query: The Republic of Ireland is far from Great Britain.

pos: United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK ) or Britain , is a sovereign country in western Europe . Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland.Although Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state , two of its Overseas Territories also share land borders with other sovereign countries . Gibraltar shares a border with Spain , while the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia share borders with the Republic of Cyprus , the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and the UN buffer zone separating the two Cypriot polities . Apart from this land border , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to its east , the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland . With an area of 242500 km2 , the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe . It is also the 21st-most populous country , with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants . Together , this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union ( EU ) .   The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance . The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 6 February 1952 . The capital of the United Kingdom and its largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million , the fourth-largest in Europe and second-largest in the European Union . Other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the conurbations centred on Birmingham , Leeds , Glasgow , Liverpool and Manchester . The United Kingdom consists of four countries -- England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland . The last three have devolved administrations , each with varying powers , based in their capitals , Edinburgh , Cardiff and Belfast , respectively . The nearby Isle of Man , Bailiwick of Guernsey and Bailiwick of Jersey are not part of the United Kingdom , being Crown dependencies with the British Government responsible for defence and international representation .   The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time . Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain , which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922 , leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed on 6 December 1921 to resolve the Irish War of Independence . When it took effect one year later , it established the Irish Free State as a separate dominion within the Commonwealth . The UK 's current name was adopted to reflect the change . There are fourteen British Overseas Territories . These are the remnants of the British Empire which , at its height in the 1920s , encompassed almost a quarter of the world 's land mass and was the largest empire in history . British influence can be observed in the language , culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies .   The United Kingdom is a developed country and has the world 's fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest economy by purchasing power parity . The UK is considered to have a high-income economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index , ranking 16th in the world . It was the world 's first industrialised country and the world 's foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries . The UK remains a great power with considerable economic , cultural , military , scientific and political influence internationally . It is a recognised nuclear weapons state and is seventh in military expenditure in the world . The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 . It has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor , the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , since 1973 . However , on 23 June 2016 , a national referendum on the UK 's membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave , and its exit from the EU is currently being negotiated . The UK is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , the Council of Europe , the G7 finance ministers , the G7 forum , the G20 , NATO , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , and the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) .

pos: Republic of Ireland Ireland ( -LSB- ˈaɪərlənd -RSB- Éire -LSB- ˈeːɾʲə -RSB- ) , also described as the Republic of Ireland ( Poblacht na hÉireann ) , is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland . The capital and largest city is Dublin , which is located on the eastern part of the island , and whose metropolitan area is home to around a third of the country 's 4.75 million inhabitants . The state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , Saint George 's Channel to the south-east , and the Irish Sea to the east . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the Oireachtas , consists of a lower house , Dáil Éireann , an upper house , Seanad Éireann , and an elected President ( Uachtarán ) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state , but with some important powers and duties . The head of government is the Taoiseach ( Prime Minister , literally ` Chief ' , a title not used in English ) , who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President ; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers .   The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . It had the status of dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted , in which the state was named `` Ireland '' and effectively became a republic , with an elected non-executive president as head of state . It was officially declared a republic in 1949 , following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 . It joined the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , the predecessor of the European Union , in 1973 . The state had no formal relations with Northern Ireland for most of the twentieth century , but during the 1980s and 1990s the British and Irish governments worked with the Northern Ireland parties towards a resolution to `` the Troubles '' . Since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998 , the Irish government and Northern Ireland Executive have co-operated on a number of policy areas under the North-South Ministerial Council created by the Agreement .   Ireland ranks among the top twenty-five wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita , and as the tenth most prosperous country in the world according to The Legatum Prosperity Index 2015 . After joining the EEC , Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth . The country achieved considerable prosperity between the years of 1995 and 2007 , which became known as the Celtic Tiger period . This was halted by an unprecedented financial crisis that began in 2008 , in conjunction with the concurrent global economic crash . However , as the Irish economy was the fastest growing in the EU in 2015 , Ireland is again quickly ascending league tables comparing wealth and prosperity internationally . For example , in 2015 , Ireland was ranked as the joint sixth ( with Germany ) most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index . It also performs well in several national performance metrics , including freedom of the press , economic freedom and civil liberties . Ireland is a member of the European Union and is a founding member of the Council of Europe and the OECD . The Irish government has followed a policy of military neutrality through non-alignment since immediately prior to World War II and the country is consequently not a member of NATO , although it is a member in Partnership for Peace .

neg: Bull Island (TV series) Bull Island was an Irish television and radio satirical comedy show broadcast on RTÉ One and later on RTÉ Radio 1 from 1999 until 2001 .   Featuring a cast of seven Irish comedians and impressionists , the show , which aired for half an hour weekly , satirised many aspects of Irish life .   Bull Island was created by RTÉ Producer/Director John Keogh who brought Michael Sheridan , Alan Shortt & Gary Flood together to devise & co-create the format .   Some of the notable women in power at the time , such as the then Cabinet Minister , Mary O'Rourke , and the Taoiseach Bertie Ahern 's partner Celia Larkin were played by a man , and there were regular depictions of deception and skulduggery in the Dáil bar . The opposition were usually portrayed as bumbling incompetents .   Other sketches included a regular pastiche of Paddy O'Gorman and his shows which consist of interviewing people at random - Bull Island '' 's Paddy O'Gormless would do similar , but with ever more inane interviews .   A favourite sketch , which became known as the show 's signature , was an impersonation of a long-running ad for Irish discount electrical retailer PowerCity , where actors looking surprisingly like those in the adverts , wearing the same bright red jumpers , would wax enthusiastic about prices ending in 99 pence in `` Bull Island City '' . This evolved into a stream of products costing `` 99.99.99 '' as the series progressed . As a result , PowerCity removed the pence from all their prices , and regularly charge round tens or hundreds for products instead of 99s .   Although the show was met with good reviews and ratings in its first season , the reception to later seasons was mixed and the show ended in 2001 , shortly before the 2002 general election . The same team appeared providing a 30-minute radio version of the programme on RTÉ radio within weeks .   Some of the actors behind some impressions include :   Alan Shortt - Bertie Ahern , Michael D. Higgins , Gerry Adams , Michael Noonan , Micheál Martin  Frank Twomey - Mary O'Rourke , Celia Larkin , Willie O'Dea , David Trimble  Michael Sheridan - Marian Finucane , Duncan Stewart , George Lee , Ruairi Quinn , Gerry Fleming , Gerry Daly , Ian Paisley , Jackie Healy-Rae , John de Chastelain , Christy Moore  Pakie O'Callaghan - Charlie McCreevy , Desmond O'Malley , Eamon Dunphy , Charlie Bird , Brian Farrell  Elva Crowley - Mary Harney , Power City Girl , Helen Dillon  Michelle Costello - Mildred Fox , Miriam O'Callaghan  Gary Flood - Paddy O'Gorman , Daniel O'Donnell , Dickie RockBull Island '' was written by :  Catherine Maher , Pearse Lehane , Richard Carroll , Elva Crowley , Anne Geraghty , Pakie O'Callaghan , Alan Shortt , Michael Sheridan & Gary Flood .   Produced by : John Keogh , Alan Robinson .

neg: Public transport in Ireland Public transport in Ireland exists in many of the island 's urban areas , and takes a number of forms . Bus transport is the main form of public transport common in all cities . The cities , Dublin , Cork , Limerick and Galway all have their own suburban rail networks . Ireland has a population of over 6.4 million people .   Transport for Ireland is a public information body set up by the National Transport Authority as a single point of reference for all public transport in Ireland , along the lines of Transport for London .

neg: Moyle District Council Moyle District Council was a Local Council in County Antrim in the northeast of Northern Ireland . It merged with Ballymoney Borough Council , Coleraine Borough Council and Limavady Borough Council in May 2015 under local government reorganisation to become Causeway Coast and Glens District Council .   It covered a largely rural area of approximately 190 square miles ( including 42 miles of coastline ) and with a population of just over 17,000 had the smallest population of any principal local council in Ireland and the second-smallest in the United Kingdom , after the Isles of Scilly .   As a consequence , in 1991 the local government boundary commission originally recommended that the council should be merged with the neighbouring Ballymoney council to create a new council called `` Dalriada '' . This was strongly opposed by both councils and also by Ballymena which would have gained the Glens of Antrim and a small part of Ballymoney council in the process . After a public enquiry the plans were shelved and Moyle was preserved .   Council headquarters were in Ballycastle . Other towns in the area included Bushmills ( home to the world 's oldest licensed distillery which has produced the famous Irish whiskey `` Bushmills '' since 1608 ) , Ballintoy , Armoy , Cushendall , Cushendun and Waterfoot . The area is very popular with tourists and includes the three best known features of Northern Ireland : the Giant 's Causeway ( a World Heritage Site ) , the Glens of Antrim and Rathlin Island , which lies 7 miles off Ballycastle .   The Council was composed of 15 councillors who were elected from three electoral areas ( Ballycastle , Giant 's Causeway and The Glens ) every four years by a system of proportional representation .   Most of the former council forms the North Antrim constituency ( together with the neighbouring former Local Council areas of Ballymena and Ballymoney ) , for elections to the Westminster Parliament and Northern Ireland Assembly . The exception is the Glens of Antrim area , most of which is part of the East Antrim constituency . The council was a majority Catholic enclave in the otherwise Protestant County Antrim .

neg: Crown dependencies The Crown dependencies are the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea , and the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel . They are independently administered jurisdictions , and do not form part of either the United Kingdom or the British Overseas Territories . They are self-governing possessions of the Crown ( defined uniquely in each jurisdiction ) . Internationally , the dependencies are considered `` territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible '' , rather than sovereign states . As a result , they are not member states of the Commonwealth of Nations . However , they do have relationships with the Commonwealth , the European Union , and other international organisations , and are members of the British -- Irish Council . They have their own teams in the Commonwealth Games . They are not part of the European Union ( EU ) , although they are within the EU 's customs area .   As the Crown dependencies are not sovereign states , the power to pass legislation affecting the islands ultimately rests with the government of the United Kingdom . However they each have their own legislative assemblies , with the power to legislate on many local matters with the assent of the Crown ( Privy Council , or in the case of the Isle of Man in certain circumstances the Lieutenant-Governor ) . In each case , the head of government is referred to as the Chief Minister .

neg: Wicklow Wicklow is the county town of County Wicklow and the capital of the Mid-East Region in Ireland . Located south of Dublin on the east coast of the island , it has a population of 10,356 according to the 2011 census . The town is to the east of the N11 route between Dublin and Wexford . Wicklow is also linked to the rail network , with Dublin commuter services now extending to the town . Additional services connect with Arklow , Wexford and Rosslare Europort , a main ferry port . There is also a commercial port , mainly importing timber and textiles . The River Vartry is the main river which flows through the town .

neg: Mag Mell In Irish mythology , Mag Mell ( modern spelling : Magh Meall , meaning `` plain of joy '' ) was a mythical realm achievable through death and/or glory . Unlike the underworld in some mythologies , Mag Mell was a pleasurable paradise , identified as either an island far to the west of Ireland or a kingdom beneath the ocean . However , Mag Mell was similar to the fields of Elysium in Greek mythology , and like the fields of Elysium , was accessible only to a select few . Furthermore , Mag Mell , like the numerous other mystical islands said to be off the coast of Ireland , was never explicitly stated in any surviving mythological account to be an afterlife . Rather , it is usually portrayed as a paradisal location populated by deities , which is occasionally visited by some adventurous mortals . In its island guise it was visited by various Irish heroes and monks forming the basis of the Adventure Myth or `` echtrae '' as defined by Myles Dillon in his book Early Irish Literature . This otherworld is a place where sickness and death do not exist . It is a place of eternal youth and beauty . Here , music , strength , life and all pleasurable pursuits come together in a single place . Here happiness lasts forever , no one wants for food or drink . It is the Irish equivalent of the Greek Elysium or the Valhalla of the Norse .   Legends say its ruler is the Fomorian King Tethra , or more frequently Manannan mac Lir . Mag Mell 's allure extended from the pagan era to Christian times . In later stories , the realm is less an afterlife destination than an Earthly Paradise which adventurers could reach by traveling west from Ireland , often blown off course by providential tempests while on an inspired mission . They typically explore many other fantastic islands before reaching their destination and returning home ( or sailing on ) . Among these voyagers are St. Brendan , Bran mac Febal ( see The Voyage of Bran ) , and Mael Dúin .   Irish monks , being celebrated sailors , doubtless inspired such stories and were inspired by them . They reached and colonized any number of faraway islands , and St. Brendan is even speculated to have reached the New World a thousand years before Columbus .

neg: John Redmond John Edward Redmond ( 1 September 1856 -- 6 March 1918 ) was an Irish nationalist politician , barrister , and MP in the British House of Commons . He was best known as leader of the moderate Irish Parliamentary Party ( IPP ) from 1900 until his death in 1918 . He was also leader of the paramilitary organisation the Irish National Volunteers ( INV ) .   He was born to an old prominent Catholic family in rural Ireland ; several relatives were politicians . He took over control of the minority IPP faction loyal to Charles Stewart Parnell when that leader died in 1891 . Redmond was a conciliatory politician who achieved the two main objectives of his political life : party unity and , in September 1914 , the passing of the Irish Home Rule Act . The Act granted limited self-government to Ireland , within the United Kingdom . However , implementation of Home Rule was suspended by the outbreak of the First World War . Redmond called on the National Volunteers to join Irish regiments of the New British Army and support the British and Allied war effort to restore the `` freedom of small nations '' on the European continent , thereby to also ensure the implementation of Home Rule after a war that was expected to be of short duration . However , after the Easter Rising of 1916 , Irish public opinion shifted in favour of militant republicanism and full Irish independence , so that his party lost its dominance in Irish politics .   In sharp contrast to Parnell , Redmond lacked charisma . He worked well in small committees , but had little success in arousing large audiences . Parnell always chose the nominees to Parliament . Now they were selected by the local party organisations , giving Redmond numerous weak MPs over whom he had little control . Redmond was an excellent representative of the old Ireland , but grew increasingly old-fashioned because he paid little attention to the new forces attracting younger Irishmen , such as Sinn Féin in politics , the Gaelic Athletic Association in sports , and the Gaelic League in cultural affairs . He never tried to understand the unionist forces emerging in Ulster . Redmond was further weakened in 1914 by the formation by Sinn Féin members of the Irish Volunteers . His enthusiastic support for the British war effort alienated many Irish nationalists . His party had been increasingly hollowed out , and a major crisis -- notably the Easter Rising -- was enough to destroy it .

neg: Canada–Ireland relations Canada -- Ireland relations are those between Canada and Republic of Ireland . Canada and Ireland enjoy friendly relations , the importance of which centres on the history of Irish migration to Canada and the two countries ' shared history as parts of the British Empire . Approximately 4.5 million Canadians claimed to have Irish ancestors ( approximately 14 % of Canada 's population ) . Both nations are mutual members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , United Nations and the World Trade Organization .

neg: Isle of Arran Arran or the Isle of Arran ( -LSB- ˈærən -RSB- Eilean Arainn -LSB- elan ˈarɪɲ -RSB- ) , at 432 km2 , is the largest island in the Firth of Clyde and the seventh largest Scottish island . It is in the unitary council area of North Ayrshire . In the 2011 census it had a resident population of 4,629 . Though culturally and physically similar to the Hebrides , it is separated from them by the Kintyre peninsula . It is divided into highland and lowland areas by the Highland Boundary Fault and has been described as a `` geologist 's paradise '' .   Arran has been continuously inhabited since the early Neolithic period , and numerous prehistoric remains have been found . From the 6th century onwards , Goidelic-speaking peoples from Ireland colonised it and it became a centre of religious activity . During the troubled Viking Age , Arran became the property of the Norwegian crown , until formally absorbed by the kingdom of Scotland in the 13th century . The 19th century `` clearances '' led to significant depopulation and the end of the Gaelic language and way of life . The economy and population have recovered in recent years , the main industry being tourism . There is a diversity of wildlife , including three species of tree endemic to the area .

neg: List of Irish words used in the English language For a list of Irish words that have been imported into English , see the list of English words of Irish origin .   For help with pronunciation , see Help : IPA , Help : IPA for Irish , and Irish phonology .   Irish words used in English in modern Ireland without being assimilated to English forms include :  Amhrán na bhFiann : National Anthem of Ireland ( literally `` Soldiers Song '' )  pronounced ( -LSB- / ˈəuɾˠaːn̪ˠ n̪ˠə ˈvʲiːən̪ˠ / -RSB- )  Áras an Uachtaráin : Residence of the President  pronounced -LSB- / ˈɑːrəs ən ˈuəxt̪ərɑːnʲ / -RSB-  Ardfheis : Party conference ( used by Fianna Fáil , Fine Gael and Sinn Féin )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈɑːɾˠd̪ˠ ˈɛɕ / -RSB-  Ard-Rí : High King ( title used in the Middle Ages )  pronounced -LSB- / ɑːrd riː / -RSB-  Bord Fáilte : Irish Tourist Board ( literally `` Welcome Board '' ; now called Fáilte Ireland )  pronounced -LSB- / boːrd ˈfɑːʎtʲə / -RSB-  Bunreacht na hÉireann : Constitution of Ireland  pronounced -LSB- / ˈbunraxt nə ˈheːrʲən / -RSB-  Ceann Comhairle : Chairman of Dáil Éireann  pronounced -LSB- / kʲaːn̪ˠ ˈkoːrʎə / -RSB-  Dáil Éireann : House of Representatives ( lower house of the Irish Parliament )  pronounced -LSB- / d̪ˠaːlʲ ˈeːrʲən̪ˠ / -RSB-  Éire : Ireland  pronounced -LSB- / ˈeːɾʲə / -RSB-  Fianna Fáil : Irish political party ( literally `` Soldiers of Destiny '' )  pronounced -LSB- / ˌfʲiənə ˈfɔːlʲ / -RSB-  Fine Gael : Irish political party ( literally `` Family of the Gael '' )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈfʲɪnʲə ˈɡeːl̪ˠ / -RSB-  Gaeltacht : Irish-speaking area  pronounced -LSB- / ˈɡeːɫ̪t̪ˠəxt̪ˠ / -RSB-  Garda : police officer ( plural Gardaí )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈɡaːrd̪ə / -RSB- , pl . -LSB- / ˈɡaːɾˠd̪ˠiː / -RSB-  Garda Síochána : Irish police service ( literally `` Guardian of the Peace '' )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈɡaːrd̪ə ˈʃiːxaːn̪ˠə n̪ˠə ˈheːɾʲən̪ˠ / -RSB-  Oireachtas : ( National Parliament )  pronounced -LSB- / ɛrʲaxt̪ˠasˠ / -RSB-  Príomh Aire : Prime Minister ( 1919 -- 1921 only )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈpʲrʲiːv ˈarʲə / -RSB-  Punt : Irish pound ( currency , now replaced by the euro )  pronounced -LSB- / punt / -RSB-  Raidió Teilifís Éireann : National broadcasting service ( RTÉ )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈradʲo ˈtʲɛlʲəfʲiːʃ ˈeːrʲən / -RSB-  Saorstát Éireann : Irish Free State  pronounced -LSB- / ˈsiːrˌstɑːt ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ / -RSB-  Seanad Éireann : Irish Senate ( upper house of the Irish Parliament )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈʃan̪ˠəd̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ / -RSB-  Sinn Féin : Irish political party ( literally `` Our-selves '' )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈʃiɲ fʲeːnʲ / -RSB-  Sliotar : Ball used in hurling ( see Gaelic Athletic Association )  pronounced -LSB- / ʃlʲɪt̪ˠəɾˠ / -RSB-  Tánaiste : Deputy Prime Minister  pronounced -LSB- / ˈtɑːnəʃtʲə / -RSB-  Taoiseach : Prime Minister ( literally `` Chieftain '' )  pronounced -LSB- t̪ˠiːʃəx -RSB-  Teachta Dála : Member of the lower house of Parliament ( TD )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈtʲaxtə ˈdɑːlə / -RSB-  Uachtarán na hÉireann : President of Ireland  pronounced -LSB- / ˈuəxt̪ˠəɾˠɑːn̪ˠ n̪ˠə ˈheːɾʲən̪ˠ / -RSB-  Údarás na Gaeltachta : Development Authority for the Gaeltacht  pronounced -LSB- / ˈuːdərɑːs nə ˈɡeːltəxtə / -RSB-   Other , more informal terms include :  banshee -- bean sí .  barmbrack -- An Irish fruit loaf . ó bairín breac , speckled loaf .  bodhrán -- A winnowing drum used as a musical instrument .  bog -- ( from bogach meaning `` marsh/peatland '' ) a wetland ( according to OED ) .  bonnaught -- A type of billeting or a billeted soldier . From Irish buannacht , billeting or billeting tax .  boreen -- ( from bóithrín meaning `` small road '' ) a narrow rural road in Ireland .  brat -- a cloak or overall -- now only in regional dialects ( from Old Irish bratt meaning `` cloak , cloth '' )  brehon -- A judge of ancient Irish law . From Irish breitheamh .  brogue -- ( from bróg meaning `` shoe '' ) a type of shoe ( OED ) .  brogue -- A strong regional accent , especially an Irish or one . Not as the OED says , a reference to the footwear of speakers of the brogue , but from barróg , an Irish word for a lisp or accent .  callow -- A river meadow , a landing-place , from Irish caladh .  camogie -- From Irish camóg , small hooked object , a camogue . The women 's equivalent of hurling .  carrageen -- moss . From Irish carraigín , ` little rock ' .  carrow -- An ancient Irish gambler , from cearrbhach .  caubeen -- An Irish beret , adopted as part of the uniform of Irish regiments of the British Army . From cáibín .  clabber -- also bonny-clabber ( from clábar and bainne clábair ) curdled milk .  clarsach -- An ancient Irish and Scottish harp , from Irish cláirseach .  clock O.Ir . clocc meaning `` bell '' . Probably entered Germanic via the hand-bells used by early Irish missionaries .  coccagee Cac na gé -- goose shit . The name of a type of cider apple found in Ireland , so called for its green colour .  colcannon -- A kind of ` bubble and squeak ' . Probably from cál ceannfhionn , white headed cabbage .  colleen -- ( from cailín meaning `` a girl '' ) .  conk -- Slang term for a big nose . The term Old Conky was a nickname for the Duke of Wellington . Dinneen gives coinncín as ` a prominent nose ' and this seems to be related to terms like geanc , meaning a snub nose .  coshering -- Nothing to do with Jewish dietary law . Coshering ( from Irish cóisir , feast ) was when a lord went round staying with his subjects and expecting to be entertained . Because of this cóisireacht can mean ` sponging ' in Modern Irish , though cóisir usually just means a party .  coyne -- A kind of billeting , from Irish coinmheadh .  crock - As in ' A crock of gold ' , from Irish cnoc .  cross -- The ultimate source of this word is Latin crux . The English word comes from Old Irish cros via Old Norse kross .  crubeens - Pig 's feet , from Irish Crúibín .  cudeigh -- A night 's lodging , from Irish cuid na hoíche .  curragh -- An Irish boat made from skins or tarred canvas stretched over a wooden frame . Irish currach .  drum , drumlin -- from Irish droim , droimlín . A ridge or small hill of glacial origin , such as in the landscape of Down .  drisheen -- is a type of black pudding associated with Cork . From drisín .  dudeen -- A clay pipe , from Irish dúidín .  dulse -- From Irish duileasc , originally meaning water leaf . A type of edible seaweed .  erenagh -- A hereditary holder of church lands . Irish aircheannach .  esker -- From eiscir , an elongated ridge of post-glacial gravel , usually along a river valley ( OED ) .  Fenian -- From Fianna meaning `` semi-independent warrior band '' , a member of a 19th-century Irish nationalist group ( OED ) .  fiacre -- a small four-wheeled carriage for hire , a hackney-coach , associated with St Fiacre area of Paris . Named for Saint Fiachra .  fiorin -- A type of long grass , derived from Irish feorthainn .  Gallowglass -- ( from gallóglach ) a Scottish Gaelic mercenary soldier in Ireland between mid 13th and late 16th centuries .  galore -- ( from go leor meaning `` plenty '' ) a lot .  gillaroo -- A type of fish . From Irish giolla rua , red lad .  glib -- An obsolete term for a kind of haircut associated with warriors ( because it protected the forehead ) banned by the English . Irish glib , fringe .  glom - ( from glám ) To become too attached to someone .  gob -- ( literally beak ) mouth . From Irish gob . ( OED )  grouse -- In slang sense of grumble , perhaps from gramhas , meaning grin , grimace , ugly face .  griskin -- ( from griscín ) a lean cut of meat from the loin of a pig , a chop .  hooligan -- ( from the Irish family name Ó hUallacháin , anglicised as Hooligan or Hoolihan ) .  keening -- From caoinim ( meaning `` I wail '' ) to lament , to wail mournfully ( OED .  kern -- An outlaw or a common soldier . From ceithearn or ceithearnach , still the word in Irish for a pawn in chess .  Leprechaun -- a fairy or spirit ( from leipreachán )  Limerick -- ( from Luimneach ) . The limerick form was particularly associated in the 18th century with a group of Irish language poets called Filí na Máighe .  lough -- ( from loch ) a lake , or arm of the sea .  madder -- Also mether . A traditional square-sided wooden drinking vessel , Irish meadar .  merrow -- An Irish mermaid . Irish murúch .  moiley An ancient breed of Irish hornless cattle , from maol , bald or hornless .  mucker - ( from mo chara ) A friend  ogham Ancient Irish alphabet . The Irish is also ogham ( pronounced oh-um ) .  omadhaun - A fool , from Irish amadán .  orrery A mechanical model of solar system , named for the Earl of Orrery . This is an old Irish tribal name , Orbhraighe .  pampootie -- pampúta A kind of shoe with good grip worn by men in the Aran Islands .  phoney -- ( probably from the English fawney meaning `` gilt brass ring used by swindlers '' , which is from Irish fáinne meaning `` ring '' ) fake .  pinkeen -- From pincín , a minnow or an insignificant person . This in turn comes from English pink + Irish diminutive -- ín .  pollan -- A fish found in Irish loughs , Irish pollán .  pookawn -- A fishing boat , from Irish púcán .  poteen -- ( from poitín ) hooch , bootleg alcoholic drink .  puck -- ( in hockey ) Almost certainly from Irish poc , according to the OED .  puss -- As in sourpuss , comes from Irish pus , a pouting mouth .  rapparee -- An Irish highwayman , from ropaire ( a stabber )  rath -- A strong circular earthen wall forming an enclosure and serving as a fort and residence for a tribal chief . From Irish rath .  shamrock -- ( from seamróg ) a shamrock , diminutive of seamair , clover , used as a symbol for Ireland .  Shan Van Vocht -- ( from seanbhean bhocht meaning `` poor old woman '' ) a literary name for Ireland in the 18th and 19th centuries .  Shanty - A poorly built home in a slum area ( from sean tigh , meaning `` an old house '' ) .  shebeen -- ( from síbín meaning `` illicit whiskey , poteen '' , apparently a diminutive of síob , which means drift , blow , ride ) unlicensed house selling alcohol ( OED ) .  shillelagh -- ( from sail éille meaning `` a beam with a strap '' ) a wooden club or cudgel made from a stout knotty stick with a large knob on the end .  shoneen -- A West Brit , an Irishman who apes English customs . From Irish Seoinín , a little John ( in a Gaelic version of the English form , Seon , not the Irish Seán ) .  Sidhe Modern Sí -- the fairies , fairyland .  slauntiagh -- An obsolete word for sureties or guarantees , which comes from Irish sláinteacha with the same meaning .  sleveen , sleiveen -- ( from slíbhín ) an untrustworthy or cunning person . Used in Ireland and Newfoundland ( OED ) .  slew -- ( from slua meaning `` a large number '' ) a great amount ( OED ) .  slob -- ( from slab ) mud ( OED ) .  slogan -- ( from sluaghairm meaning `` a battle-cry used by Gaelic clans '' ) . I think this is more likely to be of Scottish origin .  slug - ( from slog ) A swig of a drink . e.g. . A slug of red eye  smithereens small fragments , atoms . In phrases such as ` to explode into smithereens ' . This is the Irish word smidiríní . This is obviously Irish because of the -- ín ending but the basic word seems to be Germanic , something to do with the work of a smith .  spalpeen -- A migratory labourer in Ireland . From spailpín .  tanist -- The deputy and successor of a chieftain or religious leader . A term used in anthropology . From Irish tánaiste , secondary person .  tilly -- ( from tuilleadh meaning `` a supplement '' ) used in Newfoundland to refer to an additional luck-penny . It is used by Joyce in the first chapter of Ulysses .  tory -- Originally an Irish outlaw , probably from the word tóraí meaning `` pursuer '' .  trousers -- From Irish triús .  turlough -- A seasonal lake in limestone area ( OED ) . Irish turloch ` dry lake . '  uilleann pipes -- Irish bellows-blown bagpipes . Uilleann is Irish for ` elbow ' .  usker -- From Irish uscar , a jewel sewn into an item of clothing .  whiskey -- From uisce beatha meaning `` water of life '' .   Other words   Bualadh bos ( A round of applause )  Camán ( hurley )  Cipín ( Small stick/firekindling )  Crúibín ( Pigs foot )  Fáilte ( Welcome )  Fláithiúil ( Excessively/uncommonly generous )  Grá ( Great love or affection for someone/something )  Is maith liom ( I like/It 's good )  Lúdramán ( Fool )  Lúdar ( Fool )  Meas ( High regard/respect for someone/something )  Óinseach ( Fool , generally female )  Plámás ( Excessive/Insincere praise or flattery )  Sceach ( Any thorny bush , sceach gheal ( Hawthorn ) )  Sláinte ( Cheers | Good Health )  Slán ( Safe , whole , healthy , complete ) ( Shortened version of go dté tu slán ( `` may you go safely '' ) , used as modern equivalent of the French au revoir or English see you . )

neg: Gaelscoil A Gaelscoil ( -LSB- ˈɡˠeːl̪ˠsˠkɛlʲ -RSB- ; plural : Gaelscoileanna ) is an Irish-medium school in Ireland : the term refers especially to Irish-medium schools outside the Irish-speaking regions or Gaeltacht . Over 50,000 students attend Gaelscoileanna on the island of Ireland . A further over 13,000 students are receiving their primary and second level education through Irish in the Gaeltacht . Gaelscoileanna and Irish-medium schools in the Gaeltacht are supported and represented by Gaeloideachas and An Chomhairle um Oideachas Gaeltachta & Gaelscolaíochta or COGG for short .   Students in the Gaelscoileanna acquire the Irish language through language immersion , and study the standard curriculum through it . Gaelscoileanna , unlike English-medium schools , have the reputation of producing competent Irish speakers . English-medium schools , in contrast , produce relatively few fluent Irish speakers , despite the Irish language being an obligatory subject in the Republic of Ireland in both primary and secondary school . This has been attributed in part to the lack of Irish-language immersion programs .

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture .   British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital .   The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine .   The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .

neg: Anglo Irish Bank Anglo Irish Bank was an Irish bank headquartered in Dublin from 1964 to 2011 . It began to wind down after nationalisation in 2009 .  In July 2011 Anglo Irish merged with the Irish Nationwide Building Society , forming a new company named the Irish Bank Resolution Corporation . Michael Noonan , the Minister for Finance stated that the name change was important in order to remove `` the negative international references associated with the appalling failings of both institutions and their previous managements '' .   Anglo Irish mainly dealt in business and commercial banking , and had only a limited retail presence in the major Irish cities . It also had wealth management and treasury divisions . Anglo Irish had operations in Austria , Switzerland , the Isle of Man , the United Kingdom , and the United States .   The bank 's heavy exposure to property lending , with most of its loan book being to builders and property developers , meant that it was badly affected by the downturn in the Irish property market in 2008 . In December 2008 , the Irish government announced plans to inject $ 1.5 billion of capital for a 75 % stake in the bank , effectively nationalising it . The Dublin and London Stock Exchanges immediately suspended trading in Anglo Irish 's shares , with the final closing share price of $ 0.22 representing a fall of over 98 % from its peak .   On 16 January 2009 the then Taoiseach Brian Cowen stated that it was `` business as usual '' at Anglo Irish Bank , and people should be reassured that the bank is solvent . Between June and September 2009 , the Minister for Finance provided $ 4 billion in capital . In a statement on 30 March 2010 , a day before Anglo Irish Bank reported its financial results , the Minister Of Finance Brian Lenihan announced an injection of $ 8.3 billion into the bank , noting that a further $ 10 billion may be required at a later stage to cover future losses and ensure an adequate capital base .   Since the nationalization of Anglo Irish Bank a number of controversies have arisen over certain business practices and loans , including loans to directors and loans to people associated with Brendan Murtagh , EMPG , and the QUINN group .   On 31 March 2010 Anglo Irish Bank reported results for the 15 months to December 2009 . Losses for the period were $ 12.7 billion , with an operating profit before impairment of $ 2.4 billion and an impairment charges of $ 15.1 billion driving the overall result . It is the largest loss in Irish corporate history . Total assets declined to $ 85.2 billion at the end of 2009 from $ 101.3 billion in September 2008 .   The European Commission allowed the Irish government on 10 August 2010 to temporarily grant $ 10 billion to Anglo Irish Bank - this included an additional $ 1.4 billion sought by Ireland to allow the nationalised bank meet its regulatory capital requirements in light of increased costs associated with transferring loans to the National Asset Management Agency .   In 2011 the accounts for UK savers were moved to the Allied Irish Bank ( GB ) .

neg: List of settlements on the island of Ireland by population This is a list of the 25 largest towns and cities on the island of Ireland by population . It therefore includes towns and cities in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland . The population figures listed are for the urban area centered around each settlement excluding areas that fall within the boundary of another town or city . The figures for Northern Ireland towns are based on the 2011 Northern Ireland Census , while the figures for towns in the Republic are based on the 2006 Census of Ireland , and cities in the Republic of Ireland are based on the 2016 Census of Ireland .

neg: British Overseas Territories The 14 British Overseas Territories ( BOT ) are territories under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United Kingdom . They are the parts of the British Empire that have not been granted independence or have voted to remain British territories . These territories do not form part of the United Kingdom and , with the exception of Gibraltar , are not part of the European Union . Most of the inhabited territories are internally self-governing , with the UK retaining responsibility for defence and foreign relations . The rest are either uninhabited or have a transitory population of military or scientific personnel . They share the British monarch ( Elizabeth II ) as head of state .   The term `` British Overseas Territory '' was introduced by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 , replacing the term British Dependent Territory , introduced by the British Nationality Act 1981 . Prior to 1 January 1983 , the territories were officially referred to as British Crown Colonies . With the exceptions of the British Antarctic Territory and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( which host only officials and research station staff ) and the British Indian Ocean Territory ( used as a military base ) , the Territories retain permanent civilian populations . Permanent residency for the 7,000 or so civilians living in the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia is limited to citizens of the Republic of Cyprus .   Collectively , the Territories encompass a population of about 250,000 people and a land area of about 667018 sqmi . The vast majority of this land area , 660000 sqmi , constitutes the almost uninhabited British Antarctic Territory , while the largest territory by population , Bermuda , accounts for almost a quarter of the total BOT population . At the other end of the scale , three territories have no civilian population ; the Antarctic territory , the British Indian Ocean Territory ( from which the Chagos Islanders were controversially removed ) and South Georgia . Pitcairn Islands , settled by the survivors of the Mutiny on the Bounty , is the smallest settled territory with 49 inhabitants , while the smallest by land area is Gibraltar on the southern tip of the Iberian peninsula . The United Kingdom participates in the Antarctic Treaty System and , as part of a mutual agreement , the British Antarctic Territory is recognised by four of the other sovereign nations making claims to Antarctic territory .   Although the Crown dependencies of Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man are also under the sovereignty of the British monarch , they are in a different constitutional relationship with the United Kingdom . The British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies are themselves distinct from the Commonwealth realms , a group of 15 independent countries ( and the United Kingdom ) which each also have Elizabeth II as their reigning monarch , and from the Commonwealth of Nations , a voluntary association of 52 countries mostly with historic links to the British Empire ( which also includes all Commonwealth realms ) .   the Minister responsible for the Territories excluding the Falkland Islands , Gibraltar and the Sovereign Base Areas is Baroness Anelay , Minister of State for the Commonwealth and the UN . The other three territories are the responsibility of Sir Alan Duncan MP , Minister of State for Europe and the Americas .

neg: Message to the Free Nations of the World In 1919 the First Dáil of the Irish Republic issued a Message to the Free Nations of the World ( Scéal ó Dháil Éireann chum Saor-Náisiún an Domhain , Appel aux Nations ) . The message was approved by Dáil Éireann on 21 January 1919 . It asked nations to recognise Ireland as a separate nation , free from British rule . It was adopted in three languages : Irish , English and French .   Little attention was paid to it by the free nations as World War I was ending . An Armistice had been signed , but the war technically ended with the Treaty of Versailles which was signed in June 1919 . Britain assured its fellow-victors that the situation in Ireland would be dealt with under the new principles of self-determination , and so significant Irish support in America was negated by President Wilson who would not recognise the sovereignty of the Irish Republic . The British solution was enacted in 1920 as the Government of Ireland Act 1920 . The Irish Republic was not recognised by any other state .

neg: Centre points of the United Kingdom There has long been debate over the exact location of the geographical centre of the United Kingdom , and its constituent countries , due to the complexity and method of the calculation , such as whether to include offshore islands , and the fact that erosion will cause the position to change over time . There are two main methods of calculating this `` centre '' : either as the centroid of the two-dimensional shape made by the country ( projected to the Airy ellipsoid then flattened using the Transverse Mercator projection ) , or as the point farthest from the boundary of the country ( either the sea , or , in the case of constituent countries , a land border ) . These two methods give quite different answers .

neg: Kingdom of Great Britain The United Kingdom of Great Britain , officially Great Britain , was a sovereign state in western Europe from 1 May 1707 to 31 December 1800 . The state came into being following the Treaty of Union in 1706 , ratified by the Acts of Union 1707 , which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands . It did not include Ireland , which remained a separate realm . The unitary state was governed by a single parliament and government that was based in Westminster . The former kingdoms had been in personal union since James VI , King of Scots , became King of England and King of Ireland in 1603 following the death of Queen Elizabeth I , bringing about a `` Union of the Crowns '' . Also after the accession of George I to the throne of Great Britain in 1714 , the kingdom was in a personal union with the Electorate of Hanover .   The early years of the unified kingdom were marked by Jacobite risings which ended in defeat for the Stuart cause at Culloden in 1746 . Later on in 1763 , victory in the Seven Years ' War led to the dominance of the British Empire , which was to become the foremost global power for over a century and later grew to become the largest empire in history .   On 1 January 1801 , the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland were merged to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . In 1922 , five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom and the state was renamed the `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' -- a title it has retained to date .

neg: English independence English independence is a political stance advocating secession of England , the largest and most populous country of the British Isles , from the United Kingdom . Support for secession of England has been influenced by the increasing devolution of political powers to Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland , where independence from the United Kingdom is a prominent subject of political debate .   English independence is seen by its advocates as a way to resolve the West Lothian question in British politics : Scottish , Welsh and Northern Irish MPs in the Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster can vote on matters affecting England , while English MPs do not have the same power over equivalent issues in Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland , as these powers are devolved to the Scottish Parliament , Northern Ireland Assembly or the National Assembly for Wales .   While some minor political parties have campaigned for English independence , all major UK-wide political parties adhere to the opposing view of British unionism , and oppose altering the constitutional status of England . Scottish demands for independence , rather than English demands , are seen as the most pressing threat to British unity ; Scotland voted against independence at the referendum on 18 September 2014 . and a second vote is proposed in late 2018 or early 2019 .

neg: Ireland–Philippines relations Ireland -- Philippines relations are the political , economic , religious and cultural relations between Ireland and the Philippines . Ireland is represented in the Philippines through its embassy in Kuala Lumpur ( Malaysia ) and an honorary consulate in Manila . The Philippines had an embassy in Dublin but due to financial and organisational burdens was forced to close in 2012 .


query: William McKinley died in the early 1900s.

pos: William McKinley William McKinley Jr. ( January 29 , 1843 -- September 14 , 1901 ) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 25th President of the United States from March 4 , 1897 until his assassination in September 1901 , six months into his second term . McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish -- American War , raised protective tariffs to promote American industry , and maintained the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of inflationary proposals .   McKinley was the last president to have served in the American Civil War , and the only one to have started the war as an enlisted soldier , beginning as a private in the Union Army and ending as a brevet major . After the war , he settled in Canton , Ohio , where he practiced law and married Ida Saxton . In 1876 , he was elected to Congress , where he became the Republican Party 's expert on the protective tariff , which he promised would bring prosperity . His 1890 McKinley Tariff was highly controversial ; which together with a Democratic redistricting aimed at gerrymandering him out of office , led to his defeat in the Democratic landslide of 1890 . He was elected Ohio 's governor in 1891 and 1893 , steering a moderate course between capital and labor interests . With the aid of his close adviser Mark Hanna , he secured the Republican nomination for president in 1896 , amid a deep economic depression . He defeated his Democratic rival , William Jennings Bryan , after a front-porch campaign in which he advocated `` sound money '' ( the gold standard unless altered by international agreement ) and promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity .   Rapid economic growth marked McKinley 's presidency . He promoted the 1897 Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers and factory workers from foreign competition , and in 1900 , he secured the passage of the Gold Standard Act . McKinley hoped to persuade Spain to grant independence to rebellious Cuba without conflict , but when negotiation failed , he led the nation into the Spanish -- American War of 1898 ; the U.S. victory was quick and decisive . As part of the peace settlement , Spain turned over to the United States its main overseas colonies of Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines ; Cuba was promised independence , but at that time remained under the control of the U.S. Army . The United States annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898 and it became a U.S. territory .   Historians regard McKinley 's 1896 victory as a realigning election , in which the political stalemate of the post -- Civil War era gave way to the Republican-dominated Fourth Party System , which began with the Progressive Era . McKinley defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election , in a campaign focused on imperialism , protectionism , and free silver . However , his legacy was quickly cut short when he was shot on September 6 , 1901 by Leon Czolgosz , a second-generation Polish-American with anarchist leanings ; McKinley died eight days later , and was succeeded by his Vice President Theodore Roosevelt . As an innovator of American interventionism and pro-business sentiment , McKinley 's presidency is generally considered above average , though his universally positive public perception was soon overshadowed by Roosevelt .

neg: Frank Hamilton Short Frank Hamilton Short ( September 12 , 1862 - June 5 , 1920 ) was a Fresno , California lawyer and a states ' rights advocate within the early American Conservation movement .   Soon after Short 's birth in Shelby County , Missouri , his father died from drinking poisoned water while engaged in the American Civil War . Short and his mother moved to Fresno , California in 1881 . After a brief stint as a school teacher in Ahwanee , California , Short was , at age 22 , elected justice of the peace in Fresno County .   Admitted to the bar in 1887 , Short became an accomplished trial lawyer . Later , he changed his practice to represent companies in the oil , water , and natural resources industries . Short was involved in the California Bar Association , a voluntary organization that predated the mandatory State Bar of California that was established in 1927 . He was president of the statewide organization in 1918 . He also had been president of the Fresno County Bar Association in 1899 , 1912 , and 1913 .   In 1899 , Governor Henry Gage appointed Short to the State Board of Commissioners for the preservation of Yosemite Valley . Short was an avid hiker and explorer of the Sierra Nevada .   Short was nationally known for his advocacy for states ' rights and the private development of natural resources . He attended several national public lands and conservation conferences and was a speaker at the National Conservation Congress held in St. Paul , Minnesota in September 1910 , as were President William Taft , former President Theodore Roosevelt , and conservationist Gifford Pinchot . Later , Short teamed with former California governor James N. Gillett to lobby Congress on similar issues .   A lifelong Republican , Short unsuccessfully ran in 1888 for Fresno County district attorney . He was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions in St. Louis , Missouri in 1896 and in Chicago , Illinois in 1904 , where he was on the sub-committee that drafted the party platform . In 1912 he actively campaigned for the re-election of President Taft in opposition to Progressive Party candidate Theodore Roosevelt . Short ran for a seat in the California State Senate in 1906 , but lost by fewer than 400 votes . He was mentioned as a possible candidate for California governor in 1902 , and as a United States Senate candidate in 1904 .   In 1911 , he challenged former President Roosevelt at the Commonwealth Club in San Francisco , California , again on the issue of the Western States ' rights to develop federal lands . In his argument , Short used a metaphor of Uncle Sam having four sons , East , North , South , and West . Uncle Sam transferred to his three oldest sons , East , North , and South , all their share of his estate . Then after the youngest brother began to show the real value of the left-over portion of their father 's estate , the older brothers began to look with covetous eyes upon their younger brother 's inheritance . Then the elder brothers complained to Uncle Sam that he should not have given them the land and to atone for his mistake , he should hold the younger brother 's share for the benefit of all four of them . Short later published a written rebuttal to President Roosevelt 's Commonwealth Club speech .   Short died after a long illness in San Francisco , California and was buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Fresno , California .

neg: United States presidential election in New Hampshire, 1900 The 1900 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place on November 6 , 1900 throughout 45 states . Voters chose four representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   New Hampshire overwhelmingly voted for the Republican nominee , President William McKinley , over the Democratic nominee , former U.S. Representative and 1896 Democratic presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan . McKinley won New Hampshire by a margin of 20.91 % in this rematch of the 1896 presidential election . The return of economic prosperity and recent victory in the Spanish -- American War helped McKinley to score a decisive victory .

neg: Inauguration of Franklin Pierce The inauguration of Franklin Pierce as the 14th President of the United States was held on Friday , March 4 , 1853 on the East Portico at the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. . The inauguration marked the commencement of Franklin Pierce 's only four-year term as President and William R. King 's only term as Vice President . Chief Justice Roger B. Taney administered the presidential oath of office . Pierce affirmed the oath of office rather than swear it , and was also the first president to recite his inaugural address from memory .   Ill with tuberculosis , King was in Cuba in an effort to recover in the warmer climate , and was not able to be in Washington to take his oath of office on March 4 . By a Special Act of Congress , he was allowed to take the oath outside the United States , and was sworn in on March 24 , 1853 . He is the only vice president to be sworn in in a foreign country . King died days into his term , and the office remained vacant for the balance of it . ( Prior to ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967 , no constitutional provision existed for filling an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency . )

neg: William Allen White William Allen White ( February 10 , 1868 -- January 29 , 1944 ) was a renowned American newspaper editor , politician , author , and leader of the Progressive movement . Between 1896 and his death , White became the iconic spokesman for middle America .

neg: Presidency of William McKinley The presidency of William McKinley began on March 4 , 1897 at noon Eastern Standard Time , when William McKinley was inaugurated as President of the United States , and ended on September 14 , 1901 , upon his assassination and death , days into his second term . McKinley , a Republican , was succeeded by Vice President Theodore Roosevelt .   The 25th United States president , he took office following the 1896 presidential election , in which he defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan , after a front-porch campaign in which he advocated `` sound money '' , promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity , and denounced Bryan 's radicalism and class warfare . He defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election , in a campaign focused on imperialism , protectionism , and free silver . McKinley 's presidency marked the beginning of an era in American political history from the mid -- 1890s to 1932 that was generally dominated by the Republican Party .   McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish -- American War , took ownership of Hawaii , the Philippines and Puerto Rico , restored prosperity , promoted pluralism among all groups , raised protective tariffs to promote American industry , and maintained the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of inflationary proposals . Rapid economic growth marked his presidency . He promoted the 1897 Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers and factory workers from foreign competition , and in 1900 , he secured the passage of the Gold Standard Act . McKinley hoped to persuade Spain to grant independence to rebellious Cuba without conflict , but when negotiation failed , he led the nation in the Spanish -- American War of 1898 ; the U.S. victory was quick and decisive . As part of the peace settlement , Spain turned over to the United States its main overseas colonies of Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines ; Cuba was promised independence , but for a time remained under the control of the U.S. Army . The United States annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898 and it became a U.S. territory . As an innovator of American interventionism and pro-business sentiment , McKinley 's presidency is generally ranked above average . Historian Lewis L. Gould argues that McKinley was effective in domestic and foreign affairs and was `` the first modern president '' :

neg: Inauguration of Andrew Johnson The inauguration of Andrew Johnson as the 17th President of the United States was held on April 15 , 1865 at the Kirkwood House in Washington , D.C. , following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln . The inauguration marked the commencement of Andrew Johnson 's only term ( a partial term of ) as President . Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase administered the Oath of office . After the ceremony , President Johnson gave an impromptu inaugural address , which began with him begging the cabinet to remain with him and then attacking the Confederacy with such venom , that one witness remarked `` It would have been better had he been struck dumb . ''   As President Lincoln lay dying , Vice President Johnson visited the room where he lay , and when Mrs. Lincoln saw him , it was reported , she screamed and demanded he be removed . So he went back to his room at the Kirkwood House .   According to newspaper reports , the Vice President had gotten severely inebriated , and when aides to the now-dead president came to fetch the new President they were unable to wake him for several minutes . When he was finally awake , the accounts read , `` he had puffy eyes and his hair was caked with mud from the street , '' and that a barber and doctor were summoned to clean him up for the ten-o'clock ceremony , which most accounts agree went smoothly . However , there are other accounts , believed more reliable by some , which refute this claim .

neg: 1917 State of the Union Address The 1917 State of the Union Address was given by Woodrow Wilson , the 28th President of the United States on December 4 , 1917 , during his turbulent second term . He spoke in the United States House of Representatives , in the United States Capitol . He said , `` I shall not go back to debate the causes of the war . The intolerable wrongs done and planned against us by the sinister masters of Germany have long since become too grossly obvious and odious to every true American to need to be rehearsed . '' He addressed the 65th United States Congress , and spoke of World War I . He ended with , `` A supreme moment of history has come . The eyes of the people have been opened and they see . The hand of God is laid upon the nations . He will show them favor , I devoutly believe , only if they rise to the clear heights of His own justice and mercy . '' In the middle of the speech , he said this about the German Empire , `` The worst that can happen to the detriment the German people is this , that if they should still , after the war is over , continue to be obliged to live under ambitious and intriguing masters interested to disturb the peace of the world , men or classes of men whom the other peoples of the world could not trust , it might be impossible to admit them to the partnership of nations which must henceforth guarantee the world 's peace . '' He is saying that empires ' do not promote world peace . A year after he gave this speech , on December 4 , 1918 , the United States military would swallow Germany in victory , and the saying that is written would come true , `` Death has been swallowed up in victory . ''

neg: Matthew Derbyshire Mann Matthew Derbyshire Mann ( 1844 -- 1921 ) was one of the physicians who attended President William McKinley after he had been shot by Leon Czolgosz .

neg: 1910s The 1910s ( pronounced `` nineteen-tens '' , also abbreviated as the `` teens '' ) was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1 , 1910 , and ended on December 31 , 1919 . The 1910s represented the culmination of European militarism which had its beginnings during the second half of the 19th century . The conservative lifestyles during the first half of the decade , as well as the legacy of military alliances , was forever changed by the assassination , on June 28 , 1914 , of Archduke Franz Ferdinand , the heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne . The murder triggered a chain of events in which , within 33 days , World War I broke out in Europe on August 1 , 1914 . The conflict dragged on until a truce was declared on November 11 , 1918 , leading to the controversial , one-sided Treaty of Versailles , which was signed on June 28 , 1919 .   The war 's end triggered the abdication of various monarchies and the collapse of five of the last modern empires of Russia , Germany , China , Ottoman Turkey and Austria-Hungary , with the latter splintered into Austria , Hungary , southern Poland ( who acquired most of their land in a war with Soviet Russia ) , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia , as well as the unification of Romania with Transylvania and Moldavia . However , each of these states ( with the possible exception of Yugoslavia ) had large German and Hungarian minorities , there creating some unexpected problems that would be brought to light in the next two decades . ( See Dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Empire : Successor States for better description of composition of names of successor countries/states following the splinter . )   The decade was also a period of revolution in a number of countries . The Mexican Revolution spearheaded the trend in November 1910 , which led to the ousting of dictator Porfirio Diaz , developing into a violent civil war that dragged on until mid-1920 , not long after a new Mexican Constitution was signed and ratified . Russia also had a similar fate , since World War I led to a collapse in morale as well as to economic chaos . This atmosphere encouraged the establishment of Bolshevism , which was later renamed as communism . Like the Mexican Revolution , the Russian Revolution of 1917 , known as the October Revolution , immediately turned to Russian Civil War that dragged until approximately late 1922 .   Much of the music in these years was ballroom-themed . Many of the fashionable restaurants were equipped with dance floors . Prohibition in the United States began January 16 , 1919 , with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution .

neg: Taft Commission The Taft Commission , also known as Second Philippine Commission ( Filipino : Ikalawang Komisyon ng Pilipinas ) was established by United States President William McKinley on March 16 , 1900 following the recommendations of the First Philippine Commission . The Second Commission was at first the sole legislative body of the Philippines , then known as the Philippine Islands under the sovereign control of the United States , while still under the Philippine -- American War . After the passage of the Philippine Organic Act in 1902 , the Commission functioned as a House of bicameral legislature until it was supplanted in 1916 by an elected legislature established in 1916 by the Philippine Autonomy Act .   William Howard Taft was the first head of the Philippine Commission , a post he filled between March 16 , 1900 and July 4 , 1901 , after which the commission head also became the Civil Governor of the Philippines . He held the post until January 31 , 1904 after he was appointed as the Secretary of War by Pres. Theodore Roosevelt . The Philippine Commission was subsequently headed by a number of persons , but is often mentioned informally and collectively as the `` Taft Commission '' .

neg: Rafael Nieto Abeillé Rafael Nieto Abeillé , born in Cuba and educated in Spain , while serving as a prosecutor in Matanzas , Cuba , was appointed in 1896 as a trial judge in San Juan , Puerto Rico . Months later , he was appointed as a prosecutor before Puerto Rico 's highest appellate court before being appointed as a magistrate on the court in 1898 .   In July 1899 , under United States rule , military governor Davis appointed him as Puerto Rico 's Attorney General , a post that he held until April 1900 . A speaker of the English language , he helped improve communications between Davis and the legal profession . After the 1900 Foraker Act went into effect , President William McKinley on June 5 appointed him as Associate Justice of the new Supreme Court of Puerto Rico . However , he resigned nine months later , on February 26 , 1901 , to return to his native Cuba to serve in that country 's court system until his death on January 10 , 1916 .

neg: David McKinley David Bennett McKinley ( born March 28 , 1947 ) is an American politician who has been the U.S. Representative for since 2011 . He is a member of the Republican Party . McKinley was a member of the West Virginia House of Delegates from 1981 -- 94 , and he was Chairman of the West Virginia Republican Party from 1990-94 .

neg: Thomas H. Anderson (judge) Thomas H. Anderson ( June 6 , 1848 -- October 1 , 1916 ) was a United States federal judge .   Anderson was born in Belmont County , Ohio , and attended Mount Union College . He was a high school principal , Cambridge , Ohio in 1871 . He was in private practice of law in Cambridge , Ohio from 1871 to 1889 . He was a U.S. Minister to Bolivia from 1889 to 1893 . He was in private practice of law in Washington , DC from 1893 to 1899 . He was a U.S. Attorney for the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia ( now the United States District Court for the District of Columbia ) from 1899 to 1901 .   Anderson was a federal judge on the United States District Court for the District of Columbia . Anderson received a recess appointment from William McKinley on April 23 , 1901 , to a seat vacated by Charles C. Cole . nominated on December 5 , 1901 ; He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 4 , 1902 , and received his commission on February 6 , 1902 . Anderson 's service was terminated on October 1 , 1916 , due to his death .

neg: Chuck McKinley Charles Robert `` Chuck '' McKinley , Jr. ( January 5 , 1941 -- August 10 , 1986 ) was an American former World No. 1 men 's amateur tennis champion of the 1960s . He is remembered as an undersized , hard working dynamo , whose relentless effort and competitive spirit led American tennis to the top of the sport during a period heavily dominated by Australians .   McKinley won the 1963 Men 's Singles Championship at Wimbledon , and as a result was ranked World No. 1 by some journalists . He paired with his college rival , Dennis Ralston , to win the 1963 Davis Cup , the only interruption in eight unbroken years of Australian dominance . He also paired with Ralston to win the U.S. Men 's Doubles championships three times , in 1961 , 1963 , and 1964 .

neg: United States presidential election in Wisconsin, 1900 The 1900 United States presidential election in Wisconsin was held on November 6 , 1900 . Wisconsin voters chose twelve electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Republican Party candidate William McKinley won the state with 60 % of the popular vote , winning Wisconsin 's twelve electoral votes .

neg: William Howard Taft III William Howard Taft III ( August 7 , 1915 -- February 23 , 1991 ) was an American diplomat who served as United States Ambassador to Ireland from 1953 to 1957 , and was a grandson of President William Howard Taft and First Lady Helen Louise `` Nellie '' Taft .

neg: Emilio Aguinaldo Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy ( -LSB- eˈmi.ljo a.ɣiˈnal.do -RSB- ; Emilio Famy Aguinaldo , Sr. : March 22 , 1869 -- February 6 , 1964 ) was a Filipino revolutionary , politician , and a military leader who is officially recognized as the First President of the Philippines ( 1899 -- 1901 ) and first president of a constitutional republic in Asia . He led Philippine forces first against Spain in the latter part of the Philippine Revolution ( 1896 -- 1898 ) , and then in the Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) , and finally against the United States during the Philippine -- American War ( 1899 -- 1901 ) . He was captured in Palanan , Isabela by American forces on March 23 , 1901 , which brought an end to his presidency .   In 1935 , Aguinaldo ran unsuccessfully for president of the Philippine Commonwealth against Manuel Quezon . After the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in 1941 , he cooperated with the new rulers , even making a radio appeal for the surrender of the American and Filipino forces on Bataan . He was arrested as a collaborator after the Americans returned but was later freed in a general amnesty .

neg: Jesse Frederick Essary Jesse Frederick Essary ( August 22 , 1881 -- March 11 , 1942 ) was an American journalist , part of the White House press corps in the decades before the Second World War .   Born in Washburn , Tennessee. , north of Knoxville , on August 22 , 1881 , Essary was the son of attorney John Thurman Essary and Maetta Hill Essary . He graduated from Nashville 's Montgomery Bell Academy in 1899 , attended Emory and Henry College , and entered the newspaper trade in 1903 with the Norfolk Ledger in Virginia . With a knack for being in the right place at the right time , Essary was one of just two reporters on hand at Kitty Hawk in April 1908 as the Wright brothers made their first public flights , disproving skeptics who had called them `` better liars than flyers . '' .   Essary moved on to become Washington correspondent for a series of papers before 1912 settling in at the Baltimore Sun , where he remained for the rest of his 39-year career .   Essary went to Versailles with President Wilson for peace negotiations in 1919 .   He was president of the Gridiron Club .   In late 1925 he moved to the Sun '' 's London bureau for a year .   He was the author of Covering Washington ( 1927 ) -- surprisingly familiar accounts of spin and manipulation .   The Post reported that `` President -LSB- Franklin -RSB- Roosevelt came to know Essary so well that he could recognize his deep baritone at crowded White House press conferences and would call him by name even when he could not see him . '' .   He retired as bureau chief in late 1941 , remaining as a correspondent . J. Fred Essary died in his Washington office on March 11 , 1942 , aged 60 .   On his death , President Roosevelt sent personal condolences to the widow , while Secretary of State Cordell Hull , a Tennessean , wrote to her that `` Fred and I were close personal friends for 35 years . '' Senate Majority Leader Alben Barkley paid tribute to him on the Senate floor . Colleague H.L. Mencken was among the active pallbearers .   The Washington Post '' editorialized : `` It was not even because his career as Washington correspondent extended over nine administrations that he was called ` the Dean ' by his colleagues ... . The term was primarily one of affection and respect pinned onto him by younger men who looked up to him as a friend and guide and an exemplar of what a Washington correspondent ought to be . ''   SOURCES :   `` Newspaper Man to Make Change . '' Washington Post , March 3 , 1912 .   `` Newspaper Men Sent ` Leak ' Wires . '' ( Essary 's role in insider trading scandal ) New York Times , Feb. 4 , 1917   '' ` Covering Washington ' Relates Story of Work of Correspondent Here . '' Washington Post , June 26 , 1927 .   `` J. F. Essary Dead ; Noted Journalist . '' New York Times , March 12 , 1942 .   `` J. Fred Essary '' ( editorial ) . Washington Post , March 12 , 1942 .   The American Literary Yearbook . A biographical and bibliographical dictionary of living North American authors . Volume 1 , 1919 . Edited by Hamilton Traub . Henning , MN : Paul Traub , 1919 .   Biography Index . A cumulative index to biographical material in books and magazines . Volume 2 : August , 1949-August , 1952 . New York : H.W. Wilson Co. , 1953 .   Who Was Who in America . A companion biographical reference work to Who 's Who in America . Volume 2 , 1943-1950 . Chicago : A.N. Marquis Co. , 1963 .   List of Liberty ships including one named for Essary .

neg: Tahawus, New York Tahawus ( also called Adirondac , or McIntyre , pronounced ` tuh-hawz ' ) was a village in the Town of Newcomb , Essex County , New York , United States . It is now a ghost town situated in Adirondack Park . Tahawus is located in Essex County within the unpopulated northern area designated to the town of Newcomb . Tahawus was the site of major mining and iron smelting operations in the 19th century . Although standing as recently as 2005 , the last mining facilities have since been demolished and removed ( with the exception of some minor garages , blast furnaces and outbuildings ) .   It was in Tahawus in 1901 that Vice President Theodore Roosevelt learned President William McKinley was dying .   The Adirondack Iron and Steel Company was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 .