query: Lightning rods are all made of non-conductive materials.

pos: Lightning rod A lightning rod ( US , AUS ) or lightning conductor ( UK ) is a metal rod mounted on a structure and intended to protect the structure from a lightning strike . If lightning hits the structure , it will preferentially strike the rod and be conducted to ground through a wire , instead of passing through the structure , where it could start a fire or cause electrocution . Lightning rods are also called finials , air terminals or strike termination devices .   In a lightning protection system , a lightning rod is a single component of the system . The lightning rod requires a connection to earth to perform its protective function . Lightning rods come in many different forms , including hollow , solid , pointed , rounded , flat strips or even bristle brush-like . The main attribute common to all lightning rods is that they are all made of conductive materials , such as copper and aluminum . Copper and its alloys are the most common materials used in lightning protection .

neg: Charge density wave A charge density wave ( CDW ) is an ordered , `` bumpy , sticky '' fluid of electrons in a linear chain compound or layered crystal . The electrons within a CDW create a standing wave pattern and can sometimes collectively carry an electric current . The electrons in such a CDW , like those in a superconductor ( see superconductivity ) , can flow through a linear chain compound en masse , in a highly correlated fashion . Unlike a superconductor , however , the electric CDW current often flows in a jerky fashion , much like water dripping from a faucet due to its electrostatic properties . In a CDW , the combined effects of pinning ( due to impurities ) and electrostatic interactions ( due to the net electric charges of any CDW kinks ) likely play critical roles in the CDW current 's jerky behavior , as discussed in sections 4 & 5 below .   Most CDW 's in metallic crystals form due to the wave-like nature of electrons - a manifestation of quantum mechanical wave-particle duality - causing the electronic charge density to become spatially modulated , i.e. , to form periodic `` bumps '' in charge . This standing wave affects each electronic wave function , and is created by combining electron states , or wavefunctions , of opposite momenta . The effect is somewhat analogous to the standing wave in a guitar string , which can be viewed as the combination of two interfering , traveling waves moving in opposite directions ( see interference ( wave propagation ) ) .   The CDW in electronic charge is accompanied by a periodic distortion - essentially a superlattice - of the atomic lattice in a quasi-1-D or quasi-2-D layered metallic crystal . The metallic crystals look like thin shiny ribbons ( e.g. , quasi-1-D NbSe3 crystals ) or shiny flat sheets ( e.g. , quasi-2-D , 1T-TaS2 crystals ) . The CDW 's existence was first predicted in the 1930s by Rudolf Peierls . He argued that a 1-D metal would be unstable to the formation of energy gaps at the Fermi wavevectors ± kF , which reduce the energies of the filled electronic states at ± kF as compared to their original Fermi energy EF . The temperature below which such gaps form is known as the Peierls transition temperature , TP .   The electron spins are spatially modulated to form a standing spin wave in a spin density wave ( SDW ) . An SDW can be viewed as two CDWs for the spin-up and spin-down subbands , whose charge modulations are 180 ° out-of-phase .

neg: Masonry heater A masonry heater ( or masonry stove , ceramic stove , tile stove ) is a device for warming an interior space through radiant heating , by capturing the heat from periodic burning of fuel ( usually wood ) , and then radiating the heat at a fairly constant temperature for a long period . The technology has existed in different forms , from back into the Neoglacial and Neolithic periods . Archeological digs have revealed excavations of ancient inhabitants utilizing hot smoke from fires in their subterranean dwellings , to radiate into the living spaces . These early forms have evolved into modern systems . Evidence found from 5,000 B.C. of massive blocks of masonry used to retain heat foreshadowed early forms of fire hearths that were used as multifunctional heating sources . Later evolutions came in the Roman hypocaust , Austrian/German ( kachelofen , baths ) using the smoke and exhaust of a single fire . In Eastern and Northern Europe and North Asia , these kachelofens ( or steinofens ) evolved in many different forms and names : for example the Russian Stove/Fireplace ( -LSB- : ru : Русская печь , Русская печь -RSB- ) , the Finnish Stove ( in Finnish : pystyuuni or kaakeliuuni , `` tile oven '' ) and the Swedish Stove ( in Swedish : kakelugn , `` tile stove '' or `` contra-flow stove '' ) associated with Carl Johan Cronstedt . The Chinese developed the same principle into their Kang bed-stove . The masonry heater has gained renewed domestic popularity recently because of its heating efficiency .   ASTM International calls a masonry heater `` a vented heating system of predominantly masonry construction having a mass of at least 800 kg ( 1760 lbs ) , excluding the chimney and masonry heater base . In particular , a masonry heater is designed specifically to capture and store a substantial portion of the heat energy from a solid fuel fire in the mass of the masonry heater through internal heat exchange flue channels , enable a charge of solid fuel mixed with an adequate amount of air to burn rapidly and more completely at high temperatures in order to reduce emission of unburned hydrocarbons , and be constructed of sufficient mass and surface area such that under normal operating conditions , the external surface temperature of the masonry heater ( except in the region immediately surrounding the fuel loading door ( s ) ) , does not exceed 110 ° C ( 230 ° F ) . ''

neg: Wire A wire is a single , usually cylindrical , flexible strand or rod of metal . Wires are used to bear mechanical loads or electricity and telecommunications signals . Wire is commonly formed by drawing the metal through a hole in a die or draw plate . Wire gauges come in various standard sizes , as expressed in terms of a gauge number . The term wire is also used more loosely to refer to a bundle of such strands , as in `` multistranded wire '' , which is more correctly termed a wire rope in mechanics , or a cable in electricity .   Wire comes in solid core , stranded , or braided forms . Although usually circular in cross-section , wire can be made in square , hexagonal , flattened rectangular , or other cross-sections , either for decorative purposes , or for technical purposes such as high-efficiency voice coils in loudspeakers . Edge-wound coil springs , such as the Slinky toy , are made of special flattened wire .

neg: Thermal radiation Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of charged particles in matter . All matter with a temperature greater than absolute zero emits thermal radiation . When the temperature of a body is greater than absolute zero , inter-atomic collisions cause the kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules to change . This results in charge-acceleration and/or dipole oscillation which produces electromagnetic radiation , and the wide spectrum of radiation reflects the wide spectrum of energies and accelerations that occur even at a single temperature .   Examples of thermal radiation include the visible light and infrared light emitted by an incandescent light bulb , the infrared radiation emitted by animals is detectable with an infrared camera , and the cosmic microwave background radiation . Thermal radiation is different from thermal convection and thermal conduction -- a person near a raging bonfire feels radiant heating from the fire , even if the surrounding air is very cold .   Sunlight is part of thermal radiation generated by the hot plasma of the Sun . The Earth also emits thermal radiation , but at a much lower intensity and different spectral distribution ( infrared rather than visible ) because it is cooler . The Earth 's absorption of solar radiation , followed by its outgoing thermal radiation are the two most important processes that determine the temperature and climate of the Earth .   If a radiation-emitting object meets the physical characteristics of a black body in thermodynamic equilibrium , the radiation is called blackbody radiation . Planck 's law describes the spectrum of blackbody radiation , which depends only on the object 's temperature . Wien 's displacement law determines the most likely frequency of the emitted radiation , and the Stefan -- Boltzmann law gives the radiant intensity .   Thermal radiation is one of the fundamental mechanisms of heat transfer .

neg: Brick A brick is building material used to make walls , pavements and other elements in masonry construction . Traditionally , the term brick referred to a unit composed of clay , but it is now used to denote any rectangular units laid in mortar . A brick can be composed of clay-bearing soil , sand , and lime , or concrete materials . Bricks are produced in numerous classes , types , materials , and sizes which vary with region and time period , and are produced in bulk quantities . Two basic categories of bricks are fired and non-fired bricks .   Block is a similar term referring to a rectangular building unit composed of similar materials , but is usually larger than a brick . Lightweight bricks ( also called lightweight blocks ) are made from expanded clay aggregate .   Fired bricks are one of the longest-lasting and strongest building materials , sometimes referred to as artificial stone , and have been used since circa 5000 BC . Air-dried bricks , also known as mudbricks , have a history older than fired bricks , and have an additional ingredient of a mechanical binder such as straw .   Bricks are laid in courses and numerous patterns known as bonds , collectively known as brickwork , and may be laid in various kinds of mortar to hold the bricks together to make a durable structure .

neg: Bridgewire A bridgewire , sometimes spelled as bridge wire , also known as a hot bridge wire ( HBW ) is a relatively thin resistance wire used to set off a pyrotechnic composition serving as pyrotechnic initiator . By passing of electric current it is heated to a high temperature that starts the exothermic chemical reaction of the attached composition . After successful firing , the bridgewire melts , resulting in an open circuit .   Usually a thin nichrome wire is used . Some applications also use platinum-silver alloy ; other bridgewire materials in use are platinum , gold , silver , tungsten , etc. . Care has to be taken when selecting the material as it is in direct contact with the pyrotechnic composition and should not undergo corrosion in such conditions . Another material , able to actively release chemical energy , is Pyrofuze , aluminium wire clad with palladium ; when being heated it undergoes strongly exothermic reaction as the molten metals form an alloy . A variant with the same function consists of laminated thin alternate layers of aluminium and nickel . Carbon bridge is a thin spot of colloidal graphite used as the bridgewire . Some variants use a conductive pyrotechnic composition as the resistive material . In amateur rocketry , grossly overloaded low wattage metal film resistors and 0805 Surface-mount technology resistors are also used .   A shallow notch cut into the center of the bridgewire promotes gross localized overheating instead of homogeneous heating of the entire bridgewire . This may improve the bridgewire performance in some applications .   Bridgewires are used in diverse applications ; to trigger detonators , electric matches , squibs , electric blasting caps , pyrotechnic fasteners , and more . Bridgewires dipped in a suitable pyrotechnic composition ( pyrogen ) are known as electric matches . Pyrogens with content of magnesium allow reaching very high combustion temperatures .   Devices using bridgewires , whether for initiating an explosion ( `` electroexplosive '' ) or for nonexplosive purposes , are called bridge wire actuated devices ( BWAD ) .   Bridgewires , especially connected to longer cables , may be susceptible to initiation by currents induced by external electromagnetic fields .   By passing an extremely high amount of electric current through the bridgewire , it gets rapidly vaporized , causing a small explosion . This is exploited in exploding-bridgewire detonators ( EBWs ) , used for very safe and highly precise initiation of explosives , e.g. in nuclear weapons .

neg: Widom-Larsen theory The Widom-Larsen theory is a theory developed in 2005 by Dr. Allan Widom and Lewis Larsen which describes the production of ultra low momentum neutrons and subsequent catalysis of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions ( LENR ) . Neutrons are hypothesized to be produced during weak interactions when protons capture `` heavy '' electrons in certain special conditions , such as metallic hydride surfaces . The theory has been criticized as being `` based on a number of fallacies and an obscuring way of handling the equations . ''   The theory was expanded by Dr. Yogendra Srivastava in 2014 , and additionally theorized as a possible explanation for neutrons observed in exploding wire experiments , solar corona and flares , as well as to explain neutron production in thunderstorms . However , unreal concentrations of free electrons would be needed for the theory 's prediction of neutron yield to be a significant component of thunderstorm neutrons , discounting the theory as an explanation . The theory has also been suggested as describing the source of neutrons produced in the fracture of piezoelectric and iron containing rocks .

neg: Energy Release Component The energy release component ( ERC ) is a number related to the available energy ( BTU ) per unit area ( square foot ) within the flaming front at the head of a fire . Daily variations in ERC are due to changes in moisture content of the various fuels present , both live and dead . Since this number represents the potential `` heat release '' per unit area in the flaming zone , it can provide guidance to several important fire activities . It may also be considered a composite fuel moisture value as it reflects the contribution that all live and dead fuels have to potential fire intensity . The ERC is a cumulative or `` build-up '' type of index . As live fuels cure and dead fuels dry , the ERC values get higher , thus providing a good reflection of drought conditions . The scale is open-ended or unlimited and , as with other NFDRS components , is relative . Conditions producing an ERC value of 24 represent a potential heat release twice that of conditions resulting in an ERC value of 12 .

neg: Gelignite Gelignite ( -LSB- 'd ʒɛlɪgnaɪt -RSB- ) , also known as blasting gelatin or simply jelly , is an explosive material consisting of collodion-cotton ( a type of nitrocellulose or gun cotton ) dissolved in either nitroglycerine or nitroglycol and mixed with wood pulp and saltpetre ( sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate ) .   It was invented in 1875 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , who had also invented dynamite . Unlike dynamite , gelignite does not suffer from the dangerous problem of sweating , the leaking of unstable nitroglycerine from the solid matrix . Its composition makes it easily moldable and safe to handle without protection , as long as it is not near anything capable of detonating it . One of the cheapest explosives , it burns slowly and can not explode without a detonator , so it can be stored safely .   In the United Kingdom , an explosives certificate , issued by the local Chief Officer of Police , is required for possession of gelignite . Due to its widespread civilian use in quarries and mining , it has historically been often used by irregular or paramilitary groups such as the Irish Republican Army and , less frequently , by British loyalists .

neg: SEAgel SEAgel ( Safe Emulsion Agar gel ) is one of a class of high-tech foam materials known as aerogels . It is an excellent thermal insulator and among the least dense solids known . SEAgel was invented by Robert Morrison at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in 1992 . SEAgel is made of agar , a carbohydrate material that comes from kelp and red algae , and has a density of 200 mg/cm3 .  SEAgel can be made lighter than air using hydrogen , causing it to float or hang in the air . It insulates against temperature , noise , and electric current . SEAgel is also completely biodegradable , as it is made entirely of biological material and can even be eaten .   Initially , SEAgel starts out as a gelatin-like mixture of agar and water . After it is freeze-dried to remove the water , it is left as a honeycomb of dried agar filled with air , with cell sizes two to three micrometers ( 2-3 µm ) in diameter .   SEAgel can have many different uses . Laboratory scientists use SEAgel as targets for x-ray laser experiments because it can be doped with other materials , such as selenium . In order to eliminate the volatile hydrodynamics that occur when a solid-density target explodes before it reaches the density required for lasing , scientists are trying to develop an x-ray laser target with a density that is less than the critical density of laser light ( 4 × 1021 electrons/cm3 for 0.53 - µm light ) . SEAgel can help them achieve a more uniform plasma , which will ultimately improve the quality of the x-ray laser beam .   SEAgel could also be used as food packaging or the encapsulating material of timed-release medical pills , as it is safe to digest . SEAgel could also replace balsa wood to insulate supertankers and to provide sound damping in high-speed trains .   SEAgel was covered under U.S. patents 5,382,285 ( `` Biofoam '' ) and 5,360,828 ( `` Biofoam II '' ) .

neg: Latin American Miracles Miracles are events which seem to defy standard , rational or normal explanations , and tend to be explained by divine intervention . Most of Latin America is predominantly Catholic and miracles have a deep historical tradition in Catholic theology . To some , miracles would be considered fate or a lucky break , but to Catholics `` A miracle is a supernaturally ( divinely ) caused event -- an event ( ordinarily ) different from what would have occurred in the normal ( `` natural '' ) course of events . ''   The appearance of the Blessed Mother to the three children at Fatima in 1917 is said to be a miracle . It was here that after a horrific rainstorm , Mary brought the sun closer to the earth and dried the humans ' clothes that they were wearing as a demonstration of God 's power through her . This miracle was witnessed by many thousands of people and thought of as a divine intervention . A miracle is believed to be `` A discernible , divine act in the world , outside , above , or beyond the natural order of things , which manifests some aspect of God 's power and love . ''  Other miracles are described as `` beyond the order commonly observed . '' An example of this uncommon occurrence is when the Mother of Jesus is said to have appeared . She sends a message to whomever she visits and requests them to always pray the rosary for the remission of sin and to pray for peace . The rosary is a religious icon and is significant for Catholic Christians because they hope that Mary will intercede with her son and grant their requests or prayers . Many Latin American homes pray for Mary 's intercession . On some occasions these requests are granted in the form of miracles or are given as `` miraculous gifts . ''   Milagros is the Spanish word for miracle and in Latin America milagros are small charms , usually in an anatomical shape that `` symbolize an afflicted person or body part . '' In some parts of Latin America people will make pilgrimages to visit the statues of their patron saints and `` Leave milagros as tangible symbolic petition or expressions of thanks . '' Milagros were originally produced for the rich , but are now made out of tin and other base metals for everyone and usually takes the form of `` A leg , head , eye , or arms and hearts , feet or hands ( Langham , 326 ) . '' These icons are believed to hold significant meaning among Catholics because they represent miraculous events .   In view of the fact that Latin America has such a deep rooted belief in Catholic theology , the belief in miracles is still prevalent today . Miracles have been witnessed , in many different forms throughout the world and are one of the mainstays of the Catholic beliefs . Humans have not been able to explain miracles , but firmly believe in them . Latin American Christians pray , worship , and attend church , with the hopes of receiving a blessing or a miracle from God .

neg: Carbon Carbon ( from carbo `` coal '' ) is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6 . It is nonmetallic and tetravalent -- making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds . Three isotopes occur naturally , C and C being stable , while C is a radioactive isotope , decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years . Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity .   Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth 's crust , and the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen , helium , and oxygen . Carbon 's abundance , its unique diversity of organic compounds , and its unusual ability to form polymers at the temperatures commonly encountered on Earth enables this element to serve as a common element of all known life . It is the second most abundant element in the human body by mass ( about 18.5 % ) after oxygen .   The atoms of carbon can bond together in different ways , termed allotropes of carbon . The best known are graphite , diamond , and amorphous carbon . The physical properties of carbon vary widely with the allotropic form . For example , graphite is opaque and black while diamond is highly transparent . Graphite is soft enough to form a streak on paper ( hence its name , from the Greek verb '' γράφειν '' which means `` to write '' ) , while diamond is the hardest naturally occurring material known . Graphite is a good electrical conductor while diamond has a low electrical conductivity . Under normal conditions , diamond , carbon nanotubes , and graphene have the highest thermal conductivities of all known materials . All carbon allotropes are solids under normal conditions , with graphite being the most thermodynamically stable form . They are chemically resistant and require high temperature to react even with oxygen .   The most common oxidation state of carbon in inorganic compounds is +4 , while +2 is found in carbon monoxide and transition metal carbonyl complexes . The largest sources of inorganic carbon are limestones , dolomites and carbon dioxide , but significant quantities occur in organic deposits of coal , peat , oil , and methane clathrates . Carbon forms a vast number of compounds , more than any other element , with almost ten million compounds described to date , and yet that number is but a fraction of the number of theoretically possible compounds under standard conditions . For this reason , carbon has often been referred to as the `` king of the elements '' .

neg: Electroplating Electroplating is a process that uses electric current to reduce dissolved metal cations so that they form a thin coherent metal coating on an electrode . The term is also used for electrical oxidation of anions onto a solid substrate , as in the formation silver chloride on silver wire to make silver/silver-chloride electrodes . Electroplating is primarily used to change the surface properties of an object ( e.g. abrasion and wear resistance , corrosion protection , lubricity , aesthetic qualities , etc. ) , but may also be used to build up thickness on undersized parts or to form objects by electroforming .   The process used in electroplating is called electrodeposition . It is analogous to a galvanic cell acting in reverse . The part to be plated is the cathode of the circuit . In one technique , the anode is made of the metal to be plated on the part . Both components are immersed in a solution called an electrolyte containing one or more dissolved metal salts as well as other ions that permit the flow of electricity . A power supply supplies a direct current to the anode , oxidizing the metal atoms that it comprises and allowing them to dissolve in the solution . At the cathode , the dissolved metal ions in the electrolyte solution are reduced at the interface between the solution and the cathode , such that they `` plate out '' onto the cathode . The rate at which the anode is dissolved is equal to the rate at which the cathode is plated , vis-a-vis the current through the circuit . In this manner , the ions in the electrolyte bath are continuously replenished by the anode .   Other electroplating processes may use a non-consumable anode such as lead or carbon . In these techniques , ions of the metal to be plated must be periodically replenished in the bath as they are drawn out of the solution . The most common form of electroplating is used for creating coins such as pennies , which are small zinc plates covered in a layer of copper .

neg: Copper alloys in aquaculture Copper alloys are important netting materials in aquaculture ( the farming of aquatic organisms including fish farming ) . Various other materials including nylon , polyester , polypropylene , polyethylene , plastic-coated welded wire , rubber , patented twine products ( Spectra , Dyneema ) , and galvanized steel are also used for netting in aquaculture fish enclosures around the world . All of these materials are selected for a variety of reasons , including design feasibility , material strength , cost , and corrosion resistance .   What sets copper alloys apart from the other materials used in fish farming is that copper alloys are antimicrobial , that is , they destroy bacteria , viruses , fungi , algae , and other microbes . ( For information about the antimicrobial properties of copper and its alloys , see Antimicrobial properties of copper and Antimicrobial copper alloy touch surfaces ) .   In the marine environment , the antimicrobial/algaecidal properties of copper alloys prevent biofouling , which can briefly be described as the undesirable accumulation , adhesion , and growth of microorganisms , plants , algae , tube worms , barnacles , mollusks , and other organisms on man-made marine structures . By inhibiting microbial growth , copper alloy aquaculture pens avoid the need for costly net changes that are necessary with other materials . The resistance of organism growth on copper alloy nets also provides a cleaner and healthier environment for farmed fish to grow and thrive .   In addition to their antifouling benefits , copper alloys have strong structural and corrosion-resistant properties in marine environments .   It is the combination of all of these properties -- antifouling , high strength , and corrosion resistance -- that has made copper alloys a desirable material for such marine applications as condenser tubing , water intake screens , ship hulls , offshore structure , and sheathing . In the past 25 years or so , the benefits of copper alloys have caught the attention of the marine aquaculture industry . The industry is now actively deploying copper alloy netting and structural materials in commercial large-scale fish farming operations around the world .

neg: Spot welding Resistance spot welding ( RSW ) is a process in which contacting metal surfaces are joined by the heat obtained from resistance to electric current .   Work-pieces are held together under pressure exerted by electrodes . Typically the sheets are in the 0.5 to thickness range . The process uses two shaped copper alloy electrodes to concentrate welding current into a small `` spot '' and to simultaneously clamp the sheets together . Forcing a large current through the spot will melt the metal and form the weld . The attractive feature of spot welding is that a lot of energy can be delivered to the spot in a very short time ( approximately 10 -- 100 milliseconds ) . That permits the welding to occur without excessive heating of the remainder of the sheet .   The amount of heat ( energy ) delivered to the spot is determined by the resistance between the electrodes and the magnitude and duration of the current . The amount of energy is chosen to match the sheet 's material properties , its thickness , and type of electrodes . Applying too little energy will not melt the metal or will make a poor weld . Applying too much energy will melt too much metal , eject molten material , and make a hole rather than a weld . Another feature of spot welding is that the energy delivered to the spot can be controlled to produce reliable welds .   is a modification of spot welding . In this process , the weld is localized by means of raised sections , or projections , on one or both of the workpieces to be joined . Heat is concentrated at the projections , which permits the welding of heavier sections or the closer spacing of welds . The projections can also serve as a means of positioning the workpieces . Projection welding is often used to weld studs , nuts , and other screw machine parts to metal plate . It is also frequently used to join crossed wires and bars . This is another high-production process , and multiple projection welds can be arranged by suitable designing and jigging .

neg: Conductive ink Conductive ink is an ink that results in a printed object which conducts electricity . It is typically created by infusing graphite or other conductive materials into ink .   Conductive inks can be a more economical way to lay down a modern conductive traces when compared to traditional industrial standards such as etching copper from copper plated substrates to form the same conductive traces on relevant substrates , as printing is a purely additive process producing little to no waste streams which then have to be recovered or treated .   Silver inks have multiple uses today including printing RFID tags as used in modern transit tickets , they can be used to improvise or repair circuits on printed circuit boards . Computer keyboards contain membranes with printed circuits that sense when a key is pressed . Windshield defrosters consisting of resistive traces applied to the glass are also printed . Many newer cars have conductive traces printed on a rear window , serving as the radio antenna .   Printed paper and plastic sheets have problematic characteristics , primarily high resistance and lack of rigidity . The resistances are too high for the majority of circuit board work , and the non-rigid nature of the materials permits undesirable forces to be exerted on component connections , causing reliability problems . Consequently such materials are only used in a restricted range of applications , usually where the flexibility is important and no parts are mounted on the sheet .

neg: Precious metal A precious metal is a rare , naturally occurring metallic chemical element of high economic value .  Chemically , the precious metals tend to be less reactive than most elements ( see noble metal ) . They are usually ductile and have a high lustre . Historically , precious metals were important as currency but are now regarded mainly as investment and industrial commodities . Gold , silver , platinum , and palladium each have an ISO 4217 currency code .   The best known precious metals are the coinage metals , gold and silver . Although both have industrial uses , they are better known for their uses in art , jewelry , fine jewelry and coinage . Other precious metals include the platinum group metals : ruthenium , rhodium , palladium , osmium , iridium , and platinum , of which platinum is the most widely traded .  The demand for precious metals is driven not only by their practical use but also by their role as investments and a store of value . Historically , precious metals have commanded much higher prices than common industrial metals .

neg: Volcanic bomb A volcanic bomb is a mass of molten rock ( tephra ) larger than 64 mm ( 2.5 inches ) in diameter , formed when a volcano ejects viscous fragments of lava during an eruption . They cool into solid fragments before they reach the ground . Because volcanic bombs cool after they leave the volcano , they are extrusive igneous rocks . Volcanic bombs can be thrown many kilometres from an erupting vent , and often acquire aerodynamic shapes during their flight . Bombs can be extremely large ; the 1935 eruption of Mount Asama in Japan expelled bombs measuring 5 -- 6 m in diameter up to 600 m from the vent . Volcanic bombs are a significant volcanic hazard , and can cause severe injuries and death to people in an eruption zone . One such incident occurred at Galeras volcano in Colombia in 1993 ; six people near the summit were killed and several seriously injured by lava bombs when the volcano erupted unexpectedly .   Volcanic bombs are known to occasionally explode from internal gas pressure as they cool , but in most cases , most of the damage they cause is from impact , or subsequent fire damage . Bomb explosions are most often observed in `` bread-crust '' type bombs .

neg: Firefly The Lampyridae are a family of insects in the beetle order Coleoptera . They are winged beetles , commonly called fireflies or lightning bugs for their conspicuous use of bioluminescence during twilight to attract mates or prey . Fireflies produce a `` cold light '' , with no infrared or ultraviolet frequencies . This chemically produced light from the lower abdomen may be yellow , green , or pale red , with wavelengths from 510 to 670 nanometers .   About 2,000 species of fireflies are found in temperate and tropical climates . Many are in marshes or in wet , wooded areas where their larvae have abundant sources of food . Their larvae emit light and often are called `` glowworms '' in Eurasia and elsewhere . In the Americas , `` glow worm '' also refers to the related Phengodidae . In many species , both male and female fireflies have the ability to fly , but in some species , the females are flightless .

neg: Optoelectric nuclear battery An opto-electric nuclear battery is a device that converts nuclear energy into light , which it then uses to generate electrical energy . A beta-emitter such as technetium-99 or strontium-90 is suspended in a gas or liquid containing luminescent gas molecules of the excimer type , constituting a `` dust plasma . '' This permits a nearly lossless emission of beta electrons from the emitting dust particles . The electrons then excite the gases whose excimer line is selected for the conversion of the radioactivity into a surrounding photovoltaic layer such that a lightweight , low-pressure , high-efficiency battery can be realised . These nuclides are relatively low-cost radioactive waste from nuclear power reactors . The diameter of the dust particles is so small ( a few micrometers ) that the electrons from the beta decay leave the dust particles nearly without loss . The surrounding weakly ionized plasma consists of gases or gas mixtures ( such as krypton , argon , and xenon ) with excimer lines such that a considerable amount of the energy of the beta electrons is converted into this light . The surrounding walls contain photovoltaic layers with wide forbidden zones as e.g. diamond which convert the optical energy generated from the radiation into electrical energy .   The technology was developed by researchers of the Kurchatov Institute in Moscow .


query: Audrey Horne was introduced in anything except the pilot episode.

pos: Audrey Horne Audrey Horne is a fictional character from the ABC television series Twin Peaks , played by Sherilyn Fenn . The character was created by David Lynch . She was introduced in the pilot . The daughter of Ben ( Richard Beymer ) and Sylvia Horne , sister of Johnny Horne ( Robert Bauer ) and half-sister of Donna Hayward ( Lara Flynn Boyle ) , her storylines focused on her infatuation with the series protagonist Dale Cooper ( Kyle MacLachlan ) , infiltrating the brothel/casino One Eyed Jacks and becoming an activist through civil disobedience .

neg: Pilot (Glee) `` Pilot '' is the pilot episode of the American television series Glee , which premiered on the Fox network on May 19 , 2009 . An extended director 's cut version aired on September 2 , 2009 . The show focuses on a high school show choir , also known as a glee club , set within the fictional William McKinley High School in Lima , Ohio . The pilot episode covers the formation of the club and introduces the main characters . The episode was directed by series creator Ryan Murphy , and written by Murphy , Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan . Murphy selected the music featured in the episode , with the intention of maintaining a balance between showtunes and chart hits .   The episode achieved 9.619 million viewers on first broadcast , and 4.2 million when the director 's cut version aired . Critical response was mixed , with The New York Times Alessandra Stanley highlighting the episode 's unoriginality and stereotyped characters , but praising the showmanship and talent of the cast . The Daily News David Hinckley opined that the show was imperfect and implausible but `` potentially heartwarming , '' while USA Today Robert Bianco noted casting and tone problems , but commented positively on the show 's humor and musical performances . Mary McNamara for the LA Times wrote that the show had a wide audience appeal , calling it : `` the first show in a long time that 's just plain full-throttle , no-guilty-pleasure-rationalizations-necessary fun . ''

neg: No – That's Me Over Here! No -- That 's Me Over Here ! was a British sitcom that aired for three series from 1967 to 1970 .   It was created by Barry Cryer , Graham Chapman and Eric Idle , and it featured Ronnie Corbett 's first acting starring role , alongside Rosemary Leach , Henry McGee ( who was at the time also playing straight man to Benny Hill in The Benny Hill Show ) , Ivor Dean and Jill Mai Meredith .   It was originally made by Associated-Rediffusion for the ITV network , with its production being continued by London Weekend Television for the third and final series .

neg: Dollhouse (season 1) The first season of the television series Dollhouse , premiered on February 13 , 2009 , on Fox and concluded its 12-episode season on May 8 , 2009 . The season aired on Fridays at 9:00 pm ET . Together with Fringe , Dollhouse was a part of Fox 's `` Remote-Free TV '' initiative to keep people from switching channels during commercial breaks . Therefore , every episode of this season was 47 -- 50 minutes long compared to a usual 40 -- 43 minute length for regular network television .

neg: Pilot (One Tree Hill) `` Pilot '' is the first episode of One Tree Hill 's first season . It first aired on The WB television network in the United States on September 23 , 2003 . It was written by Mark Schwahn and directed by Bryan Gordon . It saw John Keenan and Melissa Claire Egan guest star as Officer Wayman and Melody , respectively . It introduces the character of Lucas Scott ( played by Chad Michael Murray ) -- a high school student -- and his friends and relatives in the fictional Tree Hill , North Carolina .

neg: Let Me Be Your Star `` Let Me Be Your Star '' is an original song introduced in the first episode of the first season of the musical TV series Smash , entitled Pilot . It was written by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman , but in the show 's universe , it was written by songwriting duo Tom Levitt ( Christian Borle ) and Julia Houston ( Debra Messing ) for the Marilyn Monroe musical they are working on , Bombshell .   In the first episode , the song is performed by characters Karen Cartwright ( Katharine McPhee ) and Ivy Lynn ( Megan Hilty ) as they each prepare for and then audition for the role of Marilyn in front the production team .   The song has since been reprised numerous times in various episodes , both as solos and duets . For the first season , it was also sung by Karen and Ivy in the second episode `` The Callback '' and the seventh episode `` The Workshop '' , by Ivy in the sixth episode `` Chemistry '' , and by Rebecca Duvall ( Uma Thurman ) in the eleventh episode `` The Movie Star '' and the fourteenth episode `` Previews '' . In the second season , it was reprised by Karen and several female members of the Bombshell ensemble in the first episode `` On Broadway '' , and by Ivy in the eighth episode `` The Bells and Whistles '' and the eleventh episode `` The Dress Rehearsal '' .   The song was originally released as a single to digital music retailers and is available on the cast albums The Music of Smash and Bombshell ( the latter with an extended intro not heard on the show ) , with McPhee and Hilty 's vocals from the `` Pilot '' episode .   The song has sold 48,000 digital downloads as of April 13 , 2012 .

neg: Audrey Roberts Audrey Roberts ( also Potter ) is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera , Coronation Street , played by Sue Nicholls . Audrey made her first appearance on 16 April 1979 and appeared on a recurring basis for three years until 1982 and returned in 1984 before becoming a full-time regular character the following year in 1985 .

neg: Hannah Montana (season 1) The first season of the television series Hannah Montana was aired on Disney Channel from March 24 , 2006 to March 30 , 2007 , and included 26 episodes . It introduces the five main characters of the series and Miley Stewart 's situation of living a secret double life as a teen pop star . The season also introduces several significant recurring characters such as Roxy Roker , Jake Ryan , and Rico Suave .   The season 's soundtrack was released on October 24 , 2006 under the title Hannah Montana '' . The season itself was released on DVD as a four disc set on November 18 , 2008 , by Disney DVD . Certain individual episodes had been released earlier on other Hannah Montana DVDs .

neg: Sherilyn Fenn Sherilyn Fenn ( born Sheryl Ann Fenn February 1 , 1965 ) is an American actress . She came to attention for her performance as Audrey Horne on the 1990 cult TV series Twin Peaks ( 1990 -- 1991 ) for which she was nominated a Golden Globe Award and an Emmy Award . She is also known for her roles in Of Mice and Men ( 1992 ) , Boxing Helena ( 1993 ) and the television sitcom Rude Awakening ( 1998 -- 2001 ) .

neg: The Decorator (TV pilot) The Decorator is a 1965 television sitcom pilot produced by Aaron Spelling . It stars Academy Award-winning actress Bette Davis as an interior decorator .

neg: The First Nighter Program The First Nighter Program was a long-running radio anthology comedy-drama series broadcast from November 27 , 1930 , to September 27 , 1953 . The host was Mr. First Nighter ( Charles P. Hughes , Macdonald Carey , Bret Morrison , Marvin Miller , Don Briggs and Rye Billsbury -LSB- later known as Michael Rye -RSB- ) .   An article in a 1939 newspaper observed , `` First Nighter was the first show to present complete and separate original plays each week . ''   The show 's opening recreated the aural atmosphere of a Broadway opening . Before each week 's drama began , Mr. First Nighter was first heard walking on Broadway , emerging from the noise of people and street traffic into the crowded lobby of `` the Little Theater Off Times Square '' and then taking his seat in the third row center , where he gave the whispered introduction :  The house lights have dimmed , and the curtain is about to go up on tonight 's production .   Romantic comedies were the specialty of the series , and the principal roles were played by the teams of Don Ameche and June Meredith ( 1930 -- 36 ) , Ameche and Betty Lou Gerson ( 1935 -- 36 ) , Les Tremayne and Barbara Luddy ( 1936 -- 43 ) and  Olan Soule and Luddy ( 1943 and after ) .  Joseph T. Ainley produced and directed the series . The announcers were Larry Keating and Vincent Pelletier . Music was provided by `` The Famous First Nighter Orchestra '' , under the direction of Eric Sagerquist ( 1930 -- 44 ) , Caesar Petrillo ( 1945 -- 46 ) and Frank Worth ( 1947 -- 53 ) .   The most popular episode may have been the annual Christmas episode , `` Little Town of Bethlehem , '' which was first performed in 1937 and every year afterwards at the request of the listening audience .   Performing before a studio audience , the actors wore formal attire , with Luddy in a gown and Tremayne clad in evening clothes and top hat . Commercial breaks were signalled with the usher 's cry `` Smoking downstairs and in the outer lobby only , please ! '' , with the action resuming with a buzzer and the usher 's curtain call .   The series ran on four radio networks in the following timeline :  NBC Blue Network : 11/27/30 to 09/29/33  NBC Red Network : 10/06/33 to 02/12/37  CBS : 02/19/37 to 12/21/37  NBC Red Network : 01/07/38 to 08/26/38  CBS : 09/02/38 to 05/29/42  Mutual : 10/04/42 to 10/25/44  CBS : 10/20/45 to 04/13/46 and 10/04/47 to 10/20/49  NBC ( reruns ) : 04/27/52 to 09/27/53   The show was hosted by The Campana Company and solely featured commercials for their products . Due largely in part to this exposure , their Italian Balm became the best-selling hand lotion in the United States in the 1930s .

neg: Gossip Girl (season 1) The first season of Gossip Girl , an American teen drama based upon the book series by Cecily von Ziegesar . Developed for television by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage . Airing on The CW from September 19 , 2007 till May 19 , 2008 with 18 episodes . It tells the story of Serena van der Woodsen 's return to Manhattan 's Upper East Side in New York City following her mysterious disappearance to boarding school in Connecticut , while being watched by gossip website Gossip Girl .   The first thirteen episodes of Gossip Girl aired in the U.S. on Wednesdays at 9:00 p.m. on The CW , a terrestrial television network . With the exception of the twelfth episode `` School Lies , '' the first thirteen episodes aired on CTV Television Network one day prior to their US airdate . Following the 100-day writers strike , the remainder of the season aired on Mondays at 8:00 p.m. . The season was released on DVD as a five disc boxed set under the title of Gossip Girl : The Complete First Season on August 19 , 2008 by Warner Home Video . The pilot episode was made available as a free download registered users of the U.S. iTunes Store prior to its premiere on television . Following episodes became available to purchase following their original airing .

neg: Dexter (season 1) The first season of Dexter is an adaptation of Jeff Lindsay 's first novel in the Dexter series , Darkly Dreaming Dexter . Subsequent seasons have featured original storylines . This season aired from October 1 , 2006 to December 17 , 2006 , and follows Dexter 's investigation of `` The Ice Truck Killer '' . Introduced in the first episode , `` Dexter '' , this serial killer targets prostitutes and leaves their bodies severed and bloodless . At the same time , Dexter 's foster sister , Debra Morgan ( Jennifer Carpenter ) , a vice squad officer , aspires to work in the homicide department , and Dexter 's girlfriend , Rita Bennett ( Julie Benz ) , wants their relationship to be more intimate . Christian Camargo appears as Rudy Cooper and is a recurring character until the end of the season .   The show 's first season received generally favorable reviews from critics ; it was praised as `` bold , different and exciting , with a central character and performance that take your breath away '' by the New York Daily News . The Wall Street Journal saw `` the grotesqueries of Dexter '' as `` not something that can easily be dismissed with the old '' ` you do n't have to watch ' line '' , and concluded that `` We do have to live among the viewers who will be desensitized , or aroused , by this show '' . The aggregate site Metacritic scored the show 's first season at 77 out of 100 based on 27 critics reviews .   The season received high ratings for Showtime ; the pilot episode attracted more than a million viewers , giving the channel its highest ratings in nearly two years , while the finale `` Born Free '' drew an audience of 1.1 million viewers in the U.S. On average , the season was watched by two million viewers per episode during its original run when factoring in DVR viewers . Due to the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild strike and encouraged by the show 's critical success and high ratings on Showtime , CBS , a national terrestrial broadcast network , announced in December 2007 that it was considering airing an edited version of the first season of Dexter for free-to-air broadcast . It began to broadcast it on February 17 , 2008 , and thus , Dexter became the first program in 20 years to air on a broadcast network after being shown on a premium cable channel . During the show 's rerun on the CBS network in 2008 , the ratings were much higher , reaching 8.2 million viewers during its premiere February , giving the network its best rating in the 10 p.m. timeslot since December the previous year . During its 12-week run , it dropped to 7.1 million in early April , and to 6.6 million during the season 's finale on May 6 .

neg: Pilot (Friday Night Lights) `` Pilot '' is the first episode of the sports drama television series Friday Night Lights . The episode premiered on the NBC network on October 3 , 2006 . It introduces the men and women involved with the Dillon Panthers , a Texas high school football team . In the pilot episode , the team is preparing for the first game of the season , which will be the first game under new head coach Eric Taylor .   The show is based on the 2004 film Friday Night Lights , which was in turn based on the 1990 non-fiction book Friday Night Lights : A Town , a Team , and a Dream by H. G. Bissinger . Peter Berg , who is Bissinger 's cousin and who directed the film , wrote and directed the pilot episode , and served as executive producer for the series . While some of the actors from the movie returned to act on the show , most of the actors were cast specifically for the television series .   Critical reception of the show was good to average , with a general appreciation for the realistic portrayal of Middle America . Generally speaking , however , there were serious doubts about whether the show would be able to stay on the air very long , though it has since gone on to complete five seasons . The episode 's viewership of just over seven million was characterized as disappointing , though it did relatively well among men aged 18 to 34 .

neg: The Secret Life of the American Teenager The Secret Life of the American Teenager ( often shortened to Secret Life ) is an American teen drama television series created by Brenda Hampton . It first season aired on ABC Family on July 1 , 2008 and ran until June 3 , 2013 . The show was renewed for four additional seasons .   The series received generally mixed reviews from mainstream critics when it began broadcasting , but was well received among female and teenage viewers . The pilot episode broke the record for the highest rated debut on ABC Family with 2.82 million viewers , a record previously held by Kyle XY . The season one finale brought in 4.50 million viewers , beating that night 's episode of Gossip Girl , which had less than half its usual number of viewers . Premiering to mostly positive reviews from critics and being well received among viewers , the second season of Secret Life opened with the largest audience for the series , posting a series high in total viewers with 4.68 million viewers ; in adults 18 -- 34 it was the number one scripted original premiere of Summer 2009 . Furthermore , the mid-season premiere became ABC Family 's most watched telecast of all time with viewers ages 12 -- 34 , with more than three million viewers watching .   The show earned the Teen Choice Award for Choice Summer TV Show during its premiere season , and spawned a book entitled The Secret Diary of Ashley Juergens .

neg: Pilot (The Shield) `` Pilot '' is the first episode of the FX crime drama television series The Shield . It was written by series creator Shawn Ryan , directed by Clark Johnson , and originally aired on March 12 , 2002 . The episode received Emmy Award nominations for both its writing and directing .

neg: Waking the Dead (TV series) Waking the Dead is a British television police procedural crime drama series produced by the BBC featuring a fictional London-based Cold Case unit composed of CID police officers , a psychological profiler and a forensic scientist . A pilot episode aired in September 2000 , and there were a total of nine series . Each story is split into two hour-long episodes , shown on consecutive nights on BBC One . A third series episode won an International Emmy Award in 2004 . The programme was also shown on BBC America in the United States , though these screenings are edited to allow for advertising breaks , as well as UKTV in Australia and New Zealand and ABC1 in Australia . The show aired its final episode on 11 April 2011 . A spin-off from the series , titled The Body Farm , revolving around forensic scientist Eve Lockhart ( Tara Fitzgerald ) , was announced by the BBC in January 2011 and ran for just one series .

neg: Pilot (Drake & Josh) `` Pilot '' is the first episode of the first season of the Nickelodeon sitcom Drake & Josh . The episode first aired on January 11 , 2004 .

neg: Day One (Torchwood) `` Day One '' is the second episode of the first series of the British science fiction television series Torchwood . Directed by Brian Kelly , the episode was first broadcast on the digital channel BBC Three on 22 October 2006 with the series pilot , `` Everything Changes '' , and later repeated on terrestrial channel BBC Two on 25 October . It was the first work in the Doctor Who universe to be written by future Doctor Who showrunner Chris Chibnall .   The episode centres on Gwen Cooper ( Eve Myles ) working her first case with Torchwood Three in Cardiff . A purple alien gas is loose in the city and takes Carys Fletcher ( Sara Gregory ) host ; the gas kills its victims by orgasm , leaving behind a pile of dust . Over the course of the episode , the team hunt for Carys before the gas kills her . In the end they track her down to a fertility clinic ; the gas leaves Carys to take Gwen host , but is stopped by a portable prison cell and dies out .   Originally entitled `` New Girl '' , the episode was written to interpret Gwen 's `` first day in hell '' . On the sex gas , series creator Russell T Davies stated `` when we 're launching a new adult science fiction drama , it 's kind of inevitable you 're going to do the sex monster '' . The episode was filmed during a three - to four-week period in May 2006 , with much of it filmed before the first episode in the same production block . `` Day One '' was originally seen by 2.3 million viewers , making it one of the highest-rated BBC Three broadcasts of all time , but was met with generally mixed reviews .

neg: Pilot (Malcolm in the Middle) `` Pilot '' is the first episode of the first season of the television series Malcolm in the Middle , which originally aired on the Fox Network on Sunday , January 9 , 2000 . It was the first episode written by Linwood Boomer and was directed by Todd Holland .  In the episode , the six primary characters are introduced , Malcolm , Lois , Hal , Reese , Dewey , and Francis ( who is at military school ) , and Malcolm 's struggles and fears to be placed in the accelerated learning class ( ` Krelboynes ' ) even though he has an IQ of 165 . Airing as a midseason replacement for Futurama , the episode gained a large viewer base , with ratings of 23 million .

neg: Say Anything... Say Anything ... is a 1989 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Cameron Crowe in his directorial debut . The film follows the romance between Lloyd Dobler ( John Cusack ) , an average student , and Diane Court ( Ione Skye ) , the valedictorian , immediately after their graduation from high school . In 2002 , Entertainment Weekly ranked Say Anything ... as the greatest modern movie romance , and it was ranked number 11 on Entertainment Weekly list of the 50 best high-school movies .


query: Guyana is located in North America.

pos: Guyana Guyana ( pronounced -LSB- ɡaɪˈɑːnə -RSB- or -LSB- ɡaɪˈænə -RSB- ) , officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana , is a sovereign state on the northern mainland of South America . It is , however , included in the Caribbean Region due to its strong cultural , historical , and political ties with other Anglo Caribbean countries and the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) . Guyana is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north , Brazil to the south and southwest , Suriname to the east and Venezuela to the west . With 215000 sqkm , Guyana is the fourth-smallest country on mainland South America after Uruguay , Suriname and French Guiana ( an overseas region of France ) .   The region known as `` the Guianas '' consists of the large shield landmass north of the Amazon River and east of the Orinoco River known as the `` land of many waters '' . Originally inhabited by several indigenous groups , Guyana was settled by the Dutch before coming under British control in the late 18th century . It was governed as British Guiana , with mostly a plantation style economy until the 1950s . It gained independence in 1966 , and officially became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970 . The legacy of British rule is reflected in the country 's political administration and diverse population , which includes Indian , African , Amerindian , and multiracial groups .   Guyana is the only South American nation in which English is the official language . The majority of the population , however , speak Guyanese Creole , an English-based creole language , as a first language . In addition to being part of the Anglophone Caribbean , Guyana is one of the few Caribbean countries that is not an island in the West Indies . CARICOM , of which Guyana is a member , is headquartered in Guyana 's capital and largest city , Georgetown . In 2008 , the country joined the Union of South American Nations as a founding member .

neg: Guyana Trades Union Congress The Guyana Trades Union Congress is a national trade union center in Guyana . It was founded in 1941 as the British Guiana Trades Union Council . It is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation .

neg: Archipelagic state An archipelagic state is any internationally recognized state or country that comprises a series of islands that form an archipelago . The term is defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in order to define what borders such states should be allowed to claim .   In various conferences , Fiji , Indonesia , Papua New Guinea , the Bahamas , and the Philippines are the five sovereign states that obtained approval in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea signed in Montego Bay , Jamaica on December 10 , 1982 and qualified as archipelagic states .   Archipelagic states are states that are composed of groups of islands forming a state as a single unit , with the islands and the waters within the baselines as internal waters . Under this concept ( `` archipelagic doctrine '' ) , an archipelago shall be regarded as a single unit , so that the waters around , between , and connecting the islands of the archipelago , irrespective of their breadth and dimensions , form part of the internal waters of the state , and are subject to its exclusive sovereignty .   The approval of the United Nations for the five sovereign states as archipelagic states respect existing agreements with other countries and shall recognize traditional fishing rights and other legitimate activities of the immediately adjacent neighboring countries in certain areas falling within archipelagic waters . The terms and conditions for the exercise of such rights and activities , including the nature , the extent and the areas to which they apply , shall , at the request of any of the countries concerned , be regulated by bilateral agreements between them . Such rights shall not be transferred to or shared with third countries or their nationals .

neg: Neotropical realm The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting the Earth 's land surface . Physically , it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone .

neg: French Guiana French Guiana ( pronounced -LSB- giːˈɑːnə -RSB- or -LSB- giːˈænə -RSB- , Guyane française -LSB- ɡɥijan fʁɑ̃sɛz -RSB- ) , officially called Guiana ( Guyane ) , is an overseas department and region of France , located on the north Atlantic coast of South America in the Guyanas . It borders Brazil to the east and south , and Suriname to the west . Its 83,534 km2 area has a very low population density of only 3 inhabitants per km2 , with half of its 244,118 inhabitants in 2013 living in the metropolitan area of Cayenne , its capital . By land area , it is the second largest region of France and the largest outermost region within the European Union .   Both the region and the department have been ruled since December 2015 by a single assembly within the framework of a new territorial collectivity , the French Guiana Territorial Collectivity ( French : collectivité territoriale de Guyane ) . This assembly , the French Guiana Assembly ( French : assemblée de Guyane ) , has replaced the former regional council and departmental council , which were both disbanded . The French Guiana Assembly is in charge of regional and departmental government . Its president is Rodolphe Alexandre .   The area was originally inhabited by Native Americans . The first French establishment is recorded in 1503 but the French presence did n't really become durable until 1643 and the foundation of Cayenne . Guiana then became a slave colony and saw its population increase until the official abolition of slavery at the time of the French revolution . Guiana temporarily became a French department in 1797 but was gradually transformed into a penal colony with the establishment of a network of camps and penitentiaries spread over the coast where prisoners were sentenced to forced labor . During World War II , the Guianan Félix Éboué was one of the first to stand behind General de Gaulle as early as June 18 , 1940 . Guiana officially rallied Free France in 1943 . It definitively abandoned its status as a colony and became again a French department in 1946 . De Gaulle , who became president , decided to establish the Guiana Space Center in 1965 . It is now operated by the CNES , Arianespace and the European Space Agency ( ESA ) . Several thousand Hmong refugees from Laos migrated to French Guiana in the late 1970s and early 1980s .   Nowadays fully integrated in the French central state , Guiana is a part of the European Union , and its official currency is the euro . The region is the most prosperous territory in South America with the highest GDP per capita . A large part of Guiana 's economy derives from the presence of the Guiana Space Centre , now the European Space Agency 's primary launch site near the equator . As elsewhere in France , the official language is French , but each ethnic community has its own language , of which Guianan Creole is the most widely spoken .

neg: Guianan mangroves The Guianan mangroves ( NT1411 ) is a coastal ecoregion of southeastern Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname and French Guiana .  The mangroves provide an important habitat for migrating birds that winter in the area .  Large areas are intact , although they are threatened by destruction of the trees for timber and to make way for agriculture , and from upstream agricultural and industrial pollution .

neg: Guyana Airways Guyana Airways was the national airline of Guyana from 1939 to 2001 . During this period , it operated services to destinations throughout the Caribbean , the United States and Canada . It was declared insolvent in 2001 .   The airline had a fleet including Tupolevs and Boeings . At the time of the insolvency of the airline , the fleet consisted of Boeing 757s and 1 Airbus A.300B4-622R .

neg: Radio Guyana International Radio Guyana International commonly known as RGI is a Caribbean based online radio station that began services as an international radio broadcaster on May 31 , 2001 in London , United Kingdom and operates on the website - www.radioguyanafm.com . RGI among the first Caribbean entertainment and information broadcaster on the internet .

neg: Territorial evolution of the Caribbean This is a timeline of the territorial evolution of the Caribbean and nearby areas of North , Central , and South America , listing each change to the internal and external borders of the various countries that make up the region .   The region covered is the Caribbean , its islands ( most of which enclose the sea ) , and the surrounding coasts , as well as the southern part of the Gulf of Mexico , Florida , Central America , and the northern region of South America .   The political evolution of the land surrounding the Caribbean reveals the significant role the region played in the colonial struggles of the European powers since Christopher Columbus arrived in 1492 . In the 20th century the Caribbean was again important during World War II , in the decolonization wave in the post-war period , and in the tension between Communist Cuba and the United States ( U.S. ) . Genocide , slavery , immigration and rivalry between world powers have given Caribbean history an impact disproportionate to the size of this small region .   At the time of the European discovery of most of the islands of the Caribbean , three major Amerindian indigenous peoples lived on the islands : the Taíno in the Greater Antilles , The Bahamas and the Leeward Islands ; the Island Caribs and Galibi in the Windward Islands ; and the Ciboney in western Cuba . The Taínos are subdivided into Classic Taínos , who occupied Hispaniola and Puerto Rico , Western Taínos , who occupied Cuba , Jamaica , and the Bahamian archipelago , and the Eastern Taínos , who occupied the Leeward Islands . Trinidad was inhabited by both Carib speaking and Arawak-speaking groups .

neg: Andean states The Andean States ( Estados Andinos ) are a group of nations in South America connected by the Andes mountain range . `` Andean States '' is sometimes used to refer to all seven countries that the Andes runs through , regions with a shared culture primarily spread during the times of the Inca Empire ( such as the Quechua language and Andean cuisine ) , or it can be used in a geopolitical sense to designate countries in the region that are members of the Andean Community trade group and have a local ( as opposed to European ) cultural orientation .   The Andes extend through the western part of South America in following countries :        ( not considered to be geopolitically an Andean State )  ( not considered to be geopolitically an Andean State )   When grouped as `` the Andean states '' , the emphasis is on the mountainous regions of these countries . For example , the Argentine pampas are not part of the Andean region , but western Argentina along with Chile is part of the Andean region , and has cultural continuities with its Andean neighbors . Venezuela , Colombia , Peru , Ecuador and Bolivia are part of the Andean Community ( a trade grouping ) , and each contains Amazon Rainforest and Amazonian indigenous people as well as Andean mountains .

neg: Queen of Guyana Elizabeth II was Queen of Guyana from 1966 to 1970 , when Guyana was independent sovereign state with a constitutional monarchy . She was also the Sovereign of the other Commonwealth realms , including the United Kingdom . Her constitutional roles were delegated to the Governor-General of Guyana .   The Crown colony of British Guiana became an independent country called Guyana on 26 March 1966 . Its new constitution provided for the country to become a republic after 45 months by a majority vote in the House of Assembly . Exactly 45 months from independence , Guyana became a republic within the Commonwealth , with the President of Guyana as head of state .   The Queen visited the country twice : in 1966 shortly before independence ( 4 -- 5 February ) and in 1994 ( 19 -- 22 February ) . Both trips were part of a Caribbean tour .

neg: Human trafficking in Colombia The country of Colombia is a major source country for women and girls subjected to trafficking in persons , specifically forced prostitution in Latin America , the Caribbean , Western Europe , Asia , and North America , including the United States . Within Colombia , some men are found in conditions of forced labor , but the forced prostitution of women and children from rural areas in urban areas remains a larger problem . Individual cases of forced marriage -- a risk factor for trafficking -- involuntary domestic servitude , and forced begging have been reported . Some children are subjected to forced labor in mines and quarries , in the agricultural sector or as domestic servants . Groups at high risk for internal trafficking include displaced persons , poor women in rural areas , and relatives of members of criminal organizations . Continued armed violence in Colombia has displaced many communities , making them vulnerable to human trafficking . Guerillas and new illegal armed groups forcibly recruit children to join their ranks ; the government estimates thousands of children are exploited under such conditions . Members of gangs and organized criminal networks force their relatives and acquaintances , and displaced persons -- typically women and children -- into conditions of forced prostitution and forced labor , including forced work in the illegal drug trade . Colombia also is a destination for foreign child sex tourists , particularly coastal cities such as Cartagena and Barranquilla . Migrants from South America , Africa , and China transit Colombia en route to the United States and Europe ; some may fall victim to traffickers .   The Government of Colombia fully complies with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking in persons . During the reporting period , the government increased law enforcement actions against trafficking offenders , enhanced prevention efforts , and continued to offer victim services through an interagency trafficking operations center and through partnerships with NGOs and international organizations . The significant number of Colombians trafficked abroad , however , reflects the need for increased prevention efforts and victim services .

neg: Guyana at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games The XXIst Central American and Caribbean Games were held in Mayagüez , Puerto Rico from July 17 , 2010 to August 1 , 2010 .

neg: Régina Régina is a commune of French Guiana , an overseas region and department of France located in South America . With a land area of 12,130 km2 , it is the second-largest commune of France .   Régina lies on the Approuague River . In former times it was a gold mining centre . The Les Nourages Nature Reserve is located near the town .   Following the construction of a bridge over the Approuague River in 2003 , an asphalted road from Régina to Saint-Georges de l'Oyapock ( a town by the Brazilian border ) was opened in 2004 , completing the road from Cayenne ( the préfecture and largest city of French Guiana ) to the Brazilian border . It is now possible to drive on a fully paved road from Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni on the Surinamese border to Saint-Georges de l'Oyapock on the Brazilian border .

neg: Stabroek Market Stabroek Market is a large market located in the capital city of Guyana , Georgetown .

neg: Coat of arms of French Guiana The coat of arms of French Guiana , a région of France located in South America , displays a gules camp , a sable boat with heraldry oars carrying a bunch of gold situated in an azure river with three silver neuflar flowers two of which are paired together and one solo .   The chief shows an azure strip with three golden lilies surrounded by the number 1643 made of the same metal .   The number 1643 refers to the year that French Guyana was incorporated into France . The loaded golden boat symbolizes the richness that exists in the territory .   The words , `` Work Creates Abundance '' ( Fert Aurum Industria ) appear on the superior part of the shield on a ribbon .

neg: List of rodents of the Caribbean The Caribbean region is home to a diverse and largely endemic rodent fauna . This includes the endemic family Capromyidae ( hutias ) , which are largely limited to the Greater Antilles , and two other groups of endemic hystricognaths , the heteropsomyines and giant hutias , including the extinct bear-sized Amblyrhiza inundata . Lesser Antillean rodent faunas mostly consist of oryzomyines , members of a distantly related group of rodents , and include two of the largest known oryzomyines , Megalomys desmarestii and `` Oryzomys hypenemus '' . Various other rodents are limited to land-bridge islands such as Trinidad , which were connected to the mainland during glacial-period lowered sea levels in the Pleistocene , or to smaller portions of the Caribbean archipelago . Much of the native rodent fauna of the Caribbean are extinct because of human influences , particularly following the introduction of invasive species such as Old World rats .   For the purposes of this article , the `` Caribbean '' includes all islands in the Caribbean Sea ( except for small islets close to the mainland ) and the Bahamas , Turks and Caicos Islands , and Barbados , which are not in the Caribbean Sea but biogeographically belong to the same Caribbean bioregion .

neg: List of companies of Guatemala Guatemala is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west , the Pacific Ocean to the southwest , Belize to the northeast , the Caribbean to the east , Honduras to the east and El Salvador to the southeast . With an estimated population of around 15.8 million , it is the most populated state in Central America . A representative democracy , Guatemala 's capital and largest city is Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción , also known as Guatemala City .   Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) in purchasing power parity ( PPP ) in 2010 was estimated at $ 70.15 billion USD . The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 63 % , followed by the industry sector at 23.8 % and the agriculture sector at 13.2 % ( 2010 est. ) . Mines produce gold , silver , zinc , cobalt and nickel . The agricultural sector accounts for about two-fifths of exports , and half of the labor force . Organic coffee , sugar , textiles , fresh vegetables , and bananas are the country 's main exports . Inflation was 3.9 % in 2010 .

neg: List of companies of Colombia Colombia is a transcontinental country largely situated in the northwest of South America , with territories in Central America . Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama , to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru . It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica , Nicaragua , Honduras , Jamaica , the Dominican Republic and Haiti . It is a unitary , constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments .   Colombia is the third most populous country in Latin America . Its major industries include textiles , food processing , petroleum , clothing and footwear , consumer appliances , beverages , chemicals , cement , automobiles , gold , coal , and emeralds   For further information on the types of business entities in this country and their abbreviations , see `` Business entities in Colombia '' .

neg: Prostitution in Guyana Prostitution in Guyana is illegal .   Prostitution continues to receive greater public attention due to the high incidence of HIV/AIDS among prostitutes .   The law prohibits all forms of trafficking in persons . Penalties for trafficking include three years to life imprisonment , forfeiture of property , and full restitution to the victims .

neg: Guyanese Guyanese may refer to :  Something of , from , or related to the country of Guyana  A person from Guyana , or of Guyanese descent . For information about the Guyanese people , see :  Guyanese people  Demographics of Guyana  Culture of Guyana  Guyanese cuisine  Guyanese Creole


query: Wild is a movie.

pos: Wild (2014 film) Wild is a 2014 American biographical survival drama film directed by Jean-Marc Vallée . The screenplay by Nick Hornby is based on Cheryl Strayed 's 2012 memoir Wild : From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail . The film stars Reese Witherspoon as Strayed , alongside Laura Dern ( as Strayed 's mother ) , with Thomas Sadoski , Michiel Huisman and Gaby Hoffmann among several others in supporting roles . The film premiered at the Telluride Film Festival on August 29 , 2014 , and was released theatrically on December 3 , 2014 , in North America .   Wild opened to positive critical reviews , with much praise going toward the performances of Reese Witherspoon and Laura Dern . Both actresses received Academy Award nominations for their performances , in the categories of Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress , respectively .

neg: Wild Orchid (film) Wild Orchid is a 1990 American erotic film directed by Zalman King and starring Mickey Rourke , Carré Otis , Jacqueline Bisset , Bruce Greenwood , and Assumpta Serna .   A sequel was released in 1992 entitled Wild Orchid II : Two Shades of Blue .

neg: Wild Dog Diaries Wild Dog Diaries is a wild life film portraying the behaviour of wild dogs ( Cuon alpinus ) . The film was directed by the photographer duo of Krupakar-Senani and mainly filmed in the Bandipur National Park and the Mudumalai National Park of India .

neg: Wild Things (film) Wild Things is a 1998 American erotic thriller film directed by John McNaughton , and stars Matt Dillon , Neve Campbell , Kevin Bacon , Denise Richards and Theresa Russell .   An `` uncut '' version , adding seven minutes to its runtime , was released on DVD in 2004 and includes a change to Kelly and Suzie 's relationship . The film gained notoriety for featuring several sex scenes -- in particular , one involving a man and two women simultaneously -- that were more explicit than is typically seen in mainstream , big-budget Hollywood releases . It spawned several direct-to-DVD sequels that were released in 2004 , 2005 and 2010 .   The film has a MPAA rating of R for `` strong sexuality , nudity , language and violence '' .

neg: Wild and Wonderful Wild and Wonderful is a 1964 film comedy starring Tony Curtis and his then-wife Christine Kaufmann ( whom he had married in 1963 ) . The plot revolves around a clever French poodle named Monsieur Cognac , and the dog 's effect on the newly married couple portrayed by Curtis and Kaufmann . The film was Curtis 's last under his long contractual relationship with Universal Studios .   The film had six credited writers , including Waldo Salt , who was then still working his way back from years on the Hollywood blacklist and who reportedly `` hated '' the film . In his 1999 obituary for Larry Markes , another of the credited writers , Dick Vosburgh of The Independent commented , `` Critics found it hard to accept that it had taken six writers to fashion the wafer-thin tale of a jazz flautist whose marriage to a French film star is threatened by the jealous tricks of Monsieur Cognac , her neurotic , alcoholic French poodle . '' In his obituary for Tony Curtis in 2010 , Dave Kehr dismissed the film as `` disastrous , '' noting that Curtis was rebuilding his reputation after an earlier affair with Kaufmann , his co-star in Wild and Wonderful , and subsequent divorce from Janet Leigh .

neg: Wild (company) Rudolf Wild & Co. is a UA company headquartered in Eppelheim , near Heidelberg , Germany .   The company produces natural ingredients for food products . WILD has around 2,500 employees in over 70 countries , 1,400 of whom are employed at the main plant in Eppelheim .  The company is based on three core businesses : the production of ingredients for the food and beverage industry , the construction of processing equipment and machinery ( WILD INDAG ) and the production and sale of its own brand products and end products . One of the latter , Capri Sun , is sold in over 100 countries .

neg: John Wild John Wild may refer to :   Jack Wild ( 1952-2006 ) , English actor  John Benton Wild ( 1806 -- 1857 ) , Australian politician  John Caspar Wild ( 1804-1846 ) , American painter  John Daniel Wild ( 1902-1972 ) , American philosopher  John J. Wild ( 1914-2009 ) , developer of ultrasound in cancer diagnosis  John Paul Wild ( born 1923 ) , Australian radio astronomer  Frank Wild , real name John Wild , ( 1873-1939 ) , Antarctic explorer  John Wilde ( 1919-2006 ) , American painter  Jonathan Wild ( 1683-1725 ) , London criminal  John Wild ( priest ) ( 1904 -- 1992 ) , English Dean and college head  John Wild ( runner ) ( born 1953 ) , English cross country and fell runner

neg: The Wild Geese The Wild Geese is a 1978 British adventure film directed by Andrew V. McLaglen about a group of mercenaries in Africa . It stars Richard Burton , Roger Moore , Richard Harris , and Hardy Krüger . The film was the result of a long-held ambition of its producer Euan Lloyd to make an all-star adventure film similar to The Guns of Navarone or Where Eagles Dare . The same producer and director were later responsible for The Sea Wolves .   The screenplay by Reginald Rose was based on an unpublished novel titled The Thin White Line by Daniel Carney . The film was named The Wild Geese after the Wild Goose flag and shoulder patch used by Michael `` Mad Mike '' Hoare 's Five Commando , ANC , which in turn was inspired by a 17th-century Irish mercenary army ( see Flight of the Wild Geese ) . Carney 's novel was subsequently published by Corgi Books under the same title as the film .   The novel was based upon rumours and speculation following the 1968 landing of a mysterious aeroplane in Rhodesia , which was said to have been loaded with mercenaries and `` an African president '' believed to have been a dying Moïse Tshombe .

neg: Walk on the Wild Side Walk on the Wild Side may refer to :   `` Walk on the Wild Side '' ( Lou Reed song )  `` Walk on the Wild Side '' ( David and Bernstein song )  Walk on the Wild Side : The Best of Lou Reed , an album  A Walk on the Wild Side , a novel by Nelson Algren  Walk on the Wild Side ( film ) , a 1962 film adapted from Algren 's novel  Walk on the Wild Side ( TV series ) , a 2009 UK comedy sketch show  Walk on the Wild Side , a British TV documentary produced by Daniel Abineri

neg: Girls Gone Wild (film) Girls Gone Wild was a 1929 American melodrama film produced and released by Fox Film Corporation . The film was controversial as an early example of the rising tide of violence and disrespect for the law that would become key themes in the 1930s .

neg: Wild Bill (1995 film) Wild Bill is a 1995 Western film about the last days of legendary lawman Wild Bill Hickok . It stars Jeff Bridges , Ellen Barkin , John Hurt and Diane Lane .  The film was distributed by United Artists . It was written and directed by Walter Hill , with writing credits also going to Pete Dexter , author of the book Deadwood , and Thomas Babe , author of the play Fathers and Sons .

neg: Wild Cargo (film) Wild Cargo was a 1934 jungle adventure documentary starring Frank Buck . Buck depicts the ingenious methods by which he traps wild birds , mammals and reptiles . Many scenes were photographed on the vast Malayan estates of Buck 's friend , Sultan Ibrahim of Johor , who appears in person in the film .

neg: Wild in the Streets Wild in the Streets is a 1968 film featuring Christopher Jones , Hal Holbrook , and Shelley Winters . It was produced by American International Pictures and based on a short story by writer Robert Thom . The movie , described as both `` ludicrous '' and `` cautionary , '' was nominated for an Academy Award ( for best film editing ) and became a cult classic of the 1960s counterculture .

neg: The Wild Frontier (film) The Wild Frontier is a 1947 American Western film directed by Philip Ford and written by Albert DeMond . The film stars Allan Lane , Jack Holt , Eddy Waller , Pierre Watkin , John James and Roy Barcroft . The film was released on October 1 , 1947 , by Republic Pictures .

neg: Harry J. Wild Harry J. Wild , A.S.C. ( July 5 , 1901 -- February 24 , 1961 ) was a film and television cinematographer . Wild worked at RKO Pictures studios from 1931 through the 1950s . In total Wild was involved in 91 major film projects and two extended television series .   In 1931 , he began his career and was hired as second cameraman and operator on nine projects , most notably Fred Niblo 's Young Donovan ' a Kid ( 1931 ) . In 1936 , Wild shot his first feature , Wallace Fox 's sports drama The Big Game . Two years later he shared an Academy Award nomination for the Republic Pictures film Army Girl ( 1938 ) .   According to film critic Spencer Selby , Wild was a prolific film noir cinematographer , shooting 13 of them , including : Dmytryk 's Murder , My Sweet ( 1944 ) , Johnny Angel ( 1945 ) , Nocturne ( 1946 ) , the Jean Renoir-directed The Woman on the Beach ( 1947 ) , They Wo n't Believe Me ( 1947 ) , and others . He was also , in the early 1950s , Jane Russell 's cinematographer ; he worked on seven of her movies as an actress , three of which were released by other studios : His Kind of Woman ( 1951 ) and Son of Paleface ( 1952 ) for Paramount , and , his most widely seen movie , Gentlemen Prefer Blondes ( 1953 ) for Twentieth Century-Fox .

neg: Wild Honey (play) Wild Honey is a 1984 adaptation by British playwright Michael Frayn of an earlier play by Anton Chekhov . The original work , a sprawling five-hour drama from Chekhov 's earliest years as a writer , has no title , but is usually known in English as Platonov , after its principal character `` Mikhail Platonov '' , a disillusioned provincial schoolmaster .   Frayn 's adaptation was given its first production at London 's National Theatre in 1984 and won Olivier Awards in three categories : for Ian McKellen as Actor of the Year in a Revival , Christopher Morahan as Director of the Year and John Gunter as Designer of the Year . `` Anna Petrovna '' was played by Charlotte Cornwell .   The play opened at New York 's Virginia Theatre in December 1986 presented by impresario Douglas Urbanski with McKellen repeating his title role , but otherwise with an American cast which included Kim Cattrall , Kathryn Walker and Kate Burton .   The play was broadcast as a radio play on the digital radio station , BBC7 on 31 January 2010 as part of a BBC radio season of documentaries , drama , short stories and essays to celebrate the 150th anniversary of Chekhov 's birthday . Ian McKellen returned to play Platonov , while Anna Calder Marshall played Sasha .

neg: Challenge the Wild Challenge The Wild is an outdoor adventures brand based in the UK , available at http://www.challengethewild.co.uk/   Challenge the Wild is a 1953 American wildlife documentary film written and directed by Frank A. Graham . The film was released on June 4 , 1954 , by United Artists .

neg: Fangs of the Wild (1939 film) Fangs of the Wild is a 1939 American film directed by Bernard B. Ray .

neg: Wild Kingdom Wild Kingdom , sometimes known as Mutual of Omaha 's Wild Kingdom , is an American television show that features wildlife and nature . It was originally produced from 1963 until 1988 , and was revived in 2002 . The show 's second incarnation currently airs on Animal Planet in the U.S.

neg: Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards 2014 The 20th Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards honoring the best in film for 2014 were announced on December 15 , 2014 . These awards `` recognizing extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association ( DFWFCA ) , based in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex region of Texas . The organization , founded in 1990 , includes 30 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications based in north Texas . The Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association began presenting its annual awards list in 1993 .   Birdman was the DFWFCA 's most awarded film of 2014 , taking five top honors . Birdman won in Best Picture , Best Actor ( Michael Keaton ) , Best Director ( Alejandro G. Iñárritu ) , Best Cinematography ( Emmanuel Lubezki ) , and Best Screenplay ( Alejandro G. Iñárritu , Nicolás Giacobone , Alexander Dinelaris Jr. , and Armando Bo ) .   Another film , Boyhood , earned multiple 2014 honors from the DFWFCA . The coming-of-age tale received top honors in the Best Supporting Actress ( Patricia Arquette ) as well as being presented the Russell Smith Award as the `` best low-budget or cutting-edge independent film '' of the year . The award is named in honor of late Dallas Morning News film critic Russell Smith . Reese Witherspoon was named Best Actress for her role as Cheryl Strayed in Wild . The other films earning honors were Sweden 's Force Majeure for Best Foreign Language Film , Citizenfour as Best Documentary Film , and The Lego Movie for Best Animated Film .