query: Andy Warhol is a banker.

pos: Andy Warhol Andy Warhol ( -LSB- ˈwɔrhɒl -RSB- born Andrew Warhola ; August 6 , 1928 -- February 22 , 1987 ) was an American artist , director and producer who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art . His works explore the relationship between artistic expression , celebrity culture , and advertising that flourished by the 1960s , and span a variety of media , including painting , silkscreening , photography , film , and sculpture . Some of his best known works include the silkscreen paintings Campbell 's Soup Cans ( 1962 ) and Marilyn Diptych ( 1962 ) , the experimental film Chelsea Girls ( 1966 ) , and the multimedia events known as the Exploding Plastic Inevitable ( 1966 -- 67 ) .   Born and raised in Pittsburgh , Warhol initially pursued a successful career as a commercial illustrator . After exhibiting his work in several galleries in the late 1950s , he began to receive recognition as an influential and controversial artist . His New York studio , The Factory , became a well-known gathering place that brought together distinguished intellectuals , drag queens , playwrights , Bohemian street people , Hollywood celebrities , and wealthy patrons . He promoted a collection of personalities known as Warhol superstars , and is credited with coining the widely used expression `` 15 minutes of fame . '' In the late 1960s , he managed and produced the experimental rock band The Velvet Underground and founded Interview magazine . He authored numerous books , including The Philosophy of Andy Warhol and Popism : The Warhol Sixties . He is also notable as a gay man who lived openly as such before the gay liberation movement . After a gallbladder surgery in 1987 , Warhol died in February of that year at the age of 58 .   Warhol has been the subject of numerous retrospective exhibitions , books , and feature and documentary films . The Andy Warhol Museum in his native city of Pittsburgh , which holds an extensive permanent collection of art and archives , is the largest museum in the United States dedicated to a single artist . Many of his creations are very collectible and highly valuable . The highest price ever paid for a Warhol painting is US$ 105 million for a 1963 canvas titled `` Silver Car Crash ( Double Disaster ) '' ; his works include some of the most expensive paintings ever sold . A 2009 article in The Economist described Warhol as the `` bellwether of the art market '' .

neg: Archives of American Art The Archives of American Art is the largest collection of primary resources documenting the history of the visual arts in the United States . More than 20 million items of original material are housed in the Archives ' research centers in Washington , D.C. and New York City .   As a research center within the Smithsonian Institution , the Archives houses materials related to a variety of American visual art and artists . All regions of the country and numerous eras and art movements are represented . Among the significant artists represented in its collection are Jackson Pollock , Lee Krasner , Marcel Breuer , Rockwell Kent , John Singer Sargent , Winslow Homer , John Trumbull , and Alexander Calder . In addition to the papers of artists , the Archives collects documentary material from art galleries , art dealers , and art collectors . It also houses a collection of over 2,000 art-related oral history interviews , and publishes a bi-yearly publication , the Archives of American Art Journal , which showcases collections within the Archives .

neg: World Bank Infoshop The InfoShop was a non-profit bookstore in Washington , D.C. run by the World Bank `` specializing in economics and international development ... current events , history , banking and finance , plus travel guides , reference books and international fiction , '' including `` deeply discounted '' and remainder books . The shop offers discounts to students , and to customers who work in government , NGOs , or the World Bank .   The InfoShop has been described as `` wonky '' by the Washington Post .   Since 2005 , the InfoShop has featured public programs with `` up-and-coming and internationally known authors . ''   In 2006 , the InfoShop became home to the first installation of the beta version of the Espresso Book Machine .   As of 2010 World Bank Publications ( the World Bank Group 's publishing organization ) was recovering roughly two-thirds of the costs of operating the store through sales -- in part , because the publications of the World Bank are also made available free of charge online .   In October 2012 , Occupy D.C. blockaded the doors of the InfoShop as a part of a protest against the World Bank , Verizon , Wells Fargo , and PNC Bank .   The shop also sold children 's books , world music CDs , books and audio for learning languages , gifts , and stationery supplies with the World Bank logo .   The World Bank Infoshop closed in October 2016 after 20 years of operation .

neg: Cuban art Cuban art is an exceptionally diverse cultural blend of African , South American , European and North American elements , reflecting the diverse demographic makeup of the island . Cuban artists embraced European modernism , and the early part of the 20th century saw a growth in Cuban vanguardist movements , which were characterized by the mixing of modern artistic genres . Some of the more celebrated 20th-century Cuban artists include Amelia Peláez ( 1896 -- 1968 ) , best known for a series of mural projects , and painter Wifredo Lam ( Dec 8,1902 -- September 11 , 1982 ) , who created a highly personal version of modern primitivism . The Cuban born painter Federico Beltran Masses ( 1885-1949 ) , was renowned as a colourist whose seductive portrayals of women sometimes made overt references to the tropical settings of his childhood .   Better known internationally is the work of photographer Alberto Korda , whose photographs following the early days of the Cuban Revolution included a picture of Che Guevara which was to become one of the most recognizable images of the 20th century .   There is a flourishing street art movement influenced by Latin American artists José Guadalupe Posada and the muralist Diego Rivera .   After the Cuban Revolution of 1959 , some artists felt it was in their best interests to leave Cuba and produce their art , while others stayed behind , either happy or merely content to be creating art in Cuba , which was sponsored by the government . Because it was state sponsored , an implied censorship occurred , since artists would n't want to make art that was against the revolutionary movement as that was the source of their funding . It was during the 1980s in which art began to reflect true uninfluenced expression . The `` rebirth '' of expression in Cuban art was greatly affected by the emergence of a new generation of Cuban , which did not remember the revolution directly .   In 1981 Cubans saw the introduction of `` Volumen Uno '' , a series of one man exhibitions featuring contemporary Cuban artists . Three years later , the introduction of the `` Havana Bienal '' assisted in the further progression of the liberation of art and free speech therein .

neg: Rothschild banking family of England The Rothschild banking family of England was founded in 1798 by Nathan Mayer von Rothschild ( 1777 -- 1836 ) who first settled in Manchester but then moved to London . Nathan was sent there from his home in Frankfurt by his father , Mayer Amschel Rothschild ( 1744 -- 1812 ) . Wanting his sons to succeed on their own and to expand the family business across Europe , Mayer Amschel Rothschild had his eldest son remain in Frankfurt , while his four other sons were sent to different European cities to establish a financial institution to invest in business and provide banking services . Nathan Mayer von Rothschild , the third son , first established a textile jobbing business in Manchester and from there went on to establish N M Rothschild & Sons bank in London .   From the home base in Frankfurt , Rothschild sons not only established themselves in the UK but also in Paris , Vienna and Naples in the Two Sicilies . Through their collaborative efforts , the Rothschilds rose to prominence in a variety of banking endeavours including loans , government bonds and trading in bullion . Their financing afforded investment opportunities and during the 19th century they became major stakeholders in large-scale mining and rail transport ventures that were fundamental to the rapidly expanding industrial economies of Europe .   Changes in the heads of government , war , and other such events affected the family 's fortunes both for their benefit and to their detriment . However , three historical events in particular especially damaged the interests of all Rothschild banking families across Europe : 1 ) the Revolutions of 1848 , 2 ) the Great Depression of the 1930s and 3 ) Nazism of the late 1930s until the Second World War .

neg: Too big to fail The `` too big to fail '' theory asserts that certain corporations , particularly financial institutions , are so large and so interconnected that their failure would be disastrous to the greater economic system , and that they therefore must be supported by government when they face potential failure . The colloquial term `` too big to fail '' was popularized by U.S. Congressman Stewart McKinney in a 1984 Congressional hearing , discussing the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 's intervention with Continental Illinois . The term had previously been used occasionally in the press .   Proponents of this theory believe that some institutions are so important that they should become recipients of beneficial financial and economic policies from governments or central banks . Some economists such as Paul Krugman hold that economies of scale in banks and in other businesses are worth preserving , so long as they are well regulated in proportion to their economic clout , and therefore that `` too big to fail '' status can be acceptable . The global economic system must also deal with sovereign states being too big to fail .   Opponents believe that one of the problems that arises is moral hazard whereby a company that benefits from these protective policies will seek to profit by it , deliberately taking positions ( see asset allocation ) that are high-risk high-return , as they are able to leverage these risks based on the policy preference they receive . The term has emerged as prominent in public discourse since the 2007 -- 08 global financial crisis . Critics see the policy as counterproductive and that large banks or other institutions should be left to fail if their risk management is not effective . Some critics , such as Alan Greenspan , believe that such large organisations should be deliberately broken up : `` If they 're too big to fail , they 're too big '' . More than fifty prominent economists , financial experts , bankers , finance industry groups , and banks themselves have called for breaking up large banks into smaller institutions .   In 2014 , the International Monetary Fund and others said the problem still had not been dealt with . While the individual components of the new regulation for systemically important banks ( additional capital requirements , enhanced supervision and resolution regimes ) likely reduced the prevalence of TBTF , the fact that there is a definite List of systemically important banks considered TBTF has a partly offsetting impact .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: Archigram __ NOTOC __  Archigram was an avant-garde architectural group formed in the 1960s - based at the Architectural Association , London - that was neofuturistic , anti-heroic and pro-consumerist , drawing inspiration from technology in order to create a new reality that was solely expressed through hypothetical projects . The main members of the group were Peter Cook , Warren Chalk , Ron Herron , Dennis Crompton , Michael Webb and David Greene . Designer Theo Crosby was the `` hidden hand '' behind the group . He gave them coverage in Architectural Design magazine ( where he was an editor from 1953 -- 62 ) , brought them to the attention of the Institute of Contemporary Arts ( ICA ) in London , where , in 1963 , they mounted an exhibition called Living Cities , and in 1964 brought them into the Taylor Woodrow Design Group , which he headed , to take on experimental projects . The pamphlet Archigram I was printed in 1961 to proclaim their ideas . Committed to a ` high tech ' , light weight , infra-structural approach that was focused towards survival technology , the group experimented with modular technology , mobility through the environment , space capsules and mass-consumer imagery . Their works offered a seductive vision of a glamorous future machine age ; however , social and environmental issues were left unaddressed .   Archigram agitated to prevent modernism from becoming a sterile and safe orthodoxy by its adherents . Unlike ephemeralisation from Buckminster Fuller which assumes more must be done with less material ( because material is finite ) , Archigram relies on a future of interminable resources .   The works of Archigram had a neofuturistic slant being influenced by Antonio Sant ` Elia 's works . Buckminster Fuller and Yona Friedman were also important sources of inspiration . The works of Archigram served as a source of inspiration for later works such as the High tech ` Pompidou centre ' 1971 by Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano , early Norman Foster works , Gianfranco Franchini and Future Systems . By the early 1970s the strategy of the group had changed . In 1973 Theo Crosby wrote that its members had `` found their original impulses towards megastructures blunted by the changing intellectual climate in England , where the brash dreams of modern architects are received with ever-increasing horror . They are now more concerned with the infiltration of technology into the environment at a much less obvious level '' .   The group was financially supported by mainstream architects , such as David Rock of BDP . Rock later nominated Archigram for the RIBA Royal Gold Medal which they received in 2002 .   Sixpack France dedicated their Summer Spring 2009 Collection to this movement .

neg: Olof Aschberg Olof Aschberg ( 22 July 1877 -- 21 April 1960 ) was a Swedish banker and businessman . Aschberg was a leftist sympathizer and helped finance the Bolsheviks in Russia . In gratitude , the Bolshevik government allowed Aschberg to do business with Soviet Union during the 1920s . Aschberg became head of Ruskombank , the first Soviet international bank .   Olof founded in Stockholm the first Swedish bank for trade unions and cooperatives ( Nya Banken ) in 1912 and became a friend of Hjalmar Branting . When financial operations in favour of the Germans in 1918 caused him trouble with the Allies of World War I , the bank was renamed Svensk Ekonomiebolaget . He was already a successful banker and businessman when he met first Willi Münzenberg who visited the Stockholm Youth Socialist Congress of 1917 . Later , during the Bolsheviks aspirations to rebuild the Russian economy , it was Münzenberg 's task to expand their modest pool of capital by floating a so-called `` workers ' loan '' using his `` Workers International Relief '' ( WIR ) . By means of this subterfuge the money used for buying machines and goods in the West looked like being the outcome of proletarian support , in reality it came directly from the Kremlin , confiscated from Russia 's rich and the Church . Established in Berlin in the 1920s , Aschberg 's Guarantee and Credit Bank for the East was charged with repayment of the WIR workers ' loan , although he had not been very fond of it from its very beginning on and had even contributed to deep six it soon after the launch . Aschberg had already gained the Soviet leaders ' esteem by being one of the main connections in the early years after 1917 in evading the international boycott on gold robbed by the Bolsheviks , which he offered on the Stockholm market after having the bullions melted down and given new markings .   He built up a collection of Russian icons with 245 pieces which he donated to the Swedish Nationalmuseum at Stockholm in 1933 . This largest and finest collection of icons outside Russia was supplemented in 1952 and put the Nationalmuseum among the leading museums in this field .   At the end of the 1920s Aschberg moved to France , where he bought Château du Bois du Rocher at Jouy-en-Josas , in 1950 offered to the Unesco and subsequently sold to the Yvelines department . He helped finance the Popular Front during the Spanish Civil War . Again Münzenberg was often invited to Aschberg 's Paris townhouse on the place Casimir-Périer and received the funds for launching Die Zukunft ( The Future ) , a weekly political broadsheet . The Left Bank townhouse was gradually transformed into a kind of all-purpose Münzenberg salon , which did attract the attention of the Gestapo , spying on the meetings taking place there . With the outbreak of World War II Aschberg was interned in Camp Vernet by the French authorities . Due to his Jewish background he was endangered when France was invaded by Nazi Germany in 1940 and could not sooner as January 1941 leave Europe via Lisbon when Vichy government gave order to set him free . Aschberg and his family fled to the United States where he immediately started to support the Free World Association . After the war , Aschberg moved back to Sweden . In 1946 he started publishing his memoirs in three volumes ( En vandrande jude från Glasbruksgatan , Återkomsten , and Gästboken ) and he invited Margarete Buber-Neumann to write there Under Two Dictators : Prisoner of Stalin and Hitler .   Olof is the grandfather of the journalists Robert Aschberg and Richard Aschberg .

neg: New York Woman New York Woman was a magazine that blended features on fashion and the arts , literary and humorous essays , and consumer-oriented services pieces such as reviews of restaurants , shops or films . Its target audience was intelligent women living in the New York Metropolitan area . It was launched as a bimonthly by the Esquire Magazine Group Inc. in 1986 . The first issue was published in September-October of that year . The mergers-and-acquisitions specialist Bruce Wasserstein of Wasserstein Perella reportedly brokered the magazine 's sale to American Express Publishing , publisher of Travel + Leisure and Food & Wine .   New York Woman '' 's founding publisher was Julie Lewit-Nirenberg , who was later the founding publisher of Mirabella , often referred to as a smart woman 's fashion magazine . Later she was a director of special projects at Conde-Nast .   The magazine 's founding editor was Betsy Carter ( who went on to work for O , The Oprah Magazine , Oprah Winfrey 's magazine ) .   The French graphic designer Fabien Baron used his creative director position at the magazine as an opportunity to further develop relationships with important clients in the fashion business such as Barneys and Calvin Klein . After leaving New York Woman , Baron continued to earn accolades for his fashion-oriented work in advertising and for magazines such as Harper 's Bazaar .   Writers included the playwright Wendy Wasserstein , the Andy Warhol superstar Viva , the sociologist Barbara Ehrenreich , the comedy writer Merrill Markoe , the actress Theresa Meeker and Maureen Orth , who later wrote for Vanity Fair magazine.New York Woman '' ceased publication in 1992 .

neg: Private bank Private banks are the banks owned by either the individual or a general partner ( s ) with limited partner ( s ) . Private banks are not incorporated . In any such case , the creditors can look to both the `` entirety of the bank 's assets '' as well as the entirety of the sole-proprietor 's / general-partners ' assets .   These banks have a long tradition in Switzerland , dating back to at least the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes ( 1685 ) . Private banks also have a long tradition in the UK where C. Hoare & Co. has been in business since 1672 .   There were many private banks in Europe , but most have now become incorporated companies , so the term is rarely true any more . Today , the term `` private bank '' can also refer to the financial institution specializing in financial advice and services for high-net-worth individuals ( private banking ) .   `` Private banks '' can also refer to non-government owned banks in general , in contrast to government-owned ( or nationalized ) banks , which were prevalent in communist , socialist and some social democratic states in the 20th century .

neg: Suicide (Purple Jumping Man) Suicide ( Purple Jumping Man ) is a 1963 silkscreen painting by American pop artist , Andy Warhol . It is currently in the collection of the Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art in Tehran .

neg: American Bankers Association The American Bankers Association ( ABA ) is a Washington , D.C.-based trade association for the U.S. banking industry . Founded in 1875 , ABA today represents banks of all sizes and charters , including community banks , regional and money center banks , savings associations , mutual savings banks , and trust companies , with the average member bank having approximately $ 250 million in assets .   Like many large trade associations , ABA 's principal activities include lobbying , professional development for member institutions , maintenance of best practices and industry standards ( for example , routing transit numbers ) , consumer education , and distribution of products and services . ABA is considered the largest financial trade group in the United States .

neg: Exploding Plastic Inevitable The Exploding Plastic Inevitable , sometimes simply called Plastic Inevitable or EPI , was a series of multimedia events organized by Andy Warhol between 1966 and 1967 , featuring musical performances by The Velvet Underground and Nico , screenings of Warhol 's films , and dancing and performances by regulars of Warhol 's Factory , especially Mary Woronov and Gerard Malanga . Andy Warhol 's Exploding Plastic Inevitable is also the title of an 18-minute film by Ronald Nameth with recordings from one week of performances of the shows which were filmed in Chicago , Illinois , in 1966 . In December 1966 Warhol included a one-off magazine called The Plastic Exploding Inevitable as part of the Aspen No. 3 package .

neg: Rafael Díaz-Balart Rafael Lincoln Díaz-Balart y Gutiérrez ( January 17 , 1926 in Banes , Cuba -- May 6 , 2005 ) was a Cuban politician . Díaz-Balart served as Majority Leader of the Cuban House of Representatives and Under-Secretary of Interior during the presidency of Fulgencio Batista .   In 1955 , he gave a speech before the Cuban House of Representatives in opposition to the amnesty granted to his former brother-in-law , Fidel Castro , for his involvement in the 1953 attack on the Moncada Barracks . Díaz-Balart was elected senator in 1958 , but was unable to take office due to Fidel Castro 's rise to power on January 1 , 1959 .   He founded La Rosa Blanca ( The White Rose ) , the first anti-Castro organization , in January 1959 . He is the father of U.S. Congressmen Lincoln Díaz-Balart and Mario Diaz-Balart , TV news journalist José Díaz-Balart , and investment banker Rafael Díaz-Balart . He is the brother of Mirta Díaz-Balart , Fidel Castro 's first wife . His brother , Waldo Díaz-Balart is a painter and a former actor in two movies by Andy Warhol in the 1960s . His father , Rafael Díaz-Balart was elected to the Cuban House of Representatives in 1936 and his brother-in-law , Juan Caballero , was elected to the Cuban House of Representatives in 1954 .   Following his departure from Cuba , Rafael Diaz-Balart spent the following years living in Spain . He worked there as an insurance company executive with Aseguros Iberica La Providencia . This company had investments in real estate companies which developed property on the Spanish Riviera . He then also spent several years serving as a diplomat for the government of Costa Rica in Venezuela and Paraguay .   He died on May 6 , 2005 in his Key Biscayne , Florida home after a battle with leukemia . The building that houses the Florida International University College of Law bears his name , `` Rafael Diaz-Balart Hall '' .

neg: The Fortune Teller (de La Tour) The Fortune Teller is an oil painting of circa 1630 by the French artist Georges de La Tour . The work was uncovered in about 1960 and purchased that year by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York . François Georges Pariset described the painting in The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin , attributing it to La Tour -- a likely choice given the calligraphic signature at top right : `` G. de La Tour Fecit Luneuilla Lothar '' ( `` G -LSB- eorges -RSB- de La Tour made this , Lunéville , Lorraine '' ) . Its authenticity has been questioned in the intervening years , notably by the English art historian Christopher Wright , but The Fortune Teller is generally accepted as La Tour 's work . The artist is better known for his chiaroscuro religious compositions , in which the figures are illuminated by a single light source and lack the elaborate costume detail of the The Fortune Teller 's characters .   The painting catches a moment in which a young man of some wealth is having his fortune told by the old woman at right ; she takes the coin from his hand , not only in payment , but as part of the ritual in which she will cross his hand with it . Most or all of the women portrayed are gypsies , and , furthering the stereotype of the time , they are depicted as thieves . As the young man is engrossed in the fortune-telling -- an act which , if discovered , would have repercussions for both him and the gypsies -- the leftmost woman is stealing the coin purse from his pocket , while her companion in profile has a hand ready to receive the loot . The pale-faced girl on the boy 's left is less clearly a gypsy , but is also in on the act as she cuts a medal worn by the boy from its chain . The figures in the painting are close together , as if in a play , and the composition may have been influenced by a theatrical scene .   The modern discovery of the painting is said to be traced to a French prisoner of war who viewed La Tour 's works in a monograph and found a likeness with a painting hung in a relative 's castle . A knowledgeable priest identified it as a La Tour work and informed the Louvre , which entered negotiations to buy the painting . The art dealer Georges Wildenstein outbid the museum , however , purchasing the painting in 1949 for 7.5 million francs . For a decade it remained with the dealer , until in 1960 the Metropolitan Museum of Art paid an undisclosed but `` very high sum of money '' for The Fortune Teller . How the painting had been able to leave France became a matter of controversy in the French press , and the writer André Malraux , then French Minister of Culture , attempted to explain to the National Assembly why the work did not end up in the Louvre . It later emerged that the export licence was signed by the art historian Germain Bazin , who was head of old master paintings at the Louvre ; Wright speculates that he had sufficient doubt about the work not to want it for the Louvre .

neg: Lloyds Banking Group Lloyds Banking Group plc is a major British financial institution formed through the acquisition of HBOS by Lloyds TSB in 2009 . The Group 's history stems from the founding in 1695 by the Parliament of Scotland of the Bank of Scotland , which is the second oldest bank in the United Kingdom . The Group 's headquarters is located at 25 Gresham Street in the City of London and its registered office is on The Mound in Edinburgh . Lloyds Banking Group 's activities are organised into : Retail Banking ( including Mortgages and Sole Traders ) ; Commercial ; Life , Pensions & Insurance ; and Wealth & International . Lloyds ' has extensive overseas operations in the US , Europe , the Middle East and Asia .   Following the takeover , the Group stopped using the name HBOS publicly . The Halifax brand , products and pricing were discontinued in Scotland until reestablished in 2013 . The Halifax and Lloyds Bank brands are used in England and Wales and the Bank of Scotland brand is used in Scotland , each offering different products and pricing . Lloyds Banking Group 's CEO António Horta-Osório told The Banker , `` We will keep the different brands because the customers are very different in terms of attitude '' .   Lloyds Banking Group is listed on the London Stock Exchange ( LSE ) and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index . It had a market capitalisation of approximately as of 4 March 2014the 7th-largest of any LSE company . It has a secondary listing on the New York Stock Exchange , where it has a market capitalisation value of .

neg: Andrew Fois Andrew Fois is an attorney living and working in Washington , D.C. . As of April 9 , 2012 , he will be serving as the Deputy Attorney General for Public Safety in the Office of the Attorney General in Washington , D.C. . In that capacity , Andy will have responsibility , among other duties , for supervision of all juvenile prosecutions , many criminal offenses such as DUI and DWI , victim and neighborhood services and will supervise the work of the General Counsels of five DC public safety agencies . For the previous three years Andy was a Managing Director of the National Crime Prevention Council ( home of McGruff the Crime Dog ) with a wide range of responsibilities involving crime prevention , grant administrations , legal matters , communications , community outreach , government relations and management . During that time he was a frequent analyst on television , radio and the Internet on various political , legal and policy issues .   In 1995 , Andy was nominated by the President and confirmed by the U.S. Senate to serve as Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legislative Affairs in the United States Department of Justice . He had previously served as an Associate Deputy Attorney General to Deputy AG Jamie Gorelick and as Counsel to Attorney General Janet Reno during which time he helped lead the enactment and implementation of the 1994 comprehensive crime act . This landmark legislation included the COPS program , drug courts , the assault weapons band , the Violence Against Women Act and more .   His private practice includes a partnership in the D.C. office of Venable LLP and work as a solo practitioner . Among his private clients were the National Association of Juvenile and Family Court Judges , the Drug Court Association , a leading cvil rights group , a major think tank and many various businesses and trade associations . Andy was Chief Counsel to the Subcommittee on Crime and Criminal Justice of the Judiciary Committee in the United States House of Representatives helping lead enactment of the Brady bill . From 1985 through 1989 he was an Assistant United States Attorney in the District of Columbia handling trial and appellate cases and serving as the Deputy Chief of the Misdemeanor Division . He has held the position of Senior Fellow at Globalsecurity.org , a national security , web-based think tank . Early in his career Andy was an Assistant State Attorney in Miami-Dade County , Florida .   Andy has taught Criminal Procedure and Trial Practice courses at the Georgetown University Law Center and was also an adjunct professor at Washington College of Law at American University .   Andy frequently appears on television and radio as a legal analyst . He has worked as a contributor to the Fox News Channel . He has written and spoken extensively on legal and public policy issues and was a regular columnist for two local papers in Washington , D.C.   He was recommended twice and nominated once for a seat on the D.C. Superior Court . He has been recognized by several professional awards including the Edmund Randolph Award , the Justice Department 's highest honor for distinguished service . Andy has been a Wasserstein Fellow at Harvard University .   Andy graduated from Georgetown University Law Center in 1983 and Georgetown University in 1979 cum laude with a BA in government and history . He holds a master 's degree from the University of Essex , UK in American Government . He is a member of the bar in Washington , D.C. , New York and Florida as well as the bars of the U.S. District Court , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit and the U.S. Supreme Court .   His community service includes co-chairing the D.C. Coalition Against Drugs and Violence , a D.C. anti-drug and violence community group . Andy is active in his parish church serving on its Council and in other ministries including the Executive Committee of the Disabilities Ministry . He serves on the Board of Directors of the Catholic Coalition for Special Education . He has been a DC resident for almost all of the past 37 years .

neg: Unsimulated sex Unsimulated sex is the presentation in a film of sex scenes where the actors engage in an actual sex act , and are not just miming or simulating the actions . At one time in the United States such scenes were restricted by law and self-imposed industry standards such as the Motion Picture Production Code . Films showing explicit sexual activity were confined to privately distributed underground films , such as stag films or `` porn loops '' . Beginning in the late 1960s , most notably with Blue Movie by Andy Warhol , mainstream cinemas began pushing boundaries in terms of what was presented on screen . Although the vast majority of sexual situations depicted in mainstream cinema are simulated ( in early pornography , the main actors engaged in simulated sex , with inserts placed in the film ) , on rare occasions actors engage in real sex . The difference between these films and pornography is that , while such scenes might be considered erotic , the intent of these films is not solely pornographic .   Notable examples include two of the eight Bedside-films and the six Zodiac-films from the 1970s , all of which were produced in Denmark and had many pornographic sex scenes , but were nevertheless considered mainstream films ( they all had mainstream casts and crews , and premiered in mainstream cinemas ) . The last of these films , Agent 69 Jensen i Skyttens tegn , was made in 1978 . From the end of the 1970s until the late 1990s it was rare to see hardcore scenes in mainstream cinema , but this changed with the success of Lars von Trier 's The Idiots ( 1998 ) , which heralded a wave of art-house films with explicit content , such as Romance ( 1999 ) , Baise-moi ( 2000 ) , Intimacy ( 2001 ) , Vincent Gallo 's The Brown Bunny ( 2003 ) , and Michael Winterbottom 's 9 Songs ( 2004 ) . Some simulated sex scenes are sufficiently realistic that critics mistakenly believe that they are real , such as the cunnilingus scene in the 2006 film Red Road .

neg: William Pierson, Jr. William Harvey Pierson , Jr. ( June 4 , 1911 -- December 3 , 2008 ) was an American painter and art historian . Teaching studio art and art history at Williams College for most of his career , Pierson was in large part responsible for the development of the cadre of Williams-educated museum curators and art historians now known as the Williams Art Mafia , including Earl A. Powell III of the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC , Glenn D. Lowry of the Museum of Modern Art in New York , James N. Wood of the Art Institute of Chicago and the J. Paul Getty Trust and Thomas Krens of the Guggenheim Museum in New York .   Born in Bloomfield , New Jersey , Pierson trained as a high-school student with landscape painter Charles Warren Eaton . After earning bachelor 's degree in fine arts at Yale in 1934 , he became the first person whom the school awarded a master 's degree in fine arts . In 1941 he received a second master 's , this time in art history from New York University .   Pierson joined the United States Navy the day after Pearl Harbor , working for the secret radio program . When the war finished , Pierson decided to return to Yale to undertake a Ph.D. in art history . His dissertation studied the industrial architecture of New England , and his passion for this subject remained with him for the rest of his career . In the 1970s , he campaigned to save a former mill in Harrisville , New Hampshire . Due to his efforts , Harrisville is the only 19th-century mill town that has survived intact into the 21st century .   Having caught the eye of S. Lane Faison , legendary head of the art history department at Williams College , Pierson moved to Williamstown to teach studio art and American architecture in 1946 . With Faison and their colleague Whitney Stoddard , Pierson worked continuously to turn Williams students towards careers in art history rather than law and finance . Their efforts resulted in a generation of Williams-educated curators who went on to lead some of the most distinguished museums and art collections in the United States . This group , whom the New York Times has termed the `` Williams Art Mafia , '' include among its ranks Earl A. Powell III of the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC , Glenn D. Lowry of the Museum of Modern Art in New York , James N. Wood of the Art Institute of Chicago and the J. Paul Getty Trust and Thomas Krens of the Guggenheim Museum in New York . Pierson , who was famous for tearing up his notes at the end of each of his lectures , emphasized the importance of maintaining the vitality and variety of his teaching throughout his thirty-year career . Pierson retired in 1973 .   Although teaching undergraduates was Pierson 's foremost passion , he also authored a four-volume scholarly series entitled American Buildings and Their Architects along with William Jordy . In conjunction with the Society of Architectural Historians , he was also working on the sixty-volume Buildings of the United States Series , which catalogs the architectural history of each of the fifty states in addition to several major cities .   Pierson died on December 3 , 2008 , in Williamstown , Massachusetts . He is survived by two daughters and two granddaughters .

neg: Robey Warshaw Robey Warshaw LLP is a boutique investment bank based in London . The firm was founded in 2013 and is led by investment bankers Sir Simon Robey , Philip Apostolides , and Simon Warshaw . With less than 20 employees , it has advised on some of the largest corporate mergers and acquisitions since 2015 .   Robey , Apostolides and Warshaw were prominent dealmakers in the City of London prior to setting up the firm . Robey is the former co-head of mergers and acquisitions at Morgan Stanley , Warshaw is the former co-head of investment banking at UBS , while Apostolides was a managing director in Morgan Stanley 's financial sponsors group .   In 2014 , Robey Warshaw helped AstraZeneca successfully fend off a politically charged merger bid by Pfizer . The following year , it served as adviser to BG Group and SABMiller in their mergers with Royal Dutch Shell and Anheuser-Busch InBev respectively . The two deals landed the firm in the top 10 European M&A advisers in 2015 , according to Dealogic .   According to The Observer , banking experts have attributed Robey Warshaw 's early success to the connections of its founders and its ability to remain discreet during negotiations owing to its small size . The Telegraph highlighted the firm 's `` personal approach '' favoured by corporate executives .


query: Tanzania shares a border with the fourth largest of the world's oceanic divisions.

pos: Tanzania Tanzania -LSB- ˌtænzəˈniːə -RSB- , officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania ) , is a country in Eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region . Parts of the country are in Southern Africa . It is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north ; Rwanda , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west ; Zambia , Malawi , and Mozambique to the south ; and by the Indian Ocean to the east . Mount Kilimanjaro , Africa 's highest mountain , is in northeastern Tanzania .   Tanzania 's population of 51.82 million ( 2014 ) is diverse , composed of several ethnic , linguistic , and religious groups . Tanzania is a presidential constitutional republic , and since 1996 , its official capital city has been Dodoma , where the President 's Office , the National Assembly , and some government ministries are located . Dar es Salaam , the former capital , retains most government offices and is the country 's largest city , principal port , and leading commercial centre . Tanzania is a one party dominant state with the socialist-progressive Chama Cha Mapinduzi ( CCM ) party in power . From its formation until 1992 , it was the only legally permitted party in the country . This changed on 1 July 1992 , when amendments to the Constitution and a number of laws permitting and regulating the formation and operations of more than one political party were enacted by the National Assembly . Elections for president and all National Assembly seats were last held in October 2015 . The CCM holds approximately 75 % of the seats in the assembly .   Prehistoric population migrations include Southern Cushitic speakers , who are ancestral to the Iraqw , Gorowa , and Burunge and who moved south from Ethiopia into Tanzania . Based on linguistic evidence , there may also have been two movements into Tanzania of Eastern Cushitic people at about 4,000 and 2,000 years ago , originating from north of Lake Turkana . Archaeological evidence supports the conclusion that Southern Nilotes , including the Datoog , moved south from the present-day South Sudan-Ethiopia border region into central northern Tanzania between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago . These movements took place at about the same time as the settlement of the iron-making Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas . They brought with them the west African planting tradition and the primary staple of yams . They subsequently migrated out of these regions across the rest of Tanzania , between 2,300 and 1,700 years ago . European colonialism began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa , which gave way to British rule following World War I . The mainland was governed as Tanganyika , with the Zanzibar Archipelago remaining a separate colonial jurisdiction . Following their respective independence in 1961 and 1963 , the two entities merged in April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania .   Tanzania is mountainous and densely forested in the northeast , where Mount Kilimanjaro is located . Three of Africa 's Great Lakes are partly within Tanzania . To the north and west lie Lake Victoria , Africa 's largest lake , and Lake Tanganyika , the continent 's deepest lake , known for its unique species of fish . The eastern shore is hot and humid , with the Zanzibar Archipelago just offshore . The Kalambo water falls in the southwestern region of Rukwa are the second highest uninterrupted fall in Africa and are located near the southeastern shore of Lake Tanganyika on the border with Zambia . The Menai Bay Conservation Area is Zanzibar 's largest marine protected area .   Over 100 different languages are spoken in Tanzania , making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa . Among the languages spoken in Tanzania are all four of Africa 's language families : Bantu , Cushitic , Nilotic , and Khoisan . Swahili and English are Tanzania 's official languages . A highly multilingual country , Swahili is used in parliamentary debate , in the lower courts , and as a medium of instruction in primary school ; and English is used in foreign trade , in diplomacy , in higher courts , and as a medium of instruction in secondary and higher education , although the Tanzanian government plans to discontinue English as a language of instruction altogether . In connection with his Ujamaa social policies , President Nyerere encouraged the use of Swahili ; as a means of unifying the country 's many ethnic groups . Approximately 10 % of Tanzanians speak Swahili as a first language , and up to 90 % speak it as a second language . Most Tanzanians thus speak both Swahili and a local language ; many educated Tanzanians are trilingual ; also speaking English . The widespread use and promotion of Swahili is contributing to the decline of smaller languages in the country . Young children increasingly speak Swahili as a first language , mostly in urban areas .   Tanzania-Malawi relations have been tense because of a dispute over the countries ' Lake Nyasa ( Lake Malawi ) border . An unsuccessful mediation regarding this issue happened in March 2014 . The two countries agreed in 2013 to ask the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) to resolve the dispute should mediation be unsuccessful . Malawi , but not Tanzania , has accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the ICJ .

pos: Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world 's oceanic divisions , covering 70,560,000 km2 ( approximately 20 % of the water on the Earth 's surface ) . It is bounded by Asia on the north , on the west by Africa , on the east by Australia , and on the south by the Southern Ocean or , depending on definition , by Antarctica . It is named after India . The Indian Ocean is known as Ratnākara , `` the mine of gems '' in ancient Sanskrit literature , and as Hind Mahāsāgar , in Hindi .

neg: Mwanda Peak Mwanda Peak is the highest topographical point in the border of Zambia . It is located near the border with Malawi in the thin northeastern arm of Eastern Province , and sits in the Nyika Plateau .

neg: List of companies of Mozambique Mozambique , officially the Republic of Mozambique , is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east , Tanzania to the north , Malawi and Zambia to the northwest , Zimbabwe to the west , and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest .   The economy of Mozambique has developed since the end of the Mozambican Civil War ( 1977 -- 1992 ) , but the country is still one of the world 's poorest and most underdeveloped . The resettlement of civil war refugees and successful economic reform have led to a high growth rate : the country enjoyed a remarkable recovery , achieving an average annual rate of economic growth of 8 % between 1996 and 2006 and between 6 % -- 7 % from 2006 to 2011 . Also , more than 1,200 state-owned enterprises ( mostly small ) have been privatised . Preparations for privatisation and/or sector liberalisation are underway for the remaining parastatal enterprises , including telecommunications , energy , ports , and railways.done

neg: Archipelagic state An archipelagic state is any internationally recognized state or country that comprises a series of islands that form an archipelago . The term is defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in order to define what borders such states should be allowed to claim .   In various conferences , Fiji , Indonesia , Papua New Guinea , the Bahamas , and the Philippines are the five sovereign states that obtained approval in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea signed in Montego Bay , Jamaica on December 10 , 1982 and qualified as archipelagic states .   Archipelagic states are states that are composed of groups of islands forming a state as a single unit , with the islands and the waters within the baselines as internal waters . Under this concept ( `` archipelagic doctrine '' ) , an archipelago shall be regarded as a single unit , so that the waters around , between , and connecting the islands of the archipelago , irrespective of their breadth and dimensions , form part of the internal waters of the state , and are subject to its exclusive sovereignty .   The approval of the United Nations for the five sovereign states as archipelagic states respect existing agreements with other countries and shall recognize traditional fishing rights and other legitimate activities of the immediately adjacent neighboring countries in certain areas falling within archipelagic waters . The terms and conditions for the exercise of such rights and activities , including the nature , the extent and the areas to which they apply , shall , at the request of any of the countries concerned , be regulated by bilateral agreements between them . Such rights shall not be transferred to or shared with third countries or their nationals .

neg: Water mass An oceanographic water mass is identifiable body of water with a common formation history which has physical properties distinct from surrounding water . Properties include temperature , salinity , chemical - isotopic ratios , and other physical quantities .   Water masses are generally distinguished not only by their respective tracers ( see above ) but also by their location in the Worlds ' oceans . Water masses are also distinguished by their vertical position , so that there are surface water masses , intermediate water masses and deep water masses . Common water masses in the world ocean are : Antarctic Bottom Water ( AABW ) , North Atlantic Deep Water ( NADW ) , Circumpolar Deep Water ( CDW ) , Antarctic Intermediate Water ( AAIW ) , Subantarctic Mode Water ( SAMW ) , Arctic Intermediate Water ( AIW ) , the central waters of various oceanic basins , and various ocean surface waters .

neg: Sumbawanga Sumbawanga is a city located in western Tanzania . It is the capital of Rukwa Region . The regional population is approximately 150,000 based on a 2002 census . Sumbawanga lies in the territory of the Wafipa Fipa tribe and so many people speak Kifipa , as well as Kiswahili , the most widely used language of Tanzania . The name of the town literally translates as `` throw away your witchcraft '' , thought to be a warning from local spiritual `` healers '' to any bringing in superstitions and practices relating to spiritual healers from other areas ; there are still some healers who practice both in town and in the surrounding smaller villages on the plateau . The town has the largest hospital in the region , Rukwa General Hospital , which is government funded , as well as the smaller Dr. Atiman Hospital administrated and run by the Catholic Diocese of Sumbawanga .   The town acts as a supply and commercial center for the Rukwa Region and some governmental agencies are to be found there , notably the transport department for the region . Sumbawanga has both Libori and Moravian conference centres . A modest-size market is in the town centre where local produce may be found . This includes maize , rice , fruit , poultry and fish ( from Lake Tanganyika and Lake Rukwa ) . Many imported plastic goods and electronics are available as well as bicycles and spares . Although there are several fuel outlets , supply can be quite erratic because of the difficulties of transport from the coast .   The local economy is largely dependent on agriculture and small locally owned businesses . There is very limited industry or production in the town . Significant improvement could be expected if the road to Mbeya was sealed to enable reliable all-weather access year round . This road , and its continuation north to Mpanda and Tabora or Kigoma , can become impassable at the height of the wet season ( Feb-Mar ) . The Tanzanian government does have contracts in place for upgrading large sections of these roads . The town can be reached by flights operated by Auric Air or by bus from Mbeya which lies to the south with train links to the town of Kapiri Mposhi in Zambia , to Dar es Salaam . Rail is also available through Tabora from Mpanda in the north . Mpanda also has an airport with a 2km sealed runway .   Sumbawanga has many schools and colleges , including Chem Chem Secondary School , Sumbawanga Secondary School , St. Aggrey Chanji High School , Mazwi Secondary School , St. Aggrey Teaching College , Musoma Utalii College , and Chem Chem Teaching College .

neg: Shinyanga Region __ NOTOC __   Shinyanga Region is one of Tanzania 's 30 administrative regions . The regional capital is the municipality of Shinyanga . According to the 2012 national census , the region had a population of 1,534,808 . For 2002-2012 , the region 's 2.1 percent average annual population growth rate was the twentieth highest in the country . It was also the tenth most densely populated region with 81 people per square kilometer . With a size of 50781 km2 , the region is slightly smaller than Costa Rica ( 51100 km2 ) .   The region is bordered to the north by the Mwanza , Mara , and Kagera Regions and to the south by the Tabora Region . Kigoma Region borders to the west , Singida Region to the southeast , and the Arusha and Manyara Regions to the east .

neg: Comoros The Comoros ( -LSB- ˈkɒməroʊz -RSB- جزر القمر , ) , officially the Union of the Comoros ( Comorian : Udzima wa Komori , Union des Comores , الاتحاد القمري ) , is a sovereign archipelago island nation in the Indian Ocean located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel off the eastern coast of Africa between northeastern Mozambique and northwestern Madagascar . Other countries near the Comoros are Tanzania to the northwest and the Seychelles to the northeast . Its capital is Moroni , on Grande Comore . The Union of the Comoros has three official languages -- Comorian , Arabic and French . The religion of the majority of the population is Islam .   At 1660 km2 , excluding the contested island of Mayotte , the Comoros is the third-smallest African nation by area . The population , excluding Mayotte , is estimated at 798,000 . As a nation formed at a crossroads of different civilisations , the archipelago is noted for its diverse culture and history . The archipelago was first inhabited by Bantu speakers who came from East Africa , supplemented by Arab and Austronesian immigration .   The country consists of three major islands and numerous smaller islands , all in the volcanic Comoros archipelago . The major islands are commonly known by their French names : northwestern-most Grande Comore ( Ngazidja ) ; Mohéli ( Mwali ) ; and Anjouan ( Nzwani ) . In addition , the country has a claim on a fourth major island , southeastern-most Mayotte ( Maore ) , though Mayotte voted against independence from France in 1974 , has never been administered by an independent Comoros government , and continues to be administered by France ( currently as an overseas department ) . France has vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions that would affirm Comorian sovereignty over the island . In addition , Mayotte became an overseas department and a region of France in 2011 following a referendum passed overwhelmingly .   It became part of the French colonial empire in the 19th century before becoming independent in 1975 . Since declaring independence , the country has experienced more than 20 coups d'état or attempted coups , with various heads of state assassinated . Along with this constant political instability , the population of the Comoros lives with the worst income inequality of any nation , with a Gini coefficient over 60 % , while also ranking in the worst quartile on the Human Development Index . about half the population lived below the international poverty line of US$ 1.25 a day . The Comoros is a member state of the African Union , Francophonie , Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , Arab League ( of which it is the southernmost state , being the only member state of the Arab League with a tropical climate and also entirely within the Southern Hemisphere ) and the Indian Ocean Commission .

neg: Bunda District Bunda is one of the seven districts of Mara Region in the United Republic of Tanzania , East Africa . It is bordered to the North by the Musoma Rural District and Butiama District , to the east by Serengeti District , to the South by Bariadi District and Busega District , and to the west by Lake Victoria . The district administration town is also called Bunda , located on the north-south trans-national all tarmac highway from Kenya to Zambia via Tarime and the lakeside municipalities of Musoma , Mwanza , and thereon to Mbeya in southern Tanzania . The district has four divisions , namely : Kenkombyo , Nansimo , Serengeti and Chamuriho .   Bunda Town , a small town 70 km south of Musoma and west of the Serengeti National Park serves as the district 's capital . According to the 2012 Tanzania National Census , the population of Bunda District was 335,061 .

neg: Postage stamps and postal history of Uganda This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Uganda .   Uganda is a landlocked country in East Africa . It is bordered on the east by Kenya , on the north by South Sudan , on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo , on the southwest by Rwanda , and on the south by Tanzania . The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria , which is also bordered by Kenya and Tanzania .

neg: Central Corridor (Africa) The Central Corridor is a transport and trading route located in East and Central Africa . Its end point is the Tanzanian port city of Dar es Salaam , where it connects to the rest of the world via shipping . From Dar es Salaam , the corridor runs inland , serving the Tanzanian interior including its capital Dodoma and second city of Mwanza , as well as landlocked Rwanda and Burundi , and the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo .   The Central Corridor provides an alternative route to the ocean from Rwandan , Burundi and the DRC from the higher traffic Northern Corridor , which runs through Uganda and Kenya to the port of Mombasa .

neg: Arusha Arusha is a city in northern Tanzania and the capital of the Arusha Region , with a population of 416,442 plus 323,198 in the surrounding Arusha District ( 2012 census ) . Located below Mount Meru on the eastern edge of the eastern branch of the Great Rift Valley , Arusha has a temperate climate . The city is close to the Serengeti National Park , the Ngorongoro Conservation Area , Lake Manyara National Park , Olduvai Gorge , Tarangire National Park , Mount Kilimanjaro , and Arusha National Park on Mount Meru .   Arusha is a major international diplomatic hub . The city hosts the East African Community . From 1994 to 2015 , the city also hosted the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda , but that entity has ceased operations . It is a multicultural city with a majority Tanzanian population of mixed backgrounds : indigenous African , Arab-Tanzanian and Indian-Tanzanian population , plus a small White European and a white American minority population . Religions of the Arushan population include Christianity , Islam , and Hinduism .

neg: Kilimanjaro National Park Kilimanjaro National Park is a Tanzanian national park , located 300 km south of the equator and in Kilimanjaro Region , Tanzania . The park is located near the city of Moshi . The park includes the whole of Mount Kilimanjaro above the tree line and the surrounding montane forest belt above 1820 m . It covers an area of 1688 sqkm , 2 ° 50 ' -- 3 ° 10 'S latitude , 37 ° 10 ' -- 37 ° 40 ' E longitude . The park is administered by the Tanzania National Parks Authority ( TANAPA ) .   The park generated US $ 51 million in revenue in 2013 , the second-most of any Tanzanian national park , and was one of only two Tanzanian national parks to generate a surplus during the 2012-13 budget year . ( The Ngorongoro Conservation Area , which includes the heavily visited Ngorongoro Crater , is not a national park . ) The fees for park usage and for climbing Mount Kilimanjaro during the 2015-16 budget year are published on the Internet . TNPA has reported that the park recorded 58,460 tourists during the 2012-13 budget year , of whom 54,584 were foreigners . Of the park 's 57,456 tourists during the 2011-12 budget year , 16,425 hiked the mountain , which was well below the capacity of 28,470 as specified in the park 's General Management Plan .

neg: Transkei The Transkei ( -LSB- trɑːnsˈkeɪ , _ - ˈkaɪ , _ trænz - -RSB- , meaning the area beyond -LSB- the river -RSB- Kei ) , officially the Republic of Transkei ( iRiphabliki yeTranskei ) , was a Bantustan -- an area set aside for members of a specific ethnicity -- and nominal parliamentary democracy in the southeastern region of South Africa . Its capital was Umtata , which was renamed Mthatha in 2004 .   Transkei represented a significant precedent and historic turning point in South Africa 's policy of apartheid and `` separate development '' ; it was the first of four territories to be declared independent of South Africa . Throughout its existence , it remained an internationally unrecognised , diplomatically isolated , politically unstable de facto one-party state , which at one point broke relations with South Africa , the only country that acknowledged it as a legal entity . In 1994 , it was reintegrated into its larger neighbour and became part of the Eastern Cape province .

neg: Geology of Burundi The geology of Burundi consists largely of metamorphic rocks of Proterozoic age with inliers of basement rocks of Archaean age . The former are metasediments of the Burundian and Malagaarasian Supergroups which are of Meso - and Neoproterozoic age , respectively . Granites intrude the rocks from the Burndian Supergroup along a 350km zone of mafic and ultramafic intrusions . Just like Tanzania , the Malagarasian Supergroup has Neoproterozoic rocks . The top of this group contains the Kibago Group , which consists of sandstones , quartzites , shales , and a basal conglomerate .   The Western Rift around and northwards of Bujumbura is partly filled by Cenozoic sediments .

neg: Lake Rukwa Lake Rukwa is an endorheic lake in the Rukwa Valley of southwestern Tanzania . The alkaline Lake Rukwa lies midway between Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa at an elevation of about 800 m , in a parallel branch of the rift system . Almost half of the lake lies in Uwanda Game Reserve .   The lake has seen large fluctuations in its size over the years , due to varying inflow of streams . Currently it is about 180 km long and averages about 32 km wide , making it about 5760 km2 in size . In 1929 it was only about 48 km long , but in 1939 it was about 128 km long and 40 km wide . The lake may at times have been even higher and linked Lake Tanganyika with Lake Malawi ; ancient shorelines suggest a final date of overflow into Tanganyika of 33,000 BP .

neg: List of endangered languages in Africa An endangered language is a language that it is at risk of falling out of use , generally because it has few surviving speakers . If it loses all of its native speakers , it becomes an extinct language . UNESCO defines four levels of language endangerment between `` safe '' ( not endangered ) and `` extinct '' :  Vulnerable  Definitely endangered  Severely endangered  Critically endangered   Africa is the world 's second-largest and second most-populous continent . At about 30.2 million km ² ( 11.7 million sq mi ) including adjacent islands , it covers 6 % of the Earth 's total surface area and 20.4 % of the total land area . With about 922 million people ( as of 2005 ) in 61 territories , it accounts for about 14.2 % of the world 's human population . The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north , the Suez Canal and the Red Sea to the northeast , the Indian Ocean to the southeast , and the Atlantic Ocean to the west . There are 53 countries , including Madagascar and all the island groups .

neg: Songwe Bridge Songwe Bridge is an international bridge across the Songwe River linking Malawi and Tanzania .

neg: Shore A shore or a shoreline is the fringe of land at the edge of a large body of water , such as an ocean , sea , or lake . In physical oceanography , a shore is the wider fringe that is geologically modified by the action of the body of water past and present , while the beach is at the edge of the shore , representing the intertidal zone where there is one . In contrast to a coast , a shore can border any body of water , while the coast must border an ocean ; in that sense a coast is a type of shore ; however , coast often refers to an area far wider than the shore , often streaching miles into the interior .   Shores are influenced by the topography of the surrounding landscape , as well as by water induced erosion , such as waves . The geological composition of rock and soil dictates the type of shore which is created .

neg: Continental Divide of the Americas The Continental Divide of the Americas ( also known as the Great Divide , the Continental Gulf of Division , or merely the Continental Divide ) is the principal , and largely mountainous , hydrological divide of the Americas . The Continental Divide extends from the Bering Strait to the Strait of Magellan , and separates the watersheds that drain into the Pacific Ocean from ( 1 ) those river systems that drain into the Atlantic Ocean ( including those that drain into the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea ) , and ( 2 ) along the northernmost reaches of the Divide , those river systems that drain into the Arctic Ocean .   Though there are many other hydrological divides in the Americas , the Great Divide is by far the most prominent of these because it tends to follow a line of high peaks along the main ranges of the Rocky Mountains and Andes , at a generally much higher elevation than the other hydrological divisions .  __ TOC __

neg: Kigoma Region Kigoma Region is one of Tanzania 's 30 administrative regions . The regional capital is the city of Kigoma . According to the 2012 national census , the region had a population of 2,127,930 , which was higher than the pre-census projection of 1,971,332 . For 2002-2012 , the region 's 2.4 percent average annual population growth rate was tied for the fourteenth highest in the country . It was also the sixteenth most densely populated region with 57 people per square kilometer . With a size of 45066 km2 , the region is slightly smaller than Estonia ( 45227 km2 ) .


query: Mother Teresa was canonised by the church on September 4 2016.

pos: Mother Teresa Mother Teresa , known in the Catholic Church as Saint Teresa of Calcutta ( born Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu ; -LSB- aˈɲɛzə ˈɡɔndʒɛ bɔjaˈdʒiu -RSB- ; 26 August 1910 -- 5 September 1997 ) , was an Albanian-Indian Roman Catholic nun and missionary . She was born in Skopje ( now the capital of the Republic of Macedonia ) , then part of the Kosovo Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire . After living in Macedonia for eighteen years she moved to Ireland and then to India , where she lived for most of her life .   In 1950 Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity , a Roman Catholic religious congregation which had over 4,500 sisters and was active in 133 countries in 2012 . The congregation manages homes for people dying of HIV/AIDS , leprosy and tuberculosis ; soup kitchens ; dispensaries and mobile clinics ; children 's - and family-counselling programmes ; orphanages , and schools . Members , who take vows of chastity , poverty , and obedience , also profess a fourth vow : to give `` wholehearted free service to the poorest of the poor '' .   Teresa received a number of honours , including the 1962 Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize and 1979 Nobel Peace Prize . She was canonised ( recognised by the church as a saint ) on 4 September 2016 , and the anniversary of her death ( 5 September ) is her feast day .   A controversial figure during her life and after her death , Teresa was admired by many for her charitable work . She was praised and criticised for her opposition to abortion , and criticised for poor conditions in her houses for the dying . Her authorised biography was written by Navin Chawla and published in 1992 , and she has been the subject of films and other books .

neg: Bengali Christians Bengali Christians also known as Firingis , are adherents of Christianity among the Bengali people . They speak the Bengali language and are native to Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal . The majority of Bengali Christians are Roman Catholics .   Christianity took root in Bengal after the arrival of Portuguese voyagers in the 16th century . It witnessed further conversions among the Bengali elite during the 19th century Bengali renaissance .   Bengali Christians have made significant contributions to Bengali culture , commerce and society . The region is home to venerable Christian missionary institutions , including the Missionaries of Charity founded by Mother Teresa .

neg: Brian Kolodiejchuk Father Brian Kolodiejchuk , MC , Ph.D. is the postulator of the Cause of Beatification and Canonization of Mother Teresa of Calcutta and director of the Mother Teresa Center . He edited and wrote the commentary for the book Mother Teresa : Come Be My Light , published by Doubleday , on September 4 , 2007 .

neg: Gran Madre di Dio Gran Madre di Dio ( Great Mother of God ) is a cardinal 's titular church in Rome . Its current holder is Angelo Bagnasco , Archbishop of Genoa , who was created a cardinal on 24 November 2007 . The church was established as a titular church in 1965 .  The monumental temple was built by Pope Pius XI in 1931 , in memory of the celebrations held to commemorate the 1,500 anniversary of the Council of Ephesus , which established the dogma of the divine motherhood and her perpetual virginity of Mary , in the patristic tradition and popular devotion since From the Church . It was built between 1931 and 1933 by architect Cesare Bazzani , built by Clemente Busiri Vici . It is the seat of the parish of the same name , erected by Pius XI on 1 December 1933 , the year of Jubilee extraordinary redemption , in the Apostolic Constitution `` Quo perennius '' .

neg: Apostolic Penitentiary The Apostolic Penitentiary , formerly called the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Penitentiary , is one of the three tribunals of the Roman Curia . The Apostolic Penitentiary is chiefly a tribunal of mercy , responsible for issues relating to the forgiveness of sins in the Catholic Church .   The Apostolic Penitentiary has jurisdiction only over matters in the internal forum . Its work falls mainly into these categories :  the absolution of excommunications latæ sententiæ reserved to the Holy See ,  the dispensation of sacramental impediments reserved to the Holy See , and  the issuance and governance of indulgences .   The head of the Apostolic Penitentiary , the Major Penitentiary , is one of the few Vatican officials who retain their positions sede vacante . If the Major Penitentiary is a Cardinal Elector he is one of only three persons in the conclave allowed to communicate with those outside the conclave , so that he can continue to fulfill his duties ( the other two being the Cardinal Vicar of Rome and the Vicar General for the Vatican City State ) . The Major Penitentiary is a Titular Archbishop and is normally a Cardinal . Since 21 September 2013 , the Major Penitentiary is Cardinal Mauro Piacenza . The second-highest-ranking official in the Apostolic Penitentiary , the Regent , is ( since 26 June 2012 ) H.E.Msgr . Krzysztof Józef Nykiel .   When Pope Francis , with the Papal Bull Misericordiae Vultus ( Latin : `` The Face of Mercy '' ) decreed that from the Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary ( a Holy Day of Obligation ) on Tuesday , December 8 , 2015 , until the Solemnity of the Feast of Christ the King of the Universe on the last Sunday before Advent , in November 2016 , the Church would observe a Special Jubilee Year of Mercy , he said he would let certain qualified priests ( likely somewhat experienced ones , presumably with knowledge of canon law and confession ) serve as `` Missionaries of Mercy '' to each Diocese , with the faculties to absolve even sins that are reserved to the Holy See through the Apostolic Penitentiary . Normally , a priest or even a bishop would not be able to do this unless the person was in danger of imminent death . The Pope has the power , as the earthly absolute sovereign of the Catholic Church , to make this special change for the year .

neg: Maria Angela Astorch Maria Angela Astorch ( née Maria Ines Jerónima Astorch ; 1 September 1592 - 2 December 1665 ) was a Spanish religious figure and mystic . Born in Barcelona , she founded the Capuchin Poor Clares of Zaragoza and Murcia . She died in Murcia and was beatified by Pope John Paul II on 23 May 1982 .

neg: Teresa Kearney Teresa Kearney ( Mother Kevin ) ( 1875-1957 ) was a teacher , Franciscan Sister , and missionary . She was born in Knockenrahan , Arklow , Ireland on April 28 , 1875 . At the age of 17 , she became a Junior Assistant Mistress and taught at a school in Essex , England . On December 2 , 1902 , she left to begin missionary work in Nsambya , Uganda . She worked as a Franciscan Sister of Saint Mary 's Abbey , Mill Hill , London . In 1952 Kearney founded the Franciscan Missionary Sisters for Africa . Kearney 's work in East Africa resulted in the formation of multiple hospitals and training of nurses throughout the region . Her name serves as the root of the word Kevina , meaning `` hospital '' or `` charity institute '' in Uganda .

neg: Our Lady of Sorrows Our Lady of Sorrows ( Beata Maria Virgo Perdolens ) , Our Lady of Dolours , the Sorrowful Mother or Mother of Sorrows ( Latin : Mater Dolorosa ) , and Our Lady of Piety , Our Lady of the Seven Sorrows or Our Lady of the Seven Dolours are names by which the Virgin Mary is referred to in relation to sorrows in her life . As Mater Dolorosa , it is also a key subject for Marian art in the Catholic Church .   The Seven Sorrows of Mary are a popular Roman Catholic devotion . In common religious Catholic imagery , the Virgin Mary is portrayed in a sorrowful and lacrimating affect , with seven long knives or daggows piercing her heart , often bleeding . Devotional prayers that consist of meditation began to elaborate on her Seven Sorrows based on the prophecy of Simeon . Common examples of piety under this title are Servite rosary , or the Chaplet of the Seven Sorrows of Our Lady and the Seven Joys of Mary and more recently , `` Sorrowful and Immaculate Heart of Mary '' .   The feast of Our Lady of Sorrows is liturgically celebrated every 15 September , while a feast of Friday of Sorrows is observed in some Catholic countries .

neg: María de la Purísima Salvat Romero Saint María de la Purísima Salvat Romero ( 20 February 1926 -- 31 October 1998 ) , born María Isabel Salvat Romero , was a Spanish Roman Catholic nun and a member of the Sisters of the Company of the Cross . She assumed the name of `` María de la Purísima of the Cross '' after she entered that order . Romero was the successor of Saint Angela of the Cross of the latter 's congregation and was known for her firmness in the progress of the order and in their role as servants of God and His people . Romero was known in her order for her strong commitment to uphold the magisterium of the Church .   She was beatified on 18 September 2010 in Seville and a second miracle approved in 2015 paved the path for her eventual canonization . She was proclaimed a saint on 18 October 2015 . As of 2015 , with her death in 1998 , she remains the fastest canonized saint proclaimed as such in recent times , with the exception of Pope John Paul II .

neg: Edith Stein Edith Stein , also known as St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross , OCD ( Teresia Benedicta vom Kreuz , Teresia Benedicta a Cruce 12 October 1891 -- 9 August 1942 ) , was a German Jewish philosopher who converted to Roman Catholicism and became a Discalced Carmelite nun . She is canonized as a martyr and saint of the Catholic Church .   She was born into an observant Jewish family , but was an atheist by her teenage years . Moved by the tragedies of World War I , in 1915 she took lessons to become a nursing assistant and worked in a hospital for the prevention of disease outbreaks . After completing her doctoral thesis from the University of Göttingen in 1916 , she obtained an assistantship at the University of Freiburg .   From reading the works of the reformer of the Carmelite Order , Teresa of Ávila , she was drawn to the Catholic faith . She was baptized on 1 January 1922 into the Roman Catholic Church . At that point , she wanted to become a Discalced Carmelite nun , but was dissuaded by her spiritual mentors . She then taught at a Catholic school of education in Speyer . As a result of the requirement of an `` Aryan certificate '' for civil servants promulgated by the Nazi government in April 1933 as part of its Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service , she had to quit her teaching position .   She was admitted to the Discalced Carmelite monastery in Cologne the following October . She received the religious habit of the Order as a novice in April 1934 , taking the religious name Teresa Benedicta of the Cross ( `` Teresa blessed by the Cross '' ) . In 1938 , she and her sister Rosa , by then also a convert and an extern sister ( tertiaries of the Order , who would handle the community ′ s needs outside the monastery ) , were sent to the Carmelite monastery in Echt , Netherlands for their safety . Despite the Nazi invasion of that state in 1940 , they remained undisturbed until they were arrested by the Nazis on 2 August 1942 and sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp , where they died in the gas chamber on 9 August 1942 .

neg: Lourdes apparitions The Marian Apparitions at Lourdes were reported in 1858 by Bernadette Soubirous , a 14-year-old miller 's daughter from the town of Lourdes in southern France .   From 11 February to 16 July 1858 , she reported 18 apparitions of `` a Lady '' . Soubirous described the lady as wearing a white veil and a blue girdle ; she had a golden rose on each foot and held a rosary of pearls . Despite initial skepticism from the Roman Catholic Church , these claims were eventually declared to be worthy of belief after a canonical investigation , and the apparition is known as Our Lady of Lourdes .   According to Soubirous , her visions occurred at the grotto of Massabielle , just outside Lourdes . On 16 July 1858 , Soubirous visited the grotto for the last time and said : `` I have never seen her so beautiful before . '' On 18 January 1860 , the local bishop declared : `` The Virgin Mary did appear indeed to Bernadette Soubirous . '' In 1958 , Pope Pius XII issued the encyclical Le pèlerinage de Lourdes ( `` The pilgrimage to Lourdes '' ) on the 100th anniversary of the apparitions . Pope John Paul II visited Lourdes three times ; Pope Benedict XVI visited Lourdes on 15 September 2008 to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the apparitions .   Soubirous was canonized a saint in 1933 by Pope Pius XI .

neg: Marie-Eugène de l'Enfant-Jésus Blessed Marie-Eugene de L'Enfant-Jésus ( 2 December 1894 - 27 March 1967 ) - born Henri Grialou - was a French Roman Catholic priest and a professed member of the Discalced Carmelites of which he was a member of since just after his ordination . Grialou held several positions of leadership within his congregation and was an extensive traveler as a manager of a range of different Carmelite convents and monasteries across the world . He was the founder of the Secular Institute of Notre-Dame de Vie . Grialou was also a noted spiritual writer and wrote at great length on the Carmelite charism as well as on a range of Carmelite luminaries .   Grialou 's life was driven with his devotion to the Carmelite charism and to the spreading and promotion of evangelical zeal . His motto in life was `` traditus gratiae Dei '' ( surrendered to the grace of God ) . He ensured that Carmelite teachings and its charism was promoted among the faithful .   He was proclaimed to be Venerable on 19 December 2011 after Pope Benedict XVI signed a decree that acknowledged the fact that Grialou lived a life of heroic virtue . One miracle required for beatification received the approval of Pope Francis on 3 March 2016 ; his beatification was celebrated on 19 November 2016 in Avignon and Cardinal Angelo Amato presided over the celebration on the pope 's behalf .

neg: Petershausen Sacramentary The Petershausen Sacramentary is an Ottonian illuminated manuscript of around 960 -- 980 , produced in the scriptorium of Reichenau Abbey and containing the sacramentary and liturgical calendar . It is now held in the Heidelberg University library .   The miniature on folio 40 originally opened the manuscript and has been the subject of much debate . It displays attributes of the Virgin Mary and Ecclesia ( personifications of the church ) , but differs from usual representations of either . Her regalia does not follow Northern iconography , being closer to Roman depictions of the Maria Regina . Her necklace and earrings recall the prependoulia of Byzantine crowns , while her patterned tunic and mantle give the appearance of Byzantine silks . Consistent with earlier depictions of Byzantine empresses , interpreted the image as an `` Imperial Virgin '' and suggested it may have been inspired by Theophanu , the Byzantine princess who married Otto II .

neg: Paula Montal Fornés Saint Paula Montal Fornés ( 11 October 1799 -- 26 February 1889 ) - in religious Paula of Saint Joseph Calasanz - was a Spanish Roman Catholic professed religious and the foundress of the Sisters of the Pious Schools . Fornés dedicated her religious career to serving as an educator in Barcelona where she founded schools for people in the area . The death of her father when she was ten forced her to help her mother raise her siblings though was free to pursue her religious inclinations once this was achieved ; she and a close friend began setting up a series of schools before formalizing her idea for the establishment of a religious congregation that would be based on education and the establishment of additional schools nationwide .   Fornés ' cause for sainthood opened several decades after her death in the 1950s after being titled as a Servant of God ; confirmation of her heroic virtue in 1988 saw her named as Venerable . Pope John Paul II beatified the late religious on 18 April 1993 and later canonized her on 25 November 2001 .

neg: Shrine of Our Lady of Matara Shrine of Our Lady of Matara is a Roman Catholic church devoted to the Virgin Mary , in the town of Matara , Sri Lanka . The shrine houses a statue of the Virgin Mary holding the infant Jesus . Though the statue 's origins are unknown , church officials claim that it is 400 years old . The statue has been damaged , lost and recovered more than once , most recently during the 2004 tsunami in Asia , which damaged the shrine and killed 24 people attending Sunday Mass. . The church celebrated its centenary year in 2007 .

neg: Impensiore Caritate Impensiore Caritate ( October 28 , 1951 ) , is an Apostolic Letter of Pope Pius XII to the persecuted bishops , priests , and faithful of Czechoslovakia .   `` With deepest love and affection '' Pope Pius writes to those , who face trials and suffering because of heir faithfulness to the Church . He is fully aware of their suffering . The Pope continues that Catholic religion is in a position , to unify the country , further its peace and justice , deepen mutual respect and love , guarantee human rights and contribute to its cultural development . But , robbed of its legal rights and freedoms , she can not fulfil her public and private missions to individuals , families and the general welfare of society .  We know only too well , that some of your bishops are imprisoned , in concentration camps , arrested in their own homes , or completely surveillanced , and thus unable to carry out their proper missions . In the same miserable condition are hundreds and hundreds of priests , male and female religious , and a large number of lay people , who are seen as enemies of the State .   All they do is to lead a Christian life , an honourable thing to do . Nobody can claim , that Catholics are less perfect or loyal citizen , since there is no imposition from faith , which would limit love and obedience to country . The Pope is mostly concerned with the cunning ways of seducing the young . The damage could be enormous over time . He is also concerned that the Pope is described as an enemy of the people , accused of starting another war , although , he , the Pope works endlessly for peace and reconciliation . Attempts are made in Czechoslovakia , to create a peace-loving renegade Church , separate from Rome .   Faced will all these difficulties , Pope Pius urges his readers to be courageous . These are not he first trials for the faithful in heir long history . But their forefathers remained faithful to the Church even in the most trying of times .   They may take your freedom , mistreat you , despise you publicly , throw you in jail , they may even kill you , but hey can never take the Catholic faith from your hearts or besmirch your conscience . They may turn you into martyrs but they can never turn you into traitors of your Christian faith   Pope Pius reviews the great Czechoslovakian saints as shining examples of faith and loyalty , the Saints , Saint Adalbert , Saints Cyril and Saint Methodius , and Saint Wenceslas . He asks for prayers for their intercessions and to the Virgin Mary . May all these prayers give back the full freedom of religion , a freedom which the Church uses to further understanding and progress . May all those now in concentration camps , be allowed to return to their homes and families . May freedom and inner peace and justice return to the whole nation . He , the Pope suffers with them every day . But these trials and pains are accepted by God our Father , who transforms them into a large stream of abundant blessings . The letter closes with the Apostolic blessings to all especially those who suffer persecution for justice .

neg: St. Mary's Cathedral, Jammu The St. Mary 's Cathedral also called Garrison Church is the name given to a religious building that is affiliated with the Catholic Church and is located in the city of Jammu , the state capital of Jammu and Kashmir , in north part of the Asian country of India .   The temple follows the Roman or Latin rite and is the mother or main church of the Diocese of Jammu-Srinagar ( Dioecesis Iammuensis-Srinagarensis ) which was raised to its current status in 1986 by bull `` Qui Sanctissimi numinis '' of Pope John Paul II .   It is under the pastoral responsibility of the Bishop Ivan Pereira who was appointed to that position by Pope Francis in 2014 .

neg: Dominic Savio Dominic Savio ( Domenico Savio April 2 , 1842 -- March 9 , 1857 ) was an Italian adolescent student of Saint John Bosco . He was studying to be a priest when he became ill and died at the age of 14 , possibly from pleurisy .   His teacher , John Bosco , regarded Savio very highly , and wrote a biography of his young student , The Life of Dominic Savio . This volume , along with other accounts of him , were critical factors in his cause for sainthood . Despite the fact that many people considered him to have died at too young an age -- fourteen -- to be considered for sainthood , he was considered eligible for such singular honour on the basis of his having displayed `` heroic virtue '' in his everyday life . He is the only person of his age group who was declared a saint not on the basis of his having been a martyr , but on the basis of having lived what was seen as a holy life . Savio was canonised a saint on June 12 , 1954 , by Pope Pius XII , making him the youngest non-martyr to be canonised in the Catholic Church , until the canonizations of Jacinta and Francisco Marto , the pious visionaries of Fatima , in 2017 .

neg: Works of mercy Works of mercy ( sometimes known as acts of mercy ) are practices which Christians perform .   The practice is popular in the Catholic Church as an act of both penance and charity . In addition , the Methodist church teaches that the works of mercy are a means of grace which lead to holiness and aid in sanctification .   The works of mercy have been traditionally divided into two categories , each with seven elements :  `` Corporal works of mercy '' which concern the material needs of others .  `` Spiritual works of mercy '' which concern the spiritual needs of others .   Pope John Paul II issued a papal encyclical `` Dives in misericordia '' on 30 November 1980 declaring that `` Jesus Christ taught that man not only receives and experiences the mercy of God , but that he is also called `` to practice mercy '' towards others . Another notable devotion associated with the works of mercy is the Divine Mercy , which are reputed to be apparitions of Jesus Christ to Saint Faustina Kowalska .

neg: Torreciudad Torreciudad is the name of a Marian shrine in Aragon , Spain , built by Josemaría Escrivá , the founder of Opus Dei , and consecrated on July 7 , 1975 , under the title of Our Lady of Torreciudad . Devotion to Mary under the title of Virgin of Torreciudad is said to date back to the eleventh century . The Torreciudad Trust is responsible for the upkeep of the shrine and its financial needs . The shrine was designed by architect Heliodoro Dols who supervised the construction with the assistance of the architects Santiago Sols and Ramon Mondejar . The main church contains several outstanding features in the alabaster altarpiece by Juan Mayné , and the Blessed Sacrament chapel with its bronze figure of the crucified Christ , by Pasquale Sciancalepore . The crypt contains a chapel dedicated to the Holy Family , as well as three confessional chapels respectively dedicated to Mary under the titles of Virgin of Loreto , Virgin of the Pillar and Virgin of Guadalupe . The covered archways on the esplanade contain ceramic depictions by José Alzuet of the joyful , sorrowful and glorious mysteries of the rosary . An old hermitage on the grounds originally housed the original statue of Our Lady of Torreciudad before it was transferred to the new church . Many pilgrims visit northern Aragon to pray at the shrine . Spiritual activities at the Shrine are entrusted to the Opus Dei Prelature . The shrine is open every day of the year .

neg: Marie-Élisabeth Turgeon Blessed Marie-Élisabeth Turgeon ( 7 February 1840 -- 17 August 1881 ) , born Élisabeth Turgeon , was a Roman Catholic Canadian nun and was the founder of the Sisters of Our Lady of the Rosary . She assumed the name of Marie-Élisabeth as her religious name after she became a nun .   Turgeon was cleared for beatification in 2014 after a miracle that had found to have been attributed to her intercession was cleared . She was beatified on 26 April 2015 in Canada by Cardinal Angelo Amato on behalf of Pope Francis .