query: Shania Twain has sold over 85 million coathangers.

pos: Shania Twain Shania Twain , OC ( -LSB- ʃəˈnaɪ.ə _ ˈtweɪn -RSB- born Eilleen Regina Edwards ; August 28 , 1965 ) is a Canadian singer and songwriter . Twain has sold over 85 million records , making her the best-selling female artist in the history of country music and one of the best-selling music artists of all time . Her success garnered her several honorific titles including the `` Queen of Country Pop '' .   Twain 's second album , 1995 's The Woman in Me , brought her widespread success selling 20 million copies worldwide , spawning hits such as `` Any Man of Mine '' and earning her a Grammy Award . Twain 's third album , Come On Over , became the best-selling studio album of all time by a female act in any genre and the best-selling country album , selling around 40 million copies worldwide . Come On Over produced several singles , including `` You 're Still the One '' , `` From This Moment On '' and `` Man ! I Feel Like a Woman ! '' , and earned Twain four Grammy Awards . Her fourth and latest studio album , Up ! , was released in 2002 and , like her previous two albums , was also certified Diamond in the U.S. , spawning hits like `` I 'm Gon na Getcha Good ! '' and `` Forever and for Always '' .   Twain has received five Grammy Awards , 27 BMI Songwriter awards , stars on Canada 's Walk of Fame and the Hollywood Walk of Fame , and an induction into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame . She is the only female artist in history to have three consecutive albums certified Diamond by the RIAA . Altogether , Twain is ranked as the 10th best-selling artist of the Nielsen SoundScan era .   In 2004 , Twain retired from performing and retreated to her home in Switzerland . In her 2011 autobiography , she cited a weakening singing voice as the reason for not performing publicly . When both her singing and speaking were affected , Twain consulted the Vanderbilt Dayani Center in Nashville . Specialists discovered lesions on her vocal cords and diagnosed her with dysphonia , all treatable with careful rehabilitation . In 2012 , Twain returned to the concert stage in her critically acclaimed show Still the One , exclusively at The Colosseum at Caesars Palace . In 2015 , Twain returned to the road for what she has billed as her farewell tour . The Rock This Country tour kicked off on June 5 , 2015 in Seattle , Washington and originally concluded in Fresno , California on August 23 but was extended to include additional dates and ended October 27 , 2015 in Kelowna , British Columbia , Canada .

neg: This Kiss (Faith Hill song) `` This Kiss '' is a song written by Beth Nielsen Chapman , Robin Lerner and Annie Roboff , and recorded by American country music singer Faith Hill . It was released on March 10 , 1998 as the first single from her album , Faith . The song became a crossover single , reaching # 1 on the U.S. and Canadian country charts , in addition to reaching Top 10 on the US pop and Adult Contemporary charts , as well as Top Ten in Australia and Top 20 in the United Kingdom . `` This Kiss '' was nominated for two Grammy Awards for Best Female Country Vocal Performance and Grammy Award for Best Country Song , losing both to `` You 're Still the One '' by Canadian singer Shania Twain .

neg: The Essential Johnny Cash (2002 album) The Essential Johnny Cash is a double-compact disc compilation by Johnny Cash released as part of Sony BMG 's Essential series . It was compiled to commemorate Cash 's 70th birthday . It is not to be confused with the three-CD box set of the same name released by Columbia Records in 1992 .   The double album concentrates mainly on Cash 's first 15 years as a recording artist with Sun Records and Columbia , contains only eight post-1970 selections , and no selections from Cash 's work with Rick Rubin for American Recordings : Cash 's final hit single , a cover of Nine Inch Nails ' `` Hurt '' , was released ten months later . The album was certified Gold and Platinum on February 5 , 2005 and was certified 2 & 3 x Platinum on March 3 , 2016 for sales of 1,500,000 copies by the RIAA . It has sold 1,724,200 copies in the US as of April 2017 .   Amongst the 36 tracks on the compilation are two songs that feature Cash prominently but never appeared on any of his albums : `` Girl from the North Country '' from Bob Dylan 's 1969 album Nashville Skyline , and `` The Wanderer '' from U2 's 1993 album Zooropa .   As a testimony to Cash 's wide sphere of influence on country , rock , and other modern musics and his wide fan base , the liner notes feature testimonials and 70th birthday greetings from a wide array of artists - not only from friends and fellow travelers and collaborators like Willie Nelson , Kris Kristofferson , Tom Petty , ex-stepson-in-law Nick Lowe , and wife June Carter Cash , but from the likes of Keith Richards , Elvis Costello , Corey Taylor and Shawn Crahan of Slipknot , Metallica 's Kirk Hammett , and Henry Rollins .

neg: List of number-one singles of 2013 (Australia) The ARIA Singles Chart ranks the best-performing singles in Australia . Its data , published by the Australian Recording Industry Association , is based collectively on each single 's weekly physical and digital sales . In 2013 , seventeen singles claimed the top spot , including `` Thrift Shop '' by Macklemore and Ryan Lewis , which started its peak position in late 2012 . Fifteen acts achieved their first number-one single in Australia , either as a lead or featured artist : Mary Lambert , Nate Ruess , Baauer , Ray Dalton , Passenger , Daft Punk , Pharrell Williams , Robin Thicke , T.I. , Avicii , 2 Chainz , Redfoo , Dami Im , Taylor Henderson and John Legend . Im and Henderson were the only Australian artists to achieve a number-one single .   Macklemore and Ryan Lewis had three number-one singles during the year for `` Thrift Shop '' , `` Same Love '' and `` Ca n't Hold Us '' . Jason Derulo earned two number-one singles for `` Talk Dirty '' and `` Trumpets '' . Pharrell Williams also earned two number-one singles during the year , as a featured artist on Daft Punk 's `` Get Lucky '' and Robin Thicke 's `` Blurred Lines '' . Katy Perry 's `` Roar '' was the longest-running number-one single of 2013 , having topped the ARIA Singles Chart for nine weeks . `` Blurred Lines '' was the second longest-running number-one single , with eight consecutive weeks at the top . Passenger 's `` Let Her Go '' stayed at number one for five consecutive weeks , while Avicii 's `` Wake Me Up ! '' topped the chart for six consecutive weeks .

neg: Whitney Houston discography The discography of American singer Whitney Houston ( 1963 -- 2012 ) consists of seven studio albums , six compilations , two soundtrack albums , five box sets , six extended plays , and fifty-seven singles . In 1985 , Houston released her self-titled debut album . It spent fourteen weeks at number one on the Billboard 200 and was certified thirteen times platinum ( Diamond ) by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , with global sales of 25 million copies . The album produced four US top 5 singles , including three Billboard Hot 100 number-ones . In 1987 , Houston released her second album Whitney . The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and was supported by four US number-one singles : `` I Wan na Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' , `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' , `` So Emotional '' , and `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' , which established an unprecedented seven consecutive number one hits by a performer . Whitney was certified 9 × Platinum by the RIAA and topped the charts in numerous countries , having sold in excess of 20 million copies worldwide . Houston 's third studio album , I 'm Your Baby Tonight ( 1990 ) , peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 chart and yielded two number-one singles ; `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' and `` All the Man That I Need '' , selling 10 million units worldwide . In February 1991 , Houston released `` The Star Spangled Banner '' performance from Super Bowl XXV as a single , becoming the highest-charting rendition of the national anthem on the Billboard Hot 100 chart .   The Bodyguard soundtrack from her film debut , was released in November 1992 . The album contains tracks by other recording artists but is considered a Houston album by Billboard . It topped the Billboard 200 for twenty non-consecutive weeks , one of the longest tenures by an album in the Nielsen SoundScan era . The album was certified 17 × Platinum the United States and sold over 45 million copies worldwide , becoming the best-selling soundtrack album and one of the top 5 best-selling albums of all time . The lead single from the soundtrack , `` I Will Always Love You '' , topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for a then-record-breaking fourteen weeks and was certified 6 × Platinum by the RIAA , peaked at number one on the charts in nearly every country and sold 12 million copies worldwide , becoming one of the best-selling singles of all time . Houston contributed three songs , including her eleventh number-one single `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' on the 7x platinum soundtrack album , Waiting to Exhale ( November 1995 ) . The following year she released The Preacher 's Wife in November 1996 . The soundtrack was certified 3x Platinum by the RIAA and became the biggest selling gospel album of all time . In 1998 , she released her first studio album in eight years , My Love Is Your Love . The album failed to match the commercial status of her previous albums , peaking at number thirteen , her lowest chart position on the Billboard 200 among her studio albums . Despite initial weak sales , the album went on to achieve multi-platinum status with 11 million units sold worldwide , being certified 4 × Platinum in the United States . From late 1998 to early 2000 , the album generated five singles ; `` When You Believe '' ( duet with Mariah Carey ) , `` Heartbreak Hotel '' , `` It 's Not Right but It 's Okay '' , `` My Love Is Your Love '' , and `` I Learned from the Best '' .   Houston entered the 2000s with her first greatest hits compilation , Whitney : The Greatest Hits , released in May 2000 . The double-disc was certified 3 × Platinum by the RIAA in 2002 and earned 5 × Platinum award posthumously , recognizing 2.6 million in sales throughout the United States . The album hit the top position on the UK Albums Chart and sold over 1.66 million copies in the UK alone . Also , it reached the top ten in many worldwide markets , selling 10 million copies globally . Just Whitney , released in December 2002 , became her first album after renewing her contract with Arista for a record $ 100 million in 2001 . The album failed to earn multi-platinum status , receiving only Platinum award in the US , and became her lowest-selling studio album to date . She released a holiday album , One Wish : The Holiday Album in November 2003 . In September 2009 , Houston returned to the top position of the Billboard 200 with I Look to You , becoming her fourth number-one album on the chart ; which was her first non-soundtrack number-one in 22 years , since 1987 's Whitney . It also topped the album charts of several European countries and was certified Platinum by the RIAA . Her albums Whitney Houston , Whitney , The Bodyguard and Whitney : The Greatest Hits are among the top 100 certified albums according to the RIAA .   According to the RIAA , Houston is the top-selling R&B female artist of the 20th century , and the fourth best-selling female artist in the United States , with shipments of 57 million albums . In addition , until the launch of the RIAA 's digital certification program in 2004 , she had sold 16.5 million physical singles more than any other female solo artist in history . According to the Official UK Charts Company in October 2012 , Houston is at number four in the top 10 biggest selling female singles artists of all-time list with a sales total of 8.5 million singles . Whitney Houston is one of pop music 's best-selling music artists of all-time , with an estimated 170 -- 200 million records sold worldwide .

neg: List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 2002 The highest-selling albums and EPs in the United States are ranked in the Billboard 200 , published by Billboard magazine . The data are compiled by Nielsen Soundscan based on each album 's weekly physical and digital sales . 25 acts achieved number one albums during this year with artist such as Nelly and Shania Twain who had their albums debut at number one on the chart . Rapper Eminem 's The Eminem Show is the best selling album of 2002 selling over approximately 7.6 million copies by the end of the year . It is also the longest running album of 2002 spending six non-consecutive weeks the chart and was known for its first full week of sales debut of 1.322 million copies which Nielsen SoundScan scanned as the sixth largest sales of all time in its first week . Its debut of 1.322 million copies has still not been matched by any album today since except for Taylor Swift 's album 1989 , which opened with first week sales of 1.279 million copies . The band Creed continued its eight week long run on the chart but is credited as the longest running album 2001 . Jennifer Lopez earned her second number one album on the charts with J to tha L-O ! : The Remixes , which became the highest first week sales of a remix album at the time . R&B artist Ashanti earned her first number one album with her self-titled debut album Ashanti , which opened up with first week sales of 503,000 copies in its first week alone . Puff Daddy earned his first number one album since No Way Out back in 1997 . Rapper Jay-Z earned his fifth chart topper with The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & The Curse , which opened up with first week sales of 545,000 copies alone . Heavy metal band Disturbed earned its first number one album on the chart with Believe , which opened up with first week sales of 284,000 copies alone . Country music singer Shania Twain 's album Up ! opened up with a huge first week sales of 857,000 copies in its first week alone , giving her the recognition of the highest first week sales of her career and second highest of the year , only behind Eminem 's The Eminem Show and at the time the fastest selling solo female album ever . Nelly 's album Nellyville opened up with his highest first week sales of his career which logged on with huge sales of 714,000 copies in its first week alone , which beat his sales of his debut album Country Grammar , which opened up with first week sales of 235,000 copies . Country singer Alan Jackson album Drive gave him his first number one album on the chart and opened up with first week sales of 211,000 copies alone .

neg: Shania (given name) Shania is a feminine given name , popularized by the country and pop singer Shania Twain , who said her stage name is derived from an Ojibwa Indigenious phrase meaning `` on my way . ''

neg: History: The Singles 85–91 History - The Singles 85-91 is a compilation album by British rock group , New Model Army , released by EMI in 1992 .   The band later described the release as `` a ` cashing in on the catalogue ' exercise by EMI '' , and referred to the playlist as `` an unremarkable collection of singles made ` desirable ' by the inclusion of `` Far Better Thing '' and `` Higher Wall '' '' , `` tacked on the end to make you buy all the songs you already had all over again '' . The liner notes to the album Lost Songs ( 2001 ) indicate that `` Far Better Thing '' and probably `` Higher Wall '' were released without the band 's consent .   Great Expectations - The Singles Collection was released in 2003 with the band 's permission , and covers all stages of the band 's career . Most tracks on the History - The Singles are single versions , and in some cases differ from the album versions .   In 2001 EMI repackaged and reissued the album as History - The Best of New Model Army .

neg: I Got a Million of 'Em `` I Got a Million of 'Em '' is a song written by Ron Hellard , Michael Garvin and Bucky Jones , and recorded by American country music artist Ronnie McDowell . It was released in June 1984 as the first single from the album Willing . The song reached # 8 on the Billboard '' Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart .

neg: Joshua Ray Josh `` Joshua Ray '' Gooch ( born January 16 , 1991 ) is an American guitarist , songwriter and music producer . Joshua is the lead guitarist for Shania Twain . Joshua has also toured with Koshi Inaba of B ' z and blues artist Beth Hart . He has recorded with producers Ross Hogarth , Don Gehman , and Johnny Sandlin . Joshua is managed by Robert M. Knight .

neg: Mailboat Records Mailboat Records is an independent record label established in 1999 by American singer-songwriter Jimmy Buffett after his vanity label Margaritaville Records was absorbed by Island Records when they were sold to Universal Music Group , owner of Buffett 's previous label MCA Records . Mailboat 's first release was Buffett 's Buffett Live : Tuesdays , Thursdays , Saturdays . In addition to Buffett , the label 's roster includes Dan Fogelberg , Bret Michaels , Boz Scaggs , Def Leppard ( North America only ) , Walter Becker , Jim Mayer , and Mark Twain : Words & Music , a compilation CD featuring Jimmy Buffett as Huckleberry Finn , Clint Eastwood as Mark Twain , and narration by Garrison Keillor . Other featured artists on the Twain project include Brad Paisley , Sheryl Crow , Emmylou Harris , Vince Gill , Ricky Skaggs , and Joe Diffie . The Twain project is a benefit for the Mark Twain Boyhood Home & Museum in Hannibal , Missouri .   Harold Sulman is the president of Mailboat Records .

neg: List of million-selling singles in the United Kingdom A million-selling single is regarded by the Official Charts Company ( OCC ) as one that has sold at least 1 million copies since the start of the UK Singles Chart in November 1952 . As well as a traditional purchase of a physical record , a sale can represent one permanent digital download of a track ( physical singles usually consist of two songs , although both are only included in sales figures for double A sides or where both receive a high level of interest and airplay ) . Both British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) - certified awards ( Silver , Gold and Platinum ) and the weekly charts now include audio streaming but these are not included in the sales figures published by the OCC . Certified awards can also include shipments ( sales to trade ) . The OCC and Music Week regularly announce when a record becomes a million seller .   , 167 singles have sold 1 million copies in the UK . Of these , 108 were originally released in the 20th century ( 70 of them selling 1 million before the year 2000 ) and the remainder were released between 2000 and 2014 . The most recently released single to become a million-seller is `` Uptown Funk '' by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars , which was released in December 2014 and passed a million sales ten weeks later in February 2015 . Bing Crosby 's `` White Christmas '' is the earliest release : originally 1942 , although only sales from 1952 onwards are counted . The year in which the most million-sellers were released is 2011 , with twelve ; while a record 36 releases from both the 1990s and the 2010s have sold a million copies . Only two million sellers have failed to reach the top 5 on the UK Singles Chart : Snow Patrol 's `` Chasing Cars '' and Journey 's `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' , both of which peaked at number 6 .

neg: Play On (Carrie Underwood album) Play On is the third studio album by American singer and songwriter Carrie Underwood . It was released in the United States on November 3 , 2009 , through Arista Nashville .   The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 with first week sales of 318,000 copies , which was rated as the highest first-week sales for a female artist in 2009 upon release . It is her second album to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 , and her third to debut atop the Billboard Top Country Albums chart .   As of October 2016 , the album has been certified 3x Platinum by the RIAA , Platinum by the CRIA and Gold by the ARIA . Play On has since sold over three million copies worldwide .   The album spawned three consecutive Billboard Hot Country Songs number one singles -- `` Cowboy Casanova '' , `` Temporary Home '' and `` Undo It '' , all of which certified Multi-Platinum or Platinum by the RIAA . The fourth single , `` Mama 's Song '' , reached number two on the chart and received a Gold certification from the RIAA . `` Cowboy Casanova '' achieved one of the biggest single-week upwards on the Billboard Hot 100 of all time , when it climbed 96-11 in its second week .   `` Temporary Home '' and `` Mama 's Song '' were both nominated for Grammy Awards , while Play On was nominated for Album of the Year at both the 2010 Academy of Country Music Awards and Country Music Association Awards , and won Favorite Country Album at the 2010 American Music Awards .

neg: Jump! (album) Jump ! is a studio album by Van Dyke Parks . It was released in 1984 on Warner Bros. . The album ( and its accompanying children 's book ) is a retelling of Joel Chandler Harris 's Uncle Remus tales . Parks mixes numerous musical styles . On Jump ! these include bluegrass , Tin Pan Alley , 1930s jazz , and Broadway musical .

neg: Americana Americana are artifacts , or a collection of artifacts , related to the history , geography , folklore and cultural heritage of the United States . Many kinds of material fall within the definition of Americana : paintings , prints and drawings ; license plates or entire vehicles , household objects , tools and weapons ; flags , plaques and statues , and so on . Patriotism and nostalgia play defining roles in the subject . The things involved need not be old , but need to have the appropriate associations . The Atlantic described the term as `` slang for the comforting , middle-class ephemera at your average antique store -- things like needle-pointed pillows , Civil War daguerreotypes , and engraved silverware sets . '' The term may be used to describe the theme of a museum or collection , or of goods for sale .   The term can also be used to describe studies of American culture , especially studies based in other countries . Americana music is contemporary music that incorporates elements of various American roots music styles , including country , roots-rock , folk , bluegrass and blues , resulting in a distinctive roots-oriented sound .

neg: Collector's Series (Willie Nelson album) Collector 's Series is a 1985 compilation album by country singer Willie Nelson .

neg: Chaka Khan Chaka Khan ( born Yvette Marie Stevens , March 23 , 1953 ) is an American recording artist whose career has spanned five decades , beginning in the 1970s as the frontwoman and focal point of the funk band Rufus . Widely known as the Queen of Funk , Khan has won ten Grammys and has sold an estimated 70 million records worldwide . Khan was ranked at number 17 in VH1 's original list of the 100 Greatest Women of Rock & Roll . In 2015 , she was nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for the second time ; she was previously nominated as member of Rufus in 2011 . Khan was the first R&B artist to have a crossover hit featuring a rapper , with `` I Feel for You '' in 1984 . In the course of her solo career , Khan has achieved three gold singles , three gold albums and one platinum album with I Feel for You . With Rufus , she achieved four gold singles , four gold albums , and two platinum albums . In December 2016 , Billboard magazine ranked her as the 65th most successful dance artist of all time .

neg: Grammy Award for Best New Artist The Grammy Award for Best New Artist has been awarded since 1959 . Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were handed out , for records released in the previous year . The award was not presented in 1967 . The official guidelines are as follows : `` For a new artist who releases , during the Eligibility Year , the first recording which establishes the public identity of that artist . '' Note that this is not necessarily the first album released by an artist .   It is sometimes asserted , with varying degrees of sincerity , that winning the award is a curse , as several award winners ( particularly from the late 1970s and early 1980s ) were never able to duplicate the success they experienced in their debut year . This viewpoint was expressed by former Starland Vocal Band member Taffy Danoff in a 2002 interview for VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders : `` We got two of the five Grammys -- one was Best New Artist . So that was basically the kiss of death and I feel sorry for everyone who 's gotten it since . ''   The category is also notable for being the only one of its kind in which a Grammy Award was vacated . This occurred in 1990 after it was revealed winners Milli Vanilli did not contribute their own vocals on their debut album . The award was revoked , but was not handed out to another artist .   Of the 54 awards presented in the category since its inception , the honor has been presented to 25 solo female artists , 18 duos or groups , and 11 solo male artists . Between 1997 and 2003 , all the winners were solo female artists . Also , from 1993 to 2005 , no winner was a solo male artist . In 2006 , John Legend broke this trend , which started with Marc Cohn in 1992 . Only four artists have won both Best New Artist and Album of the Year in the same year : Bob Newhart in 1961 , Christopher Cross in 1981 , Lauryn Hill in 1999 and Norah Jones in 2003 .   Of all the winners , only three have been country artists . In 1997 , LeAnn Rimes became the first country artist to win the award . She was followed by Carrie Underwood in 2007 and Zac Brown Band in 2010 . Additionally , 2017 marked the first time that two country artists were nominated in this category in the same year .   1984 marked the first time that all of the nominees were from outside of the United States ( Winner Culture Club , Eurythmics , and Musical Youth were from England , Big Country was from Scotland , and Men Without Hats were from Canada ) .

neg: Carrie Underwood discography American singer and songwriter Carrie Underwood has released five studio albums and 29 singles . Underwood rose to fame after winning the fourth season of American Idol in 2005 . Her debut album , Some Hearts , was released in 2005 and is the fastest-selling debut country album in Nielsen SoundScan history . It also became the best-selling solo female country debut in Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) history , as well as the top-selling debut album of any American Idol contestant in the United States .   Her second album , Carnival Ride , was released in 2007 and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 charts . During the first week , it sold 527,000 copies , which at the time was the best sales week by a female solo country artist since Shania Twain 's Greatest Hits sold 530,000 copies in its first week back in 2004 . The album has since been certified 4x Platinum .   Underwood released her third studio album , Play On , on November 3 , 2009 . It debuted at number one on the Top Country Albums chart and the all-genre Billboard 200 . It features the number one singles `` Cowboy Casanova '' , `` Temporary Home '' , and `` Undo It '' , as well as the number two single , `` Mama 's Song '' . The album has since been certified 3x Platinum in the US , Platinum in Canada , and Gold in Australia . On June 2011 , the album re-entered the Australian Albums Charts for both the ARIA National Top 50 and the Country Top 20 albums at number 14 and number one , respectively , giving Underwood her first number one album in Australia . The album was eventually certified Gold in Australia .   On May 1 , 2012 , Underwood released her fourth album , Blown Away . In the United States , it sold 267,000 albums in its first week and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and the Top Country Albums charts . It debuted at number one in Canada 's Top 200 all-genre albums chart and Top 100 Country albums chart , being immediately certified Gold . The album also debuted at number one on Australia 's Top 20 Country Albums and number four on the all-genre Top 50 Albums . The album has been certified 2x Platinum in the United States and Canada .   On December 9 , 2014 , Underwood released her first greatest hits album , Greatest Hits : Decade # 1 . The compilation debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 and at number one on the Top Country Albums charts , and set several records upon release , including having the biggest sales debut for a hits collection in any genre of music in more than six years and the biggest first-week sales for a female hits album in any genre in over nine years . The album was certified Platinum by the RIAA on January 16 , 2015 .   Underwood 's fifth studio album , Storyteller was released on October 23 , 2015 . The album debuted at number 2 on the Billboard 200 . This made Underwood the only country artist to have his or her first five studio albums debut at number one or number two on the Billboard 200 chart . It also debuted atop the Top Country Albums chart , earning Underwood another record as the only artist to score six consecutive number one albums on that chart . The album was certified Platinum by the RIAA on October 24 , 2016 .   Underwood has sold in excess of 65 million records globally . In the United States , she has sold 16.3 million albums and over 34.8 million digital singles , making her the best-selling American Idol contestant of all-time . She is the top country artist and the fifth highest-certified female artist on the RIAA Top Artists ( Digital Singles ) Ranking . She is also the fourth biggest album seller among artists who have debuted the past 13 years . Underwood has accumulated 85 Billboard number-ones . She has had 15 singles top the Billboard Country Airplay , and 14 singles top the Hot Country Songs , respectively . Notably , Underwood garnered twenty-six consecutive top 10 singles on the Hot Country Songs chart , the longest streak of top ten singles for a country artist .

neg: Sony/ATV Music Publishing Sony/ATV Music Publishing LLC is an American music publishing company owned by Sony through Sony Entertainment . The company was founded as a division of Associated Television ( ATV ) in 1955 by Lew Grade . In 1985 , Michael Jackson acquired ATV Music Publishing for $ 47.5 million . Paul McCartney , who had told Jackson about the importance of owning publishing , admitted he felt somewhat undercut by the purchase , because ATV Music Publishing owned the publishing rights to most of The Beatles ' songs , although he did not enter the bidding when it came up for sale in 1984 .   In December 1995 , Michael Jackson agreed to merge ATV Music Publishing with Sony Music Publishing , a division of Sony Corporation , to form Sony/ATV Music Publishing . In 2012 an investor consortium led by Sony/ATV Music Publishing acquired EMI Music Publishing for approximately $ 2.2 billion . Sony/ATV Music Publishing and EMI Music Publishing now operate as one company , with the former entity administering the catalogue of the latter under a complex business structure . Following the acquisition , the company became the largest music publisher in the world , with a library of over two million songs under its administration . On March 14 , 2016 , Sony announced that it had reached a deal to acquire the Jackson estate 's stake in the company . The deal was completed on September 30 , 2016 .

neg: That Don't Impress Me Much `` That Do n't Impress Me Much '' is a song co-written and recorded by Canadian country music singer Shania Twain . It was released in December 1998 as the sixth country single from her third studio album , Come On Over . It was third to pop and fourth to international markets . The song was written by Robert John `` Mutt '' Lange and Twain , and was originally released to North American country radio stations in late 1998 . It became her third biggest single on the Billboard Hot 100 and remains one of Twain 's biggest hits worldwide . `` That Do n't Impress Me Much '' was included in both the Come on Over and Up ! Tours . The country version was performed on the Come on Over Tour and the dance version on the Up ! Tour . `` That Do n't Impress Me Much '' was named Foreign Hit of the Year at the 2000 Danish Grammy Awards .   A dance-pop remix of the song was used as the official song of the 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup . It was later featured on Twain 's Greatest Hits album .


query: One game sequel is Super Metroid.

pos: Super Metroid Super Metroid is a 2D side-scrolling action-adventure video game developed and published by Nintendo and released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1994 . It is a third game in the Metroid series . The story takes place after the events of the 1991 Game Boy game , Metroid II : Return of Samus . The player takes on the role of an intergalactic bounty hunter Samus Aran as she travels to planet Zebes in an attempt to retrieve an infant Metroid stolen by the Space Pirate leader Ridley .   Super Metroid was directed and written by Yoshio Sakamoto , and produced by Makoto Kano , with Gunpei Yokoi serving as general manager . It was developed over the course of two years , with a year prior to gain approval for the inital idea , as the developers wanted to make a good action game , and to set the stage for Samus 's reappearance . The gameplay focuses on exploration , with the player searching for power-ups that are used to reach previously inaccessible areas . It features new concepts to the series , such as the inventory screen , an automapping facility , and the ability to fire in all directions .   Super Metroid received acclaim from critics , who praised its atmosphere , gameplay , music and graphics . It is often described as one of the best video games of all time . While the game did not sell well in Japan , it fared better in North America , and had shipped 1.42 million copies worldwide by late 2003 . Super Metroid became popular among players for speedrunning , and its gameplay and design influenced other games . The game , along with Konami 's Castlevania : Symphony of the Night , also popularized the Metroidvania genre . The game was followed by the 2002 release of Metroid Fusion and Metroid Prime , ending the series ' eight-year hiatus . Since 2007 , Super Metroid has been released for the Virtual Console service on the Wii , the Wii U , and the New Nintendo 3DS .

neg: Super Street Fighter IV is a 2010 fighting game produced by Capcom . It is an updated version of Street Fighter IV and has been said to mark the definitive end of the Street Fighter IV series . Having been deemed as too large an update to be deployed as DLC , the game was made into a standalone title , but given a lower price than that of a full retail game . It was released in April 2010 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . Super Street Fighter IV : 3D Edition was released as one of the launch titles for the Nintendo 3DS , with 3D functionality , on February 26 , 2011 , in Japan . The game has sold 1.9 million units worldwide , while the 3D Edition for the 3DS has sold an additional 1.1 million units worldwide .

neg: Army Men II Army Men II is the second game in the Army Men video game franchise from The 3DO Company and a direct sequel to 1998 's '' Army Men . It was released in 1999 The game differs from the first installment in that it has battles in both the `` real world '' and the `` plastic world . '' It was also the first to introduce the concept of portals between our world and their world , a topic that was expanded upon in later games .

neg: Sonic Generations Sonic Generations is a platform video game developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows . The Nintendo 3DS version of the game was developed by Dimps . The game commemorates the 20th anniversary of the Sonic the Hedgehog series , and was released in North America , Europe and Australia in November 2011 , and in Japan the following month . In 2012 , the game was made available for digital download on the PlayStation Network and Xbox 360 Games on Demand services , as well as on the Nintendo eShop the following year .   Sonic Generations follows Sonic and his sidekick Miles `` Tails '' Prower , who team with their past selves as they attempt to restore the space-time continuum after it is torn apart by an entity known as the Time Eater . The game features two gameplay modes : `` Classic '' , which plays from a 2.5 D side-scrolling perspective like that of the original Sega Genesis Sonic games , and `` Modern '' , 3D levels similar to those found in Sonic Unleashed and Sonic Colors . Each location and boss in the game is one previously seen in an earlier entry in the series , with the game including numerous other references to past titles in the series .   The console versions of Sonic Generations received positive reviews from critics , who praised its graphics , gameplay , and homages to past Sonic games , although criticism was directed at the game 's short length and occasional framerate issues ; the 3DS version received a more mixed reception . The game was also a commercial success , selling over 1.85 million copies across all platforms by May 2012 .

neg: Post Mortem (video game) Post Mortem is a murder mystery adventure game by Microïds , released in 2002 . Its sequels are Still Life and Still Life 2 .

neg: NBA Street V3 NBA Street V3 is the third game in the NBA Street series . It is the sequel of NBA Street Vol . 2 . It was released for PlayStation 2 , GameCube and Xbox , along with a PlayStation Portable port of V3 called NBA Street Showdown .   Contributing rappers to the Golden Age of Hip Hop , the Beastie Boys , appear as playable characters .   The GameCube version contains Mario , Luigi , and Princess Peach as playable characters . This was part of a deal Nintendo had with EA Sports to have Nintendo 's intellectual properties appear in EA franchises .

neg: Mega Man X6 Mega Man X6 , known as in Japan , is a video game developed and published by Capcom . It is the sixth main entry in the Mega Man X series . The game was first released on the PlayStation in Japan on November 29 , 2001 and was later made available in both North America and Europe .   The plot of Mega Man X6 takes place during the 22nd century where humans and intelligent robots called `` Reploids '' live together . The game follows shortly after the events of Mega Man X5 in which planet Earth was devastated by an attack by the `` Maverick '' leader Sigma and the protagonist Zero sacrificed his own life to save it . As the world recovers , a Maverick known only as the `` Zero Nightmare '' has begun spreading chaos . Zero 's comrade Mega Man X , curious of its name , seeks out this new threat . Like past games in the series , Mega Man X6 is an action-platformer in which the player tackles a series of stages and adds the unique weapon of each boss to X 's arsenal .   Prominent series artist and producer Keiji Inafune was not involved in the game 's production , as he had intended the fifth installment in the series to be the last with Zero 's death . Critically , Mega Man X6 has received mixed to positive reviews . The game was released for the Windows in different parts of Asia in 2002 and 2003 . It was also re-released in 2006 as part of the North American Mega Man X Collection for the GameCube and PlayStation 2 . Mega Man X6 was made available on the PlayStation Network as part of the PSOne Classics line on July 8 , 2015 in Japan .

neg: Bit.Trip Bit.Trip , stylized BIT.TRIP , is a series of seven video games developed by Choice Provisions ( or under their previous name Gaijin Games ) and published by Aksys Games for the Wii , Nintendo 3DS , Microsoft Windows , OS X , PS Vita , and PS4 . It was published by Arc System Works for WiiWare and Nintendo eShop in Japan , and by Namco Networks America Inc for the iPhone , iPod Touch and iPad . Each game revolves around the adventures of a character named `` Commander Video '' , and features `` a crazy mix of 80s aesthetics and modern game design '' . The styles of the games range from pong-like , to platforming , and shooting . Each game in the series features a chiptune-inspired soundtrack , but a different style of rhythm-based gameplay in each . Most games in the series have few levels ; Beat , Core , Void and Flux have only three levels each while Fate has six and Runner has 36 . Most of the games feature levels lasting between 10 and 25 minutes to make up for having such few levels . The games also consists of 8 modes , Nether , Hyper , Mega , Super , Ultra , Extra , Giga , and Meta , which changes based on how well the player does . Each successive game adds a new mode , the highest being Mega in Beat , and Meta in Flux .

neg: Payday 2 Payday 2 '' ' is a cooperative first-person shooter video game developed by Overkill Software and published by 505 Games has former published by Sony . The game is a sequel to 2011 's Payday : The Heist . It was released on 13 August 2013 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . An improved version of the game , subtitled Crimewave Edition , was released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in June 2015 ( on 12 June in the UK and Europe and on 16 June in North America ) . The game has been announced for the Nintendo Switch and will come out in the fall of 2017 .   Two years after the events of the previous game , a new gang comes to the Washington , D.C. area to perform another heisting spree . The player takes control of one of the gang 's seventeen members and can perform heists alone , with up to two AI players , or with ( up to ) 3 other players . The player can participate in a variety of heists , including but not limited to robberies of banks , shops and armored cars , and producing and distributing narcotics . The game differs on the previous by allowing much more customization of the player ( aesthetically and gameplay-wise ) , more variety in levels , and has reworked stealth mechanics .   An accompanying web series was produced to promote the game . The game was profitable from pre-orders alone and received positive reviews . Payday 2 : Crimewave Edition '' which offers improved graphics , new content and all previous DLCs , was released on 12 June 2015 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One .

neg: Nodes of Yesod Nodes of Yesod is a video game developed and published by Odin Computer Graphics in 1985 . The game is similar to Underwurlde , which was released a year earlier , and the later Metroid .   The game was released for the Amstrad CPC , Commodore 64 , Elan Enterprise 64 and 128 and ZX Spectrum platforms . Versions were also planned for the BBC Micro and MSX platforms but these were cancelled .   On the ZX Spectrum , the game came in separate 48K and 128K versions . The latter had improved title-screen music , in-game music and additional synthesised speech .   A sequel , The Arc of Yesod '' , was also published the same year .   A `` 25th Anniversary Edition '' was released in 2010 for the iPhone and iOS ( Apple ) devices . This version included a `` classic mode '' ( very similar to the original ZX Spectrum version ) and an `` enhanced mode '' , which featured new colour graphics , help system , map system , save/resume game feature and remixed music .

neg: Super Smash Bros. Super Smash Bros. is a series of crossover fighting games published by Nintendo , that primarily features characters from franchises established on its systems . All five games have been directed by Masahiro Sakurai .   The gameplay objective differs from that of traditional fighters by aiming to knock opponents off of the stage instead of depleting life bars . The original Super Smash Bros. , released in 1999 for the Nintendo 64 , had a small budget and was originally a Japan-only release , but its domestic success led to a worldwide release . The series achieved even greater success with the release of Super Smash Bros. . Melee , which was released in 2001 for the GameCube and became the best-selling game on that system . A third installment , Super Smash Bros. . Brawl , was released in 2008 for the Wii . Although HAL Laboratory has been the developer of the first two titles , the third game was developed through the collaboration of several companies . The fourth and fifth installments , Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U , were released in 2014 for the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U , respectively . The 3DS installment was the first series title to be released on a handheld platform .   The series features many characters from Nintendo 's most popular franchises , including Mario , Fox McCloud , Link , Kirby , Samus Aran and Pikachu . The original Super Smash Bros. had 12 playable characters , and the roster count has risen to 26 characters in Melee , 39 in Brawl , and 58 in 3DS/Wii U ( seven of which are downloadable ) . Some characters are able to transform into different forms that have different styles of play and sets of moves . The games also feature non-playable Nintendo characters , like Ridley and Petey Piranha . In Brawl , two third-party characters were added , Solid Snake and Sonic the Hedgehog . Additional third-party characters Mega Man , Pac-Man , Ryu , Cloud Strife and Bayonetta appeared in 3DS and Wii U , while Solid Snake was removed from the line-up .   Every title in the series has been well received by critics , with much praise given to the multiplayer mode experience . The Super Smash Bros. games have spawned a large competitive community and have been featured in several high-profile gaming tournaments .

neg: Space Football: One on One Space Football : One on One , known in Japan as , is an video game developed by Bits Studios and released in 1992 exclusively for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . The game takes place in the future with two athletes attempting to score goals against each other .

neg: Super Mario's Wacky Worlds Super Mario 's Wacky Worlds is a cancelled Mario platform video game in development by NovaLogic for the Philips CD-i system . The game was designed to be a sequel to Super Mario World , a Super NES game released in 1990 , that took advantage of the system 's hardware . While an early prototype of the game received positive feedback from Nintendo , the game was cancelled due to the declining sales of the Philips CD-i system .

neg: Kirby's Dream Land 2 Kirby 's Dream Land 2 , known as in Japan , is a platforming video game developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy handheld video game console . It was first released in Japan on March 21 , 1995 , and was later released in North America on May 1 , 1995 . It was released in Europe on July 31 , 1995 .   Kirby 's Dream Land 2 continues the adventures of Kirby from Kirby 's Dream Land and Kirby 's Adventure , adding three animal friends to aid Kirby in battle . It can be played on the Super Game Boy , and gives slight changes to the game , such as adding a custom color scheme , a special game border , and a few new sound effects .   Kirby 's Dream Land 2 was slated to be remade for the Game Boy Color as Kirby 's Dream Land 2 DX , but was cancelled along with Metroid II : Return of Samus DX . The original game was re-released on the 3DS Virtual Console in Japan on February 15 , 2012 , in PAL regions in May 17 , 2012 , and in North America on August 1 , 2013 . Kirby 's Dream Land 2 is also included in the Kirby 20th Anniversary Wii disc Kirby 's Dream Collection .

neg: Mega Man Xtreme 2 Mega Man Xtreme 2 , known as in Japan , is a video game developed by Capcom for the Game Boy Color handheld game console . It is a spin-off title in the Mega Man X series and is a follow-up to Mega Man Xtreme , released the previous year . Mega Man Xtreme 2 takes place during the 22nd century , in an unknown year 21XX , between the events of Mega Man X3 and Mega Man X4 . The DNA souls of robots known as `` Reploids '' all around the world are being stolen by a pair of villains in order to create an army of undead `` Mavericks '' . The `` Maverick Hunters '' Mega Man X and Zero quickly spring into action , now with the help of their young ally Iris .   Mega Man Xtreme 2 is a similar take on the series action and platforming gameplay formula while combining elements from home console versions of the Mega Man X series . The player may choose to play each of a series of stages as either protagonist , X or Zero . Defeating the stage 's boss will earn that player character its special weapon . Critical reception for Mega Man Xtreme 2 was lightly positive , with most reviewers giving the game praise typical of the long-running series and noting a general improvement over the first Mega Man Xtreme title . In 2013 , Mega Man Xtreme 2 was made available on the Virtual Console of Japan 's Nintendo eShop for the Nintendo 3DS . It was later released in the North American eShop the following year and was released in the PAL region eShop in September 11 , 2014 .

neg: Turbo Sub Turbo Sub released in 1985 as an arcade shooter game by Entertainment Sciences . Then later in 1991 for the Atari Lynx . The arcade version was a one player game set in the future where you control a submersible ship against a horde of aliens . The Atari Lynx version is the same but can be played with two players and tells us the story is set in the 28th century on Earth . The planet has been invaded and the goal of the game is that the player must destroy all the aliens .

neg: Masters of the Universe: The Movie Masters of the Universe : The Movie is an action-adventure game developed by Gremlin Graphics , and published in 1987 . It is based on the American film Masters of the Universe ( 1987 ) , directed by Gary Goddard . The film and the game are part of the Masters of the Universe media franchise .   A promotional photo of Dolph Lundgren as He-Man and Frank Langella as Skeletor illustrates the video game packaging . The MSX version of the game is titled Masters of the Universe .   Two other Masters of the Universe video games were published in the same year : Masters of the Universe : The Arcade Game and Masters of the Universe : The Super Adventure .

neg: Neo Geo , stylised as NEO ・ GEO , also written as NEOGEO , is a family of video game hardware developed by SNK . On the market from 1990 to 2004 , the brand originated with the release of an arcade system , the Neo Geo MVS and its home console counterpart , the Neo Geo AES . Both the arcade system and console were powerful for the time and the AES allows for perfect compatibility of games released for the MVS . However , the high price point for both the AES console and its games prevented it from directly competing with its contemporaries , the Sega Mega Drive ( Genesis ) , Super NES ( Super Famicom ) , and Turbo-Grafx 16 ( PC Engine ) . However the MVS arcade became very successful in stores in Japan and North America .   Years later , SNK would release the Neo Geo CD , a more cost effective console with games released on compact discs . The console was met with limited success , due in part to its slow CD-ROM drive . In an attempt to compete with increasingly popular 3D games , SNK released the Hyper Neo Geo 64 arcade system in 1997 as the successor to its aging MVS . The system did not fare well and only a few games were released for it . A planned home console based on the hardware was never released . SNK later extended the brand by releasing two handheld consoles , the Neo Geo Pocket , and later Neo Geo Pocket Color , which briefly competed with Nintendo 's Game Boy . Soon after their release , SNK encountered various legal and financial issues - however the original Neo Geo MVS and AES continued getting new games under new ownership until officially being discontinued in 2004 , ending the brand .   Regardless of the failure of later Neo Geo hardware , games for the original MVS and AES have been well received . The system spawned several long-running and critically acclaimed series , mostly 2D fighters , including Fatal Fury , Art of Fighting , Samurai Shodown and The King of Fighters , as well as popular games in other genres such as the Metal Slug and Baseball Stars series . In December 2012 , SNK Playmore released a handheld console based on the original AES , the Neo Geo X . As of March 1997 , the Neo Geo had sold 980,000 units worldwide . The Neo Geo Pocket Color also has been given praise for multiple innovations , and a very substantial library , despite its short life .

neg: Arkanoid is an arcade game developed by Taito in 1986 . It expanded upon Atari 's Breakout games of the 1970s by adding power-ups , different types of bricks , a variety of level layouts , and visual layering and depth . The title refers to a doomed `` mothership '' from which the player 's ship , the Vaus , escapes . Arkanoid revived the Breakout concept , resulting in many clones and similar games for home computers , even over a decade later .

neg: Mighty No. 9 is an action-platform video game developed by Comcept , in conjunction with Inti Creates , and published by Deep Silver . The creation of the game was based on the online crowdfunding website Kickstarter and incorporated heavy input from the public . Mighty No. 9 closely resembles the early Mega Man series in both gameplay and character design , which project lead Keiji Inafune worked on , and is considered its spiritual successor .   The minimum Kickstarter goal for Mighty No. 9 was successfully funded after only two days of the creation of the campaign in September 2013 . However , several other features including additional stages , special modes and ports to other platforms were announced after additional `` stretch goals '' related to it were achieved , increasing the total funds obtained to over 400 % of the original goal . The game was originally scheduled to be released in April 2015 , but was delayed multiple times until it was eventually released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One , and Wii U in June 2016 , OS X and Linux in August 2016 , with the PlayStation Vita , and Nintendo 3DS versions still in development .   Mighty No. 9 was highly anticipated after it was announced , but lengthy delays and Comcept 's decision to fund another project , Red Ash : The Indelible Legend , through Kickstarter were met with accusations of mismanagement . The game received generally negative reception from critics upon launch , with criticism being directed towards the game 's design , graphics , content , voice acting , and technical performance .

neg: Final Fantasy XIII is a science fiction role-playing video game developed and published by Square Enix for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles and later for the Microsoft Windows operating system . Released in Japan in December 2009 and worldwide in March 2010 , it is the thirteenth title in the mainline Final Fantasy series . The game includes fast-paced combat , a new system for the series for determining which abilities are developed for the characters called `` Crystarium '' , and a customizable `` Paradigm '' system to control which abilities are used by the characters . Final Fantasy XIII includes elements from the previous games in the series , such as summoned monsters , chocobos , and airships .   The game takes place in the fictional floating world of Cocoon , whose government , the Sanctum , is ordering a purge of civilians who have supposedly come into contact with Pulse , the much-feared world below . The former soldier Lightning begins her fight against the government in order to save her sister who has been branded as an unwilling servant to a god-like being from Pulse , making her an enemy of Cocoon . Lightning is soon joined by a band of allies , and together the group also become marked by the same Pulse creature . They rally against the Sanctum while trying to discover their assigned task and whether they can avoid being turned into monsters or crystals at the completion .   Development began in 2004 , and the game was first announced at Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) 2006 . Final Fantasy XIII is the flagship title of the Fabula Nova Crystallis collection of Final Fantasy games and is the first game to use Square Enix 's Crystal Tools engine . Final Fantasy XIII received mostly positive reviews from video game publications , which praised the game 's graphics , presentation , and battle system . The game 's story received a mixed response from reviewers , and its linearity compared to previous games in the series was mostly criticized . Selling 1.7 million copies in Japan in 2009 , Final Fantasy XIII became the fastest-selling title in the history of the series . As of January 2013 , the game has sold over 6.6 million copies worldwide . The Microsoft Windows version has sold over 700,000 copies according to SteamSpy . A sequel , titled Final Fantasy XIII-2 , was released in December 2011 in Japan and in February 2012 in North America and PAL regions . A second sequel , titled Lightning Returns : Final Fantasy XIII , which concludes Lightning 's story and the Final Fantasy XIII saga , was released in November 2013 in Japan and in February 2014 in North America and PAL regions . In September 2014 , Square Enix announced the Final Fantasy XIII series has been widely successful and has shipped over 11 million copies worldwide .


query: The basic text of Vedanta is the Prasthanatrayi.

pos: Vedanta Vedanta ( IAST , , Sanskrit : वेदांत ) or Uttara Mīmāṃsā is one of the six orthodox ( āstika ) schools of Hindu philosophy . Vedanta literally means `` end of the Vedas '' , reflecting ideas that emerged from the speculations and philosophies contained in the Upanishads . It does not stand for one comprehensive or unifying doctrine . Rather it is an umbrella term for many sub-traditions , ranging from dualism to non-dualism , all of which developed on the basis of a common textual connection called the Prasthanatrayi . The Prasthanatrayi is a collective term for the Principal Upanishads , the Brahma Sutras and the Bhagavad Gita .   All Vedanta schools , in their deliberations , concern themselves with the following three categories but differ in their views regarding the concept and the relations between them : Brahman -- the ultimate metaphysical reality , Ātman / Jivātman -- the individual soul or self , and Prakriti -- the empirical world , ever-changing physical universe , body and matter .   Some of the better known sub-traditions of Vedanta include Advaita ( non-dualism ) , Vishishtadvaita ( qualified non-dualism ) , and Dvaita ( dualism ) . Most other Vedantic sub-traditions are subsumed under the term Bhedabheda ( difference and non-difference ) . Over time , Vedanta adopted ideas from other orthodox ( āstika ) schools like Yoga and Nyaya , and , through this syncretism , became the most prominent school of Hinduism . Many extant forms of Vaishnavism , Shaivism and Shaktism have been significantly shaped and influenced by the doctrines of different schools of Vedanta . The Vedanta school has had a historic and central influence on Hinduism .

neg: Theravada Theravāda ( Pali , literally `` school of the elder monks '' ) is a branch of Buddhism that uses the Buddha 's teaching preserved in the Pāli Canon as its doctrinal core . The Pali canon is the only complete Buddhist canon which survives in a classical Indic Language , Pali , which serves as the sacred language and lingua franca of Theravada Buddhism . Another feature of Theravada is that it tends to be very conservative about matters of doctrine and monastic discipline . As a distinct sect , Theravada Buddhism developed in Sri Lanka and spread to the rest of Southeast Asia .   Theravada also includes a rich diversity of traditions and practices that have developed over its long history of interactions with varying cultures and religious communities . It is the dominant form of religion in Cambodia , Laos , Myanmar , Sri Lanka , and Thailand , and is practiced by minority groups in Bangladesh , China , Nepal , and Vietnam . In addition , the diaspora of all of these groups as well as converts around the world practice Theravāda Buddhism . Contemporary expressions include Buddhist modernism , the Vipassana movement and the Thai Forest Tradition .

neg: Advaita Guru Paramparā In the Indian religious and philosophical traditions , all knowledge is traced back to the Gods and to the Rishis who saw the vedas . Thus , the advaita guru-paramparā ( Lineage of Gurus in Non-dualism ) begins with the Daiva-paramparā , followed by the Ṛṣi-paramparā , which includes the vedic seers Vaśiṣṭha , his son Śakti , his son Parāśara , his son Vyāsa , ( the famous redactor of the vedas , he is also traditionally identified with Bādarāyaṇa , the composer of the Brahmasūtras ) , and Vyāsa 's son Śuka . After Śuka , we turn to the Mānava-paramparā , which brings us to historical times and personalities .

neg: Yoga Korunta The Yoga Korunta is a purported ancient text on yoga written in sanskrit by Vamana Rishi and allegedly discovered by Tirumalai Krishnamacharya in the National Archives of India in the early 20th century . Krishnamacharya later related an oral translation of the text to his students , such as K. Pattabhi Jois and B. K. S. Iyengar . Jois used it as the basis to create the Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga system . The original text reportedly was not preserved , and its historicity and existence has been questioned . According to Mark Singleton 's Yoga Body : The Origins of Modern Posture Practice , this legacy of Krishnamacharya is one of the bases for `` power struggles '' among competing methods of modern yoga .   It is said to have been made up of stanzas using rhymed , metered sutras , in the manner common to texts transmitted orally in the guru-shishya tradition .   The text is said to have described several lists of many different asana groupings , as well as highly original teachings on vinyasa , drishti , bandhas , mudras and general teachings .   The name Yoga Korunta is the Tamilized pronunciation of the Sanskrit words Yoga grantha , meaning `` book about yoga '' .

neg: Vedanga __ NOTOC __  The Vedanga ( वेदाङ्ग , `` limbs of the Veda '' ) are six auxiliary disciplines in Hinduism that developed in ancient times , and has been connected with the study of the Vedas . These are :   Shiksha : phonetics , phonology , pronunciation . This auxiliary discipline has focussed on the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet , accent , quantity , stress , melody and rules of euphonic combination of words during a Vedic recitation .  Chhandas : prosody . This auxiliary discipline has focussed on the poetic meters , including those based on fixed number of syllables per verse , and those based on fixed number of morae per verse .  Vyakarana : grammar and linguistic analysis . This auxiliary discipline has focussed on the rules of grammar and linguistic analysis to establish the exact form of words and sentences to properly express ideas .  Nirukta : etymology , explanation of words , particularly those that are archaic and have ancient uses with unclear meaning . This auxiliary discipline has focussed on linguistic analysis to help establish the proper meaning of the words , given the context they are used in .  Kalpa : ritual instructions . This field focussed on standardizing procedures for Vedic rituals , rites of passage rituals associated with major life events such as birth , wedding and death in family , as well as discussing the personal conduct and proper duties of an individual in different stages of his life .  Jyotisha : Auspicious time for rituals , astrology and astronomy . This auxiliary Vedic discipline focussed on time keeping .   The character of Vedangas has roots in ancient times , and the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad mentions it as an integral part of the Brahmanas layer of the Vedic texts . Individually , these auxiliary disciplines of study are traceable to the 2nd millennium BCE , and the 5th-century BCE scholar Yaska quotes the Vedangas . However , it is unclear when and where a list of six Vedangas were first conceptualized .   The Vedangas likely developed towards the end of the vedic period , around or after the middle of the 1st millennium BCE . These auxiliary fields of Vedic studies emerged because the language of the Vedic texts composed centuries earlier grew too archaic to the people of that time . The Vedangas were sciences that focused on helping understand and interpret the Vedas that had been composed many centuries earlier .   Vedangas developed as ancillary studies for the Vedas , but its insights into meters , structure of sound and language , grammar , linguistic analysis and other subjects influenced post-Vedic studies , arts , culture and various schools of Hindu philosophy . The Kalpa Vedanga studies , for example , gave rise to the Dharma-sutras , which later expanded into Dharma-shastras .

neg: Sikh scriptures The principal Sikh scripture is the Adi Granth ( First Scripture ) , more commonly called the Guru Granth Sahib . The Sikhs do not regard this as their `` holy book '' but as their perpetual and current `` guru '' , guide or master . It was called Adi Granth until Guru Gobind Singh , the tenth and final guru in human form , conferred on it the title of the guru in 1708 , after which it was called Sri Guru Granth Sahib , or Guru Granth Sahib for short . The Granth has 1430 pages and is divided into 39 chapters . All copies are exactly alike . The Sikhs are forbidden from making any changes to the text within this scripture .   The Guru Granth Sahib was compiled by Guru Arjan Dev , the fifth guru of the Sikhs . The work of compilation was started in 1601 and finished in 1604 . The Granth , called `` Pothi Sahib '' by Guru Arjan , was installed at Harmandir Sahib ( House of God ) with much celebration .

neg: Radha Soami Radhasoami . The Radhasoami mat or faith derives its name from its original Founder , the Supreme Being , Radhasoami who appeared in this world in human form and designated Himself Sant Sat Guru or perfect Saint or true Guide and Preceptor , and preached holy doctrines to sincere enquirer of Truth for the deliverance of their spirit from the bondage of body and its surroundings , as well as from the pains and pleasures of this world , and for the ultimate admission ( of their spirit ) into the Holy Presence of the Supreme Being after traversing and breaking through the trammels and impediments in the material spheres .   There are many phases of development on the spiritual path , the most important being love , manifest in devotion , discipline and obedience to Guru guru bhakti . With the Grace and Protection of the Guru , the disciple moves from outer methods of devotion , prayer and ritual , to the inner spiritual practice - meditation . The meditation practice is called Surat Shabd Yoga , the Yoga of the Sound Current , which emphasizes collecting the scattered attention at the Eye Center third eye , by means of repetition ( mantra/simran ) , and listening bhajan to the Inner Celestial Sound , Nam or Inner Word , the Real Form of both Master and Disciple . In practice , Guru bhakti leads to Nam bhakti .   `` The socio-religious revolution or renaissance which took place in India in the nineteenth century is generally known for its three facets : the change in Indian thought current under the hypnotic impact of the West ; a positive leaning towards puritanic revivalism as a reaction to the influx of western ideas ; and a deliberate attempt at synthesis of the Oriental and the Occidental . But besides these currents , there was one more - a spontaneous outburst of an inner urge of the Spirit , which was far away from any external influence whatsoever . The father of this spiritual renaissance was Soamiji Maharaj , the founder of the Radhasoami Faith , who started his teachings as early as the twenties of the nineteenth century . Whatever he said or wrote was the outcome of his intuitive realization and mystic revelations . Under this spiritual impulse he could draw a super-sensitive and English educated disciple like Hazur Maharaj towards him . The devotion of the disciple for the Master was matchless in form and precedence . And it was on his repeated requests that Soamiji Maharaj founded this esoteric faith in 1861 . The chief characteristics of this faith are love and devotion . It revitalized the medieval Bhakti trends and revived the ancient Guru traditions . The faith presents a new concept of the Supreme Being , a novel revelation of the name `` Radhasoami '' and introduces a well-defined and developed method of internal practice -- surat-shabd-yoga -- to the seekers after Truth . Not only an ascetic but also a man living in family can practise this Yoga . The faith has many other spiritual observances and a well spelled code of moral conduct to be followed by devotees . The faith owes its systematization to the second guru , Rai Saligram Bahadur ( Hazur Maharaj ) , who was its real architect . The Radhasoami Faith has made a remarkable contribution in the socio-religion field as well . The founder gurus of the faith made direct hit upon the prevalent malpractices and anomalies in the indigenous socio-religious beliefs . They advocated for steady and gradual reforms in Indian society and simplified religion so as to make it accessible to all who desire salvation from worldly bondage , without any distinction of caste , colour and nationality . ''   Shiv Dayal Singh , called `` Soamiji Maharaj '' by devotees and admirers , was a khatri seth by caste in Agra , India . He used to insist that anyone who chose to follow him must give up non-vegetarian food , abstain from alcohol and intoxicants , lead a high moral life and engage in over two hours of shabd yoga ( sound-current yoga ) meditation per day .   In the mid-1850s , Shiv Dayal Singh had a handful of followers in Agra . However , his teachings eventually attracted disciples from across India and by the time of his death in 1878 , Shiv Dayal had several thousand followers . He died on 15 June 1878 in Agra , India .   Shiv Dayal Singh 's wife , Narayani Devi ( called Radhaji ) , Rai Saligram ( called Huzur Maharaj ) , Sanmukh Das , Gharib Das , Partap Singh ( Shiv Dayal 's younger brother ) and Baba Jaimal Singh were some of his prominent followers around whom individual satsang groups formed . This splintering off , led to the propagation of Radhasoami teachings to a wider audience , although with slightly varied interpretations .

neg: Parshvanatha Parshvanatha , also known as Parshva , was the 23rd of 24 Tirthankaras ( ford-maker , teacher ) of Jainism . He is the earliest Jain Tirthankara who is generally acknowledged as a historical figure . His biography is uncertain , with Jain sources placing him between the 9th and 8th century BC , and historians stating he may have lived in 8th or 7th century BC . Along with Mahavira , Rishabhanatha and Neminatha , Parshvanatha is one of the four Tirthankaras who attracts the most devotional worship among the Jains . His iconography is notable for the serpent hood over his head , and his worship often includes Dharanendra and Padmavati -- the serpent god and goddess of Jainism .   Parshvanatha is said in Jain texts to have been born in Benares ( Varanasi , India ) , renounced the worldly life and founded an ascetic community . He is credited with starting the tradition of `` four fold restraints '' for monks -- do n't kill , do n't steal , do n't lie and do n't own property . Svetambara texts , such as section 2.15 of Acaranga Sutra , state that Mahavira 's parents were followers of Parshvanatha , linking Mahavira to a pre-existing theology and as a reformer of pre-existing Jain mendicant tradition . Mahavira expanded the scope of Parshvanatha 's first four restraints , with his ideas on Ahimsa ( non-violence ) , giving up even clothes , and added the fifth monastic vow of celibacy in the practice of asceticism . Parshvanatha , in contrast , according to them , had not required celibacy , and had allowed the wearing of simple outer garments by monks . The differences between the ideas of Parshvanatha and Mahavira , have been one of the many historic foundations behind the disputes between the two major Jain sub-traditions -- Svetambaras and Digambaras . The Digambara sect disagrees with the Svetambara interpretations , and they reject the theory of difference in Parshvanatha and Mahavira 's teachings .   Parshvanatha 's popularity among Jains is widespread , according to Paul Dundas -- a professor of Sanskrit known for his publications on Jainism . Parshva is popularly seen as a ford-maker who removes obstacles and has the capacity to save . Parshvanatha died on Mount Sammeta ( Madhuban , Jharkhand ) along the River Ganges basin , a place that has been an important pilgrimage site for all sub-traditions within Jainism .

neg: Man and his Becoming according to the Vedanta Man and his Becoming according to the Vedanta is a book by René Guénon .  The Introduction to the Study of the Hindu doctrines had , among its objectives , the purpose of giving the proper intellectual basis to promote openness to the study of eastern intellectuality . The study of Hindu doctrines is continued in his book Man and his Becoming according to the Vêdantâ by taking the specific viewpoint of the human being 's constitution according to the Vêdantâ : René Guénon states that his goal is not to present a synthetic exposition of all vedic doctrines `` which would be quite an impossible task '' , but to consider `` a particular point of that doctrine '' , in that case the definition of the human being , in order to contemplate afterwards other aspects of metaphysics .   The book begins in precising the nature of the Vêdantâ , its profound signification as the `` end of the Vedas '' , and the traditional signification of Shruti and Smriti scriptures :  the distinction between shruti and smriti is , fundamentally , equivalent to that between immediate intellectual intuition and reflective consciousness ; if the first is described by a word bearing the primitive meaning of ` hearing ' , this is precisely in order to indicate its intuitive character , and because according to the Hindu cosmological doctrine , sound holds the primordial rank among sensible qualities .  The fundamental texts called Mimânsa ( Pûrva-Mimânsa , Uttara-Mimânsa ) , the Upanishads , the Brahmâ-Sûtras , along with Hindu cosmological texts are listed , and the notion of `` intellectual function '' associated to their origin is proposed , as opposed to the profane notion of `` author '' .   The general considerations of the `` Self '' , the `` Unmanifested '' and the universal `` Manifestation '' are then introduced : the `` universal Manifestation '' is all that exists and its development is constantly being in progress , towards destiny . The `` Unmanifested '' is all that is beyond universal Manifestation , so that it can only be designated by negation . The second chapter also establishes the fundamental distinctions between the `` Self '' and the ego , or `` personality '' and `` individuality '' , the first being the only One that is `` absolutely real '' . These ideas are declined in different denominations depending , for a first part , on the different degrees of reality considered , and also from the `` transcendent '' and `` immanent '' point of views that can be contemplated : Ishwara is the `` Divine personality '' or the Principle of universal Manifestation . It is unmanifested , for the Principle of Manifestation can not be Itself manifested ( this is in relation to the symbolism of `` black heads '' : Ishwara has Its head in `` darkness '' ) . Atmâ , Paramâtmâ , Brahmâ : the realization that the Self , `` in relation to any being whatsoever , is in reality identical to Atmâ '' , constitutes the heart of the Hindu doctrine of `` delivrance '' or `` moksha '' , and that doctrine is absolutely identical to what Islamic esoterism calls the `` Supreme Identity '' ( that is to say , expressed in Hindu terms , the identity of Atmâ and Brahmâ ) :  `` the ` Supreme Identity ' , according to an expression borrowed from Islamic esoterism , where the doctrine on this and on many other points is fundamentally the same as in the Hindu tradition , in spite of great differences in form . ''  If the `` Supreme Identity '' ( or `` moksha '' or `` delivrance '' ) , is made possible , through realization , it is because at the very heart of the human being ( not to be confused with the heart organ of the corporeal envelope ) is found what is called Brahmâ 's journey , or Brahmâ-pura .   From there , all different degrees of individual manifestation can be described and named , and in particular the tanmatras , the mind or manas in its role of coordinator of internal and external faculties , the five vayus , the different prânas , and the distinctions between the waking state , the dream state , and the deep sleep state .   The book ends with a description of the reabsorption of the individual faculties , either in the posthumous conditions , or in the spiritual process of realization , up to the `` final delivrance '' or `` Supreme Identity '' , which is the ultimate goal of any true spiritual path .   Category :1925 books  Category : Books by René Guénon

neg: History of Hinduism History of Hinduism denotes a wide variety of related Hindu denominations native to the Indian Subcontinent , most of whom live in modern-day India , Nepal , Pakistan , Bangladesh and Afghanistan . Adherents are also found in the Indonesian island of Bali . Its history overlaps or coincides with the development of Indian religions since Iron Age India . It has thus been called the `` oldest living religion '' in the world . Scholars regard Hinduism as a synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions , with diverse roots and no single founder or source .   The history of Hinduism is often divided into periods of development , with the first period being that of the historical Vedic religion dated from about 1900 BCE to 1400 BCE . The subsequent period , between 800 BCE and 200 BCE , is `` a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions '' , and a formative period for Hinduism , Jainism and Buddhism . The Epic and Early Puranic period , from c. 200 BCE to 500 CE , saw the classical `` Golden Age '' of Hinduism ( ( c. 320-650 CE ) , which coincides with the Gupta Empire . In this period the six branches of Hindu philosophy evolved , namely Samkhya , Yoga , Nyaya , Vaisheshika , Mīmāṃsā , and Vedanta . Monotheistic sects like Shaivism and Vaishnavism developed during this same period through the Bhakti movement . The period from roughly 650 to 1100 CE forms the late Classical period or early Middle Ages , in which classical Puranic Hinduism is established , and Adi Shankara 's Advaita Vedanta , which incorporated Buddhist thought into Vedanta , marking a shift from realistic to idealistic thought .   Hinduism under both Hindu and Islamic rulers from c. 1200 to 1750 CE , saw the increasing prominence of the Bhakti movement , which remains influential today . The colonial period saw the emergence of various Hindu reform movements partly inspired by western movements , such as Unitarianism and Theosophy . The Partition of India in 1947 was along religious lines , with the Republic of India emerging with a Hindu majority . During the 20th century , due to the Indian diaspora , Hindu minorities have formed in all continents , with the largest communities in absolute numbers in the United States and the United Kingdom . In the Republic of India , Hindu nationalism has emerged as a strong political force since the 1980s , the Hindutva Bharatiya Janata Party forming the Government of India from 1999 to 2004 , and its first state government in South India in 2006 , and also the Narendra Modi led Government from 2014 .

neg: Atharvashikha Upanishad The Atharvashikha Upanishad ( IAST : ) is a Sanskrit text that is one of the minor Upanishads of Hinduism . It is among the 31 Upanishads associated with the Atharvaveda . It is classified as a Shaiva Upanishad focussed on god Shiva .   The text is composed through the voice of the Sage Atharvan , to whom the Atharvaveda is eponymously attributed . The text discusses and equates Om symbol to Shiva as the Supreme Being and Brahman , explaining the spirituality behind its chanting and meditation . It declares Shiva to be higher than Brahma , Vishnu , Rudra and Ishana .   The text is also called Atharvashikhopanishad , and is listed at 23 in the Telugu language anthology of 108 Upanishads in Muktika canon .

neg: Anuvyavasaya Anuvyavasāya ( Sanskrit : अनुव्यवसाय ) is derived from anu ( ` after ' ) + vyavasāya ( ` contact ' ) -- which means - ` after contact ' or ` self reflective cognition ' or ` cognition of a cognition ' .   Abhinavagupta has used this term to designate the re-presentation of what has been presented repeatedly as a dramatic representation . In Yoga psychology , it refers to the function of the mind in its intelligent ( sāttvika ) aspect by which the sensations ( due to the sense-object contact ālochana ) are associated , differentiated , integrated , and assimilated into precepts and concepts ; it refers to the creative faculty of the mind , and also accepted by Dignāga and Dharmakirti of the Yogacara and the Sautrāntika schools of Buddhism respectively . The former held the view that the nature of a reality is absolute consciousness devoid of any subject-object relations that are the constructs of the mind and expressed in language . However , the Nyāya realists did not accept Dignāga 's contention that the cognitive state is self-conscious or self-luminous awareness and its expression in propositional form is a mental construction , because they held that there are two stages of perception -- indeterminate or nirvikalpa perception and the determinate or savikalpa perception , follows the second stage , is when the mind relates it to the second stage . Abhinavagupta subscribes to the Yoga philosophy in explaining the determinate perception as an anuvyavasāya or creative function of the translucent mind predominated by its intelligence stuff ( sattva ) .   According to Murari Misra of the Mimamsa School , the primary knowledge whose truth is under consideration is apprehended in its anuvyavasāya or introspective awareness , which secondary knowledge also apprehends the truth of the primary knowledge . Ganesa , in support thereof , states that since a knowledge is specified only by its object ( viseyanirupya ) , the anuvyavasāya apprehending a primary knowledge should also apprehend the primary knowledge as being knowledge of such and such object , which in fact amounts to apprehending it as a true knowledge ; anuvyavasāya gives the datum for analysis , for it considers the ordinary mental perception of the primary knowledge with the extraordinary presentation through past knowledge of the object of the primary knowledge , and as a rule is accompanied by truth .   Anukirtana ( re-telling ) is a special type of anuvyavasāya ( re-perception ) . From the point of Advaita Vedanta , re-perception means the cognition of the mental states consisting of pleasure and pain . Anuvyavasāya ( re-perception ) reveals the previous knowledge existing at the stage as well as the self bearing that knowledge as a qualifier . In anuvyavasāya , the mind is conjunctively related to the knowing self in which the vyavasāya inheres ; and , anuvyavasāya , which is subsequent introspective awareness , amounts to the appropriation of the vyavasāya as a conscious ( intentional ) property of the knowing subject . This means , knowing is known in a secondary act of retrospection .

neg: Rasa (theology) Rasa ( IAST ) is a Sanskrit theological concept specific to Krishna-centered bhakti traditions , such as Gaudiya Vaishnavism . The theological use of the word can be found early , about two thousand years before the Nimbarka or Caitanya schools of bhakti , in a phrase that Chaitanya traditions frequently quote : `` Truly , the Lord is rasa '' ( raso vai sah ) of the Taittiriya Upanishad ( 2.7.1 ) . This statement expresses the view that God is the one who enjoys the ultimate rasa , or spiritual rapture and emotions .   It is believed Rupa Goswami developed , under the direct guidance of Caitanya , the articulated and formulated theology of rasa as `` the soul 's particular relationship with the divinity in devotional love '' .   Rupa 's text draws largely from the foundational theory of rasa formed by Bharata Muni , the originator of Sanskrit dramaturgy , or Natya Sastra ( perhaps as early as the 2nd century BCE ) . These relationships with the divinity in devotional love , rasa , can closely resemble the variety of loving feelings that humans experience with one another , such as beloved-lover , friend-friend , parent-child , and master-servant . Rasas are distinguished as lower and higher and according to Bhagavad Gita it appears that the three higher rasas are acknowledged and preferred by Arjuna . The higher rasas are described as loving , friendly , and fraternal types of relationships .

neg: Mandukya Upanishad The Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad ( Sanskrit : माण्डूक्य उपनिषद् , ) is the shortest of all the Upanishads , and is assigned to Atharvaveda . It is listed as number 6 in the Muktikā canon of 108 Upanishads .   It is in prose , consisting of twelve terse verses , and is associated with a Rig Vedic school of scholars . It discusses the syllable Om , presents the theory of four states of consciousness , asserts the existence and nature of Atman ( Soul , Self ) .   The Mandukya Upanishad is notable for having been recommended in the Muktikā Upanishad , through two central characters of the Ramayana , as the one Upanishad that alone is sufficient for knowledge to gain moksha , and as first in its list of eleven principal Upanishads . The text is also notable for inspiring Gaudapada 's Karika , a classic for the Vedanta school of Hinduism . Mandukya Upanishad is among the oft cited texts on chronology and philosophical relationship between Hinduism and Buddhism .

neg: Shukarahasya Upanishad The Shukarahasya Upanishad ( शुकरहस्य उपनिषद् , IAST : Śukarahasya Upaniṣad ) , also called Rahasya Upanishad , is a Sanskrit text and one of the minor Upanishads of Hinduism . It is classified under one of the 21 Samanya Upanishads and attached to the Krishna Yajurveda .   The text is a mix of prose and verses . It asserts that it has six parts and is structured as a discourse between Shiva and Shuka -- the son of Vedic sage Vyasa . Shukha is celebrated in Hinduism as the one who became a sannyasi ( Hindu monk ) at a very young age .   The text is notable for extracting and describing four Mahavakyas , or sacred statements one each from the ancient layers within the four Vedas , and presenting them as meditative tools . The text asserts that Shuka achieved Jivanmukti -- achieving freedom in this life , after he meditated on the knowledge in this Upanishad that he received from Shiva . The text further asserts that anyone can achieve similar spiritual liberation by meditating on the four Mahavakyas , and there is no need for rituals , pilgrimages and mantras for the one willing to meditate on these four .

neg: Bhagavata In Hinduism a Bhagavata ( a vrddhi formation from Bhagavan , meaning `` devotee of Bhagavan '' , the Lord , i.e. God ) , is a devotee , worshipper or follower of Bhagavan namely God in His personal aspect . The form of worship is called bhakti which has the meaning of ` adoration ' . Bhagavat or Bhagavan means ` the Adorable One ' , whereas Bhagavata indicates a worshiper of the Adorable One . It also refers to a tradition devoted to worship of Krishna , later assimilated into the concept of Narayana where Krishna is conceived as svayam bhagavan . According to some historical scholars , worship of Krishna emerged in the 1st century BC . However , Vaishnava traditionalists place it in the 4th century BC . Despite relative silence of the earlier Vedic sources , the features of Bhagavatism and principles of monotheism of Bhagavata school unfolding described in the Bhagavad Gita as viewed as an example of the belief that Vasudeva-Krishna is not an avatar of the Vedic Vishnu , but is the Supreme .

neg: Brahmana The Brahmanas ( -LSB- ˈbrɑːmənə -RSB- Sanskrit : ब्राह्मणम् , Brāhmaṇa ) are a collection of ancient Indian texts with commentaries on the hymns of the four Vedas . They are a layer or category of Vedic Sanskrit texts embedded within each Veda , and form a part of the Hindu śruti literature . They are primarily a digest incorporating myths , legends , the explanation of Vedic rituals and in some cases speculations about natural phenomenon or philosophy .   The Brahmanas are particularly noted for their instructions on the proper performance of rituals , as well as explain the original symbolic meanings - translated to words and ritual actions in the main text . Brahmanas lack a homogeneous structure across the different Vedas , with some containing chapters that constitute Aranyakas or Upanishads in their own right .   Each Vedic shakha ( school ) has its own Brahmana . Numerous Brahmana texts existed in ancient India , many of which have been lost . A total of 19 Brahmanas are extant at least in their entirety .   The dating of the final codification of the Brahmanas and associated Vedic texts is controversial , which occurred after centuries of verbal transmission . The oldest is dated to about 900 BCE , while the youngest Brahmanas ( such as the Shatapatha Brahmana ) , were complete by about 700 BCE . According to Jan Gonda , the final codification of the four Vedas , Brahmanas , Aranyakas and early Upanishads took place in pre-Buddhist times ( ca. 600 BCE ) .

neg: Neti neti In Hinduism , and in particular Jnana Yoga and Advaita Vedanta , neti neti is a Sanskrit expression which means `` not this , not this '' , or `` neither this , nor that '' ( is sandhi from `` not so '' ) . It is found in the Upanishads and the Avadhuta Gita and constitutes an analytical meditation helping a person to understand the nature of Brahman by first understanding what is not Brahman . It corresponds to the western via negativa , a mystical approach that forms a part of the tradition of apophatic theology . One of the key elements of Jnana Yoga practice is often a `` neti neti search . '' The purpose of the exercise is to negate rationalizations and other distractions from the non-conceptual meditative awareness of reality .

neg: Paramahamsa Parivrajaka Upanishad The Paramahamsa Parivrajaka Upanishad ( IAST : परमहम्स परिव्रजक उपनिस्हद् ) , is a medieval era Sanskrit text and a minor Upanishad of Hinduism . It is one of the 31 Upanishads attached to the Atharvaveda , and classified as one the 19 Sannyasa Upanishads .   The text is one of the late additions to the Hindu corpus of Upanishads , dated to the 2nd millennium of the common era , and was probably composed in the 14th or 15th century CE .   The text is notable for mentioning Sannyasa in the context of Varna ( classes ) , and describing ascetics ( Hamsas ) as wandering birds picking up food wherever they can find it , Paramahamsas ( highest ascetics ) begging and accepting food and water from all four castes without discrimination , a description similar to one found in Ashrama Upanishad . The text is also notable for the details it provides about the medieval tradition of renunciation in South Asia , and asserting that wandering Hindu mendicant after renunciation is ethical , dedicated to the study of Vedanta , and established in the path of Brahman .   In the Telugu anthology of 108 Upanishads of the Muktika canon , narrated by Rama to Hanuman , this Upanishad is listed at number 66 . The text is also known as Paramahamsaparivrajaka Upanishad and Paramahamsaparivrajakopnishad .

neg: Bhava The Sanskrit word `` bhāva '' means `` emotion , sentiment , state of body or mind , disposition '' , while `` bhava '' means `` being , worldly existence , becoming , birth , be , production , origin '' . The former term is rooted in latter , and in some context also means `` becoming , being , existing , occurring , appearance '' while connoting the condition thereof .   In Buddhism , bhava denotes the continuity of becoming ( reincarnating ) in one of the realms of existence , in the samsaric context of rebirth , life and the maturation arising therefrom . It is the tenth of the Twelve Nidanas , in its Pratītyasamutpāda doctrine .

neg: Dakshinamurti Upanishad The Dakshinamurti Upanishad ( दक्षिणामूर्ति उपनिषत् , IAST : Dakṣiṇāmūrti Upaniṣad ) is an ancient Sanskrit text and is one of the minor Upanishads of Hinduism . It is attached to the Krishna Yajurveda , and classified as one of the 14 Shaiva Upanishads .   The text is notable for asserting that Dakshinamurti is an aspect of Shiva , an aid to the liberating knowledge that Shiva is within oneself as Atman ( self , soul ) , and everything one does in daily life is an offering to this Shiva .