query: George Washington was a revolutionary.

pos: Battles of Saratoga The Battles of Saratoga ( September 19 and October 7 , 1777 ) marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War . British General John Burgoyne led a large invasion army southward in the Champlain Valley from Canada , hoping to meet a similar force marching northward from New York City , and another force marching eastward from Lake Ontario ; the southern and western forces never arrived , and Burgoyne was surrounded by American forces in upstate New York . Burgoyne fought two small battles to break out . They took place eighteen days apart on the same ground , 9 mi south of Saratoga , New York . They both failed . Trapped by superior American forces , and with no relief in sight , Burgoyne retreated to Saratoga ( now Schuylerville ) and surrendered his entire army there on October 17 . His surrender , says historian Edmund Morgan , `` was a great turning point of the war because it won for Americans the foreign assistance which was the last element needed for victory .   Burgoyne 's strategy to divide New England from the southern colonies had started well but slowed due to logistical problems . He won a small tactical victory over General Horatio Gates and the Continental Army in the September 19 Battle of Freeman 's Farm at the cost of significant casualties . His gains were erased when he again attacked the Americans in the October 7 Battle of Bemis Heights and the Americans captured a portion of the British defenses . Burgoyne was therefore compelled to retreat , and his army was surrounded by the much larger American force at Saratoga , forcing him to surrender on October 17 . News of Burgoyne 's surrender was instrumental in formally bringing France into the war as an American ally , although it had previously given supplies , ammunition , and guns , notably the de Valliere cannon , which played an important role in Saratoga . This battle also resulted in Spain joining France in the war against Britain .   The first battle , on September 19 , began when Burgoyne moved some of his troops in an attempt to flank the entrenched American position on Bemis Heights . Benedict Arnold , anticipating the maneuver , placed significant forces in his way . While Burgoyne did gain control of Freeman 's Farm , it came at the cost of significant casualties . Skirmishing continued in the days following the battle , while Burgoyne waited in the hope that reinforcements would arrive from New York City . Militia forces continued to arrive , swelling the size of the American army . Disputes within the American camp led Gates to strip Arnold of his command .   British General Sir Henry Clinton , moving up from New York City , attempted to divert American attention by capturing two forts in the Hudson River highlands on October 6 ; his efforts were too late to help Burgoyne . Burgoyne attacked Bemis Heights again on October 7 after it became apparent he would not receive relieving aid in time . In heavy fighting , marked by Arnold 's spirited rallying of the American troops , Burgoyne 's forces were thrown back to the positions they held before the September 19 battle and the Americans captured a portion of the entrenched British defenses .

pos: George Washington George Washington ( -LSB- ˈdʒɔɹdʒ_ˈwɒʃɪŋtən -RSB- -- , 1799 ) was an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States . He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War , and later presided over the 1787 convention that drafted the United States Constitution . He is popularly considered the driving force behind the nation 's establishment and came to be known as the `` father of the country , '' both during his lifetime and to this day .   Washington was widely admired for his strong leadership qualities and was unanimously elected president by the Electoral College in the first two national elections . He oversaw the creation of a strong , well-financed national government that maintained neutrality in the French Revolutionary Wars , suppressed the Whiskey Rebellion , and won acceptance among Americans of all types . Washington 's incumbency established many precedents still in use today , such as the cabinet system , the inaugural address , and the title Mr. President . His retirement from office after two terms established a tradition that lasted until 1940 when Franklin Delano Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term . The 22nd Amendment ( 1951 ) now limits the president to two elected terms .   He was born into the provincial gentry of Colonial Virginia to a family of wealthy planters who owned tobacco plantations and slaves , which he inherited . In his youth , he became a senior officer in the colonial militia during the first stages of the French and Indian War . In 1775 , the Second Continental Congress commissioned him as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolution . In that command , Washington forced the British out of Boston in 1776 but was defeated and nearly captured later that year when he lost New York City .   After crossing the Delaware River in the middle of winter , he defeated the British in two battles ( Trenton and Princeton ) , retook New Jersey , and restored momentum to the Patriot cause . His strategy enabled Continental forces to capture two major British armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781 . Historians laud Washington for the selection and supervision of his generals ; preservation and command of the army ; coordination with the Congress , state governors , and their militia ; and attention to supplies , logistics , and training . In battle , however , Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by British generals with larger armies .   After victory had been finalized in 1783 , Washington resigned as commander-in-chief rather than seize power , proving his opposition to dictatorship and his commitment to American republicanism . Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention in 1787 , which devised a new form of federal government for the United States . Following his election as president in 1789 , he worked to unify rival factions in the fledgling nation . He supported Alexander Hamilton 's programs to satisfy all debts , federal and state , established a permanent seat of government , implemented an effective tax system , and created a national bank . In avoiding war with Great Britain , he guaranteed a decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795 , despite intense opposition from the Jeffersonians . He remained non-partisan , never joining the Federalist Party , although he largely supported its policies . Washington 's Farewell Address was an influential primer on civic virtue , warning against partisanship , sectionalism , and involvement in foreign wars . He retired from the presidency in 1797 , returning to his home and plantation at Mount Vernon .   Upon his death , Washington was eulogized as `` first in war , first in peace , and first in the hearts of his countrymen '' by Representative Henry Lee III of Virginia . He was revered in life and in death ; scholarly and public polling consistently ranks him among the top three presidents in American history . He has been depicted and remembered in monuments , public works , currency , and other dedications to the present day .

pos: Siege of Boston The Siege of Boston ( April 19 , 1775 -- March 17 , 1776 ) was the opening phase of the American Revolutionary War . New England militiamen prevented the movement by land of the British Army garrisoned in what was then the peninsular city of Boston , Massachusetts . Both sides had to deal with resource supply and personnel issues over the course of the siege . British resupply and reinforcement activities were limited to sea access . After eleven months of the siege , the British abandoned Boston by sailing to Nova Scotia .   The siege began on April 19 after the Battles of Lexington and Concord , when the militia from surrounding Massachusetts communities blocked land access to Boston . The Continental Congress formed the Continental Army from the militia , with George Washington as its Commander in Chief . In June 1775 , the British seized Bunker and Breed 's Hills , from which the Continentals were preparing to bombard the city , but their casualties were heavy and their gains were insufficient to break the Continental Army 's hold on land access to Boston . Military actions during the remainder of the siege were limited to occasional raids , minor skirmishes , and sniper fire .   In November 1775 , Washington sent the 25-year-old bookseller-turned-soldier Henry Knox to bring to Boston the heavy artillery that had been captured at Fort Ticonderoga . In a technically complex and demanding operation , Knox brought many cannons to the Boston area by January 1776 . In March 1776 , these artillery fortified Dorchester Heights ( which overlooked Boston and its harbor ) , thereby threatening the British supply lifeline . The British commander William Howe saw the British position as indefensible and withdrew the British forces in Boston to the British stronghold at Halifax , Nova Scotia , on March 17 ( celebrated today as Evacuation Day ) .

pos: George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River George Washington 's crossing of the Delaware River , which occurred on the night of December 25 -- 26 , 1776 , during the American Revolutionary War , was the first move in a surprise attack organized by George Washington against the Hessian forces in Trenton , New Jersey , on the morning of December 26 . Planned in partial secrecy , Washington led a column of Continental Army troops across the icy Delaware River in a logistically challenging and dangerous operation . Other planned crossings in support of the operation were either called off or ineffective , but this did not prevent Washington from surprising and defeating the troops of Johann Rall quartered in Trenton . The army crossed the river back to Pennsylvania , this time laden with prisoners and military stores taken as a result of the battle .   Washington 's army then crossed the river a third time at the end of the year , under conditions made more difficult by the uncertain thickness of the ice on the river . They defeated British reinforcements under Lord Cornwallis at Trenton on January 2 , 1777 , and defeated his rear guard at Princeton on January 3 , before retreating to winter quarters in Morristown , New Jersey .   The unincorporated communities of Washington Crossing , Pennsylvania , and Washington Crossing , New Jersey , are named in honor of this event .

neg: George Washington (miniseries) George Washington is a 1984 television miniseries directed by Buzz Kulik . The miniseries , released in three parts , chronicles the life of George Washington , the 1st President of the United States , from age 11 to age 51 . George Washington is based on the biography by James Thomas Flexner .   The miniseries was shot mainly on location near Washington , D.C. and was aired on April 8 , 10 and 11 , 1984 . Washington 's life in the French and Indian War , the second part shows the coming and commencement of the Revolutionary War and the final part describes the victory of the Independence from England . It was nominated for six Primetime Emmys .

neg: Invasion of Quebec (1775) The Invasion of Quebec in 1775 was the first major military initiative by the newly formed Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War . The objective of the campaign was to gain military control of the British Province of Quebec ( modern day Canada ) , and convince the French-speaking Canadiens to join the revolution on the side of the Thirteen Colonies . One expedition left Fort Ticonderoga under Richard Montgomery , besieged and captured Fort St. Johns , and very nearly captured British General Guy Carleton when taking Montreal . The other expedition left Cambridge , Massachusetts under Benedict Arnold , and traveled with great difficulty through the wilderness of Maine to Quebec City . The two forces joined there , but were defeated at the Battle of Quebec in December 1775 .   Montgomery 's expedition set out from Fort Ticonderoga in late August , and began besieging Fort St. Johns , the main defensive point south of Montreal , in mid-September . After the fort was captured in November , Carleton abandoned Montreal , fleeing to Quebec City , and Montgomery took control of the city before heading for Quebec with an army much reduced in size by expiring enlistments . There he joined Arnold , who had left Cambridge in early September on an arduous trek through the wilderness that left his surviving troops starving and lacking in many supplies and equipment .   These forces joined before Quebec City in December , where they assaulted the city in a snowstorm on the last day of the year . The battle was a disastrous defeat for the Americans ; Montgomery was killed and Arnold wounded , while the city 's defenders suffered few casualties . Arnold then conducted an ineffectual siege on the city , during which Loyalist sentiments were boosted by successful propaganda campaigns , and General David Wooster 's blunt administration of Montreal served to annoy both supporters and detractors of the Americans .   The British sent several thousand troops , including General John Burgoyne and Hessian allies , to reinforce those in the province in May 1776 . General Carleton then launched a counter-offensive , ultimately driving the smallpox-weakened and disorganized American forces back to Fort Ticonderoga . The Americans , under Arnold 's command , were able to hinder the British advance sufficiently that an attack could not be mounted on Fort Ticonderoga in 1776 . The end of the campaign set the stage for Burgoyne 's campaign of 1777 to gain control of the Hudson River valley .

neg: America's Critical Period The term America 's Critical Period , popularized by John Fiske in 1888 with his book The Critical Period of American History , refers to the period of United States history in the 1780s , right after the American Revolution , where the future of the newly formed nation was in the balance . More specifically , the `` Critical Period '' refers to the period of time following the end of the American Revolutionary War in 1783 to the inauguration of George Washington as President in 1789 . The phrase was first used to describe this era ( unbeknownst to Fiske ) by William Henry Trescot in his 1857 book The Diplomatic History of the Administrations of Washington and Adams .   During the 1780s , the loose confederation of states was beset with a wide array of foreign and domestic problems . Some historians believe it was a bleak , terrible time for Americans , while others such as Merrill Jensen believe the term `` Critical Period '' is exaggerated , and that , while the decade a time of dispute and change , they were also a time of economic growth and political maturation .

neg: George Washington in the French and Indian War George Washington ( February 22 , 1732 -- December 14 , 1799 ) commanded the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 1783 ) , and was the first President of the United States , serving from 1789 to 1797 . Because of his central role in the founding of the United States , Washington is often called the `` Father of his Country '' . His devotion to republicanism and civic virtue made him an exemplary figure among early American politicians .   Washington 's military experience began in the French and Indian War with a commission as a major in the militia of the British Province of Virginia . In 1753 Washington was sent as an ambassador from the British crown to the French officials and Indians as far north as present-day Erie , Pennsylvania . The following year he led another expedition to the area to assist in the construction of a fort at present-day Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Before reaching that point , he and some of his men , accompanied by Indian allies , ambushed a French scouting party . Its leader was killed , although the exact circumstances of his death were disputed . This peacetime act of aggression is seen as one of the first military steps leading to the global Seven Years ' War . The French responded by attacking fortifications Washington erected following the ambush , forcing his surrender . Released on parole , Washington and his troops returned to Virginia .   In 1755 he participated as a volunteer aide in the ill-fated expedition of General Edward Braddock , where he distinguished himself in the retreat following the climactic Battle of Monongahela . He served from 1755 until 1758 as colonel and commander of the Virginia Regiment , directing the provincial defenses against French and Indian raids and building the regiment into one of the best-trained provincial militias of the time . He led the regiment as part of the 1758 expedition of General John Forbes that successfully drove the French from Fort Duquesne , during which he and some of his companies were involved in a friendly fire incident . Unable to get a commission in the British Army , Washington then resigned from the provincial militia , married , and took up the life of a Virginia plantation owner .   Washington gained valuable military skills during the war , acquiring tactical , strategic , and logistical military experience . He also acquired important political skills in his dealings with the British military establishment and the provincial government . His military exploits , although they included some notable failures , made his military reputation in the colonies such that he became a natural selection as the commander in chief of the Continental Army following the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in 1775 . His successes in military and political spheres during that conflict led to his election as the first President of the United States of America .

neg: Washington Irving Washington Irving ( April 3 , 1783 -- November 28 , 1859 ) was an American short story writer , essayist , biographer , historian , and diplomat of the early 19th century . He is best known for his short stories `` Rip Van Winkle '' ( 1819 ) and `` The Legend of Sleepy Hollow '' ( 1820 ) , both of which appear in his book The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon , Gent . His historical works include biographies of George Washington , Oliver Goldsmith , and Muhammad , and several histories of 15th-century Spain dealing with subjects such as Christopher Columbus , the Moors and the Alhambra . Irving served as the U.S. ambassador to Spain from 1842 to 1846 .   He made his literary debut in 1802 with a series of observational letters to the Morning Chronicle , written under the pseudonym Jonathan Oldstyle . After moving to England for the family business in 1815 , he achieved international fame with the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon , Gent . in 1819 -- 20 . He continued to publish regularly -- and almost always successfully -- throughout his life , and just eight months before his death ( at age 76 , in Tarrytown , New York ) , completed a five-volume biography of George Washington .   Irving , along with James Fenimore Cooper , was among the first American writers to earn acclaim in Europe , and Irving encouraged American authors such as Nathaniel Hawthorne , Herman Melville , Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , and Edgar Allan Poe . Irving was also admired by some European writers , including Walter Scott , Lord Byron , Thomas Campbell , Francis Jeffrey , and Charles Dickens . As America 's first genuine internationally best-selling author , Irving advocated for writing as a legitimate profession and argued for stronger laws to protect American writers from copyright infringement .

neg: 1776 The year is dominated by events of the American Revolutionary War .

neg: George Washington (Houdon) George Washington is a statue by French sculptor Jean-Antoine Houdon from the late 18th century . Based on a life mask and other measurements of George Washington taken by Houdon , it is considered one of the most accurate depictions of the subject . The original sculpture is located in the rotunda of the Virginia State Capitol in Richmond , Virginia , and has been copied extensively .   The date given for the sculpture varies . It was commissioned by the Virginia General Assembly in 1784 , begun in 1785 , signed `` 1788 '' , completed in 1791 or 1792 , and delivered in 1796 .

neg: 18th century The 18th century lasted from January 1 , 1701 to December 31 , 1800 in the Gregorian calendar . During the 18th century , the Enlightenment culminated in the French and American revolutions . Philosophy and science increased in prominence . Philosophers dreamed of a brighter age . This dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789 - , though later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror ( 1793-1794 ) under Maximilien Robespierre . At first , many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals , but with the French Revolution they feared losing their power and formed broad coalitions for the counter-revolution . The Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion , taking part in no European wars from 1740 to 1768 . As a consequence the empire did not share in Europe 's military improvements during the Seven Years ' War ( 1756-1763 ) , causing its military to fall behind and suffer defeats against Russia in the second half of the century .   The 18th century also marked the end of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth as an independent state . The once-powerful and vast kingdom , which had once conquered Moscow and defeated great Ottoman armies , collapsed under numerous invasions . Its semi-democratic government system was not robust enough to rival the neighboring monarchies of the Kingdom of Prussia , the Russian Empire and the Archduchy of Austria which divided the Commonwealth territories between themselves , changing the landscape of Central European politics for the next hundred years .   European colonization of the Americas and other parts of the world intensified and associated mass migrations of people grew in size as the Age of Sail continued . Great Britain became a major power worldwide with the defeat of France in North America in the 1760s and the conquest of large parts of India . However , Britain lost many of its North American colonies after the American Revolution , which resulted in the formation of the newly independent United States of America . The Industrial Revolution started in Britain in the 1770s with the production of the improved steam engine . Despite its modest beginnings in the 18th century , steam-powered machinery would radically change human society and the environment .   Western historians have occasionally defined the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work . For example , the `` short '' 18th century may be defined as 1715 -- 1789 , denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution , with an emphasis on directly interconnected events . To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements , the `` long '' 18th century may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 or even later .

neg: Theodosia Bartow Prevost Theodosia Bartow Prevost ( November 1746 -- May 28 , 1794 ) , also known as Theodosia Bartow Burr , was an American patriot . Raised by a single mother , she married a British Army officer at seventeen . After the American Revolution began , her own Patriot leanings led her to offer the use of her house , the Hermitage , as a meeting - and resting-place for revolutionaries , including Alexander Hamilton , the Marquis de Lafayette , and Aaron Burr : it was briefly used as the headquarters of George Washington , who counted her amongst his friends . Burr 's visit to the Hermitage began a secret romance that , following the death of Prevost 's first husband , led to marriage .   The couple moved to New York City due to Burr 's legal practice , and she acted as a crucial ally and confidante as he began his political career . She was known for her wit , unusually deep education and intellectual acuity ; her partnership with Aaron Burr , her second husband , was responsible for much of his success due to her keen observational skills and adept handling of people , and her death in 1794 left him without `` his best ally in the political wars to come '' .

neg: William Colfax William Colfax was a revolutionary war figure who served as Captain of George Washington 's Life Guard beginning on March 18 , 1778 .  William was the fifth child born to George Colfax ( born : December 25 , 1727 ) and Lucy Avery ( married April 13 , 1749 ) , who had a total of ten children . Colfax was about 5 ' -10 '' tall and weighed about 190-200 lbs . He had blue eyes , dark hair , and was clean shaven . His hair was powdered and worn in a cue , tied with a black ribbon , till his later years . He was married to Hester Schuyler , cousin of Philip Schuyler , of Pompton on August 27 , 1783 , together they had six children . Together they lived in Hester 's inherited Schuyler-Colfax House in Wayne , New Jersey , which today is a museum . Their grandson was Schuyler Colfax , the 17th Vice President of the United States .

neg: United States elections, 1794 The 1794 United States elections occurred in the middle of President George Washington 's second term . Members of the 4th United States Congress were chosen in this election . Tennessee was admitted as a state during the 4th Congress . The election took place at the beginning of the First Party System , with the Democratic-Republican Party and Federalist Party emerging as political parties , succeeding the anti-administration faction and the pro-administration faction .   In the House , the Democratic-Republicans picked up a small number of seats , increasing their majority . However , Federalist Jonathan Dayton was elected Speaker of the House , defeating Frederick Muhlenberg , who had a less clear partisan affiliation .   In the Senate , the Federalists picked up a moderate number of seats , increasing their majority .   Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his presidency .

neg: Philadelphia campaign The Philadelphia campaign ( 1777 -- 1778 ) was a British initiative in the American Revolutionary War to gain control of Philadelphia , which was then the seat of the Second Continental Congress . British General William Howe , after unsuccessfully attempting to draw the Continental Army under General George Washington into a battle in northern New Jersey , embarked his army on transports , and landed them at the northern end of Chesapeake Bay . From there , he advanced northward toward Philadelphia . Washington prepared defenses against Howe 's movements at Brandywine Creek , but was flanked and beaten back in the Battle of Brandywine on September 11 , 1777 . After further skirmishes and maneuvers , Howe was able to enter and occupy Philadelphia . Washington then unsuccessfully attacked one of Howe 's garrisons at Germantown before retreating to Valley Forge for the winter .   Howe 's campaign was controversial because , although he successfully captured the American capital of Philadelphia , he proceeded slowly and did not aid the concurrent campaign of John Burgoyne further north , which ended in disaster at Saratoga for the British , and brought France into the war . General Howe resigned during the occupation of Philadelphia and was replaced by his second-in-command , General Sir Henry Clinton . Clinton evacuated the troops from Philadelphia back to New York City in 1778 in order to increase that city 's defenses against a possible Franco-American attack . Washington harried the British army all the way across New Jersey , and successfully forced a battle at Monmouth Court House that was one of the largest battles of the war .   At the end of the campaign the two armies were roughly in the same positions they were at its beginning .

neg: Gaspee Days Committee The Gaspee Days Committee is a civic-minded , nonprofit organization that operates many community events in and around Pawtuxet Village , including the famous Gaspee Days Parade each June . These events are all designed to commemorate the 1772 burning of the hated British revenue schooner , , by Rhode Island patriots as America 's ` First Blow for Freedom ' TM .   The first recorded celebration of the Gaspee Affair was in 1774 near Williamsburg , Virginia where George Washington himself related in his diary that he spent 3s .9 d. to see the fireworks in celebration of the second anniversary of the burning of the Gaspee .   Participants in the raid on the Gaspee were fêted annually in parades throughout Rhode Island until all had died by the year 1841 . Large celebrations took place in Rhode Island for several years surrounding the 100th anniversary of the burning of the Gaspee . The trademarked motto of the Gaspee Days Committee , America 's `` First Blow for Freedom '' TM is taken from teacup and saucer sets sold at these events . Sporadic observances of the Gaspee burning have formed a hit-or-miss pattern , the last known parade previous to the formation of the modern Gaspee Days Committee took place around 1907 .   The present Gaspee Days Committee was formed in 1965 to ensure a fitting commemoration to the 200th anniversary of the Gaspee Affair . Among the founding members were local historians and community activists , such as David Stackhouse and Hazel Wade Kennedy , both of whom were also involved in the establishment of Pawtuxet Village as a historic district .   The Gaspee Days Parade and celebrations have been a continuous , annual event since 1966 , and in the year 2012 mark the 47th such observance . Generations of Rhode Island citizens crowd Pawtuxet Village for the Parade and other Gaspee Days festivities each year . Every effort has been made to provide a schedule that is both entertaining and informative to all ages . Foremost is the desire to acquaint the public with an event that is as much a part of our national heritage as Paul Revere 's ride and the Battles of Lexington and Concord . The burning of the Gaspee was the first link in the chain of events that led directly to America 's Declaration of Independence .   The Committee has been the recipient of the George Washington Honor Medal from the Freedoms Foundation , and the first Certificate of Merit from the Rhode Island Bicentennial Commission . Gaspee Days has been listed by Discover America as one of the top twenty tourist attractions in the United States . In 2003 The Gaspee Days Committee was the subject of a front page feature in the Wall Street Journal .   Each annual Gaspee Days Parade is the result of a year-long planning process by many dedicated volunteers of the Gaspee Days Committee . Current projected cost of production for the Gaspee Days Parade is $ 40,000 . Necessary funds for the Parade are raised throughout the year with fee revenue generated by the Memorial Weekend Gaspee Days Arts & Crafts Festival , other fundraising events , and public and private donations .   The mission of the Gaspee Days Committee is not solely found in the celebrations it is best known for . The Committee also helps to acknowledge the importance of the Gaspee Affair in the independence movement that led to the American Revolutionary War . The Gaspee Days Committee operates the Gaspee Virtual Archives , an extensive on-line resource for historical research regarding the burning of the Gaspee .

neg: A Summary View of the Rights of British America A Summary View of the Rights of British America was a tract written by Thomas Jefferson in 1774 , before the U.S. Declaration of Independence , in which he laid out for delegates to the First Continental Congress a set of grievances against King George III , especially against the King 's and Parliament 's response to the Boston Tea Party . Jefferson declares that the British Parliament did not have the right to govern the Thirteen Colonies . He argues that since the individual colonies were founded they were independent of British rule . Jefferson , in this work , held that allodial title , not feudal title , was held to American lands , and thus the people did not owe fees and rents for that land to the British crown .   The work was presented to , and debated by , the First Continental Congress . When this took place , Jefferson did not attend . Despite his attempts , Congress agreed to a more moderate decision than Jefferson 's proposed concept . Despite not being able to completely convince Congress , friends of Jefferson printed the Summary in a pamphlet form . It was distributed throughout London , New York and Philadelphia . Research states that the document `` helped establish Jefferson 's reputation as a skillful , if radical , political writer . ''

neg: Jefferson Memorial The Jefferson Memorial is a presidential memorial in Washington , D.C. , dedicated to Thomas Jefferson ( 1743 -- 1826 ) , one of the most important of the American Founding Fathers as the main drafter and writer of the Declaration of Independence , member of the Continental Congress , governor of the newly independent Commonwealth of Virginia , American minister to King Louis XVI and the Kingdom of France , first U.S. Secretary of State under the first President George Washington , the second Vice President of the United States under second President John Adams , and also the third President ( 1801 -- 1809 ) , as well as being the founder of the University of Virginia at Charlottesville , Virginia .   The neoclassical Memorial building on the Tidal Basin off the Washington Channel of the Potomac River was designed by the architect John Russell Pope and built by the Philadelphia contractor John McShain . Construction of the building began in 1939 and was completed in 1943 . The bronze statue of Jefferson was added in 1947 .   The Jefferson Memorial is managed by the National Park Service of the United States Department of the Interior under its National Mall and Memorial Parks division . In 2007 , it was ranked fourth on the `` List of America 's Favorite Architecture '' by the American Institute of Architects .

neg: Battle of Groton Heights The Battle of Groton Heights ( also known as the Battle of Fort Griswold , and occasionally called the Fort Griswold massacre ) was a battle of the American Revolutionary War fought on September 6 , 1781 between a small Connecticut militia force led by Lieutenant Colonel William Ledyard and the more numerous British forces led by Brigadier General Benedict Arnold and Lieutenant Colonel Edmund Eyre .   Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton ordered General Arnold to raid the Connecticut port of New London in an unsuccessful attempt to divert General George Washington from marching against Lord Cornwallis 's army in Virginia . The raid was a success , but the Connecticut militia stubbornly resisted British attempts to capture Fort Griswold , across the Thames River in Groton . New London was burned , along with several ships , but many more escaped upriver .   Originally , there was thought to be little resistance on the New London side , but it has been discovered through first-hand reports that resistance was stiff as the regulars landed , similar to that at Lexington and Concord in 1775 . More than 400 militia organized during the raid on the New London side from as far as Lyme and Stonington , but they had no leadership , as Col. Harris reportedly felt ill and rode off .   Several leaders of the attacking British force were killed or seriously wounded , and much of the defending garrison was killed , mortally wounded , or captured when the fort was stormed . High British casualties led to criticism of General Arnold by some of his superiors . The battle was the last major military encounter of the war in the northern United States , preceding and being overshadowed by the decisive Franco-American victory at Yorktown , Virginia about six weeks later . At the battle of Yorktown , the Marquis de Lafayette reportedly yelled `` Remember Ft. Griswold ! '' as US and French forces stormed the redoubts .   Many received land grants in New York and Ohio after the battle , as they lost property .

neg: Minutemen Minutemen were civilian colonists who independently organized to form well-prepared militia companies self-trained in weaponry , tactics , and military strategies from the American colonial partisan militia during the American Revolutionary War . They were also known for being ready at a minute 's notice , hence the name . They provided a highly mobile , rapidly deployed force that allowed the colonies to respond immediately to war threats .   The minutemen were among the first to fight in the American Revolution . Their teams constituted about a quarter of the entire militia . They were generally younger and more mobile , and served as part of a network for early response . Minuteman and Sons of Liberty member Paul Revere was among those who spread the news that the British Regulars ( soldiers ) were coming out from Boston . Revere was captured before completing his mission when the British marched toward the arsenal in Concord to confiscate the weapons and ammunition that were stored there .   The term has also been applied to various later United States civilian-based paramilitary forces to recall the success and patriotism of the originals .

neg: History of the United States The date of the start of the history of the United States is a subject of debate among historians . Older textbooks start with the arrival of Christopher Columbus on October 12 , 1492 and emphasize the European background of the colonization of the Americas , or they start around 1600 and emphasize the American frontier . In recent decades American schools and universities typically have shifted back in time to include more on the colonial period and much more on the prehistory of the Native Americans .   Indigenous people lived in what is now the United States for thousands of years before European colonists began to arrive , mostly from England , after 1600 . The Spanish built small settlements in Florida and the Southwest , and the French along the Mississippi River and the Gulf Coast . By the 1770s , thirteen British colonies contained two and a half million people along the Atlantic coast east of the Appalachian Mountains . After the end of the French and Indian Wars in the 1760s , the British government imposed a series of new taxes , rejecting the colonists ' argument that any new taxes had to be approved by them ( see Stamp Act 1765 ) . Tax resistance , especially the Boston Tea Party ( 1773 ) , led to punitive laws ( the Intolerable Acts ) by Parliament designed to end self-government in Massachusetts . American Patriots ( as they called themselves ) adhered to a political ideology called republicanism that emphasized civic duty , virtue , and opposition to corruption , fancy luxuries and aristocracy .   Armed conflict began in 1775 as Patriots drove the royal officials out of every colony and assembled in mass meetings and conventions . In 1776 , the Second Continental Congress declared that there was a new , independent nation , the United States of America , not just a collection of disparate colonies . With large-scale military and financial support from France and the military leadership of General George Washington , the American Patriots won the Revolutionary War . The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River ( except Florida and Canada ) . The central government established by the Articles of Confederation proved ineffectual at providing stability , as it had no authority to collect taxes and had no executive officer . Congress called a convention to meet secretly in Philadelphia in 1787 . It wrote a new Constitution , which was adopted in 1789 . In 1791 , a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights . With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief political and financial adviser , a strong central government was created . When Thomas Jefferson became president he purchased the Louisiana Territory from France , doubling the size of the United States . A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812 .   Encouraged by the notion of Manifest Destiny , federal territory expanded all the way to the Pacific . The U.S. always was large in terms of area , but its population was small , only 4 million in 1790 . Population growth was rapid , reaching 7.2 million in 1810 , 32 million in 1860 , 76 million in 1900 , 132 million in 1940 , and 321 million in 2015 . Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even faster . However , compared to European powers , the nation 's military strength was relatively limited in peacetime before 1940 . The expansion was driven by a quest for inexpensive land for yeoman farmers and slave owners . The expansion of slavery was increasingly controversial and fueled political and constitutional battles , which were resolved by compromises . Slavery was abolished in all states north of the Mason -- Dixon line by 1804 , but the South continued to profit off the institution , producing high-value cotton exports to feed increasing high demand in Europe . The 1860 presidential election of Republican Abraham Lincoln was on a platform of ending the expansion of slavery and putting it on a path to extinction .   Seven cotton-based deep South slave states seceded and later founded the Confederacy four months before Lincoln 's inauguration . No nation ever recognized the Confederacy , but it opened the war by attacking Fort Sumter in 1861 . A surge of nationalist outrage in the North fueled a long , intense American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . It was fought largely in the South as the overwhelming material and manpower advantages of the North proved decisive in a long war . The war 's result was restoration of the Union , the impoverishment of the South , and the abolition of slavery . In the Reconstruction era ( 1863 -- 1877 ) , legal and voting rights were extended to the freed slave . The national government emerged much stronger , and because of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 , it gained the explicit duty to protect individual rights . However , when white Democrats regained their power in the South during the 1870s , often by paramilitary suppression of voting , they passed Jim Crow laws to maintain white supremacy , and new disfranchising constitutions that prevented most African Americans and many poor whites from voting , a situation that continued for decades until gains of the civil rights movement in the 1960s and passage of federal legislation to enforce constitutional rights .   The United States became the world 's leading industrial power at the turn of the 20th century due to an outburst of entrepreneurship in the Northeast and Midwest and the arrival of millions of immigrant workers and farmers from Europe . The national railroad network was completed with the work of Chinese immigrants and large-scale mining and factories industrialized the Northeast and Midwest . Mass dissatisfaction with corruption , inefficiency and traditional politics stimulated the Progressive movement , from the 1890s to 1920s , which led to many social and political reforms . In 1920 , the 19th Amendment to the Constitution guaranteed women 's suffrage ( right to vote ) . This followed the 16th and 17th amendments in 1913 , which established the first national income tax and direct election of US senators to Congress . Initially neutral during World War I , the US declared war on Germany in 1917 and later funded the Allied victory the following year .   After a prosperous decade in the 1920s , the Wall Street Crash of 1929 marked the onset of the decade-long worldwide Great Depression . Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt ended the Republican dominance of the White House and implemented his New Deal programs for relief , recovery , and reform . The New Deal , which defined modern American liberalism , included relief for the unemployed , support for farmers , Social Security and a minimum wage . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , the United States entered World War II along with Britain , the Soviet Union , China , and the smaller number of Allied nations . The U.S. financed the Allied war effort and helped defeat Nazi Germany in the European theater . Its involvement culminated in using the newly invented nuclear weapons on Japanese cities that helped defeat Imperial Japan in the Pacific theater .   The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as rival superpowers after World War II . During the Cold War , the US and the USSR confronted each other indirectly in the arms race , the Space Race , proxy wars , and propaganda campaigns . US foreign policy during the Cold War was built around the support of Western Europe and Japan along with the policy of containment , stopping the spread of communism . The US joined the wars in Korea and Vietnam to try to stop its spread . In the 1960s , in large part due to the strength of the civil rights movement , another wave of social reforms were enacted by enforcing the constitutional rights of voting and freedom of movement to African-Americans and other racial minorities . Native American activism also rose . The Cold War ended when the Soviet Union officially dissolved in 1991 , leaving the United States as the world 's only superpower .   After the Cold War , the United States focused on international conflicts around the Middle East in response to the Gulf War in the early 1990s . The beginning of the 21st century saw the September 11 attacks by Al-Qaeda in 2001 , which would later followed by the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . In 2008 , the United States had its worst economic crisis since the Great Depression , which has been followed by slower than usual rates of economic growth during the 2010s .

neg: Second Continental Congress The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting in the spring of 1775 , in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . It succeeded the First Continental Congress , which met between September 5 , 1774 and October 26 , 1774 , also in Philadelphia . The second Congress managed the colonial war effort , and moved incrementally towards independence , adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 . By raising armies , directing strategy , appointing diplomats , and making formal treaties such as the Olive Branch Petition , the Congress acted as the de facto national government of what became the United States .   When the Second Continental Congress came together on May 10 , 1775 it was , in effect , a reconvening of the First Continental Congress . Many of the same 56 delegates who attended the first meeting were in attendance at the second , and the delegates appointed the same president ( Peyton Randolph ) and secretary ( Charles Thomson ) . Notable new arrivals included Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania and John Hancock of Massachusetts . Within two weeks , Randolph was summoned back to Virginia to preside over the House of Burgesses ; he was replaced in the Virginia delegation by Thomas Jefferson , who arrived several weeks later . Henry Middleton was elected as president to replace Randolph , but he declined . Hancock was elected president on May 24 .   Delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies were present when the Second Continental Congress convened . Georgia had not participated in the First Continental Congress and did not initially send delegates to the Second Continental Congress . On May 13 , 1775 , Lyman Hall was admitted as a delegate from the Parish of St. John 's in the Colony of Georgia , not as a delegate from the colony itself . On July 4 , 1775 , revolutionary Georgians held a Provincial Congress to decide how to respond to the American Revolution , and that congress decided on July 8 to send delegates to the Continental Congress . They arrived on July 20 .

neg: George Washington and slavery George Washington , the first President of the United States , held people in slavery for virtually all of his life . His will provided for freeing the enslaved people he held upon the death of his widow Martha Washington . In January 1801 Martha freed her husband 's slaves , just over a year after his death . However , while she lived , Martha did not emancipate any of the people she held , because she held only the lifetime use of them . When she died , on May 22 , 1802 , at the age of 70 , all of those enslaved people went to the descendants of her first husband , Daniel Parke Custis .


query: Wishful Drinking is a novel.

pos: Novel A novel is any relatively long piece of written narrative fiction , normally in prose , and typically published as a book .   The genre has also been described as possessing , `` a continuous and comprehensive history of about two thousand years '' . This view sees the novel 's origins in Classical Greece and Rome , medieval , early modern romance , and the tradition of the novella . The latter , an Italian word used to describe short stories , supplied the present generic English term in the 18th century . Ian Watt , however , in The Rise of the Novel ( 1957 ) suggests that the novel first came into being in the early 18th century ,   Miguel de Cervantes , author of Don Quixote , is frequently cited as the first significant European novelist of the modern era ; the first part of Don Quixote was published in 1605 .   The romance is a closely related long prose narrative . Walter Scott defined it as `` a fictitious narrative in prose or verse ; the interest of which turns upon marvellous and uncommon incidents '' , whereas in the novel `` the events are accommodated to the ordinary train of human events and the modern state of society '' . However , many romances , including the historical romances of Scott , Emily Brontë 's Wuthering Heights and Herman Melville 's Moby-Dick , are also frequently called novels , and Scott describes romance as a `` kindred term '' . Romance , as defined here , should not be confused with the genre fiction love romance or romance novel . Other European languages do not distinguish between romance and novel : `` a novel is le roman , der Roman , il romanzo . ''

pos: Wishful Drinking Wishful Drinking is an autobiographical humor book by American actress and author Carrie Fisher , published by Simon & Schuster in 2008 . Fisher 's book was based on her one-woman stage show , which she developed with writer/director Joshua Ravetch .   The show debuted at The Geffen Playhouse with Ravetch directing . It enjoyed a successful Broadway run and then toured in other cities . In 2010 , HBO filmed a feature-length documentary of the stage play .

neg: Burmese Days Burmese Days is a novel by British writer George Orwell . It was first published in the UK in 1934 . It is a tale from the waning days of British colonialism , when Burma was ruled from Delhi as a part of British India -- `` a portrait of the dark side of the British Raj . '' At its centre is John Flory , `` the lone and lacking individual trapped within a bigger system that is undermining the better side of human nature . '' Orwell 's first novel , it describes `` corruption and imperial bigotry '' in a society where , `` after all , natives were natives -- interesting , no doubt , but finally ... an inferior people '' .   Because of concerns that the novel might be potentially libellous , that Katha was described too realistically , and that some of the characters might be based on real people , it was first published `` further afield '' , in the United States . A British edition , with altered names , appeared a year later . When it was published in the 1930s , Orwell 's harsh portrayal of colonial society was felt by `` some old Burma hands '' to have `` rather let the side down '' . In a letter from 1946 , Orwell said `` I dare say it 's unfair in some ways and inaccurate in some details , but much of it is simply reporting what I have seen '' .

neg: Fool (novel) Fool is the eleventh novel by Christopher Moore , released on February 10 , 2009 .   The novel takes its premise from the plot of Shakespeare 's play King Lear , narrated from the perspective of the character of the Fool , whose name is Pocket .   In the course of the novel are references to other Shakespeare plays , ranging from short quotations to whole characters -- most notably the three witches from Macbeth . While the style of Fool is directed at an American audience , the author incorporates at times Shakespearean vocabulary , archaic syntax , and modern British slang , and obscure cultural terms relating to medieval life , which are explained in footnotes . In addition , Moore invents humorous British-style place-names for fictitious locations in the story .   This novel was followed by a sequel , The Serpent of Venice , released in 2014 , which combines characters and plot elements from Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice and Othello , and Poe 's The Cask of Amontillado , while keeping the perspective of Pocket .

neg: Southern Ontario Gothic Southern Ontario Gothic is a subgenre of the Gothic novel genre and a feature of Canadian literature that comes from Southern Ontario . This region includes Toronto , Southern Ontario 's major industrial cities ( Windsor , London , Hamilton , St. Thomas , Oshawa , St. Catharines ) , and the surrounding countryside . While the genre may also feature other areas of Ontario , Canada , and the world as narrative locales , this region provides the core settings .   The term was first used in Graeme Gibson 's Eleven Canadian Novelists ( 1972 ) to recognize an existing tendency to apply aspects of the Gothic novel to writing based in and around Southern Ontario . In an interview with Timothy Findley , Gibson commented that Findley 's novel The Last of the Crazy People shared similarities with the American Southern Gothic genre , to which Findley replied , '' ... sure , it 's Southern Gothic : Southern Ontario Gothic . ''   Notable writers of this subgenre include Alice Munro , Margaret Atwood , Robertson Davies , Jane Urquhart , Marian Engel , James Reaney and Barbara Gowdy .   Like the Southern Gothic of American writers such as William Faulkner , Flannery O'Connor and Eudora Welty , Southern Ontario Gothic analyzes and critiques social conditions such as race , gender , religion and politics , but in a Southern Ontario context . Southern Ontario Gothic is generally characterized by a stern realism set against the dour small-town Protestant morality stereotypical of the region , and often has underlying themes of moral hypocrisy . Actions and people that act against humanity , logic , and morality all are portrayed unfavourably , and one or more characters may be suffering from some form of mental illness . In a review of Alice Munro 's Dear Life for Quill & Quire , literary critic James Grainger writes that `` Violence , illness , and reputations ruined by a single indiscretion are accepted in Munro 's secretive , repressed communities as a kind of levelling mechanism , rough justice for those who dare to strive for something finer . ''   The Gothic novel has traditionally examined the role of evil in the human soul , and has incorporated dark or horrific imagery to create the desired setting . Some ( but not all ) writers of Southern Ontario Gothic use supernatural or magic realist elements ; a few deviate from realism entirely , in the manner of the fantastical gothic novel . Virtually all dwell to a certain extent upon the grotesque .   Notable works of the genre include Davies ' Deptford Trilogy , Findley 's Headhunter , Atwood 's Alias Grace and The Blind Assassin , and Munro 's Selected Stories .   The genre has been criticised as having `` little or nothing to distinguish it from everyday , garden-variety type realism . ''

neg: Wishful Thinking (Australian band) Wishful Thinking ( or Wishful ) were an Australian three-piece pop-punk band which formed in Tasmania in 1998 and disbanded in 2006 . The line-up included Alistair Elkins on bass guitar , Carl Jackson on lead vocals and Leigh Thompson on drums . In 2002 Carlos Echeverria was replaced by Elkins on bass guitar . Carl 's brother Lachlan Jackson was the bassist in the original lineup ( along with a handful of drummers ) before they moved to Melbourne . They were one of Australia 's `` buzz '' punk/pop acts and were signed to Boomtown Records . Wishful Thinking 's musical style was pop punk and followed in the style of such bands like Blink 182 and New Found Glory .   Wishful Thinking shared stages and toured with such bands , including Millencolin , MXPX , Kisschasy , Area-7 , Gyroscope , All Star United , Relient K , The O.C. Supertones , and Antiskeptic .   Wishful Thinking also had rotation on the radio stations Triple M and Triple J , with their single ' I Do n't Need You ' which was released in 2003 and their single ` The Day You Went Away ' in 2004 .   Tim Cashmere of Undercover News reviewed their debut album , Standing Still ( 2003 ) ; he described them as a `` Christian-punk act '' and felt the album was `` none-too-shabby , albeit none-too-original either ... The god-fearing punk beats of Wishful Thinking makes an interesting point of difference . '' Ben Seifu of vibewire.net noticed that `` the production is quite professional without being too smooth or processed . The drums in particular are captured reasonably well . But beyond that Standing Still is pretty standard pop punk stuff . '' Jasper Lee of Oz Music Project opined that it `` oozes of punk pop goodness that echoes heroes of said genre such as MXPX . The band 's strength lies in their combination of consistent punk power chords with a lyrical depth underpinning their spiritual beliefs . ''   Steph Brincat of Oz Music Project reviewed the group 's second album , Kicking Goals , Banging Gongs & High Five All Round , rating it at four out of five due to the `` classic pop-punk sound that we have all come to know and love , without making it sound horrible and generic , and I assure you that I am not being sarcastic or ironic . The music is tight and although it does n't stray from the usual pop-punk recipe of repetitive yet catchy bass , guitar and drum explosion , there is variation in their tunes such as interesting little guitar licks and bass solos . ''   The band reformed for a once-off show in August 2013 at the Adelaide Uni Bar with S.T.R.

neg: James W. Hall James W. Hall ( born 1947 ) is an American author and professor from Florida . He has written eighteen novels , four books of poetry , a collection of short stories , and a collection of essays . His novels include Under Cover of Daylight , Hard Aground , Gone Wild , Buzz Cut , Red Sky at Night , Rough Draft , Off the Chart and Silencer . His writing includes the collection of personal essays Hot Damn , written for the Ft. Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel 's Sunshine Magazine , Washington Post and Miami Herald . His book Hit Lit is about common features of the twelve most commercially successful novels of the last hundred years . His two short story collections are Paper Products and Over Exposure . Over Exposure includes the short story `` The Carch '' , winner of an Edgar Award . He also won a John D. MacDonald Award for Excellence in Florida Fiction , presented by the JDM Bibliophile .   Hall was born in Hopkinsville , Kentucky in 1947 . He has a master 's degree in creative writing from Johns Hopkins University and a doctorate in literature from the University of Utah . He was a Fulbright professor of literature in Spain .   Hall began his career as a poet . He taught at Florida International University in Miami for 40 years and founded the school 's creative writing program in the early 1970s .   His wife 's name is Evelyn and they have three dogs . They live in South Florida and western North Carolina ( in the mountains ) .   Several of Hall 's novels center on a loner named Thorn who ties bonefish flies and partners with his private-eye friend Sugarman . They thwart a range of villains . Hall 's fiction often uses Florida settings as a backdrop , including setting such as the Everglades and Key West . Hall 's writing explores the contrast in South Florida between squalor and poverty coexisting with tremendous wealth and glamor .

neg: If I Had One Wish If I Had One Wish is a young adult novel by Jackie French Koller , about a teenager named Alex Lansing , whose little brother Stevie is always getting him in trouble . The book was first published in 1991 .

neg: List of fictional beverages Many works of fiction have incorporated into their world the existence of beverages -- liquids made for popular consumption - which may create a sense of the world in which the story takes place , and in some cases may serve to advance the plot of the story . These products may be fictional brands which serve as a stand in for brand names , and in that capacity may be a vessel for mockery of the marketing culture associated with brand name products ( e.g. , Duff Beer from The Simpsons ; Buzz Beer from The Drew Carey Show ) . In science fiction , beverages from alien races may enhance the sense of a futuristic society ( e.g. Romulan Ale in Star Trek ) .   While there are many fictional liquids that can be consumed , fictional liquid medicines and magical potions ( such as the liquid that causes Alice to shrink in Alice in Wonderland ) may not be widely available for common consumption , or may simply not be described as being used for that purpose , and thus would not be considered `` beverages '' at all .

neg: Virginia (novel) Virginia ( 1913 ) is a novel by Ellen Glasgow about a wife and mother who in vain seeks happiness by serving her family . This novel , her eleventh , marked a clear departure from Glasgow 's previous work -- she had written a series of bestsellers before publishing Virginia -- in that it attacked , in a subtle yet unmistakable way , the very layer of society that constituted her readership . Also , as its heroine , though virtuous and god-fearing , is denied the happiness she is craving , its plot did not live up to readers ' expectations as far as poetic justice is concerned and was bound to upset some of them . Today , Virginia is seen by many as an outstanding achievement in Glasgow 's career , exactly because the author defied literary convention by questioning the foundations of American society around the dawn of the 20th century , be it capitalism , religion or racism .

neg: Atlanta Nights Atlanta Nights is a collaborative novel created in 2004 by a group of science fiction and fantasy authors , with the express purpose of producing an unpublishably bad piece of work , so as to test whether publishing firm PublishAmerica would still accept it . It was accepted ; after the hoax was revealed , the publisher withdrew its offer .   The primary purpose of the exercise was to test PublishAmerica 's claims to be a `` traditional publisher '' that would only accept high-quality manuscripts . Critics have long claimed that PublishAmerica is actually a vanity press that pays no special attention to the sales potential of the books they publish since most of their revenue comes from the authors rather than book buyers . PublishAmerica had previously made some highly derogatory public remarks about science fiction and fantasy writers , because many of their critics came from those communities ; those derogatory remarks influenced the decision to make such a public test of PublishAmerica 's claims .

neg: Bonnie MacDougal Bonnie MacDougal is the author of four novels that draw extensively from her own life as a lawyer working in Philadelphia .   She received her undergraduate degree from Bryn Mawr College , magna cum laude with Honors in English literature , and her law degree from the University of Pennsylvania .   Her law career took her to Anchorage , Alaska , and Little Rock , Arkansas ( where she was one of the few lawyers ever to practice with Bill Clinton ) , then back to Philadelphia and the firms of Schnader , Harrison , Segal & Lewis , and Pepper Hamilton LLP , where she practices today . Her specialty is complex commercial litigation , including bankruptcy , securities fraud , and intellectual property disputes .   She made her literary debut in 1996 with the publication of Breach of Trust , described as `` an extraordinarily accomplished first novel '' . Her second book was Angle of Impact , a thriller about an aviation disaster , which was described as `` a deliciously complicated puzzle '' and `` one hot read '' . Her third novel , Out of Order , is the story of a young woman with a secret past who is unwillingly thrust into the limelight when her husband runs for Congress . Out of Order was called `` much more than an ordinary legal thriller . It 's an ambitious , superbly crafted tale '' . Another critic wrote : `` MacDougal is no female Grisham . She 's more like Scott Turow , a much better lawyer-writer whose characters come loaded with plenty of history '' . Her fourth novel is Common Pleas , a story of young lovers on trial for the murder of the girl 's wealthy parents . Her books have been translated into eight foreign languages .

neg: Mark Brennan Rosenberg Mark Brennan Rosenberg is an openly gay author and comedian based in New York City . He is the author of two books : Blackouts and Breakdowns - released on August 24 , 2011 , and Eating My Feelings : Tales of Overeating , Underperforming , and Coping with My Crazy Family - released on August 6 , 2013 through Crown Publishing . Rosenberg 's writings and commentary focus on the issues that affect the lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender community ; particularly alcohol addiction and substance abuse , which he discusses heavily in his first book . Rosenberg has been sober since 2008 . He is currently a contributor for The Huffington Post . Rosenberg toured the country promoting his first book Blackouts and Breakdowns in 2012 , and again promoting his second book , Eating My Feelings , in late 2013 . Rosenberg 's first novel This Made Me Think of You was released on April 5 , 2016 . It follows a couple 's breakup over the course of a year solely through their social media , text and email exchanges .

neg: Many Waters Many Waters is a 1986 novel by Madeleine L'Engle , part of the author 's Time Quartet ( also known as the Time Quintet ) . The title is taken from the Song of Solomon 8:7 : `` Many waters can not quench love , neither can the floods drown it . If a man were to give all his wealth for love , it would be utterly scorned . ''   The principal characters of the story are Sandy and Dennys Murry , twin brothers who are , ironically , somewhat out of place ( they are `` normal '' ) in the context of the multifarious and eccentric Murry family from A Wrinkle in Time . The action of the story follows that of A Wind in the Door but precedes the climactic , apocalyptic event in A Swiftly Tilting Planet .

neg: Wishful Identification According to Feilitzen and Linne ( 1975 ) , wishful identification is the extension of identification , which refers to people 's desire to become or to act in the same way as a certain media character . The majority of research about wishful identification has focused on its impacts on media users ' intimate relationship with , attachment to , identification with , imitation of or interaction with media figures . From this perspective , investigations on effects of wishful identification are helpful to understand how mediated messages can be effectively conveyed , how mediated behaviors and figures can be shaped to positively influence social attitudes and behaviors .   Participants in relevant research primarily consist of children and adolescents because they do not have enough life and social experience ( Bandura , 1977 ; Hoffner , 1996 ) . In other words , they have higher needs than adults for role models to develop and adjust their social behaviors . As is mentioned by Comstock ( 1993 ) , `` television is a catalogue of modes of behavior ; whether they affect what viewers do depends on their being taken as rewarding , acceptable , and applicable '' ( p. 128 ) .

neg: The Edible Woman The Edible Woman is a 1969 novel that helped to establish Margaret Atwood as a prose writer of major significance . It is the story of a young woman whose sane , structured , consumer-oriented world starts to slip out of focus . Following her engagement , Marian feels her body and her self are becoming separated . As Marian begins endowing food with human qualities that cause her to identify with it , she finds herself unable to eat , repelled by metaphorical cannibalism . In a foreword written in 1979 for the Virago edition of the novel , Atwood described it as a protofeminist rather than feminist work .   Atwood explores gender stereotypes through characters who strictly adhere to them ( such as Peter or Lucy ) and those who defy their constraints ( such as Ainsley or Duncan ) . The narrative point of view shifts from first to third person , accentuating Marian 's slow detachment from reality . At the conclusion , first person narration returns , consistent with the character 's willingness to take control of her life again . Food and clothing are major symbols used by the author to explore themes and grant the reader insight on each of the characters ' personalities , moods and motivations .   Setting is used to identify differences between the characters ; for example , Duncan is encountered in a mundane laundromat , gloomy theatre or sleazy hotel . In comparison , Peter inhabits genteel bars and a sparkling new apartment . However these changing environments are also used to explore different angles of existence , contrasting a freer , wilder glimpse of life , with a civilised , gilded cage . This highlights the difficulties presented to women in the era , where freedom was synonymous with uncertainty but marriage presented problems of its own .   This novel 's publication coincided with the rise of the women 's movement in North America , but is described by Atwood as `` protofeminist '' because it was written in 1965 and thus anticipated second wave feminism .

neg: Saving Fish from Drowning Saving Fish From Drowning is a 2005 novel written by Amy Tan . It is Tan 's sixth work . The book is about twelve American tourists who travel to China and Burma .   The novel was awarded an honorable mention from the Asian/Pacific American Awards for Literature .

neg: After (novel) After is a young adult novel written by Francine Prose . It was first published in 2003 , and the nearby school shooting is reminiscent of the Columbine High School massacre in 1999 .   After a school shooting 50 miles away , the new grief and crisis counselor ( Dr. Willner ) attempts to control the students ' lives , using the recent tragedy as an excuse for increasingly restricting their lives . The school gradually is controlled by the grip of the administration , and students who do not comply with the new rules disappear , never to be seen again .   Its plot is reminiscent of Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell .   Similarities include the normalization of propaganda and surveillance with the telescreens in 1984 and the TVs on school buses spouting so called educational content that turns out to be blatantly false . These novels also touch on brainwashing , with the nightly emails sent to parents that convince them to send their children away to reform camps from which they never return .   In contrast , After takes place during the reforms , showing how they were allowed to happen , while 1984 only shows the aftermath and its inevitability . The ending of After also shows the main character ( Tom Bishop ) escaping his town with his friends and family , a much lighter closing than 1984 .   Described in the New York Times Book Review as a `` rich parable '' , this novel questions the line that must be drawn when freedom is more important than safety .

neg: Heartburn (novel) Heartburn is an autobiographical novel based on Nora Ephron 's life story about her marriage to and divorce from Carl Bernstein , her second husband . Originally published in 1983 , the novel largely focuses on his affair with Margaret Jay , the daughter of former British Prime Minister James Callaghan . Ephron also wrote the screenplay for the film based on the novel starring Meryl Streep and Jack Nicholson .   The novel is a vivid depiction of the breakdown of a marriage . Its strong autobiographical content provides insight into one of the `` power couples '' of the late 1970s . It is Nora Ephron 's first published novel but in it she mentions subjects that she would go on to feature in future work such as When Harry Met Sally and Julie & Julia .   The narrator of the novel is Rachel Samstat , a food writer who is married to Mark Feldman , a political journalist . Rachel is a Jewish New Yorker who has moved to Washington , D.C. , to support her husband 's career . They have one son and Rachel is pregnant with their second child as the book begins . The book wittily describes the life of an upper middle class intellectual couple replete with neuroses -- Rachel is in group therapy , Mark agonizes over the mystifying disappearance of his socks . Threaded through the whole are recipes and anecdotes which drive the story along and humanize Samstat . In a New Yorker piece on novels that include recipes , Adam Gopnik writes , `` in Heartburn , the recipes serve both as a joke about what a food writer writing a novel would write and as a joke on novel-writing itself by someone who anticipates that she will not be treated as a ` real ' novelist . '' Rachel 's self-esteem takes a huge battering as Mark has an affair with Thelma Rice ( Margaret Jay ) and she takes her revenge by telling the Washington grapevine that Thelma has a venereal disease . The diamond engagement ring that is stolen from Rachel when she is at group therapy is pivotal to the plot . Remarkably she gets it back when the police catch the robber . The stone is loose in its setting and she takes it back to the `` family '' jeweler to get it fixed . Here she discovers that while she had been in the hospital giving birth , Mark had bought an expensive necklace for his lover Thelma . She sells the ring and the money enables her to go back to New York and start afresh .

neg: Rodge Glass Roger `` Rodge '' Paul H Glass ( born 17 January 1978 in Manchester ) is an English writer .   Glass studied at Strathclyde University and Glasgow University , before returning to work for the programme at Strathclyde in which he himself studied . He is currently Senior Lecturer in Creative Writing at Edge Hill University and an Associate Editor at Freight Books .   Glass 's first novel , No Fireworks , was nominated for four awards , the Saltire First Book Award , the Dylan Thomas Prize , the Authors ' Club First Novel Award , and the Glen Dimplex First Book Award . His biography of Alasdair Gray won a 2009 Somerset Maugham Award and was shortlisted for the Scottish Arts Council Non-Fiction Book of the Year Award . His next project was the hybrid graphic novel Dougie 's War , which was nominated for Best Publication and Best Illustration at the Scottish Creative Awards , also nominated for Best Graphic Novel at the Scottish Indie Comic Book Awards . Glass 's forthcoming novel Bring Me the Head of Ryan Giggs , will be published in April 2012 .   Glass has also published a number of short stories . A Weekend of Freedom ( 2009 ) and ` Why Nothing Works No. 2 ' ( 2010 ) were published in Gutter magazine . I Know My Team and I Shall Not Be Moved was published in Roads Ahead ( Tindal Street Press , 2009 ) and Do All Things With Love appeared in the Edinburgh Review ( 2011 ) . He was also a contributor to Pax Edina : The One O ' Clock Gun Anthology ( Edinburgh , 2010 )

neg: Christopher Barzak Christopher Barzak ( born July 21 , 1975 ) is an American author . He has published many short stories , beginning with `` A Mad Tea Party '' in Lady Churchill 's Rosebud Wristlet in 1999 . In 2007 he published his debut novel , One for Sorrow , which won the 2008 Crawford Award , and was a nominee for the 2008 Great Lakes Book Award as well as Logo TV 's NewNowNext Awards . His second novel , The Love We Share Without Knowing , was a 2008 James Tiptree Jr. . Award finalist and a 2009 Nebula Awards finalist for Best Novel . His first full-length short story collection , Before and Afterlives , was the recipient of the Shirley Jackson Award for Best Single-Author Collection in 2013 .   Barzak has worked as a teacher of English outside of Tokyo , in both primary and middle schools . His experiences over two years abroad in Japan led him to write his second novel , The Love We Share Without Knowing .   Barzak also holds an MFA in Creative Writing from Chatham University in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . He currently teaches fiction writing at Youngstown State University , in Youngstown , Ohio .   His first novel , One for Sorrow , was made into the feature film Jamie Marks is Dead by the director , Carter Smith , for Verisimilitude Films , starring Liv Tyler , Judy Greer , Cameron Monaghan , Noah Silver , and Morgan Saylor . The film debuted at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival in the U.S. Dramatic Competition . The film had a limited release by Gravitas Ventures in the United States on August 29 , 2014 and is now available on demand or on DVD .   His third novel , Wonders of the Invisible World , was published on September 8 , 2015 and won a Stonewall Honor Award from the American Library Association in January , 2016 .

neg: Novel in Scotland The novel in Scotland includes all long prose fiction published in Scotland and by Scottish authors since the development of the literary format in the eighteenth century . The novel was soon a major element of Scottish literary and critical life . Tobias Smollett 's picaresque novels , such as The Adventures of Roderick Random and The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle mean that he is often seen as Scotland 's first novelist . Other Scots who contributed to the development of the novel in the eighteenth century include Henry Mackenzie and John Moore .   There was a tradition of moral and domestic fiction in the early nineteenth century that included the work of Elizabeth Hamilton , Mary Brunton and Christian Johnstone . The outstanding literary figure of the early nineteenth century was Walter Scott , whose Waverley is often called the first historical novel . He had a major worldwide influence . His success led to a publishing boom in Scotland . Major figures that benefited included James Hogg , John Galt , John Gibson Lockhart , John Wilson and Susan Ferrier . In the mid-nineteenth century major literary figures that contributed to the development of the novel included David Macbeth Moir , John Stuart Blackie , William Edmondstoune Aytoun and Margaret Oliphant . In the late nineteenth century , a number of Scottish-born authors achieved international reputations , including Robert Louis Stevenson and Arthur Conan Doyle , whose Sherlock Holmes stories helped found the tradition of detective fiction . In the last two decades of the century the `` kailyard school '' ( cabbage patch ) depicted Scotland in a rural and nostalgic fashion , often seen as a `` failure of nerve '' in dealing with the rapid changes that had swept across Scotland in the industrial revolution . Figures associated with the movement include Ian Maclaren , S. R. Crockett and J. M. Barrie , best known for his creation of Peter Pan , which helped develop the genre of fantasy , as did the work of George MacDonald .   Among the most important novels of the early twentieth century was The House with the Green Shutters by George Douglas Brown , which broke with the Kailyard tradition . John Buchan played a major role in the creation of the modern thriller with The Thirty-Nine Steps and Greenmantle . The Scottish literary Renaissance attempted to introduce modernism into art and create of a distinctive national literature . It increasingly focused on the novel . Major figures included Neil Gunn , George Blake , A. J. Cronin , Eric Linklater and Lewis Grassic Gibbon . There were also a large number of female authors associated with the movement , who included Catherine Carswell , Willa Muir , Nan Shepherd and Naomi Mitchison . Many major Scottish post-war novelists , such as Robin Jenkins , Jessie Kesson , Muriel Spark , Alexander Trocchi and James Kennaway spent most of their lives outside Scotland , but often dealt with Scottish themes . Successful mass-market works included the action novels of Alistair MacLean and the historical fiction of Dorothy Dunnett . A younger generation of novelists that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s included Allan Massie , Shena Mackay and Alan Spence . Working class identity continued to be explored by Archie Hind , Alan Sharp , George Friel and William McIlvanney .   From the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major revival , with figures including Alasdair Gray , James Kelman , Irvine Welsh , Alan Warner , Janice Galloway , A. L. Kennedy , Iain Banks , Candia McWilliam , Frank Kuppner and Andrew O'Hagan . In genre fiction Iain Banks , writing as Iain M. Banks , produced ground-breaking science fiction and Scottish crime fiction has been a major area of growth with the success of novelists including Frederic Lindsay , Quintin Jardine , Val McDermid , Denise Mina , Christopher Brookmyre , and particularly Ian Rankin and his Inspector Rebus novels . The most successful author of Scottish origins in recent years has been J. K. Rowling , author of the Harry Potter series .


query: Lion is a film based on a non-fiction book.

pos: Lion (2016 film) Lion is a 2016 biographical film directed by Garth Davis ( in his feature debut ) and written by Luke Davies , based on the non-fiction book A Long Way Home by Saroo Brierley with Larry Buttrose . The film stars Dev Patel , Rooney Mara , David Wenham and Nicole Kidman .   The film , which had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 10 , 2016 , was given a limited release on November 25 , 2016 , by the Weinstein Company before opening generally on January 6 , 2017 . It was released in Australia on January 19 , 2017 and in the United Kingdom on January 20 , 2017 .

neg: The Acorn People The Acorn People is a non-fiction book for middle grade readers first published in 1976 . It is a memoir by author , educator and storyteller Ron Jones about a summer he spent at a camp for disabled children . It was adapted for television in 1981 .

neg: To Walk with Lions To Walk with Lions is a 1999 film starring Richard Harris as George Adamson and John Michie as Tony Fitzjohn . It follows the later years of wild game preserver/naturalist Adamson .   After his marriage to Joy Adamson , both of Born Free book and film fame , Adamson spent the latter part of his life protecting the lions and other wildlife in the Kora National Reserve , Kenya . He encounters poachers and government corruption blocking his quest for wildlife preservation .

neg: Silent Cinema in India Silent Cinema in India - A Pictorial Journey is a 2012 Indian English language non-fiction book , written by B D Garga and published by Harper Collins India .  It won the 2012 National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema

neg: Lion vs. Lion Lion vs. Lion , also known as Roar of the Lion and Nan bei shi wang ( 南北獅王 , literally `` South North Lion King '' ) , is a 1981 Hong Kong kung fu film written and directed by Hsu Hsia and Chien Yuen Sheng . The film was produced by the Shaw Brothers Studio , a major Hong Kong film production company at the time .

neg: La Vermine du Lion La Vermine du Lion ( The Lion 's Parasites ) is a French science fiction novel by Francis Carsac , first published in paperback by Fleuve Noir in 1967 . It was reissued by Super-luxe in 1978 and Eons in 2004 . The first hardcover edition was issued after the author 's death by La page blanche in December 1982 with a new preface by Jacques Tixier . To date no English translation has been published .   The novel was dedicated to Carsac 's American friends and science fiction writer colleagues Poul Anderson and L. Sprague de Camp , from whose works the author acknowledged borrowing some elements .

neg: Chased by the Dogs Chased by the Dogs or The Thief and the Dogs ( اللص والكلاب , translit . El less wal kilab ) is a 1962 Egyptian film directed by Kamal El Sheikh , based on the novel The Thief and the Dogs by Naguib Mahfouz . It was entered into the 13th Berlin International Film Festival . The film was also selected as the Egyptian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 35th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .

neg: On Directing Film On Directing Film is a non-fiction book by American playwright and filmmaker David Mamet ( ISBN 0-670-83033-X ) published in 1991 .

neg: Beneath the Lion's Gaze Beneath the Lion 's Gaze is a 2010 novel by Ethiopian-American writer Maaza Mengiste .

neg: Black Dog Publishing Black Dog Publishing ( London UK ) is a British publishing company specialising in illustrated non-fiction books on contemporary culture . Topics covered by Black Dog include architecture , art , craft , design , environment , fashion , film , music and photography .

neg: Science book A science book is a work of nonfiction , usually written by a scientist , researcher , or professor like Stephen Hawking ( A Brief History of Time ) , or sometimes by a non-scientist such as Bill Bryson ( A Short History of Nearly Everything ) . Usually these books are written for a wide audience presumed to have a general education rather than a specifically scientific training , as opposed to the very narrow audience that a scientific paper would have , and are therefore referred to as popular science . As such , they require considerable talent on the part of the author to sufficiently explain difficult topics to  people who are totally new to the subject , and a good blend of storytelling and technical writing . In the UK , the Royal Society Prizes for Science Books are considered to be the most prestigious awards for science writing . In the US , the National Book Awards briefly had a category for science writing in the 1960s , but now they just have the broad categories of fiction and nonfiction .   There are many disciplines that are well explained to lay people through science books . A few examples include Carl Sagan on astronomy , Jared Diamond on geography , Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Dawkins on evolutionary biology , David Eagleman on neuroscience , Donald Norman on usability and cognitive psychology , Steven Pinker , Noam Chomsky , and Robert Ornstein on linguistics and cognitive science , Donald Johanson and Robert Ardrey on paleoanthropology , and Desmond Morris on zoology and anthropology , and Fulvio Melia on black holes .

neg: The Human Zoo (book) The Human Zoo is a book written by the British zoologist Desmond Morris , published in 1969 . It is a follow-up to his earlier book The Naked Ape ; both books examine how the biological nature of the human species has shaped the character of the cultures of the contemporary world .   The Human Zoo examines the nature of civilized society , especially in the cities . Morris compares the human inhabitants of a city to the animal inhabitants of a zoo , which have their survival needs provided for , but at the cost of living in an unnatural environment . Humans in their cities , and animals in their zoos , both have food and shelter provided for them , and have considerable free time on their hands . But they have to live in an unnatural environment , and are both likely to have problems in developing healthy social relationships , both are liable to suffer from isolation and boredom , and both live in a limited amount of physical space . The book explains how the inhabitants of cities and zoos have invented ways to deal with these problems , and the consequences that follow when they fail at dealing with them .   From this point of view , Morris examines why civilized society is the way it is . He offers explanations of the best and the worst features of civilized society . He examines the magnificent achievements of civilized society , the sublime explorations that make up science and the humanities , as well as the horrible behaviors of this same society such as war , slavery , and rape . This book , and Morris 's earlier book The Naked Ape , are two of the early works in the field of sociobiology , which have both contributed much to contemporary understandings of society .

neg: White Shark (novel) White Shark is a 1994 novel by author Peter Benchley , famous for Jaws , The Island , Beast and The Deep . It is similar to Jaws , but it does not feature a shark , despite what the title suggests . To avoid confusion and to capitalize on the movie adaptation , the book was republished as Creature in 1997 .

neg: Profile Books Profile Books is a British independent book publishing firm founded in 1996 . It publishes non-fiction subjects including history , biography , memoir , politics , current affairs , travel and popular science .   Profile Books is distributed in the UK by Random House and sold by Faber & Faber , and is part of the Independent Alliance .

neg: An Experiment in Criticism An Experiment in Criticism is a 1961 book by C. S. Lewis in which he proposes that the quality of books should be measured not by how they are written , but by how they are read . To do this , the author describes two kinds of readers . One is what he calls the `` unliterary '' , and the other the `` literary '' . He proceeds to outline some of the differences between these two types of readers . For example , one characterization of an unliterary reader is that the argument `` I 've read it before '' is a conclusive reason not to read a book . In contrast , literary readers reread books many times , savoring certain passages , and attempting to glean more from subsequent readings .   Lewis also argued that judging books by whether they are `` lowbrow '' or `` highbrow '' is not necessarily fruitful ; many `` lowbrow '' books prove to be valuable to a literary reader willing to approach without prejudgment . He noted that books classified as `` lowbrow '' , such as science fiction , are also capable of inducing a passion to re-read and imparting experience which changes reader 's worldview . Lewis suggests that books which are capable of doing this may prove to have enduring merit regardless of their genre of origin . He suggested that attempting to judge the literary merit of books based on traditional criteria may not prove fruitful .   Thus , Lewis suggests that a quality book is one that someone , anyone will re-read . A highbrow view that such a book is poor quality has failed to appreciate whatever qualities merit re-reading by someone .

neg: The Tiger in the Well The Tiger in the Well ( 1990 ) is a book by the English author Philip Pullman .

neg: Lamb (2015 American film) Lamb is an American drama film , written and directed by Ross Partridge . The film was adapted by the novel of the same name , by Bonnie Nadzam . The film stars Ross Partridge , Oona Laurence , Jess Weixler and Tom Bower .   The film had its world premiere at the SXSW film festival on March 14 , 2015 .  The film was released in a limited release on January 8 , 2016 , before being released through video on demand on January 12 , 2016 by The Orchard .

neg: Burger's Daughter Burger 's Daughter is a political and historical novel by the South African Nobel Prize in Literature-winner Nadine Gordimer , first published in the United Kingdom in June 1979 by Jonathan Cape . The book was expected to be banned in South Africa , and a month after publication in London the import and sale of the book in South Africa was prohibited by the Publications Control Board . Three months later , the Publications Appeal Board overturned the banning and the restrictions were lifted .   Burger 's Daughter details a group of white anti-apartheid activists in South Africa seeking to overthrow the South African government . It is set in the mid-1970s , and follows the life of Rosa , the title character , as she comes to terms with her father Lionel Burger 's legacy as an activist in the South African Communist Party ( SACP ) . The perspective shifts between Rosa 's internal monologue ( often directed towards her father or her lover Conrad ) , and the omniscient narrator . The novel is rooted in the history of the anti-apartheid struggle and references to actual events and people from that period , including Nelson Mandela and the 1976 Soweto uprising .   Gordimer herself was involved in South African struggle politics , and she knew many of the activists , including Bram Fischer , Mandela 's treason trial defence lawyer . She modelled the Burger family in the novel loosely on Fischer 's family , and described Burger 's Daughter as `` a coded homage '' to Fischer . While banned in South Africa , a copy of the book was smuggled into Mandela 's prison cell on Robben Island , and he reported that he `` thought well of it '' .   The novel was generally well-received by critics . A reviewer for The New York Times said that Burger 's Daughter is Gordimer 's `` most political and most moving novel '' , and a review in The New York Review of Books described the style of writing as `` elegant '' , `` fastidious '' and belonging to a `` cultivated upper class '' . A critic in The Hudson Review had mixed feelings about the book , saying that it `` gives scarcely any pleasure in the reading but which one is pleased to have read nonetheless '' . Burger 's Daughter won the Central News Agency Literary Award in 1980 .

neg: Out of the Shelter Out of the Shelter ( 1970 ) is a novel by British author David Lodge .

neg: BBC Books BBC Books ( also formerly known as BBC Publishing ) is an imprint majority owned and managed by Penguin Random House through its Ebury Publishing division . The minority shareholder is BBC Worldwide , the commercial subsidiary of the British Broadcasting Corporation . The imprint has been active since the 1980s .   BBC Books publishes a range of books connected to BBC radio and television programming , including cookery , natural history , lifestyle , and behind the scenes `` making-of '' books . There are also some non-programme related biographies and autobiographies of various well-known personalities in its list .   Amongst BBC Books ' best known titles are cookery books by former TV cook Delia Smith , wildlife titles by Sir David Attenborough and gardening titles by Alan Titchmarsh . In the BBC Publishing days , it turned down The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , a book which has now sold over 14,000,000 copies worldwide .

neg: Factual film Factual film may refer to :   Historical film  Biographical film , a film that dramatizes the life of a non-fictional or historically-based person or people  Film based on a true story  Documentary film , a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality , primarily for the purposes of instruction , education , or maintaining a historical record