query: Rhode Island was the first state to ratify the Articles of Confederation in 1778.

pos: Rhode Island Rhode Island ( -LSB- roʊd_ˈaɪlənd -RSB- ) , officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . Rhode Island is the smallest in area , the eighth least populous , and the second most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states , following New Jersey . Its official name is also the longest of any state in the Union . Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west , Massachusetts to the north and east , and the Atlantic Ocean to the south via Rhode Island Sound and Block Island Sound . The state also shares a short maritime border with New York .   On May 4 , 1776 , the Colony of Rhode Island became the first of the Thirteen Colonies to renounce its allegiance to the British Crown , and was the fourth among the newly sovereign states to ratify the Articles of Confederation on February 9 , 1778 . It boycotted the 1787 convention that drew up the United States Constitution and initially refused to ratify it . On May 29 , 1790 , Rhode Island became the 13th and last state to ratify the Constitution .   Rhode Island 's official nickname is `` The Ocean State '' , a reference to the fact that the state has several large bays and inlets that amount to about 14 % of its total area . Rhode Island covers 1214 sqmi , of which 1045 sqmi are land .

neg: Downtown Concord Historic District The Downtown Concord Historic District encompasses most of the commercial heart of downtown Concord , New Hampshire , United States . Incorporated in 1734 , Concord became the state capital in 1808 and the seat of Merrimack County in 1823 . Economic growth followed , due in part to these government institutions and also to the rise of industry along the Merrimack River , which flows through the city east of the downtown area , and the arrival in the 1840s of the railroad . The New Hampshire State House was built in 1819 south of the traditional center of the city ( now the Concord Historic District ) , and the commercial heart of the city began to take shape along the First New Hampshire Turnpike south of the State House ( now Main Street ) . The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 .   The district is centered on North and South Main Street , between Loudon Road/Centre Street in the north and Hills Avenue in the south . It also includes properties on North State Street between Pleasant and School streets , as well as some on the side streets extending for one block on either side of Main Street . It does not include the New Hampshire State House or its grounds , which are listed as part of the Concord Civic District .   Most of the buildings in district were constructed in the second half of the 19th century . The oldest wood frame building is the 1819 wood frame Upham-Walker House on Park Street , which is separately listed on the National Register . The first brick commercial building in Concord , the Merrimack County Bank building at 47 North Main Street , was built in 1808 and significantly altered in the 1860s ; it is also separately listed . Following the arrival of the railroad , there was a flurry of building activity in the 1850s and 1860s , in which time many of Main Street 's brick buildings were built .

neg: Second Continental Congress The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting in the spring of 1775 , in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . It succeeded the First Continental Congress , which met between September 5 , 1774 and October 26 , 1774 , also in Philadelphia . The second Congress managed the colonial war effort , and moved incrementally towards independence , adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 . By raising armies , directing strategy , appointing diplomats , and making formal treaties such as the Olive Branch Petition , the Congress acted as the de facto national government of what became the United States .   When the Second Continental Congress came together on May 10 , 1775 it was , in effect , a reconvening of the First Continental Congress . Many of the same 56 delegates who attended the first meeting were in attendance at the second , and the delegates appointed the same president ( Peyton Randolph ) and secretary ( Charles Thomson ) . Notable new arrivals included Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania and John Hancock of Massachusetts . Within two weeks , Randolph was summoned back to Virginia to preside over the House of Burgesses ; he was replaced in the Virginia delegation by Thomas Jefferson , who arrived several weeks later . Henry Middleton was elected as president to replace Randolph , but he declined . Hancock was elected president on May 24 .   Delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies were present when the Second Continental Congress convened . Georgia had not participated in the First Continental Congress and did not initially send delegates to the Second Continental Congress . On May 13 , 1775 , Lyman Hall was admitted as a delegate from the Parish of St. John 's in the Colony of Georgia , not as a delegate from the colony itself . On July 4 , 1775 , revolutionary Georgians held a Provincial Congress to decide how to respond to the American Revolution , and that congress decided on July 8 to send delegates to the Continental Congress . They arrived on July 20 .

neg: Colony of New South Wales The colony of New South Wales was a colony of the British Empire from 1788 to 1901 , when it became a State in the federal Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901 . At its greatest extent , the colony of New South Wales included the present-day Australian states of New South Wales , Queensland , Victoria , Tasmania , and South Australia , as well as New Zealand . The first `` responsible '' self-government of New South Wales was formed on 6 June 1856 with Sir Stuart Alexander Donaldson appointed by Governor Sir William Denison as its first Colonial Secretary which in those days accounted also as the Premier .

neg: Henry Bull (governor) Henry Bull ( 1610 -- 1694 ) was an early colonial Governor of Rhode Island , serving for two separate terms , one before and one after the tenure of Edmund Andros under the Dominion of New England . Sailing from England as a young man , Bull first settled in Roxbury in the Massachusetts Bay Colony , but soon became a follower of the dissident ministers John Wheelwright and Anne Hutchinson , and was excommunicated from the Roxbury church . With many other followers of Hutchinson , he signed the Portsmouth Compact , and settled on Aquidneck Island in the Narragansett Bay . Within a year of arriving there , he and others followed William Coddington to the south end of the island where they established the town of Newport .   Bull was a corporal and sergeant on the island , and kept the prison for the colony . He also built a house shortly after his arrival that continued to stand in Newport for nearly three centuries , until destroyed by fire . Late in life , Bull became active in the service of the colony , fulfilling roles as commissioner , deputy , and assistant . In 1685 , during a chaotic period in Rhode Island 's history when the colony was being accused of irregularities , and its charter was being threatened under a new King , the 75-year-old Henry Bull stepped into the office of governor , serving for a year . Soon after he left office , Edmund Andros was appointed royal governor of all the New England colonies , remaining in this position for three years , until another change in England 's monarchy resulted in Rhode Island 's return to its former charter . Uncertainty prevailed in the colony , and two other individuals refused to serve as governor , until Bull , as an octogenarian , once again assumed the governorship in 1690 , returning Rhode Island to its previous form of government under its charter .   Considered to be as fearless as he was honest , Bull was elected to the highest position in the gift of the colony , despite the fact that he could not sign his name ( he used a mark for his signature in the Portsmouth Compact ) . He became a Quaker after his arrival in the Rhode Island colony , and , following a long life , was buried in the Coddington Cemetery in Newport where several other Quaker governors of the colony were also interred .

neg: Annapolis Convention (1786) The Annapolis Convention , formally titled as a Meeting of Commissioners to Remedy Defects of the Federal Government was a national political convention held September 11 -- 14 , 1786 at Mann 's Tavern in Annapolis , Maryland , in which twelve delegates from five states -- New Jersey , New York , Pennsylvania , Delaware , and Virginia -- gathered to discuss and develop a consensus about reversing the protectionist trade barriers that each state had erected . At the time , under the Articles of Confederation , each state was largely independent from the others and the national government had no authority to regulate trade between and among the states . Additionally , New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , and North Carolina had appointed commissioners who failed to arrive in Annapolis in time to attend the meeting , while Connecticut , Maryland , South Carolina , and Georgia had taken no action at all .   The final report of the convention , adopted unanimously , was sent to the Congress and to the states . It sought support for a broader constitutional convention to be held the following May in Philadelphia . It expressed the hope that more states would be represented and that their delegates or deputies would be authorized to examine areas broader than simply commercial trade .   Because of the few representatives in attendance , their authority was limited . It is unclear how much weight the convention 's call carried , but the urgency of the need for constitutional reform was highlighted by a number of rebellions that took place all over the country . While most of them were easily suppressed , Shays ' Rebellion lasted from August 1786 until February 1787 . The rebellion called attention to both popular discontent and government weakness .   The direct result of the Annapolis Convention report and the ensuing events was the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 , during which the United States Constitution was drafted .

neg: Trustee Georgia Trustee Georgia is the name of the period covering the first twenty years of Georgia history , from 1732 -- 1752 , because during that time the English Province of Georgia was governed by a Board of Trustees . England 's King George II , for whom the colony was named , signed a charter establishing the colony and creating its governing board on July 7 , 1732 . His action culminated a lengthy process .   The charter was granted to the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America , a group formed by James Oglethorpe . Oglethorpe envisioned the province as a location for the resettlement of English debtors and `` the worthy poor '' , although few debtors were part of the organized settlement of Georgia . Another motivation for the founding of the colony was to create a `` buffer state '' ( border ) , or `` garrison province '' that would defend the southern part of the British colonies from Spanish Florida and French Mississippi . Oglethorpe envisioned a province populated largely by yeoman farmers who would secure the southern frontier of British America ; because of this , as well as on moral grounds , the colony 's regulations prohibited slavery .   Oglethorpe 's plan for settlement ( now known as the Oglethorpe Plan ) was founded on eighteenth-century country party philosophy and drew from principles of Roman colonial town design .

neg: History of Springfield, Massachusetts The history of Springfield , Massachusetts ( est. 1636 ) springs in large part from its favorable geography , situated on a steep bluff overlooking the Connecticut River 's confluence with three tributaries . It was an ancient Indian crossroad for two major trade routes : Boston-to-Albany and New York City-to-Montreal . Springfield also sits on some of the northeastern United States ' most fertile soil .   Springfield was founded in 1636 as Agawam , the northernmost settlement of the Connecticut Colony . The settlement defected from Connecticut after four years , however , later joining forces with the coastal Massachusetts Bay Colony . The town changed its name to Springfield , and changed the political boundaries among what later became New England States .   Springfield flourished as a trading post and agricultural center until 1675 's King Philip 's War , when a coalition of Indians laid siege to Springfield and later burned it to the ground . Its prosperity waned for the next hundred years but , in 1777 , United States Revolutionary War leaders made it a National Armory to store weapons , and in 1795 it began manufacturing muskets .   Until 1968 , the Armory made small arms . Its first American muskets ( 1794 ) were followed by the famous Springfield rifle and the revolutionary M1 Garand and M14s . The Springfield Armory attracted generations of skilled laborers to the city , making it the United States ' longtime center for precision manufacturing ( comparable to a Silicon Valley of the Industrial Revolution ) . The Armory 's near-capture during Shays Rebellion of 1787 was among the troubles that prompted the U.S. Constitutional Convention later that year .   Innovations in the 19th and 20th centuries include the first American English dictionary ( 1805 , Noah Webster ) , the first use of interchangeable parts and the assembly line in manufacturing ( 1819 , Thomas Blanchard ) , the first American horseless car ( 1825 , again Thomas Blanchard ) , vulcanized rubber ( 1844 , Charles Goodyear ) , the first American gasoline-powered car ( 1893 , Duryea Brothers ) , the first American motorcycle company ( 1901 , `` Indian '' ) , an early commercial radio station ( 1921 , WBZ , and most famously , the world 's third-most-popular sport of basketball ( 1891 , Dr. James Naismith ) .   Throughout the latter half of the 20th century , Springfield endured a protracted decline , accelerated by the decommission of the Springfield Armory in 1969 . Springfield became increasingly like the declining , second tier Northeastern U.S. cities from which it had long been set apart . During the 1980s and 1990s , Springfield developed a new reputation for crime , political corruption , and cronyism . Seeking to overcome its downgrade , the city undertook several large ( but unfinished ) projects , including a $ 1 billion high-speed rail ( New Haven-Hartford-Springfield high-speed rail ) , a proposed $ 1 billion MGM Casino , and others .

neg: Joseph Wanton Jr. Joseph Wanton Jr. ( 1730 -- 1780 ) was a Loyalist , merchant , Deputy Governor of Rhode Island in 1764 and 1767 and owner of Hunter House in Newport , Rhode Island .   Wanton was born to Governor Joseph Wanton and Mary Winthrop Wanton of Newport on February 8 , 1730 . Wanton graduated from Harvard University in 1751 and was involved with privateers during the French and Indian War possibly where he attained the title of colonel . Wanton 's first wife Abigail Honeyman , by whom he had 7 children , died in 1771 . Wanton served as a vestryman at Trinity Church ( Newport ) . Wanton was elected Deputy Governor of Rhode Island in 1764 and 1767 .   Wanton was a loyalist during the American Revolution and was accused of treason and imprisoned by Rhode Island General William West while the British occupied Narragansett Bay in 1776 . When the British occupied Newport , he raised troops for the Loyalist cause . In 1780 Wanton 's property ( Hunter House ) was confiscated , and he fled Newport when the Americans reoccupied the city . Wanton likely died in New York in 1780 after fleeing there with the British . In 1781 his widow Sarah Brenton Wanton ( his second wife whom he married in 1775 ) unsuccessfully petitioned the State of Rhode Island to return of the confiscated Wanton properties in Newport , Jamestown , Prudence Island , and Gould Island .   Some genealogists speculate that Wanton became an Episcopal minister near Liverpool , England , although this seems inconsistent with other information about his life , including the 1780 burial record of one Col. Wanton in the churchyard at Trinity Wall Street Church , Manhattan . It is more likely that it was Joseph and Sarah 's son ; Joseph Brenton Wanton who went to Trinity College , Cambridge in October 1795 , aged 18 ; and later became a minister in Liverpool , England .   Joseph Brenton Wanton ( JBW ) was Joseph Wanton and Sarah Brenton 's only child . Sarah Brenton Wanton remarried in 1784 , to William Atherton ` Esquire of Jamaica ' in Trinity Church , Newport , RI . William Atherton owned Green Park Plantation in Trelawney , Jamaica and Spring Vale Pen Plantation in St James , Jamaica . Sarah died in July 1787 and was buried in Clifton Burying Ground , Newport . It is recorded in Trinity Church Archives that ` He -LSB- William Atherton -RSB- immediately after her -LSB- Sarah 's -RSB- death disposed of his household goods and went to England , where he had a tablet prepared , and had it set up in the church -LSB- Trinity Church , Rhode Island -RSB- in Nov. 1788 . ' In England , he bought Prescot Hall outside Liverpool . He apparently took his step-son , Joseph Brenton Wanton with him , who was registered in Manchester Grammar School . and appears in Cambridge University Alumni as ` Joseph Brenton WAUTON , son of Joseph , Governor of Rhode Island ' , having been to Manchester & Macclesfield Schools , ` where it states that the name was originally WANTON ' . All Joseph Brenton Wanton 's children were called WAUTON although in his Will of 1841 , he signs as ` Joseph Brenton WANTON ' . This seems to be when the name for this branch of the family was changed . In 1803 he married Mary Weston , daughter of a tanner from Halewood , Liverpool , and had 4 children , the two sons went to Cambridge and became ministers in the Church of England . JBW was a minister in the Church of England but retired through ill-health in 1819 , living in Liverpool , the Isle of Man and Cheshire . He died in 1853 .

neg: Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States Opposition to the War of 1812 was widespread in the United States , especially in New England . Many New Englanders opposed the conflict on political , economic , and religious grounds .   When embargo failed to remedy the situation and Great Britain refused to rescind the Orders in Council ( 1807 ) and France continued its decrees , certain Democratic-Republicans known as war hawks felt compelled to go to war . Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun pushed a declaration of war through Congress , stressing a short war had the added benefit of permitting the United States to grab valuable farmlands in the British colony of Canada . Vehement protests erupted in those parts of the country where the opposition Federalist political party held sway , especially in Connecticut and Massachusetts . The governors of these two states as well as Rhode Island refused to place their state militias under federal control for duty outside of their respective states . In the elections that followed in a few months , some members of Congress who voted for war , paid the price . Eight New England congressmen were rejected by the voters , and several others saw the writing on the wall and declined to seek reelection . There was a complete turnover of the New Hampshire delegation .

neg: Samuel Wilbur, Jr. Samuel Wilbur , Jr. ( 1622 - after 1678 ) was an early settler of Portsmouth in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , and one of seven original purchasers of the Pettaquamscutt lands which would later become South Kingstown , Rhode Island . His father , Samuel Wilbore , had been an early settler in Boston who was dismissed from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for supporting the dissident ministers Anne Hutchinson and John Wheelwright , becoming one of the signers of the compact that established the town of Portsmouth . The subject Samuel was willed his father 's Rhode Island lands , and appears to have lived in Portsmouth most of his life . He married Hannah Porter , the daughter of another signer of the Portsmouth Compact , John Porter . Beginning in 1656 Wilbur held a number of important positions within the colony , including Commissioner , Deputy to the General Assembly , Assistant to the Governor , and Captain in a Troop of Horse . He wrote his will in August 1678 , though it was not probated until more than three decades later . Wilbur was held in high esteem within the colony and was one of a small group of men named in the Royal Charter of 1663 , signed by King Charles II of England , and becoming the guiding document of Rhode Island 's government for nearly two centuries .

neg: A Summary View of the Rights of British America A Summary View of the Rights of British America was a tract written by Thomas Jefferson in 1774 , before the U.S. Declaration of Independence , in which he laid out for delegates to the First Continental Congress a set of grievances against King George III , especially against the King 's and Parliament 's response to the Boston Tea Party . Jefferson declares that the British Parliament did not have the right to govern the Thirteen Colonies . He argues that since the individual colonies were founded they were independent of British rule . Jefferson , in this work , held that allodial title , not feudal title , was held to American lands , and thus the people did not owe fees and rents for that land to the British crown .   The work was presented to , and debated by , the First Continental Congress . When this took place , Jefferson did not attend . Despite his attempts , Congress agreed to a more moderate decision than Jefferson 's proposed concept . Despite not being able to completely convince Congress , friends of Jefferson printed the Summary in a pamphlet form . It was distributed throughout London , New York and Philadelphia . Research states that the document `` helped establish Jefferson 's reputation as a skillful , if radical , political writer . ''

neg: Gaspee Days Committee The Gaspee Days Committee is a civic-minded , nonprofit organization that operates many community events in and around Pawtuxet Village , including the famous Gaspee Days Parade each June . These events are all designed to commemorate the 1772 burning of the hated British revenue schooner , , by Rhode Island patriots as America 's ` First Blow for Freedom ' TM .   The first recorded celebration of the Gaspee Affair was in 1774 near Williamsburg , Virginia where George Washington himself related in his diary that he spent 3s .9 d. to see the fireworks in celebration of the second anniversary of the burning of the Gaspee .   Participants in the raid on the Gaspee were fêted annually in parades throughout Rhode Island until all had died by the year 1841 . Large celebrations took place in Rhode Island for several years surrounding the 100th anniversary of the burning of the Gaspee . The trademarked motto of the Gaspee Days Committee , America 's `` First Blow for Freedom '' TM is taken from teacup and saucer sets sold at these events . Sporadic observances of the Gaspee burning have formed a hit-or-miss pattern , the last known parade previous to the formation of the modern Gaspee Days Committee took place around 1907 .   The present Gaspee Days Committee was formed in 1965 to ensure a fitting commemoration to the 200th anniversary of the Gaspee Affair . Among the founding members were local historians and community activists , such as David Stackhouse and Hazel Wade Kennedy , both of whom were also involved in the establishment of Pawtuxet Village as a historic district .   The Gaspee Days Parade and celebrations have been a continuous , annual event since 1966 , and in the year 2012 mark the 47th such observance . Generations of Rhode Island citizens crowd Pawtuxet Village for the Parade and other Gaspee Days festivities each year . Every effort has been made to provide a schedule that is both entertaining and informative to all ages . Foremost is the desire to acquaint the public with an event that is as much a part of our national heritage as Paul Revere 's ride and the Battles of Lexington and Concord . The burning of the Gaspee was the first link in the chain of events that led directly to America 's Declaration of Independence .   The Committee has been the recipient of the George Washington Honor Medal from the Freedoms Foundation , and the first Certificate of Merit from the Rhode Island Bicentennial Commission . Gaspee Days has been listed by Discover America as one of the top twenty tourist attractions in the United States . In 2003 The Gaspee Days Committee was the subject of a front page feature in the Wall Street Journal .   Each annual Gaspee Days Parade is the result of a year-long planning process by many dedicated volunteers of the Gaspee Days Committee . Current projected cost of production for the Gaspee Days Parade is $ 40,000 . Necessary funds for the Parade are raised throughout the year with fee revenue generated by the Memorial Weekend Gaspee Days Arts & Crafts Festival , other fundraising events , and public and private donations .   The mission of the Gaspee Days Committee is not solely found in the celebrations it is best known for . The Committee also helps to acknowledge the importance of the Gaspee Affair in the independence movement that led to the American Revolutionary War . The Gaspee Days Committee operates the Gaspee Virtual Archives , an extensive on-line resource for historical research regarding the burning of the Gaspee .

neg: List of newspapers in Rhode Island in the 18th century This is a list of newspapers in 18th-century Rhode Island , North America .

neg: Jonathan Arnold Jonathan Arnold ( December 3 , 1741 -- February 1 , 1793 ) was an American physician and statesman from New England . He was born in Providence , Rhode Island . Arnold served in the Continental Army as a surgeon , and directed the army hospital at Providence . He represented Rhode Island as a delegate to the Confederation Congress in 1782 and 1783 . He moved to a farm in St. Johnsbury , Vermont in 1787 , and later served as a judge .   He also served as a clerk in the colony of Rhode Island in 1767 . He would write the voucher to the recipient ordering payment from Joseph Clarke Esquire with the General Treasury of the Colony of Rhode Island .

neg: History of the United States The date of the start of the history of the United States is a subject of debate among historians . Older textbooks start with the arrival of Christopher Columbus on October 12 , 1492 and emphasize the European background of the colonization of the Americas , or they start around 1600 and emphasize the American frontier . In recent decades American schools and universities typically have shifted back in time to include more on the colonial period and much more on the prehistory of the Native Americans .   Indigenous people lived in what is now the United States for thousands of years before European colonists began to arrive , mostly from England , after 1600 . The Spanish built small settlements in Florida and the Southwest , and the French along the Mississippi River and the Gulf Coast . By the 1770s , thirteen British colonies contained two and a half million people along the Atlantic coast east of the Appalachian Mountains . After the end of the French and Indian Wars in the 1760s , the British government imposed a series of new taxes , rejecting the colonists ' argument that any new taxes had to be approved by them ( see Stamp Act 1765 ) . Tax resistance , especially the Boston Tea Party ( 1773 ) , led to punitive laws ( the Intolerable Acts ) by Parliament designed to end self-government in Massachusetts . American Patriots ( as they called themselves ) adhered to a political ideology called republicanism that emphasized civic duty , virtue , and opposition to corruption , fancy luxuries and aristocracy .   Armed conflict began in 1775 as Patriots drove the royal officials out of every colony and assembled in mass meetings and conventions . In 1776 , the Second Continental Congress declared that there was a new , independent nation , the United States of America , not just a collection of disparate colonies . With large-scale military and financial support from France and the military leadership of General George Washington , the American Patriots won the Revolutionary War . The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River ( except Florida and Canada ) . The central government established by the Articles of Confederation proved ineffectual at providing stability , as it had no authority to collect taxes and had no executive officer . Congress called a convention to meet secretly in Philadelphia in 1787 . It wrote a new Constitution , which was adopted in 1789 . In 1791 , a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights . With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief political and financial adviser , a strong central government was created . When Thomas Jefferson became president he purchased the Louisiana Territory from France , doubling the size of the United States . A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812 .   Encouraged by the notion of Manifest Destiny , federal territory expanded all the way to the Pacific . The U.S. always was large in terms of area , but its population was small , only 4 million in 1790 . Population growth was rapid , reaching 7.2 million in 1810 , 32 million in 1860 , 76 million in 1900 , 132 million in 1940 , and 321 million in 2015 . Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even faster . However , compared to European powers , the nation 's military strength was relatively limited in peacetime before 1940 . The expansion was driven by a quest for inexpensive land for yeoman farmers and slave owners . The expansion of slavery was increasingly controversial and fueled political and constitutional battles , which were resolved by compromises . Slavery was abolished in all states north of the Mason -- Dixon line by 1804 , but the South continued to profit off the institution , producing high-value cotton exports to feed increasing high demand in Europe . The 1860 presidential election of Republican Abraham Lincoln was on a platform of ending the expansion of slavery and putting it on a path to extinction .   Seven cotton-based deep South slave states seceded and later founded the Confederacy four months before Lincoln 's inauguration . No nation ever recognized the Confederacy , but it opened the war by attacking Fort Sumter in 1861 . A surge of nationalist outrage in the North fueled a long , intense American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . It was fought largely in the South as the overwhelming material and manpower advantages of the North proved decisive in a long war . The war 's result was restoration of the Union , the impoverishment of the South , and the abolition of slavery . In the Reconstruction era ( 1863 -- 1877 ) , legal and voting rights were extended to the freed slave . The national government emerged much stronger , and because of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 , it gained the explicit duty to protect individual rights . However , when white Democrats regained their power in the South during the 1870s , often by paramilitary suppression of voting , they passed Jim Crow laws to maintain white supremacy , and new disfranchising constitutions that prevented most African Americans and many poor whites from voting , a situation that continued for decades until gains of the civil rights movement in the 1960s and passage of federal legislation to enforce constitutional rights .   The United States became the world 's leading industrial power at the turn of the 20th century due to an outburst of entrepreneurship in the Northeast and Midwest and the arrival of millions of immigrant workers and farmers from Europe . The national railroad network was completed with the work of Chinese immigrants and large-scale mining and factories industrialized the Northeast and Midwest . Mass dissatisfaction with corruption , inefficiency and traditional politics stimulated the Progressive movement , from the 1890s to 1920s , which led to many social and political reforms . In 1920 , the 19th Amendment to the Constitution guaranteed women 's suffrage ( right to vote ) . This followed the 16th and 17th amendments in 1913 , which established the first national income tax and direct election of US senators to Congress . Initially neutral during World War I , the US declared war on Germany in 1917 and later funded the Allied victory the following year .   After a prosperous decade in the 1920s , the Wall Street Crash of 1929 marked the onset of the decade-long worldwide Great Depression . Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt ended the Republican dominance of the White House and implemented his New Deal programs for relief , recovery , and reform . The New Deal , which defined modern American liberalism , included relief for the unemployed , support for farmers , Social Security and a minimum wage . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , the United States entered World War II along with Britain , the Soviet Union , China , and the smaller number of Allied nations . The U.S. financed the Allied war effort and helped defeat Nazi Germany in the European theater . Its involvement culminated in using the newly invented nuclear weapons on Japanese cities that helped defeat Imperial Japan in the Pacific theater .   The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as rival superpowers after World War II . During the Cold War , the US and the USSR confronted each other indirectly in the arms race , the Space Race , proxy wars , and propaganda campaigns . US foreign policy during the Cold War was built around the support of Western Europe and Japan along with the policy of containment , stopping the spread of communism . The US joined the wars in Korea and Vietnam to try to stop its spread . In the 1960s , in large part due to the strength of the civil rights movement , another wave of social reforms were enacted by enforcing the constitutional rights of voting and freedom of movement to African-Americans and other racial minorities . Native American activism also rose . The Cold War ended when the Soviet Union officially dissolved in 1991 , leaving the United States as the world 's only superpower .   After the Cold War , the United States focused on international conflicts around the Middle East in response to the Gulf War in the early 1990s . The beginning of the 21st century saw the September 11 attacks by Al-Qaeda in 2001 , which would later followed by the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . In 2008 , the United States had its worst economic crisis since the Great Depression , which has been followed by slower than usual rates of economic growth during the 2010s .

neg: Treaty of Versailles (1768) The Treaty of Versailles was concluded on May 15 , 1768 at Versailles between the Republic of Genoa and France . Genoa put Corsica in pledge to France .   Corsica had been ruled by Genoa since 1284 . In the 18th century Corsicans started to seek their independence . A German adventurer , Theodore von Neuhof , briefly became King of Corsica in 1736 , supported by the Dutch Republic and Great Britain , which already possessed Minorca and Gibraltar in the Mediterranean Sea . In 1755 a full-fledged Corsican Republic was founded under Pasquale Paoli , and in 1764 Genoa asked France to send troops . France occupied the Corsican harbours and fortresses in order to control the rebellious population , but also to prevent the island falling into British hands .   In the Treaty of Versailles Genoa had no option but to put Corsica in pledge to France , to repay her debts . There was no chance that Genoa , which was in decline , could ever repay her debts otherwise , nor was Genoa capable of suppressing the Corsican struggle for independence .   In September 1768 France began its conquest of Corsica . France gained full military control of the island following the Battle of Ponte Novu in 1769 , and until the French Revolution , the island was considered the personal possession of the King .   Category : Treaties of the Republic of Genoa  Category : History of Corsica  Versailles ( 1768 )  Category :1768 in France  Category : Treaties of the Kingdom of France  Category :1768 in the Republic of Genoa  Category : France -- Republic of Genoa relations

neg: Thomas Cranston Thomas Cranston was an associate justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court from 1762 to 1764 and served as Speaker of the Rhode Island House of Representatives at the time that Cranston , Rhode Island was created in 1754 . Historians believe either Cranston or his grandfather ( or father ) Samuel Cranston may be the namesake of Cranston , Rhode Island because the first page of the first town record book of Cranston bears the inscription `` the gift of Thomas Cranston to the town called Cranston . ''

neg: List of Chief Justices of the Rhode Island Supreme Court The Rhode Island Supreme Court was created in 1747 and used the title of Superior Court of Judicature , Court of Assize , and General Gaol Delivery . When established , the court consisted of a Chief Justice and four Associate Justices ( for a list of the Associate Justices , see List of the Justices of the Rhode Island Supreme Court ) Following are the Chief Justices from 1747 to the present :

neg: Constitution of Rhode Island The Constitution of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations is a document describing the structure and function of the government of the U.S. State of Rhode Island .

neg: Secretary of State of Rhode Island The Secretary of State of Rhode Island is an elected office in the U.S. state of Rhode Island . As of 2015 , the current Secretary of State is Nellie Gorbea .   The Rhode Island Department of State or is composed of five separate divisions :  The Elections and Civics Division prepares ballots , ensures accessibility of voting facilities , qualifies and certifies the names of all federal and state candidates for ballot placement , maintains a database of registered voters , and ensures compliance with the Help America Vote Act . Administration of elections and compliance with campaign finance laws is the responsibility of a separate state agency , the Rhode Island Board of Elections .  The Corporations Division is responsible for a wide range of business-related legal documents and filings , including formation of corporations and other business entities , liens and security interests under the Uniform Commercial Code , registration of notaries public , apostilles , trademarks and service marks , registration of businesses conducting games of chance , and various other documents required by state law .  The Public Information Division accepts many filings required to be made with Secretary of State , including Lobbying Disclosures , Public Meeting Notices and Minutes , Disclosure of State Government Consultants and Appointments to Boards and Commissions , and other government information . This division also publishes the Rhode Island Government Owner 's Manual , which gives a broad overview of various government offices and officials .  The Rhode Island State Archives is the official custodian and trustee for public records of permanent historical value .  The Rhode Island State Library , which was created in 1852 by a General Assembly resolution as part of the office of the Secretary of State . Its purpose is to assist members of the General Assembly with research on the preparation of proposed legislation . The State Library also includes a law library .


query: Red is inspired by a comic book series by Warren Ellis and Cully Hamner written in the 90's.

pos: Red (2010 film) Red is a 2010 American action comedy film inspired by the limited comic book series of the same name created by Warren Ellis and Cully Hamner and published by the DC Comics imprint Homage . The film stars Bruce Willis , Morgan Freeman , John Malkovich , Mary-Louise Parker , Helen Mirren and Karl Urban , with German film director Robert Schwentke directing a screenplay by Jon Hoeber and Erich Hoeber . In the film version , the title is derived from the designation of former CIA Agent Frank Moses ( Bruce Willis ) , meaning `` Retired , Extremely Dangerous '' .   The film was released on October 15 , 2010 . The film grossed $ 199 million worldwide . In 2011 , the film received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Musical or Comedy Film . A sequel , Red 2 , was released on July 19 , 2013 . Another sequel , Red 3 , is in development .

pos: Red (WildStorm) Red is a three-issue comic book mini-series published in 2003 and 2004 by WildStorm imprint Homage Comics both owned by DC Comics . It was created by writer Warren Ellis and artist Cully Hamner .

neg: The Ransom of Red Chief `` The Ransom of Red Chief '' is a 1910 short story by O. Henry first published in The Saturday Evening Post . It follows two men who kidnap and attempt to ransom a wealthy Alabaman 's son ; eventually , the men are driven crazy by the boy 's spoiled and hyperactive behavior , and end up having to pay the boy 's father to take him back .   The story and its main idea have become a part of popular culture , with many children 's television programs using a version of the story as one of their episodes . The tale is a light-hearted example of the ultimate in `` poetic justice '' and fortuitous intervention for the public good : the crooks had intended to use the ransom money to fund an even larger and much more elaborate scam that would likely have caused widespread monetary damage to the local populace , and so having their plans `` foiled in their infancy '' by Red Chief 's shrewd father saves countless other honest folks from financial ruin . It has also been often used as a classic example of two ultimate comic ironies -- a supposed `` hostage '' actually liking his abductors and enjoying being captured , and his captors getting their just deserts by having the tables turned on them , and being compelled to pay to be rid of him .

neg: Mercy (Vertigo) Mercy ( 1993 ) is an American graphic novel , written by J. M. DeMatteis and illustrated by Paul Johnson , published by DC Comics ' Vertigo imprint .  It tells the tale of bitter , cynical Joshua Rose . While in a coma after a stroke , he finds himself drifting through states of Limbo . There he witnesses the personification of Mercy battling many of the personal demons and afflictions of mankind , including himself . Despite his initial hostility toward her , he finally comes to accept and appreciate her qualities .

neg: V for Vendetta V for Vendetta is a British graphic novel written by Alan Moore and illustrated by David Lloyd ( with additional art by Tony Weare ) , published by DC Comics . Later versions were published by Vertigo , an imprint of DC Comics . The story depicts a dystopian and post-apocalyptic near-future history version of the United Kingdom in the 1990s , preceded by a nuclear war in the 1980s which had devastated most of the rest of the world . The fascist Norsefire party has exterminated its opponents in concentration camps and rules the country as a police state . The comics follow its title character and protagonist , V , an anarchist revolutionary dressed in a Guy Fawkes mask , as he begins an elaborate and theatrical revolutionist campaign to kill his former captors , bring down the fascist state and convince the people to bring about democratic government , while inspiring a young woman , Evey Hammond , to be his protégé .   Warner Bros. released a film adaptation of the same title in 2006 .

neg: Scarlet Witch Scarlet Witch ( Wanda Maximoff ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character first appeared in X-Men # 4 ( March 1964 ) and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby . The character has since starred in two self-titled limited series with husband the Vision , and has historically been depicted as a regular team member in superhero title The Avengers .   Scarlet Witch has the superhuman ability to alter reality in unspecific ways . In most depictions , she is a mutant , a human born with natural superhuman powers . Originally revealed to be the daughter of the Golden Age superhero Whizzer , it was later established she and her twin brother Quicksilver were the children of X-Men villain Magneto , and the half-siblings of his daughter Polaris . This parentage was their status quo until 2014 , when a further retcon revealed that she and Quicksilver were in fact non-mutants who had been kidnapped and experimented on by the High Evolutionary , and then misled to believe that Magneto was their father .   The character was ranked 97th in Wizard 's `` 200 Greatest Comic Book Characters of All Time '' list , 12th in IGN 's list of `` The Top 50 Avengers '' , and 14th in Comics Buyer 's Guide 's `` 100 Sexiest Women in Comics '' list . The character has appeared in other Marvel-endorsed products such as animated films ; arcade and video games ; television series and merchandise such as action figures and trading cards . Elizabeth Olsen portrays Scarlet Witch in the Marvel Cinematic Universe .

neg: Action Comics Action Comics is an American comic book series that introduced Superman , one of the first major superhero characters as the term is popularly defined . The publisher was originally known as National Allied Publications , and later as National Comics Publications and as National Periodical Publications , before taking on its current name of DC Comics . Its original incarnation ran from 1938 to 2011 and stands as one of the longest-running comic books with consecutively numbered issues . A second volume of Action Comics with issue # 1 ran from 2011 to 2016 . Action Comics returned to its original numbering beginning with issue # 957 ( Aug. 2016 ) .

neg: Rose Red Rose Red may refer to :  Rose Red ( miniseries ) , a 2002 television miniseries  Rose Red ( Fables ) , character in the comic series Fables  Rose-Red , a character in the fairy tale `` Snow-White and Rose-Red '' .  Klara Prast aka Tower of Flower also goes by this name

neg: Eighth Doctor comic stories Eighth Doctor comic stories are two ranges of comic series that featured the adventures of the eighth incarnation of the Doctor , the protagonist of the hit sc-fi series , Doctor Who .   Two separate series of original comic strips featuring the Eighth Doctor ( and thus the likeness of actor Paul McGann ) were published during the character 's original tenure . The Radio Times published a weekly comic strip for a time . There was also the standard Doctor Who Magazine strip . The two series introduced brand-new companions , although the Eighth Doctor 's only on-screen companion , Grace Holloway , also appeared twice . There were also cameo appearances by companions from past DWM series . The Master was also resurrected .   During the latter period of the DWM 's comic stories the stories switched from black and white strips to full colour .   One of the strip 's most noted fans was Russell T Davies , the future executive producer and head writer of the revived Doctor Who series . Davies had proposed that the Magazine 's strip regenerate McGann 's Doctor at the conclusion of The Flood . Whilst a draft was prepared to include the regeneration , the idea was abandoned as the Magazine team had reservations about taking such an important element from the television series should McGann ever be used in the series for flashback purposes . Eventually the decision was taken to simply end `` The Flood '' on a note similar to Survival , with The Eighth Doctor and Destrii 's later adventures left a mystery to the readers .   It has been speculated that Davies loosely adapted elements from The Flood in his later DW storylines The Parting of the Ways and Army of Ghosts ( in particular the Doctor absorbing the time/space vortex to save Rose Tyler 's life , triggering his regeneration and the ghost-shifting infiltration of The Cybermen on an unsuspecting public )

neg: Red Bird (web series) Red Bird is an American Western web series . Created by Misti Boland and Jeremy Osbern , the series stars Alexandra Goodman , Ian Stark , Armin Shimerman , Kitty Swink , Mike McShane , and John Prosky . The series of eight three to five minute episodes premiered on YouTube and the show 's website in March 2016 .   Tubefilter , in their Indie Spotlight , described the series as `` a female revenge tale featuring Kitty Mae , who is seeking to get even with the gunman who killed her only son in cold blood . ''   The Daily Dot issued a positive review of the series , noting that from `` costumes to locations to an original soundtrack that has presence and bite , it looks and sounds just as you 'd imagine the creators -- husband and wife Jeremy Osbern and Misti Boland -- desired it . '' But the reviewer also longed for more time with each episode , stating that episodes `` are centered around single set pieces or scenes that although well-scripted and shot , are short , mostly coming in at around three minutes . ''   Red Bird was shot on location and on sets in Colorado and Kansas and incorporated real horses , authentic old west set pieces , and practical gunshot and blood effects .

neg: Captain Marvel (DC Comics) Captain Marvel , also known as Shazam , is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Artist C. C. Beck and writer Bill Parker created the character in 1939 . Captain Marvel first appeared in Whiz Comics # 2 ( cover-dated Feb. 1940 ) , published by Fawcett Comics . He is the alter ego of Billy Batson , a boy who , by speaking the magic word `` SHAZAM '' ( acronym of 6 Greek `` immortal elders '' - Solomon , Hercules , Atlas , Zeus , Achilles , and Mercury ) , can transform himself into a costumed adult with the powers of superhuman strength , speed , flight , and other abilities .   Based on book sales , the character was the most popular superhero of the 1940s , outselling even Superman . Fawcett expanded the franchise to include other `` Marvels '' , primarily Marvel Family associates Mary Marvel and Captain Marvel Jr. , who can harness Billy 's powers as well . Captain Marvel was also the first comic book superhero to be adapted into film , in a 1941 Republic Pictures serial titled Adventures of Captain Marvel .   Fawcett ceased publishing Captain Marvel-related comics in 1953 , partly because of a copyright infringement suit from DC Comics , alleging that Captain Marvel was a copy of Superman . In 1972 , DC licensed the Marvel Family characters from Fawcett , and returned them to publication . By 1991 , DC had acquired all rights to the characters . DC has since integrated Captain Marvel and the Marvel Family into their DC Universe and has attempted to revive the property several times , with mixed success . Due to trademark conflicts over another character named `` Captain Marvel '' owned by Marvel Comics since 1967 , DC chose to publish the character 's adventures in a comic book titled Shazam ! for many years , leading many to assume that this was the character 's name . DC later officially renamed the character `` Shazam '' when relaunching its comic book properties in 2011 .   In addition , since 1972 , the character has been featured in two television series adaptations , one live action and one animated , by Filmation , and an upcoming Warner Bros. . Shazam ! feature film scheduled for release in 2019 as part of the DC Extended Universe . Captain Marvel was ranked as the 55th greatest comic book character of all time by Wizard magazine . IGN also ranked Captain Marvel as the 50th greatest comic book hero of all time , stating that the character will always be an enduring reminder of a simpler time . UGO Networks ranked him as one of the top heroes of entertainment , saying , `` At his best , Shazam has always been Superman with a sense of crazy , goofy fun '' .

neg: Red Army (novel) Red Army is a 1989 Cold War-era military novel written by U.S. Army intelligence analyst Ralph Peters . The book considered a World War III scenario involving a Soviet attack on West Germany across the North German Plain .   Red Army was unique among military fiction published in the United States during the 1980s , in that it told its story exclusively from the perspective of officers and men in the Soviet Army .

neg: Noam Friedlander Noam Friedlander is an author , award-winning scriptwriter , playwright , columnist , interviewer and feature writer . She has written 14 non-fiction books on subjects ranging from sport , religion , entertainment and children 's names as well as having over 20 years of experience as a journalist for various broadsheets and magazines .   She also writes scripts for TV and worked on the final UK TV series Dream Team , which was on Sky1 , as well as being the Question Writer and working on the production team for the UK version of US show Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader , which was also shown on Sky1 as Are You Smarter Than a 10-Year Old .   In 2015 , Noam was a finalist in The Beverly Hills Film Festival Competition for her script `` The Red '' , which was previously a play performed at the Piven Theater Workshop in Chicago in 2014 under the direction of Joyce Piven . In August 2015 , the script for `` The Red '' received an ` Honorable Mention ' at WilliFest 's Screenplay Competition . ( WilliFest is also known as Brooklyn 's Williamsburg International Film Festival ) . In October 2015 , her script ` The Red ' was the winner of the Screenplay Competition at the San Pedro International Film Festival . In June 2016 , ` The Red ' was a Quarter-Finalist at the Austin Revolution Film Festival . In August 2016 , the script for `` The Red '' was a ` Preliminary Finalist ' at the 2016 Creative World Awards . The same script was also a ` second rounder ' at the Austin Film Festival . Finally , in October 2016 , `` The Red '' was a runner-up at the Denver Film Festival .   She is frequently thought to be the son of Rabbi Albert Friedlander . However , she is , in fact , his daughter .   Her 2005 book What Is Opus Dei has been translated into several languages and published worldwide .   In 2008 , Noam Friedlander was shot in the back by a sniper while walking down the street in Los Angeles and wrote about it for The Guardian . While in LA , Friedlander has been writing extensively for Stella , the Sunday supplement of The Sunday Telegraph interviewing celebrities such as Diane Kruger , Rose Byrne , Chelsea Handler , Kelly Reilly , Amanda Seyfried and Drew Barrymore . In 2015 , she interviewed Salma Hayek for the cover of the deluxe edition of ES magazine ( part of the Evening Standard ) .   Due to her prolific writing career , Friedlander is also a member of the Authors Guild , America 's leading advocate for writers ' interests . In 2011 , Friedlander set up a film production company to champion independent films . She has taken part in a number of ` story telling ' shows while living in Los Angeles including Anna David 's show True Tales of Lust and Love and the famed Write Club event at the Bootleg Theater in Los Angeles .   In November 2012 , Friedlander 's best-selling biography of Katy Perry was published in both Europe and the United States .   Noam supports Queens Park Rangers , the finest team , the world has ever seen .

neg: Reds (film) Reds is a 1981 American epic drama film co-written , produced and directed by Warren Beatty . The picture centers on the life and career of John Reed , the journalist and writer who chronicled the Russian Revolution in his book Ten Days That Shook the World . Beatty stars in the lead role alongside Diane Keaton as Louise Bryant and Jack Nicholson as Eugene O'Neill .   The supporting cast includes Edward Herrmann , Jerzy Kosinski , Paul Sorvino , Maureen Stapleton , Gene Hackman , Ramon Bieri , Nicolas Coster and M. Emmet Walsh . The film also features , as `` witnesses , '' interviews with the 98-year-old radical educator and peace activist Scott Nearing , author Dorothy Frooks , reporter and author George Seldes , civil liberties advocate Roger Baldwin , and the American writer Henry Miller , among others .   Beatty was awarded the Academy Award for Best Director and the film was nominated for Best Picture , but lost to Chariots of Fire . Beatty , Keaton , Nicholson and Stapleton were nominated for Best Actor , Best Actress , Best Supporting Actor and Best Supporting Actress , respectively . Stapleton was the only one of the four to win . Beatty was also nominated , along with co-writer Trevor Griffiths , for Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay , but lost to Chariots of Fire . Beatty became the third person to be nominated for Academy Awards in the categories Best Actor , Director and Original Screenplay for a film nominated for Best Picture .   In June 2008 , the American Film Institute revealed its `` Ten Top Ten '' -- the best ten films in ten `` classic '' American film genres -- after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community . Reds was acknowledged as the ninth best film in the epic genre .

neg: Batman & Dracula trilogy The Batman and Dracula trilogy is a group of American comics stories which began with Batman & Dracula : Red Rain , a 1991 graphic novel by Doug Moench and Kelley Jones , in DC Comics ' Elseworlds line of alternate reality stories . It spawned two sequels by the same creative team ; Batman : Bloodstorm and Batman : Crimson Mist . DC Comics later released The Batman and Dracula trilogy in a trade paperback collection , entitled Tales of the Multiverse : Batman - Vampire .

neg: Nowhere Men Nowhere Men is a comic book series written by Eric Stephenson . The first six issues were drawn by Nate Bellegarde , colored by Jordie Bellaire , lettered by Fonografix ( Steven Finch ) , and published by Image Comics .  As of issue 7 , Dave Taylor has replaced Nate Bellegarde , who no longer is part of the creative team . Emi Lenox also joined up , providing short comics about Monica Strange , one of the characters of Nowhere Men .   The series centers on a fictional world where a group of four scientists , long since gone their own ways , have had huge cultural influences in a way similar to that of The Beatles in our world . It 's loosely based on the story of the British Invasion , especially how The Beatles stood out . The promotional tagline , `` Science is the new Rock-N-Roll '' , exemplifies this .   The name is derived primarily from the fact that things just seem to come out of nowhere for the scientists , although there are other plot points that the name is based on as well . It was also influenced by the Beatles song `` Nowhere Man '' .   Nowhere Men was nominated for four Eisner Awards in 2014 , of which it won one : Jordie Bellaire won the award for Best Colorist for her work on several titles , including Nowhere Men .   As of March 2016 , nine issues have been published , the first six of which form the completed first arc . The seventh , eighth and ninth issue are part of the second arc , which started in January 2016 after a two-year delay and was scheduled to be completed in June 2016 .

neg: Kindred (comics) The Kindred is a group of humanoid animals . They were introduced in a four-issue comic book mini-series published by Image Comics in 1994 . Its writers were Jim Lee , Brandon Choi , Sean Ruffner and Brett Booth , who was also the artist . A second mini-series was published in 2002 under the Wildstorm imprint . Brett Booth was the sole writer and artist this time . Both series featured Grifter and Backlash fighting the Kindred .

neg: Erotic comics Erotic comics are adult comics which focus substantially on nudity and sexual activity , either for their own sake or as a major story element . As such they are usually not permitted to be sold to legal minors . Like other genres of comics , they can consist of single panels , short comic strips , comic books , or graphic novels/albums . Although never a mainstream genre , they have existed as a niche alongside -- but usually separate from -- other genres of comics .   During the mid-twentieth century , most comics were produced for children , and in North America the contents of most comics were constrained by the Comics Code Authority to be suitable for children . Consequently erotic comics have sometimes been subject to criticism and extra scrutiny compared to other forms of erotic art and storytelling . Additionally , the application of laws against child pornography to materials featuring fictional characters with no legal ages , have varied internationally .

neg: Rychlé šípy Rychlé šípy ( `` Rapid Arrows '' ) is the name of a fictional club of five boys , consisting of Mirek Dušín , Jarka Metelka , Jindra Hojer , Červenáček ( `` Red Cap '' ) , Rychlonožka ( `` Speedy '' ) and a dog named Bublina ( `` Bubble '' ) . They were invented by the Czech writer Jaroslav Foglar . Rychlé šípy are universally known in the Czech Republic and Slovakia , virtually everyone is familiar with them . The name Mirek Dušín has even become proverbial , referring to someone who is extremely upright , honest and hard-working , and usually used sarcastically .   Rychlé šípy was originally a comic series issued from 1938 to 1989 with stand-stills enforced by the Communist regime of Czechoslovakia . Whilst it was always Jaroslav Foglar who wrote the text , the first series was drawn by Dr. Jan Fischer , the second series ( around the Prague Spring 1968 ) was drawn by Marko Čermák . The first series was issued in the magazines Mladý Hlasatel ( `` Young Herald '' ) and Vpřed ( `` Ahead '' ) .   Rychlé šípy are the main characters of the trilogy Dobrodružství v temných uličkách ( `` Adventures in the Dark Alleys '' ) : Záhada hlavolamu ( `` Mystery of the Teaser '' , 1941 ) , Stínadla se bouří ( `` Stínadla in Revolt '' ) and Tajemství Velkého Vonta ( `` Secret of the High Vont '' ) . Mystery of the Conundrum was made into a movie in 1993 -- director : Petr Kotek and a TV series in 1969 -- director Hynek Bočan . Its famous props include the Tleskač flying bicycle , the mysterious Em , the dark alleys of Stínadla ( `` The Shades '' ) and the song of the Vonts , which has no lyrics .

neg: Image Comics Image Comics is an American comic book publisher . It was founded in 1992 by several high-profile illustrators as a venue where comics creators could publish their material without giving up the copyrights to the characters they created , as creator-owned properties . It was immediately successful , and remains one of the largest comic book publishers in North America . Its output was originally dominated by superhero and fantasy series from the studios of the Image partners , but now includes comics in many genres by numerous independent creators . Its best-known series include Spawn , Savage Dragon , Witchblade , The Darkness , Invincible , The Walking Dead , Saga , and Chew .

neg: Green Team (comics) The Green Team is a fictional comic book team of rich-kid adventurers published by DC Comics . The team debuted in 1st Issue Special # 2 ( May 1975 ) , and was created by Joe Simon and Jerry Grandenetti . In its initial appearance , the group was subtitled `` Boy Millionaires . '' In 2010s comics , a revamped version of the group appeared in a series subtitled `` Teen Trillionaires . ''

neg: Events from the Modern Age of Comic Books One of the key aspects of the Modern Age of Comic Books was that it was the beginning of big events . In 1984 , Marvel Comics debuted the first large crossover , Secret Wars , a storyline featuring the company 's most prolific superheroes , which overlapped into a 12-issue limited series and many monthly comic books . A year later , DC Comics introduced its first large scale crossover , Crisis on Infinite Earths , which had long-term effects on the `` DC Universe '' continuity .   In the early and mid-1990s , big events were regularly published by Marvel and DC , often leading to extra publicity and sales . These events helped fend-off competition from Image Comics , and such events were more likely to become `` collector 's items . '' Some events , such as DC 's `` Zero Hour '' and Marvel 's `` Onslaught saga '' spanned a publisher 's entire line while others only affected a `` family '' of interrelated titles . The X-Men and Batman franchises featured crossovers almost annually .   Some of the most significant mid-1990s events , such as Spider-Man 's `` Clone Saga , '' Batman 's `` Batman : Knightfall '' and particularly , `` The Death of Superman '' caused dramatic changes to long-running characters and received coverage in the mainstream media .   These events led to significant sales boosts and publicity , but many fans began to criticize them as excessive and lacking compelling storytelling . They also complained that monthly series had become inaccessible because one had to follow a number of comics to understand the full storyline . By the end of the 1990s , the number of large crossovers decreased , but they were still launched sporadically .


query: Flash Thompson admires Peter Parker.

pos: Flash Thompson Corporal Eugene `` Flash '' Thompson is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . He is a star high school football player who mercilessly bullies his high school classmate Peter Parker but greatly admires Spider-Man , an irony in which the superhero takes some gratification , though he and Peter become close friends in college . After graduation , he joins the United States Army and is haunted by his combat experiences , leading to alcoholism . After losing both of his legs in the Iraq War , he was bound to the Venom Symbiote as Agent Venom , a superhero and the first to control the organism .   The character has appeared in several other media adaptations , usually in his earlier bullying incarnation . In film , he is portrayed by Joe Manganiello in Spider-Man , Chris Zylka in The Amazing Spider-Man , and Tony Revolori in Spider-Man : Homecoming .

neg: Samurai (Super Friends) Samurai is an Asian superhero in the Super Friends animated television series . His real name is Toshio Eto , and he is of Japanese descent . He was one of the later additions to the team along with other ethnically diverse heroes in an effort for the show to promote cultural diversity . His voice actor is Jack Angel . In addition to being a prominent figure in several other animated shows , Angel also did the voice for The Flash and Hawkman .   Samurai appears in The All-New Super Friends Hour , Challenge of the Super Friends , Super Friends ( 1980 ) , Super Friends : The Legendary Super Powers Show , and The Super Powers Team : Galactic Guardians . Besides being inserted to create diversity , Samurai , in a sense , took the place of Red Tornado with whom he shares similar wind-based abilities . After sporadic guest appearances , Samurai grew into a prominent team member in the series ' later seasons .   Samurai appeared in the DC Comics Mini Series Super Powers . He also had an action figure in the Super Powers Collection line produced by Kenner . A character resembling Samurai appeared in a double page spread in the Infinite Crisis hard cover trade collection . The actual Samurai made his first appearance in the comics several years later during the Brightest Day event .

neg: The Wedding! (comics) `` The Wedding ! '' is the title of the story from The Amazing Spider-Man Annual # 21 in which Mary Jane Watson and Peter Parker ( a.k.a. Spider-Man ) get married . It was published in 1987 and written by David Michelinie , featuring cover art by John Romita Sr. .

neg: Dan Gilvezan Daniel John `` Dan '' Gilvezan ( born October 26 , 1950 ) is an American actor , best known for playing Peter Parker/Spider-Man in the 1981 animated series , Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends and Autobot Bumblebee , among others , in the original 1984-1987 Transformers series .

neg: Humour Humour ( British English ) or humor ( American English ; see spelling differences ) is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement . The term derives from the humoral medicine of the ancient Greeks , which taught that the balance of fluids in the human body , known as humours ( Latin : humor , `` body fluid '' ) , controlled human health and emotion .   People of all ages and cultures respond to humour . Most people are able to experience humour -- be amused , smile or laugh at something funny -- and thus are considered to have a sense of humour . The hypothetical person lacking a sense of humour would likely find the behaviour inducing it to be inexplicable , strange , or even irrational . Though ultimately decided by personal taste , the extent to which a person finds something humorous depends on a host of variables , including geographical location , culture , maturity , level of education , intelligence and context . For example , young children may favour slapstick such as Punch and Judy puppet shows or the Tom and Jerry cartoons , whose physical nature makes it accessible to them . By contrast , more sophisticated forms of humour such as satire require an understanding of its social meaning and context , and thus tend to appeal to a more mature audience .

neg: Sesame Street News Flash The Sesame Street News Flash was a recurring segment on the children 's television show Sesame Street . First aired in 1971 , the series starred Kermit the Frog as a trench coat-dressed roving reporter who interviews Muppet versions of characters from fairy tales , Mother Goose nursery rhymes and key moments in history .   Given the basic format of the segments , the `` Sesame Street News Flash '' series served several purposes , namely to act out simple stories and nursery rhymes with which the show 's audience might be familiar , and to give children a basic understanding of history . Other skits were spoofs of popular culture ( such as one which parodied the then-popular The Six Million Dollar Man ) , while others involved Kermit asking children simple vox populi , or `` man on the street , '' style questions . With exception to the latter , the segments were often parodies and diverged from the traditional tellings .

neg: Alternative versions of Mary Jane Watson Mary Jane Watson , often shortened to MJ , is a fiction supporting character originally appearing in Marvel comic book as the best friend , love interest , and wife ( as Mary Jane Watson-Parker ) of Peter Parker , the alter ego of Spider-Man . She was created by writer Stan Lee and artist John Romita , Sr. . She has appeared in multiple spin-offs , alternative realities , and dramatizations of the Spider-Man titles .

neg: The Splendid Source `` The Splendid Source '' is the 19th episode of the eighth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . Directed by Brian Iles and written by Mark Hentemann , the episode originally aired on Fox in the United States on May 16 , 2010 . The episode follows Peter , Joe and Quagmire as they set out on a journey to find the ultimate source of all the world 's dirty jokes . Along the way , the group is reunited with their old friend , Cleveland Brown , while traveling through Stoolbend , Virginia . Their journey becomes much more difficult than expected when they are kidnapped and taken to a remote island . There , they discover a secret society of the world 's greatest geniuses at the center of all the world 's dirty jokes . The plot is based on a short story of the same name written by Richard Matheson and first published in the May 1956 edition of Playboy magazine .   The episode was a follow-up to the departure of main character Cleveland Brown , who was removed from Family Guy to become the center of the spin-off The Cleveland Show . Former series writer and cast member Mike Henry returned to the series to provide the voice of Cleveland . The episode also featured the first official crossover between Family Guy and The Cleveland Show , and included cameo appearances by several of The Cleveland Shows main characters . The episode was first announced at the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con International .   Critical response to the episode was favorable . Critics praised the episode for its original premise , and its under-reliance on cultural references , but criticized the episode 's plot . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 7.59 million homes in its original airing . The episode featured guest performances by Marc Alaimo , Gary Cole , Ioan Gruffudd , Sanaa Lathan , David Lynch , Kevin Michael Richardson and Wally Wingert , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . `` The Splendid Source '' was released on DVD along with ten other episodes from the season on December 13 , 2011 .

neg: Legion of Super-Heroes The Legion of Super-Heroes is a fictional superhero team appearing in books published by DC Comics . Created by writer Otto Binder and artist Al Plastino , the Legion is a group of superpowered beings living in the 30th and 31st centuries of the , and first appears in Adventure Comics # 247 ( April 1958 ) .   Initially , the team was closely associated with the original Superboy character ( Superman when he was a teenager ) , and was portrayed as a group of time travelers . Later , the Legion 's origin and back story were fleshed out , and the group was given its own monthly comic . Eventually , Superboy was removed from the team altogether and appeared only as an occasional guest star .   The team has undergone two major reboots during its run . The original version was replaced with a new rebooted version following the events of the `` Zero Hour '' storyline in 1994 and another rebooted team was introduced in 2004 . A fourth version of the team , nearly identical to the original version , was introduced in 2007 .

neg: Roderick Kingsley Roderick Kingsley is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . He is the first character who would claim the Hobgoblin alias . He first appeared in Peter Parker , The Spectacular Spider-Man # 43 then as the Hobgoblin in The Amazing Spider-Man # 238 , and was created by Roger Stern , Mike Zeck and John Romita , Jr. . In 2009 , the Hobgoblin was ranked by IGN as the 57th greatest comic book villain .

neg: The Pyrates The Pyrates is a comic novel by George MacDonald Fraser , published in 1983 . Fraser called it `` a burlesque fantasy on every swashbuckler I ever read or saw . ''

neg: Mac Raboy Emmanuel `` Mac '' Raboy ( April 17 , 1914 -- December 12 , 1967 ) was an American comics artist best known for his comic-book work on Fawcett Comics ' Captain Marvel Jr. . and as the Sunday comic-strip artist of Flash Gordon for more than 20 years .   Born in New York City , Raboy began his art career with the Works Progress Administration during the Great Depression . In the 1940s he began working with the Harry A. Chesler studio of comics artists . Raboy began drawing comic books and gained fame as the illustrator for Captain Marvel , Jr. and the Green Lama . Raboy was a great admirer of Alex Raymond , and `` kept a portfolio of Alex Raymond 's `` Flash Gordon '' comics by his side for inspiration and guidance as he worked '' . In the spring of 1946 , King Features hired Raboy to continue the Sunday page adventures of Flash Gordon , which he continued to work on until his death .   Drew Friedman has stated , `` Raboy was an expert technician with pen and brush , and his lush covers are some of the most unusually beautiful ever to grace comic books '' .

neg: Superman/Fantastic Four Superman/Fantastic Four , subtitled `` The Infinite Destruction , '' is an intercompany comic book jointly published by DC Comics and Marvel Comics in July 1999 . The tale unites DC 's first superhero Superman and Marvel 's first superhero team , the Fantastic Four -- pitting them against the Cyborg Superman ( who gained notoriety in 1993 during DC 's `` Reign of the Supermen '' story arc ) and the longtime FF foe Galactus .   It was written by Dan Jurgens , with art by Jurgens and Art Thibert . The cover features painted art by Alex Ross , based on a layout by Jurgens .

neg: Peter Coyote Peter Coyote ( born Robert Peter Cohon ; October 10 , 1941 ) is an American actor , author , director , screenwriter and narrator of films , theatre , television and audiobooks . His voice work includes narrating the opening ceremony of the 2002 Winter Olympics and Apple 's iPad Retina Display campaign . He has also served as on-camera co-host of the 2000 Oscar telecasts . His distinctive voice helped him win a News & Documentary Emmy Award in 1992 for narration of `` The Meiji Revolution '' episode of the PBS series The Pacific Century , as well as a Primetime Emmy Award in 2015 for Ken Burns ' documentary special The Roosevelts . He has often been compared with actor Henry Fonda .   Coyote was one of the founders of the Diggers , an anarchist improv group active in Haight-Ashbury during the mid-1960s . Coyote was also an actor , writer and director with the San Francisco Mime Troupe ; his prominence in the San Francisco counterculture scene led to his being interviewed for the book Voices from the Love Generation . He acted in and directed the first cross-country tour of The Minstrel Show , and his play Olive Pits , co-authored with Mime Troupe member Peter Berg , won the troupe an Obie Award from the Village Voice . Coyote became a member , and later chairman , of the California Arts Council from 1975 to 1983 . In the late 1970s , he shifted from acting on stage to acting in films . In the 1990s and 2000s ( decade ) , he acted in several television shows . He speaks fluent Spanish and French .

neg: Flash (photography) A flash is a device used in photography producing a flash of artificial light ( typically 1/1000 to 1/200 of a second ) at a color temperature of about 5500 K ( Kelvin ) to help illuminate a scene . A major purpose of a flash is to illuminate a dark scene . Other uses are capturing quickly moving objects or changing the quality of light . Flash refers either to the flash of light itself or to the electronic flash unit discharging the light . Most current flash units are electronic , having evolved from single-use flashbulbs and flammable powders . Modern cameras often activate flash units automatically .   Flash units are commonly built directly into a camera . Some cameras allow separate flash units to be mounted via a standardized `` accessory mount '' bracket ( a hot shoe ) . In professional studio equipment , flashes may be large , standalone units , or studio strobes , powered by special battery packs or connected to mains power . They are either synchronized with the camera using a flash synchronization cable or radio signal , or are light-triggered , meaning that only one flash unit needs to be synchronized with the camera , and in turn triggers the other units , called slaves .

neg: Survival of the Fittest (The Spectacular Spider-Man) `` Survival of the Fittest '' is the pilot episode of the animated television series The Spectacular Spider-Man , which is based on the comic book character Spider-Man , created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko . The episode was written and directed by the series developers , Greg Weisman and Victor Cook . In the episode , Spider-Man ( Josh Keaton ) faces the evil Vulture ( Robert Englund ) as he begins his junior year in high school .   Sony Entertainment originally conceived The Spectacular Spider-Man as a series of four DVDs , and asked Weisman and Cook to develop it . The central idea was to follow Spider-Man in his younger years in the comics ; Weisman and Cook wanted to incorporate the styles of the early comic publications by Lee and Ditko . Reviewers have cited other influences in the themes , such as the live action film series and the Ultimate Spider-Man '' continuity .   `` Survival of the Fittest '' originally aired on March 8 , 2008 , on the Kids ' WB block on The CW . It had previously been shown to a large audience at the 2008 WonderCon . The episode was the highest rated program of the Kids WB ! 2007-2008 combined with the second episode `` Interactions '' and alone received a Nielsen rating of 1.2 / 3 . It was well received by critics , IGN calling it `` a Spider-Man story that feels like classic Spider-Man , and that 's a good thing . ''

neg: The Flash (2014 TV series) The Flash is an American television series developed by Greg Berlanti , Andrew Kreisberg and Geoff Johns , airing on The CW . It is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash , a costumed superhero crime-fighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds . It is a spin-off from Arrow , existing in the same fictional universe . The series follows Allen , portrayed by Grant Gustin , a crime scene investigator who gains super-human speed , which he uses to fight criminals , including others who have also gained superhuman abilities .   Initially envisioned as a backdoor pilot , the positive reception Gustin received during two appearances as Barry on Arrow led to executives choosing to develop a full pilot to make use of a larger budget and help flesh out Barry 's world in more detail . Colleen Atwood , costume designer for Arrow , was brought in to design the Flash 's suit . The creative team wanted to make sure that the Flash would resemble his comic book counterpart , and not simply be a poor imitation . The series is primarily filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada .   The Flash premiered in North America on October 7 , 2014 , where the pilot became the second-most watched premiere in the history of The CW , after The Vampire Diaries in 2009 . It has been well received by critics and audiences , and won the People 's Choice Award for `` Favorite New TV Drama '' in 2014 . The series was renewed for a third season in March 2016 , which premiered on October 4 , 2016 . The series , together with Arrow , has spun characters out to their own show , Legends of Tomorrow , which premiered on January 21 , 2016 . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the show for a fourth season .

neg: List of The Spectacular Spider-Man episodes The Spectacular Spider-Man is an American animated television series based on the Marvel Comics character , Spider-Man , and developed for television by Greg Weisman and Victor Cook . In terms of tone and style , the series is based principally on the original stories by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko , with a similar balance of action , drama and comedy as well as a high school setting . However , it also tends to utilize material from all eras of the comic 's run and other sources such as the film series and the Ultimate Spider-Man comics . The series premiered on March 8 , 2008 during the Kids ' WB programming block of The CW , and its second season aired on Disney XD in the United States , and ended its run on November 18 , 2009 . Throughout its run , The Spectacular Spider-Man was acclaimed by both critics and audiences . The entire series was broadcast in Canada on Teletoon .   Following the central theme of `` The Education of Peter Parker '' , the series is broken up into loose arcs , each consisting of three to four episodes that take place nearly a month within the series , with the episode titles in each arc adopting terms from specific fields of study . Both Season One and Two consist of 13 episodes .

neg: List of The Flash episodes The Flash is an American action television series developed by Greg Berlanti , Andrew Kreisberg , and Geoff Johns , airing on The CW . It is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash , a costumed crimefighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds . It is a spin-off from Arrow , existing in the same fictional universe . The series follows Barry Allen , portrayed by Grant Gustin , a crime scene investigator who gains superhuman speed , which he uses to fight criminals , including others who have also gained superhuman abilities . The Flash was renewed in March 2016 for a third season , which premiered on October 4 , 2016 . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a fourth season .

neg: Mr. Burns Charles Montgomery Burns , known as C. Montgomery Burns and Monty Burns , but usually referred to simply as Mr. Burns , is a recurring character in the animated television series The Simpsons , and is voiced by Harry Shearer . Burns is the evil owner of the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant and is also Homer Simpson 's boss . He is assisted at almost all times by Waylon Smithers , his loyal and sycophantic aide , adviser , confidant and secret admirer .   Although originally conceived as a one-dimensional , recurring villain who might occasionally enter the Simpsons ' lives and wreak some sort of havoc , Burns ' popularity has led to his repeated inclusion in episodes . He is a stereotype of corporate America in his unquenchable desire to increase his own wealth and power , inability to remember his employees ' names ( including Homer 's , despite frequent interactions -- which has become a recurrent joke ) and lack of concern for their safety and well-being . Reflecting his advanced age , Burns is given to expressing dated humor , making references to Jazz Age popular culture , and aspiring to apply obsolete technology to everyday life . Conan O'Brien has called Burns his favorite character to write for , due to his arbitrarily old age and extreme wealth .   Burns ' trademark expression is the word `` Excellent '' , muttered slowly in a low , sinister voice while steepling his fingertips . He occasionally orders Smithers to `` release the hounds '' , so as to let his vicious guard dogs attack any intruders , enemies or even invited guests . Burns is Springfield 's richest and most powerful citizen ( and also the richest person in Springfield 's state ; his current net worth has been given as $ 7.3 billion by Forbes , though it fluctuates wildly depending on the episode ) . He uses his power and wealth to do whatever he wants , usually without regard for consequences and without interference from the authorities . These qualities led Wizard Magazine to rate him the 45th greatest villain of all time . TV Guide named him # 2 in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time . In 2016 , Rolling Stone ranked him # 8 of their `` 40 Greatest TV Villains of All Time '' .

neg: Jumpin' Jack Flash `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' is a song by English rock band the Rolling Stones , released as a single in 1968 . Called `` supernatural Delta blues by way of Swinging London '' by Rolling Stone magazine , the song was perceived by some as the band 's return to their blues roots after the baroque pop and psychedelia heard on their preceding albums , Aftermath ( 1966 ) , Between the Buttons ( 1967 ) and especially Their Satanic Majesties Request ( 1967 ) . One of the group 's most popular and recognisable songs , it has featured in films and been covered by numerous performers , notably Thelma Houston , Aretha Franklin , Tina Turner , Peter Frampton , Johnny Winter and Leon Russell .