that would prevent it from exercising its jurisdiction , by simply assuming that the fact is different . This is the case with the Bill of Middlesex where the Court of King 's Bench could only exercise jurisdiction over cases which took place in the historic English county of Middlesex . To allow the Court , which was the central court of the land , to take jurisdiction over other cases , parties began to plead that , along with the other facts , there had also been a trespass which occurred in Middlesex . This allowed the King 's Bench to rule on the whole of the case .   Legal fictions are different from legal presumptions which assume a certain state of facts until the opposite is proved , such as the presumption of legitimacy . They are different from hypothetical examples , such as the ` reasonable person ' which serve as tools for the court to express its reasoning . They are also different from legal principles which create a legal state of affairs that is different from the underlying facts , such as corporate personhood although these are sometimes wrongly called legal fictions .   The term `` legal fiction '' is not usually used in a pejorative way , and has been likened to scaffolding around a building under construction .

neg: Old English literature Old English literature or Anglo-Saxon literature , encompasses literature written in Old English , in Anglo-Saxon England from the 7th century to the decades after the Norman Conquest of 1066 . `` Cædmon 's Hymn '' , composed in the 7th century , according to Bede , is often considered the oldest extant poem in English , whereas the later poem , The Grave is one of the final poems written in Old English , and presents a transitional text between Old and Middle English . The Peterborough Chronicle can also be considered a late-period text , continuing into the 12th century .   The poem Beowulf , which often begins the traditional canon of English literature , is the most famous work of Old English literature . The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle has also proven significant for historical study , preserving a chronology of early English history .   In descending order of quantity , Old English literature consists of : sermons and saints ' lives ; biblical translations ; translated Latin works of the early Church Fathers ; Anglo-Saxon chronicles and narrative history works ; laws , wills and other legal works ; practical works on grammar , medicine , geography ; and poetry . In all there are over 400 surviving manuscripts from the period , of which about 189 are considered `` major '' .   Besides Old English literature , Anglo-Saxons wrote a number of Anglo-Latin works .

neg: Copyright law of the Netherlands According to the Dutch Copyright Law ( called Auteurswet ) , a Dutch copyright ( called auteursrecht ) is the exclusive right of the author of a work of literature , science or art , to publish and duplicate such work ( article 1 ) .   A copyright comes into existence by making the work . No formalities , such as copyright registration , are necessary to obtain a copyright . The duration of a copyright is 70 years after the death of the author ( article 37 ) .   The term `` work '' includes many materials , such as books , brochures , films , photographs , musical works , works of visual art and geographical maps ( article 10 ) . Further , the Dutch Supreme Court has ruled that to be considered a work , it should have its own , original character with the personal imprint of the author ( HR 4 January 1991 , NJ 1991 , 608 ( Van Dale/Romme ) ) .   The exclusive right to publish a work includes amongst others the publication of a copy of ( part of ) the work , the public recitation thereof and to rent or lend ( part of ) the work to public institutions ( article 12 ) . The exclusive right to duplicate a work includes amongst others the recording , the translation , the music arrangement and the adaptation for the screen of the work ( article 13 ) .

neg: The Encyclopedia of Fantasy The Encyclopedia of Fantasy is a 1997 reference work concerning fantasy fiction , edited by John Clute and John Grant . Other contributors include Mike Ashley , Neil Gaiman , Diana Wynne Jones , David Langford , Sam J. Lundwall , Michael Scott Rohan , Brian Stableford and Lisa Tuttle .   The book was well-received on publication . During 1998 , it received the Hugo Award , World Fantasy Award , and Locus Award . The industry publication Library Journal described The Encyclopedia of Fantasy as `` the first of its kind '' .   Since November 2012 , the full text of The Encyclopedia of Fantasy is available on-line , as a companion to the on-line Encyclopedia of Science Fiction . However , the editors of the Encyclopedia of Science Fiction have stated that there are not any plans to update the Encyclopedia of Fantasy , at least for the foreseeable future .

neg: A Wizard of Earthsea A Wizard of Earthsea is a young adult fantasy novel written by the American author Ursula K. Le Guin , first published by the small press Parnassus in 1968 . The novel received highly positive reviews , initially as a work for children , and later among a general audience as well .   Set in the fictional archipelago of Earthsea , the story centers around a young mage named Ged , born in a village on the island Gont . Displaying great power while still a boy , he joins the school of wizardry , where his prickly nature drives him into conflict with one of his fellows . During a magical duel , Ged 's spell goes awry and releases a shadow creature that attacks him . The novel follows his journey as he seeks to be free of the creature .   The book has often been described as a Bildungsroman or coming of age story , as it explores Ged 's process of learning to cope with power and come to terms with death . The novel also carries Taoist themes about a fundamental balance in the universe of Earthsea , which wizards are supposed to maintain , closely tied to the idea that language and names have power to affect the material world and alter this balance . Although the structure of the story is similar to that of a traditional epic , critics also described it as subverting this genre in many ways , such as by making the protagonist dark-skinned , in comparison to more typical white-skinned heroes .   A Wizard of Earthsea is widely regarded as a classic of fantasy and young-adult literature and was one of the final recipients of the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award . The book was widely influential within the genre of fantasy ; Margaret Atwood , for instance , called A Wizard of Earthsea one of the `` wellsprings '' of fantasy literature . Le Guin would later write five subsequent books that , together with A Wizard of Earthsea , are referred to as the Earthsea Cycle : The Tombs of Atuan ( 1971 ) , The Farthest Shore ( 1972 ) , Tehanu ( 1990 ) , The Other Wind ( 2001 ) , and Tales from Earthsea ( 2001 ) . George Slusser has described the series as a `` work of high style and imagination '' .

neg: Keléstia Productions Keléstia Productions publishes role-playing materials for use with Hârn , a fictitious setting . Keléstia Productions was created by N. Robin Crossby , the original creator of Hârn , after a contract dispute with publisher Columbia Games proved irresolvable .   Keléstia Productions is known for the incredible detail and high design standards of its online products . As of this writing , Kelestia Productions produces no printed materials . A community of dedicated fans produces additional highly-detailed supplements .   Despite disagreements between Keléstia Publications and rival Columbia Games , the products produced by both entities are completely compatible either `` as-is '' or with the use of simple conversion information available freely through the fan community . The fan community produces additional high-quality supplements that are compatible with both Columbia Games and Kelestia Productions products .   Since the death of N. Robin Crossby , Keléstia Productions has continued as company owned by Crossby 's estate , principally producing products describing the wider world beyond Hârn .

neg: The Notion Club Papers The Notion Club Papers is the title of an abandoned novel by J. R. R. Tolkien , written during 1945 and published posthumously in Sauron Defeated , the 9th volume of The History of Middle-earth . It is a space/time/dream travel story , written at the same time as The Lord of the Rings was being developed . The story itself revolves around the meetings of an Oxford arts discussion group called the Notion Club , a fictionalization of ( and a play on words on the name of ) Tolkien 's own such club , The Inklings .   During these meetings , Alwin Arundel Lowdham discusses his lucid dreams about Númenor ; through these dreams , he `` discovers '' much about the Númenor story and the languages of Middle-earth ( notably Quenya , Sindarin , and Adûnaic -- the last being the sole source of most of the material on Adûnaic ) . While not finished , at the end of the given story it becomes clear Lowdham himself is a reincarnation of sorts of Elendil . ( Alwin is a modernization of the name Ælfwine , Old English for Elf-friend , or Elendil in Quenya . ) Other members of the Club also mention their vivid dreams of other times and places .   Tolkien not only created fictional meetings for these papers but also created a fictional history for the manuscript of the papers . According to the papers , the meetings occurred in the 1980s ; they even mention events that occurred in the 1970s and 1980s . About one-quarter of the papers were found among sacks of waste paper in 2012 at Oxford by a Mr. Green . Mr. Green published a first edition containing excerpts from these papers , indicating that they were written during the 1980s by one of the participants . Two scholars read the first edition , asked to examine the manuscripts , and then submitted a full report . The `` Notes to the Second Edition '' mentions the contradictory evidence in dating the manuscripts , and an alternative date is presented : they may have been written in the 1940s .   These papers , which make a number of comments on Lewis ' Space Trilogy , are similar to C. S. Lewis ' commentary to Tolkien 's poem The Lay of Leithian , in which Lewis created a fictional history of scholarship of the poem and even referred to other manuscript tradition to recommend changes to the poem .   The Notion Club Papers may be seen as an attempt to re-write The Lost Road , published and discussed in The Lost Road and Other Writings , as being another attempt to tie the Númenórean legend in with a more modern tale . There is , however , no direct connection between the modern settings of the two stories within the fictional frame .   Jane Stanford links The Notion Club Papers to The Johnson Club Papers in her biography of John O'Connor Power , That Irishman . The two books have a similar title page . The Johnson Club was a ` Public House School ' and met in taverns like the Inklings . The purpose was ` Fellowship and free Exchange of Mind . ' The two clubs presented papers ` which were read before the members and discussed ' . Samuel Johnson , like Tolkien , had a strong connection with Pembroke College , Oxford . Stanley Unwin , Tolkien 's publisher , was a nephew of Fisher Unwin , the founding member of The Johnson Club .   According to Christopher Tolkien , had his father continued The Notion Club Papers , he would have linked the real world of Alwin Lowdham with his eponymous ancestor Ælfwine of England ( who compiled the Lost Tales ) and with Atlantis . One of the members of the Notion Club , one Michael George Ramer , combines lucid dreams with time-travel and experiences the tsunami that sank Númenor . He ca n't tell if its history , or fantasy , or something in between .   The Notion Club Papers mentions a great storm occurring during 1987 in England , on 12 June . This can be seen as an odd coincidence , since the actual Great Storm of 1987 occurred in October of that year .

neg: Creature of statute A creature of statute ( also known as creature of the state ) is a legal entity , such as a corporation , created by statute . Creatures of statute may include municipalities and other artificial legal entities or relationships . Thus , when a statute in some fashion requires the formation of a corporate body -- often for governmental purposes -- such bodies when formed are known as `` creatures of statute . '' The same concept is also expressed with the phrase `` creature of the state . ''   The term `` creature of statute '' is most common to the United States . In the United Kingdom , these bodies are simply called statutory corporations ( or statutory bodies ) and generally have some governmental function . The United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority is an example . In a wider sense , most companies in the UK are created under statute since the Companies Act 1985 specifies how a company may be created by a member of the public , but these companies are not called ` statutory corporations ' . Often , in American legal and business documents that speak of governing bodies ( e.g. , a board that governs small businesses in China ) these bodies are described as `` creatures of statute '' to inform readers of their origins and format although the national governments that created them may not term them as creatures of statute . Australia also uses the term `` creature of statute '' to describe some governmental bodies .   The importance of a corporate body , regardless of its exact function , when such a body is a creature of statute is that its active functions can only be within the scope detailed by the statute which created that corporation . Thereby , the creature of statute is the tangible manifestation of the functions or work described by a given statute . The jurisdiction of a body that is a creature of statute is also therefore limited to the functional scope written into the laws that created that body . Unlike most ( private ) corporate bodies , creatures of statute can not expand their business interests into other diverse areas .

neg: Character (arts) A character ( sometimes known as a fictional character ) is a person or other being in a narrative work of art ( such as a novel , play , television series , or film ) . The character may be entirely fictional or based on a real-life person , in which case the distinction of a `` fictional '' versus `` real '' character may be made . Derived from the ancient Greek word χαρακτήρ , the English word dates from the Restoration , although it became widely used after its appearance in Tom Jones in 1749 . From this , the sense of `` a part played by an actor '' developed . Character , particularly when enacted by an actor in the theatre or cinema , involves `` the illusion of being a human person . '' In literature , characters guide readers through their stories , helping them to understand plots and ponder themes . Since the end of the 18th century , the phrase `` in character '' has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor . Since the 19th century , the art of creating characters , as practiced by actors or writers , has been called characterisation .   A character who stands as a representative of a particular class or group of people is known as a type . Types include both stock characters and those that are more fully individualised . The characters in Henrik Ibsen 's Hedda Gabler ( 1891 ) and August Strindberg 's Miss Julie ( 1888 ) , for example , are representative of specific positions in the social relations of class and gender , such that the conflicts between the characters reveal ideological conflicts .   The study of a character requires an analysis of its relations with all of the other characters in the work . The individual status of a character is defined through the network of oppositions ( proairetic , pragmatic , linguistic , proxemic ) that it forms with the other characters . The relation between characters and the action of the story shifts historically , often miming shifts in society and its ideas about human individuality , self-determination , and the social order .

neg: Bible The Bible ( from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία , tà biblía , `` the books '' ) is a collection of sacred texts or scriptures that Jews and Christians consider to be a product of divine inspiration and a record of the relationship between God and humans .   Many different authors contributed to the Bible . What is regarded as canonical text differs depending on traditions and groups ; a number of Bible canons have evolved , with overlapping and diverging contents . The Christian Old Testament overlaps with the Hebrew Bible and the Greek Septuagint ; the Hebrew Bible is known in Judaism as the Tanakh . The New Testament is a collection of writings by early Christians , believed to be mostly Jewish disciples of Christ , written in first-century Koine Greek . These early Christian Greek writings consist of narratives , letters , and apocalyptic writings . Among Christian denominations there is some disagreement about the contents of the canon , primarily the Apocrypha , a list of works that are regarded with varying levels of respect .   Attitudes towards the Bible also differ amongst Christian groups . Roman Catholics , Anglicans and Eastern Orthodox Christians stress the harmony and importance of the Bible and sacred tradition , while Protestant churches focus on the idea of sola scriptura , or scripture alone . This concept arose during the Protestant Reformation , and many denominations today support the use of the Bible as the only source of Christian teaching .   With estimated total sales of over 5 billion copies , the Bible is widely considered to be the best-selling book of all time . It has estimated annual sales of 100 million copies , and has been a major influence on literature and history , especially in the West , where the Gutenberg Bible was the first book printed using movable type .

neg: Paraspace The term ` paraspace ' comes from Samuel R. Delany , a ` space ' existing parallel to normal or ordinary space . According to Delany , the para-space is an alternate space that ` exists parallel to the normal space of the diegesis -- a rhetorically heightened  `` other realm ''' ( Bukatman 1993 : 157 ) . Bukatman ( 1993 : 157 ) says `` Cyberspace is clearly a '' paraspace ' . '   `` Delany connects cyberpunk to the mysterious lunar artifact of Algis Budrys ' Rogue Moon and early evocations of outer space , all of which use inflated rhetoric to differentiate `` paraspace '' from mundane dimensions '' Samuel Review Essay .   Paraspace is defined by Barry Malzberg as `` the condition of hyperspace -LSB- that -RSB- is itself insane '' ( as cited by Bukatman , 1993 : 157 ) .   Michael Fisch ( 2004 : 371 , citing Murakami , 2002 : 157 ) comments `` While the para-space is often inaugurated through cognition it is always a ` materially manifested ' and ` linguistically intensified ' space in which ` conflicts that begin in ordinary space are resolved ' ''  ( Murakami 2002 : 157 ) .   Implications   Walter Benjamin ( 1936/1968 ) declare the end of storytelling because of its incapacity to relate traumatic experiences , such as warfare , shell shock in World War I . As work lost its spaces to practice not just storytelling , but storylistening , the skills of interpretation of experience atrophied .   Paraspace is the hyperspace gone insane ( Malzberg , The worker flesh-body is displaced by the corporate ad-inventions , set on the global stage of `` technoorganic reconstructions of the flesh '' ( Bukatman , 1993 : 19 ) .   Walter Benjamin ( 1936 ) declared that the art of storytelling is coming to an end . We can no longer tell a tale of trauma properly . We can no longer exchange our experiences of trauma of war ( PTSD ) , economic collapse sending millions into homelessness , including veterans of the recent wars , the ubiquitousness of sweatshops , and so on . Of relevance to paraspace , the lost art of storytelling has an accumulated effect ( Fisch , 2004 : p. 365 ) ; it gets worth with cyber-real . / When the ` real ' pokes through the cyberspace , it gets quickly displaced by obfuscation . Our ` real ' in hyperspace is not closer to Lacanian Real ( FIsch , p. 372 ) .   Paraspace is invisible , yet has material consequences ( Bukatman , 1992 ) .   Benjamin , W. ( 1936/1968 ) Illuminations , New York : Harcourt Brace & World .   Bukatman , S. ( 1992 ) . Amidst These Fields of Data : Allegory , Rhetoric , and the Paraspace . Critique : Studies in Contemporary Fiction , 33 ( 3 ) , 199-219 .   Bukatman , S. ( 1993 ) Terminal Identity : The Virtual Subject in Postmodern Science Fiction , Durham ,  NC : Duke University Press .   Delany , Samuel R. ( 1988 ) . Some real mothers : An interview with Samuel R. Delany by Takayuki Tatsumi . '' Science Fiction Eye , 1 , # 3 : 5-11 .   Fisch , M. ( 2004 , October ) . In search of the real : technology , shock and language in Murakami Haruki 's Sputnik Sweetheart . In Japan Forum ( Vol . 16 , No. 3 , pp. 361 -- 383 ) . Taylor & Francis .   Murakami , H. ( 2002 ) Sputnik Sweetheart , trans . P. Gabriel , New York : Vintage International .

neg: Tolkien's legendarium Tolkien 's legendarium is the term for the  entirety of J. R. R. Tolkien 's mythopoetic writing that forms the background to his The Lord of the Rings .  Tolkien worked and re-worked the components of his legendarium throughout his adult life , or during a period of more than 50 years ; the earliest drafts , published in The Book of Lost Tales ( 1983 ) dating to 1916 .   Colloquially , `` Middle-earth '' is popularly used as a shorthand for a `` canonical '' or mature form of Tolkien 's narrative , Middle-earth being Tolkien 's term for the inhabited part of the world in which most of his published stories were set .   The mythological and cosmological background of Tolkien 's published works was sketched in the posthumously-published The Silmarillion ( 1977 ) , and in Tolkien studies as a field as it has developed since the 1980s .

neg: Encyclopedia An encyclopedia or encyclopaedia is a reference work or compendium providing a comprehensive summary of information from either all branches of knowledge or from a particular field or discipline .  Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries that are often arranged alphabetically by article name and sometimes by thematic categories . Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries . Generally speaking , unlike dictionary entries which focus on linguistic information about words , such as their meaning , pronunciation , use , and grammatical forms , encyclopedia articles focus on factual information concerning the subject named in the article 's title .   Encyclopedias have existed for around 2,000 years and have evolved considerably since that time as to language ( written in a major international or a vernacular language ) , size ( few or many volumes ) , intent ( presentation of a global or a limited range of knowledge ) , cultural perceptions ( authoritative , ideological , didactic , utilitarian ) , authorship ( qualifications , style ) , readership ( education level , background , interests , capabilities ) , and the technologies available for their production and distribution ( hand-written manuscripts , small or large print runs , internet production ) . As a valued source of reliable information compiled by experts , printed versions found a prominent place in libraries , schools and other educational institutions .   The appearance of digital and open-source versions in the 20th century has vastly expanded the accessibility , authorship , readership , and variety of encyclopedia entries and called into question the idea of what an encyclopedia is and the relevance of applying to such dynamic productions the traditional criteria for assembling and evaluating print encyclopedias .

neg: Welsh literature in English Anglo-Welsh literature and Welsh writing in English are terms used to describe works written in the English language by Welsh writers . It has been recognised as a distinctive entity only since the 20th century . The need for a separate identity for this kind of writing arose because of the parallel development of modern Welsh-language literature ; as such it is perhaps the youngest branch of English-language literature in the British Isles .   Welsh writers in English have traditionally favoured the short story form over the novel for two main reasons : in a society lacking sufficient wealth to support professional writers , the amateur writer was able to spare time only for short bursts of creativity ; and , like poetry , it concentrated linguistic delight and exuberance . However , the genre did not develop in these writers much beyond its origin in rural sketches . Satire was avoided , and , since the main market was London publishers , the short stories tended to focus on the eccentricities ( as seen from a metropolitan viewpoint ) of Welsh life .

neg: White Witch Jadis is the main antagonist of The Magician 's Nephew and of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe in C. S. Lewis 's series , The Chronicles of Narnia . She is commonly referred to as the White Witch in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , as she is the Witch who froze Narnia in the Hundred Years Winter .   Some recent editions of the books include brief notes , added by later editors , that describe the cast of characters . As Lewis scholar Peter Schakel points out , the description there of Jadis and the Queen of Underland ( the main antagonist of The Silver Chair ) `` states incorrectly that the Queen of Underland is an embodiment of Jadis '' . Beyond characterising the two as `` Northern Witches '' , Lewis 's text does not connect them . See Lady of the Green Kirtle for further discussion .