query: Divergent is on discs.

pos: Blu-ray Blu-ray or Blu-ray Disc ( BD ) is a digital optical disc data storage format . It was designed to supersede the DVD format , in that it is capable of storing high-definition ( 720p and 1080p ) and ultra high-definition video resolution ( 2160p ) . The plastic disc is 120 mm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick , the same size as DVDs and CDs . Conventional ( pre-BD-XL ) Blu-ray Disc discs contain 25 GB per layer , with dual layer discs ( 50 GB ) being the industry standard for feature-length video discs . Triple-layer discs ( 100 GB ) and quadruple layers ( 128 GB ) are available for BD-XL re-writer drives . The name `` Blu-ray '' refers to the blue laser ( specifically , a violet laser ) used to read the disc , which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the longer-wavelength red laser used for DVDs . The main application of Blu-ray is as a medium for video material such as feature films and physical distribution of video games for the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One . Besides the hardware specifications , Blu-ray is associated with a set of multimedia formats .   High-definition video may be stored on Blu-ray discs with up to 2160p resolution ( 3840 × 2160 pixels ) , at up to 60 frames per second . DVD discs had been limited to a maximum resolution of 480p ( NTSC , 720 × 480 pixels ) or 576p ( PAL , 720 × 576 pixels ) . The BD format was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association , a group representing makers of consumer electronics , computer hardware , and motion pictures . Sony unveiled the first Blu-ray disc prototypes in October 2000 , and the first prototype player was released in April 2003 in Japan . Afterwards , it continued to be developed until its official release in June 2006 . During the high definition optical disc format war , Blu-ray Disc competed with the HD DVD format . Toshiba , the main company that supported HD DVD , conceded in February 2008 , releasing its own Blu-ray Disc player in late 2009 . According to Media Research , high-definition software sales in the US were slower in the first two years than DVD software sales . Blu-ray faces competition from video on demand and the continued sale of DVDs . As of January 2016 , 44 % of U.S. broadband households had a Blu-ray player .

pos: DVD DVD ( an abbreviation of `` digital versatile disc '' or `` digital video disc '' ) is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed by Panasonic , Philips , Sony and Toshiba in 1995 . The medium can store any kind of digital data and is widely used for software and other computer files as well as video programs watched using DVD players . DVDs offer higher storage capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions .   Pre-recorded DVDs are mass-produced using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the DVD . Such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased . Blank recordable DVD discs ( DVD-R and DVD+R ) can be recorded once using a DVD recorder and then function as a DVD-ROM . Rewritable DVDs ( DVD-RW , DVD+RW , and DVD-RAM ) can be recorded and erased many times .   DVDs are used in DVD-Video consumer digital video format and in DVD-Audio consumer digital audio format as well as for authoring DVD discs written in a special AVCHD format to hold high definition material ( often in conjunction with AVCHD format camcorders ) . DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs .

pos: Divergent (film) Divergent is a 2014 American science fiction action film directed by Neil Burger , based on the novel of the same name by Veronica Roth . The film is the first installment in The Divergent Series and was produced by Lucy Fisher , Pouya Shabazian , and Douglas Wick , with a screenplay by Evan Daugherty and Vanessa Taylor . It stars Shailene Woodley , Theo James , Ashley Judd , Jai Courtney , Ray Stevenson , Zoë Kravitz , Miles Teller , Tony Goldwyn , Ansel Elgort , Maggie Q and Kate Winslet . The story takes place in a dystopian and post-apocalyptic Chicago where people are divided into distinct factions based on human virtues . Beatrice Prior is warned that she is Divergent and thus will never fit into any one of the factions . She soon learns that a sinister plot is brewing in the seemingly perfect society .   Development of Divergent began in March 2011 when Summit Entertainment picked up the film rights to the novel with Douglas Wick and Lucy Fisher 's production company Red Wagon Entertainment . Principal photography began April 16 , 2013 , and concluded on July 16 , 2013 , with reshoots taking place from January 24 -- 26 , 2014 . Production mostly took place in Chicago .   Divergent was released on March 21 , 2014 , in the United States . The film received mixed reviews from critics , with praise going towards its concepts and action , and criticism focused on its execution . Reviewers found the film to be generic and unoriginal , comparing it unfavorably to other young adult fiction adaptations . Despite this , the film was a financial success as it reached the # 1 spot at the box office during its opening weekend . After its release , the film earned over US$ 288 million worldwide against its budget of US$ 85 million . It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 5 , 2014 .   A sequel , Insurgent , was released on March 20 , 2015 in the United States .

neg: VinylDisc The VinylDisc is a combination of a digital layer , either in CD or DVD format , and an analog layer , which is a vinyl record , developed by the German company Optimal Media Production .  It consists of a silver layer containing CD or DVD and a black polyvinyl chloride layer ( able to hold 3.5 minutes of audio on 33 1/3 rpm ) which can be played on a regular phonograph .   Examples of singles already released in the hybrid format are Paramore 's `` Misery Business '' , The Mars Volta 's cover of `` Candy and a Currant Bun '' by Pink Floyd , and Fightstar 's `` Deathcar '' which reportedly had a limited run of 3000 copies . A sample VinylDisc to promote this new format was given to visitors of the 2007 Popkomm , containing music by Jazzanova , where it was presented in September 2007 .

neg: Burst cutting area In computing , the burst cutting area ( BCA ) or narrow burst cutting area ( NBCA ) refers to the circular area near the center of a DVD , HD DVD or Blu-ray Disc , where a barcode can be written for additional information such as ID codes , manufacturing information , and serial numbers . The BCA can be written during mastering and will be common for all discs from that master or , more usually , will be written using a YAG laser to `` cut '' the barcode into the aluminum reflective layer of the finished disc , potentially adding a unique barcode to each manufactured disc .   If a BCA mark is present , it is visible to the naked eye between a radius 22.3 ± 0.4 mm and 23.5 ± 0.5 mm . It should not be confused with the IFPI barcode that is present on all pre-recorded discs .   The data stored in the BCA can be from 12 bytes to 188 bytes in steps of 16 bytes . The BCA can be read using the same laser for reading regular data , but requires special circuitry to be decoded . It is not mandatory for DVD players to support reading the BCA , but DVD-ROM drives should , according to the Mt. Fuji specification ( an industry-standard optical drive command set ) . The Burst Cutting Area can not be written without using special equipment , therefore it can be used as a tamper-proof means of identifying individual discs .   The DIVX format used BCA to uniquely identify every disc . Information for CPRM is stored in the BCA of a DVD-RAM or DVD-R/RW disc . Nintendo optical discs use a BCA mark to prevent the use of copied discs and homebrew games . On Blu-ray discs a Pre-recorded Media Serial Number ( PMSN ) can be stored in the BCA . CD-RW drive makers did find a way to add them to burned disks making it no longer useful for DRM .

neg: List of compact disc player manufacturers This is a list of compact disc player manufacturers . A CD player is an electronic device that plays audio compact discs . CD players are often a part of home stereo systems , car audio systems , and personal computers . They are also manufactured as portable devices . Modern units can play other formats in addition to PCM audio coding used in CDs , such as MP3 , AAC and WMA . DJs often use players with an adjustable playback speed to alter the pitch and tempo of the music . CD playback functionality is also available on CD-ROM/DVD-ROM drive equipped computers as well as on DVD players and CD-ROM/DVD-ROM based game consoles .

neg: Disk algebra In functional and complex analysis , the disk algebra A ( D ) ( also spelled disc algebra ) is the set of holomorphic functions   f : D → C ,   where D is the open unit disk in the complex plane C , f extends to a continuous function on the closure of D . That is ,   where denotes the Banach space of bounded analytic functions on the unit disc D ( i.e. a Hardy space ) .  When endowed with the pointwise addition ,  ( f + g ) ( z ) = f ( z ) + g ( z ) ,  and pointwise multiplication ,  ( fg ) ( z ) = f ( z ) g ( z ) ,   this set becomes an algebra over C , since if ƒ and g belong to the disk algebra then so do ƒ + g and ƒg .   Given the uniform norm ,   by construction it becomes a uniform algebra and a commutative Banach algebra .   By construction the disc algebra is a closed subalgebra of the Hardy space H ∞ . In contrast to the stronger requirement that a continuous extension to the circle exists , it is a lemma of Fatou that a general element of H ∞ can be radially extended to the circle almost everywhere .   Category : Functional analysis  Category : Complex analysis  Category : Banach algebras

neg: Divergence theorem In vector calculus , the divergence theorem , also known as Gauss 's theorem or Ostrogradsky 's theorem , is a result that relates the flow ( that is , flux ) of a vector field through a surface to the behavior of the vector field inside the surface .   More precisely , the divergence theorem states that the outward flux of a vector field through a closed surface is equal to the volume integral of the divergence over the region inside the surface . Intuitively , it states that the sum of all sources ( with sinks regarded as negative sources ) gives the net flux out of a region .   The divergence theorem is an important result for the mathematics of physics and engineering , in particular in electrostatics and fluid dynamics .   In physics and engineering , the divergence theorem is usually applied in three dimensions . However , it generalizes to any number of dimensions . In one dimension , it is equivalent to the fundamental theorem of calculus . In two dimensions , it is equivalent to Green 's theorem .   The theorem is a special case of the more general Stokes ' theorem .

neg: Comparison of high definition optical disc formats This article compares the technical specifications of multiple high definition formats , including HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc ; two mutually incompatible , high definition optical disc formats that , beginning in 2006 , attempted to improve upon and eventually replace the DVD standard . The two formats remained in a format war until February 19 , 2008 when Toshiba , HD DVD 's creator , announced plans to cease development , manufacturing and marketing of HD DVD players and recorders .   Other high-definition optical disc formats were attempted , including the multi-layered red-laser Versatile Multilayer Disc and a Chinese made format called EVD . Both appear to have been abandoned by their respective developers .

neg: Double album A double album ( or double record ) is an audio album which spans two units of the primary medium in which it is sold , typically records and compact discs . A double album is usually though not always released as such , because the recording is longer than the capacity of the medium . Recording artists often think of double albums as comprising a single piece artistically ; however , there are exceptions such as John Lennon 's Some Time in New York City and Pink Floyd 's Ummagumma ( both examples of one studio record and one live album packaged together ) and OutKast 's Speakerboxxx/The Love Below ( effectively two solo albums , one by each member of the duo ) . A classic example of this idea is Works ( Volume One ) by Emerson Lake and Palmer , where side one was Keith Emerson , two Greg Lake , three Carl Palmer while side four was by the entire group .   Since the advent of the compact disc , albums are sometimes released with a bonus disc featuring additional material as a supplement to the main album , with live tracks , studio out-takes , cut songs , or older unreleased material . One innovation is the accompaniment of a CD with a DVD of related material , such as video related to the album or DVD-Audio versions of the same recordings . These could be regarded as a new form of double album ; some such discs were also released on a two-sided format called DualDisc . Due to the limitations of the gramophone record , many albums primarily released on the format were under 40 minutes long . This has led to record labels re-releasing two of these albums on one CD , thus making a double album .   The same principles apply to the triple album , which comprises three units . Packages with more units than three are often packaged as a box set .

neg: Definity (film recorder) Definity is a digital film recorder for motion picture applications , produced by CCG Digital Image Technology , the successor of Agfa-Gevaert 's film recorder division .   Launched at NAB in Las Vegas in 2004 , Definity marked a departure from previous , more analogue technologies of recording digital sequences onto motion picture film as it utilizes a monochrome high-resolution LCD panel . Before Definity 's launch , LCD technology was commonly regarded as unsuitable for film recording purposes , despite its great potential : Main problems were limitations in bit depth , temporary image retention ( TIR ) and insufficiently saturated colors .   Definity 's imaging unit exploits the sub-pixel structure of the LCD in order to record anamorphic `` CinemaScope '' material without loss of horizontal image information : When instead of the standard square pixels the device utilizes its native anamorphic pixels ( with an aspect of 3:1 ) , flat widescreen material with a typical aspect ratio of 2.36:1 is horizontal compressed on the LCD , thus arriving at a squeezed , 1.18:1 image required on-film without having to jettison vital image information .   Since 2010 CCG launched a new full LED backlight system to increase the contrast and Density range by using 4320 separate RGB LEDs , increasing speed and Contrast ratio .

neg: Gapless playback Gapless playback is the uninterrupted playback of consecutive audio tracks , such that relative time distances in the original audio source are preserved over track boundaries on playback . For this to be useful , other artifacts ( than timing-related ones ) at track boundaries should not be severed either . Gapless playback is common with compact discs , gramophone records , or tapes , but is not always available with other formats that employ compressed digital audio . The absence of gapless playback is a source of annoyance to listeners of music where tracks are meant to segue into each other , such as some classical music ( opera in particular ) , progressive rock , concept albums , electronic music , and live recordings with audience noise between tracks .

neg: List of Criterion Collection UK releases This is a list of Criterion Collection Blu-ray titles released in U.K. , distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment .   The Criterion Collection is a video distribution company which specializes in licensing and selling `` important classic and contemporary films '' in `` editions that offer the highest technical quality and award-winning , original supplements . '' Janus Films and the Voyager Company established The Criterion Collection in 1984 as a privately held company concentrating upon the North American home video market . In March 2016 , Criterion announced that due to a distribution partnership with Sony Pictures Home Entertainment select Criterion Collection titles would be launching in U.K. as Blu-ray editions , starting on April 18 , 2016 .   So far all the released titles have been films that have already been released in US by Criterion Collection , or that have received simultaneous releases in the US and U.K. . So far all the released titles have been identical to their US counterparts apart from region coding ( A in the US and B in U.K. ) .

neg: Jagged Live Jagged Live is a live album by English musician Gary Numan . The album was released in 2007 by Mortal Records and is a recording of Numan 's concert of 18 March 2006 at the London Forum . The show was the official launch of the new studio album , Jagged '' , which was released a few days before .   The CD is an exclusive fan club release via Townsend Records . A DVD of the concert was also released .

neg: ARccOS protection ARccOS ( Advanced Regional Copy Control Operating Solution ) is a copy-protection system made by Sony that is used on some DVDs . Designed as an additional layer to be used in conjunction with Content Scramble System ( CSS ) , the system deliberately creates corrupted sectors on the DVD , which cause copying software to produce errors ( see bad sector ) . The corrupted sectors are in areas of the disk that most DVD players do not access , but most copying software does .   Despite being promoted as `` fully compatible with available DVD players and drives , '' some DVDs with ARccOS can not be played on some DVD players : Sony DVPCX995 , Toshiba SD4700 , Harman Kardon DVD101 , Microsoft Xbox and others . Sony has announced a future firmware update for their players to fix this incompatibility issue . One revision of the ARccOS scheme used by Sony was incompatible with a higher number of players than average . Sony has offered to replace those discs for owners having problems ; the replacement discs will have a newer version of ARccOS coding on them , which Sony claims is more compatible . Some DVD rental companies have warned users that the Sony DVDs in question may not play on their machines . Many DVD rippers have been designed to overcome ARccOS protection ; it is also naturally overcome by using ddrescue , a Linux utility designed to copy images with errors .

neg: Hybrid DVD Hybrid DVD was the name for discs such as HD DVD and Blu-ray before they were released . This was started when the CEO of Sony called for a `` Hybrid DVD that all DVD players can use and extend to all the beauty and surreal images of a High Definition display . ''   Category : DVD

neg: Divergence (linguistics) Divergence in linguistics refers to one of the five principles by which you can detect grammaticalisation while it is taking place . The other four are : layering , specialisation , persistence , and de-categorialisation .   Divergence names a state of affairs subsequent to some change , namely the result of the process called `` split '' by Heine and Reh . `` When a lexical form undergoes grammaticalization to a clitic or affix , the original form may remain as an autonomous lexical element and undergo the same changes as ordinary lexical items . '' ( Hopper 1991 : 22 ) A possible formal distinction between divergence and split would be that the latter seems to be confined to cases where one and the same source has several targets , whereas the former merely refers to the drifting apart of previously more similar items .   The form of a lexical item may undergo different changes from its grammaticalised counterpart .

neg: MD Data MD Data stands for MiniDisc Data , and is a magneto-optical medium for storing computer data . Sony wanted MD Data to replace floppy disks , but the Zip drive from Iomega ended up filling that market need and , later on , the advent of affordable CD writers and very cheap blank CD media , coupled with the availability of memory sticks and cards proved the final straw for MD Data .   The technology provided 140 MB of data storage , but it was slow and expensive . Also , data drives can only read or write audio MDs when set in `` play '' mode , which , however , does not provide computer access to the data .   MD Data appeared in products such as an MD still camera and an MD document scanner . MD Data was also used in the late 1990s in 4 - and 8-track multitrack recording decks . Meant as a step up from the popular 4-track cassette-based studios , these recorders enjoyed a brief prominence before they were replaced by relatively affordable -- and far more flexible -- direct-to-hard drive recording on Windows and Macintosh based computers . The format has always been hampered by the lack of an affordable MD Data drive with which to manipulate and back up data using a PC .   In 1997 , Sony introduced the MD Data2 format , which could hold 650 MB of data ( as opposed to MD Data 's 140 MB ) . However this format was only used by Sony 's DCM-M1 camcorder ( capable of still images and MPEG-2 video ) , and a few multitrack `` portastudio '' - style audio recorders such as Sony 's MDM-X4 and Tascam 's 564 , among others .   The introduction of Hi-MD in 2004 allowed any type of data ( files , music , etc. ) to be stored on a Hi-MD formatted MiniDisc . This allows for storage capacity of around 340MB on a standard MiniDisc and approx . 1GB on a new , higher-density Hi-MD .

neg: Stargate fandom Stargate fandom is a community of people actively interested in the military science fiction film Stargate and the television shows Stargate SG-1 ( SG1 ) , Stargate Infinity ( SGI ) , Stargate Atlantis ( SGA ) , Stargate Universe ( SGU ) and their spin offs . The first franchise release , Stargate ( 1994 ) spawned four television series successors , four movies ( two in production ) , a plethora of merchandise , and a massive franchise collectively known as the Stargate ( owned by Metro -- Goldwyn -- Mayer and aired by Syfy , which now owns television properties they previously held with Carolco Pictures ) .   Thanks to Stargate fandom , the franchise has spawned other media including books , television series , video games , comic books and audiobooks . These supplements to the film and series trilogies comprise another universe than the series and the film , and have resulted in significant development of the series ' fictional universe . These media kept the franchise going in the interim between the film and series trilogies . In 2008 , Stargate : The Ark of Truth and Continuum was released direct-to-DVD , which in total grossed over 21 million in the United States . In 2002 , the franchise 's first animated series , Stargate Infinity , was released as an introduction to the Expanded Universe . In 2004 , Stargate Atlantis was released as a spin off from Stargate SG-1 and a new Stargate spin-off series entitled Stargate Universe was released in the fall of 2009 .

neg: Disc (band) Disc is an experimental group formed by Miguel Depedro ( Kid606 ) , Jason Doerck ( J Lesser ) , M. C. Schmidt and Drew Daniel ( Matmos ) . The group was most active between 1997 and 1999 .   To produce their sound , digital media ( DATs , CDs ) were etched and painted , or used in broken players to produce new sounds . In Gaijincd4 , a `` bonus '' nonfunctional CD was included to suggest a multimedia disc . The double LP Transfer consisted entirely of locked grooves .

neg: Golden Discs Golden Discs is an Irish music and entertainment retailer that was founded in July 1962 . They have 12 outlets nationwide .

neg: VideoNow The VideoNow is a portable video player produced by Hasbro and released by their subsidiary Tiger Electronics in 2003 . The systems use discs called PVDs ( which stands for Personal Video Disc ) , which can store about 30 minutes ( half an hour ) of video , the length of an average TV show with commercials ( a typical TV episode is about 20 -- 23 minutes without them ) , so each PVD contains only one episode , with trailers at the end to use the leftover time on most PVDs , including Nickelodeon PVDs . Video data is stored on the left audio channel with audio on the right channel , thus making it impossible to achieve stereo sound on the system , which only plays mono . The video plays at about 15 frames per second . Most of the shows were from Nickelodeon , such as SpongeBob SquarePants and The Fairly OddParents . A small handful of movies were also released on the system , but they had to be split into three PVDs , due to the limited space on each PVD .   Hasbro also produced editing software for creating custom VideoNow Color PVDs called the VideoNow Media Wizard in 2005 , which came with blank PVD media .  A number of unofficial solutions are available for creating the oddly-formatted VideoNow files , including a plug-in for the popular video processing program Virtual Dub . The files can then be burned to a CD-R using standard CD burning software , and the disc cut down to the required size .   As the VideoNow Color does not accept standard 8 cm mini-CDs , some creative users have resorted to cutting down standard 12 cm CD-R discs , though not without problems . Hasbro made recordable PVDs available without the Media Wizard from their online store .  However , at least one video has been posted on YouTube showing how VideoNow Color players can be easily modified to accept standard-sized CDs with a bit of cutting and gluing . Full-sized CDs can hold roughly 42 minutes of total video , and play with no difference in the modified player .   It should also be noted that as VideoNow uses video discs , and that it has very little skip protection , it is more prone to skipping if the PVD is touched .

neg: BFI Flipside BFI Flipside is a series of Dual Format Editions ( DVD and Blu-ray released together ) which was launched in May 2009 and is published by the British Film Institute 's Video label . The series so far features a total of 65 feature and short films , as well as 10 archive interviews with the likes of Spike Milligan , Peter Cook and Richard Lester . The BFI Flipside charts `` the untold history of British film '' , and includes performances by such celebrated actors as John Hurt , Jane Asher , Ian McNeice , Richard O'Brien , Tom Bell , Peter Cook , Barry Evans , Denholm Elliott and Judy Geeson in films directed by the likes of Clive Donner , Richard Lester , Barney Platts-Mills , John Irvin , Stuart Cooper , Guy Hamilton , Peter Watkins and James Hill . Each BFI Flipside edition includes a feature film presentation that is complemented by additional film content ( sometimes a second feature film by the same director , or a selection of short films which are related to the main feature by subject , era , actor or director ) . Each release is packaged in distinctive artwork which carries the volume number on the spine , and with a comprehensive booklet containing informative essays , full cast and credit information , original film reviews and reproductions of original promotional material . The Flipside is dedicated to releasing British film titles which have never been available on any home video format before ( though some exceptions have been noted by the label 's founder and programmer ) , and all films are newly mastered to High Definition from the best available film materials from the BFI National Archive or from the collections of filmmakers . Each title was originally released on both DVD and Blu-ray , but since The Pleasure Girls in a dual format release .


query: Hopman Cup has been attended by his wife.

pos: Hopman Cup The Hopman Cup is an annual international eight-team indoor hardcourt tennis tournament held in Perth , Western Australia in early January ( sometimes commencing in late December ) each year , which plays mixed-gender teams on a country-by-country basis .   The championship is named in honour of Harry Hopman ( 1906 -- 1985 ) , an Australian tennis player and coach who guided the country to 15 Davis Cup titles between 1938 and 1969 . Since the Hopman Cup was founded in 1989 , it has been attended each year by Harry Hopman 's widow , his second wife Lucy , who travels to the tournament annually from her home in the United States .   The tournament is a sanctioned event in the calendar of the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) , but while individual player results are tallied , they are not included in the calculation of tennis world rankings . The competition receives extensive television coverage in Australia and is an important lead-up tournament to the Australian Open each January as part of the Australian Open Series . The winning team receives a silver cup perpetual trophy and up to 2014 the winning team members were presented with distinctive individual trophies in the shape of a tennis ball encrusted with diamonds from the Argyle diamond mine in the Kimberley region of Western Australia . In 2014 and 2015 , the individual trophies were created in the shape of an intricate diamond encrusted tennis racket and ball , using just under an ounce of 18-carat white , yellow and rose gold and approximately half an ounce of pink argyle diamonds . These trophies are valued at $ 26,000 .   Until 2012 , the Hopman Cup was played at the Burswood Dome . Since 2013 , the Hopman Cup has been played at the Perth Arena .

neg: 1962 Wightman Cup The 1962 Wightman Cup was the 34th edition of the annual women 's team tennis competition between the United States and Great Britain . It was held at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London in England in the United Kingdom .

neg: Billie Tapscott Daphne Ruth `` Billie '' Tapscott ( 31 May 1903 -- 1970 ) was a South African female tennis player . She was born in Kimberley , South Africa . In 1930 she married South African tennis player Collin John James Robbins .   Her best singles performance at a Grand Slam event was reaching the quarterfinals of the 1927 French Championships in which she lost to eventual winner Kea Bouman in straight sets and the 1929 Wimbledon Championships losing at the same stage to Elsie Goldsack .   She caused some furor at Wimbledon in 1927 when she played without stockings and white socks .   In 1929 she was a runner -- up at the singles event of the Irish Open , losing in the final in three sets to compatriot Bobbie Heine Miller . Tapscott won the South African Championships singles title in 1930 , 1933 , 1934 and 1938 .   Her brothers Lionel and George were both cricketers who played in Test matches for South Africa .

neg: Kazakhstan at the Hopman Cup Kazakhstan is a nation that has competed at two Hopman Cup tournaments and first competed in the 22nd Hopman Cup in 2010 . Its best result to date is finishing second in their group in 2010 .   Before its dissolution , Kazakhstan used to form part of the Soviet Union which also competed at the Hopman Cup on two occasions in the early 1990s . Additionally , Kazakhstan is a member of the CIS which entered a team into the 1992 event .   Kazakhstan also participated a number of times in the now defunct Asian Hopman Cup , a qualifying tournament which ran from 2006 until 2009 and granted the winners entry into the Hopman Cup the following year . In 2008 and 2009 Kazakhstan hosted the event in Astana finishing as the runners-up to Chinese Taipei in 2008 and winning in 2009 to grant them access to the main tournament in Australia for the first time .

neg: 1992 Hopman Cup The 1992 Hopman Cup was the fourth edition to the Hopman Cup tennis event . Jakob Hlasek and Manuela Maleeva-Fragniere ( who mostly , but not in this case , played for Bulgaria ) of Switzerland beat Helena Suková and Karel Nováček of Czechoslovakia in the final at the Burswood Entertainment Complex in Perth , Australia . The tournament took place between 27 December 1991 through 3 January 1992 .

neg: Grand Slam Cup The Grand Slam Cup was a tennis tournament held annually at the Olympiahalle in Munich in Germany from 1990 through 1999 . The event was organized by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) , which invited the best-performing players in the year 's Grand Slam events to compete in the Grand Slam Cup .   The tournament was created in 1990 and was played on indoor carpet courts . From 1990 to 1996 , it was held in December but was moved to the middle of autumn from 1997 to 1999 . From 1990 to 1997 the tournament was limited to male players . A women 's Cup was added in 1998 and was held simultaneously with the men 's Cup .   Throughout its existence , the Grand Slam Cup was famous for paying out the highest prize money of any tournament in tennis . The winner for the first three years of the Cup received US$ 2 million in prize money , which dipped to $ 1.625 million in 1993 , rose to $ 1.875 million in 1996 and back to $ 2 million in 1997 before falling to $ 1.3 million in 1998 . If the Cup was won by a player who had also won a Grand Slam event that year they received a bonus of $ 1 million . Prize money for the winner of the two women 's Cups was fixed at $ 800,000 .   The Cup was not recognized by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) for the course of its run , and participants did not receive points in the ATP computer rankings nor have it credited as an official career title . Following the discontinuation of the Cup in 1999 , the ATP decided to give the event full recognition and added it to players ' lists of official titles .   A compromise between the ITF and the ATP was announced on December 9 , 1999 which merged the Cup with the ATP Tour World Championship , the ATP 's year-end tournament also held annually in Germany , giving birth to the ATP World Tour Finals , an official tour event .   A direct result of the merging of the two competitions can still be seen in the qualification rules for the ATP World Tour Finals , which included one notable difference from those of the ATP Tour World Championship . The Tour World Championship was meant to include the top eight players on the ATP computer rankings at the end of a season , even though this could mean the exclusion of a Grand Slam champion who had not been able to earn sufficient ranking points in the rest of the year . Present Finals rules ensure the participation of a Grand Slam champion who is unable to earn a top eight ranking at the end of the season and automatic qualification for the top seven players in the computer rankings . The eighth ranked player , however , qualifies only if all Grand Slam singles champions are among the top eight . Any Grand Slam event champion who is not in the top eight but is still in the top twenty is included to the detriment of the eighth ranked player . This situation occurred at the 2004 Tennis Masters Cup , where Andre Agassi , the 8th ranked player in the ATP Champions Race , was excluded from the event in favor of Gastón Gaudio , who had won that year 's French Open but was ranked 10th at the end of the year .   Pete Sampras was the most successful player at this event winning two titles out of three final appearances .

neg: Hippodamia Hippodamia ( -LSB- ˌhɪpoʊ-dəˈmaɪə -RSB- also Hippodamea and Hippodameia ; Ἱπποδάμεια `` she who masters horses '' derived from ἵππος hippos `` horse '' and δαμάζειν damazein `` to tame '' ) was a Greek mythological figure . She was the queen of Pisa as the wife of Pelops .

neg: 2003 Hopman Cup The 2003 Hopman Cup ( also known as the Hyundai Hopman Cup for sponsorship reasons ) was the fifteenth edition of the Hopman Cup tennis sporting event , held on 28 December 2002 through 4 January 2003 at the Burswood Entertainment Complex in Perth , Australia . The champions are Serena Williams and James Blake of the United States , who defeated Alicia Molik and Lleyton Hewitt of Australia in the final .

neg: First Spouse of Indonesia The First Lady and First Gentleman of Indonesia is the title attributed to the wife or husband of the President of Indonesia . Out of six presidents of Indonesia until 2013 , one is female ( Megawati Sukarnoputri ) , so the neutral word `` spouse '' is used . State convention of Indonesia gives the title Ibu Negara for the First Lady . Literally it means `` mother of the country '' . No equivalent term is designated for the male counterpart ( `` first gentleman '' ) so far .   This is a list of spouses of the president of Indonesia .

neg: Helen Herron Taft Helen Louise Herron `` Nellie '' Taft ( June 2 , 1861 -- May 22 , 1943 ) was the wife of William Howard Taft and First Lady of the United States from 1909 to 1913 .

neg: Mary Kaye Huntsman Mary Kaye Huntsman ( born Mary Kaye Cooper ; September 10 , 1961 ) is an American activist and the wife of Jon Huntsman Jr. . She launched and developed Bag of Hope and Power in You , programs that help children and teenagers deal with the emotional side of adversity with peer-to-peer and grownup support .   Time described Huntsman as having significant political gifts and being a major asset to her husband 's political endeavors . From 2005 to 2009 , she was First Lady of Utah .

neg: Fed Cup Fed Cup is the premier international team competition in women 's tennis , launched in 1963 to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) . The competition was known as the Federation Cup until 1995 . The Fed Cup is the world 's largest annual women 's international team sports competition , in terms of the number of nations that compete .   The men 's equivalent of the Fed Cup is the Davis Cup . Australia , Czech Republic and the United States are the only countries that have held both the Fed Cup and Davis Cup at the same time .

neg: Women's Challenge The Women 's Challenge bicycle race ( originally known as the Ore-Ida Women 's Challenge , after its leading sponsor of `` Ore-Ida '' brand frozen potato products ) was held annually in the western United States in southern Idaho , beginning in 1984 until its demise in 2002 . Later primary sponsors were PowerBar and Hewlett-Packard .   During much of its 19-year history , it was the most prestigious women 's cycle race in North America . From 1995 , when it first obtained sanctioning from the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) , the international governing body for cycling , it developed into one of the strongest races in the world , attracting numerous World and Olympic Champions . Prior to that , in 1990 , the UCI had refused to sanction the event , citing as their reason the `` excessive climbing , stage distances , number of stages , and duration of event . '' The race that year was 17 stages and 663 mi , won by Inga Thompson .   The following year ( 1991 ) marked the debut on the international scene of a team representing Lithuania , which had just recently declared its independence and was still awaiting recognition as a country . Professionals were allowed to compete beginning in 1993 .   The race , which was run almost entirely by volunteers , set a very high standard in terms of technical administration and conduct of the race itself . Jim Rabdau , the race founder , served as chief organizer of the race throughout its entire history .   By the late 1990s , the race was able to attract sufficient sponsorship money to offer the richest prize fund ever in women 's cycling and , for a while , was the richest prize fund race in North America , men 's or women 's . At its peak , it offered $ 125,000 in prizes .   However , cuts in sponsorship forced a reduction in prize money to $ 75,000 in its last year ( 2002 ) and no title sponsor could be found to replace the outgoing sponsor for the following year , forcing the cancellation of the race . Race organizers cited a downturn in the economy as the reason .   One of the stages crested Galena Summit at 8701 ft above sea level on Highway 75 , the Northwest 's highest highway pass .

neg: Margaret Hubble Margaret Elinor Hubble ( 29 December 1914 -- 30 August 2006 ) was a British radio broadcaster . She was best known as a presenter of Woman 's Hour in the 1950s .   Hubble was born in Kent , the youngest of five children of a farmer . She attended a boarding school in Sussex , and joined the commercial radio department at advertising agency Erwin , Wasey & Company in 1938 . She joined the Women 's Land Army when the Second World War broke out , making use of her agricultural upbringing , but then joined the BBC in 1940 as a secretary , but quickly moved into broadcasting . She became an overseas presentation assistant in 1941 , and then chief announcer for the BBC African Service in 1942 , presenting Forces Favourites , a request programme in which members of the armed forces abroad , and their families at home , could ask the `` compère '' , as presenters were called , to play their favourite music . There , she helped Jean Metcalfe make her first broadcast .   She was the first woman announcer to broadcast on the Allied Expeditionary Forces Programme , the successor to the General Forces Programme , in 1943 , and she was one of the first announcers on the Light Programme in 1945 .   She married Albert Cuthbert in June 1945 , and , like most married women , resigned her full-time job to become a full-time wife . She rejoined the BBC in 1948 after her husband 's early death .   Hubble appeared on Desert Island Discs in September 1945 , standing in at short notice for Roy Plomley 's invited guest , Valerie Hobson , who had flu . She occasionally presented Family Favourites ( also known as Two-Way Family Favourites ) , the peacetime successor to Forces Favourites , from 1945 until 1952 . She became an announcer on Woman 's Hour in 1951 , with Marjorie Anderson and Jean Metcalfe .   She married Philip Horne in 1950 , and resigned from the BBC again in 1952 . She continued to work as on a freelance basis , rejoining Woman 's Hour in 1957 , and presenting other programmes on the Light Programme . She also took part in Children 's Hour on the Home Service , and Saturday Excursion on television .   Hubble narrated Children 's Newsreel from 1959 , alongside Douglas Henderson , and presented Call from Home for the British Forces Broadcasting Service from 1969 .   Her second husband died in 1982 . She was survived by a daughter from her first marriage and three sons from her second marriage .

neg: 1994 Hopman Cup The 1994 Hopman Cup was the sixth edition of the Hopman Cup that was held at the Burswood Entertainment Complex , in Perth , Australia . Jana Novotná and Petr Korda of the Czech Republic defeated Anke Huber and Bernd Karbacher of Germany in the final to win the title .

neg: Wine cup of Shah Jahan The wine cup of Shah Jahan is a wine cup of white nephrite jade that was made for the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan .   The cup has a gourd shape like in a paisley design . The handle is shaped like the head of a ram . The bottom features acanthus leaves and a lotus flower , which is the pedestal . The cup is inscribed with his title , `` Second Lord of the Conjunction '' , following the conventions of royal titulature in the Persian-speaking world . It specifically alludes to Timur , the central Asian ruler from whom the Mughals were descended . The artist who created the cup is unknown .   The cup is dated 1067 of the Islamic calendar , and regnal year 31 , which convert to 1657 CE . The place of production was India . The length is 18.7 cm and width 14 cm . It was acquired in the 19th century by Colonel Charles Seton Guthrie , most probably after the Indian rebellion of 1857 . It was formerly in the possession of R. M. W. Walker , on whose death it was sold by Christie & Co ( 12/7/1945 , lot 146 ) and passed from the purchasers , Messrs Spink , to Queen Maria of Yugoslavia . It again came into the hands of Spink , who then sold it to Mr Lazarus , who discovered the inscription and sold it back to the vendors . It was acquired by the Victoria and Albert Museum in 1962 .

neg: Abigail Adams Abigail Adams ( née Smith ; November 22 -LSB- O.S. November 11 -RSB- 1744 -- October 28 , 1818 ) was the closest advisor and wife of John Adams , as well as the mother of John Quincy Adams . She is sometimes considered to have been a Founder of the United States , and is now designated as the first Second Lady and second First Lady of the United States , although these titles were not in use at the time .   Adams 's life is one of the most documented of the first ladies : she is remembered for the many letters she wrote to her husband while he stayed in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , during the Continental Congresses . John frequently sought the advice of Abigail on many matters , and their letters are filled with intellectual discussions on government and politics . In one of her more famous letters she implores her husband and his colleagues , all of whom were male , to , '' ... remember the ladies ... If particular care and attention is not paid to the Ladies we are determined to foment a Rebellion , and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice , or Representation . '' Her letters also serve as eyewitness accounts of the American Revolutionary War home front .

neg: Stephanie DeFina Stephanie DeFina Johnson ( born March 8 , 1946 ) is an American former amateur tennis player who was active in the 1960s and early 1970s .   DeFina was included in the year-end top ten rankings issued by the United States Lawn Tennis Association from 1966 through 1968 , reaching a career high ranking of seventh in 1967 .   Her best singles result at a Grand Slam tournament was reaching the fourth round of the 1967 Wimbledon Championships in which she lost to Ann Jones .   In 1966 , she reached the final of the U.S. Women 's Clay Court Championships before falling to Nancy Richey . In 1969 , she was a doubles runner-up at the New England Women 's Invitational Indoor Tennis Championships ( teaming with Kathy Pigeon ) and was the singles runner-up at the U.S. Indoor Championships .   At the tournament in Cincinnati , DeFina won two singles titles : in 1963 ( defeating Jane `` Peaches '' Bartkowicz in the final ) and 1965 ( defeating Roberta Alison in the final ) . She also paired with Alison to win the Cincinnati doubles title in 1965 .   In 1968 DeFina was a member of the U.S. team that competed for the Wightman Cup , the annual women 's team tennis competition between the United States and Great Britain . She played the doubles match partnering Kathy Harter but lost to the sister team of Christine Truman Janes and Nell Truman .   DeFina was a member of the 1974 World Team Tennis champion Denver Racquets .

neg: Althea Gibson Althea Gibson ( August 25 , 1927 -- September 28 , 2003 ) was an American tennis player and professional golfer , and the first black athlete to cross the color line of international tennis . In 1956 , she became the first person of color to win a Grand Slam title ( the French Open ) . The following year she won both Wimbledon and the U.S. Nationals ( precursor of the U.S. Open ) , then won both again in 1958 , and was voted Female Athlete of the Year by the Associated Press in both years . In all , she won 11 Grand Slam tournaments , including six doubles titles , and was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame and the International Women 's Sports Hall of Fame . `` She is one of the greatest players who ever lived , '' said Robert Ryland , a tennis contemporary and former coach of Venus and Serena Williams . `` Martina could n't touch her . I think she 'd beat the Williams sisters . '' In the early 1960s she also became the first black player to compete on the women 's professional golf tour .   At a time when racism and prejudice were widespread in sports and in society , Gibson was often compared to Jackie Robinson . `` Her road to success was a challenging one , '' said Billie Jean King , `` but I never saw her back down . '' `` To anyone , she was an inspiration , because of what she was able to do at a time when it was enormously difficult to play tennis at all if you were black , '' said former New York City Mayor David Dinkins . `` I am honored to have followed in such great footsteps , '' wrote Venus Williams . `` Her accomplishments set the stage for my success , and through players like myself and Serena and many others to come , her legacy will live on . ''

neg: Croatia at the Hopman Cup Croatia is a nation that has competed at three Hopman Cup tournaments since it gained its independence following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s . It first competed in the Hopman Cup in 1996 and went on to win the title that year , its best showing at the tournament to date .

neg: Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman , CBE ( née Hotchkiss ; December 20 , 1886 -- December 5 , 1974 ) was an American tennis player and founder of the Wightman Cup , an annual team competition for British and American women . She dominated American women 's tennis before World War I , and won 45 U.S. titles during her life .


query: The Himalayas has some of its mountains a country bordering Nepal.

pos: Himalayas The Himalayas , or Himalaya , ( -LSB- ˌhɪməˈleɪ.ə -RSB- or -LSB- hɪˈmɑːləjə -RSB- ) form a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau .   The Himalayan range has many of the Earth 's highest peaks , including the highest , Mount Everest . The Himalayas include over fifty mountains exceeding 7200 m in elevation , including ten of the fourteen 8000m peaks . By contrast , the highest peak outside Asia -- Aconcagua , in the Andes -- is 6961 m tall .   The Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the Karakoram and Hindu Kush ranges , on the north by the Tibetan Plateau , and on the south by the Indo-Gangetic Plain . The Himalayas are distinct from the other great ranges of central Asia , although sometimes the term Himalaya is loosely used to include the Karakoram and some of the other ranges . The Himalayas are spread across five countries : Nepal , India , Bhutan , China and Pakistan , with the first three countries having sovereignty over most of the range . Some of the world 's major rivers , the Indus , the Ganges , and the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra , rise in the Himalayas , and their combined drainage basin is home to roughly 600 million people . The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of South Asia ; many Himalayan peaks are sacred in Hinduism and Buddhism .   Lifted by the subduction of the Indian tectonic plate under the Eurasian Plate , the Himalayan Mountain range runs , west-northwest to east-southeast , in an arc 2400 km long . Its western anchor , Nanga Parbat , lies just south of the northernmost bend of Indus river . Its eastern anchor , Namcha Barwa , is just west of the great bend of the Tsangpo river . The range varies in width from 400 km in the west to 150 km in the east .

neg: Madhesh Madhesh is a province and an autonomous state in the Terai belt of Nepal . The native Nepalese people who have cultural and demographic connections to Bihar and Uttar Pradesh across the borders in India are called Madhesi people . The indigenous inhabitants of the Terai are Tharu people who consider themselves to be Madhesi people .   The eastern part of the Nepal Terai along with northern parts in Bihar is part of the cultural Mithila region .

neg: Mechi Zone Mechi ( -LSB- : ne : मेची अञ्चल , मेची अञ्चल -RSB- is one of the fourteen zones of Nepal , comprising four districts ; namely Ilam , Jhapa , Panchthar and Taplejung . Its headquarters are at Ilam . It comes under the Eastern Development Region of Nepal . The Indian state of Bihar is to the south and Tibet to the north . The largest town is Damak in the Terai . The majority of the population in Mechi are Kirantis ( Limbu and Rai ) and other ethnic groups like Koche and Meche , and hill castes like Bahun and Chhetris .   Mechi is divided into four districts :   Among the four districts , Jhapa is in the Terai and it is more developed than the other three districts . Ilam and Panchthar are in the hilly region . Ilam is also in a developing stage . Ilam is naturally very beautiful , with many tourists visiting Ilam annually . Kanyam is popular for its tea garden . At Antu the rising sun can be viewed . Panchthar is the least developed of the four districts . Taplejung is in the mountainous zone .   There are two airports within Mechi : one in Bhadrapur and one in Taplejung .

neg: Sub-Himalayan Range The Sub-Himalayan Range are the southernmost mountains in the Himalayan range . Their average height varies between 600 and 1200 meters , and are not so high in altitude as compared to other mountain ranges in the Himalaya range .   Himalayan foot hills form the sub-Himalayan zone and from Punjab to Assam these hills are consist of a narrow belt of folded neogene molasse type sediments ( siwaliks ) . Southward , the folded siwaliks sequence is covered by Indo Gangetic Alluvium . An acute fault is `` Himalayan front fault '' cut the aluvium in foot hill region , this fault is a series of en-echlon faults which are parallel to the strike of the hills between Punjab and Assam . Northward , this sequence is terminated by MBT , which is a set of north dipping faults and forms the boundary between Southern Himalayas and Lesser Himalayas .   Category : Mountain ranges of India

neg: North India North India is a loosely defined region consisting of the northern part of India . The dominant geographical features of North India are the Indus-Gangetic Plain and the Himalayas , which demarcate the region from the Tibetan Plateau and Central Asia .   The term North India has varying definitions - the Ministry of Home Affairs in its Northern Zonal Council Administrative division included the states of Chandigarh , Delhi , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Jammu and Kashmir , Punjab and Rajasthan . while the Ministry of Culture in its North Culture Zone includes the state of Uttarakhand but excludes Delhi whereas the Geological Survey of India includes Uttar Pradesh and Delhi but excludes Rajasthan and Chandigarh . Other states sometimes included are Bihar , Gujarat , Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal .   North India has been the historical centre of the Mughal , Delhi Sultanate and British Indian Empires . It has a diverse culture , and includes the Hindu pilgrimage centres of Char Dham , Haridwar , Varanasi , Ayodhya , Mathura , Allahabad , Vaishno Devi and Pushkar , the Buddhist pilgrimage centres of Bodhgaya , Sarnath and Kushinagar , the Sikh Golden Temple as well as world heritage sites such as the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve , Khajuraho temples , Hill Forts of Rajasthan , Jantar Mantar ( Jaipur ) , Bhimbetka Caves , Sanchi monuments , Qutb Minar , Red Fort , Agra Fort , Fatehpur Sikri and the Taj Mahal .   The languages that have official status in one or more of the states and union territories located in North India are Hindi , Urdu , Punjabi , Kashmiri/Koshur , Dogri and English .

neg: Law enforcement in Nepal The Nepalese Police Force is the national police of Nepal . It is independent of the Nepalese Army . Although once brought under the Army in the name of `` Unified Command '' , it is taken as a force separate from the Army .  In the days of its establishment , Nepal Police personnel were mainly drawn from the armed forces of the Nepali Congress Party which fought against feudal Rana autocracy in Nepal .

neg: Gandaki River The Gandaki River ( also known as the Narayani in southern Nepal and the Gandak in India ) is one of the major rivers of Nepal and a left bank tributary of the Ganges in India . In Nepal the river is notable for its deep gorge through the Himalayas and its enormous hydroelectric potential . It has a total catchment area of 46300 km2 , most of it in Nepal . The basin also contains three of the world 's 14 mountains over 8000 m , Dhaulagiri , Manaslu and Annapurna I. Dhaulagiri is the highest point of the Gandaki basin . It lies between the similar Kosi system to the east and the Karnali ( Ghaghara ) system to the west .

neg: Kumaon division For Kumaoni people see Kumaoni people   Kumaon ( Hindi : कुमाऊँ ) or Kumaun is one of the two regions and administrative divisions of Uttarakhand , a mountainous state of northern India , the other being Garhwal . It includes the districts of Almora , Bageshwar , Champawat , Nainital , Pithoragarh , and Udham Singh Nagar . It is bounded on the north by Tibet , on the east by Nepal , on the south by the state of Uttar Pradesh , and on the west by the Garhwal region . The people of Kumaon are known as Kumaonis and speak the Kumaoni language .   It is home to a famous Indian Army regiment , the Kumaon Regiment .  Important towns of Kumaon are Haldwani , Nainital , Almora , Pithoragarh , Rudrapur , Kashipur , Pantnagar , Mukteshwar and Ranikhet . Nainital is the administrative centre of Kumaon Division and this is where the Uttarakhand high court is located .

neg: Indira Col The Indira Col ( altitude 5,764 m ) is a col ( mountain pass , also called La in the local language ) on the Indira Ridge in the Siachen Muztagh in the Karakoram Range . It is within 3 km of Sia Kangri to the west , the summit of which is the tripoint where territories controlled by India , Pakistan and China meet .   The col is a saddle between the Siachen Glacier to the south and the Urdok Glacier to the north , on the watershed between the Indus River basin and the Tarim Basin . It is too steep to easily descend north from the col to the Urdok Glacier .   The term Indira Col has also been applied to another , higher col 2.4 km further east on the Indira Ridge at ( altitude 5,988 m ) , from which it is possible to descend to the north . This eastern col was named Indira Col in 1912 by Bullock Workman , after one of the names of the goddess Lakshmi .   Colonel Narendra `` Bull '' Kumar reached Indira Col ( the western col ) in 1981 . In 1998 Harish Kapadia reached the same col ; on his map and text he refers to it as the `` main Indira Col '' and `` Indira Col West '' , whereas he refers to the col 2.4 km to the east as `` Indira Col East ( Workman ) . ''   The Indira Col is 2 km east of the point ( about a km southeast of the peak of Sia Kangri ) where the Actual Ground Position Line between Indian and Pakistani forces meets the border with China . Territories on all sides are disputed . The land immediately to the south of the col is claimed by both Pakistan and India and is controlled by India . The land to the north of Indira Col is part of the Trans Karakoram Tract , controlled by China under a 1963 border agreement with Pakistan but claimed by India .

neg: Banni Grasslands Reserve Banni Grasslands Reserve or Banni grasslands form a belt of arid grassland ecosystem on the outer southern edge of the desert of the marshy salt flats of Rann of Kutch in Kutch District , Gujarat State , India . They are known for rich wildlife and biodiversity and are spread across an area of 3,847 square kilometres . They are currently legally protected under the status as a protected or reserve forest in India . Though declared a protected forest more than half a century ago Gujarat state 's forest department has recently proposed a special plan to restore and manage this ecosystem in the most efficient way . Wildlife Institute of India ( WII ) has identified this grassland reserve as one of the last remaining habitats of the cheetah in India and a possible reintroduction site for the species .   The word ` Banni ' comes from Hindi and Sanskrit word ` banai ' , meaning made . The land here was formed from the sediments that were deposited by the Indus and other rivers over thousands of years . Old villagers from this region say that before the 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake , the river Indus flowed right through banni and the local farmers reaped a rich harvest of crops like red rice and sindhi chookha etc. , red rice was the staple diet of the people of the region and it was even recommended by medical practitioners as a ` light diet ' for ailing people . However , since the earthquake of 1819 the river Indus changed its course and now flows through Sindh in neighbouring country of Pakistan effectively turning this entire region arid .   Banni grassland is peculiar to the Rann of Kutch , it has some forty Sindhi speaking Maldhari ( cattle breeders ) hamlets , home to the Halaypotra , Hingora , Hingorja , Jat and Mutwa tribes  . It was first declared a `` protected forest '' in May 1955 , using the nomenclature of the Indian Forest Act , 1927 . Since then , the actual transfer of the land from the Revenue department to the Forest department has not been completed .

neg: Nepa Kingdom Nepa ( also known as Nipa , Neepa ) was a mountainous kingdom mentioned in the ancient Sanskrit epic Mahabharata . Its modern equivalent is identified as Nepal , a country located in the mountainous terrain of the Himalayas .

neg: Lukla Lukla is a town in the Khumbu area of the Solukhumbu District in the Sagarmatha Zone of north-eastern Nepal . Situated at 2860 m , it is a popular place for visitors to the Himalayas near Mount Everest to arrive . Although Lukla means place with many goats and sheep , few are found in the area these days .   Lukla contains a small airport servicing the region , and a variety of shops and lodges catering to tourists and trekkers , providing western-style meals and trail supplies .   From Lukla , travellers will take two days to reach the village Namche Bazaar , an altitude acclimatization stop for those continuing on .   In August 2014 , the Nepalese government announced plans to open the first tarmac road from Kathmandu to Lukla .

neg: Tamang people The Tamang ( Devnagari : तामाङ ; tāmāng ) , or Murmi , are the indigenous inhabitants of the Himalayan regions of Nepal and India , their ancestral land is called Tamsaling . They are the aborigines of Yambu , or Kathmandu Valley , who had self-rule and autonomous roughly 2 centuries before present , systematically displaced during the expansion period of Gorkha Kingdom and this continues to the present day , the Central Development Region , Nepal remains where 70 % of the population reside . The traditionally Buddhist Tamang are the largest Tibeto-Burman ethnic group within Nepal , constituting 5.6 % of the national population of over 1.3 million in 2001 , increasing to 1,539,830 as of 2011 census , yet contested . Tamang are also a significant minority in Sikkim and Darjeeling District of West Bengal of India as permanent settlers ; their languages are fifth most spoken in Nepal ( note all Tamang languages are not mutually intelligible ) . They were one of the aborigines who were least affected by Nepalisation . Peculiar to Tamang people are complex marriage restrictions within the community .

neg: Geology of Nepal The geology of Nepal is dominated by the Himalaya , the highest , youngest and a very highly active mountain range . Himalaya is a type locality for the study of on-going continent-continent collision tectonics . The Himalayan arc extends about 2400 km from Nanga Parbat ( 8,138 m ) by the Indus River in northern Pakistan eastward to Namche Barwa ( 7,756 m ) by the gorge of the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra in eastern Tibet . About 800 km of this extent is in Nepal ; the remainder includes Bhutan and parts of Pakistan , India , and China .   Since 55 Ma the Himalayan orogeny beginning with the collision of Indian subcontinent and Eurasia at the Paleocene/Eocene epoch , has thickened the Indian crust to its present thickness of 70 km . The northwest tip of India after colliding with Asia seems to have met along the full length of the suture by about 40 Ma .   Immediately prior to the onset of the Indo-Asian collision , the northern boundary of the Indian shield was likely a thinned continental margin on which Proterozoic clastic sediments and the Cambrian ± Eocene Tethyan shelf sequence were deposited .

neg: South Asia South Asia or Southern Asia is a term used to represent the southern region of the Asian continent , which comprises the sub-Himalayan SAARC countries and , for some authorities , adjoining countries to the west and east . Topographically , it is dominated by the Indian Plate , which rises above sea level as Nepal and northern parts of India situated south of the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush . South Asia is bounded on the south by the Indian Ocean and on land ( clockwise , from west ) by West Asia , Central Asia , East Asia , and Southeast Asia .   The current territories of Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Maldives , Nepal , India , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka form the countries of South Asia . The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia .   South Asia covers about 5.1 million km2 ( 1.9 million mi2 ) , which is 11.51 % of the Asian continent or 3.4 % of the world 's land surface area . The population of South Asia is about 1.749 billion or about one fourth of the world 's population , making it both the most populous and the most densely populated geographical region in the world . Overall , it accounts for about 39.49 % of Asia 's population ( or over 24 % of the world 's population ) and is home to a vast array of peoples .   In 2010 , South Asia had the world 's largest population of Hindus , Jains and Sikhs . There are 507 million Muslims as well as over 35 million Christians and 25 million Buddhists in South Asia .

neg: Mahottari District Mahottari District ( -LSB- : ne : महोत्तरी जिल्ला , महोत्तरी जिल्ला -RSB- , ) , a part of Province No. 2 , is one of the seventy-five districts of Nepal . The district , with Jaleshwar as its district headquarters , covers an area of 1,002 km ² and had a population of 553,481 in 2001 and 627,580 in 2011 .   Its headquarters is located in Jaleshwar , a neighbouring town of the historical city of Janakpur . The name Jaleshwar means the ` God in Water ' . One can find a famous temple of Lord Shiva in Water there . Jaleshwar lies at a few kilometres distance from the Nepal-India border and has a majority of Maithili people .  In janakpur zone there are two districts ; mahottari and dhanusha and both are in a distance of 1 hour .

neg: Hari Ram Hari Ram was a pundit who explored the region around Mount Everest in 1871-1872 . At first he was not allowed to enter Tibet , but his luck changed when he met a district official whose wife was ill . He examined her , checked his medical book for a disease with similar symptoms , and gave her some pills . To his own surprise , the woman recovered , and from then he found relatively little difficulty in travelling on . He gave a frightening account of his trip along the Bhote Koshi river :   He followed the general course of the Bhotia-Kosi River , which he was obliged to cross fifteen times within twenty-five miles -LSB- 40 km -RSB- . At one place the river ran in a gigantic chasm , the sides of which were so close to one another that a bridge of 24 paces was sufficient to span it . Near this bridge the precipices were so impractible that the path had to be supported on iron pegs let into the face of the rock - the path being formed by bars of iron and slabs of stone stretching from peg to peg and covered with earth . This extraordinary path is in no place more than eighteen inches -LSB- 460 mm -RSB- , and often not more than nine inches -LSB- 230 mm -RSB- in width , and is carried for more than a third of a mile -LSB- 500 m -RSB- along the face of the cliff , at some 1,500 feet -LSB- 500 m -RSB- above the river , which could be seen roaring below in its narrow bed . The Pundit , who has seen much difficult ground in the Himalayas , says he never in his life met anything to equal this bit of path . ( report of Montgomerie to the Royal Geographical Society )   During his voyage , Hari Ram had opened up 30,000 square miles ( 78,000 km ² ) of virtually unknown territory . He had travelled all the way around Mount Everest , but because other mountains stood in between , he never actually saw it . On a second journey , Hari Ram traversed northern Nepal from west to east .   Ram , Hari

neg: Geology of the Himalaya The geology of the Himalaya is a record of the most dramatic and visible creations of modern plate tectonic forces . The Himalayas , which stretch over 2400 km between the Namche Barwa syntaxis in Tibet and the Nanga Parbat syntaxis in India , are the result of an ongoing orogeny -- the result of a collision between two continental tectonic plates . This immense mountain range was formed by tectonic forces and sculpted by weathering and erosion . The Himalaya-Tibet region supplies fresh water for more than one-fifth of the world population , and accounts for a quarter of the global sedimentary budget . Topographically , the belt has many superlatives : the highest rate of uplift ( nearly 10 mm/year at Nanga Parbat ) , the highest relief ( 8848 m at Mt. Everest Chomolangma ) , among the highest erosion rates at 2 -- 12 mm/yr , the source of some of the greatest rivers and the highest concentration of glaciers outside of the polar regions . This last feature earned the Himalaya its name , originating from the Sanskrit for `` the abode of the snow '' .

neg: Langtang National Park The Langtang National Park is the fourth national park in Nepal and was established in 1976 as the first Himalayan national park . The protected area exceeds an altitudinal range of 6450 m and covers an area of 1710 km2 in the Nuwakot , Rasuwa and Sindhulpalchok districts of the central Himalayan region encompassing 26 Village Development Committees . It is linked with the Qomolangma National Nature Preserve in Tibet . The high altitude sacred lake of Gosainkunda falls within the park . The Gosainkunda lake ( 4300 m ) and the Dorje Lakpa range ( 6988 m ) bisect the park from east -- west to south -- east . The summit of Langtang Lirung ( 7245 m ) is the highest point in the park .   The northern and eastern border of the national park coincide with the international border to Tibet . The western boundary follows the rivers Bhote Kosi and Trisuli . The southern border lies 32 km north of the Kathmandu Valley .   This protected area represents both Indo-Malayan and Palearctic ecozones .

neg: Transport in Nepal Nepal is a landlocked Himalayan country where transportation is difficult due to mountainous terrain . Nevertheless , there are some transport medium like road transportation and water transportation . Being a landlocked hilly country , road transportation is the only way to make easy travelling in Nepal . However , cable transport is an emerging transport mode in Nepal . Manakamana Cable Car and Chandragiri Cable Car are two cable transport providers in Nepal .

neg: Outline of Uttarakhand The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Uttarakhand :   Uttarakhand -- state in the northern part of India . It is often referred to as the Devbhumi ( literally : `` Land of the Gods '' ) due to many Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres found throughout the state . Uttarakhand is known for its natural beauty of the Himalayas , the Bhabhar and Terai .