query: The United States is partially in the Northern Hemisphere.

pos: North America North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere . It can also be considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas . It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean , and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea .   North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers ( 9,540,000 square miles ) , about 16.5 % of the earth 's land area and about 4.8 % of its total surface .  North America is the third largest continent by area , following Asia and Africa , and the fourth by population after Asia , Africa , and Europe .   In 2013 , its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states , or about 7.5 % of the world 's population , if nearby islands ( most notably the Caribbean ) are included .   North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period , via crossing the Bering land bridge approximately 40,000 to 17,000 years ago . The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago ( the beginning of the Archaic or Meso-Indian period ) . The Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries . The Pre-Columbian era ended with the transatlantic migrations and the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery and the Early Modern period . Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kind of interactions between European colonists , indigenous peoples , African slaves and their descendants . European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south . Because of the history of colonialism , most North Americans speak English , Spanish or French and societies and states commonly reflect Western traditions .

pos: United States The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. ) or America , is a constitutional federal republic composed of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions .  Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico . The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America , bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west . The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean . The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea . Nine time zones are covered . The geography , climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse .   At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) and with over 324 million people , the United States is the world 's third - or fourth-largest country by total area , third-largest by land area , and the third-most populous . It is one of the world 's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations , and is home to the world 's largest immigrant population . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the largest city is New York City ; nine other major metropolitan areas -- each with at least 4.5 million inhabitants and the largest having more than 13 million people -- are Los Angeles , Chicago , Dallas , Houston , Philadelphia , Miami , Atlanta , Boston , and San Francisco .   Paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the Seven Years ' War led to the American Revolution , which began in 1775 . On July 4 , 1776 , during the course of the American Revolutionary War , the colonies unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence . The war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain , representing the first successful war of independence against a European power . The current constitution was adopted in 1788 , after the Articles of Confederation , adopted in 1781 , were felt to have provided inadequate federal powers . The first ten amendments , collectively named the Bill of Rights , were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties .   The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century , displacing Native American tribes , acquiring new territories , and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848 . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the end of legal slavery in the country . By the end of that century , the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean , and its economy , driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution , began to soar . The Spanish -- American War and confirmed the country 's status as a global military power . The United States emerged from as a global superpower , the first country to develop nuclear weapons , the only country to use them in warfare , and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council . The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world 's sole superpower . The U.S. is a founding member of the United Nations , World Bank , International Monetary Fund , Organization of American States ( OAS ) , and other international organizations .   The United States is a highly developed country , with the world 's largest economy by nominal GDP and second-largest economy by PPP . Though its population is only 4.3 % of the world total , Americans hold nearly 40 % of the total wealth in the world . The United States ranks among the highest in several measures of socioeconomic performance , including average wage , human development , per capita GDP , and productivity per person . While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial , characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy , the manufacturing sector remains the second-largest in the world . Accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP and a third of global military spending , the United States is the world 's foremost economic and military power . The United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally , and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations .

neg: Celestial globe Celestial globes show the apparent positions of the stars in the sky . They omit the Sun , Moon and planets because the positions of these bodies vary relative to those of the stars , but the ecliptic , along which the Sun moves , is indicated .   There is an issue regarding the `` handedness '' of celestial globes . If the globe is constructed so that the stars are in the positions they actually occupy on the imaginary celestial sphere , then the star field will appear back-to-front on the surface of the globe ( all the constellations will appear as their mirror images ) . This is because the view from Earth , positioned at the centre of the celestial sphere , is of the inside of the celestial sphere , whereas the celestial globe is viewed from the outside . For this reason , celestial globes are often produced in mirror image , so that at least the constellations appear the `` right way round '' . Some modern celestial globes address this problem by making the surface of the globe transparent . The stars can then be placed in their proper positions and viewed through the globe , so that the view is of the inside of the celestial sphere . However , the proper position from which to view the sphere would be from its centre , but the viewer of a transparent globe must be outside it , far from its centre . Viewing the inside of the sphere from the outside , through its transparent surface , produces serious distortions . Opaque celestial globes that are made with the constellations correctly placed , so they appear as mirror images when directly viewed from outside the globe , are often viewed in a mirror , so the constellations have their familiar appearances . Written material on the globe , names of constellations etc. , is printed in reverse , so it can easily be read in the mirror .   Category : Navigational equipment  Category : Globes  Category : Spheres

neg: United States Congress The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers : the Senate and the House of Representatives . The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington , D.C. Both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election , though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment . Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party , and only rarely to a third party or as independents . Congress has 535 voting members : 435 Representatives and 100 Senators . The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members . These members can , however , sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation . These members represent Washington , D.C. , Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands and the U.S. Virgin Islands .   The members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency , known as a `` district '' . Congressional districts are apportioned to states by population using the United States Census results , provided that each state has at least one congressional representative . Each state , regardless of population or size , has two senators . Currently , there are 100 senators representing the 50 states . Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a six-year term , with terms staggered , so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election .

neg: February 4 This day marks the approximate midpoint of winter in the Northern Hemisphere and of summer in the Southern Hemisphere ( starting the season at the December solstice ) .

neg: Continental Divide of the Americas The Continental Divide of the Americas ( also known as the Great Divide , the Continental Gulf of Division , or merely the Continental Divide ) is the principal , and largely mountainous , hydrological divide of the Americas . The Continental Divide extends from the Bering Strait to the Strait of Magellan , and separates the watersheds that drain into the Pacific Ocean from ( 1 ) those river systems that drain into the Atlantic Ocean ( including those that drain into the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea ) , and ( 2 ) along the northernmost reaches of the Divide , those river systems that drain into the Arctic Ocean .   Though there are many other hydrological divides in the Americas , the Great Divide is by far the most prominent of these because it tends to follow a line of high peaks along the main ranges of the Rocky Mountains and Andes , at a generally much higher elevation than the other hydrological divisions .  __ TOC __

neg: Flags of the U.S. states and territories The flags of the U.S. states , territories and federal district exhibit a variety of regional influences and local histories , as well as different styles and design principles . Nonetheless , the majority of the states ' flags share the same design pattern consisting of the state seal superimposed on a monochrome background , commonly blue .   The most recent current state flag is that of Utah ( February 16 , 2011 ) , while the most recent current territorial flag is that of the Northern Mariana Islands ( July 1 , 1985 ) .

neg: Geology of New England New England is a region in the North Eastern United States consisting of the states Rhode Island , Connecticut , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Vermont , and Maine . Most of New England consists geologically of volcanic island arcs that accreted onto the eastern edge of the Laurentian Craton in prehistoric times . Much of the bedrock found in New England is heavily metamorphosed due to the numerous mountain building events that occurred in the region . The most recent rock layers are glacial conglomerates .

neg: Laurentide Ice Sheet The Laurentide Ice Sheet was a massive sheet of ice that covered millions of square kilometers , including most of Canada and a large portion of the northern United States , multiple times during the Quaternary glacial epochs -- from 2.588 ± 0.005 million years ago to the present . < ref  name = `` ICS2013 '' > </ref> The last advance covered most of northern North America between c. 95,000 and c. 20,000 years before the present day , and among other geomorphological effects , gouged out the five Great Lakes and the hosts of smaller lakes of the Canadian shield . These lakes extend from the eastern Northwest Territories , through most of northern Canada , and the upper Midwestern United States ( Minnesota , Wisconsin , and Michigan ) to the Finger Lakes , through Lake Champlain and Lake George areas of New York , across the northern Appalachians into and through all of New England and Nova Scotia . At times , the ice sheet 's southern margin included the present-day sites of northeastern coastal towns and cities such as Portsmouth , New Hampshire , Boston , New York City , and Great Lakes coastal cities and towns as far south as Chicago and St. Louis , Missouri -- and then followed quite precisely the present course of the Missouri River up to the northern slopes of the Cypress Hills , beyond which it merged with the Cordilleran Ice Sheet . The ice coverage extended approximately as far south as 38 degrees latitude in the mid-continent .

neg: Geology of North America The geology of North America is a subject of regional geology and covers the North American continent , third-largest in the world . Geologic units and processes are investigated on a large scale to reach a synthesized picture of the geological development of the continent .   The divisions of regional geology are drawn in different ways , but are usually outlined by a common geologic history , geographic vicinity or political boundaries . The regional geology of North America usually encompasses the geographic regions of Alaska , Canada , Greenland , the continental United States , Mexico , Central America , and the Caribbean . The parts of the North American Plate that are not occupied by North American countries are usually not discussed as part of the regional geology . The regions that are not geographically North American but reside on the North American Plate include parts of Siberia ( see the Geology of Russia ) , and Iceland , and Bermuda . A discussion of North American geology can also include other continental plates including the Cocos and Juan de Fuca plates being subducted beneath western North America . A portion of the Pacific Plate underlies Baja California and part of California west of the San Andreas Fault .

neg: Non-Hispanic whites Non-Hispanic whites or whites not of Hispanic or Latino origin or `` Anglo '' '' ' , '' are people in the United States who , as defined by the Census Bureau , are considered racially white and are not of Hispanic or Latino origin/ethnicity . Non-Hispanic whites are a subcategory of white Americans , the other being white Hispanic and Latino Americans .   Although generally all nations in Europe have contributed to the white population through emigration to Northern America in the last few centuries , the majority of non-Hispanic whites trace their origins to Northwestern Europe while other major sources originate in Southern and Eastern Europe ; German , Irish , and English ancestries are the most common .   In the United States , this population was first derived from English ( and , to a lesser degree , French ) settlement of the Americas , as well as settlement by other Europeans such as the Germans and Dutch that began in the 17th century ( see History of the United States ) . Continued growth since the early 19th century is attributed to sustained very high birth rates alongside relatively low death rates among settlers and natives alike as well as periodically massive immigration from European countries , especially Germany , Ireland , England , Spain , Greece , Sweden and Norway , as well as Poland , Russia , and many more countries . In 2011 , for the first time in U.S. history , non-Hispanic whites accounted for under half of the births in the country , with 49.6 % of total births . At 197.2 million in 2012 , non-Hispanic whites comprise 62.8 % of the total U.S. population .

neg: 23rd parallel north The 23rd parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 23 degrees north of the Earth 's equatorial plane . It crosses Africa , Asia , the Indian Ocean , the Pacific Ocean , North America , the Caribbean and the Atlantic Ocean .   At this latitude the sun is visible for 13 hours , 33 minutes during the summer solstice and 10 hours , 43 minutes during the winter solstice .

neg: 55th parallel north The 55th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 55 degrees north of the Earth 's equatorial plane . It crosses Europe , Asia , the Pacific Ocean , North America , and the Atlantic Ocean .   At this latitude the sun is visible for 17 hours , 22 minutes during the summer solstice and 7 hours , 10 minutes during the winter solstice .

neg: List of people by number of countries visited This is a list of people by number of countries and territories visited .   There are a number of people claiming to have visited every country in the world , though there is great debate as to how many countries there are in the world . The most commonly agreed base number is the number of United Nations member states , of which there are 193 . According to the United Nations , `` The recognition of a new State or Government is an act that only other States and Governments may grant or withhold . '' As a result , the membership of some countries to the United Nations is blocked by one or more other members , such as Taiwan and Kosovo , and there are also two observer states , the Holy See and the State of Palestine . Additionally , there are various dependencies and territories that maintain autonomy , their own government , immigration , and/or print their own currency , and can be widely held as de facto countries by travellers . ISO 3166 is maintained by ISO as an updated list of the aforementioned derived from United Nations sources ( Terminology Bulletin Country Names and the Country and Region Codes for Statistical Use maintained by the United Nations Statistics Divisions ) , and lists 249 countries . The Travelers ' Century Club , whose membership is limited to those travellers who have visited one hundred or more territories of the world , maintains its own official list of countries and territories , a total of 325 as of 1 January 2016 , which includes geographically separated areas , such as Hawaii and other areas of cultural interest . This list of people by countries visited does not prescribe one list as correct ; rather , it lists the number of countries visited from any of these competing lists . The Best Travelled is also considered a reference for the 1281 world regions and well travelled people , and hold a verification process to check on traveller 's claims . Their UN Master List regroups all those travellers .

neg: Norwegian Dakotan A Norwegian Dakotan is a Norwegian American ( a person with Norwegian ancestry ) in the U. S. states of North and South Dakota . One in three of all North Dakotans is of Norwegian heritage , which is the highest among all U.S. states . South Dakota is number three , behind Minnesota . The immigrants settled primarily between 1870 and 1920 .   As of 2009 , 312,697 Dakotans claim Norwegian ancestry , 21.4 % of the region 's population ( 30.8 % of North Dakota 's population and 14.0 % of South Dakota 's population ) , or 6.7 % of the total Norwegian American population .

neg: Chinese Americans Chinese Americans , which includes American-born Chinese , are Americans who have full or partial Chinese ancestry . Chinese Americans constitute one group of overseas Chinese and also a subgroup of East Asian Americans , which is further a subgroup of Asian Americans . Many Chinese Americans are immigrants along with their descendants from mainland China , Hong Kong , Macau , Taiwan , as well as from other regions that include large populations of the Chinese diaspora , especially Southeast Asia and some Western countries like Canada , United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , and Brazil .   The Chinese American community is the largest overseas Chinese community outside of Asia . It is also the third largest in the Chinese diaspora , behind the Chinese communities in Thailand and Malaysia . The Chinese American community comprises the largest ethnic group of Asian Americans , comprising 25.9 % of the Asian American population as of 2010 . Americans of Chinese descent , including those with partial Chinese ancestry constitute 1.2 % of the total U.S. population as of 2010 . According to the 2010 census , the Chinese American population numbered approximately 3.8 million . In 2010 , half of Chinese-born people living in the United States resided in the states of California and New York .

neg: List of geographic centers of the United States This is a list of geographic centers of each U.S. state . Note that the geographic center of the entire U.S. is northeast of Belle Fourche in Butte County , South Dakota , while that of the contiguous 48 is near Lebanon in Smith County , Kansas . The geographic center of North America lies near Rugby , North Dakota , though this designation has no official status .

neg: United States Northern Command United States Northern Command ( USNORTHCOM ) is a Unified Combatant Command of the U.S. military tasked with providing military support for civil authorities in the U.S. , and protecting the territory and national interests of the United States within the contiguous United States , Alaska ( not Hawaii ) , Puerto Rico , Canada , Mexico , The Bahamas , and the air , land and sea approaches to these areas . It is the U.S. military command which , if applicable , would be the primary defender against a mainland invasion of the United States .   USNORTHCOM was created on 25 April 2002 when President George W. Bush approved a new Unified Command Plan , following the September 11 attacks . USNORTHCOM went operational on 1 October 2002 .   The support that USNORTHCOM provides to civil authorities is legally limited by the Posse Comitatus Act , which sets some limits on the role of the U.S. military in civilian law enforcement . However , in case of national emergency , natural or man-made , its Air Forces Northern National Security Emergency Preparedness Directorate will take charge of the situation or event .

neg: Global warming controversy The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring , how much has occurred in modern times , what has caused it , what its effects will be , whether any action should be taken to curb it , and if so what that action should be . In the scientific literature , there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases . No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view , though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions . Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are more prevalent in the media than in the scientific literature , where such issues are treated as resolved , and such disputes are more prevalent in the United States than globally .   Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of climate change includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record , whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations , and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it . Scientists have resolved these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing , that human activity is the cause , and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years . Public disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases ( climate sensitivity ) , how global climate change will play out at local and regional scales , and what the consequences of global warming will be .   Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate , often split along party political lines , especially in the United States . Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community , such as human responsibility for global warming , remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay , dismiss or deny them -- an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial . The sources of funding for those involved with climate science -- both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions -- have been questioned by both sides . There are debates about the best policy responses to the science , their cost-effectiveness and their urgency . Climate scientists , especially in the United States , have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data , with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications . Legal cases regarding global warming , its effects , and measures to reduce it have reached American courts . The fossil fuels lobby has been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming .

neg: Climate change denial Climate change denial , or global warming denial , is part of the global warming controversy . It involves denial , dismissal , unwarranted doubt or contrarian views which strongly depart from the scientific opinion on climate change , including the extent to which it is caused by humans , its impacts on nature and human society , or the potential of adaptation to global warming by human actions . Some deniers do endorse the term , but others often prefer the term climate change skepticism , although this is a misnomer for those who deny anthropogenic global warming . In effect , the two terms form a continuous , overlapping range of views , and generally have the same characteristics : both reject , to a greater or lesser extent , mainstream scientific opinion on climate change . Climate change denial can also be implicit , when individuals or social groups accept the science but fail to come to terms with it or to translate their acceptance into action . Several social science studies have analyzed these positions as forms of denialism .   Campaigning to undermine public trust in climate science has been described as a `` denial machine '' of industrial , political and ideological interests , supported by conservative media and skeptical bloggers in manufacturing uncertainty about global warming . In the public debate , phrases such as climate skepticism have frequently been used with the same meaning as climate denialism . The labels are contested : those actively challenging climate science commonly describe themselves as `` skeptics '' , but many do not comply with common standards of scientific skepticism and , regardless of evidence , persistently deny the validity of human caused global warming .   Although scientific opinion on climate change is that human activity is extremely likely to be the primary driver of climate change , the politics of global warming have been affected by climate change denial , hindering efforts to prevent climate change and adapt to the warming climate . Those promoting denial commonly use rhetorical tactics to give the appearance of a scientific controversy where there is none .   Of the world 's countries , the climate change denial industry is most powerful in the United States . Since January 2015 , the United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works has been chaired by oil lobbyist and climate change denier Jim Inhofe . Inhofe is notorious for having called climate change `` the greatest hoax ever perpetrated against the American people '' and for having claimed to have debunked the alleged hoax in February 2015 when he brought a snowball with him in the Senate chamber and tossed it across the floor . Organised campaigning to undermine public trust in climate science is associated with conservative economic policies and backed by industrial interests opposed to the regulation of emissions . Climate change denial has been associated with the fossil fuels lobby , the Koch brothers , industry advocates and libertarian think tanks , often in the United States . More than 90 % of papers sceptical on climate change originate from right-wing think tanks .  The total annual income of these climate change counter-movement-organizations is roughly $ 900 million . Between 2002 and 2010 , nearly $ 120 million ( # 77 million ) was anonymously donated via the Donors Trust and Donors Capital Fund to more than 100 organisations seeking to undermine the public perception of the science on climate change . In 2013 the Center for Media and Democracy reported that the State Policy Network ( SPN ) , an umbrella group of 64 U.S. think tanks , had been lobbying on behalf of major corporations and conservative donors to oppose climate change regulation .   Since the late 1970s , oil companies have published research broadly in line with the standard views on global warming . Despite this , oil companies organized a climate change denial campaign to disseminate public disinformation for several decades , a strategy that has been compared to the organized denial of the hazards of tobacco smoking by tobacco companies .

neg: Geographic center of the contiguous United States The geographic center of the contiguous United States is the center of 48 U.S. states . It has been regarded as such by the U.S. National Geodetic Survey ( NGS ) since the 1912 additions of New Mexico and Arizona to the United States .

neg: List of countries by easternmost point This is a list of countries by easternmost point on land ( dependent territories included ) . A selection of dependent territories are listed in italics and are not ranked .   The order does not always reflect the proximity of the country 's territory to the 180th meridian . In such a case there would be three both the very westernmost and the very easternmost countries or territories , Russia , Fiji , and Antarctica , as the Start Meridian passes through them on land . Instead for the number of countries , namely Russia , New Zealand , Fiji , the United States , and Kiribati , which have territory on both sides of the 180th meridian , the given easternmost point of the country is the easternmost point in the direction of travel . The United States and Kiribati have most of their territory east of the 180th meridian , in the Western Hemisphere , so they are considered to belong to the westernmost countries with their territory stretching as far to the west as beyond the 180th meridian into the Eastern Hemisphere . Conversely , Russia , New Zealand , and Fiji have most of their territory west of the 180th meridian , in the Eastern Hemisphere , so they are considered to belong to the easternmost countries with their territory stretching as far to the east as beyond the 180th meridian into the Western Hemisphere .


query: British Airways (BA) is the largest airline in the United Kingdom based on number of planes.

pos: British Airways British Airways ( BA ) is the largest airline in the United Kingdom based on fleet size , or the second largest , behind easyJet , when measured by passengers carried . The airline is based in Waterside near its main hub at London Heathrow Airport . In January 2011 BA merged with Iberia , creating the International Airlines Group ( IAG ) , a holding company registered in Madrid , Spain . IAG is the world 's third-largest airline group in terms of annual revenue and the second-largest in Europe . It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and in the FTSE 100 Index .   BA was created in 1974 after a British Airways Board was established by the British government to manage the two nationalised airline corporations , British Overseas Airways Corporation and British European Airways , and two regional airlines , Cambrian Airways from Cardiff , and Northeast Airlines from Newcastle upon Tyne . On 31 March 1974 , all four companies were merged to form British Airways . After almost 13 years as a state company , BA was privatised in February 1987 as part of a wider privatisation plan by the Conservative government . The carrier expanded with the acquisition of British Caledonian in 1987 , Dan-Air in 1992 , and British Midland International in 2012 .   A long-time Boeing customer , BA ordered 59 Airbus A320 family aircraft in August 1998 . In 2007 it purchased 12 Airbus A380s and 24 Boeing 787 Dreamliners , marking the start of its long-haul fleet replacement . The centrepiece of the airline 's long-haul fleet is the Boeing 777 , with 58 in the fleet . BA is the largest operator of the Boeing 747-400 , with 41 registered to the airline . It is a founding member of the Oneworld airline alliance , along with American Airlines , Cathay Pacific , Qantas , and the now defunct Canadian Airlines . The alliance has since grown to become the third largest , after SkyTeam and Star Alliance .

neg: Transair (UK) Transair Limited was an early post-World War II private , independentindependent from government-owned corporations British airline formed in 1947 . It began as an air taxi operator at Croydon Airport . In 1953 , it started inclusive tour ( IT ) charter flights . By 1957 , Transair became part of the Airwork group . The following year it shifted its operating base and headquarters to Gatwick Airport . In 1960 , Transair was absorbed into British United Airways ( BUA ) , as a result of the Airwork -- Hunting-Clan merger .

neg: Leeds Bradford Airport Leeds Airport redirects here , for the private airport to the East of the city see Leeds East Airport   Leeds Bradford Airport is located at Yeadon , in the City of Leeds Metropolitan District in West Yorkshire , England , 6 NM northwest of Leeds city centre itself . It was opened in October 1931 as Yeadon Aerodrome , and is still often referred to as Yeadon Airport by locals . It serves the cities of Leeds and Bradford , as well as the wider Yorkshire region including the cities of York and Wakefield , and the District of Harrogate , and is the largest airport within Yorkshire . The airport was in public ownership until May 2007 , when it was sold for # 145.5 million to Bridgepoint Capital .   Leeds Bradford has a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence ( Number P800 ) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers and for flight training . The Airport operates to many domestic and European destinations . The airport is also the highest in England at an elevation of 681 ft. By the number of passengers handled in 2016 , Leeds Bradford was the 15th busiest airport in the UK . It is a base for Jet2.com , Monarch Airlines and Ryanair . Thomson Airways is seasonally based at the airport .

neg: Virgin Atlantic Little Red Virgin Atlantic Little Red ( also referred to as Virgin Little Red and Little Red ) was a British airline subsidiary owned by Virgin Atlantic .   It was created in 2012 as a way to provide competition for aviation giant British Airways ( BA ) on UK domestic mainland flights to Aberdeen , Edinburgh and Manchester from London Heathrow Airport . During its operation , the airline operated four Airbus A320s wet leased from Irish airline Aer Lingus and served a network of four domestic destinations . The airline ceased operations in 2015 following low passenger numbers .

neg: Gatwick Handling Gatwick Handling Limited was an aircraft ground handling agent headquartered at London Gatwick Airport .   Gatwick Handling was originally established in the late-1960s as a new company jointly owned by Airbourne Aviation and Messrs Metcalfe and Foukes . The company 's liquidation soon after its formation resulted in ownership passing to Davies and Newman ( D&N ) , holding company of UK independentindependent from government-owned corporations airline Dan-Air . D&N 's search for a co-owner for its new ground handling unit led to the sale of a 50 % stake to Laker Airways ( Services ) , an associate company of former Gatwick-based UK independent airline Laker Airways which was a contemporary competitor of Dan-Air .   Gatwick Handling 's official appointment as an airport concessionaire occurred in early-1972 following the signing of an agreement between the British Airports Authority ( BAA ) , Dan-Air and Laker Airways . Under this agreement , the BAA licensed Gatwick Handling to conduct ground handling operations at London Gatwick on behalf of third parties .   In addition to assuming responsibility for handling all Dan-Air and Laker flights at Gatwick , a growing number of third-party airlines appointed Gatwick Handling their handling agent at the airport .   Laker Airways 's demise in early-1982 brought about a change in ownership that initially saw D&N gain 100 % control of Gatwick Handling and the subsequent sale of the 50 % stake previously owned by an associate company of the defunct airline sold on to US carriers Northwest Airlines and Delta Air Lines .   In the late-1980s , Gatwick Handling extended its geographical coverage of the UK to other airports , leading to establishment of GH Manchester and GH Stansted respectively .   Dan-Air 's takeover by British Airways ( BA ) in late-1992 divided Gatwick Handling 's ownership between Northwest and Delta .   In 1994 , Gatwick Handling extended its geographical coverage to Ghana in West Africa . To give it a more international image , the company abbreviated its name to GHI ( for Gatwick Handling International ) .   In 1998 , Go-Ahead Group replaced Northwest and Delta as GHI 's owner .   In 2000 , Go-ahead merged GHI with its other UK aircraft ground handling operations , Midland Airport Services , British Midland Handling Services and Reed Aviation , under the Aviance UK brand .

neg: Heathrow Terminal 4 Heathrow Terminal 4 is an airport terminal at Heathrow Airport , the main airport serving London , United Kingdom , situated to the south of the southern runway , next to the cargo terminal . It is connected to Heathrow Terminals 2 and 3 by the vehicular Heathrow Cargo Tunnel , and by rail with the Heathrow Terminal 4 tube station and Heathrow Terminal 4 railway station .   Built at a cost of # 200 million , Terminal 4 was opened by the Prince and Princess of Wales on 1 April 1986 . Until 2008 it was used mainly by British Airways . It became the Heathrow base for airlines of the SkyTeam airline alliance after British Airways vacated Terminal 4 on 29 October 2009 and moved to Terminal 5 .

neg: Big Six energy suppliers The Big Six are the United Kingdom 's largest energy suppliers , supplying gas and electricity to over 50 million homes and businesses in Britain , with over 90 % share of domestic customers . `` Supplier '' is meant by the business of buying wholesale power ( or gas ) , paying network and government policy costs and charges , and charging the customers of that supplier , for their electricity ( or gas ) . The assets of a supplier , which is a separate licensed business , are its people , and its offices . The business of four of the big energy Suppliers , including of their wider company groups , does not entail owning , or running , any actual network assets - underground cables , overhead lines , or pipes - to physically deliver electricity or gas . The two exceptions to this , are the two big Scottish Supplier firms , whose wider company groups do own some network assets .   Confusingly , the term `` Big Six '' has recently been used prominently in the British media to refer , instead , to Britain 's energy network firms such as UK Power Networks ( which are generally independent of the biggest six British energy suppliers ) . There has also been a tendency in the media to wrongly refer to electricity network firms as `` electricity suppliers '' , thus sowing further confusion and misunderstanding ,   The `` Big Six '' as the term has most often been used , tends to be a reference to the oldest British electricity companies ( which are all also involved in the retail Supply of gas ) plus British Gas . This comprises ( 1 ) British Gas ( owned by UK firm Centrica which is listed on the LSE ) , ( 2 ) EDF Energy ( owned by French firm Électricité de France which is listed on the Paris Stock Exchange , ( 3 ) npower , ( 4 ) E.ON UK ( each German-owned ) , ( 5 ) Scottish Power ( Spanish-owned ) , and ( 6 ) SSE ( listed on the LSE ) .   According to SERIS , the generation businesses of the ` Big Six ' energy firms amount to around three-quarters of British generating capacity . Three out of the ` Big Ten ' generators in the UK can probably still be categorised as majority-owned by British shareholders ; the other seven are listed firms that are owned by their many shareholders , some of whom will be British , but many of whom may not be British .   Figures from independent research group Cornwall Energy suggest that by September 2014 Britain 's big six energy companies had a 92.4 % share of the market -- a decrease from 99.8 % in 2009 .

neg: British Overseas Territories The 14 British Overseas Territories ( BOT ) are territories under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United Kingdom . They are the parts of the British Empire that have not been granted independence or have voted to remain British territories . These territories do not form part of the United Kingdom and , with the exception of Gibraltar , are not part of the European Union . Most of the inhabited territories are internally self-governing , with the UK retaining responsibility for defence and foreign relations . The rest are either uninhabited or have a transitory population of military or scientific personnel . They share the British monarch ( Elizabeth II ) as head of state .   The term `` British Overseas Territory '' was introduced by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 , replacing the term British Dependent Territory , introduced by the British Nationality Act 1981 . Prior to 1 January 1983 , the territories were officially referred to as British Crown Colonies . With the exceptions of the British Antarctic Territory and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( which host only officials and research station staff ) and the British Indian Ocean Territory ( used as a military base ) , the Territories retain permanent civilian populations . Permanent residency for the 7,000 or so civilians living in the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia is limited to citizens of the Republic of Cyprus .   Collectively , the Territories encompass a population of about 250,000 people and a land area of about 667018 sqmi . The vast majority of this land area , 660000 sqmi , constitutes the almost uninhabited British Antarctic Territory , while the largest territory by population , Bermuda , accounts for almost a quarter of the total BOT population . At the other end of the scale , three territories have no civilian population ; the Antarctic territory , the British Indian Ocean Territory ( from which the Chagos Islanders were controversially removed ) and South Georgia . Pitcairn Islands , settled by the survivors of the Mutiny on the Bounty , is the smallest settled territory with 49 inhabitants , while the smallest by land area is Gibraltar on the southern tip of the Iberian peninsula . The United Kingdom participates in the Antarctic Treaty System and , as part of a mutual agreement , the British Antarctic Territory is recognised by four of the other sovereign nations making claims to Antarctic territory .   Although the Crown dependencies of Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man are also under the sovereignty of the British monarch , they are in a different constitutional relationship with the United Kingdom . The British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies are themselves distinct from the Commonwealth realms , a group of 15 independent countries ( and the United Kingdom ) which each also have Elizabeth II as their reigning monarch , and from the Commonwealth of Nations , a voluntary association of 52 countries mostly with historic links to the British Empire ( which also includes all Commonwealth realms ) .   the Minister responsible for the Territories excluding the Falkland Islands , Gibraltar and the Sovereign Base Areas is Baroness Anelay , Minister of State for the Commonwealth and the UN . The other three territories are the responsibility of Sir Alan Duncan MP , Minister of State for Europe and the Americas .

neg: British Amphibious Airlines British Amphibious Airlines was a British airline that operated a seaplane service between Blackpool and the Isle of Man in 1932 and 1933 .   The airline was formed on 4 February 1932 in Blackpool to exploit an agreement to use the sea and forshore at Blackpool for conducting flight in amphibious flying boats .   During the summer of 1932 the airline operated a service between Blackpool and the Isle of Man using a Saro Cutty Sark named Progress which could carry four passengers . The aircraft was based at Squires Gate Airport but picked up passengers on the forshore and alighted in Douglas harbour on the Isle of Man , if the sea conditions were bad they used Ronaldsway Airport . Although the first to operate a service to the Isle of Man they were in competition with the Isle of Man Air Services who operated from Liverpool .   The first year they carried 348 passengers on the service , during 1933 the service was only operated on three days a week and only carried 130 passengers . The airline tried to acquire a larger Saro Cloud aircraft but were thwarted by the owners of Saunders-Roe who wanted to run their own service to the Isle of Man so British Amphibious stopped operating the service .

neg: Spartan Air Lines Spartan Air Lines Ltd was a British private airline company , in the period 1933-1935 . In 1933 , it started operating passenger services from the London area to the Isle of Wight . In late 1935 it merged with United Airways Ltd to form British Airways Ltd. .

neg: Royal Bengal Airline Aviana Airways Ltd operating as Royal Bengal Airlines was a dormant airline that operated flights in Bangladesh . The carrier , headquartered in London , was wholly owned by R B Airline UK Ltd. .

neg: BAX Global BAX Global is an American international shipping company that is headquartered in Irvine , California , and has other major offices in Australia , Singapore , London , the Netherlands and Toledo , Ohio . The company which was founded in 1971 also operates an airline . After having been acquired by DB Logistics in January 2006 , Bax Global is currently being integrated with Schenker , the land , sea , and air freight branch of DB Logistics . DB Logistics is the freight and logistics division of Deutsche Bahn , the State-owned German railway company .  In July 2011 Schenker Inc. announced it would give up its airfreight activities and stop the use of the remaining 20 aircraft .

neg: Transport in England England has a dense and modern transportation infrastructure . The Department for Transport is the government department responsible for the English transport network .

neg: Channel Air Bridge Channel Air Bridge was a private British independentindependent from government-owned corporations airline specialising in cross-Channel vehicle-cum-passenger ferry services . Freddie Laker started Channel Air Bridge as a sister airline of Air Charter on a provisional basis in 1954 . Operations commenced in 1955 . In 1958 , Channel Air bridge took over Air Charter 's vehicle ferry services . In 1959 , both Channel Air Bridge and its sister airline Air Charter became part of the Airwork group . In 1960 , Airwork joined with Hunting-Clan to form British United Airways ( BUA ) . In 1962 , BUA reorganised its vehicle ferry operations by merging Channel Air Bridge with Silver City Airways . This resulted in the creation of British United Air Ferries in 1963 .

neg: International Air Transport Association The International Air Transport Association ( IATA -LSB- aɪˈɑːtə -RSB- ) is a trade association of the world 's airlines . Consisting of 268 airlines , primarily major carriers , representing 117 countries , the IATA 's member airlines account for carrying approximately 83 % of total Available Seat Kilometers air traffic . IATA supports airline activity and helps formulate industry policy and standards . It is headquartered in Montreal , Quebec , Canada with Executive Offices in Geneva , Switzerland .

neg: Caledonian Airways (1988) Caledonian Airways was a United Kingdom charter airline created in 1988 by rebranding British Airtours when that company 's parent British Airways ( BA ) took over British Caledonian airline . It operated for twelve years between 1988 and 2000 .

neg: Quick access recorder A quick access recorder ( QAR ) is an airborne flight data recorder designed to provide quick and easy access to raw flight data , through means such as USB or cellular network connections and/or the use of standard flash memory cards . QARs are typically used by airlines to improve flight safety and operational efficiency , usually in the scope of their flight operational quality assurance plans . Like the aircraft 's flight data recorder ( FDR ) , a QAR receives its inputs from the Flight Data Acquisition Unit ( FDAU ) , recording over 2000 flight parameters . The QAR is also able to sample data at much higher rates than the FDR and , in some cases , for longer periods of time . Unlike the FDR , the QAR usually is not required by a national Civil Aviation Authority on commercial flights and is not designed to survive an accident . Despite this , some QARs have survived accidents and provided valuable information beyond what was recorded by the FDR .   The quick access recorder was pioneered by British European Airways ( BEA ) on its Hawker Siddeley Trident aircraft in the 1960 's as a requirement to prove the safety of the aircraft 's autoland system for certification of the autoland system by the CAA . Quick access recorders are carried by all BEA 's successor airline , British Airways ( BA ) , aircraft . Data from the Penny & Giles quick access recorder of a BA Boeing 747-400 London-Bankok flight in which the aircraft suffered un-commanded elevator movement and momentary elevator reversal caused Boeing to implement a change in the elevator servo valve design , a modification that was applied to all Boeing 747 's in service , and suspicion of a similar original valve design arising from this BA data was subsequently used by the NTSB in the determining of the causes of the crashes of United Airlines Flight 585 and USAir Flight 427 .   Earlier , data from a Trident 's quick access recorder had provided the AAIB with useful supplemental data over-and-above that of the aircraft 's flight data recorder that helped the diagnosing of the cause of the 1972 British European Airways Flight 548 , the `` Staines air disaster '' where the Trident 's leading edge high lift devices ( `` droops '' ) had been retracted too early and at too low an airspeed .

neg: BBGA The British Business and General Aviation Association ( BBGA ) is a non-profit corporation based in the United Kingdom , and is the UK 's National Trade Body representing companies operating and trading in the General & Business Aviation Industry .

neg: British Caledonian British Caledonian ( BCal ) was a private , British independent airline , operating out of Gatwick Airport in south-east England during the 1970s and 1980s . It was created as an alternative to the British government-controlled corporation airlines and was described as the `` Second Force '' in the 1969 Edwards report . It was formed by the UK 's second-largest , independent charter airline Caledonian Airways taking over British United Airways ( BUA ) , then the largest British independent airline and the United Kingdom 's leading independent scheduled carrier .   The BUA takeover enabled Caledonian to realise its long-held ambition to transform itself into a scheduled airline . The merged entity eventually became the UK 's foremost independent , international scheduled airline .   A series of major financial setbacks during the mid-1980s combined with the airline 's inability to grow sufficiently to reach a viable size put the airline at serious risk of collapse . BCal began looking for a merger partner to improve its competitive position . In December 1987 , British Airways ( BA ) gained control of the airline . The Caledonian name and livery was then used to rebrand BA 's Gatwick-based subsidiary British Airtours as Caledonian Airways .

neg: British Gliding Association The British Gliding Association ( BGA ) is the governing body for gliding in the United Kingdom . Gliding in the United Kingdom operates through 85 gliding clubs ( both civilian and service ) which have 2,310 gliders and 9,462 full flying members ( including service personnel ) , though a further 17,000 people have gliding air-experience flights each year .

neg: West Atlantic West Atlantic Group is a holding company for two European cargo airlines , West Air Sweden and Atlantic Airlines of the United Kingdom with its head office in Gothenburg , Sweden . West Atlantic Sweden have an annual turnover in excess of $ 100 million and employ some 650 staff to operate a fleet in excess of 50 aircraft . The airline specializes in the transport of mail , dangerous goods and general cargo .


query: Abraham Lincoln was assassinated.

pos: Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln ( -LSB- ˈeɪbrəhæm_ˈlIŋkən -RSB- February 12 , 1809 -- April 15 , 1865 ) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865 . Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War -- its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral , constitutional , and political crisis . In doing so , he preserved the Union , paved the way to the abolition of slavery , strengthened the federal government , and modernized the economy .   Born in Hodgenville , Kentucky , Lincoln grew up on the western frontier in Kentucky and Indiana . Largely self-educated , he became a lawyer in Illinois , a Whig Party leader , and was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives , in which he served for eight years . Elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846 , Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks , tariffs , and railroads . Because he had originally agreed not to run for a second term in Congress , and because his opposition to the Mexican -- American War was unpopular among Illinois voters , Lincoln returned to Springfield and resumed his successful law practice . Reentering politics in 1854 , he became a leader in building the new Republican Party , which had a statewide majority in Illinois . In 1858 , while taking part in a series of highly publicized debates with his opponent and rival , Democrat Stephen A. Douglas , Lincoln spoke out against the expansion of slavery , but lost the U.S. Senate race to Douglas .   In 1860 , Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state . Though he gained very little support in the slaveholding states of the South , he swept the North and was elected president in 1860 . Lincoln 's victory prompted seven southern slave states to form the Confederate States of America before he moved into the White House -- no compromise or reconciliation was found regarding slavery and secession . Subsequently , on April 12 , 1861 , a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union . As the leader of the moderate faction of the Republican Party , Lincoln confronted Radical Republicans , who demanded harsher treatment of the South , War Democrats , who called for more compromise , anti-war Democrats ( called Copperheads ) , who despised him , and irreconcilable secessionists , who plotted his assassination . Politically , Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other , by carefully planned political patronage , and by appealing to the American people with his powers of oratory . His Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism , republicanism , equal rights , liberty , and democracy .   Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war . His primary goal was to reunite the nation . He suspended habeas corpus , leading to the controversial ex parte Merryman decision , and he averted potential British intervention in the war by defusing the Trent Affair in late 1861 . Lincoln closely supervised the war effort , especially the selection of top generals , including his most successful general , Ulysses S. Grant . He also made major decisions on Union war strategy , including a naval blockade that shut down the South 's normal trade , moves to take control of Kentucky and Tennessee , and using gunboats to gain control of the southern river system . Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond ; each time a general failed , Lincoln substituted another , until finally Grant succeeded . As the war progressed , his complex moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 ; Lincoln used the U.S. Army to protect escaped slaves , encouraged the border states to outlaw slavery , and pushed through Congress the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which permanently outlawed slavery .   An exceptionally astute politician deeply involved with power issues in each state , Lincoln reached out to the War Democrats and managed his own re-election campaign in the 1864 presidential election . Anticipating the war 's conclusion , Lincoln pushed a moderate view of Reconstruction , seeking to reunite the nation speedily through a policy of generous reconciliation in the face of lingering and bitter divisiveness . On April 14 , 1865 , five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee , Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth , a Confederate sympathizer .   Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U.S. presidents .

pos: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln , the 16th President of the United States , was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on Good Friday , April 14 , 1865 , while attending the play Our American Cousin at Ford 's Theatre in Washington , D.C. , as the American Civil War was drawing to a close . The assassination occurred five days after the commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia , General Robert E. Lee , surrendered to Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant and the Union Army of the Potomac .   Lincoln was the third American president to die in office , and the first to be murdered . An unsuccessful attempt had been made on Andrew Jackson 30 years prior , in 1835 , and Lincoln had himself been the subject of an earlier assassination attempt by an unknown assailant in August 1864 . The assassination of Lincoln was planned and carried out by the well-known stage actor John Wilkes Booth , as part of a larger conspiracy in a bid to revive the Confederate cause .   Booth 's co-conspirators were Lewis Powell and David Herold , who were assigned to kill Secretary of State William H. Seward , and George Atzerodt , who was tasked with killing Vice President Andrew Johnson . By simultaneously eliminating the top three people in the administration , Booth and his co-conspirators hoped to disrupt the United States government .   As the President was watching the play , Booth shot Lincoln from behind at a distance of perhaps three or four feet , hitting him in the back of the head . At 7:22 a.m. the following day , Lincoln died in the Petersen House across the street from the theater . The rest of the conspirators ' plot failed ; Powell only managed to wound Seward , while Atzerodt , Johnson 's would-be assassin , lost his nerve and fled . Booth made a dramatic escape , resulting in a lengthy manhunt that ended in his death . Several other conspirators were later tried and hanged . The funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln was a period of extended national mourning .

neg: Robert F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories The conspiracy theories relating to the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy , a United States Senator and brother of assassinated President John F. Kennedy , relate to non-standard accounts of the assassination that took place shortly after midnight on June 5 , 1968 , in Los Angeles , California . Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated during celebrations of his successful campaign in the Californian primary elections while seeking the Democratic nomination for U.S. president .   The perpetrator was a 24-year-old Palestinian immigrant named Sirhan Sirhan , who remains incarcerated for the crime . However , as with his brother 's death , Robert Kennedy 's assassination and the circumstances surrounding it have spawned various conspiracy theories , particularly regarding the existence of a supposed second gunman . Such theories have also centered on the alleged presence of a woman wearing a polka dot dress claiming responsibility for the crime and the purported involvement of the Central Intelligence Agency . Many of these theories were examined during an investigation ordered by the United States Senate , and were judged to be erroneous by the Federal Bureau of Investigation , which investigated on the Senate 's behalf .

neg: Edward Everett Edward Everett ( April 11 , 1794 -- January 15 , 1865 ) was an American politician , pastor , educator , diplomat , and orator from Massachusetts . Everett , a Whig , served as U.S. Representative , U.S. Senator , the 15th Governor of Massachusetts , Minister to Great Britain , and United States Secretary of State . He also taught at Harvard University and served as its president .   Everett was one of the great American orators of the antebellum and Civil War eras . He is often remembered today as the featured orator at the dedication ceremony of the Gettysburg National Cemetery in 1863 , where he spoke for over two hoursimmediately before President Abraham Lincoln delivered his famous , two-minute Gettysburg Address .   The son of a pastor , Everett was educated at Harvard , and briefly ministered at Boston 's Brattle Street Church before taking a teaching job at Harvard . The position included preparatory studies in Europe , so Everett spent two years in studies at the University of Göttingen , and another two years traveling around Europe . At Harvard he taught ancient Greek literature for several years before becoming involved in politics , and began an extensive and popular speaking career . He served ten years in the United States Congress before winning election as Governor of Massachusetts in 1835 . As governor he introduced the state Board of Education , the first of its type in the nation .   After being defeated in the 1839 election by one vote , Everett was appointed Minister to Great Britain , serving until 1845 . He next became President of Harvard , a job he quickly came to dislike . In 1849 he became an assistant to longtime friend and colleague Daniel Webster , who had been appointed Secretary of State . Upon Webster 's death Everett served as Secretary of State for a few months until he was sworn in as U.S. Senator from Massachusetts . In the later years of his life Everett traveled , giving speeches all over the country . He supported efforts to maintain the Union before the Civil War , running for Vice President on the Constitutional Union Party ticket in 1860 . He was active in supporting the Union effort during the war and supported Lincoln in the 1864 election .

neg: Inauguration of Andrew Johnson The inauguration of Andrew Johnson as the 17th President of the United States was held on April 15 , 1865 at the Kirkwood House in Washington , D.C. , following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln . The inauguration marked the commencement of Andrew Johnson 's only term ( a partial term of ) as President . Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase administered the Oath of office . After the ceremony , President Johnson gave an impromptu inaugural address , which began with him begging the cabinet to remain with him and then attacking the Confederacy with such venom , that one witness remarked `` It would have been better had he been struck dumb . ''   As President Lincoln lay dying , Vice President Johnson visited the room where he lay , and when Mrs. Lincoln saw him , it was reported , she screamed and demanded he be removed . So he went back to his room at the Kirkwood House .   According to newspaper reports , the Vice President had gotten severely inebriated , and when aides to the now-dead president came to fetch the new President they were unable to wake him for several minutes . When he was finally awake , the accounts read , `` he had puffy eyes and his hair was caked with mud from the street , '' and that a barber and doctor were summoned to clean him up for the ten-o'clock ceremony , which most accounts agree went smoothly . However , there are other accounts , believed more reliable by some , which refute this claim .

neg: Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy On June 5 , 1968 , presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy was fatally shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles , shortly after winning the California presidential primaries in the 1968 election , and died the next day while hospitalized .   After winning the California and South Dakota primary elections for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States , Kennedy was fatally shot while exiting through the hotel kitchen immediately after leaving the podium in the Ambassador Hotel and died in the Good Samaritan Hospital twenty-six hours later . Sirhan Sirhan , a 24-year-old Palestinian/Jordanian immigrant , was convicted of Kennedy 's murder and sentenced to death in 1969 , although his sentence was commuted to life in prison in 1972 . On November 22 , 2013 , Sirhan was transferred from Corcoran to the Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility in San Diego County . The shooting was recorded on audio tape by a freelance newspaper reporter , and the aftermath was captured on film .   Kennedy 's body lay in repose at St. Patrick 's Cathedral in New York for two days before a funeral Mass was held on June 8 . His body was interred near his brother John at Arlington National Cemetery . His death prompted the protection of presidential candidates by the United States Secret Service . Hubert Humphrey later went on to win the Democratic nomination for the presidency , but ultimately lost the election to Republican Richard Nixon .   As with his brother John 's death , Kennedy 's assassination and the circumstances surrounding it have spawned a variety of conspiracy theories . Kennedy and Huey Long ( in 1935 ) are the only two sitting United States Senators to be assassinated .

neg: Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln may refer to :   First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln , 1861  Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln , 1865

neg: New York City draft riots The New York draft riots ( July 13 -- 16 , 1863 ) , known at the time as Draft Week , were violent disturbances in Lower Manhattan , widely regarded as the culmination of working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War . The riots remain the largest civil and racial insurrection in American history , aside from the Civil War itself .   U.S. President Abraham Lincoln diverted several regiments of militia and volunteer troops from following up after the Battle of Gettysburg to control the city . The rioters were overwhelmingly working-class men , who resented that wealthier men , who could afford to pay a $ 300 ( equivalent to $ 9,157 in 2017 ) commutation fee to hire a substitute , were spared from the draft .   Initially intended to express anger at the draft , the protests turned into a race riot , with white rioters , predominantly Irish immigrants , attacking blacks throughout the city . The official death toll was listed at either 119 or 120 individuals . Conditions in the city were such that Major General John E. Wool , commander of the Department of the East , said on July 16 that `` Martial law ought to be proclaimed , but I have not a sufficient force to enforce it . ''   The military did not reach the city until after the first day of rioting , by which time the mobs , primarily ethnic Irish , had already ransacked or destroyed numerous public buildings , two Protestant churches , the homes of various abolitionists or sympathizers , many black homes , and the Colored Orphan Asylum at 44th Street and Fifth Avenue , which was burned to the ground .   The area 's demographics changed as a result of the riot . Many blacks left Manhattan permanently ( many moving to Brooklyn ) . By 1865 their population fell below 10,000 , the number in 1820 .

neg: Slave Power The Slave Power or Slaveocracy was the perceived political power in the U.S. federal government held by slave owners during the 1840s and 1850s , prior to the Civil War . Antislavery campaigners during this period bitterly complained about what they saw as disproportionate and corrupt influence wielded by wealthy Southerners . The argument was that this small group of rich slave owners had seized political control of their own states and were trying to take over the federal government in an illegitimate fashion in order to expand and protect slavery . The argument was widely used by the Republican Party that formed in 1854 -- 55 to oppose the expansion of slavery .   The main issue expressed by the term slave power was distrust of the political power of the slave-owning class . Such distrust was shared by many who were not abolitionists ; those who were motivated more by a possible threat to the political balance or the impossibility of competing with unwaged slave labor , than by concern over the treatment of slaves . Those who differed on many other issues ( such as hating blacks or liking them , denouncing slavery as a sin or promising to guarantee its protection in the Deep South ) could unite to attack the slaveocracy . The `` Free Soil '' element emphasized that rich slave owners would move into new territory , use their cash to buy up all the good lands , then use their slaves to work the lands , leaving little opportunity room for free farmers . By 1854 the Free Soil Party had largely merged into the new Republican party .   The term was popularized by antislavery writers such as John Gorham Palfrey , Josiah Quincy III , Horace Bushnell , James Shepherd Pike , and Horace Greeley . Politicians who emphasized the theme included John Quincy Adams , Henry Wilson and William Pitt Fessenden . Abraham Lincoln used the concept after 1854 but not the term . They showed through a combination of emotive argument and hard statistical data that the South had long held a disproportionate level of power in the United States . Historian Allan Nevins contends that `` nearly all groups ... steadily substituted emotion for reason . ... Fear fed hatred , and hatred fed fear . ''   The existence of a Slave Power was dismissed by Southerners at the time , and rejected as false by many historians of the 1920s and 1930s , who stressed the internal divisions in the South before 1850 . The idea that the Slave Power existed has partly come back at the hands of neoabolitionist historians since 1970 , and there is no doubt that it was a powerful factor in the Northern anti-slavery belief system . It was standard rhetoric for all factions of the Republican party .

neg: Robert King Stone Robert King Stone ( December 11 , 1822 -- April 23 , 1872 ) was a 19th-century professor at Columbian College Medical School ( predecessor to today 's George Washington University School of Medicine ) and was considered `` the dean of the Washington medical community '' . Stone served U.S. President Abraham Lincoln during the years of the American Civil War and was present at Lincoln 's deathbed and at his autopsy in 1865 .   The son of engraver William J. Stone , Robert King Stone was born in Washington , D.C. . He received his medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1845 and visited major hospitals of London , Paris and Vienna before starting his own medical practice in the United States in 1847 . At the time of his death , from apoplexy , he was one of the most prominent physicians in Washington , D.C. . He was survived by his wife , Elizabeth J. Stone , who died in 1892 .   A collection of his papers is held at the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda , Maryland .

neg: Abraham Lincoln (Brown) Abraham Lincoln is an outdoor bronze sculpture of Abraham Lincoln by Henry Kirke Brown , located at Union Square in Manhattan , New York . Cast in 1870 and dedicated on September 16 of that year , the statue was originally installed at the southwest corner of Union Square , where the sculpture of Mahatma Gandhi stands today . In 1875 , a stone and bronze rail fence was constructed around the statue of Lincoln ; the fence included an inscription of text from his second inaugural address , `` ... with malice toward none ; charity toward all . '' During the 1930 redesign of Union Square Park , the statue was moved to its current location , but the fence remained . The statue is in axial alignment with the Independence Flagstaff and George Washington . It was conserved in 1992 .

neg: List of members of the United States House of Representatives who served a single term One-term congressmen are members of the United States House of Representatives that spent only one two-year term ( or less ) in office usually either due to death , resignation , or defeat . In some rare cases freshmen members have decided to run for another office or not run for reelection . A good many members that serve in the House for only one term are viewed as accidental congressmen due to having been elected in a fluke election or by riding in on the coattails of a popular presidential candidate . Among the most famous one-term congressmen were Abraham Lincoln , who served as a Whig in the 30th Congress of 1847-1849 and was later the 16th President of the United States ; John Marshall , who was elected as a Federalist to the 6th Congress and was later the 4th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court ; William Pennington , who served as a Republican in the 36th Congress and was the first sitting Speaker of the House to be defeated in a bid for re-election ; Joseph Pulitzer , the famed newspaper man that resigned from office during his first term ; George Sutherland , who served as a Republican in the 57th Congress and was later an associate U.S. Supreme Court justice ; and William M. `` Boss '' Tweed , who served as a Democrat to the 33rd Congress and later went on to become infamous for his leadership of Tammany Hall , the dominant political machine in New York City throughout the nineteenth century ; and Isidor Straus , the co-owner of Macy 's department store who died in the sinking of the Titanic .

neg: Raymond Lee Harvey Raymond Lee Harvey was an Ohio-born unemployed American drifter . He was arrested by the Secret Service after being found carrying a starter pistol with blank rounds , ten minutes before President Jimmy Carter was to give a speech at the Civic Center Mall in Los Angeles on May 5 , 1979 .   Although he had a history of mental illness , police investigated his claims that he was part of a four-man operation to assassinate the president . He claimed that he had been approached by three Latino men staying at the Alan Hotel who gave him the starter pistol , and asked him to shoot it into the ground to create a diversion , so they could then shoot the president from their hotel room during the distraction . According to Harvey , he fired seven blank rounds from the starter pistol on the hotel roof on the night of May 4 , to test how much noise it would make . He then spent the night in a room taken by one of the men , whom he knew as `` Julio '' , but who was later identified as a 21-year-old illegal Mexican alien who gave the name Osvaldo Espinoza Ortiz . At the time of his arrest , Harvey had eight spent rounds in his pocket , as well as 70 unspent blank rounds for the gun .   The names `` Lee Harvey '' and `` Osvaldo '' ( Osvaldo is the Spanish equivalent to `` Oswald '' ) drew comparisons to Lee Harvey Oswald , who assassinated President John F. Kennedy . This led conspiracy theorists to claim that the incident was set up to scare Carter into submission . Although originally dismissed as `` a tale spun by an intoxicated man , '' police investigating the claims found a room in the Alan Hotel rented under the name `` Umberto Camacho , '' the name of an alleged conspirator given by Ortiz , containing a shotgun case and three unspent rounds of ammunition . The occupant had checked out of the hotel room the day of the alleged assassination attempt .   Harvey was jailed on a $ 50,000 bond , given his transient status , and Ortiz was alternately reported as being held on a $ 100,000 bond as a material witness or held on a $ 50,000 bond being charged with burglary from a car . Charges against the pair were ultimately dismissed for a lack of evidence .   His age at the time of the event has been alternately given as 34 or 35 .

neg: Abraham Lincoln (Parin d'Aulaire book) Abraham Lincoln is a book by Ingri and Edgar Parin d'Aulaire about Abraham Lincoln . Originally published by Doubleday , it was the recipient of the Caldecott Medal for illustration in 1940 .

neg: Edmund Spangler Edmund `` Ned '' Spangler ( August 10 , 1825 -- February 7 , 1875 ) was an American carpenter and stagehand who was employed at Ford 's Theatre at the time of President Abraham Lincoln 's murder . He was convicted of conspiracy for his involvement in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln but was pardoned by President Andrew Johnson in March 1869 .

neg: The Lincoln Hunters The Lincoln Hunters is a 1958 novel by Wilson Tucker . The novel , set in the year 2578 , details the story of a historian from the oppressive society of that year , who travels back in time to record Abraham Lincoln 's Lost Speech of May 19 , 1856 in Bloomington , Illinois .   It contains a vivid description of Lincoln in the early stages of his career , seen through the eyes of a future American who feels that Lincoln and his time compare very favorably with the traveler 's own .   The book is mentioned in 11/22/63 , a novel by Stephen King that also centers around time travel and an assassinated president . Furthermore , the protagonist springboards to 1958-the year `` Hunters '' first ran-to alter the timeline by 1963 .   Category :1958 American novels  Category :1950 s science fiction novels  Category : American science fiction novels  Category : Time travel novels  Category : Novels by Wilson Tucker  Category :1856 in fiction  Category : Novels set in Illinois  Category :26 th century in fiction  Category : Fictional depictions of Abraham Lincoln in literature

neg: United States presidential election, 1836 The United States presidential election of 1836 was the 13th quadrennial presidential election , held from Thursday , November 3 , to Wednesday , December 7 , 1836 . As the third consecutive election victory for the Democratic Party , it ushered incumbent Vice President Martin Van Buren into the White House with 170 electoral votes to 124 electoral votes for William Henry Harrison and other Whigs . The popular vote was closer ; Martin Van Buren attracted 764,000 votes to the 738,000 won by the various Whig candidates .   The election of 1836 is principally remembered for three distinctive circumstances :  The Whig Party ran four candidates in different parts of the country in hopes that each would be popular enough to defeat Democrat Martin Van Buren in their respective region . The strategy failed , but had three of the four received more electoral votes then Van Buren , it would have been left to the House of Representatives to decide between the competing Whig candidates .  Richard Mentor Johnson became the first ( and to date only ) Vice President elected by the United States Senate . Although pledged to Van Buren and Johnson ( his running mate ) , Virginia 's 23 electors refused to vote for Johnson , which left him one electoral vote short of the 148-vote majority required to be elected . As such , it was left to the Senate to decide between the top two vote recipient recipients , Johnson and Francis Granger . Johnson was elected on the first ballot 33 to 16 .  This was the last election until the 1988 election ( of George H. W. Bush ) in which the incumbent Vice President was elected to succeed the president under whom he served .   The election of 1836 also marked an important turning point in American political history because of the part it played in establishing the Second Party System . In the 1830s the political party structure was still changing , rapidly , the Democratic Party was organized , but factional and personal leaders still played a major role in politics . By the end of the campaign of 1836 , the new party system was almost complete , as nearly every faction had been absorbed by either the Democrats or the Whigs .

neg: The Great Abraham Lincoln Pocket Watch Conspiracy The Great Abraham Lincoln Pocket Watch Conspiracy is a historical fiction novel written by Jacopo della Quercia . The plot follows President William Howard Taft , scientist and son of a former president Robert Todd Lincoln , Secret Service Chief John Wilkie , Captain ( later Major ) Archibald Butt and others as they slowly unravel a worldwide conspiracy over a decade in the making .   The book , which was della Quercia 's debut novel , was published in 2014 by St. Martin 's Griffin , an imprint of publishing company St. Martin 's Press . The author described the book 's genre not as singular distinct genre , but as an `` equal parts cocktail '' of adventure , historical fiction , science fiction , thriller and comedy . In 2015 , della Quercia released a spiritual sequel , License to Quill , of a similar nature that concerns the lives of Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare in Reformation-era Europe .   The book has many references to actual events ; some , such as the sinking of the RMS Titanic , are important plot points , while others , such as the destruction of the zeppelin Erbslöh , are passively mentioned as news or memories . The author also includes excerpts from real newspaper articles , which were used to provide exposition in the storyline . Similarly , all of the main characters in the book were real , relevant figures in the 20th century . The characters profiles were fictionalized to fit in with the book 's plot and atmosphere , but their names , positions , occupations and personalities are kept largely intact .

neg: The Day Lincoln Was Shot The Day Lincoln Was Shot is an 1998 American television film based on the book by Jim Bishop . It is a re-creation of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln , co-written and directed by John Gray , and stars Lance Henriksen as Abraham Lincoln and Rob Morrow as John Wilkes Booth .   The book had previously been adapted in 1956 as a live television play starring Raymond Massey as Lincoln , Lillian Gish as Mary , and Jack Lemmon as John Wilkes Booth . It was telecast on the CBS anthology series Ford Star Jubilee .

neg: Kentucky in the American Civil War Kentucky was a border state of key importance in the American Civil War . President Abraham Lincoln recognized the importance of the Commonwealth when , in a September 1861 letter to Orville Browning , he wrote :  I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game . Kentucky gone , we can not hold Missouri , nor Maryland . These all against us , and the job on our hands is too large for us . We would as well consent to separation at once , including the surrender of this capitol .   Kentucky , being a border state , was among the chief places where the `` Brother against brother '' scenario was prevalent . Kentucky officially declared its neutrality at the beginning of the war , but after a failed attempt by Confederate General Leonidas Polk to take the state of Kentucky for the Confederacy , the legislature petitioned the Union Army for assistance . After early 1862 Kentucky came largely under Union control .   Kentucky was the site of several fierce battles , including Mill Springs and Perryville . It was host to such military leaders as Ulysses S. Grant on the Union side , who first encountered serious Confederate gunfire coming from Columbus , Kentucky , and Confederate cavalry leader Nathan Bedford Forrest . Forrest proved to be a scourge to the Union Army in western Kentucky , even making an attack on Paducah . Kentuckian John Hunt Morgan further challenged Union control , as he conducted numerous cavalry raids through the state .   Kentucky was the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln , his wife Mary Todd , and his southern counterpart , Confederate President Jefferson Davis .   In the historiography of the Civil War , Kentucky is treated primarily as a border state , with special attention to the social divisions during the secession crisis , invasions and raids , internal violence , sporadic guerrilla warfare , federal-state relations , the ending of slavery , and the return of Confederate veterans .

neg: Robert F. Kennedy's 1948 visit to Palestine Robert F. Kennedy visited the British Mandate of Palestine in 1948 , one month before Israel declared its independence . Twenty-two years old at the time , he was reporting on the tense situation in the region for The Boston Post . During his stay , he grew to admire the Jewish inhabitants of the area . He later became a strong supporter of Israel ; this was later cited as Sirhan Sirhan 's motivation for assassinating him on the first anniversary of the start of the Six-Day War on June 5 , 1968 . Sirhan happened to see a documentary about Kennedy in Palestine in 1948 . Later in his murder trial , Sirhan Sirhan testified : `` I hoped he will win Presidency until that moment . But when I saw , heard , he was supporting Israel , sir , not in 1968 , but he was supporting , it from all the way from its inception in 1948 , sir ... '' Author Robert Blair Kaiser points out a discrepancy in the timing of Sirhan 's decision . In Sirhan 's diary , the entry in which he decided to kill Robert Kennedy was made on May 18 . The documentary in question was first shown on TV in the Los Angeles area on May 20 . When asked to explain , Sirhan said that he did not recall writing the journal .

neg: John T. Stuart John Todd Stuart ( November 10 , 1807 -- November 23 , 1885 ) was a lawyer and a U.S. Representative from Illinois .   Born near Lexington , Kentucky , Stuart graduated from Centre College , Danville , Kentucky , in 1826 . He then studied law , was admitted to the bar in 1828 , and commenced practice in Springfield , Illinois . He was a major in the Black Hawk War in 1832 , where he first met Abraham Lincoln , who was in the same battalion as Stuart .   He served as member of the Illinois House of Representatives between 1832 and 1836 . Stuart encouraged Lincoln to study law and the two subsequently became law partners , between 1837 and 1841 . If not for Stuart 's influence , it is conceivable that Lincoln might never have been interested in the law - and thus , might not ever have become president .   Stuart was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1836 to the Twenty-fifth Congress . He was , however , elected as a Whig to the Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh Congresses ( March 4 , 1839 - March 3 , 1843 ) , winning over Stephen A. Douglas in 1838 . He was not a candidate for renomination in 1842 .   Stuart established a law partnership with Benjamin S. Edwards in 1843 , a partnership that would last for forty years . Stuart served as member of the Illinois Senate between 1848 and 1852 . He was the unsuccessful Constitutional Union candidate for Governor of Illinois in 1860 .   Stuart was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-eighth Congress ( March 4 , 1863 - March 3 , 1865 ) , and served there while Lincoln was president .   Stuart was a favorite cousin of Mary Todd Lincoln and as a member of Congress after his election in 1862 over Republican Leonard Swett was a frequent visitor at the White House even though he was an anti-emancipation Democrat .   He was defeated in 1864 by Republican Shelby Moore Cullom , a Lincoln ally .   Following his defeat in 1864 , Stuart resumed the practice of law in Springfield . He died there and was interred in the Oak Ridge Cemetery .   In the fall of 2007 , Centre College ( Stuart 's alma mater ) dedicated Stuart Hall , a building that once housed the College 's bookstore but is now a residence hall , in honor of the influence Stuart had over Lincoln 's career path as well as Stuart 's contribution to law .   The firm that he founded in Springfield Illinois , once known as `` Stuart and Lincoln , '' is still operating under the name `` Brown , Hay , & Stephens , '' and includes his great-great-grandson as a partner .