query: Constantine has plot elements taken from a comic book story arc.

pos: Dangerous Habits Dangerous Habits is a six-issue Hellblazer story arc written by Garth Ennis and art by Will Simpson published by DC Comics ' Vertigo imprint . Dangerous Habits collects issues # 41-46 of the Hellblazer series . The story features the occult detective John Constantine , who at that time caught terminal lung cancer , and subsequently conning the Lords of Hell to cure it , mixing contemporary horror with Faustian theme . The comic became a success , being well-received and was the best-selling Vertigo series of that time . It also catapulted Ennis ' career in the American comic book industry .   The story was loosely adapted into the movie Constantine released in 2005 .

pos: Constantine (film) Constantine is a 2005 American-German occult detective action horror film directed by Francis Lawrence as his feature film directorial debut , starring Keanu Reeves as John Constantine , with Rachel Weisz , Shia LaBeouf , Tilda Swinton , Pruitt Taylor Vince , and Djimon Hounsou . With a screenplay by Kevin Brodbin and Frank Cappello , the film is based on DC Comics ' Hellblazer comic book , with plot elements taken from the `` Dangerous Habits '' story arc ( issues # 4146 ) and the `` Original Sins '' story arc .   The character of John Constantine was introduced by comic book writer/creator Alan Moore while writing the Swamp Thing , first appearing there in June 1985 . In 1988 , the character of John Constantine was given his own comic book title , Hellblazer , published by DC Comics . The `` Dangerous Habits '' story arc was written by Garth Ennis in 1991 .   The film portrays John Constantine as a cynic with the ability to perceive and communicate with half-angels and half-demons in their true form . He seeks salvation from eternal damnation in Hell for a suicide attempt in his youth . Constantine exorcises demons back to Hell to earn favor with Heaven but has become weary over time . With terminal lung cancer , he helps a troubled police detective learn the truth about her sister 's death while simultaneously unraveling a much larger and darker plot .   Constantine was released in the United States and Canada on February 18 , 2005 and in Hong Kong on February 8 , 2005 . The film received mixed reviews and was a box office success , grossing $ 230.9 million worldwide from a $ 100 million budget .

neg: Legion of Super-Heroes The Legion of Super-Heroes is a fictional superhero team appearing in books published by DC Comics . Created by writer Otto Binder and artist Al Plastino , the Legion is a group of superpowered beings living in the 30th and 31st centuries of the , and first appears in Adventure Comics # 247 ( April 1958 ) .   Initially , the team was closely associated with the original Superboy character ( Superman when he was a teenager ) , and was portrayed as a group of time travelers . Later , the Legion 's origin and back story were fleshed out , and the group was given its own monthly comic . Eventually , Superboy was removed from the team altogether and appeared only as an occasional guest star .   The team has undergone two major reboots during its run . The original version was replaced with a new rebooted version following the events of the `` Zero Hour '' storyline in 1994 and another rebooted team was introduced in 2004 . A fourth version of the team , nearly identical to the original version , was introduced in 2007 .

neg: Infinite Comics Infinite Comics is an imprint of comic books published by Marvel Comics , featuring original , made-for-digital stories about the company 's superhero characters , including Spider-Man , Wolverine , the Guardians of the Galaxy , the Silver Surfer , the X-Men and the Avengers . The imprint was launched in 2012 with the publication of Avengers vs. X-Men # 1 : Infinite featuring Nova .  Infinite Comics are designed for horizontal , on-screen reading . Rather than telling a story over a series of static pages that are divided into panels , Infinite Comics present screens of content that `` take advantage of the digital format with techniques that would not be possible in a print comic , like dynamic panel transitions and captions or dialogue boxes that appear sequentially on an image at the prompting of the reader . '' The user retains control over the pace of the reading experience , advancing the story with each swipe -- sometimes staggering elements into the existing screen ( for example , a new word balloon ) and at other times revealing an entirely new screen .   This narrative technique was inspired by the work of a French comic book artist , Yves Bigerel ( alias `` Balak '' ) , who was recruited by Marvel as artistic consultant , storyboarder and artist .

neg: Blue Lantern Corps The Blue Lantern Corps is a fictional organization appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics , beginning in 2007 in Green Lantern '' vol . 4 # 25 ( December 2007 ) by Geoff Johns and Ethan Van Sciver . Their powers , similar to those of other organizations based around the emotional spectrum , are fueled by the emotion of hope .

neg: Galactus Galactus is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Formerly a mortal man , Galactus is a cosmic entity who originally consumed planets to sustain his life force , and serves a functional role in the upkeep of the primary Marvel continuity . Galactus was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby and first appeared in the comic book Fantastic Four # 48 , published in March 1966 .   Lee and Kirby had desired to introduce a character that broke away from the archetype of the standard villain , culminating in the creation of Galactus . In the character 's first appearance Galactus was depicted as a god-like figure who feeds by draining living planets of their energy , and operates without regard to the morality and judgements of mortal beings . Galactus ' initial origin was that of a space explorer named Galan who gained cosmic abilities by passing near a star , but writer Mark Gruenwald further developed the origin of the character , revealing that Galan lived during the previous universe . As Galan 's universe came to an end , Galan merged with the `` Sentience of the Universe '' to become Galactus , an entity that wielded such cosmic power as to require devouring entire planets to sustain his existence . Additional material written by John Byrne , Jim Starlin , and Louise Simonson explored Galactus ' role and purpose in the Marvel Universe , and examined the actions of the character through themes of genocide , manifest destiny , ethics , and natural/necessary existence . Frequently accompanied by a herald ( such as the Silver Surfer ) , the character has appeared as both antagonist and protagonist in central and supporting roles . Since debuting in the Silver Age of Comic Books , Galactus has played a role in over five decades of Marvel continuity .   The character has been featured in other Marvel media , such as arcade games , video games , animated television series , and the 2007 film Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer .   In 2009 , Galactus ranked 5th on IGN 's list of `` Top 100 Comic Book Villains '' , citing the character 's `` larger than life presence '' as making him one of the more important villains ever created . IGN also noted `` Galactus is one of the few villains on our list to really defy the definition of an evil-doer '' as the character is compelled to destroy worlds because of his hunger .

neg: Liberators (comics) The Liberators are a group of fictional supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . These characters appear in comics set in the Ultimate Marvel universe . Created by Mark Millar and Bryan Hitch , they appear in the miniseries The Ultimates 2 . They are effectively the Ultimate universe 's equivalents of the Masters of Evil .   The Liberators are a superhuman task force who appear at the climax of the plot arc . They spearhead an invasion of the United States and are from a coalition of nations opposed to the United States ' foreign policy . This international collective is made up of China , Syria , North Korea , Iran , and rogue elements of the French and Russian governments . The Liberators and their overseers are an opposing counterpart to the Ultimates and S.H.I.E.L.D. , respectively .   `` We told you to stop making super people , America . We told you not to interfere with cultures you can never understand . This is what happens when your ambitions outstrip your capabilities . The empire takes a fall . Congratulations , ladies and gentlemen ... The Great Satan has just been liberated . ''  - The Colonel

neg: Planet X (comics) `` Planet X '' is 2004 storyline published by Marvel Comics that ran from New X-Men # 146-150 . The story is the penultimate arc of Grant Morrison 's run as writer on the X-Men , and features the return of Magneto and the death of Jean Grey again .

neg: Dark Circle The Dark Circle is a fictional criminal organization in that appears in comic books from DC Comics , primarily part of the Legion of Super-Heroes comic books . They first appeared in 1968 , created by Jim Shooter as a criminal organization founded by five members and populated by a multitude of clones of the original five members .   The Dark Circle concept was later modified to consist of members from five core worlds instead of clones . A later version , after DC Comics rebooted their history , was led by Brainiac 4 and had several known Legion of Super-Heroes enemies among their ranks instead of the previous generic masked henchmen .

neg: Secret War (comics) Secret War is a 2004 -- 2005 five-issue comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics . The series is written by Brian Michael Bendis and painted by Gabriele Dell ` Otto . It is loosely based on classified operations told to Bendis by an anonymous high-ranking officer in the United States Intelligence Community during Bendis ' childhood .   The storyline involves a large-scale super-hero crossover featuring Marvel characters such as Spider-Man , Captain America , Wolverine , Daredevil , Luke Cage and Nick Fury fighting a wide array of super-villains who have received hi-tech armaments from a mysterious benefactor .   The first issue was published in April 2004 , and though intended originally as a bimonthly publication , it faced long delays . It was completed with issue five 's publication in December 2005 .   The aftermath of the series was explored in stories in The Pulse and Bendis has gone on to use many of the same characters in his New Avengers titles . This event begins an eight-year-long series of cross-over events ending with Avengers vs. X-Men .   The storyline in Secret War is unrelated to the original Secret Wars and Secret Wars II crossover limited series which Marvel published in the mid-1980s , although its title is clearly inspired by them . Those stories received their own spiritual successor in Beyond ! , published in 2006 .   Bendis has noted that Secret War is connected to the `` Secret Invasion '' storyline , in which Skrulls have infiltrated several institutions of Earth .

neg: Batman: Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader? `` Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader ? '' is a 2009 story featuring the DC Comics character Batman . The story is published in two parts , in the `` final '' issues of the series Batman ( # 686 ) and Detective Comics ( # 853 ) , released February and April respectively . Written by Neil Gaiman , pencilled by Andy Kubert , and inked by Scott Williams , the story is purported to be the `` last '' Batman story in the wake of severe psychological trauma that Batman endures within the Batman R.I.P. story , and his ultimate fate in Final Crisis .   The story 's title is a reference to the backup stories published in DC Comics Presents from the early 1970s to the mid-1980s ( which revisited various long-unused Golden Age and Silver Age characters ; these stories were all titled `` Whatever Happened to ( x ) ? '' ) akin to writer Alan Moore 's `` last '' Superman story Whatever Happened to the Man of Tomorrow ? .

neg: Batman: Anarky Batman : Anarky is a 1999 trade paperback published by DC Comics . The book collects prominent appearances of Anarky , a comic book character created by Alan Grant and Norm Breyfogle . Although all of the collected stories were written by Alan Grant , various artists contributed to individual stories . Dual introductions were written by the creatorsboth of whom introduce the character and give insight into their role in Anarky 's creation and development .   Featured as an antagonist in various Batman comics during the '90s , stories based on the character were highly thematic , political , and philosophical in tone . The majority of the collected stories ( `` Anarky in Gotham City '' , `` Anarky : Tomorrow Belongs to Us '' , `` Anarky '' ) are influenced by the philosophy of anarchism , while the final story ( `` Metamorphosis '' ) is influenced by Frank R. Wallace . Although anti-statism is the overarching theme of the collection , other concepts are explored . Anarky 's characterization was expanded throughout the stories to present him first as a libertarian socialist and anarchist , and in the final story as a vehicle for explorations into atheism , rationalism , and bicameralism . Literary references are also utilized throughout the collected stories to stress the philosophical foundations of the character . The collection also tracks the character 's evolution from a petty , street-crime fighting vigilante , to a competent freedom fighter in opposition to powerful forces of evil .   Critics have positively received some of the stories within the collection , analyzing Anarky as a unique force for political commentary and discussion within DC Comics ' storytelling . However , the expansive growth of the character 's unique abilities and characterization has also fueled criticism as having overpowered the character beyond suspension of disbelief .

neg: Captain Marvel (DC Comics) Captain Marvel , also known as Shazam , is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Artist C. C. Beck and writer Bill Parker created the character in 1939 . Captain Marvel first appeared in Whiz Comics # 2 ( cover-dated Feb. 1940 ) , published by Fawcett Comics . He is the alter ego of Billy Batson , a boy who , by speaking the magic word `` SHAZAM '' ( acronym of 6 Greek `` immortal elders '' - Solomon , Hercules , Atlas , Zeus , Achilles , and Mercury ) , can transform himself into a costumed adult with the powers of superhuman strength , speed , flight , and other abilities .   Based on book sales , the character was the most popular superhero of the 1940s , outselling even Superman . Fawcett expanded the franchise to include other `` Marvels '' , primarily Marvel Family associates Mary Marvel and Captain Marvel Jr. , who can harness Billy 's powers as well . Captain Marvel was also the first comic book superhero to be adapted into film , in a 1941 Republic Pictures serial titled Adventures of Captain Marvel .   Fawcett ceased publishing Captain Marvel-related comics in 1953 , partly because of a copyright infringement suit from DC Comics , alleging that Captain Marvel was a copy of Superman . In 1972 , DC licensed the Marvel Family characters from Fawcett , and returned them to publication . By 1991 , DC had acquired all rights to the characters . DC has since integrated Captain Marvel and the Marvel Family into their DC Universe and has attempted to revive the property several times , with mixed success . Due to trademark conflicts over another character named `` Captain Marvel '' owned by Marvel Comics since 1967 , DC chose to publish the character 's adventures in a comic book titled Shazam ! for many years , leading many to assume that this was the character 's name . DC later officially renamed the character `` Shazam '' when relaunching its comic book properties in 2011 .   In addition , since 1972 , the character has been featured in two television series adaptations , one live action and one animated , by Filmation , and an upcoming Warner Bros. . Shazam ! feature film scheduled for release in 2019 as part of the DC Extended Universe . Captain Marvel was ranked as the 55th greatest comic book character of all time by Wizard magazine . IGN also ranked Captain Marvel as the 50th greatest comic book hero of all time , stating that the character will always be an enduring reminder of a simpler time . UGO Networks ranked him as one of the top heroes of entertainment , saying , `` At his best , Shazam has always been Superman with a sense of crazy , goofy fun '' .

neg: Batwing (DC Comics) Batwing is a fictional comic book superhero appearing in publications by DC Comics . Within DC Comics internal continuity , Batwing is one of several superheroes patterned after the famous superhero Batman . Batwing , in particular , was conceived by Batman as his crime-fighting counterpart overseas , ` the Batman of Africa ' .   The first Batwing is David Zavimbe , a Congolese police officer , created by writer Grant Morrison within the pages of Batman Incorporated prior to receiving his own eponymous series . Following later events within Batman Incorporated and Batwing , Zavimbe is replaced in the role by Luke Fox , an American mixed martial artist who had been Batman 's first choice in the role , who is also the son of Batman 's close associate Lucius Fox .   Batwing faces a roster of adversaries ranging from international super villains to the Democratic Republic of Congo 's corrupt police force . Batwing expands the DC Universe by taking place in Africa , making David Zavimbe both the first ( in continuity ) black Batman and one of the few characters headlining a series outside the United States . Fox is also black , and becomes the first in-continuity African American Batman .

neg: Catherine Cobert Catherine Maureen Cobert is a fictional character published by DC Comics . She first appeared in Justice League International vol . 1 # 8 ( December , 1987 ) , and was created by Keith Giffen , J. M. DeMatteis and Kevin Maguire .

neg: Dark Side Club The Dark Side Club is a fictional underground club in DC Comics , coming to prominence in the Final Crisis limited series .

neg: The New Avengers (comics) The New Avengers is a fictional team of superheroes appearing in comic books published by Marvel Comics . The title has been used for four American comic book series . The first two were written by Brian Michael Bendis and depicted a version of Marvel 's premiere superhero team , the Avengers . The third was written by Jonathan Hickman and depicted a group of characters called the Illuminati ( formerly introduced in New Avengers Vol . 1 # 7 -LSB- July 2005 -RSB- ) . The fourth is written by Al Ewing and depicts the former scientific terrorist group A.I.M. , reformed as `` Avengers Idea Mechanics '' , whose field team has appropriated the name `` New Avengers '' for itself .

neg: Here Comes Tomorrow `` Here Comes Tomorrow '' is the eighth and final story arc in Grant Morrison 's run on the Marvel Comics series New X-Men , which ran from issues # 151-154 ( 2005 ) . The storyline featured many controversial elements , such as Cyclops moving forward with his relationship with Emma Frost ( prompted by his dead wife ) , the Stepford Cuckoos being revealed as a development in the Weapon Plus Program , John Sublime being a sentient bacterium bent on bringing evolution to a halt and hints that the Xavier Institute student Ernst and Cassandra Nova are the same person .   The Official Handbook to the Marvel Universe : Alternate Universes has given the numerical designation of Earth-15104 to the Here Comes Tomorrow timeline .

neg: Events from the Modern Age of Comic Books One of the key aspects of the Modern Age of Comic Books was that it was the beginning of big events . In 1984 , Marvel Comics debuted the first large crossover , Secret Wars , a storyline featuring the company 's most prolific superheroes , which overlapped into a 12-issue limited series and many monthly comic books . A year later , DC Comics introduced its first large scale crossover , Crisis on Infinite Earths , which had long-term effects on the `` DC Universe '' continuity .   In the early and mid-1990s , big events were regularly published by Marvel and DC , often leading to extra publicity and sales . These events helped fend-off competition from Image Comics , and such events were more likely to become `` collector 's items . '' Some events , such as DC 's `` Zero Hour '' and Marvel 's `` Onslaught saga '' spanned a publisher 's entire line while others only affected a `` family '' of interrelated titles . The X-Men and Batman franchises featured crossovers almost annually .   Some of the most significant mid-1990s events , such as Spider-Man 's `` Clone Saga , '' Batman 's `` Batman : Knightfall '' and particularly , `` The Death of Superman '' caused dramatic changes to long-running characters and received coverage in the mainstream media .   These events led to significant sales boosts and publicity , but many fans began to criticize them as excessive and lacking compelling storytelling . They also complained that monthly series had become inaccessible because one had to follow a number of comics to understand the full storyline . By the end of the 1990s , the number of large crossovers decreased , but they were still launched sporadically .

neg: The Flash (2014 TV series) The Flash is an American television series developed by Greg Berlanti , Andrew Kreisberg and Geoff Johns , airing on The CW . It is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash , a costumed superhero crime-fighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds . It is a spin-off from Arrow , existing in the same fictional universe . The series follows Allen , portrayed by Grant Gustin , a crime scene investigator who gains super-human speed , which he uses to fight criminals , including others who have also gained superhuman abilities .   Initially envisioned as a backdoor pilot , the positive reception Gustin received during two appearances as Barry on Arrow led to executives choosing to develop a full pilot to make use of a larger budget and help flesh out Barry 's world in more detail . Colleen Atwood , costume designer for Arrow , was brought in to design the Flash 's suit . The creative team wanted to make sure that the Flash would resemble his comic book counterpart , and not simply be a poor imitation . The series is primarily filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada .   The Flash premiered in North America on October 7 , 2014 , where the pilot became the second-most watched premiere in the history of The CW , after The Vampire Diaries in 2009 . It has been well received by critics and audiences , and won the People 's Choice Award for `` Favorite New TV Drama '' in 2014 . The series was renewed for a third season in March 2016 , which premiered on October 4 , 2016 . The series , together with Arrow , has spun characters out to their own show , Legends of Tomorrow , which premiered on January 21 , 2016 . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the show for a fourth season .

neg: Robotech (novels) In 1987 , the Robotech animated series was adapted into novel form by authors James Luceno and Brian Daley and published by Del Rey Books . Having previously collaborated on the animated series Galaxy Rangers , the pair 's Robotech novels were released under the unified pseudonym of `` Jack McKinney '' . Using fictitious epigraphs in the style of Dune , McKinney 's novels escaped the limitations inherent in the dubbed cartoon and fleshed out its chronology in greater detail ; most significantly , by adapting the storyline of the aborted sequel project , `` The Sentinels '' . The entire series lasted for twenty-one books , the first fifteen of which were later collected into five three-book omnibus compilations in the early 1990s .   The original twelve novels were written to a tight twelve-month deadline , so that the books could be released one per month . Under this deadline , Daley and Luceno divided the Robotech timeline into twelve segments and worked on different segments simultaneously ( i.e. Daley wrote Book 1 while Luceno wrote Book 2 ) , then traded completed manuscripts for revision and style adjustments . As part of the research project , they watched the TV series many times , and consulted heavily with Carl Macek .   The first two omnibus collections , comprising the entirety of the `` Macross Saga '' , were reissued in 2003 to tie in with the release of the Robotech : Battlecry video game . Then , in 2007 , the next two omnibus collections , covering the remainder of the television series , were re-released as tie-ins to the animated movie , Robotech : The Shadow Chronicles . However , a revision of the Robotech timeline made by Harmony Gold alongside the release of the movie caused some continuity clashes with the McKinney novels , which were relegated to a `` secondary '' position in Robotech canon . To work around this , the Southern Cross and Invid Invasion collections contain new appendices written by Robotech fan Jonathan L. Switzer correcting any newborn mistakes .

neg: Dark X-Men The Dark X-Men are a fictional team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . They made their debut during the crossover between Dark Avengers and Uncanny X-Men written by Matt Fraction , as part of the broader Dark Reign storyline . Each member but Namor has been handpicked by then -- H.A.M.M.E.R. director Norman Osborn for his own criminal agenda .   The team was never officially called the `` Dark X-Men '' ( which was the name of the comics series , not the team ) . Instead , they were simply called the `` X-Men '' and were a government-sponsored team trying to take advantage of the name recognition of Charles Xavier 's X-Men , to which they had no official connection ( much like Osborn 's Avengers team was pretending to be the real Avengers ) .


query: Vitamin B-12 plays a key role in the formation of red blood cells.

pos: Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 , also called cobalamin , is a water-soluble vitamin that has a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system , and the formation of red blood cells . It is one of eight B vitamins . It is involved in the metabolism of every cell of the human body , especially affecting DNA synthesis , fatty acid and amino acid metabolism . No fungi , plants , or animals ( including humans ) are capable of producing vitamin B12 . Only bacteria and archaea have the enzymes needed for its synthesis . Some substantial sources of B12 include animal products ( shellfish , meat ) , fortified food products , and dietary supplements . B12 is the largest and most structurally complicated vitamin and can be produced industrially only through bacterial fermentation synthesis , typically used to manufacture B12 for fortified foods and supplements .   Vitamin B12 consists of a class of chemically related compounds ( vitamers ) , all of which show pharmacological activity . It contains the biochemically rare element cobalt ( chemical symbol Co ) positioned in the center of a planar tetra-pyrrole ring called a corrin ring . The vitamer is produced by bacteria as hydroxocobalamin , but conversion between different forms of the vitamin occurs in the body after consumption .   Vitamin B12 was discovered as a result of its relationship to the disease pernicious anemia , an autoimmune disease in which parietal cells of the stomach responsible for secreting intrinsic factor are destroyed ; these cells are also responsible for secreting acid in the stomach . Because intrinsic factor is crucial for the normal absorption of B12 , its lack in the presence of pernicious anemia causes a vitamin B12 deficiency . Many other subtler kinds of vitamin B12 deficiency and their biochemical effects have since been elucidated . Due to impairment of vitamin B12 absorption during aging , people over age 60 are at risk of deficiency .

neg: Synactive Theory of Newborn Behavioral Organization and Development The Synactive Theory of Newborn Behavioral Organization and Development ( Synaction n. , or Synactive adj. -LSB- from the Greek syn `` together '' and the Latin actio `` action , '' resulting in : `` together in action '' -RSB- ) suggests that development of the human fetus , and later newborn , proceeds through the constant balancing of approach and avoidance behaviors , leading to : 1 ) a continuous interaction of the subsystems ( i.e. , Autonomic , Motor , State and Attention/Interaction , and Regulatory ) and their increasingly defined delineations within the organism , that is the infant , and 2 ) the organism 's interaction with the environment at large . This process is aimed at bringing about the increasingly well-defined species-unique developmental agenda .   Figure 1 ( below ) , provides a graphic representation of the Synactive Theory of development , as applied to both fetal and newborn stages . It focuses upon the infant 's within-organism , four subsystems of functioning , and their continuous interaction with each other and with the environment across time ( i.e. , `` together in action , '' or synaction ) . The four subsystems include the :   Autonomic Subsystem : Expressed in the pattern of respiration ( e.g. , fast , slow , pauses ) color changes ( e.g. , pink , pale , red ) , neurological indicators ( e.g. , seizures , tremulousness ) , and visceral or gut signals such as bowel movements , gagging , and hiccoughing ;   Motor Subsystem : Observable through the tone , posture and movement patterns of the infant ;   State and Attention/Interaction Subsystem : Expressed via : 1 ) the range of states available to the infant ( i.e. , deep sleep , light sleep , drowsy , alert , hyperalert , and cry ) , 2 ) how clearly it is to observably differentiate one state from the other , and 3 ) the patterns of transitions from one state to another ( e.g. , smooth well-differentiated state transitions versus abrupt unorganized state transitions ) .   The attention/interaction system is set within this state continuum ( i.e. , from deep sleep to cry ) and represented by the infant 's ability to adjust the robustness and increasing refinement of an alert , attentive state . The infant uses this state to take in cognitive and social information from the environment as well as to bring forth and modify inputs from the surrounding world ; and   Regulatory Subsystem : Behaviorally represented via the observable strategies the infant uses ( Self-Regulation ) in maintaining a balanced , relatively stable and relaxed state of subsystem of functioning or in returning to this a state of subsystem functioning if imbalance , or stress has occurred within the subsystems .   An additional component of the regulatory subsystem is observable in the kind and amount of support offered by the caregiver ( e.g. , supporting a soft , tucked , flexed position of the infant 's arms and legs ) or by the environment ( e.g. , dimming the lights in the nursery ) . This Co-Regulation may be necessary to help the infant 's return to balance in situations when his/her own self-regulatory capacities are exceeded .   Reproduced with permission from Als , H. Toward a synactive theory of development : Promise for the assessment of infant individuality . Infant Mental Health Journal . 1982 : ( 3 ) : 229-243 ; p. 234 .   The graphic representation of the Synactive Theory above depicts the developing organism , that is , the infant , in constant interaction with the environment from within the womb to the newborn intensive care unit ( NICU ) , and the caregiving family 's support in the NICU , to the family in their home . Newborn infants are actively striving for their next steps in development , while depending upon `` good enough '' environments and care to assure progress along their developmental agenda .   The Synactive Theory of Development continues to be instrumental in guiding clinicians ( e.g. , neonatologist , nurses , psychologists , developmental specialists , physical/occupational therapists , etc. ) and researchers in their understanding of the often very small steps in development that prematurely born and other high risk newborns attempt to accomplish ( which are major steps for their immature or injured brain ) . This theory gives professionals the framework and tools with which to identify the infant 's strengths , challenges and accomplishments . Such accomplishments may include breathing , sucking and swallowing in a coordinated sequence ; moving food down into and through the stomach and intestinal track instead of upwards , leading to reflux and vomiting ; looking at the caregiver and breathing at the same time , as well as many others .   The Synactive Theory is the foundation of both : 1 ) the Assessment of Preterm Infants ' Behavior ( APIB ) , a standardized comprehensive newborn test , and 2 ) the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program ( NIDCAP ) , which is the care and intervention approach , that focuses on each infant 's behavioral cues ( e.g. , hand ( s ) to mouth , bracing with feet against a supporting surface ) in order to support the infant 's strengths and reduce the infant 's vulnerabilities . The infant 's family is viewed as the infant 's most important nurturer and is integrated in all care from the infant 's birth on throughout the infant 's hospitalization .

neg: Stroke in China Recent epidemiologic studies confirm that stroke is the most frequent cause of death in the People 's Republic of China , with an incidence more than fivefold that of myocardial infarction . Intracerebral hemorrhage causes about one third of all strokes , nearly three times the frequency in North American stroke registries . A marked regional variation in stroke incidence exists , with a threefold higher stroke incidence in northern than in southern Chinese cities , suggesting important environmental or dietary influences . Stroke treatment often involves a combination of modern and traditional herbal medicine ; the latter may modify platelet aggregation and blood viscosity . Stroke , particularly intracerebral hemorrhage , is the most frequent and important vascular disorder in China .   China reports more patients with stroke than anywhere else in the world . While there is still a great deal of unknown information , stroke research has been making great progress in recent years , such as in the areas of clinical research , population and genetic epidemiology , brain ischemia/reperfusion exploring , leukoencephalopathy ( CADASIL ) , neural stem cell and stroke , neuroprotective treatment for stroke , clinical therapy test in stroke , rehabilitation and prevention .   Cities and towns in China have integrated systems for registering and investigating strokes . Chinese researchers have followed closely the international level of stroke treatment with a forward position in neural stem cell . Traditional Chinese drugs have featured effects on neuroprotective treatment for stroke which has also been investigated . Chinese scientists have suggested a new way of dividing neuroprotectors in stroke . The clinical therapy test with urokinase and defibrase for cerebral infarction in China is effective and relatively safe , yet the original papers published by Chinese researchers and clinical effects for patient treatment still need to be improved and updated .

neg: Liver The liver is a vital organ of vertebrates and some other animals . In humans , it is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen , below the diaphragm . The liver has a wide range of functions , including detoxification of various metabolites , protein synthesis , and the production of biochemicals necessary for digestion . It also plays a role in metabolism , regulation of glycogen storage , decomposition of red blood cells and hormone production .   The liver is a gland . It is an accessory digestive gland and produces bile , an alkaline compound which aids in digestion via the emulsification of lipids . The gallbladder , a small pouch that sits just under the liver , stores bile produced by the liver . The liver 's highly specialized tissue consisting of mostly hepatocytes regulates a wide variety of high-volume biochemical reactions , including the synthesis and breakdown of small and complex molecules , many of which are necessary for normal vital functions . Estimates regarding the organ 's total number of functions vary , but textbooks generally cite it being around 500 .   Terminology related to the liver often starts in hepat - from ἡπατο - , the Greek word for liver .   There is currently no way to compensate for the absence of liver function in the long term , although liver dialysis techniques can be used in the short term . Artificial livers are yet to be developed to promote long term replacement in the absence of the liver . As of now , liver transplantation is the only option for complete liver failure .

neg: Chemotherapy Chemotherapy ( often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx ) is a category of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs ( chemotherapeutic agents ) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen . Chemotherapy may be given with a curative intent ( which almost always involves combinations of drugs ) , or it may aim to prolong life or to reduce symptoms ( palliative chemotherapy ) . Chemotherapy is one of the major categories of the medical discipline specifically devoted to pharmacotherapy for cancer , which is called medical oncology .   By common usage , the term chemotherapy has come to connote the use of rather non-specific intracellular poisons , especially related to inhibiting the process of cell division known as mitosis , and generally excludes agents that more selectively block extracellular growth signals ( i.e. blockers of signal transduction ) . To avoid these connotations for recently developed ( against specific molecular or genetic targets ) therapies which inhibit of growth-promoting signals coming from classic endocrine hormones ( primarily estrogens for breast cancer and androgens for prostate cancer ) is known as hormonal therapy , while the inhibition of other growth-promoting influences ( especially those associated with receptor tyrosine kinases ) is known as targeted therapy .   Importantly , the use of drugs ( whether chemotherapy , hormonal therapy or targeted therapy ) constitutes systemic therapy for cancer in that they are introduced into the blood stream and are therefore in principle able to address cancer at any anatomic location in the body . Systemic therapy is often used in conjunction with other modalities that constitute local therapy ( i.e. treatments whose efficacy is confined to the anatomic area where they are applied ) for cancer such as radiation therapy , surgery and/or hyperthermia therapy .   Traditional chemotherapeutic agents are cytotoxic by means of interfering with cell division ( mitosis ) but cancer cells vary widely in their susceptibility to these agents . To a large extent , chemotherapy can be thought of as a way to damage or stress cells , which may then lead to cell death if apoptosis is initiated . Many of the side effects of chemotherapy can be traced to damage to normal cells that divide rapidly and are thus sensitive to anti-mitotic drugs : cells in the bone marrow , digestive tract and hair follicles . This results in the most common side-effects of chemotherapy : myelosuppression ( decreased production of blood cells , hence also immunosuppression ) , mucositis ( inflammation of the lining of the digestive tract ) , and alopecia ( hair loss ) . Because of the effect on immune cells ( especially lymphocytes ) , chemotherapy drugs often find use in a host of diseases that result from harmful overactivity of the immune system against self ( so-called autoimmunity ) . These include rheumatoid arthritis , systemic lupus erythematosus , multiple sclerosis , vasculitis and many others .

neg: IL12A Interleukin-12 subunit alpha ( IL-12 p35 ) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL12A gene .

neg: Castle factors Castle ( gastric ) factors , named after the American physician and physiologist W. B. Castle , are biologically active chemical compounds which stimulate haematopoiesis ( formation of blood cellular components ) . There are two distinct factors :  Extrinsic factor , much more commonly known as vitamin B12  Intrinsic factor , a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach , which is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12

neg: BCGF1 B-cell growth factor 1 , 12kDa , also known as BCGF1 , is a human gene .

neg: Molecular medicine Molecular medicine is a broad field , where physical , chemical , biological , bioinformatics and medical techniques are used to describe molecular structures and mechanisms , identify fundamental molecular and genetic errors of disease , and to develop molecular interventions to correct them . The concept of the distribution of medicine to each individual cell just as oxygen would be an example of the practice of molecular medicine ( via lung chemical reaction manipulation an idea coined by Saniab Jacob ) . The molecular medicine perspective emphasizes cellular and molecular phenomena and interventions rather than the previous conceptual and observational focus on patients and their organs .   In November 1949 , with the seminal paper , `` Sickle Cell Anemia , a Molecular Disease '' , in Science magazine , Linus Pauling , Harvey Itano and their collaborators laid the groundwork for establishing the field of molecular medicine . In 1956 , Roger J. Williams wrote Biochemical Individuality , a prescient book about genetics , prevention and treatment of disease on a molecular basis , and nutrition which is now variously referred to as individualized medicine and orthomolecular medicine . Another paper in Science by Pauling in 1968 , introduced and defined this view of molecular medicine that focuses on natural and nutritional substances used for treatment and prevention .   Published research and progress was slow until the 1970s ' `` biological revolution '' that introduced many new techniques and commercial applications .   Molecular medicine is a new scientific discipline in European universities . Combining contemporary medical studies with the field of biochemistry , it offers a bridge between the two subjects . At present only a handful of universities offer the course to undergraduates . With a degree in this discipline the graduate is able to pursue a career in medical sciences , scientific research , laboratory work and postgraduate medical degrees .

neg: IgG deficiency IgG deficiency ( Selective deficiency of immunoglobulin G ) is a form of dysgammaglobulinemia where the proportional levels of the IgG isotype are reduced relative to other immunoglobulin isotypes . IgG deficiency is often found in children as transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy ( THI ) , which may occur with or without additional decreases in IgA or IgM .   IgG has four subclasses : IgG1 , IgG2 , IgG3 , and IgG4 . It is possible to have either a global IgG deficiency , or a deficiency of one or more specific subclasses of IgG . The main clinically relevant form of IgG deficiency is IgG2 . IgG3 deficiency is not usually encountered without other concomitant immunoglobulin deficiencies , and IgG4 deficiency is very common but usually asymptomatic .   IgG1 is present in the bloodstream at a percentage of about 60-70 % , IgG2-20-30 % , IgG3 about 5-8 % , and IgG4 1-3 % . IgG subclass deficiencies affect only IgG subclasses ( usually IgG2 or IgG3 ) , with normal total IgG and IgM immunoglobulins and other components of the immune system being at normal levels . These deficiencies can affect only one subclass or involve an association of two subclasses , such as IgG2 and IgG4 . IgG deficiencies are usually not diagnosed until the age of 10 . Some of the IgG levels in the blood are undetectable and have a low percentage such as IgG4 , which makes it hard to dertermine if a deficiency is actually present . IgG subclass deficiencies are sometimes correlated with bad responses to pneumoccal polyscaccharides , especially IgG2 and or IgG4 deficiency . Some of these deficiencies are also involved with pancreatitis and have been linked to IgG4 levels .

neg: Interleukin 2 Interleukin-2 ( IL-2 ) is an interleukin , a type of cytokine signaling molecule in the immune system . It is a protein that regulates the activities of white blood cells ( leukocytes , often lymphocytes ) that are responsible for immunity . IL-2 is part of the body 's natural response to microbial infection , and in discriminating between foreign ( `` non-self '' ) and `` self '' . IL-2 mediates its effects by binding to IL-2 receptors , which are expressed by lymphocytes .

neg: The central science Chemistry is often called the central science because of its role in connecting the physical sciences , which include chemistry , with the life sciences and applied sciences such as medicine and engineering . The nature of this relationship is one of the main topics in the philosophy of chemistry and in scientometrics . The phrase was popularized by its use in a textbook by Theodore L. Brown and H. Eugene LeMay , titled Chemistry : The Central Science , which was first published in 1977 , with a thirteenth edition published in 2014 .   The central role of chemistry can be seen in the systematic and hierarchical classification of the sciences by Auguste Comte in which each discipline provides a more general framework for the area it precedes ( mathematics → astronomy → physics → chemistry → physiology and medicine → social sciences ) . Balaban and Klein have more recently proposed a diagram showing partial ordering of sciences in which chemistry may be argued is `` the central science '' since it provides a significant degree of branching . In forming these connections the lower field can not be fully reduced to the higher ones . It is recognized that the lower fields possess emergent ideas and concepts that do not exist in the higher fields of science .   Thus chemistry is built on an understanding of laws of physics that govern particles such as atoms , protons , electrons , thermodynamics , etc. although it has been shown that it has not been `` fully ` reduced ' to quantum mechanics '' . Concepts such as the periodicity of the elements and chemical bonds in chemistry are emergent in that they are more than the underlying forces that are defined by physics .   In the same way , biology can not be fully reduced to chemistry despite the fact that the machinery that is responsible for life is composed of molecules . For instance , the machinery of evolution may be described in terms of chemistry by the understanding that it is a mutation in the order of genetic base pairs in the DNA of an organism . However , chemistry can not fully describe the process since it does not contain concepts such as natural selection that are responsible for driving evolution . Chemistry is fundamental to biology since it provides a methodology for studying and understanding the molecules that compose cells .   Connections made by chemistry are formed through various sub-disciplines that utilize concepts from multiple scientific disciplines . Chemistry and physics are both needed in the areas of physical chemistry , nuclear chemistry , and theoretical chemistry . Chemistry and biology intersect in the areas of biochemistry , medicinal chemistry , molecular biology , chemical biology , molecular genetics , and immunochemistry . Chemistry and the earth sciences intersect in areas like geochemistry and hydrology .

neg: Supravital staining Supravital staining is a method of staining used in microscopy to examine living cells that have been removed from an organism . It differs from intravital staining , which is done by injecting or otherwise introducing the stain into the body . Thus a supravital stain may have a greater toxicity , as only a few cells need to survive it a short while . The term `` vital stain '' is used by some authors to refer specifically to an intravital stain , and by others interchangeably with a supravital stain , the core concept being that the cell being examined is still alive . As the cells are alive and unfixed , outside the body , supravital stains are temporary in nature .   The most common supravital stain is performed on reticulocytes using new methylene blue or brilliant cresyl blue , which makes it possible to see the reticulofilamentous pattern of ribosomes characteristically precipitated in these live immature red blood cells by the supravital stains . By counting the number of such cells the rate of red blood cell formation can be determined , providing an insight into bone marrow activity and anemia . This is in contrast to vital staining , when the dye employed is one that is excluded from the living cells so that only dead cells are stained positively . ( Vital stains include dyes like trypan blue and propidium iodide , which are either too bulky or too charged to cross the cell membrane , or which are actively rapidly pumped out by live cells . )   Supravital staining can be combined with cell surface antibody staining ( immunofluorescence ) for applications such as FACS analysis . Immunofluorescence can also be done within the interior of live cells by reversible cell permeabilization using the detergent Triton X-100 . Adjusted carefully to the appropriate concentration for the number of cells , the pretreatment can permit access of molecules between 1 and 150 kilodaltons to the interior of the cell . Although antibodies may be used in a similar way in this context , the term `` supravital stain '' is typically reserved for smaller chemicals which possess suitable properties intrinsically .

neg: Folate Folate , forms of which are known as folic acid and vitamin B9 , is one of the B vitamins . The recommended daily intake level of folate is 400 micrograms from foods or dietary supplements . Folic acid is used to treat anemia caused by folic acid deficiency . It is also used as a supplement by women during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects ( NTDs ) in the baby . Low levels in early pregnancy are believed to be the cause of more than half of babies born with neural tube defects . More than 50 countries use fortification of certain foods with folic acid as a measure to decrease the rate of NTDs in the population . Long term supplementation is also associated with small reductions in the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease . It may be taken by mouth or by injection .   There are no common side effects . It is not known whether high doses over a long period of time are of concern . There are concerns that large amounts of folic acid might hide vitamin B12 deficiency . Folic acid is essential for the body to make DNA , RNA , and metabolise amino acids which are required for cell division . As humans can not make folic acid , it is required from the diet , making it an essential vitamin .   Not consuming enough folate can lead to folate deficiency . This may result in a type of anemia in which low numbers of large red blood cells occur . Symptoms may include feeling tired , heart palpitations , shortness of breath , open sores on the tongue , and changes in the color of the skin or hair . Deficiency in children may develop within a month of poor dietary intake . In adults normal total body folate is between 10,000 -- 30,000 micrograms ( µg ) with blood levels of greater than 7 nmol/L ( 3 ng/mL ) .   Folic acid was discovered between 1931 and 1943 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . The wholesale cost of supplements in the developing world is between 0.001 and 0.005 USD per dose as of 2014 . The term `` folic '' is from the Latin word folium , which means leaf . Folates occur naturally in many foods especially dark green leafy vegetables and liver .

neg: Hematopoietic stem cell Hematopoietic stem cells ( HSCs ) or hemocytoblasts are the stem cells that give rise to all the other blood cells through the process of haematopoiesis . They are derived from mesoderm and located in the red bone marrow , which is contained in the core of most bones .   HSCs give rise to both the myeloid and lymphoid lineages of blood cells cells . ( Myeloid cells include monocytes , macrophages , neutrophils , basophils , eosinophils , erythrocytes , dendritic cells , and megakaryocytes or platelets . Lymphoid cells include T cells , B cells , and natural killer cells . ) The definition of hematopoietic stem cells has evolved since HSCs were first discovered in 1961 . The hematopoietic tissue contains cells with long-term and short-term regeneration capacities and committed multipotent , oligopotent , and unipotent progenitors . HSCs constitute 1:10.000 of cells in myeloid tissue .   HSC studies through much of the past half century have led to a much deeper understanding . More recent advances have resulted in the use of HSC transplants in the treatment of cancers and other immune system disorders .

neg: Megavitamin therapy Megavitamin therapy is the use of large doses of vitamins , often many times greater than the recommended dietary allowance ( RDA ) in the attempt to prevent or treat diseases . Megavitamin therapy is typically used in alternative medicine by practitioners who call their approach `` orthomolecular medicine '' , but also used in mainstream medicine for `` exceedingly rare '' genetic conditions that respond to megadoses of vitamins .   Nutrients may be useful in preventing and treating some illnesses , but the conclusions of medical research are that the broad claims of disease treatment by advocates of megavitamin therapy are unsubstantiated by the available evidence . It is generally accepted that doses of any vitamin greatly in excess of nutritional requirements , will result either in toxicity or in the excess simply being metabolised - evidence in favour of vitamin supplementation supports only doses in the normal range . Critics have described some aspects of orthomolecular medicine as food faddism or even quackery . Research on nutrient supplementation in general suggests that some nutritional supplements might be beneficial , and that others might be harmful ; several specific nutritional therapies are associated with an increased likelihood of the condition they are meant to prevent .

neg: Raji cell Raji cell line is the first continuous human cell line from hematopoietic origin . The cell lines produce an unusual strain of Epstein-Barr virus which will both transform cord blood lymphocytes and induce early antigens in Raji cells . Translocations between chromosomes 8 and 22 have occurred in all three lines , but the cells synthesize immunoglobulin M with light chains of the kappa type , in contrast to the usual concordance between a translocation involving chromosome 22 and lambda chain synthesis . Both kappa genes and one lambda gene are rearranged . These findings indicate either that translocation may occur as a separate event from immunoglobulin gene rearrangement or that the proposed hierarchical sequence of immunoglobulin gene rearrangements is not always adhered to . The data also imply that in cells containing a translocation between the long arm of chromosome 8 and a chromosome bearing an immunoglobulin gene , alteration of cellular myc expression may occur regardless of the immunoglobulin gene that is expressed . Raji cell is widely used as a transfection host and also to understand the hematopoietic and other cell malignancies . It also used for detection of immune complex because it possesses and expresses several receptors for certain complement components , as well as Fc receptors for immunoglobulin G.

neg: Metabolism Metabolism ( from μεταβολή metabolē , `` change '' ) is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms . The three main purposes of metabolism are the conversion of food/fuel to energy to run cellular processes , the conversion of food/fuel to building blocks for proteins , lipids , nucleic acids , and some carbohydrates , and the elimination of nitrogenous wastes . These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce , maintain their structures , and respond to their environments . The word metabolism can also refer to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms , including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells , in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism .   Metabolism is usually divided into two categories : catabolism , the breaking down of organic matter for example , the breaking down of glucose to pyruvate , by cellular respiration , and anabolism , the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids . Usually , breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy .   The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways , in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical , by a sequence of enzymes . Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves , by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy . Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly . Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell 's environment or to signals from other cells .   The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous . For example , some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient , yet this gas is poisonous to animals . The speed of metabolism , the metabolic rate , influences how much food an organism will require , and also affects how it is able to obtain that food .   A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species . For example , the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms , being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants . These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history , and their retention because of their efficacy .

neg: Burantashi Burantashi ( literally `` penis get up '' ) is a native Hausa-Fulani powder derived from the bark of the African tree Pausinystalia yohimbe .   Burantashi is used as a food additive to barbecued meat ( suya ) in Nigeria , especially the Northern parts . The extracts contain the alkaloid yohimbine , an alpha-2 antagonist that has been used widely with variable success in erectile dysfunction , but the whole bark of the tree was not studied until recently . In one recent study , pure Burantashi powder obtained from a local suya vendor in Lagos , Nigeria was extracted aqueously and studied on the renal circulation of Sprague-Dawley rats . In the in vivo study , the extract code-named `` CCD-X '' , caused a rise in mean arterial pressure ( MAP ) , and a rise in renal medullary blood flow ( MBF ) . This systemic vasoconstrictor and renal medullary dilator action was attenuated separately by the endothelin - A receptor blocker - BMS-182874 , ET-B blocker - BQ788 , but blocked by their combination . Further , the nitric oxide inhibitor ( NO ) , L-Nomega - nitro-Arginine Methyl Ester ( L-NAME ) 10 mg/kg totally inhibited the rise in medullary blood flow due to CCD-X . In vitro studies in isolated perfused kidneys ( IPK ) and in pressurised microvessels ( PMV ) confirmed the in vivo effect to cause vasoconstriction , which was inhibited by endothelin A and B antagonists . The pressor dose response characteristic of CCD-X on PMV was similar to that of endothelin-1 with EC50 close to 100 ng . It was concluded from these studies that , the aqueous extract exhibited a vasoconstrictor effect - possibly alpha-2 mediated like yohimbine . However , it possessed additional effects as an andothelin receptor A and B agonist , and also released nitric oxide . The possibility of a post-receptor cross-talk among ET-B , alpha-2 receptors and NO release was also considered . Thin layer chromatography showed that the bark is rich in sesquiterpenes , and has antifungal and antibiotic properties as well . Whether CCD-X will be useful in sickle cell disease ( releasing NO ) is unknown . Further basic and clinical research are needed before the effects of Burantashi can be effectively evaluated .

neg: Coagulin Coagulin is a gel-forming protein of hemolymph that hinders the spread of invaders by immobilising them .   The protein contains a single 175 - residue polypeptide chain ; this is cleaved after Arg-18 and Arg-46 by a clotting enzyme contained in the hemocyte and activated by a bacterial endotoxin ( lipopolysaccharide ) . Cleavage releases two chains of coagulin , A and B , linked by two disulphide bonds , together with the peptide C. Gel formation results from interlinking of coagulin molecules . Secondary structure prediction suggests the C peptide forms an alpha - helix , which is released during the proteolytic conversion of coagulogen to coagulin gel . The beta-sheet structure and 16 half-cystines found in the molecule appear to yield a compact protein stable to acid and heat .   Mammalian blood coagulation is based on the proteolytically induced polymerization of fibrinogens . Initially , fibrin monomers noncovalently interact with each other . The resulting homopolymers are further stabilized when the plasma transglutaminase ( TGase ) intermolecularly cross-links epsilon - ( gamma-glutamyl ) lysine bonds . In crustaceans , hemolymph coagulation depends on the TGase-mediated cross-linking of specific plasma-clotting proteins , but without the proteolytic cascade . In horseshoe crabs , the proteolytic coagulation cascade triggered by lipopolysaccharides and beta-1 ,3 - glucans leads to the conversion of coagulogen into coagulin , resulting in noncovalent coagulin homopolymers through head-to-tail interaction . Horseshoe crab TGase , however , does not cross-link coagulins intermolecularly . Recently , we found that coagulins are cross-linked on hemocyte cell surface proteins called proxins . This indicates that a cross-linking reaction at the final stage of hemolymph coagulation is an important innate immune system of horseshoe crabs .

neg: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Autoimmune hemolytic anemia ( or autoimmune haemolytic anaemia ; AIHA ) occurs when antibodies directed against the person 's own red blood cells ( RBCs ) cause them to burst ( lyse ) , leading to an insufficient number of oxygen-carrying red blood cells in the circulation . The lifetime of the RBCs is reduced from the normal 100 -- 120 days to just a few days in serious cases . The intracellular components of the RBCs are released into the circulating blood and into tissues , leading to some of the characteristic symptoms of this condition . The antibodies are usually directed against high-incidence antigens , therefore they also commonly act on allogenic RBCs ( RBCs originating from outside the person themselves , e.g. in the case of a blood transfusion ) . AIHA is a relatively rare condition , affecting one to three people per 100,000 per year .   The terminology used in this disease is somewhat ambiguous . Although MeSH uses the term `` autoimmune hemolytic anemia '' , some sources prefer the term `` immunohemolytic anemia '' so drug reactions can be included in this category . The National Cancer Institute considers `` immunohemolytic anemia '' , `` autoimmune hemolytic anemia '' , and `` immune complex hemolytic anemia '' to all be synonyms .


query: Furious 7 started to film in 2013.

pos: Furious 7 Furious 7 ( alternatively known as Fast & Furious 7 and Fast 7 ) is a 2015 American action film directed by James Wan and written by Chris Morgan . It is the seventh installment in The Fast and the Furious franchise . The film stars Vin Diesel , Paul Walker , Dwayne Johnson , Michelle Rodriguez , Tyrese Gibson , Chris ` Ludacris ' Bridges , Jordana Brewster , Djimon Hounsou , Kurt Russell , and Jason Statham . Furious 7 follows Dominic Toretto ( Diesel ) , Brian O'Conner ( Walker ) , and the rest of their team , who have returned to the United States to live normal lives after securing amnesty for their past crimes in Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) , until Deckard Shaw ( Statham ) , a rogue special forces assassin seeking to avenge his comatose younger brother , puts the team in danger once again .   With the previous three installments set between 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) and The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) , Furious 7 is the first installment in the franchise to take place after Tokyo Drift . The film also marks the final film appearance of Walker , who died in a single-vehicle crash on November 30 , 2013 with filming only half-completed . Following Walker 's death , filming was delayed for script rewrites , and his brothers , Caleb and Cody , were used as stand-ins to complete his remaining scenes . These script rewrites completed the story arcs for both Walker and Brewster 's characters ( Brian O'Conner and Mia Toretto , respectively ) , causing both to be retired . As a result , it is also the final installment in the franchise to star Brewster .   Plans for a seventh installment were first announced in February 2012 when Johnson stated that production on the film would begin after the completion of Fast & Furious 6 . In April 2013 , Wan , predominantly known for horror films , was announced to direct the film in place of Justin Lin , who left the franchise after directing the previous four installments . Casting began in the same month with the re-signing of Diesel and Walker , and an initial release date was set . Principal photography began in Atlanta , Georgia , in September 2013 , resumed in April 2014 and ended in July 2014 , with other filming locations including Los Angeles , Colorado , Abu Dhabi , and Tokyo .   Furious 7 premiered in Los Angeles on April 1 , 2015 , and was theatrically released in the United States on April 3 , 2015 , playing in 3D , IMAX 3D , and 4DX internationally . Upon release , the film became a critical and commercial success , with praise being aimed at the film 's action sequences and its tribute to Walker . The film grossed $ 397.6 million worldwide during its opening weekend , which is the sixth highest-grossing opening of all time . The film has grossed over $ 1.5 billion worldwide -- more than the franchise 's first five installments combined -- making it the highest-grossing film of the franchise after just twelve days , the third highest-grossing film of 2015 and the sixth highest-grossing film of all time . A sequel , The Fate of the Furious , was released on April 14 , 2017 .

neg: Smallville (season 7) Season seven of Smallville , an American television series , began airing on September 27 , 2007 . The series recounts the early adventures of Kryptonian Clark Kent as he adjusts to life in the fictional town of Smallville , Kansas , during the years before he becomes Superman . The seventh season comprises 20 episodes and concluded its initial airing on May 15 , 2008 , marking the second season to air on The CW television network . Regular cast members during season seven include Tom Welling , Michael Rosenbaum , Kristin Kreuk , Allison Mack , John Glover , Erica Durance , Aaron Ashmore , and Laura Vandervoort . In addition to bringing in new regular cast members this season , the Smallville team brought in familiar faces from the Superman media history , old villains from the show 's past , as well as new DC Comics characters .   This season focuses on Clark Kent meeting his biological cousin Kara ( Vandervoort ) , and teaching her how to control her abilities in public ; Lana Lang 's behavior toward her friends , Lex Luthor , and after it is discovered that she faked her own death ; Chloe coming to terms with her newly discovered kryptonite-induced ability ; and the secret of the Daily Planet 's new editor Grant Gabriel . Towards the end of the season , Clark faces the dual threat from returning villain Brainiac ( James Marsters ) , and Lex 's discovery of his father 's secret society who possess the means to control Clark . The season culminates with a showdown between Lex and Clark at the Fortress of Solitude , wherein the fortress is brought down , setting the series up for the following season .   Smallville 's season seven , along with many other American television shows , was caught in the middle of a contract dispute between the Writers Guild of America , East ( WGAE ) , Writers Guild of America , west ( WGAw ) and the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers ( AMPTP ) . The dispute led to a strike by the writers , which has caused this season to end prematurely with only twenty episodes being produced , instead of the standard twenty-two episodes . The strike also forced The CW to push back airdates on several episodes , and cost Allison Mack her directorial debut . Smallville 's Season seven slipped in the ratings , averaging 3.7 million viewers weekly , and the series ranked as the 175th most-watched television series , out of 220 , for the 2007 -- 08 television year .

neg: 2013 Shanghai International Film Festival The 2013 Shanghai International Film Festival was the 16th such festival devoted to international cinema held in Shanghai , China .

neg: LBJ (film) LBJ is a 2017 American political drama film directed by Rob Reiner and written by Joey Hartstone . The film stars Woody Harrelson , Richard Jenkins , Bill Pullman , Kim Allen , Michael Stahl-David , Jennifer Jason Leigh , Jeffrey Donovan , Doug McKeon , and Michael Mosley . Filming began on September 21 , 2015 in New Orleans . It was screened at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival . On October 12 , 2016 at the 27th edition of the New Orleans Film Festival , Rob Reiner accepted the inaugural Career Achievement Award from LBJ lead actor Woody Harrelson . LBJ made a second film festival showing in less than a month . On May 2 , 2017 , it was announced that Dean Devlin 's Electric Entertainment had acquired all of the film 's North American rights and that the film would be released in 2017 . It was then announced on May 4 that the film would be released in the United States on November 17 , 2017 .

neg: Wiz Khalifa Cameron Jibril Thomaz ( born September 8 , 1987 ) , better known by his stage name Wiz Khalifa , is an American rapper , songwriter , and actor . He released his debut album , Show and Prove , in 2006 , and signed to Warner Bros. . Records in 2007 . His Eurodance-influenced single , `` Say Yeah '' , received urban radio airplay , charting on the Rhythmic Top 40 and Hot Rap Tracks charts in 2008 .   Khalifa parted with Warner Bros. and released his second album , Deal or No Deal , in November 2009 . He released the mixtape Kush and Orange Juice as a free download in April 2010 ; he then signed with Atlantic Records . He is also well known for his debut single for Atlantic , `` Black and Yellow '' , which peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . His debut album for the label , Rolling Papers , was released on March 29 , 2011 . He followed that album with O.N.I.F.C. on December 4 , 2012 , which was backed by the singles `` Work Hard , Play Hard '' and `` Remember You '' . Wiz released his fourth album Blacc Hollywood on August 18 , 2014 , backed by the lead single `` We Dem Boyz '' . In March 2015 , he released `` See You Again '' for the soundtrack of the film Furious 7 and the song peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for 12 non-consecutive weeks .

neg: Angry Dad: The Movie `` Angry Dad : The Movie '' is the fourteenth episode of The Simpsons ' twenty-second season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 20 , 2011 . The plot of the episode involves Bart winning many awards for his new short film based on his web cartoon series Angry Dad , which was first introduced in `` I Am Furious ( Yellow ) '' , while Homer takes credit for the film during acceptance speeches .   `` Angry Dad : The Movie '' was written by John Frink and directed by Matthew Nastuk , with Ricky Gervais , Halle Berry , Russell Brand , Maurice LaMarche , Nick Park and J. B. Smoove guest starring . Cultural references in the episode include Pixar , Toy Story , Wallace and Gromit , Kung Fu Panda , Ms. Pac-Man , SpongeBob SquarePants and the 68th Golden Globe Award ceremony .   The episode was viewed in an estimated 6.35 million households , with a 2.8 Nielsen rating , marking a slight rise in audience from the previous episode , while the episode was the twenty-fifth most viewed show for the week of broadcast among adults aged 18 -- 49 . Critical reception of the episode was generally positive , with critics praising the episode 's use of visual gags and cultural references .

neg: Tula: The Revolt Tula : The Revolt is a 2013 historical drama film that was directed by Jeroen Leinders . The film tells the life story of the slave Tula ( Obi Abili ) who lead the Slave Revolt of 1795 on Curaçao in the Dutch West Indies . The film premiered on 4 July 2013 in the Netherlands .

neg: Guild of Music Supervisors Awards The Guild of Music Supervisors Awards recognize music supervisors in 14 categories , representing movies , television , games and trailers . Compton , Carol and Furious 7 were among the winners of the 2016 ceremony , while La la land of the 2017 ceremony . The seventh annual ceremony took place at The Theatre at the Ace Hotel Los Angeles .

neg: The Fast and the Furious (soundtrack) The Fast and the Furious is the first of two soundtracks based on the major motion picture The Fast and the Furious . The soundtrack reached number seven on the Billboard 200 and number one on the Top Soundtracks . The album went platinum in 2002 in both the United States and Canada .   The single released from the soundtrack is `` Put It on Me '' and `` Furious '' by Ja Rule , `` POV City Anthem '' by Cadillac Tah , Good Life ( Remix ) by Faith Evans and `` Justify My Love '' by Vita . The Limp Bizkit single `` Rollin ' ( Urban Assault Vehicle ) '' , which is the remix to `` Rollin ' ( Air Raid Vehicle ) '' , is also featured on the soundtrack . The song features DMX , Method Man and Redman and is produced by Swizz Beatz . The soundtrack exclusively featured artists from Irv Gotti 's label The Inc. . Records such as Ja Rule .

neg: Devil's Knot (film) Devil 's Knot is a 2013 American biographical crime film directed by Atom Egoyan . The film is based on a true story as told in Mara Leveritt 's 2002 book of the same name , concerning three teenagers known as the West Memphis Three , who were convicted of killing three young boys during the Satanic ritual abuse panic . They were subsequently sentenced to death ( Echols ) and life imprisonment ( Baldwin and Misskelley ) . Produced by Elizabeth Fowler , Richard Saperstein , Clark Peterson , Christopher Woodrow , and Paul Harris Boardman , the film stars Colin Firth , Reese Witherspoon , Mireille Enos , Dane DeHaan , Kevin Durand , Bruce Greenwood , Stephen Moyer , Elias Koteas , Amy Ryan , and Alessandro Nivola .   The film premiered at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8 , 2013 , followed by a wider release later that year . The film had a limited release in Canadian theaters on January 24 , 2014 , and was released in U.S. theaters and video on demand services on May 9 , 2014 .

neg: Officer Down Officer Down is a 2013 American action thriller film , directed by Brian A. Miller .

neg: Major film studio A major film studio is a production and film distributor that releases a substantial number of films annually and consistently commands a significant share of box office revenue in a given market . In the North American , Western , and global markets , the major film studios , often simply known as the majors , are commonly regarded as the six diversified media conglomerates whose various film production and distribution subsidiaries collectively command approximately 80 to 85 percent of U.S. and Canadian box office revenue . The term may also be applied more specifically to the primary motion picture business subsidiary of each respective conglomerate .   The `` Big Six '' majors , whose operations are based in or around the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood , are all centered in film studios active during Hollywood 's Golden Age of the 1930s and 1940s . In three cases -- 20th Century Fox , Warner Bros. , and Paramount -- the studios were one of the `` Big Five '' majors during that era as well . In two cases -- Columbia and Universal -- the studios were also considered majors , but in the next tier down , part of the `` Little Three '' . In the sixth case , Walt Disney Studios was an independent production company during the Golden Age ; it was an important Hollywood entity , but not a major . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , United Artists , and RKO were majors .   Today , Disney is the only member of the Big Six whose parent entity is still located near Los Angeles ( actually , on Disney 's studio lot and in the same building ) . The five others report to conglomerates headquartered in New York City , Philadelphia , and Tokyo . Of the Big Six , Paramount is the only one still based in Hollywood , and Paramount and Fox are the only ones still located within the Los Angeles city limits , while Disney and Warner Bros. are located in Burbank , Columbia in Culver City , and Universal in the unincorporated area of Universal City .   Most of today 's Big Six control subsidiaries with their own distribution networks that concentrate on arthouse pictures ( e.g. Fox Searchlight Pictures ) or genre films ( e.g. Sony 's Screen Gems ) ; several of these specialty units were shut down or sold off between 2008 and 2010 . The six major studios are contrasted with smaller production and/or distribution companies , which are known as independents or `` indies '' . The leading independent producer/distributors -- Lionsgate Films , The Weinstein Company , and former major studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -- are sometimes referred to as `` mini-majors '' . From 1998 through 2005 , DreamWorks SKG commanded a large enough market share to arguably qualify it as a seventh major , despite its relatively small output . In 2006 , DreamWorks was acquired by Viacom , Paramount 's corporate parent . In late 2008 , DreamWorks once again became an independent production company ; its films were distributed by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures until 2016 , at which point distribution switched to Universal .   The Big Six major studios are today primarily backers and distributors of films whose actual production is largely handled by independent companies -- either long-running entities or ones created for and dedicated to the making of a specific film . The specialty divisions often simply acquire distribution rights to pictures in which the studio has had no prior involvement . While the majors still do a modicum of true production , their activities are focused more in the areas of development , financing , marketing , and merchandising . Those business functions are still usually performed in or near Los Angeles , even though the runaway production phenomenon means that most films are now mostly or completely shot on location at places outside Los Angeles .   Since the dawn of filmmaking , the U.S. major film studios have dominated both American cinema and the global film industry . U.S. studios have benefited from a strong first-mover advantage in that they were the first to industrialize filmmaking and master the art of mass-producing and distributing high-quality films with broad cross-cultural appeal . Today , the Big Six majors routinely distribute hundreds of films every year into all significant international markets ( that is , where discretionary income is high enough for consumers to afford to watch films ) . It is very rare , if not impossible , for a film to reach a broad international audience on multiple continents and in multiple languages without first being picked up by one of the majors for distribution .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: Midwest Independent Film Festival The Midwest Independent Film Festival is the nation 's only film festival solely dedicated to the Midwest filmmaker . Only films from the eight-state Midwest region of Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , Ohio and Wisconsin are considered for screening . This film festival is also unique in that it is held throughout the year , presenting audiences with the finest independent films from the Midwest every first Tuesday of the month .   The Midwest Independent Film Festival prides itself on showcasing emerging directors , powerful artistic visions , and strong cinematic stories . These exceptional films combine with an exciting social atmosphere and a state-of-the-art screening venue to create one of the premier festivals in the Midwest .   The Midwest Independent Film Festival is hosted every first Tuesday of the month at Chicago 's Landmark Century Centre Cinema of Landmark Theatres . Sponsors include Resolution Digital Studios , Zacuto , Fletcher Chicago , Orbit Media Studios , O'Connor Casting , Flashpoint The Academy of Media Arts and Sciences , Zipcar , The Chicago Film Office , The Illinois Film Office , Zaroban Design , Crunch Fitness , Getty Images , Screen Magazine and Kodak .   This festival is sometimes referred to as `` The Midwest Film Festival , '' `` The Midwest Indie , '' or simply `` The Midwest . ''

neg: Assault on Wall Street Assault on Wall Street ( also known as Attack on Wall Street and formerly known as Bailout : The Age of Greed ) is a 2013 action thriller film written and directed by Uwe Boll , and starring Dominic Purcell . The film stars Purcell as a security guard who struggles to pay for his wife 's medical bills and loses his investments in the 2007 -- 08 financial crisis , prompting a shooting spree on Wall Street after his wife takes her own life .

neg: List of British films of 2013 The British film industry produced over five hundred feature films in 2013 . This article fully lists all non-pornographic films , including short films , that had a release date in that year and which were at least partly made by the United Kingdom . It does not include films first released in previous years that had release dates in 2013 .   Also included is an overview of the major events in British film , including film festivals and awards ceremonies , as well as lists of those films that were particularly well received , both critically and financially . The year was particularly notable for a number of low budget and independent horror films , such as In Fear , Devil 's Pass , Dementamania and Stalled .

neg: Ultraman Ginga Theater Special is a Japanese kaiju , and superhero , film , serving as the film adaptation of the 2013 Ultra Series television series Ultraman Ginga . It was released in September 7 , 2013 , which takes place during the season break of Ultraman Ginga , in-between episodes six and seven . This movie is double-billed with short CGI movie , , one of the shorts for the 2013 cardass game Mega Monster Rush : Ultra Frontier , which played first before the premier of the movie . A DVD and Blu-Ray release of the movie was sold in December 25 , 2013 by Bandai Visual , costing around 3,990 and 5,040 Yen respectively .   The main catchphrase in this movie is .

neg: List of The Fast and the Furious characters The Fast and the Furious is an American action film series produced by Neal H. Moritz and distributed by Universal Pictures . Consisting of eight films and two short films , the following is a list of characters from The Fast and the Furious .

neg: Dallas Buyers Club Dallas Buyers Club is a 2013 American biographical drama film , co-written by Craig Borten and Melisa Wallack , and directed by Jean-Marc Vallée . The film tells the story of Ron Woodroof , an AIDS patient diagnosed in the mid 1980s when HIV/AIDS treatments were under-researched , while the disease was not understood and highly stigmatized . As part of the experimental AIDS treatment movement , he smuggled unapproved pharmaceutical drugs into Texas for treating his symptoms , and distributed them to fellow people with AIDS by establishing the `` Dallas Buyers Club '' while facing opposition from the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) . Two fictional supporting characters , Dr. Eve Saks ( Jennifer Garner ) , and Rayon ( Jared Leto ) , were composite roles created from the writer 's interviews with transgender AIDS patients , activists , and doctors .   Screenwriter Borten interviewed Woodroof in 1992 and wrote the script , which he polished with writer Wallack in 2000 , and then sold to producer Robbie Brenner . Several other actors , directors , and producers who were attached at various times to the development of the film left the project . Universal Pictures also tried to make the film , but did not . A couple of screenwriters wrote drafts that were rejected . In 2009 , producer Brenner involved Matthew McConaughey , because of his Texas origins , the same as Woodroof 's . Brenner selected the first draft , written by Borten and Wallack , for the film , and then Vallée was set to direct the film . Principal photography began on November 11 , 2012 , in New Orleans , Louisiana , continuing for 25 days of filming , which also included shooting in Baton Rouge . Brenner and Rachel Winter co-produced the film . The official soundtrack album was featured by various artists , and was released digitally on October 29 , 2013 , by the Relativity Music Group .   Dallas Buyers Club premiered at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival and was released theatrically in the United States on November 1 , 2013 , by Focus Features , strategically entering wide release on November 22 for award season . The film grossed over $ 27 million domestically and $ 27.9 million internationally , the box office revenue returned over $ 55 million against a budget of $ 5 million in 182-days of a theatrical run . It grossed over $ 4.5 million from DVD , and over $ 3 million from Blu-ray sales . The film received universal critical acclaim , resulting in numerous accolades . Most praised the performances of McConaughey and Leto , who received the Academy Award for Best Actor and for Best Supporting Actor , respectively , at the 86th Academy Awards , making this the first film since Mystic River ( 2003 ) , and only the fifth movie ever , to win both awards . The film also won the award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling , and garnered nominations for Best Picture , Best Original Screenplay , and Best Editing .

neg: 26th European Film Awards The 26th European Film Awards were presented on 7 December 2013 in Berlin , Germany . The winners were selected by over 2,500 members of the European Film Academy . On 28 October 2013 , a special seven-member jury convened in Berlin and , based on the EFA Selection list , decided on the winners in the categories cinematography , editing , production design , costume design , composer and sound design . On November 4 , 2013 nominations for documentary were announced . The special documentary jury consist five members : Antonio Saura Despina Mouzaki , Claas Danielsen , Ally Derks and Jacques Laurent .

neg: List of accolades received by Star Wars: The Force Awakens Star Wars : The Force Awakens is a 2015 epic space opera film directed , co-produced , and co-written by J. J. Abrams . The seventh installment in the main Star Wars film series , and first of three in Star Wars sequel trilogy , it stars Harrison Ford , Mark Hamill , Carrie Fisher , Adam Driver , Daisy Ridley , John Boyega , Oscar Isaac , Lupita Nyong ` o , Andy Serkis , Domhnall Gleeson , Anthony Daniels , and Max von Sydow . The Force Awakens is set 30 years after Return of the Jedi ; it follows Rey , Finn , and Poe Dameron 's search for Luke Skywalker and their fight alongside the Resistance , led by veterans of the Rebel Alliance , against Kylo Ren and the First Order , a successor group to the Galactic Empire .   The Force Awakens was premiered by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures in Los Angeles on December 14 , and was released in United States and Canada on December 18 , 2015 . The Force Awakens opened across 14,300 theaters , breaking numerous box-office records and became the first film to earn more than $ 100 million worldwide in a single day . The film grossed a worldwide total of over $ 2 billion on a production budget of $ 306 million becoming the highest-grossing release of 2015 , and the fastest film to earn $ 1 billion worldwide , doing so in twelve-days . The Force Awakens became the third film in history to surpass $ 2 billion worldwide ( after Avatar ( 2009 ) and Titanic ( 1997 ) ) , doing so on its 53rd day of release .   Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , surveyed 360 reviews and judged 92 percent to be positive . The Force Awakens garnered many awards and nominations in a variety of categories with particular praise for Abrams ' direction , its action sequences , visual effects , editing and Ridley 's and Boyega 's performances . Several awards held their nominations before the December release of The Force Awakens , making the film ineligible for the 73rd Golden Globe Awards and some other awards ceremonies . However , the film was added to the 21st Critics ' Choice Awards 's slate of best picture nominees after a special vote by the board of directors , and the announcement of the 2015 American Film Institute Awards was delayed until after the release of film , where it was named one of Top Ten Films of the year .   The Force Awakens received five nominations at the 88th Academy Awards as Best Original Score , Best Sound Editing , Best Sound Mixing , Best Film Editing and Best Visual Effects . The film garnered four nominations at 69th British Academy Film Awards , and won for Best Special Visual Effects and a special BAFTA Rising Star Award for John Boyega . At the 21st Empire Awards , the film received nine nominations and won five including Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy Film , and Best Director for J.J. Abrams . The Force Awakens became the most nominated film in Saturn Awards history with total of thirteen nominations at 42nd Saturn Awards and won eight including Best Science Fiction Film , Best Director and Best Special Effects . The film received seven nominations from the Visual Effects Society , winning four including Outstanding Visual Effects in an Effects Driven Feature Motion Picture . Star Wars : The Force Awakens received eleven nominations at MTV Movie Awards , the most for the ceremony and won three including Movie of the Year .