query: Sabrina Carpenter is signed to Hollywood Records.

pos: Sabrina Carpenter Sabrina Ann Lynn Carpenter ( born May 11 , 1999 ) is an American singer , songwriter and actress . She had a recurring role as the young version of Chloe Goodwin in The Goodwin Games and starred as Maya Hart in the Disney Channel series Girl Meets World . She is signed to Hollywood Records . Her debut EP Ca n't Blame a Girl for Trying was released in 2014 , and she has since released two full-length albums : Eyes Wide Open ( 2015 ) and Evolution ( 2016 )

neg: Olivia Records Olivia Records was a collective founded in 1973 to record and market women 's music . Olivia , named after the heroine of a pulp novel by Dorothy Bussy who fell in love with her headmistress at French boarding school , was the brainchild of ten lesbian-feminists ( the Furies Collective and Radicalesbians ) living in Washington , D.C. who wanted to create a feminist organization with an economic base .   Olivia was co-founded by Judy Dlugacz .   In 1973 , the collective put out a 45 with Meg Christian on one side and Cris Williamson on the other . Yoko Ono responded and said that she wanted to do a side project with Olivia , but the collective politely declined . Without making themselves dependent on any high-profile person , they made $ 12,000 with that 45 , enough to put out singer Meg Christian 's first record , and soon after , Williamson 's groundbreaking album The Changer and the Changed .   Sandy Stone was Olivia 's sound engineer from ca. 1974-1978 , recording and mixing all Olivia product during this period . She resigned as the controversy over her working for a lesbian-identified enterprise increased because she was a transgender woman . The debate continued in Janice Raymond 's book The Transsexual Empire , which devoted a chapter to criticism of `` the transsexually constructed lesbian-feminist '' .   In 1977 , after repeated criticism by Anita Bryant , Olivia put out Lesbian Concentrate , a collection of songs and poetry with part of the proceeds going to benefit the Lesbian Mothers National Defense Fund . Included on the 13 track LP is Meg Christian 's `` Ode To A Gym Teacher '' and Sue Fink 's `` Leaping Lesbians '' .   Olivia moved first to Los Angeles to stay on top of the burgeoning music scene and then to Oakland . The remaining five women of the collective , who had been pooling their money and even living together for the previous seven years , began to disperse . Olivia stopped putting out new records and instead performed a series of 15th anniversary concerts in 1988 . The two concerts at Carnegie Hall in New York City were the largest grossing concerts at that venue in its history . Yet , The New York Times barely mentioned the show .   Even though Olivia Records released world music and salsa records , they were most successful with acoustic solo acts , although sometimes they failed to identify mainstream talent . In 1985 , singer/songwriter Melissa Etheridge , then a struggling Los Angeles artist , sent her demo to Olivia , but was ultimately rejected . Etheridge went on to become one of the most popular female performers of the 1990s and arguably the most successful lesbian musician of all time . She saved the rejection letter , signed by `` the women of Olivia , '' which was featured in Intimate Portrait , the Lifetime Television documentary of her life .   Unable to reinvent themselves for the changing musical landscape for women , from riot grrl to Lilith Fair to Ani Difranco , Olivia could no longer sustain itself as a record label .   Olivia Records founded Olivia , the lesbian cruise line , in 1988 .

neg: Major film studio A major film studio is a production and film distributor that releases a substantial number of films annually and consistently commands a significant share of box office revenue in a given market . In the North American , Western , and global markets , the major film studios , often simply known as the majors , are commonly regarded as the six diversified media conglomerates whose various film production and distribution subsidiaries collectively command approximately 80 to 85 percent of U.S. and Canadian box office revenue . The term may also be applied more specifically to the primary motion picture business subsidiary of each respective conglomerate .   The `` Big Six '' majors , whose operations are based in or around the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood , are all centered in film studios active during Hollywood 's Golden Age of the 1930s and 1940s . In three cases -- 20th Century Fox , Warner Bros. , and Paramount -- the studios were one of the `` Big Five '' majors during that era as well . In two cases -- Columbia and Universal -- the studios were also considered majors , but in the next tier down , part of the `` Little Three '' . In the sixth case , Walt Disney Studios was an independent production company during the Golden Age ; it was an important Hollywood entity , but not a major . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , United Artists , and RKO were majors .   Today , Disney is the only member of the Big Six whose parent entity is still located near Los Angeles ( actually , on Disney 's studio lot and in the same building ) . The five others report to conglomerates headquartered in New York City , Philadelphia , and Tokyo . Of the Big Six , Paramount is the only one still based in Hollywood , and Paramount and Fox are the only ones still located within the Los Angeles city limits , while Disney and Warner Bros. are located in Burbank , Columbia in Culver City , and Universal in the unincorporated area of Universal City .   Most of today 's Big Six control subsidiaries with their own distribution networks that concentrate on arthouse pictures ( e.g. Fox Searchlight Pictures ) or genre films ( e.g. Sony 's Screen Gems ) ; several of these specialty units were shut down or sold off between 2008 and 2010 . The six major studios are contrasted with smaller production and/or distribution companies , which are known as independents or `` indies '' . The leading independent producer/distributors -- Lionsgate Films , The Weinstein Company , and former major studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -- are sometimes referred to as `` mini-majors '' . From 1998 through 2005 , DreamWorks SKG commanded a large enough market share to arguably qualify it as a seventh major , despite its relatively small output . In 2006 , DreamWorks was acquired by Viacom , Paramount 's corporate parent . In late 2008 , DreamWorks once again became an independent production company ; its films were distributed by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures until 2016 , at which point distribution switched to Universal .   The Big Six major studios are today primarily backers and distributors of films whose actual production is largely handled by independent companies -- either long-running entities or ones created for and dedicated to the making of a specific film . The specialty divisions often simply acquire distribution rights to pictures in which the studio has had no prior involvement . While the majors still do a modicum of true production , their activities are focused more in the areas of development , financing , marketing , and merchandising . Those business functions are still usually performed in or near Los Angeles , even though the runaway production phenomenon means that most films are now mostly or completely shot on location at places outside Los Angeles .   Since the dawn of filmmaking , the U.S. major film studios have dominated both American cinema and the global film industry . U.S. studios have benefited from a strong first-mover advantage in that they were the first to industrialize filmmaking and master the art of mass-producing and distributing high-quality films with broad cross-cultural appeal . Today , the Big Six majors routinely distribute hundreds of films every year into all significant international markets ( that is , where discretionary income is high enough for consumers to afford to watch films ) . It is very rare , if not impossible , for a film to reach a broad international audience on multiple continents and in multiple languages without first being picked up by one of the majors for distribution .

neg: Interscope Geffen A&M Records Interscope Geffen A&M Records ( also known as IGA Records ) is an American record company . Its parent company is the Universal Music Group , a subsidiary of Paris-based media conglomerate Vivendi S.A.

neg: Geffen Records Geffen Records is an American major record label , owned by Universal Music Group , which operates as one third of the Interscope Geffen A&M Records label . On March 23 , 2017 , Billboard.com announced the label was relaunching with longtime A&R Neil Jacobson as President , who reports to John Janick , CEO and chairman of Interscope Geffen A&M Records .

neg: I Won't Last a Day Without You `` I Wo n't Last a Day Without You '' is a song with lyrics written by Paul Williams and music composed by Roger Nichols . It became a hit single for the Carpenters in 1974 , reaching number eleven on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number one on the easy listening chart . It was the Carpenters ' ninth number one on the easy listening chart .   In 1972 , Richard Carpenter had learned of a new song from Williams and Nichols , who had already contributed `` We 've Only Just Begun '' and `` Rainy Days and Mondays '' to the Carpenters . He included it on their 1972 album A Song for You , but it would not be released as a single until 1974 . Before then , Diana Ross heard it and included it on her 1973 album Touch Me in the Morning , as well as the B side of the title track single release , which became a number-one hit . Williams released his version as a single in 1973 , but garnered only minor success . Maureen McGovern recorded the song and also released it as a single in 1973 ( and included on her album The Morning After ) , but it also failed to become a hit . The Carpenters ' version was released as a single the following year .

neg: Del-Fi Records Del-Fi Records was an American record label based in Hollywood , California and owned by Bob Keane . The label 's first single released was `` Caravan '' by Henri Rose released in 1958 ; however , the label was most famous for signing Ritchie Valens . Valens ' first single for the label was `` Come On Let 's Go '' , which was a hit . His next single , `` Donna '' / `` La Bamba '' , was an even bigger big hit , and brought notability to the label . Johnny Crawford , the co-star of the television series The Rifleman , was the Del-Fi artist who recorded the most hit singles . Del-Fi ceased operating in 1974 .

neg: Calvin Harris discography Scottish record producer , DJ , singer and songwriter Calvin Harris has released four studio albums , one mix album , three extended plays , 28 singles ( including three as a featured artist ) , 12 promotional singles and 31 music videos . As of November 2014 , Harris had sold 8,176,180 singles and tracks in the United Kingdom .   Harris 's debut studio album , I Created Disco , was released in June 2007 . The album peaked at number eight on the UK Albums Chart and was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . Its first two singles , `` Acceptable in the 80s '' and `` The Girls '' , peaked at numbers 10 and three , respectively , on the UK Singles Chart , while the third single , `` Merrymaking at My Place '' , reached number 43 .   In August 2009 , Harris released his second studio album , Ready for the Weekend , which debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart and earned a gold certification from the BPI within two months of release . Its lead single , `` I 'm Not Alone '' , became Harris 's first number one on the UK Singles Chart . `` Ready for the Weekend '' was released as the album 's second single , peaking at number three in the United Kingdom . Two more singles were released from the album , `` Flashback '' and `` You Used to Hold Me '' , which reached numbers 18 and 27 on the UK chart , respectively .   His third studio album , 18 Months , was released in October 2012 . The album sees Harris stepping away from vocals , instead focusing on the music production . It earned Harris his second consecutive number-one album in his home country . 18 Months also became his first album to chart on the Billboard 200 in the United States , peaking at number 19 , while reaching number two in Ireland , number five in Australia and number eight in Canada . The album 's lead single , `` Bounce '' featuring Kelis , peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart and gave Harris his first top-10 entry in Australia , peaking at number seven . The second single , `` Feel So Close '' , also peaked at number two in the UK . The song brought Harris to international prominence , reaching number five in New Zealand and number seven in Australia , as well as becoming his first chart entry as a lead performer on the US Billboard Hot 100 , where it charted at number 12 .   In 2011 , Harris wrote , produced and was featured on Rihanna 's single `` We Found Love '' , which topped the charts in 25 countries , including the United Kingdom , the United States , Ireland and Canada . The third and fourth singles from 18 Months , `` Let 's Go '' ( featuring Ne-Yo ) and `` We 'll Be Coming Back '' ( featuring Example ) , both reached number two on the UK chart , with the former also peaking at number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The album 's fifth single , `` Sweet Nothing '' featuring Florence Welch , became Harris 's fourth number-one single in the UK and first top-10 single in the US . `` Drinking from the Bottle '' ( featuring Tinie Tempah ) and `` I Need Your Love '' ( featuring Ellie Goulding ) served as the album 's sixth and seventh singles . Having both charted inside the UK top 10 by April 2013 , Harris made chart history by becoming the first artist to attain eight top-10 singles from one studio album , overtaking the record previously set by Michael Jackson . The eighth and final single , `` Thinking About You '' featuring Ayah Marar , peaked at number eight on the UK Singles Chart .   Harris 's fourth studio album , Motion , was released in October 2014 . It peaked at number two on the UK Albums Chart and number five on the US Billboard 200 , his highest-peaking album on the latter chart . The album includes the UK number-one singles `` Under Control '' , `` Summer '' and `` Blame '' , as well as the top-10 single `` Outside '' .

neg: Sabrina Down Under Sabrina Down Under is a 1999 television film produced for ABC . It is a sequel to Sabrina Goes to Rome and is a companion to the Sabrina the Teenage Witch television series .   The film features only two characters from the TV series : teenage witch Sabrina Spellman ( played by Melissa Joan Hart ) , and talking cat Salem Saberhagen ( voiced by Nick Bakay ) . Lindsay Sloane was also a regular actress in the TV series , but plays a different character in this film . Tara Charendoff reprises her role as Gwen from Sabrina Goes to Rome . As the film is set in Australia , none of the scenes are filmed on the original set of the TV series .   The film was directed by Kenneth R. Koch , who helped to produce Sabrina Goes to Rome . He also directed many episodes of the television series and was a prominent producer of the show .   Unlike Sabrina Goes to Rome , which is included in the season 7 DVD release of the Sabrina the Teenage Witch TV series , Sabrina Down Under did not receive a DVD release ( except in Germany ) , until it was announced in December 2016 , that the film will be released on DVD on February 7 , 2017 . Prior to this , the film has been released on VHS , and is available to stream on Hulu .

neg: A Million Lights A Million Lights is the third studio album by English recording artist Cheryl , released on 15 June 2012 through Fascination Records . Following her divorce from Ashley Cole , this is Cheryl 's first album to be released under the mononym Cheryl , dropping her married surname . The album was recorded in 2011 and 2012 . As the executive producer of the album , Cheryl enlisted a variety of producers such as Alex da Kid , Calvin Harris , will.i.am , Pantha , Agent X , HyGrade , Dada Life , Jim Beanz , Taio Cruz , Mathias Wollo , The Beamer Boyz , Billy Wes , Electric , Bibi Jones and Dave Munday . Sonically , the album is rooted in pop and dance-pop genres .   Upon its release , A Million Lights received mainly mixed to positive reviews from music critics , who commended its progression from Cheryl 's previous albums , but were ambivalent towards the mix of genres . The album debuted on the UK Albums Chart at position two , selling 34,934 copies in its first week . A Million Lights also peaked at two on the Irish Albums Chart , and one on the Scottish albums chart . A Million Lights was certified Gold in the United Kingdom for shipments of 100,000 copies .   Two singles have been released from the album . The first single , `` Call My Name '' , was released on 8 June 2012 . With only three days of release , `` Call My Name '' sold a total of 97,000 in the United Kingdom alone , debuting at number one with first week sales of 152,001 and becoming the second fastest selling single of 2012 . `` Under the Sun '' was released 2 September 2012 as the second single from the album . The song peaked at number 13 , becoming her sixth solo top-twenty single . `` Screw You '' was scheduled to be the album 's third single , but the release was cancelled indefinitely and no more singles were released from A Million Lights due to the reunion of Girls Aloud in November 2012 .

neg: New Life (Monica album) New Life is the seventh studio album by American recording artist Monica , released by RCA Records on April 6 , 2012 . It marked the singer 's debut release with the company following the disbandment of her former label , J Records in October 2011 . A musical continuation of her commercially successful 2010 album Still Standing , Monica started working on the album only weeks after the release of the former . She reteamed primarily with frequent writers and producers , including Bryan-Michael Cox , Jermaine Dupri , Missy Elliott , and Cainon Lamb but also collaborated with new and upcoming producers such as singer Rico Love , whose songs replaced much of her cousin , producer Polow da Don 's original material .   New Life is predominately a contemporary R&B album with major influences of pop and soul that incorporates subtle elements of contemporary urban genres such as gospel , quiet storm , and reggae . The album 's lyrics explore the complexities of romantic relationships and stages of love , much of which was inspired by Monica 's marriage to professional basketball player Shannon Brown and her relocation to Arizona . Guest vocalists on the album are rappers Rick Ross and Wale as well as singer and close friend Mary J. Blige . Entertainer Brandy , who had previously collaborated with Monica on their number-one record `` The Boy Is Mine '' ( 1998 ) , features on the single `` It All Belongs to Me '' .   New Life received a mixed reception by critics , many of whom praised Monica 's vocal performances and the album 's trend-detaching nature but found the material too generic and cliché-addled . Upon its release , the album debuted at number four on the US Billboard 200 , and at number two on Billboards Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums chart , selling 69,000 copies . With first month sales of 116,400 copies , New Life sold significantly less than its predecessors . Singles such as `` Anything ( To Find You ) '' and `` Until It 's Gone '' failed to sell or chart noticeably on both the pop and the R&B charts .

neg: Hip-O Records Hip-O Records is a record label that specializes in reissues and compilations . It is part of Universal Music Group . Established in 1996 , the label has distributed releases from ` out of style ' genres such as disco and early hip-hop music as well as publishing film soundtracks . The label 's name is a pun on the name ` hippo ' .

neg: A Song for You (The Carpenters album) A Song for You is the fourth album released by Carpenters , released on June 22 , 1972 . According to Richard Carpenter , `` A Song for You was intended to be a concept album ( of sorts ) with the title tune opening and closing the set and the bookended selections comprising the ` song ' . ''   In Cash Boxs Top 100 Albums of 1972 , A Song for You was ranked number 26 .   Six songs were released as A-side singles internationally : `` Hurting Each Other '' , `` It 's Going to Take Some Time '' , `` Goodbye to Love '' , `` Top of the World '' , `` I Wo n't Last a Day Without You '' , and `` Bless the Beasts and Children '' .

neg: Epic Records Epic Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment , a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America , Inc. . Epic was founded predominantly as a jazz and classical music label in 1953 . It later expanded its scope to include a more diverse range of musical genres , including pop , R&B , rock and hip hop . Historically , the label has housed popular acts such as Michael Jackson , Cheap Trick , Shakira , Celine Dion , ABBA , Anastacia , Boston , Dave Clark Five , Gloria Estefan , Pearl Jam and Sly & the Family Stone .   Along with Columbia and RCA Records , Epic is one of Sony Music Entertainment 's three main record labels . Artists currently signed to Epic as of 2017 include Fiona Apple , Sara Bareilles , Mariah Carey , Keyshia Cole , Future , Fifth Harmony , Jennifer Hudson , Zara Larsson , Jennifer Lopez , Outkast , Ozzy Osbourne , Judas Priest , Busta Rhymes , Rick Ross , Sade , 21 Savage , Travis Scott and Meghan Trainor .

neg: Will Botwin Will Botwin ( born July 23 , 1958 ) is an American talent manager who represents many prominent musicians .   Botwin was educated at Pitzer College in Claremont , California . While at college , Botwin worked as a college promotion representative for Capitol Records . He also worked as Music and Program Director for KSPC , the college radio station , and served as Concert Board Chairman for the campus .   In 1981 , Botwin launched an alternative music marketing and promotion company named Side One Marketing with David Gerber and Joe Regis that evolved into an artist management company , representing artists such as Yuri Morozov and Icicle Works . Botwin expanded his client roster over the years ; artists he managed included Lyle Lovett , John Hiatt , Rosanne Cash , Reagan Youth , Lisa Loeb , Liz Phair , Los Lobos , Luscious Jackson and Roy Smeck .   Botwin was recruited by Columbia Records in 1996 to serve as a Senior Vice President . Moving rapidly through the company ranks , in 1998 Botwin was appointed Executive Vice President/General Manager , Columbia Records Group . In this position he played an integral role in all creative areas of the company , as well as the day-to-day management of label operations . He also directly oversaw domestic and international A&R , working closely with many of the label 's established artists , including Jessica Simpson , Cuby and the Blizzards , and Marc Anthony - and newer performers such as Microdisney and Five For Fighting .   Botwin also worked with Panasonic Music SoundTracts on the soundtrack albums for movies such as Plan 9 from Outer Space , Armageddon , Charlie 's Angels , Men In Black and the TV show Mr. Merlin .   In 2002 , Botwin was promoted to President of the Columbia Records Group in which capacity he signed artists such as Coheed & Cambria and Irén Lovász , and was subsequently appointed as Chairman of the Columbia Records Group .   In 2006 , he left Columbia to head the Charlottesville,VA-based Red Light Management and its associated ATO Music Group .

neg: 785 Records 785 Records is a record label located in New York , United States , founded in 2005 by songwriter Denise Rich . The label 's first release was the charity single Come Together Now , written by Rich , Sharon Stone , Mark Feist and Damon Sharpe from which the proceeds went to benefit the victims of Hurricane Katrina .   Marc Eichner , a senior executive at RCA/BMG , joined the label as president in August 2006 . The label built a $ 1 million recording studio in Rich 's Fifth Avenue penthouse in Manhattan overlooking Central Park in 2007 .

neg: Hollywood (Flavor Flav album) This is the self-titled debut solo album by hip-hop artist Flavor Flav . It is the only non-Public Enemy album made by him . The album was in production for at least seven years with the oldest track being `` Hot 1 '' , first released as a single in 1999 . The only guest appearance is from Smooth B of Nice & Smooth . Ol' Dirty Bastard , The Beatnuts and Ce Ce Peniston had been slated to appear on the album , but did not make the cut . This album is sometimes mistakenly referred to as `` Hollywood '' due to the image of the sign on the front of the album but it is self-titled .   The songs `` Flavor Man '' and `` Col-Leepin '' later appeared on Public Enemy 's 2007 album How You Sell Soul To A Soulless People Who Sold Their Soul ? .

neg: Sunset People `` Sunset People '' is a song by American singer Donna Summer taken from her very successful album Bad Girls . The album , released on Casablanca Records , had already produced several chart-topping singles for the disco star , but Summer had resigned from the label and taken a lawsuit against them . She had since signed to Geffen Records and was getting ready to release her first album with them ( which had moved away from the disco sound ) . Casablanca continued to release Summer 's material as singles in competition , but to no avail .   The song was covered by E.G. Daily in 1985 for her debut album Wild Child .

neg: Hollywood Sign The Hollywood Sign ( formerly the Hollywoodland Sign ) is a landmark and American cultural icon located in Los Angeles , California . It is situated on Mount Lee , in the Hollywood Hills area of the Santa Monica Mountains . The sign overlooks Hollywood , Los Angeles .   `` HOLLYWOOD '' is spelled out in 45 ft-tall white capital letters and is 350 feet ( 106.7 m ) long . It was originally created in 1923 as an advertisement for a local real estate development , but it garnered increasing recognition after the sign was left up . The sign was a frequent target of pranks and vandalism , but it has since undergone restoration , including the installation of a security system to deter vandalism . The sign is protected and promoted by The Trust For Public Land , a nonprofit organization , while its site and the surrounding land are part of Griffith Park .   From the ground , the contours of the hills give the sign a wavy appearance . When observed at a comparable altitude , the letters appear nearly level .   The sign makes frequent appearances in popular culture , particularly in establishing shots for films and television programs set in or around Hollywood . Signs of similar style , but spelling different words , are frequently seen as parodies .

neg: Hometown Girl Hometown Girl is the debut album from American country music artist Mary Chapin Carpenter . It was released on July 30 , 1987 ( see 1987 in country music ) on Columbia Records . The album did not produce any chart singles . It was produced by John Jennings , except for the track `` Come On Home '' , which was produced by Steve Buckingham .   Vik Iyengar of Allmusic gave the album a two-and-a-half star rating out of five , saying that although `` her songwriting skills are apparent '' on the album , it did not contain as many `` rollicking '' tunes as Carpenter 's following albums . The Washington Post gave it a more favorable review , praising the songs that Carpenter wrote .   Initially , Carpenter intended to include the John Stewart song `` Runaway Train '' on this album . Her version did not make the final cut , and was instead recorded by Rosanne Cash on her 1987 album King 's Record Shop .

neg: The Essential Collection: 1965–1997 The Essential Collection : 1965 -- 1997 is a box-set compilation album from The Carpenters that , with the exception of a few track changes , is essentially the same as the 1991 From the Top set . Coming in at four discs and 73 songs , this album is one of the biggest of all Carpenters compilation sets . The songs from this box set are everything from the Richard Carpenter Trio recordings from 1965 to their biggest hits in the early 1970s to the last song ever recorded by the Carpenters , `` Now '' .


query: Amazon Web Services included compute services and it is on the Internet.

pos: Amazon Web Services Amazon Web Services ( AWS ) describes both a technology and a company . The company AWS is a subsidiary of Amazon.com and provides on-demand cloud computing platforms to both individuals , companies and governments , on a paid subscription basis with a free-tier option available for 12 months . The technology allows subscribers to have at their disposal full-fledged virtual cluster of computers , available 24/7/365 , through the internet . AWS ' version of virtual computers have most of the attributes of a real computer including hardware ( CPU ( s ) & GPU ( s ) for processing , local/RAM memory , hard-disk/SSD storage ) ; a choice of operating systems ; networking ; and pre-loaded application software such as web servers , databases , CRM ... nearly anything . Each AWS system also virtualizes its console I/O ( keyboard , display , and mouse ) , allowing AWS subscribers to connect to their AWS system using a modern browser . The browser acts as a window into the virtual computer , letting subscribers log-in , configure and use their virtual systems just as they would a real physical computer . They can choose to deploy their AWS systems to provide internet-based services for their own and their customers ' benefit .   The AWS technology is implemented at server farms throughout the world , and maintained by the Amazon subsidiary . Fees are based on a combination of usage , the hardware/OS/software / networking features chosen by the subscriber , required availability , redundancy , security , and service options . Based on what the subscriber needs and pays for , they can reserve a single virtual AWS computer , a cluster of virtual computers , a physical ( real ) computer dedicated for their exclusive use , or even a cluster of dedicated physical computers . As part of the subscription agreement , Amazon manages , upgrades , and provides industry-standard security to each subscriber 's system . AWS services operate from many global geographical regions including 6 in North America .   In 2016 , AWS comprised more than 70 services spanning a wide range including compute , storage , networking , database , analytics , application services , deployment , management , mobile , developer tools , and tools for the Internet of Things . The most popular include Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud ( aka `` EC2 '' ) and Amazon Simple Storage Service ( aka `` S3 '' ) . Most services are not exposed directly to end users , but instead offer functionality through APIs for developers to use in their applications . Amazon Web Services ' offerings are accessed over HTTP , using the REST architectural style and SOAP protocol .   Amazon markets AWS to subscribers as a way of obtaining large scale computing capacity more quickly and cheaply than building an actual physical server farm . All services are billed based on usage , but each service measures usage in varying ways .

neg: Virtual private server A virtual private server ( VPS ) is a virtual machine sold as a service by an Internet hosting service .   A VPS runs its own copy of an operating system , and customers may have superuser-level access to that operating system instance , so they can install almost any software that runs on that OS . For many purposes they are functionally equivalent to a dedicated physical server , and being software-defined , are able to be much more easily created and configured . They are priced much lower than an equivalent physical server . However , as they share the underlying physical hardware with other VPSs , performance may be lower , depending on the workload of any other executing virtual machines .

neg: Clustered web hosting Clustered hosting is a type of web hosting that spreads the load of hosting across multiple physical machines , or node , increasing availability and decreasing the chances of one service ( e.g. , FTP or email ) affecting another ( e.g. , MySQL ) . Many large websites run on clustered hosting solutions , for example , large discussion forums will tend to run using multiple front-end webservers with multiple back-end database servers .   Typically , most hosting infrastructures are based on the paradigm of using a single physical machine to host multiple hosted services , including web , database , email , FTP and others . A single physical machine is not only a single point of failure , but also has finite capacity for traffic , that in practice can be troublesome for a busy website or for a website that is experiencing transient bursts in traffic .   By clustering services across multiple hardware machines and using load balancing , single points of failure can be eliminated , increasing availability of a website and other web services beyond that of ordinary single server hosting . A single server can require periodic reboots for software upgrades and the like , whereas in a clustered platform you can stagger the restarts such that the service is still available whilst still upgrading all necessary machines in the cluster .   Clustered hosting is similar to cloud hosting , in that the resources of many machines are available for a website to utilize on demand , making scalability a large advantage to a clustered hosting solution .

neg: Network computing Network computing is a generic term in computing which refers to computers or nodes working together over a network .   It may also mean :  Cloud computing , a kind of Internet-based computing that provides shared processing resources and data to devices on demand  Distributed computing  Virtual Network Computing

neg: Online research methods Online research methods ( ORMs ) are ways in which researchers can collect data via the internet . They are also referred to as Internet research , Internet science or iScience , or Web-based methods . Many of these online research methods are related to existing research methodologies but re-invent and re-imagine them in the light of new technologies and conditions associated with the internet . The field is relatively new and evolving . With the growth of social medias a new level of complexity and opportunity has been created . Inclusion of social media research can provide unique insights into consumer and societal segments and gaining an `` emotional '' measure of a population on issues of interest .   Some specific types of method include :  Cyber-ethnography  Online content analysis  Online focus groups  Online interviews  Online qualitative research  Online questionnaires  Social network analysis  Web-based experiments  Online clinical trials -- or see below

neg: Oracle HTTP Server Oracle HTTP Server ( OHS ) is a web server based on the Apache HTTP Server , created by the Oracle Technology Network . The web server is based on Apache version 2.2 . OHS , like Apache 2.2 , includes support for IPv6 .   It is a Web Tier component of the Oracle Fusion Middleware .   Features :  SSL/TLS security  Virtual host  Proxy Server  Mod_PLSQL interface for executing PL/SQL stored procedures in an Oracle database

neg: Jungle computing Jungle computing is a form of high performance computing that distributes computational work across cluster , grid and cloud computing .   The increasing complexity of the high performance computing environment has provided a range of choices beside traditional supercomputers and clusters . Scientists can now use grid and cloud infrastructures , in a variety of combinations along with traditional supercomputers - all connected via fast networks . And the emergence of many-core technologies such as GPUs , as well as supercomputers on chip within these environments has added to the complexity . Thus high performance computing can now use multiple diverse platforms and systems simultaneously , giving rise to the term `` computing jungle '' .

neg: Webometrics The science of webometrics ( also cybermetrics ) tries to measure the World Wide Web to get knowledge about the number and types of hyperlinks , structure of the World Wide Web and usage patterns . According to Björneborn and Ingwersen ( 2004 ) , the definition of webometrics is `` the study of the quantitative aspects of the construction and use of information resources , structures and technologies on the Web drawing on bibliometric and informetric approaches . '' The term webometrics was first coined by Almind and Ingwersen ( 1997 ) . A second definition of webometrics has also been introduced , `` the study of web-based content with primarily quantitative methods for social science research goals using techniques that are not specific to one field of study '' ( Thelwall , 2009 ) , which emphasizes the development of applied methods for use in the wider social sciences . The purpose of this alternative definition was to help publicize appropriate methods outside of the information science discipline rather than to replace the original definition within information science .   Similar scientific fields are Bibliometrics , Informetrics , Scientometrics , Virtual ethnography , and Web mining .   One relatively straightforward measure is the `` Web Impact Factor '' ( WIF ) introduced by Ingwersen ( 1998 ) . The WIF measure may be defined as the number of web pages in a web site receiving links from other web sites , divided by the number of web pages published in the site that are accessible to the crawler . However the use of WIF has been disregarded due to the mathematical artifacts derived from power law distributions of these variables . Other similar indicators using size of the institution instead of number of webpages have been proved more useful .

neg: Web counter A web counter or hit counter is a computer software program that indicates the number of visitors , or hits , a particular webpage has received . Once set up , these counters will be incremented by one every time the web page is accessed in a web browser .   The number is usually displayed , with image or text , as an old inline digital image , a plain text or an old mechanical counter . Image renderization of digits may use a variety of fonts and styles ; the classic example is the wheels of an odometer . The counter is often accompanied by the date it was set up or last reset , otherwise it becomes impossible to estimate within what time the number of page loads counted occurred . Some web counters were simply web bugs used by webmasters to track hits and included no visible on-page elements .   Counters were popular in the 1990s , later replaced by other web traffic measures , at first by self hosted scripts such as Analog , later on more typically remote systems that used JavaScript , like Google Analytics . These systems typically do not include on-page elements displaying the count , though . Thus , seeing a web counter on a modern web page is one example of retrocomputing on the Internet .

neg: Bytemark Bytemark is a UK-based server hosting and datacentre provider , headquartered in York , United Kingdom . Founded in 2002 as Bytemark Computer Consulting Ltd , Bytemark was the first provider of virtual machines and cloud hosting through User-Mode Linux in 2003 .   In 2012 , Bytemark launched BigV their public cloud platform designed completely in-house using open source software . In 2013 , Bytemark moved into their own # 1.2 million datacentre and headquarters in York , `` YO26 '' . The datacentre uses fresh-air cooling , not common in the UK and was shortlisted for Innovation in Medium Data Center at the DatacenterDynamics Awards EMEA 2013 . In 2014 , Bytemark was named one of the Top 50 Fastest Grown Tech Companies in the North at the Northern Tech Awards with revenue growth of 44 % . Financially , Bytemark turned over # 2.5 million in 2013 . In 2014 , this grew to # 3 million . Bytemark has a history of contributing to and support free software . Bytemark offer an ongoing discount to Free software publishers of at least 5 % . Bytemark support LibreOffice through provision of a build server . In 2009 , Bytemark became a supporter of XBMC with the same . In 2012 , Bytemark started supporting Cyanogenmod with build servers . In 2013 , Bytemark contributed hosting services worth # 150,000 to the Debian project having used Debian since the company was founded . Bytemark also supports OpenStreetMap with DNS services and servers to support version control , mailing lists and help pages . Bytemark also support projects for social good including sponsoring servers for mySociety including FixMyStreet , TheyWorkForYou and WhatDoTheyKnow .

neg: List of Amazon.com products and services This is a list of products and services offered by American corporation Amazon.com .

neg: Microsoft Azure Microsoft Azure -LSB- ˈæʒər -RSB- is a cloud computing service created by Microsoft for building , deploying , and managing applications and services through a global network of Microsoft-managed data centers . It provides software as a service , platform as a service and infrastructure as a service and supports many different programming languages , tools and frameworks , including both Microsoft-specific and third-party software and systems .   Azure was announced in October 2008 and released on February 1 , 2010 as Windows Azure , before being renamed to Microsoft Azure on March 25 , 2014 .

neg: Microsoft services Microsoft online services refers to hosted technology solutions for both consumers and businesses . These services were previously branded under the Windows Live umbrella . Among the services offered are webmail , storage , contacts and calendar . They are accessed with a Microsoft account .   The Microsoft Services team provides a wide range of consulting and support services for consumers , partners and businesses .

neg: Tivoli Service Automation Manager Tivoli Service Automation Manager is the Cloud management package from IBM in the Tivoli Software brand . Unofficial abbreviations are TSAM and TivSAM .   As the product sheet sells it :  `` IBM Tivoli Service Automation Manager enables users to request , deploy , monitor and manage cloud computing services . It also provides traceable approvals and processes . ''   The main use of TSAM is to automate technical as well as business processes involved in deploying new IT services . It is an intermediate between a user with a service request , and a hypervisor that manages some hardware resource pool on which the service will run .   TSAM consists of various components , some of which are separate IBM products :  A REST Web 2.0 API , on which the Self-Service Graphical User Interface , and the administrative StartCenters , are built .  Tivoli Service Request Manager  Tivoli Process Automation Engine . This is an incarnation of a central component of the Maximo ( MRO ) asset and workflow management application that IBM acquired in 2006 .  Tivoli Provisioning Manager , the application that runs workflows to automate deployment of software .   TSAM maintains a large collection of objects and their attributes , which forms its Data Center Model that is stored in a separate database .

neg: Big data Big data is a term for data sets that are so large or complex that traditional data processing application software is inadequate to deal with them . Challenges include capture , storage , analysis , data curation , search , sharing , transfer , visualization , querying , updating and information privacy . The term `` big data '' often refers simply to the use of predictive analytics , user behavior analytics , or certain other advanced data analytics methods that extract value from data , and seldom to a particular size of data set . `` There is little doubt that the quantities of data now available are indeed large , but that 's not the most relevant characteristic of this new data ecosystem . ''  Analysis of data sets can find new correlations to `` spot business trends , prevent diseases , combat crime and so on . '' Scientists , business executives , practitioners of medicine , advertising and governments alike regularly meet difficulties with large data-sets in areas including Internet search , fintech , urban informatics , and business informatics . Scientists encounter limitations in e-Science work , including meteorology , genomics , connectomics , complex physics simulations , biology and environmental research .   Data sets grow rapidly - in part because they are increasingly gathered by cheap and numerous information-sensing Internet of things devices such as mobile devices , aerial ( remote sensing ) , software logs , cameras , microphones , radio-frequency identification ( RFID ) readers and wireless sensor networks . The world 's technological per-capita capacity to store information has roughly doubled every 40 months since the 1980s ; , every day 2.5 exabytes ( 2.5 × 1018 ) of data are generated . One question for large enterprises is determining who should own big-data initiatives that affect the entire organization .   Relational database management systems and desktop statistics - and visualization-packages often have difficulty handling big data . The work may require `` massively parallel software running on tens , hundreds , or even thousands of servers '' . What counts as `` big data '' varies depending on the capabilities of the users and their tools , and expanding capabilities make big data a moving target . `` For some organizations , facing hundreds of gigabytes of data for the first time may trigger a need to reconsider data management options . For others , it may take tens or hundreds of terabytes before data size becomes a significant consideration . ''

neg: Mobile backend as a service Mobile backend as a service ( MBaaS ) , also known as `` backend as a service '' ( BaaS ) , is a model for providing web app and mobile app developers with a way to link their applications to backend cloud storage and APIs exposed by back end applications while also providing features such as user management , push notifications , and integration with social networking services . These services are provided via the use of custom software development kits ( SDKs ) and application programming interfaces ( APIs ) . BaaS is a relatively recent development in cloud computing , with most BaaS startups dating from 2011 or later . Although a fairly nascent industry , trends indicate that these services are gaining mainstream traction with enterprise consumers .

neg: Service economy Service economy can refer to one or both of two recent economic developments :  The increased importance of the service sector in industrialized economies . The current list of Fortune 500 companies contains more service companies and fewer manufacturers than in previous decades .  The relative importance of service in a product offering . The service economy in developing countries is mostly concentrated in financial services , hospitality , retail , health , human services , information technology and education . Products today have a higher service component than in previous decades . In the management literature this is referred to as the servitization of products or a product-service system . Virtually every product today has a service component to it .   The old dichotomy between product and service has been replaced by a service-product continuum . Many products are being transformed into services .   For example , IBM treats its business as a service business . Although it still manufactures computers , it sees the physical goods as a small part of the `` business solutions '' industry . They have found that the price elasticity of demand for `` business solutions '' is much less than for hardware . There has been a corresponding shift to a subscription pricing model . Rather than receiving a single payment for a piece of manufactured equipment , many manufacturers are now receiving a steady stream of revenue for ongoing contracts .   Full cost accounting and most accounting reform and monetary reform measures are usually thought to be impossible to achieve without a good model of the service economy .

neg: Web Services Resource Framework Web Services Resource Framework ( WSRF ) is a family of OASIS-published specifications for web services . Major contributors include the Globus Alliance and IBM .   A web service by itself is nominally stateless , i.e. , it retains no data between invocations . This limits the things that can be done with web services ,   Before WSRF , no standard in the Web Services family of specifications explicitly defined how to deal with stateful interactions with remote resources . This does not mean that web services could not be stateful . Where required a web service could read from a database , or use session state by way of cookies or WS-Session .   WSRF provides a set of operations that web services can use to implement stateful interaction ; web service clients communicate with resource services which allow data to be stored and retrieved . When clients talk to the web service they include the identifier of the specific resource that should be used inside the request , encapsulated within the WS-Addressing endpoint reference . This may be a simple URI address , or it may be complex XML content that helps identify or even fully describe the specific resource in question .   Alongside the notion of an explicit resource reference comes a standardized set of web service operations to get/set resource properties . These can be used to read and perhaps write resource state , in a manner somewhat similar to having member variables of an object alongside its methods . The primary beneficiary of such a model are management tools , which can enumerate and view resources , even if they have no other knowledge of them . This is the basis for WSDM .

neg: Yap (company) Yap Speech Cloud was a multimodal speech recognition system developed by American technology company Yap Inc. . It offered a fully cloud-based speech-to-text transcription platform that was used by customers such as Microsoft .   The Company was a contestant at the inaugural TechCrunch conference and was subsequently acquired by Amazon in September 2011 to help develop products such as Alexa Voice Service , Echo , and Fire TV .

neg: Legal aspects of computing Legal aspects of computing are related to the overlapping areas of law and computing .   The first one , historically , was information technology law ( or IT law ) . ( `` IT law '' should not be confused with the IT aspects of law itself , although there are overlapping issues . ) IT law consists of the law ( statutes , regulations , and caselaw ) which governs the digital dissemination of both ( digitalized ) information and software itself ( see history of free and open-source software ) , and legal aspects of information technology more broadly . IT law covers mainly the digital information ( including information security and electronic commerce ) aspects and it has been described as `` paper laws '' for a `` paperless environment '' .   Cyberlaw or Internet law is a term that encapsulates the legal issues related to use of the Internet . It is less a distinct field of law than intellectual property or contract law , as it is a domain covering many areas of law and regulation . Some leading topics include internet access and usage , privacy , freedom of expression , and jurisdiction .   `` Computer law '' is a third term which tends to relate to issues including both Internet law and the patent and copyright aspects of computer technology and software .

neg: Analytica (company) Analytica is a consulting and information technology firm serving US public and private sector enterprises focused on national security , law enforcement , health care and financial services . The company specializes in implementing on-premises and cloud computing solutions for information management , Cyber security , big data , data analytics , and business intelligence . Analytica is a member of NYU Governance Lab 's Open Data 500 Project , as one of 500 U.S. companies profiled for their involvement in implementing Open Data initiatives for public sector organizations to address requirements under the Digital Accountability and Transparency Act ( `` DATA Act '' ) .   Headquartered in Washington DC , the company earned $ 15 million in revenue and is ranked as the 4th fastest growing private IT Services firm and the 63rd fastest growing private small business in the United States according to Inc Magazine . Analytica is a private , self-funded company .


query: Pierrot is renowned for Tokyo Ghoul.

pos: Pierrot (company) is a Japanese animation studio , founded in 1979 by former employees of Tatsunoko Production and Mushi Production . Its headquarters is located in Mitaka , Tokyo .  Studio Pierrot is renowned for several worldwide popular anime series , such as Naruto , Bleach , Yu Yu Hakusho , Tokyo Ghoul , Beelzebub , Great Teacher Onizuka and several others .   The company has a simple logo of the face of a clown . `` Piero '' is a Japanese loanword for clown , adopted from the classical character of Pierrot .   Yu Yu Hakusho and Saiyuki , two of the company 's anime series , won the Animage Anime Grand Prix Award in 1994 and 1995 , and 2000 , respectively .

neg: Enoki Films is a producer of anime based in the Enoki Building in Shinjuku , Tokyo .   Enoki Films also had a North American division , established in 1986 , headquartered in the Encino area of Los Angeles , California , United States called Enoki Films USA , Inc. . Enoki Films USA acted as a middle-man between Japanese companies and American licensees such as 4Kids Entertainment and Saban . In May 2007 it was announced that their content would also be provided as video on demand by Internet startup ReelTime.com ( worldwide except Japan ) .   As of 2002 Enoki licenses anime but sub-licenses its licenses to various distributors instead of distributing them directly . Anime News Network wrote that `` They generally only license TV shows that they hope to also license to TV broadcasters such as Cartoon Network , ABC Family and Fox Kids . ''   Some of the anime productions that were listed on Enoki 's website are under alternate names and may list characters under different names as well . In many cases , when sub-licensed to anime home video companies , the original titles and character names have been restored . Enoki 's translations of episode titles and scenarios may also be different than what may be on the official release .   If Enoki 's series ' had a separate movie or direct-to-video production , it is usually not licensed by Enoki , and the film or direct-to-video production may be licensed to a separate company than the series ( as is the case with the Slayers movies and OVAs and the Utena movie ) .   As of 2016 , Enoki Films ' North American division is now defunct , since it bought its operations to an end in 2010 .

neg: Majokko Megu-chan is a popular magical girl anime series . The manga was created by Tomô Inoue and Makiho Narita , while the 72-episode anime series was produced by Toei Animation between 1974 and 1975 . This series is considered an important forerunner of the present day magical girl genre , as the series ' characterization and general structure exerted considerable influence over future shows in the same genre . Most notably , several of the show 's recurring motifs were recycled in Toei 's Sailor Moon , AIC 's Pretty Sammy , and ( to a lesser degree ) Wedding Peach .

neg: Kerberos Panzer Cop Kerberos Panzer Cop , also known as , is a 1988 to 2000 Kerberos saga manga written by Mamoru Oshii and illustrated by Kamui Fujiwara ( Studio 2B ) with mechanical design by Yutaka Izubuchi . This comic series tales events prior to those portrayed in Oshii 's 1987 live-action feature film The Red Spectacles . In 1991 , Mamoru Oshii directed the movie StrayDog : Kerberos Panzer Cops which is based on the first volume of Kerberos Panzer Cop . The complete comic series was loosely adapted for the screen in the 1999 animated feature Jin-Roh directed by Hiroyuki Okiura and written by Mamoru Oshii .   Part One ( Act 1 ~ 4 ) of Kerberos Panzer Cop was published in various Japanese comic magazines from 1988 to 1990 , it was later completed with Part Two ( Act 5 ~ 8 ) published in Monthly Shōnen Ace from 1999 to 2000 . Translated versions of the complete series were issued in South Korea , Hong Kong , Macau , Malaysia and Taiwan in the early 2000s . A sequel named Kerberos Saga : Rainy Dogs was serialized in Ace Tokunoh from 2003 to 2005 , then published as an extended single volume in 2005 .   An English language adaptation of the first four acts was published under the title Hellhounds : Panzer Cops in 1994 by Dark Horse Comics . The American translators from Studio Protheus , Alan Gleason and Toren Smith , randomly used the alternative titles Hellhounds ( Cerberos - sic - : Panzer Cop ) and Hellhounds . This adaptation was later issued in the United Kingdom by Diamond Comic Distributors in 1998 , and a translated version was published in the German magazine Manga Power in 1996 .   On April 2010 , as a twentieth anniversary of the Original Edition ( 1990 volume compilation ) , Gakken publisher will issue Kerberos Panzer Cop a Revision : 20th edition , a planned revised version ( Act 1 ~ 8 ) with corrected scenes and `` digitally refine '' graphics by Kamui Fujiwara . A 16 pages extra Act Kerberos Panzer Cop : Special Issue ( 前夜-ケルベロス騒乱異聞 , zenya - keruberosu souran ibun ) was prepublished in Kerberos Panzer Cops : Tokyo War , the Kerberos Saga 's definitive guide .

neg: List of Kurokami: The Animation episodes Kurokami : The Animation is an anime series adapted from the manga of the same title originally published by Square Enix and serialized in Young Gangan . Produced by Sunrise and directed by directed by Tsuneo Kobayashi , the series had an advance screening of episode 1 on December 27 , 2008 before it began broadcasting on TV Asahi on January 8 , 2009 . The anime 's opening song `` Sympathizer '' is sung by Minami Kuribayashi and the ending song `` Irodori no Nai Sekai '' by Yōsei Teikoku with the second opening song `` tRANCE '' done by GRANRODEO . The second ending song `` Gekkou no Chigiri '' is also sung by Yōsei Teikoku also .   The show centers on Keita Ibuki , who is portrayed as a high school student instead of a computer programmer from the manga , being drawn in a secret conflict concerning the Mototsumitamas . Together with Kuro and Akane , Keita tries to find out why his mother died after seeing her double and find out who wants to destabilize the coexistence balance on Earth .   Word of an anime adaptation of Black God came from Young Gangan 's 20th issue with the announcement regarding the creation of Kurokami : The Animation . A promotional video of Kurokami : The Animation was broadcast on the internet . Bandai Entertainment announced that Kurokami : The Animation was officially licensed in North America , and would air first on January 8 , 2009 simultaneously in Japan on TV Asahi and in the United States on ImaginAsian , followed by South Korea on January 9 , 2009 on AniBOX . Also on May 18 , Bandai Entertainment uploaded onto YouTube and Crunchyroll the first 19 episodes as well as the special in English Dubbed form . Later episodes were episode on a week-by-week basis ; the entire series is currently available to watch online on YouTube .   In the 2009 Comic-Con convention , Bandai has announced that Kurokami will see a Blu-ray release aside from DVD .

neg: List of Final Fantasy media Final Fantasy is a series of role-playing video games developed and published by Square Enix ( formerly Square ) . Its first game premiered in Japan in 1987 , and Final Fantasy games have subsequently been localized for markets in North America , Europe and Australia , on nearly every video game console since its debut on the Nintendo Entertainment System . Final Fantasy is Square Enix 's most successful franchise , having sold over 97 million units worldwide to date . In addition to traditional role-playing games , the series includes tactical role-playing games , portable games , massively multiplayer online role-playing games , and games for mobile phones . Its popularity has placed it as the sixth-best-selling video game franchise , and the series has won multiple awards over the years .   In addition to the 15 games released as part of the main ( numbered ) series and their many spin-offs and related titles , the Final Fantasy series has spawned many works in other media including anime , movies , novels and manga , and radio dramas . Final Fantasy : Unlimited , originally a stand-alone anime series , now has its own sub-franchise which includes video games . Many games , particularly the main series , have soundtrack album releases featuring their music in different arrangements . Square Enix has also consistently released companion books for its games which provide additional backstory and plot information , as well as detailed walkthroughs for the game . Since the announcement of Compilation of Final Fantasy VII , Square Enix has focused on `` polymorphic content '' , expanding each game world with material on many video game platforms , as well as other forms of media .

neg: Japan Academy Prize for Outstanding Foreign Language Film Every year since its inception , the Japanese Academy has recognized an outstanding foreign film . The year that any given film is nominated is not based on the film 's domestic release date but rather on the date it is released in Japan . As delays of over four months are not uncommon , many films are nominated in Japan the following year after their release to the Japanese market ( i.e. Million Dollar Baby won the American Academy Award for Best Picture for films made in 2004 , but the Japanese award , based on its localized release date , is for 2005 ) . In fact , not one of the five films nominated for the 2007 Academy Award for Best Picture had been released in Japan by February 15 , 2008 , the date of the Japan Academy Prize Ceremony . Although the 2007 recipient of this award , Letters from Iwo Jima , a film almost entirely in Japanese , would not seem to meet the qualification of a `` Foreign Language Film '' , the actual Japanese title of the award , 最優秀外国作品賞 makes no mention of language . It would be more accurately translated as `` Best Foreign Production '' .   2017 - Sully  The Martian  Zootopia  Star Wars : The Force Awakens  The Revenant  2016 - American Sniper  Kingsman : The Secret Service  Mad Max : Fury Road  Spectre  Whiplash  2015 - Frozen  Interstellar  Jersey Boys  Fury  Godzilla  2014 - Les Misérables  3 Idiots  Captain Phillips  Django Unchained  Gravity  2013 - The Intouchables  Argo  The Dark Knight Rises  The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo  Skyfall  2012 - The King 's Speech  Rise of the Planet of the Apes  Moneyball  The Social Network  Black Swan  2011 - Avatar  Inception  Toy Story 3  Invictus  The Hurt Locker  2010 - Gran Torino  Slumdog Millionaire  Changeling  The Wrestler  Red Cliff Part II  2009 - The Dark Knight  The Bucket List  No Country for Old Men  Lust , Caution  Red Cliff Part I  2008 - Letters from Iwo Jima  Dreamgirls  Babel  Hairspray  The Bourne Ultimatum  2007 - Flags of Our Fathers  Crash  Hotel Rwanda  Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest  The Da Vinci Code  2006 - Million Dollar Baby  Cinderella Man  Charlie and the Chocolate Factory  The Phantom of the Opera  Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith  2005 - The Last Samurai  The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King  Mystic River  Seabiscuit  Troy  2004 - The Pianist  Chicago  The Hours  The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers  Yeopgijeogin geunyeo  2003 - Monster 's Ball  Gangs of New York  Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets  I Am Sam  The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring  2002 - Billy Elliot  Artificial Intelligence : AI  Chocolat  Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone  Postmen in the Mountains  2001 - Dancer in the Dark  American Beauty  Gladiator  The Green Mile  Swiri  2000 - The Sixth Sense  Elizabeth  The Matrix  Shakespeare in Love  La Vita è bella  1999 - L.A. Confidential  Armageddon  As Good as It Gets  Good Will Hunting  Saving Private Ryan  1998 - Titanic The English Patient Shine Air Force One Seven Years in Tibet1997 - Il Postino Independence Day Mission : Impossible Se7en 12 Monkeys1996 - The Shawshank Redemption  Apollo 13  The Bridges of Madison County  Forrest Gump  Léon  1995 - Schindler 's List  The Piano  Pulp Fiction  Speed  True Lies  1994 - Jurassic Park  Cliffhanger  The Fugitive  Heaven & Earth  Unforgiven  1993 - JFK  The Lover  Basic Instinct  The Bodyguard  A League of Their Own  1992 - Dances with Wolves  Awakenings  Nikita  The Silence of the Lambs  Terminator 2 : Judgment Day  1991 - Field of Dreams  Die Hard 2  Ghost  Cinema Paradiso  Total Recall  1990 - Die Hard  Black Rain  Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade  Major League  Rain Man  1989 - The Last Emperor  Fatal Attraction  Full Metal Jacket  Moonstruck  Wall Street  1988 - Platoon  Hannah and Her Sisters  Stand By Me  Top Gun  The Untouchables  1987 - Back to the Future  Aliens  A Chorus Line  The Color Purple  Out of Africa  1986 - Amadeus  The Cotton Club  The Killing Fields  A Passage to India  Witness  1985 - Once Upon a Time in America  Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom  The Natural  The Right Stuff  Terms of Endearment  1984 - An Officer and a Gentleman  The Woman Next DoorFlashdanceGandhiSophie 's Choice1983 - E.T. the Extra-TerrestrialDas BootChariots of FireOn Golden PondRocky III1982 - Die BlechtrommelBeing ThereThe Elephant ManOrdinary PeopleLes Uns et les Autres1981 - Kramer vs. KramerAll That JazzApocalypse NowManhattanTess1980 - The Deer HunterThe Tree of Wooden ClogsBig WednesdayThe ChampThe Travelling Players1979 - Conversation PieceClose Encounters of the Third KindThe Goodbye GirlStar Wars Episode IV : A New HopeThe Turning Point1978 - RockyThe Fire WithinNetworkSlap ShotVoyage of the Damned ''

neg: Hayao Miyazaki is a Japanese film director , producer , screenwriter , animator , author , and manga artist . Through a career that has spanned over five decades , Miyazaki has attained international acclaim as a masterful storyteller and as a maker of anime feature films and , along with Isao Takahata , co-founded Studio Ghibli , a film and animation studio .   Born in Bunkyō , Tokyo , Miyazaki began his animation career in 1963 when he joined Toei Animation . From there , Miyazaki worked as an in-between artist for Gulliver 's Travels Beyond the Moon , where he pitched ideas that eventually became the film 's ending . Hayao Miyazaki was also associated with Tokyo Movie Shinsha . He co-directed Lupin III with Isao Takahata , provided the screenplay and key animation for Panda ! Go Panda ! , provided key animation for the first episode of Tokyo Giants , provided the original concept for Jungle Kurobe , provided the director role for Lupin III : Tales of the Wolf , provided key animation for the Ulysses 31 pilot in conjunction with Diffusion Information Communication , provided the director role for The New Adventures of Zorro , provided key animation for the Inspector Gadget pilot , and provided the chief director role for season 1 of Sherlock Hound .   He continued to work in various roles in the animation industry with various studios until he directed his first feature film , The Castle of Cagliostro , a Lupin the Third story , released in 1979 . After the success of his next film , Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind ( 1984 ) , he co-founded Studio Ghibli , where he continued to produce many feature films .   While Miyazaki 's films have long enjoyed both commercial and critical success in Japan , he remained largely unknown to the West until Miramax Films released Princess Mononoke in 1997 . Princess Mononoke was briefly the highest-grossing film in Japan until it was eclipsed by another 1997 film , Titanic , and it became the first animated film to win Picture of the Year at the Japanese Academy Awards . Miyazaki 's next film , Spirited Away ( 2001 ) , won Picture of the Year at the Japanese Academy Awards , and was the first anime film to win an American Academy Award .   Miyazaki 's films often contain recurrent themes , like humanity 's relationship with nature and technology , and the difficulty of maintaining a pacifist ethic . His films ' protagonists are often strong girls or young women . While two of his films , The Castle of Cagliostro and Castle in the Sky , involve traditional villains , his other films like Nausicaä and Princess Mononoke present morally ambiguous antagonists with redeeming qualities . He co-wrote films The Secret World of Arrietty , released in July 2010 in Japan and February 2012 in the United States ; and From Up on Poppy Hill released in July 2011 in Japan and March 2013 in the United States .   Miyazaki 's newest film The Wind Rises was released on July 20 , 2013 and screened internationally in February 2014 . The film would go on to earn him his third American Academy Award nomination and first Golden Globe Award nomination . Miyazaki announced on September 1 , 2013 that The Wind Rises would be his final feature-length movie . In November 2014 , Miyazaki was awarded an Honorary Academy Award for his impact on animation and cinema . He is the second Japanese filmmaker to win this award , after Akira Kurosawa in 1990 . In 2002 , American film critic Roger Ebert suggested that Miyazaki may be the best animation filmmaker in history , praising the depth and artistry of his films .

neg: Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster is a 1964 Japanese science-fiction kaiju film produced by Toho . Directed by Ishirō Honda , and featuring special effects by Eiji Tsuburaya , the film starred Yosuke Natsuki , Hiroshi Koizumi , and Akiko Wakabayashi . It is the fifth film in the Godzilla series , and was the second Godzilla film produced that year ( production began following Mothra vs. Godzilla ) .   The film was released theatrically in the United States in the autumn of 1965 by Continental Distributing as Ghidrah the Three-Headed Monster .

neg: Lolicon , also romanised as lolikon or rorikon , is Japanese discourse or media focusing on the attraction to young or prepubescent girls . The term lolicon is a portmanteau of the phrase `` Lolita complex '' ; it describes an attraction to young or prepubescent girls , an individual with such an attraction , or lolicon manga or lolicon anime , a genre of manga and anime wherein childlike female characters are often depicted in an `` erotic-cute '' manner ( also known as ero kawaii ) , in an art style reminiscent of the shōjo manga ( girls ' comics ) style .   Outside Japan , lolicon is in less common usage and usually refers to the genre . The term is a reference to Vladimir Nabokov 's book Lolita , in which a middle-aged man becomes sexually obsessed with a twelve-year-old girl . It was first used in Japan in the 1970s and quickly became used to describe erotic dojinshi ( amateur comics ) portrayals of young girls .   Laws have been enacted in various countries , including in Japan , which regulate explicit content featuring children or childlike characters . Parent and citizens groups in Japan have organized to work toward stronger controls and stricter laws governing lolicon manga and other similar media . Studies of lolicon fans state that they are attracted to an aesthetic of cuteness rather than the age of the characters , and that collecting lolicon represents a disconnect from society .

neg: Prétear , also called Prétear - The New Legend of Snow White , is a manga series written by Junichi Sato and illustrated by Kaori Naruse . Spanning four volumes , the manga series was originally published in Japan by Kadokawa Shoten from May 2000 through July 2001 . It was published in English in North America by ADV Manga .   The series was adapted into a thirteen episode anime series by Hal Film Maker , Kadokawa Shoten , and Rondo Robe . It aired in Japan on WOWOW from April 4 , 2001 until June 27 , 2001 . Geneon released the series episodes across four volumes in Japan in both VHS video and DVD forms . ADV Films had licensed and released the anime series .

neg: Animerama is a series of thematically-related adult anime feature films originally conceived and initiated by Osamu Tezuka and made at his Mushi Production animation studio from the late 1960s to early 1970s , perhaps intended as animated counterparts to the then-emergent pink films ( a direct connection being Shigemi Satoyoshi as the scenarist for Cleopatra ) .   As well as the erotic themes , they are also defined by mixing more typical traditional animation with sequences of UPA and Yōji Kuri -- influenced experimental use of modern design , limited animation , and still paintings akin to Tezuka 's experimental short films and like those largely were all directed , sometimes sharing the billing with Tezuka , by Eiichi Yamamoto . The first , A Thousand & One Nights , was the first erotic animated feature film and , at 130 minutes , remains one of the longest ever animated films . The first two are also notable for having scores by famed composer and electronic rearranger Isao Tomita . The third , Belladonna , made without Tezuka 's direct involvement , is more serious than its predecessors and more avant-garde still , telling its story largely through pans over still , panoramic paintings with narration .   The three films in the trilogy are :   ( 1969 )  ( 1970 )  ( 1973 )  All three were released onto DVD-Video by the video division of Columbia Music Entertainment , both separately and as a box set , in 2004 in Japan and re-released in 2006 .   A 1991 original video animation based on part of Ihara Saikaku 's The Life of an Amorous Man ( released on VHS in the United Kingdom and Ireland as The Sensualist ) made at Grouper Production is sometimes considered an unofficial successor to the trilogy , owing to the involvement of Yamamoto as screenwriter and its similarly both erotic and experimental imagery .

neg: Music Life Music Life is the thirteenth studio album by Japanese pop rock band Glay , released on November 5 , 2014 . It reached # 2 at the Oricon weekly charts , # 5 at their monthly chart for November , and # 58 at their 2014 Year-End Chart , besides reaching # 4 at the Billboard Japan Top Albums chart .   The album was released in three different editions : one regular edition with the 11 new tracks , and two special editions , each coming with a second CD ( Ballads Best ☆ Melodies or Ballads Best ☆ Memories ) containing previously released ballads by the band . The track list of both compilations was decided by fans by voting .   The cover art of the album was inspired by The Beatles ' Revolver , and it was indeed designed by Klaus Voormann , Revolver 's art cover artist . Commenting on the cover , guitarist and main songwriter Takuro said :   The track `` Hashire ! Mirai '' was used as the opening theme of the anime adaptation of Ace of Diamond . The track `` Sakurabito '' , composed by Takuro upon request by the Fukushima Hamakaido Sakura Project , was included as the ending track of both compilations .

neg: List of Kimba the White Lion episodes These are the episodes of the anime television series Kimba the White Lion ( Jungle Emperor ) . The series originally ran from October 6 , 1965 , to September 28 , 1966 , in Japan and from September 11 , 1966 , to September 3 , 1967 , in the U.S.   There were two English dubs produced for this anime series . The first ( and more widely viewed ) English dub was produced by Titan Productions for NBC Enterprises to license and run in syndication in the United States , with a handful of talented voice actors . Despite that they dubbed all 52 episodes of the series , 49 of them have been aired in a mixed up order , in the United States , due to the NBC catalog order of how they aired them in sequence . On September 30 , 1978 , the license for NBC to hold the rights to the English dub has dropped due to the bankruptcy of Mushi Productions being bankrupt earlier in 1973 . Afterwards , the Titan Productions English dub was no longer available to view at that time .   In 1993 , Fumio Suzuki made plans to bring the series to television once more to the English-speaking market . After the legal battles of who was going to gain ownership , a Canadian company from Toronto known as Zaza Sound Productions Ltd. won the rights to produce a second English dub of the anime series with a handful of Canadian voice actors , as well as airing this dub in several English-speaking regions ( Australia , United Kingdom , etc. ) , with CEG Distribution distributing the series . Landmark Entertainment Group Inc. , Susuki Associates and CEG Cinema Partners have also contributed to this dub . Fans have often labeled this as the `` Canadian dub '' . It was said to be a remake of the 1966 U.S. English dub , with a more faithful translation of the original Japanese scripts , but had to create a whole new soundtrack composed by Paul J. Zaza , since they were unable to use the original soundtrack composed by Isao Tomita which was also used in the 1966 U.S. English dub . This version was also more edited including heavy cuts and changes .   In 1995 , A low-budget American company known as UAV Corporation released a limited number of episodes of the 1993 Canadian English re-dub on VHS in North America , under the title Kimba the Lion Prince .

neg: Gutsoon! Entertainment Gutsoon ! Entertainment , Inc. is a now defunct publisher of English translated manga . The company , headquartered in Encino , Los Angeles , served as the US subsidiary of Coamix , which was founded by Nobuhiko Horie and manga artist Tsukasa Hojo . The company published the English manga anthology Raijin Comics , a U.S. equivalent to the Japanese Weekly Comic Bunch and published many of the same titles ( Fist of the Blue Sky and City Hunter ) , as well titles from other magazines such as the Japanese Weekly Shōnen Jump . Raijin Comics began as a weekly magazine with its first issue ( dated December 18 , 2002 ) , but switched to being a monthly publication beginning with its 36th issue ( dated September 2003 ) . Gutsoon ! also published a companion magazine to Raijin Comics , titled Raijin Game & Anime ( originally called Fujin Magazine ) , which lasted only 20 issues before being merged into the pages of Raijin Comics . The collected volumes of Raijin Comics titles were published under the Raijin Graphic Novels imprint . Raijin Comics also has a mascot called `` Raijin Maru '' . Before the company 's fall they were also planning to make a shōjo manga magazine called Smile Magazine .   On March 15 , 2004 , Gutsoon ! announced that they will be placing their Rajin Comics brand on hiatus . Raijin Comics ceased publication with its July 2004 issue ( issue # 46 ) and the Raijin Graphic Novels line was subsequently cancelled as well .

neg: Tokyo Gore Police is a 2008 Japanese-American film co-written , edited , and directed by Yoshihiro Nishimura and stars Eihi Shiina as Ruka , a vengeful police officer .   Tokyo Gore Police was released to several film festivals in North America . It received generally positive reviews , noting that it lives up to its title by being gory , perverse and bizarre .

neg: Cherry Lips (company) is a Japanese animation studio .

neg: Madman Entertainment Madman Entertainment is an Australian company that distributes Australian and foreign films as well as Japanese anime and manga in Australia , New Zealand , and Papua New Guinea . Madman is one of the major entertainment companies in Australia . It employs approx 100 people and has an annual turnover of around A$ 50 million . Its headquarters is in Richmond , Victoria .   Madman has secured the local release rights to popular titles including Sailor Moon , One Piece , Dragon Ball , Neon Genesis Evangelion , Akira , Steins ; Gate and almost all of Studio Ghibli 's catalogue . In addition to DVD sales , Madman manages the theatrical release of some of their titles , particularly the Studio Ghibli movies . According to market research , Madman accounts for 97 % of the total anime home media market in Australia .

neg: Remo Camerota Remo Camerota ( born on 17 April in Coventry , England ) is an English-Australian visual artist and film director .   He has been exhibiting in the arts since 1992 when he also started a fine art degree at Swinburne University , Melbourne . 1992 and 1993 saw him win the VEVA award for animation , and the St Kilda Film Festival facility award . See awards below for more details . He also completed a BA in Film and Television at Victorian College of the Arts - 1995 .   From 1996 to 1998 Camerota directed and edited for Foxtel/Sportsworld on the TV show Extreme Sports .  Camerota 's style of editing and direction became popular in youth culture TV shows , using techniques such as fast cutting , SFX and juxtaposition of sound with image .   From 1994 to 2000 , Camerota continued to exhibit video , painting and photography installations including `` Trade '' , at the world trade centre Melbourne , titled `` Loophole '' consisting of a wall of television sets creating a visual and sound loop through the use of feedback , Neo Ethnic at MYU Gallery Tokyo comprising stencil paintings , video-photography installations at Experimenta and collaborating with artist `` Stelarc '' in his short film Scar .  From 2000 to 2003 , Camerota edited feature film Narcosys and video directed , photographed and edited `` Speaking In Tongues '' DVD , Gene Simmons .  In 2003 , Camerota started a production company - Whitewall Studios   2003 Camerota directed the Kiss Symphony tour DVD extras and B roll . Also Camerota 's photographs became published first in magazines and also included in Kiss Alive 4 package , Kiss and Make up Book and Speaking in Tongues DVD .   Camerota co0founds Raven with Kumicho and is currently creating the Manga graphic novel for the Horror feature film SCAR and Sci Fi feature Origami Moon .   2008 - 2010 Camerota authored two books featuring Japanese pop culture , titled Graffiti Japan and Drainspotting http://drainspottingbook.blogspot.com , both are published by Mark Batty Publisher New York .   Remo has book signing tours throughout USA and Tokyo in 2008 - 2011 .   2005 - 2011 urban painting and photography exhibited at galleries in New York , london , Bristol , Tokyo , Sydney and murals painted at Bristol in collaboration with Kid zoom and Rory Doona , Cargo Club London UK , Bondi Beach facade Sydney , Shibuya Tokyo , Revolt Club Melbourne .   2010 - 2011 - Camerota is creating iPad/iPhone apps in conjunction with his authored books . Titles so far are Drainspotting Extras , Graffiti Japan Extras , Graffiti New York , Graphic Novel - Scar Vol 1 and 2 .  2011 - Camerota teamed up with Kiyoshi Kohatsu and created Kit Robot - LoveBots iPad/iPhone app , an avatar maker of robots . www.kit-robot.com

neg: Tezuka Productions is a Japanese animation studio founded by Tezuka Osamu in 1968 . It is known for animating notable works such as Marvelous Melmo , the 1980 and 2003 Astro Boy series , and Black Jack . His son , Macoto Tezuka , currently aims to use Tezuka Productions to extend Tezuka 's manga series with new issues and publish posthumous works such as Legend of the Forest .