query: Cyclobenzaprine makes it impossible for muscles to relax.

pos: Cyclobenzaprine Cyclobenzaprine , sold under the brand name Flexeril among others , is a muscle relaxer medication used to relieve skeletal muscle spasms and associated pain in acute musculoskeletal conditions . It is the best-studied drug for this application . It has also been used off-label for fibromyalgia treatment .   As of 2015 the cost for a typical course of medication in the United States is less than .

neg: Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor A serotonin -- norepinephrine -- dopamine reuptake inhibitor ( SNDRI ) , also known as a triple reuptake inhibitor ( TRI ) , is a type of drug that acts as a combined reuptake inhibitor of the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin , norepinephrine , and dopamine . It does this by concomitantly inhibiting the serotonin transporter ( SERT ) , norepinephrine transporter ( NET ) , and dopamine transporter ( DAT ) , respectively . Inhibition of the reuptake of these neurotransmitters increases their extracellular concentrations and , therefore , results in an increase in serotonergic , adrenergic , and dopaminergic neurotransmission .   SNDRIs were developed as potential antidepressants and treatments for other disorders , such as obesity , cocaine addiction , attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) , and chronic pain . They are an extension of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( SNRIs ) whereby the addition of dopaminergic action is thought to have the possibility of heightening therapeutic benefit . However , increased side effects and abuse potential are potential concerns of these agents relative to their SSRI and SNRI counterparts .   The SNDRIs are similar to non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( MAOIs ) such as phenelzine and tranylcypromine in that they increase the action of all three of the major monoamine neurotransmitters . They are also very similar to serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents ( SNDRAs ) like MDMA ( `` ecstasy '' ) and α-ethyltryptamine ( αET ) for the same reason , although they act via a different mechanism and have differing physiological and qualitative effects . One of the ways in which this is so is that SNDRIs lack the entactogenic , psychedelic , and neurotoxic effects of SNDRAs like MDMA and αET .   Cocaine is a naturally occurring SNDRI with a fast onset and short duration ( about two hours ) that is widely encountered as a drug of abuse . Although their primary mechanisms of action are as NMDA receptor antagonists , ketamine and phencyclidine are also SNDRIs and are similarly encountered as drugs of abuse .

neg: Drug therapy problems Drug therapy problems ( DTPs ) ( or drug related problems , DRPs ) represent the categorization and definition of clinical problems related to the use of medications or `` drugs '' in the field of pharmaceutical care . In the course of clinical practice , DTPs are often identified , prevented , and/or resolved by pharmacists in the course of medication therapy management , as experts on the safety and efficacy of medications , but other healthcare professionals may also manage DTPs .   A drug-therapy ( related ) problem can be defined as an event or circumstance involving drug treatment ( pharmacotherapy ) that interferes with the optimal provision of medical care . In 1990 , L.M. Strand and her colleagues ( based on the previous work of R.L Mikeal and D.C Brodie , published respectively in 1975 and 1980 ) classified the DTPs into eight different categories . According to these categories , pharmacists generated a list of the DTPs for each patient . As a result , pharmacists had a cleaner picture of the patient 's drug therapy and medical conditions . A second publication of R.J Cipolle with L.M Strand in 1998 , change the eight categories into seven , grouped in four Pharmacotherapy needs : indication , effectiveness , safety and adherence .

neg: Cocaine dependence Cocaine dependence is a psychological desire to use cocaine regularly . Cocaine overdose may result in cardiovascular and brain damage , such as : constricting blood vessels in the brain , causing strokes and constricting arteries in the heart ; causing heart attacks .   The use of cocaine creates euphoria and high amounts of energy . If taken in large , unsafe doses , it is possible to cause mood swings , paranoia , insomnia , psychosis , high blood pressure , a fast heart rate , panic attacks , cognitive impairments and drastic changes in personality .   The symptoms of cocaine withdrawal ( also known as comedown or crash ) range from moderate to severe : dysphoria , depression , anxiety , psychological and physical weakness , pain , and compulsive cravings .

neg: Sertraline Sertraline ( trade names Zoloft and others ) is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor ( SSRI ) class . It was introduced to the market by Pfizer in 1991 . Sertraline is primarily prescribed for major depressive disorder in adult outpatients as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder , panic disorder , and social anxiety disorder , in both adults and children . In 2013 , it was the most prescribed antidepressant and second most prescribed psychiatric medication ( after alprazolam ) on the U.S. retail market , with over 41 million prescriptions .   Differences with other newer antidepressants are subtle and mostly confined to side effects . It is similar in tolerability profile to other SSRIs , with the types of adverse events usually including diarrhea , nausea , and sexual dysfunction . The incidence of diarrhea was higher with sertraline -- especially when prescribed at higher doses -- in comparison to other SSRIs .

neg: Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepines ( BZD , BZs ) , sometimes called `` benzos '' , are a class of psychoactive drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring . The first such drug , chlordiazepoxide ( Librium ) , was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955 , and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann -- La Roche , which , since 1963 , has also marketed the benzodiazepine diazepam ( Valium ) . In 1977 benzodiazepines were globally the most prescribed medications .   Benzodiazepines enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) at the GABAA receptor , resulting in sedative , hypnotic ( sleep-inducing ) , anxiolytic ( anti-anxiety ) , anticonvulsant , and muscle relaxant properties . High doses of many shorter-acting benzodiazepines may also cause anterograde amnesia and dissociation . These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating anxiety , insomnia , agitation , seizures , muscle spasms , alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures . Benzodiazepines are categorized as either short - , intermediate - , or long-acting . Short - and intermediate-acting benzodiazepines are preferred for the treatment of insomnia ; longer-acting benzodiazepines are recommended for the treatment of anxiety .   Benzodiazepines are generally viewed as safe and effective for short-term use , although cognitive impairment and paradoxical effects such as aggression or behavioral disinhibition occasionally occur . A minority of people can have paradoxical reactions such as worsened agitation or panic . Long-term use is controversial because of concerns about adverse psychological and physical effects , decreasing effectiveness , and physical dependence and withdrawal . As a result of adverse effects associated with the long-term use of benzodiazepines , withdrawal from benzodiazepines , in general , leads to improved physical and mental health . The elderly are at an increased risk of suffering from both short - and long-term adverse effects , and as a result , all benzodiazepines are listed in the Beers List of inappropriate medications for older adults .   There is controversy concerning the safety of benzodiazepines in pregnancy . While they are not major teratogens , uncertainty remains as to whether they cause cleft palate in a small number of babies and whether neurobehavioural effects occur as a result of prenatal exposure ; they are known to cause withdrawal symptoms in the newborn . Benzodiazepines can be taken in overdoses and can cause dangerous deep unconsciousness . However , they are less toxic than their predecessors , the barbiturates , and death rarely results when a benzodiazepine is the only drug taken . When combined with other central nervous system ( CNS ) depressants such as alcoholic drinks and opioids , the potential for toxicity and fatal overdose increases . Benzodiazepines are commonly misused and taken in combination with other drugs of abuse .

neg: Hypochondriasis Hypochondriasis , also known as hypochondria , health anxiety or illness anxiety disorder , refers to worry about having a serious illness . This debilitating condition is the result of an inaccurate perception of the condition of body or mind despite the absence of an actual medical condition . An individual suffering from hypochondriasis is known as a hypochondriac . Hypochondriacs become unduly alarmed about any physical or psychological symptoms they detect , no matter how minor the symptom may be , and are convinced that they have , or are about to be diagnosed with , a serious illness .   Often , hypochondria persists even after a physician has evaluated a person and reassured them that their concerns about symptoms do not have an underlying medical basis or , if there is a medical illness , their concerns are far in excess of what is appropriate for the level of disease . Many hypochondriacs focus on a particular symptom as the catalyst of their worrying , such as gastro-intestinal problems , palpitations , or muscle fatigue . To qualify for the diagnosis of hypochondria the symptoms must have been experienced for at least 6 months .   The DSM-IV-TR defines this disorder , `` Hypochondriasis '' , as a somatoform disorder and one study has shown it to affect about 3 % of the visitors to primary care settings . The newly published DSM-5 replaces the diagnosis of hypochondriasis with the diagnoses of `` somatic symptom disorder '' and `` illness anxiety disorder '' .   Hypochondria is often characterized by fears that minor bodily or mental symptoms may indicate a serious illness , constant self-examination and self-diagnosis , and a preoccupation with one 's body . Many individuals with hypochondriasis express doubt and disbelief in the doctors ' diagnosis , and report that doctors ' reassurance about an absence of a serious medical condition is unconvincing , or short-lasting . Additionally , many hypochondriacs experience elevated blood pressure , stress , and anxiety in the presence of doctors or while occupying a medical facility , a condition known as `` white coat syndrome '' . Many hypochondriacs require constant reassurance , either from doctors , family , or friends , and the disorder can become a disabling torment for the individual with hypochondriasis , as well as his or her family and friends . Some hypochondriacal individuals completely avoid any reminder of illness , whereas others frequently visit medical facilities , sometimes obsessively . Some sufferers may never speak about it .

neg: Fluoroquinolone-associated disability Fluoroquinolone-Associated Disability ( `` FQAD '' ) is an FDA formal review identification for a constellation of symptoms that have been identified in the FDA 's Adverse Event Reporting System ( FAERS ) in review of data in the fluoroquinolone safety reports . This identification was formally published as a Briefing document for a joint meeting of the Antimicrobial Drugs Advisory Committee and the Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee . These Adverse Reactions have been identified as leading to disability . Individuals with FQAD are defined as `` U.S. patients who were reported to be previously healthy and prescribed an oral fluoroquinolone antibacterial drug for the treatment of uncomplicated sinusitis , bronchitis , or urinary tract infection ( UTI ) . ''   Fluoroquinolone-Associated Disability is identified with the following Quinolone drugs : Avelox ( Moxifloxacin ) Cipro , Cipro XR , Proquin XR ( Ciprofloxacin ) , Factive ( gemifloxacin ) , Levaquin ( Levofloxacin ) , Floxin ( ofloxacin )   Criteria that the FDA is using for this class of adverse events are :  US Cases  Outcome : Disability only  Oral dosage forms  In the report on FQAD , the FDA has used the regulatory definition of disability as `` a substantial disruption of a person 's ability to conduct normal life functions '' ( 21 CFR 314.80 ) . However this judgment review is not meant to represent a legal definition of this disruption . The FDA identifies a `` healthy patient '' as a person `` able to perform all of the usual activities of daily living without significant restrictions prior to taking the fluoroquinolone . ''   Adverse Reactions and events associated with FQAD that have been reported and documented are : Tendonitis and tendon rupture , Central Nervous System effects , Peripheral Neuropathy , Myasthenia Gravis Exacerbation , QT Prolongation Torsades de Pointes ( TdP ) , Phototoxicity , Hypersensitivity , Arthritis , Brain Fog and Anxiety .   November 5 , 2015 : A meeting was conducted by FDA regarding the risk - benefits while the affected speakers presented their cases .   Note : FQAD is not a diagnosis but a cluster of symptoms post dosage of quinolones .   The U.S. FDA added a black box warning for fluoroquinolone antibiotics pertaining to peripheral nerve damage . In a communication dated 15 August 2013 , the following warning was posted on the FDA website : `` FDA Drug Safety Communication : FDA requires label changes to warn of risk for possibly permanent nerve damage from antibacterial fluoroquinolone drugs taken by mouth or by injection . ''   FDA Discussion on FQAD :   On Thursday , November 5 , 2015 , there was a meeting convened by the FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH . JOINT MEETING OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS ADVISORY COMMITTEE AND THE DRUG SAFETY AND RISK MANAGEMENT ADVISORY COMMITTEE . Meeting was held on Thursday , November 5 , 2015 8:01 a.m. to 6:05 p.m. FDA White Oak Campus Building 31 , The Great Room , White Oak Conference Center , in Silver Spring , Maryland . Present were representatives from the FDA , The Pharmaceutical industry , and members of the general public , offering testimony regarding the use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics along with the subsequent risks and benefits of the `` systemic fluoroquinolone antibacterial drugs for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis , acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis in patients who have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , and uncomplicated urinary tract infections in the context of available safety information and the treatment effect of antibacterial drugs in these clinical conditions . '' Presiding was Captain Monica Parise , the chairperson for the Antimicrobial Drugs Advisory Committee . This was a joint meeting of the Antimicrobial Drugs Advisory Committee and Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee of the FDA . After lengthy testimony and discussion , the committees decided that the current labeling for these drugs was unacceptable , recommending additional study , discussion and action to make both patient and practitioners aware of the potential for both temporary and permanent adverse reactions to the drugs , particularly requiring physicians to be more completely informed that fluoroquinolones are not to be used as a first line of defense against the three maladies discussed . The additional use of `` REMS '' ( Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy ) to require practitioners to review the potential consequences of using these medicines with their patients was recommended as well . There are 476 pages of testimony and discussion in the record . ( see reference for complete transcript )

neg: Pulled hamstring Straining of the hamstring , also known as a pulled hamstring , is defined as an excessive stretch or tear of muscle fibers and related tissues .  Hamstring injuries are common in athletes participating in many sports and are very difficult to treat and rehabilitate . Track and field athletes are particularly at risk , as hamstring injuries have been estimated to make up 29 % of all injuries in sprinters .   The biceps femoris long head is at the most risk for injury , possibly due to its reduced moment of knee and hip flexion as compared to the medial hamstrings .   The hamstrings undergo a complex dynamic process during gait , making it unsurprising that they are frequently injured . They must first contract concentrically during the end of the stance phase in order to bend the knee and allow the foot ( along with dorsiflexion at the ankle ) to clear the ground . At the end of the swing phase the hamstrings must eccentrically contract while applying a braking moment to knee extension , then immediately change functions to again concentrically contract and produce hip extension . Studies have shown that `` the hamstring group reaches peak elongation and acts eccentrically at the hip and knee during the late swing phases of running '' and that `` the hamstrings are most active and develop the greatest torques at the hip and knee during the late swing through midstance phase of running . '' Thus , the hamstrings reach their maximum length while attempting to forcefully contract eccentrically and switch functions to immediately produce a concentric contraction , which makes the terminal part of swing phase the most vulnerable for injury .   There have been many other proposed predisposing factors to injury . These include muscle weakness , muscle imbalance , poor flexibility , fatigue , inadequate warm up , poor neuromuscular control , and poor running technique . One of the few predisposing factors that most researchers agree upon however is previous hamstring injury . Brokett et al. ( 2004 ) stated that `` the athletes most at risk of a hamstring strain are those with a previous history of such injury '' and noted that 34 % of the hamstring injuries were recurrences . '' Cameron et al. also found that 34 % of injuries recur in the same season . Arnason et al. . generalized these numbers , saying that previous injury was in itself an independent risk factor for re-injury .

neg: GABA receptor antagonist GABA receptor antagonists are drugs that inhibit the action of GABA . In general these drugs produce stimulant and convulsant effects , and are mainly used for counteracting overdoses of sedative drugs .   Examples include bicuculline , securinine and metrazol , and the benzodiazepine GABAA receptor antagonist flumazenil .   Drugs with possible antagonistic effects include thiothixene , bupropion and caffeine .   Also thujone , ginkgo biloba , kudzu and muira puama may have properties of GABAA receptor antagonism .

neg: Tapentadol Tapentadol ( brand names : Nucynta , Palexia and Tapal ) is a centrally acting opioid analgesic of the benzenoid class with a dual mode of action as an agonist of the μ-opioid receptor and as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ( NRI ) . Analgesia occurs within 32 minutes of oral administration , and lasts for 4 -- 6 hours .   It is similar to tramadol in its dual mechanism of action ; namely , its ability to activate the mu opioid receptor and inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine . Unlike tramadol , it has only weak effects on the reuptake of serotonin and is a significantly more potent opioid with no known active metabolites . Tapentadol is not a pro-drug and therefore does not rely on metabolism to produce its therapeutic effects ; this makes it a useful moderate-potency analgesic option for patients who do not respond adequately to more commonly used opioids due to genetic disposition ( poor metabolizers of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 ) , as well as providing a more consistent dosage-response range among the patient population .   Tapentadol general potency is somewhere between that of tramadol and morphine , with an analgesic efficacy comparable to that of oxycodone despite a lower incidence of side effects . It is generally regarded as a weak-moderate strength opioid ( a category shared by many better-known opioids such as hydrocodone and pethidine ) .   Tapentadol was approved by the US FDA in November 2008 , by the TGA of Australia in December 2010 and by the MHRA of the UK in February 2011.1

neg: Bronchodilator A bronchodilator is a substance that dilates the bronchi and bronchioles , decreasing resistance in the respiratory airway and increasing airflow to the lungs . Bronchodilators may be endogenous ( originating naturally within the body ) , or they may be medications administered for the treatment of breathing difficulties . They are most useful in obstructive lung diseases , of which asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are the most common conditions . Although this remains somewhat controversial , they might be useful in bronchiolitis and Bronchiectasis . They are often prescribed but of unproven significance in restrictive lung diseases .   Bronchodilators are either short-acting or long-acting . Short-acting medications provide quick or `` rescue '' relief from acute bronchoconstriction . Long-acting bronchodilators help to control and prevent symptoms . The three types of prescription bronchodilating drugs are β2-agonists ( short - and long-acting ) , anticholinergics ( short-acting ) , and theophylline ( long-acting ) .

neg: Cebranopadol Cebranopadol ( developmental code name GRT-6005 ) is a novel opioid analgesic of the benzenoid class which is currently under development internationally by Grünenthal , a German pharmaceutical company , and its partner Depomed , a pharmaceutical company in the United States , for the treatment of a variety of different acute and chronic pain states . As of November 2014 , it is in phase III clinical trials . Cebranopadol is unique in its mechanism of action as an opioid , binding to and activating all four of the opioid receptors ; it acts as a full agonist of the nociceptin receptor ( Ki = 0.9 nM ; EC50 = 13.0 ; IA = 89 % ) , μ-opioid receptor ( Ki = 0.7 nM ; EC50 = 1.2 ; IA = 104 % ) , and δ-opioid receptor ( Ki = 18 nM ; EC50 = 110 ; IA = 105 % ) , and as a partial agonist of the κ-opioid receptor ( Ki = 2.6 nM ; EC50 = 17 ; IA = 67 % ) . The ED50 values of 0.5-5 .6 µg / kg when introduced IV & 25.1 µg / kg after oral administration .   Cebranopadol shows highly potent and effective antinociceptive and antihypertensive effects in a variety of different animal models of pain . Notably , it has also been found to be more potent in models of chronic neuropathic pain than acute nociceptive pain compared to selective μ-opioid receptor agonists . Relative to morphine , tolerance to the analgesic effects of cebranopadol has been found to be delayed ( 26 days versus 11 days for complete tolerance ) . In addition , unlike morphine , cebranopadol has not been found to affect motor coordination or reduce respiration in animals at doses in or over the dosage range for analgesia . As such , it may have improved and prolonged efficaciousness and greater tolerability in comparison to currently available opioid analgesics .   As an agonist of the κ-opioid receptor , cebranopadol may have the capacity to produce psychotomimetic effects , dysphoria , and other adverse reactions at sufficiently high doses , a property which could potentially limit its practical clinical dosage range .

neg: Mepiprazole Mepiprazole ( INN , BAN ) ( brand name Psigodal ) is an anxiolytic drug of the phenylpiperazine group with additional antidepressant properties that is marketed in Spain . It acts as a 5-HT2A and α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist and inhibits the reuptake and induces the release of serotonin , dopamine , and norepinephrine to varying extents , and has been described as a serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor ( SARI ) . Controlled clinical trials of mepiprazole in patients with irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS ) were also carried out and suggested some benefits of the drug in relieving symptoms of IBS in some patients . Similarly to other phenylpiperazines like trazodone , nefazodone , and etoperidone , mepiprazole produces mCPP as an active metabolite .

neg: Parkinson's disease Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system . The symptoms generally come on slowly over time . Early in the disease , the most obvious are shaking , rigidity , slowness of movement , and difficulty with walking . Thinking and behavioral problems may also occur . Dementia becomes common in the advanced stages of the disease . Depression and anxiety are also common occurring in more than a third of people with PD . Other symptoms include sensory , sleep , and emotional problems . The main motor symptoms are collectively called `` parkinsonism '' , or a `` parkinsonian syndrome '' .   The cause of Parkinson 's disease is generally unknown , but believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors . Those with a family member affected are more likely to get the disease themselves . There is also an increased risk in people exposed to certain pesticides and among those who have had prior head injuries while there is a reduced risk in tobacco smokers and those who drink coffee or tea . The motor symptoms of the disease result from the death of cells in the substantia nigra , a region of the midbrain . This results in not enough dopamine in these areas . The reason for this cell death is poorly understood , but involves the build-up of proteins into Lewy bodies in the neurons . Diagnosis of typical cases is mainly based on symptoms , with tests such as neuroimaging being used to rule out other diseases .   There is no cure for Parkinson 's disease . Initial treatment is typically with the antiparkinson medication L-DOPA ( levodopa ) , with dopamine agonists being used once levodopa becomes less effective . As the disease progresses and neurons continue to be lost , these medications become less effective while at the same time they produce a complication marked by involuntary writhing movements . Diet and some forms of rehabilitation have shown some effectiveness at improving symptoms . Surgery to place microelectrodes for deep brain stimulation has been used to reduce motor symptoms in severe cases where drugs are ineffective . Evidence for treatments for the non-movement-related symptoms of PD , such as sleep disturbances and emotional problems , is less strong .   In 2015 , PD affected 6.2 million people and resulted in about 117,400 deaths globally . Parkinson 's disease typically occurs in people over the age of 60 , of which about one percent are affected . Males are more often affected than females . When it is seen in people before the age of 50 , it is called young-onset PD . The average life expectancy following diagnosis is between 7 and 14 years . The disease is named after the English doctor James Parkinson , who published the first detailed description in An Essay on the Shaking Palsy , in 1817 . Public awareness campaigns include World Parkinson 's Day ( on the birthday of James Parkinson , 11 April ) and the use of a red tulip as the symbol of the disease . People with parkinsonism who have increased the public 's awareness of the condition include actor Michael J. Fox , Olympic cyclist Davis Phinney , and late professional boxer Muhammad Ali .

neg: Dopamine releasing agent A dopamine releasing agent ( DRA ) is a type of drug which induces the release of dopamine in the body and/or brain .   No selective DRAs are currently known . Many releasing agents of both dopamine and norepinephrine ( norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents , or NDRAs ) and of serotonin , norepinephrine , and dopamine are known ( serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents , or SNDRAs ) , however . Examples of NDRAs include amphetamine and methamphetamine , and an example of an SNDRA is MDMA . These drugs are frequently encountered as drugs of abuse .   A closely related type of drug is a dopamine reuptake inhibitor ( DRI ) . Various selective DRIs are known , in contrast to the case of DRAs . It is particularly of note that the mechanism of action at DAT for dopamine releasers/substrates is entropy-driven ( i.e. hydrophobic ) , whereas for dopamine re-uptake inhibitors it is enthalpy-driven ( i.e. conformational change ) .   There is some , albeit mixed , in vitro evidence that the antidepressant and modestly selective DRI amineptine may in addition to inhibiting the reuptake of dopamine selectively induce the presynaptic release of dopamine without affecting that of norepinephrine or serotonin .

neg: Complex regional pain syndrome Complex regional pain syndrome ( CRPS ) , also known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy ( RSD ) , is a long term pain syndrome that often worsens with time . It is characterized by severe pain out of proportion to the original injury and is often accompanied by sensitivity , swelling , and changes in the skin . It may initially affect one limb and then spread throughout the body ; 35 % of affected people report symptoms throughout their whole body .   The cause of CRPS is unknown though CRPS is associated with dysregulation of the central nervous system and autonomic nervous system resulting in abnormal temperature control and pain of the affected limb ( s ) resulting in functional impairment and disability . Precipitating factors include injury and surgery , although there are cases where no identifiable injury had occurred at the original site . CRPS is not caused by psychological factors , yet the constant pain and reduced quality of life are known to cause psychological problems ( such as increased depression and anxiety ) . Although `` research does not reveal support for specific personality or psychopathology predictors of the condition , '' CRPS is associated with psychosocial effects , including impaired social and occupational function . It is classified as an amplified musculoskeletal pain syndrome .   Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach involving medications , physical and occupational therapy , psychological treatments , and neuromodulation . Despite this the results are often unsatisfactory , especially if treatment is delayed .

neg: Dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene is an analgesic in the opioid category , patented in 1955 and manufactured by Eli Lilly and Company . It is an optical isomer of levopropoxyphene . It is intended to treat mild pain and also has antitussive ( cough suppressant ) and local anaesthetic effects . The drug has been taken off the market in Europe and the US due to concerns of fatal overdoses and heart arrhythmias . Its onset of analgesia ( pain relief ) is said to be 20 -- 30 minutes and peak effects are seen about 1.5 -- 2 hours after oral administration .   Dextropropoxyphene is sometimes combined with acetaminophen . Trade names include Darvocet-N and Di-Gesic , Darvon with APAP ( for dextropropoxyphene and paracetamol ) . The British approved name ( i.e. the generic name of the active ingredient ) of the paracetamol/dextropropoxyphene preparation is `` co-proxamol '' ( sold under a variety of brand names ) ; however , it has been withdrawn since 2007 , and is no longer available to new patients , with exceptions . The paracetamol combination ( s ) are known as Capadex or Di-Gesic in Australia , Lentogesic in South Africa , and Di-Antalvic in France ( unlike co-proxamol , which is an approved name , these are all brand names ) .   Dextropropoxyphene is known under several synonyms , including :  Alpha-d-4-dimethylamino-3-methyl-1 ,2 - diphenyl-2-butanol propionate  -LSB- ( 2S ,3 S ) -4 - ( Dimethylamino ) -3 - methyl-1 ,2 - diphenylbutan-2-yl -RSB- propanoate  -1,2 - Diphenyl-2-propionoxy - 3-methyl-4-di-methylaminobutane  Desoxypropiophen

neg: Substance dependence Substance dependence also known as drug dependence is an adaptive state that develops from repeated drug administration , and which results in withdrawal upon cessation of drug use . A drug addiction , a distinct concept from substance dependence , is defined as compulsive , out-of-control drug use , despite negative consequences . An addictive drug is a drug which is both rewarding and reinforcing . ΔFosB , a gene transcription factor , is now known to be a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral addiction and drug addictions , but not dependence .   Within the framework of the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV ) , substance dependence is redefined as a drug addiction , and can be diagnosed without the occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome . It is now described accordingly : `` When an individual persists in use of alcohol or other drugs despite problems related to use of the substance , substance dependence may be diagnosed . Compulsive and repetitive use may result in tolerance to the effect of the drug and withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or stopped . This , along with Substance Abuse are considered Substance Use Disorders . ''

neg: BD1063 BD1063 or 1 - -LSB- 2 - ( 3,4-dichlorophenyl ) ethyl -RSB- -4 - methylpiperazine is a selective sigma receptor antagonist , with a reported binding affinity of Ki = 9 ± 1 nM for the sigma-1 receptor and more than 49 times selectivity over the sigma-2 receptor .   Consistent with other reported sigma receptor antagonists , pretreating Swiss Webster mice with BD1063 significantly decreases the convulsivity and lethality of cocaine .   In other animal studies , BD1063 blocks the effects of MDMA , and reduces alcohol intake in rodent models of alcoholism .

neg: Chronic fatigue syndrome treatment Treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome ( CFS ) is variable and uncertain , and the condition is primarily managed rather than cured . Only two treatments , cognitive behavioral therapy and graded exercise therapy , have demonstrated reproducible evidence for their efficacy people with CFS who are walking . There are no Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) approved medications for ME/CFS treatment , although medications are used without approval for the illness ( off-label ) . Drugs have been used in experimental studies of the illness that have n't been approved for market for any condition in the United States ( for example , isoprinosine and rintatolimod ) . Other proposed treatments include medical treatments and alternative medicine . Even when treated , the prognosis of CFS is often poor . In one study , poor early management was reported to be a main risk factor for severe CFS ( delayed diagnosis , poor response to analgesics , physiotherapy , or alternative medicine ) , with associated variables including a poor relationship with the GP before and after diagnosis , and the involvement of a psychiatrist in initial treatment .   CFS management techniques include behavioral interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT , a form of psychological therapy ) , and graded exercise therapy ( GET ) . Based on evidence from multiple randomized clinical trials ( RCTs ) , a systematic review published in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine ( October 2006 ) stated that CBT and GET interventions showed promising results , appearing to reduce symptoms and improve function . The review stated that the evidence of effectiveness was inconclusive for most other interventions , with some reporting significant adverse effects . The wide variety of outcome measures used in CFS research was found to be a `` fundamental problem '' for assessing the effectiveness of interventions in general , and no intervention has proven to be effective in restoring the ability to work .   Recovery is `` rare '' even after a comprehensive rehabilitation programme .


query: Brigitte Macron's legal middle name is Maire-Claude.

pos: Brigitte Macron Brigitte Marie-Claude Macron ( -LSB- bri.ʒit ma.ʁi klodə ma.kʁɔ -RSB- ; née Trogneux , -LSB- tʁɔ.ɲø -RSB- , previously Auzière , -LSB- o.zjɛːʁ -RSB- ; born 13 April 1953 ) is a high-school teacher and the wife of Emmanuel Macron , the President of the French Republic . , Brigitte Macron teaches literature at the élite lycée Saint-Louis de Gonzague in Paris .

neg: Valérie Pécresse Valérie Pécresse ( -LSB- valeʁi peˈkʁɛs -RSB- ; born 14 July 1967 in Neuilly-sur-Seine , Hauts-de-Seine ) is a French politician . She has been deputy of the Yvelines since 16 May 2002 , Minister for Higher Education and Research from 18 May 2007 to June 2011 and Minister of the Budget from then until May 2012 . She was also the Government 's spokeswoman .

neg: Simone de Beauvoir Prize The Simone de Beauvoir Prize ( Prix Simone de Beauvoir pour la liberté des femmes ) is an international human rights prize for women 's freedom , awarded since 2008 to individuals or groups fighting for gender equality and opposing breaches of human rights . It is named after the French author and philosopher Simone de Beauvoir , known for her 1949 women 's rights treatise The Second Sex .   The prize was founded by Julia Kristeva on January 9 , 2008 , the 100th anniversary of de Beauvoir 's birth . It amounts to $ 20,000 and is funded by Éditions Gallimard and Culturesfrance .  Julia Kristeva , philosopher , is the head of the Simone de Beauvoir prize committee .   According to the organizers :  The prize is awarded every year to a remarkable personality whose courage and thoughts are examples for everybody , in the spirit of Simone de Beauvoir who wrote : `` The ultimate end , for which human beings should aim , is liberty , the only capable -LSB- thing -RSB- , to establish every end on . ''

neg: Brigitte Granville Brigitte Evelyne Granville is a French economist . She is Professor of International Economics and Economic Policy in the School of Business and Management at Queen Mary University of London , and director of the Centre for Globalisation Research ( CGR ) .   Granville is the author of several economics essays ; the best known of these , Remembering Inflation ( 2013 ) has been widely cited by economists . Granville is known for her work on macroeconomics and public finance and for her comprehensive articles on the subject of economics She has written articles for Bloomberg News , the Financial Times , Le Monde and other economic press . Granville is a regular columnist of Project Syndicate .

neg: Claude Meisch Claude Meisch ( born 27 November 1971 in Pétange ) is a Luxembourgian politician holding a degree in financial mathematics from Trier university ( missing reference ) . Meisch was appointed Minister of Education in 2013 in the government of Xavier Bettel . He has been a member of the Chamber of Deputies since 1999 and Mayor of Differdange since 2002 . He was President of the Democratic Party ( DP ) from 2004 until 2013 , of which he has been a member since 1994 .   Born in Pétange , in the south-west of the country , Meisch attended the town 's Lycée technique Mathias-Adam , before studying at the University of Trier , in Germany . After graduating , he worked for the private Banque de Luxembourg . Meisch was Vice-President of the Democratic and Liberal Youth , the DP 's youth wing , from 1995 until 2000 .   Meisch ran for the Chamber of Deputies , to represent Sud , in the 1999 election . Meisch finished sixth amongst DP candidates , with the top four being elected . However , the election saw the DP become kingmakers , giving them enough leverage over the Christian Social People 's Party ( CSV ) to allow them to appoint seven Democratic deputies , including Henri Grethen and Eugène Berger , to the new government . Grethen insisted that Berger be appointed along with him , specifically so that Meisch could enter the Chamber . With Grethen and Berger required to vacate their seats to take up their government positions , Meisch filled in the gap and entered the Chamber of Deputies on 12 August 1999 .   In the 2004 legislative election , Meisch was re-elected to the Chamber directly , placing second amongst DP candidates in an election that saw the party 's representation from Sud reduced from four to two . The result was bad for the DP across the country , losing five seats and seeing them replaced as the Christian Social People 's Party 's ( CSV ) coalition partners by the LSAP . After the election , Lydie Polfer resigned as DP President , having served the term limit imposed by the party 's statutes . Meisch was the only candidate put forward to replace her , and recorded a 90 % vote in his favour ( between him and none of the above ) , holding the position since 10 October 2004 .   The 2005 election to Differdange communal council saw Meisch score an ` historic ' victory , in leading the DP to buck the national trend and greatly increase their vote : winning 43 % of the vote and winning eight seats . Meisch thus remained as mayor , heading a coalition with the Greens , although the size of the victory allowed Meisch to choose his coalition partner from any of the other three parties .   In the 2009 legislative election , Meisch was re-elected , winning more votes that any other Democratic candidate in the entire country , and winning more than twice as many votes as Eugène Berger , who placed second on the DP list in Sud . The party nationwide fell 1.1 % of the vote and lost a seat . Immediately after the election , Meisch ruled out a coalition with the CSV , so the DP continued in opposition .

neg: Aglaé de Polignac Aglaé Louise Françoise Gabrielle de Polignac ( 7 May 1768 -- 30 March 1803 ) was the daughter of Gabrielle de Polastron , the favourite and confidante of Marie Antoinette , and her husband , the 1st duc de Polignac .   Her paternal grandparents were Marquis Louis Héracle Melchior de Polignac ( 1717 -- 1792 ) and his wife , Diane Marie Adelaide Zephirine Mazzarini-Mancini ( 1726 -- 1755 ) . Her maternal grandparents were Jean François Gabriel , comte de Polastron , and his wife , Jeanne Charlotte Hérault .   Aglaé Louise was born at the Château de Versailles in Paris , France , the eldest child and only daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Polignac . She had three brothers : Armand Jules Marie Héracle , duc de Polignac ( 11 January 1771 -- 1 March 1847 ) ; Jules Auguste Armand Marie , prince de Polignac ( 14 May 1780 -- 30 March 1847 ) ; and Camille Henri Melchior , comte de Polignac ( 27 December 1781 -- 2 February 1855 ) .   At the Château de Versailles , on 11 July 1780 , at the age of twelve , Aglaé married the duc de Gramont et Guiche . She then became the Duchess of Guiche and was nicknamed `` Guichette '' by her family . Her son Antoine-Geneviève-Héraclius-Agénor de Gramont became the 9th Duke of Gramont . Her daughter Corisande Armandine Léonie Sophie de Gramont married Charles Bennet , 5th Earl of Tankerville , and another daughter , Aglaé Angélique Gabrielle de Gramont , was married in turn to Russian general Alexander Lvovich Davydov and French diplomat Horace Sébastiani .   In 1794 , according to The Memoirs of Madame Vigée Lebrun , Marie-Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Le Brun painted a half-length portrait of the Duchess de Guiche wearing a blue turban , in Directoire style . She wrote : '' ... I encountered the Duchesse de Guiche , whose lovely face had not changed in the least . ''   On 30 March 1803 , Aglaé de Polignac died in an accidental house fire at her home in Edinburgh , Scotland .   Category :1768 births  Category :1803 deaths  Category :18 th-century French people  Category : Accidental deaths in Scotland  Category : Deaths from fire  Category : People from Versailles  Category : Polignac family

neg: Simone Veil Simone Veil , DBE ( -LSB- simɔn vɛj -RSB- ; born 13 July 1927 ) is a French lawyer and politician who served as Minister of Health under Valéry Giscard d'Estaing , President of the European Parliament and member of the Constitutional Council of France .   A survivor from the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp where she lost part of her family , she is the Honorary President of the Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah . She was elected to the Académie française in November 2008 . She is best known for pushing forward the law legalizing abortion in France on 17 January 1975 .

neg: Petite bourgeoisie Petite bourgeoisie ( -LSB- pətit buʁʒwazi -RSB- ) , also petty bourgeoisie ( literally small bourgeoisie ) , is a French term ( sometimes derogatory ) referring to a social class comprising semi-autonomous peasantry and small-scale merchants whose politico-economic ideological stance in times of socioeconomic stability is determined by reflecting that of a haute ( high ) bourgeoisie , with which the petite bourgeoisie seeks to identify itself , and whose bourgeois morality it strives to imitate .   The term is politico-economic , and references historical materialism . It originally denoted a sub-stratum of the middle classes in the 18th and early-19th centuries . In the mid-19th century , the pre-eminient theorist of socio-politico-economy , Karl Marx , and other Marxist theorists used the term petite bourgeoisie to identify the socio-economic stratum of the bourgeoisie that comprised small-scale capitalists such as shop-keepers and workers who manage the production , distribution , and/or exchange of commodities and/or services owned by their bourgeois employers .

neg: Laplanche Laplanche is a surname . Notable people with the surname include :   Jean Laplanche ( 1924 -- 2012 ) , French author , theorist and psychoanalyst  Louise LaPlanche ( 1919 -- 2012 ) , American actress  Renaud Laplanche ( born 1970 ) , French American entrepreneur and business executive  Rosemary LaPlanche ( 1923 -- 1979 ) , Miss America winner

neg: Arnaud Montebourg Arnaud Montebourg ( -LSB- aʁ.no mɔ̃t.buʁ -RSB- ; born 30 October 1962 ) is a French politician who served in the government of France as Minister of Industrial Renewal from May 2012 to August 2014 . Between April 2014 and August 2014 , as a member of the short-lived First Valls Government , Montebourg held additional ministerial responsibilities whereby his overall brief encompassed the Economy , Industrial Renewal and Information Technology . He was succeeded by former investment banker Emmanuel Macron .   Previously he served as Deputy for the sixth district of Saône-et-Loire in the National Assembly of France from 1997 to 2012 , and he was President of the General Council of Saône et Loire from 2008 to 2012 . A member of the Socialist Party , Montebourg was a candidate in the Socialist presidential primary of 2011 .   On 21 August 2016 , Montebourg announced that he intended to seek the Socialist Party 's nomination for the 2017 French presidential election . In the first round of the primary , held on 22 January , Montebourg was eliminated , once again coming in third place , with Benoît Hamon and Manuel Valls progressing to the runoff ; Montebourg pledged his support for Hamon shortly thereafter .

neg: En Marche! En Marche ! ( -LSB- ɑ̃ maʁʃ -RSB- ; English translation : `` Forward ! '' , `` Onward ! '' , `` Working ! '' or `` On The Move ! '' ) is a centrist and liberal political party in France founded on 6 April 2016 by Emmanuel Macron , a former Minister of Economy , Industry and Digital Affairs , who was later elected President of France in the 2017 presidential election by a landslide 66.1 % of the vote .   The party is running candidates in the 2017 legislative elections as La République En Marche ! , including members of the Democratic Movement , as well as dissidents from the Socialist Party , The Republicans and minor parties .   Macron considers En Marche ! to be a progressive movement , uniting both the left and the right .

neg: Agnès Buzyn Agnès Buzyn ( born 1 November 1962 ) is a French politician , serving as the Minister of Solidarity and Health in the Philippe Government since 17 May 2017 .   A qualified doctor , hematologist and university professor , Buzyn chaired France 's Agency for Nuclear Safety and Protection against Radiation ( IRSN ) from 2008 to 2013 , a position which involved reassuring the public after Japan 's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011 .   Buzyn , among other ministers appointed by President Macron ( culture minister Françoise Nyssen , Olympic fencing champion Laura Flessel and TV star Nicolas Hulot ) , was never involved in party politics prior to being nominated .

neg: Polygamy in France Polygamy is illegal in France , as of 1993 , and has been the center of recent political debates due to surges of Malian immigrants living polygamously in the country . Due to such , stricter laws have been enforced to stomp out polygamy .   The Economist estimates that in France 200,000 people live in 16,000 to 20,000 polygamous families , almost all of them Muslims of North or central African heritage . French polygamists rely on government single parent payments and state housing benefits to support the multiple wives to whom they are married under Muslim , but not under French law . Several politicians stated that polygamy was a cause of the 2005 French riots .

neg: Ministère public (France) In French law , the ministère public or le parquet is the authority charged with defending the interests of society and of the application of law . It is primarily made up of magistrates , but is sometimes represented by other persons such as police officials . Its magistrates can be referred to as `` standing '' magistrates , as opposed to magistrats du siège ( magistrates of the seat ) . Its closest equivalent in some English-speaking countries is the ( office of the ) director of public prosecutions and the attorney general in others .   The term ministère public translates literally as `` public ministry '' and that institution can exercise a public action ( action publique ) in penal infractions that cause a disturbance of the ordre public , and can also initiate prosecutions or non-prosecutions . It can intervene in all jurisdictions of the judiciary , but has never really exercised the same role in the administrative areas , except for financial venues ( juridictions financières ) .

neg: Claudette Claudette is a feminine form of the masculine given name Claude .   Claudette may refer to :

neg: Minister of Health (France) Minister of Health and Solidarity is a cabinet position in the Government of France . The health portfolio oversees the health care public services and the health insurance part of the French Social Security . As French ministerial departments are not fixed and depend on the Prime Minister 's choice , the Minister sometimes also has one or some of other portfolios among Work , Pensions , Family , the Elderly , Handicapped people and Women 's Rights . In that case , he is helped by one or some junior Minister focusing on one part of the portfolio . The current Minister is Agnès Buzyn .

neg: French legislative election, 2012 Legislative elections took place on 10 and 17 June 2012 ( and on other dates for small numbers of voters outside metropolitan France ) to select the members of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic -- a little over a month after the French presidential election run-off held on 6 May .   All 577 single member seats in the assembly , including those representing overseas departments and territories and French residents overseas , were contested using a two-round system .

neg: Demographics of France The demography of France is monitored by the Institut national d'études démographiques ( INED ) and the Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques ( INSEE ) . As of the 1 January 2017 , almost 67 million people lived in the French Republic ( 66,991,000 ) , including all the five overseas departments ( 2,132,000 ) , but excluding the overseas collectivities and territories ( 604,000 ) . 64,859,000 of these lived in Metropolitan France , the part of France located in Europe .   In March 2017 the population of France officially reached the 67 million mark . The 66 million mark was reached in the beginning of 2014 .   Between the years 2010 and 2017 the population of France grew from 64,613 million to 66,991 million or with about 2,4 million people for a span of 7 years , making France one of the fastest growing countries in Europe . The population of France is growing with 1 million people every 3 years . For an average annual growth of 340,000 people , or a grow rate of +0,6 % .   France was historically Europe 's most populous nation . During the Middle Ages , more than one quarter of Europe 's total population was French ; by the 17th century , this had decreased slightly to one fifth . By the beginning of the 20th century , other European nations , such as Germany and Russia , had caught up with and overtaken it . However , the country 's population sharply increased with the baby boom following World War II .   According to INSEE , since 2004 , 200,000 immigrants entered annually into the country . One out of two was born in Europe and one in three in Africa . Between 2009 and 2012 , the number of Europeans entering France increased sharply ( + 12 % per year on average ) .   The national birth rate , after dropping for a time , began to rebound in the 1990s and currently the country 's fertility rate is close to the replacement level . According to a 2006 INSEE study , `` The natural increase is close to 300,000 people , a level that has not been reached in more than thirty years . ''   Among the 802,000 newborns in metropolitan France in 2010 , 80.1 % had two French parents , 13.3 % had one French parent , and 6.6 % had two non-French parents . For the same year , 27.3 % of newborns in metropolitan France had at least one foreign-born parent and 23.9 % had at least one parent born outside of Europe ( parents born in overseas territories are considered as born in France ) . Between 2006 and 2008 , about 40 % of newborns in France had one foreign-born grandparent ( 11 % born in another European country , 16 % born in the Maghreb and 12 % born in another region of the world ) .   Racial and ethnic censuses have been banned by the French government since 1978 , since the term `` race '' in France invokes associations with Nazi Germany .

neg: Jean Maurice Paul Jules de Noailles Jean Maurice Paul Jules de Noailles , 6th Duke of Ayen ( Paris , 18 September 1893 -- Bergen-Belsen , 14 April 1945 ) was the son of Adrien de Noailles , 8th Duke of Noailles .   He married Solange Marie Christine Louise de Labriffe ( Amiens , 5 September 1898 -- Paris , 3 November 1976 ) in Paris on 16 June 1919 . Together they had two children :  Geneviève Hélène Anne Marie Yolande ( 28 June 1921 , Paris -- 29 November 1998 ) , who married Jean Gaston Amaury Raindre ( born 9 January 1924 , Versailles ) in New York , on 28 May 1947 ;  Adrien Maurice Edmond Marie Camille ( 27 February 1925 , Paris -- 9 October 1944 , Rupt-sur-Moselle ) .   He succeeded the subsidiary title Duke of Ayen , but he and his son Adrien did not outlive his father , the 8th Duke of Noailles . The Dukedom of Noailles therefore passed to a cousin , François , 9th Duke of Noailles .

neg: Gironville Gironville is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne département in the Île-de-France region in north-central France .

neg: Liaison Committee for the Presidential Majority The Liaison Committee for the Presidential Majority ( Comité de liaison de la majorité présidentielle , also called the Committee of the Presidential Majority or Committee of the Majority ) is a structure initiated by Nicolas Sarkozy to coordinate the political parties that support his action .   It was officially established by François Fillon on June 30 , 2009 and is led by Jean-Claude Gaudin , member of the national executive of the Union for a Popular Movement .


query: Priyanka Chopra is an Indian philanthropist.

pos: Priyanka Chopra Priyanka Chopra ( -LSB- prɪˈjaːŋkaː ˈtʃoːpɽaː -RSB- ; born 18 July 1982 ) is an Indian actress , singer , film producer , philanthropist , and the winner of the Miss World 2000 pageant . One of India 's highest-paid and most popular celebrities , Chopra has received numerous awards , including a National Film Award and five Filmfare Awards . In 2016 , the Government of India honoured her with the Padma Shri , the fourth highest civilian award , and Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world . In 2017 , she has been honoured with Dadasaheb Phalke Award - India 's highest award in cinema , becoming the first actress to win in the category `` International Acclaimed Actress Award '' .   Although Chopra initially aspired to study aeronautical engineering , she accepted offers to join the Indian film industry , which came as a result of her pageant wins , making her Bollywood debut in The Hero ( 2003 ) . She played the leading lady in the box-office hits Andaaz ( 2003 ) and Mujhse Shaadi Karogi ( 2004 ) , and earned praise for her breakout role in the 2004 thriller Aitraaz . In 2006 , Chopra established herself as a leading actress of Indian cinema with starring roles in the top-grossing productions Krrish and Don .   Following a brief setback , she received critical acclaim for playing a troubled model in the drama Fashion ( 2008 ) , which won her the Filmfare and National Film Award for Best Actress . Chopra subsequently gained wider recognition for portraying a range of characters in the films Kaminey ( 2009 ) , 7 Khoon Maaf ( 2011 ) , Barfi ! ( 2012 ) , Mary Kom ( 2014 ) , Dil Dhadakne Do ( 2015 ) and Bajirao Mastani ( 2015 ) , all of which garnered her several awards and nominations . In 2015 , she began starring as Alex Parrish on the ABC thriller series Quantico , becoming the first South Asian to headline an American network series .   In addition to her acting career , Chopra is noted for her philanthropic work . She has worked with UNICEF for the last ten years and was appointed as the national and global UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador for Child Rights in 2010 and 2016 respectively . She promotes various causes such as environment , health and education , and women 's rights and is particularly vocal about gender equality and feminism . Chopra 's off-screen life is the subject of substantial media coverage . As a recording artist , she has released three singles . She is also the founder of the production company Purple Pebble Pictures , which released the acclaimed Marathi comedy-drama Ventilator ( 2016 ) .

neg: Miss World 2001 Miss World 2001 , the 51st edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 16 November 2001 at the Super Bowl of Sun City Entertainment Centre in Sun City , South Africa . 93 contestants from all over the world competed for the title . Priyanka Chopra of India crowned her successor Agbani Darego of Nigeria at the end of the event . This is the first time Nigeria won the title of Miss World .   The Miss World 2001 contest was expecting 107 delegates from around the planet to compete in the 51st version of the pageant ; however September 11 attacks , added to economic and other matters , were responsible for several delegates not showing up .

neg: Nirbhaya Fund Nirbhaya Fund is an Indian rupee 10 billion corpus announced by Government of India in its 2013 Union Budget . According to the then Finance Minister P. Chidambaram , this fund is expected to support initiatives by the government and NGOs working towards protecting the dignity and ensuring safety of women in India . Nirbhaya ( fearless ) was the pseudonym given to the 2012 Delhi gang rape victim to hide her actual identity . The Ministry of Women and Child Development , along with several other concerned ministries , will work out details of the structure , scope and the application of this fund .

neg: Social Development and Research Foundation The Social Development and Research Foundation ( SDRF ) is an autonomous non-governmental organization ( NGO ) based at Greater Noida Greater Noida , in the National Capital Region ( NCR ) Delhi NCR of India . This organization was established and registered under Indian Trust Act 1882 , with a mission to create conducive environment for education , relief to the poor , better health and hygiene facilities , and advancement of all kinds of charitable objectives of general public utility . The SDRF works pro-actively to bring out positive change in the lives of people who are genuinely deprived of opportunities in life .   The SDRF promotes and undertakes research studies , development studies , educational activities , health awareness campaign , and all other social and cultural activities which are relevant to the contemporary societal needs in order to strengthen the very social fabric of the nation . This Foundation vows to render assistance for any public charitable purpose and national cause , and to take up , initiate and assist social development activities or welfare programmes of all possible kinds and in all possible areas for bringing positive change in the lives of the common people .   The headquarters of Social Development and Research Foundation is in Greater Noida ( Delhi-NCR ) , India , and it operates across states on all India basis .   Some of the prominent educationists , technocrats , and social activists , were behind the conceptualization of this organization and they continue to strive as a ` think tank ' for the SDRF for its strategic decisions .   The major issues that the SDRF endeavours to address are - Literacy Literacy in India and education , ICT based education and training , Intervention in mainstream school system , Teacher training , Innovative methods of teaching , Right to education Right to education , Sports promotion , Environment & forests , Drinking water , Agricultural innovations , Renewable sources of energy Renewable energy , Poverty alleviation by making people vocationally skilled , Developing self-support system , Women empowerment , Health awareness & family welfare , Social medicine Social medicine , Aged/elderly care , Child rights Child rights issues , Civic issues , Welfare for the disabled Disabled , Disaster management , Human rights Human rights , Information & communication technology Information and communications technology , Legal Awareness , Minority issues , Panchayati raj , Right to information Right to Information & advocacy , Rural development & poverty Alleviation , Scientific & industrial research , Science & Technology , Tribal affairs Tribal , Urban Development , Promotion of Art Art & Culture Culture , Intervention to bring out positive change in the lives of marginalized and less fortunate section of society , etc. .

neg: Landmark Trust The Landmark Trust is a British building conservation charity , founded in 1965 by Sir John and Lady Smith , that rescues buildings of historic interest or architectural merit and then makes them available for holiday rental . The Trust 's headquarters is at Shottesbrooke in Berkshire .   Most Trust properties are in England , Scotland and Wales . Several are on Lundy Island off the coast of north Devon , operated under lease from the National Trust . In continental Europe there are Landmark sites in Belgium , France and Italy . Five properties are in the United States -- all in Vermont -- one of which , Naulakha , was the home of Rudyard Kipling in the 1890s .   The Trust is a charity registered in England & Wales and in Scotland . The American sites are owned by an independent sister charity , Landmark Trust USA . There is also an Irish Landmark Trust .   Those who rent `` Landmarks '' provide a source of funds to support restoration costs and building maintenance . The first rentals were in 1967 when six properties were available . In 2015 the Trust had 196 properties available . Landmark sites include forts , farmhouses , manor houses , mills , cottages , castles , gatehouses , follies and towers and represent historic periods from medieval to the 20th century .

neg: The Prince's Trust The Prince 's Trust is a charity in the United Kingdom founded in 1976 by Charles , Prince of Wales , and Frederick John Pervin to help young people . They run a range of training programmes , provide mentoring support and offer financial grants to build the confidence and motivation of disadvantaged young people . Each year they work with about 60,000 young people , with around 80 % moving on to employment , education , training or volunteering .   In 1999 , the numerous Trust charities were brought together as The Prince 's Trust and was acknowledged by The Queen at a ceremony in Buckingham Palace where she granted it a Royal Charter . The following year it devolved in Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland and other English regions but overall control remained in London . The Prince 's Trust fundraising and campaign events are often hosted and feature entertainers from around the world . In April 2011 the youth charity Fairbridge became part of the Trust .   The Prince 's Trust is one of the most successful funding organisations in the UK and the UK 's leading youth charity , having helped over 825,000 young people turn their lives around , created 125,000 entrepreneurs and given business support to 395,000 people in the UK . From 2006 to 2016 , its work for the youth has been worth an estimated # 1.4 billion .

neg: Ram Chahe Leela `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( Ram Loves Leela ) is a 2013 item number featuring Priyanka Chopra and Ranveer Singh from the film Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali . The song was sung by Bhoomi Trivedi and was written by Siddharth-Garima and was composed by Bhansali .   The song is love ballad . The song and video became a hit shortly after its release , with the song topping the charts in India . The video features Priyanka Chopra as a nautch girl performing mujra signing about the relationship between Ram and Leela . The video was choreographed by Prabhudeva 's brother VishnuDeva and was directed by Bhansali .   The song features new dance steps , mostly complicated ones . Priyanka was praised for her dance and her look from the song was widely covered by the media .

neg: Desert Valley Charitable Foundation The Desert Valley Charitable Foundation was founded in 1989 . The Foundation was established by Prem Reddy , MD , a cardiologist and philanthropist with an initial gift of $ 1 million . Since that time , he has contributed over $ 5 million to the Foundation . The Desert Valley Charitable Foundation is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) not-for-profit charitable organization that serves the health care needs of the High Desert communities in many ways , including a free public health library , a scholarship program for students in the health care field , and the support of other health care related charities .

neg: Producers Guild Film Awards The Producers Guild Film Awards ( previously known as the Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Award ) is an accolade given by the Apsara Producers Guild to recognize excellence in Indian film and television . Originated by filmmaker and scholar Amit Khanna , the Star Guild Awards have been one of the major award events since 2004 . The 22-karat gold statuette was sculpted and designed by the jewellery brand Tanishq and was `` inspired by the rich heritage of one of India 's most treasured possessions - the Ajanta and Ellora Caves . '' Nominations for the awards come from selected members of the guild , with the full membership ( around 160 ) available to vote for the winners . The ballots cast by the guild members are then taken to a common venue for the final counting .

neg: Priyanka Bose Priyanka Bose is an Indian film actress and model . Active on stage and in films , she is best known for her role in the award-winning Italian film Gangor among others . Priyanka started her film career with small roles in Love Sex aur Dhokha , Sorry Bhai ! , Johnny Gaddar and Guzaarish . Her first film in a lead role was Gangor by the Italian director , Italo Spinelli in 2010 . She gained recognition as an actress with her power-packed performance as a tribal woman in the film and went on to win the best actress award at the New Jersey Independent South Asian Film Festival .

neg: Tisca Chopra Tisca Chopra ( born Tisca Zareen Arora ) is an Indian actress , author and producer . She has acted in over 45 feature films in different languages with many eminent directors like Aamir Khan , Prakash Jha , Madhur Bhandarkar , Abhinay Deo , Nagesh Kukunoor and Anup Singh .   ` Taare Zameen Par ' , her best known feature film , was India 's official entry to the Academy Awards . It also won her Filmfare and other top nominations . Another feature film , Qissa , premiered at the Toronto Film Festival in 2013 , and won the prestigious NETPAC Award for Best Asian Film . The film has traveled to over 20 festivals , winning over almost all top awards and much appreciation from audiences and critics . Tisca did her Bachelors in Literature from University of Delhi and worked extensively in theatre . She has honed her craft with Naseeruddin Shah & theatre director Feroz Khan . Her performance in the Pulitzer Award winning play , ` Dinner With Friends ' , that deals with the state of the modern marriage , was  a hit in India , South East Asia & the Middle East , garnering praise from both , critics and audiences . A practicing Buddhist , she consistently works on issues especially those of gender equality , the girl child and the environment . She has worked with Sam Pitroda on the National Knowledge Commission , to help with revamping the education system .   Her book Acting Smart ( Harper Collins ) , is a best seller and is being translated into Hindi . Tisca has been nominated at the New York Indian Film Festival for Best Actress for her work in ` 10Ml Love ' , a film based on A Mid Summer Night 's Dream . . The series won Best Ensemble Cast . She 's been on the Jury of the prestigious MAMI ( Mumbai Academy Of Moving Images ) film festival . Chutney , a short film she wrote and produced under her company , The Eastern Way won two Filmfare Awards ( Best Actress & Best Short Film ) . She is now developing two feature film scripts . Her upcoming projects are ` Bioscopewala ' , ` 3Dev ' & ` The Hungry ' ( which is based on the Shakespeare play `` Titus Andronicus '' ) . One of the most beautiful and stylish actresses , Tisca is often on best-dressed list and a favourite with advertisers , endorsing brands like Tanishq , Titan Eye Wear , Olay , Horlicks , Marks & Spencers , Godrej , Bajaj Motors and Kellogs .

neg: The DVF Awards The DVF Awards , supported by The Diller-von Furstenberg Family Foundation , are given annually to provide recipients with the exposure and resources necessary to extend their efforts on behalf of women all over the world . The DVF Awards were conceived by Diane von Furstenberg in 2010 with the goal of honoring women who have displayed leadership , strength , and courage in their commitment to their causes . Every year , each Honoree receives a $ 50,000 grant from the Foundation to further their work . The inaugural DVF Awards were presented on March 13 , 2010 at a ceremony hosted by Diane von Fürstenberg and Tina Brown at the United Nations on the closing night of The Women in the World Summit .  Each year , two DVF Awards are given to women within The Vital Voices Global Partnership . In addition , the Inspiration Award is given to a woman who has demonstrated strength and courage in the face of adversity , and is using her experience and influence to effect positive change . The People 's Voice Award is also given annually to a woman chosen from a field of nominees selected by The DVF Awards Board of Advisors and voted on by the public at DVFAwards.com . The Lifetime Leadership Award honors an individual who has dedicated her life and body of work to instilling in other women the courage to fight , the power to survive and the leadership to inspire . Past recipients include Gloria Steinem , Ingrid Betancourt , Hillary Clinton , Oprah Winfrey and Robin Roberts .   Presenters at The DVF Awards have included Meryl Streep , Iman , Olivia Wilde , Jessica Alba , Deborah Winger , Gabby Douglas , and Chelsea Clinton .   2017 Honorees   The International Award : Yoani Sánchez , 14ymedio   The International Award : Baljeet Sandhu , Migrant & Refugee Children 's Legal Unit ( MiCLU )   The People 's Voice Award : Louise Dubé , iCivics   The Inspiration Award : Karlie Kloss , Kode With Klossy   The Lifetime Leadership Award : Dr. Jane Goodall , The Jane Goodall Institute ( JGI )   2016 Honorees   The International Award : Maria Pacheco , Wakami   The International Award : Agnes Igoye , Huts for Peace   The People 's Voice Award : Emily Greener , I AM THAT GIRL   The Inspiration Award : Sarah Jones , Girls Educational and Mentoring Services ' , The Legal Aid Society and Sanctuary for Families   The Lifetime Leadership Award : Dr. Martine Rothblatt , Los Angeles LGBT Center and The Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice   2015 Honorees   The International Award : Adimaimalaga Tafuna'I , Women In Business   The International Award : Samar Minallah Khan , Ethnomedia   The People 's Voice Award : Becky Straw and Jody Landers , The Adventure Project   The Inspiration Award : Gabrielle Giffords , Americans for Responsible Solutions   The Lifetime Leadership Award : Melanne Verveer , The Georgetown Institute for Women , Peace and Security at Georgetown University   2014 Honorees   The DVF Award : Kah Walla , STRATEGIES !   The DVF Award : Liron Peleg-Hadomi & Noha Khatieb   The People 's Voice Award : Veronika Scott , The Empowerment Plan   The Inspiration Award : Alicia Keys , Keep a Child Alive   The Lifetime Leadership Award : Gloria Steinem , Equality Now and Donor Direct Action   2013 Honorees   The DVF Award : Sunitha Krishnan , Prajwala  The DVF Award : Andeisha Farid , Afghan Child Education and Caring Organization ( AFCECO ) .  The People 's Voice Award : Tammy Tibbetts , She 's the First  The Inspiration Award : Natalia Vodianova , Naked Heart Foundation  The Lifetime Leadership Award : Robin Roberts , Be the Match   2012 Honorees  The DVF Award : Panmela Castro , Rede Nami  The DVF Award : Chouchou Namegabe , South Kivu 's Association of Women Journalists  The People 's Voice Award : Layli Miller-Muro , Tahirih Justice Center  The Inspiration Award : Jaycee Dugard , The JAYC Foundation  The Lifetime Leadership Award : Oprah Winfrey , The Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy Foundation   2011 Honorees  The DVF Award : Sohini Chakraborty , Kolkata Sanved  The DVF Award : Kakenya Ntaiya , Kakenya Center for Excellence  The People 's Voice Award : Taryn Davis , The American Widow Project  The Inspiration Award : Elizabeth Smart , Elizabeth Smart Foundation  The Lifetime Leadership Award : Secretary of State Hillary Clinton   2010 Honorees  The DVF Award : Danielle Saint-Lot , Femmes en Démocratie  The DVF Award : Sadiqa Basiri Saleem , The Oruj Learning Center  The People 's Voice Award : Katherine Chon , The Polaris Project  The Lifetime Leadership Award : Ingrid Betancourt , The Ingrid Betancourt Foundation

neg: Virender Lal Chopra Virender Lal Chopra ( born 1936 ) is an Indian biotechnologist , geneticist , agriculturalist and a former director-general of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research ( ICAR ) , known to have contributed to the development of wheat production in India . He is the chancellor of Central University of Kerala , a former Chancellor of the Central Agricultural University , Imphal and a former member of the Planning Commission of India . An elected fellow of several science academies such as Indian Academy of Sciences , Indian National Science Academy , National Academy of Agricultural Sciences , National Academy of Sciences , India , European Academy of Sciences and Arts and The World Academy of Sciences ( TWAS ) , he is a recipient of a number of honors including Borlaug Award , FAO World Food Day Award and Om Prakash Bhasin Award . The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan , in 1985 , for his contributions to agricultural science .

neg: Hema Malini Hema Malini ( `` Hema Malini Chakravarty '' ) ( born 16 October 1948 , Ammankudi ( Orathanadu ) , Tamil Nadu , India ) is an Indian actress , director , producer , dancer and politician . 1963 she made acting debut in Tamil film `` Ithu Sathiyam '' as a dancer resp . supporting actress . Malini first acted in main role in Sapno Ka Saudagar ( 1968 ) , and went on to feature in numerous Bollywood films , primarily as the lead actress . In most of her films , she starred opposite her husband ; Dharmendra and with Rajesh Khanna and Dev Anand . Malini was initially promoted as the `` Dream Girl '' , and in 1977 starred in a film of the same name . She has played both comic and dramatic roles , as well as being a dancer . She has appeared in more than 150 films .   During her career , Malini received eleven nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress , winning the award in 1972 . In 2000 , Malini won the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award and also the Padma Shri , the fourth-highest civilian honour awarded by the Government of India . In 2012 , the Sir Padampat Singhania University conferred an Honorary Doctorate on Malini in recognition of her contribution to Indian cinema . Malini served as chairperson of the National Film Development Corporation . In 2006 , Malini received Sopori Academy of Music And Performing Arts ( SaMaPa ) Vitasta award from Bhajan Sopori in Delhi for her contribution and service to Indian culture and dance . In 2013 , she received the NTR National Award from Government of Andhra Pradesh for her contribution to Indian cinema .   From 2003 to 2009 , Malini was elected to the Rajya Sabha , the upper House of parliament , as a representative of the Bharatiya Janata Party . In 2014 , Malini was elected to the Lok Sabha . Malini has been involved with charitable and social ventures . Currently , Malini is also a life member of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness ( ISKCON ) . She was the top and successful actress of her time . She has been praised by critics for dancing and acting

neg: Mamilla Shailaja Priya Mamilla Shailaja Priya ( born 1978 ) , popularly known as Priya , is a Telugu actress . She appears primarily in Telugu feature films and television soap operas and has also acted in other languages like Hindi and Tamil .   She made her acting debut in 1998 with the movie `` Master '' which featured `` Megastar '' Chiranjeevi . In the same year , she has started her television career with the lead role in the serial `` Priya Sakhi '' which also happened to be the first mega serial in Gemini channel directed by Vadderaju Lakshmi Sharat and produced by Dr.Vadderaju Sharat Kumar . This serial was a run away hit and was hugely popular among the young and the old alike . She came to be known as `` Priya Sakhi '' Priya following the huge success of her character in the serial . She has won the prestigious `` Nandi Award '' presented by the government of Andhra Pradesh for her role in this serial .   This followed with a string of soap operas in almost all the leading TV channels in Telugu , in which she has acted in a variety of roles . Apart from soap operas , she has acted in about 60 feature films in Telugu and Hindi with various co stars like Chiranjeevi , Pawan Kalyan , Venkatesh , Nagarjuna and also with the Super Star of Indian Cinema , Amitabh Bachchan .

neg: Amitabh Bachchan Corporation Amitabh Bachchan Corporation Ltd. . is an Indian entertainment company .

neg: PK (film) PK is a 2014 Indian satirical science fiction comedy film . The film was directed by Rajkumar Hirani , produced by Hirani and Vidhu Vinod Chopra , and written by Hirani and Abhijat Joshi . The film stars Aamir Khan in the title role with Anushka Sharma , Sushant Singh Rajput , Boman Irani , Saurabh Shukla , and Sanjay Dutt in supporting roles . It tells the story of an alien who comes to Earth on a research mission . He befriends a television journalist and questions religious dogmas and superstitions .   The film received positive reviews and emerged as the 3rd highest-grossing Indian film of all time , and ranks as the 70th highest-grossing film of 2014 worldwide . The film has been regarded as one of the best Hindi films of 2014 . It is currently the 3rd highest-grossing Indian film of all time only behind Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion and Dangal ( film ) .   PK is the first Indian film to gross 7 billion worldwide . It is also the first Indian film to gross US$ 100 million ( Rs 630 crore ) worldwide .

neg: Cinema of India The cinema of India consists of films produced across India . Cinema as a medium has gained immense popularity in the country and as many as 1,600 films in various languages of India are produced annually . Indian films have also come to be followed throughout South Asia , the Greater Middle East , Southeast Asia and other countries . Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the `` father of Indian cinema '' . The Dadasaheb Phalke Award , for lifetime contribution to cinema , was instituted in his honour , by the Government of India in 1969 , and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema .   In the 20th century , Indian cinema , along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries , became a global enterprise . As of 2013 , in terms of annual film output , India ranks first , followed by Nollywood , Hollywood and China . In 2012 , India produced 1,602 feature films . The Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $ 1.86 billion ( 93 billion ) in 2011 . This is projected to rise to $ 3 billion ( 200 billion ) in 2016 . In 2015 , India had a total box office gross of , the fourth largest in the world outside North America . Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established cinematic norms of delivering product , altering the manner in which content reached the target audience . Biopics like Dangal and CGI-laden epics like Baahubali emerged as transnational blockbusters grossing over $ 200 million each in early 21st century . Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened . The Indian government extended film delegations to foreign countries such as the United States of America and Japan while the country 's Film Producers Guild sent similar missions through Europe .   The provision of 100 % foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox , Sony Pictures , Walt Disney Pictures and Warner Bros. . Indian enterprises such as AVM Productions , Prasad 's Group , Sun Pictures , PVP Cinemas , Zee , UTV , Suresh Productions , Eros Films , Ayngaran International , Pyramid Saimira , Aascar Films and Adlabs also participated in producing and distributing films . Tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India . By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India , making the commercial presence of the medium felt .   The South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity . They are the Telugu , the Tamil , the Malayalam and the Kannada industries . Although developed independently over a long period , gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity .   The Indian diaspora consists of millions of Indians overseas for which films are made available both through media such as DVDs and by screening of films in their country of residence wherever commercially feasible . These earnings , accounting for some 12 % of the revenue generated by a mainstream film , contribute substantially to the overall revenue of Indian cinema , the net worth of which was found to be 1.3 billion in 2000 . Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4 -- 5 % of the net revenues generated by a film in India .

neg: Inder Singh (community leader) Inder Singh is a writer and active community leader . Starting in his local community and later moving to the national and then to the global arena , he has spent a lifetime bringing the Indian community together . He is hailed as a social entrepreneur . He helps network the global Indian Diaspora through education and outreach . He has lobbied extensively for the issues faced by the Indian diaspora . He has rallied the support from his community and government leaders to ensure that the Indian diaspora is well represented in their new countries .   Mr. Singh is currently the chairman of the Global Organization of People of Indian Origin ( GOPIO ) . He also co-founded the Asian & Pacific American Republicans Coalition which became an officially chartered organ of the California Republican Party . In the late 1990s , he was involved with the National Asian Pacific Center on Aging . With offices in most states , the National Body of Asian Americans caters to the needs of Asian seniors . In 1981 , Mr. Singh founded the Federation of Indian American Associations ( FIA ) of Southern California . He also co-founded the Indian Association of Los Angeles ( San Fernando Valley ) . In 1987 , Mr. Singh founded the Indian American Heritage Foundation ( IAHF ) , a society that celebrates and honors academic excellence and achievements of children of Indian origin .

neg: List of films released by Yash Raj Films Yash Raj Films ( abbreviated as YRF ) is an Indian entertainment company , established by Yash Chopra in 1970 , that produces and distributes motion pictures . As of 2017 , the company has produced 71 Hindi films , including three that are yet-to-be-released , and one Tamil film . Yash Raj Films started a film distribution business in 1997 , and in addition to distributing their own productions , the company has handled the domestic and international distribution of 35 films from other companies .   Yash Raj Films ' first release came in 1973 with the Chopra-directed Daag : A Poem of Love , a drama about bigamy , starring Rajesh Khanna , Raakhee and Sharmila Tagore . The company had four more releases in the 1970s , including the family drama Kabhie Kabhie and the action film Kaala Patthar , both of which starred Amitabh Bachchan . Yash Raj Films ' sole commercial success in the 1980s was the Sridevi-starring romance Chandni . The year 1995 marked the directorial debut of Yash Chopra 's son , Aditya Chopra , with the highly successful romantic drama Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge . Starring Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol , the film has the longest theatrical run in Indian cinema history . Other successful releases of the 1990s were Darr ( 1993 ) and Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1997 ) , both starring Khan .   In the 2000s , Yash Raj Films produced a larger number of films . In addition to directorial ventures from Yash and Aditya Chopra , the company launched several new directors , including Sanjay Gadhvi , Vijay Krishna Acharya , Kunal Kohli , Siddharth Anand , and Shaad Ali . Some of the company 's top-grossing films in that decade include Gadhvi 's action thrillers Dhoom ( 2004 ) and Dhoom 2 ( 2006 ) , Kohli 's romantic thriller Fanaa ( 2006 ) , Ali 's comedy film Bunty Aur Babli ( 2005 ) , Yash Chopra 's romance Veer-Zaara ( 2004 ) , and Aditya Chopra 's dramas Mohabbatein ( 2000 ) and Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi ( 2008 ) . Beginning in 2008 , the company introduced a number of new actors such as Anushka Sharma , Ranveer Singh , Parineeti Chopra , and Arjun Kapoor .   Yash Raj Films ' highest-grossing films came in the 2010s with the Kabir Khan-directed action thriller Ek Tha Tiger ( 2012 ) , starring Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif , the third installment of the Dhoom franchise , entitled Dhoom 3 ( 2013 ) , featuring Aamir Khan , Uday Chopra and Abhishek Bachchan , and the sports drama Sultan ( 2016 ) , starring Salman Khan and Sharma . All three films rank among the highest-grossing Bollywood films of all time . The most frequent collaborations of the company have been with the actors Rani Mukerji , Rishi Kapoor , Shah Rukh Khan , and Saif Ali Khan .

neg: Global Health Innovative Technology Fund (GHIT) The Global Health Innovative Technology Fund ( GHIT Fund ) , headquartered in Japan , is an international public-private partnership between the Government of Japan ( Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Health , Labour and Welfare ) , 16 pharmaceutical and diagnostics companies ( Astellas , Chugai , Eisai , Daiichi Sankyo , Fujifilm , GlaxoSmithKline , Johnson & Johnson , Kyowa Hakko Kirin , Merck Group , Mistubishi Tanabe , Nipro , Otsuka , Shionogi , Sumitomo Dainippon , Sysmex and Takeda ) , the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , the Wellcome Trust and United Nations Development Programme . It funds scientific research and development for anti-infectives and diagnostics for diseases that primarily affect the developing world . Bill Gates has noted that `` GHIT draws on the immense innovation capacity of Japan 's pharmaceutical companies , universities and research institutions to accelerate the creation of new vaccines , drugs and diagnostic tools for global health . '' Margaret Chan , Director-General of the World Health Organization , said : `` The GHIT Fund has stepped in to provide that incentive in a pioneering model of partnership that brings Japanese innovation , investment and leadership to the global fight against infectious disease . ''   The GHIT Fund is the first public-private partnership fund to involve a national government , a UN agency , a consortium of pharmaceutical and diagnostics companies , and international philanthropic foundations .   The public-private partnership model , the inclusion of a whole pharmaceutical sector and the structure of individual research projects across sectors and national boundaries are all aimed at reducing the R&D risk to any one entity and to ensure that findings are open to all . Another key opportunity the GHIT Fund has created has been to help open the doors of Japan 's public and private drug compound libraries to product development partnerships , which makes possible the screening of tens of thousands of drug candidates for potential new treatments .   The participating companies view their investments into neglected diseases through the Fund as a long-term investment into the future , rather than charity . They see the Fund as a necessary catalyst for having allowed them to pursue this line of research .