query: Avatar was directed by James Cameron and released in 2009.

pos: Avatar (2009 film) Avatar ( marketed as James Cameron 's Avatar ) is a 2009 American epic science fiction film directed , written , produced , and co-edited by James Cameron , and starring Sam Worthington , Zoe Saldana , Stephen Lang , Michelle Rodriguez , and Sigourney Weaver . The film is set in the mid-22nd century , when humans are colonizing Pandora , a lush habitable moon of a gas giant in the Alpha Centauri star system , in order to mine the mineral unobtanium , a room-temperature superconductor . The expansion of the mining colony threatens the continued existence of a local tribe of Na ` vi -- a humanoid species indigenous to Pandora . The film 's title refers to a genetically engineered Na ` vi body with the mind of a remotely located human that is used to interact with the natives of Pandora .   Development of Avatar began in 1994 , when Cameron wrote an 80-page treatment for the film . Filming was supposed to take place after the completion of Cameron 's 1997 film Titanic , for a planned release in 1999 , but according to Cameron , the necessary technology was not yet available to achieve his vision of the film . Work on the language of the film 's extraterrestrial beings began in 2005 , and Cameron began developing the screenplay and fictional universe in early 2006 . Avatar was officially budgeted at $ 237 million . Other estimates put the cost between $ 280 million and $ 310 million for production and at $ 150 million for promotion . The film made extensive use of new motion capture filming techniques , and was released for traditional viewing , 3D viewing ( using the RealD 3D , Dolby 3D , XpanD 3D , and IMAX 3D formats ) , and for `` 4D '' experiences in select South Korean theaters . The stereoscopic filmmaking was touted as a breakthrough in cinematic technology .   Avatar premiered in London on , 2009 , and was internationally released on and in the United States and Canada on , to positive critical reviews , with critics highly praising its groundbreaking visual effects . During its theatrical run , the film broke several box office records and became the highest-grossing film of all time , as well as in the United States and Canada , surpassing Titanic , which had held those records for twelve years ( and was also directed by Cameron ) . It also became the first film to gross more than and the best-selling film of 2010 in the United States . Avatar was nominated for nine Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director , and won three , for Best Art Direction , Best Cinematography and Best Visual Effects . Following the film 's success , Cameron signed with 20th Century Fox to produce three sequels , making Avatar the first of a planned tetralogy . On April 14 , 2016 , Cameron confirmed that there were now plans for four sequels . Avatar 2 was scheduled for release in December 2018 before being delayed , with the sequels following in December 2020 , 2022 , and 2023 , respectively . The sequels are scheduled for release in 2020 , 2021 , 2024 and 2025 .

neg: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction fantasy film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Henry Thomas , Dee Wallace , Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , Peter Coyote and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a lonely boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed `` E.T. '' , who is stranded on Earth . He and his siblings help it return home while attempting to keep it hidden from their mother and the government .   The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was shot from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of US$ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast .   Released on June 11 , 1982 by Universal Pictures , E.T was an immediate blockbuster , surpassing Star Wars to become the highest-grossing film of all time -- a record it held for eleven years until Jurassic Park , another Spielberg-directed film , surpassed it in 1993 . It is the highest-grossing film of the 1980s . Widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time , critics acclaimed it as a timeless story of friendship , and it ranks as the greatest science fiction film ever made in a Rotten Tomatoes survey . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . It was re-released in 1985 , and then again in 2002 to celebrate its 20th anniversary , with altered shots and additional scenes .

neg: Cinema of India The cinema of India consists of films produced across India . Cinema as a medium has gained immense popularity in the country and as many as 1,600 films in various languages of India are produced annually . Indian films have also come to be followed throughout South Asia , the Greater Middle East , Southeast Asia and other countries . Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the `` father of Indian cinema '' . The Dadasaheb Phalke Award , for lifetime contribution to cinema , was instituted in his honour , by the Government of India in 1969 , and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema .   In the 20th century , Indian cinema , along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries , became a global enterprise . As of 2013 , in terms of annual film output , India ranks first , followed by Nollywood , Hollywood and China . In 2012 , India produced 1,602 feature films . The Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $ 1.86 billion ( 93 billion ) in 2011 . This is projected to rise to $ 3 billion ( 200 billion ) in 2016 . In 2015 , India had a total box office gross of , the fourth largest in the world outside North America . Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established cinematic norms of delivering product , altering the manner in which content reached the target audience . Biopics like Dangal and CGI-laden epics like Baahubali emerged as transnational blockbusters grossing over $ 200 million each in early 21st century . Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened . The Indian government extended film delegations to foreign countries such as the United States of America and Japan while the country 's Film Producers Guild sent similar missions through Europe .   The provision of 100 % foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox , Sony Pictures , Walt Disney Pictures and Warner Bros. . Indian enterprises such as AVM Productions , Prasad 's Group , Sun Pictures , PVP Cinemas , Zee , UTV , Suresh Productions , Eros Films , Ayngaran International , Pyramid Saimira , Aascar Films and Adlabs also participated in producing and distributing films . Tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India . By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India , making the commercial presence of the medium felt .   The South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity . They are the Telugu , the Tamil , the Malayalam and the Kannada industries . Although developed independently over a long period , gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity .   The Indian diaspora consists of millions of Indians overseas for which films are made available both through media such as DVDs and by screening of films in their country of residence wherever commercially feasible . These earnings , accounting for some 12 % of the revenue generated by a mainstream film , contribute substantially to the overall revenue of Indian cinema , the net worth of which was found to be 1.3 billion in 2000 . Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4 -- 5 % of the net revenues generated by a film in India .

neg: Orion Pictures Orion Pictures Corporation is an American motion picture producer and distributor that produced and released films from 1978 until 1999 , and was also involved in television production and syndication throughout the 1980s until the early 1990s . It was formed in 1978 as a joint venture between Warner Bros. and three former top-level executives of United Artists . Although it was never a large motion picture producer , Orion achieved a comparatively high reputation for Hollywood quality . Woody Allen , James Cameron , Jonathan Demme , Oliver Stone , and several other prominent directors worked with Orion during its most successful years from 1978 to 1992 . Of the films distributed by Orion , four won Academy Awards for Best Picture : Amadeus ( 1984 ) , Platoon ( 1986 ) , Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) , and The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) . Two other Orion films , Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) and Mississippi Burning ( 1988 ) , were nominated for that same category . In 2013 , Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer revived the Orion name for television ; a year later Orion Pictures was quietly relaunched by the studio .

neg: Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2010 The 4th Houston Film Critics Society Awards were presented on December 18 , 2010 . These awards for `` extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Houston Film Critics Society ( HFCS ) based in Houston , Texas . The organization , founded in 2007 , includes 22 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications in the greater Houston area . The awards are co-sponsored by the Houston Film Commission , Southwest Alternate Media Project , Women in Film and Television/Houston , WorldFest , and the Houston Cinema Arts Society .   The nominations for the 2010 awards were announced on December 12 , 2010 . Eligible films do not need to have played or opened in a Houston film theater prior to the nomination deadline , merely made available to the HFCS membership at a screening or on DVD . Along with the 13 `` best of '' category awards , this year also saw the introduction of a new category for `` Worst Movies of the Year '' . The Social Network , True Grit , and 127 Hours each received six nominations , all including the Best Picture , Actor , Direction , and Original Score categories .   The Social Network was the HFCS 's most awarded film of 2010 taking top honors in the Best Picture , Best Director ( David Fincher ) , Best Actor ( Jesse Eisenberg ) , and Best Screenplay ( Aaron Sorkin ) categories . Inception was the only other film to garner multiple awards , winning both the Best Original Score ( Hans Zimmer ) and Best Cinematography ( Wally Pfister ) prizes . The other acting awards went to Natalie Portman as Best Actress for Black Swan , Hailee Steinfeld as Best Supporting Actress for True Grit , and Christian Bale as Best Supporting Actor for The Fighter . The remaining film honors went to Toy Story 3 as Best Animated Film , Restrepo as Best Documentary , and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo as Best Foreign Language Film . `` We Are Sex Bob-Omb '' by Beck from Scott Pilgrim vs. the World was named the Best Original Song . The HFCS 's first-ever award for `` Worst Picture '' was given to Jonah Hex starring Josh Brolin .   In addition to the category awards , the HFCS presented their annual Lifetime Achievement Award to Sissy Spacek and its Humanitarian Award to George Clooney . Clooney was selected for `` selflessly using his celebrity for greater good '' . The HFCS award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinema awards were presented to Charles Dove , director of the Rice University Media Center , and Hector Luna , the founder and editor of C-47 Houston .

neg: Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Visual Effects The Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Visual Effects is one of the awards given to people working in the motion picture industry by the Broadcast Film Critics Association . It was first given out in 2009 .

neg: Pandoran biosphere The fictional Pandoran biosphere , from James Cameron 's Avatar , teems with a biodiversity of bioluminescent species ranging from hexapodal animals to other types of exotic fauna and flora . The Pandoran ecology forms a vast neural network spanning the entire lunar surface into which the Naʼvi and other creatures can connect . The strength of this collective consciousness is illustrated when the human invaders are defeated in battle by the Pandoran ecology , after the Naʼvi were nearly defeated . Cameron utilized a team of expert advisors in order to make the various examples of fauna and flora as scientifically feasible as possible .

neg: Gamer (film) Gamer is a 2009 American science fiction action thriller film written and directed by Mark Neveldine and Brian Taylor . The film stars Gerard Butler as a participant in an online game in which participants can control human beings as players , and Logan Lerman as the player who controls him . Alongside Butler and Lerman , it also stars Michael C. Hall , Ludacris , Amber Valletta , Terry Crews , Alison Lohman , John Leguizamo , and Zoe Bell .   Gamer was released in North America on September 4 , 2009 , receiving generally negative reviews from critics , who found the plot , direction , and script disappointing , though its performances , effects , and action sequences were praised . It received a mixed reception from audiences , and was a box office bomb , grossing $ 42 million worldwide against a production budget of $ 50 million .

neg: 2009 Toronto International Film Festival The 34th annual Toronto International Film Festival ( TIFF ) was held in Toronto , Ontario , Canada between September 10 and September 19 , 2009 . The opening night gala presented the Charles Darwin biography Creation . The Young Victoria , based on the early years of Queen Victoria , closed the festival on September 19 .

neg: Jimmy Hayward James `` Jimmy '' Hayward ( born September 17 , 1970 ) is a Canadian-American film director , screenwriter and animator .

neg: Alien (film) Alien is a 1979 British-American science-fiction horror film directed by Ridley Scott , and starring Sigourney Weaver , Tom Skerritt , Veronica Cartwright , Harry Dean Stanton , John Hurt , Ian Holm and Yaphet Kotto . The film 's title refers to a highly aggressive extraterrestrial creature that stalks and kills the crew of a spaceship . Dan O'Bannon wrote the screenplay from a story he wrote with Ronald Shusett , drawing influence from previous works of science fiction and horror . The film was produced by Gordon Carroll , David Giler and Walter Hill through their Brandywine Productions and distributed by 20th Century Fox . Giler and Hill made revisions and additions to the script . Shusett was executive producer . The eponymous Alien and its accompanying elements were designed by Swiss artist H. R. Giger , while concept artists Ron Cobb and Chris Foss designed the human aspects of the film . Alien launched the Alien franchise and is chronologically the first of the main series , with the prequel series set in an earlier timeframe .   Alien received both critical acclaim and box office success , receiving an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects , Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film , Best Direction for Scott , and Best Supporting Actress for Cartwright , and a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , along with numerous other award nominations . It has remained highly praised in subsequent decades , being considered one of the greatest films of all time . In 2002 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . In 2008 , it was ranked as the seventh-best film in the science fiction genre by the American Film Institute , and as the 33rd greatest film of all time by Empire magazine .   The success of Alien spawned a media franchise of novels , comic books , video games , and toys . It also launched Weaver 's acting career by providing her with her first lead role , and the story of her character Ellen Ripley 's encounters with the Alien creatures became the thematic thread that ran through the sequels Aliens ( 1986 ) , Alien 3 ( 1992 ) and Alien : Resurrection ( 1997 ) . , a crossover with the Predator franchise produced the Alien vs. Predator series , which includes Alien vs. Predator ( 2004 ) and Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem ( 2007 ) , and also a prequel series of films , which includes Prometheus ( 2012 ) and Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) .

neg: 2009 Independent Spirit Awards The 2009 Independent Spirit Awards can refer to :  24th Independent Spirit Awards , a ceremony held in 2009 , honoring the films of 2008  25th Independent Spirit Awards , a ceremony held in 2010 , honoring the films of 2009   Category : Independent Spirit Awards

neg: Unsimulated sex Unsimulated sex is the presentation in a film of sex scenes where the actors engage in an actual sex act , and are not just miming or simulating the actions . At one time in the United States such scenes were restricted by law and self-imposed industry standards such as the Motion Picture Production Code . Films showing explicit sexual activity were confined to privately distributed underground films , such as stag films or `` porn loops '' . Beginning in the late 1960s , most notably with Blue Movie by Andy Warhol , mainstream cinemas began pushing boundaries in terms of what was presented on screen . Although the vast majority of sexual situations depicted in mainstream cinema are simulated ( in early pornography , the main actors engaged in simulated sex , with inserts placed in the film ) , on rare occasions actors engage in real sex . The difference between these films and pornography is that , while such scenes might be considered erotic , the intent of these films is not solely pornographic .   Notable examples include two of the eight Bedside-films and the six Zodiac-films from the 1970s , all of which were produced in Denmark and had many pornographic sex scenes , but were nevertheless considered mainstream films ( they all had mainstream casts and crews , and premiered in mainstream cinemas ) . The last of these films , Agent 69 Jensen i Skyttens tegn , was made in 1978 . From the end of the 1970s until the late 1990s it was rare to see hardcore scenes in mainstream cinema , but this changed with the success of Lars von Trier 's The Idiots ( 1998 ) , which heralded a wave of art-house films with explicit content , such as Romance ( 1999 ) , Baise-moi ( 2000 ) , Intimacy ( 2001 ) , Vincent Gallo 's The Brown Bunny ( 2003 ) , and Michael Winterbottom 's 9 Songs ( 2004 ) . Some simulated sex scenes are sufficiently realistic that critics mistakenly believe that they are real , such as the cunnilingus scene in the 2006 film Red Road .

neg: G-Force (film) G-Force is a 2009 American family comedy adventure film produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films . Written by Cormac Wibberley and Marianne Wibberley and directed by Hoyt Yeatman , the film is the directorial debut of Hoyt Yeatman , whose earlier work includes contributions in the area of visual effects . It was released in the United States on July 24 , 2009 . G-Force is based on a story also by Hoyt Yeatman . The film was shown in competing 3-D technologies like Dolby 3D . This is also Jerry Bruckheimer 's first 3-D film . The movie stars Zach Galifianakis , Bill Nighy , and Will Arnett and it features the voices of Sam Rockwell , Tracy Morgan , Penélope Cruz , Nicolas Cage , Steve Buscemi , and Jon Favreau . The film received generally negative reviews , with critics praising its action , but criticizing its plot and character development and it earned $ 292.8 million on a $ 150 million budget .

neg: Gokusen: The Movie is a 2009 Japanese film based on manga series Gokusen . It was directed by Tōya Satō who also directed live-action version of Kaiji . This film is the sequel to the television drama Gokusen season 3 , and the last of the series . This film has action , comedy and drama just like the tv series . It was released on July 11 , 2009 .

neg: Titanic II (film) Titanic II ( also entitled Titanic 2 ) is a 2010 low-budget disaster film written , directed by , and starring Shane Van Dyke and distributed by The Asylum . Despite this title , the film is not a sequel to the 1997 film by James Cameron , although movie website Dread Central has suggested the film may be a mockbuster of it . It was released direct-to-TV in Australia on August 7 , 2010 . It premiered on Syfy on Sky in the UK and Ireland on August 9 . It was released on August 25 in the United States . The film is set on a fictional replica Titanic that sets off exactly 100 years after the original ship 's maiden voyage to perform the reverse route , but global warming and the forces of nature cause history to repeat itself on the same night , only on a more disastrous and deadly scale .

neg: Michael Fassbender filmography Michael Fassbender is a German-Irish actor who made his screen debut in the 2001 war drama miniseries Band of Brothers as Sgt. Burton `` Pat '' Christenson . Fassbender followed this with a number of television roles including a German motorcycle courier in the drama Hearts and Bones ( 2001 ) , Guy Fawkes in the miniseries Gunpowder , Treason & Plot ( 2004 ) , Lt. Harry Colebourn in the film A Bear Named Winnie ( 2004 ) , and Azazeal in the series Hex ( 2004 -- 05 ) . He made his film debut playing a Spartan soldier in Zack Snyder 's 300 ( 2007 ) . The following year Fassbender portrayed Irish republican Bobby Sands during the events of the 1981 Irish hunger strike in Steve McQueen 's historical drama Hunger . His performance garnered him the Best Actor award at the British Independent Film Awards , and the Irish Film and Television Awards .   Fassbender appeared as a British soldier in Quentin Tarantino-directed film Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) . Two years later , he played Carl Jung in David Cronenberg 's A Dangerous Method , and a man suffering with sex addiction in McQueen 's Shame . His performance in the latter earned him the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the Venice Film Festival . In the same year he also appeared in superhero film X-Men : First Class as Magneto . In 2013 , Fassbender reteamed with McQueen on the period drama 12 Years a Slave . For his role as a slave owner in the film he received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . The following year , he reprised his role as Magneto in the superhero sequel X-Men : Days of Future Past which grossed a box-office total of over $ 747 million -- his highest grossing release as of April 2016 . In 2015 , he appeared as the title character in Justin Kurzel 's film adaptation of the play Macbeth . In the same year , Fassbender 's portrayal of Steve Jobs in Danny Boyle 's eponymous film garnered him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor .

neg: List of accolades received by 127 Hours 127 Hours is a 2010 British independent biographical adventure film directed by Danny Boyle . It stars James Franco in the principal role as real-life mountain climber Aron Ralston , whose hand was trapped under a boulder in a Utah ravine for more than five days in April 2003 . Adapted from Ralston 's autobiography Between a Rock and a Hard Place , 127 Hourss screenplay was written by Boyle and Simon Beaufoy . Distributors Fox Searchlight and Pathé gave the feature limited releases in the United States and United Kingdom on 5 November 2010 and 7 January 2011 , respectively . It grossed # 35.8 million at the box office by the end of its worldwide theatrical run . Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator surveyed 215 reviews and judged 93 % to be positive .  Additionally , 127 Hours appeared on more than two dozen movie reviewers ' Top Ten lists for the best movies of 2010 .   The film has received honors for its direction , music , cinematography and writing , as well as for the lead performance by Franco . At the 68th Golden Globe Awards ceremony , 127 Hours earned three nominations : for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , Best Original Score and Best Screenplay . The picture was nominated in nine Satellite Award categories , including direction , score , sound , original song and visual effects . It also received nine nominations from the Broadcast Film Critics Association . The 64th British Academy Film Awards nominated it for eight of their awards , including Best Director , Best Editing , Best Music and Best Sound . Additionally , 127 Hours was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Film , but lost to The King 's Speech . It performed similarly at the 83rd Academy Awards , where it was nominated in six categories : Best Actor , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Film Editing , Best Original Score , Best Original Song ( for `` If I Rise '' ) and Best Picture , but lost respectively in all categories to The King 's Speech , The Social Network , and Toy Story 3 .   Franco was named Best Actor by the New York Film Critics Online and 2010 Independent Spirit Awards . He also received recognition from the Screen Actors Guild , at their 17th annual ceremony . Franco 's arm amputation scene towards the end of 127 Hours was nominated at the viewer-voted 2011 MTV Movie Awards . Boyle 's and Beaufoy 's efforts on the movie 's script earned them nominations from the Writers Guild of America and Evening Standard British Film Awards . Along with producer Christian Colson , Boyle garnered another nomination , this time from the Producers Guild of America . The Detroit Film Critics Society honored Boyle as Best Director . Suttirat Larlarb 's input on the movie 's production design earned her one nomination from the Art Directors Guild . The film 's cinematography garnered nominations at the 2010 Houston Film Critics Awards and the 2010 San Diego Film Critics Society Awards . The American Film Institute listed 127 Hours as one of the ten best movies of 2010 .

neg: Racebending __ NOTOC __  Racebending is a neologism used to describe a process where a character 's perceived race or ethnicity is changed in a narrative by an adapter as it is created in a new media form . The term was coined by one of the founders of the website Racebending.com , which was created to protest the casting of white actors in the 2010 film The Last Airbender , where the originating TV series Avatar : The Last Airbender featured characters of East Asian appearance . The term `` racebending '' was derived from Avatar characters ' ability to manipulate or `` bend '' the classical elements of water , earth , fire , and air . Assistant Professor Kristen J. Warner wrote that the term has `` many definitions and contexts '' , such as being the industrial practice of color-blind casting or writing fan fiction , the latter being `` when writers change the race and cultural specificity of central characters or pull a secondary character of color from the margins , transforming her into the central protagonist . ''   In 2010 , Racebending.com and the Media Action Network for Asian Americans ( MANAA ) urged boycotts of The Last Airbender as well as Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time due to their practices of racebending . Prince of Persia was criticized for casting white actors for the principal cast instead of actors of Iranian or Middle Eastern descent .   Fan activism over The Last Airbender led to the term becoming prevalent and becoming the name of the activist movement . Activists used the term interchangeably with `` whitewashing '' to describe white actors being cast as non-white characters in adaptations of media . Pastes Abbey White said in 2016 that the term was subsequently adopted to apply to actors of color being cast in traditionally white roles . White said , `` In the last several years , racebending has become a practice used more and more to help networks diversify their ensembles and capture a bigger audience . Not only has it resulted in more racial visibility on the small screen , but in a far more unexpected way , racebending can generate deeper and more significant depictions of characters . ''

neg: Avatar Airbender Avatar Airbender is an Intamin roller coaster themed after the TV series Avatar : The Last Airbender located at Nickelodeon Universe in the Mall of America in Bloomington , Minnesota . Avatar is a halfpipe roller coaster that goes up to 70 ft to the top and back tower while spinning the riders . It reaches the top of both spikes about twelve times during each ride . Located at the center of Nickelodeon Universe , it provides a focal point for the entire park .

neg: List of accolades received by Enthiran Enthiran ( Robot ) is a 2010 Indian Tamil-language science fiction film directed by S. Shankar and produced by Kalanithi Maran . Shankar wrote the screenplay and co-wrote the dialogues with Sujatha Rangarajan and Madhan Karky . The film stars Rajinikanth and Aishwarya Rai in the lead roles with Danny Denzongpa , Santhanam , and Karunas playing supporting roles . The musical score was composed by A. R. Rahman while the cinematography , visual effects , editing , and art direction were handled by R. Rathnavelu , V. Srinivas Mohan , Anthony , and Sabu Cyril respectively . The film 's story revolves around a scientist 's struggle to control his creation , an android robot whose software is upgraded to give it the ability to comprehend and generate human emotions . The plan backfires when the robot falls in love with the scientist 's fiancée and is further manipulated by a rival scientist to bring destruction to all who stand in its way . The film was dubbed into Hindi as Robot .   Produced on an estimated budget of 1.32 billion , Enthiran was released on 1 October 2010 and yielded a revenue of 1.79 billion according to a report by the Sun TV Network . The film garnered awards and nominations in several categories , with particular praise for its cinematography , visual effects , art direction , costume design , and Rajinikanth 's performance . As of 2017 , the film has won 24 awards from 37 nominations .   At the 58th National Film Awards ceremony , Enthiran won two awards for Best Special Effects ( Mohan ) and Best Production Design ( Cyril ) . The film was nominated in nine categories at the 58th Filmfare Awards South , winning Best Cinematographer ( Rathnavelu ) , Best Art Director ( Cyril ) , and Best Costume Design ( Manish Malhotra ) . At the 5th Vijay Awards , the film was nominated in fourteen categories and won in seven , including Best Villain and Favourite Hero ( Rajinikanth ) , Favourite Film ( Maran ) , and Favourite Director ( Shankar ) . Enthiran won three awards at the 12th IIFA Awards under the Best Special Effects , Best Art Direction , and Best Makeup categories . Among other wins , the film received three Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards , two Screen Awards and Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards each , one Mirchi Music Award , and a special award at the 24th Tokyo International Film Festival .


query: During the eighth season of the television drama Beverly Hills 90210, Hilary Swank was part of the main cast.

pos: Hilary Swank Hilary Swank ( born July 30 , 1974 ) is an American actress and producer . She has won two Academy Awards for Best Actress and received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2007 .   Swank made her film debut in a minor role for Buffy the Vampire Slayer , before she made her breakout lead role in the fourth installment of the The Karate Kid franchise , The Next Karate Kid in 1994 . On television , she was cast as part of the main cast in the eighth season of the drama series Beverly Hills 90210 as single mother Carly Reynolds from 1997 to 1998 . Swank garnered critical acclaim for her portrayal of Brandon Teena in the 1999 biographical independent film Boys Do n't Cry , which earned her the Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama . She starred in Clint Eastwood 's 2004 sports drama film Million Dollar Baby as struggling-waitress-turned-boxer Maggie Fitzgerald , which won her a second Oscar and Golden Globe for Best Actress .   She starred in other films , such as The Gift ( 2000 ) , Insomnia ( 2002 ) , Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 ) , Red Dust ( 2004 ) The Reaping ( 2007 ) , P.S. I Love You ( 2007 ) , Freedom Writers ( 2007 ) and The Homesman ( 2014 ) .

neg: Rich Kids of Beverly Hills Rich Kids of Beverly Hills ( stylized as #RichKids of Beverly Hills ) is an American reality television series that premiered on E! , on January 19 , 2014 . The series focuses on the lives of a group of twenty-something millionaires and billionaires ( by inheritance ) showcasing their lives .

neg: NCIS (season 8) The eighth season of the police procedural drama NCIS premiered on September 21 , 2010 in the same time slot as the previous season .   The season story arc involves Ziva 's largely-unseen boyfriend , Ray , and the CIA continuing to meddle in NCIS 's day-to-day workings . Notable events include the terrorism and internal affairs threat during the `` Enemies '' two-parter , and the arrival of another Major Case Response Team from Rota , Spain , the team that Tony was offered to be lead of in the beginning of season four . The season ends on a five-part story arc involving the Port-to-Port killer that menaced both teams . The finale aired on May 17 , 2011 .

neg: Naomi Clark Naomi Clark , played by AnnaLynne McCord , is a fictional character from the CW primetime drama 90210 , the fourth series of the Beverly Hills , 90210 franchise . The character was created by Rob Thomas , Gabe Sachs , and Jeff Judah , with later developments by Rebecca Sinclair , and occasional input from McCord .   During early stages of production , Naomi was largely described as a privileged and popular teenager . Prior to the series ' premiere , Sachs and Judah would further develop Naomi into an antiheroine with a number of flaws , virtues , and familial issues . In the second season , Sinclair , the new show-runner , maintained the previous developments but presented a more comedic take on the character . McCord has expressed fondness for the multi-faceted nature of the role , citing it as a factor in her decision to accept the part .   Often regarded as the show 's central figure , Naomi has received critical acclaim from the Los Angeles Times , Entertainment Weekly , People magazine , and other media outlets . Reviews have praised AnnaLynne McCord 's performance and the complexity of the role . Conversely , Naomi has also been a recipient of criticism , particularly during the second season . For her work in the role , McCord was nominated for a Teen Choice Award in 2009 , and won a Breakthrough of the Year Award in 2010 .

neg: L.A. Law L.A. Law is an American television legal drama series that ran for eight seasons on NBC , from September 15 , 1986 , to May 19 , 1994 .   Created by Steven Bochco and Terry Louise Fisher , it contained many of Bochco 's trademark features including an ensemble cast , large number of parallel storylines , social drama , and off-the-wall humor . It reflected the social and cultural ideologies of the 1980s and early 1990s , and many of the cases featured on the show dealt with hot-topic issues such as capital punishment , abortion , racism , gay rights , homophobia , sexual harassment , AIDS , and domestic violence . The series often also reflected social tensions between the wealthy senior lawyer protagonists and their less well-paid junior staff .   In addition to its main cast , L.A. Law was also well known for featuring then relatively unknown actors and actresses in guest starring roles , who later went on to greater success in film and television including : Don Cheadle , Jeffrey Tambor , Kathy Bates , David Schwimmer , Jay O. Sanders , James Avery , Gates McFadden , Bryan Cranston , C.C.H. Pounder , Kevin Spacey , Richard Schiff , Carrie-Anne Moss , William H. Macy , Stephen Root , Christian Slater , and Lucy Liu . Several episodes of the show also included celebrities such as Vanna White , Buddy Hackett and Mamie Van Doren appearing as themselves in cameo roles .   The show was popular with audiences and critics , and won 15 Emmy Awards throughout its run , four of which were for Outstanding Drama Series .

neg: Karen Sisco Karen Sisco is an American crime drama television series starring Carla Gugino in the title role . The series was created by novelist Elmore Leonard , based on a character who had appeared in several of his written works , as well as one film adaptation , 1998 's Out of Sight . The series debuted on October 1 , 2003 on ABC , and was canceled after seven episodes .   As a U.S. Deputy Marshal , based on Miami , Florida 's Gold Coast , Karen must deal with the underbelly of South Beach nightlife and Palm Beach high life while tracking down fugitives . She also struggles to win the respect of her fellow officers . Karen occasionally gets advice from her father , a retired Miami police officer turned private investigator , who is Karen 's confidant , counselor , and confessor . The show faced stiff competition from NBC 's Law & Order .   TV Guide included the series in their 2013 list of 60 shows that were `` Canceled Too Soon '' .

neg: List of Castle episodes Castle is an American comedy-drama police procedural television series on ABC which was created by Andrew W. Marlowe . It stars Nathan Fillion as Richard Castle , a famous mystery novelist , and Stana Katic as NYPD detective Kate Beckett . The series premiered as a midseason replacement on March 9 , 2009 . On May 12 , 2016 , it was announced that , despite several cast members signing one-year deals for a potential ninth season , the show would be canceled instead .

neg: The Beverly Hillbillies The Beverly Hillbillies is an American sitcom originally broadcast on CBS for nine seasons , from September 26 , 1962 , to March 23 , 1971 . The show had an ensemble cast featuring Buddy Ebsen , Irene Ryan , Donna Douglas , and Max Baer Jr. as a poor backwoods family who move to Beverly Hills , California , after striking oil on their land . The show was produced by Filmways and was created by writer Paul Henning . It was followed by two other Henning-inspired country-cousin series on CBS : Petticoat Junction , and its spin-off Green Acres , which reversed the rags-to-riches , country-to-city model of The Beverly Hillbillies .   The Beverly Hillbillies ranked among the top 20 most-watched programs on television for eight of its nine seasons , twice ranking as the number one series of the year , with a number of episodes that remain among the most-watched television episodes in history . It accumulated seven Emmy nominations during its run . The series remains in syndication on MeTV , and its ongoing popularity spawned a 1993 film remake by 20th Century Fox .

neg: The Vampire Diaries The Vampire Diaries is an American supernatural drama television series developed by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec , based on the popular book series of the same name written by L. J. Smith . The series premiered on The CW on September 10 , 2009 and concluded on March 10 , 2017 , airing 171 episodes over eight seasons .   The pilot episode attracted the largest audience for The CW of any series premiere since the network began in 2006 . The first season averaged 3.60 million viewers . It was the most-watched series on the network before being supplanted by Arrow . The show has received numerous award nominations , winning four People 's Choice Award and many Teen Choice Awards .   On April 26 , 2013 , The CW officially announced that the spin-off The Originals , which focuses on the Original family of vampires , had been ordered to series , and the show began airing during the 2013 -- 14 American television season .   On April 6 , 2015 , lead actress Nina Dobrev confirmed via Instagram that she and co-star Michael Trevino ( who plays Tyler Lockwood ) would be leaving the show after its sixth season . Dobrev returned to record a voiceover for the seventh-season finale . Trevino appeared as a guest star in season seven and returned for season 8 . On March 11 , 2016 , The CW renewed the series for an eighth season , but on July 23 , 2016 , announced that the eighth season , which would have 16 episodes , would be the show 's last . The final season began airing on October 21 , 2016 .

neg: Beverly Hills Madam Beverly Hills Madam ( also known as Ladies of the Night ) is a 1986 American made-for-television drama film directed by Harvey Hart and starring Faye Dunaway , Melody Anderson , Donna Dixon and Robin Givens . It was broadcast on NBC on April 6 , 1986 .

neg: The Sacred Taking `` The Sacred Taking '' is the eighth episode of the third season of the anthology television series American Horror Story , which premiered on December 4 , 2013 , on the cable network FX . The episode was written by Ryan Murphy and directed by Alfonso Gomez-Rejon .   In this episode , Fiona ( Jessica Lange ) must take her life in order to undertake a ritual to find the next Supreme . This episode is rated TV-MA ( LV ) . Angela Bassett , Gabourey Sidibe , Danny Huston , and Patti LuPone guest star as Marie Laveau , Queenie , the Axeman , and Joan Ramsey , respectively .

neg: Brian Austin Green Brian Austin Green ( born Brian Green ; July 15 , 1973 ) is an American actor best known for his portrayal of David Silver on the television series Beverly Hills , 90210 ( 1990 -- 2000 ) . Green has also had series regular roles in Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles ( as Derek Reese ) , Freddie , Wedding Band , and Anger Management , as well as guest starring roles on Smallville ( as Metallo ) and Desperate Housewives , playing the love interest of Bree Van de Kamp .

neg: The Swan (TV series) The Swan was a 2004 American reality television program broadcast on Fox in which women who were judged to be ugly were given `` extreme makeovers '' that included several forms of plastic surgery . The title of the series refers to the fairy tale The Ugly Duckling , in which a homely bird matures into a swan .   Each contestant was assigned a panel of specialists -- a coach , therapist , trainer , cosmetic surgeons , and a dentist -- who together designed a program of total transformation . The contestants ' work ethic , growth , and achievement was monitored over the course of three months . Each week , two women were featured , and at the episode 's conclusion , one went home while another was selected to move to compete in the Swan pageant at the end of the season for a chance to be deemed The Swan .   The first two seasons both aired in 2004 . A third season was tipped to happen , but the show was cancelled in early 2005 after ratings continued to drop .   The plastic surgeons on the team were chosen for their ability to perform often startling transformations . Drs. Terry Dubrow and Randal Haworth , both board certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgery , were selected by the producers of the show to perform the multiple plastic surgical operations for each of the two aired seasons .

neg: Desperate Housewives Desperate Housewives is an American television comedy-drama and mystery series created by Marc Cherry , and produced by ABC Studios and Cherry Productions . It originally aired for eight seasons on ABC , from October 3 , 2004 to May 13 , 2012 . Executive producer Cherry served as showrunner . Other executive producers since the fourth season included Bob Daily , George W. Perkins , John Pardee , Joey Murphy , David Grossman , and Larry Shaw .   Set on Wisteria Lane , a street in the fictional town of Fairview in the fictional Eagle State , Desperate Housewives follows the lives of a group of women as seen through the eyes of their late friend and neighbor who committed suicide in the pilot episode . The storyline covers 13 years of the women 's lives over eight seasons , set between the years 2004 -- 2008 , and later 2013 -- 2017 ( the story arc includes a five-year passage of time , as well as flashbacks ranging from the 1980s to the 2020s ) . They work through domestic struggles and family life , while facing the secrets , crimes and mysteries hidden behind the doors of their -- on the surface -- beautiful and seemingly perfect suburban neighborhood .   The series features an ensemble cast , headed by Teri Hatcher as Susan Mayer , Felicity Huffman as Lynette Scavo , Marcia Cross as Bree Van de Kamp , and Eva Longoria as Gabrielle Solis . Brenda Strong narrates the series as the late Mary Alice Young , appearing sporadically in flashbacks or dream sequences .   Desperate Housewives was well received by viewers and critics alike . It won multiple Primetime Emmy , Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Awards . From the 2004 -- 05 through the 2008 -- 09 television seasons , its first five seasons were rated amongst the top ten most-watched series . In 2007 , it was reported to be the most popular show in its demographic worldwide , with an audience of approximately 120 million and was also reported as the third most watched television series in a study of ratings in twenty countries . In 2012 , it remained the most-watched comedy series internationally based on data from Eurodata TV Worldwide , which measured ratings across five continents ; it has held this position since 2006 . Moreover , it was the third highest revenue earning series for 2010 , with $ 2.74 million per half an hour . The show was ranked at number fifty-six on Entertainment Weekly `` New TV Classics '' list .   In 2011 , it was confirmed that Desperate Housewives would conclude after its eighth season ; the series finale aired on May 13 , 2012 . By the end of the series , it had surpassed Charmed as the longest running hour-long television series featuring all female leads by two episodes .

neg: Twelve Horny Women `` Twelve Horny Women '' is the eighth episode of the eighth season of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother , and the 168th episode overall .

neg: Karyn Parsons Karyn Parsons -- Rockwell ( born October 8 , 1966 ) is an American actress , best known for her role as Hilary Banks on the NBC sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air which ran from 1990 -- 96 . She also starred in the 1995 film Major Payne playing opposite Damon Wayans .

neg: Sunset Beach (TV series) Sunset Beach is an American television soap opera that aired on NBC from January 6 , 1997 to December 31 , 1999 . The show follows the loves and lives of the people living in the Orange County coastal area named Sunset Beach , on the coast of California . Although there is a town in California called Sunset Beach , the show 's beach scenes were shot on nearby Seal Beach . The show was co-produced by NBC and Spelling Television .   Sunset Beach won two Daytime Emmy Awards and was nominated another eleven times . The show also received twenty-two nominations for various other awards .

neg: Jennifer Grant Jennifer Diane Grant ( born February 26 , 1966 ) is an American actress , the only child of actors Cary Grant and Dyan Cannon . She is best known for roles in the television series Beverly Hills , 90210 and Movie Stars .

neg: List of Once Upon a Time episodes Once Upon a Time is an American fairy tale drama television series created by Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz , who also serve as executive producers alongside Steve Pearlman . It debuted on ABC on October 23 , 2011 . The first season introduces a bail bond agent , Emma Swan ( Jennifer Morrison ) and her birth-son , Henry Mills ( Jared S. Gilmore ) , who discover that a New England town named Storybrooke , Maine is actually a remnant of a parallel world that was cursed by Henry 's adoptive mother the Evil Queen/Mayor Regina Mills ( Lana Parrilla ) and that all the characters from the fairy tales have no memories of who they were , including the parents of Emma : Snow White/Mary Margaret Blanchard ( Ginnifer Goodwin ) and Prince Charming/David Nolan ( Josh Dallas ) , who sent her to the real world to save their world and break the curse .   On May 11 , 2017 , the series was renewed for a seventh season of 22 episodes , which will feature a `` soft '' reboot .

neg: That '80s Show That '80s Show is an American sitcom that aired from January through May 2002 . Despite having a similar name , show structure , and many of the same writers and production staff , it is not considered a direct-sequel of the more successful That '70s Show . The characters and story lines from both shows never crossed paths . Although the main character , Corey Howard ( Glenn Howerton ) , is designed as Eric Forman 's ( Topher Grace ) cousin , the show itself was a separate decade-based show created because of That '70s Show '' 's popularity at the time .   The show was set in 1984 and revolved around the lives of a group of friends living in San Diego , California . It debuted January 23 , 2002 , and the final episode aired May 29 , 2002 . Its regular time slot was on Wednesday nights at 8:00 / 7:00 Central on the Fox Network , although a few shows were aired on different nights . Its main time slot competitors were ABC 's My Wife and Kids , CBS 's 60 Minutes II , and NBC 's Ed '' . All 13 episodes , which were filmed at CBS Studio Center , aired at least once .

neg: Blue Heelers (season 8) The eighth season of the Australian police-drama Blue Heelers premiered on the Seven Network on 21 February 2001 and aired on Wednesday nights at 8:30 PM . The 41-episode season concluded 28 November 2001 .


query: Linux is free and open-source software.

pos: Free and open-source software Free and open-source software ( FOSS ) is computer software that can be classified as both free software and open-source software . That is , anyone is freely licensed to use , copy , study , and change the software in any way , and the source code is openly shared so that people are encouraged to voluntarily improve the design of the software . This is in contrast to proprietary software , where the software is under restrictive copyright and the source code is usually hidden from the users .   The benefits of using FOSS can include decreasing software costs , increasing security and stability ( especially in regard to malware ) , protecting privacy , and giving users more control over their own hardware . Free , open-source operating systems such as Linux and descendents of BSD are widely utilized today , powering millions of servers , desktops , smartphones ( e.g. Android ) , and other devices . Free software licenses and open-source licenses are used by many software packages .

pos: Linux Linux ( pronounced -LSB- - en audio = Linus-linux . oggˈlɪnəks -RSB- or , less frequently , -LSB- ˈlaɪnəks -RSB- ) is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open-source software development and distribution . The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released on September 17 , 1991 by Linus Torvalds . The Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to describe the operating system , which has led to some controversy .   Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture , but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system . Because of the dominance of Android on smartphones , Linux has the largest installed base of all general-purpose operating systems . Linux is also the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers , and is used on 99.6 % of the TOP500 supercomputers . It is used by around 2.3 % of desktop computers . The Chromebook , which runs the Linux kernel-based Chrome OS , dominates the US K -- 12 education market and represents nearly 20 % of the sub - $ 300 notebook sales in the US . Linux also runs on embedded systems -- devices whose operating system is typically built into the firmware and is highly tailored to the system . This includes TiVo and similar DVR devices , network routers , facility automation controls , televisions , video game consoles and smartwatches . Many smartphones and tablet computers run Android and other Linux derivatives .   The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-source software collaboration . The underlying source code may be used , modified and distributedcommercially or non-commerciallyby anyone under the terms of its respective licenses , such as the GNU General Public License . Typically , Linux is packaged in a form known as a Linux distribution ( or distro for short ) for both desktop and server use . Some of the most popular mainstream Linux distributions are Arch Linux , CentOS , Debian , Fedora , Gentoo Linux , Linux Mint , Mageia , openSUSE and Ubuntu , together with commercial distributions such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server . Distributions include the Linux kernel , supporting utilities and libraries , many of which are provided by the GNU Project , and usually a large amount of application software to fulfil the distribution 's intended use .   Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system , such as X11 , Mir or a Wayland implementation , and an accompanying desktop environment such as GNOME or the KDE Software Compilation ; some distributions may also include a less resource-intensive desktop , such as LXDE or Xfce . Distributions intended to run on servers may omit all graphical environments from the standard install , and instead include other software to set up and operate a solution stack such as LAMP . Because Linux is freely redistributable , anyone may create a distribution for any intended use .

neg: Open Software Foundation The Open Software Foundation ( OSF ) was a not-for-profit organization founded in 1988 under the U.S. National Cooperative Research Act of 1984 to create an open standard for an implementation of the UNIX operating system .   In February 1996 Open Software Foundation merged with X/Open to become The Open Group .

neg: Lsh lsh is a free software implementation of the Secure Shell ( SSH ) protocol version 2 , by the GNU Project including both server and client programs . Featuring SRP as specified in secsh-srp besides , public-key authentication . Kerberos is somewhat supported as well . Currently however for password verification only , not as an SSO method .  secsh-srp  lsh was started from scratch and predates OpenSSH , a more popular alternative .   Karim Yaghmour concluded in 2003 that lsh was `` not fit for use '' in production embedded Linux systems , because of its dependencies upon other software packages , that have a multiplicity of further dependencies . The lsh package requires the GNU MP library , zlib , and liboop , the latter of which in turn requires glib , which then requires pkg-config . Yaghmour further notes that lsh suffers from cross-compilation problems that it inherits from glib . `` If -LSB- ... -RSB- your target is n't the same architecture as your host , '' he states , `` LSH is n't a practical choice at this time . ''   Debian provides packages of lsh as lsh-server , lsh-utils , lsh-doc and lsh-client .

neg: SCO and SGI During the SCO Forum 2003 , The SCO Group ( SCO ) showed several examples of allegedly illegal copying of copyrighted code into Linux . The open source community quickly debunked most of the examples shown . In particular , one example showed that code from Unix was indeed used in some of SGI 's Linux contributions . The Linux maintainers stated that the code in question had in fact already been removed from Linux before the example had been revealed -- not because it was infringing , but because the code in question had needlessly duplicated some functions which were already present in Linux . SGI and other analysts also responded to this matter and confirmed that the code in question had never infringed at all .

neg: GNU Build System The GNU Build System , also known as the Autotools , is a suite of programming tools designed to assist in making source code packages portable to many Unix-like systems .   It can be difficult to make a software program portable : the C compiler differs from system to system ; certain library functions are missing on some systems ; header files may have different names . One way to handle this is to write conditional code , with code blocks selected by means of preprocessor directives ( #ifdef ) ; but because of the wide variety of build environments this approach quickly becomes unmanageable . Autotools is designed to address this problem more manageably .   Autotools is part of the GNU toolchain and is widely used in many free software and open source packages . Its component tools are free software-licensed under the GNU General Public License with special license exceptions permitting its use with proprietary software .   The GNU Build System makes it possible to build many programs using a two-step process : configure followed by make .

neg: Fórum Internacional Software Livre Fórum Internacional do Software Livre ( FISL ) ( International Free Software Forum ) is an event sponsored by Associação Software Livre.Org ( Free Software Association ) , a Brazilian NGO that , among other goals , seeks the promotion and adoption of free software . It takes place every year in Porto Alegre , the capital of Rio Grande Do Sul , the southernmost state of Brazil .   The event is meant as a `` get-together '' of students , researchers , social movements for freedom of information , entrepreneurs , Information Technology ( IT ) enterprises , governments , and other interested people . It is considered one of the world ´ s largest free software events , harboring technical , political and social debates in an integrated way . It gathers discussions , speeches , personalities and novelties both national and international in the free software world .

neg: Departmental boot image A departmental boot image is a boot image for any computer that has been enhanced by adding some applications and passwords specific to a task or group or department in an organization . This has many of the advantages of a thin client strategy , but can be done on any operating system base as long as the boot device is large enough to accommodate the boot and applications together .   A typical departmental Windows XP boot image is usually so large that it requires a DVD to store , and may be too large for network booting . Accordingly , it is usually installed on a fixed or removable hard drive kept inside the machine , rather than installed over a network or from a ROM .   There are some boot image control complexity and total cost of operations advantages to using a departmental boot image instead of a common boot image for the entire organization , or a thin client :  all the capabilities of a full operating system are available , not just those of a thin client  applications with inflexible software licenses need not be paid for the entire organization , but can be paid only for the departments that actually use them and have them installed on their machines  applications that interact badly can be segmented so that an accounting program and an engineering program do not `` clobber each other 's libraries '' or otherwise interfere as they would if both sets of applications were installed in one boot image  overall size of each boot image can be controlled to fit within network or removable disk limits   Disadvantages include the complexity of creating and managing several large boot images , and determining when a department needs to upgrade its applications . If each user is allowed to do this on their own , then , the discipline soon degrades and the shop will be no easier to manage than one that consists of one-off computers with their own quirks , frequently requiring re-imaging and whose issues are not really diagnosable nor comparable to each other . Some experts believe that any departmental boot image regime degrades rather quickly to this state without extraordinary discipline and controls , and advocate thin clients to ensure such control .   It is however increasingly possible to restrict users from installing `` their own '' applications on a standard boot image , and to automatically re-install when a variant boot image is detected . While this would be draconian in a large organization with one boot image it is often quite acceptable when the boot image is maintained at a departmental level and users can request that it be upgraded with a minimum of bureaucracy and waiting .   Category : Booting  Category : Disk images

neg: File system In computing , a file system or filesystem is used to control how data is stored and retrieved . Without a file system , information placed in a storage medium would be one large body of data with no way to tell where one piece of information stops and the next begins . By separating the data into pieces and giving each piece a name , the information is easily isolated and identified . Taking its name from the way paper-based information systems are named , each group of data is called a `` file '' . The structure and logic rules used to manage the groups of information and their names is called a `` file system '' .   There are many different kinds of file systems . Each one has different structure and logic , properties of speed , flexibility , security , size and more . Some file systems have been designed to be used for specific applications . For example , the ISO 9660 file system is designed specifically for optical discs .   File systems can be used on numerous different types of storage devices that use different kinds of media . The most common storage device in use today is a hard disk drive . Other kinds of media that are used include flash memory , magnetic tapes , and optical discs . In some cases , such as with tmpfs , the computer 's main memory ( random-access memory , RAM ) is used to create a temporary file system for short-term use .   Some file systems are used on local data storage devices ; others provide file access via a network protocol ( for example , NFS , SMB , or 9P clients ) . Some file systems are `` virtual '' , meaning that the supplied `` files '' ( called virtual files ) are computed on request ( e.g. procfs ) or are merely a mapping into a different file system used as a backing store . The file system manages access to both the content of files and the metadata about those files . It is responsible for arranging storage space ; reliability , efficiency , and tuning with regard to the physical storage medium are important design considerations .

neg: Open Software License The Open Software License ( OSL ) is a software license created by Lawrence Rosen . The Open Source Initiative ( OSI ) has certified it as an open-source license , but the Debian project judged version 1.1 to be incompatible with the DFSG . The OSL is a copyleft license , with a termination clause triggered by filing a lawsuit alleging patent infringement .   Many people in the free software / open-source community feel that software patents are harmful to software , and are particularly harmful to open-source software . The OSL attempts to counteract that by creating a pool of software which a user can use if that user does not harm it by attacking it with a patent lawsuit .

neg: Ututo Ututo is a Linux distribution consisting entirely of free software . The distribution is named for a variety of gecko found in northern Argentina .   Ututo was the first fully free Linux-based system recognized by the GNU Project . The founder of the GNU Project , Richard Stallman , formerly endorsed the distribution nearly exclusively , and used it on his personal computer , before he switched to gNewSense , and later Trisquel .

neg: MS-DOS MS-DOS ( -LSB- ˌɛmɛsˈdɒs -RSB- ; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System ) is a discontinued operating system for x86-based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft . Collectively , MS-DOS , its rebranding as IBM PC DOS , and some operating systems attempting to be compatible with MS-DOS , are sometimes referred to as `` DOS '' ( which is also the generic acronym for disk operating system ) . MS-DOS was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s and the early 1990s , when it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface ( GUI ) , in various generations of the graphical Microsoft Windows operating system .   MS-DOS resulted from a request in 1981 by IBM for an operating system to use in its IBM PC range of personal computers . Microsoft quickly bought the rights to 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products , and began work on modifying it to meet IBM 's specification . IBM licensed and released it in August 1981 as PC DOS 1.0 for use in their PCs . Although MS-DOS and PC DOS were initially developed in parallel by Microsoft and IBM , the two products diverged after twelve years , in 1993 , with recognizable differences in compatibility , syntax , and capabilities .   During its life , several competing products were released for the x86 platform , and MS-DOS went through eight versions , until development ceased in 2000 . Initially MS-DOS was targeted at Intel 8086 processors running on computer hardware using floppy disks to store and access not only the operating system , but application software and user data as well . Progressive version releases delivered support for other mass storage media in ever greater sizes and formats , along with added feature support for newer processors and rapidly evolving computer architectures . Ultimately it was the key product in Microsoft 's growth from a programming languages company to a diverse software development firm , providing the company with essential revenue and marketing resources . It was also the underlying basic operating system on which early versions of Windows ran as a GUI . It is a flexible operating system , and consumes negligible installation space .

neg: Legal aspects of computing Legal aspects of computing are related to the overlapping areas of law and computing .   The first one , historically , was information technology law ( or IT law ) . ( `` IT law '' should not be confused with the IT aspects of law itself , although there are overlapping issues . ) IT law consists of the law ( statutes , regulations , and caselaw ) which governs the digital dissemination of both ( digitalized ) information and software itself ( see history of free and open-source software ) , and legal aspects of information technology more broadly . IT law covers mainly the digital information ( including information security and electronic commerce ) aspects and it has been described as `` paper laws '' for a `` paperless environment '' .   Cyberlaw or Internet law is a term that encapsulates the legal issues related to use of the Internet . It is less a distinct field of law than intellectual property or contract law , as it is a domain covering many areas of law and regulation . Some leading topics include internet access and usage , privacy , freedom of expression , and jurisdiction .   `` Computer law '' is a third term which tends to relate to issues including both Internet law and the patent and copyright aspects of computer technology and software .

neg: History of Linux The history of Linux began in 1991 with the commencement of a personal project by Finnish student Linus Torvalds to create a new free operating system kernel .  Since then , the resulting Linux kernel has been marked by constant growth throughout its history . Since the initial release of its source code in 1991 , it has grown from a small number of C files under a license prohibiting commercial distribution to the 4.2.3 version in 2015 with more than 18 million lines of source code under the GNU General Public License v2 .

neg: Sudo sudo ( -LSB- ˈsuːduː -RSB- or -LSB- ˈsuːdoː -RSB- ) is a program for Unix-like computer operating systems that allows users to run programs with the security privileges of another user , by default the superuser . It originally stood for `` superuser do '' as the older versions of sudo were designed to run commands only as the superuser . However , the later versions added support for running commands not only as the superuser but also as other ( restricted ) users , and thus it is also commonly expanded as `` substitute user do '' . Although the latter case reflects its current functionality more accurately , sudo is still often called `` superuser do '' since it is so often used for administrative tasks .   Unlike the similar command su , users must , by default , supply their own password for authentication , rather than the password of the target user . After authentication , and if the configuration file , which is typically located at / etc/sudoers , permits the user access , the system invokes the requested command . The configuration file offers detailed access permissions , including enabling commands only from the invoking terminal ; requiring a password per user or group ; requiring re-entry of a password every time or never requiring a password at all for a particular command line . It can also be configured to permit passing arguments or multiple commands .

neg: C file input/output The C programming language provides many standard library functions for file input and output . These functions make up the bulk of the C standard library header . The functionality descends from a `` portable I/O package '' written by Mike Lesk at Bell Labs in the early 1970s , and officially became part of the Unix operating system in Version 7 .   The I/O functionality of C is fairly low-level by modern standards ; C abstracts all file operations into operations on streams of bytes , which may be `` input streams '' or `` output streams '' . Unlike some earlier programming languages , C has no direct support for random-access data files ; to read from a record in the middle of a file , the programmer must create a stream , seek to the middle of the file , and then read bytes in sequence from the stream .   The stream model of file I/O was popularized by Unix , which was developed concurrently with the C programming language itself . The vast majority of modern operating systems have inherited streams from Unix , and many languages in the C programming language family have inherited C 's file I/O interface with few if any changes ( for example , PHP ) .

neg: MNOS (operating system) MNOS ( meaning `` MobilNaya Operatsionnaya Sistema '' , or `` Portable Operating System '' ) was a Unix-like operating system developed in the Soviet Union . It was derived from Version 6 Unix and consequently heavily modified to incorporate many features of BSD Unix . From 1983 until 1986 it enjoyed significant popularity in the USSR and other Eastern Bloc countries , due to its light weight and better performance than that of Version 7 Unix ( and later BSD Unix-based ) alternatives .   Its development was initiated in the IPK Minavtoproma in Moscow in 1981 , and development continued in cooperation from other institutes , including Kurchatov Institute . MNOS and its alternative ,  DEMOS version 1.x , were gradually merged from 1986 until 1990 resulting in the joint OS , DEMOS version 2.x .  MNOS became the first completely bilingual version of Unix , and used the proprietary 8-bit Cyrillic character set , U-code , which was later dropped in favor of KOI-8 in the process of merging with DEMOS .   The origin of the version qualifier `` RL '' is `` Rabochaya Loshadka '' ( The working horsy )

neg: Mac-on-Linux Mac-on-Linux is an open source virtual machine program for running the classic Mac OS or Mac OS X on PowerPC computers running Linux . It can also be used to run another instance of Linux for PowerPC .

neg: GNU GNU -LSB- ɡnuː -RSB- is an operating system  and an extensive collection of computer software . GNU is composed wholly of free software , most of which is licensed under the GNU Project 's own GPL .   GNU is a recursive acronym for `` GNU 's Not Unix ! '' , chosen because GNU 's design is Unix-like , but differs from Unix by being free software and containing no Unix code .  The GNU project includes an operating system kernel , GNU HURD , which was the original focus of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) .  However , non-GNU kernels , most famously Linux , can also be used with GNU software ; as the kernel is not yet production-ready , this is how the GNU system is usually used . The combination of GNU software and the Linux kernel is commonly known as Linux ( or less frequently GNU/Linux ; see GNU/Linux naming controversy ) .   Richard Stallman , the founder of the project , views GNU as a `` technical means to a social end '' . Relatedly Lawrence Lessig states in his introduction to the second edition of Stallman 's book Free Software , Free Society that in it Stallman has written about `` the social aspects of software and how Free Software can create community and social justice . ''

neg: Parabola GNU/Linux-libre Parabola GNU/Linux-libre is a Linux distribution for computers using the i686 and x86-64 architectures . It is based on Arch Linux , and for the ARMv7 architecture based on Arch Linux ARM , but uses only free software . It includes the GNU OS tools and the Linux-libre kernel instead of the generic Linux kernel . The development focuses on simplicity , community involvement and use of the latest free software packages . Parabola GNU/Linux-libre is listed by the Free Software Foundation as a completely free operating system .   Parabola GNU/Linux-libre uses a rolling release model , such that a regular system update is all that is needed to obtain the latest software .

neg: Linux color management Linux color management has the same goal as the color management systems ( CMS ) for other operating systems : to achieve the best possible color reproduction throughout an imaging workflow from its source ( camera , video , scanner , etc. ) , through imaging software ( CinePaint , Digikam , GIMP , Krita , Scribus , etc. ) , and finally onto an output medium ( monitor , video projector , printer , etc. ) . In particular , color management attempts to support WYSIWYG ( What You See Is What You Get ) on-screen previewing ( soft-proofing ) ability for color work such as retouching prior to printing . Note that in practice , what counts as `` best '' is determined according to some algorithm and may not correspond well to what a human eye would consider best .   Linux color management relies on the use of accurate International Color Consortium ( ICC ) profiles describing the behavior of devices such as digital cameras , monitors or printers , and color-managed applications that are aware of these profiles . These applications perform gamut conversions between device profiles and color spaces . Gamut conversions , based on accurate device profiles , are the essence of color management .   Historically , color management was not an initial design consideration of the X11 display system on which much of Linux graphics support rests , and thus color managed workflows have been somewhat more challenging to implement on Linux than under OS 's such as Microsoft Windows or Mac OS X . This situation is now being progressively remedied , however it must be admitted that color management under Linux , while functional , has not yet acquired mature status . Although it is now possible to obtain a very consistent color management workflow under Linux , certain problems still remain :  The absence of a central user control panel for color settings .  Many hardware devices for color calibration lack drivers and proper supporting software on Linux .  Some necessary software such as LUT loaders can seldom be found in the package repositories of even the major Linux distributions .   Since ICC color profiles are written to an open specification , they are compatible across OS 's . Hence , a profile produced on a specific OS should work on any other OS given the availability of the necessary software to read it and perform the gamut conversions . This can be used as a workaround for the lack of support for certain spectrophotometers or colorimeters under Linux : one can simply produce a profile on a different OS and then use it in a Linux workflow . Additionally , certain hardware , such as most printers and certain monitors , can be calibrated under another OS and then used in a fully color-managed workflow on Linux .   The popular Ubuntu Linux distribution added initial colour management in the 11.10 release ( the `` Oneiric Ocelot '' release ) .

neg: Open-source software security Open-source software security is the measure of assurance or guarantee in the freedom from danger and risk inherent to an open-source software system .