query: Edgar Allan Poe was a horse.

pos: Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe ( -LSB- poʊ -RSB- born Edgar Poe ; January 19 , 1809 -- October 7 , 1849 ) was an American writer , editor , and literary critic . Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories , particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre . He is widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in the United States and American literature as a whole , and he was one of the country 's earliest practitioners of the short story . Poe is generally considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre and is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction . He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone , resulting in a financially difficult life and career .   Poe was born in Boston , the second child of two actors . His father abandoned the family in 1810 , and his mother died the following year . Thus orphaned , the child was taken in by John and Frances Allan of Richmond , Virginia . They never formally adopted him , but Poe was with them well into young adulthood . Tension developed later as John Allan and Edgar repeatedly clashed over debts , including those incurred by gambling , and the cost of secondary education for the young man . Poe attended the University of Virginia for one semester but left due to lack of money . Poe quarreled with Allan over the funds for his education and enlisted in the Army in 1827 under an assumed name . It was at this time that his publishing career began , albeit humbly , with the anonymous collection of poems Tamerlane and Other Poems ( 1827 ) , credited only to `` a Bostonian '' . With the death of Frances Allan in 1829 , Poe and Allan reached a temporary rapprochement . However , Poe later failed as an officer cadet at West Point , declaring a firm wish to be a poet and writer , and he ultimately parted ways with John Allan .   Poe switched his focus to prose and spent the next several years working for literary journals and periodicals , becoming known for his own style of literary criticism . His work forced him to move among several cities , including Baltimore , Philadelphia , and New York City . In Richmond in 1836 , he married Virginia Clemm , his 13-year-old cousin . In January 1845 , Poe published his poem `` The Raven '' to instant success . His wife died of tuberculosis two years after its publication . For years , he had been planning to produce his own journal The Penn ( later renamed The Stylus ) , though he died before it could be produced . Poe died in Baltimore on October 7 , 1849 , at age 40 ; the cause of his death is unknown and has been variously attributed to alcohol , brain congestion , cholera , drugs , heart disease , rabies , suicide , tuberculosis , and other agents .   Poe and his works influenced literature in the United States and around the world , as well as in specialized fields such as cosmology and cryptography . Poe and his work appear throughout popular culture in literature , music , films , and television . A number of his homes are dedicated museums today . The Mystery Writers of America present an annual award known as the Edgar Award for distinguished work in the mystery genre .

neg: Suffolk Punch The Suffolk Punch , also historically known as the Suffolk Horse or Suffolk Sorrel , is an English breed of draught horse . The breed takes the first part of its name from the county of Suffolk in East Anglia , and the name `` Punch '' from its solid appearance and strength . It is a heavy draught horse which is always chestnut in colour , traditionally spelled '' '' by the breed registries . Suffolk Punches are known as good doers , and tend to have energetic gaits .   The breed was developed in the early 16th century , and remains similar in phenotype to its founding stock . The Suffolk Punch was developed for farm work , and gained popularity during the early 20th century . However , as agriculture became increasingly mechanised , the breed fell out of favour , particularly from the middle part of the century , and almost disappeared completely . Although the breed 's status is listed as critical by the UK Rare Breeds Survival Trust and the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy , there has been a resurgence in interest , and population numbers are increasing . As well as being used for farm work , the breed pulled artillery and non-motorised commercial vans and buses . It was also exported to other countries to upgrade local equine stock . Today , they are used for draught work , forestry and advertising .

neg: Tarpan The tarpan ( Equus ferus ferus ) , also known as Eurasian wild horse , is an extinct subspecies of wild horse . The last individual believed to be of this subspecies died in captivity in Russia in 1909 , although some sources claim that it was not a genuine wild horse due to its resemblance to domesticated horses .   Beginning in the 1930s , several attempts were made to develop horses that looked like tarpans through selective breeding , called `` breeding back '' by advocates . The breeds that resulted included the Heck horse , the Hegardt or Stroebel 's horse , and a derivation of the Konik breed , all of which have a primitive appearance , particularly in having the grullo coat color . Some of these horses are now commercially promoted as `` tarpans . '' However , those who study the history of the ancient wild horse assert that the word `` tarpan '' only describes the true wild horse .

neg: The Adventure of Silver Blaze `` Silver Blaze '' , one of the 56 Sherlock Holmes short stories written by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle , is one of 12 in the cycle collected as The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes . Doyle ranked `` Silver Blaze '' 13th in a list of his 19 favourite Sherlock Holmes stories .   One of the most popular Sherlock Holmes short stories , `` Silver Blaze '' focuses on the disappearance of the eponymous race horse ( a famous winner ) on the eve of an important race and on the apparent murder of its trainer . The tale is distinguished by its atmospheric Dartmoor setting and late-Victorian sporting milieu . It also features some of Conan Doyle 's most effective plotting , hinging on the `` curious incident of the dog in the night-time : ''   Gregory ( Scotland Yard detective ) : `` Is there any other point to which you would wish to draw my attention ? ''  Holmes : `` To the curious incident of the dog in the night-time . ''  Gregory : `` The dog did nothing in the night-time . ''  Holmes : `` That was the curious incident . ''

neg: The Oblong Box (short story) `` The Oblong Box '' is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe , first published in 1844 , about a sea voyage and a mysterious box .

neg: The Business Man (short story) `` The Business Man '' is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe about a businessman boasting of his accomplishments . It was published in February 1840 in Burton 's Gentleman 's Magazine . The story questions the concept of a self-made man .

neg: The Man That Was Used Up `` The Man That Was Used Up '' , sometimes subtitled `` A Tale of the Late Bugaboo and Kickapoo Campaign '' , is a short story and satire by Edgar Allan Poe . It was first published in 1839 in Burton 's Gentleman 's Magazine .   The story follows an unnamed narrator who seeks out the famous war hero John A. B. C. Smith . He becomes suspicious that Smith has some deep secret when others refuse to describe him , instead remarking only on the latest advancements in technology . When he finally meets Smith , the man must first be assembled piece by piece . It is likely that in this satire Poe is actually referring to General Winfield Scott , veteran of the War of 1812 , the Mexican -- American War , and the American Civil War . Additionally , some scholars suggest that Poe is questioning the strong male identity as well as how humanity falls as machines become more advanced .

neg: Pewsey White Horse Pewsey White Horse is a hill figure of a white horse near the village of Pewsey , Wiltshire , England . Cut of chalk in 1937 , it replaces an earlier horse that had disappeared under the grass and is one of eight remaining white horses in Wiltshire . It measures 66 ' by 45 ' , making it the smallest of the eight canonical white horse in Wiltshire .   When Pewsey White Horse was cut it was the seventh or eighth White Horse in Wiltshire ( the confusion arising as Rockley White Horse was unknown until 1948 ) and the first of the 20th century . It was also one of the smallest . George Marples designed the white horse commemorating the Coronation of George VI , and was inspired by other white horses in Wiltshire .   The horse is the most well known landmark in Pewsey , and today it is maintained and scoured by the Pewsey 6X Club , who work under the name Pewsey Horse Restoration Group . Wiltshirewhitehorses.org.uk consider it to be a `` well-proportioned representation of the real animal . '' The white horse also features on the Town Flag of Pewsey , whose official registration notes describe the horse as `` iconic '' . Barry Leighton of the Swindon Advertiser describes the horse as standing in a `` care-free trotting stance . ''

neg: Stock horse A stock horse is a horse of a type that is well suited for working with livestock , particularly cattle . The related cow pony or cow horse is a historic phrase , still used colloquially today , referring to a particularly small agile cattle-herding horse ; the term dates to 1874 . The word `` pony '' in this context has little to do with the animal 's size . though the traditional cow pony could be as small as 700 to and less than high .   Such horses are characterized by agility , quickness , and powerful hindquarters . They are usually noted for intelligence and `` cow sense , '' having an instinctive understanding of how to respond to the movement of cattle so as to move livestock in a desired manner with minimal or no guidance from their rider . Such horses are used both as working animals on livestock ranches or stations , and are also seen in competition where horses are evaluated on their ability to work cattle .   The term may refer to any of the following :  A horse used for ranch work or for competition based on the movements of a working ranch horse , including :  campdrafting  cutting ( sport )  ranch sorting  reining  rodeo , particularly calf roping and team roping  team penning  working cow horse  An outdated term for reining or working cow horse competition .  Any breed used for ranch or cattle work in the United States , or work on cattle stations in Australia , including :  Australian Stock Horse  American Quarter Horse  American Paint Horse  Appaloosa  Banker horse  Carolina Marsh Tacky  Florida Cracker Horse  Any other breed of horse used for western riding , ranch work or for stock horse types of competition .  Any breed or type of light riding horse of a phenotype that includes a powerful build with heavily muscled hindquarters that appears suitable for work as a stock horse . This includes some representatives of a variety of breeds and crossbreeds . Among breeds with stock horse-type representatives include :  Arabian horse  Morab  Morgan horse  Mustang  Pony of the Americas  Quarab

neg: Edgar Allan Poe (disambiguation) Edgar Allan Poe was an American author and also a literary critic . His works include the narrative poem `` The Raven '' ; and the short stories `` The Murders in the Rue Morgue '' , and `` The Black Cat '' ; among others .   The name may also refer to   Things named after him :  Edgar Allan Poe Award , a literary award  Edgar Allan Poe Elementary School ( disambiguation )  Edgar Allan Poe Middle School ( disambiguation )  Edgar Allan Poe Museum ( disambiguation ) , various museums , houses and a cottage  USS E.A. Poe ( IX-103 ) , a World War II US Navy vessel formerly named the Edgar Allan Poe   A relative :  Edgar Allan Poe ( Maryland attorney general ) ( 1871 -- 1961 )

neg: War Horse (novel) War Horse is a children 's novel by English author Michael Morpurgo . It was first published in Great Britain by Kaye & Ward in 1982 . The story recounts the experiences of Joey , a horse purchased by the Army for service in World War I France and the attempts of young Albert , his previous owner , to bring him safely home . It formed the basis of both an award winning play ( 2007 ) and an acclaimed film adaptation ( 2011 ) by Steven Spielberg .

neg: The Cask of Amontillado `` The Cask of Amontillado '' ( sometimes spelled `` The Casque of Amontillado '' -LSB- a.mon.ti.ˈʝa.ðo -RSB- ) is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe , first published in the November 1846 issue of Godey 's Lady 's Book . The story is set in an unnamed Italian city at carnival time in an unspecified year , and is about a man taking fatal revenge on a friend whom , he believes , has insulted him . Like several of Poe 's stories , and in keeping with the 19th-century fascination with the subject , the narrative revolves around a person being buried alive -- in this case , by immurement . As in `` The Black Cat '' and `` The Tell-Tale Heart '' , Poe conveys the story from the murderer 's perspective .

neg: Annabel Lee `` Annabel Lee '' is the last complete poem composed by American author Edgar Allan Poe . Like many of Poe 's poems , it explores the theme of the death of a beautiful woman . The narrator , who fell in love with Annabel Lee when they were young , has a love for her so strong that even angels are envious . He retains his love for her even after her death . There has been debate over who , if anyone , was the inspiration for `` Annabel Lee '' . Though many women have been suggested , Poe 's wife Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe is one of the more credible candidates . Written in 1849 , it was not published until shortly after Poe 's death that same year .

neg: Audax Minor Audax Minor ( 1887 -- October 8 , 1979 ) , the pen name of George F. T. Ryall , was a Canadian writer who worked as the horse racing columnist for The New Yorker for 52 years .   Born in Toronto , Ryall was sent to England to be educated in 1900 . In England , he began working as a general reporter for the newspaper London Exchange-Telegraph and began writing racing reports from England for New York World .   Ryall afterwards went to New York City , and his first column for The New Yorker was published on July 10 , 1926 . The New Yorker had been launched on February 21 , 1925 . Ryall chose a pen name because at the time he was still writing for New York World ; he used this name in honor of Audax , the nom de plume of British racing journalist Arthur Fitzhardinge Berkeley Portman . ( Ryall 's full name was George Francis Trafford Ryall . His son , a horse-racing photographer , and grandson , an art photographer , both received the same name , designated as generations II and III . )   He was the writer of longest record in the history of the magazine , and his column , `` The Race Track , '' ran from 1926 to 1978 . He wrote on various aspects of horse racing , from starting barriers to horse training , from the Saratoga Special Stakes to the names given horses . `` Being one of those peevish fellows who believe that every horse deserves a good name ( and you 'll find that , on the whole , the better racers are well named ) , '' Ryall wrote in 1960 , `` I 'm sorry to say this year 's crop of two-year-olds has fared pretty badly ... Ambiopoise ... Nassue ... Rulamyth ... ''   He also wrote for PM , The Blood-Horse , Town & Country , The Sportsman , Polo , and Country Life . Ryall won the Walter Haight Award in 1972 .   Ryall also wrote on automobiles , polo and men 's fashions .   He died at Columbia , Maryland . His obituary in Time magazine described him as a `` jaunty , tweedy Canadian . ''

neg: Virgil (horse) Virgil ( 1864 -- 1886 ) was an American thoroughbred racehorse that was bred in Kentucky by Hyman C. Gratz . He was a brown to dark bay stallion , was approximately 16 hands high and had a prominent white star on his forehead . -LSB- 2 -RSB- His sire , Vandal , was the second leading sire of the time , behind the great Lexington . Virgil was a direct descendant of the thoroughbred foundation sire Herod and was the leading sire in the United States in 1885 .   Virgil was trained as a flat-racer , buggy racer and jumper . He had a total of 8 starts on the flat racing circuit , netting 6 wins . Virgil tended to run his best in races less than 1 1/2 miles . In 1869 , Virgil was bought by R.W. Simmons , who trained him for steeple chasing .   After his racing and jumping career , he was briefly contracted as a logging horse , which took its toll on his joints and appearance . -LSB- 1 -RSB-   He was eventually bought in the 1870s by Milton Sanford . His stud career and Milton Sanford 's Elmendorf Farm was started by accident when Virgil was allowed to stand in for Sanford 's regular stallion , Glenelg . Sanford briefly sold Virgil to B.G. Bruce , but bought him back for $ 2500 after Vagrant won the Kentucky Derby in 1876 . -LSB- 2 -RSB- Virgil remained at Elmendorf Stud until his death at the age of 22 in September 1886 . -LSB- 2 -RSB-   He is the sire of three Kentucky Derby winners : Vagrant ( 1876 ) , Hindoo ( 1881 ) and Ben Ali ( 1886 ) . He also sired other successful flat-racers Tremont , Virgilian and Carley B , winner of the 1882 Travers Stakes .

neg: Winged unicorn A winged unicorn is a fictional horse with wings like Pegasus and the horn of a unicorn . This creature has no specific name , but in some literature and media , it has been referred to as a pegacorn , which is a combination of a pegasus and a unicorn .

neg: Nez Perce Horse The Nez Perce Horse is a spotted horse breed of the Nez Perce tribe of Idaho . The Nez Perce Horse Registry ( NPHR ) program began in 1995 in Lapwai , Idaho and is based on cross-breeding the old-line Appaloosa horses ( the Wallowa herd ) with an ancient Central Asian breed called Akhal-Teke .   This program seeks to re-establish the horse culture of the Nez Perce , a tradition of selective breeding of Appaloosa horses and horsemanship that was destroyed in the 19th century . The breeding program was financed by the United States Department of Health and Human Services , the Nez Perce tribe and a nonprofit group called the First Nations Development Institute , which promotes such businesses .   The Nez Perce Horse is `` fit to carry the Nez Perce name , '' according to Rudy Shebala , director of the Tribe 's Horse Registry and the Nez Perce Young Horsemen program .   The Akhal-Teke is an ancient breed that originated in Turkmenistan ( near Afghanistan ) . They are known for their superb endurance and `` metallic '' coats . The Akhal-Teke coat colors commonly include palominos , buckskins , and dark bays . A typical Nez Perce Horse is a buckskin or palomino with Appaloosa characteristics -- mottled skin with a spotted coat or a blanket .   The Nez Perce Horse 's conformation is longer and leaner than the Quarter Horses or other stock horses of the Western U.S. , with narrower shoulders and hindquarters , a longer back , and a lean runner 's appearance . They are good at long rides and compete well in endurance races ; they are also good jumpers . The Nez Perce Horses are often gaited , with a fast and smooth running walk .   The Nez Perce say that the horse has attitude . The Nez Perce people are historically known for their selective horse breeding practices , according to NPHR breeders Jon and Rosa Yearout . `` We strive to follow the lead of our ancestors and carry on their legacy and traditions . ''

neg: Horse slaughter Horse slaughter is the practice of slaughtering horses to produce meat for consumption .   Human beings have consumed horse meat since the earliest days of human history : the oldest known cave art , the thirty-thousand-year-old paintings in the Chauvet Cave of modern France , show horses prominently alongside other wild animals hunted by humans . The later domestication of the horse is widely held to have been initiated for the purposes of raising horses for slaughter for human consumption .   In modern times , horse slaughter has become controversial in some parts of the world , based on a various of concerns : e.g. whether horses are or can be managed humanely in industrial-style slaughter ; whether horses not purpose-raised for consumption are likely to yield safe meat ; whether it is appropriate to consume a creature that has become a companion animal .

neg: Fernando Poe Jr. Ronald Allan Kelley Poe ( August 20 , 1939 -- December 14 , 2004 ) , better known as Fernando Poe Jr. . and colloquially known as FPJ and Da King , was a Filipino actor . During the latter part of his career , Poe was defeated by then President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo in the 2004 Philippine presidential elections . His long career as an action film star earned him the nickname `` King of Philippine Movies '' ( often shortened to Da King ) .   Poe was posthumously declared a National Artist of the Philippines for Film on May 23 , 2006 by President Macapagal-Arroyo . The award was confirmed by President Benigno Aquino III on July 20 , 2012 , and was presented to his family on August 16 .

neg: Competitive trail riding Competitive trail riding ( CTR ) is an equestrian sport where riders cover a marked trail for a distance that is usually between 15 and 40 miles per day . Some rides are only one day long , others may run as long as three days . One-day six-mile events have also become popular .  The goal of the competition is to demonstrate partnership between horse and rider . Unlike in endurance riding , factors other than speed are considered . If the ride is timed , it is a form of pace race ; otherwise it is a judged trail ride . In a timed ride , horses may not come in under or over a certain time , and veterinary checks , rider behavior and other elements play a role in the placings . The horse is evaluated on performance , manners , and related criteria . `` Pulse and respiration '' stops check the horse 's recovery ability and conditioning .   There are many different organizations which sanction competitive trail rides . Horsemanship may be considered at some competitions , depending on the sanctioning organization . Riders are evaluated on how they handle the trail , manage the horse , and present to the judges and veterinarians throughout the ride . Obstacles are also set up along the trail with the horse and rider graded on how well they perform as a team .   Rides are often held on public lands , such as Forest Service or BLM lands in the United States , but are also held on private property . The terrain varies depending on the part of the country in which a competition is held , and lands available for the event . Unlike trail riding at a guest ranch , where inexperienced riders walk their horses most of the time and cover simple trails , riders who compete in competitive trail rides are asked to have their animals navigate a variety of terrain and use all gaits , especially the trot .   Similar events exist around the world , though often with wide variations in rules and distances . In all cases , the most obvious difference between an endurance ride and a competitive trail ride is that the winner of an endurance ride is the first horse and rider team to cross the finish line and pass a vet check that deems the horse `` fit to continue , '' whereas competitive trail rides usually consider additional factors and penalize a horse and rider that finish in too little or too long of a time .

neg: Racehorse injuries Racehorse injuries and fatalities are a side effect of training and competition . The problem with equine injuries is that they so often result in death . A 2005 study by the United States Department of Agriculture found that injuries are the second leading cause of death in horses , second only to old age . Nureyev 's recovery from a broken leg while retired at stud in 1987 typifies the struggle horses have after being injured .   Two years after Secretariat 's recordbreaking US Triple Crown took the sport in the United States to a new level of popularity , the breakdown and death of Ruffian brought on a new era of safety concerns . Racehorses had been breaking down for centuries , but never before in an event so widely seen as the great match race between Ruffian and Foolish Pleasure at Belmont Park with 18 million viewers . The horse racing industry has been trying to adapt to the increased safety concerns ever since . `` I personally think that in a very real way , we 're almost held to a higher standard because of the horses -- they do n't make the decision to do this . And I think that 's fair , '' said Nick Nicholson , the president and chief executive of Keeneland .


query: Danny DeVito received an Academy Award nomination.

pos: Danny DeVito Daniel Michael DeVito , Jr. ( born November 17 , 1944 ) is an American actor , comedian , director and producer . He gained prominence for his portrayal of the taxi dispatcher Louie De Palma in the television series Taxi ( 1978 -- 1983 ) , which won him a Golden Globe and an Emmy .   A major film star , he is known for his roles in Tin Men , Throw Momma from the Train , One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , Ruthless People , Man on the Moon , Terms of Endearment , Romancing the Stone , Twins , Batman Returns , Look Who 's Talking Now , Big Fish , Other People 's Money , Get Shorty , Be Cool , and L.A. Confidential and for his voiceover in such films as Space Jam , Hercules and The Lorax .   DeVito and Michael Shamberg founded Jersey Films . Soon afterwards , Stacey Sher became an equal partner . The production company is known for films such as Pulp Fiction , Garden State , and Freedom Writers . DeVito also owns Jersey Television , which produced the Comedy Central series Reno 911 ! . DeVito and wife Rhea Perlman starred together in his 1996 film Matilda , based on Roald Dahl 's children 's novel . DeVito was also one of the producers nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture for Erin Brockovich .   He currently stars as Frank Reynolds on the FX and FXX sitcom It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia . He directs , produces and appears in graphic , short , horror films for his Internet venture The Blood Factory .   DeVito 's short stature is the result of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia ( Fairbank 's disease ) , a rare genetic disorder that affects bone growth in those afflicted .

neg: Despicable Me: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Despicable Me : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the film of the same name , and it was released on July 6 , 2010 . It features new songs from the film written , performed , produced and/or composed by Pharrell Williams , and performances by Destinee & Paris , The Sylvers , Robin Thicke , The Bee Gees and David Bisbal . A soundtrack album including the many other songs that appear in the film has not been officially released .   The film 's score was composed by Pharrell Williams & Heitor Pereira and produced by Hans Zimmer . It was recorded with a 67-piece ensemble of the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Newman Scoring Stage at 20th Century Fox . As of December 30 , 2010 , the film 's score had not been officially released ; however , 8 tracks appeared on MagicBoxMusic.com in November , 2010 .   Two of the songs that appeared in the film , Despicable Me and Prettiest Girls , appeared on the Best Original Song shortlist for the 83rd Academy Awards .

neg: Gary Cooper filmography The filmography of Gary Cooper chronicles the film appearances of American actor Gary Cooper . After starting his career in 1925 as a film extra and stuntman , Cooper made his official cinematic debut in 1926 in the Samuel Goldwyn production The Winning of Barbara Worth . He went on to become a contract player with Paramount Pictures where he established himself as a popular leading man prior to the end of the silent film era .   Cooper 's future in the sound era was assured with the release of The Virginian ( 1929 ) , his first all-talkie film . For the next 32 years , he would be one of cinema 's top money-making stars . From 1936 to 1957 , Cooper ranked 18 times among the top ten box office attractions -- a record when he died in 1961 , and later surpassed only by John Wayne , who ranked among the top ten 25 times , Clint Eastwood ( 21 times ) and Tom Cruise ( 20 times ) .   Cooper was nominated for the Best Actor Academy Award five times and won twice , for Sergeant York ( 1942 ) and High Noon ( 1952 ) . The latter film boosted his popularity , resulting in him being the number one box office attraction in 1953 . Cooper received a third Academy Award -- an honorary one -- just prior to his death in 1961 . His final film , The Naked Edge , was released shortly after his death .   As of February 2008 , more than half of Gary Cooper 's feature films are available on DVD , while others not yet on home video are available for television broadcast . Unfortunately , at least two of his silent films -- Beau Sabreur ( 1928 ) and The Legion of the Condemned ( 1928 ) -- are now considered lost films . Another of his silent films , Wolf Song ( 1929 ) , was originally released as a part talkie , but survives only as a silent film . One of Cooper 's earliest talkies , Paramount on Parade ( 1930 ) , survives incomplete . The prints that are available for television are missing all but one of the film 's Technicolor scenes -- a partial restoration of these scenes was done by the UCLA Film Archives .   This filmography contains sections for Cooper 's work as an extra in the earliest part of his film career , his feature film appearances , his occasional appearances in short films , and a section for a compilation film . Due to its length ( 92 films ) , the listing of his feature films is divided in four sections . Cooper 's film roles are listed , as well as the names of each film 's director and co-stars . Cooper 's awards and nominations are also listed . Except where noted , all of his films were shot in 35mm black and white . All films released prior to Lilac Time ( 1928 ) are silent films and all from The Virginian ( 1929 ) onward are sound films . The films made during the silent-to-sound transition are noted as being either silent or sound films . As an addendum , Cooper 's handful of television appearances are also listed .

neg: American Film Institute The American Film Institute ( AFI ) is an American film organization that educates filmmakers and honors the heritage of the motion picture arts in the United States . AFI is supported by private funding and public membership .

neg: Chinatown (1974 film) Chinatown is a 1974 American neo-noir mystery film , directed by Roman Polanski from a screenplay by Robert Towne , starring Jack Nicholson and Faye Dunaway . The film was inspired by the California Water Wars , a series of disputes over southern California water at the beginning of the 20th century , by which Los Angeles interests secured water rights in the Owens Valley . The Robert Evans production , a Paramount Pictures release , was the director 's last film in the United States and features many elements of film noir , particularly a multi-layered story that is part mystery and part psychological drama .   In 1991 , the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' and it is frequently listed as one of the greatest films of all-time . At the 47th Academy Awards , it was nominated for eleven Oscars , with Towne winning Best Original Screenplay . The Golden Globe Awards honored it for Best Drama , Best Director , Best Actor and Best Screenplay . The American Film Institute placed it second among mystery films in 2008 .   A sequel , The Two Jakes , was released in 1990 , again starring Nicholson , who also directed , with Robert Towne returning to write the screenplay . The film failed to generate the acclaim of its predecessor .

neg: Devi (2016 film) Devi is a 2016 Indian musical horror comedy film co-written and directed by A. L. Vijay . It features Prabhu Deva and Tamannaah in lead roles and Sonu Sood , RJ Balaji in supporting roles .   Apart from the Tamil version , the film was also simultaneously shot and released in Telugu and Hindi as Abhinetri and Tutak Tutak Tutiya respectively ; the three had a worldwide release on 7 October 2016 .

neg: Limelight (1952 film) Limelight is a 1952 comedy-drama film written , produced , and directed by Charlie Chaplin . Unlike his earlier films , the score was composed by Chaplin and arranged by Ray Rasch , marking this as the first film that he did not musically arrange .   The film stars Chaplin as a washed-up comedian who saves a suicidal dancer from killing herself , played by Claire Bloom , and both try to get through life ; additional roles are provided by Nigel Bruce , Sydney Chaplin as Sydney Earl Chaplin , Wheeler Dryden , and Norman Lloyd with an appearance from Buster Keaton . In dance scenes , Bloom is doubled by Melissa Hayden .   Upon the film 's release , critics ' reception was divided ; it was heavily boycotted in the United States , and commercially failed . However , the film was re-released the United States in 1972 which included its first screening in Los Angeles . This allowed the decades-old film to be in contention for the 45th Academy Awards where Chaplin won his only competitive Academy Award . Today , the film is sometimes regarded as one of Chaplin 's best and most personal works , and has since attained a cult following .

neg: Cinema of India The cinema of India consists of films produced across India . Cinema as a medium has gained immense popularity in the country and as many as 1,600 films in various languages of India are produced annually . Indian films have also come to be followed throughout South Asia , the Greater Middle East , Southeast Asia and other countries . Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the `` father of Indian cinema '' . The Dadasaheb Phalke Award , for lifetime contribution to cinema , was instituted in his honour , by the Government of India in 1969 , and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema .   In the 20th century , Indian cinema , along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries , became a global enterprise . As of 2013 , in terms of annual film output , India ranks first , followed by Nollywood , Hollywood and China . In 2012 , India produced 1,602 feature films . The Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $ 1.86 billion ( 93 billion ) in 2011 . This is projected to rise to $ 3 billion ( 200 billion ) in 2016 . In 2015 , India had a total box office gross of , the fourth largest in the world outside North America . Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established cinematic norms of delivering product , altering the manner in which content reached the target audience . Biopics like Dangal and CGI-laden epics like Baahubali emerged as transnational blockbusters grossing over $ 200 million each in early 21st century . Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened . The Indian government extended film delegations to foreign countries such as the United States of America and Japan while the country 's Film Producers Guild sent similar missions through Europe .   The provision of 100 % foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox , Sony Pictures , Walt Disney Pictures and Warner Bros. . Indian enterprises such as AVM Productions , Prasad 's Group , Sun Pictures , PVP Cinemas , Zee , UTV , Suresh Productions , Eros Films , Ayngaran International , Pyramid Saimira , Aascar Films and Adlabs also participated in producing and distributing films . Tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India . By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India , making the commercial presence of the medium felt .   The South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity . They are the Telugu , the Tamil , the Malayalam and the Kannada industries . Although developed independently over a long period , gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity .   The Indian diaspora consists of millions of Indians overseas for which films are made available both through media such as DVDs and by screening of films in their country of residence wherever commercially feasible . These earnings , accounting for some 12 % of the revenue generated by a mainstream film , contribute substantially to the overall revenue of Indian cinema , the net worth of which was found to be 1.3 billion in 2000 . Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4 -- 5 % of the net revenues generated by a film in India .

neg: César Award for Best Original Screenplay The César Award for Best Original Screenplay ( César du meilleur scénario original ) is an award presented by the Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinéma . It was initially awarded from 1983 to 1985 , and then awarded again in 2006 , when the original category ( César Award for Best Writing ) was split into two awards , the other being César Award for Best Adaptation .

neg: National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress The National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress is one of the annual awards given by the National Society of Film Critics .   This awards was given for the first time in 1967 to Marjorie Rhodes for her role in The Family Way .   Meryl Streep won this award three times ( record ) : in 1978 for The Deer Hunter , in 1979 for Kramer vs. Kramer , for Manhattan and for The Seduction of Joe Tynan and in 2006 for The Devil Wears Prada and for A Prairie Home Companion . Anjelica Huston ( 1985 and 1989 ) , Dianne Wiest ( 1986 and 1994 ) , Patricia Clarkson ( 2002 and 2003 ) and Amy Adams ( 2005 and 2012 ) each won the award two times . In 2009 , Mo'Nique became the first African-American to win in this category for her performance in Precious .

neg: Danny Burstein Danny Burstein ( born June 16 , 1964 ) is an American actor of stage and screen , who made his Broadway debut in 1992 . He is a six-time Tony Award nominee ; for The Drowsy Chaperone ( 2006 ) , South Pacific ( 2008 ) , Follies ( 2012 ) , Golden Boy ( 2013 ) , Cabaret ( 2014 ) and Fiddler on the Roof ( 2016 ) . He has also won two Drama Desk Awards , three Outer Critics Circle Awards , and received two Grammy Award nominations . His other Broadway credits include The Seagull ( 1992 ) , Saint Joan ( 1993 ) , and Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown ( 2010 ) .   Burstein 's television work includes a feature-length episode of the BBC sitcom Absolutely Fabulous ( 2002 ) ; a Staten Island father in the first season of Louie ( 2010 ) ; he appeared as different characters in six episodes of the original NBC drama series Law & Order ( 1995 -- 2015 ) , and played the recurring part of Lolly Steinman on the HBO series Boardwalk Empire ( 2010 -- 11 ) . His film appearances include Transamerica ( 2005 ) , Deception ( 2008 ) , The Family Fang ( 2015 ) and Indignation ( 2016 ) .

neg: A Simple Plan (film) A Simple Plan is a 1998 American neo-noir crime thriller film adapted by Scott B. Smith from his 1993 novel of the same name . Directed by Sam Raimi , the film stars Bill Paxton , Billy Bob Thornton and Bridget Fonda . Set in rural Minnesota , the story follows Hank Mitchell ( Paxton ) and his brother Jacob ( Thornton ) , who , along with Jacob 's friend Lou ( Brent Briscoe ) , discover a crashed plane containing $ 4.4 million in cash . The three men go to great lengths to keep the money a secret but begin to doubt each other 's trust , resulting in lies , deceit and murder .   Development of the film began in 1993 before the novel was published . Mike Nichols purchased the film rights , and the project was picked up by an independent film studio , Savoy Pictures . After Nichols stepped down , the film adaptation became mired in development hell ; during the troubled pre-production , Ben Stiller and John Dahl turned down opportunities to direct the film . After Savoy closed in November 1995 , the project was sold to Paramount Pictures . John Boorman was hired to direct , but scheduling conflicts led to his replacement by Raimi . Principal photography began in January 1998 and concluded in March after 55 days ; filming took place in Wisconsin and Minnesota . The score was produced and composed by Danny Elfman .   A Simple Plan premiered at the 1998 Toronto International Film Festival , where it was met with critical acclaim . The film 's appearance at the festival preceded a limited release in the United States on December 11 , 1998 , followed by a general release in North America on January 22 , 1999 . It underperformed at the North American box office , grossing $ 16.3 million on a $ 17 million production budget . Reviewers praised various aspects of the film 's production , including the storytelling , performances and Raimi 's direction . A Simple Plan earned multiple awards and nominations , among them two Academy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actor ( Thornton ) and Best Adapted Screenplay ( Smith ) .

neg: Jersey Group The Jersey Group is the company of Danny DeVito and Rhea Perlman .

neg: 38th Saturn Awards The 38th Saturn Awards , honoring the best in science fiction , fantasy and horror film and television in 2011 , were held on July 26 , 2012 in Burbank , California . The awards are presented by the Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy and Horror Films .   The six Best Film Award categories were respectively won by Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( Science Fiction ) , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( Fantasy ) , The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( Horror or Thriller ) , Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol ( Action or Adventure ) , The Skin I Live In ( International ) and Puss in Boots ( Animated ) . Rise of the Planet of the Apes and Super 8 led the winners with three each .   In the television categories , Breaking Bad won three of its six nominations , including Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series . Fringe , The Walking Dead and Teen Wolf won the other Best Series Awards .   Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 became the first Harry Potter film to win Best Fantasy Film , for which the seven previous Harry Potter films were nominated , and only the second film of the series to win a Saturn Award , following The Philosopher 's Stone which won Best Costume in 2001 . Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol also became the first Mission : Impossible film to win Best Action or Adventure Film , following the nominations of the first and third installments .

neg: 52nd Academy Awards The 52nd Academy Awards were presented April 14 , 1980 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles . The ceremonies were presided over by Johnny Carson who , in noting the long duration of the production , joked that President Jimmy Carter was working hard for their `` release '' from the ceremonies , a clear reference to the Iranian hostage crisis .   Among the nominees for Best Supporting Actor were 8 year-old Justin Henry -- the youngest Best Supporting Actor nominee ever -- and 79-year-old Melvyn Douglas . This was the largest age difference between two competing actors in Oscar history until 2013 . Ironically , their age difference was partially the reason why Douglas did not attend the Oscars that night , despite winning the award . Henry was nominated for Kramer vs. Kramer , which out of its eight other nominations , finished with five awards , including Best Picture , Best Director for Robert Benton , and Best Actor for Dustin Hoffman .

neg: Academy Award for Best Animated Feature The Academy Awards are given each year by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS or the Academy ) for the best films and achievements of the previous year . The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature is given each year for animated films . An animated feature is defined by the Academy as a film with a running time of more than 40 minutes in which characters ' performances are created using a frame-by-frame technique , a significant number of the major characters are animated , and animation figures in no less than 75 percent of the running time . The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature was first given for films made in 2001 .   Through the 89th Academy Awards , presented in 2017 , Academy Award nominations in this category were made by the Academy 's animation section ; effective with the 2018 awards , all Academy members will be eligible to vote on nominations . The entire AMPAS membership has been eligible to choose the winner since the award 's inception . If there are sixteen or more films submitted for the category , the winner is voted from a shortlist of five films , which has happened six times , otherwise there will only be three films on the shortlist . Additionally , eight eligible animated features must have been theatrically released in Los Angeles County within the calendar year for this category to be activated .   Animated films can be nominated for other categories , but have rarely been so ; Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) was the first animated film ever nominated for Best Picture . Up ( 2009 ) and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) also received Best Picture nominations after the Academy expanded the number of nominees .   Waltz with Bashir ( 2008 ) is the only animated film ever nominated for Best Foreign Language Film ( though it did not receive a nomination for Best Animated Feature ) . The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) and Kubo and the Two Strings ( 2016 ) are the only two animated films to ever be nominated for Best Visual Effects .

neg: BAFTA Award for Best Film The BAFTA Award for Best Film is given annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and presented at the British Academy Film Awards . It has been given since the 1st BAFTA Awards , representing the best films of 1947 , but until 1969 it was called the BAFTA Award for Best Film From Any Source . It is possible for films from any country to be nominated , although British films are also recognised in the category BAFTA Award for Best British Film and ( since 1983 ) foreign-language films in BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language . As such , there have been multiple occasions of a film being nominated in two of these categories .   There has been one tie for the Best Film award when , in 1962 , Ballad of a Soldier tied with The Hustler for Best Film from any Source . Until 1981 , the award was given to the director , except in 1976 and 1977 , when it was given to the producers . From 1981 to 1985 , it was given solely to the producers , and then in 1986 , it was shared between the Director and Producer . In 1998 , it was once again given to only the producers .   In the following lists , the titles and names in bold with a dark grey background are the winners and recipients respectively ; those not in bold are the nominees . The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released , not the year of the ceremony , which always takes place the following year .

neg: 1959 FAMAS Awards The 7th Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences Awards Night was held on March 7 , 1959 for the Outstanding Achievements for the year 1958 .   Hanggang sa Dulo ng Daigdig under the Pacific Movie Productions won the most coveted FAMAS Award for Best Picture award . It also won the best director award , best screenplay , best editing , best cinematography and the best actor award for its lead star Pancho Magalona . On the other hand , Talipandas has the most nominations with 12 , winning only 1 for its lead star , screen legend Rita Gomez .

neg: Déjà Vu (2006 film) Déjà Vu ( stylised onscreen without accents ) is a 2006 American science fiction thriller film directed by Tony Scott , written by Bill Marsilii and Terry Rossio , and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer . The film stars Denzel Washington , Paula Patton , Jim Caviezel , Val Kilmer , Adam Goldberg and Bruce Greenwood . It involves an ATF agent who travels back in time in attempts to prevent a domestic terrorist attack that takes place in New Orleans and to save a woman with whom he falls in love . Filming took place in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina .   The film was premiered in New York City on November 20 , 2006 , and released widely in the United States and Canada two days later on November 22 , 2006 . It received mixed reviews from critics , and earning $ 64 million in the United States and $ 180 million worldwide . It was the 23rd most successful film worldwide for 2006 . The film was nominated for five awards , and also won the Golden Reel Award .

neg: List of Malaysian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film Malaysia is one of more than a hundred countries that have sent films to compete for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film since 2004 . The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film is handed out annually by the United States Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to a feature-length motion picture produced outside the United States that contains primarily non-English dialogue .   As of 2016 , a total of four films have been submitted for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film , but none has yet received an Oscar nomination . The Princess of Mount Ledang was the first film to be submitted in 2003 , since then no other films that was submitted until 2012 , a film directed by Dain Said Bunohan was sent to compete , but it failed to set out as the nominee .   For the 88th Academy Awards , Men Who Save the World was decided by National Film Development Corporation Malaysia ( FINAS ) to be submitted , affiliated with Malaysian Ministry of Communications and Multimedia .

neg: 78th Academy Awards The 78th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on March 5 , 2006 , at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:00 p.m. PST / 8:00 p.m. EST. . The ceremony was scheduled one week later than usual to avoid conflicting with the 2006 Winter Olympics . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories honoring films released in 2005 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actor Jon Stewart hosted the show for the first time . Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California held on February 18 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Rachel McAdams .   Crash won three awards including Academy Award for Best Picture . Other winners included Brokeback Mountain , King Kong , and Memoirs of a Geisha also with three awards apiece , and Capote , The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , The Constant Gardener , Hustle and Flow , March of the Penguins , The Moon and the Son : An Imagined Conversation , A Note of Triumph : The Golden Age of Norman Corwin , Six Shooter , Syriana , Tsotsi , Walk the Line , and Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were-Rabbit with one each . The telecast garnered nearly 39 million viewers in the United States .


query: PageRank was named after someone.

pos: PageRank PageRank ( PR ) is an algorithm used by Google Search to rank websites in their search engine results . PageRank was named after Larry Page , one of the founders of Google . PageRank is a way of measuring the importance of website pages . According to Google : It is not the only algorithm used by Google to order search engine results , but it is the first algorithm that was used by the company , and it is the best-known .

neg: Enterprise bookmarking Enterprise bookmarking is a method for Enterprise 2.0 users to tag , organize , store , and search bookmarks of both web pages on the Internet and data resources stored in a distributed database or fileserver . This is done collectively and collaboratively in a process by which users add tag ( metadata ) and knowledge tags .   In early versions of the software , these tags are applied as non-hierarchical keywords , or terms assigned by a user to a web page , and are collected in tag clouds .  Examples of this software are Connectbeam and Dogear . New versions of the software such as Jumper 2.0 and Knowledge Plaza expand tag metadata in the form of knowledge tags that provide additional information about the data and are applied to structured and semi-structured data and are collected in tag profiles .

neg: Findability Findability is a term for the ease with which information contained on a website can be found , both from outside the website ( using search engines and the like ) and by users already on the website . Although findability has relevance outside the World Wide Web , the term is usually used in that context . Most relevant websites do not come up in the top results because designers and engineers do not cater to the way ranking algorithms work currently . Its importance can be determined from the first law of e-commerce , which states `` If the user ca n't find the product , the user ca n't buy the product . '' As of December 2014 , out of 10.3 billion monthly Google searches by Internet users in the United States , an estimated 78 % are made to research products and services online .   Findability encompasses aspects of information architecture , user interface design , accessibility and search engine optimization ( SEO ) , among others .

neg: Sergey Brin Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin ( Серге́й Миха́йлович Брин born August 21 , 1973 ) is a Russian American computer scientist , internet entrepreneur , and philanthropist . Together with Larry Page , he co-founded Google . Brin is the President of Google 's parent company Alphabet Inc. .   , Brin is the 13th richest person in the world , with an estimated net worth of US$ 39.8 billion .   Brin immigrated to the United States with his family from the Soviet Union at the age of 6 . He earned his bachelor 's degree at the University of Maryland , following in his father 's and grandfather 's footsteps by studying mathematics , as well as computer science . After graduation , he moved to Stanford University to acquire a PhD in computer science . There he met Page , with whom he later became friends . They crammed their dormitory room with inexpensive computers and applied Brin 's data mining system to build a web search engine . The program became popular at Stanford , and they suspended their PhD studies to start up Google in a rented garage .   The Economist referred to Brin as an `` Enlightenment Man '' , and as someone who believes that `` knowledge is always good , and certainly always better than ignorance '' , a philosophy that is summed up by Google 's mission statement , `` Organize the world 's information and make it universally accessible and useful , '' and unofficial yet sometimes controversial motto , `` Do n't be evil '' .

neg: Social graph The social graph in the Internet context is a graph that depicts personal relations of internet users . In short , it is a model or representation of a social network , where the word graph has been taken from graph theory . The social graph has been referred to as `` the global mapping of everybody and how they 're related '' .   The term was popularized at the Facebook F8 conference on May 24 , 2007 , when it was used to explain how the newly introduced Facebook Platform would take advantage of the relationships between individuals to offer a richer online experience . The definition has been expanded to refer to a social graph of all Internet users .   Since explaining the concept of the social graph , Mark Zuckerberg , one of the founders of Facebook , has often touted Facebook 's goal of offering the website 's social graph to other websites so that a user 's relationships can be put to use on websites outside of Facebook 's control . This can be accomplished through the Facebook Open Graph API .   One of the earliest known forms of the social graph was created in 2002 by Harvard student Philippe Bouzaglou in a paper published on the Harvard Department of Economics website . The paper replicated the Kevin Bacon Game using Harvard students and for the first time , gave an overview of an entire social graph , allowing the analysis of the characteristics of the network using graph theory . This paper was written for a seminar that was attended by Dustin Moskovitz who later became a Facebook co-founder .

neg: PUBLIB PUBLIB is an electronic discussion list devoted to issues relating to public-library administration and use . It was founded in December 1992 by Jean Armour Polly ( then of NYSERNET , Inc. , now a librarian in upstate New York ) and the late John Iliff . PUBLIB is currently managed by volunteers Sara Weissman and Karen G. Schneider . Housed on the NYSERNET server until March 1997 , and then on the UC Berkeley SunSITE until May 2005 , PUBLIB is now hosted by OCLC .   For several years , PUBLIB had a subset , PUBLIB-Net , focused on Internet use in public libraries . Because the Internet has become well integrated into library services , support for PUBLIB-Net as a separate list ended in 2000 .   PUBLIB is oriented toward public librarians and public library managers and directors . Subscribers also include library trustees , members of library friends ' groups , library-science students and faculty , library journalists , and advocates of librarianship . On June 13 ,  2010 , PUBLIB had 9,684 subscribers in 14 countries , according to data gathered by WebJunction 's administrative software .   PUBLIB 's subscribers discuss library use and management , library technology , the mission of the library , librarianship as a profession , and library ethics . Operational questions are posed and answered ( Hill , p. 34 ) . Postings of library jobs are accepted and encouraged . Friday of each week is devoted to library anecdotes and humor .   Only subscribers may post to PUBLIB . Instructions for subscribing may be found on PUBLIB 's general information page managed by OCLC .   Authors in the field of library and information science occasionally tap PUBLIB as a resource . One such author described PUBLIB as `` a good cross-section of librarians engaged in public services , administration , technical support , and related responsibilities '' ( Sager , p. 73 ) .   Postings from February 1993 to the present have been archived and can be browsed and searched .   PUBLIB mascot and social activities   The unofficial mascot of PUBLIB is the gadfly , representing the questioning and advocacy that are characteristic of its subscribers . Mary Jane Anderson wrote a pithy response to John N. Berry III editorial about PUBLIB . It is here : http://listserv.oclc.org/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind9702&L=PUBLIB&P=R15904&I=3&X=3F23274C94AA07AAEE&Y=mgolrick%40slol.lib.la.us   PUBLIB participants often gather informally off the list , either online through personal email messages , through personal visits while traveling , or at library conferences such as those held by the Public Library Association and the American Library Association .   Best of PUBLIB   In June 2009 , Robert Balliot set up a blog which reproduces postings from PUBLIB . He called it Best of PUBLIB . The posts are grouped by topic , and there is a listing of topics in the left hand column .

neg: Mnemonic link system A mnemonic link system , sometimes also known as a chain method , is a method of remembering lists that is based on creating an association between the elements of that list . For example , when memorizing the list ( dog , envelope , thirteen , yarn , window ) , one could create a story about a `` dog stuck in an envelope , mailed to an unlucky thirteen black cat playing with yarn by the window '' . It is argued that the story would be easier to remember than the list itself .   Another method is to actually link each element of the list with a mental picture of an image that includes two elements in the list that are next to each other . This would form an open doubly linked list which could be traversed at will , backwards or forwards . For example , in the last list one could imagine their dog inside of a giant envelope , then a black cat eating an envelope . The same logic would be used with the rest of the items . The observation that absurd images are easier to remember is known as the Von Restorff effect , although the success of this effect was refuted by several studies ( Hock et al. 1978 ; Einstein 1987 ) , which found that the established connection between the two words is more important than the image 's absurdity .   In order to access a certain element of the list , one needs to recite the list step by step , much in the same vein as a linked list , in order to get the element from the system .   There are three limitations to the link system . The first is that there is no numerical order imposed when memorizing , hence the practitioner can not immediately determine the numerical position of an item ; this can be solved by bundling numerical markers at set points in the chain or using the peg system instead . The second is that if any of the items is forgotten , the entire list may be in jeopardy . The third is the potential for confusing repeated segments of the list , a common problem when memorizing binary digits . This limitation can be resolved either through bundling or by using either the peg system or the method of loci .

neg: Literatronica The term literatronica , A.K.A. literatronic ( Marino , 2006 ) , was coined by Colombian mathematician and author Juan B Gutierrez ( 2002 ) to refer to electronic literature . According to Gutierrez ( 2006 ) :   The literary hypertext authoring system known as Literatronica was developed by Juan B Gutierrez . Instead of relying solely on static hypertext links ( for the system allows these as well ) , it uses an AI engine to recommend the best next pages based on what readers have already read . Literatronica radically revises the 1990s notions of literary hypertext as Modernist collage to the `` original '' notions of Arpanet as document sharing , where speed of access was put before what Espen Aarseth calls the aporia of links . In short , he asks , is nonlinearity and disruption inherent to the medium ?   The system addresses several of the major classic problems found with hypertext , namely , the problems of :   1 . Readers knowing how much of a text has been read .   2 . Readers encountering repeated pages without artistic effect .   3 . Readers getting lost and not finding their way through the text .   4 . Writers struggling to maintain large systems of static links .

neg: Gerard Salton Gerard A. `` Gerry '' Salton ( 8 March 1927 in Nuremberg -- 28 August 1995 ) , was a Professor of Computer Science at Cornell University . Salton was perhaps the leading computer scientist working in the field of information retrieval during his time , and `` the father of information retrieval '' . His group at Cornell developed the SMART Information Retrieval System , which he initiated when he was at Harvard .   Salton was born Gerhard Anton Sahlmann on March 8 , 1927 in Nuremberg , Germany . He received a Bachelor 's ( 1950 ) and Master 's ( 1952 ) degree in mathematics from Brooklyn College , and a Ph.D. from Harvard in Applied Mathematics in 1958 , the last of Howard Aiken 's doctoral students , and taught there until 1965 , when he joined Cornell University and co-founded its department of Computer Science .   Salton was perhaps most well known for developing the now widely used vector space model for Information Retrieval . In this model , both documents and queries are represented as vectors of term counts , and the similarity between a document and a query is given by the cosine between the term vector and the document vector . In this paper , he also introduced TF-IDF , or term-frequency-inverse-document frequency , a model in which the score of a term in a document is the ratio of the number of terms in that document divided by the frequency of the number of documents in which that term occurs . ( The concept of inverse document frequency , a measure of specificity , had been introduced in 1972 by Karen Sparck-Jones . ) Later in life , he became interested in automatic text summarization and analysis , as well as automatic hypertext generation . He published over 150 research articles and 5 books during his life .   Salton was editor-in-chief of the Communications of the ACM and the Journal of the ACM , and chaired Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval ( SIGIR ) . He was an associate editor of the ACM Transactions on Information Systems . He was an ACM Fellow ( elected 1995 ) , received an Award of Merit from the American Society for Information Science ( 1989 ) , and was the first recipient of the SIGIR Award for outstanding contributions to study of information retrieval ( 1983 ) -- now called the Gerard Salton Award .

neg: Daniel Sleator Daniel Dominic Kaplan Sleator ( born 10 December 1953 in St. Louis ) is a Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , United States . In 1999 , he won the ACM Paris Kanellakis Award ( jointly with Robert Tarjan ) for the splay tree data structure .   He was one of the pioneers in amortized analysis of algorithms , early examples of which were the analyses of the move-to-front heuristic , and splay trees . He invented many data structures with Robert Tarjan , such as splay trees , link/cut trees , and skew heaps .   The Sleator and Tarjan paper on the move-to-front heuristic first suggested the idea of comparing an online algorithm to an optimal offline algorithm , for which the term competitive analysis was later coined in a paper of Karlin , Manasse , Rudolph , and Sleator . Sleator also developed the theory of link grammars , and the Serioso music analyzer for analyzing meter and harmony in written music .

neg: Racial bias on Wikipedia Wikipedia has been criticized for having a systemic racial bias in its coverage , due to an under-representation of people of color within its editor base . The President of Wikimedia D.C. , James Hare , noted that `` a lot of black history is left out '' of Wikipedia , due to articles predominately being written by white editors . Articles that do exist on African topics are , according to some critics , largely edited by editors from Europe and North America and thus reflect their knowledge and consumption of media , which `` tend to perpetuate a negative image '' of Africa . Maira Liriano of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture , has argued that the lack of information regarding black history on Wikipedia `` makes it seem like it 's not important . ''   Different theories have been provided to explain these racial discrepancies . Jay Cassano , writing for Fast Company magazine , argued that Wikipedia 's small proportion of black editors is a result of the small black presence within the tech sector , and a relative lack of reliable access to the Internet . Katherine Maher , chief communications officer for the Wikimedia Foundation , has argued that focuses in Wikipedia 's content are representative of those of society as a whole . She said that Wikipedia could only represent that which was referenced in secondary sources , which historically have been favourable towards white men .   Attempts have been made to rectify racial biases through edit-a-thons , organised events at which Wikipedia editors attempt to improve coverage of certain topics and train new editors . In February 2015 , multiple edit-a-thons were organised to commemorate Black History Month in the United States of America . One such edit-a-thon was organized by the White House to create and improve articles on African Americans in STEM . The Schomburg Center , Howard University , and National Public Radio , also coordinated edit-a-thons to improve coverage of black history . And while Wikipedia supports these edit-a-thons , the organization has always stressed that adequate citation must always be present and neutrality always maintained .

neg: MediaCommons MediaCommons is an in-development all-electronic scholarly publishing network in media studies , being created in partnership with the Institute for the Future of the Book and with the support of New York University and the National Endowment for the Humanities .   MediaCommons established its first presence on the web in November 2006 with a now-defunct development site named `` making MediaCommons , '' and opened its current web site in March 2007 . The first project established on MediaCommons was In Media Res , an ongoing feature in which notable scholars in media studies present and comment upon brief , timely videoclips , aiming to promote dialogue between scholars and the broader public about the significance of media representations and forms .   MediaCommons claims among its goals a transformation in scholarly publishing , suggesting that the network `` will not simply shift the locus of publishing from print to screen , but will actually transform what it means to ` publish , ' allowing the author , the publisher , and the reader all to make the process of such discourse just as visible as its product . '' The network promises to speed up the processes of publishing , but also to shift the focus of scholarly publishing back to communication amongst scholars . For this reason , the editors describe MediaCommons as a `` scholarly network '' rather than an electronic journal or press .   MediaCommons is also an experiment in reimagining the processes of peer review in the humanities , opening up the process to public debate and discussion , and using both web-based metrics and commentary to create a process of `` peer-to-peer review . '' The backbone of this system is a social networking system currently being built by the NYU Digital Library Technology Services .   MediaCommons has thus far published two commentable papers , one on the future of scholarly publishing , and the other on CommentPress , the WordPress theme developed by the Institute for the Future of the Book that allows for paragraph-by-paragraph commenting on lengthy documents .   The co-coordinating editors of MediaCommons are Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Avi Santo , and the project draws on the support of an editorial board of scholars from across the digital humanities .

neg: Sanskrit Wikipedia Sanskrit Wikipedia ( also known as sawiki ) is the Sanskrit edition of Wikipedia , a free , web-based , collaborative , multilingual encyclopedia project supported by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation . Its five thousand articles have been written collaboratively by volunteers around the world , with major concentration of contributors in India and Nepal .   Founded in December 2003 , it reached five thousand articles by August 2011 .   The Sanskrit Wikipedia Community also participated in a project named Tell us about your Wikipedia , and Community news from Sanskrit Wikipedia also came on WikiPatrika , a community-written and community-edited newspaper , covering stories , events and reports related to Wikipedia and the Wikimedia Foundation sister projects in India .   As of August 2016 , it has 10,177 articles and is the 132th largest version of Wikipedia . The Times of India considered that `` Sanskrit was making a comeback , thanks to Wikipedia community '' Mother India considered the Sanskrit Wikipedia as a `` wonderful learning tool ''

neg: Probabilistic relevance model The probabilistic relevance model was devised by Robertson and Jones as a framework for probabilistic models to come . It is a formalism of information retrieval useful to derive ranking functions used by search engines and web search engines in order to rank matching documents according to their relevance to a given search query .   It makes an estimation of the probability of finding if a document dj is relevant to a query q . This model assumes that this probability of relevance depends on the query and document representations . Furthermore , it assumes that there is a portion of all documents that is preferred by the user as the answer set for query q . Such an ideal answer set is called R and should maximize the overall probability of relevance to that user . The prediction is that documents in this set R are relevant to the query , while documents not present in the set are non-relevant .

neg: Namesake A namesake is a person named after another . Namesake may also refer to a thing , such as a company , place , ship , building , or concept , named after a person .   In general , the second recipient of a name , named for the first , is said to be the namesake of the first . The attribution can , however , go in the opposite direction , with namesake referring to the original holder of the name ( the eponym ) .   The word is first recorded in the mid-seventeenth century , and probably comes from the phrase `` for -LSB- the , my , his , her -RSB- name 's sake '' .

neg: Google Penguin Google Penguin is a codename for a Google algorithm update that was first announced on April 24 , 2012 . The update is aimed at decreasing search engine rankings of websites that violate Google 's Webmaster Guidelines by using now declared black-hat SEO techniques involved in increasing artificially the ranking of a webpage by manipulating the number of links pointing to the page . Such tactics are commonly described as link schemes . According to Google 's John Mueller , Google has announced all updates to the Penguin filter to the public .

neg: CiteULike CiteULike is a web service which allows users to save and share citations to academic papers . Based on the principle of social bookmarking , the site works to promote and to develop the sharing of scientific references amongst researchers . In the same way that it is possible to catalog web pages ( with Furl and delicious ) or photographs ( with Flickr ) , scientists can share citation information using CiteULike . Richard Cameron developed CiteULike in November 2004 and in 2006 Oversity Ltd. was established to develop and support CiteULike .   When browsing issues of research journals , small scripts stored in bookmarks ( bookmarklets ) allow one to import articles from repositories like PubMed , and CiteULike supports many more . Then the system attempts to determine the article metadata ( title , authors , journal name , etc. ) automatically . Users can organize their libraries with freely chosen tags and this produces a folksonomy of academic interests .

neg: Sandbox effect According to the theory of the sandbox effect , links which may normally be weighted by Google 's ranking algorithm , not least improving the position of a webpage in Google 's index , may be subjected to filtering to prevent their having a full impact . Some observations have suggested that two important factors for causing this filter to come into play are the active age of a domain , and the competitiveness of the keywords used in links .   Active age of a domain should not be confused with the date of registration on a domain 's WHOIS record , but instead refers to the time when Google first indexed pages on the domain . Keyword competitiveness refers to the search frequency of a word on Google search , with observation suggesting that the higher the search frequency of a word , the increasing likelihood that the sandbox filter effect will come into play .  While the presence of the Google Sandbox has been long debated , Google has made no direct disclosure on the matter . However , as the sandbox effect almost certainly refers to a set of filters in play for anti-spam purposes , it is unlikely Google would ever provide details on the matter . In one instance though , Google 's John Mueller , has mentioned that `` it can take a bit of time for search engines to catch up with your content , and to learn to treat it appropriately . It 's one thing to have a fantastic website , but search engines generally need a bit more to be able to confirm that , and to rank your site - your content - appropriately '' . This could be understood as the cause for the sandbox effect .   Google has long been aware that its historical use of links as a `` vote '' for ranking web documents can be subject to manipulation , and stated such in its original IPO documentation . Over the years Google has filed a number of patents that seek to qualify or minimise the impact of such manipulation , which Google terms as `` link spam '' .

neg: TipRanks TipRanks is a company that ranks financial analysts . It was founded in 2012 . In late 2012 TipRanks launched a browser add-on that shows analyst information inside articles .   In 2013 , TipRanks won the Finovate awards twice . In 2014 , former New York governor Eliot Spitzer invested in the company .   TipRanks operates a website offering paid and free subscriptions on information about financial analysts , bloggers and insider trading .

neg: Timeline of information theory A timeline of events related to information theory , quantum information theory and statistical physics , data compression , error correcting codes and related subjects .   1872 -- Ludwig Boltzmann presents his H-theorem , and with it the formula Σpi log pi for the entropy of a single gas particle .  1878 -- J. Willard Gibbs defines the Gibbs entropy : the probabilities in the entropy formula are now taken as probabilities of the state of the whole system .  1924 -- Harry Nyquist discusses quantifying `` intelligence '' and the speed at which it can be transmitted by a communication system .  1927 -- John von Neumann defines the von Neumann entropy , extending the Gibbs entropy to quantum mechanics .  1928 -- Ralph Hartley introduces Hartley information as the logarithm of the number of possible messages , with information being communicated when the receiver can distinguish one sequence of symbols from any other ( regardless of any associated meaning ) .  1929 -- Leó Szilárd analyses Maxwell 's Demon , showing how a Szilard engine can sometimes transform information into the extraction of useful work .  1940 -- Alan Turing introduces the deciban as a measure of information inferred about the German Enigma machine cypher settings by the Banburismus process .  1944 -- Claude Shannon 's theory of information is substantially complete .  1947 -- Richard W. Hamming invents Hamming codes for error detection and correction . For patent reasons , the result is not published until 1950 .  1948 -- Claude E. Shannon publishes A Mathematical Theory of Communication  1949 -- Claude E. Shannon publishes Communication in the Presence of Noise -- Nyquist -- Shannon sampling theorem and Shannon -- Hartley law  1949 -- Claude E. Shannon 's Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems is declassified  1949 -- Robert M. Fano publishes Transmission of Information . M.I.T. Press , Cambridge , Mass. -- Shannon -- Fano coding  1949 -- Leon G. Kraft discovers Kraft 's inequality , which shows the limits of prefix codes  1949 -- Marcel J. E. Golay introduces Golay codes for forward error correction  1951 -- Solomon Kullback and Richard Leibler introduce the Kullback -- Leibler divergence  1951 -- David A. Huffman invents Huffman encoding , a method of finding optimal prefix codes for lossless data compression  1953 -- August Albert Sardinas and George W. Patterson devise the Sardinas -- Patterson algorithm , a procedure to decide whether a given variable-length code is uniquely decodable  1954 -- Irving S. Reed and David E. Muller propose Reed -- Muller codes  1955 -- Peter Elias introduces convolutional codes  1957 -- Eugene Prange first discusses cyclic codes  1959 -- Alexis Hocquenghem , and independently the next year Raj Chandra Bose and Dwijendra Kumar Ray-Chaudhuri , discover BCH codes  1960 -- Irving S. Reed and Gustave Solomon propose Reed -- Solomon codes  1962 -- Robert G. Gallager proposes low-density parity-check codes ; they are unused for 30 years due to technical limitations .  1965 -- Dave Forney discusses concatenated codes .  1967 -- Andrew Viterbi reveals the Viterbi algorithm , making decoding of convolutional codes practicable .  1968 -- Elwyn Berlekamp invents the Berlekamp -- Massey algorithm ; its application to decoding BCH and Reed -- Solomon codes is pointed out by James L. Massey the following year .  1968 -- Chris Wallace and David M. Boulton publish the first of many papers on Minimum Message Length ( MML ) statistical and inductive inference  1970 -- Valerii Denisovich Goppa introduces Goppa codes  1972 -- J. Justesen proposes Justesen codes , an improvement of Reed -- Solomon codes  1973 -- David Slepian and Jack Wolf discover and prove the Slepian -- Wolf coding limits for distributed source coding .  1976 -- Gottfried Ungerboeck gives the first paper on trellis modulation ; a more detailed exposition in 1982 leads to a raising of analogue modem POTS speeds from 9.6 kbit/s to 33.6 kbit/s .  1976 -- R. Pasco and Jorma J. Rissanen develop effective arithmetic coding techniques ,  1977 -- Abraham Lempel and Jacob Ziv develop Lempel -- Ziv compression ( LZ77 )  1989 -- Phil Katz publishes the . zip format including DEFLATE ( LZ77 + Huffman coding ) ; later to become the most widely used archive container and most widely used lossless compression algorithm  1993 -- Claude Berrou , Alain Glavieux and Punya Thitimajshima introduce Turbo codes  1994 -- Michael Burrows and David Wheeler publish the Burrows -- Wheeler transform , later to find use in bzip2  1995 -- Benjamin Schumacher coins the term qubit and proves the quantum noiseless coding theorem  2001 -- Sam Kwong and Yu Fan Ho proposed Statistical Lempel Ziv  2006 -- Jarek Duda introduced first entropy coder from Asymmetric Numeral Systems family , which later variants are replacing Huffman and arithmetic coding since 2014  2008 -- Erdal Arıkan introduced polar codes , the first practical construction of codes that achieves capacity for a wide array of channels .

neg: WebCrawler WebCrawler is a metasearch engine that blends the top search results from Google Search and Yahoo! Search . WebCrawler also provides users the option to search for images , audio , video , news , yellow pages and white pages . WebCrawler is a registered trademark of InfoSpace , Inc. . It went live on April 20 , 1994 and was created by Brian Pinkerton at the University of Washington .