query: A central venous catheter is also known as a CVC.

pos: Central venous catheter A central venous catheter ( CVC ) , also known as a central line , central venous line , or central venous access catheter , is a catheter placed into a large vein . Catheters can be placed in veins in the neck ( internal jugular vein ) , chest ( subclavian vein or axillary vein ) , groin ( femoral vein ) , or through veins in the arms ( also known as a PICC line , or peripherally inserted central catheters ) . It is used to administer medication or fluids that are unable to be taken by mouth or would harm a smaller peripheral vein , obtain blood tests ( specifically the `` central venous oxygen saturation '' ) , and measure central venous pressure .

neg: Shunt (medical) In medicine , a shunt is a hole or a small passage which moves , or allows movement of , fluid from one part of the body to another . The term may describe either congenital or acquired shunts ; and acquired shunts ( sometimes referred to as iatrogenic shunts ) may be either biologicial or mechanical .   Cardiac shunts may be described as right-to-left , left-to-right or bidirectional , or as systemic-to-pulmonary or pulmonary-to-systemic .  Cerebral shunt : In cases of hydrocephalus and other conditions that cause chronic increased intracranial pressure , a one-way valve is used to drain excess cerebrospinal fluid from the brain and carry it to other parts of the body . This valve usually sits outside the skull , but beneath the skin , somewhere behind the ear .  Lumbar-peritoneal shunt : In cases of chronic increased intracranial pressure such as Idiopathic intracranial hypertension and Hydrocephalus , a tube or shunt with or without a one-way valve is used to drain the excess cerebrospinal fluid from the brain and transport it to the peritoneal cavity , which is a cavity located in the abdomen area of the body . This shunt is usually inserted in between two of the vertebrae in the lumbar and punctures the cerebrospinal fluid sack or lumbar subarachnoid space , it then runs beneath the skin to the peritoneal cavity , where it is eventually drained away by the normal bodily fluid drainage system .  A Peritoneovenous shunt : ( also called Denver shunt ) is a shunt which drains peritoneal fluid from the peritoneum into veins , usually the internal jugular vein or the superior vena cava . It is sometimes used in patients with refractory ascites . It is a long tube with a non-return valve running subcutaneously from the peritoneum to the internal jugular vein in the neck , which allows ascitic fluid to pass directly into the systemic circulation .   Possible Complications  Bleeding from varices  DIC ( Disseminated intravascular coagulation )  Infection  Superior vena caval thrombosis  Pulmonary edema   Pulmonary shunts exist when there is normal perfusion to an alveolus , but ventilation fails to supply the perfused region .  A portosystemic shunt ( PSS ) , also known as a liver shunt , is a bypass of the liver by the body 's circulatory system . It can be either a congenital or acquired condition . Congenital PSS is an uncommon condition in dogs and cats , found mainly in small dog breeds such as Miniature Schnauzers and Yorkshire Terriers , and in cats such as Persians , Himalayans , and mix breeds . Acquired PSS is also uncommon and is found in older dogs with liver disease causing portal hypertension , especially cirrhosis .  A portacaval shunt / portal caval shunt is a treatment for high blood pressure in the liver .  A transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt ( TIPS ) is an artificial channel within the liver that establishes communication between the inflow portal vein and the outflow hepatic vein . It is used to treat portal hypertension .  VASP ( Vesicoamniotic shunting procedure ) : Fetal lower urinary tract outflow obstruction prevents the unborn baby from passing urine . This can result in a reduction in the volume of amniotic fluid , and problems with the development of the baby 's lungs and kidneys . A vesico -- amniotic shunt is a tube that it is inserted into the unborn baby 's bladder to drain the excess fluid into the surrounding space .

neg: Pacemaker failure Pacemaker failure is the inability of an implanted artificial pacemaker to perform its intended function of regulating the beating of the heart . A pacemaker uses electrical impulses delivered by electrodes in order to contract the heart muscles . Failure of a pacemaker is defined by the requirement of repeat surgical pacemaker-related procedures after the initial implantation . Most implanted pacemakers are dual chambered and have two leads , causing the implantation time to take longer because of this more complicated pacemaker system . These factors can contribute to an increased rate of complications which can lead to pacemaker failure .   Approximately 2.25 million pacemakers were implanted in the United States between 1990 and 2002 , and of those pacemakers , about 8,834 were removed from patients because of device malfunction most commonly connected to generator abnormalities . In the 1970 's , results of an Oregon study indicated that 10 % of implanted pacemakers failed within the first month . Another study found that more than half of pacemaker complications occurred during the first 3 months after implantation . Causes of pacemaker failure include lead related failure , unit malfunction , problems at the insertion site , failures related to exposure to high voltage electricity or high intensity microwaves , and a miscellaneous category ( one patient had ventricular tachycardia when using his electric razor and another patient had persistent pacing of the diaphragm muscle ) . Pacemaker malfunction has the ability to cause serious injury or death , but if detected early enough , patients can continue with their needed therapy once complications are resolved .

neg: French catheter scale The French scale or French gauge system is commonly used to measure the size of a catheter . It is most often abbreviated as Fr , but can often be seen abbreviated as Fg , Ga , FR or F . It may also be abbreviated as CH or Ch ( for Charrière , its inventor ) .   The French size is three times the diameter in millimeters . A round catheter of 1 French has an external diameter of mm , and therefore the diameter of a round catheter in millimetres can be determined by dividing the French size by 3 :   D ( mm ) = Fr / 3   or   Fr = D ( mm ) * 3   For example , if the French size is 9 , the diameter is 9/3 = 3.0 ; mm .   From the basic math equation C = d , it follows that the catheter 's circumference in mm is only slightly ( about 4.7 % ) greater than the French size .   An increasing French size corresponds to a larger external diameter . This is contrary to needle-gauge size , where an increasing gauge corresponds to a smaller diameter needle .   The French size is a measure of the external diameter of a catheter ( not internal drainage channel ) . So , for example , if a two-way catheter of 20 Fr is compared to a 20 Fr three-way catheter , they both have the same external diameter but the two-way catheter will have a larger drainage channel than the three-way . Three-way catheters accommodate an extra channel for irrigation within a similar external diameter .   The French gauge was devised by Joseph-Frédéric-Benoît Charrière , a 19th-century Parisian maker of surgical instruments , who defined the `` diameter times 3 '' relationship .

neg: Heart block Heart block is a disease or inherited condition that causes a fault within the heart 's natural pacemaker due to some kind of obstruction ( or `` block '' ) in the electrical conduction system of the heart . Despite the severe-sounding name , heart block may often cause no symptoms at all in some cases , or occasional missed heartbeats in other cases ( which can cause lightheadedness , syncope ( fainting ) , and palpitations ) , or may require an artificial pacemaker to be implanted , depending upon exactly where in the heart conduction is being impaired and how significantly it is affected .   In severe cases where the heart 's ability to control and trigger heartbeats may be completely ineffective or unreliable , heart block can usually be treated by inserting an artificial pacemaker , a medical device that provides correct electrical impulses to trigger heart beats , compensating for the natural pacemaker 's unreliability . Therefore , heart block frequently has no effects , or mild and occasional effects , and is not life-threatening in the vast majority of cases , and is usually treatable in more serious cases .   The human heart uses electrical signals to maintain and initiate the regular heart beat in a living person ; incorrect conduction can lead to mild or serious symptoms depending upon the location of the blockage and how severely conduction is being blocked . Conduction is initiated by the sinoatrial node ( `` sinus node '' or `` SA node '' ) , and then travels to the atrioventricular node ( `` AV node '' ) which also contains a secondary `` pacemaker '' that acts as a backup for the SA nodes , then to the bundle of His and then via the bundle branches to the point of the apex of the fascicular branches ( shown in the diagram on the right ) . Blockages are therefore classified based on where the blockage occurs - namely the SA node ( `` Sinoatrial block '' ) , AV node ( `` AV block '' or AVB ) , and at or below the bundle of His ( `` Intra-Hisian '' or `` Infra-Hisian block '' respectively ) . Infra-Hisian blocks may occur at the left or right bundle branches ( `` bundle branch block '' ) or the fascicles of the left bundle branch ( `` fascicular block '' or `` Hemiblock '' ) . SA and AV node blocks are each divided into three degrees , with second degree blocks being divided into two types ( written either `` type I or II '' or `` type 1 or 2 '' ) . The term `` Wenckebach block '' is also used for second degree type 1 blocks of either the SA or AV node ; in addition second degree blocks type 1 and 2 are also sometimes known as `` Mobitz 1 '' and `` Mobitz 2 '' .   Clinically speaking , the blocks tend to have more serious potential the closer they are to the ` end ' of the electrical path ( the muscles of the heart regulated by the heartbeat ) , and less serious effects the closer they are to the ` start ' ( at the SA node ) , because the potential disruption becomes greater as more of the ` path ' is ` blocked ' from its ` end ' point . Therefore , most of the important heart blocks are AV nodal blocks and infra-Hisian blocks . SA blocks are usually of lesser clinical significance , since in the event of SA block , the AV node contains a secondary pacemaker which would still maintain a heart rate of around 40 - 60 beats per minute , sufficient for consciousness and much of daily life in the majority of individuals .

neg: Carbon nanotubes in medicine Carbon nanotubes ( CNTs ) are very prevalent in today 's world of medical research and are being highly researched in the fields of efficient drug delivery and biosensing methods for disease treatment and health monitoring . Carbon nanotube technology has shown to have the potential to alter drug delivery and biosensing methods for the better , and thus , carbon nanotubes have recently garnered interest in the field of medicine .   The use of CNTs in drug delivery and biosensing technology has the potential to revolutionalize medicine . Functionalization of single-walled nanotubes ( SWNTs ) has proven to enhance solubility and allow for efficient tumor targeting/drug delivery . It prevents SWNTs from being cytotoxic and altering the function of immune cells .   Cancer , a group of diseases in which cells grow and divide abnormally , is one of the primary diseases being looked at with regards to how it responds to CNT drug delivery . Current cancer therapy primarily involves surgery , radiation therapy , and chemotherapy . These methods of treatment are usually painful and kill normal cells in addition to producing adverse side effects . CNTs as drug delivery vehicles have shown potential in targeting specific cancer cells with a dosage lower than conventional drugs used , that is just as effective in killing the cells , however does not harm healthy cells and significantly reduces side effects . Current blood glucose monitoring methods by patients suffering from diabetes are normally invasive and often painful . For example , one method involves a continuous glucose sensor integrated into a small needle which must be inserted under the skin to monitor glucose levels every few days . Another method involves glucose monitoring strips to which blood must be applied . These methods are not only invasive but they can also yield inaccurate results . It was shown that 70 percent of glucose readings obtained by continuous glucose sensors differed by 10 percent or more and 7 percent differed by over 50 percent . The high electrochemically accessible surface area , high electrical conductivity and useful structural properties have demonstrated the potential use of single-walled nanotubes ( SWNTs ) and multi-walled nanotubes ( MWNTs ) in highly sensitive noninvasive glucose detectors .

neg: CVN CVN may refer to :   Central Venous Nutrition , in parenteral nutrition  Cable Value Network , a 1980s cable shopping channel , purchased in 1989 by QVC  Charpy V-notch Number ( Charpy Energy ) , the output of a Charpy impact test  Card Verification Number for credit cards ( 3 digits on the back of the card )  Courtroom View Network , a media company that webcasts trials  Canes Venatici ( constellation ) , CVn , standard astronomical abbreviation  CVN ( Cruiser Voler Nuclear ) , a United States Navy hull classification symbol for nuclear aircraft carriers  Crime Victim Notification ( computerised system )  Countervandalism Network , a network of volunteers dedicated to reducing vandalism on Wikimedia Foundation wikis

neg: Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary embolism ( PE ) is a blockage of an artery in the lungs by a substance that has traveled from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream ( embolism ) . Symptoms of a PE may include shortness of breath , chest pain particularly upon breathing in , and coughing up blood . Symptoms of a blood clot in the leg may also be present such as a red , warm , swollen , and painful leg . Signs of a PE include low blood oxygen levels , rapid breathing , rapid heart rate , and sometimes a mild fever . Severe cases can lead to passing out , abnormally low blood pressure , and sudden death .   PE usually results from a blood clot in the leg that travels to the lung . The risk of blood clots is increased by cancer , prolonged bed rest , smoking , stroke , certain genetic conditions , estrogen-based medication , pregnancy , obesity , and after some types of surgery . A small proportion of cases are due to the embolization of air , fat , or amniotic fluid . Diagnosis is based on signs and symptoms in combination with test results . If the risk is low a blood test known as a D-dimer will rule out the condition . Otherwise a CT pulmonary angiography , lung ventilation/perfusion scan , or ultrasound of the legs may confirm the diagnosis . Together deep vein thrombosis and PE are known as venous thromboembolism ( VTE ) .   Efforts to prevent PE include beginning to move as soon as possible after surgery , lower leg exercises during periods of sitting , and the use of blood thinners after some types of surgery . Treatment is typically with blood thinners such as heparin or warfarin . Often these are recommended for six months or longer . Severe cases may require thrombolysis using medication such as tissue plasminogen activator ( tPA ) , or may require surgery such as a pulmonary thrombectomy . If blood thinners are not appropriate , a vena cava filter may be used .   Pulmonary emboli affect about 430,000 people each year in Europe . In the United States between 300,000 and 600,000 cases occur each year , which results in between 50,000 and 200,000 deaths . Rates are similar in males and females . They become more common as people get older .

neg: Transplant surgeon A transplant surgeon is a surgeon who performs organ transplants . Among the many organs that can be transplanted are : kidneys . livers , hearts , lungs , the pancreas , the intestine ( especially the small intestine ) , and recently , faces , tracheal ( windpipe ) tissue , and penises . At the present time , some organs , notably the brain and its constituent lobes and subdivisions , can not be transplanted , and even if possible ( recently , research has been done into the subject ) , would be very controversial for many . However , more extensive research into the transplantation of individual neurons and supportive brain tissue , or groups thereof ( including glia , astrocytes , other neural connective tissue , and the surrounding meninges ) has been done , and may be more practical and somewhat less controversial . Substitution of whole genes or chromosomes , or large portions thereof , for the purpose of genetic therapy or engineering ( which is not actually transplantation , since these are not whole organs , or even tissues ) is generally not yet feasible . While the use of tissue grafts - which is much more common - is not transplantation , since an entire organ is not transferred , these two are closely related ( skin , hair , and subdermal tissue , connective tissue , musculoskeletal tissue , and corneas are commonly grafted ) .   Sometimes , the separation of conjoined individuals requires transplantation of an organ or organs , especially if complications develop . End-stage renal disease ( stages 5 and 6 ; either acute and non-reversible , or chronic ) , severe congestive or other heart failure or certain congenital cardiac structural defects ( where the blood can not be oxygenated or backflows , or where the ejection fraction or distribution of blood is insufficient ) ; and advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , cystic fibrosis ( when the lungs are no longer able to function ) , or emphysema , are possible indicators for , respectively , renal ( kidney ) , cardiac ( heart ) , or pulmonary ( lung ) transplantation .   There are distinct parameters for who is eligible for transplantation of the different organs . Broadly speaking ( this is not meant to be exhaustive ) , these include : age , how long they have been on the waiting list , how urgently they need the organ ( which is often related to how long they 've been on the list , and whether they are actually in end-stage disease , which has its own laboratory and functional criteria per organ ) ; their prognosis ( how stable they are now - whether they can survive major invasive surgery and the anesthesia and post-op period , and how they have been , and how they likely will fare with and/or without the organ , versus with other therapies that are not transplantation - such as continued dialysis or getting an artificial heart or left ventricular assist device ) . Care must be taken when finding organs for the very young ( this requires special training , or at least knowledge of , pediatric and newborn transplantation procedures ) , or certain very elderly patients ( there may or may not be mandatory or preferred cut-off ages for receiving an organ or tissue , depending on the location , the institutions involved , the surgical team , whether the patient has any relevant co-morbidities and whether they are capable of caring for their new situation , how long and how well they might live , and the patient 's and family 's wishes ) . Transplantation rejection concerns , and the need to find willing donors or to have others give consent ( for the deceased , in a cadaveric procedure ) , and the need to match them and to screen the needed blood products and other materials and maintain sterility and asepsis , are all very relevant issues , as is how to proceed if rejection becomes an issue ( treatment , and if need be , removal ) , and how to deal with immune suppression post-transplant ( this has become somewhat easier in recent years ) . Those with diabetes ( particularly if it is advanced , and especially if it is not well-controlled ) , those who are culpably non-compliant with their medication and treatment plans , those who abuse substances ( any drugs , alcohol , or tobacco ) , those who are uncooperative , those whose diseases or prognoses are not amenable to transplantation ( or who may go on to need another of the same organ soon ) , those who have advanced and uncontrolled active liver or kidney disease , some prisoners , and those with advanced symptomatic AIDS or metastatic cancer with little chance of remediation are generally not candidates for transplantation ( or would be low on the priority list independently of any other factors ) , though in certain cases exceptions can , especially recently , with better technology and better knowledge and protocols , be made , per the discretion of the organ network , the institutions , and the patient 's doctor and surgical team .   Admission to the specialty , like many other surgical specialties , is very competitive . There is a shortage of organs and tissues available , and more donors and more surgeons and more locations capable of these procedures are needed , in both developed and developing countries . Because these patients are often somewhat unstable , on some form of life support and/or life-sustaining technologies ( cardiopulmonary bypass , respirator/ventilator or breathing tube , implantable cardioverter/defibrillator , some form of dialysis or other renal replacement therapy , artificial liver , parenteral nutrition , etc. ) , these procedures - especially if they involve the vital organs ( heart , lung , liver , pancreas ; kidney transplantation could be included here but is more common ) - usually only take place in Level I trauma centers that usually are academic medical centers ( teaching hospitals ) , or at least at a relatively large , well-staffed hospital with a 24-hour operating and emergency room service , 24-hour intensive and critical care available , a good hospital pharmacy , 24-hour advanced skilled nursing care available , access to the person 's GP and specialist , and 24-hour easy access to anesthesia practitioners , surgeons and physicians , and nurses with expertise in the transplanted organ and in emergency , operative , and intensive care . At smaller ( Level II or III ) institutions in smaller cities , it is still often possible to perform renal and corneal transplantation ( especially on adults ) , and do skin grafts ; the extent of their services varies with the personnel and the organ at stake ( hearts , livers , and lungs have extensive arterial , venous , and capillary vasculature , extensive connections to muscle , fascia , and connective tissue , connections to ligaments , tendons , and other body parts , and numerous small parts and nerves and nerve junctions , require a number of anastomoses , or joining of tissues , and are near other important structures ) . Training in the U.S. usually involves the four years of the undergraduate pre-medical track , four years of medical school , a rotating first year of residency ( the former internship year ) , and then four more residency years ( for a total of 5 ) in general surgery . At some point during those four years , a transplant surgeon would likely train to some extent in emergency surgical procedures , vascular surgical procedures , surgical procedures involving pediatric and/or geriatric cases , and a variety of surgical cases , featuring different conditions , degrees of urgency , and age groups , that require critical and/or intensive care . During their first residency rotational year , they are likely to focus on the surgical field , the emergency room , and critical/intensive care and post-operative/recovery care , as well as some time with immunology , anesthesia , pediatrics , and rehabilitation , and to spend some time with a paramedic or flight crew . During their residency , they will likely be exposed to a progressively increasing number of transplant cases , with more and more degrees of difficulty , and with less oversight over time . They can also complete another residency afterward in the specialty of the organ systems they most prefer to transplant ( cardiovascular , pulmonology , gastrointestinal/hepatic , nephrology/urology , etc. ) . Fellowships can be done in general transplant medicine or in certain areas of transplant medicine and surgery . Among the possible specialties are : transplantation rejection medicine/immunology , pediatric and/or neonatal transplantation of certain organs , sense organ transplantation ( primarily , corneas and research into future advances ) , transplantation research ( i.e. , into neural or brain region transplantation ) , obstetric transplantation ( of pregnant women ) , geriatric transplantation , trauma/burn transplantation surgery , emergency or critical care transplant surgery ( for unstable cases : emergency , septic , or acute degeneration cases needing transplants ) , post-transplantation rehabilitation , and oncologic or diabetic transplantation cases . It is a very stressful position demanding high accuracy in a very unforgiving surgical environment , requiring a very steady physical and motor presence and a calm , professional , and composed personality with a reasonably good bedside manner and the capacity for teamwork involving various personalities and multiple guidelines from multiple institutions , with not-uncommon failure and complication rates and with frequent transfers of patient care between facilities .

neg: Medical scribe A medical scribe is a person , or paraprofessional , who specializes in charting physician-patient encounters in real time , such as during medical examinations . Depending on which area of practice the scribe works in , the position may also be called clinical scribe , ER scribe or ED scribe ( in the emergency department ) , or just scribe ( when the context is implicit ) . A scribe is trained in health information management and the use of health information technology to support it . A scribe can work on-site ( at a hospital or clinic ) or remotely from a HIPAA-secure facility . Medical scribes who work at an off-site location are known as virtual medical scribes and normally work in clinical settings .   A medical scribe 's primary duties are to follow a physician through his or her work day and chart patient encounters in real-time using a medical office 's electronic health record ( EHR ) and existing templates . Medical scribes also generate referral letters for physicians , manage and sort medical documents within the EHR system , and assist with e-prescribing . Medical scribes can be thought of as data care managers , enabling physicians , medical assistants , and nurses to focus on patient in-take and care during clinic hours . Medical scribes , by handling data management tasks for physicians in real-time , free the physician to increase patient contact time , give more thought to complex cases , better manage patient flow through the department , and increase productivity to see more patients .   The introduction of electronic health records has revolutionized the practice of medicine . However , the complexity of some systems has resulted in providers spending more time documenting the encounter instead of speaking with and examining the patient . A tool which was intended to elevate some problems of clinical documentation has caused many problems for the very people who were supposed to benefit from the technology - the providers . As a result , providers are experiencing burnout and dissatisfaction . An increasing body of research has shown the use of medical scribes is associated with improved overall physician productivity , cost - and time-savings , and patient satisfaction . An in-depth study conducted by The Vancouver Clinic in Vancouver , WA from 2011-2012 found that medical scribes improved the quality of clinical documentation and allowed doctors to see extra patients , while noting the risks associated with scribe turnover and doctors ' unfamiliarity with the scribe concept . Notably , research has recommended that healthcare providers employ medical scribes to reduce time spent performing data entry and other administrative tasks , which can increase physician fatigue and dissatisfaction .   There is distinction between a medical scribe and a Certified Medical Scribe Specialist or a Certified Medical Scribe Apprentice , appropriately certified and credentialed through the American College of Medical Scribe Specialists . CMS recognizes appropriately credentialed and certified professionals in Physician/CMSS or Physician/CMSA teams . Personnel entering CEHRT must be certified if not the licensed clinician themselves . CMSS scribes are assisting clinicians in meeting national iniatives and goals , in addition to innovating the healthcare system through full scope of clinical informatics/medical assistive skill sets . All physicians attesting for Meaningful Use , now Advancing Care Information through MACRA , must be certified for clinical documentation audit compliance . Physicians and Mid-Levels for Practice Administration : `` CMS has asked that each clinician/provider/practice retain a copy of the Specialist crosswalk and certification documentation in their files just as they would retain documentation outlining their individual approach and method , as well as staffing protocols for audit purposes . ''

neg: Virtual Audio Cable Virtual Audio Cable is a WDM multimedia driver that allows a user to transfer audio streams from one application to another . Any application is able to send an audio stream to the input side of a `` virtual cable '' while a corresponding application can receive this stream from the output side . Since all transfers are made digitally , there is no loss in sound quality . VAC is the audio equivalent of a MIDI loopback device such as MultiMid or Hubi . The latest package , VAC 4 , includes 32-bit and 64-bit Windows Vista-compatible versions along with the previous Windows 2000/XP/2003 .   VAC is written entirely in object-oriented C++ and has no external dependencies . Windows 98/ME/2000 / XP versions consist of user-mode and kernel-mode components which are compiled from a single source file set .   If more than one application is sending audio through an output virtual cable , VAC is able to mix all of the streams together or create separate corresponding virtual input cables . Similarly , more than one application is able to receive audio from an input cable , whether it 's sharing the same audio data with another target or receiving its own personal audio stream . VAC is useful for recording an application 's audio output in almost real time or transferring a sound stream to another application so it may process it . A person could use two or more software audio generators , synthesizers or sequencers to produce audio streams and send them to a VAC output cable and record the mixed stream from the VAC input cable using any type of recording software .   Because VAC routes audio streams in almost real time , it is able to be utilized in various manners . A person is capable of using VAC to record an output audio stream from an application that normally does not allow saving the audio to files . A user could also manipulate VAC into recording conversations through Voice Over IP ( VoIP ) or Internet telephony applications such as Skype .

neg: Peritoneovenous shunt A peritoneovenous shunt ( also called LeVeen Shunt ) is a shunt which drains peritoneal fluid from the peritoneum into veins , usually the internal jugular vein or the superior vena cava . It is sometimes used in patients with refractory ascites .   It is a long tube with a non-return valve running subcutaneously from the peritoneum to the internal jugular vein in the neck , which allows ascitic fluid to pass directly into the systemic circulation .   Possible complications include :  Infection  Superior vena caval thrombosis  Pulmonary edema  Bleeding from varices  Disseminated intravascular coagulation

neg: Vein Veins are blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart . Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart ; exceptions are the pulmonary and umbilical veins , both of which carry oxygenated blood to the heart . In contrast to veins , arteries carry blood away from the heart .   Veins are less muscular than arteries and are often closer to the skin . There are valves in most veins to prevent backflow .

neg: Venom-induced consumption coagulopathy Venom-induced consumption coagulopathy ( VICC ) is a medical condition caused by the effects of some snake venoms on hemostasis . Important coagulation factors are activated by the specific toxins , and as they become exhausted coagulopathy develops .   Category : Toxicology  Category : Coagulopathies

neg: 3pcc In the traditional telephony context , third party call control allows one entity ( which we call the controller ) to set up and manage a communications relationship or telephone call between two or more other parties . Third party call control ( referred to as 3pcc ) is often used for operator services ( where an operator creates a call that connects two participants together ) and conferencing .   Similarly , many SIP services are possible through third party call control . These include the traditional ones on the PSTN , but also new ones such as click-to-dial . Click-to-dial allows a user to click on a web page to speak to a customer service representative . The web server then creates a call between the user and a customer service representative . The call can be between two phones , a phone and an IP host , or two IP hosts .   Third party call control is possible using only the mechanisms specified within RFC 3725 -LSB- 1 -RSB- . Indeed , many different call flows are possible , each of which will work with SIP compliant user agents . However , there are benefits and drawbacks to each of these flows . The usage of third party call control also becomes more complex when aspects of the call utilize SIP extensions or optional features of SIP . In particular , the usage of RFC 3312 -LSB- 2 -RSB- ( used for coupling of signaling to resource reservation ) with third party call control is non-trivial , and is discussed in Section 9 of RFC 3725 -LSB- 3 -RSB- . Similarly , the usage of early media ( where session data is exchanged before the call is accepted ) with third party call control is not trivial ; both of them specify the way in which user agents generate and respond to SDP , and it is not clear how to do both at the same time . This is discussed further in Section 8 .   Third Party Call Control is perfectly suited for delivery of 9-1-1 calls in a Next Generation 9-1-1 environment . It allows for re-connection of the media stream to an alternate end point if the original destination end point becomes unavailable without dropping the original emergency call ( which has a separate media stream to the 3PCC server ) . Additionally , it minimizes bandwidth requirements between the 3PCC server and the emergency call handling end point because all mixed media uses the same RTP stream . Finally , it does not rely on a destination end point for end to end reliability but rather on a more robust centralized data center with several redundantly deployed servers .

neg: Central sterile services department The central sterile services department ( CSSD ) , also called sterile processing department ( SPD ) , sterile processing , central supply department ( CSD ) , or central supply , is an integrated place in hospitals and other health care facilities that performs sterilization and other actions on medical devices , equipment and consumables ; for subsequent use by health workers in the operating theatre of the hospital and also for other aseptic procedures , e.g. catheterization , wound stitching and bandaging in a medical , surgical , maternity or paediatric ward .

neg: Raymond Vieussens Raymond Vieussens ( ca. 1635 -- 16 August 1715 ) was a French anatomist from Le Vigan . There is uncertainty regarding the exact year of Vieussens birth , with some sources placing it as late as 1641 .   He studied medicine at the University of Montpellier where he earned his degree in 1670 . He later became head physician at Hôtel Dieu Saint-Eloi in Montpellier .   Vieussens is remembered for his pioneer work in the field of cardiology , and his anatomical studies of the brain and spinal cord . He regarded English anatomist Thomas Willis ( 1621 -- 1675 ) as a major influence towards his career . Vieussens is credited as being the first physician to give accurate descriptions of the left ventricle and several blood vessels of the heart . He was also the first to give a comprehensive description of mitral stenosis , as well as other types of heart disease and circulatory disorders . He provided an early description of the brain 's centrum semiovale , which is sometimes referred to as `` Vieussens ' centrum '' . This structure is also known as `` Vicq d'Azyr 's centrum '' , named after Félix Vicq-d'Azyr ( 1746 -- 1794 ) , who provided a later , more detailed description .   Several other anatomical structures are named after Vieussens , however they have largely been replaced by clinical nomenclature . These include `` Vieussens ' valve '' ( superior medullary velum ) , `` Vieussens ' ventricle '' ( cavity of septum pellucidum ) , `` Vieussens ' ansa '' ( subclavian loop ) , `` Vieussens ' ganglia '' ( celiac ganglia ) , `` Vieussens ' isthmus '' ( limbus of fossa ovalis ) and `` Vieussens ' veins '' ( innominate cardiac veins ) . He also provided an early description of the tiny openings in the veins of the right atrium of the heart that are known as `` Vieussens ' foramina '' , or foramina venarum minimarum , and sometimes `` Thebesian foramina '' after Adam Christian Thebesius ( 1686 -- 1732 ) .   Among his written works are Neurographia universalis , an early work on neuroanatomy that is known for its excellent copperplate illustrations , and Novum vasorum corporis humani systema , an important treatise on the anatomy and diseases of the heart . During his lifetime , Vieussens was known for his controversial views on human physiology . However , these theories are largely of a metaphysical nature , and are of minor importance from a scientific standpoint .

neg: Virchow's triad Virchow 's triad or the triad of Virchow ( -LSB- ˈfɪərkoʊ -RSB- ) describes the three broad categories of factors that are thought to contribute to thrombosis .  Hypercoagulability  Hemodynamic changes ( stasis , turbulence )  Endothelial injury/dysfunction   It is named after the eminent German physician Rudolf Virchow ( 1821-1902 ) . However , the elements comprising Virchow 's triad were neither proposed by Virchow , nor did he ever suggest a triad to describe the pathogenesis of venous thrombosis . In fact , it was decades following Virchow 's death before a consensus was reached proposing that thrombosis is the result of alterations in blood flow , vascular endothelial injury , or alterations in the constitution of the blood . Still , the modern understanding of the factors leading to embolism is similar to the description provided by Virchow . Virchow 's triad remains a useful concept for clinicians and pathologists alike in understanding the contributors to thrombosis .

neg: Varicose veins Varicose veins are veins that have become enlarged and twisted . The term commonly refers to the veins on the leg , although varicose veins can occur elsewhere . Veins have pairs of leaflet valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards ( retrograde flow or venous reflux ) . Leg muscles pump the veins to return blood to the heart ( the skeletal-muscle pump ) , against the effects of gravity . When veins become varicose , the leaflets of the valves no longer meet properly , and the valves do not work ( valvular incompetence ) . This allows blood to flow backwards and they enlarge even more . Varicose veins are most common in the superficial veins of the legs , which are subject to high pressure when standing . Besides being a cosmetic problem , varicose veins can be painful , especially when standing . Severe long-standing varicose veins can lead to leg swelling , venous eczema , skin thickening ( lipodermatosclerosis ) and ulceration . Although life-threatening complications are uncommon , varicose veins may be confused with deep vein thrombosis , which may be life-threatening .   Non-surgical treatments include sclerotherapy , elastic stockings , leg elevation and exercise . The traditional surgical treatment has been vein stripping to remove the affected veins . Newer , less invasive treatments which seal the main leaking vein are available . Alternative techniques , such as ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy , radiofrequency ablation and endovenous laser treatment , are available as well . Because most of the blood in the legs is returned by the deep veins , the superficial veins , which return only about 10 % of the total blood of the legs , can usually be removed or ablated without serious harm .   Secondary varicose veins are those developing as collateral pathways , typically after stenosis or occlusion of the deep veins , a common sequel of extensive deep venous thrombosis ( DVT ) . Treatment options are usually support stockings , occasionally sclerotherapy and rarely , limited surgery .   Varicose veins are distinguished from reticular veins ( blue veins ) and telangiectasias ( spider veins ) , which also involve valvular insufficiency , by the size and location of the veins . Many patients who suffer with varicose veins seek out the assistance of physicians who specialize in vein care or peripheral vascular disease . These physicians include vascular surgeons , phlebologists or interventional radiologists .

neg: Dextro-Transposition of the great arteries dextro-Transposition of the great arteries ( d-Transposition of the great arteries , dextro-TGA , or d-TGA ) , sometimes also referred to as complete transposition of the great arteries , is a birth defect in the large arteries of the heart . The primary arteries ( the aorta and the pulmonary artery ) are transposed .   It is called a cyanotic congenital heart defect ( CHD ) because the newborn infant turns blue from lack of oxygen .   In segmental analysis , this condition is described as ventriculoarterial discordance with atrioventricular concordance , or just ventriculoarterial discordance .   d-TGA is often referred to simply as transposition of the great arteries ( TGA ) ; however , TGA is a more general term which may also refer to levo-transposition of the great arteries ( l-TGA ) .   Another term commonly used to refer to both d-TGA and l-TGA is transposition of the great vessels ( TGV ) , although this term might have an even broader meaning than TGA .

neg: Echocardiography An echocardiogram , often referred to as a cardiac echo or simply an echo , is a sonogram of the heart . ( It is not abbreviated as ECG , because that is an abbreviation for an electrocardiogram . ) Echocardiography uses standard two-dimensional , three-dimensional , and Doppler ultrasound to create images of the heart .   Echocardiography has become routinely used in the diagnosis , management , and follow-up of patients with any suspected or known heart diseases . It is one of the most widely used diagnostic tests in cardiology . It can provide a wealth of helpful information , including the size and shape of the heart ( internal chamber size quantification ) , pumping capacity , and the location and extent of any tissue damage . An echocardiogram can also give physicians other estimates of heart function , such as a calculation of the cardiac output , ejection fraction , and diastolic function ( how well the heart relaxes ) .   Echocardiography can help detect cardiomyopathies , such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy , dilated cardiomyopathy , and many others . The use of stress echocardiography may also help determine whether any chest pain or associated symptoms are related to heart disease . The biggest advantage to echocardiography is that it is not invasive ( does not involve breaking the skin or entering body cavities ) and has no known risks or side effects .   Not only can an echocardiogram create ultrasound images of heart structures , but it can also produce accurate assessment of the blood flowing through the heart by Doppler echocardiography , using pulsed - or continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound . This allows assessment of both normal and abnormal blood flow through the heart . Color Doppler , as well as spectral Doppler , is used to visualize any abnormal communications between the left and right sides of the heart , any leaking of blood through the valves ( valvular regurgitation ) , and estimate how well the valves open ( or do not open in the case of valvular stenosis ) . The Doppler technique can also be used for tissue motion and velocity measurement , by tissue Doppler echocardiography .   Echocardiography was also the first ultrasound subspecialty to use intravenous contrast . ( See Contrast echocardiography )   Echocardiography is performed by cardiac sonographers , cardiac physiologists ( UK ) , or physicians trained in echocardiography .   Recognized as the `` Father of Echocardiography '' , the Swedish physician Inge Edler ( 1911-2001 ) , a graduate of Lund University , was the first of his profession to apply in diagnosing cardiac disease ultrasonic pulse echo imaging technique , which the acoustical physicist Floyd Firestone had developed to detect defects in metal castings . In fact , Dr. Edler in 1953 produced the first echocardiographs using an industrial Firestone-Sperry Ultrasonic Reflectoscope . In developing echocardiography , Edler worked with the physicist Carl Hellmuth Hertz , the son of the Nobel laureate Gustav Hertz and grandnephew of Heinrich Rudolph Hertz .


query: A.J. Cook appeared in The Virgin Suicides.

pos: A. J. Cook Andrea Joy `` A. J. '' Cook ( born July 22 , 1978 ) is a Canadian actress known for her role as Supervisory Special Agent Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau in the CBS crime drama Criminal Minds . She has also appeared in films such as The Virgin Suicides ( 1999 ) , Out Cold ( 2001 ) , and Final Destination 2 ( 2003 ) .

neg: Matt Cook (actor) Matt Cook ( born July 12 , 1984 in Harrisburg , Pennsylvania ) is an American actor known mostly for his roles as Mo McCracken on the TBS sitcom Clipped and , most recently , as Lowell in the CBS sitcom Man with a Plan .

neg: Slither (2006 film) Slither is a 2006 American science fiction-comedy horror film written and directed by James Gunn in his directoral debut , and starring Nathan Fillion , Elizabeth Banks , Gregg Henry , and Michael Rooker . The film was produced by Paul Brooks and Eric Newman . The film has similar themes and concepts as the 1986 B-movie Night of the Creeps .   Slither was a box office bomb , but received generally positive reviews from critics and has since become a cult film .

neg: Valentine (film) Valentine is a 2001 American slasher film directed by Jamie Blanks , and starring Denise Richards , David Boreanaz , Marley Shelton , Jessica Capshaw , and Katherine Heigl . Loosely based on the novel of the same name by Tom Savage , the film follows a group of women in San Francisco who are stalked by a man whom they tormented during their childhood .   Release theatrically in February 2001 , the film received mixed reviews from critics , with some praising its performances and cinematography , and others criticizing its conclusion and deeming it too redolent of 1980s horror films . In spite of the mixed critical response , the film was a box office success , earning a total of USD$ 36.7 million .

neg: Double Suicide is a 1969 film directed by Masahiro Shinoda . It is based on the 1721 play The Love Suicides at Amijima by Monzaemon Chikamatsu . This play is often performed in the bunraku style ( that is , with puppets ) . In the film , the story is performed with live actors , but also makes use of Japanese theatrical traditions such as the kuroko ( stagehands dressed entirely in black ) who invisibly interact with the actors , and the set is non-realist . The film opens with the preparations by the kuroko for a modern-day presentation of a puppet play while a voice-over is heard of someone , presumably the director , calling on the telephone to find a location for the penultimate scene of the lovers ' suicide . Soon human actors are substituted for the puppets , and the action proceeds in a naturalistic fashion , until from time to time the kuroko intervene to accomplish scene shifts or heighten the dramatic intensity of the two lovers ' resolve to be united in death .   The stylized sets and the period costumes and props simultaneously convey a classical theatricality and contemporaneous modernity . Jihei 's fatal love interest , Koharu the prostitute , and his neglected wife , Osan , are both played by actress Shima Iwashita .   This film was released on DVD in Japanese with English subtitles in Region 1 on 30 January 2001 .

neg: Suicide (wrestling) Suicide is a professional wrestling persona , used by multiple professional wrestlers . Suicide first appeared as a fictional character from the video game TNA Impact ! . In December 2008 , the Suicide character was introduced on television as a real-life wrestler in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( now Impact Wrestling ) . Originally portrayed by Frankie Kazarian , Christopher Daniels held the role for a time in early 2009 and went on to win the X Division Championship . In June 2010 , Kiyoshi became the third man to use the gimmick . In October 2010 , the gimmick was dropped , but made a brief return in January 2011 , once again being portrayed by Christopher Daniels , before being dropped once again in April 2011 . Suicide returned to television in May 2013 portrayed by T.J. Perkins . Austin Aries wrestled under the Suicide gimmick for one day and won the TNA X Division Championship on the episode of Impact Wrestling which aired on June 27 , 2013 . Suicide was `` revealed '' to be TJ Perkins on the June 30 , 2013 , episode of Impact Wrestling . His ring name was changed to Manik , using a slightly altered version of the Suicide ring-gear , with new music . Perkins remains the only man to have wrestled under the Manik persona . The Suicide persona returned in July 2016 for TNA One Night Only X-Travaganza 2016 , portrayed by Jonathan Gresham . In March 2017 , Caleb Konley became the most recent wrestler behind the mask .

neg: Starhyke Starhyke is a British science fiction/comedy series filmed in 2004 .   Starhyke began production in October 2004 and starred Claudia Christian of Babylon 5 and Jeremy Bulloch from Star Wars . In 2007 , the producers aimed to complete post-production , and in March 2008 it was announced that this process was now finished . However , a later post on the official site stated that post-production would be completed at the end of September 2008 , and that there was a private screening of all six episodes in Bristol , UK in November 2008 .   Currently only six episodes have been made . An announcement on the official site reported that the producers were `` getting nearer to finalising a deal and being able to announce which channel has been lucky enough to add Starhyke to their spring schedule '' . Producer , Jonathan Brown , said in March 2008 that Virgin 1 and Sky One had refused the series while Five Life , Bravo and Paramount Comedy were considering buying it . As reported on the official website props , costumes and posters from Starhyke were featured in episode 39 of the BBC drama Casualty , broadcast on 24 May 2008 .   The series got its world premiere at a press , cast and crew screening at the Showcase Cinema De Lux in Cabot Circus , Bristol on 8 November 2008 . The series was released on DVD on 30 November 2009 .   The series world TV premiere was on the Sky satellite channel Showcase TV in December 2011 .   The series is now available on the amazon.com TV service , Amazon Prime , free to subscribers .

neg: Virginie Virginie was a French-language Canadian television series that aired Monday through Thursday on Radio-Canada ( the French-language CBC television network ) . It debuted in 1996 . The show examined the public and private lives of teachers , students , and families at the fictional Sainte-Jeanne-d'Arc high school . It frequently dealt with controversial social topics , such as teen drug use , ethnic prejudice , divorce , and other subjects touching on contemporary Quebec life . `` Virginie '' was a téléroman-style drama that often used `` cliffhangers '' in the storylines . It aired 120 episodes per year of 30 minutes each .   The series was produced and largely written by Fabienne Larouche . Virginie ended in December 2010 after 15 years on air ; the last episode aired on December 15 , 2010 . The final episode drew more than 807,000 viewers in Quebec , or about 200,000 more than its average viewership for a typical episode . The program maintained a high level of popularity throughout its television run .

neg: J. F. Lawton Jonathan Frederick `` J. F. '' Lawton ( born August 11 , 1960 ) is an American screenwriter , producer and director . His screen credits include the box office hit Pretty Woman , Mistress , Blankman , Under Siege , Under Siege 2 : Dark Territory , The Hunted , Chain Reaction , DOA : Dead or Alive , Jackson , and the TV series V.I.P. Under the assumed name J.D. Athens , he wrote and directed Cannibal Women in the Avocado Jungle of Death and Pizza Man .

neg: Marilyn Joi Marilyn Joi ( born May 22 , 1945 ) is an American actress who appeared in a number of exploitation films during the 1970s . She starred in several films by Al Adamson including The Naughty Stewardesses ( 1974 ) , Blazing Stewardesses ( 1975 ) and Black Samurai ( 1977 ) , and played the henchwoman Velvet in Ilsa , Harem Keeper of the Oil Sheiks ( 1976 ) , and Cleopatra Schwartz in The Kentucky Fried Movie ( 1977 ) . Among her other film credits were roles in Hit Man ( 1972 ) , Mean Mother ( 1974 ) , The Candy Tangerine Man ( 1975 ) , Mansion of the Doomed ( 1976 ) , The Happy Hooker Goes to Washington ( 1977 ) , Nurse Sherri ( 1978 ) and Galaxina ( 1980 ) .   She was often credited as Tracy King , Tracy Ann King and T.A. King .

neg: Nat Cook Natalie Fleur `` Nat '' Cook is an Australian politician and anti-violence campaigner representing the electoral district of Fisher in the South Australian House of Assembly for the Australian Labor Party since the 2014 Fisher by-election .

neg: Hellzapoppin' (film) Hellzapoppin ' is a 1941 Universal Pictures adaptation of the musical of the same name directed by H.C. Potter . The cast includes Ole Olsen and Chic Johnson ( who produced and starred in it on Broadway ) , Martha Raye , Mischa Auer , Shemp Howard , Whitey 's Lindy Hoppers and The Six Hits .   Shemp Howard begins the film as the projectionist of a cinema , displaying on its screen what appears to be the start of a song-and-dance number whose classily dressed performers walk down a staircase - which collapses as in a fun-house ride , sliding them all straight to hell . Demons punish them in various ways . Ole and Chic arrive in the midst of the mayhem by taxi , and after a bit of funny business step back to reveal that it 's a movie sound stage . They work for Miracle Pictures , a company using the slogan `` If it 's a good picture , it 's a Miracle ! '' A mousy screenwriter ( Elisha Cook , Jr. ) outlines his script for the screen adaptation of Hellzapoppin '' ' , and the rest of the movie depicts Cook 's crazy script . Among the topical humor is Johnson picking up a sled named `` Rosebud '' and saying `` I thought they 'd burnt that '' ( Olsen and Johnson were friends of Orson Welles , whose film Citizen Kane closes with Kane 's childhood sled being burnt ) .   The film has a frenetic pace , and often breaks the ` Fourth wall ' , including inner ` fourth walls ' introduced by its nonlinear , metafictional narrative .   The 1942 Academy Award nomination for Best Song for `` Pig Foot Pete , '' ( which lost to `` White Christmas '' ) , was attributed to Hellzapoppin ' , but the song never appeared in the film -- it was actually performed in another Universal production from the same year , the Abbott and Costello film Keep 'Em Flying . ''

neg: List of Jane the Virgin episodes Jane the Virgin is an American comedy-drama television series that premiered on The CW on October 13 , 2014 . The series follows Jane Villanueva , a hard-working , religious young Latina woman whose family tradition and a vow to save her virginity until marriage is shattered when a doctor mistakenly artificially inseminates her during a checkup . To make matters worse , the biological donor is a married man , a former playboy and cancer survivor who is not only the new owner of the hotel where Jane works , but was also her former teenage crush . On October 21 , 2014 , the show was given a full season order . On January 11 , 2015 , the show was renewed for a second season , On March 11 , 2016 , the show was renewed for a third season . On January 8 , 2017 , the show was renewed for a fourth season .

neg: A Certain Sacrifice A Certain Sacrifice is a 1985 American drama film co-written and directed by Stephen Jon Lewicki and starring Madonna , Jeremy Pattnosh and Charles Kurtz . It was Madonna 's first movie , filmed around September 1979 , but not released until 1985 .   The film is an `` oddball '' independent film , shot on-and-off over two years in New York City for just $ 20,000 . Madonna finished her scenes in the Fall of 1980 . Almost all of the cast were unpaid .

neg: Demons Never Die Demons Never Die ( originally titled Suicide Kids ) is a British 2011 slasher film starring Robert Sheehan , Jennie Jacques , Jacob Anderson , Jason Maza , Emma Rigby . Ashley Walters , Reggie Yates and Tulisa Contostavlos .

neg: Suicide Kings Suicide Kings is a 1997 American mystery crime film based on Don Stanford 's short story The Hostage and directed by Peter O'Fallon . It stars Christopher Walken , Denis Leary , Sean Patrick Flanery , Johnny Galecki , Jay Mohr , Jeremy Sisto and Henry Thomas . The film follows the group of criminals who kidnap a respected Mafia figure . It was panned by critics and was a box office bomb .

neg: Mary Hignett Mary Hignett ( 31 March 1916 -- 16 July 1980 ) was a British actress best known for her role as Mrs Edna Hall in the television series All Creatures Great and Small .   In All Creatures , she played the role of the cook and housekeeper in the first three series , which ran from 1978 to 1980 . Other credits include the Hammer film Prehistoric Women ( 1967 ) , the horror movie The Corpse ( 1971 ) , and the 1972 Hammer Horror film Demons of the Mind ( in which fellow All Creatures actor Robert Hardy played the role of Zorn ) .   Hignett was married to the actor Michael Brennan , who survived her . She died shortly after the third series of All Creatures was filmed , her final scene being the seeing off to war of James Herriot ( Christopher Timothy ) . Scheduled to have a hip replacement , she was convinced by her doctors to have a riskier double hip replacement rather than the single . This is believed to have led to her death .   `` I remember there was an episode in the third series where Mary , in real life , was very ill and in a lot of pain , '' recalled Carol Drinkwater , who played the first Helen Herriot in the series . `` It was before her hip operations , the operations which finally killed her . We had a director -- I ca n't remember who it was -- who hauled us in every day to rehearsals in Acton whether we were needed or not . Mary had to come from Brighton or Eastbourne -- she lived down on the south coast -- and she could hardly walk . Mary must have said , ` I 'm not in any of the scenes tomorrow -- do you mind if I do n't come in ? ' And this director said he wanted her there . He could see she was in pain , but she struggled in the next day , but when she said she really would need the next day off , the director said , ` No , I want all of you here all of the time , because it creates a certain bonding . ' Being the Young Turk that I was , I got absolutely furious with this director , saying he had no right to make her do this , and in the end he did let her have the day off . It was an example of how tightly knit we were . If someone came in and tried to change things , one of us , one way or another -- usually Robert Hardy -- would hold it together and make sure it was n't destroyed . ''   Robert Hardy , Christopher Timothy and Carol Drinkwater attended the funeral . The news of her passing was written into the script of the 1983 Christmas Special , and her honour was toasted by the four remaining central characters .

neg: Gregory Jbara Gregory Jbara ( -LSB- dʒəˈbɑrə -RSB- born September 28 , 1961 ) is an American film , television and stage actor , and singer .

neg: Virgin (film) Virgin is a 2003 American film , directed by Deborah Kampmeier and starring Elisabeth Moss , Robin Wright Penn and Daphne Rubin-Vega .

neg: Furneaux Cook Furneaux Cook ( 1839 -- 19 January 1903 ) , born John Furneaux Cook , was an English opera singer and actor best known for baritone roles in the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan and Alfred Cellier on the London stage . Cook appeared on stage for over 30 years in London , the British provinces and America .

neg: Tommy Savas Tommy A. Savas ( born December 20 , 1984 ) is an American actor and producer . He is known for Roger Dodger ( 2002 ) , Seven Days ( 2007 ) , Extra Butter , Please ( 2011 ) .


query: Erich von Manstein was a German commander of armed forces of Nazi Germany.

pos: Erich von Manstein Fritz Erich Georg Eduard von Lewinski , known as Erich von Manstein ( 24 November 1887 -- 9 June 1973 ) , was a German commander of the Wehrmacht , Nazi Germany 's armed forces during the Second World War . He attained the rank of field marshal .   Born into an aristocratic Prussian family with a long history of military service , Manstein joined the army at a young age and saw service on Western Front and Eastern Front during the First World War ( 1914 -- 18 ) . He rose to the rank of captain by the end of the war and was active in the inter-war period helping Germany rebuild her armed forces . In September 1939 , during the invasion of Poland at the beginning of the Second World War , he was serving as Chief of Staff to Gerd von Rundstedt 's Army Group South . Adolf Hitler chose Manstein 's strategy for the invasion of France of May 1940 , a plan later refined by Franz Halder and other members of the OKH . Anticipating a firm Allied reaction should the main thrust of the invasion take place through the Netherlands , Manstein devised an innovative operation -- later known as the Sichelschnitt ( `` sickle cut '' ) -- that called for an attack through the woods of the Ardennes and a rapid drive to the English Channel , thus cutting off the French and Allied armies in Belgium and Flanders . Attaining the rank of general at the end of the campaign , he was active in the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 and the Siege of Sevastopol ( 1941 -- 1942 ) , and was promoted to field marshal on 1 July 1942 . He also participated in the Siege of Leningrad .   Germany 's fortunes in the war began to take an unfavourable turn later in 1942 , especially in the catastrophic Battle of Stalingrad , where Manstein commanded a failed relief effort ( `` Operation Winter Storm '' ) in December . Later known as the `` backhand blow '' , Manstein 's counteroffensive in the Third Battle of Kharkov ( February -- March 1943 ) regained substantial territory and resulted in the destruction of three Soviet armies and the retreat of three others . He was one of the primary commanders at the Battle of Kursk ( July -- August 1943 ) , one of the largest tank battles in history . His ongoing disagreements with Hitler over the conduct of the war led to his dismissal in March 1944 . He never obtained another command and was taken prisoner by the British in August 1945 , several months after Germany 's defeat .   Manstein gave testimony at the main Nuremberg trials of war criminals in August 1946 , and prepared a paper that , along with his later memoirs , helped cultivate the myth of a `` clean Wehrmacht '' -- the myth that the German armed forces were not culpable for the atrocities of the Holocaust . In 1949 he was tried in Hamburg for war crimes and was convicted on nine of seventeen counts , including the poor treatment of prisoners of war and failing to protect civilian lives in his sphere of operations . His sentence of eighteen years in prison was later reduced to twelve , and he served only four years before being released in 1953 . As a military advisor to the West German government in the mid-1950s , he helped re-establish the armed forces . His memoir , Verlorene Siege ( 1955 ) , translated into English as Lost Victories , was highly critical of Hitler 's leadership , and only dealt with the military aspects of the war , ignoring its political and ethical contexts . Manstein died in Munich in 1973 .

neg: Eduard Neumann Eduard `` Edu '' Neumann ( 5 June 1911 -- 9 August 2004 ) was a Luftwaffe officer and commanded the famous Jagdgeschwader 27 ` Afrika ' during the North African Campaign from 1941 to 1943 .   The day after scoring his first ( World War II ) victory during the opening phase of the Battle of Britain , a RAF No. 236 Squadron RAF Blenheim off the coast of Cherbourg on the 20 July 1940 , he was appointed Gruppenkommandeur of I. / JG 27 .  After a brief participation In the Invasion of Yugoslavia , in April 1941 the unit moved to Ain-el Gazala , Libya , North Africa on 18 April 1941 . He received the German Cross in Gold on 11 May 1942 as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur I. / JG 27 .   On 8 June 1942 he was promoted to Major and Geschwaderkommodore of JG 27 , which he successfully led until 22 April 1943 when he joined the Staff of General der Jagdflieger . In March 1943 Neumann was promoted to Oberstleutnant ( Lieutenant Colonel ) , and later in 1944 to Oberst ( Colonel ) . Neumann finished the war as the Commander of Fighter Forces in Northern Italy .   After the war Neumann worked as a technical consultant on the Hans-Joachim Marseille biographical film , Der Stern von Afrika , ( The Star of Africa ) , directed by Alfred Weidenmann and starring Joachim Hansen as Marseille .

neg: German resistance to Nazism German resistance to Nazism ( German : Widerstand ) was the opposition by individuals and groups in Germany to the National Socialist regime between 1933 and 1945 . Some of these engaged in active plans to remove Adolf Hitler from power and overthrow his regime .   The term German resistance should not be understood as meaning that there was a united resistance movement in Germany at any time during the Nazi period , analogous to the more coordinated Polish Underground State , Greek Resistance , Yugoslav Partisans , French Resistance , Dutch Resistance , Norwegian resistance movement and Italian Resistance . The German resistance consisted of small and usually isolated groups . They were unable to mobilize political opposition . Save for individual attacks on Nazis ( including Hitler ) or sabotage acts , the only real strategy was to persuade leaders of the Wehrmacht to stage a coup against the regime : the 1944 assassination attempt against Hitler was intended to trigger such a coup .   Approximately 77,000 German citizens were killed for one or another form of resistance by Special Courts , courts-martial , People 's Court and the civil justice system . Many of these Germans had served in government , the military , or in civil positions , which enabled them to engage in subversion and conspiracy ; in addition the Canadian historian Peter Hoffman counts unspecified `` tens of thousands '' in concentration camps who were either suspected or actually engaged in opposition . By contrast , the German historian Hans Mommsen wrote that resistance in Germany was `` resistance without the people '' and that the number of those Germans engaged in resistance to the Nazi regime was very small . The resistance in Germany included German citizens of non-German ethnicity , such as members of the Polish minority who formed resistance groups like Olimp .

neg: General of the Artillery (Germany) General der Artillerie ( en : General of the artillery ) may mean :   1 . A rank of three-star general , comparable to modern armed forces OF-8 grade , in the Imperial Army , Reichswehr or Wehrmacht - the second-highest regular rank below Generaloberst . Cavalry officers of equivalent rank were called general of the cavalry , and infantry officers of equivalent rank general of the infantry . The Wehrmacht also had General der Panzertruppen ( tank troops ) , General der Gebirgstruppen ( mountain troops ) , General der Pioniere ( engineers ) , General der Fallschirmtruppen ( parachute troops ) , General der Nachrichtentruppen ( communications troops ) . Today in the Bundeswehr , the rank of lieutenant general corresponds to the traditional rank of general of the artillery . There was no equivalent rank in the army of East Germany , where it was merged into that of Generaloberst .   2 . in the Bundeswehr , the position of an artillery officer responsible for certain questions of troop training and equipment , usually with the rank of Brigadegenerals . The position of general of the artillery is connected with that of commander of the artillery school . Corresponding service positions also exist for other branches of the army . Since in this usage it refers to a position not a rank , an Oberst is sometimes `` General of '' his respective type of troops . The form of address is usually Herr General and/or Herr Oberst ; the form of address Herr General der Artillerie is unorthodox , since it does not refer to a rank .

neg: Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher was the process that enabled the British to read high-level German army messages during World War II . The British Government Code and Cypher School ( GC&CS ) at Bletchley Park decrypted many communications between the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( OKW , German High Command ) in Berlin and their army commands throughout occupied Europe , some of which were signed `` Adolf Hitler , Führer '' . These were intercepted non-Morse radio transmissions that had been enciphered by the Lorenz SZ teleprinter rotor stream cipher attachments . Decrypts of this traffic became an important source of `` Ultra '' intelligence , which contributed significantly to Allied victory .   For its high-level secret messages , the German armed services enciphered each character using various online Geheimschreiber ( secret writer ) stream cipher machines at both ends of a telegraph link using the 5-bit International Telegraphy Alphabet No. 2 ( ITA2 ) . These machines were the Lorenz SZ ( SZ for Schlüssel-Zusatz , meaning `` cipher attachment '' ) for the army , the Siemens and Halske T52 for the air force and the Siemens T43 , which was little used and never broken by the Allies .   Bletchley Park decrypts of messages enciphered with the Enigma machines revealed that the Germans called one of their wireless teleprinter transmission systems `` Sägefisch '' ( sawfish ) , which led British cryptographers to refer to encrypted German radiotelegraphic traffic as `` Fish '' . `` Tunny '' ( tunafish ) was the name given to the first non-Morse link , and it was subsequently used for the Lorenz SZ machines and the traffic enciphered by them .   As with the entirely separate cryptanalysis of the Enigma , it was German operational shortcomings that allowed the initial diagnosis of the system , and a way into decryption . Unlike Enigma , no physical machine reached allied hands until the very end of the war in Europe , long after wholesale decryption had been established . Initially , operator errors produced a number of pairs of transmissions sent with the same keys , giving a `` depth '' , which often allowed manual decryption to be achieved . One long depth also allowed the complete logical structure of the machine to be worked out , a quite remarkable cryptanalytical feat on which the subsequent wholesale decrypting of Tunny messages relied .   When depths became less frequent , decryption was achieved by a combination of manual and automated methods . The first machine to automate part of the decrypting process was called `` Heath Robinson '' and it was followed by several other `` Robinsons '' . These were , however , slow and unreliable , and were supplemented by the much faster and more flexible `` Colossus '' , the world 's first electronic , programmable digital computer , ten of which were in use by the end of the war , by which time some 90 % of Tunny messages were being decrypted at Bletchley Park .   Albert W. Small , an American cryptanalyst from the US Signal Corps who was seconded to Bletchley Park and worked on Tunny , said in his December 1944 report back to Arlington Hall that :

neg: Hans-Jürgen von Arnim Hans-Jürgen von Arnim ( -LSB- ˈaɐ̯niːm -RSB- ; 4 April 1889 -- 1 September 1962 ) was a German general in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II who commanded several armies . He was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross .

neg: Flensburg Government The Flensburg Government ( Flensburger Regierung ) , also known as the Flensburg Cabinet ( Flensburger Kabinett ) , the Dönitz Government ( Regierung Dönitz ) , or the Schwerin von Krosigk Cabinet ( Kabinett Schwerin von Krosigk ) , was the short-lived government of Nazi Germany during a period of three weeks around the end of World War II in Europe . The government was formed following the suicide of Adolf Hitler on 30 April during the Battle of Berlin . It was headed by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz as the Reichspräsident and Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk as the Leading Minister .   The administration was referred to as the `` Flensburg Government '' because Dönitz 's headquarters had been relocated in the port of Flensburg in northern Germany on 3 May 1945 . Due to the rapid Allied advance , its nominal jurisdiction at the outset was limited to a narrow wedge of territory running from the Austrian border through Berlin to the Danish border ; which , since 25 April 1945 , had been cut in two by the American advance to join with Soviet forces at Torgau on the Elbe . Following the capitulation of all German armed forces on 8 May , the Flensburg government lost all direct territorial , military or civil jurisdiction , and all diplomatic relations were withdrawn . The western Allies allowed it to continue to meet and conduct what business it could until 23 May .

neg: Front (military) A military front or battlefront is a contested armed frontier between opposing forces . It can be a local or tactical front , or it can range to a theater . A typical front was the Western Front in France and Belgium in World War I.   The term `` home front '' has been used to denote conditions in the civilian sector of a country at war , including those involved in the production of matériel .  Both the Soviet and Polish Armies used the term `` front '' to mean an army group during the Polish-Soviet War and World War II . The equivalent of the term established in the header was the `` Theater of military operations '' .  The term `` front line city '' was used by the Germans during their long retreat from Moscow/Stalingrad to refer to metropolitan centres that had become disputed by the two combatants . Designation of a city as such resulted in administrative changes ( largely the imposition of martial law ) . In the film Downfall , the term was briefly referenced .  The term `` transferred to the front '' is often used by soldiers or personnel when their position has been changed from other activities .

neg: Operation Clausewitz Operation Clausewitz was the codeword initiation of the defence of Berlin plan by Nazi Germany during the final stage of the European conflict of World War II , the Battle of Berlin . Clausewitz was established in the 9 March 1945 document , Basic Order for the Preparations for the Defense of the Reich Capital ( Grundsätzlicher Befehl für die Vorbereitungen zur Verteidigung der Reichshauptstadt ) , a 33 page document containing 24 separate points . The second point of the document , in full ( translated ) is : `` The Reich capital will be defended to the last man and to the last bullet . '' It has been referred to as the Nazis ' last stand against the Soviets .   The document divided the city of Berlin into 9 operational defense zones ( A through H , as slices of the outer city of Berlin and Z , its center , corresponding to the government district ) . It further divided the region into four concentric rings : an outer exclusion zone , extending well past Berlin 's city limits ; an outer defense zone extending roughly to the city limits ; an inner defense zone extending out to the Berlin Ringbahn ; and the Citadel ( Zitadelle ) , again , zone Z . In addition to the establishment of defense zones , this document also described the overall mechanism by which Berlin would be converted to a front line city . This included :  The evacuation of all Wehrmacht and SS offices in Berlin  Evacuation of the central command post of the capital from General Command on Hohenzollerndamm to L-Tower of the Zoo bunker no more than six hours after the issuance of Clausewitz  The imposition of martial law for the civilian populace , and offenses under which the death penalty was authorized  Hitler ordered the execution of Fall Clausewitz on 20 April 1945 . This set into motion preparedness according to the Basic Order plan , and would have been followed later by the codeword Kolberg meaning full preparedness should be completed and the battle has started .

neg: Strategic depth Strategic depth is a term in military literature that broadly refers to the distances between the front lines or battle sectors and the combatants ' industrial core areas , capital cities , heartlands , and other key centers of population or military production . The key precepts any military commander must consider when dealing with strategic depth are how vulnerable these assets are to a quick , preemptive attack or to a methodical offensive and whether a country can withdraw into its own territory , absorb an initial thrust , and allow the subsequent offensive to culminate short of its goal and far from its source of power .   Commanders must be able to plan for both eventualities , and have measures and resources in place on both tactical and strategic levels to counter any and all stages of a minor or major enemy attack . These measures do not need to be limited to purely military assets , either -- the ability to reinforce civilian infrastructure or make it flexible enough to withstand or evade assault is very valuable in times of war . The issue was the trade-off between space and time as witnessed by Germany 's failure to defeat the Soviet Union in 1942 . In the face of a German invasion , the Soviet military retreating from occupied Poland in June 1941 to the outskirts of Moscow in December 1941 allowed the Soviet Union to move its industrial base to the east of the Ural Mountains . Thus the industries that had been moved could build the resources needed for the Soviet counter-attack .

neg: North West Europe Campaign The North West Europe Campaign was the name given by the British Commonwealth armed forces to the two land campaigns they fought on the Western Front during World War II .   In Commonwealth military history , `` North-West Europe '' refers to land , air and sea campaigns and operations in , over or near Belgium , Denmark , France , Germany , Luxembourg , Netherlands , Norway and the United Kingdom during World War II . It includes many more specific campaigns and/or battle honours .   The North-West Europe Campaign of 1940 , was part of the Battle of France , and was restricted to the Belgium and the French Channel ports . During this campaign , the French Army was responsible for the rest of the Western Front from Luxembourg to Switzerland , much of which was defended by the Maginot Line . The first campaign ended for the British forces with the defeat of the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) and its evacuation from the beaches of Dunkirk .   Between 1940 and 1944 , the Allied armies conducted coastal raids in German-Occupied Europe , the largest of which was the Dieppe raid of 1942 .   British Commonwealth air force units who served over Occupied Europe , between the fall of France and D-Day were awarded the battle honour `` Fortress Europe 1940 -- 1944 . ''   The North-West Europe Campaign of 1944 -- 1945 , was fought by the British Second Army and First Canadian Army  as elements of the British 21st Army Group . The campaign started with the landings in Normandy and ended on 4 May 1945 with Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery taking the German military surrender of all German forces in the Netherlands , north west Germany and Denmark on Lüneburg Heath , ( situated between the cities of Hamburg , Hanover and Bremen ) . As with the first campaign the British Commonwealth forces were on the northern flank of the Western Front . The Twelfth United States Army Group , was to their immediate south , further south still was the Sixth United States Army Group , ( that was also known as the Southern Group of Armies as the French First Army was a constituent part )

neg: Helmuth Schlömer __ NOTOC __   Helmuth Schlömer ( 20 May 1893 -- 18 August 1995 ) was a German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded the XIV Panzer Corps . He was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany . Schlömer was taken prisoner in the Battle of Stalingrad in 1943 .   On 29 Jan 1943 Friedrich Paulus learned `` Lieutenant-General Schlomer and other generals had received Red Army envoys and were negotiating a surrender with them . '' While in Soviet captivity he joined the National Committee for a Free Germany or NKFD and was released in 1949 .

neg: German–Soviet Axis talks In October and November 1940 , German -- Soviet Axis talks occurred concerning the Soviet Union 's potential entry as a fourth Axis Power in World War II . The negotiations , which occurred during the era of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact and the German-Soviet Commercial Agreement , included a two-day Berlin conference between Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov , Adolf Hitler and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop , followed by both countries trading written proposed agreements . After two days of negotiations from 12 to 14 November 1940 , Germany presented the Soviets with a draft written Axis pact agreement defining the world spheres of influence of the four proposed Axis powers ( Japan , Germany , Soviet Union , Italy ) . Hitler , Ribbentrop and Molotov tried to set German and Soviet spheres of influence ; Hitler encouraged Molotov to look south to Iran and eventually India while preserving German access to Finland 's resources , and to remove Soviet influence in the Balkans . Molotov remained firm , seeking to remove German troops from Finland and gain a warm water port in the Balkans . Soviet foreign policy calculations were predicated by the idea that the war would be a long - term struggle and therefore German claims that Britain would be defeated swiftly were treated with scepticism . In addition Stalin sought to remain influential in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia . These factors resulted in Molotov taking a firm line . According to a Columbia University academical source , on 25 November 1940 , the Soviets presented a Stalin-drafted written counterproposal where they would accept the four power pact , but it included Soviet rights to Bulgaria and a world sphere of influence centered on the area around modern Iraq and Iran . Germany did not respond , leaving the negotiations unresolved . Regarding the counterproposal , Hitler remarked to his top military chiefs that Stalin `` demands more and more '' , `` he 's a cold-blooded blackmailer '' and that `` a German victory has become unbearable for Russia '' so that `` she must be brought to her knees as soon as possible . '' Germany ended the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in June 1941 by invading the Soviet Union .

neg: Hans Refior Hans Refior was an officer in the German Army during World War II . Refior was on the staff of the last two German commanders of the `` Berlin Defense Area '' during the final assault by Soviet forces on the city of Berlin .   On 18 March 1945 , Colonel Refior became the Chief of Staff for Lieutenant General ( Generalleutnant ) Helmuth Reymann during the Battle for Berlin . Reymann was named the commander of the Berlin Defense Area on 6 March . From the beginning , it was clear to Refior that Reymann 's predecessor , General Bruno Ritter von Hauenschild , had left them nothing .   By early April , Refior and Reymann confirmed to themselves that Berlin had no chance of holding out with the forces at their disposal . They recommended to Joseph Goebbels , the Minister of Propaganda , that civilians be allowed to leave . Refior and Reyman indicated that this was especially important for the women and children . Goebbels ' feeble response made it clear to Refior and Reymann that he had never considered nor had he any idea of the logistics required for such a mass evacuation .   To determine how many soldiers and weapons could be counted on , Refior and Reymann attempted to make an accounting of what was available to them in the `` Berlin Defense Area '' . They soon discovered that the title `` Berlin Defense Area '' carried no significance . `` Berlin Defense Area '' was just another phrase , like `` Fortress '' ( Festung ) , coined by German dictator Adolf Hitler . Attempts by Refior to coordinate the defences with the field commanders of the surrounding areas of Berlin were not successful .   On 23 April , Hitler replaced Reymann with General der Artillerie Helmuth Weidling as the commander of the Berlin Defense Area . Weidling kept Refior and made him his `` civil '' Chief-of-Staff .   Early on the morning of 26 April , Refior was awoken from a brief sleep in Weidling 's headquarters , the Bendlerblock . What woke him was a rapid sequence of ranging artillery shells ( what the Soviets called `` framing '' ) . Refior noted that these were `` old frontline hares '' . He knew from experience that these were the `` greeting '' before a salvo of katyusha rockets .   Weidling remained in command of Berlin 's defences to the end . On 2 May General Weidling , Theodor von Dufving , Weidling 's `` military '' Chief-of-Staff , and other members of Weidling 's staff which included Refior , ultimately surrendered the city to Soviet General Vasily Chuikov .

neg: Alexander von Hartmann __ NOTOC __   Alexander von Hartmann ( 11 December 1890 -- 26 January 1943 ) was a German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded the 71st Infantry Division . He was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany . Hartmann was killed on 26 January 1943 during the Battle of Stalingrad and was posthumously promoted to General of the Infantry .   Before his death Hartmann stated , `` I intend to go to my infantry in the front line ... I will seek death among their ranks . Captivity for a general is dishonourable . '' He was killed instantly when he was shot in the head while standing upright on the railway embankment firing `` shot after shot from his rifle . ''

neg: August von Mackensen Anton Ludwig August von Mackensen ( 6 December 1849 -- 8 November 1945 ) , born August Mackensen , was a German field marshal . He commanded with success during the First World War and became one of the German Empire 's most prominent military leaders . After the Armistice , Mackensen was interned for a year . He retired from the army in 1920 and was made a Prussian state councillor in 1933 by Hermann Göring . During the Nazi era , Mackensen remained a committed monarchist and sometimes appeared at official functions in his First World War uniform . He was suspected of disloyalty to the Third Reich , although nothing was proven against him .

neg: Army General (Soviet rank) This article is about the Soviet OF9-rank `` general of the army '' , not to be mixed up to the Soviet general of the army ( Russia ) . For the equivalent OF9-rank in anglophone countries see general of the army .   General of the army ( Russian : генерал армии , general armii '' ) was a rank of the Soviet Union which was first established in June 1940 as a high rank for Red Army generals , inferior only to the marshal of the Soviet Union . In the following 51 years the Soviet Union created 133 generals of the army , 32 of whom were later promoted to the rank of marshal of the Soviet Union . It is a direct counterpart of the Russian Federation 's `` general of the army '' rank .

neg: Hasso von Wedel (general) Hasso von Wedel ( 20 November 1898 -- 3 January 1961 ) was a German general who commanded the Wehrmacht Propaganda Troops during World War II . He was directly subordinate to the head of OKW Operations Staff ( Wehrmachtführungsstab , WFSt . ) , General Alfred Jodl . Wedel 's Propaganda Department had control over the propaganda units and served to mediate between them and the Reich Propaganda Ministry of Joseph Goebbels .   After capitulation of Nazi Germany , Wedel was taken prisoner by US troops on 6 May 1945 and released on 18 May 1946 . Wedel described his experience on war propaganda in an apologetic account written between 1957 and 1958 and published after his death under the title Die Propagandatruppen der Deutschen Wehrmacht ( `` The Wehrmacht 's Propaganda Troops '' ) . For example , he described the relations between the Wehrmacht and civilian propaganda organizations as allegedly problematic , while they cooperated successfully and effectively throughout the war .   Wedel and Alfred Ingemar Berndt were editors of Deutschland im Kampf , a book series , 43 volumes , almost 10,000 pages , covering every battle in which the German Army , Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe were involved , from the invasion of Poland in September 1939 to mid-1944 .

neg: Army Group Don Army Group Don was a short-lived German army group during World War II .   On 20 November Hitler ordered again to reorganize southern front in the Soviet Union . The order was following : between the Army Group A and B at the turn of the river Don has to be sent another Army Group .   Army Group Don was created from the headquarters of the Eleventh Army in the southern sector of the Eastern Front on 22 November 1942 . The army group only lasted until February 1943 when it was combined with Army Group B and was made into the new Army Group South .   The one commander of Army Group Don was Field Marshal ( Generalfeldmarschall ) Erich von Manstein . It consisted of the Sixth Army ( Germany ) in the Stalingrad pocket , which included the encircled elements of the 4th Panzer Army , together with the Romanian 3rd Army .   Zhukov states , `` We now know that Manstein 's plan to rescue the encircled forces at Stalingrad was to organize two shock forces - at Kotelnikovo and Tormosin . '' The attempt `` was a total failure . ''   It was created to hold the line between Army Group A and Army Group B.

neg: German Army The German Army ( Deutsches Heer ) is the land component of the armed forces of Germany . The present-day German Army was founded in 1955 as part of the newly formed West German Bundeswehr together with the Marine ( German Navy ) and the Luftwaffe ( German Air Force ) . , the German Army had a strength of 60,431 soldiers .

neg: Gerd von Rundstedt Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt ( 12 December 1875 -- 24 February 1953 ) was a Field Marshal in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II .   Born into a Prussian family with a long military tradition , Rundstedt entered the Prussian Army in 1892 . During World War I , he served mainly as a staff officer . In the inter-war years , he continued his military career , reaching the rank of Colonel General ( Generaloberst ) before retiring in 1938 .   He was recalled at the beginning of World War II as commander of Army Group South in the invasion of Poland . He commanded Army Group A during the Battle of France , and was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal in 1940 . In the invasion of the Soviet Union , he commanded Army Group South , responsible for the largest encirclement in history , the Battle of Kiev , as well as the largest mass killing of the Holocaust to that date , at Babi Yar . He was relieved of command in December 1941 , but was recalled in 1942 and appointed Commander-in-Chief in the West .   He was dismissed after the German defeat in Normandy in July 1944 , but was again recalled as Commander-in-Chief in the West in September , holding this post until his final dismissal by Adolf Hitler in March 1945 . Rundstedt was aware of the various plots to depose Hitler , but refused to support them . After the war , he was charged with war crimes , but did not face trial due to his age and poor health . He was released in 1949 , and died in 1953 .