query: William Jennings Bryan is in one of the five major contemporary political parties.

pos: William Jennings Bryan William Jennings Bryan ( March 19 , 1860 -- July 26 , 1925 ) was an American orator and politician from Nebraska , and a dominant force in the populist wing of the Democratic Party , standing three times as the Party 's nominee for President of the United States ( 1896 , 1900 , and 1908 ) . He served two terms as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska and was United States Secretary of State under President Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1915 ) . He resigned because of his pacifist position on World War I. Bryan was a devout Presbyterian , a strong advocate of popular democracy , and an enemy of the banks and the gold standard . He demanded `` Free Silver '' because he believed it undermined the evil `` Money Power '' and put more cash in the hands of the common people . He was a peace advocate , a supporter of Prohibition , and an opponent of Darwinism on religious and humanitarian grounds . With his deep , commanding voice and wide travels , he was perhaps the best-known orator and lecturer of the era . Because of his faith in the wisdom of the common people , he was called `` The Great Commoner '' .   In the intensely fought 1896 and 1900 elections , he was defeated by William McKinley but retained control of the Democratic Party . With over 500 speeches in 1896 , Bryan invented the national stumping tour in an era when other presidential candidates stayed home . In his three presidential bids , he promoted Free Silver in 1896 , anti-imperialism in 1900 , and trust-busting in 1908 , calling on Democrats to fight the trusts ( big corporations ) and big banks , and embrace anti-elitist ideals of republicanism . President Wilson appointed him Secretary of State in 1913 . After the Lusitania was torpedoed in 1915 , Wilson made strong demands on Germany that Bryan disagreed with , resigning in protest as a pacifist . After 1920 , he turned to Christian fundamentalism ; he supported Prohibition and attacked Darwinism and evolution , most famously at the Scopes Trial in 1925 in Tennessee . Five days after the conclusion of the Scopes case , Bryan died in his sleep .

pos: Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active party .   The Democrats ' dominant worldview was once social conservativism and economic liberalism , while , especially in the rural South , populism was its leading characteristic . In 1912 , Theodore Roosevelt ran as a third-party candidate in the Progressive ( `` Bull Moose '' ) Party , leading to a switch of political platforms between the Democratic and Republican Party and Woodrow Wilson being elected as the first fiscally progressive Democrat . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform , supporting social justice .   Today , the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists , with a smaller minority of conservative Democrats . The party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy . These interventions , such as the introduction of social programs , support for labor unions , affordable college tuitions , moves toward universal health care and equal opportunity , consumer protection , and environmental protection form the core of the party 's economic policy . The party has united with smaller liberal regional parties throughout the country , such as the Farmer -- Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota .   Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and southern conservative-populist anti-business wings . The New Deal Coalition of 1932 -- 1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction -- many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal of the 1930s , the pro-business wing withered outside the South . After the racial turmoil of the 1960s , most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s . Racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. such as ( but not limited to ) Jewish Americans , Hispanic Americans , Arabic Americans , and African Americans , tend to support the Democratic Party in proportions higher than their overall representation in American society . Overall , the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party ( GOP ) .   15 Democrats have served as president under 16 administrations : the first was seventh president Andrew Jackson , who served from 1829 to 1837 ; Grover Cleveland served two nonconsecutive terms from 1885 to 1889 and 1893 to 1897 , and is thus counted twice ( as the 22nd and 24th president ) . The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama , who held the office from 2009 to 2017 .   In the 115th Congress , following the 2016 elections , Democrats are the opposition party , holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate . The party also holds a minority of governorships ( 16/50 ) , and state legislatures ( full control of 12/50 , split control of six others ) , though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City , Los Angeles , Chicago , Houston , and Washington , D.C.

neg: Fifty-state strategy A fifty-state strategy is a political strategy which aims for progress in all states of the United States of America , rather than conceding certain states as `` unwinnable . '' In a presidential campaign , it is usually implemented as an appeal to a broad base of the American public in an attempt to win , even if marginally , every state , since even a marginal victory is effectively total victory for electoral purposes . It can also refer to an overall long-term strategy for a political movement such as a political party .   This strategy is very ambitious and , when used for a specific election , is typically abandoned as the election day draws nearer . In the vast majority of cases , winning a state 's popular vote for president or senator -- even by a small margin -- means the state 's entire representation in the election goes to the victor without being divided . A fifty-state strategy requires a campaign to spend valuable resources in a rival 's strongest states , when those resources could instead be concentrated in swing states that will become a total win or a total loss based on only a small difference in popular votes .   A president has won every state three times : in 1788 and 1792 , George Washington won all the electoral votes running effectively unopposed , and in 1820 , James Monroe , running unopposed , carried all twenty-three states in the union at that time ( although one electoral vote was cast for John Quincy Adams and two electors died prior to casting votes ) . In 1936 , Franklin D. Roosevelt carried forty-six of forty-eight states , losing only Maine and Vermont . A complete fifty-state victory has not been accomplished since the fiftieth state was admitted into the union , although Republicans have twice managed to win the presidency in forty-nine of the fifty : in 1972 with Richard Nixon losing only Massachusetts , and in 1984 with Ronald Reagan losing only his rival 's home state of Minnesota . Both also lost the District of Columbia , which has had presidential electors since the Twenty-Third Amendment in 1961 .

neg: Robert A. Taft Robert Alphonso Taft ( September 8 , 1889 -- July 31 , 1953 ) was a conservative American politician , statesman , and presidential hopeful who served as a United States Senator from Ohio from 1939 until his death in 1953 . A member of the Republican Taft political family , he was the elder son of William Howard Taft ( the 27th President of the United States and 10th Chief Justice of the United States ) .   Taft was the Senate 's main opponent of Franklin Roosevelt 's New Deal domestic policies .   After the president 's death , Taft successfully led the conservative coalition 's efforts to curb the power of labor unions . Taft was a leading advocate of non-interventionism in foreign policy . He failed in his quests to win the Republican Party 's presidential nomination in 1940 , 1948 , and 1952 . Throughout that period he battled New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey ( leader of the moderate `` Eastern Establishment '' ) for control of the party . Taft 's biographer , James T. Patterson , portrayed Taft as honest , conscientious , courageous , dignified , and highly intelligent but also faulted Taft 's competitiveness , lack of public-relations skills , and extreme partisanship . A 1957 Senate committee named Taft as one of America 's five greatest senators , along with Henry Clay , Daniel Webster , John C. Calhoun , and Robert M. La Follette , Sr. .

neg: United States presidential election in New Hampshire, 1900 The 1900 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place on November 6 , 1900 throughout 45 states . Voters chose four representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   New Hampshire overwhelmingly voted for the Republican nominee , President William McKinley , over the Democratic nominee , former U.S. Representative and 1896 Democratic presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan . McKinley won New Hampshire by a margin of 20.91 % in this rematch of the 1896 presidential election . The return of economic prosperity and recent victory in the Spanish -- American War helped McKinley to score a decisive victory .

neg: Political eras of the United States Political eras of the United States refer to a model of American politics used in history and political science to periodize the political party system existing in the United States .   The party systems ( with periods indicated in parenthesis ) include :   First Party System ( 1792-1824 )  Second Party System ( 1828-1854 )  Third Party System ( 1854-1895 )  Fourth Party System ( 1896-1932 )  Fifth Party System ( 1932-1964 )  Sixth Party System ( mid 1960s-presently )   Category : Political history of the United States

neg: Right-wing politics Right-wing politics hold that certain social orders and hierarchies are inevitable , natural , normal , or desirable , typically supporting this position on the basis of natural law , economics or tradition . Hierarchy and inequality may be viewed as natural results of traditional social differences or the competition in market economies . The term right-wing can generally refer to `` the conservative or reactionary section of a political party or system . ''   The political terms Right and Left were first used during the French Revolution ( 1789 -- 99 ) , and referred to seating arrangements in the French parliament ; those who sat to the right of the chair of the parliamentary president were broadly supportive of the institutions of the monarchist Ancien Régime . The original Right in France was formed as a reaction against the Left , and comprised those politicians supporting hierarchy , tradition , and clericalism . The use of the expression la droite ( the right ) became prominent in France after the restoration of the monarchy in 1815 , when it was applied to the Ultra-royalists . The people of English-speaking countries did not apply the terms `` right '' and `` left '' to their own politics until the 20th century .   Although the right-wing originated with traditional conservatives , monarchists and reactionaries , the term extreme right-wing has also been applied to movements including fascists , Nazis , and racial supremacists . From the 1830s to the 1880s , there was a shift in the Western world of social class structure and the economy , moving away from nobility and aristocracy towards capitalism . This general economic shift toward capitalism affected centre right movements such as the British Conservative Party , which responded by becoming supportive of capitalism . In the United States , the Right includes both economic and social conservatives . In Europe , economic conservatives are usually considered liberal , and the Right includes nationalists , nativist opposition to immigration , religious conservatives , and historically a significant presence of right-wing movements with anti-capitalist sentiments including conservatives and fascists who opposed what they saw as the selfishness and excessive materialism inherent in contemporary capitalism .

neg: Postpartisan Post-partisanship is an approach to dispute resolution between political factions that emphasizes compromise and collaboration over political ideology and party discipline . It does not imply neutrality . From 2000-2007 , there were virtually no online media references to the term `` post-partisan '' . Media and Web references to the term are growing rapidly as the concept takes hold among policy-makers . The New York Times has attributed an oblique reference to post-partisan idealism in a statement by US President Thomas Jefferson , when he declared in his inaugural address in 1801 : `` We are all Republicans , we are all Federalists . ''

neg: Presentism (literary and historical analysis) In literary and historical analysis , presentism is the anachronistic introduction of present-day ideas and perspectives into depictions or interpretations of the past . Some modern historians seek to avoid presentism in their work because they consider it a form of cultural bias , and believe it creates a distorted understanding of their subject matter . The practice of presentism is regarded by some as a common fallacy in historical writing .   The Oxford English Dictionary gives the first citation for presentism in its historiographic sense from 1916 , and the word may have been used in this meaning as early as the 1870s . The historian David Hackett Fischer identifies presentism as a fallacy also known as the `` fallacy of nunc pro tunc '' . He has written that the `` classic example '' of presentism was the so-called `` Whig history '' , in which certain eighteenth - and nineteenth-century British historians wrote history in a way that used the past to validate their own political beliefs . This interpretation was presentist because it did not depict the past in objective historical context but instead viewed history only through the lens of contemporary Whig beliefs . In this kind of approach , which emphasizes the relevance of history to the present , things that do not seem relevant receive little attention , which results in a misleading portrayal of the past . `` Whig history '' or `` whiggishness '' are often used as synonyms for presentism particularly when the historical depiction in question is teleological or triumphalist .

neg: Labor Party (United States, 1996) The Labor Party was an American social democratic political party advocating workers ' interests . Membership at one point reached about 5,000 .   The party was formed in 1996 by the United Mine Workers , International Longshore and Warehouse Union , American Federation of Government Employees , California Nurses Association , and hundreds of other local labor unions . From the beginning a dispute over the Party 's running of candidates arose with many of the official unions totally opposed to running candidates that might cause the defeat of their normal Democratic allies . Smaller locals and left union activists on the other had pushed for a clean break with the Democratic Party . This issue was debated internally for years until 1999 when the Party 's leadership agreed to some endorsements of Labor Party members running . In 2001 the Labor Party endorsed labor sponsored independent candidates in San Francisco and Ohio local elections . After the 2000 elections even symbolic support dripped away . The future of the party remains uncertain , particularly after the 2002 death of Tony Mazzocchi , the founding national organizer . All of the founding unions continued to actively support Democratic Party candidates .   In December 2005 , the South Carolina Labor Party announced that it would seek ballot status in South Carolina and run a candidate in the 2006 legislative elections . Labor Party News quoted Leonard Riley , President of the Charleston International Longshoremen 's Association Local 1422 as saying , `` Given the results of the past few elections , I think the workers of South Carolina would jump at the opportunity to consider a Labor Party which would guarantee an uncompromising voice for working people on their issues . '' Although South Carolina law permitted electoral fusion , the Labor Party pledged not to endorse candidates of any other party .   Party officials acknowledged that the choice of South Carolina may have seemed unusual due to the fact that the state had the second lowest concentration of union workers in the United States . However , party officials said that the relatively high unemployment rate , the decline in the textile industry , and the indifference of the state Democratic and Republican parties to the interests of working people , African-Americans and women created a political space for the Labor Party . The party submitted 16,500 signatures on July 11 , 2006 . If 10,000 of the signatures were valid , the party would be qualified for the 2007 and 2008 elections . This effort was apparently unrelated to the concurrent attempt of the Working Families Party to gain ballot access in South Carolina , a state that allows electoral fusion . In July 2007 Ballot Access News reported that the SCLP was attempting to recruit candidates .   The party suspended active operations in 2007 but a group said to affiliated with the party nominated one candidate for the South Carolina State House for 2010 . The candidate , Brett Bursey , received 442 votes , or 3.06 % .   In December 2012 Mark Dudzic wrote an article in which he said confirmed that the party had suspended operations in 2007 . While some have taken this to mean that he said that the time was currently not right for the Labor Party to exist , others have seen this as a start of a discussion about the future of the Labor Party .

neg: New World Alliance The New World Alliance was an American political organization that sought to articulate and implement what it called `` transformational '' political ideas . It was organized in the late 1970s and dissolved in 1983 . It has been described as the first U.S. national political organization of its type and as the first entity to articulate a comprehensive transformational political program .   The Alliance maintained a national office two blocks from the White House . It established chapters across the U.S. , produced a 98-page political platform , conducted `` Political Awareness Seminars '' to help participants learn to communicate across ideological and psychological divides , initiated national `` Consultations with Elected Officials , '' and produced a national political newsletter whose sponsors included Ecotopia author Ernest Callenbach and psychologist Carl Rogers .   Over the decades , social scientists and others have sought to explain why the Alliance did not achieve a longer life . There is no agreement . Explanations have touched on history ( the U.S. was not ready ) , culture ( the Alliance was too counter-cultural ) , process ( the commitment to near-unanimous consensus decision-making was too onerous ) , leadership ( the people on the Governing Council did not have the personalities or skills to build a mass organization ) , transformational political assumptions and behaviors ( said to be inappropriate , self-defeating , or cult-like ) , and more .   Following the dissolution of the organization , many former Governing Council members and other founders of the Alliance -- many near the beginning of their careers -- took transformational ideas into a variety of organizational settings , including the early U.S. Green Party movement and the multinational corporate world . Their organizational efforts and published political writings extended into the 21st century .

neg: New Democrats New Democrats , also called Centrist Democrats , Clinton Democrats or Moderate Democrats , are a relatively `` centrist '' ideological faction within the Democratic Party that emerged after the victory of Republican George H. W. Bush in the 1988 presidential election . Describing themselves as `` centrist '' , they are an economically conservative and `` Third Way '' faction which dominated the party for around 20 years , starting in the late 1980s after the US populace turned much further to the political right . They are represented by organizations such as the New Democrat Network and the New Democrat Coalition .

neg: Faithless electors in the United States presidential election, 2016 In the 2016 United States presidential election , seven members of the U.S. Electoral College voted for a different candidate than whom they were pledged to vote . The Democratic Party nominee , Hillary Clinton , lost five of her pledged electors while the Republican Party nominee and then president-elect , Donald Trump , lost two . Three of the faithless electors voted for Colin Powell while John Kasich , Ron Paul , Bernie Sanders , and Faith Spotted Eagle each received one vote .   Three additional electors initially voted against their Clinton pledge but had their votes invalidated according to local statutes , so they were replaced or forced to vote again . The defections fell well short of the number needed to change the result of the election ; only two of the seven defected from the presumptive winner , when 37 were needed to change the outcome .   Although there had been a combined total of 157 instances of individual electors voting faithlessly in over two centuries of previous US presidential elections , 2016 was a year in which multiple groups of electors worked to alter the result of the election in order to `` vote their conscience for the good of America '' in accordance with Alexander Hamilton 's Federalist Paper No. 68 . 2016 was also the first year since 1960 when one of the electors actively worked to change the election . Electors were subjected to public pressure , up to and including death threats .   Seven electors successfully cast faithless ballots for president , the most to defect from presidential candidates who were still alive in Electoral College history , surpassing the six electors who defected from James Madison in the 1808 election . Historically , this number of defections has been exceeded only in cases where the presidential candidate was no longer living at the time the electors cast their ballots : the seven faithless presidential votes in 2016 falls well short of the record set in 1872 , when 63 of 66 electors originally pledged to losing candidate Horace Greeley cast their votes for someone else ( Greeley had died between election day and the meeting of the Electoral College ) . The six faithless vice-presidential votes in 2016 is also short of the record for that office , without considering whether the vice-presidential candidates were still living , as multiple previous elections have had more than six faithless vice-presidential votes ; in 1836 , faithless electors successfully moved the vice-presidential decision to the U.S. Senate .

neg: Party system A party system is a concept in comparative political science concerning the system of government by political parties in a democratic country . The idea is that political parties have basic similarities : they control the government , have a stable base of mass popular support , and create internal mechanisms for controlling funding , information and nominations .   The concept was originated by European scholars studying the United States , especially James Bryce and Moisey Ostrogorsky , and has been expanded to cover other democracies .  Giovanni Sartori devised the most widely used classification method for party systems . He suggested that party systems should be classified by the number of relevant parties and the degree of fragmentation . Party systems can be distinguished by the effective number of parties .

neg: Liberty Party (United States, 1840) The Liberty Party was a minor political party in the United States in the 1840s ( with some offshoots surviving into the 1850s and 1860s ) . The party was an early advocate of the abolitionist cause . It broke away from the American Anti-Slavery Society ( AASS ) to advocate the view that the Constitution was an anti-slavery document ; William Lloyd Garrison , leader of the AASS , held the contrary view that the Constitution should be condemned as an evil pro-slavery document . The party included abolitionists who were willing to work within electoral politics to try to influence people to support their goals ; the radical Garrison , by contrast , opposed voting and working within the system .

neg: Third Way In politics , the Third Way is a position akin to centrism that tries to reconcile right-wing and left-wing politics by advocating a varying synthesis of right-wing economic and left-wing social policies . The Third Way was created as a serious re-evaluation of political policies within various centre-left progressive movements in response to international doubt regarding the economic viability of the state ; economic interventionist policies that had previously been popularized by Keynesianism and contrasted with the corresponding rise of popularity for economic liberalism and the New Right . The Third Way is promoted by some social democratic and social liberal movements .   Major Third Way social democratic proponent Tony Blair claimed that the socialism he advocated was different from traditional conceptions of socialism . Blair said `` My kind of socialism is a set of values notions of social justice ... Socialism as a rigid form of economic determinism has ended , and rightly '' . Blair referred to it as `` social-ism '' that involves politics that recognized individuals as socially interdependent , and advocated social justice , social cohesion , equal worth of each citizen , and equal opportunity . Third Way social democratic theorist Anthony Giddens has said that the Third Way rejects the traditional conception of socialism , and instead accepts the conception of socialism as conceived of by Anthony Crosland as an ethical doctrine that views social democratic governments as having achieved a viable ethical socialism by removing the unjust elements of capitalism by providing social welfare and other policies , and that contemporary socialism has outgrown the Marxian claim for the need of the abolition of capitalism . Blair in 2009 publicly declared support for a `` new capitalism '' .   It supports the pursuit of greater egalitarianism in society through action to increase the distribution of skills , capacities , and productive endowments , while rejecting income redistribution as the means to achieve this . It emphasizes commitment to balanced budgets , providing equal opportunity combined with an emphasis on personal responsibility , decentralization of government power to the lowest level possible , encouragement of public-private partnerships , improving labour supply , investment in human development , protection of social capital , and protection of the environment .   The Third Way has been criticized by some conservatives and libertarians who advocate laissez-faire capitalism . It has also been heavily criticized by many social democrats , democratic socialists , anarchists and communists in particular as a betrayal of left-wing values . Specific definitions of Third Way policies may differ between Europe and America .

neg: Presidency of William McKinley The presidency of William McKinley began on March 4 , 1897 at noon Eastern Standard Time , when William McKinley was inaugurated as President of the United States , and ended on September 14 , 1901 , upon his assassination and death , days into his second term . McKinley , a Republican , was succeeded by Vice President Theodore Roosevelt .   The 25th United States president , he took office following the 1896 presidential election , in which he defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan , after a front-porch campaign in which he advocated `` sound money '' , promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity , and denounced Bryan 's radicalism and class warfare . He defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election , in a campaign focused on imperialism , protectionism , and free silver . McKinley 's presidency marked the beginning of an era in American political history from the mid -- 1890s to 1932 that was generally dominated by the Republican Party .   McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish -- American War , took ownership of Hawaii , the Philippines and Puerto Rico , restored prosperity , promoted pluralism among all groups , raised protective tariffs to promote American industry , and maintained the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of inflationary proposals . Rapid economic growth marked his presidency . He promoted the 1897 Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers and factory workers from foreign competition , and in 1900 , he secured the passage of the Gold Standard Act . McKinley hoped to persuade Spain to grant independence to rebellious Cuba without conflict , but when negotiation failed , he led the nation in the Spanish -- American War of 1898 ; the U.S. victory was quick and decisive . As part of the peace settlement , Spain turned over to the United States its main overseas colonies of Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines ; Cuba was promised independence , but for a time remained under the control of the U.S. Army . The United States annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898 and it became a U.S. territory . As an innovator of American interventionism and pro-business sentiment , McKinley 's presidency is generally ranked above average . Historian Lewis L. Gould argues that McKinley was effective in domestic and foreign affairs and was `` the first modern president '' :

neg: List of political parties by region This page is a directory to various pages that will list political parties , from around the world , according to their respective regions . All of the pages linked from here include a table listing the sub-pages of countries/jurisdiction in the given region , showing which party system is dominant in each country .   A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues with the aim to participate in power , usually by participating in elections . Individual parties are properly listed in separate articles under the page for each nation .   __ TOC __

neg: Party switching in the United States In the United States politics , party switching is any change in party affiliation of a partisan public figure , usually one who is currently holding elected office . Use of the term `` party switch '' can also connote a transfer of held power in an elected governmental body from one party to another .

neg: Transpartisan Transpartisanship represents an emerging school of political thought which accepts the validity of truths across a range of political perspectives and seeks to synthesize them into an inclusive , pragmatic container beyond typical political dualities . It is distinct from bipartisanship , which aims to negotiate between `` right '' and `` left , '' resulting in a dualistic perspective , and nonpartisanship , which tends to avoid political affiliation altogether .   Transpartisanship is a movement to support and advance a common ground - or `` new center '' - that already exists in U.S. politics , emerging periodically into public view in the form of `` unusual coalitions '' of progressives and conservatives around issues ranging from war and the military budget to corporate power and the surveillance state .   The movement builds on methods of facilitated dialogue , deliberation and conflict resolution .   Current examples of transpartisan initiatives include Transpartisan Center , TheSolution.org , Reuniting America , Transpartisan Alliance , and Liberty Coalition .   Transpartisanship is an emerging field that advocates pragmatic and effective solutions to social and political problems , transcending and including preexisting political ideologies . Transpartisanship encompasses the idea that all systems are inextricably interconnected , and that successful outcomes can best be reached through inclusive , genuine , and respectful cooperation . Transpartisan democracy , in part , seeks to reintegrate the public 's voice in identifying , debating , and shaping governmental policies , while continuing to protect the sovereignty of the individual .  The term `` Transpartisanship '' has emerged to provide a meaningful alternative to `` Bipartisanship , '' and `` Nonpartisanship . '' Bipartisanship limits the dialogue process to two political viewpoints or entities , striving for compromise solutions . Nonpartisanship , on the other hand , tends to deny the existence of differing viewpoints in exchange for cooperation . Both the bipartisan and nonpartisan approaches can discount the multiplicity of viewpoints that exist , which often results in incomplete and therefore unsuccessful outcomes . In contrast to these , transpartisanship recognizes the existence and validity of many points of view , and advocates a constructive dialogue aimed at arriving at creative , integrated , and therefore , breakthrough solutions that meet the needs of all present .   Transpartisan gatherings have resulted not only in surprisingly civil conversations noted by mainstream media but also in shifts from traditional ideological stances by some participants .   A close relative of transpartisanship is Integral politics . A transpartisan approach to policy would necessarily include individual and collective , as well as subjective and objective , perspective . Furthermore , similar to Integral theory , transpartisanship places politics in a developmental context , viewing democracy and prosperity not as static attainments , but rather emergent properties along a continuum of developmental stages .

neg: Blue Tory Blue Tories , also known as small ` c ' conservatives , are , in Canadian politics , members of the former federal Progressive Conservative Party of Canada , current Conservative Party of Canada and provincial Progressive Conservative parties who are more economically right wing . Prior to the 1960s , these Conservatives were most identified with the Montreal and Toronto commercial elite who took positions of influence within the Progressive Conservative Party . Since the mid-1970s , they have been heavily influenced by the libertarian movement and the more individualist nature of American conservatism . Blue Tories tend to favour libertarian policies such as devolution of federal power to the provincial governments , a reduced role for government in the economy , reduction of taxation and similar mainstream market liberal ideals . The term Blue Tory does not refer to social conservatism .   One example of a Blue Tory administration in Canada was the `` Common Sense Revolution '' provincial Progressive Conservative government of Ontario Premier Mike Harris . The Harris Tories were widely viewed as radical by Canadian standards in their economic policies and style of governance . Harris ' government embarked on a number of initiatives , including cuts to education , welfare and Medicare , privatization of government services and health care , the sale of provincial highways and the forced amalgamation of municipalities . Provincial income taxes were also cut by 30 % and corporate tax rates were nearly cut in half during the Harris mandate .   Most Blue Tories are at least somewhat ideologically aligned close to the economic libertarian positions of the former Canadian Alliance and as such supported the merger between the PCs and the Alliance to form the new federal Conservative Party of Canada ( CPC ) . Some notable Blue Tories include many prominent federal and provincial Progressive Conservatives such as former PC Party Leader and Attorney General Peter MacKay , Conservative Party leadership contender and current Treasury Board President Tony Clement , former Premier of Ontario Mike Harris , and current CPC leader Andrew Scheer .

neg: William Jennings William Jennings may refer to :   William Jennings ( mayor ) ( 1823 -- 1886 ) , mayor of Salt Lake City , Utah , USA  William M. Jennings ( 1920 -- 1981 ) , one time owner of the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League ; the League annually gives out an award in his honour  William Nicholson Jennings ( 1860 -- 1946 ) , photographer in Philadelphia  W. Pat Jennings ( 1919 -- 1994 ) , Representative in the United States Congress from Virginia  William Sherman Jennings ( 1863 -- 1920 ) , governor of Florida , United States  William Thomas Jennings ( 1854 -- 1923 ) , New Zealand politician  William Dale Jennings ( 1917 -- 2000 ) , American author of The Cowboys , The Ronin , and The Sinking of the Sarah Diamond  Sir William Ivor Jennings ( 1903 -- 1965 ) , British lawyer and academic  William Jennens ( 1701 -- 1798 ) William the Miser , William the Rich , ` the richest commoner in England ' who died intestate . The legal case dragged on for over 100 years .


query: The internet does not use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide.

pos: Internet The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite ( TCP/IP ) to link devices worldwide . It is a network of networks that consists of private , public , academic , business , and government networks of local to global scope , linked by a broad array of electronic , wireless , and optical networking technologies . The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services , such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web ( WWW ) , electronic mail , telephony , and file sharing .   The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust , fault-tolerant communication via computer networks . The primary precursor network , the ARPANET , initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s . The funding of the National Science Foundation Network as a new backbone in the 1980s , as well as private funding for other commercial extensions , led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies , and the merger of many networks . The linking of commercial networks and enterprises by the early 1990s marks the beginning of the transition to the modern Internet , and generated a sustained exponential growth as generations of institutional , personal , and mobile computers were connected to the network . Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s , the commercialization incorporated its services and technologies into virtually every aspect of modern life .   Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s and from the late 1990s in the developing world . In the two decades since then , Internet use has grown 100-times , measured for the period of one year , to over one third of the world population . Most traditional communications media , including telephony , radio , television , paper mail and newspapers are being reshaped or redefined by the Internet , giving birth to new services such as email , Internet telephony , Internet television , online music , digital newspapers , and video streaming websites . Newspaper , book , and other print publishing are adapting to website technology , or are reshaped into blogging , web feeds and online news aggregators . The Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging , Internet forums , and social networking . Online shopping has grown exponentially both for major retailers and small businesses and entrepreneurs , as it enables firms to extend their `` brick and mortar '' presence to serve a larger market or even sell goods and services entirely online . Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries .   The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage ; each constituent network sets its own policies . Only the overreaching definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet , the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System ( DNS ) , are directed by a maintainer organization , the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) . The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) , a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise .

neg: IDEA1 IDEA1 is a Wireless Sensor Network simulator , more precisely a node simulator including network models .   It is based on SystemC language , and on SCNSL -LSB- 1 -RSB- alpha library . That library was a starting point , and it has been deeply modified and improved .  IDEA1 is composed of accurate models for each of the nodes hardware devices : sensor , microcontroller , radio-frequency transceiver and energy module .   Network Simulator NS-2 is used in the same research field , but for higher level validations ( protocols , routing ... ) . NS-2 is more focussed on these high levels , whereas IDEA1 has more hardware ( PHY ) details , for example accurate power and latency .   Indeed , IDEA1 is composed of measurement-validated models ( in hardware ) that include Electrical Power , Energy and delays for several hardware devices ( 3 sensors , 2 microcontrollers , 3 radio-frequency devices ) . Models are based on Finite State Machines that include timing ( for processing , communications ... ) and electrical consumption .   It has been developed for 433 MHz and 2.4 GHz ( IEEE 802.15.4 ) radio-frequency devices , but will be extended for multimedia applications .   These low-level models are used to simulate Wireless Sensor Networks at high ( network ) level . It permits to explore design space in order to best choose hardware devices and IEEE 802.15.4 mode .   IDEA1 is currently developed at INL -LSB- 2 -RSB- , Lyon Institute of Nanotechnologies , France . Related papers can be found in and in

neg: List of countries by number of Internet users Below is a sortable list of countries by number of Internet users as of 2015 . Internet users are defined as persons who accessed the Internet in the last 12 months from any device , including mobile phones.Please note that the data for the number of Internet users is based on multiplying an estimate for the percentage of people using the Internet in a given country from one source ( usually the ITU ) by the population from another source ( usually the U.S. Census Bureau ) . There are not enough significant figures in the percentage estimate for the precise Internet user counts found in the table to be meaningful . As a result , they should not be treated as precise figures or even precise estimates . Percentage is the percentage of a country 's population that are Internet users . Estimates are derived from either household surveys or from Internet subscription data .   Non-countries and disputed areas are shown in italics . All United Nations member states are included , except North Korea . Taiwan is listed as a sovereign country .

neg: InterStream Transit Protocol Protocol Helper : istp : / /  Organization : InterStream Industry Association   The InterStream Transit Protocol ( ISTP ) is a secure protocol that allows Internet Service Providers ( ISPs ) to offer high bandwidth multimedia services over their networks . The ISTP application is installed as a new protocol handler into browsers . It includes components which enable Internet Service Providers to obtain incremental revenue from subscribers , advertisers , other ISPs , and streaming video providers in exchange for using premium bandwidth services on their networks .   ISTP uses the handle system to index and reference rich media objects on the existing Web . Content is indexed into the handle system by users with ISTP clients who access existing HTTP , RTP , or MMS content . Once the content is indexed , it can be natively referenced by the handle system and streamed over the InterStream Media Grid infrastructure . Indexed rich media objects from the InterStream Media Grid are associated with individual portals . Portals are designated by a `` handle prefix '' , istp : / / prefix_name . The prefix_name designates a portal for members of the InterStream association . By default , istp : / / designates the `` default '' InterStream portal .   By linking ISTP content , Web Site owners and hosts may embed video from other providers . An overt goal of the protocol has been to fix the pervasive copyright issues surrounding the distribution of video on the Internet . ISTP as a new MIME subtype and protocol handler enables web site owners to link to the video in the form in which the content owner wishes it to be presented .

neg: Telecommunications in China The People 's Republic of China possesses a diversified communications system that links all parts of the country by Internet , telephone , telegraph , radio , and television . The country is served by an extensive system of automatic telephone exchanges connected by modern networks of fiber-optic cable , coaxial cable , microwave radio relay , and a domestic satellite system ; cellular telephone service is widely available , expanding rapidly , and includes roaming service to foreign countries . Fiber to the x infrastructure has been expanded rapidly in recent years .

neg: Personal area network A personal area network ( PAN ) is a computer network used for data transmission amongst devices such as computers , telephones , tablets and personal digital assistants . PANs can be used for communication amongst the personal devices themselves ( interpersonal communication ) , or for connecting to a higher level network and the Internet ( an uplink ) where one `` master '' device takes up the role as internet router .   A wireless personal area network ( WPAN ) is a low-powered PAN carried over a short-distance wireless network technology such as :  INSTEON  IrDA  Wireless USB  Bluetooth  Z-Wave  ZigBee  Body Area Network  The reach of a WPAN varies from a few centimeters to a few meters . A PAN may also be carried over wired computer buses such as USB and FireWire .   Although a ( secured ) Wi-Fi tethering connection could be used by only one single user it is not considered to be a PAN .

neg: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network UTRAN ( short for `` Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network '' ) is a collective term for the network and equipment that connects mobile handsets to the public telephone network or the Internet . It contains the base stations , which are called Node B 's and Radio Network Controllers ( RNCs ) which make up the UMTS radio access network . This communications network , commonly referred to as 3G ( for 3rd Generation Wireless Mobile Communication Technology ) , can carry many traffic types from real-time Circuit Switched to IP based Packet Switched . The UTRAN allows connectivity between the UE ( user equipment ) and the core network .   The RNC provides control functionalities for one or more Node Bs . A Node B and an RNC can be the same device , although typical implementations have a separate RNC located in a central office serving multiple Node Bs . Despite the fact that they do not have to be physically separated , there is a logical interface between them known as the Iub . The RNC and its corresponding Node Bs are called the Radio Network Subsystem ( RNS ) . There can be more than one RNS present in a UTRAN .   There are four interfaces connecting the UTRAN internally or externally to other functional entities : Iu , Uu , Iub and Iur . The Iu interface is an external interface that connects the RNC to the Core Network ( CN ) . The Uu is also external , connecting the Node B with the User Equipment ( UE ) . The Iub is an internal interface connecting the RNC with the Node B. And at last there is the Iur interface which is an internal interface most of the time , but can , exceptionally be an external interface too for some network architectures . The Iur connects two RNCs with each other .

neg: 6bone The 6bone was a testbed for Internet Protocol version 6 ; it was an outgrowth of the IETF IPng project that created the IPv6 protocols intended to eventually replace the current Internet network layer protocols known as IPv4 . The 6bone was started outside the official IETF process at the March 1996 IETF meetings , and became a worldwide informal collaborative project , with eventual oversight from the `` NGtrans '' ( IPv6 Transition ) Working Group of the IETF .   The original mission of the 6bone was to establish a network to foster the development , testing , and deployment of IPv6 using a model to be based upon the experiences from the Mbone , hence the name `` 6bone '' .   The 6bone started as a virtual network ( using IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling/encapsulation ) operating over the IPv4-based Internet to support IPv6 transport , and slowly added native links specifically for IPv6 transport . Although the initial 6bone focus was on testing of standards and implementations , the eventual focus became more on testing of transition and operational procedures , as well as actual IPv6 network usage .   The 6bone operated under the IPv6 Testing Address Allocation ( see ) , which specified the 3FFE : : / 16 IPv6 prefix for 6bone testing purposes .   At its peak in mid-2003 , over 150 6bone top level 3FFE : : / 16 network prefixes were routed , interconnecting over 1000 sites in more than 50 countries . When it became obvious that the availability of IPv6 top level production prefixes was assured , and that commercial and private IPv6 networks were being operated outside the 6bone using these prefixes , a plan was developed to phase out the 6bone ( see ) .   The phaseout plan called for a halt to new 6bone prefix allocations on 1 January 2004 and the complete cessation of 6bone operation and routing over the 6bone testing prefixes on 6 June 2006 . Addresses within the 6bone testing prefix have now reverted to the IANA .

neg: Trunked radio system A trunked radio system is two-way radio system that uses a control channel to automatically direct radio traffic . Two-way radio systems are either trunked or conventional , where conventional is manually directed by the radio user .   Trunking is a more automated and complex radio system , but provides the benefits of less user intervention to operate the radio and greater spectral efficiency with large numbers of users . Instead of assigning , for example , a radio channel to one particular organization at a time , users are instead assigned to a logical grouping , a `` talkgroup '' . When any user in that group wishes to converse with another user in the talkgroup , a vacant radio channel is found automatically by the system and the conversation takes place on that channel . Many unrelated conversations can occur on a channel , making use of the otherwise idle time between conversations . Each radio transceiver contains a microcomputer to control it . A control channel coordinates all the activity of the radios in the system . The control channel computer sends packets of data to enable one talkgroup to talk together , regardless of frequency .   The primary purpose of this type of system is efficiency ; many people can carry many conversations over only a few distinct frequencies . Trunking is used by many government entities to provide two-way communication for fire departments , police and other municipal services , who all share spectrum allocated to a city , county , or other entity .

neg: Digital Transmission Content Protection Digital Transmission Content Protection ( DTCP ) is a digital rights management ( DRM ) technology that restrict digital home technologies including DVD players and televisions by encrypting interconnections between devices . This permits the distribution of content through other devices such as personal computers or portable media players , if they also implement the DTCP standards . DTCP has also been referred to as `` 5C '' content protection , a reference to the five companies that created DTCP ; Hitachi , Intel , Matsushita , Sony , and Toshiba .   The standard was originally proposed in February 1998 , when the five companies presented the system to the Copy Protection Technical Working Group ( CPTWG ) , an ad hoc body organized to evaluate DRM technologies . The five companies subsequently established the Digital Transmission Licensing Administrator ( DTLA ) in June 1998 to simplify licensing procedures and promote acceptance of the DTCP method by content providers , electronics manufacturers , and broadcast service providers . They also released the 5C Digital Transmission Content Protection White Paper describing the system . The paper specifies Hitachi 's M6 cipher as the baseline encryption system , which was already in widespread use in the Japanese cable industry .   At the time , FireWire was widely regarded as the up-and-coming standard for interconnecting media devices , although this has not been widely adopted in the decade following . More recently there appears to be a move to using TCP/IP carried on high-speed ethernet and WiFi connections to replace FireWire and similar systems , a move epitomized by the Apple TV . The DTCP standard has branched out to cover a variety of media types to respond to these industry changes , and now supports USB , IP , WiFi , Bluetooth and MOST ( a media standard for automotive platforms ) in addition to FireWire .   DTCP specification is proprietary and is only disseminated to members , who agree to the DTLA agreements ( some fees need to be paid to even get the specification ) . An `` informational version '' of the specification , omitting some critical details of the implementation , is freely available .

neg: Switching circuit theory Switching circuit theory is the mathematical study of the properties of networks of idealized switches . Such networks may be strictly combinational logic , in which their output state is only a function of the present state of their inputs ; or may also contain sequential elements , where the present state depends on the present state and past states ; in that sense , sequential circuits are said to include `` memory '' of past states . An important class of sequential circuits are state machines . Switching circuit theory is applicable to the design of telephone systems , computers , and similar systems . Switching circuit theory provided the mathematical foundations and tools for digital system design in almost all areas of modern technology .   From 1934 to 1936 , NEC engineer Akira Nakashima published a series of papers showing that the two-valued Boolean algebra , which he discovered independently , can describe the operation of switching circuits . His work was later cited and elaborated on in Claude Shannon 's seminal 1938 paper `` A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits '' . The principles of Boolean algebra are applied to switches , providing mathematical tools for analysis and synthesis of any switching system .   Ideal switches are considered as having only two exclusive states , for example , open or closed . In some analysis , the state of a switch can be considered to have no influence on the output of the system and is designated as a `` do n't care '' state . In complex networks it is necessary to also account for the finite switching time of physical switches ; where two or more different paths in a network may affect the output , these delays may result in a `` logic hazard '' or `` race condition '' where the output state changes due to the different propagation times through the network .

neg: English in computing The English language is sometimes described as the lingua franca of computing . In comparison to other sciences , where Latin and Greek are the principal sources of vocabulary , computer science borrows more extensively from English . Due to the technical limitations of early computers , and the lack of international standards on the Internet , computer users were limited to using English and the Latin alphabet . However , this historical limitation is less present today . Most software products are localized in numerous languages and the use of the Unicode character encoding has resolved problems with non-Latin alphabets . Some limitations have only been changed recently , such as with domain names , which previously allowed only ASCII characters .

neg: IEEE 802.1X IEEE 802.1 X is an IEEE Standard for port-based Network Access Control ( PNAC ) . It is part of the IEEE 802.1 group of networking protocols . It provides an authentication mechanism to devices wishing to attach to a LAN or WLAN .   IEEE 802.1 X defines the encapsulation of the Extensible Authentication Protocol ( EAP ) over IEEE 802 , which is known as `` EAP over LAN '' or EAPOL . EAPOL was originally designed for IEEE 802.3 Ethernet in 802.1X-2001 , but was clarified to suit other IEEE 802 LAN technologies such as IEEE 802.11 wireless and Fiber Distributed Data Interface ( ISO 9314-2 ) in 802.1X-2004 . The EAPOL protocol was also modified for use with IEEE 802.1 AE ( `` MACsec '' ) and IEEE 802.1 AR ( Secure Device Identity , DevID ) in 802.1X-2010 to support service identification and optional point to point encryption over the local LAN segment .

neg: DASS2 Digital Access Signalling System 2 ( DASS2 ) is an obsolescent protocol defined by British Telecom for digital links to PSTN based on ISDN . Although still available on request , it has been superseded by ETS 300 102 ( `` EuroISDN '' ) .   DASS2 is an improved version over DASS1 , based on experiences with DPNSS .   In the UK , the ISDN concept was first introduced to customers by BT with their  DASS2 connections . DASS2 ( Digital Access Signalling System ) is a BT designed  signalling standard . It was introduced before the Q. 931 standard was finalised  by the International Community . British Telecom used the term ISDN when  describing their DASS2 lines .   DASS2 lines are provided to the customer on a 2Mbit/s link and can handle 30  simultaneous calls ( 64kbit/s each ) . DASS2 is still offered by BT and other UK  carriers . Q. 931 is the name of the CCITT document that describes the agreed  signalling format for International ISDN . The CCITT used to be International  Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee . This is the organisation that set out the internationally agreed standards for telecommunications . This organisation has  subsequently evolved into the ITU . In the United Kingdom the Q. 931 based  protocol is ETS 300 102 ( also known as EuroISDN ) . This is a very close  implementation of the original CCITT specification . This is a 2Mbit/s service as  with DASS2 but the feature capability is far greater and has negated the  problems associated with DASS2 including echo problems and circuit spikes . In  the UK both DASS 2 and EuroISDN ( ETS 300 102 ) lines are available to customers with EuroISDN as the preferred signalling type . Customers will normally choose  the desired signalling system , as this will be dictated by their CPE ( Customer Premises Equipment ) ,  usually a PABX .   Most modern PABXs can handle many different types of signalling system , however  the trend seems to be away from the DASS2 which is no longer being developed by  BT and have been known to deny problems with their DASS2 circuits , and move  towards the internationally recognised Q. 931 standard . The Q. 931 standard is an  international standard utilised by many countries telephony service providers .   The CCITT specify the standards for the layer 1 , layer 2 and layer 3 signalling  messages . The layer 3 messages are the messages that actually control the call  setup , teardown , and routing .   The layer 3 messages or Call Control messages are the minimum messages that must  be understood by the interfacing equipment . Individual service providers may  publish their own documentation that details further messages that will be  transported in addition to Q. 931 messages . There are a number of additional  European documents that cover supplementary services . These cover features that  may be instigated by exchanges via the ISDN and require a higher degree of layer 3 implementation .

neg: Leased line A leased line is a private bidirectional or symmetric telecommunications line  between two or more locations provided in exchange for a monthly rent . Sometimes known as a private circuit or data line in the UK .   Unlike traditional PSTN lines it does not have a telephone number , each side of the line being permanently connected and `` dedicated '' to the other . Leased lines can be used for telephone , data or Internet services . Some are ringdown services , and some connect to a Private branch exchange or Router .   Typically , leased lines are used by businesses to connect geographically distant offices . Unlike dial-up connections , a leased line is always active . The fee for the connection is a fixed monthly rate . The primary factors affecting the monthly fee are distance between end points and the speed of the circuit . Because the connection does not carry anybody else 's communications , the carrier can assure a given level of quality .   An Internet leased line is a premium internet connectivity product , normally delivered over fiber , which provides uncontended , symmetrical speeds , full-duplex . It is also known as an ethernet leased line , dedicated line , data circuit or private line .   For example , a T-1 can be leased and provides a maximum transmission speed of 1.544 Mbit/s . The user can channelize the T-1 to separate the 24 DS0 circuits for voice communication , partial the T-1 for data and voice communications , or multiplex the channels into a single data circuit . Leased lines , as opposed to DSL , are being used by companies and individuals for Internet access because they afford faster data transfer rates and are cost-effective for heavy users of the Internet .

neg: Zero-configuration networking Zero-configuration networking ( zeroconf ) is a set of technologies that automatically creates a usable computer network based on the Internet Protocol Suite ( TCP/IP ) when computers or network peripherals are interconnected . It does not require manual operator intervention or special configuration servers .   Zeroconf is built on three core technologies : automatic assignment of numeric network addresses for networked devices , automatic distribution and resolution of computer hostnames , and automatic location of network services , such as printing devices . Without zeroconf , a network administrator must set up network services , such as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ( DHCP ) and Domain Name System ( DNS ) , or configure each computer 's network settings manually .

neg: Universal Integrated Circuit Card The Universal Integrated Circuit Card ( UICC ) is the smart card used in mobile terminals in GSM and UMTS networks . The UICC ensures the integrity and security of all kinds of personal data , and it typically holds a few hundred kilobytes . With the advent of more services , the storage space will need to be larger .   Note : the official definition for UICC is found in ETSI TR 102 216 where it is defined as a `` smart card that conforms to the specifications written and maintained by the ETSI Smart Card Platform project '' . In addition , the definition has a note that states that `` UICC is neither an abbreviation nor an acronym . ''   In a GSM network , the UICC contains a SIM application and in a UMTS network it is the USIM application . A UICC may contain several applications , making it possible for the same smart card to give access to both GSM and UMTS networks , and also provide storage of a phone book and other applications . It is also possible to access a GSM network using a USIM application and it is possible to access UMTS networks using a SIM application with mobile terminals prepared for this . With the UMTS release 5 a new application , the IP multimedia Services Identity Module ( ISIM ) is required for services in the IMS . The telephone book is a separate application and not part of either subscriber identity module .   In a cdmaOne/CDMA2000 ( `` CDMA '' ) network , the UICC contains a CSIM application , in addition to 3GPP USIM and SIM applications . A card with all 3 features is called a removable user identity card , or R-UIM . Thus , the R-UIM card can be inserted into CDMA , GSM , or UMTS handsets , and will work in all three cases .   In 2G networks , the SIM card and SIM application were bound together , so that `` SIM card '' could mean the physical card , or any physical card with the SIM application . In 3G networks , it is a mistake to speak of a USIM , CSIM , or SIM card , as all three are applications running on a UICC card .   The UICC smart card consists of a CPU , ROM , RAM , EEPROM and I/O circuits . Early versions consisted of the whole full-size ( 85 × 54 mm , ISO/IEC 7810 ID-1 ) smart card . Soon the race for smaller telephones called for a smaller version of the card . The card was cropped down to 25 × 15 mm ( ISO/IEC 7810 ID-000 ) , as illustrated .   Since the card slot is standardized , a subscriber can easily move their wireless account and phone number from one handset to another . This will also transfer their phone book and text messages . Similarly , usually a subscriber can change carriers by inserting a new carrier 's UICC card into their existing handset . However , it is not always possible because some carriers ( e.g. , in U.S. ) SIM-lock the phones that they sell , preventing rival carriers ' cards being used .   The use and content of the card can be protected by use of PIN codes . One code , PIN1 , can be defined to control normal use of the phone . Another code , PIN2 , can be set , to allow the use of special functions ( like limiting outbound telephone calls to a list of numbers ) . PUK1 and PUK2 is used to reset PIN1 and PIN2 respectively .   The integration of the ETSI framework and the Application management framework of GlobalPlatform is standardized in the UICC configuration .

neg: BEEP The Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol ( BEEP ) is a framework for creating network application protocols . BEEP includes building blocks like framing , pipelining , multiplexing , reporting and authentication for connection and message-oriented peer-to-peer ( P2P ) protocols with support of asynchronous full-duplex communication .   Message syntax and semantics is defined with BEEP profiles associated to one or more BEEP channels , where each channel is a full-duplex pipe . A framing-mechanism enables simultaneous and independent communication between peers .   BEEP is defined in RFC 3080 independently from the underlying transport mechanism . The mapping of BEEP onto a particular transport service is defined in a separate series of documents .

neg: Modem A modem ( modulator-demodulator ) is a network hardware that modulates one or more carrier wave signals to encode digital information for transmission and demodulates signals to decode the transmitted information . The goal is attempting to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data . Modems can be used with any means of transmitting analog signals , from light emitting diodes to radio . A common type of modem is one that turns the digital data of a computer into modulated electrical signal for transmission over telephone lines and demodulated by another modem at the receiver side to recover the digital data .   Modems are generally classified by the maximum amount of data they can send in a given unit of time , usually expressed in bits per second ( symbol bit/s , sometimes abbreviated `` bps '' ) , or bytes per second ( symbol B/s ) . Modems can also be classified by their symbol rate , measured in baud . The baud unit denotes symbols per second , or the number of times per second the modem sends a new signal . For example , the ITU V. 21 standard used audio frequency shift keying with two possible frequencies , corresponding to two distinct symbols ( or one bit per symbol ) , to carry 300 bits per second using 300 baud . By contrast , the original ITU V. 22 standard , which could transmit and receive four distinct symbols ( two bits per symbol ) , transmitted 1,200 bits by sending 600 symbols per second ( 600 baud ) using phase shift keying .

neg: List of Internet pioneers Instead of a single `` inventor '' , the Internet was developed by many people over many years . The following are some Internet pioneers who contributed to its early development . These include early theoretical foundations , specifying original protocols , and expansion beyond a research tool to wide deployment .

neg: International Telecommunication Union The International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ; Union Internationale des Télécommunications ) , originally the International Telegraph Union ( Union Télégraphique Internationale ) , is a specialized agency of the United Nations ( UN ) that is responsible for issues that concern information and communication technologies .   The ITU coordinates the shared global use of the radio spectrum , promotes international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits , works to improve telecommunication infrastructure in the developing world , and assists in the development and coordination of worldwide technical standards . The ITU is active in areas including broadband Internet , latest-generation wireless technologies , aeronautical and maritime navigation , radio astronomy , satellite-based meteorology , convergence in fixed-mobile phone , Internet access , data , voice , TV broadcasting , and next-generation networks .   ITU also organizes worldwide and regional exhibitions and forums , such as ITU TELECOM WORLD , bringing together representatives of government and the telecommunications and ICT industry to exchange ideas , knowledge and technology .   ITU , based in Geneva , Switzerland , is a member of the United Nations Development Group . ITU has been an intergovernmental public-private partnership organization since its inception . Its membership includes 193 Member States and around 700 public and private sector companies as well as international and regional telecommunication entities , known as Sector Members and Associates , which undertake most of the work of each Sector .


query: Arnold Schwarzenegger won the Mr. Olympia contest seven times.

pos: Arnold Schwarzenegger Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger ( -LSB- ˈʃwɔːrtsənˌɛɡər -RSB- -LSB- ˈaɐ̯nɔlt ˈalɔʏs ˈʃvaɐ̯tsn̩ˌɛɡɐ -RSB- ; born July 30 , 1947 ) is an Austrian-American actor , producer , businessman , investor , author , philanthropist , activist , politician and former professional bodybuilder . He served two terms as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 to 2011 .   Schwarzenegger began weight training at the age of 15 . He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times . Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent presence in bodybuilding and has written many books and articles on the sport . He is widely considered to be among the greatest bodybuilders of all time as well as bodybuilding 's biggest icon . Schwarzenegger gained worldwide fame as a Hollywood action film icon . His breakthrough film was the sword-and-sorcery epic Conan the Barbarian in 1982 , a box office hit that resulted in a sequel .   In 1984 , Schwarzenegger appeared in James Cameron 's science-fiction thriller film The Terminator , a critical and commercial success . Schwarzenegger subsequently reprised the Terminator character in the franchise 's later installments : Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) , Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines ( 2003 ) , and Terminator Genisys ( 2015 ) . He has appeared in a number of successful films , such as Commando ( 1985 ) , The Running Man ( 1987 ) , Predator ( 1987 ) , Twins ( 1988 ) , Total Recall ( 1990 ) , Kindergarten Cop ( 1990 ) , and True Lies ( 1994 ) . In 2015 , it was announced that Schwarzenegger would replace Donald Trump as the host of The Celebrity Apprentice , though he left after one season due to conflicts caused by Trump 's remarks . Schwarzenegger was nicknamed `` the Austrian Oak '' in his bodybuilding days , `` Arnie '' during his acting career , and `` The Governator '' ( a portmanteau of `` Governor '' and `` The Terminator '' ) during his political career .   As a Republican , Schwarzenegger was first elected on October 7 , 2003 , in a special recall election to replace then-Governor Gray Davis . He was sworn in on November 17 , to serve the remainder of Davis ' term . He was then re-elected on November 7 , 2006 , in the 2006 California gubernatorial election , to serve a full term as governor , defeating Democrat Phil Angelides , who was California State Treasurer at the time . Schwarzenegger was sworn in for his second term on January 5 , 2007 . In 2011 , he completed his second term as governor and returned to acting .

neg: 1977 Maccabiah Games At the 1977 Maccabiah Games , 2,700 athletes from 33 countries participated in 26 different sports .   Miki Berkovich and Motti Aroesti were among the Israeli basketball team 's squad . The United States , coached by Dolph Schayes , won the gold medal in that sport . Esther Roth of Israel won the 100-meter hurdles in 13.50 , and the 200-meter race in 24.03 . Roth set records in the 100-meter hurdles , 200-meters , and 4 × 100-meters .   In fencing , 2-time Olympic bronze medal winner Yves Dreyfus of France won gold medals in individual and team épée . In tennis , Steve Krulevitz won the Gold Medal for the United States .

neg: 1991 Ms. Olympia The 1991 Ms. Olympia contest was an IFBB professional bodybuilding competition was held on October 12 and 13 , 1991 at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles , California . It was the 12th Ms. Olympia competition held .

neg: 1975 Mr. Olympia The 1975 Mr. Olympia contest was an IFBB professional bodybuilding competition held November 4 -- 11 , 1975 in Pretoria , South Africa . It was the 11th Mr. Olympia competition and the feature event of the 1975 IFBB International Congress .   The event was filmed for the 1977 docudrama Pumping Iron which featured the rivalry between competitors Arnold Schwarzenegger and Lou Ferrigno as they trained for the contest . Although not released until two years after the event , the success of the film made Arnold Schwarzenegger an international celebrity , contributed to his success as Hollywood actor , and helped establish bodybuilding as a professional sport .

neg: 7th World Science Fiction Convention The 7th World Science Fiction Convention , also known as Cinvention , was held September 3 -- 5 . 1949 , at the Hotel Metropole in Cincinnati , Ohio , United States .   The Guests of Honor were Lloyd A. Eshbach ( pro ) and Ted Carnell ( fan ) . Don Ford carried out the duties of Chairman , but was officially Secretary-Treasurer ; Charles R. Tanner had the honorary title of Chairman . Total attendance was approximately 190 ; noteworthy attendees included Forrest J. Ackerman , Hannes Bok , Lester del Rey . Vince Hamlin . Sam Moskowitz , Rog Phillips , Milton Rothman , `` Doc '' Smith , and George O. Smith .

neg: Bill Pearl William Arnold `` Bill '' Pearl ( born October 31 , 1930 ) is an American former bodybuilder during the 1950s and '60s . He won many titles and awards , including winning the Mr. Universe contest five times , and was named `` World 's Best-Built Man of the Century . '' He became an expert trainer and author on bodybuilding .

neg: World championship A world championship is generally an international sports competition open to elite competitors from across the world , representing their nations , and winning such an event will be considered the highest or near highest achievement in the sport or contest .   The title is usually awarded through a combination of specific contests or , less commonly , ranking systems ( e.g. the ICC Test Championship ) , or a combination of the two ( e.g. World Triathlon Championships in Triathlon ) . This determines a ` world champion ' , who or which is commonly considered the best nation , team , individual ( or other entity ) in the world in a particular field , although the vagaries of sport ensure that the competitor recognised at the best in an event is not always the ` world champion ' ( see Underdog ) .   Certain sports do not have a world championship . Instead , they may organise a world cup competition , or they may organize both , for example cycling ( UCI World Championships and UCI World Cups ) ) . Often , the use of the term cup or championship in this sense is just a choice of words . Some sports have multiple champions because of multiple organizations , such as boxing , mixed martial arts and wrestling .   Certain sports do not have a world championship or a world cup as such , but may have one or several world champions . Professional boxing , for example , has several world champions at different weights , but each one of them is decided by a `` title fight '' , not a tournament .   A certain number of sports hold world championships or world cups which are overshadowed , in terms of prestige , by the same events in the Olympic Games , the most prestigious multi-sports event .   Still other sports may or may not have a true world championship but may designate the winners of a domestic competition to be `` world champions . '' This is especially true of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada ; world cups and championships exist in all of the major sports , but the domestic U.S. and Canadian leagues are generally recognized as the world professional championships or the equivalent of a world club championship . ( In American football , although an IFAF World Championship exists , the United States is so far above and beyond the other nations it faces that the winner of the U.S.-based Super Bowl , a competition limited to the 32 teams in the National Football League , is commonly recognized as the world champion . )   Finally , certain professional sports do not have a world championship or world cup , but rather hold a series of events recognised as the elite level in their field ( e.g. tennis has a series of four Grand Slam events recognised as the pinnacle of the game , in addition to key team events , world tour finals and the Olympic Games , but no world championship or world cup ) .

neg: Larry Pacifico Larry Pacifico ( born January 17 , 1946 ) is an American former world champion powerlifter .   Larry won nine straight IPF World Powerlifting Championships from 1971 -- 1979 . Larry won a total of 102 competitions and set 54 World Records during his powerlifting career .   Larry is widely regarded as one of the greatest powerlifters of all time , and goes by the nickname `` Mr. Powerlifting '' .   3 time World 's Strongest Man winner and 2 time IPF world champion Bill Kazmaier once stated , `` The first time I went to a powerlifting meet and saw Larry , I think he was probably six or seven on his World Championships and he was pretty much-how would you say ? - a god in powerlifting . He could go to any class that he wanted to . He could pretty much lift whatever weight on the day he wanted to . '' 4 time IPF powerlifting champion and 1979 World 's Strongest Man winner Don Reinhoudt said of Larry , `` I look at Larry , an idol to all of us here-nine time champion and Larry will always be the legend of all time to us . ''   Larry was inducted into the York Barbell Hall of Fame on June 28 , 1998 . Larry currently owns his own gym and is a personal trainer in Dayton , Ohio .

neg: Grand Slam Cup The Grand Slam Cup was a tennis tournament held annually at the Olympiahalle in Munich in Germany from 1990 through 1999 . The event was organized by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) , which invited the best-performing players in the year 's Grand Slam events to compete in the Grand Slam Cup .   The tournament was created in 1990 and was played on indoor carpet courts . From 1990 to 1996 , it was held in December but was moved to the middle of autumn from 1997 to 1999 . From 1990 to 1997 the tournament was limited to male players . A women 's Cup was added in 1998 and was held simultaneously with the men 's Cup .   Throughout its existence , the Grand Slam Cup was famous for paying out the highest prize money of any tournament in tennis . The winner for the first three years of the Cup received US$ 2 million in prize money , which dipped to $ 1.625 million in 1993 , rose to $ 1.875 million in 1996 and back to $ 2 million in 1997 before falling to $ 1.3 million in 1998 . If the Cup was won by a player who had also won a Grand Slam event that year they received a bonus of $ 1 million . Prize money for the winner of the two women 's Cups was fixed at $ 800,000 .   The Cup was not recognized by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) for the course of its run , and participants did not receive points in the ATP computer rankings nor have it credited as an official career title . Following the discontinuation of the Cup in 1999 , the ATP decided to give the event full recognition and added it to players ' lists of official titles .   A compromise between the ITF and the ATP was announced on December 9 , 1999 which merged the Cup with the ATP Tour World Championship , the ATP 's year-end tournament also held annually in Germany , giving birth to the ATP World Tour Finals , an official tour event .   A direct result of the merging of the two competitions can still be seen in the qualification rules for the ATP World Tour Finals , which included one notable difference from those of the ATP Tour World Championship . The Tour World Championship was meant to include the top eight players on the ATP computer rankings at the end of a season , even though this could mean the exclusion of a Grand Slam champion who had not been able to earn sufficient ranking points in the rest of the year . Present Finals rules ensure the participation of a Grand Slam champion who is unable to earn a top eight ranking at the end of the season and automatic qualification for the top seven players in the computer rankings . The eighth ranked player , however , qualifies only if all Grand Slam singles champions are among the top eight . Any Grand Slam event champion who is not in the top eight but is still in the top twenty is included to the detriment of the eighth ranked player . This situation occurred at the 2004 Tennis Masters Cup , where Andre Agassi , the 8th ranked player in the ATP Champions Race , was excluded from the event in favor of Gastón Gaudio , who had won that year 's French Open but was ranked 10th at the end of the year .   Pete Sampras was the most successful player at this event winning two titles out of three final appearances .

neg: Seven Days (newspaper) Seven Days is an alternative weekly newspaper that is distributed every Wednesday in Vermont . Seven Days is published by Da Capo Publishing , Inc. , and owned by Pamela Polston and Paula Routly . It is distributed free of charge throughout the following areas : Burlington , Middlebury , Montpelier , Stowe , the Mad River Valley , Rutland , St. Albans , Vermont , and Plattsburgh , New York .   Seven Days deals with many aspects of life in Vermont . Columns and stories in the newspaper often concern such topics as state and local politics , Vermont organizations and charities , and general human interest stories . It also features local music listings ; an alternative style comics section ; art , movie and theater reviews ; event listings , local dining , classified advertisements , and personals . Each year Seven Days asks their readers to place votes for the `` Seven Daysies '' which is a compilation of favorite people and places to visit throughout the state .

neg: 2010 Winter Olympics torch relay The 2010 Winter Olympics Torch Relay was a 106-day run , from October 30 , 2009 to February 12 , 2010 , prior to the 2010 Winter Olympics . Plans for the relay were originally announced November 21 , 2008 by the Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games ( VANOC ) . Communities were initially informed in June 2008 , but the locations were not announced for `` security reasons '' . Exact routes were later announced several weeks before the start of the torch relay .   The torches used in the Olympic relay were designed by Leo Obstbaum ( 1969 -- 2009 ) , the late director of design for the 2010 Winter Games .   There were an estimated 12,000 torchbearers , including notable Canadian celebrities such as Shania Twain , Simon Whitfield , Silken Lauman , Alexandre Despatie and Catriona Le May Doan and past and present NHL hockey stars including Sidney Crosby , Wayne Gretzky , and the captains of the Vancouver Canucks teams that went to the Stanley Cup Finals , Trevor Linden and Stan Smyl . In fact , many television personalities were selected as torchbearers for the relay , mainly from CTV 's parent company , CTVglobemedia . Matt Lauer and American actor , bodybuilder , and former California Governor  Arnold Schwarzenegger were also torch bearers .   On 22 October 2009 the Olympic Torch was lit during a ceremony held at the Ancient Olympia in Greece . Actress Maria Nafpliotou played the role of the High Priestess and ignited the flame using a parabolic mirror and the sun 's ray . The first torch was carried by Olympic skier Vassilis Dimitriadis .   Kept under close secrecy , the final Olympic Torchbearer turned out to be not one , but five final torchbearers . Rick Hansen brought it into BC Place Stadium , in turn lighting Catriona Le May Doan 's torch , who lit Steve Nash 's torch , and the flame continued to Nancy Greene and Wayne Gretzky . Three of the four torchbearers lit the indoor Olympic Cauldron ; Le May Doan remained with her torch due to a malfunction causing only three of the four arms to be raised . Gretzky exited BC Place , with his torch still lit , and caught a ride on the back of a VANOC vehicle , to Coal Harbour , where he lit the outdoor Cauldron . This makes Gretzky the first person to light two official cauldrons in the same Olympics .   At the start of the closing ceremony , Le May Doan re-lit the indoor Cauldron after clown and mime Yves Dagenais `` fixed '' and `` raised '' the arm that malfunctioned in the opening ceremony .

neg: Anders Graneheim Anders Graneheim ( born May 3 , 1962 in Timrå , Sweden ) is a Swedish bodybuilder . He was Swedish and Nordic Bodybuilding Champion during the 1980s . After a nine-year absence from competitive bodybuilding he competed in the `` Sweden Grand Prix '' in Gothenburg in 1997 , where he placed third after two professional bodybuilders .   He won the Swedish competition B&K Classic Body Show in 2000 which earned him a pro card in bodybuilding . He also competed in Master 's Mr. Olympia in USA in August 2002 .   Anders Graneheim is a popular guest poser at bodybuilding contests and sports events , and he holds seminars about training and nutrition in gyms , sports centers and schools , and he is engaged as a nutrition expert for Swedish athletes and sports teams . He also writes articles for the Swedish bodybuilding monthly BODY Magazine ( formerly B&K Sports Magazine ) , in which he also has a regular expert column .   With a career spanning over more than 20 years , Anders Graneheim is regarded as one of Sweden 's most outstanding bodybuilders . He is regarded as Sweden 's best bodybuilder ever when it comes to symmetry , and he is one of the few bodybuilders in Sweden that is also known to the general public .   Anders Graneheim has been portrayed in a one-hour TV documentary named Sista Posen ( `` The Last Pose '' ) on Swedish Television , in which a camera team followed his training and preparation for the Master 's Mr. Olympia competition in the summer of 2002 . The documentary was aired on Swedish Television in 2003 and has also been aired on Danish and Norwegian television in 2004 and 2005 .

neg: 2013 Ms. Olympia The 2013 Ms. Olympia contest is an IFBB professional bodybuilding competition and part of Joe Weider 's Olympia Fitness & Performance Weekend 2013  to be held on September 27 , 2013 , at the South Hall in the Las Vegas Convention Center in Winchester , Nevada and in the Orleans Arena at The Orleans Hotel and Casino in Paradise , Nevada . It was the 34th Ms. Olympia competition held . Other events at the exhibition include the 212 Olympia Showdown , Mr. Olympia , Fitness Olympia , Figure Olympia , Bikini Olympia , Women 's Physique Showdown , and Men 's Physique Showdown contests .

neg: 1983 Masters Tournament The 1983 Masters Tournament was the 47th Masters Tournament , held April 7 -- 11 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta , Georgia . Seve Ballesteros won his second Masters and third major title , four strokes ahead of runners-up Ben Crenshaw and Tom Kite . Play on Friday was postponed due to heavy rain , and the final round was completed on Monday for the first time since 1973 .   Defending champion Craig Stadler was tied for the 54-hole lead with 1976 champion Raymond Floyd , with Ballesteros one stroke back , and two-time champion Tom Watson an additional stroke behind . Ballesteros got off to a fast start in the final round on Monday with a birdie-eagle start . With another birdie at the difficult par-3 fourth , he added four pars and another birdie at the ninth for a five-under 31 on the front nine . Ballesteros cruised to a 69 ( − 3 ) and a comfortable win as neither Stadler , Floyd , nor Watson broke par .   During the postponement of Friday 's round , the possibility was raised that the tournament would not complete the entire 72 holes , as the southeastern U.S. was experiencing heavy rains and flooding and forecasts were not favorable .   Saturday 's second round went off from split tees ( 1st and 10th ) and six players did not complete their rounds until early Sunday morning . With this extension , the tournament committee did not attempt to complete the final two rounds on Sunday , opting for the third round only on Sunday and the fourth on Monday .   Four-time champion Arnold Palmer , 53 , opened with a 68 on Thursday and made the cut at the Masters for the final time . In his 29th Masters , he stated that the conditions on Saturday were the worst he had ever seen at Augusta . Five-time winner Jack Nicklaus , 43 , withdrew before his second round start time due to back spasms experienced while warming up Saturday morning . It was only his second withdrawal as a pro , the first was three years earlier at the 1980 World Series of Golf . Nicklaus had missed only one cut in the previous 23 Masters and made ten consecutive after this year , including his record sixth green jacket in 1986 .   It was the final major championship for Sam Snead , 70 , a three-time Masters champion . He withdrew after a first round 79 as he assessed he could not make the cut .

neg: The Temptations of Jean-Claude Killy `` The Temptations of Jean-Claude Killy '' is an article published in the premiere issue of Scanlan 's Monthly in March 1970 , written by Hunter S. Thompson .   The subject of the article is Jean-Claude Killy , the alpine skiing champion who , in the 1968 Winter Olympics , became the second alpine skier ever to win three gold medals in a single olympic games . By the time of the article Killy , then 26 , was retired from skiing and had embarked on the next phase of his career -- endorsements .   Thompson 's article follows Killy around the United States during his marketing tour for the Chevrolet automotive company . As he attends automotive shows , holds press conferences , and makes appearances for television ( all in conjunction with fellow Chevrolet spokesman , O.J. Simpson ) Thompson chronicles the newly flush world of celebrity sports endorsements . Though endorsement by a sports figure was not an entirely new concept , the world-wide magnitude of Killy 's stardom made his Chevrolet contract something of a fascination for Thompson .   The article 's focus on the relative depths of the new pitch-man status obtained by Killy so shortly after the incredible heights he had achieved develops through acerbic descriptions of the settings Killy finds himself in , the automotive executives that profit by him , and the fans and onlookers who make him such a valuable spokesman . Through it all , Killy 's focus on his own enormous profit is a source of worry to Thompson . The trend he sees developing is one of larger-than-life stars -- athletes of the highest physical standards who have achieved feats unimaginable by normal people -- demeaning themselves and their accomplishments by agreeing to shill for a few extra dollars . An enormous sports fan himself , Thompson is distraught by this turn of events and wonders that Killy was never quite sure `` why I was embarrassed for him in those scenes . ''   Thompson compares Killy to F. Scott Fitzgerald 's Gatsby : although , unlike that character , Killy 's dollars are earned honestly , the author concludes while watching Killy 's selling of himself that `` nothing in his narrow , high-powered experience can allow him to understand how I can watch his act and say that it looks , to me , like a very hard dollar -- maybe the hardest . ''   The article was later included in Thompson 's collection The Great Shark Hunt ( 1979 ) .

neg: United States at the 1984 Summer Olympics The United States was the host nation of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , California . It was the nineteenth time that Team USA participated , having boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics . 522 competitors , 339 men and 183 women , took part in 217 events in 25 sports .   These Olympic Games were unique for the United States in that the host state was California , the home state of the country 's president , Ronald Reagan , who himself opened the Games , becoming the first American president to open a Summer Olympics , and also any Olympic games in the United States . Reagan was governor of the state from 1967 to 1975 . It was not until the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City that an American president opened a Winter Olympics in the United States .   Team USA won 83 Gold medals at the 1984 Summer Olympics , which is as of 2016 , the record for most first-place finishes in a Summer Olympics by a host nation .

neg: Raymond Routledge Raymond Routledge ( October 9 , 1931 -- November 12 , 2008 ) was an American amateur and professional bodybuilder . He was crowned AAU Mr. America in 1961 . He held the title of Amateur Mr. Universe the same year .   Routledge died at the age of 77 in San Bernardino , California in November 2008 .

neg: 1977 World's Strongest Man The 1977 World 's Strongest Man was the 1st edition of World 's Strongest Man and was held at the Universal Studios , California and took place over ten weeks . The title was won by Bruce Wilhelm from the United States . It was his first title . Bob Young from the United States finished second , and Ken Patera also from the United States third .

neg: Germany's Strongest Man Germany 's Strongest Man ( Stärkster Mann Deutschlands ) is an annual strongman competition held in Germany and featuring exclusively German athletes . Heinz Ollesch holds the record for most wins with 12 wins .

neg: Bodybuilding Bodybuilding is the use of progressive resistance exercise to control and develop one 's musculature . An individual who engages in this activity is referred to as a bodybuilder . In professional bodybuilding , bodybuilders appear in lineups and perform specified poses ( and later individual posing routines ) for a panel of judges who rank the competitors based on criteria such as symmetry , muscularity , and conditioning . Bodybuilders prepare for competitions through a combination of intentional dehydration , elimination of nonessential body fat , and carbohydrate loading to achieve maximum vascularity , as well as tanning to accentuate muscular definition .   The winner of the annual IFBB Mr. Olympia contest is generally recognized as the world 's top male professional bodybuilder . The title is currently held by Phil Heath , who has won every year from 2011 to 2016 . The winner of the Women 's Physique portion of the competition is widely regarded as the world 's top female professional bodybuilder . The title is currently held by Juliana Malacarne , who has won every year since 2014 . Since 1950 , the NABBA Universe Championships have been considered the top amateur bodybuilding contests , with notable winners such as Reg Park , Lee Priest , Steve Reeves , and Arnold Schwarzenegger .

neg: Werner Arnold (weightlifter) Werner Arnold ( born 11 June 1931 ) is a retired German weightlifter . He competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics in the heavyweight category and finished in 12th place . He won six East German championships in 1957 -- 1961 and 1965 .