query: Aspen, Colorado is where John Denver has lived most of his life.

pos: John Denver Henry John Deutschendorf Jr. ( December 31 , 1943 -- October 12 , 1997 ) , known professionally as John Denver , an American musician , singer-songwriter , record producer , activist , actor , and humanitarian , whose greatest commercial success was as a solo singer . After traveling and living in numerous locations while growing up in his military family , Denver began his music career with folk music groups during the late 1960s . Starting in the 1970s , he was one of the most popular acoustic artists of the decade and one of its best-selling artists . By 1974 , he was firmly established as America 's best selling performer , and AllMusic has described Denver as `` among the most beloved entertainers of his era '' .   Denver recorded and released approximately 300 songs , about 200 of which he composed , with total record sales of over 33 million . He recorded and performed primarily with an acoustic guitar and sang about his joy in nature , his disdain for city life , his enthusiasm for music , and his relationship trials . Denver 's music appeared on a variety of charts , including country music , the Billboard Hot 100 , and adult contemporary , in all earning him twelve gold and four platinum albums with his signature songs `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' , `` Annie 's Song '' , `` Rocky Mountain High '' , `` Thank God I 'm a Country Boy '' , and `` Sunshine on My Shoulders '' .   Denver starred in films and several notable television specials in the 1970s and 1980s . He continued to record in the 1990s , also focusing on environmental issues by lending vocal support to space exploration and testifying in front of Congress in protest against censorship in music . He lived in Aspen , Colorado for much of his life and was known for his love of Colorado which he sang about numerous times . In 1974 Denver was named poet laureate of the state . The Colorado state legislature also adopted `` Rocky Mountain High '' as one of its two state songs in 2007 . Denver was an avid pilot and died at the age of 53 in a single-fatality crash of his personal experimental aircraft .

neg: LEAF Festival LEAF Festival is produced by LEAF Community Arts , a non-profit organization established to build community and enrich lives through the arts , locally and globally , through festivals , events , mentoring , and educational programs . When LEAF was created in 1995 , it was an acronym for `` Lake Eden Arts Festival '' . As of 2012 , we no longer use the origin except as a historical reference - it has transformed into LEAF Community Arts often referred to as `` LEAF '' . LEAF has several signature programs including : LEAF Festival , LEAF Schools & Streets , LEAF International , LEAF Downtown AVL , and LEAF Local .   Occurring twice a year since 1995 , LEAF Festival , based in Black Mountain , North Carolina has established a reputation as being one of the best festivals in the southeast . The Washington Post recognized it in 2001 as , `` The best cultural Mix and Match Festival in the nation '' . The festival includes international and local music , handcrafts , dancing , cuisine , children 's activities , outdoor adventures , drum circles , a zipline , canoeing , etc. .   The home of LEAF , Lake Eden Events & Camp Rockmont , has an intriguing history . Prior to becoming a camp , in the 1940s it was the site of the historic Black Mountain College ( BMC ) . Many of the century 's most celebrated artists and thinkers attended the college as teachers or students : Albert Einstein , Robert Rauschenberg , Anni Albers , Merce Cunningham , Rothko and Buckminster Fuller ( who designed the first geodesic dome there ) . Prior to BMC , in the early 1900s , Edwin Wiley Grove ( of the Grove Park Inn and Grove Arcade ) developed the land and constructed some buildings with his trademark native stone fireplaces . Prior to Grove , The Lake Eden Inn and Resort offered a getaway for people seeking its healing waters and rejuvenating air .   LEAF in Schools & Streets is a non-profit collaborative outreach program bringing performing artists into schools and community centers for hands-on workshops , residencies , and interactive performances . The experience provides opportunities for youth to perform alongside resident artists on a national stage , with family members in the audience . The program provides participating youth with a diverse experience that includes workshops , performances , interactions with performing artists , and a festival adventure .

neg: New Denver New Denver is a village in southeastern British Columbia , Canada , along the shore of Slocan Lake . New Denver was founded as a mining town in 1892 , and briefly known as Eldorado City before being renamed after Denver , Colorado . It was incorporated as a village in 1929 and currently has approximately 504 residents .

neg: Belinda Mulrooney Belinda Mulrooney ( 1872 -- 1967 ) was an entrepreneur and purportedly the `` richest woman in the Klondike '' . She made one fortune in the Klondike Gold Rush , lost it , and amassed a second , which lasted most of her life .   Mulrooney was born in Ireland . When she was young , her family either emigrated to Pennsylvania , where her father worked as a miner in Scranton , or sent her to live with relatives there . She set out on her own and operated a sandwich stand during the 1893 World 's Columbian Exposition in Chicago . With her profits , she traveled to San Francisco in 1894 to set up an ice cream parlor . Undaunted when she lost everything in a fire , she found employment as a stewardess on a Pacific Coast Steamship Company ship plying its route from California to Alaska , earning extra money by selling necessities and luxuries to the passengers . Discovery of gold at Juneau , Alaska motivated her to move north in 1896 . Then came the Klondike Gold Rush to the east , in Canada .   Instead of seeking her fortune as a prospector , Mulrooney bought supplies of `` silk underwear , bolts of cotton cloth and hot water bottles '' with her savings of $ 5000 and transported them over the Chilkoot Pass to Dawson City , where she sold them for six times that amount in June 1897 . She built a restaurant in Dawson , then a roadhouse , the Grand Forks Hotel and restaurant , near the gold fields . Prospering , she started buying mining claims as well ; by the end of the year , she either owned or was a partner in five . She sold the hotel for $ 24,000 and set about building the finest hotel in Dawson . The Fairview Hotel opened its doors on July 27 , 1898 , with a restaurant and rooms for thirty guests .   Mulrooney once partnered with fellow Klondike legend Alex McDonald to salvage the cargo from a small ship wrecked on a sand bar . McDonald got there first and took all of the food , leaving only gum boots and whiskey for her . She got her revenge , however . The next spring , when McDonald needed boots for his workers , he had to pay her $ 100 a pair .   On October 1 , 1900 , Mulrooney married self-styled `` Count '' Charles Eugene Carbonneau , who claimed to be a French aristocrat , but was actually a champagne salesman and former barber from Quebec . By 1903 or 1904 , the couple separated , and she lost her fortune . She obtained a divorce in December 1906 .   Starting over , she moved to Fairbanks , Alaska in 1904 or 1905 and prospered once again . She established the Dome City Bank in Fairbanks with her younger sister Margaret .   Mulrooney eventually retired to Yakima , Washington , where she had a large mansion built . She supported her family until her money ran out . She then moved to Seattle , where she died in 1967 .

neg: Jeff Cloud (politician) Jeff Cloud is an American Republican politician from the U.S. state of Oklahoma . Jeff Cloud was elected statewide to a six-year term on the Oklahoma Corporation Commission on November 5 , 2002 , and assumed the chairmanship of the Commission in June 2005 . He was re-elected to another six-year term on November 4 , 2008 . However , Cloud resigned from the Commission in October 2011 .   Cloud is a member of the Electricity Committee for the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners ( NARUC ) and Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ( FERC ) , Joint Boards on Security Constrained Economic Dispatch , sits on the Advisory Boards for the Center for Public Utilities at New Mexico State University and Oklahoma Water Resources Institute-Water Research . Cloud is also a member of the Legal and Regulatory Committee of the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission ( IOGCC ) and serves on Oklahoma Employees Retirement System Board of Trustees .   The Aspen Institute recently honored Cloud as one of the top young elected officials by naming him as a fellow for the Aspen Institute-Rodel Fellowship which brings together `` the nation 's emerging leaders '' to discuss broad issues of democratic governance and effective public service .   Born in Tulsa and raised in Oklahoma City , Cloud earned a degree in Petroleum Land Management from the University of Oklahoma and a juris doctor from the Oklahoma City University School of Law .  Cloud is married with three children to his wife , Trish .

neg: Populus tremula Populus tremula , commonly called aspen , common aspen , Eurasian aspen , European aspen , or quaking aspen , is a species of poplar native to cool temperate regions of Europe and Asia , from Iceland and the British Isles east to Kamchatka , north to inside the Arctic Circle in Scandinavia and northern Russia , and south to central Spain , Turkey , the Tian Shan , North Korea , and northern Japan . It also occurs at one site in northwest Africa in Algeria . In the south of its range , it occurs at high altitudes in mountains .   The English name Waverly , meaning `` quaking aspen '' , is both a surname and unisex given name .

neg: Dick Durrance Richard `` Dick '' Henry Durrance ( October 23 , 1914 -- June 13 , 2004 ) was a 17-time national championship alpine ski racer and one of the first Americans to compete successfully against Europeans .   Durrance was born in Tarpon Springs , Florida , and moved with his family at age 13 in 1928 to Munich , Germany , where he learned to ski at nearby Garmisch-Partenkirchen . Durrance raced competitively in Germany and won the German Junior Alpine Championship in 1932 at age 17 . The following year , he learned the newly developed parallel turn from Anton Seelos .   With the rise of Hitler , the family returned to the United States and he attended Dartmouth College in 1934 and won at Sestriere , Italy , the first American to dominate at a major European ski race . Durrance also won the U.S. men 's downhill , slalom , and combined events in 1937 and was named to the U.S. Olympic Team for the 1936 Winter Olympics , the first to include alpine skiing . The only medal event was the combined and Durrance finished tenth ; eleventh in the downhill portion and eighth in the slalom . He was a three-time winner of the Harriman Cup in Sun Valley , Idaho , then held in the Boulder Mountains north of the resort , and helped cut the original trails on its Bald Mountain in the summer of 1939 . Durrance was named to the 1940 Olympic team , but those games were cancelled due to World War II . In 1940 , he worked as publicity photographer for Sun Valley and married ski racer Margaret `` Miggs '' Jennings .   In 1941 , the Durrances bought and operated the lodge and lifts at fledgling Alta in Utah , near Salt Lake City . After training paratroopers to ski for the U.S. Army at Alta , the Durrances were expecting their first child . They moved to Seattle , where Dick worked for Boeing on in-flight camera recording equipment as a Flight Test Engineer , a job that lasted until 1945 .   The Durrances then moved to Colorado to work in Denver for Thor Groswold , then the nation 's premier ski maker , to design and test Groswold skis . At the same time , Durrance contracted with Denver 's Ernest Constam , inventor of the J-bar and the T-bar ski lifts , to sell his conveyances in the West . Durrance sold his first T-bar to Aspen , a resort just then emerging as the first postwar ski area of note in the Rockies .   In 1947 , Durrance was hired to manage the Aspen Skiing Company . The struggling company was turned around by Durrance , who brought the 1950 World Championships to Aspen , the first held outside of Europe . It put Aspen on the map and it is now one of the most popular ski resorts in the United States . He also produced a number of ski films and devoted most of his life to the promotion of skiing .   Durrance died of natural causes at age 89 on June 13 , 2004 , in Carbondale , Colorado , near Aspen . His wife Miggs died in November 2002 ; they were survived by their two sons , Dick , Jr. and Dave , and three grandchildren .   In its 75th anniversary issue in 2011 , SKI magazine listed Durrance as the `` Skier of the Decade '' for the 1930s .

neg: Pagosa Springs, Colorado Pagosa Springs is a municipality that is the county seat of , and the only incorporated municipality in , Archuleta County , Colorado , United States . The population was 1,727 at the 2010 census . Approximately 65 percent of the land in Archuleta County is either San Juan National Forest , Weminuche and South San Juan Wilderness areas , or Southern Ute Indian land .   Pagosa Springs and the surrounding county are both experiencing a substantial influx of second-home owners ; a 2006 property assessment indicates that 60 % of area private properties are owned by non-residents .   Pagosa Springs is located approximately 35 mi north of the New Mexico border , nestled at 7000 ft on the Western Slope of the Continental Divide . This combination of high desert plateau and dramatic Rocky Mountains to the north and east creates an unusually mild climate , especially in the summer months , when compared with much of the surrounding Southwest . Pagosa is favored with around 300 days of sun each year , as well as four distinct seasons .   The town is located in the upper San Juan Basin , surrounded by the 3 million acre ( 12,000 km ² ) San Juan National Forest , and adjacent to the largest wilderness area in the state of Colorado , the Weminuche Wilderness .   The town is named for the sulfur springs located there , including the world 's deepest geothermal hot spring . This `` Mother Spring '' feeds the pools hosted by three local hot spring soaking locations within town . The largest is at The Springs Resort & Spa which hosts the mother spring . Other hot springs facilities in town are the Healing Waters Resort and Spa and the Overlook Hot Springs Spa . The mineral-rich water continues to be celebrated for its therapeutic powers . The Utes called the sulfur-rich mineral springs Pah gosah , which is commonly translated in modern documents as `` healing waters '' ; a Ute elder once translated the phrase as `` water ( pah ) that has a bad smell ( gosah ) . ''   Visitors from all over the world come to enjoy its hot baths . Some come to cure ailments , others to simply relax in the mineral-rich waters .   Other recreational activities in the area include downhill and cross country skiing at nearby Wolf Creek ski area . Snowmobiling in the surrounding National Forest is also quite popular . Summertime activities include fishing , hiking , and rafting . Come autumn , the area is a popular destination for hunters , who harvest elk , deer , and other game animals .   `` Downtown Pagosa Springs '' was the final destination for a duo of truckers in the 1975 country song `` Wolf Creek Pass '' by C. W. McCall . U.S. Highway 160 from the pass to town goes through a vertical drop of around 5000 ft , and is described in the song as `` hairpin county and switchback city '' .

neg: Colorado Governor's Mansion The Colorado Governor 's Mansion , also known as the Cheesman-Boettcher Mansion , is a historic U.S. mansion in Denver , Colorado . It is located at 400 East 8th Avenue . On December 3 , 1969 , it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places . It is open free-of-charge for scheduled tours , and also hosts special public events .

neg: List of Denver landmarks Denver has a formal historic designation program that establishes Denver landmarks . These are designated by ordinances of Denver 's city council . The first three sites so designated , on January 10 , 1968 , are the Emmanuel/Sherith Chapel , Constitution Hall ( site ) ( destroyed by fire in 1977 ) , and the Governors Mansion . The list of designated sites is 11 pages long .   It also has many visitor attractions and unofficial landmarks , including :  16th Street Mall is a mile long pedestrian-only street that runs from Denver Union Station in LoDo to Broadway at the other end of downtown .  Avenue Theater , a professional theater located in the Downtown Denver vicinity .  Black American West Museum , which reflects the history of African Americans in the West and Denver .  Brown Palace Hotel , proclaimed by Elvis as `` The best hotel in the world '' , a historic hotel that has hosted many celebrities , dignitaries , and other important people .  Buckhorn Exchange , Denver 's oldest restaurant , a historic old-west steakhouse   Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception , Denver ( shown ) , where Pope John Paul II celebrated mass twice in August , 1993 .  Civic Center , a neoclassical park , and the cultural , art and governmental center of Denver .  Colorado Convention Center , the newly renovated large convention center often hosts major events held in Denver .  Colorado State Capitol , the seat of the state government of Colorado .  Confluence Park , where the city started at the confluence of the South Platte and Cherry Creek .  D&F Tower , when it was built in 1910 , it was the tallest building west of the Mississippi .  Denver 's Downtown Aquarium , a full-sized public aquarium .  Denver Art Museum , the largest art museum between Kansas City and San Francisco .  Denver Botanic Gardens ( shown ) , which made a Hollywood debut in Woody Allen 's Sleeper  Denver Mint , the single largest producer of coins in the world .  Denver Firefighters Museum  Denver Museum of Nature and Science , one of America 's premier museums exhibiting world culture .   Denver Performing Arts Complex , the second largest performing arts center in the US after New York City 's Lincoln Center .  Denver Public Library , which serves Denver 's educational and entertainment needs from 24 locations and two bookmobiles .   Denver Zoo , one of the largest zoos of its kind , it features a gift shop and a wide array of exotic animals .  Dikeou Collection , a private collection of contemporary art that is open to the public .  Elitch Gardens Theme Park , an amusement park .  Elitch Theatre , an amazing historic theatre at the site of the original Elitch Gardens .  Ellie Caulkins Opera House  Four Mile House , an important stop on the Cherokee Trail and the oldest standing residential building in the metropolitan area .  History Colorado Center , the modern state history museum is Denver 's newest cultural attraction located in the Golden Triangle Museum District , and features interactive exhibits , artifacts , the Stephen H. Hart Research Library , a cafe and gift shop .  Lloyd M. Joshel House , one of the finest examples of International Style architecture in Denver .  Kirkland Museum of Fine & Decorative Art , a museum featuring works of Vance Kirkland and others .  Molly Brown House , where `` The unsinkable Molly Brown '' once lived .  Red Rocks , a Denver-owned park and outdoor amphitheater located 15 miles west of city limits known for its natural red rock formations , acoustics and legendary concerts .  Richthofen Castle , a castle built by the uncle and godfather of the Red Baron .  Tattered Cover , a very popular independent bookstore with two locations in Denver ( LoDo and Colfax Avenue ) , and one in the suburb of Highlands Ranch . It has hosted lectures by such great poets and minds as Denverites Allen Ginsberg and Neal Cassady .  Sakura Square or `` Tiny Tokyo '' , the center of the historical and prominent Japanese community of Denver , first formed around 1944 .  Union Station ( shown ) , a magnificent three-story building and the future hub of RTD 's commuter rail network .  Wells Fargo Center , also known as the `` cash register '' building , one of the city 's most identifiable buildings .

neg: John W. Metzger John William Metzger ( April 4 , 1911 -- January 25 , 1984 ) was a prominent Denver lawyer . He was elected to the Attorney General for the state of Colorado in 1949 for one term . He was also briefly the owner of the historic Trianon property in Colorado Springs , Colorado before moving much of the art to the Trianon Museum and Art Gallery in Denver .

neg: J. Quigg Newton James Quigg Newton Jr. ( August 3 , 1911 -- April 4 , 2003 ) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the mayor of Denver , Colorado from 1947 to 1955 .   Newtwon was born in Denver . His father was a businessman in Denver . He was educated in Denver and then studied at Yale Law School . He worked for the Denver law firm of Lewis and Grant before founding his own law firm . His firm merged with Lewis & Grant in 1947 to form Lewis , Grant , Newton , Davis & Henry , which later became Lewis , Grant & Davis , and then Davis Graham & Stubbs . His colleague and Yale classmate Richard Davis married his sister Nancy .   Newton served as a legal officer in the US Navy in the Second World War . He married Virginia Shafroth in 1942 ; she was the granddaughter of John F. Shafroth who served as US Senator and Governor of Colorado . They had four daughters .   In 1947 , aged 35 , he stood for the office of mayor , and defeated the incumbent , Benjamin F. Stapleton , who first became mayor in 1923 . Newton was the first mayor of Denver to have been born in the city . He was reelected in 1951 , but stood down in 1955 .   After leaving office as Mayor , and spending time as a vice-president of the Ford Foundation , he was president of the University of Colorado from 1956 to 1963 . He served on the Republican National Committee . He was president of the Commonwealth Fund in New York from 1963 to 1976 , and then spent time in California . He returned to practice law at Davis Graham & Stubbs from 1981 to his death in 2003 .

neg: Western Conservative Summit The Western Conservative Summit is an annual conference of influential U.S. conservatives , held in Denver , Colorado since 2010 . It is organized by the Centennial Institute and Colorado Christian University . It has grown each year , and now includes a Young Conservatives Leadership Conference , which is led by radio host Hugh Hewitt .

neg: Montclair, Denver Montclair is a neighborhood in the City and County of Denver , Colorado , United States . The Denver U.S. Post Office ( ZIP Code 80220 ) serves Montclair postal addresses .

neg: Stapleton, Denver Stapleton is a neighborhood in Denver , Colorado . Located 15 minutes Northeast of downtown Denver , the development is on the site of the decommissioned Stapleton International Airport , which closed in 1995 . Now referred to as the Stapleton Community , Stapleton contains nine neighborhoods , nine schools public/private , 50 parks , several shopping and business districts , even its own visitor center . Planned to be operational by the year 2016 . Stapleton is connected to the rest of the Denver metro area by a recently opened commuter rail line .

neg: Front Range Urban Corridor The Front Range Urban Corridor is an oblong region of urban population located along the eastern face of the Southern Rocky Mountains , encompassing 18 counties in the U.S. states of Colorado and Wyoming . The corridor derives its name from the Front Range , the mountain range that defines the west central boundary of the corridor . The region comprises the northern portion of the Southern Rocky Mountain Front geographic area , which in turn comprises the southern portion of the Rocky Mountain Front geographic area of Canada and the United States . The Front Range Urban Corridor had an estimated population of 4,757,713 on July 1 , 2015 , an increase of +9.78 % since the 2010 United States Census .

neg: Aspen Skiing Company The Aspen Skiing Company , known locally as `` Ski Co '' , is a commercial enterprise based in Aspen , Colorado in the United States .

neg: Pitkin County Courthouse The Pitkin County Courthouse is located on East Main Street ( State Highway 82 ) in Aspen , Colorado , United States . It is a large brick building erected in the late 19th century that serves as offices not just of Pitkin County 's courts but its other governmental agencies , and the Aspen police . A landmark of the city , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 .   Like many courthouses , it has a statue of Lady Justice in the front . Unlike many of the other such statues , she is depicted without a blindfold . In the late 20th and 21st centuries , as Aspen became a popular destination for wealthy and famous people , the courthouse has seen several high-profile defendants and litigants , from Ted Bundy to Charlie Sheen .

neg: John F. Kennedy High School (Denver, Colorado) John F. Kennedy High School ( also known as `` Kennedy '' or `` JFK '' ) is a public secondary school located in the Bear Valley neighborhood on the southwest side of Denver , Colorado , United States . The school serves about 1,500 students in grades 9-12 in the Denver Public Schools system .   When the school opened with the spring semester of the 1965 - 1966 school year , it served both grades 7 - 9 and grades 10-12 . There was no junior high school in the area , so the new school was designed to accommodate both junior and senior high school students .   In 1974 , a court ordered the almost 100 % white school , along with the rest of Denver 's school system , to begin desegregation busing . A large portion of the former attendance area was assigned to Lincoln High School ( without buses ) and students from other parts of Denver were assigned to Kennedy ( with buses ) . The court-ordered busing was the start of the great white flight out of the Denver Public School System .

neg: Denver Health Medical Center Denver Health Medical Center , formerly named Denver General Hospital and sometimes abbreviated to Denver Health , is a hospital in the Lincoln Park neighborhood of Denver , founded in 1860 . It is one of four Level I Trauma Centers in Colorado . Denver Health is one of the primary teaching hospitals in Denver and is affiliated with the University of Colorado Denver , Children 's Hospital Colorado , and the Veteran 's Affairs Hospital in Aurora , Colorado .

neg: Sweet Surrender (John Denver song) `` Sweet Surrender '' is the title of a popular song by the American singer-songwriter John Denver . It was originally recorded for his 1974 album Back Home Again , but was chosen as the lead single from the concert album An Evening with John Denver . `` Sweet Surrender '' reached # 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in February 1975 , remaining in the Top 40 for eight weeks . It also rose to # 1 on the adult contemporary chart , Denver 's fourth song to reach the top on this survey ( following `` Sunshine on My Shoulders '' , `` Annie 's Song '' and `` Back Home Again '' ) . Following a theme common to many of Denver 's songs , the lyrics to `` Sweet Surrender '' deal with a journey of self-exploration tied to themes of nature and environment . The single version of `` Sweet Surrender '' has yet to appear on any compact disc or digital reissue , characterized by its lack of applause over the introduction .  `` Sweet Surrender '' was the opening theme song of the 1974 Walt Disney movie The Bears and I . It was covered by the pop/folk band `` The Seekers '' and appeared on the Australian release of their 1975 self-titled album .


query: Muhammad was persecuted by some Meccan groups.

pos: Persecution of Muslims by Meccans In the early days of Islam at Mecca , the new Muslims were often subjected to abuse and persecution .

pos: Muhammad Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd AllāhFull name : Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim ( ابو القاسم محمد ابن عبد الله ابن عبد المطلب ابن هاشم , lit : Father of Qasim Muhammad son of Abd Allah son of Abdul-Muttalib son of Hashim ) ( محمد -LSB- muħammad -RSB- ; Classical Arabic pronunciation c. 570 CE -- 8 June 632 CE ) is the prophet of Islam and widely identified as its founder by non-Muslims . According to Islamic doctrine , he was God 's Messenger ( rasūl Allāh ) sent to confirm the essential teachings of monotheism preached previously by Adam , Abraham , Moses , Jesus , and other prophets . He is viewed as the final prophet of God in primary branches of Islam , though some modern denominations diverge from this belief.The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community considers Muhammad to be the `` Seal of the Prophets '' ( Khātam an-Nabiyyīn ) and the last law-bearing Prophet but not the last Prophet . See :   There are also smaller sects which believe Muhammad to be not the last Prophet :  The Nation of Islam considers Elijah Muhammad to be a prophet ( source : African American Religious Leaders -- p. 76 , Jim Haskins , Kathleen Benson -- 2008 ) .  United Submitters International consider Rashad Khalifa to be a prophet . ( Source : Daniel Pipes , Miniatures : Views of Islamic and Middle Eastern Politics , p. 98 ( 2004 ) ) Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity and ensured that his teachings , practices , and the Quran , formed the basis of Islamic religious belief .   Born approximately 570CE ( Year of the Elephant ) in the Arabian city of Mecca , Muhammad was orphaned at an early age ; he was raised under the care of his paternal uncle Abu Talib . Periodically , he would seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer ; later , at age 40 , he reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave , where he stated he received his first revelation from God . Three years later , in 610 , Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly , proclaiming that `` God is One '' , that complete `` surrender '' ( lit . islām ) to him is the right course of action ( dīn ) , and that he was a prophet and messenger of God , similar to the other prophets in Islam .   Muhammad gained few early followers , and met hostility from some Meccan tribes . To escape persecution , Muhammad sent some followers to Abyssinia before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina ( then known as Yathrib ) in the year 622 . This event , the Hijra , marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar , also known as the Hijri Calendar . In Medina , Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina . In December 629 , after eight years of intermittent conflict with Meccan tribes , Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca . The attack went largely uncontested and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed . In 632 , a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage , he fell ill and died . Before his death , most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam .   The revelations ( each known as Ayah , lit . `` Sign -LSB- of God -RSB- '' ) , which Muhammad reported receiving until his death , form the verses of the Quran , regarded by Muslims as the `` Word of God '' and around which the religion is based . Besides the Quran , Muhammad 's teachings and practices ( sunnah ) , found in the Hadith and sira literature , are also upheld by Muslims and used as sources of Islamic law ( see Sharia ) .

neg: Hejaz The Hejaz , also Al-Hijaz ( اَلْـحِـجَـاز , , literally `` the Barrier '' ) , is a region in the west of present-day Saudi Arabia . The region is so called as it separates the land of the Najd in the east from the land of Tihamah in the west . It is also known as the `` Western Province . '' It is bordered on the west by the Red Sea , on the north by Jordan , on the east by the Najd , and on the south by ` Asir Region . Its main city is Jeddah , but it is probably better known for the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina . As the site of Islam 's holiest places , the Hejaz has significance in the Arab and Islamic historical and political landscape .   Historically , the Hejaz has always seen itself as separate from the rest of Saudi Arabia . The Hejaz is the most populated region in Saudi Arabia ; 35 % of all Saudis live in Hejaz . Hejazi Arabic is the most widely spoken dialect in the region . Saudi Hejazis are of ethnically diverse origins .   The Hejaz is the most cosmopolitan region in the Arabian Peninsula . People of Hejaz have the most strongly articulated identity of any regional grouping in Saudi Arabia . Their place of origin alienates them from the Saudi state , which invokes different narratives of the history of the Arabian Peninsula . Thus , Hejazis experienced tensions with people of Najd .

neg: Tawussite Shia The Tawussite Shia ( attributed to Ajlan ibn Tawus ) were a Shia group who were a section of the supporters of Imam Ja ` far al-Sadiq who denied admitting that he died . They believed that he was the Awaited Mahdi and that he was alive and did not die .   After the death of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir , the defeat of Muhammad ibn Abdallah An-Nafs Az-Zakiyya , the triumph of the Abbasids , and the popularity of Imam Ja ` far al-Sadiq , reports became widespread on his Mahdism . Al-Nubakhti reports that : `` Some Shiites ( i.e. Tawussites ) have reported ( falsely ) from Imam Sadiq that he said : ` If you see my head rolling to you from the mountain , you should not believe that , for I am your Sahib ( Mahdi ) ''' and : `` If anyone informs you that he nursed me , washed my body ( after death ) and shrouded me , do not believe him , I am your companion ( Sahib ) and the companion of the sword . ''   Among the Tawussites was Aban ibn Uthman al-Ahmar , who was considered by Shia scholar al-Kashi to have been one of the men of Ijma ( consensus ) , i.e. one of the supposed closest people to Imam Sadiq .

neg: Year of Sorrow In the Islamic tradition , the Year of Sorrow ( -LSB- عام الحزن , ` Ām al-Ḥuzn -RSB- , also translated Year of Sadness ) is the Hijri year in which Muhammad 's wife Khadijah and his uncle and protector Abu Talib died . The year approximately coincided with 619 CE or the tenth year after Muhammad 's first revelation .   After the death of Abu Talib , Muhammad became vulnerable due to the loss of clan protection granted by Abu Talib ( who was also the chief of Banu Hashim ) . He began to be the target of physical attacks by his Meccan opponents . He visited Ta'if to look for help and invite the inhabitants to Islam , but was rejected . On the way back to Mecca , he petitioned several prominent Meccans to ask for protection . Chief Mut ` im ibn ` Adi , from the Banu Nawfal clan , acceded to his request , escorted Muhammad into the city and announced the clan 's protection of Muhammad .

neg: Hadith studies Hadith studies ( -LSB- ʻilm al-ḥadīth `` knowledge of hadith '' or science of hadith ) are a number of religious disciplines used in the study and evaluation of the Islamic hadith ( the collections of the reports of what the Islamic prophet Muhammad said verbatim on any matter ) by Muslim scholars . It has been described by one hadith specialist , Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti , as the science of the principles by which the conditions of both the sanad , the chain of narration , and the matn , the text of the hadith , are known . This science is concerned with the sanad and the matn with its objective being distinguishing the sahih , authentic , from other than it . Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani said the preferred definition is : knowledge of the principles by which the condition of the narrator and the narrated are determined .

neg: Muhammad's wives Muhammad 's wives or Wives of Muhammad were the eleven women ( not including his two concubines ) married to the Islamic prophet Muhammad . Muslims refer to them as Mothers of the Believers ( Arabic : أمهات المؤمنين Ummahāt al-Muʾminīn ) . Muslims use the term prominently before or after referring to them as a sign of respect . The term is derived from :   Muhammad 's life is traditionally delineated as two epochs : pre-hijra ( emigration ) in Mecca , a city in western Arabia , from the year 570 to 622 , and post-hijra in Medina , from 622 until his death in 632 . All but two of his marriages were contracted after the Hijra ( migration to Medina ) . Of Muhammad 's thirteen `` wives '' , at least two , Rayhana bint Zayd and Maria al-Qibtiyya , were actually only concubines ; however , there is debate among Muslims as to whether these two became his wives . Of his thirteen wives and/or concubines only two bore him children , a fact which has been described as `` curious '' by Cornell University Professor of Near Eastern Studies David S. Powers .

neg: Ali Ali ( -LSB- ˈɑːli , _ ɑːˈliː -RSB- -LSB- علي , ʿAlī -RSB- , -LSB- ʕaliː -RSB- ; 15 September 601 -- 29 January 661 ) was the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad , the prophet of Islam . He ruled over the Caliphate from 656 to 661 , and was Imam of Shia Islam from 632 to 661 .   Born to Abu Talib and Fatimah bint Asad , ` Ali was the only person born in the sacred sanctuary of the Ka ` bah in Mecca , the holiest place in Islam , according to many classical Islamic sources , especially Shia ones . ` Ali was the first young male who accepted Islam . After migrating to Medina , he married Muhammad 's daughter Fatimah . Ali took part in the early caravan raids from Mecca and later in almost all the battles fought by the nascent Muslim community . He was appointed caliph by Muhammad 's Companions ( Sahaba ) in 656 , after Caliph Uthman ibn Affan was assassinated . ` Ali 's reign saw civil wars and in 661 , he was attacked and assassinated by a Kharijite while praying in the Great Mosque of Kufa , dying two days later .   ` Ali is important to various Sunni and Shi`ite denominations politically , legislatively and spiritually . The numerous biographical sources about Ali are often biased due to sectarianism , but they agree that he was a pious Muslim , devoted to the cause of Islam and a just ruler in accordance with the Qur ' an and the Sunnah . While Sunnis consider Ali the fourth and final of the Rashidun ( rightly guided ) caliphs , Shi`ites regard ` Ali as the first Imam after Muhammad due to their interpretation of the events at Ghadir Khumm . Shias also believe that ` Ali and the other Shi`ite Imams ( all of whom are members of the Ahl al-Bayt , Muhammad 's household ) are the rightful successors to Muhammad . This disagreement split the Ummah ( Muslim community ) into the Sunni and Shia branches .

neg: Mosque of Bani Haram Mosque of Bani Haram is one of the historic mosques in Medina , Saudi Arabia . It stands in the area where the tribe of Bani Haram lived , and it was used as a base camp during the Battle of the Trench . It is also believed to be the place where the Islamic prophet Muhammad stopped by for prayer during digging of a trench before the battle . The house of Jabir ibn Abd Allah , one of Muhammad 's companions , was located here , and several accounts of miracles are considered to be witnessed in his house .

neg: Surah A Surah ( -LSB- ˈsʊərə -RSB- also spelled Sura ; سورة , plural سور suwar ) is the term for a chapter of the Qur ` an . There are 114 Surahs in the Qur ` an , each divided into verses . The chapters or suras are of unequal length , the shortest chapter ( Al-Kawthar ) has only three ayat ( verses ) while the longest ( Al-Baqara ) contains 286 verses . Of the 114 chapters in the Qur ` an , 87 are classified as Meccan , while 27 are Medinan . This classification is only approximate in regard to location of revelation ; any chapter revealed after migration of Muhammad to Medina ( Hijrah ) is termed Medinan and any revealed before that event is termed Meccan . The Meccan chapters generally deal with faith and scenes of the Hereafter while the Medinan chapters are more concerned with organizing the social life of the nascent Muslim community and leading Muslims to the goal of Dar al-Islam by showing strength . Except for sura At-Tawba , all chapters or suras commence with ` In the Name of God , the Merciful , the Compassionate ' . This formula is known as the Bismillah and denotes the boundaries between chapters . The chapters are arranged roughly in order of descending size ; therefore the arrangement of the Qur ` an is neither chronological nor thematic . Suras ( chapters ) are recited during the standing portions ( Qiyam ) of Muslim prayers . Sura Al-Fatiha , the first chapter of the Qur ` an , is recited in every unit of prayer and some units of prayer also involve recitation of all or part of any other sura .

neg: Hilya The term hilya ( Arabic حلية ( plural : ḥilan , ḥulan ) , hilye ( plural : hilyeler ) denotes a religious genre of Ottoman Turkish literature , dealing with the physical description of Muhammad . Hilya literally means `` ornament '' .   They originate with the discipline of shama'il , the study of Muhammad 's appearance and character , based on hadith accounts , most notably Tirmidhi 's al-Shama ` il al-Muhamadiyyah wa al-Khasa ` il al-Mustafawiyyah ( `` The Sublime Characteristics of Muhammad '' ) .   In Ottoman-era folk Islam , there was a belief that reading and possessing Muhammad 's description protects the person from trouble in this world and the next , it became customary to carry such descriptions , rendered in fine calligraphy and illuminated , as amulets . In 17th-century Ottoman Turkey , hilyes developed into an art form with a standard layout , often framed and used as a wall decoration .   Later hilyes were also written for the first four Caliphs , the companions of Muhammad , Muhammad 's grandchildren ( Hasan and Hussein ) and Islamic saints ( walis ) .

neg: Assassination of Ali Ali ibn Abi Talib , the fourth ( last ) Sunni Rashidun caliph and first Shia Imam , was assassinated by a Kharijite called Ibn Muljam on 26 January 661 at the Great Mosque of Kufa , in present-day Iraq . Ali , who was then 62 or 63 years of age , died due to his injuries two days after Ibn Muljam struck him on his head by a poison-coated sword , on the 21 ( or 19 ) Ramadan 40 AH ( 28 January 661 CE ) . He was the third successive caliph , after Umar and Uthman , to be assassinated .   Ali became the caliph after the assassination of Uthman in 656 . However he faced opposition from various factions including the Levant governor , Muawiyah I . A civil war , called the First Fitna , took place within the early Islamic state which resulted in the overthrow of the Rashidun caliphs and the establishment of the Umayyad dynasty . It began when the caliph Uthman ibn Affan was assassinated in 656 and continued through the four-year reign of Ali .  After Ali agreed to arbitration with Muawiyah I following the Battle of Siffin ( 657 ) , a revolt happened against him by some members of his army , later known as Kharijites ( `` those who leave '' ) . They killed some of Ali 's supporters , but they were crushed by Ali 's forces at the Battle of Nahrawan in July 658 .   Ibn Muljam met up with two other Kharijites namely al-Burak ibn Abd Allah and Amr ibn Bakr al-Tamimi at Mecca , and concluded that the situation of the Muslims at the time was due to the errors of Ali , Muawiah and Amr ibn As , governor of Egypt . They decided to kill the three in order to resolve the `` deplorable situation '' of their time and also avenge their companions killed at Nahrawan . Aiming to kill Ali , Ibn Muljam headed toward Kufa where he fell in love with a woman whose brother and father had died at Nahrawan . She agreed to marry him if only he could kill Ali . Consequently , Ali was stabbed by Ibn Muljam at the Great Mosque of Kufa . After Ali 's death , Ibn Muljam was executed in retaliation by Hasan ibn Ali .

neg: Moses in Islam Mûsâ al ibn Amram ( -LSB- ٰمُوسَى , Mūsa -RSB- ) known as Moses in the Hebrew Bible , considered a prophet , messenger , and leader in Islam , is the most frequently mentioned individual in the Quran . In Islamic tradition , instead of introducing a new religion , Musa is regarded by Muslims as teaching and practicing the religion of his predecessors and confirming the scriptures and prophets before him . The Quran states that Moses was sent by God to the Pharaoh of Egypt and the Israelites for guidance and warning . Moses is mentioned more in the Quran than any other individual , and his life is narrated and recounted more than that of any other prophet . According to Islam , all Muslims must have faith in every prophet ( nabi ) and messenger ( rasul ) which includes Moses and his brother Aaron ( Harun ) . The Quran states :   Moses is considered to be a prophetic predecessor to Muhammad . Generally attributed the tale of Moses as a spiritual parallel to the life of Muhammad , considering many aspects of their lives to be shared . Islamic literature also describes a parallel between their believers and the incidents which occurred in their lifetimes . The exodus of the Israelites from Egypt is considered similar to the migration ( hijra ) made by the followers of Muhammad .   Moses ( Musa ) is also very important in Islam for having been given the revelation of the Torah , which is considered to be one of the true revealed scriptures in Muslim theology , and Muslims generally hold that much of the Torah is confirmed and repeated in the Qur ` an . Moreover , according to Islamic tradition , Moses was one of the many prophets Muhammad met in the event of the Mi ` raj , when he ascended through the seven heavens . In Muslim belief , Moses is regarded as having urged Muhammad during his Mi ` raj to reduce the number of prayers until they were only five remaining , which are regarded as being the five obligatory prayers . Moses is further revered in Islamic literature , which expands upon the incidents of his life and the miracles attributed to him in the Qur ` an and hadith , such as his direct conversation with God .

neg: Banu Sad The Banu Sa 'd ( بنو سعد / ALA-LC : Banū Saʾd ) was one of the tribes of Arabia during Muhammad 's era . The Banu Sa 'd were a subgroup of the larger Hawazin tribal confederation . They were notable for being allies to the polytheist Meccans and warring with the Muslims during Islam 's early days . Halima Sadia , Muhammad 's wet nurse , belonged to this tribe .

neg: Historiography of early Islam The historiography of early Islam refers to the study of the early history of Islam during the 7th century ,  from Muhammad 's first revelations in AD 610 until the disintegration of the Rashidun Caliphate in AD 661 ,  and arguably throughout the 8th century and the duration of the Umayyad Caliphate , terminating in the incipient Islamic Golden Age around the beginning of the 9th century .

neg: Al-Baqi Jannat al-Baqi ` ( -LSB- جنة البقيع , Jannat al-Baqī ` , lit = Garden of Baqi -RSB- ) is a cemetery in Medina , present-day Saudi Arabia , located to the southeast of the Masjid al-Nabawi ( The Prophet 's Mosque ) . The mosque is built where the Islamic prophet Muhammad used to live , and is currently buried . It is also known as Baqi al-Gharqad , which means `` Baqi of the Boxthorn '' .   The cemetery holds much significance . It contains many of Muhammad 's relatives and companions . Many traditions relate Muhammad issuing a prayer every time he passed it . A Jewish graveyard was once located behind Jannat al-Baqi . The Umayyad rulers took down the wall of the Jewish cemetery and widened the Muslim graveyard to enclose the tomb of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan within it .

neg: Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo ( 983 -- 3 March 1009 ) , born and died in Córdoba , was the son of Almanzor who became chief minister of Hisham II , Caliph of Córdoba . Almanzor actually had all power in his hands but nominally recognized the suzerainty of the caliph . His son and successor Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar acted in the same way .   His originally Christian mother was Abda ( born Urraca ) , daughter of Sancho II of Pamplona , after whom he was named ; Sanchuelo ( Shanjoul ) being the diminutive of Sancho ; because he looked like his Christian grandfather .   In or about 997 , the Kingdom of Pamplona attacked Calatayud and in revenge Almanzor ordered the beheading of 50 Pamplonan captives . According to Ibn Darray , Sanchuelo himself beheaded his uncle , perhaps Gonzalo Sánchez of Aragon .   When Abd al-Malik died , his younger brother Abd al-Rahman succeeded him on 20 October 1008 . He used his great influence and forced the weak caliph to designate him as his heir ( November 1008 ) . The population of Córdoba responded angrily to this development . They had already disliked the rule of Almanzor because he had recruited many Berber mercenaries for his protection . Abd ar-Rahman was also accused of poisoning his brother , Abd al-Malik .   When Abd al-Rahman went on an expedition against King Alfonso V of León ( February 1009 ) , the citizens of Córdoba rose against him . They were led by Muhammad II al-Mahdi , a member of the Umayyad dynasty . Muhammad II al-Mahdi removed his relative Hisham II from the throne , became the new caliph and destroyed Abd al-Rahman 's residence , al-Madina al-Zahira ( `` the flourishing city '' ) . On receiving this news Abd al-Rahman returned to Córdoba , but his troops abandoned him . He was arrested and later assassinated on the orders of al-Mahdi .

neg: Stoning of the Devil The Stoning of the Devil ( -LSB- , `` stoning of the -LSB- place of pebbles -RSB- '' )  is part of the annual Islamic Hajj pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia . During the ritual , Muslim pilgrims throw pebbles at three walls ( formerly pillars ) , called jamarāt , in the city of Mina just east of Mecca . It is one of a series of ritual acts that must be performed in the Hajj . It is a symbolic reenactment of Abraham 's hajj , where he stoned three pillars representing the temptation to disobey God and preserve Ishmael .   On Eid al-Adha ( the 10th day of the month of Dhu al-Hijjah ) , pilgrims must strike only one of the three jamraat ; specifically , the larger one ; with seven pebbles . After the stoning is completed on the day of Eid , every pilgrim must cut or shave their hair . On each of the following two days , they must hit each of the three walls with seven pebbles , going in order from east to west . Thus at least 49 pebbles are needed for the ritual , more if some throws miss . Some pilgrims stay at Mina for an additional day , in which case they must again stone each wall seven times . The pebbles used in the stoning are traditionally gathered at Muzdalifah , a plain southeast of Mina , on the night before the first throwing , but can also be collected at Mina .

neg: Ahmad al-Bakkai al-Kunti Ahmad al-Bakkai al-Kunti ( 1803 in the Azawad region north of Timbuktu -- 1865 in Timbuktu ) was a West African Islamic and political leader . He was one of the last principal spokesmen in precolonial Western Sudan for an accommodationist stance towards the threatening Christian European presence , and even provided protection to Heinrich Barth from an attempted kidnapping by the ruler of Massina , Amadu III . In a letter to the ruler , which was rather a fatwa he denied the former 's right to have Barth arrested or killed and his belongings confiscated , as the Christian was neither a dhimmi ( a non-Muslim subject of a Muslim ruler ) nor an enemy of Islam , but the native of a friendly country , that is Great Britain . He went as far as to deny Ahmad Ahmad ibn Muhammad Lobbo the right to proclaim a jihad and called him `` the ruler over a few huts at the outskirts of the Islamic world '' .   Al-Bakkai was also one of the last Kunta family shaykhs , whose prestige and religious influence were interwoven with the Qadiri brotherhood and the economic fortunes of the Timbuktu region . His voluminous correspondence provides a rare , detailed glimpse into political and religious thought in 19th century West Africa regarding the primary concerns of ; the nature of the Imamate / caliphate in Sahelian and Sudanese communities , issues surrounding the encroaching Christian powers , and the growing politicalization of Sufi tariqah affiliation .

neg: Hanbali The Hanbali school is one of the four orthodox Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence ( fiqh ) . It is named after the Iraqi scholar Ahmad ibn Hanbal ( d. 855 ) , and was institutionalized by his students . The Hanbali madhhab is the smallest of four major Sunni schools , the others being the Hanafi , Maliki and Shafi`i .   Hanbali school derives Sharia predominantly from the Quran , the Hadiths ( sayings and customs of Muhammad ) , and the views of Sahabah ( Muhammad 's companions ) . In cases where there is no clear answer in sacred texts of Islam , the Hanbali school does not accept jurist discretion or customs of a community as a sound basis to derive Islamic law , a method that Hanafi and Maliki Sunni fiqhs accept . Hanbali school is the strict traditionalist school of jurisprudence in Sunni Islam . It is found primarily in Saudi Arabia and Qatar , where it is the official fiqh . Hanbali followers are the demographic majority in four emirates of UAE ( Sharjah , Umm al-Quwain , Ras al-Khaimah and Ajman ) . Large minorities of Hanbali followers are also found in Bahrain , Oman and Yemen and within Iraqi and Jordanian bedouins .   The Hanbali school experienced a reformation in the Wahhabi-Salafist movement . Historically the school was small ; during the 18th to early-20th century Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Al Saud greatly aided its propagation around the world by way of their interpretation of the school 's teachings . As a result of this , the school 's name has become a controversial one in certain quarters of the Islamic world due to the influence he is believed by some to have had upon these teachings , which cites Ibn Hanbal as a principal influence along with the thirteenth-century Hanbali reformer Ibn Taymiyyah . However , it has been argued by certain scholars that Ibn Hanbal 's own beliefs actually played `` no real part in the establishment of the central doctrines of Wahhabism , '' as there is evidence , according to the same authors , that `` the older Hanbalite authorities had doctrinal concerns very different from those of the Wahhabis , '' rich as medieval Hanbali literature is in references to saints , grave visitation , miracles , and relics . Historically , the Hanbali school was treated as simply another valid interpretation of Islamic law , and many prominent medieval Sufis , such as Abdul Qadir Jilani , were Hanbali jurists and mystics at the same time .

neg: Shuraih Al-Qadhi Shuraih ibn al-Hârith ibn Qays ibn al-Jahm al-Kindî accepted Islam in Yemen during the lifetime of Muhammad though he never met him . During the reign of Abû Bakr al-Siddîq , he relocated to Kufah in Iraq .   `` Umar appointed him to be the judge of Kufah and he was very young at the time . Abû Nu`aym relates from Umm Dâwûd al-Wâbishiyyah that `` people took their disputes before Shuraih at a time when he still had no beard . ''   It is said that he spent sixty years in that office . He also served as judge in Basra for a year . He succeeded Abdullah ibn Masood as the Qadi of Kufa . He was well known throughout the country for his intelligence and keen sense of judgment . He was regarded as a model judge . Ali used to call him iiAqd-ul-Arabi , that is the most judicious of all the judges of Arabia .   Shuraih was known for his extensive knowledge of Islamic law and respected for his good judgment . The caliphs showed deference to him .   Caliph Mu ` âwiyah then transferred him to Damascus . On account of this , Shuraih became known as `` the Judge of the Two Great Cities '' . He retired from office only a year before his death , and he is supposed to have lived to the age of 108 or 110 .  It is related that ,  `` Alî assembled the people in the public square , saying : ' I am going to leave you , so assemble in the public square . ' The people came and began to petition him with their questions until they were finished and no one remained but Shuraih , who sat upon his knees and began to ask him . ` Alî said : `` Go , for indeed you are the most knowledgeable of Arabs in matters of judicial verdicts . '' -LSB- Hilyah al-Awliyâ ' ( 4/134 ) -RSB-   Once a woman came to ` Alî with a case against her husband in a matter of divorce . After she presented her case to him , ` Alî turned to Shuraih and said : `` Judge between them . '' Shuraih said : `` O Commander of the Faithful ! ( Should I presume to do so ) while you are right here ? '' ` Alî repeated : `` Judge between them . ''   Shurayh was renowned for his impeccable sense of justice and for holding all people equal before the law .   About Shuraih 's appointment as a judge , it is related that Umar purchased a horse on approval , and gave it to somebody to try it . The horse got hurt in the ride , and Umar wanted to return it , but the owner refused to take it back . In the dispute that arose as a consequence , Shuraih was chosen as the arbitrator . He gave the verdict that if the horse was ridden with the permission of the owner it could be returned ; otherwise not . Umar said that that was the right decision and at once appointed Shuraih as the Qadi of Kufa .   Another well known incidence records Ali 's shield being stolen . Ali recognised his shield when he saw it in the possession of a Jew . He instituted a claim in the court of Qadhi Shuraih who asked that Ali produce his witnesses to prove his claim . Ali presented his son and then his emancipated slave . According to Qadhi Shuraih the testimony of a son in favour of his father or an emancipated slave was not admissible , hence he ordered Ali to present another witness . When Ali was unable to do so , Qadhi Shuraih dismissed his original claim to the shield . Ali , the caliph of the time , emerged from the court cheerfully .   On seeing this high degree of justice where the leader of the Muslim world could lose a case in the face of a just ruling , the Jew recited the Muslim testification of faith embraced Islam . He later presented the shield to Ali saying that he did indeed steal the shield and that it did belonged to him . Ali responded : `` I have made it a gift for you '' . Thereafter the Jew remained perpetually in the company of Ali and was martyred in the battle of Siffeen .

neg: Migration to Abyssinia The Migration to Abyssinia ( الهجرة إلى الحبشة , al-hijra ʾilā al-habaša ) , also known as the First Hegira ( هِجْرَة hijrah ) , was an episode in the early history of Islam , where Prophet Muhammad 's first followers ( the Sahabah ) fled from the persecution of the ruling Quraysh tribe of Mecca . They sought refuge in the Christian Kingdom of Aksum , present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea ( formerly referred to as Abyssinia , a name derived from the Arabic Al-Habash ) , in or . The Aksumite monarch who received them is known in Islamic sources as the Negus ( نجاشي najāšī ) Ashama ibn Abjar . Modern historians have alternatively identified him with King Armah and Ella Tsaham . Some of the exiles returned to Mecca and made the hijra to Medina with Muhammad , while others remained in Abyssinia until they came to Medina in 628 .


query: Cary Grant has only ever been featured in the film Bridge to Terabithia.

pos: None but the Lonely Heart (film) None but the Lonely Heart is a 1944 American drama romance film which tells the story of a young Cockney drifter who returns home with no ambitions but finds that his family needs him . Adapted by Clifford Odets from the novel by Richard Llewellyn and directed by Odets , the movie stars Cary Grant , Ethel Barrymore , and Barry Fitzgerald .   The title of the film is taken from one of Tchaikovsky 's best-known songs , which is featured in the background music .

pos: Cary Grant Cary Grant ( born Archibald Alec Leach ; January 18 , 1904 -- November 29 , 1986 ) was a British-American actor , known as one of classic Hollywood 's definitive leading men . He began a career in Hollywood in the early 1930s , and became known for his transatlantic accent , debonair demeanor , and light-hearted approach to acting and sense of comic timing . He became an American citizen in 1942 .   Born in Horfield , Bristol , Grant became attracted to theatre at a young age , and began performing with a troupe known as `` The Penders '' from the age of six . After attending Bishop Road Primary School and Fairfield Grammar School in Bristol , he toured the country as a stage performer , and decided to stay in New York City after a performance there . He established a name for himself in vaudeville in the 1920s and toured the United States before moving to Hollywood in the early 1930s . He initially appeared in crime films or dramas such as Blonde Venus ( 1932 ) and She Done Him Wrong ( 1933 ) , but later gained renown for his appearances in romantic comedy and screwball comedy films such as The Awful Truth ( 1937 ) , Bringing Up Baby ( 1938 ) , His Girl Friday ( 1940 ) and The Philadelphia Story ( 1940 ) . Along with the later Arsenic and Old Lace ( 1944 ) and I Was a Male War Bride ( 1949 ) ; these films are frequently cited as among the all-time great comedy films . Having established himself as a major Hollywood star , he was nominated twice for the Academy Award for Best Actor , for Penny Serenade ( 1941 ) and None but the Lonely Heart ( 1944 ) .   In the 1940s and 1950s , Grant forged a working relationship with the director Alfred Hitchcock , appearing in films such as Suspicion ( 1941 ) , Notorious ( 1946 ) , To Catch a Thief ( 1955 ) and North by Northwest ( 1959 ) . Hitchcock admired Grant and considered him to have been the only actor that he had ever loved working with . Towards the end of his film career , Grant was praised by critics as a romantic leading man , and received five Golden Globe Award for Best Actor nominations , including Indiscreet ( 1958 ) with Ingrid Bergman , That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) with Doris Day , and Charade ( 1963 ) with Audrey Hepburn . He is remembered by critics for his unusually broad appeal , as a handsome , suave actor who did not take himself too seriously , possessing the ability to play with his own dignity in comedies without sacrificing it entirely . His comic timing and delivery made Grant what Premiere magazine considers to have been `` quite simply , the funniest actor cinema has ever produced '' .   Grant was married five times ; three of his marriages were elopements with actresses -- Virginia Cherrill ( 1934 -- 1935 ) , Betsy Drake ( 1949 -- 1962 ) and Dyan Cannon ( 1965 -- 1968 ) . He has one daughter with Cannon , Jennifer Grant ( born 1966 ) . After his retirement from film acting in 1966 , Grant pursued numerous business interests , representing cosmetics firm Fabergé , and sitting on the board of MGM and others . He was presented with an Honorary Oscar by his friend Frank Sinatra at the 42nd Academy Awards in 1970 , and in 1981 , he was accorded the Kennedy Center Honors . In 1999 , the American Film Institute named Grant the second greatest male star of Golden Age Hollywood cinema , after Humphrey Bogart .

pos: Charade (1963 film) Charade is a 1963 Technicolor American romantic comedy/mystery film directed by Stanley Donen , written by Peter Stone and Marc Behm , and starring Cary Grant and Audrey Hepburn . The cast also features Walter Matthau , James Coburn , George Kennedy , Dominique Minot , Ned Glass , and Jacques Marin . It spans three genres : suspense thriller , romance and comedy . Because Universal Pictures published the movie with an invalid copyright notice , the film entered the public domain in the United States immediately upon its release .   The film is notable for its screenplay , especially the repartee between Grant and Hepburn , for having been filmed on location in Paris , for Henry Mancini 's score and theme song , and for the animated titles by Maurice Binder . Charade has received generally positive reviews from critics , and was additionally noted to contain influences of genres such as whodunit , screwball and spy thriller . It has also been referred to as `` the best Hitchcock movie that Hitchcock never made '' .

neg: The Cross-Roads The Cross-Roads is a 1912 silent short film drama directed by Frederick A. Thomson and produced by the Vitagraph Company of America . It starred George Cooper and Zena Keefe .   It is preserved in the Library of Congress collection .

neg: The Unsuspected The Unsuspected is a 1947 American black-and-white film noir directed by Michael Curtiz , and starring Claude Rains , Audrey Totter , Ted North , Constance Bennett , and Joan Caulfield . The film was based on the novel written by Charlotte Armstrong . The screenplay was co-written by Bess Meredyth , who was married to director Curtiz .

neg: The Express The Express ( also known as The Express : The Ernie Davis Story ) is a 2008 American sports film produced by John Davis and directed by Gary Fleder . The storyline was conceived from a screenplay written by Charles Leavitt from a book titled Ernie Davis : The Elmira Express , authored by Robert C. Gallagher . The film is based on the life of Syracuse University football player Ernie Davis , the first African American to win the Heisman Trophy , portrayed by actor Rob Brown . The Express explores civil topics , such as racism , discrimination and athletics .   The motion picture was a co-production between the film studios of Relativity Media and Davis Entertainment . It was commercially distributed by Universal Pictures theatrically , and by Universal Studios Home Entertainment for home media . Following its cinematic release , it failed to garner any award nominations from mainstream motion picture organizations for its production merits or lead acting . In the film , veteran actors Dennis Quaid and Charles S. Dutton star in principal supporting roles . The original motion picture soundtrack with a musical score composed by Mark Isham , was released by the Lakeshore Records label on October 28 , 2008 .   The Express premiered in theaters nationwide in the United States on October 10 , 2008 grossing $ 9,793,406 in domestic ticket receipts . It earned an additional $ 14,718 in business through international release to top out at a combined $ 9,808,124 in gross revenue . Since the film had a $ 40 million budget , it was a financial failure . However , preceding its initial screening in cinemas , the film was generally met with positive critical reviews . The Blu-ray version of the film , featuring deleted scenes and the director 's commentary was released on January 20 , 2009 .

neg: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions Part of the AFI 100 Years ... series , AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions is a list of the top 100 greatest love stories in American cinema . The list was unveiled by the American Film Institute on June 11 , 2002 , in a CBS television special hosted by American film and TV actress Candice Bergen .   Cary Grant and Katharine Hepburn are tied for the most films in the list , with six each . They co-starred in two of them - Bringing Up Baby and The Philadelphia Story .

neg: Limelight (1952 film) Limelight is a 1952 comedy-drama film written , produced , and directed by Charlie Chaplin . Unlike his earlier films , the score was composed by Chaplin and arranged by Ray Rasch , marking this as the first film that he did not musically arrange .   The film stars Chaplin as a washed-up comedian who saves a suicidal dancer from killing herself , played by Claire Bloom , and both try to get through life ; additional roles are provided by Nigel Bruce , Sydney Chaplin as Sydney Earl Chaplin , Wheeler Dryden , and Norman Lloyd with an appearance from Buster Keaton . In dance scenes , Bloom is doubled by Melissa Hayden .   Upon the film 's release , critics ' reception was divided ; it was heavily boycotted in the United States , and commercially failed . However , the film was re-released the United States in 1972 which included its first screening in Los Angeles . This allowed the decades-old film to be in contention for the 45th Academy Awards where Chaplin won his only competitive Academy Award . Today , the film is sometimes regarded as one of Chaplin 's best and most personal works , and has since attained a cult following .

neg: The Trip to Bountiful The Trip to Bountiful is a 1985 film starring Geraldine Page , John Heard , Carlin Glynn , Richard Bradford and Rebecca De Mornay . Geraldine Page won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance as Carrie Watts . The movie was adapted by Horton Foote from his play of the same name .   The Bountiful of the title is a fictitious Texas town . Although set in Houston , Texas ( as was the original play ) , the movie was filmed by director Peter Masterson in Dallas .   The film features an all-star cast including John Heard and Geraldine Page and a soundtrack by J.A.C. Redford featuring Will Thompson 's `` Softly and Tenderly '' sung by Grammy-award winner Cynthia Clawson . The film won the Academy Award for Best Actress ( Page ) and was nominated for Best Writing , Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium .

neg: Torpedo Run Torpedo Run is a 1958 American war film directed by Joseph Pevney . It was filmed in Metrocolor CinemaScope , and it stars Glenn Ford as a World War II submarine commander in the Pacific who is obsessed with sinking a particular Japanese aircraft carrier .   A. Arnold Gillespie and Harold Humbrock were nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects .

neg: John W. Grant John W. Grant ( 26 July 1867 , West Point , Georgia -- 8 March 1938 ) was a member of the Georgia School of Technology board of trustees and a well-known Atlanta , Georgia , merchant around the 1880s .   He was the grandson of John T. Grant and the son of William D. Grant , both of whom were successful railroad builders with their Fannin , Grant & Company .   With help from his grandfather , he was made president of the Gate City Loan , Saving and Banking Company at the age of 21 . In 1902 , he was a director of the Atlanta-based Third National Bank .   He married the daughter of Hugh T. Inman who gave him the Kimball House as a wedding gift . By this time Grant the younger was well-placed in Atlanta society , where he was heavily involved in the Capital City Club and Piedmont Driving Club .   Grant was also the benefactor of Grant Field , the home of the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team , naming it in honor of his deceased son , Hugh Inman Grant ( 1895-1906 ) .

neg: Kansas Pacific (film) Kansas Pacific is a 1953 U.S. Cinecolor Western film released by Allied Artists Pictures and directed by Ray Nazarro . It stars Sterling Hayden and Eve Miller . The film offers a fictionalized account of the struggle to build the Kansas Pacific Railway in the 1860s just prior to the American Civil War . In the film the building of the railroad in Kansas is opposed by sympathizers of the Confederacy .   General Winfield Scott sends a Corps of Engineers captain ( Hayden ) incognito to complete the railroad in order to supply western outposts when the anticipated war starts . Opposing the railway is Confederate William Quantrill ( Reed Hadley ) , whose mission is to stop or delay the railway from being completed .   The rights to the film are currently in the public domain .

neg: The Virgin Queen (1955 film) The Virgin Queen is a 1955 DeLuxe Color historical drama film in CinemaScope starring Bette Davis , Richard Todd and Joan Collins . It focuses on the relationship between Elizabeth I of England and Sir Walter Raleigh .   The film marks the second time Davis played the English monarch ; the first was The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex ( 1939 ) . It was also the first Hollywood film for Australian actor Rod Taylor .   Charles LeMaire and Mary Wills were nominated for the Academy Award for Costume Design . LeMaire won , but for another film , Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing ( 1955 ) .

neg: Tomorrow Never Dies Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) is the eighteenth spy film in the James Bond series , and the second to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond . Directed by Roger Spottiswoode , with the screenplay written by Bruce Feirstein , the film follows Bond as he attempts to stop Elliot Carver , a power-mad media mogul , from engineering world events to initiate World War III .   The film was produced by Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli , and was the first James Bond film made after the death of producer Albert R. Broccoli , to whom the movie pays tribute in the end credits . Filming locations included France , Thailand , Germany , Mexico and the United Kingdom . Tomorrow Never Dies performed well at the box office and earned a Golden Globe nomination despite mixed reviews . While its performance at the domestic box office surpassed that of its predecessor , GoldenEye , it was the only Pierce Brosnan Bond film not to open at number one at the box office , as it opened the same day as Titanic , but instead at number two .

neg: The Tuxedo The Tuxedo is a 2002 American comedy -- action film directed by Kevin Donovan and starring Jackie Chan , Jennifer Love Hewitt and Jason Isaacs . It is a spy spoof that involves a special tuxedo that grants its wearer special abilities and a corporate terrorist threatening to poison the United States ' fresh water supply with bacteria that spills electrolytes into the blood and totally dehydrates the host .

neg: Hugh Grant Hugh John Mungo Grant ( born 9 September 1960 ) is an English actor and film producer . Grant has received a Golden Globe , a BAFTA , and an Honorary César for his work . His films have earned more than US$ 2.4 billion from 25 theatrical releases worldwide . Grant first received attention after earning the Volpi Cup for his performance in James Ivory 's Maurice ( 1987 ) but achieved international success after appearing in the Richard Curtis-scripted Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) . Grant used this breakthrough role as a frequent cinematic persona during the 1990s , delivering comic performances in films such as Mickey Blue Eyes ( 1999 ) and Notting Hill ( 1999 ) . One of the best known figures in 1990s British popular culture , Grant was in a high-profile relationship with Elizabeth Hurley , which was the focus of much attention in the British and international media .   By the turn of the 21st century , Grant had established himself as a leading man , skilled with a satirical comic talent . Grant has expanded his oeuvre with critically acclaimed turns as a cad in Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) , About a Boy ( 2002 ) , and American Dreamz ( 2006 ) . Grant later played against type with multiple cameo roles in the epic sci-fi drama film , Cloud Atlas ( 2012 ) . He 's also known for appearing in period pieces such as The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) , Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) and Florence Foster Jenkins ( 2016 ) .   Within the film industry , Grant is cited as an anti-star who approaches his roles like a character actor , and attempts to make his acting appear spontaneous . Hallmarks of his comic skills include a nonchalant touch of irony/sarcasm and studied physical mannerisms , as well as his precisely-timed dialogue delivery and facial expressions . The entertainment media 's coverage of Grant 's life off the big screen has often overshadowed his work as an actor . Grant has been outspoken about his antipathy towards the profession of acting , and in his disdain towards the culture of celebrity and hostility towards the media . In a career spanning 30 years , Grant has repeatedly claimed that acting was not his true calling , but rather a career that unintentionally developed by happenstance .

neg: London Bridge (film) London Bridge is a Malayalam film directed by Anil C. Menon starring Prithviraj Sukumaran , Mukesh , Andrea Jeremiah and Nanditha Raj in the lead roles . The film penned by Jinu Abraham was entirely shot in the United Kingdom . Rahul Raj composed three original songs and left the project owing to scheduling conflicts . Thus Carnatic vocalist Dr. Sreevalsan Menon was hired to compose two additional songs and Gopi Sundar was signed in to compose the background score . The film is produced by Antony Binoy and Sathish B under the banner Ordinary Pictures .   The film was dubbed and released in Telugu as Love in London .

neg: To Each His Own (film) To Each His Own is a 1946 American romantic drama film . It was directed by Mitchell Leisen , and stars Olivia de Havilland , Mary Anderson , Roland Culver , and John Lund in his first on-screen appearance , where he played dual roles as father and son . The screenplay was written by Charles Brackett and Jacques Théry . A young woman bears a child out of wedlock and has to give him up .   De Havilland won the Academy Award for Best Actress . Brackett and Théry were nominated for Best Writing , Original Story .

neg: Lulu on the Bridge Lulu on the Bridge is a 1998 American romantic-mystery drama film written and directed by author Paul Auster and starring Harvey Keitel , Mira Sorvino , and Willem Dafoe . The film is about a jazz saxophone player whose life is transformed after being shot . After discovering a mysterious stone , he meets and falls in love with a beautiful aspiring actress , but their happiness is cut short by a series of strange , dreamlike events . The film was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival .

neg: Torpedo Boat (film) Torpedo Boat is a 1942 American drama film directed by John Rawlins and written by Maxwell Shane . The film stars Richard Arlen , Jean Parker , Mary Carlisle , Phillip Terry , Dick Purcell and Ralph Sanford . The film was released on January 24 , 1948 , by Paramount Pictures .

neg: BAFTA Award for Best Film The BAFTA Award for Best Film is given annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and presented at the British Academy Film Awards . It has been given since the 1st BAFTA Awards , representing the best films of 1947 , but until 1969 it was called the BAFTA Award for Best Film From Any Source . It is possible for films from any country to be nominated , although British films are also recognised in the category BAFTA Award for Best British Film and ( since 1983 ) foreign-language films in BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language . As such , there have been multiple occasions of a film being nominated in two of these categories .   There has been one tie for the Best Film award when , in 1962 , Ballad of a Soldier tied with The Hustler for Best Film from any Source . Until 1981 , the award was given to the director , except in 1976 and 1977 , when it was given to the producers . From 1981 to 1985 , it was given solely to the producers , and then in 1986 , it was shared between the Director and Producer . In 1998 , it was once again given to only the producers .   In the following lists , the titles and names in bold with a dark grey background are the winners and recipients respectively ; those not in bold are the nominees . The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released , not the year of the ceremony , which always takes place the following year .

neg: True to the Game (film) True to the Game is an upcoming American drama film , directed by Preston A. Whitmore , II from a screenplay by Nia Hill . It is an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Teri Woods . The film stars Columbus Short , Andra Fuller , Vivica A. Fox , Nelsan Ellis , and Jennifer Freeman .

neg: Grant Tilly Grant Leonard Ridgway Tilly , ( 12 December 1937 -- 11 April 2012 ) , was a New Zealand stage , movie and television actor , teacher and artist .


query: Telangana is a southern Indian state.

pos: Telangana Telangana ( t ) is one of the 29 states in India , located in southern India . Formed in June 2014 as the youngest state in India , from the northwestern part of the Joint State of Andhra Pradesh , Telangana has an area of 112077 km2 , and a population of 35,193,978 ( 2011 census ) . It is the twelfth largest state in India , and the twelfth most populated state in India . Its major cities include Hyderabad , Warangal , Khammam , Karimnagar and Nizamabad . Telangana is bordered by the states of Maharashtra to the north and north west , Chhattisgarh to the north , Karnataka to the west and Andhra Pradesh to the east and south .   Telangana had a history as the Telugu-speaking region of the princely state of Hyderabad , ruled by the Nizam of Hyderabad . It joined the Union of India in 1948 . In 1956 , the Hyderabad state was dissolved as part of the linguistic reorganisation of states and Telangana was merged with former Andhra State to form Andhra Pradesh . Following a movement for separation , Telangana was awarded separate statehood on 2 June 2014 . Hyderabad will continue to serve as the joint capital city for Andhra Pradesh and Telangana for no more than ten years .

neg: Telangana Legislative Assembly The Telangana Legislative Assembly is the lower house of the Telangana Legislature . The Legislative Assembly of Telangana currently consists of 119 elected members and one nominated member from the Anglo-Indian community . The current Speaker of the Assembly is Madhusudhana Chary of TRS .   The members of the Vidhana Sabha are directly elected by people through adult franchise .   Each constituency elects one member of the assembly . Members are popularly known as M.L.A 's . The assembly is elected using the simple plurality or `` first past the post '' electoral system . The elections are conducted by the Election Commission of India .   The normal term of the members lasts for five years . In case of death , resignation or disqualification of a member , a by-election is conducted for constituency represented by the member . The party which wins the most seats becomes the ruling party .

neg: Telangana Minority Residential Education The Telangana State Government in southern India established the Telangana Minorities Residential Educational Institutions Society ( TMREIS ) in the year 2015 to provide high-quality educational infrastructure for the poor children of minority community . Telangana State Chief Minister Mr. K. Chandrashekar Rao , Mr. Mohammad Mahmood Ali - Deputy Chief Minister , K. Srihari TS Minister of Education , Mr. A. K. Khan - Director General , Anti-Corruption Bureau ( ACB ) , Mr. Syed Omar Jaleel , IAS. , Secretary / Director Minorities Welfare Department and political parties keenly participated in the formation of the society and residential schools .   The Sachar committee in its study found that the literacy in Indian Muslims are very much below the national average and there is a significant inverse association between the proportion of the Muslim population and the availability of educational infrastructure .   Considering the backwardness of the community , the government have launched 71 high-quality infrastructure residential schools for the academic year 2016 - 2017 and plan to launch about 70 more additional schools next year . The spending is around Rs . 80,000 on a student per year .   TMREIS/Telangana Minority Residential School list :  Telangana Minorities Residential Education Institutions Society ( TMREIS ) locations of ( 71 ) residential schools .   Category : Minorities-focussed government initiatives in India  Category : Education in Telangana   Sample source .

neg: Bejjur Bejjur is a village and a Mandal in Asifabad district in the state of Telangana in India .

neg: Sadasivpet Sadasivpet is a town in sangareddy district of the Indian country of Telangana state .

neg: Tehsil A tehsil ( also known as a mandal , taluk , taluq or taluka ) is an administrative division of some countries of South Asia . It is an area of land with a city or town that serves as its administrative centre , with possible additional towns , and usually a number of villages . The terms in India have replaced earlier geographical terms , such as pargana , pergunnah and thannah , used under the Delhi Sultanate and the British Raj .   As an entity of local government , the tehsil office ( Panchayat Samiti ) exercises certain fiscal and administrative power over the villages and municipalities within its jurisdiction . It is the ultimate executive agency for land records and related administrative matters . The chief official is called the tahsildar or , less officially , the talukdar or taluka muktiarkar or Tehsildar . Taluk or Tehsil can be said sub districts in Indian ( Bharat ) context . In some instances , Tehsils overlap with `` Blocks '' ( Panchayat union blocks or Panchayat development blocks ) , Tehsil comes under the Land and Revenue department headed by Tehsildar and Blocks come under the Rural development department headed by the Block Development Officer and serve the different government administrative function over the same or similar geographical area .   Although they may on occasion share the same area with a subdivision of a revenue divisions , known as revenue blocks , the two are distinct . For example , Raipur district in Chhattisgarh state is administratively divided into 13 tehsils and 15 revenue blocks . Nevertheless , the two are often conflated .   Tehsil/tahsil and taluka and their variants are used as English words without further translation . Since these terms are unfamiliar to English speakers outside the subcontinent , the word county has sometimes been provided as a gloss , on the basis that a tehsil , like a county , is an administrative unit hierarchically above the local city , town , or village , but subordinate to a larger state or province . India and Pakistan have an intermediate level of hierarchy ( or more than one , at least in parts of India ) : the district , also sometimes translated as county . In neither case is the analogy very exact .

neg: Mutharam (A) Mutharam ( A ) is a village and a mandal in Karimnagar district in the state of Telangana in India .

neg: Suryapet revenue division Suryapet revenue division ( or Suryapet division ) is an administrative division in the Suryapet district of the Indian state of Telangana . It is one of the 2 revenue divisions in the district which consists of 14 mandals under its administration . Suryapet is the divisional headquarters of the division .

neg: Hyderabadi Muslims Hyderabadi Muslims are an ethnoreligious community of Urdu-speaking Muslims , part of a larger group of Dakhini Muslims , from the area that used to be the princely state of Hyderabad , India , including cities like Hyderabad , Aurangabad , Gulbarga and Bidar . While the term `` Hyderabadi '' now only refers to residents in and around the city of Hyderabad , the term Hyderabadi Muslims can refer to those native Muslim residents of the erstwhile princely state.The native language of the Hyderabadi Muslims is Hyderabadi Urdu , which is a form of the Dakhini language . With their origins in the Muslim Bahmani Sultanate and then the Deccan sultanates , Hyderabadi Muslim culture became defined in the latter half of the reign of the Asif Jahi Dynasty in Hyderabad . The culture exists today mainly in the old city of Hyderabad , Aurangabad , and among the Hyderabadi Muslim diaspora around the world , in particular , Pakistan , Saudi Arabia , the Arab states of the Persian Gulf , USA , Canada and the United Kingdom .

neg: Munnuru Kapu Munnuru Kapu is a caste in Telangana , India .

neg: August 2007 Hyderabad bombings The Hyderabad bombings refers to the incident in which two bombs exploded almost simultaneously on 25 August 2007 in Hyderabad , capital of the Indian state of Telangana . The first bomb exploded in Lumbini Amusement Park at 19:45 hrs IST . The second bomb exploded five minutes later at 19:50 in Gokul Chat Bhandar , a popular restaurant about 5 kilometres ( 3 mi ) away . At least 42 people were reported to have died in the two bombings . Two more bombs were defused in other parts of the city . According to initial reports , the banned Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami militant outfit of Bangladesh is suspected for the serial blasts .

neg: Warangal Division Warangal Division was administratively part of the Hyderabad State was made up of sixteen districts . Warangal was one of four divisions in the state .

neg: Basar, Telangana Basar or Basara is a census town in Nirmal district in the state of Telangana , India . Basara is popular in India because of its Saraswathi temple , which is the only of its kind in all of India .

neg: Telangana Housing Board Telangana Housing Board earlier known as City Improvement Board is public sector corporation under Government of Telangana located in Hyderabad , Telangana . Its activities are to facilitate affordable housing to the citizens of Telangana . The board , which was formerly known as City Improvement Board until 1960 , was conceived by Nizam Osman Ali Khan , Asaf Jah VII in 1911 .

neg: Naspur Naspur is a census town and is a Village and mandalin Mancherial district ( Old Adilabad District ) of the Indian state of Telangana .

neg: Haripirala Haripirala is located in southern state of India , Andhra Pradesh in Telangana region in Warangal district . The village is located 65 km away from district main city Hanmakonda and 60 km away from Khammam . Haripirala is a mid-sized village ; the village is 8 km away from the highway connecting Andhra and Nagpur ( Maharashtra state ) with close proximity to two major Telangana cities , Warangal and Khammam . It is an education hub for surrounding several small villages with Zilla Parshath High school .   Languages spoken : Telugu ( Telangana Yasa , a mixture of Urdu and Telugu ) , Lambade , Hindi .   Category : Villages in Warangal district

neg: Dharpalle Dharpalle is a village and a mandal in Nizamabad district in the state of Telangana in India .

neg: Neernemula Neernemula is a medium size village located in Ramannapeta Mandal , Nalgonda district , Telangana State , India . It is located at 17.3173369 ° North and 79.0934544 ° East . It has an average elevation of 322 meters above sea level . It is 36 km from the district  headquarters in ( Nalgonda ) and 80 km from Hyderabad , the Telangana State capital . It is connected by tar road from Ramannapeta . The village is surrounded by Dubbaka to the east , Nidhanpally to the west , Bogaram to the southwest , Ramannapeta to the south , and Shobhanadripuram and Lakshmapuram to the north . The nearest town to Neernemula village is Ramannapeta , about 3 km to the south .   According to Census-2011 information the location code or village code of Neernemula village is 576849 . The Neernemula village has population of 1810 , of which 910 are males while 900 are females as per the population census of 2011 . There are a total of 420 families residing in Neernemula village . The population of children age 0-6 is 170 which makes up 9.39 % of total population of village . The average sex ratio of Neernemula village is 989 . Child Sex Ratio for the Neernemula as per census  is 828 . In 2011 , the literacy rate of Neernemula village was 67 % . In Neernemula , the male literacy stands at 77 % while the female literacy rate was 58 % . The village people speak Telugu and Urdu .   Neernemula has a Lord Shiva and Lord Hanuman Temple is located at the center of the village.The idol of `` shivalingam '' was found in the digging of the village pond.This pond is mostly filled with water throughout the year and it is famous for fishes and this is one of the sources of Income to the village Panchayat .   As per the constitution of India and the Panchyati  Raaj Act , Neernemula village is administrated by a Sarpanch ( head of village ) , who is an elected representative of the village .   Major cultivation is paddy . Most of the people depend on agriculture for their livelihood . For children to have education up to seventh class there is a School .

neg: Telangana Praja Front Telangana Praja Front ( TPF ) is a regional political party founded by balladeer Gaddar in the southern Indian state of United Andhra Pradesh . It is formed as a Telangana separatist party , and makes a demand for quick introduction of bill in the parliament for separate statehood for Telangana . After the Gaddar 's resignation , Akula Bhoomaiah took the position of President . In the wake of Telangana 's declaration , Akula Bhoomaih , unlike , the other political parties , he had outspokenly criticized the centre 's ambiguous decision on Hyderabad . The alleged political murder of Bhoomaih which is direct consequence of his staunch rejecting of Hyderabad as common capital of Andhara pradesh . He has been an occupying figure in the recent political Telangana scenario . He was an apostle of separate Telangana , launching Telangana Jana sabha in 1996 , which posits his deliberation for a separate Telangana which culminated into present Telangana movement .