query: Larry Junstrom was in a band.

pos: Larry Junstrom Lawrence E. `` Larry '' Junstrom ( born June 22 , 1949 ) is an American bassist , best known for having been in rock band 38 Special from 1977 until 2014 . He was also one of the founding members of the Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd .

neg: The Del-Byzanteens The Del-Byzanteens was a New York-based no wave band active in the early 1980s . The band comprised Phil Kline ( vocals , guitar ) ; Jim Jarmusch ( vocals , keyboards ) ; Philippe Hagen ( bass ) ; Josh Braun ( percussion , drums ) ; and Dan Braun ( drums , percussion ) . Luc Sante wrote the lyrics to some of their songs , while James Nares sometimes contributed as a percussionist , and occasionally John Lurie performed with them on stage .   They released a 12 '' EP : Girl 's Imagination ( 1981 ) , an LP : Lies to Live By ( 1982 ) , and a 7 '' single : Draft Riot ( 1982 ) . In 1985-86 they recorded two more songs ( `` The Last Time '' and `` Fascination '' ) , which were never finished or officially released .   `` At that time everyone in New York had a band , '' Jarmusch recalled in an interview The Washington Post ( 1984 ) . `` The idea was that you did n't have to be a virtuoso musician to have a band . The spirit was more important than having technical expertise , and that influenced a lot of filmmakers . '' According to Sante , they were `` a band that insouciantly blended high and low , virtuosity and amateurism , calypso and science fiction , pots and pans and drones and the Supremes . They released several records , on a British label , which did very well in the former Yugoslavia . ''   They played a number of concerts at clubs such as CBGB , Hurrah and the Mudd Club in New York City . Two of their songs were featured in Wim Wenders ' 1982 film The State of Things . At the time , Hot Press said that their debut LP was `` a debut equal to anything out of New York these past six years '' , and Melody Maker described it as `` mighty stuff ... You are strongly urged to investigate this record ... outstanding . '' Like the filmmaker Jim Jarmusch , many of its members have gone on to become famous in their own right , making music ( Phil Kline ) , art ( James Nares ) , and writing ( Luc Sante ) .   Their back catalogue has never been re-issued on CD , and Del-Byzanteens vinyl is a rare sight on the second-hand market . However , `` Girl 's Imagination '' was featured on the Beggars Banquet 's 1999 compilation Pspyched ! , and again on the Gomma compilation Anti-NY in 2001 , while `` My Hands Are Yellow ( from the job that i do ) '' was released on New York Noise Vol 2 , in 2003 . Three of their shows at the Hurrah club were filmed , in their entirety , by Merrill Aldighieri . In early 2011 she released a 52-minute `` hand-made '' DVD , `` Eskimo Lounge Music '' , featuring live footage from these performances , interfoiled with recent interviews with the band members .

neg: Chris Walden Big Band The Chris Walden Big Band is a Grammy-nominated 18-piece jazz big band based in Los Angeles , California , founded in 1999 by German composer and arranger Chris Walden . The band consists of Los Angeles based studio musicians who suggested to Walden he should for his own band , after having played his music for various projects in studios .   The band exclusively plays Walden 's own material , which consists of his own compositions or his contemporary arrangements of jazz tunes or film themes . Vocalists who have appeared frequently with the Chris Walden Big Band are Tierney Sutton , Carol Welsman , and Courtney Fortune . The band frequently plays in and around Los Angeles .

neg: Legs Diamond (band) Legs Diamond is an American rock band that has often been called `` The American Deep Purple '' . They formed in Los Angeles , California starting with Michael `` Diamond '' Gargano ( bass ) and Jeff Poole ( drums ) . The group released their self-titled debut album for Mercury Records in 1977 . The original band broke up in 1980 after three popular albums , but reformed in 1984 after their original albums had begun to acquire a cult following .   The new lineup released several more albums and continued to perform throughout the 1990s and 2000s . In 2005 , original frontman Rick Sanford was replaced by ex-Montrose and Wild Horses vocalist John Levesque , and the band released their latest album , `` Diamonds Are Forever '' , in 2006 . Original members include Roger Romeo ( guitar ) , Michael Prince ( keyboards/rhythm guitar ) , and Jeff Poole ( percussion ) . The band still does the occasional gig in the Los Angeles area and at least once a year in San Antonio , TX where they are still hugely popular , the result of being a favorite of influential disc jockey Joe `` the Godfather '' Anthony ( 1940-1992 ) .   Keyboardist Michael Prince is active in studio recording , in Los Angeles , working with some better known R+B and Pop Acts , including Beyoncé , Chris Brown , Usher , Los Lobos and Michael Jackson .   Guitarist Roger Romeo is also currently working in a new band called the Funkin Maniacs . Power drummer Jon Hyde ( Detective ) and NS Stick and bassist Gary Jibilian round out the trio . They are recording a new CD slated for release early 2012 .   As of 2011 , the band was working on their 12th CD due to be available within the year .

neg: The Frogs (band) The Frogs were an American rock music band founded in 1980 , in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , by brothers Jimmy and Dennis Flemion . The brothers mainly wrote and performed short , catchy pop songs , but they are also known for their improvised home recordings which are delivered in a comedic style , and often include controversial issues such as race , religion , and sexuality ( notably homoeroticism ) . A history of strife has hindered the band , although a devoted fan base that includes many well-known musicians has supported the group .

neg: The Cellar (teen dance club) Located in Arlington Heights , Illinois , The Cellar teen dance club provided live musical entertainment in the 1960s . Founded in 1964 by Paul Sampson ( a local record store owner who later became a music promoter and manager ) , this music venue primarily featured Rock and Roll music acts , although some Blues acts performed as well . Original location is uncertain . `` The original cellar was located in the old St. Peters Church basement . '' Bob Lehnert , original vocalist for The Amboy Dukes contributes that its original location was actually a cellar located just a few blocks from the center of Downtown Arlington Heights . It may have been under a church or community center as it had a stage cut out of the north wall . It was in the basement of the Bell Telephone ( AT&T ) building , then moved to the Tire Warehouse across the tracks from the former Captain Rapp 's Restaurant ( 602 W. Northwest Hwy ) The unused warehouse was located on Davis Street , along the Chicago and Northwestern railroad tracks . It closed in 1970 .   The Cellar became a notable venue for several reasons , providing teenagers from the region with a place to congregate and to dance .   It was also notable because of its talented regional house / repeat bands , such as : the Shadows of Knight , The Mauds , H.P. Lovecraft , Saturday 's Children , Ted Nugent with The Amboy Dukes , The Huns , The Raevns , The Other Half , and Little Boy Blues .   Despite the fact it was a modest warehouse venue in a northwestern suburb of Chicago , The Cellar attracted national and international Rock acts , such as : The Who , The Cream , The Byrds , Buffalo Springfield , and The Spencer Davis Group , Three dog Night and The Steve Miller Band   There are a number of notable considerations to keep in mind about The Cellar :   For Garage rock bands/newly forming groups , The Cellar took them out of their garages and/or rehearsal spaces and provided them with on a stage and a teenage audience eager to hear their music . Once on the stage , these Cellar groups gained regional and , in some cases ( such as the Shadows ) , national followings . Further , it provided these local groups with the extraordinary opportunity to open for the major acts who also played there , such as H.P. Lovecraft opening for The Who on June 15 , 1967 .  The Cellar actualized one of the true tenets of Rock and Roll music : it provided a place where people could dance . Indeed , one could view the ultimate demise of true Rock and Roll music with the transition from dancing to seated venues . Once seated , fans only listened and the experience became more cerebral -- which is not exactly a word one primarily associates with the vibrant physicality of Rock and Roll . Defined in its most traditional sense , Rock and Roll is sustained by movement and action . The Cellar served as an environment that allowed the essence of Rock and Roll to flourish .

neg: Zoo Bar (Lincoln, Nebraska) The Zoo Bar is a blues music venue and nightclub located in downtown Lincoln , Nebraska , on 136 North 14th Street . Styled around the Chicago blues clubs , it is a long , narrow venue in a building built in 1921 .   Around 1971 , Jim Ludwig , Bill Kennedy , and Don Chamberlin purchased the bar . Larry Boehmer , a Master of Fine Arts student at the University of Nebraska , Lincoln at the time , promoted the bar to his fellow artists . He booked the first band in 1973 and was sole owner by 1977 .   Boehmer met Chicago musician and promoter Bob Riedy and formed a connection that brought many revered Chicago artists to the Lincoln club . Because of this connection , the Zoo Bar was the first white club that Magic Slim ever played . In 1975 he had never ventured outside the clubs in Chicago 's African-American neighborhoods .   In 1977 , Boehmer was the sole owner and the Zoo was established as an important stop for bands on the touring circuit . The first band Boehmer booked to play in the club was The Cotton Blues Band in the summer of 1973 . The first national act to play at the bar was Luther Allison in September 1974 .   Musical acts have included : Bernard Allison , Luther Allison , Dave Alvin , Billy Bacon and the Forbidden Pigs , Tab Benoit , Tommy Castro , Albert Collins , Robert Cray , Deke Dickerson , Bo Diddley , Chris Duarte , Lil Ed and the Blues Imperials , Tinsley Ellis , Rick Estrin , Anson Funderburgh , Buddy Guy , the Hacienda Brothers , John Hammond , The Belairs , James Harman , Mark Hummel , Candye Kane , Jay McShann , Matt `` Guitar '' Murphy , Charlie Musselwhite , Rod Piazza , Ana Popovic , Otis Rush , Doug Sahm , Curtis Salgado , Gina Sicilia , Magic Slim , Watermelon Slim , Son Seals , Koko Taylor , Junior Wells , Kim Wilson , and Link Wray . Eddie Clearwater , Mighty Joe Young , Clarence Gatemouth Brown , Carey Bell   Numerous live albums have been recorded in the club .   Magic Slim and his band were regular performers at the bar , playing week-long stints . In the 1990s , Magic Slim moved his family from Chicago to Lincoln .   In 1993 the Zoo Bar won the Blues Foundation 's Keeping the Blues Alive Award for Club of the Year .   James Harman wrote a song on behalf of the club called `` Everybody 's Rockin ' ( At The Zoo Bar ) '' , which can be found on Harman 's 1995 Black And White CD .   In 2000 Larry Boehmer retired and passed the bar on to his sons , Jeff and Tim Boehmer , and Pete Watters ; Jeff and Pete are partners in the club now . On September 4 , 2012 , Larry Boehmer died after struggling with lung cancer . Many not only remember Larry as a visual artist and blues player , but as a community builder .   In July 2013 , the bar celebrated its 40th anniversary .

neg: The Lee Boys The Lee Boys are a funk and gospel band based out of Miami , Florida . The band plays in the Sacred Steel tradition that arose out of the musical stylings of the House of God Church . The band plays a mixture of funk music and gospel lyrics , staying true to their roots as a religious group . The band is similar in style to other House of God bands , such as Robert Randolph & the Family Band .   The band has played many notable shows and festivals , such as the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival , Wakarusa Music and Camping Festival , Langerado , Chicago Blues Festival and Bonnaroo . After their 2006 performance at the event , the Chicago-Sun Times compared the band to Jimi Hendrix , saying :   `` The Lee Boys , whose Church of God-inspired sacred steel music may be what Jimi Hendrix had in mind with his grand plan for ' electric sky church music . ' Part Robert Randolph , part Holmes Brothers , the Miami quintet sang the praises while whipping the crowd into a frenzy with hypnotic grooves , innovative pedal-steel/lead guitar interplay and funky rhythms . ''

neg: Larry Sparks Larry Sparks ( born September 25 , 1947 ) is an American Bluegrass singer and guitarist . He was the winner of the 2004 and 2005 International Bluegrass Music Association Male Vocalist of the Year Award . 2005 , won IBMA for Album of the Year and Recorded Event of the Year for his album `` 40 , '' celebrating his 40th year ( 2003 ) in bluegrass music .

neg: Metropolitan Klezmer Metropolitan Klezmer is a New York band that was established in 1994 .  While clearly a Klezmer band , Metropolitan Klezmer takes an eclectic approach to Yiddish musical genres from around the globe .   Songlines magazine calls them `` One of the finest American klezmer bands '' .   The band was formed by drummer ( and Yiddish film scholar ) Eve Sicular with Ismail Butera ( accordion ) , Michael Hess ( violin , ney flutes , kanun zither ) , Dave Hofstra ( bass and tuba ) , and klezmer legend Howie Leess ( 1920-2003 ) ( clarinet & tenor sax ) .  The group expanded to include vocalist Deborah Karpel and a dynamic horn section : Debra Kreisberg ( clarinet/alto sax ) , Pam Fleming ( trumpet/fluegelhorn ) , and Rick Faulkner ( trombone ) .   Individually , Metropolitan Klezmer players have worked with such diverse artists as Bonnie Raitt , The Toasters , Bill Frisell , Toshi Reagon , Juan Carlos Formell , Indigo Girls , Burning Spear , Amy Sedaris , Max Roach , Rufus Wainwright , Nora York , and the Microscopic Septet , as well as Jewish music performers from the Klezmatics and Andy Statman to David Krakauer , Sephardic stars Alhambra and SF 's Charming Hostess .   The band 's CDs have enjoyed positive reviews , awards , and worldwide airplay . Their array of songs includes wedding dances , folk tunes , modal slapstick , odd meter Hanuka fare , postwar Yiddish poetry , Turkish - and Arabic-tinged klezmer traditionals , Hungarian Jewish prayer melody , labor protest hymn , Second Avenue swing classics , vintage Yiddish film soundtrack tangos , love ballads , and originals . They mix modern and traditional instruments and arrangements .

neg: The Linemen The Linemen are an American Alternative Country band originating from Washington , D.C , and formed in 1991 . The group is currently composed of Kevin Royal Johnson ( lead vocals , acoustic guitar ) , Jonathan Gregg ( lead vocals , guitar , pedal steel ) , Bill Williams ( guitars , vocals ) , Antoine Sanfuentes ( drums ) , and Scott McKnight ( bass , vocals ) . The band released four albums before originally splitting up in 2001 .   In 2013 , the band announced their return , and their fifth full-length album , Close the Place Down , was released on the SAM Records label in October 2016 . The band 's name comes from the Jimmy Webb song `` Wichita Lineman . ''

neg: The Prime Movers (Michigan band) The Prime Movers were a blues band based in the Ann Arbor , Michigan , formed in 1965 . The band originally consisted of Michael Erlewine ( lead singer , harmonica ) , Dan Erlewine ( lead guitar ) , Robert Sheff ( keyboards ) , Robert Vinopal ( bass ) , and Michael `` Spider '' Wynn ( drums ) . Vinopal left soon after the band 's formation and was replaced by Jack Dawson . Wynn left a short time later and was replaced by James Osterberg , who would later become famous as Iggy Pop . When he joined the Prime Movers Osterberg took the name `` Iggy '' , from his previous band The Iguanas .   The Prime Movers played throughout the Midwest . In 1966 , the band frequented blues clubs in Chicago where they saw blues legends like Little Walter , Magic Sam , Big Walter Horton , and many other bluesmen perform live . Courted by a subsidiary of Motown Records who wanted to promote them as a white group playing `` black '' music , the band refused to cooperate , preferring to study and perform classic Chicago-style blues than to record songs that were fed to them by Motown . A consequence of this is that they were not professionally recorded . ( Recordings made by the band and fans surfaced years later , including a recording of Iggy Pop singing the Muddy Waters song `` I 'm a Man . '' )   The Prime Movers played a significant part in helping to host the first two Ann Arbor Blues Festivals , in 1969 and 1970 , which were the first ( and largest ) blues festivals ( in terms of the number of great bluesman who performed ) in the U.S. Michael Erlewine interviewed dozens of the performers , and the spirit of these early festivals carried over into the Ann Arbor Blues & Jazz Festival in 1972 , 1973 , and 1974 . Members of the band were also involved in the 1972 festival .   As time passed , the Prime Movers became kind of the elder statesmen in the burgeoning Ann Arbor music scene , working with the younger groups , and playing with visiting artists like Jerry Garcia . They frequently shared the bill with the MC5 . In the Midwest , the band played at Detroit clubs like the Grande Ballroom , the Living End , the Chessmate , and the Wisdom Tooth . They also appeared frequently at Mother Blues in Chicago as well as other Michigan clubs like the 5th Dimension , Mothers , Schwaben Inn , Depot House , Town Bar , and Clint 's Club , and Mr. Flood 's Party .   In 1967 , the band toured the West Coast and spent the Summer of Love in San Francisco , living at the Sausalito Heliport , and playing at places like The Matrix , The Straight Theater , the Haight A , New Orleans House , and the Fillmore West , where they opened for Cream .   Iggy Pop was replaced by Jesse Crawford in early 1967 . Crawford later became famous as the MC for the MC5 , belting out the phrase `` Kick out the jams , Motherfucker ... '' that kicked off their shows . The band went through some 37 members , and broke up by 1970 . The Erlewine brothers continued to play around the Ann Arbor area for some years after that . Michael Erlewine had a solo piano act as late as 1971 , and went on to found the popular All-Music Guide , while Dan Erlewine became an accomplished luthier and prolific author on guitar repair , notably for Guitar Player magazine .

neg: Low Skies Low Skies is an American rock band from Chicago , Illinois .

neg: The Louisville Sluggers The Louisville Sluggers , also known as The Sluggers , were an Australian Swing Revival band from Sydney formed in the late '90s by Glenn ` Nugget ' Scott and his sister , ` The Boss ' .   Their vision was of a swingin ' show with a big band sound , stylin ' threads , and songs everyone could dance to . The band took their name from the popular baseball bat commonly known as a `` Louisville Slugger '' because what does one do with a baseball bat ? -- you swing it . This flash of inspiration took place outside the doors of the beautiful `` art deco '' Enmore Theatre located in Sydney , after the band 's very first photo shoot .   Bandleader and drummer ` Nugget ' was rapping in hip-hop clubs at 16 , drumming in the hardcore band `` Pitbull Attack '' , and skating professionally as well , until his constantly recurring injuries forced him off the ice . With some influence from his sister , ` The Boss ' and her musical tastes in Ska , Swing , Rockabilly , and anything retro from their parents ' era , they set out to find others with the same passion . Six months later they had found enough members for their first rehearsal.This included the boss also meeting Gil Morgan working at the well known Darlinghurst store Route 66 who would become the band 's first guitarist and one of the principal songwriters penning the songs Masterplan and the solid crowd favourite Delores ( The Unstoppable ) the first lineup included the singing talents of Ms Julijani Vasilkov who also contributed lyrics to several compositions as well , eventually they were fronted by Miss Melanie Alexander .   Within one month of their first rehearsal and with only five songs down , ` The Boss ' had them booked on the Vans Warped Tour . The Louisville Sluggers success continued on with many live shows and extensive touring . They scored stints as the house band on the Nine Network 's short-lived programs Sam and The Fatman and Our Place .   The band gained international attention , most notably making it to number one on the American swing website SwingTop40.com with the song `` Time For Swingin ' '' they also made it to number three twice with the tracks `` Well Swung '' and `` Hey Honey , Please '' .   After seven years of performance , the band played their final show at Sydney 's The Basement in October 2005 .

neg: Cougars (band) Cougars is a Chicago-based rock band formed in 2000 .   The band signed to the New York-based label Go-Kart Records in 2003 and has embarked on several extensive US and European tours .   Cougars ' music is often compared to that of The Jesus Lizard and Rocket from the Crypt . The band avoids categorizing themselves in interviews ; they 've claimed to be simply `` a rock band with horns '' and `` a rock band making rock music . ''   In 2007 , the band parted ways with saxophonist Jeff Vidmont and trumpet player Mark Beening . In 2008 , it parted ways with keyboardist Sam Ambrosini .   As of 2012 , the band continues to write material for its much anticipated third studio album , Gentleman 's Choice .

neg: Kent (band) Kent was a Swedish rock band that formed in Eskilstuna , Sweden in 1990 . With members Joakim Berg , Martin Sköld , Sami Sirviö and Markus Mustonen , the band has had numerous radio hits throughout Sweden and Scandinavia and consecutive number-one studio albums on the Sweden top list ( Sverigetopplistan ) beginning with the release of Verkligen ( 1996 ) and led by the single `` Kräm ( så nära får ingen gå ) '' . With origins rooted in distorted rock , they found mainstream success through their alternative rock albums of the mid-1990s , 2000s and 2010s , the latter decades during which they adopted elements of synthpop . With eleven number-one albums , five number-one singles , 23 Swedish Grammy Awards , and over 3 million record sales , Kent is considered the most popular rock/pop group within Sweden and throughout Scandinavia . Vapen & ammunition ( 2002 ) topped the Swedish charts for 95 weeks . Kent is often compared to bands like U2 , Coldplay and Depeche Mode .   Because Kent 's songs are primarily performed in Swedish , they are unfamiliar to most English-speaking audiences . Kent briefly attempted an international career with English versions of the albums Isola ( 1997 ) and Hagnesta Hill ( 1999 ) and an accompanying American tour for the former , but stopped after finding less success than they had in Scandinavia . Joakim Berg , the lead singer and lyricist , says `` there are two kinds of lyrics I write . One kind is based in places and the other is based in feelings . You move between those two whether you want to or not . ''   `` VinterNoll2 '' is an unlockable track in Career Mode on Guitar Hero World Tour . They have their own SingStar called SingStar Kent released on PlayStation 2 and 3 .   The band announced on March 16 , 2016 that they would release their final album , titled Då som nu för alltid , after 26 years of performing . The album was released on May 20 , 2016 . The band 's announcement noted that the dissolution of the band is voluntary and is despite their continued success .   Kent 's final concert was held at Tele2 Arena in Stockholm on 17 December 2016 , ending a months-long farewell tour that covered Sweden , Norway , Finland , and Denmark .

neg: Dancing Cigarettes The Cigarettes are a popular post-punk and art band based in Bloomington , Indiana and active from 1979 through 1983 . They were part of a cadre of Bloomington-based bands that made an impact on the underground music scene . Other bands included The Gizmos , Zero Boys , Dow Jones and the Industrials , and MX-80 Sound . These bands established Indiana as an innovative breeding ground for punk , post-punk and new wave music in the late 1970s and early 1980s .   The group changed line-ups frequently , but typically consisted of singer/guitarist Michael Gitlin , bassist Emily Bonus , keyboardists and multi-instrumentalists Tim Noe and Jaclyn Oddi , drummer John Terrill , and saxophonist Don Trubey . More avant-pop than post-punk , their music was as eclectic as their members ' musical talents would lead one to believe , ranging from squonky Beefheart rock to bouncy Devo-esque new wave , as evidenced by the brilliant `` Pop Doormat '' , which opens with a deceptively anthemic synth line , then uses an ebullient bass and keyboard melody to underscore a disconsolate lyrical theme that wraps with the repeated question `` What am I waiting for ? ''   The band performed regularly in numerous venues in Bloomington , including Second Story , Bullwinkle 's , the Bluebird , and The Gentry Remedy . The band also traveled extensively and performed a venues throughout the US , including CBGB in New York , the Music Box in Kansas City , Mister Goodbar in Buffalo , Tewligans in Louisville , Space Place in Chicago , and many others .   The Cigarettes ' musical style is most frequently characterized by the repeated use of hard dissonances ( minor 2nd 's , major 7th 's ) in combination with angular rhythmic patterns . At times , dissonances are densely packed , as in the thick web of atonal clusters supporting the lyrics of `` Broken Windows . '' A more spacious use of dissonance is found in `` Simple Machines , '' clarified by an intriguing orchestration of the band 's various instrumental sounds . `` Puppies in a Sack '' and `` Piano Lesson/Smith Street '' share a similar `` additive process '' technique in the gradual building of their dissonant and polytonal textures . Combined with this predominantly modular organization of material is a powerful sense of linear motion frequently provided by the band 's lyrics . Often the emotive verbal scenarios create tenuous implications of direction which counteract the clouds of tonal density . In `` Puppies in a Sack , '' the relentless repetition of `` It was fun for a while '' evokes a resignation to nostalgia , which is arrested by the plaintive admission , `` But that was a while ago ! ''   The group recorded frequently but released very little material ( one 7 '' EP and a few appearances on compilations ) while they were a performing organization . Two CDs of their material have been released in the years since the band broke up .   Discography   1981 , Red Snerts : The Sound of Gulcher LP ( Gulcher 004 ) Various Artists sampler including `` Broken Windows '' . This has been reissued on CD as Gulcher 404   1981 , The Gulcher 7 '' EP ( Gulcher 007 ) Puppies In A Sack , Mr. Morse , Pop Doormat , Best Friend   1981 , Segments compilation ( Sirius Music 101 ) Burn in Heaven   1982 , Son of Segments compilation ( Sirius Music 103 ) Dance Dogs Dance   1996 , The School of Secret Music CD ( Turnstile Media TM-2 ) Studio : Bells are Ringing , Burn in Heaven , Jungle Book , Golden Moment , Razor Hand , Heat Pump , Dance Dogs Dance , Bury Your Picture.Live Studio Radio Recordings from Lawrence , Kansas : Poignant , Piano Lesson/Smith Street , Burnt Toast , Nervous and Wrong , Bad Bad Boy , Up Thru the Spiral , Spanish Modern/Insect Boxing , Feel this Pain , Pop Doormat , `` D '' in Anger   2002 , The Gulcher Recordings : 1980-1981 CDStudio : Puppies in a Sack , Mr. Morse , Pop Doormat , Best Friend , Broken Windows , Simple Machines , Poignant ( the final two being outtakes from the EP sessions ) Live at the Bluebird , June 1981 : Whattayawannadonext ? , Mr. Morse , Puppies in a Sack , Talking and Talking , Feel This Pain , Finger Pictures/Razor Hand , Eggs Any Style/Diet of Worms , Banana Industrial Complex , Monsters Eat My Hell , Jackie O/Too Mental For Me , Drawn By You , Burn in Heaven   2016 , Dance Dogs Dance LP ( Magnetic South MS 048 ) Side 1 : Dance Dogs Dance , I Do n't Like Linoleum , Burn in Heaven , Pop Doormat , Bad Bad Boy , Finger Pictures , Razor Hand , Side 2 : Bells are Ringing , Golden Moment , Poignant , Drawn by You , Little Green Thing

neg: Rail (band) Rail is an American rock band that briefly achieved national fame after winning the grand prize of MTV 's Basement Tapes competition in 1983 . Before starting their recording career the group was well known in the Seattle area under the names `` Rail & Company '' and `` Rail & Co. . ''   The band was formed by drummer Kelly Nobles , bassist/singer Terry James Young and guitarist Andy Baldwin at Highland Junior High School in Bellevue , Washington in 1970 . Interlake High School mate Rick Knotts joined the band in 1973 .   Rail won a best local band award from Seattle rock station KZOK-FM in 1978 . The band entered the Billboard 200 albums chart with its self-titled EMI America Records release `` Rail '' . The band toured with Van Halen , Heart , Ted Nugent , Blue Öyster Cult , Three Dog Night , The Beach Boys , Nazareth , and others .   Rail released three albums and one EP between 1980 -- 1997 and remains a long-touring staple of the Washington local music scene . Although not officially recognized on any of their albums , during the early to mid-80 's several well known local artists appeared as guest performers live and in the studio . In 1985 they were joined by guitarist Ronnie Montrose for several months . He was looking for a new band , and Rick Knotts had recently left . Billed as `` Rail featuring Ronnie Montrose '' or `` Ronnie & Rail , '' they played a set of half Rail favorites and half Montrose songs ( `` Rock Candy , '' `` Rock the Nation , '' `` Matriarch , '' and Gamma 's remake of Thunderclap Newman 's `` Something in the Air '' ) . At the end of the tour , there was an amicable split .   The original four members continue to perform and record together . In late 2009 , the band began work on its 5th record .

neg: 'Til the Band Comes In 'Til the Band Comes In is the sixth studio album by the American solo artist Scott Walker . It was released in December 1970 but failed to chart . Three singles were released from the album . The title track backed with `` Jean the Machine '' was released in the Netherlands . `` Jean the Machine '' and `` Thanks For Chicago Mr. James '' were each released in Japan . No singles were released in the UK . The release is a loose concept album about the inhabitants of a tenement .   Walker wrote the songs for the album quickly while on a working holiday in Greece in September 1970 . The album was recorded late that same year between September and November 1970 with Walker 's usual Philips studio team consisting of producer Johnny Franz , engineer Peter J. Olliff and Wally Stott and Peter Knight directing the musical arrangements . Receiving negative reviews the album was first released as an LP in December 1970 . The album was deleted and was not available for over twenty-five years . The album was later reassessed much more favourably and was eventually reissued in the UK on CD by BGO Records in August 1996 , with new liner notes . This new edition fell out of print before a second CD re-issue followed in 2008 by the US label Water Records . The album was re-issued again on 3 June 2013 as part of a 5-CD set entitled Scott - The Collection 1967-1970 .   The original liner notes were by Walker 's then-manager Ady Semel with cover photography by Michael Joseph .

neg: The Section (band) The Section are a US instrumental rock band formed in the early 1970s by musicians Danny Kortchmar , Craig Doerge , Leland Sklar , and Russ Kunkel . They are best known for both studio and stage work in support of some of the best selling solo singers of that decade . Their frequent appearances on the records of artists signed to Asylum Records made them the label 's de facto house band . Their close association with the singer-songwriter and soft rock genres of the 1970s also led to their alternate moniker of `` The Mellow Mafia . ''   They appeared together and individually on albums by Linda Ronstadt , Crosby & Nash , James Taylor , Carole King , Jackson Browne , Warren Zevon , and acted as back-up band on their tours . Other musicians closely associated with The Section include guitarist Waddy Wachtel , bassist Tim Drummond and multi-instrumentalist David Lindley .   By the 1980s , the group stopped working together collectively , though as individuals they continued to play prominent roles in the studio and on tour with many of the most popular solo acts of the decade , including Phil Collins ( who collaborated with Sklar frequently starting with 1985 's No Jacket Required album and subsequent tour ) , Stevie Nicks ( whose landmark Bella Donna album features guitar work from Wachtel , who continues to work with her as her musical director ) , and Don Henley ( who used Kortchmar 's skills on numerous instruments on his Building the Perfect Beast album ) .   Beside their supporting work for other musicians , The Section also released three albums of their own , consisting of mostly instrumental music .

neg: The Good Rats The Good Rats are an American rock band from Long Island , New York . Their music mixes elements of rock with blues and pop . They are best-known on their native Long Island , although they had some success nationally and internationally .


query: Betty Buckley got a Grammy nomination for The Diaries of Adam and Eve.

pos: Betty Buckley Betty Lynn Buckley ( born July 3 , 1947 ) is an American stage , film and television actress , and singer . She starred from 1977 to 1981 on the ABC series Eight is Enough , before going on to win the 1983 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for her role as Grizabella in the original Broadway production of Cats . Her other musical roles include playing Norma Desmond in Sunset Boulevard from 1994 to 1996 , in both London and New York , receiving an Olivier Award nomination . She is a 2012 American Theater Hall of Fame inductee .   Buckley made her Broadway debut in 1969 playing Martha Jefferson in the original production of the musical 1776 . Other Broadway musical credits include Pippin ( 1973 ) and Drood ( 1985 ) . She played gym teacher Ms. Collins in the 1976 Brian de Palma film Carrie and went on to star in the short-lived Broadway musical version of Carrie in 1988 , this time playing Carrie 's mother , Margaret White . She received a Tony Award nomination for the 1997 musical Triumph of Love , Grammy Award nominations for The Diaries of Adam and Eve ( 1999 ) and Stars and the Moon : Live at the Donmar ( 2001 ) , and a Drama Desk Award nomination for the 2013 play The Old Friends . Her other film roles include Dixie Scott in Tender Mercies ( 1983 ) , Sondra Walker in Frantic ( 1988 ) , Kathy in Another Woman ( 1988 ) and Mrs. Jones in The Happening ( 2008 ) . She also had a recurring role in the HBO series Oz ( 2001 -- 03 ) . In 2017 , she received a Saturn Award nomination for her role as Dr. Karen Fletcher in the film Split .

neg: Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance The Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance ( previously called Best Rhythm and Blues Solo Vocal Performance , Female ) was an honor presented at the Grammy Awards , a ceremony established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards , to female recording artists for quality R&B songs . Awards in several categories are distributed annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to `` honor artistic achievement , technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry , without regard to album sales or chart position . ''   According to the category description guide for the 52nd Grammy Awards , the award was presented to artists that performed `` newly recorded solo R&B vocal performances '' . Solo numbers by members of an established group were not eligible for the award as `` separate entries from the duo or group performances . '' Albums were also considered for the accolade until 1992 .   As a part of the major overhaul of Grammy categories , the award was discontinued in 2011 . The Female R&B Vocal Performance category , Male R&B Vocal Performance category and all duo/group vocal performances in the R&B category shifted to the Best R&B Performance category in 2012 .   The award for the Best Female R&B Vocal Performance was first presented to Aretha Franklin at the 10th Grammy Awards ceremony in 1968 for the song `` Respect '' . Franklin received the most wins with eleven , followed by Anita Baker with five . Franklin also holds the record for the most nominations with twenty-three , while Chaka Khan is second with eight nominations . Fantasia Barrino became the final recipient of the award , when her song `` Bittersweet '' won the award in 2011 . The award was presented to artists from the United States each year .

neg: Grammy Award for Best Country Duo/Group Performance The Grammy Award for Best Country Duo/Group Performance is an award presented at the Grammy Awards , a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards . It was first awarded in 2012 , after a major overhaul of Grammy Award categories .  The award combines the previous categories for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal , Best Country Collaboration with Vocals and Best Country Instrumental Performance ( if the instrumental recording is performed by a duo or group ) . The restructuring of these categories was a result of the Recording Academy 's wish to decrease the list of categories and awards .   According to the 54th Grammy Awards description guide it is designed for duo/group or collaborative ( vocal or instrumental ) country recordings and is limited to singles or tracks only .

neg: Jane Van Etten Jane Van Etten , sometimes credited under her married name , Jane Van Etten Andrews ( born 1871 ) was an American composer and singer , one of the first female composers in the United States to have an opera produced by a regular opera company . This was Guido Ferranti , a one-act opera to a libretto by Elsie M. Wilbor based on the play The Duchess of Padua by Oscar Wilde . It was premiered on December 29 , 1914 , in Chicago by the Century Opera Company at the Auditorium Theater . Hazel Eden was Beatrice and Worthe Faulkner Guido Ferranti ; the work was conducted by Agide Jacchia . The piece received the Bispham Memorial Medal Award . It was said that Van Etten had not studied orchestration , harmony or counterpoint prior to the creation of the opera . The opera won great critical acclaim , but appears not to have been performed again after its premiere . Its music has been described as `` tuneful in the Puccini mode '' .   Van Etten was a native of St. Paul , Minnesota ; the daughter of Isaac Van Etten , a prominent local lawyer and politician , she was descended from the Van Etten family of New York . She studied music in New York City , Paris , and London ; her debut came as Siébel in Faust at the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane in 1895 . Among her teachers was Mathilde Marchesi . Upon her marriage in 1901 she gave up singing to concentrate on composition , though she later worked as a teacher of voice in Chicago ; she and her husband , Alfred Burritt Andrews , lived in Evanston , Illinois . Besides the opera , her compositions include songs . Her teachers of composition included Alexander von Fielitz and Bernhard Ziehn .   Van Etten 's date of death is unknown . Two of her songs have been recorded .

neg: Mojo Pin `` Mojo Pin '' is the first song on Jeff Buckley 's 1994 album Grace . It was written by Jeff Buckley and Gary Lucas , and was first introduced on his EP , Live at Sin-é . Buckley stated that the song was about a dream of a black woman . Through a wash of bizarre images , the lyrics convey a feeling of addiction , either to drugs or a person . In Jeff 's words , `` Sometimes if somebody you feel you need ... the whole universe tells you that you have to have her , you start watching her favorite TV shows all night , you start buying her the things she needs , you start drinking her drinks , you start smoking her bad cigarettes , you start picking up her nuances in her voice , you sleep in safe sometimes the most dangerous thing ... this is called Mojo Pin . '' ( Astoria , London , UK , 18/01/95 )   The song mixes a psychedelic feel , along with a more hard rock tone at intervals throughout the song . The original music for both `` Grace '' ( `` Rise Up to Be '' ) and `` Mojo Pin '' ( `` And You Will '' ) without Jeff 's vocals can be found on Gary Lucas 's CD , Level the Playing Field . The song is also featured on the Gary Lucas & Gods and Monster 's CD , Coming Clean , with vocals by Michael Schoen .   Live version of the song featured a long introduction entitled `` Chocolate '' in which Jeff imitated the vocal style of Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan .

neg: Anomie Belle Anomie Belle ( an · o · me bel ) is an American multi-instrumentalist , vocalist , songwriter , producer , and artivist from Seattle . Originally a classically trained violinist and songwriter , Anomie began writing and recording her own music as a child . She has since developed an eclectic and avant-garde musical style that incorporates aspects of electronic , classical , art pop , experimental , trip hop , glitch , and soul .   Her music grapples with issues ranging from critiques of power to intimacy and sexuality . Anomie often explores the emotional experiences of `` beautiful alienation '' created by modern consumer society , and the passive guilt of unsustainable lifestyles that are destructive to our natural environment and human well-being . She has also highlighted these issues in collaboration with artists across disciplines , or Culture Jammers such as The Yes Men . Anomie is openly queer and throughout her work she blurs typical representations of sexuality .

neg: Adam von Buhler Adam von Buhler is a producer and musician , currently one half of the rock duo Anarchy Club , and a former member of the band Splashdown . He plays drums , bass , guitar and other instruments , and works the studio gear . Although he plays most of the instruments heard on Anarchy Club recordings and is responsible for the guitar solos , he solely plays bass guitar live , when the band adds a drummer and rhythm guitarist .   He has no formal musical training and plays entirely by ear .  His name appears as either Adam Buhler or Adam von Buhler from project to project . He is the former husband of the artist Cynthia von Buhler .  In the 90s , he was a co-founder of the Boston indie record label and art group , Castle von Buhler .   In late 2010 , he introduced a new project , a duo with Scottish singer Alice Ishbel Watson , under the name of Map & Key .

neg: Melissa Etheridge Melissa Lou Etheridge ( born May 29 , 1961 ) is an American singer-songwriter , guitarist , and activist . Her self-titled debut album Melissa Etheridge was released in 1988 and became an underground success . The album peaked at No. 22 on the Billboard 200 , and its lead single , `` Bring Me Some Water '' , garnered Etheridge her first Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock Vocal Performance , Female . In 1993 , Etheridge won her first Grammy award for her single `` Ai n't It Heavy '' from her third album , Never Enough . Later that year , she released what would become her mainstream breakthrough album , Yes I Am . Its tracks `` I 'm the Only One '' and `` Come to My Window '' both reached the top 30 in the United States , and the latter earned Etheridge her second Grammy award . Yes I Am peaked at No. 15 on the Billboard 200 , and spent 138 weeks on the chart , earning a RIAA certification of 6x Platinum , her largest to date .   In October 2004 , Etheridge was diagnosed with breast cancer , and underwent surgery and chemotherapy . At the 2005 Grammy Awards , she made a return to the stage and , although bald from chemotherapy , performed a tribute to Janis Joplin with the song `` Piece of My Heart '' . Etheridge 's performance was widely lauded , with India.Arie writing `` I Am Not My Hair '' about Etheridge . Later that year , Etheridge released her first compilation album , Greatest Hits : The Road Less Traveled . The album was a success , peaking at No. 14 on the Billboard 200 , and going Gold almost immediately . Her latest studio album is This Is M.E. .   Etheridge is known for her mixture of `` confessional lyrics , pop-based folk-rock , and raspy , smoky vocals . '' She has also been a gay and lesbian activist since her public coming out in January 1993 . She has received fifteen Grammy Award nominations throughout her career , winning two , in 1993 and 1995 , respectively . In 2007 , she won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for `` I Need to Wake Up '' from the film An Inconvenient Truth . In September 2011 , Etheridge received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame .

neg: 30th Primetime Emmy Awards The 30th Primetime Emmy Awards were held on September 17 , 1978 . The ceremony was broadcast on CBS , from the Pasadena Civic Auditorium , Pasadena , California .   The top shows of the night were All in the Family which won its then record fourth Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series , and The Rockford Files . CBS continued its streak of dominance by winning its eighth straight Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series , this record still stands . Actor Will Geer received three posthumous acting nominations for three different performances , but lost in each category .   For the first time in Emmy history , two shows won six major awards , All in the Family became the first show to win six major awards twice , and the miniseries Holocaust tied the record for most wins by a miniseries set the previous year by Roots .   This ceremony was interrupted for thirty minutes by a nationally televised address by then-President Jimmy Carter , joined by then-Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin and then-Egyptian president Anwar Sadat in which President Carter announced the signing of the Camp David Accords .   Rita Moreno 's win made her the third person to become an EGOT .

neg: The Lizzie Bennet Diaries The Lizzie Bennet Diaries is an American web series adapted from Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice . The story is conveyed in the form of vlogs . It was created by Hank Green and Bernie Su , produced by Jenni Powell and stars Ashley Clements , Mary Kate Wiles , Laura Spencer , Julia Cho and Daniel Vincent Gordh . It premiered on a dedicated YouTube channel on April 9 , 2012 , and subsequently concluded when the 100th episode was posted on March 28 , 2013 .   In 2013 , The Lizzie Bennet Diaries became the first digital series to win an Emmy , for Outstanding Creative Achievement In Interactive Media - Original Interactive Program .

neg: Brendan Buckley Brendan Buckley is an American drummer .

neg: Bathhouse Betty Bathhouse Betty is the ninth studio album by the American singer Bette Midler , released in 1998 . Bathhouse Betty was Midler 's debut album for Warner Bros. . Records , after having parted ways with sister label Atlantic Records in 1995 following the moderate commercial success of her later-platinum certified album Bette of Roses .

neg: The Valley (Betty Who album) The Valley is the second studio album by Australian recording artist Betty Who , released on 24 March 2017 by RCA Records . The album is preceded by the singles `` I Love You Always Forever '' , `` Human Touch '' , `` Some Kinda Wonderful '' , and `` Mama Say '' .

neg: Betty Everett Betty Everett ( November 23 , 1939 -- August 19 , 2001 ) was an American soul singer and pianist , best known for her biggest hit single , the million-selling `` The Shoop Shoop Song ( It 's in His Kiss ) '' .

neg: 9th Primetime Emmy Awards The 9th Emmy Awards , later referred to as the 9th Primetime Emmy Awards , were held on March 16 , 1957 to honor the best in television of the year . The ceremony was held at the NBC Studios in Burbank , California . Desi Arnaz hosted the event . All nominations are listed , with winners in bold and series ' networks are in parentheses . Categories were sorted based on running time , instead of by genre .   The top shows of the night were Caesar 's Hour and Playhouse 90 . Each show won a then-record five major awards , ( however , two of Playhouse 90 's wins came in now defunct categories ) .   Caesar 's Hour became the first show to be nominated in all four major acting categories . Caesar 's Hour also made history when it swept the four acting categories . After over fifty years , it remains the only comedy or drama series to win every major acting award . In 2004 , the miniseries Angels in America became the second show , and first miniseries/television movie , to sweep the acting field .

neg: Betty Hutton Betty Hutton ( born Elizabeth June Thornburg ; February 26 , 1921 -- March 12 , 2007 )  was an American stage , film , and television actress , comedian , dancer , and singer .

neg: Doin' the Do `` Doin ' the Do '' is a popular song written by British singer Alison Clarkson , known by the stage name Betty Boo . The song was included on her debut album Boomania and was released as a single in May 1990 . It was her second musical release , following her collaboration with The Beatmasters on their song `` Hey DJ/I Ca n't Dance ( To That Music You 're Playing ) '' in 1989 . The song sampled portions of the 1968 single `` Captain of Your Ship '' by the American girl group Reparata and the Delrons .   The single charted at number seven in the UK and also reached number three in Australia . In the US , `` Doin ' the Do '' went to number one on the dance chart and also crossed over to the Billboard Hot 100 chart , where it peaked at 90 in November 1990 .   The song was also sampled for the opening credits of the Bitmap Brothers game , Magic Pockets

neg: Grammy Award for Best New Artist The Grammy Award for Best New Artist has been awarded since 1959 . Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were handed out , for records released in the previous year . The award was not presented in 1967 . The official guidelines are as follows : `` For a new artist who releases , during the Eligibility Year , the first recording which establishes the public identity of that artist . '' Note that this is not necessarily the first album released by an artist .   It is sometimes asserted , with varying degrees of sincerity , that winning the award is a curse , as several award winners ( particularly from the late 1970s and early 1980s ) were never able to duplicate the success they experienced in their debut year . This viewpoint was expressed by former Starland Vocal Band member Taffy Danoff in a 2002 interview for VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders : `` We got two of the five Grammys -- one was Best New Artist . So that was basically the kiss of death and I feel sorry for everyone who 's gotten it since . ''   The category is also notable for being the only one of its kind in which a Grammy Award was vacated . This occurred in 1990 after it was revealed winners Milli Vanilli did not contribute their own vocals on their debut album . The award was revoked , but was not handed out to another artist .   Of the 54 awards presented in the category since its inception , the honor has been presented to 25 solo female artists , 18 duos or groups , and 11 solo male artists . Between 1997 and 2003 , all the winners were solo female artists . Also , from 1993 to 2005 , no winner was a solo male artist . In 2006 , John Legend broke this trend , which started with Marc Cohn in 1992 . Only four artists have won both Best New Artist and Album of the Year in the same year : Bob Newhart in 1961 , Christopher Cross in 1981 , Lauryn Hill in 1999 and Norah Jones in 2003 .   Of all the winners , only three have been country artists . In 1997 , LeAnn Rimes became the first country artist to win the award . She was followed by Carrie Underwood in 2007 and Zac Brown Band in 2010 . Additionally , 2017 marked the first time that two country artists were nominated in this category in the same year .   1984 marked the first time that all of the nominees were from outside of the United States ( Winner Culture Club , Eurythmics , and Musical Youth were from England , Big Country was from Scotland , and Men Without Hats were from Canada ) .

neg: Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Classical The Grammy Award for Producer of the Year , Classical is an honor presented to record producers for quality classical music productions at the Grammy Awards , a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards . Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to `` honor artistic achievement , technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry , without regard to album sales or chart position '' .   Originally known as the Grammy Award for Classical Producer of the Year , the award was first presented to James Mallinson at the 22nd Grammy Awards ( 1980 ) . The name remained unchanged until 1998 , when the category became known as Producer of the Year , Classical . According to the category description guide for the 52nd Grammy Awards , the award is presented to album producers `` whose recordings , released for the first time during the eligibility year , represent consistently outstanding creativity in the production of classical recordings '' . Producers must have produced at least 51 % playing time on three separately released recordings ( only one of which can be an opera released in DVD format ) . Producers may submit content as a team only if they worked together exclusively during the period of eligibility .  Anthony Tommasini , music critic for The New York Times , asserted that `` In the struggling field of classical recording , it 's the producers who take the real risks and make things happen . '' The honor is presented alongside the award for Producer of the Year , Non-Classical .   As of 2015 , Steven Epstein and Robert Woods share the record of the most wins , with seven each . Judith Sherman has won the award four times , while David Frost and James Mallinson have been presented the award three times each . Two-time recipients include Joanna Nickrenz ( once alongside Marc Aubort ) . Woods ' wife , Elaine Martone , received the honor in 2007 . David Frost is the son of Thomas Frost , who received an award in the same category in 1987 .

neg: Tony Fagenson Anthony Edward `` Tony '' Fagenson ( born July 18 , 1978 ) is a producer , songwriter , and drummer for rock band Eve 6 . While attending the University of Southern California , he auditioned for La Crescenta , CA band Eleventeen ( eventually to become Eve 6 ) to replace their drummer . A fan at the time of the Fox TV show `` The X-Files '' , Fagenson and singer Max Collins were inspired to name the band Eve 6 after seeing the X-Files episode `` Eve '' while recording their first album .   When not spending time on band matters , Fagenson has produced and co-written songs for artists such as Puddle of Mudd , Emily Osment , Illustrated , the Johnsons , Sandra N , Malbec , the Outré , and others .   In 2005 , Fagenson joined former Eve 6 member Max Collins in forming a new band , The Sugi Tap . They played smaller venues and released an EP .   Tony is the son of the Grammy Award winning producer Don Was .

neg: Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song The Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song was a new category at the 2015 ceremony of the annual Grammy Awards . It combines two previously separate categories in the Gospel/Contemporary Christian Music field , Best Contemporary Christian Music Song and Best Gospel/Contemporary Christian Music Performance . The new category recognizes both songwriters and performers ( solo/duos/groups / collaborations/etc . ) and is open for singles or tracks only . Songwriters are only awarded a Grammy Award if it is a newly written song . Grammy 's for cover versions of previously recorded songs are awarded to the performer ( s ) only .   Along with the also newly formed Best Gospel Performance/Song category , these mark the only Grammy categories which honor both performers and songwriters in one category .   These changes were made in June 2014 by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences `` in the interest of clarifying the criteria , representing the current culture and creative DNA of the gospel and Contemporary Christian Music communities , and better reflecting the diversity and authenticity of today 's gospel music industry . ''   According to the Grammy committee , the move recognizes `` the critical contribution of both songwriters and performers by combining songwriters and artists into the Best Gospel Performance/Song and Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song categories . ''   Gospel performances , which were previously recognized in the Best Gospel/Contemporary Christian Music Performance category , will now fall under the newly created Best Gospel Performance/Song category .


query: Stephen Hawking is not a civilian.

pos: Stephen Hawking Stephen William Hawking , ( born 8 January 1942 ) is an English theoretical physicist , cosmologist , author and Director of Research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology within the University of Cambridge . His scientific works include a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativity and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation , often called Hawking radiation . Hawking was the first to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics . He is a vigorous supporter of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics .   Hawking is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts , a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences , and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the highest civilian award in the US . In 2002 , Hawking was ranked number 25 in the BBC 's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons . He was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge between 1979 and 2009 and has achieved commercial success with works of popular science in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general ; his book A Brief History of Time appeared on the British Sunday Times best-seller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks .   Hawking has a rare early-onset , slow-progressing form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) that has gradually paralysed him over the decades . He now communicates using a single cheek muscle attached to a speech-generating device .

neg: Fellow of the Royal Society Fellowship of the Royal Society ( FRS , ForMemRS and HonFRS ) is an award and fellowship granted by the Royal Society of London to individuals the society judges to have made a `` substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge , including mathematics , engineering science and medical science '' .   Fellowship of the Society , the oldest scientific academy in continuous existence , is a significant honour which has been awarded to many eminent scientists from history including Isaac Newton ( 1672 ) , Charles Darwin ( 1839 ) , Michael Faraday ( 1824 ) , Ernest Rutherford ( 1903 ) , Srinivasa Ramanujan ( 1919 ) , Albert Einstein ( 1921 ) , Winston Churchill ( 1941 ) , Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar ( 1944 ) , Dorothy Hodgkin ( 1947 ) , Alan Turing ( 1951 ) and Francis Crick ( 1959 ) . More recently , fellowship has been awarded to Stephen Hawking ( 1974 ) , Tim Hunt ( 1991 ) , Elizabeth Blackburn ( 1992 ) , Tim Berners-Lee ( 2001 ) , Venkatraman Ramakrishnan ( 2003 ) , Andre Geim ( 2007 ) , James Dyson ( 2015 ) , Ajay Kumar Sood ( 2015 ) and around 8000 others in total , including over 280 Nobel Laureates since 1900 . , there are around 1600 living Fellows , Foreign and Honorary Members .   Fellowship of the Royal Society has been described by The Guardian newspaper as `` the equivalent of a lifetime achievement Oscar '' with several institutions celebrating their announcement each year .

neg: Stephen Gilson Stephen Gilson is an American theorist and policy analyst who is best known for his work in disability , diversity , and health policy through the lens of legitimacy theory and disjuncture theory . Co-authored with Elizabeth DePoy , Gilson developed Explanatory Legitimacy Theory . Through that lens , Gilson analyzes how population group membership is assigned , is based on political purpose , and is met with formal responses that serve both intentionally and unintentionally to perpetuate segregation , economic status quo , and inter-group tension . Additionally , co-authored with DePoy , Gilson developed Disjuncture Theory . This theory explains disability as an interactive `` ill-fit '' between bodies ( broadly defined ) and environments ( broadly defined ) .   Gilson has applied legitimacy theory and disjuncture theory to the analysis and enactment of health policy and practices related to access and to illness prevention . Along with DePoy , Gilson has implemented his vision of socially just policy based on universal access principles through the creation of a web portal that renders existing illness prevention information accessible to individuals across diversity category boundaries .   Gilson has received invitations to keynote at national and international conferences on disability studies and distinguished lectures at University of Illinois at Chicago , University of Michigan at Ann Arbor , Smith College , NYU , University of North Carolina , Ono Academic College , Research Institute for Health and Medical Professions , and others .

neg: Leonard Parker Leonard Emanuel Parker ( born Leonard Pearlman in 1938 in Brooklyn , New York ) is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Physics and a former Director of the Center for Gravitation and Cosmology at the University of Wisconsin -- Milwaukee . During the late 1960s , Parker established a new area of physics - quantum field theory in curved spacetime . Specifically , by applying the technique of Bogoliubov transformations to quantum field theory with a changing gravitational field , he discovered the physical mechanism now known as gravitational particle production . His work inspired research by hundreds of physicists and has been cited in more than 2,000 research papers ; it was credited in the memoirs of Soviet physicist Andrei Sakharov and helped Stephen Hawking discover the creation of particles by black holes .   Recently , with David Toms of Newcastle University , Parker co-wrote a latest addition to graduate-level textbooks on quantum field theory in curved spacetime , entitled Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime : Quantized Fields and Gravity ( Cambridge University Press , 2009 , ISBN 978-0-521-87787-9 ) .   He received his PhD from Harvard University in 1967 . His advisor was Sidney Coleman .

neg: Black-hole cosmology A black-hole cosmology ( also called Schwarzschild cosmology or black-hole cosmological model ) is a cosmological model in which the observable universe is the interior of a black hole . Such models were originally proposed by theoretical physicist Raj Pathria , and concurrently by mathematician I. J. Good .   Any such model requires that the Hubble radius of the observable universe is equal to its Schwarzschild radius , that is , the product of its mass and the Schwarzschild proportionality constant . This is indeed known to be nearly the case ; however , most cosmologists consider this close match a coincidence .   In the version as originally proposed by Pathria and Good , and studied more recently by , among others , Nikodem Popławski ,  the observable universe is the interior of a black hole existing as one of possibly many inside a larger universe , or multiverse .   According to general relativity , the gravitational collapse of a sufficiently compact mass forms a singular Schwarzschild black hole . In the Einstein -- Cartan -- Sciama -- Kibble theory of gravity , however , it forms a regular Einstein -- Rosen bridge , or wormhole . Schwarzschild wormholes and Schwarzschild black holes are different , mathematical solutions of general relativity and the Einstein -- Cartan theory . Yet for observers , the exteriors of both solutions with the same mass are indistinguishable . The Einstein -- Cartan theory extends general relativity by removing a constraint of the symmetry of the affine connection and regarding its antisymmetric part , the torsion tensor , as a dynamical variable . Torsion naturally accounts for the quantum-mechanical , intrinsic angular momentum ( spin ) of matter . The minimal coupling between torsion and Dirac spinors generates a repulsive spin-spin interaction which is significant in fermionic matter at extremely high densities . Such an interaction prevents the formation of a gravitational singularity . Instead , the collapsing matter reaches an enormous but finite density and rebounds , forming the other side of an Einstein-Rosen bridge , which grows as a new universe . Accordingly , the Big Bang was a nonsingular Big Bounce at which the universe had a finite , minimum scale factor .

neg: Atomic orbital In quantum mechanics , an atomic orbital is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of either one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom . This function can be used to calculate the probability of finding any electron of an atom in any specific region around the atom 's nucleus . The term , atomic orbital , may also refer to the physical region or space where the electron can be calculated to be present , as defined by the particular mathematical form of the orbital .   Each orbital in an atom is characterized by a unique set of values of the three quantum numbers , , and , which respectively correspond to the electron 's energy , angular momentum , and an angular momentum vector component ( the magnetic quantum number ) . Each such orbital can be occupied by a maximum of two electrons , each with its own spin quantum number . The simple names s orbital , p orbital , d orbital and f orbital refer to orbitals with angular momentum quantum number and respectively . These names , together with the value of , are used to describe the electron configurations of atoms . They are derived from the description by early spectroscopists of certain series of alkali metal spectroscopic lines as sharp , principal , diffuse , and fundamental . Orbitals for > 3 continue alphabetically , omitting j ( g , h , i , k , ... ) because some languages do not distinguish between the letters `` i '' and `` j '' .   Atomic orbitals are the basic building blocks of the atomic orbital model ( alternatively known as the electron cloud or wave mechanics model ) , a modern framework for visualizing the submicroscopic behavior of electrons in matter . In this model the electron cloud of a multi-electron atom may be seen as being built up ( in approximation ) in an electron configuration that is a product of simpler hydrogen-like atomic orbitals . The repeating periodicity of the blocks of 2 , 6 , 10 , and 14 elements within sections of the periodic table arises naturally from the total number of electrons that occupy a complete set of s , p , d and f atomic orbitals , respectively , although for higher values of the quantum number , particularly when the atom in question bears a positive charge , the energies of certain sub-shells become very similar and so the order in which they are said to be populated by electrons ( e.g. Cr = -LSB- Ar -RSB- 4s13d5 and Cr2 + = -LSB- Ar -RSB- 3d4 ) can only be rationalized somewhat arbitrarily .

neg: Gravitational anomaly In theoretical physics , a gravitational anomaly is an example of a gauge anomaly : it is an effect of quantum mechanics -- usually a one-loop diagram -- that invalidates the general covariance of a theory of general relativity combined with some other fields . The adjective `` gravitational '' is derived from the symmetry of a gravitational theory , namely from general covariance . A gravitational anomaly is generally synonmous with diffeomorphism anomaly , since general covariance is symmetry under coordinate reparametrization ; i.e. diffeomorphism .   General covariance is the basis of general relativity , the current theory of gravitation . Moreover , it is necessary for the consistency of any theory of quantum gravity , since it is required in order to cancel unphysical degrees of freedom with a negative norm , namely gravitons polarized along the time direction . Therefore , all gravitational anomalies must cancel out .   The anomaly usually appears as a Feynman diagram with a chiral fermion running in the loop ( a polygon ) with n external gravitons attached to the loop where where is the spacetime dimension . Field-theoretic pure gravitational anomalies occur only in even spacetime dimensions . However , diffeomorphism anomalies can occur in the case of an odd-dimensional spacetime manifold with boundary .

neg: Climate change denial Climate change denial , or global warming denial , is part of the global warming controversy . It involves denial , dismissal , unwarranted doubt or contrarian views which strongly depart from the scientific opinion on climate change , including the extent to which it is caused by humans , its impacts on nature and human society , or the potential of adaptation to global warming by human actions . Some deniers do endorse the term , but others often prefer the term climate change skepticism , although this is a misnomer for those who deny anthropogenic global warming . In effect , the two terms form a continuous , overlapping range of views , and generally have the same characteristics : both reject , to a greater or lesser extent , mainstream scientific opinion on climate change . Climate change denial can also be implicit , when individuals or social groups accept the science but fail to come to terms with it or to translate their acceptance into action . Several social science studies have analyzed these positions as forms of denialism .   Campaigning to undermine public trust in climate science has been described as a `` denial machine '' of industrial , political and ideological interests , supported by conservative media and skeptical bloggers in manufacturing uncertainty about global warming . In the public debate , phrases such as climate skepticism have frequently been used with the same meaning as climate denialism . The labels are contested : those actively challenging climate science commonly describe themselves as `` skeptics '' , but many do not comply with common standards of scientific skepticism and , regardless of evidence , persistently deny the validity of human caused global warming .   Although scientific opinion on climate change is that human activity is extremely likely to be the primary driver of climate change , the politics of global warming have been affected by climate change denial , hindering efforts to prevent climate change and adapt to the warming climate . Those promoting denial commonly use rhetorical tactics to give the appearance of a scientific controversy where there is none .   Of the world 's countries , the climate change denial industry is most powerful in the United States . Since January 2015 , the United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works has been chaired by oil lobbyist and climate change denier Jim Inhofe . Inhofe is notorious for having called climate change `` the greatest hoax ever perpetrated against the American people '' and for having claimed to have debunked the alleged hoax in February 2015 when he brought a snowball with him in the Senate chamber and tossed it across the floor . Organised campaigning to undermine public trust in climate science is associated with conservative economic policies and backed by industrial interests opposed to the regulation of emissions . Climate change denial has been associated with the fossil fuels lobby , the Koch brothers , industry advocates and libertarian think tanks , often in the United States . More than 90 % of papers sceptical on climate change originate from right-wing think tanks .  The total annual income of these climate change counter-movement-organizations is roughly $ 900 million . Between 2002 and 2010 , nearly $ 120 million ( # 77 million ) was anonymously donated via the Donors Trust and Donors Capital Fund to more than 100 organisations seeking to undermine the public perception of the science on climate change . In 2013 the Center for Media and Democracy reported that the State Policy Network ( SPN ) , an umbrella group of 64 U.S. think tanks , had been lobbying on behalf of major corporations and conservative donors to oppose climate change regulation .   Since the late 1970s , oil companies have published research broadly in line with the standard views on global warming . Despite this , oil companies organized a climate change denial campaign to disseminate public disinformation for several decades , a strategy that has been compared to the organized denial of the hazards of tobacco smoking by tobacco companies .

neg: Stochastic quantum mechanics Stochastic quantum mechanics ( or the stochastic interpretation ) is an interpretation of quantum mechanics .   The modern application of stochastics to quantum mechanics involves the assumption of spacetime stochasticity , the idea that the small-scale structure of spacetime is undergoing both metric and topological fluctuations ( John Archibald Wheeler 's `` quantum foam '' ) , and that the averaged result of these fluctuations recreates a more conventional-looking metric at larger scales that can be described using classical physics , along with an element of nonlocality that can be described using quantum mechanics . A stochastic interpretation of quantum mechanics due to persistent vacuum fluctuation . The main idea is that vacuum or spacetime fluctuations are the reason for quantum mechanics and not a result of it as it is usually considered .

neg: Strategic Defense Initiative The Strategic Defense Initiative ( SDI ) was a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons ( intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched ballistic missiles ) . The system , which was to combine ground-based units and orbital deployment platforms , was first publicly announced by President Ronald Reagan on March 23 , 1983 . The initiative focused on strategic defense rather than the prior strategic offense doctrine of mutual assured destruction ( MAD ) . The Strategic Defense Initiative Organization ( SDIO ) was set up in 1984 within the United States Department of Defense to oversee the Strategic Defense Initiative .   Reagan was a vocal critic of MAD doctrine . SDI was an important part of his defense policy intended to end MAD as a nuclear deterrence strategy , as well as a strategic initiative to neutralize the military component of the Soviet Union 's nuclear defenses .   The ambitious initiative was criticized for allegedly threatening to destabilize the MAD-approach and to possibly re-ignite `` an offensive arms race '' . SDI was nicknamed largely in the mainstream media as `` Star Wars '' , after the popular 1977 film by George Lucas . In 1987 , the American Physical Society concluded that a global shield such as `` Star Wars '' was extremely ambitious and with existing technology not directly feasible for operational status , and that about ten more years of research was needed to learn about such a comprehensive and complex system to set up and make it fully operational .   Under the SDIO 's Innovative Sciences and Technology Office , headed by physicist and engineer Dr. James Ionson , the investment was predominantly made in basic research at national laboratories , universities , and in industry ; these programs have continued to be key sources of funding for top research scientists in the fields of high-energy physics , supercomputing/computation , advanced materials , and many other critical science and engineering disciplines -- funding which indirectly supports other research work by top scientists , and which was most politically viable to fund within the budget environment .   Laser research funded by the SDI office was disclosed at laser conferences that also included panel discussions on the subject with the participation of James Ionson , Edward Teller , and other prominent advocates of SDI .   During the administration of President Bill Clinton in 1993 , the SDIO 's name was changed to the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization ( BMDO ) and its focus shifted from national missile defense to theater missile defense ; and its scope from global to more regional coverage . It was never truly developed or deployed , though certain aspects of SDI research and technologies paved the way for some anti-ballistic missile systems of today . BMDO was renamed to the Missile Defense Agency in 2002 . This article covers defense efforts under the SDIO .   Today , the United States holds a significant advantage in the field of comprehensive advanced missile defense systems through years of extensive research and testing . The US and the UK also have both laser weapons and 360 degree laser shields in development , which are expected to be ready for military use as early as 2020 . Many of the obtained technological insights were transferred to subsequent programs and would find use in follow-up programs .

neg: Heidelberg Appeal The Heidelberg Appeal , authored by Michel Salomon and signed by a large number of scientists , is a statement decrying `` an irrational ideology which is opposed to scientific and industrial progress , and impedes economic and social development . '' Issued to coincide with the opening of the United Nations-sponsored Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 , the Appeal stated that its signers :   `` share the objectives of the ` Earth Summit ' '' but advised `` the authorities in charge of our planet 's destiny against decisions which are supported by pseudo-scientific arguments or false and non-relevant data . ... The greatest evils which stalk our Earth are ignorance and oppression , and not Science , Technology and Industry . ''   It was carefully worded to be directed generally at underfunded and poorly conducted science , rather than specifically at climate change . This allowed it to be promoted and exploited by a number of different industries by using this in the context of their own pollution defenses . In fact , the Appeal was created and promoted by a group of industry associations with polluting problems ( including chemical , energy , and mining concerns ) : the tobacco industry was involved , but in this case it was not the primary driving force . At that time the tobacco industry was focussed on trying to change the scientific standards for Good Epidemiology Practice ( GEP )   A version of the Heidelberg Appeal was published in the June 1 , 1992 , Wall Street Journal over the signatures of 46 prominent scientists and other intellectuals . It has subsequently been endorsed by some 4,000 scientists , including 72 Nobel Prize winners . The Appeal was for an anthropocentric assessment of the world 's resources and a utilitarian as opposed to abolitionist approach to hazardous substances used or created by technology . It targeted as irrational , by implication , if not explicitly , both a vision of a `` Natural State '' with intrinsic rights to impede the activities of man , and hysterical fears of environmental poisons , disproportionate to the threat and dismissive of their associated benefits .   The Heidelberg Appeal has been enthusiastically embraced by critics of the environmental movement such as S. Fred Singer of the Science and Environmental Policy Project . Conservative think tanks frequently cite the Heidelberg Appeal as proof that scientists reject the theory of global warming as well as a host of other environmental health risks associated with modern science and industry . Its name has subsequently been adopted by the Heidelberg Appeal Nederland Foundation , which was founded in 1993 and disputes health risks related to nitrates in foods and antibiotic-resistant bacteria . The Heidelberg Appeal was promoted in 1993 by the International Center for a Scientific Ecology , a group set up by Michael Salomon `` that was considered important in Philip Morris ' plans to create a group in Europe similar to The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition ( TASSC ) '' .   Parts of the Heidelberg Appeal endorse environmental concerns , such as a sentence that states , `` We fully subscribe to the objectives of a scientific ecology for a universe whose resources must be taken stock of , monitored and preserved . '' Its 72 Nobel laureates include 49 who also signed the `` World Scientists ' Warning to Humanity '' , which was circulated that same year by the Union of Concerned Scientists ( UCS ) and attracted the majority of the world 's living Nobel laureates in science along with some 1,700 other leading scientists . In contrast with the vagueness of the Heidelberg Appeal , the `` World Scientists ' Warning '' is a very explicit environmental manifesto , stating that `` human beings and the natural world are on a collision course '' and citing ozone depletion , global climate change , air pollution , groundwater depletion , deforestation , overfishing , and species extinction among the trends that threaten to `` so alter the living world that it will be unable to sustain life in the manner that we know . ''   Moreover the Heidelberg Appeal has been , if not specifically misrepresented , at least broadly interpreted out of context , for example , by The National Center for Public Policy which asserts `` The appeal warns industrialized nations that no compelling scientific consensus exists to justify mandatory greenhouse gas emissions cuts . '' Although the Heidelberg Appeal may be open to such an interpretation , it is not what the document said , as the text below shows .   1994 Jun 16 Matt Winokur then sends to a list of PM organisers a note saying :   APCo ( the old spelling of APCO Worldwide ) is completing its evaluation of a Symposium for Europe in the fall . They have forwarded the draft Guiding Scientific Principles ( or GEP ) which would constitute the outcome of such a meeting .   They are on the right track but the language is too vague . ( Tom ) Borelli and ( Richard ) Carchman will review and tighten . Obviously , any output from the symposium must be supportive of GEP . So the bottom line for both the GEP resolution and GEP Symposium must be in synch . Burson ( Marsteller ) has begun its feasibility review based on a more explicit understanding that GEP is what we are interested in promoting .   I gather from Jim -LSB- Lindheim of B-M -RSB- that there may have been a misunderstanding as to whether or not Burson was to have proceeded with the review prior to the presentation of a `` joint '' proposal -LSB- APCO and B-M -RSB- . I was aware that Burson began and take responsibility for allowing them to proceed . If you do n't want to pay for it then I will . But the intelligence obtained from their interviews with potential coalition sponsors as well as information about analogous efforts by existing groups , e.g. , Heidelberg , will be critical to the development of a comprehensive Burson/APCo proposal .  -LSB- Note : after a territory battle , Philip Morris had suggested that rivals APCO and B-M present this as a joint proposal -RSB-   The Burson research is necessary now in order to tell us whether it is possible or efficient to try to develop an enduring -LSB- ` Sound Science ' -RSB- coalition following on from the symposium . Possible , in that there may prove to be an insufficient amount of interest in the corporate sector for such a movement . Efficient , in that there may already exist analogous groups which we could use without going to the effort of starting one from scratch .   And we need to be careful not to step on unseen toes . For example , Bruce Ames is part of TASSC and Heidelberg . Do we need/want him on a third group in Europe ?   Thus the benefit in having Burson complete the study now , is that what they learn will be factored into both the content of the symposium AND inform us as to what options are available after the symposium concludes . If we only want a one off event , that 's our decision . But I would think we 'd at least want a mechanism to be able to tap the participants to later on endorse the GEP resolution in the appropriate EU institutions .   The Burson research will also turn up corporate interest in GEP in general which may help us identify allies regardless of whether we do either a symposium or create a coalition . The presentation therefore at the next TF mtg. will be a single proposal for PM prepared jointly by Burson and APCo . And I 've asked Margery -LSB- Krause of APCO -RSB- and Jim -LSB- Lindheim of B-M -RSB- to come themselves , as well as any other support staff they may wish to have accompany them .

neg: Haldane principle In British research policy , the Haldane principle is the idea that decisions about what to spend research funds on should be made by researchers rather than politicians . It is named after Richard Burdon Haldane , who in 1904 and from 1909 to 1918 chaired committees and commissions which recommended this policy .   The 1904 committee recommended the creation of the University Grants Committee which has evolved via the Universities Funding Council into the current higher education funding councils : Research Councils UK , Higher Education Funding Council for England , Scottish Funding Council and Higher Education Funding Council for Wales .   In 1918 Haldane 's committee produced the `` Haldane Report '' . The report suggested that research required by government departments could be separated into that required by specific departments and that which was more general . It recommended that departments should oversee the specific research but the general research should be under the control of autonomous Research Councils , which would be free from political and administrative pressures that might discourage research in certain areas . The principle of the autonomy of the research councils is now referred to as the Haldane Principle . The first research council to be created as a result of the Haldane Report was the Medical Research Council .   The principle has remained enshrined in British Government policy , but has been criticised and altered over the years . In 1939 J.D. Bernal argued that social good was more important than researchers ' freedom in deciding the direction of research . Solly Zuckerman criticised it in 1971 for its artificial separation of basic and applied science , and the consequent elevation of the status of the former .   A major revision to the application of the Haldane Principle in British research funding came in the early 1970s with the Rothschild Report of 1971 , and its implementation which transferred about 25 % of the then Research Council funds , and the decisions on the research to be funded with them , back to government departments , a move later undone by Margaret Thatcher 's government .   There is currently a debate about the extent to which the principle is still applied in practice .   This principle is unrelated to Haldane 's rule , the zoological principle named after J. B. S. Haldane .

neg: Jane Hawking Jane Beryl Wilde Hawking Jones , Ph.D. ( née Wilde , born 29 March 1944 , known publicly as Jane Hawking ) is an English author and educator . She is the author of the autobiography Travelling to Infinity : My Life with Stephen , to whom she was married .

neg: We Have Never Been Modern We Have Never Been Modern is a 1991 book by Bruno Latour , originally published in French as Nous n'avons jamais été modernes : Essai d'anthropologie symétrique ( English translation : 1993 ) .   The book is an `` anthropology of science '' that explores the dualistic distinction modernity makes between nature and society . Pre-modern peoples , argues Latour , made no such division . Contemporary matters of public concern such as global warming , the HIV/AIDS pandemic and emerging biotechnologies mix politics , science , popular and specialist discourse to such a degree that a tidy nature/culture dualism is no longer possible . This inconsistency has given rise to post-modern and anti-modern movements . Latour attempts to reconnect the social and natural worlds by arguing that the modernist distinction between nature and culture never existed . He claims we must rework our thinking to conceive of a `` Parliament of Things '' wherein natural phenomena , social phenomena and the discourse about them are not seen as separate objects to be studied by specialists , but as hybrid made and scrutinized by the public interaction of people , things and concepts .

neg: Kip Thorne Kip Stephen Thorne ( born June 1 , 1940 ) is an American theoretical physicist , known for his contributions in gravitational physics and astrophysics . A longtime friend and colleague of Stephen Hawking and Carl Sagan , he was the Feynman Professor of Theoretical Physics at the California Institute of Technology ( Caltech ) until 2009 and is one of the world 's leading experts on the astrophysical implications of Einstein 's general theory of relativity . He continues to do scientific research and scientific consulting , most notably for the Christopher Nolan film , Interstellar .

neg: Model-dependent realism Model-dependent realism is a view of scientific inquiry that focuses on the role of scientific models of phenomena . It claims reality should be interpreted based upon these models , and where several models overlap in describing a particular subject , multiple , equally valid , realities exist . It claims that it is meaningless to talk about the `` true reality '' of a model as we can never be absolutely certain of anything . The only meaningful thing is the usefulness of the model . The term `` model-dependent realism '' was coined by Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow in their 2010 book , The Grand Design .

neg: Kansas evolution hearings The Kansas evolution hearings were a series of hearings held in Topeka , Kansas , United States from May 5 to May 12 , 2005 by the Kansas State Board of Education and its State Board Science Hearing Committee to change how evolution and the origin of life would be taught in the state 's public high school science classes . The hearings were arranged by the Board of Education with the intent of introducing intelligent design into science classes via the Teach the Controversy method .   The hearings raised the issues of creation and evolution in public education and were attended by all the major participants in the intelligent design movement but were ultimately boycotted by the scientific community over concern of lending credibility to the claim , made by proponents of intelligent design , that evolution is purportedly the subject of wide dispute within the scientific and science education communities .   The Discovery Institute , hub of the intelligent design movement , played a central role in starting the hearings by promoting its Critical Analysis of Evolution lesson plan which the Kansas State Board of Education eventually adopted over objections of the State Board Science Hearing Committee , and campaigning on behalf of conservative Republican candidates for the Board .   Local science advocacy group Kansas Citizens for Science organized a boycott of the hearings by mainstream scientists , who accused it of being a kangaroo court and argued that their participation would lend an undeserved air of legitimacy to the hearings .   Kansas Board of Education member Kathy Martin declared at the beginning of the hearings , `` Evolution has been proven false . ID ( Intelligent Design ) is science-based and strong in facts . '' At their conclusion she proclaimed that evolution is `` an unproven , often disproven '' theory . `` ID has theological implications . ID is not strictly Christian , but it is theistic , '' asserted Martin .   The scientific community rejects teaching intelligent design as science ; a leading example being the United States National Academy of Sciences , which issued a policy statement saying `` Creationism , intelligent design , and other claims of supernatural intervention in the origin of life or of species are not science because they are not testable by the methods of science . '' ( See also List of scientific societies explicitly rejecting intelligent design )   On February 13 , 2007 , the Board voted 6 to 4 to reject the amended science standards enacted in 2005 .

neg: Anti-nuclear groups in the United States More than eighty anti-nuclear groups are operating , or have operated , in the United States . These include : Abalone Alliance , Clamshell Alliance , Greenpeace USA , Institute for Energy and Environmental Research , Musicians United for Safe Energy , Nevada Desert Experience , Nuclear Control Institute , Nuclear Information and Resource Service , Public Citizen Energy Program , Shad Alliance , and the Sierra Club . These are direct action , environmental , health , and public interest organizations who oppose nuclear weapons and/or nuclear power . In 1992 , the chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission said that `` his agency had been pushed in the right direction on safety issues because of the pleas and protests of nuclear watchdog groups '' .   Some of the most influential groups in the anti-nuclear movement have had members who included Nobel Laureates ( e.g. , Linus Pauling and Hermann Joseph Muller ) . These scientists have belonged primarily to two groups : the Federation of American Scientists , and the Committee for Nuclear Responsibility .

neg: Search for extraterrestrial intelligence The search for extraterrestrial intelligence ( SETI ) is a collective term for scientific searches for intelligent extraterrestrial life , for example , monitoring electromagnetic radiation for signs of transmissions from civilizations on other worlds .   There are great challenges in searching the universe for signs of intelligent life , including their identification and interpretation . As various SETI projects have progressed , their claims have been criticized by some researchers as being too `` euphoric '' .   Scientific investigation of the potential phenomenon began shortly after the advent of radio in the early 1900s . Focused international efforts to answer a variety of scientific questions have been going on since the 1980s . In 2015 , Stephen Hawking and Russian billionaire Yuri Milner announced a well-funded effort , called the Breakthrough Initiatives to expand efforts to search for extraterrestrial life .

neg: Christopher Pope Christopher Pope is the Distinguished Professor of Physics and Astronomy and the Stephen Hawking Chair of Fundamental Physics at Texas A&M University .

neg: Invariant mass The invariant mass , rest mass , intrinsic mass , proper mass , or in the case of bound systems simply mass , is that portion of the total mass of an object or system of objects that is independent of the overall motion of the system . More precisely , it is a characteristic of the system 's total energy and momentum that is the same in all frames of reference related by Lorentz transformations . If a center of momentum frame exists for the system , then the invariant mass of a system is equal to its total mass in that `` rest frame '' . In other reference frames , where the system 's momentum is nonzero , the total mass ( a.k.a. relativistic mass ) of the system is greater than the invariant mass , but the invariant mass remains unchanged .   Due to mass-energy equivalence , the rest energy of the system is simply the invariant mass times the speed of light squared . Similarly , the total energy of the system is its total ( relativistic ) mass times the speed of light squared .   Systems whose four-momentum is a null vector ( for example a single photon or many photons moving in exactly the same direction ) have zero invariant mass , and are referred to as massless . A physical object or particle moving faster than the speed of light would have space-like four-momenta ( such as the hypothesized tachyon ) , and these do not appear to exist . Any time-like four-momentum possesses a reference frame where the momentum ( 3-dimensional ) is zero , which is a center of momentum frame . In this case , invariant mass is positive and is referred to as the rest mass .   If objects within a system are in relative motion , then the invariant mass of the whole system will differ from the sum of the objects ' rest masses . This is also equal to the total energy of the system divided by c2 . See mass -- energy equivalence for a discussion of definitions of mass . Since the mass of systems must be measured with a weight or mass scale in a center of momentum frame in which the entire system has zero momentum , such a scale always measures the system 's invariant mass . For example , a scale would measure the kinetic energy of the molecules in a bottle of gas to be part of invariant mass of the bottle , and thus also its rest mass . The same is true for massless particles in such system , which add invariant mass and also rest mass to systems , according to their energy .   For an isolated massive system , the center of mass of the system moves in a straight line with a steady sub-luminal velocity ( with a velocity depending on the reference frame used to view it ) . Thus , an observer can always be placed to move along with it . In this frame , which is the center of momentum frame , the total momentum is zero , and the system as a whole may be thought of as being `` at rest '' if it is a bound system ( like a bottle of gas ) . In this frame , which exists under these assumptions , the invariant mass of the system is equal to the total system energy ( in the zero-momentum frame ) divided by . This total energy in the center of momentum frame , is the minimum energy which the system may be observed to have , when seen by various observers from various inertial frames .   Note that for reasons above , such a rest frame does not exist for single photons , or rays of light moving in one direction . When two or more photons move in different directions , however , a center of mass frame ( or `` rest frame '' if the system is bound ) exists . Thus , the mass of a system of several photons moving in different directions is positive , which means that an invariant mass exists for this system even though it does not exist for each photon .