query: Leonardo da Vinci was not an engineer.

pos: Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( -LSB- leoˈnardo di ˌsɛr ˈpjɛːro da ( v ) ˈvintʃi -RSB- ; 15 April 14522 May 1519 ) , more commonly Leonardo da Vinci or simply Leonardo , was an Italian polymath whose areas of interest included invention , painting , sculpting , architecture , science , music , mathematics , engineering , literature , anatomy , geology , astronomy , botany , writing , history , and cartography . He has been variously called the father of palaeontology , ichnology , and architecture , and is widely considered one of the greatest painters of all time . Sometimes credited with the inventions of the parachute , helicopter and tank , he epitomised the Renaissance humanist ideal .   Many historians and scholars regard Leonardo as the prime exemplar of the `` Universal Genius '' or `` Renaissance Man '' , an individual of `` unquenchable curiosity '' and `` feverishly inventive imagination '' . According to art historian Helen Gardner , the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent in recorded history , and `` his mind and personality seem to us superhuman , while the man himself mysterious and remote '' . Marco Rosci notes that while there is much speculation regarding his life and personality , his view of the world was logical rather than mysterious , and that the empirical methods he employed were unorthodox for his time .   Born out of wedlock to a notary , Piero da Vinci , and a peasant woman , Caterina , in Vinci in the region of Florence , Leonardo was educated in the studio of the renowned Florentine painter Andrea del Verrocchio . Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of Ludovico il Moro in Milan . He later worked in Rome , Bologna and Venice , and he spent his last years in France at the home awarded to him by Francis I of France .   Leonardo was , and is , renowned primarily as a painter . Among his works , the Mona Lisa is the most famous and most parodied portrait and The Last Supper the most reproduced religious painting of all time . Leonardo 's drawing of the Vitruvian Man is also regarded as a cultural icon , being reproduced on items as varied as the euro coin , textbooks , and T-shirts . Perhaps fifteen of his paintings have survived.There are 15 significant artworks which are ascribed , either in whole or in large part , to Leonardo by most art historians . This number is made up principally of paintings on panel but includes a mural , a large drawing on paper and two works which are in the early stages of preparation . There are a number of other works that have also been variously attributed to Leonardo . Nevertheless , these few works , together with his notebooks , which contain drawings , scientific diagrams , and his thoughts on the nature of painting , compose a contribution to later generations of artists rivalled only by that of his contemporary , Michelangelo .   Leonardo is revered for his technological ingenuity . He conceptualised flying machines , a type of armoured fighting vehicle , concentrated solar power , an adding machine , and the double hull . Relatively few of his designs were constructed or even feasible during his lifetime , as the modern scientific approaches to metallurgy and engineering were only in their infancy during the Renaissance . Some of his smaller inventions , however , such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire , entered the world of manufacturing unheralded . A number of Leonardo 's most practical inventions are nowadays displayed as working models at the Museum of Vinci . He made substantial discoveries in anatomy , civil engineering , geology , optics , and hydrodynamics , but he did not publish his findings and they had no direct influence on later science .   Today , Leonardo is widely considered one of the most diversely talented individuals ever to have lived .

neg: Officine Ferroviarie Meridionali Officine Ferroviarie Meridionali or OFM was an Italian railway and rolling stock manufacturing company based at Naples . In 1915 , Ing Nicola Romeo and Co Ltd owned by Nicola Romeo bought Officine Ferroviarie Meridionali and two other factories producing railway locomotives and other rolling stock ( one was in Rome and another one in Saronno ) to support his automobile activities and his dream about aviation and airplanes .   By 1922 the OFM factory was only producing railway locomotives and similar rolling stock parts . Nicola Romeo following closely the success of Fiat , he considered that the OFM Naples factory and its workforce was suitable to be trained in order to produce aircraft parts and even a plane . The first aircraft parts constructed by OFM were for a Fiat contract and production started shortly . As Fiat 's factories were fully employed with other projects , OFM produced in 1923 the sesquiplane Fiat CR .1 fighter as a sub-manufacturer .  In parallel he was entrusted by the Banca Italiana di Sconto with managing its Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili ( ALFA ) , into which in 1918 he merged OFM to create Alfa Romeo . While this quickly became one of the world 's most famous automakers , the collapse of Banca Italiana di Sconto led Romeo to reacquire OFM . Through this he entered the aviation business in 1925 under the `` OFM -- Aeroplani Romeo '' brand .   Obsessed with his aviation factory dream , Nicola Romeo hired Alessandro Tonini as OFM 's chief designer . Tonini had a great experience in aerodynamics and airplane design as he had worked at Macchi on the flying boat fighter designs . OFM contacted Fokker and got production licence for the Fokker C.V. . It was built by the Naples factory in 1927 as the OFM Ro .1 . With the Ro .1 production line established , OFM turned its attention to its own first designs such as the Ro .1 Ridotto .   Nicola Romeo significantly changed the organisation of the company on October 27 , 1934 by splitting the OFM railway workshop and the aircraft business , creating , or possibly just officially recognising the aviation company as Societa Anonima Industrie Aeronautiche Romeo ( abbreviated as `` IAR '' ) , short titled as : Aeroplani Romeo , a name which had been in common usage for some time .   All OFM aircraft types from 1925 have been mistakenly referred as produced by IMAM which was the successor of OFM . The aircraft produced in Napoli by OFM from 1925 onwards frequently carried the inscription Aeroplani Romeo painted somewhere on the airframe . All the aircraft built by the company were popularly known as both OFMs and Romeos , but all were given the designation prefix Ro . For example Ro .37 had a data plate riveted on cockpit 's instrument panel with Aeroplani Romeo - SA Industrie Aeronautiche Romeo brand name on it .   In 1935 , OFM ( the railway workshop ) was sold to Società Italiana Ernesto Breda . Later , between 1935 and 1936 , Romeo also sold Societa Anonima Industrie Aeronautiche Romeo to Società Italiana Ernesto Breda , which combined the two companies into a single subsidiary organisation on October 1 , 1936 , the well known Industrie Meccaniche e Aeronautiche Meridionali ( Southern Mechanical and Aviation Industries ) , often shortened to Meridionali or IMAM .

neg: Technological unemployment Technological unemployment is the loss of jobs caused by technological change . Such change typically includes the introduction of labour-saving `` mechanical-muscle '' machines or more efficient `` mechanical-mind '' processes ( automation ) . Just as horses employed as prime movers were gradually made obsolete by the automobile , humans ' jobs have also been affected throughout modern history . Historical examples include artisan weavers reduced to poverty after the introduction of mechanised looms . During World War II , Alan Turing 's Bombe machine compressed and decoded thousands of man-years worth of encrypted data in a matter of hours . A contemporary example of technological unemployment is the displacement of retail cashiers by self-service tills .   That technological change can cause short-term job losses is widely accepted . The view that it can lead to lasting increases in unemployment has long been controversial . Participants in the technological unemployment debates can be broadly divided into optimists and pessimists . Optimists agree that innovation may be disruptive to jobs in the short term , yet hold that various compensation effects ensure there is never a long-term negative impact on jobs . Whereas pessimists contend that at least in some circumstances , new technologies can lead to a lasting decline in the total number of workers in employment . The phrase `` technological unemployment '' was popularised by John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s . Yet the issue of machines displacing human labour has been discussed since at least Aristotle 's time .   Prior to the 18th century both the elite and common people would generally take the pessimistic view on technological unemployment , at least in cases where the issue arose . Due to generally low unemployment in much of pre-modern history , the topic was rarely a prominent concern . In the 18th century fears over the impact of machinery on jobs intensified with the growth of mass unemployment , especially in Great Britain which was then at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution . Yet some economic thinkers began to argue against these fears , claiming that overall innovation would not have negative effects on jobs . These arguments were formalised in the early 19th century by the classical economists . During the second half of the 19th century , it became increasingly apparent that technological progress was benefiting all sections of society , including the working class . Concerns over the negative impact of innovation diminished . The term `` Luddite fallacy '' was coined to describe the thinking that innovation would have lasting harmful effects on employment .   The view that technology is unlikely to lead to long term unemployment has been repeatedly challenged by a minority of economists . In the early 1800s these included Ricardo himself . There were dozens of economists warning about technological unemployment during brief intensifications of the debate that spiked in the 1930s and 1960s . Especially in Europe , there were further warnings in the closing two decades of the twentieth century , as commentators noted an enduring rise in unemployment suffered by many industrialised nations since the 1970s . Yet a clear majority of both professional economists and the interested general public held the optimistic view through most of the 20th century .   In the second decade of the 21st century , a number of studies have been released suggesting that technological unemployment may be increasing worldwide . Further increases are forecast for the years to come . While many economists and commentators still argue such fears are unfounded , as was widely accepted for most of the previous two centuries , concern over technological unemployment is growing once again . A report in Wired in 2017 quotes knowledgeable people such as economist Gene Sperling and management professor Andrew McAfee on the idea that handling existing and impending job loss to automation is a `` significant issue '' . Regarding a recent claim by a political appointee that automation is not `` going to have any kind of big effect on the economy for the next 50 or 100 years , '' says McAfee , `` I do n't talk to anyone in the field who believes that . '' Innovations like Watson have the potential to render humans obsolete with the professional , white-collar , low-skilled , creative fields , and other `` mental jobs '' .

neg: Gothic architecture Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages . It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture . Originating in 12th century France and lasting into the 16th century , Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum ( `` French work '' ) with the term Gothic first appearing during the later part of the Renaissance . Its characteristics include the pointed arch , the ribbed vault ( which evolved from the joint vaulting of Romanesque architecture ) and the flying buttress . Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals , abbeys and churches of Europe . It is also the architecture of many castles , palaces , town halls , guild halls , universities and to a less prominent extent , private dwellings , such as dorms and rooms .   It is in the great churches and cathedrals and in a number of civic buildings that the Gothic style was expressed most powerfully , its characteristics lending themselves to appeals to the emotions , whether springing from faith or from civic pride . A great number of ecclesiastical buildings remain from this period , of which even the smallest are often structures of architectural distinction while many of the larger churches are considered priceless works of art and are listed with UNESCO as World Heritage Sites . For this reason a study of Gothic architecture is often largely a study of cathedrals and churches .   A series of Gothic revivals began in mid-18th century England , spread through 19th century Europe and continued , largely for ecclesiastical and university structures , into the 20th century .

neg: Palais des Papes The Palais des Papes ( English : Papal palace , lo Palais dei Papas in Occitan ) is a historical palace in Avignon , southern France , one of the largest and most important medieval Gothic buildings in Europe . Once a fortress and palace , the papal residence was the seat of Western Christianity during the 14th century . Six papal conclaves were held in the Palais , leading to the elections of Benedict XII in 1334 , Clement VI in 1342 , Innocent VI in 1352 , Urban V in 1362 , Gregory XI in 1370 and Antipope Benedict XIII in 1394 .   The Palais is actually two joined buildings : the old palais of Benedict XII , which sits on the impregnable rock of Doms , and the new palais of Clement VI , the most extravagant of the Avignon popes . Together they form the largest Gothic building of the Middle Ages , it is also one of the best examples of the International Gothic architectural style . The construction design was the work of two of France 's best architects , Pierre Peysson and Jean du Louvres and the lavish ornamentation was the work of two of the best students of the School of Siena ( Italy ) , Simone Martini and Matteo Giovanetti .   In addition , the papal library housed in the Palais ( the largest in Europe at the time with over 2,000 volumes ) , attracted a group of clerics passionate in the study of `` belle-lettres '' , amongst them the founder of Humanism , Petrarch . At the same time , composers , singers and musicians were drawn to the Great Chapel of the Palais . It was there that Clement VI appreciated the Mass of Notre-Dame of Guillaume de Machaut , there that Philippe de Vitry at the pope 's invitation presented his Ars Nova and there that Johannes Ciconia came to study .   Due to its immense size , the Palais was also the place where the general organisation of the Church began to change . It facilitated the centralisation of services and the adaption of operations in order to suit the needs of the papacy , creating a truly central administration for the Church . The manpower of the Curia ( Church administration ) , while 200 at the end of the 13th century , surpassed 300 at the beginning of the 14th century and reached 500 people in 1316 . To this were added over 1,000 lay officials working within the Palais .   Despite this , the Palais became obsolete when the papacy found it necessary to return to Rome . The hope of reuniting Latin and Orthodox Christians , along with the achievement of peace in the Papal States in Italy , made the case of returning stronger . Added to that was the strong conviction of both Urban V and Gregory XI that the seat of the papacy could only be the tomb of St Peter . Despite strong opposition from the Court of France and the College of Cardinals , both popes found the means to return to Rome , the first , on 30 April 1362 , the second on 13 September 1370 . This time , the return was absolute .   In the following centuries , the Palais lost all of its former glory , despite it serving as the seat of two anti-popes and many cardinals . It retained , however , a `` work of destruction '' aspect that French poets and writers such as Charles Forbes René de Montalembert have referred to over the centuries , with its powerful sense of beauty , simplicity , grandeur and immortality .   Since 1995 , the Palais des Papes has been classified , along with the historic center of Avignon , as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , under cultural criteria i , ii and iv .

neg: Leonardo da Vinci International Art Award The Leonardo da Vinci Award was established in 1975 by the Rotary Club of Florence as an annual international prize named after Leonardo da Vinci , to be presented to young people involved in the study of the sciences , technology , literature and the arts . Among the disciplines recognised and rewarded so far have been painting , sculpture , music , geology , architecture , medicine and nuclear physics . The 21st Leonardo da Vinci Prize was recently presented to the brilliant young pianist Johan Schmidt . The prize giving event has been hosted by other European Rotary Clubs in cities such as Tours , Vienna , Athens , Madrid , Würzburg , Brussels and Amsterdam . This event was last held in London in 1987 , when the prize was awarded to the internationally recognised percussionist Evelyn Glennie . In 1996 1/2 the Rotary Club of London will again be responsible for hosting the prize-giving ceremony .

neg: Early modern Europe Early modern Europe is the period of European history between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution , roughly the late 15th century to the late 18th century . Historians variously mark the beginning of the early modern period with the invention of moveable type printing in the 1450s , the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , the end of the Wars of the Roses in 1487 , the beginning of the High Renaissance in Italy in the 1490s , the end of the Reconquista and subsequent voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492 , or the start of the Protestant Reformation in 1517 . The precise dates of its end point also vary and are usually linked with either the start of the French Revolution in 1789 or with the more vaguely defined beginning of the Industrial Revolution in late 18th century Britain .   Some of the more notable trends and events of the early modern period included the Reformation and the religious conflicts it provoked ( including the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years ' War ) , the rise of capitalism and modern nation states , and European colonization of the Americas .

neg: Leonardo the Musical: A Portrait of Love Leonardo the Musical : A Portrait of Love is a musical with a book by Greg Moeller and Russell Dunlop and music by Greg Moeller and lyrics by Tommy Moeller . The 1993 West End production is considered one of the biggest disasters in the history of London theatre but had rave reviews in Oxford . The management changed the original music and scripts after Oxford shows .   The project , a highly fictionalized account of Leonardo da Vinci 's creation of the Mona Lisa , was the brainchild of Duke Minks , an advisor to the Republic of Nauru and former road manager for the 1960s pop group , Unit 4 + 2 . He convinced government officials to invest # 2 million -- derived from profits earned from their major export , marine deposits rich in phosphates -- in the production , a fact later gleefully exploited by the critics in their scathing reviews .   The rambling plot -- which started and ended with its protagonist on his deathbed , his completed masterpiece at his side -- centered on the struggling artist da Vinci 's commission to paint a young woman named Lisa , betrothed to nobleman Francesco Del Giocondo . The artist and his model engage in a passionate affair resulting in her pregnancy , and she returns to her fiancé , pretending the child is his to avoid public scandal and his private wrath . Eventually she returns to beg for forgiveness from the now successful da Vinci , who accidentally is murdered by her husband when he confronts the two in a jealous rage . A subplot hinting at da Vinci 's homosexuality involved his close friendship with his young assistant , a painter named Melzi .   The production , plagued by problems with sets , costumes , and -- most significantly -- the script throughout its development , opened at the Strand Theatre on June 3 , 1993 . By the time the performance ended , nearly four hours after the curtain first rose , most of the audience had departed . A victim of critical disdain and audience indifference , the show closed five weeks later on July 10 . The cast included Paul Collis , Jane Arden , James Barron , and Hal Fowler .

neg: Portuguese inventions The Portuguese inventions are the inventions created by people born in Portugal ( continent or overseas ) or whose nationality is Portuguese . These inventions were created mainly during the age of Portuguese Discoveries , but as well , during modernity .   Relying on trade secret explains , in part , the difficulty often experienced by researchers in documenting Portuguese inventions , as many are not described in patent documents , or other technical documents . On the other hand , there are cases , like some types of swords , where the inventions themselves or the underlying documents were lost , having been destroyed , for example , during the French invasions . There are as well documentation and objects of Portuguese origin in private collections or museums outside of Portugal .

neg: Early modern period The early modern period of modern history follows the late Middle Ages of the post-classical era . Although the chronological limits of the period are open to debate , the timeframe spans the period after the late portion of the post-classical age ( c. 1500 ) , known as the Middle Ages , through the beginning of the Age of Revolutions ( c. 1800 ) and is variously demarcated by historians as beginning with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , with the Renaissance period , and with the Age of Discovery ( especially with the voyages of Christopher Columbus beginning in 1492 , but also with Vasco da Gama 's discovery of the sea route to the East in 1498 ) , and ending around the French Revolution in 1789 .   Historians in recent decades have argued that from a worldwide standpoint , the most important feature of the early modern period was its globalizing character . The period witnessed the exploration and colonization of the Americas and the rise of sustained contacts between previously isolated parts of the globe . The historical powers became involved in global trade , as the exchange of goods , plants , animals , and food crops extended to the Old World and the New World . The Columbian Exchange greatly affected the human environment .   New economies and institutions emerged , becoming more sophisticated and globally articulated over the course of the early modern period . This process began in the medieval North Italian city-states , particularly Genoa , Venice , and Milan . The early modern period also included the rise of the dominance of the economic theory of mercantilism . The European colonization of the Americas , Asia , and Africa occurred during the 15th to 19th centuries , and spread Christianity around the world .   The early modern trends in various regions of the world represented a shift away from medieval modes of organization , politically and economically . Feudalism declined in Europe , while the period also included the Protestant Reformation , the disastrous Thirty Years ' War , the Commercial Revolution , the European colonization of the Americas , and the Golden Age of Piracy .   By the 16th century the economy under the Ming Dynasty was stimulated by trade with the Portuguese , the Spanish , and the Dutch , while Japan engaged in the Nanban trade after the arrival of the first European Portuguese during the Azuchi-Momoyama period .   Other notable trends of the early modern period include the development of experimental science , accelerated travel due to improvements in mapping and ship design , increasingly rapid technological progress , secularized civic politics , and the emergence of nation states . Historians typically date the end of the early modern period when the French Revolution of the 1790s began the `` modern '' period .

neg: Niccolò dell'Arca Niccolò dell ' Arca ( c. 1435-1440 -- 2 March 1494 ) was an Italian Early Renaissance sculptor . He is also known under the names Niccolò da Ragusa , Niccolò da Bari and Niccolò d'Antonio d'Apulia . The surname `` dell ' Arca '' refers to his contribution to the Arca di San Domenico .   The place and the year of his birth are not certain . He was probably born in Apulia , perhaps in Bari , and then most likely lived for some time in Dalmatia . According to C. Gnudi ( see ref . ) he received training there by the Dalmatian sculptor Giorgio da Sebenico .   The Burgundian elements in his sculpture are attributed by some art historians to his presumed participation in the triumphal arch of the Castel Nuovo in Naples during the 1450s ( where he would have known the Catalan sculptor Guillem Sagrera and would be influenced by his style ) .   Others , rejecting his training in Naples , contend instead that he travelled to France in the late 1460s . According to them , his further training then allegedly took place in Siena , influenced by the works of Jacopo della Quercia and Donatello .   He was mentioned for the first time in September 1462 in Bologna as Maestro Nicolò da Puglia , a `` master of terracotta figures '' . This probably refers to the `` Compianto sul Cristo morto '' , terracotta group in the Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Vita in Bologna ( also mentioned in a Bull of 1464 by Pope Paul II ) . A life-size group of six separate figures stand lamenting in a semicircle around the dead Christ in a lying posture . The dramatic pathos , the expressions of grief and torment of the figures is intensified by the realism of their dramatic facial details . However the date of this innovative contribution to Renaissance sculpture is uncertain . Instead of c. 1460 , some date it between 1485 and 1490 .   In 1469 he got the commission of an ambitious new addition on the Arca di San Domenico : a spiral superstructure and several free-standing figures on top of the sarcophagus . This sarcophagus with the remains of Saint Dominic had been sculpted two centuries before by Nicola Pisano and his workshop ( between 1265 and 1267 ) . It had been completed by lapo , Arnolfo di Cambio and fra Guglielmo Agnelli . Niccolò dell ' Arca added an elaborate spire with an impressive statue of `` God the Father '' on top of a candelabrum , held by two putti and four dolphins , all covered with festoons with fruit . On the cornice at its base is in the middle a small Pietà , flanked by two angels , while on the four corners stand the four Evangelists in oriental dress . The lower part of the superstructure is surrounded by free-standing figures : the Patron Saints of Bologna ( Saint Francis of Assisi ) , San Petronio ( began by Niccolò but finished by young Michelangelo in 1494 ) , Saint Dominic and Saint Florian . On the back stand St Anne , St John the Baptist ( sculpted by Girolamo Cortellini in 1539 ) , San Procolo and San Vitale . Niccolò also added the Candlestick-holding Angel on the left side of the altar slab ( the one on the right side is by Michelangelo ) .   Niccolò dell ' Arca worked on this masterpiece between 1469 and 1473 , leaving it unfinished . He probably continued intermittently at it until his death . Art critics see in this masterpiece a blend of influences : Burgundian , Florentine and non-Tuscan ( such as details in clothing ) . The way these statuettes express their emotions and the patterns in their dresses and hair evoke the style of Jacopo della Quercia .   Some other important works include the terracotta bust of Saint Dominic ( 1474 ) ( in the museum of the Basilica of San Domenico in Bologna ) , a marble statue of St. John the Baptist ( in the Escorial in Madrid ) and the terracotta figure of Saint Monica ( c. 1478-1480 ) ( Museum Palace in Modena ) .   Also notable is the terracotta high relief of Madonna di Piazza ( 1478 ) on the wall of the Palazzo Comunale in Bologna . In the marked drapery folds is seen the influence of Jacopo della Quercia and also traces of the dynamic naturalism of his contemporary Andrea del Verrocchio .

neg: Isaac Newton in popular culture Isaac Newton was an English scientist , mathematician , natural philosopher , theologian and one of the most influential scientists in human history . His Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica , published in 1687 , is considered to be one of the most influential book in the history of science , laying the groundwork for most of classical mechanics . In this work , Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries . In mathematics , Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of the differential and integral calculus .   Because of the resounding impact of his work , Newton became a scientific icon , much like Albert Einstein after his theory of relativity . Many books , plays , and films focus on Newton or use Newton as a literary device . Newton 's stature among scientists remains at the very top rank , as demonstrated by a 2005 survey of scientists in Britain 's Royal Society ( formerly headed by Newton ) asking who had the greater effect on the history of science , Newton or Albert Einstein . Newton was deemed the more influential . In 1999 , leading physicists voted Einstein `` greatest physicist ever ; '' Newton was the runner-up .

neg: Master builder A master builder or master mason is a central figure leading construction projects in pre-modern times ( a precursor to the modern architect and engineer ) .   As one 1887 source described the status :   The phrase has been in use since at least as early as 1610 , when William Camden wrote in his Britain , or a Chorographicall Description of the most flourishing Kingdomes , England , Scotland , and Ireland , and the Ilands adjoyning , out of the depth of Antiquitie of `` those Wings in Architecture , which the great Master builders tearme Peroma '' . Later in the same work , Camden writes :

neg: Old master print An old master print is a work of art produced by a printing process within the Western tradition . The term remains current in the art trade , and there is no easy alternative in English to distinguish the works of `` fine art '' produced in printmaking from the vast range of decorative , utilitarian and popular prints that grew rapidly alongside the artistic print from the 15th century onwards . Fifteenth-century prints are sufficiently rare that they are classed as old master prints even if they are of crude or merely workmanlike artistic quality . A date of about 1830 is usually taken as marking the end of the period whose prints are covered by this term .   The main techniques used , in order of their introduction , are woodcut , engraving , etching , mezzotint and aquatint , although there are others . Different techniques are often combined in a single print . With rare exceptions printed on textiles , such as silk , or on vellum , old master prints are printed on paper . This article is concerned with the artistic , historical and social aspects of the subject ; the article on printmaking summarizes the techniques used in making old master prints , from a modern perspective .   Many great European artists , such as Albrecht Dürer , Rembrandt , and Francisco Goya , were dedicated printmakers . In their own day , their international reputations largely came from their prints , which were spread far more widely than their paintings . Influences between artists were also mainly transmitted beyond a single city by prints ( and sometimes drawings ) , for the same reason . Prints therefore are frequently brought up in detailed analyses of individual paintings in art history . Today , thanks to colour photo reproductions , and public galleries , their paintings are much better known , whilst their prints are only rarely exhibited , for conservation reasons . But some museum print rooms allow visitors to see their collection , sometimes only by appointment .

neg: Renaissance Revival architecture Renaissance Revival ( sometimes referred to as `` Neo-Renaissance '' ) is an all-encompassing designation that covers many 19th century architectural revival styles which were neither Grecian ( see Greek Revival ) nor Gothic ( see Gothic Revival ) but which instead drew inspiration from a wide range of classicizing Italian modes . Under the broad designation `` Renaissance architecture '' nineteenth-century architects and critics went beyond the architectural style which began in Florence and central Italy in the early 15th century as an expression of Humanism ; they also included styles we would identify as Mannerist or Baroque . Self-applied style designations were rife in the mid - and later nineteenth century : `` Neo-Renaissance '' might be applied by contemporaries to structures that others called `` Italianate '' , or when many French Baroque features are present ( Second Empire ) .   The divergent forms of Renaissance architecture in different parts of Europe , particularly in France and Italy , has added to the difficulty of defining and recognizing Neo-Renaissance architecture . A comparison between the breadth of its source material , such as the English Wollaton Hall , Italian Palazzo Pitti , the French Château de Chambord , and the Russian Palace of Facets -- all deemed `` Renaissance '' -- illustrates the variety of appearances the same architectural label can take .

neg: Animat Animat ( third-person indicative present of the Latin verb animō ) , meaning to `` animate , give or bring life '' .   Animats are artificial animals , a contraction of animal-materials . The term includes physical robots and virtual simulations . Animat research , a subset of Artificial Life studies , has become rather popular since Rodney Brooks ' seminal paper `` Intelligence without representation '' . The word was coined by S.W. Wilson in 1985 ,  in `` Knowledge growth in an artificial animal '' , published in the first Proceedings  of an International Conference on Genetic Algorithms and Their Applications .   An example using the Animat model as proposed by Wilson is discussed at some length in chapter 9 of Stan Franklin 's book , Artificial Minds . In this implementation , the animat is capable of independent learning about its environment through application and evolution of pattern-matching rules called `` taxons '' .   In 2001 Thomas DeMarse performed studies on ` Neurally controlled animat ' . Every two years , the Society of Adaptive Behaviour meets and produces a proceedings on this topic . They also have a journal , Adaptive Behavior .   Alan H Goldstein has proposed that , because nanobiotechnology is in the process of creating real animal-materials , speculative use of this term should be discouraged and its application become purely phenomenological . Based on the Animat Test ( contained in the reference `` I , Nanobot . '' ) any nonbiological material or entity that exhibits the minimum set of behaviors that define a life form is , de facto , an Animat . Goldstein 's basic premise is that in the age of nanobiotechnology it is necessary to follow the chemistry and molecular engineering rather than watching for the emergence of some pre-conceived minimum level of ` intelligence ' such as an artificial neural network capable of adaptive phenomena . Goldstein has cautioned that there is a serious disconnect between the fields of nanobiotechnology and A-life based on profound differences in scientific training , experimental systems , and the different sets of terminology ( jargon ) these two fields have produced . Nanobiotechnologists ( really molecular engineers who work with both biological and nonbiological molecules ) are generally not concerned with complex systems per se ; even when they are building molecular interconnects between such systems , e.g. neuroelectronic splices . A-Life researchers mainly take a systems-level approach . The enormous transformative power of novel molecular engineering has the potential to create Animats , true nonbiological life forms , whose relatively simple behavior would not fit into most standard A-Life paradigms . As a result , Goldstein argues , the first Animats may come into being completely unrecognized by either scientific community .

neg: Royal Library of Turin The Royal Library of Turin ( Biblioteca Reale di Torino ) is located under the porticoes on the ground floor of the Royal Palace ( today a World Heritage Site ) in the north-west Italian city of Turin . At the time of the library 's foundation around 1840 , Turin was the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia and the library was fitted out by Pelagio Palagi on the initiative of the King of Sardinia Carlo Alberto in order to hold the rare manuscripts that had been collected by the House of Savoy for many years . The king also increased the collection by 2000 drawings by famous artists , including Leonardo da Vinci . In 1893 , during the reign of Umberto I of Savoy as King of Italy , the collection of Leonardo da Vinci drawings was added to by a Russian collector who donated Codex on the Flight of Birds . Further works by Leonardo held by the library include his well-known self-portrait , his study for the angel in the first version of his Virgin of the Rocks , and his study for the angel in Verrocchio 's The Baptism of Christ .

neg: L.H.O.O.Q. L.H.O.O.Q. ( -LSB- ɛl aʃ o o ky -RSB- ) is a work of art by Marcel Duchamp . First conceived in 1919 , the work is one of what Duchamp referred to as readymades , or more specifically a rectified ready-made . The readymade involves taking mundane , often utilitarian objects not generally considered to be art and transforming them , by adding to them , changing them , or ( as in the case of his most famous work Fountain ) simply renaming them and placing them in a gallery setting . In L.H.O.O.Q. the objet trouvé ( `` found object '' ) is a cheap postcard reproduction of Leonardo da Vinci 's Mona Lisa onto which Duchamp drew a moustache and beard in pencil and appended the title .

neg: Renaissance art Renaissance art is the painting , sculpture and decorative arts of that period of European history known as the Renaissance , emerging as a distinct style in Italy in about 1400 , in parallel with developments which occurred in philosophy , literature , music and science . The Renaissance art , perceived as the noblest of ancient traditions , took as its foundation the art of Classical antiquity , but transformed that tradition by absorbing recent developments in the art of Northern Europe and by applying contemporary scientific knowledge . Renaissance art , with Renaissance Humanist philosophy , spread throughout Europe , affecting both artists and their patrons with the development of new techniques and new artistic sensibilities . Renaissance art marks the transition of Europe from the medieval period to the Early Modern age .   In many parts of Europe , Early Renaissance art was created in parallel with Late Medieval art .   The influences upon the development of Renaissance men and women in the early 15th century are those that also affected Philosophy , Literature , Architecture , Theology , Science , Government and other aspects of society . The following list presents a summary , dealt with more fully in the main articles that are cited above .  Classical texts , lost to European scholars for centuries , became available . These included Philosophy , Prose , Poetry , Drama , Science , a thesis on the Arts and Early Christian Theology .  Simultaneously , Europe gained access to advanced mathematics which had its provenance in the works of Islamic scholars .  The advent of movable type printing in the 15th century meant that ideas could be disseminated easily , and an increasing number of books were written for a broad public .  The establishment of the Medici Bank and the subsequent trade it generated brought unprecedented wealth to a single Italian city , Florence .  Cosimo de ' Medici set a new standard for patronage of the arts , not associated with the church or monarchy .  Humanist philosophy meant that man 's relationship with humanity , the universe and with God was no longer the exclusive province of the Church .  A revived interest in the Classics brought about the first archaeological study of Roman remains by the architect Brunelleschi and sculptor Donatello . The revival of a style of architecture based on classical precedents inspired a corresponding classicism in painting and sculpture , which manifested itself as early as the 1420s in the paintings of Masaccio and Uccello .  The improvement of oil paint and developments in oil-painting technique by Dutch artists such as Jan van Eyck , Rogier van der Weyden and Hugo van der Goes led to its adoption in Italy from about 1475 and had ultimately lasting effects on painting practices , worldwide .  The serendipitous presence within the region of Florence in the early 15th century of certain individuals of artistic genius , most notably Masaccio , Brunelleschi , Ghiberti , Piero della Francesca , Donatello and Michelozzo formed an ethos out of which sprang the great masters of the High Renaissance , as well as supporting and encouraging many lesser artists to achieve work of extraordinary quality .  A similar heritage of artistic achievement occurred in Venice through the talented Bellini family , their influential inlaw Mantegna , Giorgione , Titian and Tintoretto .  The publication of two treatises by Leone Battista Alberti , De Pitura ( On Painting ) , 1435 , and De re aedificatoria ( Ten Books on Architecture ) , 1452 .

neg: Engineer Engineers are people who design , construct , and maintain structures , materials and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality , regulation , safety , and cost . The word engineer ( Latin ingeniator ) is derived from the Latin words ingeniare ( `` to contrive , devise '' ) and ingenium ( `` cleverness '' ) . The foundation education of an engineer is typically a 4-year bachelor 's degree or in some countries , a master 's degree in an engineering discipline plus 4 -- 6 years peer-reviewed professional practice culminating in a project report or thesis .   The work of engineers forms the link between scientific discoveries and their subsequent applications to human and business needs and quality of life .

neg: Michelangelo Naccherino Michelangelo Naccherino ( Florence , March 6 , 1550 - Naples , February , 1622 ) was an Italian sculptor and architect , active mainly in the Kingdom of Naples , Italy .   He supposedly was a pupil of Giambologna in Florence , but due to disagreements moved to the Kingdom of Naples in 1573 . From 1575-77 , he was active in Palermo , where he worked alongside Camillo Camilliani in the construction of the Fontana Pretoria , a project of Francesco Camilliani .   Returning to Naples , he completed a number of Mannerist projects such as the tomb of Alfonso Sanchez ( 1588 -- 89 ) in the Basilica of Santissima Annunziata Maggiore and a crucifix ( 1599 ) for the church of San Carlo all ` Arena . He also completed a Madonna della Sanità for the church of Santa Maria della Sanità in the zone of Materdei , where he lived .   In the early 1600s , he participated in a variety of projects , including the Fontana di Santa Lucia and the Fontana del Gigante ( along with Pietro Bernini ) . In 1607 , he submitted a design for the Cappella del Tesoro di San Gennaro , in which he competed against Ceccardo Bernucci , Giovan Battista Cavagna , Giulio Cesare Fontana , Giovan Giacomo Di Conforto , Dionisio Nencioni di Bartolomeo , Francesco Grimaldi , and Giovanni Cola di Franco . The latter two won the competition .   In 1612 , he completed some tombs in the church of Santo Stefano in Capri , and in 1616 , he returned to Florence to sculpt an `' Adam and Eve '' for the Boboli Gardens . Among those who worked with him were Giuliano Finelli , Francesco Cassano , Tommaso Montani , Angelo Landi , and Mario Marasi .   Other works  Pietà , Chapel of Palazzo of Monte di Pietà  Fontana di Santa Lucia ( Villa Reale )  Fontana del Gigante ( con Pietro Bernini )  Statue , Fontana del Nettuno  Madonna del Carmine , San Giovanni a Carbonara  Bust of Fabrizio Pignatelli , Church of Santissima Trinità dei Pellegrini  Christ Risen , Certosa di San Martino  Tomb of Ferdinando Maiorca , Pontificia Reale Basilica of San Giacomo degli Spagnoli , Naples


query: One America News Network is the property of Herring Networks, Inc.

pos: One America News Network One America News Network ( abbreviated as OANN ) , commonly referred to as One America News ( abbreviated as OAN ) , is an American cable news television channel that is owned by Herring Networks , Inc. . The network is headquartered in San Diego , California , and operates a news bureau in Washington , D.C. and New York City .   Originally envisioned as a conservative-oriented news network , OAN 's stated focus is delivering a credible source of national and international news 24/7 . OAN features news programming and political talk shows , along with network special documentary-style reports . OAN states a goal of delivering objective news coverage and political talk shows that illustrate a strong conservative view .   The channel was launched on July 4 , 2013 . One America has national carriage on DirecTV , Verizon FiOS and AT&T U-verse , along with a number of regional cable providers , including Frontier Communications , CenturyLink PRISM TV , Consolidated Communications , Buckeye Broadband , and GCI . On April 5 , 2017 , DirecTV started carrying OAN on channel 347 . As of April 2017 , One America News Network is available in 35 million homes .

neg: Westwood One News Westwood One News is a radio news network operated by Westwood One through its parent company Cumulus Media . It launched on January 1 , 2015 . It provides radio stations with hourly newscasts delivered by Westwood One anchors as well as voiced reports that can be individually used by member stations .

neg: A News (TV series) A News ( originally known as A-Channel News ) is the name of local newscasts on the A television system in Canada . A News programming was produced in markets which were not directly served by a local CTV News service .   The cable-only A Atlantic service in Atlantic Canada did not produce its own A News programming , but instead presently airs CTV News programming from CTV Atlantic , although the station did produce a local morning show , Breakfast Television and was subsequently re-branded to CTV Morning Live on August 29 , 2011 , . Due to the effects of the 2009 economic crisis The A station in Ottawa cancelled all A News programming in March 2009 , but continued to produce a local morning show , A Morning which was also re-branded as CTV Morning Live on August 29 , 2011 .   When A re-launched as CTV Two , on August 29 , 2011 , newscasts on the A stations were re-branded as CTV News and longer have separate identities , although the stations have retained the same editorial independence .

neg: Compass Media Networks Compass Media Networks is an American radio network . The company launched in January 2009 .  It is owned by former Westwood One CEO and former COO of Connoisseur Media , Peter Kosann . The company focuses on radio and offers representation and marketing services for national radio .

neg: The Baseball Network The Baseball Network was a short-lived television broadcasting joint venture between ABC , NBC and Major League Baseball . Under the arrangement , beginning in the 1994 season , the league produced its own in-house telecasts of games , which were then brokered to air on ABC and NBC . This was perhaps most evident by the copyright beds shown at the end of the telecasts , which stated `` The proceeding program has been paid for by the office of The Commissioner of Baseball '' . The Baseball Network was the first television network in the United States to be owned by a professional sports league .   The package included coverage of games in primetime on selected nights throughout the regular season ( under the branding Baseball Night in America ) , along with coverage of the postseason and the World Series . Unlike previous broadcasting arrangements with the league , there was no national `` game of the week '' during the regular season ; these would be replaced by multiple weekly regional telecasts on certain nights of the week . Additionally , The Baseball Network had exclusive coverage windows ; no other broadcaster could televise MLB games during the same night that The Baseball Network was televising games .   The arrangement did not last long ; due to the effects of a players ' strike on the remainder of the 1994 season , and poor reception from fans and critics over how the coverage was implemented , The Baseball Network would be disbanded after the 1995 season . While NBC would maintain rights to certain games , the growing Fox network became the league 's new national broadcast partner beginning in 1996 , with its then-parent company News Corporation eventually purchasing the Los Angeles Dodgers .

neg: Paramount Television Network The Paramount Television Network ( PTN ) was a venture by American film corporation Paramount Pictures to organize a television network in the late 1940s . The company built television stations KTLA in Los Angeles and WBKB in Chicago ; it also invested US$ 400,000 in the DuMont Television Network , which operated stations WABD in New York City , WTTG in Washington , D.C. , and WDTV in Pittsburgh . Escalating disputes between Paramount and DuMont concerning breaches of contract , company control , and network competition erupted regularly between 1940 and 1956 , and culminated in the dismantling of the DuMont Network . Television historian Timothy White called the clash between the two companies `` one of the most unfortunate and dramatic episodes in the early history of the television industry . ''   The Paramount Television Network aired several programs , including the Emmy Award-winning children 's series Time for Beany . Filmed in Hollywood , the programs were distributed to an ad-hoc network of stations across the United States . The network signed affiliation agreements with more than 50 television stations in 1950 ; despite this , most of Paramount 's series were not widely viewed outside the West Coast . The Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) , which filed suit against Paramount for anti-trust violations , prevented the studio from acquiring additional television stations . Paramount executives eventually gave up on the idea of a television network , and continued to produce series for other networks . In 1995 , after four decades of television production for other companies , Paramount re-entered the broadcast network field when the company and Chris-Craft Industries launched the United Paramount Network ( UPN ) , a television network that operated until 2006 . Paramount 's television division is now owned by CBS Television Studios .

neg: One O'Clock News The One O'Clock News may refer to :   ITN News at One ( 1976-1987 , 1988-1991 )  BBC News at One ( 1986-present )  RTÉ News : One O'Clock ( 1989-present )  RTÉ News at One

neg: AccuWeather Network The AccuWeather Network is an American cable television network that is owned by AccuWeather . The network broadcasts pre-recorded national and regional weather forecasts , analysis of ongoing weather events , and weather-related news , along with local weather segments for mostly the Northeastern United States . The network 's studio and master control facilities are based at AccuWeather 's headquarters in State College , Pennsylvania .

neg: Food Network Food Network ( legally known as Television Food Network ) is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Television Food Network , G.P. , a joint venture between Scripps Networks Interactive ( which owns 70 % of the network ) and the Tribune ( FN ) Cable Ventures Inc. ( which owns the remaining 30 % ) . Despite this ownership structure , the channel is managed as a division of Scripps Networks Interactive . The channel airs both specials and regular episodic programs about food and cooking .   In addition to its headquarters in New York City , Food Network has offices in Atlanta , Los Angeles , San Francisco , Chicago , Detroit , Jersey City , Cincinnati , and Knoxville , Tennessee .   As of February 2015 , Food Network is available to approximately 96,931,000 pay television households ( 83.3 % of households with television ) in the United States .

neg: ONE Television ONE Television ( On Europe Television ) was a Swedish television channel which broadcast television shows such as The Bill , Murder Investigation Team and Later with Jools Holland .   The channel closed on 25 February 2007 and was replaced by Kanal 9 .

neg: A&E Networks A&E Networks ( branded as A+E Networks ) is an American media company that owns a group of television channels available via cable & satellite in the U.S. and abroad . A&E stands for Arts & Entertainment . The company is a joint venture with Hearst and Disney-ABC Television Group , a unit of the Disney Media Networks subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company .

neg: Philadelphia Media Network Philadelphia Media Network LLC is an American media company . It owns The Philadelphia Inquirer , Philadelphia Daily News , and the newspapers ' joint web portal Philly.com . The company is owned by The Philadelphia Foundation , a nonprofit organization in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , U.S.A.   Philadelphia Media Network ( PMN ) was formed and initially owned by the creditors of Philadelphia Media Holdings ( PMH ) , acquired out of Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection . The company sold its inherited community newspaper division in December 2010 . A group of local investors -- under the corporate name of Interstate General Media LLC -- bought the company for $ 55 million in April 2012 . Publisher and chief executive officer Greg Osberg stepped down on 11 May 2012 . He was replaced by Bob Hall , 67 , the publisher of the Daily News and Inquirer from 1990 to 2003 , when the papers were owned by Knight Ridder . Philadelphia Media Network was purchased by Philadelphia businessman H. F. `` Gerry '' Lenfest in 2014 . Lenfest donated the company to The Philadelphia Foundation , a nonprofit organization , in 2016 .

neg: ANT1 Satellite ANT1 Satellite ( pronounced Antenna ) is a subscription TV channel established in 1996 , aimed at the Greek diaspora in North America . It is the international service of ANT1 , a popular private network in Greece and is owned by ANT1 Group . It is a general entertainment channel airing a mix of news , dramas , comedies , reality series , lifestyle shows and live sports .

neg: Talk Radio Network Talk Radio Network ( TRN ) is an independent radio producer and syndicator of news and talk radio programming headquartered in Central Point , Oregon . TRN consists of a number of associated companies , which have launched or re-built some of the United States ' highest ranked talk radio shows , including The Savage Nation , Coast to Coast AM , The Dr. Laura Program , and The Jerry Doyle Show . TRN was founded in 1993 and is managed by CEO Mark Masters .   In 2007 , Bear Stearns reported that TRN was the second-largest provider of nationally syndicated radio talk shows in the country , ahead of competitors ABC Radio and then-CBS-controlled Westwood One .   , TRN is engaged in a federal antitrust lawsuit against Cumulus Media and advertising package bundler Westwood One .

neg: OneAmerica Financial Partners, Inc. OneAmerica Financial Partners , Inc. is a U.S. financial services mutual holding organization with corporate offices at the OneAmerica Tower in Indianapolis , Indiana .   The operating companies of OneAmerica Financial Partners , Inc. are American United Life Insurance Company , The State Life Insurance Company , OneAmerica Retirement Services LLC , McCready and Keene Inc. , OneAmerica Securities , Inc. , Pioneer Mutual Life Insurance Company and AUL Reinsurance Management Services , LLC .   The operating companies offer individual life insurance , disability , long-term care , and annuities . For businesses , they offer employee benefits , retirement plans , and group insurance . They operate throughout the United States except New York . OneAmerica Companies maintain `` superior '' financial ratings from A.M. Best and Standard and Poor 's .

neg: ABC News ABC News is the news division of the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . Its flagship program is the daily evening newscast ABC World News Tonight ; other programs include morning news-talk show Good Morning America , newsmagazine series Nightline , Primetime and 20/20 , and Sunday morning political affairs program This Week with George Stephanopolous .

neg: Neeraj Khemlani Neeraj Khemlani is president and group head of Hearst Entertainment & Syndication , the operating group responsible for Hearst 's interests in cable television networks , including ESPN and the A+E Networks ( A&E , HISTORY , Lifetime , FYI and its investment in Vice Media ) ; digital video entertainment companies , including co-investments with Verizon in AwesomenessTV and Complex Networks ; television production studios , including NorthSouth Productions ; and comic strip newspaper syndication and merchandise licensing . He serves on the boards of A+E Networks , AwesomenessTV and Complex Networks and is a senior vice president of Hearst . He joined Hearst in 2009 after serving as a senior executive at Yahoo! News since 2006 . Prior to that , Khemlani was a producer at the CBS News 60 Minutes television news magazine , where he is responsible for researching , reporting and writing stories with various CBS News correspondents . Before joining CBS News in 1998 , Mr. Khemlani was an associate producer for ABC News anchorman Peter Jennings and also produced pieces with Robert Krulwich for Nightline as well as Good Morning America . He is a term member of the prestigious Council on Foreign Relations in New York . He graduated with a Master 's degree in Journalism from Columbia University and a 1992 undergraduate degree from Cornell University . He is married to Heather Cabot , an anchor and correspondent for ABC News . Mr. Khemlani is of Indian heritage , born in Singapore and raised in New York .   He has reported on the shadowy markets and bazaars of Pakistan 's northwest frontier , a lawless region where CBS News set up a sting operation to buy weapons of mass destruction . He also co-produced a three part series with Dan Rather that revealed what Osama bin Laden 's closest associates , advisors and comrade-in-arms were doing in Afghanistan , Pakistan and the Sudan the summer before September 11 .  He has been responsible for landing many exclusive interviews and stories around the world . A few years ago , he convinced Libya 's leader , Col. Qaddafi , to do a comprehensive interview with Charlie Rose . Mr. Khemlani also convinced the Russian government to show CBS News some of its most private nuclear facilities , including a secret city built inside a mountain in Krasnoyarsk , Siberia . It is there where the Russians explained to CBS News that they could no longer pay the salaries of the starving scientists and soldiers who live there and guard the site 's growing stockpile of plutonium .  He has also done stories on numerous conflicts , including the Afghan war , the Sudanese civil war , America 's secret war against the Cali and Medellin drug cartels , the Bosnian tragedy and the invasion of Haiti .  Mr. Khemlani has also profiled numerous scientific inventors like Dean Kamen and his Segway human transporter , musicians like Jay-Z and the Grateful Dead , actresses like Bollywood star Aishwarya Rai and businessmen like Russell Simmons and Rick Wagoner , the chairman of General Motors , who unveiled his hydrogen car on the program . He was nominated for a news Emmy Award for his 60 Minutes story on the Dinner Set Gang , the best jewel thief team in America .

neg: Happening Now Happening Now is a news program broadcast on the Fox News Channel weekdays at 11:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. Eastern Time .

neg: VOA-PNN VOA-PNN ( Abbreviation of Voice of America-Persian News Network ) is a governmental international broadcaster of the United States of America in Persian language . Its headquarter is in Washington D.C. . It started to broadcast its programs on 18 October 1994 with a one-hour television program . Its radio programs started on 22 November 1979 with 30 minutes broadcasting per day .

neg: The Salinas Californian The Salinas Californian , sometimes referred to as The Californian , is the major 24-hour digital and print news organization published in Salinas , California . It is the oldest continuously publishing newspaper in California . The paper is part of the USA Today Network , owned by the Gannett Company . The Californian was initially founded in 1871 as the The Salinas Index and assumed its current name during World War II . In 1936 , the Index was acquired by Merritt C. Speidel . Gannett bought Speidel Newspapers in 1977 .   Since its inception until Sept. 28 , 2015 , the Salinas Californian has issued newspapers from Monday to Saturday . It has never produced a Sunday Edition . It now has a 24-hour 7-day digital presence and prints newspapers Wednesday , Friday , and Saturday only . Its mission is to serve the common good with a special emphasis on local reporting . Its media tools include video reports , documentaries , photo galleries , and live feeds -- all available on multiple formats .   The Californian also produces El Sol , a Spanish-language weekly paper that has served Monterey County for 47 years ; Off 68 , a weekly paper distributed to individuals residing in communities along California State Route 68 ; and numerous special publications including a Welcome to Salinas Guide , Reader 's Choice Awards listing , Guide to the Salinas Rodeo , Spring Wedding Guide , and Health Quarterlies .   The President is Paula Goudreau . Silas Lyons is the regional editor and Joe Truskot it the local news editor . Susana Vazquez is the editor of El Sol and Joe Truskot is also the Features/Off 68 editor .   Amy Wu writes local government stories and Chelcey Adami offers popular public safety articles and a fun blog : Toast to the Coast . Multimedia journalist Jay Dunn III produces a wide range of content from stand alone `` Slice of Salinas '' photographs to extensive video commentaries .   Champ Robinson reports on the local sports scene .   In addition to staff reporters , The Californian publishes weekly features such Tom Leyde 's Ag Wednesday Profiles and Macgregor Eddy 's `` We Could Car Less '' column with an emphasis on bicycles and mass transportation issues . Other feature writers include Marla Young , Laureen Diephof , and Jan Austin .   As part of the USA Today Network , The Californian makes available stories of significance from the world 's largest media company .   The Salinas Californian continues to list community events at no charge in its weekly calendars .

neg: Phoenix Media/Communications Group Phoenix Media/Communications Group is an American , Boston , Massachusetts-based corporation with several publishing and broadcasting interests . which includes the Portland Phoenix of Maine . It had published The Boston Phoenix and Stuff magazine , both of which went out of business in 2013 , and the Providence Phoenix until its shutdown in 2014 . In addition the paper owned radio station WFNX based in Lynn , MA , from 1983 until 2012 when it was sold to Clear Channel and is now country music station WBWL ( the WFNX call letters are now on a station in Athol , MA ) .   The Boston Phoenix has its origins in an alternative newsweekly started in 1966 . In 1972 , its absorbed Cambridge Phoenix , a rival publication , and the company has used the `` Phoenix '' name ever since . In 1998 , the company acquiring the NewPaper in Rhode Island and re-christened that publication Providence Phoenix in 1993 . In September 1999 , the paper extended its reach into Maine and southern New Hampshire with the publication of the Portland Phoenix .   The sports and magazine division publishes the official yearbooks for the Boston Celtics , the Boston Bruins , and the Boston Marathon , in addition to program guides for the Tweeter Center for the Performing Arts , and the Bank of America Pavilion summer music series .   Through its Tele-publishing , Inc. , subsidiary , Phoenix Media owns People2People.com , the world 's largest provider of voice personals to the publishing industry and claims it is the web 's most advanced online personals site .   Phoenix Media owns MassWeb Printing , an offset printing facility which prints many of its own product plus many other regional newspapers .


query: 50 Cent was ranked as an artist by Billboard.

pos: 50 Cent Curtis James Jackson III ( born July 6 , 1975 ) , known professionally as 50 Cent , is an American rapper , actor , businessman , and investor . Born in the South Jamaica neighborhood of the borough of Queens , Jackson began selling drugs at age twelve during the 1980s crack epidemic . Although he left drug-dealing to pursue a musical career , in 2000 he was shot nine times . After Jackson released the compilation album Guess Who 's Back ? in 2002 , he was discovered by Eminem and signed by Shady Records , Aftermath Entertainment and Interscope Records .   With the aid of Eminem and Dr. Dre ( who produced his first major-label album , Get Rich or Die Tryin ' ) , Jackson became one of the world 's best selling rappers and rose to prominence with East Coast hip hop group G-Unit ( which he leads de facto ) . In 2003 , he founded G-Unit Records , signing his G-Unit associates Young Buck , Lloyd Banks and Tony Yayo . Jackson had similar commercial and critical success with his second album , The Massacre , which was released in 2005 . He released his fifth studio album , Animal Ambition , in 2014 and is working on his sixth studio album , Street King Immortal . He executive produces the show Power , which airs on Starz .   During his career Jackson has sold over 30 million albums worldwide and won several awards , including a Grammy Award , thirteen Billboard Music Awards , six World Music Awards , three American Music Awards and four BET Awards . He has pursued an acting career , appearing in the semi-autobiographical film Get Rich or Die Tryin ' ( 2005 ) , the Iraq War film Home of the Brave ( 2006 ) and Righteous Kill ( 2008 ) . 50 Cent was ranked the sixth-best artist of the 2000s and the third-best rapper ( behind Eminem and Nelly ) by Billboard . Rolling Stone consider Get Rich or Die Tryin ' and `` In Da Club '' to be in their lists of `` 100 Best albums of the 2000s '' and `` 100 Best songs of the 2000s '' at numbers 37 and 13 .

neg: I Just Wanna `` I Just Wan na '' is a song by American hip hop recording artist 50 Cent , released on March 26 , 2012 , as the second single from his tenth mixtape The Big 10 , released on December 9 , 2011 . The song features vocals from 50 Cent 's fellow G-Unit member Tony Yayo and was produced by D.R.U.G.S Beats .

neg: List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 1983 The Billboard 200 , published in Billboard magazine , is a weekly chart that ranks the highest-selling music albums and EPs in the United States . In 1983 , the name of the chart was Top LPs & Tape . Before Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales in 1991 , Billboard estimated sales from a representative sampling of record stores nationwide , using telephone , fax or messenger service . Data were based on rankings made by the record stores of the best-selling records , not on actual sales figures .   There were six number-one albums on this chart in 1983 , including the debut album of the Australian band Men at Work , Business as Usual , which spent the last seven weeks of 1982 and the first eight weeks of 1983 at number one , and was certified quadruple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in 1984 . Thriller , the sixth studio album by recording artist Michael Jackson , was released on November 1982 . It peaked at number one for twenty-two non-consecutive weeks in 1983 with another fifteen consecutive weeks at the top into the following year , and seven songs from the album became top ten singles between late 1982 and early 1984 . Two of them : `` Billie Jean '' and `` Beat It '' , reached the top position of the Billboard Hot 100 . Thriller won eight Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year at the 26th Grammy Awards , and was the best-selling album of 1983 with more than fifteen million copies sold . In 2008 , twenty-five years after its release , the record was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame , and a few weeks later , it was among twenty-five recordings preserved by the Library of Congress to the National Recording Registry as `` culturally significant '' .   Flashdance , the soundtrack to the 1983 musical and romance film of the same name , peaked at number one for two weeks and won the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture . The two singles released from the album , `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' by Irene Cara , and `` Maniac '' by Michael Sembello , reached the top of the singles chart in 1983 . The New York Times considered the British band The Police to be the year 's most influential rock band . Australian , British , and American bands copied the white-reggae formula of their ( The Police 's ) earlier successes . The group released their fifth and final studio album , Synchronicity , in 1983 . The album , a varied accomplished blend of rock , funk , and third-world rhythms , stayed at number one for seventeen weeks and was certified four times platinum by the RIAA in 1984 . Metal Health , the third album by heavy metal band Quiet Riot , peaked at number one for one week , becoming the first heavy metal record to reach the top of the Billboard 200 . Singer-songwriter Lionel Richie released his second album Ca n't Slow Down in 1983 , which spent three weeks at the top and won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year at the 27th Grammy Awards .

neg: Major Key (album) Major Key ( stylized as Major ð ''` ) is the ninth studio album by DJ Khaled . It was released on July 29 , 2016 , by We the Best Music Group and Epic Records . The album features guest appearances from Future , Big Sean , Rick Ross , Jay Z , Drake , Nas , Kendrick Lamar , Betty Wright , J. Cole , Bryson Tiller , Nicki Minaj , Chris Brown , August Alsina , Jeremih , Kodak Black , Jeezy , French Montana , YG , Yo Gotti , Gucci Mane , 2 Chainz , Jadakiss , Fabolous , Fat Joe , Busta Rhymes , Kent Jones , Travis Scott , Lil Wayne , Meghan Trainor , Wiz Khalifa , Wale and Mavad   The album was supported by four singles , `` For Free '' , `` I Got the Keys '' , `` Holy Key '' and `` Do You Mind '' . Major Key received generally positive reviews from critics and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 . The album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in November 2016 . It received a Grammy nomination for Best Rap Album .

neg: Now That's What I Call Music! 49 (U.S. series) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 49 , released on February 4 , 2014 , is the 49th edition of the Now ! series in the United States . The album features three Billboard Hot 100 number-one hits : `` Timber '' , `` Royals '' , and `` Wrecking Ball '' .   Now ! 49 debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart with sales of 98,000 copies in its first week of release . As of June 2014 , 482,000 copies of the compilation had been sold .

neg: List of Billboard number-one singles of 1947 This is a list of number-one songs in the United States during the year 1947 according to Billboard magazine . Prior to the creation of the Billboard Hot 100 , Billboard published multiple singles charts each week . In 1947 , the following three charts were produced :   Best Sellers in Stores -- ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores , as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country .  Most Played by Jockeys -- ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations , as reported by radio disc jockeys and radio stations .  Most Played in Jukeboxes -- ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States .   Shown is a list of songs that topped the Best Sellers in Stores chart .

neg: List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1997 The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the United States . Published by Billboard magazine , the data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single 's weekly physical sales and airplay . There were nine singles that peaked atop the charts , but if `` Un-Break My Heart '' is excluded from the count ( for the song started its peak in the previous year ) , the total would be eight , the second lowest for a single year , tied with 1996 and subsequently , 2005 . The longest running number-one single of 1997 is `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' , which logged 14 weeks at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 . Two of those weeks were logged in 1998 while the remaining 12 were attained in 1997 .

neg: List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 1981 The Billboard 200 , published in Billboard magazine , is a weekly chart that ranks the 200 highest-selling music albums and EPs in the United States . Before Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales in 1991 , Billboard estimated the sales for the album charts from a representative sampling of record stores nationwide , which was gathered by telephone , fax or messenger service . The data was based on reports from record stores , who ranked the popularity of the best-selling records but did not provide an actual sales figures .

neg: List of Single Top 100 number-one singles of 2011 Throughout all 52 weeks in 2011 , 31 songs topped the Mega Single Top 100 . The Single Top 100 is a chart composed by MegaCharts based on official physical single sales and legal downloads , and one of the three official Dutch record charts , the two others being the Dutch Top 40 and the Mega Top 50 . The first number-one hit on the chart in 2011 was Martin Solveig and Dragonette 's `` Hello '' , and the last was Studio Killers ' `` Ode to the Bouncer '' .   Artists and acts that had or were featured in at least one song that topped the Mega Single Top 100 that year for at least one week were Martin Solveig , Dragonette , Jan Smit , Ben Saunders , Dean Saunders , Adele , 3JS , Lady GaGa , Nick & Simon , Alexis Jordan , Glennis Grace , Frans Duijts , Do , Coldplay , Rochelle Perts , Guus Meeuwis , Sak Noel , Lucenzo , Big Ali , Don Omar , Nick Schilder , Thomas Acda , Keizer , Paul de Munnik , Gotye , Kimbra , The Voice of Holland , Gers Pardoel , Jeroen van der Boom , Metropole Orkest ( Dutch : The Metropole Orchestra ) , Birdy , Sandro Silva , Quintino and Studio Killers . Out of these acts , 20 of them , Dean Saunders , Alexis Jordan , Glennis Grace , Frans Duijts , Rochelle Perts , Guus Meeuwis , Sak Noel , Don Amor , Big Ali , Lucenzo , Nick Schilder , Thomas Acda , Simon Keizer , Paul de Munnik , Gotye , Kimbra , Birdy , Quintino , Sandro , and Studio Killers , achieved their first number-one single on the chart that year , either as lead or featured artist . Two artists , Jan Simit and Adele , had 2 songs that went number one . 23 singles that topped the chart were solo songs , while eight others were collaborations . One of Adele 's songs , `` Rolling in the Deep '' , was the best-performing single of 2011 , topping the Single Top 100 's 2011 year-end chart .

neg: Kid Albums Kid Albums ( formerly known as Top Kid Audio ) is a music chart published weekly by Billboard magazine which ranks the top selling children 's music albums in the United States . The chart debuted on the issue dated September 9 , 1995 . It originally began as a 15-position chart , but has now been expanded to 25 . Rankings are compiled by point-of-purchase sales obtained by Nielsen Soundscan data and from legal digital downloads from an all music digital retailers .   The Kid Albums chart features full-length albums that are geared towards children or teenage audiences . Some of the genres can extend from baby music , like lullabies , to soundtracks for films that are targeted to children of the age 5-9 to pop , teen pop and other subdivisions of it . Studio albums , EPs , compilation albums and soundtracks are also eligible for the chart .   The first number-one title on the Top Kid Audio chart was a compilation album from Walt Disney Records titled , Classic Disney , Vol . 1 .

neg: List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 2007 The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the United States . Published by Billboard magazine , the data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single 's weekly physical and digital sales , and airplay . In 2007 , 17 singles reached the top spot on the chart . An 18th single , Beyoncé Knowles ' `` Irreplaceable '' , began a run at the top in 2006 which continued into 2007 .   In 2007 , eight acts achieved their first US number-one single , either as a lead artist or featured guest : Maroon 5 , Avril Lavigne , Mims , Plain White T 's , Sean Kingston , Soulja Boy Tell 'Em , T-Pain , and Yung Joc . Producer Timbaland earned his first number-one single as lead artist with `` Give It to Me '' ; he had previously appeared as featured guest on singer Nelly Furtado 's number-one single `` Promiscuous '' . T-Pain , Justin Timberlake , Nelly Furtado and Fergie each earned two number-one singles , either as a lead artist or featured guest .   Three number-one singles tied for the longest run on the chart in 2007 : Knowles ' `` Irreplaceable '' , Rihanna 's `` Umbrella '' , and Soulja Boy Tell 'Em 's `` Crank That ( Soulja Boy ) '' all topped the chart for seven weeks ; the last of these was non-consecutive . However , `` Irreplaceable '' , which started its peak position in three issues the previous year , is credited to by Billboard magazine as 2006 's longest-running single . To this effect , `` Umbrella '' and `` Crank That ( Soulja Boy ) '' are the longest-running singles of 2007 . Other singles with extended chart runs include singer Alicia Keys ' `` No One '' which stayed at number one for five straight weeks .   `` Irreplaceable '' is the best-performing single of the calendar year , topping the Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2007 for seven consecutive weeks . Band Maroon 5 's `` Makes Me Wonder '' is noted for its jump from 64th to 1st place on the Billboard Hot 100 , making it the largest leap of 2007 . `` Umbrella '' , which occupied the top slot for seven of summer 's thirteen weeks , has been credited by the music press as 2007 's Song of the Summer .

neg: 2002 in British music charts This is a summary of 2002 in music in the United Kingdom , including the official charts from that year . In 2002 , as in the previous year , there were 30 songs that reached the top of the charts . Although there were numerous songs that remained at the top for only a week , several managed to carry out runs of 2 or more weeks , none achieving above 4 .   The UK also celebrated the 50th anniversary of the UK singles chart . After the Popstars phenomenon of the previous year , the UK became obsessed with talent show winners and the new show Pop Idol became a huge success . The year was thought of as the 2nd Golden Age of Hip-Hop music with many successful artists with Eminem coming out at top once again .

neg: Grammy Award for Best New Artist The Grammy Award for Best New Artist has been awarded since 1959 . Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were handed out , for records released in the previous year . The award was not presented in 1967 . The official guidelines are as follows : `` For a new artist who releases , during the Eligibility Year , the first recording which establishes the public identity of that artist . '' Note that this is not necessarily the first album released by an artist .   It is sometimes asserted , with varying degrees of sincerity , that winning the award is a curse , as several award winners ( particularly from the late 1970s and early 1980s ) were never able to duplicate the success they experienced in their debut year . This viewpoint was expressed by former Starland Vocal Band member Taffy Danoff in a 2002 interview for VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders : `` We got two of the five Grammys -- one was Best New Artist . So that was basically the kiss of death and I feel sorry for everyone who 's gotten it since . ''   The category is also notable for being the only one of its kind in which a Grammy Award was vacated . This occurred in 1990 after it was revealed winners Milli Vanilli did not contribute their own vocals on their debut album . The award was revoked , but was not handed out to another artist .   Of the 54 awards presented in the category since its inception , the honor has been presented to 25 solo female artists , 18 duos or groups , and 11 solo male artists . Between 1997 and 2003 , all the winners were solo female artists . Also , from 1993 to 2005 , no winner was a solo male artist . In 2006 , John Legend broke this trend , which started with Marc Cohn in 1992 . Only four artists have won both Best New Artist and Album of the Year in the same year : Bob Newhart in 1961 , Christopher Cross in 1981 , Lauryn Hill in 1999 and Norah Jones in 2003 .   Of all the winners , only three have been country artists . In 1997 , LeAnn Rimes became the first country artist to win the award . She was followed by Carrie Underwood in 2007 and Zac Brown Band in 2010 . Additionally , 2017 marked the first time that two country artists were nominated in this category in the same year .   1984 marked the first time that all of the nominees were from outside of the United States ( Winner Culture Club , Eurythmics , and Musical Youth were from England , Big Country was from Scotland , and Men Without Hats were from Canada ) .

neg: The Marshall Mathers LP The Marshall Mathers LP is the third studio album by American rapper Eminem . It was released on May 23 , 2000 , by Aftermath Entertainment , Interscope Records , and Eminem 's newly founded label , Shady Records in the United States , and on September 11 , 2000 , by Polydor Records in the United Kingdom . The album was produced mostly by Dr. Dre and Eminem , along with The 45 King , the Bass Brothers , and Mel-Man . Released a year after Eminem 's breakout album The Slim Shady LP , the record features more introspective lyricism including the rapper 's response to his sudden rise to fame and controversy surrounding his lyrics .   The album sold more than 1.78 million copies in the US in its first week alone , becoming the fastest-selling studio album by any solo artist in American music history . In 2001 , the album won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album and was nominated for Album of the Year . Eminem lost the latter to jazz-rock duo Steely Dan and their album Two Against Nature . The album was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America in March 2011 for shipping 10 million copies in the United States . By December 2016 , the album had sold over 11 million copies in the United States and more than 32 million copies worldwide . A sequel to the album , The Marshall Mathers LP 2 , was released on November 5 , 2013 .

neg: J. Cole discography American hip hop recording artist J. Cole has released four studio albums , one live album , one compilation album , two extended plays , three mixtapes , sixteen singles ( including nine as a featured artist ) , two promotional singles and twenty music videos . J. Cole first took up rapping in his teens , collaborating with the local Fayetteville hip hop duo Bomm Sheltuh . The Come Up , his debut mixtape , was released on May 4 , 2007 to positive reception . Following the release of The Come Up , J. Cole was contacted by American rapper Jay Z and subsequently signed to his record label Roc Nation . Cole released his second mixtape The Warm Up on June 15 , 2009 . `` Lights Please '' , the first single from The Warm Up , peaked at number nine on the United States Billboard Bubbling Under R&B / Hip-Hop Singles chart and became Cole 's first entry on a national record chart . He was later featured on `` All I Want Is You '' , a 2010 single by American R&B singer Miguel -- it peaked at number 58 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . J. Cole 's third mixtape Friday Night Lights was released on November 12 , 2010 .   J. Cole released his debut studio album Cole World : The Sideline Story on September 27 , 2011 . It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 , with first-week sales of 218,000 copies . The album 's lead single `` Work Out '' peaked at number thirteen on the Billboard Hot 100 and became a top ten hit on the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Songs and Hot Rap Songs charts . Cole World : The Sideline Story was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , while `` Work Out '' was certified two times platinum . Two more singles were released from the album : `` Ca n't Get Enough '' and `` Nobody 's Perfect '' , which peaked at numbers 52 and 61 respectively on the Hot 100 . J. Cole 's second studio album Born Sinner was released on June 18 , 2013 . Its lead single , `` Power Trip '' , peaked at number 19 on the Hot 100 and received a platinum certification from the RIAA . On December 9 , 2014 , he released his third studio album 2014 Forest Hills Drive . The album was supported by four singles : `` Apparently '' , `` Wet Dreamz '' , `` No Role Modelz '' and `` Love Yourz '' . The album also went on to sell 353,000 copies in its first week , and became the first rap album in 25 years to be certified platinum in the US with no guest appearances . The songs `` No Role Modelz '' and `` Wet Dreamz '' later received a platinum certification from the RIAA . In addition to his fourth album , Cole released three singles in 2016 : `` Love Yourz '' , `` Everybody Dies '' , and `` False Prophets '' . His album 4 Your Eyez Only was released on the second anniversary of 2014 Forest Hill Drive . 4 Your Eyez Only was certified gold before it debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , despite having no singles upon release . `` Deja Vu '' was later given a single release after peaking at number 7 on the Hot 100 .

neg: List of number-one R&B/hip-hop songs of 2016 (U.S.) This page lists the songs that reached number-one on the overall Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Songs chart , the R&B Songs chart ( which was created in 2012 ) , and the Hot Rap Songs chart in 2016 . The R&B Songs and Rap Songs charts partly serve as distillations of the overall R&B / Hip-Hop Songs chart .

neg: Grand Hustle Records Grand Hustle Records ( formerly Grand Hustle Entertainment ) , also known as Hustle Gang Music , is an Atlanta , Georgia-based record label , founded in 2001 , by American hip hop recording artist T.I. and his business partner Jason Geter . Up until December 2012 , the label was distributed by Atlantic Records . It currently operates as an independent record label . The label is home to artists such as B.o.B , Young Dro , Trae tha Truth and Travis Scott , among others . The label also houses a roster of record producers , including DJ Toomp , Lil ' C , Mars , Nard & B , TrackSlayerz and more .   The label has released 26 studio albums in total , with 13 of them being certified gold or higher , by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Additionally , the label has released five albums that reached number one on the US Billboard 200 chart , namely King ( 2006 ) , T.I. vs. T.I.P. ( 2007 ) , Paper Trail ( 2008 ) , The Adventures of Bobby Ray ( 2010 ) and Birds in the Trap Sing McKnight ( 2016 ) . Furthermore , Grand Hustle has released multiple top 40 hit singles , including `` Bring 'Em Out '' , `` What You Know '' , `` Shoulder Lean '' , `` Whatever You Like '' , `` Live Your Life '' , `` Dead and Gone '' , `` Nothin ' on You '' , `` Airplanes '' , `` Magic '' , `` Strange Clouds '' , `` So Good '' , `` Both of Us '' , `` Antidote '' and more .

neg: Dance/Electronic Digital Songs Dance/Electronic Digital Songs is a weekly chart that ranks the best-selling digital dance and electronic singles in the United States , according to Billboard . Although it originally started tracking singles the week of January 2 , 2010 , it did not become an official chart until the issue dated April 3 , 2010 .   The Dance/Electronic Digital Songs chart tracks the 50 most popular downloaded dance music singles , including tracks that are exclusively available online only . This chart also includes previously released dance and disco songs that became available for downloading , which means that songs like `` You Spin Me Round ( Like a Record ) '' by Dead or Alive are eligible to chart .   On January 17 , 2013 , Billboard added a new chart , Dance/Electronic Songs , which tracks the 50 most popular Dance and Electronic singles and tracks based on club play , single sales , radio airplay , digital downloads , and online streaming . As such , this chart serves as the main component for the Dance Club Songs , Dance/Mix Show Airplay , Dance Single Sales , and Dance/Electronic Digital Songs charts .   The chart 's first number one was `` Bad Romance '' by Lady Gaga in the January 23 , 2010 issue and Gaga 's songs spent so far ( as December , 2014 ) a total of 1025 weeks on the chart . The chart 's longest running number-one is `` Bulletproof '' by La Roux , reigning at the lead position for 18 consecutive weeks .

neg: Country Grammar Country Grammar is the debut studio album by American rapper Nelly . It was released on June 27 , 2000 , by Universal Records ( who released the album after listening to demos by Nelly , before signing a record deal with the rapper in 1999 ) . The production on the album was handled by Jason `` Jay E '' Epperson , with additional production by C-Love , Kevin Law , City Spud , Steve `` Blast '' Wills and Basement Beats . Nelly contributed to all lyrics on the album , with Epperson and City Spud also contributing . The album introduced a unique Saint Louis , Midwestern sound , and introduces Nelly 's vocal style of pop-rap singalongs and Midwestern , Missouri twang . It was supported four successful singles : `` Country Grammar ( Hot Shit ) '' , `` E.I. '' , `` Ride wit Me '' and `` Batter Up '' . Its lead single , `` Country Grammar ( Hot Shit ) '' , peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 and UK Singles Chart . `` E.I. '' charted at number 16 , number 12 and number 11 on the Hot 100 , UK Singles Chart and ARIA Singles Chart , respectively . `` Ride wit Me '' peaked within the top five on the Hot 100 , ARIA Singles Chart , Irish Singles Chart and UK Singles Chart . The album 's fourth and final single , `` Batter Up '' featuring Murphy Lee and Ali , achieved moderate chart success .   Country Grammar received positive reviews , with critics praising Nelly 's vocal style and the album 's production . It topped the US Billboard 200 chart for five consecutive weeks , and the US Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums chart for six consecutive weeks . It peaked in the top five on the New Zealand Albums Chart and Australian Albums Chart , as well as the top ten on the Canadian Albums Chart and Dutch Albums Chart . The album was certified three times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) and Music Canada ( MC ) , denoting shipments of 45,000 and 300,000 copies , respectively .   In 2016 , Country Grammar became the ninth hip hop album to be certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipment of 10 million copies in the US . Its commercial success secured Nelly 's status as one of the most successful hip hop acts of the 2000s decade . On Billboard decade-end chart , Nelly ranked as the third most successful act of the 2000s decade , due largely to the success of Country Grammar and his follow-up album Nellyville ( 2002 ) .

neg: Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1960 Billboard Top Rock 'n' Roll Hits : 1960 is a compilation album released by Rhino Records in 1988 , featuring ten hit recordings from 1960 .   One song included on this disc , The Twist by Chubby Checker , is not an original Cameo/Parkway recording but a late 60 's re-recording . The reason was because Cameo/Parkway 's collection of songs was not able to be licensed for release on CD at that time . Rhino , therefore could not include the original recording . It is a rare instance that Rhino would substitute an original recording for a newer recording .   Two versions of this volume in the `` Billboard Top Hits '' series were released . The original version was released in 1988 and included two appearances by Elvis Presley : `` It 's Now or Never '' and `` Stuck on You . '' In 1993 , the album was re-released and replaced the two Elvis songs with Joe Jones ' `` You Talk Too Much '' and Brenda Lee 's `` Sweet Nothin 's . ''   The track lineup on the original 1988 release includes eight songs that reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart . The substitution of the Elvis Presley tracks on the re-release brings that number down to six . On both releases , all tracks reached the Hot 100 's Top 10 .

neg: List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 2002 The highest-selling albums and EPs in the United States are ranked in the Billboard 200 , published by Billboard magazine . The data are compiled by Nielsen Soundscan based on each album 's weekly physical and digital sales . 25 acts achieved number one albums during this year with artist such as Nelly and Shania Twain who had their albums debut at number one on the chart . Rapper Eminem 's The Eminem Show is the best selling album of 2002 selling over approximately 7.6 million copies by the end of the year . It is also the longest running album of 2002 spending six non-consecutive weeks the chart and was known for its first full week of sales debut of 1.322 million copies which Nielsen SoundScan scanned as the sixth largest sales of all time in its first week . Its debut of 1.322 million copies has still not been matched by any album today since except for Taylor Swift 's album 1989 , which opened with first week sales of 1.279 million copies . The band Creed continued its eight week long run on the chart but is credited as the longest running album 2001 . Jennifer Lopez earned her second number one album on the charts with J to tha L-O ! : The Remixes , which became the highest first week sales of a remix album at the time . R&B artist Ashanti earned her first number one album with her self-titled debut album Ashanti , which opened up with first week sales of 503,000 copies in its first week alone . Puff Daddy earned his first number one album since No Way Out back in 1997 . Rapper Jay-Z earned his fifth chart topper with The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & The Curse , which opened up with first week sales of 545,000 copies alone . Heavy metal band Disturbed earned its first number one album on the chart with Believe , which opened up with first week sales of 284,000 copies alone . Country music singer Shania Twain 's album Up ! opened up with a huge first week sales of 857,000 copies in its first week alone , giving her the recognition of the highest first week sales of her career and second highest of the year , only behind Eminem 's The Eminem Show and at the time the fastest selling solo female album ever . Nelly 's album Nellyville opened up with his highest first week sales of his career which logged on with huge sales of 714,000 copies in its first week alone , which beat his sales of his debut album Country Grammar , which opened up with first week sales of 235,000 copies . Country singer Alan Jackson album Drive gave him his first number one album on the chart and opened up with first week sales of 211,000 copies alone .