query: Babe Ruth was a person.

pos: Babe Ruth George Herman `` Babe '' Ruth Jr. ( February 6 , 1895 -- August 16 , 1948 ) was an American professional baseball player whose career in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) spanned 22 seasons , from 1914 through 1935 . Nicknamed `` The Bambino '' and `` The Sultan of Swat '' , he began his MLB career as a stellar left-handed pitcher for the Boston Red Sox , but achieved his greatest fame as a slugging outfielder for the New York Yankees . Ruth established many MLB batting ( and some pitching ) records , including career home runs ( 714 ) , runs batted in ( RBIs ) ( 2,213 ) , bases on balls ( 2,062 ) , slugging percentage ( .6897 ) , and on-base plus slugging ( OPS ) ( 1.164 ) ; the latter two still stand today . Ruth is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture and is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time . In , Ruth was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame as one of its `` first five '' inaugural members .   At age seven , Ruth was sent to St. Mary 's Industrial School for Boys , a reformatory where he learned life lessons and baseball skills from Brother Matthias Boutlier of the Christian Brothers , the school 's disciplinarian and a capable baseball player . In 1914 , Ruth was signed to play minor-league baseball for the Baltimore Orioles but was soon sold to the Red Sox . By 1916 , he had built a reputation as an outstanding pitcher who sometimes hit long home runs , a feat unusual for any player in the pre-1920 dead-ball era . Although Ruth twice won 23 games in a season as a pitcher and was a member of three World Series championship teams with Boston , he wanted to play every day and was allowed to convert to an outfielder . With regular playing time , he broke the MLB single-season home run record in 1919 .   After that season , Red Sox owner Harry Frazee sold Ruth to the Yankees amid controversy . The trade fueled Boston 's subsequent 86 year championship drought and popularized the `` Curse of the Bambino '' superstition . In his 15 years with New York , Ruth helped the Yankees win seven American League ( AL ) championships and four World Series championships . His big swing led to escalating home run totals that not only drew fans to the ballpark and boosted the sport 's popularity but also helped usher in the live-ball era of baseball , in which it evolved from a low-scoring game of strategy to a sport where the home run was a major factor . As part of the Yankees ' vaunted `` Murderer 's Row '' lineup of 1927 , Ruth hit 60 home runs , extending his MLB single-season record . He retired in 1935 after a short stint with the Boston Braves . During his career , Ruth led the AL in home runs during a season twelve times .   Ruth 's legendary power and charismatic personality made him a larger-than-life figure in the Roaring Twenties . During his career , he was the target of intense press and public attention for his baseball exploits and off-field penchants for drinking and womanizing . His often reckless lifestyle was tempered by his willingness to do good by visiting children at hospitals and orphanages . After his retirement as a player , he was denied a managerial job in baseball , most likely due to poor behavior during parts of his playing career . In his final years , Ruth made many public appearances , especially in support of American efforts in World War II . In 1946 , he became ill with cancer , and died two years later .

neg: World Baseball Classic The World Baseball Classic ( WBC ) is an international baseball tournament sanctioned from 2006 to 2013 by the International Baseball Federation ( IBAF ) and after 2013 by the World Baseball Softball Confederation ( WBSC ) . It was proposed to the IBAF by Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , the Major League Baseball Players Association ( MLBPA ) , and other professional baseball leagues and their players associations around the world . It is the main baseball tournament sanctioned by the WBSC , which grants to the winner the title of `` World Champion '' .   It previously coexisted with Olympic Baseball ( until 2008 ) and the Baseball World Cup ( until 2011 ) as IBAF -- sanctioned tournaments , but baseball has not been on the Olympic program since 2008 , after it was voted out by the International Olympic Committee in 2005 . The final men 's Baseball World Cup was held in 2011 , and was discontinued to streamline the international calendar .   The tournament is the first of its kind to have the national teams of IBAF 's member federations feature professional players from the major leagues around the world including Major League Baseball . In addition to providing a format for the best baseball players in the world to compete against one another while representing their home countries , the World Baseball Classic was created in order to further promote the game around the globe .   After a 3-year gap between the first two installments of the tournament , plans were made for the World Baseball Classic to be repeated every four years following the 2009 event . The third installment of the Classic was held in 2013 , and the fourth was held in 2017 .

neg: Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, 1956 Elections to the Baseball Hall of Fame for 1956 followed a system that had been the object of criticism and reform in recent years , which would continue that summer .  The Veterans Committee was meeting only in odd-number years to consider older major league players as well as managers , umpires , and executives . The Baseball Writers Association of America ( BBWAA ) voted by mail to select from recent players and elected two , Joe Cronin and Hank Greenberg .

neg: Jacob Ruppert Jacob ( Jake ) Ruppert , Jr. ( August 5 , 1867 -- January 13 , 1939 ) was an American brewer , businessman , National Guard colonel and United States Congressman who served for four terms representing New York from 1899 to 1907 . He also owned the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball from 1915 until his death in 1939 .   Starting out in the family brewing business , Ruppert entered the United States National Guard in 1886 at the age of 19 , eventually reaching the rank of colonel . While he was the owner of the Yankees , he purchased the contract of Babe Ruth and built Yankee Stadium , reversing the franchise 's fortunes and establishing it as the premier club in the major leagues . Ruppert was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in July 2013 .

neg: Elias Sports Bureau The Elias Sports Bureau ( ESB ) is a company providing historical and current statistical information for sports , especially for major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada .   In 1913 , Al Munro Elias and his brother Walter established the Al Munro Elias Bureau in New York City . At first they sold printed scorecards with baseball data directly to fans , until The Telegram daily newspaper purchased their weekly compilation of `` averages '' in 1916 . Elias was appointed official statistician of the National League and International League in 1919 with the American League and other minor leagues to follow .   In 1937 , the Elias brothers assumed publication of Charley White 's Record Book , the so-called Little Red Book , after the death of its originator . It became an official ( authorized ) source for major league records . In 1938 , the Bureau began producing the Pocket Cyclopedia of Major League Baseball , and for many years published the official Green Book , the National League 's annual summary .   After the Elias brothers died in the 1940s , the company was managed by Lester Goodman . Seymour Siwoff , who had worked for the Elias brothers as a high school student before serving his country in World War II and earning the Purple Heart , returned to become the company 's accountant . In 1952 , after Lester Goodman 's sudden death , Seymour Siwoff purchased the company from the widows of the Elias brothers . The new company was renamed Elias Sports Bureau to better fulfill Siwoff 's vision of incorporating all professional sports , and Siwoff took the company into the computer age .   Under Siwoff 's leadership for over 60 years and to the present , ESB has become the leading authority on sports statistics . Originally official statistician of Major League Baseball , Siwoff was able to add to this distinction the National Football League , the National Basketball Association , the National Hockey League , Major League Soccer , and the Arena Football League . More recently , ESB added pro-women 's basketball ( WNBA ) and pro-golf to its list of league clientele .   ESB also is a primary source of statistics for national newspapers , magazines and websites , as well as dozens of broadcasters of MLB , NBA and NHL telecasts . With Sporting News having phased out its record book publishing business during 2007 , The Elias Book of Baseball Records appears to be the sole hard-copy source of official baseball records . This book is available only through the company website .   Steve Hirdt , executive vice-president , added his skills as a sports writer . His first venture was writing for ESPN 's Page2 website for a brief time . Later , he moved to a column for ESPN The Magazine . The column is entitled `` Do the Math '' and focuses on sports statistics .

neg: Babe (Take That song) `` Babe '' is a song by boy band Take That . It was the fourth single from Take That 's second album , Everything Changes . Written by Gary Barlow , it features Mark Owen on lead vocals . The production was led by David Clayton who later spent 10 years as keyboard player and backing vocalist with Simply Red .

neg: List of Kansas City Royals no-hitters The Kansas City Royals are a Major League Baseball franchise based in Kansas City , Missouri . Formed in 1969 , they play in the American League Central division . Pitchers for the Royals have thrown 4 no-hitters in franchise history . A no-hitter is officially recognized by Major League Baseball only `` when a pitcher ( or pitchers ) retires each batter on the opposing team during the entire course of a game , which consists of at least nine innings '' . No-hitters of less than nine complete innings were previously recognized by the league as official ; however , several rule alterations in 1991 changed the rule to its current form . A no-hitter is rare enough that one team in Major League Baseball , the San Diego Padres , has never had a pitcher accomplish the feat . No perfect games , a special subcategory of no-hitter , have been thrown in Royals history . As defined by Major League Baseball , `` in a perfect game , no batter reaches any base during the course of the game . ''   The umpire is also an integral part of any no-hitter . The task of the umpire in a baseball game is to make any decision `` which involves judgment , such as , but not limited to , whether a batted ball is fair or foul , whether a pitch is a strike or a ball , or whether a runner is safe or out ... -LSB- the umpire 's judgment on such matters -RSB- is final . '' Part of the duties of the umpire making calls at home plate includes defining the strike zone , which `` is defined as that area over homeplate ( sic ) the upper limit of which is a horizontal line at the midpoint between the top of the shoulders and the top of the uniform pants , and the lower level is a line at the hollow beneath the kneecap . '' These calls define every baseball game and are therefore integral to the completion of any no-hitter .   The manager is another integral part of any no-hitter . The tasks of the manager include determining the starting rotation as well as batting order and defensive lineup every game .

neg: Cy Young Award The Cy Young Award is given annually to the best pitchers in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , one each for the American League ( AL ) and National League ( NL ) . The award was first introduced in 1956 by Baseball Commissioner Ford Frick in honor of Hall of Fame pitcher Cy Young , who died in 1955 . The award was originally given to the single best pitcher in the major leagues , but in 1967 , after the retirement of Frick , the award was given to one pitcher in each league .   Each league 's award is voted on by members of the Baseball Writers ' Association of America , with one representative from each team . As of the 2010 season , each voter places a vote for first , second , third , fourth and fifth place among the pitchers of each league . The formula used to calculate the final scores is a weighted sum of the votes . The pitcher with the highest score in each league wins the award . If two pitchers receive the same number of votes , the award is shared . The current formula started in the 2010 season . Before that , dating back to 1970 , writers voted for three pitchers , with the formula of 5 points for a first place vote , 3 for a second place vote and 1 for a third place vote . Prior to 1970 , writers only voted for the best pitcher and used a formula of one point per vote .

neg: Ed Irvin William Edward Irvin ( 1882 - February 5 , 1916 ) was a 30-year-old replacement player in one game for the Detroit Tigers on May 18 , 1912 , after the regular team went on strike to protest the suspension of Ty Cobb , following Cobb 's attack on a handicapped fan in New York .   Irvin had two triples in three at-bats against the Philadelphia Athletics . He shares the record with Cecil Bolton for most triples in a career with no other hits at two . Irvin was the only member of the replacement Tigers to get a hit in a 24-2 loss , although two members of the coaching staff ( Deacon McGuire and Joe Sugden ) , who were pressed into service for that game , each got one hit .   Irvin 's performance at third base was not as strong , as , despite being charged with only one error , Allan Travers , the pitcher for the replacement Tigers , later recalled : `` I was doing fine until they started bunting . The guy playing third base had never played baseball before . ''   Irvin finished with a .500 fielding percentage at third base , and a .667 batting average , 2.000 slugging percentage , and 2.667 OPS .   A play about his life , `` The Perfect Hands of the Irresistible Ed '' was written by David James Brock . -LSB- 2 -RSB-   According to The Baseball Necrology , Irvin died in 1916 from injuries suffered when he was `` thrown through a saloon window '' in Philadelphia . ( The Baseball Necrology : The Post-Baseball Lives and Deaths of Over 7,600 Major League Players and Others , by Bill Lee . )

neg: Sports betting Sports betting is the activity of predicting sports results and placing a wager on the outcome . The frequency of sports bet upon varies by culture , with the vast majority of bets being placed on association football , American football , basketball , baseball , hockey , mixed martial arts , track cycling , and boxing at both the amateur and professional levels . Sports betting can also extend to non-athletic events , such as reality show contests and political elections , and non-human contests such as horse racing , greyhound racing and illegal , underground dog fighting .   Sports bettors place their wagers either legally , through a bookmaker/sportsbook , or illegally through privately run enterprises referred to as `` bookies '' . The term `` book '' being a reference to the books used by wagebrokers to track wagers , payouts , and debts . The majority of legal sportsbooks are found online , operated over the internet from jurisdictions separate from the clients they serve , usually to get around various gambling laws ( such as the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 in the United States ) in select markets , such as Las Vegas , Nevada , or on gambling cruises through self-serve kiosks . They take bets `` up-front '' , meaning the bettor must pay the sportsbook before placing the bet . Illegal bookies , due to the nature of their business , can operate literally anywhere but only require money from losing bettors and do n't require the wagered money up front , creating the possibility of debt to the bookie from the bettor . This creates a number of other criminal elements , thus furthering their illegality .   Sportsbetting has resulted in a number of scandals in sport , affecting the integrity of sports events through various acts including point shaving ( players affecting the score by missing shots ) , spot-fixing ( a player action is fixed ) , bad calls from officials at key moments , and overall match fixing ( the overall result of the event is fixed ) . Examples are the 1919 World Series , the alleged ( and later admitted ) illegal gambling of former MLB player Pete Rose , and former NBA referee Tim Donaghy .

neg: Ed Crane (baseball) Edward Nicholas Crane ( May 27 , 1862 -- September 20 , 1896 ) , nicknamed Cannonball , was an American right-handed pitcher and outfielder in Major League Baseball for eight seasons . He played for the Boston Reds ( 1884 ) , Providence Grays ( 1885 ) , Buffalo Bisons ( 1885 ) , Washington Nationals ( 1886 ) , New York Giants ( NL ) ( 1888 -- 89 , 1892 -- 93 ) , New York Giants ( PL ) ( 1890 ) , Cincinnati Kelly 's Killers ( 1891 ) , Cincinnati Reds ( 1891 ) , and Brooklyn Grooms ( 1893 ) . Crane was the first pitcher in the history of major league baseball to record 4 strikeouts in a single inning ( New York Giants , 1888 ) , and is one of the few players to play in four major leagues : the Union Association , the National League , the Players ' League , and the American Association .   Born in Boston , Cannonball Crane was a man of uncommon strength . In his prime , he was described as `` a giant in physical strength and proportions . '' He reportedly could throw a baseball 135 yards , farther than anyone else who played the game in his era . After his playing career ended , he died from what was officially declared an accidental overdose but was reported by others to have been a suicide .

neg: Bobby Doerr Robert Pershing Doerr ( born April 7 , 1918 ) is a former Major League Baseball ( MLB ) second baseman and coach . He played his entire 14-year baseball career for the Boston Red Sox ( 1937 -- 51 ) . A nine-time all star , Doerr batted over .300 three times , drove in more than 100 runs six times , and set Red Sox team records in several statistical categories despite missing one season due to military service during World War II . Doerr is a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame .   After he retired as a player , Doerr served as a scout and a coach , including work with Carl Yastrzemski before his Triple Crown season . As of April 25 , 2017 , Doerr is the oldest living former major league player . He is also the last living person who played in the major leagues in the 1930s , and the oldest of only three living people who made their MLB debut before U.S. involvement in World War II , the other two being Chuck Stevens and Fred Caligiuri .

neg: Babe Birrer Werner Joseph Birrer ( July 4 , 1928 -- November 19 , 2013 ) was an American pitcher in Major League Baseball . Listed at 6 ' 0 '' , 195 lb. , Birrer batted and threw right handed . He was born in Buffalo , New York . Graduated from Kensington High School in Buffalo , New York ( 1947 ) . Signed by Detroit Tigers Scout `` Cy '' Williams , not the ball player in 1947 .   Birrer pitched for the Detroit Tigers , Baltimore Orioles and Los Angeles Dodgers in all or parts of three seasons spanning 1955 -- 1958 . He posted a combined record of 4 -- 3 and a 4.36 earned run average ( ERA ) in 56 pitching appearances , including three starts , one complete game and four saves , giving up 39 runs ( 37 earned ) on 129 hits and 29 base on balls , while striking out 28 in 119 innings of work .   His career highlight came on July 19 , 1955 , at Briggs Stadium , when he belted two three-run home runs off George Zuverink and Art Schallock , while pitching four scoreless innings in a 12 -- 4 win over the Baltimore Orioles . In addition , he became the only player in Major League history who played for more than a regular season to have all of his lifetime home runs and runs batted in in just one game .   Besides , Birrer had a long time career in the minor leagues between 1947 and 1966 , most prominently with the Buffalo Bisons of the International League . In an 18-year career , he compiled a 139 -- 145 record and a 4.01 ERA in 518 games . In 1957 , while pitching for Triple-A Los Angeles Angels , he hurled a no-hitter against his former team the Vancouver Mounties .   Birrer also gave five seasons of good service in the Venezuelan League , while pitching for four different teams , and starring in the Caribbean Series .   He went 30 -- 34 with a 2.87 ERA in 84 games , including 40 complete games , 114 walks , and 282 strikeouts in 566 innings . In addition , he posted the best ERA in the league during the 1959 -- 1960 ( 1.89 ) and 1960 -- 1961 ( 1.64 ) seasons .   Birrer then made the 1959 Caribbean Series All-Star team , after going 2 -- 0 with a 1.25 ERA and 18 strikeouts in 21 innings , including a 13-inning victory . He also set a Series record with his 13 innings pitched in a single game , which still remain intact .   Regrettably , Birrer was among a group of some 900 former big leaguers denied pensions and medical benefits , as a result of the failure of both Major League Baseball and the Players Association to retroactively amend the vesting requirement change that granted instant pension eligibility to ballplayers in 1980 . Prior to this date , major leaguers need to have four years of service credit to earn a pension and medical benefits . After 1980 , only one day of service credit for health insurance and 43 days of service credit for a pension is required for any player .   Thanks to the persistent advocacy of former pitchers David Clyde and Gary Neibauer , as well as sportswriter Doug Gladstone , both MLB and the MLBPA announced in 2011 that all these inactive , non-vested men like Birrer and all of whom played between 1947 and 1979 , would receive up to $ 10,000 per year .   Birrer spent the last years of his life at a nursing home in Clarence , New York , where he died in 2013 at the age of 85 .

neg: Lake Oscawana Lake Oscawana is a lake at the heart of Putnam Valley , New York State , United States .   The 386 acre lake has a depth that ranges from 25 ft to 30 ft. The lake is fed by a stream from its north end and it drains through a stream at the middle of its eastern shore . It is nestled in between two hill ranges , which provide spectacular views if you climb one .   The lake also features many houses around its edges and a peculiar rock formation ( Goose rocks ) in the center of the lake , accessible most safely by kayak or canoe . Lake Oscawana provides summer recreation to many of the local residents who use the lake for boating , swimming , fishing , and just lying on one of the lake 's several private beaches .   It features a variety of wildlife including fish , Canada geese , water snakes , turtles , and an occasional stork . In the summer it is cleaned regularly by a floating weed harvester which is a sight in itself . In the winter , the lake freezes over and allows for ice skating and ice fishing . Legend has it there are several cars at the bottom of lake from when the ice was not thick enough .   Babe Ruth is known to have spent a good deal of time on the lake which housed many hotels and resorts in the 1930s . His favorite was called the Casino . Another former resident was Roy Scheider . Scheider 's house , which is still owned by his former wife , was filmed in the Adirondack Lake house scene in The Sopranos episode , `` Soprano Home Movies '' .

neg: Eddie Miller (infielder) Edward Robert Miller ( November 26 , 1916 -- July 31 , 1997 ) was an American professional baseball player , a shortstop who played for 14 seasons in the National League between 1936 and 1950 . He was a talented fielder and a perennial All-Star during the 1940s .   Born in Pittsburgh , Miller made his Major League debut with the Cincinnati Reds in 1936 as a 19-year-old . He played in 41 games over 2 seasons with the Reds before being traded to the New York Yankees in 1938 in exchange for Willard Hershberger . Miller never played for the Yankees at the major league level and was subsequently traded to the Boston Bees less than a year later .   He became the starting shortstop while in Boston , and established himself as one of the National League 's best shortstops during his four seasons there . His first season with Boston was shortened when he fractured his ankle in a collision with Al Simmons . He recovered in 1940 to a career-best .276 for the Bees while leading all NL shortstops in fielding percentage and appearing in the MLB All-Star Game . While his batting average fell over the next two seasons with Boston , he led all shortstops in fielding percentage both years . He was an All-Star in 1941 and was named as a starter in the All-Star Game in 1942 . After the 1942 season , he was traded back to the Reds in exchange for Eddie Joost and Nate Andrews .   He spent five seasons as the Reds ' starting shortstop and earned four more selections to the All-Star Game while with the club . He continued to play solid defense while with Cincinnati , and he led all shortstops in fielding on two further occasions . His final year with the Reds was one of his better seasons as a hitter , as he led the league in doubles and was among the top 10 in home runs and runs batted in . He was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies for Johnny Wyrostek before the start of the 1948 season .   Miller served as the Phillies ' shortstop in 1948 but moved to second base in 1949 when he swapped positions with Granny Hamner . After two average seasons with Philadelphia , he was acquired by the St. Louis Cardinals for the 1950 season , his last in the majors .   Miller died in 1997 in Lake Worth , Florida .

neg: 1926 St. Louis Cardinals season The 1926 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team 's 45th season in St. Louis , Missouri and their 35th in the National League . The Cardinals went 89 -- 65 during the season and finished first in the National League , winning their first National League pennant . In the World Series , they defeated the New York Yankees in 7 games , ending it by throwing out Babe Ruth at second base in the ninth-inning of Game 7 to preserve a 3 -- 2 victory . This was Rogers Hornsby 's only full season as manager for the team .   Catcher Bob O'Farrell won the MVP Award this year , batting .293 , with 7 home runs and 68 RBIs . Led by RBI champion Jim Bottomley , the offense scored the most runs in the NL .

neg: New York Mutuals The Mutual Base Ball Club of New York was a leading American baseball club almost throughout its 20-year history . It was established during 1857 , the year of the first baseball convention , just too late to be a founding member of the National Association of Base Ball Players . It was a charter member of both the first professional league in 1871 and the National League in 1876 . Failing on the field and in the coffer , it declined to make its last western trip of the inaugural season . For the transgression it was expelled in December , and soon found itself defunct .   The Mutual club initially played its home games at Elysian Fields in Hoboken , with the New York Knickerbockers and many other Manhattan clubs , but moved to the enclosed Union Grounds in Brooklyn in 1868 .   The Mutuals chose open professionalism in 1869 -- 70 after NABBP liberalization . They joined the first professional league , the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players , for its 1871 to 1875 duration . In 1876 , the Chicago White Stockings initiated the National League and recruited its members from West to East , partly to wrest control of professional baseball from Eastern interests . The Mutuals were one of eight charter members , six of whom were from the National Association . Weak ( sixth place at 21 -- 35 ) and cash-poor , the club refused to complete its playing obligations in the West ; and was expelled .   On May 13 , 1876 , the Mutuals executed the first triple play in major-league history in a game against the Hartford Dark Blues .   Union Grounds proprietor William Cammeyer , often listed today as the Mutual club owner , signed the Hartford Dark Blues to play at his Union Grounds in 1877 . The team was effectively a one-year replacement for the defunct Mutuals , and was sometimes called `` Hartford of Brooklyn '' .

neg: Ruth Lessing Ruth Elizabeth Lessing -LSB- Tex -RSB- ( August 15 , 1925 -- October 26 , 2000 ) was a female catcher who played from through in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League . Listed at , 128 lb. , she batted and threw right-handed .   Ruth Lessing has been considered as one of the best defensive catchers in All-American Girls Professional Baseball League history . Respected for her solid skills behind home plate , including a strong and accurate arm , Lessing also was renowned for her fiery and competitive spirit . She played over 100 games during four straight seasons , was selected to the All-Star Team three consecutive years , and set several all-time , single-season records before suffering a career-ending shoulder injury that forced her to retire prematurely . Known for her fiery demeanor , she was once fined $ 100 for punching an umpire after he made a call she disapproved . In response , a collection taken up by fanatics netted more than $ 2000 . She paid the fine and gave the rest of the money to charity . Lessing said she was not proud of what she had done and wrote the umpire a letter of apology . Both later became close friends .   A native of San Antonio , Texas , Lessing was a standout athlete at Jefferson High School . She was spotted in the early 1940s by a scout from the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League . Then in 1944 , at the age of 18 , she graduated and immediately joined the Minneapolis Millerettes , an expansion AAGPBL team managed by former big leaguer Bubber Jonnard . In her rookie season Lessing shared catching duties with Pepper Paire .   In 1944 Lessing hit a .177 batting average in 57 games for Minneapolis , scoring 13 runs while driving in 27 more . She posted a single-season , career-high with 22 stolen bases , and ten of her 35 hits were doubles . Playing their home games at Nicollet Park , the Millerettes could not compete with the local Minneapolis Millers . In addition , Minneapolis was far from the other five cities in the league , forcing the Millerettes spent most of the season on the road . As a result , the team finished last in both halves of the season with a compiled 45 -- 72 record , being replaced in 1945 by the Fort Wayne Daisies .   Lessing became a regular with Fort Wayne in 1945 , appearing in 110 games and setting an all-time single season record for a catcher with a .982 fielding average . She also hit .123 with 32 runs and 21 RBI , while the Daisies , with Bill Wambsganss at the helm , had a strong season debut , going 62 -- 47 and finishing four and a half games behind first-place Rockford Peaches . During the playoffs , Fort Wayne disposed of the Racine Belles in the first round , three to one games , but struggled to Rockford in the final round , four-to-one .   In 1946 Lessing joined the Grand Rapids Chicks , playing for them for the rest of her career . As a member of the Chicks , she solidified her position as one of the best backstops around . In her first year with the team , she led all catchers with 141 assists , which also is an all-time record . Besides this , Lessing improved her offensive numbers with a .215 average , 43 runs and 35 RBI , and was selected to the All-Star Team . Managed by Johnny Rawlings , Grand Rapids finished 71 -- 41 and advanced to the playoffs , only to be beaten by Rockford in the first round , three-to-two .   Lessing became one of two hundred players to attend the first AAGPBL spring training outside the United States , which was held in 1947 in Cuba at the Gran Stadium de La Habana . With deliveries changing from underhand ( or , underarm ; compare pitching in softball ) to sidearm in that season , the work of Lessing behind the plate was an instrumental part of the success for the pitching staff . She caught splendidly , giving her pitchers confidence and stability by calling the game and instigating defensive plays on the field . Lessing also contributed with her bat , hitting .205 with 24 runs and 42 RBI in 111 games , while earning a second selection to the All-Star Team . The Chicks went 65 -- 47 and made the playoffs for the second consecutive year . In the first round , the team defeated the South Bend Blue Sox in five games , and won the Championship Title behind Mildred Earp , who pitched a 1 -- 0 shutout against the Belles in decisive Game 7 .   In 1948 Lessing set another all-time record , appearing in 125 games behind the plate in the regular season . She also posted career-numbers in hits ( 86 ) , runs ( 43 ) and RBI ( 36 ) , while hitting a .206 average and making her third and last All-Star Team , helping the Chicks win the Eastern Section with a 77 -- 47 record . In the postseason , Grand Rapids defeated South Bend in five games but was swept by Fort Wayne in three games during the second round . Unfortunately , just 44 games into the 1949 season , Lessing suffered a career-ending shoulder injury . At the time , she was hitting .233 ( 28-for-120 ) with nine runs and nine RBI .   Once her playing days were gone , Lessing returned to San Antonio , where she took a job at the Kelly Air Force Base . In 1991 , she served as a technical adviser for filmmaker Penny Marshall during the shooting of her film A League of Their Own , which brought many of the real players began to earn a rebirth of celebrity with the first season of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League . Lessing , like many AAGPBL players , were relatively unknown until the Marshall 's film was exhibited for the first time . After that , the AAGPBL Players Association reunions became formal annual events in 1998 .   Ruth Lessing died of cancer in her homeland of San Antonio at the age of 75 . In 2006 , she was awarded a posthumous induction into the Texas Baseball Hall of Fame . She is also part of the AAGPBL permanent display at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum at Cooperstown , New York , opened in , which is dedicated to the entire league rather than any individual player .

neg: Dorothy Ruth Dorothy Helen Ruth Pirone ( June 7 , 1921 -- May 18 , 1989 ) was the biological daughter of Babe Ruth and his mistress Juanita Jennings ( born Juanita Grenandtz ) . She was adopted by Babe and his first wife , Helen Woodward Ruth . She wrote a memoir of her father , titled My Dad , the Babe .

neg: William J. Slocum William J. Slocum ( 1884 -- May 6 , 1943 ) was an American sports writer who spent more than twenty years covering baseball in New York newspapers .   Slocum started his sports writing career in 1917 . Among other things he was a ghostwriter for Babe Ruth . He was one of the organizers of the New York chapter of the Baseball Writers Association of America . The BBWAA Chapter honored Slocum in 1930 by naming an award after him , which is presented annually to a person judged to have given long and meritorious service to baseball .

neg: Satchel Paige Leroy Robert `` Satchel '' Paige ( July 7 , 1906 -- June 8 , 1982 ) was an American Negro league baseball and Major League Baseball ( MLB ) pitcher who became a legend in his own lifetime by being known as perhaps the best pitcher in baseball history , by his longevity in the game , and by attracting record crowds wherever he pitched .   Paige was a right-handed pitcher , and at age 42 in 1948 , he was the oldest major league rookie while playing for the Cleveland Indians . He played with the St. Louis Browns until age 47 , and represented them in the All-Star Game in 1952 and 1953 . He was the first player who had played in the Negro leagues to pitch in the World Series , in 1948 , and was the first electee of the Committee on Negro Baseball Leagues to be inducted in the National Baseball Hall of Fame , in 1971 .   Paige first played for the semi-professional Mobile Tigers from 1924 to 1926 . He began his professional baseball career in 1926 with the Chattanooga Black Lookouts of the Negro Southern League and became one of the most famous and successful players from the Negro leagues . While his outstanding control as a pitcher first got him noticed , it was his infectious , cocky , enthusiastic personality and his love for the game that made him a star . On town tours across the United States , Paige would sometimes have his infielders sit down behind him and then routinely strike out the side . He played his last professional game on June 21 , 1966 , for the Peninsula Grays of the Carolina League .


query: Amy Adams appeared in a film directed by Tim Burton.

pos: American Hustle American Hustle is a 2013 American black comedy-crime film directed by David O. Russell . It was written by Eric Warren Singer and Russell , inspired by the FBI ABSCAM operation of the late 1970s and early 1980s . It stars Christian Bale and Amy Adams as two con artists who are forced by an FBI agent ( Bradley Cooper ) to set up an elaborate sting operation on corrupt politicians , including the mayor of Camden , New Jersey ( Jeremy Renner ) . Jennifer Lawrence plays the unpredictable wife of Bale 's character . Principal photography on the film began on March 8 , 2013 , in Boston and Worcester , Massachusetts , and New York City .   American Hustle had its nationwide release in the United States on December 13 , 2013 . It opened to wide acclaim from critics , who praised its writing and ensemble cast . The film received ten nominations at the 86th Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Director , Best Original Screenplay , Best Actor ( Bale ) , Best Actress ( Adams ) , Best Supporting Actor ( Cooper ) , and Best Supporting Actress ( Lawrence ) , but did not win in any category . It received three BAFTA Awards , three Golden Globe Awards including Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture .

pos: Amy Adams Amy Lou Adams ( born August 20 , 1974 ) is an American actress and singer . She was named one of 100 most influential people by Time magazine in 2014 and is among the highest-paid actresses in the world . She has won two Golden Globe Awards , and has been nominated for five Academy Awards and six British Academy Film Awards .   Adams began her career on stage performing in dinner theater and went on to make her feature film debut in Drop Dead Gorgeous ( 1999 ) . After moving to Los Angeles , she made several appearances on television and in B-movies , before starring in Steven Spielberg 's 2002 biopic Catch Me If You Can . Adams 's breakthrough role came in the 2005 independent film Junebug , in which her portrayal of a young pregnant woman earned her an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress nomination . In 2007 , she starred as a princess in the commercially successful Disney musical film Enchanted .   Adams received three more Oscar nominations for her supporting roles in Doubt ( 2008 ) , The Fighter ( 2010 ) , and The Master ( 2012 ) . She played reporter Lois Lane in the 2013 superhero film Man of Steel and a troubled con artist in David O. Russell 's film American Hustle ; for the latter , she won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress . She won a second consecutive Golden Globe Award for portraying artist Margaret Keane in the comedy-drama Big Eyes ( 2014 ) . In 2016 , Adams reprised the role of Lois in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , and garnered acclaim for her leading roles in the science-fiction film Arrival and the crime thriller Nocturnal Animals .

pos: Enchanted (film) Enchanted is a 2007 American live-action/animated musical fantasy romantic comedy film , produced by Walt Disney Pictures with New York Academy Barry Sonnenfeld and Josephson Entertainment . Written by Bill Kelly and directed by Kevin Lima , the film stars Amy Adams , Patrick Dempsey , James Marsden , Timothy Spall , Idina Menzel , Rachel Covey , and Susan Sarandon . The plot focuses on Giselle , an archetypal Disney Princess , who is forced from her traditional animated world of Andalasia into the live-action world of New York City . Enchanted was the first Disney film to be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , instead of Buena Vista Pictures Distribution .   The film is both a homage to , and a self-parody of , Disney 's animated features , making numerous references to Disney 's past works through the combination of live-action filmmaking , traditional animation , and computer-generated imagery . It marks the return of traditional animation to a Disney feature film after the company 's decision to move entirely to computer animation in 2004 . Composer Alan Menken and lyricist Stephen Schwartz , who had written songs for previous Disney films , produced the songs of Enchanted , with Menken also composing its score .   The animation sequences were produced at James Baxter Animation in Pasadena . Filming of the live action segments took place around New York City . It premiered on October 20 , 2007 , at the London Film Festival before its wide release on November 21 , 2007 , in the United States . Enchanted was well-received critically , established Adams as a leading lady , and earned more than $ 340 million worldwide at the box office . It won three Saturn Awards , including Best Fantasy Film and Best Actress for Adams . Enchanted also received two nominations at the 65th Golden Globe Awards and three Best Original Song nominations at the 80th Academy Awards .

neg: The Hotel New Hampshire (film) The Hotel New Hampshire is a 1984 British-Canadian-American comedy-drama film written and directed by Tony Richardson based on John Irving 's 1981 novel of the same name . The film stars Jodie Foster , Beau Bridges , Rob Lowe , and Nastassja Kinski , and also features Wilford Brimley , Amanda Plummer , Matthew Modine , and a young Seth Green in a supporting role . The film is a co-production from the United Kingdom , Canada , and the United States .   In an introductory foreword that he wrote for a later edition of the novel , author Irving stated that he was thrilled when Richardson informed him that he wanted to adapt the book to the screen . Irving wrote that he was very happy with the adaptation , complaining only that he felt Richardson tried to make the film too faithful to the book , noting the manner in which Richardson would often speed up the action in an attempt to include more material onscreen .

neg: Sun Don't Shine Sun Do n't Shine is a 2012 independent thriller film written and directed by Amy Seimetz . It stars Kate Lyn Sheil and Kentucker Audley . It first premiered on March 10 , 2012 at the South by Southwest Film Festival , where it won a special jury award . The film was released in a limited release and through video on demand on April 26 , 2013 , by Factory25 .

neg: The Happening (2008 film) The Happening is a 2008 American thriller film written , co-produced and directed by M. Night Shyamalan , and stars Mark Wahlberg , Zooey Deschanel , John Leguizamo , and Betty Buckley . The film follows a man , his wife , his best friend and his friend 's daughter as they try to escape from an inexplicable natural disaster .   The film was advertised as being Shyamalan 's first R-rated film ; it received mostly negative reviews from critics on Metacritic and grossed $ 163 million worldwide .

neg: Adam Davenport Adam Davenport ( born May 27 , 1984 ) is an American film director , screenwriter , stage actor and music producer .

neg: 9 Full Moons 9 Full Moons is a 2013 American film starring Amy Seimetz , Bret Roberts and Donal Logue . It was directed by Tomer Almagor and released in theaters in 2014 .

neg: Hold'em (film) Hold 'em is a 2014 American thriller film directed by Clay DuMaw . The film 's plot combines Texas hold 'em with elements from horror and thriller films such as Battle Royale and Saw .

neg: Aloha (film) Aloha is a 2015 American romantic comedy-drama film written , produced and directed by Cameron Crowe . The film , starring Bradley Cooper , Emma Stone , Rachel McAdams , Bill Murray , John Krasinski , Danny McBride , and Alec Baldwin , was released on May 29 , 2015 . The film received negative reviews from critics , and has grossed only $ 26 million against a budget of $ 37 million , making the film a box office bomb .

neg: Tim Clawson Tim Clawson is an American film and television producer , film studio executive and screenwriter .   Clawson is best known as the screenwriter of the film They Call Me Bruce and the executive in charge of production on such films as Scream 4 , Piranha 3-D , The Reader and Inglourious Basterds .

neg: A.C.O.D. A.C.O.D. is a 2013 American comedy film directed by Stu Zicherman , based on a script by Zicherman and Ben Karlin , and starring Adam Scott , Amy Poehler , Jessica Alba and Jane Lynch . The name of the film is an abbreviation for Adult Children of Divorce .   Teddy Schwarzman produced the film through his Black Bear Pictures production company . Other stars include Richard Jenkins , Mary Elizabeth Winstead and Catherine O'Hara , with Ken Howard and Clark Duke in supporting roles .   The film was released in the U.S. on October 4 , 2013 .

neg: Young Dillinger Young Dillinger is a 1965 gangster film . It stars Nick Adams as the notorious criminal John Dillinger , and co-stars Robert Conrad , John Ashley and Mary Ann Mobley .

neg: Precious Cargo (film) Precious Cargo is a 2016 Canadian action film directed by Max Adams , co-written by Adams and Paul V. Seetachitt , and starring Mark-Paul Gosselaar and Bruce Willis , alongside a supporting cast featuring Claire Forlani , John Brotherton , Lydia Hull , and Daniel Bernhardt . The film was released on April 22 , 2016 , by Lionsgate Premiere .

neg: Divorce His, Divorce Hers Divorce His , Divorce Hers is a 1973 television film starring Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton . The film examines the conflicted emotions felt by a couple whose 18-year marriage has frayed beyond repair . The first half of the film details the story from the husband 's view , and the second half takes the wife 's perspective .   The film , which was directed by Waris Hussein , from a script by John Hopkins , was originally presented in a two-part broadcast on U.S. television on February 6-7 , 1973 ( appearing on the Tuesday and Wednesday editions of ABC Movie of the Week ) , although it was theatrically released in France in 1974 . The critic Clive James wrote after the television screening in Britain : `` After movies as monumentally lousy as Bluebeard and Hammersmith is Out it was good to see Burton chipping some of the rust off his technique . ''

neg: Allied (film) Allied is a 2016 romantic thriller film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Steven Knight . It stars Brad Pitt as a Canadian intelligence officer and Marion Cotillard as a French Resistance fighter and collaborator , who fall in love during a mission in Casablanca . Jared Harris , Simon McBurney and Lizzy Caplan also star .   Principal photography began in February 2016 in London . The film was released in the United States on November 23 , 2016 by Paramount Pictures , receiving mixed reviews from critics , although Pitt and particularly Cotillard 's performances were praised , and grossed $ 119 million worldwide . It received an Academy Award nomination for Best Costume Design .

neg: Amy Adams (disambiguation) Amy Adams ( born 1974 ) is an American actress .   Amy Adams may also refer to :   Amy Adams ( politician ) ( born 1971 ) , New Zealand politician  Amy Adams ( singer ) ( born 1979 ) , American singer who was a finalist on the third season of television series American Idol  Amy Adams , founder of Adams Childrenswear  Amy Adams ( or Amy Games ) , wife of John Popham  A. Elizabeth Adams ( 1892 -- 1962 ) , full name Amy Elizabeth Adams , American zoologist

neg: Sweet Dreams (1996 film) Sweet Dreams is a 1996 TV movie directed by Jack Bender , written by Bruce Miller , and starring Tiffani Amber Thiessen as a woman who has no memory of her past after waking up from a coma . The film also stars Amy Yasbeck , A Martinez and David Newsom .

neg: List of accolades received by Gone Girl (film) Gone Girl is a 2014 psychological thriller film directed by David Fincher , and produced by Leslie Dixon , Bruna Papandrea , Arnon Milchan , Reese Witherspoon , Ceán Chaffin , and Joshua Donen . The screenplay was adapted by Gillian Flynn from her eponymous 2012 novel . Set in Missouri , United States , the film stars Ben Affleck as Nick Dunne , a writer who becomes the prime suspect in the mysterious disappearance of his wife Amy , played by Rosamund Pike . Neil Patrick Harris and Tyler Perry feature in supporting roles . The score was composed by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross .   Gone Girl premiered at the New York Film Festival on September 26 , 2014 , before 20th Century Fox gave the film a wide release at over 3,000 theaters in the United States and Canada on October 3 . It grossed over $ 368 million on a production budget of $ 61 million . As of June 2016 , Gone Girl is Fincher 's highest-grossing film . Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , surveyed 295 reviews and judged 88 % to be positive .   Gone Girl garnered awards and nominations in a variety of categories with particular praise for its direction , Pike 's lead acting performance , Flynn 's screenplay , and its score . At the 87th Academy Awards , Pike received a nomination for Best Actress . The film received four nominations at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards : Best Director for Fincher , Best Actress in a Drama for Pike , Best Screenplay for Flynn , and Best Original Score . Pike won the Empire Award for Best Actress , and garnered nominations in the same category at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards and 68th British Academy Film Awards ( BAFTAs ) . She also received the Breakthrough Performance Award from the Palm Springs International Film Festival . Flynn was nominated at the BAFTAs , as well as the Writers Guild of America Awards . The National Board of Review included the film in their list of top ten films of the year .

neg: Devil's Knot (film) Devil 's Knot is a 2013 American biographical crime film directed by Atom Egoyan . The film is based on a true story as told in Mara Leveritt 's 2002 book of the same name , concerning three teenagers known as the West Memphis Three , who were convicted of killing three young boys during the Satanic ritual abuse panic . They were subsequently sentenced to death ( Echols ) and life imprisonment ( Baldwin and Misskelley ) . Produced by Elizabeth Fowler , Richard Saperstein , Clark Peterson , Christopher Woodrow , and Paul Harris Boardman , the film stars Colin Firth , Reese Witherspoon , Mireille Enos , Dane DeHaan , Kevin Durand , Bruce Greenwood , Stephen Moyer , Elias Koteas , Amy Ryan , and Alessandro Nivola .   The film premiered at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8 , 2013 , followed by a wider release later that year . The film had a limited release in Canadian theaters on January 24 , 2014 , and was released in U.S. theaters and video on demand services on May 9 , 2014 .

neg: Phobia (2013 film) Phobia , also known by its original title of Alone , is a 2013 horror film and the feature film directorial debut of Rory Douglas Abel . The movie had its world premiere on 3 November 2013 at the Drunken Zombie Film Festival and stars Michael Jefferson as an agoraphobic widower that begins to believe that he is being haunted by his wife 's specter .

neg: The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film) The Curious Case of Benjamin Button is a 2008 American romantic fantasy drama film directed by David Fincher . The storyline by Eric Roth and Robin Swicord is loosely based on the 1922 short story of the same name by F. Scott Fitzgerald . The film stars Brad Pitt as a man who ages in reverse and Cate Blanchett as the love interest throughout his life .   The film was released in North America on December 25 , 2008 to positive reviews . The film went on to receive thirteen Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture , Best Director for Fincher , Best Actor for Pitt and Best Supporting Actress for Taraji P. Henson , and won three , for Best Art Direction , Best Makeup , and Best Visual Effects .

neg: The Competition (film) The Competition is a 1980 American drama film starring Richard Dreyfuss and Amy Irving , directed by Joel Oliansky .


query: Vitamin B12 is not produced by plants.

pos: Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 , also called cobalamin , is a water-soluble vitamin that has a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system , and the formation of red blood cells . It is one of eight B vitamins . It is involved in the metabolism of every cell of the human body , especially affecting DNA synthesis , fatty acid and amino acid metabolism . No fungi , plants , or animals ( including humans ) are capable of producing vitamin B12 . Only bacteria and archaea have the enzymes needed for its synthesis . Some substantial sources of B12 include animal products ( shellfish , meat ) , fortified food products , and dietary supplements . B12 is the largest and most structurally complicated vitamin and can be produced industrially only through bacterial fermentation synthesis , typically used to manufacture B12 for fortified foods and supplements .   Vitamin B12 consists of a class of chemically related compounds ( vitamers ) , all of which show pharmacological activity . It contains the biochemically rare element cobalt ( chemical symbol Co ) positioned in the center of a planar tetra-pyrrole ring called a corrin ring . The vitamer is produced by bacteria as hydroxocobalamin , but conversion between different forms of the vitamin occurs in the body after consumption .   Vitamin B12 was discovered as a result of its relationship to the disease pernicious anemia , an autoimmune disease in which parietal cells of the stomach responsible for secreting intrinsic factor are destroyed ; these cells are also responsible for secreting acid in the stomach . Because intrinsic factor is crucial for the normal absorption of B12 , its lack in the presence of pernicious anemia causes a vitamin B12 deficiency . Many other subtler kinds of vitamin B12 deficiency and their biochemical effects have since been elucidated . Due to impairment of vitamin B12 absorption during aging , people over age 60 are at risk of deficiency .

neg: Divinylether fatty acids Divinylether fatty acids contain a fatty acid chemically combined with a doubly unsaturated carbon chain linked by an oxygen atom ( ether ) .  Fatty acid hydroperoxides generated by plant lipoxygenases from linoleic and linolenic acids are known to serve as substrates for a divinyl ether synthase which produces divinyl ether fatty acids . Up to date divinyl ethers were detected only within the plant kingdom .   The discovery of that class of compounds dates back to 1972 , when the structures of two ether C18 fatty acids generated by homogenates of the potato tuber were described . These compounds , named colneleic acid ( from linoleic acid ) and colnelenicacid ( from linolenic acid ) , could be also produced in potato leaves and tomato roots by rearrangement of 9-hydroperoxides .   Isomers of colneleic and colnelenic acids were isolated from homogenates of leaves of Clematis vitalba ( Ranunculaceae ) .   Similarly , 13-lipoxygenase-generated hydroperoxides serve as precursor of other divinyl ether fatty acids which are produced in bulbs of garlic or Ranunculus leaves . These compounds were named etheroleic and etherolenic acids . Etheroleic acid has systematic name 12 - -LSB- 1 ′ E-hexenyloxy -RSB- -9 Z,11Z-dodecadienoic acid . Etherolenic acid has systematic name ( 9Z ,11 E ,1 ` E ,3 ` Z ) -12 - ( 1 ' ,3 ' - Hexadienyloxy ) -9,11 - dodecadienoic acid .   The physiological significance of divinyl ethers is still not fully studied . As infection of potato leaves leads to increased levels of divinyl ether synthase , it was suggested that this pathway could be of importance in the defense of plants against attacking pathogens .  Similar structures have been discovered in the brown alga Laminaria sinclairii , with 18 or 20 carbons and 4 , 5 or 6 double bonds , and in the red alga Polyneura latissima , with 20 carbons and 5 double bonds .

neg: Liver The liver is a vital organ of vertebrates and some other animals . In humans , it is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen , below the diaphragm . The liver has a wide range of functions , including detoxification of various metabolites , protein synthesis , and the production of biochemicals necessary for digestion . It also plays a role in metabolism , regulation of glycogen storage , decomposition of red blood cells and hormone production .   The liver is a gland . It is an accessory digestive gland and produces bile , an alkaline compound which aids in digestion via the emulsification of lipids . The gallbladder , a small pouch that sits just under the liver , stores bile produced by the liver . The liver 's highly specialized tissue consisting of mostly hepatocytes regulates a wide variety of high-volume biochemical reactions , including the synthesis and breakdown of small and complex molecules , many of which are necessary for normal vital functions . Estimates regarding the organ 's total number of functions vary , but textbooks generally cite it being around 500 .   Terminology related to the liver often starts in hepat - from ἡπατο - , the Greek word for liver .   There is currently no way to compensate for the absence of liver function in the long term , although liver dialysis techniques can be used in the short term . Artificial livers are yet to be developed to promote long term replacement in the absence of the liver . As of now , liver transplantation is the only option for complete liver failure .

neg: One A Day One A Day ( sometimes referred to as One-A-Day ) is a product family of multivitamins produced by the Bayer corporation . Introduced in 1940 , One A Day was originally developed by Miles Laboratories . Bayer currently markets fifteen products in the One A Day line , listed below :   Cholesterol Plus  Energy  Energy Advantage2O  Essential  Maximum  Men 's Health  Men 's 50 + Advantage  Teen Advantage  VitaCraves Gummies  Women 's  Women 's 2O  Women 's 50 + Advantage  Women 's Active Metabolism  Women 's Active Mind & Body  Women 's Prenatal   Bayer had previously heavily marketed a `` WeightSmart '' brand , but this was eventually discontinued after the United States Federal Trade Commission recovered $ 3.2 million ( as part of $ 25 million settlement ) from Bayer , alleging that Bayer had falsely claimed that the product led to weight loss .   One-A-Day Women 's multivitamin was tested by ConsumerLab.com in their Multivitamin and Multimineral Supplements Review of 38 of the leading multivitamin/multimineral products sold in the U.S. and Canada . This product passed ConsumerLab 's test , which included testing of selected index elements , their ability to disintegrate in solution per United States Pharmacopeia guidelines , lead contamination threshold set in California Proposition 65 , and meeting U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) labeling requirements .

neg: Viridiplantae Viridiplantae ( literally `` green plants '' ) are a clade of eukaryotic organisms made up of the green algae , which are primarily aquatic , and the land plants ( embryophytes ) , which emerged within them . Green algae traditionally excludes the land plants , rendering them a paraphyletic group . They have cells with cellulose in their cell walls , and primary chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria that contain chlorophylls a and b and lack phycobilins . More than 350,000 species of Viridiplantae exist .   In some classification systems , the group has been treated as a kingdom , under various names , e.g. Viridiplantae , Chlorobionta , or simply Plantae , the latter expanding the traditional plant kingdom to include the green algae . Adl et al. , who produced a classification for all eukaryotes in 2005 , introduced the name Chloroplastida for this group , reflecting the group having primary chloroplasts with green chlorophyll . They rejected the name Viridiplantae on the grounds that some of the species are not plants , as understood traditionally . The Viridiplantae are made up of two clades : Chlorophyta and Streptophyta . Together with Rhodophyta and glaucophytes , Viridiplantae are thought to belong to a larger clade called Archaeplastida or Primoplantae .   A taxonomic evaluation of eukaryotes based on myosin distribution showed the Viridiplantae lost class-I myosins .

neg: Fabaceae The Fabaceae , Leguminosae or Papilionaceae , commonly known as the legume , pea , or bean family , are a large and economically important family of flowering plants . It includes trees , shrubs , and perennial or annual herbaceous plants , which are easily recognized by their fruit ( legume ) and their compound , stipulated leaves . Many legumes have characteristics of flowers and fruits.The family is widely distributed , and is the third-largest land plant family in terms of number of species , behind only the Orchidaceae and Asteraceae , with about 751 genera and some 19,000 known species  . The five largest of the genera are Astragalus ( over 3,000 species ) , Acacia ( over 1000 species ) , Indigofera ( around 700 species ) , Crotalaria ( around 700 species ) and Mimosa ( around 500 species ) , which constitute about a quarter of all legume species . The ca. 19,000 known legume species amount to about 7 % of flowering plant species . Fabaceae is the most common family found in tropical rainforests and in dry forests in the Americas and Africa .   Recent molecular and morphological evidence supports the fact that the Fabaceae is a single monophyletic family . This point of view has been supported not only by the degree of interrelation shown by different groups within the family compared with that found among the Leguminosae and their closest relations , but also by all the recent phylogenetic studies based on DNA sequences . These studies confirm that the Fabaceae are a monophyletic group that is closely related to the Polygalaceae , Surianaceae and Quillajaceae families and that they belong to the order Fabales .   Along with the cereals , some fruits and tropical roots a number of Leguminosae have been a staple human food for millennia and their use is closely related to human evolution .   A number are important agricultural and food plants , including Glycine max ( soybean ) , Phaseolus ( beans ) , Pisum sativum ( pea ) , Cicer arietinum ( chickpeas ) , Medicago sativa ( alfalfa ) , Arachis hypogaea ( peanut ) , Lathyrus odoratus ( sweet pea ) , Ceratonia siliqua ( carob ) , and Glycyrrhiza glabra ( liquorice ) . A number of species are also weedy pests in different parts of the world , including : Cytisus scoparius ( broom ) , Robinia pseudoacacia ( black locust ) , Ulex europaeus ( gorse ) , Pueraria lobata ( kudzu ) , and a number of Lupinus species .

neg: Sulfur Sulfur or sulphur ( see spelling and etymology ) is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16 . It is abundant , multivalent , and nonmetallic . Under normal conditions , sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with a chemical formula S8 . Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow crystalline solid at room temperature . Chemically , sulfur reacts with all elements except for gold , platinum , iridium , tellurium , and the noble gases .   Though sometimes found in pure , native form , sulfur usually occurs as sulfide and sulfate minerals . Being abundant in native form , sulfur was known in ancient times , being mentioned for its uses in ancient India , ancient Greece , China , and Egypt . In the Bible , sulfur is called brimstone . Today , almost all elemental sulfur is produced as a byproduct of removing sulfur-containing contaminants from natural gas and petroleum . The greatest commercial use of the element is the production of sulfuric acid for sulfate and phosphate fertilizers , and other chemical processes . The element sulfur is used in matches , insecticides , and fungicides . Many sulfur compounds are odoriferous , and the smells of odorized natural gas , skunk scent , grapefruit , and garlic are due to organosulfur compounds . Hydrogen sulfide gives the characteristic odor to rotting eggs and other biological processes .   Sulfur is an essential element for all life , but almost always in the form of organosulfur compounds or metal sulfides . Three amino acids ( cysteine , cystine , and methionine ) and two vitamins ( biotin and thiamine ) are organosulfur compounds . Many cofactors also contain sulfur including glutathione and thioredoxin and iron -- sulfur proteins . Disulfides , S -- S bonds , confer mechanical strength and insolubility of the protein keratin , found in outer skin , hair , and feathers . Sulfur is one of the core chemical elements needed for biochemical functioning and is an elemental macronutrient for all organisms .

neg: Anoxygenic photosynthesis Bacterial anoxygenic photosynthesis is distinguished from the more familiar terrestrial plant oxygenic photosynthesis by the nature of the terminal reductant ( e.g. hydrogen sulfide rather than water ) and in the byproduct generated ( e.g. elemental sulfur instead of molecular oxygen ) . As its name implies , anoxygenic photosynthesis does not produce oxygen as a byproduct of the reaction . Additionally , all known organisms that carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis are obligate anaerobes . Several groups of bacteria can conduct anoxygenic photosynthesis : green sulfur bacteria ( GSB ) , red and green filamentous phototrophs ( FAPs e.g. Chloroflexi ) , purple bacteria , Acidobacteria , and heliobacteria .   The pigments used to carry out anaerobic photosynthesis are similar to chlorophyll but differ in molecular detail and peak wavelength of light absorbed . Bacteriochlorophylls a through g absorb electromagnetic photons maximally in the near-infrared within their natural membrane milieu . This differs from chlorophyll a , the predominant plant and cyanobacteria pigment , which has peak absorption wavelength approximately 100 nanometers shorter ( in the red portion of the visible spectrum ) .   Some archaea ( e.g. Halobacterium ) capture light energy for metabolic function and are thus phototrophic but none are known to `` fix '' carbon ( i.e. be photosynthetic ) . Instead of a chlorophyll-type receptor and electron transport chain , proteins such as halorhodopsin capture light energy with the aid of diterpenes to move ions against the gradient and produce ATP via chemiosmosis in the manner of mitochondria .   There are two main types of anaerobic photosynthetic electron transport chains in bacteria . The type I reaction centers found in GSB , Chloracidobacterium , and Heliobacteria and the type II reaction centers found in FAPs and Purple Bacteria   Type I Reaction Centers   The electron transport chain of green sulfur bacteria -- such as is present in model organism Chlorobaculum tepidum -- uses the reaction centre bacteriochlorophyll pair , P840 . When light is absorbed by the reaction center , P840 enters an excited state with a large negative reduction potential , and so readily donates the electron to bacteriochlorophyll 663 which passes it on down the electron chain . The electron is transferred through a series of electron carriers and complexes until it is used to reduce NAD + . P840 regeneration is accomplished with the oxidation of sulfide ion from hydrogen sulfide ( or hydrogen or ferrous iron ) by cytochrome c555 .   Type II Reaction Centers   Although the type II reaction centers are structurally and sequentially analogous to Photosystem II ( PSII ) in plant chloroplasts and cyanobacteria , known organisms that exhibit anoygenic photosynthesis do not have a region analogous to the oxygen-evolving complex of PSII .   The electron transport chain of purple non-sulfur bacteria begins when the reaction centre bacteriochlorophyll pair , P870 , becomes excited from the absorption of light . Excited P870 will then donate an electron to bacteriopheophytin , which then passes it on to a series of electron carriers down the electron chain . In the process , it will generate an electro-chemical gradient which can then be used to synthesize ATP by chemiosmosis . P870 has to be regenerated ( reduced ) to be available again for a photon reaching the reaction-center to start the process anew . Molecular hydrogen in the bacterial environment is the usual electron donor .

neg: Parthenocarpy In botany and horticulture , parthenocarpy ( literally meaning virgin fruit ) is the natural or artificially induced production of fruit without fertilization of ovules . The fruit is therefore seedless . Stenospermocarpy may also produce apparently seedless fruit , but the seeds are actually aborted while still small . Parthenocarpy ( or stenospermocarpy ) occasionally occurs as a mutation in nature ; if it affects every flower the plant can no longer sexually reproduce but might be able to propagate by apomixis or by vegetative means .   However , parthenocarpy of some fruits on a plant may be of value . Up to 20 % of the fruits of wild parsnip are parthenocarpic . The seedless wild parsnip fruit are preferred by certain herbivores , and thus serve as a `` decoy defense '' against seed predation . Utah juniper has a similar defense against bird feeding . The ability to produce seedless fruit when pollination is unsuccessful may be an advantage to a plant because it provides food for the plant 's seed dispersers . Without a fruit crop , the seed dispersing animals may starve or migrate .   In some plants , pollination or other stimulation is required for parthenocarpy . This is termed stimulative parthenocarpy . Plants that do not require pollination or other stimulation to produce parthenocarpic fruit have vegetative parthenocarpy . Seedless cucumbers are an example of vegetative parthenocarpy , seedfull watermelon is an example of stenospermocarpy .   Plants moved from one area of the world to another may not always be accompanied by their pollinating partner and the lack of pollinators has spurred human cultivation of parthenocarpic varieties . Some parthenocarpic varieties have been developed as genetically modified organisms .

neg: Rapeseed Rapeseed ( Brassica napus ) , also known as rape , oilseed rape , rapa , rappi , rapaseed ( and , in the case of one particular group of cultivars , canola ) , is a bright-yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae ( mustard or cabbage family ) , consumed in China ( 油菜籽 : Mandarin Pinyin yóucài ; Cantonese : yau choy ) and Southern Africa as a vegetable . The name derives from the Latin for turnip , rāpa or rāpum , and is first recorded in English at the end of the 14th century . Older writers usually distinguished the turnip and rape by the adjectives ` round ' and ` long ' ( - ` rooted ' ) , respectively . Rutabagas , Brassica napobrassica , are sometimes considered a variety of B. napus . Some botanists also include the closely related B. rapa within B. napus .   B. napus is cultivated mainly for its oil-rich seed , the third-largest source of vegetable oil in the world .

neg: Zeaxanthin Zeaxanthin is one of the most common carotenoid alcohols found in nature . It is important in the xanthophyll cycle . Synthesized in plants and some micro-organisms , it is the pigment that gives paprika ( made from bell peppers ) , corn , saffron , wolfberries , and many other plants and microbes their characteristic color .   The name ( pronounced zee-uh-zan ' - thin ) is derived from Zea mays ( common yellow maize corn , in which zeaxanthin provides the primary yellow pigment ) , plus xanthos , the Greek word for `` yellow '' ( see xanthophyll ) .   Xanthophylls such as zeaxanthin are found in highest quantity in the leaves of most green plants , where they act to modulate light energy and perhaps serve as a non-photochemical quenching agent to deal with triplet chlorophyll ( an excited form of chlorophyll ) which is overproduced at high light levels during photosynthesis .   Animals derive zeaxanthin from a plant diet . Zeaxanthin is one of the two primary xanthophyll carotenoids contained within the retina of the eye . Within the central macula , zeaxanthin is the dominant component , whereas in the peripheral retina , lutein predominates .   Zeaxanthin supplements are typically taken on the supposition of supporting eye health . Although there are no reported side effects from taking zeaxanthin supplements , this possible benefit remains scientifically unproven , despite extensive ongoing research to define dietary or supplemental effects of zeaxanthin and lutein .   As a food additive , zeaxanthin is a food dye with E number E161h .

neg: Sustainable biofuel Sustainable biofuel is biofuel produced in a sustainable manner .  Biofuels , in the form of liquid fuels derived from plant materials , are entering the market , driven by factors such as oil price spikes and the need for increased energy security . However , many of the biofuels that are currently being supplied have been criticised for their adverse impacts on the natural environment , food security , and land use .   The challenge is to support biofuel development , including the development of new cellulosic technologies , with responsible policies and economic instruments to help ensure that biofuel commercialization is sustainable . Responsible commercialization of biofuels represents an opportunity to enhance sustainable economic prospects in Africa , Latin America and Asia .   Biofuels have a limited ability to replace fossil fuels and should not be regarded as a ` silver bullet ' to deal with transport emissions . However , they offer the prospect of increased market competition and oil price moderation . A healthy supply of alternative energy sources will help to combat gasoline price spikes and reduce dependency on fossil fuels , especially in the transport sector . Using transportation fuels more efficiently is also an integral part of a sustainable transport strategy .

neg: Neophyte (botany) In botany , a neophyte ( from Greek νέος #Ancient Greek ( néos ) `` new '' and φυτόν #Ancient Greek ( phutón ) `` plant '' ) is a plant species which is not native to a geographical region , and was introduced in recent history . Plants that are long-established in an area are called archaeophytes . In Britain , neophytes are defined as plant species that were introduced after 1492 , when Christopher Columbus arrived in the New World and the Columbian Exchange began .

neg: Selenium Selenium is a chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34 . It is a nonmetal with properties that are intermediate between the elements above and below in the periodic table , sulfur and tellurium . It rarely occurs in its elemental state or as pure ore compounds in the Earth 's crust . Selenium ( Greek σελήνη selene meaning `` Moon '' ) was discovered in 1817 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius , who noted the similarity of the new element to the previously discovered tellurium ( named for the Earth ) .   Selenium is found in metal sulfide ores , where it partially replaces the sulfur . Commercially , selenium is produced as a byproduct in the refining of these ores , most often during production . Minerals that are pure selenide or selenate compounds are known but rare . The chief commercial uses for selenium today are glassmaking and pigments . Selenium is a semiconductor and is used in photocells . Applications in electronics , once important , have been mostly supplanted by silicon semiconductor devices . Selenium is still used in a few types of DC power surge protectors and one type of fluorescent quantum dot .   Selenium salts are toxic in large amounts , but trace amounts are necessary for cellular function in many organisms , including all animals . Selenium is an ingredient in many multivitamins and other dietary supplements , including infant formula . It is a component of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase ( which indirectly reduce certain oxidized molecules in animals and some plants ) . It is also found in three deiodinase enzymes , which convert one thyroid hormone to another . Selenium requirements in plants differ by species , with some plants requiring relatively large amounts and others apparently requiring none .

neg: Biologist A biologist , is a scientist who has specialized knowledge in the field of biology , the scientific study of life . Biologists involved in fundamental research attempt to explore and further explain the underlying mechanisms that govern the functioning of living matter . Biologists involved in applied research attempt to develop or improve more specific processes and understanding , in fields such as medicine , industry and agriculture .   While `` biologist '' can apply to any scientist studying biology , most biologists research and specialise in specific fields . In this way , biologists investigate large-scale organism interactions ( ecology ) , whole multicellular organisms , organs , tissues , cells , and small-scale cellular and molecular processes . Other biologists study less direct aspects of life , such as phylogeny and evolution .   Biologists conduct research based on the scientific method , to test the validity of a theory , with hypothesis formation , experimentation and documentation of methods and data .   There are many types of biologists . Some work on microorganisms , while others study multicellular organisms . There is much overlap between different fields of biology such as botany , zoology , microbiology , genetics and evolutionary biology , and it is often difficult to classify a biologist as only one of them . Many jobs in biology as a field require an academic degree . A doctorate or its equivalent is generally required to direct independent research , and involves a specialization in a specific area of biology . Many biological scientists work in research and development . Some conduct fundamental research to advance our knowledge of living organisms , including bacteria and other pathogens . This research enhances understanding and adds to the scientific database of literature . Furthermore , it often aids the development of solutions to problems in areas such as human health and the natural environment . These biological scientists mostly work in government , university , and private industry laboratories . Many expand on specialized research that they started in post-graduate qualifications , such as a doctorate .

neg: Folate Folate , forms of which are known as folic acid and vitamin B9 , is one of the B vitamins . The recommended daily intake level of folate is 400 micrograms from foods or dietary supplements . Folic acid is used to treat anemia caused by folic acid deficiency . It is also used as a supplement by women during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects ( NTDs ) in the baby . Low levels in early pregnancy are believed to be the cause of more than half of babies born with neural tube defects . More than 50 countries use fortification of certain foods with folic acid as a measure to decrease the rate of NTDs in the population . Long term supplementation is also associated with small reductions in the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease . It may be taken by mouth or by injection .   There are no common side effects . It is not known whether high doses over a long period of time are of concern . There are concerns that large amounts of folic acid might hide vitamin B12 deficiency . Folic acid is essential for the body to make DNA , RNA , and metabolise amino acids which are required for cell division . As humans can not make folic acid , it is required from the diet , making it an essential vitamin .   Not consuming enough folate can lead to folate deficiency . This may result in a type of anemia in which low numbers of large red blood cells occur . Symptoms may include feeling tired , heart palpitations , shortness of breath , open sores on the tongue , and changes in the color of the skin or hair . Deficiency in children may develop within a month of poor dietary intake . In adults normal total body folate is between 10,000 -- 30,000 micrograms ( µg ) with blood levels of greater than 7 nmol/L ( 3 ng/mL ) .   Folic acid was discovered between 1931 and 1943 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . The wholesale cost of supplements in the developing world is between 0.001 and 0.005 USD per dose as of 2014 . The term `` folic '' is from the Latin word folium , which means leaf . Folates occur naturally in many foods especially dark green leafy vegetables and liver .

neg: Robert R. Williams Robert Runnels Williams ( February 16 , 1886 -- October 2 , 1965 ) was an American chemist , known for being the first to synthesize thiamine ( vitamin B1 ) . He first isolated thiamine in 1933 , and synthesized vitamin B in 1935 . Among his awards were the Elliott Cresson Medal in 1940 and the Perkin Medal in 1947 . His brother was Roger J. Williams , another important chemist at the time and discoverer of Vitamin B5 .

neg: Cryptogam A cryptogam ( scientific name Cryptogamae ) is a plant ( in the wide sense of the word ) that reproduces by spores , without flowers or seeds . `` Cryptogamae '' ( Greek -LSB- : wikt : κρυπτός , κρυπτός -RSB- kryptos , `` hidden '' + -LSB- : wikt : γαμέω , γαμέω -RSB- , gameein , `` to marry '' ) means hidden reproduction , referring to the fact that no seed is produced , thus cryptogams represent the non-seed bearing plants . Other names , such as `` thallophytes '' , `` lower plants '' , and `` spore plants '' are also occasionally used . As a group , Cryptogamae are the opposite of the Phanerogamae ( Greek φανερός , phaneros = `` visible '' ) or Spermatophyta ( Greek -LSB- : wikt : σπέρμα , σπέρμα -RSB- , sperma = `` seed '' and -LSB- : wikt : φυτόν , φυτόν -RSB- , phyton = `` plant '' ) , the seed plants . The best known groups of cryptogams are algae , lichens , mosses and ferns , but it also includes non-photosynthetic organisms traditionally classified as plants , such as fungi , slime molds , and bacteria .   At one time , the cryptogams were formally recognised as a group within the plant kingdom . In his system for classification of all known plants and animals , Carl Linnaeus ( 1707 -- 1778 ) divided the plant kingdom into 24 classes ,   During World War II , the Government Code and Cypher School recruited Geoffrey Tandy , a marine biologist expert in cryptogams , to Station X , Bletchley Park when someone confused these with cryptograms .

neg: Chlorophyll Chlorophyll ( also chlorophyl ) is any of several closely related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of algae and plants . Its name is derived from the Greek words χλωρός , chloros ( `` green '' ) and φύλλον , phyllon ( `` leaf '' ) . Chlorophyll is essential in photosynthesis , allowing plants to absorb energy from light . Chlorophyll absorbs light most strongly in the blue portion of the electromagnetic spectrum , followed by the red portion . Conversely , it is a poor absorber of green and near-green portions of the spectrum , which it reflects , producing the green color of chlorophyll-containing tissues . Chlorophyll molecules are specifically arranged in and around photosystems that are embedded in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts . Two types of chlorophyll exist in the photosystems of green plants : chlorophyll a and b. Chlorophyll was first isolated and named by Joseph Bienaimé Caventou and Pierre Joseph Pelletier in 1817 .

neg: Streptavidin Streptavidin -LSB- ˌstrɛpˈtævɪdɪn -RSB- is a 52.8 kDa protein purified from the bacterium Streptomyces avidinii . Streptavidin homo-tetramers have an extraordinarily high affinity for biotin ( also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H ) . With a dissociation constant ( Kd ) on the order of ≈ 10 − 14 mol/L , the binding of biotin to streptavidin is one of the strongest non-covalent interactions known in nature . Streptavidin is used extensively in molecular biology and bionanotechnology due to the streptavidin-biotin complex 's resistance to organic solvents , denaturants ( e.g. guanidinium chloride ) , detergents ( e.g. SDS , Triton ) , proteolytic enzymes , and extremes of temperature and pH.

neg: Viviparity Viviparity literally means `` giving live birth '' , from the Latin vivus ( `` living '' ) and parere ( `` to beget '' ) . The term is in use both in zoology and in botany as a term for certain classes of modes of reproduction , though it has different meanings in the two contexts .  The adjective viviparous is derived from `` viviparity '' and describes both the various modes of reproduction and the organisms that reproduce in any such mode .   In zoology viviparity refers to development of the embryo inside the body of the parent , eventually leading to live birth , as opposed to reproduction by laying eggs that complete their incubation outside the parental body . There are several forms of reproductive processes that answer to that description however , and they differ so radically , both in their nature and evolutionary origin , that no definitive and exclusive terminology is universally accepted , and the usage of the term is largely a matter of convenience and preference .   In botany vivipary is a common alternative form of the term , and botanical definitions also vary . One usage refers to reproduction via embryos , such as shoots or bulbils , as opposed to germinating externally from a dropped , dormant seed , as is usual in plants ; however , vivipary also may refer to plants arising from buds or seedlings that have formed or germinated while still on the parent plant , and are dropped when ready to establish themselves in the substrate . In botany too , the usage of the term is largely a matter of convenience and preference .