query: Kurupt is the stage name of Mark Ronson.

pos: Kurupt Ricardo Emmanuel Brown ( born November 23 , 1972 ) , better known by his stage name Kurupt , is an American rapper , actor and former Executive Vice President of Death Row Records . He is a member of the rap group Tha Dogg Pound , and is mostly known for his work with Death Row Records . He is also a member of the hip-hop supergroup The HRSMN .

neg: DJ Roc August Wisbon ( born September 11 , 1989 ) , known by DJ Roc , is an American DJ and record producer . He is perhaps best known for his music being featured in numerous TV shows and films , including Arrow , The Eric André Show , Jersey Shore , Rich Kids of Beverly Hills and The Smurfs 2 .   His songs have also gained popularity on YouTube , with his channel garnering over 20,000 subscribers and 3 million views .

neg: Mark Ronson Mark Daniel Ronson ( born 4 September 1975 ) is an English musician , DJ , singer , songwriter and record producer . Although his debut album Here Comes the Fuzz failed to make an impact on the charts , his second album Version reached number two in the UK and included three top 10 singles . This earned him a Brit Award for Best British Male Solo Artist in 2008 . His third studio album , Record Collection , was released on 27 September 2010 , peaking at number two in the UK .   In 2014 , Ronson achieved his first UK and US number one single with `` Uptown Funk , '' which featured vocals from Bruno Mars . The song earned Ronson the 2015 Brit Award for British Single of the Year , and the 2016 Grammy Award for Record of the Year and Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance . His fourth studio album , Uptown Special , was released in January 2015 , and became his first UK number one album and also peaked at number 5 in the US .   Ronson produced `` Cold Shoulder '' on Adele 's first album , 19 . He received acclaim for producing Amy Winehouse 's album Back to Black , for which he won the Grammy Awards for Producer of the Year , Non-Classical , Best Pop Vocal Album and Record of the Year for the single `` Rehab '' . He has won Record of the Year twice , in 2008 as a producer and in 2016 as a performing artist . One of the most successful musicians in contemporary British popular culture , Ronson appeared on Debrett 's 2017 list of the most influential people in Britain .

neg: Ron Wasserman Ronald Aaron `` Ron '' Wasserman ( born September 2 , 1961 ) , also known as Aaron Waters and The Mighty RAW , is an American music artist best known for composing the original theme song for Mighty Morphin Power Rangers and for the large volume of original songs he also recorded for the franchise . He is also a member of the band Fisher .   Although wrongly referred to as a band , `` The Mighty RAW '' is just an alias for the singer himself .

neg: KK (song) `` KK '' is a song by American hip hop recording artist Wiz Khalifa from his fifth studio album Blacc Hollywood ( 2014 ) . On July 15 , 2014 , it was released by Rostrum Records and Atlantic Records as the album 's first promotional single . It was produced by Jim Jonsin , Finatik N Zac , and JayFrance ( formerly known as Micah J Foxx ) .

neg: Dub music Dub is a genre of music that grew out of reggae in the 1960s , and is commonly considered a subgenre , though it has developed to extend beyond the scope of reggae . Music in this genre consists predominantly of instrumental remixes of existing recordings and is achieved by significantly manipulating and reshaping the recordings , usually by removing the vocals from an existing music piece , and emphasizing the drum and bass parts ( this stripped-down track is sometimes referred to as a riddim ) . Other techniques include dynamically adding extensive echo , reverb , panoramic delay , and occasional dubbing of vocal or instrumental snippets from the original version or other works . It was an early form of popular electronic music .   Dub was pioneered by Osbourne `` King Tubby '' Ruddock , Lee `` Scratch '' Perry , Errol Thompson and others in the late 1960s . Augustus Pablo is credited with bringing the melodica to dub , and is also among the pioneers and creators of the genre . Similar experiments with recordings at the mixing desk outside of the dancehall environment were also done by producers Clive Chin and Herman Chin Loy . These producers , especially Ruddock and Perry , looked upon the mixing console as an instrument , manipulating tracks to come up with something new and different .  Dub has influenced many genres of music , including rock ( most significantly the subgenre of post-punk and other kinds of punk ) , pop , hip hop , disco , and later house , techno , ambient , electronic dance music , and trip hop . Dub has become a basis for the genres of jungle and drum and bass Traditional dub has survived , and some of the originators , such as Lee `` Scratch '' Perry and Mad Professor , continue to produce new material .

neg: Ron Kenoly Ron Kenoly ( born December 6 , 1944 ) is an American Christian worship leader , singer , and songwriter whose expressed mission is `` to create an environment for the manifest presence of God '' . His musical style is one of jubilant praise and individual excellence on musical instruments . Although Kenoly himself only plays on one of his recordings , he leads comfortably with his voice and is always backed up by musicians and a large choir .   He holds several degrees , including a music degree from Alameda College , a Master of Divinity from Faith Bible College , and a Doctorate of Ministry in Sacred music from Friends International Christian University . His music career began following time spent in the United States Air Force . He was originally with a group called The Mellow Fellows , but family issues caused him to leave the group . His critical success came in 1992 when Lift Him Up became the fastest selling worship album to that point . Welcome Home produced by Tom Brooks was also critically acclaimed , becoming Billboard 's `` Top Indie Contemporary Christian music album '' , and winning a Gospel Music Association Dove Award for `` Praise and Worship Album '' in 1997 . He was signed to Integrity Music , but is no longer recording for them .   He began working in full-time ministry in 1985 . He started out as a worship leader at Jubilee Christian Center in San Jose , California . Not long after that , in 1987 , he was ordained and installed as Music Pastor . As worship leader , his sole focus was leading worship service . When he became Music Pastor , he became the shepherd over the entire music department at Jubilee Christian Center . In 1993 , after the success of 2 Integrity recordings , he started receiving invitations from all over the world . Churches not only wanted him to come lead praise and worship , but also to help them develop their music departments . So shortly afterwards , he was named Ambassador of Music at Jubilee Christian Center . He was sent out from the church as an ambassador to the world to help churches develop and find the balance between worship and the Word . In 1996 , he received his Doctorate in Ministry of Sacred Music . In 1999 , he felt the call to move from California to the East Coast . So , he relocated the ministry to Central Florida where he continues to travel , speak , sing and teach and record . He sings over all the world . Kenoly has also written a few books , one of them written with his pastor , Dick Bernal .

neg: Ranat Ranat ( ระนาด , -LSB- ranâːt -RSB- , also spelled ranad or ranaat ) is the generic name for keyboard percussion instruments used in the music of Thailand . The bars of the various types of ranat may be made from hardwood or bamboo ( ranat ek ระนาดเอก and ranat thum ระนาดทุ้ม ) , metal ( ranat ek lek ระนาดเอกเหล็ก and ranat thum lek ระนาดทุ้มเหล็ก ) , or , much more rarely , glass ( ranat kaeo ระนาดแก้ว ) .

neg: Master Tape Theatre Master Tape Theatre is a radio show that broadcasts uncensored versions of The Howard Stern Show on Howard 101 on Sundays at 3:00 pm ( Eastern Time ) on Howard 101 . Each episode is presented as a moment in `` Howard history '' and is presented by the fictional British character , Sir Hardin Thicke , voiced by voice-over actor Mike Pollock . Although Sir Hardin Thicke has not been identified on the air , fan speculation about his voice talent included Fred Norris and Kevin Nealon .   The show is a production of `` The Tapes Team '' at SIRIUS , along with Stern Spotlight , Mammary Lane and The History of Howard Stern .

neg: My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult discography The American electronic industrial rock band My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult has released ten studio albums , one live album , three compilation albums , two video albums , six remix albums , three extended plays , and ten singles . In addition , their songs have been featured on three soundtrack albums and one promotional single for major Hollywood films .   They began their career on the independent record label Wax Trax ! Records , which , like the band , was based in Chicago . In 1991 , their single `` Sexplosion ! '' from the album of the same name became a top 10 dance club hit in the U.S. Following this success , Thrill Kill Kult was signed by the major label Interscope Records , which re-released the Sexplosion ! album . On Interscope , the band achieved their biggest hit , `` Sex On Wheelz '' , which reached the top 20 on both the dance club and alternative U.S. charts .   The band 's 1993 Interscope album 13 Above the Night was their only album to chart , reaching # 194 on the Billboard top 200 albums chart . The album provided two more dance chart hits , `` Blue Buddha '' and `` Final Blindness '' . After one more Interscope album , Thrill Kill Kult briefly moved to Red Ant Records in the late 1990s . Their releases since 2000 have been on Rykodisc and/or the band 's own label , Sleazebox Records .   Thrill Kill Kult 's songs have also been featured ( along with other artists ) on three soundtrack albums for the films Cool World ( 1992 ) , The Crow ( 1994 ) , and Showgirls ( 1995 ) , as well as a promo-only single for the film The Flintstones ( 1994 ) .

neg: KTXR KTXR ( 101.3 FM ) is a radio station broadcasting a country music format , licensed to Springfield , Missouri , United States . The station is owned by Stereo Broadcasting , a subsidiary of Meyer Communications .   KTXR was a longtime beautiful music/easy listening station which had modified its format to a more contemporary Soft AC sound in recent years . The station recently unveiled a new approach dubbed `` Timeless Love Songs '' , a mixture of classic AC/soft rock hits , classic and contemporary versions of pop standards , and smooth jazz cuts . The new format replaces the AC chart currents the station used to play with `` new standards '' artists such as Norah Jones , Michael Bublé , Diana Krall , Queen Latifah , Rod Stewart , and Renee Olstead .   KTXR also is licensed for HD Radio operations and features Smooth Jazz 24 hours a day on its HD2 channel .   On April 30 , 2012 KTXR tweaked its format from soft AC/adult standards to mainstream adult contemporary . But after three years in the format and trailing rival KGBX-FM , Meyer announced that it is moving KBFL-FM 's Southern Rock/Country hybrid format to KTXR on November 2 , 2015 .   On November 2 , 2015 at Midnight , KTXR changed their format to country , branded as `` 101.3 The Outlaw , Genuine Red Dirt Country '' , the format and branding moving over from 99.9 after both simulcasted for a short time .

neg: Joel Moss Levinson Joel Moss Levinson is a writer , comedian from Yellow Springs , Ohio . He often collaborates with his older brother , Stephen Levinson , as the Levinson Brothers .   The pair were a part of TedX Dayton 2014 , speaking about successful collaboration .   Along with their third partner , CONAN and former Daily Show writer Rob Kutner , the Levinson Brothers released `` 2776 '' a comedy/musical album benefitting the charity OneKid OneWorld . Featuring Aimee Mann , Patton Oswalt , Ed Helms , Ashanti , Reggie Watts , Ira Glass , Nina Totenberg , Will Forte , Rebirth Brass Band , Yo La Tengo , Margaret Cho , Neko Case , Kelly Hogan , Dick Cavett , Dick Gregory , k.d. lang , Will Arnett , Alex Trebek and more , the album appeared briefly on the Billboard Comedy charts . The album 's liner notes were written by George Saunders and appeared in the New Yorker Joel composed the music for all but two of the 28 tracks .   n 2012 , the Levinson Brothers and Rob Kutner released an EP called `` It 's OK To Do Stuff '' in celebration of the 40th anniversary of `` Free To Be You And Me . '' Made up of songs satirizing the original with songs about gender , childhood , equality and relationships . `` It 's Okay to Do Stuff is first and foremost meant to be funny -- and it is , most of the time . Here , the earnestness of Free to Be is replaced with satire , but irony is the ethos of our age , remember ? '' The album features Lizzy Caplan , Fred Willard , Jane Weidlin , Steven Page , Colin Hanks , Fred Stoller , Eddie Pepitone , Eugene Mirman and others .   Joel gained national attention in 2008 as an Internet personality who professionally wins consumer generated marketing contests , and earned more than money and prizes , by creating corporate jingles and short commercials .   Levinson grew up in Dayton , Ohio . His father Jim was a prosecutor and his mother was a writer . He attended George Washington University for a few semesters . He worked for the KIO ( Kentucky , Indiana , Ohio ) region for BBYO and traveled the country as a song leader for the organization .   In November 2008 , he appeared on The Tonight Show to talk about his contest winnings . Joel was named an Access Hollywood Rising Star on December 1 , 2008 . In 2009 he appeared on CBS News with Katie Couric .

neg: Sabbat (rock opera) Sabbat is hard rock opera written by Craig R. Pedersen and the rock band Uther Pendragon . Started in 1969 with a song titled `` Devils Due '' , it was finished in 2006 .   The original concept was for staging with Stonehenge set , but final product is based on a fictitious event around the High Priest of The First Church of Satan , LaVeyan Satanism founded by Anton Szandor LaVey , who Craig meet briefly in 1968 .   The final version is dark , more gothic production and the first production for the opera is going to be animated , in the style of the film , Heavy Metal .   Songs Include :  You 're a Human Now Uther Pendragon lyrics ,  What Are You Doing Here/I Have Wicked Needs Craig R Pedersen lyrics ,  I Could n't Help but Hear Craig R Pedersen lyrics ,  Welcome My Dear Craig R Pedersen lyrics ,  I Want to Be Your Bitch Craig R Pedersen lyrics ,  Devils Due Craig R Pedersen lyrics ,  Finally a Woman Craig R Pedersen lyrics ,  Troubles Michael Beers lyrics ,  Dance with the Devil Bruce Marelich lyrics ,  Realm of Seven Plains Uther Pendragon lyrics ,  Chant of the Warlocks Craig R Pedersen lyrics ,  The Black Mass Craig R Pedersen lyrics ,  Sacrifice of the virgin Craig R Pedersen lyrics ,  Erotic Dance Craig R Pedersen lyrics ,   All music by Uther Pendragon and Bad Daddy , Copyright 1968 , 1969 , 2006   Category : Rock operas  Category : Hard rock

neg: Streetlights (Kurupt album) Streetlights is the sixth studio album by American rapper Kurupt , it was released on April 20 , 2010 .

neg: Skatterman Stacy Landis , better known by his stage name Skatterman ( pronounced Scātterman ) , is an American rapper from Kansas City , Missouri .

neg: Ronny van Dyke Ronny van Dyke ( born Jörg T.Hartmann ; 1 March 1956 in Duisburg , Germany ) is a German singer and songwriter .   He gave his first concert in 1973 with a psychedelic rock band called P.S.I. . He is focussed on composing and has written a few hundred songs . Together with Norbert Jürgen Schneider in 1991 he realized a project called `` Rock contra Classic '' . He was on tour with a classic quartet in Germany . Since 1990 he has published Albums , later from 1992 to 1994 he has also composed background music for the TV series `` Marienhof '' of the German Television ARD . Marienhof was telecasted in 13 countries . In 1993 , he produced the album `` Naked Fools '' together with Frank Diez ( guit . of Peter Maffay ) , Wolfgang Haffner ( dr. Chaka Khan ) , Jo Barnikel ( key Konstantin Wecker ) . Since September 2008 , the Song `` RingDingaDing '' has been promoted very successful with a music video . He has done the screen play , Jens Wolpert from Telefilm , Fürth / Germany has been the camera man and has done the final cut .

neg: Russian chanson Russian chanson ( -LSB- Русский шансон , r = Russkiy shanson , -RSB- from French `` chanson '' ) is a neologism for a musical genre covering a range of Russian songs , including city romance songs , author song performed by singer-songwriters , and Blatnaya Pesnya or `` criminals ' songs '' that are based on the themes of the urban underclass and the criminal underworld .

neg: Mark Brooks (director) Mark Brooks is an American producer , director , writer and musician .

neg: Paul Shortino Paul Shortino ( born May 14 , 1953 ) is an American rock singer and musician who has sung for several bands , including Rough Cutt/The Cutt , Quiet Riot , Bad Boyz , and Shortino . He briefly recorded with J.K. Northrup as the duo Shortino/Northrup . He has also recorded as a solo artist , writing and performing the song `` E.G.G.M.A.N. '' as the theme for Dr. Eggman in Sonic Adventure 2 for Sega ( this song was later revised by Remix Factory in Shadow the Hedgehog as `` E.G.G.M.A.N. Doc Robeatnix Mix '' ) . In 1985 , Shortino recorded lead vocals for the Heavy Metal benefit project Hear 'n Aid . The single from this project , `` We 're Stars '' also features lead vocals by heavy metal singers Ronnie James Dio , Rob Halford , Geoff Tate , Don Dokken , Kevin DuBrow , Eric Bloom and Dave Meniketti .   He is currently in the band King Kobra and is also performing in the cast of Raiding the Rock Vault at the Tropicana in Las Vegas , Nevada .

neg: Karl Denson Karl Denson ( born December 27 , 1956 ) is an American funk and jazz saxophonist , flutist and vocalist from Santa Ana , California . He was a member of Lenny Kravitz 's band and has co-founded and led The Greyboy Allstars . Denson has recorded with artists including Jack DeJohnette , Dave Holland , Slightly Stoopid , Blind Boys of Alabama , Blackalicious , Stanton Moore , and Jon Foreman of the rock band Switchfoot . He continues to lead his own Karl Denson 's Tiny Universe ( KDTU ) and Karl Denson Trio ( KD3 ) , while touring with the Rolling Stones since 2014 to date . Karl Denson 's Tiny Universe had performed at every single JamCruise as of 2014 .   Members of KDTU include Denson ( saxophone , flute ) , Chris Stillwell ( bass ) , Chris Littlefield ( trumpet ) , D.J. Williams ( guitar ) , David Veith ( keyboards ) , Alan Evans ( drums ) and Seth Freeman ( guitar/lap steel )   KD3 comprises Denson with keyboardist Anthony Smith ( Global Funk , Giant People ) and drummer Brett Sanders ( brother of John Staten ) .

neg: Ozark Henry Piet Goddaer ( born 29 April 1970 in Kortrijk ) is a Belgian musician , better known by his stage name Ozark Henry .


query: Sage Stallone was an American film director.

pos: Sage Stallone Sage Moonblood Stallone ( May 5 , 1976 -- July 13 , 2012 ) was an American actor , film director , film producer , and film distributor . He was the son of Sylvester Stallone .

neg: Adam Marcus (director) Adam Marcus ( born 1968 ) is an American film director , writer and actor .   Marcus was born in Westport , Connecticut and attended Staples High School . He started his career at the age of fifteen , when he co-created the Westport Theatreworks Theatrical Company where he directed and produced over fifty shows in seven years . He then attended New York University where he won the coveted Best Picture Award at the Student Academy Awards in 1990 for his film , '' ... so you like this girl '' . In 1991 , Marcus was called out to Los Angeles by filmmaker Sean S. Cunningham ( the director of the original Friday the 13th ) to work on producing and directing features . That same year , he co-produced Johnny Zombie ( retitled My Boyfriend 's Back ) for Cunningham and Disney Studios .   In 1993 , Marcus wrote the story for and directed the ninth film in the Friday the 13th series , Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday for New Line . He was 23 at the time and the youngest director ever hired by the studio . The three million dollar feature went on to gross over eighteen million domestically and became one of New Line Video 's largest releases ever .   Marcus and his writing partner Debra Sullivan then turned their attention to screenwriting for Paramount ( the adaptation of James Patterson 's Virgin , later titled Cradle and All ) and Fox ( the original Black Autumn ) . In 1995 , Marcus created the theater company Damn Skippy Theatreworks in L.A. . In the Summer and Fall of 1998 Marcus directed the independently financed feature film comedy , Let It Snow ( aka Snow Days ) . The picture marked the return of Bernadette Peters in a feature film after an eight-year absence from film work . The film screened at the Independent Feature Film Market ( IFFM ) in New York City where it was singled out as the most successful film at the market by Variety , Time Out IndieWire . Let It Snow had its world premiere at the American Film Institute 's Los Angeles International Film Festival ( AFI 's LAIFF ) in competition in the New Visions Category ; the film won awards at the festival for Best New Writer and Best Editing . The film then went on to be an official selection of Sundance 2000 in the American Spectrum section where it was given two extra screenings and sold out all seven of its showings . Then came the New York/Avignon film festival and the Deauville festival in France , where the film received critical acclaim . Let It Snow received positive reviews from Variety , The Hollywood Reporter , Ai n't It Cool News , The New York Times , and The Gore Score as well as a number of other publications worldwide .   Marcus then turned to television , where he sold several series to Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions , Imagine Television , NBC , Fox and The WB . In 2008 , Marcus directed the feature film Conspiracy for Sony Pictures , which he co-wrote with Debra Sullivan . The film was shot in Santa Fe , New Mexico with Val Kilmer , Jennifer Esposito and Gary Cole .   Marcus completed the pilot presentation Fitz and Slade and is currently co-writing , directing and serving as executive producer on the web series Connected .   In 2013 Marcus co-wrote the reboot of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre series , Texas Chainsaw 3D with partner Sullivan and Stephen Susco , which was the first number-one box office film in North America of the year . He co-wrote with Sullivan the feature film Cabin Fever : Outbreak and is directing and co-writing The Plantation , an adaptation of Val Lewton 's RKO classic I Walked with a Zombie .   Adam 's script for Momentum ( aka Gravity ) , co-written by Sullivan , began production in South Africa starting January 2014 . The film was the directorial debut of Stephen Campanelli and stars Morgan Freeman , James Purefoy and Olga Kurylenko . The film premiered at the Fantasia International Film Festival in 2015 .   Marcus is the brother of Young Artist Award-nominated actor Kipp Marcus . Marcus attended NYU 's Tisch School of the Arts .

neg: Sam Raimi Samuel M `` Sam '' Raimi ( -LSB- ˈreɪmi -RSB- born October 23 , 1959 ) is an American film director , producer , screenwriter and actor , famous for creating the cult horror Evil Dead series , as well as directing the original Spider-Man trilogy ( 2002 -- 07 ) and the 1990 superhero film Darkman . His most recent work is the 2013 Disney fantasy film Oz the Great and Powerful .   Raimi has also produced several successful television series and founded his own production company , Renaissance Pictures , in 1979 . Recently , he worked as the producer of The Possession , and the 2013 remake of Evil Dead .

neg: Goodfellas Goodfellas ( stylized as GoodFellas ) is a 1990 American crime film directed by Martin Scorsese . It is an adaptation of the 1986 non-fiction book Wiseguy by Nicholas Pileggi , who co-wrote the screenplay with Scorsese . The film narrates the rise and fall of mob associate Henry Hill and his friends over a period from 1955 to 1980 .   Scorsese initially named the film Wise Guy and postponed making it ; later , he and Pileggi changed the name to Goodfellas . To prepare for their roles in the film , Robert De Niro , Joe Pesci , and Ray Liotta often spoke with Pileggi , who shared research material left over from writing the book . According to Pesci , improvisation and ad-libbing came out of rehearsals wherein Scorsese gave the actors freedom to do whatever they wanted . The director made transcripts of these sessions , took the lines he liked best , and put them into a revised script , which the cast worked from during principal photography .   Made on a budget of $ 25 million , Goodfellas grossed $ 46.8 million . It received positive reviews from critics and was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director , with Pesci winning Best Actor in a Supporting Role . The film won five awards from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , including Best Film and Best Director . Additionally , Goodfellas was named the year 's best film by various critics ' groups .   Goodfellas is widely regarded as one of the greatest films in the crime genre . In 2000 , it was deemed `` culturally , historically , and aesthetically significant '' and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress . Its content and style have been emulated in numerous other films and television shows .

neg: Norman Lear Center The Norman Lear Center is a multi-disciplinary research and public policy center exploring implications of the convergence of entertainment , commerce , and society . It is based at the USC Annenberg School for Communication . Through scholarship and research , and its programs of visiting fellows , conferences , public events and publications , the Lear Center works to be at the forefront of discussion and practice in the field .   The Center is named for benefactor Norman Lear , the social activist and philanthropist , and television producer , and was founded and is directed by Marty Kaplan , associate dean of the USC Annenberg School , who has been a political speechwriter , Hollywood studio executive , and screenwriter-producer .   The Lear Center officially launched on January 24 , 2000 . Some of the programs it houses include Entertainment Goes Global , which explores the political , cultural , economic and technological implications of the globalization of entertainment ; Celebrity , Politics & Public Life , wherein faculty and deans from over 20 USC departments convene to develop an inter-disciplinary analysis of American political life , as it is shaped by popular culture ; and Hollywood , Health & Society , which provides entertainment industry professionals with accurate and timely information for health storylines . Hollywood , Health & Society is funded by , and works closely with such governmental agencies as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , the National Institutes of Health , and the National Cancer Institute . That program hosts its annual Sentinel for Health Awards to recognize exemplary television storylines that best inform , educate and motivate viewers to make choices for healthier and safer lives .   Since 2005 , the Lear Center 's Grand Avenue Intervention Project has been a driving force behind the civic outreach for the planning of a new 16 acre park in the heart of downtown Los Angeles . In partnership with the Los Angeles Times , the Lear Center solicited design proposals from the public and published a selection of them in a special section of the Times .   The Lear Center 's publishing imprint has published several works of scholarship such as Artists , Technology & The Ownership of Creative Content , Warners ' War : Politics , Pop Culture & Propaganda in Wartime Hollywood , Frank Capra and the Image of the Journalist in American Film , and Ready to Share : Creativity & Fashion in Digital Culture .

neg: Alan Schneider Alan Schneider ( December 12 , 1917 -- May 3 , 1984 ) was an American theatre director responsible for more than 100 theatre productions . In 1984 he was honored with a Drama Desk Special Award for serving a wide range of playwrights . He directed the 1956 American premiere of Samuel Beckett 's Waiting for Godot , Edward Albee 's Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? and Tiny Alice ; the American première of Joe Orton 's Entertaining Mr Sloane , Harold Pinter 's The Birthday Party , as well as Pinter 's The Dumb Waiter , The Collection , and a trilogy of Pinter 's plays under the title Other Places ( including One for the Road , Family Voices , and A Kind of Alaska ) ; Bertolt Brecht 's The Caucasian Chalk Circle ; You Know I Ca n't Hear You When the Water 's Running ; and Michael Weller 's Moonchildren and Loose Ends .   Schneider also directed Samuel Beckett 's only direct foray into the world of film , entitled Film . The short subject starred Buster Keaton and its direction is often mis-attributed to Samuel Beckett himself , notably during an exhibit at the Louvre in November 2006 . `` Film '' is a silent exploration of Bishop Berkeley 's principle ` esse est percipi ' ( to be is to be perceived ) .   One of a select group of non-actors awarded membership in The Actors Studio , Schneider taught at Catholic University , City College of the City University of New York , The Juilliard School ( where he was director of the theatre program ) , the University of California , Riverside , and the University of California , San Diego , whose library maintains an archive of his papers . He was associated with Arena Stage for 30 years . He was also the co-artistic director of The Acting Company . At the time of his death , he served as president of the board of directors for Theatre Communications Group ( TCG ) .

neg: Noël Coward Society The Noël Coward Society is an international society founded with the agreement of Coward 's literary agent and Estate to celebrate the life and work of Sir Noël Coward .   The Noël Coward Society was founded in 1999 to study and promote and enjoy the many aspects of Cowards achievements . It owns an extensive archive of recordings and written works and is attempting to become the official on-line archive of all things `` Coward '' .   The Noël Coward Society is managed by Noël Coward Ltd. , a charitable company . It is currently administered from Norwich , Norfolk , UK , and has a membership of just over 700 people worldwide . The day-to-day running of the Society is managed by an organising committee . The Society has representatives in France , Australia and the USA . Each year it celebrates the birth of Noël Coward at the Noël Coward Theatre and the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane on the nearest Friday to his birthdate . The celebration consists of the AGM of the Society at the Noël Coward Theatre followed by a celebrity from the theatre world laying flowers on the statue of Sir Noël Coward in the foyer of the Theatre Royal . The Annual Lunch follows in the Grand Saloon at the theatre , followed by a cabaret .   In 2002 , Ken Starrett was appointed the North American Director of The Noel Coward Society and in 2003 , Starrett organized an annual birthday celebration which took place in December in the USA . The event included the flower laying ceremony at The Gershwin Theatre in Manhattan and a special lunch . Among the celebrities who have placed flowers in front of Coward 's statue are Tammy Grimes , Keir Dullea , Tony Walton , Kitty Carlisle Hart , Hayley Mills , Marian Seldes , Jim Dale , Victor Garber , Christine Ebersole , Dick Cavett . Stephen Fry , Joan Copeland , Jamie Ross , Penny Fuller , and Dana Ivey . There is also a similar ceremony at Firefly Estate ( Coward 's home ) in Jamaica . On December 31 , 2016 , Ken Starrett officially stepped down after serving as North American Director of The Noel Coward Society for fourteen years .

neg: Gene Allen (art director) Eugene `` Gene '' Allen ( June 17 , 1918 -- October 7 , 2015 ) was an American art director . He followed his father and became a Los Angeles Police officer after he was laid off from his first job as a sketch artist . After serving in the United States Navy during World War II , Allen went to art school to pursue his career . He won an Academy Award in 1965 for Best Art Direction for My Fair Lady , and was nominated for A Star Is Born in 1955 and for Les Girls in 1958 . He served as President of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences from 1983 to 1985 and received a Special Achievement Award from the Art Directors Guild in 1997 . Allen died on October 7 , 2015 at the age of 97 .

neg: Sylvester (film) Sylvester is a 1985 American family drama film directed by Tim Hunter and starring Richard Farnsworth and Melissa Gilbert . The movie was nominated for a Young Artist Award in 1986 .

neg: Major film studio A major film studio is a production and film distributor that releases a substantial number of films annually and consistently commands a significant share of box office revenue in a given market . In the North American , Western , and global markets , the major film studios , often simply known as the majors , are commonly regarded as the six diversified media conglomerates whose various film production and distribution subsidiaries collectively command approximately 80 to 85 percent of U.S. and Canadian box office revenue . The term may also be applied more specifically to the primary motion picture business subsidiary of each respective conglomerate .   The `` Big Six '' majors , whose operations are based in or around the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood , are all centered in film studios active during Hollywood 's Golden Age of the 1930s and 1940s . In three cases -- 20th Century Fox , Warner Bros. , and Paramount -- the studios were one of the `` Big Five '' majors during that era as well . In two cases -- Columbia and Universal -- the studios were also considered majors , but in the next tier down , part of the `` Little Three '' . In the sixth case , Walt Disney Studios was an independent production company during the Golden Age ; it was an important Hollywood entity , but not a major . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , United Artists , and RKO were majors .   Today , Disney is the only member of the Big Six whose parent entity is still located near Los Angeles ( actually , on Disney 's studio lot and in the same building ) . The five others report to conglomerates headquartered in New York City , Philadelphia , and Tokyo . Of the Big Six , Paramount is the only one still based in Hollywood , and Paramount and Fox are the only ones still located within the Los Angeles city limits , while Disney and Warner Bros. are located in Burbank , Columbia in Culver City , and Universal in the unincorporated area of Universal City .   Most of today 's Big Six control subsidiaries with their own distribution networks that concentrate on arthouse pictures ( e.g. Fox Searchlight Pictures ) or genre films ( e.g. Sony 's Screen Gems ) ; several of these specialty units were shut down or sold off between 2008 and 2010 . The six major studios are contrasted with smaller production and/or distribution companies , which are known as independents or `` indies '' . The leading independent producer/distributors -- Lionsgate Films , The Weinstein Company , and former major studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -- are sometimes referred to as `` mini-majors '' . From 1998 through 2005 , DreamWorks SKG commanded a large enough market share to arguably qualify it as a seventh major , despite its relatively small output . In 2006 , DreamWorks was acquired by Viacom , Paramount 's corporate parent . In late 2008 , DreamWorks once again became an independent production company ; its films were distributed by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures until 2016 , at which point distribution switched to Universal .   The Big Six major studios are today primarily backers and distributors of films whose actual production is largely handled by independent companies -- either long-running entities or ones created for and dedicated to the making of a specific film . The specialty divisions often simply acquire distribution rights to pictures in which the studio has had no prior involvement . While the majors still do a modicum of true production , their activities are focused more in the areas of development , financing , marketing , and merchandising . Those business functions are still usually performed in or near Los Angeles , even though the runaway production phenomenon means that most films are now mostly or completely shot on location at places outside Los Angeles .   Since the dawn of filmmaking , the U.S. major film studios have dominated both American cinema and the global film industry . U.S. studios have benefited from a strong first-mover advantage in that they were the first to industrialize filmmaking and master the art of mass-producing and distributing high-quality films with broad cross-cultural appeal . Today , the Big Six majors routinely distribute hundreds of films every year into all significant international markets ( that is , where discretionary income is high enough for consumers to afford to watch films ) . It is very rare , if not impossible , for a film to reach a broad international audience on multiple continents and in multiple languages without first being picked up by one of the majors for distribution .

neg: Alan Greenberg (film director) Alan Greenberg ( born October 14 , 1950 in New York City , died January 27 , 2015 in Portland , OR ) was an American film director , screenwriter , photographer and author .   Greenberg visited Jamaica from a young age , and was a friend of Bob Marley . Following Marley 's death , Marley 's family asked Greenberg to make a film about Marley . In 1981 , Greenberg filmed Land of Look Behind ( 1982 ) , a documentary film that includes footage of Marley 's funeral as well as scenes filmed in Jamaica 's remote Cockpit Country and the capital city of Kingston . The film ended up being more of a visionary portrait of the Jamaica of that period ( focusing on the Rastafari movement and reggae culture ) than a film primarily about Marley . The film has won considerable critical acclaim , as well as winning the Gold Hugo Award for Best Documentary in the Chicago International Film Festival , the U.S. 's largest film competition . Land of Look Behind has also been honored as the best American documentary film of its era , and the legendary filmmaker Werner Herzog says '' ` Land of Look Behind ' has achieved things never seen before in cinema . ''   Greenberg worked closely with Werner Herzog on many projects . He served as a special unit photographer on the films Cape Fear '' by Martin Scorsese ( 1991 ) and 1900 , by Bernardo Bertolucci ( 1976 ) . He also wrote twenty screenplays and three books . His book Heart of Glass , about the making of the 1976 Werner Herzog masterwork of the same name , was called `` The best book on the making of a film ever written '' by Rolling Stone magazine . A new and entirely revised edition of the book , entitled , `` EVERY NIGHT THE TREES DISAPPEAR : Werner Herzog and the Making of ` Heart of Glass ' '' was published in hard cover by the Chicago Review Press . It featured Greenberg 's previously-unpublished photographs , which Herzog called `` strange and beautiful . '' ''   In 2012 Greenberg was going to write and produce a film based on his acclaimed screenplay `` Love in Vain '' , a poetic account of the mysterious blues genius Robert Johnson . `` Love in Vain '' was also the first screenplay ever published by a major house ( Doubleday ) as literature .   Greenberg 's latest screenplay , `` Tutankhamun - Lord of Two Lands '' , a radically researched vision of the Boy King 's murder intertwined with the intrigue surrounding his tomb 's discovery in 1922 , was to have been produced in 2013 .

neg: Sam Coppola Sam Coppola ( July 31 , 1932 -- February 5 , 2012 ) was an American actor . He appeared in almost 70 films , beginning in 1968 , but may be best remembered for his role as Dan Fusco , owner of the Bay Ridge , Brooklyn , hardware and paint store , in Saturday Night Fever , who gave John Travolta 's character sage but salty advice in the classic 1977 film . Later in his career , Coppola made a brief but memorable appearance on The Sopranos as the idiosyncratic family therapist of Jennifer Melfi .   Coppola was a cop in Serpico ( 1973 ) , starring Al Pacino , and a detective in Fatal Attraction ( 1987 ) , starring Michael Douglas and Glenn Close . His many TV credits include The Practice , The Good Wife , Law & Order , The Sopranos , Ryan 's Hope and the 2001 A&E movie The Big Heist , in which he portrayed mob boss Paul Castellano . Coppola , no relation to film director Francis Ford Coppola , played a nursing home resident in a Chevy commercial that aired during 2011 's Super Bowl and a hot dog vendor in a Ball Park Franks spot starring Michael Jordan .   Coppola , a 38-year resident of Leonia , also had many stage roles . He played the hobo Vladimir in a 2005 off-Broadway production of `` Waiting for Godot '' and an aging real estate salesman , Aaronow , in a 2000 production of Glengarry Glen Ross at the McCarter Theatre in Princeton .   Coppola died February 5 , 2012 from an aneurysm , and was predeceased by his wife , Helen . He is survived by his children , Jason Coppola of Brooklyn and Samantha Coppola of Bogota , and three grandchildren .

neg: Alan Smithee Alan Smithee ( also Allen Smithee ) is an official pseudonym used by film directors who wish to disown a project . Coined in 1968 and used until it was formally discontinued in 2000 , it was the sole pseudonym used by members of the Directors Guild of America ( DGA ) when a director , dissatisfied with the final product , proved to the satisfaction of a guild panel that he or she had not been able to exercise creative control over a film . The director was also required by guild rules not to discuss the circumstances leading to the move or even to acknowledge being the project 's director .

neg: Sage oil Sage oil is the essential oil made from the culinary herb sage , Salvia officinalis . In addition to its valuable flavoring characteristics , sage oil can contain as much as 50 % thujone by weight . The exact amount varies based on the time in the season and which part of the plant is tested . Thujone is traditionally regarded as one of the active ingredients in absinthe , distinguishing it from `` less controversial '' alcoholic beverages .   Sage oil has been suggested to boost short-term memory performance in many using it as a dietary supplement . Sage oils can be toxic and may trigger miscarriages , as well as `` cause dizziness , rapid heartbeat , and provoke epileptic seizures '' .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: Shamus Culhane James `` Shamus '' Culhane ( November 12 , 1908 -- February 2 , 1996 ) was an American animator , film director , and film producer .   Culhane worked for a number of American animation studios , including Fleischer Studios , the Ub Iwerks studio , Walt Disney Productions , and the Walter Lantz studio . He began his animation career in 1925 working for J.R. Bray studios , and is known for promoting the animation talents of his inker/assistant at the Fleischer Studios in the early 1930s , Lillian Friedman Astor , making her the first female studio animator .   While at the Disney studio , he discovered while working on Hawaiian Holiday '' 's crab sequence an animation method that involved stewing for multiple days , before drawing the entire thing in rough sketches all at once , straight ahead . He was a lead animator on Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , animating arguably the most well-known sequence in the film , the animation of the dwarves marching home singing `` Heigh-Ho '' . The scene took Culhane and his assistants six months to complete . During this time he developed his `` High-speed '' technique of animating with quick dashed-off sketches .   He also worked as an animator on Pinocchio , where he worked on Honest John and Gideon . However , he was left uncredited on the film . During the production of the film he left Disney to work at Fleischer Studios . While there , he worked as an animator on the films Gulliver 's Travels and Mr. Bug Goes to Town .   In 1944 , he collaborated on The Greatest Man in Siam with the layout artist Art Heinemann . In that animation , `` the king of Siam bolts past doorways that are distinctly phallic in shape and peers at another that mimics a vagina . ''   Later in his career , Culhane worked briefly in Chuck Jones 's unit at Warner Bros , before moving on to being a director for Lantz , where he helmed Woody Woodpecker 's 1944 classic , The Barber of Seville , the cartoon famous for one of the first uses of fast cutting , after taking the idea from Sergei Eisenstein . At Lantz , he introduced Russian avant-garde influenced experimental art into the cartoons . In the late-1940s , he founded Shamus Culhane Productions ( Culhane had gone by his birthname of James up until this point , before going by its Irish variant Shamus ) , one of the first companies to create animated television commercials . It also produced the animation for at least one of the Bell Telephone Science Series films .   Shamus Culhane Productions folded in the 1960s , at which point Culhane became the head of the successor to Fleischer Studios , Paramount Cartoon Studios . He left the studio in 1967 , and went into semi-retirement .   Culhane wrote two highly regarded books on animation : the how-to/textbook Animation from Script to Screen , and his autobiography Talking Animals and Other People '' . Since Culhane worked for a number of major Hollywood animation studios , his autobiography gives a balanced general overview of the history of the Golden Age of American Animation .   At his death on February 2 , 1996 , Culhane was survived by his fourth wife , the former Juana Hegarty , and by two sons from his third marriage , to Maxine Marx ( the daughter of Chico Marx ) : Brian Culhane of Seattle and Kevin Marx Culhane of Portland , Ore. .

neg: Film series A film series ( also referred to as a film franchise ) is a collection of related films in succession that share the same fictional universe , or are marketed as a series .   Sometimes the work is conceived from the beginning as a multiple-film work , for example the Three Colours series , but in most cases the success of the original film inspires further films to be made . Individual sequels are relatively common , but are not always successful enough to spawn further installments .   The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the highest grossing film series in unadjusted US Dollar figures surpassing the Harry Potter , Star Wars , James Bond , and Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings series . However , `` Star Wars '' has the highest when adjusted for inflation .

neg: Set piece In film production , a set piece is a scene or sequence of scenes whose execution requires serious logistical planning and considerable expenditure of money . The term set piece is often used more broadly to describe any important dramatic or comedic highpoint in a film or story , particularly those that provide some kind of dramatic payoff , resolution , or transition . Thus the term is often used to describe any scenes that are so essential to a film that they can not be edited out or skipped in the shooting schedule without seriously damaging the integrity of the finished product . Often , screenplays are written around a list of such set pieces , particularly in high-budget `` event movies '' .   Set pieces are very often planned meticulously using storyboards , screentests , and rehearsals , in contrast to smaller scenes where the director and actors may be more improvisational . Each action requires the combined efforts of different departments : set builders , physical effects , and special visual effects . On most films , different groups of people will work on different set pieces individually since they can take a long time to prepare before shooting . For example , the car chase in The Matrix Reloaded took months to prepare and cost $ 30 million , including $ 5 million to build the freeway set .

neg: Melville Shavelson Melville Shavelson ( April 1 , 1917 -- August 8 , 2007 ) was an American film director , producer , screenwriter , and author . He was President of the Writers Guild of America , West ( WGAw ) from 1969 to 1971 , 1979 to 1981 , and 1985 to 1987 . He came to Hollywood in 1938 as one of comedian Bob Hope 's joke writers , a job he held for the next five years . He is responsible for the screenplays of such Hope films as The Princess and the Pirate ( 1944 ) , Where There 's Life ( 1947 ) , The Great Lover ( 1949 ) , and Sorrowful Jones ( 1949 ) , which also starred Lucille Ball . Shavelson also worked as a writer on Hope 's radio show , The Pepsodent Show Starring Bob Hope .   Shavelson was nominated twice for Academy Awards for Best Original Screenplay -- first for 1955 's The Seven Little Foys , starring Hope in a rare dramatic role , and then for 1958 's Houseboat . He shared both nominations with Jack Rose . He also directed both films .   Other films he wrote and directed include Beau James ( 1957 ) , The Five Pennies ( 1959 ) for which he won a Screen Writers Guild Award , It Started in Naples ( 1960 ) , On the Double ( 1961 ) , The Pigeon That Took Rome ( 1962 ) , A New Kind of Love ( 1963 ) , Cast a Giant Shadow ( 1966 ) , and Yours , Mine and Ours ( 1968 ) , which starred Henry Fonda and again with Lucille Ball . Shavelson created two Emmy award-winning television series and wrote for a dozen Academy Award shows .   He also wrote , produced and co-directed the six-hour ABC screenplay to the 1979 television miniseries Ike , based on the World War II exploits of Gen. Dwight Eisenhower . It featured an all star cast including Robert Duvall and Lee Remick .   Shavelson 's autobiography , published by BearManor Media in April 2007 , is entitled How to Succeed in Hollywood Without Really Trying , P.S. - You Ca n't ! Shavelson wrote several other books , including , with Mr. Hope , `` Do n't Shoot , It 's Only Me : Bob Hope 's Comedy History of the United States '' ( Putnam , 1990 ) , and How to Make a Jewish Movie ( 1971 ) , a memoir of his experiences while producing and directing Cast a Giant Shadow , and the Hollywood-themed novel Lualda ( 1973 ) .   Shavelson was a noted instructor at USC 's Master of Professional Writing Program from 1998-2006 . He taught screenwriting , who often cracked to his students , `` I 'm a writer by choice , a producer by necessity and a director in self-defense . ''   He was an amateur radio operator and held the callsign W6VLH .   Shavelson 's first wife , Lucille , died in 2000 . He was married to his second wife , Ruth Florea , from 2001 until his death in 2007 . He had two children , Lynne Joiner and Richard Shavelson .

neg: Rocky III Rocky III is a 1982 American sports drama film written , directed by , and starring Sylvester Stallone . It is the third installment in the Rocky film series , and the second in the franchise to be directed by Stallone .   The movie features returning co-stars Carl Weathers , Burgess Meredith , Talia Shire and Burt Young . Rocky III also marks the film debuts of Mr. T as James `` Clubber '' Lang , and of professional wrestler Hulk Hogan as the supporting character `` Thunderlips '' .   Rocky III is the first installment in the series to be distributed by MGM/UA rather than United Artists alone . In 1980 , United Artists , who owned the rights to the Rocky films , made Heaven 's Gate , a film which cost $ 44 million and made only $ 3 million . In response , United Artists ' owner , Transamerica , sold United Artists to MGM , forming MGM/UA in 1981 .   The film 's main theme , `` Eye of the Tiger '' , was written by the group Survivor and became a smash hit single , topping the U.S. Billboard charts and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song .

neg: Steven Spielberg's Director's Chair Steven Spielberg 's Director 's Chair is a simulation game created and published by Knowledge Adventure for Windows and Macintosh . It was released in 1996 in the United States of America .   In the game , the player is guided by film director Steven Spielberg ( appearing as himself ) through the comprehensive process of moviemaking , including scriptwriting , filming , and editing , using pre-generated film clips featuring Jennifer Aniston , Quentin Tarantino , Katherine Helmond , and Penn & Teller , among others . The game features advice from Hollywood professionals such as editor Michael Kahn , special effects supervisor Michael Lantieri , and cinematographer Dean Cundey . The game was produced by Roger Holzberg , who directed Spielberg in scenes in which Spielberg himself appeared .


query: Ireland does not have a central plain.

pos: Ireland Ireland ( -LSB- ˈaɪərlənd -RSB- Éire -LSB- ˈeːɾʲə -RSB- ; Ulster-Scots : Airlann -LSB- - scoˈɑːrlən -RSB- ) is an island in the North Atlantic . It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel , the Irish Sea , and St George 's Channel . Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles , the third-largest in Europe , and the twentieth-largest on Earth .   Politically , Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland ( officially named Ireland ) , which covers five-sixths of the island , and Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom , in the northeast of the island . In 2011 , the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million , ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain . Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just over 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland .   The island 's geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain , with several navigable rivers extending inland . The island has lush vegetation , a product of its mild but changeable climate which avoids extremes in temperature . Thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages . As of 2013 , the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11 % of the total , compared with a European average of 35 % . There are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland . The Irish climate is very moderate and classified as oceanic . As a result , winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area . However , summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe . Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant .   The earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC . Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE . The island was Christianised from the 5th century onward . Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century , England claimed sovereignty over Ireland . However , English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th -- 17th century Tudor conquest , which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain . In the 1690s , a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters , and was extended during the 18th century . With the Acts of Union in 1801 , Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom . A war of independence in the early 20th century was followed by the partition of the island , creating the Irish Free State , which became increasingly sovereign over the following decades , and Northern Ireland , which remained a part of the United Kingdom . Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s . This subsided following a political agreement in 1998 . In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom , and Northern Ireland , as part of it , did the same .   Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures , especially in the fields of literature . Alongside mainstream Western culture , a strong indigenous culture exists , as expressed through Gaelic games , Irish music , and the Irish language . The culture of the island also shares many features with that of Great Britain , including the English language , and sports such as association football , rugby , horse racing , and golf .

neg: Scottish Lowlands The Lowlands ( the Lallans or the Lawlands ; a ' Ghalldachd , `` the place of the foreigner '' ) are a cultural and historic region of Scotland .   The Lowlands is not an official geographical or administrative area of the country . There are two main topographic regions : the Midland Valley ( or Central Lowlands ) and the Southern Uplands . The term `` Lowlands '' mainly refers to the Midland Valley . However , in normal usage it refers to those parts of Scotland not in the Highlands ( or Gàidhealtachd ) . The boundary is usually considered to be a line between Stonehaven and Helensburgh ( on the Firth of Clyde ) . The Lowlands lie south and east of the line . Note that some parts of the Lowlands ( such as the Southern Uplands ) are not physically `` low , '' Merrick for example reaching 2,766 feet , while some areas indisputably in the Highlands ( such as Islay ) are low-lying .   In geological terms , the dividing line between Lowlands and Highlands is the Highland Boundary Fault . There was also a legally defined Highland Line in the post-Culloden years , part of the measures taken to suppress Gaelic culture .   For other purposes , the boundary varies ; but if the Boundary Fault is used , then the traditional Scottish counties entirely in the Lowlands are : Ayrshire , Berwickshire , Clackmannanshire , Dumfriesshire , East Lothian , Fife , Kinross-shire , Kirkcudbrightshire , Lanarkshire , Mid-Lothian , Peeblesshire , Renfrewshire , Roxburghshire , Selkirkshire , West Lothian and Wigtownshire .   Traditional Scottish counties which straddle the Boundary fault include Angus , Dunbartonshire , Stirlingshire , Perthshire , Kincardineshire , Aberdeenshire , Banffshire and Moray .   Geographically , Scotland is divided into three distinct areas : the Highlands , the Central plain ( Central Belt ) , and the Southern Uplands . The Lowlands cover roughly the latter two . The northeast plain is also `` low-land , '' both geographically and culturally , but in some contexts may be grouped together with the Highlands .   The term Lowlands is sometimes used in a more restricted sense to refer specifically to the Midland Valley . Much of this area , which has a characteristic structure of sedimentary rocks with coal deposits , lies within the basins of the Rivers Forth and Clyde . Historically , this valley has been the most agriculturally productive region of Scotland . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , coal deposits promoted concentrated industrial activity and urbanization in the Midland Valley , where 80 percent of the population of Scotland now live . While coal mining and heavy industry have declined in the region , it remains at the centre of the Scottish economy , with electronics and computer manufacture and service sectors such as telecommunications , computer software , and finance .   The southernmost counties of Scotland , nearest the border with England , are also known as the Borders . They are sometimes considered separately from the rest of the Lowlands . Many ancestors of the Scotch-Irish , as they are known in the United States , or Ulster-Scots , originated from the lowlands and borders region before migrating to the Ulster Plantation in the 17th century and later the American frontier , many prior to the American Revolution .   The term Scottish Lowlands is used with reference to the Scots language in contrast to the Scottish Gaelic spoken in the Highlands , Scottish history and the Scottish clan system , as well as in family history and genealogy .

neg: Iverni The Iverni ( Ἰούερνοι , Iouernoi ) were a people of early : Ireland first mentioned in Ptolemy 's 2nd century Geography as living in the extreme south-west of the island . He also locates a `` city '' called Ivernis ( Ἰουερνίς , Iouernis ) in their territory , and observes that this settlement has the same name as the island as a whole , Ivernia ( Ἰουερνία , Iouernia ) . The name Iverni has been derived from Proto-Indo-European * PiHwerjoHn , `` the fertile land '' . It was probably once the name given to all the peoples of Ireland , but by Ptolemy 's time had a more restricted usage applicable to the inhabitants of the south-west . These Iverni can be identified linguistically with the Érainn ( Éraind , Érnai , Érna ) , a people attested in Munster and elsewhere in the early Middle Ages .   The prehistoric Érainn royal dynasties are sometimes referred to as the Dáirine .

neg: Northern North Sea basin The North Sea is part of the Atlantic Ocean in northern Europe . It is located between Norway and Denmark in the east , Scotland and England in the west , Germany , the Netherlands , Belgium and France in the south .   The geology of the North Sea describes the geological features such as channels , trenches , and ridges today and the geological history , plate tectonics , geological events that created them .   A geological basin is a large low-lying area or depression . It is often below sea level . Depressions are typically formed by tectonic processes acting on the lithosphere , providing `` accommodation space '' for sediment to be preserved . Basins are formed in a variety of tectonic settings : extensional , compressional , strike-slip and intraplate .   Geological basins are one of the most common places which collect sediment . The type of rocks which form there tell about the palaeoclimate of the continent . The geology is of interest to oil prospectors , hydrologists and palaeontologists . Exploration in the North Sea was initiated in May 1964 when the first well was spudded and the area has now become one of the most prolific hydrocarbon provinces in the world . Total recoverable reserves found to date , including adjacent land areas , amount to over 100 billion barrels of oil and natural gas .   Geologically speaking , the North Sea is divided into four main basins : Northern , Moray Firth , Central , and Southern . Each has a long and complex geologic history with unique structural and stratigraphic developments driven by tectonic events over the last 400 Million years . The northern North Sea Paleorift system , including the Viking and Sogn graben , is an approximately 150-200 km wide zone of extended upper crust with preserved strata from pre-Triassic to Tertiary . It is bounded by the Shetland Platform to the west and the Norwegian mainland to the east .

neg: Irish population analysis The population of the Island of Ireland in 2016 was approximately 6.6 million comprising 4.75 million in the Republic of Ireland with another 1.85 million in Northern Ireland . Although this is a significant growth over recent years , it is still some way below the record high of the early 1840s .   Between 1780 and 1840 , Ireland experienced rapid population growth , rising from about 3 million in 1780 to over 8 million by 1840 . In 1841 , the population of the area now covering the Republic of Ireland was over 6.5 million people . The subsequent Great Famine and the emigration it caused had a dramatic effect , so that by 1871 , the 26-county population had dropped by over a third to four million , and by 1926 had reduced further to three million . It held firm around three million until the early 1970s , when the population began to rise again . Future predictions are for the population to continue to rise until 2031 when it is predicted to be just over five million . The Republic of Ireland is one of the few remaining developed economies to have growth of this scale .   Below are some statistics to illustrate the rise , fall and rise again of the population since 1841 . The statistics also illustrate a massive population shift from the west to the east of the country and increasing urbanisation . Counties such as Mayo , Roscommon , Donegal and Leitrim have become depopulated while counties surrounding Dublin including Wicklow , Kildare , Louth and Meath have seen rapid population growth in recent years .

neg: Achill Island Achill Island ( -LSB- ˈækəl -RSB- Acaill , Oileán Acla ) in County Mayo is the largest island off the coast of Ireland , and is situated off the west coast . It has a population of 2,700 . Its area is 148 km2 . Achill is attached to the mainland by Michael Davitt Bridge , between the villages of Gob an Choire ( Achill Sound ) and Poll Raithní ( Polranny ) . A bridge was first completed here in 1887 , replaced by another structure in 1949 , and subsequently replaced with the current bridge which was completed in 2008 . Other centres of population include the villages of Keel , Dooagh , Dumha Éige ( Dooega ) , Dún Ibhir ( Dooniver ) , The Valley and Dugort . The parish 's main Gaelic football pitch and secondary school are on the mainland at Poll Raithní . Early human settlements are believed to have been established on Achill around 3000 BC . A paddle dating from this period was found at the crannóg near Dookinella .  The island is 87 % peat bog . The parish of Achill also includes the Curraun peninsula . Some of the people of Curraun consider themselves Achill people , and most natives of Achill refer to this area as being `` in Achill '' . There are between 500-600 native Irish speakers in Achill parish . In the summer of 1996 , the RNLI decided to station a lifeboat at Kildownet .

neg: River Barrow The Barrow ( An Bhearú ) is a river in Ireland . It is one of The Three Sisters ; the other two being the River Suir and the River Nore . The Barrow is the longest of the three rivers . At 192 km ( 120 mi ) , it is the second-longest river in Ireland , behind the River Shannon . The catchment area of the River Barrow is 3,067 km2 .  The river 's long term average flow rate is 37.4 cubic metres per second .   The source of the River Barrow is at Glenbarrow in the Slieve Bloom Mountains in County Laois .   Among the towns that the River Barrow passes through on its way to the sea in Waterford are Portarlington , Monasterevin , Athy , Carlow/Graiguecullen , Muine Bheag ( i.e. Bagenalstown , ) Graiguenamanagh , and New Ross .   The river also forms a natural border between , on its right bank , counties Kilkenny and Waterford and , on its left bank , counties Carlow and Wexford .

neg: Loígis Loígis -LSB- ˈloiɣʲisʲ -RSB- was a kingdom in medieval Ireland that existed into the 16th century .

neg: River Inny (Leinster) The River Inny ( Irish : An Eithne ) is a river within the Shannon River Basin in Ireland . The Inny is 40 miles ( 64 km ) in length   It begins as a stream on Patrickstown hill , one of the peaks which form the Loughcrew complex of megalithic tombs , near Oldcastle in County Meath and marks the boundary between Meath and Cavan for about four miles before it enters Lough Sheelin in County Cavan . From Lough Sheelin it forms the boundary between Westmeath and Cavan , and flows under the bridge of Finea into Lough Kinale where counties Cavan and Westmeath meet Longford . From there it forms much of the boundary between Longford and Westmeath but enters Westmeath near Streete and flows into Lough Derravaragh . It then flows near the village of Ballinalack and crosses into County Longford near Abbeyshrule , where the Whitworth aqueduct suspends the Royal Canal above the river , and pumps supply the canal with water . At nearby Tenelick the mythological Princess Eithne drowned in the rapids , giving her name to the river , which powered two mills here for many years . It continues past Newcastle House to Ballymahon , the largest town located on the Inny . It again forms the county line between Longford and Westmeath , flowing westwards into Lough Ree to meet the boundary with County Roscommon . From there it becomes part of the River Shannon , flowing through Athlone to enter the Atlantic Ocean .

neg: Gaelscoil A Gaelscoil ( -LSB- ˈɡˠeːl̪ˠsˠkɛlʲ -RSB- ; plural : Gaelscoileanna ) is an Irish-medium school in Ireland : the term refers especially to Irish-medium schools outside the Irish-speaking regions or Gaeltacht . Over 50,000 students attend Gaelscoileanna on the island of Ireland . A further over 13,000 students are receiving their primary and second level education through Irish in the Gaeltacht . Gaelscoileanna and Irish-medium schools in the Gaeltacht are supported and represented by Gaeloideachas and An Chomhairle um Oideachas Gaeltachta & Gaelscolaíochta or COGG for short .   Students in the Gaelscoileanna acquire the Irish language through language immersion , and study the standard curriculum through it . Gaelscoileanna , unlike English-medium schools , have the reputation of producing competent Irish speakers . English-medium schools , in contrast , produce relatively few fluent Irish speakers , despite the Irish language being an obligatory subject in the Republic of Ireland in both primary and secondary school . This has been attributed in part to the lack of Irish-language immersion programs .

neg: Clontead Beg Clontead Beg is a townland within the civil parish of Magourney and catholic parish of Aghabullogue , County Cork , Ireland . It is 227.39 acres in size , and east of Coachford village .   In the Down Survey ( Muskery Map , 1656-8 ) , it is referred to as ` Clonete Beg ' , but does not appear as a ` denomination ' on the Down Survey parish map , nor is it mentioned in the accompanying terrier .   The Ordnance Survey name book ( c. 1840 ) describes the western end of the townland as forming the village of Coachford and the eastern end the ` Derreen Demesne . ' Clontead House and Demesne was situated on its southern boundary . Various name versions are given , such as ` Clontade ' , ` Clontead ' , ` Clontadebeg ' and ` Clontade Beg ' . A suggested Irish version is Cluain Téide Beg , with ` Cluain Téide ' interpreted as ` plain or lawn of the green -LSB- hill -RSB- ' . O'Murchú ( 1991 ) gives an Irish version of Cluain Téide , suggesting ` Téide ' as meaning a plateau , or a plain on a hill ; essentially ` plain of the flat-topped hill ' . The Placenames Database of Ireland gives the townland an Irish name of Cluain Téide Bheag , with ` Cluain ' meaning ` meadow ' or ` pasture ' .   Townlands vary greatly in size , being territorial divisions within parishes in Ireland . Extensively used for land surveys , censuses and polling systems since the seventeenth century , townlands have also been used as the basis for rural postal addresses . In County Cork , surveying and standardisation of townland names and boundaries by the Ordnance Survey during the mid-nineteenth century , resulted in some earlier townland names disappearing , due to amalgamation or division . The townlands resulting from such surveys were employed during the Primary Land Valuation ( Griffith 's Valuation ) , subsequent censuses , and continue in use today .

neg: Bog of Allen The Bog of Allen ( Móin Alúine in Irish ) is a large raised bog in the centre of Ireland between the rivers Liffey and Shannon .   The bog 's 958 square kilometers ( 370 square miles ) stretch into County Offaly , County Meath , County Kildare , County Laois , and County Westmeath . Peat is mechanically harvested on a large scale by Bórd na Móna , the government-owned peat production industry . The area has miles of narrow gauge industrial railways for transporting turf to processing plants and turf powered power plants . In addition , the cutover portions are used as area for grazing . The bog is crossed by the Grand Canal and the Royal Canal .

neg: Lough Gowna Lough Gowna is a fresh water lake which is the uppermost lake on the River Erne . It is located on the border between County Longford and County Cavan , with the largest part of the lake being in County Longford .   Lough Gowna is a moraine-dammed lake formed at the end of the last glaciation , and owes its complex indented shape to the underlying drumlin landscape . This results in a large number of bays and inlets on the lake , often connected by narrow channels . The river Erne enters the system in a western direction into the easternmost part of the lake ( locally known as Derries Lough ) and exits northward through County Cavan . However , the damming caused by the moraines that gave rise to the lake result in large bodies of water to the north-west and south-west which form the bulk of the area of the lake . A number of other small rivers also flow into the lake . The county border runs through the north-western part of the lake , and then turns eastwards , with the western and southern parts of the lake being in Longford and the north-eastern parts being in Cavan .   The north-western and south-western portions of the lake are connected by a narrow channel at Dernaferst ( a townland on the western ( Longford ) shore of the lake , but which is in County Cavan ) . The northern and eastern shores of the lake are surrounded by peat bog , with areas of planted woodland along the southern shores of the lake in former demesnes in the townlands of Derrycassan and Culray . The lake is considered to be an important site for wintering wildfowl .   The lake contains one large island in the south-western part , Inchmore ( Inis Mór in Irish , meaning `` Big island '' ) , which was the site of a monastery founded in the sixth century by Saint Colmcille . The monastery was raided by the Vikings in 804 , being burned and looted . During the twelfth century , the abbey conformed to Augustinian rules and remained there until the dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII in 1543 . The site was still used as a graveyard by the local population until the early years of the twentieth century . The remains of the abbey are still to be seen on the island . A fifteenth-century tower bell , reputedly from the monastery , was recovered in the nineteenth century and now hangs in the Roman Catholic church in the nearby village of Aughnacliffe .   Lough Gowna is an important centre for coarse fishing and the shape of the lake , with wooded peninsulas interspersed with bays and inlets , make it attractive for tourism . There are picnic sites at Dernaferst and at Dring ( at the southernmost point of the lake ) .   The name of the lake comes from a legend about a supernatural calf which escaped from a well in the townland of Rathcor ( south of the lake ) and raced northward with a stream of water from the well following it and flooding the area now making up the lake .   The lake gives its name to the village of Loch Gowna , on the north-eastern shore of the lake in County Cavan . The original name of the village was Scrabby ( Screabach in Irish ) , and gave its name to the townland and parish in which it is located . However , in 1950 , after a plebiscite of the villagers , the name was officially changed to Loch Gowna . The village serves as a service centre for tourism , with hotel accommodation and sizeable numbers of holiday homes in the area .   Other parishes adjacent to the lake are Colmcille on the western and southern shores of the lake , Mullinalaghta on the eastern shore , and Dromard in the extreme north-west , all in County Longford ; and Mullahoran in the extreme east where the Erne enters the lake , in County Cavan .

neg: List of settlements on the island of Ireland by population This is a list of the 25 largest towns and cities on the island of Ireland by population . It therefore includes towns and cities in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland . The population figures listed are for the urban area centered around each settlement excluding areas that fall within the boundary of another town or city . The figures for Northern Ireland towns are based on the 2011 Northern Ireland Census , while the figures for towns in the Republic are based on the 2006 Census of Ireland , and cities in the Republic of Ireland are based on the 2016 Census of Ireland .

neg: Protohistory of Ireland Ireland can be said to have had a protohistorical period , when , in prehistory , the literate cultures of Greece and Rome began to take notice of it , and a further proto-literate period of ogham epigraphy , before the early historical period began in the 5th century . Attempts have been made to reconstruct the political developments of this period by reference to early medieval Irish genealogical texts .

neg: List of Irish words used in the English language For a list of Irish words that have been imported into English , see the list of English words of Irish origin .   For help with pronunciation , see Help : IPA , Help : IPA for Irish , and Irish phonology .   Irish words used in English in modern Ireland without being assimilated to English forms include :  Amhrán na bhFiann : National Anthem of Ireland ( literally `` Soldiers Song '' )  pronounced ( -LSB- / ˈəuɾˠaːn̪ˠ n̪ˠə ˈvʲiːən̪ˠ / -RSB- )  Áras an Uachtaráin : Residence of the President  pronounced -LSB- / ˈɑːrəs ən ˈuəxt̪ərɑːnʲ / -RSB-  Ardfheis : Party conference ( used by Fianna Fáil , Fine Gael and Sinn Féin )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈɑːɾˠd̪ˠ ˈɛɕ / -RSB-  Ard-Rí : High King ( title used in the Middle Ages )  pronounced -LSB- / ɑːrd riː / -RSB-  Bord Fáilte : Irish Tourist Board ( literally `` Welcome Board '' ; now called Fáilte Ireland )  pronounced -LSB- / boːrd ˈfɑːʎtʲə / -RSB-  Bunreacht na hÉireann : Constitution of Ireland  pronounced -LSB- / ˈbunraxt nə ˈheːrʲən / -RSB-  Ceann Comhairle : Chairman of Dáil Éireann  pronounced -LSB- / kʲaːn̪ˠ ˈkoːrʎə / -RSB-  Dáil Éireann : House of Representatives ( lower house of the Irish Parliament )  pronounced -LSB- / d̪ˠaːlʲ ˈeːrʲən̪ˠ / -RSB-  Éire : Ireland  pronounced -LSB- / ˈeːɾʲə / -RSB-  Fianna Fáil : Irish political party ( literally `` Soldiers of Destiny '' )  pronounced -LSB- / ˌfʲiənə ˈfɔːlʲ / -RSB-  Fine Gael : Irish political party ( literally `` Family of the Gael '' )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈfʲɪnʲə ˈɡeːl̪ˠ / -RSB-  Gaeltacht : Irish-speaking area  pronounced -LSB- / ˈɡeːɫ̪t̪ˠəxt̪ˠ / -RSB-  Garda : police officer ( plural Gardaí )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈɡaːrd̪ə / -RSB- , pl . -LSB- / ˈɡaːɾˠd̪ˠiː / -RSB-  Garda Síochána : Irish police service ( literally `` Guardian of the Peace '' )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈɡaːrd̪ə ˈʃiːxaːn̪ˠə n̪ˠə ˈheːɾʲən̪ˠ / -RSB-  Oireachtas : ( National Parliament )  pronounced -LSB- / ɛrʲaxt̪ˠasˠ / -RSB-  Príomh Aire : Prime Minister ( 1919 -- 1921 only )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈpʲrʲiːv ˈarʲə / -RSB-  Punt : Irish pound ( currency , now replaced by the euro )  pronounced -LSB- / punt / -RSB-  Raidió Teilifís Éireann : National broadcasting service ( RTÉ )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈradʲo ˈtʲɛlʲəfʲiːʃ ˈeːrʲən / -RSB-  Saorstát Éireann : Irish Free State  pronounced -LSB- / ˈsiːrˌstɑːt ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ / -RSB-  Seanad Éireann : Irish Senate ( upper house of the Irish Parliament )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈʃan̪ˠəd̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ / -RSB-  Sinn Féin : Irish political party ( literally `` Our-selves '' )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈʃiɲ fʲeːnʲ / -RSB-  Sliotar : Ball used in hurling ( see Gaelic Athletic Association )  pronounced -LSB- / ʃlʲɪt̪ˠəɾˠ / -RSB-  Tánaiste : Deputy Prime Minister  pronounced -LSB- / ˈtɑːnəʃtʲə / -RSB-  Taoiseach : Prime Minister ( literally `` Chieftain '' )  pronounced -LSB- t̪ˠiːʃəx -RSB-  Teachta Dála : Member of the lower house of Parliament ( TD )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈtʲaxtə ˈdɑːlə / -RSB-  Uachtarán na hÉireann : President of Ireland  pronounced -LSB- / ˈuəxt̪ˠəɾˠɑːn̪ˠ n̪ˠə ˈheːɾʲən̪ˠ / -RSB-  Údarás na Gaeltachta : Development Authority for the Gaeltacht  pronounced -LSB- / ˈuːdərɑːs nə ˈɡeːltəxtə / -RSB-   Other , more informal terms include :  banshee -- bean sí .  barmbrack -- An Irish fruit loaf . ó bairín breac , speckled loaf .  bodhrán -- A winnowing drum used as a musical instrument .  bog -- ( from bogach meaning `` marsh/peatland '' ) a wetland ( according to OED ) .  bonnaught -- A type of billeting or a billeted soldier . From Irish buannacht , billeting or billeting tax .  boreen -- ( from bóithrín meaning `` small road '' ) a narrow rural road in Ireland .  brat -- a cloak or overall -- now only in regional dialects ( from Old Irish bratt meaning `` cloak , cloth '' )  brehon -- A judge of ancient Irish law . From Irish breitheamh .  brogue -- ( from bróg meaning `` shoe '' ) a type of shoe ( OED ) .  brogue -- A strong regional accent , especially an Irish or one . Not as the OED says , a reference to the footwear of speakers of the brogue , but from barróg , an Irish word for a lisp or accent .  callow -- A river meadow , a landing-place , from Irish caladh .  camogie -- From Irish camóg , small hooked object , a camogue . The women 's equivalent of hurling .  carrageen -- moss . From Irish carraigín , ` little rock ' .  carrow -- An ancient Irish gambler , from cearrbhach .  caubeen -- An Irish beret , adopted as part of the uniform of Irish regiments of the British Army . From cáibín .  clabber -- also bonny-clabber ( from clábar and bainne clábair ) curdled milk .  clarsach -- An ancient Irish and Scottish harp , from Irish cláirseach .  clock O.Ir . clocc meaning `` bell '' . Probably entered Germanic via the hand-bells used by early Irish missionaries .  coccagee Cac na gé -- goose shit . The name of a type of cider apple found in Ireland , so called for its green colour .  colcannon -- A kind of ` bubble and squeak ' . Probably from cál ceannfhionn , white headed cabbage .  colleen -- ( from cailín meaning `` a girl '' ) .  conk -- Slang term for a big nose . The term Old Conky was a nickname for the Duke of Wellington . Dinneen gives coinncín as ` a prominent nose ' and this seems to be related to terms like geanc , meaning a snub nose .  coshering -- Nothing to do with Jewish dietary law . Coshering ( from Irish cóisir , feast ) was when a lord went round staying with his subjects and expecting to be entertained . Because of this cóisireacht can mean ` sponging ' in Modern Irish , though cóisir usually just means a party .  coyne -- A kind of billeting , from Irish coinmheadh .  crock - As in ' A crock of gold ' , from Irish cnoc .  cross -- The ultimate source of this word is Latin crux . The English word comes from Old Irish cros via Old Norse kross .  crubeens - Pig 's feet , from Irish Crúibín .  cudeigh -- A night 's lodging , from Irish cuid na hoíche .  curragh -- An Irish boat made from skins or tarred canvas stretched over a wooden frame . Irish currach .  drum , drumlin -- from Irish droim , droimlín . A ridge or small hill of glacial origin , such as in the landscape of Down .  drisheen -- is a type of black pudding associated with Cork . From drisín .  dudeen -- A clay pipe , from Irish dúidín .  dulse -- From Irish duileasc , originally meaning water leaf . A type of edible seaweed .  erenagh -- A hereditary holder of church lands . Irish aircheannach .  esker -- From eiscir , an elongated ridge of post-glacial gravel , usually along a river valley ( OED ) .  Fenian -- From Fianna meaning `` semi-independent warrior band '' , a member of a 19th-century Irish nationalist group ( OED ) .  fiacre -- a small four-wheeled carriage for hire , a hackney-coach , associated with St Fiacre area of Paris . Named for Saint Fiachra .  fiorin -- A type of long grass , derived from Irish feorthainn .  Gallowglass -- ( from gallóglach ) a Scottish Gaelic mercenary soldier in Ireland between mid 13th and late 16th centuries .  galore -- ( from go leor meaning `` plenty '' ) a lot .  gillaroo -- A type of fish . From Irish giolla rua , red lad .  glib -- An obsolete term for a kind of haircut associated with warriors ( because it protected the forehead ) banned by the English . Irish glib , fringe .  glom - ( from glám ) To become too attached to someone .  gob -- ( literally beak ) mouth . From Irish gob . ( OED )  grouse -- In slang sense of grumble , perhaps from gramhas , meaning grin , grimace , ugly face .  griskin -- ( from griscín ) a lean cut of meat from the loin of a pig , a chop .  hooligan -- ( from the Irish family name Ó hUallacháin , anglicised as Hooligan or Hoolihan ) .  keening -- From caoinim ( meaning `` I wail '' ) to lament , to wail mournfully ( OED .  kern -- An outlaw or a common soldier . From ceithearn or ceithearnach , still the word in Irish for a pawn in chess .  Leprechaun -- a fairy or spirit ( from leipreachán )  Limerick -- ( from Luimneach ) . The limerick form was particularly associated in the 18th century with a group of Irish language poets called Filí na Máighe .  lough -- ( from loch ) a lake , or arm of the sea .  madder -- Also mether . A traditional square-sided wooden drinking vessel , Irish meadar .  merrow -- An Irish mermaid . Irish murúch .  moiley An ancient breed of Irish hornless cattle , from maol , bald or hornless .  mucker - ( from mo chara ) A friend  ogham Ancient Irish alphabet . The Irish is also ogham ( pronounced oh-um ) .  omadhaun - A fool , from Irish amadán .  orrery A mechanical model of solar system , named for the Earl of Orrery . This is an old Irish tribal name , Orbhraighe .  pampootie -- pampúta A kind of shoe with good grip worn by men in the Aran Islands .  phoney -- ( probably from the English fawney meaning `` gilt brass ring used by swindlers '' , which is from Irish fáinne meaning `` ring '' ) fake .  pinkeen -- From pincín , a minnow or an insignificant person . This in turn comes from English pink + Irish diminutive -- ín .  pollan -- A fish found in Irish loughs , Irish pollán .  pookawn -- A fishing boat , from Irish púcán .  poteen -- ( from poitín ) hooch , bootleg alcoholic drink .  puck -- ( in hockey ) Almost certainly from Irish poc , according to the OED .  puss -- As in sourpuss , comes from Irish pus , a pouting mouth .  rapparee -- An Irish highwayman , from ropaire ( a stabber )  rath -- A strong circular earthen wall forming an enclosure and serving as a fort and residence for a tribal chief . From Irish rath .  shamrock -- ( from seamróg ) a shamrock , diminutive of seamair , clover , used as a symbol for Ireland .  Shan Van Vocht -- ( from seanbhean bhocht meaning `` poor old woman '' ) a literary name for Ireland in the 18th and 19th centuries .  Shanty - A poorly built home in a slum area ( from sean tigh , meaning `` an old house '' ) .  shebeen -- ( from síbín meaning `` illicit whiskey , poteen '' , apparently a diminutive of síob , which means drift , blow , ride ) unlicensed house selling alcohol ( OED ) .  shillelagh -- ( from sail éille meaning `` a beam with a strap '' ) a wooden club or cudgel made from a stout knotty stick with a large knob on the end .  shoneen -- A West Brit , an Irishman who apes English customs . From Irish Seoinín , a little John ( in a Gaelic version of the English form , Seon , not the Irish Seán ) .  Sidhe Modern Sí -- the fairies , fairyland .  slauntiagh -- An obsolete word for sureties or guarantees , which comes from Irish sláinteacha with the same meaning .  sleveen , sleiveen -- ( from slíbhín ) an untrustworthy or cunning person . Used in Ireland and Newfoundland ( OED ) .  slew -- ( from slua meaning `` a large number '' ) a great amount ( OED ) .  slob -- ( from slab ) mud ( OED ) .  slogan -- ( from sluaghairm meaning `` a battle-cry used by Gaelic clans '' ) . I think this is more likely to be of Scottish origin .  slug - ( from slog ) A swig of a drink . e.g. . A slug of red eye  smithereens small fragments , atoms . In phrases such as ` to explode into smithereens ' . This is the Irish word smidiríní . This is obviously Irish because of the -- ín ending but the basic word seems to be Germanic , something to do with the work of a smith .  spalpeen -- A migratory labourer in Ireland . From spailpín .  tanist -- The deputy and successor of a chieftain or religious leader . A term used in anthropology . From Irish tánaiste , secondary person .  tilly -- ( from tuilleadh meaning `` a supplement '' ) used in Newfoundland to refer to an additional luck-penny . It is used by Joyce in the first chapter of Ulysses .  tory -- Originally an Irish outlaw , probably from the word tóraí meaning `` pursuer '' .  trousers -- From Irish triús .  turlough -- A seasonal lake in limestone area ( OED ) . Irish turloch ` dry lake . '  uilleann pipes -- Irish bellows-blown bagpipes . Uilleann is Irish for ` elbow ' .  usker -- From Irish uscar , a jewel sewn into an item of clothing .  whiskey -- From uisce beatha meaning `` water of life '' .   Other words   Bualadh bos ( A round of applause )  Camán ( hurley )  Cipín ( Small stick/firekindling )  Crúibín ( Pigs foot )  Fáilte ( Welcome )  Fláithiúil ( Excessively/uncommonly generous )  Grá ( Great love or affection for someone/something )  Is maith liom ( I like/It 's good )  Lúdramán ( Fool )  Lúdar ( Fool )  Meas ( High regard/respect for someone/something )  Óinseach ( Fool , generally female )  Plámás ( Excessive/Insincere praise or flattery )  Sceach ( Any thorny bush , sceach gheal ( Hawthorn ) )  Sláinte ( Cheers | Good Health )  Slán ( Safe , whole , healthy , complete ) ( Shortened version of go dté tu slán ( `` may you go safely '' ) , used as modern equivalent of the French au revoir or English see you . )

neg: Mná na hÉireann `` Mná na hÉireann '' ( Women of Ireland ) , is a poem written by Ulster poet Peadar Ó Doirnín ( 1704 -- 1796 ) , most famous as a song , and especially set to an air composed by Seán Ó Riada ( 1931 -- 1971 ) . As a modern song , Mná na hÉireann is usually placed in the category of Irish rebel music ; as an eighteenth-century poem it belongs to the genre ( related to the aisling ) which imagines Ireland as a generous , beautiful woman suffering the depredations of an English master on her land , her cattle , or her self , and which demands Irishmen to defend her , or ponders why they fail to . The poem also seems to favor Ulster above the other Irish provinces . Ó Doirnín was part of the distinctive Airgíalla tradition of poetry , associated with southern Ulster and north Leinster ; in this poem he focuses on Ulster place-names , and he sees the province as being particularly assaulted ( for instance , he says that being poor with his woman would be better than being rich with herds of cows and the shrill queen who assailed Tyrone , in Ulster , i.e. Medb who attacked Cooley , as the borderlands of Ulster , which would have lain in ancient Airgíalla ) . This may be because , besides being the poet 's home , until the success of the Plantation of Ulster the province had been the most militantly Gaelic of the Irish provinces in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries .

neg: Irish conjugation Irish verb forms are constructed either synthetically or analytically .   Synthetic forms express the information about person and number in the ending : e.g. , molaim `` I praise '' , where the ending - aim stands for `` 1st person singular present '' . In this case , a pronoun is not allowed : -LSB- Asterisk #Generativist tradition in linguistics , * molaim mé -RSB- is ungrammatical . Molann mé is allowed but using the - aim ending is more common .   Analytic forms are those whose endings contain no information about person and number , and a pronoun is necessary : e.g. , molann sibh `` you ( pl . ) praise '' , where the ending - ann expresses only the present tense , and the pronoun sibh `` you '' ( pl . ) must accompany it in order to express `` 2nd person plural '' .   In addition to the three persons , Irish also has an impersonal form ( also called the `` autonomous '' form ) , which is used in forming passives and can conveniently be translated with `` one '' or `` someone '' as the subject . Shown below are the distribution of synthetic and analytic forms in the standard language ; in the dialects , other patterns may be found , although some of the most important distinctions made in certain dialects are pointed out in this article .   See Irish orthography for a discussion of how verb endings are pronounced .

neg: List of cities, boroughs and towns in the Republic of Ireland The following table and map show all the municipal areas in Ireland , that is all areas named in the Local Government Act 2001 as Cities , Boroughs , or Towns . The population figures are from the Central Statistics Office 's report of the 2011 census .   When the Local Government Reform Act 2014 becomes law , Limerick and Waterford city councils will be merged with the corresponding county councils , while all borough and town councils will be superseded by new `` municipal districts '' covering both urban and rural areas within counties . However , the `` city '' and `` borough '' labels would be transferred to the municipal district containing the relevant city or borough .

neg: River Moy The River Moy is a river in the northwest of Ireland .

neg: List of Kings of Mide In medieval Ireland , the Kings of Mide were of the Clann Cholmáin , a branch of the Uí Néill . Several were High Kings of Ireland . After the collapse of the kingdom in the 12th century its dynasty , the Ua Mael Sechlainn or Ó Melaghlins , were forced west and settled on the east bank of the Shannon . Bearers of the name were still noted as among the Gaelic nobility until as late as the 1690s , though they had lost any real power long before .   The Kingdom of Mide itself seems to have existed as a kingdom ( though of varying sizes ) since at least the early historic era . Its name means `` middle '' , denoting the fact that it was situated in the very centre of Ireland in what is now County Westmeath , parts of north County Offaly , south County Longford and western County Meath . Its early kings may have been of the Dál Messin Corb - whose sept , the Uí Garrchon , were Kings of Leinster . However , from the late 400 's onwards they were driven away from their original homeland in modern County Kildare and over the Wicklow Mountains by the Ui Néill , whose sept , the Clann Cholmáin , took their place .