query: Lady Gaga only released one album to date, along with 3 EPs.

pos: Lady Gaga Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta ( -LSB- ˈstɛfəniː_dʒɜrməˈnɒtə -RSB- ; born March 28 , 1986 ) , known professionally as Lady Gaga , is an American singer , songwriter , and actress . At the beginning of her career , Gaga became known for her unconventionality and provocative work . A popular contemporary recording artist , she is noted for constantly experimenting with new musical ideas and images .   Gaga initially played roles in high school plays , and studied at CAP21 through NYU 's Tisch School of the Arts before dropping out to pursue a musical career . After leaving a rock band , participating in a performance art circuit , and being dropped from a contract with Def Jam Recordings , Gaga worked as a songwriter for Sony/ATV Music Publishing . From there , Akon noticed her vocal abilities and helped her sign a joint deal with Interscope Records and his own KonLive Distribution in 2007 . Gaga rose to prominence with the release of her successful debut album The Fame ( 2008 ) and its international chart-topping singles `` Just Dance '' and `` Poker Face '' . A follow-up EP , The Fame Monster ( 2009 ) , was met with a similar reception and the singles `` Bad Romance '' , `` Telephone '' , and `` Alejandro '' were also successful .   Gaga 's second full-length album Born This Way ( 2011 ) topped the charts in more than 20 countries , including the US , where it sold over one million copies in its first week . The album produced the number-one single `` Born This Way '' . Gaga 's third album Artpop , released in 2013 , topped the US charts and included the successful single `` Applause '' . In 2014 , Gaga released a collaborative jazz album with Tony Bennett titled Cheek to Cheek , her third consecutive number one in the US . For her work in the television series American Horror Story : Hotel , Gaga won a Golden Globe Award in 2016 . With her fifth studio album Joanne ( 2016 ) , she became the first woman to have four US number one albums in the 2010s . In February 2017 , Gaga headlined the Super Bowl LI halftime show , which had over 150 million audience across various platforms worldwide , making it the most viewed musical event in history .   With global album and single sales of 27 million and 146 million respectively , as of January 2016 , she is one of the best-selling musicians of all time . Her achievements include twelve Guinness World Records , three Brit Awards , and six Grammy Awards . She has also received awards from the Songwriters Hall of Fame and the Council of Fashion Designers of America . Gaga regularly appears on Billboards Artists of the Year lists and Forbess power and earnings rankings . She was ranked at number four on VH1 's Greatest Women in Music , finished second on Times 2011 readers ' poll of the most influential people of the past ten years , and was named Billboards Woman of the Year ( 2015 ) . She is known for her philanthropic work and social activism , including LGBT rights and her own non-profit organization , the Born This Way Foundation , which focuses on promoting youth empowerment and combating bullying .

neg: The Electric Lady The Electric Lady is the third studio album by American recording artist Janelle Monáe , released on September 6 , 2013 by Wondaland Arts Society and Bad Boy Records . It is the follow up to her critically acclaimed debut studio album , The ArchAndroid ( 2010 ) , and likewise , received universal acclaim from music critics . This album serves as the fourth and fifth installments of her seven-part Metropolis concept series . Musically , The Electric Lady incorporates influences of hip hop soul , funk , gospel , jazz and rock .

neg: Three (Charlotte Church EP) THREE is the third extended play by Welsh recording artist Charlotte Church . It is the third in a series of five EPs released by Church . Her third alternative rock material , it was released on 19 August 2013 and is preceded by two singles `` I Can Dream '' and `` Water Tower '' .

neg: Mr.Mr. (song) `` Mr.Mr . '' is a Korean song recorded by South Korean girl group Girls ' Generation for their fourth Korean titular extended play ( 2014 ) . The song was released on February 25 , 2014 , as a single from the EP . The song was composed by American production team The Underdogs , who had previously worked with Western artists including Britney Spears , Beyoncé , and Justin Timberlake . A music video for the song was initially planned to be released on February 19 but was postponed to February 28 due to the accidental deletion of some of the original files .   `` Mr.Mr . '' was described as an electropop and pop-R & B song that incorporates a hip hop beat and EDM-influenced buildups . The song received generally positive reviews from music critics , who praised its musical styles , which were deemed a departure from the group 's signature bubblegum pop sound . The single ranked number 18 on Billboard magazine 's list of 20 Best K-pop Songs of 2014 and was included on Time '' 's list of 25 Best Songs of 2014 ( So Far ) in June 2014 .   To promote the song and the EP , Girls ' Generation appeared on several music programs including M Countdown , Music Bank , Show ! Music Core , and Inkigayo around February and March 2014 . The single was a commercial success in the group 's native country South Korea , peaking atop the Gaon Digital Chart and selling over 900,000 digital units in 2014 . It also charted at number three on the Korea K-Pop Hot 100 and number four on the Billboard '' World Digital Songs .

neg: Delta Goodrem discography Australian singer-songwriter Delta Goodrem has released five studio albums , one extended play ( EP ) , three video albums and thirty two singles . Goodrem signed a record deal with Sony Music Entertainment in 1999 and , since then , has achieved four number one albums and nine number one songs in Australia .   Goodrem debuted in 2001 with a teen pop single titled `` I Do n't Care '' that was not commercially successful . Her 2003 debut album Innocent Eyes revamped her musical style as piano-based ballad pop , and was a multi-platinum seller in Australia , New Zealand and the United Kingdom . Her successful singles were `` Born to Try '' , `` Lost Without You '' , `` Innocent Eyes '' , `` Not Me , Not I '' and `` Predictable '' . The album sold 1.2 million copies in Australia , and over 4 million worldwide .   Its successor , Mistaken Identity , was created during Goodrem 's battle with Hodgkin 's lymphoma , a form of cancer . While the album was unable to parallel the commercial success of Innocent Eyes , it did enter the ARIA charts at number one , and gained multi-platinum status . It featured successful top ten singles , `` Mistaken Identity '' , `` Out of the Blue '' and `` A Little Too Late '' . Goodrem 's third album Delta , was released in October 2007 . The album debuted at number one in Australia , making it her third consecutive chart-topping album there . It also achieved multi-platinum status in Australia . Had successful singles , `` You Will Only Break My Heart '' , `` I Ca n't Break It to My Heart '' and `` Together We Are One '' .   Her fourth album Child of the Universe came out in 2012 with two hit singles `` Wish You Were Here '' and `` Sitting on Top of the World '' , which were both certified platinum in Australia . `` Heart Hypnotic '' and `` Dear Life '' went Gold and `` Wings '' also went platinum . With the release of her fifth studio album , Wings of the Wild , Goodrem earned her fourth number-one album .   Goodrem 's career global album sales exceed eight million . She has sold approximately 2 million singles , with 1,238,919 copies sold in Australia .

neg: Impossible Princess Impossible Princess ( retitled Kylie Minogue in the UK and Europe for a temporary period , following the death of Princess Diana ) is the sixth studio album by Australian singer Kylie Minogue , released on 22 October 1997 , by Sony BMG and Deconstruction in Japan . Minogue had co-written all the songs on the album , with additional credits in production and composition ; the album was also assisted by Dave Ball , Ingo Vauk , Brothers in Rhythm , Manic Street Preachers and Rob Dougan , among others . Musically , the album was inspired by the techno and brit-pop revolution during the late 1990s , and incorporates musical elements of trip-hop , dance music , rock , and electronica . Lyrically , it focuses on Minogue 's relationships , self-discovery , and a variety of emotions .   Impossible Princess received a polarized response from music critics . American and Australian critics noted Minogue 's involvement in the production , whilst the sound and experimentation were commended . Conversely , British press criticized these points . Additionally , the records attracted controversy by the public , which was ambivalent towards Minogue 's sonic and visual development . Commercially , the album reached the top 10 in Australia , Scotland and the United Kingdom , but was certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for physical shipments of 70,000 units . The lack of commercial success prompted further tabloid exploitation of Minogue and the album , with formal comments added by the producers and management of Deconstruction .   Five singles were released off the album : `` Some Kind of Bliss '' , `` Did It Again '' , `` Breathe '' , and `` Cowboy Style '' , all of which experienced moderate success . The fifth single , `` Too Far '' , was distributed in the US and UK to promote the album . After a promotional tour in 1997 , Minogue went on her Intimate and Live tour in Australia and the UK the following year , which was a commercial and critical success . Since the album 's release , it has been recognized by publications as one of Minogue 's key `` re-inventions '' . In retrospect , Minogue labelled the Impossible Princess period as the lowest point of her career .

neg: Play On (Carrie Underwood album) Play On is the third studio album by American singer and songwriter Carrie Underwood . It was released in the United States on November 3 , 2009 , through Arista Nashville .   The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 with first week sales of 318,000 copies , which was rated as the highest first-week sales for a female artist in 2009 upon release . It is her second album to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 , and her third to debut atop the Billboard Top Country Albums chart .   As of October 2016 , the album has been certified 3x Platinum by the RIAA , Platinum by the CRIA and Gold by the ARIA . Play On has since sold over three million copies worldwide .   The album spawned three consecutive Billboard Hot Country Songs number one singles -- `` Cowboy Casanova '' , `` Temporary Home '' and `` Undo It '' , all of which certified Multi-Platinum or Platinum by the RIAA . The fourth single , `` Mama 's Song '' , reached number two on the chart and received a Gold certification from the RIAA . `` Cowboy Casanova '' achieved one of the biggest single-week upwards on the Billboard Hot 100 of all time , when it climbed 96-11 in its second week .   `` Temporary Home '' and `` Mama 's Song '' were both nominated for Grammy Awards , while Play On was nominated for Album of the Year at both the 2010 Academy of Country Music Awards and Country Music Association Awards , and won Favorite Country Album at the 2010 American Music Awards .

neg: 3OH!3 discography The discography of 3OH ! 3 , an American electropop group , contains four studio albums , four extended plays and eleven singles .

neg: Carrie Underwood discography American singer and songwriter Carrie Underwood has released five studio albums and 29 singles . Underwood rose to fame after winning the fourth season of American Idol in 2005 . Her debut album , Some Hearts , was released in 2005 and is the fastest-selling debut country album in Nielsen SoundScan history . It also became the best-selling solo female country debut in Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) history , as well as the top-selling debut album of any American Idol contestant in the United States .   Her second album , Carnival Ride , was released in 2007 and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 charts . During the first week , it sold 527,000 copies , which at the time was the best sales week by a female solo country artist since Shania Twain 's Greatest Hits sold 530,000 copies in its first week back in 2004 . The album has since been certified 4x Platinum .   Underwood released her third studio album , Play On , on November 3 , 2009 . It debuted at number one on the Top Country Albums chart and the all-genre Billboard 200 . It features the number one singles `` Cowboy Casanova '' , `` Temporary Home '' , and `` Undo It '' , as well as the number two single , `` Mama 's Song '' . The album has since been certified 3x Platinum in the US , Platinum in Canada , and Gold in Australia . On June 2011 , the album re-entered the Australian Albums Charts for both the ARIA National Top 50 and the Country Top 20 albums at number 14 and number one , respectively , giving Underwood her first number one album in Australia . The album was eventually certified Gold in Australia .   On May 1 , 2012 , Underwood released her fourth album , Blown Away . In the United States , it sold 267,000 albums in its first week and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and the Top Country Albums charts . It debuted at number one in Canada 's Top 200 all-genre albums chart and Top 100 Country albums chart , being immediately certified Gold . The album also debuted at number one on Australia 's Top 20 Country Albums and number four on the all-genre Top 50 Albums . The album has been certified 2x Platinum in the United States and Canada .   On December 9 , 2014 , Underwood released her first greatest hits album , Greatest Hits : Decade # 1 . The compilation debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 and at number one on the Top Country Albums charts , and set several records upon release , including having the biggest sales debut for a hits collection in any genre of music in more than six years and the biggest first-week sales for a female hits album in any genre in over nine years . The album was certified Platinum by the RIAA on January 16 , 2015 .   Underwood 's fifth studio album , Storyteller was released on October 23 , 2015 . The album debuted at number 2 on the Billboard 200 . This made Underwood the only country artist to have his or her first five studio albums debut at number one or number two on the Billboard 200 chart . It also debuted atop the Top Country Albums chart , earning Underwood another record as the only artist to score six consecutive number one albums on that chart . The album was certified Platinum by the RIAA on October 24 , 2016 .   Underwood has sold in excess of 65 million records globally . In the United States , she has sold 16.3 million albums and over 34.8 million digital singles , making her the best-selling American Idol contestant of all-time . She is the top country artist and the fifth highest-certified female artist on the RIAA Top Artists ( Digital Singles ) Ranking . She is also the fourth biggest album seller among artists who have debuted the past 13 years . Underwood has accumulated 85 Billboard number-ones . She has had 15 singles top the Billboard Country Airplay , and 14 singles top the Hot Country Songs , respectively . Notably , Underwood garnered twenty-six consecutive top 10 singles on the Hot Country Songs chart , the longest streak of top ten singles for a country artist .

neg: I Am... World Tour I Am ... World Tour ( sometimes referred to as the I Am ... Tour ) was the fourth concert tour by American recording artist Beyoncé . It was launched in support of her third studio album , I Am ... Sasha Fierce ( 2008 ) . The tour was announced in October 2008 and the first dates were revealed in December 2008 . It kicked off in late-March 2009 with five rehearsal shows in North America , officially commencing in late April 2009 . The tour visited the Americas , Europe , Asia , Africa , and Australia with 108 shows in total . Preparations for the shows began eight months prior to the beginning of the tour with twelve-hour rehearsals for two months . Knowles described the shows as her best and most theatrical from all of her tours . Pre-concert food drives were held during several stops of the I Am ... World Tour as part of a campaign by General Mills ' Hamburger Helper entitled , `` Show Your Helping Hand '' where fans were asked to bring food during the concerts .   The set list for the concerts included songs from Knowles ' three studio albums as well as several covers of other artists and a Destiny 's Child medley . The central theme of the tour was to showcase the difference between Knowles ' dual personality ; her emotional side and her onstage persona , Sasha Fierce which was also demonstrated in the dual album I Am ... Sasha Fierce . The show featured two stages -- the main one and a smaller B-stage where Knowles was transferred during the middle of the show . She was backed by an all-female band , female background dancers and a big LED screen . Thierry Mugler collaborated with Knowles on the costumes and had a creative advisor role further working on the choreography , lighting and production . Chris March made the costumes usable for stage and helped in their making . For the ballads , Knowles wore longer dresses while for the performances of the up-tempo songs , more make-up and more revealing outfits were worn . The fashion and Knowles ' look and figure received praise from critics .   I Am ... World Tour received critical acclaim from music critics who praised Knowles ' performance abilities calling her the best female performer and chose the performances of `` Ave Maria '' , `` Listen '' and `` At Last '' as highlights during the shows . A concert in Malaysia was cancelled by Knowles after several Muslim groups tried to ban it although she agreed to tone down her look according to the country 's standards . The tour was commercially successful grossing $ 86.0 million from 93 shows in total . Separate performances of several songs were broadcast on different channels and two concerts were released as live albums ; the live performance at the I Am ... Yours revue was released in a CD/DVD format in 2009 and footage of the tour was released on an eponymous titled live album in 2010 .

neg: Anastacia discography The discography of Anastacia , an American singer-songwriter , consists of six studio albums , twenty two singles , twenty three music videos , and two DVDs .   She released her debut album , Not That Kind on June 13 , 2000 . The album reached the top ten in eight countries in Europe and Asia . It went four times platinum in Europe and triple platinum in Australia ; her debut single `` I 'm Outta Love '' was a global smash hit in 1999 topping the charts in Belgium , Australia and New Zealand , peaking at number two in France , Switzerland , Italy and Ireland as well as also reaching number six both in Germany . The second single `` Not That Kind '' reached number 11 in the UK and became a Top 10 hit in Italy . It also entered the Top 20 in Switzerland and France . `` Cowboys & Kisses '' was released as the third single off the album , charting in the top forty in some European countries . As the last promotional only single , `` Made for Lovin ' You '' charted in the UK at number twenty-seven and in France at number seventy-two .   Her second album Freak of Nature released in 2001 , achieved successful sales in the U.K. where it went triple platinum as well as being a hit throughout continental Europe , however unlike her debut it did not match the same level of international success . The first single released was `` Paid My Dues '' . The song became an overall hit , in 2001 , peaking in Denmark , Italy , Norway , and Switzerland , and reaching the top ten in several other mainland European countries . The second single , released in 2002 , `` One Day in Your Life '' , reached number eleven in the UK and the top ten in many European countries . The next single `` Why 'd You Lie to Me '' reached the top thirty in the UK . `` You 'll Never Be Alone '' , the fourth single , reached number twenty-eight on the Adult Contemporary chart in the U.S.   Anastacia quickly became her most successful album to date , giving her a third consecutive triple platinum album in the U.K. and reaching the top of national charts of Ireland , the Netherlands , Australia , Greece , Germany and other countries . Unlike her first two albums , which were released in her homeland of America , Anastacia was not , despite being scheduled for release on three occasions . The first single , released in March , was `` Left Outside Alone '' , which saw a change in direction for Anastacia . It was one of the biggest songs in Europe of 2004 , reaching number one Austria , Italy , Spain , Switzerland and number two in Denmark , Germany , Ireland , the Netherlands , Norway and number three in the United Kingdom and Hungary . Overall the song remained at No. 1 on the European Billboards for 15 weeks . The song also peaked in the Australian charts where it went on to become the countries ' second biggest selling single of 2004 . Anastacia released three further internationally successful singles ; `` Sick and Tired '' ( which gave her another number one in Spain and another UK top five single ) , `` Welcome to My Truth '' ( her best-selling hit in Spain ) , and the ballad `` Heavy on My Heart '' proceeds from the sale of which went towards her Anastacia Fund ( a charitable organization providing research funding for breast cancer ) .   On July 24 , Anastacia announced that her fourth studio album Heavy Rotation would be released October 27 , 2008 in Europe and Asia ( and elsewhere in 2009 ) . Her fourth studio album proved to be less successful than her previous ones ; her singles failed to reach the top 40 in her most commercially successful country ( UK ) . The album 's first single , called `` I Can Feel You '' , began playing in some radio markets on August 25 , 2008 . The second single from Heavy Rotation was `` Absolutely Positively '' , later served as a promotional single only . The third official single from the album had been confirmed as `` Defeated '' and was released as a promotional single only in Europe without a music video .   It 's a Man 's World , a collection of her covers by rock male artists was released on November 9 , 2012 . Anastacia confirmed via her Twitter account that she was currently writing songs for producers , John Fields and Steve Diamond and also , recording her sixth studio album which will return to her own chosen `` sprock '' sound . The album , entitled Resurrection , is to be released in May 2014 with the lead single `` Stupid Little Things '' was released on April 4 and was met with overwhelmingly positive reaction from music critics with MTV 's Brad Stern including it in the 5 Must-Hear Pop Songs of the Week ! stating that it was ` return to form ' from the ` pop princess and proof that Anastacia 's a true survivor ' , after her second battle with breast cancer .

neg: Step One Step One is the debut album by British pop group Steps . It was released in the UK and Europe on 11 September 1998 . The album charted at number two on UK Albums Chart upon its release , going on to spend 64 weeks in the chart . It was beaten to number one by This Is My Truth Tell Me Yours by Manic Street Preachers , who also beat their single One for Sorrow to number one on the UK Singles Chart . In 2000 , the album was re-released in the US , containing songs from both Step One and its successor , Steptacular . The tracks `` 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 '' , `` Last Thing on My Mind '' , `` One for Sorrow '' , `` Heartbeat '' and `` Better Best Forgotten '' were released as the singles in UK . In 2000 , the album was certified 5 × Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry , and has sold over 1.4 million copies in the UK .   The album contains some covers -- `` Last Thing on My Mind '' was originally released as a single by female pop group Bananarama , while `` Love U More '' was originally recorded by techno/house band Sunscreem , `` Experienced '' was originally recorded by boyband Worlds Apart and `` Stay With Me '' appears on Romeo 's Daughters ' self-titled début album . The album cover itself was the inspiration behind the group 's 2017 album Tears on the Dancefloor .   `` Tragedy '' , which was recorded for the Bee Gees tribute album , was paired up with `` Heartbeat '' as a double A-side single and also featured as a bonus track on some international editions of the album .

neg: Grammy Award for Best New Artist The Grammy Award for Best New Artist has been awarded since 1959 . Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were handed out , for records released in the previous year . The award was not presented in 1967 . The official guidelines are as follows : `` For a new artist who releases , during the Eligibility Year , the first recording which establishes the public identity of that artist . '' Note that this is not necessarily the first album released by an artist .   It is sometimes asserted , with varying degrees of sincerity , that winning the award is a curse , as several award winners ( particularly from the late 1970s and early 1980s ) were never able to duplicate the success they experienced in their debut year . This viewpoint was expressed by former Starland Vocal Band member Taffy Danoff in a 2002 interview for VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders : `` We got two of the five Grammys -- one was Best New Artist . So that was basically the kiss of death and I feel sorry for everyone who 's gotten it since . ''   The category is also notable for being the only one of its kind in which a Grammy Award was vacated . This occurred in 1990 after it was revealed winners Milli Vanilli did not contribute their own vocals on their debut album . The award was revoked , but was not handed out to another artist .   Of the 54 awards presented in the category since its inception , the honor has been presented to 25 solo female artists , 18 duos or groups , and 11 solo male artists . Between 1997 and 2003 , all the winners were solo female artists . Also , from 1993 to 2005 , no winner was a solo male artist . In 2006 , John Legend broke this trend , which started with Marc Cohn in 1992 . Only four artists have won both Best New Artist and Album of the Year in the same year : Bob Newhart in 1961 , Christopher Cross in 1981 , Lauryn Hill in 1999 and Norah Jones in 2003 .   Of all the winners , only three have been country artists . In 1997 , LeAnn Rimes became the first country artist to win the award . She was followed by Carrie Underwood in 2007 and Zac Brown Band in 2010 . Additionally , 2017 marked the first time that two country artists were nominated in this category in the same year .   1984 marked the first time that all of the nominees were from outside of the United States ( Winner Culture Club , Eurythmics , and Musical Youth were from England , Big Country was from Scotland , and Men Without Hats were from Canada ) .

neg: E=MC² (Mariah Carey album) E = MC ² is the eleventh studio album by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey . It was released in the United States on April 15 , 2008 by Island Records . The singer began recording the album in 2007 in Anguilla , after writing and composing most of its material during and after her 2006 Adventures of Mimi Tour . Carey worked with several notable songwriters and producers during the course of the project , including Jermaine Dupri , Bryan-Michael Cox , Stargate , The-Dream , Tricky Stewart , Scott Storch and Danja .   The album revealed a more personal side of the singer , illustrated in its declarative theme of emancipation from her previous marriage , and from her personal and professional setbacks . Although it shared similar vocal production as well as an inclination to her signature pop and R&B ballads , the album also encompassed a variety of dance-oriented and uptempo styles . It was meant to be a continuation , or a second part of her tenth studio album , The Emancipation of Mimi ( 2005 ) . Carey collaborated with a number of artists on the album , including T-Pain , Damian Marley and Young Jeezy . Though considered by critics very similar to the formula its predecessor had been built on , E = MC ² included other genres she had never explored , such as reggae , and her continued recording of gospel-influenced hymns .   E = MC ² was generally well received by music critics , with many complimenting the record 's broad genre influences , and musical and production styles . Some critics , however , felt that the album was too similar to The Emancipation of Mimi , and did n't offer anything new from the formula . The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with opening week sales of 463,000 copies ; the highest first-week sales of Carey 's career . It opened inside the top-five on the albums chart in Australia , Canada , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . The album achieved worldwide sales of over 2.5 million copies .   Four singles were commission in promotion of the album . The album 's lead single , `` Touch My Body '' , became Carey 's eighteenth chart topper on the Billboard Hot 100 , making her the solo artist with the most number one singles in United States history , surpassing the record held by Elvis Presley . Additionally , it gave Carey her 79th week atop the chart , tying Presley for most weeks at number one . It achieved strong worldwide charting , peaking within the top five of the singles charts in Italy , Japan , New Zealand , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . `` Bye Bye '' served as the album 's second release . Although hailed by critics , and expected to have achieved large commercial success , the song stalled at number nineteen on the Hot 100 , and managed to chart weakly internationally . Both the third and fourth singles , `` I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time '' and `` I Stay in Love '' failed to garner success in any prominent music market .

neg: Just Whitney Just Whitney is the fifth studio album by American recording artist Whitney Houston , released on December 10 , 2002 in North America by Arista Records . It was her first studio album in four years , since 1998 's My Love Is Your Love , and after signing her new $ 100 million Arista contract in 2001 .   The album debuted at number nine on the Billboard 200 , and number three of Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums , with sales of 205,147 copies in the first week , not only beating her previous high first-week sales of 177,284 units with the Waiting to Exhale soundtrack but also logged her highest debut sales out of her SoundScan-era solo albums . The album received mixed reviews from music critics .   It spawned four official singles -- with three ; `` Whatchulookinat '' , `` Love That Man '' and `` Try It on My Own '' peaking at number one on Billboards Hot Dance Club Play chart . `` Try It on My Own '' also peaked at number 10 on Billboards Adult Contemporary singles . Since its release , Just Whitney ... has gone on to sell/ship more than 2 million units worldwide and has also earned Platinum certification in the US and Switzerland and Gold in France , Brazil and other countries . As of 2012 , the album 's US sales stand at approximately 1 million units . In 2003 , Just Whitney ... was nominated at the Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards in the category for Best R&B / Soul Album of the Year .

neg: IU discography The discography of South Korean singer-songwriter and actress IU consists of four studio albums , nine extended plays ( EPs ) , 35 singles , and 39 music videos . In addition , the singer has collaborative and soundtracks for television series , films , and online games ( including unreleased soundtracks ) .   IU has scored two number-one albums and 14 number-one songs on the Gaon Albums Chart and Gaon Singles Chart , respectively . She also had six chart-topping hits on the now-defunct Billboard Korea K-Pop Hot 100 , becoming the artist with the most number-one songs on the chart ( see Artists with the most number-ones on the Korea K-Pop Hot 100 ) .   Since her debut in 2008 , IU has sold over 450,000 albums and 80 million digital downloads in her native country ( with the sales of collaborative singles , soundtracks , album tracks , and other appearances included ) .

neg: The Cure (song) `` The Cure '' is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Lady Gaga . She co-wrote the song with Paul Blair , Nick Monson , Lukas Nelson , and Mark Nilan ; Detroit City , Gaga , and Monson produced the song . Following `` Perfect Illusion '' and `` Million Reasons '' as singles from Gaga 's fifth album Joanne ( 2016 ) , `` The Cure '' was released as a single on April 16 , 2017 , after her live debut performance of the song at the Coachella music festival where she was a main headliner . It has reached the top 10 of the record charts in Australia , France , Hungary , Scotland , Slovakia and Spain as well as the top 20 in Czech Republic , United Kingdom , Lebanon and Latvia .

neg: List of awards and nominations received by Missy Elliott Missy Elliott is an American rapper , singer-songwriter , author , record producer and actress . Missy 's debut album Supa Dupa Fly was released on July 15 , 1997 in the United States under her own label The Goldmind Inc. signed under Elektra Records . Her second album Da Real World was then released on June 22 , 1999 , followed by her third album Miss E. . . So Addictive , released on May 15 , 2001 . Under Construction was the fourth album released by Elliott , which was released on November 12 , 2002 , followed by her fifth album This Is Not a Test ! that saw a release in November 25 , 2003 , and The Cookbook , Elliott 's latest album to date , which was released on July 4 , 2005 .   Throughout Missy Elliott 's career , she has received several awards and nominations . Elliott would also be noted to become the first female rapper in history to take home the award for `` Best International Video '' from VIVA Comet Media Awards for her solo debut single , `` The Rain ( Supa Dupa Fly ) '' . Elliott 's debut Supa Dupa Fly ( 1997 ) would go on to score two Grammy nominations for Best Rap Solo Performance & Best Rap Album , alongside three MTV Music Video Awards nominations for `` Best Direction in a Video , '' `` Best Breakthrough Video '' & `` Best Rap Video '' .   Missy Elliott 's second album Da Real World ( 1999 ) attained a Grammy nomination for Best Rap Album . She also received an award for `` Best R&B / Soul or Rap Music Video '' by the Soul Train Awards . The album went on to go platinum making it Elliott 's second platinum album . The follow-up , Miss E. . . So Addictive ( 2001 ) , was a commercial success ; selling over 9.2 million copies worldwide making it her third consecutive platinum album . This album would attain twelve MTV Video Music Awards nominations throughout 2001 and 2002 . Additionally , the effort gained Elliott several nominations from various award shows some including , the Grammy Awards , MTV Video Music Awards , and the BET Awards .   On March 27 , 2001 , Lil ' Kim , Christina Aguilera , Pink , and Mýa recorded a cover version of the LaBelle song , `` Lady Marmalade '' as a medley for the feature film Moulin Rouge that Missy Elliott wrote and produced , which topped # 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for five weeks . `` Lady Marmalade '' scored Elliott 's first Grammy Award in 2002 for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals .   Missy Elliott 's fourth album Under Construction ( 2002 ) was certified double platinum , making it her fourth platinum album . The effort gained Elliott eight MTV Video Music Awards in 2003 , taking two awards for `` Video of the Year & `` Best Hip-Hop Video '' . The album also gained Elliott five Grammy nominations in 2004 for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group , Best Rap Album , Album of The Year , Best Rap Song & Best Female Rap Solo Performance taking an award for Best Female Rap Solo Performance . Elliott 's follow-up This Is Not a Test ! ( 2003 ) would also attain a platinum certification , as well as two MTV Video Music Awards and one MTV Music Video Japan Awards nominations .   The Cookbook ( 2005 ) is Missy Elliott 's latest album to date . The effort attained three Grammy nominations in 2006 for Best Short Form Music Video , Best Rap Song & Best Rap Album . Elliott received the award for Best Short Form Music Video for her single `` Lose Control '' . The Cookbook also gained Elliott seven MTV Video Music Awards nominations , taking two awards for `` Best Dance Video '' and `` Best Hip-Hop Video '' . In 2014 , Missy Elliott became nominated for a Grammy for Best R&B Song for the featured single , `` Without Me '' .

neg: Circle of One Circle of One is the third album by the American vocalist , pianist and songwriter Oleta Adams and was released in 1990 . Circle of One was Adams ' first album to receive wide distribution ; her two earlier albums ( an untitled album in 1982 and Going on Record in 1983 ) were self-financed and only received local distribution .

neg: Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz is the fifth studio album by American singer Miley Cyrus , which was independently released for free online streaming on SoundCloud on August 30 , 2015 . Opting for an album relying less on computerized elements than her previous release , Bangerz ( 2013 ) , Cyrus began planning the project in 2013 before Bangerz was released . Work continued into 2014 and 2015 , when she befriended and began collaborating with the Flaming Lips . In addition to the psychedelic rock band , Cyrus worked with producers Mike Will Made It and Oren Yoel ( with whom she had collaborated on Bangerz ) . The album features guest vocals by Big Sean ( who had appeared on Bangerz ) , Sarah Barthel of Phantogram and Ariel Pink .   Without previous promotion , Cyrus announced that Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz was available for free online streaming when she hosted the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards , released independently . Critics were divided in their opinions of the album ; some applauded Cyrus ' ambition and experimentation , and others considered its production and overall finish lacking . Cyrus has promoted the album with music videos for `` Dooo It ! '' , `` Lighter '' and `` BB Talk '' , performances of `` Karen Do n't Be Sad '' and `` Twinkle Song '' when she hosted Saturday Night Live , and the Milky Milky Milk Tour in November and December 2015 .   On April 10 , 2017 , the album was released commercially on iTunes and other streaming platforms through RCA Records .

neg: Monster (Lady Gaga song) `` Monster '' is a song by American recording artist Lady Gaga , from her third EP , The Fame Monster ( 2009 ) . Inspired by her `` Fear of Attachment Monster '' , the record was written by Gaga , RedOne and Space Cowboy , with RedOne producing the track . Gaga had explained that `` Monster '' describes her fear of sex and relationships , and described the lyrics as being in love with the bad boy all the time , but instead of running away , one keeps going back to the same person . She added that the fear in `` Monster '' erupted from her need to have a stable relationship . Incorporating the usage of heavy bass lines , descending keyboard lines and `` massive '' choruses , `` Monster '' contains zombie like metaphors , and a reference to Gaga 's debut single `` Just Dance '' .   `` Monster '' received generally positive reviews from critics who appreciated the song 's musical arrangement and frequently rated it as a top track from The Fame Monster , while some disliked its lyrics . `` Monster '' enjoyed brief commercial success in 2010 , charting on four singles charts , as well as the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs and Latin Pop Airplay . Gaga has mostly performed `` Monster '' on her 2009 -- 11 The Monster Ball Tour . The performance included the portrayal of homicide and was criticized following a real-life incident at Manchester in the United Kingdom . She also performed `` Monster '' on The Oprah Winfrey Show .


query: Dysphonia can be characterized by harsh vocal qualities.

pos: Dysphonia Dysphonia , one common form of which is referred to as hoarse voice , refers to dysfunction in the ability to produce voice . For voice to be classified as `` dysphonic '' , abnormalities must be present in one or more vocal parameters : pitch , loudness , quality , or variability . Perceptually , dysphonia can be characterised by hoarse , breathy , harsh , or rough vocal qualities , but some kind of phonation remains .   Current prevalence rates suggest that dysphonia is higher in females and the elderly , however , it can be found in both sexes and across the lifespan . Furthermore , certain occupational groups , such as teachers and singers , may be at increased risk for developing dysphonia .   Dysphonia can be categorized into two broad main types : organic and functional . The type of dysphonia is dependent on the cause of the pathology . While the causes of dysphonia can be divided into five basic categories , all of them result in an interruption of the ability of the vocal folds to vibrate normally during exhalation , which affects the voice . The assessment and diagnosis of dysphonia is done by a multidisciplinary team , and involves the use of a variety of subjective and objective measures , which look at both the quality of the voice as well as the physical state of the larynx.Multiple treatments have been developed to address organic and functional causes of dysphonia . Dysphonia can be targeted through direct therapy , indirect therapy , medical treatments , and surgery . Functional dysphonias may be treated through direct and indirect voice therapies , whereas surgeries are recommended for chronic , organic dysphonias .

neg: Sulcalization Sulcalization , in phonetics , is the pronunciation of a sound , typically a sibilant consonant , such as English -LSB- slinks -RSB- and -LSB- slinkz -RSB- , with a deep groove running along the back of the tongue that focuses the airstream on the teeth , producing a more intense sound . That is accomplished by raising the sides of the back of the tongue ( `` lateral contraction '' ) and leaving a hollow along the mid-line . It is not clear if all sibilants are so grooved : Catford ( 1977 ) observed that the degree of sulcalization differs between places of articulation as well as between languages , but no language is known to contrast a grooved and non-grooved sibilant .   English -LSB- -LSB- ɹ -RSB- -RSB- , which allows various tongue positions without apparent distinction , may also receive its characteristic quality from being sulcal .   In phonology and historical linguistics , sulcalization is the development of such a groove in a non-sulcal consonant . For example , close vowels trigger the effect in Japanese , in which historic * tu and * ti have become -LSB- -LSB- tsu -RSB- -RSB- and -LSB- -LSB- tɕi -RSB- -RSB- , respectively . A similar sound change as operated in the Senufo languages . ( The palatalization of * tsi to -LSB- -LSB- tɕi -RSB- -RSB- in Japanese is a different process and does not occur in Senufo . )   Vowels may also be sulcalized , which has been described as giving them a `` throaty '' sound ( Jones 1967:82 ) . The -LSB- slinkɒ -RSB- vowel of Received Pronunciation , which is normally described as a rounded , is pronounced by some speakers without rounded lips for whom the characteristic quality is rather one of sulcality ( Lass 1984:124 ) .   One scholar has also suggested that the vowel in the RP pronunciation of words like bird , typically transcribed -LSB- blinkɜ -RSB- , is actually a sulcal schwa , retaining the sulcality of the original rhotic consonant . Accordingly , the realization of -LSB- / ə / -RSB- in other contexts , such as beard and scarce , is interpreted as the product of a loss of sulcality ( Erickson 2003:197 ) .

neg: Vowel chart vowels   In phonetics , a vowel is a sound in spoken language , with two competing definitions . In the more common phonetic definition , a vowel is a sound pronounced with an open vocal tract , so that the tongue does not touch the lips , teeth , or roof of the mouth , such as the English `` ah '' ɑː or `` oh '' oʊ . There is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis . This contrasts with consonants , such as the English `` sh '' -LSB- -LSB- ʃː -RSB- -RSB- , which have a constriction or closure at some point along the vocal tract . In the other , phonological definition , a vowel is defined as syllabic , the sound that forms the peak of a syllable . A phonetically equivalent but non-syllabic sound is a semivowel .   In oral languages , phonetic vowels normally form the peak ( nucleus ) of many to all syllables , whereas consonants form the onset and ( in languages that have them ) coda . Some languages allow other sounds to form the nucleus of a syllable , such as the syllabic ( i.e. , vocalic ) l in the English word table -LSB- -LSB- ˈtʰeɪb.l̩ -RSB- -RSB- ( when not considered to have a weak vowel sound : -LSB- -LSB- ˈtʰeɪb.əl -RSB- -RSB- ) or the syllabic r in the Serbo-Croatian word vrt -LSB- -LSB- vr̩t -RSB- -RSB- `` garden '' .   The word vowel comes from the Latin word vocalis , meaning `` vocal '' ( `` relating to voice '' ) . In English , the word vowel is commonly used to mean both vowel sounds and the written symbols that represent them .   These letters are vowels in English : A , E , I , O , U , and sometimes Y and W in two words .

neg: Phonaesthetics Phonaesthetics ( from the φωνή phōnē , `` voice-sound '' ; and αἰσθητική aisthētikē , `` aesthetics '' ) is a branch of phonetics concerned with `` the possible connection between sound sequences and meaning '' , according to Raymond Hickey . Linguist David Crystal defines phonaesthetics as `` a term sometimes used in linguistics to refer to the study of the aesthetic properties of sound '' . According to Crystal :

neg: Hearing aid A hearing aid or deaf aid is a device designed to improve hearing . Hearing aids are classified as medical devices in most countries , and regulated by the respective regulations . Small audio amplifiers such as PSAPs or other plain sound reinforcing systems can not be sold as `` hearing aids '' .   Earlier devices , such as ear trumpets or ear horns , were passive amplification cones designed to gather sound energy and direct it into the ear canal . Modern devices are computerised electroacoustic systems that transform environmental sound to make it more intelligible or comfortable , according to audiometrical and cognitive rules . Such sound processing can be considerable , such as highlighting a spatial region , shifting frequencies , cancelling noise and wind , or highlighting voice .   Modern hearing aids require configuration to match the hearing loss , physical features , and lifestyle of the wearer . This process is called `` fitting '' and is performed by audiologists . The amount of benefit a hearing aid delivers depends in large part on the quality of its fitting . Devices similar to hearing aids include the bone anchored hearing aid , and cochlear implant .

neg: Prenasalized consonant Prenasalized consonants are phonetic sequences of a nasal and an obstruent ( or occasionally a non-nasal sonorant such as -LSB- -LSB- ɺ -RSB- -RSB- ) that behave phonologically like single consonants . The primary reason for considering these to be single consonants , rather than clusters as in English finger or member , lies in their behavior ; however , there may also be phonetic correlates which distinguish prenasalized consonants from clusters . Because of the additional difficulty in both articulation and timing , prenasalized fricatives and sonorants are not as common as prenasalized stops or affricates , and the presence of the former implies the latter .   In most languages , when a prenasalized consonant is described as `` voiceless '' , it is only the oral portion that is voiceless , while the nasal portion is modally voiced . Thus a language may have `` voiced '' -LSB- -LSB- ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ -RSB- -RSB- and `` voiceless '' -LSB- -LSB- ᵐp ⁿt ᵑk -RSB- -RSB- . However , in some Southern Min ( incl . Taiwanese ) dialects , voiced stops are preceded by voiceless prenasalization : -LSB- -LSB- ᵐ̥b ⁿ̥d ⁿ̥ɺ ᵑ̊ɡ -RSB- -RSB- .   Prenasalized stops may be distinguished from post-stopped nasals ( orally released nasals ) , such as the -LSB- / mᵇ nᵈ ɲᶡ ŋᶢ / -RSB- of Acehnese and similar sounds ( including voiceless -LSB- / mᵖ / -RSB- etc. ) in many dialects of Chinese . ( Though at least in the Chinese case , in some dialects the nasalization continues in diminished degree through to the vowel , indicating that the consonant is partially denasalized rather than actually having an oral release . ) No language is known to contrast the two types of consonant , which are distinguished primarily by a difference in timing ( brief nasal followed by longer stop vs longer nasal followed by brief stop ) , nor are any expected to .

neg: Bogart–Bacall syndrome Bogart -- Bacall syndrome ( BBS ) is a voice disorder that is caused by abuse or overuse of the vocal cords .   People who speak or sing outside their normal vocal range can develop BBS ; symptoms are chiefly an unnaturally deep or rough voice , or dysphonia , and vocal fatigue . The people most commonly afflicted are those who speak in a low-pitched voice , particularly if they have poor breath and vocal control . The syndrome can affect both men and women .   In 1988 an article was published , describing a discrete type of vocal dysfunction which results in men sounding like Humphrey Bogart and women sounding like Lauren Bacall . BBS is now the medical term for an ongoing hoarseness that often afflicts actors , singers or TV/radio voice workers who routinely speak in a very low pitch .   Treatment usually involves voice therapy by a speech language pathologist .

neg: Hypolydian mode The Hypolydian mode , literally meaning `` below Lydian '' , is the common name for the sixth of the eight church modes of medieval music theory . The name is taken from Ptolemy of Alexandria 's term for one of his seven tonoi , or transposition keys . This mode is the plagal counterpart of the authentic fifth mode .   In medieval theory the Hypolydian mode was described either as ( 1 ) the diatonic octave species from C to the C an octave higher , divided at the final F ( C -- D -- E -- F + F -- G -- A -- B -- C ) or ( 2 ) a mode with F as final and an ambitus from the C below the final to the D above it . The third above the final , A -- corresponding to the reciting tone or `` tenor '' of the sixth psalm tone -- was regarded as having an important melodic function in this mode . The sequence of intervals was therefore divided by the final into a lower tetrachord of tone-tone-semitone , and an upper pentachord of tone-tone-tone-semitone . However , from as early as the time of Hucbald the Hypolydian mode -- even more than the corresponding authentic mode , the Lydian -- was characterized by the predominance of B instead of B as the fourth degree above the final . The melodic centering on F and A , as well as the use of B instead of B , is illustrated in the accompanying example from the Requiem Mass introit , `` Requiem aeternam '' .   Finer distinctions among the scale degree are sometimes made , with the D below the final called the `` mediant '' , the lowest note , C , the `` participant '' ( a tone functioning as an auxiliary to the mediant ) , the G , B , and B ♭ the `` conceded modulations '' ( subsidiary degrees ) , and the lowest C , the final , F , and ( rarely ) the D the `` absolute initials '' .

neg: Dramatic soprano A dramatic soprano is a type of operatic soprano with a powerful , rich , emotive voice that can sing over , or cut through , a full orchestra . Thicker vocal folds in dramatic voices usually ( but not always ) mean less agility than lighter voices but a sustained , fuller sound . Usually this voice has a lower tessitura than other sopranos , and a darker timbre . They are often used for heroic , often long-suffering , tragic women of opera . Dramatic sopranos have a range from approximately low A ( A3 ) to `` high C '' ( C6 ) . Some dramatic sopranos , known as Wagnerian sopranos , have an exceptionally big voice that can assert itself over a large orchestra ( of more than 80 or even 100 pieces ) . These voices are substantial , often denser in tone , extremely powerful and , ideally , evenly balanced throughout the vocal registers . Wagnerian sopranos usually play mythic heroines . Successful Wagnerian sopranos are rare and often Wagnerian roles are performed by Italianate dramatic sopranos .

neg: Paraphonemic In phonology , a paraphonemic sound is one which does not occur in the general lexicon of a language , but is instead limited to mimesis and similar uses . Examples from English include dental and lateral clicks , used to express pity and to spur on horses , respectively ; the glottal stop , found in uh-oh ! and uh-uh ; the linguolabial trill ( `` blowing a raspberry '' ) ; the syllabic nasal hmmm ... ; and the syllabic fricatives shhh ! and zzz ...   Category : Phonology

neg: Homophony In music , homophony ( -LSB- həˈmɒfəni , _ hoʊ - , _ - ˈmɒfni -RSB- Greek : ὁμόφωνος , homóphōnos , from ὁμός , homós , `` same '' and φωνή , phōnē , `` sound , tone '' ) is a texture in which a primary part is supported by one or more additional strands that flesh out the harmony and often provide rhythmic contrast . This differentiation of roles contrasts with equal-voice polyphony ( in which similar lines move with rhythmic and melodic independence to form an even texture ) and monophony ( in which all parts move in unison or octaves ) . Historically , homophony and its differentiated roles for parts emerged in tandem with tonality , which gave distinct harmonic functions to the soprano , bass and inner voices .   A homophonic texture may be homorhythmic , which means that all parts have the same rhythm . Chorale texture is another variant of homophony . The most common type of homophony is melody-dominated homophony , in which one voice , often the highest , plays a distinct melody , and the accompanying voices work together to articulate an underlying harmony .   Initially , in Ancient Greece , homophony indicated music in which a single melody is performed by two or more voices in unison or octaves , i.e. monophony with multiple voices . Homophony as a term first appeared in English with Charles Burney in 1776 , emphasizing the concord of harmonized melody .

neg: List of baritones in non-classical music The baritone voice is typically written in the range from the second G # below middle C to the G # above middle C ( G # 2-G # 4 ) although it can be extended at either end . However , the baritone voice is determined not only by its vocal range , but also by its timbre , which tends to be darker than that of the typical tenor voice .   The term baritone was developed in relation to classical and operatic voices , where the classification is based not merely on the singer 's vocal range but also on the tessitura and timbre of the voice . For classical and operatic singers , their voice type determines the roles they will sing and is a primary method of categorization . In non-classical music , singers are primarily defined by their genre and their gender and not by their vocal range . When the terms soprano , mezzo-soprano , contralto , tenor , baritone , and bass are used as descriptors of non-classical voices , they are applied more loosely than they would be to those of classical singers and generally refer only to the singer 's perceived vocal range .   Successful non-classical baritones display a wide range of vocal qualities and effects that lend a unique character to their voices , many of which are considered undesirable in the operatic or classical baritone singer , such as `` breathy '' ( Jim Reeves ) , `` crooning '' ( Ville Valo ) , `` growling '' ( Neil Diamond ) , and even `` ragged '' ( Bruce Springsteen ) .   The following is a list of singers in various music genres and styles ( most of which can be found on the List of popular music genres ) who have been described as baritones . Additionally , the bands that they have been lead singers of appear in parentheses .

neg: Glottalic consonant A glottalic consonant is a consonant produced with some important contribution ( a movement , a closure ) of the glottis ( the opening that leads from the nose and mouth cavities into the larynx and the lungs ) .   Glottalic sounds may involve motion of the larynx upward or downward , producing an egressive or ingressive glottalic airstream mechanism respectively . An egressive glottalic airstream produces ejective consonants , while an ingressive glottalic airstream produces implosive consonants . Ejectives are almost always voiceless stops ( plosives ) or affricates , while implosives are almost always voiced stops .   However , when a sound is said to be glottalized , this is not normally what is meant . Rather , glottalization implies that a normal pulmonic airstream is interrupted by closure of the glottis . Sonorants ( including vowels ) may be glottalized in this fashion . There are two ways this is represented in the IPA : ( a ) the same way as ejectives , with an apostrophe ; or , ( b ) more properly with the under-tilde for creaky voice . For example , the Yapese word for sick with a glottalized m could be transcribed as either -LSB- -LSB- mʼaar -RSB- or -LSB- m̰aar -RSB- -RSB- . ( In some typefaces , the apostrophe would occur above the em . ) When an obstruent is glottalized but still uses a pulmonic airstream , it may be written etc. .   When glottalic consonants of different types are present in a language , they tend to form a single phonological class . However , a language that has one kind of glottalized consonant is not particularly likely to have other kinds . For example , languages in the Americas which have both ejectives and glottalized sonorants may reflect an areal feature rather than an inherent feature common to the sounds in question . Since none of the three types are very common , languages containing more than one type are relatively rare .

neg: Occupational noise Industrial noise , or occupational noise , is often a term used in relation to environmental health and safety , rather than nuisance , as sustained exposure can cause permanent hearing damage . Industrial noise or occupational noise is the amount of acoustical energy ( noise ) received by an employees auditory system while they are working .   `` Twenty-two million workers are exposed to potentially damaging noise at work each year . Last year , U.S. business paid more than $ 1.5 million in penalties for not protecting workers from noise . '' - OSHA   Industrial noise is an occupational hazard linked to traditionally loud industries such as ship-building , Mining , railroad work , Welding and Construction . Industrial noise , if experienced repeatedly , at a high intensity , for an extended period of time , can cause noise-induced hearing loss ( NIHL ) . NIHL caused by industrial noise can be classified as occupational hearing loss .   Modern thinking in occupational safety and health further identifies noise as hazardous to workers ' safety and health . This hazard is experienced in various places of employment and through a variety of sources .   Noise , in the context of industrial noise , is hazardous to a persons hearing because of its loud intensity through repeated long-term exposure . In order for Noise to cause Hearing impairment for the worker , the noise has to be close enough , loud enough and the listener has to be exposed for long enough . These factors have been taken into account by the governing occupational health and safety organizations as they determine the unsafe noise exposure levels and durations for their respective industries .   National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) , Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) , Mine Safety and Health Administration ( MSHA ) , Federal Railroad Administration ( FRA ) have all set standards on hazardous occupational noise in their respective industries . Each industry is different , as workers tasks and equipment differ , but most regulations agree that noise becomes hazardous when it exceeds 85 Decibel , for an 8-hour exposure ( typical work shift ) . This relationship between allotted noise level and exposure time is known as an Exposure action value ( EAV ) or Permissible exposure limit ( PEL ) . The EAV or PEL can be seen as equations which manipulate the allotted exposure time according to the intensity of the industrial noise . This equation works as an inverse relationship . As the industrial noise intensity increases , the allotted exposure time , to still remain safe , decreases .   These above calculations of PEL and EAV are based on measurements taken to determine the intensity of that particular industrial noise . A-weighted measurements are commonly used to determine noise levels that can cause harm to the human ear . There are also special exposure meters available that integrate noise over a period of time to give an Leq value ( equivalent sound pressure level ) , defined by standards .   Hazardous industrial noise can cause a permanent auditory threshold shift as excessive exposure to loud noises can damage the Hair cells in the ear . Please see Occupational hearing loss or Noise-induced hearing loss for more information regarding the physiology of hearing loss .   Noise can also effect the safety of the employee and the safety of others . Noise can be a causal factor in work accidents , both by masking hazards and warning signals , and by impeding concentration . High intensity noise can interfere with vital workplace communication which increases the chance of accidents and decreases productivity .   Noise acts synergistically with other hazards to increase the risk of harm to workers . In particular , noise and toxic materials ( e.g. some solvents , metals , asphyxiants and pesticides ) have some ototoxic properties may also affect the hearing function .

neg: Squawk (sound) Squawks or short wheezes are brief `` squeaky '' sounds that are also referred to as squeaks . Their waveforms show a sinusoidal pattern with a duration 10 to 100 ms and a frequency between 200 and 800 Hz . Many birds have made sounds which are onomatopoeically described as `` squawk '' . Squawks have been described in bird fancier 's disease and other forms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis . They are also heard in a variety of conditions in which alveolitis is present . In one study they were found in 10 % of patients with pneumonia .

neg: Audiology and hearing health professionals in Brazil Despite having the largest economy in South America or Central America , Brazil is still considered a developing country due to its low gross domestic product , or GDP , per capita , low living standards , high infant mortality rate and other factors . `` With regard to hearing health , the Brazilian government established the national policy for giving attention to hearing health in 2004 , in which the Ministry of Health , considering the social magnitude of hearing impairment in the Brazilian population and its consequences , presented the proposal to structure a network of services set up by regions and in hierarchy that aims to be implemented in all federative units of Brazil , with integrated actions to promote ear health , hearing impairment prevention , treatment and rehabilitation organized and managed by the National Health System , Sistema U ´ nico de Saude ( SUS ) , in Portuguese , '' writes Bevilacqua et al. ( 2010 )   In Brazil , audiology grew out of the field of ear nose and throat ( ENT ) medical field . According to Bevilacqua et al. ( 2008 ) , the majority of audiologists in Brazil work at private institutions , including private medical practices and dedicated speech and hearing clinics . They are also employed in public institutions , such as community clinics , elementary schools , colleges , and universities . Audiologists perform diagnostic evaluations of auditory and vestibular disorders , select and fit hearing aids , and provide aural rehabilitation . They may also assist with workers ' health programs , dispense hearing aids , and aural rehabilitation in the public sector .

neg: Intermittent explosive disorder Intermittent explosive disorder ( sometimes abbreviated as IED ) is a behavioral disorder characterized by explosive outbursts of anger and violence , often to the point of rage , that are disproportionate to the situation at hand ( e.g. , impulsive screaming triggered by relatively inconsequential events ) . Impulsive aggression is unpremeditated , and is defined by a disproportionate reaction to any provocation , real or perceived . Some individuals have reported affective changes prior to an outburst ( e.g. , tension , mood changes , energy changes , etc. ) .   The disorder is currently categorized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-5 ) under the `` Disruptive , Impulse-Control , and Conduct Disorders '' category . The disorder itself is not easily characterized and often exhibits comorbidity with other mood disorders , particularly bipolar disorder . Individuals diagnosed with IED report their outbursts as being brief ( lasting less than an hour ) , with a variety of bodily symptoms ( sweating , stuttering , chest tightness , twitching , palpitations ) reported by a third of one sample . Aggressive acts are frequently reported accompanied by a sensation of relief and in some cases pleasure , but often followed by later remorse .

neg: Undertone series In music , the undertone series or subharmonic series is a sequence of notes that results from inverting the intervals of the overtone series . While overtones naturally occur with the physical production of music on instruments , undertones must be produced in unusual ways . The overtone series being a harmonic series , the undertone series is based on arithmetic division .   The hybrid term subharmonic is used in music and dynamics in a few different ways . In its pure sense , the term subharmonic refers strictly to any member of the subharmonic series ( 1/1 , 1/2 , 1/3 , 1/4 , etc. ) . When the subharmonic series is used to refer to frequency relationships , it is written with f representing some highest known reference frequency ( f/1 , f/2 , f/3 , f/4 , etc. ) . The complex tones of acoustic instruments do not produce partials that resemble the subharmonic series . However , such tones can be produced artificially with audio software and electronics . Subharmonics can be contrasted with harmonics . While harmonics can '' ... occur in any nonlinear system '' , there are '' ... only fairly restricted conditions '' that will lead to the `` nonlinear phenomenon known as subharmonic generation '' .  One way to define subharmonics is that they are '' ... integral submultiples of the fundamental ( driving ) frequency '' .   In a second sense , subharmonic does not relate to the subharmonic series , but instead describes an instrumental technique for lowering the pitch of an acoustic instrument below what would be expected for the resonant frequency of that instrument , such as a violin string that is driven and damped by increased bow pressure to produce a fundamental frequency lower than the normal pitch of the same open string . The human voice can also be forced into a similar driven resonance , also called `` undertone singing '' ( which similarly has nothing to do with the undertone series ) , to extend the range of the voice below what is normally available . However , the frequency relationships of the component partials of the tone produced by the acoustic instrument or voice played in such a way still resemble the harmonic series , not the subharmonic series . In this sense , subharmonic is a term created by reflection from the second sense of the term harmonic , which in that sense refers to an instrumental technique for making an instrument 's pitch seem higher than normal by eliminating some lower partials by damping the resonator at the antinodes of vibration of those partials ( such as placing a finger lightly on a string at certain locations ) .   In a very loose third sense , subharmonic is sometimes used or misused to represent any frequency lower than some other known frequency or frequencies , no matter what the frequency relationship is between those frequencies and no matter the method of production .

neg: Gay lisp The gay lisp is a stereotypical manner of speech associated with English-speaking gay men , involving sibilant consonants and sometimes other verbal features .   These attributes have proven difficult to define and quantify but seem somewhat independent of other variables in the phonology of the English language , such as accent and register . While not all gay males speak with the `` gay lisp , '' perhaps fewer than half according to University of Toronto professor Henry Rogers , other studies have found when people listened to audio recordings of male speakers and were asked to identify their sexual orientation , their guesses were accurate at rates greater than chance . Two studies did find that a  subset of gay men phonate / s / distinctively ; however , the way in which / s / was pronounced -- with a high peak frequency and a highly negatively  skewed spectrum -- made it more distinct from other similar sounds , rather than less . That is , this was arguably a hypercorrect / s / .

neg: Vowel reduction In phonetics , vowel reduction is any of various changes in the acoustic quality of vowels , which are related to changes in stress , sonority , duration , loudness , articulation , or position in the word ( e.g. for Creek language ) , and which are perceived as `` weakening '' . It most often makes the vowels shorter as well .   Such a vowel may be called reduced or weak . In contrast , an unreduced vowel may be described as full or strong .

neg: Cordectomy Cordectomy is the surgical removal of a cord . It usually refers to removal of the vocal cord , often for the purpose of treating Laryngeal Cancer . The word is derived from the Greek , combining `` Chorde '' and `` ektome '' meaning excision . It can be carried out by traditional surgical techniques or , increasingly , by Carbon Dioxide Laser . CO2 laser cordectomy has allowed the treatment of glottic carcinoma as a day case procedure . The procedure has also been carried out by vets to prevent incessant barking by dogs . In Human , this type of surgeries are usually done by the Otolaryngologists and Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeons .   Prior to surgery , the patient must be informed of serious , debilitating , and permanent consequences of surgery , most notably the loss of speaking capacity with severity correlating to the portion of vocal cords removed . A patient will be incapable of producing most vocal sounds following total cordectomy , although certain primal deep guttural screams may still be produced , with the patient almost always retaining the ability to speak in whispers . There is little no chance of a patient recovering their voice following a complete or near-complete cordectomy as the procedure literally removes the organs responsible for vocal utterances , and patients with a less-than-entire cordectomy will always lose some or most of their vocal range ( again corresponding to the section and amount of removed vocal cords ) . Doctors are encouraged to explore alternative communication technologies with patients ( such as voice-boxes , whisper-amplifying devices , and text = to-speak softwares ) prior to determining the acceptability of the procedure . Patients should be made to understand that the procedure is absolutely permanent and their vocal capacity ( with current technology ) will never recover to its range prior to the surgery , and patients with small percentages of cord removals will experience disproportionately severe loss of vocal range compared to the loss suffered by patients who have undergone a near-entire cordectomy procedure .   The indications being Carcinoma of Vocal cords and Early Glottic Carcinoma etc. .   According to the European Laryngeal Society , Cordectomy is classified into followings :   1 ) Type I : Subepithelial cordectomy  2 ) Type II : Subligamental cordectomy  3 ) Type III : Transmuscular cordectomy  4 ) Type IV : Total or Complete cordectomy   Category : Oral and maxillofacial surgery


query: Mel Gibson studied in Australia.

pos: Mel Gibson Mel Colmcille Gerard Gibson ( born January 3 , 1956 ) is an American actor and filmmaker . He was born in Peekskill , New York , and moved with his parents to Sydney , Australia , when he was 12 years old .   Gibson is best known as an action hero , for roles such as Martin Riggs in the Lethal Weapon buddy cop film series , and Max Rockatansky in the first three films in the Mad Max post-apocalyptic action series .   He studied acting at the Australian National Institute of Dramatic Art . During the 1980s , he founded Icon Entertainment , a production company which independent film director Atom Egoyan has called , `` an alternative to the studio system '' . Director Peter Weir cast him as one of the leads in the critically acclaimed World War I drama Gallipoli ( 1981 ) , which earned Gibson a Best Actor Award from the Australian Film Institute . The film also helped to earn Gibson the reputation of a serious , versatile actor .   Gibson produced , directed , and starred in the epic historical drama film Braveheart ( 1995 ) , for which he won the Golden Globe Award and Academy Award for Best Director , along with the Academy Award for Best Picture . He later directed and produced the financially successful and controversial , biblical drama film The Passion of the Christ ( 2004 ) . He received further critical notice for his directorial work of the action-adventure film Apocalypto ( 2006 ) , which is set in Mesoamerica during the early 16th century . After a 10-year hiatus from directing , Gibson returned with the critically praised and financially successful Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) , which won the Academy Awards for Best Sound Mixing and Best Film Editing and earned Gibson his second nomination for Best Director .

pos: National Institute of Dramatic Art The National Institute of Dramatic Art ( NIDA ) is an Australian national education and training institute for students in the performing arts . Since 1958 , NIDA has educated students in performance and production for theatre , film and television . It offers programs ranging from degrees to public short courses , including holiday programs and corporate training .   In 2013 , NIDA was ranked as the 8th best drama school in the world by The Hollywood Reporter .   NIDA 's main campus is based in the Sydney suburb of Kensington , located adjacent to the University of New South Wales , and is made up of a range of rehearsal and performance venues . NIDA is affiliated with the University of New South Wales .   NIDA receives funding from the Australian Government through the Minister for the Arts , Attorney-General 's Department and is a member of the `` Australian Roundtable for Arts Training Excellence ( Arts8 ) : '' an initiative between the national performing arts training organisations and the Australian Government committed to providing unique and high-level training for emerging artists .

neg: RMIT University RMIT University ( officially the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology , informally RMIT ) is an Australian public research university located in Melbourne , Victoria .   Founded in 1887 as the Working Men 's College by Francis Ormond , it initially opened as a private night school offering instruction in art , science and technology in response to the industrial revolution in Australia . It was made a public university by act of the Parliament of Victoria in 1992 after merging with the Phillip Institute of Technology . A dual sector institute , its enrolment of 320 trades students in 1887 has since grown to around 83,000 vocational and higher education students in 2015 ; which makes it the largest tertiary education provider in Australia . With an annual revenue of A$ 1.163 billion in 2015 , it is also one of the wealthiest universities in Australia .   The foundation campus of RMIT forms part of the Melbourne city centre and is located on the northern edge of its Hoddle Grid . It began as the Working Men 's College building , on the corner of Bowen Street and La Trobe Street , and has since grown to 87 buildings that are contiguous with the surrounding city . In addition to its City campus , it has two radial campuses in the Melbourne metropolitan area which are located in the northern suburbs of Brunswick and Bundoora . It also maintains a training site in the western suburb of Point Cook located on the Royal Australian Air Force base Williams , and a research site in the Southern Grampians region located in the rural city of Hamilton . Outside of Australia , it has a presence in Asia and Europe . In Asia , it has two branch campuses in Vietnam which are located in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City , and maintains teaching partnerships in China , Hong Kong , Indonesia , Singapore , and Sri Lanka . In Europe , it has a coordinating centre in Spain located in Barcelona .   RMIT is rated a five star university by Quacquarelli Symonds ( QS ) . It is ranked as 16th in the world for art and design in the 2016 QS World University Rankings , which makes it the top art and design school in Australia and the Southern Hemisphere . It is also ranked as 16th in the top 50 universities under 50 years old by QS , and as 98th in the top 150 universities under 50 years old by Times Higher Education in 2016 ( due to it gaining the status of university in 1992 ) .

neg: Australia–Italy relations Australia -- Italy relations are foreign relations between the Commonwealth of Australia and the Italian Republic . Australia has an embassy in Rome and a general consulate in Milan . Italy has an embassy in Canberra , 2 general consulates ( in Melbourne and Sydney ) and 3 consulates ( in Adelaide , Brisbane and Perth ) . Italy and Australia have for long years , sustained a sturdy and positively friendly relationship in the categories of immigration , political strategism , and commercial trade .   As of 2011 there were around 916,000 people of Italian descent living in Australia .

neg: Monash University Malaysia Campus Monash University Malaysia , the Malaysian campus of Monash University opened in 1998 and is located within the Bandar Sunway township in Malaysia . It was the first foreign university in Malaysia . Monash University Malaysia is one of several Monash University campuses and centres outside the State of Victoria in Australia . Monash University also has a centre in Prato , Italy , a campus in South Africa and a research academy in India .   Monash University Malaysia has been given the rating of ` excellent ' by the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education , which entitles it to government sponsorship of its students , government research grants and greater flexibility in setting staff salaries .   Monash University Malaysia is currently home to approximately 7,000 undergraduate and postgraduate students . The current head of the campus is Pro Vice-Chancellor & President ( Interim ) Professor Andrew Walker . While other Australian universities have struggled to compete in Asia , Monash University Malaysia has returned a surplus since 2003 , which is re-invested in the campus .   In September 2007 , the University opened its new RM200 million campus , including a new medical school . The new campus was officially opened by then Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia , Dato ' Sri Najib Tun Razak . Currently , Malaysia is the third largest campus of Monash University after the Clayton Campus and the Caulfield Campus . The campus capacity will be further increased when phase 2 of its development is carried out .   As one of the eight Monash University campuses , the Malaysian campus is subject to Monash University for all matters related to academic development , teaching and support .

neg: Parliament House, Sydney Parliament House in Sydney is a complex of buildings housing the Parliament of New South Wales , a state of Australia . It is located on the east side of Macquarie Street in Sydney , the state capital . The facade consists of a two storey Georgian building , the oldest public building in the City of Sydney , flanked by two Neo-gothic additions containing the parliamentary chambers . These buildings are linked to a 1970s 12-story block at the rear , facing onto the Domain .   Unlike the parliamentary buildings of Australia 's other capital cities , Sydney 's Parliament House is not grand in its architectural appearance , but rather restrained and unexceptional .

neg: Iraqi Australians Iraqi Australians are Australian citizens who identify themselves to be Iraqi descent .  Since the 1991 Gulf War , thousands of Iraqis have found refuge in Australia . The total of population is estimated to be as high as 80,000 . Australia 's Iraqi-born population includes Arabs , Kurds , Assyrians , Armenians , Mandeans , Turkmens and Jews .   The first year in which the Australian Census of Population and Housing recorded the Iraq-born separately was 1976 , when the population was 2,273 . By 1986 , the population had risen to 4,516 . By the end of the Gulf War in 1991 , it numbered 5,186 , mainly in New South Wales and Victoria .   Many recent arrivals have entered Australia under the Humanitarian programme . The Gulf War and the quelling of uprisings of the Shi'a and the Kurds in Iraq resulted in a large increase in the number of Iraqis coming to Australia after 1991 . There were 24,760 Iraq-born people in Australia at the 2001 Census , making up 0.6 per cent of the overseas-born population .

neg: Tertiary education in Australia Tertiary education in Australia consists of both government and private institutions . A higher education provider is a body that is established or recognised by or under the law of the Australian Government , a state , or the Department of Education , Employment and Workplace Relations .   There are 43 universities in Australia : 40 public universities , two international universities , and one private specialty university .   The flagship Australian universities are Go8 universities . Australian universities are modeled from the British system , so learning is comparatively challenging , but there are other intermediate options to take as preparatory steps and very research-oriented starts early from the similar American freshman year ( there is no liberal arts requirement in the first year , so many of them only have three years to graduate ) , and generally sets international research-ready standards throughout the entire learning experience to evaluate students ' academic performances . Australia ranked 4th ( with Germany ) by OECD in international PhD students destination after US , UK and France .

neg: Australian English vocabulary Australian English is a major variety of the English language spoken throughout Australia . Most of the vocabulary of Australian English is shared with British English , though there are notable differences . The vocabulary of Australia is drawn from many sources , including various dialects of British English as well as Gaelic languages , some Indigenous Australian languages , and Polynesian languages .   One of the first dictionaries of Australian slang was Karl Lentzner 's Dictionary of the Slang-English of Australia and of Some Mixed Languages in 1892 . The first dictionary based on historical principles that covered Australian English was E. E. Morris 's Austral English : A Dictionary of Australasian Words , Phrases and Usages ( 1898 ) . In 1981 , the more comprehensive Macquarie Dictionary of Australian English was published . Oxford University Press published their own Australian Oxford Dictionary in 1999 , as a joint effort with the Australian National University . Oxford University Press also published The Australian National Dictionary .

neg: The Australasian College Broadway The Australasian College Broadway was a private college in Sydney , Australia , offering training in beauty , make-up and hairdressing skills . It was founded by Maureen Houssein-Mustafa OAM in 1994 , and placed into administration on December 23 , 2016 . In 2015 the College earned more than $ 10.4 million from taxpayer funded loans .   The College was located in the Sydney suburb of Glebe , New South Wales . It spanned 8,000 square metres and had capacity for 1,000 students . On December 23 , the College had 800 enrolled students , however according to Federal Department of Education data , only 73 students graduated .   In 2000 the College became the first private Registered Training Organisation to receive the Training Provider of the Year award from the NSW Department of Education and Training .   The College was a finalist in the 2009 Telstra Business of the Year Awards in New South Wales .   Building 1 , 87 Bay Street , Glebe , Sydney , NSW , 2037   RTO Code : 6980

neg: Alexander James Gibson Alexander James Gibson ( 1876 -- 1960 ) was the first professor of engineering at the University of Queensland in Brisbane , Queensland , Australia .   Alexander James Gibson was born on 18 December 1876 at Hanover Square , London , son of Edward Morris Gibson , articled clerk and later solicitor , and his wife Martha , née James .   He was educated at Alleyn 's College of God 's Gift ( Dulwich College ) and served an apprenticeship with the Thames Iron Works , Ship Building & Engineering Co. at Blackwall , London .   He was a member of the Queensland Recruiting Committee during World War I.

neg: Theatre of Australia Theatre of Australia refers to the history of the performing arts in Australia , or produced by Australians . There are theatrical and dramatic aspects to a number of Indigenous Australian ceremonies such as the corroboree . During its colonial period , Australian theatrical arts were generally linked to the broader traditions of English literature and to British and Irish theatre . Australian literature and theatrical artists ( including Aboriginal as well as Anglo-Celtic and multicultural migrant Australians ) have over the last two centuries introduced the culture of Australia and the character of a new continent to the world stage .   Individuals who have contributed to theatre in Australia and internationally include Sir Robert Helpmann , Dame Joan Sutherland , Barry Humphries , David Williamson , Cate Blanchett , Geoffrey Rush , Judy Davis , Jim Sharman , Tim Minchin and Baz Luhrmann . Notable theatrical institutions include the Sydney Opera House , and the National Institute of Dramatic Art in Sydney .

neg: European Australians European Australians , or White Australians , are citizens or residents of Australia whose ancestry originates from the peoples of Europe and the Caucasus .   Since the early 19th century , people of European descent have formed the vast majority of the population in Australia . The majority of European Australians are of British Isles -- English , Irish , Scottish , Welsh or Cornish ( Anglo-Celtic ) -- ancestral origin . In 2010 , it was estimated that around 74 % of the Australian population were Anglo-Celtic Australians .   Other significant ancestries include Italian , German , Greek , Dutch , New Zealanders ( European New Zealanders ) , Polish , Maltese and Croatian . Today , Australians of British and other European ancestries are the dominant majority in Australia , estimated at 92 % of the total population .   Historically , European immigrants had great influence over Australian history and society , which resulted in the perception of Australia as a European country .

neg: Australia–Turkey relations Australia -- Turkey relations are foreign relations between the Commonwealth of Australia and the Republic of Turkey . Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established in 1967 . Australia has had an embassy in Ankara since 1968 , a consulate-general in Istanbul and a consulate in Çanakkale . Turkey has had an embassy in Canberra since 1967 and two consulates-general in Melbourne and Sydney .   The first encounter of Turkey and Australia was on the battlefields of Çanakkale , the scene of a fierce but , at the same time , gentlemanly war . This has created a bond of mutual respect , admiration and friendship . The historical bond between the two countries constitutes a strong foundation to further strengthen and deepen their relations in every fields . The warm sentiments between Turkish and Australian nations were best voiced in the message of the Great Leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , which was sent to the Australian and New Zealander mothers in 1934 and is as follows :  `` Those heroes that shed their blood and lost their lives ... you are now lying in the soil of a friendly country . Therefore rest in peace . There is no difference between the Johnnies and the Mehmets where they lie side by side here in this country of ours ... You the mothers who sent their sons from far away countries , wipe away your tears . Your sons are now lying in our bosom and are in peace . Having lost their lives on this land they have become our sons as well . ''   The Çanakkale Battles are commemorated every year in Çanakkale on 24 -- 25 April with a wide participation from Australia .   There are no contentious issues between Turkey and Australia . The Turkish community living in Australia constitutes a bridge of friendship between the two countries .

neg: Adrian Gibson Adrian Gibson ( 3 November 1935 -- 30 April 2015 ) was an Australian politician . Born in Hobart , Tasmania , he was educated there at Hutchins School and at the University of Tasmania where he graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1959 . He became a barrister in 1959 , as well as a company director and grazier . In 1964 , he was elected to the Australian House of Representatives as a member of the Liberal Party , winning a by-election for the seat of Denison . He held the seat until his retirement in 1969 .   Gibson was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia ( OAM ) on Australia Day , 2014 , for service to the arts , to agriculture , and to the Parliament of Australia . He resided in Armadale , Victoria . Gibson died on 30 April 2015 .

neg: State Theatre (Sydney) The State Theatre is a heritage-listed theatre , located in Market Street , in the city centre of Sydney , Australia . It hosts film screenings , live theatre and musical performances , and since 1974 it has been the home of the annual Sydney Film Festival .

neg: Western Desert cultural bloc The Western Desert cultural bloc or just Western Desert is a cultural region in central Australia covering about 600,000 square kilometres , including the Gibson Desert , the Great Victoria Desert , the Great Sandy and Little Sandy Deserts in the Northern Territory , South Australia and Western Australia . The Western Desert cultural bloc can be said to stretch from the Nullarbor in the south to the Kimberley in the north , and from the Percival Lakes in the west through to the Pintupi lands in the Northern Territory .   The term is often used by anthropologists and linguists when discussing the 40 or so Aboriginal groups that live there , who speak dialects of one language , often called the Western Desert language .   Apart from the Canning Stock Route and the Rabbit-proof fence , white contact with this part of Australia was very rare , until the 1960s :   No one had been out there . The desert , as far as the Department -LSB- WA Dept of Suppy -RSB- was concerned ... was an unknown , as it was to the whole of Western Australia . The Warburton Ranges -LSB- were -RSB- as far as anybody got . People in those days knew absolutely nothing about Aborigines . ''

neg: Australian residential architectural styles Australian residential architectural styles have evolved significantly over time , from the early days of structures made from relatively cheap and imported corrugated iron ( which can still be seen in the roofing of historic homes ) to more sophisticated styles borrowed from other countries , such as the Victorian style from the United Kingdom , the Georgian style from North America and Europe and the Californian bungalow from the United States . A common feature of the Australian home is the use of fencing in front gardens , also common in both the UK and the USA . Climate has also influenced housing styles , with balconies and veranda spaces being more prevalent in subtropical Queensland due to the mild , generally warm winters experienced in the state . For many years , Australian homes were built with little understanding of the Australian climate and were widely dependant on European styles that were unsympathetic to Australian landscapes . In recent times , modern Australian residential architecture has reflected the climatic conditions of the country , with adaptations such as double and triple glazing on windows , coordination considerations , use of east and west shade , sufficient insulation , strongly considered to provide comfort to the dweller .   Another aspect of Australian suburbia is that the suburbs tend to have a combination of both upper class and middle class housing in the same neighbourhood . In Melbourne , for instance , one early observer noted that `` a poor house stands side by side with a good house . '' This is somewhat less common today , with home renovations , gentrification and the teardown ( `` knock down , rebuild '' ) method becoming more and more common in affluent suburbs , giving a broader distinction between wealthy and lower class areas . However , the teardown technique has led to home buyers purchasing land or older homes in poorer metropolitan areas and building extravagant McMansion style homes on the land , which look out of place and excessive , failing to match with the remaining houses in the street .   Because architectural styles have varied in the country over the years ( from villas to bungalows and brick renders ) , there is a slight inconsistency in the architectural flow of the suburban streets , with one writer noting that Australian housing styles sometimes `` co-mingle '' and `` co-exist '' awkwardly . This is less common in the United States of America and England , where most homes along a road were built around the same time , typically in similar styles .

neg: My Country (film) My Country is a 1986 Australian film about the discovery of Australia .   The film was partly shot at Monash University .

neg: Conservation in Australia Conservation in Australia is an issue of state and federal policy . Australia is one of the most biologically diverse countries in the world , with a large portion of species endemic to Australia . Preserving this wealth of biodiversity is important for future generations .   Animal habitats like reefs and forests must be preserved in order to preserve population and diversity of animal species . Conservation is vital for future study and for field research to be taken , and because biological richness is an unmeasurable aesthetic that may be developed into commercial recreational attractions .   According to Janine Benyus , the potential for advances in biomimicry in Australia are great because the extreme weather and conditions found here provide an excellent evolutionary incubator . Research on natural processes can only occur if habitat is preserved and organisms continue to thrive .   Federal and State governments manage protected areas and national parks ; a number of non-governmental organizations are also involved in conservation .

neg: Inauguration of the Australian Commonwealth (film) Inauguration of the Australian Commonwealth was a 1901 Australian documentary film made by the Limelight Department of the Salvation Army . It was commissioned by the Government of New South Wales to record the Commonwealth Celebration Day .   It was Australia 's first feature-length documentary film , going for 35 minutes . According to the Salvation Army 's website , `` it was five times the length of any earlier Australian film and was the first Australian film to use simultaneous multiple-camera coverage ; it was the most widely distributed Australian film of its time . ''   Much of the footage still survives today .

neg: University of Tasmania The University of Tasmania ( UTAS ) is a public research university primarily located in Tasmania , Australia . Officially founded in 1890 , it was the fourth university to be established in Australia , although Christ College , which became affiliated with the university in 1929 , was established in 1846 and remains the oldest form of higher education in the country . The University of Tasmania is a sandstone university and is a member of the international Association of Commonwealth Universities and the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning .   The university offers various undergraduate and graduate programs in a range of disciplines , and has links with 20 specialist research institutes , cooperative research centres and faculty based research centres ; many of which are regarded as nationally and internationally competitive leaders . The university 's Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies have strongly contributed to the university 's multiple 5 rating scores ( well above world standard ) for excellence in research awarded by the Australian Research Council . The University also delivers tertiary education at the Australian Maritime College , the national centre for maritime education , training and research .   The university is highly regarded for its commitment to excellence in learning and teaching . It was ranked in the top 10 research universities in Australia and in the top two per cent of universities worldwide in the Academic Ranking of World Universities . The university also received more teaching awards than any other Australian university by the Australian Government Office for Learning and Teaching in 2012 .