query: English language isn't closely related to the Frisian languages.

pos: English language English -LSB- ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ -RSB- is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now the global lingua franca . Named after the Angles , one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England , it ultimately derives its name from the Anglia ( Angeln ) peninsula in the Baltic Sea . It is closely related to the Frisian languages , but its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other Germanic languages , as well as by Latin and Romance languages , particularly French .   English is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states . It is the most commonly spoken language in the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada , Australia , Ireland , and New Zealand , and is widely spoken in some areas of the Caribbean , Africa , and South Asia . It is the third most common native language in the world , after Mandarin and Spanish . It is the most widely learned second language and an official language of the United Nations , of the European Union , and of many other world and regional international organisations . It is the most widely spoken Germanic language , accounting for at least 70 % of speakers of this Indo-European branch .   English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years . The earliest forms of English , a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the fifth century , are called Old English . Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England , and was a period in which the language was influenced by French . Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible , and the start of the Great Vowel Shift . Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire , modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries . Through all types of printed and electronic media , as well as the emergence of the United States as a global superpower , English has become the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and in professional contexts such as science , navigation , and law .   Modern English grammar is the result of a gradual change from a typical Indo-European dependent marking pattern with a rich inflectional morphology and relatively free word order , to a mostly analytic pattern with little inflection , a fairly fixed SVO word order and a complex syntax . Modern English relies more on auxiliary verbs and word order for the expression of complex tenses , aspect and mood , as well as passive constructions , interrogatives and some negation . Despite noticeable variation among the accents and dialects of English used in different countries and regions -- in terms of phonetics and phonology , and sometimes also vocabulary , grammar and spelling -- English-speakers from around the world are able to communicate with one another with relative ease .

neg: List of adjectivals and demonyms for subcontinental regions The following is a list of adjectival forms of subcontinental regions in English and their demonymic equivalents , which denote the people or the inhabitants of these subcontinental regions .   Note : Demonyms are given in plural forms . Singular forms simply remove the final 's ' or , in the case of - ese endings , are the same as the plural forms .  The ending - men has feminine equivalent - women ( e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman ) . The French terminations - ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine ; adding ` e ' ( - oise / aise ) makes them singular feminine ; ` es ' ( - oises / aises ) makes them plural feminine . The Spanish termination '' - o '' usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by dropping the '' - o '' and adding '' - a '' . The plural forms are usually '' - os '' and '' - as '' respectively .   Adjectives ending - ish can be used as collective demonyms ( e.g. the English , the Cornish ) . So can those ending in - ch / - tch ( e.g. the French , the Dutch ) provided they are pronounced with a ` ch ' sound ( e.g. the adjective Czech does not qualify ) .   Where an adjective is a link , the link is to the language or dialect of the same name . ( Reference : Ethnologue , Languages of the World )   Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms refer also to various other things , sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words . ( Sometimes , the use of one or more additional words is optional . ) Notable examples are cheeses , cat breeds , dog breeds , and horse breeds . ( See List of words derived from toponyms . )   Where an adjective is a link , the link is to the language or dialect of the same name .

neg: Foreign language influences in English The core of English language descends from Old English , the language brought with the Angles , Saxon and Jutish settlers to what was to be called England in and after the 500s . The bulk of the language in spoken and written texts is from this source . As a statistical rule , around 70 % of words in any text are Anglo-Saxon . Moreover , the grammar is largely Anglo-Saxon .   While some new words enter English as slang , most do n't . Some words are adopted from other languages ; some are mixtures of existing words ( portmanteau words ) , and some are new creations made of roots from dead languages : e.g. thanatopsis .

neg: Tutonish Tutonish ( also called Teutonish , Teutonik , Allteutonish , Altutonish , Alteutonik , Nu Teutonish , Niu Teutonish , or Neuteutonish ) is a constructed language created by Elias Molee . He worked on it for several years before publishing it for the first time in 1901 . He reformed it twice , first in 1906 and under the name N ( i ) u teutonish and then in 1915 under the name Alteutonik . It is known to be the first Pan-Germanic language .   In 1901 it first was proposed as an `` Anglo-German unifying language '' , for English and Germanic languages speaking areas , not as an international language in the full sense of the word . Furthermore , Molee 's work is only intended to be a zonal constructed language amongst English , Dutch , Scandinavian and German native speakers .   In creating it , Molee was clearly influenced by Giuseppe Peano but chose to create a language for people based on Germanic roots instead of Romance ones . However , he created an `` inter-Romance '' version of his language to be used among Romance-speaking people as well .

neg: History of education in England The history of education in England can be documented to the Anglo-Saxons ' settlement of England . During the Middle Ages , schools were established to teach Latin grammar to the sons of the aristocracy , as part of preparation also for the entry of some into the clergy and religious orders . The church preserved literacy and learning during this period , and education was closely tied to the religious vocation , in order to read the Bible and related documents . Apprenticeship was the main way for youths to enter practical occupations . Two universities were established in affiliation with the church : the University of Oxford , followed by the University of Cambridge , both related closely to training for clergy . A reformed system of `` free grammar schools '' was established in the reign of Edward VI .   The Protestant Reformation had a major influence on education and literacy in England , as it encouraged the reading of the Bible in the vernacular of the people . ( Formerly , the Bible was printed only in Latin , the official language of the Catholic Church . ) Counties in the east of England , which had frequent interaction with the Low Countries , where the Reformation movement had flourished , developed a higher rate of literacy in the early years of the Reformation than did other areas of England .   In the 19th century the Church of England sponsored most formal education until the government established free , compulsory education towards the end of that century . University College London was established as the first secular college in England , open to students of all religions ( or none , ) followed by King 's College London ; the two institutions formed the University of London . Durham University was also established in the early nineteenth century . Towards the end of the century , the `` redbrick '' universities , new public universities , were founded .   The 1944 Education Act established the Tripartite System of grammar schools and secondary modern schools . The school leaving age was raised to 16 in 1972 .

neg: Language Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication , particularly the human ability to do so , and a language is any specific example of such a system . The scientific study of language is called linguistics . Questions concerning the philosophy of language , such as whether words can represent experience , have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece . Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought . 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language . Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky .   Estimates of the number of languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000 . However , any precise estimate depends on a partly arbitrary distinction between languages and dialects . Natural languages are spoken or signed , but any language can be encoded into secondary media using auditory , visual , or tactile stimuli -- for example , in whistling , signed , or braille . This is because human language is modality-independent . Depending on philosophical perspectives regarding the definition of language and meaning , when used as a general concept , `` language '' may refer to the cognitive ability to learn and use systems of complex communication , or to describe the set of rules that makes up these systems , or the set of utterances that can be produced from those rules . All languages rely on the process of semiosis to relate signs to particular meanings . Oral , manual and tactile languages contain a phonological system that governs how symbols are used to form sequences known as words or morphemes , and a syntactic system that governs how words and morphemes are combined to form phrases and utterances .   Human language has the properties of productivity and displacement , and relies entirely on social convention and learning . Its complex structure affords a much wider range of expressions than any known system of animal communication . Language is thought to have originated when early hominins started gradually changing their primate communication systems , acquiring the ability to form a theory of other minds and a shared intentionality . This development is sometimes thought to have coincided with an increase in brain volume , and many linguists see the structures of language as having evolved to serve specific communicative and social functions . Language is processed in many different locations in the human brain , but especially in Broca 's and Wernicke 's areas . Humans acquire language through social interaction in early childhood , and children generally speak fluently when they are approximately three years old . The use of language is deeply entrenched in human culture . Therefore , in addition to its strictly communicative uses , language also has many social and cultural uses , such as signifying group identity , social stratification , as well as social grooming and entertainment .   Languages evolve and diversify over time , and the history of their evolution can be reconstructed by comparing modern languages to determine which traits their ancestral languages must have had in order for the later developmental stages to occur . A group of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family . The Indo-European family is the most widely spoken and includes languages as diverse as English , Russian and Hindi ; the Sino-Tibetan family , which includes Mandarin , Bodo and the other Chinese languages , and Tibetan ; the Afro-Asiatic family , which includes Arabic , Somali , and Hebrew ; the Bantu languages , which include Swahili , and Zulu , and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout Africa ; and the Malayo-Polynesian languages , which include Indonesian , Malay , Tagalog , and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout the Pacific . The languages of the Dravidian family that are spoken mostly in Southern India include Tamil and Telugu . Academic consensus holds that between 50 % and 90 % of languages spoken at the beginning of the 21st century will probably have become extinct by the year 2100 .

neg: English-language radio English-language radio refers to radio stations that broadcast primarily in the English language and are located in countries where English is not an official language or majority language . Often referred to as `` English-speaking radio '' or `` Expat radio '' the broadcasts enables expats , vacationers and travelers to listen to radio in their native language while traveling abroad . The idea is that stations broadcast in English to popular holiday destinations such as Pattaya or the French Riviera or places with high expat communities . English language broadcasting also takes the form of military-backed radio such as the American Forces Network . However English-language radio based in foreign countries has to now compete with the introduction of internet radio and satellite technology that has increased listener 's access to English-language radio based in `` home '' counties .

neg: List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names The following is a partial list of adjectival forms of place names in English and their demonymic equivalents , which denote the people or the inhabitants of these places .   Note : Demonyms are given in plural forms . Singular forms simply remove the final 's ' or , in the case of - ese endings , are the same as the plural forms .  The ending - men has feminine equivalent - women ( e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman ) . The French terminations - ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine ; adding ` e ' ( - oise / aise ) makes them singular feminine ; ` es ' ( - oises / aises ) makes them plural feminine . The Spanish termination '' - o '' usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by replacing the '' - o '' with '' - a '' . The plural forms are usually '' - os '' and '' - as '' respectively .   Adjectives ending - ish can be used as collective demonyms ( e.g. the English , the Cornish ) . So can those ending in - ch / - tch ( e.g. the French , the Dutch ) provided they are pronounced with a ` ch ' sound ( e.g. , the adjective Czech does not qualify ) .   Where an adjective is a link , the link is to the language or dialect of the same name . ( Reference : Ethnologue , Languages of the World )   Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms refer also to various other things , sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words . ( Sometimes , the use of one or more additional words is optional . ) Notable examples are cheeses , cat breeds , dog breeds , and horse breeds . ( See List of words derived from toponyms . )  __ TOC __

neg: Languages of Nigeria There are over 521 languages that have been spoken in Nigeria ( at least 9 of them are now extinct ) . The official language of Nigeria , English , the former colonial language , was chosen to facilitate the cultural and linguistic unity of the country . Communication in the English language is much more popular in the country 's urban communities than it is in the rural areas ( comprising about three quarters of the country 's population ) .   The other major languages are Hausa , Igbo , Yoruba , Urhobo , Ibibio , Edo , Fulfulde , and Kanuri . Nigeria 's linguistic diversity is a microcosm of Africa as a whole , encompassing three major African languages families : Afroasiatic , Nilo-Saharan , and Niger -- Congo . Nigeria also has several as-yet unclassified languages , such as Cen Tuum , which may represent a relic of an even greater diversity prior to the spread of the current language families .

neg: Luxembourgish Luxembourgish , Luxemburgish ( -LSB- ˈlʌksəmˌbɜːrɡᵻʃ -RSB- ) or Letzeburgesch ( -LSB- ˌlɛtsəbɜːrˈɡɛʃ , _ ˌlɛtsbɜːr - -RSB- or -LSB- ˈlɛtsəˌbɜːrɡᵻʃ , _ ˈlɛtsˌbɜːr - -RSB- ) ( Luxembourgish : Lëtzebuergesch ) is a West Germanic language that is spoken mainly in Luxembourg . Worldwide , about 390,000 people speak Luxembourgish . .   While it could be considered a standardized variety ( i.e. , a dialect with a written form ) of German , its official use in the state of Luxembourg and the existence of a separate regulatory body has removed Luxembourgish , at least in part , from the domain of the Dachsprache Standard German . Despite the lack of a sharp boundary between Luxembourgish and the neighboring German dialects , this has led several linguists ( from Luxembourg as well as Germany ) to regard it as a separate , yet closely related language .

neg: History of the Dutch language Dutch is a West Germanic language , that originated from the Old Frankish dialects .   Among the words with which Dutch has enriched the English vocabulary are : brandy , coleslaw , cookie , cruiser , dock , easel , freight , landscape , spook , stoop , and yacht . Dutch is noteworthy as the language of an outstanding literature , but it also became important as the tongue of an enterprising people , who , though comparatively few in number , made their mark on the world community through trade and empire . Dutch is also among some of the earliest recorded languages of Europe . Countries that have Dutch as an official language are Belgium , the Netherlands , Suriname , Aruba and Curacao .

neg: Afrikaans Afrikaans ( -LSB- ˌæfrᵻˈkɑːns , _ ˌɑːfri - , _ - ˈkɑːnts , _ - ˈkɑːnz -RSB- ) is a West Germanic language spoken in South Africa , Namibia and , to a lesser extent , Botswana and Zimbabwe . It evolved from the Dutch vernacular of South Holland ( Hollandic dialect ) spoken by the mainly Dutch settlers of what is now South Africa , where it gradually began to develop distinguishing characteristics in the course of the 18th century . Hence , it is a daughter language of Dutch , and was previously referred to as `` Cape Dutch '' ( a term also used to refer collectively to the early Cape settlers ) or `` kitchen Dutch '' ( a derogatory term used to refer to Afrikaans in its earlier days ) . However , it is also variously described as a creole or as a partially creolised language.Afrikaans is a daughter language of Dutch ; see , , , , , . Afrikaans was historically called Cape Dutch ; see , , , , , . Afrikaans is rooted in seventeenth century dialects of Dutch ; see , , , . Afrikaans is variously described as a creole , a partially creolised language , or a deviant variety of Dutch ; see . The term is ultimately derived from Dutch Afrikaans-Hollands meaning `` African Dutch '' . It is the first language of most of the Afrikaners and Coloureds of Southern Africa .   Although Afrikaans has adopted words from other languages , including Portuguese , the Bantu languages , Malay , German and the Khoisan languages , an estimated 90 to 95 % of Afrikaans vocabulary is of Dutch origin .  Therefore , differences with Dutch often lie in the more analytic morphology and grammar of Afrikaans , and a spelling that expresses Afrikaans pronunciation rather than standard Dutch . There is a large degree of mutual intelligibility between the two languages -- especially in written form .   With about 7 million native speakers in South Africa , or 13.5 % of the population , it is the third-most-spoken language in the country . It has the widest geographical and racial distribution of all the eleven official languages of South Africa , and is widely spoken and understood as a second or third language . It is the majority language of the western half of South Africa -- the provinces of the Northern Cape and Western Cape -- and the first language of 75.8 % of Coloured South Africans ( 3.4 million people ) , 60.8 % of White South Africans ( 2.7 million ) and at 4.6 % the second most spoken first-language among Asian South Africans ( 58,000 ) . About 1.5 % of black South Africans ( 600,000 people ) speak it as their first language . Large numbers of speakers of Bantu languages and English-speaking South Africans also speak it as their second language . It is taught in schools , with about 10.3 million second-language students . One reason for the expansion of Afrikaans is its development in the public realm : it is used in newspapers , radio programs , TV , and several translations of the Bible have been published since the first one was completed in 1933 .   In neighbouring Namibia , Afrikaans is widely spoken as a second language and used as a lingua franca , while as a native language it is spoken in 10.4 % of households , mainly concentrated in the capital Windhoek , Walvis Bay , Swakopmund and the southern regions of Hardap and ǁKaras . It , along with German , was among the official languages of Namibia until the country became independent in 1990 , 25 % of the population of Windhoek spoke Afrikaans at home . Both Afrikaans and German survive as recognised regional languages in the country , although only English has official status within the government .   Estimates of the total number of Afrikaans speakers range between 15 and 23 million .

neg: Animal language Animal languages are forms of non-human animal communication that show similarities to human language . Animals communicate by using a variety of signs such as sounds or movements . Such signing may be considered complex enough to be called a form of language if the inventory of signs is large , the signs are relatively arbitrary , and the animals seem to produce them with a degree of volition ( as opposed to relatively automatic conditioned behaviors or unconditioned instincts , usually including facial expressions ) . In experimental tests , animal communication may also be evidenced through the use of lexigrams ( as used by chimpanzees and bonobos ) . While the term `` animal language '' is widely used , researchers agree that animal languages are not as complex or expressive as human language .   Many researchers argue that animal communication lacks a key aspect of human language , that is , the creation of new patterns of signs under varied circumstances . ( In contrast , for example , humans routinely produce entirely new combinations of words . ) Some researchers , including the linguist Charles Hockett , argue that human language and animal communication differ so much that the underlying principles are unrelated . Accordingly , linguist Thomas A. Sebeok has proposed to not use the term `` language '' for animal sign systems . Marc Hauser , Noam Chomsky , and W. Tecumseh Fitch assert an evolutionary continuum exists between the communication methods of animal and human language .

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture .   British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital .   The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine .   The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .

neg: English in computing The English language is sometimes described as the lingua franca of computing . In comparison to other sciences , where Latin and Greek are the principal sources of vocabulary , computer science borrows more extensively from English . Due to the technical limitations of early computers , and the lack of international standards on the Internet , computer users were limited to using English and the Latin alphabet . However , this historical limitation is less present today . Most software products are localized in numerous languages and the use of the Unicode character encoding has resolved problems with non-Latin alphabets . Some limitations have only been changed recently , such as with domain names , which previously allowed only ASCII characters .

neg: English English may refer to :   Something of , from , or related to the country of England  English people , an ethnic group of people native to England  English national identity , an identity and common culture  English language  English studies , the study of English language and literature  English language in England , a variant of the English language  List of dialects of the English language

neg: English law (disambiguation) English Law , English Bill , English Act , or variation , may refer to :   Law of the United Kingdom  English law , the law of England  Common law , the body of laws descended from England  Legal English , the specialized English used in courts of law and legal writing  English Bill , a bill proposed by William Hayden English in the United States Congress  English Language Unity Act , the bill introduced to define English as the official language of the United States  Charter of the French Language ( Bill 101 ) , the act of law banning and proscribing uses of English in Quebec  Pleading in English Act 1362 , the law of England making English instead of courtly French the language of the courts of England  The secular laws of jurisdictions in which Amish communities exist ( `` English '' being the non-Amish ) , see Amish life in the modern world

neg: Trinidadian English Trinidadian English ( TE ) or Trinidad and Tobago Standard English is a dialect of English used in Trinidad and Tobago . TE co-exists with both non-standard varieties of English as well as other dialects , namely Trinidadian Creole in Trinidad and Tobagonian Creole in Tobago . Both islands as one consider the dialect as Trinbagonian Creole .   Trinidadian English was originally based on a standard of British English . Located in the Americas , TE now uses many Americanisms , including apartment and trunk ( of a car ) . It is understandable by speakers of international standard English , although it uses a number of terms that are unique to it ( perhaps coming from Trinidadian Creole ) , such as `` to lime '' , meaning `` to hang out '' . Speech in Trinidad ( and , to some degree , in Tobago ) may vary by location and circumstance and is often remarked for its `` sing-song '' ( i.e. a rising and falling inflection ) intonation .

neg: Old Saxon phonology The phonology of Old Saxon mirrors that of the other ancient Germanic languages , and also , to a lesser extent , that of modern Germanic languages such as English , Dutch , Frisian , German , and Low German .   Old Saxon is an Ingvaeonic language , which means that it belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Germanic languages and that it is particularly related to Old English , Old Frisian , Old Dutch , and Old High German . Thus , anyone looking at Old Saxon phonology will recognize some typical West-Germanic phonological features also found in Old English , such as gemination and the different pronunciations of the letter g.

neg: Philadelphia English Philadelphia English is a variety or dialect of American English native to Philadelphia and extending into Philadelphia 's suburbs in the Delaware Valley and South Jersey . The Philadelphia accent is one of the best-studied , as Philadelphia 's University of Pennsylvania is the home institution of pioneering sociolinguist William Labov . Philadelphia English shares some distinct features with New York City English and Midland American English , although it is still its own very distinct dialect . However , the closest relative of the Philadelphia accent of the mid-twentieth century is the Baltimore accent , both of which constitute what Labov describes as a single `` Mid-Atlantic '' regional dialect .   According to linguist Barbara Johnstone , migration patterns and geography affected the dialect 's development , which was especially influenced by immigrants from Northern England , Scotland , and Northern Ireland . The accent is commonly found within the Irish American and Italian American working class neighborhoods .

neg: Lexical similarity In linguistics , lexical similarity is a measure of the degree to which the word sets of two given languages are similar . A lexical similarity of 1 ( or 100 % ) would mean a total overlap between vocabularies , whereas 0 means there are no common words .   There are different ways to define the lexical similarity and the results vary accordingly . For example , Ethnologue 's method of calculation consists in comparing a standardized set of wordlists and counting those forms that show similarity in both form and meaning . Using such a method , English was evaluated to have a lexical similarity of 60 % with German and 27 % with French .   Lexical similarity can be used to evaluate the degree of genetic relationship between two languages . Percentages higher than 85 % usually indicate that the two languages being compared are likely to be related dialects .   The lexical similarity is only one indication of the mutual intelligibility of the two languages , since the latter also depends on the degree of phonetical , morphological , and syntactical similarity . It is worth noting that the variations due to differing wordlists weigh on this . For example , lexical similarity between French and English is considerable in lexical fields relating to culture , whereas their similarity is smaller as far as basic ( function ) words are concerned . Unlike mutual intelligibility , lexical similarity can only be symmetrical .


query: Werner Herzog is a German screenwriter.

pos: Werner Herzog Werner Herzog ( -LSB- ˈvɛɐ̯nɐ ˈhɛɐ̯tsoːk -RSB- ; born 5 September 1942 ) is a German screenwriter , film director , author , actor , and opera director .   Herzog is considered one of the greatest figures of the New German Cinema , along with Rainer Werner Fassbinder , Margarethe von Trotta , Volker Schlöndorff , Werner Schröter , and Wim Wenders . Herzog 's films often feature heroes with impossible dreams , people with unique talents in obscure fields , or individuals who are in conflict with nature .   French filmmaker François Truffaut once called Herzog `` the most important film director alive . '' American film critic Roger Ebert said that Herzog `` has never created a single film that is compromised , shameful , made for pragmatic reasons , or uninteresting . Even his failures are spectacular . ''  He was named one of the 100 most influential people on the planet by Time magazine in 2009 .

neg: WALTIC WALTIC ( Writers ' and Literary Translators ' International Congress ) - `` The Value of Words '' , is a bi-annual international literary congress founded and owned by The Swedish Writers ' Union . Having its premier launch in Stockholm between 29 June and 2 July 2008 , WALTIC 's aim and thematic scope is divided in accordance to three key elements : Increase literacy , Safeguard freedom of expression , and Strengthen authors ' rights .   WALTIC 2008 keynote speakers were Mia Couto and Nawal El-Saadawi . Among the invited speakers present were Türker Armaner , Antonia Arslan , Yusuf Azemoun , Karin Barber , Ann Louise Bardach , Abdelkader Benali , Charles Bernstein , Calixthe Beyala , Giannina Braschi , David Brookshaw , Mircea Cărtărescu , Mauro Covacich , Tsitsi Dangarembga , Assia Djebar , Gamal el-Ghitany , Horace Engdahl , James English , Filip Florian , Jean-Claude Guédon , Josef Haslinger , Rafael Hernández , Ho Anh Thai , Uzodinma Iweala , Clara Janés , Eileen Julien , Jonas Hassen Khemiri , Jamaica Kincaid , Antije Krog , Leevi Lehto , Eileen Julien , Henning Mankell , Ana Menendez , Gcina Mhlope , Rosa Montero , Bharati Mukherjee , Herta Müller , Simone Murray , Sonia Nimr , Saliha Paker , Elena Poniatowska , Philip Pullman , Laura Restrepo , Rodrigo Rey Rosa , Hans Rosling , Alfian Bin Sa'at , Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak , Dava Sobel , Muniz Sodré , Saša Stanišic , Krister Stoor , Farzaneh Taheri , Shaun Tan , Yoko Tawada , Dubravka Ugrešic , Leonardo Valencia , Binyavanga Wainaina ( not present due to illness ) , Frank Westerman , Wu Ming , and more . WALTIC 2008 honorary guest was poet Tomas Tranströmer . `` I am glad to participate in the WALTIC congress because it is devoted to democracy , and the act of reading is a very good example of pure democracy in action , '' said writer Philip Pullman when asked about his participation in the 2008 congress .   Chairman of The Swedish Writers ' Union and President of WALTIC 2008 : Mats Söderlund . Program Committee : Gabriella Håkansson and Henrik C. Enbohm .

neg: Heinz Goldberg Heinz Goldberg ( 1891 -- 1969 ) was a German screenwriter . He also directed two silent films . Following the Nazi Party 's rise to power in 1933 , the Jewish Goldberg went into exile in several countries including Austria and the Soviet Union before settling in Britain . He returned to Germany in the 1950s .

neg: Teilherzogtum Teilherzogtum is a German term denoting a part ( Teil ) of a duchy ( Herzogtum ) after the duchy had been internally partitioned among members of the respective ducal family . Teilherzogtum does not have an English cognate .

neg: Éric Werner Éric Werner ( born 1940 ) is a Swiss philosopher , journalist and essayist .

neg: Whity (film) Whity is a 1971 German film , written and directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder . Shot in Spain , it is a melodrama in the form of a Spaghetti Western which addresses some of Fassbinder 's recurrent themes such as dysfunctional families , sexual diversity and the struggle of the individual to find a place in society . Though entered into the 21st Berlin International Film Festival , it was never distributed theatrically and only much later achieved a DVD release .

neg: Peter Berling Peter Berling ( born 20 March 1934 in Meseritz-Obrawalde , Posen-West Prussia ) is a German actor and writer . He has worked on several occasions with director Werner Herzog , in his collaborations with actor Klaus Kinski .   In several of his medieval novels , Berling has drawn on conspiracy theories based on the Priory of Sion .

neg: Herman Weigel Herman Weigel ( born 22 March 1950 in Moers ) is a German film producer and screenwriter . He is one of the writers and producer of the television series Hausmeister Krause . Weigel is a graduate of the Munich Academy for Television and Film .

neg: Erich Lüth Erich Lüth ( b. February 1 , 1902 in Hamburg , d. April 1 , 1989 ) was a German writer and film director .

neg: Ingeborg Drewitz __ NOTOC __  Ingeborg Drewitz ( born Ingeborg Neubert ; 10 January 1923 -- 26 November 1986 ) was a German writer .   Drewitz was born in Berlin . She graduated in 1941 from the Königin-Luise-Schule in Berlin-Friedenau , and took a degree in German literature , history , and philosophy , followed by a doctorate on 20 April 1945 , at the Friedrich-Wilhelm University ( today 's Humboldt University in Berlin ) . Her thesis was on German poet Erwin Guido Kolbenheyer .   As a writer , she was interested in the Enlightenment and addressed Germany 's post-war history and the past and present social history of women . According to Knaurs Lexikon der Weltliteratur ( `` Knaur 's Lexicon of World Literature '' ) , third edition of 1995 , she `` made in her literary work , the abandonment of modern man and his inability to address his neighbour , as well as the problem of the individuality of life . Problems in women and employment are at the heart of her work . ''   Her drama Alle Tore waren bewacht ( `` All gates were guarded '' ) ) , which premiered in 1955 , was the first German play to address conditions in concentration camps . Her most successful novel was Gestern war heute : Hundert Jahre Gegenwart ( `` Yesterday was today : A hundred years of presence '' ) ( 1978 ) , that dealt with three generations of women in the 20th Century .   From 1973 to 1980 she taught at the Institute of Journalism at the Free University of Berlin . A year before her death she was a juror at the Ingeborg Bachmann Competition in Klagenfurt .   She married her childhood sweetheart Bernhard Drewitz , by whom she had three daughters . She died in Berlin , aged 63 , of complications of cancer .

neg: Jerzy Hoffman Jerzy Hoffman ( -LSB- ˈjɛʐɨ ˈxɔfman -RSB- ; born March 15 , 1932 ) is a Polish film director and screenwriter .

neg: Karl Herzog __ NOTOC __   Karl Herzog ( 6 July 1906 -- 25 January 1998 ) was a German officer in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross .   Herzog surrendered to the Red Army in the course of the Soviet April 1945 Zemland Offensive . Convicted as a war criminal in the Soviet Union , he was held until 1955 . Herzog joined the Bundeswehr in 1957 and retired in 1966 as a Generalmajor .

neg: Ingo Petzke Ingo Petzke ( born 18 September 1947 in Belm near Osnabrück in Germany ) is an internationally acknowledged German film scholar , filmmaker and author .   Ingo Petzke grew up in Osnabrück . He attended the Münster and Bochum universities and received his master 's degree in 1973 ( Journalism , Scandinavian Studies , Modern History ) .   Petzke started his professional career in 1976 in Bad Oeynhausen as one of Germany 's youngest directors of an adult education school but fell more and more to the lure of Film . For several years he worked in the Festivalkommission of Internationale Kurzfilmtage Oberhausen and together with his students ( Heiko Daxl and others ) started the Osnabrück Experimentalfilm Workshop in 1980 which since 1988 is known as European Media Art Festival .   In 1974 he was adjunct lecturer for film at Ruhr Universität Bochum and between 1978 -- 1983 at Universität Osnabrück . Since then he lectured in 29 countries , among them New Zealand , Hong Kong , Chile , Argentina , the US of A and Canada . In 1986 the Philippine government awarded him for „ International Contribution to Philippine Independent Cinema ``   His ( experimental ) shorts screened at numerous domestic and foreign festivals . 1976 -- 2000 his company CINE PRO acted as sole German distributor specialised in Avant-garde/Experimental Film . During the 80s Petzke was a member of the Film Commission of Goethe-Institut - German Culture Institute , for which he curated several packages of Experimental films and Shorts .   Since 1983 Petzke has been Professor for Film at the Design Faculty of the University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt . He lived and worked several turns in Australia : 1992 as Visiting Professor at Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane and 2001 - 2006 as Associate Professor at Bond University on the Gold Coast . In 2004 he earned his `` PhD by Published Works '' about Experimental Film . Additionally , he was awarded a Dr. phil . degree in 2006 at Universität Osnabrück with a film historical dissertation about Hollywood-based Australian feature film director Phillip Noyce . In 2008 he was appointed Adjunct Professor at the James Cook University 's School of Creative Arts and in 2009 appointed Honorary Fellow of the Cairns Institute ( For Research in the Tropics ) , both in Far-North Queensland , Australia .   His main areas of interest are the history of the international Avant-garde ( since 2008 , he is also Director of the ( German ) Research Center for Experimental Film ) and more recently Australian film . Also , he has frequently done research into curriculum development , particularly for the German Federal government .   Petzke is a member of the German Film Critics Association ( VdFk ) and of Screen Producers Association of Australia ( SPAA ) .

neg: Last Words (film) Last Words ( Letzte Worte ) is a 1968 short film by Werner Herzog shot in Crete and on the island of Spinalonga . The film was shot in two days during the filming of Herzog 's feature Signs of Life , and edited in one day .   The film tells a story of the last man to leave the abandoned island of Spinalonga , which had been used as a leper colony . The man refused to leave , and so was forcibly removed . He now lives in Crete , where he plays the lyre at nights in a bar , and refuses to speak . The film 's narrative style is very unconventional , with most characters speaking their lines several times repeatedly in long takes . The man from the island has the most spoken lines of any character , as he repeatedly explains that he refuses to speak , even a single word .

neg: Wilhelm Herzog Wilhelm Herzog ( 12 January 1884 in Berlin - 4 April 1960 ) was a German historian of literature and culture , dramatist , encyclopedist , and pacifist .

neg: The Great Ecstasy of Woodcarver Steiner The Great Ecstasy of Woodcarver Steiner ( German : Die Große Ekstase des Bildschnitzers Steiner ) is a 1974 documentary film by German filmmaker Werner Herzog . It is about Walter Steiner , a celebrated ski jumper of his era who worked as a carpenter for his full-time occupation . Showcased is Steiner 's quest for a world record in ski flying , as well as the dangers involved in the sport . Herzog has called it `` one of my most important films . ''

neg: Ben Hecht Ben Hecht -LSB- ˈhɛkt -RSB- ( February 28 , 1894 -- April 18 , 1964 ) was an American screenwriter , director , producer , playwright , journalist and novelist . A journalist in his youth , he went on to write thirty-five books and some of the most entertaining screenplays and plays in America . He received screen credits , alone or in collaboration , for the stories or screenplays of some seventy films .   At the age of 16 , Hecht ran away to Chicago , where in his own words he `` haunted streets , whorehouses , police stations , courtrooms , theater stages , jails , saloons , slums , madhouses , fires , murders , riots , banquet halls , and bookshops '' . In the 1910s and early 1920s , Hecht became a noted journalist , foreign correspondent , and literary figure . In the 1920s , his co-authored , reporter-themed play , The Front Page , became a Broadway hit .   The Dictionary of Literary Biography - American Screenwriters calls him `` one of the most successful screenwriters in the history of motion pictures . '' Hecht received the first Academy Award for Original Screenplay , for Underworld ( 1927 ) . Many of the screenplays he worked on are now considered classics . He also provided story ideas for such films as Stagecoach ( 1939 ) . Film historian Richard Corliss called him `` the Hollywood screenwriter '' , someone who `` personified Hollywood itself . '' In 1940 , he wrote , produced , and directed , Angels Over Broadway , which was nominated for Best Screenplay . In total , six of his movie screenplays were nominated for Academy Awards , with two winning .   He became an active Zionist shortly before the Holocaust began in Germany , and wrote articles and plays about the plight of European Jews , such as , We Will Never Die in 1943 and A Flag is Born in 1946 . Of his seventy to ninety screenplays , he wrote many anonymously to avoid the British boycott of his work in the late 1940s and early 1950s . The boycott was a response to Hecht 's active support of paramilitary action against British forces in Palestine and sabotaging British property there ( see below ) , during which time a supply ship to Palestine was named the S. S. Ben Hecht .   According to his autobiography , he never spent more than eight weeks on a script . In 1983 , 19 years after his death , Ben Hecht was posthumously inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame .

neg: Werner Schroeter Werner Schroeter ( 7 April 1945 -- 12 April 2010 ) was a German film director , screenwriter , and opera director known for his stylistic excess . Schroeter was cited by Rainer Werner Fassbinder as an influence both on his own work and on German cinema at large .

neg: Herta Müller Herta Müller ( born 17 August 1953 ) is a Romanian-born German novelist , poet , essayist and recipient of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Literature . Born in Nițchidorf , Timiș County in Romania , her native language is German . Since the early 1990s she has been internationally established , and her works have been translated into more than twenty languages .   Müller is noted for her works depicting the effects of violence , cruelty and terror , usually in the setting of Communist Romania under the repressive Nicolae Ceaușescu regime which she has experienced herself . Many of her works are told from the viewpoint of the German minority in Romania and are also a depiction of the modern history of the Germans in the Banat and Transylvania . Her much acclaimed 2009 novel The Hunger Angel ( Atemschaukel ) portrays the deportation of Romania 's German minority to Stalinist Soviet Gulags during the Soviet occupation of Romania for use as German forced labor .   Müller has received more than twenty awards to date , including the Kleist Prize ( 1994 ) , the Aristeion Prize ( 1995 ) , the International Dublin Literary Award ( 1998 ) and the Franz Werfel Human Rights Award ( 2009 ) . On 8 October 2009 , the Swedish Academy announced that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature , describing her as a woman `` who , with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose , depicts the landscape of the dispossessed '' .

neg: Filmverlag der Autoren Filmverlag der Autoren is a German film distributor that was founded in 1971 to help finance and distribute independent films by German Autorenfilm directors , that is directors who are renowned for predominantly adapting their own screenplays . Many directors of the New German Cinema movement were associated with it such as Werner Herzog , Rainer Werner Fassbinder , Wim Wenders , and Alexander Kluge ; whose films were produced and distributed by the Filmverlag and many of whom were members of the Filmverlag 's board .

neg: Literature of East Germany East German literature is the literature produced in East Germany from the time of the Soviet occupation in 1945 until the end of the communist government in 1990 . The literature of this period was heavily influenced by the concepts of socialist realism and controlled by the communist government . As a result , the literature of the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) was for decades dismissed as nothing more than `` Boy meet Tractor literature '' , but its study is now considered a legitimate field . Because of its language , the literature is more accessible to western scholars and is considered to be one of the most reliable , if not the most reliable , sources about East Germany .


query: Greenwich is centred 5.5 miles from Charing Cross.

pos: Greenwich Greenwich ( -LSB- ˈɡrɛnɪtʃ -RSB- , -LSB- ˈɡrɪnɪdʒ -RSB- , -LSB- ˈɡrɪnɪtʃ -RSB- or -LSB- ˈɡrɛnɪdʒ -RSB- ) is an early-established district of south east London , England , centred 5.5 miles ( 8.9 km ) east south-east of Charing Cross . The town lends its name to the Royal Borough of Greenwich .   The town gives its name to one of the five boroughs of the London Docklands , and is connected to areas with docks of London historically by river and today to Canary Wharf and other districts by the Docklands Light Railway .   Greenwich is notable for its maritime history and for giving its name to the Greenwich Meridian ( 0 ° longitude ) and Greenwich Mean Time . The town became the site of a royal palace , the Palace of Placentia from the 15th century , and was the birthplace of many Tudors , including Henry VIII and Elizabeth I . The palace fell into disrepair during the English Civil War and was rebuilt as the Royal Naval Hospital for Sailors by Sir Christopher Wren and his assistant Nicholas Hawksmoor . These buildings became the Royal Naval College in 1873 , and they remained an establishment for military education until 1998 when they passed into the hands of the Greenwich Foundation . The historic rooms within these buildings remain open to the public ; other buildings are used by University of Greenwich and Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance .   The town became a popular resort in the 18th century and many grand houses were built there , such as Vanbrugh Castle ( 1717 ) established on Maze Hill , next to the park . From the Georgian period estates of houses were constructed above the town centre . The maritime connections of Greenwich were celebrated in the 20th century , with the siting of the Cutty Sark and Gipsy Moth IV next to the river front , and the National Maritime Museum in the former buildings of the Royal Hospital School in 1934 . Greenwich formed part of Kent until 1889 when the County of London was created .

neg: High Street High Street ( or the High Street , also High Road ) is a metonym for the concept ( and frequently the street name ) of the primary business street of towns or cities , especially in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations . To distinguish it from `` centres '' of nearby places it is frequently preceded unofficially by the name of its settlement . In a town it implies the focal point for business , especially shops and street stalls ( if any ) in town and city centres . As a generic shorthand presupposed upon linear settlements it may be used to denote more precise concepts such as the urban retail sector , town centre sectors of employment , all small shops and services outlets and even wider concepts taking in social concepts .   The equivalent in the United States and some parts of Canada , as well as some Northern English and many Scottish towns , is Main Street .   The smallest High Street in Britain is located in a small market town in Devon called Holsworthy . The street itself is no more than 100 yd long and there are only three shops located on Holsworthy 's High Street .   High Street is the most common street name in the UK , which according to a 2009 statistical compilation has 5,410 High Streets , 3,811 Station Roads and 2,702 Main Streets .

neg: Horn Park Horn Park is an area of south east London south west of Eltham . It is located 12.5 km southeast of Charing Cross on the southwest edge of the Royal Borough of Greenwich and borders both the London Borough of Lewisham and the London Borough of Bromley . There is a public park also named Horn Park and two schools in the area . The River Quaggy flows northward though Horn Park , and the suburb is covered by the postcode district , which was previously called the Lee postal district . There is community centre located in Horn Park Estate on Sibthorpe Road , that hosts a number of activities , such as Christian , council and MP meetings , and numerous classes including dance , karate and English .

neg: Ruxley Ruxley is a small settlement in southeast London , England , with no present formal boundaries . It is located 21 km southeast by east of Charing Cross , in the northeast corner of the London Borough of Bromley on the borough boundary with the southeast corner of the London Borough of Bexley , and is also adjacent to the Greater London border with Kent , overlapping into the Sevenoaks District and Borough of Dartford in Kent . Ruxley lies east of Sidcup and west of Swanley , on green belt land , where two main roads pass through east-west connecting London to the coast . Ruxley was a parish prior to 1557 and had its own thirteenth century church , St Botolph 's . Ruxley 's central location on the main road made it an important meeting place for the Hundred of Ruxley , which was named after it . Today still a major transport route , Ruxley 's location on green belt land is on the edge of London 's urban sprawl , industrial and residential areas are found on the west side , but to the east this quickly turns into more rural woodland and farmland . Ruxley Gravel Pits is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest located on the west side of Ruxley . The area today is known for Ruxley Manor , a large site with a garden centre and other retailers and services .

neg: Hampton Court Park Hampton Court Park , adjacent to Hampton Court Palace and Gardens in South London , England , is a royal park managed by the Historic Royal Palaces . In 2014 , part of it was designated a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest together with Bushy Park and Hampton Court Golf Course .   It is a walled deer park of around 700 acre , with a herd of fallow deer , and has been open to the public since 1894 . The A308 road and the River Thames form its boundaries . North of the A308 is Bushy Park . The Royal Mews still graze some of their horses on the park in the summer .   The Long Water runs roughly eastward from the back of Hampton Court Palace and at the eastern end is the Golden Jubilee Fountain .

neg: London Borough of Ealing The London Borough of Ealing -LSB- ˈiːlɪŋ -RSB- is a London Borough in west London , England , and forms part of Outer London . It is the 3rd largest London Borough in population , and 11th largest in size , covering part of west London and a small part of north west London . Its administrative centre is Ealing Broadway . Other major centres include Acton , Greenford and Southall . The local authority is Ealing London Borough Council .

neg: Wandsworth Wandsworth -LSB- ˈwɒnzwərθ -RSB- is a district of southwest London within the London Borough of Wandsworth . It is situated 4.6 mi southwest of Charing Cross . The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London .

neg: London Borough of Croydon The London Borough of Croydon is a London borough in south London , England and is part of Outer London . It covers an area of 87 km2 and is the largest London borough by population . It is the southernmost borough of London . At its centre is the historic town of Croydon from which the borough takes its name . Croydon is mentioned in Domesday Book , and from a small market town has expanded into one of the most populous areas on the fringe of London . Croydon is the civic centre of the borough . The borough is now one of London 's leading business , financial and cultural centres , and its influence in entertainment and the arts contribute to its status as a major metropolitan centre .   Formed in 1965 from the Coulsdon and Purley Urban District and the County Borough of Croydon , the local authority Croydon London Borough Council , is now part of the local government association for Greater London , London Councils . The economic strength of Croydon dates back mainly to Croydon Airport which was a major factor in the development of Croydon as a business centre . Once London 's main airport for all international flights to and from the capital , it was closed on 30 September 1959 due to the lack of expansion space needed for an airport to serve the growing city . It is now a Grade II listed building and tourist attraction . Croydon Council and its predecessor Croydon Corporation unsuccessfully applied for city status in 1954 , 2000 , 2002 and 2012 . The area is currently going through a large regeneration project called Croydon Vision 2020 which is predicted to attract more businesses and tourists to the area as well as backing Croydon 's bid to become London 's Third City ( after ` The City ' and Westminster ) . Croydon is mostly urban , though there are large suburban and rural uplands in the south . Since 2003 Croydon has been certified as a Fairtrade borough by the Fairtrade Foundation . It was the first London Borough to have Fairtrade status which is awarded on certain criteria .   The area is one of the hearts of culture in London and the South East of England . Institutions such as the major arts and entertainment centre Fairfield Halls add to the vibrancy of the borough . However , its famous fringe theatre `` the Warehouse Theatre '' was put under administration in 2012 when the council withdrew its funding and the building itself was demolished in 2013 . The Croydon Clocktower was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1994 as an arts venue featuring a library , the independent David Lean Cinema ( closed by the council in 2011 after 16 years of operating , but now partially reopened on a part-time and volunteers basis ) and museum . From 2000 to 2010 , Croydon staged an annual summer festival celebrating the area 's black and Indian cultural diversity , with audiences reaching over 50,000 people . An internet radio station , Croydon Radio , is run by local people for the area . The borough is also home to its own local TV station , Croydon TV . Premier League football club Crystal Palace F.C. play at Selhurst Park in South Norwood , a stadium they have been based in since 1924 . Other landmarks in the borough include Addington Palace , an 18th-century mansion which became the official second residence of six archbishops , Shirley Windmill , one of the few surviving large windmills in Greater London built in the 1850s , and the BRIT School , a creative arts institute run by the BRIT Trust which has produced artists such as Adele , Amy Winehouse and Leona Lewis .

neg: Geography of London London is the largest urban area and capital city of the United Kingdom , located in southeastern Great Britain . The London region covers an area of 1579 km2 , and had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 4,542 people per square kilometre . A larger area , referred to as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration covers an area of 8382 km2 , and had a population of 12,653,500 and a population density of 1,510 people per square kilometre . London is a port on the Thames ( see main article Port of London ) , a navigable river . The river has had a major influence on the development of the city . London began on the Thames ' north bank and for a long time the main focus of the city remained on the north side of the Thames . For many centuries London Bridge was the only bridge in or close to the city . When more bridges were built in the 18th century , the city expanded in all directions as the mostly flat or gently rolling countryside presented no obstacle to growth .

neg: Croydon Croydon is a large town in south London , England , 9.5 mi south of Charing Cross . The principal settlement in the London Borough of Croydon , it is one of the largest commercial districts outside Central London , with an extensive shopping district and night-time economy . Its population of 52,104 at the 2011 census includes the wards of Addiscombe , Broad Green and Fairfield .   Historically part of the hundred of Wallington in the county of Surrey , at the time of the Norman conquest of England Croydon had a church , a mill , and around 365 inhabitants , as recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 . Croydon expanded in the Middle Ages as a market town and a centre for charcoal production , leather tanning and brewing . The Surrey Iron Railway from Croydon to Wandsworth opened in 1803 and was the world 's first public railway . Later nineteenth century railway building facilitated Croydon 's growth as a commuter town for London . By the early 20th century , Croydon was an important industrial area , known for car manufacture , metal working and Croydon Airport . In the mid 20th century these sectors were replaced by retailing and the service economy , brought about by massive redevelopment which saw the rise of office blocks and the Whitgift Centre , the largest shopping centre in London until 2008 . Croydon was amalgamated into Greater London in 1965 .   Croydon lies on a transport corridor between central London and the south coast of England , to the north of two gaps in the North Downs , one followed by the A23 Brighton Road through Purley and Merstham and the main railway line and the other by the A22 from Purley to the M25 Godstone interchange . Road traffic is diverted away from a largely pedestrianised town centre , mostly consisting of the North End . East Croydon is a major hub of the national railway transport system , with frequent fast services to central London , Brighton and the south coast . The town is unique in Greater London for its Tramlink light rail transport system .

neg: Barking Barking is a suburban town in England , and forms part of the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham . It is 8.8 mi east of Charing Cross and is one of 35 major centres identified in the London Plan . It was historically a fishing and agrarian settlement in the county of Essex and formed an ancient parish . Its economic history is characterised by a shift to market gardening , and industrial development to the south adjacent to the River Thames . The railway station opened in 1854 and has been served by the London Underground since 1908 . As part of the suburban growth of London in the 20th century , Barking significantly expanded and increased in population , primarily due to the development of the London County Council estate at Becontree in the 1920s , and it became a municipal borough in 1931 , and part of Greater London in 1965 . In addition to an extensive and fairly low-density residential area , the town centre forms a large retail and commercial district , currently a focus for regeneration . The former industrial lands to the south are being redeveloped as Barking Riverside .

neg: Woolwich Common Woolwich Common is a common in Woolwich in southeast London , England . It is partly used as military land ( less than 40 % ) and partly as an urban park . Woolwich Common is a conservation area . It is part of the South East London Green Chain . It is also the name of a street on the east side of the common , as well as an electoral ward of the Royal Borough of Greenwich . The population of the ward at the 2011 Census was 17,499 .

neg: Centre points of the United Kingdom There has long been debate over the exact location of the geographical centre of the United Kingdom , and its constituent countries , due to the complexity and method of the calculation , such as whether to include offshore islands , and the fact that erosion will cause the position to change over time . There are two main methods of calculating this `` centre '' : either as the centroid of the two-dimensional shape made by the country ( projected to the Airy ellipsoid then flattened using the Transverse Mercator projection ) , or as the point farthest from the boundary of the country ( either the sea , or , in the case of constituent countries , a land border ) . These two methods give quite different answers .

neg: Crown Estate The Crown Estate is a collection of lands and holdings in the United Kingdom belonging to the British monarch as a corporation sole , making it the `` Sovereign 's public estate '' , which is neither government property nor part of the monarch 's private estate . As a result of this arrangement , the sovereign is not involved with the management or administration of the estate , exercising only very limited control of its affairs . Instead , the estate 's extensive portfolio is overseen by a semi-independent , incorporated public body headed by the Crown Estate Commissioners , who exercise `` the powers of ownership '' of the estate , although they are not `` owners in their own right '' . The revenues from these hereditary possessions have been placed by the monarch at the disposition of Her Majesty 's Government and thus proceed directly to Her Majesty 's Treasury for the benefit of the British nation . The Crown Estate is formally accountable to the Parliament of the United Kingdom , where it is legally mandated to make an annual report to the sovereign , a copy of which is forwarded to the House of Commons .   The Crown Estate is one of the largest property managers in the United Kingdom , overseeing property worth # 12 billion , with urban properties valued at # 9.1 billion representing the majority of the estate by value . These include a large number of properties in central London , but the estate also controls 792000 ha of agricultural land and forest , more than half of the UK 's foreshore , and retains various other traditional holdings and rights , including Ascot Racecourse and Windsor Great Park . Naturally occurring gold and silver in the UK , collectively known as `` Mines Royal '' , are managed by The Crown Estate and leased to mining operators .   Historically , Crown Estate properties were administered by the reigning monarch to help fund the business of governing the country . However , in 1760 , George III surrendered control over the Estate 's revenues to the treasury , thus relieving him of the responsibility of personally paying for the costs of the civil service , defence costs , the national debt , and his own personal debts . In return , he received an annual grant known as the Civil list . By tradition , each subsequent monarch agreed to this arrangement upon his or her accession . However , from 1 April 2012 , under the terms of the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 ( SSG ) , the Civil List was abolished and the monarch was thenceforth provided with a stable source of revenue indexed to a percentage of the Crown Estate 's annual net revenue ( currently set at 15 % ) . This was intended to provide a long-term solution and remove the politically sensitive issue of Parliament having to debate the Civil List allowance every ten years . Subsequently , the Sovereign Grant Act allows for all future monarchs to simply extend these provisions for their reigns by Order in Council . The act does not imply any legal change on the nature of the estate 's ownership , but is simply a benchmark by which the sovereign grant is set as a grant by Parliament .

neg: Welling Welling is a town in the London Borough of Bexley approximately 10.5 miles ( 16.9 km ) east-southeast of Charing Cross , the traditional centre of London . Welling also lies within the historic county of Kent .

neg: Greenwich Dance Greenwich Dance is a dance hub based in Greenwich , London . Founded in 1993 , Greenwich Dance operates from The Borough Hall , the former town hall of the Royal Borough of Greenwich .   Greenwich Dance is a registered charity , and receives regular funding from Arts Council England and Royal Borough of Greenwich .

neg: Leadenhall Street __ NOTOC __   Leadenhall Street ( -LSB- ˈlɛdənˌhɔːl -RSB- ) is a road in London that is about 0.3 miles ( 500 m ) long and links Cornhill and Bishopsgate in the west to St. Botolph Street and Aldgate in the east . It is situated in the City of London , which is the historic nucleus of modern London as well its primary financial district .   It was formerly the start of the A11 road from London to Norwich , but that route now originates on Aldgate High Street , just east of Leadenhall Street .   The Aldgate Pump is located at the east end of the street . During much of the 18th and 19th centuries its name was synonymous with the East India Company , which had its headquarters there . Today it is perhaps most widely associated with the insurance industry and particularly the Lloyd 's insurance market , whose 1928-1958 building fronted onto the street , and whose current building since 1986 also has an entrance on Leadenhall Street .   The nearest London Underground station is Aldgate ( Circle and Metropolitan lines ) , and the closest mainline railway station is Fenchurch Street .

neg: Greenwich Millennium Village Greenwich Millennium Village ( GMV ) is a mixed-tenure modern development on an urban village model located on the Greenwich Peninsula in Greenwich in south-east London , and part of the Millennium Communities Programme under English Partnerships ( now renamed Homes and Communities Agency ) . The village is designed by architects Ralph Erskine and partners with EPR Architects Ltd as executive architect as part of the regeneration of the whole brownfield site of East Greenwich Gas Works . GMV is south of the former Millennium Dome , now renamed the O2 .

neg: Ealing Ealing ( -LSB- ˈiːlɪŋ -RSB- ) is a district of west London , England , located 7.9 mi west of Charing Cross . It is the administrative centre of the London Borough of Ealing , and identified as a major metropolitan centre in the London Plan .   Ealing was historically a rural village in the county of Middlesex and formed an ancient parish . Improvement in communications with London , culminating with the opening of the railway station in 1838 , shifted the local economy to market garden supply and eventually to suburban development .   As part of the growth of London in the 20th century , Ealing significantly expanded and increased in population , becoming a municipal borough in 1901 and has formed part of Greater London since 1965 . It now forms a significant commercial and retail centre with a developed night time economy . Ealing has the characteristics of both suburban and inner-city developments . Ealing 's town centre is often colloquial with Ealing Broadway , the name of both a rail interchange & a shopping centre .   Most of Ealing , including the commercial district , South Ealing , Ealing Common , Montpelier , Pitshanger and most of Hanger Hill fall under the W5 postcode . Areas to the north-west of the town centre such as Argyle Road and West Ealing fall under W13 instead . A small section north-east of the town centre , near Hanger Hill , falls under the NW10 postcode area . The population of Ealing ( not including Hanwell and Northfields ) , comprising the Ealing Broadway , Ealing Common , Cleveland , Walpole and Hanger Hill wards , was 71,492 in the 2011 census . The area of Hanwell is strongly associated with Ealing ; however , it is a separate district with its own postcode . Northfields on the other hand , despite sharing postcodes with Ealing is generally considered to be a separate area in its own right .

neg: Royston, Hertfordshire Royston is a town and civil parish in the District of North Hertfordshire and county of Hertfordshire in England .   It is situated on the Greenwich Meridian , which brushes the town 's eastern boundary , and at the northernmost apex of the county on the same latitude as towns such as Milton Keynes and Ipswich . It is located 43 mi north of central London in a rural area .   Before the boundary changes of the 1890s , the boundary between Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire ran east -- west through the centre of town along the middle of Melbourn Street . The town has a population of 15,781 .

neg: 95th meridian east The meridian 95 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Indian Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 95th meridian east forms a great circle with the 85th meridian west .