query: Hawaii Five-0 is a TV series.

pos: Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series) Hawaii Five-0 is an American action police procedural television series , which premiered on Monday , September 20 , 2010 on CBS . The series is a reboot of the original series , which aired on CBS from 1968 to 1980 . Like the original , it follows an elite state police task force set up to fight crime in the state of Hawaii .   The series is produced by K/O Paper Products and 101st Street Television in association with CBS Productions , originally an in-name-only unit of but folded into CBS Television Studios , which has produced the series since the beginning of season three . On March 25 , 2016 , CBS renewed the series for a seventh season , which premiered on September 23 , 2016 .   On March 23 , 2017 , CBS renewed the series for an eighth season .

neg: Kono Kalakaua Kono Kalakaua may refer to :   Kono Kalakaua , a character in the original Hawaii Five-O television series ( 1968-1972 )  Kono Kalakaua , a character in the 2010 Hawaii Five-0 television series

neg: Analog television Analog television or analogue television is the original television technology that uses analog signals to transmit video and audio . In an analog television broadcast , the brightness , colors and sound are represented by rapid variations of either the amplitude , frequency or phase of the signal .   Analog signals vary over a continuous range of possible values which means that electronic noise and interference becomes reproduced by the receiver . So with analog , a moderately weak signal becomes snowy and subject to interference . In contrast , a moderately weak digital signal and a very strong digital signal transmit equal picture quality . Analog television may be wireless or can be distributed over a cable network using cable converters .   All broadcast television systems preceding digital transmission of digital television ( DTV ) used analog signals .   Analog television around the world has been in the process of shutting down since the late 2000s .

neg: 2012 Hawaii hailstorm On the morning of March 9 , 2012 , a particularly devastating and long-lived hailstorm hit the Hawaiian islands of Oahu and Lanai , during a severe supercell thunderstorm . This event produced the largest hailstone ever recorded in Hawaii since records began in 1950 . The hailstone was measured at 4.5 inches long , 2.25 inches tall , and 2 inches wide . National Weather Service meteorologist Tom Birchard stated that the event was `` unprecedented . ''   In addition to spectacular early-morning lightning storms and flooding from the four feet ( 3.3 meters ) of rainfall received , a tornadic waterspout formed off the coast of Oahu during the morning of March 9 , 2012 . Non-supercullar waterspouts are not uncommon ( the State of Hawaii records an average of one waterspout/tornado per year ) , this mesocyclone-induced waterspout tracked inland for 1.5 miles , becoming an EF0 tornado that caused minor damage to the Enchanted Lakes subdivision of Kailua at 7:10 am Hawaiian-Aleutian Time .

neg: Rulers of the Hawaiian Islands The rulers of the Hawaiian islands ( noho aliʻi o ko Hawaiʻi Pae ʻAina ) are a line of native Hawaiians who were independent rulers of various subdivisions of the land and islands of Hawaii . Their genealogy is traced to Hānalaʻanui and others . The caste system of ancient Hawaiian society was established around 1200 AD and separated the people into 4 distinct ranks that were all below the supreme ruler ( ali`i nui ) of the island . The ali`i nui would distribute the land to the lower ranking chiefs who would run the land and collect offerings and taxes . The ali`i nui would also ultimately be responsible for the sacred kapu , a system of rules designed to control social order . The noho ali`i were known for their brightly colored and intricately constructed battle regalia of feathered capes and helmets called a mahiole ( helmet ) and ʻahu ʻula ( cloak or cape ) .

neg: TV Nation TV Nation is a satirical newsmagazine television series written , directed and hosted by Michael Moore that was co-funded and originally broadcast by NBC in the United States and BBC2 in the United Kingdom . The show blended humor and journalism into provocative reports about various issues . After moving to Fox for its second ( and final ) season , the show won an Emmy Award in 1995 for Outstanding Informational Series .   TV Nation was created in the wake of the success Moore had with the documentary Roger & Me , prompting Warner Bros. . Television to ask Moore for television series ideas . In January 1993 , NBC green-lit a pilot episode which took three months to complete . Interest from the BBC prompted NBC to insert the show into its summer 1994 lineup .

neg: Hawaii Public Utilities Commission The Hawaii Public Utilities Commission is a public utilities commission , a quasi-judicial tribunal , which regulates public service companies operating in the U.S. state of Hawaii .

neg: Sunset Beach (TV series) Sunset Beach is an American television soap opera that aired on NBC from January 6 , 1997 to December 31 , 1999 . The show follows the loves and lives of the people living in the Orange County coastal area named Sunset Beach , on the coast of California . Although there is a town in California called Sunset Beach , the show 's beach scenes were shot on nearby Seal Beach . The show was co-produced by NBC and Spelling Television .   Sunset Beach won two Daytime Emmy Awards and was nominated another eleven times . The show also received twenty-two nominations for various other awards .

neg: Dennis Chun Dennis Chun ( born March 18 , 1952 ) is an American actor , he is the son of actor Kam Fong Chun , and best known for his role as Sgt. Duke Lukela in Hawaii Five-0 .

neg: Procedural drama A procedural drama is a genre of television programming which focuses on how crimes are solved or some other aspect of a law enforcement agency , legislative body , or court of law . Some dramas include a lab or conference room with high-tech or state-of-the-art equipment where the main characters meet to work out the problem . Shows usually have an episodic format that does not require the viewer to have seen previous episodes . Episodes typically have a self-contained , also referred to as stand-alone , plot that is introduced and resolved within the same episode .   The procedural format is popular around the world . In 2011 , the director of a TV consultancy said , `` The continuing trend is for procedurals because they use a predictable structure . '' Due to their stand-alone episodic nature , they are more accessible to new viewers than serials . Self-contained episodes also make it easier for viewers to return to a show if they have missed some episodes . In general , procedural dramas can usually be re-run with little concern for episode order .   Procedurals are often criticized for being formulaic . Procedurals are also generally less character-driven than serialized shows . However , some procedurals have more character emphasis than is typical of the format . Some may occasionally feature a storyline stretching over several episodes .   A popular variant is the police procedural .

neg: Miami Medical Miami Medical ( formerly titled Miami Trauma ) is a medical drama television series that aired on CBS from April 2 to July 2 , 2010 . It follows the professional and private lives of a team of trauma surgeons .   The series was created by Jeffrey Lieber and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Television and Warner Bros. . Television .   On May 18 , 2010 , CBS cancelled the series .

neg: Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 5) The fifth season of the CBS crime drama series Hawaii Five-0 premiered on Friday , September 26 , 2014 , and concluded on May 8 , 2015 with a two-hour season finale . The season consisted of 25 episodes .   For the 2014 -- 15 U.S. television season , the fifth season of Hawaii Five-0 ranked 20 with an average of 12.28 million viewers .

neg: World TV World TV is a New Zealand television , radio and print media company specialising in media for Asian migrants and Asian language communities . It operates eleven specialist television channels and publishes a national-circulation magazine for subscribers of its five Sky TV digital television packages . It also broadcasts two free-to-air television channels on the Freeview platform and three 24-hour radio networks through terrestrial radio and Sky TV .   Programmes on the television channels , branded KTV , JTV and CTV , include local news and current affairs programmes , subtitled 3 News bulletins and content from Chinese , Korean , Taiwanese and Japanese broadcasters and producers . The radio stations , AM936 , Chinese Radio FM 99.4 and Chinese Radio FM 104.2 , broadcast a combination of Hong Kong and Chinese programmes , and local music , parenting and talkback shows .   In December 2005 , the company claimed to have 11,500 subscribers across the country for its seven channels of Chinese , Taiwanese and Hong Kong programmes . In 2009 , the company claimed 20,000 people received its World TV subscriber magazine . World TV 's largest shareholder is Taiwanese resident Fun-nu Tsai with a 19 percent stake ; chief executive Henry Ho owns 15 percent of the company and 11 other investors also have shares . The company 's income is now evenly shared between advertising and subscription fees .

neg: North Shore (TV series) North Shore is an American prime-time soap opera that aired on Fox every Monday at 8 p.m. EST ( 7 p.m. CST ) for seven months in 2004 and 2005 . It centered on the staff and guests of the fictional Grand Waimea Hotel and Resort ( actually the real-life Turtle Bay Resort located near Kahuku , O'ahu ) on Oahu 's North Shore in Hawaii .   From Fox 's website :  Intrigue abounds at the Grand Waimea Hotel , an exclusive Hawaiian escape for the wealthy , powerful and beautiful . Hawaiian native Jason Matthews runs the hotel and makes sure every guest gets everything they need . But when former flame Nicole Booth arrives as the hotel 's new Director of Guest Relations , Jason 's world is turned upside down . But Grand Waimea owner , Vincent Colville , is staying on top of him to make sure his past with Nicole wo n't affect their work life .   North Shore premiered on June 14 , 2004 , with a 13-episode commitment from Fox . The show was canceled in January 2005 after a 21-episode , single-season run . The show ended on a cliffhanger , and the final episode of the series has only had a single airing , not being shown in most territories ( including America ) .

neg: Then There Were Three `` Then There Were Three '' is an episode of the American television detective series Hawaiian Eye .

neg: Pearl Harbor National Wildlife Refuge The Pearl Harbor National Wildlife Refuge is a National Wildlife Refuge on the island of Oahu , Hawaii . It was created in 1972 to mitigate the wildlife resource disturbances caused by construction of the Honolulu International Airport Reef Runway . The Refuge includes three units , the Honouliuli , Waiwa and Kalaeloa . The Honouliuli and Waiawa Units are managed under a cooperative agreement with the United States Navy . The Kalaeloa Unit was established during Base Realignment and Closure proceedings in 2001 . Through these cooperative efforts with the Federal Aviation Administration , the State of Hawaii , and the U.S. Navy , the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service made Pearl Harbor NWR a reality .

neg: The Islanders (TV series) The Islanders is an American adventure television series which aired on ABC from 1960 to 1961 , starring William Reynolds , James Philbrook , and Diane Brewster .   At the beginning of the series , Sandy Wade ( Reynolds ) and Zack Malloy ( Philbrook ) , co-owners of a Grumman Goose amphibious aircraft , start their one-plane airline in the Moluccas or Spice Islands of the southeastern Pacific Ocean . Throughout the series they experience a variety of adventures where seemingly harmless charter flights put them into danger . They are frequently aided in their endeavours by the unusually-named Wilhelmina '' Steamboat Willy '' Vanderveer ( Brewster ) and Shipwreck Callighan ( Roy Wright ) .   The Islanders , primarily sponsored by Liggett & Myers ' Chesterfield cigarettes , aired at 9:30 Eastern time on Sunday evenings opposite The Jack Benny Program and Candid Camera on CBS and the second half of The Dinah Shore Show and the last season of The Loretta Young Show on NBC .   William Reynolds stated in an interview , `` The series went from being sort of like a Terry and the Pirates or a Maverick type of concept to becoming just a bunch of people skulking around . It was n't very good . ''   After The Islanders , Philbrook co-starred in the 1962-1963 season as a magazine publisher and the love interest of Loretta Young in her short-lived The New Loretta Young Show , which aired Mondays on CBS . Reynolds went on to star in two other ABC series , The Gallant Men , a World War II series , and The FBI with Efrem Zimbalist , Jr. . .   Diane Brewster had earlier portrayed gambler `` Samantha Crawford '' in the first two seasons of Maverick ( 1957 ) and appeared in 1957-1958 in the first season of Leave It to Beaver as schoolteacher `` Miss Canfield , '' later replaced by Sue Randall as `` Miss Landers . '' Subsequently in the 1960s , as a favor to writer/producer Roy Huggins , Brewster occasionally portrayed without screen credit the murdered wife `` Helen Kimble '' ( in flashbacks ) in ABC 's The Fugitive .

neg: Terrace House (franchise) is a Japanese reality television show franchise . The show 's first run , subtitled Boys × Girls Next Door , originally aired on Fuji Television 's `` Cool TV '' segment from October 12 , 2012 to September 29 , 2014 for eight seasons , after which a standalone movie was released as a continuation/conclusion of the show . Starting September 2 , 2015 , a new season subtitled Boys & Girls in the City premiered on Netflix as a Netflix Original . The new show is a Netflix and Fuji co-production , which is also broadcast on Fuji Television in Japan .   The first eight seasons of the show took place in a modernistic house with a terrace located in the Shōnan area . The Netflix Original switched the location to a similar house at an undisclosed location in central Tokyo . After the Tokyo season , the show moved to Hawaii and was titled Aloha State .

neg: Kam Fong Chun Kam Fong Chun ( May 27 , 1918 -- October 18 , 2002 ) , born Kam Tong Chun , was an American actor , best known for his role as Chin Ho Kelly , a police detective on the CBS television network series Hawaii Five-O .

neg: Living Lahaina Living Lahaina is an American reality television series on MTV . The series , filmed over a three-month period on location in Lahaina ( on the island of Maui , Hawaii ) , focused on a group of twenty-something surf instructors and their father-figure-boss at the Royal Hawaiian Surf Academy . Living Lahaina also followed cast members throughout travels to Indonesia , California , and Kauai .   Living Lahaina premiered on Tuesday , April 17 , 2007 at 10:30 p.m. on MTV and was scheduled to run for eight episodes . However , only 3 episodes were shown on MTV .   Following the style of MTV 's Laguna Beach : The Real Orange County , The Hills , and Maui Fever , Living Lahaina was shot in the format of a scripted television show ( rather than in the style of a traditional reality show or documentary ) . Cast members did not speak directly to the camera . Instead , the show made use of a Dukes of Hazzard style voice-over narrative periodically throughout each episode , to give background or sum up storylines .

neg: Alaska Rural Communications Service The Alaska Rural Communications Service ( ARCS ) is a statewide network of low-powered television stations , serving 235 communities throughout the Alaskan Bush areas . The network is based in Anchorage , Alaska and is operated by Alaska Public Broadcasting , a joint venture of Alaska Public Media and Alaska 's public broadcasters . Programming is beamed via satellite to the rural transmitters owned by the Alaska state government .   Programming on ARCS is a selection of programming from five commercial broadcast networks ( NBC , CBS , ABC , Fox , MyNetworkTV ) and syndication , via the Anchorage stations ; plus PBS programming from KAKM and other PBS members in the state ; occasionally , ARCS generates some of its own programming ( including local sports coverage ) . Anchorage stations provide their programming to ARCS free of charge with the condition that advertising is allowed to remain . There is currently no CW programming available on ARCS .   Even though much of ARCS 's programming contains commercials , the operation of ARCS is partially funded by donations from its viewers , just like member stations of PBS .


query: Thiokol was concerned with materials.

pos: Thiokol Thiokol ( variously Thiokol Chemical Corporation , Morton-Thiokol Inc. , Cordant Technologies Inc. , Thiokol Propulsion , AIC Group , ATK Thiokol ; finally ATK Launch Systems Group before becoming part of Orbital ATK ) was an American corporation concerned initially with rubber and related chemicals , and later with rocket and missile propulsion systems . Its name is a portmanteau of the Greek words for sulfur ( θειον `` theion '' ) and glue ( κολλα `` kolla '' ) , an allusion to the company 's initial product , Thiokol polymer .   The Thiokol Chemical Company was founded in 1929 . Its initial business was a range of synthetic rubber and polymer sealants , and Thiokol was a major supplier of liquid polymer sealants during World War II . When scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory discovered that Thiokol 's polymers made ideal binders for solid rocket fuels , Thiokol moved into the new field , opening laboratories at Elkton , Maryland , and later production facilities at Elkton and at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville , Alabama . Huntsville produced the XM33 Pollux , TX-18 Falcon , and TX-135 Nike-Zeus systems . It closed in 1996 . In the mid-1950s the company bought extensive lands in Utah for its rocket test range , and in 1986 was found at fault for the destruction of the Space Shuttle Challenger and the deaths of its astronauts . Thiokol continues to have major operations in the state , at Magna and Promontory ( manufacture of the Space Shuttle 's solid rocket motors ) , and its current headquarters at Brigham City . the company employed over 15,000 people worldwide and records annual sales of around .

neg: Hydrogen thioperoxide Hydrogen thioperoxide , also called oxadisulfane or sulfur hydride hydroxide , is the chemical with the structure H -- S -- O -- H . It can be considered as the simple sulfur-substituted analog of the common hydrogen peroxide ( H -- O -- O -- H ) chemical , and as the simplest hydrogen chalcogenide containing more than one type of chalcogen . The chemical has been described as the `` missing link '' between hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen disulfide ( H -- S -- S -- H ) , though it is substantially less stable than either of the other two . It is the inorganic parent structure of the sulfenic acid class of organic compounds ( R -- S -- O -- H ) and also the oxadisulfide linkage ( R1 -- S -- O -- R2 ) , where `` R '' is any organic structure . Sulfur is present in oxidation state 0 .   Hydrogen thioperoxide has been synthesized in labs by photolysis of a mixture of ozone and hydrogen sulfide frozen in argon at 8 K and by pyrolysis of di-tert-butyl sulfoxide .  Yet another synthesis is by an electric discharge through water and sulfur .   In the interstellar medium there is a hypothesis that hydrogen thioperoxide is formed in a reaction of sulfur monoxide with the trihydrogen cation , dihydrogen and an electron . Another possible route , is sulfur monoxide reacting with atomic hydrogen to form HOS and HSO which in turn can add another hydrogen atom . However this mechanism probably needs a dust grain to take away excess energy .

neg: Waterproof fabric Waterproof fabrics are fabrics that are inherently , or have been treated to become , resistant to penetration by water and wetting . The term `` waterproof '' refers to conformance to a governing specification and specific conditions of a laboratory test method . They are usually natural or synthetic fabrics that are laminated to or coated with a waterproofing material such as rubber , polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) , polyurethane ( PU ) , silicone elastomer , fluoropolymers , and wax . Treatment could be either of the fabric during manufacture or of completed products after manufacture , for instance by a waterproofing spray . Examples include the rubberised fabric used in Mackintosh jackets , sauna suits and inflatable boats . They are even used for footballs and glasses .   The most common waterproofing treatment in the early 2000s was the application of C8 fluorocarbon-based textile finishes during manufacture . However , environmental and health concerns led to a transition to C6 fluorocarbon-based finishes and the development of alternative chemistries , such as ChemStik technology , a solvent-free process involving the on-surface polymerization of hydrocarbon chains .

neg: Plastic recycling Plastic recycling is the process of recovering scrap or waste plastic and reprocessing the material into useful products . Since the vast majority of plastic is non-biodegradable , recycling is a part of global efforts to reduce plastic in the waste stream , especially the approximately eight million metric tonnes of waste plastic that enter the Earth 's ocean every year . This helps to reduce the high rates of plastic pollution .   Plastic recycling includes taking any type of plastic , sorting it into different polymers and then chipping it and then melting it down into pellets . After this stage , it can then be used to make items of any sort such as plastic chairs and tables . Soft Plastics are also recycled such as polyethylene film and bags . This closed-loop operation has taken place since the 1970s and has made the production of some plastic products amongst the most efficient operations today .   Compared with lucrative recycling of metal , and similar to the low value of glass , plastic polymers recycling is often more challenging because of low density and low value . There are also numerous technical hurdles to overcome when recycling plastic .   A macro molecule interacts with its environment along its entire length , so total energy involved in mixing it is largely due to the product side stoichiometry ( see enthalpy ) . Heating alone is not enough to dissolve such a large molecule , so plastics must often be of nearly identical composition to mix efficiently .   When different types of plastics are melted together , they tend to phase-separate , like oil and water , and set in these layers . The phase boundaries cause structural weakness in the resulting material , meaning that polymer blends are useful in only limited applications . The two most widely manufactured plastics , polypropylene and polyethylene behave this way , which limits their utility for recycling . Recently , the use of block copolymers as `` molecular stitches '' or `` macromolecular welding flux '' has been proposed to overcome the difficulties associated with phase separation during recycling .   Another barrier to recycling is the widespread use of dyes , fillers , and other additives in plastics . The polymer is generally too viscous to economically remove fillers , and would be damaged by many of the processes that could cheaply remove the added dyes . Additives are less widely used in beverage containers and plastic bags , allowing them to be recycled more often . Yet another barrier to removing large quantities of plastic from the waste stream and landfills is the fact that many common but small plastic items lack the universal triangle recycling symbol and accompanying number . An example is the billions of plastic utensils commonly distributed at fast food restaurants or sold for use at picnics .   The percentage of plastic that can be fully recycled , rather than downcycled or go to waste can be increased when manufacturers of packaged goods minimize mixing of packaging materials and eliminate contaminants . The Association of Plastics Recyclers have issued a Design Guide for Recyclability .   The use of biodegradable plastics is increasing .

neg: Ceramic art Ceramic art is art made from ceramic materials , including clay . It may take forms including art ware , tile , figurines , sculpture , and tableware . Ceramic art is one of the arts , particularly the visual arts . Of these , it is one of the plastic arts . While some ceramics are considered fine art , some are considered to be decorative , industrial or applied art objects . Ceramics may also be considered artefacts in archaeology . Ceramic art can be made by one person or by a group of people . In a pottery or ceramic factory , a group of people design , manufacture and decorate the art ware . Products from a pottery are sometimes referred to as `` art pottery '' . In a one-person pottery studio , ceramists or potters produce studio pottery .   The word `` ceramics '' comes from the Greek keramikos , meaning `` pottery '' , which in turn comes from keramos meaning `` potter 's clay '' . Most traditional ceramic products were made from clay ( or clay mixed with other materials ) , shaped and subjected to heat , and tableware and decorative ceramics are generally still made this way . In modern ceramic engineering usage , ceramics is the art and science of making objects from inorganic , non-metallic materials by the action of heat . It excludes glass and mosaic made from glass tesserae .   There is a long history of ceramic art in almost all developed cultures , and often ceramic objects are all the artistic evidence left from vanished cultures , like that of the Nok in Africa over 2,000 years ago . Cultures especially noted for ceramics include the Chinese , Cretan , Greek , Persian , Mayan , Japanese , and Korean cultures , as well as the modern Western cultures .   Elements of ceramic art , upon which different degrees of emphasis have been placed at different times , are the shape of the object , its decoration by painting , carving and other methods , and the glazing found on most ceramics .

neg: Properties of water Water is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid , nearly colorless with a hint of blue . This simplest hydrogen chalcogenide is by far the most studied chemical compound and is described as the `` universal solvent '' for its ability to dissolve many substances . This allows it to be the `` solvent of life '' . It is the only common substance to exist as a solid , liquid , and gas in nature .   Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other and are strongly polar . This polarity allows it to separate ions in salts and strongly bond to other polar substances such as alcohols and acids , thus dissolving them . Its hydrogen bonding causes its many unique properties , such as having a solid form less dense than its liquid form , a relatively high boiling point of 100 ° C for its molar mass , and a high heat capacity .   Water is amphoteric , meaning it is both an acid and a base -- it produces and ions by self ionization . This regulates the concentrations of and ions in water .   Due to water being a very good solvent , it is rarely pure and some of the properties of impure water can vary from those of the pure substance . However , there are also many compounds that are essentially , if not completely , insoluble in water , such as fats , oils and other non-polar substances .

neg: List of National Treasures of Japan (archaeological materials) The term `` National Treasure '' has been used in Japan to denote cultural properties since 1897 .  The definition and the criteria have changed since the introduction of the term . These archaeological materials adhere to the current definition , and have been designated national treasures since the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties came into effect on June 9 , 1951 . The items are selected by the Ministry of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology based on their `` especially high historical or artistic value '' . The list presents 46 materials or sets of materials from ancient to feudal Japan , spanning a period from about 4,500 BC to 1361 AD . The actual number of items is more than 46 because groups of related objects have been combined into single entries . Most of the items have been excavated from tombs , kofun , sutra mounds or other archaeological sites . The materials are  housed in museums ( 28 ) , temples ( 9 ) , shrines ( 8 ) and a university ( 1 ) in 25 cities of Japan . The Tokyo National Museum houses the greatest number of archaeological national treasures , with 6 of the 46 .   The Japanese Paleolithic marks the beginning of human habitation in Japan . It is generally accepted that human settlement did not occur before 38,000 BC , although some sources suggest the date to be as early as 50,000 BC . Archaeological artifacts from the paleolithic era consist of stone tools of various types , indicative of a hunter-gatherer society . From about 14,000 to 8,000 BC , the society gradually transformed to one characterized by the creation of pottery used for storage , cooking , bone burial and possibly ceremonial purposes . People continued to subsist on hunting , fishing and gathering , but evidence points to a gradual decrease in the nomadic lifestyle . Potsherds of unornamented pottery from the oldest archaeological sites constitute some of the world 's oldest pottery . These are followed by linear-relief , punctated and nail-impressed pottery types . The first cord-marked pottery dates to 8,000 BC . Cord-marked pottery required a technique of pressing twisted cords into the clay , or by rolling cord-wrapped sticks across the clay . The Japanese definition for the period of prehistory characterized by the use of pottery is and refers to the entire period ( c. 10,500 to 300 BC ) . Pottery techniques reached their apogee during the Middle Jōmon period with the emergence of fire-flame pottery created by sculpting and carving coils of clay applied to vessel rims , resulting in a rugged appearance . A set of 57 items of fire-flame pottery , dating to around 4,500 BC , has been designated as the oldest National Treasure . Archaeologists consider that such pottery may have had a symbolic meaning or was used ceremonially . Dogū -- small clay figurines depicting humans and animals -- can be dated to the earliest Jōmon period but their prevalence increased dramatically in the middle Jōmon . Many of these depict women with exaggerated breasts and enlarged buttocks , considered to be a fertility symbol . Five dogū from 3000 to 1000 BC have been designated as National Treasures .   The ensuing Yayoi period is characterized by great technological advances such as wet-rice agriculture or bronze and iron casting , which were introduced from the mainland . Iron knives and axes , followed by bronze swords , spears and mirrors , were brought to Japan from Korea and China . Later all of these were produced locally . The primary artistic artifacts , with the exception of Yayoi pottery , are bronze weapons , such as swords , halberds and dōtaku , ritual bells . The bells were often discovered in groups on a hillside buried with the weapons . They are 0.2 to tall and often decorated with geometric designs such as horizontal bands , flowing water patterns or spirals . A few bells feature the earliest Japanese depiction of people and animals . In addition ornamental jewels were found . The weapons that have been excavated are flat and thin , suggesting a symbolic use . Due to rusting , few iron objects have survived from this period . Burial mounds in square , and later round , enclosures were common in the Yayoi period . The starting date of the Kofun period ( c. 250 -- 300 AD ) is defined by the appearance of large-scale keyhole-shaped kofun mound tombs , thought to mark imperial burials . Typical burial goods include mirrors , beads , Sue ware , weapons and later horse gear . One of the most well-known tombs , whose content of warrior-related items has been designated as National Treasure , is the late 6th century Fujinoki Tomb . Mirrors , swords and curved jewels , which constitute the Imperial Regalia of Japan , appear as early as the middle Yayoi period , and are abundant in Kofun period tombs . Characteristic of most kofun are haniwa clay terra cotta figures whose origin and purpose is unknown . A haniwa of an armoured man has been designated as National Treasure ; and a 1st-century gold seal , designated a National Treasure , shows one of the earliest mentions of Japan or Wa .   Buddhism arrived in Japan in the mid -- 6th century Asuka period , and was officially adopted in the wake of the Battle of Shigisan in 587 , after which Buddhist temples began to be constructed . The new religion and customs fundamentally transformed Japanese society and the arts . Funerary traditions such as cremation and the practice of placing epitaphs in graves were imported from China and Korea . Following the treatment of Buddhist relics , the cremated remains in a glass container were wrapped in a cloth and placed in an outer container . Epitaphs , which recorded the lives of the deceased on silver or bronze rectangular strips , were particularly popular from the latter half of the 7th to the end of the 8th century ( late Asuka and Nara period ) . Four epitaphs and a number of cinerary urns and reliquaries containing bones have been designated as National Treasures . Other archaeological National Treasures from the Buddhist era include ritual items buried in the temple foundations of the Golden Halls of Tōdai-ji and Kōfuku-ji in Nara . According to an ancient Buddhist prophecy , the world would enter a dark period in 1051 ; consequently in the late Heian period the belief in the saving powers of Maitreya or Miroku , the Buddha to be , became widespread . Believers buried scriptures and images to gain merit and to prepare for the coming Buddha . This practice , which continued into the Kamakura period , required the transcription of sutras according to strict ritual protocols , their placement in protective reliquary containers and burial in the earth of sacred mountains , shrines or temples to await the future Buddha . The oldest known sutra mound is that of Fujiwara no Michinaga from 1007 on Mount Kinpu , who buried one lotus sutra and five other sutras that he had written in 998 . Its sutra container has been designated as National Treasure .

neg: Materials system In Computer graphics , Materials are an enhancement of texture mapping ( and a pre-requisite for advanced shading effects ) that allows for objects in 3D modelling packages and video games to simulate different types of materials in real life . They are typically used to enhance the realism of polygon meshes and other forms 3D model data .   They associate additional properties such as : advanced rendering parameters ( e.g. specularity , BRDF ) ; physics behavioural properties ( such as friction , density ) ; or sound triggers alongside texture information for surfaces . For example , if a texture makes an object look like wood , it will sound like wood ( if something hits it or its scraped along a surface ) , break like wood , and even float like wood . If it was made of metal , it will sound like metal , dent like metal , and sink like metal . This allows more flexibility when making objects in games .   Such materials are also of value for procedural generation , where a high level description of an model may be augmented with layers of processing to produce a more detailed result ( e.g. adding weathering or vegetation ) . Material properties may also be tied to animation channels to exhibit time dependant behaviour .   A materials system allows an digital artist or game designer to think about objects in a different way . Instead of the object just being a model with a texture applied to it , the object , or part of the object , is made up of a material .   Examples of major materials found in a video game might be : wood , concrete ( or stone ) , metal , glass , dirt , water , and cloth ( such as carpeting , curtains , or clothing on a character with skeletal animation ) .

neg: Illegal logging in Madagascar Illegal logging has been a problem in Madagascar for decades and is perpetuated by extreme poverty and government corruption . Often taking the form of selective logging , the trade has been driven by high international demand for expensive , fine-grained lumber such as rosewood and ebony . Historically , logging and exporting in Madagascar have been regulated by the Malagasy government , although the logging of rare hardwoods was explicitly banned from protected areas in 2000 . Since then , government orders and memos have intermittently alternated between permitting and banning exports of precious woods . The most commonly cited reason for permitting exports is to salvage valuable wood from cyclone damage , although this reasoning has come under heavy scrutiny . This oscillating availability of Malagasy rosewood and other precious woods has created a market of rising and falling prices , allowing traders or `` timber barons '' to stockpile illegally sourced logs during periodic bans and then flood the market when the trade windows open and prices are high .   The unsustainable exploitation of these tropical hardwoods , particularly rosewood from the SAVA Region , has escalated significantly since the start of the 2009 Malagasy political crisis . Thousands of poorly paid Malagasy loggers have flooded into the national parks -- especially in the northeast -- building roads , setting up logging camps , and cutting down even the most difficult to reach rosewood trees . Illegal activities are openly flaunted , armed militia have descended upon local villages , and a rosewood mafia easily bribe government officials , buying export permits with ease . These illegal operations are funded in part by advance payments for future shipments ( financed by Chinese expatriates and Chinese importers ) and by loans from large , international banks . Demand is fueled mostly by a growing Chinese middle class and their desire for exotic imperial-style furniture . European and American demand for high-end musical instruments and furniture have also played a role . However , public scrutiny has put significant pressure on shipping companies involved in the trade , and the United States is starting to enforce the Lacey Act by investigating companies with suspected involvement in the illegal trade of Malagasy precious woods .   Logging in Madagascar 's tropical rainforests has had many secondary effects , beyond the risk of depletion of rare , endemic trees . Habitat has been disturbed , illegal mining has begun , local people have turned in desperation to the forests for resources , and poaching of endangered wildlife has escalated . Lemurs , the most well-known faunal group from the island , have been captured for the exotic pet trade as well as killed for food . Even the most critically endangered species have been targeted , primarily to feed a growing demand for delicacy food in up-scale restaurants . The local villagers have also suffered as tourism has declined sharply or ceased almost entirely . Some have resorted to working as loggers for minimal pay , while others have spoken out against it , often receiving death threats from the rosewood mafia in return .

neg: Proto-industrialization Proto-industrialization ( also spelled proto-industrialisation ) was a possible phase in the development of modern industrial economies that preceded , and created conditions for , the establishment of fully industrial societies . Proto-industrialisation is generally referred to the phase before industrialisation . Proto-industrialization was marked by the increasing involvement of agrarian families in market-oriented craft production , mainly through the putting-out system organized by merchant capitalists . It was an effective method of production which was controlled by merchants and had links to developing European consumerism . However , the phase was not observed across Europe , and nor did it always smoothly transition into the Industrial Revolution proper .   The term was coined by F. F. Mendels in 1972 ,  though a UNESCO colloquium on the 10th anniversary of the deaths of Einstein and Teilhard de Chardin and published in 1971 discusses `` the basis for proto-industrialization '' .   The applicability of proto-industrialization in Europe has since been challenged . M.J. Daunton , for example , argues that proto-industrialisation `` excludes too much '' to fully explain the expansion of industry : not only do proponents of proto-industrialisation ignore the vital town-based industries in pre-industrial economies , but also ignores `` rural and urban industry based upon non-domestic organisation , '' referring to how mines , mills , forges and furnaces fit into the agrarian economy .   Initially using surplus labor available during slow periods of the agricultural seasons , proto-industrialization led to specialization - not only in industrial production but also in commercial agricultural production . This allowed reciprocal trade favored by regional economies of scale . It resulted in accumulation of capital and in the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills by merchant capitalists , which facilitated the development of large-scale , and capital-intensive production methods in the full industrialization phase that followed .   Proto-industrialization sparked social changes in traditional agrarian societies that would become more marked during full industrialization , such as greater independence of women and children , who gained a means of income separate from the family subsistence farm . During this phase of industrialisation , machines were not used . They were not even invented at that time . People could only use their hands or any hand-made material to produce required goods .

neg: Rubber soldiers Rubber soldiers ( Portuguese : Soldados da borracha ) were people in Brazil which were compulsorily drafted to harvest rubber in the Amazon rainforest during World War II .   The `` rubber soldiers '' program was a consequence of the Brazil-United States Political-Military Agreement during the war , after the United States were cut off by Japan from its major supply of rubber in Malaysia . About 55,000 persons were mostly transferred from drought-stricken northeast areas and contributed to the second rubber boom in Brazil . They were enlisted into the Serviço Especial de Mobilização de Trabalhadores para a Amazônia ( SEMTA ; `` Special Service of Mobilization of Workers for the Amazon '' ) , with support of several other governmental organizations .   Each migrant signed a contract with SEMTA which offered a small salary for the worker during their transport to the Amazon region . Upon arrival , they received a payment of 60 % of the total profit which had been obtained with the rubber . The basic kit they received included basic clothing , eating equipment , a net , and a carton of Colomy cigarettes . After being recruited , the volunteers were placed in specially-built housing , under strict military watch , and then sent into the Amazon , on trips which could last two to three months .   For many workers , it was a one-way journey . About 30,000 rubber workers died abandoned in the Amazon , after having exhausted their energies extracting the `` white gold . '' They died of malaria , yellow fever , and hepatitis , and were attacked by animals such as panthers , serpents , and scorpions . The Brazilian government also did not fulfill its promise to return the `` rubber soldiers '' to their homes at the end of the war as heroes and with housing comparable to that of the military .

neg: Compression (physics) In mechanics , compression is the application of balanced inward ( `` pushing '' ) forces to different points on a material or structure , that is , forces with no net sum or torque directed so as to reduce its size in one or more directions . It is contrasted with tension or traction , the application of balanced outward ( `` pulling '' ) forces ; and with shearing forces , directed so as to displace layers of the material parallel to each other . The compressive strength of materials and structures is an important engineering consideration .   In uniaxial compression the forces are directed along one direction only , so that they act towards decreasing the object 's length along that direction . The compressive forces may also be applied in multiple directions ; for example inwards along the edges of a plate or all over the side surface of a cylinder , so as to reduce its area ( biaxial compression ) , or inwards over the entire surface of a body , so as to reduce its volume .   Technically , a material is under a state of compression , at some specific point and along a specific direction , if the normal component of the stress vector across a surface with normal direction is directed opposite to . If the stress vector itself is opposite to , the material is said to be under normal compression or pure compressive stress along . In a solid , the amount of compression generally depends on the direction , and the material may be under compression along some directions but under traction along others . If the stress vector is purely compressive and has the same magnitude for all directions , the material is said to be under isotropic or hydrostatic compression at that point . This is the only type of static compression that liquids and gases can bear .   In a mechanical longitudinal wave , or compression wave , the medium is displaced in the wave 's direction , resulting in areas of compression and rarefaction .

neg: Carbon Carbon ( from carbo `` coal '' ) is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6 . It is nonmetallic and tetravalent -- making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds . Three isotopes occur naturally , C and C being stable , while C is a radioactive isotope , decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years . Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity .   Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth 's crust , and the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen , helium , and oxygen . Carbon 's abundance , its unique diversity of organic compounds , and its unusual ability to form polymers at the temperatures commonly encountered on Earth enables this element to serve as a common element of all known life . It is the second most abundant element in the human body by mass ( about 18.5 % ) after oxygen .   The atoms of carbon can bond together in different ways , termed allotropes of carbon . The best known are graphite , diamond , and amorphous carbon . The physical properties of carbon vary widely with the allotropic form . For example , graphite is opaque and black while diamond is highly transparent . Graphite is soft enough to form a streak on paper ( hence its name , from the Greek verb '' γράφειν '' which means `` to write '' ) , while diamond is the hardest naturally occurring material known . Graphite is a good electrical conductor while diamond has a low electrical conductivity . Under normal conditions , diamond , carbon nanotubes , and graphene have the highest thermal conductivities of all known materials . All carbon allotropes are solids under normal conditions , with graphite being the most thermodynamically stable form . They are chemically resistant and require high temperature to react even with oxygen .   The most common oxidation state of carbon in inorganic compounds is +4 , while +2 is found in carbon monoxide and transition metal carbonyl complexes . The largest sources of inorganic carbon are limestones , dolomites and carbon dioxide , but significant quantities occur in organic deposits of coal , peat , oil , and methane clathrates . Carbon forms a vast number of compounds , more than any other element , with almost ten million compounds described to date , and yet that number is but a fraction of the number of theoretically possible compounds under standard conditions . For this reason , carbon has often been referred to as the `` king of the elements '' .

neg: American Viscose Corporation American Viscose Corporation was an American division of the British firm Courtaulds , which manufactured rayon and other synthetic fibres . Established in 1909 , it became the largest supplier of rayon and the first company to make artificial silk in the United States .   American Viscose had plants at Marcus Hook , Pennsylvania ( established 1910 ) , Roanoke , Virginia ( 1916 ) , Lewistown , Pennsylvania ( 1920 ) , Parkersburg , West Virginia ( 1927 ) , Meadville , Pennsylvania ( 1929 ) , Nitro , West Virginia , and Front Royal , Virginia ( 1940 ) . After a 1946 merger with Sylvania Industrial Corporation ( not to be confused with lighting and electronics manufacturer Sylvania ) , it gained a plant at Fredericksburg , Virginia .   The company changed names and ownership several times . It was founded as a division of Courtaulds and began production as `` The Viscose Company '' in 1910 . In 1937 it changed to `` American Viscose Corporation '' . In 1941 the company was sold off by order of the British government in order to raise money for purchase of munitions and other supplies from the Americans . The company passed into the control of the Monsanto Corporation after the war . ( Courtaulds resumed manufacture of rayon in the United States in 1952 ) . In 1963 it was purchased by FMC Corporation , which sold off the division in 1976 to its employees . It was then renamed Avtex Fibers .   In 1974 , two years before FMC Corporation sold off the division to its employees , the plant in Parkersburg , WV was closed .   In 1980 Avtex Fibers closed their plant in Nitro , West Virginia that manufactured rayon staple . In 1983 , Avtex Fibers was the largest US manufacturer of rayon fiber , as well as operating plants that made polyester and acetate yarn .   Certain of its closed plants have become Superfund pollution cleanup sites . The former plant site at Front Royal , Virginia was used for manufacturing from 1940 until 1989 , when the plant was closed after being cited for more than 2,000 environmental violations over five years , including emissions of polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs ) into the nearby Shenandoah River . The plant was demolished in 1997 , and is currently being restored by FMC in conjunction with the United States Environmental Protection Agency .   The company made rayon fiber for fabric and also rayon cord for reinforcement of pneumatic automobile tires . Declining sales and high internal costs caused Avtex to close its rayon operations in 1988 , briefly restarting to produce fiber for the aerospace industry , and then permanently closing in 1990 for economic and environmental reasons .

neg: Filament winding Filament winding is a fabrication technique mainly used for manufacturing open ( cylinders ) or closed end structures ( pressure vessels or tanks ) . The process involves winding filaments under tension over a rotating mandrel . The mandrel rotates around the spindle ( Axis 1 or X : Spindle ) while a delivery eye on a carriage ( Axis 2 or Y : Horizontal ) traverses horizontally in line with the axis of the rotating mandrel , laying down fibers in the desired pattern or angle . The most common filaments are glass or carbon and are impregnated in a bath with resin as they are wound onto the mandrel . Once the mandrel is completely covered to the desired thickness , the resin is cured . Depending on the resin system and its cure characteristics , often the rotating mandrel is placed in an oven or placed under radiant heaters until the part is cured . Once the resin has cured , the mandrel is removed or extracted , leaving the hollow final product . For some products such as gas bottles the ` mandrel ' is a permanent part of the finished product forming a liner to prevent gas leakage or as a barrier to protect the composite from the fluid to be stored .   Filament winding is well suited to automation , and there are many applications , such as pipe and small pressure vessel that are wound and cured without any human intervention . The controlled variables for winding are fiber type , resin content , wind angle , tow or bandwidth and thickness of the fiber bundle . The angle at which the fiber has an effect on the properties of the final product . A high angle `` hoop '' will provide circumferential strength , while lower angle patterns ( polar or helical ) will provide greater longitudinal / axial tensile strength .   Products currently being produced using this technique range from pipes , golf clubs , Reverse Osmosis Membrane Housings , oars , bicycle forks , bicycle rims , power and transmission poles , pressure vessels to missile casings , aircraft fuselages and lamp posts and yacht masts .

neg: Architectural forgery in Japan In Japan , structural engineers designing structures exceeding a certain floor area or number of storeys must submit drawings and calculations to the authorities , demonstrating that the building is safe ( e.g. earthquake-resistant , etc. ) `` Structural Calculation Forgery Problem '' ( 構造計算書偽造問題 , kōzō keisansho gizō mondai ) refers to a series of incidents , set off by the Ministry of Land , Infrastructure and Transport 's November 17 , 2005 , announcement that structural engineer Hidetsugu Aneha of Aneha Architectural Design Office in Chiba Prefecture had falsified earthquake design calculations . A number of Japanese construction and real estate companies have had to declare bankruptcy due to their involvement in the affair , including Kimura Construction and Huser . Note that Aneha is frequently referred to as an architect , as Japan has a unique licensing system where structural engineers designing buildings are registered as first-class architects .   It is suggested that one of the causes for the problem was that the ( privately owned ) oversight agencies responsible for confirming compliance to Japanese safety standards did not detect the forgery . Prior to 1999 , oversight was managed solely by regional governments , however , a change made to Japanese law that year allowed private organizations to conduct investigations as well . It was said that these private organizations , such as `` EHomes '' and `` Nihon ERI '' did not adequately function in their oversight roles , however , it was later revealed that government oversight agencies had also failed to detect some instances of forgery .   Of 14 hotels that had already been built under false pretenses when the problem first came to light , two of them were shown to fail Japan 's earthquake resistance standards . Because the concrete had insufficient reinforcing steel , there was a fear that an earthquake of magnitude 5 on the Japanese Shindo scale could cause the buildings to collapse . None of the buildings in question have yet collapsed , but the safety of high-rise buildings in earthquake-prone Japan has been called into question , particularly in the light of the 1995 Sampoong Department Store collapse in Korea .   Residents of the areas around the affected buildings live in a constant state of unease , not knowing if or when the buildings will collapse . Some hotels , unable to guarantee the safety of their customers , have ceased operations .   As the architect concerned in the matter has participated in the construction of a large number of buildings , the full extent of the problem is still unknown . In Japan , the incident was first publicized by bloggers .   Hidetsugu Aneha , Moriyoshi Kimura , Akira Shinozuka and Togo Fujita etc. were arrested on April 26 , 2006 , and Huser 's president Susumu Ojima was arrested on May 17 of the same year .

neg: Atom economy Atom economy ( atom efficiency ) is the conversion efficiency of a chemical process in terms of all atoms involved and the desired products produced . Atom economy is an important concept of green chemistry philosophy , and one of the most widely used metrics for measuring the `` greenness '' of a process or synthesis .   Atom economy can be written as :   By the conservation of mass , the total molecular mass of the reactants is the same as the total molecular mass of the products . In an ideal chemical process , the amount of starting materials or reactants equals the amount of all products generated and no atom is wasted . However , in some processes , some of the consumed reactant atoms do not become part of the intended products . This can be a concern for raw materials that have a high cost or due to economic and environmental costs of disposal of the waste .   Atom economy is a different concern than chemical yield , because a high-yielding process can still result in substantial byproducts . Examples include the Cannizzaro reaction , where approximately 50 % of the reactant aldehyde becomes the other oxidation state of the target , the Wittig reaction , where high-mass phosphorus reagents are used but ultimately become waste , and the Gabriel synthesis , which produces a stoichiometric quantity of phthalic acid   If the desired product has an enantiomer the reaction needs to be sufficiently stereoselective even when atom economy is 100 % . A Diels-Alder reaction is an example of a potentially very atom efficient reaction that also can be chemo - , regio - , diastereo - and enantioselective . Catalytic hydrogenation comes the closest to being an ideal reaction that is extensively practiced both industrially and academically .   Atom economy can also be adjusted if a pendant group is recoverable , for example Evans auxiliary groups . However , if this can be avoided it is more desirable , as recovery processes will never be 100 % . Atom economy can be improved upon by careful selection of starting materials and a catalyst system .   Poor atom economy is common in fine chemicals or pharmaceuticals synthesis , and especially in research , where the aim to readily and reliably produce a wide range of complex compounds leads to the use of versatile and dependable , but poorly atom-economical reactions . For example , synthesis of an alcohol is readily accomplished by reduction of an ester with lithium aluminum hydride , but the reaction necessarily produces a voluminous floc of aluminum salts , which have to be separated from the product alcohol and disposed of . The cost of such hazardous material disposal can be considerable . Catalytic hydrogenolysis of an ester is the analogous reaction with a high atom economy , but it requires catalyst optimization , is a much slower reaction and is not applicable universally .

neg: Wood fibre Wood fibres ( also spelled wood fibers , see spelling differences ) are usually cellulosic elements that are extracted from trees and used to make materials including paper .   The end paper product ( paper , paperboard , tissue , cardboard , etc. ) dictates the species , or species blend , that is best suited to provide the desirable sheet characteristics , and also dictates the required fibre processing ( chemical treatment , heat treatment , mechanical `` brushing '' or refining , etc. ) .   In North America , virgin ( non-recycled ) wood fibre is primarily extracted from hardwood ( deciduous ) trees and softwood ( coniferous ) trees . The wood fibre can be extracted as a primary product , or collected during the milling of lumber . Wood fibres can also be recycled from used paper materials .

neg: Transuranic waste Transuranic waste ( TRU ) is , as stated by U.S. regulations and independent of state or origin , waste which has been contaminated with alpha emitting transuranic radionuclides possessing half-lives greater than 20 years and in concentrations greater than 100 nCi/g ( 3.7 MBq/kg ) .   Elements having atomic numbers greater than that of uranium are called transuranic . Elements within TRU are typically man-made and are known to contain americium-241 and several isotopes of plutonium . Because of the elements ' longer half-lives , TRU is disposed of more cautiously than low level waste and intermediate level waste . In the U.S. it is a byproduct of weapons production , nuclear research and power production , and consists of protective gear , tools , residue , debris and other items contaminated with small amounts of radioactive elements ( mainly plutonium ) .   Under U.S. law , TRU is further categorized into `` contact-handled '' ( CH ) and `` remote-handled '' ( RH ) on the basis of the radiation field measured on the waste container 's surface . CH TRU has a surface dose rate not greater than 2 mSv per hour ( 200 mrem/h ) , whereas RH TRU has rates of 2 mSv/h or higher . CH TRU has neither the high radioactivity of high level waste , nor its high heat generation . In contrast , RH TRU can be highly radioactive , with surface dose rates up to 10 Sv/h ( 1000 rem/h ) .   The United States currently permanently disposes of TRU generated from defense nuclear activities at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant , a deep geologic repository .   Other countries do not include this category , favoring variations of High , Medium/Intermediate , and Low Level waste .   Chemical elements contains 11 transuranic actinide elements , with atomic numbers ranging from 93 to 103 . An element is defined by its atomic number , the number of protons in the atomic nucleus . Nuclei with the same atomic number but different numbers of neutrons are isotopes of the same element . The number of possible isotopes that have been attested in the laboratory is listed in the table shown for each element . The mass number of an isotope is the total number of protons and neutrons . All of the transuranic actinides are unstable . For any element , the most stable isotope is the one with the longest half-life , or time until half of the original amount present decays . The possible decay modes of the most stable isotope include Alpha particle emission , which drops the atomic number by 2 and the mass number by 4 ; Spontaneous Fission ( SF ) , in which the nucleus breaks into several fragments ; Beta particle emission , which increases the atomic number by 1 but leaves the mass number unchanged ; and Electron Capture ( EC ) , which decreases the atomic number by 1 but leaves the mass number unchanged .

neg: Brick A brick is building material used to make walls , pavements and other elements in masonry construction . Traditionally , the term brick referred to a unit composed of clay , but it is now used to denote any rectangular units laid in mortar . A brick can be composed of clay-bearing soil , sand , and lime , or concrete materials . Bricks are produced in numerous classes , types , materials , and sizes which vary with region and time period , and are produced in bulk quantities . Two basic categories of bricks are fired and non-fired bricks .   Block is a similar term referring to a rectangular building unit composed of similar materials , but is usually larger than a brick . Lightweight bricks ( also called lightweight blocks ) are made from expanded clay aggregate .   Fired bricks are one of the longest-lasting and strongest building materials , sometimes referred to as artificial stone , and have been used since circa 5000 BC . Air-dried bricks , also known as mudbricks , have a history older than fired bricks , and have an additional ingredient of a mechanical binder such as straw .   Bricks are laid in courses and numerous patterns known as bonds , collectively known as brickwork , and may be laid in various kinds of mortar to hold the bricks together to make a durable structure .

neg: Precious metal A precious metal is a rare , naturally occurring metallic chemical element of high economic value .  Chemically , the precious metals tend to be less reactive than most elements ( see noble metal ) . They are usually ductile and have a high lustre . Historically , precious metals were important as currency but are now regarded mainly as investment and industrial commodities . Gold , silver , platinum , and palladium each have an ISO 4217 currency code .   The best known precious metals are the coinage metals , gold and silver . Although both have industrial uses , they are better known for their uses in art , jewelry , fine jewelry and coinage . Other precious metals include the platinum group metals : ruthenium , rhodium , palladium , osmium , iridium , and platinum , of which platinum is the most widely traded .  The demand for precious metals is driven not only by their practical use but also by their role as investments and a store of value . Historically , precious metals have commanded much higher prices than common industrial metals .


query: Shawn Mendes caught the attention of Andrew Gertler and Ziggy Chareton who are managers.

pos: Shawn Mendes Shawn Peter Raul Mendes ( -LSB- ˈmɛndɛz -RSB- , -LSB- ˈmẽdɨʃ -RSB- ; born August 8 , 1998 ) is a Canadian singer and songwriter . He attracted a following in 2013 , when he began posting song covers on the video sharing application Vine . The following year , he caught the attention of artist managers Andrew Gertler and Island Records A&R Ziggy Chareton , which led to him signing a deal with the record label . Mendes went on to release an EP and his debut studio album Handwritten , whose single `` Stitches '' reached the top 10 in the US and Canada , and number one in the UK . His sophomore album , Illuminate ( 2016 ) , was preceded by the single `` Treat You Better '' . Both albums debuted atop the US Billboard 200 .

neg: I Know What You Did Last Summer (song) `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' is a song by Canadian singer Shawn Mendes and Cuban-American singer Camila Cabello . It was released as the lead single from his 2015 revisited version of his debut studio album , Handwritten ( 2015 ) via Island Records on November 18 , 2015 . It reached the top 20 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and on the Canadian Hot 100 . Mendes and Cabello promoted the song with several televised performances , including on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon and at the 2016 People 's Choice Awards .

neg: NXT TakeOver: Orlando NXT TakeOver : Orlando was a professional wrestling event in the NXT TakeOver series that took place on April 1 , 2017 , at the Amway Center in Orlando , Florida , as part of the WrestleMania 33 weekend festivities . The event was produced by WWE for its NXT brand , the event was streamed live on the WWE Network .   Five matches were contested at the event . In the main event , Bobby Roode defeated Shinsuke Nakamura to retain the NXT Championship . On the undercard , Asuka retained the NXT Women 's Championship against Ember Moon and Authors of Pain retained the NXT Tag Team Championship against #DIY ( Johnny Gargano and Tommaso Ciampa ) and The Revival ( Scott Dawson and Dash Wilder ) . The event also saw the debut of Aleister Black . All of the championships were given new belt designs . This was also the final NXT event for Shinsuke Nakamura , Tye Dillinger , and The Revival ( Scott Dawson and Dash Wilder ) , who were called up to the main rosters of SmackDown and Raw respectively . This event is also notable for the return of Drew Galloway ( now under the name Drew McIntyre he previously used in WWE ) , who was sitting in the front rows , until ESPN confirmed that Galloway had re-signed with WWE and will perform under the NXT brand .

neg: Compass Media Networks Compass Media Networks is an American radio network . The company launched in January 2009 .  It is owned by former Westwood One CEO and former COO of Connoisseur Media , Peter Kosann . The company focuses on radio and offers representation and marketing services for national radio .

neg: Hernandez (wrestler) Shawn Hernandez ( born February 11 , 1973 ) is an American professional wrestler , best known for his time in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) under the ring name Hernandez .  He is an eight-time World Tag Team Champion , having held the TNA World Tag Team Championship five times , the NWA World Tag Team Championship twice and the IWA World Tag Team Championship once .   Hernandez is also the co-promoter of the Houston , Texas-based promotion Latino Wrestling Entertainment ( LWE ) .

neg: Mutato Muzika Mutato Muzika is an American music production company established and owned by Devo co-founder and lead singer Mark Mothersbaugh in 1989 . The name is a portmanteau of the words mutant and potato , which is a nod to Devo 's fanbase which are called Spuds .   While Devo members Mark Mothersbaugh , Gerald Casale and Bob Mothersbaugh , with drummer Josh Freese , often meet , rehearse and confer in its West Hollywood , California studio facilities , Mutato Muzika is a full-service music production company . Until his death in 2014 , Bob Casale served as a producer/engineer there .   Mutato Muzika has produced music for many films , including Rushmore , The Royal Tenenbaums , The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou , Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen , 13 , Lords of Dogtown , Nick & Norah 's Infinite Playlist , Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs , and Catfish . Television music includes Rugrats , Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue ! , Pee-wee 's Playhouse , Big Love , Eureka , Shameless , Enlightened and Regular Show . Mutato Muzika-produced video game scores include Crash Bandicoot and The Sims . Mutato Muzika also provides music for commercials , including spots for Apple 's PC vs. Mac , Martini & Rossi 's George Clooney/Giorgio , and Logitech .   The company is housed in a round bright green building at 8760 West Sunset Boulevard . The building is rumored to have been designed by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer ( although no architect 's name is listed on the building permit ) , modeling the exterior after The Forum in Inglewood , California , former home of the NBA 's Los Angeles Lakers and NHL 's Los Angeles Kings . Previously known as `` The Beauty Pavillion '' , it was built in 1967 for plastic surgeon Dr. Richard Alan Franklyn , who wanted the roof to have skylights in order to illuminate the operating room in the center of the structure . The building was painted green after Mothersbaugh took ownership of it .

neg: Shawn Chrystopher Shawn Chrystopher Garrett , II ( born July 22 , 1986 ) better known by his stage name Shawn Chrystopher , is an American rapper and music producer . He first gained major attention with the release of his debut mixtape `` I.W.G. : I Wear Glasses '' in 2008 , which was sponsored by urban-clothing powerhouse LRG . Chrystopher also worked with artist Timbaland , Yelawolf , MANN , XV , Mike Posner , Big Sean , N.O.R.E. , Owl City , Dom Kennedy and many other artists spanning a handful of different genres .   Shawn released three albums in 2014 ; the first one , Summerlove , was released for free on LiveMixtapes on August 12 , 2014 . For the new music , Shawn worked with GRAMMY Award winning producer Timbaland , who executive produced his debut commercial album `` The Lovestory LP '' that dropped on July 23 , 2013 via Shawn 's label Honour ROLE Music , LLC .

neg: Master of the Mix Master of the Mix is a reality television series and disc jockey competition . The 2010 season of the show had eight episodes and seven disc jockeys . The show was hosted by Just Blaze and judged by Kid Capri . Biz Markie was a regular guest . The contestants were DJ Jazzy Joyce , Rich Medina , Vikter Duplaix , DJ Scratch , DJ Rap , DJ Revolution , and DJ Mars . The show aired half-hour episodes on Wednesday nights on the Centric television network with encore Saturday airings on Black Entertainment Television . The show , which debuted on November 3 , 2010 , is presented by Smirnoff .   Ben Silverman announced in September 2010 that his production company , Electus , in partnership with branded entertainment agency GTM , would produce the show with financing from Diageo , parent of Smirnoff . The private screening premier on was held in New York City on November 2 and was attended by various luminaries in the Hip Hop music industry such as Grandmaster Flash .   The seven competitors have various wide-ranging experiences . Some have Grammy Award nomination ; others have sold millions of albums ; some have worked with some of the most popular current recording artists in the world . Among the DJs are the DJs of the Rock Steady Crew and EPMD . During the series the DJs compete in various challenges at venues across the world and most episodes will have eliminations . The surviving DJ who is chosen as `` Master of the Mix '' will win the sponsorship of Smirnoff as their official DJ at international Smirnoff-sponsored events for an entire year . The total value of the prize package , which includes custom-made Smirnoff bottle is $ 250,000 .

neg: Sports marketing Sports marketing is a subdivision of marketing which focuses both on the promotion of sports events and teams as well as the promotion of other products and services through sporting events and sports teams . It is a service in which the element promoted can be a physical product or a brand name . The goal is to provide the client with strategies to promote the sport or to promote something other than sport through sports . Sport marketing is also designed to meet the needs and wants of the consumer through exchange processes . These strategies follow the traditional four `` P '' 's of general marketing Product , Price , Promotion and Place , another four `` P '' 's are added to sport marketing , relating to the fact sports are considered to be a service . The additional 4 P 's are : Planning , Packaging , Positioning and Perception . The addition of the four extra elements is called the `` sport marketing mix . ''   Sports marketing is an element of sports promotion which involves a wide variety of sectors of the sport industry including broadcasting , advertising , social media , digital platforms , ticket sales , and community relations .   Sports marketing is divided into three sectors . The first is the advertising of sport and sports associations such as the Olympics , Spanish Football league and the NFL , as well as sport teams like Real Madrid and the New York Yankees . The second concerns the use of sporting events , sporting teams and individual athletes to promote various products . The third category is the promotion of sport to the public in order to increase participation .   In the first case , the promotion is directly related to sports . In the second case , the products can but do not have to be directly related to sports . When the promotion is about sports in general , the use of this kind of strategy is called `` Marketing of Sports . '' When the promotion is not about the sports but sports events , athletes , teams or leagues are used to promote different products , the marketing strategy is denominated `` Marketing through sports . '' When the promotion is about increasing participation among the public , it is called `` Grassroots Sports Marketing . '' To promote the products or services , the companies and associations use different channels such as sponsorships of teams or athletes , television or radio advertisement during the different broadcast sports events and celebrations , and/or advertisement on sporting venues .   `` Street marketing of sport '' considers sport marketing through billboards on the street and also through urban elements ( street lighters and sidewalks , etc. ) to help promote and gain publicity during major worldwide sporting events such as the Football World Cup , the Olympic Games , or the Super Bowl .

neg: Tapout (clothing brand) Tapout is an American multinational corporation that designs and manufactures sports clothing , casual apparel , and accessories headquartered in Baltimore , Maryland . It is one of the largest sportswear manufacturers in the United States , and one of the biggest in the world .   Tapout was registered in 1997 in San Bernardino County , California , by Charles Lewis , Jr. , Dan Caldwell and Tim Katz . The company was founded after the trio began selling mixed martial arts clothing from the back of their Ford Mustang . Selling the merchandise during a period where MMA solely reached a niche market , Lewis , Caldwell and Katz branded the company around the sport , distributing the merchandise in cities where the sport was prevalent . However , following the growing popularity of mixed martial arts in the United States , and its later nationwide mainstream acceptance , the company became the largest MMA-related merchandise company in the world , accruing revenues of over $ 22.5 million .   In March 2015 , the company was relaunched following its joint-ventured acquisition by pro-wrestling company WWE , and development firm Authentic Brands Group . The venture saw the former MMA-related brand transformed into a more general `` lifestyle fitness '' one . The apparel , for men and women , is expected to be released in spring of 2016 . Throughout 2015 , WWE marketed the brand through various products , including beverages , supplements and gyms . WWE will hold a 50 % stake in the brand , and so will advertise it regularly across all its platforms , hoping to give it one billion impressions a month , and attempting to rival sports-clothing giant , Under Armour . All employees and students of the WWE Performance Center will also wear the clothing .

neg: Tyson Kidd Theodore James `` TJ '' Wilson ( born July 11 , 1980 ) is a Canadian professional wrestler currently signed to WWE , where he is best known performing under the ring name Tyson Kidd . He has been inactive since June 2015 , when he suffered a life-threatening spinal injury in the ring .   The final graduate of the Hart Dungeon , Wilson wrestled internationally in several promotions such as Stampede Wrestling between 1995 and 2007 , where he won the Stampede International Tag Team Championship on two occasions with Bruce Hart and Juggernaut , the Stampede British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Championship , and Stampede North American Heavyweight Championship on two occasions . Before signing with WWE , Wilson competed in Prairie Wrestling Alliance , New Japan Pro Wrestling , All Star Wrestling , and AWA Superstars of Wrestling .   In November 2006 , Wilson signed a developmental contract with World Wrestling Entertainment , and was assigned to various WWE 's developmental territory , like Deep South Wrestling ( DSW ) , and Florida Championship Wrestling ( FCW ) . Prior to his debut on the main roster in 2009 , Wilson formed the Hart Dynasty with David Hart Smith and Natalya , where they won the Unified Tag Team Championship in April 2010 .

neg: Yann Djim Ngarlendana Yann Djim Ngarlendana is a Chadian professional football manager .

neg: Alan Walden Alan Walden ( born May 23 , 1943 , Macon , Georgia ) is an American manager , publisher , booking agent , and promoter .   He has worked with musical acts including Otis Redding , Sam & Dave , Percy Sledge , Johnnie Taylor , Clarence Carter , Arthur Conley , Al Green , Joe Tex , Z. Z. Hill , Candi Staton , Albert King , William Bell , Eddie Floyd , Etta James , Boz Scaggs , Lynyrd Skynyrd , Outlaws , and September Hase . He opened Redwal Music with his brother Phil Walden in 1965 , publishing hit songs like `` Respect '' , `` I Ca n't Turn You Loose '' , `` Sweet Soul Music '' , `` I 've Been Loving You Too Long '' , and '' ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' . He also co-founded Capricorn Records with his brother and later went on to form Hustler 's Inc. , a management and publishing company .

neg: Mark Gertler (economist) Mark Lionel Gertler ( born March 31 , 1951 ) is an American economist and Henry and Lucy Moses Professor of Economics at New York University . A specialist in business cycles and monetary policy , he has been an associate and collaborator of Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke for more than 30 years . He is among the 20 most cited economists in the world .   Gertler completed his B.A. in May , 1973 from the University of Wisconsin -- Madison and his Ph.D. in June , 1978 from Stanford University . He worked at Cornell University and the University of Wisconsin -- Madison before joining the faculty at NYU .   Gertler and Bernanke published `` Should Central Banks Respond to Movements in Asset Prices ? '' in the American Economic Review in 2001 , five years before Bernanke replaced Alan Greenspan as Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors . The paper , which deals retrospectively with the stock market bubble of the Internet years , has become a widely cited policy paper in economics , outside the field as well as within . Bernanke and Gertler argue that the practice of targeting inflation and price stability , as the Federal Reserve has done since the 1980s , should be continued , while the more aggressive approach of managing `` asset price bubbles '' that some economists have advocated , would be ineffective or counterproductive .   Gertler married Cara Lown in 1991 and they have two children , Sarah , born in 1994 , and Sam Gertler , born in 1997 .

neg: Geffen Records Geffen Records is an American major record label , owned by Universal Music Group , which operates as one third of the Interscope Geffen A&M Records label . On March 23 , 2017 , Billboard.com announced the label was relaunching with longtime A&R Neil Jacobson as President , who reports to John Janick , CEO and chairman of Interscope Geffen A&M Records .

neg: Kayla J. Yoo Kayla J. Yoo is a songwriter , singer , music producer , multimedia designer and music columnist from South Korea who has developed Joombas Music Group as Chief Content Officer with Justine Ok , Yena Seo , and Hyuk Shin in 2011 . In 2013 , she was involved as a songwriter on `` Romantic St ' of Girls ' Generation 's 4th album , I Got A Boy , which hit Billboard # 1 World album chart in January 2013 . Deeply involved with Fiera Music in 2012 as a director , she works on various music projects as a singer , lyricist , A&R , and multimedia designer/producer in New York City .   As a multimedia designer and producer , she has either directed , produced , interviewed , or written many interviews for artists Marques Houston , Elijah Blake , RAS , Mat Musto , Torae , and Oddisee . With Joombas Music Group , she directed contents on Joombas TV ( the online media channel of Joombas Music Group ) , including industry news , interviews , online reality show and documentary . She also has worked as a video editor for the music video of the song ` Heal ' by Natascha Bessez . The music video was featured by the actor Hunter Johansson , twin brother of Scarlett Johansson , and it was released in February 2013 .   As a music columnist , she works with Korean Hiphop/R & B online magazine HiphopLE . She writes the series of ` R&B Talk ' , ` Feature ' , and ` Stars in Love ' , which also published offline , by the Korean fashion magazine ` FAST ' in 2013 . In July 2013 , she became a panel of the official podcast radio of HiphopLE , `` The Art Of Hip-Hop '' and `` Hot Issue '' . She 's also known as the voice of HiphopLE 's intro clip , speaking the slogan ` One Step Closer to Hip-hop and R&B Music ' . In February 2014 , HiphopLE held a contest to find the new instrumental for the intro clip with using Kayla , Jolly V and NateDogg 's voices .   On January 28 , 2014 , Kayla made her music video directing debut in the single album , `` Champion '' by Born I Music and Justine . The single was released digitally and distributed worldwide by Fiera Music/Sony Music Entertainment Korea and the music video was certified by VEVO . Kayla got also involved as a director of the project and the background singer .  Subsequently , `` Champion '' was also featured in a Sony Music compilation album for the Sochi 2014 Olympics released on February 7 , 2014 . Also listed on the album were artists such as Pharrell Williams , Daft Punk , Justin Timberlake , Lenka , Avril Lavigne , Shakira , Pitbull , One Direction , Dami Im , Britney Spears , Chris Brown , Miley Cyrus , Foster The People , Paloma Faith , Helena , Tinashe , Krewella , Little Mix , Beyoncé , Russian Red , Justice Crew , Ailee , and Lucas Nord .

neg: Phoenix Championship Wrestling Phoenix Championship Wrestling was a short-lived American independent professional wrestling promotion based in Toms River , New Jersey . It was founded by twin brothers Don and Mike Bucci in 2001 and promoted by Don Bucci until its close two years later . The promotion enjoyed a high degree of success during its existence and was home to many independent wrestlers in the Jersey Shore and Mid-Atlantic region later signed to both Total Non-Stop Action and World Wrestling Entertainment .   Stars from both promotions made appearances for PCW such as TNA 's Alexis Laree , Frankie Kazarian , Amazing Red and The S.A.T. ( Jose and Joel Maximo ) . The Wall and the Harris Brothers were also signed to TNA while competing for the promotion . From the World Wrestling Federation included former and then current superstars such as Jimmy Snuka , Gillberg , Gangrel , Eddie Guerrero and Three Minute Warning ( Rosey and Jamal ) . A number of WWE developmental wrestlers from Ohio Valley Wrestling spent time in the promotion including Kara Drew , Charlie Haas , Mike Kruel , Tank Toland and The Basham Brothers ( Doug and Danny Basham ) .   Mike Bucci , a mainstay of Extreme Championship Wrestling , was also able to bring in many of its stars prior to and following the promotion 's close in 2001 . Among these included Prodigy , Chris Chetti , Little Guido , Jerry Lynn , Crowbar , Steve Corino , Julio Dinero , Chris Hamrick , Tommy Dreamer , Raven , Joey Matthews & Christian York and the `` heel '' stable Triple Threat ( `` Franchise '' Shane Douglas , Chris Candido and Bam Bam Bigelow ) . Both Bucci and Prodigy would win titles in the promotion , Prodigy being the first PCW Television Champion .   Despite the fierce competitive environment among independent Mid-Atlantic promotions , the smaller PCW had working relationships with several of its rivals allowing appearances by Nicky Benz and Ric Blade from Combat Zone Wrestling , and Michael Shane , `` Fallen Angel '' Christopher Daniels and Samoa Joe from Ring of Honor . PCW also featured many established independent wrestlers , not only in the Jersey Shore and Mid-Atlantic region , but from throughout the United States and Canada . The mix of wrestlers would occasionally result in unofficial interpromotional matches that would not normally be seen in mainstream companies . The promotion also had a weekly Public-access television cable TV series , Fire Bird TV , and many of its supercards and televised events were later released on VHS/DVD by Smart Mark Video and RF Video .

neg: Britney/Brittany `` Britney/Brittany '' is the second episode of the second season of the American television series Glee , and the twenty-fourth episode overall . Written and directed by series creator Ryan Murphy , it premiered on the Fox network on September 28 , 2010 , and pays tribute to Britney Spears . Glee club member Brittany S. Pierce ( Heather Morris ) experiences an anesthesia-induced hallucination in which she recreates iconic Spears moments , and comes to self-realization , and several club members follow suit . Co-captains Rachel ( Lea Michele ) and Finn ( Cory Monteith ) experience difficulties in their relationship , and club director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) becomes jealous of guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury 's ( Jayma Mays ) new boyfriend , Dr. Carl Howell ( John Stamos ) .   Following the first season episode `` The Power of Madonna '' , which served as an homage to Madonna , Murphy planned two tribute episodes for Glee second season , of which `` Britney/Brittany '' is the first . He was approached by Spears about using her songs , and deemed her one of the most important female musicians of the decade , having inspired many of the show 's young cast to pursue musical careers . Spears makes several cameos in the episode , appearing in the students ' dream sequences . `` Britney/Brittany '' was also intended as a showcase for Morris , whose character was originally a background character on the show , but was promoted to a series regular after her character proved to be a fan favorite .   The episode features seven musical performances , six of which were released as singles . It was watched by 13.51 million American viewers , Glee third largest audience ever , and attracted mixed reviews from critics . ToddVanDerWerff of The A.V. Club criticized its slightness of plot and incongruous musical numbers ; however , James Poniewozik of Time praised the episode for embracing its fantasy nature . Entertainment Weekly Tim Stack was dismayed by the close recreations of Spears videos , preferring Glee more original interpretations of its cover versions , yet MTV 's Aly Semigran felt that the performance of `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' was one of the best sequences in the show 's history . Michele 's rendition of '' ... Baby One More Time '' attracted negative reviews , though her performance of Paramore 's `` The Only Exception '' was generally well received . Spears ' cameo received mixed reviews , with even those critics who received it favorably expressing relief that she did not appear for longer . Morris ' performance attracted critical praise , particularly for her dancing skills .

neg: American Beauty (1999 film) American Beauty is a 1999 American drama film directed by Sam Mendes and written by Alan Ball . Kevin Spacey stars as Lester Burnham , a 42-year-old advertising executive who has a midlife crisis when he becomes infatuated with his teenaged daughter 's best friend , Angela ( Mena Suvari ) . Annette Bening co-stars as Lester 's materialistic wife , Carolyn , and Thora Birch plays their insecure daughter , Jane . Wes Bentley , Chris Cooper , and Allison Janney also feature . The film is described by academics as a satire of American middle-class notions of beauty and personal satisfaction ; analysis has focused on the film 's explorations of romantic , and paternal love , sexuality , beauty , materialism , self-liberation , and redemption .   Ball began writing American Beauty as a play in the early 1990s , partly inspired by the media circus around the Amy Fisher trial in 1992 . He shelved the play after realizing the story would not work on stage . After several years as a television screenwriter , Ball revived the idea in 1997 when attempting to break into the film industry . The modified script had a cynical outlook that was influenced by Ball 's frustrating tenures writing for several sitcoms . Producers Dan Jinks and Bruce Cohen took American Beauty to DreamWorks ; the then-fledgling film studio bought Ball 's script for $ 250,000 , outbidding several other production bodies . DreamWorks financed the $ 15 million production and served as its North American distributor . American Beauty marked acclaimed theater director Mendes ' film debut ; courted after his successful productions of the musicals Oliver ! and Cabaret , Mendes was , nevertheless , only given the job after 20 others were considered and several `` A-list '' directors turned down the opportunity .   Spacey was Mendes ' first choice for the role of Lester , though DreamWorks had urged the director to consider better-known actors ; similarly , the studio suggested several actors for the role of Carolyn until Mendes offered the part to Bening without DreamWorks ' knowledge . Principal photography took place between December 1998 and February 1999 on soundstages at the Warner Bros. backlot in Burbank , California , and on location in Los Angeles . Mendes ' dominant style was deliberate and composed ; he made extensive use of static shots and slow pans and zooms to generate tension . Cinematographer Conrad Hall complemented Mendes ' style with peaceful shot compositions to contrast with the turbulent on-screen events . During editing , Mendes made several changes that gave the film a less cynical tone than the script .   Released in North America on September 17 , 1999 , American Beauty was positively received by critics and grossed over $ 356 million worldwide . Reviewers praised most aspects of the production , with particular emphasis on Mendes , Spacey , and Ball ; criticism focused on the familiarity of the characters and setting . DreamWorks launched a major campaign to increase the film 's chances of Academy Award success ; at the 72nd Academy Awards the following year , the film won Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor ( for Spacey ) , Best Original Screenplay , and Best Cinematography . It was nominated for and won many other awards and honors , mainly for the direction , writing , and acting .

neg: I Am... World Tour I Am ... World Tour ( sometimes referred to as the I Am ... Tour ) was the fourth concert tour by American recording artist Beyoncé . It was launched in support of her third studio album , I Am ... Sasha Fierce ( 2008 ) . The tour was announced in October 2008 and the first dates were revealed in December 2008 . It kicked off in late-March 2009 with five rehearsal shows in North America , officially commencing in late April 2009 . The tour visited the Americas , Europe , Asia , Africa , and Australia with 108 shows in total . Preparations for the shows began eight months prior to the beginning of the tour with twelve-hour rehearsals for two months . Knowles described the shows as her best and most theatrical from all of her tours . Pre-concert food drives were held during several stops of the I Am ... World Tour as part of a campaign by General Mills ' Hamburger Helper entitled , `` Show Your Helping Hand '' where fans were asked to bring food during the concerts .   The set list for the concerts included songs from Knowles ' three studio albums as well as several covers of other artists and a Destiny 's Child medley . The central theme of the tour was to showcase the difference between Knowles ' dual personality ; her emotional side and her onstage persona , Sasha Fierce which was also demonstrated in the dual album I Am ... Sasha Fierce . The show featured two stages -- the main one and a smaller B-stage where Knowles was transferred during the middle of the show . She was backed by an all-female band , female background dancers and a big LED screen . Thierry Mugler collaborated with Knowles on the costumes and had a creative advisor role further working on the choreography , lighting and production . Chris March made the costumes usable for stage and helped in their making . For the ballads , Knowles wore longer dresses while for the performances of the up-tempo songs , more make-up and more revealing outfits were worn . The fashion and Knowles ' look and figure received praise from critics .   I Am ... World Tour received critical acclaim from music critics who praised Knowles ' performance abilities calling her the best female performer and chose the performances of `` Ave Maria '' , `` Listen '' and `` At Last '' as highlights during the shows . A concert in Malaysia was cancelled by Knowles after several Muslim groups tried to ban it although she agreed to tone down her look according to the country 's standards . The tour was commercially successful grossing $ 86.0 million from 93 shows in total . Separate performances of several songs were broadcast on different channels and two concerts were released as live albums ; the live performance at the I Am ... Yours revue was released in a CD/DVD format in 2009 and footage of the tour was released on an eponymous titled live album in 2010 .

neg: Send It On (Disney's Friends for Change song) `` Send It On '' is a song performed by American recording artists Demi Lovato , the Jonas Brothers , Miley Cyrus and Selena Gomez . The group , billed as Disney 's Friends for Change , stems from Disney 's environmental initiative of the same name . `` Send It On '' was written by Adam Anders , Nikki Hassman , and Peer Åström and produced by Anders and Åström . The song was released on August 11 , 2009 by Walt Disney and Hollywood Records as a promotional charity single in order to benefit international environmental associations . In regard to the song and the campaign , the six singers noted that it is a good cause and that it is one dear to them . The ballad is lyrically about passing on an environmentalist message .   The song garnered mixed to average reviews from critics , who noted that the lyrics make no mention of the environment . The song received airplay only on Radio Disney and peaked at number twenty on the Billboard Hot 100 . The corresponding music video has all four acts singing into microphones on top of a brightly lit stage and running across a park setting where many children are following them .