query: Thor: The Dark World is a movie.

pos: Thor: The Dark World Thor : The Dark World is a 2013 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Thor , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2011 's Thor and the eighth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The film was directed by Alan Taylor , with a screenplay by Christopher Yost and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely . It stars Chris Hemsworth , Natalie Portman , Tom Hiddleston , Anthony Hopkins , Stellan Skarsgård , Idris Elba , Christopher Eccleston , Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje , Kat Dennings , Ray Stevenson , Zachary Levi , Tadanobu Asano , Jaimie Alexander , and Rene Russo . In Thor : The Dark World , Thor teams up with Loki to save the Nine Realms from the Dark Elves led by the vengeful Malekith , who intends to plunge the universe into darkness .   Development of Thor : The Dark World began in April 2011 , when producer Kevin Feige announced plans for a sequel to follow the crossover film The Avengers . In July 2011 , Kenneth Branagh , the director of Thor , withdrew from the project . Brian Kirk and Patty Jenkins were considered to direct the film before Taylor was hired in January 2012 . The supporting cast filled out in August 2012 , with the hiring of Eccleston , Dennings , and Akinnuoye-Agbaje . Principal photography began in September 2012 in Surrey , England with filming continuing in Iceland and London , before wrapping up in December 2012 . Thor : The Dark World was converted to 3D in post-production .   Thor : The Dark World premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on October 22 , 2013 . It was released internationally on October 30 , 2013 , and on November 8 , 2013 , in the United States . The film received mixed reviews , but was a commercial success , grossing over $ 644 million worldwide . A third film , Thor : Ragnarok , is set for release on November 3 , 2017 .

neg: Thor & Loki: Blood Brothers Thor & Loki : Blood Brothers is a four episode motion comic from Marvel Knights Animation released in April 2011 . It is based on the 2004 miniseries Loki by Robert Rodi and Esad Ribic .   A DVD containing all four episodes was released on September 13 , 2011 from Shout ! Factory .

neg: Tolkien's legendarium Tolkien 's legendarium is the term for the  entirety of J. R. R. Tolkien 's mythopoetic writing that forms the background to his The Lord of the Rings .  Tolkien worked and re-worked the components of his legendarium throughout his adult life , or during a period of more than 50 years ; the earliest drafts , published in The Book of Lost Tales ( 1983 ) dating to 1916 .   Colloquially , `` Middle-earth '' is popularly used as a shorthand for a `` canonical '' or mature form of Tolkien 's narrative , Middle-earth being Tolkien 's term for the inhabited part of the world in which most of his published stories were set .   The mythological and cosmological background of Tolkien 's published works was sketched in the posthumously-published The Silmarillion ( 1977 ) , and in Tolkien studies as a field as it has developed since the 1980s .

neg: Beowulf & Grendel Beowulf & Grendel is a 2005 film Canadian-Icelandic fantasy adventure film directed by Sturla Gunnarsson , loosely based on the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf . It stars Gerard Butler as Beowulf , Stellan Skarsgård as Hrothgar , Ingvar Eggert Sigurðsson as Grendel and Sarah Polley as the witch Selma . The screenplay was written by Andrew Rai Berzins . The soundtrack was composed by Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson . While some of the film remains true to the original poem , other plot elements deviate from the original poem : three new characters , Grendel 's father , the witch Selma , and Grendel 's son are introduced , and several related plot points were developed specifically for the film .   The film is a cooperative effort between Eurasia Motion Pictures ( Canada ) , Spice Factory ( UK ) , and Bjolfskvida ( Iceland ) , and it was filmed in Iceland . The story takes place in the early half of the sixth century AD in what is now Denmark , but the filming of the movie in Iceland provided many panoramic views of that country 's landscape . In 2006 , a documentary of the making of Beowulf and Grendel , called Wrath of Gods , was released and went on to win six film awards in Europe and the U.S.

neg: Tron Tron is a 1982 American science fiction action-adventure film written and directed by Steven Lisberger , based on a story by Lisberger and Bonnie MacBird and produced by Walt Disney Productions . The film stars Jeff Bridges as a computer programmer who is transported inside the software world of a mainframe computer where he interacts with programs in his attempt to escape . Bruce Boxleitner , David Warner , Cindy Morgan , and Barnard Hughes star in supporting roles .   Development of Tron began in 1976 when Lisberger became fascinated with the early video game Pong . He and producer Donald Kushner set up an animation studio to develop Tron with the intention of making it an animated film . Indeed , to promote the studio itself , Lisberger and his team created a 30-second animation featuring the first appearance of the eponymous character . Eventually , Lisberger decided to include live-action elements with both backlit and computer animation for the actual feature-length film . Various film studios had rejected the storyboards for the film before Walt Disney Studios agreed to finance and distribute Tron . There , backlit animation was finally combined with the computer animation and live action .   Tron was released on July 9 , 1982 in 1,091 theaters in the United States . The film was a moderate success at the box office , and received positive reviews from critics who praised the groundbreaking visuals and acting . However , the storyline was criticized at the time for being incoherent . Tron received nominations for Best Costume Design and Best Sound at the 55th Academy Awards , and received the Academy Award for Technical Achievement fourteen years later . Over time , Tron developed into a cult film and eventually spawned a franchise , which consists of multiple video games , comic books and an animated television series . A sequel titled Tron : Legacy directed by Joseph Kosinski was released on December 17 , 2010 , with Bridges and Boxleitner reprising their roles , and Lisberger acting as producer .

neg: Hammer of the Gods (2009 film) Hammer of the Gods ( known as THOR : Hammer of the Gods ) is a 2009 made-for-TV film , directed by Todor `` Toshko '' Chapkanov and produced by Jeffery Beach and Phillip J. Roth for the Syfy channel . It tells the story of the thunder god Thor , after he defeated the Midgard Serpent and died , then was reincarnated into a mortal man . Thor , along with his two brothers and friends travel to a mysterious island at Midgard 's edge , seeking glory and fame . Upon arriving they encounter strange creatures and they start searching the island for answers . Meanwhile , Thor keeps seeing visions of a mighty warrior and a big hammer and Freyja tells him that his visions are clues . So they start searching for the hammer .

neg: Thor In Norse mythology , Thor ( -LSB- θɔr -RSB- from Old Norse Þórr ) is a hammer-wielding god associated with thunder , lightning , storms , oak trees , strength , the protection of mankind , and also hallowing and fertility . The cognate deity in wider Germanic mythology and paganism was known in Old English as Þunor and in Old High German as Donar ( runic þonar ) , stemming from a Common Germanic * Þunraz ( meaning `` thunder '' ) .   Ultimately stemming from Proto-Indo-European religion , Thor is a prominently mentioned god throughout the recorded history of the Germanic peoples , from the Roman occupation of regions of Germania , to the tribal expansions of the Migration Period , to his high popularity during the Viking Age , when , in the face of the process of the Christianization of Scandinavia , emblems of his hammer , Mjölnir , were worn and Norse pagan personal names containing the name of the god bear witness to his popularity .   Into the modern period , Thor continued to be acknowledged in rural folklore throughout Germanic regions . Thor is frequently referred to in place names , the day of the week Thursday ( `` Thor 's day '' from Old English Thunresdæg , ` Thunor 's day ' ) bears his name , and names stemming from the pagan period containing his own continue to be used today .   In Norse mythology , largely recorded in Iceland from traditional material stemming from Scandinavia , numerous tales and information about Thor are provided . In these sources , Thor bears at least fourteen names , is the husband of the golden-haired goddess Sif , is the lover of the jötunn Járnsaxa , and is generally described as fierce eyed , red haired and red bearded . With Sif , Thor fathered the goddess ( and possible valkyrie ) Þrúðr ; with Járnsaxa , he fathered Magni ; with a mother whose name is not recorded , he fathered Móði , and he is the stepfather of the god Ullr . The same sources list Thor as the son of the god Odin and the personified earth , Jörð , and by way of Odin , Thor has numerous brothers . Thor has two servants , Þjálfi and Röskva , rides in a cart or chariot pulled by two goats , Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr ( that he eats and resurrects ) , and is ascribed three dwellings ( Bilskirnir , Þrúðheimr , and Þrúðvangr ) . Thor wields the mountain-crushing hammer , Mjölnir , wears the belt Megingjörð and the iron gloves Járngreipr , and owns the staff Gríðarvölr . Thor 's exploits , including his relentless slaughter of his foes and fierce battles with the monstrous serpent Jörmungandr -- and their foretold mutual deaths during the events of Ragnarök -- are recorded throughout sources for Norse mythology .   Thor has inspired numerous works of art and references to Thor appear in modern popular culture . Like other Germanic deities , veneration of Thor is revived in the modern period in Heathenry .

neg: Dark Descent Dark Descent is a 2002 film written and directed by Daniel Knauf .

neg: Jon Mikl Thor Jon Thor ( born 1955 ) , better known as Thor , is a bodybuilding champion , actor , songwriter , screenwriter , historian , vocalist and musician .   As a bodybuilder , he was the first Canadian to win both the Mr. Canada and Mr. USA titles . During his bodybuilding career , he has achieved over 40 titles around the world . As a musician , he is the front man for the heavy metal band Thor , billing himself as `` The Legendary Rock Warrior '' . He has also has had career in acting appearing in such films as Recruits ( 1986 ) , Zombie Nightmare ( 1987 ) , Rock 'n' Roll Nightmare ( 1987 ) and FUBAR ( 2002 ) .

neg: List of Icelandic films of 2014 The Icelandic film industry produced over twenty feature films in 2014 . This article fully lists all non-pornographic films , including short films , that had a release date in that year and which were at least partly made by Iceland . It does not include films first released in previous years that had release dates in 2014 . Also included is an overview of the major events in Icelandic film , including film festivals and awards ceremonies , as well as lists of those films that have been particularly well received , both critically and financially .

neg: Thor: Son of Asgard (video game) Thor : Son of Asgard is an action-adventure video game for iOS , based on Marvel Comics ' Thor .   The story is based on a comics version of Thor . Cutscenes are made from comic book-styled animation . The character itself is on the other hand based on his movie version , his persona and the suit .

neg: Thor (Marvel Comics) Thor Odinson is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name , is the Asgardian god of thunder and possesses the enchanted hammer Mjolnir , which grants him the ability of flight and weather manipulation amongst his other superhuman attributes .   Debuting in the Silver Age of Comic Books , the character first appeared in Journey into Mystery # 83 ( Aug. 1962 ) and was created by editor-plotter Stan Lee , scripter Larry Lieber , and penciller-plotter Jack Kirby . He has starred in several ongoing series and limited series , and is a founding member of the superhero team the Avengers , appearing in each volume of that series . The character has also appeared in associated Marvel merchandise including animated television series , clothing , toys , trading cards , video games , and movies .   The character was first portrayed in live action by Eric Allan Kramer in the 1988 television movie The Incredible Hulk Returns . Chris Hemsworth portrays Thor in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Thor , The Avengers , Thor : The Dark World and Avengers : Age of Ultron and will reprise his role in Thor : Ragnarok , Avengers : Infinity War , and its untitled sequel . Thor placed 14th on IGN 's list of `` Top 100 Comic Book Heroes of All Time '' in 2011 , and first in their list of `` The Top 50 Avengers '' in 2012 .

neg: Gaea (Marvel Comics) This article is for the Marvel Comics Earth-Goddess . For other comic book characters with a similar name , see Gaia .   Gaea is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character is based on the Gaia of Greek mythology and Jörð of Norse mythology . She is a primeval Earth goddess , who has enfused her life essence into those of all Earth 's living beings . She is the embodiment of the spirit of life , growth , harvest , and renewal on Earth . She is the biological mother of Thor .

neg: Ásatrú holidays In Asatru ( Germanic neopaganism ) , various publications identify a number of holidays , to some extent based on medieval references to sacrifices observed in historical Norse paganism or reconstructions of an early Germanic calendar , but frequently also inspired by the `` Wheel of the Year '' popular in Wicca , and sometimes also based on ad hoc innovation , e.g. the various `` Days of Remembrance '' introduced by The Troth .   As a minimal consensus , the three great seasonal blots mentioned in Ynglingasaga are recognized by practically all adherents . These are : Winter Nights ( in October , in some Icelandic sagas identified with Dísablót ) , Midwinter ( some time in December or January , often identified with Yule ) and Sigrblot ( some time in summer ) . Beyond this , the modern Icelandic festival of Þorrablót is sometimes considered a `` pagan holiday '' .   Suggestions for rituals suited for these various holidays were published by e.g. Edred Thorsson , A Book of Troth ( 1989 ) and by Kveldulf Gundarsson , Teutonic Religion ( 1993 ) .  James Chisholm ( 1989 ) published a suggestion for Ostara   The following are examples of seasonal festivals as listed by notable adherents of American Asatru .

neg: Film series A film series ( also referred to as a film franchise ) is a collection of related films in succession that share the same fictional universe , or are marketed as a series .   Sometimes the work is conceived from the beginning as a multiple-film work , for example the Three Colours series , but in most cases the success of the original film inspires further films to be made . Individual sequels are relatively common , but are not always successful enough to spawn further installments .   The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the highest grossing film series in unadjusted US Dollar figures surpassing the Harry Potter , Star Wars , James Bond , and Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings series . However , `` Star Wars '' has the highest when adjusted for inflation .

neg: Thor: The Mighty Avenger (toy line) Thor : The Mighty Avenger is a toy line manufactured by Hasbro based on the Marvel Comics film , Thor . It is composed mainly of 3.75 '' scale action figures .   The line falls under Marvel 's `` Avengers Assemble '' marketing banner , which will also include the Iron Man : The Armored Avenger and Captain America : The First Avenger toy lines . This will be used as a lead up to 2012 's The Avengers motion picture .   Unlike previous 3.75 '' action figure lines based on movies , Hasbro is not doing a comic series with this line . All of the figures will be based on the movie . This official street date for the line is March 1 , though some stores have started selling the toys in early February .

neg: Troll A troll is a class of being in Norse mythology and Scandinavian folklore . In Old Norse sources , beings described as trolls dwell in isolated rocks , mountains , or caves , live together in small family units , and are rarely helpful to human beings .   Later , in Scandinavian folklore , trolls became beings in their own right , where they live far from human habitation , are not Christianized , and are considered dangerous to human beings . Depending on the source , their appearance varies greatly ; trolls may be ugly and slow-witted , or look and behave exactly like human beings , with no particularly grotesque characteristic about them .   Trolls are sometimes associated with particular landmarks , which at times may be explained as formed from a troll exposed to sunlight . Trolls are depicted in a variety of media in modern popular culture .

neg: Dark tourism Dark tourism ( also black tourism or grief tourism ) has been defined as tourism involving travel to places historically associated with death and tragedy . More recently , it was suggested that the concept should also include reasons tourists visit that site , since the site 's attributes alone may not make a visitor a `` dark tourist '' . Thanatourism , derived from the ancient Greek word thanatos for the personification of death , refers more specifically to peaceful death ; it is used in fewer contexts than the terms dark tourism and grief tourism . The main attraction to dark locations is their historical value rather than their associations with death and suffering .

neg: Clash of the Titans (franchise) Clash of the Titans is a British -- American fantasy action media franchise based on characters and myths of Ancient Greek mythology . The first film , Clash of the Titans , was released in 1981 with a remake made in 2010 . The remake spawned a sequel , Wrath of the Titans , in 2012 .

neg: Dark Rising Dark Rising is a science fiction comedy franchise created by Andrew Cymek and adapted for film and television by Mihkel Harilaid . The original film , Dark Rising : Bring Your Battle Axe , was released in 2007 and featured the introduction of Summer Vale .   The story was brought to television as Dark Rising : The Savage Tales of Summer Vale ( 2011 ) but shortly returned to feature film with Dark Rising : Summer Strikes Back ( 2011 ) . Mihkel Harilaid of Black Walk Films leads the series ' production as Executive Producer and each component has been directed by Andrew Cymek of Defiant Empire Films .   The franchise is once again in production of a one-hour drama series , Dark Rising : Warrior of Worlds , set for release in 2013 in co-operation with Mar Vista Entertainment . The series was picked up by Super Channel 1 in Canada and started on July 20 .

neg: Thor Freudenthal Thor Freudenthal ( born October 20 , 1972 ) is a German film director , animator and special effects artist .


query: Sense and Sensibility originally printed 0 copies.

pos: Sense and Sensibility Sense and Sensibility is a novel by Jane Austen , published in 1811 . It was published anonymously ; By A Lady appears on the cover page where the author 's name might have been . It tells the story of the Dashwood sisters , Elinor and Marianne , both of age to marry .   The novel follows the young women to their new home with their widowed mother , a meagre cottage on the property of a distant relative , where they experience love , romance and heartbreak . The novel is set in southwest England , London and Sussex between 1792 and 1797 .   The novel sold out its first print run of 750 copies in the middle of 1813 , marking a success for its author , who then had a second print run later that year . The novel continued in publication throughout the 19th , 20th and 21st centuries .

neg: Celestina (novel) Celestina is an eighteenth-century English novel and poet Charlotte Turner Smith 's third novel . Published in 1791 by Thomas Cadell , the novel tells the story of an adopted orphan who discovers the secret of her parentage and marries the man she loves . It is a courtship novel that follows the typical Cinderella plot while still commenting on contemporary political issues .   Celestina is a satire of traditional English class and gender assumptions , particularly the idea that nobility is connected to rank or wealth . The heroine 's worth lies in her `` enlightened human soul '' ; she is valuable in and of herself . As a model for young readers , Celestina was liberating -- she was independent and assertive . While Celestina is a heroine of sensibility who relies on her feelings to develop sympathy for others , it is the hero , Willoughby , who is the most sentimental of all , reversing the stereotypical association of strong emotions with femininity . In this novel , it is the women who remain strong and the men who are prey to their feelings .   Throughout the novel , Smith included portraits of herself and her husband . Readers were interested in her personal story and bought her works to discover what was happening in her life , therefore she included barely disguised autobiographical details in the novel .   The novel was well received by reviewers and eventually ran to four editions during the 1790s ; however , the novel was not published again until the 2000s . Jane Austen , who read Smith 's novels as they were published , responded to her description of sensibility with Sense and Sensibility .

neg: Permabooks Permabooks was a paperback division of Doubleday , established by Doubleday in 1948 . Although published by Doubleday 's Garden City Publishing Company in Garden City , Long Island , the Permabooks editorial office was located at 14 West 49th Street in Manhattan .   Promoted with the slogans Books of Permanent Value for Permanent Use and Books to Keep , the early Permabooks were priced at 35 cents . They did not feature the flexible covers usually associated with paperback books . Instead , as the name implies , the first Permabooks were designed in a more durable format with board covers . The interior looked like a paperback , but the exterior , measuring 4 ⅜ '' wide by 6 1/2 '' deep , gave the impression of a reduced-size hardcover . The edges of the stiff , unflexible board cover extended 1/8 '' past the trim of the interior pages .   The concept was heralded in a back cover blurb :  Permabooks combine the virtues of handiness for the pocket and durability for the library shelf . They are selected with care to provide reliable books for education and recreation . Each has been printed from new plates and bound in boards with special wear-resistant finish .   The initial format only lasted three years , with Doubleday switching to the standard paperback appearance in 1951 , as indicated by Hyde Park Books ' breakdown of the numbering sequence :  The binding influenced editorial decisions . There was no sense publishing a durable book that no one had reason to keep , so the first titles were Best-Loved Poems , How to Write Letters , Best Quotations for All Occasions and other reference-style works . The numbering sequence : P1-P92 , hardbacks ; there was no P93 ; P94-P97 , hardbacks ; P98 , paper ; P99-P101 , hard ; P102 on were all paperback . Plus , P5 , P7 , P25 , P65 , P89 were re-issued as paperback without being re-numbered . In 1954 , the company was purchased by Pocket Books , which began numbering Permabooks with M1000 , skipped to M1600 , skipped for the third title to M2001 , skipped yet again to M3002 for the fourth title , and then numbered sequentially until M5014 , when it jumped to M7500 .   The Perma Star imprint began in 1952 . Perma Special , which also began that year , was a higher quality line selling for 50 cents . These imprints included originals by Richard Stark ( a Donald E. Westlake pseudonym ) and Ed McBain ( pseudonym for Evan Hunter ) .   In 1954 , Doubleday sold Permabooks to Pocket Books , which kept the Permabooks name as one of their imprints , issuing both originals and reprints .

neg: Names for the number 0 in English There are names for the number 0 in English and related concepts , and there are concomitant names for the decades whose tens column contains the number 0 . The names for the number 0 include `` zero '' , `` cipher '' , `` null '' , `` naught '' , `` nought '' , `` love '' , `` duck '' , `` nil '' , `` nada '' , `` zilch '' , `` zip '' , ( the letter ) `` o '' ( often spelled `` oh '' ) , `` aught '' , and `` ought '' . There are various subtleties of usage amongst them all .   Some usage of these terms is driven by a desire to maintain an explicit distinction between digit zero and letter O , which , because they are both usually represented graphically in English orthography ( and indeed most orthographies using Latin script and Arabic numerals ) with a simple circle or oval , have a centuries-long history of being frequently conflated . Thus some of the terms discussed below are the phonetic analog of the graphical convention of slashed zero -- that is , both are an effort to keep digit zero and letter O duly differentiated .

neg: Cancels Cancel , sb. , is a bibliographic term for a replaced leaf in a printed book . The technique for this is usually to tear out the rejected leaf , and paste a new one to the stub left on the cognate leaf . Alternatively , a false stub ( known as a ` fold ' ) may be added .   The cancelled leaf may be rejected on account of spelling or typing errors , a wording change or addition , or need to suppress libellous or otherwise offensive text .   Leaves have been cancelled from around the dawn of printing in the mid-15th century , peaked from about 1600 to 1800 , but the practice is less common today , since it is now cheaper to replace the whole sheet .   If the replacement is made before publication , the book can exist in two states ( i.e. with and without the new leaf ) . If after sale , from a new leaf supplied by the binder to the purchaser , it is termed an alternative issue .   The terminology , coined by R. W. Chapman in 1930 , is :   English : cancel ( pl . cancels ) or cancel leaf ( pl . cancel leaves ) ; Latin : cancellans ( pl . cancellantia ) :  The new ( or replacement , or corrected leaf .   English : cancelland ( pl . cancellands ) ; Latin : cancellandum ( pl . cancellanda ) :  The leaf intended to be replaced , or removed , but when this has not yet been done .   English : cancelled leaf ( pl . cancelled leaves ) ; Latin : cancellatum ( pl . cancellata ) :  Refers to the cancellandum after it has been removed .   Cancels are not always easy to detect , if the stub or fold they are attached to is small ; however , often there will be a difference from other leaves in matters such as paper thickness , watermarks , chainlines , etc. . Whether the old leaf had a signature or not , the new one usually has one added . It occasionally occurs as an error that the old leaf is not excised , or even that the wrong leaf is removed . To obviate this , the old leaf is sometimes partly slit .

neg: The Reader (magazine) The Reader is a Liverpool-based literary magazine published quarterly by The Reader Organisation . The magazine was founded in 1997 by Sarah Coley , Jane Davis , and Angela Macmillan with a grant from the University of Liverpool 's School of English . It operated as part of the University of Liverpool until 2008 when the parent organisation became an independent charitable body . The Reader magazine is currently edited by Philip Davis , author , biographer , and Professor of English at the University of Liverpool . The Deputy Editor is Sarah Coley .   The magazine features original poetry and short fiction , essays , interviews and recommendations with an emphasis on the enjoyment of reading good quality writing . Issues are based loosely around a given theme , with letters , a crossword and the famously tricky ` Buck 's Quiz ' making up the last section . Since taking over the editorship from his wife in 2007 Philip Davis has overseen a successful redesign and relaunch and the magazine now includes a small amount of photography . The magazine has managed to attract many high-profile contributors over the years , including A. S. Byatt , Howard Jacobson , Seamus Heaney , Will Self , Graham Swift , John Kinsella , Les Murray , John Carey , Bel Mooney and Jonathan Bate .   As well as the magazine , The Reader Organisation promotes live literature and outreach events and educational community-based projects such as Get Into Reading , promoting and researching the therapeutic value of reading ( ` bibliotherapy ' ) . In this context The Reader supports and works with other U.K. arts in health charities such as Poems in the Waiting Room . In 2008 it spun off from the University of Liverpool as an independent charitable organisation with Blake Morrison as its Chair and Jane Davis as director .

neg: Popular print Popular prints is a term for printed images of generally low artistic quality which were sold cheaply in Europe and later the New World from the 15th to 18th centuries , often with text as well as images . They were some of the earliest examples of mass media . After about 1800 , the types and quantity of images greatly increased , but other terms are usually used to categorise them .

neg: Fanny's First Play Fanny 's First Play is a 1911 play by George Bernard Shaw . It was first performed as an anonymous piece , the authorship of which was to be kept secret . However , critics soon recognised it as the work of Shaw . It opened at the Little Theatre in the Adelphi in London on 19 April 1911 and ran for 622 performances . The mystery over the authorship helped to publicise it . It had the longest run of any of Shaw 's plays . A second production opened on Broadway on September 16 , 1912 for 256 performances . The play toured the provinces in England in the same year .   It features a play within a play . The framing play is a satire of theatre critics , whose characters were based upon Shaw 's own detractors , in some cases being caricatures of real critics of the day . The main play is a pastiche of the drawing room comedies in vogue at the time .

neg: Duckworth Overlook Duckworth Overlook , originally Gerald Duckworth and Company , founded in 1898 by Gerald Duckworth , is an independent British publisher . It was important in the development of English literature in the first half of the twentieth century , when it published such writers as Virginia Woolf ( Gerald Duckworth 's half-sister ) , W. H. Davies , Anthony Powell , John Galsworthy and D. H. Lawrence . It continues to be highly respected and successful within the publishing industry .

neg: The Bookman (London) The Bookman was a monthly magazine published in London from 1891 until 1934 by Hodder & Stoughton . It was a catalogue of the current publications that also contained reviews , advertising and illustrations . William Robertson Nicoll , Arthur St. John Adcock and Hugh Ross Williamson were editors . Contributors included G. K. Chesterton , Walter Pater , Gertrude Atherton , Guy Thorne , J. M. Barrie , Edward Thomas , W.B. Yeats , Arthur Ransome , M.R. James and Samuel Beckett .

neg: Print Connoisseur The Print Connoisseur : A Quarterly Magazine for the Print Collector was a quarterly periodical published from 1920 to 1932 by Winfred Porter Truesdell of New York City .   Starting with Volume 1 , No. 1 ( October 1920 ) it lasted through 46 issues to Volume 12 , No. 2 ( 1932 ) . Most issues contained at least one original print as the frontispiece . Original prints were done by leading American and European artists including : John Taylor Arms , Frank W. Benson , George Elmer Burr , Emil Fuchs , Arthur William Heintzelman , Norman Kent , Paul Landacre , J. J. Lankes , Frederick Reynolds , Howard Simon , Birger Sandzén , Lynd Ward , and others .   The periodical appeared in different versions :  issued quarterly in wraps ( paper covers . ) This allowed some subscribers to have their copies privately bound . The cover design could change from quarter to quarter . In some cases , the same issue could come out in different cover colors .  at the end of the year a subscriber could order a bound version from the publisher .  a limited edition ( need to get more information to estimate the edition size ) that had some signed prints . In other cases the limited edition had a frontispiece that was different from the regular edition e.g. an Arms print was done in colours for the limited edition but just black & white in the regular edition . In another case the limited edition got a drypoint but since the plate would n't stand up , the regular edition only got a reproduction .

neg: Early Morning Dream Early Morning Dream is a limited-edition book by Patti Smith , published sine nomine ( without a name ) in 1972 . It was limited to 100 copies .

neg: The Leisure Hour The Leisure Hour was a British general-interest periodical of the Victorian era which ran weekly from 1852 to 1905 . It was the most successful of several popular magazines published by the Religious Tract Society , which produced Christian literature for a wide audience . Each issue mixed multiple genres of fiction and factual stories , historical and topical .   The magazine 's title referred to campaigns that had decreased work hours , giving workers extra leisure time . Until 1876 , it carried the subtitle `` A Family Journal of Instruction and Recreation '' ; after that , the subtitle changed to `` An illustrated magazine for home reading '' .   Each issue cost one penny and comprised 16 pages . The layout typically included approximately six long articles , formatted in two columns per page , and five or six illustrations . The articles were a mix , including biographies , poetry , essays , and fiction . Each issue usually started with a piece of serialised fiction .   The creation of the magazine was partly a response to non-religious popular magazines that the Religious Tract Society saw as delivering a `` pernicious '' morality to the working classes . The ethos of the magazine was guided by Sabbatarianism : the campaign to keep Sunday as a day of rest . It aimed to treat its diverse subjects `` in the light of Christian truth '' . Despite this , The Leisure Hour carried far fewer statements of Christian doctrine than the Society 's other publications . Compared to other popular magazines of the time , The Leisure Hour had a greater emphasis on fiction .   Two days before the magazine 's launch in 1852 , a warehouse fire destroyed the first batch of The Leisure Hour , so replacement copies had to be printed .   The magazine was edited by William Haig Miller until 1858 , James Macaulay from 1858 to 1895 , and William Stevens from 1895 to 1900 . Harold Copping was one of its illustrators . Authors were initially only credited by initials rather than by name , giving the writing a collective rather than individual authority , though naming of authors became more common from the 1870s onwards . In its jubilee issue , published in 1902 , the magazine identified 111 authors who had contributed .

neg: Hurst and Blackett Hurst and Blackett was a publisher founded in 1852 by Henry Blackett ( May 26 , 1825 - March 7 , 1871 ) , the grandson of a London shipbuilder , and Daniel William Stow Hurst ( February 17 , 1802 - July 6 , 1870 ) . Shortly after the formation of their partnership Hurst and Blackett took over the business of the long established publisher Henry Colburn , for whom Daniel Hurst had worked for some years , and their earliest publications displayed `` Successors to Henry Colburn '' on the title pages . This was subsequently replaced by the epithet `` Publishers since 1812 '' , probably in reference to the date when Henry Colburn had commenced publishing .   Four of Henry Blackett 's sons became publishers . Hurst and Blackett were located on Great Marlborough Street , where Henry Colburn had maintained his premises , and later at Paternoster House , Paternoster Row , London and had offices in New York and Melbourne . They were taken over by Hutchinson , which later became part of Random House .

neg: Chapbook A chapbook is an early type of popular literature printed in early modern Europe . Produced cheaply , chapbooks were commonly small , paper-covered booklets , usually printed on a single sheet folded into books of 8 , 12 , 16 and 24 pages . They were often illustrated with crude woodcuts , which sometimes bore no relation to the text . When illustrations were included in chapbooks , they were considered popular prints .   The tradition of chapbooks arose in the 16th century , as soon as printed books became affordable , and rose to its height during the 17th and 18th centuries . Many different kinds of ephemera and popular or folk literature were published as chapbooks , such as almanacs , children 's literature , folk tales , ballads , nursery rhymes , pamphlets , poetry , and political and religious tracts .   The term `` chapbook '' for this type of literature was coined in the 19th century . The corresponding French and German terms are bibliothèque bleue ( blue book ) and Volksbuch , respectively . In Spain they were known as pliegos de cordel .   The term `` chapbook '' is also in use for present-day publications , commonly short , inexpensive booklets .

neg: The Mysteries of London The Mysteries of London is a penny dreadful or city mysteries novel begun by George W. M. Reynolds in 1844 . Reynolds wrote the first two series of this long-running narrative of life in the seedy underbelly of mid-nineteenth-century London . Thomas Miller wrote the third series and Edward L. Blanchard wrote the fourth series of this immensely popular title .   Michael Angelo in Penny Dreadfuls and Other Victorian Horrors writes :   Reynolds had read Eugène Sue while in Paris and was particularly impressed by his novel Les Mystères de Paris ( The Mysteries of Paris ) . It inspired Reynolds to write and publish a penny part serial , The Mysteries of London ( 1845 ) , in which he paralleled Sue 's tale of vice , depravity , and squalor in the Parisian slums with a sociological story contrasting the vice and degradation of London working-class life with the luxury and debaucheries of the hedonistic upper crust . An early socialist and a Chartist sympathizer , Reynolds had a genuine social conscience , and he contrived to stitch into the pages of his books diatribes against social evils and class inequities . ( 79 )   Instalments were published weekly and contained a single illustration and eight pages of text printed in double columns . The weekly numbers were later bound in cloth covers with a fresh title page and table of contents and offered as complete works of fiction .   Later Victorian editions of The Mysteries of London carried the subtitle : Stories of Life in the Modern Babylon .   After Reynolds quit The Mysteries of London , he began a new title : The Mysteries of the Court of London , which ran from 1848 until 1856 .

neg: London Figaro The London Figaro was a London periodical devoted to politics , literature , art , criticism and satire during the Victorian era . It was founded as a daily paper in 1870 with the backing of Napoleon III but after a year re-established itself as a general interest weekly magazine and is chiefly remembered nowadays for its highly independent drama criticism .   The first issue was published by James Mortimer on May 17 , 1870 from a small shop at 199 Strand . It was initially a daily periodical and continued to be published daily until March 18 , 1871 . At this point it changed format from a newspaper to a weekly magazine owing to the withdrawal of its financial support as a result of French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War .   Among those who contributed to it were William Archer ( writing as Almaviva , drama critic ) , Ernest Bendall , Faustin Betbeder ( Faustin , caricaturist ) , Percy Betts ( Cherubino , musical critic ) , Ambrose Bierce ( Passing Showman , Town Crier ) , Edward Bradley ( Cuthbert Bede ) , Aglen Dowty ( Young and Happy Husband , OPQ Philander Smiff ) , John Baker Hopkins , Frank Marshall , Edwin Milliken , Clement Scott ( Almaviva , drama critic ) , and Edward Blanchard ( drama critic ) . Mortimer was a chess master and so the Figaro had a chess column , which from 1872 until 1876 was contributed by Johann Löwenthal and from 1876 to 1882 by Wilhelm Steinitz .   The magazine became very popular during the mid-1870s and for several years was published twice a week . Mortimer was very supportive of his writers and in particular strove to shield the identities of his drama critics , Clement Scott , and later William Archer , both of whom wrote under the pseudonym , Almaviva . Mortimer suffered much personal abuse from actors and promoters as a result .   In 1879 Mortimer was the defendant in a libel case brought against him by William Henry Weldon as a result of the serial which the Figaro had run on the topic of Georgina Weldon , his wife , who claimed that she had been unjustly confined under the lunacy laws of the time . Owing to a combination of misfortune and bad decisions Mortimer lost the case and was sentenced to three months in prison and a heavy fine .   In 1882 Mortimer sold the Figaro . Writing in Journalistic London later in the year , Joseph Hatton , said ,  The Figaro once prospered exceedingly . Its founder , Mr. James Mortimer , an American with a French training in journalism , first introduced it to London as a daily paper . He was unfortunate in challenging attention for a light , chatty , and serio-comic treatment of current news and literature at a time when the public mind was excited with the tragedies of a great war . Otherwise the daily Figaro might possibly have been alive now . A weekly edition reached an enormous circulation . Its chief leader-writer was Mr. John Baker Hopkins , a journalist who for many years was associated with The Law Journal . Mr. Hopkins is the author of '' Nihilism ; or , The Terror Unmasked , '' and several works of fiction . `` The Smiff Papers '' did much to extend the circulation of The Figaro , as did also the dramatic criticisms signed `` Alma Viva . '' Mr. Doughty was the author of the first mentioned feature , Mr. Clement Scott of the second . Recently the paper has been taken over by a limited liability company , and Mr. Mortimer appears to be giving more attention to play-writing than to journalism .   The magazine continued in publication for another 15 years . By the late 1890s however it had lost a lot of its readership and at a shareholders ' Extraordinary General Meeting in December 1897 , it was agreed to wind it up .

neg: Edward Blount Edward Blount ( or Blunt ) ( 1562 -- 1632 ) was a London publisher of the Elizabethan , Jacobean , and Caroline eras , noted for his publication , in conjunction with William and Isaac Jaggard , of the First Folio of Shakespeare 's plays in 1623 .   He was baptised in London on 31 January 1562 ; the Stationers ' Register states that he was the son of Ralph Blount or Blunt , merchant tailor of London , and apprenticed himself in 1578 for ten years to the stationer William Ponsonby . Blount became a `` freeman '' ( a full member ) of the Stationers ' Company on 25 June 1588 .   Among the most important of his publications are Giovanni Florio 's Italian-English dictionary and his translation of Montaigne , plus Marlowe 's Hero and Leander ( 1598 ) , and the Six Court Comedies of John Lyly ( 1632 ) . He himself translated Ars Aulica , or the Courtier 's Arte ( 1607 ) from the Italian of Lorenzo Ducci , and Christian Policie ( 1632 ) from the Spanish of Juan de Santa María .   Though best remembered for the First Folio , Blount also published works by Miguel de Cervantes , Ben Jonson , Samuel Daniel , William Camden , José de Acosta and other important authors . Blount has been described as `` a genuine lover of literature , with discriminating and generous taste . '' Beyond the Folio , Blount had other minor connections with the Shakespearean canon . In 1601 he published Robert Chester 's Love 's Martyr , the volume that contained The Phoenix and the Turtle ; he entered both Antony and Cleopatra and Pericles , Prince of Tyre in the Stationers ' Register in 1608 , though he published neither . Blount was also a close friend and professional colleague of Thomas Thorpe , the publisher of Shakespeare 's sonnets . He was dead by October 1632 .

neg: Collins Crime Club Collins Crime Club was an imprint of British book publishers William Collins , Sons and ran from 6 May 1930 to April 1994 . Throughout its 64 years the club issued a total of 2,025 first editions of crime novels and reached a high standard of quality throughout . In the field of crime book collecting , Collins Crime Club is eagerly sought , particularly pre-war first editions in dustwrappers with their vivid and imaginative images .

neg: The Bookseller The Bookseller is a British magazine reporting news on the publishing industry . Philip Jones is editor-in-chief of the weekly print edition of the magazine and the website . The magazine is home to the Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year , a humorous award given annually to the book with the oddest title . The award is organised by The Bookseller '' 's diarist , Horace Bent , and had been administered in recent years by the former deputy editor , Joel Rickett , and former charts editor , Philip Stone . We Love This Book is its quarterly sister consumer website and email newsletter .   The subscription-only magazine is read by around 30,000 persons each week , in over 90 countries , and contains the latest news from the publishing and bookselling worlds , in-depth analysis , pre-publication book previews and author interviews . It is the first publication to publish official weekly bestseller lists in the UK . It has also created the first UK-based e-book sales ranking . The website is visited by 160,000 unique users each month .   The magazine also produces approximately a dozen specials on an annual basis including its Books of The Year and four `` Buyers Guides '' . The Bookseller '' also publishes three daily newspapers at the annual London Book Fair , in April , the Bologna Children 's Book Fair and the Frankfurt Book Fair , in October .

neg: Gramophone (magazine) Gramophone is a magazine published monthly in London devoted to classical music , particularly to reviews of recordings . It was founded in 1923 by the Scottish author Compton Mackenzie . It was acquired by Haymarket in 1999 . In 2013 the Mark Allen Group became the publisher   The magazine presents the Gramophone Awards each year to the classical recordings which it considers the finest in a variety of categories .   In the title bar of its website Gramophone claims to be : `` The world 's authority on classical music since 1923 . '' This used to appear on the front cover of every issue ; recent editions have changed the wording to `` The world 's best classical music reviews . ''   Its circulation , including digital subscribers , was 24,380 in 2014


query: Pluto is in France.

pos: Pluto Pluto ( minor-planet designation : 134340 Pluto ) is a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt , a ring of bodies beyond Neptune . It was the first Kuiper belt object to be discovered .   Pluto was discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930 and was originally considered to be the ninth planet from the Sun . After 1992 , its planethood was questioned following the discovery of several objects of similar size in the Kuiper belt . In 2005 , Eris , a dwarf planet in the scattered disc which is 27 % more massive than Pluto , was discovered . This led the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) to define the term `` planet '' formally in 2006 , during their 26th General Assembly . That definition excluded Pluto and reclassified it as a dwarf planet .   Pluto is the largest and second-most-massive known dwarf planet in the Solar System and the ninth-largest and tenth-most-massive known object directly orbiting the Sun . It is the largest known trans-Neptunian object by volume but is less massive than Eris . Like other Kuiper belt objects , Pluto is primarily made of ice and rock and is relatively small -- about one-sixth the mass of the Moon and one-third its volume . It has a moderately eccentric and inclined orbit during which it ranges from 30 to 49 astronomical units or AU ( 4.4 -- 7.4 billion km ) from the Sun . This means that Pluto periodically comes closer to the Sun than Neptune , but a stable orbital resonance with Neptune prevents them from colliding . Light from the Sun takes about 5.5 hours to reach Pluto at its average distance ( 39.5 AU ) .   Pluto has five known moons : Charon ( the largest , with a diameter just over half that of Pluto ) , Styx , Nix , Kerberos , and Hydra . Pluto and Charon are sometimes considered a binary system because the barycenter of their orbits does not lie within either body .   On July 14 , 2015 , the New Horizons spacecraft became the first spacecraft to fly by Pluto . During its brief flyby , New Horizons made detailed measurements and observations of Pluto and its moons . In September 2016 , astronomers announced that the reddish-brown cap of the north pole of Charon is composed of tholins , organic macromolecules that may be ingredients for the emergence of life , and produced from methane , nitrogen and other gases released from the atmosphere of Pluto and transferred about 19,000 km to the orbiting moon .

neg: Demographics of France The demography of France is monitored by the Institut national d'études démographiques ( INED ) and the Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques ( INSEE ) . As of the 1 January 2017 , almost 67 million people lived in the French Republic ( 66,991,000 ) , including all the five overseas departments ( 2,132,000 ) , but excluding the overseas collectivities and territories ( 604,000 ) . 64,859,000 of these lived in Metropolitan France , the part of France located in Europe .   In March 2017 the population of France officially reached the 67 million mark . The 66 million mark was reached in the beginning of 2014 .   Between the years 2010 and 2017 the population of France grew from 64,613 million to 66,991 million or with about 2,4 million people for a span of 7 years , making France one of the fastest growing countries in Europe . The population of France is growing with 1 million people every 3 years . For an average annual growth of 340,000 people , or a grow rate of +0,6 % .   France was historically Europe 's most populous nation . During the Middle Ages , more than one quarter of Europe 's total population was French ; by the 17th century , this had decreased slightly to one fifth . By the beginning of the 20th century , other European nations , such as Germany and Russia , had caught up with and overtaken it . However , the country 's population sharply increased with the baby boom following World War II .   According to INSEE , since 2004 , 200,000 immigrants entered annually into the country . One out of two was born in Europe and one in three in Africa . Between 2009 and 2012 , the number of Europeans entering France increased sharply ( + 12 % per year on average ) .   The national birth rate , after dropping for a time , began to rebound in the 1990s and currently the country 's fertility rate is close to the replacement level . According to a 2006 INSEE study , `` The natural increase is close to 300,000 people , a level that has not been reached in more than thirty years . ''   Among the 802,000 newborns in metropolitan France in 2010 , 80.1 % had two French parents , 13.3 % had one French parent , and 6.6 % had two non-French parents . For the same year , 27.3 % of newborns in metropolitan France had at least one foreign-born parent and 23.9 % had at least one parent born outside of Europe ( parents born in overseas territories are considered as born in France ) . Between 2006 and 2008 , about 40 % of newborns in France had one foreign-born grandparent ( 11 % born in another European country , 16 % born in the Maghreb and 12 % born in another region of the world ) .   Racial and ethnic censuses have been banned by the French government since 1978 , since the term `` race '' in France invokes associations with Nazi Germany .

neg: Lille Lille ( -LSB- lil -RSB- ; Rijsel -LSB- ˈrɛi̯səl -RSB- ; Rysel ) is a city in northern France , in French Flanders . On the Deûle River , near France 's border with Belgium , it is the capital of the Hauts-de-France region and the prefecture of the Nord department .   As of 2009 , Lille had a population of 226,827 within its administrative limits , and an urban population of 1,015,744 , making it the fourth largest urban area in France after Paris , Lyon and Marseille .

neg: The Pluto Files The Pluto Files : The Rise and Fall of America 's Favorite Planet is a book written by the astrophysicist and Hayden Planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson . The book is about Pluto , which was demoted to the status of dwarf planet in August 2006 by the International Astronomical Union , thereby depriving it of its planet-hood . The book also focuses on the fact that many Americans rallied their support for this icy dwarf on the edge of the Solar System because it was discovered by an American .   The book was given a good review by Jon Stewart in a guest segment with Tyson on The Daily Show . During the interview , Stewart humorously lauded the book as `` the most exciting book about Pluto you will ever read in your life , '' as well as `` the compelling story of how -LSB- Tyson -RSB- destroyed Pluto 's life . ''   The book explains in full detail the journey of Pluto 's life from its days as Planet X , to its discovery in the early 20th century and all the way to its current title as a Trans-Neptunian object .   The book appeared on the extended hardcover nonfiction bestseller list in The New York Times in February 2009 .

neg: Venus Venus is the second planet from the Sun , orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days . It has the longest rotation period ( 243 days ) of any planet in the Solar System and rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets . It has no natural satellites . It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty . It is the second-brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon , reaching an apparent magnitude of − 4.6 , bright enough to cast shadows at night and , though rare , occasionally be visible in broad daylight . Because Venus orbits within Earth 's orbit it is an inferior planet and never appears to venture far from the Sun ; its maximum angular distance from the Sun ( elongation ) is 47.8 ° .   Venus is a terrestrial planet and is sometimes called Earth 's `` sister planet '' because of their similar size , mass , proximity to the Sun , and bulk composition . It is radically different from Earth in other respects . It has the densest atmosphere of the four terrestrial planets , consisting of more than 96 % carbon dioxide . The atmospheric pressure at the planet 's surface is 92 times that of Earth , or roughly the pressure found 900 m underwater on Earth . Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System , with a mean surface temperature of 735 K , even though Mercury is closer to the Sun . Venus is shrouded by an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of sulfuric acid , preventing its surface from being seen from space in visible light . It may have had water oceans in the past , but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect . The water has probably photodissociated , and the free hydrogen has been swept into interplanetary space by the solar wind because of the lack of a planetary magnetic field . Venus 's surface is a dry desertscape interspersed with slab-like rocks and is periodically resurfaced by volcanism .   As one of the brightest objects in the sky , Venus has been a major fixture in human culture for as long as records have existed . It has been made sacred to gods of many cultures , and has been a prime inspiration for writers and poets as the `` morning star '' and `` evening star '' . Venus was the first planet to have its motions plotted across the sky , as early as the second millennium BC .   As the closest planet to Earth , Venus has been a prime target for early interplanetary exploration . It was the first planet beyond Earth visited by a spacecraft ( Mariner 2 in 1962 ) , and the first to be successfully landed on ( by Venera 7 in 1970 ) . Venus 's thick clouds render observation of its surface impossible in visible light , and the first detailed maps did not emerge until the arrival of the Magellan orbiter in 1991 . Plans have been proposed for rovers or more complex missions , but they are hindered by Venus 's hostile surface conditions .

neg: Institut d'astrophysique de Paris The Institut d'astrophysique de Paris ( translated : Paris Institute of Astrophysics ) is a research institute in Paris , France .  The Institute is part of the Université Pierre et Marie Curie and is associated with the CNRS Centre national de la recherche scientifique . It is located at 98bis , Boulevard Arago Il in the 14th arrondissement of Paris , adjacent to the Paris Observatory .

neg: French municipal elections, 1977 Municipal elections were held in France on 13 and 20 March 1977 .   By 1977 , President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing had been in power since 1974 .   The left-wing coalition of the Communists and Socialists , united under a `` government program '' swept the elections . Out of 221 cities with over 30,000 inhabitants , the left won 155 . The Socialists gained Rennes , Angers , Brest , Nantes , Villeurbanne , Pau , and Cannes . The Communists gained Le Mans , Reims , and Saint-Étienne . For the first time , green parties realized their first breakthroughs .   For the first time since 1789 French Revolution , elections were held to the mayorship of Paris . The former Prime Minister and RPR candidate Jacques Chirac was elected , defeating the Giscardian RI candidate Michel d'Ornano .

neg: France–Romania relations French-Romanian relations are bilateral foreign relations between France and Romania . Diplomatic relations between the two countries date back to 1880 , when mutual legations were opened , although contacts between France and Romania 's precursor states stretch into the Middle Ages .   Currently France has an embassy in Bucharest and three honorary consulates ( in Craiova , Constanța and Brașov ) . Romania has an embassy in Paris , three consulates-general ( in Lyon , Marseille and Strasbourg ) and four honorary consulates ( in Nantes , Bordeaux , Nice and Brest ) .   Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union . Since 1993 , Romania is a member in the Francophonie .

neg: Pluto in fiction Pluto has been featured in many instances of science fiction and popular culture . Initially classified as a planet upon its discovery in 1930 , Pluto has also received considerable publicity following a 2006 definition of planet decree ( which reclassified it as a dwarf planet ) and from the flyby of the New Horizons space probe in July 2015 .

neg: Regions of France France is divided into 18 administrative regions ( région , -LSB- ʁe.ʒjɔ̃ -RSB- ) , including 13 metropolitan regions and 5 overseas regions . The 13 metropolitan regions ( including 12 mainland regions and Corsica ) are each further subdivided into 2 to 13 departments , while the overseas regions consist of only one department each and hence are also referred to as `` overseas departments '' . The current legal concept of region was adopted in 1982 , and in 2016 what had been 27 regions was reduced to 18 .

neg: Politics of France The politics of France take place with the framework of a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French Fifth Republic . The nation declares itself to be an `` indivisible , secular , democratic , and social Republic '' . The constitution provides for a separation of powers and proclaims France 's `` attachment to the Rights of Man and the principles of national sovereignty as defined by the Declaration of 1789 . ''   The political system of France consists of an executive branch , a legislative branch , and a judicial branch . Executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government . The Government consists of the Prime Minister and ministers . The Prime Minister is appointed by the President , and is responsible to Parliament . The government , including the Prime Minister , can be revoked by the National Assembly , the lower house of Parliament , through a `` censure motion '' ; this ensures that the Prime Minister is always supported by a majority of the lower house ( which , on most topics , has prominence over the upper house ) .   Parliament comprises the National Assembly and the Senate . It passes statutes and votes on the budget ; it controls the action of the executive through formal questioning on the floor of the houses of Parliament and by establishing commissions of inquiry . The constitutionality of the statutes is checked by the Constitutional Council , members of which are appointed by the President of the Republic , the President of the National Assembly , and the President of the Senate . Former presidents of the Republic also are members of the Council .   The independent judiciary is based upon civil law system which evolved from the Napoleonic codes . It is divided into the judicial branch ( dealing with civil law and criminal law ) and the administrative branch ( dealing with appeals against executive decisions ) , each with their own independent supreme court of appeal : the Court of Cassation for the judicial courts and the Conseil d'Etat for the administrative courts . The French government includes various bodies that check abuses of power and independent agencies .   France is a unitary state . However , its administrative subdivisions -- regions , departments and communes -- have various legal functions , and the national government is prohibited from intruding into their normal operations .   France was a founding member of the European Coal and Steel Community , later the European Union . As such , France has transferred part of its sovereignty to European institutions , as provided by its constitution . The French government therefore has to abide by European treaties , directives and regulations .

neg: Podestat Formation The Podestat Formation is a geologic formation in France . It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period .

neg: Parc Montsouris Parc Montsouris is a public park in the 14th arrondissement of Paris , at the southern edge of Paris directly south of the center . Opened in 1869 , Parc Montsouris is one of the four large urban public parks , along with the Bois de Boulogne , the Bois de Vincennes and the Parc des Buttes Chaumont , created by Emperor Napoleon III and his Prefect of the Seine , Baron Haussmann , at each of the cardinal points of the compass around the city , in order to provide green space and recreation for the rapidly growing population of Paris . The park is 15.5 hectares in area , and is designed as an English landscape garden .   The Park contains a lake , a cascade , wide sloping lawns , and many notable varieties of trees , shrubs and flowers . It is also home to a meteorology station , a cafe and a guignol theater . The roads of the park are extremely popular with joggers on weekends .   The park is bounded to the south by Boulevard Jourdan and the Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris ( CIUP ) ; to the north by Avenue Reille ; to the east by Rue Gazan and Rue de la Cité Universitaire ; and to the west by Rue Nansouty and Rue Émile Deutsch-de-la-Meurthe .   The `` Cité Universitaire '' stop on the line on the RER B is located in the center of Parc Montsouris .

neg: Villeneuve-d'Ascq Villeneuve-d'Ascq ( -LSB- vil.nœv.dask -RSB- ) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France . With more than 60,000 inhabitants and 50,000 students , it is one of the main cities of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole and the largest in area ( 27.46 km2 ) after Lille ; it is also one of the main cities of the Hauts-de-France region .   Built up owing to the merger between Ascq , Annappes and Flers-lez-Lille communes , the new town is the cradle of the first automatic metro system of the world ( VAL ) .   Villeneuve-d'Ascq is nicknamed the ` green technopole ' thanks to the implantation of many researchers - the campus of Lille University of Science and Technology , Charles de Gaulle University -- Lille III and many graduate engineering school - and companies in a pleasant living environment . Owing to its activity centres , its Haute Borne European scientific park and two shopping malls , Villeneuve-d'Ascq is one of the main economic spots of the Hauts-de-France region ; multinational corporations such as Bonduelle , Cofidis and Decathlon have their head office there .   Outside its academic , scientific and business facilities , Villeneuve-d'Ascq is mostly known because of its sporting events -- two stadiums ( Stade Pierre-Mauroy and Stadium Lille Métropole ) are located there and some of its sport teams are playing in the top division ; its museums -- the most famous is the one of modern , contemporary and outsider art ( the LaM ) ; its green ways and its medical facilities for disabled people .

neg: Piégut-Pluviers Granodiorite The Piégut-Pluviers Granodiorite is situated at the northwestern edge of the Variscan Massif Central in France . Its cooling age has been determined as 325 ± 14 million years BP ( Upper Mississippian , Serpukhovian ) .

neg: List of place names of French origin in the United States Several thousand place names in the United States have names of French origin , some a legacy of past French exploration and rule over much of the land and some in honor of French help during the American Revolution and the founding of the country ( see also : New France and French in the United States ) . Others were named after early Americans of French , especially Huguenot , ancestry ( Marion , Revere , Fremont , Lanier , Sevier , Macon , Decatur , etc. ) . Some places received their names as a consequence of French colonial settlement ( e.g. Baton Rouge , Detroit , New Orleans , Saint Louis ) . Nine state capitals are French words or of French origin ( Baton Rouge , Boise , Des Moines , Juneau , Montgomery , Montpelier , Pierre , Richmond , Saint Paul ) - not even counting Little Rock ( originally `` La Petite Roche '' ) or Cheyenne ( a French rendering of a Lakota word ) , compared to only two that are Spanish ( Sacramento and Santa Fe ) . Fifteen state names are either French words / origin ( Delaware , New Jersey , Louisiana , Maine , Oregon , Vermont ) or Native American words rendered by French speakers ( Arkansas , Illinois , Iowa , Kansas , Michigan , Mississippi , Mississippi , Ohio , Wisconsin ) , versus nine state names that are Spanish or Spanish rendered ( Montana , California , Colorado , Florida , Montana , Nevada , New Mexico , Texas , Utah ) .   The suffix '' - ville , '' from the French word for `` city '' is common for town and city names throughout the United States . Many originally French place names , possibly hundreds , in the Midwest and Upper West were replaced with directly translated English names once American settlers became locally dominant ( e.g. `` La Petite Roche '' became Little Rock ; `` Baie Verte '' became Green Bay ; `` Grandes Fourches '' became Grand Forks ) . In contrast , Spanish place names in the Southwest were generally not replaced by English names .

neg: Urban area (France) An aire urbaine ( literal and official translation : `` urban area '' ) is an INSEE ( France 's national statistics bureau ) statistical concept describing a core of urban development and the extent of its commuter activity . When applied to larger agglomerations , this unit becomes similar to a U.S. metropolitan area , and the INSEE sometimes uses the term aire métropolitaine to refer to France 's larger aires urbaines .

neg: Double planet In astronomy , a double planet ( also binary planet ) is a binary system where both objects are of planetary mass . The term is not recognized by the International Astronomical Union and is therefore not an official classification . At its 2006 General Assembly , the International Astronomical Union considered a proposal that Pluto and Charon be reclassified as a double planet , but the proposal was abandoned in favor of the current definition of planet . In promotional materials advertising the SMART-1 mission and pre-dating the IAU planet definition , the European Space Agency once referred to the Earth -- Moon system as a double planet .   Some binary asteroids with components of roughly equal mass are sometimes informally referred to as double minor planets . These include binary asteroids 69230 Hermes and 90 Antiope and binary Kuiper belt objects ( KBOs ) 79360 Sila -- Nunam and .

neg: Uranus (film) Uranus is a 1990 French comedy-drama film with Gérard Depardieu about post-World War II recovery in a small French village , as the controlling French Communist Party tries to dispose of Pétain loyalists .   It was directed and written by Claude Berri and Arlette Langmann , based on a novel by Marcel Aymé . The film was entered into the 41st Berlin International Film Festival .

neg: Pluto (Future album) Pluto is the debut studio album by American rapper Future . It was released on April 13 , 2012 , by A1 Recordings , Freebandz and Epic Records . The album features guest appearances from Drake , R. Kelly , T.I. , Trae tha Truth and Snoop Dogg , with the production , which was handled by Will-A-Fool , Sonny Digital and K.E. on the Track , among others .   Pluto was supported by five singles : `` Tony Montana '' , `` Go Harder '' , `` Magic ( Remix ) '' featuring T.I. , `` Same Damn Time '' and `` Turn On the Lights '' . The album received generally positive reviews from critics , debuting at number eight on the Billboard 200 , selling 41,000 copies in its first week . It was reissued later in 2012 as Pluto 3D .

neg: Nine Views Nine Views ( Devet pogleda ) is an ambiental installation in Zagreb , Croatia which , together with the sculpture Prizemljeno Sunce ( The Grounded Sun ) , makes up a consistent model of the Solar System .   Prizemljeno Sunce by Ivan Kožarić was first displayed in 1971 by the building of the Croatian National Theatre , and since then changed location a few times . Since 1994 it has been situated in the Bogovićeva Street . It is simply a bronze sphere around 2 metres in diameter .   In 2004 , artist Davor Preis had a two-week exhibition in the Josip Račić Exhibition Hall in Margaretska Street in Zagreb , and afterwards he placed 9 models of the planets of the Solar System around Zagreb , to complete a model of the entire solar system . The models ' sizes as well as their distances from the Prizemljeno Sunce are all in the same scale as the Prizemljeno Sunce itself .   Preis did this installation with very little or no publicity , so his installation is n't well known among citizens of Zagreb . On a few occasions individuals or small groups of people , particularly physics students , `` discovered '' that there was a model of the solar system in Zagreb . One of the earliest efforts to find all of the planets was started in November 2004 on the web forum of the student section of Croatian Physics Society .   The locations of the planets are as follows :   Mercury - 3 Margaretska Street  Venus - 3 Ban Josip Jelačić Square  Earth - 9 Varšavska Street  Mars - 21 Tkalčićeva Street  Jupiter - 71 Voćarska Street  Saturn - 1 Račićeva Street  Uranus - 9 Siget ( not at the residential building but at the garage across the street )  Neptune - Kozari Way 48  Pluto - Bologna Alley ( underpass ) - included in the installation before being demoted to dwarf planet   The system is at scale 1:680 000 000 . Earth 's model is about 1.9 cm in size and at 225 m distance from the sun 's model , while Pluto 's model is 7.7 km away from it .


query: Plato had a student who was a philosopher.

pos: Aristotle Aristotle ( -LSB- ˈærɪˌstɒtəl -RSB- Ἀριστοτέλης , -LSB- aristotélɛːs -RSB- , Aristotélēs ; 384 -- 322 BC ) was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira , Chalkidice , on the northern periphery of Classical Greece . His father , Nicomachus , died when Aristotle was a child , whereafter Proxenus of Atarneus became his guardian . At seventeen or eighteen years of age , he joined Plato 's Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty-seven ( c. 347 BC ) . His writings cover many subjects -- including physics , biology , zoology , metaphysics , logic , ethics , aesthetics , poetry , theater , music , rhetoric , linguistics , politics and government -- and constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy . Shortly after Plato died , Aristotle left Athens and , at the request of Philip II of Macedon , tutored Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC .   Teaching Alexander the Great gave Aristotle many opportunities and an abundance of supplies . He established a library in the Lyceum which aided in the production of many of his hundreds of books . The fact that Aristotle was a pupil of Plato contributed to his former views of Platonism , but , following Plato 's death , Aristotle immersed himself in empirical studies and shifted from Platonism to empiricism . He believed all peoples ' concepts and all of their knowledge was ultimately based on perception . Aristotle 's views on natural sciences represent the groundwork underlying many of his works .   Aristotle 's views on physical science profoundly shaped medieval scholarship . Their influence extended from Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages into the Renaissance , and were not replaced systematically until the Enlightenment and theories such as classical mechanics . Some of Aristotle 's zoological observations , such as on the hectocotyl ( reproductive ) arm of the octopus , were not confirmed or refuted until the 19th century . His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic , which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal logic .   In metaphysics , Aristotelianism profoundly influenced Judeo-Islamic philosophical and theological thought during the Middle Ages and continues to influence Christian theology , especially the Neoplatonism of the Early Church and the scholastic tradition of the Roman Catholic Church . Aristotle was well known among medieval Muslim intellectuals and revered as `` The First Teacher '' ( -LSB- ) .   His ethics , though always influential , gained renewed interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics . All aspects of Aristotle 's philosophy continue to be the object of active academic study today . Though Aristotle wrote many elegant treatises and dialogues -- Cicero described his literary style as `` a river of gold '' -- it is thought that only around a third of his original output has survived .

pos: Plato Plato ( -LSB- ˈpleɪtoʊ -RSB- Greek : Πλάτων Plátōn , -LSB- plá.tɔːn -RSB- in Classical Attic ; 428/427 or 424/423 -- 348/347 BCE ) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens , the first institution of higher learning in the Western world . He is widely considered the most pivotal figure in the development of philosophy , especially the Western tradition . Unlike nearly all of his philosophical contemporaries , Plato 's entire work is believed to have survived intact for over 2,400 years .   Along with his teacher , Socrates , and his most famous student , Aristotle , Plato laid the very foundations of Western philosophy and science . Alfred North Whitehead once noted : `` the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato . '' In addition to being a foundational figure for Western science , philosophy , and mathematics , Plato has also often been cited as one of the founders of Western religion and spirituality . Plato 's influence on Christianity is often thought to be mediated by his major influence on Saint Augustine of Hippo , one of the most important philosophers and theologians in the foundation of the Western thought . In the 19th century the philosopher Nietzsche criticized Christianity by saying it 's `` Platonism for the people '' . Numenius of Apamea viewed this differently , he called Plato the Hellenic Moses . This would justify the superiority of Christianity over Hellenism because Moses predates Plato - thus the original source of this wisdom is the root of Christianity and not Hellenistic culture .   Plato was the innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms in philosophy . Plato appears to have been the founder of Western political philosophy , with his Republic , and Laws among other dialogues , providing some of the earliest extant treatments of political questions from a philosophical perspective . Plato 's own most decisive philosophical influences are usually thought to have been Socrates , Parmenides , Heraclitus and Pythagoras , although few of his predecessors ' works remain extant and much of what we know about these figures today derives from Plato himself .   The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy describes Plato as '' ... one of the most dazzling writers in the Western literary tradition and one of the most penetrating , wide-ranging , and influential authors in the history of philosophy . ... He was not the first thinker or writer to whom the word `` philosopher '' should be applied . But he was so self-conscious about how philosophy should be conceived , and what its scope and ambitions properly are , and he so transformed the intellectual currents with which he grappled , that the subject of philosophy , as it is often conceived -- a rigorous and systematic examination of ethical , political , metaphysical , and epistemological issues , armed with a distinctive method -- can be called his invention . Few other authors in the history of Western philosophy approximate him in depth and range : perhaps only Aristotle ( who studied with him ) , Aquinas and Kant would be generally agreed to be of the same rank . ''

neg: Phenomenology (philosophy) Phenomenology ( from Greek phainómenon `` that which appears '' and lógos `` study '' ) is the philosophical study of the structures of experience and consciousness . As a philosophical movement it was founded in the early years of the 20th century by Edmund Husserl and was later expanded upon by a circle of his followers at the universities of Göttingen and Munich in Germany . It then spread to France , the United States , and elsewhere , often in contexts far removed from Husserl 's early work .  Phenomenology should not be considered as a unitary movement ; rather , different authors share a common family resemblance but also with many significant differences . Accordingly : A unique and final definition of phenomenology is dangerous and perhaps even paradoxical as it lacks a thematic focus . In fact , it is not a doctrine , nor a philosophical school , but rather a style of thought , a method , an open and ever-renewed experience having different results , and this may disorient anyone wishing to define the meaning of phenomenology.Phenomenology , in Husserl 's conception , is primarily concerned with the systematic reflection on and study of the structures of consciousness and the phenomena that appear in acts of consciousness . Phenomenology can be clearly differentiated from the Cartesian method of analysis which sees the world as objects , sets of objects , and objects acting and reacting upon one another .   Husserl 's conception of phenomenology has been criticized and developed not only by himself but also by students , such as Edith Stein and Roman Ingarden , by hermeneutic philosophers , such as Martin Heidegger , by existentialists , such as Nicolai Hartmann , Gabriel Marcel , Maurice Merleau-Ponty , Jean-Paul Sartre , and by other philosophers , such as Max Scheler , Paul Ricoeur , Jean-Luc Marion , Michel Henry , Emmanuel Levinas , Jacques Derrida , and sociologists Alfred Schütz and Eric Voegelin .

neg: Hypatia Hypatia ( -LSB- ˌhaɪˈpeɪʃə , _ - ʃi.ə -RSB- ; Ὑπατία Hupatía ; born 350 -- 370 ; died 415 ) , often called Hypatia of Alexandria , was a Greek mathematician , astronomer , and philosopher in Egypt , then a part of the Eastern Roman Empire . She was the head of the Neoplatonic school at Alexandria , where she taught philosophy and astronomy .   According to contemporary sources , Hypatia was murdered by a Christian mob or by Christian zealots known as Parabalani after being accused of exacerbating a conflict between two prominent figures in Alexandria , the governor , Orestes , and the bishop , Cyril of Alexandria .

neg: Hermias (philosopher) For Hermias philosophus , see Hermias ( apologist ) .   Hermias ( -LSB- hɜrˈmaɪəs -RSB- Ἑρμείας ἐκ Φοινίκης Hermeias ek Phoinikes ) was a Neoplatonist philosopher who was born in Alexandria c. 410 AD . He went to Athens and studied philosophy under Syrianus . He married Aedesia , who was a relative of Syrianus , and who had originally been betrothed to Proclus , but Proclus broke the engagement off after receiving a divine warning . Hermias brought Syrianus ' teachings back to Alexandria , where he lectured in the school of Horapollo , receiving an income from the state . He died c. 450 AD , at a time when his children , Ammonius and Heliodorus , were still small . Aedesia , however , continued to receive an income from the state , in order to raise the children , enabling them to become philosophers .   A Commentary on the Phaedrus written by Hermias survives . It consists of notes based on the lectures conducted by Syrianus concerning Plato 's Phaedrus .

neg: Philip of Opus Philip ( or Philippus ) of Opus , was a philosopher and a member of the Academy during Plato 's lifetime . Philip was the editor of Plato 's Laws . Philip of Opus is probably identical with the Philip of Medma ( or Mende ) , the astronomer , who is also described as a disciple of Plato .

neg: Philiscus of Aegina Philiscus of Aegina ( Φιλίσκος Αἰγινήτης 4th century BC ) was a Cynic philosopher from Aegina who lived in the latter half of the 4th century BC . He was the son of Onesicritus who sent Philiscus and his younger brother , Androsthenes , to Athens where they were so charmed by the philosophy of Diogenes of Sinope that Onesicritus also came to Athens and became his disciple . According to Hermippus of Smyrna , Philiscus was the pupil of Stilpo . He is also described as an associate of Phocion . The Suda claims that he was a teacher of Alexander the Great , but no other ancient writer mentions this . Aelian , though , has preserved a short exhortation by Philiscus addressed to Alexander :  Take care of your reputation ; do n't become a plague or a great disaster , bring peace and health .   The Suda mentions that Philiscus wrote dialogues including one called Codrus . Satyrus claimed that the tragedies ascribed to Diogenes were , in fact , written by Philiscus . Among the dialogues ascribed to Diogenes by Sotion , one is entitled Philiscus .

neg: A History of Philosophy (Copleston) A History of Philosophy is an eleven-volume history of Western philosophy written by English Jesuit priest Frederick Charles Copleston .   Copleston 's History provides extensive coverage of Western philosophy from the Pre-Socratics through Dewey , Russell , Moore , Sartre and Merleau-Ponty . The first nine volumes , originally published between 1946 and 1974 , were written for Catholic seminary students with the goal `` of supplying Catholic ecclesiastical seminaries with a work that should be somewhat more detailed and of wider scope than the textbooks , commonly in use , and which at the same time should endeavour to exhibit the logical development and interconnection of philosophical systems . '' A tenth volume was added in 1986 , and the eleventh is actually a collection of essays which appeared in 1956 as Contemporary Philosophy .   Throughout the eleven volumes Copleston 's Roman Catholic ( Thomist ) point of view is never hidden . All the same , it seems generally accepted that Copleston 's treatment is fair and complete , even for philosophical positions that he does not support .

neg: Philonides (physician) Philonides was the name of two physicians in the time of Ancient Greece and Rome :   A physician of Catana in Sicily , the tutor of Paccius Antiochus , who lived about the beginning of the 1st century . He is probably the physician who is quoted by Dioscorides , and said by him to have been a native of Enna in Sicily ; by Erotianus ; and also by Galen , who refers to his eighteenth book , Περὶ Ἰατρικῆς , De Medicina .  A physician of Dyrrachium in Illyricum , who was a pupil of Asclepiades of Bithynia in the 1st century BC , practised in his own country with some reputation , and wrote as many as 45 books .   One of these physicians wrote a work , Περὶ μύρων καὶ Στεφάνων , De Unguentis et Coronis , which is quoted by Athenaeus , and one on Pharmacy quoted by Andromachus , and by Marcellus Empiricus .

neg: Clearchus The name Clearchus or Clearch may refer to :  Clearchus of Athens , Greek comic poet  Clearchus of Heraclea ( c. 401 BCE -- 353 BCE ) , Greek tyrant of Heraclea Pontica  Clearchus of Rhegium , Greek sculptor , pupil of Eucheirus , teacher of Pythagoras the sculptor ( fl . 5th century BCE )  Clearchus of Soli ( 4th -- 3rd century BCE ) , Greek author and philosopher , pupil of Aristotle  Clearchus of Sparta ( c. 450 BCE -- 401 BCE ) , Greek general , son of Rhampias  Clearchus ( consul 384 ) , Roman consul in 384 CE

neg: Jason of Nysa Jason ( Ἰάσων , Iason ; 1st-century BC ) of Nysa , a Stoic philosopher , son of Menecrates , and , on his mother 's side , grandson of Posidonius , of whom also he was the disciple and successor at the Stoic school at Rhodes . He therefore flourished after the middle of the 1st century BC . The Suda lists four works of his :  Βίοι ἐνδόξων - Famous Lives  Φιλοσόφων διαδοχαί - Successions of Philosophers  Βίος Ἑλλάδος - Life of Greece , in 4 books  Περὶ Ῥόδου - On Rhodes   However , the Suda expresses doubt about whether the third book is his , and also credits Jason of Argos as having written a Life of Greece in 4 books .

neg: List of writers influenced by Aristotle Many philosophers and other writers have been significantly influenced by Aristotle .

neg: Intellectual An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking , research , and reflection about the reality of society , and proposes solutions for the normative problems of society , and thus he or she gains authority as a public intellectual . Coming from the world of culture , either as a creator or as a mediator , the intellectual participates in politics , either to defend a concrete proposition or to denounce an injustice , usually by producing or by extending an ideology , and by defending a system of values .

neg: Ioannis Theodorakopoulos Ioannis Theodorakopoulos ( Ἰωάννης Θεοδωρακόπουλος 28 February 1900 , Vassaras , Lakonia -- 20 February 1981 , Athens ) was a Greek philosopher . In 1920 Theodorakopoulos moved to Vienna to study Classical Philology and Philosophy . Subsequently , he continued his studies of philosophy in Heidelberg and received in 1925 his Doctorate of Philosophy from the University of Heidelberg .   In 1929 , together with professors Konstantinos Tsatsos and Panagiotis Kanellopoulos , Theodorakopoulos established the `` Archive of Philosophy and Theory of Science '' and was appointed as professor at the newly established University of Thessaloniki ( 1933 -- 1939 ) , and at the University of Athens ( 1939 -- 1968 ) . Since 1950 , and throughout these appointments , Theodorakopoulos also taught at the School of Political Science of Panteios University . He served twice as Minister of National Education and Religious Affairs under the brief premiership of Kanellopoulos in 1945 and the interim cabinet of Ioannis Paraskevopoulos in 1966 .   In 1960 he became a regular member of the Academy of Athens , serving as its President in 1963 and Secretary General 1966-1981 . In 1975 he established the Liberal School of Philosophy `` Plethon '' in his home town of Magoula-Sparta in Lakonia , organising international conferences and symposia . These highly successful events drew participants from all over Greece and Theodorakopoulos himself taught a series of seminars up to his death . Theodorakopoulos was published widely including 53 books and copious articles .

neg: Gareth Matthews Gareth Matthews ( July 8 , 1929 -- April 17 , 2011 ) was a renowned American philosopher who specialized in ancient philosophy , and the philosophy of children .

neg: Personal relationships of Alexander the Great Alexander III of Macedon was admired during his lifetime for treating all his lovers humanely . Plutarch has argued that Alexander 's love of males took an ethical approach , inspired by the teachings of his mentor , Aristotle . He gives several examples of Alexander 's morality in this domain :   Plutarch also wrote :   His moral approach towards sexual relations also extended to relations with prisoners of war :   The above quotations would be in line with the thoughts laid about before him by Aristotle , who regarded relationships based purely on carnal relations to be shameful .

neg: Sage (philosophy) A sage ( σοφός , sophos ) , in classical philosophy , is someone who has attained the wisdom which a philosopher seeks . The first to make this distinction is Plato , through the character of Socrates , within the Symposium . While analyzing the concept of love , Socrates concludes Love is that which lacks the object it seeks . Therefore , the philosopher ( φιλόσοφος , meaning lover of wisdom ) does not have the wisdom sought , while the sage , on the other hand , does not love or seek wisdom , for it is already possessed . Socrates then examines the two categories of persons who do not partake in philosophy :   Gods and sages , because they are wise ;  Senseless people , because they think they are wise .   The position of the philosopher is between these two groups . The philosopher is not wise , but possesses the self-awareness of lacking wisdom , and thus pursues it .   Alternatively , the sage is one who lives `` according to an ideal which transcends the everyday . '' Plato is also the first to develop this notion of the sage in various works . Within The Republic , Plato indicates that when a friend of a sage dies , the sage `` will not think that for a good man ... death is a terrible thing . '' In the Theaetetus , Plato defines the sage as one who becomes `` righteous and holy and wise . '' , and is thus God-like in his nature .   The term has also been used interchangeably with a ` good person ' ( ἀγαθός , agathos ) , and a ` virtuous person ' ( σπουδαίος , spoudaios ) .

neg: Theophrastus Theophrastus ( -LSB- ˌθiːəˈfræstəs -RSB- Θεόφραστος Theόphrastos ; c. 371 -- c. 287 BC ) , a Greek native of Eresos in Lesbos , was the successor to Aristotle in the Peripatetic school . He came to Athens at a young age and initially studied in Plato 's school . After Plato 's death , he attached himself to Aristotle who took to Theophrastus his writings . When Aristotle fled Athens , Theophrastus took over as at the Lyceum . Theophrastus presided over the Peripatetic school for thirty-six years , during which time the school flourished greatly . He is often considered the `` father of botany '' for his works on plants . After his death , the Athenians honoured him with a public funeral . His successor as head of the school was Strato of Lampsacus .   The interests of Theophrastus were wide ranging , extending from biology and physics to ethics and metaphysics . His two surviving botanical works , Enquiry into Plants ( Historia Plantarum ) and On the Causes of Plants , were an important influence on Renaissance science . There are also surviving works On Moral Characters , On Sensation , On Stones , and fragments on Physics and Metaphysics . In philosophy , he studied grammar and language and continued Aristotle 's work on logic . He also regarded space as the mere arrangement and position of bodies , time as an accident of motion , and motion as a necessary consequence of all activity . In ethics , he regarded happiness as depending on external influences as well as on virtue .

neg: Hippias Hippias of Elis ( -LSB- ˈhɪpiəs -RSB- Ἱππίας ὁ Ἠλεῖος late 5th century BC ) was a Greek sophist , and a contemporary of Socrates . With an assurance characteristic of the later sophists , he claimed to be regarded as an authority on all subjects , and lectured on poetry , grammar , history , politics , mathematics , and much else . Most of our knowledge of him is derived from Plato , who characterizes him as vain and arrogant .

neg: Memorabilia (Xenophon) Memorabilia ( original title in Greek : Ἀπομνημονεύματα , Apomnemoneumata ) is a collection of Socratic dialogues by Xenophon , a student of Socrates . The lengthiest and most famous of Xenophon 's Socratic writings , the Memorabilia is essentially an apologia ( defense ) of Socrates , differing from both Xenophon 's Apology of Socrates to the Jury and Plato 's Apology mainly in that the Apologies present Socrates as defending himself before the jury , whereas the former presents Xenophon 's own defense of Socrates , offering edifying examples of Socrates ' conversations and activities along with occasional commentary from Xenophon .

neg: Porphyry (philosopher) Porphyry of Tyre ( -LSB- ˈpɔrfəri -RSB- Πορφύριος , Porphýrios ; فرفوريوس , Furfūriyūs ; c. 234 -- c. 305 AD ) was a Neoplatonic philosopher who was born in Tyre , in the Roman Empire . He edited and published the Enneads , the only collection of the work of his teacher Plotinus . His commentary on Euclid 's Elements was used as a source by Pappus of Alexandria .   He also wrote many works himself on a wide variety of topics . His Isagoge , or Introduction , is an introduction to logic and philosophy , and in the Latin and Arabic translations it was the standard textbook on logic throughout the Middle Ages . In addition , through several of his works , most notably Philosophy from Oracles and Against the Christians , which was banned by emperor Constantine the Great , he was involved in a controversy with a number of early Christians .

neg: Athenodoros Cordylion Athenodoros Cordylion ( or Athenodorus , Αθηνόδωρος Κορδυλίων fl . early-mid 1st century BC ) was a Stoic philosopher , born in Tarsus . He was the keeper of the library at Pergamon , where he was known to cut out passages from books on Stoic philosophy if he disagreed with them :   In his old age , Athenodorus relocated to Rome , where he lived with Cato the Younger until his death .