query: Adolf Dassler died in 1988.

pos: Adolf Dassler Adolf `` Adi '' Dassler ( 3 November 1900 -- 6 September 1978 ) was the founder of the German sportswear company Adidas , and the younger brother of Rudolf Dassler , founder of Puma .

neg: 1988 in Sweden Events from the year 1988 in Sweden

neg: Todesfuge '' '' ( translated into English as Death Fugue and Fugue of Death ) is a German language poem written by the Romanian-born poet Paul Celan probably around 1945 and first published in 1948 . It is `` among -LSB- Celan 's -RSB- most well-known and often-anthologized poems '' . The poem `` combines mysteriously compelling imagery with rhythmic variations and structural patterns that are both elusive and pronounced '' . At the same time it has been regarded as a `` masterful description of horror and death in a concentration camp '' . Celan was born to a Jewish family in Cernauti , Romania ( now Chernivtsy , Ukraine ) ; his parents died in a camp during the Second World War , and Celan himself was a prisoner for a time in a work camp .

neg: East Germany at the 1988 Winter Olympics East Germany ( German Democratic Republic ) competed at the Winter Olympic Games for the last time at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta , Canada . Following German reunification in 1990 , a single German team would compete in the 1992 Winter Olympics .

neg: Theodor Korselt Ernst Julius Theodor Korselt ( 24 November 1891 , Annaberg-Buchholz , Kingdom of Saxony -- 25 August 1943 ) was a German jurist , genealogist , and `` homeland researcher '' ( `` Heimatforscher '' ) . The government councillor was sentenced to death for negatively influencing Germany 's fighting forces -- an offence called Wehrkraftzersetzung in German -- after he publicly uttered his opinion that Hitler 's resignation was the only way to avoid defeat .

neg: Minister of Intra-German Relations The Federal Minister of Intra-German Relations ( Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen ) was a federal cabinet minister of the Federal Republic of Germany ( West Germany ) . The office was created under the title of Federal Minister of All-German Affairs ( Bundesminister für gesamtdeutsche Fragen ) in 1949 , being also in charge of the German lands east of the Oder -- Neisse line which had been put under Polish or Soviet administration . In 1951 , the first Minister of All-German Affairs Jakob Kaiser openly raised claim to even greater territories including Austria , parts of Switzerland , the Saar area and Alsace-Lorraine .   The ministry was renamed in 1969 because `` All German '' might have evoked irredentist associations . The change of the name was supported by left and right wing politicians .   The ministry was abolished in 1991 when a new government was established after the federal election of December 1990 , some months after German reunification , having supported the transition .   Since West Germany maintained an exclusive mandate for all of Germany , and the legal pretense that the authorities of the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) or Soviet occupation zone ( SBZ ) should not be recognized , it could not handle relations with East Germany through the Federal Foreign Office , since this would acknowledge that the GDR was a separate country . Hence , a separate ministry for relations within Germany had to be created . Since this ministry had very limited competence and virtually no political power , it soon became a post used by chancellors to block rivals without publicly offending them . One of the main tasks of the ministry was the publication of information material about the situation in the East , to keep the idea of German unity alive and to inform the public about actions of the East German government .   When German reunification became a possibility after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the opening of the inner German border on 9 November 1989 , the ministry was completely disempowered by Chancellor Helmut Kohl ; all intra-German affairs were now handled by the Ministry of the Interior under Wolfgang Schäuble . Formally , the ministry continued to exist until 1991 in order to facilitate transition .

neg: Otto Hellmuth Otto Hellmuth ( July 22 , 1896 -- April 20 , 1968 ) was a member of the Nazi Party .   Born at Markt Einersheim , he was Gauleiter of the German region of Lower Franconia ( Unterfranken ) from 1928 to 1945 . His home and office were in Würzburg , the capital of the Gau Mainfranken . By 1935 , Hellmuth had his Gau renamed as Mainfranken . After World War II , the region 's original name was reinstated . He entered service as a Kriegsfreiwilliger , assigned successively to 9 . Bayerisches Infanterie-Regiment , 4 . Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment , and 8 . Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiment . He was wounded in action four times during World War I . He returned to Germany in October , 1918 after being severely gassed .   In 1928 , Hellmuth became Gauleiter of Lower Franconia . Three weeks before the first nationwide anti-Jewish boycott began in 1933 , Hellmuth already forced the closing of Jewish-owned stores and offices in Würzburg . As a private residence , he acquired the house of a Jewish pharmacist . When the Gaufrauenschaftsleiterin of Mainfranken paid Passau a formal visit , with a delegation of activists , Margarethe Schneider-Reichel presented them with a painting of Hellmuth .   Over most of his term , Hellmuth was not an impressive personality . Joseph Goebbels saw him as `` a most retiring unassuming Gauleiter in whom one had not too much confidence . '' However , Hellmuth defended his Gau vigorously in the spring of 1945 , as Goebbels noted in his diary on April 2 .   In 1947 , Hellmuth was accused of complicity in the murders of Allied aircraft pilots . He was tried at Dachau and sentenced to death . This sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment . He was released in 1955 .   Hellmuth killed himself on April 20 , 1968 in Reutlingen .

neg: 1988 in science The year 1988 in science and technology involved many significant events , some listed below .

neg: Mexican general election, 1988 General elections were held in México on July 6 , 1988 .   Carlos Salinas de Gortari was declared the winner , with the Ministry of Interior saying he had received 50.7 % of the vote . It was the lowest for a winning candidate since direct elections were introduced for the presidency in 1917 . In the Chamber of Deputies election , the Institutional Revolutionary Party won 260 of the 500 seats , as well as winning 60 of the 64 seats in the Senate election . Voter turnout was said to be 51.6 % in the presidential election , 49.7 % for the Senate elections and 49.4 % for the Chamber election . During the vote count , the government said that the computers had crashed , characterizing it as `` a breakdown of the system . '' One observer said , `` For the ordinary citizen , it was not the computer network but the Mexican political system that had crashed . '' Although early results had indicated Cuauhtemoc Cárdenas was winning , when computer function was said to have been restored , Salinas was said to have eked out a narrow victory .

neg: Wolfgang Jansen Wolfgang Jansen ( 1938 -- 1988 ) was a German actor .

neg: Operation Clausewitz Operation Clausewitz was the codeword initiation of the defence of Berlin plan by Nazi Germany during the final stage of the European conflict of World War II , the Battle of Berlin . Clausewitz was established in the 9 March 1945 document , Basic Order for the Preparations for the Defense of the Reich Capital ( Grundsätzlicher Befehl für die Vorbereitungen zur Verteidigung der Reichshauptstadt ) , a 33 page document containing 24 separate points . The second point of the document , in full ( translated ) is : `` The Reich capital will be defended to the last man and to the last bullet . '' It has been referred to as the Nazis ' last stand against the Soviets .   The document divided the city of Berlin into 9 operational defense zones ( A through H , as slices of the outer city of Berlin and Z , its center , corresponding to the government district ) . It further divided the region into four concentric rings : an outer exclusion zone , extending well past Berlin 's city limits ; an outer defense zone extending roughly to the city limits ; an inner defense zone extending out to the Berlin Ringbahn ; and the Citadel ( Zitadelle ) , again , zone Z . In addition to the establishment of defense zones , this document also described the overall mechanism by which Berlin would be converted to a front line city . This included :  The evacuation of all Wehrmacht and SS offices in Berlin  Evacuation of the central command post of the capital from General Command on Hohenzollerndamm to L-Tower of the Zoo bunker no more than six hours after the issuance of Clausewitz  The imposition of martial law for the civilian populace , and offenses under which the death penalty was authorized  Hitler ordered the execution of Fall Clausewitz on 20 April 1945 . This set into motion preparedness according to the Basic Order plan , and would have been followed later by the codeword Kolberg meaning full preparedness should be completed and the battle has started .

neg: Dienstleiter (NSDAP) Dienstleiter , ( Service Leader ) was a high-ranking Nazi Party political rank of Nazi Germany which existed between 1933 and 1945 . The rank was first created after the Nazi assumption of power and served as the second highest rank of the Reichsleitung Nazi Party organizational level , subordinate to the Reichsleiter .

neg: Hermann Weber Hermann Weber ( 23 August 1928 -- 29 December 2014 ) was a German historian and political scientist . A few days after he died a headline writer described him as `` the man who knew everything about the German Democratic Republic '' .

neg: 1988 in Switzerland Events in the year 1988 in Switzerland .

neg: Die Zeit (Prague) Die Zeit ( ` The Time ' ) was a German language daily newspaper published in Prague , Czechoslovakia from 1935 to 1938 . The newspaper was the central organ of the Sudeten German Party ( SdP ) . The first issue came out on October 1 , 1935 . Die Zeit took over the role as the central party organ from the weekly Rundschau . Walter Brand was the editor-in-chief of Die Zeit .   The newspaper received funds from Germany . 250,000 Reichmark were transferred for the launch of Die Zeit , followed by a monthly subsidy of 10,000 Reichmarks .   Die Zeit had an illustrated supplement , Zeitspiegel ( ` Mirror of Time ' ) .   As of 1937/1938 SdP re-organized its party press . All small publishing companies were merged in two central publishing companies . On January 1 , 1938 Die Zeit , Zeitspiegel and Rundschau came under the management of the publishing company `` Pressa-Gesellschaft m. b. H. , Herausgabe und Verkauf von Zeitungen und Zeitschriften '' , at Hybernska Street 4 , Prague II . On April 1 , 1938 the weekly Die Zeit am Montag ( ` The Time on Monday ' ) was added to the publications issued by the same company .   The SdP shut down its Prague HQ and Die Zeit on September 14 , 1938 . The suspension of publishing of Die Zeit was supposedly ` temporary ' .   On October 4 , 1938 Die Zeit re-appeared , being published from Dresden , Germany . Once the Reichsgau Sudetenland had been established , Die Zeit became the official NSDAP daily for Sudetenland . The publishing was shifted to Reichenberg . Die Zeit was issued by R.S. Gauverlag Sudetenland G.m.b.H. between 1939-1945 . Publication continued at least until February 1945 .

neg: Werner Nachmann Werner Nachmann ( 12 August 1925 in Karlsruhe , Germany -- 21 January 1988 ) , was a German entrepreneur and politician , and was president of the Central Council of Jews in Germany ( Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland ) from 1969 to 1988 .   In 1938 Nachmann fled to France and returned to Germany in 1945 as an officer of the French army . He established himself again in Karlsruhe , where he developed his family business . From 1961 to 1988 he was the chairman of the Jewish municipality in Karlsruhe and the advisor on mikvah affairs . In 1962 he became a member of the Central Council of Jews in Germany , in 1965 he was subsequently selected in its board of directors and from 1969 onwards he held the presidency . He is considered as an important pioneer of renewed cooperation between the authorities of the Federal Republic of Germany and German-Jewish organizations . For his work Nachmann was often honored during his lifetime , but criticism rose sharply from parts of the German-Jewish community in the early seventies as some found his efforts towards Jewish-German reconciliation as lacking sufficient distance to Germany .   In 1972 , he served on the organizing committee of the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich . He was also a member of the Israeli delegation .  In 1986 , he received the Theodor Heuss prize for his services to Jewish-German reconciliation and the peaceful coexistence of Jews and Christians in the Federal Republic of Germany . After his death in 1988 , Nachmann was loudly condemned when it was discovered that from 1981 to 1987 he had defrauded about 33 million DM ( $ 17 million in U.S. dollars at the time ) from a German government fund intended for victims of the Nazis . The actual whereabouts of the funds remain unknown . Nachmann 's successor in office , Heinz Galinski , strove intensively for many years to clear up the affair .   Nachmann died at the age of 62 , from heart failure .

neg: Gustav Richter Gustav Richter ( 12 November 1913 -- c. 1982 ) was an aide to Nazi Adolf Eichmann , a Judenberater , during World War II .   Richter was born in 1913 and he received a law degree ( died about 1982 ) .   Richter was a devoted Nazi . He was a member of the National Socialist German Workers Party ( Nazi Party ) and he joined the elite SS ( Schutzstaffel ) .

neg: Pohl trial The Pohl trial against the Nazi German administration of the `` Final Solution '' ( also known as the WVHA Trial and officially The United States of America vs. Oswald Pohl , et al ) was the fourth of the twelve trials for war crimes that the United States authorities held in their occupation zone in Germany in Nuremberg after the end of World War II . The twelve trials were all held before U.S. military courts , not before the International Military Tribunal , although both courts presided in the same rooms at the Palace of Justice . They are known collectively as the `` Subsequent Nuremberg Trials '' or more formally , as the `` Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals '' ( NMT ) .   In the Pohl case , SS-Obergruppenführer Oswald Pohl and 17 other SS officers employed by the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office ( abbreviated in German as SS-WVHA ) , were tried for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the time of the Nazi regime . The main charge against them was their active involvement in and administration of the `` Final Solution '' . The WVHA was the Nazi government office that ran the concentration and extermination camps . It also handled the procurement for the Waffen SS and , as of 1942 , the administration of the SS-Totenkopfverbände .   The judges in this case , heard before Military Tribunal II , were Robert M. Toms ( presiding judge ) , Fitzroy Donald Phillips , Michael A. Musmanno , and John J. Speight as an alternate judge . The Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution was Telford Taylor ; James M. McHaney and Jack W. Robbins were the principal prosecutors . The indictment was presented on January 13 , 1947 ; the trial began on April 8 , and sentences were handed down on November 3 , 1947 . Four persons , including Oswald Pohl , were sentenced to death by hanging . Three were acquitted . The others received sentences of imprisonment between 10 years and lifetime .   At the request of the judges , the court reconvened on July 14 , 1948 to consider additional material presented by the defense . On August 11 , 1948 , the tribunal issued its final sentences , confirming most of its earlier sentences , but slightly reducing some of the prison sentences and changing the death sentence of Georg Lörner into a sentence of life imprisonment .

neg: Final Solution The Final Solution ( Endlösung ) or the Final Solution to the Jewish Question ( die Endlösung der Judenfrage , -LSB- diː ˈɛntˌløːzʊŋ deːɐ̯ ˈjuːdn̩ˌfʁaːɡə -RSB- ) was a Nazi plan for the extermination of the Jews during World War II . The `` Final Solution of the Jewish Question '' was the Nazi code name for the plan to murder all Jews within reach , and was not limited to the European continent . This policy of deliberate and systematic genocide started across German-occupied Europe was formulated in procedural and geo-political terms by Nazi leadership in January 1942 at the Wannsee Conference near Berlin , and culminated in the Holocaust which saw the killing of 90 percent of Jewish Poles , and two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe .   The nature and timing of the decisions that led to the Final Solution is an intensely studied and debated aspect of the Holocaust . The program evolved during the first 25 months of war leading to the attempt at `` murdering every last Jew in the German grasp . '' Most historians agree , wrote Christopher Browning , that the Final Solution can not be attributed to a single decision made at one particular point in time . `` It is generally accepted the decision-making process was prolonged and incremental . '' In 1940 , following the Fall of France , the Madagascar Plan was devised by Adolf Eichmann in order to relocate Europe 's Jewish population to the French colony ; but the plan was abandoned for logistical reasons mainly due to a naval blockade . There were also preliminary plans to deport Jews to Palestine and Siberia . In 1941 , wrote Raul Hilberg , in the first phase of the mass murder of Jews , the mobile killing units began to pursue their victims across occupied eastern territories ; in the second phase , stretching across all of German-occupied Europe , the Jewish victims were sent on death trains to centralized extermination camps built for the purpose of systematic implementation of the Final Solution .

neg: 6th SS-Standarte The 6th SS-Standarte was a regimental command of the Allgemeine-SS situated in the city of Berlin . As the command was located in the capital of Germany , the 6th Standarte was considered one of the more important SS units in Nazi Germany . The members of the Standarte themselves , however , were non-paid mustering troops of the `` General-SS '' as was the practice for most Allgemeine-SS regiments .   The Standarte was first formed in October 1931 and was part of the so-called `` Northern SS '' under the control of Kurt Daluege . At the time , there was a divisional disunity in the SS , with SS units in southern Germany controlled by Heinrich Himmler and the northern units answering to Daluege . It was not until 1934 , after most of the SS headquarters offices had relocated to Berlin , that this division was eventually done away with .   During Reichstag elections of 1931 , the 6th SS Standarte played a significant role in campaigning for the Nazi Party and repeated the effort again when Adolf Hitler ran for the office of President of Germany in 1932 . One early member of the Standarte , who would later become the Reichsführer-SS was Karl Hanke .   After Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933 , the 6th SS-Standarte adopted the honor title of `` Charlottenburg '' and often participated in several major Nazi Party rallies held in the German capitol . A year later , during the Night of the Long Knives , the Standarte played a major role in rounding up the Sturmabteilung leadership in Berlin , although most SA executions were carried out by SD troops and Gestapo agents .   One of the most notorious actions that the 6th SS-Standarte engaged in was `` Kristallnacht '' where Berlin SS men sought out and destroyed numerous Jewish synagogues and businesses . Shortly afterwards , the Standarte was granted a second honor title as `` 6 SS-Standarte Eduard Felsen '' .   When World War II began in 1939 , the Berlin SS regiment slowly began losing its members to regular military service , since mustering Allgemeine-SS personnel were not exempt from conscription . The Standarte was still participating in ceremonial functions as late as 1944 , however , and in the last year of the war many of the remaining members became involved with the Volksturm and participated in the Battle of Berlin .


query: Quentin Tarantino is a writer.

pos: Quentin Tarantino Quentin Jerome Tarantino ( -LSB- ˌtærənˈtiːnoʊ -RSB- born March 27 , 1963 ) is an American director , writer , and actor . His films are characterized by nonlinear storylines , satirical subject matter , an aestheticization of violence , extended scenes of dialogue , ensemble casts consisting of established and lesser-known performers , references to popular culture , soundtracks primarily containing songs and score pieces from the 1960s to the 1980s , and features of neo-noir film . He is widely considered one of the greatest filmmakers of his generation .   His career began in the late 1980s , when he wrote and directed My Best Friend 's Birthday , the screenplay of which formed the basis for True Romance . In the early 1990s , he began his career as an independent filmmaker with the release of Reservoir Dogs in 1992 ; regarded as a classic and cult hit , it was called the `` Greatest Independent Film of All Time '' by Empire . Its popularity was boosted by his second film , Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) , a black comedy crime film that was a major success both among critics and audiences . Judged the greatest film from 1983 -- 2008 by Entertainment Weekly , many critics and scholars have named it one of the most significant works of modern cinema . For his next effort , Tarantino paid homage to the blaxploitation films of the 1970s with Jackie Brown ( 1997 ) , an adaptation of the novel Rum Punch .   Kill Bill , a highly stylized `` revenge flick '' in the cinematic traditions of Kung fu films , Japanese martial arts , Spaghetti Westerns and Italian horror , followed six years later , and was released as two films : Volume 1 in 2003 and Volume 2 in 2004 . Tarantino directed Death Proof ( 2007 ) as part of a double feature with friend Robert Rodriguez , under the collective title Grindhouse . His long-postponed Inglourious Basterds , which tells the fictional alternate history story of two plots to assassinate Nazi Germany 's political leadership , was released in 2009 to positive reviews . After that came 2012 's critically acclaimed Django Unchained , a Western film set in the antebellum era of the Deep South . It became the highest-grossing film of his career so far , making over $ 425 million at the box office . His eighth film , the mystery Western The Hateful Eight , was released in its roadshow version December 25 , 2015 , in 70 mm film format , complete with opening `` overture '' and halfway-point intermission , after the fashion of big-budget films of the 1960s and early 1970s .   Tarantino 's films have garnered both critical and commercial success . He has received many industry awards , including two Academy Awards , two Golden Globe Awards , two BAFTA Awards and the Palme d'Or , and has been nominated for an Emmy and a Grammy . He was named one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World by Time in 2005 . Filmmaker and historian Peter Bogdanovich has called him `` the single most influential director of his generation '' . In December 2015 , Tarantino received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the film industry .

neg: B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity .   In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics .   Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie .   From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .

neg: Libertarian science fiction Libertarian science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction that focuses on the politics and social order implied by libertarian philosophies with an emphasis on individualism and private ownership of the means of production -- and in some cases , no state whatsoever .   As a category , libertarian fiction is unusual because the vast majority of its authors are self-identified as science fiction authors . This contrasts with the authors of much other social criticism who are largely academic or mainstream novelists who tend to dismiss any genre classification . The identification between libertarianism and science fiction is so strong that the U.S. Libertarian Party often has representatives at science fiction conventions and one of the highest profile authors currently in the subgenre of libertarian science fiction , L. Neil Smith , was the Arizona Libertarian Party 's 2000 candidate for the President of the United States .   As a genre , it can be seen as growing out of the 1930s and 1940s when the science-fiction pulp magazines were reaching their peak at the same time as fascism and communism . While this environment gave rise to dystopian novels such as George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty-Four , in the pulps , this influence more often give rise to speculations about societies ( or sub-groups ) arising in direct opposition to `` totalitarianism . ''   Ayn Rand 's novel Atlas Shrugged is a strong ( perhaps the strongest ) influence with an anti-socialist attitude and an individualist ethic that echoes throughout the genre .  Of more direct relevance to the science fiction end of this genre is Robert A. Heinlein 's The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress , which is highly regarded even by non-libertarian science fiction readers . An award for libertarian science fiction , the Prometheus Award , is given out every year . Some winners of the award identify as libertarians ( e.g. , L. Neil Smith , Victor Koman , Brad Linaweaver ) , while others do not ( Terry Pratchett , Charles Stross ) .   Some other prominent libertarian science fiction authors include S. Andrew Swann and Michael Z. Williamson .

neg: Chemical generation The Chemical Generation refers to a collection of writers in the 1990s who added a literary dimension to the hedonistic ecstasy culture of the era .   In its most singular guise , it could be said to include Irvine Welsh , Roddy Doyle , Alan Warner , John King , Jeff Noon , Nicholas Blincoe , Gordon Legge and Laura Hird - all of whom participated in the survey of the scene carried by the Steve Redhead book for Canongate ( also publishers of Rebel Inc. ) , Repetitive Beat Generation . The book 's title was an attempt to draw a parallel between the ecstasy culture ( singled out by government as ` repetitive beats ' ) and the Beat generation before it .   Key works include Irvine Welsh 's Ecstasy and Daren King 's Boxy an Star . The concept of a group of writers addressing drug culture was further developed in 1997 by Sarah Champion , whose Disco Biscuits became the UK 's bestselling fiction anthology of all time . In addition to the authors listed above the book was notable for the inclusion of writers such as Alex Garland , Bill Drummond , Will Self , Grant Morrison , Esther Freud , Douglas Coupland , Neal Stephenson , Poppy Z. Brite and Robert Anton Wilson .   As the relevance of club culture faded with the onset of a return to guitar-based bands in the ascendancy , the writers progressed onto more staple projects , though there was an overlap with many of the writers present in 2000 's New Puritans anthology . Their style and approach has been mirrored among younger British writers however , such as Richard Milward and Michael Smith .

neg: Sin City (film) Sin City ( also known as Frank Miller 's Sin City ) is a 2005 American neo-noir crime anthology film written , produced , and directed by Frank Miller and Robert Rodriguez . It is based on Miller 's graphic novel of the same name .   Much of the film is based on the first , third and fourth books in Miller 's original comic series . The Hard Goodbye is about a man who embarks on a brutal rampage in search of his one-time sweetheart 's killer , killing anyone , even the police , that gets in his way of finding and killing her murderer . The Big Fat Kill focuses on an everyman getting caught in a street war between a group of prostitutes and a group of mercenaries , the police and the mob . That Yellow Bastard follows an aging police officer who protects a young woman from a grotesquely disfigured serial killer . The intro and outro of the film are based on the short story `` The Customer is Always Right '' , which is collected in Booze , Broads & Bullets , the sixth book in the comic series .   The film stars an ensemble cast led by Jessica Alba , Benicio del Toro , Brittany Murphy , Clive Owen , Mickey Rourke , Bruce Willis , and Elijah Wood , and featuring Alexis Bledel , Michael Clarke Duncan , Rosario Dawson , Carla Gugino , Rutger Hauer , Jaime King , Michael Madsen , and Nick Stahl , among others .   Sin City opened to wide critical and commercial success , gathering particular recognition for the film 's unique color processing , which rendered most of the film in black and white but retained or added coloring for selected objects . The film was screened at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival in competition and won the Technical Grand Prize for the film 's `` visual shaping '' .

neg: Steven Spielberg's Director's Chair Steven Spielberg 's Director 's Chair is a simulation game created and published by Knowledge Adventure for Windows and Macintosh . It was released in 1996 in the United States of America .   In the game , the player is guided by film director Steven Spielberg ( appearing as himself ) through the comprehensive process of moviemaking , including scriptwriting , filming , and editing , using pre-generated film clips featuring Jennifer Aniston , Quentin Tarantino , Katherine Helmond , and Penn & Teller , among others . The game features advice from Hollywood professionals such as editor Michael Kahn , special effects supervisor Michael Lantieri , and cinematographer Dean Cundey . The game was produced by Roger Holzberg , who directed Spielberg in scenes in which Spielberg himself appeared .

neg: Tenebrae (film) Tenebrae ( also known as Tenebre ) is a 1982 English-language Italian giallo film written and directed by Dario Argento . The film stars Anthony Franciosa as American author Peter Neal , who -- while in Rome promoting his latest murder-mystery novel -- becomes embroiled in the search for a serial killer who may have been inspired to kill by the novel . John Saxon and Daria Nicolodi co-star as Neal 's agent and assistant ; Giuliano Gemma and Carola Stagnaro appear as detectives investigating the murders . John Steiner , Veronica Lario and Mirella D'Angelo also feature . The film has been described as exploring themes of dualism and sexual aberration , and has strong metafictional elements ; some commentators consider Tenebrae to be a direct reaction by Argento to criticism of his previous work , most especially his depictions of murders of beautiful women .   After Argento had experimented with pure supernatural horror with 1977 's Suspiria and 1980 's Inferno , Tenebrae represented the filmmaker 's return to the giallo horror subgenre , which he had helped popularize in the 1970s . Argento was inspired by a series of incidents which saw an obsessed fan telephone the director to criticise him for the damaging psychological effects of his previous work . The telephone calls culminated in death threats towards Argento , who channelled the experience into the writing of Tenebrae . The director also wanted to explore the senselessness of killings he had witnessed and heard about while staying in Los Angeles in 1980 , and his feeling at the time that true horror came from those who wanted `` to kill for nothing '' .   Shot on location in Rome and at Elios Studios , Tenebrae utilised mostly modern-looking locations and sets to help Argento realise his intent that the film reflect a near-future with a diminished population ; the director filmed none of the historical landmarks that usually featured in films set in Rome . Employing director of photography Luciano Tovoli , Argento also intended that the film simulate the stark , realistic lighting featured in television police shows at the time ; production designer Giuseppe Bassa created supporting environments that were cold and austere , with sharp angles and modernistic spaces . Several former members of Italian rock band Goblin provided Tenebraes music , a synth-heavy score inspired by rock and disco music .   Tenebrae was a modest success in Italy ; it reached theatres with little controversy after Argento made cuts to one of the most violent scenes . However , in the United Kingdom , it was added to the infamous list of `` video nasties '' and banned from sale until 1999 . The film 's theatrical distribution in the United States was delayed until 1984 , when it was released in a heavily censored version under the title Unsane . In its cut form , Tenebrae received a mostly negative critical reception , but the original , fully restored version later became widely available for reappraisal ; it is considered by some to be one of Argento 's best thrillers . The film critic and author Maitland McDonagh said that it was `` in many respects ... the finest film that Argento has ever made '' .

neg: Mike Costanza Mike Costanza is an award-winning filmmaker and writer/director . Mike began his career in the Art Department on feature films . He then went on to direct short films . Mike 's short Mama Said screened at Sundance and in the prestigious Official Selection of films in Competition at The Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for the Palme d'Or award . Stylized with disorienting authenticity , Mama Said is a critique of Race relations and pop culture of 60 's America . Mama Said also screened on The Sundance Channel .   The Collingswood Story is Mike 's innovative horror film . Made years before Skype and Video conferencing were mainstream , TCS explores the lives of a young couple attempting a long distance relationship via webcams . His film screened at numerous festivals including Frightfest in London , won the Best Indie Film and Best Cast Award and received worldwide praise with quotes including : `` A Low Budget Triumph '' , `` Inventive and Frightening '' , and `` The Best Low Budget Horror Movie Since The Blair Witch Project '' .   Michael 's additional credits include Creator/Producer of the television series Dante 's Cove .   Venturing into New media , Michael created the popular genre portal eerieTube.com . EerieTube showcases original content , stylized news and reviews , geared towards the Science fiction and Horror genre .   In addition , Michael directed Music videos and EPKs for various labels including Capitol Records , Verve , and Sony Music Entertainment .   in 2013 the filmmaker sued the producers of Paranormal Activity and Paramount for copyright infringement as a result `` the matter has been resolved amicably '' .

neg: Golden Age of Mexican cinema The Golden Age of Mexican cinema ( in Spanish Época de Oro del Cine Mexicano ) is a period in the history of the Cinema of Mexico between 1936 and 1959 when the Mexican film industry reached high levels of production , quality and economic success of its films , besides having gained recognition internationally . The Mexican film industry became the center of commercial films in Latin America .   The Golden Age began symbolically with the film Vámonos con Pancho Villa ( 1935 ) , directed by Fernando de Fuentes . In 1939 , during World War II , the film industry in the US and Europe decline , because the materials previously destined for film production now were for the new arms industry . Many countries began to focus on making films about war , leaving the opportunity to Mexico , to produce commercial films for the Mexican and Latin American markets . This cultural environment favored the emergence of a new generation of directors and actors considered to date , icons in Mexico and in Hispanic countries and Spanish-speaking audiences .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: Writing Drama Writing Drama ( French : La dramaturgie ) is a treatise by French writer and filmmaker Yves Lavandier , originally published in 1994 , revised in 1997 , 2004 , 2008 , 2011 and 2014 . The English version was translated from the French by Bernard Besserglik and published in 2005 . The book exists also in Italian , Spanish and Portuguese .

neg: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003 film) The Texas Chainsaw Massacre is a 2003 American slasher film , and a remake of The Texas Chain Saw Massacre . The fifth entry in the Texas Chainsaw Massacre franchise , the film was directed by Marcus Nispel , written by Scott Kosar , and produced by Michael Bay . It was also co-produced by Kim Henkel and Tobe Hooper , co-creators of the original 1974 film .   TCM is the first of many horror remakes to come from Michael Bay 's Platinum Dunes production company which also released the remakes The Amityville Horror , The Hitcher , Friday the 13th , and A Nightmare on Elm Street . Though met with negative reception from critics , the film was well received by fans , and grossed $ 107 million worldwide above its $ 9.5 million budget , making it a strong financial success . A prequel was released in 2006 , titled The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning .

neg: Retro-Pulp Tales Retro-Pulp Tales is a limited edition anthology published by Subterranean Press in 2006 , edited by Joe R. Lansdale . It tied in winning the 2006 Bram Stoker Award for Best Anthology ( the other winning title was `` Mondo Zombie '' edited by John Skipp ) .   It contains new stories written in the style of the pulp magazines of the early twentieth century . Lansdale 's guidelines for Retro Pulp Tales were basic : `` Write a story in the vein of the old pulps ... that takes place before 1960 , and with the restrictions of those times . ''   It includes contributions by Bill Crider , Stephen Gallagher , Melissa Mia Hall , Alex Irvine , Tim Lebbon , Kim Newman , Norman Partridge , Gary Phillips , James Reasoner , Al Sarrantonio , Chet Williamson , and F. Paul Wilson . This collection was issued as a trade hardcover , a numbered limited edition , and a lettered special edition . All issues have long since sold out .

neg: Film series A film series ( also referred to as a film franchise ) is a collection of related films in succession that share the same fictional universe , or are marketed as a series .   Sometimes the work is conceived from the beginning as a multiple-film work , for example the Three Colours series , but in most cases the success of the original film inspires further films to be made . Individual sequels are relatively common , but are not always successful enough to spawn further installments .   The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the highest grossing film series in unadjusted US Dollar figures surpassing the Harry Potter , Star Wars , James Bond , and Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings series . However , `` Star Wars '' has the highest when adjusted for inflation .

neg: Norman Lear Center The Norman Lear Center is a multi-disciplinary research and public policy center exploring implications of the convergence of entertainment , commerce , and society . It is based at the USC Annenberg School for Communication . Through scholarship and research , and its programs of visiting fellows , conferences , public events and publications , the Lear Center works to be at the forefront of discussion and practice in the field .   The Center is named for benefactor Norman Lear , the social activist and philanthropist , and television producer , and was founded and is directed by Marty Kaplan , associate dean of the USC Annenberg School , who has been a political speechwriter , Hollywood studio executive , and screenwriter-producer .   The Lear Center officially launched on January 24 , 2000 . Some of the programs it houses include Entertainment Goes Global , which explores the political , cultural , economic and technological implications of the globalization of entertainment ; Celebrity , Politics & Public Life , wherein faculty and deans from over 20 USC departments convene to develop an inter-disciplinary analysis of American political life , as it is shaped by popular culture ; and Hollywood , Health & Society , which provides entertainment industry professionals with accurate and timely information for health storylines . Hollywood , Health & Society is funded by , and works closely with such governmental agencies as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , the National Institutes of Health , and the National Cancer Institute . That program hosts its annual Sentinel for Health Awards to recognize exemplary television storylines that best inform , educate and motivate viewers to make choices for healthier and safer lives .   Since 2005 , the Lear Center 's Grand Avenue Intervention Project has been a driving force behind the civic outreach for the planning of a new 16 acre park in the heart of downtown Los Angeles . In partnership with the Los Angeles Times , the Lear Center solicited design proposals from the public and published a selection of them in a special section of the Times .   The Lear Center 's publishing imprint has published several works of scholarship such as Artists , Technology & The Ownership of Creative Content , Warners ' War : Politics , Pop Culture & Propaganda in Wartime Hollywood , Frank Capra and the Image of the Journalist in American Film , and Ready to Share : Creativity & Fashion in Digital Culture .

neg: Martin (1978 film) Martin is a 1978 American horror film written and directed by George A. Romero .   Romero claims that Martin is the favorite of all his films . The film is also notable as the first collaboration between George Romero and special effects artist Tom Savini . While not prosecuted for obscenity , the film was seized and confiscated in the UK under Section 3 of the Obscene Publications Act 1959 during the video nasty panic .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: Miramax Miramax ( also known as Miramax Films , stylized as MIRAMAX ) is an American entertainment company known for producing and distributing films and television shows . It is headquartered in Santa Monica , California . Miramax was founded in 1979 by Bob and Harvey Weinstein , and was a leading independent film motion picture distribution and production company before it was acquired by the Walt Disney Company on June 30 , 1993 . Shortly thereafter , Pulp Fiction was released . The Weinsteins operated Miramax with more creative and financial independence than any other division of Disney , until September 30 , 2005 when they decided to leave the company and founded The Weinstein Company . Miramax was sold by Disney to Filmyard Holdings , a joint venture of Colony Capital , Tutor-Saliba Corporation , and Qatar Investment Authority , in 2010 , ending Disney 's 17-year ownership of the studio . In 2016 , ownership was transferred to beIN Media Group .

neg: Ross LaManna Ross LaManna is an American screenwriter and author . He is best known for creating the Rush Hour series starring Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker .   His first novel , Acid Test , was published in the U.S. and Canada by Ballantine Books . The geopolitical thriller was chosen as an Amazon.com `` Penzler Pick '' and as The Mysterious Bookshop 's selection for `` Best First Fiction '' . It was published in several foreign territories and as an audiobook .   He attended the University of Southern California in Los Angeles , graduating cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts in screenwriting , and also holds a Master of Arts from Arizona State University in dramatic writing .   He began in the entertainment industry working on international legal affairs at the independent studio Embassy Pictures . Columbia Pictures purchased a speculative script he had written while at Embassy , and soon thereafter he was hired by United Artists under a two-picture writing deal . Carolco Pictures later hired him under a unique , two-year `` in-house screenwriter '' arrangement , where he worked on a number of their projects . He has written original screenplays , adaptations or rewrites for Fox , Disney , Paramount , Columbia , Universal , HBO Films and many independent companies .   As of June , 2013 , he is Chairman of the Undergraduate and Graduate Film Departments at the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena , California , and also on the Board of Directors for the United States Air Force Entertainment Liaison Office . At Art Center , he brought in a number of notable filmmakers as part-time instructors , including the cinematographer Affonso Beato , ASC , the storyboard artist Tim Burgard , the director/producer Jeremiah Chechik , the cinematographer Allen Daviau , ASC , the screenwriter Doug Eboch , the director David Kellogg , the composer Dennis McCarthy , the title designer Dan Perri , the director/producer Richard Pearce , the entertainment attorney Lee Rosenbaum , the writer/director Bobby Roth , the director/actor Mark Rydell , the producer/director John Suits , the director Ron Underwood and the editor Billy Weber .

neg: Major film studio A major film studio is a production and film distributor that releases a substantial number of films annually and consistently commands a significant share of box office revenue in a given market . In the North American , Western , and global markets , the major film studios , often simply known as the majors , are commonly regarded as the six diversified media conglomerates whose various film production and distribution subsidiaries collectively command approximately 80 to 85 percent of U.S. and Canadian box office revenue . The term may also be applied more specifically to the primary motion picture business subsidiary of each respective conglomerate .   The `` Big Six '' majors , whose operations are based in or around the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood , are all centered in film studios active during Hollywood 's Golden Age of the 1930s and 1940s . In three cases -- 20th Century Fox , Warner Bros. , and Paramount -- the studios were one of the `` Big Five '' majors during that era as well . In two cases -- Columbia and Universal -- the studios were also considered majors , but in the next tier down , part of the `` Little Three '' . In the sixth case , Walt Disney Studios was an independent production company during the Golden Age ; it was an important Hollywood entity , but not a major . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , United Artists , and RKO were majors .   Today , Disney is the only member of the Big Six whose parent entity is still located near Los Angeles ( actually , on Disney 's studio lot and in the same building ) . The five others report to conglomerates headquartered in New York City , Philadelphia , and Tokyo . Of the Big Six , Paramount is the only one still based in Hollywood , and Paramount and Fox are the only ones still located within the Los Angeles city limits , while Disney and Warner Bros. are located in Burbank , Columbia in Culver City , and Universal in the unincorporated area of Universal City .   Most of today 's Big Six control subsidiaries with their own distribution networks that concentrate on arthouse pictures ( e.g. Fox Searchlight Pictures ) or genre films ( e.g. Sony 's Screen Gems ) ; several of these specialty units were shut down or sold off between 2008 and 2010 . The six major studios are contrasted with smaller production and/or distribution companies , which are known as independents or `` indies '' . The leading independent producer/distributors -- Lionsgate Films , The Weinstein Company , and former major studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -- are sometimes referred to as `` mini-majors '' . From 1998 through 2005 , DreamWorks SKG commanded a large enough market share to arguably qualify it as a seventh major , despite its relatively small output . In 2006 , DreamWorks was acquired by Viacom , Paramount 's corporate parent . In late 2008 , DreamWorks once again became an independent production company ; its films were distributed by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures until 2016 , at which point distribution switched to Universal .   The Big Six major studios are today primarily backers and distributors of films whose actual production is largely handled by independent companies -- either long-running entities or ones created for and dedicated to the making of a specific film . The specialty divisions often simply acquire distribution rights to pictures in which the studio has had no prior involvement . While the majors still do a modicum of true production , their activities are focused more in the areas of development , financing , marketing , and merchandising . Those business functions are still usually performed in or near Los Angeles , even though the runaway production phenomenon means that most films are now mostly or completely shot on location at places outside Los Angeles .   Since the dawn of filmmaking , the U.S. major film studios have dominated both American cinema and the global film industry . U.S. studios have benefited from a strong first-mover advantage in that they were the first to industrialize filmmaking and master the art of mass-producing and distributing high-quality films with broad cross-cultural appeal . Today , the Big Six majors routinely distribute hundreds of films every year into all significant international markets ( that is , where discretionary income is high enough for consumers to afford to watch films ) . It is very rare , if not impossible , for a film to reach a broad international audience on multiple continents and in multiple languages without first being picked up by one of the majors for distribution .

neg: Giuseppe Tarantino Philosopher Giuseppe Tarantino ( 1857 -- 1950 ) , Rector at the University of Pisa , Italy , helped introduce American and European philosophy to the Italian educational system . Tarantino was mostly forgotten after his death , until a collection of his writings on philosophy and pedagogy ( Speranze e Proposte Formative nel Primo Novecento : la Lezione di Giuseppe Tarantino , edited by Filippo Tarantino ) was published by Levante in 1995 .   Tarantino was best known for his critique of Thomas Hobbes , which focused on the relationship between Hobbes 's logic and psychology . An earlier book on the concept of free will , Saggio sulla Volontà , was also well received by anglophone philosophers .


query: Cindy McCain was born in December 1996.

pos: Cindy McCain Cindy Lou Hensley McCain ( born May 20 , 1954 ) is an American businesswoman , philanthropist , and humanitarian , and the wife of long-time United States Senator and 2008 Republican presidential nominee John McCain of Arizona .   She was born and raised in Phoenix , Arizona , as the daughter of wealthy beer distributor Jim Hensley . After receiving bachelor 's and master 's degrees from the University of Southern California , she became a special education teacher . She married John McCain in 1980 and the couple moved to Arizona in 1981 , where her husband would be elected to the United States Congress the following year and has been in office since then . The couple had three children together , in addition to adopting another . From 1988 to 1995 , she founded and operated a nonprofit organization , the American Voluntary Medical Team , which organized trips by medical personnel to disaster-stricken or war-torn third-world areas . During this time , she became addicted to painkillers for several years and resorted to having a physician write illegal prescriptions on her behalf . She reached an agreement with the government in which no charges were filed against her .   Upon her father 's death in 2000 , she inherited majority control and became chair of Hensley & Co. , one of the largest Anheuser-Busch beer distributors in the United States . She participated in both of her husband 's presidential campaigns and , in 2008 , drew both positive and negative scrutiny for her appearance , demeanor , wealth , spending habits , and financial obligations . She continues to be an active philanthropist and serves on the boards of Operation Smile , Eastern Congo Initiative , CARE and HALO Trust , frequently making overseas trips in conjunction with their activities . During the 2010s she has become prominent in the fight against human trafficking .

neg: Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho , also known as VH-1 Presents RuPaul : Ho Ho Ho , is a 1997 Christmas album and third overall by American singer and drag queen RuPaul . It was released on October 28 , 1997 by Rhino ; it is RuPaul 's first album featuring Christmas music and serves as a follow-up to Foxy Lady ( 1996 ) . RuPaul co-produced the album with American music producers Fenton Bailey and Randy Barbato , who both work for the production company World of Wonder . Ho Ho Ho consists of ten tracks , including eleven covers of Christmas standards and carols , and three original songs written by Joe Carrano and the singer . The album was frequently referenced as an example of camp though RuPaul did specify that he recorded several more serious covers , specifically `` All Alone on Christmas '' and `` Hard Candy Christmas '' .   Upon release , critics gave generally positive reviews of the album , praising its cheerful and humorous composition . However , some commentators responded negatively to the record 's use of humor and the clarity of its overall message . It was also included in a parody list discussing the alt-right , the `` War on Christmas '' , and bathroom bills . The album was moderately successful in the United States , peaking at number 27 on the Heatseekers Albums Billboard chart . It sold a little over 4,000 copies in one week . In support of the record , RuPaul filmed a television special as a part of his VH1 talk show The RuPaul Show ( 1996 ) .

neg: United States presidential election, 2016 The United States presidential election of 2016 was the 58th quadrennial American presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 8 , 2016 . The Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana Governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and U.S. Senator from Virginia Tim Kaine . Trump took office as the 45th President , and Pence as the 48th Vice President , on January 20 , 2017 . Concurrent with the presidential election , Senate , House , and many gubernatorial and state and local elections were also held on November 8 .   Voters selected members of the Electoral College in each state , in most cases by `` winner-takes-all '' plurality ; those state electors in turn voted for a new president and vice president on December 19 , 2016 . While Clinton received about million more votes nationwide , a margin of % , Trump won 30 states worth a total of 306 electors , or 57 % of the 538 available . He won the perennial swing states of Florida , North Carolina , Ohio , and Iowa , as well as Clinton 's `` blue wall '' states of Michigan , Pennsylvania and Wisconsin , which had been Democratic strongholds in presidential elections for decades . Leading up to the election , a Trump victory was considered unlikely by almost all media forecasts .   In the Electoral College vote on December 19 , seven electors voted against their pledged candidates : two against Trump and five against Clinton . A further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again . Ultimately , Trump received 304 electoral votes and Clinton garnered 227 , while Colin Powell won three , and John Kasich , Ron Paul , Bernie Sanders , and Faith Spotted Eagle each received one .   Trump is the fifth person in U.S. history to become president while losing the nationwide popular vote . He is the first president without any prior experience in public service or the military , as well as the wealthiest and the oldest at inauguration , while Clinton was the first woman to be the presidential nominee of a major party and the first woman to win the popular vote .   This was the first time since the 1984 re-election of Ronald Reagan that Wisconsin voted for a Republican , and the first time since 1988 that the Republican nominee won the states of Pennsylvania and Michigan , as well as Maine 's second congressional district . It was also the first time since the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson that an electoral vote split occurred in Maine .   On January 6 , 2017 , the United States government 's intelligence agencies concluded that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 United States elections . A joint U.S. intelligence review stated with high confidence that `` Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election . Russia 's goals were to undermine public faith in the US democratic process , denigrate Secretary Clinton , and harm her electability and potential presidency . '' Investigations about potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials were started by the FBI , the Senate Intelligence Committee and the House Intelligence Committee . Donald Trump has criticized these conclusions by citing a lack of evidence , calling it a `` hoax '' and `` fake news , '' stating in a tweet : `` The Russia-Trump collusion story is a total hoax , when will this taxpayer funded charade end ? ''

neg: West Virginia gubernatorial election, 1996 The 1996 West Virginia gubernatorial election took place on November 5 , 1996 for the post of Governor of West Virginia . Republican Cecil Underwood , who had previously been the Governor of West Virginia from 1957-1961 , defeated Democratic State Senator Charlotte Pritt . Concurrently , the state voted the opposite way federally , choosing Democratic U.S. Presidential nominee , incumbent Bill Clinton over Republican nominee Bob Dole in the Presidential election that year .   Due to Joe Manchin , whom Pritt had defeated for the Democratic nomination , founding a group called `` Democrats for Underwood , '' Pritt lost narrowly in the general election , but made history as the first woman to secure the West Virginia gubernatorial nomination of either of the two major political parties . As of 2016 , this is the most recent election in which a Republican was elected Governor of West Virginia .

neg: Cindy Hyde-Smith Cindy Hyde-Smith is the Mississippi Commissioner of Agriculture and Commerce . She took office in January 2012 and is the first woman to hold the position . Prior to serving as Agriculture Commissioner , Hyde-Smith was a member of the Mississippi Senate for three terms , holding the position of Senate Agriculture Committee chair for eight years .

neg: Straight Talk America Straight Talk America is a political action committee and intercampaign outreach vehicle created by Sen. John McCain . Originally formed during McCain 's 2000 bid for the Republican presidential nomination , it was revived again in 2005 , and then retired in 2007 as he announced his formal bid for the presidency in 2008 .

neg: Tim Couch (politician) Tim Couch ( born August 19 , 1961 ) is an American politician and a Republican member of the Kentucky House of Representatives representing District 90 since January 2003 . He has suggested President Barack Obama is gay , his wife Michelle Obama is a transgender man , and their two children are adopted .

neg: Cindy Chupack Cindy Chupack is a screenwriter who has won three Golden Globes and two Emmys for her work as a writer/executive producer of HBO 's Sex and the City and writer/co-executive producer of ABC 's Modern Family .   Several episodes she penned -- namely , Sex and the Citys `` Evolution '' , `` Attack of the 5 ' 10 '' Woman '' , `` Just Say Yes '' , `` Plus One is the Loneliest Number '' , `` I Love a Charade '' , and `` Splat ! '' , and Modern Familys `` Little Bo Bleep '' -- were individually nominated for Writer 's Guild and/or Emmy awards . Chupack also worked on Everybody Loves Raymond as a writer/co-executive producer .   In May 2010 , NBC announced it had commenced production of Love Bites , a television series created by Chupack for the NBC network .   Her first book , The Between Boyfriends Book , was published by St. Martin 's Press . Her second book , a comic memoir about marriage entitled The Longest Date : Life as a Wife , was published by Viking in January 2014 . She has also written humorous essays for The New York Times , Real Simple , Harper 's Bazaar , People , Allure , Slate , and Glamour .   Chupack is from Tulsa , Oklahoma . She received a journalism degree from Northwestern University in Evanston , Illinois where she was a member of Kappa Alpha Theta .

neg: Iowa Chicken The Iowa Chicken was a person in a chicken suit who followed John McCain and Rudy Giuliani around Iowa during the 2008 American presidential race , carrying a sign that read `` You ` Bawk ` ed at the Straw Poll ! '' This was done to both protest and bring attention to the fact that neither candidate competed in the Iowa Straw Poll . In the past , all Republican candidates have competed in the Straw Poll , and McCain and Giuliani 's decisions not to attend represented a break from tradition .   The identity of the Iowa Chicken has not been revealed , but he or she follows an American campaign tradition , including such precedents as 2000 's Corn Man .

neg: Cindy Yang Cindy Yang ( ; 4 December 1990 -- 21 April 2015 ) , born Peng Hsin-yi , was a Taiwanese actress and model . She was known for her appearances on 100 % Entertainment , the youth-centered television show University , and the film First of May ( 2015 ) . She was born on December 4 , 1990 , in Taichung , to politician Peng Tso-kwei .   On April 21 , 2015 , Yang , aged 24 , committed suicide by helium inhalation after suffering from prolonged cyberbullying . A suicide note written by her was found , stating that she hoped her death brought attention to the seriousness of bullying . Yang also blamed coworkers for her decision to commit suicide .   A funeral service was held in Taichung on April 24 , 2015 . At the time of her death , fans and various entertainers expressed their sympathy along with their condemnation of netizens ' cyberbullying .

neg: O: A Presidential Novel O : A Presidential Novel is a fiction book by an anonymous author ( speculated to be John McCain 's 2008 senior campaign advisor , Mark Salter ) about the 2012 U.S. presidential race . It was released on January 25 , 2011 . The marketing strategy for the book has been compared to the 1996 roman à clef , Primary Colors : A Novel of Politics , which was also initially ascribed to an anonymous author . Its stated objective is to `` offer some resonant truths about what President Obama is really thinking '' .   As part of its pre-publication publicity , Simon & Schuster sent an e-mail to numerous writers and journalists asking them to decline to comment if they are asked whether they are the anonymous author . The publisher has said that the author `` has been in the room with Barack Obama '' , prompting speculation on whether he or she is a political reporter , an administration insider , or a Democratic Party strategist . The New York Times remarked , however , that `` much of what passes for inside knowledge in these pages would be known to anyone who 's read a bunch of campaign accounts '' .   Shortly after the book was published , Mark Halperin of Time reported that his sources had confirmed the author is McCain aide Mark Salter .

neg: Carly Fiorina Cara Carleton Fiorina ( née Sneed ; born September 6 , 1954 ) is an American businessperson and political candidate , known primarily for her tenure as CEO of Hewlett-Packard ( HP ) . Fiorina unsuccessfully ran for the United States Senate in 2010 and the Republican presidential nomination in 2016 .   As Chief Executive Officer of HP from 1999 to 2005 , Fiorina was the first woman to lead a Top-20 company as ranked by Fortune Magazine . In 2002 , Fiorina oversaw what was then the largest technology sector merger in history , in which HP acquired rival personal computer manufacturer , Compaq . The transaction made HP the world 's largest seller of personal computers . HP subsequently laid off 30,000 U.S. employees . In February 2005 she was forced to resign as CEO and Chair , after the company lost half of its value .   Fiorina was an adviser to Republican Senator John McCain 's 2008 presidential campaign . In 2010 , she won the Republican nomination for the United States Senate in California , but lost the general election to incumbent Democrat Barbara Boxer . Fiorina was a candidate in the 2016 Republican presidential primary , and was briefly the vice-presidential running mate for Ted Cruz during the week before Cruz suspended his campaign , setting the record for shortest Vice Presidential candidacy in United States history ( 7 days ) .

neg: United States Senate election in Nevada, 2016 The 2016 United States Senate election in Nevada was held on November 8 , 2016 to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent the State of Nevada , concurrently with the 2016 U.S. presidential election , as well as other elections to the United States Senate in other states and elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections . The state primary election was held on June 14 , 2016 .   Incumbent Democratic Senator Harry Reid , the Senate Minority Leader , initially said he would seek re-election to a sixth term , but announced on March 26 , 2015 that he would retire instead .   Catherine Cortez Masto ( D ) defeated Joe Heck ( R ) in the general election on November 8 , 2016 .

neg: Kerry Milliken Kerry Milliken ( born December 10 , 1961 ) is an American equestrian and Olympic medalist . She won a bronze medal in eventing at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta .

neg: Caitlin Sanchez Caitlin Ariana Sanchez ( born January 17 , 1996 ) is an American actress , best known for being the second voice of the title character Dora in the Nickelodeon animated series for children Dora the Explorer .

neg: John McCain presidential campaign, 2000 The 2000 presidential campaign of John McCain , the United States Senator from Arizona , began in September 1999 . He announced his run for the Republican Party nomination for the presidency of the United States in the 2000 presidential election .   McCain was the main challenger to Texas Governor George W. Bush , who had the political and financial support of most of the party establishment . McCain staged an upset win in the February 2000 New Hampshire primary , capitalizing on a message of political reform and `` straight talk '' that appealed to moderate Republican and independent voters and to the press . McCain 's momentum was halted when Bush won the South Carolina primary later that month , in a contest that became famous for its bitter nature and an underground smear campaign run against McCain .   McCain won some subsequent primaries , but after the March 2000 Super Tuesday contests he was well behind in delegates and withdrew . He grudgingly endorsed Bush two months later and made occasional appearances for him during the general election .

neg: United States presidential election in Arizona, 2012 The 2012 United States presidential election in Arizona took place on November 6 , 2012 as part of the 2012 General Election in which all 50 states plus The District of Columbia participated . Arizona has been won by the Republican nominee for president in every election since 1952 except when President Clinton narrowly carried the state in 1996 . No Democrat has won a majority in the state since Harry Truman in 1948 . Arizona voters chose 11 electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote pitting incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama and his running mate , Vice President Joe Biden , against Republican challenger and former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney and his running mate , Congressman Paul Ryan . Prior to the election , all 17 news organizations considered this a state Romney would win , or otherwise considered as a safe red state . Arizona was won by Romney with a 9.03 % margin .

neg: Meghan McCain Meghan Marguerite McCain ( born October 23 , 1984 ) is an American columnist , author , Fox News host and contributor , and blogger .   She is the daughter of 2008 presidential nominee and long-time U.S. Senator John McCain and Cindy Hensley McCain . McCain first received media attention in 2007 for her blog , McCain Blogette , on which she documented life on the campaign trail and mused about fashion , music , and pop culture . In 2009 , she became a contributing author for The Daily Beast , and in 2011 , began appearing as a contributor on MSNBC . In 2013 , she began hosting on the start-up Pivot channel and in 2014 assumed the co-host role on Pivot 's TakePart Live until that show was canceled later in the year .   In July 2015 , McCain joined Premiere Networks as host of the nationally syndicated radio program America Now . McCain also signed on as a FOX News contributor in July 2015 , and was officially named a regular co-host of the afternoon talk program Outnumbered on November 14 , 2016 .

neg: Kelly Ayotte Kelly Ann Ayotte ( -LSB- ˈeɪɒt -RSB- born June 27 , 1968 ) is an American politician who served as a United States Senator from New Hampshire from 2011 to 2017 .  A member of the Republican Party , she was the second-youngest of the 20 female senators , and the twelfth-youngest overall .   Born and raised in Nashua , New Hampshire , Ayotte is a graduate of Nashua High School , Pennsylvania State University and Villanova University School of Law . She worked as a law clerk for the New Hampshire Supreme Court before entering private practice . She also worked as a prosecutor for the New Hampshire Department of Justice , and briefly served as the legal counsel to New Hampshire Governor Craig Benson , before returning to the Department of Justice to serve as Deputy Attorney General of New Hampshire .   In June 2004 , Governor Benson appointed Ayotte as Attorney General of New Hampshire , after the resignation of Peter Heed . She became the first and only woman to serve as New Hampshire 's Attorney General , serving from 2004 to 2009 , after she was twice reappointed by Democratic governor John Lynch . In July 2009 , Ayotte resigned as Attorney General to pursue a bid for the U.S. Senate , after three-term incumbent Judd Gregg announced his retirement from the Senate .   In September 2010 , Ayotte won a close victory over lawyer Ovide M. Lamontagne in the Republican primary for the U.S. Senate . She then defeated Democratic congressman Paul Hodes in the general election with 60 % of the vote and was sworn into the U.S. Senate as a member of the 112th Congress on January 3 , 2011 . Ayotte was mentioned as a possible running mate for Republican nominee Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential election . An August 2013 Newsmax magazine cover story named Ayotte No. 1 among the 25 most influential women in the GOP , calling her `` an emerging force in Congress . ''   In 2016 New Hampshire Governor Maggie Hassan defeated Ayotte in her bid for reelection by a very narrow margin of 1,017 votes ( 0.14 % ) . After President Trump nominated Judge Neil Gorsuch to the United States Supreme Court , the administration chose Ayotte to lead the White House team escorting the nominee to meetings and hearings on Capitol Hill .

neg: 1996 State of the Union Address The 1996 State of the Union address was given by President Bill Clinton to a joint session of the 104th United States Congress on January 23 , 1996 . The speech was the last State of the Union address of President Clinton 's first term . This speech occurred shortly after the federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996 which had resulted from disagreements on the 1996 United States federal budget .   President Clinton discussed the economy and declared that `` the era of big government is over , '' and continued , `` but we can not go back to the time when our citizens were left to fend for themselves . We must go forward as one America , one nation working together , to meet the challenges we face together . Self-reliance and teamwork are not opposing virtues -- we must have both . '' The president discussed welfare reform , the V-chip , education , community policing , crime and the environment . The president also discussed foreign relations and the federal budget .   The Republican Party response was delivered by Senator Bob Dole of Kansas . He stated that '' -LSB- President Clinton -RSB- is the chief obstacle to a balanced budget and the balanced budget amendment ... . While the President 's words speak of change , his deeds are a contradiction . President Clinton claims to embrace the future while clinging to the policies of the past . ''   Donna Shalala , the Secretary of Health and Human Services , served as the designated survivor .

neg: United States presidential election in Nebraska, 2008 The 2008 United States presidential election in Nebraska took place on November 4 , 2008 as part of the 2008 United States presidential election . Voters chose 5 electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President . However , this state is one of the two states of the U.S. that , instead of giving all of its electors to the winner based on its statewide results , just 2 of them vote based on the statewide results , and the others vote based on their individual congressional district results .   Nebraska , statewide , was not a swing state in 2008 . Located in the Great Plains of the United States , it is one of the most staunchly Republican states in the country . While some hypothetical general election match-up polls between Republican John McCain and Democrat Barack Obama showed the race to be seemingly close , they were largely regarded as outliers as more polls released showed McCain leading in double digits . McCain wound up carrying the popular vote in Nebraska by 14.93 points , taking in 56.53 % of the total statewide vote . However , Obama narrowly defeated McCain in Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district , which contains Omaha and the surrounding areas . Due to Nebraska 's system of allocating electoral votes to winners of Congressional Districts , Obama was able to win one electoral vote while John McCain received the state 's other four electoral votes .