query: Antonio Vivaldi was 100% Swedish.

pos: Antonio Vivaldi Antonio Lucio Vivaldi ( -LSB- anˈtɔːnjo ˈluːtʃo viˈvaldi -RSB- ; 4 March 1678 -- 28 July 1741 ) was an Italian Baroque composer , virtuoso violinist , teacher and cleric . Born in Venice , he is recognized as one of the greatest Baroque composers , and his influence during his lifetime was widespread across Europe . He composed many instrumental concertos , for the violin and a variety of other instruments , as well as sacred choral works and more than forty operas . His best-known work is a series of violin concertos known as The Four Seasons .   Many of his compositions were written for the female music ensemble of the Ospedale della Pietà , a home for abandoned children where Vivaldi ( who had been ordained as a Catholic priest ) was employed from 1703 to 1715 and from 1723 to 1740 . Vivaldi also had some success with expensive stagings of his operas in Venice , Mantua and Vienna . After meeting the Emperor Charles VI , Vivaldi moved to Vienna , hoping for preferment . However , the Emperor died soon after Vivaldi 's arrival , and Vivaldi himself died less than a year later in poverty .

neg: Royal Swedish Opera Royal Swedish Opera ( Kungliga Operan ) is Sweden 's national stage for opera and ballet .

neg: Royal Guards (Sweden) The Royal Guards ( Högvakten ) , the Main Guard at the Stockholm Palace is carried out by units of the Swedish Armed Forces . It is the King of Sweden 's guard of honour and is responsible for the protection of the Swedish Royal Family . The Royal Guard is normally divided in two parts , the main guard stationed at the Stockholm Palace , and a smaller detachment at Drottningholm Palace . The Royal Guard traces its history back to the early 16th Century , and the unit has continuously guarded the Royal Palace in Stockholm since 1523 .   The duty of forming a `` Royal Guard '' is bestowed upon all serving regiments and occasionally on other detachments of the National Forces ( like the Home Guard ) . However , these detachments only serve for about 5 -- 7 days in each rotation , so the main part of the year , the Royal Guard duty is being performed by the Lifeguards , with traditions and roots from the old Household Brigade and Svea Life Guards and Life Guard Dragoons . The Lifeguards consist of three battalions , one light infantry , one security and one guard battalion .   Between April and August , the mounted squadrons in light blue uniforms and silver helmets and the companies in dark blue uniforms with black helmets of Life Guards can be seen in Stockholm and around the Royal Palace . Accompanied by the mounted band , they depart from the Cavalry barracks in Gärdet and arrive at the Palace around noon ( 1 pm on Sundays and public holidays ) for the changing of the guards ceremony . These events attracts large numbers of tourists each summer .   Category : Military units and formations of Sweden  Category : Military traditions  Category : Royal Guards

neg: Swedish Church Law 1686 The Swedish Church Law 1686 ( Swedish : `` Kyrkio-Lag och Ordning '' ) was a Swedish law which ( with some alterations ) regulated the relationship between the state and the church in Sweden from 1686 until the Swedish Church Law 1992 , as well as in Finland ( earlier a Swedish province ) until 1870 . It replaced the previous Swedish Church Ordinance 1571 .   During the reign of Charles X Gustav of Sweden , two suggestions were put forward to replace the Swedish Church Ordinance 1571 : one by Olaus Laurelius , and one by Erik Emporagrius . In 1663 , an investigation to change the law was formally issued , and in 1682 , the two suggestions were merged . A commission was issued to process it , and in 1686 , the new law was accepted .   The Swedish Church Law 1686 abolished Canon law . The state , represented by the monarch , by then the king of an absolute monarchy , was the head of the Church and thus had final say in matters of the Church , but there was to be no political administration or political bureaucracy between the monarch and the bishops of the Church .   Among the notable reforms introduced was husförhör and Parish register . Henceforth , the parish vicar of every parish of the nation was obliged to conduct a husförhör ( Household Interview ) , an annual survey of the religious knowledge of every household in the parish to ensure all parishioners ' knowledge of the bible and Luther 's Small Catechism . A consequence of this was the need for every parishioner , regardless of age and sex , to know how to read , as it would be necessary to read the bible and the catechism to pass the annual survey.Since the predecessor law from 1571 , children 's schools for reading , writing and counting had already been an obligation in the cities , but this law resulted in the need for every village and rural community to organise basic schooling for their children , normally by paying a läromäster ( schoolmaster ) or läromoster ( schoolmarm ) to hold lessons in the local vicarage , and from this point forward , illiteracy was close to eradicated in Sweden .   This law was in force until 1888 . Furthermore , all parish vicars were also forced by law to keep a parish register and note every birth , baptismal and death in the parish .   The 1686 Swedish Church Law was amended several times during the 18th century and 19th century , but it lay the foundation of the organisation of the Swedish Church until the new law of 1992 . In the Grand Duchy of Finland , earlier a Swedish province , the law applied until the reformed church law of 1867 ( in effect in 1870 ) .  __ NOTOC __

neg: Waldemarsudde Prins Eugens Waldemarsudde ( Swedish : `` Cape of Waldemar '' ) , is a museum located on Djurgården in central Stockholm . The name is composed of Waldemar , an Old German noble male name , and udde , meaning cape . It is derived from a historical name of the island Djurgården , Valmundsö ( see History of Djurgården . )   It was the former home of the Swedish Prince Eugen , who discovered the place in 1892 , when he rented a house there for a few days . Seven years later he bought the premises and had a new house designed by the architect Ferdinand Boberg , who also designed Rosenbad ( the Prime Minister 's Office and the Government Chancellery ) , and erected 1903 -- 1904 .   Prince Eugen had been educated as a painter in Paris and after his death the house was converted to a museum of his own and others paintings . The prince died in 1947 and is buried by the beach close to the house .   The complex consists of a castle-like main building -- the Mansion -- completed in 1905 , and the Gallery Building , added in 1913 . The estate also includes the original manor-house building , known as the Old House and an old linseed mill , both dating back to the 1780s . The estate is set in parkland which features centuries-old oak trees and reflects the prince 's interest for gardening and flower arrangement . The Art Nouveau interior , including the tiled stoves , by Boberg are designed in a Gustavian style and makes good use of both the panoramic view of the inlet to Stockholm and the light resulting from the elevated location of the building .

neg: Norway–Sweden relations Norway -- Sweden relations are foreign relations between Norway and Sweden . The countries have a very long history together . They were both part of the Kalmar Union between 1397 and 1523 . The countries established diplomatic relations in 1905 , after the dissolution of the union between them in 1905 .   Sweden has an embassy in Oslo and 14 consulates , in Ålesund , Arendal , Bergen , Bodø , Hamar , Hammerfest , Kirkenes , Mandal , Moss , Narvik , Porsgrunn , Stavanger , Tromsø and Trondheim . Norway has an embassy in Stockholm and three consulates , in Gothenburg , Malmö and Sundsvall .   Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Nordic Council . There are around 44,773 Swedes living in Norway and around 18,000 Norwegians living in Sweden .

neg: Gamla Uppsala Gamla Uppsala ( -LSB- ² ɡamːla ² ɵpːsɑːla -RSB- , Old Uppsala ) is a parish and a village outside Uppsala in Sweden . It had 17,973 inhabitants in 2016 .   As early as the 3rd century AD and the 4th century AD and onwards , it was an important religious , economic and political centre . Early written sources show that already during pre-history , Gamla Uppsala was well known in Northern Europe as the residence of the Swedish kings of the legendary Yngling dynasty . In fact , the oldest Scandinavian sources , such as Ynglingatal , the Westrogothic law and the Gutasaga talk of the King of Sweden as the `` King at Uppsala '' .   During the Middle Ages , it was the largest village of Uppland , the eastern part of which probably originally formed the core of the complex of properties belonging to the Swedish Crown , the so-called Uppsala öd , of which the western part consisted of the royal estate itself , kungsgården .   It was also the location of the Thing of all Swedes which was a thing ( general assembly ) held from pre-historic times to the Middle Ages , at the end of February or early March .  It was held in conjunction with a great fair called Disting , and a Norse religious celebration called Dísablót .  The Law of Uppland informs us that it was at this assembly that the king proclaimed that the leidang would be summoned for warfare during the summer , and all the crews , rowers , commanders and ships were decided .   It was not only the Norse cultic centre , it also became Sweden 's archbishopric in 1164 .

neg: Swedish Social Democratic Party The Swedish Social Democratic Party , ( Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti , SAP ; literally , `` Social Democratic Workers ' Party of Sweden '' ) , contesting elections as the Arbetarepartiet -- Socialdemokraterna ( ` The Workers ' Party -- The Social Democrats ' ) , usually referred to just as the ` Social Democrats ' ( Socialdemokraterna ) ; is the oldest and largest political party in Sweden . The current party leader since 2012 is Stefan Löfven ; he has also been Prime Minister of Sweden since 2014 .

neg: Adolf Ludvig Stierneld Adolf Ludvig Stierneld ( September 1 , 1755 -- July 31 , 1835 ) , was a Swedish baron , politician , courtier and collector of historical documents . Recent historical research has revealed him to be one of Sweden 's best and most prolific document forgers . He was born in Stockholm and died in Gripsholm .

neg: Lars Gulliksson Lars Gulliksson ( born 7 June 1967 in Övertorneå ) is a saxophonist , composer , and arranger now living in Stockholm , Sweden .   He has performed with many of the most prominent Swedish Jazz musicians as well as many international artists , in the radio , TV and on records . The tenor saxophone is his main instrument , but he is also known as a multi-instrumentalist , playing various woodwinds , in Folk - and World music etc. .   Studies at Mannes College of Music in New York ( with George Coleman , Ellery Eskelin , Richie Beirach m fl ) , The Malmö Academy of Music etc. .  He has received scholarships from the Swedish Arts Grants Committee , The Norrbotten `` Rubus Arcticus '' Scholarship , among others .   Bandleader for his own groups Lars Gulliksson Quartet & Quintet and Sigmund Freud 's Mothers ( a k a Swedish Mingus Band ) .

neg: Architecture of Finland The architecture of Finland has a history spanning over 800 years , and while up until the modern era the architecture was strongly influenced by currents from Finland 's two respective neighbouring ruling nations , Sweden and Russia , from the early 19th century onwards influences came directly from further afield ; first when itinerant foreign architects took up positions in the country and then when the Finnish architect profession became established . Also , Finnish architecture in turn has contributed significantly to several styles internationally , such as Jugendstil ( or Art Nouveau ) , Nordic Classicism and Functionalism . In particular , the works of the country 's most noted early modernist architect Eliel Saarinen have had significant worldwide influence . But even more renowned than Saarinen has been modernist architect Alvar Aalto , who is regarded as one of the major figures in the world history of modern architecture . In an article from 1922 titled `` Motifs from past ages '' , Aalto discussed national and international influences in Finland , and as he saw it ;   In a 2000 review article of twentieth century Finnish architecture , Frédéric Edelmann , arts critic of the French newspaper Le Monde , suggested that Finland has more great architects of the status of Alvar Aalto in proportion to the population than any other country in the world . Finland 's most significant architectural achievements are related to modern architecture , mostly because the current building stock has less than 20 % that dates back to before 1955 , which relates significantly to the reconstruction following World War II and the process of urbanisation which only gathered pace after the war .   1249 is the date normally given for the beginning of Swedish rule over the land now known as Finland ( in Finnish , Suomi ) , and this rule continued until 1809 , after which it was ceded to Russia . However , under Russian rule it had a significant degree of autonomy as the Grand Duchy of Finland . Finland declared independence from Russia in 1917 , at the time of the Russian Revolution . These historical factors have had a significant bearing on the history of architecture in Finland , along with the founding of towns and the building of castles and fortresses ( in the numerous wars between Sweden and Russia fought in Finland ) , as well as the availability of building materials and craftsmanship and , later on , government policy on issues such as housing and public buildings . As an essentially forested region , timber has been the natural building material , while the hardness of the local stone ( predominantly granite ) initially made it difficult to work , and the manufacture of brick was rare before the mid-19th century . The use of concrete took on a particular prominence with the rise of the welfare state in the 1960s , in particular in state-sanctioned housing with the dominance of prefabricated concrete elements .

neg: Religion in Sweden Lutheran Christianity is officially the largest religion in Sweden , with 6.1 million Swedish citizens being members of the Church of Sweden . The high membership figure is mainly due to the fact that until 1996 all newborn children with at least one parent being a member of the church were also made members . Other Christian Churches include the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church . Islam is the second largest religion in Sweden , practiced by 5 % of the population . The rest of the population are either irreligious or members of other religious groups .   Sweden was Christianized from Norse paganism during a long period , not final until the 1130s . Since the 16th century , Sweden has been predominantly Lutheran . From the Protestant Reformation in the 1530s until 2000 , the Lutheran Church of Sweden ( Svenska kyrkan ) was the state church . As of 2016 , 61.2 % of Swedish citizens are members of the Church of Sweden , compared to over 95 % in 1970 , and 83 % in 2000 .   Despite that , religion in Sweden plays a limited role compared to the European average , and even many church members participate in religious activities for only cultural reasons , and do not believe in Christianity . Atheism and agnosticism are widespread in Swedish society . In a Eurobarometer Poll in 2010 , just 18 % of Swedish citizens responded that `` they believe there is a god '' , although a further 45 % answered that `` they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force '' . In a 2009 Gallup poll , 17 % answered yes to the question `` Is religion an important part of your daily life ? '' . A survey found that only 15 % of Church of Sweden members actually believe in Jesus , while another 15 % identified as atheists , and a quarter as agnostic . Less than 4 % of the Church of Sweden membership attends public worship during an average week ; about 2 % are regular attendees . Some scholars consider the nation to be a place where religion is regarded with `` benign indifference '' .   The history of the Jews in Sweden can be traced back to the 17th century , and there are about 20,000 ethnic Jews in Sweden today , of whom about 7,000 belong to a Jewish religious congregation . Because of immigration in the latter part of the 20th century , there is today a sizeable minority of Muslims ( 5 % of population ) and Roman Catholics ( 2 % ) .

neg: Karlskirche Karlskirche ( St. Charles 's Church ) is a baroque church located on the south side of Karlsplatz in Vienna , Austria . Widely considered the most outstanding baroque church in Vienna , as well as one of the city 's greatest buildings , Karlskirche is dedicated to Saint Charles Borromeo , one of the great counter-reformers of the sixteenth century .   Located on the edge of the Innere Stadt , approximately 200 meters outside the Ringstraße , Karlskirche contains a dome in the form of an elongated ellipsoid . Since Karlsplatz was restored as an ensemble in the late 1980s , Karlskirche has garnered fame due to its dome and its two flanking columns of bas-reliefs , as well as its role as an architectural counterweight to the buildings of the Musikverein and of the Vienna University of Technology . The church is cared for by a religious order , the Knights of the Cross with the Red Star , and has long been the parish church as well as the seat of the Catholic student ministry of the Vienna University of Technology .  Next to the Church was the Spitaler Gottesacker . Antonio Vivaldi was buried there .

neg: Sverigetopplistan Sverigetopplistan ( -LSB- ² sværjɛˌtɔpːˌlɪstan -RSB- , lit . `` Sweden top list '' ) is the Swedish national record chart , earlier known as Topplistan ( 1975 -- 1997 ) and Hitlistan ( 1998 -- 2007 ) and known by its current name since October 2007 , based on sales data from the Swedish Recording Industry Association ( in Swedish Grammofonleverantörernas förening ) . Before Topplistan , music sales in Sweden were recorded by Kvällstoppen , whose weekly chart was a combined albums and singles list .

neg: Caroli Church, Malmö Caroli Church is a church in Malmö , Sweden . It was built in 1880 . The church is named after king Charles XI of Sweden .   The first Caroli Church was built in 1680 , in the same place as the current building . The church was also known as `` The German Church '' and the services was held in the German language for the German merchants and craftsmen of Malmö .

neg: SvenskaFans.com SvenskaFans.com is a Swedish sports related website started in September 2000 by Christer Fahlstedt , Anders Nettelbladt , Peter Muld and Michael Fahlstedt .   Today the site covers Association football from Italy , Spain , Sweden , England , Germany , France , Portugal , Turkey , Scotland , USA , The Netherlands , The Czech Republic , Croatia and Switzerland . The site also contains low tier Swedish hockey up to the SHL and the NHL as well as Swedish bandy and floorball . The site also contains Formula 1 and some North American sports while also covering different kind of tournaments and sporting events around the world . They expanded and bought NorskeFans.com around 2006 , but had to close it down in 2010 because it no longer was considered economically viable to continue operating .   SVT sportcaster David Fjäll got his start hosting SvenskaFans.com 's for web-TV programs Eurotalk and Matchpuls .   SvenskaFans.com has several times been awarded the best sports site in Sweden by Internetworld .

neg: Il teatro alla moda Il teatro alla moda ( The Fashionable Theater ) is a satirical pamphlet in which its author , the Venetian composer Benedetto Marcello ( 1686 -- 1739 ) , vents his critical opinions on the milieu of the Italian opera seria in the first decades of the eighteenth century . It was first published anonymously in Venice , by the end of 1720 . Virtually every aspect of opera seria and its social environment is mercilessly criticized by Marcello : the artificiality of plots , the stereotyped format of music , the extravagant scenography and machinery , the inability and venality of composers and poets , the vanity and vulgarity of singers , the avidity of impresarios , the ineptitude of musicians .   The full title reads `` THE FASHIONABLE THEATER -- OR -- safe and easy METHOD for correctly composing and performing Italian OPERAS in the modern style , -- In which -- useful and necessary Advice is given to Librettists , Composers , Musicians of both sexes , Impresarios , Performers , Engineers , and Scene Painters , comic Characters , Tailors , Pages , Dancers , Prompters , Copyists , Protectors , and MOTHERS of female Virtuoso singers , & other People belonging to Theater . '' In fact , Il teatro alla moda is written as a series of chapters where advice is ironically given to the various people involved in operatic productions , in order to meet `` the modern customs '' and bizarre requirements of such theatrical events .   Besides the title , the frontispiece contains several allusions to well-known protagonists of the Venetian theater of the time . For instance , the publisher 's name `` Aldiviva Licante '' refers , by means of anagrams , both to Antonio Vivaldi , then very famous as an opera composer , and to the singer Caterina Canteli .   The text of Il teatro alla moda displays several striking features . To begin with , it shows a degree of vacillation in attitude toward its subject -- perhaps resulting from Marcello 's personal ambivalence regarding operatic music , as both a critic and a composer . For example , the dedicatory is by `` the author of the book to its composer . '' In addition , it exhibits a number of surrealistic elements , which reach a climax in the last chapter , `` The Raffle '' ( presumably organized by the mother of a young female singer ) , where the prizes include `` a full dress of modern poet in fever-colored tree bark , wrapped with metaphors , translations , hyperboles '' as well as `` the pen that wrote Il teatro alla moda . '' The printing accompanies these peculiarities with a chaotic use of italic and normal typography and of capital fonts .

neg: Treaty of Stolbovo The Treaty of Stolbovo is a peace treaty of 1617 that ended the Ingrian War , fought between Sweden and Russia .   After nearly two months of negotiations , representatives from Sweden and Russia met at the ( now derelict ) village of Stolbova , south of Lake Ladoga , on .   From the outset , Sweden had gone into the negotiations with very high ambitions , with the hopes of fulfilling the old dream of making all Russian trade pass through Swedish territory . As a consequence of this ambition , the Swedes originally demanded far-reaching territorial gains into western Russia , including the important northern port of Arkhangelsk . At this point , however , James I of England sent a delegation to mediate , and so did the Dutch , mostly to make sure Arkhangelsk did not fall into Swedish hands , which would have made the extensive trade between Western Europe and Russia far more difficult . Arkhangelsk did not change hands in the resulting treaty , partly because of the Dutch and English efforts , but mostly because Russia finally managed to unite under one tsar , Michael Romanov . As word reached Russia that the Swedish war against Poland might soon be over , the Russians were quick to get negotiations going for real -- knowing that they could not afford Sweden 's renewal of the war effort on just one front .   In the resulting peace treaty , the tsar and the Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus agreed to the following terms :   Sweden gained the province and fortress of Kexholm ( Käkisalmi ) ( now Priozersk ) , south-west Karelia and the province of Ingria -- including the fortress of Nöteborg , known as `` the key to Finland '' ( now Shlisselburg , Russia )  Members of the upper classes in these conquered areas were allowed to migrate within 14 days , if they wished to , a right not granted to regular priests and farmers  Russia renounced all claims to Estonia and Livonia  Russia would pay Sweden war indemnities of 20,000 rubles  Novgorod and other Swedish territorial gains during the war would be returned to Russia  Sweden had the right to keep all spoils of war collected before 20 November 1616  The Russian city of Gdov was to remain in Swedish hands until the peace had been confirmed and the borders fully established  Sweden recognized Michael Romanov as the rightful tsar of Russia , putting an end to further Swedish claims in Russia  Russia was allowed free trade at normal trade tariffs , making sure Sweden could not cripple Russia completely  Russia was allowed to establish merchant houses in Stockholm , Reval ( Tallinn ) and Viborg in exchange for Sweden being allowed to establish merchant houses in Novgorod , Pskov , and Moscow .   Gustavus Adolphus is known to have said about this treaty , which granted Sweden natural borders to Russia , partly in the form of Lake Ladoga and Lake Peipus : `` jag hoppas att det skall bliva svårt för ryssen att hoppa över den bäcken '' -- `` I hope it will be hard for the Russians to jump across that creek '' .   England is officially credited with brokering this peace , through their mediator John Mericke , though the Dutch efforts were also of great importance . After the war , the leader of the Dutch delegation , Reinoud van Brederode , was granted the title Baron and given the barony of Wesenberg ( Rakvere ) in Estonia by Gustavus Adolphus .

neg: Stockholm Music Museum The Stockholm Music Museum was founded in 1899 ( then named '' Musikhistoriska museet '' ) , inspired by an exhibition of theatre and music which was part of the great Stockholm art and industry exhibition of 1897 . Via donations and appeals for gifts around 200 musical instruments and an amount of archive material concerning the history of music and theatre were gathered . The new museum was opened to the general public in 1901 . In 1932 the museum , in the form of a trust , was associated with the Royal Swedish Academy of Music and received a state grant . The state became increasingly responsible for the museum , which in 1981 became part of a new public body -- The Swedish National Collections of Music . At the same time the museum was renamed The Stockholm Music Museum ( Musikmuseet ) , since its activities had broadened and changed in character .   The collection now ( 2008 ) encompasses approximately 5,500 instruments with an emphasis on Western art music , and Scandinavian folk music instruments . Many of these can now be seen ( and heard ) on the museum 's own web site : www.musikmuseet.se   Since 1979 the Stockholm Music Museum is located in the splendid former Crown Bakery , in the same quarter as the Court Stables , beside the Royal Dramatic Theatre , in central Stockholm . The Crown Bakery dates from the 17th century , and is Stockholm 's oldest industrial building .   This building has a long and eventful history and has through the centuries performed a number of functions : bakery , weapon depot , spirits store . Yet almost all the time -- from the 1640s to 1958 -- it has been a bakery for the armed forces in Stockholm . It even boasted mobile ovens which could be used during field exercises . In 1945 the building was ravaged by a fire which destroyed its upper floors in the northern part -- where the Concert Hall is now located .   A large portion of the museum 's instrument collection is viewable on the museum 's webpage , and will from 2010 onwards , be available through the EU 's europeana culture webportal : www.europeana.eu

neg: Stockholm City Theatre Stockholm City Theatre ( Stockholms stadsteater ) is Sweden 's most popular theatre stage . It was created in 1956 but the first performance was delayed until 1960 . It had not yet been decided at that point where in the city the theatre would lie so the Folkets hus building at Norra Bantorget , with a temporary stage , became the first solution . However , this `` temporary solution '' lasted for nearly thirty years until the autumn of 1990 , when all activity finally moved to the present location at Sergels torg .   Stockholm City Theatre is situated in the heart of Stockholm , in the building commonly known as Kulturhuset , the large lighted glass building at Sergels torg ( Sergel 's Square ) , near the Sergel fountain and the Stockholm City roundabout . Kulturhuset is one of Stockholm 's most popular public buildings and , besides the theatre , also includes small cafés , book shops , a bar and a restaurant , a library , various exhibitions , public debates , lectures , book signings , a small medieval museum , and workshops .   The theatre is Sweden 's most popular stage and the theatre with the highest bookings , as well as the constant `` competitor '' in Stockholm to the Royal Dramatic Theatre . Stockholm City Theatre produces 30-40 productions each year on nine stages . In 2005 there were 450,000 visitors , a relatively high rate considering a population of 9 million .   Popular Swedish actors of the Stockholm City Theatre ensemble include Helena Bergström , Göran Ragnerstam , Ingvar Hirdwall , Sven Wollter , Ann Petrén , Anna-Maria Hallgarn and Jakob Eklund .

neg: Antonio Scotti Antonio Scotti ( 25 January 1866 -- 26 February 1936 ) was an Italian baritone . He was a principal artist of the New York Metropolitan Opera for more than 33 seasons , but also sang with great success at London 's Royal Opera House , Covent Garden , and Milan 's La Scala .


query: House of 1000 Corpses is incapable of being released.

pos: House of 1000 Corpses House of 1000 Corpses is a 2003 American exploitation horror film written , co-scored and directed by Rob Zombie in his directorial debut . The film stars Sid Haig , Bill Moseley , Sheri Moon , and Karen Black as members of the Firefly family . Set on Halloween , the film sees the Firefly family torturing and mutilating a group of teenagers who are traveling across the country writing a book . The film explores a number of genres , and features elements of the supernatural . Zombie cited American horror films The Texas Chain Saw Massacre ( 1974 ) and The Hills Have Eyes ( 1977 ) as influences on House of 1000 Corpses , as well as other films released during the 1970s .   Initially filmed in 2000 , House of 1000 Corpses was purchased by Universal Pictures , thus a large portion of it was filmed on the Universal Studios backlots . The film was made with a budget of $ 7 million . Zombie worked with Scott Humphrey on the score of the film . House of 1000 Corpses featured a graphic amount of blood and gore , and controversial scenes involving masturbation and necrophilia . The project was ultimately shelved by the company prior to its release due to fears of an NC-17 rating . Zombie later managed to re-purchase the rights to the work , eventually selling it to Lions Gate Entertainment . The film received a theatrical release on April 11 , 2003 , nearly three years after filming had concluded .   House of 1000 Corpses received a generally negative reaction following its release . The film was critically panned , with the film 's various side-plots and main cast being criticized by multiple critics . The film earned over $ 3 million in its opening weekend , and would later go on to gross over $ 16 million worldwide . Despite its initial negative reception , the film went on to develop a cult following . Zombie later directed the film 's sequel , The Devil 's Rejects ( 2005 ) , in which the Firefly family are on the run from the police . Zombie later developed a haunted house attraction for Universal Studios Hollywood based on the film . This would be the final film performance of Dennis Fimple , before his death in August 2002 . The film was dedicated to his memory .

neg: House of Bodies House of Bodies is a 2013 American horror film directed by Alex Merkin and written by Eddie Harris . It stars Terrence Howard , Peter Fonda , George Katt , Alexz Johnson and Queen Latifah . The film was released worldwide on Netflix on April 19 , 2013 .

neg: Castle of the Living Dead Castle of the Living Dead ( Il castello dei morti vivi ) is a 1964 Italian-French horror film directed by Warren Kiefer . The film is set in France in the late 19th century where a traveling circus visits the castle of the Count Drago ( Christopher Lee ) . Drago 's habit of experimenting on animals is revealed and the visitors are about to become unwilling participants before they are rescued by a dwarf .   Castle of the Living Dead has gone through several inconsistencies with its production since its release involving who had directed the film ranging from Kiefer to Riccardo Freda to fictional people such as Herbert Wise and Lorenzo Sabatini . Other production mysteries include the crew where Michael Reeves had been stated as the directing either all or parts of the film and whether or not Mario Bava had created special effects work on the picture .

neg: Zombie Army Trilogy Zombie Army Trilogy is a third-person tactical shooter stealth video game developed and published by Rebellion Developments . It is a spin-off to the Sniper Elite series , released on March 6 , 2015 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . The premise of the game is that , in an alternative version of the final days of World War II , with the German army close to defeat , Adolf Hitler deploys a last resort plan to raise the fallen as zombies through occult rituals and turn them against Allied forces , thus causing Germany to become overrun with the undead .   The trilogy includes a remastered version of the original Nazi Zombie Army and its sequel , which were both released in 2013 as standalone downloadable content for Sniper Elite V2 , and a previously unreleased third installment in the series . The game , which can be played co-operatively or solo , features the single-player campaigns of the first two Nazi Zombie Army titles , alongside the new third chapter , combined into one Campaign mode , with a Horde mode similar to Killing Floor and the aforementioned Left 4 Dead series also being available . The game 's co-operative modes support eight playable characters , four of which are new female characters . In August 2015 , the main characters of both games in the Left 4 Dead series were also added exclusively to the PC version 's playable character roster .

neg: Forced Entry (2002 film) Forced Entry is a 2002 adult horror film written and directed by Lizzy Borden , produced by Rob Zicari , and released by Extreme Associates . The film is a spin-off sequel to the 1973 pornographic horror film of the same name . The film is also loosely based on the crimes of California serial killer Richard Ramirez and was controversial for its blend of pornographic sexual violence and gore .

neg: Hillside Cannibals Hillside Cannibals is a 2006 American horror film directed by Leigh Scott and produced by The Asylum . The film is a mockbuster of the film The Hills Have Eyes , another film released around the same month , but its plot also incorporates elements from other films , including Cannibal Holocaust , The Texas Chainsaw Massacre and House of 1000 Corpses .

neg: Death Machine Death Machine is a 1994 Japanese-British science fiction action-horror film written and directed by Stephen Norrington . It stars Brad Dourif , Ely Pouget , William Hootkins , John Sharian , and Richard Brake . Rachel Weisz , still early in her career at the time of the film 's release , appears briefly in the role of a Junior Executive . The film was the directorial debut of Norrington , who had previously worked as a special effects artist on films such as Lifeforce , Aliens , Hardware , The Witches , and Split Second . However , Norrington infamously expressed distaste in the original cut , and the film has undergone numerous reedits since .   The film garnered controversy for its excessive violence and Dourif 's character , resulting in the film being banned in multiple countries , including Iraq , China , Malaysia and Australia . Despite the controversy , the film received mixed reviews , with critics praising the special effects but criticizing the acting and plot .

neg: Dracula the Undead (video game) For the novel by Freda Warrington , see Dracula the Undead ( book )  For the novel by Dacre Stoker and Ian Holt , see Dracula the Un-dead   Dracula - The Undead is a video game released in 1991 for the Atari Lynx handheld system . The game is loosely tied on Bram Stoker 's novel Dracula and even goes as far as to include Bram Stoker himself narrating the story . The player takes the role of Jonathan Harker as he tries to escape from Dracula 's Castle . The game bears a striking resemblance to the Alone in the Dark survival horror games despite pre-dating the series by one year .

neg: Saw (video game) Saw , also known as Saw : The Video Game , is a survival horror video game that was developed by Zombie Studios and published by Konami . The game launched on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles , with a downloadable version released soon after for the Microsoft Windows platform . The game was first released on October 6 , 2009 , in North America and was released later that year in other regions . The Microsoft Windows version was released on October 22 , 2009 . Being a tie-in game of the Saw film series , the game is set between the first and second films .   In Saw , The Jigsaw Killer has healed Detective David Tapp from his gunshot wound , and places him in an abandoned insane asylum to teach him a lesson in life appreciation . Obsessed , Tapp traverses the asylum and gathers clues along the way in hopes of finally apprehending Jigsaw . As he progresses through the asylum , he encounters several people with past and current connections to him , whom he must save . The asylum also has inhabitants who are in games of their own , ordered to kill Tapp . Along the way , Tapp uncovers the origins of Jigsaw and the motives behind his tests . The development team brought in the Saw creators James Wan and Leigh Whannell to help with the storyline and create new trap designs exclusive to the game .   Upon release , Saw received mixed reviews . It was praised for the storyline and multiple endings , as well as the immersive environment that is true to the Saw film series . The controls and combat system , however , were panned by critics . Since Konami purchased the publishing rights after former publisher Brash Entertainment went bankrupt , Konami had a significant input on the games ' final outcome . They stated that they had plans to make Saw their next big franchise as well as a spiritual successor to their other survival horror series , Silent Hill . A sequel , Saw II : Flesh & Blood , was released on multiple platforms on October 19 , 2010 .

neg: Severed Survival Severed Survival is the debut album by Autopsy released in 1989 . This album somewhat continues in the style of Reifert 's former band Death . Lyrically the band thrives heavily on horror and gore concepts ; nevertheless these are not inspired directly by horror movies , although the title track is based on Stephen King 's short story `` Survivor Type . '' The album was very influential for future death metal acts such as Cannibal Corpse , Entombed and Dismember . It was also a pioneer of gore lyrics and one of the first examples of the death/doom genre . ( although it is more death metal than death/doom ) . The album features Steve DiGiorgio on bass .   Various re-releases exist with different bonus tracks and bonus CDs . Also a different cover exists for this album , which depicts the point of view of the person receiving the autopsy .   The album is notable for its bass sound which was mixed much higher than all the other tracks . The drumming was also poorly recorded , with the kick drum almost inaudible .   To coincide with the album 's 20th anniversary , Peaceville Records released a special two-disc edition of Severed Survival on February 23 , 2009 . It includes rare rehearsal and live material for a bonus disc as well as demo versions of two songs -- `` Mauled to Death '' and `` Human Genocide '' -- which did not make the final cut on the original album . Also featured in the package is a booklet with notes by the band themselves , detailing the history of Autopsy 's early years , with rare photos and images . The reissue also includes two new Autopsy tracks that were recorded in September 2008 , and are included on the reissue 's second disc .

neg: Keep the Corpses Quiet Keep The Corpses Quiet is the second album from Punk Rock band The Forgotten . It is their third release under TKO Records , overall release # 49 by the label itself . It was released in September 2000 on limited edition red vinyl , black vinyl and CD . It contains one of the band 's most popular songs `` Silent Weapons '' , which Greg Brodick produced a music video for .

neg: Death: The High Cost of Living Death : The High Cost of Living is a comic , written by Neil Gaiman with art by Chris Bachalo and Mark Buckingham . It is a spin-off from Gaiman 's best-selling Vertigo Comics series The Sandman , featuring the Sandman ( Dream ) 's elder sister , Death of the Endless . Its premise is that Death takes human form once a century , to remain grounded and in touch with humanity , an idea touched upon in several other media , for example in the 1934 film Death Takes a Holiday and in the Terry Pratchett novel Reaper Man .   A movie based on this series has been in the works for several years in various stages of development and until recently was in the works at New Line Cinema . Gaiman had previously confirmed that this movie was in progress and that he was planning on writing the script and directing it , with Guillermo del Toro as executive producer . The film , which is currently on hold , was operating under the title Death and Me .

neg: Devourment Devourment is an American death metal band from Dallas , Texas . Formed in 1995 , the band has split up and reformed three times leaving Brad Fincher as the only original member . The current lineup is Ruben Rosas , Chris Andrews , Dave Spencer and Brad Fincher . The band is currently signed to Relapse Records , and was previously signed to Brutal Bands , United Guttural and Corpse Gristle Records . Devourment has also had albums re-released by other labels .   Since the band 's foundation , Devourment released a demo , Impaled , and an album , Molesting the Decapitated , before disbanding due to the jailing of vocalist Ruben Rosas . There was a brief reformation of the band during his incarceration , which saw the initial release of the compilation album 1.3.8 . , and a brief reformation upon his release in 2002 . The band reformed for a third time in 2005 , and has since released two reissues of 1.3.8 . , two DVDs , and three full-length albums : Butcher the Weak , Unleash the Carnivore , and Conceived in Sewage .   Devourment is notable for being one of the biggest forefront bands in the `` slam death metal '' genre of death metal .

neg: Organ trade Organ trade is the trade of human organs , tissues or other body parts for the purpose of transplantation . There is a global need or demand for healthy body parts for transplantation , far exceeding the numbers available .   , about 90,000 people were reported to be waiting for a new organ in the United States . On average , an individual will wait three and a half years for an organ to become available for transplant . There is a worldwide shortage of organs available for transplantation , yet commercial trade in human organs was at one point illegal in all countries except Iran . The legal status of organ trade , however , is changing around the world . For example , in 2013 , both Australia and Singapore legalized financial compensation for living organ donors .   Trade in human organs is illegal in many jurisdictions in a number of ways and for various reasons , though organ trafficking is widespread , as is transplant tourism . The data on the extent of the black market is difficult to obtain . The question of whether to legalize and regulate the organ trade to combat illegal trafficking and organ shortage is hotly debated .

neg: From the House of the Dead From the House of the Dead ( Z mrtvého domu in Czech ) is an opera by Leoš Janáček , in three acts . The libretto was translated and adapted by the composer from the 1862 novel by Dostoyevsky . It was the composer 's last opera , premiered on 12 April 1930 in Brno , two years after his death .   Janáček worked on this opera from February 1927 to 8 June 1928 , knowing that it would be his last , and for it he broke away from the habit he had developed of creating characters modeled on his love interest Kamila Stösslová , although the themes of loneliness and isolation can clearly be seen as a response to her indifference to his feelings . There is only one female character , and the setting , a Siberian prison , presents a large ensemble cast instead of one or several prominent leads . There is no narrative to the work as a whole , but individual characters narrate episodes in their lives , and there is a `` play-within-a-play '' in Act 2 .   From the House of the Dead was virtually finished when Janáček died . Two of his students , believing the orchestration was incomplete , `` filled out '' large portions of the score and adapted the ending to be more optimistic in tone . In addition to the work of Břetislav Bakala and Osvald Chlubna , Ota Zitek made changes to the text and sequence of events in the opera . Decades later , a version closer to the composer 's intentions superseded that version , and it is the one most often heard today . Some productions , however , still use the earlier version 's ending to lessen the bleakness of the story .   The opera requires a vast orchestra , including chains as a percussion instrument to evoke the sound of the prisoners . The words of prisoners ' songs from the Dostoyevsky are used in full or in part by Janáček .   An arrangement in the form of a suite of the opera by conductor František Jílek has been performed by Brno State Philharmonic Orchestra .

neg: Dead State Dead State is a turn-based survival horror role-playing video game developed by DoubleBear Productions and Iron Tower Studios set in a zombie apocalypse scenario . Players are tasked with leading a group of survivors living in a shelter in the fictional town of Splendid , Texas . Dead State was released in December 2014 after having been in Early Access since spring of that year . DoubleBear Productions continued to work on the title and in May 2015 released an `` enhanced edition '' which changed the name to Dead State : Reanimated .

neg: The Typing of the Dead is an arcade game that was developed by WOW Entertainment and published by Sega for the NAOMI hardware . The game was released in Japanese arcades in 1999 and was ported to the Sega Dreamcast in 2001 by Smilebit . A Windows version was released in 2000 and a PlayStation 2 port followed in 2004 .   The Typing of the Dead is a modification of Sega 's 1998 light gun arcade game The House of the Dead 2 in which the gun is replaced by a computer keyboard . The player takes the role of a secret agent in a zombie-infested Venice and must quickly type letters , words and phrases in order to kill fast-advancing enemies .   Despite falling under the criteria of `` edutainment '' , the game was lauded by mainstream game critics for its humor , difficulty and originality . The PC version of The Typing of the Dead sold 120,000 units in 2003 .   A PlayStation 2 port was called The Typing of the Dead : Zombie Panic . This version was released in Japan in late December 2004 and was packaged with a USB keyboard . The game was mostly unchanged , although the Dreamcast backpacks were replaced with PlayStation 2 backpacks and new minigames were incorporated into the main story . A sequel , The Typing of the Dead 2 , was released in Japan in 2007 . English of the Dead , another revision of House of the Dead 2 , was released as a language-learning game for the Nintendo DS in Japan in 2008 . In 2012 , an iOS remake was released entitled Flick of the Dead . Typing of the Dead : Overkill , based on The House of the Dead : Overkill , was released on Microsoft Windows in October 2013 .

neg: Homicide in Spain Homicide , according to the Spanish Criminal Code 1995 is a crime which contravenes the legal right to `` independent human life '' . It is found in article 138 which states : `` He who kills another will be punished , as a defendant of homicide , with a prison sentence of ten to fifteen years '' .   The main legal concept in article 138 is bad faith . It may be present in any form , whether direct or indirect . The active subject ( he who kills ) as well as the passive subject ( he who is killed ) are universal , meaning that either can be any person , regardless of the circumstances .   Homicide committed by grave recklessness is covered in article 142 , which includes both reckless homicide by weapons or motor vehicles and homicide caused by professional recklessness . It states :   `` 1 . He who by grave recklessness causes the death of another will be punished , as a defendant of reckless homicide , with a prison sentence of one to four years .   2 . When the reckless homicide is committed using a motor vehicle , a motorcycle or a firearm , the defendant will also be deprived of his right to drive motor vehicles or motorcycles or the right to possess and carry arms for one to six years .   3 . When the homicide is committed by professional recklessness , the defendant will also be prohibited from exercising his profession or office for a period of three to six years . ''   Homicide by minor recklessness is covered in article 621.2 of the Criminal Code :  `` 2 . Those who by minor recklessness cause the death of another person will be punished with a fine of one to two months '' .   It is necessary to indicate that in Spanish law , involuntary homicide is not regulated ; in the majority of cases the law that will be applied will be somewhere between homicide and the criminal concept which is involved .   Other specific concepts , such as parricide and uxoricide also do not exist , since in Spanish criminal law the punishment is founded in the violation of the legal right and not the fact of killing one particular person or another . For these cases , the circumstances of kinship , found in article 23 , could be used as aggravating .

neg: Public health funeral Public health funerals are funerals in the United Kingdom paid for by the local authority , where the relatives are either unwilling or unable to pay , or where no relatives can be found .   Public health funerals are governed by the Public Health ( Control of Disease ) Act 1984 . Such funerals are commonly termed `` state funerals '' , `` contract funerals '' , `` public assistance funerals '' , `` Pauper 's funerals '' or `` welfare funerals '' .   While there is no recourse to recover costs from relatives who refuse to pay for a public health funeral , local authorities are able to recover the costs of such a funeral from the estate of a deceased person where this is possible . The Guardian has reported that the average cost of a public health funeral is # 950 .   The term `` state funeral '' is also used in the UK in a different context to describe the funerals of monarchs or other distinguished figures . For this usage see State funerals in the United Kingdom .   For `` paupers ' funerals '' under the English Poor Laws see Pauper 's funeral .

neg: Vile (album) Vile is the fifth studio album by American death metal band Cannibal Corpse . It was released in 1996 through Metal Blade Records . It was originally titled Created to Kill ( which is featured in the Cannibal Corpse Box set ) and was recorded with founding vocalist Chris Barnes . Before the album was released , Barnes was dismissed from the band , which then brought in Monstrosity vocalist George `` Corpsegrinder '' Fisher to finish the album 's vocal work . Fisher re-recorded all of the vocal tracks and the band released the album under the new title Vile . Vile also marks the last album featuring guitarist Rob Barrett until Kill , and features a brand new band logo , because the previous logo was owned and trademarked by the departing Chris Barnes .   During the Vile sessions , `` The Undead Will Feast '' from Eaten Back to Life was re-recorded with Fisher on vocals . This version of the song would first appear as the only bonus track on a Japanese import edition of Vile . Then on the Worm Infested EP in 2003 .   The album was re-released in 2006 with new liner notes and a bonus DVD ( entitled `` Vile Live '' ) featuring a full concert from the Vile tour , during which many songs from the album are performed .  Vile was the first death metal album to appear on the Billboard 200 chart , debuting at No. 151 .   It was also the last Cannibal Corpse album to feature Scott Burns as producer .

neg: Bloodletting Press Bloodletting Press was launched in 2002 by Larry Roberts to publish works in the horror genre specifically for the collector 's market , producing low print run limited editions intended for collectors and unique heirloom Lettered Editions for the high-end collectors . They were originally located in Modesto , California , but have since relocated to Welches , Oregon . Several of the Lettered Editions have been signed in blood and housed in metal traycases , in one example designed as a trailer complete with working interior lights . The main focus , however , of the press is the Novella Series , Novelette Series , and Chapbook Series . In recent years they have added the Steve Gerlach library , a project to publish his complete works which have been previously only available in his native Australia . Another project is the Jonathan Crowley Library which collects and keeps in print the genre work of James A. Moore . Bloodletting Press is also one of a few small presses that risks putting out new genre authors whose titles having been successful within this context go on to wider mass market publishers , such as Rage , Succulent Prey and The Rutting Season . In 2009 , the Horror Writers Association awarded to Bloodletting Press its Specialty Press Award for their `` outstanding design and production techniques '' in publishing the `` modern masters of the horror field '' .   For a time , Bloodletting Press also distributed other small press titles via their website , and in January 2008 with Delirium Books , combined their distribution arms of their individual presses into the Horror Mall . Each press had previously published and distributed their own titles .


query: Werner Herzog is a German producer.

pos: Werner Herzog Werner Herzog ( -LSB- ˈvɛɐ̯nɐ ˈhɛɐ̯tsoːk -RSB- ; born 5 September 1942 ) is a German screenwriter , film director , author , actor , and opera director .   Herzog is considered one of the greatest figures of the New German Cinema , along with Rainer Werner Fassbinder , Margarethe von Trotta , Volker Schlöndorff , Werner Schröter , and Wim Wenders . Herzog 's films often feature heroes with impossible dreams , people with unique talents in obscure fields , or individuals who are in conflict with nature .   French filmmaker François Truffaut once called Herzog `` the most important film director alive . '' American film critic Roger Ebert said that Herzog `` has never created a single film that is compromised , shameful , made for pragmatic reasons , or uninteresting . Even his failures are spectacular . ''  He was named one of the 100 most influential people on the planet by Time magazine in 2009 .

neg: Hanna – Folge deinem Herzen Hanna -- Folge deinem Herzen is a German television series .

neg: Swiss Film Award The Swiss Film Award ( formerly Swiss Film Prize ) ( Prix du cinéma suisse , Schweizer Filmpreis , Premio del cinema svizzero , Premi dal film svizzer ) is the national film award of Switzerland , first given out in 1998 .   1998 to 2008 : the Prize was given in during the Solothurn Film Festival .  2009 : the nomination night happened in Solothurn during January . Each film nominated received a cash-prize . During the beginning of March , a `` glamour '' ceremony , the first one of its kind , was organised in Lucerne . The prize awarded is a Cristal-like statue , called `` The Quartz '' . 2009 was the last year where the Jury was composed of people from the Swiss state and the Federal Office of Culture .  2010 : Nomination in Solothurn again , during the Solothurn Film Festival during January . Ceremony in Lucerne in March . The prizes have been awarded for the first time by the Swiss Film Academy , created in 2008 . It was the first time that no state intervention occurred .

neg: Teilherzogtum Teilherzogtum is a German term denoting a part ( Teil ) of a duchy ( Herzogtum ) after the duchy had been internally partitioned among members of the respective ducal family . Teilherzogtum does not have an English cognate .

neg: Boys (album) Boys is the third album by Cleveland-based band Herzog , released by Exit Stencil Recordings on May 20 , 2014 in the US and June 23 in the UK . The album was produced by Kevin McMahon , who the band discovered through his work with Titus Andronicus .

neg: Last Words (film) Last Words ( Letzte Worte ) is a 1968 short film by Werner Herzog shot in Crete and on the island of Spinalonga . The film was shot in two days during the filming of Herzog 's feature Signs of Life , and edited in one day .   The film tells a story of the last man to leave the abandoned island of Spinalonga , which had been used as a leper colony . The man refused to leave , and so was forcibly removed . He now lives in Crete , where he plays the lyre at nights in a bar , and refuses to speak . The film 's narrative style is very unconventional , with most characters speaking their lines several times repeatedly in long takes . The man from the island has the most spoken lines of any character , as he repeatedly explains that he refuses to speak , even a single word .

neg: Real Film Real Film or Real-Film was a West German film production company . It was established in 1947 in Hamburg , then part of the British Zone of Occupation . Its founders were Walter Koppel and the Hungarian Gyula Trebitsch . The company released some rubble films but gradually switched to concentrate on comedies and musicals . In 1948 an estate in Wandsbek was acquired and developed into a modern film studio , with space sometimes rented out to other companies . The company became a stable and economically successful producer in the 1950s .   In the 1960s the studio was increasingly used for television production , and Real-Film went out of business by 1965 .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: Filmverlag der Autoren Filmverlag der Autoren is a German film distributor that was founded in 1971 to help finance and distribute independent films by German Autorenfilm directors , that is directors who are renowned for predominantly adapting their own screenplays . Many directors of the New German Cinema movement were associated with it such as Werner Herzog , Rainer Werner Fassbinder , Wim Wenders , and Alexander Kluge ; whose films were produced and distributed by the Filmverlag and many of whom were members of the Filmverlag 's board .

neg: Felix Benedict Herzog Felix Benedict Herzog ( 1859-1912 ) was a US electrical engineer , patent attorney , artist and photographer who discovered `` America 's First Supermodel '' Audrey Munson . His Tale of Isolde established precedent in the US as the first pictorial photograph admitted by an art society on full equality with paintings .

neg: Herman Weigel Herman Weigel ( born 22 March 1950 in Moers ) is a German film producer and screenwriter . He is one of the writers and producer of the television series Hausmeister Krause . Weigel is a graduate of the Munich Academy for Television and Film .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: Helmholtz Institute Jena The Helmholtz Institute Jena was founded as an outstation of the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung on June 25 , 2009 and is located on the campus of the Friedrich Schiller University ( FSU ) in the city of Jena , Germany . Its purpose is to unite the research activities of the FSU in the fields of high intensity laser physics and x-ray spectroscopy with the expertise of the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron ( DESY ) , GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf in the fields of accelerator physics , laser physics and x-ray technology .  The research profile of the Helmholtz Institute Jena is focused on the physics occurring at the border between conventional particle-acceleration technology and the fast-evolving field of laser-induced particle acceleration . ( e.g. wakefield accelerator ) . It is concerned with advancing these new laser-induced accelerator concepts , as well as with the production and investigation of intense photon and particle beams , including their interaction with matter . Therefore the main activities of the institute are emphasized on the development of high intensity lasers , new concepts for laser-driven particle acceleration , x-ray spectroscopy and strong-field quantum electrodynamics , as well as on the physics of hot dense plasmas . Apart from that the Helmholtz Institute Jena aims to contribute to the further development of the research facilities at the Helmholtz center GSI , especially the future project FAIR ( Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research ) , and DESY with the free-electron laser ( FEL ) photon sources FLASH and XFEL ( European XFEL ) .  In cooperation with the FSU Jena a completely diode-pumped laser system of the high energy petawatt class ( HEPW ) with the POLARIS laser is realized in the building of the Helmholtz Institute Jena . First measurements are done since 2008 . Due to the missing last amplifier stage the pulse strength of 1 PW could n't be reached yet .  The graduate school `` Research School for Advanced Photon Science '' ( RS-APS ) was established at the Helmholtz Institute Jena in July 2012 . The RS-APS supports up to 25 PhD students and provides a structured graduation program in cooperation with facilities of the FSU Jena and the Helmholtz Graduate School for Hadron and Ion Research ( HGS-HIRe ) .

neg: Tele München Gruppe The Tele München Gruppe ( TMG ) is a media company based in Munich .   The activities of the TMG include trade in licenses , investments in television and radio stations and distribution and production of television films and movies . TMG has one of the largest film libraries in Europe .

neg: Messter Film Messter Film was a German film production company which operated during the silent era . It was founded by the German film pioneer Oskar Messter who already owned a chain of cinemas . It was based in Berlin which had energed as the centre of the German film industry . Messter quickly established itself as dominant force in German production , particularly during the boom years of the First World War when foreign films faced many restrictions in Germany . Messter played a prominent role in the development of the German feature film , moving away from the shorter running times which had been standard in the early years of cinema . Messter also produced its own newsreels . In 1917 the company became part of the large conglomerate Universum Film AG ( UFA ) which brought together many of the leading German companies in a single , powerful organisation . Messter continued to produce films as an individual unit of the UFA umbrella .

neg: FilmArtFestival Mecklenburg-Pomerania The FilmArtFestival Mecklenburg-Pomerania in Schwerin ( filmkunstfest Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ) , founded in 1991 -- just after the fall of the wall -- is today one of East Germany 's largest film festivals with more than 17,000 visitors . It has a competition for feature film , documentary film and short film to be produced or co-produced in Germany , Austria or Switzerland . The main prize is the Flying Ox ( Fliegender Ochse ) , a hint to the armorial bearings of the State of Mecklenburg , the Taurus . The main prize is endowed with 10.000 $ by the Ministry of Education , Science and Culture Mecklenburg-Pomerania . The Findling Award is by the umbrella organization of the art house cinemas , cultural cinemas and film clubs , the Verband für Filmkommunikation .   The festival takes place usually in the first week of May .

neg: Ingo Petzke Ingo Petzke ( born 18 September 1947 in Belm near Osnabrück in Germany ) is an internationally acknowledged German film scholar , filmmaker and author .   Ingo Petzke grew up in Osnabrück . He attended the Münster and Bochum universities and received his master 's degree in 1973 ( Journalism , Scandinavian Studies , Modern History ) .   Petzke started his professional career in 1976 in Bad Oeynhausen as one of Germany 's youngest directors of an adult education school but fell more and more to the lure of Film . For several years he worked in the Festivalkommission of Internationale Kurzfilmtage Oberhausen and together with his students ( Heiko Daxl and others ) started the Osnabrück Experimentalfilm Workshop in 1980 which since 1988 is known as European Media Art Festival .   In 1974 he was adjunct lecturer for film at Ruhr Universität Bochum and between 1978 -- 1983 at Universität Osnabrück . Since then he lectured in 29 countries , among them New Zealand , Hong Kong , Chile , Argentina , the US of A and Canada . In 1986 the Philippine government awarded him for „ International Contribution to Philippine Independent Cinema ``   His ( experimental ) shorts screened at numerous domestic and foreign festivals . 1976 -- 2000 his company CINE PRO acted as sole German distributor specialised in Avant-garde/Experimental Film . During the 80s Petzke was a member of the Film Commission of Goethe-Institut - German Culture Institute , for which he curated several packages of Experimental films and Shorts .   Since 1983 Petzke has been Professor for Film at the Design Faculty of the University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt . He lived and worked several turns in Australia : 1992 as Visiting Professor at Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane and 2001 - 2006 as Associate Professor at Bond University on the Gold Coast . In 2004 he earned his `` PhD by Published Works '' about Experimental Film . Additionally , he was awarded a Dr. phil . degree in 2006 at Universität Osnabrück with a film historical dissertation about Hollywood-based Australian feature film director Phillip Noyce . In 2008 he was appointed Adjunct Professor at the James Cook University 's School of Creative Arts and in 2009 appointed Honorary Fellow of the Cairns Institute ( For Research in the Tropics ) , both in Far-North Queensland , Australia .   His main areas of interest are the history of the international Avant-garde ( since 2008 , he is also Director of the ( German ) Research Center for Experimental Film ) and more recently Australian film . Also , he has frequently done research into curriculum development , particularly for the German Federal government .   Petzke is a member of the German Film Critics Association ( VdFk ) and of Screen Producers Association of Australia ( SPAA ) .

neg: Karl Herzog __ NOTOC __   Karl Herzog ( 6 July 1906 -- 25 January 1998 ) was a German officer in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross .   Herzog surrendered to the Red Army in the course of the Soviet April 1945 Zemland Offensive . Convicted as a war criminal in the Soviet Union , he was held until 1955 . Herzog joined the Bundeswehr in 1957 and retired in 1966 as a Generalmajor .

neg: Gloria Film Gloria Film was a West German film production and distribution company .  It was established in 1949 by Ilse Kubaschewski . An earlier , unconnected company of the same name had existed during the silent era in Germany . During the 1930s an Austrian production company also called itself Gloria .   The company was set-up by Kubaschewski , a cinema-owner , who had noted that re-releases of Nazi-era films , particularly those made by UFA were easily outgrossing foreign film imports and post-war realist rubble films . Initially her company specialised in acquiring the rights to classic German films , but gradually she began co-funding new films with production companies . In 1953 she set up Divina Film , her own production company .   Her initial films re-used many of the stars of Nazi-era cinema such as Zarah Leander , Marika Rokk and Kristina Söderbaum but newer stars such as Ruth Leuwerik , Maria Schell and Sonja Ziemann also appeared . Many of the company 's films were Heimatfilm and melodramas that were aimed at a primarily female audience . Kubaschewski felt she understood the tastes of the average German housewife , and during the 1950s and early 1960s her judgement proved to be astute .   Later Gloria lost its prominence in the mid-1960s as audiences began to change , with the rise of new genres such as the series of Edgar Wallace thrillers and Karl May westerns that attracted a younger , male audience that other companies such as Rialto and Constantin catered for . The company experimented with sex comedies such as Angelique .

neg: Wilhelm Herzog Wilhelm Herzog ( 12 January 1884 in Berlin - 4 April 1960 ) was a German historian of literature and culture , dramatist , encyclopedist , and pacifist .

neg: Kurt Herzog __ NOTOC __   Kurt Herzog ( 27 March 1889 , Quedlinburg -- 8 May 1948 ) was a German general during World War II . He was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . Herzog surrendered to the Soviet troops in May 1945 and died in captivity on 8 May 1948 .