query: Miley Cyrus died before releasing The Time of Our Lives.

pos: Miley Cyrus Miley Ray Cyrus ( born Destiny Hope Cyrus ; November 23 , 1992 ) is an American singer , songwriter , and actress . After playing minor roles in the television series Doc and the film Big Fish in her childhood , she became a teen idol starring as the character Miley Stewart in the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana in 2006 . Her father Billy Ray Cyrus also starred in the show . She subsequently signed a recording contract with Hollywood Records , and her debut studio album Meet Miley Cyrus ( 2007 ) was certified triple-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) having shipped over three million units . She released her second album Breakout and launched her film career as a voice actress in the animated film Bolt in 2008 .   Cyrus starred in the feature film Hannah Montana : The Movie , and began cultivating a more mature image with her EP The Time of Our Lives in 2009 . In 2010 , she released her third album Ca n't Be Tamed , which stands as the lowest-selling record of her career , and starred in the coming-of-age film The Last Song . Cyrus focused on her acting career with several television and film appearances in 2011 and 2012 . Her sexually explicit behavior generated widespread controversy while promoting her fourth album Bangerz ( 2013 ) , her first under her recording contract with RCA Records . Cyrus ' independently-released fifth studio album Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz ( 2015 ) deviated from her traditional pop style for more psychedelic experimentation . In 2016 , she was a coach for the eleventh season of the singing competition series The Voice .   With Bangerz , Cyrus achieved her third number-one album on the U.S. Billboard 200 , and fifth overall including Hannah Montana soundtrack albums . She has logged eight top 10 entries on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 with : `` See You Again '' , `` 7 Things '' , `` The Climb '' , `` Party in the U.S.A. '' , `` Ca n't Be Tamed '' , `` We Ca n't Stop '' , `` Malibu '' and the chart-topping `` Wrecking Ball '' . Cyrus has earned numerous awards and nominations , as Billboard ranked her as the fourth best-selling female artist of 2009 . She was ranked number thirteen on Forbes Celebrity 100 in 2010 , and in 2013 was declared `` Artist of the Year '' by MTV . She has been included on the Time 100 list of most influential people in 2008 and 2014 .

neg: Madison Time Madison Time is an album recorded by American jazz pianist Ray Bryant recorded in 1959 and 1960 for the Columbia label . The album was released following the success of the Madison dance craze single `` The Madison Time '' which reached number 30 on the Billboard chart and number 5 on the R&B chart . The single also featured in the soundtrack to the 1988 film Hairspray .

neg: At My Time of Life At My Time of Life '' ' is a 1976 vinyl album recorded by Bing Crosby for United Artists , mostly at Chappells Studios in London in February 1975 . He was accompanied by Pete Moore and his Orchestra .   The songs from the album were included on a 3-CD set called `` Bing Crosby -- The Complete United Artists Sessions '' issued by EMI Records ( 7243 59808 2 4 ) in 1997 . This included several previously unreleased alternate takes and studio chat .

neg: 4x4 (song) `` 4x4 '' is a song by American recording artist Miley Cyrus featuring American rapper Nelly from Cyrus ' fourth studio album Bangerz ( 2013 ) . It was written and produced by Pharrell Williams , with additional songwriting provided by Cyrus and Nelly . The song is a country rap track that discusses having fun through the metaphor of a 4x4 truck . The song is sampled in British indie rock band Alt-J 's 2014 single `` Hunger of the Pine '' .   `` 4x4 '' received generally favorable reviews from contemporary music critics , who appreciated its overall production and individuality compared to the other tracks included on Bangerz . Despite not having been released as a single , it peaked at number 41 on the U.S. Billboard Pop Digital Songs chart . Cyrus first performed the song during her episode of MTV Unplugged in January 2014 , and has also performed it during her Bangerz Tour . In August 2014 , Ubisoft revealed that the song will appear in Just Dance 2015 .

neg: The Singles (Johnny Mathis album) The Singles is a four-disc box set by American pop singer Johnny Mathis that was released in 2015 by Columbia Records to commemorate the singer 's 80th birthday . In his review of the collection Joe Marchese explains that it `` does n't bring together every track released by the legendary artist on 45 RPM ; such an endeavor would take far more than four discs . Instead , it features the tracks originally released by Mathis on Columbia in the singles format -- in other words , non-LP sides -- between the years of 1956 and 1981 , in their original single mixes . '' His description of the compilation echoes that of compilation producer Didier C. Deutsch in the liner notes as explanation for the exclusion of the hit singles `` Misty '' from 1959 's Heavenly and his `` Too Much , Too Little , Too Late '' duet with Deniece Williams from You Light Up My Life in 1978 . Deutsch excuses these as `` songs extracted from specific albums to call attention to these albums . '' The set does , however , include `` Ten Times Forever '' and `` I Was There '' from his first 1971 LP , Love Story , and a shorter version of `` If We Only Have Love '' than the one that was included on his other 1971 album , You 've Got a Friend .

neg: Time Bomb (album) Time Bomb is the second studio album by American rock band Buckcherry . It was produced by John Travis -LSB- -RSB- and released on March 27 , 2001 by DreamWorks Records . It is the band 's only album to feature guitarist Yogi Lonich and is the last album with the original line-up .

neg: Before Your Love `` Before Your Love '' is a song recorded by American pop singer Kelly Clarkson . It was released as her debut single alongside `` A Moment Like This '' on September 17 , 2002 , following her win as the first American Idol winner . It went on to become the best-selling single of 2002 in the United States . A new mix of song was later included on her debut album , Thankful ( 2003 ) .

neg: A Matter of Time (Jason Sellers album) A Matter of Time is the second and final album released by American country music artist Jason Sellers . Its title track was a Top 40 hit for him on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts in 1999 . One day after the album 's release , Sellers exited BNA Records ' roster .

neg: Hannah Montana (season 1) The first season of the television series Hannah Montana was aired on Disney Channel from March 24 , 2006 to March 30 , 2007 , and included 26 episodes . It introduces the five main characters of the series and Miley Stewart 's situation of living a secret double life as a teen pop star . The season also introduces several significant recurring characters such as Roxy Roker , Jake Ryan , and Rico Suave .   The season 's soundtrack was released on October 24 , 2006 under the title Hannah Montana '' . The season itself was released on DVD as a four disc set on November 18 , 2008 , by Disney DVD . Certain individual episodes had been released earlier on other Hannah Montana DVDs .

neg: America: A Tribute to Heroes America : A Tribute to Heroes was a benefit concert created by the heads of the four major American broadcast networks ; Fox , ABC , NBC and CBS . Joel Gallen was selected by them to produce and run the show . Actor George Clooney organized celebrities to perform and to staff the telephone bank . The marketing and public relations was headed by Warner Bros. . EVP Corp Comm with assistance from the marketing and publicity departments of all four broadcast networks . It was broadcast live by the four major American television networks and all of the cable networks in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001 . Done in the style of a telethon , it featured a number of national and international entertainers performing to raise money for the victims and their families , particularly the New York City firefighters and New York City police officers . It aired September 21 , 2001 , uninterrupted and commercial-free , for which it won a Peabody Award . It was released on December 4 , 2001 , on compact disc and DVD .   On a dark stage illuminated by hundreds of candles , twenty-one artists performed songs of mourning and hope , while various actors and other celebrities delivered short spoken messages . The musical performances took place at three studios in Los Angeles ( CBS Television City ) , New York , and London , while the celebrity messages took place at Los Angeles . Some of the musicians including Neil Young and Eddie Vedder were heard working the phone banks taking pledges . The money raised amounted to over $ 200 million , and was given to the United Way 's September 11 Telethon Fund .   In 2004 , Rolling Stone magazine selected this concert , along with the later The Concert for New York City , as one of the 50 moments that changed rock and roll .   The show was also simulcast in Canada ; Young and another Canadian singer , Celine Dion , performed .

neg: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley Since the beginning of his career , Elvis Presley has had an extensive cultural impact . According to Rolling Stone , `` it was Elvis who made rock 'n' roll the international language of pop . '' Rolling Stone encyclopedia of Rock and Roll describes Presley as `` an American music giant of the 20th century who single-handedly changed the course of music and culture in the mid-1950s . '' His recordings , dance moves , attitude and clothing came to be seen as embodiments of rock and roll . His music was heavily influenced by African-American blues , Christian gospel , and Southern country . In a list of the greatest English language singers , as compiled by Q Magazine , Presley was ranked first , and second in the list of greatest singers of 20th century by BBC Radio .   Presley sang both hard driving rockabilly , rock and roll dance songs and ballads , laying a commercial foundation upon which other rock musicians would build their careers . African-American performers like Big Joe Turner , Wynonie Harris and Fats Domino came to national prominence after Presley 's acceptance among mass audiences of White American adults . Singers like Jerry Lee Lewis , the Everly Brothers , Chuck Berry , Bo Diddley , Little Richard , Buddy Holly , Johnny Cash , Roy Orbison and others immediately followed in his wake . John Lennon later observed , `` Before Elvis , there was nothing . ''   During the post-WWII economic boom of the 1950s , many parents were able to give their teenage children much higher weekly allowances , signaling a shift in the buying power and purchasing habits of American teens . During the 1940s bobby soxers had idolized Frank Sinatra , but the buyers of his records were mostly between the ages of eighteen and twenty-two . Presley triggered a lot of demand for his records by near-teens and early teens aged ten and up . Along with Presley 's `` ducktail '' haircut , the demand for black slacks and loose , open-necked shirts resulted in new lines of clothing for teenage boys whereas a girl might get a pink portable 45 rpm record player for her bedroom . Meanwhile , American teenagers began buying newly available portable transistor radios and listened to rock 'n' roll on them ( helping to propel that fledgling industry from an estimated 100,000 units sold in 1955 to 5,000,000 units by the end of 1958 ) . Teens were asserting more independence and Presley became a national symbol of their parents ' consternation .   Presley 's impact on the American youth consumer market was noted on the front page of The Wall Street Journal on December 31 , 1956 when business journalist Louis M. Kohlmeier wrote , `` Elvis Presley today is a business , '' and reported on the singer 's record and merchandise sales . Half a century later , historian Ian Brailsford ( University of Auckland , New Zealand ) commented , `` The phenomenal success of Elvis Presley in 1956 convinced many doubters of the financial opportunities existing in the youth market . ''

neg: Born to Die Born to Die is the second studio album by American singer and songwriter Lana Del Rey . Her major label debut , it was released on January 27 , 2012 by Interscope Records , Polydor Records and Stranger Records . Del Rey collaborated with producers including Patrik Berger , Jeff Bhasker , Chris Braide , Emile Haynie , Justin Parker , Rick Nowels , Robopop and Al Shux to achieve her desired sound . Their efforts resulted in a primarily baroque pop record , which sees additional influences from alternative hip hop , indie pop and trip hop music .   Contemporary music critics gave Born to Die mixed reviews ; some commended its distinctive production , while its repetitiveness and melodramatic tendencies were a recurring complaint . The album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 77,000 copies ; it was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) after moving one million units . Born to Die reached the peak positions on eleven international record charts .   After attaining online success after its initial premiere on June 29 , 2011 , `` Video Games '' was released as the lead single from Born to Die on October 17 , 2011 ; it peaked at number ninety-one on the US Billboard Hot 100 . Its follow-up singles `` Born to Die '' , `` Off to the Races '' , `` Blue Jeans '' , `` Summertime Sadness '' , `` National Anthem '' , and `` Dark Paradise '' performed sporadically across Billboard component charts and international record charts . The Cedric Gervais remix of `` Summertime Sadness '' was released on July 11 , 2013 and became Del Rey 's highest-charting single in the United States , reaching number six on the Billboard Hot 100 . Del Rey additionally promoted Born to Die with several televised performances , including a widely criticized appearance on Saturday Night Live . It was reissued on November 9 , 2012 as an expanded version subtitled The Paradise Edition , which was packaged with her third extended play Paradise ( 2012 ) .   Born to Die has sold 7,000,000 copies worldwide as of June 2014 .

neg: Time (Steeleye Span album) Time is an album by Steeleye Span . The album was released in 1996 , after a seven-year hiatus . The impetus for the album was a 25th anniversary reunion tour the year before , during which most of the former members of the band performed together . Maddy Prior was experiencing voice problems so she spoke to Gay Woods , a founding member who had left the band after the first album , to rejoin . Woods initially resisted this move , since she had not performed publicly for some time , but Prior eventually prevailed and Woods returned to the band . The result was only the second Steeleye Span album to feature two female singers , which was used to very good effect on the ironic `` Old Maid in the Garrett '' and to a lesser extent on `` The Prickly Bush '' and `` The Cutty Wren '' . Both , Prior and Woods , provide lead vocals on different songs . Priors ' voice troubles are reflected in her musical choices on this album ; she generally sings less powerfully and in a lower range , but still effectively . Woods also introduced a few Irish elements to the bands ' repertoire , including the `` Old Maid in the Garrett/Tam Lin reel '' and her Bodhran . This album was to be Priors ' last album with Steeleye Span until 2002 's Present .   In some ways , the album represents a revival of Steeleye Span . After a 16-year period , during which the band released only three albums , the band entered a more productive phase that continues down the present ; producing an album once every two years , including two in 2004 .   The song `` Corbies '' is a remake of `` Twa Corbies '' , which appears on Hark ! The Village Wait . The theme of `` The Cutty Wren '' had also been explored before , in the song `` The King '' on Please to See the King , as well in `` Hunting the Wren '' on Live at Last . In this version , the band experimented with a complex scheme of vocal and instrumental placement , which is best appreciated with headphones . Overall , this version is much darker than `` The King '' and somewhat menacing .   The album 's sound is rather fuller and more lush than their earlier albums , thanks in part to the addition of Harries ' keyboards on several sounds , most notably `` Corbies '' and `` The Elf Knight '' .

neg: The Funeral (Band of Horses song) `` The Funeral '' is a song by the American rock band Band of Horses , taken from their debut studio album , Everything All the Time ( 2006 ) . The alternative rock song was written by the band members . The song was released as the debut single from the band and lead single from the album . A live version of the song appeared earlier on the band 's self-titled EP , under the original name `` Billion Day Funeral '' .   In August 2009 , Pitchfork Media named `` The Funeral '' the 67th-greatest song of the 2000s .

neg: Could've Been Me `` Could 've Been Me '' is a song written by Reed Nielsen and Monty Powell , and performed by American country music artist Billy Ray Cyrus . It was released in July 1992 as the second single from his multi-platinum selling debut album , Some Gave All . The song reached number 2 on the U.S. Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart , behind `` Love 's Got a Hold on You '' by Alan Jackson and it also reached number-one on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart . It was the follow-up to the number 1 song , `` Achy Breaky Heart '' .

neg: Patsy Cline discography The discography of Patsy Cline , an American country pop artist , consists of three studio albums , one compilation album , six extended plays , twenty four singles , and seven B-sides . For material released after the artist 's death in 1963 , see Patsy Cline posthumous discography .   After performing in a band in 1954 , Cline was signed by Bill McCall to Four Star Records , based in Pasadena , California . She made her first recording session for the label in June 1955 , releasing her debut single , `` A Church , a Courtroom , and Goodbye '' in July . Cline issued seventeen singles to the country music recording charts between 1955 and 1960 ; however , only one of them was a major hit . After releasing the singles `` Hidin ' Out '' , `` I Love You Honey '' , and `` I 've Loved and Lost Again '' , her first single issued in 1957 , entitled `` Walkin ' After Midnight '' , peaked at # 2 on the Billboard Magazine Hot Country Songs list and # 12 on the Top Pop Songs chart . The song 's success spawned Cline 's self-titled debut album , released in August 1957 . Cline 's additional singles between 1958 and 1960 ranged in variations between country , Gospel , and Rockabilly . These songs included such releases as , `` Three Cigarettes ( In an Ashtray ) , '' `` Come On In ( And Make Yourself at Home ) , '' `` Dear God , '' and `` Crazy Dreams . ''   In late 1960 , Cline signed with Four Star 's distributor , Decca . Working with producer Owen Bradley , Cline 's musical style changed from Honky Tonk to the Pop-influenced Nashville Sound . Her first Decca release was 1961 's `` I Fall to Pieces , '' which was recorded during her first session for the label . The single became her first number one single on the Billboard Country Chart , while also reaching # 12 on the Pop chart , and # 6 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks list . Her second self-titled extended play was issued in August and contained the hit ; however , due to a major car accident , Cline could not promote the song . Its follow-up , `` Crazy '' , was released in October and became another crossover hit , reaching # 2 on the Billboard Country and Adult Contemporary chart , and # 9 on the Pop chart . Cline 's second studio album was then issued in November 1961 , entitled Patsy Cline Showcase and containing both hits . In its re-release in 1963 , the album peaked at # 73 on the Billboard 200 Albums Chart .   Cline 's third Decca single , `` She 's Got You '' was released in January 1962 , and became her fourth major hit , reaching number one on Billboard '' 's Country Chart , # 14 on the Billboard Pop Chart , and # 3 on its Adult Contemporary chart . Because an album was not yet released , the extended play also titled , She 's Got You was released in April . She had two other major country hits that year : `` When I Get Thru ' With You '' ( # 10 ) and `` So Wrong '' ( # 14 ) . Her third and final official studio album named , Sentimentally Yours was released in August and contained `` She 's Got You '' , as well as , `` Heartaches '' , which reached # 31 in the United Kingdom . Many of the singles ' B-sides charted on the Country and Pop chart that year , including `` She 's Got You '' 's flip side , `` Strange '' and `` When I Get Thru ' With You '' 's flip , `` Imagine That '' . Cline released her final single during her lifetime in January 1963 entitled , `` Leavin ' on Your Mind . '' The song became a Top 10 hit on the Billboard '' Country Chart , while also reaching # 83 on the Pop chart . Patsy Cline died March 5 , 1963 in a plane crash in Camden , Tennessee .

neg: The Definitive Collection (Billy Ray Cyrus album) The Definitive Collection is a compilation album released from country music singer-songwriter , Billy Ray Cyrus in June 2004 . The album is part of Universal Music Group 's The Definitive Collection series and was released without Cyrus ' supervision , thus no new material was recorded . `` Fastest Horse in a One-Horse Town '' was not previously included on any of Cyrus 's albums , although he recorded it for a compilation called NASCAR : Runnin ' Wide Open .

neg: Killing Time (Tina Cousins album) Killing Time is the first album by the British singer Tina Cousins . Released in 1999 ( 2000 in the US ) , it was produced by Pete Waterman with co-production by Mark Topham and Karl Twigg .   The album contained the song `` Pray '' , which was released in the United States soon after its rapid success in both the United Kingdom and Australia . However , the single did not make an impact on American radio until late 2006 , when it was added to the music databases of a few rhythmic/dance format stations . The album also contained the singles `` Killin ' Time '' , `` Forever '' , `` Angel '' and `` Nothing to Fear '' which , like `` Pray '' , only became popular in 2005 and 2006 , after their release .

neg: Times of Our Lives Times of Our Lives may refer to :   Times of Our Lives ( video ) , a video of Ocean Colour Scene 's 1997 performance at the Royal Albert Hall  Times of Our Lives ( Judy Collins album ) , a 1982 album by Judy Collins

neg: E=MC² (Mariah Carey album) E = MC ² is the eleventh studio album by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey . It was released in the United States on April 15 , 2008 by Island Records . The singer began recording the album in 2007 in Anguilla , after writing and composing most of its material during and after her 2006 Adventures of Mimi Tour . Carey worked with several notable songwriters and producers during the course of the project , including Jermaine Dupri , Bryan-Michael Cox , Stargate , The-Dream , Tricky Stewart , Scott Storch and Danja .   The album revealed a more personal side of the singer , illustrated in its declarative theme of emancipation from her previous marriage , and from her personal and professional setbacks . Although it shared similar vocal production as well as an inclination to her signature pop and R&B ballads , the album also encompassed a variety of dance-oriented and uptempo styles . It was meant to be a continuation , or a second part of her tenth studio album , The Emancipation of Mimi ( 2005 ) . Carey collaborated with a number of artists on the album , including T-Pain , Damian Marley and Young Jeezy . Though considered by critics very similar to the formula its predecessor had been built on , E = MC ² included other genres she had never explored , such as reggae , and her continued recording of gospel-influenced hymns .   E = MC ² was generally well received by music critics , with many complimenting the record 's broad genre influences , and musical and production styles . Some critics , however , felt that the album was too similar to The Emancipation of Mimi , and did n't offer anything new from the formula . The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with opening week sales of 463,000 copies ; the highest first-week sales of Carey 's career . It opened inside the top-five on the albums chart in Australia , Canada , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . The album achieved worldwide sales of over 2.5 million copies .   Four singles were commission in promotion of the album . The album 's lead single , `` Touch My Body '' , became Carey 's eighteenth chart topper on the Billboard Hot 100 , making her the solo artist with the most number one singles in United States history , surpassing the record held by Elvis Presley . Additionally , it gave Carey her 79th week atop the chart , tying Presley for most weeks at number one . It achieved strong worldwide charting , peaking within the top five of the singles charts in Italy , Japan , New Zealand , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . `` Bye Bye '' served as the album 's second release . Although hailed by critics , and expected to have achieved large commercial success , the song stalled at number nineteen on the Hot 100 , and managed to chart weakly internationally . Both the third and fourth singles , `` I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time '' and `` I Stay in Love '' failed to garner success in any prominent music market .

neg: Death of Aaliyah Aaliyah Dana Haughton was an American recording artist who was killed in a plane crash on August 25 , 2001 after boarding a twin-engine Cessna 402B at the Marsh Harbour Airport on the Abaco Islands , Bahamas . She had just completed her work for the music video for her single `` Rock the Boat '' . Employees of Virgin Records America accompanied her on the flight . The light aircraft , piloted by Luis Morales III , crashed shortly after takeoff . In addition to Aaliyah , eight other people were killed in the accident . She was 22 years old .   The investigation following the crash looked into the possibility that the aircraft was overloaded . Three days after the crash , Aaliyah 's remains were returned to the United States . Her funeral was held August 31 , 2001 in Manhattan . Her death came only a month after the release of her self-titled third album , Aaliyah . Posters for the album became memorials for grieving fans . At her funeral , she was eulogized by her brother Rashad Haughton .


query: Adrienne Bailon is a farmer.

pos: Adrienne Bailon Adrienne Eliza Houghton ( née Bailon ; born October 24 , 1983 ) is an American singer-songwriter , recording artist , actress , dancer and television personality . Adrienne Bailon first became publicly known when she rose to fame as one of the founding members and singer of both 3LW ( 1999 -- 2007 ) and Disney 's The Cheetah Girls ( 2003 -- 2008 ) .   Bailon recorded a debut solo album which was later shelved . Since then , Bailon has stated that she plans to record a Spanish-language solo album .   Aside from her work in 3LW and The Cheetah Girls , Bailon went on to develop her own acting career with roles in The Cheetah Girls films , Coach Carter and the MTV film All You 've Got . Aside from her work in film , she has also guest starred in numerous television series including the Disney Channel series That 's So Raven and The Suite Life of Zack & Cody . Bailon has established a solo music career , contributing two solo tracks , including `` What If '' , to The Cheetah Girls : One World soundtrack as well as the Confessions of a Shopaholic soundtrack , and numerous other guest musical ventures .   Bailon co-stars alongside television personality , model and actress Julissa Bermudez in their own reality series , Empire Girls : Julissa and Adrienne which airs on the Style Network . Adrienne met Julissa on the set of the 2006 film All You 've Got .   Currently , Bailon is one of the hosts of syndicated talk show The Real along with former fellow Disney Channel star Tamera Mowry , Jeannie Mai , and Loni Love , which premiered on July 15 , 2013 .   Bailon 's career , spanning over 16 years with both 3LW and The Cheetah Girls , has helped her sell a combined 5.6 million recording albums worldwide .

neg: Oxford Farming Conference The Oxford Farming Conference ( OFC ) is an annual conference for the UK 's farmers that takes place in Oxford , United Kingdom , in the first week of January .   The 63rd annual conference was held 5 -- 7 January 2009 . Speakers included the Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs , Hilary Benn , and the chief scientist of the UK government 's Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs ( Defra ) , Professor Robert Watson . The 2010 Oxford Farming Conference was held at the University of Oxford 's Examination Schools , in the High Street , central Oxford , on 4 -- 6 January 2010 .   The OFC has been mentioned in the long-running BBC Radio 4 series , The Archers .

neg: Adrienne Adrienne is the French feminine form of the male name Adrien . Its meaning is literally `` from the city Hadria . ''  It also means `` the dark one '' .

neg: Agricultural subsidy An agricultural subsidy is a governmental subsidy paid to farmers and agribusinesses to supplement their income , manage the supply of agricultural commodities , and influence the cost and supply of such commodities . Examples of such commodities include : wheat , feed grains ( grain used as fodder , such as maize or corn , sorghum , barley , and oats ) , cotton , milk , rice , peanuts , sugar , tobacco , oilseeds such as soybeans , and meat products such as beef , pork , and lamb and mutton .

neg: Allotment (gardening) An allotment garden ( British English ) , often called simply an allotment , or a community garden ( North America ) is a plot of land made available for individual , non-commercial gardening or growing food plants . Such plots are formed by subdividing a piece of land into a few or up to several hundred land parcels that are assigned to individuals or families . Such parcels are cultivated individually , contrary to other community garden types where the entire area is tended collectively by a group of people . In countries that do not use the term allotment ( garden ) , a community garden can refer to individual small garden plots as well as to a single , large piece of land gardened collectively by a group of people . The term victory garden is also still sometimes used , especially when a community garden dates back to World War II or I.   The individual size of a parcel typically suits the needs of a family , and often the plots include a shed for tools and shelter , and sometimes a hut for seasonal or weekend accommodation . The individual gardeners are usually organised in an allotment association , which leases or is granted the land from an owner who may be a public , private or ecclesiastical entity , and who usually stipulates that it be only used for gardening ( i.e. growing vegetables , fruits and flowers ) , but not for permanent residential purposes ( this is usually also required by zoning laws ) . The gardeners have to pay a small membership fee to the association , and have to abide by the corresponding constitution and by-laws . However , the membership entitles them to certain democratic rights .

neg: Gráinne (given name) Gráinne is a feminine given name in the Irish language . The name is of an uncertain origin , although it is possible that it may be connected with the word grán , meaning `` grain '' , and thus refer to an ancient corn goddess . The name is borne by a character in Irish mythology -- Gráinne , who was the daughter of Cormac mac Airt , a legendary High King of Ireland .   The name can be Latinised as Grania ; and can be Anglicised as Granya . The name Gráinne can also be represented in English as Grace , Gertrude , and Gertie . These English names are etymologically unrelated to Gráinne .

neg: Contract farming Contract farming involves agricultural production being carried out on the basis of an agreement between the buyer and farm producers . Sometimes it involves the buyer specifying the quality required and the price , with the farmer agreeing to deliver at a future date . More commonly , however , contracts outline conditions for the production of farm products and for their delivery to the buyer 's premises . The farmer undertakes to supply agreed quantities of a crop or livestock product , based on the quality standards and delivery requirements of the purchaser . In return , the buyer , usually a company , agrees to buy the product , often at a price that is established in advance . The company often also agrees to support the farmer through , e.g. , supplying inputs , assisting with land preparation , providing production advice and transporting produce to its premises . The term `` outgrower scheme '' is sometimes used synonymously with contract farming , most commonly in Eastern and Southern Africa . Contract farming can be used for many agricultural products , although in developing countries it is less common for staple crops such as rice and maize .

neg: Celia Griffin Celia Griffin ( 1841 -- March 1847 ) , Irish famine victim .   Griffin was born and raised on the Martin estate in Connemara , being a native of Corindulla , near Ross . The family were badly hit by the famine , and in February 1847 walked the thirty miles to Galway in search of relief . `` However , many city dwellers shunned these refugees arriving amongst them , a situation born more out of fear of contacting disease rather than selfishness or indifference . ''   Brother Paul O'Connor ran the Orphans ' Breakfast Institute in Lombard Street , where Celia and her siblings were fed . However , more and more people arrived each day , and the Institute could not feed them all .   What became of Griffin 's parents is unknown . She and her two sisters were taken into the Presentation Convent on Presentation Road in the second week of March when Celia collapsed on the street . Attempts by the nuns to save her failed and she died as a result of the effects of starvation . An inquest into her death was held on Thursday 11 March 1847 .   '' An inquest was held on Thursday last , before Michael Perrin , Esq. , D.C. , at the Presentation Convent , on view of the body of Celia Griffin , a girl about six years of age , from the village of Corindulla , near Ross , in this county . It appeared in evidence that the poor creature had been reduced to extreme poverty and that the family to whom she belonged , eight in number , were in the same pitiful condition . She had been recommended to the Ladies of the Presentation , by Rev. George Usher , as a fit object for relief , and accordingly she and her two sisters received a daily breakfast at that excellent Institute . They met Mr Usher on the Rahoon road about a fortnight ago , but famine had so preyed upon her feeble constitution , that , on the morning of Wednesday , she was unable to taste food of any description -- so that on the post mortem examination made by Doctor Staunton , there was not a particle found in her stomach . ''   `` She with her father , mother , brothers , and sisters , came to Galway about six weeks ago , in the hope of obtaining some charitable relief , and during that period have been begging in the streets , and about the country . The parents of the deceased formerly resided on the estate of Thomas Martin , Esq , MP . When Doctor Staunton was called on he found deceased is a state of inanition , except an occasional convulsive action of the muscles , and her body might be said to be literally skin and bone -- with all the appearance of starvation . She was so exhausted , as not to be able to use the food supplied to her . The Jury found that her death was caused for want of the common necessaries of life , before she received relief at the Presentation Convent . ''   On the 4 July 2012 the Galway Famine Ship Memorial was dedicated at the Celia Griffin Memorial Park at Grattan Beach , Galway . According to the Galway Independent , `` The unveiling of the monument will be Galway 's tribute to Celia Griffin and the many thousands of children like her who perished in the Famine , and also to the ships and crews which carried so many of our people to safety ... -LSB- as -RSB- ... Celia Griffin has come to symbolise all the children who lost their lives in the Great Famine . ''

neg: Ecoagriculture Eco friendly agriculture describes landscapes that support both agricultural production and biodiversity conservation , working in harmony together to improve the livelihoods of rural communities .   While many rural communities have independently practiced eco-agriculture for thousands of years , over the past century many of these landscapes have given way to segregated land use patterns , with some areas employing intensive farming practices without regard to biodiversity impacts , and other areas fenced off completely for habitat or watershed protection . A new eco-agriculture movement is now gaining momentum to unite land managers and other stakeholders from diverse environments to find compatible ways to conserve biodiversity while also enhancing agricultural production .

neg: Richland (Harwood, Maryland) Richland is a historic home at Harwood , Anne Arundel County , Maryland . It is a - story , frame , hip-roofed dwelling of approximately 3000 sqft . It was constructed for gentleman farmer Robert Murray Cheston ( 1849 -- 1904 ) and his wife , the former Mary Murray ( 1859 -- 1943 ) . It is the only known late-19th-century rural Anne Arundel County dwelling definitively associated with a specific architectural firm . The plans were prepared by the Roanoke , Virginia based architectural firm of Noland and de Saussure , founded by William C. Noland . The home reflects both the Colonial Revival and Queen Anne architecture styles . The house on the 332 acre Richland farm was built in 1893 . In the 1950s , the Cheston family subdivided the property and sold the house with approximately 58 acres to the Talliaferro family , and sold the remaining acreage to the Catterton family . The Talliaferro family named their new parcel `` Thanksgiving Fam '' . In 1996 , the Heimbuch family purchased Thanksgiving Farm from the Talliaferro family , began planting vineyards1998 , completed a restoration of the house in 2004 , and opened a winery on the property in 2006 .   It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007 .

neg: Agriculture in Finland Agriculture in Finland is characterized by the northern climate and self-sufficiency in most major agricultural products .  Its economic role is declining in terms of GNP and employment in primary production , but together with the food industry and forestry with which it is linked , it forms a significant part of the Finnish economy . The number of farms has steadily declined for the last decades . Between 2000 and 2012 their number fell from almost 80,000 in 2000 to about 60,000 , while the amount of arable land has slightly increased to a total of almost 2.3 million hectares .  Agriculture employed 125,000 people in 2010 , which is a drop of 30 percent from 2000 .

neg: William H. Hinton William Howard Hinton ( February 2 , 1919 -- May 15 , 2004 ) was an American farmer and prolific writer . A Marxist , he is best known for his book Fanshen , published in 1966 , a `` documentary of revolution '' which chronicled the land reform program of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) in the 1940s in Zhangzhuangcun ( 张庄村 , pinyin : Zhāngzhuāngcūn ) , sometimes translated as Long Bow Village , a village in Shanxi Province in northern China . Sequels followed the experience of the village during the 1950s and Cultural Revolution . Hinton wrote and lectured extensively to explain the Maoist approach and , in later years , to criticize Deng Xiaoping 's market reforms .

neg: Plough A plough ( UK ) or plow ( US ; both -LSB- ˈplaʊ -RSB- ) is a tool or farm implement used in farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting to loosen or turn the soil . Ploughs were traditionally drawn by working animals such as horses or cattle , but in modern times are drawn by tractors . A plough may be made of wood , iron , or steel frame with an attached blade or stick used to cut the earth . It has been a basic instrument for most of recorded history , although written references to the plough do not appear in English until c. 1100 at which point it is referenced frequently . The plough represents one of the major agricultural inventions in human history .   The primary purpose of ploughing is to turn over the upper layer of the soil , bringing fresh nutrients to the surface , while burying weeds and the remains of previous crops and allowing them to break down . As the plough is drawn through the soil it creates long trenches of fertile soil called furrows . In modern use , a ploughed field is typically left to dry out , and is then harrowed before planting . Ploughing and cultivating a soil homogenises and modifies the upper 12 to 25 cm of the soil to form a plough layer . In many soils , the majority of fine plant feeder roots can be found in the topsoil or plough layer .   Ploughs were initially human-powered , but the process became considerably more efficient once animals were pressed into service . The first animal-powered ploughs were undoubtedly pulled by oxen , and later in many areas by horses ( generally draft horses ) and mules , although various other animals have been used for this purpose . In industrialised countries , the first mechanical means of pulling a plough were steam-powered ( ploughing engines or steam tractors ) , but these were gradually superseded by internal-combustion-powered tractors .   Modern competitions take place for ploughing enthusiasts like the National Ploughing Championships in Ireland . Use of the plough has decreased in some areas , often those significantly threatened by soil damage and erosion , in favour of shallower ploughing and other less-invasive conservation tillage techniques .   Natural farming methods are emerging that do not involve any ploughing at all , unless an initial ploughing is necessary to break up hardpan on a new plot to be cultivated , so that the newly introduced soil life can penetrate and develop more quickly and deeply . By not ploughing , beneficial fungi and microbial life can develop that will eventually bring air into the soil , retain water and build up nutrients . A healthy soil full of active fungi and microbial life , combined with a diverse crop ( making use of companion planting ) , suppresses weeds and pests naturally and retains rainwater . Thus the intensive use of water - , oil - and energy hungry irrigation , fertilisers and herbicides are avoided . Cultivated land becomes more fertile and productive over time , while tilled land tends to go down in productivity over time due to erosion and the removal of nutrients with every harvest . Proponents of permaculture claim that it is the only way of farming that can be maintained when fossil fuel runs out . On the other hand , the advantage of agricultural methods that require repeated ploughing are that they allow monocropping on a large scale at remote locations , using industrial machinery rather than human labour .

neg: Cattle feeding Different cattle feeding production systems have separate advantages and disadvantages . Most cattle in the US have a diet that is composed of at least some forage ( grass , legumes , or silage ) . In fact , most beef cattle are raised on pasture from birth in the spring until autumn ( 7 to 9 months ) . Then for pasture-fed animals , grass is the forage that composes all or at least the great majority of their diet . Cattle fattened in feedlots are fed small amounts of hay supplemented with grain , soy and other ingredients in order to increase the energy density of the diet . The debate is whether cattle should be raised on diets primarily composed of pasture ( grass ) or a concentrated diet of grain , soy , corn and other supplements . The issue is often complicated by the political interests and confusion between labels such as `` free range '' , `` organic '' , or `` natural '' . Cattle raised on a primarily forage diet are termed grass-fed or pasture-raised ; for example meat or milk may be called grass-fed beef or pasture-raised dairy . However , the term `` pasture-raised '' can lead to confusion with the term `` free range '' , which does not describe exactly what the animals eat .

neg: Agrial Agrial is a French agricultural cooperative and food-processor with operations in dairy , beef , poultry , vegetables and fruit . The company has a workforce of 12,000 .

neg: The Genesee Farmer The Genesee Farmer or Genesee Farmer was a very early periodical founded by Luther Tucker in 1831 in Rochester , New York . It was devoted to agriculture and horticulture as well as the domestic and rural economy .   Volume `` X '' ( ten ) was published in 1849 , Volume `` XI '' ( eleven ) in 1850 , and Volume `` XX '' ( twenty ) second series was published in 1859 .   It was one of the very earliest of its kind , a move that began in the early 19th century . There were only 600 subscribers the at the end of the first year , by 1839 it had grown to 19,000 subscribers . It was available as a weekly paper or a monthly journal .

neg: Farmers' Market (New York City) There are over 50 farmer 's markets in New York City in all boroughs , which operate under GrowNYC under the `` Greenmarket '' name . GrownNYC 's food hub , `` Greenmarket , '' includes Greenmarket Co. , Youthmarket , Fresh Food Box , and the Wholesale Greenmarket under it 's programming .   Greenmarket farmers market aims to encourage regional agriculture by allowing small family farms to sell their locally grown fruits , vegetables , flowers , dairy and other products , so that people in New York of all incomes and in all parts , have access to the fresh , nutritious , provincial , affordable and sustainable goods .   GrownNYC 's network , Greenmarket Co. has customers that range from Michelin starred restaurants , popular food retailers to family run bodegas , senior centers and soap kitchens ; and their sources are not only from small to mid sized farms in Northeast region of New York State and New York City but also from farms in New Jersey , Pennsylvania and New England , providing New Yorkers with a bountiful and diverse array of fresh foods ☂ .   One well-known farmer 's market in New York is the Union Square Greenmarket which was founded in 1976 , held year-round on Mondays , Wednesdays , Fridays and Saturdays with changing vendors on different days . The number of regional farmers , fishers , and bakers go as high as 140 during the most popular seasons , when the market is visited by food-enthusiast New Yorkers . Union square farmers market offers seasonal , fresh fruits and vegetables , artisanal cheeses , meats , breads , pickles , jams , wines , flowers amongst many others . The market is situated at the city 's one of the most vibrant locations and allows about 60,000 people to shop , taste and tour while meeting with farmers

neg: Tenant farmer A tenant farmer is one who resides on land owned by a landlord . Tenant farming is an agricultural production system in which landowners contribute their land and often a measure of operating capital and management ; while tenant farmers contribute their labor along with at times varying amounts of capital and management . Depending on the contract , tenants can make payments to the owner either of a fixed portion of the product , in cash or in a combination . The rights the tenant has over the land , the form , and measure of the payment varies across systems ( geographically and chronologically ) . In some systems , the tenant could be evicted at whim ( tenancy at will ) ; in others , the landowner and tenant sign a contract for a fixed number of years ( tenancy for years or indenture ) . In most developed countries today , at least some restrictions are placed on the rights of landlords to evict tenants under normal circumstances .

neg: Mixed farming Mixed farming is an agrarian system that comprises farming along with the raising of livestock simultaneously . When on a farm along-with crop production , some other agriculture based practice like poultry , dairy farming or bee keeping etc. is adopted , then this system of farming is known as mixed farming . It is the dominant system in Europe and now in parts of India , where most farms have a mixture of fields and pastures.It was first mainly used for self-consumption , but now in Advanced countries like USA , Japan , etc. , this is done for a commercial purpose   For example , the same farm may grow cereal crops , and keep cattle , sheep , pigs or poultry .   In mixed farming , along with farming some other agriculture based practices are also carried out .   Often the dung from the cattle is used to fertilize the cereal crops . Before horses were used for haulage , many young male cattle were often not butchered as surplus for meat but castrated and used as bullocks to haul the cart and the plough .

neg: Fanny Farmer Fanny Farmer was an American candy manufacturer and retailer .   Fanny Farmer was started in Rochester , New York by Frank O'Connor in 1919 and grew to over 400 stores before being bought and consolidated . O'Connor had previously started the Laura Secord Candy Shops in Toronto , Canada in 1913 . The company was named in honor of culinary expert Fannie Farmer , who had died four years earlier ; she had nothing to do with the candy stores , and her recipes were not being used . `` The spelling of the first name was altered to avoid confusion . '' However , as a marketing device , it suggested reflected glory : high standards of quality .   Fanny Farmer stores shared a look that was similar to that of Fanny May .   John D. Hayes was president of the company for many years , from its earliest years through the 1950s . He was a shrewd businessman , and guided the company through some difficult times . During the Depression , candy sales were dropping until he slashed retail prices , and kept the company in business . During World War II , he self-imposed rationing on company stores in the US , to ensure adequate supplies of candy for the armed forces overseas . He was named 1955 `` Candy Man of the Year '' by the candy industry . He was also blind .   In 1962 , a proxy fight allowed a group of stock market investors from New York City & New England , without experience in the candy industry , to gain control of the Fanny Farmer company . They pushed for continuous expansion of the company , spending heavily to open more retail stores , despite facing increasing retail competition . This expansion by new management financially stressed the company .   In 1992 the Archibald Candy Company acquired the brand `` Fanny Farmer '' and its 200 retail stores in the northeastern United States ) as a sister brand to its own Fannie May candies ( sold primarily in the Midwest and mid-Atlantic United States ) . Alpine Confections purchased both brands in 2004 after Archibald filed for bankruptcy , and merged Fanny Farmer into Fannie May . An errant path of merger and acquisitions , whereby the company became the largest chain of candy retailers in the country but without adequate financing and a viable corporate strategy , was blamed for the bankruptcy .   In its current iteration at 1-800-Flowers , the successor corporation sells Fanny May and Fanny Farmer products .

neg: Estate (land) Historically an estate comprises the houses and outbuildings and supporting farmland and woods that surround the gardens and grounds of a very large property , such as a country house or mansion . It is the modern term for a manor , but lacks the latter 's now abolished jurisdictional authority . It is an `` estate '' because the profits from its produce and rents are sufficient to support the household in the house at its center , formerly known as the manor house . Thus `` the estate '' may refer to all other cottages and villages in the same ownership as the mansion itself , covering more than one former manor . Examples of such great estates are Woburn Abbey in Bedfordshire , England , and Blenheim Palace , Oxfordshire built to replace the former manor house of Woodstock .   `` Estate '' , with its `` stately home '' connotations , has been a natural candidate for inflationary usage during the 20th century . An estate properly so-called should comprise several farms , and is not well used to describe a single farm .   More generally and usually in modern times , an estate is any large packet of land in single ownership : see   Council estate  Housing estate  Industrial estate


query: Cosmopolitan as of 2011 contains content which includes articles on relationships.

pos: Cosmopolitan (magazine) Cosmopolitan is an international fashion magazine for women . Formerly titled The Cosmopolitan , the magazine was first published in 1886 in the United States as a family magazine ; it was later transformed into a literary magazine and eventually became a women 's magazine in the late 1960s . Often referred to as Cosmo , its content as of 2011 includes articles on women 's issues , relationships , sex , health , careers , self-improvement , celebrities , fashion , and beauty . Published by Hearst Corporation , Cosmopolitan has 64 international editions , is printed in 35 languages , and is distributed in more than 110 countries .

neg: Attachment measures Attachment measures refer to the various procedures used to assess attachment in children and adults .   Researchers have developed various ways of assessing patterns of attachment in children . A variety of methods allow children to be classified into four attachment pattern groups : secure , anxious-ambivalent , anxious-avoidant , and disorganized/disoriented , or assess disorders of attachment . These patterns are also referred to as Secure ( Group B ) ; Anxious/Resistant ( Group C ) ; Avoidant ( Group A ) and Disorganized/Controlling ( Group D ) . The disorganized/controlling attachment classification is thought to represent a breakdown in the attachment-caregiving partnership such that the child does not have an organized behavioral or representational strategy to achieve protection and care from the attachment figure . Each pattern group is further broken down into several sub-categories . A child classified with the disorganized/controlling attachment will be given a `` next best fit '' organized classification .   Attachment in adults is commonly measured using the Adult Attachment Interview , the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System , and self-report questionnaires . Self-report questionnaires assess attachment style , a personality dimension that describes attitudes about relationships with romantic partners . Adult attachment style is thought to be similar to childhood attachment patterns . There is some research that shows a link between childhood attachment patterns and attachment personality dimensions with romantic partners , but correlations are mild to moderate . The most common approach to defining attachment style is a two-dimension approach in defining attachment style . One dimension deals with anxiety about the relationship , and the other dimension dealing with avoidance in the relationship . Another approach defines four adult attachment style categories : secure , preoccupied , dismissive-avoidant , and fearful-avoidant .

neg: Civil union A civil union , also referred to by a variety of other names , is a legally recognized arrangement similar to marriage . These unions have been established in a number of countries since the late 1990s , often developing from less formal domestic partnership legislation . In Denmark , Iceland , Norway and Sweden , they have since been replaced , and in a number of other countries supplemented , by same-sex marriage . Civil unions are often seen by campaigners as a `` first step '' towards legalizing marriage for same-sex couples . While civil unions are predominantly established for both opposite-sex and same-sex couples , in a number of countries they are available to same-sex couples only .   Beginning with Denmark in 1989 , civil unions under one name or another have been established by law in several , mostly developed , countries in order to provide legal recognition of relationships formed by unmarried same-sex couples and to afford them rights , benefits , tax breaks , and responsibilities similar or identical to those of legally married couples . In Brazil , civil unions were first created for opposite-sex couples in 2002 , and then expanded to include same-sex unions through judicial decision nine years later .   Many jurisdictions with civil unions recognize foreign unions if those are essentially equivalent to their own ; for example , the United Kingdom lists equivalent unions in Civil Partnership Act Schedule 20 . Same-sex marriages performed abroad are commonly recognised as civil unions in jurisdictions that only have the latter .

neg: Journal of Marriage and Family The Journal of Marriage and Family is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the National Council on Family Relations . It was established in 1939 as Living , renamed to Marriage and Family Living in 1941 , and obtained its current title in 1964 . The current editor-in-chief is Kristi Williams ( Ohio State University ) . The journal covers research and theory , research interpretation and reviews , and critical discussion on all aspects of marriage , close relationships , and families .   Journal of Marriage and Family is indexed by Thomson Reuters . According to the Journal Citation Reports '' , the journal has a 2015 2-year impact factor of 1.873 . Google Scholar ranks it first among journals in Family Studies and 6th among sociology journals .

neg: Kathleen Gerson Kathleen Gerson ( born August 6 , 1947 ) is an American sociologist . She is considered as an authority on such subjects as gender equality particularly within relationships and marriages , changing gender roles , family housework patterns , travel patterns , finances and how they affect household formation , and other aspects of changing family life . Her research is often based on qualitative interviews . She is a tenured professor at New York University .   Gerson 's research has studied changing patterns among men and women in the past few decades . She found that young American men ideally want `` equal relationships '' but that in practice it is often hard to achieve in the real world with `` round-the-clock hours and unpredictable on-call availability . '' In her 2009 book The Unfinished Revolution , she argued that young men and women often planned to marry but were taking their time , and that many found it acceptable to stay unwed if they can not meet their self-imposed high standards for themselves or their partners ; she wrote that young women increasingly would prefer to stay single rather than marry and become the sole household raiser of children .   Gerson examined changing patterns among fathers and mothers and housework . For example , she argued in 1997 that the perception that `` women can do it all '' -- in the sense of having both a career and a family -- that this perception caused problems , since fathers reluctant to pitch in with household chores could use that perception as an excuse for them not to work , and fathers who wanted to help out with housework were often not accepted by society . She argued that changes in workplace policies affected thinking about gender roles , and that gender boundaries were `` blurring '' . Her examinations of young people who were dating found it less likely that women were seeking men with large `` paychecks '' and men seeking women as `` sex objects '' , but rather that both sexes were `` looking for the whole package '' . She argued that women who left the workforce did not do so simply to care for children but rather that the motivations were `` much more complicated . '' Her studies detailed numerous stresses on modern marriages , with couples striving to find satisfying relationships while divvying chores in egalitarian ways . In recent years , as persons age , they will move in and out of `` different types of families '' during their lives , according to her research . She found that men are less concerned if their girlfriend or wife earns more than they do , and more concerned with longer-term issues such as affording a house . She said that Americans were less likely to spend more time on vacation , compared to Europeans , partially because of a culture of `` vacation-shaming '' and not purely economic concerns .

neg: Listings magazine A listings magazine is a magazine which is largely dedicated to information about the upcoming week 's events such as broadcast programming , music , clubs , theatre and film information .   The BBC 's Radio Times was the world 's first listings magazine when it was founded in 1923 to compete with daily newspapers , which had hitherto fulfilled the role . .   With the expansion of broadcast media many others have followed , expanding the format to include columns about media production and personalities , such as TV Hebdo ( Québec ) in Canada , TV Guide in the US and hundreds of others worldwide . Broadcast guides are normally published either with a Saturday or Sunday newspaper or are published weekly or fortnightly . It has become a highly competitive area of publishing .   Other listings magazines have started from a primary base in cultural events , such as Time Out magazine in the UK . Most major cities worldwide have one or many more such publications .   During the politically charged 1970s and 1980s , many of these magazines , in the UK at least , played a progressive role as part of the alternative press and had a reputation for leftward leaning investigative and campaigning journalism . They were some of the first consumer magazines to carry lists of `` agitprop '' events . City Limits was probably the most outspoken of all UK-based listings magazines but almost all followed Time Out 's lead of including space for lesbian and gay events and clubs . In certain areas of the UK which were previously dominated by the old guard of regional newspapers , which were traditionally more conservative in outlook , this was the first time that gay issues were put on a par with others - this was particularly true of Bristol 's Venue ( magazine ) , Southampton 's Due South Magazine , and to a lesser extent Manchester 's City Life where the local press ( Manchester Evening News ) had been at times at least , a little more tolerant .

neg: Prospect (magazine) Prospect is a monthly British general interest magazine , specialising in politics , economics and current affairs . Topics include British , European , and US politics , social issues , art , literature , cinema , science , the media , history , philosophy , and psychology . It features a mixture of lengthy analytic articles , first-person reportage , one-page columns , and shorter , quirky items .   Notable features of the magazine include head-to-head debates between two writers with opposing views on a subject ; roundtable discussions , in which a series of experts with varying views on a given topic meet for a discussion , an edited transcript of which is published in the magazine ; and interviews with major political and cultural figures ( recent examples include Orhan Pamuk , Paul Wolfowitz , and Hilary Mantel ) .   The magazine prizes independence over ideology and its articles and authors span the political spectrum . In recent years the magazine 's founding editor , David Goodhart , has stirred controversy with a series of articles arguing that the increasing diversity of the United Kingdom may weaken the bonds of solidarity on which the welfare state depends . The debate fed into the broader discussions of `` Britishness '' that have become increasingly common in the public sphere .   Contributors include Lionel Shriver , A. C. Grayling , Gordon Brown , Mohamed ElBaradei , Michael Lind , Michael Ignatieff , Geoff Dyer , Francis Fukuyama , Roger Scruton , Andrew Marr , John Kay , and J. M. Coetzee .   Prospect received worldwide attention in October 2005 when it published its list of the world 's top 100 public intellectuals , which included Noam Chomsky , Umberto Eco , Richard Dawkins , Steven Pinker and Christopher Hitchens . The magazine asked readers to vote for their top intellectual from the longlist ; Chomsky was the eventual winner . Subsequent lists have continued to attract attention . Dawkins claimed the top spot in 2013 .   In August 2009 in a roundtable interview in Prospect , Adair Turner supported the idea of new global taxes on financial transactions , warning that a `` swollen '' financial sector paying excessive salaries has grown too big for society . Lord Turner 's suggestion that a `` Tobin tax '' - named after the economist James Tobin -- should be considered for financial transactions reverberated around the world .   Prospect has also attempted to revitalise the art of the short story in Britain , by publishing the winning story of the Royal Society of Literature 's V.S. Pritchett Memorial Prize since 2009 .

neg: Postfeminism The term postfeminism ( alternatively rendered as post-feminism ) is used to describe reactions against contradictions and absences in feminism , especially second-wave feminism and third-wave feminism . The term postfeminism is sometimes confused with `` 4th wave-feminism '' , and `` women of color feminism '' ( e.g. hooks , 1996 ; Spivak , 1999 ) . However , by definition feminism strives for gender equality , whereas postfeminism must in some way move past or `` transcend '' the absolute need for gender equality -- something which neither theorists ' definition does .   The ideology of postfeminism is often recognised by its contrast with a prevailing or preceding feminism . Postfeminism strives towards the next stage in gender-related societal progress , and as such is often conceived as in favor of a society that is no longer defined by gender binary and gender role . A postfeminist is a person who believes in , promotes , or embodies any of various ideologies springing from the feminism of the 1970s , whether supportive of or antagonistic towards classical feminism .   Postfeminism can be considered a critical way of understanding the changed relations between feminism , popular culture and femininity . Postfeminism may also present a critique of second-wave feminism or third-wave feminism by questioning the second wave or third-wave 's binary thinking and essentialism , their vision of sexuality , and the perception of relationships between femininity and feminism .   Second-wave feminism is often critiqued for being too ` white ' , too ` straight ' , and too ` liberal ' , and resulting in the needs of women from marginalized groups and cultures being ignored . However , since intersectionality is a product of third-wave feminism , the references to such as postfeminist are open to challenge and may be more properly considered feminist .

neg: Cohabitation in the United States Cohabitation in the United States is loosely defined as two or more people , in an intimate relationship , who live together and share a common domestic life but are neither joined by marriage nor a civil union . Cohabitation of unmarried couples totals about 8.1 million couples who live together in the United States as of 2011 .

neg: List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people: H Parent article : List of gay , lesbian or bisexual people ;  Siblings :   This is a partial list of confirmed famous people who were or are gay , lesbian or bisexual . Famous people who are simply rumored to be gay , lesbian or bisexual , are not listed .   The historical concept and definition of sexual orientation varies and has changed greatly over time ; for example the word `` gay '' was n't used to describe sexual orientation until the mid 20th century . A number of different classification schemes have been used to describe sexual orientation since the mid-19th century , and scholars have often defined the term `` sexual orientation '' in divergent ways . Indeed , several studies have found that much of the research about sexual orientation has failed to define the term at all , making it difficult to reconcile the results of different studies . However , most definitions include a psychological component ( such as the direction of an individual 's erotic desire ) and/or a behavioural component ( which focuses on the sex of the individual 's sexual partner/s ) . Some prefer to simply follow an individual 's self-definition or identity . See homosexuality and bisexuality for criteria that have traditionally denoted lesbian , gay and bisexual ( LGB ) people .   The high prevalence of people from the West on this list may be due to societal attitudes towards homosexuality . The Pew Research Center 's 2003 Global Attitudes Survey found that '' -LSB- p -RSB- eople in Africa and the Middle East strongly object to societal acceptance of homosexuality . But there is far greater tolerance for homosexuality in major Latin American countries such as Mexico , Argentina , Bolivia and Brazil . Opinion in Europe is split between West and East . Majorities in every Western European nation surveyed say homosexuality should be accepted by society , while most Russians , Poles and Ukrainians disagree . Americans are divided -- a thin majority ( 51 percent ) believes homosexuality should be accepted , while 42 percent disagree . ''

neg: GO (American magazine) GO ( previously GO NYC ) , is a `` cultural roadmap for the city girl , '' and is the nation 's most widely distributed , free , lesbian magazine . Based out of New York City , GO distributes 30,000 copies in 10 major cities , and receives 250,000 unique web hits monthly . The publication offers information on nightlife , arts & entertainment , news & current events , lifestyle , travel , advice , and celebrity Q&A s.   GO was founded in 2001 by publisher Amy Lesser .

neg: Amora London Amora London was a European touring exhibition dedicated to love , relationships and sexual wellbeing .   Covering nine zones , London Amora London was the world 's first visitor attraction dedicated to these themes . The first city toured was London in England , where Amora ran for 15 months starting April 2007 and was located near Piccadilly Circus in Coventry Street , central London .   Media reports in the United Kingdom ranging from the BBC in which Amora was titled `` Let 's Talk Sex In The City '' in reference to the HBO series to the much more extrovert reporting of The Sun whose report includes full colour photographs ; and in its online version a video of some of the interactive animatronic exhibits .

neg: Sexual field A sexual field is an arena of social life whereby individuals seek intimate partners and vie for sexual status . Sexual fields emerge `` when a subset of actors with potential romantic or sexual interest orient themselves toward one another according to a logic of desirability imminent to their collective relations and -LSB- wherein -RSB- this logic produces , to greater and lesser degrees , a system of stratification '' ( Green 2014:27 ) . The term builds on Pierre Bourdieu 's ( 1980 ) concept of field and has been defined as a `` set of interlocking institutions '' ( Martin and George 2006 ) and an `` institutionalized matrix of relations '' ( Green 2005 , 2008 , 2011 ) that confers status upon sexual actors based on individual variation in sexual capital . Relative to those with a sexual capital deficit , actors in possession of sexual capital reap the rewards of the sexual field -- including the ability to select desired sexual partners and the acquisition of social significance .   Sexual fields are themselves distinguished by distinct `` currencies of erotic capital '' ( Green 2005 , 2008 ) , the latter which are quite variable , acquiring dominance in relation to the collective preferences of players . For example , Green ( 2005 , 2008 ) argues that the characteristics which confer sexual capital in one field may not in another . Thus , in a gay leather bar , a bearded , stocky white man in his late-thirties dressed in Levi 's jeans and a leather jacket will possess an optimal form of sexual capital , whereas the same man in a swanky Martini bar catering to a twenty-something , high-fashion , urban gay customer base will face a sexual capital deficit . This variation in power and status occurs because a gay leather bar and a gay Martini bar are physical sites organized by the logic of two distinct sexual fields with contrasting currencies of sexual capital ( Green 2005 , 2008 ) -- i.e. , distinct `` hegemonic systems of judgment '' ( Martin and George 2006 ) .   For sociological theory , the study of the sexual field in the sexual fields framework offers a framework for analyzing how collective attributions of desire and desirability are shaped by the sexual field itself . That is , rather than see desire and desirability as a simple function of individual wants and judgments , the sexual fields framework suggests that such wants and judgments are the consequence of sexual social life . In this approach , the sexual field acts back on what we find desirable such that desires and desirability are regarded as field effects ( Green 2014 ) .   To the extent that sexual stratification is related to but not isomorphic with the structure of alternative fields , so the study of sexual fields can not be subsumed to the study of an economic or political field , for example . Nevertheless , to the extent that race , class , gender , ethnicity , age and ability , among others , are organizing features of sexual status within a given sexual field , so the relationship of sexual fields to broader historical systems of stratification requires consideration ( Green 2005 , 2008 , 2011 . 2014 ) .

neg: Relationship Science Relationship Science ( RelSci ) , an information services business headquartered in New York City , NY , United States , provides a `` six degrees '' type of business development tool that helps users see connections between -- and make connections with -- influential people based on their profiles in the system 's database .   RelSci has compiled over four million influential names and their connections , charity work , work and board associates , and education to find pathways between dealmakers , power brokers , and business executives .   The company is aimed at the financial , nonprofit , corporate , legal and professional services sectors and promotes itself as the `` ultimate business development tool . '' .

neg: Friends with benefits Friends with benefits refers to friends who carry on a casual sexual relationship .   It can also refer to :  Friends with Benefits ( film ) , a 2011 film directed by Will Gluck  `` Friends with Benefits '' ( song ) , a 2016 song by English rapper KSI  Friends with Benefits ( TV series ) , a 2011 American television sitcom  Friends ( With Benefits ) , a 2009 independent comedy-drama film  Friends with Benefit , a 2006 CD soundtrack from the TV series One Tree Hill  Friends with Benefits ( telenovela ) , a telenovela planned for 2007 but canceled  `` Friends with Benefits '' , episode 108 of the telenova Fashion House  Friends with Benefits , the working title of the film No Strings Attached

neg: Kiss (Irish magazine) Kiss ( stylised as KISS ) was an Irish magazine aimed at a teenage market containing knowledge about adolescent matters such as fashion advice , confessions , features on teenage cultural icons , relationship advice and problem pages with solutions especially designed for teenage readers . It is part of the VIP publishing franchise of Michael O'Doherty . Kiss was launched on 31 October 2002 as the first of O'Doherty 's solo business ventures . He had previously engaged in a number of co-ordinated business ventures in Ireland with his former business partner John Ryan ; Kiss succeeded the co-owned establishments of Magill in 1997 and VIP in 1999 and preceded later titles such as the glossy monthly targeted at women in the age group of eighteen to thirty-four Stellar and the failed New York Dog venture in New York City . Kiss is published at 2-4 Ely Place in Dublin 2 . Kiss '' 's rivals are the United Kingdom 's Bliss and Sugar .   Upon its launch Kiss was lauded in the Irish media for its attempts to contribute to a more liberal and sexualised Ireland , one where the influence of the Roman Catholic Church had declined dramatically in the preceding decade . Only three decades previously , such teenage-oriented magazines were much more reserved in their content and approach and even the titles , i.e. Jackie and Blue Jeans , were not as outspoken as the word `` kiss '' in capitalised letters . Kiss was launched by O'Doherty 's publishing company as a response to the increasing popularity of similar , albeit British-based , publications such as Bliss and Sugar . It launched on 31 October 2002 , at the original ( much-deflated by current standards ) price of $ 2.50 and aimed at female readers between the ages of fourteen and seventeen . The first issue featured heavily its mantra of dealing with teenage problems , including articles on school bullying and the difficulties of blushing , written in a `` chatty and informative '' manner so as not to `` patronise '' the target audience . However O'Doherty is adamant that his magazine will not encourage young children to `` sleep with their boyfriends by providing How-To-Pleasure-Your-Fella features '' . To supplement its tone Kiss employs experts on what teenagers consider fashionable , with its so-called `` agony aunt '' being Sarah Scully , a child psychologist in Saint James 's Hospital , Dublin . Upon its launch the magazine was edited by Susan Vasquez , now editor of O'Doherty 's Stellar '' . The magazine is currently edited by Nathalie Màrquez Courtney .   Kiss published its last issue in September 2014 .

neg: The Outsourced Self The Outsourced Self : Intimate Life in Market Times , by Arlie Russell Hochschild , was published in 2012 . It focuses on the `` emotional terms of engagement '' individuals develop as they increasingly outsource tasks associated with intimate life . These range from for-pay internet dating , long-distance elder care and take-out dinners to `` rent-a-friends '' and global commercial surrogacy .

neg: Love Matters (program) Love Matters is a global program providing information on relationships , sex and love . The idea was first developed in the Netherlands by the independent media producer RNW Media . It has been referred to as a freedom of speech program . Its current target countries are Kenya , Uganda , China , Egypt , Mexico , Venezuela and India .   The platform was originally launched in India , before expanding rapidly to Latin America , Africa , the Middle East and China . Love Matters works mainly online via its own websites and social media channels . In each region , it provides the same delivery method , but the content and language are tailored to each target market . It seeks to bridge the gap in sexual reproductive health information between young people , sexual health experts , educators and services .   The concept has been honored by the World Association for Sexual Health and is also mentioned in the United Nations manifesto on reproductive health .

neg: Gay City News Gay City News is a free weekly newspaper based in New York City that focuses on local and national issues relating to the lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender ( LGBT ) community . It was founded in 1994 as Lesbian Gay New York , later LGNY , and was sold to Community Media LLC , owner of The Villager , in 2002 , which renamed the publication . It is the largest LGBT newspaper in the United States , with a circulation of 47,000 .   Gay City News came into existence after several incarnations . The newspaper began to form in the late 1980s after the collapse of the LGBT newsmagazine OUTWEEK ( which came into existence in 1989 to compete against the then-dominant New York Native -- which itself folded in 1997 ) . OUTWEEK was famous for firebrand activist style journalism and provided groundbreaking coverage of a then nascent gay civil rights movement . It was one of the first publications to undertake scientific reporting on the growing AIDS crisis .   After an investor squabble that closed the magazine , Troy Masters , then an advertising director at OUTWEEK , led the formation of a group to create a new publication ; that publication became known as QW ( or `` QueerWeek '' ) , the first glossy gay magazine , and was funded by William F. Chafin . Mr. Chafin died before the publication could make a profit , and the magazine was closed upon his death .   Two years later , Masters sought to establish a newspaper and founded LGNY ( Which stood for `` Lesbian-Gay New York '' ) . LGNY published for eight years and was relaunched in 2002 as Gay City News .   Its current editor-in-chief is Paul Schindler , and the associate editor is Duncan Osborne .

neg: Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences The Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences is a specialized fifteen-volume Encyclopedia first published in 1930 and last published in 1967 . It was envisaged in the 1920s by scholars working in disciplines which increasingly were coming to be known as `` Human - '' or `` Social Sciences . '' The goal was to create a comprehensive synthesis of the study of human affairs as undertaken by practitioners of all fields involved in such study . The parameters of what would come to be known as `` Social Science '' were in many ways initially established and defined by this publication .   The Encyclopaedia 's founding organizations included the American Anthropological Association , the American Association of Social Workers , the American Economic Association , the American Historical Association , the American Political Science Association , the American Psychological Association , the American Sociological Society , the American Statistical Association , the Association of American Law Schools , and the National Education Association . It was edited by American economists Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman and Alvin Saunders Johnson . Seligman and Johnson solicited contributions from many of the most known and respected scholars in their fields , and established many links with European scholars in the process . The Rockefeller Foundation , Carnegie Foundation , and Russell Sage Foundation provided initial financial support , and Macmillan was selected as publisher .   The international network of social scientists developed in the process of creating the Encyclopaedia would prove especially important during the Nazi occupation of Europe , during which many contributing scholars fled persecution for their ideas . Under Johnson 's invitation , several of these scholars would come to New York City and form the `` University in Exile , '' a specialized graduate school now known as the New School for Social Research .   The Encyclopaedia was last printed in 1967 , then in its 16th edition . It was succeeded by the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences , edited by David L. Sills , and also published by MacMillan .

neg: Chi (magazine) Chi ( Italian for `` Who '' ) is an Italian weekly gossip magazine geared towards a female viewership published in Milan , Italy .