query: The USS Constitution has a crew of 13 managers and airmen.

pos: USS Constitution USS Constitution is a wooden-hulled , three-masted heavy frigate of the United States Navy , named by President George Washington after the Constitution of the United States of America . She is the world 's oldest commissioned naval vessel afloat . Constitution was launched in 1797 , one of six original frigates authorized for construction by the Naval Act of 1794 and the third constructed . Joshua Humphreys designed the frigates to be the young Navy 's capital ships , and so Constitution and her sisters were larger and more heavily armed and built than standard frigates of the period . Constitution was built in the North End of Boston , Massachusetts at Edmund Hartt 's shipyard . Her first duties with the newly formed U.S. Navy were to provide protection for American merchant shipping during the Quasi-War with France and to defeat the Barbary pirates in the First Barbary War .   Constitution is most noted for her actions during the War of 1812 against the United Kingdom , when she captured numerous merchant ships and defeated five British warships : , , , , and . The battle with Guerriere earned her the nickname of `` Old Ironsides '' and public adoration that has repeatedly saved her from scrapping . She continued to serve as flagship in the Mediterranean and African squadrons , and circled the world in the 1840s . During the American Civil War , she served as a training ship for the United States Naval Academy . She carried American artwork and industrial displays to the Paris Exposition of 1878 .   Constitution was retired from active service in 1881 , and served as a receiving ship until designated a museum ship in 1907 . In 1934 , she completed a three-year , 90-port tour of the nation . Constitution sailed under her own power for her 200th birthday in 1997 , and again in August 2012 to commemorate the 200th anniversary of her victory over Guerriere .   Constitutions stated mission today is to promote understanding of the Navy 's role in war and peace through educational outreach , historical demonstration , and active participation in public events as part of the Naval History & Heritage Command . As a fully commissioned U.S. Navy ship , her crew of 60 officers and sailors participate in ceremonies , educational programs , and special events while keeping Constitution open to visitors year round and providing free tours . The officers and crew are all active-duty U.S. Navy personnel and the assignment is considered to be special duty in the U.S. Navy . Traditionally , command of the vessel is assigned to a Navy commander . She is usually berthed at Pier 1 of the former Charlestown Navy Yard , at one end of Boston 's Freedom Trail . In May 2015 , Constitution entered Dry Dock 1 to begin a three-year restoration program .

neg: Special Operations Command parachute team The United States Special Operations Command ( USSOCOM ) Parachute Team , called the Para-Commandos , is composed of volunteers from the United States Army , Navy , Air Force , Marines and U.S. government civilians who are assigned to Special Operations Command . They are selected for the team after a rigorous training program . They participate with the USSOCOM Parachute Team in addition to their regular duties , with training conducted during off duty time .   The USSOCOM is one of nine unified commands in the United States military 's combatant command structure . The bulk of the command 's 47,000 people are made up of Army Rangers and Special Forces ( Green Berets ) ; Navy Sea/Air/Land ( SEAL ) teams ; Air Force combat controllers , pararescuemen and combat crew airmen ; United States Marine Corps Forces Special Operators ; and Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations forces .

neg: Office of the Secretary of Defense The Office of the Secretary of Defense ( OSD ) is a headquarters-level staff of the Department of Defense of the United States of America . It is the principal civilian staff element of the Secretary of Defense , and it assists the Secretary in carrying out authority , direction and control of the Department of Defense in the exercise of policy development , planning , resource management , fiscal , and program evaluation responsibilities . OSD ( along with the Joint Staff ) is the Secretary of Defense 's support staff for managing the Department of Defense , and it corresponds to what the Executive Office of the President of the United States is to the President for managing the whole of the Executive branch of the federal government .   OSD includes the Immediate offices of the Secretary ( SECDEF ) and the Deputy Secretary of Defense ( DEPSECDEF ) , as well as five Under Secretaries of Defense in the fields of Acquisition , Technology & Logistics ; Comptroller/Chief Financial Officer ; Intelligence ; Personnel & Readiness ; and Policy . All of these positions are Presidential appointments which require U.S. Senate confirmation .   Other positions include the Assistant Secretaries of Defense , Assistants to the Secretary of Defense , General Counsel , Director , Operational Test and Evaluation , Director of Administration and Management , and such other staff offices as the Secretary establishes to assist in carrying out their assigned responsibilities .

neg: Unitary executive theory The unitary executive theory is a theory of American constitutional law holding that the President possesses the power to control the entire executive branch . The doctrine is rooted in Article Two of the United States Constitution , which vests `` the executive power '' of the United States in the President .   Although that general principle is widely accepted , there is disagreement about the strength and scope of the doctrine . It can be said that some favor a `` strongly unitary '' executive , while others favor a `` weakly unitary '' executive . The former group argue , for example , that Congress 's power to interfere with intra-executive decision-making ( such as firing executive branch officials ) is limited , and that the President can control policy-making by all executive agencies within the limits set for those agencies by Congress . Still others agree that the Constitution requires a unitary executive , but believe this to be a bad thing , and propose its abolition by constitutional amendment .   In several states , in contrast to the federal government , executive officers such as lieutenant governor , attorney general , comptroller , secretary of state and others are elected independently of the state 's governor , with Texas being one example . This type of executive structure is known as a plural executive . Another type of plural executive , used in Japan , Israel , and Sweden , though not in any U.S. state , in which a collegial body comprises the executive branch - however , that collegial body does not comprise multiple members elected in elections , but is rather more akin to the US Cabinet in formation and structure .

neg: United States Army Recruiting Command The United States Army Recruiting Command ( USAREC ) mission is to recruit the enlisted , non-commissioned and officer candidates for service in the United States Army and Army Reserve . This process includes the recruiting , medical and psychological examination , induction , and administrative processing of potential service personnel .   The Recruiting Command is a field operating agency administratively responsible to the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel . The Command employs more than 7200 Active and Reserve Component recruiters at more than 1,600 recruiting centers across the United States and overseas . The Command is guided in its operations by the United States Mobilization Doctrine .   The Command is commanded by a Major General , and assisted by a Deputy Commanding General ( Brigadier General ) , with five recruitment brigades and a number of support brigades in the Command .   U.S. Army recruiters generally are DA selected for three year assignments . These `` detailed '' recruiters return to their primary military occupational specialty after obligation as recruiters . Center Leaders and reserve recruiters are all career recruiters who stay within USAREC for the duration of their careers .   General Paul Gorman 's ( USA , ret . ) in his institutional history of the U.S. Army , The Secret of Future Victories , credits George C. Marshall as the architect of the modern version of the current system for personnel allocation .

neg: Warrant officer A warrant officer ( WO ) is an officer in a military organisation who is designated an officer by a warrant , as distinguished from a commissioned officer who is designated an officer by a commission , and a non-commissioned officer who is designated an officer , often by virtue of seniority .   The rank was first used in the 13th century in the ( then ) English Royal Navy and is today used in most services in many countries , including the Commonwealth nations and the United States .   Outside the United States , warrant officers are included in the `` Other Ranks '' ( OR ) category , equivalent to the US `` E '' ( Enlisted ) category and rank between non-commissioned officers and commissioned officers . The warrant officers in Commonwealth navies rank between chief petty officer and sub-lieutenant , in Commonwealth air forces between flight sergeant and pilot officer , and in Commonwealth armies between staff sergeant and second-lieutenant .   Warrant officers in the United States are classified as officers and are in the `` W '' category ( NATO `` WO '' ) ; they are technical leaders and specialists . Chief warrant officers are commissioned by the President of the United States and take the same oath as regular commissioned officers . They may be technical experts with a long service as enlisted personnel , or direct entrants , notably for U.S. Army helicopter pilots .

neg: Merchant Marine Reserve The Merchant Marine Reserve , founded in 1913 as the Naval Auxiliary Reserve consists of members of the United States Merchant Marine who are also members of the United States Navy . Officers in the Merchant Marine Reserve are entitled to wear the Navy Reserve Merchant Marine Insignia .   Category : United States Navy Reserve  Category : United States Merchant Marine

neg: Airmanship Airmanship is skill and knowledge applied to aerial navigation , similar to seamanship in maritime navigation . Airmanship covers a broad range of desirable behaviors and abilities in an aviator . It is not simply a measure of skill or technique , but also a measure of a pilot 's awareness of the aircraft , the environment in which it operates , and of his own capabilities .   Airmanship can be defined as :  A sound acquaintance with the principles of flight ,  The ability to operate an airplane with competence and precision both on the ground and in the air , and  The exercise of sound judgment that results in optimal operational safety and efficiency .   The three fundamental principles of expert airmanship are skill , proficiency , and the discipline to apply them in a safe and efficient manner .  Discipline is the foundation of airmanship .  The complexity of the aviation environment demands a foundation of solid airmanship , and a healthy , positive approach to combating pilot error .   The actions of Captain Alfred C. Haynes and the crew of United Airlines Flight 232 are often cited as an exemplar of good airmanship . They were able to maintain control of their crippled McDonnell Douglas DC-10 , bringing it to a survivable `` controlled crash '' in Sioux City , Iowa , after a complete loss of all flight controls following an engine failure in July 1989 . They did this by improvising a control scheme on the spot using differential thrust on the two working engines . Captain Haynes credited his Crew Resource Management training as one of the key factors that saved his own life , and many others .   The U.S. National Transportation Safety Board occasionally cites poor airmanship as a contributing factor in its determination of probable cause in aviation accidents , although it is implicit in many of the pilot error causes it often uses . For example , in its report on the December 1 , 1993 fatal crash of Northwest Airlink Flight 5719 , the Board determined the `` failure of the company management to adequately address the previously identified deficiencies in airmanship '' was a contributing factor .  More recently , in the February 2 , 2005 business jet accident at Teterboro Airport , NTSB investigator Steve Demko , speaking about the probable cause , said determining an aircraft 's weight and balance before takeoff is `` basic airmanship , '' a `` Flying 101 type of thing . ''  And in the 2006 New York City plane crash that killed New York Yankees pitcher Cory Lidle , the NTSB cited `` inadequate judgement , planning and airmanship '' in its probable cause determination .   A `` failure of airmanship '' was also cited by U.S. Military Authorities in the Tarnak Farm incident in Afghanistan , where the pilot of a U.S. F-16 Fighting Falcon mistakenly targeted a 250-kilogram laser-guided bomb on Canadian troops in April 2003 , killing four of them . Airmanship covers operation of the aircraft and all its systems , so in military usage , this includes the weapons systems of combat aircraft .

neg: United States Air Force Academy The United States Air Force Academy ( also known as USAFA , the Air Force Academy , or the Academy ) , is a military academy for officer cadets of the United States Air Force . Its campus is located in the western United States in Colorado , immediately north of Colorado Springs in El Paso County .   The Academy 's stated mission is `` to educate , train , and inspire men and women to become leaders of character , motivated to lead the United States Air Force in service to our nation . '' It is the youngest of the five U.S. service academies , having graduated its first class in 1959 . Graduates of the Academy 's four-year program receive a Bachelor of Science degree , and are commissioned as second lieutenants in the U.S. Air Force . The Academy is also one of the largest tourist attractions in Colorado , attracting approximately a million visitors each year .   Admission is extremely competitive , with nominations divided equally among Congressional districts . Recent incoming classes have had about 1,200 cadets ; historically , just under 1,000 of those will graduate . Tuition along with room and board are all paid for by the Air Force . Cadets receive a monthly stipend , but incur a commitment to serve a number of years of military service after graduation .   The program at the Academy is guided by the Air Force 's core values of `` Integrity First , Service Before Self , and Excellence in All We Do '' , and based on four `` pillars of excellence '' : military training , academics , athletics and character development . In addition to a rigorous military training regimen , cadets also take a broad academic course load with an extensive core curriculum in engineering , humanities , social sciences , basic sciences , military studies and physical education . All cadets participate in either intercollegiate or intramural athletics , and a thorough character development and leadership curriculum provides cadets a basis for future officership . Each of the components of the program is intended to give cadets the skills and knowledge that they will need for success as officers .

neg: Patricia A. Friend Patricia A. Friend is the former International President of the Association of Flight Attendants-CWA , AFL-CIO . A United Airlines flight attendant since 1966 , during her 16 years as International President , Friend was a respected leader in the airline industry and throughout the labor movement .   Following the September 11 terrorist attacks , Friend was appointed by U.S. Secretary of Transportation Norman Mineta to serve on the DOT Rapid Response Team for Aircraft Security , a group of industry experts assembled to recommend aircraft security improvements . Since then , she has tirelessly lobbied Congress , the Federal Aviation Administration and the public for their support of more stringent security measures and financial relief for displaced workers .   Under Friend 's leadership , AFA-CWA has fought for and won whistleblower protections for aviation employees , increased penalties for crew interference , a smoking ban on international flights , and opened the door for occupational safety and health protections for all flight attendants .   Elected to her first four-year term as International President , Friend assumed leadership of AFA-CWA in January 1995 . She began her fourth term as International President on January 1 , 2007 .   Friend 's ability to represent AFA-CWA 's diverse group of working women and men stemmed from her 37 years of flying and vast experience in all aspects of union business . Today , AFA-CWA represents 42,000 flight attendants at 21 airlines , making it the largest flight attendant union in the world .   As a result of the merger between AFA-CWA and the Communications Workers of America ( CWA ) , Friend served as a CWA Vice President . In that capacity , she was a member of several CWA Executive Board committees , including Education , Legislative , Political , Health and Safety and the New Economy Workers Committee .   In addition to her role as AFA-CWA 's President , Friend is one of eight women on the 46-member AFL-CIO Executive Council . As an AFL-CIO Council member , she presides as Chair of the Public Affairs Committee . She also serves as a member of the Financial Oversight Committee of the Transportation Trades Department as well as serving as the department 's Secretary-Treasurer . In addition , she serves on a number of other AFL-CIO committees , including Legislative/Public Policy , Women Workers , Organizing , Strategic Approaches , International Affairs , Subcommittee on Independent Union Raiding , Appeals Committee , and the Committee on Ethical Practices , Committee on Finance . She is also a member of the Board of Directors for Working America , a community affiliate of the AFL-CIO . Most recently , Friend has been appointed by the AFL-CIO President to serve on the Board for the National Endowment for Democracy .   On the international level , Friend promoted the interests of the flight attendants by her participation on various committees of the International Transport Workers Federation ( ITF ) , which represents more than 5 million transport workers . She is the Chair of the Cabin Crew Committee , the representative to the ITF ICAO cabin safety training manual working group , plays an active role on the Women 's Committee and is the women 's representative on the North American Executive Board . Friend also serves as a representative of the Women 's Committee of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions .   Friend also received an appointment to the Board of Voices for Working Families , a nonprofit organization created to ensure that everyone in the U.S. can participate fully in America 's political life .   Friend 's third attempt in nine years to organize Delta Air Lines flight attendants again ended in failure on November 3 , 2010 when the National Mediation Board announced at the end of the latest voting period that the `` no union '' choice on the ballot won the election . AFA has filed objections to the election with the National Mediation Board documenting hundreds of incidents of alleged interference . Those charges are pending as of January 1 , 2011 .   She retired from the AFA office at the end of 2010 .   Born in the Midwest and raised in Oklahoma , Friend is now based in Washington , D.C. , and has retired as a United Airlines flight attendant .

neg: The Bluejacket's Manual The Bluejacket 's Manual is the basic handbook for United States Navy personnel . First issued in 1902 to teach new recruits about naval procedures and life and offer a reference for active sailors , it has become the `` bible '' for Navy personnel , providing information about a wide range of Navy topics . The current version , issued in 2009 , is the 24th Edition and is given to all enlistees .

neg: Squadron Officer School Squadron Officer School ( SOS ) , is a five-week-long Professional Military Education ( PME ) course for U.S. Air Force Captains , 1st Lieutenants selected for Captain , Department of the Air Force Civilian ( DAFC ) equivalents and International Officers . It fulfills the U.S. Air Force 's requirement for primary developmental education ( PDE ) . SOS is based at Maxwell AFB , Alabama , and the in-residence version of the course is taught there . SOS is part of the Squadron Officer College ( SOC ) , an element of the Air University .   Unlike Air University 's intermediate and senior level PME courses , there is no seminar program for SOS . In addition , `` in residence '' attendance at SOS does not include any U.S. officers from sister services , although those officers are eligible to take SOS via correspondence or distance learning formats .

neg: William Raborn William Francis Raborn , Jr. , United States Navy ( June 8 , 1905 -- March 6 , 1990 ) was a United States Navy officer , the leader of the project to develop the Polaris missile system , and the 7th Director of Central Intelligence as well as the 5th Director of the Central Intelligence Agency .   Born in Decatur , Texas , he graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1928 . During World War II he directed the Gunnery Training Section at the Bureau of Aeronautics . He also served in the Pacific on aircraft carriers : Raborn was the executive officer of the carrier when her deck was damaged by a kamikaze attack . He had the deck repaired in four hours , allowing the ship 's aircraft ( which had been airborne when the kamikaze struck ) to land safely - for this Raborn was awarded the Silver Star . He later commanded the carriers and .   Raborn was a rear admiral when he was appointed , on November 8 , 1955 , as Director of Special Projects at the Bureau of Weapons . His task was to develop a submarine-launched ballistic missile . He reported directly to Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Arleigh Burke and the Secretary of the Navy Charles Thomas . Raborn was told the new system had to achieve interim capability by early 1963 and full capability by early 1965 . The , the first ballistic missile submarine , was commissioned December 30 , 1959 , fired its first test missile July 20 , 1960 , and departed on the Navy 's first deterrent patrol on November 15 , 1960 . Raborn received the Distinguished Service Medal and was appointed Vice Admiral in 1960 . The same year he was awarded the Collier Trophy for his work on Polaris .   Raborn had delivered Polaris three years ahead of schedule , due in part to his application of the PERT methodology . He became Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Development in 1962 . Raborn retired from the Navy in 1965 and on April 28 of that year , despite his having no intelligence experience , President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Raborn as the seventh Director of Central Intelligence ( DCI ) . As DCI , one of his primary responsibilities was to direct the Central Intelligence Agency .   Time magazine wrote that his organizational skills would be invaluable in a CIA that admitted it was in danger of being `` drowned in data '' , but his tenure was not successful : author David Barrett described Raborn as `` incompetent at CIA , not understanding the agency or the intelligence business '' , and even the CIA 's own historians said `` Raborn did not ` take ' to the DCI job '' . A later CIA director , William Colby , described Raborn as focused on intelligence technology and not sufficiently attuned to the cultural issues involved in dealing with foreign nationals and governments .   Raborn resigned on June 30 , 1966 , having served for only fourteen months as DCI . He was replaced by his deputy , Richard Helms .   He was involved , during his time at the CIA , in its early activities against Ramparts magazine and its editors .   Raborn is buried in the United States Naval Academy Cemetery in Annapolis , Maryland .   Raborn was also :  Vice Admiral ( United States Navy )  Director , U.S. Navy Special Projects Office  Deputy Chief of Naval Operations

neg: Small Airplane Revitalization Act of 2013 The Small Airplane Revitalization Act of 2013 is a bill related to airplane regulations in the United States of America that was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress . The bill would require the Federal Aviation Authority to adopt the recommendations of the `` Part 23 Reorganization Aviation Rulemaking Committee '' about ways to modernize regulations on small aircraft .   According to a fact sheet provided by the United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure , the general aviation industry `` includes nearly 600,000 pilots , employs roughly 1.3 million people , and contributes approximately $ 150 billion annually to the U.S. economy . '' The industry has been undergoing some recent decline , some of which is blamed on outdated and inappropriate regulations that stifle innovation and unnecessarily increase costs . The Federal Aviation Administration began to deal with this situation in August 2011 by chartering the `` Part 23 Reorganization Aviation Rulemaking Committee . '' The Committee was `` charged with creating a progressive , tier-based system so that small recreational airplanes wo n't have to be designed and certificated under the same regulatory requirements as heavier , more complex and higher performance aircraft . '' The Federal Aviation Regulations ( FAR ) are divided into different Parts , with Part 23 comprising the section of rules related to small planes . In June 2013 , this Committee finished writing its recommendation for changes to make to FAR Part 23 `` to remove barriers to bringing new , safer airplane designs to market . '' The Committee 's recommendations included '' ( 1 ) removing prescriptive methods of compliance , ( 2 ) ensuring safety objectives address future technologies , ( 3 ) utilizing FAA-accepted consensus standards , ( 4 ) developing globally acceptable regulations , and ( 5 ) implementing these recommendations as soon as possible . '' There is also the possibility that these new regulations will be adopted by other countries , helping to set international standards .

neg: Secretary of the Navy Council of Review Boards The Secretary of the Navy Council of Review Boards ( CORB ) is an organization within the United States Department of the Navy that reviews cases , conducts hearings , and renders decisions on behalf of the United States Secretary of the Navy . It was formerly known as the Naval Council of Personnel Boards and Naval Council of Review Boards .   CORB is composed of five boards :   Physical Evaluation Board  Naval Discharge Review Board  Naval Clemency and Parole Board  Combat Related Special Compensation Board  Navy Department Board of Decorations and Medals   These boards allow military and civilian personnel of the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps to challenge personnel decisions that impact them .   CORB is under the oversight of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( Manpower and Reserve Affairs ) .

neg: Judge Advocate General's Corps, U.S. Navy The Judge Advocate General 's Corps also known as the `` JAG Corps '' or `` JAG '' is the legal arm of the United States Navy . Today , the corps consists of a worldwide organization of more than 730 Judge Advocates , 30 limited duty officers ( law ) , 500 enlisted members and nearly 275 civilian personnel , serving under the direction of the Judge Advocate General of the Navy .   The headquarters of the Judge Advocate General 's Corps of the United States Department of the Navy is located at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington , D.C.

neg: 17th Airlift Squadron The 17th Airlift Squadron was one of four active duty C-17A Globemaster III units at Charleston AFB , South Carolina .   The 17th Airlift Squadron is commanded by a lieutenant colonel , who serves as head of the squadron and the pilots . The chief loadmaster is in charge of the loadmasters , the first sergeant takes charge of the few support military personnel and civilians working in the squadron .   The 17th was responsible for being the first unit to set up forward deployed C-17 staging operations , at the start of Operation Enduring Freedom , creating the 817th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron ( EAS ) .   The 17th Airlift Squadron recently stepped up to the plate once more and created another EAS . For the first time , two C-17 Squadrons became deployed in forward theater locations , supporting Operations Iraqi Freedom , and Enduring Freedom . The 817th Area of Responsibility split . On 1 June 2006 , the 816th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron was created and launched its first crew 15 minutes later .   Unlike previous C-17 deployments , this one actually had the squadron itself doing all the flying from `` an undisclosed location in Southwest Asia . '' The 17th helped initiate a whole new concept in C-17 operations in that this was the first time that the airframe was employed like traditional intratheater airlift assets such as the C-12 , C-20 , C-21 or the C-130 . However , unlike traditional tactical airlift assets that are under the direct command of the theater commander , the 817th EAS is headquartered out of theater .

neg: Aviation maintenance administrationman Aviation Maintenance Administrationman ( abbreviated as AZ ) is a United States Navy occupational rating .

neg: Lieutenant (junior grade) Lieutenant ( junior grade ) ( LTJG ) is a junior commissioned officer rank in the United States Navy , the United States Coast Guard , the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps , and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps ( NOAA Corps ) , with the pay grade of O-2 . The rank is also used in the United States Maritime Service . The NOAA Corps 's predecessors , the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps ( 1917 -- 1965 ) and the Environmental Science Services Administration Corps or ESSA Corps ( 1965 -- 1970 ) , also used the rank .   Lieutenant , junior grade , ranks above ensign and below lieutenant and is equivalent to a first lieutenant in the other uniformed services ( the Army , Marine Corps and Air Force ) and sub-lieutenant in the Royal Navy and the navies of many Commonwealth countries .   Promotion to LTJG is governed by Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 . DOPMA guidelines suggest all `` fully qualified '' ensigns should be promoted to LTJG . The time for promotion to LTJG is a minimum of two years after commissioning in the Navy or 18 months in the Coast Guard . Lieutenants , junior grade typically lead petty officers and non-rated personnel , unless assigned to small aircraft or on staff duty . A LTJG 's usual shipboard billet is as a division officer .   Lieutenant , junior grade is often referred to colloquially as JG ( `` Jay-Jee '' ) . Prior to March 3 , 1883 , this rank was known in the Navy as Master .

neg: Jim Selman James C. `` Jim '' Selman ( born February 7 , 1942 ) is an American consultant , coach , and author .   Born in Oklahoma City , Selman received his B.A. from the University of Oklahoma in 1965 , where he majored in social psychology and philosophy .   Selman is described as being `` in the forefront in helping major companies embrace the concept '' of `` contextual management '' . He formed Selman & Associates in 1976 , and `` began research into the nature of culture and large-scale systems change '' . In 1984 , he partnered with Werner Erhard to form Transformational Technologies , a consulting and training franchise operation , which served as the corporate division of Werner Erhard & Associates , with Selman as its first president . In his capacity there , he was noted to have said of his philosophy of management , `` when we talk management technology , what we are talking about is a rigorously tested and challenged body of distinction for having access to whatever the phenomenon of management really is '' .   In October 1987 , Selman moderated a televised broadcast that featured Werner Erhard in discussion with top sports coaches John Wooden , Red Auerbach , Timothy Gallwey and George Allen discussing principles of coaching across all disciplines . They sought to identify distinctions found in coaching , regardless of the subject being coached . In 1989 , with the late Professor Roger Evered ( U.S. Naval Graduate School at Monterrey ) , Selman documented the outcome in the first article on organizational coaching , titled `` Coaching and the Art of Management '' . In another article , `` Leadership and Innovation : Relating to Circumstances and Change '' , Selman identifies six ways of responding to change .   Selman was described as `` an enormously powerful man with a deep voice and a way of speaking that held people 's attention and inspired confidence '' . Selman & Associates became Paracomm Partners International in 1988 , which is active to present date . Jim Selman is the host and co-producer with Phyllis Haynes of the podcast and web program Possible Futures , conversations and commentary to explore ideas and decision making and their relationship to possible futures .

neg: VFA-34 Strike Fighter Squadron 34 ( VFA-34 ) , also known as the `` Blue Blasters '' , is a United States Navy F/A -18 C Hornet strike fighter squadron stationed at Naval Air Station Oceana . They are a part of Carrier Air Wing 2 and are attached to the . Their tail code is NE and their radio call sign is `` Joker '' .


query: Distress in social situations can be caused by social anxiety.

pos: Social anxiety disorder Social anxiety disorder ( SAD ) , also known as social phobia , is an anxiety disorder characterized by a significant amount of fear in one or more social situations , causing considerable distress and impaired ability to function in at least some parts of daily life . These fears can be triggered by perceived or actual scrutiny from others .   Physical symptoms often include excessive blushing , excess sweating , trembling , palpitations , and nausea . Stammering may be present , along with rapid speech . Panic attacks can also occur under intense fear and discomfort . Some sufferers may use alcohol or other drugs to reduce fears and inhibitions at social events . It is common for sufferers of social phobia to self-medicate in this fashion , especially if they are undiagnosed , untreated , or both ; this can lead to alcoholism , eating disorders or other kinds of substance abuse . SAD is sometimes referred to as an illness of lost opportunities where `` individuals make major life choices to accommodate their illness '' . According to ICD-10 guidelines , the main diagnostic criteria of social phobia are fear of being the focus of attention , or fear of behaving in a way that will be embarrassing or humiliating , avoidance and anxiety symptoms . Standardized rating scales can be used to screen for social anxiety disorder and measure the severity of anxiety .   The first line treatment for social anxiety disorder is cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) with medications recommended only in those who are not interested in therapy . CBT is effective in treating social phobia , whether delivered individually or in a group setting . The cognitive and behavioral components seek to change thought patterns and physical reactions to anxiety-inducing situations . The attention given to social anxiety disorder has significantly increased since 1999 with the approval and marketing of drugs for its treatment . Prescribed medications include several classes of antidepressants : selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) , serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( SNRIs ) , and monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( MAOIs ) . Other commonly used medications include beta blockers and benzodiazepines . It is the most common anxiety disorder with up to 10 % of people being affected at some point in their life .

neg: Psychology of disenfranchisement The Psychology of Disenfranchisement is a theory developed by Rex Briggs while studying minority groups at social research firm Yankelovich Partners . Originally published by Yankelovich Partners , Grant Lukenbill 's book , Untold Millions , applied the theory to help explain marketing opportunities to gays and lesbians . In Brigg 's original research , he observed higher levels of stress , skepticism and self-protection needs among minority groups .   The psychology of disenfranchisement theory suggests that there are three components that drive the psychology of disenfranchisement : alienation , cynicism and perceived victimization . These components interact and intensify each other . Alienation , Briggs argues , may be due to negative perceptions , stereotypes and discrimination condoned and practiced by the dominant culture . The perception of separation from the mainstream culture can create severe stress and can be considered the impetus for the psychology of disenfranchisement . Cynicism is one of the inevitable offshoots of alienation , resulting in the conviction that things will go wrong , that harm is to be expected . It involves a sense that the institutions of society ( from which one is alienated ) are not only remote , but inimical . Victimization is the feeling the develops out of the perception of intentional or unintentional undeserved mistreatment by other individuals , organizations , or institutions . Victimization is a logical outgrowth of feelings of cynicism and alienation from the dominant culture . The perceived victimization legitimizes and justifies the cynicism , and over time this cycle can become entrenched , thereby increasing the feelings of alienation .   The resulting needs include : self-understanding ( recognition of and respect for one 's individuality ) , association ( a sharing of occasions with `` people like me '' ) , security ( emotional , social and psychical ) , independence , stress relief ( self-indulgence , escapism ) .   All the Rage : The Story of Gay Visibility in America cites Briggs ' psychology of disenfranchisement theory as a launching point to discuss how advertising can offer inclusion in its messaging , so as to resonate better .   In 2006 , Steven Andrew Culpepper summarized Dubois 1903 book , Sols of Black Folk as capturing the essence of a double-consciousness , a paradoxical experience of deep psychic atrocity tracing from slavery , `` while the American experience resonates with a hopeful ethos characterized by universality of equality and justice for all . '' Culpepper applies this same psychology of disenfranchisement to women , `` that were severely excluded from its rights and privileges in society that touts equality and justice . ''   A more literal use of the concept , `` psychology of disenfranchisement '' has been applied by Keven Lanning where he examines the consequences to both the person and the community when individuals do not have equal access , or equal voices , at the polls .

neg: Attachment measures Attachment measures refer to the various procedures used to assess attachment in children and adults .   Researchers have developed various ways of assessing patterns of attachment in children . A variety of methods allow children to be classified into four attachment pattern groups : secure , anxious-ambivalent , anxious-avoidant , and disorganized/disoriented , or assess disorders of attachment . These patterns are also referred to as Secure ( Group B ) ; Anxious/Resistant ( Group C ) ; Avoidant ( Group A ) and Disorganized/Controlling ( Group D ) . The disorganized/controlling attachment classification is thought to represent a breakdown in the attachment-caregiving partnership such that the child does not have an organized behavioral or representational strategy to achieve protection and care from the attachment figure . Each pattern group is further broken down into several sub-categories . A child classified with the disorganized/controlling attachment will be given a `` next best fit '' organized classification .   Attachment in adults is commonly measured using the Adult Attachment Interview , the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System , and self-report questionnaires . Self-report questionnaires assess attachment style , a personality dimension that describes attitudes about relationships with romantic partners . Adult attachment style is thought to be similar to childhood attachment patterns . There is some research that shows a link between childhood attachment patterns and attachment personality dimensions with romantic partners , but correlations are mild to moderate . The most common approach to defining attachment style is a two-dimension approach in defining attachment style . One dimension deals with anxiety about the relationship , and the other dimension dealing with avoidance in the relationship . Another approach defines four adult attachment style categories : secure , preoccupied , dismissive-avoidant , and fearful-avoidant .

neg: Psychosocial treatment of needle phobia in children While needle phobia is not age-specific , it is more common in children than in adults . The latest research from all fields indicates that needle-fear is predominant among children fears with some research claiming that up to 93 % of children experience -LSB- needle-related -RSB- stress . '' Many studies have been performed investigating psychosocial methods of helping children cope with their fear . Current research in this area has investigated several types of non-invasive treatments to aid children in their needle phobia . These can be categorized into distraction techniques and other methods . These techniques offer safer , cheaper alternatives to drug or anesthetic treatments ( see Treatment ) .

neg: Cognitive behavioral therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) is a psychosocial intervention that is the most widely used evidence-based practice for treating mental disorders . Guided by empirical research , CBT focuses on the development of personal coping strategies that target solving current problems and changing unhelpful patterns in cognitions ( e.g. thoughts , beliefs , and attitudes ) , behaviors , and emotional regulation . It was originally designed to treat depression , and is now used for a number of mental health conditions .   The CBT model is based on a combination of the basic principles from behavioral and cognitive psychology . It is different from historical approaches to psychotherapy , such as the psychoanalytic approach where the therapist looks for the unconscious meaning behind behaviors and then formulates a diagnosis . Instead , CBT is `` problem-focused '' and `` action-oriented '' , meaning it is used to treat specific problems related to a diagnosed mental disorder and the therapist 's role is to assist the client in finding and practising effective strategies to address the identified goals and decrease symptoms of the disorder . CBT is based on the belief that thought distortions and maladaptive behaviors play a role in the development and maintenance of psychological disorders , and that symptoms and associated distress can be reduced by teaching new information-processing skills and coping mechanisms .   When compared to psychotropic medications , review studies have found CBT-alone to be as effective for treating less severe forms of depression and anxiety , posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) , tics , substance abuse ( with the exception of opioid use disorder ) , eating disorders , and borderline personality disorder , and it is often recommended in combination with medications for treating other conditions , such as severe obsessive compulsive disorder ( OCD ) and major depression , opioid addiction , bipolar , and psychotic disorders . In addition , CBT is recommended as the first line of treatment for the majority of psychological disorders in children and adolescents , including aggression and conduct disorder . Researchers have found that other bona fide therapeutic interventions were equally effective for treating certain conditions in adults , but CBT was found to be superior in treating most disorders . Along with interpersonal psychotherapy ( IPT ) , CBT is recommended in treatment guidelines as a psychosocial treatment of choice , and CBT and IPT are the only psychosocial interventions that psychiatry residents are mandated to be trained in .

neg: Pain in animals In humans , pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli . Whether animals apart from humans also experience pain is contentious . The standard measure of pain in humans is how a person reports that pain , ( for example , on a pain scale ) . `` Pain '' is defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain as `` an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage , or described in terms of such damage . '' Only the person experiencing the pain can know the pain 's quality and intensity , and the degree of suffering . However , for non-human animals , it is harder , if even possible , to know whether an emotional experience has occurred . Therefore , this concept is often excluded in definitions of pain in animals , such as that provided by Zimmerman : `` an aversive sensory experience caused by actual or potential injury that elicits protective motor and vegetative reactions , results in learned avoidance and may modify species-specific behaviour , including social behaviour . '' Non-human animals can not report their feelings to language-using humans in the same manner as human communication , but observation of their behaviour provides a reasonable indication as to the extent of their pain . Just as with doctors and medics who sometimes share no common language with their patients , the indicators of pain can still be understood .   According to the U.S. National Research Council Committee on Recognition and Alleviation of Pain in Laboratory Animals , pain is experienced by many animal species , including mammals and possibly all vertebrates .

neg: Wishful Identification According to Feilitzen and Linne ( 1975 ) , wishful identification is the extension of identification , which refers to people 's desire to become or to act in the same way as a certain media character . The majority of research about wishful identification has focused on its impacts on media users ' intimate relationship with , attachment to , identification with , imitation of or interaction with media figures . From this perspective , investigations on effects of wishful identification are helpful to understand how mediated messages can be effectively conveyed , how mediated behaviors and figures can be shaped to positively influence social attitudes and behaviors .   Participants in relevant research primarily consist of children and adolescents because they do not have enough life and social experience ( Bandura , 1977 ; Hoffner , 1996 ) . In other words , they have higher needs than adults for role models to develop and adjust their social behaviors . As is mentioned by Comstock ( 1993 ) , `` television is a catalogue of modes of behavior ; whether they affect what viewers do depends on their being taken as rewarding , acceptable , and applicable '' ( p. 128 ) .

neg: Interpersonal reflex Interpersonal reflex is a term created by Timothy Leary and explained in the book , Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality : A functional theory and methodology for personality evaluation ( 1957 ) .   While examining recorded protocols of communications in adults , Leary discovered that typical patterns of interaction existed . Individual units of these behaviors were called interpersonal mechanisms or interpersonal reflexes . ( p 96 ) ; `` They are defined as the observable , expressive units of face-to-face social behavior . ''   These reflexes are automatic and involuntary responses to interpersonal situations . They are independent of the content of the communication . They are the individual 's spontaneous methods of reacting to others .   Leary states , `` The reflex manner in which human beings react to others and train others to respond to them in selective ways is , I believe , the most important single aspect of personality . The systematic estimates of a patient 's repertoire of interpersonal reflexes is a key factor in functional diagnosis . '' ( p 97 ) .   Examining interpersonal reflexes helps to explain communication and behavioral patterns in healthy and unhealthy relationships . For example , tender , supportive operations tend to train others to agree , conciliate , and depend . Rigid autocratic individuals seek out docile admiring followers . Competitive , self-enhancing behavior pulls envy , distrust , inferiority feelings , and at times respectful admiration from others .

neg: Privacy regulation theory Privacy regulation theory was developed by social psychologist Irwin Altman in 1975 . This theory aims to explain why people sometimes prefer staying alone but at other times like get involved in social interactions . Traditionally , privacy is regarded as a state of social withdrawal ( i.e. , avoiding people ) .  Altman , however , regards it as a dialectic and dynamic boundary regulation process  where privacy is not static but `` a selective control of access to the self or to one 's  group '' ( p. 18 ) . According to Altman , `` dialectic '' refers to the openness and closeness  of self to others ( i.e. , seeking and avoiding social interaction ) ; while `` dynamics ''  indicates that the desired privacy level ( i.e. , the ideal level of contact at a particular  time ) , which varies due to individual and cultural differences , continuously moves along  the continuum of openness and closeness in response to different circumstances over time .  In other words , the desired privacy level changes with time according to environment . Therefore , we might want to avoid people at a particular time but desire contact at another time .   Altman also believes the goal of privacy regulation is to achieve the optimum level  of privacy ( i.e. , the ideal level of social interaction ) . In this optimizing process , we all strive to match the achieved privacy ( i.e. the actual level of contact at a specific time )  with the desired one . At the optimum level of privacy , we can experience the desired solitude when we want to be alone or enjoy the desired social contact when we want to be with people . However , if our actual level of privacy is greater than the desired one , we will feel lonely  or isolated ; on the other hand , if our actual level of privacy is smaller than the desired  one , we will feel annoyed or crowded .  According to Altman , if we effectively control the openness and closedness of self  to others ( i.e. , make ourselves more or less available to others ) in response to our  desire and the environment , we can function better in society than those who can not .  In order to regulate our privacy ( i.e. , social interaction ) successfully , we need to  use a variety of behavioral mechanisms such as verbal , paraverbal and non-verbal behavior ,  environmental mechanisms of territoriality and personal space , etc. .  By combining these behavioral mechanisms ( i.e. , techniques ) , we can effectively express  our desired privacy level to others in order to achieve the optimum level of privacy .

neg: Rhetoric of social intervention model The `` rhetoric of social intervention '' ( RSI ) model is a systemic communication theory of how human beings symbolically constitute , maintain , and change social systems ( e.g. , organizations , societies , and cultures ) . The RSI model was developed in the writings of communication theorist William R. Brown . The model provides a framework for analyzing and interpreting social system change and its side effects from a communication perspective . It also suggests a methodology for acting as an intervener to encourage and/or discourage social system change . The model offers an alternative approach to understanding social system change by its emphasis on communication as the driver of change in contrast to models that focus on social , political , economic , and technological forces as catalysts for change . The RSI model is envisioned as three communication subsystems that function as starting points for interpreting or enacting social system change . The subsystems , known as attention , power , and need , form the RSI model framework . This entry describes the assumptive foundations of the RSI model . Then it discusses the attention , power , and need patterns of communication that that model identifies as points for generating social system change and continuity .

neg: Self-concept One 's self-concept ( also called self-construction , self-identity , self-perspective or self-structure ) is a collection of beliefs about oneself that includes elements such as academic performance , gender identity , sexual identity , and racial identity . Generally , self-concept embodies the answer to `` Who am I ? '' .   Self-concept is distinguishable from self-awareness , which refers to the extent to which self-knowledge is defined , consistent , and currently applicable to one 's attitudes and dispositions . Self-concept also differs from self-esteem : self-concept is a cognitive or descriptive component of one 's self ( e.g. `` I am a fast runner '' ) , while self-esteem is evaluative and opinionated ( e.g. `` I feel good about being a fast runner '' ) .   Self-concept is made up of one 's self-schemas , and interacts with self-esteem , self-knowledge , and the social self to form the self as whole . It includes the past , present , and future selves , where future selves ( or possible selves ) represent individuals ' ideas of what they might become , what they would like to become , or what they are afraid of becoming . Possible selves may function as incentives for certain behavior .   The perception people have about their past or future selves is related to the perception of their current selves . The temporal self-appraisal theory argues that people have a tendency to maintain a positive self-evaluation by distancing themselves from their negative self and paying more attention to their positive one . In addition , people have a tendency to perceive the past self less favorably ( e.g. `` I 'm better than I used to be '' ) and the future self more positively ( e.g. `` I will be better than I am now '' ) .

neg: Pavlovian-instrumental transfer Pavlovian-instrumental transfer ( PIT ) is a psychological phenomenon that occurs when a conditioned stimulus ( CS , also known as a `` cue '' ) that has been associated with rewarding or aversive stimuli via classical conditioning alters motivational salience and operant behavior . Two distinct forms of Pavlovian-instrumental transfer have been identified in humans and other animals -- specific PIT and general PIT -- with unique neural substrates mediating each type .   In relation to rewarding stimuli , specific PIT occurs when a CS is associated with a specific rewarding stimulus through classical conditioning and subsequent exposure to the CS enhances an operant response that is directed toward the same reward with which it was paired ( i.e. , it promotes approach behavior ) . General PIT occurs when a CS is paired with one reward and it enhances an operant response that is directed toward a different rewarding stimulus . Neurobiological state factors ( e.g. , appetite and satiety states , stress level , drug states such as intoxication and withdrawal , etc. ) , and particularly the motivational state of an animal , strongly affect the amount of appetitive motivational salience ( i.e. , incentive salience ) that a reward cue confers to an associated rewarding stimulus via Pavlovian-instrumental transfer . Acute stress amplifies the motivational salience that reward cues confer to rewarding stimuli through both specific and general PIT ; however , chronic stress reduces the motivational impact reward cues .   Specific PIT and general PIT also occurs with aversive stimuli and are defined analogously . Specific PIT with an aversive stimulus occurs when a CS is paired with an aversive stimulus and subsequent exposure to the CS enhances an operant response that is directed away from the aversive stimulus with which it was paired ( i.e. , it promotes escape and avoidance behavior ) . General PIT with an aversive stimulus occurs when a CS is paired with one aversive stimulus and it enhances an operant response that is directed away from a different aversive stimulus .

neg: Anticipatory grief Anticipatory grief refers to a grief reaction that occurs before an impending loss . Typically , the impending loss is a death of someone close due to illness but it can also be experienced by dying individuals themselves . The anticipated death can also be from non-illness-related causes such as high suicide lethality , high-risk lifestyle or gang involvement , or from non-death-related losses such as scheduled mastectomy , pending divorce , company downsizing or war .   The five stages ( denial , bargaining , depression , anger and acceptance ) proposed by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross in her model of grief to describe the process by which people cope after a loss can also be present in anticipatory grief . Anxiety , dread , guilt , helplessness , hopelessness , and feeling overwhelmed are also common . However , it is important to note that anticipatory grief is not simply normal grief begun earlier .   Features identified specifically with anticipatory grief include heightened concern for the dying person , rehearsal of the death and attempts to adjust to the consequences of the death . The period can allow people to resolve issues with the dying person and to say goodbye . It may provide some sense of orientation and access to the grieving process . For some , it prompts conscious closure before the end/loss .   Grief happening prior to a loss presents a compounding issue of isolation because of a lack of social acceptance . Anticipatory grief does n't usually take the place of post-loss grief : there is not a fixed amount of grief to be experienced , so grief experienced before the loss does not necessarily reduce grief after the death . However , there may be little grieving after the loss due to anticipatory grief .   How often anticipatory grief occurs is a subject of some controversy . For example , a study of widows found that they stayed with their husbands until the death and could only mourn once the death had occurred . Researchers suggest that to start to grieve as though the loss has already happened can leave the bereaved feeling guilt for partially abandoning the patient .   Many family members can find themselves in a caregiving role during their loved one 's process of death . During the progression of the illness , the security and protectiveness of the caregiver also increases . Bouchal , Rallison and Sinclair discuss that , `` the strong need to offer protection was part of the anticipatory mourning experience of striving to be with in the present '' ( 2015 ) .   In the process of anticipatory grief , family members also begin to prepare and reflect on how their lives will be once their loved one passes . There are many ways in which to perform reflection . These ways include : `` ... reading , journaling , thinking , and reflecting about how life might be like without their partner . '' The journal also expands on the premise that the preparation process is not an individual process . Those who are affected by the impending death often look towards one another for support as well as others who are involved in care such as nurses and social workers ( Bouchal et al. , 2015 ) .   A direct correlation exists between anticipatory grieving and the caregiver 's quality of life . In a quantitative study conducted by Al-Gamal and Long , the effect of a pediatric cancer diagnosis on parents had a negative impact on the majority of study participants . More specifically , parents reported experiencing increasing stress and a decrease in physical and mental health -- all of which affect the process of anticipatory grief ( 2010 ) .   Ultimately , anticipatory grieving is an extremely dynamic process that differs between individuals . The outcomes of the grieving process depend on the preparation of death and the anticipatory grief process .

neg: Mental health care in the Philippines Mental health is defined as `` a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential , can cope with the normal stresses of life , can work productively and fruitfully , and is able to make a contribution to her or his community '' . The World Health Organization emphasized the importance of mental health by including it in their definition of health as `` a state of complete physical , mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity . ''   Mental health care is the status of providing and maintaining psychological , psychiatric , and emotional health by means of diagnosis , treatment , and prevention of mental illnesses .   This article will survey the status of psychological , psychiatric , and emotional health care in the Philippines from both past and present programs .

neg: Hypochondriasis Hypochondriasis , also known as hypochondria , health anxiety or illness anxiety disorder , refers to worry about having a serious illness . This debilitating condition is the result of an inaccurate perception of the condition of body or mind despite the absence of an actual medical condition . An individual suffering from hypochondriasis is known as a hypochondriac . Hypochondriacs become unduly alarmed about any physical or psychological symptoms they detect , no matter how minor the symptom may be , and are convinced that they have , or are about to be diagnosed with , a serious illness .   Often , hypochondria persists even after a physician has evaluated a person and reassured them that their concerns about symptoms do not have an underlying medical basis or , if there is a medical illness , their concerns are far in excess of what is appropriate for the level of disease . Many hypochondriacs focus on a particular symptom as the catalyst of their worrying , such as gastro-intestinal problems , palpitations , or muscle fatigue . To qualify for the diagnosis of hypochondria the symptoms must have been experienced for at least 6 months .   The DSM-IV-TR defines this disorder , `` Hypochondriasis '' , as a somatoform disorder and one study has shown it to affect about 3 % of the visitors to primary care settings . The newly published DSM-5 replaces the diagnosis of hypochondriasis with the diagnoses of `` somatic symptom disorder '' and `` illness anxiety disorder '' .   Hypochondria is often characterized by fears that minor bodily or mental symptoms may indicate a serious illness , constant self-examination and self-diagnosis , and a preoccupation with one 's body . Many individuals with hypochondriasis express doubt and disbelief in the doctors ' diagnosis , and report that doctors ' reassurance about an absence of a serious medical condition is unconvincing , or short-lasting . Additionally , many hypochondriacs experience elevated blood pressure , stress , and anxiety in the presence of doctors or while occupying a medical facility , a condition known as `` white coat syndrome '' . Many hypochondriacs require constant reassurance , either from doctors , family , or friends , and the disorder can become a disabling torment for the individual with hypochondriasis , as well as his or her family and friends . Some hypochondriacal individuals completely avoid any reminder of illness , whereas others frequently visit medical facilities , sometimes obsessively . Some sufferers may never speak about it .

neg: False friend False friends are words in two languages ( or letters in two alphabets ) that look or sound similar , but differ significantly in meaning . An example is the English embarrassed and the Spanish embarazada ( which means pregnant ) , or the word sensible , which means reasonable in English , but sensitive in French and Spanish . Another example is the root L-H-M in Semitic languages ; while `` Lekhem '' in Hebrew and `` Laham '' in Syriac mean `` bread '' , `` Lahem '' in Arabic is `` meat '' .   The term is a shortened version of the expression `` false friend of a translator '' , the French version of which ( faux amis du traducteur ) was introduced by linguists Maxime Kœssler and Jules Derocquigny in 1928 , in the book Les Faux Amis ou les trahisons du vocabulaire anglais ( False Friends , or the Pitfalls of the English Vocabulary , with a sequel , Autres Mots anglais perfides ) .   There is often a partial overlap in meanings , which creates additional complications .   Similar words may also fail to catch all the nuance of each word in both languages . For instance , the French demande simply means a ` request ' , which is similar to but also very different from a demand in English and demandar in Spanish ( `` to sue '' ) .   The two `` false friends '' may actually be related , having the same origin . One example is in the instance of English `` cunt '' and Dutch `` kont '' ( buttocks ) , of which apart from the difference in meaning the former is highly vulgar while the latter is not . This is unlike `` false cognates '' , which are similar words in different languages that appear to have a common historical linguistic origin ( whatever their current meaning ) but actually do not .   As well as producing completely false friends , the use of loanwords often results in the use of a word in a restricted context , which may then develop new meanings not found in the original language . For example , angst means `` fear '' in a general sense ( as well as `` anxiety '' ) in German , but when it was borrowed into English in the context of psychology , its meaning was restricted to a particular type of fear described as `` a neurotic feeling of anxiety and depression '' . Also , gymnasium meant both ' a place of education ' and ' a place for exercise ' in Latin , but its meaning was restricted to the former in German and to the latter in English , making the expressions into false friends in those languages as well as in Greek , where it started out as ' a place for naked exercise ' .

neg: Cognitive processing therapy Cognitive processing therapy ( CPT ) is a manualized therapy used by clinicians to help people recover from posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) and related conditions . It includes elements of cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) treatments . A typical 12-session run of CPT has proven effective in treating PTSD across a variety of populations , including combat veterans , sexual assault victims , and refugees . CPT can be provided in individual and group treatment formats .   The theory behind CPT conceptualizes PTSD as a disorder of non-recovery , in which a sufferer 's beliefs about the causes and consequences of traumatic events produce strong negative emotions , which prevent accurate processing of the traumatic memory and the emotions resulting from the events . Because the emotions are often overwhelmingly negative and difficult to cope with , PTSD sufferers can block the natural recovery process by using avoidance of traumatic triggers as a strategy to function in day-to-day living . Unfortunately , this limits their opportunities to process the traumatic experience and gain a more adaptive understanding of it . CPT incorporates trauma-specific cognitive techniques to help individuals with PTSD more accurately appraise these `` stuck points '' and progress toward recovery .

neg: Mental distress Mental distress ( or psychological distress ) is a term used , both by some mental health practitioners and users of mental health services , to describe a range of symptoms and experiences of a person 's internal life that are commonly held to be troubling , confusing or out of the ordinary .   Mental distress has a wider scope than the related term mental illness . Mental illness refers to a specific set of medically defined conditions . A person in mental distress may exhibit some of the symptoms described in psychiatry , such as : anxiety , confused emotions , hallucination , rage , depression and so on without actually being ` ill ' in a medical sense .   Life situations such as : bereavement , stress , lack of sleep , use of drugs or alcohol , assault , abuse or accident can induce mental distress . This may be something which resolves without further medical intervention , though people who endure such symptoms longer term are more likely to be diagnosed with mental illness . This definition is not without controversy as some mental health practitioners would use the terms mental distress and mental illness interchangeably .   Some users of mental health services prefer the term mental distress in describing their experience as they feel it better captures that sense of the unique and personal nature of their experience , while also making it easier to relate to , since everyone experiences distress at different times . The term also fits better with the social model of disability .

neg: Social stigma of obesity The social stigma of obesity has created negative psychosocial impacts and has caused disadvantages for overweight and obese people . The social stigma can span one 's entire life , as long as the excess weight is present , starting from a young age and lasting into adulthood . Several studies from across the world ( e.g. , United States , University of Marburg , University of Leipzig ) indicate overweight and obese individuals experience higher levels of stigma relative to their thinner counterparts . In addition , they marry less often , experience fewer educational and opportunities , and on average earn a lesser income than normal weight individuals . Although public support regarding disability services , civil rights and anti-workplace discrimination laws for obese individuals have gained support across the years , overweight and obese individuals still experience discrimination , which may have implications to physiological and psychological health . These issues are compounded with the significant negative physiological effects associated with obesity .   Obesity stigma stands to be one of the few acceptable forms of discrimination in Western society . Media , in general , under represents overweight individuals and when these roles are present , they are often minor , stereotyped roles . They are more commonly seen eating , and are less likely to be involved in a romantic relationship compared to the average weight television character .

neg: Intermittent explosive disorder Intermittent explosive disorder ( sometimes abbreviated as IED ) is a behavioral disorder characterized by explosive outbursts of anger and violence , often to the point of rage , that are disproportionate to the situation at hand ( e.g. , impulsive screaming triggered by relatively inconsequential events ) . Impulsive aggression is unpremeditated , and is defined by a disproportionate reaction to any provocation , real or perceived . Some individuals have reported affective changes prior to an outburst ( e.g. , tension , mood changes , energy changes , etc. ) .   The disorder is currently categorized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-5 ) under the `` Disruptive , Impulse-Control , and Conduct Disorders '' category . The disorder itself is not easily characterized and often exhibits comorbidity with other mood disorders , particularly bipolar disorder . Individuals diagnosed with IED report their outbursts as being brief ( lasting less than an hour ) , with a variety of bodily symptoms ( sweating , stuttering , chest tightness , twitching , palpitations ) reported by a third of one sample . Aggressive acts are frequently reported accompanied by a sensation of relief and in some cases pleasure , but often followed by later remorse .

neg: Workplace privacy Employees typically must relinquish some of their privacy while at the workplace , but how much they must do so can be a contentious issue . The debate rages on as to whether it is moral , ethical and legal for employers to monitor the actions of their employees . Employers believe that monitoring is necessary both to discourage illicit activity and to limit liability . Although , with this problem of monitoring of employees , many are experiencing a negative effect on emotional and physical stress including fatigue , lowered employee morale and lack of motivation within the workplace . Employers might choose to monitor employees activities using surveillance cameras , or may wish to record employees activities while using company owned computers or telephones . Courts are finding that disputes between workplace privacy and freedom are being complicated with the advancement of technology as traditional rules that govern areas of privacy law are debatable and becoming less important .