query: Moscow is a city in Russia.

pos: Moscow Moscow is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.8 million within the urban area . Moscow has the status of a Russian federal city .   Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe , as well as the largest city entirely on the European continent . By broader definitions Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 14th largest metro area , the 18th largest agglomeration , the 15th largest urban area , and the 11th largest by population within city limits worldwide . According to Forbes 2013 , Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world by Mercer and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city according to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world according to the MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity and metropolis on Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . By its territorial expansion on July 1 , 2012 southwest into the Moscow Oblast , the area of the capital more than doubled , going from 1091 to , and it gained an additional population of 233,000 people .  Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , making it the world 's most populated inland city . The city is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral with its brightly coloured domes . With over 40 percent of its territory covered by greenery , it is one of the greenest capitals and major cities in Europe and the world , having the largest forest in an urban area within its borders -- more than any other major city -- even before its expansion in 2012 .  The city has served as the capital of a progression of states , from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Russian Empire to the Soviet Union and the contemporary Russian Federation . Moscow is considered the centre of Russian culture , having served as the home of Russian artists , scientists and sports figures and because of the presence of museums , academic and political institutions and theatres .   Moscow is the seat of power of the Government of Russia , being the site of the Moscow Kremlin , a medieval city-fortress that is today the residence for work of the President of Russia . The Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city . Both chambers of the Russian parliament ( the State Duma and the Federation Council ) also sit in the city .   The city is served by a transit network , which includes four international airports , nine railway terminals , numerous trams , a monorail system and one of the deepest underground rapid transit systems in the world , the Moscow Metro , the fourth-largest in the world and largest outside of Asia in terms of passenger numbers , and the busiest in Europe . It is recognised as one of the city 's landmarks due to the rich architecture of its 200 stations .   Moscow has acquired a number of epithets , most referring to its size and preeminent status within the nation : The Third Rome , The Whitestone One , The First Throne , The Forty Forties , and The Hero City . In old Russian the word '' Сорок '' ( forty ) also meant a church administrative district , which consisted of about forty churches . The demonym for a Moscow resident is '' москвич '' ( moskvich ) for male or '' москвичка '' ( moskvichka ) for female , rendered in English as Muscovite .

neg: Government of Russia The Government of the Russia ( exercises executive power in the Russian Federation . The members of the government are the Prime Minister , the deputy prime ministers , and the federal ministers . It has its legal basis in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the federal constitutional law `` On the Government the Russian Federation '' .   According to the 1991 amendment to the 1978 Russian Constitution , the President of Russia was the head of the executive branch and headed the Council of Ministers of Russia . According to the current 1993 Constitution of Russia , the President is not a part of the Government of Russia , which exercises executive power . But , the President does appoint the Prime Minister . The Chapter 6 of the Constitution of Russia says , that `` The Government of the Russian Federation consists of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation ( Prime Minister ) , Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministries '' .

neg: Gorky Film Studio Gorky Film Studio is a film studio in Moscow , Russian Federation . By the end of the Soviet Union , Gorky Film Studio had produced more than 1,000 films . Many film classics were filmed at the Gorky Film Studio throughout its history and some of these were granted international awards at various film festivals .

neg: Sokol District Sokol District is an administrative district ( raion ) , one of the sixteen in Northern Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow , Russia . As of the 2010 Census , the total population of the district was 57,133 .

neg: Moscow, Cheryomushki Moscow , Cheryomushki ( Москва , Черемушки Moskva , Cheryomushki ) is an operetta in three acts by Dmitri Shostakovich , his Op. 105 . It is sometimes referred to as simply Cheryomushki . Cheryomushki is a district in Moscow full of cheap subsidized housing built in 1956 , and the word is also commonly used for such housing projects in general .   The libretto was written by the experienced team of Vladimir Mass and Mikhail Chervinsky , leading Soviet humorists of the day . The satirical plot dealt with a topical theme geared to one of the most pressing concerns of urban Russians , the chronic housing shortages and the difficulties of securing livable conditions . Cheryomushki translates to `` bird-cherry trees '' and the operetta was named after a real housing estate in southwest Moscow .   The work was completed in 1958 and received its premiere in the capital on 24 January 1959 . The operetta is reminiscent of Shostakovich 's popular music of the period , yet at the same time it engages a satirical assessment of the housing redevelopments in Moscow .

neg: Domodedovo (town) Domodedovo ( -LSB- Домодедово , p =d əmɐˈdʲɛdəvə -RSB- ) is a town in Moscow Oblast , Russia , located 37 km south of Moscow . Population : The increase of population is due to the merger of three neighboring inhabited localities into the town in 2004 .

neg: Sparrow Hills Sparrow Hills ( -LSB- : ru : Воробьёвы горы , Воробьёвы го́ры -RSB- , ) , known as Lenin Hills between 1935 and 1999 , is a hill on the right bank of the Moskva River and one of the highest points in Moscow , reaching a height of 220 m , or 60 -- above the river level .   The observation platform , which gives a good panoramic view of the city , is on a steep bank 85 m above the river , or 200 m above sea level . The Luzhniki Stadium ( formerly the Lenin Stadium ) , where the opening and closing ceremonies for the 1980 Summer Olympics took place , is right below , across the Moskva River . Next to it is the Novodevichy Convent , with its Naryshkin Baroque towers .   Not far from the observation platform is the Luzhniki Metro Bridge . The two-level Metro-Bridge traverses the river to link Komsomolsky Prospekt with Vernadsky Prospekt . It serves two urban transport systems : motor vehicles and the Moscow Metro subway . The glass-walled subway station Vorobyovy Gory is at the lower level of the bridge .   The hills , immortalized by many Russian poets and writers , been named after the village Vorobyovo , which was acquired by Grand Duchess Sophia Vitovtovna , Vitovt 's only daughter , from the boyars Vorobyovs in 1453 . Alexander I of Russia wished to build the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour there ; his successor had construction works suspended and the cathedral eventually was erected near the Kremlin .   The main landmarks of the hills are the Moscow State University ( at one time the tallest building in Europe ) and the Trinity Church .

neg: Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow Journey From Petersburg to Moscow ( in Russian : Путешествие из Петербурга в Москву ) , published in 1790 , was the most famous work by the Russian writer Aleksander Nikolayevich Radishchev .   The work , often described as a Russian Uncle Tom 's Cabin , is a polemical study of the problems in the Russia of Catherine the Great : serfdom , the powers of the nobility , the issues in government and governance , social structure and personal freedom and liberty . The book starts from an epigraph about The Beast who is `` enormous , disgusting , a-hundred-maws and barking '' meaning the Russian Empire .   The book was immediately banned and Radishchev sentenced , first to death , then to banishment in eastern Siberia . It was not freely published in Russia until 1905 .   In the book , Radishchev takes an imaginary journey between Russia 's two principal cities ; each stop along the way reveals particular problems for the traveller through the medium of story telling . In Petersburg , the narrator 's story begins at an inn where the proprietor is too lazy to harness his underfed horses for a carriage . Eventually getting on the road , he encounters a man trying to sell genealogical papers to nobles seeking to increase their rank , and a poor peasant laboring on a Sunday . He goes on to satirize Catherine 's favorite , Viceroy Potemkin , with an anecdote about his appetite for oysters and the absurd lengths his servant would go to get them .   Likely the most famous scene is the narrator 's dream of being a `` tsar , shah , khan , king , bey , nabob , sultan , or holder of some such dignity , sitting in regal power on a throne . '' At his most minor expression , the courtiers sigh , frown , light up with joy . Seeing this obsequiousness , the narrator-tsar orders the invasion of a distant country , which he is assured will submit to his mere reputation . Suddenly , the female figure of Truth appears , offering him clearsightedness and defending the rights of dissenters . After being reprimanded , the king is overcome by visions of his own brutality , the sins of his court , and the general disrepair of the empire . In a final moment of self-reproach and guilt , inspired by the gaudy and wasteful palace he 's built , the narrator is woken from his dream in agitation .   Considered by many to be the seminal radical text of the 18th century , A Journey continued to influence Russian political thought even after its condemnation . As the progenitor of public liberal discourse in Russia , Radischev is considered an ancestor of all major subversive literature written in the 19th and 20th centuries .   The book itself represented a challenge to Catherine in Russia , despite the fact that Radishchev was no revolutionary : merely an observer of the ills he saw within Russian society and government at the time .   Published during the period of the French Revolution , the book borrows ideas and principles from the great philosophers of the day relating to an enlightened outlook and the concept of Natural Law .

neg: Dynamo Sports Palace Dvorec Sporta Dinamo ( Дворец спорта `` Динамо '' Dynamo Palace of Sports ) is an indoor sporting arena located in Moscow , Russia . The capacity of the arena is 5,000 . It hosted the home games of MBC Dynamo Moscow until 2006 . It was built during the preparations for the 1980 Summer Olympics , hosted by Moscow , USSR and was used as a venue of the handball tournament there . It was the home venue of Dynamo Moscow basketball team until 2006 . The Dynamo Moscow volleyball team currently play their home matches here

neg: Terem Palace Terem Palace or Teremnoy Palace is a historical building in the Moscow Kremlin , Russia , which used to be the main residence of the Russian tsars in the 17th century . Its name is derived from the Greek word τερεμνον ( i.e. , `` dwelling '' ) . Currently , the structure is not accessible to the public , as it belongs to the official residence of the President of Russia .   On the 16th century Aloisio da Milano constructed the first royal palace on the spot . Only the ground floor survives from that structure , as the first Romanov tsar , Mikhail Feodorovich , had the palace completely rebuilt in 1635 -- 36 . The new structure was surrounded by numerous annexes and outbuildings , including the Boyar Platform , Golden Staircase , Golden Porch , and several turrets . On Mikhail 's behest , the adjoining Golden Tsaritsa 's Chamber constructed back in the 1560s for Ivan IV 's wife , was surmounted with 11 golden domes of the Upper Saviour Cathedral . The complex of the palace also incorporates several churches of earlier construction , including the Church of the Virgin 's Nativity from the 1360s .   The palace consists of five stories . The third story was occupied by the tsaritsa and her children ; the fourth one contained the private apartments of the tsar . The upper story is a tent-like structure where the Boyar Duma convened . The exterior , exuberantly decorated with brick tracery and colored tiles , is brilliantly painted in red , yellow , and orange . The interior used to be painted as well , but the original murals were destroyed by successive fires , particularly the great fire of 1812 . In 1837 , the interiors were renovated in accordance with old drawings in the Russian Revival style .

neg: Podolsk Podolsk ( -LSB- Подольск , p =p ɐˈdolʲsk -RSB- ) is an industrial city , center of Podolsk Urban Okrug , Moscow Oblast , Russia , located on the Pakhra River ( a tributary of the Moskva River ) . Population : 187,961 ( 2010 Census ) ; 180,963 ( 2002 Census ) ; 209,178 ( 1989 Census ) ; 183,000 ( 1974 ) ; 129,000 ( 1959 ) ; 72,000 ( 1939 ) .

neg: Cathedral of the Archangel The Cathedral of the Archangel ( Архангельский собор , or Arkhangelsky sobor ) is a Russian Orthodox church dedicated to the Archangel Michael . It is located in Cathedral Square of the Moscow Kremlin in Russia between the Great Kremlin Palace and the Ivan the Great Bell Tower . It was the main necropolis of the Tsars of Russia until the relocation of the capital to St. Petersburg .  It was constructed between 1505 and 1508 under the supervision of an Italian architect Aloisio the New on the spot of an older cathedral , built in 1333 .

neg: Mozhaysk Mozhaysk ( -LSB- Можайск , p = mɐˈʐajsk -RSB- ) is a town and the administrative center of Mozhaysky District in Moscow Oblast , Russia , located 110 km to the west of Moscow , on the historic road leading to Smolensk and then to Poland . Population :

neg: Moscow Business School Moscow Business School -- an international business school , subdivision Moscow Technological Institute . The central campus is situated in Moscow . Foreign representative offices are situated in Vladivostok , Khabarovsk , Krasnoyarsk , Novosibirsk , Tashkent , Almaty , Astana , Karaganda , Ekaterinburg , Kazan , Ufa , Samara , Volgograd , Rostov-na-Donu , Krasnodar , Kiev , Sankt-Peterburg , Arkhangelsk , Murmansk , Prague , Sophia-Antipolis and Ho Chi Minh City .

neg: FC Dynamo Moscow FC Dynamo Moscow ( Dinamo Moscow , FC Dinamo Moskva , Дина́мо Москва́ -LSB- dʲɪˈnamə mɐˈskva -RSB- ) is a Russian football club based in Khimki , Moscow Oblast . It will return to the Russian Premier League for the 2017 -- 18 season after one season in the second-tier Russian Football National League .   Dynamo is the oldest Russian football club and it was the only one that had always played in the top tier of Soviet football ( along with Dynamo Kyiv ) and of Russian football from the end of the Soviet era until they were relegated in 2016 . Despite this , it has never won the modern Russian Premier League title .   During the Soviet era , it was affiliated with the MVD ( Ministry of Internal Affairs -- The Soviet Militia ) and with the KGB and was a part of Dynamo sports society . Chief of the Soviet security and secret police apparatus NKVD , Lavrentiy Beria , was a patron of the club until his downfall .   From 10 April 2009 the VTB Bank has been the owner of Dynamo after acquiring a 74 % share in the club . Boris Rotenberg Sr. was chairman until he resigned on 17 July 2015 . On 29 December 2016 , Dynamo Sports Society agreed to buy VTB Bank shares back for 1 ruble .   Dynamo 's traditional colours are blue and white . Their crest consists of a blue letter `` D , '' written in a traditional cursive style on a white background , with `` Moscow '' written below it , partially covering a football underneath . The club 's motto is `` Power in Motion , '' initially proposed by Maxim Gorky , the famous Russian author , who was once an active member of the Dynamo sports society .

neg: Bolotnaya Square Bolotnaya Square ( Болотная площадь , Bolotnaya ploshchad ) is a square in the center of Moscow , in Yakimanka District , south of the Moscow Kremlin , between the Moskva River ( north ) and the Vodootvodny Canal ( south ) . The square is bounded by Bolotnaya Embankment of the canal to the south , by Serafimovicha Street and the House on the Embankment to the west , and by Bolotnaya Street to the north and to the east . The square had the name of Repin Square , commemorating Russian artist Ilya Repin , between 1962 and 1994 . The square is built as a pedestrian open space .

neg: Administrative divisions of Moscow Oblast This is a list of the administrative and municipal divisions of Moscow Oblast , a federal subject of Russia .   Moscow Oblast is located in the Central Federal District of Russia , and completely surrounds Moscow , the capital of Russia . While Moscow hosts the majority of the government bodies of the oblast , it does not officially serve as the oblast 's administrative center and is not otherwise associated with the oblast either administratively or municipally .   The oblast is , as are other Russian federal subjects , subdivided for the purposes of the state administration and for the purposes of the local self-government , the rights to which are guaranteed by the Constitution of Russia . While the administrative and municipal divisions are not required by law to be identical , the system of municipal divisions in Moscow Oblast , having been created on the basis of existing administrative divisions , has only minor differences from the system of administrative divisions .

neg: List of museums in Moscow This is a list of museums in Moscow , the capital city of Russia   ART4.RU Contemporary Art Museum  Bulgakov Museum in Moscow  Cathedral of the Annunciation  Central Armed Forces Museum  Church of the Deposition of the Robe  Church of the Twelve Apostles  Diamond Fund  Fersman Mineralogical Museum  Galeyev Gallery  Institute of Russian Realist Art  Ivan the Great Bell Tower  Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center  Kremlin Armoury  Kremlin Arsenal  Kuskovo  Lumiere Brothers Center for Photography  The Lumiere Brothers Photogallery  Memorial Museum of Astronautics  Moscow Cat Museum  Moscow Design Museum  Moscow House of Photography  Moscow Museum of Modern Art  Moscow Paleontological Museum  Multimedia Art Museum , Moscow  Museum of Calligraphy  Museum of History of Moscow  Museum of the Great Patriotic War , Moscow  Museum of the Moscow Railway  National Centre for Contemporary Arts  Ostankino Palace  Poklonnaya Hill  Polytechnical Museum  Pushkin Museum  RKK Energiya museum  Rumyantsev Museum  Russian State Library  Ryabushinsky Museum of Icons and Paintings  Shchusev State Museum of Architecture  State Historical Museum  Tagansky Protected Command Point  Tretyakov Gallery  Tsaritsyno Park  Vernadsky State Geological Museum  Vlakhernskoye-Kuzminki  Zoological Museum of Moscow University

neg: Taldom Taldom is a town and the administrative center of Taldomsky District in Moscow Oblast , Russia , located 110 km north of Moscow , on a suburban railway connecting Moscow to Savyolovo . Population :

neg: Decommunization in Russia Decommunization in Russia is the process of dealing with the communist legacies in terms of institutions and personnel that tends towards breaking with the Soviet past . Compared with the efforts of the other former constituents of the Soviet bloc and the Soviet Union , it has been restricted to half-measures , if conducted at all .   Notable anti-communist measures in the Russian Federation are the banning of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( and creating the Communist Party of the Russian Federation ) as well as the names of many Russian cities reverting to what they were before the 1917 October Revolution ( Leningrad to Saint Petersburg , Sverdlovsk to Yekaterinburg and Gorky to Nizhny Novgorod ) .   However , Nostalgia for the Soviet Union is gradually on the rise in Russia . Communist symbols continue to form an important part of the rhetoric used in state-controlled media as banning them is seen by the foreign ministry as `` sacrilege '' and `` a perverse idea of good and evil '' . The decommunization process in neighbouring Ukraine was also met with criticism by Russia , and Soviet war crimes continue to be regularly dismissed as `` Western myth '' .

neg: Embassy of Estonia in Moscow The Embassy of Estonia in Moscow ( Посольство Эстонии в Москве , Eesti Suursaatkond Moskvas ) is the chief diplomatic mission of Estonia in the Russian Federation . It is located at 5 Maly Kislovsky Lane ( Mалый Кисловский пер . 5 ) in the Presnensky District of Moscow .


query: The term cult film was first used in the 1970s.

pos: Cult film A cult film , also commonly referred to as a cult classic , is a film that has acquired a cult following . Cult films are known for their dedicated , passionate fanbase , an elaborate subculture that engage in repeated viewings , quoting dialogue , and audience participation . Inclusive definitions allow for major studio productions , especially box office bombs , while exclusive definitions focus more on obscure , transgressive films shunned by the mainstream . The difficulty in defining the term and subjectivity of what qualifies as a cult film mirror classificatory disputes about art . The term cult film itself was first used in the 1970s to describe the culture that surrounded underground films and midnight movies , though cult was in common use in film analysis for decades prior to that .   Cult films trace their origin back to controversial and suppressed films kept alive by dedicated fans . In some cases , reclaimed or rediscovered films have acquired cult followings decades after their original release , occasionally for their camp value . Other cult films have since become well-respected or reassessed as classics ; there is debate as to whether these popular and accepted films are still cult films . After failing in the cinema , some cult films have become regular fixtures on cable television or profitable sellers on home video . Others have inspired their own film festivals . Cult films can both appeal to specific subcultures and form their own subcultures . Other media that reference cult films can easily identify which demographics they desire to attract and offer savvy fans an opportunity to demonstrate their knowledge .   Cult films frequently break cultural taboos , and many feature excessive displays of violence , gore , sexuality , profanity , or combinations thereof . This can lead to controversy , censorship , and outright bans ; less transgressive films may attract similar amounts of controversy when critics call them frivolous or incompetent . Films that fail to attract requisite amounts of controversy may face resistance when labeled as cult films . Mainstream films and big budget blockbusters have attracted cult followings similar to more underground and lesser known films ; fans of these films often emphasize the films ' niche appeal and reject the more popular aspects . Fans who like the films for the wrong reasons , such as perceived elements that represent mainstream appeal and marketing , will often be ostracized or ridiculed . Likewise , fans who stray from accepted subcultural scripts may experience similar rejection .   Since the late 1970s , cult films have become increasingly popular . Films that once would have been limited to obscure cult followings are now capable of breaking into the mainstream , and showings of cult films have proved to be a profitable business venture . Overbroad usage of the term has resulted in controversy , as purists state it has become a meaningless descriptor applied to any film that is the slightest bit weird or unconventional ; others accuse Hollywood studios of trying to artificially create cult films or use the term as a marketing tactic . Films are frequently stated to be an `` instant cult classic '' now , occasionally before they are released . Fickle fans on the Internet have latched on to unreleased films only to abandon them later on release . At the same time , other films have acquired massive , quick cult followings , thanks to spreading virally through social media . Easy access to cult films via video on demand and peer-to-peer file sharing has led some critics to pronounce the death of cult films .

neg: List of teen films Teen film is a film genre targeted at teenagers and young adults in which the plot is based upon the special interests of teenagers and young adults , such as coming of age , first love , rebellion , conflict with parents , teen angst , and alienation . Some of these films are targeted at adults as well as teenagers . Teen films have been a trope of the cinema industry for decades since the 1950s . At this time , the film industry saw a greater market for teens with more disposable income and therefore more money to spend on leisure activities , largely going to films . Because of the boom in teen viewers , drive-in movie theaters were also very popular . However , even the silent era had teen films . Recently , online streaming services such as Netflix have created a resurgence in the `` tween '' and teenage-oriented film .

neg: Cultural radicalism Cultural radicalism ( Danish : Kulturradikalisme ) was a movement in first Danish , but later also Norwegian culture . It was particular strong in the Interwar Period , but its philosophy has its origin in the 1870s and a great deal of modern social commentary still refer to it .   At the time of the height of the cultural radical movement it was referred to as modern . The words cultural radical and cultural radicalism was first used in an essay by Elias Bredsdorff in the broadsheet newspaper , Politiken , in 1956 . Bredsdorff described cultural radicals as people who are socially responsible with an international outlook .   Cultural radicalism has usually been described as the heritage of Georg Brandes 's Modern Breakthrough , the foundation and early editorials of the newspaper Politiken , the foundation of the political party Radikale Venstre , to the magazine Kritisk Revy by Poul Henningsen ( PH ) . By opponents of cultural radicalism though , it often simply refers to the liberal intellectual elite .   The values most commonly associated with cultural radicalism are among others : criticism of religion , opposition to social norms , criticism of Victorian sexual morality , anti-militarism and an openness to new cultural input other than the classic western ( e.g. jazz , modern architecture , art , literature and theater ) .

neg: Satanis For the DC Comics character , see Lord Satanis   Satanis : The Devil 's Mass is a 1970 American documentary film about Anton LaVey and the Church of Satan . It was directed and produced by Ray Laurent and released by Something Weird Video on 17 June 2003 . Filmed in San Francisco , California , the film is a compilation of ritual footage and interviews with LaVey 's family , neighbors , and church members , as well Christian priests and Mormon missionaries . Display ads at theater showings read : `` Satanis is the most pertinent , and perhaps the most shocking film of our time . But it 's definitely not a movie for everyone . If you choose not to see it , we will understand . ''

neg: Unsimulated sex Unsimulated sex is the presentation in a film of sex scenes where the actors engage in an actual sex act , and are not just miming or simulating the actions . At one time in the United States such scenes were restricted by law and self-imposed industry standards such as the Motion Picture Production Code . Films showing explicit sexual activity were confined to privately distributed underground films , such as stag films or `` porn loops '' . Beginning in the late 1960s , most notably with Blue Movie by Andy Warhol , mainstream cinemas began pushing boundaries in terms of what was presented on screen . Although the vast majority of sexual situations depicted in mainstream cinema are simulated ( in early pornography , the main actors engaged in simulated sex , with inserts placed in the film ) , on rare occasions actors engage in real sex . The difference between these films and pornography is that , while such scenes might be considered erotic , the intent of these films is not solely pornographic .   Notable examples include two of the eight Bedside-films and the six Zodiac-films from the 1970s , all of which were produced in Denmark and had many pornographic sex scenes , but were nevertheless considered mainstream films ( they all had mainstream casts and crews , and premiered in mainstream cinemas ) . The last of these films , Agent 69 Jensen i Skyttens tegn , was made in 1978 . From the end of the 1970s until the late 1990s it was rare to see hardcore scenes in mainstream cinema , but this changed with the success of Lars von Trier 's The Idiots ( 1998 ) , which heralded a wave of art-house films with explicit content , such as Romance ( 1999 ) , Baise-moi ( 2000 ) , Intimacy ( 2001 ) , Vincent Gallo 's The Brown Bunny ( 2003 ) , and Michael Winterbottom 's 9 Songs ( 2004 ) . Some simulated sex scenes are sufficiently realistic that critics mistakenly believe that they are real , such as the cunnilingus scene in the 2006 film Red Road .

neg: Religious image A religious image is a work of visual art that is representational and has a religious purpose , subject or connection . All major historical religions have made some use of religious images , although their use is strictly controlled and often controversial in many religions , especially Abrahamic ones . General terms associated with religious images include cult image , a term for images , especially in sculpture which are or have been claimed to be the object of religious worship in their own right , and icon strictly a term for Eastern Orthodox religious images , but often used more widely , in and outside the area of religion .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: Alien (film) Alien is a 1979 British-American science-fiction horror film directed by Ridley Scott , and starring Sigourney Weaver , Tom Skerritt , Veronica Cartwright , Harry Dean Stanton , John Hurt , Ian Holm and Yaphet Kotto . The film 's title refers to a highly aggressive extraterrestrial creature that stalks and kills the crew of a spaceship . Dan O'Bannon wrote the screenplay from a story he wrote with Ronald Shusett , drawing influence from previous works of science fiction and horror . The film was produced by Gordon Carroll , David Giler and Walter Hill through their Brandywine Productions and distributed by 20th Century Fox . Giler and Hill made revisions and additions to the script . Shusett was executive producer . The eponymous Alien and its accompanying elements were designed by Swiss artist H. R. Giger , while concept artists Ron Cobb and Chris Foss designed the human aspects of the film . Alien launched the Alien franchise and is chronologically the first of the main series , with the prequel series set in an earlier timeframe .   Alien received both critical acclaim and box office success , receiving an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects , Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film , Best Direction for Scott , and Best Supporting Actress for Cartwright , and a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , along with numerous other award nominations . It has remained highly praised in subsequent decades , being considered one of the greatest films of all time . In 2002 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . In 2008 , it was ranked as the seventh-best film in the science fiction genre by the American Film Institute , and as the 33rd greatest film of all time by Empire magazine .   The success of Alien spawned a media franchise of novels , comic books , video games , and toys . It also launched Weaver 's acting career by providing her with her first lead role , and the story of her character Ellen Ripley 's encounters with the Alien creatures became the thematic thread that ran through the sequels Aliens ( 1986 ) , Alien 3 ( 1992 ) and Alien : Resurrection ( 1997 ) . , a crossover with the Predator franchise produced the Alien vs. Predator series , which includes Alien vs. Predator ( 2004 ) and Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem ( 2007 ) , and also a prequel series of films , which includes Prometheus ( 2012 ) and Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) .

neg: List of action films of the 1960s This is chronological list of action films released before the 1970s . Often there may be considerable overlap particularly between action and other genres ( including horror , comedy , and science fiction films ) ; the list should attempt to document films which are more closely related to action , even if they bend genres .   Action films are generally considered a post-Classical Hollywood film genre . Additions to this category before the 1970s should be used sparingly , and films before the 1960s are not to be included .

neg: Jean-Luc Godard Jean-Luc Godard ( -LSB- ʒɑ̃lyk ɡɔdaʁ -RSB- ; born 3 December 1930 ) is a French-Swiss film director , screenwriter and film critic . He is often identified with the 1960s French film movement La Nouvelle Vague , or `` New Wave '' .   Like his New Wave contemporaries , Godard criticized mainstream French cinema 's `` Tradition of Quality '' , which `` emphasized craft over innovation , privileged established directors over new directors , and preferred the great works of the past to experimentation . '' As a result of such argument , he and like-minded critics started to make their own films . Many of Godard 's films challenge the conventions of traditional Hollywood in addition to French cinema . He is often considered the most radical French filmmaker of the 1960s and 1970s ; his approach in film conventions , politics and philosophies made him arguably the most influential director of the French New Wave . Along with showing knowledge of film history through homages and references , several of his films expressed his political views ; he was an avid reader of existential and Marxist philosophy .   Since the New Wave , his politics have been much less radical and his recent films are about representation and human conflict from a humanist , and a Marxist perspective .   In a 2002 Sight & Sound poll , Godard ranked third in the critics ' top-ten directors of all time ( which was put together by assembling the directors of the individual films for which the critics voted ) . He is said to have `` created one of the largest bodies of critical analysis of any filmmaker since the mid-twentieth century . '' He and his work have been central to narrative theory and have `` challenged both commercial narrative cinema norms and film criticism 's vocabulary . '' In 2010 , Godard was awarded an Academy Honorary Award , but did not attend the award ceremony .  Godard 's films have inspired many directors including Martin Scorsese , Quentin Tarantino , Brian De Palma , Steven Soderbergh , D. A. Pennebaker , Robert Altman , Jim Jarmusch , Wong Kar-wai , Wim Wenders , Bernardo Bertolucci , and Pier Paolo Pasolini .

neg: Cult image In the practice of religion , a cult image is a human-made object that is venerated or worshipped for the deity , spirit or daemon that it embodies or represents . Cultus , the outward religious formulas of `` cult '' ( meaning religious practice , as opposed to the pejorative term for a potentially dangerous `` new religion '' ) , often centers upon the treatment of cult images , which may be dressed , fed or paraded , etc. . Religious images cover a wider range of all types of images made with a religious purpose , subject , or connection . In many contexts `` cult image '' specifically means the most important image in a temple , kept in an inner space , as opposed to what may be many other images decorating the temple .   The term idol is often synonymous with cult image , but may be used especially of a cult image believed not just to depict or represent a deity or spirit , but in some sense to be one itself . Sometimes the image is believed to have its own powers , to grant wishes or otherwise affect the world . In cultures where idolatry is not viewed negatively , the word idol is not generally seen as pejorative , such as in Indian English .   Cult of images is the practice of worshipping or venerating religious or cult images representing divine figures . Common in a number of ancient religions , the practice continues most prominently today in Hinduism . The Abrahamic religions all specifically ban idols and idolatry ; all have had internal divisions and disputes as to what constitutes the proper or improper use of images in religion , and many Abrahamic religious sects use or venerate images with varying degrees of fervor .   In general the belief that an image itself is the object of worship , and itself has or embodies a spirit with inherent powers , tends to be hard to verify when a religious context is examined closely , or to be held at a popular level but denied by the clergy of a religion . Assertions by others outside the religious group concerned that such beliefs are held by the group are however common .

neg: B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity .   In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics .   Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie .   From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .

neg: Dumbing down Dumbing down is the deliberate oversimplification of intellectual content within education , literature , cinema , news , video games and culture in order to relate to those unable to assimilate more sophisticated information .   The term `` dumbing down '' originated in 1933 as movie-business slang , used by motion picture screenplay writers , meaning : '' -LSB- to -RSB- revise so as to appeal to those of little education or intelligence '' . Dumbing-down varies according to subject matter along with the reasons for lowering the intellect of the subject or topic . It often involves diminishment of critical thought involving the undermining of intellectual standards within language and learning ; thus trivializing meaningful information , culture , and academic standards , as is the case of popular culture .   Philosophically , the term `` dumbing down '' is a relative definition , because what is considered dumbing down depends on the taste , value judgement , and intellectual level of the person involved in the matter . In Distinction : A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste ( 1979 ) , the sociologist Pierre Bourdieu ( 1930 -- 2002 ) proposed that , in a society in which the cultural practices of the ruling class are rendered and established as the legitimate culture of that society , that action then devalues the cultural capital of the subordinate social classes , and thus limits their social mobility within their own society .

neg: 1975 Deauville American Film Festival The 1st Deauville American Film Festival took place at Deauville , France from September 3 to 7 , 1975 . It was created by French writer Lionel Chouchan and French journalist and television producer André Halimi , which they described as '' ( to ) show films that only a few privileged - amazed or astonished -- people had discovered , in New York or Los Angeles , to French audiences , without exclusion , barriers or bias '' . It occurs every year since its creation at the end of the summer . They received funding from French entrepreneur and businessman Lucien Barrière 's group and mayor of Deauville at that time , Michel d'Ornano .   The festival was non-competitive in nature and remained so until 1995 . It screened 12 feature films at three different sites , International Centre ( 1,500 seats ) , the Casino ( 700 vehicles ) and the Cinéma Morny ( two rooms of 271 and 99 seats ) . Initially the festival was attended by locals but with passing years its popularity increased and attracted international attention . The festival also highlighted the best of American cinematography .

neg: CBC Film Festival CBC Film Festival is a Canadian feature film television series which aired on CBC Television from 1979 to 1980 .

neg: Film poster A film poster is a poster used to promote and advertise a film . Studios often print several posters that vary in size and content for various domestic and international markets . They normally contain an image with text . Today 's posters often feature photographs of the main actors . Prior to the 1990s , illustrations instead of photos were far more common . The text on film posters usually contains the film title in large lettering and often the names of the main actors . It may also include a tagline , the name of the director , names of characters , the release date , etc. .   Film posters are displayed inside and on the outside of movie theaters , and elsewhere on the street or in shops . The same images appear in the film exhibitor 's pressbook and may also be used on websites , DVD ( and historically VHS ) packaging , flyers , advertisements in newspapers and magazines , etc. .   Film posters have been used since the earliest public exhibitions of film . They began as outside placards listing the programme of ( short ) films to be shown inside the hall or movie theater . By the early 1900s , they began to feature illustrations of a film scene or an array of overlaid images from several scenes . Other posters have used artistic interpretations of a scene or even the theme of the film , represented in a wide variety of artistic styles .

neg: Clint Eastwood in the 1970s In the 1970s , Clint Eastwood 's acting career was at its peak .

neg: Acid Western Acid Western is a subgenre of the Western film that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s that combines the metaphorical ambitions of critically acclaimed Westerns , like Shane and The Searchers , with the excesses of the Spaghetti Westerns and the outlook of the 1960s counter-culture . Acid Westerns subvert many of the conventions of earlier Westerns to `` conjure up a crazed version of autodestructive white America at its most solipsistic , hankering after its own lost origins '' .

neg: Vintage Film Awards The Vintage Film Awards ( VFA ) are awards that recognize films released in previous decades with enduring popularity and continuing relevance in popular culture .

neg: Classical Hollywood cinema Classical Hollywood cinema , classical Hollywood narrative , and classical continuity are terms used in film criticism which designate both a narrative and visual style of film-making which developed in and characterized US American cinema between 1917 and the early 1960s and eventually became the most powerful and pervasive style of film-making worldwide .


query: The September 11 attacks caused at least $10 billion in property damage.

pos: September 11 attacks The September 11 attacks ( also referred to as 9/11 ) The expression `` 9/11 '' is pronounced `` nine eleven '' . The slash is not part of the pronunciation . The name is frequently used in British English as well as in American English , even though the dating conventions differ . were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday , September 11 , 2001 . The attacks killed 2,996 people , injured over 6,000 others , and caused at least $ 10 billion in property and infrastructure damage .   Four passenger airliners operated by two major U.S. passenger air carriers ( United Airlines and American Airlines ) -- all of which departed from airports in the northeastern United States bound for California -- were hijacked by 19 al-Qaeda terrorists . Two of the planes , American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175 , were crashed into the North and South towers , respectively , of the World Trade Center complex in New York City . Within an hour and 42 minutes , both 110-story towers collapsed , with debris and the resulting fires causing partial or complete collapse of all other buildings in the World Trade Center complex , including the 47-story 7 World Trade Center tower , as well as significant damage to ten other large surrounding structures . A third plane , American Airlines Flight 77 , was crashed into the Pentagon ( the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense ) in Arlington County , Virginia , leading to a partial collapse of the building 's western side . The fourth plane , United Airlines Flight 93 , initially was steered toward Washington , D.C. , but crashed into a field in Stonycreek Township near Shanksville , Pennsylvania , after its passengers tried to overcome the hijackers . It was the deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States , with 343 and 72 killed respectively .   Suspicion for the attack quickly fell on al-Qaeda . The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban , which had harbored al-Qaeda . Many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks . Although al-Qaeda 's leader , Osama bin Laden , initially denied any involvement , in 2004 he claimed responsibility for the attacks . Al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited U.S. support of Israel , the presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia , and sanctions against Iraq as motives . Having evaded capture for almost a decade , bin Laden was located and killed by SEAL Team Six of the U.S. Navy in May 2011 .   The destruction of the World Trade Center and nearby infrastructure caused serious damage to the economy of Lower Manhattan and had a significant effect on global markets , closing Wall Street until September 17 and the civilian airspace in the U.S. and Canada until September 13 . Many closings , evacuations , and cancellations followed , out of respect or fear of further attacks . Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2002 , and the Pentagon was repaired within a year . On November 18 , 2006 , construction of One World Trade Center began at the World Trade Center site . The building was officially opened on November 3 , 2014 . Numerous memorials have been constructed , including the National September 11 Memorial & Museum in New York City , the Pentagon Memorial in Arlington County , Virginia , and the Flight 93 National Memorial in a field in Stonycreek Township near Shanksville , Pennsylvania .

neg: List of terrorist incidents in 1970 This is a timeline of incidents in 1970 that have been labelled as `` terrorism '' and are not believed to have been carried out by a government or its forces ( see state terrorism and state-sponsored terrorism ) .   , 1970 -- 1972 : The Jewish Defense League was linked with a bomb explosion outside Aeroflot 's New York City office , and a detonation outside of Soviet cultural offices in Washington . Also a JDL member allegedly fired a rifle into the Soviet Union 's mission office at the United Nations . Two JDL members were convicted of bomb possession and burglary in a conspiracy to blow up the Long Island residence of the Soviet Mission to The Bronx .

neg: 10 June 2013 Iraq attacks On 10 June 2013 , a series of coordinated bombings and shootings struck the central and northern parts of Iraq , killing at least 94 people and injuring 289 others .

neg: List of populated places affected by the 2010 Haiti earthquake This is a list of populated places and structures affected by the 2010 Haiti earthquake , a magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake which occurred on 12 January 2010 , with an epicentre approximately 25 km west of Port-au-Prince , Haiti ,  and affected an estimated three million people .  The Haitian government estimated that 230,000 people died ,  300,000 were injured and 1,000,000 made homeless by the quake .   The earthquake caused extensive damage to infrastructure in southwestern Haiti -- in February , Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive estimated that 250,000 residences and 30,000 commercial buildings had collapsed or were severely damaged .  The deputy mayor of Léogâne , at the epicentre of the earthquake , reported that 90 percent of buildings in the city were destroyed and Léogâne had `` to be totally rebuilt . '' As much as 90 percent of Grand-Goâve was devastated , including all public buildings . In Gressier , 40 -- 50 percent of buildings were destroyed ; the same in the worst-affected areas of Carrefour . Jacmel , the capital of Sud-Est Department , also was heavily affected ; 70 percent of homes in the city were damaged according to the mayor of Jacmel , as well as the airport , hospital and city hall building .   Many landmark buildings were damaged or destroyed , including the Presidential Palace , the National Assembly building ( Palais Législatif ) , the Supreme Court building ( Palais de Justice ) and the Holy Trinity and Port-au-Prince Cathedrals . Port-au-Prince 's main port and airport , the Port international de Port-au-Prince and Toussaint Louverture International Airport also suffered severe damage , as did Killick , the Haitian Coast Guard 's base in the capital city . The Ciné Institute , Haiti 's only film school , `` lost two buildings '' .

neg: Jonestown `` Jonestown '' was the informal name for the Peoples Temple Agricultural Project formed by the Peoples Temple , an American religious organization under the leadership of Jim Jones , in northwestern Guyana . It became internationally notorious when on November 18 , 1978 , a total of 918 people died in the remote commune , at the nearby airstrip in Port Kaituma , and in Georgetown , Guyana 's capital city . The name of the settlement became synonymous with the incidents at those locations .   A total of 909 Americans died in Jonestown , all but two from apparent cyanide poisoning , in an event termed `` revolutionary suicide '' by Jones and some members on an audio tape of the event and in prior discussions . The poisonings in Jonestown followed the murder of five others by Temple members at Port Kaituma , including United States Congressman Leo Ryan , an act that Jones ordered . Four other Temple members committed murder-suicide in Georgetown at Jones ' command .   While some refer to the events in Jonestown as mass suicide , many others , including Jonestown survivors , regard them as mass murder . All who drank poison did so under duress , and more than a third of victims ( 304 ) were minors . It was the largest such event in modern history and resulted in the largest single loss of American civilian life in a deliberate act until September 11 , 2001 .

neg: Los Angeles Times bombing The Los Angeles Times bombing was the purposeful dynamiting of the Los Angeles Times building in Los Angeles , California , on October 1 , 1910 by a union member belonging to the International Association of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers . The explosion started a fire which killed 21 newspaper employees and injured 100 more . It was termed the `` crime of the century '' by the Times .   Brothers John J. ( `` J.J. '' ) and James B. ( `` J.B. '' ) McNamara were arrested in April 1911 for the bombing . Their trial became a cause célèbre for the American labor movement . J.B. admitted to setting the explosive , and was convicted and sentenced to life in prison . J.J. was sentenced to 15 years in prison for bombing a local iron manufacturing plant , and returned to the Iron Workers union as an organizer .

neg: Reconstruction of New Orleans Hurricane Katrina destroyed much of the city of New Orleans in 2005 . The storm caused levees to fail , releasing tens of billions of gallons of water . The levee failure contributed to extensive flooding in New Orleans area and surrounding parishes . 80 % of all structures in Orleans Parish sustained water damage . Over 204,000 homes were damaged or destroyed , and more than 800,000 citizens displaced -- the greatest displacement in the United States since the Dust Bowl of the 1930s . Wind damage was less severe than predicted .   Reconstruction was hindered by bureaucratic problems and funding issues with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) . Relief agencies provided supplemental relief . By mid-June 2006 , the city was again hosting conventions and promoting tourism .

neg: Arkansas Army National Guard and the Global War on Terrorism The history of the Arkansas Army National Guard and the Global War on Terrorism begins with the expanded use of the National Guard for overseas duties as the United States reduced the size of the active army in an attempt to realize a `` Peace Dividend '' at the close of the `` Cold War '' . Beginning in the 1990s Arkansas National Guard unit 's experience increased Operations Temp and overseas training opportunities . In the late 1990s Arkansas National Guard units began deploying as part of peace keeping operations in the Balkans and in support of ongoing operations in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia . Following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 , the National Guard became deeply involved in the Global War on Terrorism , with units deploying to guard infrastructure such as Arkansas Nuclear One and airports as part of Operation Noble Eagle . The Guard initially replaced regular army units on missions such as Middle East peace keeping in order to free these units for combat operations . With the 2003 Invasion of Iraq , the Arkansas National Guard began deploying for combat operations in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan .

neg: National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace In the United States government , the National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace , is a component of the larger National Strategy for Homeland Security . The National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace was drafted by the Department of Homeland Security in reaction to the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks . Released on February 14 , 2003 , it offers suggestions , not mandates , to business , academic , and individual users of cyberspace to secure computer systems and networks . It was prepared after a year of research by businesses , universities , and government , and after five months of public comment . The plan advises a number of security practices as well as promotion of cyber security education .   The National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace identifies three strategic objectives : ( 1 ) Prevent cyber attacks against America 's critical infrastructures ; ( 2 ) Reduce national vulnerability to cyber attacks ; and ( 3 ) Minimize damage and recovery time from cyber attacks that do occur . To meet these objectives , the National Strategy outlines five national priorities : The first priority , the creation of a National Cyberspace Security Response System , focuses on improving the government 's response to cyberspace security incidents and reducing the potential damage from such events . The second , third , and fourth priorities ( the development of a National Cyberspace Security Threat and Vulnerability Reduction Program , the creation of a National Cyberspace Security Awareness and Training Program , the necessity of Securing Governments ' Cyberspace ) aim to reduce threats from , and vulnerabilities to , cyber attacks . The fifth priority , the establishment of a system of National Security and International Cyberspace Security Cooperation , intends to prevent cyber attacks that could impact national security assets and to improve the international management of and response to such attacks .   Ultimately , the National Strategy encourages companies to regularly review their technology security plans , and individuals who use the Internet to add firewalls and anti-virus software to their systems . It calls for a single federal center to help detect , monitor and analyze attacks , and for expanded cyber security research and improved government-industry cooperation .

neg: Fallujah during the Iraq War The United States bombardment of Fallujah began in April 2003 , one month following the beginning of the invasion of Iraq . In April 2003 United States forces fired on a group of demonstrators who were protesting against the US presence . US forces alleged they were fired at first , but Human Rights Watch who visited the site of the protests concluded that physical evidence did not corroborate their allegations and confirmed the residents ' accusations that the US forces fired indiscriminately at the crowd with no provocation . 17 people were killed and 70 were wounded . In a later incident , US soldiers fired on protesters again ; Fallujah 's mayor , Taha Bedaiwi al-Alwani , said that two people were killed and 14 wounded . Iraqi insurgents were able to claim the city a year later , before they were ousted by a siege and two assaults by US forces . These events caused widespread destruction and a humanitarian crisis in the city and surrounding areas . As of 2004 , the city was largely ruined , with 60 % of buildings damaged or destroyed , and the population at 30 % -- 50 % of pre-war levels .

neg: School attacks in China (2010–12) A series of uncoordinated mass stabbings , hammer attacks , and cleaver attacks in the People 's Republic of China began in March 2010 . The spate of attacks left at least 25 dead and some 115 injured . As most cases had no known motive , analysts have blamed mental health problems caused by rapid social change for the rise in these kinds of mass murder and murder-suicide incidents .   As the Chenpeng school attack was followed by the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in the United States hours later comparisons were drawn between the two . The difference in gun control laws between the two countries was used to explain the disparity in casualties of the school attacks by journalists and politicians , including U.S. Representative Jerry Nadler , and an article in the Associated Press noted that despite the different outcomes , an underlying commonality between the attacks was the increased frequency of school attacks because , `` attackers often seek out the vulnerable , hoping to amplify their outrage before they themselves often commit suicide . ''

neg: Amiriyah Fallujah Al-Amiriyah ( العامرية al-ʻāmiriyyah ) or Amiriyah Fallujah , also Ameriyah , Amiriyyah , Ameriya , Amiriyat , Ameriyat and the like , is a city in the Fallujah District of Al Anbar province , about 30 km south of the city of Fallujah , in Iraq . Ameriyah residents belong mostly to the Albu Issa subtribe , part of the Dulaim tribe .   The city was named Amiriyah Fallujah after the occupation of Iraq because of huge number of displaced persons from the city of Fallujah , with a total population of 17 thousand people .   During the lead up to the Gulf War in 1990 , several Western hostages were held as a human shield at a suspected ammunition factory in the area from September 1990 until their release 6 December 1990 . These included a crew member from British Airways Flight 149 . Nationals of Britain , Japan and France were held on the site . Only the British were detained until December , the French and Japanese being released in October and November 1990 respectively .  The nature of their internment makes it difficult to pinpoint the exact location , but they were told by their Iraqi minders that they were at `` a factory in Amiriyah ''   During the American war on Iraq the city witnessed violent clashes such as those seen in the cities of Fallujah and Ramadi as well as explosions and car bombs with chlorine , but in the end in 2007 the Anbar police took over on the city .   In 2016 , during the Siege of Fallujah , there was intense fighting in the area between the Iraqi army and ISIL militants . Also several suicide attacks by ISIL were reported .

neg: Long Depression The Long Depression was a worldwide price and economic recession , beginning in 1873 and running either through the spring of 1879 , or 1896 , depending on the metrics used . It was the most severe in Europe and the United States , which had been experiencing strong economic growth fueled by the Second Industrial Revolution in the decade following the American Civil War . The episode was labeled the `` Great Depression '' at the time , and it held that designation until the Great Depression of the 1930s . Though a period of general deflation and a general contraction , it did not have the severe economic retrogression of the Great Depression .   It was most notable in Western Europe and North America , at least in part because reliable data from the period is most readily available in those parts of the world . The United Kingdom is often considered to have been the hardest hit ; during this period it lost some of its large industrial lead over the economies of Continental Europe . While it was occurring , the view was prominent that the economy of the United Kingdom had been in continuous depression from 1873 to as late as 1896 and some texts refer to the period as the Great Depression of 1873 -- 96 .   In the United States , economists typically refer to the Long Depression as the Depression of 1873 -- 79 , kicked off by the Panic of 1873 , and followed by the Panic of 1893 , book-ending the entire period of the wider Long Depression . The National Bureau of Economic Research dates the contraction following the panic as lasting from October 1873 to March 1879 . At 65 months , it is the longest-lasting contraction identified by the NBER , eclipsing the Great Depression 's 43 months of contraction .   In the US , from 1873 to 1879 , 18,000 businesses went bankrupt , including 89 railroads . Ten states and hundreds of banks went bankrupt . Unemployment peaked in 1878 , long after the panic ended . Different sources peg the peak U.S. unemployment rate anywhere from 8.25 % to 14 % .

neg: New Orleans Public Belt Railroad The New Orleans Public Belt Railroad is a Class III railroad , owned by the City of New Orleans . It connects with six Class I railroads serving the city , and provides switching and haulage service . It is estimated that one-third of the United States ' east-west rail freight crosses the Mississippi on the Huey P. Long Bridge segment of the railroad .   The impetus for the NOPB came at the start of the 20th century era when multiple railroads terminating locally created both congestion at the Port of New Orleans and safety problems on city streets . The railroad began operation in 1908 with the intention of giving the major railroads `` uniform and impartial '' access to the port .   The railroad is managed by the Public Belt Railroad Commission , which also owns and maintains the Huey P. Long Bridge . NOPB covers over 160 kilometers ( 100 mi ) of track with ten locomotives . No funding is received from the city ; operating and capital expenses are covered by operating revenues .   Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005 caused an estimated $ 450 million in damage to NOPB equipment and track . At least 70 percent of the railroad 's lines and interchanges were back in operation by September 2005 , and 90 percent by March 2006 .

neg: American Ground In American Ground : Unbuilding the World Trade Center , William Langewiesche describes in detail the cleanup and recovery at Ground Zero following the September 11 attacks .

neg: International Freedom Center The International Freedom Center ( IFC ) was a proposed museum to be located adjacent to the site of Ground Zero at the former World Trade Center in New York City , USA . It was selected in 2004 to comprise a `` cultural space '' near to the memorial for victims of the September 11 attacks , called Reflecting Absence .   However , opponents reacted against the IFC 's mission , saying that plans to promote international freedom through exhibits and displays about various genocides and crimes against humanity through history , including genocide of Native American and the slave trade in the United States , were inappropriate at a site that many people consider to be sacred . On September 28 , 2005 , New York Governor George E. Pataki barred the IFC from the World Trade Center site . ''   George Soros , Tom Bernstein , Anthony Romero , and Eric Foner were promoters of the IFC . Within an hour of being barred from the WTC site , the IFC museum declared itself to be out of business , making no effort to find a new location . `` We do not believe there is a viable alternative place for the I.F.C. at the World Trade Center site , '' said the statement from the center 's executives , Tom Bernstein , Peter Kunhardt and Richard Tofel . `` We consider our work , therefore , to have been brought to an end . ''

neg: U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks The response of the U.S. government to the September 11 attacks sparked investigations into the motivations and execution of the attacks , as well as the ongoing War on Terrorism in Afghanistan The response included funds for affected families , plans for the War on Terrorism , rebuilding of Lower-East Manhattan , and the invasion and investigation of Iraq and Afghanistan .

neg: Rare disasters A rare disaster is an economic collapse that is infrequent and large in magnitude , having a negative effect on an economy . Rare disasters are important because they provide an explanation of the equity premium puzzle , the behavior of interest rates , and other economic phenomena .   The parameters for a rare disaster are a substantial drop in GDP and at least a 10 % decrease in consumption . Examples include financial disasters : the Great Depression and the 1997 Asian financial crisis ; wars : World War I , World War II , and regional conflicts ; epidemics : influenza outbreaks and the Asian Flu ; weather events ; and earthquakes and tsunamis ; however , any event that has a substantial impact on GDP and consumption could be considered a rare disaster .   The idea was first proposed by Rietz in 1988 , as a way to explain the equity premium puzzle . Since then , other economists have added to and strengthened the idea with evidence , but many economists are still skeptical of the theory .

neg: America: A Tribute to Heroes America : A Tribute to Heroes was a benefit concert created by the heads of the four major American broadcast networks ; Fox , ABC , NBC and CBS . Joel Gallen was selected by them to produce and run the show . Actor George Clooney organized celebrities to perform and to staff the telephone bank . The marketing and public relations was headed by Warner Bros. . EVP Corp Comm with assistance from the marketing and publicity departments of all four broadcast networks . It was broadcast live by the four major American television networks and all of the cable networks in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001 . Done in the style of a telethon , it featured a number of national and international entertainers performing to raise money for the victims and their families , particularly the New York City firefighters and New York City police officers . It aired September 21 , 2001 , uninterrupted and commercial-free , for which it won a Peabody Award . It was released on December 4 , 2001 , on compact disc and DVD .   On a dark stage illuminated by hundreds of candles , twenty-one artists performed songs of mourning and hope , while various actors and other celebrities delivered short spoken messages . The musical performances took place at three studios in Los Angeles ( CBS Television City ) , New York , and London , while the celebrity messages took place at Los Angeles . Some of the musicians including Neil Young and Eddie Vedder were heard working the phone banks taking pledges . The money raised amounted to over $ 200 million , and was given to the United Way 's September 11 Telethon Fund .   In 2004 , Rolling Stone magazine selected this concert , along with the later The Concert for New York City , as one of the 50 moments that changed rock and roll .   The show was also simulcast in Canada ; Young and another Canadian singer , Celine Dion , performed .

neg: Architectural forgery in Japan In Japan , structural engineers designing structures exceeding a certain floor area or number of storeys must submit drawings and calculations to the authorities , demonstrating that the building is safe ( e.g. earthquake-resistant , etc. ) `` Structural Calculation Forgery Problem '' ( 構造計算書偽造問題 , kōzō keisansho gizō mondai ) refers to a series of incidents , set off by the Ministry of Land , Infrastructure and Transport 's November 17 , 2005 , announcement that structural engineer Hidetsugu Aneha of Aneha Architectural Design Office in Chiba Prefecture had falsified earthquake design calculations . A number of Japanese construction and real estate companies have had to declare bankruptcy due to their involvement in the affair , including Kimura Construction and Huser . Note that Aneha is frequently referred to as an architect , as Japan has a unique licensing system where structural engineers designing buildings are registered as first-class architects .   It is suggested that one of the causes for the problem was that the ( privately owned ) oversight agencies responsible for confirming compliance to Japanese safety standards did not detect the forgery . Prior to 1999 , oversight was managed solely by regional governments , however , a change made to Japanese law that year allowed private organizations to conduct investigations as well . It was said that these private organizations , such as `` EHomes '' and `` Nihon ERI '' did not adequately function in their oversight roles , however , it was later revealed that government oversight agencies had also failed to detect some instances of forgery .   Of 14 hotels that had already been built under false pretenses when the problem first came to light , two of them were shown to fail Japan 's earthquake resistance standards . Because the concrete had insufficient reinforcing steel , there was a fear that an earthquake of magnitude 5 on the Japanese Shindo scale could cause the buildings to collapse . None of the buildings in question have yet collapsed , but the safety of high-rise buildings in earthquake-prone Japan has been called into question , particularly in the light of the 1995 Sampoong Department Store collapse in Korea .   Residents of the areas around the affected buildings live in a constant state of unease , not knowing if or when the buildings will collapse . Some hotels , unable to guarantee the safety of their customers , have ceased operations .   As the architect concerned in the matter has participated in the construction of a large number of buildings , the full extent of the problem is still unknown . In Japan , the incident was first publicized by bloggers .   Hidetsugu Aneha , Moriyoshi Kimura , Akira Shinozuka and Togo Fujita etc. were arrested on April 26 , 2006 , and Huser 's president Susumu Ojima was arrested on May 17 of the same year .

neg: Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel Since 2001 , Palestinian militants have launched thousands of rocket and mortar attacks on Israel from the Gaza Strip as part of the continuing Arab -- Israeli conflict . From 2004 to 2014 , these attacks have killed 27 Israeli civilians , 5 foreign nationals , 5 IDF soldiers , and at least 11 Palestinians and injured more than 1900 people , but their main effect is their creation of widespread psychological trauma and disruption of daily life among the Israeli populace . Medical studies in Sderot , the Israeli city closest to the Gaza Strip , have documented a post-traumatic stress disorder incidence among young children of almost 50 % , as well as high rates of depression and miscarriage . A public opinion poll conducted in March 2013 found that most Palestinians do not support firing rockets at Israel from the Gaza Strip . Another poll conducted in September 2014 found that 80 % of Palestinians support firing rockets against Israel if it does not allow unfettered access to Gaza . These rocket attacks have caused flight cancellations at Ben Gurion airport .   The weapons , often generically referred to as Qassams , were initially crude and short-range , mainly affecting Sderot and other communities bordering the Gaza Strip . In 2006 , more sophisticated rockets began to be deployed , reaching the larger coastal city of Ashkelon , and by early 2009 major cities Ashdod and Beersheba had been hit by Katyusha , WS-1B and Grad rockets . In 2012 , Jerusalem and Israel 's commercial center Tel Aviv were targeted with locally made `` M-75 '' and Iranian Fajr-5 rockets , respectively , and in July 2014 , the northern city of Haifa was targeted for the first time . A few projectiles have contained white phosphorus said to be recycled from unexploded munitions used by Israel in bombing Gaza .   Attacks have been carried out by all Palestinian armed groups , and , prior to the 2008 -- 2009 Gaza War , were consistently supported by most Palestinians , although the stated goals have been mixed . The attacks , widely condemned for targeting civilians , have been described as terrorism by United Nations , European Union and Israeli officials , and are defined as war crimes by human rights groups Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch . The international community considers indiscriminate attacks on civilians and civilian structures that do not discriminate between civilians and military targets illegal under international law .   Israeli defenses constructed specifically to deal with the weapons include fortifications for schools and bus stops as well as an alarm system named Red Color . Iron Dome , a system to intercept short-range rockets , was developed by Israel and first deployed in the spring of 2011 to protect Beersheba and Ashkelon , but officials and experts warned that it would not be completely effective . Shortly thereafter , it intercepted a Palestinian Grad rocket for the first time .   In the cycle of violence , rocket attacks alternate with Israeli military actions . From the outbreak of the Al Aqsa Intifada ( September 30 , 2000 ) through March 2013 , 8,749 rockets and 5,047 mortar shells were fired on Israel , while Israel has conducted several military operations in the Gaza Strip , among them Operation Rainbow ( 2004 ) , Operation Days of Penitence ( 2004 ) , Operation Summer Rains ( 2006 ) , Operation Autumn Clouds ( 2006 ) , Operation Hot Winter ( 2008 ) , Operation Cast Lead ( 2009 ) , Operation Pillar of Defense ( 2012 ) , and Operation Protective Edge ( 2014 ) .