query: Role Models is a motion picture.

pos: Role Models Role Models is a 2008 American comedy film directed by David Wain and written by David Wain , Timothy Dowling , Paul Rudd and Ken Marino . It is about two energy drink salesmen who are ordered to perform 150 hours of community service as punishment for various offenses . For their service , the two men work at a program designed to pair kids with adult role models . The film stars Seann William Scott , Paul Rudd , Christopher Mintz-Plasse , Bobb ' e J. Thompson , Jane Lynch and Elizabeth Banks .

neg: Chuck Versus the Role Models `` Chuck Versus the Role Models '' is episode 15 of the third season of Chuck . Chuck and Sarah are assigned to train under Craig and Laura Turner ( Fred Willard and Swoosie Kurtz ) , a married CIA team who , despite their impeccable record , hate one another . The Turners ' stormy relationship forces Chuck and Sarah to wonder if they 're doomed with the same fate . Meanwhile , Casey must train the newest member of the team - Morgan .

neg: Object animation Object animation is a form of stop motion animation that involves the animated movements of any non-drawn objects such as toys , blocks , dolls , etc. which are not fully malleable , such as clay or wax , and not designed to look like a recognizable human or animal character .   Object animation is considered a different form of animation distinct from model animation and puppet animation , as these two forms of stop-motion animation usually use recognizable characters as their subjects , rather than just objects like static toy soldiers , or construction toys such as Tinker Toys , LEGO brand bricks ( Brickfilm ) , Lincoln Logs , Erector Sets , Playmobil , etc. .   Object animation is often combined with other forms of animation , typically for a more realistic effect ( e.g. , Model Animation or Puppet Animation to add more complex movement or depth to the characters ) . For example , a toy car can be animated without a driver , but is more often animated with a character easily seen driving the car .   The use of animated objects in film has been present since the early days of cinema .   An example of modern object animation can be seen on Robot Chicken , part of the regular Adult Swim block on Cartoon Network , which combines object animation with a variation of puppet animation , in this case the puppets are made to resemble plastic action figures from various TV shows , movies , and pop culture .

neg: B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity .   In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics .   Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie .   From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .

neg: Step Up (film) Step Up is a 2006 American romantic dance film directed by Anne Fletcher starring Channing Tatum and Jenna Dewan . Set in Baltimore , Maryland , the film follows the tale of the disadvantaged Tyler Gage ( Channing Tatum ) and the privileged modern dancer Nora Clark ( Jenna Dewan ) , who find themselves paired up in a showcase that determines both of their futures . Realizing that they only have one chance , they finally work together . The film is the first installment in the Step Up series and was followed by four sequels , Step Up 2 : The Streets ( 2008 ) , Step Up 3D ( 2010 ) , Step Up Revolution ( 2012 ) and Step Up : All In ( 2014 ) .

neg: Top Model Top Model or Next Top Model is a fashion-themed reality television show format produced in many countries throughout the world and seen in over 120 countries producing over 200 seasons ( referred to as `` cycles '' ) . The show takes the form of a modeling competition whose winners typically receive a contract with a major modeling agency and a cover shoot and fashion photo spread in a fashion magazine . The format was created by Tyra Banks for the original series , America 's Next Top Model which was first aired in 2003 , produced by Ken Mok 's 10 by 10 Entertainment .

neg: Paramount Television Network The Paramount Television Network ( PTN ) was a venture by American film corporation Paramount Pictures to organize a television network in the late 1940s . The company built television stations KTLA in Los Angeles and WBKB in Chicago ; it also invested US$ 400,000 in the DuMont Television Network , which operated stations WABD in New York City , WTTG in Washington , D.C. , and WDTV in Pittsburgh . Escalating disputes between Paramount and DuMont concerning breaches of contract , company control , and network competition erupted regularly between 1940 and 1956 , and culminated in the dismantling of the DuMont Network . Television historian Timothy White called the clash between the two companies `` one of the most unfortunate and dramatic episodes in the early history of the television industry . ''   The Paramount Television Network aired several programs , including the Emmy Award-winning children 's series Time for Beany . Filmed in Hollywood , the programs were distributed to an ad-hoc network of stations across the United States . The network signed affiliation agreements with more than 50 television stations in 1950 ; despite this , most of Paramount 's series were not widely viewed outside the West Coast . The Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) , which filed suit against Paramount for anti-trust violations , prevented the studio from acquiring additional television stations . Paramount executives eventually gave up on the idea of a television network , and continued to produce series for other networks . In 1995 , after four decades of television production for other companies , Paramount re-entered the broadcast network field when the company and Chris-Craft Industries launched the United Paramount Network ( UPN ) , a television network that operated until 2006 . Paramount 's television division is now owned by CBS Television Studios .

neg: Bodies, Rest & Motion Bodies , Rest & Motion is a 1993 American drama film written by Roger Hedden based on his play , and directed by Michael Steinberg . The film stars Phoebe Cates , Bridget Fonda , Tim Roth , and Eric Stoltz : they play four friends who are interested in the relationships they have and changing their own lives , but along the way their interests in life and each other start to change . The film also stars Bridget Fonda 's real life father , Peter Fonda , as a motorcyclist .   Bodies , Rest & Motion was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival .

neg: Teen drama A teen drama is a genre or type of drama series with a major focus on teenage and young adult characters . It came into prominence in the early 1990s , especially with the popularity of the Fox series Beverly Hills , 90210 . After 90210 became a success , television writers and producers realized the potential for this new genre to reach out to a previously ignored demographic . In the past , most series that maintained a focus on teenagers had been sitcoms , while adolescents in drama series were usually part of a larger ensemble that included adults and children .   More often than not , teen dramas have soap opera elements , incorporating one or more ongoing story arcs spanning several episodes . The young characters must deal with the dramatic ups and downs of their friendships and romances while facing an array of issues thought to be typical of adolescence . There have also been many successful teen-based series with major science fiction , fantasy and action/adventure themes .

neg: Children's film A children 's film , or family film , is a film genre that contains children or relates to them in the context of home and family . Children 's films are made specifically for children and not necessarily for the general audience , while family films are made for a wider appeal with a general audience in mind . Children 's films come in several major forms like realism , fantasy , adventure , animation , war , musicals , and literary adaptations .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: Sonia Sui Sonia Sui is a model and actress in Taiwan . She was best known for her role as a fashion model under the management of Catwalk Modeling Agency .   At the age of 13 , Sui was sent alone to Poland , and completed her junior high school education in Poznan , Poland . She then moved to Winnipeg , Manitoba where she finished her high school and went to study psychology at University of Winnipeg . Upon completion of the program , Sonia moved back to Taipei and started to pursue a modeling career .  In recent years , Sui has successfully entered into many entertainment industries other than modeling . She starred in a few TV Serials and Films , including the well received The Prince Who Turns into a Frog and Magicians of Love , as well as earning many endorsement deals . Ms Sui was also the co-host of the Golden Horse Awards 2008 .

neg: Character (arts) A character ( sometimes known as a fictional character ) is a person or other being in a narrative work of art ( such as a novel , play , television series , or film ) . The character may be entirely fictional or based on a real-life person , in which case the distinction of a `` fictional '' versus `` real '' character may be made . Derived from the ancient Greek word χαρακτήρ , the English word dates from the Restoration , although it became widely used after its appearance in Tom Jones in 1749 . From this , the sense of `` a part played by an actor '' developed . Character , particularly when enacted by an actor in the theatre or cinema , involves `` the illusion of being a human person . '' In literature , characters guide readers through their stories , helping them to understand plots and ponder themes . Since the end of the 18th century , the phrase `` in character '' has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor . Since the 19th century , the art of creating characters , as practiced by actors or writers , has been called characterisation .   A character who stands as a representative of a particular class or group of people is known as a type . Types include both stock characters and those that are more fully individualised . The characters in Henrik Ibsen 's Hedda Gabler ( 1891 ) and August Strindberg 's Miss Julie ( 1888 ) , for example , are representative of specific positions in the social relations of class and gender , such that the conflicts between the characters reveal ideological conflicts .   The study of a character requires an analysis of its relations with all of the other characters in the work . The individual status of a character is defined through the network of oppositions ( proairetic , pragmatic , linguistic , proxemic ) that it forms with the other characters . The relation between characters and the action of the story shifts historically , often miming shifts in society and its ideas about human individuality , self-determination , and the social order .

neg: Super Model (film) Super Model is a 2013 Hindi thriller featuring Veena Malik and Ashmit Patel in the lead roles . The supporting cast includes Harsh Chhaya and Jackie Shroff . It was released worldwide on September 27 .   The film was produced by Ravi Ahlawat of Eye Telefilms Pvt. Ltd and directed by Navin Batra . Prem Prakash Gupta was the associate producer of the film and the music was provided by DJ Sheizwood . Super Model was released worldwide by Pen N Camera International Pvt. Ltd. .

neg: César Award for Best Supporting Actress The César Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( French : César de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle ) is one of the César Awards , presented annually by the Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinéma to recognize the outstanding performance in a supporting role of an actress who has worked within the French film industry during the year preceding the ceremony . Nominees and winner are selected via a run-off voting by all the members of the Académie .

neg: Principal boy In pantomime , a principal boy role is the young male protagonist of the play , traditionally played by a young actress in boy 's clothes .   The tradition grew out of laws restricting the use of child actors in London theatre , and the responsibility carried by such lead roles . A Breeches role was also a rare opportunity for an early 20th-century actress to wear a costume revealing the legs covered only in tights , potentially increasing the size of the audience . The practice of having a female play the principal boy has become less common , as further outlets are sought for the talents of young male popular stars and actors .   Although not written as a pantomime , Peter Pan , or The Boy Who Would n't Grow Up is often produced as one with the tradition of a female principal boy continuing .

neg: Darkstar: The Interactive Movie Darkstar : The Interactive Movie is an interactive movie video game written , produced , edited , animated , and directed by J. Allen Williams , owner of the American animation studio Parallax Studio . It starred the actor Clive Robertson and the original cast of the comedy series Mystery Science Theater 3000 ( Trace Beaulieu , Frank Conniff , Joel Hodgson , Mary Jo Pehl , and J. Elvis Weinstein ) . The game also featured animations by the comic book artist Richard Corben and was the final work of actor Peter Graves , who narrated the game . Darkstar was released online on November 5 , 2010 through the company website and as a downloadable through Strategy First . It was re-released in stores December 9 , 2011 in the United Kingdom and Ireland through Lace Mamba Global .

neg: Pay It Forward (film) Pay It Forward is a 2000 American drama-romance film based on the novel of the same name by Catherine Ryan Hyde . The film is set in Las Vegas in the present day , and it chronicles 12-year-old Trevor McKinney 's launch of a goodwill movement known as ` pay it forward ' . Directed by Mimi Leder and written by Leslie Dixon , the film stars Haley Joel Osment as Trevor , Helen Hunt as his alcoholic single mother Arlene McKinney , and Kevin Spacey as his physically and emotionally scarred social studies teacher Eugene Simonet .   Pay It Forward was released on October 20 , 2000 to mixed reviews , with most critics praising the acting , writing , music and cinematography but criticizing the story and accusing it of excessive emotional manipulation , particularly in its ending . The film was a moderate box office success , earning just over $ 55.7 million on a $ 40 million budget .

neg: Silver Linings Playbook Silver Linings Playbook is a 2012 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by David O. Russell . It was adapted from the novel The Silver Linings Playbook , by Matthew Quick . The film stars Bradley Cooper and Jennifer Lawrence , with Robert De Niro , Jacki Weaver , Chris Tucker , Anupam Kher , and Julia Stiles in supporting roles .   Cooper plays Patrick `` Pat '' Solitano , Jr. , a man with bipolar disorder who is released from a psychiatric hospital and moves back in with his parents , played by Robert De Niro and Jacki Weaver . Determined to win back his estranged wife , Pat meets recently widowed Tiffany Maxwell , portrayed by Jennifer Lawrence , who offers to help him get his wife back if he enters a dance competition with her . The two become closer as they train and Pat , his father , and Tiffany examine their relationships with each other as they cope with their problems .   Silver Linings Playbook premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8 , 2012 , and was released in the United States on November 16 , 2012 . The film opened to major critical success and earned numerous accolades . It received eight Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay . It became the first film since 1981 's Reds to be Oscar-nominated for the four acting categories and the first since 2004 's Million Dollar Baby to be nominated for the Big Five Oscars , with Lawrence winning the Academy Award for Best Actress . It also achieved four Golden Globe Award nominations , with Lawrence winning Best Actress ; three BAFTA nominations , with Russell winning for Best Adapted Screenplay ; four Screen Actors Guild nominations ; and five Independent Spirit Award nominations , winning in four categories , including Best Film . The film was a success at the box office , grossing over $ 236 million worldwide , more than eleven times its budget .

neg: You're in the Movies is a party game for the Xbox 360 that is bundled with the Xbox Live Vision Camera , developed by Zoë Mode . It was released by Codemasters in the United States and the United Kingdom in 2008 , and in Australia and Japan in 2009 . The game is a process of filming a movie on one of the 30 scenarios that can involve up to four people . Actions include the application of make-up , jogging in place , driving a car and playing volleyball . Previous video can be stored on the console , as well as to send to friends via e-mail . The game was first previewed at Microsoft 's Press Conference at E3 2008 in July 2008 . It was later shown at the Games Convention one month later . -LCB- The game has met with mixed reviews , receiving criticism for the Xbox Live Vision Camera bundled with the game .

neg: Expecting Models Expecting Models is the first agency of its kind that specializes in providing professional pregnant models and actresses for the fashion and commercial world .   Founded in New York City in 2001 by Elliott-Ramirez , a former fashion model herself , Expecting Models represents real moms , their babies and real families . The agency gives models and actresses the opportunity to keep working , but in a different segment of the industry -- enabling talent to work from pregnancy thru post-delivery .   Expecting Models , Inc. is a licensed , bonded and SAG franchised agency and has quarters in New York City and Los Angeles . Their fashion clients include Motherswork , Gap , Target , Cadeau , Liz Lange , Nordstrom and Destination Maternity . Additionally , Expecting Models provides with models for print magazines like Fit Pregnancy , Pregnancy & New Born and 9 Plus Bebe Mama Magazine .   Expecting Models is also featured in the show `` Runway Moms '' , broadcast on the Discovery Health Channel . In the show , Liza Elliott-Ramirez becomes a maternity expert for her models .


query: 42 was released before 2014.

pos: 42 (film) 42 is a 2013 American biographical sports film written and directed by Brian Helgeland about the racial integration of American professional baseball by player Jackie Robinson , who wore jersey number 42 through his Major League career . The film stars Chadwick Boseman as Robinson , and Harrison Ford as Branch Rickey , with Alan Tudyk , Nicole Beharie , Christopher Meloni , Andre Holland , Lucas Black , Hamish Linklater and Ryan Merriman appearing in supporting roles .   The film received generally positive reviews and grossed over $ 97 million on a $ 40 million budget . 42 was released in North America on April 12 , 2013 .

neg: List of million-selling singles in the United Kingdom A million-selling single is regarded by the Official Charts Company ( OCC ) as one that has sold at least 1 million copies since the start of the UK Singles Chart in November 1952 . As well as a traditional purchase of a physical record , a sale can represent one permanent digital download of a track ( physical singles usually consist of two songs , although both are only included in sales figures for double A sides or where both receive a high level of interest and airplay ) . Both British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) - certified awards ( Silver , Gold and Platinum ) and the weekly charts now include audio streaming but these are not included in the sales figures published by the OCC . Certified awards can also include shipments ( sales to trade ) . The OCC and Music Week regularly announce when a record becomes a million seller .   , 167 singles have sold 1 million copies in the UK . Of these , 108 were originally released in the 20th century ( 70 of them selling 1 million before the year 2000 ) and the remainder were released between 2000 and 2014 . The most recently released single to become a million-seller is `` Uptown Funk '' by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars , which was released in December 2014 and passed a million sales ten weeks later in February 2015 . Bing Crosby 's `` White Christmas '' is the earliest release : originally 1942 , although only sales from 1952 onwards are counted . The year in which the most million-sellers were released is 2011 , with twelve ; while a record 36 releases from both the 1990s and the 2010s have sold a million copies . Only two million sellers have failed to reach the top 5 on the UK Singles Chart : Snow Patrol 's `` Chasing Cars '' and Journey 's `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' , both of which peaked at number 6 .

neg: When Your Heart Stops Beating (song) `` When Your Heart Stops Beating '' is a song by American rock band +44 , released on November 14 , 2006 as the third single from the group 's debut studio album , When Your Heart Stops Beating ( 2006 ) . `` When Your Heart Stops Beating '' was released to radio on October 3 , 2006 . The song was the only single from the album to chart , peaking at number 14 on Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart .

neg: 43 Things 43 Things was a social networking website established as an online goal setting community . It was built on the principles of tagging , rather than creating explicit interpersonal links ( as seen in Friendster and Orkut ) . Users created accounts and then listed a number of goals or hopes ; these goals were parsed by a lexer and connected to other people 's goals that were constructed with similar words or ideas . This concept is also known as folksonomy . Users could set up to 43 goals , and were encouraged to explore the lists of other users and `` cheer '' them on towards achieving their goals .   The 43 Things website went offline on New Years Day , 2015 . An imposter site , run by a domain squatter appeared in 2017 . This site has agreed to post that they are unrelated to 43 Things , but continue to use the name and URL .

neg: Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary On May 14 , 1988 , the Atlantic Records label held its 40th Anniversary Celebration by staging a non-stop concert lasting almost 13 hours at Madison Square Garden , New York . The event was dubbed `` It 's Only Rock And Roll '' .   Only artists who had released material on the Atlantic label in the United States performed , with the artists spanning the 40 years of the company 's existence . Lavern Baker and Ruth Brown were the longest tenured Atlantic acts to perform , while Debbie Gibson was the most recent Atlantic signing to make an appearance at the event .   Some Atlantic signings , who had either officially split up or who had not performed together for a number of years , re-formed especially to perform at the concert . These artists included The Rascals , Iron Butterfly , and the former members of Led Zeppelin . Other notable performers included Yes , Genesis , Crosby , Stills & Nash , Keith Emerson and Carl Palmer ( representing Emerson , Lake & Palmer ) , Foreigner , Paul Rodgers , Bob Geldof , Booker T. Jones , Wilson Pickett , The Coasters , The Spinners , Peabo Bryson , The Blues Brothers ( featuring Dan Aykroyd and Sam Moore ) , Roberta Flack , The Manhattan Transfer , Bee Gees , Ben E. King and Vanilla Fudge .   There had been plans to close the performance with a greatest hits all-star jam , but this idea was shelved . Instead , the former members of Led Zeppelin performed as the last act .   The concert was broadcast live in the US on FM radio and HBO television , commentary for the latter being provided backstage by comedian Robert Townsend . HBO commenced its live broadcast a few hours into the event and interspersed footage of the concert which had been taped earlier by the network . In so doing , some of the artists ' sets were edited or omitted . An edited version aired later that year on ABC hosted by Robert Hays . Several banners heralding the reunion of Led Zeppelin band members were displayed like tapestry by excited fans , but , to their dismay , were taken down before HBO went with their live feed . The Audio was recorded by David Hewitt and Stanley Johnston on the Record Plant Black Truck .   In the United Kingdom the event was broadcast over a period of four weeks by BBC 2 , presented as hour-long episodes . Atlantic Records later released this production on video under the title Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary : It 's Only Rock 'n' Roll . The release intercut concert footage with highlights from earlier performances , as well as older footage from the Atlantic archives .

neg: ISO 428 ISO 428 was an International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) standard fully entitled `` Wrought Copper-Aluminium Alloys -- Chemical Composition And Forms of Wrought Products '' , specifying the allowable compositions of various copper-aluminum alloy specifications ( see aluminium bronze ) . The standard , promulgated in 1983 , was withdrawn in March 2000 .   Following is a list of aluminium bronze wrought alloy compositions , by ISO 428 designations ( proportional composition by weight ; copper is the remainder by weight and is not listed ) :   # 00428  Category : Copper alloys

neg: List of songs recorded by Thirty Seconds to Mars American rock band Thirty Seconds to Mars has recorded material for four studio albums . The band was formed in Los Angeles , California , in 1998 by brothers Jared and Shannon Leto . The duo later expanded to a four-piece when they added guitarist Solon Bixler and bassist Matt Wachter to the line-up . After signing a contract with record label Immortal Records in 1998 , the band began to work with producers Bob Ezrin and Brian Virtue on their debut album , 30 Seconds to Mars , which was released in August 2002 . The album produced two singles , `` Capricorn ( A Brand New Name ) '' and `` Edge of the Earth '' . In early 2003 , Bixler left the band due to issues primarily related to touring and was replaced by Tomo Miličević . Thirty Seconds to Mars released their second studio album , A Beautiful Lie , in August 2005 . The record , produced by Josh Abraham , was preceded by the single `` Attack '' and spawned two Kerrang ! Award-winning singles , `` The Kill '' and `` From Yesterday '' . The album 's title track , `` A Beautiful Lie '' , was released as the fourth single in selected territories . `` Hunter '' , a song originally performed by Björk , was covered by the band and added to the track listing of the album . In March 2007 , Wachter left the group to spend more time with his family and was replaced by Tim Kelleher , performing live only .   Thirty Seconds to Mars returned to the studio in August 2008 to begin work on their third album This Is War ( 2009 ) , with Flood and Steve Lillywhite producing . `` Kings and Queens '' , the album 's lead single , was written by Jared Leto across the United States and South Africa . `` This Is War '' became the band 's third number one single on the US Alternative Songs . `` Closer to the Edge '' was released as the album 's third single . Thirty Seconds to Mars collaborated with rapper Kanye West on the song `` Hurricane '' , which was released on the deluxe edition of This Is War and became the album 's fourth single in some territories . Drummer Shannon Leto wrote the instrumental track `` L490 '' and played every instrument on it , including all guitars and a singing bowl . This Is War moved away from the band 's typical sound to experiment with different musical genres ; a trend which became much more pronounced on the 2013 album Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams , produced by Jared Leto with previous collaborator Steve Lillywhite . The first single released from the album was `` Up in the Air '' , which was followed by `` Do or Die '' and `` City of Angels '' .

neg: Relapse (Eminem album) Relapse is the sixth studio album by American rapper Eminem . The album was released on May 19 , 2009 , under Aftermath Entertainment , Shady Records , and Interscope Records . It was his first album of original material since Encore ( 2004 ) , following a four-year hiatus from recording due to his writer 's block and an addiction to prescription sleeping medication . Recording sessions for the album took place during 2005 to 2009 at several recording studios , and Dr. Dre , Mark Batson , and Eminem handled production . Conceptually , Relapse concerns the ending of his drug rehabilitation , rapping after a non-fictional relapse , and the return of his Slim Shady alter-ego .   One of the most anticipated album releases of 2009 , Relapse debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart , selling 608,000 copies in its first week . It produced three singles that attained chart success and has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . The album received mixed reviews from most music critics , who were divided in their responses towards Eminem 's lyrics . It has sold more than 2.3 million copies in the United States and more than 17 million copies worldwide .

neg: Blur 21 Blur 21 is a CD , DVD and vinyl box set encompassing the vast majority of music by Blur . It was released on 30 July 2012 , commemorating the 21st anniversary of the release of Leisure , the band 's first album . The release took place before the band 's performance at Hyde Park as part of the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony . One version of the box-set consists of eighteen CDs , three DVDs , one vinyl 7 '' record ( of the early Seymour track `` Superman '' ) and a hardcover book acting as a complete biography of the band . The CDs contain all seven Blur albums , with the first five remastered , with each album receiving a new second disc of B-side material ; as well as four ` rarities ' discs containing mostly previously unreleased material . The DVDs contain Showtime , The Singles Night and an all-new rarities disc . It is the band 's most retrospective release .   Another boxset , Blur 21 Vinyl Edition , was released at the same time , featuring the band 's seven studio albums on heavyweight vinyl , each of the LPs repackaged as a double album except for Leisure , a single album . The vinyl edition does not , however , include any previously unreleased material . As above , the Blur 21 CD/DVD/7 '' single pack contains many previously unreleased recordings , including the long-awaited releases of previously known about songs like `` Pap Pop , '' `` Beached Whale '' and `` Sir Elton John 's Cock . ''   Yet some previously released songs by the band have not been listed as featuring on the box set , such as `` Colours , '' a Think Tank outtake released as a fan club single in 2003 . Likewise , some unreleased songs are not featured on the box set , like `` Death Metal , '' a jam session from the 13 sessions in 1998 , and `` For Old Time 's Sake , '' recorded in 1993 for The Sunday Sunday Popular Community Song CD , but left off the EP , due to it possibly being deleted or lost . Additionally , no material from the band 's 1998 live recording and remix album Bustin ' + Dronin ' appears on the box set . Rarities 4 , one of the bonus albums in the box set , features an early mix of `` Under the Westway '' with some differences between it and the 2012 single version .   The box set also includes a special code to download all the music content as MP3 , along with all the Blurb magazine issues and extra content with audio commentary and unreleased footage per album .

neg: List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 1983 The Billboard 200 , published in Billboard magazine , is a weekly chart that ranks the highest-selling music albums and EPs in the United States . In 1983 , the name of the chart was Top LPs & Tape . Before Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales in 1991 , Billboard estimated sales from a representative sampling of record stores nationwide , using telephone , fax or messenger service . Data were based on rankings made by the record stores of the best-selling records , not on actual sales figures .   There were six number-one albums on this chart in 1983 , including the debut album of the Australian band Men at Work , Business as Usual , which spent the last seven weeks of 1982 and the first eight weeks of 1983 at number one , and was certified quadruple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in 1984 . Thriller , the sixth studio album by recording artist Michael Jackson , was released on November 1982 . It peaked at number one for twenty-two non-consecutive weeks in 1983 with another fifteen consecutive weeks at the top into the following year , and seven songs from the album became top ten singles between late 1982 and early 1984 . Two of them : `` Billie Jean '' and `` Beat It '' , reached the top position of the Billboard Hot 100 . Thriller won eight Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year at the 26th Grammy Awards , and was the best-selling album of 1983 with more than fifteen million copies sold . In 2008 , twenty-five years after its release , the record was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame , and a few weeks later , it was among twenty-five recordings preserved by the Library of Congress to the National Recording Registry as `` culturally significant '' .   Flashdance , the soundtrack to the 1983 musical and romance film of the same name , peaked at number one for two weeks and won the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture . The two singles released from the album , `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' by Irene Cara , and `` Maniac '' by Michael Sembello , reached the top of the singles chart in 1983 . The New York Times considered the British band The Police to be the year 's most influential rock band . Australian , British , and American bands copied the white-reggae formula of their ( The Police 's ) earlier successes . The group released their fifth and final studio album , Synchronicity , in 1983 . The album , a varied accomplished blend of rock , funk , and third-world rhythms , stayed at number one for seventeen weeks and was certified four times platinum by the RIAA in 1984 . Metal Health , the third album by heavy metal band Quiet Riot , peaked at number one for one week , becoming the first heavy metal record to reach the top of the Billboard 200 . Singer-songwriter Lionel Richie released his second album Ca n't Slow Down in 1983 , which spent three weeks at the top and won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year at the 27th Grammy Awards .

neg: Now That's What I Call Music! 49 (U.S. series) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 49 , released on February 4 , 2014 , is the 49th edition of the Now ! series in the United States . The album features three Billboard Hot 100 number-one hits : `` Timber '' , `` Royals '' , and `` Wrecking Ball '' .   Now ! 49 debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart with sales of 98,000 copies in its first week of release . As of June 2014 , 482,000 copies of the compilation had been sold .

neg: Since When Since When is a 1998 album by Canadian rock band 54-40 . It marks the band 's return to the more acoustic folk rock sound of their 1980s albums . The album was the highest charting album in the band 's history , peaking at No. 19 on the RPM Canadian Albums Chart . Also , the album 's lead single and title track , `` Since When '' , is the highest charting single in the band 's history .

neg: Bad (album) Bad is the seventh studio album by American singer and songwriter Michael Jackson , released on August 31 , 1987 in the United States by Epic Records and internationally by CBS Records . It was released nearly five years after Jackson 's previous solo studio album , Thriller ( 1982 ) . Bad was recorded during the first half of 1987 . The lyrical themes include media bias , paranoia , racial profiling , romance , self-improvement and world peace . The album cemented Jackson 's status as one of the most successful artists of the 1980s .   Bad saw Jackson exercise even more artistic freedom than he did with his two previous Epic releases ( Off the Wall and Thriller ) ; Jackson composed nine of the album 's eleven tracks , and received co-producer credit for the entire album . Nine of the eleven songs on Bad were released as singles ; one was a promotional single , and another was released outside of the United States and Canada . Five of the singles hit No. 1 in the United States , while a sixth charted within the top ten , and a seventh charted within the top twenty on the Hot 100 . Bad peaked at No. 1 in thirteen countries and charted within the top twenty in other territories . The only songs on the album which were not released as a single were `` Speed Demon '' and `` Just Good Friends '' , the latter being the only song on the album to also not have a music video accompanying it .   The album continued Jackson 's commercial success in the late 1980s , and garnered six Grammy Award nominations , winning two . Aside from commercial success , the album was well received by contemporary critics . The album produced a record five Billboard Hot 100 number one singles , the first of two albums to do so , the second being Katy Perry 's 2010 album Teenage Dream . Bad was ranked No. 43 in the 100 Greatest Albums of All Time of the MTV Generation in 2009 by VH1 and number 202 in Rolling Stone magazine 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . As of 2012 , Bad had reportedly sold between 30 and 45 million copies worldwide and has been cited as one of the 30 best-selling albums of all time . In 2017 , the album was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America , denoting sales of over ten million copies in the United States . The album marked the final collaboration between Jackson and producer Quincy Jones .

neg: List of Billboard number-one singles of 1947 This is a list of number-one songs in the United States during the year 1947 according to Billboard magazine . Prior to the creation of the Billboard Hot 100 , Billboard published multiple singles charts each week . In 1947 , the following three charts were produced :   Best Sellers in Stores -- ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores , as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country .  Most Played by Jockeys -- ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations , as reported by radio disc jockeys and radio stations .  Most Played in Jukeboxes -- ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States .   Shown is a list of songs that topped the Best Sellers in Stores chart .

neg: Now That's What I Call Music! 43 (UK series) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 43 or Now 43 was released in 1999 . The album is the 43rd edition of the ( UK ) Now ! series .   Now 43 was the first Now album available on Mini Disc format , with Now 48 being the last . It was also available on audio cassette and CD format .   Now 43 features eight songs which reached number one on the UK Singles Chart : `` Perfect Moment '' , `` You Needed Me '' , `` I Want It That Way '' , `` Sweet Like Chocolate '' , `` Bring It All Back '' , `` Boom , Boom , Boom , Boom '' , `` 9pm ( Till I Come ) '' and `` Everybodys Free ( To Wear Sunscreen ) '' .

neg: List of Criterion Collection UK releases This is a list of Criterion Collection Blu-ray titles released in U.K. , distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment .   The Criterion Collection is a video distribution company which specializes in licensing and selling `` important classic and contemporary films '' in `` editions that offer the highest technical quality and award-winning , original supplements . '' Janus Films and the Voyager Company established The Criterion Collection in 1984 as a privately held company concentrating upon the North American home video market . In March 2016 , Criterion announced that due to a distribution partnership with Sony Pictures Home Entertainment select Criterion Collection titles would be launching in U.K. as Blu-ray editions , starting on April 18 , 2016 .   So far all the released titles have been films that have already been released in US by Criterion Collection , or that have received simultaneous releases in the US and U.K. . So far all the released titles have been identical to their US counterparts apart from region coding ( A in the US and B in U.K. ) .

neg: Expedition 42 Expedition 42 was the 42nd expedition to the International Space Station . It began on 10 November 2014 with the undocking of Soyuz TMA-13M , returning the crew of Expedition 41 to Earth and ended with the undocking of Soyuz TMA-14M in March 2015 .

neg: Now That's What I Call Music! 43 (U.S. series) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 43 was released on August 7 , 2012 . It is the 43rd edition of the Now ! series in the United States . It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart with sales of 111,000 copies in its first week of release , becoming the 16th number-one album in the series ' franchise .   Now ! 43 features two number-one Billboard Hot 100 hits , `` Call Me Maybe '' and `` Part of Me '' .   Instead of the main version of `` Payphone '' , which featured Wiz Khalifa , the `` No-rap '' version was included on this album .

neg: Now That's What I Call Music! 37 (U.S. series) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 37 was released on February 8 , 2011 . The album is the 37th edition of the ( U.S. ) Now ! series . Seven tracks selected for the album were number-one hits on the Billboard Hot 100 : `` Love The Way You Lie '' , `` Just the Way You Are '' , `` Firework '' , `` Raise Your Glass '' , `` We R Who We R '' , `` Only Girl ( In The World ) '' and `` Like a G6 '' .   Now ! 37 debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart with first week sales of 151,000 , the biggest week for any US-released Now album since Now ! 31 started at number one with 169,000 in July 2009 .

neg: The Mourning After The Mourning After is the third studio album by the American metal band 40 Below Summer . The album was released on October 28 , 2003 via Razor & Tie Records . Two singles were released from the album in `` Self Medicate '' and `` Taxi Cab Confession '' .   During promotion of the album , 40 Below Summer appeared on Headbangers Ball , and the video for `` Self Medicate '' found significant airplay and the song was featured on the soundtrack for the thriller film The Texas Chainsaw Massacre . This video features the group performing the song in a city park as well as various acts of indulgent `` self medication '' by townspeople ( i.e. secretively buying pornography , gorging on food , making out ) . The following year , MTV2 held a fan 's choice poll for the Best Metal Videos of 2004 . The results aired on the December 25 edition of Headbangers Ball with `` Self Medicate '' ranking in at # 18 .   The CD is Content/Copy-Protected with MediaMax Digital Rights Management Software on it .

neg: The Marshall Mathers LP The Marshall Mathers LP is the third studio album by American rapper Eminem . It was released on May 23 , 2000 , by Aftermath Entertainment , Interscope Records , and Eminem 's newly founded label , Shady Records in the United States , and on September 11 , 2000 , by Polydor Records in the United Kingdom . The album was produced mostly by Dr. Dre and Eminem , along with The 45 King , the Bass Brothers , and Mel-Man . Released a year after Eminem 's breakout album The Slim Shady LP , the record features more introspective lyricism including the rapper 's response to his sudden rise to fame and controversy surrounding his lyrics .   The album sold more than 1.78 million copies in the US in its first week alone , becoming the fastest-selling studio album by any solo artist in American music history . In 2001 , the album won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album and was nominated for Album of the Year . Eminem lost the latter to jazz-rock duo Steely Dan and their album Two Against Nature . The album was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America in March 2011 for shipping 10 million copies in the United States . By December 2016 , the album had sold over 11 million copies in the United States and more than 32 million copies worldwide . A sequel to the album , The Marshall Mathers LP 2 , was released on November 5 , 2013 .


query: Before We Go has always been called Before We Go.

pos: Before We Go Before We Go ( previously titled 1:30 Train ) is a 2014 American independent romantic drama film directed by Chris Evans in his directorial debut , and starring Evans , Alice Eve and Mark Kassen . The film had its world premiere in the special presentations section of the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival . The film was released on video on demand on July 21 , 2015 , and had a limited release on September 4 , 2015 in the United States by Radius-TWC .

neg: The Colgate Sports Newsreel The Colgate Sports Newsreel was a radio program focusing on sports . It has been called `` one of the most successful and most listened-to shows in radio history '' and `` one of radio broadcasting 's most entertaining and engaging programs . '' However , much of the information reported as fact was actually fiction .   The program was first broadcast in October 1939 , on NBC Blue . Although Colgate dropped its sponsorship in June 1951 , the show continued on NBC as Bill Stern 's Sports Newsreel through September 1953 . It then switched to ABC , where it ran until June 1956 . During World War II , the Newsreel was among the programs that NBC rebroadcast by transcription to members of the United States armed forces stationed abroad .   Bill Stern , the star , made the program memorable with his enthusiastic , dramatized delivery . He was already both the narrator of MGM 's News of the Day newsreels , and a sports announcer . Thus , the format of this program came naturally .   For most of its run , the show was sponsored by Colgate brushless shave cream . The opening theme `` was sung in barbershop quartet style to the tune of Mademoiselle from Armentieres '' and mentioned the sponsoring product prominently . Although the singing group was not named in the program , a news brief announcing the show 's launch in 1939 identified it as the Armchair Quartette . The theme 's lyrics varied a bit over the years , but the basic form was as follows :  Bill Stern the Colgate shave-cream man is on the air .  Bill Stern the Colgate shave-cream man with stories rare .  Take his advice and you 'll look keen .  You 'll get a shave that 's smooth and clean .  You 'll be a Colgate brushless fan .   From September 14 , 1953 , through December 10 , 1954 , Budweiser sponsored the program . Its final sponsor was Allstate , from December 13 , 1954 through June 22 , 1956 .

neg: Always (brand) Always is a brand of feminine hygiene products , including maxi pads , ultra thin pads , pantiliners , and feminine wipes , produced by Procter & Gamble . It was first introduced in the United States in test markets in the spring of 1983 , then nationally in May of 1984 . By the end of 1984 , Always had also been introduced internationally in United Kingdom , Canada , France , Germany , and Africa . According to Rising Tide : Lessons from 165 Years of Brand Building at Procter & Gamble , Always was Procter & Gamble 's `` first truly global brand . ''   Always is sold under the name Whisper in Japan , Singapore , India , China , South Korea , Philippines , Thailand , Hong Kong , Taiwan , Vietnam , Malaysia , Australia , Cambodia , Mongolia , and Indonesia , under the name Lines in Italy , under the name Orkid in Turkey , and under the names Evax and Ausonia in Spain and Portugal . Marketing for the product includes the company 's BeingGirl website .

neg: Prior Prior , derived from the Latin for `` earlier , first '' , ( or prioress for nuns ) is an ecclesiastical title for a superior , usually lower in rank than an abbot or abbess . Its earlier generic usage referred to any monastic superior .

neg: You Go Your Way You Go Your Way may refer to :

neg: Before the Bell Before the Bell is a morning business news talk show aired weekdays from 5:30 to 6AM ET on CNBC until c. 1999 . Hosted by Felicia Taylor .   Before the Bell targets market watchers with a concise summary of the news . It features coverage of overnight activity in Asian markets , morning activity in European markets and the day 's outlook for Wall Street and other American markets . Plus , in-studio interviews with market experts .   Category : CNBC programs  Category : American television news programs  Category : American television talk shows  Category : Year of television series debut missing  Category :1990 s American television series  Category : Year of television series ending missing  Category : Business-related television series  Category :1999 American television series endings

neg: Change from above Change from above is linguistic change that enters the language from above the level of consciousness ; that is , speakers are generally aware of the linguistic change and implement its use in order to sound more dominant . It stands in contrast to change from below .   In change from above , the change usually enters formal speech , not the vernacular . This change usually begins with speakers in higher social classes and diffuses down into the lower classes . The upper classes use these new linguistic forms in order to differentiate themselves from the lower classes , while lower classes use these forms in order to sound more formal and similar to the upper class . Change from above is seen in Labov 's New York Department Store study exhibiting the social stratification of New York City , where the upper classes reintroduced the word-final pronunciation of / r / as a prestige form .

neg: Before After Before After is the seventh studio album by the English synthpop band Heaven 17 . It was originally released in September 2005 , on the label Ninthwave , nine years after their previous album , Bigger Than America .   The album reached # 6 on the Billboard Magazine Club Play Chart in April 2006 . In September 2008 , the band 's cover of Blue Öyster Cult 's `` Do n't Fear the Reaper '' was featured on the American dark fantasy television series True Blood . A number of remixes of tracks from the album have appeared on online digital services such as iTunes and Amazon.com . It was the final album to feature founding member Ian Craig Marsh due to his decision to retire from music in 2007 .

neg: Leg before wicket Leg before wicket ( lbw ) is one of the ways in which a batsman can be dismissed in the sport of cricket . Following an appeal by the fielding side , the umpire may rule a batsman out lbw if the ball would have struck the wicket , but was instead intercepted by any part of the batsman 's body ( except the hand holding the bat ) . The umpire 's decision will depend on a number of criteria , including where the ball pitched , whether the ball hit in line with the wickets , and whether the batsman was attempting to hit the ball .   Leg before wicket first appeared in the laws of cricket in 1774 , as batsmen began to use their pads to prevent the ball hitting their wicket . Over several years , refinements were made to clarify where the ball should pitch and to remove the element of interpreting the batsman 's intentions . The 1839 version of the law used a wording that remained in place for nearly 100 years . However , from the latter part of the 19th century , batsmen became increasingly expert at `` pad-play '' to reduce the risk of their dismissal . Following a number of failed proposals for reform , in 1935 the law was expanded , such that batsmen could be dismissed lbw even if the ball pitched outside the line of off stump . Critics felt this change made the game unattractive as it encouraged negative tactics at the expense of leg spin bowling .   After considerable debate and various experiments , the law was changed again in 1972 . In an attempt to reduce pad-play the new version , which is used to this day , allowed batsmen to be out lbw in some circumstances if they did not attempt to hit the ball with their bat . Since the 1990s , the availability of television replays and , later , ball-tracking technology to assist umpires has increased the percentage of lbws in major matches . However , the accuracy of the technology and the consequences of its use remain controversial .   In his 1995 survey of cricket laws , Gerald Brodribb states : `` No dismissal has produced so much argument as lbw ; it has caused trouble from its earliest days '' . Owing to its complexity , the law is widely misunderstood among the general public and has proven controversial among spectators , administrators and commentators ; lbw decisions have sometimes caused crowd trouble . Since the law 's introduction , the proportion of lbw dismissals has risen steadily through the years . Statistics reveal that the probability of a batsman being dismissed lbw in a Test match varies depending on where the match is played and which teams are playing .

neg: Precedent In legal systems based on common law , a precedent , or authority , is a principle or rule established in a previous legal case that is either binding on or persuasive for a court or other tribunal when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts . Common law legal systems place great value on deciding cases according to consistent principled rules so that similar facts will yield similar and predictable outcomes , and observance of precedent is the mechanism by which that goal is attained . The principle by which judges are bound to precedents is known as stare decisis . Black 's Law Dictionary defines `` precedent '' as a `` rule of law established for the first time by a court for a particular type of case and thereafter referred to in deciding similar cases . '' Common law precedent is a third kind of law , on equal footing with statutory law ( statutes and codes enacted by legislative bodies ) , and Delegated legislation ( in U.K. parlance ) or regulatory law ( in U.S. parlance ) ( regulations promulgated by executive branch agencies ) .   Case law , in common law jurisdictions , is the set of decisions of adjudicatory tribunals or other rulings that can be cited as precedent . In most countries , including most European countries , the term is applied to any set of rulings on law which is guided by previous rulings , for example , previous decisions of a government agency .   Essential to the development of case law is the publication and indexing of decisions for use by lawyers , courts and the general public , in the form of law reports . While all decisions are precedent ( though at varying levels of authority as discussed throughout this article ) , some become `` leading cases '' or `` landmark decisions '' that are cited especially often .

neg: History of Portland, Maine The History of Portland , Maine begins when the area was called Machigonne , meaning `` great neck , '' by Algonquian Indians who originally inhabited the peninsula . It extends to the city 's recent cultural and economic renaissance .

neg: Before I Let You Go `` Before I Let You Go '' is a song by American R&B group Blackstreet , recorded for the group 's self-titled debut album ( 1994 ) . The song was released as the third single for the album in November 1994 . The song was notable for featuring lead vocals from Dave Hollister who joined the group upon the album 's release .   `` Before I Let You Go '' peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number two on the Hot R&B Singles chart . This made it the group 's highest charting single on both charts respectively before it was surpassed by `` No Diggity '' merely two years later . The song lyrically focuses on the narrator who does not want to lose the love of his life out of concern that she is no longer romantically interested and wants her to `` say goodnight '' as opposed to `` say goodbye . ''

neg: Always on My Mind (disambiguation) Always on My Mind may refer to :  `` Always on My Mind '' , a 1972 song originally recorded by Brenda Lee and later recorded by Elvis Presley , Willie Nelson , the Pet Shop Boys and others  Always on My Mind ( album ) , a 1982 Willie Nelson album that contained , and was named after , this song  `` Always on My Mind '' ( Tiki Taane song ) , 2008  Always on My Mind ( Adelén song )  `` Always on My Mind '' , a song by Loverboy from their 1980 album Loverboy  `` Always on My Mind '' , a song by Brandy from her 1994 album Brandy  `` Always on My Mind '' , a song by Phantom Planet from their 2002 album The Guest  `` Always on My Mind '' , a song by Before Dark , from the album Daydreamin '  `` Always on My Mind '' , a song by Bosson , from the album The Right Time  `` Always on My Mind '' , a song by Da'Ville  `` Always on My Mind '' , a song by Alsou  `` Always on My Mind '' , a song by World Party from their 2000 album Dumbing Up  Always on My Mind ( film ) , a 1993 Michael Hui film

neg: Extension (semantics) In any of several studies that treat the use of signs -- for example , in linguistics , logic , mathematics , semantics , and semiotics -- the extension of a concept , idea , or sign consists of the things to which it applies , in contrast with its comprehension or intension , which consists very roughly of the ideas , properties , or corresponding signs that are implied or suggested by the concept in question .   In philosophical semantics or the philosophy of language , the ` extension ' of a concept or expression is the set of things it extends to , or applies to , if it is the sort of concept or expression that a single object by itself can satisfy . Concepts and expressions of this sort are monadic or `` one-place '' concepts and expressions .   So the extension of the word `` dog '' is the set of all ( past , present and future ) dogs in the world : the set includes Fido , Rover , Lassie , Rex , and so on . The extension of the phrase `` Wikipedia reader '' includes each person who has ever read Wikipedia , including you .   The extension of a whole statement , as opposed to a word or phrase , is defined ( since Frege 1892 ) as its truth value . So the extension of `` Lassie is famous '' is the logical value ` true ' , since Lassie is famous .   Some concepts and expressions are such that they do n't apply to objects individually , but rather serve to relate objects to objects . For example , the words `` before '' and `` after '' do not apply to objects individually -- it makes no sense to say `` Jim is before '' or `` Jim is after '' -- but to one thing in relation to another , as in `` The wedding is before the reception '' and `` The reception is after the wedding '' . Such `` relational '' or `` polyadic '' ( `` many-place '' ) concepts and expressions have , for their extension , the set of all sequences of objects that satisfy the concept or expression in question . So the extension of `` before '' is the set of all ( ordered ) pairs of objects such that the first one is before the second one .

neg: The grass is always greener on the other side

neg: Inchoative aspect Inchoative aspect ( abbreviated or ) is a grammatical aspect , referring to the beginning of a state . It can be found in conservative Indo-European languages such as Latin and Lithuanian , and also in Finnic languages or European derived languages with high percentage of Latin-based words like Esperanto . It should not be confused with the prospective , which denotes actions that are about to start . The English language can approximate the inchoative aspect through the verbs `` to become '' or `` to get '' combined with an adjective .   Since inchoative is a grammatical aspect and not a tense , it can be combined with tenses to form past inchoative , frequentative past inchoative and future inchoative , all used in Lithuanian . In Russian , inchoatives are regularly derived from unidirectional imperfective verbs of motion by adding the prefix по - , e.g. бежать , побежать : `` to run '' , `` to start running '' . Also compare шли ( normal past tense plural of идти , `` to go '' ) with Пошли ! meaning approximately `` Let 's get going ! '' . Certain other verbs can be marked for the inchoative aspect with the prefix за - ( e.g. он засмеялся , `` he started laughing '' , он заплакал `` he started crying '' ) . Similar behavior is observed in Ukrainian , and in other Slavic languages . In Latin , the inchoative aspect was marked with the infix - sc - ( amo , I love ; amasco , I 'm starting to love , I 'm falling in love ; florere , to flower , florescere , to start flowering , etc. ) . In Esperanto , inchoatives are regularly derived from any infinitive verb by adding the prefix ek - , e.g. danci , ekdanci : `` to dance '' , `` to start dancing '' .   The term inchoative verb is used by generative grammarians to refer to a class of verbs that reflect a change of state ; e. g. , `` John aged '' or `` The fog cleared '' . This usage bears little or no relationship to the aspectual usage described above .

neg: Anticipatory grief Anticipatory grief refers to a grief reaction that occurs before an impending loss . Typically , the impending loss is a death of someone close due to illness but it can also be experienced by dying individuals themselves . The anticipated death can also be from non-illness-related causes such as high suicide lethality , high-risk lifestyle or gang involvement , or from non-death-related losses such as scheduled mastectomy , pending divorce , company downsizing or war .   The five stages ( denial , bargaining , depression , anger and acceptance ) proposed by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross in her model of grief to describe the process by which people cope after a loss can also be present in anticipatory grief . Anxiety , dread , guilt , helplessness , hopelessness , and feeling overwhelmed are also common . However , it is important to note that anticipatory grief is not simply normal grief begun earlier .   Features identified specifically with anticipatory grief include heightened concern for the dying person , rehearsal of the death and attempts to adjust to the consequences of the death . The period can allow people to resolve issues with the dying person and to say goodbye . It may provide some sense of orientation and access to the grieving process . For some , it prompts conscious closure before the end/loss .   Grief happening prior to a loss presents a compounding issue of isolation because of a lack of social acceptance . Anticipatory grief does n't usually take the place of post-loss grief : there is not a fixed amount of grief to be experienced , so grief experienced before the loss does not necessarily reduce grief after the death . However , there may be little grieving after the loss due to anticipatory grief .   How often anticipatory grief occurs is a subject of some controversy . For example , a study of widows found that they stayed with their husbands until the death and could only mourn once the death had occurred . Researchers suggest that to start to grieve as though the loss has already happened can leave the bereaved feeling guilt for partially abandoning the patient .   Many family members can find themselves in a caregiving role during their loved one 's process of death . During the progression of the illness , the security and protectiveness of the caregiver also increases . Bouchal , Rallison and Sinclair discuss that , `` the strong need to offer protection was part of the anticipatory mourning experience of striving to be with in the present '' ( 2015 ) .   In the process of anticipatory grief , family members also begin to prepare and reflect on how their lives will be once their loved one passes . There are many ways in which to perform reflection . These ways include : `` ... reading , journaling , thinking , and reflecting about how life might be like without their partner . '' The journal also expands on the premise that the preparation process is not an individual process . Those who are affected by the impending death often look towards one another for support as well as others who are involved in care such as nurses and social workers ( Bouchal et al. , 2015 ) .   A direct correlation exists between anticipatory grieving and the caregiver 's quality of life . In a quantitative study conducted by Al-Gamal and Long , the effect of a pediatric cancer diagnosis on parents had a negative impact on the majority of study participants . More specifically , parents reported experiencing increasing stress and a decrease in physical and mental health -- all of which affect the process of anticipatory grief ( 2010 ) .   Ultimately , anticipatory grieving is an extremely dynamic process that differs between individuals . The outcomes of the grieving process depend on the preparation of death and the anticipatory grief process .

neg: Fluent (artificial intelligence) In artificial intelligence , a fluent is a condition that can change over time . In logical approaches to reasoning about actions , fluents can be represented in first-order logic by predicates having an argument that depends on time . For example , the condition `` the box is on the table '' , if it can change over time , can not be represented by ; a third argument is necessary to the predicate to specify the time : means that the box is on the table at time . This representation of fluents is modified in the situation calculus by using the sequence of the past actions in place of the current time .   A fluent can also be represented by a function , dropping the time argument . For example , that the box is on the table can be represented by , where is a function and not a predicate . In first order logic , converting predicates to functions is called reification ; for this reason , fluents represented by functions are said to be reified . When using reified fluents , a separate predicate is necessary to tell when a fluent is actually true or not . For example , means that the box is actually on the table at time , where the predicate is the one that tells when fluents are true . This representation of fluents is used in the event calculus , in the fluent calculus , and in the features and fluents logics .   Some fluents can be represented as functions in a different way . For example , the position of a box can be represented by a function whose value is the object the box is standing on at time . Conditions that can be represented in this way are called functional fluents . Statements about the values of such functions can be given in first order logic with equality using literals such as . Some fluents are represented this way in the situation calculus .

neg: Pretail Pretail ( also referred to as pre-tail , pre-retail , pre-launch , or pre-commerce ) is a sub-category of e-commerce and online retail for introducing new products , services , and brands to market by pre-launching online , from creating an interest waitlist of signups before launch to collecting reservations or pre-orders in limited quantity before release , realization , or commercial availability . Pretail includes pre-sale commerce , pre-order retailers , pre-launch marketing services , incubation marketplaces , crowdfunding communities , and demand chain management systems . Retailers today are increasingly pre-tailing to test , promote , and monetize consumer demand in the initial phase of the new commerce pipeline as first introduced in a 2012 Forbes article . Consumers engaging in pretail are known as an early adopter , fan , backer , supporter , or presumer ( pre-launch consumer ) .

neg: Always on My Mind `` Always on My Mind '' is an American country music song by Johnny Christopher , Mark James and Wayne Carson , recorded first by Gwen McCrae ( as `` You Were Always On My Mind '' ) and Brenda Lee in 1972 .   AllMusic lists over 300 recorded releases of the song in versions by dozens of performers . While Brenda Lee 's version had stalled at # 45 on the country charts in 1972 , other performers would reach the top 20 in the United States and elsewhere with their own versions : Elvis Presley in 1972 ; John Wesley Ryles in 1979 ; Willie Nelson 's Grammy Award winning version in 1982 ; Pet Shop Boys in 1987 ; Loretta Lynn in 2016 .

neg: Somewhere Before Somewhere Before is a live album by pianist Keith Jarrett recorded on August 30 and 31 , 1968 , at Shelly 's Manne-Hole in Hollywood , California . It features a performance by Jarrett , Charlie Haden ( bass ) and Paul Motian ( drums ) .


query: Dany Rigoulot won the French Figure Skating Championship in 1958.

pos: Dany Rigoulot Dany Rigoulot is a former French figure skater who competed in ladies singles . She is the 1958-59 and 1961 French champion .

neg: 2010 Italian Figure Skating Championships The 2010 Italian Figure Skating Championships ( Campionati Italiani Assoluti 2010 Pattinaggio Di Figura Su Ghiaccio ) were the Italian Figure Skating Championships of the 2009-2010 figure skating season . Skaters competed in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies singles , pair skating , ice dancing , and synchronized skating on the levels of Senior , Junior , and Novice for the title of national champion of Italy . The results of this competition were used to choose the teams to the 2010 World Figure Skating Championships , the 2010 World Junior Figure Skating Championships , and the 2010 European Figure Skating Championships .   The competition was held in Brescia from December 17 through December 20 , 2009 .

neg: 1957 Tour de France The 1957 Tour de France was the 44th edition of the Tour de France , taking place from 27 June to 20 July . It was composed of 22 stages over 4669 km .   The 1957 Tour was the first win for Jacques Anquetil , who won the Tour five times over his career .   The French national team was very successful in the 1957 Tour de France ; not only did they provide the winning cyclist , they also won the team classification , and almost every daily team classification . They lost only one cyclist ( last year 's winner Roger Walkowiak ) , and had the stage winner 12 times . They had Forestier winning the points classification , and Bergaud second in the mountains classification . Only once they did not have the yellow jersey for the leader in the general classification , when Barone took it after the seventh stage .

neg: Anne-Sophie de Kristoffy Anne-Sophie de Kristoffy ( born 29 May 1961 ) is a French former competitive figure skater . She is a three-time ( 1978 -- 80 ) French national champion in ladies ' singles .   In May 1984 , de Kristoffy became a sports reporter for TF1 . In 2006 , she was a member of the jury on TF1 's Grand Défi de la glace . In January 2008 , she was named director of TF1 's sports service .

neg: 1958–59 French Division 2 Statistics of Division 2 in the 1958/1959 season .

neg: French National Road Race Championships The French National Road Race Championship is a cycling race where the French cyclists decide who will become the champion for the year to come . The event was established in 1899 , a professional championship was established in 1907 and the women 's championship was established in 1951 . Several additional categories were added later . The record for victories is by one of the best female cyclists , Jeannie Longo , who has so far managed to win 20 road championships .   The winners of each event are awarded with a symbolic cycling jersey which is blue , white and red , just like the national flag , these colours can be worn by the rider at other road racing events in the country to show their status as national champion . The champion 's stripes can be combined into a sponsored rider 's team kit design for this purpose .

neg: France in the Eurovision Song Contest 1960 France was represented by Jacqueline Boyer , with the song ' `` Tom Pillibi '' , at the 1960 Eurovision Song Contest , which took place on 29 March in London . The song was chosen internally by broadcaster RTF and went on to bring France their second Eurovision victory .   `` Tom Pillibi '' became the first Eurovision winner to achieve significant commercial success outside its home market , and was the first to register on the UK Singles Chart , where it reached number 33 .

neg: Dany Robin Dany Robin ( -LSB- dani ʁɔbɛ̃ -RSB- ; 14 April 1927 -- 25 May 1995 ) was a French actress of the 1950s and the 1960s .

neg: Inga Artamonova Inga Grigoryevna Artamonova ( И́нга Григо́рьевна Артамо́нова 29 August 1936 -- 4 January 1966 ) was a Soviet speed skater , the first four-time Allround World Champion in women 's speed skating history . After her marriage in 1959 to fellow speed skater Gennady Voronin , she was also known as Inga Voronina .   At the age of twelve , Inga Artamonova began rowing , becoming Master of Sports of the USSR and winning in the USSR Junior Championships . Later , she began speed skating . Skating for Dynamo in Moscow , Artamonova won the World Allround Speed Skating Championships in 1957 , 1958 , and 1962 , and was second in 1963 and 1964 before capturing her fourth World Championships title in 1965 . She also was five times Soviet Allround Champion and 26 times Soviet Champion in individual distances . Over the course of her career , Artamonova set of a number of world records , including four in two days in 1962 when she set new marks on the 500 m , 1,500 m , and 3,000 m , which also resulted in a new world record on the mini combination ( 500 m -- 1,000 m -- 1,500 m -- 3,000 m ; the distances then in use at the World Allround Championships for women ) . She was also eight times winner of the prestigious Kirov Prize , winning all editions between 1958 and 1965 .   Her husband Gennady , who could not deal with all Artamonova 's successes , had by this time become an alcoholic and seen his own speed skating career vanish . Murdered by Gennady at the age of 29 , Artamonova was interred in the Vagankovskoye Cemetery in Moscow . She is the author of the book `` I Am Learning to Go on the Ground '' , which was published after her death , in 1967 .

neg: Michel Grandjean Michel Grandjean ( April 12 , 1931 -- December 11 , 2010 ) was a Swiss pair skater . With Silvia Grandjean , he won the 1957 European Figure Skating Championships . They placed 7th at the 1952 Winter Olympics .

neg: 1989 World Figure Skating Championships The 1989 World Figure Skating Championships was held at the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris , France from March 14 to 19 . Medals were awarded in men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dancing .

neg: Denise Favart Denise Gaudin Favart ( born September 22 , 1923 in Paris , France ) was a French figure skater .   As a pair skater , she competed with her husband Jacques Favart from 1946 to 1950 . They won the gold medal at the French Figure Skating Championships four times and placed 14th at the 1948 Winter Olympics .

neg: 1966 European Figure Skating Championships The 1966 European Figure Skating Championships were the European Figure Skating Championships of the 1965-1966 season . Elite senior-level figure skaters from European ISU Member Nations competed for the title of European Champion . Skaters competed in the disciplines of ladies ' singles , men 's singles , pair skating , and ice dancing .   In 1966 , the European Championships were held in Bratislava , Czechoslovakia .

neg: FIL World Luge Championships 1958 The FIL World Luge Championships 1958 took place in Krynica , Poland .

neg: 1968 Prize of Moscow News The 1968 Prize of Moscow News was the third edition of an international figure skating competition organized in Moscow , Soviet Union . It was held December 12 -- 15 , 1968 . Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating and ice dancing . Soviet skaters Sergei Chetverukhin and Elena Shcheglova won the singles categories . The Soviet Union swept the pairs ' podium , led by Tamara Moskvina / Alexei Mishin , who defeated Irina Rodnina / Alexei Ulanov . East Germany 's national champions , Annerose Baier / Eberhard Rüger , took the ice dancing title .

neg: 1963 European Figure Skating Championships The 1963 European Figure Skating Championships were the European Figure Skating Championships of the 1962-1963 season . Elite senior-level figure skaters from European ISU Member Nations competed for the title of European Champion . Skaters competed in the disciplines of ladies ' singles , men 's singles , pair skating and ice dancing .   In 1963 , the European Championships were held in Budapest , Hungary from February 5 to 10 , 1963 .

neg: Alain Giletti Alain Giletti ( born 11 September 1939 in Bourg-en-Bresse , Ain ) is a French figure skater . He is the 1960 World champion , the 1955-1957 & 1960-1961 European champion and is a ten-time ( 1951 -- 1957 , 1959 -- 1961 ) French national champion . At the age of 12 , he represented France at the 1952 Winter Olympics , where he placed 7th . He placed 4th at the 1956 Winter Olympics , and 4th again at the 1960 Winter Olympics .   He also competed as a pair skater . With partner Michèle Allard , he is the 1956 French national champion .   At the time Giletti won his World title in 1960 , he was on leave from compulsory military service in France and expected to be sent on a four-month tour of Algeria upon his return . He was normally stationed in Paris where his schedule allowed him to train in the mornings with his coach Jacqueline Vaudecrane . Prior to beginning his military service , he also trained in the United States with Pierre Brunet . Giletti expected to defend his World title in 1961 , but those championships were cancelled after the crash of Sabena Flight 548 killed all members of the U.S. team . Giletti turned professional to tour with Holiday On Ice , Scala Eisrevue and later became a skating coach in Chamonix , France . Surya Bonaly is one of his students .  He currently coaches figure skating in the Angoulême area , France .

neg: France in the Eurovision Song Contest France has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 60 times since its debut at the very first contest in 1956 . France is one of only seven countries to be present at the first contest , and has been absent from only two contests in its history , missing the 1974 and 1982 contests . France has won the contest five times , and along with Germany , Italy , Spain and the United Kingdom is one of the `` Big Five '' who are automatically allowed to participate in the final because they are the five biggest financial contributors to the European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) .   France first won the contest in 1958 with `` Dors , mon amour '' performed by André Claveau . In the 1960s , they won three times , with `` Tom Pillibi '' performed by Jacqueline Boyer in 1960 , `` Un Premier Amour '' performed by Isabelle Aubret in 1962 and `` Un jour , un enfant '' performed by Frida Boccara , who won in 1969 in a four-way tie with the Netherlands , Spain and the United Kingdom . France 's fifth victory came in 1977 , when Marie Myriam won with the song `` L'oiseau et l'enfant '' . France have also finished second four times , with Paule Desjardins in 1957 , Catherine Ferry in 1976 , Joëlle Ursull in 1990 and Amina in 1991 , who lost out to Sweden 's Carola in a tie-break .   After reaching the top five in 24 contests in the 20th century , France has had less success in the 21st century , only making the top five twice , with Natasha St-Pier fourth in and Sandrine François fifth in . France finished last for the first time in , when Twin Twin received only two points . France have failed to reach the top 10 in 13 of the last 15 contests , the exceptions being Patricia Kaas , who was eighth in , and Amir , who was sixth in .

neg: Le temps perdu `` Le temps perdu '' ( -LSB- lə tɑ̃ pɛʁdy -RSB- , Lost time ) was the first French entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1956 ( that Contest being unique for allowing two songs per country ) , performed in French by Mathé Altéry .   The song was performed fifth on the night ( following Germany 's Walter Andreas Schwarz with `` Im Wartesaal zum großen Glück '' and preceding Luxembourg 's Michèle Arnaud with `` Ne crois pas '' ) . As the scores of the 1956 Contest have not been made public , it is impossible to tell how many points it received or where it placed .   The song is in the chanson style , and features Altéry reminiscing about a former lover , hoping that her song will distract her from the pain of not having him anymore .   The song was accompanied at the 1956 contest by Dany Dauberson with `` Il est là '' and was succeeded as French representative at the 1957 contest by Paule Desjardins with `` La belle amour '' .

neg: Swiss referendums, 1958 Seven referendums were held in Switzerland during 1958 . The first was held on 26 January on a popular initiative `` against the abuse of economic power '' , concerning unfair competition , and was rejected by voters . The second was held on 11 May on the federal budget , and was approved by voters . The third and fourth were held on 6 July on introducing a new section 27ter to the constitution concerning films , and a petition to improve the road network , both of which were approved . The fifth referendum was held on 26 October on instituting a 44-hour working week , and was rejected by voters . The final two were held on 7 December on a constitutional amendment on gambling and approving a treaty with Italy on a hydroelectric power scheme on the River Spöl , with both approved .

neg: Elena Shcheglova Elena Lvovna Shcheglova ( Елена Львовна Щеглова , born 2 August 1950 in Moscow ) is a Russian figure skater who represented the Soviet Union in international competition . She is a two-time Prize of Moscow News champion and a two-time Soviet national champion . Shcheglova finished in the top ten at two World Championships and three European Championships . She placed 12th at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble , France .