query: Kurt Angle is an athlete.

pos: Grand Slam (professional wrestling) The Grand Slam is an accomplishment in professional wrestling . It is a distinction given to a professional wrestler who has won four specific championships within a promotion throughout the course of their career . National promotions that recognize this include WWE and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) . Notable independent promotions include Florida Championship Wrestling ( FCW ) . The four titles typically include three singles championships plus a tag team championship . The singles championships include a primary , secondary , and tertiary championship .

pos: Kurt Angle Kurt Steven Angle ( born December 9 , 1968 ) is an American professional wrestler , actor , and retired amateur wrestler . He is currently signed to WWE , performing as the on-screen general manager for the Raw brand . While a student at Clarion University of Pennsylvania , Angle won numerous accolades , including being a two-time National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Heavyweight Wrestling Champion . After graduating college , Angle won a gold medal in freestyle wrestling at the 1995 World Wrestling Championships . He then won a freestyle wrestling gold medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics . Angle is one of four people to complete an amateur wrestling Grand Slam ( junior nationals , NCAA , World Championships , Olympics ) . In 2006 , he was named by USA Wrestling as the greatest shoot wrestler ever and one of the top 15 college wrestlers of all time . He was inducted into the International Sports Hall of Fame in 2016 for his amateur accomplishments .   Angle made his first appearance at a professional wrestling event in 1996 , with his in-ring debut in 1999 . He signed a long-term contract with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) that same year , and participated in his first televised storyline in March 1999 . After months of unaired matches , Angle made his official debut in November and received his first major push in the company in February 2000 , when he held the European Championship and the Intercontinental Championship simultaneously . Four months later , he won the King of the Ring tournament , and not long after he began pursuing the WWF Championship , which he won in October ; this capped off a rookie year which is considered by many to be the greatest in professional wrestling history . Throughout his tenure in the WWF/WWE , Angle was a six-time world champion ( four reigns as WWF/WWE Champion , one as WCW Champion , and one as WWE 's World Heavyweight Champion ) , a one-time United States Champion , one-time Intercontinental Champion , one-time European Champion , one-time Hardcore Champion , and one-time WWE Tag Team Champion . He is the tenth Triple Crown Champion and the fifth Grand Slam Champion ( achieving this accolade twice under both the original and current format ) in WWE history . On March 31 2017 , Angle was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame , becoming the third active wrestler to be inducted , after Ric Flair and Sting .   After leaving WWE in 2006 , Angle joined Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA , now Impact Wrestling ) where he became a record six-time TNA World Heavyweight Champion ( and the inaugural titleholder ) , a two-time TNA World Tag Team Champion , and a one-time TNA X Division Champion . He is the second Triple Crown winner in TNA history and the only one to hold all the required titles at once . Angle is also a two-time King of the Mountain . As part of TNA , he made appearances for New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) and the Inoki Genome Federation ( IGF ) , holding the IWGP Heavyweight Championship once . In 2013 , Angle was inducted into the TNA Hall of Fame ( he is the second wrestler -- after Sting -- to be inducted into both the WWE and TNA halls of fame ) .   Between WWF/WWE , Japan , and TNA , Angle has won 13 world championships and 21 total championships . He is the only professional wrestler in history to have won the WWE Championship , WWE 's World Heavyweight Championship , the WCW Championship , the TNA World Heavyweight Championship , and the IWGP Heavyweight Championship . Angle is also the only person to have been King of the Mountain and King of the Ring . He has headlined numerous pay-per-view events for both WWF/WWE and TNA throughout his career , including the flagship event for both promotions : WrestleMania in WWE , and Bound for Glory in TNA . In 2004 , the Wrestling Observer Newsletter inducted Angle into its Hall of Fame , and later named him `` Wrestler of the Decade '' for the 2000s . He is considered to be one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time ; ESPN journalist and former WWE personality Jonathan Coachman described Angle as `` the greatest I 've ever seen in the ring '' .

pos: King of the Mountain match The King of the Mountain match is a professional wrestling match exclusive to Impact Wrestling .

pos: King of the Ring King of the Ring was a professional wrestling single-elimination tournament held by WWE . The tournament was held annually from 1985 to 2002 , with the exception of 1990 and 1992 , and from 1993 to 2002 , the tournament was produced as a pay-per-view event .   The tournament endured a four-year hiatus until its return in 2006 as an exclusive event of the SmackDown brand . The tournament returned as an inter-brand event for both WWE and Raw in 2008 , 2010 , and 2015 . WWE released a best of King of the Ring DVD in late 2011 .

neg: USA Wrestling USA Wrestling ( formerly known as the United States Wrestling Federation and as the United States Wrestling Association ) is the organization that currently governs freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling in the United States . USA Wrestling is also the official representative to the United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) and to United World Wrestling ( UWW ) and is considered the national governing body of the sport at the amateur level . Their mission statement is , `` USA Wrestling , guided by the Olympic Spirit , provides quality opportunities for its members to achieve their full human and athletic potential . ''

neg: Cornish wrestling Cornish wrestling ( Omdowl Kernewek ) is a form of wrestling which has been established in Cornwall for several centuries . It is similar to the Breton Gouren wrestling style . The referee is known as a ` stickler ' , and it is claimed that the popular meaning of the word as a ` pedant ' originates from this usage . It is colloquially known as `` wrasslin '' in the Cornish dialect .   The wrestlers in the Cornish style both wear tough jackets enabling them to gain better grip on their opponent . All holds are taken upon the other wrestler 's jacket , grabbing of the wrists or fingers is forbidden as well as any holding below the waist . Although all holds are to be taken upon the jacket , the flat of the hand is allowed to be used to push or deflect an opponent .   The objective of Cornish wrestling is to throw your opponent and make him land as flat as possible on his back . Three sticklers ( referees ) watch and control each bout whilst also recording down the score of points achieved in play . Four pins are located on the back of a wrestler , two at the back of each shoulder and two either side just above the buttocks . If a wrestler manages to throw his opponent flat onto his back , simultaneously scoring with all 4 pins they score four points in that single throw and this is called a `` Back '' to which the bout is then finished and the throwing wrestler is the winner . The sticklers will each raise their sticks when they perceive a Back has been achieved . If two sticklers raise their sticks but one does not a back is still awarded .   The Cornish Wrestling Association was formed in 1923 to standardize the rules and to promote Cornish Wrestling throughout Cornwall and indeed Worldwide .

neg: Monday Night Wars The Monday Night War ( s ) is the common term describing the period of mainstream televised American professional wrestling from September 4 , 1995 , to March 26 , 2001 . During this time , the World Wrestling Federation 's ( WWF , now WWE ) Monday Night Raw went head-to-head with World Championship Wrestling 's ( WCW ) Monday Nitro in a battle for Nielsen ratings each week .   The ratings war was part of a larger overall struggle between the two companies , originating in personal animosity between WWF owner Vince McMahon and then-owner of WCW , Ted Turner . The rivalry between the companies steadily escalated throughout the 1990s to include the use of cutthroat tactics and the defections of employees between the two companies . Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) , while not a party to the ratings battle , was also involved as a tertiary player . Throughout the wars , the WWF and WCW would both adopt different concepts and narrative techniques innovated by ECW ; meanwhile , both companies would establish both formal and informal partnerships with the company , with ECW performers either appearing on WWF and WCW shows while still under contract , or outright leaving ECW to work for one of the other two federations .   While WCW was the dominant federation for much of the mid-1990s , a variety of factors coalesced to turn the tide in the WWF 's favor at the end of the decade , including a radical rebranding of their formerly family friendly product to highly sexualized and violent shows geared towards older teens and adults . WCW ultimately ran into financial difficulties as a result of the amount of money they had promised wrestlers during a hiring binge in the early and middle part of the decade , which had been aimed at acquiring large portions of the WWF 's talent roster . Despite efforts to salvage the federation , it was ultimately sold to Vince McMahon , ending the Monday Night Wars .   In retrospect , wrestling commentators have come to see the era of the Monday Night Wars as a golden age of wrestling , with the feud between the two companies bringing out their best quality product both in terms of creativity and the performances of their wrestlers . Many have come to regard the end of the wars -- and , in particular , the subsequent WWE storyline regarding the acquisition of WCW -- as marking a severe decline in the quality of modern wrestling programming . Notably , as of 2017 , no other company has ever emerged as a viable competitor to WWE since the acquisition of WCW , and WWE itself has never again enjoyed the same level of mainstream success that it did during the Wars .

neg: Daily fantasy sports Daily fantasy sports ( DFS ) are a subset of fantasy sport games . As with traditional fantasy sports games , players compete against others by building a team of professional athletes from a particular league or competition while remaining under a salary cap , and earn points based on the actual statistical performance of the players in real-world competitions . Daily fantasy sports are an accelerated variant of traditional fantasy sports that are conducted over short-term periods , such as a week or single day of competition , as opposed to those that are played across an entire season . Daily fantasy sports are typically structured in the form of paid competitions typically referred to as a `` contest '' ; winners receive a share of a pre-determined pot funded by their entry fees . A portion of entry fee payments go to the provider as rake revenue .   In the United States , the daily fantasy sports industry is dominated by two competing services : the New York-based FanDuel , and the Boston-based DraftKings . Both companies were established as venture capital-backed startup companies , received funding from investment firms , sports broadcasters , leagues , and team owners , and became known for the aggressive marketing of their services . As of September 2015 , both companies have an estimated value of at least $ 1 billion , and control 95 % of the U.S. DFS market . The two primarily compete against smaller DFS services , such as Fantasy Aces and Yahoo! Sports . The popularity of the daily fantasy format has been credited to its convenience in comparison to season-length games , as well as the focus on major cash prizes in the promotion of these services . Daily fantasy has also been credited with helping to improve television viewership and engagement with sports .   Daily fantasy sports have faced notable legal challenges , including disputes over whether DFS constitutes gambling . Politicians and other critics have argued that due to their format , players are essentially making proposition wagers on the varying performance of individual athletes in specific games , and not managing the performance of their selections on a week-to-week basis . Proponents have defended DFS as being a game of skill , as the required familiarity with the players and teams , as well as salary cap management , rewards skilled players . Local laws have varying definitions of gambling games , such as whether a game 's elements of chance are predominant over those or skill , or how much control the player has over the outcome of the game .   In the United States , the legality of DFS has been determined on a state-by-state basis based on local gambling laws and other rulings . The federal Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act ( UIEGA ) contains language dictating that fantasy sports are not considered an unlawful wager under the act ; however , the act only prohibits the electronic transfer of funds from unlawful gambling as defined under state laws . A number of state attorneys general have issued opinions concluding that DFS is a form of illegal gambling , while the state of Nevada declared that DFS games must be licensed as a sports pool . The New York State ruling , which resulted from an investigation of DFS services after it was alleged that employees working for DraftKings and FanDuel had used inside information to win cash prizes from each other , spawned retaliatory lawsuits from the companies which alleged that the rulings were the result of a misinterpretation of the nature of their services . The state has since joined other states , such as Massachusetts and Virginia , in choosing to legalize and regulate DFS rather than prohibit it .

neg: Golf instruction Golf instruction is the art of equipping and training golfers to play better golf through improved awareness of swing cause and effects as a result of the actions by their body , the club , and their effect on the golf ball . Most great golfers have a few common elements that make them great including : proper intentionality , swing repeatability to produce an action that fits the golfers intentionality , and a strong level of automaticity for long lasting enjoyment of the game golf . Golf instruction is unique as golf consists of five primary skills : shots from a tee ( most notable : driving that uses a driver ) , full shots from the ground ( mostly known as `` iron shots '' , pitching ( or 3/4 shots designed for distance control , chipping ( short shots around the green the require less than a full swing ) , putting ( 1 club preferably `` the putter '' ) and course strategy or gamesmanship .   Proficiency in teaching golf instruction requires not only technical and physical ability , but also knowledge of the rules and etiquette of the game . Golf instruction offered on many platforms in the United States including : the PGA of America , GolfTEC , and independent golfers who `` may '' or `` may not '' have credentials that are recognized by credible teachers certified sources such as the PGA of America . Although there are many great golf instructors in the United States , who are PGA Class A Professionals , not all great instructors carry this status nor find it a major determiner of golf instruction proficiency .   Golf Instruction can be wide ranging , but many great modern day instructors are able to diagnose and prescribe swing frustrations accurately and present a clear fix that encourages the golfer in the discovery of lasting repeatability from the specific ailment that `` plagued '' them from a sound repeatable swing to play a golf course successfully ( varying terms of success as a golfer ) Many modern instructors include the following in their diagnosis  1 . visual feedback through video and bio motion analysis  2 . personalized golf club fitting for individual body and swing types  3 . on-course play under real conditions  4 . mental performance development  5 . golf specific body conditioning for optimal golf bio-mechanics   Beginning players can start lesson in several ways , but most do so in either a group or individual setting , covering the five primary skills of golf as noted above golf swing . Golf is an asymmetrical exercise that can break body balances , requiring also adequate exercises to keep the balance in muscles . Experienced recreational players often return for instruction , either to fix a specific problem they are encountering or to improve their game . Reconstruction of a golf swing to reach a high level of play often involves series of lessons over an extended period of time . Junior golfers often begin receiving instruction by age 10 or younger , and often retain private teachers even when coached on a high school golf team .   Some top instructors who work with professional golfers have become quite well known in their own right over the years , including Harvey Penick , Jack Grout , Dick Harmon , David Leadbetter , Butch Harmon , Hank Haney , Chip Thomson , Sean Foley , and Mike Bennett and Andy Plummer . Some of the teachers maintain teaching facilities or schools where they or their disciples use their methods or systems . A few instructors focus solely on a particular aspect of the sport , such as Dave Pelz with the short game . Some famous golfers have been tightly bound with their instructor , such as Jack Nicklaus with Jack Grout , while in other cases golfers have made high-profile switches from one instructor to another , such as Tiger Woods moving from Butch Harmon to various other instructors .   Recreational golfers are constantly seeking tips on how to improve , and the major golf publications such as Golf Magazine and Golf Digest devote substantial portions of their pages to instructional material of various kinds , often written by top-level instructors . Even television broadcasts of professional golf tournaments often contain short instructional segments , delivered by commentators who are also instructors such as Peter Kostis .   Golf instruction may be augmented by training aids such as specially weighting or jointed clubs , putting cups for practice on the den room carpet , mini practice tees with feedback for use in garages , et cetera . Some training aids are sold via television infomercials and the more peculiar varieties were satirized in the 1996 film Tin Cup .   Golf instruction is no guarantee of success or improved play in the game . Bad mechanics can be deeply ingrained in a subject 's swing , and psychological factors can also hinder progress . The 2009 Golf Channel program The Haney Project : Charles Barkley showcased some of these issues , as Hank Haney attempted to fix former NBA great Charles Barkley 's infamously bad swing .

neg: American football American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada , and also known as `` gridiron football '' or simply `` gridiron '' , is a sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end . The offense , the team with control of the oval-shaped football , attempts to advance down the field by running with or passing the ball , while the team without control of the ball , the defense , aims to stop their advance and take control of the ball for themselves . The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs , or plays , or else they turn over the football to the opposing team ; if they succeed , they are given a new set of four downs . Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the opposing team 's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent 's goalposts for a field goal . The team with the most points at the end of a game wins .   American football evolved in the United States , originating from the sports of association football and rugby football . The first game of American football was played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton , under rules based on the association football rules of the time . During the latter half of the 1870s , colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code , which allowed carrying the ball . A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp , the `` Father of American Football '' , established the snap , eleven-player teams , and the concept of downs ; later rule changes legalized the forward pass , created the neutral zone , and specified the size and shape of the football .   American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States . Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game , with the other major levels being high school and youth football . , nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually , almost all of them men , with a few exceptions . The National Football League , the most popular American football league , has the highest average attendance of any professional sports league in the world ; its championship game , the Super Bowl , ranks among the most-watched club sporting events in the world , and the league has an annual revenue of around US$ 10 billion .

neg: John Cena John Felix Anthony Cena Jr. ( -LSB- ˈsiːnə -RSB- born April 23 , 1977 ) is an American professional wrestler , rapper , actor , and reality television show host . He is signed to WWE , where he performs on the SmackDown brand . Cena started his professional wrestling career in 1999 with Ultimate Pro Wrestling ( UPW ) and won the UPW Heavyweight Championship the following year . Cena signed a developmental contract with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , later renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment , or simply WWE ) in 2001 , debuting on the WWE main roster in 2002 .   From a generic character in 2002 , Cena morphed into a rapper for the time period of 2002 -- 2004 , which earned him fame within the audience on SmackDown ! . Cena later transitioned to his current character , which he describes as a `` goody-two shoes Superman '' . However , Cena has been labeled as the `` most polarizing professional wrestler ever '' as his character has many supporters and many detractors , according to Jim Ross of Fox Sports , who also noted that Cena has been WWE 's franchise player for a long-time . In 2012 , IGN described Cena as WWE 's franchise player since 2005 and WWE credited Cena as being the `` face of WWE '' in 2015 since 2004 . Industry veterans John Layfield , Paul Heyman , and Kurt Angle have called Cena the greatest WWE star of all time .   Throughout his WWE career , Cena has won 25 championships , with 16 reigns as a world champion ( 13 times as WWE Champion and three times as WWE 's World Heavyweight Champion ) , an accomplishment only previously achieved by WWE Hall of Famer Ric Flair . He is also a five-time United States Champion , and four-time world tag team champion ( two World Tag Team and two WWE Tag Team ) . Furthermore , he is a Money in the Bank ladder match winner ( 2012 ) , a two-time Royal Rumble winner ( 2008 , 2013 ) , and a three-time Superstar of the Year Slammy Award winner ( 2009 , 2010 , 2012 ) . Cena has the fourth-highest number of combined days as WWE Champion , behind Bruno Sammartino , Bob Backlund , and Hulk Hogan . He has also headlined WWE 's flagship event , WrestleMania , on five different occasions ( WrestleManias 22 , 23 , XXVII , XXVIII , and 29 ) over the course of his career , as well as many others pay-per-view events . As of 2016 , John Cena is WWE 's highest-paid wrestler .   Outside of wrestling , Cena has released the rap album You Ca n't See Me , which debuted at No. 15 on the US Billboard 200 chart , and starred in the feature films The Marine ( 2006 ) , 12 Rounds ( 2009 ) , Legendary ( 2010 ) , The Reunion ( 2011 ) , Trainwreck ( 2015 ) , and Sisters ( 2015 ) . Cena has also made appearances on television shows including Manhunt , Deal or No Deal , MADtv , Saturday Night Live , Punk 'd , Psych , and Parks and Recreation . He was also a contestant on Fast Cars and Superstars : The Gillette Young Guns Celebrity Race , where he made it to the final round before being eliminated , placing third in the overall competition . Cena is also the host of American Grit on Fox . Cena is involved in numerous philanthropic causes ; most notably with the Make-A-Wish Foundation . He has granted the most wishes in Make-A-Wish history .

neg: Backlash (2003) Backlash ( 2003 ) was the fifth annual Backlash professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It was presented by Castrol GTX , and took place on April 27 , 2003 , at the Worcester Centrum in Worcester , Massachusetts and starred talent from the promotion 's Raw and SmackDown ! brands .   The main event and featured match of the Raw brand was the encounter of Goldberg and The Rock , where Goldberg , in his first WWE Pay-Per-View , defeated Rock by pinfall , following a spear and a Jackhammer . The featured match on the undercard was a WWE Championship match from the SmackDown ! brand , between John Cena and the reigning champion , Brock Lesnar , where Lesnar defeated Cena by pinfall after an F-5 . The other predominant match on the undercard was a six-man tag team match from the Raw brand , between the team of Triple H , Ric Flair , and Chris Jericho facing Shawn Michaels , Kevin Nash , and Booker T. Triple H , Flair , and Jericho won the match by pinfall , after Triple H hit Nash with a sledgehammer . The predominant undercard match from the SmackDown ! brand was the encounter of The Big Show and Rey Mysterio , where Big Show pinned Mysterio after a chokeslam .   The event grossed $ 450,000 with 10,000 ticket sales and had a 0.67 buyrate . Following the event , Goldberg began a feud with Chris Jericho . At Bad Blood , Goldberg defeated Jericho via pinfall after a Jackhammer . Brock Lesnar began a storyline with The Big Show over the WWE Championship . At Judgment Day , Lesnar defeated The Big Show in a Stretcher match to retain the WWE Championship . Triple H engaged in a storyline with Kevin Nash over the World Heavyweight Championship . At Judgment Day , Nash defeated Triple H via disqualification ; due to WWE regulations , Triple H retained the championship .

neg: Angle of incidence (aerodynamics) On fixed-wing aircraft , the angle of incidence ( sometimes referred to as the mounting angle ) is the angle between the chord line of the wing where the wing is mounted to the fuselage , and a reference axis along the fuselage ( often the direction of minimum drag , or where applicable , the longitudinal axis ) . The angle of incidence is fixed in the design of the aircraft , and with rare exceptions , can not be varied in flight .   The term can also be applied to horizontal surfaces in general ( such as canards or horizontal stabilizers ) for the angle they make relative the longitudinal axis of the fuselage .   The figure to the right shows a side view of an airplane . The extended chord line of the wing root ( red line ) makes an angle with the longitudinal axis ( roll axis ) of the aircraft ( blue line ) . Wings are typically mounted at a small positive angle of incidence , to allow the fuselage to have a low angle with the airflow in cruising flight . Angles of incidence of about 6 ° are common on most general aviation designs .  Other terms for angle of incidence in this context are rigging angle and rigger 's angle of incidence . It should not be confused with the angle of attack , which is the angle the wing chord presents to the airflow in flight . Note that some ambiguity in this terminology exists , as some engineering texts that focus solely on the study of airfoils and their medium may use either term when referring to angle of attack . The use of the term `` angle of incidence '' to refer to the angle of attack occurs chiefly in British usage .

neg: The Temptations of Jean-Claude Killy `` The Temptations of Jean-Claude Killy '' is an article published in the premiere issue of Scanlan 's Monthly in March 1970 , written by Hunter S. Thompson .   The subject of the article is Jean-Claude Killy , the alpine skiing champion who , in the 1968 Winter Olympics , became the second alpine skier ever to win three gold medals in a single olympic games . By the time of the article Killy , then 26 , was retired from skiing and had embarked on the next phase of his career -- endorsements .   Thompson 's article follows Killy around the United States during his marketing tour for the Chevrolet automotive company . As he attends automotive shows , holds press conferences , and makes appearances for television ( all in conjunction with fellow Chevrolet spokesman , O.J. Simpson ) Thompson chronicles the newly flush world of celebrity sports endorsements . Though endorsement by a sports figure was not an entirely new concept , the world-wide magnitude of Killy 's stardom made his Chevrolet contract something of a fascination for Thompson .   The article 's focus on the relative depths of the new pitch-man status obtained by Killy so shortly after the incredible heights he had achieved develops through acerbic descriptions of the settings Killy finds himself in , the automotive executives that profit by him , and the fans and onlookers who make him such a valuable spokesman . Through it all , Killy 's focus on his own enormous profit is a source of worry to Thompson . The trend he sees developing is one of larger-than-life stars -- athletes of the highest physical standards who have achieved feats unimaginable by normal people -- demeaning themselves and their accomplishments by agreeing to shill for a few extra dollars . An enormous sports fan himself , Thompson is distraught by this turn of events and wonders that Killy was never quite sure `` why I was embarrassed for him in those scenes . ''   Thompson compares Killy to F. Scott Fitzgerald 's Gatsby : although , unlike that character , Killy 's dollars are earned honestly , the author concludes while watching Killy 's selling of himself that `` nothing in his narrow , high-powered experience can allow him to understand how I can watch his act and say that it looks , to me , like a very hard dollar -- maybe the hardest . ''   The article was later included in Thompson 's collection The Great Shark Hunt ( 1979 ) .

neg: El Gran Luchadore El Gran Luchadore is the name of a masked Mexican professional wrestling character in World Wrestling Entertainment , seen on its SmackDown ! brand in 2004 . El Gran Luchadore ( loosely translated from Spanish to `` The Great Fighter/Wrestler , '' `` Luchadore '' is also an incorrect spelling , luchador is the correct spelling ) was mainly used as a jobber gimmick to put over other wrestlers .   The first WWE wrestler to wrestle as the El Gran Luchadore was Paul London on April 22 , 2004 in a squash match against John Bradshaw Layfield ( JBL ) , Paul Heyman convinced Bradshaw to accept a match with the `` Mexican Heavyweight Champion '' after hearing that El Gran Luchadore punked out Bradshaw at an airport .   Next up was Shannon Moore on July 8 , 2004 , billed as the `` champion of Mexico '' , would face WWE Champion JBL in a champion vs. champion match ( no titles on the line ) . A second squash match for JBL took an unexpected turn when El Gran Luchadore pulled a switcharoo with Eddie Guerrero ( in El Gran 's costume ) who came back fighting . When JBL finally clued that it was Guerrero , he ran away from the ring getting counted out in the process , allowing El Gran Luchadore to pick up his first victory .   The next appearance of El Gran Luchadore was on July 15 , 2004 edition of SmackDown ! . During a Steel Cage match between Guerrero and JBL which saw both men sat on top of the Cage , exchanging punches until El Gran Luchadore ran down and climbed into the cage . This El Gran Luchadore held Eddie Guerrero 's leg , allowing Bradshaw to climb down the side of the cage to win . After the match El Gran Luchadore tried to get out of the locked door , but then decided to climb out the way he came in . Eddie Guerrero got to his feet and climbed up the cage struggling to get him back into the cage . Luchadore was able to get away , but in the struggle Guerrero pulled the mask off of him , revealing him to be the supposedly injured Kurt Angle .

neg: Kurt Yaeger Kurt Yaeger ( born January 3 , 1977 ) is an American actor , director and professional athlete , who is also a below-the-knee amputee . Recent work includes roles on the CBS hit franchise NCIS and the much anticipated HBO/Cinemax series Quarry . Kurt is notable for appearing in season five of the FX series Sons of Anarchy as Greg `` the Peg '' and in the Rudimental music video for the UK hit single `` Waiting All Night '' featuring vocals from Ella Eyre .

neg: Helmet-to-helmet collision Helmet-to-helmet collisions are occurrences in American football when two players ' helmets make head-to-head contact with a high degree of force . Despite its long association with the sport , this type of contact is now considered to be dangerous play by league authorities due to the potential of causing serious injury . Major football leagues , such as the National Football League ( NFL ) , and NCAA , have taken a tougher stance on helmet-to-helmet collisions after the US Congress launched an investigation into the effects repeated concussions have on football players and the new discoveries of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy . Other possible injuries include head traumas , spinal cord injuries , and even death ; nevertheless helmet manufacturers are constantly improving their designs in order to best protect their users against injuries from such collisions . Intentionally causing a helmet-to-helmet collision is banned in most , if not all , football leagues .   The crackdown on helmet-to-helmet collisions has resulted in reappraisals of the sport . An image of two helmets smashing together -- which had been a staple for 20 years -- was dropped in 2006 from Monday Night Football on ESPN . The NFL also ordered Toyota Motor Company to stop using a similar helmet collision in its advertisements .   However , despite the safety concerns , some professional football players have criticized bans on helmet-to-helmet collisions on the basis that gridiron football is a game that is supposed to be composed of the world 's biggest and best athletes , and placing such restrictions `` waters down '' the game .

neg: World championship A world championship is generally an international sports competition open to elite competitors from across the world , representing their nations , and winning such an event will be considered the highest or near highest achievement in the sport or contest .   The title is usually awarded through a combination of specific contests or , less commonly , ranking systems ( e.g. the ICC Test Championship ) , or a combination of the two ( e.g. World Triathlon Championships in Triathlon ) . This determines a ` world champion ' , who or which is commonly considered the best nation , team , individual ( or other entity ) in the world in a particular field , although the vagaries of sport ensure that the competitor recognised at the best in an event is not always the ` world champion ' ( see Underdog ) .   Certain sports do not have a world championship . Instead , they may organise a world cup competition , or they may organize both , for example cycling ( UCI World Championships and UCI World Cups ) ) . Often , the use of the term cup or championship in this sense is just a choice of words . Some sports have multiple champions because of multiple organizations , such as boxing , mixed martial arts and wrestling .   Certain sports do not have a world championship or a world cup as such , but may have one or several world champions . Professional boxing , for example , has several world champions at different weights , but each one of them is decided by a `` title fight '' , not a tournament .   A certain number of sports hold world championships or world cups which are overshadowed , in terms of prestige , by the same events in the Olympic Games , the most prestigious multi-sports event .   Still other sports may or may not have a true world championship but may designate the winners of a domestic competition to be `` world champions . '' This is especially true of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada ; world cups and championships exist in all of the major sports , but the domestic U.S. and Canadian leagues are generally recognized as the world professional championships or the equivalent of a world club championship . ( In American football , although an IFAF World Championship exists , the United States is so far above and beyond the other nations it faces that the winner of the U.S.-based Super Bowl , a competition limited to the 32 teams in the National Football League , is commonly recognized as the world champion . )   Finally , certain professional sports do not have a world championship or world cup , but rather hold a series of events recognised as the elite level in their field ( e.g. tennis has a series of four Grand Slam events recognised as the pinnacle of the game , in addition to key team events , world tour finals and the Olympic Games , but no world championship or world cup ) .

neg: 2005 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position -- who in turn are given the honorific `` All-America '' and typically referred to as `` All-American athletes '' , or simply `` All-Americans '' . Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit , the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media . Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889 .   The NCAA recognizes four different All-America selectors for the 2005 college baseball season : the American Baseball Coaches Association ( since 1947 ) , Baseball America ( since 1981 ) , Collegiate Baseball ( since 1991 ) , and the National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association ( since 2001 ) .

neg: Sinclair Coefficients The Sinclair Coefficients are a means to compare different weight classes in olympic weightlifting . It replaced Hoffman 's formula , which was the first statistical analysis of this type .   The answer to the question `` What would be the total of an athlete weighing x kg if he/she  were an athlete in the heaviest class of the same level of ability ? '' is given by the formula :  ACTUAL TOTAL × SINCLAIR COEFFICIENT = SINCLAIR TOTAL .   There are eight bodyweight categories for male athletes : 56 kg , 62 kg , 69 kg , 77 kg , 85 kg , 94 kg , 105 kg and +105 kg , and seven for female athletes : 48 kg , 53 kg , 58 kg , 63 kg , 69 kg , 75 kg and +75 kg .   There are also two types of lifts : snatch , and clean and jerk . However , at the championships , medals are presented in both lifts separately , and in total ( the combined result of the best snatch and the best clean and jerk ) .   To compare and rank the results , especially between bodyweight categories , the International Weightlifting Federation uses the Sinclair Coefficients which are derived statistically and calculated for one Olympic cycle ( for four years , starting in the Spring of each Olympic year ) .   The total for each bodyweight category is a projection of the Total for that weightlifter if he/she were a competitor in the heaviest bodyweight category with the same level of ability . It is done in four body weight categories for the males ( 56 kg , 69 kg , 77 kg , +105 kg ) . For the other four categories ( 62 kg , 85 kg , 94 kg , 105 kg ) the Sinclair Total represents the World Standard because nobody has lifted the predicted total . Those projections using the Sinclair Total are shown below .   The Sinclair Coefficient is . If x < b where x is the weightlifter 's bodyweight , b is the world record holder 's bodyweight ( in the heaviest category ) and A is the coefficient for this Olympic cycle , or 1.0 if x ≥ b.   Then , the Sinclair Total is simply the obtained total multiplied by the Sinclair Coefficient .   For example , from 2013 to 2016 , a calculation of the Sinclair Coefficient might look like this :  A = 0.794358141 for males  A = 0.897260740 for females  b = 174.393 kg for males  b = 148.026 kg for females   Assume that we are assessing a male weightlifter weighing 61.9 kg with a total of 320 kg .  Then , x = 61.9 kg , and we have  X = log10 ( x/b ) = log10 ( 61.9 / 174.393 ) = -0.449838400  A ( X ^ 2 ) = 0.794358141 * ( -0.449838400 ) ^ 2 = 0.794358141 * 0.20235459 = 0.160742013  10 ^ ( A ( X ^ 2 ) ) = 10 ^ 0.160742013 = 1.447911485   Sinclair Total = Actual Total x S.C. = 320 kg x 1.447911485 = 463.332   To understand the whole idea , here is the chart with all male bodyweight categories ( in kg ) and its world record Totals , Sinclair Coefficients , and Sinclair Total . By looking at the Sinclair Total we can determine the RANK . * denotes a World Standard rather than a world record .   The same is done for the seven female body weight categories .

neg: Sports betting Sports betting is the activity of predicting sports results and placing a wager on the outcome . The frequency of sports bet upon varies by culture , with the vast majority of bets being placed on association football , American football , basketball , baseball , hockey , mixed martial arts , track cycling , and boxing at both the amateur and professional levels . Sports betting can also extend to non-athletic events , such as reality show contests and political elections , and non-human contests such as horse racing , greyhound racing and illegal , underground dog fighting .   Sports bettors place their wagers either legally , through a bookmaker/sportsbook , or illegally through privately run enterprises referred to as `` bookies '' . The term `` book '' being a reference to the books used by wagebrokers to track wagers , payouts , and debts . The majority of legal sportsbooks are found online , operated over the internet from jurisdictions separate from the clients they serve , usually to get around various gambling laws ( such as the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 in the United States ) in select markets , such as Las Vegas , Nevada , or on gambling cruises through self-serve kiosks . They take bets `` up-front '' , meaning the bettor must pay the sportsbook before placing the bet . Illegal bookies , due to the nature of their business , can operate literally anywhere but only require money from losing bettors and do n't require the wagered money up front , creating the possibility of debt to the bookie from the bettor . This creates a number of other criminal elements , thus furthering their illegality .   Sportsbetting has resulted in a number of scandals in sport , affecting the integrity of sports events through various acts including point shaving ( players affecting the score by missing shots ) , spot-fixing ( a player action is fixed ) , bad calls from officials at key moments , and overall match fixing ( the overall result of the event is fixed ) . Examples are the 1919 World Series , the alleged ( and later admitted ) illegal gambling of former MLB player Pete Rose , and former NBA referee Tim Donaghy .

neg: Athletic trainer An athletic trainer is a certified and licensed health care professional who practices in the field of sports medicine . Athletic training has been recognized by the American Medical Association ( AMA ) as an allied health care profession since 1990 .   As defined by the Strategic Implementation Team of the National Athletic Trainers ' Association ( NATA ) in August 2007 :   `` Athletic training is practiced by athletic trainers , health care professionals who collaborate with physicians to optimize activity and quality of life for patients both of the physically active and sedentary population . Athletic training encompasses the prevention , diagnosis and intervention of emergency , acute and chronic medical conditions involving impairment , functional limitations and disabilities . ''   To become an athletic trainer one must have a master 's degree from an accredited professional level education program and then sit for and pass the Board of Certification ( BOC ) examination . Each state then has their own regulatory agencies that control the practice of athletic training in their state . Most states ( 42 ) require an athletic trainer to obtain a license in order to practice in that state , 5 states ( Colorado , Hawaii , Minnesota , Oregon , West Virginia ) require registration , 2 states ( New York , South Carolina ) require certification , while California has no state regulations on the practice of athletic training .  Areas of expertise of certified athletic trainers include :  Apply protective or injury-preventive devices such as tape , bandages , and braces  Recognize and evaluate injuries  Provide first aid or emergency care  Develop and carry out rehabilitation programs for injured athletes  Plan and implement comprehensive programs to prevent injury and illness among athletes  Perform administrative tasks such as keeping records and writing reports on injuries and treatment programs   Services rendered by the athletic trainer take place in a wide variety of settings and venues , including actual athletic training facilities , primary schools , universities , inpatient and outpatient physical rehabilitation clinics , hospitals , physician offices , community centers , workplaces , and even the military . Emerging settings for athletic training include surgical fellowship opportunities .

neg: Scholastic wrestling Scholastic wrestling , sometimes known in the United States as folkstyle wrestling , is a style of amateur wrestling practiced at the high school and middle school levels in the United States . This wrestling style is essentially collegiate wrestling with some slight modifications . It is practiced in 49 of the 50 states in the United States . When practiced by wrestling clubs of younger participants , scholastic wrestling is better known as `` folkstyle '' .   According to an athletics participation survey taken by the National Federation of State High School Associations , boys ' wrestling ranked eighth in terms of the number of schools sponsoring teams , with 9,445 schools participating in the 2006-07 school year . Also , 257,246 boys participated in the sport during that school year , making scholastic wrestling the sixth most popular sport among high school boys . In addition , 5,048 girls participated in wrestling in 1,227 schools during the 2006-07 season . Scholastic wrestling is currently practiced in 49 of the 50 states ; only Mississippi does not officially sanction scholastic wrestling for high schools and middle schools . Arkansas , the 49th state to sanction high school wrestling , began scholastic wrestling competition in the 2008-09 season with over forty schools participating . Shortly after , Ocean Springs High School became the first school in Mississippi to have a high school team .

neg: Euler angles The Euler angles are three angles introduced by Leonhard Euler to describe the orientation of a rigid body with respect to a fixed coordinate system . They can also represent the orientation of a mobile frame of reference in physics or the orientation of a general basis in 3-dimensional linear algebra .   Any orientation can be achieved by composing three elemental rotations , i.e. rotations about the axes of a coordinate system . Euler angles can be defined by three of these rotations . They can also be defined by elemental geometry and the geometrical definition demonstrates that three rotations are always sufficient to reach any frame .   The three elemental rotations may be extrinsic ( rotations about the axes xyz of the original coordinate system , which is assumed to remain motionless ) , or intrinsic ( rotations about the axes of the rotating coordinate system XYZ , solidary with the moving body , which changes its orientation after each elemental rotation ) .   Euler angles are typically denoted as α , β , γ , or φ , θ , ψ . Different authors may use different sets of rotation axes to define Euler angles , or different names for the same angles . Therefore , any discussion employing Euler angles should always be preceded by their definition .   Without considering the possibility of using two different conventions for the definition of the rotation axes ( intrinsic or extrinsic ) , there exist twelve possible sequences of rotation axes , divided in two groups :   Proper Euler angles  Tait -- Bryan angles .   Tait -- Bryan angles are also called Cardan angles ; nautical angles ; heading , elevation , and bank ; or yaw , pitch , and roll . Sometimes , both kinds of sequences are called `` Euler angles '' . In that case , the sequences of the first group are called proper or classic Euler angles .


query: Eric Trump is the son of Ivana Trump.

pos: Eric Trump Eric Frederick Trump ( born January 6 , 1984 ) is an American businessman , philanthropist , and former reality TV personality . He is the third child and second son of the President of the United States , Donald Trump , and Ivana Trump . Alongside his older brother Donald Trump Jr. , he serves as a trustee of The Trump Organization . A longtime executive vice president of the firm , Trump and his brother are running the company during their father 's administration . From 2007 to 2016 , he founded and led The Eric Trump Foundation , a charity that raised money for St. Jude Children 's Research Hospital .

neg: Richard “Skip” Bronson Richard `` Skip '' Bronson is an American businessman , real estate developer , and author of the Los Angeles Times best-selling War At The Shore : Steve Wynn , Donald Trump and the Epic Battle to Save Atlantic City .

neg: Ivan's Childhood Ivan 's Childhood ( Ива́ново де́тство , Ivanovo detstvo ) , sometimes released as My Name Is Ivan in the US , is a 1962 Soviet war drama film directed by Andrei Tarkovsky and co-written by Mikhail Papava and an uncredited Tarkovsky , based on Vladimir Bogomolov 's 1957 short story Ivan . The film features child actor Nikolai Burlyayev , Valentin Zubkov , Yevgeni Zharikov , Stepan Krylov , Nikolai Grinko , and Tarkovsky 's wife Irma Raush .   Ivan 's Childhood tells the story of orphan boy Ivan and his experiences during World War II . Ivan 's Childhood was one of several Soviet films of its period , such as The Cranes Are Flying and Ballad of a Soldier , that looked at the human cost of war and did not glorify the war experience as did films produced before the Khrushchev Thaw . In a 1962 interview , Tarkovsky stated that in making the film he wanted to `` convey all -LSB- his -RSB- hatred of war '' , and that he chose childhood `` because it is what contrasts most with war . ''   Ivan 's Childhood was Tarkovsky 's first feature film . It won him critical acclaim and made him internationally known . It won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival in 1962 and the Golden Gate Award at the San Francisco International Film Festival in 1962 . The film was also selected as the Soviet entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 36th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee . Famous filmmakers such as Ingmar Bergman , Sergei Parajanov and Krzysztof Kieślowski praised the film and cited it as an influence on their work .

neg: Eric Bellinger Eric Bellinger , Jr. ( born March 28 , 1986 ) is an American singer , songwriter , record producer and engineer . His co-writing credits include Lem me See ft. Rick Ross ( 2012 ) for Usher , New Flame for Chris Brown ( 2014 ) , You Do n't Know ( 2016 ) for Tank , Right Here ( 2012 ) ft. Drake for Justin Bieber , and Disrespectful ft. Mila J ( 2012 ) for Trey Songz . He 's released 9 projects since 2013 , including Born II Sing Vol . 1 , Born II Sing Vol . 2 , Born II Sing Vol . 3 , The Rebirth , Cuffing Season , Cuffing Season Part 2 , Eventually , Eric B for President : Term 1 , and Eric B for President : Term 1 ( Acoustic ) .

neg: Frank Sinatra Jr. Francis Wayne `` Frank '' Sinatra ( January 10 , 1944 -- March 16 , 2016 ) , professionally known as Frank Sinatra Jr. , was an American singer , songwriter , and conductor .   He was the son of singer and actor Frank Sinatra and his first wife , Nancy Barbato Sinatra ; the younger brother of singer and actress Nancy Sinatra ; and older brother of television producer Tina Sinatra .

neg: Trump Vodka Trump Vodka was an American brand of vodka produced by The Trump Organization at the behest of its owner Donald Trump . The brand was launched in the United States in 2005 , but ceased production under the Trump name in 2011 when it failed to meet the required threshold for distribution . However , it is still sold in Israel , especially around the Jewish holiday of Passover .

neg: Trump Ocean Club International Hotel and Tower The Trump International Hotel & Tower Panama ( formerly Trump Ocean Club or Trump Ocean Club International Hotel and Tower ) is a 70-story , 2500000 sqft , mixed-use waterfront condominium tower development in Panama City , Panama .   The project was designed by Colombian architects Arias - Serna - Saravia S.A. . The building is situated on a beachfront lot with views of the Pacific Ocean and Panama Bay , in the area of Punta Pacifica . The building was developed by real estate tycoon Donald Trump of the Trump Organization and Roger Khafif , President of the K Group , a Panama resort developer . The project includes 369 hotel condominium units , 700 condominium units , 1500 parking spaces , retail shops , casino , use of a private beach club on Viveros Island , yacht club and pier , wellness spa , gym , pool deck , meeting and event spaces , and a business center .   The hotel opened on July 6 , 2011 . On September 21 , 2011 , it was indicated by Bloomberg.com that Fitch Ratings downgraded $ 220 million in bonds that Newland International Properties , Corp. is using to finance construction of the Trump International Hotel & Tower in Panama . The downgrade to CCsf from B-sf , resulted from `` continued uncertainty over the willingness and ability '' of buyers to take possession of apartment units , according to Fitch documents .   In November 2012 , Sun International announced plans to open a 75000 sqft casino at the property with 600 slot machines and 32 table games . The company paid $ 45.5 million for the rights to the space , and planned to spend another $ 60 million to develop it for an opening in mid-2014 .   Its similar style to the Burj Al Arab , a hotel in Dubai , United Arab Emirates , has been noticed , and court proceedings over the similarities took place .

neg: Eric Hilton Eric Michael Hilton ( July 1 , 1933 -- December 10 , 2016 ) was an American heir , hotelier , and philanthropist .

neg: Eric Thorson Eric M. Thorson is the Inspector General for the United States Treasury Department .

neg: Eric Jones (golfer) Eric Jones , MA , Professional Golfers ' Association of America ( PGA ) is a PGA Professional who won the 2003 RE/MAX World Long Drive Championship senior division . He is also the 2004 LDA Long Drive Tour Senior Rookie of the Year , and winner of the 2006 Players Tour Long Drive Championship in both the Open and Senior divisions .   Eric Jones has a master 's degree in Sport psychology from John F. Kennedy University ( 2007 ) , and a BA from Stanford University ( 1980 ) . Eric Jones played golf for the Stanford Men 's golf team ( 1976 -- 1980 ) , and was also the JV/Assistant golf coach in 1991/92 . Eric Jones is the founder of the Seaver Golf Academy , named after well-known amateur golfer Charles Seaver . Eric Jones is the grandson of Charles Seaver and nephew of Hall of Fame baseball pitcher Tom Seaver . Eric Jones is the author of `` The 5 Keys to Distance '' , an ebook dedicated to helping golfers hit longer drives .

neg: Humayun Khan (soldier) Humayun Saqib Muazzam Khan ( September 9 , 1976June 8 , 2004 ) was an American soldier . Born in the United Arab Emirates to Pakistani parents , he moved to the U.S. with his family as a young boy . He attended the University of Virginia , where he was a member of the Army Reserve Officers ' Training Corps . Upon graduating in 2000 , Khan was commissioned an officer in the United States Army and was deployed as a captain to Iraq during the Iraq War . In 2004 he was killed in a suicide attack near Baqubah , Iraq , and was posthumously awarded a Purple Heart and Bronze Star .   Khan 's name came to national attention during the 2016 presidential campaign as an example of Muslim Americans serving in the military . At the 2016 Democratic National Convention , his father Khizr Khan , standing at the podium with his wife ( and Humayun 's mother ) Ghazala , delivered a speech condemning U.S. presidential candidate Donald Trump 's statements on Muslims .

neg: United States v. Windsor United States v. Windsor , ( Docket No . ) , is a landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court held that restricting U.S. federal interpretation of `` marriage '' and `` spouse '' to apply only to opposite-sex unions , by Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) , is unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment ; Justice Kennedy wrote : `` The federal statute is invalid , for no legitimate purpose overcomes the purpose and effect to disparage and to injure those whom the State , by its marriage laws , sought to protect in personhood and dignity . ''   Edith Windsor ( born 1929 ) and Thea Spyer ( October 8 , 1931 -- February 5 , 2009 ) , a same-sex couple residing in New York , were lawfully married in Toronto , Canada , in 2007 . Later in 2008 , New York recognized their marriage following a court decision . Spyer died at the age of 77 in 2009 , leaving her entire estate to Windsor . Windsor sought to claim the federal estate tax exemption for surviving spouses . She was barred from doing so by Section 3 of DOMA ( codified at ) , which provided that the term `` spouse '' only applied to marriages between a man and woman . The Internal Revenue Service found that the exemption did not apply to same-sex marriages , denied Windsor 's claim , and compelled her to pay $ 363,053 in estate taxes .   On November 9 , 2010 , Windsor sued the federal government in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York , seeking a refund because DOMA singled out legally married same-sex couples for `` differential treatment compared to other similarly situated couples without justification . '' On February 23 , 2011 , U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder announced that the Department of Justice would not defend the constitutionality of Section 3 in Windsor . On April 18 , 2011 , Paul Clement , representing the Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group ( BLAG ) , intervened to defend the law . On June 6 , 2012 , Judge Barbara S. Jones ruled that Section 3 of DOMA was unconstitutional under the due process guarantees of the Fifth Amendment and ordered the federal government to issue the tax refund , including interest . The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit , in a 2 -- 1 decision , affirmed the district court 's judgment on October 18 , 2012 .   BLAG petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court to review the decision , and the Court issued a writ of certiorari in December 2012 . On March 27 , 2013 , the court heard oral arguments . On June 26 , 2013 , the U.S. Supreme Court issued a 5 -- 4 decision declaring Section 3 of DOMA to be unconstitutional `` as a deprivation of the liberty of the person protected by the Fifth Amendment . ''   On the same day , the court also issued a separate 5 -- 4 decision in Hollingsworth v. Perry -- a case related to California 's constitutional amendment initiative barring same-sex marriage . The decision effectively allowed same-sex marriages in that state to resume after the court ruled that the proponents of the initiative lacked Article III standing to appeal in federal court based on its established interpretation of the case or controversy clause .

neg: Hillary Clinton email controversy In March 2015 , it became publicly known that Hillary Clinton , during her tenure as United States Secretary of State , had used her family 's private email server for official communications , rather than official State Department email accounts maintained on federal servers . Those official communications included thousands of emails that would retroactively be marked classified by the State Department .   The controversy unfolded against the backdrop of Clinton 's 2016 presidential election campaign and hearings held by the United States House Select Committee on Benghazi . Some experts , officials , and members of Congress have contended that her use of private messaging system software and a private server violated State Department protocols and procedures , as well as federal laws and regulations governing recordkeeping . In response , Clinton has said that her use of personal email was in compliance with federal laws and State Department regulations , and that former secretaries of state had also maintained personal email accounts , though not their own private email servers .   After allegations were raised that some of the emails in question contained classified information , the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) initiated an investigation regarding the origin and handling of classified emails on Clinton 's server . The FBI Report found that some of the emails originated in five other intelligence agencies . The FBI found that all classified emails on Clinton 's server were stored and sent from `` unclassified systems '' , violating the same policies as those on Clinton 's personal server .   FBI Director James Comey identified 110 emails as containing information that was classified at the time it was sent , including 65 emails deemed `` Secret '' and 22 deemed `` Top Secret '' . None of these had classification markings . However , as noted in Clinton 's non-disclosure agreement , unmarked classified information should be treated the same as marked classified information . An additional three email chains contained `` portion markings '' , simply a '' ( C ) '' indicating `` Confidential '' in front of one or more paragraphs . These were not included in Comey 's list of 110 because the State Department failed to confirm they were classified at the time they were sent . Clinton told the FBI she did not know the meaning of '' ( C ) '' . Nearly 2,100 emails on the server were retroactively marked as classified by the State Department .   In May 2016 , the State Department 's Office of the Inspector General released an 83-page report about the State Department 's email practices , including Clinton 's . On July 5 , 2016 , Comey announced that the FBI 's investigation had concluded that Clinton was `` extremely careless '' in handling her email system but recommended that no charges be filed against her . On July 6 , 2016 , Attorney General Loretta Lynch announced that no charges would be filed .   On July 7 , the State Department reopened its probe into the email controversy . On October 28 , 2016 , Comey notified Congress that the FBI had started looking into newly discovered emails that may be pertinent to the case . Law enforcement officials stated the emails were found on a laptop belonging to Clinton aide Huma Abedin 's husband , Anthony Weiner , during an investigation of his sexting scandals . On November 6 , Comey notified Congress that the FBI had not changed its conclusion , reached in July , regarding Clinton 's emails .

neg: Simon Trumper Simon Trumper ( born 31 May 1963 ) is an English professional poker player from South Kensington , London , England . He is chiefly noted as the winner of Late Night Poker series 2 and runner-up of series 4 . Trumper also commentated on the Late Night Poker Ace spin-off series alongside Jesse May .   As a child , Trumper was expelled from secondary school for playing poker dice after finishing a mathematics exam . He started playing in 1995 when he entered a # 10 tournament in Reading with a friend on a night out . He was also bullied a lot due to his surname ` Trumper ' .   At the World Series of Poker he has had a 4th-place finish in the 2001 $ 3,000 No Limit Hold-Em event , which also featured Johnny Chan and Kathy Liebert , and a 5th-place finish in the 2005 $ 10,000 Pot Limit Omaha event , which also featured Todd Brunson , Barry Greenstein ( who lost a critical pot to Simon and then complained about it in his blog ) , Erik Seidel , and Julian `` The Kid '' Gardner . He has not yet featured in the World Poker Tour .   In May 2005 , he reached the fourth round of the $ 2,000 World Heads-Up Championship , earning $ 3,250 .   Trumper owns a pair of gold and diamond aces to cap his cards as a good luck charm . He admires Dave `` The Devilfish '' Ulliott , T. J. Cloutier and Erik Seidel above all other poker players .   Outside of poker , Trumper owns a drainage company . He is a non-smoker , and would like to see smoking banned from all poker games . Trumper suffers from the hair loss condition , Alopecia .   As of 2008 , his total live tournament winnings exceed $ 1,000,000 . He has a daughter called Kylie Scobie-Trumper .   In 2014 , he became the live poker director at the popular poker venue Dusk Till Dawn in Nottingham , England and has withdrawn from playing as much live poker .

neg: Executive Order 13772 Executive Order 13772 , titled `` Core Principles for Regulating the United States Financial System '' , is an executive order signed by U.S. President Donald Trump on February 3 , 2017 . The eighth executive action by the president during his first 100 days in office , it establishes the `` core principles '' of regulation under the Trump Administration and tasks the United States Department of the Treasury to review the Financial Stability Oversight Council , originally established under the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act , and report to the President in 120 days on current regulations and their effectiveness in carrying out these core principles .

neg: Imperial Klans of America The Imperial Klans of America , Knights of the Ku Klux Klan is a white supremacist paramilitary organization styled after the original Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) . In 2008 , it was reported that the IKA had the nation 's second largest KKK membership .   The IKA , headed by Ron Edwards , claims to be the sixth era of the Ku Klux Klan . Members of the 6th era , like members of previous eras , claim constitutional rights as part of the `` Unorganized Militia '' . The IKA claims to stand upon Supreme Court decisions in favor of previous Klans . They are headquartered near Dawson Springs , Kentucky and claim external Imperial Klan offices in Australia , Canada , England , Scotland , and South Africa , as well as throughout Europe and South America .   In 2011 , a recurring hoax concerning the IKA endorsing Barack Obama was once again exposed as a farce based on a parody website 's humorous reporting . In fact , in 2008 , Ron Edwards was quoted as supporting John McCain .

neg: John G. Trump John George Trump ( August 21 , 1907 -- February 21 , 1985 ) was an American electrical engineer , inventor , and physicist . He was a recipient of U.S. President Ronald Reagan 's National Medal of Science , and a member of the National Academy of Engineering . John Trump was noted for developing rotational radiation therapy . Together with Robert J. Van de Graaff , he developed one of the first million-volt X-ray generators . He was the paternal uncle of Donald Trump .

neg: Anna Cristina Niceta Lloyd Anna Cristina `` Rickie '' Niceta Lloyd is the current White House Social Secretary for U.S. President Donald Trump . She was appointed by First Lady Melania Trump on February 8 , 2017 . Prior to her role at the White House , Lloyd worked for Design Cuisine , an event-planning and catering company .

neg: Great America PAC Great America PAC is a Super PAC that supported Donald Trump in the 2016 Presidential Election .   Great America PAC was founded in 2016 by Eric Beach , a political strategist who is a veteran of presidential campaigns . Beach soon brought on Ed Rollins , a long time Republican campaign consultant and strategist who served as the campaign manager for Ronald Reagan 's 1984 presidential campaign .

neg: Louis R. Cappelli Louis R. Cappelli ( born c. 1951 ) is an American businessman . He is an active real estate developer , mostly in Westchester County , New York . Cappelli has constructed , designed and developed more than twenty million square feet of mixed use , retail , residential , office , medical and parking facilities throughout the northeast , with a portfolio value exceeding $ 3 billion . His firm , Cappelli Enterprises , operates out of Valhalla , New York .   Cappelli graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering in 1973 from Notre Dame University .   Cappelli has had an integral role in reviving the downtown districts of New Rochelle and White Plains with his targeted large scale mixed-use developments . Between 2001 and 2008 , Cappelli developed White Plains City Center , Trump Plaza New Rochelle , The Ritz-Carlton Hotel in White Plains , The Residences at The Ritz-Carlton , Westchester , The Lofts at New Roc , Trump Parc Stamford , and Trump Park Residences in Yorktown . Cappelli Enterprises has also received approvals for The Ritz Carlton Hotel and Residences in Stamford , Connecticut as well for River Park Center , a 4000000 sqft mixed use development in the heart of downtown Yonkers .   Cappelli 's father , Luca Cappelli , founded the company 's predecessor real estate and development businesses from scratch ( portions of which were sold to Reckson Properties ) . Cappelli 's son is a vice president within his organization .   Cappelli is the second largest stockholder in Empire Resorts which operates the Monticello Racetrack and racino . Cappelli is also currently in the process of building a casino with Mohegan Sun on the site of the Concord Resort Hotel ( estimated cost between $ 600 million and $ 700 million in Phase I , and over $ 1 billion in total ) . It is slated to be one of the largest development projects in the history of upstate New York .   Cappelli is married to actress Kylie Travis .  Not to be confused with Louis J. Cappelli ( born 1931 ) , chairman of Sterling Bancorp. .

neg: Eric Chase Anderson Eric Chase Anderson ( born 1973 ) is an American author , illustrator and actor .


query: Arnold Vinick isn't a character.

pos: Arnold Vinick Arnold Vinick is a fictional character on the television series The West Wing played by Alan Alda . The role earned Alda the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2006 .

neg: Legal fiction A legal fiction is a fact assumed or created by courts which is then used in order to apply a legal rule . Typically , a legal fiction allows the court to ignore a fact that would prevent it from exercising its jurisdiction , by simply assuming that the fact is different . This is the case with the Bill of Middlesex where the Court of King 's Bench could only exercise jurisdiction over cases which took place in the historic English county of Middlesex . To allow the Court , which was the central court of the land , to take jurisdiction over other cases , parties began to plead that , along with the other facts , there had also been a trespass which occurred in Middlesex . This allowed the King 's Bench to rule on the whole of the case .   Legal fictions are different from legal presumptions which assume a certain state of facts until the opposite is proved , such as the presumption of legitimacy . They are different from hypothetical examples , such as the ` reasonable person ' which serve as tools for the court to express its reasoning . They are also different from legal principles which create a legal state of affairs that is different from the underlying facts , such as corporate personhood although these are sometimes wrongly called legal fictions .   The term `` legal fiction '' is not usually used in a pejorative way , and has been likened to scaffolding around a building under construction .

neg: AUDELCO AUDELCO , the Audience Development Committee , Inc. , was established in 1973 by the late Vivian Robinson to honor excellence in New York City African American Theatre through presentation of Vivan Robinson/AUDELCO Recognition Awards ( a.k.a. Viv awards ) . The awards were created to promote `` recognition , understanding and awareness of the arts in the African-American community '' .   The AUDELCO Viv awards recognize the following , whether Broadway or off-Broadway :  Productions by Black companies  Shows written or directed by Blacks  Black actors in shows   AUDELCO has an office in Central Harlem , New York City The President is Grace Jones and the board of directors consistsof : A.Curtis Farrow ; Ralph Carter , Toni Peterson , Jacqueline Feffries ; Linda Armstrong ; Honorable Donna M. Mills ; Fred R.Powell ; Mary Seymour ; Dale Richardo Shields ; Terrence Spivey ; Ronald Stone Esq and Mary B. Davis Chair Emeritus . The organization has thousands of members , a newsletter , and a black theater collection of books , photos , slides and scripts as well as an extensive clipping file on black theater companies and productions .   The AUDELCO awards are limited to productions mounted by professional , not-for-profit theater organizations which have been in existence for at least two years and have had a minimum of 500 hours of rehearsal , performance , or training . Additionally , productions have to have been performed over 12 times between September 1 of one year and August 31 of the next . Workshop productions and works-in-progress are not eligible .   The AUDELCO Viv awards allow celebrities and everyday people to get to share their love of theater and their appreciation for the incredible performances , scripts , direction , costumes and sets that have been presented during the last theater season .   Michael O'Hare was the first white actor to win this award presented by the black theater community of New York for his performance in the play `` Shades of Brown '' which examined the effects of apartheid in South Africa .   ( Former AUDELOC awardees included , Kerry Washington ( AUDELCO 's first Rising star ) ; Samuel L. Jackson ; Phylicia Rashad ; Debbie Allen ; Denzel Washington , Barbara Montgomery , Sanaa Lathan and others ) .

neg: Egghead (DC Comics) Egghead is a fictional character created for the 1960s Batman television series . Played by horror film mainstay Vincent Price , the character was identifiable by his pale bald head and white and yellow suit . He believes himself to be `` the world 's smartest criminal , '' and his crimes usually have an egg motif to them ; he also includes egg-related puns in his speech ( `` egg-zactly '' , `` egg-cellent '' , etc. ) . Additionally , he would use a wide assortment of egg-shaped weapons , such as laughing gas eggs and tear gas eggs ( laid by chickens on a diet of onions ) .

neg: William Gillette, America's Sherlock Holmes William Gillette , America 's Sherlock Holmes , by Henry Zecher , is the first full and in-depth biography of William Hooker Gillette ( 1853 -- 1937 ) , the American actor , playwright and stage-manager of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who is best remembered today for portraying Sherlock Holmes .   Gillette was among the first American playwrights to offer tightly-knit and well-constructed plays , Bronson Howard , Steele MacKaye and James Herne being the others , but his most significant contributions to the theater were in devising realistic stage settings and special sound and lighting effects , and , as an actor , in putting forth what he called The Illusion of the First Time . His portrayal of Holmes helped create the modern image of the detective . His use of the deerstalker cap ( which first appeared in some Strand Magazine illustrations by Sidney Paget ) and the curved pipe became synonymous with the character . And it was in his play , not in Arthur Conan Doyle 's stories , that Holmes first said `` This is elementary , my dear fellow , '' which subsequently became `` Elementary , my dear Watson '' . Gillette assumed the role onstage more than 1,300 times over thirty years , starred in a silent motion picture based on his Holmes play , and voiced the character twice on radio .   The author is a graduate of the University of Maryland School of Journalism , Class of 1971 . He was an award-winning sports writer and sports editor of the Delaware State News in Dover , Delaware , before embarking on a career in Federal government human resources . He has worked as a free-lance writer for many years and published a number of magazine articles , two of them of historical importance . One was an evaluation of German Reformer Martin Luther 's impact on the English Bible , and the other was the first analysis from a biblical and historical point of view of the Ipuwer Papyrus , first claimed by Immanuel Velikovsky and subsequently by others to have been an Egyptian version of the plagues on Egypt described in the Old Testament Book of Exodus .   This is Zecher 's first book . It contains 585 pages of text and is profusely illustrated with more than ninety images , nearly all of them containing two to four and , in two cases , six individual photographs . It contains a bibliography of Gillette 's writings , a list of his plays subsequently made into motion pictures , a list of his patents , a list of audio/visual recordings of his voice , and 97 pages of Endnotes .

neg: Vlerick Award The Vlerick Award is a Belgian award granted by Vlerick Alumni , the official alumni organisation of Vlerick Business School . The nominees must be Belgian managers with excelling management skills who have achieved sustainable results within an important multinational or organisation from an international perspective .   The winner of the Vlerick Award remains undecided until the very last moment , as it is the public who decides . Before the event , the public can cast their vote online through the website of Vlerick Alumni . The winner is determined by counting these online votes together with the result of the live voting from the audience during the show .

neg: Arnold Bennett Enoch Arnold Bennett ( 27 May 1867 -- 27 March 1931 ) was an English writer . He is best known as a novelist , but he also worked in other fields such as the theatre , journalism , propaganda and films .

neg: Velocity (novel) Velocity is a novel by Dean Koontz first published in 2005 . Set in Napa County , California , it is about a man in his thirties who takes the law into his own hands when , out of the blue , he is threatened by an anonymous adversary . The `` words of wisdom '' with which the novel is interspersed are direct quotations from the writings of T. S. Eliot .

neg: Theatre World Theatre World is the only ( first published in 1945 ) , comprehensive , annual pictorial and statistical record of American theatre in print publication , including Broadway , Off-Broadway , Off-Off-Broadway , and regional theatre , as well as a complete national theatrical awards section and obituaries . Including over 750 photographs , it is the definitive pictorial and statistical reference to each American theatrical season , and is referenced daily by industry professionals , students , historians , and theatre fans worldwide .   Until 1998 , the Theatre World editorial staff administered the Theatre World Awards for Outstanding Broadway and off-Broadway debuts . First under the supervision of Theatre World founder Daniel Blum and then under John Willis , who took over the production of the Awards following Blum 's death in 1964 , the Theatre World Awards were first given to those recipients considered `` Promising Personalities . '' In 1998 , the Theatre World Awards were incorporated as a 501 ( c ) 3 nonprofit organization and are currently overseen by a board of directors independent of `` Theatre World . ''   Theatre World is the recipient of a 2001 Tony Honor for Excellence in Theatre , presented by the American Theatre Wing , and on behalf of the publication , longtime editor-in-chief John Willis ( 1916-2010 ) accepted honors including the first Special Lucille Lortel Award , a Special Drama Desk Award , and the Broadway Theatre Institute ( now The Theatre Museum ) Lifetime Achievement Award .   Theatre World is published annually by Theatre World Media and distributed by Applause Theatre and Cinema Books . The permanent editorial staff currently consists of Ben Hodges , editor in chief , and coeditor Scott Denny . Current editorial staff includes Adam Feldman of Time Out New York ( Broadway ) , Linda Buchwald TDF Stages ( Off-Broadway ) , Shay Gines New York Innovative Theatre Awards ( Off-Off-Broadway ) , and Diep Tran American Theatre Magazine ( Regional theatre ) .

neg: Andrea Arnold Andrea Arnold , OBE ( born 5 April 1961 ) is an English filmmaker and former actress . She won an Academy Award for her short film Wasp in 2005 and has since made the leap to feature films and television , including Red Road , Fish Tank and American Honey , all of which have won the Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival . Most recently , she directed three episodes of the Emmy-winning series Transparent .

neg: Edward Arnold (actor) Edward Arnold ( February 18 , 1890 -- April 26 , 1956 ) was an American actor .

neg: Henry H. Arnold Henry Harley `` Hap '' Arnold ( June 25 , 1886 -- January 15 , 1950 ) was an American general officer holding the grades of General of the Army and General of the Air Force . Arnold was an aviation pioneer , Chief of the Air Corps ( 1938 -- 1941 ) , Commanding General of the U.S. Army Air Forces , the only U.S. Air Force general to hold five-star rank , and the only officer to hold a five-star rank in two different U.S. military services . Arnold was also the founder of Project RAND , which evolved into one of the world 's largest non-profit global policy think tanks , the RAND Corporation , and one of the founders of Pan American World Airways .   Instructed in flying by the Wright Brothers , Arnold was one of the first military pilots worldwide , and one of the first three rated pilots in the history of the United States Air Force.Arnold , Capt. Charles DeF . Chandler , and Lt. Thomas Milling all qualified for the rating on July 5 , 1912 . Milling received the first certificate while Arnold was listed first on War Department General Order No. 39 , which was the first list of rated Military Aviators . He overcame a fear of flying that resulted from his experiences with early flight , supervised the expansion of the Air Service during World War I , and became a protégé of Gen. Billy Mitchell .   Arnold rose to command the Army Air Forces immediately prior to American entry into World War II and directed its hundred-fold expansion from an organization of little more than 20,000 men and 800 first-line combat aircraft into the largest and most powerful air force in the world . An advocate of technological research and development , his tenure saw the development of the intercontinental bomber , the jet fighter , the extensive use of radar , global airlift and atomic warfare as mainstays of modern air power .   Arnold 's most widely used nickname , `` Hap , '' was short for `` Happy , '' attributed variously to work associates when he moonlighting as a silent film stunt pilot in October 1911 , or to his wife , who began using the nickname in her correspondence in 1931 following the death of Arnold 's mother . He was called Harley by his family during his youth , and `` Sunny '' by both his mother and wife . Arnold was known to his West Point classmates as `` Pewt '' or `` Benny '' . By his immediate subordinates and headquarters staff he was referred to as `` The Chief . ''

neg: Green World Green World is a literary concept defined by critic Northrop Frye in The Anatomy of Criticism . In some comedies by William Shakespeare , the main characters escape the order of a city for a forested and wild setting adjacent to the city . This natural environment is often described as a green world . It is in this more loosely structured , fantastic environment that issues surrounding social order , romantic relationships , and inter-generational strife , which are a prominent part of the `` city world '' , become resolved , facilitating a return to the normal order . Recent literary critics drawn to ecocriticism have occasionally found the concept valuable to their work as well .

neg: Poet Laureate of New Jersey The Poet Laureate of New Jersey ( statutorily known as New Jersey William Carlos Williams Citation of Merit ) was an honor presented biennially by the Governor of New Jersey to a distinguished New Jersey poet . Created in 1999 , this position existed for less than four years and was abolished by the legislature effective July 2 , 2003 . When the New Jersey State Legislature created the laureate position , the bill provided specifically for the creation of an award named in honor of twentieth-century poet and physician William Carlos Williams ( 1883 -- 1963 ) who resided in Rutherford , New Jersey . However , the legislature recognized that the award 's recipient would `` be considered the poet laureate of the State of New Jersey for a period of two years . Before the position was abolished , only two poets , Gerald Stern and Amiri Baraka , had been appointed as the state 's poet laureate .   The legislature 's bill was signed into law by Governor Christine Todd Whitman . It was expected that the award 's recipient -- the poet laureate -- would `` engage in activities to promote and encourage poetry within the State and shall give no fewer than two public readings within the State each year . '' In this respect , New Jersey 's poet laureate was similar to the position of Poet laureate in other American states and in several other countries . However , a public reading in September 2002 by the state 's second laureate , Newark-based poet Amiri Baraka of his poem `` Somebody Blew Up America '' was met with harsh criticism by the public and news media . The poem which explores terrorist attacks on September 11 , 2001 was considered to be violent , incendiary and anti-Semitic , and the ensuing controversy ignited a political firestorm . Because of Baraka 's defiant refusals to apologize or resign as poet laureate and that there was no mechanism within the law to remove him , the position was abolished by the legislature and Governor James E. McGreevey in 2003 .

neg: Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man `` Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man '' is the seventh episode of the fourth season of the science fiction television series The X-Files . It premiered on the Fox network in the United States on November 17 , 1996 . It was written by Glen Morgan , directed by James Wong , and featured the first guest appearance by Chris Owens , appearing as a younger Smoking Man . `` Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man '' earned a Nielsen household rating of 10.7 , being watched by 17.09 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode received mostly positive reviews from television critics .   The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X-Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work . In this episode , Lone Gunman Melvin Frohike ( Tom Braidwood ) finds a tell-tale magazine story supposedly revealing the history of The Smoking Man ( William B. Davis ) . The episode illustrates his possible involvement in several historical events and assassinations , although the reliability of the source is unresolved at the end of the episode .   Executive producer Frank Spotnitz later noted that , while parts of `` Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man '' may indeed be factual , the majority is not actual canon . The production of the episode did not require extensive use of Duchovny and Anderson on screen . The former 's voice is only heard and the latter appears only in archival footage . Davis , who portrayed the title character , was pleased with the episode , although confused with some of the contradictions in the script . Although not directly furthering the series ' overarching mythology , the episode involves several of its events and characters .

neg: American way The American way of life or simply the American way is the unique lifestyle of the people of the United States of America . It refers to a nationalist ethos that adheres to the principle of life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness . At the center of the American way is the American Dream that upward mobility is achievable by any American through hard work . This concept is intertwined with the concept of American exceptionalism , the belief in the unique culture of the nation .   Author William Herberg offers the following definition :   One commentator notes , `` The first half of Herberg 's statement still holds true nearly half a century after he first formulated it '' , even though `` Herberg 's latter claims have been severely if not completely undermined ... materialism no longer needs to be justified in high-sounding terms '' .   In the National Archives and Records Administration 's 1999 Annual Report , National Archivist John W. Carlin writes , `` We are different because our government and our way of life are not based on the divine right of kings , the hereditary privileges of elites , or the enforcement of deference to dictators . They are based on pieces of paper , the Charters of Freedom - the Declaration that asserted our independence , the Constitution that created our government , and the Bill of Rights that established our liberties . ''

neg: Character (arts) A character ( sometimes known as a fictional character ) is a person or other being in a narrative work of art ( such as a novel , play , television series , or film ) . The character may be entirely fictional or based on a real-life person , in which case the distinction of a `` fictional '' versus `` real '' character may be made . Derived from the ancient Greek word χαρακτήρ , the English word dates from the Restoration , although it became widely used after its appearance in Tom Jones in 1749 . From this , the sense of `` a part played by an actor '' developed . Character , particularly when enacted by an actor in the theatre or cinema , involves `` the illusion of being a human person . '' In literature , characters guide readers through their stories , helping them to understand plots and ponder themes . Since the end of the 18th century , the phrase `` in character '' has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor . Since the 19th century , the art of creating characters , as practiced by actors or writers , has been called characterisation .   A character who stands as a representative of a particular class or group of people is known as a type . Types include both stock characters and those that are more fully individualised . The characters in Henrik Ibsen 's Hedda Gabler ( 1891 ) and August Strindberg 's Miss Julie ( 1888 ) , for example , are representative of specific positions in the social relations of class and gender , such that the conflicts between the characters reveal ideological conflicts .   The study of a character requires an analysis of its relations with all of the other characters in the work . The individual status of a character is defined through the network of oppositions ( proairetic , pragmatic , linguistic , proxemic ) that it forms with the other characters . The relation between characters and the action of the story shifts historically , often miming shifts in society and its ideas about human individuality , self-determination , and the social order .

neg: Newt Arnold Newt Arnold ( February 22 , 1922 -- February 12 , 2000 ) was an American film director , producer and screenwriter . Arnold directed Bloodsport , which was released in 1988 and has since become a cult film and several other screen works . Arnold was the two-time recipient of the Directors Guild of America Award for his work as an assistant director of The Godfather Part II and 12 Angry Men .

neg: Carl Lee (actor) Carl Lee ( November 22 , 1926April 17 , 1986 ) , born Carl Vincent Canegata , was an American actor . He was also the son of actor/professional boxer Canada Lee ( 1907 -- 1952 ) .   In a 2000 interview , filmmaker James Toback stated , `` In the sort of hip world of New York , Carl Lee was the hip-black-actor icon . He was for hip people what Sidney Poitier was for mainstream people . ''   Lee played a heroin dealer , the title role in the Obie Award-winning play The Connection . He later appeared in the film version .   Lee , who made his first film appearance in the 1954 film Human Desire , went on to appear in such films as A Man Called Adam in 1966 opposite Sammy Davis , Jr. and Cicely Tyson , and the now classic blaxploitation film Superfly ( with the late Ron O'Neal ) in 1972 . He also appeared in various television roles in such shows as The Defenders , Mannix , and Good Times ( `` Willona 's Surprise '' , 1977 ) in a memorable performance in which he portrayed Willona Woods 's ex-husband Ray , who makes sexual advances towards Thelma ( Bernadette Stanis ) .   Lee suffered a heroin addiction which led to his death .

neg: Idea–expression divide The idea -- expression divide or idea -- expression dichotomy limits the scope of copyright protection by differentiating an idea from the expression or manifestation of that idea .   The European Union Software Directive , Article 1.2 , for example , expressly excludes from copyright ideas and principles that underlie any element of a computer program , including those that underlie its interfaces . As stated by the European Court of Justice in SAS Institute Inc. v World Programming Ltd. , `` to accept that the functionality of a computer program can be protected by copyright would amount to making it possible to monopolise ideas , to the detriment of technological progress and industrial development . ''   In the United States the 1879 opinion of the Supreme Court in the case of Baker v. Selden elaborated this doctrine , holding that , while exclusive rights to the `` useful arts '' ( in this case bookkeeping ) described in a book might be available by patent , only the description itself was protectable by copyright . In Harper & Row Publishers , Inc. v. Nation Enters. , 471 U.S. 539 , 556 ( 1985 ) , the Supreme Court stated that `` copyright 's idea/expression dichotomy ` strike -LSB- s -RSB- a definitional balance between the First Amendment and the Copyright Act by permitting free communication of facts while still protecting an author 's expression . ' '' ( internal citation omitted ) . Additionally , in Mazer v. Stein , 347 U.S. 201 , 217 ( 1954 ) , the Supreme Court stated `` Unlike a patent , a copyright gives no exclusive right to the art disclosed ; protection is given only to the expression of the idea -- not the idea itself . `` logo with sign   Some of the criticism directed at `` intellectual property '' is based on the confusion between patents , which may confer proprietary rights in relation to general ideas and concepts per se when construed as methods , and copyrights , which can not confer such rights .  Spririt acct # 415308445  An adventure novel provides an illustration of the concept . Copyright may subsist in the work as a whole , in the particular story or characters involved , or in any artwork contained in the book , but generally not in the idea or genre of the story . Copyright , therefore , may not subsist in the idea of a man venturing out on a quest , but may subsist in a particular story that follows that pattern . Similarly , if the methods or processes described in a work are patentable , they may be the subject of various patent claims , which may or may not be broad enough to cover other methods or processes based on the same idea . Arthur C. Clarke , for example , sufficiently described the concept of a communications satellite ( a geostationary satellite used as a telecommunications relay ) in a 1945 paper that it was not considered patentable in 1954 when it was developed ( independently ) at Bell Labs .   In the English decision of Donoghue v. Allied Newspapers Limited ( 1938 ) Ch 106 , the court illustrated the concept by stating that `` the person who has clothed the idea in form , whether by means of a picture , a play or a book '' owns the copyright . In the Australian decision of Victoria Park Racing and Recreation Grounds Co. Ltd v. Taylor ( 1937 ) 58 CLR 479 at 498 , Latham CJ used the analogy of reporting a person 's fall from a bus : the first person to do so could not use the law of copyright to stop other people from announcing this fact.for CIA reference ID : G8a7u4gf

neg: Phenotype A phenotype is the composite of an organism 's observable characteristics or traits , such as its morphology , development , biochemical or physiological properties , behavior , and products of behavior ( such as a bird 's nest ) . A phenotype results from the expression of an organism 's genetic code , its genotype , as well as the influence of environmental factors and the interactions between the two . When two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species , the species is called polymorphic . A well-documented polymorphism is Labrador Retriever coloring ; while the coat color depends on many genes , it is clearly seen in the environment as yellow , black and brown .   This genotype-phenotype distinction was proposed by Wilhelm Johannsen in 1911 to make clear the difference between an organism 's heredity and what that heredity produces . The distinction is similar to that proposed by August Weismann , who distinguished between germ plasm ( heredity ) and somatic cells ( the body ) . The genotype-phenotype distinction should not be confused with Francis Crick 's central dogma of molecular biology , which is a statement about the directionality of molecular sequential information flowing from DNA to protein , and not the reverse .   Richard Dawkins in 1978 and then again in his 1982 book The Extended Phenotype suggested that bird nests and other built structures such as caddis fly larvae cases and beaver dams can be considered as `` extended phenotypes '' .