query: Windsor, Ontario is outside North America.

pos: Canada Canada ( -LSB- ˈkænədə -RSB- -LSB- kanadɑ -RSB- ) is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 e6km2 , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area and the fourth-largest country by land area . Canada 's border with the United States is the world 's longest binational land border . The majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate , but southerly areas are warm in summer . Canada is sparsely populated , the majority of its land territory being dominated by forest and tundra and the Rocky Mountains . It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , many near the southern border . One third of the population lives in the three largest cities : Toronto , Montreal and Vancouver . Its capital is Ottawa , and other major urban areas include Calgary , Edmonton , Quebec City , Winnipeg and Hamilton .   Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French claims were made on the area , with the colony of Canada first being established by the French in 1535 during Jacques Cartier 's second voyage to New France . As a consequence of various conflicts , Great Britain gained and lost territories within British North America until it was left , in the late 18th century , with what mostly geographically comprises Canada today . Pursuant to the British North America Act , on July 1 , 1867 , the colonies of Canada , New Brunswick , and Nova Scotia joined to form the semi-autonomous federal Dominion of Canada . This began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada .   In 1931 , Canada achieved near total independence from the United Kingdom with the Statute of Westminster 1931 , but at the time , Canada decided to allow the British Parliament to temporarily retain the power to amend Canada 's constitution , on request from the Parliament of Canada . With the Constitution Act 1982 , Canada took over that authority ( as the conclusion of Patriation ) , removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom , giving the country full sovereignty .   Canada is a federal parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy , with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state . The country is officially bilingual at the federal level . It is one of the world 's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations , the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries . Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world , relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade networks . Canada 's long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture .   Canada is a developed country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index . It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency , civil liberties , quality of life , economic freedom , and education . Canada is a Commonwealth realm member of the Commonwealth of Nations , a member of the Francophonie , and part of several major international and intergovernmental institutions or groupings including the United Nations , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization , the G8 , the Group of Ten , the G20 , the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum .

pos: Ontario Ontario ( -LSB- ɒnˈtɛərioʊ -RSB- -LSB- ɔ̃taʁjo -RSB- ) , one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada , is located in east-central Canada . It is Canada 's most populous province by a large margin , accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto .   Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2700 km border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the west at Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These are the Rainy River , the Pigeon River , Lake Superior , the St. Marys River , Lake Huron , the St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , the Detroit River , Lake Erie , the Niagara River , Lake Ontario and along the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km of land border made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border .   Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is located in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested .

pos: Windsor, Ontario Windsor ( -LSB- ˈwɪnzər -RSB- ) is a city in Ontario and the southernmost city in Canada . It is located on the southern shore of the Detroit River , directly across the river from Detroit , Michigan . Windsor is a major contributor to Canada 's automotive industry and has a storied history and a diverse culture .   Windsor is among the best places to retire in Ontario , according to Comfort Life , a publication for seniors , partly because of the low cost of living . According to this source , the Globe and Mail also makes this recommendation .

pos: Detroit River The Detroit River flows for 24 nmi from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie as a strait in the Great Lakes system and forms part of the border between Canada and the United States . The river divides the metropolitan areas of Detroit , Michigan and Windsor , Ontario - an area referred to as Detroit -- Windsor . The two cities are connected by the Ambassador Bridge , the Detroit -- Windsor Tunnel and the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel .   The river 's name comes from the French Rivière Détroit , meaning River of the Strait . The Detroit River has served an important role in the history of Detroit and is one of the busiest waterways in the world . The river travels west and south from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie , and the whole river is coterminous with the border between Canada and the United States .   The river serves as an important transportation route connecting Lake Michigan , Huron , and Superior to the St. Lawrence Seaway and Erie Canal . When Detroit underwent rapid industrialization at the turn of the 20th century , the Detroit River became notoriously polluted and toxic . In recent years , however , the ecological importance of the river has warranted a vast restoration effort , and the river today has a wide variety of economical and recreational uses . There are numerous islands in the Detroit River , and much of the lower portion of the river is incorporated into the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge . The portion of the river in the city of Detroit has been organized into the Detroit International Riverfront and the William G. Milliken State Park and Harbor . The Detroit River is designated an American Heritage River and a Canadian Heritage River -- the only river to have this dual designation .

neg: Windsor Hotel (Cairo) The Windsor Hotel ( فندق وندسور in Arabic , Hôtel Windsor in French ) is an historic hotel in downtown Cairo , Egypt . Constructed in 1893 , it is located near Opera Square and across Alfi Bey Street from the site of the former Shepheard 's Hotel , of which it once served as an annex . During the First World War , it served as a British Officers Club , and much of its interior and furnishings date to this period . It has been called `` an unrestored ode to the days of British colonial travel . ''

neg: United States v. Windsor United States v. Windsor , ( Docket No . ) , is a landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court held that restricting U.S. federal interpretation of `` marriage '' and `` spouse '' to apply only to opposite-sex unions , by Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) , is unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment ; Justice Kennedy wrote : `` The federal statute is invalid , for no legitimate purpose overcomes the purpose and effect to disparage and to injure those whom the State , by its marriage laws , sought to protect in personhood and dignity . ''   Edith Windsor ( born 1929 ) and Thea Spyer ( October 8 , 1931 -- February 5 , 2009 ) , a same-sex couple residing in New York , were lawfully married in Toronto , Canada , in 2007 . Later in 2008 , New York recognized their marriage following a court decision . Spyer died at the age of 77 in 2009 , leaving her entire estate to Windsor . Windsor sought to claim the federal estate tax exemption for surviving spouses . She was barred from doing so by Section 3 of DOMA ( codified at ) , which provided that the term `` spouse '' only applied to marriages between a man and woman . The Internal Revenue Service found that the exemption did not apply to same-sex marriages , denied Windsor 's claim , and compelled her to pay $ 363,053 in estate taxes .   On November 9 , 2010 , Windsor sued the federal government in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York , seeking a refund because DOMA singled out legally married same-sex couples for `` differential treatment compared to other similarly situated couples without justification . '' On February 23 , 2011 , U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder announced that the Department of Justice would not defend the constitutionality of Section 3 in Windsor . On April 18 , 2011 , Paul Clement , representing the Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group ( BLAG ) , intervened to defend the law . On June 6 , 2012 , Judge Barbara S. Jones ruled that Section 3 of DOMA was unconstitutional under the due process guarantees of the Fifth Amendment and ordered the federal government to issue the tax refund , including interest . The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit , in a 2 -- 1 decision , affirmed the district court 's judgment on October 18 , 2012 .   BLAG petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court to review the decision , and the Court issued a writ of certiorari in December 2012 . On March 27 , 2013 , the court heard oral arguments . On June 26 , 2013 , the U.S. Supreme Court issued a 5 -- 4 decision declaring Section 3 of DOMA to be unconstitutional `` as a deprivation of the liberty of the person protected by the Fifth Amendment . ''   On the same day , the court also issued a separate 5 -- 4 decision in Hollingsworth v. Perry -- a case related to California 's constitutional amendment initiative barring same-sex marriage . The decision effectively allowed same-sex marriages in that state to resume after the court ruled that the proponents of the initiative lacked Article III standing to appeal in federal court based on its established interpretation of the case or controversy clause .

neg: Metro Toronto Convention Centre Metro Toronto Convention Centre ( originally and still colloquially Metro Convention Centre , and sometimes MTCC ) , is a convention complex located in Toronto , Ontario , Canada along Front Street West in the former Railway Lands in Downtown Toronto . The property is today owned by Oxford Properties . The centre is operated by the Metropolitan Toronto Convention Centre Corporation , an independent agency of the Government of Ontario .

neg: Old Windsor Old Windsor is a large village and civil parish adjoining the River Thames , in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead , in Berkshire , England .

neg: First Church of Windsor The First Church in Windsor , Connecticut is the oldest Congregational church in Connecticut . Its origin can be traced back to 1630 , when 140 men and women sailed out of Plymouth , England on the Mary & John . This was the first of 17 ships in the so-called Winthrop Fleet , bound for the Massachusetts Bay Colony . When they heard from the Indians about the fertile land along the Connecticut River in what is now called the Connecticut River Valley , a small contingent of settlers travelled southwest and established the first settlement in Connecticut at Windsor in 1633 . Word soon spread that Windsor was a good place in which to settle : in 1635 , the congregation of the First Church departed from their homes in Dorchester , Massachusetts to relocate to Connecticut .

neg: Ontario, New York Ontario is a town in the northwest corner of Wayne County , New York , United States . The population was 9,778 at the 2000 census , and 10,136 at the 2010 census . The town is named after the Great Lake on its northern border .   The town has a hamlet ( and census-designated place ) , also called Ontario . Government offices for the town are located there .

neg: Windsor Station (Montreal) Windsor Station ( Gare Windsor ) is a former railway station in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . It used to be the city 's Canadian Pacific Railway ( CPR ) station , and served as the headquarters of CPR from 1889 to 1996 . It is bordered by Avenue des Canadiens-de-Montréal to the north , Peel Street to the east , Saint Antoine Street to the south and the Bell Centre to the west .   Windsor Station was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1975 , and was designated a Heritage Railway Station in 1990 , and a provincial historic monument in 2009 .   The walls are gray limestone from a quarry in Montreal . Outside , the columns reach up to 7 ft wide .

neg: Queen's Park (Toronto) Queen 's Park is an urban park in Downtown Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Opened in 1860 by Edward , Prince of Wales , it was named in honour of Queen Victoria . The park is the site of the Ontario Legislative Building , which houses the Legislative Assembly of Ontario , and the phrase `` Queen 's Park '' is regularly used as a metonym for the Government of Ontario .   The park is nearly an enclave of the University of Toronto , which occupies most of the surrounding lands . In 1854 , the land was leased by the University of Toronto to the City of Toronto for a 999-year term . In 1880 , a `` portion of the Queen 's Park -LSB- was -RSB- selected -LSB- and given to -RSB- the Government of Ontario , as a site for the erection of new Legislative and Departmental buildings '' . The land that is occupied by Legislative Assembly of Ontario is owned by the Government of Ontario . The north park is owned by the University of Toronto and leased to the city . Ministry buildings of the Ontario government occupy other properties to the east of the park , in an area between Wellesley Street and Grosvenor Street . While not adjacent to the park , the Royal Ontario Museum and the Gardiner Museum are located nearby .

neg: Windsor-Detroit Bridge Authority The Windsor-Detroit Bridge Authority ( WDBA ; Autorité du pont Windsor-Détroit ) is the Canadian federal Crown corporation responsible for administering the construction and management of the Gordie Howe International Bridge . Once the bridge is complete , the WDBA will also set and collect the bridge tolls .   Lisa Raitt , then-Minister of Transport , appointed Michael Cautillo , Mark R. McQueen , William Graham , and Caroline Mulroney Lapham as the first board of directors of the WDBA . Of the board members , Cautillo was appointed the authority 's president and CEO and McQueen was appointed chairman of the board . While recognizing that the individuals first appointed to the body on July 30 , 2014 , all had strong financial expertise , the Windsor Star noted that none of them had local ties to the Windsor region .   Tom Mulcair , New Democratic Party leader and then-Leader of the Official Opposition in the Canadian Parliament , noted that three of the first four appointees were donors to the Conservative Party of Canada .   On January 1 , 2016 , retired Provincial Liberal Minister Dwight Duncan was appointed to be the interim chair of the Board . On December 14 , 2016 , he was appointed to a five year term as the Board 's permanent chair .

neg: County of Brant For the provincial electoral district known as `` Brant County '' , see Brant ( provincial electoral district ) .   The County of Brant ( 2016 population 36,707 ) is a single-tier municipality in the Canadian province of Ontario . Despite its name , it is no longer a county by definition , as all municipal services are handled by a single level of government . The county has service offices in Burford , Paris and St. George .   It is a predominantly rural municipality in Southern Ontario . The largest population centre ( 2016 population , 12,310 ) is Paris . The County is bordered by the Region of Waterloo , the City of Hamilton , Haldimand County , Norfolk County , and Oxford County . The County abuts the provincially-mandated Greenbelt ( Golden Horseshoe ) .   Although the city of Brantford appears geographically to be located in the County , it is a fully independent city with its own municipal government . The Brant census division , which includes Brantford and the Six Nations and New Credit reserves , along with the County of Brant , had a population of 134,808 in the 2016 census .

neg: United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry The United Counties of Stormont , Dundas and Glengarry is an upper-tier municipality in the Canadian province of Ontario that comprises three historical counties and excludes the City of Cornwall and the Mohawk Nation of Akwesasne . However , both Cornwall and Akwesasne form part of a larger census division named for the United Counties of Stormont , Dundas and Glengarry . The municipality 's administrative office is located within Cornwall .   The united counties border Quebec to the east and New York in the United States to the south . The sovereign Mohawk Nation of Akwesasne straddles both borders , thus including territory partly within the united counties , Quebec and New York .

neg: Mount Royal, Quebec Mount Royal ( officially , Town of Mount Royal , abbreviated TMR ) is an affluent on-island suburban town located on the northwest side of the eponymous Mount Royal , north of Downtown Montreal , on the Island of Montreal in southwestern Quebec , Canada . It is completely surrounded by Montreal . The population was 19,503 as of the Canada 2011 Census . In 2008 , most of the Town of Mount Royal was designated a National Historic Site of Canada , as a '' -LSB- remarkable -RSB- synthesis of urban renewal movements of the early 20th century , reflecting the influence of the City Beautiful , Garden City and Garden Suburb movements '' . The town celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2012 .

neg: Provinces and territories of Canada Canada 's geography is divided into administrative divisions known as provinces and territories that are responsible for delivery of sub-national governance . When Canada was formed in 1867 , three provinces of British North America -- New Brunswick , Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada ( which , on the formation of Canada , was divided into Ontario and Quebec ) -- were united to form a federated colony , which eventually became a sovereign nation in the next century . Over its history , Canada 's international borders have changed several times , and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories . The ten provinces are Alberta , British Columbia , Manitoba , New Brunswick , Newfoundland and Labrador , Nova Scotia , Ontario , Prince Edward Island , Quebec , and Saskatchewan . Several of the provinces were former British colonies , and Quebec was originally a French colony , while others were added as Canada grew . The three territories are Northwest Territories , Nunavut , and Yukon , which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America . Together , the provinces and territories make up the world 's second-largest country by area .   The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that provinces receive their power and authority from the Constitution Act , 1867 ( formerly called the British North America Act , 1867 ) , whereas territorial governments have powers delegated to them by the Parliament of Canada . The powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the federal government and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively . A change to the division of powers between the federal government and the provinces requires a constitutional amendment , whereas a similar change affecting the territories can be performed unilaterally by the Parliament of Canada or government .   In modern Canadian constitutional theory , the provinces are considered to be co-sovereign divisions and each province has its own `` Crown '' represented by the lieutenant governor . The territories are not sovereign , but simply part of the federal realm , and have a commissioner who represents the federal government .   __ TOC __

neg: Windsor School, Chile Windsor School is a private cooperative school founded in 1959 , in Valdivia , Chile . Once bilingual , the school however promotes the study of English language with international exchange programs and an English laboratory . The Windsor School has also football , basketball , hockey , volleyball and rugby teams , and participates in the ELSA games arranged by Southern Chile 's English schools .

neg: Doors Open Ottawa Doors Open Ottawa is an annual event held in the City of Ottawa , Ontario , Canada , that gives the public access to many of the city 's unique and historically significant buildings . Among the buildings included are government offices , museums , radio stations , places of worship , embassies , and historical landmarks . It is the second-oldest Doors Open event in North America ; after Doors Open Toronto .   Admission is free of charge . Doors Open Ottawa has recorded nearly 850,000 visits since it began in 2002 .

neg: Windsor Way (Vancouver) Windsor Way is a special community street that links four parks and three elementary schools as well as a bike path in East Vancouver , Canada , which was identified as a local Greenway in the Kensington-Cedar Cottage Visioning process . As there was no funding available to turn the many blocks of this street into a local Greenway , the local community worked with the City of  Vancouver planning department to implement a demonstration project called `` Blooming Boulevards '' . This demonstration project allowed residents to garden the frontages of their yards between the street and the sidewalk . This section of street contains the wires and ducts of the city , and this was the first time that gardening on these city owned frontages was allowed . The program was so successful that Blooming Boulevards are now city policy and boulevards are now gardened throughout the city .

neg: Grand River (Ontario) The Grand River ( Grande-Riviere in French and O : se Kenhionhata : tie in Mohawk ) is a large river in Southwestern Ontario , Canada . It also lies along the western fringe of the Golden Horseshoe region of Ontario which overlaps the eastern portion of southwestern Ontario along the length of this river . From its source near Wareham , Ontario , it flows south through Grand Valley , Fergus , Elora , Waterloo , Kitchener , Cambridge , Paris , Brantford , Caledonia , and Cayuga before emptying into the north shore of Lake Erie south of Dunnville at Port Maitland . One of the scenic and spectacular features of the river is the falls and Gorge at Elora .   The Grand River is the largest river that is entirely within southern Ontario 's boundaries . The river owes its size to the unusual fact that its source is relatively close to the base of the Bruce Peninsula , yet it flows southwards to Lake Erie , rather than to central Lake Huron or Georgian Bay ( most southern Ontario rivers flow into the nearest Great Lake , which is why most of them are small ) , thus giving it more distance to take in more water from tributaries .   The river 's rural character , ease of access and lack of portages make it a desirable canoeing location , especially the stretch between West Montrose and Paris . A number of conservation areas have been established along the river , and are managed by the Grand River Conservation Authority .   The Grand Valley Trail stretches 275 km along the river 's valley between the town of Dundalk and Lake Erie .   The Mohawk name for the Grand River , O : se Kenhionhata : tie means `` Willow River , '' for the many willows in the watershed . During the 18th century , the French colonists named it Grande-Rivière . It was later renamed as Ouse River by John Graves Simcoe for the River Great Ouse near his childhood home in Lincolnshire on the east coast of England . The anglicized form of the French name has remained in common use .

neg: Ojibway Prairie Complex The Ojibway Prairie Complex is a 350-hectare complex of parks and nature reserves on the west side of Windsor , Ontario , Canada . It comprises Ojibway Park , Tallgrass Prairie Heritage Park , Black Oak Heritage Park , Ojibway Prairie Provincial Nature Reserve , and the Spring Garden Natural Area .   The complex should not be confused with Ojibway Provincial Park , some 1100 km away in northwestern Ontario .   The Ojibway Prairie Complex includes the Ojibway Nature Centre , which administers the Ojibway Park Tallgrass , and Black Oak Heritage Park , and also offers free exhibits , public education , and summer programmes for children .   Habitats at the Ojibway Prairie Complex include forests , ponds , and prairie . Ojibway is home to a wide variety of wildlife , including many species of turtles , lizards , snakes , toads , frogs , salamanders , opossums , shrews , and bats . A great variety of birds can also be seen . The complex is popular with a wide variety of visitors , particularly birdwatchers and wildlife enthusiasts .

neg: Sault Ste. Marie Sault Ste. Marie is a cross-border region in Canada and the United States . Formerly a single settlement from 1668 to 1817 , it was subsequently divided by the establishment of the Canada -- US border in the area . The name may refer to :   Sault Ste. Marie , Ontario ( pop . 74,948 ) , a city in Canada  Sault Ste. Marie Canal  Sault Ste. Marie ( electoral district ) , a federal electoral district in Ontario , Canada  Sault Ste. Marie ( provincial electoral district ) , a provincial electoral district in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario  Sault Ste. Marie , Michigan ( population 16,542 ) , a city in the United States  HMCS Sault Ste. Marie ( J334 ) , a Royal Canadian Navy minesweeper during World War II

neg: Windsor Park, Edmonton Windsor Park is a south central neighbourhood in the City of Edmonton , Alberta , Canada . It is located immediately to the west of the University of Alberta north campus and overlooking the North Saskatchewan River valley to the north , west , and south west . It shares a short boundary with the neighbourhood of Belgravia to the south .   One of the benefits to residents comes from the neighbourhood 's central location with easy access to other parts of the city provided by roads and by LRT stations located on the University of Alberta campus .   Groat Road leads into the river valley and to Hawrelak Park and Emily Murphy Park , both located in the river valley immediately below the neighbourhood . Groat Road and Groat Bridge give residents access to destinations on the north side , including downtown Edmonton , Westmount Centre , and Telus World of Science .   University Avenue and 87 Avenue both take residents to Whyte Avenue , and Old Strathcona .   The main artery south from the university area , 114 Street , gives access to Southgate Centre and Whitemud Drive . Whitemud Drive gives residents another way to reach the north side , with this one providing good access to West Edmonton Mall .   The University LRT Station and Health Sciences LRT Station , both located on the adjoining university campus , give residents another option for getting to the downtown core , as well as access to destinations in north east Edmonton , including Northlands , the Coliseum , and Commonwealth Stadium .   If this were n't enough , residents live almost right on the doorstep of the Northern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium and the medical facilities provided through the University of Alberta Hospitals .


query: Donnie Wahlberg was nominated for a Teen Choice Award in 2008.

pos: Donnie Wahlberg Donald Edmond `` Donnie '' Wahlberg Jr. . ( born August 17 , 1969 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actor , record producer , and film producer . He is a founding member of the boy band New Kids on the Block . Outside of music , he has had roles in the Saw films , The Sixth Sense , Dreamcatcher , and Righteous Kill , also appearing in the World War II miniseries Band of Brothers as First Lieutenant Carwood Lipton . From 2002 to 2003 , he starred in the crime drama Boomtown . He has been starring in the drama series Blue Bloods as Danny Reagan with Tom Selleck ( his TV father ) and Bridget Moynahan ( his TV sister ) since 2010 , and since 2014 is an executive producer of the TNT reality television show Boston 's Finest . He was nominated for Choice Scream at the 2008 Teen Choice Awards for his work in the Saw films . He has also produced and starred in `` Rock this Boat '' , `` Donnie Loves Jenny '' and `` Return of the Mac '' on Pop TV .

neg: 2008 Webby Awards The 12th annual 2008 Webby Awards were held on June 10 , 2008 and emceed by SNL head writer Seth Meyers and help at Cipriani , a massive banquet hall in Manhattan 's financial district . The Webby Film and Video Awards were held on June 9 at Skirball Center for the Performing Arts and were hosted by Judah Friedlander . The awards were judged by the International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences , and winners were selected from over 10,000 entries . Lorne Michaels was honored with a lifetime achievement award .

neg: 28th Golden Raspberry Awards The 28th Golden Raspberry Awards or Razzies were held on February 23 , 2008 , in Santa Monica , California , USA , to honor the worst films of 2007 . The nominations were announced on January 21 . In line with Razzies tradition , both the nominee announcements and ceremony preceded the corresponding Academy Awards functions by one day .   The most nominated film of 2007 was I Know Who Killed Me with nine nominations , followed by I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry and Norbit with eight each . I Know Who Killed Me was the big winner of the evening , receiving eight awards for a new Razzie record . Eddie Murphy received a Razzie record five personal nominations , all surrounding his work ( especially his performance of multiple characters ) in Norbit . He ended up winning three awards , one for each character he portrayed . The actress Lindsay Lohan also won three awards for her dual roles in I Know Who Killed Me . The special category introduced this year was Worst Excuse for a Horror Movie .

neg: 2006 MTV Movie Awards The 2006 MTV Movie Awards were hosted by Jessica Alba and featured performances by Christina Aguilera , AFI and Gnarls Barkley . In addition to the below awards , MTV gave lifetime achievement awards to Jim Carrey ( The MTV Generation Award ) and Spike Lee ( The Silver Bucket of Excellence , for Do the Right Thing ) .  MTV held its 15th annual movie awards show on Saturday , June 3 , at the Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City , California . MTV first broadcast the award show on 8 June at 9:00 pm ET . Tenth Planet Productions produced the awards , and Joel Gallen was the executive-producer and director for the 12th consecutive year .   This is also the second MTV Movie Awards show to have a host win an award . The first show was in 2004 with Lindsay Lohan winning an award . The host for the MTV Movie Awards in 2006 was Jessica Alba . Christina Aguilera performed , for the very first time , her lead single of her latest release Back to Basics , `` Ai n't No Other Man '' .  Pre-recorded parodies include The Da Vinci Code , Mission : Impossible III , and King Kong .

neg: Teen drama A teen drama is a genre or type of drama series with a major focus on teenage and young adult characters . It came into prominence in the early 1990s , especially with the popularity of the Fox series Beverly Hills , 90210 . After 90210 became a success , television writers and producers realized the potential for this new genre to reach out to a previously ignored demographic . In the past , most series that maintained a focus on teenagers had been sitcoms , while adolescents in drama series were usually part of a larger ensemble that included adults and children .   More often than not , teen dramas have soap opera elements , incorporating one or more ongoing story arcs spanning several episodes . The young characters must deal with the dramatic ups and downs of their friendships and romances while facing an array of issues thought to be typical of adolescence . There have also been many successful teen-based series with major science fiction , fantasy and action/adventure themes .

neg: 2001 MTV Movie Awards The 2001 MTV Movie Awards were held on June 2 , 2001 , and were hosted by Jimmy Fallon and Kirsten Dunst . The program featured performances from Christina Aguilera , Lil ' Kim , Mýa and Pink ( Moulin Rouge ! ) , Dave Matthews Band and Weezer . Sofia Coppola was presented with an award for Best New Filmmaker . This was Aaliyah 's last appearance at the Movie Awards before her death two months later in a plane crash in the Bahamas .

neg: Golden Boot Awards The Golden Boot Awards is an American acknowledgment of achievement honoring actors , actresses , and crew members who have made significant contributions to the genre of Western television and movies . The award is sponsored and presented by the Motion Picture & Television Fund . Money raised at the award banquet is used to help finance various services offered by the Fund to those in the entertainment industry .   Actor Pat Buttram conceived the idea of the Golden Boot Award , and the first ones were presented in 1983 . The awards appear to have been discontinued since 2007 .

neg: 2014 Teen Choice Awards The 2014 Teen Choice Awards ceremony was held on August 10 , 2014 at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles . The event was originally scheduled to take place at the UCLA Pauley Pavilion , which was flooded by a broken water pipe on July 29 , 2014 near the campus . It was broadcast on Fox at 8:00 -- 10:00 pm ET live/PT tape-delayed . The awards celebrate the year 's achievements in music , film , television , sports , fashion , comedy , and the Internet , and were voted on by viewers aged 13 through 19 .  Selena Gomez was awarded the Ultimate Choice Award during the show .   One Direction were the biggest winners of the night , winning all ten awards they were nominated for ( including an award given out to Harry Styles and one dedicated to their fans ) . The Fault in Our Stars won all seven of its nominations as well , including four awards for Ansel Elgort .

neg: List of teen films Teen film is a film genre targeted at teenagers and young adults in which the plot is based upon the special interests of teenagers and young adults , such as coming of age , first love , rebellion , conflict with parents , teen angst , and alienation . Some of these films are targeted at adults as well as teenagers . Teen films have been a trope of the cinema industry for decades since the 1950s . At this time , the film industry saw a greater market for teens with more disposable income and therefore more money to spend on leisure activities , largely going to films . Because of the boom in teen viewers , drive-in movie theaters were also very popular . However , even the silent era had teen films . Recently , online streaming services such as Netflix have created a resurgence in the `` tween '' and teenage-oriented film .

neg: The Family That Preys The Family That Preys is a 2008 American movie drama written , produced , and directed by Tyler Perry . The screenplay focuses on two families , one wealthy and the other working class , whose lives are intertwined in both love and business .   The movie is the second of four in which Perry 's signature character , Madea , does not make an appearance . It is also the second Perry-directed film ( alongside Daddy 's Little Girls ) that is not based on any of the filmmaker 's stage plays .

neg: Wanted (2008 film) Wanted is a 2008 American-German action thriller film loosely based on the comic book miniseries of the same name by Mark Millar and J. G. Jones . The film , written by Chris Morgan , Michael Brandt , and Derek Haas and directed by Timur Bekmambetov stars James McAvoy , Morgan Freeman , and Angelina Jolie . The storyline follows Wesley Gibson ( McAvoy ) , a frustrated account manager who discovers that he is the son of a professional assassin and decides to join the Fraternity , a secret society in which his father worked .   Universal Studios acquired the adaptation rights from Millar in 2004 , and while the eventual script drifted from the comic book supervillain mythos in the original miniseries , Millar was content to see most of the comic 's darker content was retained . Production began in April 2007 , with filming in the Czech Republic , Budapest , and the story 's main setting , Chicago . Wanted was released in June 2008 to both critical and commercial success , with box office earnings of $ 341 million worldwide and reviews praising the fast pacing and stylized action scenes . A sequel was planned the same year as the film 's release , but ultimately stalled in the development phase .

neg: Kings of South Beach Kings of South Beach is a film written by Nicholas Pileggi about an infamous operator of nightclubs in the South Beach section of Miami Beach , Florida . The lead character is portrayed by Jason Gedrick ; his best friend is portrayed by Donnie Wahlberg . The film premiered on March 12 , 2007 on the A&E Network .

neg: List of 2008 box office number-one films in the United States This is a list of films which have placed number one at the weekend box office in the United States during 2008 .

neg: List of accolades received by Dallas Buyers Club Dallas Buyers Club is a 2013 American biographical drama film directed by Jean-Marc Vallée based on a screenplay written by Craig Borten and Melisa Wallack . Matthew McConaughey stars as Ron Woodroof , an AIDS patient who smuggles unapproved AIDS drug treatments into Texas and establishes the titular club where he distributes them amongst other AIDS sufferers whilst opposed by the Food and Drug Administration . Jared Leto and Jennifer Garner feature in supporting roles .   Dallas Buyers Club premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 7 , 2013 . Focus Features initially gave the film a limited release at nine theaters on November 1 before expanding it on November 22 to over 600 theaters in the United States and Canada . The film grossed a worldwide total of over $ 55 million on a production budget of $ 5 million . Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , surveyed 234 reviews and judged 94 % to be positive .   Dallas Buyers Club garnered awards and nominations in a variety of categories with particular praise for the performances of actors , McConaughey and Leto . At the 86th Academy Awards , the film received six nominations , including Best Picture , Best Original Screenplay , Best Actor for McConaughey , and Best Supporting Actor for Leto . McConaughey and Leto went on to win their respective categories -- only the fifth film in Oscars history to win both awards . Hairstylist Adruitha Lee , and makeup artist Robin Mathews won for Best Makeup and Hairstyling . Mathews ' makeup budget for the film was only $ 250 . At the 71st Golden Globe Awards , McConaughey won for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , and Leto won for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture .   At the Screen Actors Guild Awards the film had three nominations ; winning Best Actor for McConaughey and Best Supporting Actor for Leto . Borten and Wallack 's screenplay was also nominated for Best Original Screenplay at the Writers Guild of America Awards . The National Board of Review named Dallas Buyers Club one of the top ten independent films of 2013 .

neg: Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards 2014 The 20th Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards honoring the best in film for 2014 were announced on December 15 , 2014 . These awards `` recognizing extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association ( DFWFCA ) , based in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex region of Texas . The organization , founded in 1990 , includes 30 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications based in north Texas . The Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association began presenting its annual awards list in 1993 .   Birdman was the DFWFCA 's most awarded film of 2014 , taking five top honors . Birdman won in Best Picture , Best Actor ( Michael Keaton ) , Best Director ( Alejandro G. Iñárritu ) , Best Cinematography ( Emmanuel Lubezki ) , and Best Screenplay ( Alejandro G. Iñárritu , Nicolás Giacobone , Alexander Dinelaris Jr. , and Armando Bo ) .   Another film , Boyhood , earned multiple 2014 honors from the DFWFCA . The coming-of-age tale received top honors in the Best Supporting Actress ( Patricia Arquette ) as well as being presented the Russell Smith Award as the `` best low-budget or cutting-edge independent film '' of the year . The award is named in honor of late Dallas Morning News film critic Russell Smith . Reese Witherspoon was named Best Actress for her role as Cheryl Strayed in Wild . The other films earning honors were Sweden 's Force Majeure for Best Foreign Language Film , Citizenfour as Best Documentary Film , and The Lego Movie for Best Animated Film .

neg: Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2010 The 4th Houston Film Critics Society Awards were presented on December 18 , 2010 . These awards for `` extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Houston Film Critics Society ( HFCS ) based in Houston , Texas . The organization , founded in 2007 , includes 22 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications in the greater Houston area . The awards are co-sponsored by the Houston Film Commission , Southwest Alternate Media Project , Women in Film and Television/Houston , WorldFest , and the Houston Cinema Arts Society .   The nominations for the 2010 awards were announced on December 12 , 2010 . Eligible films do not need to have played or opened in a Houston film theater prior to the nomination deadline , merely made available to the HFCS membership at a screening or on DVD . Along with the 13 `` best of '' category awards , this year also saw the introduction of a new category for `` Worst Movies of the Year '' . The Social Network , True Grit , and 127 Hours each received six nominations , all including the Best Picture , Actor , Direction , and Original Score categories .   The Social Network was the HFCS 's most awarded film of 2010 taking top honors in the Best Picture , Best Director ( David Fincher ) , Best Actor ( Jesse Eisenberg ) , and Best Screenplay ( Aaron Sorkin ) categories . Inception was the only other film to garner multiple awards , winning both the Best Original Score ( Hans Zimmer ) and Best Cinematography ( Wally Pfister ) prizes . The other acting awards went to Natalie Portman as Best Actress for Black Swan , Hailee Steinfeld as Best Supporting Actress for True Grit , and Christian Bale as Best Supporting Actor for The Fighter . The remaining film honors went to Toy Story 3 as Best Animated Film , Restrepo as Best Documentary , and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo as Best Foreign Language Film . `` We Are Sex Bob-Omb '' by Beck from Scott Pilgrim vs. the World was named the Best Original Song . The HFCS 's first-ever award for `` Worst Picture '' was given to Jonah Hex starring Josh Brolin .   In addition to the category awards , the HFCS presented their annual Lifetime Achievement Award to Sissy Spacek and its Humanitarian Award to George Clooney . Clooney was selected for `` selflessly using his celebrity for greater good '' . The HFCS award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinema awards were presented to Charles Dove , director of the Rice University Media Center , and Hector Luna , the founder and editor of C-47 Houston .

neg: Dirty Dancing (song) `` Dirty Dancing '' is the third overall single from New Kids on the Block 's 2008 album , The Block . It was produced by RedOne . The lead vocals were sung by Jordan Knight and Donnie Wahlberg .

neg: Donnie Darko (soundtrack) The Donnie Darko soundtrack was created by Michael Andrews and released in 2002 . It consisted of 16 instrumental tracks and two covers of `` Mad World '' by Tears for Fears .

neg: Naomi Clark Naomi Clark , played by AnnaLynne McCord , is a fictional character from the CW primetime drama 90210 , the fourth series of the Beverly Hills , 90210 franchise . The character was created by Rob Thomas , Gabe Sachs , and Jeff Judah , with later developments by Rebecca Sinclair , and occasional input from McCord .   During early stages of production , Naomi was largely described as a privileged and popular teenager . Prior to the series ' premiere , Sachs and Judah would further develop Naomi into an antiheroine with a number of flaws , virtues , and familial issues . In the second season , Sinclair , the new show-runner , maintained the previous developments but presented a more comedic take on the character . McCord has expressed fondness for the multi-faceted nature of the role , citing it as a factor in her decision to accept the part .   Often regarded as the show 's central figure , Naomi has received critical acclaim from the Los Angeles Times , Entertainment Weekly , People magazine , and other media outlets . Reviews have praised AnnaLynne McCord 's performance and the complexity of the role . Conversely , Naomi has also been a recipient of criticism , particularly during the second season . For her work in the role , McCord was nominated for a Teen Choice Award in 2009 , and won a Breakthrough of the Year Award in 2010 .

neg: List of awards and nominations received by Angelina Jolie The following is a list of awards and nominations received by American actress and filmmaker Angelina Jolie . She received three Golden Globe Awards , two Screen Actors Guild Awards , and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayals of First Lady of Alabama Cornelia Wallace in George Wallace ( 1997 ) , troubled supermodel Gia Carangi in Gia ( 1998 ) , and a sociopathic mental patient in Girl , Interrupted ( 1999 ) . Her later performances as Mariane Pearl in A Mighty Heart ( 2007 ) and Christine Collins in Changeling ( 2008 ) earned her additional nominations , including for an Academy Award for Best Actress . For her work in the action films Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow ( 2004 ) , Mr. and Mrs. Smith ( 2005 ) , Wanted ( 2008 ) , and The Tourist ( 2010 ) , Jolie received awards based on popular votes , including an MTV Movie Award , two People 's Choice Awards , and four Teen Choice Awards .

neg: 2008 Australian Film Institute Awards The 50th Annual Australian Film Institute Awards for film and television acting achievement in the cinema of Australia in 2008 were presented in a ceremony on 5 -- 6 December 2008 . During the ceremony , the Australian Film Institute presented Australian Film Institute Awards ( commonly referred to as AFI Awards ) in 40 categories including feature films , television , animation and documentaries . It was hosted by Stephen Curry of TV1 's The King .   The nominees for Best Documentary , Best Short Fiction Film and Best Short Animation were announced on 7 August whilst all the other nominees were announced at the Nominations Announcement in Sydney on 29 October . The Black Balloon had the most nominations with a total of 11 including Best Film .


query: Alexander Lukashenko is a head of state.

pos: Alexander Lukashenko Aleksandr Grigoryevich Lukashenko ( Алякса́ндр Рыго́равіч Лукашэ́нка , Aliaksandr Ryhoravič Lukašenka , Алекса́ндр Григо́рьевич Лукаше́нко born 30 August 1954 ) is the President of Belarus , in office since 20 July 1994 . Before his career as a politician , Lukashenko worked as director of a state-owned agricultural farm and spent time with the Soviet Border Troops and the Soviet Army . He was the only deputy to vote against the independence of Belarus from the Soviet Union .   Lukashenko opposed Western-backed `` shock therapy '' during the post-Soviet transition . He has retained Soviet-era policies , such as continued state ownership of key industries , despite objections from Western governments . Observers also contend that Lukashenko presides over a regime steeped in Soviet nostalgia . Belarus has been labeled `` Europe 's last dictatorship '' by some Western journalists , on account of Lukashenko 's self-described authoritarian style of government . Lukashenko and other Belarusian officials are also the subject of sanctions imposed by the European Union and the United States for human rights violations off and on since 2006 .

pos: President of Belarus The office of President of Belarus is the head of state of Belarus . The office was created in 1994 with the passing of the Constitution of Belarus by the Supreme Soviet . This replaced the office of Chairman of the Supreme Soviet as the head of state . The tasks of the president including executing foreign and domestic policy , defend the rights and general welfare of citizens and residents and to uphold the Constitution . The president is mandated by the Constitution to serve as a leader in the social affairs of the country and to act as its main representative abroad . The duties , responsibilities and other transitional clauses dealing with the presidency are listed in Chapter Three , Articles 79 through 89 , of the Constitution .   The term for the president is five years , but due to a 1996 referendum , the election that was supposed to occur in 1999 was pushed back to 2001 . Under the 1994 constitution , the president could only serve for two terms as president , but due to a change in the constitution , term limits were eliminated . During the course of the office , elections were held in 1994 , 2001 , 2006 , 2010 and on 11 October 2015 . Alexander Lukashenko has been the only person who has served as president since the elections in 1994 .   The Presidential office is located in the Republic Palace in Minsk , while the presidential residence is located in Zaslawye , Minsk District .

neg: Government of Russia The Government of the Russia ( exercises executive power in the Russian Federation . The members of the government are the Prime Minister , the deputy prime ministers , and the federal ministers . It has its legal basis in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the federal constitutional law `` On the Government the Russian Federation '' .   According to the 1991 amendment to the 1978 Russian Constitution , the President of Russia was the head of the executive branch and headed the Council of Ministers of Russia . According to the current 1993 Constitution of Russia , the President is not a part of the Government of Russia , which exercises executive power . But , the President does appoint the Prime Minister . The Chapter 6 of the Constitution of Russia says , that `` The Government of the Russian Federation consists of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation ( Prime Minister ) , Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministries '' .

neg: Radio 101.2 (Belarus) Radio 101.2 was a radio station in the Belarusian capital of Minsk . In 1995 and 1996 the radio station , which is at the frequency 101.2 , was broadcasting news and was not affiliated with the national government .   Soros Foundation helped to buy the equipment for newly started radio in 1995 . The station was closed on formally technical reasons and was transferred over to the Belarusian Republican Youth Union , who still uses the radio today . The government has claimed that the station , and its frequency , was interfering with the radio communications of the Minsk police force . Independent groups claimed that this was another method by the government of Alexander Lukashenko to suppress the freedom of the press inside of Belarus .

neg: Our Ukraine Our Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Наша Україна -- Nasha Ukraina or Nasha Ukrayina ) is a popular political name in Ukraine during the Orange Revolution .   It may refer to :  Reforms and Order Party ( before 2005 )  Our Ukraine ( political party ) ( after 2005 )  Our Ukraine Bloc for the Ukrainian parliamentary election , 2006  for the Ukrainian parliamentary election , 2002 , Bloc of Viktor Yushchenko `` Our Ukraine ''  for the Ukrainian parliamentary election , 2007 , Our Ukraine -- People 's Self-Defense Bloc   Category : Politics of Ukraine

neg: Yekhanurov government The first Yekhanurov Government was appointed after the first Tymoshenko Government was sacked amid resignations and corruption claims . Twelve days later the Ukrainian Parliament rejecting Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko choice of Yuri Yekhanurov for Prime Minister . Yekhanurov was three votes short of the 226 needed for approval with three out of 52 deputies from the Regions faction voting for Yekhanurov . On September 22 , 2005 the Ukrainian parliament did approved Yekhanurov appointment with 289 votes . This time all the Parliamentarians of the Party of Regions faction of losing presidential candidate ( in 2004 ) Viktor Yanukovych backed the appointment . This shortly after a `` Memorandum Of Understanding Between The Authorities And The Opposition '' was signed by Yekhanurov , Yushchenko and Yanukovych .   Yekhanurov government lost a vote of no confidence on January 10 , 2006 but stayed in power until the parliamentary election two months later .

neg: Mariusz Maszkiewicz Mariusz Maszkiewicz ( born in Iława on May 31 , 1959 ) , is a doctor of human sciences , a diplomat , publicist , sociologist and economist . He has authored many articles covering diverse sociological issues , as well as studies into religions and international relations .   He read sciences from 1981 to 1989 in the Jagiellonian University of Kraków . During his time there , he became involved in the underground freedom movement that flourished in Poland at that time , and led the Wolność i Pokój ( Freedom and Peace ) organisation between 1986 and 1990 . Unlike many ` underground ' pro-democracy groups , who kept out of public scrutiny to avoid repercussions from the government , members of Wolność i Pokój had an open strategy and strove to make themselves -- - and their opposition to totalitarian rule -- unavoidably visible : they climbed up rooftops , went on hunger strikes , and openly spurned the military , sending back their draft papers .   Mariusz continued to play a role in the public domain after the first free elections were instated in Poland in 1991 . Between 1991 and 1994 , he served as an aide-de-camp for the first government , and also served as an advisor on Lithuanian matters . Thereafter , he founded the first Polish consular office in Belarus , located in the city of Hrodno . From 1998 to 2002 he was also Polish ambassador to Belarus .   Mariusz was arrested on March 24 , 2006 , alongside hundreds of others , for protesting against the re-election of Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko , a vote that Western observers claim was fraudulent . Mariusz was hospitalised soon after his arrest , with heart problems , and claims that he was subjected to ` unmerciful ' beatings whilst being transported to his isolation cell .   Since 2007 Maszkiewicz works for the government , now vice-director of the Eastern Policy Department in the Polish MFA .

neg: Politics of France The politics of France take place with the framework of a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French Fifth Republic . The nation declares itself to be an `` indivisible , secular , democratic , and social Republic '' . The constitution provides for a separation of powers and proclaims France 's `` attachment to the Rights of Man and the principles of national sovereignty as defined by the Declaration of 1789 . ''   The political system of France consists of an executive branch , a legislative branch , and a judicial branch . Executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government . The Government consists of the Prime Minister and ministers . The Prime Minister is appointed by the President , and is responsible to Parliament . The government , including the Prime Minister , can be revoked by the National Assembly , the lower house of Parliament , through a `` censure motion '' ; this ensures that the Prime Minister is always supported by a majority of the lower house ( which , on most topics , has prominence over the upper house ) .   Parliament comprises the National Assembly and the Senate . It passes statutes and votes on the budget ; it controls the action of the executive through formal questioning on the floor of the houses of Parliament and by establishing commissions of inquiry . The constitutionality of the statutes is checked by the Constitutional Council , members of which are appointed by the President of the Republic , the President of the National Assembly , and the President of the Senate . Former presidents of the Republic also are members of the Council .   The independent judiciary is based upon civil law system which evolved from the Napoleonic codes . It is divided into the judicial branch ( dealing with civil law and criminal law ) and the administrative branch ( dealing with appeals against executive decisions ) , each with their own independent supreme court of appeal : the Court of Cassation for the judicial courts and the Conseil d'Etat for the administrative courts . The French government includes various bodies that check abuses of power and independent agencies .   France is a unitary state . However , its administrative subdivisions -- regions , departments and communes -- have various legal functions , and the national government is prohibited from intruding into their normal operations .   France was a founding member of the European Coal and Steel Community , later the European Union . As such , France has transferred part of its sovereignty to European institutions , as provided by its constitution . The French government therefore has to abide by European treaties , directives and regulations .

neg: United Nations resolutions on Abkhazia The Security Council of the United Nations passed 32 resolutions where it recognizes Abkhazia as an integral part of Georgia and supports its territorial integrity according to the principles of the international law . The UN is urging both sides to settle the Georgian -- Abkhazian conflict through peaceful means by intensifying diplomatic dialogue and ratifying the final accord about the status of Abkhazia in the Georgian Constitution . Moreover , United nations calls for immediate return of all expelled ethnic Georgians ( approximately 250,000 ) and determining the final status of Abkhazia as maximum autonomy or federative structure within the borders of the Georgian state . The resolutions also commend Russia 's role as a peacekeeper and facilitator towards a resolution of the conflict . Resolution 1716 also urges Georgia to ensure that no troops are present in the Kodori Gorge and asks Georgia to refrain from provocative actions in the Kodori Gorge .   Many of the resolutions relate to the establishment and extension of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia .   On May 15 , 2008 , the United Nations General Assembly adopted a non-binding resolution recognising the right of all refugees ( including victims of reported `` ethnic cleansing '' ) to return to Abkhazia and their property rights . It `` regretted '' the attempts to alter pre-war demographic composition and called for the `` rapid development of a timetable to ensure the prompt voluntary return of all refugees and internally displaced persons to their homes . ''   The following are United Nations resolutions adopted by the Security Council with regards to Abkhazia :  United Nations Security Council Resolution 849 ( July 9 , 1993 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 854 ( August 6 , 1993 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 858 ( August 24 , 1993 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 876 ( October 19 , 1993 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 881 ( November 4 , 1993 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 892 ( December 22 , 1993 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 896 ( January 31 , 1994 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 901 ( March 4 , 1994 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 906 ( March 25 , 1994 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 934 ( June 30 , 1994 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 937 ( July 21 , 1994 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 971 ( January 12 , 1995 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 993 ( May 12 , 1995 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 1036 ( January 12 , 1996 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 1065 ( July 12 , 1996 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 1077 ( October 22 , 1996 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 1096 ( January 30 , 1997 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 1124 ( July 30 , 1997 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 1150 ( January 30 , 1998 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 1187 ( July 30 , 1998 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 1225 ( January 28 , 1999 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 1255 ( July 30 , 1999 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 1287 ( January 31 , 2000 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 1311 ( July 28 , 2000 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 1339 ( January 31 , 2001 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 1364 ( July 31 , 2001 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 1393 ( January 31 , 2002 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 1427 ( July 29 , 2002 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 1462 ( January 30 , 2003 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 1494 ( July 30 , 2003 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 1524 ( January 30 , 2004 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 1554 ( July 29 , 2004 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 1582 ( January 28 , 2005 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 1615 ( July 29 , 2005 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 1656 ( January 31 , 2006 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 1716 ( October 13 , 2006 ) ;  UN Security Council Resolution 1752 ( April 13 , 2007 ) ;  UN Security Council Resolution 1781 ( October 15 , 2007 ) ;  United Nations Security Council Resolution 1808 ( April 15 , 2008 ) ;  UN General Assembly Resolution GA/10708 ( May 15 , 2008 ) .

neg: Governor (Russia) The highest official of the subject of the Russian Federation or the holder of the highest office of subject of the Russian Federation or the head of the highest executive body of state power of the subject of the Russian Federation , colloquially and collectively referred to as the title governor ( губернатор - gubernator ) or head of region ( глава региона - glava regiona ) , is the head and the chief executive of each the federal subjects of Russia , not directly subordinate to the federal authorities , but the political and ceremonial head of the federal subject , all of which are equal constituent entities of Russia .   The office is defined by the Constitution of Russia and Chapters 1 , 3 and 4 of Russia 's Federal Law No. 184-FZ `` On the General Principles of the Organization Of the Legislative ( Representative ) and Executive Organs Of State Power of the Subjects of the Russian Federation '' which came into force in 1999 . According to the current revision of the Russian Constitution , the Russian Federation consists of 85 federal subjects therefore there are 85 offices of head of region in Russia ( see List of current heads of federal subjects of Russia ) .   The certain title of office is defined by the federal subject 's Constitution or Charter . The names include : governor , president ( президент - president ) , head of administration ( глава администрации - glava administratsii ) , head of republic ( глава республики - glava respubliki ) , mayor ( мэр - mer ) , non-officially and collectively referred to as governors for short . The official title governor is most used in Russia and traditionally it is used in Oblasts of Russia . Presidents of Russia 's republics , mayor of Moscow and mayor of St. Petersburg are also governors in this sense .   A head of the subject in Russia is said to serve a administration or executive office , colloquially referred to as gubernatorial administration .

neg: Belorusy i rynok Belorusy i rynok ( Белорусы и рынок , -LSB- bʲɛləˈrusɨ ɪ ˈrʲnək -RSB- ) is the main business weekly newspaper published in Belarus .   The newspaper was founded in 1990 under the name Belorusskij rynok ( Белорусский рынок , The Belarusian Market ) and was one of the first private media in Belarus .   In 2005 the newspaper had to change its name following a decree of president Lukashenka that forbid usage of the words National and Belarusian in names of organisations and newspapers .   Current chief editor is Viačasłaŭ Chadasoŭski .   The newspaper is published mainly in Russian language .

neg: Prime Minister of Finland The Prime Minister ( pääministeri , literally translated as Head Minister , Swedish : statsminister , literally translated as Minister of State ) is the Head of Government of Finland . The Prime Minister is appointed by the President , who is the Head of State . The current Prime Minister is Juha Sipilä of the Centre Party .

neg: Gorky Park (Minsk) Gorky Park ( Парк Горкага , Цэнтральны дзіцячы парк імя Максіма Горкага , Maksim Gorky Central Children 's Park ) is a public park in Minsk , Belarus .   In is located near the Victory Square and the Yanka Kupala Park .   The park was established in 1800 under the name Governor 's Garden . During the Soviet times it was renamed '' парк культуры і адпачынку імя Максіма Горкага '' ( Park of culture and recreation after A.M.Gorky ) after the famous Russian/Soviet writer Maksim Gorky . Parks with this name have been established in many cities of the Soviet Union .   A part of the park 's territory is occupied by an amusement park with a 56 meter high Ferris wheel . It also has an educational observatory with planetarium .   The Ice Palace ( indoor skating rink ) is also located in Gorky Park . President Lukashenko , known for his hobby of ice hockey , frequents this place , at which times the access to this part of the park is closed for general public .

neg: Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic Uzbekistan ( -LSB- ʊzˈbɛkᵻˌstæn , _ - ˌstɑːn -RSB- , -LSB- ʊzˌbɛkᵻˈstɑːn , _ ʌz - , _ - ˈstæn -RSB- ) is the common English name for the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic ( Uzbek SSR ; Ўзбекистон Совет Социалистик Республикаси , Oʻzbekiston Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikasi ; Узбекская Советская Социалистическая Республика , Uzbekskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika ) and later , the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi , Ўзбекистон Республикаси ) that refers to the period of Uzbekistan from 1924 to 1991 . as one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union . It was governed by the Uzbek branch of the Soviet Communist Party , the only legal political party , from 1925 until 1990 . From 1990 to 1991 , it was the sovereign part of the Soviet Union with its own legislation . Sometimes , that period can be also referred to as Soviet Uzbekistan .   Beginning 20 June 1990 , Uzbek SSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty within its borders . Islam Karimov became the republic 's inaugural president .   On 31 August 1991 , the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic was renamed the Republic of Uzbekistan '' ' and declared independence three months before the Soviet Union 's dissolution on 26 December 1991 .   A doubly landlocked Soviet republic in Central Asia . Uzbekistan was bordered by Kazakhstan to the north ; Tajikistan to the southeast ; Kirghizia to the northeast ; Afghanistan to the south ; and Turkmenistan to the southwest .

neg: 2006 Russian ban of Moldovan and Georgian wines The 2006 Russian import ban of Moldovan and Georgian wines began in late March 2006 and created a diplomatic conflict between the Republic of Moldova and Georgia on the one hand and Russia on the other . Wine trade with Russia is responsible for 80-90 % of the total wine exports in both countries .   The Chief Sanitary Inspector of Russia Gennadiy Onishchenko claimed that heavy metals and pesticides had been found in Georgian and Moldovan wines and that they were falsified alcoholic products labeled as wines . The Russian Consumer Agency claimed that it had examined 21 sorts of Georgian wine sold in Moscow and concluded that 85.7 % did not comply with sanitary requirements . Pesticides were discovered in 60 % samples of Moldovan and 44 % samples of Georgian wine . However , the Moldovans claimed that no proof was provided by the Russians and that dozens of countries across the world imported Moldovan wines without any reported problems . Moldova argued that the ban amounted to economic blackmail . Seven Georgian wineries were later closed down after the government revision revealed that they had produced falsified wine .   In May 2005 , Georgian Defense Minister Irakli Okruashvili stated that `` many -LSB- Georgian -RSB- wine producers exported falsified wine to Russia , because Russia is a market where you can sell even turds '' . Okruashvili thought that Russia 's decision to ban the import of Georgian wines `` was not a surprise '' for Tbilisi .   Russia accounted for 80 % of Georgian wine sales , and the ban became a `` big blow '' to the industry . Georgian producers swiftly admitted that wines were regularly faked . Prior to the ban , the Georgian government closed down several testing laboratories in Georgia , and several wineries were made to dump their product . Seven Georgian wineries were closed down after the government revision revealed that they had produced falsified wine . Production of falsified wine in Georgia for the rapidly expanding Russian market had been `` big business for the last decade '' according to the Western press .   The ban on wine imports came at a time of worsening relations between the countries . The differences involved the Rose Revolution and pro-NATO/pro-EU moves in Georgia and a divergence of the Russian and Moldovan positions regarding the future of Transnistria . A year earlier , the Russian Duma had demanded a ban on Moldovan wine imports , because Moldova was considered to pursue anti-Russian policies .   EU 's external relations commissioner , Benita Ferrero-Waldner stated that the EU was worried about what she called an `` embargo '' against Moldova , but the EU could n't take any measures since Russia was not a member of the World Trade Organization .  The president of NATO Parliamentary Assembly Pierre Lellouche also said , on May 5 , he was deeply concerned about the Russian ban on Georgian products .   From 5 May to 6 May 2006 , the Russian government also banned the import of Borjomi and Nabeglavi , two popular brands of Georgian mineral water .  The government claimed that it was a health hazard since it failed to meet water purity standards . The Georgian government responded by stating that the action was an expansion of the wine embargo and a part of a political campaign to punish the country for pro-Western policies , a claim President Mikheil Saakashvili of Georgia reiterated at the Conference on Common Vision for Common Neighborhood held in Vilnius , Lithuania , from May 1 to 4 , and attended also by the presidents of the three Baltic states , Poland , Ukraine , Moldova , Romania , Bulgaria and the United States Vice-President Richard Cheney .   Neither the Georgian or Moldovan wines , nor the Borjomi or Nabeglavi mineral waters had been banned nor restricted in any other country besides Russia . One Russian expert has also criticized the Russian ban on `` Borjomi '' .   The drink ban appeared to exacerbate tensions between Russia and the Government of Georgia . The 2008 South Ossetia war would occur later that year . Following the conflict , Georgia also withdrew from the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) , a bloc of several post-Soviet countries .   Georgian wines are currently ( 2013 ) sold in over 50 countries , including Ukraine , which became the key market after the Russian ban . However , sales fell sharply , to about one third of what Georgia exported prior to the ban .

neg: President of Macedonia The President of the Republic of Macedonia is the head of state of the Republic of Macedonia . The institution of the Presidency of the modern Republic of Macedonia began after the Macedonian declaration of independence on 8 September 1991 . Its first president was Kiro Gligorov , the oldest president in the world until his resignation in 1999 . The Macedonian presidency is largely a ceremonial post and the Prime Minister of Macedonia is the country 's leading political figure and de facto chief executive .   The president must be a citizen of the Republic of Macedonia , be over 40 years of age and have lived in Macedonia for at least ten of the previous fifteen years .

neg: Head of the Republic of Mordovia The position of the Head of the Republic of Mordovia ( formerly known as the President of the Republic of Mordovia ) is the highest office within the Government of the Republic of Mordovia in Russia . The Head is elected by citizens of Russia residing in the republic . Term of service is five years .

neg: Liberal Democratic Party of Ukraine The Liberal Democratic Party of Ukraine ( Ліберально-демократична партія України Liberal ` no Demokratuyčna Partiya Ukrayiny ) is a political party in Ukraine registered in July 1992 .   As an organization , the party traces its history to 1989 as the Ukrainian branch of Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union and was based on the People 's Union in Support of Reforms ( Perestroika ) . In fall of 1990 it split and its Kiev branch ( Kiev Liberal Democratic Union ) later joined the Party of Democratic Revival of Ukraine .   At the parliamentary elections 1998 the party was part of the European choice of Ukraine alliance , at the parliamentary elections 2002 the party was part of the Team of Winter Generation alliance . Both alliances won a marginal number of votes and no seats . At 3 March 2006 the party announced at its website that it will not take part in the parliamentary elections on 26 March 2006 because of `` regional egoism '' . The party did not participate in the Ukrainian parliamentary elections of 2006 and 2007 . In the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election the party competed in/for 1 constituency ( seat ) ; but it did not won this constituency and thus missed parliamentary representation . The party did not participate in the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election .

neg: Commonwealth of Independent States The Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ; -LSB- Содружество Независимых Государств , СНГ , r = Sodruzhestvo Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv , SNG -RSB- ) , also called the Russian Commonwealth ( to distinguish it from the British Commonwealth of Nations ) , is a regional organization formed during the dissolution of the Soviet Union . Nine out of the 15 former Soviet Republics are member states , and two are associate members ( Ukraine and Turkmenistan ) . Georgia withdrew its membership in 2008 , while the Baltic states , which regard their membership in the Soviet Union as an illegal occupation , ( Estonia , Lithuania and Latvia ) chose not to participate .   The CIS has few supranational powers but aims to be more than a purely symbolic organization , nominally possessing coordinating powers in the realms of trade , finance , lawmaking , and security . It has also promoted cooperation on cross-border crime prevention . Furthermore , eight of the nine CIS member states participate in the CIS Free Trade Area . Three organizations are under the overview of the CIS , namely the Collective Security Treaty Organization , the Eurasian Economic Union ( alongside subdivisions , the Eurasian Customs Union and the Eurasian Economic Space , which comprises territory inhabited by over 180 million people ) , and the Union State . While the first and the second are military and economic alliances , the third aims to reach a confederation of Russia and Belarus with a common government , flag , currency , etc. .

neg: President of Ukraine The president of Ukraine ( Президент України , Prezydent Ukrayiny ) is the Ukrainian head of state . The president represents the nation in international relations , administers the foreign political activity of the state , conducts negotiations and concludes international treaties . The president is directly elected by the citizens of Ukraine for a five-year term of office ( whether the presidential election is early or scheduled ) , limited to two terms consecutively .   The president 's official residence is the Mariyinsky Palace , located in the Pechersk district of the capital Kiev . Other official residences include the House with Chimaeras and the House of the Weeping Widow , which are used for official visits by foreign representatives . The Presidential Administration of Ukraine , unofficially known as `` Bankova '' in reference to the street it is located on , serves as the presidential administration , advising the president in the domestic , foreign and legal matters .   Since the office 's establishment on 5 July 1991 , there have been five presidents of Ukraine . Leonid Kravchuk was the inaugural president , serving three years from 1991 until his resignation in 1994 . Leonid Kuchma was the only president to have served two consecutive terms in office . Both Viktor Yushchenko and Viktor Yanukovych served one term , with the latter being replaced by acting president Oleksandr Turchynov , who then also served as Chairman of the Ukrainian Parliament , on 21 February 2014 . Oleksandr Turchynov was the only acting president in Ukraine 's modern history . Unlike in the US , where the vice president immediately receives all powers of the presidency upon assumption of the presidential office , in Ukraine the powers of an acting president are severely limited . On 18 June 2015 , Yanukovych was officially deprived of the title of president of Ukraine . The current president is Petro Poroshenko who took the oath of office on 7 June 2014 . The Government of Ukraine utilizes a Semi-presidential system in which the roles of the head of state and head of government are separate , thus the president of Ukraine is not the nation 's head of government . The prime minister serves as the head of government , a role currently filled by Volodymyr Groysman who was appointed to the position in April 2016 .

neg: Belarusian referendum, 2004 A referendum on allowing President Lukashenko to stand in further elections was held in Belarus on 17 October 2004 , alongside parliamentary elections . Lukashenko was nearing the end of his constitutionally-limited two terms , and the change would allow him to run for a third term . The result was 88.9 % in favour , with a turnout of 90.3 % .

neg: Decommunization in Russia Decommunization in Russia is the process of dealing with the communist legacies in terms of institutions and personnel that tends towards breaking with the Soviet past . Compared with the efforts of the other former constituents of the Soviet bloc and the Soviet Union , it has been restricted to half-measures , if conducted at all .   Notable anti-communist measures in the Russian Federation are the banning of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( and creating the Communist Party of the Russian Federation ) as well as the names of many Russian cities reverting to what they were before the 1917 October Revolution ( Leningrad to Saint Petersburg , Sverdlovsk to Yekaterinburg and Gorky to Nizhny Novgorod ) .   However , Nostalgia for the Soviet Union is gradually on the rise in Russia . Communist symbols continue to form an important part of the rhetoric used in state-controlled media as banning them is seen by the foreign ministry as `` sacrilege '' and `` a perverse idea of good and evil '' . The decommunization process in neighbouring Ukraine was also met with criticism by Russia , and Soviet war crimes continue to be regularly dismissed as `` Western myth '' .