query: Keith Urban has put out no fewer than nine studio records.

pos: Keith Urban Keith Lionel Urban ( born 26 October 1967 ) is a New Zealand-born Australian country musician . In 1991 , he released a self-titled debut album and charted four singles in Australia before moving to the United States the following year . He found work as a session guitarist before starting a band known as The Ranch , which recorded one studio album on Capitol Nashville and charted two singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart .   Still signed to Capitol , Urban made his solo American debut in 1999 with a second eponymous album . Certified platinum in the US , it produced his first number one on Hot Country Songs with `` But for the Grace of God '' . `` Somebody Like You '' , the first single from his second Capitol album , Golden Road ( 2002 ) , was named by Billboard as the biggest country hit of the 2000s decade . The album 's fourth single , `` You 'll Think of Me '' , earned him his first Grammy . 2004 's Be Here , his third American album , produced three more number 1 singles and became his highest-selling album , earning 4 × Platinum certification . Love , Pain & the Whole Crazy Thing was released in 2006 , containing `` Once in a Lifetime '' as well as his second Grammy song , `` Stupid Boy '' . A greatest hits package entitled Greatest Hits : 18 Kids followed in late 2007 . Defying Gravity and Get Closer were released on 31 March 2009 and 16 November 2010 , respectively . In September 2013 , he released a brand new album titled Fuse , which produced four more number ones on the Country Airplay chart , two of which are duets -- one with Miranda Lambert and the other with Eric Church . A new single , entitled `` John Cougar , John Deere , John 3:16 '' , was released in June 2015 as the lead-off single to his eighth American studio album Ripcord . The album later produced the Country Airplay number one hits '' Break on Me '' , `` Wasted Time '' and `` Blue Ai n't Your Color '' , with the latter also becoming Urban 's longest reigning number one on the Hot Country Songs chart spending twelve weeks at number one .   Urban has released a total of nine studio albums ( one of which was released only in the United Kingdom ) , as well as one album with The Ranch . He has charted 37 singles on the US Hot Country Songs , 18 of which went to number one , counting a duet with Brad Paisley and the 2008 single `` You Look Good in My Shirt '' , which he previously recorded on Golden Road . Those also include his third Grammy Award-winning single `` Sweet Thing '' from his album Defying Gravity .   Urban is also known for his roles as a coach on the Australian version of the singing competition The Voice and as a judge on American Idol . Since 2006 , he has been married to actress Nicole Kidman . In October 2013 , Urban introduced his own signature line of guitars and accessories .

neg: Music of Life Music of Life is a British independent dance music label formed in 1986 by two influential DJ remixers , Froggy and Simon Harris , managed by Chris France . Following several successful productions , one of which reached No. 3 in the UK pop music charts ( The Real Thing 's ` You to me are Everything ' ) Harris and Froggy decided to launch their own label , they were offered a label deal by Morgan Khan ( Streetwave ) and the first release was a remix by the duo of Cerrone 's ` Supernature ' ( his ` Music of Life song was the inspiration for the label name ) . Within a few months Froggy left the label and Streetwave went out of business . Harris being active in remixing and production for many other artists and labels financed the label with his remix income . After the demise of Streetwave Harris and France decided to re-launch as a British hip-hop ( usually UK Hip Hop , ) music label . Music of Life opened an office in London 's Soho at 22 Hanway Street , Chris France and his sister Michelle spent their days in the busy Soho office whilst Simon could usually be found in his home studio ` The Bunker ' producing many of the Music of Life releases .   At first the label licensed new rap music from US production company Powerplay for the first compilation album ` Def Beats 1 ' but as an addition to the US material Harris produced an extra track , under his own ` Music of Life Productions ' recorded in London by the label 's A&R man Derek Boland . ` Rock the Beat ' by Derek B created a demand for British hip-hop and the demo tapes started to arrive , Music of Life signed the best artists instead of licensing more US material and Harris would produce many new songs featuring artists including M.C Duke , The Demon Boyz ( Million Dan ) , Thrashpack , Asher D and Daddy Freddy , CJ Macintosh & Einstein , She Rockers ( Betty Boo ) , Hijack and many more .   Many of these recordings broke ground and are still considered to be highly innovative , the first reggae/hip-hop combination ( Asher D & Daddy Freddy 's ` Ragamuffin Hip Hop ) and Derek B 's album would be licensed to US label ` Profile ' ( Run DMC ) , Hijack would be signed to Ice-T 's Rhyme syndicate label and many more . Music Week wrote that Music of Life was `` the most successful hip hop label in the UK right now '' , in 1988 . Record Mirror identified Music of Life as one of the few hip hop labels `` to believe in home grown talent '' . In 1989 , Studio Week magazine called Music of Life `` the foremost rap label in this country at the moment . ''   So far the Music of Life catalog of recordings and copyrights under Music of Life Productions and released on many labels worldwide including Music of Life have exceeded 2000 titles and include music videos and documentary TV shows ( ` Kings of Rap ' - MTV ) .   Music of Life is one of the UK 's longest running independent dance music labels ( 1986 -- present day ) and the catalog has been licensed and released in over 70 countries with many chart hits including the UK , Germany , Japan , France and the USA ( Harris 's ` Bass ' how low can you go ? was a No. 1 Billboard US chart hit ) and many Grammy award winning artists ( Luthor Vandross , REM , Beastie Boys , Beck ) have licensed from the Music of Life catalog .   Sister label ` Living Beat ' was launched in 1989 and would release many dance music , house and pop recordings with chart success including ` Supermarioland ' reaching No. 6 in the UK pop charts with Harris 's AKA ` Ambassadors of Funk ' in association with Nintendo , Samantha Fox 's Song for Europe entry ` Go for the Heart ' and was instrumental in helping Prince achieve his first UK No1 pop single ` The Most Beautiful Girl in the World ' .   Harris also produced the world 's best selling series of ` Breakbeat ' albums used by DJs and producers , ` Beats Breaks and Scratches ' in 12 volumes and worked with top artists Norman Cook ( Fatboy Slim ) , Paul Oakenfold , Afrika Bambaataa and George Clinton to produce and release similar albums that are part of the Music of Life catalog . Music of Life is now a registered trademark .   The Music of Life catalog includes songs from :   M.C. Duke & D.J. Leader 1  Thrashpack  She Rockers ( featuring * Betty Boo )  Daddy Freddy  Asher D  Tenor Fly  Nitty Gritty  Derek B  Hijack  Hardnoise  3 Knights  DJ Daddy  Leslie Lyrics  Norman Cook  Paul Oakenfold  George Clinton  Simon Harris ( label founder )  Einstein  Ambassadors of Funk  Afrika Bambaataa  Demon Boyz  Professor Griff  Clyde Stubblefield  Killa Instinct  S.L. Troopers  First Frontal Assault  Kobalt 60  Overlord X

neg: Grand Hustle Records Grand Hustle Records ( formerly Grand Hustle Entertainment ) , also known as Hustle Gang Music , is an Atlanta , Georgia-based record label , founded in 2001 , by American hip hop recording artist T.I. and his business partner Jason Geter . Up until December 2012 , the label was distributed by Atlantic Records . It currently operates as an independent record label . The label is home to artists such as B.o.B , Young Dro , Trae tha Truth and Travis Scott , among others . The label also houses a roster of record producers , including DJ Toomp , Lil ' C , Mars , Nard & B , TrackSlayerz and more .   The label has released 26 studio albums in total , with 13 of them being certified gold or higher , by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Additionally , the label has released five albums that reached number one on the US Billboard 200 chart , namely King ( 2006 ) , T.I. vs. T.I.P. ( 2007 ) , Paper Trail ( 2008 ) , The Adventures of Bobby Ray ( 2010 ) and Birds in the Trap Sing McKnight ( 2016 ) . Furthermore , Grand Hustle has released multiple top 40 hit singles , including `` Bring 'Em Out '' , `` What You Know '' , `` Shoulder Lean '' , `` Whatever You Like '' , `` Live Your Life '' , `` Dead and Gone '' , `` Nothin ' on You '' , `` Airplanes '' , `` Magic '' , `` Strange Clouds '' , `` So Good '' , `` Both of Us '' , `` Antidote '' and more .

neg: Warp 10: Influences, Classics, Remixes Warp 10 is a series of compilation albums issued by Warp Records in 1999 to celebrate the label 's tenth anniversary . The collection spans three double CD/quadruple vinyl sets , which can be purchased individually . Each volume in the set highlights different phases of electronic music , including influential tracks not originally released by Warp ( licensed specifically for this collection ) , but which helped to shape the artists and musicians who eventually appeared on the label , as well as tracks that influenced the overall sound of the label itself .   Warp 10 +1 : Influences ( WARP LP/CD 67 ) contains twenty-two early acid house and techno tracks . Many of these songs are today considered to be the classics of these genres ( when they were in their infancy ) . A number of the tracks had never been available on compact disc before this collection , and seven of the twenty-two were mastered directly from 12 inch vinyl ( from such record labels as Cutting , Trax , Fourth Floor , KMS , Metroplex , 10 , Cause N ' Effect , Transmat , Plezure , and Bassic ) . Spanning the years 1986 through 1990 , the songs represented here were still very much an underground sensation in the United States , however a handful of these songs charted well on the UK singles chart and helped to usher in the acid house craze that swept across Europe in the late 1980s .  Warp 10 +2 : Classics 89 -- 92 ( WARP LP/CD 68 ) features eighteen full-length `` classic '' versions and remixes taken directly from the vaults of Warp Records . Tracks appearing here were produced between the years of 1989 and 1992 . As with Warp 10 +1 , many of these tracks appeared previously only on 12 inch vinyl or now out-of-print compilations and EPs .  Warp 10 +3 : Remixes ( WARP LP/CD 69 ) contains twenty-six remixes ( of which twenty-five are exclusive to this collection ) of tracks taken from Warp Records ' back catalog . Although all of the original recordings were released by Warp , the remixers are not necessarily Warp Records artists . The original songs span from the years 1990 through 1998 .   The album art is the Roger Stevens Building , a lecture hall for the University of Leeds built in the 1970s , and noted for its bizarre brutalist architecture . The quadruple vinyl editions of Influences and Classics 89 -- 92 come in gatefold sleeves , while that of Remixes is packaged as four separate LPs in sleeves inside a hard box .   In a 2013 article for Fact Magazine , Simon Reynolds noted that Warp 10 +2 : Classics 89 -- 92 remains one of the only compilations that covers the `` bleep techno '' of the early 1990s : '' -LSB- D -RSB- espite its time-defying excellence , bleep is poorly served in terms of compilations : basically , there 's Warp 's Classics double CD , plus out-of-print comps from the original era . ''

neg: Invincible (Michael Jackson album) Invincible is the final studio album by American recording artist Michael Jackson , released on October 30 , 2001 , by Epic Records . Similar to Jackson 's previous material , Invincible explores themes such as love , romance , isolation , media criticism , and social issues . It was his sixth studio album released through Epic label .   An extensive and laborious album to make , Jackson started production in 1997 , and did not finish until eight weeks before the album 's October 2001 release . Jackson recorded in over 10 different studios , and the final cost was over thirty million dollars . Combined with twenty five million toward the cost of promoting the album , Invincible is the most expensive album ever made .   The album peaked at number one in eleven territories worldwide , including the United States ( with first-week sales of 363,000 units ) , the United Kingdom , Australia , France and Switzerland . Invincible charted within the top ten in six other territories . Upon release , the album received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics .   Invincible was one of the best-selling of 2001 , being ranked at # 9 on the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry 's ( IFPI ) Top 50 Global Best Selling Albums for 2001 .

neg: 9 (Damien Rice album) 9 is the second studio album by Irish singer , songwriter and producer Damien Rice , released in 2006 . The album was released on 3 November in Ireland , 6 November in the United Kingdom and 14 November in the US . It was followed by the single `` 9 Crimes '' , which was released on 27 November 2006 . The record was certified gold in the UK .

neg: Sex Style Sex Style is the second studio album by Ultramagnetic MCs member Kool Keith . The album was released on February 3 , 1997 . It is a dirty rap concept album utilizing a lyrical style Keith referred to as `` pornocore '' . Although the album did not chart , it was reissued in 2006 with a bonus track .

neg: One Nation Under a Groove One Nation Under a Groove is the tenth studio album by American funk and rock band Funkadelic , released in September 1978 on Warner Bros. . Records . Recording sessions took place at United Sound Studio in Detroit , Michigan , with one song recorded live on April 15 , 1978 at the Monroe Civic Center in Monroe , Louisiana . The album was the first album to include keyboardist and frequent songwriter Walter `` Junie '' Morrison .   One Nation Under a Groove was Funkadelic 's most commercially successful album , and one of its most critically lauded . It is also regarded by many as the greatest funk album of all time and ranks at or near the top of many `` best album '' lists in disparate genres . The album was later featured on Vibe magazine 's 100 Essential Albums of the 20th Century list . In 2003 , the album is ranked number 177 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time . The album is listed as one of the 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die .

neg: Urban Knights The Urban Knights is an all-star smooth , soul and R&B jazz band which features one of the jazz greats , pianist Ramsey Lewis . Their first self-titled debut album in 1995 included prominent musicians Grover Washington , Jr. , Omar Hakim , Victor Bailey and the Emotions to name a few . Other great musicians have collaborated throughout the years with the Urban Knights such as Maurice White ( Earth , Wind & Fire ) , saxophonists Gerald Albright , Najee , Kenny Garrett and Dave Koz , guitarists Jonathan Butler , Norman Brown , Earl Klugh , Bobby Broom and Fareed Haque . In 2000 , Urban Knights III , was the supergroup 's first album for the Narada label out of Milwaukee , Wisconsin .

neg: The Black Seeds discography The Black Seeds , a New Zealand 8-piece Reggae band , has released four studio albums as well as a remix album , and a live album . The band formed in 1997 in Wellington , New Zealand but did n't release their first studio album , Keep On Pushing L.P , until 2001 . Even though this album was on a small budget , it still reached platinum status in New Zealand , as well as having success in Australia . A remix album was also released in 2002 called Pushed , which included songs from the first album remixed by local DJ 's .   Their second studio album , On The Sun , was released three years later in 2004 and debuted at # 3 in the New Zealand music charts . It later went on to double-platinum status , as well as releasing three popular singles ; So True , Turn It Around , and Fire . So True reached # 32 on the New Zealand Music Charts as well as # 29 in the France Groove Charts , and # 100 in the French Music Charts .   Into The Dojo was the third studio album released by The Black Seeds , and was released in 2006 . It spent five consecutive weeks at # 1 in the New Zealand music charts and , like their previous album , also achieved well over double-platinum status . It stayed in the charts for 52 weeks . This album was the start of the band 's popularity spreading around the world , with the German-based label Sonar Kollektiv signing them and releasing Into The Dojo into Europe in 2007 , as well as two 12 '' vinyl EP 's . Four singles were released from this album , including `` Cool Me Down '' which reached # 26 in the New Zealand Music Charts .   Solid Ground is the fourth and most recent studio album , released in 2008 . It reached platinum status in New Zealand as well as reaching # 2 on the music charts . It was also released in Australia and Europe . In July 2009 , The Black Seeds signed with American label Easy Star Records , then toured around America supporting John Brown 's Body , before John Brown 's Body came to New Zealand to tour with The Black Seeds in their home country . During this tour , Solid Ground was released in America and reached # 15 on the US Billboard Reggae Charts . During the New Zealand leg of this tour , Live Vol . 1 , their first live album was released . It was only made available at their live shows , with tickets brought for these shows , or as a digital download .

neg: Pieces of You Pieces of You is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter Jewel , released on February 28 , 1995 by Atlantic Records . The album was produced by Ben Keith , who has also produced works for artists such as Neil Young and Patsy Cline .   Though it made little impact initially , the single `` Who Will Save Your Soul '' eventually received airplay and the album peaked at # 4 on Billboard 200 almost exactly two years after its release . Other hits included were `` Foolish Games '' and `` You Were Meant for Me '' as well as the UK single `` Morning Song '' . After two years , the album was re-released featuring the re-recorded versions of `` You Were Meant for Me '' and `` Foolish Games '' . Despite a mixed critical response , the album is listed at number 64 of the `` Definitive 200 '' by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame .   As of 2010 , the album had sold 7.3 million copies in US . It was certified 12x Platinum for shipments of 12 million copies in the U.S. , making it one of the best selling debut albums of all time .

neg: Boomtown (Toby Keith album) Boomtown is the second studio album released by American country music singer Toby Keith . Released in 1994 on PolyGram Nashville , the album was certified platinum by the RIAA for U.S. sales of one million copies . Overall , this album produced four hit singles for Keith on the Hot Country Songs charts between 1994 and 1995 : `` Who 's That Man '' ( # 1 ) , `` Upstairs Downtown '' ( # 10 ) , `` You Ai n't Much Fun '' ( # 2 ) and `` Big Ol' Truck '' ( # 15 ) .

neg: Union J discography The discography of English boy band Union J consists of two studio albums , five singles and six music videos . Union J first announced that they had signed a record deal with Sony Music Entertainment at a performance in Cardiff , Wales on 15 December 2012 . Their debut single `` Carry You '' was recorded in London in January 2013 and was released in June 2013 , charting at number six in the United Kingdom . On 28 January , it was confirmed that the subsidiary label that Union J had signed with was RCA Records . In June 2013 , it was announced that the band would embark on their first UK headline tour , the Magazines and TV Screens Tour , which consists of 18 dates in December 2013 and January 2014 . Their second single , `` Beautiful Life '' , was released on 21 October and debuted at number 8 . The following week saw the release of their self-titled debut album , Union J. On 5 November 2013 , they announced that their third single would be `` Loving You Is Easy '' .   In 2014 , Union J left RCA and signed with Epic Records . `` Tonight ( We Live Forever ) '' , the lead single from their second album , was released on 17 August 2014 . This was followed up by `` You Got It All '' , written by Magic ! 's Nasri , released in November 2014 . Whilst the most purchased single of the week , it was kept off number one by Ed Sheeran 's `` Thinking Out Loud '' due to audio streaming . Their second album , You Got It All -- The Album , reached number 28 on the UK Albums Chart .

neg: Honkytonk University Honkytonk University is the ninth studio album by country music singer Toby Keith , released in 2005 . The album has been certified 2 × Multi-Platinum for sales of in excess of 2 million units .   `` Honkytonk U '' was the first single to be released from the album , breaking the country top 10 . `` As Good as I Once Was '' was the album 's biggest hit , topping the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts for six weeks . It was his last studio album for Dreamworks Records before DreamWorks closed its country division .

neg: Black (Pearl Jam song) `` Black '' is a power ballad by the American rock band Pearl Jam . The song is the fifth track on the band 's debut album , Ten ( 1991 ) . Featuring lyrics written by vocalist Eddie Vedder and music written by guitarist Stone Gossard , `` Black '' is about Vedder 's ex-girlfriend . Notably , following the band 's 1992 MTV Unplugged performance , Vedder now renders the lyric `` we belong together '' in `` Black '' as `` we do n't belong together '' indicating his moving on from the relationship and being content with how it ended .   After Ten became a commercial success in 1992 , Pearl Jam 's record label Epic Records urged the group to release the song as a single . The band refused , citing the song 's personal nature . Despite the lack of a commercial single release , the song managed to reach number three on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart . Remixed versions of the song were included on Pearl Jam 's 2004 greatest hits album , Rearviewmirror , and the 2009 Ten reissue . It has gone on to become one of the band 's most popular songs , as well as a fan favorite .

neg: My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult discography The American electronic industrial rock band My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult has released ten studio albums , one live album , three compilation albums , two video albums , six remix albums , three extended plays , and ten singles . In addition , their songs have been featured on three soundtrack albums and one promotional single for major Hollywood films .   They began their career on the independent record label Wax Trax ! Records , which , like the band , was based in Chicago . In 1991 , their single `` Sexplosion ! '' from the album of the same name became a top 10 dance club hit in the U.S. Following this success , Thrill Kill Kult was signed by the major label Interscope Records , which re-released the Sexplosion ! album . On Interscope , the band achieved their biggest hit , `` Sex On Wheelz '' , which reached the top 20 on both the dance club and alternative U.S. charts .   The band 's 1993 Interscope album 13 Above the Night was their only album to chart , reaching # 194 on the Billboard top 200 albums chart . The album provided two more dance chart hits , `` Blue Buddha '' and `` Final Blindness '' . After one more Interscope album , Thrill Kill Kult briefly moved to Red Ant Records in the late 1990s . Their releases since 2000 have been on Rykodisc and/or the band 's own label , Sleazebox Records .   Thrill Kill Kult 's songs have also been featured ( along with other artists ) on three soundtrack albums for the films Cool World ( 1992 ) , The Crow ( 1994 ) , and Showgirls ( 1995 ) , as well as a promo-only single for the film The Flintstones ( 1994 ) .

neg: Calvin Harris discography Scottish record producer , DJ , singer and songwriter Calvin Harris has released four studio albums , one mix album , three extended plays , 28 singles ( including three as a featured artist ) , 12 promotional singles and 31 music videos . As of November 2014 , Harris had sold 8,176,180 singles and tracks in the United Kingdom .   Harris 's debut studio album , I Created Disco , was released in June 2007 . The album peaked at number eight on the UK Albums Chart and was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . Its first two singles , `` Acceptable in the 80s '' and `` The Girls '' , peaked at numbers 10 and three , respectively , on the UK Singles Chart , while the third single , `` Merrymaking at My Place '' , reached number 43 .   In August 2009 , Harris released his second studio album , Ready for the Weekend , which debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart and earned a gold certification from the BPI within two months of release . Its lead single , `` I 'm Not Alone '' , became Harris 's first number one on the UK Singles Chart . `` Ready for the Weekend '' was released as the album 's second single , peaking at number three in the United Kingdom . Two more singles were released from the album , `` Flashback '' and `` You Used to Hold Me '' , which reached numbers 18 and 27 on the UK chart , respectively .   His third studio album , 18 Months , was released in October 2012 . The album sees Harris stepping away from vocals , instead focusing on the music production . It earned Harris his second consecutive number-one album in his home country . 18 Months also became his first album to chart on the Billboard 200 in the United States , peaking at number 19 , while reaching number two in Ireland , number five in Australia and number eight in Canada . The album 's lead single , `` Bounce '' featuring Kelis , peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart and gave Harris his first top-10 entry in Australia , peaking at number seven . The second single , `` Feel So Close '' , also peaked at number two in the UK . The song brought Harris to international prominence , reaching number five in New Zealand and number seven in Australia , as well as becoming his first chart entry as a lead performer on the US Billboard Hot 100 , where it charted at number 12 .   In 2011 , Harris wrote , produced and was featured on Rihanna 's single `` We Found Love '' , which topped the charts in 25 countries , including the United Kingdom , the United States , Ireland and Canada . The third and fourth singles from 18 Months , `` Let 's Go '' ( featuring Ne-Yo ) and `` We 'll Be Coming Back '' ( featuring Example ) , both reached number two on the UK chart , with the former also peaking at number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The album 's fifth single , `` Sweet Nothing '' featuring Florence Welch , became Harris 's fourth number-one single in the UK and first top-10 single in the US . `` Drinking from the Bottle '' ( featuring Tinie Tempah ) and `` I Need Your Love '' ( featuring Ellie Goulding ) served as the album 's sixth and seventh singles . Having both charted inside the UK top 10 by April 2013 , Harris made chart history by becoming the first artist to attain eight top-10 singles from one studio album , overtaking the record previously set by Michael Jackson . The eighth and final single , `` Thinking About You '' featuring Ayah Marar , peaked at number eight on the UK Singles Chart .   Harris 's fourth studio album , Motion , was released in October 2014 . It peaked at number two on the UK Albums Chart and number five on the US Billboard 200 , his highest-peaking album on the latter chart . The album includes the UK number-one singles `` Under Control '' , `` Summer '' and `` Blame '' , as well as the top-10 single `` Outside '' .

neg: Infinity Records Infinity Records was a short-lived subsidiary of MCA Records established in New York City in 1978 . The label was conceived by MCA president Sidney Sheinberg as a way for the Los Angeles-based entertainment conglomerate to improve its presence on the East Coast . Ron Alexenberg , who had previously been the head of the Epic Records division of CBS Records ( now part of Sony Music Entertainment ) was hired as CEO .   The biggest hit the Infinity label had was `` Escape '' by Rupert Holmes , which was number 1 at the end of 1979 . Other acts that had chart entries on Infinity included Dobie Gray , Hot Chocolate , New England , Orleans and Spyro Gyra . Under the distribution of MCA , the Infinity Records label released titles in the US , Canada , the UK , Japan and parts of Europe .   Infinity spent lavishly but failed to earn a profit . In addition to developing new talent , Infinity also paid substantial sums to acquire established artists . Most of the established artists were unable to duplicate their previous success .   In October 1979 , Infinity released Pope John Paul II Sings at the Festival of Sacrosong , an album of speeches and songs sung by Pope John Paul II in his native Polish . Due to the tremendous popularity of the new Pope , Infinity thought the record would be a major hit . The company paid a substantial fee ( which went to charity ) to the Catholic Church to obtain exclusive rights to the recording . The album briefly peaked at # 126 on the Billboard 200 albums chart , however , it received poor reviews and was quickly seen as a colossal failure . Most of the one million advance copies of the John Paul II album were returned unsold to the label , producing a huge financial loss . MCA pulled the plug on Infinity Records in November 1979 , and the Infinity catalog was immediately absorbed by the parent company . Rupert Holmes and Spyro Gyra were the only Infinity acts to be retained by MCA , and most of the label 's catalog went out of print .   The collapse of Infinity also coincided with rising costs of manufacturing for vinyl LP records and a huge sales slump for the music industry . Infinity has since become known as one of the most expensive failures in the history of the record business .   There are at least two other smaller record labels that also have used the name Infinity Records . One of these other labels was a subsidiary of Festival Records , which for many years was Australia 's leading independent record company , but is now also defunct . Other companies with the Infinity Records name do not have an affiliation with MCA .

neg: The Ministry Years The Ministry Years is a two-volume posthumous compilation album series by American contemporary Christian music pianist and singer Keith Green , originally released in 1987 and 1988 . Each two-disc volume covers half of Green 's recording career : 1977-1979 and 1980-1982 . Included with each volume is a 19-page booklet insert . These compilation albums are treated with several previously unreleased songs ( denoted by a ** below ) . Both volumes were re-released in 1999 with new covers ( seen at right ) patterned after the `` Songs of ... '' series . The re-issue also included a digital copy of the book No Compromise : The Life Story of Keith Green .

neg: Just Whitney Just Whitney is the fifth studio album by American recording artist Whitney Houston , released on December 10 , 2002 in North America by Arista Records . It was her first studio album in four years , since 1998 's My Love Is Your Love , and after signing her new $ 100 million Arista contract in 2001 .   The album debuted at number nine on the Billboard 200 , and number three of Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums , with sales of 205,147 copies in the first week , not only beating her previous high first-week sales of 177,284 units with the Waiting to Exhale soundtrack but also logged her highest debut sales out of her SoundScan-era solo albums . The album received mixed reviews from music critics .   It spawned four official singles -- with three ; `` Whatchulookinat '' , `` Love That Man '' and `` Try It on My Own '' peaking at number one on Billboards Hot Dance Club Play chart . `` Try It on My Own '' also peaked at number 10 on Billboards Adult Contemporary singles . Since its release , Just Whitney ... has gone on to sell/ship more than 2 million units worldwide and has also earned Platinum certification in the US and Switzerland and Gold in France , Brazil and other countries . As of 2012 , the album 's US sales stand at approximately 1 million units . In 2003 , Just Whitney ... was nominated at the Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards in the category for Best R&B / Soul Album of the Year .

neg: Pure Disco Pure Disco is the name of a series of compilation CDs of disco , dance and funk music released by the Universal Music Group under the UTV Records label .


query: Eminem has an album.

pos: Relapse (Eminem album) Relapse is the sixth studio album by American rapper Eminem . The album was released on May 19 , 2009 , under Aftermath Entertainment , Shady Records , and Interscope Records . It was his first album of original material since Encore ( 2004 ) , following a four-year hiatus from recording due to his writer 's block and an addiction to prescription sleeping medication . Recording sessions for the album took place during 2005 to 2009 at several recording studios , and Dr. Dre , Mark Batson , and Eminem handled production . Conceptually , Relapse concerns the ending of his drug rehabilitation , rapping after a non-fictional relapse , and the return of his Slim Shady alter-ego .   One of the most anticipated album releases of 2009 , Relapse debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart , selling 608,000 copies in its first week . It produced three singles that attained chart success and has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . The album received mixed reviews from most music critics , who were divided in their responses towards Eminem 's lyrics . It has sold more than 2.3 million copies in the United States and more than 17 million copies worldwide .

pos: Encore (Eminem album) Encore ( stylized as ƎNCORE ) is the fifth studio album by American rapper Eminem . It was released by Aftermath Entertainment , Shady Records , and Interscope Records . Its release was set for November 16 , 2004 , but was moved up to November 12 ( coincidentally , exactly eight years to the day his debut album , Infinite , was released ) after the album was leaked to the Internet . Encore sold 710,000 copies in its first three days , and went on to sell over 1.5 million copies in its first two weeks of release in the United States , certified quadruple-platinum that mid-December . Nine months after its release , worldwide sales of the album stood at 11 million copies . By December 2016 , the album had sold over 5 million copies in the United States and more than 23 million copies worldwide .

pos: Eminem Marshall Bruce Mathers III ( born October 17 , 1972 ) , known professionally as Eminem ( often stylized as EMINƎM ) , is an American rapper , record producer , and actor . Eminem is the best-selling artist of the 2000s in the United States . Throughout his career , he has had 10 number-one albums on the Billboard 200 and five number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 . With US sales of 45.1 million albums and 42 million tracks as of June 2014 , Eminem is the second best-selling male artist of the Nielsen SoundScan era , the sixth best-selling artist in the United States and the best-selling hip-hop artist . Globally , he has sold more than 172 million albums , thus being one of the world 's best-selling artists . Rolling Stone ranked him 83rd on its list of 100 Greatest Artists of All Time , calling him the King of Hip Hop .   After his debut album Infinite ( 1996 ) and the Slim Shady EP ( 1997 ) , Eminem signed with Dr. Dre 's Aftermath Entertainment and subsequently achieved mainstream popularity in 1999 with The Slim Shady LP , which earned him his first Grammy Award for Best Rap Album . His next two releases , 2000 's The Marshall Mathers LP and 2002 's The Eminem Show , were worldwide successes , with each being certified diamond in U.S. sales , and both winning Best Rap Album Grammy Awards -- making Eminem the first artist to win the award for three consecutive LPs . They were followed by Encore in 2004 , another critical and commercial success . Eminem went on hiatus after touring in 2005 , releasing Relapse in 2009 and Recovery in 2010 . Both won Grammy Awards and Recovery was the best-selling album of 2010 worldwide , the second time he had the international best-selling album of the year ( after The Eminem Show ) . Eminem 's eighth album , 2013 's The Marshall Mathers LP 2 , won two Grammy Awards , including Best Rap Album ; it expanded his record for the most wins in that category and his Grammy total to 15 .   In addition to his solo career , Eminem is an original member of the Midwest hip hop groups Soul Intent and D12 . He is also known for his collaborations with fellow Detroit-based rapper Royce da 5 ' 9 '' ; the two are collectively known as Bad Meets Evil . Eminem has developed other ventures , including Shady Records , with manager Paul Rosenberg , which helped launch the careers of artists such as 50 Cent . Eminem has also established his own channel , Shade 45 , on Sirius XM Radio . In November 2002 , he starred in the hip hop film 8 Mile , which won the Academy Award for Best Original Song , for `` Lose Yourself '' , becoming the first rap artist to win the award . Eminem has made cameo appearances in the films The Wash ( 2001 ) , Funny People ( 2009 ) , The Interview ( 2014 ) and the television series Entourage ( 2010 ) .

neg: E=MC² (Mariah Carey album) E = MC ² is the eleventh studio album by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey . It was released in the United States on April 15 , 2008 by Island Records . The singer began recording the album in 2007 in Anguilla , after writing and composing most of its material during and after her 2006 Adventures of Mimi Tour . Carey worked with several notable songwriters and producers during the course of the project , including Jermaine Dupri , Bryan-Michael Cox , Stargate , The-Dream , Tricky Stewart , Scott Storch and Danja .   The album revealed a more personal side of the singer , illustrated in its declarative theme of emancipation from her previous marriage , and from her personal and professional setbacks . Although it shared similar vocal production as well as an inclination to her signature pop and R&B ballads , the album also encompassed a variety of dance-oriented and uptempo styles . It was meant to be a continuation , or a second part of her tenth studio album , The Emancipation of Mimi ( 2005 ) . Carey collaborated with a number of artists on the album , including T-Pain , Damian Marley and Young Jeezy . Though considered by critics very similar to the formula its predecessor had been built on , E = MC ² included other genres she had never explored , such as reggae , and her continued recording of gospel-influenced hymns .   E = MC ² was generally well received by music critics , with many complimenting the record 's broad genre influences , and musical and production styles . Some critics , however , felt that the album was too similar to The Emancipation of Mimi , and did n't offer anything new from the formula . The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with opening week sales of 463,000 copies ; the highest first-week sales of Carey 's career . It opened inside the top-five on the albums chart in Australia , Canada , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . The album achieved worldwide sales of over 2.5 million copies .   Four singles were commission in promotion of the album . The album 's lead single , `` Touch My Body '' , became Carey 's eighteenth chart topper on the Billboard Hot 100 , making her the solo artist with the most number one singles in United States history , surpassing the record held by Elvis Presley . Additionally , it gave Carey her 79th week atop the chart , tying Presley for most weeks at number one . It achieved strong worldwide charting , peaking within the top five of the singles charts in Italy , Japan , New Zealand , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . `` Bye Bye '' served as the album 's second release . Although hailed by critics , and expected to have achieved large commercial success , the song stalled at number nineteen on the Hot 100 , and managed to chart weakly internationally . Both the third and fourth singles , `` I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time '' and `` I Stay in Love '' failed to garner success in any prominent music market .

neg: Invincible (Michael Jackson album) Invincible is the final studio album by American recording artist Michael Jackson , released on October 30 , 2001 , by Epic Records . Similar to Jackson 's previous material , Invincible explores themes such as love , romance , isolation , media criticism , and social issues . It was his sixth studio album released through Epic label .   An extensive and laborious album to make , Jackson started production in 1997 , and did not finish until eight weeks before the album 's October 2001 release . Jackson recorded in over 10 different studios , and the final cost was over thirty million dollars . Combined with twenty five million toward the cost of promoting the album , Invincible is the most expensive album ever made .   The album peaked at number one in eleven territories worldwide , including the United States ( with first-week sales of 363,000 units ) , the United Kingdom , Australia , France and Switzerland . Invincible charted within the top ten in six other territories . Upon release , the album received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics .   Invincible was one of the best-selling of 2001 , being ranked at # 9 on the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry 's ( IFPI ) Top 50 Global Best Selling Albums for 2001 .

neg: Hi-Tek (album) Hi-Tek is the second studio solo album by rapper , Keak da Sneak and considered to be his best album by fans . It was released on June 16 , 2001 for Moe Doe Records and was produced by Ant Banks , Rick Rock , One Drop Scott , Tone Capone , D-Dre and Keak da Sneak . The album was a modest success , peaking at # 95 on the Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums , # 18 on the Top Independent Albums and # 37 on the Top Heatseekers , and selling 6,510 copies in its first week out .

neg: Smack That `` Smack That '' is a song by American singer/songwriter Akon from his second studio album Konvicted ( 2006 ) . The song , which features a guest appearance from American rapper Eminem , was written by Akon , Mike Strange , Luis Resto and Eminem , with the latter also helming the song 's production . The collaboration came after the two artists meet during a recording session for a Shady Records artist . The song received praise from contemporary music critics for being a great club song .   `` Smack That '' was released as the first single from Konvicted on September 26 , 2006 . Commercially , the song reached number one on ten record charts and peaked inside the top ten in nine , including the Billboard Hot 100 , where it peaked at number two . It received several gold and platinum certifications and sold over 3 million downloads in the United States . The song earned a Grammy nomination for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration .

neg: 05 Fuck Em 05 Fuck Em is a mixtape by American rapper Lil B . It was independently released on December 24 , 2013 , through Lil B 's own record label , BasedWorld Records . Intended to be spread across six discs , the mixtape is one of the longest mixtape releases by Lil B after the 676-track Free Music : The Complete MySpace Collection ( 2011 ) and 855 Song Based Freestyle Mixtape ( 2012 ) , verging on nearly six hours with 101 tracks .

neg: War & Peace Vol. 1 (The War Disc) War & Peace Volume 1 ( The War Disc ) is the fifth studio album by American rapper Ice Cube , released November 17 , 1998 on Priority Records . It is the first part from the two-album project War & Peace , the subsequent volume , War & Peace Vol . 2 ( The Peace Disc ) was released in 2000 . The album features production by Bud ` da , E-A-Ski , Ice Cube , K-Mac , N.O. Joe and T-Mix . It moves from intense street-oriented jams to rap-metal fusions , such as the Korn featured song `` Fuck Dying '' , to social commentary such as `` Ghetto Vet . '' The album was Cube 's first album in five years since his last album , Lethal Injection , while he was working on other projects . The album debuted at No. 7 on the Billboard 200 chart , selling 180,000 copies in the first week .

neg: Shine (Wale album) Shine is the fifth studio album by American rapper Wale . It was released on April 28 , 2017 , by Maybach Music Group , Atlantic Records and Every Blue Moon .

neg: Country Grammar Country Grammar is the debut studio album by American rapper Nelly . It was released on June 27 , 2000 , by Universal Records ( who released the album after listening to demos by Nelly , before signing a record deal with the rapper in 1999 ) . The production on the album was handled by Jason `` Jay E '' Epperson , with additional production by C-Love , Kevin Law , City Spud , Steve `` Blast '' Wills and Basement Beats . Nelly contributed to all lyrics on the album , with Epperson and City Spud also contributing . The album introduced a unique Saint Louis , Midwestern sound , and introduces Nelly 's vocal style of pop-rap singalongs and Midwestern , Missouri twang . It was supported four successful singles : `` Country Grammar ( Hot Shit ) '' , `` E.I. '' , `` Ride wit Me '' and `` Batter Up '' . Its lead single , `` Country Grammar ( Hot Shit ) '' , peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 and UK Singles Chart . `` E.I. '' charted at number 16 , number 12 and number 11 on the Hot 100 , UK Singles Chart and ARIA Singles Chart , respectively . `` Ride wit Me '' peaked within the top five on the Hot 100 , ARIA Singles Chart , Irish Singles Chart and UK Singles Chart . The album 's fourth and final single , `` Batter Up '' featuring Murphy Lee and Ali , achieved moderate chart success .   Country Grammar received positive reviews , with critics praising Nelly 's vocal style and the album 's production . It topped the US Billboard 200 chart for five consecutive weeks , and the US Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums chart for six consecutive weeks . It peaked in the top five on the New Zealand Albums Chart and Australian Albums Chart , as well as the top ten on the Canadian Albums Chart and Dutch Albums Chart . The album was certified three times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) and Music Canada ( MC ) , denoting shipments of 45,000 and 300,000 copies , respectively .   In 2016 , Country Grammar became the ninth hip hop album to be certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipment of 10 million copies in the US . Its commercial success secured Nelly 's status as one of the most successful hip hop acts of the 2000s decade . On Billboard decade-end chart , Nelly ranked as the third most successful act of the 2000s decade , due largely to the success of Country Grammar and his follow-up album Nellyville ( 2002 ) .

neg: Powerful (Young Noble album) Powerful is the third studio album by American rapper Young Noble . It was released on September 13 , 2016 , through Outlaw Recordz . It features guest appearances from Hussein Fatal , Dirty Bert of Jerzey Mob , Mass tha Villain , Aktual , Deuce Deuce of Concrete Mob , stic.man of Dead Prez , EDIDON and Munch Ali .

neg: Anarchy (Busta Rhymes album) Anarchy is the fourth studio album by Busta Rhymes . The album was released on June 20 , 2000 , by Flipmode Records and Elektra Records . It comes after the release of The Coming , When Disaster Strikes and Extinction Level Event ( Final World Front ) . Unlike these albums , Anarchy does not follow the apocalypse theme . The album debuted at number 4 on the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 164,000 copies . The album would later be certified Platinum by the RIAA . This was Busta 's final album with Elektra Records .

neg: Major Key (album) Major Key ( stylized as Major ð ''` ) is the ninth studio album by DJ Khaled . It was released on July 29 , 2016 , by We the Best Music Group and Epic Records . The album features guest appearances from Future , Big Sean , Rick Ross , Jay Z , Drake , Nas , Kendrick Lamar , Betty Wright , J. Cole , Bryson Tiller , Nicki Minaj , Chris Brown , August Alsina , Jeremih , Kodak Black , Jeezy , French Montana , YG , Yo Gotti , Gucci Mane , 2 Chainz , Jadakiss , Fabolous , Fat Joe , Busta Rhymes , Kent Jones , Travis Scott , Lil Wayne , Meghan Trainor , Wiz Khalifa , Wale and Mavad   The album was supported by four singles , `` For Free '' , `` I Got the Keys '' , `` Holy Key '' and `` Do You Mind '' . Major Key received generally positive reviews from critics and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 . The album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in November 2016 . It received a Grammy nomination for Best Rap Album .

neg: Street Hop Street Hop is the fourth studio album by the American rapper Royce da 5 ' 9 '' , released in the United States on October 20 , 2009 , on One Records . It is the follow-up to his previous album Independent 's Day ( 2005 ) . At the release of Success Is Certain ( August 9 , 2011 ) , Street Hop sold approximately 24,000 units in the United States via HitsDailyDouble .

neg: Radio (LL Cool J album) Radio is the debut studio album by American rapper LL Cool J , released November 18 , 1985 on Def Jam Recordings in the United States . It serves as the label 's first full-length album release . Recording sessions for the album took place during 1984 to 1985 at Chung King House of Metal in New York City . The album was primarily produced by Rick Rubin , who provided a sparse and minimal production style . Radio also features a sound that is punctuated by DJ scratching , mostly brief samples , and emphasis of the downbeat . LL Cool J 's b-boy lyricism conveys themes of inner city culture , teenage promiscuity , and braggadocio raps .   The album experienced a significant amount of commercial success and sales for a hip hop record at the time , earning U.S. Billboard chart success and selling over 500,000 copies within its first five months of release . On April 19 , 1989 , Radio was certified platinum in sales by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , following sales in excess of one million copies in the United States . Initial criticism of the album was generally positive , as LL Cool J 's lyricism and Rick Rubin 's production were praised by several music critics . It has since been recognized by critics as LL Cool J 's greatest work .   Reflecting the new school and ghettoblaster subculture in the U.S. during the mid-1980s , Radio belongs to a pivotal moment in the history and culture of hip hop . Its success contributed to the displacement of the old school with the new school form and to the genre 's mainstream success during the period . Its success also served as a career breakthrough for LL Cool J and Rick Rubin . Radio has been recognized by music writers as one of the first cohesive and commercially successful hip hop albums .

neg: Bitch Please II `` Bitch Please II '' is a song by American rapper Eminem , featuring guest vocals from American rappers Dr. Dre , Snoop Dogg , Xzibit , and Nate Dogg , taken from Eminem 's The Marshall Mathers LP ( 2000 ) . The song was written by Eminem , Dr. Dre , Snoop Dogg , Xzibit and Nate Dogg with , production handled by Dr. Dre and Mel-Man .

neg: I Need a Doctor `` I Need a Doctor '' is a single by American rappers Dr. Dre and Eminem and recording artist Skylar Grey . The song is produced by British record producer Alex da Kid , mixed by Dr. Dre , and was released for digital download through the American iTunes Store on February 1 , 2011 .   Musically , `` I Need a Doctor '' is predominantly a rap song , backed by a `` spacey '' , drum-heavy production , with extra piano keys featured in the introduction and the chorus . Lyrically , the song is largely about Dr. Dre and Eminem 's close friendship , and how they have often needed and inspired each other in the past .   Even though the song was leaked onto the Internet several months in advance of its release , it became a significant commercial success on its official release , particularly in the United States , where it peaked at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Dr. Dre 's second highest peaking song on the chart ever , and also peaking in the upper regions of many national charts . As of October 2011 , it has sold over 2,206,000 digital copies in the United States alone .

neg: ASAP Ferg Darold D. Brown Ferguson , Jr. ( born October 20 , 1988 ) , better known by his stage name ASAP Ferg ( stylized as A$ AP Ferg ) , is an American rapper from New York City 's Harlem neighborhood . Aside from his solo career , he is a member of the hip hop collective A$ AP Mob , from which he adopted his moniker .   In January 2013 , Ferg signed a solo record deal with Polo Grounds and RCA , the same labels that helped launch A$ AP Worldwide , when Ferg 's A$ AP Mob cohorts A$ AP Rocky and the late A$ AP Yams , negotiated their own respective deal in 2011 . His debut album Trap Lord was released on August 20 , 2013 , and was met with generally positive reviews . On April 22 , 2016 , Ferg released his second studio album , Always Strive and Prosper .

neg: Platinum in da Ghetto Platinum In da Ghetto is the fifth studio album of Houston rapper Lil ' Keke . It was released on November 16 , 2001 and features guest appearances from 8Ball & MJG , E.S.G. , Slim Thug , C-Note , Big Hawk and more . There is also a screwed & chopped version available .

neg: Do or Die (Ant Banks album) Do or Die is the third studio album by American rapper and producer , Ant Banks .

neg: Thuggin' Under the Influence (T.U.I.) Thuggin ' Under the Influence ( T.U.I. ) is the first independent album by American rapper Young Jeezy ( under the initial name `` Lil ' J '' ) . It was released on August 31 , 2001 , by his independent record label , called Corporate Thugz ( CTE ) .

neg: Space Bound `` Space Bound '' is a song by American rapper Eminem . It was released on June 18 , 2011 as the fourth and final single from his seventh album Recovery . The song is produced by American hip-hop producer Jim Jonsin . `` Space Bound '' features samples of `` Drive '' by R.E.M. and `` Song for Bob '' by Nick Cave and Warren Ellis .   The music video was shot in February 2011 by director Joseph Kahn . It features model and former pornographic actress Sasha Grey . The video was released to the iTunes Store on June 24 , 2011 . It is about a girl , played by Grey , who secretly cheats on her boyfriend , Eminem ; this turns into a violent conflict . The video shows two sides of Eminem , one who is calm and loves his girlfriend and one who is aggressive and does not . The music video received attention and controversy for a scene in which Eminem shoots himself in the head in frustration , with blood spurting from the wound .


query: The Connaught Tunnel was lined only with mud and sand.

pos: Connaught Tunnel For the Connaught tunnel in East London , England , see Eastern Counties and Thames Junction Railway  The Connaught Tunnel is a railway tunnel under the Selkirk Mountains in southeastern British Columbia , Canada , near the city of Revelstoke . The 5.022 mi tunnel carries the Canadian Pacific Railway main line under Mount Macdonald and replaced the railway 's previous routing over Rogers Pass , which had been struck by several deadly avalanches since its completion in 1885 . At the time it was built , the Connaught Tunnel was the longest railway tunnel in North America . It was named for the Governor General of Canada -- the Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught -- who in turn was named after the province of Connaught in Ireland .   Announced in February 1913 , the contract was awarded on July 1 , 1913 , to Foley Bros. . Welch and Stewart . The tunnel was designed by John G. Sullivan who joined the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1900 and eventually became Chief Engineer for Canada . A small tunnel was built , from which cross cuts were made to the main tunnel so work could carry on at a number of headings . The sub-contractor guaranteed to drill 900 ft of tunnel per month and started on April 2 , 1914 . Compressed air equipment and narrow gauge locomotives were used inside the tunnel . The company town housed some 300 workers . The tunnel was completed before the original deadline , with operation beginning December 16 , 1916 . It had a grade of only 0.95 per cent westward , and was tangent ; light at one end can be seen at the other , more than five miles away .   It cost $ 5.5 million , while a further $ 3 million were spent on track revision , which saw 14.5 mi abandoned including the Loops and over 4 mi of snow sheds . In all , the route was shortened by 4.3 mi .   Problems were encountered with ventilation , loose rocks and wet rails , which caused trains to stall . The tunnel was later lined with reinforced concrete and equipped with a better ventilation system . Originally double tracked , it was realigned with a single track in 1959 to accommodate higher freight cars .   In the late 1980s , the Mount Macdonald Tunnel was built to supplement the Connaught Tunnel and to lessen the grade on the eastern approach to the pass . Trains now predominantly travel east through the Connaught Tunnel and west through the Mount Macdonald Tunnel .   In 2001 , the Connaught Tunnel was inducted into the North America Railway Hall of Fame . The Hall of Fame recognizes and establishes an enduring tribute to the people and things that have made significant contribution relating to railway industry in North America . The Connaught Tunnel was inducted in the `` Facilities and Structures '' category with `` National '' significance .

neg: Desert A desert is a barren area of land where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life . The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to the processes of denudation . About one third of the land surface of the world is arid or semi-arid . This includes much of the polar regions where little precipitation occurs and which are sometimes called polar deserts or `` cold deserts '' . Deserts can be classified by the amount of precipitation that falls , by the temperature that prevails , by the causes of desertification or by their geographical location .   Deserts are formed by weathering processes as large variations in temperature between day and night put strains on the rocks which consequently break in pieces . Although rain seldom occurs in deserts , there are occasional downpours that can result in flash floods . Rain falling on hot rocks can cause them to shatter and the resulting fragments and rubble strewn over the desert floor is further eroded by the wind . This picks up particles of sand and dust and wafts them aloft in sand or dust storms . Wind-blown sand grains striking any solid object in their path can abrade the surface . Rocks are smoothed down , and the wind sorts sand into uniform deposits . The grains end up as level sheets of sand or are piled high in billowing sand dunes . Other deserts are flat , stony plains where all the fine material has been blown away and the surface consists of a mosaic of smooth stones . These areas are known as desert pavements and little further erosion takes place . Other desert features include rock outcrops , exposed bedrock and clays once deposited by flowing water . Temporary lakes may form and salt pans may be left when waters evaporate . There may be underground sources of water in the form of springs and seepages from aquifers . Where these are found , oases can occur .   Plants and animals living in the desert need special adaptations to survive in the harsh environment . Plants tend to be tough and wiry with small or no leaves , water-resistant cuticles and often spines to deter herbivory . Some annual plants germinate , bloom and die in the course of a few weeks after rainfall while other long-lived plants survive for years and have deep root systems able to tap underground moisture . Animals need to keep cool and find enough food and water to survive . Many are nocturnal and stay in the shade or underground during the heat of the day . They tend to be efficient at conserving water , extracting most of their needs from their food and concentrating their urine . Some animals remain in a state of dormancy for long periods , ready to become active again when the rare rains fall . They then reproduce rapidly while conditions are favorable before returning to dormancy .   People have struggled to live in deserts and the surrounding semi-arid lands for millennia . Nomads have moved their flocks and herds to wherever grazing is available and oases have provided opportunities for a more settled way of life . The cultivation of semi-arid regions encourages erosion of soil and is one of the causes of increased desertification . Desert farming is possible with the aid of irrigation and the Imperial Valley in California provides an example of how previously barren land can be made productive by the import of water from an outside source . Many trade routes have been forged across deserts , especially across the Sahara Desert , and traditionally were used by caravans of camels carrying salt , gold , ivory and other goods . Large numbers of slaves were also taken northwards across the Sahara . Some mineral extraction also takes place in deserts and the uninterrupted sunlight gives potential for the capture of large quantities of solar energy .

neg: Morrich More Morrich More is an extensive area of dune grassland with wetland communities , on the southern shore of the Dornoch Firth , Scotland .   Morrich More lies east of Tain , on the southern shore of the Dornoch Firth , Scotland . Offshore lie extensive areas of intertidal sandflat , including the tidal island of Innis Mhòr and the sand spit Paterson Island ( Innis Bheag ) which provide shelter . The area includes the most extensive area ( 260 ha ) of salt marsh in the Highlands .

neg: Subbase (pavement) In highway engineering , subbase is the layer of aggregate material laid on the subgrade , on which the base course layer is located . It may be omitted when there will be only foot traffic on the pavement , but it is necessary for surfaces used by vehicles .   Subbase is often the main load-bearing layer of the pavement . Its role is to spread the load evenly over the subgrade . The materials used may be either unbound granular , or cement-bound . The quality of subbase is very important for the useful life of the road and can outlive the life of the surface , which can be scrapped off and after checking that the subbase is still in good condition , a new layer can be applied   Unbound granular materials are usually crushed stone , crushed slag or concrete , or slate .   Cement-bound materials come in multiple types . Mass concrete is used where exceptional loads are expected , with thickness usually 100 to , and optional reinforcement with steel mesh or polymer fibers . Other cement bound materials ( CBM ) , with less strength but also lower cost , are used . They are rated by strength , from the weakest CBM 1 ( also formerly known as soil cement ) through CBM 2 to CBM 3 , 4 , and 5 , which are more similar to concrete and are called `` lean mix '' .   The thickness of subbase can range from 75 to for garden paths through 100 to for driveways and public footpaths , to 150 to for heavy used roads , and more for highways .   Low quality subbase material , including large pieces of rock and concrete , which was hardly acceptable heretofore , can now be re-used when crushed in-situ with conventional milling machines to obtain a homogenous grain size . It may then be treated normally with hydraulic binders , augmented by specific polymer formulations . The German road technology provider Adinotec proposes this process , which is adaptable to almost any subbase material and can net major cost savings without changes as to quality and load bearing capacity .

neg: Offshore construction Offshore construction is the installation of structures and facilities in a marine environment , usually for the production and transmission of electricity , oil , gas and other resources .   Construction and pre-commissioning is typically performed as much as possible onshore . To optimize the costs and risks of installing large offshore platforms , different construction strategies have been developed .   One strategy is to fully construct the offshore facility onshore , and tow the installation to site floating on its own buoyancy . Bottom founded structure are lowered to the seabed by de-ballasting ( see for instance Condeep or Cranefree ) , whilst floating structures are held in position with substantial mooring systems .   The size of offshore lifts can be reduced by making the construction modular , with each module being constructed onshore and then lifted using a crane vessel into place onto the platform . A number of very large crane vessels were built in the 1970s which allow very large single modules weighing up to 14,000 tonnes to be fabricated and then lifted into place .   Specialist floating hotel vessels known as flotels are used to accommodate workers during the construction and hook-up phases . This is a high cost activity due to the limited space and access to materials .   Oil platforms are key fixed installations from which drilling and production activity is carried out . Drilling rigs are either floating vessels for deeper water or jack-up designs which are a barge with liftable legs . Both of these types of vessel are constructed in marine yards but are often involved during the construction phase to pre-drill some production wells .  Other key factors in offshore construction are the weather window which defines periods of relatively light weather during which continuous construction or other offshore activity can take place . Safety is another key construction parameter , the main hazard obviously being a fall into the sea from which speedy recovery in cold waters is essential .   The main types of vessels used for pipe laying are the `` Derrick Barge ( DB ) '' , the `` Pipelay Barge ( LB ) '' and the `` Derrick/Lay barge ( DLB ) '' combination . Diving bells in offshore construction are mainly used in water depths greater than 120 ft , less than that , the divers use a metal basket driven from an `` A '' frame from the deck . The basket is lowered to the water level , then the divers enter the water from it to a maximum of 120 ft. Bells can go to 1500 ft , but are normally used at 400 to .   Offshore construction includes foundations engineering , structural design , construction , and/or repair of offshore structures , both commercial and military , including :  Subsea oil and gas developments  Offshore platforms -- fixed platforms , semi-submersibles , spars , tension leg platforms ( TLPs ) , floating production storage and offloading ( FPSOs ) , etc. .  Floating oil and gas platforms -- semi-submersibles , spars , TLPs , FPSOs , etc. .  Offshore wind power  Submarine pipelines

neg: Bridgwater Bay Bridgwater Bay is on the Bristol Channel , 5 km north of Bridgwater in Somerset , England at the mouth of the River Parrett and the end of the River Parrett Trail . It stretches from Minehead at the southwestern end of the bay to Brean Down in the north . The area consists of large areas of mudflats , saltmarsh , sandflats and shingle ridges , some of which are vegetated . It has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) covering an area of 3574.1 ha since 1989 , and is designated as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention . The risks to wildlife are highlighted in the local Oil Spill Contingency Plan .   Several rivers , including the Parrett , Brue and Washford , drain into the bay . Man-made drainage ditches from the Somerset Levels , including the River Huntspill , also run into the bay . The mud flats provide a habitat for a wide range of flora and fauna . These include some nationally rare plants , beetles and snails . It is particularly important for over-wintering waders and wildfowl , with approximately 190 species recorded including whimbrel ( Numenius phaeopus ) , black-tailed godwit ( Limosa limosa ) , dunlin ( Calidris alpina ) and wigeon ( Anas penelope ) . Fishing has taken place using shallow boats , known as flatners , and fixed wooden structures for hundreds of years . It was also the last site in England used for ` mudhorse fishing ' . There are several small harbours along the coast .   The low-lying areas of the bay have been subject to flooding , including the Bristol Channel floods of 1607 and many times since particularly around the Steart Peninsula . In response to this threat sea walls have been built at several points including at Burnham-on-Sea , Berrow and Blue Anchor to Lilstock Coast . The extensive mud flats and high tidal range have been the cause of several drownings and rescue services are now provided by the Burnham Area Rescue Boat .

neg: Mudlark A mudlark is someone who scavenges in river mud for items of value , a term used especially to describe those who scavenged this way in London during the late 18th and 19th centuries .   Mudlarks would search the muddy shores of the River Thames at low tide for anything that could be sold ; and sometimes , when occasion arose , pilfering from river traffic . By at least the late 18th century people dwelling near the river could scrape a subsistence living this way . Mudlarks were usually either youngsters aged between eight and fifteen , or the robust elderly ; and though most mudlarks were male , girls and women were also scavengers .   Becoming a mudlark was usually a choice dictated by poverty and lack of skills . Work conditions were filthy and uncomfortable , as excrement and waste would wash onto the shores from the raw sewage and sometimes also the corpses of humans , cats and dogs . Mudlarks would often get cuts from broken glass left on the shore . The income generated was seldom more than meagre ; but mudlarks had a degree of independence , since ( subject to tides ) the hours they worked were entirely at their own discretion and they also kept everything they made as a result of their own labour .   Mayhew in his book , London Labour and the London Poor ; Extra Volume , 1851 , provides a detailed description of this category , and in a later edition of the same work includes the `` Narrative of a Mudlark '' , an interview with a thirteen-year-old boy .   Although in 1904 a person could still claim `` mudlark '' as his occupation , it seems to have been no longer viewed as an acceptable or lawful pursuit . By 1936 the word is used merely to describe swimsuited London schoolchildren earning pocket money during the summer holidays by begging passers-by to throw coins into the Thames mud , which they then chased , to the amusement of the onlookers .   More recently , metal-detectorists searching the foreshore for historic artefacts have described themselves as `` mudlarks '' .

neg: Haywards Heath Tunnel Haywards Heath tunnel ( also known as Folly Hill tunnel ) is a railway tunnel on the Brighton Main Line between Haywards Heath and Wivelsfield . It is 249 yards ( 227 metres ) long , one of the shortest tunnels on the line .

neg: Northern North Sea basin The North Sea is part of the Atlantic Ocean in northern Europe . It is located between Norway and Denmark in the east , Scotland and England in the west , Germany , the Netherlands , Belgium and France in the south .   The geology of the North Sea describes the geological features such as channels , trenches , and ridges today and the geological history , plate tectonics , geological events that created them .   A geological basin is a large low-lying area or depression . It is often below sea level . Depressions are typically formed by tectonic processes acting on the lithosphere , providing `` accommodation space '' for sediment to be preserved . Basins are formed in a variety of tectonic settings : extensional , compressional , strike-slip and intraplate .   Geological basins are one of the most common places which collect sediment . The type of rocks which form there tell about the palaeoclimate of the continent . The geology is of interest to oil prospectors , hydrologists and palaeontologists . Exploration in the North Sea was initiated in May 1964 when the first well was spudded and the area has now become one of the most prolific hydrocarbon provinces in the world . Total recoverable reserves found to date , including adjacent land areas , amount to over 100 billion barrels of oil and natural gas .   Geologically speaking , the North Sea is divided into four main basins : Northern , Moray Firth , Central , and Southern . Each has a long and complex geologic history with unique structural and stratigraphic developments driven by tectonic events over the last 400 Million years . The northern North Sea Paleorift system , including the Viking and Sogn graben , is an approximately 150-200 km wide zone of extended upper crust with preserved strata from pre-Triassic to Tertiary . It is bounded by the Shetland Platform to the west and the Norwegian mainland to the east .

neg: Scapa Flow right | thumb | Scapa Flow viewed from its eastern end in June 2009  Scapa Flow ( -LSB- ` skɑːpə -RSB- or -LSB- ` skæpə -RSB- ) is a body of water in the Orkney Islands , Scotland , United Kingdom , sheltered by the islands of Mainland , Graemsay , Burray , South Ronaldsay and Hoy . Its sheltered waters have been used by ships since prehistory and it has played an important role in travel , trade and conflict throughout the centuries - especially during both World Wars .   The Harbour Authority area of Scapa Flow in Orkney has been measured as part of a wider consultation in ballast water management in 2013 , and it has been accurately calculated that Scapa Flow is 324.5 km2 in area and that this area contains just under 1 billion cubic metres of water . It is currently a world-famous diving location , with the wrecks of the scuttled German Fleet offering unique diving challenges . Scapa Flow is also a major oil port serving the Flotta Oil Terminal , and is a prime location of ship-to-ship transfers of crude oil product and liquefied natural gas ( LNG ) . The world 's first ship-to-ship transfer of LNG took place in Scapa Flow in 2007 .

neg: Lahar A lahar ( -LSB- pronˈlɑːhɑr -RSB- ) is a type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material , rocky debris , and water . The material flows down from a volcano , typically along a river valley .   Lahars are extremely destructive : they can flow tens of metres per second ( 22 mph or more ) , be 140 m deep , and destroy any structures in their path . Notable lahars include those at Mount Pinatubo and Nevado del Ruiz , the latter of which killed thousands of people .   The word lahar is the Javanese term for `` flowing lava '' .

neg: Marianna Fault The Marianna Fault is a fault located near Marianna , Arkansas . The discovery was first announced by seismologists on January 21 , 2009 . It is not part of the more famous nearby New Madrid Seismic Zone , which is 100 km away .   Haydar Al-Shukri , director of the Arkansas Earthquake Center at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock , discovered the Marianna Fault after searching for a fault since 2005 . The fault line is seven miles long , with 110 m dimensions . The land above the Marianna Fault is mostly cotton fields , but the presence of fertile soil with stretches of fine sand alerted seismologists to the fault 's existence . It is believed that the Marianna Fault has previously experienced an earthquake that would have measured 7.0 on the Richter magnitude scale , and may well do so again . Al-Shukri believes that the fault was created 5,000 years ago .   Previously , the predicted earthquake damage Marianna , Arkansas might receive from the more distant New Madrid Fault suffering a 7.0 earthquake was 100 % architectural and content damage , half of all bridges suffering some damage , 2,955 displaced residents , and loss of phones and electricity . The capital city of Arkansas , Little Rock , would also face damage . A major natural gas pipeline is located near the fault , and could be devastated by any such earthquake . Tennessee and Mississippi would possibly be affected as well .   In 2006 , a letter to the Seismological Research Letters indicated the possible existence of a fault at Marianna . Sand blows in the area were similar in size to the New Madrid sand blows , giving rise to the speculation of a new fault . It was believed that the Marianna sand blows were created between 5,000 and 7,000 years ago . This followed a letter to the same journal a few months before saying that ground-penetrating radar ( GPR ) was being used to study `` large elliptical sand deposits '' near Marianna .   Haydar Al-Shukri announced the discovery of the Marianna Fault on January 21 , 2009 . Days later , Al-Shukri stated that more funding was required to study the fault , which would include trying to establish whether or not the fault was still active . The lack of seismic equipment in the vicinity is one factor in the need for additional funding .   The most recent earthquake activity in the area around the fault was located ten miles northeast of Marianna in August 2008 . It measured 2.6 on the Richter scale . Few quakes have been felt in the area since 1994 .

neg: Mudcrete Mudcrete is a structural material ( employed , for example , as a basecourse in road construction ) made by mixing mud ( usually marine mud ) with sand and concrete/cement . It is used as a cheaper and more sustainable alternative to rock fill . It is also used in such projects as land reclamation .

neg: Wheelhouse (archaeology) In archaeology , a wheelhouse is a prehistoric structure from the Iron Age found in Scotland . The term was first coined after the discovery of a ruined mound in 1855 . The distinctive architectural form related to the complex roundhouses constitute the main settlement type in the Western Isles in the closing centuries BC . A total of 62 sites have now been identified in the Northern and Western Isles , and on the north coast of Caithness and Sutherland .   Amateur enthusiasts did some excavation in the 19th century , but professional examination of the sites did not begin until the 1930s , when digs were undertaken at Jarlshof and Gurness . No work of a modern standard was done in the Hebrides until 1946 at Clettreval on North Uist .   Sometimes referred to as `` aisled roundhouses '' their characteristic features include an outer wall within which a circle of stone piers ( bearing a resemblance to the spokes of a wheel ) form the basis for lintel arches supporting corbelled roofing with a hearth at the hub . About a third are double-walled . They range in diameter from 4 metres to 11.5 metres . Those sites that have been dated tend to fall within the period 25 BC to 380 AD . In the Northern Isles , 72 % are found in association with broch sites , and they are of a later date than these towered structures in all cases . No sites in the west have such an association , an as yet unresolved enigma . The majority are dug into the landscape and only their thatched roofs would have been visible above the ground -- although these would have been 6 metres or more in height . Other examples were built above ground , such as Clettraval and Bagh nam Feadag ( on Grimsay ) .   Many sites incorporate animal burials beneath the floor , the most common bones being those of young lambs . Other bone deposits include the heads of a human and a great auk at Cnip on Lewis , and sixty bone burials including cattle , sheep and pig at Sollas in North Uist . Five sites include menhirs and fifteen a red and black mortar . These features tends to support the hypothesis that the primary purpose of these buildings was ritualistic . Confusingly therefore , `` wheelhouses '' are neither wheels , nor perhaps houses .   The highly restricted nature of their geographical locations suggests that they may have been contained within a political or cultural frontier of some kind . The co-incidence of their arrival and departure being associated with the period of Roman influence in Scotland is a matter of ongoing debate .

neg: Asphalt concrete Asphalt concrete ( commonly called asphalt , blacktop , or pavement in North America , and tarmac or bitumen macadam in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland ) is a composite material commonly used to surface roads , parking lots , airports , as well as the core of embankment dams . It consists of mineral aggregate bound together with asphalt , laid in layers , and compacted . The process was refined and enhanced by Belgian inventor and U.S. immigrant Edward de Smedt .   The terms `` asphalt ( or asphaltic ) concrete '' , `` bituminous asphalt concrete '' , and `` bituminous mixture '' are typically used only in engineering and construction documents , which define concrete as any composite material composed of mineral aggregate adhered with a binder . The abbreviation `` AC '' is sometimes used for `` asphalt concrete '' but can also denote `` asphalt content '' or `` asphalt cement '' , referring to the liquid asphalt portion of the composite material .

neg: Lenticular bedding Lenticular bedding is a sedimentary bedding pattern displaying alternating layers of mud and sand . Formed during periods of slack water , mud suspended in the water is deposited on top of small formations of sand once the water 's velocity has reached zero . Lenticular bedding is classified by its large quantities of mud relative to sand , whereas a flaser bed consists mostly of sand . The sand formations within the bedding display a ` lens-like ' shape , giving the pattern its respected name . They are commonly found in high-energy environments such as the intertidal and supratidal zones . Geologists use lenticular bedding to show evidence of tidal rhythm , tidal currents and tidal slack , in a particular environment .

neg: New Passage Pier railway station New Passage Pier was the original terminus of the Bristol and South Wales Union Railway , located on the banks of the River Severn at New Passage , South Gloucestershire , England . At New Passage , passengers would disembark from trains and use a boat across the Severn .   New Passage had been the site of a ferry from England to Wales including the use by mail and passenger coaches between Bristol and to Portskewett in south Wales . In 1825 the New Passage Association formed , using the 30-ton steamboat `` St Pierre '' . However , the sponsorship by the Dukes of Beaufort of the Aust route , with faster boats and a pier , meant that by 1830 mail coaches were diverted there , and the New Passage declined .   Construction of the new railway started in 1858 and the single-track broad gauge line opened from South Wales Junction , half a mile east of Temple Meads , as far as the landward end of New Passage Pier on 8 September 1863 , a distance of 11 mi . The distance by rail between Bristol and Cardiff was reduced from 94 mi to 38 mi . The Bristol and South Wales Union Railway built new piers for the ferry , that at New Passage being 546 yd long .   A steam ferry , the Saint Pierre had been built by Pride and Williams for the New Passage crossing in 1825 and it worked there until 1831 . The B&SWUR bought a new steamer , the Gem in 1863 but it proved unsuitable and was soon replaced by the Relief . John Bland , a carrier and shareholder in the railway , was contracted to operate the ferry . The next vessel purchased was the Dragon Fly , this had been used by the contractors to build the piers but was too small to work as the ferry . Instead , two paddle tugs , the Ajax and the Atlas were hired in to cover for the Relief .   A new paddle steamer arrived in June 1864 , named Christopher Thomas after the chairman of the B&SWUR , it had been built for the company by Henderson , Coulborn and Company at Renfrew in Scotland . A slightly larger vessel named the Chepstow arrived from the same shipyard on 11 February 1875 . These two continued in service until the Severn Tunnel was opened in 1886 . They were sold to WS Ogden at Cardiff in 1880 , the Chepstow being renamed the Rover . The funnels were generally painted black with a red band .   The station became redundant in 1886 following construction of the Severn Tunnel , and was closed . The pier was demolished by 1888 . A plaque now marks the site .

neg: Clarence Pier Clarence Pier is an amusement pier in Portsmouth , Hampshire . It is located next to Southsea Hoverport . Unlike most seaside piers in the UK , the pier does not extend very far out to sea and instead goes along the coast .   The pier was originally constructed in 1861 and boasted a regular ferry service to the Isle of Wight . It was damaged by air raids during World War II and opened in its current form in 1961 .   The main entrance to the pier from the road is via a striking pavilion building with distinctive yellow and blue cladding and a small tower . This originally housed an amusement arcade and cafe although in more recent years , the upper floor has variously been used for `` Pirate Pete 's '' indoor children 's playground , a Wimpy bar while the ` Golden Horseshoe ' amusement arcade and Coffee Cup ( originally a prize bingo hall ) remain on the ground floor .   A smaller building , perpendicular but not physically joined to the main pavilion houses another amusement arcade , the `` Clarence Pier '' ( Originally called `` Wheel Of Fortune '' ) and some small gift shops . The upper floor was originally used as a public house , but it was later converted into ` Jurassic 3001 ' , a futuristic dinosaur themed dark ride , which opened in 1995 . The ride 's exterior featured an animatronic triceratops , whose head protruded from the side of the building and roared occasionally at passers-by . The attraction closed in 2001 , yet all ride signage and theming on the building remained until the end of 2011 . The upper floor space previously occupied by this ride underwent a conversion to apartments , according to planning publications , in 2012 .   A Building at the side of the Funfair houses an arcade called `` Games Wharf '' and `` The Boat House '' ( originally another Coffee Cup ) .   The main funfair operates on a free admission , pay-per-ride token-based system . In the early 1980s , the amusement park was named `` Fun Acres '' and as well as the whole pier itself , it also took up 3500 sq metres of land or so to the North West of the Northern part of the pier . This part of the park was cleared and redeveloped as Another arcade called `` Southsea Island Leisure '' , The Clarence Pier Public House , a crazy golf course and a Premier Inn during the 1990s , therefore the park itself is significantly smaller than it used to be . The old part of the park contained the 56-seat Corbiere Spherical Ferris Wheel and a ghost train among other attractions . The token booths were shaped as mushrooms .   One of the main landmarks of Clarence Pier until the mid-1990s was the Super Loop ride , since removed . The Ferris wheel was sold and relocated to Pleasureland Southport . One ride which lasted the duration and remains to this day is the Skyways roller coaster . A new addition to the pier is a pirate-themed crazy golf course situated behind the Clarence Pier arcade .   `` Mind The Baby , Mr. Bean '' , an episode of British TV comedy series `` Mr. Bean '' was filmed on location at Clarence Pier ( as well as other locations in Southsea ) and aired on ITV in 1994 . This was prior to the closure of the North Western part of the park and the closure of the Wheel Of Fortune public house . The episode shows the Super Loop , Skyways roller coaster , and many of the park 's other attractions from that time . Clarence Pier was also the filming location to the teen pop band , `` S Club Juniors '' song , `` Fool No More '' filmed mainly on the dodgems but the rollercoaster , ` Skyways ' can also be seen in the video .

neg: Chesil Beach Chesil Beach -LSB- ˈtʃɛzᵻl -RSB- , sometimes called Chesil Bank , in Dorset , southern England is one of three major shingle structures in Britain . Its toponym is derived from the Old English ceosel or cisel , meaning `` gravel '' or `` shingle '' .   The beach is often identified as a tombolo , although research into the geomorphology of the area has revealed that it is in fact a barrier beach which has `` rolled '' landwards , joining the mainland with the Isle of Portland , giving the appearance of a tombolo . The shingle beach is 29 km long , 200 m wide and 15 m high . The beach and the Fleet are part of the Jurassic Coast , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , and the location for a 2007 novel , On Chesil Beach by Ian McEwan .   At the eastern end of the beach at the village of Chiswell , against the cliffs of the Isle of Portland , the beach curves round sharply to form Chesil Cove . This part of the beach protects the low-lying village from flooding . The beach has been the scene of many shipwrecks , and as such was named by Thomas Hardy as `` Dead Man 's Bay '' . Westwards the shingle forms a straight line along the coast , enclosing the Fleet , a shallow tidal lagoon .   The beach provides shelter from the prevailing winds and waves for the town of Weymouth and the village of Chiswell on Portland .   Varying with the Bank 's unbroken increase in height , to 14.7 m , above mean high water , the size of the flint and chert shingle varies from pea-sized at the north-west end ( by West Bay ) to orange-sized at the south-east end ( by Portland ) . It is said that smugglers who landed on the beach in the middle of the night could judge `` exactly where they were '' by the size of the shingle .   There are three owners of the beach . The Crown Estates own the beach from Portland to its boundary stone at Littlesea . The bed of the lagoon and Chesil Beach adjacent to the Fleet , as well as the majority of the land of Upper Fleet to West Bexington , are owned by the Ilchester Estates , who are based north of Dorchester , but also have a local office in Abbotsbury . Finally from West Bexington to West Bay it is owned by the National Trust . The whole of Chesil Beach south from the Portland Bound Stone is registered common land over which there is a right of public access on foot .

neg: Mānana Mānana Island is an uninhabited islet located 0.75 mi off Kaupō Beach , near Makapuu at the eastern end of the Island of Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands . In the Hawaiian language , mānana means `` buoyant '' . The islet is commonly referred to as Rabbit Island , because its shape as seen from the nearby Oahu shore looks something like a rabbit 's head and because it was once inhabited by introduced rabbits . The rabbit colony was established by John Adams Cummins in the 1880s when he ran the nearby Waimānalo plantation .  The rabbits were eradicated about a hundred years later because they were destroying the native ecosystem , an important seabird breeding area .   Mānana is a tuff cone with two vents or craters . The highest point on the islet rises to 361 ft. The island is 2319 ft long and 2147 ft wide and has an area of about 63 acre . Mānana 's only sand beach is a small storm beach on the west to south-west ( leeward ) side of the islet . This sand deposit , located above the reach of the normal waves , is about 30 ft wide and curves around to the western side of the island .   Manana was formed by the Honolulu Volcanic Series . These series of eruptions are responsible for creating other tuff cones such as Punchbowl Crater .   Mānana is a State Seabird Sanctuary -- home to over 10,000 wedge-tailed shearwaters , 80,000 sooty terns , 20,000 brown noddys , 5 -- 10 Bulwer 's petrels , and 10 -- 15 red-tailed tropicbirds , and numerous Hawaiian monk seals . It is illegal to land on the islet without permission from the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources .

neg: South Boston CSO Storage Tunnel The South Boston CSO Storage Tunnel , also known as the North Dorchester Bay CSO Storage Tunnel , is a large underground facility designed to reduce untreated sewage discharges into Boston Harbor from the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority combined sewer and stormwater system . It was opened on July 23 , 2011 , and is part of the federally mandated Boston Harbor Cleanup project . CSO stands for Combined Sewer Overflow .   The main part of the facility is a tunnel 17 ft in diameter , running 2.5 mile along the harbor front . The tunnel starts at an Odor Control Building continues along the harbor front , with a midpoint near and ends with a pump station at   Combined sewers are problematic because during heavy storms , they are forced by a high volume of rainwater from storm drains to carry untreated sanitary sewer output into Boston harbor , including dangerous amounts of human waste . In addition to the tunnel project , the MWRA is undertaking costly sewer separation in parts of South Boston near the Reserved Channel , and reconfiguring various drains and outflows . The tunnel provides a buffer to allow some combined sewers to remain in service . It has sufficient buffer capacity to hold combined sewage and rain water during most storms , helping to eliminate the Combined Sewer Outflow events that polluted nearby beaches on average 20 times per year . After the storm is over , the tunnel is `` dewatered '' back into the network at a rate the Deer Island Waste Water Treatment Plant can handle .