query: Didier Drogba is not a former team captain.

pos: Didier Drogba Didier Yves Drogba Tébily ( -LSB- didje dʁɔɡba -RSB- ; born 11 March 1978 ) is an Ivorian professional footballer who plays as a striker for American club Phoenix Rising FC . He is the all-time top scorer and former captain of the Ivory Coast national team . He is best known for his career at Chelsea , for whom he has scored more goals than any other foreign player and is currently the club 's fourth highest goal scorer of all time . He has been named African Footballer of the Year twice , winning the accolade in 2006 and 2009 .   After playing in youth teams , Drogba made his professional debut aged 18 for Ligue 2 club Le Mans , and signed his first professional contract aged 21 . After finishing the 2002 -- 03 season with 17 goals in 34 appearances for Ligue 1 side Guingamp , he moved to Olympique de Marseille , where he finished as the third highest scorer in the 2003 -- 04 season with 19 goals and helped the club reach the 2004 UEFA Cup Final .   In the summer of 2004 , Drogba moved to Premier League club Chelsea for a club record # 24 million fee , making him the most expensive Ivorian player in history . In his debut season he helped the club win their first league title in 50 years , and a year later he won another Premier League title . In March 2012 , he became the first African player to score 100 Premier League goals , and also became the only player in history to score in four separate FA Cup finals the same year , when he scored in Chelsea 's win over Liverpool in the 2012 final . He also played in the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final , in which he scored an 88th-minute equaliser and the winning penalty in the deciding shoot-out against Bayern Munich . After spending 6 months with Shanghai Shenhua in China , and one and a half seasons with Turkish club Galatasaray where he scored the winning goal in the final of the 2013 Turkish Super Cup , Drogba returned to Chelsea in July 2014 . With a career record of scoring 10 goals in 10 finals winning 10 trophies at club level , Drogba has been referred to as the `` ultimate big game player . ''   An Ivory Coast international between 2002 and 2014 , Drogba captained the national team from 2006 until his retirement from the Ivory Coast team and is the nation 's all-time top goalscorer with 65 goals from 104 appearances . He led the Ivory Coast to the 2006 FIFA World Cup , their first appearance in the tournament , and also scored their first goal . He later captained the Ivory Coast at the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cups . He was part of the Ivory Coast teams that reached the final of the Africa Cup of Nations in 2006 and 2012 , but were beaten on penalties on both occasions . On 8 August 2014 , he announced his retirement from international football .

neg: Aviron Bayonnais FC Aviron Bayonnais Football Club ( -LSB- a.vi.ʁɔ̃ ba.jɔ.nɛ -RSB- ; commonly referred to as simply Bayonne ) is a French association football club based in Bayonne . The club is a part of a sports club that was formed in 1904 that is also known for its rugby union club . The football club was founded in 1935 and currently play in the Championnat de France Amateur 2 , the fifth level of French football . Bayonne plays its home matches at the Stade Didier Deschamps located in the city . It is named after Bayonne native , former youth player and the 1998 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2000 winning captain Didier Deschamps , who also played for Marseille and Juventus .

neg: Didier Bassamagne Moundoubou Didier Bassamagne Moundobou ( born June 1 , 1992 in Yaoundé ) is a Cameroonian football player . He currently plays for ES Sétif in the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 .

neg: France Football European Team of the Year The France Football European Team of the Year ( offic . fr . Challenge Européen de Football ) , also known as European Challenge Interclubs , was an association football award conferred by French sports magazine France Football with the sponsorship of German multinational corporation Adidas , and was held in Europe for the first time in 1968 based in clubs ' performance in seasonal association and UEFA competitions .   The award was officially discontinued following the Adidas decision of not renewing its commercial contract with the French publication after it awarded the 1990 winner teams in a gala held in Paris , in January 1991 . Subsequently , the Germany 's designs and manufacturers corporation became the main sponsor of the FIFA World Player of the Year Award .

neg: Mathieu Valbuena Mathieu Valbuena ( -LSB- ma.tjø val.bwe.na -RSB- ; born 28 September 1984 ) is a French international footballer who plays for Ligue 1 club Lyon and the France national team . He plays as an attacking midfielder and a winger and is known for his pace , technical ability , and tenacious style of play . He is described by his former coach at Libourne Saint-Seurin Didier Tholot as `` an explosive player who is capable of quickly taking two opponents out of the game to create space , above all due to his dribbling skills . '' Due to his small stature , Valbuena is nicknamed le petit vélo , which translates to `` the small bike '' . This is a play on Valbuena 's size and the fact that Marseille 's home ground is called the Stade Vélodrome .   Valbuena began his career at professional club Bordeaux . He was let go from the club after two seasons and subsequently joined amateur club Langon-Castets in the fifth division of French football . In 2004 , Valbuena joined Libourne Saint-Seurin in the Championnat National , the third level of French football . The midfielder had a good 2005 -- 06 season with the club and signed with Ligue 1 club Marseille , prior to the 2006 -- 07 season . With Marseille , Valbuena played in the UEFA Champions League for the first time and , in the 2009 -- 10 season , was part of the team that won the league and league cup double , as well as the Trophée des champions .   Valbuena is a French international and made his debut with the team in May 2010 in a friendly match against Costa Rica . He scored his first international goal in the same match and was named to the team to participate in the 2010 FIFA World Cup as a result . Valbuena appeared in only one of the three matches France contested at the World Cup . In November 2010 , he scored his second career international goal against England at Wembley Stadium .

neg: Hong Kong national football team The Hong Kong national football team , represents Hong Kong in international association football competitions such as the FIFA World Cup , AFC Asian Cup and East Asian Football Championship . The team is represented and supervised by the Hong Kong Football Association , the governing body for football in Hong Kong . Although usually known as simply Hong Kong , the EAFF refer to the team as Hong Kong , China .   The team had been representing Hong Kong in international football events before 1997 when Hong Kong was a colony of the United Kingdom . It continues to represent Hong Kong even after Hong Kong was handed over to the People 's Republic of China by the United Kingdom and became a special administrative region of the People 's Republic of China in 1997 . This team is a separate team from the national team of the People 's Republic of China , as the Basic Law and the principle of `` One country , two systems '' allows Hong Kong to maintain its own representative teams in international sports competitions . In Hong Kong , the Hong Kong football team is colloquially referred as the `` Hong Kong team '' ( Chinese : 香港隊 ) , while the Chinese national team is referred as the `` national team '' ( Chinese : 國家隊 ) .

neg: UEFA Euro 2016 The 2016 UEFA European Championship , commonly referred to as UEFA Euro 2016 or simply Euro 2016 , was the 15th UEFA European Championship , the quadrennial international men 's football championship of Europe organised by UEFA . It was held in France from 10 June to 10 July 2016 . Spain were the two-time defending champions , having won the 2008 and 2012 tournaments , but were eliminated in the round of 16 by Italy . Portugal won the tournament for the first time , following a 1 -- 0 victory after extra time over the host team , France , in the final played at the Stade de France .   For the first time , the European Championship final tournament was contested by 24 teams , having been expanded from the 16-team format used since 1996 . Under the new format , the finalists contested a group stage consisting of six groups of four teams , followed by a knockout phase including three rounds and the final . Nineteen teams -- the top two from each of the nine qualifying groups and the best third-placed team -- joined France in the final tournament , who qualified automatically as hosts ; a series of two-legged play-off ties between the remaining third-placed teams in November 2015 decided the last four finalist spots .   France was chosen as the host nation on 28 May 2010 , after a bidding process in which they beat Italy and Turkey for the right to host the 2016 finals . The matches were played in ten stadiums in ten cities : Bordeaux , Lens , Lille Métropole , Décines-Charpieu , Marseille , Nice , Paris , Saint-Denis , Saint-Étienne , and Toulouse . It was the third time that France hosted the finals , after the inaugural tournament in 1960 and the 1984 finals .   As the winners , Portugal earned the right to compete at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia .

neg: History of FC Barcelona The history of Futbol Club Barcelona goes from the football club 's founding in 1899 and up to current time . FC Barcelona , also known simply as Barcelona and familiarly as Barça , is based in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . The team was founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss , English and Spanish footballers led by Joan Gamper . The club played amateur football until 1910 in various regional competitions . In 1910 , the club participated in their first of many European competitions , and has since amassed ten UEFA trophies and a sextuple . In 1928 , Barcelona co-founded La Liga , the top-tier in Spanish football , along with a string of other clubs . As of 2016 , Barcelona has never been relegated from La Liga , a record they share with Athletic Bilbao and arch-rival Real Madrid .   The history of super Barcelona has often been political . Though it is a club created and run by foreigners , Barcelona gradually became a club associated with Catalan values . In Spain 's transition to autocracy in 1925 , Catalonia became increasingly hostile towards the central government in Madrid . The hostility enhanced Barcelona 's image as a focal point for Catalonism , and when Francisco Franco banned the use of the Catalan language , the stadium of Barcelona became one of the few places the people could express their dissatisfaction . The Spanish transition to democracy in 1978 has not dampened the club 's image of Catalan pride . In the 2000s -- a period of sporting success in the club and an increased focus on Catalan players -- club officials have openly called for Catalonia to become an independent state .

neg: FLN football team The FLN football team ( in -LSB- Media : Ar-FLN soccer team.oga , فريق جبهة التحرير الوطني لكرة القدم -RSB- , in Équipe du FLN de football ) , also known as Le onze de l'indépendance ( The eleven of the Independence ) was a team made up mainly of professional players in France , who then joined the Algerian independence movement of the National Liberation Front ( FLN ) , and assisted in organizing football matches against national football teams .

neg: Arhiba FC Arhiba FC , or simply Arhiba , is a Djiboutian football club located in Arhiba , Djibouti . It currently plays in the Djibouti Premier League .

neg: Fla–Flu Fla -- Flu ( truncation of Flamengo-Fluminense ) is an association football match between cross-town rivals Flamengo and Fluminense . Matches take place in the 78,000-seat Maracanã Stadium , located near downtown Rio de Janeiro , in the city 's Maracanã district . The world record football match attendance between clubs is a Fla 0-0 Flu with 194,603 ( 177,656 paid ) in 1963 .   The moniker Fla -- Flu was coined by the journalist Mário Filho during the professionalization of Rio de Janeiro 's football .   Flamengo is the most successful team in Rio State Championship by one championship . Flamengo has won it 33 times while Fluminense has won 31 . Flamengo has won 6 Brazilian National Championships , as defined by the CBF , the 1987 Copa União ( an independent league organised by the Club of 13 ) and 3 Brazilian Cups . Fluminense has won 4 Brazilian National Championships and 1 Brazilian Cup . Fluminense has won the Copa Rio , which it claims to be equivalent to an intercontinental club tournament . Flamengo has won one Libertadores Cup and one Intercontinental Cup , both in 1981 . Fluminense is the only team in the world that holds the IOC 's Olympic Cup ( `` Coupe Olympique '' or `` Taça Olímpica '' ) , a non-competitive award for distinguished service in upholding the ideals of the Olympic Movement and to recognise the particular merits of institutions or associations and their services rendered to sport , conquered in 1949 .   The rivalry between these two clubs began in October 1911 , when a group of dissatisfied players from Fluminense left the club , and went to Flamengo , which at the time had no football department . The first Fla -- Flu ever was played the following year , on July 7 , 1912 at Laranjeiras stadium . Fluminense won this match 3-2 , with 800 people in attendance .   The Fla -- Flu matches are mentioned in Lamartine Babo 's unofficial , but very popular , Flamengo anthem composed in 1942 .

neg: Football in Ivory Coast Football is a popular sport in Côte d'Ivoire . The national team won the Africa Cup of Nations in Senegal in 1992 . In 2006 they participated in the 2006 World Cup in Germany . The youth national teams have also done well in world championships , and the clubs from Côte d'Ivoire have won several continental titles . Among famous players from the country are Kolo Touré of Liverpool , Chelsea striker and former national team captain , Didier Drogba , Wilfried Bony and Yaya Touré of Manchester City , Gervinho and Seydou Doumbia of Roma , and Salomon Kalou of Hertha Berlin .   The Ivory Coast national team won a second African cup of nations in 2015 .

neg: Didier Ibrahim Ndong Didier Ibrahim Ndong ( born 17 June 1994 ) is a Gabonese footballer , who plays as a midfielder for Premier League club Sunderland and the Gabonese national team .

neg: FC Nantes Football Club de Nantes ( , Gallo : Naunnt ) , commonly referred to as FC Nantes or simply Nantes ( -LSB- nɑ̃t -RSB- ) , is a French association football club based in Nantes , Pays de la Loire . The club was founded on 21 April 1943 , during World War II , as a result of local clubs based in the city coming together to form one large club . From 1992 to 2007 , the club was referred to as FC Nantes Atlantique before reverting to its current name at the start of the 2007 -- 08 season . Nantes currently play in Ligue 1 , the first division of French football . The first-team is currently managed by Sérgio Conceição and captained by goalkeeper Rémy Riou .   Nantes is one of the most successful clubs in French football , having won eight Ligue 1 titles , three Coupe de France wins and attained one Coupe de la Ligue victory . The club is famous for its jeu à la nantaise ( `` Nantes-style play '' ) , its collective spirit , mainly advocated under coaches José Arribas , Jean-Claude Suaudeau and Raynald Denoueix and for its youth system , which has produced players such as Marcel Desailly , Didier Deschamps , Mickaël Landreau , Claude Makélélé , Christian Karembeu and Jérémy Toulalan . As well as Les Canaris ( The Canaries ) , Nantes is also nicknamed Les jaunes et verts ( The Green and Yellows ) and La Maison Jaune ( The Yellow House ) .

neg: Saint-Martin national football team The Saint-Martin national football team is the football team of Saint-Martin , the French half of Saint Martin island which was previously part of the French overseas department of Guadeloupe ( not to be confused with the team of the Dutch half , the Sint Maarten national football team ) and is controlled by the Comité de Football des Îles du Nord . Saint-Martin is not a member of FIFA , and is therefore not eligible to enter the World Cup , but it does compete in CONCACAF competitions .

neg: Football in Bangladesh Throughout history , football has been the most popular sport in Bangladesh and is governed by the Bangladesh Football Federation ( BFF ) .   Compared to the past , the standard of Bangladeshi football has degraded due to mismanagement , lack of support and poor investment . An interest in cricket resulting from the nation 's success in Test Cricket and participation in the Cricket World Cup overshadowed the past fame in the nation 's football . But however this did not affect football 's popularity . More football tournaments are organized in and outside Dhaka than of any other sports and football fever grips the nation during every FIFA World Cup . Federation officials and experts are still hopeful about the development of football in the country in the next ten years despite financial obstacles and lack of professionalism .

neg: Belgian Golden Shoe In association football , the Belgian Golden Shoe ( Gouden Schoen , Soulier d'Or ) is an award given in Belgium at the beginning of each civil year to the best footballer of the Belgian First Division for the past year . The trophy is sponsored by the Belgian newspaper Het Laatste Nieuws .   The voters are a selection of Belgian press specialists and football personalities . They are invited to vote for the best player of the competition for both half seasons ( previous season second half and current season first half ) . As a result , a player can receive all of his votes in one half season ( e.g. if he joined the championship from abroad during summer ) , or he can receive votes for matches with two ( or more ) different teams , as with Philippe Albert in 1992 and Mbark Boussoufa in 2006 .   Paul Van Himst has collected 4 Belgian Golden Shoes which is the current record . Jan Ceulemans and Wilfried Van Moer have both won the trophy three times . The first foreigner to win the trophy was the Dutchman Johan Boskamp , especially for his excellence during the second half of the 1974-75 season , when his club , RWDM ( currently defunct ) , won its first and only championship title . The only foreigners who have won the award more than once are the Swede Pär Zetterberg and the Moroccan Mbark Boussoufa . In 2011 , Argentinian Matías Suárez became the first South American to be awarded the Golden Shoe .   In 2016 , Tessa Wullaert was awarded the first ever Golden Shoe for women football players .

neg: Olympique Lyonnais (Women) Olympique Lyonnais Féminin ( -LSB- ɔlɛ̃pik ljɔnɛ -RSB- ; commonly referred to as Olympique Lyon , Lyon , or simply OL ) is a French women 's football club based in Lyon . It is the most successful club in the history of Division 1 Féminine with fourteen league titles . The club has been the female section of Olympique Lyonnais since 2004 . Lyon currently play in the Division 1 Féminine and are the defending champions , having won the league for eleven consecutive seasons .   The club was formed as the women 's section of FC Lyon in 1970 . In 2004 , the women 's club became the women 's section of Olympique Lyonnais . Since joining Lyon , the women 's section has won the Division 1 Féminine ten times and seven Coupe de France titles . Lyon reached the semi-finals of the 2007 -- 08 edition of the UEFA Women 's Cup and , during the 2009 -- 10 season , reached the final of the inaugural edition of the UEFA Women 's Champions League losing to German club Turbine Potsdam 7 -- 6 on penalties . In the following season , Lyon finally captured the UEFA Women 's Champions League defeating its nemesis Turbine Potsdam 2 -- 0 in the 2011 final . It successfully defended its title in 2012 , defeating FFC Frankfurt in the final .   Lyon hosts its matches at the Groupama OL training Center , a 1,524-capacity stadium that is situated not far from the Parc Olympique Lyonnais , where the male sections plays . The women 's team does host its `` big '' matches at the 55,000-seat stadium . The president of the club is Jean-Michel Aulas and the captain of the team is Wendie Renard . According to the UEFA women 's coefficient , Lyon are the highest-ranked club in UEFA .

neg: Botafogo FC (Douala) Botafogo Football Club de Douala is a Cameroonian football club . They are a member of Fédération Camerounaise de Football and currently play in the top domestic league Elite One .

neg: Antoine Kombouaré Antoine Kombouaré ( -LSB- ɑ̃.twan kɔ̃.bwa.ʁe -RSB- ; born 16 November 1963 ) is a former New Caledonian footballer and the current manager of Ligue 1 club Guingamp .

neg: Senegal at the FIFA World Cup This is a record of Senegal 's results at the FIFA World Cup . The FIFA World Cup , sometimes called the Football World Cup or the Soccer World Cup , but usually referred to simply as the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the men 's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the first tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 , due to World War II .   The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the Finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the Finals . The current format of the Finals involves 32 teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 tournament final .   Senegal have appeared in the finals of the FIFA World Cup on one occasion in 2002 where they reached the quarter finals .


query: The science fiction author Philip K. Dick wrote the alternative history novel The Man in the High Castle.

pos: Philip K. Dick Philip Kindred Dick ( December 16 , 1928March 2 , 1982 ) was an American writer notable for publishing works of science fiction .  Dick explored philosophical , social , and political themes in novels with plots dominated by monopolistic corporations , authoritarian governments , alternate universes , and altered states of consciousness . His work reflected his personal interest in metaphysics and theology , and often drew upon his life experiences in addressing the nature of reality , identity , drug abuse , schizophrenia , and transcendental experiences .   Born in Illinois before moving to California , Dick began publishing science fiction stories in the 1950s , initially finding little commercial success . His 1962 alternate history novel The Man in the High Castle earned Dick early acclaim , including a Hugo Award for Best Novel . He followed with science fiction novels such as Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? ( 1968 ) and Ubik ( 1969 ) . His 1974 novel Flow My Tears , the Policeman Said won the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for best novel . Following a series of religious experiences in February -- March 1974 , Dick 's work engaged more explicitly with issues of theology , philosophy , and the nature of reality , as in such novels as A Scanner Darkly ( 1977 ) and VALIS ( 1981 ) . A collection of his non-fiction writing on these themes was published posthumously as The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick ( 2011 ) . He died in 1982 of a stroke , aged 53 .   In addition to 44 published novels , Dick wrote approximately 121 short stories , most of which appeared in science fiction magazines during his lifetime . A variety of popular films based on his works have been produced , including Blade Runner ( 1982 ) , Total Recall ( 1990 ) , Minority Report ( 2002 ) , A Scanner Darkly ( 2006 ) , Paycheck ( 2003 ) , Next ( 2007 ) , and The Adjustment Bureau ( 2011 ) . In 2005 , Time magazine named Ubik one of the hundred greatest English-language novels published since 1923 . In 2007 , Dick became the first science fiction writer to be included in The Library of America series .

pos: The Man in the High Castle The Man in the High Castle ( 1962 ) is an alternative history novel by American writer Philip K. Dick . Set in 1962 , fifteen years after an alternative ending to World War II , the novel concerns intrigues between the victorious Axis Powers -- primarily , Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany -- as they rule over the former United States , as well as daily life under the resulting totalitarian rule . The Man in the High Castle won the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1963 and the Tähtivaeltaja Award in 1993 . The book would later receive a two season 2015 TV adaptation also under the name , The Man in the High Castle .   Reported inspirations include Ward Moore 's alternative Civil War history , Bring the Jubilee ( 1953 ) , various classic World War II histories , and the I Ching ( referred to in the novel ) . The novel features a `` novel within the novel '' comprising an alternate history within this alternate history wherein the Allies defeat the Axis ( though in a manner distinct from the actual historical outcome ) .

neg: Novel in Scotland The novel in Scotland includes all long prose fiction published in Scotland and by Scottish authors since the development of the literary format in the eighteenth century . The novel was soon a major element of Scottish literary and critical life . Tobias Smollett 's picaresque novels , such as The Adventures of Roderick Random and The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle mean that he is often seen as Scotland 's first novelist . Other Scots who contributed to the development of the novel in the eighteenth century include Henry Mackenzie and John Moore .   There was a tradition of moral and domestic fiction in the early nineteenth century that included the work of Elizabeth Hamilton , Mary Brunton and Christian Johnstone . The outstanding literary figure of the early nineteenth century was Walter Scott , whose Waverley is often called the first historical novel . He had a major worldwide influence . His success led to a publishing boom in Scotland . Major figures that benefited included James Hogg , John Galt , John Gibson Lockhart , John Wilson and Susan Ferrier . In the mid-nineteenth century major literary figures that contributed to the development of the novel included David Macbeth Moir , John Stuart Blackie , William Edmondstoune Aytoun and Margaret Oliphant . In the late nineteenth century , a number of Scottish-born authors achieved international reputations , including Robert Louis Stevenson and Arthur Conan Doyle , whose Sherlock Holmes stories helped found the tradition of detective fiction . In the last two decades of the century the `` kailyard school '' ( cabbage patch ) depicted Scotland in a rural and nostalgic fashion , often seen as a `` failure of nerve '' in dealing with the rapid changes that had swept across Scotland in the industrial revolution . Figures associated with the movement include Ian Maclaren , S. R. Crockett and J. M. Barrie , best known for his creation of Peter Pan , which helped develop the genre of fantasy , as did the work of George MacDonald .   Among the most important novels of the early twentieth century was The House with the Green Shutters by George Douglas Brown , which broke with the Kailyard tradition . John Buchan played a major role in the creation of the modern thriller with The Thirty-Nine Steps and Greenmantle . The Scottish literary Renaissance attempted to introduce modernism into art and create of a distinctive national literature . It increasingly focused on the novel . Major figures included Neil Gunn , George Blake , A. J. Cronin , Eric Linklater and Lewis Grassic Gibbon . There were also a large number of female authors associated with the movement , who included Catherine Carswell , Willa Muir , Nan Shepherd and Naomi Mitchison . Many major Scottish post-war novelists , such as Robin Jenkins , Jessie Kesson , Muriel Spark , Alexander Trocchi and James Kennaway spent most of their lives outside Scotland , but often dealt with Scottish themes . Successful mass-market works included the action novels of Alistair MacLean and the historical fiction of Dorothy Dunnett . A younger generation of novelists that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s included Allan Massie , Shena Mackay and Alan Spence . Working class identity continued to be explored by Archie Hind , Alan Sharp , George Friel and William McIlvanney .   From the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major revival , with figures including Alasdair Gray , James Kelman , Irvine Welsh , Alan Warner , Janice Galloway , A. L. Kennedy , Iain Banks , Candia McWilliam , Frank Kuppner and Andrew O'Hagan . In genre fiction Iain Banks , writing as Iain M. Banks , produced ground-breaking science fiction and Scottish crime fiction has been a major area of growth with the success of novelists including Frederic Lindsay , Quintin Jardine , Val McDermid , Denise Mina , Christopher Brookmyre , and particularly Ian Rankin and his Inspector Rebus novels . The most successful author of Scottish origins in recent years has been J. K. Rowling , author of the Harry Potter series .

neg: Aristopia Aristopia : A Romance-History of the New World is an 1895 utopian novel by Castello Holford , considered the first novel-length alternate history in English ( and among the earliest alternate histories in general ) .   Though part of the major wave utopian and dystopian literature that distinguished the final decades of the nineteenth century , Holford 's book reverses the normal stance of utopian projection : instead of imagining a better society at a future time or in a far-off place , he supposes that the founding of the United States occurred under different conditions and follows its development forward to a superior society in his own day .   In Aristopia ( Greek for `` the best place '' ) , Ralph Morton , an early settler in Virginia , discovers a reef made of solid gold . He cannily uses his wealth to build a planned society , based on the Utopia of Sir Thomas More , with innovations and adaptations of his own . In Aristopia , all the land is owned by the government , and only leased to businesses and private citizens . Large-scale trade is also monoplized by the state , and inherited wealth is limited . Morton welcomes productive refugees from European conflicts -- Huguenots , Irish fugitives from Cromwell 's wars , and northern Italian and Swiss artisans .   The colony prospers , buys more land from the Indians , and spreads westward . Morton dies at the age of 100 ; his descendants and successors carry his policies forward .   The Aristopians support the American Revolution , and on their own initiative conquer Canada . Aristopia comes to dominate the new nation , eventually ruling all of North America north of Mexico .   Holford loads his description of Aristopia with satirical remedies for what he saw as contemporary problems and circumstances . In Aristopian jurisprudence , for example , the Court for Assessing the Value of Abstract Words and Phrases polices the language to prevent abuses ; it is the largest and busiest function in the Palace of Justice .   The English playwright Henry Arthur Jones was taken with the idea of Aristopia , and used it in his own polemical writings , as in his `` The Tax-Wise Men of Aristopia '' and his My Dear Wells .   Holford was not the first writer in English to employ the term `` Aristopia . '' The eighteenth-century freethinker John Fransham ( 1730 -- 1810 ) left a posthumous manuscript titled Memorablilia Classica , which contains a piece called `` The Code of Aristopia , or Scheme for a Perfect Government . ''

neg: The Minority Report (1991 collection) The Minority Report is a collection of science fiction stories by Philip K. Dick . It was first published by Citadel Twilight in 1991 and reprints Volume IV of The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick . The stories had originally appeared in the magazines Galaxy Science Fiction , Science Fiction Stories , If , Fantastic Universe , Fantasy and Science Fiction , Fantastic , Worlds of Tomorrow , Escapade and Amazing Stories .

neg: Philip Hoare Philip Hoare ( born Patrick Moore , 1958 ) is a British writer , especially of history and biography . He instigated the Moby Dick Big Read project . He is Professor of Creative Writing at the University of Southampton and Leverhulme artist-in-residence at the Marine Institute , Plymouth University , which awarded him an honorary doctorate in 2011 .

neg: The Last Castle (novella) The Last Castle is a science fiction novella by Jack Vance . It won both the Hugo Award for Best Novelette and the Nebula Award for Best Novella .

neg: An Englishman's Castle An Englishman 's Castle is a BBC television serial first broadcast in 1978 , written by Philip Mackie and directed by Paul Ciappessoni . The story was set in an alternate history 1970s , in which Nazi Germany won World War II and England is run by a collaborationist fascist government . Peter Ingram ( Kenneth More ) is a writer for a soap opera ( also called An Englishman 's Castle ) , which is set in London in 1940 during the fictional Nazi invasion and subsequent occupation .

neg: The History of The Lord of the Rings The History of The Lord of the Rings is a 4-volume work by Christopher Tolkien that documents the process of J. R. R. Tolkien 's writing of The Lord of the Rings . The History is also numbered as volumes 6 to 9 of The History of Middle-earth ( `` HoME '' , as below ) . Some information concerning the appendices and a soon-abandoned sequel to the novel can also be found in volume 12 , The Peoples of Middle-earth .

neg: The Great Abraham Lincoln Pocket Watch Conspiracy The Great Abraham Lincoln Pocket Watch Conspiracy is a historical fiction novel written by Jacopo della Quercia . The plot follows President William Howard Taft , scientist and son of a former president Robert Todd Lincoln , Secret Service Chief John Wilkie , Captain ( later Major ) Archibald Butt and others as they slowly unravel a worldwide conspiracy over a decade in the making .   The book , which was della Quercia 's debut novel , was published in 2014 by St. Martin 's Griffin , an imprint of publishing company St. Martin 's Press . The author described the book 's genre not as singular distinct genre , but as an `` equal parts cocktail '' of adventure , historical fiction , science fiction , thriller and comedy . In 2015 , della Quercia released a spiritual sequel , License to Quill , of a similar nature that concerns the lives of Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare in Reformation-era Europe .   The book has many references to actual events ; some , such as the sinking of the RMS Titanic , are important plot points , while others , such as the destruction of the zeppelin Erbslöh , are passively mentioned as news or memories . The author also includes excerpts from real newspaper articles , which were used to provide exposition in the storyline . Similarly , all of the main characters in the book were real , relevant figures in the 20th century . The characters profiles were fictionalized to fit in with the book 's plot and atmosphere , but their names , positions , occupations and personalities are kept largely intact .

neg: Libertarian science fiction Libertarian science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction that focuses on the politics and social order implied by libertarian philosophies with an emphasis on individualism and private ownership of the means of production -- and in some cases , no state whatsoever .   As a category , libertarian fiction is unusual because the vast majority of its authors are self-identified as science fiction authors . This contrasts with the authors of much other social criticism who are largely academic or mainstream novelists who tend to dismiss any genre classification . The identification between libertarianism and science fiction is so strong that the U.S. Libertarian Party often has representatives at science fiction conventions and one of the highest profile authors currently in the subgenre of libertarian science fiction , L. Neil Smith , was the Arizona Libertarian Party 's 2000 candidate for the President of the United States .   As a genre , it can be seen as growing out of the 1930s and 1940s when the science-fiction pulp magazines were reaching their peak at the same time as fascism and communism . While this environment gave rise to dystopian novels such as George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty-Four , in the pulps , this influence more often give rise to speculations about societies ( or sub-groups ) arising in direct opposition to `` totalitarianism . ''   Ayn Rand 's novel Atlas Shrugged is a strong ( perhaps the strongest ) influence with an anti-socialist attitude and an individualist ethic that echoes throughout the genre .  Of more direct relevance to the science fiction end of this genre is Robert A. Heinlein 's The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress , which is highly regarded even by non-libertarian science fiction readers . An award for libertarian science fiction , the Prometheus Award , is given out every year . Some winners of the award identify as libertarians ( e.g. , L. Neil Smith , Victor Koman , Brad Linaweaver ) , while others do not ( Terry Pratchett , Charles Stross ) .   Some other prominent libertarian science fiction authors include S. Andrew Swann and Michael Z. Williamson .

neg: Draconian (Doctor Who) The Draconians are an extraterrestrial race . They were featured in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who . Their only television appearance to date was in the 1973 serial Frontier in Space . Unlike many `` monster '' races in Doctor Who , the Draconians were articulate and portrayed as having a sophisticated and advanced culture like feudal Japan . In later interviews , Jon Pertwee cited the Draconians as his favourite of all the monsters he had encountered during his time as the Doctor .   The Draconian Empire was a vast spacefaring feudal civilisation of reptilian humanoids , centered on the planet Draconia , with a society stratifed along class and gender lines ( for example , females were not permitted to speak in the presence of the Emperor ) that was bound by a strong code of honour . The Draconian Empire dated back to at least the 21st century , when a space plague that afflicted their world was dealt with by the Doctor . For his services , the 15th Emperor made the Doctor a noble of Draconia .   The Earth Empire 's first contact with the Draconian Empire was in the year 2520 . The ship sent by the Draconians for the peace mission was a battlecruiser , as befitted a noble of Draconia , although ( as agreed ) its missile banks were empty and it was otherwise unarmed . However , both Draconian and Earth ships were caught in a neutron storm , damaging the Earth ship and destroying the Draconian ship 's communications systems . As a result , the Draconian ship was unable to respond to the Earth ship 's signals . The commander of the Earth ship saw what he perceived to be a battlecruiser bearing down on his crippled vessel and gave the order to attack , destroying the battlecruiser and triggering off a brief but bloody war in which millions of lives were lost . An uneasy peace was negotiated in the end , leading to two decades of cold war and the carving out of a frontier between the two empires .   In 2540 , several incidents involving attacks on cargo freighters along their respective borders nearly led to the war turning hot once more , with both sides accusing the other of piracy and violating the frontier . These attacks turned out to be the work of Ogron mercenaries under the orders of the renegade Time Lord known as the Master , who was using a sonic hypnosis device to make the Earth crews see the Ogrons as Draconians and vice versa . The Master had allied himself with the Daleks , who were launching another bid for galactic conquest and hoped to pick up the pieces after a new Earth-Draconia War . The plot was revealed by the Third Doctor , and instead of going to war against each other , the two empires united against the Daleks .

neg: The Man Who Sold the Moon `` The Man Who Sold the Moon '' is a science fiction novella by American author Robert A. Heinlein , written in 1949 and published in 1951 . A part of his Future History and prequel to `` Requiem '' , it covers events around a fictional first Moon landing in 1978 and the schemes of Delos D. Harriman , a businessman who is determined to personally reach and control the Moon .

neg: A Rebel in Time A Rebel in Time ( also published as Rebel in Time ) is a 1983 science fiction novel by Harry Harrison .

neg: The Turning Wheel `` The Turning Wheel '' is an 8,400 word science fiction novelette by Philip K. Dick . It was published in Science Fiction Stories No. 2 , 1954 .

neg: 11/22/63 11/22/63 is a novel by Stephen King about a time traveler who attempts to prevent the assassination of President John F. Kennedy , which occurred on November 22 , 1963 ( the novel 's titular date ) . The novel was announced on King 's official site on March 2 , 2011 . A short excerpt was released online on June 1 , 2011 , and another excerpt was published in the October 28 , 2011 , issue of Entertainment Weekly . The novel was published on November 8 , 2011 and quickly became a number-one bestseller . It stayed on The New York Times Best Seller list for 16 weeks . 11/22/63 won the 2011 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Best Mystery/Thriller and the 2012 International Thriller Writers Award for Best Novel , and was nominated for the 2012 British Fantasy Award for Best Novel and the 2012 Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel .   The novel required considerable research to accurately portray the late 1950s and early 1960s . King commented on the amount of research it required , saying `` I 've never tried to write anything like this before . It was really strange at first , like breaking in a new pair of shoes . ''   The novel was adapted into a 2016 Hulu television series , 11.22.63 .

neg: The Hole Man `` The Hole Man '' is a short story by American writer Larry Niven . It won the Hugo Award for Best Short Story in 1975 .   In this story , a team of explorers and scientists on Mars encounter an alien base , in which there is a still-functional communication device . One scientist believes that at the center of the device is a tiny black hole , but his superior does not believe him . During a heated argument with his superior , the scientist turns off the containment field , releasing the black hole . The hole drops right through his superior , killing him as it falls towards the center of the planet . At the end of the story , the release of the black hole is revealed to possibly endanger the explorers as it consumes Mars .

neg: The Lost Worlds of 2001 The Lost Worlds of 2001 is a 1972 book by Arthur C. Clarke , published by Signet as an accompaniment to the novel 2001 : A Space Odyssey .   The book itself consists in part of behind-the-scenes notes from Clarke concerning scriptwriting ( and rewriting ) , as well as production issues . The core of the book , however , is contained in excerpts from the proto-novel and an early screenplay that did not make it into the final version .   Alternative settings for launch preparation , the EVA scene where astronaut Frank Poole is lost , and varying dialogues concerning the HAL 9000 unit are all featured in the book . Also included is the original short story `` The Sentinel '' upon which 2001 is loosely based .

neg: Radio Free Albemuth Radio Free Albemuth is a dystopian novel by Philip K. Dick , written in 1976 and published posthumously in 1985 . Originally titled VALISystem A , it was his first attempt to deal in fiction with his experiences of early 1974 . When his publishers at Bantam requested extensive rewrites he canned the project and reworked it into the VALIS trilogy . Arbor House acquired the rights to Radio Free Albemuth in 1985 . They then published an edition under the current title ( the original was too close to VALIS ) , prepared from the corrected typescript given by Dick to his friend Tim Powers .

neg: Our Friends from Frolix 8 Our Friends From Frolix 8 is a 1970 science fiction novel by Philip K. Dick .

neg: Uchronia: The Alternate History List Uchronia : The Alternate History List is an online general-interest book database containing a bibliography of over 3300 alternate history novels , stories , essays and other printed material . It is owned and operated by Robert B. Schmunk . Uchronia was twice selected as the Sci Fi Channel 's `` Sci Fi Site of the Week . ''

neg: Science book A science book is a work of nonfiction , usually written by a scientist , researcher , or professor like Stephen Hawking ( A Brief History of Time ) , or sometimes by a non-scientist such as Bill Bryson ( A Short History of Nearly Everything ) . Usually these books are written for a wide audience presumed to have a general education rather than a specifically scientific training , as opposed to the very narrow audience that a scientific paper would have , and are therefore referred to as popular science . As such , they require considerable talent on the part of the author to sufficiently explain difficult topics to  people who are totally new to the subject , and a good blend of storytelling and technical writing . In the UK , the Royal Society Prizes for Science Books are considered to be the most prestigious awards for science writing . In the US , the National Book Awards briefly had a category for science writing in the 1960s , but now they just have the broad categories of fiction and nonfiction .   There are many disciplines that are well explained to lay people through science books . A few examples include Carl Sagan on astronomy , Jared Diamond on geography , Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Dawkins on evolutionary biology , David Eagleman on neuroscience , Donald Norman on usability and cognitive psychology , Steven Pinker , Noam Chomsky , and Robert Ornstein on linguistics and cognitive science , Donald Johanson and Robert Ardrey on paleoanthropology , and Desmond Morris on zoology and anthropology , and Fulvio Melia on black holes .


query: Styles of the mandolin are common.

pos: Mandolin A mandolin ( mandolino -LSB- mandoˈliːno -RSB- ; literally `` small mandola '' ) is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or `` pick '' . It commonly has four courses of doubled metal strings tuned in unison ( 8 strings ) , although five ( 10 strings ) and six ( 12 strings ) course versions also exist . The courses are normally tuned in a succession of perfect fifths . It is the soprano member of a family that includes the mandola , octave mandolin , mandocello and mandobass .   There are many styles of mandolin , but three are common , the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin , the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin . The round-back has a deep bottom , constructed of strips of wood , glued together into a bowl . The carved-top or arch-top mandolin has a much shallower , arched back , and an arched top -- both carved out of wood . The flat-backed mandolin uses thin sheets of wood for the body , braced on the inside for strength in a similar manner to a guitar . Each style of instrument has its own sound quality and is associated with particular forms of music . Neapolitan mandolins feature prominently in European classical music and traditional music . Carved-top instruments are common in American folk music and bluegrass music . Flat-backed instruments are commonly used in Irish , British and Brazilian folk music . Some modern Brazilian instruments feature an extra fifth course tuned a fifth lower than the standard fourth course .   Other mandolin varieties differ primarily in the number of strings and include four-string models ( tuned in fifths ) such as the Brescian and Cremonese , six-string types ( tuned in fourths ) such as the Milanese , Lombard and the Sicilian and 6 course instruments of 12 strings ( two strings per course ) such as the Genoese . There has also been a twelve-string ( three strings per course ) type and an instrument with sixteen-strings ( four strings per course ) .   Much of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard ( the top ) . Pre-mandolin instruments were quiet instruments , strung with as many as six courses of gut strings , and were plucked with the fingers or with a quill . However , modern instruments are louder -- using four courses of metal strings , which exert more pressure than the gut strings . The modern soundboard is designed to withstand the pressure of metal strings that would break earlier instruments . The soundboard comes in many shapes -- but generally round or teardrop-shaped , sometimes with scrolls or other projections . There is usually one or more sound holes in the soundboard , either round , oval , or shaped like a calligraphic ( f-hole ) . A round or oval sound hole may be covered or bordered with decorative rosettes or purfling .

neg: Style (visual arts) In the visual arts , style is a '' ... distinctive manner which permits the grouping of works into related categories '' . or '' ... any distinctive , and therefore recognizable , way in which an act is performed or an artifact made or ought to be performed and made '' . It refers to the visual appearance of a work of art that relates it to other works by the same artist or one from the same period , training , location , `` school '' , art movement or archaeological culture : `` The notion of style has long been the art historian 's principal mode of classifying works of art . By style he selects and shapes the history of art '' .   Style is often divided into the general style of a period , country or cultural group , group of artists or art movement , and the individual style of the artist within that group style . Divisions within both types of styles are often made , such as between `` early '' , `` middle '' or `` late '' . In some artists , such as Picasso for example , these divisions may be marked and easy to see , in others they are more subtle . Style is seen as usually dynamic , in most periods always changing by a gradual process , though the speed of this varies greatly , between the very slow development in style typical of prehistoric art or ancient Egyptian art to the rapid changes in modern art styles . Style often develops in a series of jumps , with relatively sudden changes followed by periods of slower development .   After dominating academic discussion in art history in the 19th and early 20th centuries , so-called `` style art history '' has come under increasing attack in recent decades , and many art historians now prefer to avoid stylistic classifications where they can .

neg: Electric mandolin The electric mandolin is an instrument tuned and played as the mandolin and amplified in similar fashion to an electric guitar .  As with electric guitars , electric mandolins take many forms :   Most common is a carved-top eight-string instrument fitted with an electric pickup in similar fashion to many arch top guitars .  Solid body mandolins are common in 4 - , 5 - , and 8-string forms .  Acoustic electric and semi-acoustic mandolins also exist in many forms .

neg: Kemane Kemane ( ќемане , -LSB- ` kjɛmanɛ -RSB- ) is a bowed string instrument traditionally used in the Republic of Macedonia . As the Macedonian version of the kemenche it is very similar to the violin or viola . The kemane also resembles the Greek instrument lyre . The instrument is usually used to accompany folk music and singing , particularly epic poetry , and is rarely used as a solo instrument .   The kemane can be made in various forms . The length varies between 480 and , their shape can be either straight or bent in a curved shape . Older kemane 's were made by hacking holes in the instrument in which were inserted horse tail hairs , however the modern kemane 's strings are attached to a wooden headstock , similar to that of a violin . It is prepared out of one piece of wood ( walnut , maple , or other ) with three structural parts : the body ( krtuna ) , neck ( shija ) , and the headstock ( glava ) . The strings are set at different heights , so that it can be played on two strings simultaneously . The sound is produced by the movement of the bow from the one to the other blade , which grinding produces a sound of undetermined height .   Although it is considered one of the oldest string instruments in the region of Macedonia , the kemane appeared in Macedonian music in the late 19th and early 20th century when it entered the Macedonian čalgija compositions . The name of the kemane probably comes from kemençe , the Turkish word for fiddle . The kemane has three strings , although there are some made with four which are very rare . It is mostly spread in Eastern Macedonia and the region of Osogovo where in some parts the instrument is referred to as kjemene , and in the northern parts of Macedonian it is called gusla .

neg: List of musical pieces which use extended techniques This is a list of musical compositions that employ extended techniques to obtain unusual sounds or instrumental timbres .   Hector Berlioz  `` Dream of Witches ' Sabbath '' from Symphonie Fantastique . The violins and violas play col legno , striking the wood of their bows on the strings .   Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber  Battalia ( 1673 ) . The strings play col legno , striking the wood of their bows on the strings , in addition to numerous other techniques .   François-Adrien Boieldieu  Le calife de Bagdad ( opera , 1800 ) , strings play col legno .   Benjamin Britten  Passacaglia from Peter Grimes , rehearsal 6 , `` agitato '' , ( pp. 16 -- 17 of the score ) . The violins and violas play col legno , striking the wood of their bows on the strings .   Leo Brouwer  La espiral eterna for Guitar .   John Cage  prepared piano pieces ( 1938 )   Aaron Cassidy  All works make extensive use of extended techniques .   Nicolas-Marie Dalayrac  Une heure de mariage ( opera , 1804 ) . Strings use col legno .   Pascal Dusapin  Watt , concerto for trombone and orchestra ( 1994 ) . Features `` ample use of extended techniques '' .   John Eaton  Concert Music for Solo Clarinet ( 1960 ) makes use of many extended clarinet techniques , including multiphonics , alternate fingerings , and extremely high pitches .   Carlo Farina  Capriccio stravagante ( from Ander Theil newer Paduanen , Gagliarden , Couranten , französischen Arien , 1627 ) . The violins play glissando , pizzicato , tremolo , and in double stops , and use particular effects such as col legno ( striking the wood of the bow on the strings ) and sul ponticello ( bowing close to the bridge ) , in order to imitate the sounds of a cat , a dog , a hen , the lyre , clarino trumpet , military drum , Spanish guitar , etc. . .   Tobias Hume  `` Harke , Harke '' , from First Part of Ayres ( 1605 ) . The viol da gamba plays col legno , with the instruction `` Drum this with the back of your Bow '' .  Charles Ives  Concord Sonata , use of a 14 inch long piece of wood to create a cluster chord in the `` Hawthorne '' movement .   Helmut Lachenmann  All works make extensive use of extended techniques .   Gustav Mahler  Symphony No. 1 in D major , third movement ( p. 91 of the UE score ) first violins , divisi a 3 , play col legno tratto , stroking the strings with the wood of their bows .  Symphony No. 2 in D major , first movement , b. 304 -- 306 , all the strings play col legno ( some of the strings continue through 307 ) , striking the wood of their bows on the strings .   Gérard Pesson  All works make extensive use of extended techniques .   Camille Saint-Saëns  Danse macabre , the strings play col legno to suggest the rattling of skeletons   Arnold Schoenberg  Gurrelieder ( 1911 ) , makes use of Sprechstimme  Die glückliche Hand ( 1910 -- 13 ) , makes use of Sprechstimme Pierrot Lunaire Op. 21 ( 1912 ) makes use of Sprechstimme Moses und Aron ( 1930 -- 32 ) , makes use of Sprechstimme  String Quartet No. 4 , op. 37 ( 1936 ) . Fourth movement ( Allegro ) , b. 882 -- 88 , all four instruments play col legno battuto , col legno tratto , and col legno tratto ponticello , on single notes and in double stops , trmolo , and in harmonics .  String Trio , op. 45 ( 1946 ) . The violin and cello play col legno battuto ; the violin plays col legno tratto in double stops ; all the instruments play col legno tratto ponticello , double stops ; violin and viola play col legno tratto ponticello in double stops , which are also played tremolo   Salvatore Sciarrino  All works make extensive use of extended techniques .   Igor StravinskyThe Firebird , the strings occasionally play col legno , striking the wood of their bows on the strings   Toru TakemitsuVoice ' for solo flute   Heitor Villa-Lobos  Assobio a játo ( 1950 ) , requires the flute to play `` imitando fischi in toni ascendenti '' ( imitating whistles in rising tones ) , accomplished by blowing into the embouchure fff `` as if one were warming up the instrument on a cold day '' .  Chôros no. 8 ( 1925 ) , for orchestra and two pianos , requires one or both of the pianos to insert paper between the strings for a passage .   Kevin Volans String quartets like `` White Man Sleeps '' uses many extended techniques , both compositional and instrumental .

neg: Concertato Concertato is a term in early Baroque music referring to either a genre or a style of music in which groups of instruments or voices share a melody , usually in alternation , and almost always over a basso continuo . The term derives from Italian concerto which means `` playing together '' -- hence concertato means `` in the style of a concerto . '' In contemporary usage , the term is almost always used as an adjective , for example `` three pieces from the set are in concertato style . ''   A somewhat oversimplified , but useful distinction between concertato and concerto can be made : the concertato style involves contrast between opposing groups of voices and groups of instruments : the concerto style , especially as it developed into the concerto grosso later in the Baroque , involves contrast between large and small groups of similar composition ( later called `` ripieno '' and `` concertino '' ) .   The style developed in Venice in the late 16th century , mainly through the work of Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli , who were working in the unique acoustical space of St. Mark 's Cathedral . Different choirs or instrumental groupings occupied positions across the cathedral from each other : because of the sound delay from one side to the other in the large and acoustically `` live '' space , a perfect unison was difficult , and composers found that a fantastically effective music could be composed with the choirs singing across to each other , in stereo as it were ; all accompanied by organ or other groups of instruments placed in such a way that they could hear each group equally well . Music written there was quickly performed elsewhere , and compositions in the new `` concertato '' style quickly became popular elsewhere in Europe ( first in northern Italy , then in Germany and the rest of Italy , and then gradually in other parts of the continent ) . Another term sometimes used for this antiphonal use of the choirs in St. Mark 's was cori spezzati . See also Venetian polychoral style and Venetian School .   In the early 17th century , almost all music with voices and basso continuo was called a concerto , though this use of the term is considerably different from the more modern meaning ( a solo instrument or instruments accompanied by an orchestra ) . Often , sacred music in the concertato style in the early 17th century was descended from the motet : the texts that a hundred years earlier would have been set for a cappella voices singing in smooth polyphony , would now be set for voices and instruments in a concertato style . These pieces , no longer always called motets , were given a variety of names including concerto , Psalm ( if a psalm setting ) , sinfonia , or symphoniae ( for example in Heinrich Schütz 's collections of Symphoniae Sacrae ) .   The concertato style made possible the composition of extremely dramatic music , one of the characteristic innovations of the early Baroque .

neg: American popular music American popular music has had a profound effect on music across the world . The country has seen the rise of popular styles that have had a significant influence on global culture , including ragtime , blues , jazz , swing , rock , bluegrass , country , R&B , doo wop , gospel , soul , funk , heavy metal , punk , disco , house , techno , salsa , grunge and hip hop . In addition , the American music industry is quite diverse , supporting a number of regional styles such as zydeco , klezmer and slack-key .   Distinctive styles of American popular music emerged early in the 19th century , and in the 20th century the American music industry developed a series of new forms of music , using elements of blues and other genres of American folk music . These popular styles included country , R&B , jazz and rock . The 1960s and 1970s saw a number of important changes in American popular music , including the development of a number of new styles , such as heavy metal , punk , soul , and hip hop . Though these styles were not in the sense of mainstream , they were commercially recorded and are thus examples of popular music as opposed to folk or classical music .

neg: Pick tapping Pick tapping ( or pick trilling ) is a legato playing technique for the guitar , in which the edge of the pick is used to sharply trill notes on the instrument 's fretboard at fast speeds . Whilst trilling can be performed with the fingers of either the fretting or picking hand , using the pick enables faster speeds by means of ` vibrating ' ( or effectively seizing up ) the wrist . The technique should not be confused with regular tapping , which always makes use of both hands and involves playing at least three or more notes .   A well-known example is `` Satch Boogie '' by Joe Satriani , in which there is a section that uses pick tapping to produce trills at 22.2 notes per second . Other examples include `` Surfing with the Alien '' , also by Satriani ; `` Inca Roads '' by Frank Zappa ; and various songs by DragonForce .    Category : Guitar performance techniques

neg: Folk rock Folk rock is a music genre combining elements of folk music and rock music . In its earliest and narrowest sense , the term referred to a genre that arose in the United States and the United Kingdom around the mid-1960s . The genre was pioneered by the Los Angeles band the Byrds , who began playing traditional folk music and songs by Bob Dylan with rock instrumentation . The term `` folk rock '' was coined by the U.S. music press to describe the Byrds ' music in June 1965 , the month in which the band 's debut album was issued .   The release of the Byrds ' 1965 cover version of Dylan 's `` Mr. Tambourine Man '' and its subsequent commercial success , along with Dylan 's own recordings with rock instrumentation -- on the albums Bringing It All Back Home ( 1965 ) , Highway 61 Revisited ( 1965 ) , and Blonde on Blonde ( 1966 ) -- initiated an explosion of folk rock groups the mid-1960s . Dylan 's appearance at the Newport Folk Festival on 25 July 1965 , with an electric band backing him , was also a pivotal moment in the development of the genre .   A distinct , eclectic style of electric folk was created in Britain and Europe in the late 1960s by Pentangle , Fairport Convention and Alan Stivell . Inspired by British psychedelic folk and the North American style of folk rock , Pentangle , Fairport , and other related bands began to incorporate elements of traditional British folk music into their repertoire . Fairport bassist Ashley Hutchings formed Steeleye Span with traditionalist folk musicians who wished to incorporate overt rock elements into their music , and this led to other variants , including the overtly English folk rock of the Albion Band ( also featuring Hutchings ) and the more prolific current of Celtic rock .   In a broader sense , folk rock includes later similarly inspired musical genres and movements in the English-speaking world .

neg: Flame maple Flame maple ( tiger maple ) , also known as flamed maple , curly maple , ripple maple , fiddleback or tiger stripe , is a feature of maple in which the growth of the wood fibers is distorted in an undulating chatoyant pattern , producing wavy lines known as `` flames '' . This effect is often mistakenly said to be part of the grain of the wood ; it is more accurately called `` figure '' , as the distortion is perpendicular to the grain direction . Prized for its beautiful appearance , it is used frequently in the manufacturing of musical instruments , such as violins and bassoons , and fine furniture . Another well-known use of the material is its use in guitars , especially the venerated Gibson Les Paul . The Gibson Les Paul `` Standard '' , initially manufactured from 1958 to 1960 , sported a flame maple top finished in a cherry-red sunburst on a mahogany body . Today , these instruments are some of the most prized on the vintage guitar market , and as such are unaffordable to most musicians .   During the westward expansion of early settlers and explorers into the lands west of the Appalachian Mountains , curly maple was often used for making the stocks used on Kentucky rifles .

neg: Guitalele A guitalele ( sometimes spelled guitarlele or guilele ) , also called a kīkū , is a guitar-ukulele hybrid , that is , `` a 1/4 size '' guitar , a cross between a classical guitar and a tenor or baritone ukulele . The guitalele combines the portability of a ukulele , due to its small size , with the six single strings and resultant chord possibilities of a classical guitar . It may include a built-in microphone that permits playing the guitalele either as an acoustic guitar or connected to an amplifier . The guitalele is variously marketed ( and used ) as a travel guitar or children 's guitar .   A guitalele is the size of a ukulele , and is commonly played like a guitar transposed up to `` A '' ( that is , up a 4th , or like a guitar with a capo on the fifth fret ) . This gives it tuning of ADGCEA , with the top four strings tuned like a low G ukulele . This is the same as the tuning of the requinto guitar , although the latter are typically larger than a guitalele , and as the most common tuning for the guitarrón mexicano , albeit at a higher octave .   Several guitar and ukulele manufacturers market guitaleles , including Yamaha Corporation 's GL-1 Guitalele , Cordoba 's Guilele and Mini , Koaloha 's D-VI 6-string tenor ukulele , Mele 's Guitarlele , Kanilea 's GL6 Guitarlele and Islander GL6 , Luna 's 6-string baritone ukulele , the Lichty Kīkū , the Kinnard Kīkū , and the Gretsch guitar-ukulele .

neg: List of bluegrass bands This is an alphabetical list of bluegrass bands . A bluegrass band is a group of musicians who play acoustic stringed instruments , typically some combination of guitar , mandolin , fiddle , banjo , dobro and upright bass , to perform bluegrass music .   Each band on this list has been selected because there is a Wikipedia article about it or because it has been confirmed as a performing and/or recording bluegrass band in a published source such as a news report , magazine article or book .   For individual musicians , see the List of bluegrass musicians .   See also : Bluegrass music , Country music , and List of country music performers .   __ NOTOC __

neg: Uncle Homer Walker John `` Uncle '' Homer Walker ( born February 15 , 1898 or c. 1904 - January 4 , 1980 ) was an American Appalachian banjo player who was popular during the folk revival of the 1960s and 1970s . Prior to his death , he was one of the last musicians to practice the old-time Appalachian style .   Walker was born in Mercer County , Virginia into a musical family : his father , a sharecropper , was a banjo player , two sisters learned the mandolin and guitar , and Walker 's two brothers played guitar . His grandfather , himself a former slave , taught Walker the clawhammer banjo playing style , once a fairly common pre-blues component found in the Appalachian Mountains region . In the 1920s , Walker began performing , sometimes accompanied by a mandolin or fiddle player , at square dances , presenting a repertoire of old-time black spirituals and folk tunes passed along to him from his grandfather like `` Steal Away '' , `` Cripple Creek '' , `` John Henry '' , and `` Old Joe Clark '' . He lived most of his adult life in Glen Lyn working as a laborer and farmhand .   During the folk revival of the 1960s and 1970s , Walker appeared at numerous folk festivals such as John Henry Folk Festival , the Vandalia Gathering in Charleston , the Smithsonian Institution 's Festival of American Folklife . Only during his appearances at these festivals , Walker claimed , did he first start incorporating the blues into his repertoire . In 1977 , Walker was the subject of the documentary film Banjo Man , narrated by bluesman Taj Mahal .   He died in Princeton , West Virginia . Walker 's recordings are featured on the compilation albums Virginia Traditions - Non-Blues Secular Black Music and Black Banjo Songsters of North Carolina and Virginia .

neg: Earl Scruggs Earl Eugene Scruggs ( January 6 , 1924 -- March 28 , 2012 ) was an American musician noted for popularizing a three-finger banjo picking style , now called `` Scruggs style '' , that is a defining characteristic of bluegrass music . His three-finger style of playing was radically different from the ways the five-string banjo had been historically played . He popularized the instrument in several genres of music and elevated the banjo from its role as a background rhythm instrument , or a comedian 's prop , into featured solo status .   Scruggs ' career began at age 21 when he was hired to play in a group called `` Bill Monroe and the Blue Grass Boys '' . The name `` bluegrass '' stuck and eventually became the eponym for this entire genre of county music . Despite considerable success with Monroe , performing on the Grand Ole Opry and recording classic hits like `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' , Scruggs gave notice in 1946 that he was quitting the band because of the exhausting touring schedule . Band member Lester Flatt resigned as well , and Flatt and Scruggs later paired up in a new group they called `` Flatt and Scruggs and the Foggy Mountain Boys '' . Scruggs ' banjo instrumental called `` Foggy Mountain Breakdown '' , released in 1949 , became an enduring hit , and had a rebirth of popularity to a younger generation when it was featured in the 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde . The song won two Grammy Awards and in 2005 was selected for the Library of Congress ' National Recording Registry of works of unusual merit .   Flatt and Scruggs brought bluegrass music into mainstream popularity in the early 1960s with their country hit , `` The Ballad of Jed Clampett '' . This song was the theme music for the successful network television sitcom The Beverly Hillbillies and was the first bluegrass recording to reach number one on the Billboard charts . Over their 20-year association , Flatt and Scruggs recorded over 50 albums and 75 single records . The duo broke up in 1969 , chiefly because Scruggs wanted to progress the music to a more modern sound and Flatt was a traditionalist who did not want to change the style because he thought it would alienate a fan base of bluegrass purists . Each of them formed a new band that matched his own vision , but neither of them ever regained the success they achieved as a team .   Scruggs received four Grammy awards , a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and a National Medal of Arts . He became a member of the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame and was given a star on the Hollywood walk of fame . In 1985 , Flatt and Scruggs were inducted together into the Country Music Hall of Fame and named number 24 as a duo on CMT 's 40 Greatest Men of Country Music . Scruggs was awarded a National Heritage Fellowship by the National Endowment for the Arts ; the highest honor in the folk and traditional arts in the US . Four works by Scruggs have been placed in the Grammy Hall of Fame . After Scruggs ' death in 2012 at age 88 , the Earl Scruggs Center was founded near his birthplace in Shelby , North Carolina , with the aid of a federal grant and corporate donors . The center is a $ 5.5 million facility which features the musical contributions of Scruggs and serves as an educational center providing classes and field trips for students .

neg: Qinqin The qinqin ( 秦琴 ; pinyin : qínqín ; Vietnamese : Dan-tru ) is a plucked Chinese lute . It was originally manufactured with a wooden body , a slender fretted neck , and three strings.photo 1 -LSB- photo 2 -RSB- Its body can be round , photo hexagonal ( with rounded sides ) , or octagonal . -LSB- photo -RSB- Often , only two strings were used , as in certain regional silk-and-bamboo ensembles.photo In its hexagonal form ( with rounded sides ) , it is also referred to as meihuaqin ( 梅花琴 , literally `` plum blossom instrument '' ) .   The qinqin is particularly popular in southern China : in Guangdong , Hong Kong and Macau . A similar instrument , the two-stringed đàn sến , has been adapted from the qinqin for use in the traditional music of southern Vietnam.photo   The frets on all Chinese lutes are high so that the fingers never touch the actual body -- distinctively different from western fretted instruments . This allows for a greater control over timbre and intonation than their western counterparts , but makes chordal playing more difficult .   There are two varieties of qinqins in modern China : the `` traditional '' version , characterized having `` tall '' Chinese style frets ( see photo ) , and the `` modern '' version , which uses fret wire instead . The modern version also closely resembles a banjo in that its body shape is usually round and includes a drum head made most often of sheep skin or python skin . The modern version also usually comes with three strings , the tuning of which most people ( even the store staff and management ) are `` not clear '' on . I 've been told by one salesman who said the third and the first strings of the qinqin are tuned like the two strings of an erhu ( inside string = D4 , outside string A4 ) , which is a 5th apart , leaving not much room in the middle for the second string of the qinqin . A Westerner would usually attempt to tune it `` D-A-d '' ( D4-A4-D5 ) , but this will usually break the thin string # 1 . At a second store , the sales lady came and tuned the qinqin I was handling to `` G-D-g '' ( G3-D4-G4 ) and while I 'm not sure if this is the traditional tuning , it seems pretty acceptable . A third source , frequently cited on the Chinese websites , says the tuning is G3-D4-A5 . But with the Romance brand instrument I own , and using Alice brand qinqin strings , I always pop ( break ) string 1 as soon as I get to G4 # ( a semitone below A5 ) . So , until I 'm informed of a better tuning by an authoritative source , I 'm sticking with `` G-D-g '' .   For Westerners , the unusual fret spacing and the corresponding notes used in the scale sound `` off '' or `` bad '' because they generally do not correspond to the notes of the 12TET ( 12-tone equal temperament ) system used on Western instruments like the guitar and the banjo . Many of the notes appear to be off ( either sharp or flat ) by about a quarter tone ( half a semitone ) . Because of this , many Western buyers of the qinqin feel disappointed in the instrument after buying them because the notes produced are not the ones expected . However , the human ear can be re-educated and street performers who play this instrument can produce very nice folk music with the instrument . So , unlike the pipa ( and some other Chinese instruments ) , the fret boards of most models of qinqins have not been modernized to support the 12TET standard .   I have also come across a more traditionally designed qinqin built in Shanghai that , from its picture , looks like the fret layout corresponds to the Western 12TET standard and it has 12 frets per octave just like a guitar . A photo appears in one of the external links below . If the future fret layout of qinqins were left to me , I 'd fret it just like a mountain dulcimer or stick dulcimer , using the seven Mixolydian mode notes ( fret positions ) per octave plus fret 6.5 which allows Ionian mode ( major scale ) songs to also be played without having to re-tune the instrument . I feel the qinqin , with its banjo like sound box would make a great stick dulcimer if only they could work out the fret arrangement .   The approximate bridge position of the `` floating '' ( movable ) bridge on the qinqin can be easily calculated by doubling the distance between the nut and the 7th fret . The 7th fret on the qinqin is an octave higher than open string . Since the distance between the nut and the 7th fret is about 11 inches , the bridge should be located about 22 inches from the nut . This means the bridge will be located about 60 % across the drum head , or 40 % before the tail end of the drum head . For more precise location , take a digital tuner and compare the notes produced on each string , first open string , and then stopped at the 7th fret . The bridge position should be slightly adjusted so the note produced is `` spot on '' ( but an octave different ) at both open string and stopped at fret 7 . Doing this for all three strings will usually result in a slight tilt to the bridge with the bass string maybe 1 or 2 mm longer than the treble string . This method is often employed with other floating bridge instruments like banjos , stick dulcimers and cigar box guitars . The 22-inch scale length of the qinqin makes it comparable to the tenor banjo .

neg: Crosspicking Crosspicking is a technique for playing the mandolin or guitar using a plectrum or flatpick in a rolling , syncopated style across three strings . This style is probably best known as one element of the flatpicking style in bluegrass music , and it closely resembles a banjo roll , the main difference being that the banjo roll is fingerpicked rather than flatpicked .   A typical element of the technique is the use of three pitches played repeatedly within a four-pulse rhythm . This results in a continual shifting of the pitches vis-a-vis the accented pulse . The three pitches are usually played on three adjacent strings -- one per string . The pick direction can vary , depending on the required emphasis and the melody .   Mandolin player Jesse McReynolds used a crosspicking roll of down - up - up / down - up - up ... creating a repeating pattern of notes that expresses the melody . Guitarist George Shuffler used a pick pattern of down - down - up / down - down - up / down - up .   The traditional banjo roll form is down - down - up / down - down - up / down - down - up ... ; this helps to accentuate the `` threes '' nature of the pattern against the `` four '' rhythm .   The other way is using strict alternate picking : down - up - down / up - down - up / down - up - down ... . This may be more comfortable for players who are using alternate picking for most of their playing . In actuality , one ( or more ) of the three pitches may be varied from one repetition of the pattern to the next , for instance the top note could be toggled up and down one step .

neg: Vibrato systems for guitar A variety of mechanical vibrato systems for guitar have been developed since the 1920 's . They are used to add vibrato to the sound by changing the tension of the strings , typically at the bridge or tailpiece of an electric guitar using a controlling lever ( often referred to as a whammy bar , vibrato arm/bar , or incorrectly as tremolo arm/bar ) . The lever enables the player to quickly vary the tension and sometimes the length of the strings temporarily , changing the pitch to create a vibrato , portamento or pitch bend effect .   Instruments without this device have other bridge and tailpiece systems . The mechanical vibrato systems began as a device for more easily producing the vibrato effects that blues and jazz guitarists had long produced on arch top guitars by manipulating the tailpiece with their picking hand . However , it has also made many sounds possible that could not be produced by the old technique , such as the 1980s-era shred guitar `` dive bombing '' effect .   Since the regular appearance of mechanical vibrato systems in the 1950s , they have been used by many guitarists , ranging from the gentle inflections of Chet Atkins , the exaggerated twang effects of Duane Eddy and the buoyant effects of surf music aficionados like The Ventures , The Shadows and Dick Dale . In the 1960s and 1970s , vibrato arms were used for more pronounced effects by Jimi Hendrix , Jeff Beck , David Gilmour , Ritchie Blackmore , Jimmy Page , and Frank Zappa . In the 1980s , shred guitar virtuosos such as Eddie Van Halen , Joe Satriani and Steve Vai , and metal guitarists such as Ritchie Blackmore and Kirk Hammett used the `` whammy bar '' in a range of metal-influenced styles . The pitch-bending effects , whether subtle inflections or exaggerated effects , have become an important part of many styles of electric guitar . Terje Rypdal , David Torn and David Duhig have added to the language and extended techniques of vibrato bar usage .   Despite the common misnomer tremolo arm , these devices can not produce tremolo in the normal sense of the word , but can produce vibrato ; while some electronic `` vibrato units '' used by electric guitarists generally produce a tremolo effect , rather than vibrato . See `` Vibrato or Tremolo '' .   Guitars equipped with any vibrato system can be harder to re-string , tune , and keep in tune than `` stop-tail '' ( fixed tailpiece ) guitars .

neg: Americana Americana are artifacts , or a collection of artifacts , related to the history , geography , folklore and cultural heritage of the United States . Many kinds of material fall within the definition of Americana : paintings , prints and drawings ; license plates or entire vehicles , household objects , tools and weapons ; flags , plaques and statues , and so on . Patriotism and nostalgia play defining roles in the subject . The things involved need not be old , but need to have the appropriate associations . The Atlantic described the term as `` slang for the comforting , middle-class ephemera at your average antique store -- things like needle-pointed pillows , Civil War daguerreotypes , and engraved silverware sets . '' The term may be used to describe the theme of a museum or collection , or of goods for sale .   The term can also be used to describe studies of American culture , especially studies based in other countries . Americana music is contemporary music that incorporates elements of various American roots music styles , including country , roots-rock , folk , bluegrass and blues , resulting in a distinctive roots-oriented sound .

neg: Nick Strutt Nicholas Charles Strutt ( 8 October 1946 - 29 September 2009 ) , was a British country and folk musician . He was particularly noted for his mandolin playing , and worked and recorded with a number of well-known musicians of his time .   Strutt first played banjo at the age of 15 and then mastered guitar , autoharp , mandolin and bass . In 1965 he relocated to Leeds and graduated from Leeds University in 1970 . Between 1966 and 1969 he played in a duo with Roger Knowles which featured regularly on radio , including the BBC 's Country Meets Folk , where they sometimes played with Brian Golbey and Pete Stanley as a four-piece unit . Strutt and Knowles played as support for Hank Snow and Willie Nelson on UK appearances , before their influences saw them turn more to seminal country rock . In 1970 Strutt turned fully professional , and between 1969 and 1971 he and Knowles played with Natchez Trace . In 1972 , they parted amicably with Knowles opting for more traditional music and Strutt favouring the contemporary . He had already joined Bob Pegg and Carole Pegg in the folk rock band Mr. Fox , and , after this highly rated but commercially unsuccessful unit 's demise , recorded two excellent duo albums with Bob Pegg . When folk rock waned , Strutt returned to country music , playing regularly around the northern country club scene .   In the late 70s , he worked on production and played as a session musician for the now defunct Look label . Here he worked with many artists , especially with Mel Hague but also produced albums for folk singer Alex Campbell and country star Tommy Collins . In the early 80s , he turned more to old-time music again and often worked and recorded with Brian Golbey . He commented that `` with the advent of New Country , line dancing and blander performances , our picking and grinning style was regarded as a novelty . '' During the mid-80s , Strutt played part-time with various units , including a swing quartet , but returned full-time in 1990 . He began teaching guitar , mandolin and bass and appeared regularly with Hague 's band . He also played old-time music at regular venues with banjoist Tim Howard of the Muldoon Brothers . In 1994 , he began working with a trio called Finnegan 's Wake .   Strutt acknowledged the influence of Bill Monroe and John Duffey but confessed : `` I was never any good at stealing licks accurately , so I made up my own ; copying any instrument I liked be it trumpet , dobro , clarinet or trombone . '' He used to run jam sessions in Leeds , which often featured 20 musicians on numerous different instruments .   Nick Strutt died on 29 September 2009 at his home in Great Yarmouth , from liver failure . Nick spent a large portion of his life in Leeds , marrying Sue and having three children as well as attending university . His funeral took place in Leeds on Friday 16 October and was arranged by Sue and his three children Wezley , Bradley and Holly . The funeral service was held at St John 's church in Wortley followed by cremation at Lawnswood followed by Wake/Jam session at The Grove Inn which had enormous amount of family , friends , fellow musicians and people who just knew of him .   In the year 2003 Nick Strutt made a temporary home for himself in the Shoulder Of Mutton in Castleford . This temporary home lasted 3 years where he was much loved for playing his music in the pub . Nick Strutt made many friends within the area and decided to form a band which they called ` Steal Away ' .  The band consisted of :  Nick Strutt on mandolin ( Backing vocals )  Stevie Mac on Guitar ( Lead Vocalist )  Graham Hall on Fiddle  Steve Parker on Bass Guitar ( Backing vocals )  Steal Away got gigs straight away and was becoming a very successful band .  3 years later Nick Strutt moved down to Caistor & Hemsby .

neg: Tapping Tapping is a guitar playing technique where a string is fretted and set into vibration as part of a single motion of being pushed onto the fretboard , as opposed to the standard technique being fretted with one hand and picked with the other .   It incorporates the techniques of hammer-on and pull-off , but these are usually only performed by the fretting hand , and in conjunction with conventionally picked notes , whereas tap passages involve both hands and consist of only tapped , hammered and pulled notes . Some players ( such as Stanley Jordan ) rely extensively or exclusively on tapping .   Tapping is also called tap style ( tapstyle ) , touch-style , and two-handed tapping , though the latter is somewhat of a misnomer as `` one-handed tapping '' is equivalent to the common hammer-on .   Tapping is the primary methodology intended for some instruments such as the Chapman Stick and is the alternative method for the Warr Guitar and others .

neg: Double bass The double bass , or simply the bass ( and numerous other names ) , is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed string instrument in the modern symphony orchestra . It is a transposing instrument and is typically notated one octave higher than sounding to avoid excessive ledger lines below the staff . The double bass is the only modern bowed string instrument that is tuned in fourths ( like a viol ) , rather than fifths , with strings usually tuned to E1 , A1 , D2 and G2 . The instrument 's exact lineage is still a matter of some debate , with scholars divided on whether the bass is derived from the viol or the violin family .   The double bass is a standard member of the orchestra 's string section , as well as the concert band , and is featured in concertos , solo and chamber music in Western classical music . The bass is used in a range of other genres , such as jazz , 1950s-style blues and rock and roll , rockabilly , psychobilly , traditional country music , bluegrass , tango and many types of folk music .   The double bass is played either with a bow ( arco ) or by plucking the strings ( pizzicato ) . In orchestral repertoire and tango music , both arco and pizzicato are employed . In jazz , blues , and rockabilly , pizzicato is the norm . Classical music uses just the natural sound produced acoustically by the instrument ; so does traditional bluegrass . In jazz , blues , and related genres , the bass is typically amplified with an amplifier and speaker .