query: James Arness died in 2010.

pos: James Arness James Arness ( May 26 , 1923 -- June 3 , 2011 ) was an American actor , best known for portraying Marshal Matt Dillon for 20 years in the television series Gunsmoke . Arness has the distinction of having played the role of Dillon in five separate decades : 1955 to 1975 in the weekly series , then in Gunsmoke : Return to Dodge ( 1987 ) and four more made-for-television Gunsmoke films in the 1990s . In Europe , Arness reached cult status for his role as Zeb Macahan in the western series How the West Was Won . He was the older brother of actor Peter Graves ( 1926 - 2010 ) .

neg: St Michael Wood Street Described by Stow ( 1598 ) as a `` proper thing '' , St Michael 's Wood Street in Cripplegate Ward was the hurried burial site for the head of King James IV of Scotland ( Huelin , 1996 ) . First mentioned in 1225 ( Harben ,1919 ) the church was destroyed in the Great Fire of London ( Reynolds , 1922 ) and rebuilt after some pressure ( Hallows , 1974 ) by Sir Christopher Wren in 1673 ( Whinney ,1971 ) . The organ was built by Thomas Elliot in 1800 ( Pearce , 1909 ) . In 1854 the declining residential population led to proposals to reduce the number of churches within the `` Square Mile '' ( Times , 1854 ) - a decision the church 's vicar had himself proposed ( Hume ,1853 ) . The church was eventually demolished under the auspices of the Union of Benefices Act ( Hibbert ) in 1897 ( Cobb ) and many bodies were disinterred from the churchyard and reburied at Brookwood Cemetery ( Clarke ) . It was then united with St Alban Wood Street ( Norman ,1902 ) and after the destruction of that church in World War II , St Vedast Foster Lane ( Betjeman , 1972 ) .   The church was on the west side of Wood Street , initially with a frontage on Huggin Lane but later on Wood Street itself .   The site has undergone several redevelopments and , as of 2013 , is occupied by a pub called The Red Herring .

neg: Jimmy Goins James `` Jimmy '' Ernest Goins ( August 31 , 1948 -- June 7 , 2015 ) was an American Lumbee politician who served as the Chairman of the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina from 2004 to 2010 . As Lumbee Tribal Chairman , Goins led efforts to gain federal recognition for the Lumbee tribe during the 2000s . The 55,000-member Lumbee have achieved North Carolina state recognition , but have not yet received federal recognition . The Lumbee are the largest tribe living east of the Mississippi River who have not received federal recognition .   Goins was born on August 31 , 1948 , to Ernest and Ola Lee Goins . He was raised in Prospect , North Carolina . In 1965 , Goins was a member of the Prospect High School basketball team which won the Indian Basketball Championship . Goins later served as an infantry squad leader during the Vietnam War .   Jimmy Goins served as the Chairman of the Lumbee Tribe for six years from 2004 until 2010 . As Chairman , Goins led efforts to achieve federal recognition for the Lumbee during the 2000s . He testified before the United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs in September 2007 in an effort to gain recognition . In 2010 , Goins signed a controversial lobbying contract with a Nevada-based gaming consultant .   Goins ran for Chairman again in 2012 , but lost the election his successor , incumbent Lumbee Chairman Paul Brooks , on November 12 , 2012 . Brooks received 2,559 votes , or 52 % of the vote , while Goins placed second with 2,042 votes ( 42 % ) . A third candidate , Lynn Bruce Jacobs , received 298 votes ( 6 % ) .   Jimmy Goins was killed in a car accident at 1:30 p.m. on June 7 , 2015 , at the age of 66 . Goins was driving on North Carolina Highway 71 , approximately 4.4 miles from the town of Maxton , North Carolina , when the accident occurred . A resident of Philadelphus , North Carolina , he was survived by his wife , Diane Goins , and three daughters , Rhonda , Jackie and Jamie .   North Carolina Governor Pat McCrory and North Carolina First Lady Ann McCrory released a joint statement of condolence following Goins ' death . McCrory ordered that all state flags be lowered to half staff in Goins ' memory on June 11 , 2015 .

neg: This Is It (concerts) This Is It was a planned residency show of 50 concerts by Michael Jackson at the O2 Arena in London , scheduled to run from July 2009 to March 2010 . The shows were to be Jackson 's first major series of concerts since the HIStory World Tour finished in 1997 . With all concerts sold out , Jackson suffered a cardiac arrest and died less than three weeks before the first concert was scheduled to begin .   Jackson announced This Is It at a press conference in the O2 Arena , stating that it would be his final series of concerts in London . AEG Live , the concert promoters , released a promotional video that took up an entire commercial break , setting a record for ITV . Initially only 10 concerts were announced , but following public demand 40 more concerts were added . Ticket sales broke several records and Jackson 's album sales increased following the announcement ; AEG Live estimated that the first 10 dates alone would have earned Jackson approximately # 50 million .   In preparation for the concert series , Jackson had been collaborating with high-profile figures including fashion designer Christian Audigier , choreographer Kenny Ortega and bodybuilder Lou Ferrigno . Prior to Jackson 's death , Allgood Entertainment sued Jackson for $ 40 million , claiming that he had breached an exclusivity agreement with them by agreeing to the This Is It concerts . The case was dismissed .   After Jackson 's death , AEG Live offered either refunds to ticket holders or a special `` souvenir '' ticket designed by Jackson . The cancelled shows , record-breaking ticket sales and potential for a world tour made This Is It `` the greatest concert -LSB- s -RSB- that never happened . '' Columbia Pictures acquired the footage of the rehearsals and released a concert film , Michael Jackson 's This Is It , accompanied by a compilation album of the same name .

neg: Archibald James Wing Commander Sir Archibald William Henry James MC ( September 1893 -- 5 May 1980 ) was a British Conservative Party politician and Air Force pioneer .   Born in Paddington , London , the son of H A James of Hurstmonceux Place , East Sussex , he was educated at Eton and Trinity College , Cambridge .   He married twice , to Bridget Guthrie ( 1919 ) with whom he had one son David and one daughter , and to Eugenia Stirling ( 1940 ) with whom he had two sons .   From 1914 -- 1926 he served with the 3rd Hussars , the Royal Flying Corps and the RAF , rising to the rank of Wing Commander .   At the 1929 General Election , he stood as the Unionist candidate in the marginal constituency of Wellingborough in Northamptonshire , but lost to Labour 's George Dallas .   He stood again in Wellingborough at the 1931 General Election , when the Labour vote collapsed nationally after Labour Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald split his party by forming a National Government , and James won the seat on a swing of 16.6 % of the vote .   He was narrowly re-elected at the 1935 General Election , when Dallas cut his majority to only 372 votes , and held the seat until 1945 . In the Labour landslide at the 1945 General Election , he lost to Labour 's George Lindgren , who took the seat with a majority of 5,990 .   Whilst in Parliament he held the following offices of state : PPS to R A Butler at the India Office and Ministry of Labour ( 1936 -- 38 ) , Board of Education ( 1942 ) and Honorary First Secretary to the British Embassy in Madrid ( 1940 -- 41 ) .   After his stint in Parliament , James moved to Southern Rhodesia , where he owned land at Bita in the Marandellas district . He died in Worthing , West Sussex aged 86 .   His son David followed in his footsteps as Conservative MP for Brighton Kemptown 1959 -- 1964 and for North Dorset 1970 -- 1979 .

neg: James Kenney (dramatist) James Kenney ( 178025 July 1849 ) was an English dramatist , the son of James Kenney , one of the founders of Boodles ' Club in London .   His first play , a farce called Raising the Wind ( 1803 ) , was a success owing to the popularity of the character of `` Jeremy Diddler '' . Kenney produced more than forty dramas and operas between 1803 and 1845 , and many of his pieces , in which Mrs Siddons , Madame Vestris , Foote , Lewis , Liston and other leading players appeared from time to time , enjoyed a considerable vogue .   His most popular play was Sweethearts and Wives , produced at the Haymarket Theatre in 1823 , and several times afterwards revived ; and among the most successful of his other works were : False Alarms ( 1807 ) , a comic opera with music by Braham ; Love , Law and Physic ( 1812 ) ; Spring and Autumn ( 1827 ) ; The Illustrious Stranger , or Married and Buried ( 1827 ) ; Masaniello ( 1829 ) ; The Sicilian Vespers , a tragedy ( 1840 ) . Kenney , who numbered Charles Lamb and Samuel Rogers among his friends , died in London in 1849 . He married the widow of the dramatist Thomas Holcroft , by whom he had two sons and two daughters .

neg: James Waller Dr. James E. Waller is a Holocaust and Genocide Studies professor at Keene State College located in Keene , New Hampshire . Keene State College is home to the Cohen Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies , one of the nation 's oldest Holocaust resource centers . Keene State College also offers the only undergraduate major in Holocaust and Genocide Studies in the United States . Within the Cohen Center , Dr. Waller teaches courses primarily focused on genocide and comparative genocide . Dr. Waller was previously a Professor of psychology at Whitworth University , in Spokane , Washington , and was the Edward B. Lindaman Chair from Fall 2003-2007 . In addition to being an educator , Dr. Waller is also regularly involved in the policy making arena with his role as Director of Academic Programs with the Auschwitz Institute for Peace and Reconciliation ( AIPR ) , as the curriculum developer and lead instructor for the Rahael Lemkin Seminar for Genocide Prevention . Within AIPR , Dr. Waller educates and trains in genocide prevention for the US Army command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas . Dr. Waller also has delivered briefings on genocide prevention and perpetrator behavior for the U.S. Department of State 's Bureau of Intelligence and Research , the CIA Directorate of Intelligence , and the International Human Rights Unit of the FBI . He has led teacher training in Holocaust and genocide studies for the Washington State Holocaust Education Resource Center ( 2009 and 2012 ) , the North Carolina Center for the Advancement of Teaching ( 2010 ) , the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum ( 2010-2012 , 2015 ) , and the Zoryan Institute ( 2015 and 2016 ) . In addition , he has consulted on exhibition development with the National Institute for Holocaust Education at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ( USHMM ) and the Kigali Genocide Memorial Centre in Rwanda . His fieldwork has included research in Germany , Israel , Northern Ireland , the former Yugoslavia , Rwanda , Uganda , Tanzania , Argentina , Chile , and Guatemala .   During 1999-2000 , Dr. Waller was one of sixteen national recipients of the prestigious Pew Fellowship Award to continue his work on the psychology of human evil . In June 2007 , he received the `` First Voice Humanitarian Award '' from the Chicago Center for Urban Life & Culture in recognition of his work in connecting students with urban communities , particularly communities in need . In November 2011 , Waller was recognized by a California Senate Resolution for `` his tireless efforts to end genocide . '' In 2012 , he was Keene State College 's institutional nominee for the Joseph B. and Toby Gittler Prize from Brandeis University , an award given in recognition of scholarly contributions to racial , ethnic , and/or religious relations . Dr. Waller was appointed as the Centennial Global Ethics Fellow of the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs for 2013-2014 . Most recently , in September 2015 , he was named a Peace Ambassador by the Center for Peacebuilding in Sanski Most , Bosnia-Herzegovina .   Dr. Waller 's book , Becoming Evil : How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing , is a standard text for students of genocide throughout the United States . He is widely recognized for his work on intergroup relations and prejudice , and in 1996 developed a study program titled `` Prejudice Across America . '' The program drew national media attention and was named by President Bill Clinton 's Initiative on Race as one of America 's `` Promising Practices for Racial Reconciliation . '' Many of the experiences from the study program are chronicled in Dr. Waller 's first book , Face to Face : The Changing State of Racism Across America ; and in a second book , Prejudice Across America .   In addition to four books , Dr. Waller has published twenty-eight articles in peer-reviewed professional journals and contributed twenty chapters in edited books . His book on perpetrators of genocide , Becoming Evil : How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing ( Oxford University Press , 2002 ) , was praised by Publisher 's Weekly for `` clearly and effectively synthesizing a wide range of studies to develop an original and persuasive model of the process by which people can become evil . '' In addition to being used as a textbook in college and university courses around the world , Becoming Evil also was short-listed for the biennial Raphael Lemkin Book Award from the Institute for the Study of Genocide . Concepts from Becoming Evil , released in a revised and updated second edition in 2007 , have been the basis for an international best-selling novel ( The Exception by Christian Jungersen ) and a play workshopped in the School of Theater , Film , and Television at UCLA . Dr. Waller 's next book , also from Oxford , is titled Confronting Evil : Engaging Our Responsibility to Prevent Genocide with a release date of May 2016 .   Dr. Waller received his B.S. ( 1983 ) from Asbury University ( KY ) , M.S. ( 1985 ) from the University of Colorado , and Ph.D. in Social Psychology ( 1988 ) from the University of Kentucky . He also has completed additional certification work in safety and security after violent conflict at the Queen 's University of Belfast , Northern Ireland . He is an active member of the International Association of Genocide Scholars ( for which he served as the program chair at the eighth biennial meeting in 2009 and is currently a member of the Advisory Board ) as well as the International Network of Genocide Scholars . Dr. Waller also serves on the board of the Journal for the Study of Antisemitism , as an editor-in-chief for Genocide Studies and Prevention , and is an Honorary Member of the International Expert Team of the Institute for Research of Genocide Canada .   Dr. Waller lectures and speaks on Holocaust and genocide studies , intergroup relations , and prejudice for academic , professional , and public audiences . He has lectured at more than 50 colleges and universities as well as being frequently interviewed by media sources such as PBS , CNN , CBC , the Los Angeles Times , the Washington Post , Salon , and the New York Times .

neg: James Chamberlain Crawford James Chamberlain Crawford ( 1880 -- 1950 ) was an American entomologist .

neg: 2010 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes The 2010 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes was a horse race held at Ascot Racecourse on Saturday 24 July 2010 . It was the 60th King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes .   The winner was the Highclere `` Admiral Rous '' syndicate 's Harbinger , a four-year-old bay colt trained at Newmarket , Suffolk by Michael Stoute and ridden by Olivier Peslier . Harbinger 's victory was the first for his jockey and owner and the fifth for Stoute after Shergar ( 1981 ) , Opera House ( 1993 ) Golan ( 2002 ) and Conduit ( 2009 ) .

neg: James Austin Bastow James Austin Bastow ( 1810 -- 1894 ) was a Primitive Methodist Minister   James A. Bastow was born in Hunslet near Leeds in 1810 and was the eldest child of John Bastow , a weaver , and Mary Wade , As a youth he attended a Primitive Methodist church in Leeds , where he was converted and soon began to work as a lay preacher . He married Dorothy Smith on 11 November 1836 . They had at least six children , three boys and three girls . Their eldest son Richard Austin Bastow became an Architect and emigrate to Australia . After Dorothy 's death in 1869 he married Matilda Holden in 1883 .   In 1832 he became a minister on the Preston circuit , and subsequently travelled in Bolton , Ireland , Darleyton , North Shields , Edinburgh , Bradford , Grimsby , Dewsbury , Newcastle upon Tyne , Westgate , Hexham , Durham , Alston , Carlisle , Gateshead , Heston , Middlesbrough and Motherwell .   James was seen as a diligent student and laboured hard to become rich in standard Biblical literature , the latest discoveries in science and the most recent exploration in Palestine . The first edition of his Bible Dictionary was published in three volumes , between the years 1845 and 1853 , there had been earlier parts issued from 1842 , and at the time it was seen as a comprehensive digest of the history and antiquities of the Hebrews and neighbouring nations . The dictionary had five editions and was published by Longman , Brown , Green , Longmans , and Roberts . James became a member of the Syro-Egyptian Society ( Established December 1844 ) whose purpose was ` to encourage and advance literature , science and the arts in Egypt , Nubia , Abyssinia , Arabia , Palestine , Syria , Mesopotamia , and Asia Minor   After 48 years of active ministry , James retired to Southport 1879 and joined the High Park Society .   In 1893 James suffered an injury after falling and never fully recovered . He was confined to his bed but was a poor patient and agreed to stay there for only two days . On April 7 , 1894 , he died with his son , the Reverend Samual J. Barstow , at his bedside . His remains were interred in the circuit minister 's grave at St. Cuthbert 's , Churchtown . A short service was conducted at his residence after which a service was held in High Park Chapel . A memorial service was conducted at the Marshside Road Chapel on Sunday evening , April 14 , where a large congregation assembled . ( Primitive Methodist magazine , 1894/864 )

neg: James Freud James Randall Freud ( born Colin Joseph McGlinchey , 29 June 1959 -- 4 November 2010 ) was an Australian rock musician-songwriter . He was a member of Models during the 1980s and wrote their two most popular singles , `` Barbados '' and `` Out of Mind , Out of Sight '' .   His autobiographies I am the Voice Left from Drinking ( 2002 ) and I am the Voice Left from Rehab ( 2007 ) detail his career in music entertainment and addictions . On 27 October 2010 , Models were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame by former member Wendy Matthews , Freud 's absence from the ceremony was explained as being due to `` another bicycle accident '' . Freud committed suicide on 4 November and is survived by his wife , Sally , and two sons , Jackson and Harrison .

neg: James E. Brewton James Edward Brewton ( November 4 , 1930 -- May 11 , 1967 ) was an American painter and printmaker who synthesized expressionism , graffiti and Pataphysics .   He was born November 4 , 1930 , in Toledo , Ohio , and committed suicide in Philadelphia at age 36 , on May 11 , 1967 . At the time of his death , Brewton was beginning to distinguish himself as one of Philadelphia 's premier painters and printmakers .

neg: In Memoriam A.H.H. `` In Memoriam A.H.H. '' is a poem by the British poet Alfred , Lord Tennyson , completed in 1849 . It is a requiem for the poet 's beloved Cambridge friend Arthur Henry Hallam , who died suddenly of a cerebral haemorrhage in Vienna in 1833 . It contains some of Tennyson 's most accomplished lyrical work , and is an unusually sustained exercise in lyric verse . It is widely considered to be one of the great poems of the 19th century .   The original title of the poem was ` The Way of the Soul ' , and this might give an idea of how the poem is an account of all Tennyson 's thoughts and emotions as he grieves over the death of a close friend . He views the cruelty of nature and mortality in light of materialist science and faith . Owing to its length and its arguable breadth of focus , the poem might not be thought an elegy or a dirge in the strictest formal sense .

neg: James Watson Robbins James Watson Robbins ( November 18 , 1801-January 10 , 1879 ) was an American physician and botanist .   Robbins , son of Ammi R. and Salome Robbing , of Colebrook , Connecticut , and grandson of Rev. Ammi R. Robbins , of Norfolk , Connecticut , was born in Colebrook , November 18 , 1801 .   He graduated from Yale College in 1822 . For a few months after graduation he taught in Enfield , Connecticut , and then went to Virginia , where he was similarly employed for some three years , in the family of Hon. Wm. L. Brent , and in the Peyton family at Warrenton , and at Arlington , where Robert E. Lee , afterwards general-in-chief of the Confederate army , was prepared by him for West Point . Returning to New Haven in the latter part of 1825 , he began the study of medicine , graduating from Yale Medical School in 1828 . He spent six months of the year 1829 in a botanical exploration of the New England states ; and in this way formed the acquaintance of Dr. George Willard , of Uxbridge , Massachusetts , who induced him to settle in that town . He practiced medicine in Uxbridge ( at first in partnership with Dr. Willard ) for thirty years , until 1859 , when he accepted an appointment as physician and surgeon of several copper mining companies near Portage Lake , Lake Superior , Michigan .   During his professional life he had devoted himself largely to botany , gathering a valuable library , second , it is believed , to no private botanical library in the country ; and in the four years of his residence near Lake Superior , he made extensive botanical researches , and these were followed by a tour in 1863-4 down the Mississippi to Texas and Cuba , which resulted in very valuable collections . He then returned to Uxbridge , where he spent the remainder of his life , mostly retired from medical practice and devoting his leisure to his favorite pursuit . He died there , January 10 , 1879 , in his 78th year , of a disease of the kidneys , caused by the presence of trichinae . He was unmarried .

neg: James Reiss James Reiss ( July 11 , 1941 -- December 2 , 2016 ) was an American poet and novelist .

neg: James Boag II James Boag II ( 1854 -- 1919 ) was the son of James Boag I , and co-proprietor of J. Boag & Sons , owner of the Boag 's Brewery in Launceston , Tasmania , Australia .   Educated in Launceston , James Boag II was an energetic entrepreneur . A keen sportsman throughout his youth , Boag generously supported sporting clubs all his life .   Boag performed his military service in Launceston and qualified for the Long Service Medal in 1910 . During the 1901 Federation celebrations , The Examiner reported that at midnight , `` twenty-one guns boomed out the royal salute from the Launceston Artillery under Captain J. Boag '' .   James Boag II became manager of J. Boag & Son in 1887 and later became the sole proprietor after the death of his father in 1890 .   In 1919 , James II died and was succeeded by James III . The Daily Telegraph reported , a wide circle of friends will regret to learn of the death of Mr James Boag . He was a man keenly interested , though not perhaps altogether publicly , in the welfare of the city , and devoted much time to the development of sport .   A widow , five sons and four daughters are left to mourn the loss of a devoted husband and father .

neg: Aro (murderer) Aro ( known only by that name ) was the last person executed in Papua New Guinea .   In 1957 , while Papua New Guinea was an Australian territory , Aro , then a young man , walked into a hospital `` carrying a baby and a blood-stained axe '' and stated that he had killed his two wives .   He was convicted of willful murder , sentenced to death , and executed by hanging in November 1957 .   There were no further executions . The death penalty was abolished in 1970 , five years before Papua New Guinea 's independence from Australia . It was reintroduced in 1991 , but never applied .

neg: James Underwood (businessman) James Underwood ( 4 September 1771 -- 10 February 1844 ) was a noted shipwright , merchant businessman and distiller in Australia . Born in Bermondsey , London , he was shipped to Australia as a convicted felon in 1790 . He learned his trade in Sydney , becoming joint owner of a merchant ship , Diana in 1799 . He co-founded Kable & Underwood , along with Henry Kable which was a merchant trading company , and utilised Diana for seal hunting in the Bass Strait .   As his enterprise expanded , Underwood added coal and sandalwood shipping to his business interests , increased the size of his fleet , and added Simeon Lord as a business partner . He continued to build ships , including a 200 tonne King George . He became one of the leading figures of the fledgingly sealing industry in New South Wales , employing over sixty men and bringing 30,000 skins annually . He returned to London to sell over 120,000 skins , and with the proceeds bought out his partner , Lord .   On return to New South Wales he founded a coffee lounge , helped found the Commercial Society of Sydney and also joined the Standing Committee of the Emancipated Colonists of New South Wales . He became a leading merchant , and `` one of the few merchants engaged in importing from Europe and India . '' He built a distillery with two more business partners whom he subsequently bought out The proceeds of his expanding businesses funded a homestead said to be among `` the three or four finest in Sydney . ''   He returned to England to retire in 1840 and died four years later in Surrey . He was married twice , in 1812 and against in 1825 after the death of his first wife . He had seven children in total , two of whom died in infancy .

neg: Jim Ramsey James McNair `` Jim '' Ramsey ( born 20 June 1961 ) is an Anglo-American singer-songwriter and recording artist who emerged as part of the Chattanooga , Tennessee music scene in the 1990s . He is known for his romantic , spiritually conscious folk-rock which blends British progressive rock and American pop influences and for his critically acclaimed album , On the Dying Breath of Wisdom .

neg: James Emery White Not to be confused with author and theologian James R. White .   James Emery White ( born December 20 , 1961 ) , is the founding and senior pastor of Mecklenburg Community Church in Charlotte , North Carolina ; President of Serious Times , a ministry which explores the intersection of faith and culture and hosts ChurchandCulture.org ; ranked adjunctive professor of theology and culture on the Charlotte campus of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary , which he also served as their fourth president ; and author of over a dozen books which have been translated into ten languages .   Mecklenburg Community Church began with a single family and has grown to over 8,000 active attendees on five campuses . The church recently celebrated its 20th Anniversary . Meck experiences over seventy-percent of its growth from those who were previously unchurched and during its formative years was often cited as one of the fastest growing church starts in the United States . His commitment to local church ministry also includes service as Distinguished Professor of Pastoral Ministry at Anderson University , and consulting editor to Leadership Journal .   Dr. White holds a B.S. degree in public relations and business from Appalachian State University , and the M.Div . and Ph.D. degrees from the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary , where he was awarded a Garrett Teaching Fellowship in both New testament and Theology . He has also done advanced university study at Vanderbilt University in American religious history , and continuing education at Oxford University in England , including participation in Oxford 's Summer Programme in Theology .   James Emery White is the author of over a dozen books , including such Gold Medallion nominees as `` Serious Times '' and `` A Search for the Spiritual '' , Christianity Today book-of-the-year award winner `` Embracing the Mysterious God '' , as well as `` The Prayer God Longs For and Rethinking the Church . His most recent publications include The Church in an Age of Crisis , A Traveler 's Guide to the Kingdom , and What They Did n't Teach You in Seminary .   In November 2009 , White signed an ecumenical statement known as the Manhattan Declaration '' calling on evangelicals , Catholics and Orthodox not to comply with rules and laws permitting abortion , same-sex marriage and other matters that go against their religious consciences .   Dr. White 's messages , as well as his blog posts , are featured at www.churchandculture.org . His bi-weekly blog is also carried on Crosswalk.com , Christianity.com , ChurchLeaders.com and Believe.com . He can be followed on Twitter @JamesEmeryWhite .

neg: Murder of James Byrd Jr. James Byrd Jr. ( May 2 , 1949 -- June 7 , 1998 ) was an African-American who was murdered by three white supremacists , in Jasper , Texas , on June 7 , 1998 . Shawn Berry , Lawrence Russell Brewer , and John King dragged Byrd for three miles behind a pick-up truck along an asphalt road .  Byrd , who remained conscious throughout most of the ordeal , was killed when his body hit the edge of a culvert , severing his right arm and head . The murderers drove on for another mile before dumping his torso in front of an African-American cemetery in Jasper . Byrd 's lynching-by-dragging gave impetus to passage of a Texas hate crimes law . It later led to the federal Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. . Hate Crimes Prevention Act , commonly known as the Matthew Shepard Act , which passed on October 22 , 2009 , and which President Barack Obama signed into law on October 28 , 2009 .   Lawrence Russell Brewer was executed for this crime by the state of Texas through lethal injection on September 21 , 2011 . King remains on Texas ' death row while appeals are pending , while Berry was sentenced to life imprisonment .


query: Black Sabbath are often cited as pioneers of a genre of pop music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

pos: Black Sabbath Black Sabbath were an English rock band , formed in Birmingham in 1968 , by guitarist and main songwriter Tony Iommi , bassist and main lyricist Geezer Butler , singer Ozzy Osbourne , and drummer Bill Ward . The band experienced multiple line-up changes , with Iommi being the only constant member throughout its history . Originally formed as a blues rock band , the group soon adopted the Black Sabbath moniker and began incorporating occult themes with horror-inspired lyrics and tuned-down guitars . They also composed songs about social instability , political corruption and drugs .   Osbourne 's regular use of alcohol and other drugs led to his dismissal from the band in 1979 . He was replaced by former Rainbow vocalist Ronnie James Dio . Following two albums with Dio , Black Sabbath endured many personnel changes in the 1980s and 1990s that included vocalists Ian Gillan , Glenn Hughes , Ray Gillen and Tony Martin , as well as several drummers and bassists . In 1992 , Iommi and Butler rejoined Dio and drummer Vinny Appice to record Dehumanizer . The original line-up reunited with Osbourne in 1997 and released a live album Reunion . Black Sabbath 's final studio album and nineteenth overall , 13 ( 2013 ) , features all of the original members but Ward , who left the band prior to the recording sessions due to a contract dispute . A year after embarking on a farewell tour , the band played their final concert in their home city of Birmingham on 4 February 2017 , after which they broke up . Iommi has stated , however , that he has not ruled out the possibility of new material or one-off shows under the Black Sabbath name .   Black Sabbath are often cited as pioneers of heavy metal music . The band helped define the genre with releases such as Black Sabbath ( 1970 ) , Paranoid ( 1970 ) and Master of Reality ( 1971 ) . They were ranked by MTV as the `` Greatest Metal Band '' of all time , and placed second in VH1 's `` 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock '' list . Rolling Stone magazine ranked them number 85 in their `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' . They have sold over 70 million records worldwide . Black Sabbath were inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2006 . They have also won two Grammy Awards for Best Metal Performance .

pos: Heavy metal music Heavy metal ( or simply metal ) is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s , largely in the United Kingdom and the United States . With roots in blues rock and psychedelic/acid rock , the bands that created heavy metal developed a thick , massive sound , characterized by highly amplified distortion , extended guitar solos , emphatic beats , and overall loudness . Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles are sometimes associated with aggression and machismo .   In 1968 , the first heavy metal bands such as Led Zeppelin , Black Sabbath and Deep Purple attracted large audiences , though they were often derided by critics . During the mid-1970s , Judas Priest helped spur the genre 's evolution by discarding much of its blues influence ; Motörhead introduced a punk rock sensibility and an increasing emphasis on speed . Beginning in the late 1970s , bands in the new wave of British heavy metal such as Iron Maiden and Saxon followed in a similar vein . Before the end of the decade , heavy metal fans became known as `` metalheads '' or `` headbangers '' .   During the 1980s , glam metal became popular with groups such as Mötley Crüe and Poison . Underground scenes produced an array of more aggressive styles : thrash metal broke into the mainstream with bands such as Metallica , Megadeth , Slayer , and Anthrax , while other extreme subgenres of metal such as death metal and black metal remain subcultural phenomena . Since the mid-1990s popular styles have further expanded the definition of the genre . These include groove metal ( with bands such as Pantera , Sepultura , and Lamb of God ) and nu metal ( with bands such as Korn , Slipknot , and Linkin Park ) , the latter of which often incorporates elements of grunge and hip hop .

neg: Inside Black Sabbath – 1970–1992 Black Sabbath - 1970-1992 is a video by heavy metal band Black Sabbath .

neg: Folk rock Folk rock is a music genre combining elements of folk music and rock music . In its earliest and narrowest sense , the term referred to a genre that arose in the United States and the United Kingdom around the mid-1960s . The genre was pioneered by the Los Angeles band the Byrds , who began playing traditional folk music and songs by Bob Dylan with rock instrumentation . The term `` folk rock '' was coined by the U.S. music press to describe the Byrds ' music in June 1965 , the month in which the band 's debut album was issued .   The release of the Byrds ' 1965 cover version of Dylan 's `` Mr. Tambourine Man '' and its subsequent commercial success , along with Dylan 's own recordings with rock instrumentation -- on the albums Bringing It All Back Home ( 1965 ) , Highway 61 Revisited ( 1965 ) , and Blonde on Blonde ( 1966 ) -- initiated an explosion of folk rock groups the mid-1960s . Dylan 's appearance at the Newport Folk Festival on 25 July 1965 , with an electric band backing him , was also a pivotal moment in the development of the genre .   A distinct , eclectic style of electric folk was created in Britain and Europe in the late 1960s by Pentangle , Fairport Convention and Alan Stivell . Inspired by British psychedelic folk and the North American style of folk rock , Pentangle , Fairport , and other related bands began to incorporate elements of traditional British folk music into their repertoire . Fairport bassist Ashley Hutchings formed Steeleye Span with traditionalist folk musicians who wished to incorporate overt rock elements into their music , and this led to other variants , including the overtly English folk rock of the Albion Band ( also featuring Hutchings ) and the more prolific current of Celtic rock .   In a broader sense , folk rock includes later similarly inspired musical genres and movements in the English-speaking world .

neg: Dub music Dub is a genre of music that grew out of reggae in the 1960s , and is commonly considered a subgenre , though it has developed to extend beyond the scope of reggae . Music in this genre consists predominantly of instrumental remixes of existing recordings and is achieved by significantly manipulating and reshaping the recordings , usually by removing the vocals from an existing music piece , and emphasizing the drum and bass parts ( this stripped-down track is sometimes referred to as a riddim ) . Other techniques include dynamically adding extensive echo , reverb , panoramic delay , and occasional dubbing of vocal or instrumental snippets from the original version or other works . It was an early form of popular electronic music .   Dub was pioneered by Osbourne `` King Tubby '' Ruddock , Lee `` Scratch '' Perry , Errol Thompson and others in the late 1960s . Augustus Pablo is credited with bringing the melodica to dub , and is also among the pioneers and creators of the genre . Similar experiments with recordings at the mixing desk outside of the dancehall environment were also done by producers Clive Chin and Herman Chin Loy . These producers , especially Ruddock and Perry , looked upon the mixing console as an instrument , manipulating tracks to come up with something new and different .  Dub has influenced many genres of music , including rock ( most significantly the subgenre of post-punk and other kinds of punk ) , pop , hip hop , disco , and later house , techno , ambient , electronic dance music , and trip hop . Dub has become a basis for the genres of jungle and drum and bass Traditional dub has survived , and some of the originators , such as Lee `` Scratch '' Perry and Mad Professor , continue to produce new material .

neg: Rock and roll (disambiguation) Rock and roll is a genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s .   Rock and roll or Rock n ' roll may also refer to :

neg: 1950s in jazz By the end of the 1940s , the nervous energy and tension of bebop was replaced with a tendency towards calm and smoothness , with the sounds of cool jazz , which favoured long , linear melodic lines . It emerged in New York City , as a result of the mixture of the styles of predominantly white swing jazz musicians and predominantly black bebop musicians , and it dominated jazz in the first half of the 1950s . The starting point were a series of singles on Capitol Records in 1949 and 1950 of a nonet led by trumpeter Miles Davis , collected and released first on a ten-inch and later a twelve-inch as the Birth of the Cool . Cool jazz recordings by Chet Baker , Dave Brubeck , Bill Evans , Gil Evans , Stan Getz and the Modern Jazz Quartet usually have a `` lighter '' sound which avoided the aggressive tempos and harmonic abstraction of bebop . Cool jazz later became strongly identified with the West Coast jazz scene , but also had a particular resonance in Europe , especially Scandinavia , with emergence of such major figures as baritone saxophonist Lars Gullin and pianist Bengt Hallberg . The theoretical underpinnings of cool jazz were set out by the blind Chicago pianist Lennie Tristano , and its influence stretches into such later developments as Bossa nova , modal jazz , and even free jazz . See also the list of cool jazz and West Coast musicians for further detail .   Hard bop , an extension of bebop ( or `` bop '' ) music that incorporates influences from rhythm and blues , gospel music , and blues , especially in the saxophone and piano playing , developed in the mid-1950s , partly in response to the vogue for cool jazz in the early 1950s . The hard bop style coalesced in 1953 and 1954 , paralleling the rise of rhythm and blues . Miles Davis ' performance of `` Walkin ' '' the title track of his album of the same year , at the very first Newport Jazz Festival in 1954 , announced the style to the jazz world . The quintet Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers , fronted by Blakey and featuring pianist Horace Silver and trumpeter Clifford Brown , were leaders in the hard bop movement along with Davis . ( See also List of Hard bop musicians )   Modal jazz recordings , such as Miles Davis 's Kind of Blue , became popular in the late 1950s . Popular modal standards include Davis 's `` All Blues '' and `` So What '' ( both 1959 ) , John Coltrane 's `` Impressions '' ( 1963 ) and Herbie Hancock 's `` Maiden Voyage '' ( 1965 ) . Later , Davis 's `` second great quintet '' , which included saxophonist Wayne Shorter and pianist Herbie Hancock , recorded a series of highly acclaimed albums in the mid-to-late 1960s . Standards from these sessions include Shorter 's `` Footprints '' ( 1966 ) and Eddie Harris 's `` Freedom Jazz Dance '' ( 1966 ) .   In Brazil , a new style of music called bossa nova evolved in the late 1950s . The free jazz movement , coming to prominence in the late 1950s , spawned very few standards . Free jazz 's unorthodox structures and performance techniques are not as amenable to transcription as other jazz styles . However , `` Lonely Woman '' ( 1959 ) a blues by saxophonist Ornette Coleman , is perhaps the closest thing to a standard in free jazz , having been recorded by dozens of notable performers .

neg: Hearts & Flowers Hearts & Flowers was a Los Angeles folk rock club band , perhaps most significant as one of the groups that launched the career of Eagles ' founding member and guitarist-songwriter , Bernie Leadon . The lineup included Larry Murray ( vocals , guitar ) , Dave Dawson ( vocals , guitar , autoharp ) , and Rick Cunha ( vocals , guitar ) .   The individual members met at the ongoing Monday night jam sessions being held at The Troubador over which Murray presided . Cunha and Dawson , who played in a duo , were newcomers as recent transplants to the area from Hawaii . After a few informal picking sessions , the trio gelled and started performing .   `` We had a unique sound , a very strange sound , particularly because we found what we did best was old , traditional , country hillbilly music , Murray told John Einarson . `` That became the core of what we did , the three of us , and we took it from there . ''   The group 's sound was described as `` Merle Haggard-meets-Sgt . Pepper '' as a result of the wide-ranging influences each member brought to Hearts & Flowers . This included the aforementioned Haggard , plus Buck Owens , The Louvin and Everly brothers , The Country Gentlemen , The Beatles , and Bob Dylan . With such unorthodox influences -- plus the fact that the band featured autoharp -- , the group was torn about the direction it wanted to take . `` Had it been up to us , we would have gone way country , '' said Cunha . `` We wanted it to be commercial and fit into the pop market , but left to our own devices it would have been even more country . Production changed what we would have done . ''   Meanwhile , Hearts & Flowers was influencing local musicians who heard them in various folk clubs around the Los Angeles area . This included several people who would later be credited with developing the then-germinating Southern California country-rock sound . Jim Messina ( Buffalo Springfield , Poco , Loggins and Messina ) says , `` Those three guys were probably the closest thing to what we were all flowing into . They were the cutting edge of where the rest of us were going . They were the black that did n't quite have the edge sharped on it yet . I got my first Telecaster from Rick Cunha . ''   The group signed a deal with Capitol Records ' Folk World label in December 1966 . Once in the studio , the trio was filled out with studio musicians and steered into a more folk direction . On the road , the group would be augmented with an ever-changing series of musicians including Terry Paul ( Kris Kristofferson ) , Pete Carr ( The Hour Glass ) , and Karen Carpenter ( The Carpenters ) .   Tensions over the direction of the group eventually came to a head . Cunha left the group in Fall 1967 to write country music and produce .   Leadon replaced Cunha for the second album in 1968 . Leadon was well known to Murray as they had played in the Scottsville Squirrel Barkers , a San Diego bluegrass group responsible for launching both those members ' careers as well as those of Chris Hillman ( The Byrds , The Flying Burrito Brothers , Manassas ) and Kenny Wertz ( The Flying Burrito Brothers , Country Gazette ) .   Among venues they played during the mid-1960s , were Los Angeles clubs Ledbetter 's , Doug Weston 's Troubadour , The Whisky-a-Go-Go , and the Ash Grove , primarily as an opening act . Some of the groups with whom they shared a bill included The Doors , Bill Monroe , The Buffalo Springfield , and Blue Cheer . After recording two albums without major success , the group disbanded in 1968 .   Murray claims the group was `` in a rut '' and each member was working with other , different musicians . `` But for a simple twist of fate , we could have been huge . We had what it took , we had a lot of charisma , the personality of the group was amazing . But I do n't think we were focused business-wise . We tended to go with losers , because they were less high-pressure , and we dodged the real pressure people whose asses we should have been kissing . But you do what you do . Everything we did seemed like a good idea at the time . ''   The timing of the break-up could n't have been worse . It was just prior to the release of the seminal country-rock album by The Byrds , Sweetheart of the Rodeo , and the subsequent formation of The Flying Burrito Brothers , both of which are credited with popularizing the genre .

neg: Marilyn Manson discography American industrial metal band Marilyn Manson has released nine studio albums , one live album , one compilation album , two EPs , twenty-four singles , nine promo singles , five DVDs , and thirty-four music videos .   After forming in 1989 and signing a contract with Nothing Records and Interscope in 1993 , the band released their first studio album , Portrait of an American Family ( 1994 ) . Although initially not a commercial success , the album would eventually be certified gold by the RIAA for shipments in excess of 500,000 copies . Spurred by their hit single -- a version of the Eurythmics 's `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' -- the band 's first EP , Smells Like Children ( 1995 ) , became a commercial success , selling over a million copies in the US alone . In 1996 , the band released their second studio album , Antichrist Superstar , which reached No. 3 on the Billboard 200 and has sold over 1.9 million copies in the US . The album went on to sell over 7 million copies worldwide , and was supported by the release of 1997 's Remix & Repent EP . Their third studio album , Mechanical Animals ( 1998 ) , was a commercial and critical success , reaching No. 1 on the Billboard 200 , as well topping the charts in as Australia and Canada . Mechanical Animals was later followed by their first live album , The Last Tour on Earth ( 1999 ) , which included the promotional single `` Astonishing Panorama of the Endtimes '' .   In 2000 , the band released Holy Wood ( In the Shadow of the Valley of Death ) , which managed to sell more than 9 million copies worldwide . Their fifth studio album , The Golden Age of Grotesque ( 2003 ) , was a modest commercial success in their native US , debuting at No. 1 with sales of 118,000 copies . As of November 2008 , the album has sold 526,000 copies in the US . In contrast , the album was , by far , Manson 's most successful internationally , peaking within the top five in most of the major European markets . Their sixth album , Eat Me , Drink Me , was released in 2007 and debuted at No. 8 on the Billboard 200 . The High End of Low ( 2009 ) , reached No. 4 on both the US and Canadian album charts , but was their last album released by Interscope . After signing a deal with Cooking Vinyl , the band released Born Villain in 2012 . Their ninth studio album , The Pale Emperor , was released on January 20 , 2015 , debuting at No. 8 in the US with their highest first week sales since Eat Me , Drink Me in 2007 .

neg: Rodger Bain Rodger Bain ( born c. 1945 ) is a British former record producer , known for producing heavy metal albums by bands such as Black Sabbath , Budgie and Judas Priest in the 1970s .

neg: Sounds Incorporated Sounds Incorporated , first recorded as Sounds Inc. , was a British instrumental pop group which recorded extensively in the 1960s .

neg: Iron Maiden discography The discography of Iron Maiden , a British heavy metal band founded in 1975 by bassist Steve Harris , includes sixteen studio albums , as well as numerous live albums , compilations , EPs , singles , video albums , music videos , and box sets . After several auditions and changes , the final lineup consisted of vocalist Paul Di'Anno , guitarists Dave Murray and Dennis Stratton , and drummer Clive Burr . They released their self-titled debut album in 1980 ; quickly becoming one of the leading proponents of the new wave of British heavy metal movement .   Guitarist Adrian Smith replaced Stratton , and a `` consistent highlight '' , Killers , was released in 1981 . Later that year , vocalist Bruce Dickinson replaced Paul Di'Anno , marking the beginning of a series of top-ten high-impact releases . They issued `` the 1982 masterpiece '' , The Number of the Beast , becoming the band 's first release to top the UK charts , and received a platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America . Drummer Nicko McBrain replaced Clive Burr , and the band released Piece of Mind in 1983 , followed by a `` true heavy metal achievement '' , Powerslave ( 1984 ) . Iron Maiden broadened their sound with the use of guitar synthesisers in Somewhere in Time ( 1986 ) . Their following concept album , Seventh Son of a Seventh Son , was released in 1988 , and also topped the UK charts .   The line-up remained unchanged until Adrian Smith left the band during the pre-production stage of their last gold-certified album in the US , No Prayer for the Dying ( 1990 ) ; he was replaced by Janick Gers . Their next UK No. 1 album , Fear of the Dark , was released in 1992 , after which Dickinson left the band in the following year . His replacement , Blaze Bayley , debuted in 1995 with The X Factor , `` a lackluster '' album that marked a decline in the band 's career . The diminished fan interest in 1998 with Virtual XI prompted Bayley 's departure .   Dickinson and Smith returned to the band in 1999 , and a new album , Brave New World , was issued in 2000 . Three years later , Dance of Death was released , which marked `` a triumphant return to form '' . In 2006 they released `` a more elaborate and meandering '' album , A Matter of Life and Death , which received , along with their two previous studio releases , a gold certification by the BPI . In 2010 , Iron Maiden issued The Final Frontier , which was positively received by critics , and debuted at No. 1 in over twenty-eight countries , including the United Kingdom . Their sixteenth studio effort , The Book of Souls , was released on 4 September 2015 and became their fifth UK No. 1 album . Overall , the band have reputedly sold between 80 and 100 million albums worldwide .

neg: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley Since the beginning of his career , Elvis Presley has had an extensive cultural impact . According to Rolling Stone , `` it was Elvis who made rock 'n' roll the international language of pop . '' Rolling Stone encyclopedia of Rock and Roll describes Presley as `` an American music giant of the 20th century who single-handedly changed the course of music and culture in the mid-1950s . '' His recordings , dance moves , attitude and clothing came to be seen as embodiments of rock and roll . His music was heavily influenced by African-American blues , Christian gospel , and Southern country . In a list of the greatest English language singers , as compiled by Q Magazine , Presley was ranked first , and second in the list of greatest singers of 20th century by BBC Radio .   Presley sang both hard driving rockabilly , rock and roll dance songs and ballads , laying a commercial foundation upon which other rock musicians would build their careers . African-American performers like Big Joe Turner , Wynonie Harris and Fats Domino came to national prominence after Presley 's acceptance among mass audiences of White American adults . Singers like Jerry Lee Lewis , the Everly Brothers , Chuck Berry , Bo Diddley , Little Richard , Buddy Holly , Johnny Cash , Roy Orbison and others immediately followed in his wake . John Lennon later observed , `` Before Elvis , there was nothing . ''   During the post-WWII economic boom of the 1950s , many parents were able to give their teenage children much higher weekly allowances , signaling a shift in the buying power and purchasing habits of American teens . During the 1940s bobby soxers had idolized Frank Sinatra , but the buyers of his records were mostly between the ages of eighteen and twenty-two . Presley triggered a lot of demand for his records by near-teens and early teens aged ten and up . Along with Presley 's `` ducktail '' haircut , the demand for black slacks and loose , open-necked shirts resulted in new lines of clothing for teenage boys whereas a girl might get a pink portable 45 rpm record player for her bedroom . Meanwhile , American teenagers began buying newly available portable transistor radios and listened to rock 'n' roll on them ( helping to propel that fledgling industry from an estimated 100,000 units sold in 1955 to 5,000,000 units by the end of 1958 ) . Teens were asserting more independence and Presley became a national symbol of their parents ' consternation .   Presley 's impact on the American youth consumer market was noted on the front page of The Wall Street Journal on December 31 , 1956 when business journalist Louis M. Kohlmeier wrote , `` Elvis Presley today is a business , '' and reported on the singer 's record and merchandise sales . Half a century later , historian Ian Brailsford ( University of Auckland , New Zealand ) commented , `` The phenomenal success of Elvis Presley in 1956 convinced many doubters of the financial opportunities existing in the youth market . ''

neg: Beatlemania in the United Kingdom The phenomenon known as Beatlemania originated in the United Kingdom , birthplace of the Beatles , when the band first realised enormous popularity there in 1963 . Returning in 1962 from a highly formative two-year residency in Germany , the Beatles achieved a commercial breakthrough with their second UK single release , `` Please Please Me '' early in 1963 , but gained `` Superstar '' status with the release of `` She Loves You '' later that year . There followed an almost non-stop series of concerts and tours , attended with feverish enthusiasm across the UK , for the whole of the following year . The Beatles ' popularity in the UK came to exceed even that of the notable American artists Tommy Roe , Chris Montez and Roy Orbison , whose UK chart success at the time did not keep them from being overshadowed by the Beatles during their 1963 nationwide tours with the lower-billed band -- an achievement previously unknown for a UK act .   With intense media interest in the Beatles during 1963 , the year was also taken up with TV shows , press interviews and a weekly radio show . Despite these demands the band found time for many sessions in the recording studio , releasing two albums and four singles during the year . 1963 was also the year when Lennon 's son Julian was born .   By the end of 1963 , Beatlemania would begin to spread internationally . The single `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' entered the US charts on 18 January 1964 , selling one-and-a-half million copies in under three weeks , and the following month the Beatles made their first visit to America . The great interest in the Beatles brought about a major change in US attitudes to popular music and marked the start of the phenomenon known as the British Invasion .

neg: Bangladeshi rock Bangladeshi rock or Bangla rock is the rock music of Bangladesh . It originated in Chittagong with Souls , which was formed in 1970 . Distortion , electric and bass guitars and drums are used , sometimes accompanied by piano or other keyboard instruments . In the past , it was accompanied by saxophone , flute , violin and bass violin .

neg: Backing vocalist Backing vocalists are singers who provide vocal harmony with the lead vocalist or other backing vocalists . In some cases , a backing singer may sing alone as a lead-in to the main vocalist 's entry or to sing a counter-melody . Backing vocalists are used in a broad range of popular music , traditional music and world music styles .   Solo artists may employ professional backing vocalists in studio recording sessions as well as during concerts . In many rock and metal bands ( e.g. , the power trio ) , the musicians doing backup vocals also play instruments , such as guitar , electric bass , drums , or keyboards . In Latin or Afro-Cuban groups , backup singers may play percussion instruments or shakers while singing . In some pop and hip-hop groups and in musical theater , the backup singers may be required to perform elaborately choreographed dance routines while they sing through headset microphones .   The style of singing used by backup singers varies according to the type of song and the genre of music the band plays . In pop and country songs , backup vocalists may perform vocal harmony parts to support the lead vocalist . In hardcore punk or rockabilly , other band members who play instruments may sing or shout backup vocals during the chorus ( refrain ) section of the songs .

neg: Night Sun Night Sun were a German heavy prog/metal band consisting of Bruno Schaab ( vocals , bass ) , Walter Kirchgessner ( guitar ) , Knut Rossler ( organ , saxophon ) and Ulrich Staudt ( drums ) .   Their one and only album , Mournin ' , was released in 1972 on Polydor 's Zebra label . Kirchgessner 's compositions and way of guitar playing reminds of Deep Purples 's Ritchie Blackmore , and Schaab 's vocals recalled the screams of Robert Plant from Led Zeppelin . The group played a loud , Deep Purple/Black Sabbath/Led Zeppelin style rock , with a characteristic `` heavy progressive '' instrumentation of lead guitar , organ , bass and drums . The album was produced by Konrad Plank ( whose production credits include Kraftwerk 's early output and Ash Ra Tempel ) at the Windrose Studio , Hamburg .   With their sudden shifts of rhythm structures , guitar-with-organ riffing style and some studio effects , particularly phasing , Night Sun never went too close to the ordinary boogie and rock 'n' roll trap .   Their sound consisted of many elements , all of which will be of interest to fans of Thrash , Stoner , Doom , Power and Prog Metal , and their 1970s roots .

neg: Blues & Soul Blues & Soul is a British music magazine covering black music . Genres covered include soul , R&B , jazz , hip hop , reggae and world music . Under its initial title , Home of the Blues , it was launched in May 1966 and is known for first using the term `` Northern soul '' . The music journalism archive Rock 's Backpages describes Blues & Soul as `` a pioneering British music magazine '' and `` the longest running publication devoted to black music in the world '' .

neg: Pop punk Pop punk ( also known as punk-pop ) is a music genre that fuses elements of punk rock and pop music . It typically combines fast tempos , loud and distorted electric guitars , and power chord changes with pop-influenced melodies , vocal styles , and lyrical themes .   Pop-influenced punk rock emerged in the mid-1970s with a music style that was stylistically similar to power pop . By the mid-1980s , several bands merged hardcore punk with pop music to create a new , faster pop punk sound such as Dag Nasty , the Nip Drivers , T.S.O.L. , Social Distortion , and the Descendents . Pop punk in the United States began to grow in popularity locally in California in the mid-to-late 1980s . Pop punk particularly thrived in California , where independent record labels adopted a do it yourself ( DIY ) approach to releasing music . By the mid-1990s , a few pop punk bands had started to sell millions of records and receive extensive radio and television airplay , such as Green Day . By 1994 , pop punk was quickly growing in mainstream popularity . The late 1990s , exemplified by the 1999 release of Blink-182 's Enema of the State , represented the genre 's mainstream peak , although some pop punk bands scored successful album chartings in the 2000s . In the mid-2000s , emo pop , a fusion genre combining emo and pop punk , became popular . By the end of the 2000s , the pop punk sound of the 1990s had largely waned in mainstream popularity .

neg: Double album A double album ( or double record ) is an audio album which spans two units of the primary medium in which it is sold , typically records and compact discs . A double album is usually though not always released as such , because the recording is longer than the capacity of the medium . Recording artists often think of double albums as comprising a single piece artistically ; however , there are exceptions such as John Lennon 's Some Time in New York City and Pink Floyd 's Ummagumma ( both examples of one studio record and one live album packaged together ) and OutKast 's Speakerboxxx/The Love Below ( effectively two solo albums , one by each member of the duo ) . A classic example of this idea is Works ( Volume One ) by Emerson Lake and Palmer , where side one was Keith Emerson , two Greg Lake , three Carl Palmer while side four was by the entire group .   Since the advent of the compact disc , albums are sometimes released with a bonus disc featuring additional material as a supplement to the main album , with live tracks , studio out-takes , cut songs , or older unreleased material . One innovation is the accompaniment of a CD with a DVD of related material , such as video related to the album or DVD-Audio versions of the same recordings . These could be regarded as a new form of double album ; some such discs were also released on a two-sided format called DualDisc . Due to the limitations of the gramophone record , many albums primarily released on the format were under 40 minutes long . This has led to record labels re-releasing two of these albums on one CD , thus making a double album .   The same principles apply to the triple album , which comprises three units . Packages with more units than three are often packaged as a box set .

neg: Heavy metal lyrics Heavy metal lyrics are the words used in songs by heavy metal music bands , groups and artists . Given that there are many genres of heavy metal , it is difficult to make generalizations about the lyrics and lyrical themes . In 1989 , two metal scholars wrote that heavy metal lyrics concentrate `` on dark and depressing subject matter to an extent hitherto unprecedented '' in any form of popular music . Jeffrey Arnett states that metal songs are `` overwhelmingly dominated '' by `` ugly and unhappy '' themes which express `` no hope '' for the future . Deena Weinstein has proposed one way to analyze metal song themes is loosely grouping them into two categories : the Dionysian theme ( a reference to the Roman God of wine ) , which celebrates `` sex , drugs and rock and roll '' , partying , and enjoyment of life and the Chaotic theme , which involves dark subjects such as Hell , injustice , mayhem , carnage and death . Not all metal genres fall into Weinstein 's two theme model ; for example power metal 's lyrical themes often focus on fantasy and mythology , camaraderie and hope , personal struggles and emotions , among other themes . Another exception is pop metal bands , which replaced `` gloom and doom '' themes with `` positive , upbeat '' songs about romantic love and relationships , part of their goal of appealing more to female listeners . In metal overall , the small number of metal songs about relationships are typically about unions that have `` gone sour '' long ago .   The thematic content of heavy metal lyrics has long been a target of criticism . According to Jon Pareles , `` Heavy metal 's main subject matter is simple and virtually universal . With grunts , moans and subliterary lyrics , it celebrates ... a party without limits ... -LSB- T -RSB- he bulk of the music is stylized and formulaic . '' Music critics have often deemed metal lyrics juvenile and banal , and others have objected to what they see as advocacy of misogyny and the occult . During the 1980s , the Parents Music Resource Center ( PMRC ) petitioned the U.S. Congress to regulate the popular music industry due to what the group asserted were objectionable lyrics , particularly those in heavy metal songs . The PMRC used music professor Joe Stuessy to testify against metal . Professor Stuessy alleged that heavy metal songs focus on violence , substance abuse , perversion , S&M , and Satanism . Robert Walser analyzed 88 metal songs ' themes to determine if Professor Stuessy 's claims were valid . In Walser 's analysis , the dominant theme in the metal songs was `` longing for intensity '' ; he found that the negative themes described by Stuessy and the PMRC were uncommon . Jeffrey Arnett analysed the lyrics from 115 metal songs : he found that the top three messages were `` grim ... themes '' about violence , angst and protest .   Metal artists have had to defend their lyrics in front of the U.S. Senate and in courtrooms . In 1985 , Twisted Sister frontman Dee Snider was asked to defend his song Under the Blade at a U.S. Senate hearing . In 1986 , Ozzy Osbourne was sued because of the lyrics of his song Suicide Solution . In 1990 , Judas Priest was sued in American court by the parents of two young men who had shot themselves five years earlier , allegedly after hearing the subliminal statement `` do it '' in a Priest song . While the case attracted a great deal of media attention , it was ultimately dismissed . In some predominantly Muslim countries , heavy metal has been officially denounced as a threat to traditional values . In countries such as Morocco , Egypt , Lebanon , and Malaysia , there have been incidents of heavy metal musicians and fans being arrested and incarcerated .

neg: Frank Hall (drummer) Frank Hall ( born 29 October 1949 ) is an English musician and drummer . He was a founder member of the pioneering 1960s-1970s rock band Necromandus , widely hailed as the second Black Sabbath , and by Melody Maker as `` Black Sabbath play Yes '' . After Necromandus , Hall collaborated with Ozzy Osbourne 's first solo project after leaving Black Sabbath .


query: Daddy Yankee has only English heritage and only ever lived in England.

pos: Daddy Yankee Ramón Luis Ayala Rodríguez ( born February 3 , 1977 ) , known by his stage name Daddy Yankee , is a Puerto Rican singer , songwriter , rapper , actor and record producer . Ayala was born in Río Piedras , San Juan , Puerto Rico , and was raised in the neighborhood of Villa Kennedy Housing Projects . He is known as the `` King of Reggaetón '' by music critics and fans alike .   Ayala aspired to be a professional baseball player , and tried out for the Seattle Mariners of the Major League Baseball . Before he could be officially signed , he was hit by a stray round from an AK-47 rifle while taking a break from a studio recording session with reggaeton mix tape icon DJ Playero . Ayala spent roughly one and a half years recovering from the wound ; the bullet was never removed from his hip , and he credits the shooting incident with allowing him to focus entirely on a music career . In 2004 , Daddy Yankee released his internationally acclaimed single `` Gasolina '' , which is credited with introducing Reggaeton to audiences worldwide , and making the music genre a global phenomenon . Since then , he has sold over 18 million albums . Daddy Yankee 's album Barrio Fino made history when it became the top selling Latin music album of the decade between 2000-2009 .

neg: Levi Roots Keith Valentine Graham ( born 24 June 1958 ) , better known as Levi Roots , is a British-Jamaican reggae musician , television personality , celebrity chef and businessman currently residing in Brixton , in south London .

neg: Every family The Everys are an historic English family from the West Country ( specifically Devon , Dorset and Somerset ) , traceable to the late 12th century and maternal cousins to the Brice family . They were significant landowners in Devon , particularly in Chardstock and Shepton Beauchamp , and as Lords of the manor of Wootton Abbotts . The family seats were Wycroft Castle , Wootton Abbotts manor house , and Egginton Hall . On 26 May 1641 a branch of the family developed into the Every baronets , and the late 17th-century English pirate Henry Every is believed to have descended from an earlier line .

neg: Wayne Jarrett Wayne Jarrett ( born 1956 ) is a reggae recording artist born in Kingston , Jamaica , and raised in Allman Town , Jamaica . He currently resides in the US in Hartford , Connecticut .

neg: Anglo-Americans Anglo-Americans or Anglos are people who are inhabitants of Anglo-America and are referred to as English Americans and/or an English Canadians . It typically refers to an English-speaking American in distinction to Spanish speakers in the Southwestern states and in Mexico ; German speakers ( Amish ) in North Dakota , Ohio , and Pennsylvania ; and French speakers in Canada , New England and Louisiana . This usage originated in the discussion of the history of English-speaking people of the United States and the Spanish-speaking people residing in the western United States during the Mexican -- American War .

neg: Beatlemania in the United Kingdom The phenomenon known as Beatlemania originated in the United Kingdom , birthplace of the Beatles , when the band first realised enormous popularity there in 1963 . Returning in 1962 from a highly formative two-year residency in Germany , the Beatles achieved a commercial breakthrough with their second UK single release , `` Please Please Me '' early in 1963 , but gained `` Superstar '' status with the release of `` She Loves You '' later that year . There followed an almost non-stop series of concerts and tours , attended with feverish enthusiasm across the UK , for the whole of the following year . The Beatles ' popularity in the UK came to exceed even that of the notable American artists Tommy Roe , Chris Montez and Roy Orbison , whose UK chart success at the time did not keep them from being overshadowed by the Beatles during their 1963 nationwide tours with the lower-billed band -- an achievement previously unknown for a UK act .   With intense media interest in the Beatles during 1963 , the year was also taken up with TV shows , press interviews and a weekly radio show . Despite these demands the band found time for many sessions in the recording studio , releasing two albums and four singles during the year . 1963 was also the year when Lennon 's son Julian was born .   By the end of 1963 , Beatlemania would begin to spread internationally . The single `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' entered the US charts on 18 January 1964 , selling one-and-a-half million copies in under three weeks , and the following month the Beatles made their first visit to America . The great interest in the Beatles brought about a major change in US attitudes to popular music and marked the start of the phenomenon known as the British Invasion .

neg: Daddy (Beyoncé song) `` Daddy '' is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé for her debut studio album , Dangerously in Love ( 2003 ) . It was composed by Beyoncé as well as Mark Batson . The song was not originally intended to be featured on the final track listing of the album . Beyoncé was able to record the song as the release date of her debut album had been postponed . `` Daddy '' was released to US iTunes Store as a digital single on June 3 , 2003 , through Columbia Records .   Beyoncé explained that the song 's development was motivated by the devotion and the loyalty her father/manager , Mathew Knowles has towards his family members . Many of the songs on the album examine aspects of relationships . However , `` Daddy '' was considered to be an element analyzing the kinship ties between a father and his offspring from a different and more powerful perspective . Music critics , who generally received the song with positive reception , commented that the song was a way for Beyoncé to pay tribute to her father .

neg: Only a Northern Song `` Only a Northern Song '' is a song by English rock band the Beatles from their 1969 album Yellow Submarine . Written by George Harrison , it was recorded mainly in February 1967 during the sessions for Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band but the Beatles chose not to include it on that album . Instead , it was one of the four new songs that the band provided for the 1968 animated film Yellow Submarine , to meet their contractual obligations to United Artists .   Harrison wrote `` Only a Northern Song '' out of dissatisfaction with his status as a junior songwriter with the Beatles ' publishing company , Northern Songs . The lyrics and music convey his disenchantment at how the company retained the copyright for the songs it published , and at how , following its public listing in 1965 , the major shareholders profited more from his compositions than he did . The recording features Hammond organ , played by Harrison , and an overdubbed montage of assorted sounds including trumpet blasts and spoken voices , anticipating John Lennon 's 1968 sound collage `` Revolution 9 '' . Due to the difficulty in assembling the completed track from two tape sources , `` Only a Northern Song '' remained a rare song from the Beatles ' post-1963 catalogue that was unavailable in true stereo until 1999 . That year , it was remixed for inclusion on the album Yellow Submarine Songtrack .   The song has received a varied response from reviewers ; while Ian MacDonald dismisses the track as a `` self-indulgent dirge '' , the website Ultimate Classic Rock identifies it as one of the Beatles ' best works in the psychedelic rock genre . A version of the song with a different vocal part , and omitting the sound collage overdubs , was issued on the Beatles ' 1996 outtakes compilation Anthology 2 . Gravenhurst and Yonder Mountain String Band are among the artists who have covered `` Only a Northern Song '' .

neg: Only Forever (song) `` Only Forever '' is a song popularized in 1940 by Bing Crosby . It reached number one on the Billboard charts on October 19 , 1940 and spent nine weeks in that position during a 20-week stay in the charts . `` Only Forever '' was written by James V. Monaco and Johnny Burke for the 1940 film Rhythm on the River and the song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song but lost out to `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' . Crosby recorded it for Decca Records on July 3 , 1940 with John Scott Trotter and his Orchestra . Tommy Dorsey and Eddy Duchin also enjoyed chart success with the song . The song has also been recorded by Anne Shelton , Dean Martin , Kay Starr , Nat King Cole , Vera Lynn and Al Bowlly & Jimmy Mesene .

neg: Untamed (Yankee Grey album) Untamed is the debut album of the American country music band Yankee Grey . It was released in 1999 ( see 1999 in country music ) on Monument Records Nashville . The album produced three chart singles on the Billboard country charts . In order of release , these were `` All Things Considered '' at number 8 , `` Another Nine Minutes '' at number 15 , and `` This Time Around '' at number 43 . The fourth and final single , which was the title track , failed to chart . By 2000 , Yankee Grey were dropped from Monument 's roster , and frontman Tim Hunt left due to vocal complications .

neg: Yale (mythical creature) The yale or centicore ( Latin : eale ) is a mythical beast found in European mythology and heraldry . Most descriptions make it an antelope - or goat-like four-legged creature with large horns that it can swivel in any direction .   The name might be derived from Hebrew יָעֵל ( yael ) , meaning `` Ibex '' .   The yale was first written about by Pliny the Elder in Book VIII of his Natural History . The creature passed into medieval bestiaries and heraldry , where it represents proud defence .   The yale is among the heraldic beasts used by the British Royal Family . It had been used as a supporter for the arms of John , Duke of Bedford , and by England 's House of Beaufort . Its connection with the British monarchy apparently began with Henry VII in 1485 . Henry Tudor 's mother , Lady Margaret ( 1443 -- 1509 ) , was a Beaufort , and the Beaufort heraldic legacy inherited by both her and her son included the yale . Lady Margaret Beaufort was a benefactor of Cambridge 's Christ 's College and St John 's College and her yale supporters can be seen on the college gates . There are also yales on the roof of St George 's Chapel in Windsor Castle . The Yale of Beaufort was one of the Queen 's Beasts commissioned for the coronation in 1953 ; the plaster originals are in Canada , stone copies are at Kew Gardens , outside the palm house .   In the US , the yale as a heraldic symbol is weakly associated with Yale University in New Haven , Connecticut . Neither the University 's coat of arms nor most of its other heraldry features the yale , and the school 's primary sports mascot is a bulldog named Handsome Dan . But a yale is depicted on the official banner of the President of the University , which , along with a wooden mace capped by a yale 's head , is carried and displayed during commencement exercises each spring . Yales can be seen above the gateway to Yale 's Davenport College and the pediment of Timothy Dwight College . The student-run campus radio station , WYBCX Yale Radio , uses the yale as its logo .

neg: Josey Wales Josey Wales , born Joseph Winston Sterling in St. Mary , Jamaica is an influential Jamaican dancehall deejay . He was considered , along with Brigadier Jerry , Yellowman and sound system partner Charlie Chaplin , one of the best deejays of the 1980s . Wales is named after the 1976 Western movie character from The Outlaw Josey Wales , played by Clint Eastwood , and subsequently nicknamed `` The Outlaw '' .   His career began in the late 1970s performing over U-Roy-owned King Sturgav sound system , and he gained even more popularity in the early 1980s performing over Henry `` Junjo '' Lawes 's Volcano sound system , and recording singles such as `` Bobo Dread '' and `` Leggo Mi Hand '' for Lawes ' label of the same name as well as later hits for George Phang 's Power House label , most noticeably `` Undercover Lover '' .   He was shot and robbed in 1997 , an incident that he dealt with in the hit `` Bushwacked '' .   He appeared in Shaggy 's `` Bad Man Do n't Cry '' video , and by 2014 had begun recording new material .

neg: Culture of New England The culture of New England comprises a shared heritage and culture primarily shaped by its indigenous peoples , early English colonists , and waves of immigration from Europe , Asia , Africa , and the Americas . In contrast to other American regions , many of New England 's earliest Puritan settlers came from eastern England , contributing to New England 's distinctive accents , foods , customs , and social structures .

neg: Americana Americana are artifacts , or a collection of artifacts , related to the history , geography , folklore and cultural heritage of the United States . Many kinds of material fall within the definition of Americana : paintings , prints and drawings ; license plates or entire vehicles , household objects , tools and weapons ; flags , plaques and statues , and so on . Patriotism and nostalgia play defining roles in the subject . The things involved need not be old , but need to have the appropriate associations . The Atlantic described the term as `` slang for the comforting , middle-class ephemera at your average antique store -- things like needle-pointed pillows , Civil War daguerreotypes , and engraved silverware sets . '' The term may be used to describe the theme of a museum or collection , or of goods for sale .   The term can also be used to describe studies of American culture , especially studies based in other countries . Americana music is contemporary music that incorporates elements of various American roots music styles , including country , roots-rock , folk , bluegrass and blues , resulting in a distinctive roots-oriented sound .

neg: Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary On May 14 , 1988 , the Atlantic Records label held its 40th Anniversary Celebration by staging a non-stop concert lasting almost 13 hours at Madison Square Garden , New York . The event was dubbed `` It 's Only Rock And Roll '' .   Only artists who had released material on the Atlantic label in the United States performed , with the artists spanning the 40 years of the company 's existence . Lavern Baker and Ruth Brown were the longest tenured Atlantic acts to perform , while Debbie Gibson was the most recent Atlantic signing to make an appearance at the event .   Some Atlantic signings , who had either officially split up or who had not performed together for a number of years , re-formed especially to perform at the concert . These artists included The Rascals , Iron Butterfly , and the former members of Led Zeppelin . Other notable performers included Yes , Genesis , Crosby , Stills & Nash , Keith Emerson and Carl Palmer ( representing Emerson , Lake & Palmer ) , Foreigner , Paul Rodgers , Bob Geldof , Booker T. Jones , Wilson Pickett , The Coasters , The Spinners , Peabo Bryson , The Blues Brothers ( featuring Dan Aykroyd and Sam Moore ) , Roberta Flack , The Manhattan Transfer , Bee Gees , Ben E. King and Vanilla Fudge .   There had been plans to close the performance with a greatest hits all-star jam , but this idea was shelved . Instead , the former members of Led Zeppelin performed as the last act .   The concert was broadcast live in the US on FM radio and HBO television , commentary for the latter being provided backstage by comedian Robert Townsend . HBO commenced its live broadcast a few hours into the event and interspersed footage of the concert which had been taped earlier by the network . In so doing , some of the artists ' sets were edited or omitted . An edited version aired later that year on ABC hosted by Robert Hays . Several banners heralding the reunion of Led Zeppelin band members were displayed like tapestry by excited fans , but , to their dismay , were taken down before HBO went with their live feed . The Audio was recorded by David Hewitt and Stanley Johnston on the Record Plant Black Truck .   In the United Kingdom the event was broadcast over a period of four weeks by BBC 2 , presented as hour-long episodes . Atlantic Records later released this production on video under the title Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary : It 's Only Rock 'n' Roll . The release intercut concert footage with highlights from earlier performances , as well as older footage from the Atlantic archives .

neg: Damn Yankees (film) Damn Yankees is a 1958 musical film made by Warner Bros. , a modern version of the Faust story involving the New York Yankees and Washington Senators baseball teams . The film is based on the 1955 Broadway musical of the same name .   The film version was directed by George Abbott , as was the earlier stage version , with assistance from Stanley Donen . With the exception of Tab Hunter in the role of Joe Hardy ( replacing Stephen Douglass ) , the Broadway principals reprised their stage roles , including Gwen Verdon as Lola .   A notable difference between film and stage versions was Gwen Verdon 's performance of the song `` A Little Brains '' . For the film , Verdon 's suggestive hip movements ( as choreographed by Bob Fosse and performed on stage ) were considered too risqué for a mainstream American film in 1958 , and so , in the film , she simply pauses at these points .   The film was released in the United Kingdom under the title What Lola Wants , to avoid use of the word `` Damn '' on posters , hoardings and cinema marquees . It was also possibly because the title 's pun , alluding to the American Southerner 's colloquial term for Northerners ( `` damn Yankee '' ) would be lost on foreign audiences .

neg: English English may refer to :   Something of , from , or related to the country of England  English people , an ethnic group of people native to England  English national identity , an identity and common culture  English language  English studies , the study of English language and literature  English language in England , a variant of the English language  List of dialects of the English language

neg: Trinidadian English Trinidadian English ( TE ) or Trinidad and Tobago Standard English is a dialect of English used in Trinidad and Tobago . TE co-exists with both non-standard varieties of English as well as other dialects , namely Trinidadian Creole in Trinidad and Tobagonian Creole in Tobago . Both islands as one consider the dialect as Trinbagonian Creole .   Trinidadian English was originally based on a standard of British English . Located in the Americas , TE now uses many Americanisms , including apartment and trunk ( of a car ) . It is understandable by speakers of international standard English , although it uses a number of terms that are unique to it ( perhaps coming from Trinidadian Creole ) , such as `` to lime '' , meaning `` to hang out '' . Speech in Trinidad ( and , to some degree , in Tobago ) may vary by location and circumstance and is often remarked for its `` sing-song '' ( i.e. a rising and falling inflection ) intonation .

neg: Geography of London London is the largest urban area and capital city of the United Kingdom , located in southeastern Great Britain . The London region covers an area of 1579 km2 , and had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 4,542 people per square kilometre . A larger area , referred to as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration covers an area of 8382 km2 , and had a population of 12,653,500 and a population density of 1,510 people per square kilometre . London is a port on the Thames ( see main article Port of London ) , a navigable river . The river has had a major influence on the development of the city . London began on the Thames ' north bank and for a long time the main focus of the city remained on the north side of the Thames . For many centuries London Bridge was the only bridge in or close to the city . When more bridges were built in the 18th century , the city expanded in all directions as the mostly flat or gently rolling countryside presented no obstacle to growth .

neg: British rock and roll British rock and roll , or sometimes British rock 'n' roll , is a style of popular music based on American rock and roll , which emerged in the late 1950s and was popular until the arrival of beat music in 1962 . It has generally been considered inferior to the American version of the genre , and made little international or lasting impact . However , it was important in establishing British youth and popular music culture and was a key factor in subsequent developments that led to the British Invasion of the mid-1960s . Since the 1960s , some stars of the genre , most notably Cliff Richard , have managed to sustain successful careers and there have been periodic revivals of this form of music .

neg: History of the New England Patriots The history of the New England Patriots began when Boston business executive William `` Billy '' Sullivan and Sullivan Brother Printers , owned by Joseph Sullivan , were awarded the eighth and final franchise of the developing American Football League ( AFL ) on November 16 , 1959 . The following winter , locals submitted thousands of ideas for the Boston football team 's official name . On February 20 , 1960 , Sullivan chose `` Boston Patriots '' , which was suggested by 74 fans , among them Larry Kepnes . Immediately thereafter , artist Phil Bissell developed the `` Pat Patriot '' logo .   The Patriots ' time in the AFL saw them without a regular home stadium . Nickerson Field , Harvard Stadium , Fenway Park , and Alumni Stadium , all in or near Boston , served as home fields during their time in the American Football League . Early Patriots stars included defensive tackles Jim Lee `` Earthquake '' Hunt and Houston Antwine ; quarterback Vito `` Babe '' Parilli ; and flanker-placekicker Gino `` The Duke '' Cappelletti . Hunt , Parilli and Cappelletti played every year of the existence of the AFL , with Hunt and Cappelletti spending all ten years with the Patriots . Cappelletti was the all-time leading scorer in the AFL . Later the Patriots were joined by such stars as defensive end Larry Eisenhauer , fullback Jim Nance , and middle linebacker and future Hall of Famer Nick Buoniconti . Cappelletti and Nance were AFL Most Valuable Players , Cappelletti in 1964 and Nance in 1966 . Buoniconti and Antwine were later named to the American Football League All-Time Team .   The Boston Patriots defeated the Buffalo Bills in an AFL Eastern Division playoff game in 1963 , and played in the 1963 AFL championship game , losing to the San Diego Chargers 51 -- 10 . Although they would not appear again in an AFL or NFL post-season game for another 13 years , in the AFL , the Patriots often challenged the dominant Bills for the Eastern Division title .   When the NFL and AFL merged in 1970 , the Patriots were placed in the AFC East division , where they still play today . The following year , the Patriots moved to a new stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , a suburb of Boston , which would serve as their home for 30 years ; the team also changed their name to the New England Patriots to reflect the location change , as well as its following throughout the region as its only NFL team ( though both New York City teams have substantial followings in parts of Connecticut as well ) . During the 1970s , the Patriots had some success , earning a berth to the playoffs in 1976 -- as a wild card-berth -- and in 1978 -- as AFC East champions . They would lose both games . In 1985 , they returned to the playoffs , and made it all the way to Super Bowl XX , which they lost against the Chicago Bears 46 -- 10 . Following their Super Bowl loss , they returned to the playoffs in 1986 , but lost in the first round . The team would not make the playoffs again for eight more years . They changed ownership several times in that period , being purchased from the Sullivan family first by Victor Kiam in 1988 , who sold the team to James Orthwein in 1992 . Orthwein intended to move the team to his native St. Louis , Missouri , but sold the team two years later to current owner , local businessman Robert Kraft in 1994 .   Though Orthwein 's period as owner was short and controversial , he did oversee major changes to the team . Former New York Giants coach Bill Parcells was hired in 1993 , and the drastic changes were made the same year to the Patriots uniforms , changing their primary colors from their traditional red and white to blue and silver , and introducing a new logo . Parcells would bring the Patriots to two playoff appearances , including Super Bowl XXXI , which they lost to the Green Bay Packers by a score of 35 -- 21 . Pete Carroll , Parcells ' successor , would also take the team to the playoffs twice .   Bill Belichick , current head coach , was hired in 2000 , and a new home field , Gillette Stadium was opened in 2002 . Under Belichick , the team won three Super Bowls in four years , and finished the 2007 regular season with a perfect 16 -- 0 record , becoming only the fourth team in league history to go undefeated , and the only one since the league expanded its regular season schedule to 16 games ; however , they ended that season with an 18-1 record after their loss to the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLII . The Patriots have made the playoffs in 12 of the 15 seasons that Belichick has been coach , missing them only in 2000 ( his first season ) , 2002 , and 2008 . They later faced the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLIX on February 1 , 2015 , and won by a score of 28-24 . The Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34-28 in Super Bowl LI at NRG Stadium .