query: Emma Thompson has never acted.

pos: Emma Thompson Emma Thompson ( born 15 April 1959 ) is a British actress , activist , author , comedienne and screenwriter . Born in London to English actor Eric Thompson and Scottish actress Phyllida Law , Thompson was educated at Newnham College , University of Cambridge , where she became a member of the Footlights troupe . After appearing in several comedy programmes , she first came to prominence in 1987 in two BBC TV series , Tutti Frutti and Fortunes of War , winning the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for her work in both series . Her first film role was in the 1989 romantic comedy The Tall Guy , and in the early 1990s she frequently collaborated with her then husband , actor and director Kenneth Branagh . The pair became popular in the British media and co-starred in several films , including Dead Again ( 1991 ) and Much Ado About Nothing ( 1993 ) .   In 1992 , Thompson won an Academy Award and a BAFTA Award for Best Actress for the period drama Howards End . In 1993 , she garnered dual Academy Award nominations for her roles in The Remains of the Day as the housekeeper of a grand household and In the Name of the Father as a lawyer . Thompson scripted and starred in Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) , which earned her ( among other awards ) an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay , and a BAFTA Award for Best Actress . Other notable film and television credits include : the Harry Potter film series , Wit ( 2001 ) , Love Actually ( 2003 ) , Angels in America ( 2003 ) , Nanny McPhee ( 2005 ) , Stranger than Fiction ( 2006 ) , Last Chance Harvey ( 2008 ) , Men in Black 3 ( 2012 ) , Brave ( 2012 ) and Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) . In 2013 , she received acclaim and several award nominations for her portrayal of P. L. Travers in Saving Mr. Banks .   Thompson is married to actor Greg Wise , with whom she lives in London . They have one daughter and an adopted son . She is an activist in the areas of human rights and environmentalism and has received criticism for her outspokenness . She has written two books adapted from The Tale of Peter Rabbit .

neg: Pan (2015 film) Pan is a 2015 British - American family adventure fantasy film directed by Joe Wright and written by Jason Fuchs . The film is a prequel story to Scottish author J. M. Barrie 's Peter Pan story , first staged in 1904 . It stars Hugh Jackman , Garrett Hedlund , Rooney Mara and Amanda Seyfried , with Levi Miller as the title character . It serves as an alternative origin story for Peter Pan and Captain Hook . The film had its world premiere in London , England on September 20 , 2015 , and was theatrically released in the United States on October 9 , 2015 , by Warner Bros. . Pictures . Pan grossed $ 128.4 million on a $ 150 million budget , making it a box office bomb . The film received negative reviews from critics .

neg: The Murder of Princess Diana The Murder of Princess Diana is a 2007 Lifetime Television movie , directed by John Strickland and starring Jennifer Morrison . The film was based on a novel by Noel Botham . Reg Gadney and Emma Reeves wrote the teleplay .

neg: Demons Never Die Demons Never Die ( originally titled Suicide Kids ) is a British 2011 slasher film starring Robert Sheehan , Jennie Jacques , Jacob Anderson , Jason Maza , Emma Rigby . Ashley Walters , Reggie Yates and Tulisa Contostavlos .

neg: Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is a 2007 British-American fantasy film directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. . Pictures . It is based on the novel of the same name by J. K. Rowling . The film , which is the fifth instalment in the Harry Potter film series , was written by Michael Goldenberg ( making this the only film in the series not to be scripted by Steve Kloves ) and produced by David Heyman and David Barron . The story follows Harry Potter 's fifth year at Hogwarts as the Ministry of Magic is in denial of Lord Voldemort 's return .   The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry 's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and is followed by Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince .   Live-action filming took place in England and Scotland for exterior locations and Leavesden Film Studios in Watford for interior locations from February to November 2006 , with a one-month break in June . Post-production on the film continued for several months afterwards to add in visual effects . The film 's budget was reportedly between # 75 and 100 million ( $ 150 -- 200 million ) . Warner Bros. released the film in the United Kingdom on 12 July 2007 and in North America on 11 July , both in conventional and IMAX theatres ; it is the first Potter film to be released in IMAX 3D .   As of April 2017 , Order of the Phoenix is the 39th-highest-grossing film of all time , and a critical and commercial success . The film opened to a worldwide 5-day opening of $ 333 million , fourteenth all-time , and grossed nearly $ 940 million total , second to Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End for the greatest total of 2007 . The film was nominated for two BAFTA Film Awards in 2008 .

neg: Emma Lahana Emma Kate Lahana ( born 27 June 1984 ) is a New Zealand actress and singer . She is best known for her role as Jennifer Mason on Haven , and as Kira Ford , one of the Yellow Rangers of the Power Rangers franchise , in Power Rangers Dino Thunder .

neg: List of actors nominated for two Academy Awards in the same year The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has had occurrences of actors and actresses nominated for two different Academy Awards in acting categories in a single year , with the first instance in 1938 . Provided that they receive enough votes from the Academy in both categories to earn a nomination , there are no restrictions on actors being nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor or actresses being nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress in any given year . The sole rule with regard to multiple nominations is that an actor or actress can not receive multiple nominations for the same performance . This rule was introduced in 1944 after Barry Fitzgerald received a Best Actor nomination and a Best Supporting Actor nomination for his performance in Going My Way .   As of 2015 , 11 actors and actresses have been nominated for two different Academy Awards in the same year . The first of these actors and actresses was Fay Bainter , who received nominations for her performances in White Banners and Jezebel at the 11th Academy Awards . The most recent occurrence was during the 80th Academy Awards , in which Cate Blanchett received nominations for Elizabeth : The Golden Age and I 'm Not There . Seven of these actors and actresses received an Academy Award in one of the categories they were nominated in , and none have won two Academy Awards in the same year . Four did not receive an Academy Award in either category : Sigourney Weaver ( nominations for Gorillas in the Mist and Working Girl ) , Emma Thompson ( nominations for The Remains of the Day and In the Name of the Father ) , Julianne Moore ( nominations for Far from Heaven and The Hours ) , and Cate Blanchett ( nominations for Elizabeth : The Golden Age and I 'm Not There ) .

neg: Adult Life Skills Adult Life Skills ( formerly known as ` How To Live Yours ' ) is a 2016 British comedy film , funded by Creative England , and is the feature debut for writer director Rachel Tunnard . It is the feature-length version of BAFTA nominated short , Emotional Fusebox , which premiered at the London Film Festival in 2014 . The story of a 29-year-old , Anna ( portrayed by Jodie Whittaker ) has moved into her mum 's shed and is refusing to move out after the death of her twin brother .   The film premiered at the 2016 Tribeca Film Festival in April 2016 , winning one of the top awards - the Nora Ephron prize for best female director . The film releases in UK cinemas on 24 June 2016 .

neg: Shelley Thompson Shelley Thompson is a Canadian actress best known for her character Barbara Lahey on the hit Canadian mockumentary program Trailer Park Boys .   Born in Calgary , Alberta , Shelley trained at RADA in London , and worked for many years in the UK . She played roles in London 's West End and at the Royal National Theatre , as well as leading roles in regional theatres . She was a regular in BBC radio drama during her time in Britain , and recorded dozens of audio books -- titles including work by Margaret Atwood and Jane Smiley . She played Rita in the family series , Mike and Angelo for six years , and made guest appearances on Drop The Dead Donkey , EastEnders and Chelworth . She also played the role of Sarah 's stepmother Irene in Jim Henson 's 1986 fantasy epic Labyrinth . She 's appeared in eleven seasons of Trailer Park Boys , both specials , and the Feature Film .   Since returning to Canada , her work has included season at the Atlantic Theatre Festival ( Ariel in the Tempest and Viola in Twelfth Night ) , work at the Neptune Theatre , The Prairie Theatre  Exchange , The Globe Theatre , Regina , and Festival Antigonish .   Since 2012 , she 's been shifting focus to stage and screenwriting and directing . Her plays include plays A Kind of Faith ( produced 2004 ) Leaving Wonderland ( Premiered Halifax , 2015 ) , children 's plays Bluenose Billy ( 2006 , co-written with Sheldon Currie and Griffen Prize-winning poet Anne Simpson ) , Belinda the Bicycle Witch ( 2008 ) , Lost and Found ( 2009 ) , ... And How Are We Today ( co-written with poet Anne Simpson ) .   Recently seen on stage in : A Good Death , Be My Baby , Criminal Genius .   Her poetry has been a finalist in the Atlantic Writing Competition , and has appeared in literary journals Toward the Light and Papirmasse , and on the CBC website . Short stories have been included in anthologies and broadcast in collaboration with The Blue Engine String Quartet on CBC Radio - Christmas 2010 and 2011 .   Presently shifting to writing/directing for film , she has just finished her first narrative short , DAWG ( Festivals include the Atlantic Film Festival , The San Diego International Kids Film Festival , Nickle Film festival NFL and more ... )  Presently : working on features ( Dawn Her Dad and the Tractor , Billy , Dash and Dawg , and The Benefit . In 2015 she was a resident at the Canadian Film Centre , Toronto , as a screenwriter , and in 2016 was invited to be one of eight Women In the Directors Chair ( 2017 ) .   Thompson is a counsellor with ACTRA Maritimes , chair of the Women 's Committee , and a keen advocate for LGBTQ issues .   Awards include : ACTRA Maritimes winner for ( short ) Two Penny Road-Kill 2013 , Best Supporting Actress , LA 's Love Unlimited Festival , 2011 for ( short ) WAKE , and Gemini , 2008 , Best Ensemble , as Barb Lahey , for Trailer Park Boys . Merritt Award - Best Actress in a Leading Role - for Glorious . Several Stage nominations for : Humble Boy -- Flora , Criminal Genius -- Shirley , Tamara ( Dora ) -- Aelis .

neg: Emma Harrison Emma Harrison is an actress , model and dancer , best known for the role of Joanna Hartman in the Australian soap-opera Neighbours .

neg: Despite the Falling Snow (film) Despite the Falling Snow is a 2016 British Cold War espionage film directed by Shamim Sarif , adapted from her novel of the same name . Starring Rebecca Ferguson , Charles Dance , Oliver Jackson-Cohen , Antje Traue , Sam Reid , Anthony Head and Thure Lindhardt the film was released in the United Kingdom on April 15 , 2016 .

neg: Harriet Thorpe Harriet Amelia Thorpe ( born 8 June 1957 ) is an English actress . She trained at London 's Central School of Speech and Drama . She is known for her roles in the British sitcoms , The Brittas Empire ( 1991 -- 97 ) and Absolutely Fabulous ( 1992 -- 2012 ) . She has also starred in the West End musicals , Cabaret ( 2006 ) , Wicked ( 2008 ) and Mamma Mia ! ( 2010 ) .

neg: Emma Greenwell Emma Greenwell ( born January 14 , 1989 ) is an American actress who was born in the United States but was raised in London from a very young age .

neg: Emma Nyra Emma Chukwugoziam Obi ( born July 18 , 1988 ) , professionally known by her stage name Emma Nyra , is an American-born Nigerian singer-songerwriter , actress and model .

neg: Aloha (film) Aloha is a 2015 American romantic comedy-drama film written , produced and directed by Cameron Crowe . The film , starring Bradley Cooper , Emma Stone , Rachel McAdams , Bill Murray , John Krasinski , Danny McBride , and Alec Baldwin , was released on May 29 , 2015 . The film received negative reviews from critics , and has grossed only $ 26 million against a budget of $ 37 million , making the film a box office bomb .

neg: Oliver Twist (1912 film) Oliver Twist is a 1912 British silent drama film directed by Thomas Bentley and starring Ivy Millais , Alma Taylor and Harry Royston . It is an adaptation of the 1838 novel Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens . It was the directorial debut of Bentley who went on to become a leading British director . It was the first in a series of Dickens adaptations by Bentley .

neg: Imagining Argentina (film) Imagining Argentina is a 2003 drama historical film written and directed by Christopher Hampton and starring Antonio Banderas , Emma Thompson , Leticia Dolera and Rubén Blades . It is based on the award-winning homonymous novel by Lawrence Thornton . It was nominated for the Golden Lion at the 2003 Venice Film Festival .   The film , centered on a couple living through the ominous last military dictatorship in Argentina ( 1976-1983 ) , depicts graphic images of suffering , such as rape and torture . The closing caption states that around 30,000 Argentines disappeared during the beginning and end of the regime .

neg: AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role The AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role is an award presented by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts ( AACTA ) , a non-profit organisation whose aim is to `` identify , award , promote and celebrate Australia 's greatest achievements in film and television . '' The award is presented at the annual AACTA Awards , which hands out accolades for achievements in feature films , television , documentaries and short films . From 1971 -- 2010 , the category was presented by the Australian Film Institute ( AFI ) , the Academy 's parent organisation , at the annual Australian Film Institute Awards ( known as the AFI Awards ) . When the AFI launched the Academy in 2011 , it changed the annual ceremony to the AACTA Awards , with the current award being a continuum of the AFI Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role .   It was presented as a special award , from 1971 -- 1975 , and was accompanied with a cash prize , before it became a competitive award from 1976 , onward . Judy Davis is the most nominated actress in this category , with five wins from eight nominations , most recently for her role in The Eye of the Storm ( 2011 ) .   Candidates for this award must be human and female , and can not be nominated for the same role in the supporting actress category .

neg: Salmon Fishing in the Yemen Salmon Fishing in the Yemen is a 2011 British romantic comedy-drama film directed by Lasse Hallström and starring Ewan McGregor , Emily Blunt , Kristin Scott Thomas and Amr Waked . Based on the 2007 novel of the same name by Paul Torday , and a screenplay by Simon Beaufoy , the film is about a fisheries expert who is recruited by a consultant to help realize a sheikh 's vision of bringing the sport of fly fishing to the Yemen desert , initiating an upstream journey of faith to make the impossible possible . The film was shot on location in London , Scotland , and Morocco from August to October 2010 . The film premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival . The film received generally positive reviews upon its release , and earned $ 34,564,651 in revenue worldwide .

neg: Linehaul Linehaul is a 1973 Australian television film about truckie Dave Morgan . It was a pilot for a series that was never made and an early vehicle for Jack Thompson .

neg: Emma Barton Emma Louise Barton ( born 26 July 1977 in Portsmouth , England ) is an English actress . She played Honey Mitchell in EastEnders from November 2005 to September 2008 , and on a temporary basis during 2014 . Barton returned full-time in late 2015 .   Before her role in EastEnders , Barton appeared in Spooks and on stage in plays including Grease , Loveshack and Thoroughly Modern Millie .


query: Logic (musician) released two mixtapes over two years.

pos: Logic (musician) Sir Robert Bryson Hall II ( born January 22 , 1990 ) , known by his stage name Logic , is an American rapper , singer , songwriter , and record producer . Raised in Gaithersburg , Maryland , Logic expressed an interest in music as a teenager , and ventured into a musical career in early 2009 , releasing a mixtape titled Young , Broke & Infamous in 2010 . He would then sign with Visionary Music Group , before releasing two more mixtapes over two years .   His fourth mixtape , Young Sinatra : Welcome to Forever ( 2013 ) , was released to critical acclaim , and allowed Logic to secure a recording contract with Def Jam Recordings . He later released his debut studio album Under Pressure in October 2014 , which debuted at number four on the U.S. Billboard 200 , eventually becoming certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and having sold more than 171,000 copies .   Logic 's second studio album The Incredible True Story was released in November 2015 , receiving mostly positive reviews from critics . Also certified gold in the US , it was later confirmed to have sold over 185,000 copies in the country . Logic soon released Bobby Tarantino in 2016 . It is his fifth mixtape and the first since Young Sinatra : Welcome to Forever . Logic released his third studio album Everybody in 2017 .

neg: Bitch Please II `` Bitch Please II '' is a song by American rapper Eminem , featuring guest vocals from American rappers Dr. Dre , Snoop Dogg , Xzibit , and Nate Dogg , taken from Eminem 's The Marshall Mathers LP ( 2000 ) . The song was written by Eminem , Dr. Dre , Snoop Dogg , Xzibit and Nate Dogg with , production handled by Dr. Dre and Mel-Man .

neg: Mixtape (disambiguation) A mixtape is a compilation of songs recorded in a specific order , traditionally onto an audio compact cassette .   Mixtape or The Mix Tape may also refer to :

neg: Thug World Order 2 Thug World Order 2 is a mixtape by Bone Thugs-n-Harmony released on December 19 , 2008 . It contains songs from T.H.U.G.S Bizzy Bone 's Ruthless Layzie Bone 's Thugz Nation Flesh-n-Bone 's 5th Dog Let Loose and Krayzie Bone 's Gemini : Good vs. Evil .

neg: Relapse (Eminem album) Relapse is the sixth studio album by American rapper Eminem . The album was released on May 19 , 2009 , under Aftermath Entertainment , Shady Records , and Interscope Records . It was his first album of original material since Encore ( 2004 ) , following a four-year hiatus from recording due to his writer 's block and an addiction to prescription sleeping medication . Recording sessions for the album took place during 2005 to 2009 at several recording studios , and Dr. Dre , Mark Batson , and Eminem handled production . Conceptually , Relapse concerns the ending of his drug rehabilitation , rapping after a non-fictional relapse , and the return of his Slim Shady alter-ego .   One of the most anticipated album releases of 2009 , Relapse debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart , selling 608,000 copies in its first week . It produced three singles that attained chart success and has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . The album received mixed reviews from most music critics , who were divided in their responses towards Eminem 's lyrics . It has sold more than 2.3 million copies in the United States and more than 17 million copies worldwide .

neg: MellowHype MellowHype is an American hip hop duo from Los Angeles , California , that consisted of rapper-producer Hodgy ( Gerard Long ) and producer-rapper Left Brain ( Vyron Turner ) . Both were members of hip hop collective Odd Future . They have released two studio albums which both charted on the Billboard 200 albums chart and four mixtapes .

neg: The Marshall Mathers LP The Marshall Mathers LP is the third studio album by American rapper Eminem . It was released on May 23 , 2000 , by Aftermath Entertainment , Interscope Records , and Eminem 's newly founded label , Shady Records in the United States , and on September 11 , 2000 , by Polydor Records in the United Kingdom . The album was produced mostly by Dr. Dre and Eminem , along with The 45 King , the Bass Brothers , and Mel-Man . Released a year after Eminem 's breakout album The Slim Shady LP , the record features more introspective lyricism including the rapper 's response to his sudden rise to fame and controversy surrounding his lyrics .   The album sold more than 1.78 million copies in the US in its first week alone , becoming the fastest-selling studio album by any solo artist in American music history . In 2001 , the album won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album and was nominated for Album of the Year . Eminem lost the latter to jazz-rock duo Steely Dan and their album Two Against Nature . The album was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America in March 2011 for shipping 10 million copies in the United States . By December 2016 , the album had sold over 11 million copies in the United States and more than 32 million copies worldwide . A sequel to the album , The Marshall Mathers LP 2 , was released on November 5 , 2013 .

neg: Lil Uzi Vert discography The discography of American recording artist Lil Uzi Vert consists of three extended plays ( EPs ) , five mixtapes and 14 singles ( including seven singles as a featured artist ) .

neg: Friday Night Lights (mixtape) Friday Night Lights is the third official mixtape from Fayetteville , North Carolina rapper J. Cole . It was released on November 12 , 2010 . The mixtape was to originally be called Villematic and contain J. Cole 's previous leaks and freestyles , however , Cole later stated it would have original material . The mixtape became the second most searched and trending topics on Google and Twitter respectively following its release . Most songs on the mixtape were slated to be on his debut album at one point or another . The mixtape has been viewed over 4,470,000 times , streamed over 1,280,000 times , and downloaded over 1,700,000 times on mixtape site DatPiff . On June 26 , 2013 Cole announced that he would be re-releasing The Warm Up and Friday Night Lights for retail sale , in order to give them the push they deserved .

neg: Luca Brasi 2 Luca Brasi 2 is the third commercial mixtape by American rapper Kevin Gates . It was released on December 14 , 2014 , through his own independent record label Bread Winners ' Association and Atlantic Records .

neg: Grand Hustle Records Grand Hustle Records ( formerly Grand Hustle Entertainment ) , also known as Hustle Gang Music , is an Atlanta , Georgia-based record label , founded in 2001 , by American hip hop recording artist T.I. and his business partner Jason Geter . Up until December 2012 , the label was distributed by Atlantic Records . It currently operates as an independent record label . The label is home to artists such as B.o.B , Young Dro , Trae tha Truth and Travis Scott , among others . The label also houses a roster of record producers , including DJ Toomp , Lil ' C , Mars , Nard & B , TrackSlayerz and more .   The label has released 26 studio albums in total , with 13 of them being certified gold or higher , by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Additionally , the label has released five albums that reached number one on the US Billboard 200 chart , namely King ( 2006 ) , T.I. vs. T.I.P. ( 2007 ) , Paper Trail ( 2008 ) , The Adventures of Bobby Ray ( 2010 ) and Birds in the Trap Sing McKnight ( 2016 ) . Furthermore , Grand Hustle has released multiple top 40 hit singles , including `` Bring 'Em Out '' , `` What You Know '' , `` Shoulder Lean '' , `` Whatever You Like '' , `` Live Your Life '' , `` Dead and Gone '' , `` Nothin ' on You '' , `` Airplanes '' , `` Magic '' , `` Strange Clouds '' , `` So Good '' , `` Both of Us '' , `` Antidote '' and more .

neg: Young Jeezy discography The discography of Young Jeezy , an American hip hop recording artist , consists of seven studio albums , two independent albums , fifteen mixtapes , thirty-seven singles ( including nineteen as a featured artist ) and forty music videos . He has also released an album as a member of Boyz N Da Hood , as well with USDA , who are artists on his label .

neg: Lil Durk discography The discography of Lil Durk , an American hip hop recording artist , consists of two studio albums , six mixtapes and six singles .

neg: Tha Blaqprint Tha Blaqprint is the second studio album by American hip hop recording artist Blaq Poet , released June 30 , 2009 on DJ Premier 's record label Year Round Records via Fat Beats Records . It features guest appearances by the also Year Round Records signed group NYGz and Nick Javas , Capone-N-Noreaga member N.O.R.E. , Imani Montana , Lil ' Fame from M.O.P. , and the late Screwball member KL . The album was entirely produced by DJ Premier , except for two tracks : `` U Phucc 'd Up '' , produced by Easy Mo Bee , and `` Sichuwayshunz '' , produced by Gemcrates .  Several tracks have been released on various mixtapes , such as `` Blaq Out '' or `` No Talent Required '' , dating all the way back to 2006 . The album 's lead single , `` Ai n't Nuttin ' Changed '' , has been released in February 2009 . There 's also a remix version to the single , released in June 2009 . It features verses by MC Eiht from Compton 's Most Wanted and Young Maylay from Ice Cube 's Lench Mob Records .

neg: Migos discography The American hip hop group Migos has released two studio albums , one extended play ( EP ) , twelve mixtapes and nineteen singles ( including eight as a featured artist ) . On July 31 , 2015 , Migos released their debut studio album , Yung Rich Nation . On January 27 , 2017 , Migos released their second studio album , Culture .

neg: DJ Mustard Dijon Isaiah McFarlane ( born June 5 , 1990 ) , professionally known as DJ Mustard , is an American record producer , songwriter and DJ from Los Angeles , California . He is a frequent collaborator of Compton-bred rapper YG , and has produced numerous singles for hip hop and R&B artists since his entrance into mainstream music in 2011 . Mustard 's production style has been described as an up-tempo , club oriented , catchy yet rudimentary melodic hip hop style . This style has snowballed into the contemporary production style of West Coast hip hop during the early 2010s , which he calls `` ratchet music '' . Almost all of his productions begin or end with the tag `` Mustard on the beat , hoe ! '' , a voice sample of YG , who says it at the end of `` I 'm Good '' , one of their early collaborations , as well as claps and repetition of the word `` hey '' . Mustard 's debut album , 10 Summers , was released on August 26 , 2014 .

neg: Radio (LL Cool J album) Radio is the debut studio album by American rapper LL Cool J , released November 18 , 1985 on Def Jam Recordings in the United States . It serves as the label 's first full-length album release . Recording sessions for the album took place during 1984 to 1985 at Chung King House of Metal in New York City . The album was primarily produced by Rick Rubin , who provided a sparse and minimal production style . Radio also features a sound that is punctuated by DJ scratching , mostly brief samples , and emphasis of the downbeat . LL Cool J 's b-boy lyricism conveys themes of inner city culture , teenage promiscuity , and braggadocio raps .   The album experienced a significant amount of commercial success and sales for a hip hop record at the time , earning U.S. Billboard chart success and selling over 500,000 copies within its first five months of release . On April 19 , 1989 , Radio was certified platinum in sales by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , following sales in excess of one million copies in the United States . Initial criticism of the album was generally positive , as LL Cool J 's lyricism and Rick Rubin 's production were praised by several music critics . It has since been recognized by critics as LL Cool J 's greatest work .   Reflecting the new school and ghettoblaster subculture in the U.S. during the mid-1980s , Radio belongs to a pivotal moment in the history and culture of hip hop . Its success contributed to the displacement of the old school with the new school form and to the genre 's mainstream success during the period . Its success also served as a career breakthrough for LL Cool J and Rick Rubin . Radio has been recognized by music writers as one of the first cohesive and commercially successful hip hop albums .

neg: The Lost Tape (mixtape) The Lost Tape is the tenth mixtape by American hip hop recording artist 50 Cent . The mixtape , hosted by DJ Drama , is 50 Cent 's first `` Gangsta Grillz '' mixtape . It was released as a free download on May 22 , 2012 .

neg: DJ Drama Tyree Cinque Simmons ( born April 22 , 1978 ) , professionally known as DJ Drama , is an American disc jockey ( DJ ) and record executive from Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . He initially gained recognition as the official DJ for Atlanta-based rapper T.I. . He is perhaps best known for hosting several mixtapes , most notably his successful Gangsta Grillz series . He is also known for doing the Dedication series with New Orleans-bred rapper Lil Wayne , with the New York Times calling Dedication 2 , one of the `` 10 best recordings of 2006 '' .   DJ Drama along with DJ Sense , founded Aphilliates Music Group , in 2003 . The Aphilliates Music Group signed a joint venture deal with Asylum Records in 2006 . As of January 2011 , The Aphilliates now operates as its own entity , due to DJ Drama recently cutting ties with La the Darkman and Embassy Entertainment . In December 2007 , Drama released his first studio album , Gangsta Grillz : The Album , under Atlantic Records , as well as T.I. 's label , Grand Hustle Records . His second album was the sequel Gangsta Grillz : The Album ( Vol . 2 ) , which was released in May 2009 , under Atlantic and Grand Hustle . After leaving Grand Hustle and Atlantic to focus on Aphilliates Music Group , Drama released his third album Third Power , under E1 Music and Aphilliates .   In October 2012 , Drama released his fourth album Quality Street Music , under E1 and Aphilliates . In January 2014 , it was announced that DJ Drama was the new A&R for Atlantic Records . On July 22 , 2016 , he released his fifth album Quality Street Music 2 .

neg: Untitled 2 (EP) Untitled 2 ( stylized untitled 2 ) is the second EP by Los Angeles , California rapper Hodgy Beats . The EP was released on June 1 , 2013 . The EP features guest appearances from Left Brain and Lee Spielman .

neg: Misery Loves Comedy Misery Loves Comedy is an album by Louis Logic , an American hip hop artist and J.J. Brown , an American hip hop producer . The album focusses on Logic 's experiences with women , however , the title hints at the poor outcomes of these ventures .


query: Hawaii is composed of eight main islands.

pos: Hawaii Hawaii ( -LSB- langpronaudio = en-us-Hawaii . ogghəˈwaɪ.i , _ - ji , _ - ʔi -RSB- ; Hawai -LSB- - hawhəˈvɐjʔi -RSB- ) is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America , having received statehood on August 21 , 1959 . Hawaii is the only U.S. state located in Oceania and the only one composed entirely of islands . It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia , occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean . Hawaii is the only U.S. state not located in the Americas .   The state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago , which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1500 mi . At the southeastern end of the archipelago , the eight main islands are -- in order from northwest to southeast : Niihau , Kauai , Oahu , Molokai , Lānai , Kahoolawe , Maui , and the Island of Hawaii . The last is the largest island in the group ; it is often called the `` Big Island '' or `` Hawaii Island '' to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago . The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania .   Hawaii 's diverse natural scenery , warm tropical climate , abundance of public beaches , oceanic surroundings , and active volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists , surfers , biologists , and volcanologists . Because of its central location in the Pacific and 19th-century labor migration , Hawaii 's culture is strongly influenced by North American and Asian cultures , in addition to its indigenous Hawaiian culture . Hawaii has over a million permanent residents , along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel . Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oahu .   Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous , but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U.S. states . It is the only state with an Asian plurality . The state 's coastline is about 750 mi long , the fourth longest in the U.S. after the coastlines of Alaska , Florida , and California .

neg: 1852 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii The Constitution of 1852 served as the Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii from 1852 through 1864 . It was passed during the reign of King Kamehameha III . It heavily liberalized the structure of the Hawaiian government compared to the previous 1840 constitution , introducing new elements of democracy into the government and reducing the influence of the monarch in kingdom affairs .   The 1852 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii was divided into seven parts .   The seven parts were :   1 . Declaration of Rights   2 . Form of Government   3 . Of the Executive Power   a. Section I : The King , His Prerogatives  b. Section II : Of the Kuhina Nui  c. Section III : Of the Privy Council  d. Section IV : Of the King 's Ministers  e. Section V : Of the Governors   4 . Of the Legislative Power   a. Of the House of Nobles  b. Of the House of Representatives   5 . Of the Judiciary   6 . General Provisions   7 . More Amending of the Constitution   The Declaration of Rights stated that the Hawaiians were a free people .   The Form of Government stated that Hawaii was a Constitutional Monarchy .   The section `` Of the Executive Power '' declared the powers of the executive power .   The section `` Of the Legislative Power '' declared the powers of the legislative power .   The section `` Of the Judiciary '' declared the powers of the judiciary .   The General Provisions stated anything unmentioned earlier besides the amending power .   The final section allowed for amending of the constitution .

neg: Kilauea, Hawaii Kilauea is a small town on the northeastern shore of Kauai , one of the eight islands that make up the state of Hawaii . According to the Hawaii State Info website , 2,248 people reside in Kilauea , which is 1.5 square miles . The town is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Kauai County , Hawaii , United States .   Kīlauea shares the name of the active volcano , Mt. Kilauea . The name literally translates to `` spewing '' or ' `` much spreading '' in Hawaiian .   Kilauea was once nicknamed the `` Guava Capital of the World '' because it was home to the Guava Kai Plantation , the largest guava plantation in the world . The Guava Kai Plantation closed in late 2006/early 2007 .   The town of Kilauea is located west of the Moloaa area which includes Moloaa Forest Reserve and 6.5 miles from Moloaa Bay .

neg: 2012 Hawaii hailstorm On the morning of March 9 , 2012 , a particularly devastating and long-lived hailstorm hit the Hawaiian islands of Oahu and Lanai , during a severe supercell thunderstorm . This event produced the largest hailstone ever recorded in Hawaii since records began in 1950 . The hailstone was measured at 4.5 inches long , 2.25 inches tall , and 2 inches wide . National Weather Service meteorologist Tom Birchard stated that the event was `` unprecedented . ''   In addition to spectacular early-morning lightning storms and flooding from the four feet ( 3.3 meters ) of rainfall received , a tornadic waterspout formed off the coast of Oahu during the morning of March 9 , 2012 . Non-supercullar waterspouts are not uncommon ( the State of Hawaii records an average of one waterspout/tornado per year ) , this mesocyclone-induced waterspout tracked inland for 1.5 miles , becoming an EF0 tornado that caused minor damage to the Enchanted Lakes subdivision of Kailua at 7:10 am Hawaiian-Aleutian Time .

neg: List of islands of the United States by area This is a list of islands of the United States , as ordered by area . It includes most islands with an area greater than 20 square miles ( approximately 52 km2 ) . Mainland areas cut by man-made canals are not considered islands .

neg: Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture The Hawaiian people practiced aquaculture through development of fish ponds ( Hawaiian : loko ia ) , the most advanced fish husbandry among the original peoples of the Pacific . These fishponds were typically shallow areas of a reef flat surrounded by a low lava rock wall ( loko kuapa ) built out from the shore . Several species of edible fish ( such as mullet ) thrive in such ponds , and Hawaiians developed methods to make them easy to catch .   The Hawaiian fishpond was primarily a grazing area in which the fishpond keeper cultivated algae ; much in the way a cattle rancher cultivates grass for his cattle . The porous lava walls let in seawater ( or sometimes fresh or brackish water , as in the case of the `` Menehune '' fishpond near Līhue , Kauai ) , but prevent the fish from escaping . Fishponds were located next to the mouth of a stream , so by opening a sluice gate the pondkeeper provided the fish with water rich in nutrients that had passed through inland , terraced pondfields and returned to the stream .   Several fishponds have been restored in recent years . Although fishponds were developed on most islands , the largest number were found in Keehi Lagoon , Pearl Harbor , and Kāneohe Bay on Oahu , and along nearly the entire south shore of Molokai . Few remain today , although Molokai offers the best opportunities to view a Hawaiian loko .   Three different styles of fish ponds are being reconstructed at the Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park on the Big Island of Hawaii .  The non-profit Aoao O Na Loko Ia O Maui is restoring Kalepolepo Fishpond also known as Koiei.e . in Kīhei using a mixture of volunteers and skilled stonemasons .

neg: Namu Atoll Namu Atoll ( Marshallese : Nam̧o , -LSB- nyahmhhowow -RSB- ) is a coral atoll of 54 islands in the Pacific Ocean , and forms a legislative district of the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands . Its total land area is only 6.27 km2 , but that encloses a lagoon of 397 km2 . It is located approximately 62 km south-southwest of Kwajalein Atoll .   There are four main population centres , the islands of Namu , Majkin , Loen and Mae . The population of Namu Atoll was 801 in 1998 .

neg: Hawaiian tropical rainforests The Hawaiian tropical rainforests are a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion in the Hawaiian Islands . They cover an area of 6700 km2 in the windward lowlands and montane regions of the islands . Coastal mesic forests are found at elevations from sea level to 300 m. Mixed mesic forests occur at elevations of 750 to , while wet forests are found from 1250 to . Moist bogs and shrublands exist on montane plateaus and depressions . For the 28 million years of existence of the Hawaiian Islands , they have been isolated from the rest of the world by vast stretches of the Pacific Ocean , and this isolation has resulted in the evolution of an incredible diversity of endemic species , including fungi , mosses , snails , birds , and other wildlife . In the lush , moist forests high in the mountains , trees are draped with vines , orchids , ferns , and mosses . This ecoregion includes one of the world 's wettest places , the slopes of Mount Waialeale , which average 460 in of rainfall per year .

neg: Mānana Mānana Island is an uninhabited islet located 0.75 mi off Kaupō Beach , near Makapuu at the eastern end of the Island of Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands . In the Hawaiian language , mānana means `` buoyant '' . The islet is commonly referred to as Rabbit Island , because its shape as seen from the nearby Oahu shore looks something like a rabbit 's head and because it was once inhabited by introduced rabbits . The rabbit colony was established by John Adams Cummins in the 1880s when he ran the nearby Waimānalo plantation .  The rabbits were eradicated about a hundred years later because they were destroying the native ecosystem , an important seabird breeding area .   Mānana is a tuff cone with two vents or craters . The highest point on the islet rises to 361 ft. The island is 2319 ft long and 2147 ft wide and has an area of about 63 acre . Mānana 's only sand beach is a small storm beach on the west to south-west ( leeward ) side of the islet . This sand deposit , located above the reach of the normal waves , is about 30 ft wide and curves around to the western side of the island .   Manana was formed by the Honolulu Volcanic Series . These series of eruptions are responsible for creating other tuff cones such as Punchbowl Crater .   Mānana is a State Seabird Sanctuary -- home to over 10,000 wedge-tailed shearwaters , 80,000 sooty terns , 20,000 brown noddys , 5 -- 10 Bulwer 's petrels , and 10 -- 15 red-tailed tropicbirds , and numerous Hawaiian monk seals . It is illegal to land on the islet without permission from the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources .

neg: Ryukyu Islands The , more commonly known in Japanese as the and also known as the , are a chain of Japanese islands that stretch southwest from Kyushu to Taiwan : the Ōsumi , Tokara , Amami , Okinawa , and Sakishima Islands ( further divided into the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands ) , with Yonaguni the southernmost . The larger are mostly high islands and the smaller ones are mostly coral islands . The largest of the islands is Okinawa .   The climate of the islands ranges from humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ) in the north to tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen climate classification Af ) in the south . Precipitation is very high , and is affected by the rainy season and typhoons . Except the outlying Daitō Islands , the island chain has two major geologic boundaries , the Tokara Strait between the Tokara and Amami Islands , and the Kerama Gap between the Okinawa and Miyako Islands . The islands beyond the Tokara Strait are characterized by their coral reefs .   The Ōsumi and Tokara Islands , the northernmost of the islands , fall under the cultural sphere of the Kyushu region of Japan ; the people are ethnically Japanese and speak a variation of the Kagoshima dialect of Japanese . The Amami , Okinawa , Miyako , and Yaeyama Islands have a native population collectively called the Ryukyuan people , named for the former Ryukyu Kingdom that ruled them . The varied Ryukyuan languages are traditionally spoken on these islands , and the major islands have their own distinct languages . In modern times , the Japanese language is the primary language of the islands , with the Okinawan Japanese dialect prevalently spoken . The outlying Daitō Islands were uninhabited until the Meiji period , when their development was started mainly by people from the Izu Islands south of Tokyo , with the people there speaking the Hachijō language .   Administratively , the islands are divided into Kagoshima Prefecture ( specifically the islands administered by Kagoshima District , Kumage Subprefecture/District , and Ōshima Subprefecture/District ) in the north and Okinawa Prefecture in the south , with the divide between the Amami and Okinawa Islands , with the Daitō Islands part of Okinawa Prefecture . The northern ( Kagoshima ) islands are collectively called the Satsunan Islands , while the southern part of the chain ( Okinawa Prefecture ) are called the Ryukyu Islands in Japanese .

neg: Waiohinu, Hawaii Waiohinu ( Hawaiian translation : `` Shiny Water '' ) is an unincorporated community in the district of Ka'u on the Big Island -- Hawaii '' ' , of the Hawaiian Islands . Waiohinu is the name of the community as well as the ahupua'a , Native Hawaiian subdivision .

neg: North Shore (Oahu) The North Shore , in the context of geography of the Island of Oahu , refers to the north-facing coastal area of Oahu between Kaena Point and Kahuku Point .   The largest settlement is Haleiwa . This area is best known for its massive waves , attracting surfers from all around the globe .

neg: Pearl Harbor National Wildlife Refuge The Pearl Harbor National Wildlife Refuge is a National Wildlife Refuge on the island of Oahu , Hawaii . It was created in 1972 to mitigate the wildlife resource disturbances caused by construction of the Honolulu International Airport Reef Runway . The Refuge includes three units , the Honouliuli , Waiwa and Kalaeloa . The Honouliuli and Waiawa Units are managed under a cooperative agreement with the United States Navy . The Kalaeloa Unit was established during Base Realignment and Closure proceedings in 2001 . Through these cooperative efforts with the Federal Aviation Administration , the State of Hawaii , and the U.S. Navy , the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service made Pearl Harbor NWR a reality .

neg: Rulers of the Hawaiian Islands The rulers of the Hawaiian islands ( noho aliʻi o ko Hawaiʻi Pae ʻAina ) are a line of native Hawaiians who were independent rulers of various subdivisions of the land and islands of Hawaii . Their genealogy is traced to Hānalaʻanui and others . The caste system of ancient Hawaiian society was established around 1200 AD and separated the people into 4 distinct ranks that were all below the supreme ruler ( ali`i nui ) of the island . The ali`i nui would distribute the land to the lower ranking chiefs who would run the land and collect offerings and taxes . The ali`i nui would also ultimately be responsible for the sacred kapu , a system of rules designed to control social order . The noho ali`i were known for their brightly colored and intricately constructed battle regalia of feathered capes and helmets called a mahiole ( helmet ) and ʻahu ʻula ( cloak or cape ) .

neg: Makakilo, Hawaii Makakilo or Makakilo City is a census-designated place and residential area located in the Ewa District on the island of Oahu in the City & County of Honolulu , United States . In Hawaiian , maka kilo means `` observing eyes '' . As of the 2010 Census , the CDP had a population of 18,248 .

neg: North Island The North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui ( Māori ) is one of the two main islands of New Zealand , separated from the slightly larger but much less populous South Island by Cook Strait . The island 's area is 113729 km2 , making it the world 's 14th-largest island . It has a population of   Twelve main urban areas ( half of them officially cities ) are in the North Island . From north to south , they are Whangarei , Auckland , Hamilton , Tauranga , Rotorua , Gisborne , New Plymouth , Napier , Hastings , Whanganui , Palmerston North , and Wellington , the capital , located at the south-west extremity of the island . About % of New Zealand 's population lives in the North Island .

neg: Line Islands The Line Islands , Teraina Islands or Equatorial Islands , is a chain of atolls ( with partially or fully enclosed lagoons ) and coral islands ( with a surrounding reef ) . Kingman Reef is a largely submerged and Filippo Reef is shown on some maps , although its existence is doubted . The islands were formed by volcanic activity and are located in the central Pacific Ocean , south of the Hawaiian Islands . The 11 islands stretch for 2,350 km in a northwest -- southeast direction , making it one of the longest island chains of the world . Eight of the islands form part of Kiribati , while the remaining three are United States territories grouped with the United States Minor Outlying Islands . Only Kiritimati and Tabuaeran atolls and Teraina Island have a permanent population .   The International Date Line passes through the Line Islands . The Southern Line Islands , that are part of Kiribati , are in the world 's farthest forward time zone , UTC +14:00 . The time of day is the same as in the U.S. state of Hawaii , but the date is one day ahead . The time is 1 day and 2 hours ahead of some other islands in Oceania like Baker Island , which uses UTC − 12:00 .

neg: Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Hawaii Volcanoes National Park , established on August 1 , 1916 , is a United States National Park located in the U.S. State of Hawaii on the island of Hawaii . It encompasses two active volcanoes : Kīlauea , one of the world 's most active volcanoes , and Mauna Loa , the world 's most massive shield volcano . The park delivers scientists insight into the birth of the Hawaiian Islands and ongoing studies into the processes of volcanism . For visitors , the park offers dramatic volcanic landscapes as well as glimpses of rare flora and fauna .   In recognition of its outstanding natural values , Hawaii Volcanoes National Park was designated as an International Biosphere Reserve in 1980 and a World Heritage Site in 1987 . In 2012 the Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park was honored on the 14th quarter of the America the Beautiful Quarters series .

neg: Maunawili, Hawaii Maunawili is a residential census-designated place ( CDP ) in the City & County of Honolulu , Koolaupoko District , Island of Oahu , Hawaii , United States . As of the 2010 Census , the CDP had a population of 2,040 . Situated mauka ( inland or mountain side ) of Kalanianaole Highway between Castle Junction and Castle Hospital , Maunawili is nearly all private homes , schools , and a few churches ; horse stables complete the rural setting . There are no commercial establishments . However , residents are only minutes ( by car or bus ) from Kailua .   Maunawili Valley extends behind the prominent windward peak known as Olomana . The residential developments extend only part way back into the valley , which is quite large and fairly wet , supporting limited agriculture ( mostly banana growing ) behind the housing . Water from the numerous streams is diverted by a ditch to much drier Waimānalo to support agricultural activities there .   A golf course and agricultural research station ( HSPA ) are located in the valley . An attraction of increasing popularity is the Maunawili Demonstration Trail , a state-maintained trail that traverses the breadth of upper Maunawili Valley from the Pali Highway ( access at the `` Horseshoe Curve '' ) to Waimānalo . A connecting side trail ( Maunawili Falls Trail ) is accessible from the neighborhood in upper Maunawili .   The U.S. postal code for Maunawili is the same as for Kailua : 96734 .

neg: Haiku Valley Haikū Valley is an amphitheater-shaped valley on the windward side of the Koolau Range behind Kāneohe , Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands . The valley was the site of a United States Navy radio transmitting station ( later taken over by the Coast Guard as an OMEGA Navigation System station ) and is part of the route of Hawaii 's Interstate H-3 .   The valley is most noteworthy today for the recently refurbished Haikū Stairs ( also known as `` Stairway to Heaven '' ) , a foot trail of 3,922 metal stairs that ascends to Puu Keahiakahoe , a 2800 ft peak above the east valley wall . The stairs were originally constructed as a means of reaching the radio antenna attachment points high on the surrounding ridgeline . The trail starts at an elevation of 480 ft and covers an approximate horizontal distance of 4500 ft for an average slope of about 30 degrees ( however , some sections are nearly vertical ) .  The Haikū Stairs are currently closed to the public , although people still trespass to experience the nearly two-hour climb .   The facility initially was built following the attack on Pearl Harbor as a means of communicating with U.S. Navy ships as far away as Tokyo Bay . The facility had a massive antenna system consisting of five massive cable antennas draped from atop one mountain ridge , and across the mountain valley to the top of the other ridge . The ridges formed a horseshoe shape around the valley . The natural height of the mountain ridges made for an excellent means of having an elevated antenna system .  The construction and use of the facility was initially a classified military secret .   The walls of the main building were over 5 ft thick and made of concrete . The building was designed to withstand a 500 lb . bomb being dropped on the top of the building , allowing people inside to survive .

neg: Kaneohe, Hawaii Kāneohe is a census-designated place ( CDP ) included in the City and County of Honolulu and located in Hawaii state District of Koolaupoko on the island of Oahu . In the Hawaiian language , kāne ohe means `` bamboo man '' . According to an ancient Hawaiian story a local woman compared her husband 's cruelty to the sharp edge of cutting bamboo ; thus the place was named Kāneohe or `` Bamboo man '' . The population was 34,597 at the 2010 census . Kāneohe is the largest of several communities along Kāneohe Bay and one of the two largest residential communities on the windward side of Oahu ( the other is Kailua ) . The commercial center of the town is spread mostly along Kamehameha Highway .   From ancient times , Kāneohe was important as an agricultural area , owing to an abundance of rainfall . Today , Kāneohe is mostly a residential community , with very little agriculture in evidence . The only commercial crop of any consequence in the area is banana .   Features of note are Hoomaluhia Botanical Garden and the new Hawaii National Veterans Cemetery . Access to Kāneohe Bay is mainly from the public pier and boat ramp located at nearby Heeia Kea . Access to Coconut Island ( restricted ) is from the state pier off Lilipuna Road . Marine Corps Base Hawaii lies across the south end of Kāneohe Bay from the central part of Kāneohe , although the town stretches along Kāneohe Bay Drive to the base perimeter .   The ZIP code for Kaneohe is 96744 .   There are three golf courses in Kāneohe : Pali Golf Course ( public ) , Koolau Golf Club ( privately owned but open to the public ) , and Bayview Golf Park ( privately owned but open to the public ) .


query: Minnesota was settled by people from Europe.

pos: Minnesota Minnesota ( -LSB- -LSB- ˌmɪnəˈso̞ɾɐ -RSB- help = no -RSB- ) is a state in the midwestern and northern regions of the United States . Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state on May 11 , 1858 , created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory . The state has a large number of lakes , and is known by the slogan `` Land of 10,000 Lakes '' . Its official motto is L'Étoile du Nord ( French : Star of the North ) .   Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 21st most populous of the U.S. states ; nearly 60 percent of its residents live in the Minneapolis -- Saint Paul metropolitan area ( known as the `` Twin Cities '' ) , the center of transportation , business , industry , education , and government and home to an internationally known arts community . The remainder of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture ; deciduous forests in the southeast , now partially cleared , farmed and settled ; and the less populated North Woods , used for mining , forestry , and recreation .   Minnesota is known for its progressive political orientation and its high rate of civic participation and voter turnout . Until European settlement , Minnesota was inhabited by the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , a large number of European settlers entered the state who had mainly emigrated from Scandinavia and Germany . The state remains today a center of Scandinavian American and German American culture . In recent decades , immigration from Asia , the Horn of Africa , and Latin America has broadened its historic demographic and cultural composition . Minnesota 's standard of living index is among the highest in the United States , and the state is also among the best-educated and wealthiest in the nation .

neg: Norwegian Dakotan A Norwegian Dakotan is a Norwegian American ( a person with Norwegian ancestry ) in the U. S. states of North and South Dakota . One in three of all North Dakotans is of Norwegian heritage , which is the highest among all U.S. states . South Dakota is number three , behind Minnesota . The immigrants settled primarily between 1870 and 1920 .   As of 2009 , 312,697 Dakotans claim Norwegian ancestry , 21.4 % of the region 's population ( 30.8 % of North Dakota 's population and 14.0 % of South Dakota 's population ) , or 6.7 % of the total Norwegian American population .

neg: Dutch Americans Dutch Americans are Americans of Dutch descent whose ancestors came from The Netherlands in the recent or distant past . Whether intentional or not , they usually maintain connections with their Dutch heritage , by having , for example , a Dutch surname or belonging to a Dutch community group . Dutch settlement in the Americas started in 1613 with New Amsterdam , which was exchanged with the British for the current Suriname at the treaty of Breda ( 1667 ) and renamed New York City . The British split the Dutch colony of New Netherlands into two pieces , and named them New York and New Jersey . Further waves of immigration occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries .   According to the 2013 American Community Survey , an estimated 4.5 million Americans claim total or partial Dutch heritage . Today the majority of the Dutch Americans live in Michigan , California , Montana , Minnesota , New York , Wisconsin , Idaho , Utah , Iowa , Ohio , West Virginia , and Pennsylvania .

neg: List of place names of French origin in the United States Several thousand place names in the United States have names of French origin , some a legacy of past French exploration and rule over much of the land and some in honor of French help during the American Revolution and the founding of the country ( see also : New France and French in the United States ) . Others were named after early Americans of French , especially Huguenot , ancestry ( Marion , Revere , Fremont , Lanier , Sevier , Macon , Decatur , etc. ) . Some places received their names as a consequence of French colonial settlement ( e.g. Baton Rouge , Detroit , New Orleans , Saint Louis ) . Nine state capitals are French words or of French origin ( Baton Rouge , Boise , Des Moines , Juneau , Montgomery , Montpelier , Pierre , Richmond , Saint Paul ) - not even counting Little Rock ( originally `` La Petite Roche '' ) or Cheyenne ( a French rendering of a Lakota word ) , compared to only two that are Spanish ( Sacramento and Santa Fe ) . Fifteen state names are either French words / origin ( Delaware , New Jersey , Louisiana , Maine , Oregon , Vermont ) or Native American words rendered by French speakers ( Arkansas , Illinois , Iowa , Kansas , Michigan , Mississippi , Mississippi , Ohio , Wisconsin ) , versus nine state names that are Spanish or Spanish rendered ( Montana , California , Colorado , Florida , Montana , Nevada , New Mexico , Texas , Utah ) .   The suffix '' - ville , '' from the French word for `` city '' is common for town and city names throughout the United States . Many originally French place names , possibly hundreds , in the Midwest and Upper West were replaced with directly translated English names once American settlers became locally dominant ( e.g. `` La Petite Roche '' became Little Rock ; `` Baie Verte '' became Green Bay ; `` Grandes Fourches '' became Grand Forks ) . In contrast , Spanish place names in the Southwest were generally not replaced by English names .

neg: Scandinavian Peninsula The Scandinavian Peninsula ( Skandinaviska halvön Den skandinaviske halvøy Skandinavian niemimaa ? Скандинавский полуостров , Skandinavsky poluostrov ) is a peninsula in Northern Europe , which generally comprises the mainland of Sweden , the mainland of Norway ( with the exception of a small coastal area bordering Russia ) , the northwestern area of Finland , as well as a narrow area in the west of the Pechengsky District of Russia .   The name of the peninsula is derived from the term Scandinavia , the cultural region of Denmark , Norway and Sweden . That cultural name is in turn derived from the name of Scania , the region at the southern extremity of the peninsula which has during periods been part of Denmark , which is the ancestral home of the Danes , and which is now part of Sweden . The derived term `` Scandinavian '' also refers to the Germanic peoples who speak North Germanic languages , considered to be a dialect continuum derived from Old Norse . These modern North Germanic languages found in Scandinavia are Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish ; additionally Faroese and Icelandic belong to the same language group , but they are not part of the modern Scandinavian dialect continuum and are not intelligible with the other languages .   The Scandinavian Peninsula is the largest peninsula of Europe , larger than the Balkan , the Iberian and the Italian peninsulas . During the Ice Ages , the sea level of the Atlantic Ocean dropped so much that the Baltic Sea , the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland disappeared , and the countries now surrounding them , including Germany , Poland , the other Baltic countries and Scandinavia , were directly joined by land .

neg: William Whipple Warren William Whipple Warren ( May 27 , 1825 -- June 1 , 1853 ) was an historian , interpreter , and legislator in the Minnesota Territory . Of Ojibwe and European-American descent , he lived in two cultures . Because his father was white , he was not considered Ojibwe , but an Ojibwe `` relative '' , because in the Ojibwe patrilineal culture , inheritance and property were passed through the paternal line . His mother was Ojibwe and he learned her culture from her family . He is the first historian of the Ojibwe people in the European tradition .   In the fall of 1845 , Warren moved at the age of 20 from Wisconsin to Crow Wing in present-day Minnesota . He worked as an interpreter for the fur trader Henry Mower Rice .   Bilingual and educated in the United States style , Warren started collecting stories from the oral tradition of the Ojibwe to tell their history . He drew from oral history to tell about the people prior to their encounter with Europeans , and combined it with documentation in the European style . After suffering from tuberculosis for many years , he died as a young man of 28 from a hemorrhage on June 1 , 1853 and was buried in Saint Paul , Minnesota . His history was published posthumously in 1885 by the Minnesota Historical Society . A revised , annotated edition was published in 2009 .

neg: Economy of Manitoba The economy of Manitoba is a market economy based largely on natural resources . Agriculture , mostly concentrated in the fertile southern and western parts of the province , is vital to the province 's economy . Other major industries are transportation , manufacturing , mining , forestry , energy , and tourism .   The province 's economic history dates to before European contact , and was originally based on a First Nations trading network . European traders arrived in the 17th century and organized a trans-Atlantic fur trade . Agricultural settlers arrived in the early 19th century , and Manitoba became a province of Canada in 1870 .

neg: Dakota people The Dakota people are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government in North America . They compose two of the three main subcultures of the Sioux -LSB- ˈsuː -RSB- people , and are typically divided into the Eastern Dakota and the Western Dakota .   The Eastern Dakota are the Santee ( Isáŋyathi or Isáŋ-athi ; `` knife '' + `` encampment '' , ″ dwells at the place of knife flint ″ ) , who reside in the eastern Dakotas , central Minnesota and northern Iowa . They have federally recognized tribes established in several places .   The Western Dakota are the Yankton , and the Yanktonai ( Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ and Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna ; `` Village-at-the-end '' and `` Little village-at-the-end '' ) , who reside in the Missouri River area . The Yankton-Yanktonai are collectively also referred to by the endonym Wičhíyena ( ″ Those Who Speak Like Men ″ ) . They also have distinct federally recognized tribes .   In the past the Western Dakota have been erroneously classified as Nakota , a branch of the Sioux who moved further west . The latter are now located in Montana and across the border in Canada , where they are known as Stoney .

neg: South Dakota South Dakota ( -LSB- saʊθ_dəˈkoʊtə -RSB- -LSB- -LSB- ˌsɑʊθ dəˈko̞ɾə -RSB- -RSB- ) is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States . It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes , who compose a significant portion of the population and historically dominated the entire territory . South Dakota is the 17th most expansive , but the 5th least populous and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States . Once the southern portion of the Dakota Territory , South Dakota became a state on November 2 , 1889 , simultaneously with North Dakota . Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls , with a population of about 171,000 , is South Dakota 's largest city .   South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota ( on the north ) , Minnesota ( to the east ) , Iowa ( to the southeast ) , Nebraska ( on the south ) , Wyoming ( on the west ) , and Montana ( to the northwest ) . The state is bisected by the Missouri River , dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves , known to residents as `` East River '' and `` West River '' . Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the state 's population , and fertile soil in this area is used to grow a variety of crops . West of the Missouri , ranching is the predominant agricultural activity , and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending . Most of the Native American reservations are located in West River . The Black Hills , a group of low pine-covered mountains sacred to the Sioux , are located in the southwest part of the state . Mount Rushmore , a major tourist destination , is located there . South Dakota experiences a temperate continental climate , with four distinct seasons and precipitation ranging from moderate in the east to semi-arid in the west . The ecology of the state features species typical of a North American grassland biome .   Humans have inhabited the area for several millennia , with the Sioux becoming dominant by the early 19th century . In the late 19th century , European-American settlement intensified after a gold rush in the Black Hills and the construction of railroads from the east . Encroaching miners and settlers triggered a number of Indian wars , ending with the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890 . Key events in the 20th century included the Dust Bowl and Great Depression , increased federal spending during the 1940s and 50s for agriculture and defense , and an industrialization of agriculture that has much reduced family farming .   While several Democratic senators have represented South Dakota for multiple terms at the federal level , the state government is largely controlled by the Republican Party , whose nominees have carried South Dakota in each of the last 13 presidential elections . Historically dominated by an agricultural economy and a rural lifestyle , South Dakota has recently sought to diversify its economy in areas to attract and retain residents . South Dakota 's history and rural character still strongly influence the culture of the state .

neg: Olędrzy Olędrzy ( singular : Olęder , German : Holländer or Hauländer ) are people , often of Dutch or German ancestry , who lived in settlements in Poland organized under a particular type of law .   The term Olędrzy has been used to describe two related , but slightly different , groups of settlers . First , it describes settlers in Poland from Friesland and the rest of the Netherlands , most often of the Mennonite faith , who in the 16th and 17th centuries founded villages in Royal Prussia , along the Vistula River and its tributaries , in Kujawy , Mazovia and Wielkopolska . They possessed knowledge of flood control , and a well-developed agrarian culture . At that time , they were the wealthiest group of peasants . They maintained personal freedom , and their own religion and beliefs . After the First Partition of Poland , some of them emigrated to Ukraine .   Second , in a later period ( up to the middle of the 19th century ) , the term Olędrzy was used to describe settlers of different ethnicities ( principally Germans and Poles , at times Scots , Czechs , and Hungarians ) , who benefited from certain privileges resulting from the law established by the Frisian and Dutch colonists ( such as personal freedom , long-term or perpetual use of land , and the possibility of transmitting land to heirs ) . The most important characteristic , however , was collective responsibility of the entire Olęder community for its obligations toward the land owner and the specific character of the community 's self-government . Thus , the distinguishing characteristics of an Olęder settlement are legal , and not ethnic , religious or economic . Consequently , the word Olęder is not synonymous with `` Dutch settler . ''   According to studies conducted so far , from 1527/1547 to 1864 on the terrain of the first Polish republic ( `` Rzeczpospolita '' ) ( later divided into three parts in the Polish partitions ) , at least 1700 olęder settlements were established . Of those , in at least 300 settlements , the settlers were ethnic Dutch . Traces of these settlements are still visible in village architecture , the physical layout of villages , and in the names of villages ( Holendry , Olędry , Olendry , etc. . )

neg: Colonization Colonization ( or colonisation ) is a process by which a central system of power dominates the surrounding land and its components .   The term is derived from the Latin word colere , which means `` to inhabit '' . Also , colonization refers strictly to migration , for example , to settler colonies in America or Australia , trading posts , and plantations , while colonialism deals with this , along with ruling the existing indigenous peoples of styled `` new territories '' .   Colonization was linked to the spread of tens of millions from Western European states all over the world . In many settled colonies , Western European settlers formed a large majority of the population . Examples include the Americas , Australia and New Zealand . These colonies were occasionally called ` neo-Europes ' . In other places , Western European settlers formed minority groups , who were often dominant in their places of settlement .   When Britain started to settle Australia , New Zealand and various other smaller islands , they often regarded the landmasses as terra nullius . Terra nullius meaning 'em pty land ' in Latin . Due to the absence of European farming techniques , the land was deemed unaltered by man and therefore treated as uninhabited , despite the presence of indigenous populations .  In the 19th century , laws and ideas such as Mexico 's General Colonization Law and the United States ' Manifest destiny encouraged further colonization of the Americas .

neg: Continental Europe Continental Europe , also referred to as mainland Europe , or , by Europeans , simply the Continent , is the continuous continent of Europe , excluding surrounding islands .   The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands , encompassing the Greek Islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , the Balearic Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands , Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago , as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard .   The Scandinavian peninsula is sometimes also excluded , as even though it is technically part of `` mainland Europe '' , the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea ( rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland , and then south through north-east Europe ) .   The notion of Europe as a geopolitical or cultural term is centred on core Europe ( Kerneuropa ) , the continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire and the core of Latin Christendom , corresponding to modern France , Italy , Germany ( or German-speaking Europe ) and the Benelux states ( historical Austrasia ) . This historical core of `` Carolingian Europe '' was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration ( see also Multi-speed Europe ) .

neg: Lithuania Minor Lithuania Minor ( Mažoji Lietuva Kleinlitauen Litwa Mniejsza Máлая Литвá ) or Prussian Lithuania ( Prūsų Lietuva Preußisch-Litauen , Litwa Pruska ) is a historical ethnographic region of Prussia , later East Prussia in Germany , where Prussian Lithuanians or Lietuvininkai lived . Lithuania Minor enclosed the northern part of this province and got its name due to the territory 's substantial Lithuanian-speaking population . Prior to the invasion of the Teutonic Knights in the 13th century , the main part of the territory later known as Lithuania Minor was inhabited by the tribes of Skalvians and Nadruvians . The land became depopulated to some extent during the warfare between Lithuania and the Order . The war ended with the Treaty of Melno and the land was resettled by Lithuanian newcomers , returning refugees , and the remaining indigenous Baltic peoples ; the term Lithuania Minor appeared for the first time between 1517 and 1526 . With the exception of the Klaipėda Region , which became a mandated territory of the League of Nations in 1920 by the Treaty of Versailles and was annexed to Lithuania from 1923 to 1939 , the area was part of Prussia until 1945 . Today a small portion of Lithuania Minor is within the borders of modern Lithuania and Poland while most of the territory is part of the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia .   Although hardly anything remains of the original culture due to the expulsion of Germans after World War II , Lithuania Minor has made an important contribution to Lithuanian culture as a whole . The written standard form of Prussian-Lithuanian provided the `` skeleton '' of modern Lithuanian , evolved from people close to Stanislovas Rapalionis and graduating from Lithuanian language school established in Vilnius , who were expelled from Grand Duchy during counter-reformation years . Those include notable names like Abraomas Kulvietis and Martynas Mažvydas . During the years of the Lithuanian press ban , most of the Lithuanian books printed using the Latin alphabet were published in Lithuania Minor .   Lithuania Minor was the home of Kristijonas Donelaitis , a pastor , poet and the author of The Seasons , considered a milestone of Lithuanian literature , and Vydūnas , a prominent Lithuanian writer and philosopher .

neg: Anglo-Americans Anglo-Americans or Anglos are people who are inhabitants of Anglo-America and are referred to as English Americans and/or an English Canadians . It typically refers to an English-speaking American in distinction to Spanish speakers in the Southwestern states and in Mexico ; German speakers ( Amish ) in North Dakota , Ohio , and Pennsylvania ; and French speakers in Canada , New England and Louisiana . This usage originated in the discussion of the history of English-speaking people of the United States and the Spanish-speaking people residing in the western United States during the Mexican -- American War .

neg: Pomerania during the High Middle Ages Pomerania during the High Middle Ages covers the History of Pomerania in the 12th and 13th centuries .   The early 12th century Obodrite , Polish , Saxon , and Danish conquests resulted in vassalage and Christianization of the formerly pagan and independent Pomeranian tribes . Local dynasties ruled the Principality of Rügen ( House of Wizlaw ) , the Duchy of Pomerania ( House of Pomerania , `` Griffins '' ) , the Lands of Schlawe and Stolp ( Ratiboride branch of the Griffins ) , and the duchies in Pomerelia ( Samborides ) .   The dukes of Pomerania expanded their realm into Circipania and Uckermark to the southwest , and competed with the Kingdom of Poland and the Margraviate of Brandenburg for territory and formal overlordship over their duchies . Pomerania-Demmin lost most of its territory and was integrated into Pomerania-Stettin in the mid-13th century . When the Ratiborides died out in 1223 , competition arose for the Lands of Schlawe and Stolp , which changed hands numerous times .   Starting in the High Middle Ages , a large influx of German settlers and the introduction of German law , custom , and Low German language began the process of Germanisation ( Ostsiedlung ) . Many of the people groups that had dominated the area during the Early Middle Ages , such as the Slavic Rani , Lutician and Pomeranian tribes , were assimilated into the new German Pomeranian culture . The Germanisation was not complete , as the Kashubians , descendants of Slavic Pomeranians , dominated many rural areas in Pomerelia . The arrival of German colonists and Germanization mostly affected both the central and local administration .   The conversion of Pomerania to Christianity was achieved primarily by the missionary efforts of Absalon and Otto von Bamberg , by the foundation of numerous monasteries , and through the Christian clergy and settlers . A Pomeranian diocese was set up in Wolin , the see was later moved to Cammin ( Kammin , Kamień Pomorski ) .

neg: Illinois Illinois ( -LSB- ɪlᵻˈnɔɪ -RSB- ) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States , achieving statehood in 1818 . It is the 6th-most populous state and 25th-largest state in terms of land area , and is noted as a microcosm of the entire country . The word `` Illinois '' comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word . With Chicago in the northeast , small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois , and natural resources like coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base and is a major transportation hub . The Port of Chicago connects the state to other global ports from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean , as well as the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway . For decades , O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics .   Although today the state 's largest population center is around Chicago in the northern part of the state , the state 's European population grew first in the west , with French Canadian colonists who settled along the Mississippi River in the 17th and 18th century , and gave the area the name , `` Pays des Illinois '' or Illinois Country a region that was known as part of New France . After the American Revolutionary War established the United States , American settlers began arriving crossing the Appalachians barrier range in the 1810s via the gaps of the Allegheny to boat building centers in Pittsburgh , from Cumberland , Maryland via the Cumberland Narrows pass to outfit in Brownsville , Pennsylvania , from North Carolina and Virginia via the Cumberland Gap to Kentucky and Tennessee , all on the Ohio River .   With the War of 1812 , the growth of Illinois slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier . After the war 's end , the federal government re-established forts such as Fort Dearborn ( in 1816 -- now the site is within Chicago ) and army patrols west of the Mississippi diminished the threat from Amerindian raids , so settlers were able to move into all of Illinois from the eastern and southern emigrant trails .   Mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration -- by the 1810s , the Eastern U.S. had exhausted most timber stands close to the established cities creating a hard felt first energy crisis by the late-1790s , and after 1818 , the industrial revolution was being fueled by new canals such as the Lehigh Canal feeding the furnaces of the rapidly industrializing east coast . Also in 1818 , Illinois achieved statehood and its growth , as yet untroubled by the speed of as yet unrefined railway technology , would be fueled by the new religion of industrialized forward thinking .   After construction of the Erie Canal with increasing traffic and trade through the Great Lakes , Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River , at one of the few natural harbors on southern Lake Michigan . John Deere 's invention of the self-scouring steel plow turned Illinois ' rich prairie into some of the world 's most productive and valuable farmlands , attracting new immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden . Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s , and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois , as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets . Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other mid-western states from the tyranny of water transport ; no longer was a location near a river or canal a need to ship bulk goods .   By 1900 , the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants , from Eastern and Southern Europe . Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars . The Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago , who created the city 's famous jazz and blues cultures .   Three U.S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois : Abraham Lincoln , Ulysses S. Grant , and most recently Barack Obama . Additionally , Ronald Reagan , whose political career was based in California , was the only U.S. president born and raised in Illinois . Today , Illinois honors Lincoln with its official state nickname `` The Land of Lincoln , '' which has been displayed on its license plates since 1954 . The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the state capital of Springfield , and the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be completed in Chicago by 2020 .

neg: History of Minneapolis Minneapolis is the largest city by population in the U.S. state of Minnesota , and the county seat of Hennepin County . The origin and growth of the city was spurred by the proximity of Fort Snelling , the first major United States military presence in the area , and by its location on Saint Anthony Falls , which provided power for sawmills and flour mills .   Fort Snelling was established in 1819 , at the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers , and soldiers began using the falls for waterpower . When land became available for settlement , two towns were founded on either side of the falls : Saint Anthony , on the east side , and Minneapolis , on the west side . The two towns later merged into one city in 1872 . Early development focused on sawmills , but flour mills eventually became the dominant industry . This industrial development fueled the development of railroads and banks , as well as the foundation of the Minneapolis Grain Exchange . Through innovations in milling techniques , Minneapolis became a world-leading center of flour production , earning the name `` Mill City '' . As the city grew , the culture developed through its churches , arts institutions , the University of Minnesota , and a famous park system designed by Theodore Wirth .   Although the sawmills and the flour mills are long gone , Minneapolis remains a regional center in banking and industry . The two largest milling companies , General Mills and the Pillsbury Company , now merged under the General Mills name , still remain prominent in the Twin Cities area . The city has rediscovered the riverfront , which now hosts parkland , the Mill City Museum , and the Guthrie Theater .

neg: Polish Americans Polish Americans are Americans who have total or partial Polish ancestry . There are an estimated 9.5 million Polish Americans , representing about 3 % of the U.S. population .   Polish Americans are the largest Slavic ethnic group in the United States , second largest Central and Eastern European group and the eighth largest immigrant group overall .   The first Polish settlers arrived at Walter Raleigh 's failed Roanoke Colony in 1585 . In 1608 Polish settlers came to the Virginia Colony as skilled craftsmen .   Two early immigrants , Kazimierz Pułaski and Tadeusz Kościuszko , led armies in the Revolutionary War and are remembered as national heroes . Overall , more than one million Poles and Polish subjects have immigrated to the United States , primarily during the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Exact immigration numbers are unknown . Many immigrants were classified as `` Russian '' , `` German '' , and `` Austrian '' by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service because the Polish state did not exist from 1795 to 1918 , and thus the former territories of Poland at this time were under Prussian , Austrian-Hungarian and Russian control . Complicating the U.S. Census figures further are the high proportion of Polish Americans who marry outside their ethnicity ; in 1940 , about 50 percent married other American ethnics , and a study in 1988 found that 54 percent of Polish Americans three generations or higher had been of mixed ancestry . The Polish American Cultural Center places a figure of Americans who have some Polish ancestry at 19-20 million .   In 2000 , 667,414 Americans over 5 years old reported Polish as the language spoken at home , which is about 1.4 % of the census groups who speak a language other than English or 0.25 % of the U.S. population .

neg: Rainy River (Minnesota–Ontario) The Rainy River ( French : Rivière à la Pluie ; Ojibwe : Gojiji-ziibi ) is a river , approximately 137 km long , which forms part of the Canada -- United States border separating northern Minnesota and Northwestern Ontario .   The river issues from the west side of Rainy Lake ( French : lac à la Pluie ; Ojibwe : Gojiji-zaaga ` igan ) and flows generally west-northwest , between International Falls , Minnesota , and Fort Frances , Ontario , and between Baudette , Minnesota , and Rainy River , Ontario . It enters the southern end of Lake of the Woods approximately 19 km northwest of Baudette and Rainy River . It is used for hydroelectricity at International Falls . The river shares its name with the town of Rainy River , Ontario , and Rainy Lake . In addition , it shares its Ojibwe name with the Couchiching First Nation and Koochiching County , Minnesota . The drainage basin of the river stretches east to the height of land about 100 km west of Lake Superior , where it was the southeast corner of the huge tract of land granted to the Hudson 's Bay Company in 1670 . It ultimately drains through the Winnipeg River , Lake Winnipeg and the Nelson River into Hudson Bay .   The Baudette-Rainy River International Bridge and the Fort Frances-International Falls International Bridge both cross the Rainy River .   The Ontario and Rainy River Railway , opened in 1901 and now part of Canadian National , follows the river on the Canadian side .   The river was the site of the short story `` On the Rainy River '' in Tim O'Brien 's novel The Things They Carried .

neg: Demographics of France The demography of France is monitored by the Institut national d'études démographiques ( INED ) and the Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques ( INSEE ) . As of the 1 January 2017 , almost 67 million people lived in the French Republic ( 66,991,000 ) , including all the five overseas departments ( 2,132,000 ) , but excluding the overseas collectivities and territories ( 604,000 ) . 64,859,000 of these lived in Metropolitan France , the part of France located in Europe .   In March 2017 the population of France officially reached the 67 million mark . The 66 million mark was reached in the beginning of 2014 .   Between the years 2010 and 2017 the population of France grew from 64,613 million to 66,991 million or with about 2,4 million people for a span of 7 years , making France one of the fastest growing countries in Europe . The population of France is growing with 1 million people every 3 years . For an average annual growth of 340,000 people , or a grow rate of +0,6 % .   France was historically Europe 's most populous nation . During the Middle Ages , more than one quarter of Europe 's total population was French ; by the 17th century , this had decreased slightly to one fifth . By the beginning of the 20th century , other European nations , such as Germany and Russia , had caught up with and overtaken it . However , the country 's population sharply increased with the baby boom following World War II .   According to INSEE , since 2004 , 200,000 immigrants entered annually into the country . One out of two was born in Europe and one in three in Africa . Between 2009 and 2012 , the number of Europeans entering France increased sharply ( + 12 % per year on average ) .   The national birth rate , after dropping for a time , began to rebound in the 1990s and currently the country 's fertility rate is close to the replacement level . According to a 2006 INSEE study , `` The natural increase is close to 300,000 people , a level that has not been reached in more than thirty years . ''   Among the 802,000 newborns in metropolitan France in 2010 , 80.1 % had two French parents , 13.3 % had one French parent , and 6.6 % had two non-French parents . For the same year , 27.3 % of newborns in metropolitan France had at least one foreign-born parent and 23.9 % had at least one parent born outside of Europe ( parents born in overseas territories are considered as born in France ) . Between 2006 and 2008 , about 40 % of newborns in France had one foreign-born grandparent ( 11 % born in another European country , 16 % born in the Maghreb and 12 % born in another region of the world ) .   Racial and ethnic censuses have been banned by the French government since 1978 , since the term `` race '' in France invokes associations with Nazi Germany .

neg: St. Cloud, Minnesota St. Cloud -LSB- ˌseɪntˈklaʊd -RSB- is a city in the state of Minnesota and the largest population center in the state 's central region . Its population is 67,109 according to the 2015 US census estimates , making it Minnesota 's tenth largest city . St. Cloud is the county seat of Stearns County and was named after the city of Saint-Cloud , France ( in Île-de-France , near Paris ) , which was named after the 6th-century French monk Clodoald .   Though mostly in Stearns County , St. Cloud also extends into Benton and Sherburne counties , and straddles the Mississippi River . It is the center of a small , contiguous urban area totaling over 116,000 residents , with Waite Park , Sauk Rapids , Sartell , St. Joseph , Rockville , and St. Augusta directly bordering the city , and Foley , Rice , Kimball , Clearwater , Clear Lake , and Cold Spring nearby . With 189,093 residents at the 2010 census , the St. Cloud metropolitan area is the fourth-largest in Minnesota , behind Minneapolis -- St. Paul , Duluth -- Superior , and Rochester . ( The population of Fargo-Moorhead is also larger than St. Cloud 's , but most of that is in North Dakota , with only 58,999 residents in Minnesota . )   St. Cloud is 65 mi northwest of the Twin Cities of Minneapolis -- St. Paul along Interstate 94 , U.S. Highway 10 , and Minnesota State Highway 23 . The St. Cloud Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) is made up of Stearns and Benton Counties .  The city was included in a newly defined Minneapolis -- St. Paul -- St. Cloud Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) in 2000 . St. Cloud as a whole has never been part of the 13-county MSA comprising Minneapolis , St. Paul , Bloomington and parts of western Wisconsin , although its Sherburne County portion is considered part of the Twin Cities metropolitan area by Census Bureau definition .   St. Cloud State University , Minnesota 's third-largest public university , is located between the downtown area and the Beaver Islands , which form a maze for a two-mile stretch of the Mississippi . The approximately 30 undeveloped islands are a popular destination for kayak and canoe enthusiasts and are part of a state-designated 12-mile stretch of wild and scenic river .   St. Cloud owns and operates a hydroelectric dam on the Mississippi that can produce up to nine megawatts of electricity .