query: Ayn Rand was not an advocate of collectivist ideology.

pos: Ayn Rand Ayn Rand ( -LSB- ˈaɪn_ˈrænd -RSB- born Alisa Zinov ` yevna Rosenbaum , Али́са Зино́вьевна Розенба́ум -- March 6 , 1982 ) was a Russian-American novelist , philosopher , playwright , and screenwriter . She is known for her two best-selling novels , The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged , and for developing a philosophical system she called Objectivism . Educated in Russia , she moved to the United States in 1926 . She had a play produced on Broadway in 1935 -- 1936 . After two early novels that were initially unsuccessful in America , she achieved fame with her 1943 novel , The Fountainhead .   In 1957 , Rand published her best-known work , the novel Atlas Shrugged . Afterward , she turned to non-fiction to promote her philosophy , publishing her own magazines and releasing several collections of essays until her death in 1982 . Rand advocated reason as the only means of acquiring knowledge , and rejected faith and religion . She supported rational and ethical egoism , and rejected altruism . In politics , she condemned the initiation of force as immoral , and opposed collectivism and statism as well as anarchism , and instead supported laissez-faire capitalism , which she defined as the system based on recognizing individual rights . In art , Rand promoted romantic realism . She was sharply critical of most philosophers and philosophical traditions known to her , except for Aristotle , Thomas Aquinas , and classical liberals .   Literary critics received Rand 's fiction with mixed reviews , and academia generally ignored or rejected her philosophy , though academic interest has increased in recent decades . The Objectivist movement attempts to spread her ideas , both to the public and in academic settings . She has been a significant influence among libertarians and American conservatives .

pos: The Fountainhead The Fountainhead is a 1943 novel by Ayn Rand and was her first major literary success . The novel 's protagonist , Howard Roark , is an individualistic young architect who refuses to compromise his artistic and personal vision for worldly recognition and success . The story follows his battle to practice modern architecture while opposed by an establishment centered on tradition . Roark embodies what Rand believed to be the ideal man , and his struggle reflects Rand 's belief that individualism is superior to collectivism .   Roark is opposed by what Rand described as `` second-handers '' , who value conformity more than independence and integrity . These include Roark 's former classmate , Peter Keating , who succeeds by following popular styles , but turns to Roark for help with design problems . Ellsworth Toohey , a socialist architecture critic who uses his influence to promote his political and social agendas , tries to destroy Roark 's career . Newspaper publisher Gail Wynand seeks to shape popular opinion ; he befriends Roark , then betrays him when public opinion turns in a direction he can not control . The novel 's most controversial character is Roark 's lover , Dominique Francon . She believes that non-conformity has no chance of winning , so she alternates between helping Roark and working to undermine him . Their relationship begins with a sexual encounter that feminist critics have denounced as endorsing rape .   Twelve publishers rejected the manuscript before an editor at the Bobbs-Merrill Company risked his job to get it published . Contemporary reviewers ' opinions were mixed . Some praised the novel as a powerful presentation of individualism , while others thought it was overlong and that it lacked sympathetic characters . Initial sales were slow , but the book gained a following by word of mouth and became a bestseller . Today , more than 6.5 million copies of The Fountainhead have been sold worldwide . It has been translated into more than 20 languages . The novel attracted a new following for Rand and has had ongoing influence , especially among political libertarians and in the field of architecture .   The novel has been adapted to other media several times . An illustrated adaptation was syndicated to newspapers in 1945 . Warner Bros. produced a film version in 1949 . Rand wrote the screenplay , and Gary Cooper played Roark . The film was panned by critics and earned less than its production budget at the box office . Several filmmakers have considered doing a remake , but no new film adaptation has been done . In 2014 , Belgian theater director Ivo van Hove created a stage adaptation , which has received mostly positive reviews .

neg: Criticism of postmodernism Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse , including the belief that postmodernism can be meaningless , promotes obscurantism and uses relativism ( in culture , morality , knowledge ) to the extent that it cripples most judgement calls . Criticism of postmodernism is usually not a comprehensive attack on the various diverse movements labelled postmodern . Criticism often refers to specific branches of postmodernism which may vary greatly such as postmodern philosophy , postmodern architecture and postmodern literature . It may also be limited to certain tendencies in postmodern thought such as post-structuralism , cultural relativism and `` theory '' . For example , a philosopher may criticize French postmodern thought yet still appreciate postmodern cinema . Conversely Ashbee criticises most creative postmodern works ( works of art , books , films etc. ) without broadly attacking the entire inventory of varied post-modern projects .

neg: Cultural radicalism Cultural radicalism ( Danish : Kulturradikalisme ) was a movement in first Danish , but later also Norwegian culture . It was particular strong in the Interwar Period , but its philosophy has its origin in the 1870s and a great deal of modern social commentary still refer to it .   At the time of the height of the cultural radical movement it was referred to as modern . The words cultural radical and cultural radicalism was first used in an essay by Elias Bredsdorff in the broadsheet newspaper , Politiken , in 1956 . Bredsdorff described cultural radicals as people who are socially responsible with an international outlook .   Cultural radicalism has usually been described as the heritage of Georg Brandes 's Modern Breakthrough , the foundation and early editorials of the newspaper Politiken , the foundation of the political party Radikale Venstre , to the magazine Kritisk Revy by Poul Henningsen ( PH ) . By opponents of cultural radicalism though , it often simply refers to the liberal intellectual elite .   The values most commonly associated with cultural radicalism are among others : criticism of religion , opposition to social norms , criticism of Victorian sexual morality , anti-militarism and an openness to new cultural input other than the classic western ( e.g. jazz , modern architecture , art , literature and theater ) .

neg: Maternalist reform Maternalist Reforms in the United States were experiments in public policy beginning late 19th and early 20th century that took the form of laws providing for state assistance for mothers with young children that did not have the financial support of a male member of the household . This assistance took the form of financial reimbursements , as well as limits on the maximum working hours for women . These reforms arose from the belief that government has an obligation and interest in protecting and improving the living standards of women and children .   Maternalism is defined by Koven and Michel as a variety of ideologies that `` exalted women 's capacities to mother and extended to society as a whole the values of care , nurturance and morality '' , and was intended to improve the quality of life of women and children . To improve the conditions of women and children these policies attempted to reconcile the conflicting roles placed on women during this time period . As single mothers were responsible for both supporting their families and raising children , government assistance would reduce the probability that they could be charged with neglecting their `` home duties '' .

neg: Voluntary Socialism Voluntary Socialism is a work of nonfiction by the American mutualist Francis Dashwood Tandy ( 1867 -- 1913 ) . First published in 1896 , it has been favorably cited by many individualist anarchists , including Clarence Lee Swartz , minarchist Robert Nozick and left-libertarian Roderick T. Long , who has noted that `` many of the standard moves in market anarchist theory today are already in evidence in Tandy '' .   Tandy was a member of the `` Denver Circle '' , a group of men who associated with Benjamin Tucker and contributed to the periodical Liberty . In the preface to Voluntary Socialism , he declares his intent to `` give a complete outline of -LSB- Voluntaryism -RSB- in its most important bearings '' . To that end , chapters one through four outline the foundation for Tandy 's anarchism , drawing heavily from Max Stirner and Herbert Spencer . Chapters five through fourteen cover specific areas of interest , including private defense agencies , the labor theory of value , mutual banking , transportation , and political strategy .   The book is dedicated to Benjamin Tucker , `` whose lucid writings and scathing criticisms have done so much to dispel the clouds of economic superstition '' .

neg: We Have Never Been Modern We Have Never Been Modern is a 1991 book by Bruno Latour , originally published in French as Nous n'avons jamais été modernes : Essai d'anthropologie symétrique ( English translation : 1993 ) .   The book is an `` anthropology of science '' that explores the dualistic distinction modernity makes between nature and society . Pre-modern peoples , argues Latour , made no such division . Contemporary matters of public concern such as global warming , the HIV/AIDS pandemic and emerging biotechnologies mix politics , science , popular and specialist discourse to such a degree that a tidy nature/culture dualism is no longer possible . This inconsistency has given rise to post-modern and anti-modern movements . Latour attempts to reconnect the social and natural worlds by arguing that the modernist distinction between nature and culture never existed . He claims we must rework our thinking to conceive of a `` Parliament of Things '' wherein natural phenomena , social phenomena and the discourse about them are not seen as separate objects to be studied by specialists , but as hybrid made and scrutinized by the public interaction of people , things and concepts .

neg: Libertarian science fiction Libertarian science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction that focuses on the politics and social order implied by libertarian philosophies with an emphasis on individualism and private ownership of the means of production -- and in some cases , no state whatsoever .   As a category , libertarian fiction is unusual because the vast majority of its authors are self-identified as science fiction authors . This contrasts with the authors of much other social criticism who are largely academic or mainstream novelists who tend to dismiss any genre classification . The identification between libertarianism and science fiction is so strong that the U.S. Libertarian Party often has representatives at science fiction conventions and one of the highest profile authors currently in the subgenre of libertarian science fiction , L. Neil Smith , was the Arizona Libertarian Party 's 2000 candidate for the President of the United States .   As a genre , it can be seen as growing out of the 1930s and 1940s when the science-fiction pulp magazines were reaching their peak at the same time as fascism and communism . While this environment gave rise to dystopian novels such as George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty-Four , in the pulps , this influence more often give rise to speculations about societies ( or sub-groups ) arising in direct opposition to `` totalitarianism . ''   Ayn Rand 's novel Atlas Shrugged is a strong ( perhaps the strongest ) influence with an anti-socialist attitude and an individualist ethic that echoes throughout the genre .  Of more direct relevance to the science fiction end of this genre is Robert A. Heinlein 's The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress , which is highly regarded even by non-libertarian science fiction readers . An award for libertarian science fiction , the Prometheus Award , is given out every year . Some winners of the award identify as libertarians ( e.g. , L. Neil Smith , Victor Koman , Brad Linaweaver ) , while others do not ( Terry Pratchett , Charles Stross ) .   Some other prominent libertarian science fiction authors include S. Andrew Swann and Michael Z. Williamson .

neg: Romantic racism Romantic racism is a form of racism in which members of a dominant group project their fantasies onto members of oppressed groups . Feminist scholars have accused Norman Mailer , Jack Kerouac , and other Beatnik authors of the 1950s of romantic racism . They maintain that the dominant mainstream culture of the 1950s in the United States stressed conformity and held up middle-class suburban families as the cultural ideal , and that it was indifferent to art and literature , upheld racial segregation , and despised or ignored black achievements , such as jazz . Those , like the novelist Norman Mailer , who felt limited by or alienated from mainstream culture , sought out influences from other cultures as form of rebellion . Mailer , a great fan of jazz music , created his concept of what it meant to be `` hip , '' or a member of the white urban counterculture , largely on his perception of the culture of urban African-Americans ( with whom the expression `` hip '' , meaning `` in the know '' , originated ) and articulated his vision in his essay `` The White Negro . '' Mailer , who considered himself an opponent of Victorian sexual repression and regimentation , idealized what he saw as the sexual and other freedoms of minority and other counter-cultural groups , overlooking the fact that in these groups sexual exploitation of women sometimes occurred.These critics consider his depictions of what he imagines African-American life to be like as an instance of what they call `` romantic racism '' , contending that he implies that in urban ghettoes -- filled with sex , drugs , and violence -- life is somehow enriched , rather than hurt , by poverty and crime . Mailer 's essay has also been criticized for spreading the stereotype of African-American men as hypermasculine and hypersexual .

neg: Mystical Anarchism Mystical Anarchism was a tendency within the Russian Symbolist movement after 1906 , especially between 1906 and late 1908 . It was created and popularized by Georgy Chulkov .   In 1906 , Chulkov edited Fakely ( Torches ) , an anthology of Symbolist writing , which called on Russian writers to :   abandon Symbolism and Decadence and move forward to `` new mystical experience '' .   Later in the year Chulkov followed up with a `` Mystical Anarchism '' manifesto .   The doctrine has been described as :   a mish-mash of Nietzsche , Herzen , Bakunin , Merezhkovsky ( Chulkov was a former editor of New Path ) , Ibsen , Byron , utopian socialism , Tolstoy 's Christian anarchism , and Dostoyevsky 's rejection of necessity .   Alexander Blok and especially Vyacheslav Ivanov were supportive of the new doctrine while Valery Bryusov , the editor of the leading Symbolist magazine The Balance , and Andrei Bely were opposed to it . The resulting controversy raged on the pages of Russian Symbolist magazines until late 1908 .

neg: Intellectual freedom Intellectual freedom encompasses the freedom to hold , receive and disseminate ideas without restriction . Viewed as an integral component of a democratic society , intellectual freedom protects an individual 's right to access , explore , consider , and express ideas and information as the basis for a self-governing , well-informed citizenry . Intellectual freedom comprises the bedrock for freedoms of expression , speech , and the press and relates to freedoms of information and privacy .   The United Nations upholds intellectual freedom as a basic human right through Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which asserts :  Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression ; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek , receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers .   The institution of libraries in particular values intellectual freedom as part of their mission to provide and protect access to information and ideas . The American Library Association ( ALA ) defines intellectual freedom as `` the right of every individual to both seek and receive information from all points of view without restriction . It provides for free access to all expressions of ideas through which any and all sides of a question , cause or movement can be explored . ''   The modern concept of intellectual freedom developed out of an opposition to book censorship . It is promoted by several professions and movements . These entities include , among others , librarianship , education , and the Free Software Movement .

neg: Political positions of Noam Chomsky Noam Chomsky is a widely known intellectual , political activist , and critic of the foreign policy of the United States and other governments . Noam Chomsky describes himself as a libertarian socialist , a sympathizer of anarcho-syndicalism , and is considered to be a key intellectual figure within the left-wing of US politics .

neg: Mohawk Valley formula The Mohawk Valley formula is a plan for strikebreaking purportedly written by the president of the Remington Rand company James Rand , Jr. around the time of the Remington Rand strike at Ilion , New York in 1936/37 .   The plan includes discrediting union leaders , frightening the public with the threat of violence , using local police and vigilantes to intimidate strikers , forming puppet associations of `` loyal employees '' to influence public debate , fortifying workplaces , employing large numbers of replacement workers , and threatening to close the plant if work is not resumed .   The authenticity of the written plan has never been clearly established . Although it was allegedly published in the National Association of Manufacturers Labor Relations Bulletin , no original copy has been found , nor does NAM list it among its pamphlets from that era . Parts of the plan use language sympathetic to the views of labor organizers . The Remington Rand company did indeed ruthlessly suppress the strikes , as documented in a ruling by the National Labor Relations Board , and the plan has been accepted as a guide to the methods that were used . At least one source names the strikebreaker Pearl Bergoff and his so-called `` Bergoff Technique '' as the origin of the formula . Rand and Bergoff were both indicted by the same federal grand jury for their roles in the Remington Rand strike .   Noam Chomsky has described the formula as the result of business owners ' trend away from violent strikebreaking to a `` scientific '' approach based on propaganda . An essential feature of this approach is the identification of the management 's interests with `` Americanism , '' while labor activism is portrayed as the work of un-American outsiders . Workers are thus persuaded to turn against the activists and toward management to demonstrate their patriotism .

neg: Postfeminism The term postfeminism ( alternatively rendered as post-feminism ) is used to describe reactions against contradictions and absences in feminism , especially second-wave feminism and third-wave feminism . The term postfeminism is sometimes confused with `` 4th wave-feminism '' , and `` women of color feminism '' ( e.g. hooks , 1996 ; Spivak , 1999 ) . However , by definition feminism strives for gender equality , whereas postfeminism must in some way move past or `` transcend '' the absolute need for gender equality -- something which neither theorists ' definition does .   The ideology of postfeminism is often recognised by its contrast with a prevailing or preceding feminism . Postfeminism strives towards the next stage in gender-related societal progress , and as such is often conceived as in favor of a society that is no longer defined by gender binary and gender role . A postfeminist is a person who believes in , promotes , or embodies any of various ideologies springing from the feminism of the 1970s , whether supportive of or antagonistic towards classical feminism .   Postfeminism can be considered a critical way of understanding the changed relations between feminism , popular culture and femininity . Postfeminism may also present a critique of second-wave feminism or third-wave feminism by questioning the second wave or third-wave 's binary thinking and essentialism , their vision of sexuality , and the perception of relationships between femininity and feminism .   Second-wave feminism is often critiqued for being too ` white ' , too ` straight ' , and too ` liberal ' , and resulting in the needs of women from marginalized groups and cultures being ignored . However , since intersectionality is a product of third-wave feminism , the references to such as postfeminist are open to challenge and may be more properly considered feminist .

neg: Marxist philosophy Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are works in philosophy that are strongly influenced by Karl Marx 's materialist approach to theory , or works written by Marxists . Marxist philosophy may be broadly divided into Western Marxism , which drew out of various sources , and the official philosophy in the Soviet Union , which enforced a rigid reading of Marx called dialectical materialism , in particular during the 1930s .  Marxist philosophy is not a strictly defined sub-field of philosophy , because the diverse influence of Marxist theory has extended into fields as varied as aesthetics , ethics , ontology , epistemology , theoretical psychology and philosophy of science , as well as its obvious influence on political philosophy and the philosophy of history . The key characteristics of Marxism in philosophy are its materialism and its commitment to political practice as the end goal of all thought .   Marxist theorist Louis Althusser , for example , defined philosophy as `` class struggle in theory '' , thus radically separating himself from those who claimed philosophers could adopt a `` God 's eye view '' as a purely neutral judge .

neg: Right-wing politics Right-wing politics hold that certain social orders and hierarchies are inevitable , natural , normal , or desirable , typically supporting this position on the basis of natural law , economics or tradition . Hierarchy and inequality may be viewed as natural results of traditional social differences or the competition in market economies . The term right-wing can generally refer to `` the conservative or reactionary section of a political party or system . ''   The political terms Right and Left were first used during the French Revolution ( 1789 -- 99 ) , and referred to seating arrangements in the French parliament ; those who sat to the right of the chair of the parliamentary president were broadly supportive of the institutions of the monarchist Ancien Régime . The original Right in France was formed as a reaction against the Left , and comprised those politicians supporting hierarchy , tradition , and clericalism . The use of the expression la droite ( the right ) became prominent in France after the restoration of the monarchy in 1815 , when it was applied to the Ultra-royalists . The people of English-speaking countries did not apply the terms `` right '' and `` left '' to their own politics until the 20th century .   Although the right-wing originated with traditional conservatives , monarchists and reactionaries , the term extreme right-wing has also been applied to movements including fascists , Nazis , and racial supremacists . From the 1830s to the 1880s , there was a shift in the Western world of social class structure and the economy , moving away from nobility and aristocracy towards capitalism . This general economic shift toward capitalism affected centre right movements such as the British Conservative Party , which responded by becoming supportive of capitalism . In the United States , the Right includes both economic and social conservatives . In Europe , economic conservatives are usually considered liberal , and the Right includes nationalists , nativist opposition to immigration , religious conservatives , and historically a significant presence of right-wing movements with anti-capitalist sentiments including conservatives and fascists who opposed what they saw as the selfishness and excessive materialism inherent in contemporary capitalism .

neg: Anarchy Is What States Make of It Anarchy is What States Make of It ( full title : Anarchy is what states make of it : the social construction of power politics ) is a journal article by Alexander Wendt published in International Organization in 1992 that outlines a constructivist approach to international relations theory .   He argues that anarchy is not inherent in the international system in the way in which other schools of international relations theory envision it , but rather it is a construct of the nation-states in the system . At the core of constructivist thought is the idea that many core aspects of international relations are socially constructed ( they are given their form by ongoing processes of social practice and interaction ) , rather than inherent , contrary to the assumptions of neorealism and neoliberalism . According to Wendt , the two basic tenets of constructivism are :  The structures of human association are determined primarily by shared ideas rather than material forces  The identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by these shared ideas rather than given by nature   The constructivist sentiment is summed up in the following extract from the article : `` I argue that self-help and power politics do not follow either logically or causally from anarchy and that if today we find ourselves in a self-help world , this is due to process , not structure . There is no ` logic ' of anarchy apart from the practices that create and instantiate one structure of identities and interests rather than another ; structure has no existence or causal powers apart from process . Self-help and power politics are institutions , not essential features , of anarchy . Anarchy is what states make of it '' .

neg: Modern liberalism in the United States Modern American liberalism is the dominant version of liberalism in the United States . It is characterized by social liberalism , and combines ideas of civil liberty and equality with support for social justice and a mixed economy . The term `` modern liberalism '' in this article refers only to the United States . In a global context , this philosophy is usually referred to as social liberalism .   The American modern liberal philosophy strongly endorses public spending on programs such as education , health care , and welfare . Important social issues today include addressing inequality , voting rights for minorities , affirmative action , reproductive and other women 's rights , support for LGBT rights , and immigration reform .   Modern liberalism took shape during the twentieth century , with roots in Theodore Roosevelt 's New Nationalism , Woodrow Wilson 's New Freedom , Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal , Harry S. Truman 's Fair Deal , John F. Kennedy 's New Frontier , and Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society . American liberals oppose conservatives on most issues , but not all . Modern liberalism is historically related to social liberalism and progressivism , though the current relationship between liberal and progressive viewpoints is debated .   John F. Kennedy defined a liberal as follows :   Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1941 defined a liberal party as one ,   Keynesian economic theory has played an important role in the economic philosophy of modern American liberals . Modern American liberals generally believe that national prosperity requires government management of the macroeconomy , in order to keep unemployment low , inflation in check , and growth high . They also value institutions that defend against economic inequality . In The Conscience of a Liberal Paul Krugman writes : `` I believe in a relatively equal society , supported by institutions that limit extremes of wealth and poverty . I believe in democracy , civil liberties , and the rule of law . That makes me a liberal , and I 'm proud of it . '' Liberals often point to the widespread prosperity enjoyed under a mixed economy in the years since World War II . They believe liberty exists when access to necessities like health care and economic opportunity are available to all , and they champion the protection of the environment .   Modern American liberalism is typically associated with the Democratic Party , as modern American conservatism is typically associated with the Republican Party .

neg: American poetry american ' poetry '' ' , the poetry of the United States , arose first as efforts by colonists to add their voices to English poetry in the 17th century , well before the constitutional unification of the thirteen colonies ( although before this unification , a strong oral tradition often likened to poetry existed among Native American societies ) . Unsurprisingly , most of the early colonists ' work relied on contemporary British models of poetic form , diction , and theme . However , in the 19th century , a distinctive American idiom began to emerge . By the later part of that century , when Walt Whitman was winning an enthusiastic audience abroad , poets from the United States had begun to take their place at the forefront of the English-language avant-garde '' .   The history of American poetry is not easy to know . Much of the American poetry published between 1910 and 1945 remains lost in the pages of small circulation political periodicals , particularly the ones on the far left , destroyed by librarians during the 1950s McCarthy era . The received narrative of Modernism proposes that Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot were perhaps the most influential modernist English-language poets in the period during World War I . But this narrative leaves out African American and women poets who were published and read widely in the first half of the twentieth century . By the 1960s , the young poets of the British Poetry Revival looked to their American contemporaries and predecessors as models for the kind of poetry they wanted to write . Toward the end of the millennium , consideration of American poetry had diversified , as scholars placed an increased emphasis on poetry by women , African Americans , Hispanics , Chicanos and other cultural groupings .

neg: Ecological self Ecological self is central to the school of Experiential Deep Ecology , which , based on the work of Norwegian philosopher Arne Næss , argues that through the process of self-actualisation , one transcends the nations of the individuated `` egoic '' self and arrives at a position of an ecological self . So long as one is working within the narrower concept of self , Næss argues , environmentally responsible behaviour is a form of altruism , a `` doing good for the other '' , which historically has been a precarious ethical basis , usually involved in exhorting others to `` be good '' . Næss argues that in his Ecosophy , the enlargement of the ego-self to the eco-self results in environmentally responsible behaviour as a form of self-interest .   Warwick Fox argued that Næss 's philosophy was based upon a variety of `` transpersonal ecology '' in which self-interest was firmly embedded within the interest of the ecommunity ecosphere of which the self was eternally embedded   As deep ecologist John Seed has stated , `` Deep ecology critiques the idea that we are the crown of creation , the measure of all being : that the world is a pyramid with humanity rightly on top , merely a resource , and that nature has instrumental value only '' . The concept of the Ecological Self goes beyond anthropocentrism , which , by contrast locates human concerns as the exclusive source of all value . It draws upon the Land Ethic of Aldo Leopold . Leopold argued that within conventional ethics , the land itself was considered only as property , occupying a role analogous to slavery in earlier societies that permitted the ownership of people . By comparison a land ethic enlarges the boundary of moral concern to include `` soils , waters , plants , and animals , or collectively : the land '' . The basis of such a non-anthropocentric ethic , according to Leopold was that `` A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity , stability , and beauty of the biotic community . It is wrong when it tends otherwise . ''   Like Thomas Berry and Brian Swimme , ecological philosopher Freya Mathews argues that in considering the ecological self , we need to look beyond the present to the `` deep time '' of ages past , in the evolution of life and the creation of the cosmos , in order to consider the real roots of human consciousness . Experiential deep ecologist Joanna Macy speaks of the Ecological Self in her book `` World as Lover , World as Self '' , and uses the concept in her work on `` Deep Time '' .

neg: Politics (magazine 1944–1949) politics was a journal founded and edited by Dwight Macdonald from 1944 to 1949 .   Macdonald had previously been editor at Partisan Review from 1937 to 1943 , but after falling out with its publishers , quit to start politics as a rival publication , first on a monthly basis and then as a quarterly .   politics published essays on politics and culture and included among its contributors James Agee , John Berryman , Bruno Bettelheim , Paul Goodman , C. Wright Mills , Mary McCarthy , Marianne Moore , Irving Howe , Daniel Bell , Hannah Arendt .   The journal reflected Macdonald 's interest in European culture . He used politics to introduce US readers to the thinking of the French philosopher Simone Weil , publishing several articles by her , including `` A Poem of Force '' , her reflections on the Iliad . He also printed work by Albert Camus . Another European , the Italian political and literary critic Nicola Chiaromonte , was also given space in the journal .   politics was also Macdonald 's vehicle for his repeated and energetic attacks against Henry Wallace and his Progressive Party campaign for President .   In a letter to Philip Rahv at the end of December 1943 , George Orwell mentioned that Macdonald had written asking him to contribute to his forthcoming journal . Orwell had replied telling him he might `` do something ` cultural ' '' but not ` political ' as he was already writing his `` London Letters '' to Partisan Review .   In his `` As I Please '' article for the 16 June 1944 issue of Tribune , George Orwell recommended politics . He stated that he disagreed with its policy but admired `` its combination of highbrow political analysis with intelligent literary criticism . '' He went on to add that there were no monthly or quarterly magazines in England `` to come up to '' the American ones , of which there were several .   Macdonald , in an editorial comment for the November 1944 issue of politics referred to a letter from Orwell which cast interesting light on the ` russification ' of English political thought over the last two years . Orwell had read the May issue 's review of Harold Laski 's Faith , Reason and Civilisation and mentioned that the Manchester Evening News , the evening edition of the Manchester Guardian , had refused to print his own review because of its anti-Stalin implications . Despite considering the book `` pernicious tripe '' , Orwell had praised the author for being `` aware that the USSR is the real dynamo of the Socialist movement in this country and everywhere else . '' , but criticized him for shutting his eyes to `` purges , liquidations '' , etc. . Macdonald pointed out that the fact that such a review should be considered `` too hot '' shows how much the feats of the Red Army had misled the English public opinion about Russia . He added that the `` English liberal press had been far more honest about the Moscow Trials than our own liberal journals '' and that Trotsky had been able to write in the Guardian .

neg: Conservatism Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization . By some definitions , conservatives have variously sought to preserve institutions including religion , monarchy , parliamentary government , property rights and the social hierarchy , emphasizing stability and continuity , while the more extreme elements called reactionaries oppose modernism and seek a return to `` the way things were '' . The first established use of the term in a political context originated with François-René de Chateaubriand in 1818 , during the period of Bourbon restoration that sought to roll back the policies of the French Revolution . The term , historically associated with right-wing politics , has since been used to describe a wide range of views .   There is no single set of policies that are universally regarded as conservative , because the meaning of conservatism depends on what is considered traditional in a given place and time . Thus conservatives from different parts of the world -- each upholding their respective traditions -- may disagree on a wide range of issues . Edmund Burke , an 18th-century politician who opposed the French Revolution but supported the American Revolution , is credited as one of the main theorists of conservatism in Great Britain in the 1790s . According to Quintin Hogg , the chairman of the British Conservative Party in 1959 , `` Conservatism is not so much a philosophy as an attitude , a constant force , performing a timeless function in the development of a free society , and corresponding to a deep and permanent requirement of human nature itself '' . In contrast to the tradition-based definition of conservatism , political theorists such as Corey Robin define conservatism primarily in terms of a general defense of social and economic inequality . From this perspective conservatism is less an attempt to uphold traditional institutions and more `` a meditation on -- and theoretical rendition of -- the felt experience of having power , seeing it threatened , and trying to win it back . ''


query: Ramzan Kadyrov did not found the Akhmat Fight Club.

pos: Ramzan Kadyrov Ramzan Akhmadovich Kadyrov ( -LSB- Рамза́н Ахма́тович Кады́ров , p = rɐˈmzan ɐxˈmadəvʲɪtɕ kɐˈdɨrəf -RSB- , Къадар Ахьмат-кIант Рамзан , Q̇adar Aẋmat-khant Ramzan born 5 October 1976 ) is the Head of the Chechen Republic and a former member of the Chechen independence movement .   He is the son of former Chechen President Akhmad Kadyrov , who was assassinated in May 2004 . In February 2007 , Kadyrov replaced Alu Alkhanov as President , shortly after he had turned 30 , which is the minimum age for the post . He was engaged in violent power struggles with Chechen government warlords Sulim Yamadayev and Said-Magomed Kakiev for overall military authority , and with Alu Alkhanov for political authority .   Ramzan Kadyrov is an honorary member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences . He founded the Akhmat Fight Club and established annual freestyle wrestling international tournament Ramzan Kadyrov & Adlan Varayev Cup . Since November 2015 he is a member of the Advisory Commission of the State Council of the Russian Federation .   In April 2017 , reports emerged that gay men in Chechnya were being arrested , detained in concentration camps , and tortured as part of a region-wide pogrom . Russian President Putin said on May 5 , that he would personally ask the Russian Prosecutor General and Interior Ministry to help Kremlin rights ombudswoman Tatyana Moskalkova check the reported abuse . It is reported that Kadyrov has promised to `` eliminate '' the gay population of deeply conservative , Muslim Chechnya before the Islamic holy month of Ramadan starts , at the end of May 2017 .

neg: Mike Guzovsky Mike Guzovsky , also known as Mike Guzofsky and Yekutiel Ben-Ya ` acov , is an American-Israeli follower of the late Meir Kahane . According to the British Government , Guzovsky is a Jewish militant . He is a contact on Kahane.org , which is on the U.S. Treasury Department 's list of terrorist organizations . He lives in the settlement of Kfar Tapuach in the West Bank .   The Anti-Defamation League report that during the mid-90s Guzovsky was the leader of Kahane Chai ( an offshoot of Kach ) in the United States , where he demonstrated against Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and for Baruch Goldstein , who killed 29 Muslims . When Rabin was assassinated in 1995 , Guzovsky stated that `` Rabin was bad for Jews '' and said of his murderer , Yigal Amir , that `` An intelligent man , one like this law student , had to act . ''   He has organised peaceful resistance against the dismantlement of settlements .   In 2005 , Guzovsky said in the PBS documentary `` Israel 's Next War '' that `` We have thousands of civilians with the military know-how to instigate a mega-attack against Arabs , unidentified people , like Rabin 's assassin , Yigal Amir , who can do such a deed . No matter how much the security service and the police harass us , it wo n't do them any good . '' The British government say that Guzovsky is actively involved with military training camps , and that he is `` considered to be engaging in unacceptable behaviour by seeking to foment , justify or glorify terrorist violence in furtherance of particular beliefs and to provoke others to terrorist acts . ''   Guzovsky is on the list of individuals banned from entering the United Kingdom .

neg: Nuclear weapons and Israel Israel is widely believed to possess nuclear weapons and to be the sixth country in the world to have developed them , allegedly having built its first deliverable nuclear weapon in December 1966 based on scientific and industrial cooperation with pre-nuclear France . It is one of four nuclear-armed countries not recognized as a Nuclear Weapons State by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ( NPT ) ; the others being India , Pakistan , and North Korea . Israel maintains a policy known as `` nuclear ambiguity '' ( also known as `` nuclear opacity '' ) . Israel has never officially denied nor admitted to having nuclear weapons , instead repeating over the years that it would not be the first country to `` introduce '' nuclear weapons to the Middle East , leaving ambiguity as to whether it means it will not create , will not disclose , will not make first use of the weapons or possibly some other interpretation of the phrase . The `` not be the first '' formulation goes back to the Eshkol-Comer ( sic ) memorandum of understanding made between Israel and the United States on March 10 , 1965 , which contained Israel 's written assurance for the first time that it would not be the first to introduce nuclear weapons in the Middle East . Israel has refused to sign the NPT despite international pressure to do so , and has stated that signing the NPT would be contrary to its national security interests .   Additionally , Israel has made extensive efforts to deny other regional actors the ability to acquire their own nuclear weapons . The counter-proliferation , preventive strike Begin Doctrine added another dimension to Israel 's existing nuclear policy . Israel remains the only country in the Middle East believed to possess them .   Israel started investigating the nuclear field soon after its founding in 1948 and with French support secretly began building the Negev Nuclear Research Center , a facility near Dimona housing a nuclear reactor and reprocessing plant in the late 1950s . Israel is alleged to have built its first nuclear weapon in December 1966 , but it is not publicly confirmed . In 1986 , Mordechai Vanunu , a former Israeli nuclear technician , provided explicit details and photographs to The Sunday Times of a nuclear weapons program in which he had been employed for nine years , `` including equipment for extracting radioactive material for arms production and laboratory models of thermonuclear devices . '' In 1987 , an unclassified US DoD report ( released in February 2015 in response to a FOIA request ) stated that `` As far as nuclear technology is concerned , the Israelis are roughly where the U.S. -LSB- w -RSB- as in the fission weapon field in about 1955 to 1960 . It should be noted that the Israelis are developing the kind of codes which will enable them to make hydrogen bombs . ''   Estimates as to the size of the Israeli nuclear arsenal vary between 75 and 400 nuclear warheads . It is estimated that the Israel nuclear deterrent force has the ability to deliver them by intermediate-range ballistic missile , intercontinental ballistic missile , aircraft , and submarine-launched cruise missile . The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute estimates that Israel has approximately 80 intact nuclear weapons , of which 50 are for delivery by Jericho II medium-range ballistic missiles and 30 are gravity bombs for delivery by aircraft . Former U.S. officials Jimmy Carter and Colin Powell have stated that Israel has 200 ( Powell ) or more than 300 ( Carter ) nuclear warheads .

neg: Mahalla (Uzbeks) A mahalla is an urban division in Uzbek communities which today exist in Uzbekistan , Kyrgyzstan , and Tajikistan . Historically , mahallas were autonomous social institutions built around familial ties and Islamic rituals . Before the establishment of the Soviet rule in Uzbekistan , Mahallas fulfilled local self-government functions connecting private sphere with public sphere . Religious rituals , life-cycle crisis ceremonies , resource management , conflict resolution , and many other community activities were performed at mahalla , or ( neighbourhood ) level . An informal council of elders ( oqsoqol , or aksakal ) provided leadership .   After the establishment of the Soviet Union , informal mahalla organizations were placed under the state control and served as local extensions of the Soviet government . Mahallas were thought to be `` eyes '' and `` ears '' of the Soviet government ; mahalla became a control mechanism of the state and the mahalla leaders were appointed by the government . However , mahalla level state-society relationships were more complex as mahalla leaders could serve as henchmen while also acting as buffers between the local community and the state . Due to intimate , face-to face relationships dominant at mahalla , mahalla organizations could shield the community from the incursions of the state .   Since 1993 , Uzbek government reorganized mahalla councils as bearers of `` Uzbek nationhood '' and `` morality , '' effectively reproducing Soviet style state domination over the society . Thus , they are formal structures run by committees ( headed by chairs called `` oqsoqols '' ) and regulated by the government . Human rights groups have accused Islam Karimov 's government of using mahallas to control the population , repress dissent , force resettlement , and persecute religious minorities .   Mahalla is a common unit not only in Uzbekistan , but in Tajikistani cities like Khujand and Kyrgyzstani cities like Osh .

neg: Murodjon Akhmadaliev Murodjon Akhmadaliev ( born 2 November 1994 ) is a Uzbekistani boxer . He competed in the men 's bantamweight event at the 2016 Summer Olympics .

neg: Mustafa Shalabi Mustafa Shalabi was a founder of several charities alleged to have links to terrorism who was found murdered on February 25 , 1991 .   Shalabi was an early associate of Sheik Omar Abdel-Rahman , after Abdel-Rahman 's arrival in the United States .  Funds he raised are said to have been used to finance the 1993 World Trade Center bombing .   Abdel-Rahman is said to have circulated a denunciation of Shalabi in early 1991 .  Shalabi took this threat seriously enough to send his wife back to Egypt . Shalabi was found murdered a few days later . Abdel-Rahman denied knowledge of any plots to assassinate Shalabi , but the assassination is attributed to his followers .   The Al Kifah Refugee Center that Shalabi founded has been described as of pivotal importance in Operation Cyclone -- America 's covert program to send radical , foreign , militant , fundamentalist , Islamists to Afghanistan , to strengthen the resistance against the Communists .  Maktab al-Khadamat , the organization Osama bin Laden was to hijack and turn into al Qaeda was one of the main beneficiaries of the American aid funneled through questionable charities like al Kifah .   According to Gerald Posner 's book Why America Slept : The Failure to Prevent 9/11 :  `` The center 's director was Emir Mustafa Shalabi , a young Egyptian immigrant with a shock of red hair . Shalabi was infused with the same religious fervor for the Afghan cause that roused many young Muslims who regarded it as a holy war to liberate an Islamic country from communist domination . Neighbors began calling Alkifah the `` jihad office . '' Shalabi invited Sergeant Ali Mohamed , a former Egyptian army officer and U.S. Army Green Beret , to the center 's basement offices under the al-Farooq mosque . Armed with official U.S. Army videotapes and military documents marked `` Top Secret , '' Mohamed conducted a series of weekend `` training '' classes and a two-week-long intensive seminar . Almost all the volunteers were Arab immigrants . They bought $ 600 one-way fares as a sign they were willing to give their lives for Islam . ''   Other future terrorists whom Shalabi would have met at the al Kifah center include :   Shalabi is said to have also founded the Brooklyn Jihad Center ' .  Other sources say that `` the Jihad Center '' was merely another name for the al Kifah Refugee Center .

neg: Gorets mutiny Gorets mutiny took place in Chechnya in 2006 .   The Goretz ( Mountaineer ) detachment , once spetsnaz unit of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation ( FSB ) , was formally disbanded and its servicemen were to be reassigned to Chechen Interior Ministry but refused . Goretz was headed by Movladi Baisarov , formerly a close ally to Akhmad Kadyrov , but after the latter death became conflicted with his son Ramzan Kadyrov and was declared an outlaw .   The Guardian in June 2006 detailed a showdown between Kadyrov 's and Baisarov 's forces that had taken place the previous month . The Kadyrovtsy ended up backing down in that confrontation when another Chechen warlord , Said-Magomed Kakiev , head of the Zapad ( West ) Spetsnaz GRU unit , came down on Baisarov 's side .   While as for October 2006 , Baisarov was in Moscow , it was believed he still commanded 50 to little over 100 men based in Grozny . On November 18 , 2006 , Baisarov was killed in central Moscow by a detachment of Kadyrov 's police .

neg: Razak Al-Hassan Razak Al-Hassan ( born May 14 , 1982 ) is an American mixed martial artist . He competed in the light heavyweight and heavyweight divisions .

neg: Yuri Bessmertny Yuri Gorbachev ( Юрый Гарбачоў , born August 27 , 1987 ) , better known as Yuri Bessmertny , is a Belarusian Muay Thai kickboxer who competes in the middleweight and super middleweight divisions . After taking up Muay Thai at thirteen years old , he began his career in 2004 and rose to prominence by becoming a five-time national champion at both amateur and professional levels . Having established himself domestically , he then went on to win numerous European , intercontinental and world titles while fighting mostly in the former Soviet Union . In 2011 , he won the Fight Code Dragon Series tournament featuring sixteen top 72.5 kg/160 lb fighters from around the world to break into the middleweight elite .

neg: Ash Crimson is a video game character in The King of Fighters fighting game series developed by SNK Playmore . His first appearance was in The King of Fighters 2003 as leader of its Hero Team . Ash , a teenager , participates in the series ' fighting tournaments . He employs a personal fighting style that involves pyrokinesis with green flames . Despite being the series ' protagonist since its third story arc , Ash 's behavior is generally antagonistic and he tries to steal powers from several recurring characters , leaving them powerless . His identity and intentions are further explored in the 2011 title , The King of Fighters XIII , and he has been featured in print adaptations and a drama CD based on the games .   SNK Playmore staff created Ash as an evil main character , in contrast to previous main characters . His moves have been reworked in every game in which he has appeared , gaining new techniques as a result of his actions or modified to balance the character roster . Critical response to Ash has been largely negative due to his androgynous appearance and his technique . In interviews and press releases , video game publisher UTV Ignition Entertainment noted that he was unpopular with Western gamers and his design was better suited to Japanese fans .

neg: Astana Presidential Sports Club The Astana Presidential Sports Club ( Астана Президенттік спорт клубы full : Professional Presidential Sports Club Astana : Астана Президенттік профессионалды спорт клубы ) is a multi-sports club founded by Nursultan Nazarbayev in 2012 to develop the brand Astana and the capital of Kazakhstan , and to support sports teams and athletes that represent Kazakhstan in the international arena . The club is sponsored by national welfare fund Samruk-Kazyna . Bakhtiyar Artayev was appointed as a president of the club .

neg: Hamazkayin Hamazkayin , short for Hamazkayin Armenian Educational and Cultural Society , is a major cultural organization of the Armenian Diaspora , with a presence in every significant Armenian community worldwide . In addition to organizing cultural events in local Armenian communities , the Hamazkayin runs three schools , publishes books through its printing press , maintains bookstores , publishes a monthly literary magazine , Pakin , and organizes the Hamazkayin Forum . Hamazkayin enjoys the support of a wide segment of the Armenian community and encourages active participation to the events sponsored by the community . Hamazkayin sponsors and organizes many cultural events , such as concerts by renowned artists , scientific seminars , film festivals , literary lectures and book reviews . In the United States , the Hamazkayin Armenian Educational and Cultural Society was established as a non profit organization in 1970 .

neg: Nikita Krylov Nikita Andreyvich Krylov ( Russian : Никита Андреевич Крылов ; Ukrainian : Микита Андрійович Крилов ; born March 7 , 1992 ) is an Ukrainian of Russian heritage mixed martial artist where he competes in the light heavyweight division . He was the first Ukrainian to sign with the UFC . A professional since 2012 , he has also competed for M-1 Global . None of his 25 fights have gone the distance . Having been ranked as high as # 8 in official UFC light heavyweight rankings , he was cut from the UFC roster on February 15 , 2017 . He was signed by EFN , Eurasian Fight Night , a Russian based promotion shortly after his UFC release in February 2017

neg: Akhmed Avdorkhanov Akhmed Avdorkhanov ( 1973 -- 19 September 2005 ) was a former head of security for Ichkerian President Aslan Maskhadov .   Officially the Russian state suggested he was killed by Shamil Basayev in a dispute over money or due to ideology , as he opposed the miltant Islam of Basayev and his followers , while the Chechen insurgents claim he was killed by Russian forces .   President Vladimir Putin called Avdorkhanov 's death `` a turning point '' , since according to him Avdorkhanov was the last nationalist leader , and the remaining leaders of the Chechen resistance are radical Islamists who will not receive as much support among the local people .   His younger brother Zaurbek served as a field commander in the Caucasus Emirate , and most notably was one of the leaders of the August 2010 raid on Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov 's home village of Tsentoroy . Zaurbek was killed in what is believed to be an accidental explosion in Galashki , Ingushetia on 31 July 2012 .

neg: Maksud Ibragimov Maksud Muhidinovich Ibragimov ( born 3 November 1977 , Dushanbe , Tajikistan ) is a Tajikistan-born opposition politician , Chairman of the Russian-registered organization `` Youth for the Revival of Tajikistan '' and member of the governing board of the opposition coalition New Tajikistan , which includes Group 24 .   Up until December 2014 , Maksud Ibragimov was a citizen of Russia who renounced his Tajikistan citizenship in 2004 . He had been living in Russia for 10 years before establishing the movement `` Youth for the Revival of Tajikistan '' in October 2014 . As part of the New Tajikistan coalition , the movement called for peaceful protests to be held on October 10 in Dushanbe . Reacting to this , Tajikistan announced the movement illegal on October 7 and requested an extradition of Ibragimov from Russia . Complying with the request , Russia 's authorities arrested Ibragimov on October 9 but the Russian court denied Tajikistan 's request and he was freed on October 11 , 2014 .   A stream of threats followed this denial of extradition , including threats from Tajik law enforcement services . This was documented in Ibrahimov 's statement to the Russian police , which refused to register his complaints . On 26 November 2014 , Ibragimov was attacked in Moscow by two persons who left him with 6 knife wounds . His condition was severe but he survived . In December 2014 Ibragimov suddenly discovered that the Russian Federation stripped him of his Russian citizenship .   On 20 January 2015 , Ibragimov was arrested by Russian authorities again and immediately extradited to Tajikistan . Ibragimov 's Russian lawyer Nikolay Nikolayev said the extradition was illegal and expressed his plans to appeal the case in the European Court of Human Rights .

neg: Kazuma Kiryu is a fictional character and main protagonist in Sega 's 2005 action-adventure JRPG series , Yakuza . Kiryu is a yakuza who takes the blame for his boss ' death to protect his best friend , resulting in his expulsion from the clan and a ten-year stay in prison . After leaving prison , Kiryu realizes the crime world has changed and fights against the new threats in his life . Kiryu is the protagonist of the following Yakuza games which follow his attempts to aid his former family . He is voiced by Takaya Kuroda in Japanese and by Darryl Kurylo in the English version of the first game .   Kiryu was created to appeal to a broad audience as a result of being the series ' only playable character during its first three games . Critical reception to Kiryu has been generally positive , and he is often recognized as a PlayStation mascot . Several have praised how despite him identifying as a yakuza , Kiryu stood out because of his kindness and character development across the series ' story . On the other hand , he has also been viewed as a somewhat typical gaming protagonist .

neg: Kadyrzhan Batyrov Kadyrzhan Batyrov ( Qodirjon Botirov , Қодиржон Ботиров Кадыржан Батыров ) ( born March 9 , 1956 ) is an Uzbek businessman and politician from Kyrgyzstan . He was also head of the University of People 's Friendship and a parliamentary deputy . Currently he is now living in Sweden . He fled from Kyrgyzstan to Ukraine in 2010 . Batyrov received a life sentence in absentia for his alleged role in ethnic conflicts in southern Kyrgyzstan in summer 2010 . In September 2011 he applied for political asylum in Ukraine . In October 2011 Ukrainian prosecutors granted a request to extradite him to Kyrgyztan . Prosecutors eventually withdrew permission to extradite Batyrov after UNHCR helped him to receive an offer of asylum in Sweden .

neg: Boxing in Armenia Boxing ( բռնցքամարտ břntsk ` amart , literally `` fist fight '' ) in Armenia is a popular sport , that existed in the Armenian Highland since ancient times . Amateur boxing schools in the country appeared in early 1900s , by the mid-1950s boxing became one of the traditional sports in Armenia . In 1956 Vladimir Yengibaryan won a gold medal at the Olympics for the Soviet team . In early 21st century professional and amateur boxing in Armenia reached another peak . Most notably Arthur Abraham and Vic Darchinyan won several professional world champion titles . Dozens of amateur boxer have been placed in the top 3 of the world and Europe in their weight categories . Vladimir Yengibarian was the first man who opened boxing schools in Armenia

neg: Mishmeret Tzniyut In Israel , a mishmeret tzniyut ( Hebrew : משמרת צניעות ; also tzniyut patrol , modesty squad , chastity squad ) is the name given to vigilante gangs which act to enforce a code of modesty among the Haredi public through violence and intimidation .   Such groups are said to operate in several predominantly Haredi communities in Israel . Alleged members of modesty patrols have been arrested by the Israel Police , and at least one has been sentenced to prison for assault . Within the Haredi public , both support for and opposition to modesty patrols has been reported . According to Haaretz , some violent incidents attributed to modesty patrols may be linked to the Committee for Preserving Our Camp 's Purity , a Haredi organization in Jerusalem headed by Rabbi Yitzhak Meir Shpernovitz . Shpernovitz himself has stated that modesty patrols are a journalistic myth and do not exist .  During the trial of Nechemya Weberman in New York , on charges of child abuse , media sources reported on the communal role played by chasidic `` modesty committees '' in communities like Williamsburg , Borough Park and Kiryas Joel . These groups were said to have originated years previously , and were set up to guard the `` purity '' of the community by enforcing strict dress and behavior codes that characterize the insular chasidic lifestyle . But , according to The Jewish Week , ` insiders say , the tactics of these self-appointed , freelance modesty patrols have evolved from public shaming to extortion and threats . '

neg: Dmitri Akimov Dmitri Sergeyevich Akimov ( Дмитрий Серге́евич Акимов born September 14 , 1980 in Leningrad ( now St. Petersburg ) ) is a Russian football player . He last played for FC Dynamo Saint Petersburg . He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2000 for FC Zenit St. Petersburg . He was the top scorer in the Russian First Division in 2007 , scoring 34 goals . He was also the top scorer in the Russian Second Division , East Zone in 2002 ( 22 goals ) and 2004 ( 24 goals ) .

neg: Samson Remote Controlled Weapon Station The Samson Remote Controlled Weapon Station ( RCWS ) , also known as Katlanit ( קטלנית in Hebrew : `` lethal '' , female inflection ) is a Remote Weapon System that enables a variety of devices to be operated automatically or by remote control , including 5.56 mm , 7.62 mm , and 12.7 mm .50 BMG machine guns , 40 mm automatic grenade launchers , anti-tank missiles and observation pods . There are a total of three variants of the Samson family :   Samson Jr. . ROWS - for 5.56 mm and 7.62 mm machine guns , weighing 60 - .  Mini Samson ROWS - for 12.7 mm and 14.5 mm machine guns , as well as 40 mm grenade launcher , weighing 140 - , similar to that of Mini Typhoon naval ROWS and OWS .  Standard Samson - for guns with calibre ranging from 20 - , weighing 1.5 tonne , similar to that of standard Typhoon naval ROWS and OWS .   For example , the Samson Remote Controlled Weapon System for 30 mm Cannon is designed to be mounted on lightly-armoured , high-mobility military vehicles and operated by a gunner or vehicle commander operating under-the-deck . It offers optional SPIKE guided missile , smoke grenade launcher , and embedded trainer . The RCWS 30 is a product of Rafael Advanced Defense Systems .   Israel has also installed a variant of the Samson RCWS in pillboxes along the Israeli Gaza Strip barrier intended to prevent Palestinian militants from entering its territory .   The Sentry Tech system , dubbed Roeh-Yoreh ( Sees-Fires ) in IDF service deployed on the Gaza fence , enables camera operators located in a rear-located intelligence base to engage border threats using the 12.7 mm heavy machine gun and the SPIKE guided missile . Dozens of alleged terrorists have been shot with the Sentry Tech system . The first reported killing of an individual appears to have taken place during Operation Cast Lead in December 2008 .