query: Sammy Cahn died in the 90s.

pos: Sammy Cahn Sammy Cahn ( June 18 , 1913 -- January 15 , 1993 ) was an American lyricist , songwriter and musician . He is best known for his romantic lyrics to films and Broadway songs , as well as stand-alone songs premiered by recording companies in the Greater Los Angeles Area . He and his collaborators had a series of hit recordings with Frank Sinatra during the singer 's tenure at Capitol Records , but also enjoyed hits with Dean Martin , Doris Day and many others . He played the piano and violin . He won the Academy Award four times for his songs , including the popular song `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' .   Among his most enduring songs is `` Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! '' , cowritten with Jule Styne in 1945 .

neg: The Best of Sammy Hagar (1999 album) The Best of Sammy Hagar is a Sammy Hagar compilation album . The album 's track listing incorrectly lists `` Red '' as a live track when it is , in fact , the studio version .

neg: Siyum A siyum ( `` completion '' ) is the completion of any unit of Torah study , or book of the Mishnah or Talmud in Judaism . A siyum is usually followed by a celebratory meal , or seudat mitzvah , a meal in honor of a mitzvah , or commandment . Siyum also refers to the celebration .   An enduring custom is for the community to complete a unit of Torah or tractate ( s ) of Talmud during the 30 days following the death of a beloved one and hold a communal siyum thereafter , in tribute and honor of the memory of the deceased .   It has become customary for synagogues to arrange a siyum on the morning before Passover to allow those fasting for Ta'anit Bechorim ( Fast of the Firstborn ) to break their fast , taking advantage of the halakhic principle that prioritizes Torah study .   A siyum ha-sefer , meaning `` completion of the book , '' is also held as a ceremonial completion and dedication of a sefer Torah , a handwritten copy of the Torah , the most important Jewish ritual object , which is kept in the Ark of a synagogue .   Usually , when an individual or a group conclude the study of any tractate of the Talmud , or even of the Mishnah , a siyum is celebrated . At the end of every volume of the Talmud a special hadran prayer is printed with a set order of prayers and a special kaddish , Kaddish D'itchadita , in honor of the completion of that volume , which Judaism considers to be an important achievement and a milestone worth celebrating .   In the merit and honor of a deceased individual , it is customary to undertake Mishnah study with the goal of holding a siyum .   Rabbi Moshe Feinstein , based on the Nemukei Yosef , the Ran ( Rabbeinu Nissim ) , the Rashbam , and the Eliyah Rabbah , extends the concept of a siyum to include even a festive meal celebrating the completion of any mitzvah ( commandment ) that has taken a significant duration of time ( such as a number of weeks or months ) .

neg: Newhall incident The Newhall incident , also called the `` Newhall massacre '' , was a shootout between two heavily armed criminals and officers of the California Highway Patrol ( CHP ) in the Newhall unincorporated area of Los Angeles County , California on April 5 , 1970 . In less than 5 minutes , four CHP officers were killed in what was at the time the deadliest day in the history of California law enforcement .   At approximately 11:55 p.m. ( UTC-8 ) , CHP officers Walt Frago and Roger Gore conducted a traffic stop of Bobby Davis and Jack Twinning in conjunction with an incident involving the pair that had been reported to the CHP minutes earlier . After stopping in a restaurant parking lot and initially cooperating with the officers , Twinning and Davis opened fire and killed both officers . Minutes later , Officers George Alleyn and James Pence arrived on the scene and engaged Twinning and Davis in a shootout . A passerby picked up one of the officers ' weapons and opened fire on the perpetrators ; however , the three were outgunned , and both Alleyn and Pence suffered fatal injuries while the passerby ran out of ammunition and took cover in a ditch . A third CHP patrol car arrived on the scene and the lone officer inside briefly exchanged gunfire with the perpetrators , but they were able to flee the scene .   Over three hours later , after stealing a vehicle and exchanging gunfire with its owner , Davis attempted to flee the area ; however , he was spotted by police and arrested . Meanwhile , Twinning broke into a house and took one of its occupants hostage . The house was surrounded by deputies of the Los Angeles County Sheriff 's Department and at approximately 9 a.m. , he released the hostage and committed suicide when the deputies entered the house . Davis was sentenced to death but had his sentence commuted to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole in 1973 . He killed himself at Kern Valley State Prison in 2009 .   The Newhall incident resulted in a number of changes at the CHP , including procedural changes in arresting high risk suspects and standardization of firearms and firearms training used across the department .

neg: Whitney Houston discography The discography of American singer Whitney Houston ( 1963 -- 2012 ) consists of seven studio albums , six compilations , two soundtrack albums , five box sets , six extended plays , and fifty-seven singles . In 1985 , Houston released her self-titled debut album . It spent fourteen weeks at number one on the Billboard 200 and was certified thirteen times platinum ( Diamond ) by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , with global sales of 25 million copies . The album produced four US top 5 singles , including three Billboard Hot 100 number-ones . In 1987 , Houston released her second album Whitney . The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and was supported by four US number-one singles : `` I Wan na Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' , `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' , `` So Emotional '' , and `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' , which established an unprecedented seven consecutive number one hits by a performer . Whitney was certified 9 × Platinum by the RIAA and topped the charts in numerous countries , having sold in excess of 20 million copies worldwide . Houston 's third studio album , I 'm Your Baby Tonight ( 1990 ) , peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 chart and yielded two number-one singles ; `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' and `` All the Man That I Need '' , selling 10 million units worldwide . In February 1991 , Houston released `` The Star Spangled Banner '' performance from Super Bowl XXV as a single , becoming the highest-charting rendition of the national anthem on the Billboard Hot 100 chart .   The Bodyguard soundtrack from her film debut , was released in November 1992 . The album contains tracks by other recording artists but is considered a Houston album by Billboard . It topped the Billboard 200 for twenty non-consecutive weeks , one of the longest tenures by an album in the Nielsen SoundScan era . The album was certified 17 × Platinum the United States and sold over 45 million copies worldwide , becoming the best-selling soundtrack album and one of the top 5 best-selling albums of all time . The lead single from the soundtrack , `` I Will Always Love You '' , topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for a then-record-breaking fourteen weeks and was certified 6 × Platinum by the RIAA , peaked at number one on the charts in nearly every country and sold 12 million copies worldwide , becoming one of the best-selling singles of all time . Houston contributed three songs , including her eleventh number-one single `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' on the 7x platinum soundtrack album , Waiting to Exhale ( November 1995 ) . The following year she released The Preacher 's Wife in November 1996 . The soundtrack was certified 3x Platinum by the RIAA and became the biggest selling gospel album of all time . In 1998 , she released her first studio album in eight years , My Love Is Your Love . The album failed to match the commercial status of her previous albums , peaking at number thirteen , her lowest chart position on the Billboard 200 among her studio albums . Despite initial weak sales , the album went on to achieve multi-platinum status with 11 million units sold worldwide , being certified 4 × Platinum in the United States . From late 1998 to early 2000 , the album generated five singles ; `` When You Believe '' ( duet with Mariah Carey ) , `` Heartbreak Hotel '' , `` It 's Not Right but It 's Okay '' , `` My Love Is Your Love '' , and `` I Learned from the Best '' .   Houston entered the 2000s with her first greatest hits compilation , Whitney : The Greatest Hits , released in May 2000 . The double-disc was certified 3 × Platinum by the RIAA in 2002 and earned 5 × Platinum award posthumously , recognizing 2.6 million in sales throughout the United States . The album hit the top position on the UK Albums Chart and sold over 1.66 million copies in the UK alone . Also , it reached the top ten in many worldwide markets , selling 10 million copies globally . Just Whitney , released in December 2002 , became her first album after renewing her contract with Arista for a record $ 100 million in 2001 . The album failed to earn multi-platinum status , receiving only Platinum award in the US , and became her lowest-selling studio album to date . She released a holiday album , One Wish : The Holiday Album in November 2003 . In September 2009 , Houston returned to the top position of the Billboard 200 with I Look to You , becoming her fourth number-one album on the chart ; which was her first non-soundtrack number-one in 22 years , since 1987 's Whitney . It also topped the album charts of several European countries and was certified Platinum by the RIAA . Her albums Whitney Houston , Whitney , The Bodyguard and Whitney : The Greatest Hits are among the top 100 certified albums according to the RIAA .   According to the RIAA , Houston is the top-selling R&B female artist of the 20th century , and the fourth best-selling female artist in the United States , with shipments of 57 million albums . In addition , until the launch of the RIAA 's digital certification program in 2004 , she had sold 16.5 million physical singles more than any other female solo artist in history . According to the Official UK Charts Company in October 2012 , Houston is at number four in the top 10 biggest selling female singles artists of all-time list with a sales total of 8.5 million singles . Whitney Houston is one of pop music 's best-selling music artists of all-time , with an estimated 170 -- 200 million records sold worldwide .

neg: Sammy's Back on Broadway Sammy 's Back on Broadway is a 1965 studio album by Sammy Davis , Jr. . .

neg: Sammy Thompson Sammy Thompson ( 1932 or 1933 -- August 1988 ) was a British trade unionist .

neg: Randy Cain Randy Cain ( May 2 , 1945 -- April 9 , 2009 ) was a Philadelphia soul singer with The Delfonics ( early 1960s to 1971 ) . He also helped set up the group Blue Magic .   He was born Herbert Randal Cain III in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States .   Cain died at his home in Maple Shade Township , New Jersey in April 2009 , aged 63 .

neg: Big Daddy (album) Big Daddy is the tenth studio album by American singer-songwriter John Mellencamp , released in 1989 by Mercury Records . It was his last album to be released under the name John Cougar Mellencamp , a combination of his real name and his original stage name of Johnny Cougar . The album peaked at number seven on the Billboard 200 and contained the singles `` Pop Singer '' and `` Jackie Brown , '' which peaked at No. 15 and 48 , respectively , on the Billboard Hot 100 . A re-mastered version of the album was released on May 24 , 2005 , and contains a bonus acoustic version of `` Jackie Brown . '' Like The Lonesome Jubilee , Big Daddy is folk-inspired as violins and fiddles ( among other instruments ) are significantly utilized on a number of tracks . The album 's lyrics largely take a serious tone and the album as a whole is regarded by some as Mellencamp 's most reflective .   In 1991 , Mellencamp said : '' ` Big Daddy ' was the best record I ever made . Out of my agony came a couple of really beautiful songs . You ca n't be 22 years old and had two dates and understand that album . ''

neg: Sammy Walker Sammy Walker ( born July 7 , 1952 near Atlanta , Georgia ) is an American singer-songwriter . Influenced by the folk and country sounds of Bob Dylan , Woody Guthrie and Hank Williams , Walker emerged in the mid-1970s with two albums for the Folkways label and two albums for Warner Brothers . While appearing on Bob Fass 's radio show in 1975 , he caught the ear of Phil Ochs , who was impressed by the young songwriter and agreed to produce his first album with Folkways . Walker recorded two albums for Warner Brothers under the tutelage of producer Nick Venet , and toured Europe in 1978 and again in 1986 . After recording an album of Woody Guthrie songs in 1979 , he did not record again until 1989 .   Walker , who at least once downplayed his own success by claiming he has `` only 50 fans , one in each state '' , performed a memorable opening set for Ochs at Gerde 's Folk City in late 1975 , when Ochs drunkenly staged what Ochs billed as the final Phil Ochs concert and the first John Train performance . At midnight was when Ochs was supposedly changing his stage name to Train , but his inebriated behavior incurred the wrath of the Gerde 's staff to the point where the waitress was no longer serving Ochs , amid the soon-to-be-suicidal folksinger 's rambling tirades against , among other musings , `` Johnny Cash , BEFORE amphetamines '' . Having finished his formidably-rendered set including his signature tune `` Closing Time '' , Walker watched Ochs with apparent embarrassment from the wings . ( An uncirculated monochrome videotape exists memorializing the remarkable evening . )   Misfit Scarecrow - the first album released by Sammy Walker in over twelve years - was released on July 22 , 2008 .   Brown Eyed Georgia Darlin ' - released in 2016 on Ramseur Records , features early demos from his 1976 release .

neg: Three Coins in the Fountain (song) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' is a popular song which received the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1955 .   The melody was written by Jule Styne , the lyrics by Sammy Cahn . It was written for the romance film , Three Coins in the Fountain and refers to the act of throwing a coin into the Trevi Fountain in Rome while making a wish . Each of the film 's three stars performs this act .   Cahn and Jule Styne were asked to write the song to fit the movie , but were unable to either see the film or read the script . They completed the song in an hour and had produced a demonstration record with Frank Sinatra by the following day . The song was subsequently used in the film soundtrack , but in the rush 20th Century Fox neglected to sign a contract with the composers , allowing them to claim complete rights over the royalties . The song was subsequently recorded by The Four Aces ( backed by the Jack Pleis Orchestra ) , who had a number-one hit on the U.S. Billboard pop chart in 1954 , while the Sinatra recording topped the UK Singles Chart for three weeks in September and October that year .   A recording by Dinah Shore with orchestra conducted by Harry Geller was made at Radio Recorders in Hollywood , California , on March 24 , 1954 . It was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-5755 ( in USA ) and by EMI on the His Master 's Voice label as catalog number B 10730 . Harry James recorded a version on his 1955 album Jukebox Jamboree ( Columbia CL-615 ) .   Sergio Franchi sang the title song in another 20th Century Fox film made as the pilot for an unsold television series . This version was broadcast in 1970 . It was recorded by Jack Jones in 1990 , and used in the film Coins in the Fountain that same year . Steve Martin sings `` Three Coins in a Fountain '' when attempting a sing-along in the film , Planes , Trains and Automobiles .   It was parodied in The Goon Show , to the same tune , with the words Three Goons in a fountain , which one will the fountain drown ?   On October 8 , 1966 , Steve Smith sang `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' in a musical tour of Italy on ABC 's The Lawrence Welk Show .

neg: Tribal Rites of the New Saturday Night `` Tribal Rites of the New Saturday Night '' was the title of a 1976 New York Magazine article by British rock journalist Nik Cohn . It was the basis for the plot and characters in the movie Saturday Night Fever .   Originally , the article was published as a piece of factual reporting . However , around the time of the twentieth anniversary of the film , Cohn revealed that the article was actually a work of fiction . After persuading New York editor Clay Felker to let him write an article about the 1970s disco scene , Cohn , a newcomer to the United States , set about researching the American working-class subculture he was trying to cover . One night he travelled to Bay Ridge , Brooklyn , to visit the disco 2001 Odyssey . However when he arrived a drunken fight was taking place outside the club , and one of the participants rolled over in the gutter and threw up on Cohn 's trouser leg , leading him to return to Manhattan . Despite this brief visit , Cohn did notice that the scene was surveyed by one clubgoer , standing in the doorway and calmly watching events . Cohn returned to the club subsequently but the young man was n't there .   To overcome his lack of familiarity with the New York disco scene , Cohn combined the image of the figure outside the club with people he knew from his youth , including a gang member from the Northern Irish city of Derry , where Cohn had grown up , and a young man he knew in England . `` My story was a fraud , '' he wrote . `` I 'd only recently arrived in New York . Far from being steeped in Brooklyn street life , I hardly knew the place . As for Vincent , my story 's hero , he was largely inspired by a Shepherd 's Bush mod whom I 'd known in the Sixties , a one-time king of Goldhawk Road . '' For additional detail Cohn returned to Bay Ridge during the day to get a better feel for the area . On the fortieth anniversary of the article 's publication in 2016 , Cohn said that he thought that such a fictionalised piece would not be published in the contemporary press : `` It reads to me as obvious fiction , albeit based on observation and some knowledge of disco culture . No way could it sneak past customs now . In the 60s and 70s , the line between fact and fiction was blurry ... Few editors asked tough questions . For the most part it was a case of ` do n't ask , do n't tell ' '' .

neg: All My Tomorrows (song) `` All My Tomorrows '' is a 1959 ballad with lyrics by Sammy Cahn and music by Jimmy van Heusen . The song was expressly written as a Frank Sinatra vehicle . It was introduced in the film A Hole in the Head where Sinatra sings it in the opening credits .   Sinatra later featured `` All My Tomorrows '' on his 1961 album All the Way . Sinatra re-recorded it for his 1969 album My Way , in a new arrangement which Charles L. Granata considers to be superior to the original , and which AllMusic calls `` lush and aching '' . Rolling Stone describes the song as `` the poignant monologue of a man determined to turn his life around '' .

neg: Rysher Entertainment Rysher Entertainment was the owner of television and film programming content , primarily distributed around the world by CBS Television Distribution and Paramount Pictures . Select rights are also distributed by Warner Bros. , Universal , Lionsgate , Fox , Columbia Pictures , MGM and other entertainment distribution companies worldwide .   The company has its roots in Bing Crosby Productions ( `` BCP '' ) . Its namesake , actor-singer Bing Crosby , founded BCP in 1949 , and was best known for producing the sitcom Hogan 's Heroes and the medical drama Ben Casey -- in succeeding years , BCP was acquired by Cox Broadcasting .   In 1993 , Cox acquired Rysher Entertainment . Rysher , founded in April 1991 by Keith Samples , had been established as an independently owned company whose original sole product had been the distribution of NBC 's series Saved By The Bell . In 1993 , and later distribution of another NBC series California Dreams in 1994 , Rysher merged with Al Masini 's Television Program Enterprises to form Rysher TPE , its alternate name used from 1993 to 1995 . Through Rysher TPE , they produced and distributed shows such as Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous ( renamed Lifestyles with Robin Leach and Shari Belafonte for its final season ) and Star Search . Later , they produced and distributed George & Alana , which ran for one season in 1995 .  The company was shut down in 1999 and the library was acquired by Viacom who folded it into both the film and television division of Paramount .   Rysher 's library , today distributed by CBS Television Distribution ( CTD ) and Paramount Pictures ( for TV series and films , respectively ) , includes television and feature film classics such as Hogan 's Heroes ( whose partial rights are held by CBS ) , Ben Casey , and Walking Tall , as well as more recent programs and films including Nash Bridges ( 1999 -- 2001 episodes are produced by Paramount Network Television ) , Highlander : The Series , The Opposite of Sex ( with Sony Pictures Classics ) , Kingpin and Big Night .   Rysher also distributes internationally through CTD several of HBO 's award-winning titles including Arli $ $ , Oz and Sex and the City .   Rysher also produced House Arrest and Zeus and Roxanne , both of which were released by MGM and distributed by HBO Home Video for home release .

neg: Phil Carson Phil Carson is a former record label owner and London-based Senior Vice President of Atlantic Records from 1968 -- 85 . He is known for his association several rock bands , including Yes , AC/DC , and Twisted Sister .   Born in London , he was playing bass guitar in a school band eventually being tapped to play bass for Dusty Springfield . Gravitating toward the business side of music , Carson started at Swedish record label Olga Records . Nesuhi Ertegun hired Carson to run Atlantic in the UK . He cites the Ertegun brothers as mentors , particularly Ahmet , eventually co-producing the Honey Drippers album with Ahmet Ertegun .   Carson spent a great deal of time on the road with bands under his purview , most notably Led Zeppelin . He is one of only a handful of people to have jammed onstage with them and the only person to appear onstage with both Led Zeppelin and AC/DC . Carson 's deep connection to AC/DC can be underscored by the fact that he is the only record executive thanked by name on original pressings of `` Back in Black '' and `` For Those About to Rock '' .   After leaving Atlantic records , he started a management company with clients who have included Jimmy Page , Robert Plant , Paul Rodgers , Yes , Motorhead , Bonham , Asia , Foreigner , Ben E. King , Bad Company , and others . This is where Carson assembled The Firm the super group featuring Jimmy Page and Paul Rodgers .   Carson moved to the US in 1989 to run JVC 's Victory Music . He then headed up the music department at The Shooting Gallery an independent film studio . Here Carson curated the soundtrack for some award-winning films .   In the mid-90s Carson retired but kept a few clients in his management roster including Foreigner and Dee Snider .

neg: Anthony Sammy Anthony Sammy is a Trinidadian businessman and politician .

neg: Patsy Cline discography The discography of Patsy Cline , an American country pop artist , consists of three studio albums , one compilation album , six extended plays , twenty four singles , and seven B-sides . For material released after the artist 's death in 1963 , see Patsy Cline posthumous discography .   After performing in a band in 1954 , Cline was signed by Bill McCall to Four Star Records , based in Pasadena , California . She made her first recording session for the label in June 1955 , releasing her debut single , `` A Church , a Courtroom , and Goodbye '' in July . Cline issued seventeen singles to the country music recording charts between 1955 and 1960 ; however , only one of them was a major hit . After releasing the singles `` Hidin ' Out '' , `` I Love You Honey '' , and `` I 've Loved and Lost Again '' , her first single issued in 1957 , entitled `` Walkin ' After Midnight '' , peaked at # 2 on the Billboard Magazine Hot Country Songs list and # 12 on the Top Pop Songs chart . The song 's success spawned Cline 's self-titled debut album , released in August 1957 . Cline 's additional singles between 1958 and 1960 ranged in variations between country , Gospel , and Rockabilly . These songs included such releases as , `` Three Cigarettes ( In an Ashtray ) , '' `` Come On In ( And Make Yourself at Home ) , '' `` Dear God , '' and `` Crazy Dreams . ''   In late 1960 , Cline signed with Four Star 's distributor , Decca . Working with producer Owen Bradley , Cline 's musical style changed from Honky Tonk to the Pop-influenced Nashville Sound . Her first Decca release was 1961 's `` I Fall to Pieces , '' which was recorded during her first session for the label . The single became her first number one single on the Billboard Country Chart , while also reaching # 12 on the Pop chart , and # 6 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks list . Her second self-titled extended play was issued in August and contained the hit ; however , due to a major car accident , Cline could not promote the song . Its follow-up , `` Crazy '' , was released in October and became another crossover hit , reaching # 2 on the Billboard Country and Adult Contemporary chart , and # 9 on the Pop chart . Cline 's second studio album was then issued in November 1961 , entitled Patsy Cline Showcase and containing both hits . In its re-release in 1963 , the album peaked at # 73 on the Billboard 200 Albums Chart .   Cline 's third Decca single , `` She 's Got You '' was released in January 1962 , and became her fourth major hit , reaching number one on Billboard '' 's Country Chart , # 14 on the Billboard Pop Chart , and # 3 on its Adult Contemporary chart . Because an album was not yet released , the extended play also titled , She 's Got You was released in April . She had two other major country hits that year : `` When I Get Thru ' With You '' ( # 10 ) and `` So Wrong '' ( # 14 ) . Her third and final official studio album named , Sentimentally Yours was released in August and contained `` She 's Got You '' , as well as , `` Heartaches '' , which reached # 31 in the United Kingdom . Many of the singles ' B-sides charted on the Country and Pop chart that year , including `` She 's Got You '' 's flip side , `` Strange '' and `` When I Get Thru ' With You '' 's flip , `` Imagine That '' . Cline released her final single during her lifetime in January 1963 entitled , `` Leavin ' on Your Mind . '' The song became a Top 10 hit on the Billboard '' Country Chart , while also reaching # 83 on the Pop chart . Patsy Cline died March 5 , 1963 in a plane crash in Camden , Tennessee .

neg: Private equity in the 1990s Private equity in the 1990s relates to one of the major periods in the history of private equity and venture capital . Within the broader private equity industry , two distinct sub-industries , leveraged buyouts and venture capital experienced growth along parallel although interrelated tracks .   The development of the private equity and venture capital asset classes has occurred through a series of boom and bust cycles since the middle of the 20th century . Private equity emerged in the 1990s out of the ashes of the savings and loan crisis , the insider trading scandals , the real estate market collapse and the recession of the early 1990s which had culminated in the collapse of Drexel Burnham Lambert and had caused the shutdown of the high-yield debt market . This period saw the emergence of more institutionalized private equity firms , ultimately culminating in the massive Dot-com bubble in 1999 and 2000 .

neg: Murray's Sturgeon Shop Murray 's Sturgeon Shop is a gourmet store and neighborhood fixture in Manhattan 's Upper West Side . It is located on Broadway between 89th Street and 90th Street .   The shop was founded by Murray Bernstein in 1945 . A few years later , his brother , Sam , became a co-owner . The Bernsteins were born in Poland and immigrated to New York in the 1930s to escape anti-semitism .   The store specializes in smoked fish , especially sturgeon , and caviar . In 1964 , the New York Times described it as `` one of the busiest places on Broadway '' and praised its products as `` first quality '' . The store ships their fish all over the world , and in 1980 Murray 's appetizers were being sold at the Neiman Marcus Epicure Shop in White Plains , New York .   Show business personalities Sammy Cahn and Zero Mostel were regulars at the shop .   Sam Bernstein died in 1977 and Murray Bernstein died in 2000 .

neg: VH1 Storytellers: Johnny Cash & Willie Nelson VH1 Storytellers is the 83rd overall album and is a live album by Johnny Cash and Willie Nelson , released in 1998 ( see 1998 in music ) on American Recordings . The album was produced by Rick Rubin and was the third record released as part of Cash 's ten-year period of collaboration with Rubin . It is not , however , counted as part of the American Recordings series , which is reserved for Cash 's studio work with Rubin .   Cash and Nelson take turns on songs associated with each respective artist , usually with the other performing harmony or occasionally verses . The opening track is a duet with Cash and Nelson , and some tracks feature guitar solos by Nelson . Between tracks , Cash and Nelson joke with each other and discuss the songs and their origins .   This was the final album of new performances released by Cash prior to the onset of health problems that forced him to curtail live concerts also led to changes in the timbre of his voice that were noticeable from American III : Solitary Man ( his next album release of new recordings issued in 2000 ) onwards . It was also Cash 's final purpose-recorded live album to be released during his lifetime , though an archival recording , Johnny Cash at Madison Square Garden , recorded in 1969 , would be issued a year before his death .


query: Zach Galifianakis was in the cast of The Campaign.

pos: Zach Galifianakis Zachary Knight Galifianakis ( -LSB- ˌgælᵻfəˈnækᵻs -RSB- born October 1 , 1969 ) is an American actor , writer and comedian . He came to prominence with his Comedy Central Presents special in 2001 and presented his own show called Late World with Zach on VH1 the following year . He has also starred in films , such as The Hangover trilogy ( 2009 -- 2013 ) , Due Date ( 2010 ) , The Campaign ( 2012 ) , Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) , Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) , Masterminds ( 2016 ) and The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) .   He currently hosts the Emmy Award-winning talk show Between Two Ferns with Zach Galifianakis on the Funny or Die website and executive produces , writes , and stars in the dark comedy series Baskets on FX .

neg: Mitt (film) Mitt is a 2014 American documentary film that chronicles the 2008 and 2012 presidential campaigns of former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney . Mitt premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 17 , 2014 . The film was released on Netflix on January 24 , 2014 .

neg: Hillary: The Movie Hillary : The Movie is a 2008 political documentary about United States Senator and presidential candidate Hillary Clinton . It was produced by the conservative non-profit organization Citizens United . The film was scheduled to be offered as video-on-demand on cable TV right before the Democratic primaries in January 2008 , but as `` electioneering communication '' to do so was illegal under the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act which was enforced by the Federal Election Commission . The producers went to U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia to get a declaration that they could show their movie and promotional ads for it despite BCRA . This case was titled Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission and its final decision at the U.S. Supreme Court resulted in a major change in campaign finance law .   The documentary interviewed various conservative figures such as Dick Morris and Ann Coulter and reviewed various scandals in which Hillary Clinton purportedly participated , such as the White House travel office controversy , White House FBI files controversy , Whitewater controversy , and cattle futures controversy . The factual finding of the three-judge district court was that there was `` no reasonable interpretation -LSB- of the movie -RSB- other than as an appeal to vote against Senator Clinton '' , thus making it `` electioneering communication '' . The Supreme Court did not change that decision , but applied the strict scrutiny test for the First Amendment of the Constitution and said corporations could not be banned from making electioneering communications .

neg: The Hangover Part II The Hangover Part II is a 2011 American comedy film produced by Legendary Pictures and distributed by Warner Bros. . Pictures . It is the sequel to the 2009 film The Hangover and the second installment in The Hangover trilogy . Directed by Todd Phillips , who co-wrote the script with Craig Mazin and Scot Armstrong , the film stars Bradley Cooper , Ed Helms , Zach Galifianakis , Ken Jeong , Jeffrey Tambor , Justin Bartha , and Paul Giamatti . It tells the story of Phil , Stu , Alan , and Doug as they travel to Thailand for Stu 's wedding . After the bachelor party in Las Vegas , Stu takes no chances and opts for a safe , subdued pre-wedding brunch . Things do not go as planned , resulting in another bad hangover with no memories of the previous night .   Development began in April 2009 , two months before The Hangover was released . The principal actors were cast in March 2010 to reprise their roles from the first film . Production began in October 2010 , in Ontario , California , before moving on location in Thailand . The film was released on May 26 , 2011 and became the highest-grossing R-rated comedy during its theatrical run .   A third and final installment , The Hangover Part III , was released on May 23 , 2013 .

neg: Zach Dasher Zachary Michael `` Zach '' Dasher ( born January 12 , 1978 ) , is a pharmaceutical representative based in Calhoun west of Monroe , Louisiana , who was an unsuccessful Republican candidate and a favorite of the Tea Party movement for Louisiana 's 5th Congressional District in the primary election held on November 4 , 2014 . Dasher 's maternal uncles are Phil and Si Robertson of the Duck Dynasty A&E television series .

neg: Brawl in Cell Block 99 Brawl in Cell Block 99 is an upcoming American action thriller film written and directed by S. Craig Zahler . The film stars Vince Vaughn , Jennifer Carpenter and Don Johnson .

neg: Green Card (film) Green Card is a 1990 romantic comedy film written , produced , directed by Peter Weir and starring Gérard Depardieu and Andie MacDowell . The screenplay focuses on an American woman who enters into a marriage of convenience with a Frenchman so he can obtain a green card and remain in the United States . Depardieu won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor . The film won the Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay .

neg: The REAL Rudy The REAL Rudy is a series of four viral videos by documentary film director and activist Robert Greenwald .   The videos criticize former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani 's preparedness for , and handling of , the September 11 , 2001 attacks . They were released on September 4 and September 6 , 2007 . John Nichols , the Washington , D.C. correspondent for The Nation , described the videos as `` a powerful series of video exposes that have gone after Giuliani 's bitter disputes with 9-11 rescue workers -- especially firefighters -- over his exploitation of the 2001 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center for political purposes and a host of other scandals involving the GOP frontrunner . '' . The Democratic National Committee posted a summary of the series on its website .

neg: Garden State (film) Garden State is a 2004 American romantic comedy-drama film , written and directed by Zach Braff and starring Braff , Natalie Portman , Peter Sarsgaard , and Ian Holm . The film centers on Andrew Largeman ( Braff ) , a 26-year-old actor/waiter who returns to his hometown in New Jersey after his mother dies . Braff based the film on his real life experiences . It was filmed in April and May 2003 and released on July 28 , 2004 . New Jersey was the main setting and primary shooting location . Garden State received positive reviews upon its release and has garnered a cult following . It was an official selection of the Sundance Film Festival . The film also spawned a soundtrack for which Braff , who picked the music himself , won a Grammy Award .

neg: Fellowship of the Dice Fellowship of the Dice is a film released in 2005 ( 2007 on DVD ) , directed by Matthew Ross , and starring Aimee Graham and Price Carson . It combines interviews and scenes from Strategicon 2004 a real-life role playing game convention with a fictional account ( mockumentary ) of a game with the players portrayed by actors . As the fictional game progresses , it is intercut with interviews and scenes from the convention .

neg: Atlas Shrugged Part III: Who Is John Galt? Atlas Shrugged Part III : Who Is John Galt ? is a 2014 American science fiction drama film based on Ayn Rand 's novel Atlas Shrugged . It is the third installment in the Atlas Shrugged film series and the sequel to the 2012 film Atlas Shrugged : Part II , continuing the story where its predecessor left off . The release , originally set for July 4 , 2014 , occurred on September 12 , 2014 .

neg: Sex Ed (film) Sex Ed is a 2014 American comedy film directed by Isaac Feder and written by Bill Kennedy . The film stars Haley Joel Osment , Lorenza Izzo , Laura Harring , Abby Elliott , Glen Powell , Retta , and Matt Walsh . Sex Ed premiered at the Portland Film Festival on August 29 , 2014 , and was released in theaters on November 7 , 2014 , by MarVista Entertainment .

neg: TripTank TripTank is an American adult animated television series which premiered April 2 , 2014 on Comedy Central . The show is made up of various sketches , portrayed by multiple animation styles and writers . Although no direct correlation exists between the different stories , a continued theme of dark satire prevails throughout .   Voicing talent includes Carlos Alazraqui , Bill Oakley , Wayne Brady , Bob Odenkirk , Curtis Armstrong , Nat Faxon , Tom Kenny , Rachel Butera , Larry David , Yotam Perel , Rob Yulfo , Zach Galifianakis , Kumail Nanjiani , Brett Gelman , Kyle Kinane , John DiMaggio , Duncan Trussell , Joey Diaz , among others .

neg: Janeane from Des Moines Janeane from Des Moines is a 2012 American political drama film directed by Grace Lee , written by Lee and Jane Edith Wilson , and starring Wilson as a conservative housewife who attends the 2012 Republican Party primary in Iowa . It mixes elements of mockumentary and real-life interviews with Republican politicians conducted in-character without their knowledge .

neg: Steve Guttenberg Steven Robert `` Steve '' Guttenberg ( born August 24 , 1958 ) is an American actor , author , businessman , producer , and director . He starred in 1984 's Police Academy , and went on to perform in lead roles in Hollywood films of the 1980s , including Cocoon , Three Men and a Baby , and Short Circuit .

neg: This Is the End This Is the End is a 2013 American disaster comedy film directed by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg and stars Rogen , James Franco , Jonah Hill , Jay Baruchel , Danny McBride , Craig Robinson , Michael Cera and Emma Watson . The story features real life actors playing fictionalized versions of themselves in the aftermath of a global biblical apocalypse . The film premiered at the Fox Village Theater on June 3 , 2013 and was released in the United States on June 14 , 2013 by Columbia Pictures , before being re-released on September 6 , 2013 . The film grossed $ 126 million on a $ 32 million budget . The film makes references to the past movies of the cast , including Spider-Man , Million Dollar Baby , Forrest Gump , Superbad , Pineapple Express , Moneyball , Your Highness , The Green Hornet , 127 Hours and the Harry Potter film series .

neg: Buffy Wicks Buffy Jo Christina Wicks ( born August 10 , 1977 ) is an American political strategist , and is credited - along with Marshall Ganz and Jeremy Bird - as the architect of Barack Obama 's grassroots organizing model . She previously served on the senior staff of Obama 's 2008 and 2012 presidential campaigns and as Deputy Director at the White House Office of Public Engagement . She has also worked in the labor movement , on women 's issues , and as a children 's rights advocate .

neg: Allied (film) Allied is a 2016 romantic thriller film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Steven Knight . It stars Brad Pitt as a Canadian intelligence officer and Marion Cotillard as a French Resistance fighter and collaborator , who fall in love during a mission in Casablanca . Jared Harris , Simon McBurney and Lizzy Caplan also star .   Principal photography began in February 2016 in London . The film was released in the United States on November 23 , 2016 by Paramount Pictures , receiving mixed reviews from critics , although Pitt and particularly Cotillard 's performances were praised , and grossed $ 119 million worldwide . It received an Academy Award nomination for Best Costume Design .

neg: Sour Grapes (2016 film) Sour Grapes is a 2016 documentary directed by Jerry Rothwell and Reuben Atlas . The film follows the story of wine collector Rudy Kurniawan . In 2006 , Kurniawan began buying up large lots of cheaper Burgundy , mixing bottles , rebottling the wine and passing it off as older and more expensive vintages . In 2012 , he was indicted for his crime . In 2013 , he was convicted and sentenced to 10 years in prison .

neg: Phoenix Productions Phoenix Productions is a New York based creative studio that produces advertising , television , film and video production company . The company was formed in 2005 by Chris Phoenix to create the show open and graphics package for Bravo 's Battle of the Network Reality Stars . It has since expanded into marketing , advertising and other programming , most notably the Comedy Central series Important Things With Demetri Martin and Jon Stewart 's `` Night of Too Many Stars '' .  The company bills itself as a combination creative agency , production company and post-production house .

neg: Goats (film) Goats is a 2012 comedy-drama film directed by Christopher Neil and written by Mark Poirier based on his 2000 novel Goats . The film stars David Duchovny , Vera Farmiga , Graham Phillips , Keri Russell , Justin Kirk , and Ty Burrell . The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 24 , 2012 , and was given a limited release in the United States on August 10 , 2012 by Image Entertainment .


query: On November 2nd, 1755, Marie Antoinette was born.

pos: Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette ( -LSB- ˈmæriˌæntwəˈnɛt -RSB- , -LSB- ˌɑ̃ːntwə - -RSB- , -LSB- ˌɑ̃ːtwə - -RSB- , -LSB- məˈriː - -RSB- -LSB- maʁi ɑ̃twanɛt -RSB- ; born Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna ( 2 November 1755 -- 16 October 1793 ) was the last Queen of France and Navarre before the French Revolution . She was born an Archduchess of Austria , and was the fifteenth and second youngest child of Empress Maria Theresa and Francis I , Holy Roman Emperor .   In April 1770 , upon her marriage to Louis-Auguste , heir apparent to the French throne , she became Dauphine of France . On 10 May 1774 , when her husband ascended the throne as Louis XVI , she became Queen of France and Navarre , a title she held until September 1791 , when , as the French Revolution proceeded , she became Queen of the French , a title she held until 21 September 1792 .   After eight years of marriage , Marie Antoinette gave birth to a daughter , Marie-Thérèse Charlotte , the first of her four children . Despite her initial popularity , a growing number of the population eventually came to dislike her , accusing her of being profligate , promiscuous , and of harbouring sympathies for France 's enemies , particularly her native Austria . The Diamond Necklace affair damaged her reputation further . During the Revolution , she became known as Madame Déficit because the country 's financial crisis was blamed on her lavish spending and her opposition to the social and financial reforms of Turgot and Necker .   During the Revolution , after the government had placed the royal family under house arrest in the Tuileries Palace in October 1789 , several events linked to Marie Antoinette , in particular the June 1791 attempted flight to Varennes and her role in the War of the First Coalition , had disastrous effects on French popular opinion . On 10 August 1792 , the attack on the Tuileries forced the royal family to take refuge at the Assembly , and on 13 August the family was imprisoned in the Temple . On 21 September 1792 , the monarchy was abolished . After a two-day trial begun on 14 October 1793 , Marie Antoinette was convicted by the Revolutionary Tribunal of high treason and executed by guillotine on the Place de la Révolution on 16 October 1793 .

neg: Marie Louis Amand Ansart, Marquis de Marisquelles Marie Louis Amand Ansart de Marisquelles ( 1742 -- 22 May 1804 ) was a French aristocrat , and military officer born in the town of Maresquelles in the Pas-du-Calais region of France . Ansart was a Colonel in the American Revolution .

neg: Aglaé de Polignac Aglaé Louise Françoise Gabrielle de Polignac ( 7 May 1768 -- 30 March 1803 ) was the daughter of Gabrielle de Polastron , the favourite and confidante of Marie Antoinette , and her husband , the 1st duc de Polignac .   Her paternal grandparents were Marquis Louis Héracle Melchior de Polignac ( 1717 -- 1792 ) and his wife , Diane Marie Adelaide Zephirine Mazzarini-Mancini ( 1726 -- 1755 ) . Her maternal grandparents were Jean François Gabriel , comte de Polastron , and his wife , Jeanne Charlotte Hérault .   Aglaé Louise was born at the Château de Versailles in Paris , France , the eldest child and only daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Polignac . She had three brothers : Armand Jules Marie Héracle , duc de Polignac ( 11 January 1771 -- 1 March 1847 ) ; Jules Auguste Armand Marie , prince de Polignac ( 14 May 1780 -- 30 March 1847 ) ; and Camille Henri Melchior , comte de Polignac ( 27 December 1781 -- 2 February 1855 ) .   At the Château de Versailles , on 11 July 1780 , at the age of twelve , Aglaé married the duc de Gramont et Guiche . She then became the Duchess of Guiche and was nicknamed `` Guichette '' by her family . Her son Antoine-Geneviève-Héraclius-Agénor de Gramont became the 9th Duke of Gramont . Her daughter Corisande Armandine Léonie Sophie de Gramont married Charles Bennet , 5th Earl of Tankerville , and another daughter , Aglaé Angélique Gabrielle de Gramont , was married in turn to Russian general Alexander Lvovich Davydov and French diplomat Horace Sébastiani .   In 1794 , according to The Memoirs of Madame Vigée Lebrun , Marie-Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Le Brun painted a half-length portrait of the Duchess de Guiche wearing a blue turban , in Directoire style . She wrote : '' ... I encountered the Duchesse de Guiche , whose lovely face had not changed in the least . ''   On 30 March 1803 , Aglaé de Polignac died in an accidental house fire at her home in Edinburgh , Scotland .   Category :1768 births  Category :1803 deaths  Category :18 th-century French people  Category : Accidental deaths in Scotland  Category : Deaths from fire  Category : People from Versailles  Category : Polignac family

neg: History of fashion design The history of fashion design refers to the development of the fashion industry which designs clothing and accessories . The modern industry , based around firms or fashion houses run by individual designers , started in the 19th century with Charles Frederick Worth who was the first designer to have his label sewn into the garments that he created .   Couture beginnings . Rose Bertin ( July 2 , 1747 -- September 22 , 1813 ) was the dressmaker named bill to Marie Antoinette , Queen of France , and a high public profile . Sometimes called sarcastically the `` Minister of Fashion '' , she opened a shop in Paris and had a considerable influence on Parisian style , until this was drastically changed by the French Revolution , from which she fled into exile in London for some years .   An outsider to the French Court , Marie Antoinette relied on Bertin 's meticulous designs to help her `` to combat her enemies with style '' . -LSB- 1 -RSB- Marie Antoinette 's unique fashion preferences such as masculine riding breeches or simple muslin shift dressed , contrasted sharply with her elaborate gowns as the Queen attempted to create a persona that would allow the citizens of France to connect with her and her lifestyle . Although Marie Antoinette 's attempts were largely unsuccessful , the ways Bertin helped the Queen articulate herself through fashion were groundbreaking and set a precedent for monarchs who followed . -LSB- 2 -RSB-   An Englishman living in Paris , Charles Frederick Worth ( 1825 - 1905 ) is usually seen as the first designer in something like the modern sense , with a large business employing many largely anonymous tailors and seamstresses . A former draper , Worth 's success was such that he was able to dictate what they should wear to his customers . Launched into the spotlight as the Empress Eugénie 's primary designer , Worth used his royal connections to gain recognition and clients . The proclamation on February 1 , 1853 by Napolón III that no visitors would be received to his court without formal dress meant that the popularity of Worth-style gowns was overwhelming . Ornately decorated and constructed from the finest materials , Worth 's gowns are well known for their crinolines ( cage-like metal structures that held the dress out in a stylish shape .  Throughout the early 20th century , practically all high fashion originated in Paris and to a lesser extent London . Fashion magazines from other countries sent editors to the Paris fashion shows . Department stores sent buyers to the Paris shows , where they purchased garments to copy ( and openly stole the style lines and trim details of others ) . Both made-to-measure salons and ready-to-wear departments featured the latest Paris trends , adapted to the stores ' assumptions about the lifestyles and pocket books of their targeted customers .   At this time in history the division between haute couture and ready-to-wear was not sharply defined . The two separate modes of production were still far from being competitors and they often co-existed in houses where the seamstresses moved freely between made-to-measure and ready-made .   Around the start of the 20th century fashion magazines began to include photographs and became even more influential . Throughout the world these magazines were greatly sought-after and had a profound effect on public taste . Talented illustrators - among them Paul Iribe , Georges Lepape , Erté , and George Barbier - drew attractive fashion plates for these publications , which covered the most recent developments in fashion and beauty . Perhaps the most famous of these magazines was La Gazette du Bon Ton which was founded in 1912 by Lucien Vogel and regularly published until 1925 .

neg: Dauphin of France The Dauphin of France ( -LSB- pronˈdɔːfᵻn -RSB- , also -LSB- ˈdəufæn -RSB- and -LSB- douˈfæn -RSB- Dauphin de France , -LSB- dofɛ̃ -RSB- ) -- strictly The Dauphin of Viennois ( Dauphin de Viennois ) -- was the title given to the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350 to 1791 and 1824 to 1830 . The word is French for dolphin , as a reference to the depiction of the animal on their coat of arms .

neg: Princess Maria Carolina of Savoy Maria Carolina of Savoy ( Maria Carolina Antonietta Adelaide ; 17 January 1764 -- 28 December 1782 ) was a Princess of Savoy from her birth . She was the youngest daughter of the future Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and married in 1781 to the Electoral Prince of Saxony . She died of Smallpox aged eighteen .

neg: 18th century The 18th century lasted from January 1 , 1701 to December 31 , 1800 in the Gregorian calendar . During the 18th century , the Enlightenment culminated in the French and American revolutions . Philosophy and science increased in prominence . Philosophers dreamed of a brighter age . This dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789 - , though later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror ( 1793-1794 ) under Maximilien Robespierre . At first , many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals , but with the French Revolution they feared losing their power and formed broad coalitions for the counter-revolution . The Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion , taking part in no European wars from 1740 to 1768 . As a consequence the empire did not share in Europe 's military improvements during the Seven Years ' War ( 1756-1763 ) , causing its military to fall behind and suffer defeats against Russia in the second half of the century .   The 18th century also marked the end of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth as an independent state . The once-powerful and vast kingdom , which had once conquered Moscow and defeated great Ottoman armies , collapsed under numerous invasions . Its semi-democratic government system was not robust enough to rival the neighboring monarchies of the Kingdom of Prussia , the Russian Empire and the Archduchy of Austria which divided the Commonwealth territories between themselves , changing the landscape of Central European politics for the next hundred years .   European colonization of the Americas and other parts of the world intensified and associated mass migrations of people grew in size as the Age of Sail continued . Great Britain became a major power worldwide with the defeat of France in North America in the 1760s and the conquest of large parts of India . However , Britain lost many of its North American colonies after the American Revolution , which resulted in the formation of the newly independent United States of America . The Industrial Revolution started in Britain in the 1770s with the production of the improved steam engine . Despite its modest beginnings in the 18th century , steam-powered machinery would radically change human society and the environment .   Western historians have occasionally defined the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work . For example , the `` short '' 18th century may be defined as 1715 -- 1789 , denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution , with an emphasis on directly interconnected events . To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements , the `` long '' 18th century may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 or even later .

neg: Maria Josepha of Austria Maria Josepha of Austria ( Maria Josepha Benedikta Antonia Theresia Xaveria Philippine , Maria Józefa 8 December 1699 -- 17 November 1757 ) was born an Archduchess of Austria , and from 1711 to 1717 was heir presumptive to the Habsburg Empire . By her marriage to Augustus III of Poland she was the Electress of Saxony and Queen consort of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth .

neg: Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ de Tourzel Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ de Tourzel ( Louise Élisabeth Félicité Françoise Armande Anne Marie Jeanne Joséphine de Croÿ de Tourzel ) 11 June 1749 -- 15 May 1832 ) , the Marquise de Tourzel ( later Duchess ) was a French noblewoman and courtier to the royal court of King Louis XVI . She was the last governess to the royal children of Louis and his wife , Queen Marie Antoinette . Decades after the French Revolution , de Tourzel published widely read memoirs , which presented a unique perspective on the royal family .

neg: Louise Bénédicte de Bourbon Louise Bénédicte de Bourbon ( Anne Louise Bénédicte ; 8 November 1676 -- 23 January 1753 ) , was the daughter of Henri Jules de Bourbon , Prince of Condé and Anne Henriette of Bavaria . As a member of the reigning House of Bourbon , she was a princesse du sang . Forced to marry the Duke of Maine , legitimised son of Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan , she revelled in politics and the arts , and held a popular salon at the Hôtel du Maine as well as at the Château de Sceaux .

neg: Teatro Nacional de São Carlos The Teatro Nacional de São Carlos ( -LSB- tiˈatɾu nɐsiuˈnaɫ dɨ sɐ̃w̃ ˈkaɾluʃ -RSB- ) ( National Theatre of Saint Charles ) is an opera house in Lisbon , Portugal . It was opened on July 30 , 1793 by Queen Maria I as a replacement for the Tejo Opera House , which was destroyed in the 1755 Lisbon earthquake . The theatre is located in the historical center of Lisbon , in the Chiado district .   In 1792 , a group of Lisbon businessmen decided to finance the construction of a new Opera House in the city . The theatre was built in only six months following a design by Portuguese architect José da Costa e Silva , with neoclassical and rococo elements . The general project is clearly inspired by great Italian theatres like the San Carlo of Naples ( interior ) and La Scala in Milan ( interior and façade ) . In the early 19th century , when the Portuguese Royal Court had to flee to the Portuguese colony of Brazil to escape the invading Napoleonic troops , a theatre modelled on the São Carlos was built in Rio de Janeiro .   The main façade has a decorated clock , the Portuguese coats-of-arms and an arched entrance hall ( a portico ) . The theatre was named after the Princess Charlotte of Spain , who had come to Portugal in 1790 to marry the future King , Prince John : Carlos ( Portuguese form of Charles ) is the masculine form of Charlotte .  A Latin commemorative inscription dedicates the theatre to the princess .   The main room is elliptic , has five tiers of boxes and seats 1148 people . The luxurious royal box was lavishly decorated by the Italian Giovanni Appianni . The ceiling was painted by Manuel da Costa and the stage by Cirilo Wolkmar Machado .   The first opera presented here , in 1793 , was La Ballerina Amante , by Domenico Cimarosa . The most famous Portuguese composer of the time , Marcos Portugal , became musical director of the São Carlos in 1800 after returning from Italy , and many of his operas were staged here .   Between 1828 and 1834 , the São Carlos was closed during the Portuguese Civil War , fought between kings Miguel I and Pedro IV . In 1850 , the lighting of the interior was changed to gas illumination , the latest technology available . Shortly afterwards , the Portuguese state bought the theatre from private investors . After a few failed attempts , electrical illumination was installed in 1887 . From 1935 to 1940 , the theatre was closed for repairs .   In 1974 , a resident opera company was established . In 1993 , the Orquestra Sinfónica Portuguesa was created as the Teatro 's affiliate orchestra , with Álvaro Cassuto as the orchestra 's first principal conductor . Subsequent principal conductors of the Orquestra Sinfónica Portuguesa have included José Ramón Encinar ( 1999-2001 ) , Zoltán Peskó ( 2001-2004 ) and Julia Jones ( 2008-2011 ) . Since January 2014 , the orchestra 's principal conductor is Joana Carneiro .

neg: Maria Anna of Savoy, Duchess of Chablais Maria Anna of Savoy ( Maria Anna Carlota Gabriela ; 17 December 1757 -- 11 October 1824 ) was a Princess of Savoy by birth and Duchess of Chablais by her marriage to her uncle .   Born at the Royal Palace of Turin , she was the sixth child of Prince Victor Amadeus , Duke of Savoy and , since 1773 , King of Sardinia , by his wife , Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain , as daughter of Philip V.   Maria Anna was the fourth but third surviving daughter of her parents . Her two older sisters were the future `` grand daughters in law '' of Louis XV of France , Princess Maria Giuseppina , who married the future Louis XVIII of France in 1771 and Princess Maria Teresa , who married the future Charles X of France in 1773 . Their younger surviving sister , Maria Carolina , married Anthony of Saxony .   Three of her brothers were the last three Kings of Sardinia from the senior line of the House of Savoy : the future Charles Emmanuel IV , Victor Emmanuel I and Charles Felix . After the death of the last one in 1831 without issue , the throne passed to Charles Albert , Prince of Carignano and next legitimate male heir .

neg: Princess Thérèse of France Thérèse de France , ( Marie Thérèse Félicité ; 16 May 1736 -- 28 September 1744 ) was a French Princesse du Sang .

neg: Princess Antoinette of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld Princess Antoinette of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld ( Antoinette Ernestine Amalie ; 28 August 1779 -- 14 March 1824 ) was a German princess of the House of Wettin . By marriage , she was a Duchess of Württemberg . Through her eldest surviving son , she is the ancestress of today 's ( Catholic ) House of Württemberg .   Born in Coburg , she was the second daughter of Francis , Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Countess Augusta Reuss-Ebersdorf . She was also the elder sister of King Leopold I of Belgium and the aunt of both Queen Victoria and her husband , Prince Albert . Her maternal grandparents were Heinrich XXIV , Count Reuß-Ebersdorf and Karoline Ernestine von Erbach-Schönberg , and her paternal grandparents were Ernst Friedrich and Antoinette of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel .

neg: Rose Bertin Marie-Jeanne Rose Bertin ( 2 July 1747 , Abbeville , Picardy , France -- 22 September 1813 , Épinay-sur-Seine ) was a French milliner and dressmaker to Queen Marie Antoinette . She was the first celebrated French fashion designer and is widely credited with having brought fashion and haute couture to the forefront of popular culture .

neg: Salle du Manège The indoor riding academy called the Salle du Manège ( -LSB- sal dy manɛʒ -RSB- ) was the seat of deliberations during most of the French Revolution , from 1789 to 1798 .   Before the revolution , the Salle du Manège ( `` Riding Hall '' ) , situated along the north end of the Tuileries Gardens to the west of the Tuileries Palace in Paris , was home to the royal equestrian academy . Built during the minority of Louis XV , when it lay conveniently close to the Regent 's Palais Royal , it was allowed to pass afterwards from hand to hand as the site of privately conducted riding schools , though it was never formally sold .   On 9 November 1789 the National Constituent Assembly , formerly the Estates-General of 1789 , moved its deliberations from Versailles to the Tuileries in pursuit of Louis XVI of France and installed itself in the Salle du Manège on the palace grounds . Having nationalised the goods of the Church , the Assemblée nationale , requiring more space than the Manège alone could provide , extended its occupation to two adjacent convents , those of the Capuchins , which soon housed the Revolutionary printing presses in its former refectory , and of the Feuillants , whose handsome library received the archives of the Assemblée .   The proportions of the Salle du Manège , ten times as long as it was wide , offered poor acoustics for the debates that went on continually under its high vaults . Six tiers of banquettes permitted space for the deputies , ranged on either side of the central tribune , initially planned for the orators ' podium . Seated together for solidarity , the deputies seated themselves according to their political opinions , to right and to left of the president 's desk , The Mountain and the Girondins , with The Plain seated in the lowest rank of banquettes , from which they were wont to cross to the opposite side , as their opinions dictated . The public found places to witness the spectacle at either end of the hall and in the loge seats above .   In 1792 the Salle du Manège became the venue for the National Convention . In 1795 under the French Directory , the Council of 500 sat in the structure until the body moved to the Palais-Bourbon in 1798 . In 1799 , the Jacobin Club du Manège had its headquarters there .   It would seem that 19th century references to the art of `` manège , '' to describe a style of equestrian riding , derive from here . A March 1847 edition of The Illustrated London News described a performance of Pablo Fanque , the 19th century equestrian and circus performer thus : `` This extraordinary feat of the manège has proved very attractive , as we anticipated in our Journal of last week ; and we have judged the success worthy of graphic commemoration ... '' Further , the paper said , `` Mr. Pablo has trained his black mare to do the most extraordinary feats of the manege , an art hitherto considered to belong only to the French and German professors of equitation , and her style certainly far exceeds anything that has ever yet been brought from the Continent . ''

neg: Françoise de Graffigny Françoise de Graffigny , née d'Issembourg Du Buisson d'Happoncourt ( 11 February 1695 - 12 December 1758 ) , was a French novelist , playwright and salon hostess .   Initially famous as the author of Lettres d'une Péruvienne , a novel published in 1747 , she became the world 's best-known living woman writer after the success of her sentimental comedy , Cénie , in 1750 . Her reputation as a dramatist suffered when her second play at the Comédie-Française , La Fille d'Aristide , was a flop in 1758 , and even her novel fell out of favor after 1830 . From then until the last third of the twentieth century , she was almost forgotten , but thanks to new scholarship and the interest in women writers generated by the feminist movement , Françoise de Graffigny is now regarded as one of the major French writers of the eighteenth century .

neg: Ancienne Laiterie de Madame The Ancienne Laiterie de Madame is a dairy built by Jean-François-Thérèse Chalgrin in 1780 for Marie Josephine Louise of Savoy , spouse of Louis XVIII of France located in Versailles .

neg: Antoinette de Bourbon Antoinette de Bourbon ( 25 December 1493 -- 22 January 1583 ) was a French noblewoman of the House of Bourbon . She was the wife of Claude de Lorraine , Duke of Guise . Through her eldest daughter , Mary of Guise , Queen consort of King James V of Scotland , she was the maternal grandmother of Mary , Queen of Scots .

neg: Princess Cecilia of Sweden Cecilia of Sweden , ( Swedish : Cecilia Gustavsdotter Vasa ) ( 16 November 1540 in Stockholm -- 27 January 1627 in Brussels ) , was Princess of Sweden as the daughter of King Gustav I and his second queen , Margaret Leijonhufvud , and Margravine of Baden-Rodemachern through marriage with Christopher II , Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern . She is the most famous of the daughters of Gustav Vasa , known for a courtship scandal in connection with a sister 's wedding and for a lengthy stay in England under Elizabeth I where her first child was born .

neg: Marie Anne de Bourbon (1689–1720) Marie Anne de Bourbon ( 18 April 1689 -- 21 March 1720 ) was a princess of the blood at the French court of Versailles . She was the first wife of Louis Henri de Bourbon and as such was the Duchess of Bourbon and Princess of Condé by marriage . She died childless during the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans . She was known as the younger duchess as opposed to her mother-in-law , the older duchess . Despite her husband being the Prince of Condé , he continued to use the title of Duke of Bourbon , the title by which his wife was known .


query: Coca is grown as a cash crop in Bolivia.

pos: Coca Coca is any of the four cultivated plants in the family Erythroxylaceae , native to western South America .   The plant is grown as a cash crop in Argentina , Bolivia , Colombia , Ecuador , and Peru , even in areas where its cultivation is unlawful .  There are some reports that the plant is being cultivated in the south of Mexico as a cash crop and an alternative to smuggling its recreational product cocaine .  It also plays a role in many traditional Andean cultures as well as the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta ( see Traditional uses ) . Coca is known throughout the world for its psychoactive alkaloid , cocaine . The alkaloid content of coca leaves is relatively low , between 0.25 % and 0.77 % . The native people use it for a stimulant , like coffee , an energy source . Coca leaf extract had been used in Coca-Cola products since 1885 , with cocaine being completely eliminated from the products in or around 1929 . Extraction of cocaine from coca requires several solvents and a chemical process known as an acid / base extraction , which can fairly easily extract the alkaloids from the plant .

neg: List of birds of Bolivia This is a list of the bird species recorded in Bolivia . The avifauna of Bolivia has 1381 species ( 1382 according to Clements ; see puffbirds ) . Fifteen are endemic , two have been introduced by humans , and 19 are rare or accidental . An additional 38 species are hypothetical ( see below ) .   This list 's taxonomic treatment ( designation and sequence of orders , families , and species ) and nomenclature ( common and scientific names ) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World , 2016 edition . The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy , as do the species counts found in each family account . Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts . Except as an entry is cited otherwise , the list of species is that of the South American Classification Committee ( SACC ) of the American Ornithologists ' Union . The taxonomy used by the SACC differs from `` Clements '' , and significant differences in names are noted . Differences from `` Clements '' in the sequence of orders , families , and species within families are not noted .  The following tags have been used to highlight certain categories , but not all species fall into one of these categories . Those that do not are commonly occurring native species .   ( A ) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Bolivia  ( E ) Endemic - a species endemic to Bolivia  ( I ) Introduced - a species introduced to Bolivia as a consequence , direct or indirect , of human actions  ( H ) Hypothetical - a species recorded but with `` no tangible evidence '' according to the SACC

neg: Economic history of Colombia This article is about the economic history of Colombia and its evolution from precolonial to modern times .

neg: Cotacachi Canton Cotacachi is a canton of Imbabura province of Ecuador in South America . The name also refers to the city which is the seat of that canton , one of Ecuador 's leading artisanal manufacturers of leather goods , and to the dormant Volcan Cotacachi which overlooks the canton .   The city of Cotacachi holds a UNESCO medal for being free of illiteracy . In 2000 the canton of Cotacachi was declared the first ecological county of South America .   The name Cotacachi has many meanings . In `` Cara '' it means `` lake with women breast '' which refers to the general shape of the island in Laguna Cuicocha ; in Quichua it means powder salt . The ecosystems of the area and the native flora and fauna makes this canton one of the ecologically richest zones in South America . The area attracts tourists for bird-watching , camping , and fly fishing .   The weather in the area ranges from 9 to 25 degrees Celsius and is cooler in the evenings .   In the last decade Cotacachi has implemented a new system of local development by creating a city council . All the sectors of the society , from children to the ancient , rural and urban representatives participate in the council . Cotacachi is an example of development and progress .   Ascendant Corporation plans to raze to the ground the villages of Junín , Cerro Pelado , and El Triunfo in order to make ground for copper mining . Since the complete moratorium passed on all mining in Ecuador ( as of May 2008 ) , however , this has been delayed if not completely halted .   Pachakutik , a party of the indigenous population gained four of five seats in the area at the 2004 local elections . For the 2009-2014 period , Alberto Anrango ( supporter of the Alianza PAIS party ) was the mayor of Cotacachi . In 2014 , Jomar Cevallos , founder of the new party , Ally Kawsay ( `` Vivir Bien '' in Spanish , or `` Good Living '' in English ) , won the election for the 2015-2019 period .   Cotacachi is known for quality leather goods ; it has a number of shops on `` Leather Street '' that sell coats , jackets , shoes , and specialty items .

neg: Bolivia–Chile relations Interstate relations between the Republic of Chile and the Plurinational State of Bolivia have been strained ever since independence in the early 19th century because of the Atacama border dispute . Relations soured even more after Bolivia lost its coast to Chile during the War of the Pacific and became a landlocked country ( Bolivia still claims a corridor to the Pacific Ocean ) . Chile and Bolivia have maintained only consular relations since 1978 , when territorial negotiations failed and Bolivia decided to sever diplomatic relations with Chile . However , in spite of straining relationship , Chile and Bolivia still have economic treaties , supporting tourism and cooperations , therefore , trading between two nations is not affected from the territorial dispute .

neg: History of the Incas The Incas were most notable for establishing the Inca Empire in pre-Columbian America , which was centered in what is now Peru from 1438 to 1533 C.E. and represented the height of the Inca civilization . The Inca state was known as the Kingdom of Cusco before 1438 . Over the course of the Inca Empire , the Inca used conquest and peaceful assimilation to incorporate in their empire a large portion of western South America , centred on the Andean mountain ranges . However , shortly after the Inca Civil War , the last Sapa Inca ( emperor ) of the Inca Empire was captured and killed on the orders of the conquistador Francisco Pizarro , marking the beginning of Spanish rule . The remnants of the empire retreated to the remote jungles of Vilcabamba and established the small Neo-Inca State , which was conquered by the Dutch in 1572 .   The Quechua name was Tawantin Suyu which can be translated The Four Regions or The Four United Regions . Before the Quechua spelling reform it was written in Spanish as Tahuantinsuyo . Tawantin is a group of four things ( tawa `` four '' with the suffix - ntin which names a group ) ; suyu means `` region '' or `` province '' .   The empire was divided into four suyus , whose corners met at the capital , Cuzco ( Qosqo ) , in modern-day Peru .   The official language of the empire was Quechua , although over seven hundred local languages were spoken . The Inca leadership encouraged the worship of their gods , the foremost of which was Inti , the sun god .

neg: Rubber soldiers Rubber soldiers ( Portuguese : Soldados da borracha ) were people in Brazil which were compulsorily drafted to harvest rubber in the Amazon rainforest during World War II .   The `` rubber soldiers '' program was a consequence of the Brazil-United States Political-Military Agreement during the war , after the United States were cut off by Japan from its major supply of rubber in Malaysia . About 55,000 persons were mostly transferred from drought-stricken northeast areas and contributed to the second rubber boom in Brazil . They were enlisted into the Serviço Especial de Mobilização de Trabalhadores para a Amazônia ( SEMTA ; `` Special Service of Mobilization of Workers for the Amazon '' ) , with support of several other governmental organizations .   Each migrant signed a contract with SEMTA which offered a small salary for the worker during their transport to the Amazon region . Upon arrival , they received a payment of 60 % of the total profit which had been obtained with the rubber . The basic kit they received included basic clothing , eating equipment , a net , and a carton of Colomy cigarettes . After being recruited , the volunteers were placed in specially-built housing , under strict military watch , and then sent into the Amazon , on trips which could last two to three months .   For many workers , it was a one-way journey . About 30,000 rubber workers died abandoned in the Amazon , after having exhausted their energies extracting the `` white gold . '' They died of malaria , yellow fever , and hepatitis , and were attacked by animals such as panthers , serpents , and scorpions . The Brazilian government also did not fulfill its promise to return the `` rubber soldiers '' to their homes at the end of the war as heroes and with housing comparable to that of the military .

neg: Lowland Peruvian Quechua Lowland Peruvian Quechua , or Chachapoyas -- Lamas Quechua , are Quechuan languages spoken in the lowlands of northern Peru . The two principal varieties are ,  Lamas Quechua , or San Martín Quechua ( Lamista , Llakwash Runashimi ) , spoken in Lamas Province in San Martín Region and in some villages on the Huallaga River in the Ucayali Region by some 15,000 people  Chachapoyas Quechua or Amazonas Quechua , spoken in Chachapoyas Province and Luya Province in the Amazonas Region by some 7000 people  Inga Kichwa , spoken in the province of Datem del Marañón in the Loreto Region along the Huasaga , Manchari , and Pastaza rivers by approximately 3500 people .   Few children are learning Chachapoyas Quechua . Conila is said to be the last village where children are able to speak it .   Lowland Peruvian Quechua is quite similar in pronunciation to the Ecuadorian Kichwa language . However , it has not been grammatically simplified ( creolized ? ) to the same extent . For example , Lowland Peruvian maintains the inclusive/exclusive distinction for `` we '' .

neg: Rice production in Vietnam Rice production in Vietnam in the Mekong and Red River deltas is important to the food supply in the country and national economy . Vietnam is one of world 's richest agricultural regions and is the second-largest ( after Thailand ) exporter worldwide and the world 's seventh-largest consumer of rice . The Mekong Delta is the heart of the rice producing region of the country where water , boats , houses and markets coexist to produce a generous harvest of rice . Vietnam 's land area of 33 million ha has three ecosystems that dictate rice culture . These are the southern delta ( with its Mekong Delta dominating rice coverage ) , the northern delta ( the tropical monsoon area with cold winters ) and the highlands of the north ( with upland rice varieties ) . The most prominent irrigated rice system is the Mekong Delta . Rice is a staple of the national diet and is seen as a `` gift from God '' .   The Mekong River and its tributaries are crucial to rice production in Vietnam . A total of 12 provinces constitute the Mekong Delta , popularly known as the `` Rice Bowl '' of Vietnam , which contain some 17 million people and 80 % of them are engaged in rice cultivation . The delta produced bountiful harvest of about 20 million tons in 2008 , about a half of the country 's total production . The rice bowl has assured food security to its population whose 75 % of daily calories are met by rice , which is also the staple diet of nearly 50 % of world 's population of 7.4-billion people .   Within the delta system dominated by rice , now the farming system also includes activities related to aquaculture , rearing of animals , cash crops and fruit trees . Under aquaculture fresh and saline water shrimp are raised within the paddy rice fields . As a further environmental zoning of the delta , mangrove forests are also developed .

neg: Bolivian Constituent Assembly of 2006–07 The Bolivian Constituent Assembly , convened on August 6 , 2006 in Sucre , with the purpose of drafting a new national constitution by December 14 , 2007 ; extended from the original deadline of August 6 , 2007 . The Assembly approved the new Political Constitution of the State on 9 December 2007 . It was put to a national referendum held on 25 January 2009 , and went into force on 7 February 2009 .   Disputes over the content of this text and procedures of its approval aggravated political conflict in Bolivia , including violent conflicts in Sucre and Cochabamba . Opposition and conservative sectors including the `` media luna '' denounced the text claiming the procedure of its passage was illegal , passed with a third of constituent delegates absent ( from minority conservative parties ) . Despite inclusive wording of the text , opponents have claimed the new document only represents indigenous peoples , discriminating against mixed ( mestizo ) , white ( European ) populations .   Prior Constituent Assemblies , or other bodies empowered with rewriting Bolivia 's Constitution have taken place on at least 17 occasions since 1826 .

neg: Balloon effect The balloon effect is an often-cited criticism of United States drug policy . The name draws an analogy between efforts to eradicate the production of illegal drugs in South American countries and the phenomenon of the same name when a latex balloon is squeezed : The air is moved , but does not disappear , instead moving into another area of less resistance .   Examples of this displacement in drug traffic include :  Fumigation of marijuana in Mexico caused production to migrate to Colombia .  Marijuana crackdowns in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta moved activity to Cauca .  In the late 1990s , coca was largely eradicated in Peru and Bolivia , only to be replaced by new crops in Colombia .  Recently , with the intense spraying in the Colombian Putumayo Department , coca has been planted in other departments including Arauca , Cauca , Caquetá , Guaviare , Huila , Meta , Nariño , and Santander .   As described in The Economist :   Brazil and the Southern Cone ( Chile , Uruguay , Paraguay , Argentina ) neglected their respective drug trafficking issues and due to the concentration on the Andean region , these were neglected by the United States as well . These nations ignored the problem primarily due to its slow introduction and penetration into their society , the insistence from the U.S. that the sources of the drugs was the only problem and because the governments at the time were more concerned with foreign debt , inflation , economic growth , civil-military relations and political survival . The United States continued to increase their anti-drug operations in the Andean region resulting in displacement . This means that the U.S. tactics forced the drug traffickers to search for safer areas with less government pressure to eliminate the flow of narcotics . The drug traffickers took advantage of the neglected Southern Cone and began shifting their routes , locations for cocaine laboratories and money laundering centres . These shifts have also created growing drug consumption issues among the Southern Cone countries . While the role of the Southern Cone had been that of a transhipment point for cocaine produced in the Andean region , further evidence appeared to indicate that in fact since 1984 the region had been used extensively by Colombian and Bolivian drug traffickers . Cocaine labs were found in Northern and Western Brazil and in Argentina . It was also found that Uruguay and Chile had become major financial centres for money laundering after the invasion of Panama . Uruguay was particularly attractive as it has one of the most open banking systems in the Western hemisphere and the government has always put great emphasis on having tight bank secrecy laws .

neg: Wichhu Qullu Wichhu Qullu ( Aymara jichu , wichhu a kind of grass ( stipa ichu ) , qullu mountain , `` stipa ichu mountain '' , also spelled Huichu Kkollu , Huichocollo , Wichocollo , Wichu Kkollu , Wichukkollu ) may refer to :   Wichhu Qullu ( Cercado ) , a mountain in the Cercado Province , Oruro Department , Bolivia  Wichhu Qullu ( Cochabamba ) , a mountain in the Cochabamba Department , Bolivia  Wichhu Qullu ( Sajama ) , a mountain in the Sajama Province , Oruro Department , Bolivia

neg: Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act The Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act ( ATPDEA ) is a trade preference system by which the United States grants duty-free access to a wide range of exports from four Andean countries : Bolivia , Colombia , Ecuador and Peru . It was enacted on October 31 , 2002 as a replacement for the similar Andean Trade Preference Act ( ATPA ) . The purpose of this preference system is to foster economic development in the Andean countries to provide alternatives to coca production . Bolivia has installed capacity to industrialize coca production and its derivatives , since coca has no narcotic effects , but the United States does not make any difference between coca anc cocaine . Thus , the U.S. governmente eliminated this `` preference '' .

neg: Lima Lima ( -LSB- ˈliːmə -RSB- , Spanish : -LSB- ˈlima -RSB- , Quechua : -LSB- ˈlima -RSB- , Aymara : -LSB- - allˈlima -RSB- ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 10 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by `` city proper '' ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City .   Lima was founded by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro on January 18 , 1535 , as Ciudad de los Reyes . It became the capital and most important city in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area .   Lima is home to one of the oldest higher-learning institutions in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on May 12 , 1551 during the Spanish colonial regime , is the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas .   In October 2013 Lima was chosen to host the 2019 Pan American Games . It also hosted the December 2014 United Nations Climate Change Conference and the Miss Universe 1982 pageant .   In October 2015 Lima hosted the 2015 Annual Meetings of the World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund .

neg: War of the Vicuñas and Basques The War of the Vicuñas and Basques ( Guerra de Vicuñas y Vascongados ) , or sometimes just Vicuña War , was an armed conflict in Alto Perú , present-day Bolivia , that lasted between June 1622 and March 1625 , fought between Basques and `` Vicuñas '' ( an informal term for non-Basque Spaniards in Alto Perú , a name obtained through the habit of wearing hats made of vicuña skins ) .   Competition over the control of the silver mines in Potosí , Lípez and Chichas surged in the early 17th century , pitting Basques and Vicuñas against each other . The Vicuñas had initially employed legal and political measures attempting to block the Basque attempts to monopolize control over the Cabildo ( municipal government ) of Potosí and the silver mining sector . However , these efforts did not yield results . Violent incidents began in 1615 , and escalated in 1622 following the assassination of a Basque of a street in Potosí .   The Vicuñas were led by Antonio Xeldres . The creole , Mestizo and indigenous populations largely sided with the Vicuñas . The Vicuñas themselves were not always unified , though , as they suffered from internal feuds between Andalusians on one hand and New Castillians and Extremadurans on the other ( the former group eventually withdrew from the rebellion ) .   The war pitted different sectors of the viceregal administration against each other , as some supported the Basque claims for hegemony whilst others had a conciliatory approach to the Vicuña rebels . Personalities involved in the conflict included the president and oidores of the Royal Audiencia of Charcas , treasury officials and the corregidor of Potosí and the visitador ( sent to the area in order to audit fiscal accounts ) .   The Vicuña rebels had killed 64 men by March 1624 . However , the Basque control over the city and the mines had not been broken . Basque leaders pleaded to the King of Spain , Philip IV , to intervene . The King in return ordered the Viceroy of Peru to act decisively against the Vicuñas . Between 1624 and 1625 , the viceregal authorities managed to capture several key Vicuña leaders , executing forty of them .   The war would last for three years . The war did not end in any decisive victory for any side , but rather as a result of mutual exhaustion . An agreement to end hostilities was reached . The marriage between the children of two of the leaders of the opposing camps , the son of the Basque leader Francisco Oyanume and the daughter of the Vicuña general Castillo , was part of the settlement of the conflict . In April 1625 , a royal decree was issued , pardoning all Vicuñas fighters except those having committed blood crimes . Some Vicuñas continued acts of banditry in the following years , but without the ethnic or political overtones as during the war with the Basques . Basque-Vicuña rivalry did , however , continue for a century .   On March 15 , 1626 , the ingenios of Potosí were destroyed by massive flooding . This event was interpreted as a divine punishment for the past violences .   Later histiography has sought to emphasize the socio-economic contradictions as catalysts for the war , framing it as class warfare .

neg: Andean states The Andean States ( Estados Andinos ) are a group of nations in South America connected by the Andes mountain range . `` Andean States '' is sometimes used to refer to all seven countries that the Andes runs through , regions with a shared culture primarily spread during the times of the Inca Empire ( such as the Quechua language and Andean cuisine ) , or it can be used in a geopolitical sense to designate countries in the region that are members of the Andean Community trade group and have a local ( as opposed to European ) cultural orientation .   The Andes extend through the western part of South America in following countries :        ( not considered to be geopolitically an Andean State )  ( not considered to be geopolitically an Andean State )   When grouped as `` the Andean states '' , the emphasis is on the mountainous regions of these countries . For example , the Argentine pampas are not part of the Andean region , but western Argentina along with Chile is part of the Andean region , and has cultural continuities with its Andean neighbors . Venezuela , Colombia , Peru , Ecuador and Bolivia are part of the Andean Community ( a trade grouping ) , and each contains Amazon Rainforest and Amazonian indigenous people as well as Andean mountains .

neg: Huaricanga Huaricanga is the earliest city of the Norte Chico civilization . It existed around 3500 BCE and was the oldest city in the Americas and one of the earliest cities in the world . '' This Late Archaic site is located in the Fortaleza Valley on Peru 's north central coast . It is 14 miles inland from the Pacific Ocean . The site covers a total area of 100 hectares , and is the largest Late Archaic construction in the Norte Chico region . Currently , the Pativilca-Huaraz highway divides the site . The current site consists of two mounds , the larger of which measures roughly two football fields in length . Near this larger mound were two standing stones , known as huancas , which are believed to hold some sacred ceremonial purpose . Huaricanga also served as a religious center , and residents would persuade fishermen and inhabitants of the nearby highlands to participate in seasonal rituals .   Additionally , there is a third , U shaped mound located above the river floodplain at Huaricanga . It is known as El Castillo de Huaricanga , and judging from the ceramics found at the site , it was from the Initial Period ( 1800-900 BC ) . During this time and during the Early Horizon Period ( 900-200 BC ) , El Castillo de Huaricanga served as a stop for travelers on their way to the major religious site of Chavin de Huantar .   The site of Huaricanga has been excavated in 2003 and 2007 by PANC ( Proyecto Arqueológico Norte Chico ) . The 2007 excavation uncovered evidence of a structure that consisted of a two level floor , a surrounding bench , a central fire pit , and niched walls . This indicates that the temple was constructed in the Mito architectural tradition , which is also seen in the Peruvian highlands . However , using radiocarbon dating , the structure has been confirmed to be constructed around 2560 BC . This means that this temple predates even the earliest known examples of the Mito tradition . A range of samples was tested , including mixed plant fibers , bag fibers , and charcoal .   The land in and around Huaricanga consists mainly of rock and dirt , with very few trees . The climate is generally dry . The ancient people of Huaricanga were completely dependent on irrigation for the growth of their crops . Some experts theorize that an increased frequency of the weather phenomenon El Niño worsened fishing conditions , driving people inland towards sites such as Huaricanga .

neg: Black cocaine Black cocaine , also known as Coca Negra , is a mixture of regular cocaine base or cocaine hydrochloride with various other substances . These other substances are added   to camouflage the typical appearance ( pigments and dyes , e.g. charcoal ) ,  to interfere with color-based drug tests ( mixing thiocyanates and iron salts or cobalt salts forms deep red complexes in solution ) ,  to make the mixture undetectable by drug sniffing dogs ( activated carbon may sufficiently absorb trace odors ) .   Since the result is usually black , it is generally smuggled as toner , fingerprint powder , fertilizer , pigment or metal moldings . The pure cocaine base can be recovered from the mixture by extraction ( freebase ) or acid-base extraction ( hydrochloride ) using common organic solvents such as acetone .   It was reported that in the mid-1980s Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet ordered his army to build a clandestine cocaine laboratory in Chile where chemists mixed cocaine with other chemicals to produce what Pinochet 's former top aide for intelligence Manuel Contreras described as a `` black cocaine '' capable of being smuggled past drug agents in the US and Europe .   Black cocaine was detected in Bogota , Colombia in May 1998 . In 2008 , a new type of black cocaine was discovered by police in Spain . It had been manufactured into rubber-like sheets and made into luggage .

neg: List of companies of Guatemala Guatemala is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west , the Pacific Ocean to the southwest , Belize to the northeast , the Caribbean to the east , Honduras to the east and El Salvador to the southeast . With an estimated population of around 15.8 million , it is the most populated state in Central America . A representative democracy , Guatemala 's capital and largest city is Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción , also known as Guatemala City .   Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) in purchasing power parity ( PPP ) in 2010 was estimated at $ 70.15 billion USD . The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 63 % , followed by the industry sector at 23.8 % and the agriculture sector at 13.2 % ( 2010 est. ) . Mines produce gold , silver , zinc , cobalt and nickel . The agricultural sector accounts for about two-fifths of exports , and half of the labor force . Organic coffee , sugar , textiles , fresh vegetables , and bananas are the country 's main exports . Inflation was 3.9 % in 2010 .

neg: Mission Vuelta al Campo Mission Vuelta al Campo ( `` Return to the Countryside '' ; implementation announced in mid-2005 ) is one of the Bolivarian Missions ( a series of anti-poverty and social welfare programs ) implemented by current Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez . Mission Vuelta al Campo seeks to encourage impoverished and unemployed urban Venezuelans to willingly return to the countryside .   Prior to the Chávez administration , Venezuela 's rural areas have seen substantial economic disinvestment , depopulation , and abandonment ever since oil wealth discoveries and extraction commenced in the early 20th century ; as a consequence Venezuela now has an urbanization rate of more than 85 % ( far higher than the average for both Latin America and the Third World and is , despite its vast tracts of highly fertile soil and arable land , a net food importer . The Ley de Tierras -- `` Law of the Lands '' -- was passed by presidential decree in November 2001 ; it included the creation of a Plan Zamora to implement land reforms , including redistribution , in Venezuelan agriculture . Underutilized or unused private corporate and agricultural estates would now be subject to expropriation after fair-market compensation was paid to the owners . Inheritable , inalienable , and at times communal land grants were also made to small farmers and farmer 's collectives . The rationale given for this program was that it would provide incentives for the eventual and gradual repopulation of the countryside and provide `` food security '' for the country by lessening the present dependence on foreign imports . There are three types of land that may be distributed under the program :  government land ,  land that is claimed by private owners , but whose claims the government disputes ,  and underutilized private land .  To date , the Chávez government has only distributed the first two types of land .   Mission Vuelta al Campo fits into this context by seeking to facilitate the willing migration of urban residents back to the countryside in order to receive the benefits of these redistributions . The Chávez government desires that , with increased small-scale farming and ranching by formerly poor , mostly slum-dwelling Venezuelans , both increased economic opportunities of the poor as well as the food sovereignty of Venezuela may be secured .