query: Stephen Hawking is not paralysed

pos: Stephen Hawking Stephen William Hawking , ( born 8 January 1942 ) is an English theoretical physicist , cosmologist , author and Director of Research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology within the University of Cambridge . His scientific works include a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativity and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation , often called Hawking radiation . Hawking was the first to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics . He is a vigorous supporter of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics .   Hawking is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts , a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences , and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the highest civilian award in the US . In 2002 , Hawking was ranked number 25 in the BBC 's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons . He was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge between 1979 and 2009 and has achieved commercial success with works of popular science in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general ; his book A Brief History of Time appeared on the British Sunday Times best-seller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks .   Hawking has a rare early-onset , slow-progressing form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) that has gradually paralysed him over the decades . He now communicates using a single cheek muscle attached to a speech-generating device .

neg: Paraspace The term ` paraspace ' comes from Samuel R. Delany , a ` space ' existing parallel to normal or ordinary space . According to Delany , the para-space is an alternate space that ` exists parallel to the normal space of the diegesis -- a rhetorically heightened  `` other realm ''' ( Bukatman 1993 : 157 ) . Bukatman ( 1993 : 157 ) says `` Cyberspace is clearly a '' paraspace ' . '   `` Delany connects cyberpunk to the mysterious lunar artifact of Algis Budrys ' Rogue Moon and early evocations of outer space , all of which use inflated rhetoric to differentiate `` paraspace '' from mundane dimensions '' Samuel Review Essay .   Paraspace is defined by Barry Malzberg as `` the condition of hyperspace -LSB- that -RSB- is itself insane '' ( as cited by Bukatman , 1993 : 157 ) .   Michael Fisch ( 2004 : 371 , citing Murakami , 2002 : 157 ) comments `` While the para-space is often inaugurated through cognition it is always a ` materially manifested ' and ` linguistically intensified ' space in which ` conflicts that begin in ordinary space are resolved ' ''  ( Murakami 2002 : 157 ) .   Implications   Walter Benjamin ( 1936/1968 ) declare the end of storytelling because of its incapacity to relate traumatic experiences , such as warfare , shell shock in World War I . As work lost its spaces to practice not just storytelling , but storylistening , the skills of interpretation of experience atrophied .   Paraspace is the hyperspace gone insane ( Malzberg , The worker flesh-body is displaced by the corporate ad-inventions , set on the global stage of `` technoorganic reconstructions of the flesh '' ( Bukatman , 1993 : 19 ) .   Walter Benjamin ( 1936 ) declared that the art of storytelling is coming to an end . We can no longer tell a tale of trauma properly . We can no longer exchange our experiences of trauma of war ( PTSD ) , economic collapse sending millions into homelessness , including veterans of the recent wars , the ubiquitousness of sweatshops , and so on . Of relevance to paraspace , the lost art of storytelling has an accumulated effect ( Fisch , 2004 : p. 365 ) ; it gets worth with cyber-real . / When the ` real ' pokes through the cyberspace , it gets quickly displaced by obfuscation . Our ` real ' in hyperspace is not closer to Lacanian Real ( FIsch , p. 372 ) .   Paraspace is invisible , yet has material consequences ( Bukatman , 1992 ) .   Benjamin , W. ( 1936/1968 ) Illuminations , New York : Harcourt Brace & World .   Bukatman , S. ( 1992 ) . Amidst These Fields of Data : Allegory , Rhetoric , and the Paraspace . Critique : Studies in Contemporary Fiction , 33 ( 3 ) , 199-219 .   Bukatman , S. ( 1993 ) Terminal Identity : The Virtual Subject in Postmodern Science Fiction , Durham ,  NC : Duke University Press .   Delany , Samuel R. ( 1988 ) . Some real mothers : An interview with Samuel R. Delany by Takayuki Tatsumi . '' Science Fiction Eye , 1 , # 3 : 5-11 .   Fisch , M. ( 2004 , October ) . In search of the real : technology , shock and language in Murakami Haruki 's Sputnik Sweetheart . In Japan Forum ( Vol . 16 , No. 3 , pp. 361 -- 383 ) . Taylor & Francis .   Murakami , H. ( 2002 ) Sputnik Sweetheart , trans . P. Gabriel , New York : Vintage International .

neg: Illusionism (philosophy) Illusionism is a metaphysical theory first propounded by professor Saul Smilansky of the University of Haifa . It holds that people have illusory beliefs about free will . Furthermore , it holds that it is both of key importance and morally right that people not be disabused of these beliefs , because the illusion has benefits both to individuals and to society . Giving up a belief in hard incompatibilism , argues Smilansky , removes an individual 's basis for a sense of self-worth in his or her own achievements . It is `` extremely damaging to our view of ourselves , to our sense of achievement , worth , and self-respect '' .   Neither compatibilism nor hard determinism are the whole story , according to Smilansky , and there exists an ultimate perspective in which some parts of compatibilism are valid and some parts of hard determinism are valid . However , Smilansky asserts , the nature of what he terms the fundamental dualism between hard determinism and compatibilism is a morally undesirable one , in that both beliefs , in their absolute forms , have adverse consequences . The distinctions between choice and luck made by compatibilism are important , but wholly undermined by hard determinism . But , conversely , hard determinism undermines the morally important notions of justice and respect , leaving them nothing more than `` shallow '' notions .   Smilansky 's thesis is considered a radical one , and other philosophers disagree with it . Professor Derk Pereboom of Cornell University , for example , disagrees that hard incompatibilism necessarily does away with self-worth , because to a large extent that sense of self-worth is n't related to will at all , let alone to free will . Aspects of worthiness such as natural beauty , native physical ability , and intelligence are not voluntary . Professor James Lenman of the University of Glasgow ( at the time ) takes a similar line , arguing that Smilansky 's expression of the problems is overstated . The problems that he presents are less fundamentally metaphysical than simply practical in nature .

neg: Heisenberg's microscope Heisenberg 's microscope exists only as a thought experiment , one that was proposed by Werner Heisenberg , criticized by his mentor Niels Bohr , and subsequently served as the nucleus of some commonly held ideas , and misunderstandings , about Quantum Mechanics . In particular , it provided an argument for the uncertainty principle on the basis of the principles of classical optics . Recent theoretical and experimental developments have argued that Heisenberg 's intuitive explanation of his mathematical result are misleading . While the act of measurement does lead to uncertainty , the loss of precision is less than that predicted by Heisenberg 's argument when measured at the level of an individual state . The formal mathematical result remains valid , however , and the original intuitive argument has also been vindicated mathematically when the notion of disturbance is expanded to be independent of any specific state .

neg: Quantum brain dynamics In neuroscience , quantum brain dynamics ( QBD ) is a hypothesis to explain the function of the brain within the framework of quantum field theory .   As described by Harald Atmanspacher , since quantum theory is the most fundamental theory of matter that is currently available , it is a legitimate question to ask whether quantum theory can help us to understand consciousness .   Large systems , such as those studied biologically , have less symmetry than the idealized systems or single crystals often studied in physics . Jeffrey Goldstone proved that where symmetry is broken , additional bosons , the Nambu -- Goldstone bosons , will then be observed in the spectrum of possible states ; one canonical example being the phonon in a crystal .   Ricciardi and Umezawa proposed in 1967 a general theory of quanta of long-range coherent waves within and between brain cells , and showed a possible mechanism of memory storage and retrieval in terms of Nambu -- Goldstone bosons . This was later fleshed out into a theory encompassing all biological cells and systems in the quantum biodynamics of Del Giudice and co-authors . Mari Jibu and Kunio Yasue later popularized these results and discussed the implications towards consciousness .

neg: Vertiginous question Benj Hellie 's vertiginous question is as follows . Of all the subjects of experience out there , why is this one -- the one corresponding to the human being referred to as Benj Hellie -- the one whose experiences are live ? ( The reader is supposed to substitute his/her own case for Hellie 's . )   A simple response to this question is that it reduces to `` Why are Hellie 's experiences live from Hellie 's perspective , '' which is trivial to answer . However , Hellie argues , through a parable , that this response leaves something out . The parable describes two situations , one reflecting a broad global constellation view of the world and everyone 's phenomenal features , and one describing an embedded view from the perspective of a single subject . The former seems to align better with the simple response above , but the latter seems a better description of consciousness .   David Chalmers has written a response to Hellie . Hellie 's argument is also closely related to Caspar Hare 's theories of egocentric presentism and perspectival realism , of which several other philosophers have written reviews .  Similar questions are also asked repeatedly by J.J. Valberg in justifying his horizonal view of the self .

neg: Universal probability bound A universal probability bound is a probabilistic threshold whose existence is asserted by William A. Dembski and is used by him in his works promoting intelligent design . It is defined as   Dembski asserts that one can effectively estimate a positive value which is a universal probability bound . The existence of such a bound would imply that certain kinds of random events whose probability lies below this value can be assumed not to have occurred in the observable universe , given the resources available in the entire history of the observable universe . Contrapositively , Dembski uses the threshold to argue that the occurrence of certain events can not be attributed to chance alone . Universal probability bound is then used to argue against random evolution . However evolution is not based on random events only ( genetic drift ) , but also on natural selection .   The idea that events with fantastically small , but positive probabilities , are effectively negligible was discussed by the French mathematician Émile Borel primarily in the context of cosmology and statistical mechanics . However , there is no widely accepted scientific basis for claiming that certain positive values are universal cutoff points for effective negligibility of events . Borel , in particular , was careful to point out that negligibility was relative to a model of probability for a specific physical system .   Dembski appeals to cryptographic practice in support of the concept of the universal probability bound , noting that cryptographers have sometimes compared the security of encryption algorithms against brute force attacks by the likelihood of success of an adversary utilizing computational resources bounded by very large physical constraints . An example of such a constraint might be obtained for example , by assuming that every atom in the observable universe is a computer of a certain type and these computers are running through and testing every possible key . However , universal measures of security are used much less frequently than asymptotic ones . The fact that a keyspace is very large is useless if the cryptographic algorithm used has vulnerabilities which make it susceptible to other kinds of attacks .

neg: Spaghettification In astrophysics , spaghettification ( sometimes referred to as the noodle effect ) is the vertical stretching and horizontal compression of objects into long thin shapes ( rather like spaghetti ) in a very strong non-homogeneous gravitational field ; it is caused by extreme tidal forces . In the most extreme cases , near black holes , the stretching is so powerful that no object can withstand it , no matter how strong its components . Within a small region the horizontal compression balances the vertical stretching so that small objects being spaghettified experience no net change in volume .   Stephen Hawking describes the flight of a fictional astronaut who , passing within a black hole 's event horizon , is `` stretched like spaghetti '' by the gravitational gradient ( difference in strength ) from head to toe . The reason this happens would be because the gravity exerted from the singularity would be much stronger at one end of your body from the other . If one were to fall into a black hole feet first , the gravity at his/her feet would be much stronger than at their head , causing the person to be vertically stretched . Along with that , the right side of the body will be pulled to the left , and the left side of the body will be pulled to the right , horizontally compressing the person . However , the term `` spaghettification '' was established well before this .

neg: Search for extraterrestrial intelligence The search for extraterrestrial intelligence ( SETI ) is a collective term for scientific searches for intelligent extraterrestrial life , for example , monitoring electromagnetic radiation for signs of transmissions from civilizations on other worlds .   There are great challenges in searching the universe for signs of intelligent life , including their identification and interpretation . As various SETI projects have progressed , their claims have been criticized by some researchers as being too `` euphoric '' .   Scientific investigation of the potential phenomenon began shortly after the advent of radio in the early 1900s . Focused international efforts to answer a variety of scientific questions have been going on since the 1980s . In 2015 , Stephen Hawking and Russian billionaire Yuri Milner announced a well-funded effort , called the Breakthrough Initiatives to expand efforts to search for extraterrestrial life .

neg: Jane Hawking Jane Beryl Wilde Hawking Jones , Ph.D. ( née Wilde , born 29 March 1944 , known publicly as Jane Hawking ) is an English author and educator . She is the author of the autobiography Travelling to Infinity : My Life with Stephen , to whom she was married .

neg: Universal wavefunction The universal wavefunction or universal wave function is a term introduced by Hugh Everett in his PhD thesis The Theory of the Universal Wave Function , and forms a core concept in the relative state interpretation or many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics . It has also received more recent investigation from James Hartle and Stephen Hawking in which they derive a specific solution to the Wheeler-deWitt equation to explain the initial conditions of the Big Bang cosmology .   Everett 's thesis introduction reads :   The universal wave function is the wavefunction or quantum state of the totality of existence , regarded as the `` basic physical entity '' or `` the fundamental entity , obeying at all times a deterministic wave equation . ''

neg: Shadows of the Mind Shadows of the Mind : A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness is a 1994 book by mathematical physicist Roger Penrose , and serves as a followup to his 1989 book The Emperor 's New Mind : Concerning Computers , Minds and The Laws of Physics .   Penrose hypothesizes that :   Human consciousness is non-algorithmic , and thus is not capable of being modelled by a conventional Turing machine-type of digital computer .  Quantum mechanics plays an essential role in the understanding of human consciousness , specifically , he believes that microtubules within neurons support quantum superpositions .  The objective collapse of the quantum wavefunction of the microtubules is critical for consciousness .  The collapse in question is physical behaviour that is non-algorithmic and transcends the limits of computability .  The human mind has abilities that no Turing machine could possess because of this mechanism of non-computable physics .

neg: Deceleration parameter The deceleration parameter in cosmology is a dimensionless measure of the cosmic acceleration of the expansion of space in a Friedmann -- Lemaître -- Robertson -- Walker universe . It is defined by :   where is the scale factor of the universe and the dots indicate derivatives by proper time . The expansion of the universe is said to be `` accelerating '' if ( recent measurements suggest it is ) , and in this case the deceleration parameter will be negative . The minus sign and name `` deceleration parameter '' are historical ; at the time of definition was thought to be positive , now it is believed to be negative .   The Friedmann acceleration equation can be written as   where is the energy density of the universe , is its pressure , and is the equation of state of the universe .   This can be rewritten as   by using the first Friedmann equation , where is the Hubble parameter and or depending on whether the universe is hyperspherical , flat or hyperbolic respectively .   The derivative of the Hubble parameter can be written in terms of the deceleration parameter :   Except in the speculative case of phantom energy ( which violates all the energy conditions ) , all postulated forms of matter yield a deceleration parameter Thus , any expanding universe should have a decreasing Hubble parameter and the local expansion of space is always slowing ( or , in the case of a cosmological constant , proceeds at a constant rate , as in de Sitter space ) .   Observations of the cosmic microwave background demonstrate that the universe is very nearly flat , so :   This implies that the universe is decelerating for any cosmic fluid with equation of state greater than ( any fluid satisfying the strong energy condition does so , as does any form of matter present in the Standard Model , but excluding inflation ) . However observations of distant type Ia supernovae indicate that is negative ; the expansion of the universe is accelerating . This is an indication that the gravitational attraction of matter , on the cosmological scale , is more than counteracted by the negative pressure of dark energy , in the form of either quintessence or a positive cosmological constant .   Before the first indications of an accelerating universe , in 1998 , it was thought that the universe was dominated by dust with negligible equation of state , This had suggested that the deceleration parameter was equal to one half ; the experimental effort to confirm this prediction led to the discovery of possible acceleration .

neg: Big Bang The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large-scale evolution . The model describes how the universe expanded from a very high density and high temperature state , and offers a comprehensive explanation for a broad range of phenomena , including the abundance of light elements , the cosmic microwave background , large scale structure and Hubble 's Law . If the known laws of physics are extrapolated to the highest density regime , the result is a singularity which is typically associated with the Big Bang . Detailed measurements of the expansion rate of the universe place this moment at approximately 13.8 billion years ago , which is thus considered the age of the universe . After the initial expansion , the universe cooled sufficiently to allow the formation of subatomic particles , and later simple atoms . Giant clouds of these primordial elements later coalesced through gravity in halos of dark matter , eventually forming the stars and galaxies visible today .   Since Georges Lemaître first noted in 1927 that an expanding universe could be traced back in time to an originating single point , scientists have built on his idea of cosmic expansion . While the scientific community was once divided between supporters of two different expanding universe theories , the Big Bang and the Steady State theory , empirical evidence provides strong support for the former . In 1929 , from analysis of galactic redshifts , Edwin Hubble concluded , that galaxies are drifting apart ; this is important observational evidence consistent with the hypothesis of an expanding universe . In 1964 , the cosmic microwave background radiation was discovered , which was crucial evidence in favor of the Big Bang model , since that theory predicted the existence of background radiation throughout the universe before it was discovered . More recently , measurements of the redshifts of supernovae indicate that the expansion of the universe is accelerating , an observation attributed to dark energy 's existence . The known physical laws of nature can be used to calculate the characteristics of the universe in detail back in time to an initial state of extreme density and temperature .

neg: Scientific theory A scientific theory is an explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can , in accordance with the scientific method , be repeatedly tested , using a predefined protocol of observations and experiments . Established scientific theories have withstood rigorous scrutiny and are a comprehensive form of scientific knowledge .   It is important to note that the definition of a `` scientific theory '' ( often ambiguously contracted to `` theory '' for the sake of brevity , including in this page ) as used in the disciplines of science is significantly different from the common vernacular usage of the word `` theory '' . Per NAS 2008 : `` The formal scientific definition of theory is quite different from the everyday meaning of the word . It refers to a comprehensive explanation of some aspect of nature that is supported by a vast body of evidence . '' In everyday non-scientific speech , `` theory '' can imply that something is an unsubstantiated and speculative guess , conjecture , idea , or , hypothesis ; such a usage is the opposite of the word `` theory '' in science . These different usages are comparable to the differing , and often opposing , usages of the term `` prediction '' in science versus `` prediction '' in vernacular speech , denoting a mere hope .   The strength of a scientific theory is related to the diversity of phenomena it can explain . As additional scientific evidence is gathered , a scientific theory may be rejected or modified if it does not fit the new empirical findings ; in such circumstances , a more accurate theory is then desired . In certain cases , the less-accurate unmodified scientific theory can still be treated as a theory if it is useful ( due to its sheer simplicity ) as an approximation under specific conditions ( e.g. , Newton 's laws of motion as an approximation to special relativity at velocities that are small relative to the speed of light ) .   Scientific theories are testable and make falsifiable predictions . They describe the causal elements responsible for a particular natural phenomenon , and are used to explain and predict aspects of the physical universe or specific areas of inquiry ( e.g. , electricity , chemistry , astronomy ) . Scientists use theories as a foundation to gain further scientific knowledge , as well as to accomplish goals such as inventing technology or curing disease .   As with other forms of scientific knowledge , scientific theories are both deductive and inductive in nature and aim for predictive power and explanatory capability .   Paleontologist , evolutionary biologist , and science historian Stephen Jay Gould said , `` ... facts and theories are different things , not rungs in a hierarchy of increasing certainty . Facts are the world ′ s data . Theories are structures of ideas that explain and interpret facts . ''

neg: Gravitational anomaly In theoretical physics , a gravitational anomaly is an example of a gauge anomaly : it is an effect of quantum mechanics -- usually a one-loop diagram -- that invalidates the general covariance of a theory of general relativity combined with some other fields . The adjective `` gravitational '' is derived from the symmetry of a gravitational theory , namely from general covariance . A gravitational anomaly is generally synonmous with diffeomorphism anomaly , since general covariance is symmetry under coordinate reparametrization ; i.e. diffeomorphism .   General covariance is the basis of general relativity , the current theory of gravitation . Moreover , it is necessary for the consistency of any theory of quantum gravity , since it is required in order to cancel unphysical degrees of freedom with a negative norm , namely gravitons polarized along the time direction . Therefore , all gravitational anomalies must cancel out .   The anomaly usually appears as a Feynman diagram with a chiral fermion running in the loop ( a polygon ) with n external gravitons attached to the loop where where is the spacetime dimension . Field-theoretic pure gravitational anomalies occur only in even spacetime dimensions . However , diffeomorphism anomalies can occur in the case of an odd-dimensional spacetime manifold with boundary .

neg: Black-hole cosmology A black-hole cosmology ( also called Schwarzschild cosmology or black-hole cosmological model ) is a cosmological model in which the observable universe is the interior of a black hole . Such models were originally proposed by theoretical physicist Raj Pathria , and concurrently by mathematician I. J. Good .   Any such model requires that the Hubble radius of the observable universe is equal to its Schwarzschild radius , that is , the product of its mass and the Schwarzschild proportionality constant . This is indeed known to be nearly the case ; however , most cosmologists consider this close match a coincidence .   In the version as originally proposed by Pathria and Good , and studied more recently by , among others , Nikodem Popławski ,  the observable universe is the interior of a black hole existing as one of possibly many inside a larger universe , or multiverse .   According to general relativity , the gravitational collapse of a sufficiently compact mass forms a singular Schwarzschild black hole . In the Einstein -- Cartan -- Sciama -- Kibble theory of gravity , however , it forms a regular Einstein -- Rosen bridge , or wormhole . Schwarzschild wormholes and Schwarzschild black holes are different , mathematical solutions of general relativity and the Einstein -- Cartan theory . Yet for observers , the exteriors of both solutions with the same mass are indistinguishable . The Einstein -- Cartan theory extends general relativity by removing a constraint of the symmetry of the affine connection and regarding its antisymmetric part , the torsion tensor , as a dynamical variable . Torsion naturally accounts for the quantum-mechanical , intrinsic angular momentum ( spin ) of matter . The minimal coupling between torsion and Dirac spinors generates a repulsive spin-spin interaction which is significant in fermionic matter at extremely high densities . Such an interaction prevents the formation of a gravitational singularity . Instead , the collapsing matter reaches an enormous but finite density and rebounds , forming the other side of an Einstein-Rosen bridge , which grows as a new universe . Accordingly , the Big Bang was a nonsingular Big Bounce at which the universe had a finite , minimum scale factor .

neg: Metastability in the brain In the field of computational neuroscience , the theory of metastability refers to the human brain 's ability to integrate several functional parts and to produce neural oscillations in a cooperative and coordinated manner , providing the basis for conscious activity .   Metastability , a state in which signals ( such as oscillatory waves ) fall outside their natural equilibrium state but persist for an extended period of time , is a principle that describes the brain 's ability to make sense out of seemingly random environmental cues . In the past 25 years , interest in metastability and the underlying framework of nonlinear dynamics has been fueled by advancements in the methods by which computers model brain activity .

neg: Mind–body problem The mind -- body problem is the question of how the human mind and body can causally interact . This question arises when mind and body are considered as distinct , based on the premise that the mind and the body are fundamentally different in nature .   The problem was addressed by René Descartes in the 17th century , resulting in Cartesian dualism , and by pre-Aristotelian philosophers , in Avicennian philosophy , and in earlier Asian traditions . A variety of approaches have been proposed . Most are either dualist or monist . Dualism maintains a rigid distinction between the realms of mind and matter . Monism maintains that there is only one unifying reality , substance or essence in terms of which everything can be explained .   Each of these categories contain numerous variants . The two main forms of dualism are substance dualism , which holds that the mind is formed of a distinct type of substance not governed by the laws of physics , and property dualism , which holds that mental properties involving conscious experience are fundamental properties , alongside the fundamental properties identified by a completed physics . The three main forms of monism are physicalism , which holds that the mind consists of matter organized in a particular way ; idealism , which holds that only thought truly exists and matter is merely an illusion ; and neutral monism , which holds that both mind and matter are aspects of a distinct essence that is itself identical to neither of them .   Several philosophical perspectives have been developed which reject the mind -- body dichotomy . The historical materialism of Karl Marx and subsequent writers , itself a form of physicalism , held that consciousness was engendered by the material contingencies of one 's environment . An explicit rejection of the dichotomy is found in French structuralism , and is a position that generally characterized post-war French philosophy .   The absence of an empirically identifiable meeting point between the non-physical mind and its physical extension has proven problematic to dualism and many modern philosophers of mind maintain that the mind is not something separate from the body . These approaches have been particularly influential in the sciences , particularly in the fields of sociobiology , computer science , evolutionary psychology , and the neurosciences .   An ancient model of the mind known as the Five-Aggregate Model explains the mind as continuously changing sense impressions and mental phenomena . Considering this model , it is possible to understand that it is the constantly changing sense impressions and mental phenomena ( i.e. , the mind ) that experiences/analyzes all external phenomena in the world as well as all internal phenomena including the body anatomy , the nervous system as well as the organ brain . This conceptualization leads to two levels of analyses : ( i ) analyses conducted from a third-person perspective on how the brain works , and ( ii ) analyzing the moment-to-moment manifestation of an individual 's mind-stream ( analyses conducted from a first-person perspective ) . Considering the latter , the manifestation of the mind-stream is described as happening in every person all the time , even in a scientist who analyses various phenomena in the world , including analyzing and hypothesizing about the organ brain .

neg: Science book A science book is a work of nonfiction , usually written by a scientist , researcher , or professor like Stephen Hawking ( A Brief History of Time ) , or sometimes by a non-scientist such as Bill Bryson ( A Short History of Nearly Everything ) . Usually these books are written for a wide audience presumed to have a general education rather than a specifically scientific training , as opposed to the very narrow audience that a scientific paper would have , and are therefore referred to as popular science . As such , they require considerable talent on the part of the author to sufficiently explain difficult topics to  people who are totally new to the subject , and a good blend of storytelling and technical writing . In the UK , the Royal Society Prizes for Science Books are considered to be the most prestigious awards for science writing . In the US , the National Book Awards briefly had a category for science writing in the 1960s , but now they just have the broad categories of fiction and nonfiction .   There are many disciplines that are well explained to lay people through science books . A few examples include Carl Sagan on astronomy , Jared Diamond on geography , Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Dawkins on evolutionary biology , David Eagleman on neuroscience , Donald Norman on usability and cognitive psychology , Steven Pinker , Noam Chomsky , and Robert Ornstein on linguistics and cognitive science , Donald Johanson and Robert Ardrey on paleoanthropology , and Desmond Morris on zoology and anthropology , and Fulvio Melia on black holes .


query: Paris is featured in several Greek myths.

pos: Greek mythology Greek mythology is the body of myths and teachings that belong to the ancient Greeks , concerning their gods and heroes , the nature of the world , and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices . It was a part of the religion in ancient Greece . Modern scholars refer to and study the myths in an attempt to shed light on the religious and political institutions of ancient Greece and its civilization , and to gain understanding of the nature of myth-making itself .   Greek mythology is explicitly embodied in a large collection of narratives , and implicitly in Greek representational arts , such as vase-paintings and votive gifts . Greek myth attempts to explain the origins of the world , and details the lives and adventures of a wide variety of gods , goddesses , heroes , heroines and mythological creatures . These accounts initially were disseminated in an oral-poetic tradition ; today the Greek myths are known primarily from ancient Greek literature .  The oldest known Greek literary sources , Homer 's epic poems Iliad and Odyssey , focus on the Trojan War and its aftermath . Two poems by Homer 's near contemporary Hesiod , the Theogony and the Works and Days , contain accounts of the genesis of the world , the succession of divine rulers , the succession of human ages , the origin of human woes , and the origin of sacrificial practices . Myths are also preserved in the Homeric Hymns , in fragments of epic poems of the Epic Cycle , in lyric poems , in the works of the tragedians and comedians of the fifth century BC , in writings of scholars and poets of the Hellenistic Age , and in texts from the time of the Roman Empire by writers such as Plutarch and Pausanias .   Archaeological findings provide a principal source of detail about Greek mythology , with gods and heroes featured prominently in the decoration of many artifacts . Geometric designs on pottery of the eighth century BC depict scenes from the Trojan cycle as well as the adventures of Heracles . In the succeeding Archaic , Classical , and Hellenistic periods , Homeric and various other mythological scenes appear , supplementing the existing literary evidence . Greek mythology has had an extensive influence on the culture , arts , and literature of Western civilization and remains part of Western heritage and language . Poets and artists from ancient times to the present have derived inspiration from Greek mythology and have discovered contemporary significance and relevance in the themes .

pos: Paris (mythology) Paris , also known as Alexander ( Ἀλέξανδρος , Aléxandros ) , the son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba of Troy , appears in a number of Greek legends . Probably the best-known was his elopement with Helen , queen of Sparta , this being one of the immediate causes of the Trojan War . Later in the war , he fatally wounds Achilles in the heel with an arrow as foretold by Achilles 's mother Thetis . The name Paris is probably Luwian and comparable to Pari-zitis attested as a Hittite scribe 's name .

neg: Phidias Phidias or Pheidias ( -LSB- ˈfɪdiəs -RSB- Φειδίας , Pheidias ; c. 480 -- 430 BC ) was a Greek sculptor , painter , and architect . His statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . Phidias also designed the statues of the goddess Athena on the Athenian Acropolis , namely the Athena Parthenos inside the Parthenon , and the Athena Promachos , a colossal bronze which stood between it and the Propylaea , a monumental gateway that served as the entrance to the Acropolis in Athens . Phidias was the son of Charmides of Athens . The ancients believed that his masters were Hegias and Ageladas .   Plutarch discusses Phidias ' friendship with the Greek statesman Pericles , recording that enemies of Pericles tried to attack him through Phidias - who was accused of stealing gold intended for the Parthenon 's statue of Athena , and of impiously portraying himself and Pericles on the shield of the statue . The historical value of this account , as well as the legend about accusations against the ` Periclean circle ' , including Aspasia and Anaxagoras , is debatable , but Aristophanes mentions an incident with Phidias around that time .   Phidias is often credited as the main instigator of the Classical Greek sculptural design . Today , most critics and historians consider him one of the greatest of all ancient Greek sculptors .

neg: Soteria (mythology) In Greek mythology , Soteria was the goddess or spirit ( daimon ) of safety and salvation , deliverance , and preservation from harm ( not to be mistaken for Eleos ) .   Soteria 's male counterpart was the spirit or daimon Soter . Both Zeus and Dionysus were titled Soter , so either may have been her father ; her mother is unknown .   She had a sanctuary and a statue made in her honor in the town of Patrae , which was believed to have been founded by Eurypylos of Thessaly . Various texts mention the creation of her sanctuary , for example :   Pausanias , Description of Greece 7 . 24 . 3 ( trans . Jones ) ( Greek travelogue 2nd century AD ) : '' -LSB- In Aigion in Akhaia ( Aegium in Achaea ) -RSB- they also have a sanctuary of Soteria ( Safety ) . Her image may be seen by none but the priests , and the following ritual is performed . They take cakes of the district from the goddess and throw them into the sea , saying that they send them to Arethousa at Syrakousa ( Syracuse ) . ''  Pausanias , Description of Greece 7 . 19 . 7 & 21 . 7 : `` Eurypylos -LSB- the hero of the Trojan War -RSB- opened the chest -LSB- containing a sacred idol of Dionysos -RSB- , saw the image , and forthwith on seeing it went mad . He continued to be insane for the greater part of the time , with rare lucid intervals ... There is a sanctuary -LSB- in Patrai in Akhaia ( Patrae in Achaea ) -RSB- with an image of stone . It is called the sanctuary of Soteria ( Deliverance ) , and the story is that it was originally founded by Eurypylos on being cured of his madness . ''  Ovid , Fasti 3 . 879 ff ( trans.Boyle ) ( Roman poetry 1st century BC to 1st century AD ) : `` March 30 Comitialis . When the shepherd feeds and pens his kids four more times and the grasslands whiten with four fresh dews , Janus should be worshipped and gentle Concordia ( Concord ) , Salus Romana ( Safety of Rome ) and the Ara Pacis ( Altar of Peace ) . ''   Soteria was depicted as a woman wearing a laurel wreath crown , a symbol of victory .   In Roman mythology , Soteria is known as Salus ( Preservation ) ; however , Salus 's domain more heavily featured physical well-being and health rather than security and safety . The Bible 's use of Soteria indicates its etymology from Greek mythology , as the word is used to mean `` fourfold salvation : saved from the penalty , power , presence and most importantly the pleasure of sin . ''

neg: Cinderella Cinderella , or The Little Glass Slipper , ( Cenerentola , Cendrillon , ou La petite Pantoufle de Verre , Aschenputtel ) is a folk tale embodying a myth-element of unjust oppression/triumphant reward . Thousands of variants are known throughout the world . The title character is a young woman living in unfortunate circumstances , that are suddenly changed to remarkable fortune . The story of Rhodopis , recounted by the Greek geographer Strabo in around 7 BC , about a Greek slave girl who marries the king of Egypt , is considered the earliest known variant of the `` Cinderella '' story . The most popular version was first published by Charles Perrault in Histoires ou contes du temps passé in 1697 , and later by the Brothers Grimm in their folk tale collection Grimms ' Fairy Tales .   Although the story 's title and main character 's name change in different languages , in English-language folklore `` Cinderella '' is the archetypal name . The word `` Cinderella '' has , by analogy , come to mean one whose attributes were unrecognized , or one who unexpectedly achieves recognition or success after a period of obscurity and neglect . The still-popular story of `` Cinderella '' continues to influence popular culture internationally , lending plot elements , allusions , and tropes to a wide variety of media . The Aarne -- Thompson system classifies Cinderella as `` the persecuted heroine '' .

neg: Atropos (Goya) Atropos , or The Fates ( Spanish : Átropos or Las Parcas ) is one of the 14 black paintings painted by Francisco de Goya between 1819 -- 23 . Goya , then 75 and in mental and physical despair , created the series directly onto the interior walls of the house known as `` The House of the Deaf Man '' ( Quinta del Sordo ) , purchased in 1819 .   It probably occupied a position on the second floor of the house beside the Fight with Cudgels and across from the Fantastic Vision . Like the rest of the black paintings , it was transferred to canvas in 1873 -- 74 under the supervision of Salvador Martínez Cubells , a curator at the Museo del Prado . The owner , Baron Emile d'Erlanger , donated the canvases to the Spanish state in 1881 , and they are now on display at the Prado .   The painting is a reinterpretation of the mythological subject of the goddesses of destiny -- the Moirai or fates as recounted in Homer , Hesiod , Virgil and other classical writers . These `` Daughters of Night '' were headed by Atropos , the inexorable goddess of death , who carries a few scissors to cut the thread of life ; Clotho , with her distaff ( which Goya replaces with a doll or newborn child , possibly an allegory of life ) , and Lachesis , the spinning one , which in this representation looks across a lens or in a mirror and symbolizes time , since she was the one who measured the length of the fiber . To the three female figures suspended in the air a fourth figure is added in the foreground . Possibly male , this figure 's hands are bound behind him as if is captive . If this interpretation is true , the fates would be deciding the destiny of the man whose bound hands can not be opposed to his fate . It has been speculated that he may represent Prometheus , who was bound on a mountain and left to be savaged by an eagle as punishment for stealing fire from Mount Olympus . All four are hideously ugly .   The painting 's range of color is diminished , as much or even more so than the other black paintings , to ochres and blacks . This reinforces a nocturnal and unreal atmosphere , appropriate to the mythical subject of this work . The arbitrary , irrational aspects of Goyas black paintings have given them a place as precursors to Modern art .

neg: Poseidon Poseidon ( -LSB- pəˈsaɪdən , _ pɒ - , _ poʊ - -RSB- Greek : Ποσειδῶν , -LSB- pose͜edɔ́͜ɔn -RSB- ) was one of the Twelve Olympians in ancient Greek religion and myth . He was god of the Sea and other waters ; of earthquakes ; and of horses . In pre-Olympian Bronze Age Greece , he was venerated as a chief deity at Pylos and Thebes .   Poseidon was protector of seafarers , and of many Hellenic cities and colonies . In Homer 's Iliad , Poseidon supports the Greeks against the Trojans during the Trojan War . In the Odyssey , during the sea-voyage from Troy back home to Ithaca , the Greek hero Odysseus provokes Poseidon 's fury by blinding his son the Cyclops Polyphemus , resulting in Poseidon punishing him with storms , the complete loss of his ship and companions , and a ten-year delay . Poseidon is also the subject of a Homeric hymn . In Plato 's Timaeus and Critias , the island of Atlantis was Poseidon 's domain . His Roman equivalent is Neptune .

neg: Philyra (mythology) Philyra or Phillyra ( -LSB- ˈfɪlərə -RSB- : Φιλύρα , `` linden-tree '' ) is the name of three distinct characters in Greek mythology .  Philyra , an Oceanid and daughter of Oceanus and Tethys . Chiron was her son by Cronus , who chased her and consorted with her in the shape of a stallion , hence the half-human , half-equine shape of their offspring ; this was said to have taken place on Mount Pelion . When she gave birth to her son , she was so disgusted by how he looked that she abandoned him at birth , and implored the gods to transform her into anything other than anthrpomorphic as she could not bear the shame of having had such a monstrous child ; the gods changed her into a linden tree . Yet in some versions Philyra and Chariclo , the wife of Chiron , nursed the young Achilles ; Chiron 's dwelling on Pelion where his disciples were reared was known as `` Philyra 's cave '' . Chiron was often referred to by the matronymic Philyrides or the like . Two other sons of Cronus and Philyra may have been Dolops and Aphrus , the ancestor and eponym of the Aphroi , i.e. the native Africans .  Philyra , wife of Nauplius and had with him three sons , Palamedes , Oeax and Nausimedon . She was also known as Clymene or Hesione .  Philyra or Phillyra , daughter of the river Asopus , and the mother of Hypseus by Peneius . The same source points out that elsewhere Creusa is given instead of her .

neg: Deiphobus In Greek mythology , Deiphobus -LSB- diːˈɪfəbəs -RSB- ( Δηίφοβος Deiphobos ) was a son of Priam and Hecuba . He was a prince of Troy , and the greatest of Priam 's sons after Hector and Paris . Deiphobus killed four men of fame in the Trojan War .   According to the Iliad ( books XII , XIV , XXII ) , in the Trojan War Deiphobus , along with his brother Helenus , led a group of soldiers at the siege of the newly constructed Argive wall and killed many , and wounded the Achaean hero Meriones . As Hector was fleeing Achilles , Athena took the shape of Deiphobus and goaded Hector to make a stand and fight . Hector , thinking it was his brother , listened and threw his spear at Achilles . When the spear missed , Hector turned around to ask his brother for another spear , but `` Deiphobus '' had vanished . He then looked around for him but he was no where to be seen . It was then Hector knew the gods had deceived and forsaken him , and he met his fate at the hand of Achilles .   Some accounts hold that it was Deiphobus and Paris who ambushed and killed Achilles while luring him to their sister Polyxena . After the death of Paris , Deiphobus was given Helen as a bride for his deeds in the war , defeating the bid of his other brother , Helenus . Some accounts say the marriage was by force . When the Trojan Horse was in the city , Deiphobus accompanied Helen as she walked around the horse , calling out the names of the Greeks within in the voices of their wives , because she did not want to look like she was helping them . Menelaus and Odysseus had to hold the men inside back from responding . During the sack of Troy , Deiphobus was slain by either Odysseus or Menelaus , and his body was mutilated . Some accounts say it was Helen who killed him , or that she celebrated his death . Most accounts seem to indicate that , unlike her other two husbands , Helen did n't love Deiphobus and decided she would rather return to Menelaus .   In Virgil 's Aeneid , Deiphobus , horribly mutilated during the sack of Troy , appears to Aeneas in the Underworld . He tells him the story of his death , which entails Helen 's betrayal in signaling Menelaus to Deiphobus 's bedchamber . While with Aeneas , he begs the gods for revenge against the Greeks .   One modern account , The Luck of Troy by Roger Lancelyn Green , depicts him as a particularly unpleasant character .

neg: Aesacus In Greek mythology , Aesacus or Aisakos ( -LSB- ˈiːsəkəs -RSB- Αἴσακος ) was a son of King Priam of Troy . Aesacus sorrowed for the death of his wife or would-be lover , a daughter of the river Cebren , and was transformed into a bird .   The Bibliotheca makes Aesacus son of Priam 's first wife Arisbe , daughter of Merops . Apollodorus and Tzetzes also make Aesacus a seer who has learned the interpretation of dreams from his grandfather Merops . For them Aesacus is the interpreter of Hecabe 's dream when Hecabe gives birth to Paris . In Apollodorus the deceased daughter of Cebren for whom Aesacus mourns is his wife named Asterope .   In Ovid 's Metamorphoses , Aesacus is an illegitimate son of King Priam secretly born to the nymph Alexirhoe , daughter of the river Granicus . Aesacus avoids Ilium , preferring the countryside . One day he catches sight of the nymph Hesperia , daughter of the river Cebren , falls in love , and pursues her . However , as Hesperia flees a venomous snake strikes her and she dies . Aesacus , unable to bear living any longer , leaps from a tall cliff into the sea but as he plunges he is changed into a bird by Tethys . Aesacus still attempts to dive into the depth yet continues still to live in the form of a diving bird .

neg: Pallas (Giant) In Greek mythology , Pallas was one of the Gigantes ( Giants ) , the offspring of Gaia , born from the blood of the castrated Uranus . According to the mythographer Apollodorus , during the Gigantomachy , the cosmic battle of the Giants with the Olympian gods , he was flayed by Athena who used his skin as a shield . Though the origin of Athena 's epithet `` Pallas '' is obscure , according to a fragment from an unidentified play of Epicharmus ( between c. 540 and c. 450 BC ) , Athena , after having used his skin for her cloak , took her name from the Giant Pallas .   This story , related by Apollodorus and Epicharmus , is one of a number of stories in which Athena kills and flays an opponent , with its hide becoming her aegis . For example , Euripides tells that during `` the battle the giants fought against the gods in Phlegra '' that it was `` the Gorgon '' ( possibly considered here to be one of the Giants ) that Athena killed and flayed , while the epic poem Meropis , has Athena kill and flay the Giant Asterus , using his impenetrable skin for her aegis . Another of these flayed adversaries , also named Pallas , was said to be the father of Athena , who had tried to rape her .   The late 4th century AD Latin poet Claudian in his Gigantomachia , has Pallas , as one of several Giants turned to stone by Minerva 's Gorgon shield , calling out `` What is happening to me ? What is this ice that creeps o 're all my limbs ? What is this numbness that holds me prisoner in these marble fetters ? ''   Pallas was also the name of a Titan , with whom the Giant is sometimes confused or identified .

neg: Ourea In Greek mythology , the Ourea ( Oὔρεα `` mountains , '' plural of Oὖρος ) were progeny of Gaia , members of the Greek primordial deities , who were the first-born elemental gods and goddesses , children of Gaia :  And she brought forth long hills , graceful haunts  of the goddess Nymphs who dwell amongst the glens of the hills .   The nine ourea , Aitna , Athos , Helikon , Kithairon , Nysos , Olympus , Oreios , Parnes , and Tmolus , like Uranus , and Pontus , were parthenogenetic offspring of Gaia alone . The Greeks rarely personified an individual mountain ; an exception might be Tmolus , both a king and a mountain in Lydia . Each mountain was said to have its own local nymph , an oread .   Peak sanctuaries , a feature of Minoan civilization on Crete , are also identified in some archaic sites in mainland Greece . They are not thought to be dedicated to the mountain itself .

neg: Mytheme In structuralism-influenced studies of mythology , a mytheme is a fundamental generic unit of narrative structure ( typically involving a relationship between a character , an event , and a theme ) from which myths are thought to be constructed - a minimal unit that is always found shared with other , related mythemes and reassembled in various ways ( `` bundled '' ) or linked in more complicated relationships . For example , the myths of Adonis and Osiris share several elements , leading some scholars to conclude that they share a source , i.e. images passed down in cultures or from one to another , being ascribed new interpretations of the action depicted , as well as new names in various readings of icons . Claude Lévi-Strauss ( 1908-2009 ) , who gave the term wide circulation , wrote , `` If one wants to establish a parallel between structural linguistics and the structural analysis of myths , the correspondence is established , not between mytheme and word but between mytheme and phoneme . ''   The structuralist analyzer of folk tales , Vladimir Propp , treated the individual tale as the unit of analysis . The unitary mytheme , by contrast , is the equivalent in myth of the phonemes , morphemes , and sememes into which structural linguistics divides language , the smallest possible units of sound , structure , and meaning ( respectively ) within a language system .   In the 1950s Claude Lévi-Strauss first adapted this technique of language analysis to analytic myth criticism . In his work on the myth systems of primitive tribes , working from the analogy of language structure , he adopted the French term mythème , with the assertion that the system of meaning within mythic utterances parallels closely that of a language system . Roman Jakobson varies this idea , treating mythemes as concepts or phonemes which have no significance in themselves but whose significance might be shown by sociological analysis .   Philosophers such as Daniel Dennett have also used the term `` mytheme '' .   Lev Manovich uses the terms seme and mytheme in his book , The Language of New Media , to describe aspects of culture that computer images enter into dialog with .

neg: Socus In Greek mythology , the name Socus may refer to :   Socus , a defender of Troy , son of Hippasus and brother of Charops . The brothers were killed by Odysseus .  Socus of Euboea , father of the seven Corybantes ( Prymneus , Mimas , Acmon , Damneus , Ocythous , Idaeus , Melisseus ) by Combe . He expelled his wife and sons from the island , and was ultimately killed by Cecrops , in whose kingdom the Corybantes sought refuge . His name is also mentioned by Hesychius of Alexandria in the form Sochus .  Socus , an epithet of Hermes of obscure etymology . According to a scholiast on the Homeric line where the epithet appears , there was an adjective σῶκος which meant `` strong '' . The ancient authors linked the epithet to the Greek stem σω - < σαο - `` whole , safe '' . Despite the attempts of modern scholars to elaborate on this etymological suggestion , no satisfactory explanation has been provided as of 1977 .

neg: Île Saint-Louis The Île Saint-Louis ( -LSB- il sɛ̃ lwi -RSB- ) is one of two natural islands in the Seine river , in Paris , France ( the other natural island is Île de la Cité ; the Île aux Cygnes is artificial ) .   The Île Saint-Louis is connected to the rest of Paris by four bridges to both banks of the river and to the Île de la Cité by the Pont Saint-Louis . This island was formerly used for the grazing of market cattle and stocking wood .   The island is located within the 4th arrondissement of Paris and has a population of 4,453 .

neg: The Greek Myths The Greek Myths ( 1955 ) is a mythography , a compendium of Greek mythology , with comments and analyses , by the poet and writer Robert Graves , normally published in two volumes , though there are abridged editions that present the myths only .   Each myth is presented in the voice of a narrator writing under the Antonines , such as Plutarch or Pausanias , with citations of the classical sources . The literary quality of these retellings is generally praised .   Each myth is followed by Graves 's interpretation of its origin and significance , following his theories on a prehistoric Matriarchal religion as presented in his book White Goddess and elsewhere . These theories and his etymologies are generally rejected by classical scholars , but Graves dismissed such criticism , arguing that by definition classical scholars lack `` the poetic capacity to forensically examine mythology '' .

neg: Ogygia Ogygia ( -LSB- oʊˈdʒɪdʒiə -RSB- Ὠγυγίη Ōgygíē -LSB- ɔːɡyɡíɛː -RSB- , or Ὠγυγία Ōgygia -LSB- ɔːɡyɡíaː -RSB- ) is an island mentioned in Homer 's Odyssey , Book V , as the home of the nymph Calypso , the daughter of the Titan Atlas , also known as Atlantis in ancient Greek . In Homer 's Odyssey Calypso detained Odysseus on Ogygia for 7 years and kept him from returning to his home of Ithaca , wanting to marry him . Athena complained about Calypso 's actions to Zeus , who sent the messenger Hermes to Ogygia to order Calypso to release Odysseus . Hermes is Odysseus 's great grandfather on his mother 's side , through Autolycos . Calypso finally , though reluctantly , instructed Odysseus to build a small raft , gave him food and wine , and let him depart the island .   The Odyssey describes Ogygia as follows :

neg: Astyanax In Greek mythology , Astyanax ( -LSB- əˈstaɪ.ənæks -RSB- Ἀστυάναξ Astyánax , `` protector of the city '' ) was the son of Hector , the crown prince of Troy and husband of Princess Andromache of Cilician Thebe . His birth name was Scamandrius ( in Greek : Σκαμάνδριος Skamandrios , after the river Scamander ) , but the people of Troy nicknamed him Astyanax ( i.e. high king , or overlord of the city ) , because he was the son of the city 's great defender ( Iliad VI , 403 ) and the heir apparent 's firstborn son .   During the Trojan War , Andromache hid the child in Hector 's tomb , but the child was discovered . His fate was debated by the Greeks , for if he were allowed to live , it was feared he would avenge his father and rebuild Troy . In the version given by the Little Iliad and repeated by Pausanias ( x 25.4 ) , he was killed by Neoptolemus ( also called Pyrrhus ) , who threw the infant from the walls . Another version is given in Iliou persis , in which Odysseus kills Astyanax . It has also been depicted in some Greek vases that Neoptolemus kills Priam , who has taken refuge near a sacred altar , using Astyanax 's dead body to club the old king to death , in front of horrified onlookers . In Ovid 's Metamorphoses , the child is thrown from the walls by the Greek victors ( 13 , 413ff ) . In Euripides 's The Trojan Women ( 719 ff ) , the herald Talthybius reveals to Andromache that Odysseus has convinced the council to have the child thrown from the walls , and the child is in this way killed . In Seneca 's version of The Trojan Women , the prophet Calchas declares that Astyanax must be thrown from the walls if the Greek fleet is to be allowed favorable winds ( 365 -- 70 ) , but once led to the tower , the child himself leaps off the walls ( 1100 -- 3 ) . Other sources for the story of the Sack of Troy and Astyanax 's death can be found in the Bibliotheca ( Pseudo-Apollodorus ) , Hyginus ( Fabula 109 ) , Tryphiodorus ( Sack of Troy 644 -- 6 ) .

neg: Piraeus Piraeus ( -LSB- paɪˈriːəs , _ pɪˈreɪ.əs -RSB- Πειραιάς Pireás -LSB- pireˈas -RSB- , Πειραιεύς , Peiraieús , -LSB- peːrajeús -RSB- ) is a port city in the region of Attica , Greece . Piraeus is located within the Athens urban area , 12 km southwest from its city center ( municipality of Athens ) , and lies along the east coast of the Saronic Gulf .   According to the 2011 census , Piraeus had a population of 163,688 people within its administrative limits , making it the fourth largest municipality in Greece and the second largest within the urban area of the Greek capital , following the municipality of Athens . The municipality of Piraeus and several other suburban municipalities within the regional unit of Piraeus form the greater Piraeus area , with a total population of 448,997 .   Piraeus has a long recorded history , dating to ancient Greece . The city was largely developed in the early 5th century BC , when it was selected to serve as the port city of classical Athens and was transformed into a prototype harbour , concentrating all the import and transit trade of Athens . During the Golden Age of Athens the Long Walls were constructed to connect Athens with Piraeus . Consequently , it became the chief harbour of ancient Greece , but declined gradually after the 4th century AD , growing once more in the 19th century , especially after Athens ' declaration as the capital of Greece . In the modern era , Piraeus is a large city , bustling with activity and an integral part of Athens , acting as home to the country 's biggest harbour and bearing all the characteristics of a huge marine and commercial-industrial centre .   The port of Piraeus is the chief port in Greece , the largest passenger port in Europe and the second largest in the world , servicing about 20 million passengers annually . With a throughput of 1.4 million TEUs , Piraeus is placed among the top ten ports in container traffic in Europe and the top container port in the Eastern Mediterranean . The city hosted events in both the 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics held in Athens . The University of Piraeus is one of the largest universities in Greece .

neg: Amazonius Apollo Amazonius ( Gr . Ἀμαζόνιος ) was a cultic epithet of the Greek god Apollo , under which he was worshiped , and had a temple at Pyrrhichus in Laconia . The name was derived either from the belief that the mythological Amazons had penetrated into the Peloponnese region as far as Pyrrhichus , or that they themselves had founded Apollo 's temple there .   The sole known reference to this etymology , in Pausanias ' Description of Greece , is an oddity in the study of the Amazon mythological tradition . It is strange to hear of the Amazons in Laconia , a region in no way associated with the usual tale of their invasion of Attica . Pausanias suggests a large Amazonian army halted there , which is also at odds with the Boeotian mythological tradition which indicates only a few Amazons were separated from the host after their defeat by Theseus . Secondly , this Apollo is mentioned as a companion of the goddess Artemis , which was also unusual , and which has led some scholars to speculate that `` Apollo Amazonius '' indicates not the traditional Greek Apollo , but a distinctly non-Hellenic deity , possibly that of the more Asiatic peoples of Laconia , Lycia , Phrygia and Crete , prior to Hellenic colonization . The name `` Apollo '' across different regions of classical antiquity often referred to slightly different entities with varying attributes .

neg: Tuileries Palace The Tuileries Palace ( Palais des Tuileries , -LSB- palɛ de tɥilʁi -RSB- ) was a royal and imperial palace in Paris which stood on the right bank of the River Seine . It was the usual Parisian residence of most French monarchs , from Henry IV to Napoleon III , until it was burned by the Paris Commune in 1871 .   Built in 1564 , it was gradually extended until it closed off the western end of the Louvre courtyard and displayed an immense façade of 266 metres . Since the destruction of the Tuileries , the Louvre courtyard has remained open and the site is now the location of the eastern end of the Tuileries Garden , forming an elevated terrace between the Place du Carrousel and the gardens proper .

neg: Hippodamia (wife of Pirithous) In Greek mythology , Hippodamia ( -LSB- ˌhɪpədəˈmaɪ.ə -RSB- Ἱπποδάμεια , `` she who masters horses '' derived from ἵππος hippos `` horse '' and δαμάζειν damazein `` to tame '' ; also known as Deidamia ( -LSB- ˌdaɪdəˈmaɪ.ə -RSB- Ancient Greek : Δηιδάμεια ) , Laodamia -LSB- ˌleɪ.ədəˈmaɪ.ə -RSB- , Hippoboteia -LSB- ˌhɪpəbəˈtaɪ.ə -RSB- , Dia -LSB- ˈdaɪ.ə -RSB- or Ischomache -LSB- ᵻˈskɒməkiː -RSB- ) , daughter of Atrax or Butes , was the bride of King Pirithous of the Lapiths . At their wedding , Hippodamia , the other female guests , and the young boys were almost abducted by the Centaurs . Pirithous and his friend , Theseus , led the Lapiths to victory over the Centaurs in a battle known as the Centauromachy . With Pirithous , she mothered Polypoetes , but died shortly after her son 's birth .   The abduction of Hippodamia was not an uncommon subject of Western art in the classical tradition , including the sculpture The Abduction of Hippodameia by French artist Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse and a painting by Rubens .


query: Meryl Streep is an award losing actress.

pos: Meryl Streep Mary Louise `` Meryl '' Streep ( born June 22 , 1949 ) is an American actress and philanthropist . Cited in the media as the `` best actress of her generation '' , -- a designation to which she objects -- Streep is particularly known for her versatility in her roles , transformation into the characters she plays , and her accent adaptation . Nominated for 20 Academy Awards , Streep has more nominations than any other actor , and is one of the six actors to have won three or more competitive Oscars for acting . Streep has also received 30 Golden Globe nominations , winning eight -- more nominations , and more competitive wins than any other actor .   Streep made her professional stage debut in Trelawny of the Wells in 1975 , and in 1976 received a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actress in a Play for 27 Wagons Full of Cotton . She made her screen debut in the 1977 television film The Deadliest Season , and made her film debut later that same year in Julia . In 1978 , she won an Emmy Award for her role in the miniseries Holocaust , and received her first Academy Award nomination for The Deer Hunter . She went on to win Best Supporting Actress for Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) , and Best Actress for Sophie 's Choice ( 1982 ) and The Iron Lady ( 2011 ) .   Streep 's other Oscar nominated roles were in The French Lieutenant 's Woman ( 1981 ) , Silkwood ( 1983 ) , Out of Africa ( 1985 ) , Ironweed ( 1987 ) , Evil Angels ( 1988 ) , Postcards from the Edge ( 1990 ) , The Bridges of Madison County ( 1995 ) , One True Thing ( 1998 ) , Music of the Heart ( 1999 ) , Adaptation ( 2002 ) , The Devil Wears Prada ( 2006 ) , Doubt ( 2008 ) , Julie & Julia ( 2009 ) , August : Osage County ( 2013 ) , Into the Woods ( 2014 ) and Florence Foster Jenkins ( 2016 ) . She returned to the stage for the first time in over 20 years in The Public Theater 's 2001 revival of The Seagull , won a second Emmy Award in 2004 for the HBO miniseries Angels in America ( 2003 ) , and starred in The Public Theater 's 2006 production of Mother Courage and Her Children .   Streep was awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award in 2004 , the Gala Tribute from the Film Society of Lincoln Center in 2008 , and the Kennedy Center Honor in 2011 for her contribution to American culture through performing arts . President Barack Obama awarded her the 2010 National Medal of Arts and in 2014 the Presidential Medal of Freedom . In 2003 , the government of France made her a Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters . In 2017 , Streep was awarded the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award .

neg: List of actors nominated for two Academy Awards in the same year The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has had occurrences of actors and actresses nominated for two different Academy Awards in acting categories in a single year , with the first instance in 1938 . Provided that they receive enough votes from the Academy in both categories to earn a nomination , there are no restrictions on actors being nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor or actresses being nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress in any given year . The sole rule with regard to multiple nominations is that an actor or actress can not receive multiple nominations for the same performance . This rule was introduced in 1944 after Barry Fitzgerald received a Best Actor nomination and a Best Supporting Actor nomination for his performance in Going My Way .   As of 2015 , 11 actors and actresses have been nominated for two different Academy Awards in the same year . The first of these actors and actresses was Fay Bainter , who received nominations for her performances in White Banners and Jezebel at the 11th Academy Awards . The most recent occurrence was during the 80th Academy Awards , in which Cate Blanchett received nominations for Elizabeth : The Golden Age and I 'm Not There . Seven of these actors and actresses received an Academy Award in one of the categories they were nominated in , and none have won two Academy Awards in the same year . Four did not receive an Academy Award in either category : Sigourney Weaver ( nominations for Gorillas in the Mist and Working Girl ) , Emma Thompson ( nominations for The Remains of the Day and In the Name of the Father ) , Julianne Moore ( nominations for Far from Heaven and The Hours ) , and Cate Blanchett ( nominations for Elizabeth : The Golden Age and I 'm Not There ) .

neg: AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role The AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role is an award presented by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts ( AACTA ) , a non-profit organisation whose aim is to `` identify , award , promote and celebrate Australia 's greatest achievements in film and television . '' The award is presented at the annual AACTA Awards , which hands out accolades for achievements in feature films , television , documentaries and short films . From 1971 -- 2010 , the category was presented by the Australian Film Institute ( AFI ) , the Academy 's parent organisation , at the annual Australian Film Institute Awards ( known as the AFI Awards ) . When the AFI launched the Academy in 2011 , it changed the annual ceremony to the AACTA Awards , with the current award being a continuum of the AFI Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role .   It was presented as a special award , from 1971 -- 1975 , and was accompanied with a cash prize , before it became a competitive award from 1976 , onward . Judy Davis is the most nominated actress in this category , with five wins from eight nominations , most recently for her role in The Eye of the Storm ( 2011 ) .   Candidates for this award must be human and female , and can not be nominated for the same role in the supporting actress category .

neg: BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language The BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language is given annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and presented at the British Academy Film Awards . The award was first given at the 36th British Academy Film Awards , recognising the films of 1982 , and until 1990 was known as the BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Film . Prior to this , films recorded in a language other than English were often recognised in the category BAFTA Award for Best Film , known between 1949 and 1969 as Best Film from any Source .   In the following lists , the titles and names in bold with a dark grey background are the winners and recipients respectively ; those not in bold are the nominees . The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released , not the year of the ceremony , which always takes place the following year .

neg: List of lost films For this list of lost films , a lost film is defined as one of which no part of a print is known to have survived . For films in which any portion of the footage remains ( including trailers ) , see List of incomplete or partially lost films .   Films may go missing for a number of reasons . One major contributing factor is the common use of nitrate film until the early 1950s . This type of film is highly flammable , and there have been several devastating fires , such as the 1937 Fox vault fire , the 1967 MGM vault fire , and the Universal Pictures fire in 1924 . Black-and-white film prints judged to be otherwise worthless were sometimes incinerated to salvage the meager scrap value of the silver image particles in their emulsions . Films have disappeared when production companies went bankrupt . Occasionally , a studio would remake a film and destroy the earlier version . Silent films in particular were once seen as having no further commercial value and were simply junked to clear out expensive storage space .   This is necessarily an incomplete list . Martin Scorsese 's Film Foundation claims that `` half of all American films made before 1950 and over 90 % of films made before 1929 are lost forever . '' Deutsche Kinemathek estimates that 80 -- 90 % of silent films are gone ; the film archive 's own list contains over 3500 lost films . A study by the Library of Congress states that 75 % of all silent films are now lost . While others dispute whether the percentage is quite that high , it is impractical to enumerate any but the more notable and those that can be sourced .

neg: Oscar season The Oscar season is the time period in which Hollywood studios release their more critically acclaimed films , hoping to win at the Academy Awards . Oscar season usually begins in the late-fall and early-winter , around November , and ends on December 31st of that year . although the date in which the summer blockbuster season ends and the Oscar season begins are ambiguous , and dependent on the year .

neg: Society of Texas Film Critics Awards The Society of Texas Film Critics Awards were first awarded in 1994 when the Society of Texas Film Critics ( STFC ) was formed by 21 print , television , radio , and internet film critics working for different media outlets across the state of Texas . Over the course of four years , the size of the organization decreased and the STFC disbanded in 1998 .   Below are the award ceremonies from each of the four years .

neg: Golden Boot Awards The Golden Boot Awards is an American acknowledgment of achievement honoring actors , actresses , and crew members who have made significant contributions to the genre of Western television and movies . The award is sponsored and presented by the Motion Picture & Television Fund . Money raised at the award banquet is used to help finance various services offered by the Fund to those in the entertainment industry .   Actor Pat Buttram conceived the idea of the Golden Boot Award , and the first ones were presented in 1983 . The awards appear to have been discontinued since 2007 .

neg: Golden Raspberry Awards The Golden Raspberry Awards ( often shortened to Razzies and Razzie Awards ) is an award in recognition of the worst in film . Co-founded by UCLA film graduates and film-industry veterans , John J. B. Wilson and Mo Murphy , the annual Razzie Awards ceremony in Los Angeles precedes the corresponding Academy Awards ceremony by one day . The term raspberry in the name is used in its irreverent sense , as in `` blowing a raspberry '' . The awards themselves are in the form of a `` golf ball-sized raspberry '' which sits atop a Super 8 mm film reel , the whole of which is spray painted gold .   The first Golden Raspberry Awards ceremony was held on March 31 , 1981 , at John J. B. Wilson 's living-room alcove in Los Angeles , to honor the worst in film of the 1980 film season . The 37th ceremony was held on February 25 , 2017 .

neg: 25th Academy Awards The 25th Academy Awards ceremony was held on March 19 , 1953 . It took place at the RKO Pantages Theatre in Hollywood , California , and the NBC International Theatre in New York City .   It was the first Academy Awards ceremony to be televised , and the first ceremony to be held in Hollywood and New York City simultaneously . It was also the only year that the New York ceremonies were to be held in the NBC International Theatre on Columbus Circle , which was shortly thereafter demolished and replaced by the New York Coliseum convention center .   A major upset occurred in the category of Best Picture . The heavily favored High Noon lost to Cecil B. DeMille 's The Greatest Show on Earth , eventually considered among the worst films to have won the Academy Award for Best Picture . The American film magazine Premiere placed the movie on its list of the 10 worst Oscar winners and the British film magazine Empire rated it # 3 on their list of the 10 worst Oscar winners . It has the lowest spot on Rotten Tomatoes ' list of the 81 films to win Best Picture . Of all the films nominated for the Oscar this year , only High Noon and Singin ' in the Rain would show up 46 years later on the American Film Institute list of the greatest American films of the 20th Century . For a film that only received two nominations , Singin ' in the Rain went on to be named as the greatest American musical film of all time and in the 2007 American Film Institute updated list as the fifth greatest American film of all time , while High Noon was ranked twenty-seventh on the same 2007 list , as well .   The Bad and the Beautiful won five awards , the most wins ever for a film not nominated for Best Picture . It was also the second Academy Awards in which a film not nominated for Best Picture received the most awards of the evening , excluding years where there were ties for the most wins . The only other film to do this was The Thief of Bagdad at the 13th Academy Awards ; as of the 87th Academy Awards , it has not happened since .   Until Spotlight won only Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay at the 88th Academy Awards , this was the last year in which the Best Picture winner won just two Oscars . It was also the second of three years to date in which two films not nominated for Best Picture received more nominations than the winner ( The Bad and the Beautiful and Hans Christian Andersen , both with six ) . This occurred again at the 79th Academy Awards .   Shirley Booth also became the last person to win an Oscar in a Leading Role to be born in the 19th century . She also holds the distinction of being the first woman in her 50s to win the award , at the age of 54 ( the second woman in her 50s to win , Julianne Moore , was 54 when awarded at the 87th Academy Awards ) .   John Ford 's fourth win for Best Director set a record for the most wins in this category that remains unmatched to this day .   For the first time since the introduction of Supporting Actor and Actress awards in 1936 , Best Picture , Best Director , and all four acting Oscars went to six different films . This has happened only three times since , at the 29th Academy Awards for 1956 , the 78th for 2005 , and the 85th for 2012 .

neg: Black Reel Awards The Black Reel Awards , or `` BRAs '' , is an annual American awards ceremony hosted by the Foundation for the Augmentation of African-Americans in Film ( FAAAF ) to recognize excellence in African-American , as well as those of African diaspora 's cinematic achievements in the around the world film industry as assessed by the Academy 's voting membership . The various category winners are awarded a copy of a statuette , officially called the Black Reel Award . The awards , first presented in 2000 in Washington , DC , are overseen by FAAAF .   The awards ceremony was initially awarded online their first two years before the first live show in 2002 . The awards have broadcast to radio since 2014 . Currently , the Black Reel Awards is the oldest cinema-exclusive awards ceremony for African-Americans .   The 16th Annual Black Reel Awards ceremony was held on February 18 , 2016 . A total of 315 Black Reel Awards have been presented since the inception of the award through the 16th .

neg: 78th Academy Awards The 78th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on March 5 , 2006 , at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:00 p.m. PST / 8:00 p.m. EST. . The ceremony was scheduled one week later than usual to avoid conflicting with the 2006 Winter Olympics . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories honoring films released in 2005 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actor Jon Stewart hosted the show for the first time . Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California held on February 18 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Rachel McAdams .   Crash won three awards including Academy Award for Best Picture . Other winners included Brokeback Mountain , King Kong , and Memoirs of a Geisha also with three awards apiece , and Capote , The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , The Constant Gardener , Hustle and Flow , March of the Penguins , The Moon and the Son : An Imagined Conversation , A Note of Triumph : The Golden Age of Norman Corwin , Six Shooter , Syriana , Tsotsi , Walk the Line , and Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were-Rabbit with one each . The telecast garnered nearly 39 million viewers in the United States .

neg: National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress The National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress is one of the annual awards given by the National Society of Film Critics .   This awards was given for the first time in 1967 to Marjorie Rhodes for her role in The Family Way .   Meryl Streep won this award three times ( record ) : in 1978 for The Deer Hunter , in 1979 for Kramer vs. Kramer , for Manhattan and for The Seduction of Joe Tynan and in 2006 for The Devil Wears Prada and for A Prairie Home Companion . Anjelica Huston ( 1985 and 1989 ) , Dianne Wiest ( 1986 and 1994 ) , Patricia Clarkson ( 2002 and 2003 ) and Amy Adams ( 2005 and 2012 ) each won the award two times . In 2009 , Mo'Nique became the first African-American to win in this category for her performance in Precious .

neg: 15th Academy Awards The 15th Academy Awards was held in the Cocoanut Grove at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles . Best Picture honors went to the film Mrs. Miniver . The ceremony is most famous for the speech by the film 's Oscar-winning actress Greer Garson . Garson 's acceptance speech as Best Actress ran nearly 6 minutes and is generally considered to be the longest acceptance speech at an Academy Awards ceremony .   Mrs. Miniver was the second film ( after My Man Godfrey in 1936 ) to receive nominations in all four acting categories , as well as the first film to garner five acting nominations .   Also notable at the ceremony , Irving Berlin presented the Academy Award for Best Song , which he ended up winning for `` White Christmas '' .   Best Documentary had four winners , something that has not happened before or since .   A portion of the ceremony was broadcast by CBS Radio .

neg: 26th Academy Awards The 26th Academy Awards honored the best in films of 1953 .   The second national telecast of the Awards show drew an estimated 43 million viewers . Shirley Booth , appearing in a play in Philadelphia , presented the Best Actor award through a live broadcast cut-in , and privately received the winner 's name over the telephone from co-host Donald O'Connor . ( Actor Fredric March co-hosted from New York City . ) Gary Cooper filmed his presentation of the Best Actress award in advance on a set in Mexico , with O'Connor announcing the winner 's name .   All the major winners in this year were black-and-white films . The big winner was Fred Zinnemann 's From Here to Eternity , with thirteen nominations and eight awards including Best Picture , Best Supporting Actor , Best Supporting Actress , Best Director , Best Screenplay ( Daniel Taradash ) , Best Cinematography ( Burnett Guffey ) , Best Sound , and Best Film Editing . All five of its major actors and actresses were nominated , with secondary players Donna Reed and Frank Sinatra taking home Oscars . The candid film was based on James Jones ' controversial , best-selling novel about Army life on a Hawaiian ( Oahu ) military base just prior to the Pearl Harbor attack and World War II , illustrating the conflict between an individualistic private ( Montgomery Clift ) and rigid institutional authority ( exemplified by the Army ) . Its achievement of eight awards matched the then record held by Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . The record would be tied again the following year by On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) . Walt Disney won four awards , which remains the record for the most Oscars won in the same year .   William Holden 's speech for Best Actor for his role in Stalag 17 was simply `` Thank You '' , making it one of the shortest speeches ever ; the TV broadcast had a strict cutoff time which forced Holden 's quick remarks . The frustrated Holden personally paid for advertisements in the Hollywood trade publications to thank everyone he wanted to on Oscar night . He also remarked that he felt that either Burt Lancaster or Montgomery Clift should have won the Best Actor Oscar for From Here to Eternity , instead of him .

neg: Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards 2014 The 20th Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards honoring the best in film for 2014 were announced on December 15 , 2014 . These awards `` recognizing extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association ( DFWFCA ) , based in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex region of Texas . The organization , founded in 1990 , includes 30 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications based in north Texas . The Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association began presenting its annual awards list in 1993 .   Birdman was the DFWFCA 's most awarded film of 2014 , taking five top honors . Birdman won in Best Picture , Best Actor ( Michael Keaton ) , Best Director ( Alejandro G. Iñárritu ) , Best Cinematography ( Emmanuel Lubezki ) , and Best Screenplay ( Alejandro G. Iñárritu , Nicolás Giacobone , Alexander Dinelaris Jr. , and Armando Bo ) .   Another film , Boyhood , earned multiple 2014 honors from the DFWFCA . The coming-of-age tale received top honors in the Best Supporting Actress ( Patricia Arquette ) as well as being presented the Russell Smith Award as the `` best low-budget or cutting-edge independent film '' of the year . The award is named in honor of late Dallas Morning News film critic Russell Smith . Reese Witherspoon was named Best Actress for her role as Cheryl Strayed in Wild . The other films earning honors were Sweden 's Force Majeure for Best Foreign Language Film , Citizenfour as Best Documentary Film , and The Lego Movie for Best Animated Film .

neg: List of film awards This is a list of groups , organizations and festivals that recognize achievements in cinema , usually by awarding various prizes . The awards sometimes also have popular unofficial names ( such as the ` Oscar ' for Hollywood 's Academy Awards ) , which are mentioned if applicable . Many awards are simply identified by the name of the group presenting the award .   Awards have been divided into four major categories : Critics ' Awards , voted on ( usually annually ) by a group of critics ; Festival Awards , awards presented to the best film shown in a particular film festival ; Industry Awards , which are selected by professionals working in some branch of the movie industry ; and Audience Awards , which are voted by the general public .

neg: Helen Hayes Helen Hayes MacArthur ( née Brown ; October 10 , 1900 -- March 17 , 1993 ) was an American actress whose career spanned almost 80 years . She eventually garnered the nickname `` First Lady of American Theatre '' and was one of 12 people who have won an Emmy , a Grammy , an Oscar and a Tony Award ( an EGOT ) . Hayes also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom , America 's highest civilian honor , from then-President Ronald Reagan in 1986 .   In 1988 , she was awarded the National Medal of Arts . The annual Helen Hayes Awards , which have recognized excellence in professional theatre in greater Washington , DC , since 1984 , are her namesake . In 1955 , the former Fulton Theatre on 46th Street in New York City 's Broadway Theater District was renamed the Helen Hayes Theatre . When that venue was torn down in 1982 , the nearby Little Theatre was renamed in her honor . Helen Hayes is regarded as one of the Greatest Leading Ladies of the 20th century theatre .

neg: California Film Awards The California Film Awards is a film awards ceremony that offers awards in the categories of Best Picture , Actor , Actress , Cinematography , Directing , First-Time Directors , Editing , Screenplay , Animation , Art Design , Music Videos , Short Films , Experimental Films , Student Films , California Films , Foreign Films , Documentaries and Feature Narratives . Only independent films are eligible .

neg: Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( SMPTE ( -LSB- ˈsɪmptiː -RSB- , rarely -LSB- ˈsʌmptiː -RSB- ) , founded in 1916 as the Society of Motion Picture Engineers or SMPE , is an international professional association , based in the United States of America , of engineers working in the motion imaging industries . An internationally recognized standards organizations , SMPTE has more than 600 Standards , Recommended Practices , and Engineering Guidelines for television production , filmmaking , digital cinema , audio recording , information technology , and medical imaging . In addition to development and publication of technical standard documents , SMPTE publishes the SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal , provides networking opportunities for its members , produces academic conferences and exhibitions , and performs other industry-related functions .   SMPTE Membership is open to any individual or organization with interest in the subject matter .   SMPTE standards documents are copyrighted and may be purchased from the SMPTE website , or other distributors of technical standards . Standard documents may be purchased by the general public . Significant standards promulgated by SMPTE include :   All film and television transmission formats and media , including digital .  Physical interfaces for transmission of television signals and related data ( such as SMPTE time code and the Serial Digital Interface ) ( SDI )  SMPTE color bars  Test card patterns and other diagnostic tools  The Material eXchange Format , or MXF   SMPTE 's educational and professional development activities include technical presentations at regular meetings of its local Sections , annual and biennial conferences in the US and Australia and the SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal . The society sponsors many awards , the oldest of which are the SMPTE Progress Medal , the Samuel Warner Memorial Medal , and the David Sarnoff Medal . SMPTE also has a number of student Chapters and sponsors scholarships for college students in the motion imaging disciplines .   Related organizations include  National Television System Committee ( NTSC )  Moving Picture Experts Group ( MPEG )  ITU Radiocommunication Sector ( formerly known as the CCIR )  ITU Telecommunication Sector ( formerly known as the CCITT )  Digital Video Broadcasting  BBC Research Department  European Broadcasting Union ( EBU )

neg: Grammy Award for Video of the Year The Grammy Award for Video of the Year was an honor presented to recording artists at the 24th Grammy Awards in 1982 and the 25th Grammy Awards in 1983 for music videos . The Grammy Awards , an annual ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards , are presented by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to `` honor artistic achievement , technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry , without regard to album sales or chart position '' .   First presented in 1982 to Michael Nesmith for Elephant Parts , the award was reserved for quality `` video cassettes or discs in any format created specifically for the home video market '' . In 1983 , Olivia Newton-John was presented the award for Olivia Physical . Beginning with the 1984 Grammy Awards , the Video of the Year award category was replaced with the categories Best Video , Short Form and Best Video Album ( now known as Best Music Video and Best Music Film , respectively ) .