query: Amaze Entertainment developed games.

pos: Amaze Entertainment Amaze Entertainment was a video game developer from the United States that developed over 100 games in its ten-year history ( selling nearly 40 million units ) , for several video game platforms , with headquarters located in Kirkland , Washington . Amaze was founded by serial entrepreneur Dan Elenbaas and his business partners Todd Gilbertsen and David Mann . Amaze 's primary focus was licensed games based on movie franchises , comic series , and original titles for established video game franchises . Amaze grew to become one of the world 's largest independent video game developers , with nearly 300 employees in four studios . Amaze was acquired by Foundation 9 Entertainment on November 14 , 2006 .   In July 2009 , Foundation 9 abandoned the Amaze Entertainment brand and renamed the Kirkland location after the former subsidiary , Griptonite Games . On August 2 , 2011 , Glu Mobile acquired Griptonite Games . Its staff of 200 `` approximately doubles '' Glu 's internal development capacity .

neg: DreamMix TV World Fighters is a Japan-only crossover fighting video game developed by Bitstep and published by Konami , Takara and Hudson for the GameCube and PlayStation 2 in Japan on December 18 , 2003 . The game crosses over characters from Hudson and Konami 's video game series and Takara 's toy lines .

neg: Chair Entertainment Chair Entertainment Group , LLC ( commonly referred to as Chair Entertainment , stylized as ChAIR ) is an American video game developer based in Salt Lake City , Utah .

neg: Child of Eden Child of Eden is a rhythm action game created by Tetsuya Mizuguchi , best known for Rez , developed by Q Entertainment and published by Ubisoft . The game announcement opened Ubisoft 's pre-E3 2010 press conference and was one of the first titles shown with support for Xbox 360 's Kinect peripheral . The game serves as a prequel to Mizuguchi 's earlier game Rez and sees players shoot at various targets which produce melodic sounds upon destruction . It was developed for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 and is compatible with Microsoft 's Kinect and Sony 's PlayStation Move and standard controllers for both consoles . In April 2011 , Mizuguchi announced that he had developed a unique corset peripheral for the game , which featured four controllers , all of which vibrated to the game 's music . The new device is currently only available in Q Entertainment studios , and is unlikely to see a retail release .   As was the case with Rez , Child of Eden is presented as an experiment on synesthesia , integrating sound , vision and touch in one seamless experience . The game features music from Genki Rockets .   Child of Eden takes place during the creation of Project Lumi , whereas Rez dealt with its protection from a later attack .

neg: List of Square Enix video game franchises Square Enix is a Japanese video game development and publishing company formed from the merger of video game developer Square and publisher Enix on April 1 , 2003 . The company is best known for its role-playing video game franchises , which include the Final Fantasy series , the Dragon Quest series , and the action role-playing Kingdom Hearts series . Since its inception , the company has developed or published hundreds of titles in various video game franchises on numerous gaming systems . Of its properties , the Final Fantasy franchise is the best-selling , with a total worldwide sales of over 110 million units . The Dragon Quest series has shipped over 66 million units worldwide and is one of the most popular video game series in Japan , while the Kingdom Hearts series has shipped over 22 million copies worldwide .   Square Enix has owned Taito , which continues to publish its own video games , since September 2005 , and acquired game publisher Eidos Interactive in April 2009 , which was merged with Square Enix 's European publishing wing and renamed as Square Enix Europe . This list includes franchises in which Square Enix , or its original components Square and Enix , or its subsidiaries , were the primary developer or publisher , even if the series was begun prior to the subsidiary 's acquisition . Franchises are defined as any set of interconnected media consisting of more than one release , and video game franchises are defined as franchises which were initially created as a video game or series of video games .   For a list of all individual games developed or published by Square Enix , see the list of Square Enix video games and mobile games . For games released before the merger , see the Square and Enix video games . For games released by Taito , both before and after the acquisition , see the list of Taito games , and for games published by Eidos prior to acquisition see the list of Eidos games .

neg: Music video game A music video game , also commonly known as a music game , is a video game where the gameplay is meaningfully and often almost entirely oriented around the player 's interactions with a musical score or individual songs . Music video games may take a variety of forms and are often grouped with puzzle games due to their common use of `` rhythmically generated puzzles '' .   Strong support for the convergence of live music and video games is evident with the success of the Video Games Live concert series . Emergent games for live concert performance , `` game-scores '' , augment traditional western music notation with the dramatic elements of animation , interactivity , graphic elements and aleatoric principles ( Anigraphical Music ) . The concept of incorporating game theory and music is not new and can be traced back to Musikalisches Würfelspiel .   Music video games are distinct from purely audio games ( e.g. the 1997 Sega Saturn release Real Sound : Kaze no Regret ) in that they feature a visual feedback , to lead the player through the game 's soundtrack , although eidetic music games can fall under both categories .

neg: Babyz Babyz is a computer game in which one can play with and take care of a group of babies who live in a virtual house on the computer . The game was released in 1999 by The Learning Company , developed by members of PF Magic working there at the time .   Babyz runs on top of the Petz 3 game engine , adding additional AI and voice recognition . For example , players can teach their Babyz baby talk , how to play with objects , and how to walk . Babyz can also form relationships with other babyz that can result in sibling rivalries or friendships .   When Babyz was first released in 1999 , there were 15 babyz you could adopt and care for , as well as various toys that babyz could interact with . There were also many different rooms to explore and a number of different clothing items . Babyz reused some of the Petz toyz and had a similar home setting for its playscenes . Most of the game 's original content can be downloaded and accessed by anyone via user-websites . Users have created ways to make the game playable with Windows XP and create custom content that users can use with their Babyz , as well as unofficial adoption centers and pages .   A Babyz Community started on the official site , which has since been shut down . The website offered adoptions and discussions . Soon after , people started forming their own forums and babyz websites with similar content . `` Pageants '' are where people enter pictures of their babyz posing and earning awards . In 2003 , The Babyz Community Rating System , loosely based on the Petz Community rankings , was created which allows people to register three or four of their babyz , and gain points whenever they win in a pageant .   Around the same time , fan websites were going up , it was discovered that one could hex edit the babyz to introduce new hairstyles , eye colours , etc. . These edited babyz ( `` hexies '' or `` hexed babyz '' ) and custom clothes were often available on fan websites and unique babyz became highly preferred over the simple ones that the game first came with . Many fans tried to petition the game 's creators for a Babyz 2 , similar to the five sequels that were created for the Petz franchise , however nothing ever came of this . Today , user activity has continued to the point where many users testify that the dedicated hexers and custom content creators have banded together to essentially create their own `` Babyz 2 , '' despite the discontinued support from the original creators .   Babyz was originally made for the Windows 95/98 Platform , however with the creation of a patch by Nicholas Sherlock , the game can now be played in Windows XP , Vista , and Windows 7 ; both 32-bit and 64-bit versions . Sherlock 's patch , called `` Petz A '' as it was intended for both Petz and Babyz , also made the game run much smoother , with the ability to change the game speed , save babyz ' pictures in a different format , and also control many aspects of the game that users originally could not . It also introduced sliders to view and change the levels of the babyz ' hunger , energy , sickness , and age . The Petz A patch can be found at Sherlock 's website .   Although not produced any longer , Babyz can still be found at various online retail sites including DirtCheapSoftware.com , Babyz.com , and through various Amazon and eBay sellers . Most of these places offer information and limited support on applying the patch for newer versions of Microsoft Windows .

neg: Eovia The Eovia Corporation was founded in November 2000 , with offices in both the US and France . The company 's 3D computer graphics software products were aimed towards professional and amateur artists with a focus on remaining accessible in price and usability .   On April 25 , 2006 , it was announced that DAZ Productions ( now DAZ 3D Inc ) had acquired the US division of Eovia , as well as the rights to Carrara and Hexagon .   In June 2006 , Amapi , Eovia 's last remaining product , was acquired by e frontier . However , the future of Amapi 's development is unclear , as it relies on the rendering engine from Carrara 3 , now a DAZ 3D product .   In July 2007 , e frontier closed the France branch and let the Amapi development team go .

neg: Fangame Fangames are video games made by fans based on one or more established video games . Many fangames attempt to clone or remake the original game 's design , gameplay and characters , but it is equally common for fans to develop a unique game using another only as a template . Though the quality of fangames has always been variable , recent advances in computer technology and in available tools , e.g. through open source software , have made creating high-quality games easier .

neg: Size Five Games Size Five Games ( formerly Zombie Cow Studios ) is a British independent video game developer founded by Dan Marshall in 2008 . Dan Marshall 's previous games , Gibbage and Cruxade were retroactively brought under the Zombie Cow banner upon its founding .   Their first new release was a donationware adventure game called Ben There , Dan That ! , released in 2008 . It was widely praised by the adventure game community and downloaded 50,000 times but brought in only `` a couple of hundred quid '' due to its donation model . Marshall self-funded the games development , telling the BBC in 2010 `` What I do keeps me fed and warm . I 'm not sure I get to lead the most extravagant lifestyle , or how my earnings compare to people working in the mainstream games industry . '' Marshall later said of the game `` I did n't think people would really pay money for it ... I think that was a bit naive , in retrospect . It 's well worth a couple of quid , and I do regret not charging for it initially . You can always move the price down , you ca n't really move it up . '' A 2011 updated edition of the game , which added a soundtrack and other features , was sold on a `` pay what you want '' model , with a minimum price .   The sequel , Time Gentlemen , Please ! , was released in 2009 to positive reviews . PC Gamer called it `` point-and-click adventuring done right for a change . '' It holds a Metacritic score of 84 % . Both Ben There , Dan That ! and Time Gentlemen , Please ! were later made available for purchase on Steam and GOG.com .   In 2010 , Zombie Cow Studios released Privates , a sex education game funded by Channel 4 and intended to match the `` personal , social , and health education '' guidelines of the National Curriculum The Xbox 360 version was cancelled when Microsoft confirmed that the game contravened the Xbox Live guidelines on sexual content of games , but the company released the Microsoft Windows version for free download from Channel 4 's website . The game won a BAFTA award in the `` Learning - Secondary '' category .   In May 2011 , Zombie Cow Studios changed their name to Size Five Games .   In 2013 , Zombie Cow Studios released Gun Monkeys , a `` procedurally-generated , physics-based , 1-on-1 online platform shooter '' featuring the voice of English actor and comedian , Kevin Eldon .

neg: Alshard is a Japanese role-playing game designed by Jun ` ichi Inoue and FarEast Amusement Research . It was released in July 2002 . The current , version 1.5 , known as was published in July 2005 . It is a fantasy role-playing game with mechanical items like as Final Fantasy . Alshard 's game system is named Standard RPG System ( SRS for short ) and is used in other games such as Tenra War and Kaze no Stigma RPG and so on . SRS including Alshard series is one of the largest role-playing game systems published in Japan .

neg: Xseed Games Xseed Games is an American video game publishing , localization , and distribution company founded as a subsidiary of the Japanese Marvelous group . Their goal is to bring high-quality interactive entertainment to the North American market . They provide sales services for video games and related materials , as well as marketing support services mainly for Japanese corporations looking to market general consumer goods .

neg: Smash Hit (video game) Smash Hit is a 2014 first person video game developed by Mediocre AB .

neg: The Legendary Starfy is a video game series developed by Tose ( who also developed the Game & Watch Gallery series ) and published by Nintendo . The series is the only franchise for which Tose owns the copyright , which they share with Nintendo . ( As a result , Tose , which normally does n't put their company name on their games , does so in the Starfy series . ) The series began in 2002 with Densetsu no Stafy for the Game Boy Advance , and four sequels were released . For its first seven years , Starfy games were not officially released outside Japan . The fifth game in the series was released as The Legendary Starfy in North America on June 8 , 2009 .

neg: Albert & Otto Albert & Otto is a 2D atmospheric puzzle platform video game developed and published by independent video game developer K Bros Games . The game will release as four stand-alone episodes , with the first episode titled `` The Adventure Begins '' releasing on October 28 , 2015 for Microsoft Windows and OS X.   The art style was inspired by Tim Burton 's early stop-motion films , with a story set in pre-World War II Germany .

neg: Magical Drop , sometimes referred to by native Japanese players as , is a series of puzzle games first released in the arcade , and later primarily for several platforms such as the Neo Geo Arcade , Super Famicom , Sega Saturn , PlayStation , Bandai WonderSwan , GBC and the Neo Geo Pocket Color ; most of which were published by Data East .

neg: Kidz Sports Kidz Sports is a series of 4 games developed by Data Design Interactive between 2004 and 2008 . The games are Kidz Sports Basketball ( 2004 ) , Kidz Sports Ice Hockey ( 2008 ) , Kidz Sports International Soccer ( 2008 ) , and Kidz Sports Crazy Mini Golf ( 2008 ) . The games were generally critically panned .

neg: List of Tales media The Tales series , known in Japan as the , is a franchise of fantasy Japanese role-playing video games published by Bandai Namco Games ( formerly Namco ) , and developed by its subsidiary , Namco Tales Studio ( formerly Wolf Team ) until 2011 and presently by Bandai Namco . First begun in 1995 with the development and release of Tales of Phantasia for the Super Famicom , the series currently spans fifteen main titles , multiple spin-off games and supplementary media in the form of manga series , anime series , and audio dramas .   While entries in the series generally stand independent of each other with different characters and stories , they are commonly linked by their gameplay , themes and high fantasy settings . Most of the main Tales games have been localized for North America and Europe , although almost all of the spinoff titles have not been released abroad . While generally seen as a niche series in English speaking regions , Tales is considered a high-profile property in Japan , just behind other series such as Final Fantasy and Dragon Quest . As of December 2013 , the series has sold 16 million units worldwide .

neg: Battle Fantasia is a fighting video game developed by Arc System Works . Originally released in Japanese arcades in April 2007 , the title was ported to the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 home consoles in Japan in May 2008 , with a North American Xbox 360-exclusive version released in English in September 2008 by Aksys Games . It was later released in Europe in March 2009 for both systems by 505 Games . A Microsoft Windows version , ported in collaboration with DotEmu and distributed via Steam , was released on July 7 , 2015 . The game 's development was headed by Emiko Iwasaki , who had previously served as illustrator for the company 's Guilty Gear series , and utilizes three-dimensional character models restricted to two-dimensional battlefields . Battle Fantasia retains a number of features of its predecessor including fast-paced gameplay , colorful anime-style graphics , and over-the-top effects , yet was designed to be a more basic representation of the fighting genre .   The game is notable for its stylistic departure from many fighting games , and is set in a fantasy world depicted as a storybook , and borrows many superficial elements from role-playing games including damage represented as numbers and a text-heavy story mode , which involves a number of heroes answering the call to battle to stop an evil force from once again attempting to destroy the world . Battle Fantasia met with relatively low sales in Japan and received mostly average reviews from critics due to the title 's minimal marketing and lack of robust console features .

neg: Ogre Battle , sometimes referred to as , is a series of five tactical role-playing and real-time strategy video games developed by Quest Corporation and currently owned by Square Enix . There are five original games in the series , and one remake .

neg: Aztez Aztez is an upcoming side-scrolling brawler , turn-based strategy video game by Team Colorblind . The player fights through areas within the Aztec empire prior to the Spanish invasion . Team Colorblind , a two-person indie game development team , designed Aztez to play like an arcade game with the action of God of War or Devil May Cry . Aztez has no scheduled release date .


query: There is an opiate called heroin.

pos: Heroin Heroin , also known as diamorphine among other names , is an opiate most commonly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects . Medically it is occasionally used to relieve pain and in opioid replacement therapy . Heroin is typically injected , usually into a vein ; however , it can also be smoked , snorted or inhaled . Onset of effects is usually rapid and lasts for a few hours .   Common side effects include respiratory depression ( decreased breathing ) and about a quarter of those who use heroin become physically dependent . Other side effects can include abscesses , infected heart valves , blood borne infections , constipation , and pneumonia . After a history of long-term use , withdrawal symptoms can begin within hours of last use . When given by injection into a vein , heroin has two to three times the effect as a similar dose of morphine . It typically comes as a white or brown powder .   Treatment of heroin addiction often includes behavioral therapy and medications . Medications used may include methadone or naltrexone . A heroin overdose may be treated with naloxone . An estimated 17 million people as of 2015 use opiates such as heroin , which together with opioids resulted in 122,000 deaths . The total number of opiate users has increased from 1998 to 2007 after which it has remained more or less stable . In the United States about 1.6 percent of people have used heroin at some point in time . When people die from overdosing on a drug , the drug is usually an opioid .   Heroin was first made by C. R. Alder Wright in 1874 from morphine , a natural product of the opium poppy . Internationally , heroin is controlled under Schedules I and IV of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs . It is generally illegal to make , possess , or sell heroin without a license . In 2015 Afghanistan produced about 66 % of the world 's opium . Often heroin , which is illegally sold , is mixed with other substances such as sugar or strychnine .

neg: Comedown (drugs) Comedown or crashing is the deterioration in mood that happens as a psychoactive drug , typically a stimulant , is either decreasing or is cleared from the blood and thus the cerebral circulation . The improvement and deterioration of mood ( euphoria and dysphoria ) are represented in the cognitive schema #Noun as high and low elevations ; thus , after the drug has elevated the mood ( a state known as a high ) , there follows a period of coming back down , which often has a distinct character from withdrawal in stimulants . Generally , a comedown ( `` down , '' `` low , '' sometimes `` crash '' ) can happen to anyone as a transient symptom , but in people who are dependent on the drug ( especially those addicted to it ) , it is an early symptom of withdrawal and thus can be followed by others . Various drug classes , most especially stimulants and to a lesser degree opioids and sedatives , are subject to comedowns . A milder analogous mood cycle can happen even with blood sugar levels ( thus sugar highs and sugar lows ) , which is especially relevant to people with diabetes mellitus and to parents and teachers managing children 's behavior , as well as in adults with ADHD . Stimulant comedowns are unique in that they often appear very abruptly after a period of focus or high , and are typically the more intensely dysphoric phase of withdrawal than that following complete elimination from the bloodstream . Besides general dysphoria , this phase can be marked by frustration , anger , anhedonia , social withdrawal , and other symptoms characteristic to a milder mixed episode in Bipolar Disorder . Alertness and other general stimulant effects are still present .

neg: Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepines ( BZD , BZs ) , sometimes called `` benzos '' , are a class of psychoactive drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring . The first such drug , chlordiazepoxide ( Librium ) , was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955 , and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann -- La Roche , which , since 1963 , has also marketed the benzodiazepine diazepam ( Valium ) . In 1977 benzodiazepines were globally the most prescribed medications .   Benzodiazepines enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) at the GABAA receptor , resulting in sedative , hypnotic ( sleep-inducing ) , anxiolytic ( anti-anxiety ) , anticonvulsant , and muscle relaxant properties . High doses of many shorter-acting benzodiazepines may also cause anterograde amnesia and dissociation . These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating anxiety , insomnia , agitation , seizures , muscle spasms , alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures . Benzodiazepines are categorized as either short - , intermediate - , or long-acting . Short - and intermediate-acting benzodiazepines are preferred for the treatment of insomnia ; longer-acting benzodiazepines are recommended for the treatment of anxiety .   Benzodiazepines are generally viewed as safe and effective for short-term use , although cognitive impairment and paradoxical effects such as aggression or behavioral disinhibition occasionally occur . A minority of people can have paradoxical reactions such as worsened agitation or panic . Long-term use is controversial because of concerns about adverse psychological and physical effects , decreasing effectiveness , and physical dependence and withdrawal . As a result of adverse effects associated with the long-term use of benzodiazepines , withdrawal from benzodiazepines , in general , leads to improved physical and mental health . The elderly are at an increased risk of suffering from both short - and long-term adverse effects , and as a result , all benzodiazepines are listed in the Beers List of inappropriate medications for older adults .   There is controversy concerning the safety of benzodiazepines in pregnancy . While they are not major teratogens , uncertainty remains as to whether they cause cleft palate in a small number of babies and whether neurobehavioural effects occur as a result of prenatal exposure ; they are known to cause withdrawal symptoms in the newborn . Benzodiazepines can be taken in overdoses and can cause dangerous deep unconsciousness . However , they are less toxic than their predecessors , the barbiturates , and death rarely results when a benzodiazepine is the only drug taken . When combined with other central nervous system ( CNS ) depressants such as alcoholic drinks and opioids , the potential for toxicity and fatal overdose increases . Benzodiazepines are commonly misused and taken in combination with other drugs of abuse .

neg: Acetylmorphine Acetylmorphine may refer to :   3-Monoacetylmorphine ( 3-acetylmorphine ) , an inactive metabolite of heroin  6-Monoacetylmorphine ( 6-acetylmorphine ) , an active metabolite of heroin

neg: Tipepidine Tipepidine ( INN ) ( brand names Asverin , Antupex , Asvelik , Asvex , Bitiodin , Cofdenin A , Hustel , Nodal , Sotal ) , also known as tipepidine hibenzate ( JAN ) , is a synthetic , non-opioid antitussive and expectorant of the thiambutene class . It acts as an inhibitor of G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channels ( GIRKs ) . The drug was discovered in the 1950s , and was developed in Japan in 1959 . It is used as the hibenzate and citrate salts .   The usual dose is 20 mg every 4 -- 6 hours . Possible side effects of tipepidine , especially in overdose , may include drowsiness , vertigo , delirium , disorientation , loss of consciousness , and confusion .   Tipepidine has recently garnered interest as a potential psychiatric drug . It is being investigated in depression , obsessive-compulsive disorder , and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) . Through inhibition of GIRK channels , tipepidine increases dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens , but without increasing locomotor activity or producing methamphetamine-like behavioral sensitization , and this action appears to be at least partly responsible for its antidepressant-like effects in rodents .

neg: Controlled substance A controlled substance is generally a drug or chemical whose manufacture , possession , or use is regulated by a government , such as illicitly used drugs or prescription medications that are designated a Controlled Drug in the United Kingdom .   In the United States , the Drug Enforcement Administration is responsible for suppressing illegal drug use and distribution by enforcing the Controlled Substances Act , which regulates both the drugs themselves and certain precursors . Some U.S. states have additional restrictions for substances which might or might not be regulated by the federal government . During the Obama Administration , the federal government also voluntarily suspended enforcement of federal laws restricting marijuana where people were operating in compliance with state law .   Some precursor chemicals used for the production of illegal drugs are also controlled substances in many countries , even though they may lack the pharmacological effects of the drugs themselves . Substances are classified according to schedules and consist primarily of potentially psychoactive substances . The controlled substances do not include many prescription items such as antibiotics .   Some states in the U.S. have statutes against health care providers self-prescribing and/or administering substances listed in the Controlled Substance Act schedules . This does not forbid licensed providers from self-prescribing medications not on the schedules .

neg: Black cocaine Black cocaine , also known as Coca Negra , is a mixture of regular cocaine base or cocaine hydrochloride with various other substances . These other substances are added   to camouflage the typical appearance ( pigments and dyes , e.g. charcoal ) ,  to interfere with color-based drug tests ( mixing thiocyanates and iron salts or cobalt salts forms deep red complexes in solution ) ,  to make the mixture undetectable by drug sniffing dogs ( activated carbon may sufficiently absorb trace odors ) .   Since the result is usually black , it is generally smuggled as toner , fingerprint powder , fertilizer , pigment or metal moldings . The pure cocaine base can be recovered from the mixture by extraction ( freebase ) or acid-base extraction ( hydrochloride ) using common organic solvents such as acetone .   It was reported that in the mid-1980s Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet ordered his army to build a clandestine cocaine laboratory in Chile where chemists mixed cocaine with other chemicals to produce what Pinochet 's former top aide for intelligence Manuel Contreras described as a `` black cocaine '' capable of being smuggled past drug agents in the US and Europe .   Black cocaine was detected in Bogota , Colombia in May 1998 . In 2008 , a new type of black cocaine was discovered by police in Spain . It had been manufactured into rubber-like sheets and made into luggage .

neg: Legality of cannabis The legality of cannabis varies from country to country . Possession of cannabis is illegal in most countries and has been since the beginning of widespread cannabis prohibition in the late 1930s . However , possession of the plant in small quantities has been decriminalized in many countries and sub-national entities in several parts of the world . For example , cannabis in Canada will be legal for recreational use if legislation is passed in spring 2017 . On 10 December 2013 , Uruguay became the first country in the world to legalize the sale , cultivation , and distribution of cannabis . Open sales are `` illegal , but not punishable '' , at `` coffeeshops '' in the Netherlands if certain rules are followed . In the United States , federal law prohibits possession or sale of marijuana for any purpose , but the Obama Administration refrained from prosecuting users and dealers operating in compliance with state ( see Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction ) , territory , and Indian reservation laws which permit medical or recreational marijuana .   The medicinal use of cannabis is legal in a number of countries , including Canada , the Czech Republic and Israel . Medical cannabis in the United States is legal in 29 states as of December 2016 .   Some countries have laws which are not as vigorously prosecuted as others , but apart from the countries which offer access to medical marijuana , most countries have penalties ranging from lenient to very severe . Some infractions are taken more seriously in some countries than others in regard to the cultivation , use , possession or transfer of cannabis for recreational use . A few jurisdictions have lessened penalties for possession of small quantities of cannabis , making it punishable by confiscation and a fine , rather than imprisonment . Some jurisdictions/drug courts use mandatory treatment programs for young or frequent users , with freedom from narcotic drugs as the goal and a few jurisdictions permit cannabis use for medicinal purposes . Routine drug tests to detect cannabis are most common in the United States , and have resulted in jail sentences and loss of employment even for medical use . In most European countries , privacy and labor laws prevent such testing for job applicants . Simple possession can carry long jail sentences in some countries , particularly in parts of East Asia and Southeast Asia , where the sale of cannabis may lead to life imprisonment or execution .

neg: Hydromorphinol Hydromorphinol ( RAM-320 , 14-Hydroxydihydromorphine ) is an opiate analogue that is a derivative of morphine , where the 14-position has been hydroxylated and the 7,8 - double bond saturated . It has similar effects to morphine such as sedation , analgesia and respiratory depression , but is more potent and has a steeper dose-response curve and longer half-life . It is used in medicine as the bitartrate salt ( free base conversion ratio 0.643 , molecular weight 471.5 ) and hydrochloride ( free base conversion ratio 0.770 , molecular weight 393.9 )   Hydromorphinol was developed in Austria in 1932 . It is available , and commonly used , as a medicine in Sweden . In the United States , it was never available and is classified as a Schedule I drug with a DEA ACSCN of 9301 . The salts in use are the bitartrate ( free base conversion ratio 0.643 ) and hydrochloride ( 0.770 ) . The 2014 national aggregate manufacturing quota was 2 grams , unchanged from prior years .   Hydromorphinol is metabolised mainly in the liver in the same fashion as many other opioids and is itself a minor active metabolite of 14-Hydroxydihydrocodeine , an uncommonly used opiate ( but is therefore also an active metabolite of a first-order active metabolite of oxycodone ) .   It is distributed under the trade name Numorphan in some countries . It is controlled under the Single Convention On Narcotic Drugs .

neg: Casokefamide Casokefamide ( INN ) , also known as β-casomorphin 4027 ( β-CM-4027 ) and -LSB- D-Ala2 ,4 , Tyr5 -RSB- - β-casomorphin-5-amide , is a peripherally-specific , synthetic opioid pentapeptide with the amino acid sequence Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-D-Ala-Tyr-NH2 . Derived from the β-casomorphin sequence , it was designed with the intention of improving resistance to digestive enzymes so that it could be used as an antidiarrheal medicine . Unlike other casomorphins , which are generally selective μ-opioid receptor agonists , casokefamide binds to both the μ - and δ-opioid receptors . In a clinical study , casokefamide was found to be effective via the oral route for the treatment of chronic diarrhea , and did not produce any side effects . However , further clinical development was not pursued and it was never marketed .

neg: Tapentadol Tapentadol ( brand names : Nucynta , Palexia and Tapal ) is a centrally acting opioid analgesic of the benzenoid class with a dual mode of action as an agonist of the μ-opioid receptor and as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ( NRI ) . Analgesia occurs within 32 minutes of oral administration , and lasts for 4 -- 6 hours .   It is similar to tramadol in its dual mechanism of action ; namely , its ability to activate the mu opioid receptor and inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine . Unlike tramadol , it has only weak effects on the reuptake of serotonin and is a significantly more potent opioid with no known active metabolites . Tapentadol is not a pro-drug and therefore does not rely on metabolism to produce its therapeutic effects ; this makes it a useful moderate-potency analgesic option for patients who do not respond adequately to more commonly used opioids due to genetic disposition ( poor metabolizers of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 ) , as well as providing a more consistent dosage-response range among the patient population .   Tapentadol general potency is somewhere between that of tramadol and morphine , with an analgesic efficacy comparable to that of oxycodone despite a lower incidence of side effects . It is generally regarded as a weak-moderate strength opioid ( a category shared by many better-known opioids such as hydrocodone and pethidine ) .   Tapentadol was approved by the US FDA in November 2008 , by the TGA of Australia in December 2010 and by the MHRA of the UK in February 2011.1

neg: Meprodine Meprodine is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of pethidine ( meperidine ) . It is closely related to the drug prodine , the only difference being that meprodine has an ethyl group rather than a methyl at the 3-position of the piperidine ring .   As with prodine , there are two isomers of meprodine , alpha-meprodine and beta-meprodine , with the alpha isomer having been more widely used . Alphameprodine ( ACSCN 9604 ) and betameprodine ( ACSCN 9608 ) are both Schedule I Narcotic controlled substances in the United States , both with annual aggregate manufacturing quotas of 2 grammes as of 2014 .   Meprodine has similar effects to other opioids , and produces analgesia , sedation and euphoria . Side effects can include itching , nausea and potentially serious respiratory depression which can be life-threatening .

neg: Dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene is an analgesic in the opioid category , patented in 1955 and manufactured by Eli Lilly and Company . It is an optical isomer of levopropoxyphene . It is intended to treat mild pain and also has antitussive ( cough suppressant ) and local anaesthetic effects . The drug has been taken off the market in Europe and the US due to concerns of fatal overdoses and heart arrhythmias . Its onset of analgesia ( pain relief ) is said to be 20 -- 30 minutes and peak effects are seen about 1.5 -- 2 hours after oral administration .   Dextropropoxyphene is sometimes combined with acetaminophen . Trade names include Darvocet-N and Di-Gesic , Darvon with APAP ( for dextropropoxyphene and paracetamol ) . The British approved name ( i.e. the generic name of the active ingredient ) of the paracetamol/dextropropoxyphene preparation is `` co-proxamol '' ( sold under a variety of brand names ) ; however , it has been withdrawn since 2007 , and is no longer available to new patients , with exceptions . The paracetamol combination ( s ) are known as Capadex or Di-Gesic in Australia , Lentogesic in South Africa , and Di-Antalvic in France ( unlike co-proxamol , which is an approved name , these are all brand names ) .   Dextropropoxyphene is known under several synonyms , including :  Alpha-d-4-dimethylamino-3-methyl-1 ,2 - diphenyl-2-butanol propionate  -LSB- ( 2S ,3 S ) -4 - ( Dimethylamino ) -3 - methyl-1 ,2 - diphenylbutan-2-yl -RSB- propanoate  -1,2 - Diphenyl-2-propionoxy - 3-methyl-4-di-methylaminobutane  Desoxypropiophen

neg: Α-Methylacetylfentanyl α-Methylacetylfentanyl ( or alphamethylacetylfentanyl ) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl . It is a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States , with a DEA ACSCN of 9815 .   α-Methylacetylfentanyl was sold briefly on the black market in the early 1980s , before the introduction of the Federal Analog Act which for the first time attempted to control entire families of drugs based on their structural similarity rather than scheduling each drug individually as they appeared . α-Methylacetylfentanyl is made with the same synthetic route as α-methylfentanyl , but by substituting the relatively common acetic anhydride for the more difficult to obtain chemical propionic anhydride in the synthesis .   α-Methylacetylfentanyl has similar effects to fentanyl . Side effects of fentanyl analogs are similar to those of fentanyl itself , which include itching , nausea and potentially serious respiratory depression , which can be life-threatening . Fentanyl analogs have killed hundreds of people throughout Europe and the former Soviet republics since the most recent resurgence in use began in Estonia in the early 2000s , and novel derivatives continue to appear .   The 2013 DEA production quota for acetyl-alpha-methylfentanyl is 2 grammes .

neg: RTI-112 RTI ( -4229 ) -112 ( 2β-carbomethoxy-3β - ( 3-methyl-4-chlorophenyl ) tropane ) is a synthetic stimulant drug from the phenyltropane family . In contrast to RTI-113 , which is DAT selective , RTI-112 is a nonselective triple reuptake inhibitor .   In vitro tests show a very similar serotonin transporter ( SERT ) / dopamine transporter ( DAT ) / norepinephrine transporter ( NET ) selectivity to cocaine , although in vivo behaviour is different :   `` The nonselective monoamine transporter inhibitor RTI-126 and the DAT-selective inhibitors RTI-150 and RTI-336 both had a faster rate of onset ( 30 min ) and a short duration of action ( 4h ) . In contrast , the nonselective monoamine transporter inhibitor RTI-112 had a slower rate of onset ( 30 -- 60 min ) and a longer duration of action ( 10h ) . The DAT-selective inhibitors RTI-171 and RTI-177 also had slower rates of onset ( 30 -- 120 min ) , but RTI-171 had a short duration of action ( 2.5 h ) while RTI-177 had a very long duration of action ( 20 h ) . ''   The efficacy of cocaine analogs to elicit self-administration is related to the rate at which they are administered . Slower onset analogs are less likely to function as behavioral stimulants than analogs eliciting a faster rate of onset . Nonselective analogs are less likely to function as `` reinforcers '' than reuptake inhibitors that have DAT specificity .   In order for a dopamine reuptake inhibitor ( DRI ) such as cocaine to induce euphoria , PET scans on primates reveal that the DAT occupancy needs to be > 60 % .   RTI-112 has equipotent in vitro affinity at the SERT , NET and DAT , respectively . RTI-112 was not reliably self-administered , in contrast to the DAT selective reuptake inhibitors that were used in this study . In vivo at the ED50 , RTI-112 had no DAT occupancy at all . At the ED50 , almost all of the RTI-112 occupied the SERT at this dose . A significantly higher dose was required to get > 70 % DAT occupancy in the case of RTI-112 ; however , RTI-112 was still able to suppress cocaine administration at the ED50 , suggesting a serotonergic mechanism was responsible for this .

neg: Drug therapy problems Drug therapy problems ( DTPs ) ( or drug related problems , DRPs ) represent the categorization and definition of clinical problems related to the use of medications or `` drugs '' in the field of pharmaceutical care . In the course of clinical practice , DTPs are often identified , prevented , and/or resolved by pharmacists in the course of medication therapy management , as experts on the safety and efficacy of medications , but other healthcare professionals may also manage DTPs .   A drug-therapy ( related ) problem can be defined as an event or circumstance involving drug treatment ( pharmacotherapy ) that interferes with the optimal provision of medical care . In 1990 , L.M. Strand and her colleagues ( based on the previous work of R.L Mikeal and D.C Brodie , published respectively in 1975 and 1980 ) classified the DTPs into eight different categories . According to these categories , pharmacists generated a list of the DTPs for each patient . As a result , pharmacists had a cleaner picture of the patient 's drug therapy and medical conditions . A second publication of R.J Cipolle with L.M Strand in 1998 , change the eight categories into seven , grouped in four Pharmacotherapy needs : indication , effectiveness , safety and adherence .

neg: Drug prohibition law Drug prohibition law is prohibition-based law by which governments prohibit , except under licence , the production , supply , and possession of many , but not all , substances which are recognized as drugs , and which corresponds to international treaty commitments in the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961 , the Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971 , and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1988 .   When produced , supplied or possessed under licence , otherwise prohibited drugs are known as controlled drugs . The aforementioned legislation is the cultural institution and social fact that de facto divides world drug trade as illegal vs legal , according to geopolitical issues . The United Nations has its own drug control programme , as part of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ( UNODC ) , which was formerly called the United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention ( ODCCP ) , and the Commission on Narcotic Drugs is the central drug policy-making body within the United Nations system .   The International Narcotics Control Board ( INCB ) is an independent and quasi-judicial control organ for the implementation of the United Nations drug control conventions . It is important to note that there are several different sets of `` schedules '' , or lists , of controlled drugs . One is the INCB schedules ( four schedules numbered I-IV ) , while another is the United States ' Controlled Substances Act schedules of controlled substances ( five schedules , numbered I-V ) . Other countries also have different classifications and numbers of lists , such as those of the United Kingdom and Canada .

neg: 3-Acetyloxymorphone 3-Acetyloxymorphone is an opioid analgesic which has never been marketed . It is an acetyl derivative of oxymorphone and is an intermediate in the synthesis of several related drugs .

neg: Codeine Codeine is an opiate used to treat pain , as a cough medicine , and for diarrhea . It is typically used to treat mild to moderate degrees of pain . Greater benefit may occur when combined with paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ( NSAID ) such as aspirin or ibuprofen . Evidence does not support its use for acute cough suppression in children or adults . In Europe it is not recommended as a cough medicine in those under twelve years of age . It is generally taken by mouth . It typically starts working after half an hour with maximum effect at two hours . The total duration of its effects last for about four to six hours .   Common side effects include vomiting , constipation , itchiness , lightheadedness , and drowsiness . Serious side effects may include breathing difficulties and addiction . It is unclear if its use in pregnancy is safe . Care should be used during breastfeeding as it may result in opiate toxicity in the baby . Its use as of 2016 is not recommended in children . Codeine works following being broken down by the liver into morphine . How quickly this occurs depends on a person 's genetics .   Codeine was discovered in 1832 by Pierre Jean Robiquet . In 2013 about 361,000 kilograms of codeine were produced while 249,000 kilograms were used . This makes it the most commonly taken opiate . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . The wholesale cost in the developing world is between 0.04 and 0.29 USD per dose as of 2014 . In the United States it costs about one dollar a dose . Codeine occurs naturally and makes up about 2 % of opium .

neg: Morphine-3-glucuronide Morphine-3-glucuronide is a metabolite of morphine produced by UGT2B7 . It is not active as an opioid agonist , but does have some action as a convulsant , which does not appear to be mediated through opioid receptors , but rather through interaction with glycine and/or GABA receptors . As a polar compound , it has a limited ability to cross the blood -- brain barrier , but renal failure may lead to its accumulation and result in seizures . Probenecid and inhibitors of P-glycoprotein can enhance uptake of morphine-3-glucuronide and , to a lesser extent , morphine-6-glucuronide . Reported side effects related to the accumulation of this metabolite include convulsions , agitation , hallucinations , hyperalgesia , and coma .

neg: Thebaine Thebaine ( paramorphine ) , also known as codeine methyl enol ether , is an opiate alkaloid , its name coming from the Greek Θῆβαι , Thēbai ( Thebes ) , an ancient city in Upper Egypt . A minor constituent of opium , thebaine is chemically similar to both morphine and codeine , but has stimulatory rather than depressant effects . At high doses , it causes convulsions similar to strychnine poisoning . The synthetic enantiomer - thebaine does show analgesic effects apparently mediated through opioid receptors , unlike the inactive natural enantiomer - thebaine . While thebaine is not used therapeutically , it is the main alkaloid extracted from Papaver bracteatum ( Iranian poppy ) and can be converted industrially into a variety of compounds , including oxycodone , oxymorphone , nalbuphine , naloxone , naltrexone , buprenorphine and etorphine . Butorphanol can also be derived from thebaine and is scheduled separately from butorphanol derived by other processes .   Thebaine is controlled under international law , is listed as a Class A drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 in the United Kingdom , is controlled as an analog of a Schedule II drug per the Analog Act in the United States , and is controlled with its derivatives and salts , as a Schedule I substance of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act in Canada . The 2013 US Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) aggregate manufacturing quota for thebaine ( ACSCN 9333 ) was unchanged from the previous year at 145 metric tons .   This alkaloid is biosynthetically related to salutaridine , oripavine , morphine and reticuline .   In 2012 146,000 kilograms of thebaine were produced . In 2013 , Australia was the main producer of poppy straw rich in thebaine , followed by Spain and then France . Together , those three countries accounted for about 99 per cent of global production of such poppy straw .


query: Ryan Gosling raises awareness about conflicts in multiple regions.

pos: Ryan Gosling Ryan Thomas Gosling ( born November 12 , 1980 ) is a Canadian actor and musician . He began his career as a child star on the Disney Channel 's Mickey Mouse Club ( 1993 -- 95 ) and went on to appear in other family entertainment programs including Are You Afraid of the Dark ? ( 1995 ) and Goosebumps ( 1996 ) . His first starring film role was as a Jewish neo-Nazi in The Believer ( 2001 ) , and he went on to star in several independent films , including Murder by Numbers ( 2002 ) , The Slaughter Rule ( 2002 ) , and The United States of Leland ( 2003 ) .   Gosling came to the attention of a wider audience in 2004 with a leading role in the commercially successful romantic drama The Notebook . His performance as a drug-addicted teacher in Half Nelson ( 2006 ) was nominated for an Academy Award and his performance as a socially inept loner in Lars and the Real Girl ( 2007 ) was nominated for a Golden Globe Award . After a three-year acting hiatus , Gosling starred in the marital drama Blue Valentine ( 2010 ) , earning him a second Golden Globe nomination . Gosling co-starred in three mainstream films in 2011the romantic comedy-drama Crazy , Stupid , Love , the political drama The Ides of March , and the action thriller Driveand received two more Golden Globe nominations . Gosling 's directorial debut Lost River was released in 2014 to poor reviews . Greater success came to Gosling when he starred in two critically acclaimed filmsthe financial comedy-drama The Big Short ( 2015 ) and the musical La La Land ( 2016 ) . For the latter , he won a Golden Globe Award and received a second Oscar nomination .   Gosling 's band , Dead Man 's Bones , released their self-titled debut album and toured North America in 2009 . He is a co-owner of Tagine , a Moroccan restaurant in Beverly Hills , California . He is a supporter of PETA , Invisible Children and the Enough Project and has traveled to Chad , Uganda and eastern Congo to raise awareness about conflicts in the regions .

neg: Front (military) A military front or battlefront is a contested armed frontier between opposing forces . It can be a local or tactical front , or it can range to a theater . A typical front was the Western Front in France and Belgium in World War I.   The term `` home front '' has been used to denote conditions in the civilian sector of a country at war , including those involved in the production of matériel .  Both the Soviet and Polish Armies used the term `` front '' to mean an army group during the Polish-Soviet War and World War II . The equivalent of the term established in the header was the `` Theater of military operations '' .  The term `` front line city '' was used by the Germans during their long retreat from Moscow/Stalingrad to refer to metropolitan centres that had become disputed by the two combatants . Designation of a city as such resulted in administrative changes ( largely the imposition of martial law ) . In the film Downfall , the term was briefly referenced .  The term `` transferred to the front '' is often used by soldiers or personnel when their position has been changed from other activities .

neg: United States Strategic Communication According to the author Christopher Paul ( RAND ) , Strategic Communication is the `` coordinated actions , messages , images , and other forms of signaling or engagement intended to inform , influence , or persuade selected audiences in support of national objectives . '' There is often debate and discussion concerning what makes strategic communication . Regarding definition , psychological operations , public or civil affairs , information operations and public diplomacy are seemingly the least contested components of U.S. strategic communication . With those components , the most important factor that separates strategic communication from other types of communication is the synchronization and coordination of U.S. efforts . For example , in the National Strategy for Public Diplomacy and Strategic Communication , all strategic communication efforts activities should :   underscore our commitment to freedom , human rights and the dignity and equality of every human being ;  reach out to those who share our ideals ;  support those who struggle for freedom and democracy ; and  counter those who espouse ideologies of hate and oppression   Strategic communication can be a major tool against adversaries that threaten values supported by the United States . U.S. strategic communication promotes democratization and good governance . It proved vital in winning the Cold War . In the 21st Century , it is critical in countering the radical ideologies of the Islamic Republic of Iran , the Muslim Brotherhood , al - Qaeda and other extremist organizations .

neg: Redacted (film) Redacted is a 2007 American war film written and directed by Brian De Palma . It is a fictional dramatization , loosely based on the 2006 Mahmudiyah killings in Mahmoudiyah , Iraq , when U.S. Army soldiers raped an Iraqi girl and murdered her along with her family . This film , which is a companion to an earlier film by De Palma , 1989 's Casualties of War , was shot in Jordan .   Redacted premiered at the 2007 Venice Film Festival , where it earned a Silver Lion `` best director '' award . It was also shown at the Toronto International Film Festival , the New York Film Festival and the Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema . The film opened in Spain , and in fifteen theaters in limited release in the United States on November 16 , 2007 . The film received mixed reactions from critics and a poor financial response in its limited U.S. release .

neg: Daniel Ryan (actor) Daniel Ryan ( born 1968 as Daniel O'Brien ) is an English actor and writer .   He is known for starring as Darren Alexander in the BBC drama comedy Linda Green , Andrew Gilligan in The Government Inspector , Andy Coulson in Steel River Blues and Kenny Reed in The Whistleblowers . His stage credits include Macbeth , A Midsummer Night 's Dream and Richard III .   He also appeared as a man who was severely brain-damaged after drink and driving , in part of the COI 's Drinking And Driving Wrecks Lives campaign .   In 2008 he appeared in Gethsemane , a new play by David Hare at the National Theatre .   He also took over the role of Harry ( Sandy 's husband ) in the special reunion episodes of BBC sitcom As Time Goes By alongside Judi Dench and Geoffrey Palmer , the first actor to portray the part being David Michaels . Ryan also appeared in the 2008 Doctor Who episode `` Midnight '' .   In 2010 he was very well received for his performance in Posh by Laura Wade at the Royal Court Theatre in London .   As a writer , his work has been performed by the RSC and at the Edinburgh Festival .   He appeared on the Teen Drama Skins as the father of the third generation character Rich Hardbeck in 2011 and 2012 . In 2014 , he appeared in Salting the Battlefield as Bill Catcheside .   He is also known for playing the role of Dan in the Sky Living comedy-drama , Mount Pleasant since 2011 .   In 2015 he appeared as Colonel Anthony Forbes-Leith in the BBC TV series Father Brown episode 3.9 `` The Truth in the Wine '' .   He has played Welsh butcher Bryn Brindsley in the ITV war-time drama Home Fires from 2015 .

neg: Ethnography Ethnography ( from Greek ἔθνος ethnos `` folk , people , nation '' and γράφω grapho `` I write '' ) is the systematic study of people and cultures . It is designed to explore cultural phenomena where the researcher observes society from the point of view of the subject of the study . An ethnography is a means to represent graphically and in writing the culture of a group . The word can thus be said to have a `` double meaning '' , which partly depends on whether it is used as a count noun or uncountably . The resulting field study or a case report reflects the knowledge and the system of meanings in the lives of a cultural group .   Ethnography , as the presentation of empirical data on human societies and cultures , was pioneered in the biological , social , and cultural branches of anthropology , but it has also become popular in the social sciences in general -- sociology , communication studies , history -- wherever people study ethnic groups , formations , compositions , resettlements , social welfare characteristics , materiality , spirituality , and a people 's ethnogenesis . The typical ethnography is a holistic study and so includes a brief history , and an analysis of the terrain , the climate , and the habitat . In all cases it should be reflexive , make a substantial contribution toward the understanding of the social life of humans , have an aesthetic impact on the reader , and express a credible reality . An ethnography records all observed behavior and describes all symbol-meaning relations , using concepts that avoid causal explanations .

neg: List of accolades received by 127 Hours 127 Hours is a 2010 British independent biographical adventure film directed by Danny Boyle . It stars James Franco in the principal role as real-life mountain climber Aron Ralston , whose hand was trapped under a boulder in a Utah ravine for more than five days in April 2003 . Adapted from Ralston 's autobiography Between a Rock and a Hard Place , 127 Hourss screenplay was written by Boyle and Simon Beaufoy . Distributors Fox Searchlight and Pathé gave the feature limited releases in the United States and United Kingdom on 5 November 2010 and 7 January 2011 , respectively . It grossed # 35.8 million at the box office by the end of its worldwide theatrical run . Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator surveyed 215 reviews and judged 93 % to be positive .  Additionally , 127 Hours appeared on more than two dozen movie reviewers ' Top Ten lists for the best movies of 2010 .   The film has received honors for its direction , music , cinematography and writing , as well as for the lead performance by Franco . At the 68th Golden Globe Awards ceremony , 127 Hours earned three nominations : for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , Best Original Score and Best Screenplay . The picture was nominated in nine Satellite Award categories , including direction , score , sound , original song and visual effects . It also received nine nominations from the Broadcast Film Critics Association . The 64th British Academy Film Awards nominated it for eight of their awards , including Best Director , Best Editing , Best Music and Best Sound . Additionally , 127 Hours was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Film , but lost to The King 's Speech . It performed similarly at the 83rd Academy Awards , where it was nominated in six categories : Best Actor , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Film Editing , Best Original Score , Best Original Song ( for `` If I Rise '' ) and Best Picture , but lost respectively in all categories to The King 's Speech , The Social Network , and Toy Story 3 .   Franco was named Best Actor by the New York Film Critics Online and 2010 Independent Spirit Awards . He also received recognition from the Screen Actors Guild , at their 17th annual ceremony . Franco 's arm amputation scene towards the end of 127 Hours was nominated at the viewer-voted 2011 MTV Movie Awards . Boyle 's and Beaufoy 's efforts on the movie 's script earned them nominations from the Writers Guild of America and Evening Standard British Film Awards . Along with producer Christian Colson , Boyle garnered another nomination , this time from the Producers Guild of America . The Detroit Film Critics Society honored Boyle as Best Director . Suttirat Larlarb 's input on the movie 's production design earned her one nomination from the Art Directors Guild . The film 's cinematography garnered nominations at the 2010 Houston Film Critics Awards and the 2010 San Diego Film Critics Society Awards . The American Film Institute listed 127 Hours as one of the ten best movies of 2010 .

neg: FilmAid International FilmAid International is a non-profit humanitarian organization that uses film to educate and entertain displaced people around the world . FilmAid was founded during the Balkan crisis in 1999 by producer Caroline Baron ( Capote , Monsoon Wedding ) to assist with refugee communities in Macedonia suffering the effects of war , poverty , displacement and disaster .  Since 1999 , FilmAid has worked in partnership with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) and other global aid organizations to help bring information and training to more than two million people worldwide .  FilmAid produces and distributes community-based films on public health and safety issues such as maternal health , HIV , cholera , gender-based violence and conflict resolution .  Using inflatable screens and other ` Mobile Cinema ' units , FilmAid screenings aims to overcome language and literacy boundaries .  FilmAid currently works in Kenya , in the large refugee camps of Dadaab and Kakuma as well as informal settlements in Nairobi and Mombassa , with Burmese refugees in Thailand and also in Haiti .  FilmAid is a global federation of nonprofit , charitable organizations . Members include FilmAid International ( the founding organization ) , FilmAid Asia , FilmAid Kenya , and FilmAid U.K.

neg: Israeli–Palestinian conflict The Israeli -- Palestinian conflict ( -LSB- Ha'Sikhsukh Ha'Yisraeli - Falestini ; -LSB- al-Niza ' a al ` Filastini al ` Israili ) is the ongoing struggle between Israelis and Palestinians that began in the mid-20th century . The conflict is wide-ranging , and the term is sometimes also used in reference to the earlier sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine , between the Jewish yishuv and the Arab population under British rule . It has been referred to as the world 's `` most intractable conflict '' , with the ongoing Israeli occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip reaching years .   Despite a long-term peace process and the general reconciliation of Israel with Egypt and Jordan , Israelis and Palestinians have failed to reach a final peace agreement . The key issues are : mutual recognition , borders , security , water rights , control of Jerusalem , Israeli settlements , Palestinian freedom of movement , and Palestinian right of return . The violence of the conflict , in a region rich in sites of historic , cultural and religious interest worldwide , has been the object of numerous international conferences dealing with historic rights , security issues and human rights , and has been a factor hampering tourism in and general access to areas that are hotly contested .   Many attempts have been made to broker a two-state solution , involving the creation of an independent Palestinian state alongside the State of Israel ( after Israel 's establishment in 1948 ) . In 2007 , the majority of both Israelis and Palestinians , according to a number of polls , preferred the two-state solution over any other solution as a means of resolving the conflict . Moreover , a majority of Jews see the Palestinians ' demand for an independent state as just , and thinks Israel can agree to the establishment of such a state . The majority of Palestinians and Israelis in the West Bank and Gaza Strip have expressed a preference for a two-state solution . Mutual distrust and significant disagreements are deep over basic issues , as is the reciprocal scepticism about the other side 's commitment to upholding obligations in an eventual agreement .   Within Israeli and Palestinian society , the conflict generates a wide variety of views and opinions . This highlights the deep divisions which exist not only between Israelis and Palestinians , but also within each society . A hallmark of the conflict has been the level of violence witnessed for virtually its entire duration . Fighting has been conducted by regular armies , paramilitary groups , terror cells , and individuals . Casualties have not been restricted to the military , with a large number of fatalities in civilian population on both sides . There are prominent international actors involved in the conflict .   The two parties engaged in direct negotiation are the Israeli government , currently led by Benjamin Netanyahu , and the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) , currently headed by Mahmoud Abbas . The official negotiations are mediated by an international contingent known as the Quartet on the Middle East ( the Quartet ) represented by a special envoy , that consists of the United States , Russia , the European Union , and the United Nations . The Arab League is another important actor , which has proposed an alternative peace plan . Egypt , a founding member of the Arab League , has historically been a key participant .   Since 2006 , the Palestinian side has been fractured by conflict between the two major factions : Fatah , the traditionally dominant party , and its later electoral challenger , Hamas . After Hamas 's electoral victory in 2006 , the Quartet conditioned future foreign assistance to the Palestinian National Authority ( PA ) on the future government 's commitment to non-violence , recognition of the State of Israel , and acceptance of previous agreements . Hamas rejected these demands , which resulted in the Quartet 's suspension of its foreign assistance program , and the imposition of economic sanctions by the Israelis . A year later , following Hamas 's seizure of power in the Gaza Strip in June 2007 , the territory officially recognized as the PA was split between Fatah in the West Bank , and Hamas in the Gaza Strip . The division of governance between the parties had effectively resulted in the collapse of bipartisan governance of the PA. . However , in 2014 , a Palestinian Unity Government , composed of both Fatah and Hamas , was formed . The latest round of peace negotiations began in July 2013 and was suspended in 2014 .

neg: Many Wars Ago Uomini contro ( internationally released as Many Wars Ago ) is a 1970 Italo-Yugoslav anti war drama film directed by Francesco Rosi . It is based on the memoir by Emilio Lussu `` Un anno sull ` altopiano '' The Italian title is ( most likely ) ambiguous and difficult to translate ( `` Men against '' is a word by word translation ) . However `` Un anno sull ` altopiano '' means `` A year on the plateau '' . The film was screened at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival in honor of Francesco Rosi , deceased a few weeks before .

neg: Ryan Gallagher Ryan Gallagher is a Scottish investigative journalist . He writes for The Intercept about security and civil liberties , reporting on classified documents leaked by former National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden . He has previously worked for The Guardian , Slate , and the Financial Times .   In August 2014 , Gallagher revealed the existence of ICREACH , an NSA search engine that he alleged is `` the largest system for internally sharing secret surveillance records in the United States . '' In March 2014 , with Glenn Greenwald , he revealed a joint NSA and British Government Communications Headquarters program to infect millions of computers with malware , a report that prompted Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg to personally call U.S. President Barack Obama to complain .   In 2013 , Gallagher was threatened by a private security contractor while working on a story exposing the use of facial recognition technology at the Statue of Liberty in New York .   He is listed on the New America Foundation 's website as a Future Tense Fellow under a program that seeks `` to bring exceptionally promising new voices and ideas into the nation 's public discourse . ''

neg: Midwest Independent Film Festival The Midwest Independent Film Festival is the nation 's only film festival solely dedicated to the Midwest filmmaker . Only films from the eight-state Midwest region of Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , Ohio and Wisconsin are considered for screening . This film festival is also unique in that it is held throughout the year , presenting audiences with the finest independent films from the Midwest every first Tuesday of the month .   The Midwest Independent Film Festival prides itself on showcasing emerging directors , powerful artistic visions , and strong cinematic stories . These exceptional films combine with an exciting social atmosphere and a state-of-the-art screening venue to create one of the premier festivals in the Midwest .   The Midwest Independent Film Festival is hosted every first Tuesday of the month at Chicago 's Landmark Century Centre Cinema of Landmark Theatres . Sponsors include Resolution Digital Studios , Zacuto , Fletcher Chicago , Orbit Media Studios , O'Connor Casting , Flashpoint The Academy of Media Arts and Sciences , Zipcar , The Chicago Film Office , The Illinois Film Office , Zaroban Design , Crunch Fitness , Getty Images , Screen Magazine and Kodak .   This festival is sometimes referred to as `` The Midwest Film Festival , '' `` The Midwest Indie , '' or simply `` The Midwest . ''

neg: New wars New wars is a term advanced by British academic Mary Kaldor to characterize warfare in the post-Cold War era . This form of warfare is characterized by :  violence between varying combinations of state and non-state networks  fighting in the name of identity politics as opposed to ideology  attempts to achieve political , rather than physical , control of the population through fear and terror  conflict financed not necessarily through the state , but through other predatory means that seek the continuation of violence  Other terms used for the concept include `` wars among the people '' , `` wars of the third kind '' , `` hybrid wars '' , `` privatized wars '' , and `` post-modern wars '' . The new wars thesis has been adopted and adapted by other authors , as well as critiqued from various perspectives .

neg: Conflict Kitchen Conflict Kitchen is a take-out restaurant in Pittsburgh that serves only ethnic foods from countries with which the United States is in conflict . The menu focuses on one nation at a time , rotating every three to five months , and features related educational programming , from lunch hour with scholars , film screenings , and trivia nights . Since the opening in 2010 , the restaurant has introduced the cuisines of Iran , Afghanistan , Cuba , North Korea , Venezuela , Palestine , and most recently , Iroquois . Referring to the informational brochures distributed with meals , NPR described the restaurant as `` an experimental public art project -- and the medium is the sandwich wrap . ''

neg: Tarek Heggy Tarek Heggy ( طارق حجى , -LSB- ˈtˤɑːɾˤeʔ ˈħeɡɡi -RSB- ; born October 12 , 1950 ) is an Egyptian liberal author , political thinker and international petroleum strategist . Heggy is one of Egypt 's more prominent authors on the subject of Egypt 's need for political reform . His extensive writings advocate the values of modernity , democracy , tolerance , and women 's rights in the Middle East -- advancing them as universal values essential to the region 's progress . He has lectured at universities throughout the world and various international institutions and think tanks , such as the Heritage Foundation , the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , and the Council on Foreign Relations .   Heggy 's main themes are the need for economic , political , cultural and educational reforms in Egypt and the Middle East . He emphasizes respect for individual rights and the power of human reason to drive the sciences forward . He is an advocate of creativity and the arts , gender equality , free markets , non-sectarian public administration , and the utilization of modern management techniques .   Tarek Heggy 's two books ( published just before the Arab Spring ) , The Arab Cocoon ( 2010 ) and The Arab Mind Bound ( 2011 ) , examine if and why the Arab world is resistant to Western forms of progress . Heggy puts forth that it is Arab culture , broadly construed , that is holding the region back . He believes that neither U.S. foreign policy nor the existence of Israel are the primary reasons for this . Nor does he believe European colonialism , the global capitalist system , or the league of autocratic rulers who clung ( and in places , continue to cling ) to power thanks to oil revenues or outside military aid are the causes . Heggy draws on his cosmopolitan background , business experience , and discussions with public intellectuals of every persuasion to critique Arab culture .   The mindset Heggy describes is prone to a literal , politicized version of Islam , which is a major contributor to the Arab malaise . The core of Heggy 's most important contention is encapsulated by this metaphor in The Arab Mind Bound : Arab culture is `` shackled with two heavy chains '' : attached to one is the species of Islam promulgated by Saudi Wahhabis and to a lesser extent , the Muslim Brotherhood ; attached to the other is a dysfunctional educational system that perpetuates the `` defective thought processes , intellectual distortions and negative delusions '' that yield endemic stagnation in every sphere . It follows that no attempt to address the myriad political and economic problems facing the Arab-Islamic world will be successful without religious , cultural , and educational reforms .   According to Bernard Lewis , a Cleveland E. Dodge Professor Emeritus of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University , Heggy is a `` courageous and distinctive voice from Egypt '' and provides `` a candid and provocative inside view of the current problems of the Arab world . '' Heggy has participated in the BBC/Doha Debate on the Separation of Mosque and State .

neg: Dirty War (disambiguation) Dirty War may refer to :   Dirty wars , offensives conducted by regimes against their dissidents , marked by the use of torture and forced disappearance of civilians .  Historical Events  Dirty War , ( Argentina , 1975 and 1980 ) State-sponsored violence against dissident and other citizens carried out by Jorge Rafael Videla 's military government .  Dirty War ( Mexico ) , ( 1960s and 1990s ) Internal conflict between the CIA backed PRI-party government and left-wing student and guerrilla groups .  GAL ( Spain , 1983 to 1987 ) , one of the illegal death squads established to fight Basque independentism .  Years of Lead ( Morocco ) , ( 1960s through the 1980s ) The events that occurred under the rule of King Hassan II are sometimes described as Dirty War .  The Troubles ( 1968-1998 ) , The Ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland is often described as a dirty war .  Other  Dirty War ( film ) , a 2004 British television film about a terrorist attack on central London .  Dirty Wars : The World Is a Battlefield , a 2013 book by Jeremy Scahill about U.S. covert warfare .  Dirty Wars ( film ) , a 2013 documentary film based on Scahill 's book .

neg: William Gosling (VC) Major William Gosling VC ( 15 August 1892 -- 12 February 1945 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .   William Gosling was born in Wanborough , Wiltshire , one of four children to farmer Albert Gosling and his wife Elizabeth . After his education in the village school he worked alongside his father as a wheat farmer . Following his father 's death in a farming accident , the family relocated to Wroughton where Elizabeth , assisted by William and his two elder brothers , took up tenancy of Artis Farm .   In 1908 William enlisted with the Territorial Force and at the age of 18 years emigrated to Canada where he worked on grain silos before becoming a fireman on the Canadian Pacific Railway .   Following the outbreak of the First World War he paid for his own passage home and enlisted with the 3rd Wessex Brigade , Royal Field Artillery . He departed for France on 6 May 1915 where his battalion was attached to the 51st Highland Division stationed near Arras .   During the precursor bombardment to the Battle of Arras , on 5 April 1917 Gosling was a battery sergeant in charge of several heavy trench mortars . A bomb was fired from a Stokes Mortar from Sergeant Gosling 's battery . `` Owing to a faulty cartridge the bomb , after discharge , fell 10 yards from the mortar . Sergeant Gosling sprang out , lifted the nose of the bomb which had sunk into the ground , unscrewed the fuse and threw it on the ground , where it immediately exploded . This very gallant and prompt action undoubtedly saved the lives of the whole detachment '' . For this action he was awarded the Victoria Cross and was presented with the award by King George V outside Buckingham Palace on 21 July 1917 .   After the war William Gosling returned to his home village of Wroughton to take up the tenancy of Summerhouse Farm . He was vice-president of the Wroughton branch of the Royal British Legion and served as a Parish Councillor for 14 years between 1922 and 1936 . During World War II , the decorated war hero served as a major in the Home Guard .   William managed and worked his dairy farm in Wroughton for the remainder of his life . He died at his home on 12 February 1945 aged 52 . He is buried in the parish churchyard of St John the Baptist & St. Helen 's church .

neg: Sam Golzari Sam Golzari ( سام گلزاری born 12 July 1979 ) is a British actor of Iranian descent active in the United States . He is known for his debut role in American Dreamz .   Golzari was born in Hammersmith , London , England , to parents of Persian origin . He received his BA from UCLA in 2003 , where he worked in the Conservatory Acting Program .   Golzari got his start at the age of four as a Michael Jackson impersonator . Besides his work at UCLA , Golzari has also been a lab member of the Latino Theater Company under Jose Luis Valenzuela . Golzari 's plans were to stay in the theater , but while at college he started working on student films . It was there that he began to find a love for the craft of filmmaking . His short film The Break won an award for the `` best ensemble cast '' at the Method Fest film festival . After this , he got his TV debut when the Showtime network aired his film The Invisible Man , directed by UCLA film student Angela Mrema .   After college graduation , Golzari landed the first Hollywood film for which he auditioned , American Dreamz . In the film he stars alongside Hugh Grant , Mandy Moore and Dennis Quaid . Since that film , he plays the role of Kameron in the film 21 alongside Jim Sturgess and Kevin Spacey . He has also worked with Tony Shalhoub on the film AmericanEast , as well as an all-improv mockumentary , Juan Francis : Live , produced by Norman Lear .   Golzari is also a founding member of the LA-based band the Elevaters , who have released a self-titled EP as well as a full-length album entitled `` Rising . ''   He has also appeared in 2016 American film , Jimmy Vestvood : Amerikan Hero .

neg: James Foley (journalist) James Wright `` Jim '' Foley ( October 18 , 1973 -- c. August 19 , 2014 ) was an American journalist and video reporter . While working as a freelance war correspondent during the Syrian Civil War , he was abducted on November 22 , 2012 , in northwestern Syria . He was beheaded in August 2014 purportedly as a response to American airstrikes in Iraq , thus becoming the first American citizen killed by the Islamic State of Iraq ( ISIS ) .   Before he became a journalist , Foley was an instructor for Teach For America . In 2009 , he became an embedded journalist with USAID-funded development projects in Iraq , and in 2011 he wrote for the military newspaper Stars and Stripes in Afghanistan , and GlobalPost in Libya . There , he was captured by Gaddafi loyalist forces and held for 44 days . The next year , James Foley was captured in Syria while he was working for Agence France-Presse and GlobalPost .

neg: Paraspace The term ` paraspace ' comes from Samuel R. Delany , a ` space ' existing parallel to normal or ordinary space . According to Delany , the para-space is an alternate space that ` exists parallel to the normal space of the diegesis -- a rhetorically heightened  `` other realm ''' ( Bukatman 1993 : 157 ) . Bukatman ( 1993 : 157 ) says `` Cyberspace is clearly a '' paraspace ' . '   `` Delany connects cyberpunk to the mysterious lunar artifact of Algis Budrys ' Rogue Moon and early evocations of outer space , all of which use inflated rhetoric to differentiate `` paraspace '' from mundane dimensions '' Samuel Review Essay .   Paraspace is defined by Barry Malzberg as `` the condition of hyperspace -LSB- that -RSB- is itself insane '' ( as cited by Bukatman , 1993 : 157 ) .   Michael Fisch ( 2004 : 371 , citing Murakami , 2002 : 157 ) comments `` While the para-space is often inaugurated through cognition it is always a ` materially manifested ' and ` linguistically intensified ' space in which ` conflicts that begin in ordinary space are resolved ' ''  ( Murakami 2002 : 157 ) .   Implications   Walter Benjamin ( 1936/1968 ) declare the end of storytelling because of its incapacity to relate traumatic experiences , such as warfare , shell shock in World War I . As work lost its spaces to practice not just storytelling , but storylistening , the skills of interpretation of experience atrophied .   Paraspace is the hyperspace gone insane ( Malzberg , The worker flesh-body is displaced by the corporate ad-inventions , set on the global stage of `` technoorganic reconstructions of the flesh '' ( Bukatman , 1993 : 19 ) .   Walter Benjamin ( 1936 ) declared that the art of storytelling is coming to an end . We can no longer tell a tale of trauma properly . We can no longer exchange our experiences of trauma of war ( PTSD ) , economic collapse sending millions into homelessness , including veterans of the recent wars , the ubiquitousness of sweatshops , and so on . Of relevance to paraspace , the lost art of storytelling has an accumulated effect ( Fisch , 2004 : p. 365 ) ; it gets worth with cyber-real . / When the ` real ' pokes through the cyberspace , it gets quickly displaced by obfuscation . Our ` real ' in hyperspace is not closer to Lacanian Real ( FIsch , p. 372 ) .   Paraspace is invisible , yet has material consequences ( Bukatman , 1992 ) .   Benjamin , W. ( 1936/1968 ) Illuminations , New York : Harcourt Brace & World .   Bukatman , S. ( 1992 ) . Amidst These Fields of Data : Allegory , Rhetoric , and the Paraspace . Critique : Studies in Contemporary Fiction , 33 ( 3 ) , 199-219 .   Bukatman , S. ( 1993 ) Terminal Identity : The Virtual Subject in Postmodern Science Fiction , Durham ,  NC : Duke University Press .   Delany , Samuel R. ( 1988 ) . Some real mothers : An interview with Samuel R. Delany by Takayuki Tatsumi . '' Science Fiction Eye , 1 , # 3 : 5-11 .   Fisch , M. ( 2004 , October ) . In search of the real : technology , shock and language in Murakami Haruki 's Sputnik Sweetheart . In Japan Forum ( Vol . 16 , No. 3 , pp. 361 -- 383 ) . Taylor & Francis .   Murakami , H. ( 2002 ) Sputnik Sweetheart , trans . P. Gabriel , New York : Vintage International .

neg: We Are Many (film) We Are Many is a documentary film about the February 2003 global day of protest against the Iraq War , directed by Amir Amirani . Social movement researchers have described the 15 February protest as `` the largest protest event in human history . Surprisingly , Tony Blair 's ally Lord Falconer says the anti-war march did change things :   `` If a million people come out on the streets in the future , then what government is going to say they are wrong now ? ''