query: John Wick: Chapter 2 is the second installment of a film series.

pos: John Wick: Chapter 2 John Wick : Chapter 2 is a 2017 American neo-noir action thriller film directed by Chad Stahelski and written by Derek Kolstad . The second installment of the John Wick series , the plot follows hitman John Wick , who goes on the run after a bounty is placed on his head . It stars Keanu Reeves , Common , Laurence Fishburne , Riccardo Scamarcio , Ruby Rose , John Leguizamo and Ian McShane , and marks the first collaboration between Reeves and Fishburne since appearing together in The Matrix trilogy .   Principal photography began on October 26 , 2015 , in New York City . The film premiered in Los Angeles on January 30 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on February 10 , 2017 . It received positive reviews from critics and grossed $ 166 million worldwide , over four times its $ 40 million budget and nearly twice the $ 88 million gross of the original film .

neg: Johnny English Johnny English is a 2003 British spy comedy film parodying the James Bond secret agent genre infused with comedy similar to Atkinson 's Mr. Bean character . The film stars Rowan Atkinson , Natalie Imbruglia , Ben Miller and John Malkovich . The screenplay was written by Bond writers Neal Purvis and Robert Wade , with William Davies , and the film was directed by Peter Howitt .   The film grossed a total of $ 160 million worldwide . The film was followed by a sequel , 2011 's Johnny English Reborn . The film was released in the United Kingdom on April 11 , 2003 , and topped the country 's box office for the next three weekends , before being overtaken by X2 . A second sequel is in pre-production and will release in October 2018 .

neg: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (film series) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is a film series based on the comic book characters of the same name created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird . The first film in the series , titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , was released in 1990 at the height of the franchise 's popularity and was a commercial success . The success of the film garnered two direct sequels , respectively released in 1991 and 1993 , and a CGI animated film in 2007 billed as TMNT building on the success of the 2003 -- 09 TV series . The series was rebooted in a new film made by Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies , released on August 8 , 2014 . The sequel was released on June 3 , 2016 .

neg: Episode II Episode II , Episode 2 or Episode Two may refer to :   Episode II ( album ) , an album by Safri Duo  Episode II ( EP ) , an EP by Eiffel 65  `` Episode 2 '' ( song ) , a song by Dragon Ash  `` Episode 2 '' ( Ashes to Ashes ) , an episode of Ashes to Ashes  `` Series 1 : Episode 2 '' ( Life on Mars ) , an episode of Life on Mars  `` Episode 2 '' ( Twin Peaks ) , an episode of Twin Peaks  Episode 2 ( The Casual Vacancy ) , ( 2015 ) , the second episode of the TV miniseries The Casual Vacancy  Half-Life 2 : Episode Two , a computer game sequel  Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones , a 2002 film

neg: Jungle Junction (series 2) The second series of Jungle Junction aired between on Disney Junior .

neg: Body Chemistry Body Chemistry is a 1990 American drama film directed by Kristine Peterson .   It led to a series of sequels .

neg: B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity .   In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics .   Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie .   From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .

neg: Kidulthood (film series) Kidulthood is a series of British drama films . The film series began in 2006 with Kidulthood , which was followed by the sequels Adulthood and Brotherhood . The series focuses on the lives of several teenagers in Ladbroke Grove and Latimer Road area of inner west London . The film series has earned over # 7 million worldwide .

neg: Atlas Shrugged Part III: Who Is John Galt? Atlas Shrugged Part III : Who Is John Galt ? is a 2014 American science fiction drama film based on Ayn Rand 's novel Atlas Shrugged . It is the third installment in the Atlas Shrugged film series and the sequel to the 2012 film Atlas Shrugged : Part II , continuing the story where its predecessor left off . The release , originally set for July 4 , 2014 , occurred on September 12 , 2014 .

neg: The Smurfs 2 The Smurfs 2 is a 2013 American 3D live-action/computer-animated comedy film and a sequel to the 2011 film The Smurfs . It is loosely based on The Smurfs comic-book series created by the Belgian comics artist Peyo . It is the second and final installment of a projected duology , produced by Sony Pictures Animation and distributed by Columbia Pictures . The film is directed by Raja Gosnell , who helmed the first , with all the main cast returning . New cast members include Christina Ricci and J. B. Smoove as members of the Naughties , and Brendan Gleeson as Patrick Winslow 's stepfather . The film was released on July 31 , 2013 and is dedicated to Jonathan Winters , who voiced Papa Smurf and died on April 11 , 2013 .   Its gross of $ 347 million was seen by Sony as a disappointment , which Box Office Mojo labelled as `` an unprecedented drop for a closely-timed family sequel '' and attributed to the negative reception of the first film and to the strong competition coming from another family sequel Despicable Me 2 .

neg: Batman: Year Two `` Year Two '' is the title of a four-part story arc featuring Batman , written by Mike W. Barr and illustrated by Alan Davis , Paul Neary , Alfredo Alcala , Mark Farmer and Todd McFarlane . It originally appeared in the American comic book Detective Comics # 575-578 , published by DC Comics .   The story was initially a treatment by Barr titled `` Batman : 1980 '' , but it was released as `` Batman : Year Two '' following the success of Frank Miller 's `` Batman : Year One '' .   This story was collected as a trade paperback in 1990 . In 2002 , DC Comics published a second printing of the trade paperback , this time with the addition of the one-shot sequel , Batman : Full Circle included , with the new edition retitled as Batman : Year Two - Fear The Reaper . Elements of the story were incorporated into the animated film Batman : Mask of the Phantasm .

neg: The Dead and the Damned 2 The Dead and the Damned 2 ( also The Dead , the Damned , and the Darkness and Tom Sawyer vs Zombies ) is a 2014 American horror film written and directed by Rene Perez . It was released direct-to-video on October 7 , 2014 , and is the sequel to the 2010 film The Dead and the Damned .

neg: Mission: Impossible 2 Mission : Impossible 2 ( stylized as M : I-2 ) is a 2000 American action spy film directed by John Woo and starring Tom Cruise , who also served as the film 's producer . It is the second installment in the Mission : Impossible film series . In the film , Ethan Hunt is recruited by the Impossible Missions Force ( IMF ) to find and destroy a dangerous biological weapon called `` Chimera '' from a rogue IMF agent named Sean Ambrose with the help of his new girlfriend , Nyah Nordoff-Hall . .   Mission : Impossible 2 was released in theaters worldwide on May 24 , 2000 . It grossed more than $ 546.4 million worldwide , becoming the highest grossing film of 2000 . But the critical response was mixed ; praise was directed at Tom Cruise 's performance and the action sequences , but the plot and dialogue were criticized .

neg: Evil, Inc. (novel) Evil , Inc. is the 2nd book in the Hardy Boys Casefiles series .

neg: Aftershocks (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.) `` Aftershocks '' is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement and Logistics Division ) , revolving around the character of Phil Coulson and his team of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents as they race to strike back against Hydra after an apparent defeat to the latter , while several characters discover they have gained new abilities following the end of the previous episode . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films of the franchise . The episode was written by Maurissa Tancharoen and Jed Whedon , and directed by Billy Gierhart .   Clark Gregg reprises his role as Coulson from the film series , and is joined by series regulars Ming-Na Wen , Brett Dalton , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , Elizabeth Henstridge , Nick Blood , and Adrianne Palicki . Palicki was promoted to series regular with this episode , after having a recurring guest role in the first half of the season . The episode also saw the return of Marvel 's `` The Art of ... '' marketing initiative .   `` Aftershocks '' originally aired on ABC on March 3 , 2015 , and according to Nielsen Media Research , was watched by 4.48 million viewers .

neg: The Santa Clause (film series) The Santa Clause is a series of comedy films starring Tim Allen . The film series began with The Santa Clause ( 1994 ) . It was followed by The Santa Clause 2 ( 2002 ) and The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause ( 2006 ) . The series experienced a diminishing critical reception with each subsequent film .

neg: Hostel: Part II Hostel : Part II is a 2007 American splatter film written and directed by Eli Roth , and the sequel to his 2005 horror film Hostel . It stars Lauren German , Roger Bart , and Heather Matarazzo and was produced by Chris Briggs , Mike Fleiss , and Eli Roth ; Boaz Yakin , Scott Spiegel , and Quentin Tarantino are executive producers . Like its predecessor , the film is set in Slovakia and centers on a facility in which rich clients pay to torture ( to death , which is mandatory ) kidnapped victims .   The film did not perform as well as the original , totaling $ 17 million in the US by the end of its theatrical run whereas the original made $ 19 million in its opening weekend .

neg: Bayside Shakedown 2 is the second film based on the popular Bayside Shakedown TV series , known for its unique and humorous depiction of the Japanese police force while avoiding the conventions that define most police dramas . The movie was released in the summer of 2003 . Bayside Shakedown 2 is the highest grossing non-animated Japanese movie on domestic screens and earned 17.35 billion yen at the box office .

neg: Twitches Too Twitches Too is a 2007 Disney Channel Original Movie . It is the sequel to the Disney Channel Original Movie Twitches , released in 2005 . The film began production in late April 2007 and was released on October 12 . It aired during Disney Channel 's Halloween Month . The Disney Channel Original Series , Wizards of Waverly Place , premiered following the film 's premiere . The first trailer was released during the premiere of High School Musical 2 . On its premiere night , the movie brought in 6.96 million viewers . To date , it is the last sequel to a Disney Channel Original Movie that is not a musical .

neg: Sleepy Hollow (season 2) The second season of the Fox television series Sleepy Hollow premiered on September 22 , 2014 , and concluded February 24 , 2015 , consisting of 18 episodes .

neg: A Haunted House 2 A Haunted House 2 is a 2014 American horror comedy film directed by Michael Tiddes and starring Marlon Wayans . The film is the sequel to the 2013 film A Haunted House . Produced by IM Global Octane and distributed by Open Road Films , the film was released on April 18 , 2014 . The film received negative reviews , and earned over $ 23 million at the box office .


query: School 2013 is classified as a teen drama.

pos: School 2013 School 2013 is a 2012 South Korean television series starring Jang Nara , Choi Daniel , Lee Jong-suk and Kim Woo Bin . The teen drama depicts the struggles and dilemmas that modern-day Korean youth face , such as bullying , student suicides , school violence , deteriorating teacher-student relations , private tutoring and other real-life high school issues , all within the confines of one small classroom at Victory High School .   It is the fifth installment of KBS 's `` School '' series which aired from 1999 through 2002 . It aired on KBS2 from December 3 , 2012 to January 28 , 2013 on Mondays and Tuesdays at 21:55 for 16 episodes .

neg: The Fosters (2013 TV series) The Fosters is an American family drama television series created by Peter Paige and Bradley Bredeweg which first premiered in the United States on June 3 , 2013 on the Freeform ( previously named ABC Family ) television network . It follows the lives of the Foster family led by lesbian couple Stef and Lena , a cop and a school vice principal respectively , who raise a multi-ethnic blended family that consists of one biological and four adopted children in San Diego , California .   The first season of The Fosters received generally favorable reviews from critics and also garnered particular acclaim for its portrayal of LGBT themes . It also earned two GLAAD Media Awards and one Teen Choice Award .

neg: Youngers Youngers is a British comedy drama series created by Benjamin Kuffuor and Levi David Addai . It began airing on E4 on 20 March 2013 . It is produced by Big Talk Productions .  The series has been picked up for international distribution by BBC Worldwide .

neg: Hot Young Bloods Hot Young Bloods ( ; lit . `` Blood Boiling Youth '' ) is a 2014 South Korean teen romantic comedy film that depicts the loves , rivalries , and friendships between four high school students in Hongseong County , South Chungcheong Province in the 1980s .

neg: Freaks and Geeks Freaks and Geeks is an American teen comedy-drama television series , created by Paul Feig , with Judd Apatow as executive producer , that aired on NBC during the 1999 -- 2000 television season . Eighteen episodes were completed , but the series was canceled after only 12 had aired .   A fan-led campaign persuaded NBC to broadcast three more episodes in July 2000 ; the three remaining unaired episodes , for a total of 18 , aired that September on the cable network Fox Family Channel .   The series appeared on Time magazine 's 2007 `` 100 Greatest Shows of All Time '' list , and placed third on the magazine 's list of greatest television shows of the 2000s ( decade ) . In 2007 , Freaks and Geeks ranked # 21 on TV Guides Top Cult Shows Ever . In 2008 , Entertainment Weekly ranked it the 13th-best series of the past 25 years . The same year , AOL TV named it the Best School Show of All Time . In 2013 TV Guide included it in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time , and ranked it # 1 on their list of 60 shows that were `` Cancelled Too Soon '' . It launched several of its young actors into successful television and film careers .

neg: My Mad Fat Diary My Mad Fat Diary is a BAFTA-nominated British comedy-drama television series that debuted on E4 on 14 January 2013 . It is based on My Fat , Mad Teenage Diary written by Rae Earl .   The second series started on 17 February 2014 and ended on 31 March 2014 , with each episode posted on 4oD a week prior to the television release . In November 2014 , it was announced that a final three-episode third series would be made , set in 1998 .   After three series and sixteen episodes , My Mad Fat Diary broadcast its final episode on 6 July 2015 .

neg: Duet Acting Duet Acting ( often shortened to `` Duet '' or abbreviated as `` DA '' in tournament schedules and results ) is an event in competitive high school forensics . Similar to Duo Interpretation , Duet Acting varies in two major respects : first , Duet is not an official National Forensic League event although some state organizations , such as the Texas Forensic Association , the Louisiana High School Speech League , and ( formerly ) the Ohio High School Speech League practice the event . Secondly , unlike Duo , in which the actors are not permitted to make eye contact with each other or touch each other , Duet incorporates an element of acting . Cuttings must be made from scripts .   Duet Acting involves two people , two chairs , and ( in some jurisdictions ) a table ; the furniture is supplied in each room of competition . Time limits vary , but generally each acting pair performs an eight - to twelve-minute scene , typically using only two characters . Occasionally the performers change roles , but can only play one character per scene in the manner of dramatic or humorous interpretation . The pieces may be either serious or funny , and the extensive use of movement is permitted ( i.e. , interaction between both characters , as well as with the table and chairs ) . Duet Acting has been removed from the Ohio High School Speech League .   Category : Debating

neg: Teen-Age Crime Wave Teenage Crime Wave is a 1955 juvenile delinquency crime drama film released by Columbia Pictures . After escaping from reform school , a pair of delinquent teens go on a statewide shooting spree   It was featured on a 1994 episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000 .

neg: 2014 Teen Choice Awards The 2014 Teen Choice Awards ceremony was held on August 10 , 2014 at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles . The event was originally scheduled to take place at the UCLA Pauley Pavilion , which was flooded by a broken water pipe on July 29 , 2014 near the campus . It was broadcast on Fox at 8:00 -- 10:00 pm ET live/PT tape-delayed . The awards celebrate the year 's achievements in music , film , television , sports , fashion , comedy , and the Internet , and were voted on by viewers aged 13 through 19 .  Selena Gomez was awarded the Ultimate Choice Award during the show .   One Direction were the biggest winners of the night , winning all ten awards they were nominated for ( including an award given out to Harry Styles and one dedicated to their fans ) . The Fault in Our Stars won all seven of its nominations as well , including four awards for Ansel Elgort .

neg: Hormones: The Series Hormones ( Full title : Hormones Wai Wawun , from วัยว้าวุ่น ) , promoted as Hormones : The Series , is a Thai teen drama television series produced by GTH and first broadcast in 2013 . The show follows the lives and relationships of a group of secondary school students as they go through school and home life and face various issues . Breaking the mould of Thai television , which typically features Thai soap operas and sitcoms , Hormones was conceived with a style more commonly found in the U.S. and production values more usually associated with filmmaking . It also distinguished itself by featuring controversial issues such as teenage sex and pregnancy , homosexuality and school violence .   The series ' first season was directed by Songyos Sugmakanan , and was broadcast on satellite channel GMM One and online from May to August 2013 . The series was positively received and , despite not being shown on free-to-air terrestrial television and being criticized for its content , proved extremely popular , prompting the creation of a second season . Directed by Kriangkrai Vachiratamporn , the second season began broadcasting in July 2014 . In September 2015 , Hormones 3 : The Final Season began broadcasting . The episodes of the final season were also released in the GTH 's official channel with official English subtitles .

neg: Meganebu! is a 2013 anime television series produced by Studio Deen and directed by Soubi Yamamoto , which is based on a series of Drama CDs released by Deen in 2011-2012 . The series follows the activities of five male students who belong to their school 's Glasses Club and the antics resulting from their shared passion for eyewear . The series premiered on Tokyo MX on October 6 , 2013 and ended on December 22 , 2013 .

neg: Exigent Circumstances (Under the Dome) `` Exigent Circumstances '' is the twelfth and penultimate episode of the first season of the CBS drama Under the Dome . It aired on September 9 , 2013 .   Commentators wrote positively about the episode , with many applauding the episode 's appropriate use of the supporting characters and suspense before the season finale . Upon airing , the episode was watched by 9.72 million viewers and received an 18-49 rating of 2.1 , marking season low ratings .

neg: Big School (TV series) Big School is a British sitcom , starring David Walliams , Catherine Tate , Steve Speirs , Frances de la Tour and Philip Glenister . It is set in a secondary school and follows the comedic relationships of the teachers . The first series began airing on BBC One on 16 August 2013 , and was met with polarised reviews . The final episode of the first series aired on 20 September 2013 . On 2 December 2013 , BBC One controller Charlotte Moore announced that Big School had been renewed for a second and final series , which concluded on 10 October 2014 . In June 2015 , it was officially announced that Big School was not to be returning for a third series .

neg: List of Degrassi characters The following is a list of characters who appeared in the teen drama series Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High ( including the immediate follow-up made-for-television movie , Degrassi : School 's Out ) , which are part of the Degrassi universe . Hundreds of actors appeared the series throughout their run . There were distinct main youth characters among recurring youth characters , yet the latter were occasionally the central protagonists of episode plots . No plots centered on adult characters , though they were often important plot devices . Degrassi Junior High ran for three seasons , and was followed by Degrassi High , which ran for a further two seasons , and a made-for-television movie Degrassi : School 's Out . Seasons 1 through 3 refer to Degrassi Junior High , and seasons 4 and 5 refer to Degrassi High and School 's Out .

neg: Gossip Girl (season 1) The first season of Gossip Girl , an American teen drama based upon the book series by Cecily von Ziegesar . Developed for television by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage . Airing on The CW from September 19 , 2007 till May 19 , 2008 with 18 episodes . It tells the story of Serena van der Woodsen 's return to Manhattan 's Upper East Side in New York City following her mysterious disappearance to boarding school in Connecticut , while being watched by gossip website Gossip Girl .   The first thirteen episodes of Gossip Girl aired in the U.S. on Wednesdays at 9:00 p.m. on The CW , a terrestrial television network . With the exception of the twelfth episode `` School Lies , '' the first thirteen episodes aired on CTV Television Network one day prior to their US airdate . Following the 100-day writers strike , the remainder of the season aired on Mondays at 8:00 p.m. . The season was released on DVD as a five disc boxed set under the title of Gossip Girl : The Complete First Season on August 19 , 2008 by Warner Home Video . The pilot episode was made available as a free download registered users of the U.S. iTunes Store prior to its premiere on television . Following episodes became available to purchase following their original airing .

neg: Schloss Einstein Schloss Einstein is a long-running , popular German television series which is designed as a teenage soap opera . It portrays the lives of teenagers in Schloss Einstein ( Castle Einstein ) , a fictional boarding school . The intended audience is 10 - to 14-year-olds .   The series combines the genres of comedy , action , drama ( e.g. , first love , problems with parents and schoolmates ) , and natural science . Scripts for the series are written by prominent television script writers .

neg: Procedural drama A procedural drama is a genre of television programming which focuses on how crimes are solved or some other aspect of a law enforcement agency , legislative body , or court of law . Some dramas include a lab or conference room with high-tech or state-of-the-art equipment where the main characters meet to work out the problem . Shows usually have an episodic format that does not require the viewer to have seen previous episodes . Episodes typically have a self-contained , also referred to as stand-alone , plot that is introduced and resolved within the same episode .   The procedural format is popular around the world . In 2011 , the director of a TV consultancy said , `` The continuing trend is for procedurals because they use a predictable structure . '' Due to their stand-alone episodic nature , they are more accessible to new viewers than serials . Self-contained episodes also make it easier for viewers to return to a show if they have missed some episodes . In general , procedural dramas can usually be re-run with little concern for episode order .   Procedurals are often criticized for being formulaic . Procedurals are also generally less character-driven than serialized shows . However , some procedurals have more character emphasis than is typical of the format . Some may occasionally feature a storyline stretching over several episodes .   A popular variant is the police procedural .

neg: Teen-Age Strangler Teen-Age Strangler is a 1964 crime drama film , made in Huntington , West Virginia . It exploits the popular concern with Juvenile delinquency of the American Cold War period . It was re-released in black & white in 1990 , resulting in local screenings , newspaper writeups , and cast reunions . It was featured on a Season 5 episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000 ( MST3K ) . Actor John Humphreys , who played the role of `` Mikey '' appeared at the MST3K first Conventio-Con in September , 1994 .

neg: Degrassi: Next Class (season 3) The third season of Degrassi : Next Class premiered on January 9 , 2017 on Family Channel under the teen block F2N in Canada and began streaming internationally on January 6 , 2017 on Netflix . This season follows a group of high school juniors and seniors from Degrassi Community School , a fictional school in Toronto , Ontario , and depicts some of the typical issues and challenges common to a teenager 's life . This season will pick up a couple of months after the season two finale and begin a new school year . It will tell the stories of a new generation navigating high school drama with groundbreaking stories such as sex , abortion , depression , mental illness , dysfunctional families , sexuality , homophobia , hormones , religion , protest , disabilities , life-threatening diseases and suicide attempts . It also continued to target the new post-millennial teen cohort known  as Generation Z.

neg: Arka Sıradakiler Arka Sıradakiler ( -LSB- aɾˈka sɯɾadacileɾ -RSB- ) is the title of a Turkish teen drama series , produced by Birol Guven and directed by Hamdi Alkan . Meaning `` those at the back row , '' name of the series alludes to a group of forsaken students whose experiences comprise the main theme of the storyline . The series began broadcast on September 30 , 2007 on Fox ( Turkey ) . It was aired weekly on Sundays at 19:45 ( UTC +2 ) until Season 6 , which was aired on TNT ( Turkey ) on Sundays , albeit at 20:00 .

neg: Worst Year of My Life Again Worst Year of My Life Again is an Australian children 's television series that premiered on 26 April 2014 on ABC3 . It was produced by the Australian Children 's Television Foundation ( ACTF ) and Reflective Pictures for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Filming for the show began on 23 April 2013 at Camberwell High School , Victoria and ended on 15 November 2013 . The show is also played on CBBC .


query: Worcester, Massachusetts is 40 mi from a capital.

pos: Boston Boston ( pronounced -LSB- ˈbɒstən -RSB- ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States . Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city proper covers 48 mi2 with an estimated population of 667,137 in 2015 , making it the largest city in New England and the 23rd most populous city in the United States . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.7 million people in 2014 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . Alternately , as a Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people , making it the sixth-largest as such in the United States .   One of the oldest cities in the United States , Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . Through land reclamation and municipal annexation , Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public school , Boston Latin School ( 1635 ) , first subway system , the Tremont Street Subway ( 1897 ) , and first public park , Boston Common ( 1634 ) .   The area 's many colleges and universities make Boston an international center of higher education , including law , medicine , engineering , and business , and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation and entrepreneurship , with nearly 2,000 startups . Boston 's economic base also includes finance , professional and business services , biotechnology , information technology , and government activities . Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States ; businesses and institutions rank among the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment . The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification , though it remains high on world livability rankings .

pos: Worcester, Massachusetts Worcester ( -LSB- ˈwʊstər -RSB- , -LSB- ˈwʊstə -RSB- ) is a city and the county seat of Worcester County , Massachusetts , United States . Named after Worcester , England , as of the 2010 Census the city 's population was 181,045 , making it the second most populous city in New England after Boston . Worcester is located approximately 40 mi west of Boston , 50 mi east of Springfield and 40 mi north of Providence . Due to its location in Central Massachusetts , Worcester is known as the `` Heart of the Commonwealth '' , thus , a heart is the official symbol of the city . However , the heart symbol may also have its provenance in lore that the mass-produced Valentine 's Day card was invented in the city .   Worcester was considered its own region for centuries ; however , with the encroachment of Boston 's suburbs in the 1970s after the construction of Interstate 495 and Interstate 290 , it now marks the western periphery of the Boston-Worcester-Providence ( MA-RI-NH ) U.S. Census Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , or Greater Boston . The city features many examples of Victorian-era mill architecture .

neg: Abington, Massachusetts Abington is a town in Plymouth County , Massachusetts , United States , 20 mi southeast of Boston . The population was 15,985 at the 2010 census .

neg: Newton Upper Falls Newton Upper Falls is a village situated on the east bank of the Charles River in the city of Newton , Massachusetts , in the United States .   The area borders Needham , Massachusetts to the south/southwest , Wellesley , Massachusetts to the west , the West Roxbury neighborhood of Boston to the extreme southeast , and the Newton villages of Waban , Newton Highlands and Newton Center to the north and east .   The village is served partially by Eliot `` T '' station , part of the Green Line `` D '' Branch of the MBTA , with rapid light rail service inbound into downtown Boston and outbound to Riverside . Major roads that serve the village are Route 128 , and Route 9 ( Boylston Street ) , which provides a direct , 6 mile commute into downtown Boston .   Newton 's first mill on the Charles River was built in 1688 in Upper Falls . Over the next 150 years , the water power available at Upper Falls led to the village 's steady growth as many more mills were built along that stretch of the river . By 1850 the village had 1300 inhabitants which was 25 % of the entire population of Newton .   Newton Upper Falls is home to the Hemlock Gorge and Echo Bridge , a large aqueduct turned pedestrian walkway over the Charles River . It is said to be the only village that has retained its original name from when the area was founded in the 17th century . It has over 150 homes on the historic register despite its small area .   In 1909 , a Roman Catholic church called Mary Immaculate of Lourdes opened in Upper Falls .   Sullivan Avenue , an unpaved private road in Newton Upper Falls is the last remaining portion of the ancient highway connecting Boston and Cambridge with Newton and points west in the 17th century ( back then it was called Cambridge Village ) . Also on Sullivan Avenue is a famous pothole ; not the kind you avoid with your car , but a geological anomaly where a boulder that was originally pushed down the cliff by a now extinct waterfall got caught and became round . The boulder spun around in its place carving a shaft over thousands of years . Since then half the shaft collapsed and now all that can be seen is half of a cylindrical shaft through the cliff at the corner of Sullivan and Elliot Streets .   A 60 acre area , including much of the area between Route 9 and Elliot Street , and east from the Charles River to Cottage Street and Hickory Cliff Road , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 .

neg: Massachusetts Route 30 Route 30 is an east -- west arterial route , connecting Grafton with Packard 's Corner in Boston . Route 30 runs roughly parallel to the Massachusetts Turnpike and Route 9 , but unlike those two larger highways , takes a more meandering path from town to town . Between Boston and the Charles River it is known as Commonwealth Avenue , along most of this route is part of the course of the Boston Marathon .   Route 30 has two interchanges with the Mass Pike , at Exits 13 in Framingham and 14/15 in Weston ; the latter also includes the junction with Interstate 95 ( Route 128 ) . It also has two interchanges with Route 9 , one in Westborough and one at the Southborough-Framingham border ( where the two highways have an interchange without actually crossing ) , as well as a section further east in Framingham that runs concurrently with Route 9 , for a total of four junctions between Routes 9 and 30 .

neg: Minuteman Bikeway The Minuteman Bikeway is a 10-mile ( 16-kilometre ) paved multi-use rail trail located in the Greater Boston area of Massachusetts . It runs from Bedford to Alewife station , passing through Lexington and Arlington along the way .   -RCB-   | -RCB-  | -RCB-   The Minuteman Bikeway runs from Bedford to the Alewife station at the northern end of the Red Line in Cambridge . It passes through the towns of Lexington and Arlington on the way . Also along the route are several notable regional sites , including Alewife Brook Reservation , Spy Pond , `` Arlington 's Great Meadows '' ( actually located in Lexington ) , the Battle Green in Lexington , and Hanscom Air Force Base .   At its Cambridge terminus , the bikeway connects with four other bike paths :  the Fitchburg Cutoff Path  the Cambridge Linear Park which , in turn , leads to the Somerville Community Path .  the Alewife Brook Greenway , a connection to the Mystic River bike path , following Alewife Brook . The Alewife Brook extension received $ 4M from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 as the `` Minuteman Bikepath Connector '' project .  a sidewalk path to Fresh Pond Reservation .   Plans are underway to extend the Somerville Community Path to downtown Boston , which would create a much larger continuous bikeway accessible from the Minuteman .   At the Bedford end , the Minuteman Bikeway connects with the Narrow Gauge Rail Trail and the Reformatory Branch Rail Trail .

neg: State Street Block (Boston) State Street Block ( built 1857 ) is a granite building near the waterfront in the Financial District of Boston , Massachusetts . Architect Gridley James Fox Bryant designed it . In the 1850s `` the Long and Central Wharf Corporation ... sold each bay to individual owners , requiring that ` the granite to be used for the sidewalk & facade of each bay must be purchased from the Corporation & erected according to the architect 's plan . ' ''   Walt Whitman visited Boston in 1860 , and wrote about what he saw : `` Noblest of all State Street Block , east of the Custom House , rough granite . The above probably one of the finest pieces of com -LSB- merical -RSB- architecture in the world . '' Another visitor travelling through Boston ( in 1859 ) called it `` a magnificent block . ''   In the mid-20th century , `` nearly three-quarters of the original 22-bay building ... was amputated for construction of the Central Artery ... and the roofline of the remainder has been destroyed . '' The surviving portion of the block was added as part of the Custom House District to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 .

neg: Midstate Trail (Massachusetts) The Midstate Trail is a scenic footpath which runs 92 mi through Worcester County , Massachusetts , from the Rhode Island border to the New Hampshire border , approximately 45 mi west of Boston . The trail is considered highly accessible , scenic , and remarkably rural despite its proximity to urban Boston . The trail includes the summits of Mount Wachusett and Mount Watatic , as well as many interesting geologic , historic , and natural features .

neg: Massachusetts General Court The Massachusetts General Court ( formally styled the General Court of Massachusetts ) is the state legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . The name `` General Court '' is a hold-over from the earliest days of the Massachusetts Bay Colony , when the colonial assembly , in addition to making laws , sat as a judicial court of appeals . Before the adoption of the state constitution in 1780 , it was called the Great and General Court , but the official title was shortened by John Adams , author of the state constitution . It is a bicameral body . The upper house is the Massachusetts Senate which is composed of 40 members . The lower body , the Massachusetts House of Representatives , has 160 members . ( Until 1978 , it had 240 members ) It meets in the Massachusetts State House on Beacon Hill in Boston .   The current President of the Senate is Stan Rosenberg , and the Speaker of the House is Robert DeLeo . Democrats hold super-majorities in both chambers .   State Senators and Representatives both serve two-year terms .

neg: The Boston Associates The Boston Associates was a term created by historian Vera Shlakmen in Economic History of a Factory Town , A Study of Chicopee , Massachusetts ( 1935 ) to describe a loosely linked group of investors . They included Nathan Appleton , Patrick Tracy Jackson , Abbott Lawrence , and Amos Lawrence , often related directly or through marriage , they were based in Boston , Massachusetts . By 1845 , there were 31 textile companies -- located in Massachusetts , New Hampshire , and southern Maine -- produced one-fifth of all cotton and wool textiles in the United States . With the capital earned through these mills , they invested in railroads , especially the Boston and Lowell . These railroads helped transport the cotton from warehouses to factories . These Boston-based investors established banks -- such as the Suffolk Bank -- and invested in others . In time , they controlled 40 % of banking capital in Boston , 40 % of all insurance capital in Massachusetts , and 30 % of Massachusetts ' railroads . Tens of thousands of New Englanders received employment from these investors , working in any one of the hundreds of their mills .   Mill locations established or improved by the Boston Associates :  Waltham , Massachusetts ( 1813 )  Lowell , Massachusetts ( 1822 )  Manchester , New Hampshire ( 1825 )  Saco , Maine ( 1831 )  Nashua , New Hampshire ( 1836 )  Dover , New Hampshire ( 1836 )  Chicopee , Massachusetts ( 1838 )  Lawrence , Massachusetts ( 1845 )  Holyoke , Massachusetts ( 1847 )

neg: Old National Pike Milestones The `` Old National Pike Milestones '' marked each mile of the old National Road in Maryland , an eastern coastal state of the United States , from its dominating city of Baltimore to major towns of western Maryland , as Frederick , and between it and Hagerstown , to Hancock , through to Cumberland in the western panhandle of the state in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains . The surviving stones have been included in the `` National Register of Historic Places '' , maintained by the National Park Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior , and may be seen along the route variously designated as U.S. Route 40 , Maryland Route 144 , Alternate U.S. Route 40 , and several other roads that trace the path of the original `` Old National Pike '' . From Baltimore to Cumberland , the road was surveyed and laid out with construction in several phases over different periods of time by several turnpike companies , chartered by the General Assembly of Maryland beginning in 1808 . Earlier in 1806 , the United States Congress with the approval of third President Thomas Jefferson , authorized the surveying and further construction of a `` national road '' to continue on from Cumberland on the upstream of the Potomac River further to the west across additional mountainous ranges in the Allegheny Mountains to the newly admitted State of Ohio ( admitted 1803 as the seventeenth state ) . Later the congressional action was amended to direct the road to the state boundaries on the Ohio River and it eventually landed at Wheeling , Virginia . In later decades , the road was extended west across Ohio , Indiana and into the Illinois Country , to eventually terminate by the 1840s in Vandalia , the territorial capital of Illinois , just east of the Mississippi River , and northeast of the newly emergent , frontier river port metropolis of St. Louis of the Missouri Territory and the former Louisiana Purchase of 1803 to the west .   The `` Old Pike '' milestones in Maryland are about 30 inches tall , twelve inches wide and eight inches deep , with rounded tops and the inscription XX miles to B , referring to the distance to Baltimore , the road 's terminus . The composition of the stones varies , with the first 39 milestones of Baltimore gneiss from the area of Ellicott City . Stones from Frederick to Boonsboro are quartzite from the area of the Monocacy River . A unique white limestone with a distinctive inscription was employed from Boonsboro to Hagerstown , while west of Hagerstown the stones are gray limestone .   Sixty-nine stones still remained on the `` Old National Pike '' at the time the stones were nominated to the National Register .

neg: Wellfleet, Massachusetts Wellfleet is a town in Barnstable County , Massachusetts , United States , and is located halfway between the `` tip '' and `` elbow '' of Cape Cod . The town had a population of 2,750 at the 2010 census , which swells nearly sixfold during the summer . A total of 70 % of the town 's land area is in protection , and nearly half of it is part of the Cape Cod National Seashore . Wellfleet is famous for its eponymous oysters , which are celebrated in the annual October Wellfleet OysterFest .

neg: Charlton, Massachusetts Charlton is a town in Worcester County , Massachusetts , United States . The population was 12,981 at the 2010 census .

neg: Worcester Historical Museum The Worcester Historical Museum , located in downtown Worcester , Massachusetts , was founded in 1875 as the Worcester Society of Antiquity . This museum is the only institution devoted entirely to local history and artifacts . The scope of their collection ranges from colonial to twentieth-century , encompassing manuscripts , textiles , paintings , and ceramics . The museum is made up of permanent and temporary exhibits , research library , and currently owns and operates the local Salisbury Mansion . The library maintains more than 7,000 titles .

neg: Worcester Junior College Worcester Junior College was a private two-year college located in Worcester , Massachusetts . Prior to its closure in 1989 , the College offered Associate 's degrees in liberal arts and sciences , business and engineering .   WJC began in 1905 as the Worcester Youth Men 's Christian Association Institute . At the time , the College 's only academic offering was a course in automobile mechanics . The curriculum steadily expanded until 1956 , when WJC offered courses in Engineering , Business , and the Liberal Arts .   By 1919 , the College was involved in a partnership with Northeastern University , becoming the Worcester Division of Northeastern . Courses were taught at a high school/technical school level . In 1926 , the WYMCA Institute decided to split into a preparatory school and an engineering school . In 1938 , the Institute received a charter to grant associate degrees and , in the same year , officially changed its name to Worcester Junior College ( some initial plans used the name ` Alden Junior College , ' but ` Worcester Junior College ' was used in the official charter ) . College officials complemented the night courses with a day school in 1940 , and in 1942 , dropped ties between the College and Northeastern .   By 1977 , the WJC was operating as part of the a newly constituted institution of higher learning , known as Central New England Colleges ( CNEC ) . CNEC was composed of a junior college ( Worcester , offering under graduate degrees in business management and computer science ) and a senior college -LSB- Central New England College of Technology -RSB- serving some 2000 students . Based in its buildings in Worcester , MA , CNEC expanded its market and programs to a second campus by constructing a new state-of-the-art academic facility located in Westborough , MA .   In the late 1980s , CNEC experienced a major funding exigency , largely caused by significant irregular financial administrative practices . In 1988 , CNEC was placed under the management of Nichols College . Seeking to alleviate the crisis and to serve the immediate academic needs of CNEC students and faculty , Nichols sought to restructure CNEC 's finances through the sale of CNEC 's Westborough property . Unfortunately , in 1989 , the Boston METRO-WEST real estate market experienced a downturn . Buyers for the property terminated their purchase and sale agreement , forfeiting their earnest money deposit . An official of the bank that held CNEC 's mortgage was unwilling to provide additional time to resolve the situation and forced the foreclosure of CNEC . CNEC closed its doors on April 21 , 1989 .   Incidentally , several years later , the same bank official that dealt with CNEC was found guilty of absconding with funds secured through his forced foreclosures and was sentenced to a lengthy incarceration .   Note : Records are kept at Nichols College in Dudley MA .

neg: Providence and Worcester Railroad The Providence and Worcester Railroad is a Class III railroad owned by Genesee & Wyoming . The railroad connects from Gardner in central Massachusetts , south through its namesake cities of Worcester and Providence , Rhode Island , and west from Rhode Island through Connecticut and into New York City . The railroad 's connection between New Haven , Connecticut and New York City and onto Long Island is via trackage rights over the Hell Gate Bridge .

neg: Worcester College, Oxford Worcester College -LSB- ˈwʊstər -RSB- is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England . The college was founded in 1714 by the benefaction of Sir Thomas Cookes , a Worcestershire baronet , with the college gaining its name from the county of Worcestershire . Its predecessor , Gloucester College , had been an institution of learning on the same site since the late 13th century until the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539 .   , Worcester had a financial endowment of # 16.7 million .   Notable alumni of the college include the media mogul Rupert Murdoch , television producer and screenwriter Russell T Davies , US Supreme Court justice Elena Kagan , actress Emma Watson and novelist Richard Adams .

neg: St Johns, Worcester St John 's is a large suburb of Worcester , England , west of the city centre and the River Severn . It became part of the City of Worcester in 1837 . The area is locally referred to as the `` Village in the City '' which is partly due to the area being an independent township before joining the city . Although there is still a strong sense of regional pride and identity within the community it seems that there is no plan to regain independent status .   St John 's is a suburb of the City of Worcester , the largest settlement and administrative seat in Worcestershire . It constitutes as one of the 15 wards in the city . The A44 is the road which runs through the area ; is the most direct route from City of Worcester to Leominster , Herefordshire .   St John 's is roughly 1093.6 yards west from the centre of Worcester and is made up of the area surrounding St John 's church , a short part of Bromyard Road , Bransford Road and Bromwich Lane . However , the west of the River Severn is often wholly referred to as St John 's , therefore encompassing the University , the county ground and Cripplegate Park .

neg: Severn Valley The Severn Valley is a rural area of mid-western England , through which the River Severn runs and the Severn Valley Railway steam heritage line operates , starting at its northernmost point in Bridgnorth , Shropshire and running south for 16 miles ( 26 km ) to Ribbesford , a few miles south of Bewdley , Worcestershire in the Wyre Forest .   The area is about 25 miles ( 40 km ) due west of Birmingham in the West Midlands region .   There is also use of this term to apply to areas around the River Severn as far south as Gloucester , and as far north as Ironbridge . To the north of Bridgnorth , the area around the river becomes much steeper and is known as Ironbridge Gorge . From Stourport on Severn south to Gloucester , the riverside has a much larger flood plain and loses its distinctive `` valley '' hillsides found a few miles north in Bewdley . To the south of Gloucester , it becomes the Vale of Berkeley and then the Severn Estuary .

neg: Building at 38-42 Worcester Street The Building at 38-42 Worcester Street in Southbridge , Massachusetts is a Victorian six family triple-decker built in the late 19th century . It is one of a few well-preserved triple-deckers in the part of Southbridge called `` The Flats '' that was heavily developed beginning in the late 1880s . It has distinctive porches which wrap part way around the sides of the house , and provide exterior stairs , a distinctive French Canadian architectural influence . The original porch had turned posts that gave it a somewhat lacy appearance , a detail that has since been lost .   The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 .

neg: Old National Pike Old National Pike or Old National Road , and sometimes Old Cumberland Road , Old Route 40 , Old U.S. 40 are terms both colloquially and officially applied to bypassed parts of the United States ' first federally funded highway ( 1811 ) , the National Pikewhich are essentially the parts of U.S. Route 40 ( 1920s ) west of Baltimore and east of Missouri . Terms such as the ` Old National Pike ' and ` Old National Road ' are similar terms frequently built into the local business structure as official addresses , in advertising and generally refer to older roadway parts ( passing through congested business or residential neighborhoods ) which have been replaced by newer , more convenient highways or in most cases modern multi-lane super-highways .   As the first National Highway , with the first ever congressional funding for a U.S. road , the highway grew with the nation . When the Interstate Highway system was funded , and sometimes locally as some cities , counties or states improved their own local highway networks , stretches of road containing a lot of turns , frequent stops ( traffic signals ) , and-or narrow hard to widen ways and roadbeds , stretches of local roads became bypassed and locally named `` Old National Pike '' . This is a partial list of those ambiguous names about the United States :   Eight stretches of older highways , Special routes of U.S. Route 40 , have been granted federal support to maintain and sign by-passed roads as named variant of nearby wider U.S. 40 routes ; the route markers carry not only U.S. 40 designations , but auxiliary signs such as : `` Alternate '' , `` Business '' , `` Truck '' , `` Scenic '' , etc. . Some of these varieties of ` Old National Pike ' are linked below .


query: Slovenia is parliamentary system.

pos: Slovenia Slovenia ( -LSB- sloʊˈviːniə , _ slə - , _ - njə -RSB- ; Slovenija -LSB- slɔˈʋéːnija -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Slovenia ( Slovene : , abbr. : RS ) , is a nation state in southern Central Europe , located at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes . It is bordered by Italy to the west , Austria to the north , Hungary to the northeast , Croatia to the south and southeast , and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest . It covers 20,273 km2 and has a population of 2.06 million . It is a parliamentary republic and a member of the United Nations , European Union , and NATO . The capital and largest city is Ljubljana .   The territory is mostly mountainous with a mainly continental climate , with the exception of the Slovene Littoral that has a sub-Mediterranean climate and the north-western area that has an Alpine climate . Additionally , the Dinaric Alps and the Pannonian Plain meet on the territory of Slovenia . The country , marked by a significant biological diversity , is one of the most water-rich in Europe , with a dense river network , a rich aquifer system , and significant karst underground watercourses . Over half of the territory is covered by forest . The human settlement of Slovenia is dispersed and uneven .   Slovenia has historically been the crossroads of South Slavic , Germanic , Romance , and Hungarian languages and culture . Although the population is not homogeneous , the majority is Slovene . South Slavic language Slovene is the official language throughout the country . Slovenia is a largely secularized country , but its culture and identity have been significantly influenced by Catholicism as well as Lutheranism . The economy of Slovenia is small , open , and export-oriented and has been strongly influenced by international conditions . It has been severely hurt by the Eurozone crisis , started in the late 2000s . The main economic field is services , followed by industry and construction .   Historically , the current territory of Slovenia was part of many different state formations , including the Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire , followed by the Habsburg Monarchy . In October 1918 , the Slovenes exercised self-determination for the first time by co-founding the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs . In December 1918 , they merged with the Kingdom of Serbia into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ) . During World War II , Slovenia was occupied and annexed by Germany , Italy , and Hungary , with a tiny area transferred to the Independent State of Croatia , a Nazi puppet state . Afterward , it was a founding member of the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia , later renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , a communist state which was the only country in the Eastern Bloc which was never part of the Warsaw Pact . In June 1991 , after the introduction of multi-party representative democracy , Slovenia split from Yugoslavia and became an independent country . In 2004 , it entered NATO and the European Union ; in 2007 became the first formerly communist country to join the Eurozone ; and in 2010 joined the OECD , a global association of high-income developed countries .

neg: History of democracy A democracy is a political system , or a system of decision-making within an institution or organization , in which all members have an equal share of power . Modern democracies are characterized by two capabilities that differentiate them fundamentally from earlier forms of government : the capacity to intervene in their own societies and the recognition of their sovereignty by an international legalistic framework of similarly sovereign states . -LSB- 2 -RSB- Democratic government is commonly juxtaposed with oligarchic and monarchic systems , which are rule by a minority and a sole monarch respectively .   Democracy in its earliest forms is generally associated with the efforts of the ancient Greeks and Romans , who were themselves considered the founders of Western civilization by the 18th century intellectuals who attempted to leverage these early democratic experiments into a new template for post-monarchical political organization . The extent to which these 18th century democratic revivalists succeeded in turning the democratic ideals of the ancient Greeks and Romans into the dominant political institution of the next 300 years is hardly debatable , even if the moral justifications they often employed might be . Nevertheless , the critical historical juncture catalyzed by the resurrection of democratic ideals and institutions fundamentally transformed the ensuing centuries and has dominated the international landscape since the dismantling of the final vestige of empire following the end of the Second World War .   Modern representative democracies attempt to bridge the gulf between the Hobbesian ` state of nature ' and the grip of authoritarianism through ` social contracts ' that enshrine the rights of the citizens , curtail the power of the state , and grant agency through the right to vote .

neg: Ski Association of Slovenia The Ski Association of Slovenia ( Smučarska Zveza Slovenije ) is an organization devoted to skiing in Slovenia . Headquartered in Ljubljana , it is the national representative of the International Ski Federation .   Founded in 1948 , it covers the skiing disciplines of alpine , cross country , Nordic combined , ski jumping , and snowboarding .   The current president is Enzo Smrekar .

neg: Social Democratic Party of Macedonia The Social Democratic Party of Macedonia ( Социјалдемократска партија на Македонија , Socijal-demokratska partija na Makedonija , SDPM ) is a political party in Macedonia .

neg: List of Presidents of Serbia The following article contains a list of Presidents of Serbia .   The list includes the heads of state of the Socialist Republic of Serbia , a constituent country of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and heads of state of the Republic of Serbia ( 1992 -- 2006 ) , a constituent country of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia / State Union of Serbia and Montenegro . Prior to 1974 , Serbia 's head of state was the speaker of the Serbian parliament .   The President of the Republic ( Predsednik Republike , Председник Републике ) is directly elected to a five-year term and is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of two terms . In addition to being the Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces , the President has the procedural duty of appointing the Prime Minister with the consent of the National Assembly , and has some influence on foreign policy . The President 's office is located in Novi Dvor .

neg: Pan-African Parliament The Pan-African Parliament ( PAP ) , also known as the African Parliament , is the legislative body of the African Union and held its inaugural session in March 2004 . The PAP exercises oversight , and has advisory and consultative powers , lasting for the first five years . Initially the seat of the Pan-African Parliament was in Addis Ababa , Ethiopia but it was later moved to Midrand , South Africa .   On 28 October 2009 , the second legislature of the Pan-African Parliament opened its first ordinary session and began a new 5-year mandate . South African president , Jacob Zuma , gave the opening speech and called for the PAP to be given full legislative powers and its members elected by universal suffrage .

neg: Law enforcement in Slovenia Law enforcement in Slovenia is governed by the Slovenian Ministry of Internal Affairs and is the responsibility of the Slovenian National Police force , which is composed of the 8 police directorates in Celje , Koper , Kranj , Ljubljana , Maribor , Murska Sobota , Nova Gorica , and Novo Mesto . The police force maintains a number of international partnerships with foreign police forces , including training with the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation , and involvement in Albania and Kosovo with the Multinational Advisory Police Element . The Slovenian police force was admitted to Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe on 24 March 1992 .

neg: Supreme Council (Transnistria) The Supreme Council of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic ( Советул Супрем ал Републичий Молдовенешть Нистрене , Sovietul Suprem al Republicii Moldovenești Nistrene , Верховный Совет Приднестровской Молдавской Республики , Verkhovny Sovet Pridnestrovskoy Moldavskoy Respubliki , Верховна Рада Придністровської Молдавської Республіки , Verkhovna Rada Prydnistrovskoyi Moldavskoyi Respubliky ) is the parliament of Transnistria . The unicameral legislature consists of 43 seats , all of which are determined by single mandate constituencies . It is headed by a chairman ( or speaker ) .

neg: Slovene The terms Slovene or Slovenian may refer to :   Slovenia , a country in Central Europe  The Slovene language , a South Slavic language mainly spoken in Slovenia  Slovenes , an ethno-linguistic group mainly living in Slovenia   The term Slovene may also refer to :  Slavic peoples , an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group  Ilmen Slavs , the northernmost tribe of the Early East Slavs

neg: Croatian parliamentary election, 1995 Parliamentary elections were held in Croatia on 29 October 1995 to elect the 127 members of the Chamber of Representatives . The result was a victory for the Croatian Democratic Union , which won 75 seats , an absolute majority . Therefore , this was the last election to date in which a single party won enough seats to govern alone , without the need for a pre-election or post-election coalition . Voter turnout was 68.8 % .

neg: Youth Parliament (Greece) thumb | Parliament composition in 2010 :  Greece ( 258 )  Cyprus ( 20 )  Greek communities ( 16 )  Germany ( 6 )  The Youth Parliament ( Βουλή των Εφήβων , Voulí ton Efívon , literally `` Parliament of the Youth '' ) is a youth parliament organization established in 1994 and hosted in the Hellenic Parliament annually . 300 youth between the ages of 17 and 20 are selected through an online essay competition , 258 from constituencies around Greece , 20 from Cyprus and 22 from other countries around the world with vibrant Greek communities such as Australia and Canada . The aim of the organization is the active participation of young Greeks in the political life of the country and to help them become active and responsible citizens .

neg: Politics of Andorra The politics of Andorra take place in a framework of a parliamentary constitutional diarchy , and a multi-party system . Executive power is exercised by the government , with the Head of Government of Andorra as chief executive . Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament . The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature .   Before 1993 , Andorra 's political system had no clear division of powers into executive , legislative , and judicial branches . A constitution ratified and approved in 1993 establishes Andorra as a sovereign parliamentary democracy that retains the President of France and Bishop of Urgell as co-princes and heads of state . However , the head of government retains executive power . The two co-princes serve coequally with limited powers that do not include an individual veto over government acts ( however , a bill can in effect be `` vetoed '' if both do not sign the legislation ) . They are each represented in Andorra by a personal representative .   The fundamental impetus for this political transformation was a recommendation by the Council of Europe in 1990 that , if Andorra wished to attain full integration in the European Union ( EU ) , it should adopt a modern constitution that guarantees the rights of those living and working there . A Tripartite Commission -- made up of representatives of the co-princes , the General Council , and the Executive Council -- was formed in 1990 and finalized the draft constitution in April 1991 , making the new constitution a fact .   One remaining , though symbolic , legacy of Andorra 's special relationship with France and Spain , is that the Principality has no postal service of its own -- French and Spanish postal services operate side by side , although each of them issues separate stamps for Andorra , instead of using their own .

neg: Constitution of Albania The current Constitution of Albania was adopted on 28 November 1998 . It defines Albania as a parliamentary republic . According to the current Constitution , the Republic of Albania has a unicameral legislature composed of 140 deputies , who elect the head of state , the President of Albania , and the Council of Ministers that consists of the Prime Minister , Deputy Prime Minister and Ministers .   The 1998 Constitution is divided into 18 parts which sanction a parliamentary democracy , people 's sovereignty and fundamental rights of the citizens as well as other important points . The Constitution is said to have fulfilled all the requirements for a modern European constitution .   Due to political instability , Albania has had many constitutions during its history as an independent country . Albania was initially constituted as a monarchy in 1913 , briefly a republic in the 1920s , then it returned to a democratic monarchy in 1928 . It later became a socialist republic until the restoration of capitalism and democracy in the 1990s .

neg: Slovenian parliamentary election, 2011 A parliamentary election for the 90 deputies to the National Assembly of Slovenia was held on 4 December 2011 . This was the first early election in Slovenia 's history . 65.60 % of voters cast their vote . The election was surprisingly won by the center-left Positive Slovenia party , led by Zoran Janković . However , he failed to be elected as the new Prime Minister in the National Assembly , and the new government was formed by a right-leaning coalition of five parties , led by Janez Janša , the president of the second-placed Slovenian Democratic Party .

neg: Municipality of Škofja Loka The Municipality of Škofja Loka ( Občina Škofja Loka ) is a municipality in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia . The seat of the municipality is the town of Škofja Loka . The municipality was established in its current form on 3 October 1994 , when the former larger Municipality of Škofja Loka was subdivided into the municipalities of Gorenja Vas -- Poljane , Škofja Loka , Železniki , and Žiri .

neg: New Zealand House of Representatives The New Zealand House of Representatives is a component of the New Zealand Parliament , along with the Sovereign ( represented by the Governor-General ) . The House passes all laws , provides ministers to form a Cabinet , and supervises the work of the Government . It is also responsible for adopting the state 's budgets and approving the state 's accounts .   The House of Representatives is a democratically elected body , usually consisting of 120 members ( currently 119 though recently had 121 with an overhang ) known as members of Parliament ( MPs ) . Members are elected for limited terms , holding office until Parliament is dissolved ( a maximum of three years ) . A government is formed from the party or coalition with the majority of MPs . If no majority is possible then a minority government can be formed with a confidence and supply arrangement .   The House of Representatives was created by the British New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 , which established a bicameral legislature ; however the upper chamber , the Legislative Council , was abolished in 1951 . Parliament received full control over all New Zealand affairs in 1947 with the passage of the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act .   The debate chamber of the House of Representatives is located inside Parliament House in Wellington , the capital city . Sittings of the House are usually open to the public , but the House may at any time vote to sit in private .

neg: Liberal democracy Liberal democracy is a liberal political ideology and a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of classical liberalism . It is also called western democracy . It is characterised by fair , free , and competitive elections between multiple distinct political parties , a separation of powers into different branches of government , the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society , and the equal protection of human rights , civil rights , civil liberties , and political freedoms for all people . To define the system in practice , liberal democracies often draw upon a constitution , either formally written or uncodified , to delineate the powers of government and enshrine the social contract . After a period of sustained expansion throughout the 20th century , liberal democracy became the predominant political system in the world .   A liberal democracy may take various constitutional forms : it may be a constitutional monarchy ( Australia , Belgium , Canada , Japan , Norway , Spain and the United Kingdom ) or a republic ( France , India , Ireland , the United States ) . It may have a parliamentary system ( Australia , India , Ireland , the United Kingdom ) , a presidential system ( Indonesia , the United States ) , or a semi-presidential system ( France ) .   Liberal democracies usually have universal suffrage , granting all adult citizens the right to vote regardless of race , gender or property ownership . Historically , however , some countries regarded as liberal democracies have had a more limited franchise , and some do not have secret ballots . There may also be qualifications such as voters being required to register before being allowed to vote . The decisions made through elections are made not by all of the citizens , but rather by those who choose to participate by voting .   The liberal democratic constitution defines the democratic character of the state . The purpose of a constitution is often seen as a limit on the authority of the government . Liberal democracy emphasises the separation of powers , an independent judiciary , and a system of checks and balances between branches of government . Liberal democracies are likely to emphasise the importance of the state being a Rechtsstaat , i.e. , a state that follows the principle of rule of law . Governmental authority is legitimately exercised only in accordance with written , publicly disclosed laws adopted and enforced in accordance with established procedure . Many democracies use federalism -- also known as vertical separation of powers -- in order to prevent abuse and increase public input by dividing governing powers between municipal , provincial and national governments ( e.g. , Germany where the federal government assumes the main legislative responsibilities and the federated Länder assume many executive tasks ) .

neg: National Council (Slovenia) The National Council ( Državni svet ) is according to the Constitution of Slovenia the representative of social , economic , professional and local interest groups in Slovenia and has a legislative function working as a corrective mechanism of the National Assembly , although it does not itself pass acts . It may be regarded as the upper house , but the bicameralism is distinctively incomplete . The council has 40 members : 22 representatives of local interests , six representatives of non-commercial activities , four representatives of employers , four of employees and four representatives of farmers , crafts , trades and independent professionals . It is not elected directly by the population , but meant to represent different interest groups in the country . The councillors are elected for a five-year term .   The current President of the National Council is Mitja Bervar from 12 December 2012 .

neg: Vič District The Vič District ( -LSB- ˈʋiːtʃ -RSB- ; Slovene : Četrtna skupnost Vič ) , or simply Vič , is a district ( mestna četrt ) of the City Municipality of Ljubljana . It encompasses the western part of Ljubljana , the capital of Slovenia . It is named after the former village of Vič .

neg: Politics of France The politics of France take place with the framework of a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French Fifth Republic . The nation declares itself to be an `` indivisible , secular , democratic , and social Republic '' . The constitution provides for a separation of powers and proclaims France 's `` attachment to the Rights of Man and the principles of national sovereignty as defined by the Declaration of 1789 . ''   The political system of France consists of an executive branch , a legislative branch , and a judicial branch . Executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government . The Government consists of the Prime Minister and ministers . The Prime Minister is appointed by the President , and is responsible to Parliament . The government , including the Prime Minister , can be revoked by the National Assembly , the lower house of Parliament , through a `` censure motion '' ; this ensures that the Prime Minister is always supported by a majority of the lower house ( which , on most topics , has prominence over the upper house ) .   Parliament comprises the National Assembly and the Senate . It passes statutes and votes on the budget ; it controls the action of the executive through formal questioning on the floor of the houses of Parliament and by establishing commissions of inquiry . The constitutionality of the statutes is checked by the Constitutional Council , members of which are appointed by the President of the Republic , the President of the National Assembly , and the President of the Senate . Former presidents of the Republic also are members of the Council .   The independent judiciary is based upon civil law system which evolved from the Napoleonic codes . It is divided into the judicial branch ( dealing with civil law and criminal law ) and the administrative branch ( dealing with appeals against executive decisions ) , each with their own independent supreme court of appeal : the Court of Cassation for the judicial courts and the Conseil d'Etat for the administrative courts . The French government includes various bodies that check abuses of power and independent agencies .   France is a unitary state . However , its administrative subdivisions -- regions , departments and communes -- have various legal functions , and the national government is prohibited from intruding into their normal operations .   France was a founding member of the European Coal and Steel Community , later the European Union . As such , France has transferred part of its sovereignty to European institutions , as provided by its constitution . The French government therefore has to abide by European treaties , directives and regulations .

neg: Politics of Portugal Politics in Portugal takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic republic , whereby the Prime Minister of Portugal is the head of government . Portugal has a multi-party system . The President of Portugal is the executive head of state and has several significant political powers , which he exercises often . Executive power is exercised by the President and the Council of Ministers . Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Assembly of the Republic . The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature .   Since 1975 , the party system has been dominated by the social democratic Socialist Party and the liberal-conservative Social Democratic Party .