query: Nepal does not have an ancient confederation called Nepal Mandala.

pos: Nepal fi     Nepal ( -LSB- Nepālhelp = no -RSB- -RCB- -RCB- -LSB- neˈpal -RSB- ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal , is a landlocked central Himalayan country in South Asia . Nepal is divided into 7 provinces and 75 districts and 744 local units including 4 metropolises , 13 sub-metropolises , 246 municipal councils and 481 villages . It has a population of 26.4 million and is the 93rd largest country by area . Bordering China in the north and India in the south , east , and west , it is the largest sovereign Himalayan state . Nepal does not border Bangladesh , which is located within only 27 km ( 17 mi ) of its southeastern tip . Neither does it border Bhutan due to the Indian state of Sikkim being located in between . Nepal has a diverse geography , including fertile plains , subalpine forested hills , and eight of the world 's ten tallest mountains , including Mount Everest , the highest point on Earth . Kathmandu is the nation 's capital and largest city . It is a multiethnic nation with Nepali as the official language .   The territory of Nepal has a recorded history since the Neolithic age . The name `` Nepal '' is first recorded in texts from the Vedic Age , the era which founded Hinduism , the predominant religion of the country . In the middle of the first millennium BCE , Gautama Buddha , the founder of Buddhism , was born in southern Nepal . Parts of northern Nepal were intertwined with the culture of Tibet . The Kathmandu Valley in central Nepal became known as Nepal proper because of its complex urban civilisation . It was the seat of the prosperous Newar confederacy known as Nepal Mandala . The Himalayan branch of the ancient Silk Road was dominated by the valley 's traders . The cosmopolitan region developed distinct traditional art and architecture . By the 18th century , the Gorkha Kingdom achieved the unification of Nepal . The Shah dynasty established the Kingdom of Nepal and later formed an alliance with the British Empire , under its Rana dynasty of premiers . The country was never colonised but served as a buffer state between Imperial China and Colonial India . In the 20th century , Nepal ended its isolation and forged strong ties with regional powers . Parliamentary democracy was introduced in 1951 , but was twice suspended by Nepalese monarchs in 1960 and 2005 . The Nepalese Civil War resulted in the proclamation of a republic in 2008 , ending the reign of the world 's last Hindu monarchy .   Modern Nepal is a federal secular parliamentary republic . It has seven states . Nepal is a developing nation , ranking 144th on the Human Development Index ( HDI ) in 2016 . The country struggles with the transition from a monarchy to a republic . It also suffers from high levels of hunger and poverty . Despite these challenges , Nepal is making steady progress , with the government declaring its commitment to elevate the nation from least developed country status by 2022 . Nepal also has a vast potential to generate hydropower for export .   Nepal 's foreign relations expanded after the Anglo-Nepal Treaty of 1923 , which was recognised by the League of Nations . After a Soviet veto in 1949 , Nepal was admitted to the United Nations in 1955 . Friendship treaties were signed with the Dominion of India in 1950 and the People 's Republic of China in 1960 . Nepal hosts the permanent secretariat of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) , of which it is a founding member . Nepal is also a member of the Non Aligned Movement and the Bay of Bengal Initiative . The military of Nepal is the fifth largest in South Asia and is notable for its Gurkha history , particularly during the world wars , and has been a significant contributor to United Nations peacekeeping operations .

pos: Nepal Mandala Nepal Mandala ( Devanagari : नेपाल मण्डल ) is an ancient confederation marked by cultural , religious and political boundaries which lies in present-day central Nepal . It consists of the Kathmandu Valley and surrounding areas . The rule of the indigenous Newars in Nepal Mandala ended with its conquest by the Gorkha Kingdom and the rise of the Shah dynasty in 1768 .   According to the Outline History of Nepal , Nepal consisted of three kingdoms during the early medieval period : Khas in the west , Karnatak in the south and Nepal Mandala in the center and Kirat in the east.ref > Page 2 . </ref>   Bhaktapur was the capital of Nepal Mandala until the 15th century when three capitals , including Kathmandu and Lalitpur , were established .

neg: Gopal Gurung Gopal Gurung ( June 27 , 1935 -- June 10 , 2016 ) was a Nepali journalist , author , politician , and futurist of global politics . Mr Gurung inspired the Indigenous Mongol People of Nepal to fight against the racial discrimination of Brahmins and Kshetris ( Indo-Aryans ) . He is the founder president of Mongol National Organisation ( MNO ) and the first pioneer of republican Nepal . MNO was established by Dr Gopal Gurung on January 1 , 1989 when he was in Bhadragol prison . He wrote the book i.e. Hidden Facts In Nepalese Politics , that 's why he had gone prison on August 30 , 1988 .

neg: Limbuwan Limbuwan is an area of the Himalaya historically made up of 10 Limbu kingdoms , all now part of Nepal . Limbuwan means `` abode of the Limbus '' or `` Land of the Limbus '' . Limbus themselves call Limbuwan `` Yakthung Laaje '' or `` the country of the Yakthungs '' ( see History of Limbuwan ) .   Today , Limbuwan comprises the districts of Taplejung , Panchthar , Ilam , Jhapa , Terhathum , Sankhuwasabha , Dhankuta , Sunsari and Morang . Limbuwan is the land east of the Arun and Koshi Rivers and west of Kanchenjunga Mountain and the Mechi River . The seat of power is Kathmandu and western Nepalese refer to Limbuwan as the Pallo Kirant region or far Kirant , due to its distance from Kathmandu .

neg: Transport in Nepal Nepal is a landlocked Himalayan country where transportation is difficult due to mountainous terrain . Nevertheless , there are some transport medium like road transportation and water transportation . Being a landlocked hilly country , road transportation is the only way to make easy travelling in Nepal . However , cable transport is an emerging transport mode in Nepal . Manakamana Cable Car and Chandragiri Cable Car are two cable transport providers in Nepal .

neg: Bhutan News Service Bhutan News Service , abbreviated as BNS , is the first news agency of Bhutan . It is run as an independent news agency by Bhutanese refugee journalists since 2004 from Kathmandu , the capital city of Nepal . This is , probably , first of its kind considering a very few refugee media or journalism in exile . The agency is solely operated by refugees who are mostly born or brought up in refugee camps and without previous media experiences .   When over 100,000 of Bhutanese refugees started taking shelter in UN-administered refugee camps of Jhapa and Morang districts in eastern part of Nepal , there was a need of a vocal media in the refugee community . Several attempts were made by persons of various backgrounds to keep the journalism works going . However , survival of those media was not easy due to lack of funding , and they died one after the other .   The Bhutan News Service was founded in 2004 by a small group of Bhutanese refugee youths , who during the time believed that journalism was a noble means to keep community informed and continue advocating the refugee issue . Most of the exiled publications were shut down , in particular following crunch financial assistance and or due to lack of human resources to continue volunteering without anything in return . Therefore , the news service emerged in as an alternative means to replace most of those publications , if not all . Initially , the works were limited to simply blogging . From 2006 , BNS went online through its own news portal .   ″ APFA initiated a joint effort for press freedom and called on two other media organizations working for press freedom in Bhutan and operating in exile . Thus a conference was held in eastern Nepal making a historic declaration vowing to expedite fight for press freedom . The first media conference adopted `` Declaration Dé Exile '' . The declaration also accepted the APFA proposal to accept Bhutan News Service as the common and first news agency of Bhutan , but operating from exile . ″   Currently , around two dozens of reporters and over half a dozen of editors from various countries contribute for the news service on voluntary basis . The news agency has not been legally registered since Nepalese laws do not entertain registration of any entity owned and run by foreign nationals in Nepalese soil .   ″ Unfortunately , we are not a registered entity yet . While most of our members were based in the capital city of Nepal for years , we made several attempts to get it registered in Nepal , but to no avail . We are , however , in the course of getting it registered preferably in USA since most of our members are based there and a vast majority of the Bhutanese have gotten resettled in the same place . ″

neg: Bhojpur, Nepal Bhojpur Municipality is a town in Eastern Nepal . It was established on 18 May 2014 merging the existing Bhaisipankha , Bokhim , Bhojpur , Taksar Village Development Committees It is the district headquarters of Bhojpur district , a hilly/mountainous district in Kosi Zone . At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5823 people living in 1199 households .   Bhojpur bazaar is home to many Newar businessmen as well as skilled Newar craftsmen , and is famous for its metalwork , particularly khukuri knives . Other major towns in the district include Dingla to the north , Ghoretar to the south , and Taksar near the airstrip , from where flights connect to Biratnagar and Kathmandu . A road is currently under construction to link Bhojpur bazaar with Hile , Dhankuta , Dharan , and the rest of Nepal 's North-South Koshi Highway .   Historically it is a part of Majh Kirat ( middle Kirat / Khambuwan ) , and used to be called `` east number 4 '' . Middle Kirat consists mainly of Bhojpur and Khotang districts , the traditional home of kirat Rai people , an indigenous ethnic group of Nepal . In addition to Rais , other ethnic groups include Magars , Gurungs , and Tamangs , as well as castes like Chhetris , Bahuns , and Dalits .   Bhojpur was recently the site of a major incident involving Maoist rebels and the Nepali national security forces on March 3 , 2004 . An estimated 1,500 Maoists attacked the camps of the security forces at the district headquarters . This incident was the most serious one since the Maoists called off the cease-fire on August 24 , 2003 . 32 security personnel were killed ( both army and police ) , as well as 42 Maoists rebels , including some women . The telephone tower and the buildings of the District Administrative Office were completely destroyed , while those buildings housing the District Land Revenue Office , Rashtriya Banijya Bank and some private houses were partially destroyed .   Tensions between Maoists and security forces emerged in February 2001 when the Bhojpur VDC headquarters were destroyed . The Khumbuwan Liberation Front ( KLF ) , destroyed the 250-kilowatt micro-hydropower project built by the Chinese on the Pikhuwa river on January 26 , 2002 . On April 18 , 2002 , a group of 50-60 rebels destroyed the airport tower by breaking through the gate of the tower , setting it ablaze by pouring kerosene , and destroying important devices by hurling a powerful bomb . Several minor skirmishes had also occurred in northern areas of the district , leading up to the deadly clash in March 2004 .

neg: Makwanpurgadhi Makwanpurgadhi or Makwanpur Gadhi ( literally Makwanpur Fort ) is a village development committee in Makwanpur District in the Narayani Zone of southern Nepal . At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 14996 people living in 2588 individual households .   The Makwanpur Gadhi , which lies in about 17 kilometers north from Hetauda is the great achievement of the Sen dynasty . Before the unification of Nepal `` The Sen dynasty '' ruled over Makwanpur till 1819 B.S. . Then ruler of Palpa `` Mukunda Sen '' divided his huge state into four parts among his four sons and so Makwanpur came under his youngest son `` Lohang Sen '' .  The another king of the same regime `` Tula Sen '' constructed the Makwanpur gadhi during his ruling period . Later on his grand daughter , Indra Kumari was married to King Prithivi Narayan Shah of Gorkha State , who annexed Makwanpur to Gorkha in 1819 .   There are two castles in the fort , one is called the `` Mool Gadhi '' ( the main fort ) and other is `` Sanno Gadhi '' ( the small fort ) . About 35 years ago , there was a palace called `` Jungey Darbar '' , which had its own supernatural beauty and it was an important belonging of the `` Sen Dynasty '' . But instead of conserving the historical monument , the later Sen king used the palace ( Jungey Darbar ) for their personal uses .  Having historical and cultural importance , The Makwanpur Fort is a very precious wealth of Makwanpur district . 25 feet high and 7 feet wide wall surround the fort . There is a 10 feet deep canal , which was constructed in order to protect themselves from the enemies .  In order to protect the fort , some soldiers were in duty but now there is no any soldier and many of the monuments had been lost.Among those the heart of this gadhi The Lord krishna which had been called by the name bangashagopal was robbed .

neg: United Mission to Nepal The United Mission to Nepal ( UNM ) was established in 1954 as a co-operative missionary endeavour between the people of Nepal and a number of Christian groups working along the border in India . The mission has grown to include a large group of Christian organisations from 18 countries in four different continents , who seek to `` serve the people of Nepal , particularly those who live in poverty . . inspired by the love and teachings of Jesus Christ . ''   Several remarkable coincidences led to the formation of the United Mission to Nepal . During the 1951 revolution fighting had taken place just over the border from Raxaul and wounded combatants from both sides were treated at Duncan Hospital . As a result of this service , Dr Trevor Strong and Ernest Oliver were invited to visit Kathmandu after the revolution . They walked for several days and whilst in Kathmandu had an interview with B.P. Koirala , the Home Minister in His Majesty 's Government of Nepal ( HMGN ) , to explore the possibility of mission work . They were told that medical and educational work would be welcome , but open preaching prohibited . ( Pritchard 1973:91 ) These discussions dovetailed with a separate approach by the authorities in Tansen , a large hill-town half way between Nautanwa and Pokhara , to American missionaries Bob and Bethel Fleming and Carl and Betty Friedericks ( representing Methodist and Presbyterian missions ) . Contact had been made as a result of ornithological trips into Nepal in October 1949 and the winter of 1951 -- 52 during which medical assistance had been given to the people of Tansen . Eventually a letter came from S.K. Dikshit in the Department of Foreign Affairs , permitting a hospital in Tansen and clinics in Kathmandu . ( Lindell 1979 : 140-142 )   Lindell rightly refers to the foundation of UMN as `` some of the finest missionary statesmanship that has been exercised in the modern missionary movement ... the mistakes seen in India and other countries resulting from competition and independent action by denominational and separate organisations should not be repeated in Nepal . '' ( 1979:143 ) Methodist Bishop J.W. Pickett circulated an invitation letter from HMGN to other missions associated with the NBF in conjunction with the National Christian Council ( NCC ) of India with a view to `` establishing a Christian mission in Nepal on the widest possible cooperative basis , a combined interdenominational and international approach . '' ( Lindell 1979:144 ) The NCC endorsed this and the United Christian Mission to Nepal was founded in Nagpur in March 1954 .   There were eight founding missions . Bishop Pickett was the founding President of the Board and Ernest Oliver the first Executive Secretary . The Flemings had already commenced medical work in Kathmandu in January 1954 , and the Friedericks began medical work in Tansen in June 1954 , but the work quickly expanded and diversified into other areas , such as education and development of hydropower . The activities of the UMN have been clearly defined in five-yearly agreements , in the past with HMGN , and now with the Government of Nepal . There have always been clear prohibitions on proselytising , but the Christian nature of UMN and the personal faith of its workers is known and accepted . `` The Mission takes the terms seriously ... and has learned that its stay in Nepal rests on a mixture of invitation , permission and mutual agreement ; that it is temporary ... that it is in partnership with Nepali society . '' ( Lindell 1979:200 )

neg: Madhesh Madhesh is a province and an autonomous state in the Terai belt of Nepal . The native Nepalese people who have cultural and demographic connections to Bihar and Uttar Pradesh across the borders in India are called Madhesi people . The indigenous inhabitants of the Terai are Tharu people who consider themselves to be Madhesi people .   The eastern part of the Nepal Terai along with northern parts in Bihar is part of the cultural Mithila region .

neg: Nepa Kingdom Nepa ( also known as Nipa , Neepa ) was a mountainous kingdom mentioned in the ancient Sanskrit epic Mahabharata . Its modern equivalent is identified as Nepal , a country located in the mountainous terrain of the Himalayas .

neg: Jana Hit Sangh Jana Hit Sangh was a political organisation in Nepal . It emerged following the 1959 elections . The group was formed by conservative and orthodox Hindu elite elements , who had tried to contest the election as independents but fared badly . The founders of Jana Hit Sangh were wary of the secular profile of the governing Nepali Congress . The organisation played an important role in rallying support for the 1960 royal takeover . The group had made vocal protests against the progressive policies of the Nepali Congress government , such as its taxation and land reforms . The group was considered to be an ultra-conservative organization .

neg: Nepal national cricket team The Nepal National Cricket Team is the team that represents Nepal in international cricket . They have been an Associate Member of the International Cricket Council since 1996 , having previously been an Affiliate Member since 1988 . Nepal were awarded Twenty20 International status by the ICC in June 2014 .   Nepal made their maiden appearance in the ICC global event at the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 in Bangladesh . They have been participating in international matches since 1996 , including every ACC Trophy tournaments except 2015 ACC Twenty20 Cup in UAE , where they did n't participate . Nepal also participated in ICC World Cup Qualifier in 2001 and 2014 , ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier in 2012 , 2013 and 2015 , ICC Intercontinental Cup in 2004 and 2005 , ACC Fast Track Countries Tournament in 2004 , 2005 and 2006 , ACC Twenty20 Cup in 2007 , 2009 , 2011 and 2013 , Asian Games in 2010 and 2014 and ACC Premier League in 2014 .   Unlike some other smaller cricketing nations , where teams are largely made up of expatriates , Nepal 's national team comprises indigenous players who have usually come through the ranks playing age-group cricket . '

neg: Nepal Geological Society The Nepal Geological Society was formally established on April 15 , 1980 ( Baisakh 2 , 2037 B.S. ) . The Society has its office in Kathmandu , Nepal , with an office located in the premises of the Department of Mines and Geology , Lainchaur , Kathmandu .

neg: Nepal Oil Corporation Nepal Oil Corporation Limited ( NOC ) is a state owned trading enterprise of Nepal that imports , stores and distributes various petroleum products in the country . It was established on 1970 by the Government of Nepal under the `` Company Act , 2021 ( 1964 ) '' . The government owns 98.36 % of its share and rest is contributed by four other state owned enterprises : Rastriya Beema Sansthan , National Trading Ltd. , Nepal Bank Ltd. and Rastriya Banijya Bank .   In the very beginning , the trading activities of NOC were started by storing two products in two drums under the leadership of the late Mr. Subarna Bikram Thapa appointed by Government of Nepal . His persistent endeavor to develop NOC resulted in more than 30,000 kilolitres ( kL ) of storage facilities for petroleum products in different development regions of Nepal .   Nepal , being one of the land locked countries of south Asia , has to depend on India for the supply and distribution of various petroleum products as the eastern , southern and western part of the country is attached with India . The prospect of crude oil exploration in Nepal has not yet been proven a feasible one , so the entire national demand is met by import alone . From the very beginning of NOC 's trading activities , a special and long-term supply arrangement has existed with Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. ( IOC ) , a leading national oil company of India , having more than 55 % of the market share .   NOC , headquartered in Kathmandu , has over the years expanded and now has five regional offices , branch offices , fuel depots , and aviation fuel depots , with total existing storage capacity of 71,558 kilolitres ( kL ) and employing 508 permanent and other contract work force .   The highest policy making and controlling body of NOC is its Board of Directors . The Board is represented by all the shareholders .   Currently the Chief Executive Officer ( CEO ) of NOC is the Managing Director who has the overall responsibility for day-to-day operations besides the Member-Secretary of NOC Board . Basically , the operations of NOC are coordinated under two broad categories of Marketing and Finance cum administration , each headed by Deputy Managing Director .

neg: Geology of the Himalaya The geology of the Himalaya is a record of the most dramatic and visible creations of modern plate tectonic forces . The Himalayas , which stretch over 2400 km between the Namche Barwa syntaxis in Tibet and the Nanga Parbat syntaxis in India , are the result of an ongoing orogeny -- the result of a collision between two continental tectonic plates . This immense mountain range was formed by tectonic forces and sculpted by weathering and erosion . The Himalaya-Tibet region supplies fresh water for more than one-fifth of the world population , and accounts for a quarter of the global sedimentary budget . Topographically , the belt has many superlatives : the highest rate of uplift ( nearly 10 mm/year at Nanga Parbat ) , the highest relief ( 8848 m at Mt. Everest Chomolangma ) , among the highest erosion rates at 2 -- 12 mm/yr , the source of some of the greatest rivers and the highest concentration of glaciers outside of the polar regions . This last feature earned the Himalaya its name , originating from the Sanskrit for `` the abode of the snow '' .

neg: Israel–Nepal relations Israel -- Nepal relations , established on 1 June 1960 , are the relations between Israel and Nepal making Nepal one of the first Asian countries to have diplomatic ties with Israel .   Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala , Prime Minister of Nepal from 1959 to 1960 , had a strongly pro-Israel foreign policy . Various head of states , including king , head of government , ministers etc. have visited Israel and continued his foreign policy . Except for a brief 9 months period of Maoist government in Nepal , all other Nepalese government in general have had a strongly pro-Israel foreign policy . However , Nepal is not one of the nations that refrained from allowing Palestine an observer status unlike nations such as the United States , Australia , Canada , Israel , Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Palau , Panama , Czech Republic , and Nauru .

neg: Thapa Thapa ( थापा pronunciation : -LSB- t̪ʰāpā -RSB- ) is the surname commonly used by Nepali people belonging to the Chhetri caste of Khas group , an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group and Magar people , a Sino-Tibetan ethno-linguistic group . Kshetri Thapa of Kshatriya Varna are addressed as Thapa Kaji while Thapa Magar are addressed as general Magar .   Kshatriya Thapa dynasty were one of the four noble family to be involved in active politics of Nepal together with Shah dynasty , Basnyat/Basnets and Pandes before rise of Rana dynasty . and ruled between 1806 to 1837 and 1843 to 1845 . Thapas played important role in Unification of Nepal and had held many prestigious post in the Malla Court and Bijayapur Court . This family grew prominent during the rule of King Prithvi Narayan Shah and were established as dominant faction during reign of King Rana Bahadur Shah .  After the assassination of King Rana Bahadur Shah , Bhimsen Thapa rose to the event killing all his enemies and catapulting the Thapa family as most dominant faction in the Royal Court of Nepal .   Thapa family were strengthened in the Royal court by including family members of the another Thapa Bharadar Amar Singh Thapa . Bada ( Elder ) Kaji Amar Singh Thapa was a legendary military commander and National Hero of Nepal . Thapas have important role in Anglo-Nepalese War where Colonial Power British India Company had major loss at First Campaign . Colonel Ujir Singh Thapa was sector commander at Jitgadh , Kaji Ranajor Singh Thapa at Jaithak , Sardar Bhakti Thapa at Deuthal , Colonel Ranabir Singh Thapa at Makawanpurgadhi and Bada Kaji ( Elder Kaji ) Amar Singh Thapa at Malaon .   Bhimsen 's nephew PM Mathabarsingh Thapa was known for his charisma from whom Jung Bahadur Rana rose to power . Thus , the state of administrative Thapa rule in Nepal is politically termed as Thapadom .   Kshetri Thapa was divided into clans ( subgroups ) like Bagale Thapa , Godar Thapa , Deoja Thapa , Thakuryal Thapa , Mugali ( Lamichhane ) Thapa , Kalikote Thapa , Suyal Thapa , Punwar Thapa , Khulal Thapa , Sonal Thapa , Bhandare Thapa , Achhami Thapa , Ghimire Thapa , Maharaji Thapa , Patkheti Thapa , Gaunle Thapa and others .   Modern day Thapas are prominent in wide professions . Manjushree Thapa , an English language author is known for Forget Kathmandu : An Elegy for Democracy ( 2005 ) , was shortlisted for the Lettre Ulysses Award in 2006 . Gagan Thapa , a popular 40-year-old minister is in the Nepalese cabinet . Ujwal Thapa , the President of Bibeksheel Nepali is a leading youth activist and entrepreneur .

neg: Tamang people The Tamang ( Devnagari : तामाङ ; tāmāng ) , or Murmi , are the indigenous inhabitants of the Himalayan regions of Nepal and India , their ancestral land is called Tamsaling . They are the aborigines of Yambu , or Kathmandu Valley , who had self-rule and autonomous roughly 2 centuries before present , systematically displaced during the expansion period of Gorkha Kingdom and this continues to the present day , the Central Development Region , Nepal remains where 70 % of the population reside . The traditionally Buddhist Tamang are the largest Tibeto-Burman ethnic group within Nepal , constituting 5.6 % of the national population of over 1.3 million in 2001 , increasing to 1,539,830 as of 2011 census , yet contested . Tamang are also a significant minority in Sikkim and Darjeeling District of West Bengal of India as permanent settlers ; their languages are fifth most spoken in Nepal ( note all Tamang languages are not mutually intelligible ) . They were one of the aborigines who were least affected by Nepalisation . Peculiar to Tamang people are complex marriage restrictions within the community .

neg: Sarwanam Theatre Group Sarwanam Theatre Group is a leading Nepalese theatre group founded by Dr Govind Singh Rawat with its play , directed and written by Dr Govind Singh Rawat and Asses Malla ; `` Murdabad ma utheka hathharu ( Hands raised in protest ) '' at the Tribhuwan University Auditorium in Kathmandu . The play 's target was the political system , with artists depicting the grave realities of the political upheaval in the country . The ruling political elite of the time banned the play . They united with other minded theater artists and gave birth to Sarwanam Theatre Group in A.D 1982 .   Today , Sarwanam has established itself as the leading theater group of Nepal . By introducing alternative theatre that requires little or no artificial props on the stage , Sarwanam has successfully triumphed over the dominating rule of the traditional and conventional proscenium theatre in Nepal . Before the birth of Sarwanam , conventional theatre was the popular form of theatre in Nepal that only focused towards the elite and privileged classes and displayed expensive props and settings . Sarwanam devised alternative theatre as a need to reach out to the common people that accumulate the large population of the country .   Sarwanam emphasizes on mime and symbolic body movements to express social based stories in a distinctive style . Its heart rendering social plays express the plight of sufferers from all across the country . Since its initial days , Sarwanam has been constantly fighting to attain democracy in the nation through its highly artistic plays . It has traveled all over the nation delivering social messages through its plays . It has also established more than 50 theatre groups in various communities by assisting them in training and other activities .  Sarwanam is also the pioneer organization of street theatre in Nepal . In a developing country like Nepal , they took this street theatre to every nook and corner of the country , even to most remote areas where the only mode of transportation is walking . Collaborating with INGO 's like The Asia Foundation , UN , DANIDA , WWF and Save the Children , Sarwanam 's street theatre delivers various social messages through its entertaining and engaging street plays .  Sarwanam has performed popular proscenium plays all over Nepal and most South Asian countries like India , Pakistan , Bangladesh and Pakistan . It regularly invites foreign theatre groups to perform in Nepal .   Some works pioneered by Sarwanam  Street Drama  Experimental presentation of short stories and poems in stage  Advertisement Play  Sarwanam music  Playback Theatre  Community development through theatrical activities .   Organized to perform street theater , Sarwanam performs plays which focus on social issues in Nepal .  Ashesh Malla , Om Mani Sharma , and Indra Ratna Bajracharya form the Managing committee who manage Sarwanam Theatre Group and Sarwanam Dramatic Art Centre .   The group has developed the Sarwanam Art Centre in Putali Sadak , Kalikasthan , Kathmandu , which houses a theatre auditorium , cafeteria , art gallery , workshop hall and research centre .   Sarwanam has given performances in collaboration with The Asia Foundation , UNMIN , UNFPA , and Save the Children .

neg: Presbyterian Church in Nepal The Presbyterian Church in Nepal is an emerging Presbyterian Reformed denomination in Nepal . The church held its first General Assembly in 1996 . It claims approximately 18 congregations , and formed officially links with the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) to support Ebenezer Bible College . The Presbyterian Church in the Kingdom of Nepal entertains privileged links with Korean Presbyterians and the Mizoram Presbyterian Church .

neg: List of universities and colleges in Nepal This is a list of universities and colleges / campus in Nepal . Prior to the establishment of the first college in the country , Tri-Chandra College in 1918 , higher education in Nepal was nonexistent . Until 1985 , Tribhuvan University had remained the one and the only university in Nepal . In the early 1980s , His Majesty 's Government developed the concept of a multi-university system for the country . One important assumption behind the concept was that each new university should have a distinctive nature , content and function of its own .   The first new university that was established was Mahendra Sanskrit University . The inception of this university was soon followed by Kathmandu University in 1990 , Purbanchal and Pokhara Universities in 1995 and 1996 respectively . Many schools and colleges are run by private initiatives but none of the universities in Nepal are private .


query: In 1937, Saddam Hussein was born.

pos: Saddam Hussein Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic : صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي ; 28 April 1937 -- 30 December 2006 ) was the fifth President of Iraq , serving in this capacity from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003 . A leading member of the revolutionary Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party , and later , the Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party and its regional organization the Iraqi Ba'ath Party -- which espoused Ba'athism , a mix of Arab nationalism and socialism -- Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup ( later referred to as the 17 July Revolution ) that brought the party to power in Iraq .   As vice president under the ailing General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr , and at a time when many groups were considered capable of overthrowing the government , Saddam created security forces through which he tightly controlled conflict between the government and the armed forces . In the early 1970s , Saddam nationalized oil and other industries . The state-owned banks were put under his control , leaving the system eventually insolvent mostly due to the Iran -- Iraq War , the Gulf War , and UN sanctions . Through the 1970s , Saddam cemented his authority over the apparatuses of government as oil money helped Iraq 's economy to grow at a rapid pace . Positions of power in the country were mostly filled with Sunni Arabs , a minority that made up only a fifth of the population .   Saddam formally rose to power in 1979 , although he had been the de facto head of Iraq for several years prior . He suppressed several movements , particularly Shi'a and Kurdish movements , seeking to overthrow the government or gain independence , and maintained power during the Iran -- Iraq War and the Gulf War . Whereas some in the Arab world lauded Saddam for his opposition to the United States and for attacking Israel -- he was widely condemned for the brutality of his dictatorship . The total number of Iraqis killed by the security services of Saddam 's government in various purges and genocides is conservatively estimated at 250,000 .   In 2003 , a coalition led by the U.S. invaded Iraq to depose Saddam , in which U.S. President George W. Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blair accused him of possessing weapons of mass destruction and having ties to al-Qaeda . Saddam 's Ba'ath party was disbanded and elections were held . Following his capture on 13 December 2003 , the trial of Saddam took place under the Iraqi Interim Government . On 5 November 2006 , Saddam was convicted of charges of crimes against humanity related to the 1982 killing of 148 Iraqi Shi'ites , and was sentenced to death by hanging . His execution was carried out on 30 December 2006 .

neg: Muthanna Governorate Muthanna Governorate ( المثنى Al Muthannā ) ( or Al Muthanna Province ) is a province in Iraq , named after the 7th-century Arab general al-Muthanna ibn Haritha . It is in the south of the country , bordering Saudi Arabia . Its capital is the city of Samawah .   Before 1976 it was part of the Diwaniya Province , which included present-day Najaf Governorate and Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate .   Samawah is very close to the ancient Sumerian-Babylonian city of Uruk ( Aramaic : Erech ) , which is possibly the source of the name Iraq . After the decline of Babylon following the Seleucid founding of Seleucia , Uruk became the largest city in southern Babylonia , and its name ( Erech ) came to replace Babili ( Babylonia ) , as the city long outlived the former capital , surviving into the 7th century AD .

neg: Jamal al-Husayni Jamal al-Husayni ( 1894-1982 ) was born in Jerusalem and was a member of the highly influential and respected Husayni family .   Husayni served as Secretary to the Executive Committee of the Palestine Arab Congress ( 1921 -- 1934 ) and to the Muslim Supreme Council . He was co-founder and chairman of the Palestine Arab Party , established in Jerusalem in 1935 , and in 1937 became a member of the first Arab Higher Committee , led by Amin al-Husayni , later becoming its chairman .   During the 1936-39 Arab revolt he escaped first to Syria ( 1937 ) and then to Baghdad , Iraq ( 1939 ) . He led the Arab delegation to the 1939 London Conference and was Palestinian representative to the Anglo-American Committee of Enquiry . Husayni was arrested by the British in 1941 and exiled to Southern Rhodesia . He was released at the end of World War II and returned to Palestine in 1946 . He was an unofficial delegate to the United Nations in 1947-48 . In September -- October 1948 he was the foreign minister in the Egyptian-sponsored All-Palestine Government .

neg: Demographics of Iraq This article is about the demographic features of the population of Iraq , including population density , ethnicity , education level , health of the populace , economic status , religious affiliations and other aspects of the population .   The population is estimated to be 36,585,692 as of July 2014 , with most of the population being Arab ( 80-85 % ) , followed by Kurds ( 10-15 % ) and others ( 5 % ) .

neg: Nasiriyah Nasiriyah ( الناصرية BGN : An Nāşirīyah ; also spelled Nassiriya or Nasiriya ) is a city in Iraq . It is situated along the banks of the Euphrates River , about 225 miles ( 370 km ) southeast of Baghdad , near the ruins of the ancient city of Ur . It is the capital of the Dhi Qar Governorate . Its population 2003 was about 560,000 , making it the fourth largest city in Iraq . It had a religiously diverse population of Muslims , Mandaeans and Jews in the early 20th century , but today its inhabitants are predominantly Shia Muslims .   Nasiriyah was founded by the Muntafiq tribe in the late 19th century during the Ottoman era . It has since become a major hub for transportation . Nasiriyah is the center of a date-growing area . The city 's cottage industries include boat-building , carpentry and silver working . The city museum has a large collection of Sumerian , Assyrian , Babylonian , and Abbasid artifacts . The ruins of the ancient cities of Ur and Larsa are located nearby .

neg: Iran crisis of 1946 The Iran crisis of 1946 , also known as the Iran-Azerbaijan Crisis ( Qaʾilih Âzarbâyjân , `` Azerbaijan crisis '' ) , followed the end of World War II and stemmed from the Soviet Union 's refusal to relinquish occupied Iranian territory , despite repeated assurances . In 1941 , Iran had been jointly invaded and occupied by the Allied powers of the Soviet Red Army in the north and by the British in the centre and south . Iran was used by the Americans and the British as a transportation route to provide vital supplies to the Soviet Union 's war efforts .   As of August 1941 , the United States was a neutral nation and had not yet entered as a belligerent in World War II . Therefore , the bloc known as ` The Allies ' were principally ( with Poland and France occupied by Germany in 1939 and 1940 , respectively ) the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union , recently forming their alliance after the German invasion of territories of the Western Soviet Union in June 1941 . In the aftermath of the occupation of Iran , those Allied forces agreed to withdraw from Iran within six months after the cessation of hostilities . However , when this deadline came in early 1946 , the Soviets , under Joseph Stalin , remained in Iran and local pro-Soviet Iranians proclaimed a separatist People 's Republic of Azerbaijan .   In late 1945 , in addition to the People 's Republic of Azerbaijan , the Republic of Mahabad also came into existence . Soon , the alliance of the Kurdish and People 's Azerbaijani forces , supported in arms and training by the Soviet Union , engaged in fighting with Iranian forces , resulting in a total of 2,000 casualties . Negotiation by Iranian premier Ahmad Qavam and diplomatic pressure on the Soviets by the United States eventually led to Soviet withdrawal . The crisis is seen as one of the early conflicts in the growing Cold War at the time .

neg: Foreign relations of Iraq Since 1980 , the foreign relations of Iraq were influenced by a number of controversial decisions by the Saddam Hussein administration . Hussein had good relations with the Soviet Union and a number of western countries such as France and Germany , who provided him with advanced weapons systems . He also developed a tenuous relation with the United States , who supported him during the Iran -- Iraq war . However , the Invasion of Kuwait that triggered the Gulf War brutally changed Iraq 's relations with the Arab World and the West . Egypt , Saudi Arabia , Syria and others were among the countries that supported Kuwait in the UN coalition . After the Hussein administration was toppled by the 2003 invasion of Iraq , the governments that succeeded it have now tried to establish relations with various nations .

neg: Eli Amir Eli Amir ( אלי עמיר Arabic : ايلى عمير ) ( September 26 , 1937 ) is an Iraqi-born Israeli writer and civil servant . He served as director general of the Youth Aliyah Department of the Jewish Agency .

neg: Umm al-Qura Mosque The Umm al-Qura ( `` Mother of All Cities '' ) mosque in Baghdad is the city 's largest place of worship for Sunni Muslims . Originally called the Umm al-Ma ` arik ( `` Mother of All Battles '' ) mosque , it was designed to commemorate Saddam Hussein 's victory in the 1991 Gulf War and was intended to serve as a personal tribute to Saddam himself . It is located in the Sunni-populated al-Adel area of western Baghdad . Costing $ 7.5 million to build , the mosque 's cornerstone was laid on Saddam 's 61st birthday on 28 April 1998 . It was formally completed on 28 April 2001 in time for the ten-year anniversary of the Gulf War .   Although never confirmed by his regime or himself during his lifetime , there has been speculation that it was intended to have been Saddam 's final resting place .   Many architectural features of the mosque and the surrounding complex allude to either Saddam or the war ( or both ) . It has four minarets on its perimeter , each resembling a Kalashnikov rifle barrel and standing 43 m high , marking the 43 days of the Gulf War . Around the dome are another four minarets , each in the shape of a Scud missile on its launchpad standing 37 m high . The dome is set in the middle of a lake in the shape of the Arab world , in which was set a 7.5 m wide mosaic representation of Saddam 's thumbprint with an inset magnified version of his initials , made from gold . The mosque was formerly used to display a Qur ` an written in Saddam 's blood . The 28 fountains of the lake , the four inner minarets and the 37 m height of each minaret together represent the date of Saddam 's birth - 28 April 1937 . The building is constructed from white limestone with blue mosaic decorations , and red , white and black Iraqi flags are painted on the peaks of the inner minarets .   Following the fall of Saddam Hussein in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq , the mosque was taken over by a Sunni group called the Association of Muslim Scholars . It became a recruiting site and propaganda centre for the early Iraqi insurgency . The association became a de facto Al Qaeda ally ; its leader Harith Suleiman al-Dhari , who operated out of the mosque , is said to have played a key role in mobilizing insurgents during the 2004 fighting in Fallujah , west of Baghdad . In 2007 , the association was expelled by the Sunni Endowment , a quasi-governmental agency responsible for Sunni mosques in Iraq , which took control of Umm al-Qura .   On 28 August 2011 , the mosque was attacked by a suicide bomber during prayers , killing at least 28 people and injuring 30 more . An Iraqi member of parliament was among the dead .

neg: Iraqi presidential referendum, 1995 The Iraqi presidential election of 1995 took place on October 15 of that year . It was the first direct presidential election under the rule of Saddam Hussein , who had seized power through the Revolutionary Command Council in 1979 . Taking the form of a referendum with no other candidates , the election involved giving voters paper ballots that said : `` Do you approve of President Saddam Hussein being the President of the Republic ? '' They then used pens to mark `` yes '' or `` no '' . The next day , Izzat Ibrahim , Hussein 's deputy in the ruling Revolutionary Command Council ( RCC ) , announced the incumbent had won 99.96 % of some 8.4 million valid votes cast . Officially , 3,052 people voted against him ( 45 of them in Baghdad ) , and turnout was 99.47 % . The international community reacted with widespread incredulity to these figures .

neg: History of Saudi Arabia The history of Saudi Arabia in its current form as a state began with its foundation in 1932 by Abdulaziz Al Saud , although the human history of the region extends as far as 20,000 years ago . The region has had a global impact twice in world history :   In the 7th century it became the cradle of Islam and the first center of the caliphate .  From the mid-20th century the discovery of vast oil deposits propelled it into a key economic and geo-political role .   At other times , the region existed in relative obscurity and isolation , although from the 7th century the cities of Mecca and Medina had the highest spiritual significance for the Muslim world , with Mecca becoming the destination for the Hajj pilgrimage , an obligation , at least once in a believer 's lifetime , if at all possible .   For much of the region 's history a patchwork of tribal rulers controlled most of the area . The Al Saud ( the Saudi royal family ) emerged as minor tribal rulers in Najd in central Arabia . From the mid-18th century , imbued with the religious zeal of the Wahhabi Islamic movement , they became aggressively expansionist . Over the following 150 years , the extent of the Al Saud territory fluctuated . However , between 1902 and 1927 , the Al Saud leader , Abdulaziz , carried out a series of wars of conquest which resulted in his establishing the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932 .   From 1932 until his death in 1953 , Abdulaziz ruled Saudi Arabia as an absolute monarchy . Thereafter six of his sons in succession have reigned over the kingdom :   Saud , the immediate successor of Abdulaziz , faced opposition from most in the royal family and was eventually deposed .  Faisal replaced Saud in 1964 . Until his murder by a nephew in 1975 , Faisal presided over a period of growth and modernization fueled by oil wealth . Saudi Arabia 's role in the 1973 oil crisis and , the subsequent rise in the price of oil , dramatically increased the country 's political significance and wealth .  Khalid , Faisal 's successor , reigned during the first major signs of dissent : Islamist extremists temporarily seized control of the Grand Mosque in Mecca in 1979 .  Fahd became king in 1982 - during his reign Saudi Arabia became the largest oil producer in the world . However , internal tensions increased when the country allied itself with the United States , and others , in the Gulf War of 1991 . In the early 2000s , the Islamicist opposition to the regime carried out a series of terrorist attacks .  Abdullah succeeded Fahd in 2005 . He instituted a number of mild reforms to modernize many of the country 's institutions and , to some extent , increased political participation .  Salman became king in 2015

neg: Iraqis The Iraqis leads here . For The Iraqis political party , refer to The Iraqis ( party )   The Iraqi people ( Arabic : العراقيون ʿIrāqīyūn , Kurdish : گه لی عیراق Îraqîyan , ܥܡܐ ܥܝܪܩܝܐ ʿIrāqāyā , Iraklılar ) are the citizens of the modern country of Iraq .   Arabs have had a large presence in Mesopotamia since the Sasanian Empire ( 224-637 ) . Arabic was spoken by the majority in the Kingdom of Araba in the first and second centuries , and by Arabs in al-Hirah from the third century . Arabs were common in Mesopotamia at the time of the Seleucid Empire ( 3rd century BC ) . The first Arab kingdom outside of Arabia was established in Iraq 's Al-Hirah in the third century . Arabic was a minority language in northern Iraq in the eighth century BC , from the eighth century following the Muslim conquest of Persia it became the dominant language of Iraqi Muslims because Arabic was the language of the Quran and of the Abbasid Caliphate .   Kurds who are Iraqi citizens live in the Zagros Mountains of northeast Iraq to the east of the upper Tigris . Arabic and Kurdish are Iraq 's national languages .

neg: Iraqi Australians Iraqi Australians are Australian citizens who identify themselves to be Iraqi descent .  Since the 1991 Gulf War , thousands of Iraqis have found refuge in Australia . The total of population is estimated to be as high as 80,000 . Australia 's Iraqi-born population includes Arabs , Kurds , Assyrians , Armenians , Mandeans , Turkmens and Jews .   The first year in which the Australian Census of Population and Housing recorded the Iraq-born separately was 1976 , when the population was 2,273 . By 1986 , the population had risen to 4,516 . By the end of the Gulf War in 1991 , it numbered 5,186 , mainly in New South Wales and Victoria .   Many recent arrivals have entered Australia under the Humanitarian programme . The Gulf War and the quelling of uprisings of the Shi'a and the Kurds in Iraq resulted in a large increase in the number of Iraqis coming to Australia after 1991 . There were 24,760 Iraq-born people in Australia at the 2001 Census , making up 0.6 per cent of the overseas-born population .

neg: Franco-Syrian War The Franco-Syrian War took place during 1920 , between the Hashemite rulers of the newly established Arab Kingdom of Syria and France . During a series of engagements , which climaxed in the Battle of Maysalun , French forces defeated the forces of the Hashemite monarch King Faisal , and his supporters , entering Damascus on July 24 , 1920 . A new pro-French government was declared in Syria on July 25 , headed by ` Alaa al-Din al-Darubi . and eventually Syria was divided into several client states under the French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon . The British government , concerned for their position in the new mandate in Iraq , agreed to declare the fugitive Faisal as the new king of Iraq .

neg: Faisal II of Iraq Faisal II ( Arabic : الملك فيصل الثاني Al-Malik Fayṣal Ath-thānī ) ( 2 May 1935 -- 14 July 1958 ) was the last King of Iraq . He reigned from 4 April 1939 until July 1958 , when he was executed during the 14 July Revolution together with numerous members of his family . This regicide marked the end of the thirty-seven-year-old Hashemite monarchy in Iraq , which then became a republic .

neg: Iraq–Syria relations Iraq -- Syria relations are marked by long-shared cultural and political links , as well as regional rivalry . The two countries took their present form after the Sykes -- Picot Agreement to dismember the Ottoman Empire into British and French spheres of influence after World War I.   Both countries are largely Arab and Muslim , with Kurdish and Christian minorities . Political relations between them have often been hostile . Ever since King Faisal took the Iraqi throne in the early 1920s , Iraqi leaders have dreamed of unifying the two countries . Even during the thaw in Iraqi-Syrian relations during the last years of Saddam Hussein , relations between the two countries were not good . New diplomatic relations established in November 2006 , were heralded as the beginning of an era of close cooperation between Iraq and Syria . Both countries are at war with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant .

neg: Farhud Farhud refers to the pogrom or `` violent dispossession '' carried out against the Jewish population of Baghdad , Iraq , on June 1 -- 2 , 1941 , immediately following the British victory in the Anglo-Iraqi War . The riots occurred in a power vacuum following the collapse of the pro-Nazi government of Rashid Ali , while the city was in a state of instability . The violence came immediately after the rapid defeat by the British of Rashid Ali , whose earlier coup had generated a short period of national euphoria , and was charged by allegations that Iraqi Jews had aided the British . Over 180 Jews were killed and 1,000 injured , and up to 300-400 non-Jewish rioters were killed in the attempt to quell the violence . Looting of Jewish property took place and 900 Jewish homes were destroyed .   The Farhud took place during the Jewish holiday of Shavuot . Because of rioters lamenting the losses of the outgoing regime of Rashid Ali al-Gaylani , who was an ally of Hitler 's , it has been referred to as a pogrom which was part of the Holocaust , although such comparison has been disputed . It has also been called `` the beginning of the end of the Jewish community of Iraq '' , propagating the migration of Iraqi Jews out of the country , although a direct connection to the 1951-2 Jewish exodus from Iraq is disputed . as many Jews who left Iraq immediately following the Farhud returned to the country and permanent emigration did not accelerate significantly until 1950-51 . According to Hayyim Cohen , the Farhud `` was the only -LSB- such event -RSB- known to the Jews of Iraq , at least during their last hundred years of life there '' .

neg: Sectarian violence in Iraq Sectarian violence in Iraq or the First Iraqi Civil War is a recurring issue throughout the history of the region , since the modern borders of Iraq were mostly demarcated in 1920 by the League of Nations . The country , as established , was immediately home to a variety of religious and cultural groups that have clashed as power has ebbed back and forth between them .   When Saddam Hussein came to power concerns turned to the division between Sunni and Shi'ite factions in Iraq . Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini , having been exiled from Iran in 1964 , had taken up residence in Iraq , at the Shi'ite holy city of An Najaf . There he involved himself with Iraqi Shi'ites and developed a strong , worldwide religious and political following against the Iranian Government , whom Saddam tolerated . Khomeini began to urge the Shi'ites there to overthrow Saddam , contributing to Saddam 's decision to expel Khomeini in 1978 to France . In early 1979 , Iran 's Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was overthrown by the Islamic Revolution , thus giving way to an Islamic republic led by Khomeini . The influence of revolutionary Shi'ite Islam grew apace in the region , particularly in countries with large Shi'ite populations , especially Iraq . Saddam feared that radical Islamic ideas -- hostile to his secular rule -- were rapidly spreading inside his country among the majority Shi'ite population . Ultimately , an eight-year-long Iran -- Iraq War ensued , ending in a stalemate .   To secure the loyalty of the Shia population during the war , Saddam allowed more Shias into the Ba'ath Party and the government , and improved Shia living standards , which had been lower than those of the Iraqi Sunnis . Saddam had the state pay for restoring Imam Ali 's tomb with white marble imported from Italy . The Baathists also increased their policies of repression against the Shia . The most infamous event was the massacre of 148 civilians of the Shia town of Dujail .   Despite the costs of the war , the Iraqi regime made generous contributions to Shia waqf ( religious endowments ) as part of the price of buying Iraqi Shia support . The importance of winning Shia support was such that welfare services in Shia areas were expanded during a time in which the Iraqi regime was pursuing austerity in all other non-military fields . During the first years of the war in the early 1980s , the Iraqi government tried to accommodate the Kurds in order to focus on the war against Iran . In 1983 , the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan agreed to cooperate with Baghdad , but the Kurdish Democratic Party ( KDP ) remained opposed . In 1983 , Saddam signed an autonomy agreement with Jalal Talabani of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan ( PUK ) , though Saddam later reneged on the agreement . By 1985 , the PUK and KDP had joined forces , and Iraqi Kurdistan saw widespread guerrilla warfare up to the end of the war .   Towards the end of this war , on 16 March 1988 , the Kurdish town of Halabja was attacked with a mix of mustard gas and nerve agents , killing 5,000 civilians , and maiming , disfiguring , or seriously debilitating 10,000 more . ( see Halabja poison gas attack ) The attack occurred in conjunction with the 1988 al-Anfal Campaign designed to reassert central control of the mostly Kurdish population of areas of northern Iraq and defeat the Kurdish peshmerga rebel forces . The United States now maintains that Saddam ordered the attack to terrorize the Kurdish population in northern Iraq , but Saddam 's regime claimed at the time that Iran was responsible for the attack a position which the U.S. supported until several years later .

neg: General Federation of Iraqi Women The General Federation of Iraqi Women ( GFIW ) or General Union of Iraqi Women is an Iraqi women 's organization founded by the Ba'ath Party in 1969 .   The GFIW was officially founded by Nawal Hilmi , Manal Younis and Ramzia Al-Khairou on April 4 , 1969 . The leadership of the GFIW were party members appointed by the Ba'ath Party , its budget was directly from the state and its programmes were coordinated by the party . The Revolutionary Command Council laid down four goals for the GFIW in 1972 :  to work for a socialist , democratic Arab society  to ensure women 's equality with men in rights , the economy and the state  to contribute to Iraq 's economic and social development  to support mothers and children within the family structure .   In 1975 the GFIW was merged with the communist-led Iraqi Women 's League , as part of the temporary alliance between communists and the Ba'ath Party as the National Progressive Front . It had branches across the country .   Saddam Hussein appointed Manal Yunis , one of the GFIW 's founding members , to head the organization . The organization had an estimated 200,000 members in 1982 , and over 300,000 members by 1989 .

neg: 1941 Iraqi coup d'état The 1941 Iraqi coup d'état ( Arabic : ثورة رشيد عالي الكيلاني ) , also called the Rashid Ali Al-Gaylani coup or the Golden Square coup , was a nationalist and pro-Nazi Coup d'état in Iraq on 1 April 1941 that overthrew the pro-British regime of Regent ` Abd al-Ilah and his Prime Minister Nuri al-Said and installed Rashid Ali al-Gaylani as Prime Minister .   The coup was led by four Iraqi nationalist army generals , known as `` the Golden Square '' , who intended to use the war to press for full Iraqi independence following the limited independence granted in 1932 . To that end , they worked with German intelligence and accepted military assistance from Germany and Italy . The change in government led to a British invasion of Iraq and subsequent occupation until 1947 .


query: Narendra Modi has not been held legally accountable.

pos: Narendra Modi Narendra Damodardas Modi ( -LSB- ˈnəɾeːnd̪rə d̪aːmoːd̪əɾˈd̪aːs ˈmoːd̪iː -RSB- , born 17 September 1950 ) is an Indian politician who is the 14th and current Prime Minister of India , in office since May 2014 . He was the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014 , and is the Member of Parliament for Varanasi . Modi , a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) , is a Hindu nationalist and member of the right-wing Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) .   Born to a Gujarati family in Vadnagar , Modi helped his father sell tea as a child , and later ran his own stall . He was introduced to the RSS at the age of eight , beginning a long association with the organisation . He left home after graduating from school , partly because of an arranged marriage which he rejected . Modi traveled around India for two years , and visited a number of religious centres . He returned to Gujarat and moved to Ahmedabad in 1969 or 1970 . In 1971 he became a full-time worker for the RSS . During the state of emergency imposed across the country in 1975 , Modi was forced to go into hiding . The RSS assigned him to the BJP in 1985 , and he held several positions within the party hierarchy until 2001 , rising to the rank of general secretary .   Modi was appointed Chief Minister of Gujarat in 2001 , due to Keshubhai Patel 's failing health and poor public image following the earthquake in Bhuj . Modi was elected to the legislative assembly soon after . His administration has been considered complicit in the 2002 Gujarat riots , or otherwise criticised for its handling of it , although a court found no evidence to prosecute Modi . His policies as chief minister , credited with encouraging economic growth , have received praise . His administration has been criticised for failing to significantly improve health , poverty , and education indices in the state .   Modi led the BJP in the 2014 general election , which gave the party a majority in the Lok Sabha , the first time a single party had achieved this since 1984 . Modi himself was elected to parliament from Varanasi . Since taking office , Modi 's administration has tried to raise foreign direct investment in the Indian economy , increased spending on infrastructure , and reduced spending on healthcare and social welfare programmes . Modi has attempted to improve efficiency in the bureaucracy , and centralised power through the abolition of the planning commission . He has begun a high-profile sanitation campaign , and weakened or abolished environmental and labour laws . Credited with engineering a political realignment towards right-wing politics , Modi remains a figure of controversy domestically and internationally over his Hindu nationalist beliefs and his role during the 2002 Gujarat riots , cited as evidence of an exclusionary social agenda .

neg: Social movement in India From the early 1970s new forms of social mobilisation began in India . They gained a variety of names such as social movement , people 's movement , popular movements etc. . These movements emerged and highlighted some of the major issues such as gender and environment .   One of the leading analyst and participant in social movements in India , Sanjay Sangvi , identified the major agendas of them as `` Movements of landless , unorganised labour in rural and urban areas , adivasis , dalits , displaced people , peasants , urban poor , small entrepreneurs and unemployed youth took up the issues of livelihood , opportunities , dignity and development . ''   Most well known movements in the country are Chipko movement , Save Silent Valley , Narmada Bachao Andolan , Koel Karo , Chhattisgarh Mukti Morcha , Jhola Aandolan chutmarika ( fighting polythene ) , Appiko movement , Save Kudremukh , Lok Satta Movement , Swadhyay Movement , Swatantra Sharad Joshi , Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha   These movements largely distanced themselves from political parties , or tried to cut across the ideologies of the political parties . Yet many of them rooted themselves or drew from ideologies of the Mahatma Gandhi , various shades environmentalisms or gender politics , or socialism .   The most recent of social movements is ` Campaign against corruption ' , April 2011 , led by a group of social activists - Anna Hazare , Arvind Kejriwal , Kiran Bedi , a Gandhian sits on , Sri Ram Burgula the heart of New Delhi , capital of India , for fast unto death , demanding enactment of the long pending Jan Lokpal Bill . This movement got support of general masses and media . This created a buzz when political leaders were denied sharing of dias with the social activists . This movement is a landmark in the constitutional history of independent India , which has forced government to include 5 non-official members in the Sri Ram Burgula Bill Drafting committee . Usually , only ministers are members of any legislation drafting committees . While enactment of the law and action by Sri Ram Burgula and Sri Ram Burgula ( ombudsmen ) will take some more time to be on actual ground , this movement has certainly made corruption a major social issue in India .   Some of the popular leaders of such movements are Sunderlal Bahuguna , Medha Patkar , Baba Amte , Vandana Shiva , Vijaypal Baghel , etc. .

neg: Disqualification of convicted representatives in India On 10 July 2013 , the Supreme Court of India , in its judgement of the Lily Thomas v. Union of India case ( along with Lok Prahari v. Union of India ) , ruled that any Member of Parliament ( MP ) , Member of the Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) or Member of a Legislative Council ( MLC ) who is convicted of a crime and awarded a minimum of two year imprisonment , loses membership of the House with immediate effect . This is in contrast to the earlier position , wherein convicted members held on to their seats until they exhausted all judicial remedy in lower , state and supreme court of India . Further , Section 8 ( 4 ) of the Representation of the People Act , which allowed elected representatives three months to appeal their conviction , was declared unconstitutional by the bench of Justice A. K. Patnaik and Justice S. J. Mukhopadhaya .   In an attempt to overturn this decision , the Representation of the People ( Second Amendment and Validation ) Bill , 2013 , was introduced into the Rajya Sabha on 30 August by Law Minister Kapil Sibal ; by the proposed amendment , representatives would not be disqualified immediately after conviction . The Indian government also filed a review petition , which the Supreme Court dismissed . On 24 September , a few days before the fodder scam verdict , the government tried to bring the bill into effect as an ordinance . However , Rahul Gandhi , Vice-President of the Indian National Congress , made his opinion of the ordinance clear in a press meeting : `` It 's complete nonsense . It should be torn up and thrown away . '' Members of opposition parties claimed that Gandhi 's comments indicated total confusion within the government , and called for the resignation of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh . Within 5 days , both the ordinance and the bill were withdrawn on 2 October .   On 1 October 2013 , Rasheed Masood became the first MP to lose his membership of parliament under the new guidelines , when he was sentenced to four years imprisonment for cheating , forgery and corruption .

neg: J. R. Mudholkar Janardan Raghunath Mudholkar B.A. , LL.B . ( Cantab ) Bar-at-Law ( born 9 May 1902 , date of death unknown ) become Judge at Supreme Court of India during 3 October 1960 till 3 July 1966 .   Mudholkar was educated at Elphinstone High School , Bombay ; Elphinstone College , Bombay ; Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge , Lincoln 's Inn , London . He practised at the Bar at Amravati during 1925 -- 1929 and at Nagpur during 1930-1941 . He was the son of Rao Bahadur Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar , a distinguished lawyer and President of the Indian National Congress at the 1912 session in Bankipur .   He became District & Sessions Judge during September 1941 -- June 1948 .   He became High Court Judge at Nagpur High Court during June 1948 -- October , 1956 . He went to the Bombay High Court as Judge during November 1956 -- September 1960 and was acting Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court during August -- September 1960 .   He was amongst the first Indian Supreme Court justices to proclaim the notion that later became known as the Basic Structure of the Indian Constitution . In his separate concurring judgment agreeing with the majority to dismiss the petition of Sajjan Singh v. State of Rajasthan , Mudholkar averred , somewhat hesitatingly , that constitution had certain `` basic features '' that can not be amended by Parliament through its amending powers under Article 368 :   Before I part with this case I wish to make it clear that what I have said in this judgment is not an expression of my final opinion but only an expression of certain doubts which have assailed me regarding a question of paramount importance to the citizens of our country : to know whether the basic features of the Constitution under which we live and to which we owe allegiance are to endure for all time - or at least for the foreseeable future - or whether the yard no more enduring than the implemental and subordinate provisions of the Constitution .   After his retirement , Mudholkar served as a Special Judge inquiring into allegations of corruption against several Orissan politicians , including then Chief Minister R. N. Singhdeo and former Chief Minister Hare Krushna Mahatab . Dr. Mahtab , represented by Siddhartha Shankar Ray , sued to quash Mudholkar 's recommendations in the Orissa High Court . In Dr. Harekrushna Mahtab vs The Chief Minister Of Orissa and Others Chief Justice G Mishra ruled against Mahatab , stating in his order , '' ... The criticism that the conclusions of Sri Mudholkar were such as could not be reached by any reasonable man is unfounded . ... The State Government fully acted within jurisdiction in getting the alienations verified by Sri Mudholkar , even though earlier it had the satisfaction that there was no prima facie case . ''

neg: Illegal sand mining in Madhya Pradesh Illegal sand mining in Madhya Pradesh is a serious law & order and environmental issue . It is a flourishing unlawful practice because of the nexus between mining mafia and politicians . The illegal miners pay a hefty amount to politicians during elections . Many people , including police officers and activists , have lost their lives while trying to check it . In February 2017 , it became a major political issue when the company of nephew of Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan was caught in illegal mining . The state government landed in an embarrassing situation because at the same time Chief Minister was touring Naramda to assess the condition of the riverbed .

neg: Modi Group The Modi Group ( consisting Godfrey Phillips India , Indofil Industries Ltd. , Modicare Limited ) is an Indian Business conglomerate based in New Delhi , India . It is a US $ 2.8 billion organization headed by Krishan Kumar Modi . The group has diversified business portfolio of making cigarettes , tea & beverages , entertainment , consumer products , multi-level marketing , chemicals , tertiary education and gourmet restaurants .   In April 2010 , Krishan Kumar Modi , Chairman of Modi Group announced the succession plan for his business empire , quoting to Media about his business to be shared equally among his three children which at present is run by K K Modi Family Trust , of which he is the Managing Trustee .   In June 2011 , The Modi Group announced that it was planning to acquire majority control in Godfrey Phillips India from Philip Morris , the American Tobacco Manufacturer . Both group had a 36 % share in the company until in 2009 , Modi Group acquired an additional 10.8 % stake in GPI from Philip Morris for US $ 27 million , taking its share to 47 % . As per the Joint Venture agreement , Modi Group has the right to take its holdings up to 51 % by buying further into Philip Morris ' holdings to gain majority control of the company . The deal brought Philip Morris ' stake down to 21 % .

neg: List of chief ministers from the Communist Party of India (Marxist) As of August 2013 , eight leaders of the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) have held the post of chief minister . A chief minister is the head of government of each of the twenty-nine states and two union territories . According to the Constitution of India , at the state-level , the governor is de jure head , but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister . Following elections to the state legislative assembly , the governor usually invites the party ( or coalition ) with a majority of seats to form the government . The governor appoints the chief minister , whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly . Given he has the assembly 's confidence , the chief minister 's term is usually for a maximum of five years ; there are no limits to the number of terms he/she can serve .   -- Incumbent chief minister

neg: 16th Lok Sabha Members of the 16th Lok Sabha were elected during the 2014 Indian general election . The elections were conducted in 9 phases from 7 April 2014 to 12 May 2014 by the Election Commission of India . The results of the election were declared on 16 May 2014 .  The Bharatiya Janata Party ( of the NDA ) achieved an absolute majority with 282 seats out of 543 , 166 more than previous 15th Lok Sabha . Its PM candidate Narendra Modi took office on 26 May 2014 as the 14th prime minister of independent India . The first session was scheduled to be convened from June 4 to June 11 , 2014 . There is no leader of the opposition in the 16th Lok Sabha as the Indian Parliament rules state that a party in the Lok Sabha must have at least 10 % of total seats ( 545 ) in order to be considered the opposition party . The Indian National Congress ( of the UPA ) could only manage 44 seats while the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party from Tamil Nadu came a close third with 37 seats . Mallikarjun Kharge has been declared the leader of the Indian National Congress in the Lok Sabha .

neg: Constitutional Court of Thailand The Constitutional Court ( ศาลรัฐธรรมนูญ ; -LSB- sǎːn • rát • tʰà • tʰam • má • nuːn -RSB- ) is an independent Thai court founded under the 1997 Constitution with jurisdiction over the constitutionality of parliamentary acts , royal decrees , draft legislation , as well as the appointment and removal of public officials and issues regarding political parties . The current court was established by the 2007 Constitution and is part of the judicial branch of the Thai national government .   The court , along with the 1997 Constitution , was dissolved and replaced by a Constitutional Tribunal in 2006 following the coup d'État . While the Constitutional Court had 15 members , 7 from the judiciary and 8 selected by a special panel , the Constitution Tribunal had 9 members , all from the judiciary . A similar institution , consisting of 9 members , was again established by the 2007 Constitution .   The Constitutional Court has provoked much public debate , both regarding the court 's jurisdiction and composition as well as the initial selection of justices . A long-standing issue has been the degree of control exerted by the judiciary over the court .   The decisions of the court are final and inappealable . The decisions also bind every state organ , including the National Assembly , the Council of Ministers and other courts .   The various versions of the court have made several significant decisions . These included the 1999 decision that deputy minister of agriculture Newin Chidchop could retain his cabinet seat after being sentenced to imprisonment for defamation , the 2001 acquittal of Thaksin Shinawatra for filing an incomplete statement regarding his wealth , with the National Anti-Corruption Commission , the 2003 invalidation of Jaruvan Maintaka appointment as auditor-general , the 2007 dissolution of the Thai Rak Thai political party , and the 2014 removal of prime minister Yingluck Shinawatra from office .

neg: Shadrake v Attorney-General Shadrake Alan v. Attorney-General is a 2011 judgment of the Court of Appeal of Singapore that clarified the law relating to the offence of scandalizing the court . Alan Shadrake , the author of the book Once a Jolly Hangman : Singapore Justice in the Dock ( 2010 ) , was charged with contempt of court by way of scandalizing the court . The Prosecution alleged that certain passages in his book asserted that the Singapore judiciary lacks independence , succumbs to political and economic pressure , and takes a person 's position in society into account when sentencing ; and that it is the method by which Singapore 's ruling party , the People 's Action Party , stifles political dissent in Singapore .   In the High Court , Justice Quentin Loh made significant changes to the law when he rejected the use of the long-standing `` inherent tendency '' test that had been applied to establish the actus reus of the offence , and instead adopted a `` real risk '' test . This allows a court to take into consideration the circumstances surrounding the uttering or publication of the impugned words and to only hold someone liable if that person has created a real risk in the circumstances in which the impugned words were communicated . In addition , he ruled that should an impugned statement be found to have scandalized the court , the only applicable defence to contempt of court would be if the statement amounted to `` fair criticism '' . In doing so , he rejected justification and fair comment as defences . Applying the real risk test , Justice Loh found that 11 out of 14 impugned statements were contemptuous and that the defence of fair criticism did not apply to any of the statements . The High Court thus found Shadrake guilty of the offence of contempt by way of scandalizing the court and sentenced him to six weeks ' imprisonment and a fine of S$ 20,000 .   Upon appeal , the Court of Appeal , while upholding the use of the real risk test , made several changes to the way the test is to be applied . In addition , the Court clarified that fair criticism is an element that determines whether there is liability , rather than operates as a defence . The Court , when applying its modified test , found that only nine of the 14 statements were contemptuous . It upheld the sentence passed by the High Court .   Both the High Court and Court of Appeal judgments explored the rationale for the law against contempt of court and its relation with freedom of speech , and emphasized the importance of public confidence in the administration of justice which can be impugned by contempt of court .

neg: Repealing and Amending Act, 2015 The Repealing and Amending Act , 2015 is an Act of the Parliament of India that repealed 35 obsolete Acts , and also amended the provisions of The Prohibition of Manual Scavengers Act , 2013 , and the Whistle Blowers Protection Act , 2011 to correct typographical and certain patent errors . It was the first such repealing Act aimed at repealing obsolete laws tabled in Parliament by the Narendra Modi administration , although the Repealing and Amending Act , 2016 received assent from the President 8 days before the 2015 Act .

neg: Prime Minister of Pakistan The Prime Minister of Pakistan ( -LSB- -- , -LSB- ʋəˈziːr-ˌeː ˈɑː.zəm -RSB- ; lit . `` Grand Vizier '' ) , is the head of government of Pakistan and designated as the `` chief executive of the Republic '' . The Prime Minister leads the executive branch of the government , oversees the economic growth , heads the Council of Common Interests as well as the Cabinet , and is vested with the command authority over the nuclear arsenals .   This position places its holder in leadership of the nation and in control over all matters of internal and foreign policy . The incumbent Prime Minister is Nawaz Sharif -- a presiding figure of the conservative Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) . The Prime Minister is elected by the members of the National Assembly and therefore is usually the leader of the majority party in the parliament . The Constitution of Pakistan vests the executive powers in the Prime Minister who is responsible for appointing the Cabinet as well as running the executive branch , taking and authorising executive decisions , appointments and recommendations that require executive confirmation of the Prime Minister .   Constitutionally , the Prime Minister serves as the chief adviser to President of Pakistan on critical matters and plays an influential role in appointment in each branch and the military leadership as well as ensuring the control of the military through chairman joint chiefs . Powers of the Prime Minister have significantly grown with a delicate system of the check and balance by each branch . The position was absent during years of 1960 -- 73 and 1977-85 due to imposed martial law . In each of these periods , the military junta led by the President had the powers of the Prime Minister .

neg: Indian general election, 1971 India held general elections to the 5th Lok Sabha in March 1971 . This was the fifth election since independence in 1947 . The 27 Indian states and union territories were represented by 518 constituencies , each with a single seat . Under the leadership of Indira Gandhi , the Indian National Congress ( R ) led a campaign which focussed on reducing poverty and won a landslide victory , overcoming a split in the party and regaining many of the seats lost in the previous election .   During her previous term , there had been internal divisions in the Indian National Congress between Indira Gandhi and the party establishment , especially Morarji Desai . In 1969 , she was expelled from the party , causing a split . Most of the Congress MPs and grassroots support joined Gandhi 's Indian National Congress ( R ) faction , which was recognised by the Election Commission as being the successor to the previous party . 31 MPs who opposed Gandhi became the Indian National Congress ( Organization ) party . Despite the split , the Ruling faction gained votes and seats to win a strong majority , whereas the Organization faction lost half of their seats .   On 12 June 1975 , the Allahabad High Court invalidated the result in Gandhi 's constituency on the grounds of electoral malpractices . Instead of resigning , Indira Gandhi called a state of emergency , suspending democracy and outlawed political opposition . After democracy was restored in 1977 , the opposition Congress faction formed a coalition of parties called the Janata Party , which inflicted the Congress ' first electoral defeat .

neg: Public Accounts Committee (India) The Public Accounts Committee ( PAC ) is a committee of selected members of Parliament , constituted by the Parliament of India , for the auditing of the revenue and the expenditure of the Government of India .   The PAC is formed every year with a strength of not more than 22 members of which 15 are from Lok Sabha , the lower house of the Parliament , and 7 from Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Parliament . The term of office of the members is one year . The Chairman is appointed by the Speaker of Lok Sabha . Since 1967 , the chairman of the committee is selected from the opposition . Earlier , it was headed by a member of the ruling party . Its chief function is to examine the audit report of Comptroller and Auditor General ( CAG ) after it is laid in the Parliament . CAG assists the committee during the course of investigation . None of the 22 members shall be a minister in the government .   The present PAC is headed by Mapanna Mallikarjun Kharge Senior Congress MP of Gulbarga , Karnataka . The term of office of members of the committee does not exceed one year at a time .

neg: Government of India The Government of India ( GoI ) is the federal government created by the Constitution of India as the legislative , executive and judicial authority of the union of 29 states and seven union territories of a constitutionally sovereign , socialist , secular , democratic republic , constitutionally called the Republic of India . It is located in New Delhi , the capital of India .

neg: United Kingdom company law The United Kingdom company law regulates corporations formed under the Companies Act 2006 . Also governed by the Insolvency Act 1986 , the UK Corporate Governance Code , European Union Directives and court cases , the company is the primary legal vehicle to organise and run business . Tracing their modern history to the late Industrial Revolution , public companies now employ more people and generate more of wealth in the United Kingdom economy than any other form of organisation . The United Kingdom was the first country to draft modern corporation statutes , where through a simple registration procedure any investors could incorporate , limit liability to their commercial creditors in the event of business insolvency , and where management was delegated to a centralised board of directors . An influential model within Europe , the Commonwealth and as an international standard setter , UK law has always given people broad freedom to design the internal company rules , so long as the mandatory minimum rights of investors under its legislation are complied with .   Company law , or corporate law , can be broken down into two main fields . Corporate governance in the UK mediates the rights and duties among shareholders , employees , creditors and directors . Since the board of directors habitually possesses the power to manage the business under a company constitution , a central theme is what mechanisms exist to ensure directors ' accountability . UK law is `` shareholder friendly '' in that shareholders , to the exclusion of employees , typically exercise sole voting rights in the general meeting . The general meeting holds a series of minimum rights to change the company constitution , issue resolutions and remove members of the board . In turn , directors owe a set of duties to their companies . Directors must carry out their responsibilities with competence , in good faith and undivided loyalty to the enterprise . If the mechanisms of voting do not prove enough , particularly for minority shareholders , directors ' duties and other member rights may be vindicated in court . Of central importance in public and listed companies is the securities market , typified by the London Stock Exchange . Through the Takeover Code the UK strongly protects the right of shareholders to be treated equally and freely trade their shares .   Corporate finance concerns the two money raising options for limited companies . Equity finance involves the traditional method of issuing shares to build up a company 's capital . Shares can contain any rights the company and purchaser wish to contract for , but generally grant the right to participate in dividends after a company earns profits and the right to vote in company affairs . A purchaser of shares is helped to make an informed decision directly by prospectus requirements of full disclosure , and indirectly through restrictions on financial assistance by companies for purchase of their own shares . Debt finance means getting loans , usually for the price of a fixed annual interest repayment . Sophisticated lenders , such as banks typically contract for a security interest over the assets of a company , so that in the event of default on loan repayments they may seize the company 's property directly to satisfy debts . Creditors are also , to some extent , protected by courts ' power to set aside unfair transactions before a company goes under , or recoup money from negligent directors engaged in wrongful trading . If a company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due , UK insolvency law requires an administrator to attempt a rescue of the company ( if the company itself has the assets to pay for this ) . If rescue proves impossible , a company 's life ends when its assets are liquidated , distributed to creditors and the company is struck off the register . If a company becomes insolvent with no assets it can be wound up by a creditor , for a fee ( not that common ) , or more commonly by the tax creditor ( HMRC ) .

neg: Fodder Scam The Fodder Scam ( Hindi : चारा घोटाला , chārā ghoṭālā ) was a corruption scandal that involved the embezzlement of about from the government treasury of the eastern Indian state of Bihar . Among those implicated in the theft and arrested were then Chief Minister of Bihar , Lalu Prasad Yadav , as well as former Chief Minister , Jagannath Mishra . The scandal led to the end of Lalu 's reign as Chief Minister . There is also allegation on Shivanand Tiwari of receiving 1 crore and 60 lakh Rupees respectively from S.N. Sinha .   The theft spanned for many years , and allegedly involved numerous Bihar state 's administrative and elected officials across multiple administrations of the Indian National Congress and the Janata Dal parties . The corruption scheme involved the fabrication of `` vast herds of fictitious livestock '' for which fodder , medicines and animal husbandry equipment was supposedly procured . Although the scandal broke in 1996 , the theft had been in progress , and increased in size , for over two decades . Besides the magnitude and duration of the theft , the scam was and continues to be covered in Indian media due to the extensive nexus between tenured bureaucrats , elected politicians and businesspeople that it revealed , and as an example of the mafia raj that has penetrated several state-run economic sectors in the country .   As of May 2013 , the trial has completed in 44 cases out of a total of 53 cases . More than 500 accused have been convicted and awarded punishments by various courts .

neg: SNC-Lavalin Kerala hydroelectric scandal The SNC-Lavalin Kerala hydroelectric scandal is financial scandal related to a hydroelectric infrastructure contract between the Indian government and Canadian company SNC-Lavalin in 1995 which resulted in an alleged net loss to the Indian exchequer of 3745.0 million rupees ( Approx US $ 62 million as of August 2014 ) .   The contract outlined the renovation and modernization of the hydroelectric power stations at Pallivasal , Sengulam , and Panniar that were originally installed between 1940 and 1964 in the Idukki district of Kerala , India .   Several politicians were involved and eventually charged in the case , including former ministers of Indian National Congress G. Karthikeyan and Pinarayi Vijayan , the first ever corruption-related prosecution of a Politburo member by the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) . However , on 5 November 2013 , Pinarayi Vijayan and 6 other accused were cleared of charges by a Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) Special Court because `` the CBI could not prove any of its charges . ''

neg: 2016 Indian banknote demonetisation On 8 November 2016 , the Government of India announced the demonetisation of all and banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series . The government claimed that the action would curtail the shadow economy and crack down on the use of illicit and counterfeit cash to fund illegal activity and terrorism . The sudden nature of the announcement -- and the prolonged cash shortages in the weeks that followed -- created significant disruption throughout the economy , threatening economic output . The move was heavily criticised as poorly planned and unfair , and was met with protests , litigation , and strikes .   Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi announced the demonetisation in an unscheduled live televised address at 20:00 Indian Standard Time ( IST ) on 8 November . In the announcement , Modi declared that use of all 500 and 1000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series would be invalid past midnight , and announced the issuance of new 500 and 2000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi New Series in exchange for the old banknotes .   The BSE SENSEX and NIFTY 50 stock indices fell over 6 percent on the day after the announcement . In the days following the demonetisation , the country faced severe cash shortages with severe detrimental effects across the economy . People seeking to exchange their bank notes had to stand in lengthy queues , and several deaths were linked due to the rush to exchange cash .   Initially , the move received support from several bankers as well as from some international commentators . It was heavily criticised by members of the opposition parties , leading to debates in both houses of parliament and triggering organised protests against the government in several places across India . The move is considered to have reduced the country 's GDP and industrial production . As the cash shortages grew in the weeks following the move , the demonetisation was heavily criticised by prominent economists and by world media .

neg: Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 The Prevention of Terrorism Act , 2002 ( POTA ) was an Act passed by the Parliament of India in 2002 , with the objective of strengthening anti-terrorism operations . The Act was enacted due to several terrorist attacks that were being carried out in India and especially in response to the attack on the Parliament . The Act replaced the Prevention of Terrorism Ordinance ( POTO ) of 2001 and the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities ( Prevention ) Act ( TADA ) ( 1985 -- 95 ) , and was supported by the governing National Democratic Alliance . The Act was repealed in 2004 by the United Progressive Alliance coalition .   The bill was defeated in the Rajya Sabha ( the upper house ) by a 113-98 vote , but was passed in a joint session ( 425 Ayes and 296 Nos ) , as the Lok Sabha ( lower house ) has more seats . It was only the third time that a bill was passed by a joint session of both houses of Parliament .   The Act defined what constituted a `` terrorist act '' and who a `` terrorist '' was , and granted special powers to the investigating authorities described under the Act . In order to ensure that discretionary powers granted to the investigating agencies were not misused and human rights violations were not committed , specific safeguards were built into the Act .

neg: Deputy Chief Minister of Delhi The Deputy Chief Minister of Delhi is the deputy chief executive of the National Capital Territory of Delhi in north India . According to the Constitution of India , the lieutenant governor is Delhi 's de jure head , but de facto executive authority rests with its chief minister . Following elections to the Delhi Legislative Assembly , the lieutenant governor usually invites the party with a majority of seats to form the government . The President of India , on the advice of the lieutenant governor , appoints the chief minister , whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly .