query: The Magna Carta was typically renewed by each politician.

pos: Magna Carta Magna Carta Libertatum ( Medieval Latin for `` the Great Charter of the Liberties '' ) , commonly called Magna Carta ( also Magna Charta ; '' ( the ) Great Charter '' ) , is a charter agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede , near Windsor , on 15 June 1215 . First drafted by the Archbishop of Canterbury to make peace between the unpopular King and a group of rebel barons , it promised the protection of church rights , protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment , access to swift justice , and limitations on feudal payments to the Crown , to be implemented through a council of 25 barons . Neither side stood behind their commitments , and the charter was annulled by Pope Innocent III , leading to the First Barons ' War . After John 's death , the regency government of his young son , Henry III , reissued the document in 1216 , stripped of some of its more radical content , in an unsuccessful bid to build political support for their cause . At the end of the war in 1217 , it formed part of the peace treaty agreed at Lambeth , where the document acquired the name Magna Carta , to distinguish it from the smaller Charter of the Forest which was issued at the same time . Short of funds , Henry reissued the charter again in 1225 in exchange for a grant of new taxes ; his son , Edward I , repeated the exercise in 1297 , this time confirming it as part of England 's statute law .   The charter became part of English political life and was typically renewed by each monarch in turn , although as time went by and the fledgling English Parliament passed new laws , it lost some of its practical significance . At the end of the 16th century there was an upsurge in interest in Magna Carta . Lawyers and historians at the time believed that there was an ancient English constitution , going back to the days of the Anglo-Saxons , that protected individual English freedoms . They argued that the Norman invasion of 1066 had overthrown these rights , and that Magna Carta had been a popular attempt to restore them , making the charter an essential foundation for the contemporary powers of Parliament and legal principles such as habeas corpus . Although this historical account was badly flawed , jurists such as Sir Edward Coke used Magna Carta extensively in the early 17th century , arguing against the divine right of kings propounded by the Stuart monarchs . Both James I and his son Charles I attempted to suppress the discussion of Magna Carta , until the issue was curtailed by the English Civil War of the 1640s and the execution of Charles .   The political myth of Magna Carta and its protection of ancient personal liberties persisted after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 until well into the 19th century . It influenced the early American colonists in the Thirteen Colonies and the formation of the American Constitution in 1787 , which became the supreme law of the land in the new republic of the United States . Research by Victorian historians showed that the original 1215 charter had concerned the medieval relationship between the monarch and the barons , rather than the rights of ordinary people , but the charter remained a powerful , iconic document , even after almost all of its content was repealed from the statute books in the 19th and 20th centuries . Magna Carta still forms an important symbol of liberty today , often cited by politicians and campaigners , and is held in great respect by the British and American legal communities , Lord Denning describing it as `` the greatest constitutional document of all times -- the foundation of the freedom of the individual against the arbitrary authority of the despot '' .   In the 21st century , four exemplifications of the original 1215 charter remain in existence , held by the British Library and the cathedrals of Lincoln and Salisbury . There are also a handful of the subsequent charters in public and private ownership , including copies of the 1297 charter in both the United States and Australia . The original charters were written on parchment sheets using quill pens , in heavily abbreviated medieval Latin , which was the convention for legal documents at that time . Each was sealed with the royal great seal ( made of beeswax and resin sealing wax ) : very few of the seals have survived . Although scholars refer to the 63 numbered `` clauses '' of Magna Carta , this is a modern system of numbering , introduced by Sir William Blackstone in 1759 ; the original charter formed a single , long unbroken text . The four original 1215 charters were displayed together at the British Library for one day , 3 February 2015 , to mark the 800th anniversary of Magna Carta .

neg: Lincolnshire Day Lincolnshire Day is celebrated every year on 1 October and marks the anniversary of the Lincolnshire Rising , a revolt by Catholics against the establishment of the Church of England by Henry VIII in 1536 .   The first official Lincolnshire Day was held in 2006 to commemorate the uprising . The date was voted for by readers of Lincolnshire Life magazine and BBC Radio Lincolnshire listeners .   The day aims to encourage local people , often known as yellowbellies , and those who have moved from the county to honour the historical event along with Lincolnshire 's traditions , past and culture . Some people dress up in yellow to celebrate the day , while others hold local events and decorate their workplaces with Lincolnshire flags .   The home of Lincolnshire sausages , Batemans Brewery and Lincolnshire Poacher cheese to name a few , Lincolnshire remains a rural county renowned for its foods and drinks distributed locally and across the UK .   It is also home to the famous Red Arrows RAF display team , Lincoln Cathedral , the Lincolnshire Wolds and original copies of the Magna Carta ( 1215 ) and Charter of the Forest ( 1217 ) , the only place to hold copies of both .   Many famous people have come from the county , including Sir Isaac Newton -- scientist , Alfred Lord Tennyson - Poet Laureate , Baroness Thatcher -- Prime Minister , Matthew Flinders -- explorer , Joseph Banks -- explorer and botanist , George Boole -- mathematician , Tony Jacklin CBE -- golfer , Dame Joan Plowright -- actress and Jim Broadbent -- actor .   Lincolnshire Day is supported by county businesses and organisations including BBC Lincolnshire , Lincolnshire Co-operative , The Lincolnite , Lincolnshire Business , the Lincolnshire Echo , Lincolnshire Tourism , Lincoln Cathedral , Lincolnshire Life , Lincoln BIG , Tastes of Lincolnshire , Lincolnshire County Council , Shooting Star PR , POP Design , and the Lincolnshire Sports Partnership .

neg: Great Seal Act 1688 The Great Seal Act 1688 ( 1 Will & Mary c 21 ) is an Act of the Parliament of England . section 1 of the Act is still in force in Great Britain .   The Act was passed because the office of Lord Chancellor had been put in commission ( that is , divided between several officers at the same time , instead of being held by a single individual ) . Section 1 of the Act states that the commissioners are to be called Lords Commissioners of the Great Seal of England , and that each lord commissioner is to have the same powers as the Lord Chancellor has . Each lord commissioner is to rank in the order of precedence after the Speaker of the House of Commons . However , since the 19th century the office of Lord Chancellor has not been in commission , but has been held by one individual at a time . ( As of August 2016 the Lord Chancellor is Liz Truss . )

neg: List of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain, 1720–39 This is an incomplete list of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain for the years 1720 -- 1739 . For Acts passed up until 1707 see List of Acts of the Parliament of England and List of Acts of the Parliament of Scotland . See also the List of Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 and the List of Acts of the Parliament of Ireland , 1701 -- 1800 .   For Acts passed from 1801 onwards see List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . For Acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom , see the List of Acts of the Scottish Parliament from 1999 , the List of Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly , and the List of Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales ; see also the List of Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland .   The number shown after each Act 's title is its chapter number . Acts are cited using this number , preceded by the year ( s ) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held ; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as `` 39 & 40 Geo . 3 c. 67 '' , meaning the 67th Act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign . Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations ( thus `` 41 Geo . 3 '' rather than `` 41 Geo . III '' ) . Note also that Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as `` 41 Geo . 3 '' .   Acts passed by the Parliament of Great Britain did not have a short title ; however , some of these Acts have subsequently been given a short title by Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom ( such as the Short Titles Act 1896 ) .   Before the Acts of Parliament ( Commencement ) Act 1793 came into force on 8 April 1793 , Acts passed by the Parliament of Great Britain were deemed to have come into effect on the first day of the session in which they were passed . Because of this , the years given in the list below may in fact be the year before a particular Act was passed .

neg: Wars of the Three Kingdoms The Wars of the Three Kingdoms , sometimes known as the British Civil Wars , formed an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in England , Ireland and Scotland between 1639 and 1651 . The English Civil War proper has become the best-known of these conflicts and included the execution of the kingdoms ' monarch , Charles I , by the English parliament in 1649 .   The history of these wars is often extended to include the uprisings and conflicts that continued through the 1650s until the English Restoration of the monarchy with Charles II , in 1660 , and sometimes until Venner 's uprising the following year . The wars were the outcome of tensions over religious and civil issues . Religious disputes centred on whether religion was to be dictated by the monarch or the choice of the individual , with many people feeling that they ought to have freedom of religion . The related civil questions were to what extent the king 's rule was constrained by parliaments -- in particular his right to raise taxes and armed forces without consent . Furthermore , the wars also had an element of national conflict , as Ireland and Scotland rebelled against England 's primacy within the Three Kingdoms . The victory of the English Parliament -- ultimately under Oliver Cromwell -- over the king , the Irish and the Scots helped to determine the future of Great Britain and Ireland as a constitutional monarchy with political power centred on London .   The wars included the Bishops ' Wars of 1639 and 1640 , the Scottish Civil War of 1644 -- 45 ; the Irish Rebellion of 1641 , Confederate Ireland , 1642 -- 49 and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649 ( collectively the Eleven Years War or Irish Confederate Wars ) ; and the First , Second and Third English Civil Wars of 1642 -- 46 , 1648 -- 49 and 1650 -- 51 .

neg: Politics of Wales Politics in Wales forms a distinctive polity in the wider politics of the United Kingdom , with Wales as one of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom ( UK ) .   Constitutionally , the United Kingdom is de jure a unitary state with one sovereign parliament and government . However , under a system of devolution ( or home rule ) adopted in the late 1990s three of the four constituent parts of the United Kingdom , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland , voted for limited self-government , subject to the ability of the UK Parliament in Westminster , nominally at will , to amend , change , broaden or abolish the national governmental systems . As such the National Assembly for Wales ( Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru ) is not de jure sovereign .   Executive power in the United Kingdom is vested in the Queen-in-Council , while legislative power is vested in the Queen-in-Parliament ( the Crown and the Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster in London ) . The Government of Wales Act 1998 established devolution in Wales , and certain executive and legislative powers have been constitutionally delegated to the National Assembly for Wales . The scope of these powers was further widened by the Government of Wales Act 2006 .

neg: Church of England The Church of England ( C of E ) is the state church of England . The Archbishop of Canterbury ( currently Justin Welby ) is the most senior cleric , although the monarch is the supreme governor . The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . It dates its establishment as a national church to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury .   The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in the 1530s . The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip . The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course whereby the English church was to be both Catholic and Reformed :  Catholic in that it views itself as a part of the universal church of Jesus Christ in unbroken continuity with the early apostolic church . This is expressed in its emphasis on the teachings of the early Church Fathers , as formalised in the Apostles ' , Nicene , and Athanasian creeds .  Reformed in that it has been shaped by some of the doctrinal principles of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation , in particular in the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion and the Book of Common Prayer .   In the earlier phase of the English Reformation there were both Catholic martyrs and radical Protestant martyrs . The later phases saw the Penal Laws punish Roman Catholic and nonconforming Protestants . In the 17th century , political and religious disputes raised the Puritan and Presbyterian faction to control of the church , but this ended with the Restoration . Papal recognition of George III in 1766 led to greater religious tolerance .   Since the English Reformation , the Church of England has used a liturgy in English . The church contains several doctrinal strands , the main three known as Anglo-Catholic , Evangelical and Broad Church . Tensions between theological conservatives and progressives find expression in debates over the ordination of women and homosexuality . The church includes both liberal and conservative clergy and members .   The governing structure of the church is based on dioceses , each presided over by a bishop . Within each diocese are local parishes . The General Synod of the Church of England is the legislative body for the church and comprises bishops , other clergy and laity . Its measures must be approved by both Houses of Parliament .

neg: Papal conclave A papal conclave is a meeting of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a new Bishop of Rome , also known as the Pope . The pope is considered by Roman Catholics to be the apostolic successor of Saint Peter and earthly head of the Roman Catholic Church . The conclave has been the procedure for choosing the pope for almost a thousand years , and is the oldest ongoing method for choosing the leader of an institution .   A history of political interference in papal selection and consequently long vacancies between popes , culminating in the interregnum of 1268 -- 1271 , prompted Pope Gregory X to decree during the Second Council of Lyons in 1274 that the cardinal electors should be locked in seclusion cum clave ( Latin for `` with a key '' ) and not permitted to leave until a new Bishop of Rome had been elected . Conclaves are now held in the Sistine Chapel of the Apostolic Palace .   Since the Apostolic Age , the Bishop of Rome , like other bishops , was chosen by the consensus of the clergy and laity of the diocese . The body of electors was more precisely defined when , in 1059 , the College of Cardinals was designated the sole body of electors . Since then , other details of the process have developed . In 1970 , Pope Paul VI limited the electors to cardinals under 80 years of age ( per Ingravescentem Ætatem ) . The procedures were established by Pope John Paul II in his apostolic constitution Universi Dominici gregis as amended by motu proprios of Pope Benedict XVI dated 11 June 2007 and 25 February 2013 . A two-thirds supermajority vote is required to elect the new pope , which also requires acceptance from the person elected .

neg: Attorney General for England and Wales Her Majesty 's Attorney General for England and Wales , usually known simply as the Attorney General , is one of the Law Officers of the Crown . Along with the subordinate Solicitor General for England and Wales , the Attorney General serves as the chief legal adviser of the Crown and its government in England and Wales . The current Attorney General is Jeremy Wright , MP .   The position of Attorney General existed since at least 1243 , when records show a professional attorney was hired to represent the King 's interests in court . The position first took on a political role in 1461 when the holder of the office was summoned to the House of Lords to advise the government there on legal matters . In 1673 the Attorney General officially became the Crown 's adviser and representative in legal matters , although still specialising in litigation rather than advice . The beginning of the twentieth century saw a shift away from litigation and more towards legal advice . Today prosecutions are carried out by the Crown Prosecution Service and most legal advice to government departments is provided by the Government Legal Service , both under the supervision of the Attorney General .   The job of the Attorney General is a demanding one , and Sir Patrick Hastings wrote while serving that `` to be a law officer is to be in hell '' . Duties include superintending the Crown Prosecution Service , the Serious Fraud Office , and other government lawyers with the authority to prosecute cases . Additionally , the Attorney General superintends the Government Legal Department ( formerly the Treasury Solicitor 's Department ) , HM Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate , The Service Prosecuting Authority and the strategic body , the National Fraud Authority . The Attorney advises the government , individual government departments and individual government ministers on legal matters , answering questions in Parliament and bringing `` unduly lenient '' sentences and points of law to the Court of Appeal of England and Wales . Since the passing of the Law Officers Act 1997 duties can be delegated to the Solicitor General , and any actions are treated as if they came from the Attorney General .

neg: Papal majordomo The papal majordomo or chief steward of the household of the pope is one of the three ( formerly four ) palatine prelates ( prelati palatini ) , concerning whom particulars have been given in the article maestro di camera .   He belongs also to the four `` prelati di fiocchetto '' , so called because they have the right to ornament the harness of their horses with violet and peacock-coloured feathers . The four prelates di fiocchetto are the Governor of Rome in his quality of Vice-Chamberlain , the Auditor and the Treasurer of the Apostolic chamber , and the Majordomo .   In the `` Introitus et Exitus Cameræ Apostolicæ '' of the Vatican Archives , which begins with the year 1295 , the officials of the Apostolic Household were given in regular order according to their stipends . Although even at this date there undoubtedly existed a supreme steward of the papal palace , the name and duties attached to the office of a majordomo were not strictly defined until later . The alterations in the domestic administration of the papal household , necessitated under Clement V and John XXII by the transition from the `` natural economy '' to the `` economy of money '' , were of a far-reaching nature ; but it was only after the return of Martin V from Avignon to Rome in 1418 that the modern offices were gradually evolved , to attain subsequently during the Renaissance a full development . In the sixteenth century a maestro DI casa ` master of the house ( hold ) ' stood at the head of the whole administration of the papal household .   Towards the end of the 16th century , the same official was accorded the title of prefetto del Sacro Palazzo Apostolico , and under Urban VIII ( 1623 -- 44 ) he was first granted the title of Maggiordomo Pontificio ` pontifical majordomo ' . It was then his duty , on the accession of a new pope , to form the papal famiglia , that is , to suggest candidates for the various household offices and then to direct the whole household . In so far as this duty necessitated expenditure , the Treasurer of the Holy Roman Church , the minister of finance for the time being , exercised sharply defined control over the majordomo and his assistants . This circumstance did not , however , constitute the treasurer a household official , or the Præfectus Sacri Palatii and administrative official ; the Majordomo has always been exclusively a household official . A complete list of the occupants of the office from 1534 is preserved . The general rule recognised by the Roman Curia at the close of the Middle Ages , that the head of any important , department should have jurisdiction over all his assistants , extended to the Majordomo . Not merely in civil matters but likewise in criminal charges , sedebat pro tribunali -- he pronounced judgment on all officials of the papal palace . In the course of time his duties as majordomo were sharply distinguished from those he performed as Prefect of the Palace , so that the majordomo was said to be simultaneously Prefect of the Palace . To the prefecture belonged the management of the museums and of all establishments of a special kind existing in the palaces -- provided they were not autonomous . The keeping of the palace accounts also fell to the prefect .   After 1870 , following the loss of the Papal states to reunited Italy , there was a great change in these conditions . The important office of the prefect was separated from that of the majordomo , and entrusted to the commission of cardinals appointed to administer the business affairs of the Holy See . The arrangement of Leo XIII was so far altered by Pius X , that the Cardinal Secretary of State was made Prefect of the Apostolic Palaces . Subordinate to him were the subprefect , the forriere maggiore , the cavallerizzo maggiore , the segreteria della prefettiora , the computisteria , the architetto and the juristic counsellors , forming in their corporate capacity , the divisional boards of direction of the palace administration . The museums and galleries were also entrusted to this body .   The above-mentioned alteration by Leo XIII took place on 29 December 1891 , after the prefecture had been separated by a Motu proprio of 7 December . The rights of the Majordomo became as follows : He retained his old privilege of accompanying the Pope , and remained Governor of the Conclave . In this capacity he has the general control of the personnel of the palaces , and responsibility for the quiet and good order therein during the Conclave . In the Congresso Palatino ( Palatine Commission ) , should it be hereafter convened , he got a seat and a vote . He conducted the Congregation of the Apostolic Hospice and was director of the Sistine Chapel Choir , the musical direction of which was in 1910 entrusted to Maestro Perosi . All ordinary and extraordinary religious functions in which the pope and papal court participate came under his arrangement and direction . The appointments of papal chamberlains were forwarded by him at the pope 's order , and he distributed the annual medals to the members of the papal household . His earlier duty of issuing cards of admission to the galleries and museums for purposes of study and copying was withdrawn from him . The Majordomo as the chief Prelate of the Household has a distinctive dress and a free official residence in the papal palace .

neg: Sheriff's March The Sheriff 's March was an annual procession at Gateshead Fell , County Durham .   Medieval Britain operated under a strict feudal system . Society was rigidly structured in a pyramidal form with the King ( or Queen ) at the apex as the highest authority in the land , ordinary citizens at the bottom with a variety of Lords , Bishops , Judges and other noblemen and landowners ranking variously in between . Allegiance and subservience to the Crown was required by all men and women at all times and on most occasions was demonstrated by the swearing of oaths . One such occasion occurred twice a year , when the Sheriff of Northumberland met with the Crown Judges who came to Newcastle upon Tyne and sat on the Assizes to hear any legal matters which required their attention . To further emphasise the importance and solemnity of these visitations , a procession was to be held prior to the official meeting of the parties .   At an inquisition at Tynemouth in 1278 , it was duly declared that the King of Scotland , the Archbishop of York , the Prior of Tynemouth , the Bishop of Durham and Gilbert de Umfraville , Earl of Angus should arrange to meet with the justices prior to their entry into Newcastle , provided that they came through the county of Yorkshire first .   On the appointed day , usually a Saturday , the procession of these learned men would take place , starting in Newcastle upon Tyne before crossing the River Tyne and passing into Gateshead . After a short refreshment break , - at Sheriff Mount , the procession then made its way slowly up the old ( and remarkably steep ) turnpike road until all concerned parties came to the designated meeting place . This was initially established at Chile Well , but latterly the procession came to `` light and go into the house '' .   The house in question was Ye Olde Cannon , located on the turnpike road at the crest of Gateshead Fell . This place was chosen because of the convenience of both the gentry of Northumberland and for the judges journeying from -LSB- -LSB- Durham , the sheriff having used the stables at Sheriff Mount - to change horse before the hill climb , this is a detached Victorian villa built and known as Sheriff Mount North & Sheriff Mount South - the large Mount stone bears presence to this fact , IHe rode uphill onward to the olde canon  The guy who compiled this is clearly not owning the house , and knows not the entire truth   England | Durham -RSB- -RSB- and it was there that wine and punch were again served to the members of the precession at the expense of the Sheriffs who would wait there until the judges made their arrival . Once they had done so , all would return to Newcastle upon Tyne .   It is not known for certain whether or not Chile Well was situated on the old turnpike road , but it is certainly possible that the two meeting points were one and the same place . A well was for many years situated across the road from the Cannon and this certainly lends credence to the possibility that the sites were , in fact , the same . Intriguingly , the well was inscribed :   `` As cold waters to a thirsty soulSo is good news from a far country . ''   This procession took place for over five hundred years , even continuing after the English Civil War in the seventeenth century had effectively destroyed the feudal system as the principal means of rule in Britain . Indeed , the procession was held until 1825 when , upon the completion of the far less steep turnpike road through Low Fell , the procession was rerouted and the meeting place became The New Cannon situated at the junction between the turnpike road and the Low Fell Road ( now Beaconsfield Road and Belle Vue Bank ) .   In 1832 , miners at the Sheriff Hill Colliery went on strike in protest of pay and the dangerous conditions at the colliery . When the Sheriff 's March reached the area of Gateshead Fell , they were confronted by angry workers carrying a banner depicting a rat taking cheese from the working men Shortly after , a Commons bill in 1838 abolished such processions and so the tradition was halted and the travelling dignitaries had to be accommodated at the expense of their hosts . An attempt to revive the procession in 1845 by the High Sheriff , Ralph Carr Elison , was largely abortive and no further attempt was made .   It is as a direct result of the `` Sheriff 's March '' that the area around Ye Olde Cannon and the old turnpike road became known as Sheriff Hill .

neg: Roman Constitution The Roman Constitution was an uncodified set of guidelines and principles passed down mainly through precedent . The Roman constitution was not formal or even official , largely unwritten and constantly evolving . Having those characteristics , it was therefore more like the British common law system than a statutory law system like the written United States Constitution , even though the constitution 's evolution through the years was often directed by passage of new laws and repeal of older ones .   Concepts that originated in the Roman constitution live on in both forms of government to this day . Examples include checks and balances , the separation of powers , vetoes , filibusters , quorum requirements , term limits , impeachments , the powers of the purse , and regularly scheduled elections . Even some lesser used modern constitutional concepts , such as the bloc voting found in the electoral college of the United States , originate from ideas found in the Roman constitution .   Over the years , the Roman constitution continuously evolved . By the late 5th century BC , the Constitution of the Roman Kingdom had given way to the Constitution of the Roman Republic . By 27 BC , the Constitution of the Roman Republic had transformed into the Constitution of the Roman Empire . By 300 AD , the Constitution of the Roman Empire had been reformed into the Constitution of the Late Roman Empire . The actual changes , however , were quite gradual . Together , these four constitutions formed four epochs in the continuous evolution of one master constitution .

neg: Cyfraith Hywel Cyfraith Hywel ( -LSB- ˈkəvraiθ ˈhəwɛl -RSB- ; Laws of Hywel ) , also known as Welsh law ( Leges Walliæ ) , was the system of law practised in medieval Wales before its final conquest by England . Subsequently , the Welsh law 's criminal codes were superseded by the Statute of Rhuddlan in AD 1284 and its civil codes by Henry VIII 's series of Laws in Wales Acts between 1535 and 1542 .   Welsh law was a form of Celtic law with many similarities to the Brehon law of Ireland and particularly the customs and terminology of the Britons of Strathclyde . It was passed down orally by jurists and bards and , according to tradition , only first codified during the reign of Hywel the Good in the mid-10th century . The earliest surviving manuscripts , however , are in Latin , date from the early 13th century , and show marked regional differences . The law is only known to have been revised by a few rulers ( particularly Bleddyn ap Cynfyn , who was credited with revisions retained in the kingdom of Powys ) but was obviously updated by jurists in response to changing jurisdictions and circumstances , so that the surviving manuscripts can not be considered an accurate portrayal of Hywel 's first code .   Notable features of Welsh law include the collective responsibility of kindreds ( Welsh : cenedl ) for their members ; the gavelkind inheritance of land among all and only male descendants ; a status-based system of blood money ( galanas ) ; slavery and serfdom ; the inability of foreigners to naturalize earlier than the fourth generation ; and very lax treatment of divorce and legitimacy that scandalized the non-native clergy .

neg: Remonstrances The Remonstrances ( sometimes written in the original Anglo-Norman : Monstraunces ) were a set of complaints presented by a group of nobles in 1297 , against the government of King Edward I of England . Foremost among the nobles were Roger Bigod , Earl of Norfolk , Marshal of England , and Humphrey de Bohun , Earl of Hereford , Constable of England .   The complaints had their background in the heavy burden of taxation caused by King Edward 's extensive warfare in the mid-1290s . In 1297 Edward was planning a campaign to protect his possessions in Flanders , and it was the opinion of many that this war was unnecessary and risky , in a time when the situation in both Wales and Scotland was threatening . Both Bohun and Bigod refused to serve in the campaign , claiming it was unclear where the expedition was going . Bigod argued in parliament that the earls ' military obligation only extended to service alongside the king ; if the king intended to sail to Flanders , he could not send his subjects to Gascony . The king nevertheless went on with the planned campaign , and demanded a grant of taxation from his subjects . This became the opposition 's main grievance , since they claimed the tax was not raised in the proper manner . Rather than seeking the consent of the community of the realm in parliament , the king had been granted the tax by a small number of his closest supporters . As the king was on the coast preparing for the expedition , Bigod and Bohun turned up at the Exchequer demanding a stop to the collection of the tax , and at the same time presented the Remonstrances .   The document was drawn up not only as a complaint by the two earls , but on behalf of the entire community of the nation . It claimed that the king had driven his subjects to poverty by excessive taxes . Objections against the planned campaign in Flanders were raised , as well as the king 's failure to uphold the Magna Carta . In addition to the political , financial and constitutional issues , both earls had personal grievances against the king . Bohun had been poorly treated by Edward during a feud with the Earl of Gloucester a few years earlier . Bigod , meanwhile , had been engaged in a long-running dispute over debts he owed to the crown . As the king left for the Continent , the nation seemed to be on the brink of civil war . What brought the issue to a conclusion was the English defeat to the Scots at the Battle of Stirling Bridge . This united the country against a common enemy ; Edward promised to address the grievances , while Bigod and Bohun agreed to serve on a campaign in Scotland . As a sign of good will , the king signed the Confirmatio cartaruma confirmation of Magna Carta .

neg: Knight A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a monarch or other political leader for service to the monarch or country , especially in a military capacity . Historically , in Europe , knighthood was conferred upon mounted warriors . During the High Middle Ages , knighthood was considered a class of lower nobility . By the Late Middle Ages , the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry , a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior . Often , a knight was a vassal who served as a fighter for a lord , with payment in the form of land holdings . The lords trusted the knights , who were skilled in battle on horseback . Since the early modern period , the title of knight is purely honorific , usually bestowed by a monarch , as in the British honours system , often for non-military service to the country . The modern female equivalent in the United Kingdom is Dame .   Historically , the ideals of chivalry were popularized in medieval literature , especially the Matter of Britain and Matter of France , the former based on Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Historia Regum Britanniae ( History of the Kings of Britain ) which introduced the legend of King Arthur , written in the 1130s . Sir Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur ( The Death of Arthur ) , written in 1485 , was important in defining the ideal of chivalry , which is essential to the modern concept of the knight , as an elite warrior sworn to uphold the values of faith , loyalty , courage , and honour . Furthermore , Geoffroi de Charny 's `` Book of Chivalry '' expounded upon the importance of Christian faith in every area of a knight 's life . During the Renaissance , the genre of chivalric romance became popular in literature , growing ever more idealistic and eventually giving rise to a new form of realism in literature popularised by Miguel de Cervantes ' Don Quixote . This novel explored the ideals of knighthood and their incongruity with the reality of Cervantes ' world . In the late medieval period , new methods of warfare began to render classical knights in armour obsolete , but the titles remained in many nations .   Some orders of knighthood , such as the Knights Templar , have become the subject of legend ; others have disappeared into obscurity . Today , a number of orders of knighthood continue to exist in several countries , such as the English Order of the Garter , the Swedish Royal Order of the Seraphim , and the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav . Each of these orders has its own criteria for eligibility , but knighthood is generally granted by a head of state or monarch to selected persons to recognise some meritorious achievement .   Knighthood in the Middle Ages was closely linked with horsemanship ( and especially the joust ) from its origins in the 12th century until its final flowering as a fashion among the high nobility in the Duchy of Burgundy in the 15th century . This linkage is reflected in the etymology of chivalry , cavalier and related terms ( see Etymology section below ) . The special prestige accorded to mounted warriors finds a parallel in the furusiyya in the Muslim world , and the Greek hippeus and Roman eques of classical antiquity .

neg: Reformation The Reformation ( from Latin reformatio , literally `` restoration , renewal '' ) , also referred to as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation , was a schism from the Roman Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther , and continued by John Calvin , Huldrych Zwingli , and other early Protestant Reformers in 16th century Europe . Most experts on the subject consider the publication of the Ninety-Five Theses by Luther in 1517 as its starting point , with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ( concluding the Thirty Years ' War ) as its ending .   Necessary groundwork had been laid long before Luther with significant earlier attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church -- such as those of Peter Waldo , John Wycliffe and especially Jan Hus , executed in 1415 , whose successors became the chief force in the Kingdom of Bohemia for several centuries . Both Wycliffe and Hus preached against indulgences , criticized corruption of the clergy and opened other topics which under the later Luther became the key to Reformation .   Nevertheless , Martin Luther is widely acknowledged to have spread the Reformation with his 1517 work The Ninety-Five Theses . Luther , similar to Wycleff and Hus , criticized the sale of indulgences , insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the gospel . The Protestant position , however , would come to incorporate doctrinal changes such as sola scriptura and sola fide . The core motivation behind these changes was theological , though many other factors played a part , including the rise of nationalism , the Western Schism that eroded faith in the Papacy , the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia , the impact of humanism , and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought .   While the Hussite movement became the main force in Bohemia , one century later the movement within Germany diversified , and other reform impulses arose independently of Luther . The spread of Gutenberg 's printing press provided the means for the rapid dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular .   With the Unity of the Brethren and other Hussites stabilized in Bohemia , the largest groups became the Lutherans and Calvinists . Hussites later spread around the world under the name Moravian Church , especially in the colonies of other protestant countries ( present day United States , Jamaica and other Caribbean colonies , the English dominated coast of Nicaragua , Surinam as well as Africa , etc. ) . Lutheran churches were founded mostly in Germany , the Baltics and Scandinavia , while Reformed ones were founded in Switzerland , Hungary , France , the Netherlands and Scotland . The new movement influenced the Church of England decisively after 1547 under Edward VI and Elizabeth I , although the Church of England had been made independent under Henry VIII in the early 1530s .   Reformation movements throughout continental Europe known as the Radical Reformation gave rise to the Anabaptist and other Pietistic movements . Radical Reformers , besides forming communities outside state sanction , often employed more extreme doctrinal change , such as the rejection of the tenets of the late antique councils of Nicaea and Chalcedon .   The Roman Catholic Church responded first with a war . Five crusades were proclaimed against Bohemia by the Pope ( in 1420 , 1421 , 1422 , 1427 , and 1431 ) , though all of them defeated by the Czechs . Later the Council of Trent ( 1545 -- 1563 ) initiated the Counter-Reformation . Much work in battling Protestantism was done by the well-organised new order of the Jesuits . In general , Northern Europe , with the exception of most of Ireland , came under the influence of Protestantism . Southern Europe remained Roman Catholic , while Central Europe was a site of a fierce conflict , culminating in the Thirty Years ' War , which left it devastated .

neg: European Parliament (Representation) Act 2003 The European Parliament ( Representation ) Act 2003 ( c. 7 ) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . The long title is `` An Act to make provision enabling alterations to be made to the total number of Members of the European Parliament to be elected for the United Kingdom and to their distribution between the electoral regions ; to make provision for and in connection with the establishment of an electoral region including Gibraltar for the purposes of European Parliamentary elections ; and for connected purposes . ''   The Act made provision for a reduction in the number of Members of the European Parliament who represent the United Kingdom ( see Treaty of Nice ) . Gibraltar was enfranchised by adding it to the South West England constituency after taking the British Government to the European Court of Justice .   The number of seats each region was allocated is as follows :   East Midlands 6  Eastern 8  London 10  North East 4  North West 10  South East 11  South West 7  West Midlands 8  Yorkshire and the Humber 7  Scotland 8  Wales 5  Northern Ireland 3   The addition of Gibraltar to the English constituency gave rise to some problems concerning the jurisdiction of the Courts of England and Wales and the Courts of Gibraltar over which would have power to hear election petitions , this can be seen by some of the discussions held in the Standing Committee during the bill stage .

neg: Duration of English Parliaments before 1660 This article augments the List of Parliaments of England to be found elsewhere ( see link below ) and to precede Duration of English , British and United Kingdom Parliaments from 1660 , with additional information which could not be conveniently incorporated in them .   The definition of which bodies should be classified as Parliaments becomes increasingly problematic before the accession of the Tudor monarchs , starting with King Henry VII . Different sources may vary in the number of Parliaments in a particular reign .   The columns in the tables below count backwards from the Parliament elected in 2005 . This is not the conventional way of numbering Parliaments . The No . column contains the number counting forward from the accession of particular monarchs of England before 1660 ( or the Commonwealth and Protectorate regimes of the 1650s ) .   The duration column is calculated from the date of the first meeting of the Parliament , to that of dissolution , using a year-month-day format .

neg: Navigation Acts The Navigation Acts were a series of English laws that restricted colonial trade to England . They were first enacted in 1651 and throughout that time until 1663 , and were repealed in 1849 . They reflected the policy of mercantilism , which sought to keep all the benefits of trade inside the Empire , and to minimize the loss of gold and silver to foreigners . They prohibited the colonies from trading directly with the Netherlands , Spain , France , and their colonies . The original ordinance of 1651 was renewed at the Restoration by Acts of 1660 , 1663 , 1670 , and 1673 , with subsequent minor amendments . The Acts formed the basis for English overseas trade for nearly 200 years . Additionally the Acts restricted the employment of non-English sailors to a quarter of the crew on returning East India Company ships .   The major impetuses for the Navigation Acts were the ruinous deterioration of English trade in the aftermath of the Eighty Years ' War , and the concomitant lifting of the Spanish embargoes on trade between the Spanish Empire and the Dutch Republic . The end of the embargoes in 1647 unleashed the full power of the Amsterdam Entrepôt and other Dutch competitive advantages in world trade . Within a few years , English merchants had practically been overwhelmed in the trade in the Iberian Peninsula , the Mediterranean and the Levant . Even the trade with English colonies ( partly still in the hands of the royalists , as the English Civil War was in its final stages and the Commonwealth of England had not yet imposed its authority throughout the English colonies ) was `` engrossed '' by Dutch merchants . English direct trade was crowded out by a sudden influx of commodities from the Levant , Mediterranean and the Spanish and Portuguese empires , and the West Indies via the Dutch Entrepôt , carried in Dutch ships and for Dutch account .   The obvious solution seemed to be to seal off the English and Scottish markets to these unwanted imports . A precedent was the Act the Greenland Company had obtained from Parliament in 1645 prohibiting the import of whale products into England , except in ships owned by that company . This principle was now generalised . In 1648 the Levant Company petitioned Parliament for the prohibition of imports of Turkish goods '' ... from Holland and other places but directly from the places of their growth . '' Baltic traders added their voices to this chorus . In 1650 the Standing Council for Trade and the Council of State of the Commonwealth prepared a general policy designed to impede the flow of Mediterranean and colonial commodities via Holland and Zeeland into England .   On the whole , the Acts of Trade and Navigation were obeyed , except for the Molasses Act of 1733 , which led to extensive smuggling because no effective means of enforcement was provided until the 1750s . Stricter enforcement under the Sugar Act of 1764 became one source of resentment of Great Britain by merchants in the American colonies . This in turn helped push the colonies to start the American Revolution in the late 18th century , even though the consensus view among modern economic historians and economists is that the `` costs imposed on -LSB- American -RSB- colonists by the trade restrictions of the Navigation Acts were small . ''

neg: Scottish Reform Act 1832 The Scottish Reform Act 1832 was an Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the election laws of Scotland . The act was passed at approximately the same time as the Reform Act 1832 , which applied to England and Wales . The chief architects of the act were Francis Jeffrey and Henry Cockburn . It was subsequently given the official short title of the Representation of the People ( Scotland ) Act 1832 .   The act did not substantially change the method in which the Scottish counties elected members of Parliament . As a general rule the counties each continued to elect one member . However , before the Act six small counties elected an MP only in alternate Parliaments . This arrangement was ended , but a different solution was adopted for each pair of counties . Clackmannanshire and Kinross-shire became a single constituency . Buteshire and Caithness-shire were given a separate MP in every Parliament . Cromartyshire and Nairnshire were each united with a different neighbouring county , to form Ross and Cromarty , and Elginshire and Nairnshire .   Edinburgh and Glasgow now had two MPs ; Aberdeen , Dundee , Greenock , Paisley and Perth one each . The remaining burghs combined in districts to elect 18 MPs , much as before ; but now individual votes were added up among burghs across the constituency -- in the past the MP had been elected at a meeting of representatives from each burgh . Boundary changes meant that a burgh for parliamentary elections might not have the same boundaries as the burgh for other purposes .   The effect of the Reform Act was considerable . Before 1832 the Scottish Parliamentary electorate had been about 5,000 adult males . Following the passing of the Act , the number of Scottish MP 's increased from 45 to 53 and the franchise increased by an even greater proportion , growing from under 5,000 of the 2,300,000 population to 65,000 voters ( now covering householders of # 10 value in the burghs and property owners of # 10 or tenants of # 50 rental in the country seats ) .

neg: Vivente rege Vivente rege ( Latin : `` with the king ( still ) living '' ) is a form of king 's election , where the king 's successor , usually of the same dynasty , was elected before the old king died . It was an important element of politics in Poland during the times of the nobilities ' election of kings , when monarchs would attempt to push through the election of their heir , and Polish nobility ( szlachta ) would oppose it , on the grounds that it would lead to absolute monarchy .


query: Peyton Manning is the male offspring of a quarterback who played in the NFL.

pos: Peyton Manning Peyton Williams Manning ( born March 24 , 1976 ) is a former American football quarterback who played 18 seasons in the National Football League ( NFL ) , primarily with the Indianapolis Colts . Considered to be one of the greatest quarterbacks of all time , he spent 14 seasons with the Colts and was a member of the Denver Broncos in his last four seasons . Manning played college football for the University of Tennessee , leading the Tennessee Volunteers to the 1997 SEC Championship in his senior season . He is the second son of former NFL quarterback Archie Manning and older brother of New York Giants quarterback Eli Manning .   Manning was selected by the Indianapolis Colts as the first overall pick in the 1998 NFL Draft . From 1998 to 2010 , he improved the fortunes of the struggling Colts franchise and helped transform them into playoff contenders . During his tenure as starting quarterback , Manning led the team to eight division championships , two AFC championships , and one Super Bowl title , the franchise 's first in over three decades , as well as their first since relocating to Indianapolis .   After undergoing neck surgery that forced him to miss the entire 2011 season , Manning was released by the Colts and signed with the Denver Broncos . Serving as the team 's starting quarterback from 2012 to 2015 , he contributed to the Broncos reaching the top of their division each year and his playing career concluded with a victory in Super Bowl 50 .   Manning holds many NFL records , including passing yards ( 71,940 ) , touchdown passes ( 539 ) , AP MVP awards ( 5 ) , Pro Bowl appearances ( 14 ) , and 4,000-yard passing seasons ( 14 ) . A two-time Super Bowl winner and the most valuable player of Super Bowl XLI , Manning is also the only quarterback to start the Super Bowl for two different franchises more than once each and the only starting quarterback to win a Super Bowl with two different franchises . At 39 years of age , Manning is the oldest quarterback to start in and win a Super Bowl . Manning is also the only quarterback in NFL history to make the Super Bowl four times with four different head coaches ( Dungy , Caldwell , Fox , and Kubiak ) .   During a 2009 Monday Night Football game , Manning received the nickname `` The Sheriff '' from color commentator Jon Gruden due to his tendency to audible prior to the snap , and he was one of the most recognizable and parodied players in the NFL . Teams led by Manning typically utilized the hurry-up offense in place of the standard huddle .

neg: 2004 NFL Draft The 2004 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players . It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting . The draft was held April 24 -- 25 , 2004 at the Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York City . No teams chose to claim any players in the supplemental draft that year .   The draft was shown on ESPN both days and eventually moved to ESPN2 both days . The draft began with the San Diego Chargers selecting Mississippi quarterback Eli Manning with the first overall selection . Manning was later traded to the New York Giants for their first selection , fourth overall pick Philip Rivers of NC State . There were 32 compensatory selections distributed among 16 teams , with the Eagles , Rams , and Jets each receiving 4 compensatory picks . The draft set several records , including the most wide receivers selected in the first round , with seven . Another record set by the draft was the most trades in the first round , with twenty-eight trades . The University of Miami set an NFL record for the most first rounders drafted with 6 . Ohio State set an NFL draft record having 14 total players selected through all rounds . As of 2012 , this draft also has two other records attached to it : it became the draft with the shortest time between having multiple quarterbacks being drafted and starting for Super Bowl winners ( Ben Roethlisberger for the 2005 Steelers , and Manning for the 2007 Giants ) and it has become the first draft ever to have produced two QBs who each won multiple Super Bowls ( with Roethlisberger winning his second in 2008 and Eli his second in 2011 ) . The 255 players chosen in the draft were composed of :   __ TOC __

neg: National Football League regular season The National Football League ( NFL ) regular season begins the weekend after Labor Day in early September and ends in December or early January . It consists of 256 games , where each team ( 32 total ) plays 16 games during a 17-week period . Since 2012 , the NFL schedule generally has games in one of five time slots during the week . A game played on Thursday night , kicking off at 8:25 PM ( ET ) . The majority of games are played on Sunday , most kicking off at 1:00 PM ( ET ) , some late afternoon games starting at 4:05 or 4:25 PM ( ET ) . Additionally , one Sunday night game is played every week at 8:30 PM ( ET ) . One Monday night game then starts at 8:30 PM ( ET ) every week with the exception of the first week of the regular season , in which two Monday night games are played back-to-back ( the second game always occurring on the West coast ) , as well as the last week of the season , in which no Monday night game is held . In addition to these regularly scheduled games , there are occasionally games at other times , such as a Saturday afternoon or evening , or the annual Thanksgiving Day games in which three games are played . During the final week of the regular season , all games are held on Sunday .   In place since 2006 , the current broadcasting contract establishes broadcast partners for each game . The Sunday afternoon games are broadcast either on CBS or Fox . CBS has the broadcast rights for teams in the American Football Conference while Fox has the rights for teams in the National Football Conference . In games where teams from both conferences play each other , the network with the broadcast rights for the `` away '' team will broadcast the game . In each local television market , three Sunday afternoon games are played . One of the two networks gets a doubleheader , while the other network has the right to broadcast a single game ; the networks alternate weeks when each has the right to the doubleheader . Doubleheader games are broadcast at 1:00 ( ET ) and 4:25 PM ( ET ) . The network with the single game will have an official kick-off time at either 1:00 PM ( ET ) or 4:05 PM ( ET ) . In addition to the regular Sunday afternoon games , there are three prime time games each week . The Thursday night game is broadcast by the NFL Network ( with , starting in 2016 , five of those Thursday games also being simulcast by CBS and another five on NBC ) . The Sunday night game is broadcast by NBC , while the Monday night game is broadcast by ESPN .   The NFL uses a strict scheduling algorithm to determine which teams play each other from year to year , based on the current division alignments and the final division standings from the previous season . The current formula has been in place since 2002 , the last year that the NFL expanded its membership . Generally , each team plays the other three teams in its own division twice , all four teams from a single division in the AFC once , all four teams from a single division in the NFC once , and two additional intraconference games based on the standings from the previous season .

neg: Damon Allen Damon Allen ( born July 29 , 1963 ) is a former professional quarterback who played in the Canadian Football League . He is currently second in all-time professional football passing yards and second in all-time CFL passing yards after he was surpassed for first place by the Montréal Alouettes ' Anthony Calvillo on October 10 , 2011 . He is pro-football 's combined passing & rushing leader with a total of 84,301 yards . Allen retired as professional football 's all-time leading passer with 72,381 passing yards after he surpassed Warren Moon 's total of 70,553 yards ( in both the CFL and NFL combined ) on September 4 , 2006 in the annual Labour Day Classic . He also retired in third place in all-time CFL rushing yards with 11,920 yards , behind Mike Pringle and George Reed . The 2007 season marked Allen 's twenty-third season in the CFL and he officially announced his retirement on May 28 , 2008 at age 44 . Allen is the younger brother of Pro Football Hall of Famer Marcus Allen .   Allen has been mentioned as one of the greatest CFL quarterbacks of all time after winning four Grey Cups with four different teams , he also was a three time Grey Cup MVP . In 2005 , he was the CFL Most Outstanding Player at 42 yrs . old , becoming the oldest MVP of any North American sports franchise . He was a formidable passer and rusher , as he retired only 323 yards behind his brother Marcus . In 2012 , he was elected into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame .   In May 2010 , Allen launched the Damon Allen Quarterback Academy , in which he personally teaches the skills and strategies of quarterbacking to students of all ages and skill levels .

neg: Bryson Spinner Bryson A. Spinner ( born November 7 , 1980 ) is a former American football quarterback . He entered the National Football League as free agent when he signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars after the 2004 NFL Draft . He played college football at Virginia and then transferred to Richmond .

neg: Matt Schaub Matthew Rutledge Schaub ( born June 25 , 1981 ) is an American football quarterback for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football for the University of Virginia , and was drafted by the Falcons in the third round of the 2004 NFL Draft . He has also played for the Houston Texans , Oakland Raiders and Baltimore Ravens .

neg: Cody Hodges Cody Hodges ( born November 20 , 1982 ) is a philanthropist , motivational speaker , and former professional American football player , playing in the National Football League , Arena Football League , and the Arena League 2 . Hodges is best known for his one season as the starting quarterback for the Texas Tech Red Raiders during the 2005 season . As a fifth year Senior , he led the nation in passing and total offense and an appearance in the 2006 Cotton Bowl Classic and a 9 -- 3 overall record . He was the 3rd straight fifth year senior to start for Mike Leach and Texas Tech and was also the second of 4 West Texas natives to take the Quarterback reigns in the Leach era , along with predecessor Sonny Cumbie and successors Taylor Potts and Seth Doege .

neg: 1984 NFL season The 1984 NFL season was the 65th regular season of the National Football League . The Colts relocated from Baltimore , Maryland to Indianapolis , Indiana before the season . The Colts new home field was the Hoosier Dome . The New York Jets moved their home games from Shea Stadium in New York City to Giants Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey .   The season ended with Super Bowl XIX when the San Francisco 49ers defeated the Miami Dolphins 38-16 at Stanford Stadium in California . This was the first Super Bowl televised by ABC , who entered into the annual championship game rotation with CBS and NBC . This game marked the second shortest distance between the Super Bowl host stadium ( Stanford , California ) and a Super Bowl team ( San Francisco 49ers ) .   The 49ers became the first team in NFL history to win 15 games in a regular season and to win 18 in an entire season ( including the post-season ) . Additionally , two major offensive records were set this season , with quarterback Dan Marino establishing a new single-season passing yards record with 5,084 ( later broken by Drew Brees and Tom Brady in 2011 and by Peyton Manning in 2013 ) , and Eric Dickerson establishing a new single-season rushing yards record with 2,105 .   Also during the season , San Diego Chargers wide receiver Charlie Joiner became the all-time leader in career receptions ; he set that mark in a game between the Chargers and the Pittsburgh Steelers at Pittsburgh 's Three Rivers Stadium .   Salaries increased significantly over the past two seasons in the NFL , up nearly fifty percent ; quarterback Warren Moon led the list at $ 1.1 million .

neg: 1999 Tennessee Titans season The 1999 Tennessee Titans season was the franchise 's 40th season and their 30th in the National Football League ( NFL ) . It was the first year for the club under the moniker `` Titans '' , while the nickname `` Oilers '' was retired by the NFL . The Titans became the seventh Wild Card to qualify for the Super Bowl . However , after defeating the Bills , Colts , and Jaguars in the postseason , they lost the Super Bowl to the St. Louis Rams , 23 -- 16 on a famous last second tackle made by Rams defender Mike Jones at the goal line that prevented Titans receiver Kevin Dyson from scoring a game-tying touchdown . The highlight of the season was the Wild Card game against the Buffalo Bills , dubbed the Music City Miracle . In the games closing seconds , Kevin Dyson caught a lateral on a kickoff and ran all the way down the sidelines for a touchdown .   The team drafted defensive end Jevon Kearse with the 16th pick of the 1999 NFL Draft . He had his best years in Tennessee , being named to three consecutive Pro Bowls ( 1999 -- 2001 ) .

neg: Jake Locker Jacob Cooper `` Jake '' Locker ( born June 15 , 1988 ) is a former American football quarterback . He played college football at the University of Washington , and was drafted by the Tennessee Titans eighth overall in the 2011 NFL Draft .

neg: Adrian Burk Adrian Matthew Burk ( December 14 , 1927 -- July 7 , 2003 ) was an American football quarterback in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Baltimore Colts and Philadelphia Eagles . After his playing career he served as an official .

neg: List of Kansas City Chiefs starting quarterbacks The Kansas City Chiefs are a professional American football team based in Kansas City , Missouri . The Chiefs are a member of the Western Division of the American Football Conference in the National Football League ( NFL ) . Originally named the Dallas Texans , the club was founded by Lamar Hunt in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League . In 1963 , the team moved to Kansas City , Missouri and were renamed the Kansas City Chiefs .   The Chiefs have had 33 starting quarterbacks in their franchise 's history . Cotton Davidson was the team 's first starting quarterback ; he played all 14 games for the Texans in their inaugural 1960 season . Davidson played with the franchise from 1960 to 1962 , and was traded in 1963 to the Oakland Raiders . Len Dawson signed with on July 2 , 1962 and played for the franchise for 14 seasons . With Dawson as the team 's starter , the Texans/Chiefs won three American Football League championships and appeared in two Super Bowl championship games . Dawson was named Most Valuable Player after the Chiefs ' victory in Super Bowl IV and retired in 1975 with several franchise records . Three future Pro Football Hall of Fame enshrinees played for Kansas City : Dawson , Joe Montana , and Warren Moon . In the 2008 season , the Chiefs started three quarterbacks : Brodie Croyle , Damon Huard , and Tyler Thigpen . After Croyle and Huard were sidelined by injuries , Thigpen played in eleven games , winning one and losing ten . In 2009 and 2010 , Matt Cassel started 15 of 16 games each season , while Croyle started the other 2 games .

neg: Jacoby Brissett Jacoby Brissett ( born December 11 , 1992 ) is an American football quarterback for the New England Patriots of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Florida and NC State . He was drafted by the Patriots in the third round of the 2016 NFL Draft .

neg: Rusty Hilger Rusty Hilger is a former professional National Football League American football player . He played quarterback eight seasons for the Los Angeles Raiders , Detroit Lions , Indianapolis Colts and Seattle Seahawks .

neg: Super Bowl XXXVIII Super Bowl XXXVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Carolina Panthers and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2003 season . The Patriots defeated the Panthers by the score of 32 -- 29 , winning their second Super Bowl championship in three years . The game was played at Reliant Stadium in Houston , Texas , on February 1 , 2004 . At the time , this was the most watched Super Bowl ever with 144.4 million viewers .   The Panthers were making their first ever Super Bowl appearance after posting an 11 -- 5 regular season record . They also made it the second straight year that a team from the NFC South division made the Super Bowl , with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers winning Super Bowl XXXVII . The Patriots were seeking their second Super Bowl title in three years after posting a 14 -- 2 record .   NFL fans and sports writers widely consider this game one of the most well-played and thrilling Super Bowls ; Sports Illustrated writer Peter King hailed it as the `` Greatest Super Bowl of all time . '' Although neither team could score in the first and third quarters , they both ended up with a combined total of 868 yards and 61 points . The game was scoreless for a Super Bowl record 26:55 before the two teams combined for 24 points prior to halftime . The clubs then combined for a Super Bowl record 37 points in the fourth quarter . The contest was finally decided on New England kicker Adam Vinatieri 's 41-yard field goal with four seconds left . Patriots quarterback Tom Brady was named Super Bowl MVP for the second time in three years . He set a Super Bowl record for the most pass completions ( 32 ) , completing 66.7 percent of his passes and accumulating 354 passing yards , 3 touchdowns , and 12 rushing yards . Jake Delhomme for his part overcame the poor start with 323 passing yards and three touchdowns . The 61 combined points stood as a Super Bowl record until the 62 points scored in Super Bowl LI in 2017 .   The game is also known for its controversial halftime show in which Janet Jackson 's breast , adorned with a nipple shield , was exposed by Justin Timberlake for about half a second , in what was later referred to as a `` wardrobe malfunction '' . Along with the rest of the halftime show , it led to an immediate crackdown by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) , and widespread debate on perceived indecency in broadcasting .

neg: Carry (gridiron football) In American football and Canadian football , a carry or rushing attempt is a statistical term equivalent to a single rushing play . The term is typically used in reference to `` yards per carry '' , meaning yards per attempt rushing the ball . Although running backs are typically tasked with carrying the ball , any offensive player who performs a carry is known as a ball-carrier for that play , regardless of position . The yards gained on a carry are referred to as rushing yards . In the National Football League ( NFL ) , Emmitt Smith holds the record for the most career carries , with 4,409 . The current leader in yards-per-carry in NFL history with at least 750 carries is quarterback Michael Vick .   The statistical treatment of yardage lost on sacks differs between the NCAA and NFL . Under NCAA rules , sacks count as rushing yards for both the player and his team . In the NFL , sacks are not counted in the quarterback 's passing or rushing yardage , but are counted as part of the team 's passing yardage .

neg: Reggie Wayne Reginald Wayne ( born November 17 , 1978 ) is a former American football wide receiver who spent his entire 14-year career with the Indianapolis Colts . He played college football for the University of Miami , and was drafted by the Colts in the first round ( 30th overall ) of the 2001 NFL Draft . A six-time Pro Bowl selection , Wayne was a member of the Colts ' Super Bowl XLI championship team that beat the Chicago Bears . He ranks seventh all-time in NFL career receptions , ninth all-time in NFL receiving yards , and 23rd all-time in career touchdown receptions . On December 14 , 2014 , Wayne played in both his 209th game and his 142nd win as a member of the Colts , breaking the franchise records set by Peyton Manning .

neg: 2013 Indianapolis Colts season The Indianapolis Colts season was the franchise 's 61st season in the National Football League , the 30th in Indianapolis and the second season under head coach Chuck Pagano , who missed most of the 2012 season due to treatment for leukemia . The Colts have matched their 2012 record of 11 -- 5 , but went undefeated within the division this season . The Colts planned to advance further than the Wild Card round in the playoffs than in 2012 , where they lost to the Ravens . They had done so after coming off of a 28-point trail against the Chiefs to win 45 -- 44 at home . However , the Colts were defeated by the New England Patriots in the Divisional round , by a score of 43 -- 22 .   On March 7 , 2013 , Jeff Saturday signed a one-day contract in order to retire as a member of the Indianapolis Colts .   For the second consecutive season , the Colts held the final pick in the NFL Draft , number 254 , which is famously known as Mr. Irrelevant . In 2012 , the final player selected was Chandler Harnish . The 2013 season 's Mr. Irrelevant is Justice Cunningham .   Throughout the season , the Colts wore a patch to recognize the 30th season since their move to Indianapolis .   On October 20 , 2013 , Peyton Manning made his first return to Indianapolis since being released by the Indianapolis Colts and signed by the Denver Broncos , a game in which commentator Al Michaels dubbed `` the War of 1812 '' ( referring to Peyton Manning 's number of 18 and Colts quarterback Andrew Luck 's number of 12 ) . The Colts won the game 39-33 .   While losing their Week 14 match-up against the Cincinnati Bengals , the Colts overall record as well as a 4 -- 0 record within the division was enough to earn them their 15th division title after the Denver Broncos defeated the Tennessee Titans . The Colts became the first team of the 2013 season to win their division , securing a home playoff game .   With the Titans ' loss to the Cardinals in Week 15 , the Colts were the only AFC South team to make the playoffs .   In the AFC Wild Card Game against the Kansas City Chiefs , the Colts rallied to turn a 38 -- 10 Chiefs ' lead into a 45 -- 44 victory for the second largest comeback in NFL playoff history . It is behind only the Bills who rallied from a 32-point deficit in the 1993 AFC Wild Card Game .

neg: History of the New England Patriots The history of the New England Patriots began when Boston business executive William `` Billy '' Sullivan and Sullivan Brother Printers , owned by Joseph Sullivan , were awarded the eighth and final franchise of the developing American Football League ( AFL ) on November 16 , 1959 . The following winter , locals submitted thousands of ideas for the Boston football team 's official name . On February 20 , 1960 , Sullivan chose `` Boston Patriots '' , which was suggested by 74 fans , among them Larry Kepnes . Immediately thereafter , artist Phil Bissell developed the `` Pat Patriot '' logo .   The Patriots ' time in the AFL saw them without a regular home stadium . Nickerson Field , Harvard Stadium , Fenway Park , and Alumni Stadium , all in or near Boston , served as home fields during their time in the American Football League . Early Patriots stars included defensive tackles Jim Lee `` Earthquake '' Hunt and Houston Antwine ; quarterback Vito `` Babe '' Parilli ; and flanker-placekicker Gino `` The Duke '' Cappelletti . Hunt , Parilli and Cappelletti played every year of the existence of the AFL , with Hunt and Cappelletti spending all ten years with the Patriots . Cappelletti was the all-time leading scorer in the AFL . Later the Patriots were joined by such stars as defensive end Larry Eisenhauer , fullback Jim Nance , and middle linebacker and future Hall of Famer Nick Buoniconti . Cappelletti and Nance were AFL Most Valuable Players , Cappelletti in 1964 and Nance in 1966 . Buoniconti and Antwine were later named to the American Football League All-Time Team .   The Boston Patriots defeated the Buffalo Bills in an AFL Eastern Division playoff game in 1963 , and played in the 1963 AFL championship game , losing to the San Diego Chargers 51 -- 10 . Although they would not appear again in an AFL or NFL post-season game for another 13 years , in the AFL , the Patriots often challenged the dominant Bills for the Eastern Division title .   When the NFL and AFL merged in 1970 , the Patriots were placed in the AFC East division , where they still play today . The following year , the Patriots moved to a new stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , a suburb of Boston , which would serve as their home for 30 years ; the team also changed their name to the New England Patriots to reflect the location change , as well as its following throughout the region as its only NFL team ( though both New York City teams have substantial followings in parts of Connecticut as well ) . During the 1970s , the Patriots had some success , earning a berth to the playoffs in 1976 -- as a wild card-berth -- and in 1978 -- as AFC East champions . They would lose both games . In 1985 , they returned to the playoffs , and made it all the way to Super Bowl XX , which they lost against the Chicago Bears 46 -- 10 . Following their Super Bowl loss , they returned to the playoffs in 1986 , but lost in the first round . The team would not make the playoffs again for eight more years . They changed ownership several times in that period , being purchased from the Sullivan family first by Victor Kiam in 1988 , who sold the team to James Orthwein in 1992 . Orthwein intended to move the team to his native St. Louis , Missouri , but sold the team two years later to current owner , local businessman Robert Kraft in 1994 .   Though Orthwein 's period as owner was short and controversial , he did oversee major changes to the team . Former New York Giants coach Bill Parcells was hired in 1993 , and the drastic changes were made the same year to the Patriots uniforms , changing their primary colors from their traditional red and white to blue and silver , and introducing a new logo . Parcells would bring the Patriots to two playoff appearances , including Super Bowl XXXI , which they lost to the Green Bay Packers by a score of 35 -- 21 . Pete Carroll , Parcells ' successor , would also take the team to the playoffs twice .   Bill Belichick , current head coach , was hired in 2000 , and a new home field , Gillette Stadium was opened in 2002 . Under Belichick , the team won three Super Bowls in four years , and finished the 2007 regular season with a perfect 16 -- 0 record , becoming only the fourth team in league history to go undefeated , and the only one since the league expanded its regular season schedule to 16 games ; however , they ended that season with an 18-1 record after their loss to the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLII . The Patriots have made the playoffs in 12 of the 15 seasons that Belichick has been coach , missing them only in 2000 ( his first season ) , 2002 , and 2008 . They later faced the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLIX on February 1 , 2015 , and won by a score of 28-24 . The Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34-28 in Super Bowl LI at NRG Stadium .

neg: 1978 NFL season The 1978 NFL season was the 59th regular season of the National Football League . The league expanded the regular season from a 14-game schedule to 16 . Furthermore , the playoff format was expanded from 8 teams to 10 teams by adding another wild card from each conference . The wild card teams played each other , with the winner advancing to the playoff round of eight teams .   The season ended with Super Bowl XIII when the Pittsburgh Steelers defeated the Dallas Cowboys at the Orange Bowl in Miami .   The average salary for a player in 1978 was under $ 62,600 , up 13.2 percent over the previous year . Fran Tarkenton was the highest-paid quarterback at $ 360,000 and running back O. J. Simpson was the highest paid player , at just under $ 733,400 .

neg: 1997 NFL season The 1997 NFL season was the 78th regular season of the National Football League . The Oilers relocated from Houston , Texas to Nashville , Tennessee . The newly renamed Tennessee Oilers played their home games during this season at the Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis , Tennessee while a new stadium in Nashville began construction . Houston would rejoin the NFL with the expansion Texans in 2002 .   This was the last season to date that TNT broadcast NFL games , as well as the last for NBC until 2006 . When the TV contracts were renewed near the end of the season , Fox retained the National Football Conference package , CBS took over the American Football Conference package and ESPN won the right to televise all of the Sunday night games .   Due to Game 7 of the 1997 World Series , the Chicago Bears -- Miami Dolphins game at Pro Player Stadium was delayed one day to Monday , October 27 .   The Denver Broncos and Tampa Bay Buccaneers both changed their uniforms , and the new uniforms for both teams were introduced during this season .   The season ended with Super Bowl XXXII when the Denver Broncos defeated the Green Bay Packers 31-24 at the Qualcomm Stadium . This broke the National Football Conference 's streak of 13 consecutive Super Bowl victories .