query: Hawaii is not the least populous state in the US.

pos: Hawaii Hawaii ( -LSB- langpronaudio = en-us-Hawaii . ogghəˈwaɪ.i , _ - ji , _ - ʔi -RSB- ; Hawai -LSB- - hawhəˈvɐjʔi -RSB- ) is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America , having received statehood on August 21 , 1959 . Hawaii is the only U.S. state located in Oceania and the only one composed entirely of islands . It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia , occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean . Hawaii is the only U.S. state not located in the Americas .   The state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago , which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1500 mi . At the southeastern end of the archipelago , the eight main islands are -- in order from northwest to southeast : Niihau , Kauai , Oahu , Molokai , Lānai , Kahoolawe , Maui , and the Island of Hawaii . The last is the largest island in the group ; it is often called the `` Big Island '' or `` Hawaii Island '' to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago . The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania .   Hawaii 's diverse natural scenery , warm tropical climate , abundance of public beaches , oceanic surroundings , and active volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists , surfers , biologists , and volcanologists . Because of its central location in the Pacific and 19th-century labor migration , Hawaii 's culture is strongly influenced by North American and Asian cultures , in addition to its indigenous Hawaiian culture . Hawaii has over a million permanent residents , along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel . Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oahu .   Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous , but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U.S. states . It is the only state with an Asian plurality . The state 's coastline is about 750 mi long , the fourth longest in the U.S. after the coastlines of Alaska , Florida , and California .

neg: Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Hawaii Volcanoes National Park , established on August 1 , 1916 , is a United States National Park located in the U.S. State of Hawaii on the island of Hawaii . It encompasses two active volcanoes : Kīlauea , one of the world 's most active volcanoes , and Mauna Loa , the world 's most massive shield volcano . The park delivers scientists insight into the birth of the Hawaiian Islands and ongoing studies into the processes of volcanism . For visitors , the park offers dramatic volcanic landscapes as well as glimpses of rare flora and fauna .   In recognition of its outstanding natural values , Hawaii Volcanoes National Park was designated as an International Biosphere Reserve in 1980 and a World Heritage Site in 1987 . In 2012 the Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park was honored on the 14th quarter of the America the Beautiful Quarters series .

neg: Geography of Fiji -RSB-   Fiji is a group of volcanic islands in the South Pacific , lying about 4,450 km ( 2,775 mi ) southwest of Honolulu and 1,770 km ( 1,100 mi ) north of New Zealand . Of the 332 islands and 522 smaller islets making up the archipelago , about 106 are permanently inhabited . Viti Levu , the largest island , covers about 57 % of the nation 's land area , hosts the two official cities ( the capital Suva , and Lautoka ) and most other major towns , such as Nausori , Vaileka , Ba , Tavua , Kororvou , Nasinu , and Nadi ( the site of the international airport ) , and contains some 69 % of the population . Vanua Levu , 64 km to the north of Viti Levu , covers just over 30 % of the land area though is home to only some 15 % of the population . Its main towns are Labasa and Savusavu . In the northeast it features Natewa Bay , carving out the Loa peninsula .   Both islands are mountainous , with peaks up to 1300 m rising abruptly from the shore , and covered with tropical forests . Heavy rains ( up to 304 cm or 120 inches annually ) fall on the windward ( southeastern ) side , covering these sections of the islands with dense tropical forest . Lowlands on the western portions of each of the main islands are sheltered by the mountains and have a well-marked dry season favorable to crops such as sugarcane .   Other islands and island groups , which cover just 12.5 % of the land area and house some 16 % of the population , include Taveuni southeast off Vanua Levu and Kadavu Island , south off Viti Levu ( the third and fourth largest islands respectively ) , the Mamanuca Group ( just off Nadi ) and Yasawa Group ( to the north of the Mamanucas ) , which are popular tourist destinations , the Lomaiviti Group ( just off Suva ) with Levuka , the former capital and the only major town on any of the smaller islands , located on the island of Ovalau , and the remote Lau Group over the Koro Sea to the east near Tonga , from which it is separated by the Lakeba Passage .   Two outlying regions are Rotuma , 400 km to the north , and the uninhabited coral atoll and cay Ceva-i-Ra or Conway Reef , 450 km to the southwest of main Fiji . Culturally conservative Rotuma with its 2000 people on 44 km2 geographically belongs to Polynesia , and enjoys relative autonomy as a Fijian dependency .   Fiji Television reported on 21 September 2006 that the Fiji Islands Maritime and Safety Administration ( FIMSA ) , while reviewing its outdated maritime charts , had discovered the possibility that more islands could lie within Fiji 's Exclusive Economic Zone .   More than half of Fiji 's population lives on the island coasts , either in Suva or in smaller urban centers . The interior is sparsely populated because of its rough terrain .

neg: Consolidated city-county In United States local government , a consolidated city-county is a city and county that have been merged into one unified jurisdiction . As such it is simultaneously a city , which is a municipal corporation , and a county , which is an administrative division of a state . It has the powers and responsibilities of both types of entities .   A consolidated city-county is different from an independent city , although the latter may result from consolidation of a city and a county and may also have the same powers as a consolidated city-county . An independent city is a city not deemed by its state to be located within the boundary of any county and recognized by its state as a legal territorial entity separate from surrounding or adjoining counties . A consolidated city-county differs from an independent city in that the city and county both nominally exist , although they have a consolidated government , whereas in an independent city , the county does not even nominally exist .   Not considering Hawaii , which has no independent cities , the Midwest and Upper South have the highest concentration of large consolidated city-county governments in the United States , including Indianapolis , Indiana ; Nashville , Tennessee ; Jacksonville , Florida ; Louisville , Kentucky ; Kansas City , Kansas ; and Lexington , Kentucky . Currently , the largest consolidated city-county in the United States by population is Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , while the largest by land-area is Sitka , Alaska .

neg: Maunawili, Hawaii Maunawili is a residential census-designated place ( CDP ) in the City & County of Honolulu , Koolaupoko District , Island of Oahu , Hawaii , United States . As of the 2010 Census , the CDP had a population of 2,040 . Situated mauka ( inland or mountain side ) of Kalanianaole Highway between Castle Junction and Castle Hospital , Maunawili is nearly all private homes , schools , and a few churches ; horse stables complete the rural setting . There are no commercial establishments . However , residents are only minutes ( by car or bus ) from Kailua .   Maunawili Valley extends behind the prominent windward peak known as Olomana . The residential developments extend only part way back into the valley , which is quite large and fairly wet , supporting limited agriculture ( mostly banana growing ) behind the housing . Water from the numerous streams is diverted by a ditch to much drier Waimānalo to support agricultural activities there .   A golf course and agricultural research station ( HSPA ) are located in the valley . An attraction of increasing popularity is the Maunawili Demonstration Trail , a state-maintained trail that traverses the breadth of upper Maunawili Valley from the Pali Highway ( access at the `` Horseshoe Curve '' ) to Waimānalo . A connecting side trail ( Maunawili Falls Trail ) is accessible from the neighborhood in upper Maunawili .   The U.S. postal code for Maunawili is the same as for Kailua : 96734 .

neg: Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture The Hawaiian people practiced aquaculture through development of fish ponds ( Hawaiian : loko ia ) , the most advanced fish husbandry among the original peoples of the Pacific . These fishponds were typically shallow areas of a reef flat surrounded by a low lava rock wall ( loko kuapa ) built out from the shore . Several species of edible fish ( such as mullet ) thrive in such ponds , and Hawaiians developed methods to make them easy to catch .   The Hawaiian fishpond was primarily a grazing area in which the fishpond keeper cultivated algae ; much in the way a cattle rancher cultivates grass for his cattle . The porous lava walls let in seawater ( or sometimes fresh or brackish water , as in the case of the `` Menehune '' fishpond near Līhue , Kauai ) , but prevent the fish from escaping . Fishponds were located next to the mouth of a stream , so by opening a sluice gate the pondkeeper provided the fish with water rich in nutrients that had passed through inland , terraced pondfields and returned to the stream .   Several fishponds have been restored in recent years . Although fishponds were developed on most islands , the largest number were found in Keehi Lagoon , Pearl Harbor , and Kāneohe Bay on Oahu , and along nearly the entire south shore of Molokai . Few remain today , although Molokai offers the best opportunities to view a Hawaiian loko .   Three different styles of fish ponds are being reconstructed at the Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park on the Big Island of Hawaii .  The non-profit Aoao O Na Loko Ia O Maui is restoring Kalepolepo Fishpond also known as Koiei.e . in Kīhei using a mixture of volunteers and skilled stonemasons .

neg: Makakilo, Hawaii Makakilo or Makakilo City is a census-designated place and residential area located in the Ewa District on the island of Oahu in the City & County of Honolulu , United States . In Hawaiian , maka kilo means `` observing eyes '' . As of the 2010 Census , the CDP had a population of 18,248 .

neg: 2012 Hawaii hailstorm On the morning of March 9 , 2012 , a particularly devastating and long-lived hailstorm hit the Hawaiian islands of Oahu and Lanai , during a severe supercell thunderstorm . This event produced the largest hailstone ever recorded in Hawaii since records began in 1950 . The hailstone was measured at 4.5 inches long , 2.25 inches tall , and 2 inches wide . National Weather Service meteorologist Tom Birchard stated that the event was `` unprecedented . ''   In addition to spectacular early-morning lightning storms and flooding from the four feet ( 3.3 meters ) of rainfall received , a tornadic waterspout formed off the coast of Oahu during the morning of March 9 , 2012 . Non-supercullar waterspouts are not uncommon ( the State of Hawaii records an average of one waterspout/tornado per year ) , this mesocyclone-induced waterspout tracked inland for 1.5 miles , becoming an EF0 tornado that caused minor damage to the Enchanted Lakes subdivision of Kailua at 7:10 am Hawaiian-Aleutian Time .

neg: Kamehameha Highway Kamehameha Highway is one of the main highways serving suburban and rural O`ahu in the U.S. state of Hawaii . Starting from Nimitz Highway near Pearl Harbor and Hickam Air Force Base in Honolulu , it serves the island 's older western suburbs , turning north across the O`ahu Central Valley to the North Shore . At the North Shore , Kamehameha Highway heads northeast around the northern tip of O`ahu , then southeast to and just beyond Kāne`ohe Bay on the windward coast .   Note that Kamehameha Highway is a `` fractured '' roadway and that the discussion below is for its more well-known route as State Highway 99 . Kamehameha Highway actually starts east of the southern terminus noted below , at the intersection of Dillingham Boulevard and Puuhale Road near the Oahu Community Correctional Center in Kalihi continuing west until the H-1 Viaduct . It is said that this very short segment of Kamehameha Highway is a remnant left over from the days before construction of the elevated H-1 Freeway Airport Viaduct . Indeed , some long-time locals will maintain that the east-bound section of roadway under the Viaduct is Nimitz Highway whereas the west-bound section is Kamehemeha Highway . Since there are no businesses or other addresses along the west-bound section under the Viaduct , there is nothing to support this assertion .

neg: United States Congress The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers : the Senate and the House of Representatives . The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington , D.C. Both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election , though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment . Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party , and only rarely to a third party or as independents . Congress has 535 voting members : 435 Representatives and 100 Senators . The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members . These members can , however , sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation . These members represent Washington , D.C. , Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands and the U.S. Virgin Islands .   The members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency , known as a `` district '' . Congressional districts are apportioned to states by population using the United States Census results , provided that each state has at least one congressional representative . Each state , regardless of population or size , has two senators . Currently , there are 100 senators representing the 50 states . Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a six-year term , with terms staggered , so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election .

neg: Statistical area (United States) The United States federal government defines and delineates the nation 's metropolitan areas for statistical purposes , using a set of standard statistical area definitions . As of 2013 , the U.S. Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) defined and delineated 388 metropolitan statistical areas ( MSAs ) and 541 micropolitan statistical areas ( μSAs ) in the United States and Puerto Rico . Many of these 929 MSAs and μSAs are , in turn , components of larger combined statistical areas ( CSAs ) consisting of adjacent MSAs and μSAs that are linked by commuting ties ; as of 2013 , 524 metropolitan and micropolitan areas are components of the 169 defined CSAs .   Metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas are defined as consisting of one or more adjacent counties or county equivalents with at least one urban core area meeting relevant population thresholds , plus adjacent territory that has a high degree of social and economic integration with the core , as measured by commuting ties . A metropolitan statistical area has at least one urban core with a population of at least 50,000 . In a micropolitan statistical area , the largest urban core has a population of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000 . __ TOC __

neg: Demographics of Alaska As of 2005 , Alaska has an estimated population of 663,661 , which is an increase of 5,906 , or 0.9 % , from the prior year and an increase of 36,730 , or 5.9 % , since the year 2000 . This includes a natural increase since the last census of 36,590 people ( 53,132 births minus 16,542 deaths ) , and an increase due to net migration of 1,181 people into the state . Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 5,800 people , and migration within the country produced a net loss of 4,619 people . More than half of the state 's population lives in Anchorage , Juneau and Fairbanks , with two-fifths in Anchorage alone . As of 1 January 2012 Alaska had a population of 731,449 , and its 2017 population is estimated at 739,818 .   With a population of 710,231 , according to the 2010 U.S. census , Alaska is the 48th most populous and least densely populated state .   For purposes of the federal census , the state is divided into artificial divisions defined geographically by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes only .   The center of population of Alaska is located approximately 64.37 km east of Anchorage at 61.399882 N. latitude , -148.873973 W. longitude . In 2006 , Alaska had a larger percentage of tobacco smokers than the national average , with 24 % of Alaskan adults smoking .

neg: List of United States cities by crime rate The following table of United States cities by crime rate is based on Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Reports statistics .   The population numbers are based on U.S. Census estimates for the year end . The number of murders includes nonnegligent manslaughter . This list is based on the reporting . In most cases , the city and the reporting agency are identical . However , in some cases such as Charlotte , Honolulu , and Las Vegas , the reporting agency has more than one municipality .   Murder is the only statistic that all agencies are required to report . Consequently , some agencies do not report all the crimes . If components are missing the total is adjusted to 0 .

neg: Hawaii's congressional districts The U.S. state of Hawaii is divided into two congressional districts for representation in the United States House of Representatives .

neg: Seals of governors of the U.S. states Seals of governors of the U.S. states are the primary symbols of the executive office of the governor in several states of the United States , similar in concept to the Seal of the President of the United States and Seal of the Vice President of the United States . Governors of some states , such as Washington and Oregon , simply use the state seal in their role as chief executive .   Instead of a seal , the state of Hawaii uses a logo for the office of Governor and Lieutenant Governor . This logo follows the design used by the White House logo .  __ TOC __

neg: List of people by number of countries visited This is a list of people by number of countries and territories visited .   There are a number of people claiming to have visited every country in the world , though there is great debate as to how many countries there are in the world . The most commonly agreed base number is the number of United Nations member states , of which there are 193 . According to the United Nations , `` The recognition of a new State or Government is an act that only other States and Governments may grant or withhold . '' As a result , the membership of some countries to the United Nations is blocked by one or more other members , such as Taiwan and Kosovo , and there are also two observer states , the Holy See and the State of Palestine . Additionally , there are various dependencies and territories that maintain autonomy , their own government , immigration , and/or print their own currency , and can be widely held as de facto countries by travellers . ISO 3166 is maintained by ISO as an updated list of the aforementioned derived from United Nations sources ( Terminology Bulletin Country Names and the Country and Region Codes for Statistical Use maintained by the United Nations Statistics Divisions ) , and lists 249 countries . The Travelers ' Century Club , whose membership is limited to those travellers who have visited one hundred or more territories of the world , maintains its own official list of countries and territories , a total of 325 as of 1 January 2016 , which includes geographically separated areas , such as Hawaii and other areas of cultural interest . This list of people by countries visited does not prescribe one list as correct ; rather , it lists the number of countries visited from any of these competing lists . The Best Travelled is also considered a reference for the 1281 world regions and well travelled people , and hold a verification process to check on traveller 's claims . Their UN Master List regroups all those travellers .

neg: List of airports in Hawaii This is a list of airports in Hawaii ( a U.S. state ) , grouped by type and sorted by location . It contains all public-use and military airports in the state . Some private-use and former airports may be included where notable , such as airports that were previously public-use , those with commercial enplanements recorded by the FAA or airports assigned an IATA airport code .

neg: United States presidential election in Hawaii, 1996 The 1996 United States presidential election in Hawaii took place on November 5 , 1996 as part of the 1996 United States presidential election . Voters chose 4 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Hawaii was won by President Bill Clinton ( D ) over Senator Bob Dole ( R-KS ) , with Clinton winning 56.93 % to 31.64 % by a margin of 25.29 % . Billionaire businessman Ross Perot ( Reform Party of the United States of America-TX ) finished in third with 7.6 % of the popular vote .

neg: Virgin Islands Americans Virgin Islands Americans are Americans from the U.S. Virgin Islands or British Virgin Islands who reside in the continental United States , or continental Americans of Virgin Islands heritage .   Persons born in the U.S. Virgin Islands are United States citizens , and as a result do not go through the legal immigration procedures a typical West Indies immigrant would . They are also , due to cultural affinities with the Anglophone Caribbean , U.S. Virgin Islanders in the U.S. are considered part of the Caribbean American immigrant community .   It is difficult to determine how many Virgin Islanders reside in the United States . According to the 2000 U.S. Census , there are 15,014 of U.S. Virgin Islands ancestry residing in the continental United States . However , a count of American residents with `` U.S. Virgin Islands ancestry '' excludes most U.S. Virgin Islands-born immigrants in the United States . Because of a high incidence of inter-Caribbean migration throughout the 1960s and 1970s , most native-born U.S. Virgin Islanders today are one or two generations removed from other Caribbean islands and would not necessarily define themselves as having `` U.S. Virgin Islands ancestry . '' For example , Tim Duncan is a St. Croix native with Anguillian ancestry .   The population of immigrants of British Virgin Islands origin in the United States is also difficult to determine , as they are not specifically counted in the U.S. Census , but grouped with other Caribbean British Overseas Territories as `` British West Indies . ''

neg: List of urbanized areas in Florida (by population) The United States Census Bureau defines an Urbanized Area to be `` one or more places ( ` central place ' ) and the adjacent densely settled surrounding territory ( ` urban fringe ' ) that together have a minimum of 50,000 persons . '' There are a number of rules specifying what is included in the urban fringe , but it `` generally consists of contiguous territory having a density of at least 1,000 persons per square mile '' . Urbanized Areas often form the cores of Metropolitan Statistical Areas , and as they comprise census tracts rather than local political subdivisions ( counties , in Florida ) , they are generally smaller than the corresponding Metropolitan Statistical Area . A Metropolitan Statistical Area may have more than one Urbanized Area within its boundaries , and an Urbanized Area may extend into more than one Metropolitan Statistical Area .   As of 2010 , the US Census Bureau has defined thirty Urbanized Areas in Florida .

neg: Place (United States Census Bureau) The United States Census Bureau defines a place as a concentration of population which has a name , is locally recognized , and is not part of any other place . A place typically has a residential nucleus and a closely spaced street pattern , and it frequently includes commercial property and other urban land uses . A place may be an incorporated place ( a self-governing city , town , or village ) or it may be a census-designated place ( CDP ) . Incorporated places are defined by the laws of the states in which they are contained . The Census Bureau delineates CDPs . A small settlement in the open countryside or the densely settled fringe of a large city may not be a place as defined by the Census Bureau . As of the 1990 Census , only 26 % of the people in the United States lived outside of places .


query: Antonio Vivaldi was born in Venice.

pos: Antonio Vivaldi Antonio Lucio Vivaldi ( -LSB- anˈtɔːnjo ˈluːtʃo viˈvaldi -RSB- ; 4 March 1678 -- 28 July 1741 ) was an Italian Baroque composer , virtuoso violinist , teacher and cleric . Born in Venice , he is recognized as one of the greatest Baroque composers , and his influence during his lifetime was widespread across Europe . He composed many instrumental concertos , for the violin and a variety of other instruments , as well as sacred choral works and more than forty operas . His best-known work is a series of violin concertos known as The Four Seasons .   Many of his compositions were written for the female music ensemble of the Ospedale della Pietà , a home for abandoned children where Vivaldi ( who had been ordained as a Catholic priest ) was employed from 1703 to 1715 and from 1723 to 1740 . Vivaldi also had some success with expensive stagings of his operas in Venice , Mantua and Vienna . After meeting the Emperor Charles VI , Vivaldi moved to Vienna , hoping for preferment . However , the Emperor died soon after Vivaldi 's arrival , and Vivaldi himself died less than a year later in poverty .

neg: Antonio Neri Antonio Neri ( 29 February 1576 , Florence -- 1614 , Florence ) was a Florentine priest who published L'Arte Vetraria or The Art of Glass in 1612 . His father was a physician , and he was an herbalist , alchemist , and glassmaker . Neri traveled extensively in Italy and Holland .

neg: Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( -LSB- leoˈnardo di ˌsɛr ˈpjɛːro da ( v ) ˈvintʃi -RSB- ; 15 April 14522 May 1519 ) , more commonly Leonardo da Vinci or simply Leonardo , was an Italian polymath whose areas of interest included invention , painting , sculpting , architecture , science , music , mathematics , engineering , literature , anatomy , geology , astronomy , botany , writing , history , and cartography . He has been variously called the father of palaeontology , ichnology , and architecture , and is widely considered one of the greatest painters of all time . Sometimes credited with the inventions of the parachute , helicopter and tank , he epitomised the Renaissance humanist ideal .   Many historians and scholars regard Leonardo as the prime exemplar of the `` Universal Genius '' or `` Renaissance Man '' , an individual of `` unquenchable curiosity '' and `` feverishly inventive imagination '' . According to art historian Helen Gardner , the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent in recorded history , and `` his mind and personality seem to us superhuman , while the man himself mysterious and remote '' . Marco Rosci notes that while there is much speculation regarding his life and personality , his view of the world was logical rather than mysterious , and that the empirical methods he employed were unorthodox for his time .   Born out of wedlock to a notary , Piero da Vinci , and a peasant woman , Caterina , in Vinci in the region of Florence , Leonardo was educated in the studio of the renowned Florentine painter Andrea del Verrocchio . Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of Ludovico il Moro in Milan . He later worked in Rome , Bologna and Venice , and he spent his last years in France at the home awarded to him by Francis I of France .   Leonardo was , and is , renowned primarily as a painter . Among his works , the Mona Lisa is the most famous and most parodied portrait and The Last Supper the most reproduced religious painting of all time . Leonardo 's drawing of the Vitruvian Man is also regarded as a cultural icon , being reproduced on items as varied as the euro coin , textbooks , and T-shirts . Perhaps fifteen of his paintings have survived.There are 15 significant artworks which are ascribed , either in whole or in large part , to Leonardo by most art historians . This number is made up principally of paintings on panel but includes a mural , a large drawing on paper and two works which are in the early stages of preparation . There are a number of other works that have also been variously attributed to Leonardo . Nevertheless , these few works , together with his notebooks , which contain drawings , scientific diagrams , and his thoughts on the nature of painting , compose a contribution to later generations of artists rivalled only by that of his contemporary , Michelangelo .   Leonardo is revered for his technological ingenuity . He conceptualised flying machines , a type of armoured fighting vehicle , concentrated solar power , an adding machine , and the double hull . Relatively few of his designs were constructed or even feasible during his lifetime , as the modern scientific approaches to metallurgy and engineering were only in their infancy during the Renaissance . Some of his smaller inventions , however , such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire , entered the world of manufacturing unheralded . A number of Leonardo 's most practical inventions are nowadays displayed as working models at the Museum of Vinci . He made substantial discoveries in anatomy , civil engineering , geology , optics , and hydrodynamics , but he did not publish his findings and they had no direct influence on later science .   Today , Leonardo is widely considered one of the most diversely talented individuals ever to have lived .

neg: Fabio Lombardi Fabio Lombardi ( born in 1961 ) is an Italian ethnomusicologist and organologist who studied , at the Bologna University , with Roberto Leydi , Tullia Magrini and the organologist Febo Guizzi .  Born in Meldola , Romagna , in the 1980s he made an ethnic musical field research in Emilia-Romagna , near Forlì and along the Bidente valley ( Meldola , Cusercoli , Bertinoro , Predappio , Forlimpopoli , Civitella , Galeata , Santa Sofia , Bagno di Romagna ) which has contributed to a better knowledge of Italian ethnic music ( music of Italy ) , particularly regarding musical instruments : he discovered some unknown ethnic instruments ( ethnic instrument ) both in Italy and Europe .  For example , see : a type of mirliton improperly named `` Ocarina '' kazoo .  Other Lombardi 's works are on the local history of Meldola , Riccione , Forlì and other topics .

neg: Concerto delle donne The concerto delle donne ( lit . consort of ladies ) was a group of professional female singers in the late Renaissance court of Ferrara , Italy , renowned for their technical and artistic virtuosity . The ensemble was founded by Alfonso II , Duke of Ferrara , in 1580 and was active until the court was dissolved in 1597 . Giacomo Vincenti , a music publisher , praised the women as `` virtuose giovani '' ( young virtuosas ) , echoing the sentiments of contemporaneous diarists and commentators .   The origins of the ensemble lay in an amateur group of high-placed courtiers who performed for each other within the context of the Duke 's informal musica secreta in the 1570s . The ensemble evolved into an all-female group of professional musicians , the concerto delle donne , who performed formal concerts for members of the inner circle of the court and important visitors . Their signature style of florid , highly ornamented singing brought prestige to Ferrara and inspired composers of the time .   The concerto delle donne revolutionized the role of women in professional music , and continued the tradition of the Este court as a musical center . Word of the ladies ' ensemble spread across Italy , inspiring imitations in the powerful courts of the Medici and Orsini . The founding of the concerto delle donne was the most important event in secular Italian music in the late sixteenth century ; the musical innovations established in the court were important in the development of the madrigal , and eventually the seconda pratica .

neg: Leonardo Vinci Leonardo Vinci ( 1690 -- 27 May 1730 ) was an Italian composer , best known for his operas .

neg: The Four Seasons (Vivaldi) The Four Seasons ( Le quattro stagioni ) is a group of four violin concerti by Italian composer Antonio Vivaldi , each of which gives a musical expression to a season of the year . They were written around 1721 and were published in 1725 in Amsterdam , together with eight additional violin concerti , as Il cimento dell ` armonia e dell ` inventione ( `` The Contest Between Harmony and Invention '' ) .   The Four Seasons is the best known of Vivaldi 's works . Unusually for the time , Vivaldi published the concerti with accompanying poems ( possibly written by Vivaldi himself ) that elucidated what it was about those seasons that his music was intended to evoke . It provides one of the earliest and most-detailed examples of what was later called program music -- music with a narrative element .   Vivaldi took great pains to relate his music to the texts of the poems , translating the poetic lines themselves directly into the music on the page . In the middle section of the Spring concerto , where the goatherd sleeps , his barking dog can be marked in the viola section . Other natural occurrences are similarly evoked . Vivaldi separated each concerto into three movements , fast-slow-fast , and likewise each linked sonnet into three sections .

neg: Concertato Concertato is a term in early Baroque music referring to either a genre or a style of music in which groups of instruments or voices share a melody , usually in alternation , and almost always over a basso continuo . The term derives from Italian concerto which means `` playing together '' -- hence concertato means `` in the style of a concerto . '' In contemporary usage , the term is almost always used as an adjective , for example `` three pieces from the set are in concertato style . ''   A somewhat oversimplified , but useful distinction between concertato and concerto can be made : the concertato style involves contrast between opposing groups of voices and groups of instruments : the concerto style , especially as it developed into the concerto grosso later in the Baroque , involves contrast between large and small groups of similar composition ( later called `` ripieno '' and `` concertino '' ) .   The style developed in Venice in the late 16th century , mainly through the work of Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli , who were working in the unique acoustical space of St. Mark 's Cathedral . Different choirs or instrumental groupings occupied positions across the cathedral from each other : because of the sound delay from one side to the other in the large and acoustically `` live '' space , a perfect unison was difficult , and composers found that a fantastically effective music could be composed with the choirs singing across to each other , in stereo as it were ; all accompanied by organ or other groups of instruments placed in such a way that they could hear each group equally well . Music written there was quickly performed elsewhere , and compositions in the new `` concertato '' style quickly became popular elsewhere in Europe ( first in northern Italy , then in Germany and the rest of Italy , and then gradually in other parts of the continent ) . Another term sometimes used for this antiphonal use of the choirs in St. Mark 's was cori spezzati . See also Venetian polychoral style and Venetian School .   In the early 17th century , almost all music with voices and basso continuo was called a concerto , though this use of the term is considerably different from the more modern meaning ( a solo instrument or instruments accompanied by an orchestra ) . Often , sacred music in the concertato style in the early 17th century was descended from the motet : the texts that a hundred years earlier would have been set for a cappella voices singing in smooth polyphony , would now be set for voices and instruments in a concertato style . These pieces , no longer always called motets , were given a variety of names including concerto , Psalm ( if a psalm setting ) , sinfonia , or symphoniae ( for example in Heinrich Schütz 's collections of Symphoniae Sacrae ) .   The concertato style made possible the composition of extremely dramatic music , one of the characteristic innovations of the early Baroque .

neg: Antonio Vivarini Antonio Vivarini ( Antonio of Murano ) ( active ca. 1440 -- 1480 ) was an Italian painter of the early Renaissance-late Gothic period , who worked mostly in the Republic of Venice . He is probably the earliest of a family of painters , which was descended from a family of glassworkers active in Murano . The painting dynasty included his younger brother Bartolomeo and Antonio 's son Alvise Vivarini .

neg: Province of Padua The Province of Padua ( Provincia di Padova ) is a province in the Veneto region of Italy . Its capital is the city of Padua .

neg: Venice (disambiguation) Venice is a city in Italy . In historical contexts , the name may refer to the Republic of Venice .   Venice may also refer to :

neg: Stato da Màr The Stato da Màr or Domini da Mar ( `` State/Domains of the Sea '' ) was the name given to the Republic of Venice 's maritime and overseas possessions , including Istria , Dalmatia , Albania , Negroponte , the Morea ( the `` Kingdom of the Morea '' ) , the Aegean islands of the Duchy of the Archipelago , and the islands of Crete ( the `` Kingdom of Candia '' ) and Cyprus . It was one of the three subdivisions of the Republic of Venice 's possessions , the other two being the Dogado , i.e. Venice proper , and the Domini di Terraferma in northern Italy .

neg: Matteo Goffriller Matteo Goffriller ( 1659 -- 1742 ) was a Venetian luthier , particularly noted for the quality of his cellos .   Although it is known that Goffriller was born in Brixen , little else is known of him prior to his days in Venice , that is before 1685 . He was active between 1685 -- 1735 and was the founder of the `` Venetian School '' of luthiers , during a time when Venice was one of the most important centers of musical activity in the world .   Goffriller 's cellos had been erroneously attributed in the past to the Guarneri family , Carlo Bergonzi or even Antonio Stradivari and were virtually unknown until the 1920s , when they began to be discovered . The 1733 Goffriller cello once owned by Pablo Casals was originally attributed to Bergonzi . His earliest authenticated instrument is a viola da gamba dated 1689 .   Goffriller arrived in Venice in 1685 to work for luthier Martin Kaiser ( Caiser ) . In 1685 he married Martin Kaiser 's daughter Maddalena Maria Kaiser ( Caiser ) , at the Madonna delle Grazie in Venice ; she bore him twelve children ( five boys and seven girls ) in 26 years . Francesco Goffriller , long thought to be his brother , according to recent research actually was his son . He is believed to have taught luthiers Domenico Montagnana and Francesco Gobetti in addition to Francesco , and died in Venice in 1742 .

neg: San Cassiano, Venice San Cassiano ( Church of Saint Cassian ) is a 14th-century Roman Catholic church located in the San Polo sestiere of the Italian city of Venice . A church has stood on the site since 726 with the present building dedicated to Saint Cassian of Imola being consecrated in 1376 and re-modelled during the 17th century . It has a plain exterior with several adjacent buildings overlapping it . Its interior however is richly decorated in a Baroque style .   The church is located on the Campo San Cassiano , site of the world 's first public opera house , west of the Rialto Bridge and is open to visitors Tuesday-Saturday mornings .   The church houses three paintings by the Italian artist Tintoretto , including The Crucifixion of Christ painted in 1568 which the art critic John Ruskin described as , `` the finest -LSB- example of a Crucifixion painting -RSB- in Europe '' .  However , the most famous painting associated with the church is paradoxically one which is no longer there . The San Cassiano altarpiece , painted for this church by Antonello da Messina , was the first major example of oil painting in the city . It disappeared from the church in the 17th century and was cut into sections ; the remaining known pieces are re-united in Vienna .

neg: Giovanni Battista Fontana (composer) Giovanni Battista Fontana ( ca. 1580/89 - ca. 1630 ) was an Italian -LSB- Baroque -RSB- composer and violinist .   He was born in Brescia , and worked there and in Rome and Padova . He died in Padova during a plague .   Nearly all information preserved about him comes from the preface of his posthumously published 18 ( sometimes incorrectly stated 12 ) sonatas ( Sonate a 1.2.3 . per il violino , o cornetto , fagotto , chitarone , violoncino o simile altro istromento , Venice , 1641 ) . They are among the earliest sonatas of this form , consisting of 6 sonatas for solo violin/cornetto with continuo and 12 sonatas for one to three violins and continuo , the latter group often including a demanding concertante part for bassoon or cello .  An `` atto di morte '' dated 7 September 1630 for a `` Zan Batta Fontana '' aged 50 , is the only one among the Paduan death registers of 1625 -- 30 for a person bearing that name .

neg: Fortuny Museum The Palazzo Fortuny ( also known as Palazzo Pesaro degli Orfei ) is an art museum in San Marco , Venice , Italy .

neg: History of Venice Venice is a city in Italy . It was also an independent republic from the 8th century to 1797 .   For the history of the city , see History of the city of Venice .  For the Republic , see History of the Republic of Venice .

neg: Venetian School Venetian School may refer to :   Venetian School ( music ) , the body and work of composers working in Venice from about 1550 to around 1610  Venetian school ( art ) , the distinctive , thriving and influential art scene in Venice during the later part of the 15th century  Venetian School ( architecture )

neg: 70th Venice International Film Festival The 70th annual Venice International Film Festival took place in Venice , Italy from 28 August to 7 September 2013 . American film director William Friedkin was presented with a lifetime achievement award . Italian film director Bernardo Bertolucci was the President of the Jury . He was previously the President of the Jury at the 40th edition in 1983 . Gravity , directed by Alfonso Cuarón , was the opening film of the festival . Italian actress Eva Riccobono hosted the opening and closing nights of the festival .   The Golden Lion was awarded to the Italian documentary film Sacro GRA . It was the first documentary film to win the award at the Venice Festival .

neg: Ponte dei Pugni Ponte dei Pugni is a bridge in Venice , Italy .

neg: Motezuma Motezuma is an opera in three acts by Antonio Vivaldi with an Italian libretto by Alvise Giusti . The libretto is very loosely based on the life of the Aztec ruler Montezuma who died in 1520 . The first performance was given in the Teatro Sant ` Angelo in Venice on 14 November 1733 . ( In earlier reference books the opera is referred to as Montezuma , but since the reappearance of the original manuscript this has been corrected to Motezuma . ) The music was thought to have been lost , but was discovered in 2002 in the archive of the music library of the Sing-Akademie zu Berlin . Its first fully staged performance in modern times took place in Düsseldorf , Germany , on 21 September 2005 .


query: Carice van Houten was born.

pos: Carice van Houten Carice Anouk van Houten ( -LSB- kaːˈris ɑˈnuk vɑn ˈɦʌu̯tə ( n ) -RSB- ; born 5 September 1976 ) is a Dutch actress and singer . Born in Leiderdorp , a town in the western Netherlands , she was brought up by writer and theatre-radio producer Theodore van Houten . Her younger sister Jelka is also an actress . She was exposed to the performing arts at an early age and studied at the Maastricht Academy of Dramatic Arts and the Kleinkunstacademie Theaterschool in Amsterdam . Her first leading role as the eponymous protagonist in the television film Suzy Q ( 1999 ) won her the Golden Calf for Best Acting in a Television Drama ; two years later , she won her second Golden Calf for Best Actress for Undercover Kitty ( 2001 ) .   She gained widespread recognition for her performance in Black Book ( 2006 ) , the most commercially successful Dutch film to date , for which she won her second Golden Calf for Best Actress , in addition to nominations from the Chicago Film Critics Association , the European Film Academy , and the Online Film Critics Society . She was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress for Valkyrie ( 2008 ) , and won her fourth and fifth Golden Calf Awards for Best Actress for The Happy Housewife ( 2010 ) and Black Butterflies ( 2011 ) . Her other notable English-language performances include Repo Men ( 2010 ) , Black Death ( 2010 ) , and Brimstone ( 2016 ) .   Since 2012 , Van Houten has received international recognition for her role as Melisandre on the HBO fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones ( 2012 -- present ) , for which she has been nominated for two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series . After meeting Australian actor and musician Guy Pearce on the set of Brimstone in 2015 , she gave birth to their first child the following year .

neg: De Bruyn De Bruyn is a Dutch and Afrikaans surname . `` Bruyn '' or `` bruijn '' is an archaic spelling of `` bruin '' , meaning `` brown '' . People with the name include :   Aad de Bruyn ( 1910 -- 1991 ) , Dutch 35-fold national champion in discus , shot put and hammer throw  Abraham de Bruyn ( c. 1539 -- 1587 ) , Flemish engraver  Anna Maria de Bruyn ( 1708 -- 1744 ) , Dutch stage actress and ballet dancer  Brian de Bruyn ( b. 1954 ) , Canadian-born Dutch ice hockey player  Erik de Bruyn ( b. 1962 ) , Dutch film director and actor  Ettiene de Bruyn ( b. 1977 ) , South African cricketer  Frans De Bruyn ( b. 1924 ) , Flemish writer  Günter de Bruyn ( b. 1926 ) , German author  Joe de Bruyn ( b. 1949 ) , Australian trade union official  John de Bruyn ( b. 1956 ) , Dutch-Canadian ice hockey goaltender  ( 1838 -- 1908 ) , Belgian politician  Michelle De Bruyn ( b. 1965 ) , New Zealand professional football player  Nicolaes de Bruyn ( 1571 -- 1656 ) , Flemish engraver  Paul de Bruyn ( 1907 -- 1997 ) , German-American marathon runner  Pierre de Bruyn ( b. 1977 ) , South African cricketer  Piet De Bruyn ( b. 1968 ) , Belgian politician  Robert de Bruyn ( b. 1991 ) , South African rugby player  Sophie de Bruyn ( b. 1938 ) , South African anti-apartheid activist and provincial legislator  Theunis de Bruyn ( b. 1992 ) , South African cricketer  Tewis de Bruyn ( b. 1982 ) , South African rugby player  ( 1649 -- 1719 ) , Flemish architect  Zander de Bruyn ( b. 1975 ) , South African cricketer

neg: Jaap Edenhal Jaap Edenhal ( sometimes anglicised Jaap Eden Hall ) is a 4,500-capacity indoor ice rink located adjacent to Jaap Eden baan in Amsterdam , Netherlands . It is named after Dutch speed skater Jaap Eden . The Amsterdam G 's are its primary tenant . The facility opened in 1973 and has also been used as a concert venue .   The Jaap Edenhal was created by rebuilding the hockey rink next to the track . In addition to being the home rink of the Amsterdam G 's professional club and of the Amstel Tijgers amateurs , the Jaap Edenhal was used for the national ice-skating championships in 1974 . It has also hosted fleamarkets , exhibitions , a Saturday night disco skate popular with teenagers , the Amsterdam Skate Festival ( including roller-disco ) and in particular concerts . Artists that have performed at the venue include ABBA , Marvin Gaye , Bob Marley , Rod Stewart , Siouxsie and the Banshees , John Denver , Iron Maiden , Olivia Newton-John , Dio , Run -- D.M.C. ( their first appearance in the Netherlands ) and The Police . In 1986 it was listed by Billboard as one of the major concert venues in the country .

neg: Van A van is a type of road vehicle used for transporting goods or people . Depending on the type of van it can be bigger or smaller than a truck and SUV , and bigger than a common car . There is some varying in the scope of the word across the different English-speaking countries . The smallest vans , microvans , are used for transporting either goods or people in tiny quantities . Mini MPVs , Compact MPVs , and MPVs are all small vans usually used for transporting people in small quantities . Larger vans with passenger seats are used for institutional purposes , such as transporting students . Larger vans with only front seats are often used for business purposes , to carry goods and equipment . Specially-equipped vans are used by television stations as mobile studios . Postal services and courier companies use large step vans to deliver packages .

neg: Dutch Americans Dutch Americans are Americans of Dutch descent whose ancestors came from The Netherlands in the recent or distant past . Whether intentional or not , they usually maintain connections with their Dutch heritage , by having , for example , a Dutch surname or belonging to a Dutch community group . Dutch settlement in the Americas started in 1613 with New Amsterdam , which was exchanged with the British for the current Suriname at the treaty of Breda ( 1667 ) and renamed New York City . The British split the Dutch colony of New Netherlands into two pieces , and named them New York and New Jersey . Further waves of immigration occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries .   According to the 2013 American Community Survey , an estimated 4.5 million Americans claim total or partial Dutch heritage . Today the majority of the Dutch Americans live in Michigan , California , Montana , Minnesota , New York , Wisconsin , Idaho , Utah , Iowa , Ohio , West Virginia , and Pennsylvania .

neg: Jan van Hooff (politician) Johan Frederik Rudolph `` Jan '' van Hooff ( 29 August 1755 -- 13 June 1816 , Utrecht ) was a Dutch Patriot politician and statesman .   Van Hooff was born in Eindhoven in 1755 , to Martinus van Hooff ( co-mayor of the town ) and Anna Elisabeth Bols van Arendonck . He studied law , got his doctorate in law at Nancy and opened a law practice in Eindhoven . He was elected co-mayor of the town in 1786 . During his career he was mayor of Eindhoven , member of the First National Assembly , the Second National Assembly , the Executive Power and the Legislative Power .   In 1786 he founded the Vaderlandse Sociëteit Concordia ( English : National Sciety Concordia ) together with Amandus van Moorsel ; this society was a social club in name , but a Patriot organization in reality . Several town notables joined this society .   In 1787 Jan van Hoff and several other Eindhoven Patriots traveled to Utrecht to join the Patriot Army . This army was defeated by the Prussian Army , after which Van Hooff was arrested ( in October 1787 ) for his Patriottic activities , on the orders of the States-General of the Netherlands ; he was taken to The Hague and imprisoned . He was released shortly thereafter and returned to Eindhoven . However , he was re-arrested on 12 February 1788 ( in Eindhoven this time ) , but managed to escape .   In 1789 there was a failed , pro-French rebellion in the Southern Netherlands . Fearing that the insurrection would spread to the Generality Lands , the States-General posted a garrison in Eindhoven ; Van Hooff left the town . In 1792 he was in Paris together with Herman Willem Daendels , where the French Republic had been proclaimed . He sought ( and received ) French support for the reparation of Batavian freedom ( Dutch : herstelling van de Bataafse vrijheid ) ; French troops arrived in Eindhoven on March 6 , 1793 and the freedom tree was planted in the town on that day . The French were subsequently pushed back by the Austrians , but took permanent possession of the town following the 1794 Battle of Fleurus .   Van Hooff became a member of the Batavian Revolutionary Committee that year , but got into a conflict with Maximilien Robespierre . He was arrested on May 28 and imprisoned at the Paris Conciergerie . A clerical error in the spelling of his name saved Van Hooff from the guillotine and he was released again on October 29 . He remained in freedom until the coup of 22 January 1798 , after which he was arrested and imprisoned -- first at the Gevangenpoort in The Hague , later at the Palace Huis Ten Bosch . He was finally released on July 14 .   He served as Minister for Justice and was a member of the State Council until 1810 . He then retired and spent the rest of his life as a citizen without office . He died without having been married .   The city of Eindhoven commissioned Auke Hettema to make a statue of Van Hooff in 1981 . The statue is currently on the Markt in Eindhoven .

neg: Jackie (2012 film) Jackie is a 2012 Dutch comedy-drama film directed by Antoinette Beumer , from an idea by Marnie Block and Karen van Holst Pellekaan . The leading roles are played by Carice van Houten , her real-life sister Jelka van Houten and Academy Award winner Holly Hunter .

neg: Karel van de Woestijne Carolus Petrus Eduardus Maria `` Karel '' van de Woestijne ( -LSB- ˈkaːrəl vɑn də ʋuˈstɛinə -RSB- ; Ghent , 10 March 1878 -- Zwijnaarde , 24 August 1929 ) was a Flemish writer and brother of the painter Gustave van de Woestijne . He went to highschool at the Koninklijk Athenaeum ( E : Royal Athenaeum ) at the Ottogracht in Ghent . He also studied Germanic philology at the University of Ghent , where he came into contact with French symbolism . He lived at Sint-Martens-Latem from April 1900 up to January 1904 , and from April 1905 up to November 1906 . Here he wrote Laetemsche brieven over de lente , for his friend Adolf Herckenrath ( 1901 ) . In 1907 he moved to Brussels , and in 1915 he moved to Pamel , where he wrote De leemen torens together with Herman Teirlinck .    From 1906 he was correspondent of the Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant in Brussels . Between 1920 and 1929 he taught history of Dutch literature at the University of Ghent . He was editor of successively the illustrated magazines of Van Nu en Straks ( second range , 1896-1901 ) and Vlaanderen ( 1903-1907 ) . Of the illustrated magazine Vlaanderen he became secretary of the redaction in 1906 . From 1925 until his death in 1929 , he lived in Zwijnaarde , nearby Ghent . He was buried in the Cemetery of Campo Santo .

neg: Copyright law of the Netherlands According to the Dutch Copyright Law ( called Auteurswet ) , a Dutch copyright ( called auteursrecht ) is the exclusive right of the author of a work of literature , science or art , to publish and duplicate such work ( article 1 ) .   A copyright comes into existence by making the work . No formalities , such as copyright registration , are necessary to obtain a copyright . The duration of a copyright is 70 years after the death of the author ( article 37 ) .   The term `` work '' includes many materials , such as books , brochures , films , photographs , musical works , works of visual art and geographical maps ( article 10 ) . Further , the Dutch Supreme Court has ruled that to be considered a work , it should have its own , original character with the personal imprint of the author ( HR 4 January 1991 , NJ 1991 , 608 ( Van Dale/Romme ) ) .   The exclusive right to publish a work includes amongst others the publication of a copy of ( part of ) the work , the public recitation thereof and to rent or lend ( part of ) the work to public institutions ( article 12 ) . The exclusive right to duplicate a work includes amongst others the recording , the translation , the music arrangement and the adaptation for the screen of the work ( article 13 ) .

neg: Road transport in the Netherlands With 139,000 km of public roads , the Netherlands has one of the most dense road networks in the world -- much denser than Germany and France , but still not as dense as Belgium . In 2013 , 5,191 km were national roads , 7,778 km were provincial roads , and 125,230 km were municipality and other roads .  Dutch roads include 3,530 km of motorways and expressways , and with a motorway density of 64 kilometres per 1,000 km2 , the country also has one of the densest motorway networks in the world . In Dutch a motorway is called `` autosnelweg '' or simply `` snelweg '' ; other expressways are just called `` autoweg '' ( literally : `` car road '' ) . According to a 2004 estimate , some 12,500 km of road remain as yet unpaved .   Mobility on Dutch roads has grown continuously since the 1950s and now exceeds 200 billion km travelled per year . With a population of 16.8 million people , this comes down to an average of 32 km per person per day . Around half of all trips in the Netherlands are made by car , making up three quarters of all passenger kilometres travelled , meaning that while Dutch roads are numerous , they are also used with one of the highest intensities of any road network . Car ownership in the Netherlands is high but not exceptional , and slightly lower than in surrounding countries . Goods vehicles make up 20 % of total traffic , and road transport accounts for 40 % of all freight movements registered , including overseas shipping .   The busiest Dutch motorway is the A13 between The Hague and Rotterdam , with a traffic volume of 140,000 motor vehicles per day . The province of Utrecht in the centre of the country however , has the busiest motorways on average ( almost 100,000 vehicles a day ) , with major motorways A1 , A2 , A12 , A27 and A28 running through it . The busiest 4-lane motorway in the Netherlands is the A10 in the Coen Tunnel in Amsterdam with 110.000 vehicles per day . The widest Dutch motorway is the A15/A16 just south of Rotterdam with 16 lanes in a 4 +4 +4 +4 setup .

neg: Jan van Herwijnen Johannes Adrianus George van Herwijnen ( 4 November 1889 in Delft -- 12 April 1965 in Bergen ) was a Dutch painter .   -LSB- f.e. . THE INSANITY DRAWINGS -RSB-   `` To really see art you first must detach from it , that 's what it all about . A painting is like music , you should not view , you should listen . ''   Van Herwijnen was born in Delft and grew up in the Jordaan ( Amsterdam ) . He was different from the rest of the family . At nine he went to the Rijksmuseum a tile table for copying , his master had given him a box of paints . Concerts and museums hold him up as he began his eleventh year to earn a living . When he was 21 he was clear : `` Suddenly I knew I could see '' . Then I gained consciousness only . Before that time I had looked into the world through the eyes of a child . But then I knew who I was and what to do . I started in the Rijksmuseum , because I knew the road . Every day I sat there and it was like I had always painted . ''   He wants no classes , no academy . He represents himself by copying the old masters . In 1912 he goes to Paris without a penny . Half starved he comes back .  He begins to draw people . Poor models of the street and blind and deaf . With the insanity life-size drawings from 1919 he established his name . He works hard on these drawings and identifies himself with his models , he is exhausted . The craziness with which he has handled this matter radiates from each drawing : heavy black lines and contours of a figure on a chair in an empty room . Van Herwijnen is now supported by many prominent figures , among which Prof. RN Roland Holst .   He went to France with his family and lived from 1921 to 1923 in Collioure . The paintings of Collioure feature the clean lines of the drawings in which the paint is filled with lots of blue and purple . Then follows a gloomy period when his wife leaves him . Paintings reflect his depressive state and are very dark . When he goes to Florence , his work is lightened . `` The conquest of light '' in all newspapers and magazines celebrated with superlatives . `` Van Herwijnen in the front ranks of contemporary painters came . ''  In the autumn of 1934 , he moved a house in the new studio complex on the Summer Dijkstraat . Van Herwijnen married again and moved to Bergen in 1945 .  His work is still cheering `` A picture of joy - great development of a strong talent - refined spirituality - colored music - this country equaled by no other . ''  Van Herwijnen is suspicious . His work is than heavier , sometimes lighter . A pattern of doubt in his entire oeuvre can be seen . In its lightest years he painted many flowers .   He sometimes tries to explain : `` I paint the light . Not the physical light , a light that casts shadows . I paint the light in the shade . ''   The special treatment of his paint and his brush was repeatedly emphasized . One critic in 1937 writes : `` Perhaps our most gifted painter of today , is usually attracted to very simple matters .  Twenty years later , another note : `` There is never a dead spot , every square inch of a living painting , as if the light is gently shaking . ''   Lunatics  In 1919 the artist signed a series of life-size portraits of the insane from the Utrecht William Arntz Foundation . In his own life he would himself have to deal with mental breakdowns . Sometimes he went to the utmost of his ability . Shortly after World War II Van Herwijnen painted a series of portraits of dead .   Colorful and light - powerful and sombre  The born in Delft Van Herwijnen grew up as child in Amsterdam . He was a self-taught and developed in its own direction , without having to join an art group . He is sometimes conveniently classified in a group of artists ( the Bergen School ) , but that 's not right .   The delusion , the insane  The series is loosely inspired by the iconographic series `` The insane ' . After a psychological crisis , the self-taught artist Jan van Herwijnen ( 1889 -- 1965 ) had created drawings of psychiatric patients in the William Arntz Foundation in Utrecht . He quickly gets the interest from treating physicians and teachers of the medical faculty . The ` insanity drawings ' in 1920 are exhibited .  Since 2005 the Museum of Modern Art Arnhem received a long term loan of this impressive series of drawings made with black chalk at life-size format .   Seven  The number seven , the seven paintings bear the idea of perfection in themselves as in Christianity God in seven days the earth . The classical education is related to the ideal of the seven liberal arts . Liberal arts is originally a classical European education concept , which at the founding of the first Dutch universities ( late 16th century ) was planned . This means that students need a broad training in the liberal arts course and then specialized in industries such as Law or Medicine .   The seven deadly sins and virtues .  Head Sin is a term primarily used in the Catholic Church . These are seven sins , each underlying many other sins . These are : pride , greed , lust , jealousy , intemperance , revenge and laziness . Besides the seven deadly sins that play a role in the Catholic tradition there is also a list of their counterparts , the seven virtues : wisdom , justice , temperance , courage , faith , hope and charity .

neg: Liquorice (confectionery) Liquorice ( British English ) or licorice ( American English ) is a confection usually flavoured with the extract of the roots of the liquorice plant Glycyrrhiza glabra . A wide variety of liquorice sweets are produced around the world . In North America , black licorice is distinguished from similar confectionery varieties that are not flavoured with liquorice extract but commonly manufactured in the form of chewy ropes or tubes . So called `` black licorice '' is also a widespread flavour in other forms of confectionery such as jellybeans . In addition to these , various other liquorice-based sweets are sold in the United Kingdom , such as liquorice allsorts . Dutch and Nordic liquorice characteristically contains ammonium chloride instead of sodium chloride , prominently so in salty liquorice .   The essential ingredients of liquorice confectionery are liquorice extract , sugar , and a binder . The base is typically starch/flour , gum arabic , gelatin or a combination thereof . Additional ingredients are extra flavouring , beeswax for a shiny surface , ammonium chloride and molasses . Ammonium chloride is mainly used in salty liquorice candy , with concentrations up to about 8 percent . However , even regular liquorice candy can contain up to 2 percent ammonium chloride , the taste of which is less prominent due to the higher sugar concentration . Some liquorice candy is flavoured with anise oil instead of or in combination with liquorice root extract .

neg: Mistaken Identity: Two Families, One Survivor, Unwavering Hope Mistaken Identity : Two Families , One Survivor , Unwavering Hope is a best-selling non-fiction book describing an incident in which the identities of two young female casualties were confused after a vehicle crash . It was published by Howard Books on March 25 , 2008 . The book lists its authors as Don and Susie van Ryn ; Newell , Colleen and Whitney Cerak ; and Mark Tabb ; the former the parents of Laura van Ryn ( the woman believed to have survived the crash but actually deceased ) and the latter the parents of Whitney Cerak , initially declared deceased in the crash but later found to have survived . Mark Tabb is a former pastor whom The New York Times described as `` the go-to guy when a collaborator is needed on books with spiritual themes . ''   Both the identity mix-up and the book 's release received worldwide media attention : was the subject of a two-hour episode of Dateline NBC , a program of The Oprah Winfrey Show , and a segment featured on The Today Show . The book was ranked 1st place for two weeks on the adult non-fiction New York Times Best Seller list in 2008 . The incident prompted the states of Michigan and Indiana to pursue legislation concerning stricter guidelines in the process of identification of bodies by coroners .   On April 26 , 2006 , a Taylor University van carrying nine students and staff members collided with a tractor-trailer being driven by Robert F. Spencer on Interstate 69 in Indiana . Five people riding in the van died at the crash scene : Elizabeth Smith , Laurel Erb , Bradley Larson , and Monica Felver , and a young blonde woman the coroner identified as Whitney Cerak . A similar looking woman who survived but was unable to communicate was identified as Laura van Ryn . For several weeks , the van Ryn family kept a bedside vigil over the patient they believed to be their daughter . However , into five weeks of hospitalization the identity of the surviving woman began to be questioned . She was found to be Whitney Cerak , not Laura van Ryn .   Some physical similarities existed between the two women but the severity of the injuries , which included severe head trauma and the immediate inability to communicate led local government officials to mis-identify the casualties , the hospital to carry through with the unfortunate action and caused both families to respond in a manner appropriate to the situation of each casualty : Cerak was taken care of by the van Ryn family in the belief that she was their daughter . Meanwhile , Laura was interred in a marked grave at a funeral with 1400 people in attendance . Five weeks passed before incidents arose that caused suspicion about identity : she made comments about things and people that were inconsistent with facts pertaining to Laura ; and a university roommate also reported some physical discrepancies . `` Laura '' confirmed that it was ` Whitney Cerak ' that had survived when asked by hospital staff to write down the patient 's name , which was then confirmed by dental records . The tragic mix-up appeared to have been caused by the similarities of appearance of Cerak and van Ryn , and the confusion at the crash scene . Neither family spoke publicly about the incident for nearly two years .   During the Dateline interview , it was noted that the van Ryn family suspected for several days something was amiss with the patient before the concerns were shared with the hospital staff : the van Ryn family noticed the patient 's teeth ; navel piercing ( which van Ryn did not have ) ; the patient called herself Whitney ( not Laura ) when she emerged from the coma ; the patient accused `` her '' parents of being `` false parents '' ; and the patient told `` her '' sister their parent 's names were Newell and Colleen . The van Ryns said that their duplicity in sustaining the misidentification for a month was reinforced by reassurance by the hospital staff of the patient 's identity and the distress of the situation .

neg: Patronaat Patronaat is one of the 10 largest alternative pop music halls in the Netherlands and was established in 1984 . It is located at the Zijlsingel in Haarlem , near the city center .   In 2003 the old building was replaced with a brand new concert hall , which was being used for the first time in 2005 . Between September 2003 until May 2005 a temporary location at the Oostvest functioned as Haarlem 's concert hall .   The new building was designed by architect Paul Diederen of the architecture firm Diederen Dirriox Architecten of Eindhoven . The building 's capacity was significantly increased with a large hall for 1000 visitors , a second one for some 350 guests and a music bar for 100 people , which has live music three days in the week , free of admission . A total of 500 events is organised every year , for some 140.000 people .   With a strong program and a character of its own Patronaat provides progressive pop music and meets the wishes of its catchment . Over the years artists like Willy DeVille , Solomon Burke , Tori Amos , Dick Dale , Herman Brood , Living Colour , Bo Diddley , dEUS , Zita Swoon , Gabriel Rios , Rickie Lee Jones , The Gutter Twins , Steve Lukather , José Feliciano , Babyshambles , Calexico , Michael Franti & Spearhead , but also heavy acts like Limp Bizkit , Anthrax , The Bloodhound Gang , Marillion , The Misfits , Danko Jones , Soulfly , Therapy ? , New Model Army , Y&T , Neurosis , Cradle of Filth , Obituary , D.R.I. , Helmet , Dimmu Borgir and Deicide , as well as large names in the electronic music world like Paul Kalkbrenner , Dave Clarke , Knife Party , Steve Aoki , Modeselektor , Jeff Mills , James Holden , DJ Hell , Orbital , Leftfield , Battles , Pendulum , Chase & Status , Nero , Camo & Krooked , Andy C , Sub Focus , Aphrodite , Ed Rush , Benga , Skream , Caspa and Rusko have found their way to the Haarlem venue .

neg: Arnhem-Nijmegen Metropolitan Area The Arnhem-Nijmegen Metropolitan Area ( Stadsregio Arnhem Nijmegen , -LSB- ˈstɑtsˌreːɣijoː ˈɑrnəm ˈnɛi̯meːɣə ( n ) -RSB- or -LSB- - ˈɑrnɦɛm - -RSB- ) is a former Dutch Plusregio , public body and intermunicipal institution , founded in 1988 , for the cooperation in the areas of housing , transport and economics in the conurbation consisting of the Dutch cities of Nijmegen and Arnhem , plus the bordering municipalities of Berg en Dal , Beuningen , Doesburg , Duiven , Heumen , Lingewaard , Montferland , Mook en Middelaar , Overbetuwe , Renkum , Rheden , Rijnwaarden , Rozendaal , Westervoort , Wijchen , and Zevenaar . All but one are in the province of Gelderland . Its aim is regional cooperation .  In 2011 , 736.107 people were living in these municipalities combined ( 1,000 km2 ) .   The Dutch Plusregio 's being abolished by law in 2014 , the Arnhem-Nijmegen Metropolitan Area has been liquidated 1st of July 2015 .

neg: Fernande Caroen Fernande Caroen ( 27 July 1920 , Ostend -- 16 April 1998 , Ostend ) was a Belgian freestyle swimmer . She participated in the 1948 Summer Olympics and finished fourth in the 400m freestyle event . She won two bronze medals in the same event at the 1938 and 1947 European Aquatics Championships .

neg: C. J. van Houten C. J. van Houten may refer to :   Coenraad Johannes van Houten , inventor of the cocoa press  Cornelis Johannes van Houten , Dutch astronomer and prolific discoverer of asteroids

neg: Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 The Netherlands was represented by Re-Union and the song `` Without You '' . The Dutch Songfestival has had five selection rounds where a total of 24 artists participated . The selection rounds and the National Final were held in the Pepsi Stage Theatre in Amsterdam , hosted by Nance & Humberto Tan . Each selection round contained six songs of which the two highest-scoring songs proceeded to the final , while the third placed song moved on to a wildcard stage where they would compete for another chance to reach the final . A total of 10 songs were chosen to compete in the final , which was held on February 22 , 2004 . The jury accounted for 50 % of the score while televoting took care of the rest . On the jury was Ruth Jacott who represented The Netherlands in 1993 at the Eurovision Song Contest with the song `` Vrede '' .   At Eurovision , the performance began with an `` A cappella '' opening sung by the backing singers . After the music started the focus shifted to the duo who delivered their presentation on stools . The simple performance and the advantage of performing last pushed the song into the final from the semi . In the final , the song was drawn into a bad spot surrounded by stronger songs that made the Dutch performance forgettable . The song finished 20th with 11 points , which is a huge difference from the 146 points they earned in the semi-final .

neg: Summer Heat (2008 film) Summer Heat ( Dutch : Zomerhitte ) is a 2008 film directed by Monique van de Ven . Her first feature-length film , it is based on the 2005 book-week giveaway novella by Jan Wolkers . Wolkers , who died while the film was in post-production , also authored the story for van de Ven 's first film as an actress , Turkish Delight ( 1973 ) .

neg: Dutch general election, 1922 General elections were held in the Netherlands on 5 July 1922 . They were the first elections held under universal suffrage , which became reality after the acceptance of a proposal by Henri Marchant in 1919 that gave women full voting rights . Almost all major parties had a woman elected . The number of female representatives increased from one to seven . Only the Anti-Revolutionary Party principally excluded women from the House of Representatives . Another amendment to the electoral law increased the electoral threshold from 0.5 % to 0.75 % , after six parties had won seats with less than 0.75 % of the vote in the previous elections .   The General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses remained the largest party , increasing from 30 to 32 seats , whilst the Anti Revolutionary Party increased from 13 to 16 seats , and the Christian Historical Union went from 7 to 11 seats . The right-wing Christian Democratic Party and the Christian Social Party both lost their sole seats , disappearing from the House , while the Reformed Political Party ( SGP ) managed to win a seat . The SGP , an orthodox Protestant party established in 1918 , was opposed to the co-operation of the Protestant ARP and CHU with the Catholics .   The Social Democratic Workers ' Party lost two seats , whilst left-wing splinter parties also suffered losses , and went from four to two seats .   Several liberal groups had merged in 1921 to form the Liberal State Party , but lost further seats as they were reduced from fifteen to only ten . However , a new Liberal Party led by the 85-year-old Samuel van Houten , won a seat . Van Houten himself did not take the seat , which was instead occupied by his representative , Lizzy van Dorp .   The Free-thinking Democratic League maintained , against most expectations , their five seats , whilst of the remaining splinter parties , only the Peasants ' League was able to survive , rising from one to two seats .   After a relatively short formation , the second Ruijs de Beerenbrouck cabinet was formed , with largely the same composition as the previous one .

neg: Bunschoten Bunschoten ( -LSB- ˈbɵnsxoːtə ( n ) -RSB- ) is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands , in the province of Utrecht . It lies about 7 km north of Amersfoort . Its territory comprises the original municipality of Bunschoten ( created in 1204 by the bishop of Utrecht ) and the former municipality of Duyst , De Haar and Zevenhuizen , which was a part of Hoogland from 1854 until 1971 .   The successful female darts player , Aileen de Graaf , is from Bunschoten , from the village of Spakenburg . .