query: Jerry Goldsmith collaborated with Robert Wise, Howard Hawks, Otto Preminger, Joe Dante, Richard Donner, Roman Polanski, Ridley Scott, Michael Winner, Steven Spielberg, Paul Verhoeven, and Franklin J. Schaffner.

pos: Jerry Goldsmith Jerrald King `` Jerry '' Goldsmith ( February 10 , 1929July 21 , 2004 ) was an American composer and conductor most known for his work in film and television scoring . He composed scores for such noteworthy films as Star Trek : The Motion Picture ( Which he personally considered his best work ) , The Sand Pebbles , Logan 's Run , Planet of the Apes , Patton , Papillon , Chinatown , The Wind and the Lion , The Omen , The Boys from Brazil , Capricorn One , Alien , Poltergeist , The Secret of NIMH , Gremlins , Hoosiers , Total Recall , Basic Instinct , Rudy , Air Force One , L.A. Confidential , Mulan , The Mummy , three Rambo films , Explorers and four other Star Trek films .   He collaborated with some of film history 's most accomplished directors , including Robert Wise , Howard Hawks , Otto Preminger , Joe Dante , Richard Donner , Roman Polanski , Ridley Scott , Michael Winner , Steven Spielberg , Paul Verhoeven , and Franklin J. Schaffner .   Goldsmith was nominated for six Grammy Awards , five Primetime Emmy Awards , nine Golden Globe Awards , four British Academy Film Awards , and eighteen Academy Awards ( he won only one , in 1976 , for The Omen ) .

neg: Dee Caruso Dee Caruso ( April 7 , 1929 -- May 27 , 2012 ) was an American television and film screenwriter and television producer , whose credits included Get Smart , The Monkees and The Smothers Brothers Show . Caruso and his longtime writing partner , Gerald Gardner , frequently collaborated on projects . The writing duo were the head writers for the 1960s television comedy series , Get Smart .   Caruso began his career by writing for stand-up comedians at nightclubs , including Don Adams and Allen & Rossi , the comedy team of Marty Allen and Steve Rossi .   Caruso and writing partner , Gerald Gardner , were head writers for Get Smart . They duo continued to collaborate on projects throughout their career . Caruso and Gardner wrote 22 episodes of The Monkees , which aired from 1966 to 1968 . In 1965 , Caruso and Gardner were part of the writing staff which won an Emmy for their work on David Frost 's That Was The Week That Was . They co-produced The Red Skelton Show . Together , they wrote other episodes of The Smothers Brothers Show , What 's Happening !! , The Ghost & Mrs. Muir , Happy Days and The Bill Cosby Show . Caruso and Gardner co-wrote a 1966 episode of Gilligan 's Island , `` The Producer , '' which guest starred Phil Silvers . Caruso and Gardner co-wrote television specials for Jerry Lewis , Bill Cosby , Robin Williams , Debbie Reynolds , Don Rickles and Jack Benny . Additionally , the pair wrote several television films , including Break Up , which starred Bernadette Peters in 1973 ; and How to Break Up a Happy Divorce , a 1976 NBC television movie starring Barbara Eden , which the duo also produced .   Dee Caruso and Gardner also worked on several feature film projects . They co-wrote Which Way to the Front ? , a 1970 satirical war flick starring Jerry Lewis ; The World 's Greatest Athlete , a 1973 Walt Disney production starring John Amos and Jan-Michael Vincent ; and Doin ' Time , a 1985 Warner Brothers film .   Caruso and his wife , Sandra Caruso , co-taught a class , called `` What 's Funny , What 's Not , '' for ten years at the UCLA Extension Writers ' Program . Caruso then became a screenwriting professor at the UCLA School of Theater , Film and Television , where he taught for more than twenty years .   Dee Caruso died of pneumonia at his home in Brentwood , Los Angeles , on May 27 , 2012 , at the age of 83 . He was survived by his wife of 47 years , Sandra Caruso . His memorial service was held at the Pierce Brothers Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles .

neg: Jean-Luc Godard Jean-Luc Godard ( -LSB- ʒɑ̃lyk ɡɔdaʁ -RSB- ; born 3 December 1930 ) is a French-Swiss film director , screenwriter and film critic . He is often identified with the 1960s French film movement La Nouvelle Vague , or `` New Wave '' .   Like his New Wave contemporaries , Godard criticized mainstream French cinema 's `` Tradition of Quality '' , which `` emphasized craft over innovation , privileged established directors over new directors , and preferred the great works of the past to experimentation . '' As a result of such argument , he and like-minded critics started to make their own films . Many of Godard 's films challenge the conventions of traditional Hollywood in addition to French cinema . He is often considered the most radical French filmmaker of the 1960s and 1970s ; his approach in film conventions , politics and philosophies made him arguably the most influential director of the French New Wave . Along with showing knowledge of film history through homages and references , several of his films expressed his political views ; he was an avid reader of existential and Marxist philosophy .   Since the New Wave , his politics have been much less radical and his recent films are about representation and human conflict from a humanist , and a Marxist perspective .   In a 2002 Sight & Sound poll , Godard ranked third in the critics ' top-ten directors of all time ( which was put together by assembling the directors of the individual films for which the critics voted ) . He is said to have `` created one of the largest bodies of critical analysis of any filmmaker since the mid-twentieth century . '' He and his work have been central to narrative theory and have `` challenged both commercial narrative cinema norms and film criticism 's vocabulary . '' In 2010 , Godard was awarded an Academy Honorary Award , but did not attend the award ceremony .  Godard 's films have inspired many directors including Martin Scorsese , Quentin Tarantino , Brian De Palma , Steven Soderbergh , D. A. Pennebaker , Robert Altman , Jim Jarmusch , Wong Kar-wai , Wim Wenders , Bernardo Bertolucci , and Pier Paolo Pasolini .

neg: Goodfellas Goodfellas ( stylized as GoodFellas ) is a 1990 American crime film directed by Martin Scorsese . It is an adaptation of the 1986 non-fiction book Wiseguy by Nicholas Pileggi , who co-wrote the screenplay with Scorsese . The film narrates the rise and fall of mob associate Henry Hill and his friends over a period from 1955 to 1980 .   Scorsese initially named the film Wise Guy and postponed making it ; later , he and Pileggi changed the name to Goodfellas . To prepare for their roles in the film , Robert De Niro , Joe Pesci , and Ray Liotta often spoke with Pileggi , who shared research material left over from writing the book . According to Pesci , improvisation and ad-libbing came out of rehearsals wherein Scorsese gave the actors freedom to do whatever they wanted . The director made transcripts of these sessions , took the lines he liked best , and put them into a revised script , which the cast worked from during principal photography .   Made on a budget of $ 25 million , Goodfellas grossed $ 46.8 million . It received positive reviews from critics and was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director , with Pesci winning Best Actor in a Supporting Role . The film won five awards from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , including Best Film and Best Director . Additionally , Goodfellas was named the year 's best film by various critics ' groups .   Goodfellas is widely regarded as one of the greatest films in the crime genre . In 2000 , it was deemed `` culturally , historically , and aesthetically significant '' and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress . Its content and style have been emulated in numerous other films and television shows .

neg: Ben Hecht Ben Hecht -LSB- ˈhɛkt -RSB- ( February 28 , 1894 -- April 18 , 1964 ) was an American screenwriter , director , producer , playwright , journalist and novelist . A journalist in his youth , he went on to write thirty-five books and some of the most entertaining screenplays and plays in America . He received screen credits , alone or in collaboration , for the stories or screenplays of some seventy films .   At the age of 16 , Hecht ran away to Chicago , where in his own words he `` haunted streets , whorehouses , police stations , courtrooms , theater stages , jails , saloons , slums , madhouses , fires , murders , riots , banquet halls , and bookshops '' . In the 1910s and early 1920s , Hecht became a noted journalist , foreign correspondent , and literary figure . In the 1920s , his co-authored , reporter-themed play , The Front Page , became a Broadway hit .   The Dictionary of Literary Biography - American Screenwriters calls him `` one of the most successful screenwriters in the history of motion pictures . '' Hecht received the first Academy Award for Original Screenplay , for Underworld ( 1927 ) . Many of the screenplays he worked on are now considered classics . He also provided story ideas for such films as Stagecoach ( 1939 ) . Film historian Richard Corliss called him `` the Hollywood screenwriter '' , someone who `` personified Hollywood itself . '' In 1940 , he wrote , produced , and directed , Angels Over Broadway , which was nominated for Best Screenplay . In total , six of his movie screenplays were nominated for Academy Awards , with two winning .   He became an active Zionist shortly before the Holocaust began in Germany , and wrote articles and plays about the plight of European Jews , such as , We Will Never Die in 1943 and A Flag is Born in 1946 . Of his seventy to ninety screenplays , he wrote many anonymously to avoid the British boycott of his work in the late 1940s and early 1950s . The boycott was a response to Hecht 's active support of paramilitary action against British forces in Palestine and sabotaging British property there ( see below ) , during which time a supply ship to Palestine was named the S. S. Ben Hecht .   According to his autobiography , he never spent more than eight weeks on a script . In 1983 , 19 years after his death , Ben Hecht was posthumously inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame .

neg: Alan Greenberg (film director) Alan Greenberg ( born October 14 , 1950 in New York City , died January 27 , 2015 in Portland , OR ) was an American film director , screenwriter , photographer and author .   Greenberg visited Jamaica from a young age , and was a friend of Bob Marley . Following Marley 's death , Marley 's family asked Greenberg to make a film about Marley . In 1981 , Greenberg filmed Land of Look Behind ( 1982 ) , a documentary film that includes footage of Marley 's funeral as well as scenes filmed in Jamaica 's remote Cockpit Country and the capital city of Kingston . The film ended up being more of a visionary portrait of the Jamaica of that period ( focusing on the Rastafari movement and reggae culture ) than a film primarily about Marley . The film has won considerable critical acclaim , as well as winning the Gold Hugo Award for Best Documentary in the Chicago International Film Festival , the U.S. 's largest film competition . Land of Look Behind has also been honored as the best American documentary film of its era , and the legendary filmmaker Werner Herzog says '' ` Land of Look Behind ' has achieved things never seen before in cinema . ''   Greenberg worked closely with Werner Herzog on many projects . He served as a special unit photographer on the films Cape Fear '' by Martin Scorsese ( 1991 ) and 1900 , by Bernardo Bertolucci ( 1976 ) . He also wrote twenty screenplays and three books . His book Heart of Glass , about the making of the 1976 Werner Herzog masterwork of the same name , was called `` The best book on the making of a film ever written '' by Rolling Stone magazine . A new and entirely revised edition of the book , entitled , `` EVERY NIGHT THE TREES DISAPPEAR : Werner Herzog and the Making of ` Heart of Glass ' '' was published in hard cover by the Chicago Review Press . It featured Greenberg 's previously-unpublished photographs , which Herzog called `` strange and beautiful . '' ''   In 2012 Greenberg was going to write and produce a film based on his acclaimed screenplay `` Love in Vain '' , a poetic account of the mysterious blues genius Robert Johnson . `` Love in Vain '' was also the first screenplay ever published by a major house ( Doubleday ) as literature .   Greenberg 's latest screenplay , `` Tutankhamun - Lord of Two Lands '' , a radically researched vision of the Boy King 's murder intertwined with the intrigue surrounding his tomb 's discovery in 1922 , was to have been produced in 2013 .

neg: Randolph Scott George Randolph Scott ( January 23 , 1898 -- March 2 , 1987 ) was an American film actor whose career spanned from 1928 to 1962 . As a leading man for all but the first three years of his cinematic career , Scott appeared in a variety of genres , including social dramas , crime dramas , comedies , musicals ( albeit in non-singing and non-dancing roles ) , adventure tales , war films , and a few horror and fantasy films . However , his most enduring image is that of the tall-in-the-saddle Western hero . Out of his more than 100 film appearances over 60 were in Westerns ; thus , `` of all the major stars whose name was associated with the Western , Scott most closely identified with it . ''   Scott 's more than 30 years as a motion picture actor resulted in his working with many acclaimed screen directors , including Henry King , Rouben Mamoulian , Michael Curtiz , John Cromwell , King Vidor , Allan Dwan , Fritz Lang , and Sam Peckinpah . He also worked on multiple occasions with prominent directors : Henry Hathaway ( eight times ) , Ray Enright ( seven ) , Edwin L. Marin ( seven ) , André de Toth ( six ) , and most notably , his seven film collaborations with Budd Boetticher . Scott also worked with a diverse array of cinematic leading ladies , from Shirley Temple and Irene Dunne to Mae West and Marlene Dietrich .   Tall ( 6 ft 2 1/2 in ; 189 cm ) , lanky and handsome , Scott displayed an easygoing charm and courtly Southern drawl in his early films that helped offset his limitations as an actor , where he was frequently found to be stiff or `` lumbering '' . As he matured , however , Scott 's acting improved while his features became burnished and leathery , turning him into the ideal `` strong , silent '' type of stoic hero . The BFI Companion to the Western noted : In his earlier Westerns ... the Scott persona is debonair , easy-going , graceful , though with the necessary hint of steel . As he matures into his fifties his roles change . Increasingly Scott becomes the man who has seen it all , who has suffered pain , loss , and hardship , and who has now achieved ( but at what cost ? ) a stoic calm proof against vicissitude .   During the early 1950s , Scott was a consistent box-office draw . In the annual Motion Picture Herald Top Ten Polls , he ranked 10th in 1950 , seventh in 1951 , and 10th in both 1952 and 1953 . Scott also appeared in the Quigley 's Top Ten Money Makers Poll from 1950 to 1953 .

neg: Set piece In film production , a set piece is a scene or sequence of scenes whose execution requires serious logistical planning and considerable expenditure of money . The term set piece is often used more broadly to describe any important dramatic or comedic highpoint in a film or story , particularly those that provide some kind of dramatic payoff , resolution , or transition . Thus the term is often used to describe any scenes that are so essential to a film that they can not be edited out or skipped in the shooting schedule without seriously damaging the integrity of the finished product . Often , screenplays are written around a list of such set pieces , particularly in high-budget `` event movies '' .   Set pieces are very often planned meticulously using storyboards , screentests , and rehearsals , in contrast to smaller scenes where the director and actors may be more improvisational . Each action requires the combined efforts of different departments : set builders , physical effects , and special visual effects . On most films , different groups of people will work on different set pieces individually since they can take a long time to prepare before shooting . For example , the car chase in The Matrix Reloaded took months to prepare and cost $ 30 million , including $ 5 million to build the freeway set .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: Rob Minkoff Robert R. `` Rob '' Minkoff ( born August 11 , 1962 ) is an American filmmaker . He is known for directing the double Academy Award -- winning animated feature The Lion King ( along with Roger Allers ) .

neg: Joanna Johnston Joanna Johnston is an English costume designer who has worked extensively in films , particularly in America . She is especially known for her collaborations with Steven Spielberg and Robert Zemeckis .

neg: Joe Ranft Joseph Henry `` Joe '' Ranft ( March 13 , 1960 -- August 16 , 2005 ) was an American screenwriter , animator , storyboard artist , voice actor and magician who worked for Pixar Animation Studios and Disney at Walt Disney Animation Studios and Disney Television Animation . His brother , Jerome Ranft , is a sculptor who also worked on several Pixar movies .   He received an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay nomination as one of the writers of Toy Story ( 1995 ) , and was also co-director on Cars ( 2006 ) , his final work .

neg: David A. Goldsmith David A. Goldsmith lives and works in the UK and Italy . His career in television spans the vast technological changes : from film to videotape ; from black & white to colour ; from terrestrial to satellite ; from the UK 's three national networks to the plethora of channels today ; from analogue to digital ; from 405 lines to High Definition . He moved through the ranks : from a Programme Assistant in educational television to a presenter of Ready Steady Go ! ; from film Location Manager at the newly formed Yorkshire TV to Programme Director ; from drama to current affairs ; from making documentaries in ITV to directing at ITN where he won a BAFTA award covering the 1980 Iranian Embassy Siege .   Other experiences include : teaching at the then London College of Printing , TV production for the Metropolitan Police , directing the pan-European satellite experiment , setting up the BBC 's school of TV Journalism in Bucharest , starting the RGB news production Partnership , and as a Vice President at ScanSat Broadcasting launching its news department .   In 1993 he acted as an advisor to a start up television company in Hungary . Assisted in the production of a documentary about the British television industry .   His documentaries mainly in the field of human rights range : from the 1964 civil rights campaign in Mississippi to Amnesty International 's concern about the state of human rights in Mexico ; from following the Six-Day War in Jerusalem to the role of policewomen under the Equal Opportunities Act ; from World War I Old Contemptibles in Flanders to Hells Angels in Great Britain . His enthusiasm for the documentary led to his book The Documentary Makers published by RotoVision . Since 2006 he has been developing a film project to be shot in Venezuela .

neg: James Goldstone James Goldstone ( born June 8 , 1931 in Los Angeles , California ; died November 5 , 1999 in Shaftsbury , Vermont ) was an American film and television director whose career spanned over thirty years .   Goldstone was noted for the momentum and `` fifteen-minute cliffhangers '' that he brought to TV pilots such as Star Trek ( `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' , 1966 ) , Ironside , and The Bold Ones : The Senator . His later career helped pioneer the concept of `` thirty-second attention span '' pacing over detailed content in his dramatizations of Rita Hayworth , Calamity Jane , and the Kent State shootings for which he won the Emmy .   During his Hollywood career , he directed Paul Newman , Robert De Niro , Robert Shaw , James Garner , Richard Dreyfuss and Sidney Poitier and collaborated with composer and musician , Lalo Schifrin . He `` discovered '' Tiny Tim . In addition to his work in film and television , Goldstone was a longtime leader in the Director 's and Writers Guilds . In his later life , he taught both at Bennington College and in the masters program at Columbia University . During the 1990s he directed a number of theatrical productions in New England . He was also central in the establishment of National Public Radio presence in Vermont and was the moving force behind the creation of the Vermont Arts Council which named its award for new talent the James Goldstone Award .   Goldstone was the son of Hollywood agent and early television producer , Jules Goldstone .

neg: Melville Shavelson Melville Shavelson ( April 1 , 1917 -- August 8 , 2007 ) was an American film director , producer , screenwriter , and author . He was President of the Writers Guild of America , West ( WGAw ) from 1969 to 1971 , 1979 to 1981 , and 1985 to 1987 . He came to Hollywood in 1938 as one of comedian Bob Hope 's joke writers , a job he held for the next five years . He is responsible for the screenplays of such Hope films as The Princess and the Pirate ( 1944 ) , Where There 's Life ( 1947 ) , The Great Lover ( 1949 ) , and Sorrowful Jones ( 1949 ) , which also starred Lucille Ball . Shavelson also worked as a writer on Hope 's radio show , The Pepsodent Show Starring Bob Hope .   Shavelson was nominated twice for Academy Awards for Best Original Screenplay -- first for 1955 's The Seven Little Foys , starring Hope in a rare dramatic role , and then for 1958 's Houseboat . He shared both nominations with Jack Rose . He also directed both films .   Other films he wrote and directed include Beau James ( 1957 ) , The Five Pennies ( 1959 ) for which he won a Screen Writers Guild Award , It Started in Naples ( 1960 ) , On the Double ( 1961 ) , The Pigeon That Took Rome ( 1962 ) , A New Kind of Love ( 1963 ) , Cast a Giant Shadow ( 1966 ) , and Yours , Mine and Ours ( 1968 ) , which starred Henry Fonda and again with Lucille Ball . Shavelson created two Emmy award-winning television series and wrote for a dozen Academy Award shows .   He also wrote , produced and co-directed the six-hour ABC screenplay to the 1979 television miniseries Ike , based on the World War II exploits of Gen. Dwight Eisenhower . It featured an all star cast including Robert Duvall and Lee Remick .   Shavelson 's autobiography , published by BearManor Media in April 2007 , is entitled How to Succeed in Hollywood Without Really Trying , P.S. - You Ca n't ! Shavelson wrote several other books , including , with Mr. Hope , `` Do n't Shoot , It 's Only Me : Bob Hope 's Comedy History of the United States '' ( Putnam , 1990 ) , and How to Make a Jewish Movie ( 1971 ) , a memoir of his experiences while producing and directing Cast a Giant Shadow , and the Hollywood-themed novel Lualda ( 1973 ) .   Shavelson was a noted instructor at USC 's Master of Professional Writing Program from 1998-2006 . He taught screenwriting , who often cracked to his students , `` I 'm a writer by choice , a producer by necessity and a director in self-defense . ''   He was an amateur radio operator and held the callsign W6VLH .   Shavelson 's first wife , Lucille , died in 2000 . He was married to his second wife , Ruth Florea , from 2001 until his death in 2007 . He had two children , Lynne Joiner and Richard Shavelson .

neg: Major film studio A major film studio is a production and film distributor that releases a substantial number of films annually and consistently commands a significant share of box office revenue in a given market . In the North American , Western , and global markets , the major film studios , often simply known as the majors , are commonly regarded as the six diversified media conglomerates whose various film production and distribution subsidiaries collectively command approximately 80 to 85 percent of U.S. and Canadian box office revenue . The term may also be applied more specifically to the primary motion picture business subsidiary of each respective conglomerate .   The `` Big Six '' majors , whose operations are based in or around the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood , are all centered in film studios active during Hollywood 's Golden Age of the 1930s and 1940s . In three cases -- 20th Century Fox , Warner Bros. , and Paramount -- the studios were one of the `` Big Five '' majors during that era as well . In two cases -- Columbia and Universal -- the studios were also considered majors , but in the next tier down , part of the `` Little Three '' . In the sixth case , Walt Disney Studios was an independent production company during the Golden Age ; it was an important Hollywood entity , but not a major . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , United Artists , and RKO were majors .   Today , Disney is the only member of the Big Six whose parent entity is still located near Los Angeles ( actually , on Disney 's studio lot and in the same building ) . The five others report to conglomerates headquartered in New York City , Philadelphia , and Tokyo . Of the Big Six , Paramount is the only one still based in Hollywood , and Paramount and Fox are the only ones still located within the Los Angeles city limits , while Disney and Warner Bros. are located in Burbank , Columbia in Culver City , and Universal in the unincorporated area of Universal City .   Most of today 's Big Six control subsidiaries with their own distribution networks that concentrate on arthouse pictures ( e.g. Fox Searchlight Pictures ) or genre films ( e.g. Sony 's Screen Gems ) ; several of these specialty units were shut down or sold off between 2008 and 2010 . The six major studios are contrasted with smaller production and/or distribution companies , which are known as independents or `` indies '' . The leading independent producer/distributors -- Lionsgate Films , The Weinstein Company , and former major studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -- are sometimes referred to as `` mini-majors '' . From 1998 through 2005 , DreamWorks SKG commanded a large enough market share to arguably qualify it as a seventh major , despite its relatively small output . In 2006 , DreamWorks was acquired by Viacom , Paramount 's corporate parent . In late 2008 , DreamWorks once again became an independent production company ; its films were distributed by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures until 2016 , at which point distribution switched to Universal .   The Big Six major studios are today primarily backers and distributors of films whose actual production is largely handled by independent companies -- either long-running entities or ones created for and dedicated to the making of a specific film . The specialty divisions often simply acquire distribution rights to pictures in which the studio has had no prior involvement . While the majors still do a modicum of true production , their activities are focused more in the areas of development , financing , marketing , and merchandising . Those business functions are still usually performed in or near Los Angeles , even though the runaway production phenomenon means that most films are now mostly or completely shot on location at places outside Los Angeles .   Since the dawn of filmmaking , the U.S. major film studios have dominated both American cinema and the global film industry . U.S. studios have benefited from a strong first-mover advantage in that they were the first to industrialize filmmaking and master the art of mass-producing and distributing high-quality films with broad cross-cultural appeal . Today , the Big Six majors routinely distribute hundreds of films every year into all significant international markets ( that is , where discretionary income is high enough for consumers to afford to watch films ) . It is very rare , if not impossible , for a film to reach a broad international audience on multiple continents and in multiple languages without first being picked up by one of the majors for distribution .

neg: Janus Films Janus Films is a film distribution company . The distributor is credited with introducing numerous films , now considered masterpieces of world cinema , to American audiences , including the films of Michelangelo Antonioni , Sergei Eisenstein , Ingmar Bergman , Federico Fellini , Akira Kurosawa , François Truffaut , Yasujirō Ozu and many other well-regarded directors . Ingmar Bergman 's The Seventh Seal ( 1957 ) was the film responsible for the company 's initial growth . Janus has a close relationship with the Criterion Collection regarding the release of its films on DVD and is still an active theatrical distributor .   The company 's name and logo come from Janus , the two-faced Roman god .

neg: List of frequent Tim Burton collaborators Tim Burton ( born August 25 , 1958 ) is an American film director , film producer , writer and artist who often works with certain actors and crew members in multiple feature film directing projects .   The actors who collaborated with Burton the most frequently are Johnny Depp , Helena Bonham Carter and Christopher Lee , who all appeared in eight , seven and six films , respectively .   Film composer Danny Elfman composed the music for all of Burton 's feature films with the exception of Ed Wood ( 1994 ) , Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) and Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ( 2016 ) . He also composed the music for The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) , a stop-motion animated film Burton co-wrote and produced .   Other actors that Burton has worked with include Danny DeVito , Conchata Ferrell , Albert Finney , Carmen Filpi , Michael Gough , Eva Green , Pat Hingle , Jan Hooks , Rance Howard , Jeffrey Jones , O-Lan Jones , Michael Keaton , Martin Landau , Lisa Marie , Catherine O'Hara , Michelle Pfeiffer , Missi Pyle , Paul Reubens , Alan Rickman , Deep Roy , Winona Ryder , Diane Salinger , Glenn Shadix , Martin Short , Timothy Spall , Sylvia Sidney , Christopher Walken , Frank Welker , Terence Stamp and Paul Whitehouse .   Catherine O'Hara , Paul Reubens , and Glenn Shadix also starred in The Nightmare Before Christmas .   Actor Jason Hervey appeared in the short film Frankenweenie ( 1984 ) , before appearing in Burton 's feature film directing debut Pee-wee 's Big Adventure ( 1985 ) .   Actor Vincent Price worked with Burton on three projects , hosting the television film Hansel and Gretel ( 1982 ) , narrating the short film Vincent ( 1982 ) and appearing in the feature film Edward Scissorhands ( 1990 ) .   Actresses Ada and Arlene Tai worked with Burton as extras in Ed Wood before going on to be cast in Big Fish ( 2003 ) .   In addition to starring in Beetlejuice , Edward Scissorhands and Frankenweenie , Winona Ryder appeared in the Burton-directed music video for The Killers ' `` Here with Me '' .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: Anton Grot Anton Grot ( 18 January 1884 -- 21 March 1974 ) was a distinguished Polish art director long in Hollywood . He was known for his prolific output with Warner Brothers , contributing , in such films as Little Caesar , and Gold Diggers of 1933 to the distinctive Warners look and style . According to TCM.com , he showed a `` flair for harsh realism , Expressionistic horror and ornate romantic moods alike '' . He was born Antocz Franciszek Groszewski in Kiełbasin , Poland and died in Stanton , California . He studied at the Krakow art academy and at technical school in Koenigsberg , Germany , majoring in interior decoration , illustration , and design . He changed his name and emigrated to the U.S. in 1909 .   The Lubin Company hired him to paint and design sets in 1913 , in Philadelphia ; and he also worked on films for Vitagraph and Pathé . At Pathé he developed his innovative techniques , along with William Cameron Menzies , in the way of using continuity sketches . His method of presenting a series of sketches of all the film 's sets would later become standard practice among Art Directors , particularly with Menzies ( his assistant in 1917 , on The Naulahka ) . Cinematographer Arthur Miller remembered Anton Grot :   `` a gifted and talented artist who made beautiful charcoal drawings ... of the set before it was completed . All his compositions showed a full shot of each set , with all the delicate tones and shadings that suggested ideas for lighting and , in general , were of great help to me as a cameraman . ''   Grot came to Hollywood in 1922 to assist Wilfred Buckland with the sets for the Douglas Fairbanks Robin Hood ; and stayed on , to work with Cecil B. DeMille and William K. Howard . He was eventually signed by Warner Bros , as `` art director , artist , and designer '' , and designed 80 films before his retirement in 1948 . Grot collaborated notably with fellow émigré , director Michael Curtiz , on 15 films . Beginning with the biblical epic Noah 's Ark ( 1928 ) , these included The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex ( 1938 ) , Captain Blood ( 1935 ) , The Sea Hawk ( 1940 ) , and Mildred Pierce ( 1945 ) . Grot is credited with contributing significantly to Curtiz ' personal style .

neg: John Huston John Marcellus Huston ( -LSB- ˈhjuːstən -RSB- August 5 , 1906 -- August 28 , 1987 ) was an American film director , screenwriter and actor . He wrote the screenplays for most of the 37 feature films he directed , many of which are today considered classics : The Maltese Falcon ( 1941 ) , The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) , The Asphalt Jungle ( 1950 ) , The African Queen ( 1951 ) , The Misfits ( 1961 ) , Fat City ( 1972 ) and The Man Who Would Be King ( 1975 ) . During his 46-year career , Huston received 15 Oscar nominations , won twice , and directed both his father , Walter Huston , and daughter , Anjelica Huston , to Oscar wins in different films .   Huston was known to direct with the vision of an artist , having studied and worked as a fine art painter in Paris in his early years . He continued to explore the visual aspects of his films throughout his career : sketching each scene on paper beforehand , then carefully framing his characters during the shooting . While most directors rely on post-production editing to shape their final work , Huston instead created his films while they were being shot , making them both more economical and cerebral , with little editing needed .   Most of Huston 's films were adaptations of important novels , often depicting a `` heroic quest , '' as in Moby Dick , or The Red Badge of Courage . In many films , different groups of people , while struggling toward a common goal , would become doomed , forming `` destructive alliances , '' giving the films a dramatic and visual tension . Many of his films involved themes such as religion , meaning , truth , freedom , psychology , colonialism and war .   Before becoming a Hollywood filmmaker , he had been an amateur boxer , reporter , short-story writer , portrait artist in Paris , a cavalry rider in Mexico , and a documentary filmmaker during World War II . Huston has been referred to as `` a titan '' , `` a rebel '' , and a `` renaissance man '' in the Hollywood film industry . Author Ian Freer describes him as `` cinema 's Ernest Hemingway '' -- a filmmaker who was `` never afraid to tackle tough issues head on . '' Worked for Ethos Group .


query: James A. Woods starred in a comedy film that won Best Director for The Comedy Festival.

pos: James A. Woods James Andre Woods ( born 30 October 1979 ) is a Canadian actor , who has appeared in films , television and video games .   Woods trained at New York City 's Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute before returning to his native Montreal to pursue an acting career . Woods starred in Hatley High , distributed in Canada by Seville Films and winner of Best Director and Best Screenplay awards at The Comedy Festival . Additional film credits include the TVA Films theatrical release Eternal and the Ed Solomon directed Levity . He also starred in The Watch ( 2008 ) .   Woods ' television credits include Seriously Weird ( YTV/ITV ) , Big Wolf on Campus ( Fox Family ) , Undressed ( MTV ) , Fries with That ? ( Télé-Action ) , Naked Josh ( Showcase/Oxygen ) and Galidor ( Fox Kids ) .

neg: Welcome to Wonderland (film) Welcome to Wonderland is a feature documentary film , by director James Short , about music and dance . Released on DVD in June 2006 after more than five years in the making , this film explores Australia 's vibrant outdoor bush rave party scene through the thoughts of participants .   The trance scene in Melbourne , Australia , is considered one of the best in the world , and sees the convergence of travellers from all parts of the globe , especially Japan and Israel . With party organisations like Rainbow Serpent and Earthcore there are as many as 10,000 people who come together to celebrate and dance . The film follows the party lives of characters : Matty , Krusty , Lauire , Margaret , Raff , and Holly .

neg: Bare Bones International Film Festival The Bare Bones International Film and Music Festival was founded in 1999 by the Darkwood Film Arts Institute ( DFAI ) in the city of Muskogee , Oklahoma to showcase independent motion picture projects with budgets of less than 1 million dollars ( hence Bare Bones ) . The festival runs for eleven days each year in late April at several venues in downtown Muskogee .   MovieMaker Magazine called Bare Bones a `` small-town festival that celebrates indie auteurs , directors , screenwriters , actors and cinematographers in a big way . ''

neg: The Simpsons Movie The Simpsons Movie is a 2007 American animated comedy film based on the Fox television series The Simpsons . The film was directed by David Silverman , and stars the regular television cast of Dan Castellaneta , Julie Kavner , Nancy Cartwright , Yeardley Smith , Hank Azaria , Harry Shearer , Tress MacNeille , Pamela Hayden , Marcia Wallace , and Russi Taylor with guest appearances by Tom Hanks , Green Day , and Albert Brooks . The film follows Homer Simpson , whose irresponsibility gets the better of him when he pollutes the lake in Springfield after the town has cleaned it up following receipt of a warning from the Environmental Protection Agency . As the townspeople exile him and eventually his family abandons him , Homer works to redeem his folly by stopping Russ Cargill , the fictional head of the EPA , when he intends to destroy Springfield .   Previous attempts to create a The Simpsons film failed due to the lack of a script of appropriate length and production crew members . Eventually , producers James L. Brooks , Matt Groening , Al Jean , Richard Sakai , and Mike Scully began development of the film in 2001 . A writing team consisting of Brooks , Groening , Jean , Scully , Ian Maxtone-Graham , George Meyer , David Mirkin , Mike Reiss , Matt Selman , John Swartzwelder , and Jon Vitti was assembled . They conceived numerous plot ideas , with Groening 's being the one developed into a film . The script was re-written over a hundred times , and this creativity continued after the animation had begun in 2006 . This meant hours of finished material was cut , which included cameo roles from Erin Brockovich , Minnie Driver , Isla Fisher , Kelsey Grammer , and Edward Norton . Hanks and Green Day appeared in the final cut as themselves .   Tie-in promotions were made with several companies , including Burger King and 7-Eleven , the latter which transformed selected stores into Kwik-E-Marts . The film premiered in Springfield , Vermont , which had won the right to hold it through a competition organized by Fox . The film was a critical and commercial success , grossing over $ 527 million worldwide .

neg: Buck Wild Buck Wild is a zombie comedy horror film directed by Tyler Glodt , written by Glodt and producer Matthew Albrecht , and starring Albrecht , Jarrod Pistilli , Dru Lockwood , and Isaac Harrison as four friends who must faced zombies on their hunting trip in rural Texas . It premiered at the Dallas International Film Festival in April 2013 . The film was shot in 2011 in Goliad County , Texas , United States . Buck Wild won the Best of the Fest award at the Hill Country Film Festival in May 2013 .

neg: The Comedy The Comedy is a 2012 drama film directed and co-written by Rick Alverson , and starring Tim Heidecker . Supporting actors include Eric Wareheim ( Tim and Eric ) , James Murphy ( LCD Soundsystem ) , and Gregg Turkington ( better known as Neil Hamburger ) . The film was premiered at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival and screened within such festivals as Maryland Film Festival 2012 . The film was distributed by Tribeca Film and was slated for theatrical release on November 9 , 2012 and nationwide On Demand starting October 24 , 2012 .   Despite the title and use of comedians as actors , Sundance festival chief programmer Trevor Groth says that the film is not a comedy , but instead `` a provocation , a critique of a culture based at its core around irony and sarcasm and about ultimately how hollow that is . ''   The first ten minutes of the film was purposely leaked onto various torrent websites with an anti-piracy statement at the end of the video . The resulting publicity made the actual film the most pirated independent film of the year .

neg: Goodfellas Goodfellas ( stylized as GoodFellas ) is a 1990 American crime film directed by Martin Scorsese . It is an adaptation of the 1986 non-fiction book Wiseguy by Nicholas Pileggi , who co-wrote the screenplay with Scorsese . The film narrates the rise and fall of mob associate Henry Hill and his friends over a period from 1955 to 1980 .   Scorsese initially named the film Wise Guy and postponed making it ; later , he and Pileggi changed the name to Goodfellas . To prepare for their roles in the film , Robert De Niro , Joe Pesci , and Ray Liotta often spoke with Pileggi , who shared research material left over from writing the book . According to Pesci , improvisation and ad-libbing came out of rehearsals wherein Scorsese gave the actors freedom to do whatever they wanted . The director made transcripts of these sessions , took the lines he liked best , and put them into a revised script , which the cast worked from during principal photography .   Made on a budget of $ 25 million , Goodfellas grossed $ 46.8 million . It received positive reviews from critics and was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director , with Pesci winning Best Actor in a Supporting Role . The film won five awards from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , including Best Film and Best Director . Additionally , Goodfellas was named the year 's best film by various critics ' groups .   Goodfellas is widely regarded as one of the greatest films in the crime genre . In 2000 , it was deemed `` culturally , historically , and aesthetically significant '' and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress . Its content and style have been emulated in numerous other films and television shows .

neg: 1969 Cannes Film Festival The 22nd Cannes Film Festival was held from 8 to 23 May 1969 . At this festival a new non-competitive section called `` Directors ' Fortnight '' is added , in response to the cancellation of the 1968 festival .   The Grand Prix du Festival International du Film went to the If ... . by Lindsay Anderson . The festival opened with Sweet Charity , directed by Bob Fosse .

neg: The Forest of Lost Souls The Forest of Lost Souls ( A Floresta das Almas Perdidas ) is a 2017 Portuguese-language Portuguese slasher drama film directed by José Pedro Lopes . Described as a `` coming of age slasher movie '' , the film had its world premiere at the Director 's Week of the Fantasporto Film Festival 2017 .   The titular forest is a fictional place between Portugal and Spain , an infamous suicide spot . One morning two complete strangers with their own demons to bear meet within the woods .

neg: Forest Creatures Forest Creatures ( Šuma summarum ) is a 2010 Croatian comedy film directed by Ivan-Goran Vitez .

neg: ITSA Film Festival The ITSA Film Festival is an annual film festival that takes place in Tuolumne County , California near Yosemite National Park . It is a multi-day event featuring short films and animations from around the world and includes film-related panel discussions , workshops , and live performances . Official selections range from A-list directors and industry professionals , to students and emerging independent filmmakers . Awards and prizes are given for ` Best of Show ' in five genre categories , with an additional award for Outstanding Film , Outstanding Student Filmmaker , and honorable mentions in each category .

neg: This Is the End This Is the End is a 2013 American disaster comedy film directed by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg and stars Rogen , James Franco , Jonah Hill , Jay Baruchel , Danny McBride , Craig Robinson , Michael Cera and Emma Watson . The story features real life actors playing fictionalized versions of themselves in the aftermath of a global biblical apocalypse . The film premiered at the Fox Village Theater on June 3 , 2013 and was released in the United States on June 14 , 2013 by Columbia Pictures , before being re-released on September 6 , 2013 . The film grossed $ 126 million on a $ 32 million budget . The film makes references to the past movies of the cast , including Spider-Man , Million Dollar Baby , Forrest Gump , Superbad , Pineapple Express , Moneyball , Your Highness , The Green Hornet , 127 Hours and the Harry Potter film series .

neg: Street Trash Street Trash is a 1987 American body horror-black comedy film directed by J. Michael Muro ( credited as Jim Muro ) . It won the Silver Raven at the Brussels International Festival of Fantasy Film . The film has acquired a status as a cult classic independent horror-comedy and is one of a number of films known as `` melt movies '' .

neg: Canned Film Festival The Canned Film Festival is a comedy-based motion picture television series that was nationally syndicated during the late night hours in the United States for a single season in the summer of 1986 . With only a one-letter difference in the spelling , the name is an intentional play on the name for the Cannes Film Festival , the annual world-renowned film-screening celebration in Cannes , France . Not to be confused with the latter , the Canned Film Festival featured B movies as the centerpiece for each television episode , and was composed of short vignettes interwoven throughout the films . Boasting the tagline `` late night with the best of the worst '' , the series was promoted and sponsored by the Dr Pepper Company , whose then-tagline `` out-of-the-ordinary '' echoed the show 's collection of odd and strange movies . The series was created by Young & Rubicam , developed for television by Chelsea Communications , and distributed by LBS Communications .   Although similar in style to the successful Mystery Science Theater 3000 series that aired a few years later , the Canned Film Festival differed in that its comedy scenes occurred strictly during the commercial intermissions instead of adding peanut gallery type satire during the actual run of the movies . In addition , the script , although comedic in nature , often reflected upon the serious contextual and cultural subjects contained in the featured movies , sometimes providing historical insight into their production . An example is seen during the episode featuring Project Moonbase , where female spaceship commanders were discussed as an accurate future prediction by the 1950s era movie , as were cordless telephones and big screen televisions . The featured B movies of the series were not full-length , and edited to fit the show 's approximately two-hour timeframe per episode .

neg: The Comedy Festival The Comedy Festival , formerly known as the US Comedy Arts Festival , was a comedy festival that ran from 1995 to 2008 . The festival included stand-up comedy performances , appearances by the casts of television shows , and has a film component called the Film Discovery Program .   The first 13 editions of the US Comedy Arts Festival were held annually at the Wheeler Opera House and other venues in Aspen , Colorado . Comedian Joe Rogan says the festival 's location at the time was for the `` Executives to ski '' . The primary sponsor of the festival was HBO , with co-sponsorship by Caesars Palace ( the primary venue ) , TBS , GEICO Insurance , Twix candy bars and Smirnoff Vodka . In-between , HBO had started a spin-off version simply named The Comedy Festival , which was held in Las Vegas , Nevada , since 2006 in collaboration with the Anschutz Entertainment Group . The Aspen event folded in 2007 once HBO exited the festival business , considering the expenditures too high . TBS picked up the Las Vegas event in 2008 , and organized a follow-up edition that year , also arranging for other comedy festivals in collaboration with Just For Laughs . In turn , Aspen replaced the festival with similar events , the Aspen RooftopComedy Festival and the Aspen Laff Festival .

neg: Hollywood & Wine Hollywood & Wine is a 2010 American comedy film .

neg: Love Your Shorts Film Festival The Love Your Shorts Film Festival is a film festival held in Sanford , Florida , around Valentine 's Day . The Festival screens only short films under 30 minutes in length . Films are divided into different blocks for screening . Audience members at each block vote for their favorite film and winners are announced on the spot . The winning films from each block advance to a final block for a panel of judges to pick the overall festival winner . Winners of each block earn the festival 's award , the `` Monroe , '' an original piece of metal artwork named after Sanford 's Lake Monroe . At the end of each block a brief Q&A session is conducted between the filmmakers and audience members . The Festival hosts an hour-long moderated filmmakers panel in which movie techniques and filmmaker triumphs and tribulations are discussed .

neg: When Jews Were Funny When Jews Were Funny is a 2013 documentary film by Canadian director Alan Zweig , which explores the role of Jewish comedians in the history of North American comedy and humour from the Borscht Belt to the present day .   The film features interviews with and/or performance clips of a wide variety of Jewish comedy performers and writers of the 20th and 21st centuries , including Howie Mandel , Gilbert Gottfried , Rodney Dangerfield , Eugene Mirman , Marc Maron , Bob Einstein , Andy Kindler , Shelley Berman , Alan King , Judy Gold , Elon Gold , David Steinberg , Jackie Mason , Jack Carter , Norm Crosby , Henny Youngman , David Brenner , Shecky Greene , Mark Breslin , Cory Kahaney , Harrison Greenbaum , Simon Rakoff , Lisa Lambert , Larry Josephson and Michael Wex .   The film premiered on September 10 , 2013 at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival . It subsequently won the festival award for the year 's best Canadian feature film .

neg: Comedy festival A comedy festival is a celebration of comedy with many shows , venues , comedy performers ( such as stand up comics , sketch troupes , variety performers , etc. ) and is held over a specific block of time . Normally , each festival has a diverse range of comedy themes and genres .

neg: Camille (2008 film) Camille is a 2008 American romantic comedy film directed by Gregory Mackenzie and starring James Franco and Sienna Miller . The film concerns two ill-matched newlyweds , Silas Parker ( Franco ) and Camille Foster ( Miller ) and their honeymoon trip to Niagara Falls . After Camille is killed in a motorcycle accident early in the film , she continues to behave as though alive and the remorseful Silas begins to develop loving feelings for her .

neg: The Woodsman (2016 film) The Woodsman is a 2016 suspense film directed and written by Paul Leach as his directorial debut , based on Little Red Riding Hood by Charles Perrault . The movie stars Christopher Wolfe as a police detective Alex Whiting who must save Millie Gilson played by Sonya Krueger from a mysterious cult order .


query: Connaught Tunnel is in British Columbia.

pos: Connaught Tunnel For the Connaught tunnel in East London , England , see Eastern Counties and Thames Junction Railway  The Connaught Tunnel is a railway tunnel under the Selkirk Mountains in southeastern British Columbia , Canada , near the city of Revelstoke . The 5.022 mi tunnel carries the Canadian Pacific Railway main line under Mount Macdonald and replaced the railway 's previous routing over Rogers Pass , which had been struck by several deadly avalanches since its completion in 1885 . At the time it was built , the Connaught Tunnel was the longest railway tunnel in North America . It was named for the Governor General of Canada -- the Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught -- who in turn was named after the province of Connaught in Ireland .   Announced in February 1913 , the contract was awarded on July 1 , 1913 , to Foley Bros. . Welch and Stewart . The tunnel was designed by John G. Sullivan who joined the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1900 and eventually became Chief Engineer for Canada . A small tunnel was built , from which cross cuts were made to the main tunnel so work could carry on at a number of headings . The sub-contractor guaranteed to drill 900 ft of tunnel per month and started on April 2 , 1914 . Compressed air equipment and narrow gauge locomotives were used inside the tunnel . The company town housed some 300 workers . The tunnel was completed before the original deadline , with operation beginning December 16 , 1916 . It had a grade of only 0.95 per cent westward , and was tangent ; light at one end can be seen at the other , more than five miles away .   It cost $ 5.5 million , while a further $ 3 million were spent on track revision , which saw 14.5 mi abandoned including the Loops and over 4 mi of snow sheds . In all , the route was shortened by 4.3 mi .   Problems were encountered with ventilation , loose rocks and wet rails , which caused trains to stall . The tunnel was later lined with reinforced concrete and equipped with a better ventilation system . Originally double tracked , it was realigned with a single track in 1959 to accommodate higher freight cars .   In the late 1980s , the Mount Macdonald Tunnel was built to supplement the Connaught Tunnel and to lessen the grade on the eastern approach to the pass . Trains now predominantly travel east through the Connaught Tunnel and west through the Mount Macdonald Tunnel .   In 2001 , the Connaught Tunnel was inducted into the North America Railway Hall of Fame . The Hall of Fame recognizes and establishes an enduring tribute to the people and things that have made significant contribution relating to railway industry in North America . The Connaught Tunnel was inducted in the `` Facilities and Structures '' category with `` National '' significance .

neg: Kootenay Savings Credit Union Kootenay Savings Credit Union , located in the Southern Interior of British Columbia , is the twenty-ninth largest credit union in Canada with over 39,000 members and assets of over $ 1 billion . It is insured by the Credit Union Deposit Insurance Corporation of British Columbia .   The organization has 11 branches throughout the interior of British Columbia , mostly around the major centres of Trail , Castlegar and Invermere . Its subsidiaries include Kootenay Savings MoneyWorks as well as a jointly-owned Insurance group called Kootenay Insurance Services , a company formed through the cooperation of Nelson and District Credit Union and East Kootenay Community Credit Union .   In April 2007 , Kootenay Savings ' Annual Report parodied Wikipedia and other online communities such as Flickr and MySpace to show how community-run organizations succeed .

neg: Cariboo (electoral district) '' For the region of the Canadian province of British Columbia , see Cariboo . For the provincial electoral district of the same name , see Cariboo ( provincial electoral district ) .   Cariboo was a federal electoral district in British Columbia , Canada , that was represented in the Canadian House of Commons from 1871 to 1892 .   This riding was first created as Cariboo District following British Columbia 's admission into the Canadian Confederation in 1871 . The name was changed to `` Cariboo '' in 1872 , and existed in this form until it was abolished in 1892 when it was amalgamated into the new riding of Yale -- Cariboo . In 1914 , Yale -- Cariboo was redistributed and Yale and Cariboo were separate ridings once again , though with smaller areas than before . The Cariboo riding lasted until 1966 . The succession of ridings for the Cariboo area since then has been :   Kamloops -- Cariboo ( 1966 -- 1976 )  Cariboo -- Chilcotin ( 1976 -- 2003 )  Cariboo -- Prince George ( 2003 - )  Kamloops -- Thompson -- Cariboo ( 2004 - )   The Chilcotin region of the riding , west of the Fraser River , was from 1966 to 1976 part of the Coast Chilcotin riding .   The original form of the riding was the whole of the Cariboo Plateau and both Cariboo and Lillooet Land Districts . Its southern boundary was on the northern edge of the New Westminster riding , and later the Burrard riding , then the North Vancouver riding , with near-coastal localities such as Pemberton , Squamish , Britannia Beach and Port Douglas all politically part of `` Cariboo '' .   Under the Representation Act of 1892 , the constituencies of Yale and Cariboo were united to form Yale -- Cariboo . In 1914 that riding was broken up and the Yale and Cariboo riding-names were restored , although the new constituencies were considerably smaller than before . The restored Yale riding included the Boundary Country around Grand Forks and Greenwood , but the Kootenay was now a separate riding and the town of Yale itself was not in the restored Yale riding , but in the new riding of Westminster District . The first election using the new boundaries was in 1917 . `` Government '' and `` Opposition '' were used during the wartime campaign to designate the governing Conservatives vs the Opposition Liberals .   A major redistribution in 1952 took away the southern half of the Cariboo district , with a southern boundary at 52 degrees 30 minutes north , just excluding Williams Lake and the south bank of Quesnel Lake . The rest of the riding extended to the Little Rancheria River and the border with Yukonand the Northwest Territories , therefore including the Omineca , Prince George and Peace River districts .   The Cariboo electoral district was abolished in 1966 . Successor ridings were :   Coast Chilcotin ( 1966 - 1976 )  Kamloops -- Cariboo ( 1966 - 1976 )  Prince George -- Peace River ( 1966 - 1976 )  Skeena ( 1914 - 2003 )

neg: Port Douglas, British Columbia Port Douglas , sometimes referred to simply as Douglas , is a remote community in British Columbia , Canada at east of the mouth of the Lillooet River , and at the head of Harrison Lake , which is the head of river navigation from the Strait of Georgia . Port Douglas was the second major settlement of any size on the British Columbia mainland ( after Yale ) during the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush .   From Port Douglas to Lillooet a mixed land and water route was built named the Douglas Road , the Lillooet Trail , Harrison Trail or Lakes Route . During its rowdy heyday Port Douglas had thousands of residents and many of the BC mainland 's first companies had their start here , including the famous B.X. Express and other major freighting companies , who relocated to the Fraser Canyon with the completion of the Cariboo Wagon Road in the mid-1860s .   Although Port Douglas dwindled in size rapidly with the abandonment of the Douglas Road and today there is nothing left - other than the placename and the adopted name of the local First Nation , the Douglas Band of the In-SHUCK-ch Nation .   A land alienation pattern on the lakeshore to the southwest of Douglas , across the mouth of the Lillooet River and down the lake a bit , remains on the map as Tipella City ( also known as Tipella , or Tipella Hot Springs ) . It was a port and land-promotion scheme from 1898 that never went far , although a number of investors and buyers were taken in by it . The port was a wharf for the Moneyspinner silver mine at Fire Lake which operated for a few years .   Regular steamboat traffic to Port Douglas from Georgia Strait and New Westminster via the Fraser River ended in the 1890s , although the town was long-dead by then , with only a handful of non-native residents . In the 1970s a large logging operation bulldozed the last remains of the town , which were only vestiges of a few foundations .   Both Port Douglas and the Douglas Road , as well as the Douglas Ranges to the west of Harrison Lake , were named in honour of the first governor of the Colony of British Columbia , Sir James Douglas .   The Indian reserve community of Xa ` xtsa , home to the Douglas First Nation , who are part of the St ` at ` imc cultural group but have many ties to the Sto : lo of the Lower Mainland , is located on Douglas Indian Reserve No. 8 which is across Little Harrison Lake , as the bay which became the site of the steamer port is known , from the location of what had been Port Douglas proper . The name Port Douglas today generally refers to that community and its location , as nothing remains of the frontier-era town .

neg: British Columbia Highway 93 Highway 93 is a north -- south route through the southeastern part of British Columbia , in the Regional District of East Kootenay and takes its number from U.S. Highway 93 that it connects with at the Canada-U.S. border . It follows the Crowsnest Highway ( Highway 3 ) and Highway 95 through Radium Hot Springs and to where it crosses the Continental Divide into Alberta at Vermilion Pass , where it continues as Alberta Highway 93 . The section between the Canada-U.S. border and the Crowsnest Highway is known as the Elko -- Roosville Highway , the section between the Crowsnest Highway and Radium Hot Springs is known as the Kootenay -- Columbia Highway , while the section east of Radium Hot Srings is known as the Banff -- Windermere Parkway .

neg: Kootenay Lake Provincial Park Kootenay Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia , Canada . It encompasses five widely dispersed parks around Kootenay Lake : Kootenay Lake Provincial Park ( Davis Creek site ) , Kootenay Lake Provincial Park ( Lost Ledge sites ) , Kootenay Lake Provincial Park ( Midge Creek site ) , Kootenay Lake Provincial Park ( Campbell Bay site ) , and Kootenay Lake Provincial Park ( Coffee Creek site ) .   All of the parks are located in south central British Columbia .

neg: Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines The Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines was a project to build a twin pipeline from Bruderheim , Alberta to Kitimat , British Columbia . The eastbound pipeline would import natural gas condensate and the westbound pipeline would export diluted bitumen from the Athabasca oil sands to the marine terminal in Kitimat for transportation to the Asian markets by oil tankers . The project would also include terminal facilities with `` integrated marine infrastructure at tidewater to accommodate loading and unloading of oil and condensate tankers , and marine transportation of oil and condensate . '' The $ CDN 7.9 billion project was proposed in mid-2000s and has been postponed several times . The project would be developed by Enbridge , Inc. , a Canadian crude oil and liquids pipeline and storage company .   When completed , the pipeline and terminal would have provided 104 permanent operating positions created within the company and 113 positions with the associated marine services . First Nations groups , many municipalities , including the Union of BC Municipalities , environmentalists and oil sands opponents , among others , denounced the project because of the environmental , economic , social and cultural risks posed by the pipeline . Proponents argued that the pipeline would have provided aboriginal groups with equity ownership , training , employment , Community Trust and stewardship programs ; along with the large scale infrastructure to keep Canada prosperous . The Federal Court of Appeal has ruled that consultation with First Nations was woefully inadequate , and has overturned the approval .   The proposal has been heavily criticized by native groups . Groups like the Yinka Dene Alliance have been organized to campaign against the project . In December 2010 , 66 First Nations bands in British Columbia , including many along the proposed pipeline route , signed the Save The Fraser Declaration in opposition to the project , and 40 more have signed up in support since that time . The proposal is also opposed by numerous non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) , citing previous spills and concerns over oil sands expansion and the associated risks in transportation . By 2015 , 26 of 45 have signed up in support of the Northern Gateway .   In June 2014 the Northern Gateway pipeline project was approved by the federal government , subject to 209 conditions . The CBC questioned the silence concerning the Northern Gateway since then and suggested that Enbridge might have quietly shelved the project . Upon taking office in 2015 , new Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau imposed a ban on oil tanker traffic on the North Coast of British Columbia , effectively killing the project . On November 29th , 2016 Justin Trudeau officially rejected plans for the pipeline .

neg: British Columbia Court of Appeal The British Columbia Court of Appeal ( BCCA ) is the highest appellate court in the province of British Columbia , Canada . It was established in 1910 following the 1907 Court of Appeal Act .   The BCCA hears appeals from the Supreme Court of British Columbia and a number of boards and tribunals . The BCCA also hears criminal appeals from the Provincial Court of British Columbia where the proceedings in that court were by indictment . It will hear summary conviction appeals from the Supreme Court on criminal matters that originated in the Provincial Court . Statute restricts appeals on civil matters from the Provincial Court ( Small Claims ) to the Supreme Court . However , some Provincial Court civil matters may come before the BCCA on very narrow matters having to do with questions of administrative law or other unusual circumstances .   The BCCA consists of 22 justices ( including a Chief Justice ) , ten of whom are supernumerary . All justices of the BCCA ( including the position of Chief Justice ) are appointed by the federal government . The central registry for the BCCA is in Vancouver , where the BCCA holds most of its sittings . The BCCA also occasionally hears cases in Victoria , Kelowna , and Kamloops . The judges for the Court also double as judges for the Yukon Court of Appeal . Cases from Yukon are heard in both Vancouver and in Whitehorse .   A full division of the court consists of five justices ; however , most cases are heard by a division of three justices . A single justice will preside over matters heard in '' chambers '' , usually Interlocutory matters or applications for leave to appeal .   Unlike in Ontario where a sitting of the Court of Appeal is referred to as a `` panel '' , in the BCCA a sitting of the Court is referred to as a `` division '' .   Counsel appearing in the BCCA are required to `` gown '' . This court dress is identical to that worn in the Supreme Court of British Columbia , and consists of a white wing collar with bands , along with a black bar jacket and black gown ( some counsel will wear a black waistcoat and suit rather than a bar jacket ) . Male barristers will generally wear black or striped trousers , with female barristers wearing either trousers or a skirt . Queen 's Counsel wear a more elaborate bar jacket as well as a silk gown . Court dress is not required for matters heard in Chambers , wherein standard business dress can be worn by both counsel and the sitting justice .   When the court moved from its previous location ( what is now the Vancouver Art Gallery ) , one of the old courtrooms was reconstructed in the present Arthur Erickson designed Vancouver Law Courts . When in session , a division of the court will often preside in this Heritage Courtroom .   All courts in the Province of British Columbia display the Arms of Her Majesty in Right of the United Kingdom , as a symbol of its judiciary .

neg: Red Bluff Provincial Park Red Bluff Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia , Canada .

neg: 62nd Battalion (British Columbia), CEF The 62nd Battalion ( British Columbia ) , CEF was an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the Great War . The 62nd Battalion was authorized on 20 April 1915 and embarked for Britain on 20 March 1916 . It provided reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field until 6 July 1916 when its personnel were absorbed by the ' 30th Reserve Battalion , CEF ' . The battalion was subsequently disbanded on 8 December 1917 .   The 62nd Battalion recruited in Victoria , Prince Rupert and Vancouver , British Columbia and was mobilized at Vancouver .   The 62nd Battalion was commanded by Lt.-Col . H.D. Hulme from 1 April 1916 to 6 July 1916 .   The 62nd Battalion was awarded the battle honour THE GREAT WAR 1916 .   The 62nd Battalion , CEF is perpetuated by The British Columbia Regiment ( Duke of Connaught 's Own ) .

neg: Provinces and territories of Canada Canada 's geography is divided into administrative divisions known as provinces and territories that are responsible for delivery of sub-national governance . When Canada was formed in 1867 , three provinces of British North America -- New Brunswick , Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada ( which , on the formation of Canada , was divided into Ontario and Quebec ) -- were united to form a federated colony , which eventually became a sovereign nation in the next century . Over its history , Canada 's international borders have changed several times , and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories . The ten provinces are Alberta , British Columbia , Manitoba , New Brunswick , Newfoundland and Labrador , Nova Scotia , Ontario , Prince Edward Island , Quebec , and Saskatchewan . Several of the provinces were former British colonies , and Quebec was originally a French colony , while others were added as Canada grew . The three territories are Northwest Territories , Nunavut , and Yukon , which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America . Together , the provinces and territories make up the world 's second-largest country by area .   The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that provinces receive their power and authority from the Constitution Act , 1867 ( formerly called the British North America Act , 1867 ) , whereas territorial governments have powers delegated to them by the Parliament of Canada . The powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the federal government and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively . A change to the division of powers between the federal government and the provinces requires a constitutional amendment , whereas a similar change affecting the territories can be performed unilaterally by the Parliament of Canada or government .   In modern Canadian constitutional theory , the provinces are considered to be co-sovereign divisions and each province has its own `` Crown '' represented by the lieutenant governor . The territories are not sovereign , but simply part of the federal realm , and have a commissioner who represents the federal government .   __ TOC __

neg: Stickeen Territories The Stickeen Territories -LSB- stɪˈkiːn -RSB- , also colloquially rendered as Stickeen Territory , Stikine Territory , and Stikeen Territory , was a territory of British North America whose brief existence began July 19 , 1862 , and concluded July of the following year . The region was split from the North-Western Territory in the wake of the Stikine Gold Rush . The initial strike attracted large numbers of miners -- mostly American -- to the region ; by detaching the region from the exclusive trade zone of the Hudson 's Bay Company , British authorities were able to impose tariffs and licences on the speculators . The new territory , named after the Stikine River , was under the responsibility of the Governor of the Colony of British Columbia , James Douglas , who was appointed `` Administrator of the Stickeen Territories '' and under British law , within the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of British Columbia .   The boundaries of the territory were : the 62nd parallel to the North , the 125th meridian to the East , the Nass and Finlay Rivers to the South , and the panhandle of Russian America to the west ( only vaguely defined by treaty and disputed until resolved with the Alaska Boundary Settlement of 1903 ) .   A year later , the Stickeen was added to the Colony of British Columbia ( along with the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands ) , except for the sector north of the 60th parallel , which was returned to the North-Western Territory . In 1895 , this strip was again redistributed , this time to the District of Yukon , as newly constituted during the midst of the Klondike Gold Rush .

neg: Nitinat River Provincial Park Nitinat River Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia , Canada .

neg: Selkirk Mountains The Selkirk Mountains are a mountain range spanning the northern portion of the Idaho Panhandle , eastern Washington , and southeastern British Columbia . They begin at Mica Peak near Spokane and extend approximately 320 km north ( 200 miles ) from the border to Kinbasket Lake , at the now-inundated location of the onetime fur company post Boat Encampment . The range is bounded on its west , northeast and at its northern extremity by the Columbia River , or the reservoir lakes now filling most of that river 's course . From the Columbia 's confluence with the Beaver River , they are bounded on their east by the Purcell Trench , which contains the Beaver River , Duncan River , Duncan Lake , Kootenay Lake and the Kootenay River . The Selkirks are distinct from , and geologically older than , the Rocky Mountains . Together with the neighboring Monashee and Purcell Mountains , and sometimes including the Cariboo Mountains to the northwest , the Selkirks are part of a larger grouping known as the Columbia Mountains . A scenic highway loop , the International Selkirk Loop , encircles the southern portions of the mountain range .   The Selkirks were named after Thomas Douglas , 5th Earl of Selkirk .

neg: Shark Tooth Mountain (British Columbia) '' This article is about the mountain in the East Kootenay region of southeastern British Columbia . For the mountain in the Stikine Ranges of the Northern Interior of British Columbia , see Sharktooth Mountain . For the similar-named mountain in California , see Sharktooth Peak . For the similarly named mountain in Colorado , see Sharkstooth Peak .   Shark Tooth Mountain , officially named in 1954 , is also known as The Sharktooth or Sharp Tooth Mountain . It is a mountain in the East Kootenay region of southeastern British Columbia , Canada , southwest of Whiteswan Lake . Presumably , the name is related to the profile of the peak . It sits to the southwest of Whiteswan Lake Provincial Park , with Lussier Hot Springs and Ram Creek Hot Springs nearby , and is part of the Kootenay Ranges subdivision of the Canadian Rockies in Western Alberta and most of British Columbia .

neg: Cheslatta Carrier Nation The Cheslatta Carrier Nation Cheslatta T'En ( pronounced chez-la-ta ) , of the Dakelh ( pronounced -LSB- - athtákʰɛɬ -RSB- ) or Carrier people ( Ta-cullies , meaning `` people who go upon water '' , whose traditional lands form a large portion of the Central Interior of present-day British Columbia , Canada , is a First Nation of the Nechako River area at the headwaters of the Fraser River .   The Nechako ( / nəˈtʃækoʊ / ) River was once the greatest tributary of the Fraser River , and the watershed was used by the Carrier people . For centuries the Cheslatta T'en hunted , fished and trapped there and were part of an ancient trade network called the Grease Trail . The grease was actually eulachon oil.In the opening session of the Goldthorpe Inquiry into abuses in the Indian health system , in March 1980 in Alert Bay , seven elders ranging in age from 69 to 91 spoke at length of the healing qualities of traditional foods and herbs . In particular they `` owed their survival to drinking oolachan oil '' from the oolichan , or candlefish , a fatty Pacific coast smelt . The oil was a highly prized commodity grease trail and was carried in bentwood boxes that would often leak . It was named the Alexander Mackenzie Voyageur Route , then renamed the Nuxalk-Carrier Grease Trail to honour the guides . with the Nuxalk and Chilcotin .   The Cheslatta village and Cheslatta Lake were flooded due to the construction of the Kenney Dam.In their exhibition Living Landscapes , under `` Dams and Reservoirs '' , the Royal British Columbia Museum included details about the construction of Kenney Dam . In selecting the site for the dam , Alcan project engineer Charles Dunn asked John Kendrick , `` What is downstream there ? ' And I said , ` Well , I have n't seen the reach downstream from the lake here - where we were going to build the dam - to the canyon , but I have been to the canyon . ' We went in from downstream looking at it for the idea of just a small power plant developing on the Nechako River . ` So what 's the country like there ? ' and I said , ` Well , it 's pretty wide ' . And so we went downstream ... ( Royal British Columbia Museum nd '' which created Nechako Reservoir , in 1952 .   Most members now live on a dozen small scattered reserves just south of Francois Lake . In 2013 the Cheslatta Carrier Nation ( CCN ) `` are based at Southbank , on the south shore of Francois Lake , 23 kilometres south of Burns Lake . They have eight reserves on 1,400 hectares , with all reserves located at least five kilometres apart . They have 340 members , with 125 members living on reserve , although there is no central community . The band office and other community buildings are located on a reserve about two km south of the Southbank ferry dock . '' The population on reserve is 167 and the population off reserve is 163 , with a total of 330 according to the CNN INAC Active Band list reported in the 2011-2012 Language Needs Assessment report .

neg: Crowsnest Ridge Crowsnest Ridge is located on the border of Alberta and British Columbia on the Continental Divide .

neg: West Vancouver West Vancouver is a district municipality in the province of British Columbia , Canada . A member municipality of Metro Vancouver , the governing body of the Greater Vancouver Regional District , the municipality is northwest of the city of Vancouver on the northern side of English Bay and the southeast shore of Howe Sound , and is adjoined by the District of North Vancouver to its east . Together with the District of North Vancouver and City of North Vancouver , it is part of a local regional grouping referred to as the North Shore municipalities , or simply `` The North Shore '' .   West Vancouver has a population of 42,694 ( 2011 census ) . Cypress Provincial Park , mostly located within the municipal boundaries , was one of the venues for the 2010 Winter Olympics . West Vancouver is also home of Canada 's first shopping mall , Park Royal Shopping Centre , and also of the Horseshoe Bay Ferry Terminal , one of the main connecting points between the British Columbia mainland and Vancouver Island .

neg: Gold Harbour, British Columbia Gold Harbour , was a gold and silver mine and camp on Mitchell Inlet , part of Tasu Sound on Moresby Island in the Queen Charlotte Islands of the North Coast of British Columbia , Canada . It is notable as the location of the first lode mine worked in what is now British Columbia .   The mine property , first prospected by Captain Mitchell of the Hudson 's Bay Company in 1852 in the wake of the Queen Charlottes Gold Rush , and between $ 5,000 and $ 75,000 in gold was taken out by Major W. Downie by 1859 . The sixteen claims by then forming the property and owned by J. McLellan were bonded Nuba Mining in 1907 but the mine did not have a successful showing and the company surrendered its claims in 1912 , with McLellan continuing his own work on the site until 1933 . A good many Japanese nationals worked at this mine . In that year Gold Harbour Mining Limited milled tailings and a new cut and is reported to have recovered $ 179,000 in gold , but operations were suspended on December 13 of that year .   The Gold Harbour area is a National Historic Site of Canada .

neg: Nelson, British Columbia Nelson is a city located in the Selkirk Mountains on the extreme West Arm of Kootenay Lake in the Southern Interior of British Columbia , Canada . Known as `` The Queen City '' , and acknowledged for its impressive collection of restored heritage buildings from its glory days in a regional silver rush , Nelson is one of the three cities forming the commercial and population core of the West Kootenay region , the others being Castlegar and Trail . The city is the seat of the Regional District of Central Kootenay . It is represented in the provincial legislature by the riding of Nelson-Creston , and in the Parliament of Canada by the riding of Kootenay -- Columbia .