query: Inspectah Deck isn't a rapper.

pos: Inspectah Deck Jason Hunter ( born July 6 , 1970 ) better known by his stage name Inspectah Deck , is an American rapper , producer , and member of the groups Wu-Tang Clan and Czarface . He has acquired critical praise for his intricate lyricism , and for his verses on many of the group 's most revered songs . He has grown to become a producer in his own right , taking up tracks for fellow clansmen and his own projects .

neg: Danny Boy (singer) Danny Boy Steward ( born October 31 , 1977 ) is a Chicago native known by his stage name Danny Boy or DB . He is a contemporary African-American soul singer originally signed for a five-year run with Death Row Records by Suge Knight . He made his debut on 1994 's Murder Was the Case soundtrack with the R&B charter Come When I Call ( Produced by DJ Quik ) . In 1995 , he released his first single entitled Slip N Slide ( Produced by Reggie Moore and co-produced by DeVante Swing ) with then unknown artist Ginuwine singing the chorus . The video was shot in Cabo , and also features scenes with 2Pac , Snoop Dogg , Nate Dogg and Tha Dogg Pound . Danny is best known for singing the choruses of the 2Pac songs `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' , `` What ' z Ya Phone # '' , `` Picture Me Rollin ' '' and `` Heaven Ai n't Hard 2 Find '' on All Eyez on Me , as well as `` Toss It Up '' on The Don Killuminati : The 7 Day Theory . He had recorded several albums ' worth of music while on Death Row Records , but none were released during his time there .   Danny Boy also made an appearance on Tha Row 's soundtrack to Eddie Griffin 's Dysfunktional Family movie and also appeared on American Idol , but was disqualified due to continued internet promotion by his former label . He is currently working on some projects for his own label `` Eclectic Soul Music Group '' and resides in the suburbs of Atlanta , Georgia . On April 20 , 2010 Death Row Records , under new management , finally released Danny Boy 's 1996 debut album It 's About Time featuring production by DJ Quik & DeVante Swing .

neg: Paid in Full (album) Paid in Full is the debut album of American hip hop duo Eric B. & Rakim , released on July 7 , 1987 , by Island-subsidiary label 4th & B'way Records . The duo recorded the album at hip hop producer Marley Marl 's home studio and Power Play Studios in New York City , following Rakim 's response to Eric B. 's search for a rapper to complement his disc jockey work in 1985 . The album peaked at number fifty-eight on the Billboard 200 chart and produced five singles , `` Eric B. Is President '' , `` I Ai n't No Joke '' , `` I Know You Got Soul '' , `` Move the Crowd '' , and `` Paid in Full '' .   Paid in Full is credited as a benchmark album of golden age hip hop . Rakim 's rapping , which pioneered the use of internal rhymes in hip hop , set a higher standard of lyricism in the genre and served as a template for future rappers . The album 's heavy sampling by Eric B. became influential in hip hop production . The record has sold over a million copies and the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified it platinum in 1995 . In 2003 , the album was ranked number 228 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time .

neg: 36 Seasons 36 Seasons is the eleventh studio album by American rapper and Wu-Tang Clan member , Ghostface Killah . It was released on December 9 , 2014 , by Tommy Boy Records .

neg: Watch Out (2 Chainz song) `` Watch Out '' is a song by American hip hop recording artist 2 Chainz . It was released on July 22 , 2015 as a single from his mixtape , Trap-A-Velli Tre . This track was produced by FKi . The song was later included as an iTunes exclusive track on 2 Chainz ' third studio album ColleGrove . The song was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) October 12 , 2016 , for selling over 1,000,000 digital copies in the United States .

neg: The SouthSide The SouthSide is a Hip Hop group known for its distinctly Floridian influence.The group is the brainchild of lyricist/producer Daniel `` Dub Deuce '' Wassef , lyricist/producer A.Nodarse , producer `` Private '' Ryan Christman , and lyricist/producer Dexter `` DbryJ '' Bryant . The group 's quest to make Hip Hop music began in 2004 as a result of the member 's desire to create an environment where they could exchange beats , freestyle , and record music . The group 's first album , Sounds of the South , Vol . 1 , made waves in Tampa and Tallahassee after being leaked before its release date .   The group 's unique style can be attributed to their love for Hip Hop and how it manifests itself in Florida . Believing that Florida 's diverse nature makes it different from the rest of Dirty South , the group 's name is reflective of their mission to produce music that embodies that unique aesthetic . The SouthSide feels very strongly about the state of Florida and its status within the Hip Hop Nation .   Each member represents different Floridian cities , different cultures , and different experiences .

neg: Major Key (album) Major Key ( stylized as Major ð ''` ) is the ninth studio album by DJ Khaled . It was released on July 29 , 2016 , by We the Best Music Group and Epic Records . The album features guest appearances from Future , Big Sean , Rick Ross , Jay Z , Drake , Nas , Kendrick Lamar , Betty Wright , J. Cole , Bryson Tiller , Nicki Minaj , Chris Brown , August Alsina , Jeremih , Kodak Black , Jeezy , French Montana , YG , Yo Gotti , Gucci Mane , 2 Chainz , Jadakiss , Fabolous , Fat Joe , Busta Rhymes , Kent Jones , Travis Scott , Lil Wayne , Meghan Trainor , Wiz Khalifa , Wale and Mavad   The album was supported by four singles , `` For Free '' , `` I Got the Keys '' , `` Holy Key '' and `` Do You Mind '' . Major Key received generally positive reviews from critics and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 . The album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in November 2016 . It received a Grammy nomination for Best Rap Album .

neg: The Lost Tape (mixtape) The Lost Tape is the tenth mixtape by American hip hop recording artist 50 Cent . The mixtape , hosted by DJ Drama , is 50 Cent 's first `` Gangsta Grillz '' mixtape . It was released as a free download on May 22 , 2012 .

neg: Street Hop Street Hop is the fourth studio album by the American rapper Royce da 5 ' 9 '' , released in the United States on October 20 , 2009 , on One Records . It is the follow-up to his previous album Independent 's Day ( 2005 ) . At the release of Success Is Certain ( August 9 , 2011 ) , Street Hop sold approximately 24,000 units in the United States via HitsDailyDouble .

neg: ASAP Ferg Darold D. Brown Ferguson , Jr. ( born October 20 , 1988 ) , better known by his stage name ASAP Ferg ( stylized as A$ AP Ferg ) , is an American rapper from New York City 's Harlem neighborhood . Aside from his solo career , he is a member of the hip hop collective A$ AP Mob , from which he adopted his moniker .   In January 2013 , Ferg signed a solo record deal with Polo Grounds and RCA , the same labels that helped launch A$ AP Worldwide , when Ferg 's A$ AP Mob cohorts A$ AP Rocky and the late A$ AP Yams , negotiated their own respective deal in 2011 . His debut album Trap Lord was released on August 20 , 2013 , and was met with generally positive reviews . On April 22 , 2016 , Ferg released his second studio album , Always Strive and Prosper .

neg: Chief Keef discography The discography of Chief Keef , an American hip hop recording artist . Chief Keef released his first studio album Finally Rich in 2012 after having several successful hits like I Do n't Like , Everyday , Love Sosa which all of them went viral . The album peaked at number 29 on Billboard 200 and number 2 on Billboard Rap chart . In 2013 he was featured on several hit songs by other rappers . In 2014 he released the single `` Faneto '' which went viral as well . In 2014 he released his mixtape Back from the Dead 2 which was met with critical acclaim from critics . In 2015 he was featured on Travis Scott 's debut album Rodeo on the song Nightcrawler . He also released two albums Bang 3 Pt .1 and Pt .2 .

neg: Based on a True Story (Mack 10 album) Based on a True Story is the second studio album by American rapper Mack 10 , released September 16 , 1997 on Priority Records . It peaked at number 14 on the Billboard 200 and at number 5 on the Billboard Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums . One single , `` Backyard Boogie '' , peaked at number 23 on the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Songs . and performed well on several other charts as well . The album features guest performance by Ice Cube , E-40 , Snoop Dogg , Allfrumtha I and The Comrads .   Along with singles , music videos were produced for two songs : `` Backyard Boogie '' and `` Only in California '' featuring Ice Cube and Snoop Dogg . Ice Cube makes a cameo appearance in `` Backyard Boogie '' .   The song , `` Ca n't Stop '' , was previously released on the Ant Banks album , Big Thangs . Another song , `` Dopeman '' , was later included on two Priority Records compilations , In tha Beginning ... There Was Rap and Straight Outta Compton : N.W.A 10th Anniversary Tribute . `` Dopeman '' is a cover version of the 1987 N.W.A song of the same name .

neg: B-Boy Records B-Boy Records was an important independent hip hop record label formed by Jack Allen and William Kamarra in 1986 , and situated at 132nd Street and Cypress Avenue in the Bronx , New York City . Its most notable signing was Boogie Down Productions , and it released Boogie Down Productions ' first singles , `` South Bronx '' ( 1986 ) and `` The Bridge is Over '' ( 1987 ) , and the group 's landmark debut album , Criminal Minded ( 1987 ) . Other acts that recorded for the label included JVC Force , Cold Crush Brothers , Levi 167 and Jewel T.   The label 's output is a mix of new names and old pioneers , and documents a period in which self-assertive lyrics begin to detail street life even as the music moved from hardcore drum-machine-based tracks to the horns and drum sounds of sampler-based hip hop . B-Boy Records folded in 1988 , though Nate Patrin of Pitchfork Media reports that , `` both Allen and Kamarra have set about reviving the B-Boy Records name independently of each other , and there seems to have been a number of bridges burned between the two men . ''

neg: Ratchet (slang) Ratchet is a slang term in hip hop that in the strictest sense refers to an uncouth female , and is a Louisianan regiolect of `` wretched '' . The term has devolved to multiple meanings and connotations and is not bound by race or gender . The term gained popularity in 2012 through music artists and celebrities . It has been used similarly as the word `` ghetto '' . `` Ratchet '' can be used as an adjective , noun , or verb . The word has evolved to have many different meanings , and it can have either a positive or negative connotation . Some African-American women have reappropriated the word and embrace the meaning , whereas others point to how the term reinforces the negative portrayal of African-American women in the media .   Numerous music artists have referred to the term `` ratchet '' in their songs . In November 2012 , LL Cool J released a single called `` Ratchet '' . In December 2012 , Beyoncé posted a picture of her wearing earrings that contained the word `` ratchet '' in it . Juicy J , Lil Debbie , Cam ` ron , Future , and Lil ' Boosie are some other artists who have also used the term in their music . Miley Cyrus had been criticized by some as appropriating ratchet culture .   The word ratchet first appeared in publication in 1999 , with the song `` Do the Ratchet '' by Anthony Mandigo from Shreveport , Louisiana . Mandigo reportedly learned the term from his grandmother . In 2004 , a new version of the song was recorded . The producer of the song named Earl Williams , also known as Phunk Dawg , wrote the definition in the CD liner notes : `` n. , pron. , v , adv. , 1 . To be ghetto , real , gutter , nasty . 2 . It 's whatever , bout it , etc. . ''

neg: Straight Checkn 'Em Straight Checkn 'Em is the second studio album by American rap group Compton 's Most Wanted , released July 16 , 1991 on Orpheus Records . It peaked at number 23 on the Billboard Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums and at number 92 on the Billboard 200 .   Along with a single , a music video was produced for the song , `` Straight Checkn 'Em '' . The song , `` Growin ' Up in the Hood '' , was originally heard in the film , Boyz n the Hood , and was also released as a single and a music video to promote the film 's soundtrack .

neg: Snoop Dogg discography The discography of American rapper Snoop Dogg of fifteen studio albums , four collaborative albums , seventeen compilation albums , one extended play , twenty mixtapes , 127 singles ( including seventy-four as a featured artist ) , and fourteen promotional singles . He has sold over 23.5 million albums in United States and 37 million albums worldwide . He has garnered fourteen top ten singles on the Billboard Hot 100 ( including eight as a featured artist ) .   Snoop Dogg came to attention of the music industry in 1992 , through his vocal contributions on Dr. Dre 's The Chronic . That album is considered to have `` transformed the entire sound of West Coast rap '' by its development of what later became known as the `` G-funk '' sound . The Chronic expanded gangsta rap with profanity , anti-authoritarian lyrics and multi-layered samples taken from 1970 's P-Funk records . Snoop Dogg contributed vocals to Dre 's solo single , `` Deep Cover '' , which led to a high degree of anticipation among hip hop for the release of his own solo album .   Snoop 's debut album , Doggystyle , was released in 1993 under Death Row Records , debuting at number one on both the Billboard 200 and Billboard Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums charts , powered by spectacular first week sales 803,000 units . Doggystyle became certified 4 × platinum in 1994 and spawned several hit singles , including `` What 's My Name ? '' , `` Gin & Juice '' and the European hit `` Doggy Dogg World '' . As of March 2008 , the album has sold 6,137,000 copies in the United States .   In 1994 , Snoop released a soundtrack on Death Row Records for the short film Murder Was The Case , starring himself . Murder Was the Case debuted on the Billboard 200 at number one , selling 329,000 units in the first week sales . The following week it stayed on top with 197,000 copies sold and was certified Gold . The album is certified 2x platinum with 2,030,000 copies sold .   Following to the successful release of his debut album Doggystyle ( 1993 ) , Snoop was charged with a murder . In 1995 , Snoop had been spending much time preparing for the case , which went to trial , which took place later that year . In February 1996 , he was cleared of all charges and began working on his second album , without Dr. Dre as a frequent record producer on the album . This is also Snoop 's final album on Death Row Records , under the name of Snoop Doggy Dogg . His second album Tha Doggfather ( 1996 ) , also debuted at number one on US charts and UK R&B Charts . The album was certified double platinum in 1997 . Preceding the album 's release by European singles ; `` Snoop 's Upside Ya Head '' , `` Vapors '' and `` Doggfather '' .   In 1998 Snoop released Da Game Is to Be Sold , Not to Be Told it was released , by No Limit Records . It is his first album following his departure from Death Row Records . It was also his first album to be released under a slight change to his stage name `` Snoop Dogg '' for contractual reasons . The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart , selling over 520,000 copies in its first week , and remained on top for the second week selling additional 246,000 units according to SoundScan . It remained in the top ten for five weeks ; thus it was quickly certified double platinum later that year . In terms of chart success it is one of his most successful containing the singles Still a G Thang and Woof . As of March 2008 , the album has sold 2,085,000 copies in the United States .   The fourth studio album , No Limit Top Dogg , was released on May 11 , 1999 . The album 's lead single `` Bitch Please '' featuring Xzibit and Nate Dogg , produced by Dr. Dre became a hit . The music video for the album 's second single `` G Bedtime Stories '' which was a success , the song was produced by Meech Wells . No Limit Top Dogg debuted at number 2 on the US Billboard 200 , selling 187,400 copies in its first week . Though it was Snoop Dogg 's first album to not debut at number one and have strong album sales for the first week , it eventually sold 1,100,000 copies by closing the year of 1999 making it the 73rd best selling album of the year . As of March 2008 , the album had sales 1,518,000 copies in the United States .   The third and final album released on No Limit Records and his first album on his newly founded label Doggystyle Records , Tha Last Meal was released on December 19 , 2000 . The album included the singles `` Snoop Dogg ( What 's My Name Pt . 2 ) '' , `` Hennesey n Buddah '' featuring Kokane , `` Lay Low '' featuring Nate Dogg , `` Loosen ' Control '' and `` Wrong Idea '' featuring Bad Azz . The single `` Snoop Dogg ( What 's My Name II ) '' was nominated for Music Video of the Year at The Source Hip-Hop Music Awards 2001 . The album was nominated Album of the Year at the same ceremony . The single `` Wrong Idea '' was also included in Bad Azz 's second album Personal Business released on Doggystyle .  Tha Last Meal debuted at number 9 on the US Billboard 200 , selling 397,238 copies in its first week . In the third week the album reached at number 4 in the US chart . The album topped the Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums for four consecutive weeks .  In 2001 the album has sold 1,200,000 copies in the United States . Has sold over 2,068,000 copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan .   The sixth studio album , Paid tha Cost to Be da Bo $ $ was supported by two singles : `` From tha Chuuuch to da Palace '' featuring Pharrell and the other-Pharrell track `` Beautiful '' also featuring Charlie Wilson . The album debuted at number 12 on the US Billboard 200 , selling 174,000 copies in its first week . The album has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and has sold 1,500,000 copies worldwide . The album 's lead single , titled `` From tha Chuuuch to da Palace '' featuring guest vocals from Pharrell , was released on October 15 , 2002 . The song was produced by The Neptunes . The music video for `` From tha Chuuuch to da Palace '' , was directed by Diane Martel , under the alias Bucky Chrome . The second single , `` Beautiful '' featuring Pharrell and Charlie Wilson , was released on January 28 , 2003 . The song also was produced by The Neptunes . The music video for `` Beautiful '' featuring Pharrell and Charlie Wilson ( who he did not make it to the video ) , was directed by Chris Robinson and it was released in 2003 . The video took place in Brazil . The video helped exceeded the song to become a hit on the Billboard charts .   The seventh studio R&G ( Rhythm & Gangsta ) : The Masterpiece was released 2004 . `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' featuring Pharrell , was released as the album 's lead single on September 14 , 2004 . With the production by The Neptunes , the song gained some critical attention for its very sparse production . The song essentially is just tongue clicks , keyboards and a drum machine beat , which compared to much early 2000s rap , was very minimalist . It was nominated at the Grammy Awards for Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group , though it lost both awards to the songs `` Jesus Walks '' by Kanye West and `` Let 's Get It Started '' by The Black Eyed Peas , respectively . The song reached at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart and number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Snoop 's first US number one single . The song internationally reached the top-ten in a huge 12 countries . The second single , `` Let 's Get Blown '' featuring Pharrell , was released on December 14 , 2004 . The song was produced by The Neptunes . It did not repeat the success of `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' , but it filled the gap between the aforementioned song and the club hit `` Signs '' . Keyshia Cole , who had not garnered a reputation at that time and was therefore left uncredited ( her contribution to the R&G song `` Pass It Pass It '' also went uncredited ) . The song samples and contains interpolations from Slave 's `` Watching You '' , which was also interpolated in `` Gin and Juice . '' The single is one of Snoop Dogg 's biggest hits in the UK for peaking at number 13 and number 54on the US Billboard Hot 100 . `` Signs '' featuring Justin Timberlake and Charlie Wilson , was released on April 25 , 2005 . The song was produced by The Neptunes . In May 2005 , the single reached at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart and number 46 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . However , it was more popular in Australia staying at number one on the Australian Singles Chart for two weeks . Internationally , the song reached the top-ten in 11 countries . The final single , `` Ups & Downs '' featuring Bee Gees , was released on August 15 , 2005 . The song was produced by Warryn Campbell . The song interpolates The Bee Gees ' 1979 hit `` Love You Inside Out '' . The song charted in several countries , but did n't match the success from his previous singles on the album . R&G debuted at number 6 on the US Billboard 200 chart , selling 225,000 copies in its first week .  In its second week , the album fell to number 9 on the Billboard 200 , selling 203,000 copies , for a two-week total of 428,000 units . As of March 2008 , the album sales 1,724,000 copies in the United States .   In 2006 , the song `` I Wan na Love You '' , a collaboration with Akon , became Snoop 's second number one on the Hot 100 . Tha Blue Carpet Treatment Snoop 's eighth studio album , was released in 2006 . Tha Blue Carpet Treatment debuted at number 5 on the US Billboard 200 , selling 264,000 copies in its first week . On the Nielsen SoundScan annual `` Best Sellers Top 100 '' rankings when the album was listed 97th with the 2006 year-end catalog closing sales number of 637,000 copies despite having been released in mid-November and its sales data is accumulated for only one and a half months . As of March 2008 , the album had sales 903,000 copies in the United States . On November 20 , 2007 he released the single `` Sexual Eruption '' peaked at number 7 on The Hot 100 . The ninth studio album Ego Trippin ' , it was released by Geffen Records on March 11 , 2008 . The album sold over 137,000 copies in its first week in the United States , debuting at number 3 on the US Billboard 200 chart . In its second week the album fell to number 7 on the Billboard 200 chart , selling 57,000 copies , for a two-week total of 194,000 units . Ego Trippin was the tenth best selling hip hop album of the year , selling 401,000 copies in the US .   Malice n Wonderland is the tenth studio album by American rapper Snoop 's ; it was released on December 8 , 2009 . The album included the Billboard charts singles `` Gangsta Luv '' and `` I Wan na Rock '' . Malice n Wonderland debuted at number 23 on the US Billboard 200 , selling 61,000 copies in its opening week . It is his first album since Paid tha Cost to Be da Boss ( 2002 ) not to reach the top ten on the Billboard 200 , his lowest charting album on the US R&B / Hip-Hop charts and his only album to miss the British and Australian Top 100 . Malice n Wonderland has sold over 400,000 copies in the United States as of 2011 .   In 2011 , Snoop 's was released top ten album Doggumentary , the album debuted at number eight on the US Billboard 200 chart , selling 50,000 copies in its first week in the United States . Snoop Dogg collaborated with David Guetta for a remix of the latter 's single `` Wet '' , newly titled `` Sweat '' . It topped the charts in countries such as France , Australia and Austria . In 2011 , Snoop released a soundtrack on Mac & Devin Go to High School with Wiz Khalifa . `` Young , Wild & Free '' , the soundtrack 's lead single which features Bruno Mars , and produced by The Smeezingtons , was released on October 11 , 2011 . In its first week it sold 159,000 digital copies , debuting at number 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , and number 44 on the Canadian Hot 100 .   In 2012 , after a trip to Jamaica , Snoop announced a conversion to the Rastafari movement and a new alias , Snoop Lion '' ' . Under the new moniker , he released a reggae album , Reincarnated . As of May 2015 , the album has sold 104,000 copies in the United States . The album topped Billboard Top Reggae Albums for 34 non-consecutive weeks  n  His thirteenth solo studio album , Bush , was released in May 2015 . It was supported by the singles ; `` Peaches N Cream '' featuring Charlie Wilson , `` So Many Pros '' , and `` California Roll '' featuring Stevie Wonder . The album was the eighth best-selling album of the week . Bush was the sixth Snoop 's solo album to debut at number one on the Billboard '' Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums .   Coolaid was released July 1 , 2016 on eOne . His latest album Neva Left was released on Doggystyle and Empire records on May 19 , 2017 .

neg: Hollywood (Flavor Flav album) This is the self-titled debut solo album by hip-hop artist Flavor Flav . It is the only non-Public Enemy album made by him . The album was in production for at least seven years with the oldest track being `` Hot 1 '' , first released as a single in 1999 . The only guest appearance is from Smooth B of Nice & Smooth . Ol' Dirty Bastard , The Beatnuts and Ce Ce Peniston had been slated to appear on the album , but did not make the cut . This album is sometimes mistakenly referred to as `` Hollywood '' due to the image of the sign on the front of the album but it is self-titled .   The songs `` Flavor Man '' and `` Col-Leepin '' later appeared on Public Enemy 's 2007 album How You Sell Soul To A Soulless People Who Sold Their Soul ? .

neg: Brainstorm (album) Brainstorm '' ' is the second album by rapper , Young MC . The album was released in 1991 for Capitol Records . After the huge success of his debut album , Stone Cold Rhymin ' , Young MC signed a two-album deal with Capitol Records . Brainstorm '' did not perform as well as his previous album , only reaching No. 66 on the Billboard 200 an No. 61 on the Top R&B / Hip-Hop album charts . Though the album failed to make an impact on the charts , it nevertheless was certified gold by the RIAA on October 9 , 1991 for sales of over 500,000 copies .

neg: Tha Blaqprint Tha Blaqprint is the second studio album by American hip hop recording artist Blaq Poet , released June 30 , 2009 on DJ Premier 's record label Year Round Records via Fat Beats Records . It features guest appearances by the also Year Round Records signed group NYGz and Nick Javas , Capone-N-Noreaga member N.O.R.E. , Imani Montana , Lil ' Fame from M.O.P. , and the late Screwball member KL . The album was entirely produced by DJ Premier , except for two tracks : `` U Phucc 'd Up '' , produced by Easy Mo Bee , and `` Sichuwayshunz '' , produced by Gemcrates .  Several tracks have been released on various mixtapes , such as `` Blaq Out '' or `` No Talent Required '' , dating all the way back to 2006 . The album 's lead single , `` Ai n't Nuttin ' Changed '' , has been released in February 2009 . There 's also a remix version to the single , released in June 2009 . It features verses by MC Eiht from Compton 's Most Wanted and Young Maylay from Ice Cube 's Lench Mob Records .

neg: Top Dawg Entertainment Top Dawg Entertainment ( TDE ) is an American independent record label founded in 2004 , by chief executive officer ( CEO ) Anthony `` Top Dawg '' Tiffith . Dave `` Miyatola '' Free and Terrence `` Punch '' Henderson are the co-presidents of TDE . There are currently eight artists signed to the label , Isaiah Rashad , SZA , Lance Skiiiwalker and SiR , as well as the flagship artists , Black Hippy members , Kendrick Lamar , Jay Rock , ScHoolboy Q and Ab-Soul . The label also houses a production division that includes Digi + Phonics , THC , and King Blue .

neg: A Boogie wit da Hoodie Artist J. Dubose ( born December 6 , 1995 ) , better known by his stage name A Boogie wit da Hoodie ( or simply A Boogie ) , is an American rapper , songwriter , and record producer from Highbridge , Bronx , New York City . He is signed to Highbridge the Label and Atlantic Records . He is best known for his breakout single `` Jungle '' , from his debut mixtape Artist ( 2016 ) .


query: International Relations includes technology and engineering, economics, communication studies, history, international law, demography, philosophy, geography, social work, sociology, anthropology, criminology, psychology, gender studies, cultural studies, culturology, and diplomacy, globalization, diplomatic relations, state sovereignty, international security, ecological sustainability, nuclear proliferation, nationalism, economic development, global finance, as well as terrorism and organized crime, human security, foreign interventionism, and human rights, as well, as, more recently, comparative religion.

pos: International relations International relations ( IR ) or international affairs , depending on academic institution , is either a field of political science , an interdisciplinary academic field similar to global studies , or an entirely independent academic discipline in which students take a variety of internationally focused courses in social science and humanities disciplines . In both cases , the field studies relationships between political entities ( polities ) such as states , sovereign states , empires , inter-governmental organizations ( IGOs ) , international non-governmental organizations ( INs ) , non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) , and multinational corporations ( MNCs ) , and the wider world-systems produced by this interaction . International relations is an academic and a public policy field , and so can be positive and normative , because it analyzes and formulates the foreign policy of a given State .   As political activity , international relations dates from the time of the Greek historian Thucydides ( c. 460 -- 395 BC ) , and , in the early 20th century , became a discrete academic field ( No. 5901 in the 4-digit UNESCO Nomenclature ) within political science . In practice International Relations and International Affairs forms a separate academic program or field from Political Science , and the courses taught therein are highly interdisciplinary .   For example , international relations draws from the fields of : technology and engineering , economics , communication studies , history , international law , demography , philosophy , geography , social work , sociology , anthropology , criminology , psychology , gender studies , cultural studies , culturology , and diplomacy . The scope of international relations comprehends globalization , diplomatic relations , state sovereignty , international security , ecological sustainability , nuclear proliferation , nationalism , economic development , global finance , as well as terrorism and organized crime , human security , foreign interventionism , and human rights , as well , as , more recently , comparative religion .

neg: International Studies journal ` International Studies ' publishes original research articles on a wide range of issues and problems , as well as on the theoretical debates of contemporary relevance in the broader field of International Relations and Area Studies .  Published in association with Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi  This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics ( COPE ) .

neg: Social philosophy Social philosophy is the study of questions about social behavior and interpretations of society and social institutions in terms of ethical values rather than empirical relations . Social philosophers place new emphasis on understanding the social contexts for political , legal , moral , and cultural questions , and to the development of novel theoretical frameworks , from social ontology to care ethics to cosmopolitan theories of democracy , human rights , gender equity and global justice .

neg: Policy studies Policy studies is the combination of policy analysis and program evaluation . It `` involves systematically studying the nature , causes , and effects of alternative public policies , with particular emphasis on determining the policies that will achieve given goals . ''   Policy Studies also examines the conflicts and conflict resolution that arise from the making of policies in civil society , the private sector , or more commonly , in the public sector ( e.g. government ) .   It is frequently focused on the public sector but is equally applicable to other kinds of organizations ( e.g. , the not-for-profit sector ) . Some policy study experts graduate from public policy schools with public policy degrees . Alternatively , experts may have backgrounds in policy analysis , program evaluation , sociology , psychology , philosophy , economics , anthropology , geography , law , political science , social work , environmental planning and public administration .   Traditionally , the field of policy studies focused on domestic policy , with the notable exceptions of foreign and defense policies . However , the wave of economic globalization , which ensued in the late 20th and early 21st centuries , created a need for a subset of policy studies that focuses on global governance , especially as it relates to issues that transcend national borders such as climate change , terrorism , nuclear proliferation , and economic development . This subset of policy studies , which is often referred to as international policy studies , typically requires mastery of a second language and attention to cross-cultural issues in order to address national and cultural biases . For example , the Monterey Institute of International Studies at Middlebury College offers Master of Arts programs that focus exclusively on international policy through a mix of interdisciplinary and cross-cultural analysis called the `` Monterey Way '' .

neg: Environmental social science Environmental social science is the broad , transdisciplinary study of interrelations between humans and the natural environment . Environmental social scientists work within and between the fields of anthropology , communication studies , economics , geography , history , political science , psychology , and sociology ; and also in the interdisciplinary fields of environmental studies , human ecology and political ecology , among others .

neg: Foreign relations of Guatemala Guatemala 's major diplomatic interests are regional security and increasingly , regional development and economic integration .

neg: Modern constructivism Modern constructivism also known as conventional constructivism is the mainstream variant of constructivism in international relations theory . It can be distinguished from post-modern constructivism . Modern constructivism has an epistemology indebted to positivism .

neg: United States Strategic Communication According to the author Christopher Paul ( RAND ) , Strategic Communication is the `` coordinated actions , messages , images , and other forms of signaling or engagement intended to inform , influence , or persuade selected audiences in support of national objectives . '' There is often debate and discussion concerning what makes strategic communication . Regarding definition , psychological operations , public or civil affairs , information operations and public diplomacy are seemingly the least contested components of U.S. strategic communication . With those components , the most important factor that separates strategic communication from other types of communication is the synchronization and coordination of U.S. efforts . For example , in the National Strategy for Public Diplomacy and Strategic Communication , all strategic communication efforts activities should :   underscore our commitment to freedom , human rights and the dignity and equality of every human being ;  reach out to those who share our ideals ;  support those who struggle for freedom and democracy ; and  counter those who espouse ideologies of hate and oppression   Strategic communication can be a major tool against adversaries that threaten values supported by the United States . U.S. strategic communication promotes democratization and good governance . It proved vital in winning the Cold War . In the 21st Century , it is critical in countering the radical ideologies of the Islamic Republic of Iran , the Muslim Brotherhood , al - Qaeda and other extremist organizations .

neg: Societal security Societal security is a concept developed by the Copenhagen School of security studies that refers to ` the ability of a society to persist in its essential character under changing conditions and possible or actual threats ' .   The end of the Cold War prompted scholars to rethink the paradigm of security independently from the state and the military . In Europe , the collapse of the Soviet Union led to the emergence of new states and sustained efforts to pursue the European Union ( EU ) integration . The new order called for a ( re ) conceptualisation of Europe and European security , which challenged classic understandings of security , as something that took place between states . The move towards an EU security was , thus , closely articulated around questions of EU identity , free movement of people and borders .  The concept of societal security , developed by scholars associated with the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute , is situated within this context . Societal security relates to : `` the ability of a society to persist in its essential character under changing conditions and possible or actual threats . ''   In ` Identity , Migration , and the New Security Agenda in Europe ' , Wæver notes the emergence of different conceptions of the nation-state , and further establishes a distinction between Western and Eastern Europe . In the West , a `` decoupling of state and nation '' takes place , as Member States , by seeking more integration , accept to relinquish some of their sovereignty . This move towards a `` post-sovereign '' nation-state is due to `` internationalisation and Europeanization '' processes , as international institutions assume increased influence over domestic affairs . Subsequently , communities , perceiving their identities to be threatened by this integration , can no longer call upon the state to protect them . A duality occurs between the security needs of the state and of society , where `` state security has sovereignty as its ultimate criterion , and societal security has identity '' . In the East , the emergence of new states , formed after the dismantlement of the Soviet Union , leads to more traditional attempts at merging the nation and the state ; thus , conflicts arise when the coupling can not be done ( i.e. Yugoslavia ) .   In ` Security : a new framework for analysis ' , Buzan et al. formalise their broader understanding of security by introducing five sectors , each governed by `` distinctive characteristics and dynamics '' , and conceptualised around particular referent objects and actors ( i.e. military , environmental , economic , societal and political ) . Societal security is about the survival of a community as a cohesive unit ; its referent object is '' large scale collective identities that can function independent of the state . ''  Societal insecurities arise when `` a society fears it would not be able to live as itself '' , and stem from :  migration : the influx of people will `` overrun or dilute '' a group 's identity e.g. the need to define Britishness ;  vertical competition : the integration of a group within a broader organisation e.g. euroscepticism with regards to EU integration , national-separatist claims ; and ,  horizontal competition : group is forced to integrate more influential identities within their own e.g. France 's cultural exception defending itself against American influences .   Societal security is not tied to a territory , as is state security , e.g. Kurds , where security matters of state and society widely diverge and enter into conflict .   Societal security in sociological viewpoint is :   Regarding security as an `` independent phenomenon '' :   So , societal security is n't threat , no opportunity . But it is a center and base , upon it the reliability and certainty of collective life could be gained .   Rereading of security from `` social '' perspective :   It means that security is based on collective life , the life of common people , instead of looking at differences and insisting on disagreement between groups and states that is key factor in determining threats and distinguish friend and foe .   Viewing security as `` social phenomenon '' :   Hence , societal security does n't need military weapons and soft power solutions . In other words , societal security does n't integrate with power and remain by converting links to social capitals .   Finally , threats and opportunities could be considered as deterrent or impeller factors .   So the final goal of societal security is comfort and understanding the beauty of collective life -- not an interest for government , not eliminating enemies , not confronting a threat for nation .

neg: International Association International Association may refer to :   International Association ( baseball )  International Association for Cereal Science and Technology  International Association for Computing and Philosophy  International Association for Continuing Education and Training  International Association for Cryptologic Research  International Association for Cultural Freedom  International Association for Energy Economics  International Association for Food Protection  International Association for Group Psychotherapy  International Association for Human Values  International Association for Identification  International Association for New Science  International Association for Plant Taxonomy  International Association for Political Science Students  International Association for Professional Base Ball Players  International Association for Promotion of Christian Higher Education  International Association for Technology Trade  International Association for Veterinary Homeopathy  International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics  International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement  International Association for the Protection of Industrial Property  International Association for the Study of Pain  International Association of Academies  International Association of Administrative Professionals  International Association of Amateur Heralds  International Association of Analytical Psychologists  International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators  International Association of Arson Investigators  International Association of Art Critics  International Association of Astronomical Artists  International Association of Athletics Federations  International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts  International Association of Bridge , Structural , Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers  International Association of Canine Professionals  International Association of Chiefs of Police  International Association of Classification Societies  International Association of Consulting Actuaries  International Association of Crime Analysts  International Association of Dental Students  International Association of Educators  International Association of Emergency Managers  International Association of Exorcists  International Association of Fairs and Expositions  International Association of Financial Engineers  International Association of Fire Fighters  International Association of Gay Square Dance Clubs  International Association of Genocide Scholars  International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers  International Association of Human Values  International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research  International Association of Islamic Banks  International Association of Law Enforcement Intelligence Analysts  International Association of Lighthouse Authorities  International Association of Lions Clubs  International Association of Machinists  International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers  International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers  International Association of Orofacial Myology  International Association of Privacy Professionals  International Association of Professional Numismatists  International Association of Prosecutors  International Association of Scientologists  International Association of Software Architects  International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language  International Association of Travel Agents Network  International Association of Ultrarunners  International Association of Universities

neg: National security National Security is a concept that a government , along with its parliaments , should protect the state and its citizens against all kind of `` national '' crises through a variety of power projections , such as political power , diplomacy , economic power , military might , and so on .   The concept developed all in the United States after World War II . Initially focusing on military might , it now encompasses a broad range of facets , all of which impinge on the non-military or economic security of the nation and the values espoused by the national society . Accordingly , in order to possess national security , a nation needs to possess economic security , energy security , environmental security , etc. . Security threats involve not only conventional foes such as other nation-states but also non-state actors such as violent non-state actors , narcotic cartels , multinational corporations and non-governmental organisations ; some authorities include natural disasters and events causing severe environmental damage in this category .   Measures taken to ensure national security include :  using diplomacy to rally allies and isolate threats  marshalling economic power to facilitate or compel cooperation  maintaining effective armed forces  implementing civil defense and emergency preparedness measures ( including anti-terrorism legislation )  ensuring the resilience and redundancy of critical infrastructure  using intelligence services to detect and defeat or avoid threats and espionage , and to protect classified information  using counterintelligence services or secret police to protect the nation from internal threats   There is no single universally accepted definition of national security . The variety of definitions provide an overview of the many usages of this concept . The concept still remains ambiguous , having originated from simpler definitions which initially emphasised the freedom from military threat and political coercion to later increase in sophistication and include other forms of non-military security as suited the circumstances of the time .   A typical dictionary definition , in this case from the Macmillan Dictionary ( online version ) , defines the term as `` the protection or the safety of a country 's secrets and its citizens '' emphasising the overall security of a nation and a nation state . Walter Lippmann , in 1943 , defined it in terms of war saying that `` a nation has security when it does not have to sacrifice its legitimate ínterests to avoid war , and is able , if challenged , to maintain them by war '' . A later definition by Harold Lasswell , a political scientist , in 1950 , looks at national security from almost the same aspect , that of external coercion : `` The distinctive meaning of national security means freedom from foreign dictation . ''   In 1960 , Arnold Wolfers , while recognising the need to segregate the subjectivity of the conceptual idea from the objectivity , talks of threats to acquired values : `` An ambiguous symbol meaning different things to different people . National security objectively means the absence of threats to acquired values and subjectively , the absence of fear that such values will be attacked . '' The 1996 definition propagated by the National Defence College of India accretes the elements of national power : `` National security is an appropriate and aggressive blend of political resilience and maturity , human resources , economic structure and capacity , technological competence , industrial base and availability of natural resources and finally the military might . ''   Harold Brown , U.S. Secretary of Defense from 1977 to 1981 in the Carter administration , enlarged the definition of national security by including elements such as economic and environmental security : National security then is the ability to preserve the nation 's physical integrity and territory ; to maintain its economic relations with the rest of the world on reasonable terms ; to preserve its nature , institution , and governance from disruption from outside ; and to control its borders.In 1990 , Harvard University history professor Charles Maier defined national security through the lens of national power : `` National security ... is best described as a capacity to control those domestic and foreign conditions that the public opinion of a given community believes necessary to enjoy its own self-determination or autonomy , prosperity and wellbeing . '' According to Prabhakaran Paleri , author of National Security , Imperatives and Challenges , national security may be defined as : The measurable state of the capability of a nation to overcome the multi-dimensional threats to the apparent well-being of its people and its survival as a nation-state at any given time , by balancing all instruments of state policy through governance , that can be indexed by computation , empirically or otherwise , and is extendable to global security by variables external to it .  A concise working definition by Premaratne that paraphrases the aspects of the definitions of Brown , Romm and Paleri defines national security as  Safeguarding the sovereignty , territorial integrity , citizenry and socioeconomic functionality of a nation from an aggressor intent on undermining a particular valued aspect of a nation through violent or unjust means

neg: List of countries by Fragile States Index This is a list of countries by order of appearance in the Fragile States Index ( formerly the Failed States Index ) of the United States think-tank Fund for Peace .   A fragile state has several attributes . Common indicators include a state whose central government is so weak or ineffective that it has little practical control over much of its territory ; non-provision of public services ; widespread corruption and criminality ; refugees and involuntary movement of populations ; and sharp economic decline . Since 2005 , the index has been published annually by the Fund for Peace and the magazine Foreign Policy . The list has been cited by journalists and academics in making broad comparative points about countries or regions .   This is the list for 2016 , with comparisons of each country 's current score to previous years ' indices .   The report uses 12 factors to determine the rating for each nation , including security threats , economic implosion , human rights violations and refugee flows .

neg: List of works in critical theory This is a list of important and seminal works in the field of critical theory .   Otto Maria Carpeaux  História da Literatura Ocidental , 8 vol . ( Portuguese , 1959 -- 66 )  M. H. Abrams  The Mirror and the Lamp : Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition  Theodor Adorno  Aesthetic Theory  Negative Dialectics  Theodor Adorno & Max Horkheimer  Dialectic of Enlightenment  Louis Althusser  For Marx  Lenin and Philosophy  Erich Auerbach  Mimesis : The Representation of Reality in Western Literature  Mikhail Bakhtin  Discourse in the Novel  Rabelais and his World  Roland Barthes  Image , Music , Text  Mythologies  Jean Baudrillard  The Perfect Crime  Simulation and Simulacra  Walter Benjamin  Illuminations  The Origin of German Tragic Drama  Homi K. Bhabha  The Location of Culture  Pierre Bourdieu  La distinction  Kenneth Burke  A Rhetoric of Motives  A Grammar of Motives  John Brannigan  New Historicism and Cultural Materialism  Cleanth Brooks  The Well Wrought Urn : Studies in the Structure of Poetry  Sean Burke  The Death and Return of the Author  Judith Butler  Bodies That Matter  Gender Trouble : Feminism and the Subversion of Identity  Cathy Caruth  Unclaimed Experience : Trauma , Narrative and History  Samuel Taylor Coleridge  Biographia Literaria  Jonathan Culler  Structuralist Poetics  The Pursuit of Signs  Literary Theory : A Very Short Introduction  Gilles Deleuze  Difference and Repetition  Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari  Capitalism and Schizophrenia : Anti-Oedipus ( pt .1 ) and A Thousand Plateaus ( pt .2 )  Jacques Derrida  Of Grammatology  Writing and Difference  Peter Dews  The Limits of Disenchantment  The Logic of Disintigration  Terry Eagleton  Marxism and Literary Criticism  The Idea of Culture  Antony Easthope  The Unconscious  William Empson  Seven Types of Ambiguity  Some Versions of Pastoral  The Structure of Complex Words  Norman Fairclough  Language and Power  Critical Discourse Analysis  Frantz Fanon  Black Skins , White Masks  Stanley Fish  Is There a Text in this Class ?  Northrop Frye  Anatomy of Criticism  Gerald Graff  Literature Against Itself  Jürgen Habermas  Legitimation Crisis  The Theory of Communicative Action , volumes 1 & 2  The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity Wolfgang Iser  The Act of Reading : a Theory of Aesthetic Response Leonard Jackson  The Poverty of Structuralism Fredric Jameson  The Political Unconscious Postmodernism , or , the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism The Prison-House of Language Frank Kermode  Romantic Image Julia Kristeva  Desire in Language Powers of Horror Jacques Lacan  Ecrits The Seminars  F.R. Leavis  The Great Tradition Ania Loomba  Colonialism/Postcolonialism Herbert Marcuse  Reason and Revolution . Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory Eros and Civilization Soviet Marxism . A Critical Analysis One-Dimensional Man Toril Moi  Sexual/Textual Politics I.A. Richards  Practical Criticism : A Study of Literary Judgement Principles of Literary Criticism K.K. Ruthven  Critical Assumptions Edward Said  Culture and Imperialism Orientalism ( 1978 )  Jean-Paul Sartre  What Is Literature ? ( 1947 )  Ferdinand de Saussure  Cours de linguistique générale ( posthumously 1916 )  Alfred Schmidt  The Concept of Nature in Marx ( 1962 )  Zur Idee der Kritischen Theorie ( German , 1974 )  Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick  Between Men Epistemology of the Closet Susan Sontag  Against Interpretation Styles of Radical Will Under the Sign of Saturn Where The Stress Falls Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak  `` Can the Subaltern Speak ? ''  In Other Words Raymond Tallis  Not Saussure Scott Wilson  Cultural Materialism W.K. Wimsatt  The Verbal Icon Virginia Woolf  A Room of One 's Own Slavoj Žižek  The Sublime Object of Ideology The Ticklish Subject : The Absent Centre of Political Ontology ''

neg: International Studies Association The International Studies Association ( ISA ) is a professional association for scholars , practitioners and graduate students in the field of international studies . Founded in 1959 , ISA now has over 7,000 members in 110 countries and is the most respected and widely known scholarly association in this field . Endeavoring to create communities of scholars dedicated to international studies , ISA is divided into 6 geographic subdivisions ( Regions ) , 29 thematic groups ( Sections ) and 4 Caucuses which provide opportunities to exchange ideas and research with local colleagues and within specific subject areas . ISA publishes leading journals in the field of international studies and the annual convention routinely draws over 6,500 attendees .   ISA publishes six academic journals ( International Studies Quarterly , International Studies Review , International Studies Perspectives , Foreign Policy Analysis , International Political Sociology , Journal of Global Security Studies , co-sponsors a seventh ( International Interactions ) , publishes a comprehensive compendium of international studies and maintains a variety of online resources for the international academic community .   It is a US association with headquarters in Storrs , Connecticut .

neg: Anarchy Is What States Make of It Anarchy is What States Make of It ( full title : Anarchy is what states make of it : the social construction of power politics ) is a journal article by Alexander Wendt published in International Organization in 1992 that outlines a constructivist approach to international relations theory .   He argues that anarchy is not inherent in the international system in the way in which other schools of international relations theory envision it , but rather it is a construct of the nation-states in the system . At the core of constructivist thought is the idea that many core aspects of international relations are socially constructed ( they are given their form by ongoing processes of social practice and interaction ) , rather than inherent , contrary to the assumptions of neorealism and neoliberalism . According to Wendt , the two basic tenets of constructivism are :  The structures of human association are determined primarily by shared ideas rather than material forces  The identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by these shared ideas rather than given by nature   The constructivist sentiment is summed up in the following extract from the article : `` I argue that self-help and power politics do not follow either logically or causally from anarchy and that if today we find ourselves in a self-help world , this is due to process , not structure . There is no ` logic ' of anarchy apart from the practices that create and instantiate one structure of identities and interests rather than another ; structure has no existence or causal powers apart from process . Self-help and power politics are institutions , not essential features , of anarchy . Anarchy is what states make of it '' .

neg: Philosophy and economics Philosophy and economics , also philosophy of economics , studies topics such as rational choice , the appraisal of economic outcomes , institutions and processes , and the ontology of economic phenomena and the possibilities of acquiring knowledge of them .   Although these inquiries overlap in many ways , it is useful to divide philosophy of economics in this way into three subject matters which can be regarded respectively as branches of action theory , ethics ( or normative social and political philosophy ) , and philosophy of science . Economic theories of rationality , welfare , and social choice defend substantive philosophical theses often informed by relevant philosophical literature and of evident interest to those interested in action theory , philosophical psychology , and social and political philosophy .   Economics is of particular interest to those interested in epistemology and philosophy of science both because of its detailed peculiarities and because it possesses many of the overt features of the natural sciences , while its object consists of social phenomena .

neg: Political sociology Contemporary political sociology involves , but is not limited to , the study of the relations between state , society , and citizens . Where a typical research question in political sociology might have been `` Why do so few American or European citizens choose to vote ? '' or even `` What difference does it make if women get elected ? '' , political sociologists also now ask : `` How is the body a site of power ? '' , `` How are emotions relevant to global poverty ? '' , or `` What difference does knowledge make to democracy ? ''

neg: New international division of labour In economics , the new international division of labor ( NIDL ) is an outcome of globalization . The term was coined by theorists seeking to explain the spatial shift of manufacturing industries from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries -- an ongoing geographic reorganization of production , which finds its origins in ideas about a global division of labor . It is a spatial division of labor which occurs when the process of production is no longer confined to national economies . Under the `` old '' international division of labor , until around 1970 , underdeveloped areas were incorporated into the world economy principally as suppliers of minerals and agricultural commodities . However , as developing economies are merged into the world economy , more production takes place in these economies .   This has led to a trend of transference , or what is also known as the `` global industrial shift '' , in which production processes are relocated from developed countries ( such as the US , European countries , and Japan ) to developing countries in Asia ( such as China , Vietnam , and India ) and Latin America . This is because companies search for the cheapest locations to manufacture and assemble components , so low-cost labor-intensive parts of the manufacturing process are shifted to the developing world where costs are substantially lower . Companies do so by taking advantage of transportation and communications technology , as well as fragmentation and locational flexibility of production . From 1953 to the late 1990s , the industrialized economies ' share of world manufacturing output declined from 95 % to 77 % , and the developing economies ' share more than quadrupled from 5 % to 23 % .   The resultant division of labor across continents closely follows the North -- South socio-economic and political divide , wherein the North -- with one quarter of the world population -- controls four fifths of the world income , while the South -- with three quarters of the world population -- has access to one fifth of the world income .

neg: Mexican Universities Comparative Study International rankings have impacted higher education policy as well as colleges and universities all over the world ( see College and university rankings ) . In most cases these rankings or hierarchical classifications of higher education institutions are not very sensitive to different historical developments and university traditions ; distinct roles played by colleges and universities in different countries ; or particular economic , cultural , social and political conditions , at the local , national or regional levels , that shape higher education institutions and systems in alternative ways .

neg: Organizational studies Organizational studies is `` the examination of how individuals construct organizational structures , processes , and practices and how these , in turn , shape social relations and create institutions that ultimately influence people '' , organizational studies comprise different areas that deal with the different aspects of the organizations , many of the approaches are functionalist but critical research also provide alternative frame for understanding in the field .

neg: Ecological humanities The ecological humanities ( also environmental humanities ) is an interdisciplinary area of research , drawing on the many environmental sub-disciplines that have emerged in the humanities over the past several decades ( in particular environmental literature , environmental philosophy , environmental history and environmental anthropology ) . The ecological humanities aim to help bridge traditional divides between the sciences and the humanities , and between Western , Eastern and Indigenous ways of knowing the natural world and the place of humans in it ( Rose 2004 ) .   The ecological humanities are characterised by a connectivity ontology and a commitment to two fundamental axioms relating to the need to submit to ecological laws and to see humanity as part of a larger living system .


query: Emmy Rossum acts.

pos: Emmy Rossum Emmanuelle Grey `` Emmy '' Rossum ( born September 12 , 1986 ) is an American actress , director and singer-songwriter . She is known for her portrayal of Fiona Gallagher in the television series Shameless . Rossum has starred in movies including Songcatcher ( 2000 ) , An American Rhapsody , ( 2001 ) and Passionada ( 2002 ) . Her role in Mystic River ( 2003 ) garnered her wider recognition . She starred in the science-fiction film The Day After Tomorrow ( 2004 ) and received critical acclaim for her performance in the leading role of Christine Daaé in The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) . She has since starred in Poseidon ( 2006 ) , Dragonball : Evolution ( 2009 ) , Dare ( 2009 ) , Beautiful Creatures ( 2013 ) , Before I Disappear ( 2014 ) , You 're Not You ( 2014 ) and Comet ( 2014 ) .   In 2007 , Rossum released her debut album , Inside Out . She also released a Christmas EP the same year , titled Carol of the Bells . In 2013 , she released a follow up album called Sentimental Journey .

pos: Mystic River (film) Mystic River is a 2003 American mystery drama film directed and scored by Clint Eastwood . It stars Sean Penn , Tim Robbins , Kevin Bacon , Laurence Fishburne , Marcia Gay Harden , and Laura Linney . The screenplay by Brian Helgeland was based on the novel of the same name by Dennis Lehane . The film was produced by Robert Lorenz , Judie G. Hoyt and Eastwood . It is the first film on which Eastwood was credited as composer of the score .   The film opened to widespread critical acclaim . It was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Supporting Actress , and Best Supporting Actor . Sean Penn won Best Actor and Tim Robbins won Best Supporting Actor , making Mystic River the first film to win both awards since Ben-Hur in 1959 .

neg: Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television The following is a list of Saturn Award winners for Best Actor on Television ( formerly Best Genre TV Actor ) .   The award is presented annually by the Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy and Horror Films , honoring the work of actresses in science fiction , fantasy , and horror fiction on television .   ( NOTE : Year refers to year of eligibility , the actual ceremonies are held the following year . )   The winners are listed in bold .

neg: New York Emmy Awards The New York Emmy Awards are a division of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences honoring those in television and advanced media in the tri-state New York-New Jersey-Connecticut and New York State . The division was founded in 1955 and in addition to granting the New York Emmy Awards , the chapter also recognizes awards scholarships , honors industry veterans at the Silver Circle Celebration , has a free research and a nationwide job bank . The chapter also participates in judging Emmy entries at the regional and national levels .

neg: 44th Primetime Emmy Awards The 44th Primetime Emmy Awards were held on Sunday , August 30 , 1992 . The ceremony was broadcast on Fox from the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena , California . It was hosted by Tim Allen , Kirstie Alley and Dennis Miller , and directed by Walter C. Miller . Presenters included Roseanne Barr , Tom Arnold , Scott Bakula , Candice Bergen , Corbin Bernsen , Beau Bridges , Lloyd Bridges , and Cindy Crawford . The program was written by Buddy Sheffield and Bruce Vilanch . Over 300 million people watched the ceremony in 30 countries . A rule change , instituted for this year only , stated that regular and guest performers would compete in the same category . There could be lead guest or supporting guest .   On the comedy side , Murphy Brown won Outstanding Comedy Series for the second time , winning three major awards on the night , the most for a comedy series . On the drama side , L.A. Laws strangle hold on Outstanding Drama Series came to an end , as Northern Exposure took home the award . Northern Exposure also won three major awards and received nine major nominations , which tied for the most in each category . For the first time in its run , The Golden Girls , then in its seventh and final season , was not nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series .   After being on the air for thirty years , The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson finally heard its name called when its final season won for Outstanding Variety , Music , or Comedy Program . The show was first nominated for the category in 1964 and was 0/13 before this ceremony .

neg: 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards The 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards was held on May 7 , 2017 , from the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles , California , U.S. . It was the 26th edition of the awards , and for the first time it presented honors for work in television as well as cinema ; it was also the first time men and women competed jointly in the acting categories . The awards ceremony was hosted by Adam DeVine and broadcast on numerous Viacom channels , MTV.com , and the MTV app on mobile devices .   The ceremony was preceded by the `` Movie & Television Festival '' . It was a day-long event that was held outside the Shrine Auditorium and feature live performances by Bea Miller , All Time Low , and Zara Larsson ; plus red carpet appearances by celebrities . Issa Rae served as the announcer for the event .

neg: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Variety, Nonfiction, or Reality Programming The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Variety , Nonfiction , or Reality Programming is presented as part of the Primetime Emmy Awards .

neg: Def Comedy Jam Def Comedy Jam is an HBO television series produced by Russell Simmons .   The series had its original run from July 1 , 1992 to January 1 , 1997 . The show returned on HBO 's fall lineup in 2006 . Def Comedy Jam helped to launch the careers of several African-American stand-up comedians .

neg: Breakthrough Performance Award The Breakthrough Performance Award is presented by the Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy and Horror Films , in conjunction with their annual Saturn Award ceremony .

neg: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Direction The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Direction is awarded to one television series or special each year .   In the following list , the first titles listed in gold are the winners ; those not in gold are nominees , which are listed in alphabetical order . The years given are those in which the ceremonies took place .   __ TOC __

neg: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series This is a list of winners and nominees of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series . This award and Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series replaced Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Series in 2003 .   As of 2015 , no show has won this award more than once except for The Office , which has won twice ( 2007 and 2013 ) .   In the following list , the first titles listed in gold and bold are the winners ; those not in gold are nominees , which are listed in alphabetical order . The years given are those in which the ceremonies took place :   __ TOC __

neg: David McCallum David Keith McCallum , Jr. ( born 19 September 1933 ) is a Scottish-born American actor and musician . He first gained recognition in the 1960s for playing Russian spy Illya Kuryakin in the television series The Man from U.N.C.L.E. and as interdimensional operative Steel in Sapphire & Steel .  In recent years , McCallum has gained renewed international recognition and popularity for his role as NCIS medical examiner Dr. Donald `` Ducky '' Mallard in the American television series NCIS .

neg: Tracey Ullman: A Class Act Tracey Ullman : A Class Act is a sketch-comedy special starring actress-comedian Tracey Ullman , along with Michael Palin playing a variety of original characters . It originally aired on ITV ; subsequently HBO in the United States on 23 November 1993 .

neg: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series This is a list of winners and nominees of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series . In early Primetime Emmy Award ceremonies , the supporting categories were not always genre , or even gender , specific . Beginning with the 22nd Primetime Emmy Awards , supporting actors in comedy have competed alone . However , these comedic performances often included actors from miniseries , telefilms , and guest performers competing against main cast competitors . Such instances are marked below :   # -- Indicates a performance in a Miniseries or Television film , prior to the category 's creation .  § -- Indicates a performance as a guest performer , prior to the category 's creation .

neg: Whole World Theatre The Whole World Theatre is an improvisational theatre located in Atlanta , Georgia .   Whole World Theatre ( WWT ) is a non-profit theatre company that began in Atlanta , Georgia in late 1993 , when David Webster began teaching a group of student actors whom he would train to become the hottest improv company in town . Jennifer Horne and David Webster were co-founding members .   The original students of Whole World Theatre performed their first show in front of 25 people in September 1994 . Specializing in experiential improv and unconventional scripted works , and using a unique approach to improv , which put more emphasis on acting , character and atmosphere than on cheap laughs , Webster wrote and directed original ground breaking pieces such as , Blood Bath Bingo and Pimps , Queens , and Dope Fiends . Webster also produced scripted works included , Balm in Gillead , Bitches , Women Behind Bars , Four Dogs and a Bone and The House of Yes , among many others .   In June 1995 , Jennifer Horne and David Webster spent their honeymoon money to open Whole World Theatre at their current location at 1214 Spring Street in mid-town Atlanta . As their popularity grew , the cast of Whole World Theatre were given the opportunity to produce their live improv comedy show for television when Webster sold the show to television . `` Whole World Comedy '' - Whole World 's premier TV show - helped to launch the southern based Turner South Network .   David Webster taught every actor at Whole World Theater until 2001 . He wrote , directed and emceed every show for over 1000 shows . He won several awards including an Emmy award for writing .   In 2003 Managing Director , Emily Reily Russell , created a youth summer camp program and an improvisational acting program for teens and young adults at Whole World Theatre that still exists to this day . Many of the graduates of this program have entered the `` Performance Ready Group '' that hosts a more family oriented show the first Saturday of every month November through May . The Performance Ready Group is directed and mentored by Assistant Artistic Director , Eric Goins . Russell , in conjunction with Callanwolde Fine Arts Center and The Starlight Starbright Foundation has also created `` Improv in Dialysis . '' Providing monthly improvisational acting workshops to patients and their families at Egleston Children 's Hospital in Atlanta .   Lance Krall , one of Webster 's original students , eventually moved to Hollywood and went on to produce his own television show , The Lance Krall Show , which aired Spike TV , and Free Radio , which aired on Vh1 . Lance has hired several alumni from Whole World Theatre to guest star in his projects .   In 2004 , Webster moved on to write and direct independent movies and Jennifer Horne moved on to begin her own improv troupe in Charlottesville , Va. . That same year , a complete change in management occurred at Whole World Theatre .   In 2004 , Chip Powell became Artistic Director of Whole World Theatre . The Company continues to perform improv shows and remains one of Atlanta 's most successful theater companies . Under Powell 's leadership the company has produced Improv in the Park : an annual free improv show in Atlanta 's Piedmont Park and Central Park at Atlantic Station . Improv in the Park was voted `` Best Outdoor Event '' by Creative Loafing . Powell also went on to launch Whole World 's 3rd Space Theatre by Producing and Directing scripted works such as Sordid Lives and Southern Baptist Sissies by Del Shores .   In 2005 , the theatre started a television show for a network called MAV TV and is currently broadcast in over 200,000 homes across the U.S. . The show features Whole World 's Improv Comedy and is geared towards a more mature audience .  Official Website   Category : Theatres in Atlanta

neg: 60th Golden Globe Awards 60thGolden Globe Awards  January 19 , 2003   Picture -- Drama :  The Hours   Picture -- Comedy or Musical :  Chicago   TV Series -- Drama :  The Shield   TV Series -- Musical or Comedy :  Curb Your Enthusiasm   The 60th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television for 2002 , were held on January 19 , 2003 in the Beverly Hilton Hotel , Beverly Hills , California .

neg: Virtue (Emmy the Great album) Virtue is the second album by London singer-songwriter Emma-Lee Moss -- better known by her stage name Emmy the Great -- and was released on 13 June 2011 . It has been described as `` meticulous and atmospheric '' and has been praised for its poetic writing style .

neg: Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series The Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series is an award presented annually by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences ( NATAS ) and Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) . It is given to honor an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role while working within the daytime drama industry .   The 1st Daytime Emmy Awards ceremony was held in 1974 with Elizabeth Hubbard receiving the award for her role as Althea Davis on The Doctors . The award has undergone several name changes , originally honoring actresses in leading and supporting roles . Following the introduction of a new category in 1979 , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series , the award 's name was altered to Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series before changing once again , to its current title , years later . The awards ceremony was not aired on television in 1983 and 1984 , having been criticized for voting integrity . In 1985 , another category was introduced , Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series , one criterion for this category was altered , requiring all actresses to be aged 26 or above .   Since its inception , the award has been given to 27 actresses . One Life to Live is the show with the most awarded actresses , with a total of eleven . In 1995 , Erika Slezak became the actress with the most wins in the category when she won a fourth time , surpassing Helen Gallagher 's previous record of three ; Slezak went on to win in two additional years , ultimately receiving six wins . Susan Flannery and Kim Zimmer have since received four wins each . Susan Lucci has been nominated on 21 occasions , more than any other actress . As of the 2017 ceremony , Gina Tognoni is the most recent winner in this category for her portrayal of Phyllis Summers on The Young and the Restless .

neg: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Variety Series This is a list of winners and nominees of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Variety Series . The category was initiated in 2016 alongside Outstanding Short Form Comedy or Drama Series and Outstanding Short Form Nonfiction or Reality Series . The awards replaced the now-retired category for Outstanding Short-Format Live-Action Entertainment Program . These awards are not presented at the Primetime Emmy Awards show , but at the Creative Arts Emmy Award show .

neg: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Picture Editing for a Nonfiction Program The Primetime Emmy Award for Picture Editing for a Nonfiction Program is awarded to one television documentary or nonfiction series each year .   Prior to 2006 , nonfiction and reality programs competed together until the Outstanding Picture Editing for Reality Programming category was created .   In the following list , the first titles listed in gold are the winners ; those not in gold are nominees , which are listed in alphabetical order . The years given are those in which the ceremonies took place .   __ TOC __

neg: 8th International Emmy Awards The 8th International Emmy Awards took place on November 25 , 1980 , in New York City , United States . Actor Peter Ustinov hosted the ceremony attended by more than 750 foreign dignitaries and members of the International Council of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences .   The Emmys were presented by veteran television newscaster and anchorman Harry Reasoner , actress Irene Papas , the Canadian comedy team of Wayne and Shuster and actor Werner Klemperer .

neg: 30th Primetime Emmy Awards The 30th Primetime Emmy Awards were held on September 17 , 1978 . The ceremony was broadcast on CBS , from the Pasadena Civic Auditorium , Pasadena , California .   The top shows of the night were All in the Family which won its then record fourth Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series , and The Rockford Files . CBS continued its streak of dominance by winning its eighth straight Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series , this record still stands . Actor Will Geer received three posthumous acting nominations for three different performances , but lost in each category .   For the first time in Emmy history , two shows won six major awards , All in the Family became the first show to win six major awards twice , and the miniseries Holocaust tied the record for most wins by a miniseries set the previous year by Roots .   This ceremony was interrupted for thirty minutes by a nationally televised address by then-President Jimmy Carter , joined by then-Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin and then-Egyptian president Anwar Sadat in which President Carter announced the signing of the Camp David Accords .   Rita Moreno 's win made her the third person to become an EGOT .