query: The United Kingdom was industrialized.

pos: United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK ) or Britain , is a sovereign country in western Europe . Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland.Although Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state , two of its Overseas Territories also share land borders with other sovereign countries . Gibraltar shares a border with Spain , while the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia share borders with the Republic of Cyprus , the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and the UN buffer zone separating the two Cypriot polities . Apart from this land border , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to its east , the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland . With an area of 242500 km2 , the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe . It is also the 21st-most populous country , with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants . Together , this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union ( EU ) .   The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance . The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 6 February 1952 . The capital of the United Kingdom and its largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million , the fourth-largest in Europe and second-largest in the European Union . Other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the conurbations centred on Birmingham , Leeds , Glasgow , Liverpool and Manchester . The United Kingdom consists of four countries -- England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland . The last three have devolved administrations , each with varying powers , based in their capitals , Edinburgh , Cardiff and Belfast , respectively . The nearby Isle of Man , Bailiwick of Guernsey and Bailiwick of Jersey are not part of the United Kingdom , being Crown dependencies with the British Government responsible for defence and international representation .   The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time . Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain , which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922 , leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed on 6 December 1921 to resolve the Irish War of Independence . When it took effect one year later , it established the Irish Free State as a separate dominion within the Commonwealth . The UK 's current name was adopted to reflect the change . There are fourteen British Overseas Territories . These are the remnants of the British Empire which , at its height in the 1920s , encompassed almost a quarter of the world 's land mass and was the largest empire in history . British influence can be observed in the language , culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies .   The United Kingdom is a developed country and has the world 's fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest economy by purchasing power parity . The UK is considered to have a high-income economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index , ranking 16th in the world . It was the world 's first industrialised country and the world 's foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries . The UK remains a great power with considerable economic , cultural , military , scientific and political influence internationally . It is a recognised nuclear weapons state and is seventh in military expenditure in the world . The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 . It has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor , the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , since 1973 . However , on 23 June 2016 , a national referendum on the UK 's membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave , and its exit from the EU is currently being negotiated . The UK is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , the Council of Europe , the G7 finance ministers , the G7 forum , the G20 , NATO , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , and the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) .

neg: 1922 in the United Kingdom The social and political problems of most prominence in the United Kingdom in 1922 showed a further departure from those that chiefly occupied public attention during World War I , and the country had by then almost returned to its normal condition . Prices continued to fall during the early part of the year , but very slowly as compared with the previous decline , and in the latter half of the year the fall ceased almost entirely , prices becoming comparatively stabilized at about 80 % above the level of July 1914 . Labour problems , which occupied so much attention during and after the war , were less constantly in the public eye . The principle of inevitable reductions in wages had been accepted by the working classes as a whole , and there were few strikes on a large scale , the worst being that in the engineering trade . Unemployment continued to be very great , but it was recognized that little more could be done by government measures for its alleviation , and the subject was much less prominent in the political world than it had been in the previous year . A further indication of the return to normal conditions was in the gradual decay of the coalition government . The combination of parties brought about in the presence of a common danger no longer worked in peacetime . Very early in the year signs of disintegration became manifest in the coalition . On several occasions the two wings threatened to fall apart , but the government was successfully held together by the personality of Prime Minister David Lloyd George until the last quarter of the year , when the internal dissensions of many months reached a bursting-point , and the coalition collapsed .   Irish affairs occupied an important place in politics throughout the year . 1922 saw the establishment of the Irish Free State in the south and west of the island .

neg: Information Age The Information Age ( also known as the Computer Age , Digital Age , or New Media Age ) is a period in human history characterized by the shift from traditional industry that the Industrial Revolution brought through industrialization , to an economy based on information computerization . The onset of the Information Age is associated with the Digital Revolution , just as the Industrial Revolution marked the onset of the Industrial Age . The definition of what digital means ( or what information means ) continues to change over time as new technologies , user devices , methods of interaction with other humans and devices enter the domain of research , development and market launch .   During the Information Age , the phenomenon is that the digital industry creates a knowledge-based society surrounded by a high-tech global economy that spans over its influence on how the manufacturing throughout and the service sector operate in an efficient and convenient way . In a commercialized society , the information industry is able to allow individuals to explore their personalized needs , therefore simplifying the procedure of making decisions for transactions and significantly lowering costs for both the producers and buyers . This is accepted overwhelmingly by participants throughout the entire economic activities for efficacy purposes , and new economic incentives would then be indigenously encouraged , such as the knowledge economy .   The Information Age formed by capitalizing on computer microminiaturization advances . This evolution of technology in daily life and social organization has led to the fact that the modernization of information and communication processes has become the driving force of social evolution .

neg: Big Six energy suppliers The Big Six are the United Kingdom 's largest energy suppliers , supplying gas and electricity to over 50 million homes and businesses in Britain , with over 90 % share of domestic customers . `` Supplier '' is meant by the business of buying wholesale power ( or gas ) , paying network and government policy costs and charges , and charging the customers of that supplier , for their electricity ( or gas ) . The assets of a supplier , which is a separate licensed business , are its people , and its offices . The business of four of the big energy Suppliers , including of their wider company groups , does not entail owning , or running , any actual network assets - underground cables , overhead lines , or pipes - to physically deliver electricity or gas . The two exceptions to this , are the two big Scottish Supplier firms , whose wider company groups do own some network assets .   Confusingly , the term `` Big Six '' has recently been used prominently in the British media to refer , instead , to Britain 's energy network firms such as UK Power Networks ( which are generally independent of the biggest six British energy suppliers ) . There has also been a tendency in the media to wrongly refer to electricity network firms as `` electricity suppliers '' , thus sowing further confusion and misunderstanding ,   The `` Big Six '' as the term has most often been used , tends to be a reference to the oldest British electricity companies ( which are all also involved in the retail Supply of gas ) plus British Gas . This comprises ( 1 ) British Gas ( owned by UK firm Centrica which is listed on the LSE ) , ( 2 ) EDF Energy ( owned by French firm Électricité de France which is listed on the Paris Stock Exchange , ( 3 ) npower , ( 4 ) E.ON UK ( each German-owned ) , ( 5 ) Scottish Power ( Spanish-owned ) , and ( 6 ) SSE ( listed on the LSE ) .   According to SERIS , the generation businesses of the ` Big Six ' energy firms amount to around three-quarters of British generating capacity . Three out of the ` Big Ten ' generators in the UK can probably still be categorised as majority-owned by British shareholders ; the other seven are listed firms that are owned by their many shareholders , some of whom will be British , but many of whom may not be British .   Figures from independent research group Cornwall Energy suggest that by September 2014 Britain 's big six energy companies had a 92.4 % share of the market -- a decrease from 99.8 % in 2009 .

neg: History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom The history of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom covers British foreign policy from about 1600 to 2000 . For the current situation since 2000 see Foreign relations of the United Kingdom .   Britain from 1750 to the 1910s took pride in an unmatched economic base comprising industry , finance , shipping and trade that largely dominated the globe . Foreign policy based on free trade ( after 1840 ) kept the economy flourishing . The overseas Empire recovered after the loss of America in 1776 and reached its zenith about 1920 , and foreign policy made sure it was never seriously threatened .   After expending enormous energy on the defeat of France and Napoleon ( 1793-1815 ) , British policy focused on achieving a conservative balance of power within Europe , with no one country achieving dominance over the affairs of the continent . This had been the basic reason behind the British wars against Napoleon , and the British commitment in the First and Second World Wars . The chief enemy down to 1815 was France , with its much larger population base and its powerful army . The British were generally successful in their many wars , with the notable exception of the American War of Independence ( 1775 -- 1783 ) . In that war Britain , without any major allies , was defeated by the colonials who had the support of France and the Netherlands , and France had support from Spain .   A favoured diplomatic strategy was subsidising the armies of continental allies , such as Prussia , thereby turning London 's enormous financial power to military advantage . Britain relied heavily on its Royal Navy for security , seeking to keep it the most powerful fleet afloat with a full complement of bases across the globe . British dominance of the seas was vital to the formation of the British Empire , which was achieved through the maintenance of a Navy larger than the next two largest Navies combined for the majority of the 19th and early 20th centuries , prior to the entry of the United States into the Second World War . The British controlled the oceans . So powerful was the Royal Navy , it needed to do little actual fighting from 1812 to 1914 . Although all of the other major Powers fought with their neighbours , the British army had only one relatively limited war ( the Crimean War against Russia in 1854-56 ) . The Army mostly handled garrison duty , and did have to deal with localized insurrections and colonial conflicts in Asia and Africa .

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture .   British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital .   The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine .   The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .

neg: National Union of Warehouse and General Workers The National Union of Warehouse and General Workers was a trade union representing workers , mostly in commercial warehouses , in the United Kingdom .   The union was founded in 1911 when six local unions in Liverpool and Manchester merged , forming the Amalgamated General and Warehouse Workers ' Union . Although the majority of members worked in commercial warehouses , one of the founding unions included tobacco workers , who also transferred to the new union . In 1913 , the union renamed itself as the `` National Union of Warehouse and General Workers '' .   The membership of the union varied considerably ; it had 6,000 members on formation , but this fell to 4,000 the following year , before rising to 7,688 in 1915 . It recruited huge numbers of members during World War I , and by 1920 claimed a membership of 96,000 . It was particularly successful in recruiting toymakers , and by the end of the war , around 2,000 of its members worked in the sector .   At the start of 1921 , the union merged with the Amalgamated Union of Co-operative Employees , forming the National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers .

neg: History of education in England The history of education in England can be documented to the Anglo-Saxons ' settlement of England . During the Middle Ages , schools were established to teach Latin grammar to the sons of the aristocracy , as part of preparation also for the entry of some into the clergy and religious orders . The church preserved literacy and learning during this period , and education was closely tied to the religious vocation , in order to read the Bible and related documents . Apprenticeship was the main way for youths to enter practical occupations . Two universities were established in affiliation with the church : the University of Oxford , followed by the University of Cambridge , both related closely to training for clergy . A reformed system of `` free grammar schools '' was established in the reign of Edward VI .   The Protestant Reformation had a major influence on education and literacy in England , as it encouraged the reading of the Bible in the vernacular of the people . ( Formerly , the Bible was printed only in Latin , the official language of the Catholic Church . ) Counties in the east of England , which had frequent interaction with the Low Countries , where the Reformation movement had flourished , developed a higher rate of literacy in the early years of the Reformation than did other areas of England .   In the 19th century the Church of England sponsored most formal education until the government established free , compulsory education towards the end of that century . University College London was established as the first secular college in England , open to students of all religions ( or none , ) followed by King 's College London ; the two institutions formed the University of London . Durham University was also established in the early nineteenth century . Towards the end of the century , the `` redbrick '' universities , new public universities , were founded .   The 1944 Education Act established the Tripartite System of grammar schools and secondary modern schools . The school leaving age was raised to 16 in 1972 .

neg: Post-industrial economy A post-industrial economy refers to a period of growth within an industrialized economy or nation in which the relative importance of manufacturing reduces and that of services , information , and research grows .  Such economies are often marked by :  A declining manufacturing sector , resulting in deindustrialization ,  a large service sector , and  an increase in the amount of information technology , often leading to an `` information age '' . Information , knowledge , and creativity are the new raw materials of such an economy .   The industry aspect of a post-industrial economy is sent into less developed nations which manufacture what is needed at lower costs ( see outsourcing ) . This occurrence is typical of nations that industrialized in the past such as the United States and most Western European countries .

neg: Theatre of the United Kingdom Theatre of United Kingdom plays an important part in British culture , and the countries that constitute the UK have had a vibrant tradition of theatre since the Renaissance with roots doing back to the Roman occupation .

neg: Industrial school In England , the 1857 Industrial Schools Act was intended to solve problems of juvenile vagrancy , by removing poor and neglected children from their home environment to a boarding school . The Act allowed magistrates to send disorderly children to a residential industrial school . An 1876 Act led to non-residential day schools of a similar kind .   There were similar arrangements in Scotland , where the Industrial Schools Act came into force in 1866 . The schools cared for neglected children and taught them a trade , with an emphasis on preventing crime . Glasgow Industrial School for Girls is an example formed in 1882 .   They were distinct from reformatories set up under the 1854 Youthful Offenders Act ( the Reformatory Schools Act ) which included an element of punishment . Both agreed in 1927 to call themselves approved schools .   In Ireland , the Industrial Schools Act of 1868 established industrial schools ( scoileanna saothair ) to care for `` neglected , orphaned and abandoned children '' . By 1884 there were 5,049 children in such institutions .

neg: History of journalism in the United Kingdom The history of journalism in the United Kingdom includes the gathering and transmitting of news , spans the growth of technology and trade , marked by the advent of specialized techniques for gathering and disseminating information on a regular basis . In the analysis of historians , it involves the steady increase of  the scope of news available to us and the speed with which it is transmitted .   Newspapers have always been the primary medium of journalists since 1700 , with magazines added in the 18th century , radio and television in the 20th century , and the Internet in the 21st century . London has always been the main center of British journalism , followed at a distance by Edinburgh , Belfast , Dublin , and regional cities .

neg: Early modern Europe Early modern Europe is the period of European history between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution , roughly the late 15th century to the late 18th century . Historians variously mark the beginning of the early modern period with the invention of moveable type printing in the 1450s , the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , the end of the Wars of the Roses in 1487 , the beginning of the High Renaissance in Italy in the 1490s , the end of the Reconquista and subsequent voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492 , or the start of the Protestant Reformation in 1517 . The precise dates of its end point also vary and are usually linked with either the start of the French Revolution in 1789 or with the more vaguely defined beginning of the Industrial Revolution in late 18th century Britain .   Some of the more notable trends and events of the early modern period included the Reformation and the religious conflicts it provoked ( including the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years ' War ) , the rise of capitalism and modern nation states , and European colonization of the Americas .

neg: Pax Britannica Pax Britannica ( Latin for `` British Peace '' , modelled after Pax Romana ) was the period of relative peace in Europe ( 1815 -- 1914 ) during which the British Empire became the global hegemonic power and adopted the role of a global police force .   Between 1815 and 1914 , a period referred to as Britain 's `` imperial century , '' around 10,000,000 sqmi of territory and roughly 400 million people were added to the British Empire . Victory over Napoleonic France left the British without any serious international rival , other than perhaps Russia in central Asia . When Russia tried expanding its influence in the Balkans , the British and French defeated it in the Crimean War ( 1854 -- 56 ) , thereby protecting the by-then feeble Ottoman Empire .   Britain 's Royal Navy controlled most of the key maritime trade routes and enjoyed unchallenged sea power . Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies , Britain 's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled access to many regions , such as Asia and Latin America . British merchants , shippers and bankers had such an overwhelming advantage over everyone else that in addition to its colonies it had an `` informal empire '' .

neg: Great Depression in the United Kingdom The Great Depression in the United Kingdom , also known as the Great Slump , was a period of national economic downturn in the 1930s , which had its origins in the global Great Depression . It was Britain 's largest and most profound economic depression of the 20th century . The Great Depression originated in the United States in late 1929 and quickly spread to the world . Britain had never experienced the boom that had characterized the U.S. , Germany , Canada and Australia in the 1920s , so its effect appeared less severe . Britain 's world trade fell by half ( 1929 -- 33 ) , the output of heavy industry fell by a third , employment profits plunged in nearly all sectors . At the depth in summer 1932 , registered unemployed numbered 3.5 million , and many more had only part-time employment .   Particularly hardest hit by economic problems were the industrial and mining areas in the north of England , Scotland , Northern Ireland and Wales . Unemployment reached 70 % in some areas at the start of the 1930s ( with more than 3 million out of work nationally ) and many families depended entirely on payments from local government known as the dole . Politically the Conservative Party dominated the era and the Labour Party was seriously hurt .

neg: Bronze Age Britain Bronze Age Britain is an era of British history that spanned from c. 2500 until c. 800 BC . Lasting for approximately 1,700 years , it was preceded by the era of Neolithic Britain and was in turn followed by the period of Iron Age Britain . Being categorised as the Bronze Age , it was marked by the use of copper and then bronze by the prehistoric Britons , who used such metals to fashion tools . Great Britain in the Bronze Age also saw the widespread adoption of agriculture .   During the British Bronze Age , large megalithic monuments similar to those from the Late Neolithic continued to be constructed or modified , including such sites as Avebury , Stonehenge , Silbury Hill and Must Farm . This has been described as a time `` when elaborate ceremonial practices emerged among some communities of subsistence agriculturalists of western Europe '' .

neg: Technological unemployment Technological unemployment is the loss of jobs caused by technological change . Such change typically includes the introduction of labour-saving `` mechanical-muscle '' machines or more efficient `` mechanical-mind '' processes ( automation ) . Just as horses employed as prime movers were gradually made obsolete by the automobile , humans ' jobs have also been affected throughout modern history . Historical examples include artisan weavers reduced to poverty after the introduction of mechanised looms . During World War II , Alan Turing 's Bombe machine compressed and decoded thousands of man-years worth of encrypted data in a matter of hours . A contemporary example of technological unemployment is the displacement of retail cashiers by self-service tills .   That technological change can cause short-term job losses is widely accepted . The view that it can lead to lasting increases in unemployment has long been controversial . Participants in the technological unemployment debates can be broadly divided into optimists and pessimists . Optimists agree that innovation may be disruptive to jobs in the short term , yet hold that various compensation effects ensure there is never a long-term negative impact on jobs . Whereas pessimists contend that at least in some circumstances , new technologies can lead to a lasting decline in the total number of workers in employment . The phrase `` technological unemployment '' was popularised by John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s . Yet the issue of machines displacing human labour has been discussed since at least Aristotle 's time .   Prior to the 18th century both the elite and common people would generally take the pessimistic view on technological unemployment , at least in cases where the issue arose . Due to generally low unemployment in much of pre-modern history , the topic was rarely a prominent concern . In the 18th century fears over the impact of machinery on jobs intensified with the growth of mass unemployment , especially in Great Britain which was then at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution . Yet some economic thinkers began to argue against these fears , claiming that overall innovation would not have negative effects on jobs . These arguments were formalised in the early 19th century by the classical economists . During the second half of the 19th century , it became increasingly apparent that technological progress was benefiting all sections of society , including the working class . Concerns over the negative impact of innovation diminished . The term `` Luddite fallacy '' was coined to describe the thinking that innovation would have lasting harmful effects on employment .   The view that technology is unlikely to lead to long term unemployment has been repeatedly challenged by a minority of economists . In the early 1800s these included Ricardo himself . There were dozens of economists warning about technological unemployment during brief intensifications of the debate that spiked in the 1930s and 1960s . Especially in Europe , there were further warnings in the closing two decades of the twentieth century , as commentators noted an enduring rise in unemployment suffered by many industrialised nations since the 1970s . Yet a clear majority of both professional economists and the interested general public held the optimistic view through most of the 20th century .   In the second decade of the 21st century , a number of studies have been released suggesting that technological unemployment may be increasing worldwide . Further increases are forecast for the years to come . While many economists and commentators still argue such fears are unfounded , as was widely accepted for most of the previous two centuries , concern over technological unemployment is growing once again . A report in Wired in 2017 quotes knowledgeable people such as economist Gene Sperling and management professor Andrew McAfee on the idea that handling existing and impending job loss to automation is a `` significant issue '' . Regarding a recent claim by a political appointee that automation is not `` going to have any kind of big effect on the economy for the next 50 or 100 years , '' says McAfee , `` I do n't talk to anyone in the field who believes that . '' Innovations like Watson have the potential to render humans obsolete with the professional , white-collar , low-skilled , creative fields , and other `` mental jobs '' .

neg: Heath ministry Edward Heath , of the Conservative Party , formed the Heath ministry and became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on 19 June 1970 , following the 18 June general election . Heath 's ministry ended after the February 1974 general election , which produced a hung parliament , leading to the formation of a minority government by Harold Wilson of the Labour Party .   Heath had been elected leader of the Conservative Party in 1965 to succeed Alec Douglas Home , within a few months of the party 's election defeat after 13 years in government . His first general election as leader the following year ended in defeat as Wilson 's Labour government increased its majority . The Conservatives enjoyed a surge in support over the next two years as the British economy went through a period of fluctuation being growth and contraction , with unemployment rising significantly , but when Harold Wilson called a general election for June 1970 , the opinion polls all pointed towards a third successive Labour victory . It was a major surprise when the Conservatives won with a majority of 30 seats .   The government of Edward Heath initially enjoyed a strong economy and relatively low unemployment , and by 1973 Britain had entered the European Economic Community . But then came the 1973 oil crisis , and just before Christmas , Heath declared a `` three day week '' in which the use of offices , factories and most public buildings was reduced to three days a week . He also faced a battle with the unions over pay freezes and restraints , which sparked a rise in strikes . The economy also entered a recession .   Heath 's response in February 1974 was to call a general election , urging the voters to decide whether it was the government or the unions which ran Britain . The election on 28 February 1974 resulted in a hung parliament , in which the Tories had the most votes but Labour had the most seats . After talks with the Liberals about forming a coalition government failed , Labour formed a minority government on 4 March . A second general election was widely anticipated later in 1974 , and was called by Harold Wilson for 10 October , in which the Labour Party gained a three-seat majority . This meant that Wilson had now won four of the five general elections he had contested , while Heath had now lost three of his four general elections , and it seemed inevitable that his leadership would soon end .

neg: Machine Age The Machine Age is an era that includes the early 20th century , sometimes also including the late 19th century . An approximate dating would be about 1880 to 1945 . Considered to be at a peak in the time between the first and second world wars , it forms a late part of the Second Industrial Revolution . By the mid to late 1940s , the atom bomb , the first computers , and the transistor came into being , beginning the contemporary era of Digital Revolution and thus ending the intellectual model of the machine age founded in the mechanical and heralding a new more complex model of high technology . The digital era has been called the Second Machine Age , with its increased focus on machines that do mental tasks .

neg: Proto-industrialization Proto-industrialization ( also spelled proto-industrialisation ) was a possible phase in the development of modern industrial economies that preceded , and created conditions for , the establishment of fully industrial societies . Proto-industrialisation is generally referred to the phase before industrialisation . Proto-industrialization was marked by the increasing involvement of agrarian families in market-oriented craft production , mainly through the putting-out system organized by merchant capitalists . It was an effective method of production which was controlled by merchants and had links to developing European consumerism . However , the phase was not observed across Europe , and nor did it always smoothly transition into the Industrial Revolution proper .   The term was coined by F. F. Mendels in 1972 ,  though a UNESCO colloquium on the 10th anniversary of the deaths of Einstein and Teilhard de Chardin and published in 1971 discusses `` the basis for proto-industrialization '' .   The applicability of proto-industrialization in Europe has since been challenged . M.J. Daunton , for example , argues that proto-industrialisation `` excludes too much '' to fully explain the expansion of industry : not only do proponents of proto-industrialisation ignore the vital town-based industries in pre-industrial economies , but also ignores `` rural and urban industry based upon non-domestic organisation , '' referring to how mines , mills , forges and furnaces fit into the agrarian economy .   Initially using surplus labor available during slow periods of the agricultural seasons , proto-industrialization led to specialization - not only in industrial production but also in commercial agricultural production . This allowed reciprocal trade favored by regional economies of scale . It resulted in accumulation of capital and in the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills by merchant capitalists , which facilitated the development of large-scale , and capital-intensive production methods in the full industrialization phase that followed .   Proto-industrialization sparked social changes in traditional agrarian societies that would become more marked during full industrialization , such as greater independence of women and children , who gained a means of income separate from the family subsistence farm . During this phase of industrialisation , machines were not used . They were not even invented at that time . People could only use their hands or any hand-made material to produce required goods .

neg: Special Relationship The Special Relationship is the unofficial term for the exceptionally close political , diplomatic , cultural , economic , military and historical relations between the United Kingdom and the United States . It was used in a 1946 speech by Winston Churchill . Although both the United Kingdom and United States have close relationships with many other nations , the level of cooperation between them in economic activity , trade and commerce , military planning , execution of military operations , nuclear weapons technology , and intelligence sharing has been described as `` unparalleled '' among major powers .   The United Kingdom and United States have been close allies in numerous military and political conflicts throughout the 20th and 21st centuries including World War I , World War II , the Korean War , the Cold War , the Gulf War , and the War on Terror .


query: The World According to Paris had an all-male cast.

pos: Paris Hilton Paris Whitney Hilton ( born February 17 , 1981 ) is an American businesswoman , socialite , television and media personality , model , actress , singer , and DJ . She is the great-granddaughter of Conrad Hilton , the founder of Hilton Hotels . Born in New York City and raised there and in Beverly Hills , California , Hilton began her modeling career as a teenager when she signed with New York based modelling development agency , Trump Model Management . Her lifestyle and rumored short-lived relationships made her a feature of entertainment news and tabloid magazines , and Hilton was proclaimed `` New York 's leading It girl '' in 2001 . In 2003 , a sex tape with Hilton and her then-boyfriend Rick Salomon , later released as 1 Night in Paris , was leaked to the public . Released only three weeks before the premiere of the reality television series The Simple Life , in which she starred alongside her long-time friend Nicole Richie , the sex tape became a media sensation .   In 2004 , Hilton released her book Confessions of an Heiress , which became a New York Times Best Seller . She later played a supporting role in the horror film House of Wax ( 2005 ) , in 2005 Hilton later signed to Warner Brothers records as a singer and began working with producers such as Scott Storch , Tom Whalley , J.R. Rotem , Dr. Luke , Fernando Garibay and Kara DioGuardi on a pop album .   Hilton 's debut single `` Stars Are Blind '' was released worldwide in June 2006 and quickly became an instant hit around the world including number one in Scotland . In the United States , `` Stars Are Blind '' was amongst the highest debuting singles in the U.S. in 2006 , entering the Billboard Hot 100 at number 18 due to strong digital sales and was played on more than 125 pop stations in the U.S. alone in 2006-2007 . The self-titled album , Paris , was released worldwide on August 22 , 2006 . The album reached number six on the Billboard 200 , and has since sold over 600,000 copies worldwide .   Hilton returned to reality television in 2008 with Paris Hilton 's My New BFF ( 2008 ) and its two spin-offs : Paris Hilton 's British Best Friend ( 2009 ) and Paris Hilton 's Dubai BFF ( 2009 ) , and again in 2011 with Oxygen series The World According to Paris . Her other acting credits include Bottoms Up , National Lampoon 's Pledge This ! ( 2006 ) , The Hottie and the Nottie ( 2008 ) , Repo ! The Genetic Opera ( 2008 ) and Sofia Coppola 's film The Bling Ring ( 2013 ) . In 2012 , Hilton announced her DJ career and made her debut at the São Paulo Pop Music Festival . Although her performance was criticized , she became one of the highest-paid celebrity DJs , holding club residencies all over the world . That same year , she also returned to music , signing a record deal with Lil Wayne 's and Birdman 's label Cash Money Records .   Critics and admirers have said that Hilton is famous for being famous , exemplifying the celebutante : a celebrity not through talent or work , but through inherited wealth and lifestyle .   She has parlayed her media fame into perfumes and a fashion line with her endorsement ; her fragrances have earned $ 1.5 billion . There are currently three Paris Hilton apartment complexes and 44 Paris Hilton stores worldwide , with products including perfumes , handbags , watches and footwear . Hilton earns over $ 10 million a year from product sales . Hilton 's perfume products alone have brought in over $ 2.5 billion in revenue , the second largest celebrity fragrance of all time behind Hollywood actress Liz Taylor . and , as of 2005 , was paid about $ 300,000 for appearances in clubs and events .

pos: The World According to Paris The World According to Paris is an American reality television series on Oxygen that premiered on June 1 , 2011 . It was announced on August 13 , 2011 , that Oxygen did not renew the series for a second season . The series ' eight-week run averaged only 293,000 viewers and a 0.2 rating among adults 18-49 , making it Oxygen 's least-watched series of 2011 . The World According to Paris follows the daily life of Paris Hilton . It was filmed from November 2010 , with Hilton 's court-ordered community service stemming from her arrest in Las Vegas , Nevada for cocaine possession , to February 2011 , with her birthday party , the series co-starred Brooke Mueller , Lexi Dreyfus , Jennifer Rovero , Allison Melnick , Brooke Brinson ( daughter of Kim Richards ) , Hilton 's then-boyfriend Cy Waits , and Kathy Hilton .

pos: Allison Melnick Allison Melnick ( born June 3 , 1971 ) is an American socialite , bar owner , and reality TV star originally from Long Island , New York . She is perhaps best known for appearing on the reality show The World According to Paris , where she is seen frequently accompanying Paris Hilton as she shops or travels . In 2008 , Melnick opened the Apple Lounge a tiny , 150 occupant bar in the basement of the Apple restaurant in Los Angeles .

pos: Jennifer Rovero Jennifer Rovero ( born December 12 , 1978 ) is Playboy 's Playmate of the Month for July 1999 and has appeared in numerous Playboy videos . She appeared as the cover model of the October 1999 edition .

neg: Alain-Philippe Malagnac d'Argens de Villèle Alain-Philippe Malagnac ( 1951 -- 2000 ) was the adopted son of French writer Roger Peyrefitte , their relationship being a subject of several of the latter 's works . Malagnac was also an art collector and the husband of singer Amanda Lear .   Scion of a French aristocratic family , 12-year-old Alain-Philippe had a minor role in the film Les Amitiés particulières ( English title : This Special Friendship ) , released in 1964 , based on the award-winning autobiographical novel by Roger Peyrefitte . Malagnac met Peyrefitte , from when they started a long association professionally and personally . This formed the background to Peyrefitte 's novel , Notre Amour ( Éd . Flammarion , 1967 ) and to L'Enfant de cœur , ( an allusion to Malagnac 's role as a choirboy ( Enfant de Choeur ) in the film ) .   At the age of sixteen Malagnac became Peyrefitte 's personal secretary , and as a young man Malagnac was eventually adopted by Peyrefitte .   As an adult Malagnac 's career ( often financed by Peyrefitte ) included proprietorship of Le Bronx , one of the first openly gay night clubs in Paris , and briefly managing French singer Sylvie Vartan , a disastrous undertaking which almost bankrupted Peyrefitte , who was forced to sell artworks and erotic antiquities to pay the resulting debts .   In 1978 Malagnac met Amanda Lear in Paris , and in April 1979 , while on a trip to the United States , they married . Their marriage lasted twenty one years , until his death .  On Saturday , December 16 , 2000 , Malagnac was killed by smoke in a fire at his recently-bought farm house in Saint-Étienne-du-Grès . He died just six weeks after Peyrefitte .

neg: Pierre Gérald Pierre Gérald ( 26 May 1906 -- 24 March 2012 ) was a French actor who acted professionally in theater , movies and television series for over 50 years .

neg: Paul Briquet Paul Briquet or Pierre Briquet ( 12 January 1796 to 25 January 1881 ) was a French physician and psychologist that advanced the reasoned treatment of disturbed people said to be hysterics .   Briquet became a medical doctor in 1824 , a professor in 1827 . In 1836 he operated at the Cochin hospital and in 1846 at La Charité hospital . In 1853 he described the preparation and use of quinine .   He published Traité clinique et thérapeutique de l'Hystérie in 1859 , and the following year he was admitted to the Academie de Medecine .   A type of personality disorder called Briquet 's syndrome is classified as somatic symptom disorder .   `` Although many of his theoretical concepts , basic scientific knowledge and data processing techniques were primitive by our standards , his approach , his emphasis on demonstrable facts , and his many well-substantiated conclusions mark his Treatise on Hysteria as an avant-garde work relevant even today ''   Briquet was a proponent of male hysteria in his Treatise . He cites Louyer-Villermay , M. Dubois , M. Landouzy , and M. Monneret as putting to rest the doubt over male hysteria . He wrote , `` Regardless of the denials , men may suffer from hysteria , and the cases that prove it are not rare , and it is only possible to prevent it by acknowledging that . '' As a mental condition , hysteria is not due to uterine influence : `` Hysteria may occur in men , who have no uterus , in non-menstruating young women whose uterus is still in a rudimentary state and where it remains without influence , and in old women where it no longer influences . '' Briquet describes circumstances where simultaneously the senses are excited , and efforts are made to conceal the excitation , as precursors to hysteria .   In Mark Micale 's reading of Briquet 's Treatise , the introductory section on male hysteria is followed by prejudice against the male victims of the disorder .  Briquet chooses to begin the main body of his book with a 40-page discussion of hysteria in the adult male -- the very first discussion of its kind in a nineteenth-century medical text .  By the end of Briquet 's long and authoritative exposition , an adult man capable of `` affective impressions '' is seen as not only sick and abnormal , but also as a deviation from , and menace to , the bourgeois family order .  Apart from the gender factor , Briquet studied the epidemiology of hysteria through 430 patients that he attended over a decade of clinical work .  Micale describes the anticipation of affective neuroscience :  -LSB- Briquet centers -RSB- hysteria in the brain , conjecturing that a part of the human brain is reserved for emotional or `` affective sensations '' , as opposed to motor control and intellectual operations . He then specifies that `` hysteria is an illness consisting of a neurosis of the part of the brain destined to receive affective impressions and feelings '' . He goes on to maintain that the disorder is caused by the complex and highly individual interaction of many disparate factors , including age , gender , emotional disposition , family history , mode of education , previous physical illness and psychological stress . The malady develops temperamentally , he claims , in individuals with an `` affective predominance '' .   In his 2004 history of mental illness , Theodore Millon noted Briquet 's advances :  -LSB- Briquet -RSB- speculated on untoward developmental and life experiences as playing a pathogenic role ( e.g. parental mistreatment , spousal abuse , unfavorable employment circumstances , or business failures ) . Recognizing that only a small subset of those subjected to these psychosocial experiences developed the hysterical syndrome , Briquet proposed predispositions as pathogenic factors . Aware that life circumstances troubled his patients , he suggested that many would benefit by speaking to an empathetic counselor or physician who might serve as a confidant . Briquet showed great sensitivity in going beyond the crude medications of the day to employ a psychotherapeutic approach to his patients ' difficulties .

neg: This Was Paris This Was Paris is a 1942 British Second World War spy film directed by John Harlow and starring Ann Dvorak , Ben Lyon and Griffith Jones .

neg: The Messenger Boy The Messenger Boy is a musical comedy in two acts by James T. Tanner and Alfred Murray , lyrics by Adrian Ross and Percy Greenbank , with music by Ivan Caryll and Lionel Monckton , with additional numbers by Paul Rubens . The story concerned a rascally financier who tries to discredit a rival in love . After a tryout in Plymouth , it opened at the Gaiety Theatre in London , managed by George Edwardes , on 3 February 1900 and ran for a very successful 429 performances . Harry Grattan and Edmund Payne starred . Marie Studholme later joined the cast . It had a Broadway run of 128 performances from 16 September 1901 to 4 January 1902 . The director was Herbert Gresham , and the musical director was Louis F. Gottschalk . The cast included Georgia Caine as Nora , Jobyna Howland as Lord Punchestown , May Robson as Mrs. Bang and Flora Zabelle as Isabel Blyth .   Rose Boote ( professional name , Miss Rosie Boote ) , who also appeared in the London cast , so charmed Geoffrey Taylour , 4th Marquess of Headfort , that he married her in 1901 . Rose Lady Headfort outlived her husband , dying in 1958 . The young ladies appearing in George Edwardes 's shows became so popular that wealthy gentlemen , termed `` Stage Door Johnnies '' , would wait outside the stage door hoping to escort them to dinner . In some cases , as here , a marriage resulted .

neg: Daniel Mendaille Daniel Mendaille ( 27 November 1885 - 17 May 1963 ) was a French stage and film actor whose career spanned nearly sixty years .

neg: Claude Heater Claude Heater ( born October 25 , 1927 ) is an American opera singer . He began his career on Broadway as a baritone in New York City in 1950 . In 1952 he decided to focus on opera and left to study as a baritone in Italy . This led to a tour of Spain with an Italian opera company and eventually with opera houses in Europe ending his baritone career after three years at the Vienna State Opera and the San Francisco Opera in California from 1953 to 1961 . He retrained his voice as a tenor , and from 1963 had great success in the Dramatic/Wagnerian tenor repertoire at major theatres internationally . After retiring from the stage in the 1970s , he devoted his time to develop dramatic voices . He is also known for portraying the role of Jesus Christ ( uncredited in the titles ) in the 1959 classic film Ben-Hur .

neg: Léon Bary Léon Bary ( 6 June 1880 -- 7 January 1954 ) was a French actor . He appeared in 52 films between 1916 and 1955 . He was born in Paris , France and died in Paris , aged 73 .

neg: Follow the Boys Follow the Boys also known as Three Cheers for the Boys is a 1944 musical film made by Universal Pictures during World War II as an all-star cast morale booster to entertain the troops abroad and the civilians at home . The film was directed by A. Edward `` Eddie '' Sutherland and produced by Charles K. Feldman . The movie stars George Raft and features Vera Zorina , Grace McDonald , Charles Grapewin , Regis Toomey and George Macready .   Making appearances are Walter Abel , Carmen Amaya , The Andrews Sisters , Evelyn Ankers , Louise Beavers , Noah Beery , Jr. , Turhan Bey , Steve Brodie , Nigel Bruce , Lon Chaney , Jr. , the Delta Rhythm Boys , Andy Devine , Marlene Dietrich , W. C. Fields , Susanna Foster , Thomas Gomez , Louis Jordan and His Orchestra , Ted Lewis and His Band , Jeanette MacDonald , Maria Montez , Clarence Muse , Donald O'Connor , Slapsie Maxie Rosenbloom , Artur Rubinstein , Peggy Ryan , Randolph Scott , Dinah Shore , Freddie Slack and His Orchestra , Gale Sondergaard , Sophie Tucker , Orson Welles , among many others .

neg: Claude Chalhoub Claude Chalhoub ( -LSB- ) born in Qaa , Lebanon in 1974 , from a Christian musical family of 11 children , attended the Lebanese Conservatoire before entering the Royal College of Music in London as winner of the prestigious Queen Elizabeth Scholarship award .   He is fluent in Classical Western music and Arabic improvisation , and was concertmaster for Daniel Barenboim 's ` West-Eastern Divan Orchestra ' ( 1999 - 2002 ) . Furthermore , he was invited by Yo-Yo Ma to Tanglewood/USA to support him in his Silk Road Project .   His debut release on Teldec Classics International called Claude Chalhoub is the result of an exclusive recording contract with Canadian producer Michael Brook . The compositions consist of western classical elements being blended into a more Indian/Arabic flavor , with the addition of ethnic percussion and electronic effects . Claude Chalhoub plays on a Stradivarius from the Stradivari Society also featuring vocals from Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan .  His second album Diwan exclusively in the sphere of classical music was produced by Herzog Records in collaboration with the Gewandhausorchester of Leipzig , Germany . The album offers original compositions for violin solo and orchestra with baroque & oriental sound images .  In 2015 , he produced the DVD Marionettes Dance , directed by Boris Penth in collaboration with the University of Music & Performing Arts of Vienna , Austria .   As a violinist Claude Chalhoub has performed the classical repertoire for violin as well as his own music world-wide and with the most renowned orchestra 's and magnificent musicians , including the Symphony Orchestra 's of London , Halle and Holland , Michael Brook , Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan , Tobias Koch , Calefax Reed Quintet , The Edmond Chamber Players to name a few .  His repertoire includes Beethoven , Mozart , Khachaturian , Brahms , Bruch Violin Concerto , Korngold Violin Concerto , his own arrangement of Mendelson Violin Concerto in E . An example of his international versatility was a collaboration with the Holland Symfonia and the Dutch National Ballet who played & danced to his music at the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam .   As a composer , he is well known to the film as well . His compositions are used in ` America Undercover , Persona non grata -- Oliver Stone ( 2003 ) ' , ` Yes -- Sally Potter ( 2004 ) ' or ` Into the Wild -- Sean Penn ( 2007 ) ` , he was commissioned by ` Koran by heart -- Greg Barker ( 2011 ) ` and playing the solos in ` India : Kingdom of the Tiger -- Bruce Neibaur ( 2002 ) , ` Caramel -- Nadine Labaki ( 2007 ) ` and ` Where do we go now -- Nadine Labaki ( 2011 ) ' .   In 2012 , he composed and arranged the latest of Majida El Roumi 's albums ` Ghazal ' .   After many years in Beirut working among others as Dean of the chamber music department at the Lebanese National Higher Conservatory of Music he now lives in Vienna , Austria .   A film biography on Chalhoub 's life and career called ` Singing on the Violin ' by German director Boris Penth ( 2007 ) has been broadcast internationally , among others on TV channels WDR , 3Sat , Bayerischer Rundfunk , ABC1 , Arte , Euro arts , www.medici.tv , etc. .

neg: Herbert Marshall Herbert Brough Falcon Marshall ( 23 May 1890 -- 22 January 1966 ) was an English stage , screen and radio actor who , in spite of losing a leg during the First World War , starred in many popular and well-regarded Hollywood films in the 1930s and 1940s . After a successful theatrical career in the United Kingdom and North America , he became an in-demand Hollywood leading man , frequently appearing in romantic melodramas and occasional comedies . In his later years , he turned to character acting .   The son of actors , Marshall is best remembered for roles in Ernst Lubitsch 's Trouble in Paradise ( 1932 ) , Alfred Hitchcock 's Murder ! ( 1930 ) and Foreign Correspondent ( 1940 ) , William Wyler 's The Letter ( 1940 ) and The Little Foxes ( 1941 ) , Albert Lewin 's The Moon and Sixpence ( 1942 ) , Edmund Goulding 's The Razor 's Edge ( 1946 ) , and Kurt Neumann 's The Fly ( 1958 ) . He appeared onscreen with many of the most prominent leading ladies of Hollywood 's Golden Age , including Greta Garbo , Marlene Dietrich and Bette Davis .   From 1944 to 1952 , Marshall starred in his own radio series , The Man Called ` X ' . Often praised for the quality of his voice , he made numerous radio guest appearances and hosted several shows . He performed on television as well . The actor , known for his charm , married five times and periodically appeared in gossip columns because of his sometimes turbulent private life . During the Second World War , he worked on the rehabilitation of injured troops , especially aiding amputees like himself . Marshall received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960 .

neg: Molière Award for Best Supporting Actor Molière Award for Best Supporting Actor . Winners and nominees .   1987 : Pierre Arditi in The Rehearsal ( La Répétition ou l'Amour puni )  Jean-Michel Dupuis in Conversations After a Burial ( Conversations après un enterrement )  Patrick Raynal in As Is ( Tel quel )  Jean-Paul Roussillon in Conversations After a Burial ( Conversations après un enterrement )  Didier Sandre in The Marriage of Figaro ( La Folle Journée ou le Mariage de Figaro )  1988 : Pierre Vaneck in The Secret ( Le Secret )  Fabrice Eberhard in Death of a Salesman ( Mort d'un commis voyageur )  Jean-Paul Farré in The Metamorphosis ( La Métamorphose )  Jacques Jouanneau in Les Cahiers Tango  Fabrice Luchini in The Secret ( Le Secret )  1989 : Étienne Chicot in Une absence  Claude Evrard in A Month in the Country ( Un mois à la campagne )  Henri Garcin in Just Between Ourselves ( Entre nous soit dit )  François Lalande in Home ( Le Foyer )  Michel Robin in L'Imposture  1990 : Michel Robin in The Passage of Winter ( La Traversée de l'hiver )  Gérard Caillaud in Les Palmes de Monsieur Schutz  Martin Lamotte in A Fly in the Ointment ( Un fil à la patte )  Roger Mirmont in La Celestina ( La Célestine )  Henri Virlogeux in Ivanov  1991 : Jean-Paul Roussillon in Zone libre  Jacques Bonnaffé in La Fonction  Jean-Paul Farré in Les Fourberies de Scapin  Mario Gonzalez in Les Fourberies de Scapin  Georges Wilson in Eurydice  1992 : Robert Hirsch in Le Misanthrope  Jean-Pierre Darroussin in Cuisine et dépendances  Maurice Garrel in Making It Better ( C'était bien )  Gérard Hernandez in No Hard Feelings ( Sans rancune )  Sam Karmann in Cuisine et dépendances  1993 : Jean-Pierre Sentier in L'Église  Bernard Alane in La Jalousie  Michel Duchaussoy in Pygmalion  Fabrice Eberhard in Romeo and Jeannette ( Roméo et Jeannette )  Michel Etcheverry in Temps contre Temps  1994 : Roland Blanche in The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui ( La Résistible Ascension d'Arturo Ui )  Roger Dumas in The Homecoming ( Le Retour )  Gérard Hernandez in Le Dîner de Cons  Francis Lax in The Floating Light Bulb ( L'Ampoule magique )  Guy Tréjan in Hamlet  1995 : Darry Cowl in Baby 's Laxative ( On purge bébé ) and Madame 's Late Mother ( Feu la mère de Madame )  Jean-Pierre Darroussin in Un air de famille  Bernard Dhéran in Business is business ( Les Affaires sont les affaires )  Michel Etcheverry in Murder in the Cathedral ( Meurtre dans la cathédrale )  Jean Lescot in Three on the Seesaw ( Fausse adresse )  1996 : Jean-Paul Roussillon in Mademoiselle Colombe ( Colombe )  Francis Lalanne in Mass Appeal ( L'Affrontement )  Gérard Lartigau in Out of Order ( Panique au Plazza )  François Marthouret in Gertrud  Frédéric van den Driessche in An Ideal Husband ( Un mari idéal )  1997 : Robert Hirsch in Waiting for Godot ( En attendant Godot )  Bernard Alane in Sylvia  Jean-Paul Bordes in A Flea in Her Ear ( La Puce à l'oreille )  Jean-Pierre Darroussin in La Terrasse  Jean-Michel Dupuis in Waiting for Godot ( En attendant Godot )  1998 : Maurice Barrier in Twelve Angry Men ( Douze hommes en colère )  Marcel Cuvelier in Bel-Ami  Bernard Freyd in Twelve Angry Men ( Douze hommes en colère )  Samuel Labarthe in Uncle Vanya ( Oncle Vania )  Philippe Laudenbach in Cap and Bells ( Le Bonnet du fou )  1999 : Michel Aumont in Rêver peut-être  Jean-Michel Dupuis in Les Portes du ciel  André Falcon in A Delicate Balance ( Délicate Balance )  Alain MacMoy in Pour la galerie  Jacques Zabor in Mademoiselle Else  2000 : Marcel Cuvelier in My Father Was Right ( Mon père avait raison )  Bernard Dhéran in Between Worlds ( Hôtel des deux mondes )  Christian Hecq in La Main passe  Sam Karmann in Raisons de famille  François Lalande in Raisons de famille  2001 : Georges Wilson in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( Une chatte sur un toit brûlant )  François Lalande in Master Class ( Staline Mélodie )  Philippe Magnan in Les Directeurs  Jean Négroni in Marie Hasparren  Philippe Uchan in Glengarry Glen Ross  2002 : Maurice Chevit in Conversations with my Father ( Conversations avec mon père )  Stéphane Hillel in It Runs in the Family ( Impair et père )  Philippe Magnan in Elvire  Wojtek Pszoniak in The Shop Around the Corner ( La boutique au coin de la rue )  Michel Vuillermoz in Madame Sans Gêne  2003 : Michel Duchaussoy in Phèdre  Roger Dumas in Hysteria  Vincent Elbaz in Hysteria  Gérard Loussine in Un petit jeu sans conséquence  José Paul in Un petit jeu sans conséquence  2004 : Thierry Frémont in Signé Dumas  Philippe Khorsand in L'Invité  Roland Marchisio in Portrait de famille  Jean-Michel Martial in Driving Miss Daisy ( Miss Daisy et son chauffeur )  Chick Ortega in Things We Do for Love ( L'Amour est enfant de salaud )  2005 : Maurice Chevit in Brooklyn Boy  Gérard Caillaud in Amadeus  Éric Elmosnino in Ivanov  José Paul in The Mistress of the Inn ( La Locandiera )  Gilles Privat in To Whom It May Concern ( Avis aux intéressés )  Michel Vuillermoz in Le Menteur  2006 : Roger Dumas in Moins 2  Didier Brice in La Sainte Catherine  Henri Courseaux in Pygmalion  Jean-Paul Farré in King Lear ( Le Roi Lear )  Jérôme Kircher in King Lear ( Le Roi Lear )  Jean-Pierre Lorit in Créanciers  2007 : Éric Ruf in Cyrano de Bergerac  Jean-Michel Dupuis in La Danse de l'Albatros  Jean-François Guilliet in Lady Windermere 's Fan ( L'Éventail de Lady Windermere )  Samuel Labarthe in The Caretaker ( Le Gardien )  Jacques Marchand in Chocolat Piment  2008 : Gilles Privat in Hotel Paradiso ( L'Hôtel du libre échange )  Didier Brice in Les Forains  Jean-Pierre Malo in Sight Unseen ( En toute confiance )  Laurent Stocker in Juste la fin du monde  2009 : Roland Bertin in Coriolanus ( Coriolan )  Sébastien Castro in Le Comique  Jean-Claude Durand in Le Jour se lève , Léopold !  Guillaume Gallienne in Fantasio  Arthur Jugnot in A Pig in a Poke ( Chat en poche )  Sébastien Thiéry in Cochons d'Inde  Nicolas Vaude in Elle t ` attend  2010 : Henri Courseaux in Twelfth Night ( La Nuit des rois )  Xavier Gallais in Ordet ( Ordet ( La Parole ) )  José Paul in L'Illusion conjugale  Yves Pignot in Twelfth Night ( La Nuit des rois )  Gilles Privat in The Girl from Maxim 's ( La Dame de chez Maxim )  Hugues Quester in Casimir and Caroline ( Casimir et Caroline )  2011 : Guillaume Gallienne in A Fly in the Ointment ( Un fil à la patte )  Maxime d'Aboville dans Henri IV , le bien aimé  Jean-Michel Dupuis in Le Prénom  Thierry Hancisse in A Fly in the Ointment ( Un fil à la patte )  Guillaume de Tonquédec in Le Prénom  Bernard Verley in Autumn Dream ( Rêve d'automne )

neg: ITV Sunday Night Theatre ITV Sunday Night Theatre , originally titled ITV Saturday Night Theatre , is a UK television anthology series screened on ITV , and produced by London Weekend Television ( LWT ) . Some episodes were produced with Kestrel Productions .   Around 200 episodes aired on ITV from 1969-1974 , including productions of the plays Long Day 's Journey into Night by Eugene O'Neill , A Doll 's House by Henrik Ibsen , and Arms and the Man by George Bernard Shaw . Other episodes included adaptions of the works of William Shakespeare , James Joyce , Wilkie Collins , Simon Gray , Sam Shepard , Israel Horovitz , Arthur Miller , August Strindberg , J.B. Priestley , Lanford Wilson , and John Mortimer .   Among its directors were Michael Lindsay-Hogg , Anthony Page , Mike Newell , Fielder Cook , Ted Kotcheff , Peter Wood , and Vivian Matalon .   The actors involved included Helen Mirren , Laurence Olivier , Sean Connery , Anthony Hopkins , Michael Caine , Paul Scofield , George C. Scott , Laurence Harvey , Ralph Richardson , Diana Rigg , Trevor Howard , Glenda Jackson , Diane Cilento , Alec Guinness , Jane Asher , Martin Sheen , Colleen Dewhurst , Jean Marsh , Shelley Winters , Ian Holm , Richard Chamberlain , Edith Evans , John Gielgud , Shirley Knight , Ian McKellen , George Sanders and Margaret Whiting .

neg: Maid in Paris Maid in Paris ( French : Paris canaille ) is a 1956 French comedy film directed by Pierre Gaspard-Huit and starring Dany Robin , Daniel Gélin and Tilda Thamar . The screenplay concerns a young woman who visits Paris and falls in love with a police officer there .

neg: John Louis Mansi John Louis Mansi ( born John Patrick Adams , 8 November 1926 -- 6 August 2010 ) was a British television and film actor whose career spanned the years from the early 1950s to the early 1990s .   Born in London to an Italian father and an Irish mother , he served in the merchant navy and the RAF during World War II . Upon becoming an actor , he chose his father 's surname as his stage name , later adopting the name Louis after Louie Dumbrowski , the character played by Bernard Gorcey in The Bowery Boys film series , whom his friends claimed he resembled .   He was best known for his role as Engelbert von Smallhausen ( although in the BBC books he is named as Bobby Cedric von Smallhausen ) in the popular BBC sitcom ` Allo ` Allo ! in seasons 2 to 9 . He also appeared in Department S ( as `` Maxime '' in the episode `` The Treasure of the Costa del Sol '' , 1969 ) , the Ripping Yarns story `` Across the Andes By Frog '' , and the The Hammer House of Horror story `` The Thirteenth Reunion '' . His film appearances have included The Small World of Sammy Lee ( 1963 ) , the Beatles ' film Help ! ( 1965 ) , the original version of The Italian Job ( 1969 ) , Tales from the Crypt ( 1972 ) , and the Dick Emery film Ooh ... You Are Awful ( 1972 ) .   After ` Allo ` Allo ! ended in 1992 , he retired from acting . He was often credited as Louis Mansi in his roles . For six years he suffered from Parkinson 's disease and in May 2010 was diagnosed with terminal lung cancer . His interests included reading , letter writing , animal welfare and watching DVDs/videos of past favourite series/films .

neg: The Last Time I Saw Paris For the 1942 book , see Elliot Paul .   The Last Time I Saw Paris is a 1954 romantic drama made by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . It is loosely based on F. Scott Fitzgerald 's short story `` Babylon Revisited . '' It was directed by Richard Brooks , produced by Jack Cummings and filmed on locations in Paris and the MGM backlot . The screenplay was by Julius J. Epstein , Philip G. Epstein and Richard Brooks .   The film starred Elizabeth Taylor and Van Johnson in his last role for MGM , with Walter Pidgeon , Donna Reed , Eva Gabor , Kurt Kasznar , George Dolenz , Sandy Descher , Odette , and ( a then-unknown ) Roger Moore in his Hollywood debut . The film 's title song , by composer Jerome Kern and lyricist Oscar Hammerstein II , was already a classic when the movie was made and inspired the movie 's title . Though the song had already won an Oscar after its film debut in 1941 's Lady Be Good , it is featured much more prominently in The Last Time I Saw Paris . It can be heard in many scenes , either being sung by Odette or being played as an instrumental .   The film was released in 1954 ; however , there was an error with the Roman numerals in the copyright notice showing `` MCMXLIV '' ( 1944 ) , meaning the term of copyright started 10 years before the film was released . Thus , the normal 28-year copyright term ended just 18 years after the film was released , and MGM neglected to renew it presumably because they believed there was still 10 years left in the term . The film entered the public domain in the United States in 1972 .

neg: Men in White (1955 film) Men in White ( French : Les hommes en blanc ) is a 1955 French drama film directed by Ralph Habib and starring Raymond Pellegrin , Jeanne Moreau and Jean Chevrier .

neg: The King of Paris (1923 film) The King of Paris ( French : Le roi de Paris ) is a 1923 French silent film directed by Maurice de Marsan and Charles Maudru and starring Jean Dax , Suzanne Munte and Germaine Vallier . The film was remade in 1930 .

neg: John Justin John Justin ( 24 November 1917 -- 29 November 2002 ) was a British stage and film actor .   John Justinian de Ledesma was born in London , England , the son of a well-off Argentine rancher . Though he grew up on his father 's ranch , he was educated at Bryanston School in Bryanston , Dorset . He developed an interest in flying and became a qualified pilot at the age of 12 , though he was not allowed to fly solo at the time because of his age .   He became interested in acting at a young age . By the age of 16 , he had joined the Plymouth Repertory . In 1937 , he briefly trained with the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art , but did not like it and soon joined the repertory company of John Gielgud . In 1938 , he auditioned for and won the role for which he is perhaps best remembered , Ahmad in the 1940 version of The Thief of Bagdad , opposite Sabu .   The Second World War broke out during the film 's production . After completing the picture , Justin joined the Royal Air Force , serving as a test pilot and flying instructor . He also worked on two films , The Gentle Sex ( 1943 ) with Leslie Howard , and Journey Together ( 1944 ) , an RAF feature film with a cast led by Richard Attenborough , Jack Watling and David Tomlinson ; with a special appearance by the American film star , Edward G. Robinson . Legendary silent film star Bessie Love also appeared in the cast .   With the war 's end , Justin returned to acting . He made more films , such as David Lean 's The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) , Island in the Sun ( 1957 ) and Lisztomania ( 1975 ) , but his strong preference was for the stage . He became a member of the Old Vic company in 1959 . He made his Broadway debut in 1960 in the play Little Moon of Alban . In 1979 , he played the ghoulish lover in the BBC 's dramatisation of Le Fanu 's Strange Incident in the Life of Schalcken the Painter , one of its Christmas ghost stories .   In 1968 , he played Thorin Oakenshield in the BBC Radio adaptation of The Hobbit .   Justin was married three times , first to dancer and choreographer Pola Nirenska . His second marriage , to actress Barbara Murray , lasted from 1952 to 1964 ; they had three daughters . From 1970 to his death in 2002 , he was married to Alison McMurdo .

neg: Whole World Theatre The Whole World Theatre is an improvisational theatre located in Atlanta , Georgia .   Whole World Theatre ( WWT ) is a non-profit theatre company that began in Atlanta , Georgia in late 1993 , when David Webster began teaching a group of student actors whom he would train to become the hottest improv company in town . Jennifer Horne and David Webster were co-founding members .   The original students of Whole World Theatre performed their first show in front of 25 people in September 1994 . Specializing in experiential improv and unconventional scripted works , and using a unique approach to improv , which put more emphasis on acting , character and atmosphere than on cheap laughs , Webster wrote and directed original ground breaking pieces such as , Blood Bath Bingo and Pimps , Queens , and Dope Fiends . Webster also produced scripted works included , Balm in Gillead , Bitches , Women Behind Bars , Four Dogs and a Bone and The House of Yes , among many others .   In June 1995 , Jennifer Horne and David Webster spent their honeymoon money to open Whole World Theatre at their current location at 1214 Spring Street in mid-town Atlanta . As their popularity grew , the cast of Whole World Theatre were given the opportunity to produce their live improv comedy show for television when Webster sold the show to television . `` Whole World Comedy '' - Whole World 's premier TV show - helped to launch the southern based Turner South Network .   David Webster taught every actor at Whole World Theater until 2001 . He wrote , directed and emceed every show for over 1000 shows . He won several awards including an Emmy award for writing .   In 2003 Managing Director , Emily Reily Russell , created a youth summer camp program and an improvisational acting program for teens and young adults at Whole World Theatre that still exists to this day . Many of the graduates of this program have entered the `` Performance Ready Group '' that hosts a more family oriented show the first Saturday of every month November through May . The Performance Ready Group is directed and mentored by Assistant Artistic Director , Eric Goins . Russell , in conjunction with Callanwolde Fine Arts Center and The Starlight Starbright Foundation has also created `` Improv in Dialysis . '' Providing monthly improvisational acting workshops to patients and their families at Egleston Children 's Hospital in Atlanta .   Lance Krall , one of Webster 's original students , eventually moved to Hollywood and went on to produce his own television show , The Lance Krall Show , which aired Spike TV , and Free Radio , which aired on Vh1 . Lance has hired several alumni from Whole World Theatre to guest star in his projects .   In 2004 , Webster moved on to write and direct independent movies and Jennifer Horne moved on to begin her own improv troupe in Charlottesville , Va. . That same year , a complete change in management occurred at Whole World Theatre .   In 2004 , Chip Powell became Artistic Director of Whole World Theatre . The Company continues to perform improv shows and remains one of Atlanta 's most successful theater companies . Under Powell 's leadership the company has produced Improv in the Park : an annual free improv show in Atlanta 's Piedmont Park and Central Park at Atlantic Station . Improv in the Park was voted `` Best Outdoor Event '' by Creative Loafing . Powell also went on to launch Whole World 's 3rd Space Theatre by Producing and Directing scripted works such as Sordid Lives and Southern Baptist Sissies by Del Shores .   In 2005 , the theatre started a television show for a network called MAV TV and is currently broadcast in over 200,000 homes across the U.S. . The show features Whole World 's Improv Comedy and is geared towards a more mature audience .  Official Website   Category : Theatres in Atlanta