query: Hubert Humphrey served in the Senate.

pos: Hubert Humphrey Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr. ( May 27 , 1911January 13 , 1978 ) was an American politician who served as the 38th Vice President of the United States under President Lyndon B. Johnson from 1965 to 1969 . Humphrey twice served in the United States Senate , representing Minnesota from 1949 to 1964 and 1971 to 1978 . He was the nominee of the Democratic Party in the 1968 presidential election , losing to the Republican nominee Richard M. Nixon .   Born in Wallace , South Dakota in 1911 , Humphrey attended the University of Minnesota before earning his pharmacist license from the Capitol College of Pharmacy in 1931 . He helped run his father 's pharmacy until 1937 when he returned to academia , graduating with a master 's degree from Louisiana State University in 1940 , where he was a political science instructor . He returned to Minnesota during World War II and became a supervisor for the Works Progress Administration . He was then appointed state director of the Minnesota war service program before becoming the assistant director of the War Manpower Commission . In 1943 , Humphrey became a professor of Political Science at Macalester College and ran a failed campaign for mayor of Minneapolis . Humphrey helped found the Minnesota Democratic -- Farmer -- Labor Party ( DFL ) in 1944 , and in 1945 , became the DFL candidate for mayor of Minneapolis for a second time , winning with 61 % of the vote . Humphrey served as mayor from 1945 to 1948 , he was reelected and became the co-founder of the liberal anti-communist group Americans for Democratic Action in 1947 .   Humphrey was elected to the Senate in 1948 , the year his proposal of ending racial segregation was included in the party platform at the Democratic National Convention , where he gave one of his most notable speeches on the convention floor , suggesting the Democratic Party `` walk into the sunshine of human rights . '' He served three terms in the Senate from 1949 to 1964 and was the Democratic Majority Whip from 1961 to 1964 . During his tenure , Humphrey was the lead author of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , introduced the first initiative to create the Peace Corps , sponsored the clause of the McCarran Act to threaten concentration camps for ` subversives ' , proposed making Communist Party membership a felony and chaired the Select Committee on Disarmament .   Humphrey ran for two failed Presidential campaigns in the 1952 and 1960 Democratic primaries . After Lyndon B. Johnson inherited the presidency after John F. Kennedy 's assassination in November 1963 , he chose Humphrey to be his running mate in 1964 against Republican Barry Goldwater and the Democratic ticket was elected in a landslide in 1964 .   After Johnson made the surprise announcement that he would not seek reelection in March 1968 , Humphrey launched his campaign for the presidency the following month . Humphrey 's main Democratic challengers were anti-Vietnam War Senators Eugene McCarthy and Robert F. Kennedy . Humphrey , who was loyal to the Johnson administration 's policies on the Vietnam War as Vice President , saw opposition from many within his own party and avoided the primaries to focus on receiving the delegates of non-primary states at the Democratic Convention . Humphrey 's delegate strategy succeeded in clinching the nomination , choosing Senator Edmund Muskie as his running mate . With the assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. and the assassination of Robert Kennedy that year , and heightened opposition to the Vietnam War , the convention saw major protests which later proved costly to Humphrey 's campaign . On November 5 , 1968 , Humphrey lost to former Vice President Richard Nixon in the general election .   Humphrey then returned to teaching in Minnesota before returning to the Senate in 1971 . He became the first Deputy President pro tempore of the United States Senate and served until his death in 1978 . Humphrey died of bladder cancer at his home in Waverly , Minnesota , and is buried at the Lakewood Cemetery in Minneapolis . He was succeeded by his wife of 41 years Muriel Humphrey as interim Senator for Minnesota .

neg: Richard Crawford White Richard Crawford White ( April 29 , 1923 -- February 18 , 1998 ) was a Democratic politician from El Paso , Texas , who served in the Texas House of Representatives from 1955 to 1959 and in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1965 to 1983 .   Born in El Paso , Texas , White graduated from Dudley Primary School , El Paso High School , and the Citizens ' Military Training Camp at San Antonio , Texas . Subsequently , from 1940 to 1942 , he attended the University of Texas at El Paso , then known as Texas Western College .   After his second year of college , White began his World War II service from 1942 to 1945 in the United States Marine Corps as a rifleman and Japanese-English interpreter in the Pacific Theater . As a result of injuries suffered , he was awarded the Purple Heart .   Returning to Texas after the war , White received his bachelor 's degree in 1946 from the University of Texas at Austin and his J.D. in 1949 from the University of Texas School of Law . He was admitted to the Texas state bar in 1949 and returned to El Paso to begin his legal career . He served two-year terms in the Texas House of Representatives , having been elected in 1954 and 1956 . He was the El Paso County Democratic chairman from 1963 to 1965 .   He was elected to the historic Eighty-ninth Congress as part of the national 1964 Democratic surge linked to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson 's crushing defeat of Republican U.S. Senator Barry M. Goldwater of Arizona . White , who received more votes than Johnson did in the 16th District , played his part by unseating freshman Republican Ed Foreman of Odessa in the 16th Congressional District .   During his first term , White represented a monstrous district stretching from El Paso all the way to the Permian Basin -- an area of over 42,000 square miles . However , after Texas ' congressional map was thrown out in Wesberry v. Sanders , his district was cut down to El Paso and a few inner-ring suburbs . He was reelected eight times from this district with almost no difficulty .   As a U.S. representative , White developed a reputation as a moderate Democrat . He also chaired the Democratic Research Organization , a group within the party that distributed information from the leadership relevant to pending votes . Having Fort Bliss in the 16th Congressional District made White a natural choice for his place on the House Armed Services Committee . There he chaired the Military Personnel Subcommittee and was also instrumental in reorganization of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . He also served for a while on the Interior , Post Office & Civil Service , and Science & Technology committees . Choosing not to run again in 1982 , White returned to his hometown of El Paso to resume his law practice .   White was married twice . His first marriage in 1949 to Katherine Huffman produced three sons , Rodrick , Richard , and Raymond . After her death in 1972 , White married the former Kathleen Fitzgerald in 1973 . The second marriage produced one daughter , Bonnie , two sons , Sean and Brian , and one step-son , Kenneth .   White died on February 18 , 1998 . His ashes are interred at Arlington National Cemetery , in Arlington , Virginia , near the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier , in area 7A .

neg: Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy On June 5 , 1968 , presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy was fatally shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles , shortly after winning the California presidential primaries in the 1968 election , and died the next day while hospitalized .   After winning the California and South Dakota primary elections for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States , Kennedy was fatally shot while exiting through the hotel kitchen immediately after leaving the podium in the Ambassador Hotel and died in the Good Samaritan Hospital twenty-six hours later . Sirhan Sirhan , a 24-year-old Palestinian/Jordanian immigrant , was convicted of Kennedy 's murder and sentenced to death in 1969 , although his sentence was commuted to life in prison in 1972 . On November 22 , 2013 , Sirhan was transferred from Corcoran to the Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility in San Diego County . The shooting was recorded on audio tape by a freelance newspaper reporter , and the aftermath was captured on film .   Kennedy 's body lay in repose at St. Patrick 's Cathedral in New York for two days before a funeral Mass was held on June 8 . His body was interred near his brother John at Arlington National Cemetery . His death prompted the protection of presidential candidates by the United States Secret Service . Hubert Humphrey later went on to win the Democratic nomination for the presidency , but ultimately lost the election to Republican Richard Nixon .   As with his brother John 's death , Kennedy 's assassination and the circumstances surrounding it have spawned a variety of conspiracy theories . Kennedy and Huey Long ( in 1935 ) are the only two sitting United States Senators to be assassinated .

neg: United States Senate The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which , along with the United States House of Representatives , the lower chamber , composes the legislature of the United States of America .   The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators who represent each of the several states , with each state being equally represented by two senators , regardless of their population , serving staggered terms of six years ; with fifty states presently in the Union , there are 100 U.S. Senators . From 1789 until 1913 , Senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 , they are now popularly elected . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol , in Washington , D.C.   As the upper house , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it ; these include the ratification of treaties , the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , other federal executive officials , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for Vice President , the duty befalls upon the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .   The presiding officer of the Senate is the Vice President of the United States , who is President of the Senate ; in their absence , the President Pro Tempore , who is customarily the senior member of the controlling party , presides over the Senate . In the early 20th century , the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began , although they are not constitutional officers .

neg: Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection, 1968 This article lists those who were potential candidates for the Republican nomination for Vice President of the United States in the 1968 election . After winning the Republican presidential nomination at the 1968 Republican National Convention , former Vice President Richard Nixon convened a series of meetings with close advisers and party leaders such as Strom Thurmond in order to choose his running mate . Nixon ultimately asked the convention to nominate Maryland Governor Spiro Agnew as his running mate . By a large margin , Agnew won the vice presidential nomination on the first ballot over Michigan Governor George W. Romney , who was supported by a faction of liberal Republicans . Nixon chose Agnew because he wanted a centrist who was broadly acceptable to the party , had experience with domestic issues , and appealed to Southern voters ( to counter the third party candidacy of former Alabama Governor George Wallace ) . The Nixon-Agnew ticket defeated the Humphrey-Muskie ticket , and also won re-election in 1972 , defeating the McGovern-Shriver ticket . However , Agnew was forced to resign as Vice President in 1973 due to a controversy regarding his personal taxes .

neg: Chair of Rural Outreach The Chair of Rural Outreachwas a post in the Democratic party leadership of the United States Senate responsible for `` guiding rural outreach for the Caucus '' , and overseeing engagement with `` rural , suburban , and exurban American communities '' . The position was created in the 109th Congress , and was held by Blanche Lincoln of Arkansas . As of the 112th Congress the position no longer exists .

neg: Wall Doxey Wall Doxey ( August 8 , 1892March 2 , 1962 ) was an American politician from Holly Springs , Mississippi . He served as a Democrat from Mississippi 's 2nd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1929 to 1941 . After the death of U.S. Senator Pat Harrison , Doxey won a special election to his seat , and served in the United States Senate from 1941 until 1943 . He was defeated in the 1942 Democratic primary by James Eastland .   Throughout his political career , Doxey represented a district with a black-majority population , whose political affiliation in the nineteenth century had been with the Republican Party . But , African Americans were effectively excluded from the political system from 1890 to the late 1960s by Mississippi 's constitution and restrictions affecting voter registration . Doxey was the only United States Senator to serve also as the Senate Sergeant at Arms . He was appointed to this position after losing his Senate seat , serving from February 1 , 1943 to January 3 , 1947 .   Wall Doxey State Park , a state park in Mississippi , is named after him .

neg: The Selling of the President 1968 The Selling of the President 1968 is a non-fiction book written by American author Joe McGinniss and published by Trident Press in October , 1969 .   The book describes the marketing of Richard Nixon during the 1968 presidential campaign . It has been described as `` a classic of political journalism '' and a `` classic of campaign reporting that first introduced many readers to the stage-managed world of political theater . '' It was reprinted in 1988 under the title The Selling of the President .   McGinniss became an overnight success when the book , his first , landed on The New York Times bestseller list . He was 26 years old , making him the youngest living writer with that achievement . The book was on the New York Times non-fiction bestseller list for 31 weeks from October 1969 to May 1970 .   The idea for the book came to McGinniss almost serendipitously :   -LSB- He -RSB- stumbled across his book 's topic while taking a train to New York . A fellow commuter had just landed the Hubert Humphrey account and was boasting that ` in six weeks we 'll have him looking better than Abraham Lincoln . ' McGinniss tried to get access to Humphrey 's campaign first , but they turned him down . So he called up Nixon 's , and they said yes . '' .   The book was very well received by both critics and the public . It `` spent more than six months on best-sellers lists , and McGinniss sold a lot of those books through television , appearing on the titular shows of Merv Griffin , David Frost and Dick Cavett , among others . '' Conservative writer William F. Buckley `` assumed McGinniss had relied on ` an elaborate deception which has brought joy and hope to the Nixon-haters . ' But even Buckley liked the book . ''   In 1972 , the book was adapted into a short-lived Broadway musical .

neg: Democrats for Nixon Democrats for Nixon was a campaign to promote Democratic support for the then-incumbent Republican President Richard Nixon in the 1972 presidential election . The campaign was led by the former Democratic governor of Texas , John Connally .   Connally , who was serving as the United States Secretary of the Treasury , announced that he would be supporting Nixon for re-election and would spend his time until the elections working on behalf of the incumbent .   A Democrat who had been Governor of Texas and United States Secretary of the Navy under John F. Kennedy , Connally formally announced the formation of the organization in August 1972 . Polling cited by Connally indicated that as many as 20 million Democrats would cross over to vote for Nixon and invited `` all those millions of Democrats who realize that in this Presidential election President Nixon is simply the better choice '' . Connally stated that he was troubled by Senator George McGovern 's campaign and felt that the Democratic party `` is becoming an ideological machine closed to millions who have been the party 's most loyal and steadfast members '' under McGovern 's leadership . The committee included Mayor Beverly Briley of Nashville , Tennessee , former Governor of Florida Farris Bryant , Mayor of Boston John F. Collins , Mayor Thomas G. Dunn of Elizabeth , New Jersey , Teamsters president Frank Fitzsimmons , Governor of Virginia Mills E. Godwin , Jr. , Mayor of Miami , Florida David T. Kennedy and Leonard Marks who had previously headed the United States Information Agency . A fundraising target of as much as $ 3 million was set for the organization . Connally also announced that Jeno Paulucci , a frozen food distributor who had been closely involved as a fundraiser for Hubert H. Humphrey in his presidential bids , would serve as head of a group encouraging independent voters to choose Nixon .   In a September 1972 article in The New York Times , Connally was quoted as saying that increasing numbers of traditionally Democratic voters were leaving the fold because they `` are afraid of George McGovern '' because of his proposals for major cutbacks in defense spending and in the number of U.S. troops serving in Europe . Connally insisted that `` it is in the best interests of this country that the president be re-elected this year '' .

neg: Pro tempore Pro tempore ( -LSB- ˌproʊ_ˈtɛmpəri -RSB- , -LSB- ˌproʊ_ˈtɛmpərɛ -RSB- or -LSB- ˌproʊ_ˈtɛmpəreɪ -RSB- ) , abbreviated pro tem or p.t. , is a Latin phrase which best translates to `` for the time being '' in English . This phrase is often used to describe a person who acts as a locum tenens ( placeholder ) in the absence of a superior , such as the President pro tempore of the United States Senate , who acts in place of the President of the United States Senate , the Vice President of the United States .   Legislative bodies can have one or more pro tempore for the presiding officer . These positions ostensibly go to legislators experienced in floor debate who are familiar with the content and application of relevant rules and precedents and who have a reputation for fairness among their colleagues .

neg: Presidency of John F. Kennedy The presidency of John F. Kennedy began on January 20 , 1961 , when he was inaugurated as the 35th President of the United States , and ended on November 22 , 1963 , upon his assassination and death , a span of days . A Democrat , he took office following the 1960 presidential election , in which he narrowly defeated Richard Nixon . He was succeeded by Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson .   Kennedy was the first person born in the 20th century to be elected president , and , at age 43 , the youngest person elected to the office . He was also the first Roman Catholic elected to the presidency . Kennedy played an important role in bringing American politics into the modern communications age , as his use of television provided a campaign model that spoke to voters directly , and his media presidency greatly weakened the power of political machines in party politics .   Kennedy 's time in office was marked by Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union and especially with Cuba . In Cuba , a failed attempt was made in April 1961 at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro . Kennedy 's administration subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain public approval for a war against Cuba . In October 1962 , it was discovered that Soviet ballistic missiles had been deployed in Cuba ; the resulting period of unease , termed the Cuban Missile Crisis , is seen by many historians as the closest the human race has ever come to nuclear war between nuclear-armed belligerents .   To contain Communist expansion in Asia , Kennedy increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over his predecessor , Dwight D. Eisenhower ; a further escalation of the American role in the Vietnam War took place after Kennedy 's death . In domestic politics Kennedy made bold proposals in his New Frontier agenda , but few were passed by Congress . He did establish of the Peace Corps , and intensify the Space Race . Kennedy took steps to support the Civil Rights Movement , and after his death his proposed civil rights bill was passed as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 .

neg: List of United States Senators in the 58th Congress by seniority This is a complete list of members of the United States Senate during the 58th United States Congress listed by seniority , from March 4 , 1903 to March 3 , 1905 .   Order of service is based on the commencement of the senator 's first term . Behind this is former service as a senator ( only giving the Senator seniority within his or her new incoming class ) , service as Vice President , a House member , a Cabinet secretary , or a governor of a state . The final factor is the population of the senator 's state .   Senators who were sworn in in the middle of the Congress ( up until the last senator who was not sworn in early after winning the November 1904 election ) are listed at the end of the list with no number .

neg: Dean of the United States Senate The Dean of the United States Senate is an informal term for the Senator with the longest continuous service , regardless of party affiliation . This is not an official position within the Senate , although customarily ( since 1945 ) the longest-serving member of the majority party serves as President pro tempore .   The current Dean is Senator Patrick Leahy of Vermont .

neg: Herding Cats: A Life in Politics Herding Cats : A Life in Politics is a book written by U.S. Senator Trent Lott , a Republican from Mississippi . Published by HarperCollins Publishers , Inc. on August 23 , 2005 , the book spans 320 pages . The major points of the book are Lott 's childhood in Grenada and Pascagoula , Mississippi , including his struggles with his alcoholic father ; his election to Congress ; his years in the House of Representatives during the Nixon , Carter , and Reagan administrations ( including his service as Minority Whip in that body ) ; and his service in the Senate , especially his service as Majority Leader during the Clinton and Bush Administrations . He recounts the formative events of his youth and the stories from his political life . From his decision to support Gerald Ford over Ronald Reagan in the 1976 Republican primary to his working partnership with Senate Democratic leader Tom Daschle during the Clinton impeachment and the September 11 attacks in 2001 , Lott traces the inner workings of congressional life .   One major focus of the book is the comments Lott made at the birthday party of Sen. Strom Thurmond in 2002 and the subsequent intense media coverage , which eventually led to his resignation as the Senate Majority Leader in December 2002 . Lott names several figures who he believes orchestrated his downfall , including members of President George W. Bush 's administration , such as then-Secretary of State , Colin Powell , and former Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) head Joe Allbaugh ( who Lott claims has admitted that he intended to bring Lott down as Majority Leader ) ; as well as the successor to Lott as Majority Leader , Sen. Bill Frist .   Lott suggests that his forced resignation was a `` strategic plan '' devised by Bush and others who wanted Frist to take his place , since Frist supported key White House policies like the Medicare expansion , which Lott opposed . Lott notes , however , that his response to the Thurmond controversy played poorly in the media .   Lott wrote in the book that Frist betrayed him by not telling him about Frist 's decision to run for majority leader beforehand . Lott says he took Frist as his protégé , as Frist had no political/public experience when he was first elected to the Senate .   Some suggested that Lott 's book , which portrayed Frist in a negative light , was designed to impede Frist 's possible presidential campaign , but Frist did not run . Lott indicated in the book that he had repaired his relationship with Frist to some extent .   Lott also emphasizes his years as Majority Whip in the House and his years as Majority Leader in the Senate , where Lott claims to have built an efficient vote-getting organization and played a key role in several legislative accomplishments , including the Reagan-era budget cuts and tax cuts , and welfare reform and the tobacco settlement during the Clinton years . This emphasis may tie into Lott 's ambition to rejoin the Senate Republican Leadership .

neg: Moderate Dems Working Group Moderate Dems Working Group was a caucus of moderate Democratic members of the United States Senate . The group 's goal is to work with the Senate leadership and the Obama administration `` to craft common-sense solutions to urgent national problems . '' The group 's members are `` joined by a shared commitment to pursue pragmatic , fiscally sustainable policies across a range of issues , such as deficit containment , health care reform , the housing crisis , educational reform , energy policy and climate change . ''   The Moderate Dems Working Group was founded on March 18 , 2009 , and is led by Senators Evan Bayh of Indiana , Tom Carper of Delaware , and Blanche Lincoln of Arkansas . It has been described as the Senate version of the Blue Dog Coalition in the House . The coalition has received praise from Democratic Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid , but has been criticized by the left as simply being `` political cover to Democratic senators representing red or purple states , making it harder for Republicans to tie them to liberal bogeymen . ''

neg: United States House of Representatives elections, 1934 The 1934 United States House of Representatives elections were held in the middle of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's first term . The Democratic Party continued its progress , gaining another 9 net seats from the opposition Republican Party , who also lost seats to the Progressive Party . The Republicans were reduced below one-fourth of the chamber for the first time since the creation of the party . The Wisconsin Progressive Party , a liberal group which allied with the Democrats , also became a force in Wisconsin politics .   The 1934 elections can be seen as a referendum on New Deal policies . While conservatives and people among the middle class who did not bear the brunt of the depression saw New Deal programs as radical , ordinary people overwhelmingly voted in this election cycle to continue implementation of Roosevelt 's agenda . In addition , this was the first time in modern history that the President 's party gained seats in a midterm year when historically the President 's party usually loses seats . ( This would n't happen again until 1998 and 2002 . )

neg: List of Governors of Mississippi The Governor of Mississippi is the head of the executive branch of Mississippi 's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The governor has a duty to enforce state laws , and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Mississippi Legislature , to convene the legislature at any time , and , except in cases of treason or impeachment , to grant pardons and reprieves .   To be elected governor , a person must be at least 30 years old , and must have been a citizen of the United States for twenty years and a resident of Mississippi for at least five years at the time of inauguration . The Constitution of Mississippi , ratified in 1890 , calls for a four-year term for the governor . He or she may be reelected once . The original constitution of 1817 had only a two-year term for governor ; this was expanded to four years in the 1868 constitution . The lieutenant governor is elected at the same time as the governor and serves as president of the Mississippi Senate . When the office of governor becomes vacant for any reason , the lieutenant governor becomes governor for the remainder of the term .   The Governor of Mississippi is also , by virtue of his office , President of the Board of Trustees of the University of Mississippi .

neg: United States presidential election in Massachusetts, 1960 The 1960 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place on November 8 , 1960 as part of the 1960 United States presidential election , which was held throughout all 50 states . Voters chose 16 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Massachusetts voted overwhelmingly for the Democratic nominee , Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts , over the Republican nominee , Vice President Richard Nixon of California . Kennedy ran with Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas , while Nixon 's running mate was Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. of Massachusetts .   Kennedy carried his home state of Massachusetts in a landslide , taking 60.22 % of the vote to Nixon 's 39.55 % , a Democratic victory margin of 20.67 % . This made it the third most Democratic state in the nation , after Rhode Island and Georgia .   As Kennedy narrowly defeated Nixon nationally to win the presidency , Massachusetts weighed in for this election as about 21 % more Democratic than the national average .   Massachusetts had been a Democratic-leaning state since 1928 , when the Democratic Party had nominated the first Roman Catholic nominee for president , Al Smith . While Smith lost nationally in a landslide , partially due to anti-Catholic prejudice in much of the country , he won Massachusetts due to the massive turnout and support of the many Irish Catholics in the state . In 1960 , John F. Kennedy would be the second Roman Catholic to be nominated for president by a major party , and again his religion became an issue in some regions of the country . However , there was little doubt that Kennedy , an Irish Catholic born in Brookline , Massachusetts , would be able to carry Massachusetts in his presidential run .   Prior to 1960 , Massachusetts had been a swing state , having voted for Democrats Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman in the 1930s and 1940s , but voting for Republican Dwight Eisenhower in the 1950s . In 1956 , Eisenhower had carried the state by 19 points . The 21 point margin by which Kennedy won the state four years later thus represented a massive 40 point swing toward the Democrats between the 1956 and 1960 elections . Kennedy 's landslide victory in 1960 finally solidified the transformation of Massachusetts into a Democratic stronghold in the modern era . 1960 was the first election ever in which a Democrat had broken 60 % of the vote in Massachusetts , and thus Kennedy 's 60.22 % was the highest percentage of the vote any Democrat had ever received in the state up to that point .   Religion was a major dividing factor in shaping the vote in 1960 . Nixon 's running mate , Henry Cabot Lodge , was also from Massachusetts , and had served the state as a Republican Senator , but was a Protestant , and represented traditional Protestant Yankee Republicanism in Massachusetts . Kennedy , an Irish Catholic Democrat , represented an entirely different strain of Massachusetts politics , the emerging majority coalition of urban and ethnic immigrant voters . In 1952 , Kennedy had first defeated Lodge to take the latter 's U.S. Senate seat , symbolizing this new Democratic coalition 's rise in the state . The residual Yankee Republicanism combined with the popularity of the Republican incumbent Eisenhower allowed Nixon to take a decent 39.55 % of the vote , but by 1960 , the ethnic Catholic vote held a decisive majority in Massachusetts , and turnout among Catholic voters reached record highs in 1960 .   Kennedy carried nine of the state 's fourteen counties , including the most heavily populated parts of the state surrounding the large cities of Boston , Worcester , and Springfield . Nixon carried only five counties , three of them island or peninsula counties . Nixon 's most significant win was Plymouth County , which he won narrowly with 51 percent of the vote .   Kennedy put in an historically strong performance in the state 's capital and largest city , Boston , home to many Catholics of Irish and Italian immigrant heritage . In Suffolk County , where Boston is located , Kennedy won a landslide with 74.4 percent of the vote to Nixon 's 25 percent , the first time in history that a presidential candidate had received more than 70 percent of the vote in the county . Kennedy was also the first Democrat to carry Norfolk County since Martin van Buren in 1836 .   The decisive Democratic win in 1960 would foreshadow the political direction Massachusetts would take in the years to come , as it would become one of the most Democratic states in the nation in the elections that followed . In 1964 and 1968 , Democrats would even outperform Kennedy , and in 1972 it would be the only state in the nation to vote for Democrat George McGovern , ultimately making it the only state that Richard Nixon would never win in any of his three presidential campaigns .   The 1960 election was also the last time a candidate who declared Massachusetts as his home state won the presidency regardless of his performance in the state . The next three presidential candidates whose home state was Massachusetts , Michael Dukakis , John Kerry , and Mitt Romney , all lost their presidential bids .

neg: Nevada Senate The Nevada Senate is the upper house of the Nevada Legislature , the state legislature of U.S. state of Nevada . The Senate currently ( 2012-2021 ) consists of 21 members from single-member districts . In the previous redistricting ( 2002-2011 ) there were 19 districts , two of which were multimember . Since 2012 , there have been 21 districts , each formed by combining two neighboring Assembly districts . Each senator represented approximately 128,598 as of the 2010 census . Article Four of The Nevada Constitution sets that Senators serve staggered four-year terms . In addition , the size of the Senate is set to be no less than one-third and no greater than one-half of the size of the Assembly . Term limits , limiting senators to three 4-year terms ( 12 years ) , took effect in 2010 . Because of the change in Constitution , seven senators were termed out in 2010 , four were termed out in 2012 , and one is to be termed out in 2014 . The Senate met at the Nevada State Capitol in Carson City until 1971 , when a separate Legislative Building was constructed south of the Capitol . The Legislative Building was expanded in 1997 to its current appearance to accommodate the growing Legislature .

neg: Nuclear option The nuclear option is a parliamentary procedure that allows the United States Senate to override a rule or precedent by a simple majority of 51 votes , instead of by a supermajority of 60 votes . The option is invoked by the presiding officer of the body ruling that the validity of a Senate rule or precedent is a constitutional question . The issue is immediately put to the full Senate , which decides by majority vote . The procedure thus allows the Senate to decide any issue by majority vote , regardless of existing procedural rules , such as current Senate rules specifying that ending a filibuster requires the consent of 60 senators ( out of 100 ) for legislation , and 67 for amending a Senate rule . The term `` nuclear option '' is an analogy to nuclear weapons being the most extreme option in warfare .   The nuclear option has only been used in practice twice -- in 2013 and 2017 , however the threat to use it dates back at least to 1917 , in opinions related to reform of the Senate 's filibuster rules . Subsequently , an opinion written by Vice President Richard Nixon in 1957 concluded that the U.S. Constitution grants the presiding officer the authority to override existing Senate rules . The option was used to make further rule changes in 1975 . In November 2013 , Senate Democrats used the nuclear option to eliminate filibusters on executive branch nominations and federal judicial appointments other than those to the Supreme Court . On April 6 , 2017 , Senate Republicans used the nuclear option to eliminate the exception for Supreme Court nominees , after the nomination of Neil Gorsuch failed to meet the requirement of 60 votes for ending the debate .   Before November 2013 , Senate rules required a three-fifths vote of the `` duly chosen and sworn '' members of the Senate -- ( usually 60 votes ) to end debate on a bill , nomination or other proposal ; they also require a two-thirds vote ( `` present and voting '' -- 67 or more votes ) to end debate on a change to the Senate rules . Those rules effectively allowed a minority of the Senate to block a bill or nomination through the technique of the filibuster . This had resulted in a de facto requirement that a nomination have the support of 60 Senators to pass , rather than a majority of 51 . A three-fifths vote is still required to end debates on legislation . Before April 2017 , Senate rules required a three-fifths vote to confirm nominations for Supreme Court nominees .   Under the new nuclear option proceedings , the majority leader and presiding officer , guided by parliamentary experts , go through a series of choreographed steps in which the leader suggests a change to the rules , the presiding officer challenges him , and then the leader calls a second vote on a rules change , which requires only 51 votes . This effectively ends what had become a 60-vote requirement for confirmation of a Supreme Court nominee or the passage of legislation .

neg: United States Congress The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers : the Senate and the House of Representatives . The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington , D.C. Both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election , though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment . Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party , and only rarely to a third party or as independents . Congress has 535 voting members : 435 Representatives and 100 Senators . The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members . These members can , however , sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation . These members represent Washington , D.C. , Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands and the U.S. Virgin Islands .   The members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency , known as a `` district '' . Congressional districts are apportioned to states by population using the United States Census results , provided that each state has at least one congressional representative . Each state , regardless of population or size , has two senators . Currently , there are 100 senators representing the 50 states . Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a six-year term , with terms staggered , so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election .


query: England was not settled by other Germanic tribes.

pos: England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west . The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain ( which lies in the North Atlantic ) in its centre and south ; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly , and the Isle of Wight .   The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law -- the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world -- developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation .   England 's terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there are uplands in the north ( for example , the mountainous Lake District , and the Pennines ) and in the southwest ( for example , Dartmoor and the Cotswolds ) . The capital is London , which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union.According to the European Statistical Agency , London is the largest Larger Urban Zone in the EU , a measure of metropolitan area which comprises a city 's urban core as well as its surrounding commuting zone . London 's municipal population is also the largest in the EU . England 's population of over 53 million comprises 84 % of the population of the United Kingdom , largely concentrated around London , the South East , and conurbations in the Midlands , the North West , the North East , and Yorkshire , which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century .   The Kingdom of England -- which after 1535 included Wales -- ceased being a separate sovereign state on 1 May 1707 , when the Acts of Union put into effect the terms agreed in the Treaty of Union the previous year , resulting in a political union with the Kingdom of Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain . In 1801 , Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .

neg: Geography of Lincolnshire The ceremonial county of Lincolnshire ( composed of the shire county of Lincolnshire , plus the unitary authorities of North Lincolnshire and North-East Lincolnshire ) is the second largest of the English counties and one that is predominantly agricultural in character . Despite its relatively large physical area , it has a comparatively small population ( of less than 1 million people ) . The unusually low population density that arises gives the county a very different character from the much more densely populated an urbanised counties of south-east and northern England , and is , in many ways , key to understanding the nature of the county ( and perhaps even its people ) .

neg: Rædwald of East Anglia Rædwald ( Rædwald -LSB- - angrædwɑɫd -RSB- , ` power in counsel ' ) , also written as Raedwald or Redwald , was a 7th-century king of East Anglia , a long-lived Anglo-Saxon kingdom which included the present-day English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk . He was the son of Tytila of East Anglia and a member of the Wuffingas dynasty ( named after his grandfather , Wuffa ) , who were the first kings of the East Angles . Details about Rædwald 's reign are scarce , primarily because the Viking invasions of the 9th century destroyed the monasteries in East Anglia where many documents would have been kept . Rædwald reigned from about 599 until his death around 624 , initially under the overlordship of Æthelberht of Kent . In 616 , as a result of fighting the Battle of the River Idle and defeating Æthelfrith of Northumbria , he was able to install Edwin , who was acquiescent to his authority , as the new king of Northumbria . During the battle , both Æthelfrith and Rædwald 's son Rægenhere were killed .   From around 616 , Rædwald was the most powerful of the English kings south of the River Humber . According to Bede he was the fourth ruler to hold imperium over other southern Anglo-Saxon kingdoms : he was referred to in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , written centuries after his death , as a bretwalda ( an Old English term meaning ` Britain-ruler ' or ` wide-ruler ' ) . He was the first king of the East Angles to become a Christian , converting at Æthelberht 's court some time before 605 , whilst at the same time maintaining a pagan temple . In receiving the faith he helped to ensure the survival of Christianity in East Anglia during the apostasy of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Essex and Kent . He is generally considered by historians to be the most favoured candidate for the occupant of the Sutton Hoo ship-burial , although other theories have been advanced .

neg: Culture of New England The culture of New England comprises a shared heritage and culture primarily shaped by its indigenous peoples , early English colonists , and waves of immigration from Europe , Asia , Africa , and the Americas . In contrast to other American regions , many of New England 's earliest Puritan settlers came from eastern England , contributing to New England 's distinctive accents , foods , customs , and social structures .

neg: Continental Europe Continental Europe , also referred to as mainland Europe , or , by Europeans , simply the Continent , is the continuous continent of Europe , excluding surrounding islands .   The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands , encompassing the Greek Islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , the Balearic Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands , Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago , as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard .   The Scandinavian peninsula is sometimes also excluded , as even though it is technically part of `` mainland Europe '' , the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea ( rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland , and then south through north-east Europe ) .   The notion of Europe as a geopolitical or cultural term is centred on core Europe ( Kerneuropa ) , the continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire and the core of Latin Christendom , corresponding to modern France , Italy , Germany ( or German-speaking Europe ) and the Benelux states ( historical Austrasia ) . This historical core of `` Carolingian Europe '' was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration ( see also Multi-speed Europe ) .

neg: British Assyrians British Assyrians , also known as Assyrian Brits , English Assyrians and Assyrians in the United Kingdom , are members of the Semitic , Eastern Aramaic speaking Assyrian ethnic group ( also known as Chaldo-Assyrians and some by the denominational term Chaldean Catholics ) born or residing in the United Kingdom , numbering approximately 8,000 persons . They are the indigenous Non-Arab , Pre-Arab and Pre-Islamic descendants of the ancient Mesopotamians , and the Assyrians , in particular ( see Assyrian continuity and Assyria ) .   Most have migrated from their ancient homelands in northern Iraq , north east Syria , south east Turkey and north west Iran .   Concentrations of Assyrians are found in Greenford and in Hanwell , both towns within the London Borough of Ealing . Assyrians mostly migrated from northern Iraq , southeast Turkey , northwest Iran and northeast Syria , an area encompassing the Assyrian homeland . Migration was largely triggered by long standing ethnic and religious persecution in their homelands .

neg: Navigation Acts The Navigation Acts were a series of English laws that restricted colonial trade to England . They were first enacted in 1651 and throughout that time until 1663 , and were repealed in 1849 . They reflected the policy of mercantilism , which sought to keep all the benefits of trade inside the Empire , and to minimize the loss of gold and silver to foreigners . They prohibited the colonies from trading directly with the Netherlands , Spain , France , and their colonies . The original ordinance of 1651 was renewed at the Restoration by Acts of 1660 , 1663 , 1670 , and 1673 , with subsequent minor amendments . The Acts formed the basis for English overseas trade for nearly 200 years . Additionally the Acts restricted the employment of non-English sailors to a quarter of the crew on returning East India Company ships .   The major impetuses for the Navigation Acts were the ruinous deterioration of English trade in the aftermath of the Eighty Years ' War , and the concomitant lifting of the Spanish embargoes on trade between the Spanish Empire and the Dutch Republic . The end of the embargoes in 1647 unleashed the full power of the Amsterdam Entrepôt and other Dutch competitive advantages in world trade . Within a few years , English merchants had practically been overwhelmed in the trade in the Iberian Peninsula , the Mediterranean and the Levant . Even the trade with English colonies ( partly still in the hands of the royalists , as the English Civil War was in its final stages and the Commonwealth of England had not yet imposed its authority throughout the English colonies ) was `` engrossed '' by Dutch merchants . English direct trade was crowded out by a sudden influx of commodities from the Levant , Mediterranean and the Spanish and Portuguese empires , and the West Indies via the Dutch Entrepôt , carried in Dutch ships and for Dutch account .   The obvious solution seemed to be to seal off the English and Scottish markets to these unwanted imports . A precedent was the Act the Greenland Company had obtained from Parliament in 1645 prohibiting the import of whale products into England , except in ships owned by that company . This principle was now generalised . In 1648 the Levant Company petitioned Parliament for the prohibition of imports of Turkish goods '' ... from Holland and other places but directly from the places of their growth . '' Baltic traders added their voices to this chorus . In 1650 the Standing Council for Trade and the Council of State of the Commonwealth prepared a general policy designed to impede the flow of Mediterranean and colonial commodities via Holland and Zeeland into England .   On the whole , the Acts of Trade and Navigation were obeyed , except for the Molasses Act of 1733 , which led to extensive smuggling because no effective means of enforcement was provided until the 1750s . Stricter enforcement under the Sugar Act of 1764 became one source of resentment of Great Britain by merchants in the American colonies . This in turn helped push the colonies to start the American Revolution in the late 18th century , even though the consensus view among modern economic historians and economists is that the `` costs imposed on -LSB- American -RSB- colonists by the trade restrictions of the Navigation Acts were small . ''

neg: Battle of the Holme The Battle of the Holme took place in East Anglia on 13 December 902 between the Anglo-Saxon men of Kent and the East Anglian Danes . Its location is unknown but may have been Holme in Huntingdonshire ( now part of Cambridgeshire ) .   Following the death of Alfred the Great in 899 , his son Edward the Elder became king , but his cousin Æthelwold , the son of Alfred 's elder brother , King Æthelred , claimed the throne . His bid was unsuccessful , and he fled to the Northumbrian Danes , who , according to one version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , accepted him as king . In 902 Æthelwold came with a fleet to Essex and the following year he persuaded the East Anglian Danes to attack Mercia and north Wessex . Edward retaliated by ravaging East Anglia and the Danish army was forced to return to defend its own territory . Edward then retreated , but the men of Kent disobeyed the order to retire , and they met the Danes at the battle of the Holme .   The course of the battle is unknown , but the Danes appear to have won as according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle they `` kept the place of slaughter '' . However , they suffered heavy losses including Æthelwold , Eohric , probably the Danish king of East Anglia , Brihtsige , son of the ætheling Beornoth , and two holds , Ysopa and Oscetel . The battle thus ended Æthelwold 's Revolt . Kentish losses included Sigehelm , father of Edward the Elder 's third wife , Eadgifu of Kent . The West Saxon chronicler who gave the fullest account of the battle was at pains to explain why Edward and the rest of the English were not present , as if this had been a subject of criticism .

neg: List of Celtic place names in Italy The Celtic toponymy of Italy are the place names that , through the reconstruction of the historical and linguistic origin , are attributed to language of Celts allocated once in Italy , between the northern regions and in some areas of central Italy .   It deals with linguistic varieties of `` fragmentary attestation '' from two strands of Celtic peoples : 1 ) the oldest , perhaps already settled in the Bronze Age , the ancestors of the Celts of Golasecca culture , who spoke a language ( the so-called Lepontic language ) which is more archaic , more conservative Gaulish language ; 2 ) groups of Gauls that penetrated in Italy in the fourth century BC ( and probably also in earlier stages ) .

neg: Literature of England The literature of England is literature written in what is now England , or by English writers . It consists mainly of English literature - i.e. literature written in the English language - but there are important examples of literature from England written in other languages .

neg: Anglo-Saxon weaponry Many different weapons were created and used in Anglo-Saxon England between the fifth and eleventh centuries . Spears were the most common weapon , and were used for piercing and throwing ( in which case the spear would be called a javelin ) . Other commonplace weapons included the sword , axe , and knife -- bows and arrows , as well as slings , were not frequently used by the Anglo-Saxons . For defensive purposes , the shield was the most common item used by warriors , although mail and helmets were sometimes used .   Weapons also had symbolic value for the Anglo-Saxons , apparently having strong connections to gender and social status . Weapons were commonly included as grave goods in the early Anglo-Saxon burials . The vast majority of these weapons were buried in male graves , but there were some exceptions . In a non-funerary context , weapons were occasionally deposited in the ground or near rivers . However , the establishment of a literate Christian clergy in Anglo-Saxon England resulted in the production of several textual sources which describe weapons and their usage in battle . Some of these literary sources include the poems Beowulf and The Battle of Maldon .

neg: Kingdom of Sussex Sussex ( -LSB- ˈsʌsɪks -RSB- Sūþseaxna rīce , `` kingdom of the South Saxons '' ) was a Saxon colony and later independent kingdom of the Saxons , on the south coast of England .   The South Saxons were ruled by the kings of Sussex .

neg: Old English literature Old English literature or Anglo-Saxon literature , encompasses literature written in Old English , in Anglo-Saxon England from the 7th century to the decades after the Norman Conquest of 1066 . `` Cædmon 's Hymn '' , composed in the 7th century , according to Bede , is often considered the oldest extant poem in English , whereas the later poem , The Grave is one of the final poems written in Old English , and presents a transitional text between Old and Middle English . The Peterborough Chronicle can also be considered a late-period text , continuing into the 12th century .   The poem Beowulf , which often begins the traditional canon of English literature , is the most famous work of Old English literature . The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle has also proven significant for historical study , preserving a chronology of early English history .   In descending order of quantity , Old English literature consists of : sermons and saints ' lives ; biblical translations ; translated Latin works of the early Church Fathers ; Anglo-Saxon chronicles and narrative history works ; laws , wills and other legal works ; practical works on grammar , medicine , geography ; and poetry . In all there are over 400 surviving manuscripts from the period , of which about 189 are considered `` major '' .   Besides Old English literature , Anglo-Saxons wrote a number of Anglo-Latin works .

neg: Foreign language influences in English The core of English language descends from Old English , the language brought with the Angles , Saxon and Jutish settlers to what was to be called England in and after the 500s . The bulk of the language in spoken and written texts is from this source . As a statistical rule , around 70 % of words in any text are Anglo-Saxon . Moreover , the grammar is largely Anglo-Saxon .   While some new words enter English as slang , most do n't . Some words are adopted from other languages ; some are mixtures of existing words ( portmanteau words ) , and some are new creations made of roots from dead languages : e.g. thanatopsis .

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture .   British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital .   The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine .   The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .

neg: Angles The Angles ( Anglii ) were one of the main Germanic peoples who settled in Great Britain in the post-Roman period . They founded several of the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England , and their name is the root of the name England . The name comes from the district of Angeln , an area located on the Baltic shore of what is now Schleswig-Holstein .

neg: Anglo-Saxon law Anglo-Saxon law ( Old English ǣ , later lagu `` law '' ; dōm `` decree , judgement '' ) is a body of written rules and customs that were in place during the Anglo-Saxon period in England , before the Norman conquest . This body of law , along with early Scandinavian law and Germanic law , descended from a family of ancient Germanic custom and legal thought . However , Anglo-Saxon law codes are distinct from other early Germanic legal statements - known as the leges barbarorum - in part because they were written in Anglo-Saxon , instead of in Latin . The laws of the Anglo-Saxons were the second in medieval Western Europe after those of the Irish to be expressed in a language other than Latin .

neg: History of education in England The history of education in England can be documented to the Anglo-Saxons ' settlement of England . During the Middle Ages , schools were established to teach Latin grammar to the sons of the aristocracy , as part of preparation also for the entry of some into the clergy and religious orders . The church preserved literacy and learning during this period , and education was closely tied to the religious vocation , in order to read the Bible and related documents . Apprenticeship was the main way for youths to enter practical occupations . Two universities were established in affiliation with the church : the University of Oxford , followed by the University of Cambridge , both related closely to training for clergy . A reformed system of `` free grammar schools '' was established in the reign of Edward VI .   The Protestant Reformation had a major influence on education and literacy in England , as it encouraged the reading of the Bible in the vernacular of the people . ( Formerly , the Bible was printed only in Latin , the official language of the Catholic Church . ) Counties in the east of England , which had frequent interaction with the Low Countries , where the Reformation movement had flourished , developed a higher rate of literacy in the early years of the Reformation than did other areas of England .   In the 19th century the Church of England sponsored most formal education until the government established free , compulsory education towards the end of that century . University College London was established as the first secular college in England , open to students of all religions ( or none , ) followed by King 's College London ; the two institutions formed the University of London . Durham University was also established in the early nineteenth century . Towards the end of the century , the `` redbrick '' universities , new public universities , were founded .   The 1944 Education Act established the Tripartite System of grammar schools and secondary modern schools . The school leaving age was raised to 16 in 1972 .

neg: List of monarchs of Kent This is a list of the kings of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Kent .   The regnal dates for the earlier kings are known only from Bede , who piously expunged apostates ( Unde cunctis placuit regum tempora computantibus , ut ablata de medio regum perfidorum memoria , idem annus sequentis regis ) , and seems also to have deliberately suppressed details of short or joint reigns in order to produce an orderly sequence ( he had no place for Æðelwald or Eormenred ) . Generally more than one king ruled in Kent . Some kings are known mainly from charters , of which several are forgeries , while others have been subjected to tampering in order to reconcile them with the erroneous king lists of chroniclers , baffled by blanks , and confused by concurrent reigns and kings with similar or identical names . It is commonplace for the later kings to be referred to as subkings , but the actual rank used is always rex , never regulus ( except for a late legend concerning Eormenred ) . The usual style was simply King of Kent ( rex Cantiae ) or King of the Kentish Men ( rex Cantuariorum ) . Territorial division within Kent is not alluded to , except by Eadberht I ( rex Cantuariorum terram dimidii ) and Sigered ( rex dimidie partis prouincie Cantuariorum ) .

neg: Scandinavian Peninsula The Scandinavian Peninsula ( Skandinaviska halvön Den skandinaviske halvøy Skandinavian niemimaa ? Скандинавский полуостров , Skandinavsky poluostrov ) is a peninsula in Northern Europe , which generally comprises the mainland of Sweden , the mainland of Norway ( with the exception of a small coastal area bordering Russia ) , the northwestern area of Finland , as well as a narrow area in the west of the Pechengsky District of Russia .   The name of the peninsula is derived from the term Scandinavia , the cultural region of Denmark , Norway and Sweden . That cultural name is in turn derived from the name of Scania , the region at the southern extremity of the peninsula which has during periods been part of Denmark , which is the ancestral home of the Danes , and which is now part of Sweden . The derived term `` Scandinavian '' also refers to the Germanic peoples who speak North Germanic languages , considered to be a dialect continuum derived from Old Norse . These modern North Germanic languages found in Scandinavia are Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish ; additionally Faroese and Icelandic belong to the same language group , but they are not part of the modern Scandinavian dialect continuum and are not intelligible with the other languages .   The Scandinavian Peninsula is the largest peninsula of Europe , larger than the Balkan , the Iberian and the Italian peninsulas . During the Ice Ages , the sea level of the Atlantic Ocean dropped so much that the Baltic Sea , the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland disappeared , and the countries now surrounding them , including Germany , Poland , the other Baltic countries and Scandinavia , were directly joined by land .

neg: Anglo-Saxon (disambiguation) Anglo-Saxon may refer to :  Anglo-Saxon economy , modern macroeconomic term  Anglo-Saxon world , modern societies based on or influenced by English customs  Anglo-Saxons , Germanic tribes that settled down in Britain and founded England  Anglo-Saxon England , their history  Old English , their language  , one of various ships  White Anglo-Saxon Protestant , an ethnicity


query: Portia de Rossi appeared in a show.

pos: Portia de Rossi Portia Lee James DeGeneres ( born Amanda Lee Rogers ; January 31 , 1973 ) , also known professionally as Portia de Rossi ( -LSB- ˈpɔərʃə_də_ˈrɒsi -RSB- ) , is an Australian and American actress , model , and philanthropist . She appeared as a regular cast member on the American political thriller television series Scandal in the role of Elizabeth North from 2014 to 2017 . She is also known for her roles as lawyer Nelle Porter on the American television series Ally McBeal -- for which she won a Screen Actors Guild Award in 1999 -- and as Lindsay Fünke on the American television sitcom Arrested Development . She also portrayed Veronica Palmer on the ABC television sitcom Better Off Ted , and Olivia Lord on the television drama Nip/Tuck . De Rossi is married to comedian and television host Ellen DeGeneres .

neg: Sanremo Music Festival 2004 The Sanremo Music Festival 2004 was the 54th annual Sanremo Music Festival , held at the Teatro Ariston in Sanremo , province of Imperia , between 2 and 6 March 2004 and broadcast by Rai 1 .   The show was presented by Simona Ventura , supported by Paola Cortellesi and Gene Gnocchi . Composer Tony Renis served as the artistic director .   For the first time since 1984 , in this edition there is not a division of the singers in two sections ( Big Artists and Newcomers ) but a single competition .   As was the case in 1975 , due to disagreements between the organizer of the festival Tony Renis and the major record companies , the latter boycotted the festival not inserting their prominent names in the competition .   The winner of the competition was Marco Masini with the song `` L'uomo volante '' . Mario Venuti won the critics prize with the song `` Crudele '' .   In addition to musical guests , the guests of this edition also included Dustin Hoffman , Cirque du Soleil , Stefania Sandrelli , Rupert Everett , Raoul Bova , Roberto Bolle .   After every night , Bruno Vespa and Alba Parietti hosted a special edition of the talk show Porta a Porta with the participation of singers and journalists .

neg: Portia (The Merchant of Venice) Portia is the heroine of William Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice . A rich , beautiful , and intelligent heiress , she is bound by the lottery set forth in her father 's will , which gives potential suitors the chance to choose between three caskets composed of gold , silver and lead . If they choose the right casket -- the casket containing Portia 's portrait and a scroll -- they win Portia 's hand in marriage . If they choose the wrong casket , they must leave and never seek another woman in marriage . Portia is glad when two suitors , one driven by greed and another by vanity , fail to choose correctly . She favours Bassanio , a young Venetian noble , but is not allowed to give him any clues to assist in his choice . Later in the play , she disguises herself as a man , then assumes the role of a lawyer 's apprentice ( named Balthazar ) whereby she saves the life of Bassanio 's friend , Antonio , in court .   Portia is one of the most prominent and appealing of the heroines in Shakespeare 's mature romantic comedies . She is beautiful , gracious , rich , intelligent , and quick-witted , with high standards for her potential romantic partners . She obeys her father 's will , while steadfastly seeking to obtain Bassanio . She demonstrates tact to the Princes of Morocco and Aragon , who unsuccessfully seek her hand . In the court scenes , Portia finds a technicality in the bond , thereby outwitting Shylock and saving Antonio 's life when everyone else fails . It is Portia who delivers one of the most famous speeches in The Merchant of Venice :   The strength of the role of Portia has made it attractive to many notable actresses . Frances Abington , Sarah Siddons and Elizabeth Whitlock all played Portia in the 18th century when actresses first started appearing on stage in performances of the play . More recently , the role has been depicted in the cinema and on television by a number of notable actresses such as Maggie Smith , Claire Bloom , Sybil Thorndike , Joan Plowright , Caroline John and Gemma Jones .   Despite Portia 's lack of formal legal training , she wins her case by referring to the details of the exact language of the law . Her success involves prevailing on technicalities rather than the merits of the situation . She uses the tactics of what is sometimes called a Philadelphia lawyer . However , the concept of rhetoric and its abuse is also brought to light by Portia -- highlighting the idea that an unjust argument may win through eloquence , loopholes and technicalities , regardless of the moral question at hand -- and thus provoking the audience to consider that issue .

neg: Giannetto De Rossi Giannetto De Rossi ( born 1942 ) is an Italian make up artist who has worked on films such as Emanuelle in America , Zombie 2 and Dune .

neg: The Age of the Medici The Age of the Medici , originally released in Italy as L'età di Cosimo de Medici ( The Age of Cosimo de Medici ) , is a 1973 3-part TV series about the Renaissance in Florence , directed by Roberto Rossellini . The series was shot in English in the hope of securing a North American release , which it failed to achieve , and was later dubbed into Italian and shown on state television . The films are : Cosimo de Medici , The Power of Cosimo and Leon Battista Alberti : Humanism . It is Fred Ward 's debut role .   Like several other TV series directed by Rossellini during the 1970s , The Age of the Medici is a form of docudrama , in which historical information is communicated via dramatized conversations between figures from history , and between ordinary people . They are unabashedly `` teaching films . '' As Dave Kehr explains , `` The dialogue is bluntly didactic , with characters telling one another things they would already know entirely for the benefit of the audience ... . Rossellini is n't asking his viewers to identify with his characters or become caught up in their personal dramas ... Instead he creates a detached perspective . '' Each scene plays out in a single long take , with the camera slowly moving and zooming to create different framings of the action , or , as Kehr puts it , `` to close in on details or investigate relationships '' .   When the films debuted in New York 's Public Theater in 1973 , New York Times movie critic Vincent Canby noted that while not difficult , the austere style of the films , `` as well as Rossellini 's total lack of concern for what might be called performance , take some getting used to . Yet once you 've grasped the method and the rhythm of the films , they are a ravishingly beautiful experience '' :   The actors make few attempts to act . They recite as they walk about magnificent locations , sounding and looking like ferociously gifted dress-extras . The talk has been rather flatly dubbed into English so that it 's not always possible to tell who is speaking.Forget these problems , though . The film is about what is being said and what you can see around and behind these figures . When you connect with The Age of the Medici , it has the effect of reducing every other film you 've seen recently to the status of an ornament .

neg: Portlandia (TV series) Portlandia is a sketch comedy television series set and filmed in and around Portland , Oregon , starring Fred Armisen and Carrie Brownstein . The show is produced by Broadway Video Television and IFC Original Productions . It was created by Fred Armisen and Carrie Brownstein , along with Jonathan Krisel , who directs it . It debuted on IFC on January 21 , 2011 .   The show shares its title with the sculpture of the same name that sits above the entrance of the Portland Building on Fifth Avenue in downtown Portland , which appears in the show 's title sequence . The show has won a Peabody Award .   In January 2017 , the series was renewed for an eighth and final season to debut in 2018 .

neg: DeGeneres DeGeneres is a surname . Notable people with the surname include :   Betty DeGeneres ( born 1930 ) , mother of Ellen DeGeneres and American activist .  Ellen DeGeneres ( born 1958 ) , American stand-up comedian , television hostess , and actress .  Vance DeGeneres ( born 1954 ) , American actor , older brother of Ellen DeGeneres .  Portia de Rossi , or Portia DeGeneres ( born 1973 ) , wife of Ellen DeGeneres and American actress .

neg: Italia's Got Talent Italia 's Got Talent is the Italian version of the international Got Talent series . The pilot episode was aired on 12 December 2009 on Canale 5 and it was seen by 5.3 million people .  After this episode , Mediaset decided to hold on this show with a full-length season . The first season started on 12 April 2010 with high ratings and continued broadcasting . Maria De Filippi , Gerry Scotti and Rudy Zerbi are the three judges .   The sixth series ( 2015 ) will face many changes . It has been aired by pay-TV Sky Uno , the entertainment-purposed channel of Sky Italy , owned by News Corporation . The host is the Spanish-born Italian actress and model Vanessa Incontrada . No judges from the previous series have been confirmed : the new panel face the arrival of actor Claudio Bisio , actress and comedian Luciana Littizzetto , singer Nina Zilli and YouTube star Frank Matano .  Talents are competing for $ 100,000 .  The final has been simulcast by Sky Uno and Cielo .   The seventh season is being aired in simulcast on Sky Uno and TV8 , a brand new free channel of Sky Italia , together with Planet 's Got Talent .

neg: Melbourne City Opera CitiOpera , originally known as Melbourne City Opera , is a semi-professional opera company based in Melbourne , Australia . Formed in 1997 , it was the successor of Globe Opera . In 2007 the company began performing at the BMW Edge , a 450-seat indoor amphitheatre located in Federation Square .   Initially the company made its home at the National Theatre , the Comedy Theatre and later at the Melbourne Athenaeum , and featured Suzanne Steele , Ronald Dowd , Margaret Nisbett , Maureen Howard , and Ron Stevens in productions of La bohème , Faust , Carmen , Pagliacci , Cavalleria rusticana , Madama Butterfly , The Merry Widow , Die Fledermaus , The Student Prince , and many others .   The 2007 season began with productions of Verdi 's Il corsaro , Attila and The Pavarotti Story , devised and narrated by director Joseph Talia and conducted by Erich Fackert . In 2008 the season commenced with a concert production of Beethoven 's Fidelio at Melba Hall , University of Melbourne . The company presented The Puccini Story in honour of the 150th anniversary of the birth of Giacomo Puccini . This program was an analysis of how Puccini 's personal characteristics impacted on the creation of his characters and the composition of his music . In March 2009 , the company staged Verdi 's Ernani .   Melbourne City Opera staged Verdi 's Luisa Miller in September 2009 , Andrea Chénier in June 2010 , La rondine in November 2010 and presented a tribute to Dame Joan Sutherland in November 2011 at the BMW Edge .

neg: Rai 5 Rai 5 is an Italian television channel owned by Rai and broadcast on Digital terrestrial television in Italy . The channel replaced Rai Extra . It broadcasts programs about art , fashion , dance , opera , theatre , cuisine , travel , and documentary films .

neg: Drea de Matteo Drea de Matteo ( -LSB- dreɪ_də_məˈteɪoʊ -RSB- born January 19 , 1972 ) is an American actress , known for her roles as Angie Bolen on ABC 's Desperate Housewives , Joey Tribbiani 's sister Gina on the NBC sitcom Joey , Wendy Case on FX series Sons of Anarchy , and Adriana La Cerva on the HBO TV series The Sopranos , a role for which she won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . She currently stars as Det. Tess Nazario in NBC 's Shades of Blue .

neg: La piovra La Piovra ( -LSB- la ˈpjɔːvra -RSB- ; The Octopus , referring to `` The Mafia '' ) is an Italian television drama miniseries about the Mafia .   The story was by Sandro Petraglia . The production was designed by Luigi Perelli . The soundtrack was by Riz Ortolani and later by Ennio Morricone , who went on to compose music for several sequels .   All 10 series have been released in Australia on DVD by Aztec International Entertainment , with English subtitles , having been originally aired on the Special Broadcasting Service television channel . It was also broadcast on MHz Networks in the United States . The first three series were shown in the UK on Channel 4 .   The TV drama was successful in the USSR , where it appeared on state TV in 1986 in Albania , in Romania , and in Bulgaria , where is appeared in the end of the 1980s ( in its seventh season , the show featured Bulgarian actor Stefan Danailov ) .

neg: Ma il portiere non c'è mai? Ma il portiere non c ' è mai ? is an Italian television series .

neg: La donna del lago La donna del lago ( The Lady of the Lake ) is an opera composed by Gioachino Rossini with a libretto by Andrea Leone Tottola ( whose verses are described as `` limpid '' by one critic ) based on the French translation of The Lady of the Lake , a narrative poem written in 1810 by Sir Walter Scott , whose work continued to popularize the image of the romantic highlands . Scott 's basic story has been noted as coming from `` the hint of an incident stemming from the frequent custom of James V , the King of Scotland , of walking through the kingdom in disguise '' .   It was the first of the Italian operas to be based on Scott 's romantic works , and marked the beginning of romanticism in Rossini 's work . It was `` deeply influential in the development of Italian romantic opera '' to the extent that by 1840 ( barely 20 years after this opera ) , there were 25 Italian operas based on his works , the most famous being Donizetti 's Lucia di Lammermoor of 1835 . Others in German , French and English followed .   Written for the Teatro San Carlo in Naples , this was the seventh of nine operas which Rossini wrote for that house between 1815 and 1822 . Although the première on 24 September 1819 was not a success , there followed many performances throughout major European venues ( as well as being presented in Cuba and by major South American houses ) until about 1860 , after which the opera disappeared until 1958 . In modern times , performances have been given fairly frequently .

neg: The Catherine Tate Show The Catherine Tate Show is a British television sketch comedy written by Catherine Tate and Aschlin Ditta . Tate also stars in all but one of the show 's sketches , which feature a wide range of characters . The Catherine Tate Show airs on BBC Two and is shown worldwide through the BBC . Collectively , the show has been nominated for six BAFTA Awards , two British Comedy Awards and an Emmy Award , and it has won two Royal Television Society Awards , two British Comedy Awards and a National Television Award since its debut in 2004 .

neg: Signore e signora Signore e signora is an Italian sitcom .

neg: Carolina Oliveira Carolina Machado de Oliveira ( born November 29 , 1994 , in São José dos Campos , Brazil ) is a Brazilian actress . In 2005 , she was nominated for an International Emmy for her role in the show Hoje É Dia de Maria .

neg: O Rebu O Rebu ( Literally English : The Fuss , International Title : The Party ) is a Brazilian late night telenovela written by George Moura and Sérgio Goldenberg ( based on Bráulio Pedroso 's original story ) and directed by José Luiz Villamarim . O Rebu '' 's plot is loosely based on the 1974 telenovela of the same name , featuring an innovative narrative : the whole story takes place in 24 hours .   The series premiered on Monday , July 14 , 2014 on a special time at 10:30 p.m. ( BRT/AMT ) on Rede Globo .   A total of 36 episodes of 35 minutes were produced . O Rebu '' aired 4 episodes per week , Monday to Friday ( minus Wednesday due the 2014 Football season games broadcast ) at 11:15 p.m. ( BRT/AMT ) .   Patrícia Pillar , Tony Ramos , Sophie Charlotte and Daniel de Oliveira star as the protagonists , while Cássia Kis and José de Abreu star as the antagonists .

neg: A Woman as a Friend A Woman as a Friend ( Una donna per amica ) is a 2014 romantic comedy film written and directed by Giovanni Veronesi and starring Fabio De Luigi and Laetitia Casta .

neg: Portlandia (season 7) The seventh season of the television comedy Portlandia premiered on IFC in the United States on January 5 , 2017 , consisting a total of 10 episodes . The series stars Fred Armisen and Carrie Brownstein .

neg: De Rossi De Rossi is an Italian surname , and may refer to :   Alessandra De Rossi , Philippine actress  Assunta De Rossi , Philippine actress  Azariah dei Rossi , an Italian-Jewish physician and scholar  Bernardo de Rossi , Italian theologian and historian  Bernardo de ' Rossi , Italian bishop  Daniele De Rossi , Italian footballer  Fabrizio De Rossi , a fictional character in the 1997 film Titanic  Giovan Antonio de ' Rossi , ( 1616 -- 1695 ) , Italian architect of the Baroque  Giovanni Battista de Rossi , 19th-century Italian archaeologist  Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi , 19th-century Italian Christian Hebraist  Mattia de Rossi , ( 1637 -- 1695 ) , Italian architect of the Baroque  Properzia de ' Rossi , Italian Renaissance sculptor  Portia de Rossi , Australian actress  Saint Giovanni Battista de Rossi , 18th-century Roman priest