query: Sikhism originated at the end of the 15th century.

pos: Sikhism Sikhism ( -LSB- ˈsikᵻzəm -RSB- ) , or Sikhi ( ਸਿ ਖੀ , -LSB- ˈsɪkːʰiː -RSB- , from Sikh , meaning a `` disciple '' , or a `` learner '' ) , is a panentheistic religion that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent about the end of the 15th century . It is one of the youngest of the major world religions . The fundamental beliefs of Sikhism , articulated in the sacred scripture Guru Granth Sahib , include faith and meditation on the name of the one creator , unity of all humankind , engaging in selfless service , striving for social justice for the benefit and prosperity of all , and honest conduct and livelihood while living a householder 's life . Sikhism has 25-28 million adherents worldwide and is the ninth-largest religion in the world .   Sikhism is based on the spiritual teachings of Guru Nanak , the first Guru , and the ten successive Sikh gurus . Guru Nanak established Kartarpur ( Creator 's town ) around 1520 and gathered the original core of the Sikh Panth ( community ) there . After the death of the tenth Guru , Guru Gobind Singh , the Sikh scripture , Guru Granth Sahib , became the literal embodiment of the eternal , impersonal Guru , where the scripture 's word serves as the spiritual guide for Sikhs . An Indian religion , Sikhism rejects claims that any particular religious tradition has a monopoly on Absolute Truth .   Sikhism emphasizes simran ( meditation on the words of the Guru Granth Sahib ) , that can be expressed musically through kirtan or internally through Nam Japo ( repeat God 's name ) as a means to feel God 's presence , and to have control over the `` Five Thieves '' ( lust , rage , greed , attachment and conceit ) . Hand in hand , secular life is considered to be intertwined with the spiritual life . Guru Nanak taught that living an `` active , creative , and practical life '' of `` truthfulness , fidelity , self-control and purity '' is above the metaphysical truth , and that the ideal man is one who `` establishes union with God , knows His Will , and carries out that Will '' . Guru Hargobind , the sixth Sikh Guru , established the political/temporal ( Miri ) and spiritual ( Piri ) realms to be mutually coexistent .   The development of Sikhism was influenced by the Bhakti movement , however , Sikhism was not simply an extension of the Bhakti movement . Sikhism developed while the region was being ruled by the Mughal Empire . Two of the Sikh gurus -- Guru Arjan and Guru Tegh Bahadur , after they refused to convert to Islam , were tortured and executed by the Mughal rulers . The Islamic era persecution of Sikhs triggered the founding of the Khalsa , as an order for freedom of conscience and religion . A Sikh is expected to embody the qualities of a `` Sant-Sipāhī '' a saint-soldier .

neg: Udasi Udasi is a religious sect of ascetic sadhus centred in northern India . It is based on the teachings of Sri Chand ( 1494 -- 1643 ) , the son of Guru Nanak , the founder and the first Guru of Sikhism .   The Udasis were key interpreters of the Sikh philosophy and the custodians of important Sikh shrines until the Akali movement . They brought a large number of people into the Sikh fold during the 18th and the early 19th centuries . However , their religious practicies border on a syncretism of Sikhism and Hinduism . When the Singh Sabha , dominated by Khalsa Sikhs , redefined the Sikh identity in the early 20th century , the Udasi mahants were expelled from the Sikh shrines . Since then , the Udasis have increasingly regarded themselves as Hindus rather than Sikhs .

neg: Radha Soami Radhasoami . The Radhasoami mat or faith derives its name from its original Founder , the Supreme Being , Radhasoami who appeared in this world in human form and designated Himself Sant Sat Guru or perfect Saint or true Guide and Preceptor , and preached holy doctrines to sincere enquirer of Truth for the deliverance of their spirit from the bondage of body and its surroundings , as well as from the pains and pleasures of this world , and for the ultimate admission ( of their spirit ) into the Holy Presence of the Supreme Being after traversing and breaking through the trammels and impediments in the material spheres .   There are many phases of development on the spiritual path , the most important being love , manifest in devotion , discipline and obedience to Guru guru bhakti . With the Grace and Protection of the Guru , the disciple moves from outer methods of devotion , prayer and ritual , to the inner spiritual practice - meditation . The meditation practice is called Surat Shabd Yoga , the Yoga of the Sound Current , which emphasizes collecting the scattered attention at the Eye Center third eye , by means of repetition ( mantra/simran ) , and listening bhajan to the Inner Celestial Sound , Nam or Inner Word , the Real Form of both Master and Disciple . In practice , Guru bhakti leads to Nam bhakti .   `` The socio-religious revolution or renaissance which took place in India in the nineteenth century is generally known for its three facets : the change in Indian thought current under the hypnotic impact of the West ; a positive leaning towards puritanic revivalism as a reaction to the influx of western ideas ; and a deliberate attempt at synthesis of the Oriental and the Occidental . But besides these currents , there was one more - a spontaneous outburst of an inner urge of the Spirit , which was far away from any external influence whatsoever . The father of this spiritual renaissance was Soamiji Maharaj , the founder of the Radhasoami Faith , who started his teachings as early as the twenties of the nineteenth century . Whatever he said or wrote was the outcome of his intuitive realization and mystic revelations . Under this spiritual impulse he could draw a super-sensitive and English educated disciple like Hazur Maharaj towards him . The devotion of the disciple for the Master was matchless in form and precedence . And it was on his repeated requests that Soamiji Maharaj founded this esoteric faith in 1861 . The chief characteristics of this faith are love and devotion . It revitalized the medieval Bhakti trends and revived the ancient Guru traditions . The faith presents a new concept of the Supreme Being , a novel revelation of the name `` Radhasoami '' and introduces a well-defined and developed method of internal practice -- surat-shabd-yoga -- to the seekers after Truth . Not only an ascetic but also a man living in family can practise this Yoga . The faith has many other spiritual observances and a well spelled code of moral conduct to be followed by devotees . The faith owes its systematization to the second guru , Rai Saligram Bahadur ( Hazur Maharaj ) , who was its real architect . The Radhasoami Faith has made a remarkable contribution in the socio-religion field as well . The founder gurus of the faith made direct hit upon the prevalent malpractices and anomalies in the indigenous socio-religious beliefs . They advocated for steady and gradual reforms in Indian society and simplified religion so as to make it accessible to all who desire salvation from worldly bondage , without any distinction of caste , colour and nationality . ''   Shiv Dayal Singh , called `` Soamiji Maharaj '' by devotees and admirers , was a khatri seth by caste in Agra , India . He used to insist that anyone who chose to follow him must give up non-vegetarian food , abstain from alcohol and intoxicants , lead a high moral life and engage in over two hours of shabd yoga ( sound-current yoga ) meditation per day .   In the mid-1850s , Shiv Dayal Singh had a handful of followers in Agra . However , his teachings eventually attracted disciples from across India and by the time of his death in 1878 , Shiv Dayal had several thousand followers . He died on 15 June 1878 in Agra , India .   Shiv Dayal Singh 's wife , Narayani Devi ( called Radhaji ) , Rai Saligram ( called Huzur Maharaj ) , Sanmukh Das , Gharib Das , Partap Singh ( Shiv Dayal 's younger brother ) and Baba Jaimal Singh were some of his prominent followers around whom individual satsang groups formed . This splintering off , led to the propagation of Radhasoami teachings to a wider audience , although with slightly varied interpretations .

neg: Sant Singh Maskeen Giani Sant Singh Maskeen ( 1934 -- 18 February 2005 ) was a Sikh scholar and theologian known for his expertise of Gurmat and Gurbani .

neg: History of Hinduism History of Hinduism denotes a wide variety of related Hindu denominations native to the Indian Subcontinent , most of whom live in modern-day India , Nepal , Pakistan , Bangladesh and Afghanistan . Adherents are also found in the Indonesian island of Bali . Its history overlaps or coincides with the development of Indian religions since Iron Age India . It has thus been called the `` oldest living religion '' in the world . Scholars regard Hinduism as a synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions , with diverse roots and no single founder or source .   The history of Hinduism is often divided into periods of development , with the first period being that of the historical Vedic religion dated from about 1900 BCE to 1400 BCE . The subsequent period , between 800 BCE and 200 BCE , is `` a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions '' , and a formative period for Hinduism , Jainism and Buddhism . The Epic and Early Puranic period , from c. 200 BCE to 500 CE , saw the classical `` Golden Age '' of Hinduism ( ( c. 320-650 CE ) , which coincides with the Gupta Empire . In this period the six branches of Hindu philosophy evolved , namely Samkhya , Yoga , Nyaya , Vaisheshika , Mīmāṃsā , and Vedanta . Monotheistic sects like Shaivism and Vaishnavism developed during this same period through the Bhakti movement . The period from roughly 650 to 1100 CE forms the late Classical period or early Middle Ages , in which classical Puranic Hinduism is established , and Adi Shankara 's Advaita Vedanta , which incorporated Buddhist thought into Vedanta , marking a shift from realistic to idealistic thought .   Hinduism under both Hindu and Islamic rulers from c. 1200 to 1750 CE , saw the increasing prominence of the Bhakti movement , which remains influential today . The colonial period saw the emergence of various Hindu reform movements partly inspired by western movements , such as Unitarianism and Theosophy . The Partition of India in 1947 was along religious lines , with the Republic of India emerging with a Hindu majority . During the 20th century , due to the Indian diaspora , Hindu minorities have formed in all continents , with the largest communities in absolute numbers in the United States and the United Kingdom . In the Republic of India , Hindu nationalism has emerged as a strong political force since the 1980s , the Hindutva Bharatiya Janata Party forming the Government of India from 1999 to 2004 , and its first state government in South India in 2006 , and also the Narendra Modi led Government from 2014 .

neg: Mehdiana Sahib Gurdwara Mehdiana Sahib , also called the ` School of Sikh History ' is a Sikh gurdwara located in the village of Mehdiana , just outside Manuke , near Jagraon in Ludhiana district , India .   Sikhs believe the site of the gurdwara to be where Guru Gobind Singh and his followers rested after the Battle of Chamkaur against the Imperial Mughal armies of Aurangzeb and where he was requested by his followers or the Sangat to write the Zafarnamah .   The gurdwara is known for its uniquely coloured architecture and monuments depicting important events in Sikh history . Additionally , the Dhaab ( natural water reservoir ) , greenery , birds and trees made Mehdiana Sahib popular with pilgrims . Today parts of the Gurdwara have become dilapidated due to a lack of funds resulting from its isolated location and private ownership status .

neg: Sikh scriptures The principal Sikh scripture is the Adi Granth ( First Scripture ) , more commonly called the Guru Granth Sahib . The Sikhs do not regard this as their `` holy book '' but as their perpetual and current `` guru '' , guide or master . It was called Adi Granth until Guru Gobind Singh , the tenth and final guru in human form , conferred on it the title of the guru in 1708 , after which it was called Sri Guru Granth Sahib , or Guru Granth Sahib for short . The Granth has 1430 pages and is divided into 39 chapters . All copies are exactly alike . The Sikhs are forbidden from making any changes to the text within this scripture .   The Guru Granth Sahib was compiled by Guru Arjan Dev , the fifth guru of the Sikhs . The work of compilation was started in 1601 and finished in 1604 . The Granth , called `` Pothi Sahib '' by Guru Arjan , was installed at Harmandir Sahib ( House of God ) with much celebration .

neg: Saraiki people The Saraikis , also known as Multanis , are an ethnolinguistic group in central and southeastern Pakistan , primarily southern Punjab . Their language is Saraiki .   The Saraiki people follow many religions , among them mostly Islam . A small minority of Saraikis follow Christianity , Sikhism and Hinduism . After the independence of Pakistan in 1947 , some of the minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India .

neg: Misl Misl generally refers to the sovereign states of the Sikh Confederacy that rose during the 18th century in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent .   The misls formed a commonwealth that was described by Antoine Polier as an `` aristocratic republic '' .   Although the misls were unequal in strength , and each misl attempted to expand its territory and access to resources at the expense of others , they acted in unison in relation to other states .   The misls held biannual meetings of their legislature , the Sarbat Khalsa in Amritsar .

neg: Buddhism and Hinduism Hinduism and Buddhism have common origins in the Ganges culture of northern India during the so-called `` second urbanisation '' around 500 BCE . They have shared parallel beliefs that have existed side by side , but also pronounced differences .   Buddhism attained prominence in the Indian subcontinent as it was supported by royal courts , but started to decline after the Gupta era , and virtually disappeared from India in the 11th century CE , except in some pockets of India . It has continued to exist outside of India and is the major religion in several Asian countries .

neg: Living Master Living Master is a term which distinguishes a living spiritual teacher from one who has already left his physical form ( i.e. , died . ) Certain esoteric spiritual movements , notably Sant Mat and Surat Shabd Yoga , consider a living spiritual adept to be essential , and critique the world religions as mere shells where a living master ( who founded the religious movement ) has been replaced with a scripture , statue , effigy , or other symbol . Just as an example of the current usage , Sant Baljit Singh is described by his disciples as a Living Master , while Jesus Christ or the Lord Buddha are examples of past Masters or Masters out of date as per Sant Mat .   TODAY a person who is ill can not have the benefit of medical advice from Dhanwantri ( the progenitor of medical science ) , nor can a litigant ask Solomon to decide his case , nor can a lady marry Adonis and bring forth children . Similarly , Saints who appeared in the past from time to time and conferred spiritual benefit on those who came into contact with them , can not do anything for the present generation . Each had his commission , and on completing it , entrusted the work of regeneration to his successor . Man can learn only from man , and God works His ways through living Saints . ( Kirpal Singh )

neg: Twarikh Guru Khalsa Twarikh Guru Khalsa a historical book of the Sikhs from their origin to the time when they lost the Punjab to the British . The author of the book is Giani Gian Sihgh . The work is divided into five parts :  Janam Sakhi Dasari Guruari presents biographies of Guru Gobind Singh .  Shamsher Khalsa deals with the career of Banda Singh Bahadur .  Raj Khalsa describes the rise of the twelve misis .  Sardar Khalsa contained accounts of Sikh principalities .  Panth Khalsa treats of Sikh sects , gurdwaras and preaching centres .

neg: Sikh Channel The Sikh Channel is a United Kingdom-based , free-to-air , Sikhi-focused satellite television channel . It broadcasts across Europe on satellite television , in Canada and is also streamed live on the internet . The Sikh Channel began to broadcast on 13 April 2009 on Sky channel 840 , replacing Brit Hits . The Sikh Channel primarily focuses on education and religious programming for the Sikh community . It operates from a studio in the Aston area of Birmingham .   The Sikh Channel was set up by Davinder Singh Bal 's TV Legal Limited . TV Legal formed The Sikh Channel Community Broadcasting Company Limited to accept donations , which are used to pay broadcast and programming costs . The Sikh Channel Community Broadcasting Company Limited became a registered community interest company on 25 September 2009 and a registered charity on 2 June 2010 . In December 2012 , TV Legal Limited transferred the channel 's television broadcast licence to the Sikh Channel Community Interest Company Limited .   On 18 April 2013 , the channel launched in Canada as `` ATN Sikh Channel '' through an exclusive licensing agreement with the Asian Television Network

neg: Rise of the Ottoman Empire The foundation and rise of the Ottoman Empire is a period of history that started with the emergence of the Ottoman principality in , and ended with the conquest of Constantinople on May 29 , 1453 . This period witnessed the foundation of a political entity ruled by the Ottoman Dynasty in the northwestern Anatolian region of Bithynia , and its transformation from a small principality on the Byzantine frontier into an empire spanning the Balkans and Anatolia . For this reason , this period in the empire 's history has been described as the Proto-Imperial Era . Throughout most of this period , the Ottomans were merely one of many competing states in the region , and relied upon the support of local warlords and vassals to maintain control over their realm . By the middle of the fifteenth century the Ottoman sultans were able to accumulate enough personal power and authority to establish a centralized imperial state , a process which was brought to fruition by Sultan Mehmed II ( r. 1451-1481 ) .   The cause of Ottoman success can not be attributed to any single factor , and they varied throughout the period as the Ottomans continually adapted to changing circumstances .   The earlier part of this period , the fourteenth century , is particularly difficult for historians to study due to the scarcity of sources . Not a single written document survives from the reign of Osman I , and very little survives from the rest of the century . The Ottomans , furthermore , did not begin to record their own history until the fifteenth century , more than a hundred years after many of the events they describe . It is thus a great challenge for historians to differentiate between fact and myth in analyzing the stories contained in these later chronicles , so much so that one historian has even declared it impossible , describing the earliest period of Ottoman history as a `` black hole . ''

neg: Khanda (Sikh symbol) The Khanda is the symbol of the Sikh faith , that attained its current form in the early 20th century .   It is an amalgam of three symbols :   A double-edged khanda ( sword ) in the centre  A chakkar ( chakram )  Two single-edged swords , or kirpan , crossed at the bottom and sit on either side of the khanda and chakkar . They represent the dual characteristics of Miri-Piri , indicating the integration of both spiritual and temporal sovereignty together and not treating them as two separate and distinct entities .   It depicts the Sikh doctrine Deg Tegh Fateh in emblematic form . It consists of three weapons and a circle : the khanda , two kirpans and the chakkar which is a circle . It is the military emblem of the Sikhs . It is also part of the design of the Nishan Sahib . A double edged khanda ( sword ) is placed at the top of a Nishan Sahib flag as an ornament or finial .   The Khanda is often confused with the emblem shown on Iran 's flag which the Khanda predates . In recent years , the Khanda has been used to show solidarity within the Sikh community after high profile shootings in the United States .   Another symbol that may be confused with the Khanda is the aad chand ( lit . `` half moon '' ) of the Nihang , which consists of a khanda sword in the middle of a crescent , aligned with points upward .   The symbol is encoded in Unicode , in the Miscellaneous Symbols range , at codepoint U +262 C .

neg: Suraj Parkash The book Gur Partap Suraj , popularly known as the Suraj Parkash is detailed work of 51,829 verses describing the lives of the last nine Sikh Gurus and Banda Bahadur . It was finished in 1843 by Bhai Santokh Singh . It is a sequel to his own Nanak Prakash , describing the life of the first Guru .   The lives of the Gurus , are divided into twelve Raas or sections . The life of the tenth Guru is presented in six Ruts ( literally six seasons ) , and into two Ayans , the ascending and descending phases of the year . The whole work is written Braj dialect of classical Hindi , with a significant use of Sanskrit words .   Bhai Santokh Singh is said to have drawn from the writings of Bhai Gurbaksh Singh , who had been one of Guru Gobind Singh 's teachers and passed on his history to Bhai Sahib Singh .   Suraj Parkash is one of the most revered Sikh scriptures which is recited regularly in the afternoon in a katha form ( story telling manner ) in all the gurdwaras .   Suraj Parkash was first edited by Bhai Vir Singh during 1926-1935 . On the direction of the SGPC , Professor Kirpal Singh has started the re-editing of Suraj Parkash to remove `` mythological content '' , which shows Hindu influence and place it in an appendix . The editing has been criticised by some as amounting to `` poetic as well as religious sacrilege ''

neg: Karkoṭa Empire Karkota Empire ( c. 625 - 885 CE ) was a major power from the Indian subcontinent ; which originated in the region of Kashmir . It was founded by Durlabhvardhana during the lifetime of Harshavardhan . The dynasty marked the rise of Kashmir as a power in Central Asia and Northern India . Avanti Varman ascended the throne of Kashmir on 855 A.D. , establishing the Utpala dynasty and ending the rule of Karkota dynasty .   Lalitaditya Muktapida , the dynasty 's strongest ruler captured parts of Central Asia , Afghanistan and Punjab with Chinese help . According to Kalhana 's Rajatarangini , Lalitaditya was able to extend the power of Kashmir beyond the normal mountain limits and in about 740 AD inflicted a defeat upon Yashovarman , the King of Kannauj . Lalitaditya was able to vanquish the Turks , Tibetans , Bhutias , Kambojas and others . According to some historians , Kalhana highly exaggerated the conquests of Lalitaditya .   The Karkota emperors were primarily Hindu . They built spectacular Hindu temples in their capital Parihaspur . They however also allowed Buddhism to flourish under them . Stupa , Chaitya and Vihara can be found in the ruins of their capital . Martand Sun Temple in the Anantnag district were built by Lalitaditya . It is the oldest known Sun temple in India and was also one of the biggest temple complexes at the time .

neg: Sikhism in Bangladesh Sikhism in Bangladesh dates back to 1503 but has declined after the partition . Most of the sikhs in the country are officials of Indian High Commission or pilgrims . Some estimates shows that there are 23,000 to 100,000 Sikhs in Bangladesh but Bangladeshi Sikhs are very rare . There were eighteen historical Gurdwara 's in Bangladesh but now only Seven are left .

neg: Sikhism in England The permanent arrival of Sikhism in England is dated to 1850 A.D. with the arrival of Maharajah Duleep Singh ( last ruler of the Sikh Empire ) , at Census 2011 there were 420,196 Sikhs and in excess of 352 Gurudwaras in England with the largest communities in London , Bedford , Coventry , Birmingham , Wolverhampton , Bradford , Leeds , Warwick , Derby , Nottingham , Bristol , Glasgow and Huddersfield . Leicester is also important having the largest Sikh community in the East Midlands and the eighth largest Sikh community in England . Leicester is also the home of the Guru Nanak Sikh Museum , the first such museum in the UK . As of 2011 , the five English local authorities with the largest percentage of Sikhs are , in descending order , Slough ( 10.8 % ) , Wolverhampton , Hounslow , Sandwell and Ealing .

neg: Moinuddin Chishti Chishtī Muʿīn al-Dīn Ḥasan Sijzī ( 1142 -- 1236 CE ) , known more commonly as Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī or Moinuddin Chishti , or reverently as a Shaykh Muʿīn al-Dīn , was a Sufi , preacher , ascetic , religious scholar , and philosopher from Sistan , who eventually ended up settling in the Indian subcontinent in the early thirteenth-century , where he established the famous Chishti Order of Sufism . This particular tariqa ( order ) became the dominant Muslim spiritual group in medieval India and many of the most beloved and venerated Indian Islamic saints have been Chishti in their affiliation , including Nizamuddin Awliya ( d. 1325 ) and Amir Khusrow -RSB- ( d. 1325 ) . As such , Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī 's legacy rests primarily on his having been `` one of the most outstanding figures in the annals of Islamic mysticism . ''   Although little is known of Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī 's early life , it is probable that he travelled from Sistan to India as a refugee due to the increasing prevalence of Mongol military action in Central Asia at this point in time . Having arrived in Delhi during the reign of the sultan Iltutmish ( d. 1236 ) , Muʿīn al-Dīn moved from Delhi to Ajmer shortly thereafter , at which point he became increasingly influenced by the writings of the famous Hanbali scholar and mystic ʿAbdallāh Anṣārī ( d. 1088 ) , whose famous work on the lives of the early Islamic saints , the Ṭabāqāt al-ṣūfiyya , may have played a role in shaping Muʿīn al-Dīn 's worldview . It was during his time in Ajmer that Muʿīn al-Dīn acquired the reputation of being a great spiritual preacher and teacher ; and biographical accounts of his life written after his death report that he received the gifts of many `` spiritual marvels ( karāmāt ) , such as miraculous travel , clairvoyance , and visions of angels '' in these years of his life .   The tomb ( dargāh ) of Muʿīn al-Dīn became a deeply venerated site in the century following the preacher 's death in 1236 . Honored by members of all social classes , the tomb was treated with great respect by many of the era 's most important Sunni rulers , including Muhammad bin Tughluq , the Sultan of Delhi from 1324-1351 , who payed a famous visit to the tomb in 1332 to commemorate the memory of the saint . In a similar way , the later Mughal emperor Akbar ( d. 1605 ) visited the shrine no less than fourteen times during his reign . In the present day , the tomb of Muʿīn al-Dīn continues to one of the most popular sites of religious visitation for Sunni Muslims in the Indian subcontinent , with over `` hundreds of thousands of people from all over the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent assembling there on the occasion of -LSB- the saint 's -RSB- ʿurs or death anniversary . '' Additionally , the site also attracts many Hindu devotees , who have also venerated the Islamic saint since the medieval period . In 2007 , the shrine of Muʿīn al-Dīn suffered a bomb blast at the hands of ultra right-wing Hindu nationalist extremists , leading to the deaths of three devotees and the injuries of seventeen others ; the shrine has been completely restored since then .

neg: North India North India is a loosely defined region consisting of the northern part of India . The dominant geographical features of North India are the Indus-Gangetic Plain and the Himalayas , which demarcate the region from the Tibetan Plateau and Central Asia .   The term North India has varying definitions - the Ministry of Home Affairs in its Northern Zonal Council Administrative division included the states of Chandigarh , Delhi , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Jammu and Kashmir , Punjab and Rajasthan . while the Ministry of Culture in its North Culture Zone includes the state of Uttarakhand but excludes Delhi whereas the Geological Survey of India includes Uttar Pradesh and Delhi but excludes Rajasthan and Chandigarh . Other states sometimes included are Bihar , Gujarat , Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal .   North India has been the historical centre of the Mughal , Delhi Sultanate and British Indian Empires . It has a diverse culture , and includes the Hindu pilgrimage centres of Char Dham , Haridwar , Varanasi , Ayodhya , Mathura , Allahabad , Vaishno Devi and Pushkar , the Buddhist pilgrimage centres of Bodhgaya , Sarnath and Kushinagar , the Sikh Golden Temple as well as world heritage sites such as the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve , Khajuraho temples , Hill Forts of Rajasthan , Jantar Mantar ( Jaipur ) , Bhimbetka Caves , Sanchi monuments , Qutb Minar , Red Fort , Agra Fort , Fatehpur Sikri and the Taj Mahal .   The languages that have official status in one or more of the states and union territories located in North India are Hindi , Urdu , Punjabi , Kashmiri/Koshur , Dogri and English .


query: The United States Environmental Protection Agency began operating.

pos: United States Environmental Protection Agency The United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA or sometimes USEPA ) is an agency of the Federal government of the United States which was created for the purpose of protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress . President Richard Nixon proposed the establishment of EPA and it began operation on December 2 , 1970 , after Nixon signed an executive order . The order establishing the EPA was ratified by committee hearings in the House and Senate . The agency is led by its Administrator , who is appointed by the President and approved by Congress . The current Administrator is Scott Pruitt . The EPA is not a Cabinet department , but the Administrator is normally given cabinet rank .   The EPA has its headquarters in Washington , D.C. , regional offices for each of the agency 's ten regions , and 27 laboratories . The agency conducts environmental assessment , research , and education . It has the responsibility of maintaining and enforcing national standards under a variety of environmental laws , in consultation with state , tribal , and local governments . It delegates some permitting , monitoring , and enforcement responsibility to U.S. states and the federally recognized tribes . EPA enforcement powers include fines , sanctions , and other measures . The agency also works with industries and all levels of government in a wide variety of voluntary pollution prevention programs and energy conservation efforts .   In 2016 , the agency had 15,376 full-time employees . More than half of EPA 's employees are engineers , scientists , and environmental protection specialists ; other employees include legal , public affairs , financial , and information technologists . In 2017 the Trump administration proposed a 31 % cut to the EPA 's budget to $ 5.7 billion from $ 8.1 billion and to eliminate a quarter of the agency jobs .

neg: Nuclear Energy Agency The Nuclear Energy Agency ( NEA ) is an intergovernmental agency that is organized under the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) . Originally formed on 1 February 1958 with the name European Nuclear Energy Agency ( ENEA ) ( the United States participated as an Associate Member ) , the name was changed on 20 April 1972 to its current name after Japan became a member .   The mission of the NEA is to `` assist its member countries in maintaining and further developing , through international co-operation , the scientific , technological and legal bases required for the safe , environmentally friendly and economical use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes . ''

neg: Environmental science Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical , biological and information sciences ( including ecology , biology , physics , chemistry , zoology , mineralogy , oceanology , limnology , soil science , geology , atmospheric science , and geodesy ) to the study of the environment , and the solution of environmental problems . Environmental science emerged from the fields of natural history and medicine during the Enlightenment . Today it provides an integrated , quantitative , and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems .   Related areas of study include environmental studies and environmental engineering . Environmental studies incorporates more of the social sciences for understanding human relationships , perceptions and policies towards the environment . Environmental engineering focuses on design and technology for improving environmental quality in every aspect .   Environmental scientists work on subjects like the understanding of earth processes , evaluating alternative energy systems , pollution control and mitigation , natural resource management , and the effects of global climate change . Environmental issues almost always include an interaction of physical , chemical , and biological processes . Environmental scientists bring a systems approach to the analysis of environmental problems . Key elements of an effective environmental scientist include the ability to relate space , and time relationships as well as quantitative analysis .   Environmental science came alive as a substantive , active field of scientific investigation in the 1960s and 1970s driven by ( a ) the need for a multi-disciplinary approach to analyze complex environmental problems , ( b ) the arrival of substantive environmental laws requiring specific environmental protocols of investigation and ( c ) the growing public awareness of a need for action in addressing environmental problems . Events that spurred this development included the publication of Rachel Carson 's landmark environmental book Silent Spring along with major environmental issues becoming very public , such as the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill , and the Cuyahoga River of Cleveland , Ohio , `` catching fire '' ( also in 1969 ) , and helped increase the visibility of environmental issues and create this new field of study .

neg: Environmental Conservation Acreage Reserve Program The Environmental Conservation Acreage Reserve Program ( ECARP ) was a United States umbrella program authorized by the Food , Agriculture , Conservation , and Trade Act of 1990 ( P.L. 101-624 ) that includes the Conservation Reserve Program , and the Wetland Reserve Program . The Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 ( P.L. 104-127 ) continued the CRP and WRP and created the Environmental Quality Incentives Program .   The goal of the ECARP was to provide long-term protection of environmentally sensitive land . Contracts , easements , and cost-share payments were used to assist landowners and operators of farms and ranches to conserve and enhance soil , water , and related natural resources , including grazing land , wetland , and wildlife habitat . The Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 ( P.L. 107-171 , Sec . 2006 ) replaced ECARP with the Comprehensive Conservation Enhancement Program ( CCHP ) .

neg: Conservation district Conservation districts are government entities that provide technical assistance and tools to manage and protect land and water resources in U.S. states and insular areas . There are more than 3,000 in the United States . Depending on the state , they may also be known as soil and water conservation districts , soil conservation districts , resource conservation districts , or other similar names . Nationally and within each state , the districts are generally coordinated by non-governmental associations . District borders often coincide with county borders .

neg: Environmental protection area (Brazil) An environmental protection area ( Área de proteção ambiental : APA ) is a type of protected area in Brazil that has some degree of human occupation , but where the primary intent is environmental protection . Human occupation is monitored and controlled . An environmental protection area often contains other types of conservation units , which may be more strictly protected .

neg: WDFW Toxics in Biota fish monitoring Fish are an important component of the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 's ( WDFW ) Toxics in Biota Program , part of the Puget Sound Ecosystem Monitoring Program ( PSEMP , recently renamed from PSAMP ) . Since 1989 fish indicator species have been used to monitor contamination of Puget Sound by chemicals such as poly-chlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs ) , polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) , pesticides , and metals . English Sole , the first species studied for the Toxics in Biota Program , have been used for monitoring by WDFW since 1989 . As of 2015 the program also monitors copper rockfish , quillback rockfish , brown rockfish , coho salmon , chinook salmon , Pacific herring , and Pacific staghorn sculpin . Exposure and effects of each contaminant are monitored for each species , and more in-depth studies of specific regions are performed if monitoring indicates a contamination problem .   Geographical characteristics making Puget Sound especially susceptible to contaminants include funneling of fish through narrow inlets , restricted exchange of water , shallow sea floor sills , and freshwater inputs from urban sources . One of the largest sources of contaminants is stormwater runoff . During heavy rain events metals , persistent organic pollutants ( POPs ) , and pesticides flow untreated into local waterways , streams , and lakes . Impervious surfaces such as roads provide a route for deposition of metals and POPs by cars and industrial emissions , before subsequent discharge into nearby water bodies . The highly urbanized coastline of southern Puget Sound results in stormwater runoff containing high concentrations of contaminants .

neg: Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 `` MBTA '' redirects here . For the Boston , MA based transportation company , see Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority .   The Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 ( MBTA ) , codified at ( although § 709 is omitted ) , is a United States federal law , first enacted in 1916 in order to implement the convention for the protection of migratory birds between the United States and Great Britain ( acting on behalf of Canada ) . The statute makes it unlawful without a waiver to pursue , hunt , take , capture , kill or sell birds listed therein ( `` migratory birds '' ) . The statute does not discriminate between live or dead birds and also grants full protection to any bird parts including feathers , eggs and nests . Over 800 species are currently on the list .   Some exceptions to the act , including the eagle feather law , are enacted in federal regulations , which regulates the taking , possession , and transportation of bald eagles , golden eagles , and their `` parts , nests , and eggs '' for `` scientific , educational , and depredation control purposes ; for the religious purposes of American Indian tribes ; and to protect other interests in a particular locality . '' Enrolled members of federally recognized tribes may apply for an eagle permit for use in `` bona fide tribal religious ceremonies . ''   The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service issues permits for otherwise prohibited activities under the act . These include permits for taxidermy , falconry , propagation , scientific and educational use , and depredation , an example of the latter being the killing of geese near an airport , where they pose a danger to aircraft .   The Act was enacted in an era when many bird species were threatened by the commercial trade in birds and bird feathers . The Act was one of the first federal environmental laws ( the Lacey Act had been enacted in 1900 ) . The Act replaced the earlier Weeks-McLean Act ( 1913 ) . Since 1918 , similar conventions between the United States and four other nations have been made and incorporated into the MBTA : Mexico ( 1936 ) , Japan ( 1972 ) and the Soviet Union ( 1976 , now its successor state Russia ) . Some of the conventions stipulate protections not only for the birds themselves , but also for habitats and environs necessary for the birds ' survival .   Constitutionally this law is of interest as it is a use of the federal treaty-making power to override the provisions of state law . The principle that the federal government may do this was upheld in the case Missouri v. Holland .

neg: Vehicle inspection in the United States In the United States , vehicle safety inspection and emissions inspection are governed by each state individually . 17 states have a periodic ( annual or biennial ) safety inspection program , while Maryland and Alabama require a safety inspection on sale or transfer of vehicles which were previously registered in another state . New Jersey discontinued its passenger vehicle safety inspection program on August 1 , 2010 .   In 1977 , the federal Clean Air Act was amended by Congress to require states to implement vehicle emissions inspection programs , known as I/M programs ( for Inspection and Maintenance ) , in all major metropolitan areas whose air quality failed to meet certain federal standards . New York 's program started in 1982 , California 's program ( `` Smog Check '' ) started in 1984 , and Illinois ' program started in 1986 . The Clean Air Act of 1990 required some states to enact vehicle emissions inspection programs . State impacted were those in metropolitan areas where air quality did not meet federal standards . Some states , including Kentucky and Minnesota , have discontinued their testing programs in recent years with approval from the federal government .

neg: Air pollution sensor Air pollution sensors are devices that detect and monitor the presence of air pollution in the surrounding area . They can be used for both indoor and outdoor environments . These sensors can be built at home , or bought from certain manufactures . Although there are various types of air pollution sensors , and some are specialized in certain aspects , the majority focuses on five components : ozone , particulate matter , carbon monoxide , sulfur dioxide , and nitrous oxide . The sensors were very expensive in the past , but with technological advancements these sensors are becoming more affordable and more widespread throughout the population . These sensors can help serve many purposes and help bring attention to environmental issues beyond the scope of the human eye .   The EPA maintains a repository of air quality data through the Air Quality System ( AQS ) , where it stores data from over 10,000 monitors in the United States .   While use of these sensors was expensive in the past , the 2010s saw a recent trend towards the development of cheaper portable air-quality sensors that can be worn by individuals to monitor local air quality levels . These sensors , can then , in turn , help measure the spatiotemporal coverage and variety of chemical species , and empower individuals and communities to better understand their exposure environments and risks from air pollution .   A research group led by William Griswold at UCSD handed out portable air pollution sensors to 16 commuters , and found `` urban valleys '' where buildings trapped pollution . The group also found that passengers in buses have higher exposures compared to those in automobiles .

neg: Esri Esri ( -LSB- ˈɛzriː -RSB- , a.k.a. Environmental Systems Research Institute ) is an international supplier of geographic information system ( GIS ) software , web GIS and geodatabase management applications . The company is headquartered in Redlands , California .   The company was founded as Environmental Systems Research Institute in 1969 as a land-use consulting firm . Esri products ( particularly ArcGIS Desktop ) have 40.7 % of the global market share . In 2014 , Esri had approximately a 43 percent share of the GIS software market worldwide , more than any other vendor .   The company has 10 regional offices in the U.S. and a network of 80 + international distributors , with about a million users in 200 countries . The firm has 3,200 employees in the U.S. , and is still privately held by the founders . In 2006 , revenues were about $ 660 million . In a 2016 Investor 's Business Daily article , Esri 's annual revenues were indicated to be $ 1.1 Billion , from 300,000 customers ( $ 4000/customer/year ) .   The company hosts an annual International User 's Conference , which was first held on the Redlands campus in 1981 with 16 attendees . The User 's Conference has been held in San Diego at the San Diego Convention Center since 1997 . An estimated 15,000 users from 131 countries attended in 2012 .

neg: Anti-nuclear groups in the United States More than eighty anti-nuclear groups are operating , or have operated , in the United States . These include : Abalone Alliance , Clamshell Alliance , Greenpeace USA , Institute for Energy and Environmental Research , Musicians United for Safe Energy , Nevada Desert Experience , Nuclear Control Institute , Nuclear Information and Resource Service , Public Citizen Energy Program , Shad Alliance , and the Sierra Club . These are direct action , environmental , health , and public interest organizations who oppose nuclear weapons and/or nuclear power . In 1992 , the chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission said that `` his agency had been pushed in the right direction on safety issues because of the pleas and protests of nuclear watchdog groups '' .   Some of the most influential groups in the anti-nuclear movement have had members who included Nobel Laureates ( e.g. , Linus Pauling and Hermann Joseph Muller ) . These scientists have belonged primarily to two groups : the Federation of American Scientists , and the Committee for Nuclear Responsibility .

neg: Oil Pollution Act of 1973 The Oil Pollution Act of 1973 or Oil Pollution Act Amendments of 1973 , 33 U.S.C. Chapter 20 § § 1001-1011 , was a United States federal law which amended the United States Statute . The Act of Congress sustained the United States commitment to control the discharge of fossil fuel pollutants from nautical vessels and to acknowledge the embargo of coastal zones in trans-boundary waters .   The H.R. 5451 legislation was passed by the United States 93rd Congressional session and enacted by the 37th President of the United States Richard Nixon on October 4 , 1973 .

neg: Environment Agency The Environment Agency ( EA ) is a non-departmental public body , established in 1995 and sponsored by the United Kingdom government 's Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs ( DEFRA ) , with responsibilities relating to the protection and enhancement of the environment in England ( and until 2013 also Wales ) .

neg: Red List building materials Red List Building Materials contain chemicals that have been designated as harmful to living creatures , including humans , or the environment . There are many `` Red Lists '' that have been developed specifically for building materials . These lists have primarily been developed by green building rating system developers and architecture firms . They are typically developed from chemical hazard lists published by government agencies , such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( U.S. EPA ) , European Union Commission on Environment ( European Commissioner for the Environment ) , and the California Department of Toxic Substances Control .

neg: List of environmental ministries An environmental ministry is a national or subnational government agency politically responsible for the environment and/or natural resources . Various other names are commonly used to identify such agencies , such as Ministry of the Environment , Department of the Environment , Department for the Environment , Department of Environmental Protection , Department of Natural Resources , and so forth . Such agencies typically address environmental concerns such as the maintenance of environmental quality , nature preserves , the sustained use of natural resources , and prevention of pollution or contamination of the natural environment . Following is a list of environmental ministries by country :

neg: Sive, Paget & Riesel Sive , Paget & Riesel ( SPR ) is a law firm located in New York City primarily focusing on land use and environmental law . The firm is among the oldest environmental law firms in the United States , tracing its origins back over fifty years . The firm has been consistently ranked in the top tier of environmental law firms in New York .   SPR is the successor firm to Winer , Neuberger and Sive , founded in New York City in 1962 .   SPR practices all aspects of environmental law , including litigation and environmental impact review , and represents numerous real-estate developers and municipalities in the New York metropolitan area . SPR counts among its clients the New York State Urban Development Corporation and the Natural Resources Defense Council .   SPR founding partner David Sive , who died in March 2014 , was described by the Wall Street Journal as the `` Father of Environmental Law . '' In 1988 , the New York Times called Sive `` a pioneer in litigation to end pollution of New York 's Hudson River '' and `` an elder statesman of environmental law . '' In videotaped comments commemorating the firm 's 50th anniversary , Sive recalled the firm 's involvement in the `` beginning of the modern environmental movement '' and stated that `` we took part in the creation of a new body of law . '' The firm , according to him , was the first `` to bring any action under the Environmental Policy Act , '' in a case involving Hilton Head Island in South Carolina . The firm also `` established ... the first committee on Environmental Law with the New York City Bar Association , which may have been the first in the country . ''

neg: Bioenvironmental Engineering Bioenvironmental Engineering comprises four general areas : radiation , industrial hygiene , environmental protection and emergency response .   During the 1970s the US Air Force saw a need to implement the measures to protect the health of personnel . It took elements of Military Public Health and spun off a separate arm called Bioenvironmental Engineering . From that point Bioenvironmental Engineering has taken the lead in protecting the health of Air Force workers .   The original group of Bioenvironmental Engineers ( BEEs ) came to the Air Force from the U.S. Army in 1947 when the Air Force was formed . They were an outgrowth of the U.S. Army Sanitary Corps . Until 1964 , Air Force BEEs were called Sanitary and Industrial Hygiene Engineers . They were Medical Service Corps ( MSC ) officers until the Biomedical Sciences Corps ( BSC ) was created in 1965 .   Between 1960 and 1970 , the BEE field grew from around 100 to 150 . However , beginning in 1970 , with the formation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) , the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission , the career field experienced an exponential growth in Federal regulations . These laws require BEEs to monitor Air Force operations for their effects on personnel and the environment . Several major catastrophes and other events focused keen Congressional interest on environment , safety and occupational health ( ESOH ) , leading to new , mandatory compliance programs . Love Canal , Bhopal , atmospheric ozone depletion , and other incidents spawned new laws governing the Installation Restoration Program ; Hazard Communication ; community-right-to-know ; Process Safety Management ; and hazardous material inventory , control and reduction . These have continually driven additional , corresponding requirements for BEEs .   In the early 1980s , a major shift in functions occurred . The clinical and sanitary aspects of the BEE program , ( communicable disease , sanitary surveys , vector control , and occupational medicine ) were turned over to the newly forming environmental health officers . This enabled the BEE force to concentrate its efforts on the industrial work place and the environment .   The importance of ensuring Air Force compliance with ESOH requirements is higher than ever . Public awareness/concern/disclosure , the recognition of risk analysis/communication/management , loss of sovereign immunity of federal agencies , and the personal liability of commanders for environmental infractions are all impacting BEE surveillance programs . Increased environmental pollution prevention and occupational health preventive medicine programs are shifting the emphasis to avoiding problems before they occur .   Bioenvironmental Engineering personnel are taught at the United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton , Ohio . Bioenvironmental Engineering blends engineering and preventive medicine . Their role is to identify and evaluate environments that could harm Air Force members , employees , and families . The data from these evaluations help design measures that prevent illness and injury .   Areas of specialty include :  Airborne Dusts , Fumes , Mists , Fogs , Vapors , or Gases  Biological hazards  Biomechanical Stresses  Chemical Hazards  Chemical protection Clothing , Devices or Equipment  Cold Stress  Confined space Hazards  Drinking Water  Employee Exposures  Environmental Sampling  Environmental Health Repetitive Motion Stresses  Ergonomic Stress  Hazardous materials  Health Hazards  Heat Stress  Indoor Air Quality  Industrial Hygiene  Personal Hygiene  Ionizing Radiation  Laser Safety  Lead Hazards  Musculoskeletal Disorders  Noise Hazards  Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( NRC ) Permits  Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) Health Standards  Radioactive materials  Radiofrequency Radiation Emissions  Respiratory Protection Program  Skin Hazards  Thermal Stress  Ventilation Requirements for Health  Vibration Hazards

neg: United States Fish and Wildlife Service The United States Fish and Wildlife Service ( USFWS or FWS ) is an agency of the federal government within the U.S. Department of the Interior dedicated to the management of fish , wildlife , and natural habitats . The mission of the agency is `` working with others to conserve , protect , and enhance fish , wildlife , plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people . ''   The leader of the FWS is the director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Daniel M. Ashe , of Maryland , who was confirmed on June 30 , 2011 , succeeding Sam Hamilton .   Among the responsibilities of the FWS are enforcing federal wildlife laws , protecting endangered species , managing migratory birds , restoring nationally significant fisheries , conserving and restoring wildlife habitat , such as wetlands , helping foreign governments with their international conservation efforts , and distributing money to states ' fish and wildlife agencies through the Wildlife Sport Fish and Restoration program .   Units within the FWS include :  National Wildlife Refuge System ( over 560 National Wildlife Refuges and thousands of small wetlands and other special management areas covering over 150 million acres ( 607,000 km ² ) )  Division of Migratory Bird Management  Federal Duck Stamp  National Fish Hatchery System ( 70 National Fish Hatcheries and 65 Fishery Resource Offices )  Endangered Species program ( 86 Ecological Services Field Stations )  United States Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Law Enforcement  Clark R. Bavin National Fish and Wildlife Forensic Laboratory  Landscape Conservation Cooperatives   The vast majority of fish and wildlife habitat is on non-federal lands . Therefore , the FWS works closely with private groups , such as The Partners for Fish and Wildlife , Partners in Flight , Sport Fishing and The Boating Partnership Council , to assist voluntary habitat conservation and restoration .   The FWS employs approximately 9,000 people and is organized into a central administrative office ( in Arlington , VA ) , eight regional offices , and nearly 700 field offices distributed throughout the United States .

neg: Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection ( DEP ) is the agency in Pennsylvania responsible for protecting and preserving the land , air , water , and public health through enforcement of the state 's environmental laws . It was created by Act 18 of 1995 , which split the Department of Environmental Resources into the Department of Environmental Protection and the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources . Its current secretary is John Quigley .   The Department of Environmental Resources was created by Act 275 of 1970 , which abolished the Department of Forest and Waters . The Department of Forest and Waters was created by the General Assembly in 1901 .   The Department of Environmental Protection is charged with the responsibility for development of a balanced ecological system incorporating social , cultural , and economic needs of the commonwealth through development and protection . The department is responsible for the state 's land , air , and water management programs , all aspects of environmental protection , and the regulation of mining operations .

neg: Consumer Product Safety Act The Consumer Product Safety Act ( CPSA ) was enacted on October 27th , 1972 by the United States Congress . The act should not be confused with an earlier Senate Joint Resolution 33 of November 20 , 1967 , which merely established a temporary National Commission on Product Safety ( NCPS ) , and for only 90-days ( at a pittance of $ 100 per day ) . Section 4 of the 1972 act established the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission ( CPSC ) as a permanent ( non-temporary ) independent agency of the United States federal government and defined its basic authority . The act gives CPSC the power to develop safety standards and pursue recalls for products that present unreasonable or substantial risks of injury or death to consumers . It also allows CPSC to ban a product if there is no feasible alternative to an outright ban . CPSC has jurisdiction over more than 15,000 different consumer products . The CPSA excludes from jurisdiction those products that expressly lie in another federal agency 's jurisdiction , for example food , drugs , cosmetics , medical devices , tobacco products , firearms and ammunition , motor vehicles , pesticides , aircraft , and boats . These products may fall under the purview of agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration , the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives , the U.S. Department of Agriculture , the U.S. Department of Transportation , the U.S. Environment Protection Agency , and the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration .   The CPSA is codified at . Federal regulations associated with the act are at Title 16 CFR parts 1101 through 1406 . These regulations are numerous and include such laws as the Poison Prevention Packaging Act ( PPPA ) , safety standards for such products as bicycle helmets and cigarette lighters , a ban on lead in paint , and a rule concerning size requirements for toys that could be choking hazards for young children .


query: Anna Paquin lived where she was born for her entire life.

pos: Anna Paquin Anna Helene Paquin ( -LSB- ˈpækwɪn -RSB- born 24 July 1982 ) is a Canadian-born New Zealand actress . Born in Manitoba and brought up in Wellington , New Zealand , Paquin studied at Hutt Intermediate School and the Wellington Girls ' College in New Zealand before moving to Los Angeles during her youth where she studied at Windward School and went on to complete a year at Columbia University before leaving post-secondary to focus on her acting career . As a child , she beat 5000 candidates for the role of Flora McGrath in Jane Campion 's romantic drama film The Piano ( 1993 ) , despite having had little to no acting experience prior to getting the role . For her performance , she received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress at the age of 11 , making her the second-youngest Academy Award winner in Oscar history .   Paquin went on to become a successful child actress , receiving multiple Young Artist Award nominations for her roles in Fly Away Home ( 1996 ) , The Member of the Wedding ( 1997 ) , and A Walk on the Moon ( 1999 ) , and was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture for appearing in Cameron Crowe 's comedy-drama film Almost Famous ( 2000 ) . She played mutant superheroine Rogue in multiple films of the X-Men franchise and was nominated for a Saturn Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for her performance in the first instalment .   Paquin is also known for playing the lead role of Sookie Stackhouse in the HBO vampire drama television series True Blood ( 2008 -- 2014 ) . For her performance in the series , Paquin won the Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series -- Drama in 2009 and was nominated for an additional Golden Globe Award in 2010 , as well as three Saturn Awards and a Screen Actors Guild Award in 2010 . Among other accolades , Paquin has been nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award , a Golden Globe Award , and a Screen Actors Guild Award for her work on the 2007 television film Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee and a Golden Globe Award for her work on the 2009 television film The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler . Paquin has been married since 2010 to actor Stephen Moyer , with whom she has two children .

neg: Cité des Fleurs The Cité des Fleurs is a pedestrian street in the épinettes district in the 17th arrondissement of Paris . This small village in the city remained very picturesque with small size buildings and gardens , with each building and plot following strict building guidelines .   The site was created in 1847 by two landowners and is organized around a 320 meters long pedestrian way . Small houses and hôtels particuliers are built on each side of the way .   It was strongly influenced by the industrial neighbourhood : the Goüin family which owned a big industrial company owned a house for its employees . There were also some small factories : Caramels Valentin-Picards or Poupées Gerb 's .   During World War II , the house at number 25 hosted a Resistance network . The Gestapo discovered it and most members died , shot in Paris or in camps .   The famous French actresses Catherine Deneuve and Françoise Dorléac were born there in 1943 .

neg: Elizabeth Borton de Treviño Mary Elizabeth Victoria Borton de Treviño ( September 2 , 1904 -- December 2 , 2001 ) was an American author .   Elizabeth was born in Bakersfield , California , to Carrie Louise Christensen and attorney Fred Ellsworth Borton . Her family were all enthusiastic readers ; Fred had published short stories and poems before becoming a lawyer . Elizabeth always wanted to become an author . She began writing poetry at age 6 , and had her first poem published at 8 . Her parents strongly encouraged her ambitions .   She attended Stanford University , graduating Phi Beta Kappa in 1925 with a bachelor 's degree in Latin American History . After finishing college , she moved to Massachusetts to study violin at the Boston Conservatory , then worked as a reporter .   On August 10 , 1935 she married Luis Treviño Arreola y Gómez Sánchez de la Barquera ( b. August 5 , 1902 ) and moved to his hometown of Monterrey , Mexico . After their two sons , Luis Federico and Enrique Ricardo Treviño-Borton , were born , they lived in Monterrey for a time , then moved to Mexico City in 1941 . Their final move was to Cuernavaca , Morelos , known popularly as the `` City of Eternal Spring '' .   Her book I , Juan de Pareja ( 1965 ) won the Newbery Medal in 1966 . It was inspired by her elder son Luis ' interest in art , particularly painting . Luis told her the story of the artist Diego Velázquez and his slave Juan de Pareja , model for one of Velázquez ' most famous paintings , whom Velázquez instructed in painting and later freed . After seeing the original of Velázquez ' painting of Juan , she was inspired to write about their relationship . Her younger son Enrique was the translator of the Spanish edition of the novel .   Among her other novels are Nacar the White Deer , The Greek of Toledo , Casilda of the Rising Moon , El Güero : A True Adventure Story , Beyond the Gates of Hercules , and The Fourth Gift . She also wrote five of the `` Pollyanna '' books : Pollyanna in Hollywood , Pollyanna 's Castle in Mexico , Pollyanna 's Door To Happiness , Pollyanna 's Golden Horseshoe , and Pollyanna and the Secret Mission .   Borton later wrote several memoirs of her life as an American who had married into a traditional Mexican family : the best-seller My Heart Lies South and its sequels , Where the Heart Is and The Hearthstone of My Heart . Her last book , Leona : A Love Story , was published in 1994 , when she was 90 .   She died at 97 on December 2 , 2001 in Cuernavaca , Mexico .   Her elder son Luis , an artist , never married . His brother Enrique , an attorney who lived in London for many years , married Sonia Rodríquez Vargas and had three children , Daniel Enrique , Elizabeth Victoria , and León Ricardo .   Treviño 's novel The Music Within inspired American novelist Ray Downs ( Wind Across The Amazon ; One More Mission ) to become a writer . He was an English teacher at the Colegio Americano de Cuernavaca and visited Treviño often . Two of his students were Daniel Enrique and Elizabeth Victoria Treviño - Borton .

neg: Geert R. A. Kliphuis Geert Richt Alexander Kliphuis is an author , songwriter and guitarist , born in the Netherlands in 1955 , and currently living in Brussels , Belgium .   His father was the art therapist Maks Kliphuis ( 1923-2015 ) , as a teacher one of the driving forces behind Middeloo , the social-pedagogic training centre for therapists in Amersfoort , the Netherlands , and later head of the department of creative process therapy -LSB- 1 -RSB- at the Jelgersma Kliniek of Leiden University . Kliphuis 's mother , who died in 1964 , was Nel van der Velde , a drama teacher , radio presenter and author of children 's books , and poetry and fiction for adults . ( Het Kleinere Werk and Het Grotere Werk were published posthumously in 2008/2009 by the Erven Nel Kliphuis-Van der Velde . )   Working as a street-musician in Brussels , the former West-Berlin , Barcelona , Hamburg , London and Paris during the 1970s and 1980s , Kliphuis wrote an extensive series of short travel stories for NRC Handelsblad , the national newspaper published in Rotterdam . He applied the same format for his songs : concise observations with a tragicomical undercurrent . The Belgian band Vaya Con Dios recorded his At the Parallel -LSB- 2 -RSB- , to great critical acclaim , and On A Hot August Night -LSB- 3 -RSB- . Using the pseudonym Jay Conrad , Kliphuis recorded a twenty-odd songs on two albums , A Penniless Gentleman ( 1994 , BMG ) and Steeltown Girls ( 1997 , Arcade ) .   In all , Kliphuis has written close to 70 songs , all registered at SABAM . These days he writes novels , such as The Mirror City -LSB- 4 -RSB- , and publishes Zeitgeist Letters -LSB- 5 -RSB- , a non-profit online magazine about medieval Arabic science and philosophy .

neg: Alexandra Pregel Alexandra Pregel ( née Avksentiev ; Александра Николаевна Прегель , Aleksandra Nikolayevna Pregel ) ( 15 December 1907 -- 28 May 1984 , New York City ) was a Russian artist . She was born in Helsinki , Finland , where her parents lived in political exile from the Czarist régime . Her father was Socialist poltitical figure Nikolai Avksentiev   Her father became Minister of the Interior in the Kerensky government . After the October Revolution Pregel left Russia for Paris with her mother Maria and her stepfather , the Russian writer and editor Mikhail Zetlin . In 1921 , Alexandra was accepted into the studio of the Russian neo-classic artists Vasil Shukhaev and Aleksandr Yakovlev in Montparnasse . In 1928 , Alexandra graduated from the Ecole Nationale Superieure des Arts Decoratifs and continued her studies with Natalia Goncharova .   In 1937 she married Boris Pregel , a Ukrainian dealer in uranium and radium . The couple fled to New York City in 1940 , after the Nazi invasion of France leaving behind 300 works . They moved into a Manhattan apartment overlooking Central Park , which also become Alexandra 's studio .   She had her first exhibition in the United States in 1943 showing 36 paintings and in 1944 Alexandra Pregel was accepted as a member of the National Association of Women Artists . In later years she exhibited regularly , including in Paris in 1947 . She also illustrated Russian literary works , the Jewish Bible and the Haggadah ( Jewish Passover service ) . She stopped painting after the death of her husband in 1976 .

neg: 27 rue de Fleurus 27 rue de Fleurus is the location of the former home of Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas in the 6th arrondissement of Paris on the Left Bank of Paris . It was also the home of Leo Stein for a time in the early nineteen-hundreds . It was a renowned Saturday evening gathering place for both expatriate American artists and writers and others noteworthy in the world of vanguard arts and letters , most notably Pablo Picasso . In the early decades of the century , hundreds of visitors flocked to the display of vanguard modern art , many came to scoff , but several went away converted .   Entrée into the Stein salon was a sought-after validation , and Stein became combination mentor , critic , and guru to those who gathered around her , including Ernest Hemingway , who described the salon in A Moveable Feast . The principal attraction was the collection of Paul Cézanne oils and watercolors and the early pictures by Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso which Gertrude and Leo had had the funds and the foresight to buy . The walls of their atelier at 27 were hung to the ceiling with now-famous paintings , the double doors of the dining room were lined with Picasso sketches . On a typical Saturday evening one would have found Gertrude Stein at her post in the atelier , garbed in brown corduroy , sitting in a high-backed Renaissance chair , her legs dangling , next to the big cast-iron stove that heated the chilly room . A few feet away , Leo Stein would expound to a group of visitors his views on modern art .   In 1933 , Stein published a kind of memoir of her Paris years , The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas , written in the voice of Toklas , her life partner . The book became a literary bestseller and vaulted Stein from the relative obscurity of cult literary figure into the light of mainstream attention .   The gatherings in the Stein home `` brought together confluences of talent and thinking that would help define modernism in literature and art . '' Dedicated attendees included Pablo Picasso , Ernest Hemingway , F. Scott Fitzgerald , Guillaume Apollinaire , Sinclair Lewis , James Joyce , Ezra Pound , Thornton Wilder , Juan Gris , Sherwood Anderson , Francis Cyril Rose , René Crevel , Élisabeth de Gramont , Francis Picabia , Claribel Cone , Mildred Aldrich , Carl Van Vechten and Henri Matisse . Saturday evenings had been set as the jour fixe for formal congregation so Stein could work at her writing uninterrupted by impromptu visitors . It was Stein 's partner Toklas who became the de facto hostess for the wives and girlfriends of the artists in attendance , who met in a separate room .   Stein herself attributed the beginnings of the Saturday evening salons to Matisse , as   Among Picasso 's acquaintances who frequented the Saturday evenings were : Fernande Olivier ( Picasso 's mistress ) , Georges Braque ( artist ) , André Derain ( artist ) , Max Jacob ( poet ) , Guillaume Apollinaire ( poet ) , Marie Laurencin ( artist , and Apollinaire 's mistress ) , Henri Rousseau ( painter ) , and Joseph Stella .   The 2014 opera 27 by Ricky Ian Gordon and Royce Vavrek is inspired by events at 27 rue de Fleurus .

neg: Aquinas High School (New York) Aquinas High School is an all-girls , private , Roman Catholic high school in The Bronx , New York . It is located within the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York .

neg: Always (brand) Always is a brand of feminine hygiene products , including maxi pads , ultra thin pads , pantiliners , and feminine wipes , produced by Procter & Gamble . It was first introduced in the United States in test markets in the spring of 1983 , then nationally in May of 1984 . By the end of 1984 , Always had also been introduced internationally in United Kingdom , Canada , France , Germany , and Africa . According to Rising Tide : Lessons from 165 Years of Brand Building at Procter & Gamble , Always was Procter & Gamble 's `` first truly global brand . ''   Always is sold under the name Whisper in Japan , Singapore , India , China , South Korea , Philippines , Thailand , Hong Kong , Taiwan , Vietnam , Malaysia , Australia , Cambodia , Mongolia , and Indonesia , under the name Lines in Italy , under the name Orkid in Turkey , and under the names Evax and Ausonia in Spain and Portugal . Marketing for the product includes the company 's BeingGirl website .

neg: Anna Palk Anna Palk ( 23 October 1941 -- 1 July 1990 ) was an English actress .   Palk was born in Looe , Cornwall , England and educated at Rise Hall Convent in the East Riding of Yorkshire , and trained as an actress at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts in London . She followed this with rep at Bristol , Leatherhead , Derby , Newcastle upon Tyne and Leeds before embarking on a successful film and television career . Her stage appearances included productions of ` Smith By Any Other Name ' , ` School for Scandal ' , ` Present Laughter ' , ` Butley ' ( in Vienna ) , ` Sexual Perversions ' ( in Chicago ) and a number of national tours . She was married to stockbroker Derek Brierley with whom she had a son , Jonathan .   Her film appearances included Play It Cool ( 1962 ) , The Earth Dies Screaming ( 1964 ) , The Skull ( 1965 ) , Fahrenheit 451 ( 1966 ) , The Frozen Dead ( 1966 ) , The Nightcomers ( 1971 ) and Tower of Evil ( 1972 ) .   She also appeared on TV in Witch Hunt ( 1967 ) , The Persuaders ! ( episode `` The Time and the Place '' , 1970 ) , Jason King ( 1971 ) , The Protectors ( 1972-1974 ) and as Lady Sarah in The Main Chance ( 1969 -- 72 ) .   She died in 1990 in London , England , of cancer .

neg: Anna Pump Anna Pump ( April 11 , 1934 -- October 5 , 2015 ) was a German-born American chef , cookbook author , baker , and innkeeper best known for her bakery and gourmet takeout shop in The Hamptons , Loaves & Fishes . She was the author of four cookbooks and the owner of the Bridgehampton Inn . Pump was a mentor to Ina Garten , of Food Network , who wrote the forward to Pump 's final cookbook Summer on a Plate . She was sometimes a guest on Garten 's Barefoot Contessa .   She moved to the US with her husband in 1960 , where they lived in Frenchtown , New Jersey , before moving to the Hamptons more than a decade later .   A resident of Sag Harbor , New York , Pump was killed while crossing to the north side of Montauk Highway in Bridgehampton , near the post office , when she was struck by a pickup truck heading west on the evening of October 5 , 2015 . She was taken to Southampton Hospital by ambulance , where she succumbed to her injuries . She was 81 .

neg: Susanna Sonnenberg Susanna Sonnenberg is the author of the best-selling memoirs , Her Last Death and She Matters . Her Last Death reached # 11 and She Matters reached # 32 on The New York Times Best Seller list . Both memoirs received wide critical praise .   Michiko Kakutani of The New York Times described Last Death as a `` fiercely observed , fluently written book that captures the chaos and confusions of -LSB- Sonnenberg 's -RSB- youth '' in `` sharp , crystalline prose . '' The New York Times review of She Matters said that Sonnenberg `` demonstrates a self-awareness that is clearly hard-earned '' and that the `` determination to learn from the women who are close to her , to investigate where she failed and where they did , is what gives the book such resonance . '' Her essays have also been widely published in magazines such as Elle , O , The Oprah Magazine , and Parenting .   She is the daughter of Ben Sonnenberg , the American publisher and founder of the literary magazine Grand Street . Born in London and raised in New York , she now lives in Montana with her family .   Reviews of Her Last Death   New York Times   Oprah Magazine   Entertainment Weekly   New York Observer   San Francisco Chronicle   Publisher 's Weekly   The Book Lady 's Blog   Reviews of She Matters   New York Times   Boston Globe   Dallas News   San Francisco Chronicle   NPR   Harpers Bazaar   Book Passage   Publisher 's Weekly   Women 's Voices for Change

neg: Patricia Paay Patricia Anglaia Margareth Paaij ( born 7 April 1949 ) , best known as Patricia Paay , is a Dutch singer , radio host , glamour model and television personality . In the Netherlands , she is well known for her musical career , which spans over four decades . She is also regularly featured on Dutch television and in Dutch tabloid media . Singer Yvonne Keeley is her sister .   In 1984 , Paay was the first glamour model in the Dutch edition of Playboy . In 2009 , Paay posed for the December issue of the Dutch version of the magazine at age 60 , making it the third time she had posed for Playboy .

neg: Anna Balmer Myers Anna Balmer Myers was an American author of romantic novels featuring the local color of Lancaster County , Pennsylvania .   She was born in Lancaster County in Manheim , Pennsylvania and attended school there . She later attended Drexel University and lived and worked as a schoolteacher in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Her most well known work is Amanda : A Daughter of the Mennonites ( 1921 ) ; other works include Patchwork ; a Story of `` the Plain People '' ( 1920 ) , The Madonna of the Curb ( 1922 ) , I Lift My Lamp , and a collection of poetry entitled Rain on the Roof ( 1931 ) . Amanda , about a young Mennonite girl who seeks an education , is hired as a teacher in a local one-room schoolhouse , and eventually marries a childhood friend , contains many delightful appreciations of life along with early 20th century reminiscences , as indicated by such chapters as : `` The Snitzing Party '' , `` Boiling Apple Butter '' , `` The Spelling Bee '' , and `` One Heart Made o ' Two '' . Patchwork , the story of a young girl growing up within a community of `` plain people '' , some of the story in the format of a diary , includes the girl 's first romance . Myers ' work is frequently viewed as a gentle corrective to the harsh misrepresentations of another novelist , Helen Reimensnyder Martin , also from Lancaster County , whose stories about the Pennsylvania Dutch of Lancaster County , particularly her Tillie : a Mennonite Maid , provoked cries of misrepresentation from those who resented her depictions . Myers also authored another work , quite different from her other fiction , I Lift My Lamp , a historical novel about the early settlement of Lancaster County , Henry William Stiegel and his glassworks in Manheim , a Mennonite Eby family , and the Ephrata Cloister .

neg: Maurice Paquin Maurice Paquin , ( born in June 1947 in Dauphin , Manitoba , Canada ) , is a Franco-Manitoban comedian and singer . In 1959 Paquin completed Provencher Elementary School in St. Boniface , Manitoba and High School in 1963 at West Hill Collegiate High School in Toronto , Ontario . In 1967 he earned a Baccalaureat en Arts at Université de Montréal followed by a Bachelor of Science degree at McGill University in 1970 . The following three years were spent in San Gerardo de Dota , Costa Rica , where his first daughter Ligia Rosairis was born in 1972 . Marisol Denieve , his second daughter , was born in Montreal in 1974 ; Maurice worked as Marketing Analyst for Miracle Mart ( 1975 ) and Val Royal LaSalle Building Materials ( 1976 ) . In 1983 he wrote , composed and recorded the musical album La Garantie , with hits such as `` Ya Rien Là '' , `` Motel Henry '' , and `` Maman , Maman '' . Over the next fifteen years , Paquin performed thousands of shows throughout Quebec , Canada and the United States ; appeared in hundreds of television variety shows and commercials , and starred in the CBC short film `` Buried Treasure '' . In 2000 , he obtained an International Concierge Diploma at the ICI Institute in Montreal , Quebec , which led him to work as Chief Concierge in South Florida hotels such as the Ritz Carlton Coconut Grove , the Bentley Beach , Le Meridien , the Mutiny , Quantum on the Bay and 500 Brickell West in Miami , Florida . He is now Housekeeping Supervisor at Mont Tremblant Ski Resort in Quebec .

neg: Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn is a 1990s documentary television series filmed on location in some of the world 's most beautiful , noteworthy gardens , hosted by Audrey Hepburn , who also co-narrates the series with Michael York .  Her Emmy for Outstanding Individual Achievement − Informational Programming was awarded posthumously .   A one-hour introductory special premiered on PBS in March , 1991 ; the premiere of six half-hour episodes began on January 24 , 1993 . Two further episodes along with a re-release of the six-part series by Home & Garden Television premiered in January , 1996 . The series was shown internationally in more than 30 countries . A DVD of all 8 programs was released in 1999 ; in September 2006 , an extended DVD edition was released .   Audrey Hepburn 's principal photography was filmed in the spring and summer of 1990 in exemplary public and private gardens in England , France , Italy , Japan , Netherlands , Dominican Republic & U.S.A. From her home in Tolochenaz , Switzerland that summer Hepburn wrote her foreword to the companion book for the series . She loved nature and gardens and saw a rare opportunity to bring forth their beauty in a poetic , meaningful way . Her life partner Robert Wolders was with Hepburn throughout the production : `` It became an intensely personal and creative process for her . She immersed herself in not only the beauty of the gardens , but also in their origins and evolution . ''   In January 1991 , Hepburn recorded her voice over narration in Los Angeles and graced the cover of House & Garden  magazine , U.S. edition . In New York on March 6 , 1991 , Cartier honored Audrey Hepburn and Gardens of the World with a High Tea reception at their Fifth Avenue Mansion ; the following day , Ralph Lauren at 72nd Street hosted the occasion of her book signing .

neg: Anna Nicole Smith Vickie Lynn Hogan professionally known as Anna Nicole Smith ( born November 28 , 1967 -- February 8 , 2007 ) was an American model , actress and television personality . Smith first gained popularity in Playboy , winning the title of 1993 Playmate of the Year . She modeled for fashion companies including Guess , H&M , Heatherette , and Lane Bryant .   Smith dropped out of high school and was married three years later in 1985 . Her highly publicized second marriage to J. Howard Marshall resulted in speculation that she married the octogenarian mainly for his money , which she denied . Following Marshall 's death , Smith began a lengthy legal battle over a share of his estate . Her case , Marshall v. Marshall , reached the U.S. Supreme Court on a question of federal jurisdiction , and again on a question of bankruptcy court authority ( now called Stern v. Marshall ) .   Smith died on February 8 , 2007 , in a Hollywood , Florida , hotel room as a result of an overdose of prescription drugs . During the final six months of her life , Smith was the focus of renewed press coverage surrounding the death of her son , Daniel , and the paternity and custody battle over her newborn daughter , Dannielynn .

neg: Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic At his death in 1927 , Payne Whitney bestowed the funds to build and endow the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic ( PWC ) on the Upper East Side of Manhattan . An eight story free-standing hospital , it was immediately affiliated with Cornell University 's medical school ( now Weill Cornell Medical College or Weill Cornell Medicine ) and with the New York Hospital ( now New York -- Presbyterian Hospital ) , both of which are adjacent to PWC .   Payne Whitney was a large donor to the Hospital and Medical College , and it has been an issue of long speculation why he chose a psychiatric building to be his primary naming opportunity at New York-Cornell .   The poet Robert Lowell wrote of his hospitalization at Payne Whitney , Marilyn Monroe was hospitalized there in early 1961 , and Mary McCarthy based her book , The Group , on her inpatient experience . The poet James Schuyler wrote about his experiences there in the eleven-poem series `` The Payne Whitney Poems '' which appeared in the New York Review of Books , August 17 , 1978 issue . In Woody Allen 's 1979 film , Manhattan , a character named Caroline Payne Whitney Smith is featured in a comedy sketch , where she and her husband are considered `` normal folks , '' except for the fact that she is a catatonic .   The Payne Whitney building itself was torn down in the early 1990s to make way for an expansion of the New York-Presbyterian Hospital over the FDR Drive . Since that time , all clinical and research services at the two primary Cornell psychiatric campuses -- in Manhattan and in White Plains , New York -- have been named after Payne Whitney . The clinic also has an outpatient and Continuing Day Treatment Program in an off-campus building at East 61st Street and York Avenue on the Upper East Side of Manhattan .   Payne Whitney Clinic and Weill Cornell Medical College have been home to some of the most notable psychiatrists in the country . Currently-affiliated psychiatrists and psychologists include Jack Barchas , Robert Michels , Otto F. Kernberg , James Kocsis , George Makari , Michael Posner , William Breitbart , and Theodore Shapiro . Previously-affiliated psychiatrists include Arnold Cooper , Frederic Flach , Benjamin Spock , Gerald Klerman , Robert Millman , Louis Jolyon West , David Silbersweig , Harry Tiebout , Mary Jane Sherfey , Helen Singer Kaplan , Allen Frances , and Paul McHugh . Payne Whitney has also been the `` voluntary faculty '' home to Roy Schafer , Richard Isay , Gail Saltz , and Daniel Stern , and the recent home of such senior scholars as David A. Hamburg and Beatrix Hamburg .

neg: Karen Irving Karen Irving is a Canadian writer . Irving is the author of the Katy Klein mystery novel series .   Born in Victoria , British Columbia , Irving was educated at Dalhousie University , the University of Ottawa and Carleton University , where she received her master 's degree in Social Work in 1988 .   Irving is known for her Katy Klein series of mystery novels . Set in Ottawa , Ontario , it revolves around the central themes of Jewish culture and astrology . The series follows the adventures of Katy Klein , former staff psychologist turned astrologer , Jewish single mother of a militant teen vegetarian , and reluctant amateur detective .   Pluto Rising ( 1999 ) , the first in the series , was nominated for the Arthur Ellis Award for Best First Novel by the Crime Writers of Canada . The film rights to the series have been optioned by a Canadian production company , and the books have been translated into Italian and Chinese .   Following Raincoast Books ' 2005 decision , the Katy Klein series has been put on hold indefinitely .   Irving currently resides in Ottawa .

neg: Joe's Pub Joe 's Pub , one of the six performance spaces within The Public Theater , is a music venue and restaurant that hosts live performances across genres and arts , ranging from cabaret to modern dance to world music . Joe 's Pub is located at 425 Lafayette Street near Astor Place in Manhattan , New York City . It is named after Joseph Papp , the theatrical producer who established the New York Shakespeare Festival , The Public Theater and the free Shakespeare in the Park program in Central Park .   The venue is notable for being where Amy Winehouse and Adele made their U.S. headlining concert debuts . In 2013 , in its 15th anniversary year , the Pub was declared one of Rolling Stone Magazine 's 10 Best Clubs in America .

neg: Anelia Pavlova Anelia Pavlova , also known as Annael , is a Bulgarian-born Australian artist . She was born in Sofia , Bulgaria in 1956 , and in 1993 moved to Adelaide , South Australia . Her best known image is the Semillon label for the Semillon wine in the Peter Lehmann Wines `` Art Series '' range .   Her works are permanently present in well-known public and private collections such as the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow , Russia , the National Art Gallery in Sofia , Bulgaria , University of Adelaide Art Collection in South Australia , Sony Corporation USA and others . She is also the recipient of a number of prestigious awards for her labels and illustrations , such as the Grand Finalist Award for illustration ( Wine packaging ) in the 25th Adelaide Art Directors Club Award and the 1998 Australian Graphic Design Association ( AGDA ) Award for corporate illustration .   In the past Pavlova has worked in various artistic mediums and forms of expression such as printmaking , illustration , ceramics , icons and oil painting . Her main medium is oil painting .   `` Beauty and wonder are an integral part of her art , not so much in its fantastical aspect , more so in its ... unique viewpoint , -LSB- in its -RSB- perspective of life '' .   In 2007 the artist was interviewed in a dedicated segment on the Bulgarian bTV program `` The Other Bulgaria '' .   From 2010 the artist has begun using the pseudonym `` Annael '' ( derived from `` Anael '' , the name of an Angel in Christian and Judaic traditions ) .

neg: Anna Fantastic Anna Garcia , whose legal name is Anna Florence and is professionally known as Anna Fantastic ( a name given to her by Prince ) , is an English actress , singer and model .