query: Jamie Foxx was incapable of portraying Ray Charles in Ray.

pos: Jamie Foxx Eric Marlon Bishop ( born December 13 , 1967 ) , known professionally by his stage name Jamie Foxx , is an American actor , singer , songwriter , record producer and comedian . He won an Academy Award for Best Actor , BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role , and Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy , for his portrayal of Ray Charles in the 2004 biographical film Ray . The same year , he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in the crime film Collateral .   Other prominent acting roles include Staff Sergeant Sykes in Jarhead ( 2005 ) , Detective Ricardo Tubbs in the 2006 film adaptation of TV series Miami Vice , the title role in the film Django Unchained ( 2012 ) , and the supervillain Electro in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 ( 2014 ) . Foxx also starred in the 1990-1994 sketch comedy show In Living Color and his own television show from 1996 to 2001 , the sitcom The Jamie Foxx Show , in which he played Jamie King , Jr. . Foxx also starred in the 2014 film Annie , in which he played Will Stacks .   Foxx is also a Grammy Award-winning musician , producing four albums which have charted in the top ten of the US Billboard 200 : Unpredictable ( 2005 ) , which topped the chart , Intuition ( 2008 ) , Best Night of My Life ( 2010 ) , and Hollywood : A Story of a Dozen Roses ( 2015 ) .

neg: Flix (TV network) Flix is an American premium cable and satellite television network that is owned by the Showtime Networks , Inc. subsidiary of CBS Corporation . Its programming consists solely of theatrically released feature films released from the 1970s to the present day , interspersed with some films from the 1950s and 1960s .   It is the only premium television service in the United States that does not operate any multiplex channels that provide additional programming alongside the main service . Although Flix is typically offered as part of the Showtime multiplex , the channel 's carriage varies depending on both the cable provider and market , therefore it may not be available alongside Showtime and The Movie Channel 's multiplex services in all areas .

neg: List of accolades received by 127 Hours 127 Hours is a 2010 British independent biographical adventure film directed by Danny Boyle . It stars James Franco in the principal role as real-life mountain climber Aron Ralston , whose hand was trapped under a boulder in a Utah ravine for more than five days in April 2003 . Adapted from Ralston 's autobiography Between a Rock and a Hard Place , 127 Hourss screenplay was written by Boyle and Simon Beaufoy . Distributors Fox Searchlight and Pathé gave the feature limited releases in the United States and United Kingdom on 5 November 2010 and 7 January 2011 , respectively . It grossed # 35.8 million at the box office by the end of its worldwide theatrical run . Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator surveyed 215 reviews and judged 93 % to be positive .  Additionally , 127 Hours appeared on more than two dozen movie reviewers ' Top Ten lists for the best movies of 2010 .   The film has received honors for its direction , music , cinematography and writing , as well as for the lead performance by Franco . At the 68th Golden Globe Awards ceremony , 127 Hours earned three nominations : for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , Best Original Score and Best Screenplay . The picture was nominated in nine Satellite Award categories , including direction , score , sound , original song and visual effects . It also received nine nominations from the Broadcast Film Critics Association . The 64th British Academy Film Awards nominated it for eight of their awards , including Best Director , Best Editing , Best Music and Best Sound . Additionally , 127 Hours was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Film , but lost to The King 's Speech . It performed similarly at the 83rd Academy Awards , where it was nominated in six categories : Best Actor , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Film Editing , Best Original Score , Best Original Song ( for `` If I Rise '' ) and Best Picture , but lost respectively in all categories to The King 's Speech , The Social Network , and Toy Story 3 .   Franco was named Best Actor by the New York Film Critics Online and 2010 Independent Spirit Awards . He also received recognition from the Screen Actors Guild , at their 17th annual ceremony . Franco 's arm amputation scene towards the end of 127 Hours was nominated at the viewer-voted 2011 MTV Movie Awards . Boyle 's and Beaufoy 's efforts on the movie 's script earned them nominations from the Writers Guild of America and Evening Standard British Film Awards . Along with producer Christian Colson , Boyle garnered another nomination , this time from the Producers Guild of America . The Detroit Film Critics Society honored Boyle as Best Director . Suttirat Larlarb 's input on the movie 's production design earned her one nomination from the Art Directors Guild . The film 's cinematography garnered nominations at the 2010 Houston Film Critics Awards and the 2010 San Diego Film Critics Society Awards . The American Film Institute listed 127 Hours as one of the ten best movies of 2010 .

neg: Heartburn (novel) Heartburn is an autobiographical novel based on Nora Ephron 's life story about her marriage to and divorce from Carl Bernstein , her second husband . Originally published in 1983 , the novel largely focuses on his affair with Margaret Jay , the daughter of former British Prime Minister James Callaghan . Ephron also wrote the screenplay for the film based on the novel starring Meryl Streep and Jack Nicholson .   The novel is a vivid depiction of the breakdown of a marriage . Its strong autobiographical content provides insight into one of the `` power couples '' of the late 1970s . It is Nora Ephron 's first published novel but in it she mentions subjects that she would go on to feature in future work such as When Harry Met Sally and Julie & Julia .   The narrator of the novel is Rachel Samstat , a food writer who is married to Mark Feldman , a political journalist . Rachel is a Jewish New Yorker who has moved to Washington , D.C. , to support her husband 's career . They have one son and Rachel is pregnant with their second child as the book begins . The book wittily describes the life of an upper middle class intellectual couple replete with neuroses -- Rachel is in group therapy , Mark agonizes over the mystifying disappearance of his socks . Threaded through the whole are recipes and anecdotes which drive the story along and humanize Samstat . In a New Yorker piece on novels that include recipes , Adam Gopnik writes , `` in Heartburn , the recipes serve both as a joke about what a food writer writing a novel would write and as a joke on novel-writing itself by someone who anticipates that she will not be treated as a ` real ' novelist . '' Rachel 's self-esteem takes a huge battering as Mark has an affair with Thelma Rice ( Margaret Jay ) and she takes her revenge by telling the Washington grapevine that Thelma has a venereal disease . The diamond engagement ring that is stolen from Rachel when she is at group therapy is pivotal to the plot . Remarkably she gets it back when the police catch the robber . The stone is loose in its setting and she takes it back to the `` family '' jeweler to get it fixed . Here she discovers that while she had been in the hospital giving birth , Mark had bought an expensive necklace for his lover Thelma . She sells the ring and the money enables her to go back to New York and start afresh .

neg: Verax (film) Verax is a five-minute 2013 short film about the Edward Snowden leaking event in Hong Kong . Produced by amateur filmmakers in Hong Kong , it was posted to YouTube in June 2013 . The name of the film originates from Snowden 's codename for himself , which means `` truth teller '' in Latin . It was produced by the group J.Shot Videos . According to the producers , this was the first film ever produced about Snowden .

neg: Blowin' Up Blowin ' Up is a comedic reality show on MTV . The show stars Jamie Kennedy , an actor who follows his dream of becoming a successful rapper . The show was written by Kennedy after the success of the movie Malibu 's Most Wanted , which he starred in . Along for the ride is his close friend Stu Stone , who keeps Jamie in check to stick to their rap career .   Throughout the show there are various celebrity appearances . From the beginning , Jamie expresses his dislike for fellow actor Jason Biggs ( notable is the fact Biggs and Kennedy both appeared in Kevin Smith 's 2001 film Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back ) . Jamie and Stu also encounter many different rappers during the season , including Mike Jones , Ice-T , and a performance with the Three 6 Mafia . Jamie and Stu also try to recruit special guests on their album , getting Bob Saget formerly of the TV show Full House . The song was titled `` Rollin ' with Saget . ''   Robin Sloan Bechtel , an executive at Warner Bros. . Records discovered Jamie Kennedy and Stu Stone 's music on MySpace before the MTV show was greenlit . When she met with Kennedy and Stone , they all discussed pitching a show that would tell the story of their rap ventures . After MTV greenlit the show , Bechtel signed the duo and starred in their show . An album featuring the tracks recorded during the filming of Blowin ' Up , sharing a title of the same name , was released on July 11 , 2006 . Some of the songs include `` Circle Circle Dot Dot , '' `` Rollin ' With Saget , '' `` 1984 , '' and `` Crooked Stick . '' In the early popularity of YouTube , a fan created a lego inspired video for Circle Circle Dot Dot that hit the homepage of YouTube and Perezhilton.com which catapulted the video to # 1 status on YouTube . Circle Circle Dot Dot then became an internet phenomenon and was a # 1 ringtone .

neg: The Simpsons (season 25) The Simpsons '' ' twenty-fifth season began airing on Fox on September 29 , 2013 and ended on May 18 , 2014 .   In this season , Homer sells his Mapple stock to buy a bowling ball ; Marge blames herself and Kiss for Bart 's rebellious streak ( `` Four Regrettings and a Funeral '' ) ; Lisa becomes a cheerleader for Springfield 's football team ; and Homer delivers a baby ( `` Labor Pains '' ) . Guest stars for this season include Judd Apatow , Will Arnett , Anderson Cooper , Harlan Ellison , Zach Galifianakis , Stan Lee , Eva Longoria , Rachel Maddow , Elisabeth Moss , Joe Namath , Daniel Radcliffe , Aaron Sorkin , and Kristen Wiig . This is Al Jean 's 13th consecutive season as showrunner and 15th overall . Matt Groening , James L. Brooks , Matt Selman , and John Frink serve as executive producers . Executive producer Al Jean stated that Edna Krabappel will be retired from the show following the death of Marcia Wallace on October 25 , 2013 .   February 2014 held back Simpsons episodes , due to the transmission of the Super Bowl XLVIII in East Rutherford , New Jersey , United States ; the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia ; the 2014 Daytona 500 in Daytona Beach , Florida , US ; and the 86th Academy Awards in Hollywood , Los Angeles , California .   This season The Simpsons '' won three Primetime Emmy Awards out of four nominations , including an Primetime Emmy Award for Character Voice-Over Performance to Harry Shearer , who was the last member of the main cast to earn the award .

neg: Groundhog Day (film) Groundhog Day is a 1993 American fantasy-comedy film directed by Harold Ramis , starring Bill Murray , Andie MacDowell , and Chris Elliott . It was written by Ramis and Danny Rubin , based on a story by Rubin . Murray plays Phil Connors , an arrogant Pittsburgh TV weatherman who , during an assignment covering the annual Groundhog Day event in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , finds himself caught in a time loop , repeating the same day again and again . After indulging in hedonism and committing suicide numerous times , he begins to re-examine his life and priorities .   On its release , Groundhog Day was a modest success and garnered generally positive reviews . It gained stronger appreciation among critics and film historians over time , and is now often listed among the best comedy films ever . It further entered into the public consciousness , where the term `` Groundhog Day '' can represent a situation that seems to repeat over and over in government and military arenas , as well as influencing other entertainment . In 2006 , the film was added to the United States National Film Registry as being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . A stage musical version of the film premiered in 2016 .

neg: Underneath (The X-Files) `` Underneath '' is the twelfth episode of the ninth season of the American science fiction television series The X-Files . The episode first aired in the United States on March 31 , 2002 on the Fox network . The episode was written and directed by executive producer John Shiban . The episode is a `` monster-of-the-week '' episode , a stand-alone plot which is unconnected to the mythology , or overarching fictional history , of The X-Files . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 4.4 and was viewed by 4.64 million households and 7.3 million viewers . It received mixed reviews from critics .   The show centers on FBI special agents who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X-Files ; this season focuses on the investigations of John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) , Monica Reyes ( Annabeth Gish ) , and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) . In this episode , Doggett is determined to find an error in the DNA evidence that freed the convicted Robert Fassl , the `` Screwdriver Killer '' , whom he nearly caught in the act 13 years earlier . In the end , it is revealed that Fassl has a mental condition that splits him into two parts : the religious innocent and the vengeful killer .   `` Underneath '' marked the directorial debut of Shiban , who had been a writer for the series for several seasons . Reportedly , the episode contained `` so many problems '' that the Fox executives nearly refused to allow the finished product to air . At the last minute , however , they relented , and allowed the episode to be aired later on in the season , several weeks after its intended air date . Shiban originally wanted to film the sewer scenes in Los Angeles ' actual sewer system , but due to the events of September 11 , a sewer mock-up was built on Stage 11 at the Fox studios .

neg: Ray Stantz Raymond `` Ray '' Stantz , PhD is a fictional character from the Ghostbusters franchise . He appears in the films Ghostbusters ( 1984 ) , Ghostbusters II ( 1989 ) , Casper ( 1995 , as a cameo ) , the animated television series The Real Ghostbusters and Extreme Ghostbusters , and the video games Beeline 's Ghostbusters and Ghostbusters : The Video Game . He was portrayed by Dan Aykroyd in both live action films , and voiced by Frank Welker in the animated series . He is a member of the Ghostbusters and one of the three doctors of parapsychology , along with Dr. Peter Venkman and Dr. Egon Spengler . Dan Aykroyd has a cameo appearance in Ghostbusters ( 2016 ) as `` Cabbie '' .

neg: Indestructible Man Indestructible Man is a 1956 American crime horror science fiction film , an original screenplay by Vy Russell and Sue Dwiggins for producer-director Jack Pollexfen and starring Lon Chaney , Jr. , Ross Elliott and Robert Shayne .   The picture was produced independently by C.G.K. Productions , and distributed in the United States by Allied Artists Pictures Corporation . The film was distributed theatrically in 1956 on a double bill with World Without End '' .

neg: WFTX-TV WFTX-TV , virtual channel 36 ( UHF digital channel 35 ) , is a Fox-affiliated television station serving Fort Myers and Naples , Florida , United States that is licensed to Cape Coral . Owned by the E. W. Scripps Company , WFTX maintains studio facilities located on Southwest Pine Island Road ( SR 78 ) in Cape Coral , and its transmitter is located in Punta Gorda ( east of I-75 / SR 93 ) near the Charlotte and Lee county line . The station is branded as `` Fox 4 '' , in reference to its channel location on most Fort Myers area cable systems .

neg: Movietone Records Movietone Records was a budget records subsidiary of 20th Century Fox 's record division , which issued 29 albums starting in 1965 and ending in 1967 . Most or all of these were reissues of albums that had appeared earlier on the 20th Century Fox label . Artists featured on these albums included Shirley Temple , Al Martino , Lena Horne , Art Tatum , Marilyn Monroe , and Sylvia Sims .   The name `` Movietone '' had been used by Fox Film Corporation since 1926 , when it was coined by William Fox to name the process he had bought for putting sound on film for `` talkies '' . By the time the 1965 incarnation of the record label came along , Fox had issued some 78s on the Fox Movietone label decades earlier , but these were not commercial issues , as far as is known . `` Movietone '' was also the name Fox gave to its TV and newsreel coverage .

neg: David Fisher (Six Feet Under) David James Fisher is a fictional character played by Michael C. Hall on the HBO television series Six Feet Under . The character is the middle child of three and is a third-generation funeral director . Initially , the character is portrayed as socially conservative ( and possibly politically so ) , dutiful to his family , emotionally repressed , and conflicted about his homosexuality . Over the course of the series , he faces struggles and triumphs both personally and professionally . His most significant challenges are related to keeping his funeral home in business , navigating his relationship with Keith Charles , surviving being carjacked , and coping with the death of his father . By the show 's end , he reconciles his religious beliefs , personal goals , and homosexuality , and he and Keith settle down . They adopt two children : eight-year-old Anthony and 12-year-old Durrell . The series finale and official HBO website indicate that Keith is murdered in a robbery in 2029 , and that David at some point finds companionship with Raoul Martinez , with whom he remains until David 's death at the age of 75 .   Critics have cited David Fisher as the first realistic portrayal of a gay lead male character on television , and the character is popularly regarded as one of the most beloved of the series . Michael C. Hall was widely praised for his portrayal of the character , and was nominated for and won major awards as a result .

neg: Rebel Without a Cause Rebel Without a Cause is a 1955 American drama film about emotionally confused suburban , middle-class teenagers filmed in CinemaScope . Directed by Nicholas Ray , it offered both social commentary and an alternative to previous films depicting delinquents in urban slum environments . The film stars James Dean , Sal Mineo and Natalie Wood .   The film was a groundbreaking attempt to portray the moral decay of American youth , critique parental style , and explore the differences and conflicts between generations . The title was adopted from psychiatrist Robert M. Lindner 's 1944 book , Rebel Without a Cause : The Hypnoanalysis of a Criminal Psychopath . The film itself , however , does not reference Lindner 's book in any way . Warner Bros. released the film on October 27 , 1955 .   Over the years , the film has achieved landmark status for the acting of cultural icon James Dean , fresh from his Oscar nominated role in East of Eden and who died before the film 's release , in his most celebrated role . This was the only film during Dean 's lifetime in which he received top billing . In 1990 , Rebel Without a Cause was added to the Library of Congress 's National Film Registry as being deemed `` culturally , historically , and aesthetically significant '' .

neg: Never Again (The X-Files) `` Never Again '' is the thirteenth episode of the fourth season of the American science fiction television series The X-Files . It was written by producers Glen Morgan and James Wong , and directed by Rob Bowman . The episode aired in the United States on February 2 , 1997 on the Fox network and in the United Kingdom on BBC One on December 3 , 1997 . The episode is a `` Monster-of-the-Week '' story , a stand-alone plot which is unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . The episode received a Nielsen rating of 13 and was viewed by 21.36 million viewers . It received mostly positive reviews from television critics .   The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X-Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work . In this episode , Scully leaves town -- and Mulder -- for a solo assignment . She soon meets Ed Jerse , a man who is being mentally controlled by a drug-related side effect of his tattoo . His tattoo , affectionately named Betty , does not want to share him , especially not with Scully .   Although `` Never Again '' was directed by Bowman , it was originally scheduled to be directed by noted movie director Quentin Tarantino . Tarantino was unable to direct the entry due to a dispute with the Directors Guild of America . Gillian Anderson was particularly pleased with the episode showing a different side of Scully ; she had specifically asked Morgan and Wong to write an episode that explored Scully 's dark side . Several cast members from Morgan and Wong 's series Space : Above and Beyond were cast in the episode .

neg: Major film studio A major film studio is a production and film distributor that releases a substantial number of films annually and consistently commands a significant share of box office revenue in a given market . In the North American , Western , and global markets , the major film studios , often simply known as the majors , are commonly regarded as the six diversified media conglomerates whose various film production and distribution subsidiaries collectively command approximately 80 to 85 percent of U.S. and Canadian box office revenue . The term may also be applied more specifically to the primary motion picture business subsidiary of each respective conglomerate .   The `` Big Six '' majors , whose operations are based in or around the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood , are all centered in film studios active during Hollywood 's Golden Age of the 1930s and 1940s . In three cases -- 20th Century Fox , Warner Bros. , and Paramount -- the studios were one of the `` Big Five '' majors during that era as well . In two cases -- Columbia and Universal -- the studios were also considered majors , but in the next tier down , part of the `` Little Three '' . In the sixth case , Walt Disney Studios was an independent production company during the Golden Age ; it was an important Hollywood entity , but not a major . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , United Artists , and RKO were majors .   Today , Disney is the only member of the Big Six whose parent entity is still located near Los Angeles ( actually , on Disney 's studio lot and in the same building ) . The five others report to conglomerates headquartered in New York City , Philadelphia , and Tokyo . Of the Big Six , Paramount is the only one still based in Hollywood , and Paramount and Fox are the only ones still located within the Los Angeles city limits , while Disney and Warner Bros. are located in Burbank , Columbia in Culver City , and Universal in the unincorporated area of Universal City .   Most of today 's Big Six control subsidiaries with their own distribution networks that concentrate on arthouse pictures ( e.g. Fox Searchlight Pictures ) or genre films ( e.g. Sony 's Screen Gems ) ; several of these specialty units were shut down or sold off between 2008 and 2010 . The six major studios are contrasted with smaller production and/or distribution companies , which are known as independents or `` indies '' . The leading independent producer/distributors -- Lionsgate Films , The Weinstein Company , and former major studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -- are sometimes referred to as `` mini-majors '' . From 1998 through 2005 , DreamWorks SKG commanded a large enough market share to arguably qualify it as a seventh major , despite its relatively small output . In 2006 , DreamWorks was acquired by Viacom , Paramount 's corporate parent . In late 2008 , DreamWorks once again became an independent production company ; its films were distributed by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures until 2016 , at which point distribution switched to Universal .   The Big Six major studios are today primarily backers and distributors of films whose actual production is largely handled by independent companies -- either long-running entities or ones created for and dedicated to the making of a specific film . The specialty divisions often simply acquire distribution rights to pictures in which the studio has had no prior involvement . While the majors still do a modicum of true production , their activities are focused more in the areas of development , financing , marketing , and merchandising . Those business functions are still usually performed in or near Los Angeles , even though the runaway production phenomenon means that most films are now mostly or completely shot on location at places outside Los Angeles .   Since the dawn of filmmaking , the U.S. major film studios have dominated both American cinema and the global film industry . U.S. studios have benefited from a strong first-mover advantage in that they were the first to industrialize filmmaking and master the art of mass-producing and distributing high-quality films with broad cross-cultural appeal . Today , the Big Six majors routinely distribute hundreds of films every year into all significant international markets ( that is , where discretionary income is high enough for consumers to afford to watch films ) . It is very rare , if not impossible , for a film to reach a broad international audience on multiple continents and in multiple languages without first being picked up by one of the majors for distribution .

neg: The Freak The Freak was an unfinished dramatic comedy from Charles Chaplin . The story revolved around a young South American girl who unexpectedly sprouts a pair of wings . She is kidnapped and taken to London , where her captors cash in by passing her off as an angel . Later she escapes , only to be arrested because of her appearance . She is further dehumanized by standing trial to determine if she is human at all .   Chaplin began work in and around 1969 with his daughter Victoria in mind for the lead role . However , Victoria 's abrupt marriage and his advanced age proved roadblocks and the film was never made . Chaplin biographer Jeffrey Vance maintains that Chaplin script for The Freak `` borrows many themes , ideas , and even phrases from his three previous films but is nevertheless an original story filled with marvelous Chaplin comedy touches . '' Vance , who interviewed Victoria Chaplin , believes The Freak `` had strong potential for being a very moving -- and fitting -- swan song . '' Chaplin 's memoir , My Life in Pictures ( 1974 ) , describes The Freak as a work still in progress . He also mentioned his intent to make it in an interview on his 85th birthday in 1974 . `` I mean to make it someday '' , Chaplin writes in a caption alongside a photograph of Victoria in winged costume published in My Life in Pictures . No footage from the film is known to exist , though brief color footage of Victoria in wings can be seen in Charlie Chaplin - Les années suisses ( 2003 ) .

neg: The X-Files (season 9) The ninth season of the American science fiction television series The X-Files commenced airing in the United States on November 11 , 2001 , concluded on May 19 , 2002 , and consists of twenty episodes . The season takes place after Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) goes into hiding , following the events of the eighth season finale , `` Existence '' . As such , the main storyarc for the season follows Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) , John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) , and Monica Reyes ( Annabeth Gish ) on their hunt to reveal a government conspiracy involving the elaborate creation of `` Super Soldiers '' .   For this season , former series ' leads Duchovny and Anderson scaled back their involvement with the show , with the former only starring in the two episodes that formed the season finale , `` The Truth '' . Doggett and Reyes became the show 's central characters , and former recurring character Walter Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) became a main character . Series creator Chris Carter had hopes that the show could continue on with new leads , and the opening credits were accordingly redesigned again .   Season nine received mixed reviews by critics and garnered negative reaction from many long-time fans and viewers , partially because Duchovny did not make regular appearances on the show , after fulfilling his contract in the previous season . During this year , ratings for the season fell dramatically . Critics blamed it on what they considered an increasingly incoherent story arc , whilst the cast and crew ascribed the drop in viewership to the September 11 attacks . Regardless , Fox eventually decided to cancel the series . During the airing of season eight , Carter and The X-Files production team had created and aired a spinoff titled The Lone Gunmen . The show was unsuccessful and was cancelled before any story arcs were resolved , but The X-Files episode `` Jump the Shark '' was written to give closure to the series . The X-Files storyline was continued with the 2008 theatrical film The X Files : I Want to Believe and later with a tenth season in 2016 .

neg: Stealth (film) Stealth is a 2005 science fiction action film starring Josh Lucas , Jessica Biel , Jamie Foxx , Sam Shepard , Joe Morton and Richard Roxburgh . The film , an international co-production between the United States , Australia , and New Zealand , was directed by Rob Cohen , director of The Fast and the Furious and xXx . The film follows three top fighter pilots as they join a project to develop an automated robotic stealth aircraft .   Released on July 29 , 2005 by Columbia Pictures , the film cost $ 135 million to make , but was panned by critics , and was a box office bomb making only $ 76 million worldwide , one of the worst losses in cinematic history .

neg: A Star Is Burns `` A Star Is Burns '' is the eighteenth episode of The Simpsons ' sixth season . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 5 , 1995 . In the episode , Springfield decides to hold a film festival , and famed critic Jay Sherman is invited to be a judge .   The story involves a crossover with the short-lived animated series The Critic . Jay Sherman was the main character on the show . The Critic was created by Al Jean and Mike Reiss , who had previously written for The Simpsons but left following the fourth season , and produced by James L. Brooks , who was also a producer for The Simpsons . The show had premiered on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) network in January 1994 but was canceled despite positive critical reception . The series was switched over to Fox , and put in the timeslot directly after The Simpsons . Brooks pitched a crossover episode as a way to promote The Critic and decided that a film festival would be a good way to introduce Sherman .   Matt Groening , creator of The Simpsons , reacted negatively when he heard about this episode , feeling that it was just an advertisement for The Critic , and that people would incorrectly associate the show with him . When he was unsuccessful in getting the program pulled , he had his name removed from the credits and went public with his concerns , openly criticizing James L. Brooks .   The episode was directed by Susie Dietter and was the first episode to be written by Ken Keeler . Jon Lovitz , the star of The Critic , guest stars as Jay Sherman , while Maurice LaMarche ( who was also a regular on The Critic ) has a few minor roles . The episode received mixed reviews from critics , many of whom felt the crossover was out of place on the show , although Barney 's film festival entry was well received .


query: A cause of anti-nuclear antibodies are are anti-sp100 antibodies.

pos: Anti-nuclear antibody Antinuclear antibodies ( ANAs , also known as antinuclear factor or ANF ) are autoantibodies that bind to contents of the cell nucleus . In normal individuals , the immune system produces antibodies to foreign proteins ( antigens ) but not to human proteins ( autoantigens ) . In some individuals , antibodies to human antigens are produced .   There are many subtypes of ANAs such as anti-Ro antibodies , anti-La antibodies , anti-Sm antibodies , anti-nRNP antibodies , anti-Scl-70 antibodies , anti-dsDNA antibodies , anti-histone antibodies , antibodies to nuclear pore complexes , anti-centromere antibodies and anti-sp100 antibodies . Each of these antibody subtypes binds to different proteins or protein complexes within the nucleus . They are found in many disorders including autoimmunity , cancer and infection , with different prevalences of antibodies depending on the condition . This allows the use of ANAs in the diagnosis of some autoimmune disorders , including systemic lupus erythematosus , Sjögren 's syndrome , scleroderma , mixed connective tissue disease , polymyositis , dermatomyositis , autoimmune hepatitis and drug induced lupus .   The ANA test detects the autoantibodies present in an individual 's blood serum . The common tests used for detecting and quantifying ANAs are indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) . In immunofluorescence , the level of autoantibodies is reported as a titre . This is the highest dilution of the serum at which autoantibodies are still detectable . Positive autoantibody titres at a dilution equal to or greater than 1:160 are usually considered as clinically significant . Positive titres of less than 1:160 are present in up to 20 % of the healthy population , especially the elderly . Although positive titres of 1:160 or higher are strongly associated with autoimmune disorders , they are also found in 5 % of healthy individuals . Autoantibody screening is useful in the diagnosis of autoimmune disorders and monitoring levels helps to predict the progression of disease . A positive ANA test is seldom useful if other clinical or laboratory data supporting a diagnosis are not present .

neg: Paraproteinemia Paraproteinemia , also known as monoclonal gammopathy , is the presence of excessive amounts of paraprotein or single monoclonal gammaglobulin in the blood . It is usually due to an underlying immunoproliferative disorder or hematologic neoplasms , especially multiple myeloma .   It is sometimes considered equivalent to plasma cell dyscrasia .

neg: Kaposi's sarcoma Kaposi 's sarcoma or Kaposi sarcoma ( -LSB- ˈkæpəʃi_sɑrˈkoʊmə -RSB- KS ) is a tumor caused by infection with human herpesvirus 8 ( HHV8 ) , also known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ( KSHV ) or KS agent . It was originally described by Moritz Kaposi , a Hungarian dermatologist practicing at the University of Vienna in 1872 . It became more widely known as one of the AIDS-defining illnesses in the 1980s . The viral cause for this cancer was discovered in 1994 . Although KS is now well-established to be caused by a viral infection , there is widespread lack of awareness of this even among persons at risk for KSHV/HHV -8 infection .   Kaposi sarcoma ( KS ) is a systemic disease that can present with cutaneous lesions with or without internal involvement . Four subtypes have been described : Classic KS , affecting middle aged men of Mediterranean descent ; African endemic KS ; KS in iatrogenically immunosuppressed patients ; and AIDS-related KS . The erythematous to violaceous cutaneous lesions seen in KS have several morphologies : macular , patch , plaque , nodular , and exophytic . The cutaneous lesions can be solitary , localized or disseminated . KS can involve the oral cavity , lymph nodes , and viscera . Classic KS tends to be indolent , presenting with erythematous or violaceous patches on the lower extremities . African endemic KS and AIDS-related KS tend to be more aggressive . The AIDS-related KS lesions often rapidly progress to plaques and nodules affecting the upper trunk , face , and oral mucosa . The diagnosis can be made with a tissue biopsy and , if clinically indicated , internal imaging should be done .   Once the diagnosis of KS has been made , treatment is based on the subtype and the presence of localized versus systemic disease . Localized cutaneous disease can be treated with cryotherapy , intralesional injections of vinblastine , alitretinoin gel , radiotherapy , topical immunotherapy ( Imiquimod ) , or surgical excision . Extensive cutaneous disease or internal disease may require intravenous chemotherapy and immunotherapy . Discontinuation or reduction of immunosuppressive therapy is recommended when KS arises in the setting of iatrogenic immunosuppression . However , with AIDS-related KS , highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) has been shown to prevent , or induce regression of , KS . Some AIDS patients have complete resolution of the lesions and prolonged remission while continuing the therapy . Therefore , HAART should be considered first-line treatment for these patients , though they may require other treatments at the same time .

neg: Epitope An epitope , also known as antigenic determinant , is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system , specifically by antibodies , B cells , or T cells . For example , the epitope is the specific piece of the antigen to which an antibody binds . The part of an antibody that binds to the epitope is called a paratope . Although epitopes are usually non-self proteins , sequences derived from the host that can be recognized ( as in the case of autoimmune diseases ) are also epitopes .   The epitopes of protein antigens are divided into two categories , conformational epitopes and linear epitopes , based on their structure and interaction with the paratope . A conformational epitope is composed of discontinuous sections of the antigen 's amino acid sequence . These epitopes interact with the paratope based on the 3-D surface features and shape or tertiary structure of the antigen . The proportion of epitopes that are conformational is unknown .   By contrast , linear epitopes interact with the paratope based on their primary structure . A linear epitope is formed by a continuous sequence of amino acids from the antigen .

neg: Coombs test A Coombs test ( also known as Coombs ' test , antiglobulin test or AGT ) is either of two clinical blood tests used in immunohematology and immunology . The two Coombs tests are the direct Coombs test ( DCT , also known as direct antiglobulin test or DAT ) , and the indirect Coombs test ( also known as indirect antiglobulin test or IAT )   The direct Coombs test is used to test for autoimmune hemolytic anemia ; i.e. , a condition of a low count of red blood cells ( a.k.a. RBCs ) caused by immune system lysis or breaking of RBC membranes causing RBC destruction .   In certain diseases or conditions , an individual 's blood may contain IgG antibodies that can specifically bind to antigens on the RBC surface membrane , and their circulating RBCs can become coated with IgG alloantibodies and/or IgG autoantibodies . Complement proteins may subsequently bind to the bound antibodies and cause RBC destruction . The direct Coombs test is used to detect these antibodies or complement proteins that are bound to the surface of red blood cells ; a blood sample is taken and the RBCs are washed ( removing the patient 's own plasma ) and then incubated with anti-human globulin ( also known as `` Coombs reagent '' ) . If this produces agglutination of RBCs , the direct Coombs test is positive , a visual indication that antibodies ( and/or complement proteins ) are bound to the surface of red blood cells .   The indirect Coombs test is used in prenatal testing of pregnant women and in testing blood prior to a blood transfusion . It detects antibodies against RBCs that are present unbound in the patient 's serum . In this case , serum is extracted from the blood sample taken from the patient . Then , the serum is incubated with RBCs of known antigenicity ; that is , RBCs with known reference values from other patient blood samples . Finally , anti-human globulin is added . If agglutination occurs , the indirect Coombs test is positive .

neg: Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism is the condition that occurs due to excessive production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland . Thyrotoxicosis is the condition that occurs due to excessive thyroid hormone of any cause and therefore includes hyperthyroidism . Some , however , use the terms interchangeably . Signs and symptoms vary between people and may include irritability , muscle weakness , sleeping problems , a fast heartbeat , heat intolerance , diarrhea , enlargement of the thyroid , and weight loss . Symptoms are typically less in the old and during pregnancy . An uncommon complication is thyroid storm in which an event such as an infection results in worsening symptoms such as confusion and a high temperature and often results in death . The opposite is hypothyroidism , when the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone .   Graves ' disease is the cause of about 50 % to 80 % of the cases of hyperthyroidism in the United States . Other causes include multinodular goiter , toxic adenoma , inflammation of the thyroid , eating too much iodine , and too much synthetic thyroid hormone . A less common cause is a pituitary adenoma . The diagnosis may be suspected based on signs and symptoms and then confirmed with blood tests . Typically blood tests show a low thyroid stimulating hormone ( TSH ) and raised T3 or T4 . Radioiodine uptake by the thyroid , thyroid scan , and TSI antibodies may help determine the cause .   Treatment depends partly on the cause and severity of disease . There are three main treatment options : radioiodine therapy , medications , and thyroid surgery . Radioiodine therapy involves taking iodine-131 by mouth which is then concentrated in and destroys the thyroid over weeks to months . The resulting hypothyroidism is treated with synthetic thyroid hormone . Medications such as beta blockers may control the symptoms , and anti-thyroid medications such as methimazole may temporarily help people while other treatments are having effect . Surgery to remove the thyroid is another option . This may be used in those with very large thyroids or when cancer is a concern . In the United States hyperthyroidism affects about 1.2 % of the population . It occurs between two and ten times more often in women . Onset is commonly between 20 and 50 years of age . Overall the disease is more common in those over the age of 60 years .

neg: AntiMOG associated encephalomyelitis AntiMOG associated encephalomyelitis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease previously considered part of the multiple sclerosis spectrum , and currently considered an independent disease .   Antibodies against the Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein have received much of its laboratory attention in studies dealing with multiple sclerosis ( MS ) . Several studies had pointed to a role for antibodies against MOG in the pathogenesis of MS , but most of them were written before the discovery of NMO-IgG and the NMO spectrum of diseases . MOG antibodies are currently considered mostly absent in multiple sclerosis .   Though some patients present brain lesions they do not have the ovoid shape perpendicular to the ventricle typical of MS.   Anti-MOG status is different depending whether it is measured by ELISA or by microarray ( CBA ) . The proper way to identify it is by microarray , reacting patient serum with living cells , and detecting the binding IgG via a fluorescent-labeled secondary antibody .

neg: Latex fixation test A latex fixation test , also called a latex agglutination assay or test ( LA assay or test ) , is an assay used clinically in the identification and typing of many important microorganisms . These tests use the patient 's antigen-antibody immune response . This response occurs when the body detects a pathogen and forms an antibody specific to an identified antigen ( a protein configuration ) present on the surface of the pathogen .   Agglutination tests , specific to a variety of pathogens , can be designed and manufactured for clinicians by coating microbeads of latex with pathogen-specific antigens or antibodies . In performing a test , laboratory clinicians will mix a patient 's cerebrospinal fluid , serum or urine with the coated latex particles in serial dilutions with normal saline ( important to avoid the prozone effect ) and observe for agglutination ( clumping ) . Agglutination of the beads in any of the dilutions is considered a positive result , confirming either ( 1 ) that the patient 's body has produced the pathogen-specific antibody ( if the test supplied the antigen ) or ( 2 ) that the specimen contains the pathogen 's antigen ( if the test supplied the antibody ) . Instances of cross-reactivity ( where the antibody sticks to another antigen besides the antigen of interest ) can lead to confusing results .   Agglutination techniques are used to detect antibodies produced in response to a variety of viruses and bacteria , as well as autoantibodies , which are produced against the self in autoimmune diseasees . For example , assays exist for rubella virus , rotavirus , and rheumatoid factor , and there is an excellent LA test for cryptococcus . Agglutination techniques are also used in definitive diagnosis of group A streptococcal infection .

neg: RNAi-Based Identification System and interference of Specific Cancer Cells A `` classifier '' was created to classify cells by identifying specific characteristics of Cervical Cancer . These characteristics were consistent with HeLa cells , which served as the target cell line for cell death . Upon identifying these cells the Classifier would release specific proteins within the HeLa cell that would trigger apoptosis without killing or endangering neighboring , healthy cells .   The defining characteristics of these Classifiers were defined by elements whose levels within the cells created markers that could be measured . High markers and low markers were established and a `` classifier molecule '' was created to insert into prospective cells , and would induce apoptosis only when cells exhibit the threshold level of High or Low markers . These classifiers would use a small interfering RNA which targeted the repressor and activator in the Lac operon . The potential for therapeutic use , providing that an efficient delivery system can be established for in vivo DNA . In vitro applications are possible provided the classifier molecule can be safely integrated into cultured cells .

neg: Cervical cancer Cervical cancer is a cancer arising from the cervix . It is due to the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body . Early on , typically no symptoms are seen . Later symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding , pelvic pain , or pain during sexual intercourse . While bleeding after sex may not be serious , it may also indicate the presence of cervical cancer .   Human papillomavirus ( HPV ) infection causes more than 90 % of cases ; most people who have had HPV infections , however , do not develop cervical cancer . Other risk factors include smoking , a weak immune system , birth control pills , starting sex at a young age , and having many sexual partners , but these are less important . Cervical cancer typically develops from precancerous changes over 10 to 20 years . About 90 % of cervical cancer cases are squamous cell carcinomas , 10 % are adenocarcinoma , and a small number are other types . Diagnosis is typically by cervical screening followed by a biopsy . Medical imaging is then done to determine whether or not the cancer has spread .   HPV vaccines protect against between two and seven high-risk strains of this family of viruses and may prevent up to 90 % of cervical cancers . As a risk of cancer still exists , guidelines recommend continuing regular Pap smears . Other methods of prevention include : having few or no sexual partners and the use of condoms . Cervical cancer screening using the Pap smear or acetic acid can identify precancerous changes which when treated can prevent the development of cancer . Treatment of cervical cancer may consist of some combination of surgery , chemotherapy , and radiotherapy . Five year survival rates in the United States are 68 % . Outcomes , however , depend very much on how early the cancer is detected .   Worldwide , cervical cancer is both the fourth-most common cause of cancer and the fourth-most common cause of death from cancer in women . In 2012 , an estimated 528,000 cases of cervical cancer occurred , with 266,000 deaths . This is about 8 % of the total cases and total deaths from cancer . About 70 % of cervical cancers occur in developing countries . In low-income countries , it is the most common cause of cancer death . In developed countries , the widespread use of cervical screening programs has dramatically reduced rates of cervical cancer . In medical research , the most famous cell line known as HeLa was developed from cervical cancer cells of a woman named Henrietta Lacks .

neg: Inverse polymerase chain reaction Inverse polymerase chain reaction ( Inverse PCR ) is a variant of the polymerase chain reaction that is used to amplify DNA with only one known sequence . One limitation of conventional PCR is that it requires primers complementary to both termini of the target DNA , but this method allows PCR to be carried out even if only one sequence is available from which primers may be designed .   Inverse PCR is especially useful for the determination of insert locations . For example , various retroviruses and transposons randomly integrate into genomic DNA . To identify the sites where they have entered , the known , `` internal '' viral or transposon sequences can be used to design primers that will amplify a small portion of the flanking , `` external '' genomic DNA . The amplified product can then be sequenced and compared with DNA databases to locate the sequence which has been disrupted .   The inverse PCR method involves a series of restriction digests and ligation , resulting in a looped fragment that can be primed for PCR from a single section of known sequence . Then , like other polymerase chain reaction processes , the DNA is amplified by the temperature-sensitive DNA polymerase :   A target region with an internal section of known sequence and unknown flanking regions is identified  Genomic DNA is digested into fragments of a few kilobases by a usually low-moderate frequency ( 6-8 base ) cutting restriction enzyme .  Under low DNA concentrations , self-ligation is induced to give a circular DNA product .  PCR is carried out as usual , with primers complementary to sections of the known internal sequence . *   Finally the sequence is compared with the sequence available in the data base .   Note : although the figure suggests that the circularized ligation product is digested prior to PCR , this is not the case . PCR does not require linear products and the use of another restriction enzyme to cut the known sequence could also cut within the unknown region , resulting in a failed PCR .

neg: Parkinson's disease Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system . The symptoms generally come on slowly over time . Early in the disease , the most obvious are shaking , rigidity , slowness of movement , and difficulty with walking . Thinking and behavioral problems may also occur . Dementia becomes common in the advanced stages of the disease . Depression and anxiety are also common occurring in more than a third of people with PD . Other symptoms include sensory , sleep , and emotional problems . The main motor symptoms are collectively called `` parkinsonism '' , or a `` parkinsonian syndrome '' .   The cause of Parkinson 's disease is generally unknown , but believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors . Those with a family member affected are more likely to get the disease themselves . There is also an increased risk in people exposed to certain pesticides and among those who have had prior head injuries while there is a reduced risk in tobacco smokers and those who drink coffee or tea . The motor symptoms of the disease result from the death of cells in the substantia nigra , a region of the midbrain . This results in not enough dopamine in these areas . The reason for this cell death is poorly understood , but involves the build-up of proteins into Lewy bodies in the neurons . Diagnosis of typical cases is mainly based on symptoms , with tests such as neuroimaging being used to rule out other diseases .   There is no cure for Parkinson 's disease . Initial treatment is typically with the antiparkinson medication L-DOPA ( levodopa ) , with dopamine agonists being used once levodopa becomes less effective . As the disease progresses and neurons continue to be lost , these medications become less effective while at the same time they produce a complication marked by involuntary writhing movements . Diet and some forms of rehabilitation have shown some effectiveness at improving symptoms . Surgery to place microelectrodes for deep brain stimulation has been used to reduce motor symptoms in severe cases where drugs are ineffective . Evidence for treatments for the non-movement-related symptoms of PD , such as sleep disturbances and emotional problems , is less strong .   In 2015 , PD affected 6.2 million people and resulted in about 117,400 deaths globally . Parkinson 's disease typically occurs in people over the age of 60 , of which about one percent are affected . Males are more often affected than females . When it is seen in people before the age of 50 , it is called young-onset PD . The average life expectancy following diagnosis is between 7 and 14 years . The disease is named after the English doctor James Parkinson , who published the first detailed description in An Essay on the Shaking Palsy , in 1817 . Public awareness campaigns include World Parkinson 's Day ( on the birthday of James Parkinson , 11 April ) and the use of a red tulip as the symbol of the disease . People with parkinsonism who have increased the public 's awareness of the condition include actor Michael J. Fox , Olympic cyclist Davis Phinney , and late professional boxer Muhammad Ali .

neg: Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin 's lymphoma ( NLPHL ) is a form of lymphoma .   Some people no longer classified it as a form of classic Hodgkin 's lymphoma ( HL ) . This is because the Reed-Sternberg Cell ( RSC ) variants ( popcorn cells ) that characterize this form of the disease invariably express B lymphocyte markers such as CD20 ( thus making NLPHL an unusual form of B cell lymphoma ) , and that ( unlike classic HL ) NLPHL may progress to diffuse large B cell lymphoma .   There are small but clear differences in prognosis between the various forms . Lymphocyte predominant HL is an uncommon subtype composed of vague nodules of numerous reactive lymphocytes admixed with large popcorn-shaped RSC . Unlike classic RSC , the non-classic popcorn-shaped RS cells of NLPHL are CD15 and CD30 negative while positive for the B cell marker CD20 . The anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody Rituximab has been used in lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin 's lymphoma with encouraging results .   BCL6 gene rearrangements have been frequently observed .

neg: Coronavirus Coronaviruses are species of virus belonging to the subfamily Coronavirinae in the family Coronaviridae , in the order Nidovirales . Coronaviruses are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and with a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry . The genomic size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 kilobases , the largest for an RNA virus .   The name `` coronavirus '' is derived from the Latin corona , meaning crown or halo , and refers to the characteristic appearance of virions under electron microscopy ( E.M. ) with a fringe of large , bulbous surface projections creating an image reminiscent of a royal crown or of the solar corona . This morphology is created by the viral spike ( S ) peplomers , which are proteins that populate the surface of the virus and determine host tropism .   Proteins that contribute to the overall structure of all coronaviruses are the spike ( S ) , envelope ( E ) , membrane ( M ) and nucleocapsid ( N ) . In the specific case of the SARS coronavirus ( see below ) , a defined receptor-binding domain on S mediates the attachment of the virus to its cellular receptor , angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ( ACE2 ) . Some coronaviruses ( specifically the members of Betacoronavirus subgroup A ) also have a shorter spike-like protein called hemagglutinin esterase ( HE ) .

neg: Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis ( NSF ) or nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy ( NFD ) is a rare and serious syndrome that involves fibrosis of skin , joints , eyes , and internal organs . The first cases were identified in 1997 and its cause is not fully understood . However , evidence suggests NSF is associated with exposure to gadolinium ( with gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents being frequently used as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) ) in patients with severe kidney failure . Epidemiological studies suggest that the incidence of NSF is unrelated to gender , race , or age and it is not thought to have a genetic basis . A registry for NSF has identified about 335 cases as of 2011 .   Most patients with NSF have undergone hemodialysis for kidney failure , some have never undergone dialysis and others have received only peritoneal dialysis . Many people with NSF have taken immunosuppressive medications and have other diseases , such as hepatitis C. Four of the seven gadolinium contrast agents approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration have been principally implicated in NSF , including gadodiamide , gadopentetate , and gadoversetamide . Gadobenate has also been associated with NSF , but further research has shown that gadobenate diglumine might be safe even in patients undergoing dialysis .

neg: Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome Lambert -- Eaton myasthenic syndrome ( LEMS ) is a rare autoimmune disorder that is characterized by muscle weakness of the limbs . It is the result of an autoimmune reaction in which antibodies are formed against presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels , and likely other nerve terminal proteins , in the neuromuscular junction ( the connection between nerves and the muscle that they supply ) . The prevalence is 3.4 cases per million . Around 60 % of those with LEMS have an underlying malignancy , most commonly small cell lung cancer ; it is therefore regarded as a paraneoplastic syndrome ( a condition that arises as a result of cancer elsewhere in the body ) .   LEMS usually occurs in people over 40 years of age , but it may occur at any age . The diagnosis is usually confirmed with electromyography and blood tests ; these also distinguish it from myasthenia gravis ( MG ) , a related autoimmune neuromuscular disease .   If the disease is associated with cancer , direct treatment of the cancer often relieves the symptoms of LEMS . Other treatments often used are steroids , azathioprine , which suppress the immune system , intravenous immunoglobulin , which outcompetes autoreactive antibody for Fc receptors , and pyridostigmine and 3,4-diaminopyridine , which enhance the neuromuscular transmission . Occasionally , plasma exchange is required to remove the antibodies .

neg: Nucleon In chemistry and physics , nucleons are the proton and the neutron , which are the constituents of the atomic nucleus , and are themselves composed of down and up quarks . The number of nucleons defines an isotope 's mass number ( nucleon number ) . The atom is made up of a nucleus surrounded by electrons .   Until the 1960s , nucleons were thought to be elementary particles , not made up of smaller parts . Now they are known to be composite particles , made of three quarks bound together by the so-called strong interaction . The interaction between two or more nucleons is called internucleon interactions or nuclear force , which is also ultimately caused by the strong interaction . ( Before the discovery of quarks , the term `` strong interaction '' referred to just internucleon interactions . )   Nucleons sit at the boundary where particle physics and nuclear physics overlap . Particle physics , particularly quantum chromodynamics , provides the fundamental equations that explain the properties of quarks and of the strong interaction . These equations explain quantitatively how quarks can bind together into protons and neutrons ( and all the other hadrons ) . However , when multiple nucleons are assembled into an atomic nucleus ( nuclide ) , these fundamental equations become too difficult to solve directly ( see lattice QCD ) . Instead , nuclides are studied within nuclear physics , which studies nucleons and their interactions by approximations and models , such as the nuclear shell model . These models can successfully explain nuclide properties , for example , whether or not a certain nuclide undergoes radioactive decay .   The proton and neutron are both baryons and both fermions . One carries a positive net charge and the other carries a zero net charge ; the proton 's mass is only 0.1 % less than the neutron 's . Thus , they can be viewed as two states of the same nucleon , and together form an isospin doublet . In isospin space , neutrons can be transformed into protons via SU ( 2 ) symmetries , and vice versa . These nucleons are acted upon equally by the strong interaction , which is invariant under rotation in isospin space . According to the Noether theorem , isospin is conserved with respect to the strong interaction .

neg: IgG deficiency IgG deficiency ( Selective deficiency of immunoglobulin G ) is a form of dysgammaglobulinemia where the proportional levels of the IgG isotype are reduced relative to other immunoglobulin isotypes . IgG deficiency is often found in children as transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy ( THI ) , which may occur with or without additional decreases in IgA or IgM .   IgG has four subclasses : IgG1 , IgG2 , IgG3 , and IgG4 . It is possible to have either a global IgG deficiency , or a deficiency of one or more specific subclasses of IgG . The main clinically relevant form of IgG deficiency is IgG2 . IgG3 deficiency is not usually encountered without other concomitant immunoglobulin deficiencies , and IgG4 deficiency is very common but usually asymptomatic .   IgG1 is present in the bloodstream at a percentage of about 60-70 % , IgG2-20-30 % , IgG3 about 5-8 % , and IgG4 1-3 % . IgG subclass deficiencies affect only IgG subclasses ( usually IgG2 or IgG3 ) , with normal total IgG and IgM immunoglobulins and other components of the immune system being at normal levels . These deficiencies can affect only one subclass or involve an association of two subclasses , such as IgG2 and IgG4 . IgG deficiencies are usually not diagnosed until the age of 10 . Some of the IgG levels in the blood are undetectable and have a low percentage such as IgG4 , which makes it hard to dertermine if a deficiency is actually present . IgG subclass deficiencies are sometimes correlated with bad responses to pneumoccal polyscaccharides , especially IgG2 and or IgG4 deficiency . Some of these deficiencies are also involved with pancreatitis and have been linked to IgG4 levels .

neg: Nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies The nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies is a naming scheme for assigning generic , or nonproprietary , names to monoclonal antibodies . An antibody is a protein that is produced in B cells and used by the immune system of humans and other vertebrate animals to identify a specific foreign object like a bacterium or a virus . Monoclonal antibodies are those that were produced in identical cells , often artificially , and so share the same target object . They have a wide range of applications including medical uses .   This naming scheme is used for both the World Health Organization 's International Nonproprietary Names ( INN ) and the United States Adopted Names ( USAN ) for pharmaceuticals . In general , word stems are used to identify classes of drugs , in most cases placed word-finally . All monoclonal antibody names end with the stem - mab . Unlike most other pharmaceuticals , monoclonal antibody nomenclature uses different preceding word parts ( morphemes ) depending on structure and function . These are officially called substems and sometimes erroneously infixes , even by the USAN Council itself .

neg: Heterochromatin Heterochromatin is a tightly packed form of DNA , which comes in multiple varieties . These varieties lie on a continuum between the two extremes of constitutive and facultative heterochromatin . Both play a role in the expression of genes . Because it is tightly packed , it was thought to be inaccessible to polymerases and therefore not transcribed , however according to Volpe et al. ( 2002 ) , and many other papers since , much of this DNA is in fact transcribed , but it is continuously turned over via RNA-induced transcriptional silencing ( RITS ) .   Constitutive heterochromatin can affect the genes near itself ( position-effect variegation ) . It is usually repetitive and forms structural functions such as centromeres or telomeres , in addition to acting as an attractor for other gene-expression or repression signals .   Facultative heterochromatin is the result of genes that are silenced through a mechanism such as histone deacetylation or Piwi-interacting RNA ( piRNA ) through RNAi . It is not repetitive and shares the compact structure of constitutive heterochromatin . However , under specific developmental or environmental signaling cues , it can lose its condensed structure and become transcriptionally active .   Heterochromatin has been associated with the di - and tri-methylation of H3K9 in certain portions of the genome .   Note that the informal diagram shown here may be in error as to the location of heterochromatin . An inactivated X-chromosome ( a.k.a. Barr body ) migrates to the nuclear membrane alone , leaving the active X and other chromosomes within the nucleoplasm ( away from the membrane in general ) . Other heterochromatin appear as particles separate from the membrane , `` Heterochromatin appears as small , darkly staining , irregular particles scattered throughout the nucleus ... '' as shown here : Electron Microscope image of nucleus with heterochromatin particles annotated

neg: Laryngeal papillomatosis Laryngeal papillomatosis , also known as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis or glottal papillomatosis or associated with condyloma acuminata , is a rare medical condition ( 2 per 100,000 adults and 4.5 per 100,000 children ) , caused by a human papillomavirus ( HPV ) infection of the throat . Laryngeal papillomatosis causes assorted tumors or papillomas to develop over a period of time . Without treatment it is potentially fatal as uncontrolled growths could obstruct the airway . Laryngeal papillomatosis is caused by HPV types 6 and 11 , in which benign tumors form on the larynx or other areas of the respiratory tract . These tumors can recur frequently , may require repetitive surgery , and may interfere with breathing . The disease can be treated with surgery and antivirals . In addition antiangiogenic therapy shows promising results .   __ TOC __


query: Emmy Rossum had a prominent role in a movie of which Maggie Greenwald was the director.

pos: Emmy Rossum Emmanuelle Grey `` Emmy '' Rossum ( born September 12 , 1986 ) is an American actress , director and singer-songwriter . She is known for her portrayal of Fiona Gallagher in the television series Shameless . Rossum has starred in movies including Songcatcher ( 2000 ) , An American Rhapsody , ( 2001 ) and Passionada ( 2002 ) . Her role in Mystic River ( 2003 ) garnered her wider recognition . She starred in the science-fiction film The Day After Tomorrow ( 2004 ) and received critical acclaim for her performance in the leading role of Christine Daaé in The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) . She has since starred in Poseidon ( 2006 ) , Dragonball : Evolution ( 2009 ) , Dare ( 2009 ) , Beautiful Creatures ( 2013 ) , Before I Disappear ( 2014 ) , You 're Not You ( 2014 ) and Comet ( 2014 ) .   In 2007 , Rossum released her debut album , Inside Out . She also released a Christmas EP the same year , titled Carol of the Bells . In 2013 , she released a follow up album called Sentimental Journey .

pos: Songcatcher Songcatcher is a 2000 drama film directed by Maggie Greenwald . It is about a musicologist researching and collecting Appalachian folk music in the mountains of western North Carolina . Although Songcatcher is a fictional film , it is loosely based on the work of Olive Dame Campbell , founder of the John C. Campbell Folk School in Brasstown , North Carolina , and that of the English folk song collector Cecil Sharp , portrayed at the end of the film as professor Cyrus Whittle .

neg: Black Christmas (2006 film) Black Christmas ( abbreviated as Black X-Mas ) is a 2006 American-Canadian slasher film written and directed by Glen Morgan and starring Katie Cassidy , Michelle Trachtenberg , Mary Elizabeth Winstead , Oliver Hudson , Lacey Chabert , Kristen Cloke , and Andrea Martin . The film takes place several days before Christmas , and tells the story of a group of sorority sisters who are stalked and murdered by the house 's former inhabitants during a winter storm . It is a loose remake of the 1974 film of the same name . The film was produced by Morgan and James Wong through their production company Hard Eight Pictures , along with 2929 Productions and Dimension Films , while Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer distributed the film .   In December 2006 , upon anticipation of its premiere , the film garnered some criticism from religious groups due to its graphic content in a holiday setting , as well as the distributor 's decision to release the film on Christmas Day in the United States . The film opened in the United Kingdom on December 15 , 2006 , and , despite backlash from some religious organizations , opened in US theaters on Christmas Day .

neg: Reclaim (film) Reclaim is a drama-thriller directed by Alan White , and starring Ryan Phillippe and Rachelle Lefevre . The film was released on video on demand , with a simultaneous limited theatrical release in the United States , on September 19 , 2014 . Phillippe and Lefevre play an American couple who travel to Puerto Rico to adopt an orphan ( Briana Roy ) , and become entangled in a deadly scam .

neg: Mrs. Harris Mrs. Harris is a 2005 American-British drama film written and directed by Phyllis Nagy . The teleplay , based on the book Very Much a Lady by Shana Alexander , focuses on the tempestuous relationship between Herman Tarnower , noted cardiologist and author of the New York Times bestseller The Complete Scarsdale Medical Diet , and headmistress Jean Harris . Produced by Killer Films , Number 9 Films , and John Wells for HBO Films , it premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 16 , 2005 , before its broadcast on HBO on February 25 , 2006 .   The film stars Annette Bening as Jean Harris , Ben Kingsley as Herman Tarnower , Cloris Leachman as Tarnower 's sister , and Chloë Sevigny as his secretary and lover . The film also features a cameo performance by Ellen Burstyn as one of Tarnower 's previous girlfriends ; Burstyn played Jean Harris in the made-for-television movie , The People vs. Jean Harris ( 1981 ) .

neg: Nightwatch (1997 film) Nightwatch is a 1997 American horror-thriller film directed by Ole Bornedal and starring Ewan McGregor , Patricia Arquette , Josh Brolin and Nick Nolte . It was written by Bornedal and Steven Soderbergh . It is a remake of the Danish film Nattevagten ( 1994 ) , which was also directed by Bornedal .

neg: List of accolades received by Gone Girl (film) Gone Girl is a 2014 psychological thriller film directed by David Fincher , and produced by Leslie Dixon , Bruna Papandrea , Arnon Milchan , Reese Witherspoon , Ceán Chaffin , and Joshua Donen . The screenplay was adapted by Gillian Flynn from her eponymous 2012 novel . Set in Missouri , United States , the film stars Ben Affleck as Nick Dunne , a writer who becomes the prime suspect in the mysterious disappearance of his wife Amy , played by Rosamund Pike . Neil Patrick Harris and Tyler Perry feature in supporting roles . The score was composed by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross .   Gone Girl premiered at the New York Film Festival on September 26 , 2014 , before 20th Century Fox gave the film a wide release at over 3,000 theaters in the United States and Canada on October 3 . It grossed over $ 368 million on a production budget of $ 61 million . As of June 2016 , Gone Girl is Fincher 's highest-grossing film . Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , surveyed 295 reviews and judged 88 % to be positive .   Gone Girl garnered awards and nominations in a variety of categories with particular praise for its direction , Pike 's lead acting performance , Flynn 's screenplay , and its score . At the 87th Academy Awards , Pike received a nomination for Best Actress . The film received four nominations at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards : Best Director for Fincher , Best Actress in a Drama for Pike , Best Screenplay for Flynn , and Best Original Score . Pike won the Empire Award for Best Actress , and garnered nominations in the same category at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards and 68th British Academy Film Awards ( BAFTAs ) . She also received the Breakthrough Performance Award from the Palm Springs International Film Festival . Flynn was nominated at the BAFTAs , as well as the Writers Guild of America Awards . The National Board of Review included the film in their list of top ten films of the year .

neg: The Hours (film) The Hours is a 2002 British-American drama film directed by Stephen Daldry , and starring Meryl Streep , Julianne Moore and Nicole Kidman . Supporting roles are played by Ed Harris , John C. Reilly , Stephen Dillane , Jeff Daniels , Miranda Richardson , Allison Janney , Toni Collette and Claire Danes . The screenplay by David Hare is based on Michael Cunningham 's 1999 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same title .   The plot focuses on three women of different generations whose lives are interconnected by the novel Mrs Dalloway by Virginia Woolf . These are Clarissa Vaughan ( Streep ) , a New Yorker preparing an award party for her AIDS-stricken long-time friend and poet , Richard ( Harris ) in 2001 ; Laura Brown ( Moore ) , a pregnant 1950s California housewife with a young boy and an unhappy marriage ; and Virginia Woolf ( Kidman ) herself in 1920s England , who is struggling with depression and mental illness while trying to write her novel .   The film was released in Los Angeles and New York City on Christmas Day 2002 , and was given a limited release in the United States and Canada two days later on December 27 , 2002 . It did not receive a wide release in North America until January 2003 , and was then released in British cinemas on Valentine 's Day that year . Critical reaction to the film was mostly positive , with nine Academy Award nominations for The Hours including Best Picture , and a win for Nicole Kidman as Best Actress .

neg: Wind River (2017 film) Wind River is a 2017 American thriller film directed and written by Taylor Sheridan in his directorial debut . The film stars Jeremy Renner , Elizabeth Olsen , Jon Bernthal and Kelsey Asbille .   It premiered at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival . It is scheduled to be released on August 4 , 2017 , by The Weinstein Company .

neg: Hocus Pocus (1993 film) Hocus Pocus is a 1993 American Halloween fantasy-comedy horror film directed by Kenny Ortega , starring Bette Midler , Kathy Najimy and Sarah Jessica Parker ; written by Neil Cuthbert and Mick Garris , and based on a story by Garris and David Kirschner . It follows the villainous trio of witches , who are inadvertently resurrected by a male teenager as a virgin in Salem , Massachusetts .   The film became a cult film , largely from annual airings on Disney Channel and Freeform ( formerly ABC Family ) .

neg: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Direction The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Direction is awarded to one television series or special each year .   In the following list , the first titles listed in gold are the winners ; those not in gold are nominees , which are listed in alphabetical order . The years given are those in which the ceremonies took place .   __ TOC __

neg: Smother (film) Smother is a 2008 comedy film starring Diane Keaton as a mother who is over-attached to her adult son . The movie is directed and co-written by Vince Di Meglio . The movie aired on Lifetime in 2009 .

neg: Auggie Rose Auggie Rose , also known as Beyond Suspicion , is a 2000 American drama film starring Jeff Goldblum and Anne Heche . It was originally shown on Cinemax and then released on video with the title Beyond Suspicion before a limited theatrical release in San Francisco , Los Angeles and New York City .

neg: A Cooler Climate A Cooler Climate is a Showtime Original movie . It originally aired on August 22 , 1999 . It is based on a book with the same name by Zena Collier . Sally Field and Judy Davis were both nominated for their performance in the film during the 6th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards for outstanding performance by a female actor in a television movie or miniseries . They both also received an Emmy nomination for their performances in the film .

neg: Greenwald Greenwald is a surname . Notable people with the surname include :   Greenwald family , the rabbinic family of Puppa ( Hasidic dynasty ) , originated from Hungary  Alex Greenwald ( born 1979 ) , American musician and actor  Andy Greenwald ( born 1977 ) , social commentator , specifically about popular music  Bruce Greenwald ( born 1946 ) , American economist  Glenn Greenwald ( born 1967 ) , attorney , journalist , blogger , author of books , NSA critic  Hank Greenwald ( born 1935 ) , former baseball announcer  Herbert Greenwald ( 1915 -- 1959 ) , real estate developer associated with Mies Van Der Rohe  Jeff Greenwald ( born 1954 ) , author , performer , and Executive Director of Ethical Traveler  Louis Greenwald ( born 1967 ) , New Jersey , USA politician  Maggie Greenwald ( born 1955 ) , American film director and writer  Michael Greenwald , birth name of Michael Kidd ( 1915 -- 2007 ) , American film and stage choreographer  Moshe Greenwald ( 1853 -- 1911 ) , Rabbi of Chust , Hungary , and author of Arugas Habosem , a book of responsa  Nora Greenwald ( born 1977 ) , also known as Molly Holly , American professional wrestler  Robert Greenwald ( born 1945 ) , American film director , film producer , and political activist

neg: Queen Bee (film) Queen Bee is a 1955 American film noir drama starring Joan Crawford , John Ireland , Betsy Palmer , and Barry Sullivan . The film was directed by Ranald MacDougall and produced by Jerry Wald , and the screenplay by MacDougall was based upon the novel The Queen Bee , by Edna L. Lee .   The film tells the story about a Southern family dominated by a ruthless woman and the havoc her threats and intimidation cause to those around her .

neg: Edmond (film) Edmond is a 2005 American drama film directed by Stuart Gordon and starring William H. Macy , based on the 1982 play Edmond by David Mamet . Mamet also wrote the screenplay for the film . Edmond features Julia Stiles , Rebecca Pidgeon , Denise Richards , Mena Suvari , Joe Mantegna , Bai Ling , Jeffrey Combs , Dylan Walsh and George Wendt in supporting roles . It was screened at several film festivals from September 2005 to May 2006 , and had a limited release on July 14 , 2006 .

neg: A Deadly Adoption A Deadly Adoption is a 2015 American made for television dramatic-thriller film directed by Rachel Lee Goldenberg and written by Andrew Steele . The film aired on the Lifetime Network on June 20 , 2015 . It stars Will Ferrell , Kristen Wiig and Jessica Lowndes .

neg: They (2002 film) They ( also known as Wes Craven Presents : They ) is a 2002 American supernatural horror film directed by Robert Harmon . The plot centers on a group of four adults named Julia Lund , Sam Burnside , Terry Alba , and Billy Parks and their experience with the phenomenon of night terrors and the impact they had on their lives as children and how they come back to haunt them as adults .   The film was produced by Ted Field , Tom Engleman , and Wes Craven who served as executive producer . The film stars Laura Regan , Ethan Embry , Dagmara Dominczyk , Jay Brazeau , and Marc Blucas . The title is a reference to the fact that the creatures are only referred to as `` They '' as their origins are ambiguous . The film was a box office bomb and had lukewarm reviews from critics .

neg: Blackout (2007 film) Blackout is a 2007 American television film that takes place in New York City during the Northeast Blackout of 2003 . Written and directed by Jerry LaMothe , it stars Jeffrey Wright , Zoe Saldana , Prodigy , Michael B. Jordan , and LaTanya Richardson . The film premiered at the 2007 Zurich Film Festival . It debuted on BET on February 1 , 2008 . It was released to DVD on February 4 , 2008 .

neg: Brothers (2009 film) Brothers is a 2009 American psychological war drama film and a remake of Susanne Bier 's Danish film Brødre ( 2004 ) , which takes place in Afghanistan and Denmark . The film stars Tobey Maguire , Jake Gyllenhaal , and Natalie Portman , and is directed by Jim Sheridan . Both films take inspiration from Homer 's epic poem , the Odyssey . The film received a mixed to positive response and grossed $ 43 million . Tobey Maguire received particular praise for his performance and received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor in a Motion Picture Drama for his performance .

neg: Sweet Hearts Dance Sweet Hearts Dance is a 1988 American comedy drama film directed by Robert Greenwald . The screenplay by Ernest Thompson centers on two small town couples , one married for several years and the other at the beginning of their relationship .   The film was shot on location in Hyde Park , Vermont at Brendan Mullins ' house . Mayor of Burlington , future Vermont Senator and 2016 presidential candidate Bernie Sanders makes a cameo appearance in the film .